,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,by ,j4 ,munro ,au?or ,( ',electricity ,& ,its ,uses1' ,pione]s ,( ,electricity1' ',! ,wire ,& ,! ,wave'2 ,& ,jo9t ,au?or ,( ',munro ,& ,jamieson's ,pocket-,book ,( ,electrical ,rules ,& ,tables4' 7,note3 ,all acc5ts etc4 h be5 omitt$4 ,italics h be5 conv]t$ to capital lett]s4 ,! ,briti% 'p\nd' sign has be5 writt5 z ',l'4 ,footnotes h be5 plac$ 9 squ>e brackets at ! place 9 ! text :]e a suffix orig9ally indicat$ _! exi/5ce47 ,,preface4 ,! pres5t "w is 9 "s respects a sequel to ! ,,pione]s ,,( ,,electricity1 & x deals ) ! lives & pr9cipal a*ievem5ts ( ^? di/+ui%$ m5 to :om we are indebt$ = ! introduction ( ! electric telegraph & telephone1 z well z o!r m>vels ( electric sci5ce4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,ii4 ,,*>les ,,:eat/one ,,iii4 ,,samuel ,,morse ,,iv4 ,,sir ,,william ,,?omson ,v4 ,,sir ,,william ,,siem5s ,,vi4 ,,fleem+ ,,j5k9 ,,vii4 ,,johann ,,philipp ,,reis ,,viii4 ,,graham ,,bell ,,ix4 ,,?omas ,,alva ,,edison ,x4 ,,david ,,edw9 ,,hughes ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,,*>les ,,f]d9& ,,gauss ,,ii4 ,,william ,,edw>d ,,web] ,,iii4 ,,sir ,,william ,,fo!rgill ,,cooke ,,iv4 ,,alex&] ,,ba9 ,v4 ,,dr4 ,,w]n] ,,siem5s ,,vi4 ,,latim] ,,cl>k ,,vii4 ,,c\nt ,,du ,,moncel ,,viii4 ,,eli%a ,,gray ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph4 ,! hi/ory ( an inv5tion1 :e!r ( sci5ce or art1 may be comp>$ to ! gr[? ( an organism su* z a tree4 ,! w9d1 or ! r&om visit ( a bee1 unites ! poll5 9 ! fl[]1 ! gre5 fruit =ms & rip5s to ! p]fect se$1 :i*1 on be+ plant$ 9 cong5ial soil1 takes root & fl\ri%es4 ,ev5 s f ! *ance comb9ation ( two facts 9 ! human m9d1 a crude idea spr+s1 & aft] matur+ into a feasible plan is put 9 practice "u fav\rable conditions1 & s develops4 ,^! processes are bo? subject to a ?\s& accid5ts :i* are inimical to _! a*ievem5t4 ,especially is ?is ! case :5 _! object is to produce a novel species1 or a new & great inv5tion l ! telegraph4 ,x is !n a "q ( rais+1 n "o se$l+1 b _m1 & modify+ ^! 9 ! lapse ( "t4 ,simil>ly ! telegraph is n to be reg>d$ z ! "w ( any "o m9d1 b ( _m1 & dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s4 ,because at l5g? ! f9al se$l+ is obta9$1 are we to ov]look ! antec$5t v>ieties f :i* x 0 produc$1 & )\t :i* x c\ld n h exi/$8 ,because "o inv5tor at la/ succe$s 9 putt+ ! telegraph 9 op]ation1 are we to neglect 8 pr$ecessors1 ^: attempts & failures 7 ! /eps by :i* he m\nt$ to success8 ,all :o h ext5d$ our k ( electricity1 or devis$ a telegraph1 & famili>is$ ! public m9d ) ! advantages ( x1 are des]v+ ( our praise & gratitude1 z well z he :o has ent]$ into _! lab\rs1 & by g5ius & p]sev]ance won ! hon\rs ( be+ ! fir/ to introduce x4 ,let u1 !re=e1 trace 9 a rapid mann] ! hi/ory ( ! electric telegraph f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! s\rces ( a riv] are lo/ 9 ! cl\ds ( ! m\nta91 b x is usual to d]ive its wat]s f ! lakes or spr+s :i* are its f\nta9-head4 ,9 ! same way ! orig9s ( our k ( electricity & magnetism are lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( antiquity1 b !re are two facts :i* h come to be reg>d$ z ! />t+-po9ts ( ! sci5ce4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts at lea/ #fjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 t a piece ( amb] :5 excit$ by rubb+ w\ld attract /raws1 & t a lump ( lode/one _h ! prop]ty ( draw+ iron4 ,bo? facts 7 probably asc]ta9$ by *ance4 ,humboldt in=ms u t he saw an ,indian *ild ( ! ,or9oco rubb+ ! se$ ( a trail+ plant to make x attract ! wild cotton2 &1 p]haps1 a prehi/oric tribesman ( ! ,baltic or ! pla9s ( ,sicily f\nd 9 ! yell[ /one he _h poli%$ ! my/]i\s p[] ( collect+ du/4 ,a ,greek leg5d tells u t ! lode/one 0 discov]$ by ,magnes1 a %eph]d :o f\nd 8 crook attract$ by ! rock4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we are told t ,?ales ( ,miletus attribut$ ! attractive prop]ties ( ! amb] & ! lode/one to a s\l )9 !m4 ,! "n ,electricity is d]iv$ f ,,elektron1 ! ,greek = amb]1 & ,magnetism f ,magnes1 ! "n ( ! %eph]d1 or1 m likely1 f ! city ( ,magnesia1 9 ,lydia1 :]e ! /one occurr$4 ,^! prop]ties ( amb] & lode/one appe> to h be5 widely kn[n4 ,! ,p]sian "n = amb] is ,,kahruba1 attractor ( /raws1 & t = lode/one ,,ahang-,,ruba attractor ( iron4 ,9 ! old ,p]sian romance1 ,,! ,,loves ,,( ,,majnoon ,,& ,,leila1 ! lov] s+s-- ',%e 0 z amb]1 & ,i b z /raw3 ,%e t\*$ me1 & ,i %all ev] cl+ to h]4' ,! ,*9ese philosoph]1 ,kuopho1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 writes t1 '! attraction ( a magnet = iron is l t ( amb] = ! smalle/ gra9 ( mu/>d se$4 ,x is l a brea? ( w9d :i* my/]i\sly p5etrates ?r\gh bo?1 & communicates itself ) ! spe$ ( an arr[4' ,lode/one 0 probably kn[n 9 ,*9a be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,o!r electrical effects 7 also obs]v$ by ! anci5ts4 ,classical writ]s1 z ,hom]1 ,caes>1 & ,plut>*1 speak ( flames on ! po9ts ( javel9s & ! tips ( ma/s4 ,!y reg>d$ !m z manife/ations ( ! ,deity1 z did ! soldi]s ( ! ,mahdi lately 9 ! ,s\dan4 ,x is record$ ( ,s]vius ,tullus1 ! six? k+ ( ,rome1 t 8 hair emitt$ sp>ks on be+ comb$2 & t sp>ks came f ! body ( ,walim]1 a ,go?ic *ief1 :o liv$ 9 ! ye> #dae ,a4,d4 ,dur+ ! d>k ages ! my/ical virtues ( ! lode/one drew m att5tion ?an ^? ( ! m preci\s amb]1 & int]e/+ exp]im5ts 7 made ) x4 ,! ,romans knew t x c\ld attract iron at "s di/ance ?r\gh an int]v5+ f5ce ( wood1 brass1 or /one4 ,"o ( _! exp]im5ts 0 to float a ne$le on a piece ( cork1 & make x foll[ a lode/one held 9 ! h&4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 p]haps copi$ f ! compass ( ! ,pho5ician sailors1 :o buoy$ a lode/one & obs]v$ x set t[>ds ! nor?4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! magnet 0 employ$ by ! prie/s ( ! ,oracle 9 answ]+ que/ions4 ,we are told t ! ,emp]or ,val]ius1 :ile at ,antio* 9 #cgj ,a4,d41 0 %[n a float+ ne$le :i* po9t$ to ! lett]s ( ! alphabet :5 guid$ by ! directive =ce ( a lode/one4 ,x 0 also believ$ t ?is effect might be produc$ al?\gh a /one wall int]v5$1 s t a p]son outside a h\se or prison might convey intellig5ce to ano!r inside4 ,?is idea 0 p]haps ! basis ( ! sympa!tic telegraph ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* is fir/ describ$ 9 ! ,,magiae ,,naturalis ( ,john ,bapti/a ,porta1 publi%$ at ,naples 9 #aeeh4 ,x 0 suppos$ by ,porta & o!rs aft] him t two simil> ne$les t\*$ by ! same lode/one 7 sympa!tic1 s t1 al?\gh f> ap>t1 if bo? 7 freely balanc$1 a movem5t ( "o 0 imitat$ by ! o!r4 ,by encircl+ ea* balanc$ ne$le ) an alphabet1 ! sympa!tic telegraph 0 obta9$4 ,al?\gh bas$ on error1 & oppos$ by ,cabeus & o!rs1 ?is fasc9at+ notion cont9u$ to crop up ev5 to ! days ( ,addison4 ,x 0 a prophetic %ad[ ( ! com+ inv5tion4 ,9 ! ,,scepsis ,,sci5tifica1 publi%$ 9 #affe1 ,joseph ,glanvil wrote1 'to conf] at ! di/ance ( ! ,indies by sympa!tic conveyances may be z usual to future times z to u 9 lit]>y correspond5ce4' ,! ,rosicrucians also believ$ t if two p]sons transplant$ pieces ( _! fle% into ea* o!r1 & tattoo$ ! grafts ) lett]s1 a sympa!tic telegraph c\ld be e/abli%$ by prick+ ! lett]s4 ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 physician to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 by 8 sy/ematic rese>*es1 discov]$ ! magnetism ( ! e>?1 & laid ! f\ndations ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( electricity & magnetism4 ,otto von ,gu]icke1 burgoma/] ( ,magdeburg1 inv5t$ ! electrical ma*9e = g5]at+ l>ge quantities ( ! electric fire4 ,/eph5 ,gray1 a p5sion] ( ! ,*>t]h\se1 convey$ ! fire to a di/ance along a l9e ( pack ?read1 & %[$ t "s bodies conduct$ electricity1 :ile o!rs insulat$ x4 ,dufay prov$ t !re 7 two qualities ( electricity1 n[ call$ positive & negative1 & t ea* k9d repell$ ! l1 b attract$ ! unlike4 ,von ,klei/1 a ca!dral dean ( ,kamm1 9 ,pom]ania1 or at all ev5ts ,cuneus1 a burgh]1 & ,mus*5broek1 a pr(essor ( ,leyd51 discov]$ ! ,leyd5 j> = hold+ a *>ge ( electricity2 & ,frankl9 demon/rat$ ! id5tity ( electricity & lightn+4 ,! *>ge f a ,leyd5 j> 0 frequ5tly s5t ?r\gh a *a9 ( p]sons clasp+ h&s1 or a l5g? ( wire ) ! e>? z "p ( ! circuit4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 made by ,joseph ,franz1 ( ,vi5na1 9 #agdf1 & ,dr4 ,watson1 ( ,london1 9 #agdg2 :ile ,frankl9 ignit$ spirits by a sp>k :i* _h be5 s5t across ! ,s*uylkill riv] by ! same means4 ,b none ( ^! m5 seem to h grasp$ ! idea ( employ+ ! fleet fire z a telegraph4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion ( an electric telegraph on record is t publi%$ by "o ',c4 ,m4' 9 ! ,scots ,magaz9e = ,febru>y #ag1 #agec4 ,! device consi/$ 9 runn+ a numb] ( insulat$ wires betwe5 two places1 "o = ea* lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,! wires 7 to be *>g$ ) electricity f a ma*9e "o at a "t1 accord+ to ! lett] x repres5t$4 ,at its f> end ! *>g$ wire 0 to attract a disc ( pap] m>k$ ) ! correspond+ lett]1 & s ! message w\ld be spelt4 ',c4 ,m4' also sugge/$ ! fir/ ac\/ic telegraph1 = he propos$ to h a set ( bells in/ead ( ! lett]s1 ea* ( a diff]5t tone1 & to be /ruck by ! sp>k f its *>g$ wire4 ,! id5tity ( ',c4 ,m41' :o dat$ 8 lett] f ,r5frew1 has n be5 e/abli%$ beyond a d\bt4 ,!re is a tradition ( a clev] man liv+ 9 ,r5frew at t "t1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,paisley1 :o c\ld 'li*t a room wi' coal reek 7smoke71 & mak' li*tn9' speak & write ^u ! wa'4' ,by "s he 0 ?\ght to be a c]ta9 ,*>les ,m>%all1 f ,ab]de52 b x seems likeli] t he 0 a ,*>les ,morrison1 ( ,gre5ock1 :o 0 tra9$ z a surgeon1 & became connect$ ) ! tobacco trade ( ,glasg[4 ,9 ,r5frew he 0 reg>d$ z a k9d ( wiz>d1 & he is said to h emigrat$ to ,virg9ia1 :]e he di$4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _m o!r sugge/ions ( telegraphs bas$ on ! kn[n prop]ties ( ! electric fire 7 publi%$2 = example1 by ,joseph ,bozolus1 a ,jesuit lectur] ( ,rome1 9 #agfg2 by ,odi]1 a ,g5eva physici/1 9 #aggc1 :o /ates 9 a lett] to a lady1 t he conceiv$ ! idea on he>+ a casual rem>k1 :ile d9+ at ,sir ,john ,pr+le's1 ) ,frankl91 ,prie/ley1 & o!r great g5iuses4 ',i %all amuse y1 p]haps1 9 tell+ y1' he says1't ,i h 9 my head c]ta9 exp]im5ts by :i* to ent] into conv]sation ) ! ,emp]or ( ,mogol or ( ,*9a1 ! ,engli%1 ! ,fr5*1 or any o!r p ( ,europe444 ,y may int]communicate all t y wi% at a di/ance ( f\r or five ?\s&s leagues 9 less ?an half an h\r4 ,w t suffice y = glory8' ,george ,l\is ,lesage1 9 #aghb1 propos$ a plan simil> to ',c4 ,m4's1' us+ und]gr\nd wires4 ,an anonym\s correspond5t ( ! ,,j\rnal ,,de ,,p>is = ,may #cj1 #aghb1 sugge/$ an al>m bell to call att5tion to ! message4 ,lomond1 ( ,p>is1 devis$ a telegraph ) only "o wire2 ! signals to be read by ! peculi> movem5ts ( an attract$ pi?-ball1 & ,ar?ur ,"y witness$ 8 plan 9 action1 z record$ 9 8 di>y4 ,m4 ,*appe1 ! inv5tor ( ! semaphore1 tri$ ab\t ! ye> #agij to introduce a syn*ron\s electric telegraph1 & fail$4 ,don ,francisco ,salva y ,campillo1 ( ,b>celona1 9 #agie1 propos$ to make a telegraph betwe5 ,b>celona & ,mat>o1 ei!r ov]head or und]gr\nd1 & he rem>ks ( ! wires1 'at ! bottom ( ! sea _! b$ w\ld be ready made1 & x w\ld be an extraord9>y casualty t %\ld di/urb !m4' ,9 ,salva's telegraph1 ! signals 7 to be made by illum9at+ lett]s ( t9foil ) ! sp>k4 ,volta's great inv5tion ( ! pile 9 #ahjj furni%$ a new s\rce ( electricity1 bett] adapt$ = ! telegraph1 & ,salva 0 app>5tly ! fir/ to recognise ?is1 =1 9 ! same ye>1 he propos$ to use x & int]pret ! signals by ! twit*+ ( a frog's limb1 or ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,9 #ahjb1 ,jean ,alex&re1 a reput$ natural son ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 br\ght out a ,,telegraphe ,,intime1 or secret telegraph1 :i* appe>s to h be5 a /ep-by-/ep app>atus4 ,! inv5tor conceal$ its mode ( work+1 b x 0 believ$ to be electrical1 & !re 0 a ne$le :i* /opp$ at v>i\s po9ts on a dial4 ,alex&re /at$ t he _h f\nd out a /range matt] or p[] :i* 01 p]haps g5]ally diffus$1 & =m$ 9 "s sort ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,he endeav\r$ to br+ 8 inv5tion "u ! eye ( ! ,fir/ ,consul1 b ,napoleon ref]r$ ! matt] to ,delambre1 & w\ld n see x4 ,alex&re 0 born at ,p>is1 & s]v$ z a c>v] & gild] at ,poicti]s2 !n sang 9 ! *ur*es till ! ,revolution suppress$ ?is means ( livelihood4 ,he rose to influ5ce z a ,commiss>y-g5]al1 !n retir$ f ! army & became an inv5tor4 ,8 "n is associat$ ) a me?od ( /e]+ balloons1 & a filt] = supply+ ,bordeaux ) wat] f ! ,g>onne4 ,b nei!r ( ^! plans appe> to h be5 put 9 practice1 & he di$ at ,ang\leme1 leav+ 8 wid[ 9 extreme pov]ty4 ,somm]+1 a di/+ui%$ ,prussian anatomi/1 9 #ahji br\ght out a telegraph work$ by a voltaic batt]y1 & mak+ signals by decompos+ wat]4 ,two ye>s lat] x 0 greatly simplifi$ by ,s*weigg]1 ( ,halle2 & !re is reason to believe t b = ! discov]y ( electro-magnetism by ,o]/$1 9 #ahbd ! *emical telegraph w\ld h come into practical use4 ,9 #ahjf1 ,ralph ,w$gwood submitt$ a telegraph bas$ on frictional electricity to ! ,admiralty1 b 0 told t ! semaphore 0 suffici5t = ! c\ntry4 ,9 a pamphlet he sugge/$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a telegraph sy/em ) public (fices 9 diff]5t c5tres4 ,francis ,ronalds1 9 #ahaf1 br\ght a simil> telegraph ( 8 inv5tion to ! notice ( ! ,admiralty1 & 0 politely in=m$ t 'telegraphs ( any k9d are n[ :olly unnecess>y4' ,9 #ahbf-g1 ,h>rison ,gray ,dy>1 ( ,new ,york1 devis$ a telegraph 9 :i* ! sp>k 0 made to /a9 ! signals on moi/ litmus pap] by decompos+ nitric acid2 b he _h to ab&on 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,long ,isl& & fly ! c\ntry1 because ( a writ :i* *>g$ him ) a conspiracy = c>ry+ on secret communication4 ,9 #ahcj ,hub]t ,recy publi%$ an acc\nt ( a sy/em ( ,teletatodydaxie1 by :i* ! electric sp>k 0 to ignite alcohol & indicate ! signals ( a code4 ,b sp>k or frictional electric telegraphs 7 de/9$ to give way to ^? actuat$ by ! voltaic curr5t1 z ! *emical mode ( signall+ 0 sup]s$$ by ! electro-magnet4 ,9 #ahbj ! sep>ate c\rses ( electric & magnetic sci5ce 7 unit$ by ! connect+ discov]y ( ,o]/$1 :o f\nd t a wire convey+ a curr5t _h ! p[] ( mov+ a compass-ne$le to "o side or ! o!r accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,la ,place1 ! illu/ri\s ma!matician1 at once saw t ?is fact c\ld be utilis$ z a telegraph1 & ,amp]e1 act+ on 8 sugge/ion1 publi%$ a feasible plan4 ,be=e ! ye> 0 out1 ,s*weigg]1 ( ,halle1 multipli$ ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t on ! ne$le by coil+ ! wire ab\t x4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 ,rit*ie improv$ on ,amp]e's me?od1 & exhibit$ a model at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,b>on ,pawel ,s*ill+1 a ,russian nobleman1 /ill fur!r modifi$ x1 & ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas decre$ ! erection ( a l9e f ,cron/adt to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ) a cable 9 ! ,gulf ( ,f9l& b ,s*ill+ di$ 9 #ahcg1 & ! project 0 nev] realis$4 ,9 #ahcc-e ,pr(essors ,gauss & ,web] con/ruct$ a telegraph betwe5 ! physical cab9et & ! ,obs]vatory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,gott+54 ,at fir/ !y us$ ! voltaic pile1 b ab&on$ x 9 fav\r ( ,f>aday's rec5t discov]y t electricity c\ld be g5]at$ 9 a wire by ! motion ( a magnet4 ,! magnetic key ) :i* ! message 0 s5t ,produc$ by its action an electric curr5t :i*1 aft] trav]s+ ! l9e1 pass$ ?r\gh a coil & deflect$ a susp5d$ magnet to ! "r or left1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,a mirror atta*$ to ! susp5sion magnifi$ ! movem5t ( ! ne$le1 & indicat$ ! signals aft] ! mann] ( ! ,?omson mirror galvanomet]4 ,?is telegraph1 :i* 0 l>ge & clumsy1 0 nev]!less us$ n only = sci5tific1 b = g5]al correspond5ce4 ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*1 simplifi$ x1 & add$ an al>m 9 ! =m ( a bell4 ,9 #ahcf1 ,/e9heil also devis$ a record+ telegraph1 9 :i* ! movable ne$les indicat$ ! message by m>k+ dots & da%es ) pr9t]'s ink on a ribbon ( travell+ pap]1 accord+ to an artificial code 9 :i* ! fewe/ signs 7 giv5 to ! commone/ lett]s 9 ! ,g]man language4 ,) ?is app>atus ! message 0 regi/]$ at ! rate ( six words a m9ute4 ,! e>ly exp]im5t]s1 z we h se51 especially ,salva1 _h utilis$ ! gr\nd z ! return "p ( ! circuit2 & ,salva _h propos$ to use x on 8 telegraph1 b ,/e9heil 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate its practical value4 ,9 try+1 on ! sugge/ion ( ,gauss1 to employ ! rails ( ! ,nur5b]g to ,fur? railway z ! conduct+ l9e = a telegraph 9 ! ye> #ahch1 he f\nd !y w\ld n s]ve2 b ! failure l$ him to employ ! e>? z ! return half ( ! circuit4 ,9 #ahcg1 ,pr(essor ,/rat+h1 ( ,gron9que1 ,holl&1 devis$ a telegraph 9 :i* ! signals 7 made by electro-magnets actuat+ ! hamm]s ( two gongs or bells ( diff]5t tone2 & ,m4 ,amyot inv5t$ an automatic s5d+ key 9 ! nature ( a musical box4 ,f #ahcg-h1 ,edw>d ,davy1 a ,devon%ire surgeon1 exhibit$ a ne$le telegraph 9 ,london1 & propos$ "o bas$ on ! discov]y ( ,arago1 t a piece ( s(t iron is tempor>ily magnetis$ by ! passage ( an electric curr5t ?r\gh a coil surr\nd+ x4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 fur!r appli$ by ,morse 9 8 electro-magnetic pr9t+ telegraph4 ,davy 0 a prolific inv5tor1 & also sket*$ out a telegraph 9 :i* ! gases evolv$ f wat] :i* 0 decompos$ by ! curr5t actuat$ a record+ p54 ,b 8 mo/ valuable discov]y 0 ! 'relay1' t is to say1 an auxili>y device by :i* a curr5t too feeble to indicate ! signals c\ld call into play a local batt]y /rong en\gh to make !m4 ,davy 0 9 a fair way ( becom+ "o ( ! fa!rs ( ! work+ telegraph1 :5 8 private affairs oblig$ him to emigrate to ,au/ralia1 & leave ! c\rse op5 to ,cooke & ,:eat/one4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,*>les ,,:eat/one4 ,! electric telegraph1 l ! /eam-eng9e & ! railway1 0 a gradual developm5t due to ! exp]im5ts & devices ( a long tra9 ( ?9k]s4 ,9 su* a case he :o cr[ns ! "w1 mak+ x s]viceable to 8 fell[-m51 n only w9s ! pecuni>y prize1 b is likely to be hail$ & celebrat$ z ! *ief1 if n ! sole inv5tor1 al?\gh 9 a sci5tific s5se ! improvem5t he has made is p]haps less ?an t ( "s +5i\s & =gott5 =]unn]4 ,he :o advances ! "w f ! phase ( a promis+ idea1 to t ( a common boon1 is entitl$ to our gratitude4 ,b 9 hon\r+ ! key/one ( ! ar*1 z x 71 let u ackn[l$ge ! sub/ructure on :i* x re/s1 & keep 9 m9d ! entire bridge4 ,ju/ice at lea/ is due to ^? :o h lab\r$ )\t rew>d4 ,sir ,william ,fo!rgill ,cooke & ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one 7 ! fir/ to br+ ! electric telegraph into daily use4 ,b we h select$ ,:eat/one z our h]o1 because he 0 em95t z a man ( sci5ce1 & *iefly in/rum5tal 9 p]fect+ ! app>atus4 ,z ,james ,watt is id5tifi$ ) ! /eam-eng9e1 & ,george ,/eph5son ) ! railway1 s is ,:eat/one ) ! telegraph4 ,*>les ,:eat/one 0 born ne> ,gl\ce/]1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahjb4 ,8 fa!r 0 a music-sell] 9 ! t[n1 :o1 f\r ye>s lat]1 remov$ to #abh1 ,pall ,mall1 ,london1 & became a tea*] ( ! flute4 ,he us$ to say1 ) n a little pride1 t he _h be5 engag$ 9 assi/+ at ! musical education ( ! ,pr9cess ,*>lotte4 ,*>les1 ! second son1 w5t to a village s*ool1 ne> ,gl\ce/]1 & aft]w>ds to sev]al in/itutions 9 ,london4 ,"o ( !m 0 9 ,k5n+ton1 & kept by a ,mrs4 ,ca/lema9e1 :o 0 a/oni%$ at 8 rapid progress4 ,f ano!r he ran away1 b 0 captur$ at ,w9dsor1 n f> f ! !atre ( 8 practical telegraph4 ,z a boy he 0 v %y & s5sitive1 lik+ well to retire into an attic1 )\t any o!r company ?an 8 own ?\ghts4 ,:5 he 0 ab\t f\rte5 ye>s old he 0 appr5tic$ to 8 uncle & namesake1 a mak] & sell] ( musical in/rum5ts1 at #dcf1 ,/r&1 ,london2 b he %[$ little ta/e = h&icraft or bus9ess1 & lov$ bett] to /udy books4 ,8 fa!r enc\rag$ him 9 ?is1 & f9ally took him out ( ! uncle's *>ge4 ,at ! age ( fifte51 ,:eat/one translat$ ,fr5* poetry1 & wrote two songs1 "o ( :i* 0 giv5 to 8 uncle1 :o publi%$ x )\t kn[+ x z 8 nephew's composition4 ,"s l9es ( 8 on ! lyre became ! motto ( an engrav+ by ,b>tolozzi4 ,small = 8 age1 b ) a f9e br[1 & intellig5t blue eyes1 he (t5 visit$ an old book-/all 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pall ,mall1 :i* 0 !n a dilapidat$ & unpav$ ?or\ghf>e4 ,mo/ ( 8 pocket-money 0 sp5t 9 pur*as+ ! books :i* _h tak5 8 fancy1 :e!r fairy tales1 hi/ory1 or sci5ce4 ,"o day1 to ! surprise ( ! booksell]1 he covet$ a volume on ! discov]ies ( ,volta 9 electricity1 b n hav+ ! price1 he sav$ 8 p5nies & secur$ ! volume4 ,x 0 writt5 9 ,fr5*1 & s he 0 oblig$ to save aga91 till he c\ld buy a diction>y4 ,!n he began to read ! volume1 &1 ) ! help ( 8 eld] bro!r1 ,william1 to repeat ! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 x1 ) a home-made batt]y1 9 ! scull]y beh9d 8 fa!r's h\se4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! batt]y ! boy philosoph]s ran %ort ( money to procure ! requisite copp]-plates4 ,!y _h only a few copp] co9s left4 ,a happy ?\ght occurr$ to ,*>les1 :o 0 ! lead+ _s 9 ^! rese>*es1 ',we mu/ use ! p5nies !mselves1' said he1 & ! batt]y 0 soon complete4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahba1 ,:eat/one br\ght himself into public notice by exhibit+ ! ',en*ant$ ,lyre1' or ',aconcryptophone1' at a music-%op at ,pall ,mall & 9 ! ,adelaide ,gall]y4 ,x consi/$ ( a mimic lyre hung f ! ceil+ by a cord1 & emitt+ ! /ra9s ( sev]al in/rum5ts--! piano1 h>p1 & dulcim]4 ,9 reality x 0 a m]e s\nd+ box1 & ! cord 0 a /eel rod t convey$ ! vibrations ( ! music f ! sev]al in/rum5ts :i* 7 play$ out ( sight & e>-%ot4 ,at ?is p]iod ,:eat/one made num]\s exp]im5ts on s\nd & its transmission4 ,"s ( 8 results are pres]v$ 9 ,?omson's ,,annals ,,( ,,philosophy = #ahbc4 ,he recognis$ t s\nd is propagat$ by waves or oscillations ( ! atmosph]e1 z light by undulations ( ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,wat]1 & solid bodies1 su* z glass1 or metal1 or sonor\s wood1 convey ! modulations ) high velocity1 & he conceiv$ ! plan ( transmitt+ s\nd-signals1 music1 or spee* to long di/ances by ?is means4 ,he e/imat$ t s\nd w\ld travel #bjj miles a second ?r\gh solid rods1 & propos$ to telegraph f ,london to ,ed9burgh 9 ?is way4 ,he ev5 call$ 8 arrangem5t a 'telephone4' ,rob]t ,hooke1 9 8 ,,micrographia1 publi%$ 9 #affg1 writes3 ',i c assure ! read] t ,i h1 by ! help ( a di/5d$ wire1 propagat$ ! s\nd to a v consid]able di/ance 9 an in/ant1 or ) z seem+ly quick a motion z t ( light4' ,nor 0 x ess5tial ! wire %\ld be /raight2 x might be b5t into angles4 ,?is prop]ty is ! basis ( ! me*anical or lov]'s telephone1 said to h be5 kn[n to ! ,*9ese _m c5turies ago4 ,hooke also consid]$ ! possibility ( f9d+ a way to quick5 our p[]s ( he>+4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,,repository ,,( ,,arts = ,septemb] #a1 #ahba1 9 ref]r+ to ! ',en*ant$ ,lyre1' beholds ! prospect ( an op]a be+ p]=m$ at ! ,k+'s ,!atre1 & enjoy$ at ! ,hanov] ,squ>e ,rooms1 or ev5 at ! ,horns ,tav]n1 ,k5n+ton4 ,! vibrations are to travel ?r\gh und]gr\nd conductors1 l to gas 9 pipes4 ',& if music be capable ( be+ ?us conduct$1' he obs]ves1'p]haps ! words ( spee* may be susceptible ( ! same means ( propagation4 ,! eloqu5ce ( c\nsel1 ! debates ( ,p>liam5t1 in/ead ( be+ read ! next day only1--,b we %all lose ourselves 9 ! pursuit ( ?is curi\s subject4' ,besides transmitt+ s\nds to a di/ance1 ,:eat/one devis$ a simple in/rum5t = augm5t+ feeble s\nds1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ',microphone4' ,x consi/$ ( two sl5d] rods1 :i* convey$ ! me*anical vibrations to bo? e>s1 & is q diff]5t f ! electrical microphone ( ,pr(essor ,hughes4 ,9 #ahbc1 8 uncle1 ! musical in/rum5t mak]1 di$1 & ,:eat/one1 ) 8 eld] bro!r1 ,william1 took ov] ! bus9ess4 ,*>les _h no great lik+ = ! comm]cial "p1 b 8 +5uity f\nd a v5t 9 mak+ improvem5ts on ! exi/+ in/rum5ts1 & 9 devis+ philosophical toys4 ,at ! end ( six ye>s he retir$ f ! und]tak+4 ,9 #ahbg1 ,:eat/one introduc$ 8 'kaleidoscope1' a device = r5d]+ ! vibrations ( a s\nd+ body app>5t to ! eye4 ,x consi/s ( a metal rod1 c>ry+ at its end a silv]$ bead1 :i* reflects a 'spot' ( light4 ,z ! rod vibrates ! spot is se5 to describe complicat$ figures 9 ! air1 l a sp>k :irl$ ab\t 9 ! d>kness4 ,8 photomet] 0 probably sugge/$ by ?is appliance4 ,x enables two lights to be comp>$ by ! relative brightness ( _! reflections 9 a silv]$ bead1 :i* describes a n>r[ ellipse1 s z to draw ! spots into p>allel l9es4 ,9 #ahbh1 ,:eat/one improv$ ! ,g]man w9d in/rum5t1 call$ ! ,,mund ,,h>monica1 till x became ! popul> conc]t9a1 pat5t$ on ,june #ai1 #ahbi ,! portable h>monium is ano!r ( 8 inv5tions1 :i* ga9$ a prize m$al at ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,he also improv$ ! speak+ ma*9e ( ,de ,kempel51 & endors$ ! op9ion ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 t be=e ! end ( ?is c5tury a s++ & talk+ app>atus w\ld be among ! conque/s ( sci5ce4 ,9 #ahcd1 ,:eat/one1 :o _h won a "n = himself1 0 appo9t$ to ! ,*air ( ,exp]im5tal ,physics 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 ,b 8 fir/ c\rse ( lectures on ,s\nd 7 a complete failure1 ow+ to an inv9cible repugnance to public speak+1 & a di/ru/ ( 8 p[]s 9 t direction4 ,9 ! ro/rum he 0 tongue-ti$ & incapable1 sometimes turn+ 8 back on ! audi5ce & mumbl+ to ! diagrams on ! wall4 ,9 ! laboratory he felt himself at home1 & ev] aft] conf9$ 8 duties mo/ly to demon/ration4 ,he a*iev$ r5[n by a great exp]im5t--! measurem5t ( ! velocity ( electricity 9 a wire4 ,8 me?od 0 beautiful & +5i\s4 ,he cut ! wire at ! middle1 to =m a gap :i* a sp>k might leap across1 & connect$ its ends to ! poles ( a ,leyd5 j> fill$ ) electricity4 ,?ree sp>ks 7 ?us produc$1 "o at ei!r end ( ! wire1 & ano!r at ! middle4 ,he m\nt$ a t9y mirror on ! works ( a wat*1 s t x revolv$ at a high velocity1 & obs]v$ ! reflections ( 8 ?ree sp>ks 9 x4 ,! po9ts ( ! wire 7 s arrang$ t if ! sp>ks 7 in/antane\s1 _! reflections w\ld appe> 9 "o /raight l9e2 b ! middle "o 0 se5 to lag beh9d ! o!rs1 because x 0 an in/ant lat]4 ,! electricity _h tak5 a c]ta9 "t to travel f ! ends ( ! wire to ! middle4 ,?is "t 0 f\nd by measur+ ! am\nt ( lag1 & comp>+ x ) ! kn[n velocity ( ! mirror4 ,hav+ got ! "t1 he _h only to comp>e t ) ! l5g? ( half ! wire1 & he f\nd t ! velocity ( electricity 0 #bhh1jjj miles a second4 ,till !n1 _m p _h consid]$ ! electric dis*>ge to be in/antane\s2 b x 0 aft]w>ds f\nd t its velocity dep5d$ on ! nature ( ! conductor1 its resi/ance1 & its electro-/atic capacity4 ,f>aday %[$1 = example1 t its velocity 9 a subm>9e wire1 coat$ ) insulator & surr\nd$ ) wat]1 is only #add1jjj miles a second1 or /ill less4 ,:eat/one's device ( ! revolv+ mirror 0 aft]w>ds employ$ by ,f\cault & ,fizeau to measure ! velocity ( light4 ,9 #ahce1 at ! ,dubl9 meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,:eat/one %[$ t :5 metals 7 volatilis$ 9 ! electric sp>k1 _! light1 exam9$ ?r\gh a prism1 reveal$ c]ta9 rays :i* 7 *>act]i/ic ( !m4 ,?us ! k9d ( metals :i* =m$ ! sp>k+ po9ts c\ld be det]m9$ by analys+ ! light ( ! sp>k4 ,?is sugge/ion has be5 ( great s]vice 9 spectrum analysis1 & z appli$ by ,buns51 ,kir*(f1 & o!rs1 has l$ to ! discov]y ( sev]al new elem5ts1 su* z rubidium & ?allium1 z well z increas+ our k ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,two ye>s lat]1 he call$ att5tion to ! value ( !rmo-electricity z a mode ( g5]at+ a curr5t by means ( heat1 & s9ce !n a v>iety ( !rmo-piles h be5 inv5t$1 "s ( :i* h prov$ ( consid]able advantage4 ,:eat/one ab&on$ 8 idea ( transmitt+ intellig5ce by ! me*anical vibration ( rods1 & took up ! electric telegraph4 ,9 #ahce he lectur$ on ! sy/em ( ,b>on ,s*ill+1 & decl>$ t ! means 7 already kn[n by :i* an electric telegraph c\ld be made ( great s]vice to ! _w4 ,he made exp]im5ts ) a plan ( 8 own1 & n only propos$ to lay an exp]im5tal l9e across ! ,?ames1 b to e/abli% x on ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway4 ,be=e ^! plans 7 c>ri$ out1 h[ev]1 he receiv$ a visit f ,mr4 ,fo!rgill ,cooke at 8 h\se 9 ,conduit ,/reet on ,febru>y #bg1 #ahcg1 :i* _h an important influ5ce on 8 future4 ,mr4 ,cooke 0 an (fic] 9 ! ,madras army1 :o1 be+ home on furl\gh1 0 att5d+ "s lectures on anatomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1 :]e1 on ,m>* #f1 #ahcf1 he witness$ a demon/ration ) ! telegraph ( ,pr(essor ,moncke1 & 0 s impress$ ) its importance1 t he =sook 8 m$ical /udies & devot$ all 8 ef=ts to ! "w ( introduc+ ! telegraph4 ,he return$ to ,london soon aft]1 & 0 able to exhibit a telegraph ) ?ree ne$les 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcg4 ,feel+ 8 want ( sci5tific k1 he consult$ ,f>aday & ,dr4 ,roget1 ! latt] ( :om s5t him to ,:eat/one4 ,at a second int]view1 ,mr4 ,cooke told ,:eat/one ( 8 int5tion to br+ out a work+ telegraph1 & expla9$ 8 me?od4 ,:eat/one1 accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 rem>k$ to ,cooke t ! me?od w\ld n act1 & produc$ 8 own exp]im5tal telegraph4 ,f9ally1 ,cooke propos$ t !y %\ld ent] into a p>tn]%ip1 b ,:eat/one 0 at fir/ reluctant to comply4 ,he 0 a well-kn[n man ( sci5ce1 & _h meant to publi% 8 results )\t seek+ to make capital ( !m4 ,cooke1 on ! o!r h&1 decl>$ t 8 sole object 0 to make a =tune f ! s*eme4 ,9 ,may !y agre$ to jo9 _! =ces1 ,:eat/one contribut+ ! sci5tific1 & ,cooke ! adm9i/rative tal5t4 ,! de$ ( p>tn]%ip 0 dat$ ,novemb] #ai1 #ahcg4 ,a jo9t pat5t 0 tak5 out = _! inv5tions1 includ+ ! five-ne$le telegraph ( ,:eat/one1 & an al>m work$ by a relay1 9 :i* ! curr5t1 by dipp+ a ne$le into m]cury1 complet$ a local circuit1 & releas$ ! det5t ( a clockwork4 ,! five-ne$le telegraph1 :i* 0 ma9ly1 if n entirely1 due to ,:eat/one1 0 simil> to t ( ,s*ill+1 & bas$ on ! pr9ciple enunciat$ by ,amp]e--t is to say1 ! curr5t 0 s5t into ! l9e by complet+ ! circuit ( ! batt]y ) a make & break key1 & at ! o!r end x pass$ ?r\gh a coil ( wire surr\nd+ a magnetic ne$le free to turn r\nd its c5tre4 ,accord+ z "o pole ( ! batt]y or ! o!r 0 appli$ to ! l9e by means ( ! key1 ! curr5t deflect$ ! ne$le to "o side or ! o!r4 ,!re 7 five sep>ate circuits actuat+ five diff]5t ne$les4 ,! latt] 7 pivot$ 9 r[s across ! middle ( a dial %ap$ l a diamond1 & hav+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet arrang$ ^u x 9 su* a way t a lett] 0 lit]ally po9t$ out by ! curr5t deflect+ two ( ! ne$les t[>ds x4 ,an exp]im5tal l9e1 ) a six? return wire1 0 run betwe5 ! ,eu/on t]m9us & ,camd5 ,t[n /ation ( ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway on ,july #be1 #ahcg4 ,! actual di/ance 0 only "o & a half mile1 b sp>e wire _h be5 ins]t$ 9 ! circuit to increase its l5g?4 ,x 0 late 9 ! ev5+ be=e ! trial took place4 ,mr4 ,cooke 0 9 *>ge at ,camd5 ,t[n1 :ile ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son & o!r g5tlem5 look$ on2 & ,:eat/one sat at 8 in/rum5t 9 a d+y little room1 lit by a tall[ c&le1 ne> ! book+-(fice at ,eu/on4 ,:eat/one s5t ! fir/ message1 to :i* ,cooke repli$1 & 'nev]1' said ,:eat/one1 'did ,i feel su* a tumultu\s s5sation be=e1 z :51 all alone 9 ! /ill room1 ,i he>d ! ne$les click1 & z ,i spell$ ! words1 ,i felt all ! magnitude ( ! inv5tion pron\nc$ to be practicable beyond cavil or dispute4' ,9 spite ( ?is trial1 h[ev]1 ! directors ( ! railway treat$ ! 'new-fangl$' inv5tion ) indiff]5ce1 & reque/$ its removal4 ,9 ,july1 #ahci1 h[ev]1 x 0 fav\r$ by ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & a l9e erect$ f ! ,padd+ton t]m9us to ,we/ ,drayton /ation1 a di/ance ( ?irte5 miles4 ,"p ( ! wire 0 laid und]gr\nd at fir/1 b subsequ5tly all ( x 0 rais$ on po/s along ! l9e4 ,_! circuit 0 ev5tually ext5d$ to ,sl\gh 9 #ahda1 & 0 publicly exhibit$ at ,padd+ton z a m>vel ( sci5ce1 :i* c\ld transmit fifty signals a di/ance ( #bhj1jjj miles 9 a m9ute4 ,! price ( admission 0 a %ill+4 ,not)/&+ its success1 ! public did n readily patronise ! new inv5tion until its utility 0 nois$ abroad by ! clev] capture ( ! murd]] ,tawell4 ,betwe5 six & sev5 o'clock "o morn+ a woman nam$ ,s>ah ,h>t 0 f\nd dead 9 h] home at ,salt ,hill1 & a man _h be5 obs]v$ to leave h] h\se "s "t be=e4 ,! police knew t %e 0 visit$ f "t to "t by a ,mr4 ,john ,tawell1 f ,b]khamp/ead1 :]e he 0 mu* respect$1 & on inquir+ & arriv+ at ,sl\gh1 !y f\nd t a p]son answ]+ 8 description _h book$ by a sl[ tra9 = ,london1 & ent]$ a fir/-class c>riage4 ,! police telegraph$ at once to ,padd+ton1 giv+ ! p>ticul>s1 & desir+ 8 capture4 ',he is 9 ! g>b ( a ,quak]1' ran ! message1 ') a br[n coat on1 :i* rea*es ne>ly to 8 feet4' ,!re 0 no ',q' 9 ! alphabet ( ! five-ne$le in/rum5t1 & ! cl]k at ,sl\gh began to spell ! ^w ',quak]' ) a 'kwa'2 b :5 he _h got s f> he 0 int]rupt$ by ! cl]k at ,padd+ton1 :o ask$ him to 'rep5t4' ,! repetition f>$ no bett]1 until a boy at ,padd+ton sugge/$ t ,sl\gh %\ld be all[$ to f9i% ! ^w4 ',kwak]' 0 und]/ood1 & z soon z ,tawell /epp$ out on ! plat=m at ,padd+ton he 0 '%ad[$' by a detective1 :o foll[$ him into a ,new ,road omnibus1 & arre/$ him 9 a c(fee tav]n4 ,tawell 0 tri$ = ! murd] ( ! woman1 & a/\nd+ revelations 7 made z to 8 "*4 ,transport$ 9 #ahbj = ! crime ( =g]y1 he obta9$ a ticket-(-leave1 & />t$ z a *emi/ 9 ,sydney1 :]e he fl\ri%$1 & aft] fifte5 ye>s left x a ri* man4 ,return+ to ,engl&1 he m>ri$ a ,quak] lady z 8 second wife4 ,he confess$ to ! murd] ( ,s>ah ,h>t1 by prussic acid1 8 motive be+ a dread ( _! relations becom+ kn[n4 ,tawell 0 execut$1 & ! notoriety ( ! case br\ght ! telegraph into repute4 ,its advantages z a rapid means ( convey+ intellig5ce & detect+ crim9als _h be5 signally demon/rat$1 & x 0 soon adopt$ on a m ext5sive scale4 ,9 #ahde ,:eat/one introduc$ two improv$ =ms ( ! app>atus1 namely1 ! 's+le' & ! 'd\ble' ne$le in/rum5ts1 9 :i* ! signals 7 made by ! successive deflections ( ! ne$les4 ,( ^!1 ! s+le-ne$le in/rum5t1 requir+ only "o wire1 is /ill 9 use4 ,9 #ahda a diff]5ce arose betwe5 ,cooke & ,:eat/one z to ! %>e ( ea* 9 ! hon\r ( inv5t+ ! telegraph4 ,! "q 0 submitt$ to ! arbitration ( ! fam\s eng9e]1 ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel1 on behalf ( ,cooke1 & ,pr(essor ,daniell1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,daniell batt]y1 on ! "p ( ,:eat/one4 ,!y aw>d$ to ,cooke ! cr$it ( hav+ introduc$ ! telegraph z a useful und]tak+ :i* promis$ to be ( national importance1 & to ,:eat/one t ( hav+ by 8 rese>*es prep>$ ! public to receive x4 ,!y conclud$ ) ! words3 ',x is to ! unit$ lab\rs ( two g5tlem5 s well qualifi$ = mutual assi/ance t we mu/ attribute ! rapid progress :i* ?is important inv5tion has made dur+ five ye>s s9ce !y h be5 associat$4' ,! decision1 h[ev] vague1 pron\nces ! ne$le telegraph a jo9t production4 ,if x 0 ma9ly inv5t$ by ,:eat/one1 x 0 *iefly introduc$ by ,cooke4 ,_! respective %>es 9 ! und]tak+ might be comp>$ to t ( an au?or & 8 publi%]1 b = ! fact t ,cooke himself _h a %>e 9 ! actual "w ( inv5tion4 ,9 #ahdj ,:eat/one _h pat5t$ an alphabetical telegraph1 or1 ',:eat/one ,a ,b ,c in/rum5t1' :i* mov$ ) a /ep-by-/ep motion1 & %[$ ! lett]s ( ! message ^u a dial4 ,! same pr9ciple 0 utilis$ 9 8 type-pr9t+ telegraph1 pat5t$ 9 #ahda4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ app>atus :i* pr9t$ a telegram 9 type4 ,x 0 work$ by two circuits1 & z ! type revolv$ a hamm]1 actuat$ by ! curr5t1 press$ ! requir$ lett] on ! pap]4 ,9 #ahdj ,:eat/one also br\ght out 8 magneto-electrical ma*9e = g5]at+ cont9u\s curr5ts1 & 8 *ronoscope1 = measur+ m9ute int]vals ( "t1 :i* 0 us$ 9 det]m9+ ! spe$ ( a bullet or ! passage ( a />4 ,9 ?is app>atus an electric curr5t actuat$ an electro-magnet1 :i* not$ ! in/ant ( an occurr5ce by means ( a p5cil on a mov+ pap]4 ,x is said to h be5 capable ( di/+ui%+ #a_/gcjj "p ( a second1 & ! "t a body took to fall f a height ( "o in*4 ,! same ye> he 0 aw>d$ ! ,royal ,m$al ( ! ,royal ,society = 8 explanation ( b9ocul> vision1 a rese>* :i* l$ him to con/ruct ! /]eoscope4 ,he %[$ t our impression ( solidity is ga9$ by ! comb9ation 9 ! m9d ( two sep>ate pictures ( an object tak5 by bo? ( our eyes f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,?us1 9 ! /]eoscope1 an arrangem5t ( l5ses & mirrors1 two photographs ( ! same object tak5 f diff]5t po9ts are s comb9$ z to make ! object /& out ) a solid aspect4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] improv$ ! /]eoscope by disp5s+ ) ! mirrors1 & br++ x into its exi/+ =m4 ,! 'pseudoscope' 7,:eat/one 0 p>tial to exotic =ms ( spee*7 0 introduc$ by its pr(essor 9 #ahej1 & is 9 "s sort ! rev]se ( ! /]eoscope1 s9ce x causes a solid object to seem holl[1 & a ne>] "o to be f>!r (f2 ?us1 a bu/ appe>s to be a mask1 & a tree gr[+ outside ( a w9d[ looks z if x 7 gr[+ inside ! room4 ,on ,novemb] #bf1 #ahdj1 he exhibit$ 8 electro-magnetic clock 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 & prop\nd$ a plan = di/ribut+ ! correct "t f a /&>d clock to a numb] ( local timepieces4 ,! circuits ( ^! 7 to be electrifi$ by a key or contact-mak] actuat$ by ! arb\r ( ! /&>d1 & _! h&s correct$ by electro-magnetism4 ,! foll[+ ,janu>y ,alex&] ,ba9 took out a pat5t = an electro-magnetic clock1 & he subsequ5tly *>g$ ,:eat/one ) appropriat+ 8 ideas4 ,x appe>s t ,ba9 work$ z a me*ani/ to ,:eat/one f ,augu/ to ,decemb]1 #ahdj1 & he ass]t$ t he _h communicat$ ! idea ( an electric clock to ,:eat/one dur+ t p]iod2 b ,:eat/one ma9ta9$ t he _h exp]im5t$ 9 t direction dur+ ,may4 ,ba9 fur!r accus$ ,:eat/one ( /eal+ 8 idea ( ! electro-magnetic pr9t+ telegraph2 b ,:eat/one %[$ t ! in/rum5t 0 only a modification ( 8 own electro-magnetic telegraph4 ,9 #ahdc ,:eat/one communicat$ an important pap] to ! ,royal ,society1 entitl$ ',an ,acc\nt ( ,sev]al ,new ,processes = ,det]m9+ ! ,con/ants ( a ,voltaic ,circuit4' ,x conta9$ an exposition ( ! well-kn[n balance = measur+ ! electrical resi/ance ( a conductor1 :i* /ill goes by ! "n ( ,:eat/one's ,bridge or balance1 al?\gh x 0 fir/ devis$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,*ri/ie1 ( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy1 ,woolwi*1 :o publi%$ x 9 ! ,,philosophical ,,transactions = #ahcc4 ,! me?od 0 neglect$ until ,:eat/one br\ght x into notice4 ,8 pap] ab\nds ) simple & practical =mula3 = ! calculation ( curr5ts & resi/ances by ! law ( ,ohm4 ,he introduc$ a unit ( resi/ance1 namely1 a foot ( copp] wire weigh+ "o hundr$ gra9s1 & %[$ h[ x might be appli$ to measure ! l5g? ( wire by its resi/ance4 ,he 0 aw>d$ a m$al = 8 pap] by ! ,society4 ,! same ye> he inv5t$ an app>atus :i* enabl$ ! read+ ( a !rmomet] or a b>omet] to be regi/]$ at a di/ance by means ( an electric contact made by ! m]cury4 ,a s\nd telegraph1 9 :i* ! signals 7 giv5 by ! /rokes ( a bell1 0 also pat5t$ by ,cooke & ,:eat/one 9 ,may ( t ye>4 ,! introduction ( ! telegraph _h s f> advanc$ t1 on ,septemb] #b1 #ahde1 ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company 0 regi/]$1 & ,:eat/one1 by 8 de$ ( p>tn]%ip ) ,cooke1 receiv$ a sum ( ,l#cc1jjj = ! use ( _! jo9t inv5tions4 ,f #ahcf-g ,:eat/one _h ?\ght a good deal ab\t subm>9e telegraphs1 & 9 #ahdj he gave evid5ce be=e ! ,railway ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! feasibility ( ! propos$ l9e f ,dov] to ,calais4 ,he _h ev5 design$ ! ma*9]y = mak+ & lay+ ! cable4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahdd1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,llewellyn1 he subm]g$ a l5g? ( insulat$ wire 9 ,swansea ,bay1 & signall$ ?r\gh x f a boat to ! ,mumbles ,ligh?\se4 ,next ye> he sugge/$ ! use ( gutta-p]*a = ! coat+ ( ! int5d$ wire across ! ,*annel4 ,?\gh sil5t & res]v$ 9 public1 ,:eat/one 0 a cle> & voluble talk] 9 private1 if tak5 on 8 fav\rite /udies1 & 8 small b active p]son1 8 pla9 b intellig5t c\nt5ance1 0 full ( animation4 ,sir ,h5ry ,taylor tells u t he once obs]v$ ,:eat/one at an ev5+ p>ty 9 ,ox=d e>ne/ly hold+ =? to ,"l ,palm]/on on ! capabilities ( 8 telegraph4 ',y don't say s6' exclaim$ ! /atesman4 ',i mu/ get y to tell t to ! ,"l ,*ancellor4' ,& s say+1 he fa/5$ ! electrician on ,"l ,we/bury1 & effect$ 8 escape4 ,a rem9isc5ce ( ?is int]view may h prompt$ ,palm]/on to rem>k t a "t 0 com+ :5 a m9i/] might be ask$ 9 ,p>liam5t if w> _h brok5 out 9 ,india1 & w\ld reply1 ',wait a m9ute2 ,i'll j telegraph to ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 & let y "k4' ,at ,*ri/*ur*1 ,m>ylebone1 on ,febru>y #ab1 #ahdg1 ,:eat/one 0 m>ri$4 ,8 wife 0 ! daught] ( a ,taunton tradesman1 & ( h&some appe>ance4 ,%e di$ 9 #ahff1 leav+ a family ( five "y *ildr5 to 8 c>e4 ,8 dome/ic life 0 quiet & unev5tful4 ,"o ( ,:eat/one's mo/ +5i\s devices 0 ! ',pol> clock1' exhibit$ at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdh4 ,x is bas$ on ! fact discov]$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 t ! light ( ! sky is pol>is$ 9 a plane at an angle ( n9ety degrees f ! position ( ! sun4 ,x foll[s t by discov]+ t plane ( pol>isation1 & measur+ its azimu? ) respect to ! nor?1 ! position ( ! sun1 al?\gh b5ea? ! horizon1 c\ld be det]m9$1 & ! app>5t sol> "t obta9$4 ,! clock consi/$ ( a spy-glass1 hav+ a ni*ol or d\ble-image prism = an eye-piece1 & a ?9 plate ( sel5ite = an object-glass4 ,:5 ! tube 0 direct$ to ! ,nor? ,pole--t is1 p>allel to ! e>?'s axis--& ! prism ( ! eye-piece turn$ until no col\r 0 se51 ! angle ( turn+1 z %[n by an index mov+ ) ! prism ov] a graduat$ limb1 gave ! h\r ( day4 ,! device is ( little s]vice 9 a c\ntry :]e wat*es are reliable2 b x =m$ "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! ,nor? ,pol> exp$ition comm&$ by ,capta9 ,n>es4 ,:eat/one's rem>kable +5uity 0 display$ 9 ! inv5tion ( cyph]s :i* h nev] be5 unravell$1 & int]pret+ cyph] manuscripts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* _h defi$ ! exp]ts4 ,he devis$ a cryptograph or ma*9e = turn+ a message into cyph] :i* c\ld only be int]pret$ by putt+ ! cyph] into a correspond+ ma*9e adju/$ to reproduce x4 ,! rapid developm5t ( ! telegraph 9 ,europe may be ga!r$ f ! fact t 9 #ahee1 ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ab\t "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords a few h\rs lat]2 & z a /rik+ pro( ( its fur!r progress1 x may be m5tion$ t ! result ( ! ,oaks ( #ahij 0 receiv$ 9 ,new ,york fifte5 seconds aft] ! horses pass$ ! w9n+-po/4 ,:eat/one's next great inv5tion 0 ! automatic transmitt]1 9 :i* ! signals ( ! message are fir/ pun*$ out on a /rip ( pap]1 :i* is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! s5d+-key1 & controls ! signal curr5ts4 ,by sub/itut+ a me*anism = ! h& 9 s5d+ ! message1 he 0 able to telegraph ab\t #ajj words a m9ute1 or five times ! ord9>y rate4 ,9 ! ,po/al ,telegraph s]vice ?is app>atus is employ$ = s5d+ ,press telegrams1 & x has rec5tly be5 s mu* improv$1 t messages are n[ s5t f ,london to ,bri/ol at a spe$ ( #fjj words a m9ute1 & ev5 ( #djj words a m9ute betwe5 ,london & ,ab]de54 ,on ! night ( ,april #h1 #ahhf1 :5 ,mr4 ,glad/one introduc$ 8 ,bill = ,home ,rule 9 ,irel&1 no few] ?an #a1ejj1jjj words 7 despat*$ f ! c5tral /ation at ,/4 ,m>t9's-le-,gr& by #ajj ,:eat/one transmitt]s4 ,7 ,mr4 ,glad/one himself to speak = a :ole week1 night & day1 & ) 8 usual facility1 he c\ld h>dly surpass ?is a*ievem5t4 ,! plan ( s5d+ messages by a runn+ /rip ( pap] :i* actuates ! key 0 orig9ally pat5t$ by ,ba9 9 #ahdf2 b ,:eat/one1 aid$ by ,mr4 ,augu/us ,/roh1 an accompli%$ me*anician1 & an able exp]im5t]1 0 ! fir/ to br+ ! idea into successful op]ation4 ,9 #ahei ,:eat/one 0 appo9t$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade to report on ! subject ( ! ,atlantic cables1 & 9 #ahfd he 0 "o ( ! exp]ts :o advis$ ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company on ! con/ruction ( ! successful l9es ( #ahfe & #ahff4 ,on ,febru>y #d1 #ahfg1 he publi%$ ! pr9ciple ( reaction 9 ! dynamo-electric ma*9e by a pap] to ! ,royal ,society2 b ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,siem5s _h communicat$ ! id5tical discov]y t5 days e>li]1 & bo? pap]s 7 read on ! same day4 ,x aft]w>ds appe>$ t ,h]r ,w]n] ,siem5s1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,alfr$ ,v>ley1 & ,pr(essor ,:eat/one _h indep5d5tly arriv$ at ! pr9ciple )9 a few mon?s ( ea* o!r4 ,v>ley pat5t$ x on ,decemb] #bd1 #ahff2 ,siem5s call$ att5tion to x on ,janu>y #ag1 #ahfg2 & ,:eat/one exhibit$ x 9 action at ! ,royal ,society on ! above date4 ,b x w be se5 f our life ( ,william ,siem5s t ,sor5 ,hjor?1 a ,dani% inv5tor1 _h =e/all$ !m4 ,9 #ahgj ! electric telegraph l9es ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 work$ by diff]5t companies1 7 transf]r$ to ! ,po/ ,(fice1 & plac$ "u ,gov]nm5t control4 ,:eat/one 0 knight$ 9 #ahfh1 aft] 8 completion ( ! automatic telegraph4 ,he _h previ\sly be5 made a ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,"s ?irty-f\r di/9ctions & diplomas ( home or =eign societies bore witness to 8 sci5tific reputation4 ,s9ce #ahcf he _h be5 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & 9 #ahgc he 0 appo9t$ a ,=eign ,associate ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! same ye> he 0 aw>d$ ! ,amp]e ,m$al by ! ,fr5* ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,national ,indu/ry4 ,9 #ahge he 0 creat$ an honor>y memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,he 0 a ,d4,c4,l4 ( ,ox=d & an ,,ll4,d4 ( ,cambridge4 ,:ile on a visit to ,p>is dur+ ! autumn ( #ahge1 & engag$ 9 p]fect+ 8 receiv+ in/rum5t = subm>9e cables1 he caught a cold1 :i* produc$ inflammation ( ! lungs1 an illness f :i* he di$ 9 ,p>is1 on ,octob] #ai1 #ahge4 ,a memorial s]vice 0 held 9 ! ,anglican ,*apel1 ,p>is1 & att5d$ by a deputation ( ! ,academy4 ,8 rema9s 7 tak5 to 8 home 9 ,p>k ,cresc5t1 ,london1 & buri$ 9 ,k5sal ,gre54 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,samuel ,,morse4 ,cooke & ,:eat/one 7 ! fir/ to introduce a public telegraph work$ by electro-magnetism2 b x _h ! disadvantage ( n m>k+ d[n ! message4 ,!re 0 /ill room = an in/rum5t :i* w\ld leave a p]man5t record t might be read at leisure1 & ?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,samuel ,f9ley ,breeze ,morse4 ,he 0 born at ! foot ( ,bre$'s ,hill1 9 ,*>le/[n1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #bg? ( ,april1 #agia4 ,! place 0 a little ov] a mile f :]e ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 born1 & ! date 0 a little ov] a ye> aft] he di$4 ,8 family 0 ( ,briti% orig94 ,an?ony ,morse1 ( ,m>lbor\gh1 9 ,wilt%ire1 _h emigrat$ to ,am]ica 9 #afce1 & settl$ 9 ,newbury1 ,massa*usetts1 ,he & 8 desc5dants prosp]$4 ,! gr&fa!r ( ,morse 0 a memb] ( ! ,colonial & ,/ate ,legislatures1 & 8 fa!r1 ,j$$iah ,morse1 ,d4,d41 0 a well-kn[n div9e ( 8 day1 & ! au?or ( ,morse's ,,am]ican ,,geography1 z well z a compil] ( a ,,univ]sal ,,gazette]4 ,8 "m 0 ,elizabe? ,ann ,breeze1 app>5tly ( ,wel% extraction1 & ! gr&-daught] ( ,samuel ,f9ley1 a di/+ui%$ ,presid5t ( ! ,pr9ceton ,college4 ,j$$iah ,morse is reput$ a man ( tal5t1 indu/ry1 & vig\r1 ) high aims = ! good ( 8 fell[-m51 +5i\s to conceive1 resolute 9 action1 & sangu9e ( success4 ,8 wife is describ$ z a woman ( calm1 reflective m9d1 animat$ conv]sation1 & engag+ mann]s4 ,!y _h two o!r sons besides ,samuel1 ! second ( :om1 ,sidney ,e4 ,morse1 0 f\nd] ( ! ,new ,york ,,obs]v]1 an able ma!matician1 au?or ( ! ,,art ,,( ,,c]ography1 or engrav+ ^u wax1 to /]eotype f1 & inv5tor ( a b>omet] = s\nd+ ! deep-sea4 ,sidney 0 ! tru/$ fri5d & companion ( 8 eld] bro!r4 ,at ! age ( f\r ,samuel 0 s5t to an infant s*ool kept by an old lady1 :o be+ lame1 0 unable to leave h] *air1 b c>ri$ h] au?ority to ! remote/ p>ts ( h] dom9ion by ! help ( a long rattan4 ,samuel1 l ! re/1 _h felt ! sudd5 app>ition ( ?is monitor4 ,hav+ scrat*$ a portrait ( ! dame ^u a *e/ ( draw]s ) ! po9t ( a p91 he 0 call$ out & summ>ily puni%$4 ,ye>s lat]1 :5 he became notable1 ! draw]s 7 treasur$ by "o ( 8 admir]s4 ,he ent]$ a prep>atory s*ool at ,&ov]1 ,mass41 :5 he 0 sev5 ye>s old1 & %[$ himself an eag] pupil4 ,among o!r books1 he 0 delight$ ) ,plut>*'s ,,lives1 & at ?irte5 he compos$ a biography ( ,demo/h5es1 long pres]v$ by 8 family4 ,a ye> lat] he ent]$ ,yale ,college z a fre%man4 ,dur+ 8 curriculum he att5d$ ! lectures ( ,pr(essor ,j]emiah ,day on natural philosophy & ,pr(essor ,b5jam9 ,sieliman on *emi/ry1 & x 0 !n he imbib$ 8 e>lie/ k ( electricity4 ,9 #ahji-aj ,dr4 ,day 0 tea*+ f ,enfield's text-book on philosophy1 t 'if ! 7electric7 circuit be int]rupt$1 ! fluid w become visible1 & :53 x passes x w leave an impression ^u any int]m$iate body1' & he illu/rat$ ?is by s5d+ ! sp>k ?r\gh a metal *a91 s t x became visible betwe5 ! l9ks1 & by caus+ x to p]=ate pap]4 ,morse aft]w>ds decl>$ ?is exp]im5t to h be5 ! se$ :i* root$ 9 8 m9d & grew into ! 'inv5tion ( ! telegraph4' ,x is n evid5t t ,morse _h any di/9ct idea ( ! electric telegraph 9 ^! days2 b amid/ 8 lessons 9 lit]ature & philosophy he took a special int]e/ 9 ! sci5ces ( electricity & *emi/ry4 ,he became acqua9t$ ) ! voltaic batt]y ?r\gh ! lectures ( 8 fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,sieliman2 & we are told t dur+ "o ( 8 vacations at ,yale he made a s]ies ( electrical exp]im5ts ) ,dr4 ,dwight4 ,"s ye>s lat] he resum$ ^! /udies "u 8 fri5d ,pr(essor ,james ,freeman ,dana1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york1 :o exhibit$ ! electro-magnet to 8 class 9 #ahbg1 & also "u ,pr(essor ,r5wick1 ( ,columbia ,college4 ,art seems to h _h an equal if n a great] *>m ?an sci5ce = ,morse at ?is p]iod4 ,a boy ( fifte51 he made a wat]-col\r sket* ( 8 family sitt+ r\nd ! table2 & :ile a /ud5t at ,yale he reliev$ 8 fa!r1 :o 0 f> f ri*1 ( a "p ( 8 education by pa9t+ m9iatures on ivory1 & sell+ !m to 8 companions at five doll>s a-piece4 ,be=e he 0 n9ete5 he complet$ a pa9t+ ( ! ',l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims at ,plym\?1' :i* =m]ly hung 9 ! (fice ( ! ,mayor1 at ,*>le/[n1 ,massa*usetts4 ,on graduat+ at ,yale1 9 #ahaj1 he devot$ himself to ,art1 & became a pupil ( ,wa%+ton ,all/on1 ! well-kn[n ,am]ican pa9t]4 ,he accompani$ ,all/on to ,europe 9 #ahaa1 & ent]$ ! /udio ( ,b5jam9 ,we/1 :o 0 !n at ! z5i? ( 8 reputation4 ,! fri5d%ip ( ,we/1 ) 8 own introductions & agreeable p]sonality1 enabl$ him to move 9 good society1 to :i* he 0 always p>tial4 ,william ,wilb]=ce1 ,za*>y ,macaulay1 fa!r ( ! hi/orian1 ,col]idge1 & ,copley1 7 among 8 acqua9tances4 ,leslie1 ! arti/1 !n a /ruggl+ g5ius l himself1 0 8 fell[-lodg]4 ,8 he>t 0 evid5tly 9 ! pr(ession ( 8 *oice4 ',my passion = my art1' he wrote to 8 "m1 9 #ahab1 'is s firmly root$ t ,i am confid5t no human p[] c\ld de/roy x4 ,! m ,i /udy ! great] ,i ?9k is its claim to ! appellation ( div9e4 ,i am n[ go+ to beg9 a picture ( ! dea? ( ,h]cules ! figure to be z l>ge z life4' ,aft] he _h p]fect$ ?is "w to 8 own eyes1 he %[$ x1 ) n a little pride1 to ,mr4 ,we/1 :o aft] scann+ x a:ile said1 ',v good1 v good4 ,g on & f9i% x4' ,morse v5tur$ to say t x 0 f9i%$4 ',no6 no6 no6' answ]$ ,we/2 'see !re1 & !re1 & !re4 ,!re is mu* to be done yet4 ,g on & f9i% x4' ,ea* "t ! pupil %[$ x ! ma/] said1 ',g on & f9i% x4' ,,! ,,telegraph ,,9 ,,am]ica1 by ,james ,d4 ,reid ,?is 0 a lesson 9 ?or\ghness ( "w & att5tion to detail :i* 0 n lo/ on ! /ud5t4 ,! picture 0 exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,academy1 9 ,som]set ,h\se1 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahac1 & ,we/ decl>$ t if ,morse 7 to live to 8 own age he w\ld nev] make a bett] composition4 ,! rem>k is equivocal1 b 0 d\btless int5d$ z a complim5t to ! precocity ( ! "y pa9t]4 ,9 ord] to be correct 9 ! anatomy he _h fir/ modell$ ! figure ( 8 ,h]cules 9 clay1 & ?is ca/1 by ! advice ( ,we/1 0 ent]$ 9 competition = a prize 9 sculpture giv5 by ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,x prov$ successful1 & on ,may #ac ! sculptor 0 pres5t$ ) ! prize & a gold m$al by ! ,duke ( ,norfolk be=e a di/+ui%$ ga!r+ 9 ! ,adelphi4 ,flu%$ ) 8 triumph1 ,morse det]m9$ to compete = ! prize ( fifty gu9eas & a gold m$al (f]$ by ! ,royal ,academy = ! be/ hi/orical pa9t+1 & took = 8 subject1 ',! ,judgm5t ( ,jupit] 9 ! case ( ,apollo1 ,m>pessa1 & ,idas4' ,! "w 0 f9i%$ to ! satisfaction ( ,we/1 b ! pa9t] 0 summon$ home4 ,he 0 /ill1 9 "p at lea/1 dep5d+ on 8 fa!r1 & _h be5 abroad a ye> long] ?an ! ?ree at fir/ int5d$4 ,dur+ ?is "t he _h be5 oblig$ to p9* himself 9 a ?\s& ways 9 ord] to eke out 8 mode/ all[ance4 ',my dr9k is wat]1 port] be+ too exp5sive1' he wrote to 8 p>5ts4 ',i h _h no new clo!s = ne>ly a ye>4 ,my be/ are ?readb>e1 & my %oes are out at ! toes4 ,my /ock+s all want to see my "m1 & my hat is ho>y ) age4' ,mr4 ,we/ recomm5d$ him to /ay1 s9ce ! rules ( ! competition requir$ ! w9n] to receive ! prize 9 p]son4 ,b aft] try+ 9 va9 to get ?is regulation waiv$1 he left = ,am]ica ) 8 picture1 hav+1 a few days prior to 8 dep>ture1 d9$ ) ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce z ! guns ( ,hyde ,p>k 7 signall+ ! victory ( ,wat]loo4 ,arriv+ 9 ,bo/on on ,octob] #ah1 he lo/ no "t 9 r5t+ a /udio4 ,8 fame _h prec$$ him1 & he became ! lion ( society4 ,8 ',judgm5t ( ,jupit]' 0 exhibit$ 9 ! t[n1 & p flock$ to see x4 ,b no "o (f]$ to buy x4 ,if ! l9e ( high art he _h *os5 _h n support$ him 9 ,engl&1 x 0 tantam\nt to />vation 9 ! raw] atmosph]e ( ,am]ica4 ,ev5 9 ,bo/on1 mell[$ ?\gh x 0 by culture1 ! classical 0 at a disc\nt4 ,almo/ p5niless1 & frett+ "u 8 disappo9tm5t1 he w5t to ,concord1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & contriv$ to e>n a liv+ by pa9t+ cab9et portraits4 ,0 ?is ! end ( 8 ambiti\s dreams8 ,money 0 ne$ful to extricate him f ?is drudg]y & let him foll[ up 8 aspirations4 ,love may h be5 a /ill /rong] motive = its acquisition4 ,s he tri$ 8 h& at inv5tion1 &1 9 conjunction ) 8 bro!r ,sidney1 produc$ :at 0 playfully describ$ z ',morse's ,pat5t ,metallic ,d\ble-,head$ ,ocean-,dr9k] & ,deluge-,sp\t] ,pump-,box4' ,! pump 0 q z mu* admir$ z ! ',jupit]1' & x prov$ z great a failure4 ,succe$+ z a portrait pa9t]1 he w5t1 9 #ahah1 on ! invitation ( 8 uncle1 ,dr4 ,f9ley1 to ,*>le/on1 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & op5$ a /udio !re4 ,aft] a s+le season he f\nd himself 9 a position to m>ry1 & on ,octob] #a1 #ahah1 0 unit$ to ,lucretia ,p4 ,walk]1 ( ,concord1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 a beautiful & accompli%$ lady4 ,he ?riv$ s well 9 ! s\? t he once receiv$ z _m z "o hundr$ & fifty ord]s 9 a few weeks2 & 8 reputation 0 su* t he 0 hon\r$ ) a commission f ! ,common ,c\ncil ( ,*>le/on to execute a portrait ( ,james ,monroe1 !n ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z a ma/]piece4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahba1 he in/itut$ ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 :i* is n[ ext9ct4 ,aft] f\r ye>s ( life 9 ,*>le/on he return$ to ! nor? ) sav+s to ! am\nt ( ,l#fjj1 & settl$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,he devot$ eighte5 mon?s to ! execution ( a l>ge pa9t+ ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton2 b its exhibition prov$ a loss1 & 9 help+ 8 bro!rs to pay 8 fa!r's debts ! rema9s ( 8 little =tune 7 swept away4 ,he /ood next to ,all/on z an ,am]ican hi/orical pa9t]1 b all 8 productions 9 t l9e prov$ a disappo9tm5t4 ,! public w\ld n buy !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he receiv$ an ord] f ! ,corporation ( ,new ,york = a portrait ( ,g5]al ,lafayette1 ! h]o ( ! h\r4 ,:ile engag$ on ?is "w he lo/ 8 wife 9 ,febru>y1 #ahbe1 & !n 8 p>5ts4 ,9 #ahbi he visit$ ,europe1 & sp5t 8 "t among ! arti/s & art gall]ies ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy4 ,9 ,p>is he und]took a picture ( ! int]ior ( ! ,l\vre1 %[+ "s ( ! ma/]pieces 9 m9iature1 b x seems t nobody pur*as$ x4 ,he expect$ to be *os5 to illu/rate "o ( ! vacant panels 9 ! ,rotunda ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton2 b 9 ?is too he 0 mi/ak54 ,h[ev]1 "s fell[-arti/s 9 ,am]ica1 ?9k+ he _h des]v$ ! hon\r1 collect$ a sum ( money to assi/ him 9 pa9t+ ! composition he _h fix$ ^u3 ',! ,sign+ ( ! ,fir/ ,compact on ,bo>d ! ,mayfl[]4' ,9 a f> f hopeful mood aft] 8 ?ree ye>s' resid5ce abroad he emb>k$ on ! packet ,sully1 ,capta9 ,pell1 & sail$ f ,havre = ,new ,york on ,octob] #a1 #ahcb4 ,among ! pass5g]s 0 ,dr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,jackson1 ( ,bo/on1 :o _h att5d$ "s lectures on electricity 9 ,p>is1 & c>ri$ an electro-magnet 9 8 trunk4 ,"o day :ile ,morse & ,dr4 ,jackson1 ) a few m1 sat r\nd ! lun*eon table 9 ! cab91 he began to talk ( ! exp]im5ts he _h witness$4 ,"s "o ask$ if ! spe$ ( ! electricity 0 less5$ by its passage ?r\gh a long wire1 & ,dr4 ,jackson1 ref]r+ to a trial ( ,f>aday1 repli$ t ! curr5t 0 app>5tly in/antane\s4 ,morse1 :o probably rememb]$ 8 old lessons 9 ! subject1 n[ rem>k$ t if ! pres5ce ( ! electricity c\ld be r5d]$ visible at any po9t ( ! circuit he saw no reason :y intellig5ce might n be s5t by ?is means4 ,! idea became root$ 9 8 m9d1 & engross$ 8 ?\ghts4 ,until f> into ! night he pac$ ! deck discuss+ ! matt] ) ,dr4 ,jackson1 & pond]+ x 9 solitude4 ,ways ( r5d]+ ! electricity s5sible at ! f> end ( ! l9e 7 consid]$4 ,! sp>k might pi]ce a b& ( travell+ pap]1 z ,pr(essor ,day _h m5tion$ ye>s be=e2 x might decompose a *emical solution1 & leave a /a9 to m>k its passage1 z tri$ by ,mr4 ,dy> 9 #ahbg2 ,or x c\ld excite an electro-magnet1 :i*1 by attract+ a piece ( s(t iron1 w\ld inscribe ! passage ) a p5 or p5cil4 ,! signals c\ld be made by v %ort curr5ts or jets ( electricity1 accord+ to a settl$ code4 ,?us a c]ta9 numb] ( jets c\ld repres5t a correspond+ num]al1 & ! num]al w\ld1 9 its turn1 repres5t a ^w 9 ! language4 ,to deciph] ! message1 a special code-book or diction>y w\ld be requir$4 ,9 ord] to transmit ! curr5ts ?r\gh ! l9e1 he devis$ a me*anical s5d]1 9 :i* ! circuit w\ld be int]rupt$ by a s]ies ( types c>ri$ on a port-rule or compos+-/ick1 :i* travell$ at a uni=m spe$4 ,ea* type w\ld h a c]ta9 numb] ( tee? or projections on its upp] face1 & z x 0 pass$ ?r\gh a gap 9 ! circuit ! tee? w\ld make or break ! curr5t4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! l9e ! curr5ts ?us transmitt$ w\ld excite ! electro-magnet1 actuate ! p5cil1 & draw a zig-zag l9e on ! pap]1 e angle be+ a di/9ct signal1 & ! gr\ps ( signals repres5t+ a ^w 9 ! code4 ,dur+ ! voyage ( six weeks ! arti/ jott$ 8 crude ideas 9 8 sket*-book1 :i* aft]w>ds became a te/imony to _! date4 ,t he *]i%$ hopes ( 8 inv5tion may be ga!r$ f 8 words on l&+1 ',well1 ,capta9 ,pell1 %\ld y ev] he> ( ! telegraph "o ( ^! days z ! wond] ( ! _w1 rememb] ! discov]y 0 made on ! good %ip ,sully4' ,soon aft] 8 return 8 bro!rs gave him a room on ! fif? floor ( a h\se at ! corn] ( ,nassau & ,beekman ,/reets1 ,new ,york4 ,= a long "t x 0 8 /udio & kit*51 8 laboratory & b$room4 ,) 8 livelihood to e>n by 8 bru%1 & 8 inv5tion to "w out1 ,morse 0 n[ fully occupi$4 ,8 diet 0 simple2 he d5i$ himself ! pleasures ( society1 & employ$ 8 leisure 9 mak+ models ( 8 types4 ,! /udio 0 an image ( 8 m9d at ?is epo*4 ,reject$ pictures look$ d[n ^u 8 clumsy app>atus1 type-m\lds lay among pla/]-ca/s1 ! pa9t-pot jo/l$ ! galvanic batt]y1 & ! easel %>$ 8 att5tion ) ! la!4 ,by degrees ! telegraph allur$ him f ! canvas1 & he only pa9t$ en\gh to keep ! wolf f ! door4 ,8 national picture1 ',! ,sign+ ( ! ,fir/ ,compact on ,bo>d ! ,mayfl[]1' 0 nev] f9i%$1 & ! #cjj doll>s :i* _h be5 subscrib$ = x 7 f9ally return$ ) int]e/4 ,= ,morse by nature 0 pr\d & indep5d5t1 ) a s5sitive horror ( incurr+ debt4 ,he w\ld r endure privation ?an solicit help or lie "u a humiliat+ obligation4 ,8 "m seems to h be5 animat$ ) a l _s1 = ! ,hon4 ,amos ,k5dall in=ms u t %e _h suff]$ mu* ?r\gh ! k9dness ( h] husb& 9 becom+ surety = 8 fri5ds1 & t :5 %e 0 dy+ %e exact$ a promise f h] son t he w\ld nev] endang] 8 peace ( m9d & ! com=t ( 8 home by do+ likewise4 ,dur+ ! two & a half ye>s f ,novemb]1 #ahcb1 to ! summ] ( #ahce he 0 oblig$ to *ange 8 resid5ce ?ree times1 & want ( money prev5t$ him f comb9+ ! sev]al p>ts ( 8 inv5tion into a work+ :ole4 ,9 #ahce1 h[ev]1 8 reputation z an hi/orical pa9t]1 & ! e/eem 9 :i* he 0 held z a man ( culture & ref9em5t1 l$ to 8 appo9tm5t z ! fir/ ,pr(essor ( ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,arts ( ,design 9 ! newly f\nd$ ,univ]sity ( ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,july he took up 8 qu>t]s 9 ! new build+s ( ! ,univ]sity at ,wa%+ton ,squ>e1 & 0 h5ce=? able to devote m "t to 8 app>atus4 ,! same ye> ,pr(essor ,daniell1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 br\ght out 8 con/ant-curr5t batt]y1 :i* befri5d$ ,morse 9 8 exp]im5ts1 z x aft]w>ds did ,cooke & ,:eat/one1 ,hi!rto ! voltaic batt]y _h be5 a s\rce ( tr\ble1 ow+ to ! curr5t becom+ weak z ! batt]y 0 kept 9 action4 ,! l5g? ( l9e ?r\gh :i* ,morse c\ld "w 8 app>atus 0 an important po9t to be det]m9$1 = x 0 kn[n t ! curr5t gr[s feebl] 9 proportion to ! resi/ance ( ! wire x trav]ses4 ,morse saw a way out ( ! difficulty1 z ,davy1 ,cooke1 & ,:eat/one did1 by ! device kn[n z ! relay4 ,7 ! curr5t too weak to effect ! m>k+ ( a message1 x might nev]!less be suffici5tly /rong to op5 & close ! circuit ( a local batt]y :i* w\ld pr9t ! signals4 ,su* relays & local batt]ies1 fix$ at int]vals along ! l9e1 z po/-horses on a turnpike1 w\ld convey ! message to an imm5se di/ance4 ',if ,i c succe$ 9 work+ a magnet t5 miles1' said ,morse1',i c g r\nd ! globe4 ,x matt]s n h[ delicate ! movem5t may be4' ,accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 he devis$ ! relay 9 #ahcf or e>li]2 b x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( #ahcg t he expla9$ ! device1 & %[$ ! work+ ( 8 app>atus to 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,leon>d ,d4 ,gale1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,?is g5tleman took a lively int]e/ 9 ! app>atus1 & prov$ a g5]\s ally ( ! inv5tor4 ,until !n ,morse _h only tri$ 8 record] on a few y>ds ( wire1 ! batt]y 0 a s+le pair ( plates1 & ! electro-magnet 0 ( ! elem5t>y sort employ$ by ,moll1 & illu/rat$ 9 ! old] books4 ,! arti/1 inde$1 0 v ignorant ( :at _h be5 done by o!r electricians2 & ,pr(essor ,gale 0 able to enlight5 him4 ,:5 ,gale acqua9t$ him ) "s results 9 telegraph+ obta9$ by ,mr4 ,b>l[1 he said he 0 n aw>e t anyone _h ev5 conceiv$ ! notion ( us+ ! magnet = su* a purpose4 ,! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,joseph ,h5ry on ! electro-magnet1 9 #ahcj1 7 equally unkn[n to ,morse1 until ,pr(essor ,gale drew 8 att5tion to !m1 & 9 accordance ) ! results1 sugge/$ t ! simple electro-magnet1 ) a few turns ( ?ick wire :i* he employ$1 %\ld be replac$ by "o hav+ a coil ( long ?9 wire4 ,by ?is *ange a mu* feebl] curr5t w\ld be able to excite ! magnet1 & ! record] w\ld m>k ?r\gh a great] l5g? ( l9e4 ,h5ry himself1 9 #ahcb1 _h devis$ a telegraph simil> to t ( ,morse1 & signall$ ?r\gh a mile ( wire1 by caus+ ! armature ( 8 electro-magnet to /rike a bell4 ,?is 0 virtually ! fir/ electro-magnetic ac\/ic telegraph4,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,! ye> ( ! telegraph--#ahcg--0 an important "o = ,morse1 z x 0 = ,cooke & ,:eat/one4 ,9 ! privacy ( 8 rooms he _h con/ruct$1 ) 8 own h&s1 a model ( 8 app>atus1 & =tune began to fav\r him4 ,?anks to ,pr(essor ,gale1 he improv$ ! electro-magnet1 employ$ a m p[]ful batt]y1 & 0 ?us able to "w ?r\gh a mu* long] l9e4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahcg1 ! ,am]ican ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives pass$ a resolution ask+ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to report on ! propriety ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & on ,m>* #aj issu$ a circul> ( inquiry1 :i* fell into ! h&s ( ! inv5tor1 & probably urg$ him to complete 8 app>atus1 & br+ x "u ! notice ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,lack ( me*anical skill1 ignorance ( electrical sci5ce1 z well z want ( money1 _h s f> kept x back4 ,b ! fri5d 9 ne$ :om he requir$ 0 ne>] ?an he anticipat$4 ,on ,saturday1 ,septemb] #b1 #ahcg1 :ile ,morse 0 exhibit+ ! model to ,pr(essor ,daub5y1 ( ,ox=d1 !n visit+ ! ,/ates1 & o!rs1 a "y man nam$ ,alfr$ ,vail became "o ( ! spectators1 & 0 deeply impress$ ) ! results4 ,vail 0 born 9 #ahjg1 a son ( ,judge ,/eph5 ,vail1 ma/] ( ! ,spe$well ironworks at ,morri/[n1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,aft] leav+ ! village s*ool 8 fa!r took him & 8 bro!r ,george into ! works2 b ?\gh ,alfr$ inh]it$ a me*anical turn ( m9d1 he long$ = a high] sph]e1 & on atta9+ to 8 majority he resolv$ to ent] ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*4 ,9 #ahcb he w5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ! city ( ,new ,york1 :]e he graduat$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahcf4 ,ne> ! close ( ! t]m1 h[ev]1 8 heal? fail$1 & he 0 con/ra9$ to rel9qui% 8 cl]ical aims4 ,:ile 9 d\bts z to 8 future he *anc$ to see ! telegraph1 & t decid$ him4 ,he says3 ',i accid5tally & )\t invitation call$ ^u ,pr(essor ,morse at ! ,univ]sity1 & f\nd him ) ,pr(essors ,torrey & ,daub5y 9 ! m9]alogical cab9et & lecture-room ( ,pr(essor ,gale1 :]e ,pr(essor ,morse 0 exhibit+ to ^! g5tlem5 an app>atus :i* he call$ 8 ,electro-,magnetic ,telegraph4 ,!re 7 wires susp5d$ 9 ! room runn+ f "o end ( x to ! o!r1 & return+ _m times1 mak+ a l5g? ( sev5te5 hundr$ feet4 ,! two ends ( ! wire 7 connect$ ) an electro-magnet fa/5$ to a v]tical wood5 frame4 ,9 front ( ! magnet 0 its armature1 & also a wood5 lev] or arm fitt$ at its extremity to hold a lead-p5cil4444 ,i saw ?is in/rum5t "w1 & became ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciple ( its op]ation1 &1 ,i may say1 /ruck ) ! rude ma*9e1 conta9+1 z ,i believ$1 ! g]m ( :at 0 de/9$ to produce great *anges 9 ! conditions & relations ( mank9d4 ,i well recollect ! impression :i* 0 !n made ^u my m9d4 ,i rejoic$ to ?9k t ,i liv$ 9 su* a day1 & my m9d contemplat$ ! future 9 :i* s gr& & mighty an ag5t 0 ab\t to be introduc$ = ! b5efit ( ! _w4 ,be=e leav+ ! room 9 :i* ,i beheld = ! fir/ "t ?is magnific5t inv5tion1 ,i ask$ ,pr(essor ,morse if he int5d$ to make an exp]im5t on a m ext5d$ l9e ( conductors4 ,he repli$ t he did1 b t he desir$ pecuni>y assi/ance to c>ry out 8 plans4 ,i promis$ him assi/ance provid$ he w\ld admit me into a %>e ( ! inv5tion1 to :i* proposition he ass5t$4 ,i !n return$ to my bo>d+-h\se1 lock$ ! door ( my room1 ?rew myself ^u ! b$1 & gave myself up to reflection ^u ! mighty results :i* 7 c]ta9 to foll[ ! introduction ( ?is new ag5t 9 meet+ & s]v+ ! wants ( ! _w4 ,) ! atlas 9 my h& ,i trac$ ! mo/ important l9es :i* w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be erect$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & calculat$ _! l5g?4 ,! "q !n rose 9 my m9d1 :e!r ! electro-magnet c\ld be made to "w ?r\gh ! necess>y l5g?s ( l9e1 & aft] mu* reflection ,i came to ! conclusion t1 provid$ ! magnet w\ld "w ev5 at a di/ance ( eight or t5 miles1 !re c\ld be no risk 9 emb>k+ 9 ! ent]prise4 ,& ^u ?is ,i decid$ 9 my own m9d to ,,s9k ,,or ,,swim ,,) ,,x4' ,"y ,vail appli$ to 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a man ( ent]prise & intellig5ce4 ,he x 0 :o =g$ ! %aft ( ! ,savannah1 ! fir/ /eam%ip :i* cross$ ! ,atlantic4 ,morse 0 invit$ to ,spe$well ) 8 app>atus1 t ! judge might see x = himself1 & ! "q ( a p>tn]%ip 0 moot$4 ,two ?\s& doll>s 7 requir$ to procure ! pat5ts & con/ruct an in/rum5t to br+ be=e ! ,congress4 ,9 spite ( a f9ancial depression1 ! judge 0 brave en\gh to l5d 8 assi/ance1 & on ,septemb] #bc1 #ahcg1 an agreem5t 0 sign$ betwe5 ! inv5tor & ,alfr$ ,vail1 by :i* ! latt] 0 to con/ruct1 at 8 own exp5se1 a model = exhibition to a ,committee ( ,congress1 & to secure ! necess>y pat5ts = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 return ,vail 0 to receive "o-f\r? ( ! pat5t rights 9 t c\ntry4 ,provision 0 made also to give ,vail an int]e/ 9 any =eign pat5ts he might furni% means to obta94 ,! ,am]ican pat5t 0 obta9$ by ,morse on ,octob] #c1 #ahcg4 ,he _h return$ to ,new ,york1 & 0 engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 diction>y4 ,= _m mon?s ,alfr$ ,vail work$ 9 a secret room at ! iron factory mak+ ! new model1 8 only assi/ant be+ an appr5tice ( fifte51 ,william ,baxt]1 :o subsequ5tly design$ ! ,baxt] eng9e1 & di$ 9 #ahhe4 ,:5 ! work%op 0 rebuilt ?is room 0 pres]v$ z a memorial ( ! telegraph1 = x 0 "h t ! true ,morse in/rum5t1 su* z we "k x1 0 con/ruct$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ^? days almo/ ev]y?+ !y want$ _h ei!r to be made by !mselves or appropriat$ to _! purpose4 ,_! fir/ batt]y 0 set up 9 a box ( *]ry-wood1 p>t$ into cells1 & l9$ ) bees-wax2 _! insulat$ wire 0 t us$ by mill9]s = giv+ outl9e to ! 'sky-scrap]' bonnets ( t day4 ,! fir/ ma*9e made at ,spe$well 0 a copy ( t devis$ by ,morse1 b z ,vail grew m intimate ) ! subject 8 own +5uity came into play1 & he soon improv$ on ! orig9al4 ,! p5cil 0 disc>d$ = a f\nta9 p51 & ! zig-zag signals = ! %ort & long l9es n[ t]m$ 'dots' & 'da%es4' ,?is important alt]ation l$ him to ! ',morse alphabet1' or code ( signals1 by :i* a lett] is transmitt$ z a gr\p ( %ort & long jets1 indicat$ z 'dots' & 'da%es' on ! pap]4 ,?us ! lett] ,e1 :i* is s common 9 ,engli% words1 is n[ transmitt$ by a %ort jet :i* makes a dot2 ,t1 ano!r common lett]1 by a long jet1 mak+ a da%2 & ,q1 a r>e lett]1 by ! gr\p da%1 da%1 dot1 da%4 ,vail tri$ to compute ! relative frequ5cy ( all ! lett]s 9 ord] to arrange 8 alphabet2 b a happy idea enabl$ him to save 8 "t4 ,he w5t to ! (fice ( ! local newspap]1 & f\nd ! result he want$ 9 ! type-cases ( ! compositors4 ,! ,morse1 or r ,vail code1 is at pres5t ! univ]sal telegraphic code ( symbols1 & its use is ext5d+ to o!r modes ( signall+-= example1 by flags1 lights1 or trumpets4 ,! h>d-fi/$ f>m]s ( ,new ,j]sey1 l _m m at t date1 _h no fai? 9 ! 'telegraph ma*9e1' & op5ly decl>$ t ! judge _h be5 a fool = once to put 8 money 9 x4 ,! judge1 on 8 "p1 we>i$ ) ! delay1 & irritat$ by ! s>casm ( 8 neighb\rs1 grew dispirit$ & moody4 ,alfr$1 & ,morse1 :o _h come to assi/1 7 c>eful to avoid meet+ him4 ,at l5g?1 on ,janu>y #f1 #ahch1 ,alfr$ told ! appr5tice to g up to ! h\se & invite 8 fa!r to come d[n to see ! telegraph at "w4 ,x 0 a cold day1 b ! boy 0 s eag] t he ran (f )\t putt+ on 8 coat4 ,9 ! sitt+-room he f\nd ! judge ) 8 hat on z if ab\t to g out1 b seat$ be=e ! fire lean+ 8 head on 8 h&1 & absorb$ 9 gloomy reflection4 ',well1 ,william8' he said1 look+ up1 z ! boy ent]$2 & :5 ! message 0 deliv]$ he />t$ to 8 feet4 ,9 a few m9utes he 0 /&+ 9 ! exp]im5tal-room1 & ! app>atus 0 expla9$4 ,call+ = a piece ( pap] he wrote ^u x ! words1 ',a ,,pati5t ,,wait] ,,is ,,no ,,los]1' & h&$ x to ,alfr$1 ) ! rem>k1 ',if y c s5d ?is1 & ,mr4 ,morse c read x at ! o!r end1 ,i %all be conv9c$4' ,! message 0 transmitt$1 & = a mom5t ! judge 0 fairly ma/]$ by 8 feel+s4 ,! app>atus 0 !n exhibit$ 9 ,new ,york1 9 ,philadelphia1 & subsequ5tly be=e ! ,committee ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton4 ,at fir/ ! memb]s ( ?is body 7 some:at incr$ul\s ab\t ! m]its ( ! unc\? ma*9e2 b ! ,*airman1 ! ,hon4 ,francis ,o4 ,j4 ,smi?1 ( ,ma9e1 took an int]e/ 9 x1 & secur$ a full att5dance ( ! o!rs to see x tri$ ?r\gh t5 miles ( wire "o day 9 ,febru>y4 ,! demon/ration conv9c$ !m1 & _m 7 ! expressions ( amazem5t f _! lips4 ,"s said1 ',! _w is com+ to an end1' z p w :5 x is really budd+1 & putt+ =? symptoms ( a l>g] life4 ,o!rs exclaim$1 ',:]e w improvem5ts & discov]ies /op8' & ',:at w\ld ,jeff]son ?9k %\ld he rise up & witness :at we h j se58' ,"o g5tleman decl>$ t1 ',"t & space are n[ annihilat$4' ,! practical outcome ( ! trial 0 t ! ,*airman report$ a ,bill appropriat+ #cj1jjj doll>s = ! erection ( an exp]im5tal l9e betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,mr4 ,smi? 0 admitt$ to a f\r? %>e 9 ! inv5tion1 & resign$ 8 seat 9 ,congress to become legal advis] to ! inv5tors4 ,claimants to ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph n[ began to spr+ up1 & x 0 deem$ advisable = ,mr4 ,smi? & ,morse to proce$ to ,europe & secure ! =eign pat5ts4 ,alfr$ ,vail und]took to provide an in/rum5t = exhibition 9 ,europe4 ,among ^! claimants 0 ,dr4 ,jackson1 *emi/ & geologi/1 ( ,bo/on1 :o _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 evok+ ! idea ( ! telegraph 9 ! m9d ( ,morse on bo>d ! ,sully4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,,new ,,york ,,obs]v] he w5t fur!r ?an ?is1 & claim$ to be a jo9t inv5tor2 b ,morse indignantly repudiat$ ! sugge/ion4 ,he decl>$ t 8 in/rum5t 0 n m5tion$ ei!r by him or ,dr4 ,jackson at ! "t1 & t !y _h made no exp]im5ts toge!r4 ',x is to ,pr(essor ,gale t ,i am mo/ ( all indebt$ = sub/antial & effective aid 9 _m ( my exp]im5ts1' he said2 'b he pref]s no claim ( any k9d4' ,morse & ,smi? arriv$ 9 ,london dur+ ! mon? ( ,june4 ,application 0 imm$iately made = a ,briti% pat5t1 b ,cooke & ,:eat/one & ,edw>d ,davy1 x seems1 oppos$ x2 & al?\gh ,morse demon/rat$ t 8 0 diff]5t f !irs1 ! pat5t 0 refus$1 ow+ to a prior publication 9 ! ,london ,,me*anics' ,,magaz9e = ,febru>y #ah1 #ahch1 9 ! =m ( an article quot$ f ,silliman's ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce = ,octob]1 #ahcg4 ,morse did n attempt to get ?is legal disqualification set aside4 ,9 ,france he 0 equally un=tunate4 ,8 in/rum5t 0 exhibit$ by ,arago at a meet+ ( ! ,in/itute1 & prais$ by ,humboldt & ,gay-,lussac2 b ! ,fr5* pat5t law requires ! inv5tion to be at "w 9 ,france )9 two ye>s1 & :5 ,morse arrang$ to erect a telegraph l9e on ! ,/4 ,g]ma9 ,railway1 ! ,gov]nm5t decl9$ to sanction x1 on ! plea t ! telegraph mu/ become a ,/ate monopoly4 ,all 8 ef=ts to introduce ! inv5tion into ,europe 7 futile1 & he return$ di%e>t5$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ,april #ae1 #ahci4 ,:ile 9 ,p>is1 he _h met ,m4 ,dagu]re1 :o1 ) ,m4 ,niepce1 _h j discov]$ ! art ( photography4 ,! process 0 communicat$ to ,morse1 :o1 ) ,dr4 ,drap]1 fitt$ up a /udio on ! ro( ( ! ,univ]sity1 & took ! fir/ dagu]reotypes 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,am]ican ,congress n[ seem$ z indiff]5t to 8 inv5tions z ! ,european gov]nm5ts4 ,an excit+ campaign = ! presid5cy 0 at h&1 & ! propos$ grant = ! telegraph 0 =gott54 ,mr4 ,smi? _h return$ to ! political ar5a1 & ! ,vails 7 "u a f9ancial cl\d1 s t ,morse c\ld expect no fur!r aid f !m4 ,! next two ye>s 7 ! d>ke/ he _h ev] kn[n4 ',porte ,crayon' tells u t he _h little patronage z a pr(essor1 & at "o "t only ?ree pupils besides himself4 ,crayon's fee ( fifty doll>s = ! second qu>t] 7 ov]due1 ow+ to 8 remittance f home n arriv+2 & "o day ! pr(essor said1 ',well1 ,/ro!r1 my boy1 h[ are we (f = money8' ,/ro!r expla9$ h[ he 0 situat$1 & /at$ t he hop$ to h ! money next week4 ',next week6' repeat$ ,morse4 ',i %all be dead by t "t444 dead ( />vation4' ',w\ld t5 doll>s be ( any s]vice8' inquir$ ! /ud5t1 bo? a/oni%$ & di/ress$4 ',t5 doll>s w\ld save my life1' repli$ ,morse2 & ,/ro!r paid ! money1 :i* 0 all he own$4 ,!y d9$ toge!r1 & aft]w>ds ! pr(essor rem>k$1 ',?is is my fir/ meal = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,/ro!r1 don't be an arti/4 ,x means begg>y4 ,a h\se-dog lives bett]4 ,! v s5sitiv5ess t /imulates an arti/ to "w keeps him alive to suff]+4' ,t[>ds ! close ( #ahda he wrote to ,alfr$ ,vail3 ',i h n a c5t 9 ! _w2' & to ,mr4 ,smi? ab\t ! same "t he wrote3 ',i f9d myself )\t sympa?y or help f any :o are associat$ ) me1 ^: int]e/s1 "o w\ld ?9k1 w\ld impell !m at lea/ to inquire if !y c\ld r5d] "s assi/ance4 ,= ne>ly two ye>s pa/ ,i h devot$ all my "t & scanty means1 liv+ on a m]e pittance1 d5y+ myself all pleasures1 & ev5 necess>y food1 t ,i might h a sum to put my telegraph into su* a position be=e ,congress z to insure success to ! common ent]prise4 ,i am cru%$ = want ( means1 & means ( s trifl+ a "* too1 t !y :o "k h[ to ask 7:i* ,i d n7 c\ld obta9 9 a few h\rs4444 ,z x is1 al?\gh ev]y?+ is fav\rable1 al?\gh ,i h no competition & no opposition--on ! contr>y1 al?\gh e memb] ( ,congress1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 is fav\rable--yet ,i fe> all w fail because ,i am too poor to risk ! trifl+ exp5se :i* my j\rney & resid5ce 9 ,wa%+ton w occasion me4 ,i ,,w ,,n ,,run ,,into ,,debt1 if ,i lose ! :ole matt]4 ,s unless ,i h ! means f "s s\rce1 ,i %all be compell$1 h[ev] reluctantly1 to leave x4 ,no "o call tell ! days & mon?s ( anxiety & lab\r ,i h _h 9 p]fect+ my telegraphic app>atus4 ,= want ( means ,i h be5 compell$ to make ) my own h&s 7& to lab\r = weeks7 a piece ( me*anism :i* c\ld be made mu* bett]1 & 9 a t5? "p ( ! "t1 by a good me*anician1 ?us wa/+ "t--"t :i* ,i _c recall1 & :i* seems d\ble-w+$ to me4 ',hope def]r$ make? ! he>t sick4 ,x is true1 & ,i h kn[n ! full mean+ ( x4 ,no?+ b ! consci\sness t ,i h an inv5tion :i* is to m>k an era 9 human civilisation1 & :i* is to contribute to ! happ9ess ( millions1 w\ld h su/a9$ me ?r\gh s _m & su* l5g!n$ trials ( pati5ce 9 p]fect+ x4' ,morse did n inv5t = money or sci5tific reputation2 he believ$ himself ! in/rum5t ( a great purpose4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahdb he insulat$ a wire two miles long ) hemp5 ?reads saturat$ ) pit*-t> & surr\nd$ ) india-rubb]4 ,on ,octob] #ah1 dur+ bright moonlight1 he subm]g$ ?is wire 9 ,new ,york ,h>b\r1 betwe5 ,ca/le ,g>d5 & ,gov]nor's ,isl&1 by unreel+ x f a small boat r[$ by a man4 ,aft] signals _h be5 s5t ?r\gh x1 ! wire 0 cut by an an*or1 & a portion ( x c>ri$ (f by sailors4 ,?is appe>s to be ! fir/ exp]im5t 9 signall+ on a subaque\s wire4 ,x 0 repeat$ on a canal at ,wa%+ton ! foll[+ ,decemb]1 & bo? are describ$ 9 a lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ,decemb] #bc1 #ahdd1 9 :i* ,morse /ates 8 belief t 'telegraphic communication on ! electro-magnetic plan may ) c]ta9ty be e/abli%$ across ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,/>tl+ z ?is may n[ seem1 ,i am confid5t ! "t w come :5 ! project w be realis$4' ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahdb1 ! inv5tor made ano!r ef=t to obta9 ! help ( ,congress1 & ! ,committee on ,comm]ce aga9 recomm5d$ an appropriation ( #cj1jjj doll>s 9 aid ( ! telegraph4 ,morse _h come to be reg>d$ z a tiresome 'crank' by "s ( ! ,congressm51 & !y object$ t if ! magnetic telegraph 7 end[$1 mesm]ism or any o!r 'ism' might h a claim on ! ,treasury4 ,! ,bill pass$ ! ,h\se by a sl5d] majority ( six votes1 giv5 orally1 "s ( ! repres5tatives fe>+ t _! support ( ! measure w\ld ali5ate _! con/itu5ts4 ,its fate 9 ! ,s5ate 0 ev5 m dubi\s2 & :5 x came up = consid]ation late "o night be=e ! adj\rnm5t1 a s5ator1 ! ,hon4 ,f]n&o ,wood1 w5t to ,morse1 :o wat*$ 9 ! gall]y1 & said1',!re is no use 9 y\r /ay+ "h4 ,! ,s5ate is n 9 sympa?y ) y\r project4 ,i advise y to give x up1 return home1 & ?9k no m ab\t x4' ,morse retir$ to 8 rooms1 & aft] pay+ 8 bill = bo>d1 includ+ 8 breakfa/ ! next morn+1 he f\nd himself ) only ?irty-sev5 c5ts & a half 9 ! _w4 ,kneel+ by 8 b$-side he op5$ 8 he>t to ,god1 leav+ ! issue 9 ,8 h&s1 & !n1 com=t$ 9 _s1 fell asleep4 ,:ile eat+ 8 breakfa/ next morn+1 ,miss ,annie ,g4 ,ellswor?1 daught] ( 8 fri5d ! ,hon4 ,h5ry ,l4 ,ellswor?1 ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 came up ) a beam+ c\nt5ance1 & hold+ out h] h&1 said-- ',pr(essor1 ,i h come to congratulate y4' ',congratulate me6' repli$ ,morse2 'on :at8' ',:y1' %e exclaim$1' on ! passage ( y\r ,bill by ! ,s5ate6' ,x _h be5 vot$ )\t debate at ! v close ( ! session4 ,ye>s aft]w>ds ,morse decl>$ t ?is 0 ! turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! telegraph4 ',my p]sonal funds1' he wrote1' 7 r$uc$ to ! fraction ( a doll>2 & _h ! passage ( ! ,bill fail$ f any cause1 !re w\ld h be5 little prospect ( ano!r attempt on my "p to introduce to ! _w my new inv5tion4' ,grateful to ,miss ,ellswor? = br++ ! good news1 he decl>$ t :5 ! ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore l9e 0 complete h]s %\ld be ! fir/ despat*4 ,! ,gov]nm5t n[ paid him a sal>y ( #b1ejj doll>s a mon? to sup]9t5d ! lay+ ( ! und]gr\nd l9e :i* he _h decid$ ^u4 ,pr(essors ,gale & ,fi%] became 8 assi/ants4 ,vail 0 put 9 *>ge1 & ,mr4 ,ezra ,cornell1 :o f\nd$ ! ,cornell ,univ]sity on ! site ( ! cotton mill :]e he _h work$ z a me*anic1 & :o _h inv5t$ a ma*9e = lay+ pipes1 0 *os5 to sup]vise ! runn+ ( ! l9e4 ,! conductor 0 a five-wire cable laid 9 pipes2 b aft] sev]al miles _h be5 run f ,baltimore to ! h\se int5d$ = ! relay1 ! insulation broke d[n4 ,cornell1 x is /at$1 injur$ 8 ma*9e to furni% an excuse = ! /oppage ( ! "w4 ,! lead]s consult$ 9 secret1 = failure 0 />+ !m 9 ! face4 ,"s #bc1jjj doll>s ( ! ,gov]nm5t grant 7 sp5t1 & ,mr4 ,smi?1 :o _h lo/ 8 fai? 9 ! und]tak+1 claim$ #djjj ( ! rema9+ #gjjj doll>s "u 8 contract = lay+ ! l9e4 ,a bitt] qu>rel arose betwe5 him & ,morse1 :i* only end$ 9 ! grave4 ,he oppos$ an additional grant f ,gov]nm5t1 & ,morse1 9 8 dejection1 propos$ to let ! pat5t expire1 & if ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld use 8 app>atus & remun]ate him1 he w\ld rew>d ,alfr$ ,vail1 :ile ,smi? w\ld be depriv$ ( 8 portion4 ,happily1 x 0 decid$ to ab&on ! subt]ranean l9e1 & erect ! conductor on poles above ! gr\nd4 ,a />t 0 made f ! ,capitol1 ,wa%+ton1 on ,april #a1 #ahdd1 & ! l9e 0 c>ri$ to ! ,m\nt ,cl>e ,depot1 ,baltimore1 on ,may #bc1 #ahdc4 ,next morn+ ,miss ,ellswor? fulfill$ h] promise by indit+ ! fir/ message4 ,%e *ose ! words1 ',:at ha? ,god wr\ght8' & !y 7 transmitt$ by ,morse f ! ,capitol at #h4de a4m41 & receiv$ at ,m\nt ,cl>e by ,alfr$ ,vail4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ message ( a public "* s5t by ! electric telegraph 9 ! ,we/]n ,_w1 & x is pres]v$ by ! ,connecticut ,hi/orical ,society4 ,! dots & da%es repres5t+ ! words 7 n drawn ) p5 & ink1 b emboss$ on ! pap] ) a metal /ylus4 ,! ma*9e itself 0 kept 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 & on remov+ x1 9 #ahga1 to exhibit x at ! ,morse ,memorial ,celebration at ,new ,york1 a memb] ( ! ,vail family discov]$ a fold$ pap] atta*$ to its base4 ,a corn] ( ! writ+ 0 torn away be=e its importance 0 recognis$2 b x prov$ to be a sign$ /atem5t by ,alfr$ ,vail1 to ! effect t ! me?od ( emboss+ 0 inv5t$ by him 9 ! six? /orey ( ! ,,new ,,york ,,obs]v] (fice dur+ #ahdd1 prior to ! erection ( ! ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore l9e1 )\t any h9t f ,morse4 ',i h n ass]t$ publicly my "r z fir/ & sole inv5tor1' he says1 'because ,i wi%$ to pres]ve ! peaceful unity ( ! inv5tion1 & because ,i c\ld n1 accord+ to my contract ) ,pr(essor ,morse1 h got a pat5t = x4' ,! p[]s ( ! telegraph hav+ be5 demon/rat$1 en?usiasm took ! place ( apa?y1 & ,morse1 :o _h be5 neglect$ be=e1 0 9 "s dang] ( be+ ov]-prais$4 ,a political incid5t spread ! fame ( ! telegraph f> & wide4 ,! ,democratic ,conv5tion1 sitt+ 9 ,baltimore1 nom9at$ ,mr4 ,james ,k4 ,polk z c&idate = ! ,presid5cy1 & ,mr4 ,silas ,wright = ! ,vice-,presid5cy4 ,alfr$ ,vail telegraph$ ! news to ,morse 9 ,wa%+ton1 & he at once told ,mr4 ,wright4 ,! result 0 t a few m9utes lat] ! ,conv5tion 0 dumbf\nd$ to receive a message f ,wright decl9+ to be nom9at$4 ,!y w\ld n believe x1 & appo9t$ a committee to inquire into ! matt]2 b ! telegram 0 f\nd to be g5u9e4 ,on ,april #a1 #ahde1 ! ,baltimore to ,wa%+ton l9e 0 =mally op5$ = public bus9ess4 ,! t>iff adopt$ by ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al 0 "o c5t = e f\r *>act]s1 & ! receipts ( ! fir/ f\r days 7 a s+le c5t4 ,at ! end ( a week !y _h ris5 to ab\t a doll>4 ,morse (f]$ ! inv5tion to ! ,gov]nm5t = #ajj1jjj doll>s1 b ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al decl9$ x on ! plea t its work+ '_h n satisfi$ him t "u any rate ( po/age t c\ld be adopt$ its rev5ues c\ld be made equal to its exp5ditures4' ,?us ?r\gh ! n>r[ views & purbl9dness ( its (ficial ! nation lo/ an excell5t opportunity ( keep+ ! telegraph sy/em 9 its own h&s4 ,morse 0 disappo9t$ at ?is refusal1 b x prov$ a bless+ 9 disguise4 ,he & 8 ag5t1 ! ,hon4 ,amos ,k5dall1 det]m9$ to rely on private ent]prise4 ,a l9e betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia 0 project$1 & ! app>atus 0 exhibit$ 9 ,broadway at a *>ge ( tw5ty-five c5ts a head4 ,b ! door-money did n pay ! exp5ses4 ,!re 0 an air ( pov]ty ab\t ! %[4 ,"o ( ! exhibitors slept on a c\ple ( *airs1 & ! pr9cely f\nd] ( ,cornell ,univ]sity 0 grateful to ,provid5ce = a %ill+ pick$ up on ! side-walk1 :i* enabl$ him to enjoy a he>ty breakfa/4 ,sleek m5 ( capital1 look+ ) suspicion on ! meagre furniture & mis]able app>atus1 )held _! patronage2 b humbl] citiz5s inve/$ _! h>d-won e>n+s1 ! ,magnetic ,telegraph ,company 0 incorporat$1 & ! l9e 0 built4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 #ahdf1 ano!r l9e 0 run f ,philadelphia to ,baltimore by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,o',reilly1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 an acute pione] ( ! telegraph4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t5 ye>s ! ,atlantic ,/ates 7 cov]$ by a /raggl+ web ( l9es "u ! control ( ?irty or =ty rival companies work+ diff]5t app>atus1 su* z t ( ,morse1 ,ba91 ,h\se1 & ,hughes1 b ow+ to v>i\s causes only "o or two 7 pay+ a divid5d4 ,x 0 a fit mom5t = amalgamation1 & ?is 0 accompli%$ 9 #ahef by ,mr4 ,hiram ,sibley4 ',?is ,we/]n ,union1' says "o 9 speak+ ( ! unit$ corporation1 'seems to me v l collect+ all ! paup]s 9 ! ,/ate & arrang+ !m into a union s z to make ri* m5 ( !m4' ,b ',sibley's crazy s*eme' prov$ ! salvation ( ! compet+ companies4 ,9 #aheg1 aft] ! fir/ /age coa* _h cross$ ! pla9s to ,cali=nia1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,o',reilly propos$ to build a l9e ( telegraph1 & ,mr4 ,sibley urg$ ! ,we/]n ,union to und]take x4 ,he enc\nt]$ a /rong opposition4 ,! explorations ( ,fremont 7 /ill fre% 9 ! public m9d1 & ! c\ntry 0 reg>d$ z a h[l+ wild]ness4 ,x 0 object$ t no poles c\ld be obta9$ on ! prairies1 t ! ,indians or ! buffaloes w\ld de/roy ! l9e1 & t ! traffic w\ld n pay4 ',well1 g5tlem51' said ,sibley1 'if y won't jo9 h&s ) me 9 ! ?+1 ,i'll g x alone4' ,he procur$ a subsidy f ! ,gov]nm5t1 :o realis$ ! value ( ! l9e f a national po9t ( view1 ! money 0 rais$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,we/]n ,union1 & ! r\te by ,omaha1 ,=t ,l>amie1 & ,salt ,lake ,city to ,san ,francisco 0 fix$ ^u4 ,! "w began on ,july #d1 #ahfa1 & ?\gh x 0 expect$ to occupy two ye>s1 x 0 complet$ 9 f\r mon?s & elev5 days4 ,! traffic soon became lucrative1 & ! ,indians1 except 9 "t ( w>1 protect$ ! l9e out ( fri5d%ip = ,mr4 ,sibley4 ,a black-tail$ buck1 ! gift ( ,:ite ,cl\d1 sp5t its la/ ye>s 9 ! p>k ( 8 home at ,ro*e/]4 ,! success ( ! ov]l& wire induc$ ! ,company to emb>k on a /ill great] s*eme1 ! project ( ,mr4 ,p]ry ,mac,donough ,coll9s1 = a trunk l9e betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe by way ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,alaska1 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 & ,sib]ia4 ,a l9e already exi/$ betwe5 ,european ,russia & ,irkutsk1 9 ,sib]ia1 & x 0 to be ext5d$ to ! m\? ( ! ,amoor1 :]e ! ,am]ican l9es 7 to jo9 x4 ,two cables1 "o across ,behr+ ,sea & ano!r across ! ,bay ( ,anadyr1 7 to l9k ! two cont95ts4 ,! exp$ition />t$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahfe ) a fleet ( ab\t ?irty vessels1 c>ry+ telegraph & o!r /ores4 ,9 spite ( sev]e h>d%ips1 a consid]able "p ( ! l9e _h be5 erect$ :5 ! successful completion ( ! trans-,atlantic cable1 9 #ahff1 caus$ ! ent]prise to be ab&on$ aft] an exp5diture ( #c1jjj1jjj doll>s4 ,a trace cut = ! l9e ?r\gh ! =e/s ( ,briti% ,columbia is /ill kn[n z ! 'telegraph trail4' ,9 spite ( ?is mis=tune ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company has cont9u$ to fl\ri%4 ,9 #ahhc its capital am\nt$ to #hj1jjj1jjj doll>s1 & x n[ possesses a virtual monopoly ( telegraphic communication 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,morse did n limit 8 connections to l& telegraphy4 ,9 #ahed1 :5 ,mr4 ,cyrus ,field br\ght out ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company1 to lay a cable betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 he became its electrician1 & w5t to ,engl& = ! purpose ( consult+ ) ! ,engli% eng9e]s on ! execution ( ! project4 ,b 8 in/rum5t 0 nev] us$ on ! ocean l9es1 &1 inde$1 x 0 n adapt$ = !m4 ,dur+ ?is "t ,alfr$ ,vail cont9u$ to improve ! ,morse app>atus1 until x 0 pa/ recognition4 ,! porte-rule & type ( ! transmitt] 7 disc>d$ = a simple 'key' or rock+ lev]1 work$ up & d[n by ! h&1 s z to make & break ! circuit4 ,! clumsy framework ( ! receiv] 0 r$uc$ to a neat & portable size4 ,! ink+ p5 0 replac$ by a metal :eel or disc1 sme>$ ) ink1 & roll+ on ! pap] at e dot or da%4 ,vail1 z we h se51 also inv5t$ ! plan ( emboss+ ! message4 ,b he did /ill m4 ,:5 ! record+ in/rum5t 0 introduc$1 x 0 f\nd t ! cl]ks p]si/$ 9 'read+' ! signals by ! click+ ( ! m>k+ lev]1 & n f ! pap]4 ,?reats ( in/ant dismissal did n /op ! practice :5 nobody 0 look+ on4 ,morse1 :o reg>d$ ! record z ! di/9ctive feature ( 8 inv5tion1 0 v ho/ile to ! practice2 b ,nature 0 too _m = him4 ,! mode ( int]pret+ by s\nd 0 ! easi] & m economical ( ! two2 & ,vail1 ) 8 me*anical in/9ct1 adopt$ x4 ,he produc$ an in/rum5t 9 :i* !re is no pap] or m>k+ device1 & ! message is simply s\nd$ by ! lev] ( ! armature /rik+ on its metal /ops4 ,at pres5t ! ,morse record] is r>ely us$ 9 comp>ison ) ! 's\nd]4' ,! orig9al telegraph ( ,morse1 exhibit$ 9 #ahcg1 has become an ar*aic =m4 ,ap>t f ! c5tral idea ( employ+ an electro-magnet to signal--an idea appli$ by ,h5ry 9 #ahcb1 :5 ,morse _h only ?\ght ( x--! developm5t ( ! app>atus is ma9ly due to ,vail4 ,8 work+ devices made x a success1 & are 9 use to-day1 :ile ^? ( ,morse are all ext9ct4 ,morse has be5 highly hon\r$ & rew>d$1 n only by 8 c\ntrym51 b by ! ,european p[]s4 ,! ,que5 ( ,spa9 s5t him a ,cross ( ! ,ord] ( ,isabella1 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia pres5t$ him ) a jewell$ snuff-box1 ! ,sultan ( ,turkey decorat$ him ) ! ,ord] ( ,glory1 ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5* admitt$ him into ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,moreov]1 ! t5 ,european p[]s 9 special congress aw>d$ him #djj1jjj francs 7"s #hj1jjj doll>s71 z an expression ( _! gratitude3 honor>y banquets 7 a common ?+ to ! man :o _h almo/ />v$ ?r\gh 8 fidelity to an idea4 ,b beyond 8 emolum5ts z a p>tn] 9 ! inv5tion1 ,alfr$ ,vail _h no recomp5se4 ,morse1 p]haps1 0 some:at jeal\s ( ackn[l$g+ ! s]vices ( 8 'me*anical assi/ant1' z he at "o "t *ose to reg>d ,vail4 ,:5 p]sonal fri5ds1 kn[+ 8 s]vices1 urg$ ,vail to insi/ ^u _! recognition1 he repli$1 ',i am confid5t t ,pr(essor ,morse w d me ju/ice4' ,b ev5 t5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,vail1 on ! occasion ( a banquet giv5 9 8 hon\r by ! lead+ citiz5s ( ,new ,york1 ,morse1 allud+ to 8 inv5tion1 said3 ',9 #ahce1 accord+ to ! concurr5t te/imony ( _m witnesses1 x lisp$ its fir/ acc5ts1 & automatically record$ !m a few blocks only di/ant f ! spot f :i* ,i n[ address y4 ,x 0 a feeble *ild inde$1 unga9ly 9 its dress1 /amm]+ 9 its spee*2 b x _h !n all ! di/9ctive features & *>act]i/ics ( its pres5t manhood4 ,x f\nd a fri5d1 an effici5t fri5d1 9 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,vail1 ( ,new ,j]sey1 :o1 ) 8 fa!r & bro!r1 furni%$ ! means to give ! *ild a dec5t dress1 prep>atory to its' visit to ! seat ( ,gov]nm5t4' ,:5 we rememb] t ev5 by ?is "t ,vail _h entirely alt]$ ! sy/em ( signals1 & introduc$ ! dot-da% code1 we _c b reg>d ?is z a /9t$ ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 colleague's "w4 ,b ! man :o conceives ! c5tral idea1 & *]i%es x1 is apt to be nigg>dly 9 all[+ m]it to ! assi/ant ^: me*anical skill is able to %ape & put x 9 practice2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! assi/ant is sometimes incl9$ to atta* m importance to ! work+ out ?an x des]ves4 ,alfr$ ,vail _c be *>g$ ) t1 h[ev]1 & x w\ld h be5 ! m graceful on ! "p ( ,morse _h he av[$ 8 indebt$ness to ,vail ) a great] lib]ality4 ,nor w\ld ?is h detract$ f 8 own m]it z ! orig9ator & pres]v] ( ! idea1 )\t :i* ! improvem5ts ( ,vail w\ld h _h no exi/5ce4 ,9 ! words ( ! ,hon4 ,amos ,k5dall1 a fri5d ( bo?3 ',if ju/ice be done1 ! "n ( ,alfr$ ,vail w = ev] /& associat$ ) t ( ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse 9 ! hi/ory & introduction into public use ( ! electro-magnetic telegraph4' ,pr(essor ,morse sp5t 8 decl9+ ye>s at ,locu/ ,grove1 a *>m+ retreat on ! banks ( ! ,riv] ,hudson4 ,9 private life he 0 a f9e example ( ! ,*ri/ian g5tleman4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahga1 ! ,telegraphic ,bro!rhood ( ! ,_w erect$ a /atue to 8 hon\r 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york4 ,delegates f diff]5t p>ts ( ,am]ica 7 pres5t at ! unveil+2 & 9 ! ev5+ !re 0 a reception at ! ,academy ( ,music1 :]e ! fir/ record+ telegraph us$ on ! ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore l9e 0 exhibit$4 ,! inv5tor himself appe>$1 & s5t a message at a small table1 :i* 0 fla%$ by ! connect$ wires to ! remote/ p>ts ( ! ,union1 ,x ran3 ',greet+ & ?anks to ! telegraph frat]nity ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,glory to ,god 9 ! highe/1 on e>? peace1 goodwill t[>ds m54' ,x 0 deem$ fitt+ t ,morse %\ld unveil ! /atue ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 :i* _h be5 erect$ 9 ,pr9t+ ,h\se ,squ>e1 ,new ,york4 ,:5 8 v5]able figure appe>$ on ! plat=m1 & ! long :ite hair 0 bl[n ab\t 8 h&some face by ! w9t] w9d1 a great *e] w5t up f ! assembl$ multitude4 ,b ! day 0 bitt]ly cold1 & ! exposure co/ him 8 life4 ,"s mon?s lat]1 z he lay on 8 sick b$1 he obs]v$ to ! doctor1 ',! be/ is yet to come4' ,9 tapp+ 8 *e/ "o day1 ! physician said1' ,?is is ! way we doctors telegraph1 pr(essor1' & ,morse repli$ ) a smile1 ',v good--v good4' ,^! 7 8 la/ words4 ,he di$ at ,new ,york on ,april #b1 #ahgb1 at ! age ( eighty-"o ye>s1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ,gre5wood ,cemet]y4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,sir ,,william ,,?omson4 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ! greate/ physici/ ( ! age1 & ! highe/ au?ority on electrical sci5ce1 !oretical & appli$1 0 born at ,belfa/ on ,june #be1 #ahbd4 ,8 fa!r1 ,dr4 ,james ,?omson1 ! son ( a ,scots-,iri% f>m]1 %[$ a b5t = s*ol>%ip :5 a boy1 & became a pupil tea*] 9 a small s*ool ne> ,ballynah9*1 9 ,c\nty ,d[n4 ,) 8 summ] e>n+s he educat$ himself at ,glasg[ ,univ]sity dur+ w9t]4 ,appo9t$ head ma/] ( a s*ool 9 connection ) ! ,royal ,academical ,in/itute1 he subsequ5tly obta9$ ! pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics 9 t academy4 ,9 #ahcb he 0 call$ to ! *air ( ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 :]e he a*iev$ a reputation by 8 text-books on ari?metic & ma!matics4 ,william began 8 c\rse at ! same college 9 8 elev5? ye>1 & 0 pett$ by ! old] /ud5ts = 8 extraord9>y quickness 9 solv+ ! problems ( 8 fa!r's class4 ,x 0 q pla9 t 8 g5ius lay 9 ! direction ( ma!matics2 & on f9i%+ at ,glasg[ he 0 s5t to ! high] ma!matical s*ool ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,9 #ahde he graduat$ z second wrangl]1 b won ! ,smi? prize4 ,?is 'consolation /akes' is reg>d$ z a bett] te/ ( orig9ality ?an ! tripos4 ,! fir/1 or s5ior1 wrangl] probably beat him by a facility 9 apply+ well-kn[n rules1 & a read9ess 9 writ+4 ,"o ( ! exam9]s is said to h decl>$ t he 0 unwor?y to cut ,?omson's p5cils4 ,x is c]ta9 t :ile ! victor has be5 =gott51 ! vanqui%$ has creat$ a _w-wide r5[n4 ,:ile at ,cambridge he took an active "p 9 ! field sports & a?letics ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,he won ! ,silv] ,sculls1 & r[$ 9 ! w9n+ boat ( ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge race4 ,he also took a lively int]e/ 9 ! classics1 9 music1 & 9 g5]al lit]ature2 b ! real love1 ! c5tral passion ( 8 intellectual life1 0 ! pursuit ( sci5ce4 ,! /udy ( ma!matics1 physics1 & 9 p>ticul>1 ( electricity1 _h captivat$ 8 imag9ation1 & soon engross$ all ! teem+ faculties ( 8 m9d4 ,at ! age ( sev5te51 :5 ord9>y lads are fond ( games1 & ! clev]] sort are cont5t to le>n )\t attempt+ to orig9ate1 "y ,?omson _h begun to make inve/igations4 ,! ,,cambridge ,,ma!matical ,,j\rnal ( #ahdb conta9s a pap] by him--',on ! uni=m motion ( heat 9 homog5e\s solid bodies1 & its connection ) ! ma!matical !ory ( electricity4' ,9 ?is he demon/rat$ ! id5tity ( ! laws gov]n+ ! di/ribution ( electric or magnetic =ce 9 g5]al1 ) ! laws gov]n+ ! di/ribution ( ! l9es ( ! motion ( heat 9 c]ta9 special cases4 ,! pap] 0 foll[$ by o!rs on ! ma!matical !ory ( electricity2 & 9 #ahde he gave ! fir/ ma!matical developm5t ( ,f>aday's notion1 t electric induction takes place ?r\gh an int]v5+ m$ium1 or 'dielectric1' & n by "s incompreh5sible 'action at a di/ance4' ,he also devis$ an hypo!sis ( electrical images1 :i* became a p[]ful ag5t 9 solv+ problems ( electro/atics1 or ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! =ces ( electricity at re/4 ,on ga9+ a fell[%ip at 8 college1 he sp5t "s "t 9 ! laboratory ( ! celebrat$ ,regnault1 at ,p>is2 b 9 #ahdf he 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( natural philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,x 0 due to ! brilliant promise he display$1 z mu* z to ! influ5ce ( 8 fa!r1 t at ! age ( tw5ty-two he f\nd himself we>+ ! g[n ( a le>n$ pr(essor 9 "o ( ! olde/ ,univ]sities 9 ! c\ntry1 & lectur+ to ! class ( :i* he 0 a fre%man b a few ye>s be=e4 ,?omson became a man ( public note 9 connection ) ! lay+ ( ! fir/ ,atlantic cable4 ,aft] ,cooke & ,:eat/one _h introduc$ _! work+ telegraph 9 #ahci2 ! idea ( a subm>9e l9e across ! ,atlantic ,ocean began to dawn on ! m9ds ( m5 z a possible triumph ( ! future4 ,morse proclaim$ 8 fai? 9 x z e>ly z ! ye> #ahdj1 & 9 #ahdb he subm]g$ a wire1 insulat$ ) t>r$ hemp & india-rubb]1 9 ! wat] ( ,new ,york h>b\r1 & telegraph$ ?r\gh x4 ,! foll[+ autumn ,:eat/one p]=m$ a simil> exp]im5t 9 ! ,bay ( ,swansea4 ,a good insulator to cov] ! wire & prev5t ! electricity f leak+ into ! wat] 0 requisite = ! success ( a long subm>9e l9e4 ,india-rubb] _h be5 tri$ by ,jacobi1 ! ,russian electrician1 z f> back z #ahaa4 ,he laid a wire insulat$ ) rubb] across ! ,neva at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & succe$$ 9 fir+ a m9e by an electric sp>k s5t ?r\gh x2 b india-rubb]1 al?\gh x is n[ us$ to a consid]able ext5t1 0 n easy to manipulate 9 ^? days4 ,luckily ano!r gum :i* c\ld be melt$ by heat1 & readily appli$ to ! wire1 made its appe>ance4 ,gutta-p]*a1 ! adhesive juice ( ! ,,ison&ra ,,gutta tree1 0 introduc$ to ,europe 9 #ahdb by ,dr4 ,montgom]ie1 a ,scot* surveyor 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,tw5ty ye>s be=e he _h se5 :ips made ( x 9 ,s+apore1 & believ$ t x w\ld be useful 9 ! fabrication ( surgical app>atus4 ,f>aday & ,:eat/one soon discov]$ its m]its z an insulator1 & 9 #ahde ! latt] sugge/$ t x %\ld be employ$ to cov] ! wire :i* x 0 propos$ to lay f ,dov] to ,calais4 ,x 0 tri$ on a wire laid across ! ,rh9e betwe5 ,deutz & ,cologne4 ,9 #ahdi ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,walk]1 electrician to ! ,s\? ,ea/]n ,railway ,company1 subm]g$ a wire coat$ ) x1 or1 z x is te*nically call$1 a gutta-p]*a core1 along ! coa/ (f ,dov]4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,mr4 ,john ,watk9s ,brett laid ! fir/ l9e across ! ,*annel4 ,x 0 simply a copp] wire coat$ ) gutta-p]*a1 )\t any o!r protection4 ,! core 0 pay$ out f a reel m\nt$ beh9d ! funnel ( a /eam tug1 ! ,golia?1 & sunk by means ( lead weights atta*$ to x e sixte5? ( a mile4 ,%e left ,dov] ab\t t5 o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #bh1 #ahej1 ) "s ?irty m5 on bo>d & a day's provisions4 ,! r\te %e 0 to foll[ 0 m>k$ by a l9e ( buoys & flags4 ,by eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+ %e arriv$ at ,cape ,grisnez1 & came to an*or ne> ! %ore4 ,mr4 ,brett wat*$ ! op]ations ?r\gh a glass at ,dov]4 ',! decl9+ sun1' he says1 'enabl$ me to disc]n ! mov+ %ad[ ( ! /eam]'s smoke on ! :ite cliff2 ?us indicat+ h] progress4 ,at l5g? ! %ad[ ceas$ to move4 ,! vessel _h evid5tly come to an an*or4 ,we gave !m half an h\r to convey ! end ( ! wire to %ore & atta* ! type-pr9t+ in/rum5t1 & !n ,i s5t ! fir/ electrical message across ! ,*annel4 ,?is 0 res]v$ = ,l\is ,napoleon4' ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,webb1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ ( ! signals 7 a m]e jumble ( lett]s1 :i* 7 torn up4 ,he sav$ a specim5 ( ! slip on :i* !y 7 pr9t$1 & x 0 aft]w>ds pres5t$ to ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,next morn+ ?is pione] l9e 0 brok5 d[n at a po9t ab\t #bjj ,y>ds f ,cape ,grisnez1 & x turn$ out t a ,b\logne fi%]man _h rais$ x on 8 trawl & cut a piece away1 ?9k+ he _h f\nd a r>e species ( tangle ) gold 9 its he>t4 ,?is mis=tune sugge/$ ! propriety ( arm+ ! core aga9/ me*anical injury by %ea?+ x 9 a cable ( hemp & iron wires4 ,! exp]im5t s]v$ to keep alive ! concession1 & ! next ye>1 on ,novemb] #ac1 #ahea1 a protect$ core or true cable 0 laid f a ,gov]nm5t hulk1 ! ,blaz]1 :i* 0 t[$ across ! ,*annel4 ,next ye> ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 7 l9k$ toge!r4 ,9 ,may1 #ahec1 ,engl& 0 jo9$ to ,holl& by a cable across ! ,nor? ,sea1 f ,or=dness to ! ,hague4 ,x 0 laid by ! ,mon>*1 a paddle /eam] :i* _h be5 fitt$ = ! "w4 ,dur+ ! night %e met ) su* heavy wea!r t ! eng9e] 0 la%$ ne> ! brakes2 & ! electrician1 ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k1 s5t ! cont9uity signals by j]k+ a ne$le in/rum5t ) a /r+4 ,^! & o!r ef=ts 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & else:]e 7 ! h>b+]s ( ! memorable ent]prise :i* b\nd ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new4 ,bi%op ,mullock1 head ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,newf\ndl&1 0 ly+ becalm$ 9 8 ya*t "o day 9 sight ( ,cape ,breton ,isl&1 & began to dream ( a plan = unit+ 8 savage diocese to ! ma9l& by a l9e ( telegraph ?r\gh ! =e/ f ,/4 ,john's to ,cape ,ray1 & cables across ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce f ,cape ,ray to ,nova ,scotia4 ,/4 ,john's 0 an ,atlantic port1 & x seem$ to him t ! passage ( news betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe c\ld ?us be %ort5$ by =ty-eight h\rs4 ,on return+ to ,/4 ,john's he publi%$ 8 idea 9 ! ,,c\ri] by a lett] dat$ ,novemb] #h1 #ahej4 ,ab\t ! same "t a simil> plan occurr$ to ,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,gisborne1 a telegraph eng9e] 9 ,nova ,scotia4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahea he procur$ a grant f ! ,legislature ( ,newf\ndl&1 resign$ 8 situation 9 ,nova ,scotia1 & hav+ =m$ a company1 began ! con/ruction ( ! l& l9e4 ,b 9 #ahec 8 bills 7 di%on\r$ by ! company1 he 0 arre/$ = debt1 & /ripp$ ( all 8 =tune4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 h[ev]1 he 0 introduc$ to ,mr4 ,cyrus ,field1 ( ,new ,york1 a weal?y m]*ant1 :o _h j return$ f a six mon?s' t\r 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,field invit$ ,mr4 ,gisborne to 8 h\se 9 ord] to discuss ! project4 ,:5 8 visitor 0 gone1 ,mr4 ,field began to turn ov] a t]re/rial globe :i* /ood 9 8 libr>y1 & x fla%$ ^u him t ! telegraph to ,newf\ndl& might be ext5d$ across ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,! idea fir$ him ) en?usiasm4 ,x seem$ wor?y ( a man's ambition1 & al?\gh he _h retir$ f bus9ess to sp5d 8 days 9 peace1 he resolv$ to d$icate 8 "t1 8 en]gies1 & =tune to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is gr& ent]prise4 ,a pres5tim5t ( success may h inspir$ him2 b he 0 ignorant alike ( subm>9e cables & ! deep sea4 ,0 x possible to subm]ge ! cable 9 ! ,atlantic1 & w\ld x be safe at ! bottom8 ,aga91 w\ld ! messages travel ?r\gh ! l9e fa/ en\gh to make x pay6 ,on ! fir/ "q he consult$ ,lieut5ant ,maury1 ! great au?ority on m>eography4 ,maury told him t accord+ to rec5t s\nd+s by ,lieut5ant ,b]ryman1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates brig ,dolph91 ! bottom betwe5 ,irel& & ,newf\ndl& 0 a plateau cov]$ ) microscopic %ells at a dep? n ov] #bjjj fa?oms1 & seem$ to h be5 made = ! v purpose ( receiv+ ! cable4 ,he left ! "q ( f9d+ a "t calm en\gh1 ! sea smoo? en\gh1 a wire long en\gh1 & a %ip big en\gh1' to lay a l9e "s sixte5 hundr$ miles 9 l5g? to o!r m9ds4 ,z to ! l9e itself1 ,mr4 ,field consult$ ,pr(essor ,morse1 :o assur$ him t x 0 q possible to make & lay a cable ( t l5g?4 ,he at once adopt$ ! s*eme ( ,gisborne z a prelim9>y /ep to ! va/] und]tak+1 & promot$ ! ,new ,york1 ,newf\ndl&1 & ,london ,telegraph ,company1 to e/abli% a l9e ( telegraph betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 appo9t$ electrician to ! company4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done 0 to f9i% ! l9e betwe5 ,/4 ,john's & ,nova ,scotia1 & 9 #ahee an attempt 0 made to lay a cable across ! ,gulf ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,x 0 pay$ out f a b>que 9 t[ ( a /eam]2 b :5 half 0 laid a gale rose1 & to keep ! b>que f s9k+ ! l9e 0 cut away4 ,next summ] a /eamboat 0 fitt$ out = ! purpose1 & ! cable 0 subm]g$4 ,/4 ,john's 0 n[ connect$ ) ,new ,york by a ?\s& miles ( l& & subm>9e telegraph4 ,mr4 ,field !n direct$ 8 ef=ts to ! completion ( ! trans-oceanic section4 ,he induc$ ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t to despat* ,lieut5ant ,b]ryman1 9 ! ,arctic1 & ! ,briti% ,admiralty to s5d ,lieut5ant3 ,dayman1 9 ! ,cyclops1 to make a special survey along ! propos$ r\te ( ! cable4 ,^! s\nd+s reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( a subm>9e hill divid+ ! 'telegraph plateau' f ! %oal wat] on ! coa/ ( ,irel&1 b its slope 0 gradual & easy4 ,till n[ ! ent]prise _h be5 purely ,am]ican1 & ! funds provid$ by ,am]ican capitali/s1 ) ! exception ( a few %>es held by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,brett4 ,b see+ t ! cable 0 to l& on ,briti% soil1 x 0 fitt+ t ! "w %\ld be int]national1 & t ! ,briti% p %\ld be ask$ to contribute t[>ds ! manufacture & subm]sion ( ! cable4 ,mr4 ,field !re=e proce$$ to ,london1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,brett ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company 0 float$4 ,mr4 ,field himself suppli$ a qu>t] ( ! ne$$ capital2 & we may add t ,lady ,byron1 & ,mr4 ,?ack]ay1 ! noveli/1 7 among ! %>ehold]s4 ,! design ( ! cable 0 a subject ( exp]im5t by ,pr(essor ,morse & o!rs4 ,x 0 kn[n t ! conductor %\ld be ( copp]1 possess+ a high conductivity = ! electric curr5t1 & t its insulat+ jacket ( gutta-p]*a %\ld (f] a great resi/ance to ! leakage ( ! curr5t4 ,moreov]1 exp]i5ce _h %[n t ! protect+ %ea? or arm\r ( ! core %\ld be light & flexible z well z /rong1 9 ord] to resi/ ext]nal viol5ce & all[ x to be lift$ = repair4 ,!re 0 ano!r consid]ation1 h[ev]1 :i* at ?is "t 0 r a puzzle4 ,z e>ly z #ahbc ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,francis ,ronalds _h obs]v$ t electric signals 7 ret>d$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh an insulat$ wire or core laid "u gr\nd1 & ! same effect 0 noticeable on cores imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & p>ticul>ly on ! l5g?y cable betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,hague4 ,f>aday %[$ t x 0 caus$ by induction betwe5 ! electricity 9 ! wire & ! e>? or wat] surr\nd+ x4 ,a core1 9 fact1 is an att5uat$ ,leyd5 j>2 ! wire ( ! core1 its insulat+ jacket1 & ! soil or wat] ar\nd x /& respectively = ! inn] t9foil1 ! glass1 & ! out] t9foil ( ! j>4 ,:5 ! wire is *>g$ f a batt]y1 ! electricity induces an opposite *>ge 9 ! wat] z x travels along1 & z ! two *>ges attract ea* o!r1 ! excit+ *>ge is re/ra9$4 ,! spe$ ( a signal ?r\gh ! conductor ( a subm>9e cable is ?us dim9i%$ by a drag ( its own mak+4 ,! nature ( ! ph5om5on 0 cle>1 b ! laws :i* gov]n$ x 7 /ill a my/]y4 ,x became a s]i\s "q :e!r1 on a long cable su* z t requir$ = ! ,atlantic1 ! signals might n be s sluggi% t ! "w w\ld h>dly pay4 ,f>aday _h said to ,mr4 ,field t a signal w\ld take 'ab\t a second1' & ! ,am]ican 0 satisfi$2 b ,pr(essor ,?omson enunciat$ ! law ( ret>dation1 & cle>$ up ! :ole matt]4 ,he %[$ t ! velocity ( a signal ?r\gh a giv5 core 0 inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( ! l5g? ( ! core4 ,t is to say1 9 any p>ticul> cable ! spe$ ( a signal is dim9i%$ to "o-f\r? if ! l5g? is d\bl$1 to "o-n9? if x is trebl$1 to "o-sixte5? if x is quadrupl$1 & s on4 ,x 0 n[ possible to calculate ! "t tak5 by a signal 9 trav]s+ ! propos$ ,atlantic l9e to a m9ute fraction ( a second1 & to design ! prop] core = a cable ( any giv5 l5g?4 ,! accuracy ( ,?omson's law 0 disput$ 9 #ahef by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,o4 ,wildman ,:iteh\se1 ! electrician ( ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company1 :o _h mis9t]pret$ ! results ( 8 own exp]im5ts4 ,?omson dispos$ ( 8 cont5tion 9 a lett] to ! ,,a!naeum1 & ! directors ( ! company saw t he 0 a man to enli/ 9 _! adv5ture4 ,x is n en\gh to say ! "y ,glasg[ pr(essor ?rew himself he>t & s\l into _! "w4 ,he desc5d$ 9 _! mid/ l ! v g5ius ( electricity1 & help$ !m out ( all _! difficulties4 ,9 #aheg he publi%$ 9 ! ,,eng9e] ! :ole !ory ( ! me*anical =ces involv$ 9 ! lay+ ( a subm>9e cable1 & %[$ t :5 ! l9e is runn+ out ( ! %ip at a con/ant spe$ 9 a uni=m dep? ( wat]1 x s9ks 9 a slant or /raight incl9e f ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! wat] to t :]e x t\*es ! bottom4 ,to ^! gifts ( !ory1 electrical & me*anical1 ,?omson add$ a practical boon 9 ! %ape ( ! reflect+ galvanomet]1 or mirror in/rum5t4 ,?is measur] ( ! curr5t 0 inf9itely m s5sitive ?an any :i* prec$$ x1 & enables ! electrician to detect ! slighte/ flaw 9 ! core ( a cable dur+ its manufacture & subm]sion4 ,moreov]1 x prov$ ! be/ app>atus = receiv+ ! messages ?r\gh a long cable4 ,! ,morse & o!r in/rum5ts1 h[ev] suitable = l& l9es & %ort cables1 7 all b useless on ! ,atlantic l9e1 ow+ to ! ret>dation ( ! signals2 b ! mirror in/rum5t sprang out ( ,?omson's /udy ( ?is ph5om5on1 & 0 design$ to mat* x4 ,h5ce ?is in/rum5t1 ?r\gh be+ ! fitte/ = ! purpose1 drove ! o!rs f ! field1 & all[$ ! fir/ ,atlantic cables to be work$ on a pr(itable basis4 ,! cable consi/$ ( a /r& ( sev5 copp] wires1 "o weigh+ #ajg p\nds a nautical mile or knot1 cov]$ ) ?ree coats ( gutta-p]*a1 weigh+ #bfa p\nds a knot1 & w\nd ) t>r$ hemp1 ov] :i* a %ea? ( eighte5 /r&s1 ea* ( sev5 iron wires1 0 laid 9 a close spiral4 ,x weigh$ ne>ly a ton to ! mile1 0 flexible z a rope1 & able to )/& a pull ( sev]al tons4 ,x 0 made conjo9tly by ,messrs4 ,glass1 ,elliot ,co41 ( ,gre5wi*1 & ,messrs4 ,r4 ,s4 ,newall ,co41 ( ,liv]pool4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t promis$ ,mr4 ,field a subsidy ( ,l#a1djj a ye>1 & ! loan ( %ips to lay ! cable4 ,he solicit$ an equal help f ,congress1 b a l>ge numb] ( ! s5ators1 actuat$ by a national jeal\sy ( ,engl&1 & look+ to ! fact t bo? ends ( ! l9e 7 to lie 9 ,briti% t]ritory1 oppos$ ! grant4 ,x appe>$ to ^! f>-sight$ politicians t ,engl&1 ! h]$it>y foe1 0 'lit]ally crawl+ "u ! sea to get "s advantage ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4' ,! ,bill 0 only pass$ by a majority ( a s+le vote4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives x enc\nt]$ a simil> ho/ility1 b 0 ultimately sign$ by ,presid5t ,pi]ce4 ,! ,agamemnon1 a ,briti% man-(-w> fitt$ out = ! purpose1 took 9 ! section made at ,gre5wi*1 & ! ,niag>a1 an ,am]ican w>%ip1 t made at ,liv]pool4 ,! vessels & _! consorts met 9 ! bay ( ,val5tia ,isl&1 on ! s\?-we/ coa/ ( ,irel&1 :]e on ,augu/ #e1 #aheg1 ! %ore end ( ! cable 0 l&$ f ! ,niag>a4 ,x 0 a memorable sc5e4 ,! %ips 9 ! bay 7 dress$ 9 bunt+1 & ! ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel& /ood on ! bea*1 att5d$ by 8 foll[+1 to receive ! end f ! ,am]ican sailors4 ,visitors 9 holiday attire collect$ 9 gr\ps to wat* ! op]ations1 & eag]ly jo9$ ) 8 excell5cy 9 help+ to pull ! wire a%ore4 ,:5 x 0 l&$1 ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,day1 ( ,k5more1 (f]$ up a pray]1 ask+ ! ,almighty to prosp] ! und]tak+1 ,next day ! exp$ition sail$2 b ere ! ,niag>a _h proce$$ five miles on h] way ! %ore-end p>t$1 & ! repair+ ( x delay$ ! />t = ano!r day4 ,at fir/ ! ,niag>a w5t sl[ly ahead to avoid a mi%ap1 b z ! cable ran out easily %e increas$ h] spe$4 ,! night fell1 b h>dly a s\l slept4 ,! utmo/ vigilance 0 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! vessel4 ,ap>t f ! noise ( ! pay+-out ma*9]y1 !re 0 an awful /illness on bo>d4 ,m5 walk$ ab\t ) a muffl$ /ep1 or spoke 9 :isp]s1 z if !y 7 afraid ! s\nd ( _! voices w\ld break ! sl5d] l9e4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh a great & valu$ fri5d lay at ! po9t ( dea?4 ,! subm>9e hill1 ) its dang]\s slope1 0 pass$ 9 safety1 & ! 'telegraph plateau1' ne>ly two miles deep1 0 rea*$1 :5 sudd5ly ! signals f ,irel&1 :i* told t ! conductor 0 intact1 /opp$ altoge!r4 ,pr(essor ,morse & ,de ,sauty1 ! electricians1 fail$ to re/ore ! communication1 & ! eng9e]s 7 prep>+ to cut ! cable1 :5 q z sudd5ly ! signals return$1 & e face grew bright4 ,a wea!r-beat5 old sailor said1 ',i h wat*$ ne>ly e mile ( x z x came ov] ! side1 & ,i w\ld h giv5 fifty doll>s1 poor man z ,i am1 to h sav$ x1 al?\gh ,i don't expect to make any?+ by x :5 x is laid d[n4' ,b ! joy 0 %ort-liv$4 ,! l9e 0 runn+ out at ! rate ( six miles an h\r1 :ile ! vessel 0 only mak+ f\r4 ,to *eck ?is wa/e ( cable ! eng9e] tight5$ ! brakes2 b z ! /]n ( ! %ip rose on ! swell1 ! cable p>t$ "u ! heavy /ra91 & ! end 0 lo/ 9 ! sea4 ,! bad news ran l a fla% ( lightn+ ?r\gh all ! %ips1 & produc$ a feel+ ( sorr[ & dismay4 ,no attempt 0 made to grapple ! l9e 9 su* deep wat]1 & ! exp$ition return$ to ,engl&4 ,x 0 too late to try aga9 t ye>1 b ! foll[+ summ] ! ,agamemnon & ,niag>a1 aft] an exp]im5tal trip to ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 sail$ f ,plym\? on ,june #aj ) a full supply ( cable1 bett] ge> ?an be=e1 & a rip] exp]i5ce ( ! "w4 ,!y 7 to meet 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic1 :]e ! two halves ( ! cable on bo>d ( ea* 7 to be splic$ toge!r1 & :ile ! ,agamemnon pay$ out ea/w>ds to ,val5tia ,isl& ! ,niag>a 0 to pay out we/w>d to ,newf\ndl&4 ,on h] way to ! r5dezv\s ! ,agamemnon enc\nt]$ a t]rific gale1 :i* la/$ = a week1 & ne>ly prov$ h] de/ruction4 ,on ,saturday1 ! #bf?1 ! middle splice 0 effect$ & ! bight dropp$ into ! deep4 ,! two %ips got "u weigh1 b _h n proce$$ ?ree miles :5 ! cable broke 9 ! pay+-out ma*9]y ( ! ,niag>a4 ,ano!r splice1 foll[$ by a fre% />t1 0 made dur+ ! same aft]noon2 b :5 "s fifty miles 7 pay$ out ( ea* vessel1 ! curr5t :i* kept up communication betwe5 !m sudd5ly fail$ ow+ to ! cable hav+ snapp$ 9 ! sea4 ,once m ! middle splice 0 made & l[]$1 & ! %ips p>t$ company a ?ird "t4 ,= a day or two all w5t well2 ov] two hundr$ miles ( cable ran smoo?ly out ( ea* vessel1 & ! anxi\s *iefs began to indulge 9 hopes ( ultimate success1 :5 ! cable broke ab\t tw5ty feet beh9d ! /]n ( ! ,agamemnon4 ,! exp$ition return$ to ,que5/[n1 & a consultation took place4 ,mr4 ,field1 & ,pr(essor ,?omson1 :o 0 on bo>d ! ,agamemnon1 7 9 fav\r ( ano!r trial1 & x 0 decid$ to make "o )\t delay4 ,! vessels left ! ,cove ( ,cork on ,july #ag2 b on ?is occasion !re 0 no public en?usiasm1 & ev5 ^? on bo>d felt z if !y 7 go+ on ano!r wild goose *ase4 ,! ,agamemnon 0 n[ almo/ becalm$ on h] way to ! r5dezv\s2 b ! middle splice 0 f9i%$ by #ab4cj p4m4 on ,july #bi1 #aheh1 & imm$iately dropp$ into ! sea4 ,! %ips !reupon />t$1 & increas$ _! di/ance1 :ile ! cable ran easily out ( !m4 ,"s al>m 0 caus$ by ! /oppage ( ! cont9uity signals1 b aft] a "t !y reappe>$4 ,! ,niag>a deviat$ f ! great arc ( a circle on :i* ! cable 0 to be laid1 & ! error 0 trac$ to ! iron ( ! cable influ5c+ h] compass4 ,h5ce ! ,gorgon1 "o ( h] consorts1 0 ord]$ to g ahead & lead ! way4 ,! ,niag>a pass$ sev]al iceb]gs1 b none injur$ ! cable1 & on ,augu/ #d %e arriv$ 9 ,tr9ity ,bay1 ,newf\ndl&4 ,at #f4 a4m4 next morn+ ! %ore end 0 l&$ into ! telegraph-h\se :i* _h be5 built = its reception4 ,capta9 ,hudson1 ( ! ,niag>a1 !n read pray]s1 & at "o p4m4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,gorgon fir$ a salute ( tw5ty-"o guns4 ,! ,agamemnon made an equally successful run4 ,ab\t six o'clock on ! fir/ ev5+ a huge :ale 0 se5 approa*+ on ! />bo>d b[1 & z he sport$ 9 ! waves1 roll+ & la%+ !m into foam1 ! onlook]s began to fe> t he might endang] ! l9e4 ,_! excitem5t became int5se z ! mon/] heav$ a/]n1 ne>] & ne>] to ! cable1 until 8 body graz$ x :]e x sank into ! wat]2 b happily no h>m 0 done4 ,damag$ portions ( ! cable _h to be remov$ 9 pay+-out1 & ! /oppage ( ! cont9uity signals rais$ o!r al>ms on bo>d4 ,/rong head w9ds kept ! ,agamemnon back1 & two ,am]ican %ips :i* got into h] c\rse _h to be w>n$ (f by fir+ guns4 ,! signals f ! ,niag>a became v weak1 b on ,pr(essor ,?omson ask+ ! electricians on bo>d ( h] to increase _! batt]y p[]1 !y improv$ at once4 ,at l5g?1 on ,?ursday1 ,augu/1 #e1 ! ,agamemnon1 ) h] consort1 ! ,valor\s1 arriv$ at ,val5tia ,isl&1 & ! %ore end 0 l&$ into ! cable-h\se at ,knight/[n by #c p4m41 & a royal salute ann\nc$ ! completion ( ! "w4 ,! news 0 receiv$ at fir/ ) "s incr$ulity1 b on be+ confirm$ x caus$ a univ]sal joy4 ,on ,augu/ #af ,que5 ,victoria s5t a telegram ( congratulation to ,presid5t ,bu*anan ?r\gh ! l9e1 & express$ a hope t x w\ld prove 'an additional l9k betwe5 ! nations ^: fri5d%ip is f\nd$ on _! common int]e/ & reciprocal e/eem4' ,! ,presid5t respond$ t1 'x is a triumph m glori\s1 because f> m useful to mank9d1 ?an 0 ev] won by conqu]or on ! field ( battle4 ,may ! ,atlantic telegraph1 "u ! bless+ ( heav51 prove to be a bond ( p]petual peace & fri5d%ip betwe5 ! k9dr$ nations1 & an in/rum5t de/9$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce to diffuse religion1 civilisation1 lib]ty1 & law ?r\gh\t ! _w4' ,^! messages 7 ! signal = a fre% outbur/ ( en?usiasm4 ,next morn+ a gr& salute ( #ajj guns res\nd$ 9 ,new ,york1 ! /reets 7 decorat$ ) flags1 ! bells ( ! *ur*es rung1 & at night ! city 0 illum9at$4 ,! ,atlantic cable 0 a !me ( inspiration = innum]able s]mons & a prodigi\s quantity ( dogg]el4 ,among ! happi] l9es 7 ^!3-- '',tis done6 ! angry sea cons5ts1 ,! nations /& no m ap>t2 ,) clasp$ h&s ! cont95ts ,feel ?robb+s ( ea* o!r's he>t4 ,spe$6 spe$ ! cable6 let x run ,a lov+ girdle r\nd ! e>?1 ,till all ! nations 'nea? ! sun ,%all be z bro!rs ( "o he>?4 ,z bro!rs pl$g+1 h& 9 h&1 ,"o fre$om = ! _w abroad1 ,"o comm]ce ov] e l&1 ,"o language1 & "o ,god4' ,! rejoic+ rea*$ a climax 9 ,septemb]1 :5 a public s]vice 0 held 9 ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 & ,mr4 ,field1 ! h]o ( ! h\r1 z head & ma9spr+ ( ! exp$ition1 receiv$ an ovation 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace at ,new ,york4 ,! mayor pres5t$ him ) a gold5 casket z a s\v5ir ( '! gr&e/ ent]prise ( our day & g5]ation4' ,! b& play$ ',god save ! ,que51' & ! :ole audi5ce rose to _! feet4 ,9 ! ev5+ !re 0 a magnific5t tor*light procession ( ! city firem54 ,t v day ! cable brea!d its la/4 ,its insulation _h be5 fail+ = "s days1 & ! only signals :i* c\ld be read 7 ^? giv5 by ! mirror galvanomet]4,x is said to h brok5 d[n :ile ,newf\ndl& 0 va9ly attempt+ to in=m ,val5tia t x 0 s5d+ ) ,,?ree ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,twelve ,,cells6 ,! reaction at ?is news 0 trem5d\s4 ,"s writ]s ev5 h9t$ t ! l9e 0 a m]e hoax1 & o!rs pron\nc$ x a /ock ex*ange speculation4 ,s5sible m5 d\bt$ :e!r ! cable _h ev] 'spok52' b 9 addition to ! royal despat*1 items ( daily news _h pass$ ?r\gh ! wire2 = in/ance1 ! ann\ncem5t ( a collision betwe5 two %ips1 ! ,arabia & ! ,europa1 (f ,cape ,race1 ,newf\ndl&1 & an ord] f ,london1 c\nt]m&+ ! dep>ture ( a regim5t 9 ,canada = ! seat ( ! ,indian ,mut9y1 :i* _h come to an end4 ,mr4 ,field 0 by no means daunt$ at ! failure4 ,he 0 ev5 m eag] to r5ew ! "w1 s9ce he _h come s ne> to success4 ,b ! public _h lo/ confid5ce 9 ! s*eme1 & all 8 ef=ts to revive ! company 7 futile4 ,x 0 n until #ahfd t ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,?omas 7aft]w>ds ,"l7 ,brassey1 & ,mr4 7n[ ,sir7 ,john ,f5d]1 t he succe$$ 9 rais+ ! necess>y capital4 ,! ,glass1 ,elliot1 & ,gutta-,p]*a ,companies 7 unit$ to =m ! well-kn[n ,telegraph ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ,company1 :i* und]took to manufacture & lay ! new cable4 ,mu* exp]i5ce _h be5 ga9$ 9 ! mean:ile4 ,long cables _h be5 subm]g$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade 9 #ahei _h appo9t$ a committee ( exp]ts1 includ+ ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 to inve/igate ! :ole subject1 & ! results 7 publi%$ 9 a ,blue-book4 ,pr(it+ by ^! aids1 an improv$ type ( cable 0 design$4 ,! core consi/$ ( a /r& ( sev5 v pure copp] wires weigh+ #cjj lbs4 a knot1 coat$ ) ,*att]ton's comp\nd1 :i* is imp]vi\s to wat]1 !n cov]$ ) f\r lay]s ( gutta-p]*a alt]nat+ ) f\r ?9 lay]s ( ! comp\nd cem5t+ ! :ole1 & br++ ! weight ( ! insulator to #djj lbs4 p] knot4 ,?is core 0 s]v$ ) hemp saturat$ 9 a pres]vative solution1 & on ! hemp z a padd+ 7 spirally w\nd eighte5 s+le wires ( s(t /eel1 ea* cov]$ ) f9e /r&s ( ,manilla yam /eep$ 9 ! pres]vative4 ,! weight ( ! new cable 0 #ce4ge cwt4 p] knot1 or ne>ly twice ! weight ( ! old1 & x 0 /rong] 9 proportion4 ,t5 ye>s be=e1 ,mr4 ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel1 ! ar*itect ( ! ,great ,ea/]n1 _h tak5 ,mr4 ,field to ,blackwall1 :]e ! levia?an 0 ly+1 & said to him1 ',!re is ! %ip to lay ! ,atlantic cable4' ,%e 0 n[ pur*as$ to fulfil ! mission4 ,h] imm5se hull 0 fitt$ ) ?ree iron tanks = ! reception ( #b1cjj miles ( cable1 & h] decks furni%$ ) ! pay+-out ge>4 ,capta9 7n[ ,sir7 ,james ,&]son1 ( ! ,cun>d /eam] ,*9a1 a ?or\gh seaman1 0 appo9t$ to ! comm&1 ) ,capta9 ,mori>ty1 ,r4,n41 z *ief navigat+ (fic]4 ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,samuel ,cann+ 0 eng9e] = ! contractors1 ! ,telegraph ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ,company1 & ,mr4 de ,sauty _! electrician2 ,pr(essor ,?omson & ,mr4 ,cromwell ,fleetwood ,v>ley 7 ! electricians = ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company4 ,! ,press 0 ably repres5t$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,russell1 correspond5t ( ! ,,times4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n took on bo>d sev5 or eight ?\s& tons ( coal to fe$ h] fires1 a prodigi\s quantity ( /ores1 & a multitude ( live /ock :i* turn$ h] decks into a f>my>d4 ,h] crew all told numb]$ #ejj m54 ,at noon on ,saturday1 ,july #ae1 #ahfe1 ! ,great ,ea/]n left ! ,nore = ,foilhomm]um ,bay1 ,val5tia ,isl&1 :]e ! %ore end 0 laid by ! ,c>ol9e4 ,at #e4cj p4m4 on ,sunday1 ,july #bc1 amid/ ! fir+ ( cannon & ! *e]s ( ! telegraph fleet1 %e />t$ on h] voyage at a spe$ ( ab\t f\r knots an h\r4 ,! wea!r 0 f9e1 & all w5t well until next morn+ e>ly1 :5 ! boom ( a gun signall$ t a fault _h brok5 out 9 ! cable4 ,x turn$ out t a spl9t] ( iron wire _h p5etrat$ ! core4 ,m faults ( ! k9d 7 discov]$1 & z !y always happ5$ 9 ! same wat*1 !re 0 a suspicion ( f\l play4 ,9 repair+ "o ( ^! on ,july #ca1 aft] #a1jfb miles _h be5 pay$ out1 ! cable snapp$ ne> ! /]n ( ! %ip1 & ! end 0 lo/4 ',all is ov]1' quietly obs]v$ ,mr4 ,cann+2 & ?\gh spirit$ attempts 7 made to grapple ! sunk5 l9e 9 two miles ( wat]1 !y fail$ to recov] x4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n /eam$ back to ,engl&1 :]e ! indomitable ,mr4 ,field issu$ ano!r prospectus1 & =m$ ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 ) a capital ( ,l#fjj1jjj1 to lay a new cable & complete ! brok5 "o4 ,on ,july #g1 #ahff1 ! ,william ,cory laid ! %ore end at ,val5tia1 & on ,friday1 ,july #ac1 ab\t #c p4m41 ! ,great ,ea/]n />t$ pay+-out once m4 ,friday is reg>d$ z an unlucky1 & ,sunday z a lucky day by sailors4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n />t$ on ,sunday be=e & fail$2 %e succe$$ n[4 ,columbus sail$ on a ,friday1 & discov]$ ,am]ica on a ,friday4 ,a private s]vice ( pray] 0 held at ,val5tia by invitation ( two directors ( ! company1 b o!rwise !re 0 no celebration ( ! ev5t4 ,pr(essor ,?omson 0 on bo>d2 b ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,russell _h gone to ! seat ( ! ,au/ro-,prussian w>1 f :i* telegrams 7 receiv$ ?r\gh ! cable4 ,! 'big %ip' 0 att5d$ by ?ree consorts1 ! ,t]rible1 to act z a spy on ! />bo>d h[1 & w>n o!r vessels (f ! c\rse1 ! ,m$way on ! port1 & ! ,albany on ! />bo>d qu>t]1 to drop or pick up buoys1 & make !mselves g5]ally useful4 ,despite ! fickl5ess ( ! wea!r1 & a 'f\l flake1' or clogg+ ( ! l9e z x ran out ( ! tank1 !re 0 no int]ruption ( ! "w4 ,! 'old c(fee mill1' z ! sailors dubb$ ! pay+-out ge>1 kept gr9d+ away4 ',i believe we %all d x ?is "t1 ,jack1' said "o ( ! crew to 8 mate4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,friday1 ,july #bg1 ! exp$ition made ! entrance ( ,tr9ity ,bay1 ,newf\ndl&1 9 a ?ick fog1 & next morn+ ! ,great ,ea/]n ca/ h] an*or at ,he>t's ,cont5t4 ,flags 7 fly+ f ! little *ur* & ! telegraph /ation on %ore4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n 0 dress$1 ?ree *e]s 7 giv51 & a salute 0 fir$4 ,at #i a4m4 a message f ,engl& cit$ ^! words f a lead+ article 9 ! curr5t ,,times3 ',x is a great "w1 a glory to our age & nation1 & ! m5 :o h a*iev$ x des]ve to be hon\r$ among ! b5efactors ( _! race4' ',treaty ( peace sign$ betwe5 ,prussia & ,au/ria4' ,! %ore end 0 l&$ dur+ ! day by ! ,m$way2 & ,capta9 ,&]son1 ) ! (fic]s ( ! telegraph fleet1 w5t 9 a body to ! *ur* to return ?anks = ! success ( ! exp$ition4 ,congratulations p\r$ 91 & fri5dly telegrams 7 aga9 ex*ang$ betwe5 ,h] ,maje/y & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! great "w _h be5 f9ally accompli%$1 & ! two worlds 7 la/+ly unit$4 ,on ,augu/ #i ! ,great ,ea/]n put to sea aga9 9 ord] to grapple ! lo/ cable ( #ahfe1 & complete x to ,newf\ndl&4 ,arriv+ 9 mid-ocean %e proce$$ to fi% = ! subm]g$ l9e 9 two ?\s& fa?oms ( wat]1 & aft] repeat$ failures1 involv+ ?irty ca/s ( ! grapnel1 %e hook$ & rais$ x to surface1 !n splic$ x to ! fre% cable 9 h] hold1 & pay$ out to ,he>t's ,cont5t1 :]e %e arriv$ on ,saturday1 ,septemb] #g4 ,!re 7 n[ two fibres ( intellig5ce betwe5 ! two hemisph]es4 ,on 8 return home1 ,pr(essor ,?omson 0 among ^? :o receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood = _! s]vices 9 connection ) ! ent]prise4 ,he des]v$ x4 ,by 8 !ory & app>atus he probably did m ?an any o!r man1 ) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,field1 to fur!r ! ,atlantic telegraph4 ,we owe x to 8 admirable inv5tions1 ! mirror in/rum5t ( #aheg & ! siphon record] ( #ahfi1 t messages ?r\gh long cables are s *eap & fa/1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 t ocean telegraphy is n[ s common4 ,h5ce "s acc\nt ( ^! two in/rum5ts w n be out ( place4 ,sir ,william ,?omson's siphon record]1 9 all its pres5t complet5ess1 mu/ take rank z a ma/]piece ( inv5tion4 ,z us$ 9 ! record+ or writ+ 9 p]man5t *>act]s ( ! messages s5t ?r\gh long subm>9e cables1 x is ! ackn[l$g$ *ief ( 'receiv+ in/rum5ts1' z ^? app>atus are call$ :i* int]pret ! electrical condition ( ! telegraph wire into intelligible signals4 ,l o!r me*anical creations1 no d\bt its gr[? 9 idea & translation into mat]ial fact 0 a /ep-by-/ep process ( evolution1 culm9at+ at la/ 9 its great fitness & beauty4 ,! m>vell\s developm5t ( telegraphy )9 ! la/ g5]ation has call$ into exi/5ce a great v>iety ( receiv+ in/rum5ts1 ea* admirable 9 its way4 ,! ,hughes1 or ! ,/ock ,ex*ange in/rum5ts1 = in/ance1 pr9t ! message 9 ,roman *>act]s2 ! s\nd]s /rike x out on /ops or bells ( diff]5t tone2 ! ne$le in/rum5ts indicate x by oscillations ( _! ne$les2 ! ,morse daubs x 9 ink on pap]1 or embosses x by a h>d /yle2 :ile ,ba9's electro-*emical receiv] /a9s x on *emically prep>$ pap]4 ,! ,mey]-,baudot & ! ,quadruple receive f\r messages at once & record !m sep>ately2 :ile ! h>monic telegraph ( ,eli%a ,gray c receive z _m z eight simultane\sly1 by means ( notes excit$ by ! curr5t 9 eight sep>ate tun+ =ks4 ,b all ^! in/rum5ts h "o great drawback = delicate "w1 &1 h[ev] suitable !y may be = l& l9es1 !y are next to useless = long cables4 ,!y require a c]ta9 def9ite /r5g? ( curr5t to "w !m1 :atev] x may be1 & 9 g5]al x is v consid]able4 ,mo/ ( ! mov+ p>ts ( ! me*anism are comp>atively heavy1 & unless ! curr5t is ( ! prop] /r5g? to move !m1 ! in/rum5t is dumb1 :ile 9 ,ba9's ! solution requires a c]ta9 p[] ( curr5t to decompose x & leave ! /a94 ,9 ov]l& l9es ! curr5t trav]ses ! wire sudd5ly1 l a bullet1 & at its full /r5g?1 s t if ! curr5t be suffici5tly /rong ^! in/rum5ts w be work$ at once1 & no "t w be lo/4 ,b x is q diff]5t on subm>9e cables4 ,!re ! curr5t is sl[ & v>y+4 ,x travels along ! copp] wire 9 ! =m ( a wave or undulation1 & is receiv$ feebly at fir/1 !n gradually ris+ to its maximum /r5g?1 & f9ally dy+ away aga9 z sl[ly z x rose4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,atlantic cable no curr5t c be detect$ by ! mo/ delicate galvanoscope at ,am]ica = ! fir/ t5? ( a second aft] x has be5 put on at ,bre/2 & x takes ab\t half a second = ! receiv$ curr5t to rea* its maximum value4 ,?is is ow+ to ! ph5om5on ( induction1 v important 9 subm>9e cables1 b almo/ entirely abs5t 9 l& l9es4 ,9 subm>9e cables1 z is well kn[n1 ! copp] wire :i* conveys ! curr5t is insulat$ f ! sea-wat] by an envelope1 usually ( gutta-p]*a4 ,n[ ! electricity s5t into ?is wire ,,induces electricity ( an opposite k9d to itself 9 ! sea-wat] outside1 & ! attraction set up betwe5 ^! two k9ds 'holds back' ! curr5t 9 ! wire1 & ret>ds its passage to ! receiv+ /ation4 ,x foll[s1 t ) a receiv+ in/rum5t set to indicate a p>ticul> /r5g? ( curr5t1 ! rate ( signall+ w\ld be v sl[ on long cables comp>$ to l& l9es2 & t a diff]5t =m ( in/rum5t is requir$ = cable "w4 ,?is fact /ood greatly 9 ! way ( e>ly cable ent]prise4 ,sir ,william 7!n ,pr(essor7 ,?omson fir/ solv$ ! difficulty by 8 inv5tion ( ! 'mirror galvanomet]1' & r5d]$ at ! same "t ! fir/ ,atlantic cable company a comm]cial success4 ,! m]it ( ?is receiv+ in/rum5t is1 t x indicates ) extreme s5sibility all ! v>iations ( ! curr5t 9 ! cable1 s t1 in/ead ( hav+ to wait until ea* signal wave s5t into ! cable has travell$ to ! receiv+ end be=e s5d+ ano!r1 a s]ies ( waves may be s5t aft] ea* o!r 9 rapid succession4 ,^! waves1 encroa*+ ^u ea* o!r1 w coalesce at _! bases2 b if ! cre/s rema9 sep>ate1 ! delicate deciph]] at ! o!r end w take cognisance ( !m & make !m kn[n to ! eye z ! di/9ct signals ( ! message4 ,! mirror galvanomet] is at once beautifully simple & exquisitely sci5tific4 ,x consi/s ( a v long f9e coil ( silk-cov]$ copp] wire1 & 9 ! he>t ( ! coil1 )9 a little air-*amb]1 a small r\nd mirror1 hav+ f\r t9y magnets cem5t$ to its back1 is hung1 by a s+le fibre ( floss silk no ?ick] ?an a spid]'s l9e4 ,! mirror is ( film glass silv]$1 ! magnets ( hair-spr+1 & bo? toge!r sometimes weigh only "o-t5? ( a gra94 ,a beam ( light is ?r[n f a lamp ^u ! mirror1 & reflect$ by x ^u a :ite scre5 or scale a few feet di/ant1 :]e x =ms a bright spot ( light4 ,:5 !re is no curr5t on ! in/rum5t1 ! spot ( light rema9s /ation>y at ! z]o position on ! scre52 b ! in/ant a curr5t trav]ses ! long wire ( ! coil1 ! susp5d$ magnets twi/ !mselves horizontally out ( _! =m] position1 ! mirror is ( c\rse incl9$ ) !m1 & ! beam ( light is deflect$ along ! scre5 to "o side or ! o!r1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! curr5t4 ,if a ,,positive curr5t--t is to say1 a curr5t f ! copp] pole ( ! batt]y--gives a deflection to ! ,,"r ( z]o1 a ,,negative curr5t1 or a curr5t f ! z9c pole ( ! batt]y1 w give a deflection to ! left ( z]o1 & ,,vice ,,v]sa4 ,! air 9 ! little *amb] surr\nd+ ! mirror is compress$ at w1 s z to act l a cu%ion1 & 'dead5' ! movem5ts ( ! mirror4 ,! ne$le is ?us prev5t$ f idly sw++ ab\t at ea* deflection1 & ! sep>ate signals are r5d]$ abrupt & 'dead beat1' z x is call$4 ,at a receiv+ /ation ! curr5t com+ 9 f ! cable has simply to be pass$ ?r\gh ! coil ( ! 'speak]' be=e x is s5t into ! gr\nd1 & ! w&]+ light spot on ! scre5 fai?fully repres5ts all its v>iations to ! cl]k1 :o1 look+ on1 int]prets ^!1 & cries out ! message ^w by ^w4 ,! small weight ( ! mirror & magnets :i* =m ! mov+ "p ( ?is in/rum5t1 & ! range to :i* ! m9ute motions ( ! mirror c be magnifi$ on ! scre5 by ! reflect$ beam ( light1 :i* acts z a long impalpable h& or po9t]1 r5d] ! mirror galvanomet] m>vell\sly s5sitive to ! curr5t1 especially :5 comp>$ ) o!r =ms ( receiv+ in/rum5ts4 ,messages h be5 s5t f ,engl& to ,am]ica ?r\gh "o ,atlantic cable & back aga9 to ,engl& ?r\gh ano!r1 & !re receiv$ on ! mirror galvanomet]1 ! electric curr5t us$ be+ t f a toy batt]y made out ( a lady's silv] ?imble1 a gra9 ( z9c1 & a drop ( acidulat$ wat]4 ,! practical advantage ( ?is extreme delicacy is1 t ! signal waves ( ! curr5t may foll[ ea* o!r s closely z almo/ entirely to coalesce1 leav+ only a v slight rise & fall ( _! cre/s1 l ripples on ! surface ( a fl[+ /ream1 & yet ! light spot w respond to ea*4 ,! ma9 fl[ ( ! curr5t w ( c\rse %ift ! z]o ( ! spot1 b ov] & above ?is *ange ( place ! spot w foll[ ! mom5t>y fluctuations ( ! curr5t :i* =m ! individual signals ( ! message4 ,:at ) ?is %ift+ ( ! z]o & ! v slight rise & fall 9 ! curr5t produc$ by rapid signall+1 ! ord9>y l& l9e in/rum5ts are q uns]viceable = "w ^u long cables4 ,! mirror in/rum5t has ?is drawback1 h[ev]--x does n 'record' ! message4 ,!re is a great practical advantage 9 a receiv+ in/rum5t :i* records its messages2 errors are avoid$ & "t sav$4 ,x 0 to supply su* a desid]atum = cable "w t ,sir ,william ,?omson inv5t$ ! siphon record]1 8 second important contribution to ! prov9ce ( practical telegraphy4 ,he aim$ at giv+ a ,,graphic repres5tation ( ! v>y+ /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 j z ! mirror galvanomet] gives a visual "o4 ,! difficulty ( produc+ su* a record] 01 z he himself says1 due to a difficulty 9 obta9+ m>ks f a v light body 9 rapid motion1 )\t imp$+ t motion4 ,! mov+ body mu/ be q free to foll[ ! undulations ( ! curr5t1 & at ! same "t mu/ record its motions by "s indelible m>k4 ,z e>ly z #ahei1 ,sir ,william s5t out to ! ,r$ ,sea cable a piece ( app>atus ) ?is int5t4 ,! m>k] consi/$ ( a light plat9um wire1 con/antly emitt+ sp>ks f a ,rhumkorff coil1 s z to p]=ate a l9e on a /rip ( mov+ pap]2 & x 0 s connect$ to ! movable ne$le ( a species ( galvanomet] z to imitate ! motions ( ! ne$le4 ,b be=e x rea*$ ! ,r$ ,sea ! cable _h brok5 d[n1 & ! in/rum5t 0 return$ dismantl$1 to be sup]s$$ at l5g? by ! siphon record]1 9 :i* ! m>k+ po9t is a f9e glass siphon emitt+ ink1 & ! mov+ body a light coil ( wire hung betwe5 ! poles ( a magnet4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! siphon record] is exactly ! inv]se ( ! mirror galvanomet]4 ,9 ! latt] we h a small magnet susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge coil ( wire--! wire enclos+ ! magnet1 :i* is free to rotate r\nd its own axis4 ,9 ! =m] we h a small coil susp5d$ betwe5 ! poles ( a l>ge magnet--! magnet enclos+ ! coil1 :i* is also free to rotate r\nd its own axis4 ,:5 a curr5t passes ?r\gh ?is coil1 s susp5d$ 9 ! highly magnetic space betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 ! coil itself exp]i5ces a me*anical =ce1 caus+ x to take up a p>ticul> position1 :i* v>ies ) ! nature ( ! curr5t1 & ! siphon :i* is atta*$ to x fai?fully figures its motion on ! runn+ pap]4 ,! po9t ( ! siphon does n t\* ! pap]1 al?\gh x is v close4 ,x w\ld imp$e ! motion ( ! coil if x did4 ,b ! 'capill>y attraction' ( s f9e a tube w n p]mit ! ink to fl[ freely ( itself1 s ! inv5tor1 true to 8 in/9cts1 aga9 call$ 9 ! aid ( electricity1 & electrifi$ ! ink4 ,! siphon & res]voir are toge!r support$ by an ,,ebonite bracket1 sep>ate f ! re/ ( ! in/rum5t1 & ,,insulat$ f x2 t is to say1 electricity _c escape f !m to ! in/rum5t4 ,! ink may1 !re=e1 be electrifi$ to an exalt$ /ate1 or high ,,pot5tial z x is call$1 :ile ! body ( ! in/rum5t1 includ+ ! pap] & metal writ+-tablet1 are 9 connection ) ! e>?1 & at l[ pot5tial1 or none at all1 = ! pot5tial ( ! e>? is 9 g5]al tak5 z z]o4 ,! ink1 = example1 is l a highly-*>g$ ?und]-cl\d support$ ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,n[ ! t5d5cy ( a *>g$ body is to move f a place ( high] to a place ( l[] pot5tial1 & consequ5tly ! ink t5ds to fl[ d[nw>ds to ! writ+-tablet4 ,! only av5ue ( escape = x is by ! f9e glass siphon1 & ?r\gh ?is x ru%es accord+ly & dis*>ges itself 9 a ra9 ^u ! pap]4 ,! natural repulsion betwe5 its l electrifi$ p>ticles causes ! %[] to issue 9 spray4 ,z ! pap] moves ov] ! pulleys a delicate hair l9e is m>k$1 /raight :5 ! siphon is /ation>y1 b curv$ :5 ! siphon is pull$ f side to side by ! oscillations ( ! signal coil4 ,x is to ! m\se-mill t me mu/ look bo? = ! electricity :i* is us$ to electrify ! ink & = ! motive p[] :i* drives ! pap]4 ,?is unique & int]e/+ little motor owes its some:at epigrammatic title to ! resemblance ( ! drum to "o ( ^? sp>r$ :eels turn$ by :ite mice1 & to ! amus+ fact ( its capacity = p]=m+ "w hav+ be5 orig9ally comput$ 9 t]ms ( a 'm\se-p[]4' ,! mill is turn$ by a /ream ( electricity fl[+ f ! batt]y above describ$1 & is1 9 fact1 an electro-magnetic eng9e work$ by ! curr5t4 ,! alphabet ( signals employ$ is ! ',morse code1' s g5]ally 9 vogue ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 ! ,morse code ! lett]s ( ! alphabet are repres5t$ by comb9ations ( two di/9ct elem5t>y signals1 te*nically call$ 'dots' & 'da%es1' f ! fact t ! ,morse record] actually m>ks ! message 9 long & %ort l9es1 or dots & da%es4 ,9 ! siphon record] script dots & da%es are repres5t$ by curves ( opposite flexure4 ,! cond5s]s are m]ely us$ to %>p5 ! action ( ! curr5t1 & r5d] ! signals m concise & di/9ct on long cables4 ,on %ort cables1 say "u ?ree hundr$ miles long1 !y are r>ely1 if ev]1 us$4 ,! spe$ ( signall+ by ! siphon record] is ( c\rse regulat$ by ! l5g? ( cable ?r\gh :i* x is work$4 ,! in/rum5t itself is capable ( a wide range ( spe$4 ,! be/ op]ators _c s5d ov] ?irty-five words p] m9ute by h&1 b a hundr$ & tw5ty words or m p] m9ute c be transmitt$ by an automatic s5d]1 & ! record] has be5 f\nd on l& l9es & %ort cables to write (f ! message at ?is incr$ible spe$4 ,:5 we consid] t e ^w is1 on ! av]age1 compos$ ( fifte5 sep>ate waves1 we may bett] appreciate ! rapidity ) :i* ! siphon c move4 ,on an ord9>y cable ( ab\t a ?\s& miles long1 ! work+ spe$ is ab\t tw5ty words p] m9ute4 ,on ! ,fr5* ,atlantic x is usually ab\t ?irte51 al?\gh z _m z sev5te5 h sometimes be5 s5t4 ,! 'duplex' sy/em1 or me?od ( telegraph+ 9 opposite directions at once ?r\gh ! same wire1 has ( late ye>s be5 appli$1 9 connection ) ! record]1 to all ! long cables ( t mo/ ent]pris+ ( telegraph companies--! ,ea/]n--s t bo? /ations may 'speak' to ea* o!r simultane\sly4 ,?us ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! wire is 9 practice ne>ly d\bl$1 & record]s are busy writ+ at bo? ends ( ! cable at once1 z if ! messages came up out ( ! sea itself4 ,we h ?us f> foll[$ out ! record] 9 its practical application to subm>9e telegraphy4 ,let u n[ reg>d x = a mom5t 9 its m philosophic aspect4 ,we are at once /ruck ) its self-dep5d5ce z a ma*9e1 & ev5 its resemblance 9 "s respects to a liv+ creature4 ,all its activity dep5ds on ! galvanic curr5t4 ,f ?ree sep>ate s\rces invisible curr5ts are l$ to its pr9cipal p>ts1 & are at once physically *ang$4 ,t ent]+ ! m\se-mill becomes transmut$ 9 "p into ! me*anical motion ( ! revolv+ drum1 & "p into electricity ( a m int5se nature--into mimic lightn+1 9 fact1 ) its accompanim5ts ( heat & s\nd4 ,t ent]+ ! signal magnet exp5ds "p ( its =ce 9 ! magnetism ( ! core4 ,t ent]+ ! signal coil1 :i* may be tak5 z ! bra9 ( ! in/rum5t1 appe>s to u z ,,intellig5ce4 ,! record] is n[ 9 use 9 all f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 f ,nor!rn ,europe to ,s\!rn ,brazil1 f ,*9a to ,new ,engl&4 ,_m & complete are ! adju/m5ts = r5d]+ x s]viceable "u a wide range ( electrical conditions & climatic *anges4 ,! siphon is1 ( c\rse1 9 a me*anical s5se1 ! mo/ delicate "p1 b1 9 an electrical s5se1 ! m\se-mill proves ! mo/ susceptible4 ,x is ess5tial = ! f9e m>k+ ( ! siphon t ! ink %\ld nei!r be too /rongly nor too feebly electrifi$4 ,:5 ! atmosph]e is mod]ately humid1 a prop] supply ( electricity is g5]at$ by ! m\se-mill1 ! pap] is suffici5tly moi/1 & ! ink fl[s freely4 ,b an excess ( moi/ure 9 ! air dim9i%es ! available supply ( ,,exalt$ electricity4 ,9 fact1 ! damp deposit+ on ! p>ts leads ! electricity away1 & ! ink t5ds to clog 9 ! siphon4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dr\ght n only sup]*>ges ! ink1 b dries ! pap] s mu* t x ,,insulates ! siphon po9t f ! metal tablet & ! e>?4 ,!re is !n an insuffici5t escape = ! electricity ( ! ink to e>?2 ! ink ceases to fl[ d[n ! siphon2 ! siphon itself becomes highly electrifi$ & agitat$ ) vibrations ( its own2 ! l9e becomes splutt]$ & unc]ta94 ,v>i\s devices are employ$ at diff]5t /ations to cure ^! local compla9ts4 ,! electrician soon le>ns to diagnose & prescribe = ?is1 8 mo/ valuable *>ge4 ,at ,ad51 :]e !y suff] mu* f humidity1 ! m\se-mill is or has be5 surr\nd$ ) burn+ c>bon4 ,at ,malta a gas flame 0 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,at ,suez1 :]e !y suff] f dr\ght1 a cl\d ( /eam 0 kept ris+ r\nd ! in/rum5t1 saturat+ ! air & pap]4 ,at m temp]ate places ! ord9>y means ( dry+ ! air by tak+ advantage ( ! absorb+ p[] ( sulphuric acid = moi/ure prevail$4 ,at ,m>seilles ! record] act$ 9 "s respects l a b>omet]4 ,m>seilles is subject to sudd5 incursions ( dry nor!rly w9ds1 t]m$ ! ,,mi/ral4 ,! record] nev] fail$ to indicate ! mi/ral :5 x blew1 & sometimes ev5 to pr$ict x by _m h\rs4 ,be=e ! /orm 0 itself felt1 ! delicate glass p5 became agitat$ & di/urb$1 ! frail blue l9e brok5 & irregul>4 ,! electrician knew t ! mi/ral w\ld bl[ be=e long1 &1 z x r>ely bl[s = less ?an ?ree days at a "t1 t r rude w9d1 s dread$ by ! ,m>seillaise1 0 d\bly dread$ by him4 ,! record] 0 fir/ us$ exp]im5tally at ,/4 ,pi]re1 on ! ,fr5* ,atlantic cable1 9 #ahfi4 ,?is 0 numb]$ #j1 z we 7 told by ,mr4 ,:ite ( ,glasg[1 ! mak]1 ^: skill has contribut$ n a little to ! success ( ! record]4 ,no4 #a 0 fir/ us$ practically on ! ,falm\? & ,gibralt> cable ( ! ,ea/]n ,telegraph ,company 9 ,july1 #ahgj4 ,no4 #a 0 also exhibit$ at ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,john7 ,p5d]'s telegraph soiree 9 #ahgj4 ,on t occasion1 memorable ev5 beyond telegraphic circles1 '?ree hundr$ ( ! notabilities ( rank & fa%ion ga!r$ toge!r at ,mr4 ,p5d]'s h\se 9 ,arl+ton ,/reet1 ,piccadilly1 to celebrate ! completion ( subm>9e communication betwe5 ,london & ,bombay by ! successful lay+ ( ! ,falm\?1 ,gibralt> & ,malta & ! ,briti% ,indian cable l9es4' ,mr4 ,p5d]'s h\se 0 lit]ally turn$ outside 92 ! front door 0 remov$1 ! c\rty>d tempor>ily cov]$ ) an iron ro( & ! :ole decorat$ 9 ! gr&e/ /yle4 ,ov] ! gateway 0 a gall]y fill$ ) ! b& ( ! ,scots ,fusili] ,gu>ds2 & ov] ! portico ( ! h\se door hung ! grapnel :i* br\ght up ! #ahfe cable1 made respl5d5t to ! eye by a coat+ ( gold leaf4 ,a h&some /aircase1 newly erect$1 p]mitt$ ! gue/s to pass f ! reception-room to ! draw+-room4 ,9 ! gr\nds at ! back ( ! h\se /ood ! royal t5t1 :]e ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales & a select p>ty1 includ+ ! ,duke ( ,cambridge & ,lady ,mayo1 wife ( ! ,vic]oy ( ,india at t "t1 7 ent]ta9$ at supp]4 ,into ?is t5t 7 br\ght wires f ,india1 ,am]ica1 ,egypt1 & o!r places1 & ,lady ,mayo s5t (f a message to ,india ab\t half-pa/ elev51 & _h receiv$ a reply be=e twelve1 tell+ h] t h] husb& & sons 7 q well at five o'clock ! next morn+4 ,! record]1 :i* 0 %[n 9 op]ation1 naturally /ood 9 ! place ( hon\r1 & attract$ great att5tion4 ,! m9or features ( ! record] h be5 simplifi$ by o!r inv5tors ( late2 = example1 magnets ( /eel h be5 sub/itut$ = ! electro-magnets :i* influ5ce ! sw++ coil2 & ! ink1 in/ead ( be+ electrifi$ by ! m\se-mill1 is %$ on ! pap] by a rapid vibration ( ! siphon po9t4 ,to introduce 8 app>atus = signall+ on long subm>9e cables1 ,sir ,william ,?omson ent]$ into a p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,v>ley1 :o fir/ appli$ cond5s]s to %>p5 ! signals1 & ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k91 ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,9 conjunction ) ! latt]1 he also devis$ an 'automatic curb s5d]1' or key1 = s5d+ messages on a cable1 z ! well-kn[n ,:eat/one transmitt] s5ds !m on a l& l9e4 ,9 bo? in/rum5ts ! signals are s5t by means ( a p]=at$ ribbon ( pap]2 b ! cable s5d] 0 ! m complicat$1 because ! cable signals are =m$ by bo? positive & negative curr5ts1 & n m]ely by a s+le curr5t1 :e!r positive or negative4 ,moreov]1 to curb ! prolongation ( ! signals due to induction1 ea* signal 0 made by two opposite curr5ts 9 succession--a positive foll[$ by a negative1 or a negative foll[$ by a positive1 z ! case might be4 ,! aft]-curr5t _h ! effect ( curb+ its precursor4 ,?is self-act+ cable key 0 br\ght out 9 #ahgf1 & tri$ on ! l9es ( ! ,ea/]n ,telegraph ,company4 ,sir ,william ,?omson took "p 9 ! lay+ ( ! ,fr5* ,atlantic cable ( #ahfi1 & ) ,pr(essor ,j5k9 0 eng9e] ( ! ,we/]n & ,brazilian & ,plat9o-,brazilian cables4 ,he 0 pres5t at ! lay+ ( ! ,p>a to ,p]nambuco section ( ! ,brazilian coa/ cables 9 #ahgc1 & introduc$ 8 me?od ( deep-sea s\nd+1 9 :i* a /eel pian(orte wire replaces ! ord9>y l& l9e4 ,! wire glides s easily to ! bottom t 'fly+ s\nd+s' c be tak5 :ile ! %ip is go+ at full spe$4 ,a pressure-gauge to regi/] ! dep? ( ! s9k] has be5 add$ by ,sir ,william4 ,ab\t ! same "t he reviv$ ! ,sumn] me?od ( f9d+ a %ip's place at sea1 & calculat$ a set ( tables = its ready application4 ,8 mo/ important aid to ! m>9] is1 h[ev]1 ! adju/able compass1 :i* he br\ght out soon aft]w>ds4 ,x is a great improvem5t on ! old] in/rum5t1 be+ /eadi]1 less hamp]$ by friction1 & ! deviation due to ! %ip's own magnetism c be correct$ by movable masses ( iron at ! b9nacle4 ,sir ,william is himself a skilful navigator1 & delights to cruise 9 8 f9e ya*t1 ! ,lalla ,rookh1 among ! ,we/]n ,isl&s1 or up ! ,m$it]ranean1 or across ! ,atlantic to ,madeira & ,am]ica4 ,8 int]e/ 9 all ?+s relat+ to ! sea p]haps arose1 or at any rate 0 fo/]$1 by 8 exp]i5ces on ! ,agamemnon & ! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,babbage 0 among ! fir/ to sugge/ t a ligh?\se might be made to signal a di/9ctive numb] by occultations ( its light2 b ,sir ,william po9t$ out ! m]its ( ! ,morse telegraphic code = ! purpose1 & urg$ t ! signals %\ld consi/ ( %ort & long fla%es ( ! light to repres5t ! dots & da%es4 ,sir ,william has done m ?an any o!r electrician to introduce accurate me?ods & app>atus = measur+ electricity4 ,z e>ly z #ahde 8 m9d 0 attract$ to ?is subject4 ,he po9t$ out t ! exp]im5tal results ( ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris 7 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ,c\lomb4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,roman ,academy ( ,sci5ces = #aheg he publi%$ a description ( 8 new divid$ r+ electromet]1 :i* is bas$ on ! old electroscope ( ,bohn5b]g] & s9ce !n he has introduc$ a *a9 or s]ies ( beautiful & effective in/rum5ts1 includ+ ! quadrant electromet]1 :i* cov] ! entire field ( electro/atic measurem5t4 ,8 delicate mirror galvanomet] has also be5 ! =]unn] ( a lat] circle ( equally precise app>atus = ! measurem5t ( curr5t or dynamic electricity4 ,to give ev5 a brief acc\nt ( all 8 physical rese>*es w\ld require a sep>ate volume2 & _m ( !m are too ab/ruse or ma!matical = ! g5]al read]4 ,8 v>i$ s]vices h be5 ackn[l$g$ by num]\s di/9ctions1 includ+ ! highe/ hon\r a ,briti% man ( sci5ce c obta9--! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 to :i* he 0 elect$ at ! end ( la/ ye>4 ,sir ,william ,?omson has be5 all 8 life a firm believ] 9 ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 8 great sci5tific atta9m5ts add weight to ! foll[+ words1 spok5 by him :5 9 ! *air at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society1 ,may #bc1 #ahhi3--';,i h long felt t !re 0 a g5]al impression 9 ! non-sci5tific _w1 t ! sci5tific _w believes ,sci5ce has discov]$ ways ( expla9+ all ! facts ( ,nature )\t adopt+ any def9ite belief 9 a ,creator4 ,i h nev] d\bt$ t t impression 0 utt]ly gr\ndless4 ,x seems to me t :5 a sci5tific man says--z x has be5 said f "t to "t--t !re is no ,god1 he does n express 8 own ideas cle>ly4 ,he is1 p]haps1 /ruggl+ ) difficulties2 b :5 he says he does n believe 9 a creative p[]1 ,i am conv9c$ he does n fai?fully express :at is 9 8 own m9d1 ,he does n fully express 8 own ideas4 ,he is out ( 8 dep?4 ',we are all out ( our dep? :5 we approa* ! subject ( life4 ,! sci5tific man1 9 look+ at a piece ( dead matt]1 ?9k+ ov] ! results ( c]ta9 comb9ations :i* he c impose ^u x1 is himself a liv+ miracle1 prov+ t !re is some?+ beyond t mass ( dead matt] ( :i* he is ?9k+4 ,8 v ?\ght is 9 itself a contradiction to ! idea t !re is no?+ 9 exi/5ce b dead matt]4 ,sci5ce c d little positively t[>ds ! objects ( ?is society4 ,b x c d some?+1 & t some?+ is vital & fundam5tal4 ,x is to %[ t :at we see 9 ! _w ( dead matt] & ( life ar\nd u is n a result ( ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ',i may ref] to t old1 b nev] un9t]e/+ subject ( ! miracles ( geology4 ,physical sci5ce does some?+ = u "h4 ,/4 ,pet] speaks ( sc(f]s :o said t all ?+s cont9ue z !y 7 f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation2 b ! apo/le affirms himself t all ^! ?+s %all be dissolv$4 ,x seems to me t ev5 physical sci5ce absolutely demon/rates ! sci5tific tru? ( ^! words4 ,we feel t !re is no possibility ( ?+s go+ on = ev] z !y h done = ! la/ six ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 sci5ce1 z 9 morals & politics1 !re is absolutely no p]iodicity4 ,"o ?+ we may prophesy ( ! future = c]ta9--x w be unlike ! pa/4 ,ev]y?+ is 9 a /ate ( evolution & progress4 ,! sci5ce ( dead matt]1 :i* has be5 ! pr9cipal subject ( my ?\ghts dur+ my life1 is1 ,i may say1 /r5u\s on ?is po9t1 t ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,is ,,def9ite4 ,we d n say :e!r x is tw5ty million ye>s or m1 or less1 b me say x is ,,n ,,indef9ite4 ,& we c say v def9itely t x is n an inconceivably great numb] ( millions ( ye>s4 ,"h1 !n1 we are br\ght face to face ) ! mo/ wond]ful ( all miracles1 ! comm5cem5t ( life on ?is e>?4 ,?is e>?1 c]ta9ly a mod]ate numb] ( millions ( ye>s ago1 0 a r$-hot globe2 all sci5tific m5 ( ! pres5t day agree t life came ^u ?is e>? someh[4 ,if "s =m or "s "p ( ! life at pres5t exi/+ came to ?is e>?1 c>ri$ on "s moss-gr[n /one p]haps brok5 away f m\nta9s 9 o!r worlds2 ev5 if "s "p ( ! life _h come 9 t way--= !re is no?+ too f>-fet*$ 9 ! idea1 & probably "s su* action z t did take place1 s9ce meteors d come e day to ! e>? f o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se2--/ill1 t does n 9 ! slighte/ degree dim9i% ! wond]1 ! trem5d\s miracle1 we h 9 ! comm5cem5t ( life 9 ?is _w4' ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,*>les ,,william ,,siem5s4 ,*>les ,william ,siem5s 0 born on ,april #d1 #ahbc1 at ! little village ( ,l5!1 ab\t eight miles f ,hanov]1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,mr4 ,*ri/ian ,f]d9& ,siem5s1 0 ',doman5-pa*t]1' & f>m$ an e/ate belong+ to ! ,cr[n4 ,8 "m 0 ,eleonore ,dei*mann1 a lady ( noble disposition1 & ,william1 or ,c>l ,wilhelm1 0 ! f\r? son ( a family ( f\rte5 *ildr51 sev]al ( :om h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 sci5tific pursuits4 ,( ^!1 ,ern/ ,w]n] ,siem5s1 ! f\r? *ild1 & n[ ! fam\s electrician ( ,b]l91 0 associat$ ) ,william 9 _m ( 8 inv5tions2 ,fritz1 ! n9? *ild1 is ! head ( ! well-kn[n ,dresd5 glass works2 & ,c>l1 ! t5? *ild1 is *ief ( ! equally well-kn[n electrical works at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,sev]al ( ! family di$ "y2 o!rs rema9$ 9 ,g]many2 b ! ent]pris+ _s1 natural to !m1 l$ mo/ ( ! sons abroad--,walt]1 ! twelf? *ild1 dy+ at ,tiflis z ! ,g]man ,consul !re1 & ,otto1 ! f\rte5? *ild1 also dy+ at ! same place4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a m rem>kable family 9 any age or c\ntry4 ,soon aft] ! bir? ( ,william1 ,mr4 ,siem5s remov$ to a l>g] e/ate :i* he _h leas$ at ,m5z5dorf1 ne> ,lubeck4 ,z a *ild ,william 0 s5sitive & affectionate1 ! baby ( ! family1 lik+ to roam ! woods & fields by himself1 & curi\s to obs]ve1 b n o!rwise giv+ any signs ( ! eng9e]4 ,he receiv$ 8 education at a comm]cial academy 9 ,lubeck1 ! ,indu/rial ,s*ool at ,magdeburg 7city ( ! memorable burgoma/]1 ,otto von ,gu]icke71 & at ! ,univ]sity ( ,gott+51 :i* he ent]$ 9 #ahda1 :ile 9 8 eighte5? ye>4 ,7 he att5d$ ! *emical lectures ( ,woehl]1 ! discov]] ( organic syn!sis1 & ( ,pr(essor ,himly1 ! well-kn[n physici/1 :o 0 m>ri$ to ,siem5s's elde/ si/]1 ,ma?ilde4 ,) a ye> at ,gott+51 dur+ :i* he laid ! basis ( 8 !oretical k1 ! academical tra9+ ( ,siem5s came to an end1 & he ent]$ practical life 9 ! eng9e]+ works ( ,c\nt ,/olb]g1 at ,magdeburg4 ,at ! ,univ]sity he _h be5 in/ruct$ 9 me*anical laws & designs2 "h he le>n$ ! nature & use ( tools & ! con/ruction ( ma*9es4 ,b z 8 ,univ]sity c>e] at ,gott+5 la/$ only ab\t a ye>1 s did 8 appr5tice%ip at ! ,/olb]g ,works4 ,9 ?is %ort "t1 h[ev]1 he probably reap$ z mu* advantage z a dull] pupil dur+ a f> long] t]m4 ,"y ,siem5s appe>s to h be5 det]m9$ to pu% 8 way =w>d4 ,9 #ahda 8 bro!r ,w]n] obta9$ a pat5t 9 ,prussia = electro-silv]+ & gild+2 & 9 #ahdc ,*>les ,william came to ,engl& to try & introduce ! process "h4 ,9 8 address on ',sci5ce & ,indu/ry1' deliv]$ be=e ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute 9 #ahha1 :ile ! ,p>is ,electrical ,exhibition 0 runn+1 ,sir ,william gave a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 exp]i5ces dur+ t fir/ visit to ! c\ntry ( 8 adoption4 ',:51' said he1 '! electrotype process fir/ became kn[n1 x excit$ a v g5]al int]e/2 & al?\gh ,i 0 only a "y /ud5t at ,gott+51 "u tw5ty ye>s ( age1 :o _h j ent]$ ^u 8 practical c>e] ) a me*anical eng9e]1 ,i jo9$ my bro!r1 ,w]n] ,siem5s1 !n a "y lieut5ant ( artill]y 9 ! ,prussian s]vice1 9 8 endeav\rs to accompli% electro-gild+2 ! fir/ impulse 9 ?is direction hav+ be5 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,himly1 !n ( ,gott+54 ,aft] atta9+ "s promis+ results1 a _s ( ent]prise came ov] me1 s /rong t ,i tore myself away f ! n>r[ circum/ances surr\nd+ me1 & l&$ at ! ea/ end ( ,london ) only a few p\nds 9 my pocket & )\t fri5ds1 b ) an ard5t confid5ce ( ultimate success )9 my brea/4 ',i expect$ to f9d "s (fice 9 :i* inv5tions 7 exam9$ into1 & rew>d$ if f\nd m]itori\s1 b no "o c\ld direct me to su* a place4 ,9 walk+ along ,f9sbury ,pavem5t1 ,i saw writt5 up 9 l>ge lett]s1 ,s-&-s 7,i =get ! "n71 ,und]tak]1 & ! ?\ght /ruck me t ?is mu/ be ! place ,i 0 9 que/ (2 at any rate1 ,i ?\ght t a p]son adv]tis+ himself z an und]tak] w\ld n refuse to look into my inv5tion ) a view ( obta9+ = me ! s\ght-= recognition or rew>d4 ,on ent]+ ! place ,i soon conv9c$ myself1 h[ev]1 t ,i came decid$ly too soon = ! k9d ( ent]prise "h contemplat$1 &1 f9d+ myself confront$ ) ! proprietor ( ! e/abli%m5t1 ,i cov]$ my retreat by :at he mu/ h ?\ght a v lame excuse4 ,by d9t ( p]sev]ance ,i f\nd my way to ! pat5t (fice ( ,messrs4 ,poole & ,c>pmael1 :o receiv$ me k9dly1 & provid$ me ) a lett] ( introduction to ,mr4 ,elk+ton4 ,arm$ ) ?is lett]1 ,i proce$$ to ,birm+ham1 to plead my cause be=e y\r t[nsman4 ',9 look+ back to t "t1 ,i wond] at ! pati5ce ) :i* ,mr4 ,elk+ton li/5$ to :at ,i _h to say1 be+ v "y1 & sc>cely able to f9d ,engli% words to convey my mean+4 ,aft] %[+ me :at he 0 do+ already 9 ! way ( electro-plat+1 ,mr4 ,elk+ton s5t me back to ,london 9 ord] to read "s pat5ts ( 8 own1 ask+ me to return if1 aft] p]usal1 ,i /ill ?\ght ,i c\ld tea* him any?+4 ,to my great disappo9tm5t1 ,i f\nd t ! *emical solutions ,i _h be5 us+ 7 actually m5tion$ 9 "o ( 8 pat5ts1 al?\gh 9 a mann] t w\ld h>dly h suffic$ to enable a ?ird p]son to obta9 practical results4 ,on my return to ,birm+ham ,i frankly /at$ :at ,i _h f\nd1 & ) ?is frankness ,i evid5tly ga9$ ! fav\r ( ano!r t[nsman ( y\rs1 ,mr4 ,josiah ,mason1 :o _h j jo9$ ,mr4 ,elk+ton 9 bus9ess1 & ^: "n1 z ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 w ev] be rememb]$ = 8 munific5t end[m5t ( education4 ,x 0 agre$ t ,i %\ld n be judg$ by ! novelty ( my inv5tion1 b by ! results :i* ,i promis$1 namely1 ( be+ able to deposit ) a smoo? surface #cj dwt4 ( silv] ^u a di%-cov]1 ! cry/all9e /ructure ( ! deposit hav+ !ret(ore be5 a s\rce ( difficulty4 ,9 ?is ,i succe$$1 & ,i 0 able to return to my native c\ntry & my me*anical eng9e]+ a comp>ative ,croesus4 ',b x 0 n = long1 z 9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahdd7 ,i aga9 l&$ 9 ! ,?ames ) ano!r inv5tion1 work$ out also ) my bro!r1 namely1 ! *ronometric gov]nor1 :i*1 ?\gh less successful1 comm]cially speak+1 ?an ! fir/1 obta9$ = me ! advantage ( br++ me into contact ) ! eng9e]+ _w1 & ( fix+ me p]man5tly 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is inv5tion 0 9 c\rse ( "t appli$ by ,sir ,george ,airy1 ! !n ,a/ronom]-,royal1 = regulat+ ! motion ( 8 great transit & t\*-record+ in/rum5t at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 :]e x /ill cont9ues to be employ$4 ',ano!r e>ly subject ( m9e1 ! ana/atic pr9t+ process1 f\nd fav\r ) ,f>aday1 ! great & ! good1 :o made x ! subject ( a ,friday ev5+ lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,^! two circum/ances1 comb9$1 obta9$ = me an entry into sci5tific circles1 & help$ to su/a9 me 9 difficulty1 until1 by d9t ( a c]ta9 det]m9ation to w91 ,i 0 able to advance /ep by /ep up to ?is place ( hon\r1 situat$ )9 a gun%ot ( ! sc5e ( my e>lie/ success 9 life1 b sep>at$ f x by ! "t ( a g5]ation4 ,b not)/&+ ! lapse ( "t1 my he>t /ill beats quick ea* "t ,i come back to ! sc5e ( ?is1 ! det]m9+ incid5t ( my life4' ,! 'ana/atic' process1 describ$ by ,f>aday 9 #ahde1 & p>tly due to ,w]n] ,siem5s1 0 a me?od ( reproduc+ pr9t$ matt] by transf]r+ ! pr9t f pap] to plates ( z9c4 ,cau/ic b>yta 0 appli$ to ! pr9t$ %eet to conv]t ! res9\s +r$i5ts ( ! ink into an insoluble soap1 ! /e>9e be+ precipitat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! lett]s 7 !n transf]r$ to ! z9c by pressure1 s z to be pr9t$ f4 ,! process1 ?\gh +5i\s & ( mu* int]e/ at ! "t1 has long ago be5 sup]s$$ by photographic me?ods4 ,ev5 at ?is "t ,siem5s _h sev]al irons 9 ! fire4 ,besides ! pr9t+ process & ! *ronometric gov]nor1 :i* op]at$ by ! diff]5tial movem5t betwe5 ! eng9e & a *ronomet]1 he 0 occupi$ ) "s m9or improvem5ts at ,hoyle's ,calico ,pr9t+ ,works4 ,he also engag$ 9 railway works f "t to "t2 & 9 #ahdf he br\ght out a d\ble cyl9d] air-pump1 9 :i* ! two cyl9d]s are s comb9$1 t ! compress+ side ( ! fir/ & l>g] cyl9d] communicat$ ) ! suction side ( ! second & small] cyl9d]1 & ! limit ( exhau/ion 0 !reby mu* ext5d$4 ,! inv5tion 0 well receiv$ at ! "t1 b is n[ almo/ =gott54 ,siem5s _h be5 tra9$ z a me*anical eng9e]1 &1 al?\gh he became an em95t electrician 9 lat] life1 8 mo/ important "w at ?is e>ly /age 0 non-electrical2 inde$1 ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( 8 life 0 non-electrical1 = we mu/ reg>d ! reg5]ative furnace z 8 ,,magnum ,,opus4 ,?\gh 9 #ahdg he publi%$ a pap] 9 ,liebig's ,,annal5 ,,d] ,,*emie on ! ',m]captan ( ,sel5ium1' 8 m9d 0 busy ) ! new ideas ^u ! nature ( heat :i* 7 promulgat$ by ,c>not1 ,clayp]on1 ,j\le1 ,clausius1 ,may]1 ,?omson1 & ,rank9e4 ,he disc>d$ ! old] notions ( heat z a sub/ance1 & accept$ x z a =m ( en]gy4 ,work+ on ?is new l9e ( ?\ght1 :i* gave him an advantage ov] o!r inv5tors ( 8 "t1 he made 8 fir/ attempt to economise heat1 by con/ruct+1 9 #ahdg1 at ! factory ( ,mr4 ,john ,hick1 ( ,bolton1 an eng9e ( f\r horse-p[]1 hav+ a cond5s] provid$ ) reg5]ators1 & utilis+ sup]heat$ /eam4 ,two ye>s lat] he cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts at ! works ( ,messrs4 ,fox1 ,h5d]son1 & ,co41 ( ,sme?wick1 ne> ,birm+ham1 :o _h tak5 ! matt] 9 h&4 ,! use ( sup]heat$ /eam 01 h[ev]1 att5d$ ) _m practical difficulties1 & ! inv5tion 0 n entirely successful1 b x embrac$ ! elem5ts ( success2 & ! ,society ( ,arts1 9 #ahej1 ackn[l$g$ ! value ( ! pr9ciple1 by aw>d+ ,mr4 ,siem5s a gold m$al = 8 reg5]ative cond5s]4 ,v>i\s pap]s read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 or appe>+ 9 ,,d+l]',s ,,j\rnal & ! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,frankl9 ,,in/itute ab\t ?is "t1 illu/rate ! work+s ( 8 m9d ^u ! subject4 ,t read 9 #ahec1 be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ',on ! ,conv]sion ( ,heat into ,me*anical ,effect1' 0 ! fir/ ( a long s]ies ( communications to t le>n$ body1 & ga9$ = its au?or ! ,tel=d premium & m$al4 ,9 x he cont5d$ t a p]fect eng9e w\ld be "o 9 :i* all ! heat appli$ to ! /eam 0 us$ up 9 its expansion beh9d a work+ pi/on1 leav+ none to be s5t into a cond5s] or ! atmosph]e1 & t ! be/ results 9 any actual eng9e w\ld be atta9$ by c>ry+ expansion to ! fur!/ possible limit1 or1 9 practice1 by ! application ( a reg5]ator4 ,anxi\s to realise 8 !ories fur!r1 he con/ruct$ a tw5ty horse-p[] eng9e on ! reg5]ative plan1 & exhibit$ x at ! ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exhibition ( #ahee2 b1 n realis+ 8 expectations1 he sub/itut$ = x ano!r ( sev5-horse p[]1 made by ,m4 ,f>cot1 ( ,p>is1 :i* 0 f\nd to "w ) consid]able economy4 ,! use ( sup]heat$ /eam1 h[ev]1 /ill prov$ a drawback1 & ! ,siem5s eng9e has n be5 ext5sively us$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,siem5s wat]-met]1 :i* he introduc$ 9 #ahea1 has be5 v widely us$1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b abroad4 ,x acts equally well "u all v>iations ( pressure1 & ) a con/ant or an int]mitt5t supply4 ,mean:ile 8 bro!r ,w]n] _h be5 turn+ 8 att5tion to telegraphy1 & ! correspond5ce :i* nev] ceas$ betwe5 ! bro!rs kept ,william acqua9t$ ) 8 do+s4 ,9 #ahdd1 ,w]n]1 !n an (fic] 9 ! ,prussian army1 0 appo9t$ to a b]? 9 ! artill]y work%ops ( ,b]l91 :]e he began to take an int]e/ 9 ! new art ( telegraphy4 ,9 #ahde ,w]n] pat5t$ 8 dial & pr9t+ telegraph in/rum5ts1 :i* came into use all ov] ,g]many1 & introduc$ an automatic al>m on ! same pr9ciple4 ,^! inv5tions l$ to 8 be+ made1 9 #ahdf1 a memb] ( a commission 9 ,b]l9 = ! introduction ( electric telegraphs in/ead ( semaphores4 ,he advocat$ ! use ( gutta-p]*a1 !n a new mat]ial1 = ! insulation ( und]gr\nd wires1 & 9 #ahdg design$ a screw-press = coat+ ! wires ) ! gum r5d]$ pla/ic by heat4 ,! foll[+ ye> he laid ! fir/ great und]gr\nd telegraph l9e f ,b]l9 to ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 & soon aft]w>ds left ! army to engage ) ,mr4 ,halske 9 ! managem5t ( a telegraph factory :i* !y _h conjo9tly e/abli%$ 9 #ahdg4 ,9 #aheb ,william took an (fice 9 ,john ,/reet1 ,adelphi1 ) a view to practise z a civil eng9e]4 ,elev5 ye>s lat]1 ,mr4 ,halske & ,william ,siem5s f\nd$ 9 ,london ! h\se ( ,siem5s1 ,halske ,co41 :i* began ) a small factory at ,millbank1 & develop$ 9 c\rse ( "t into ! well-kn[n firm ( ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs1 & 0 rec5tly trans=m$ into a limit$ liability company4 ,9 #ahei ,william ,siem5s became a naturalis$ ,engli%man1 & f ?is "t =w>d took an active "p 9 ! progress ( ,engli% eng9e]+ & telegraphy4 ,he devot$ a great "p ( 8 "t to electrical inv5tion & rese>*2 & ! numb] ( telegraph app>atus ( all sorts--telegraph cables1 l& l9es1 & _! accessories--:i* h emanat$ f ! ,siem5s ,telegraph ,works has be5 rem>kable4 ,! eng9e]s ( ?is firm h be5 pione]s ( ! electric telegraph 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe1 bo? by l& & sea4 ,! mo/ important a]ial l9e erect$ by ! firm 0 ! ,indo-,european telegraph l9e1 ?r\gh ,prussia1 ,russia1 & ,p]sia1 to ,india4 ,! ,nor? ,*9a cable1 ! ,plat9o-,brazileira1 & ! ,direct ,unit$ ,/ates cable1 7 laid by ! firm1 ! latt] 9 #ahgd-e ,s also 0 ! ,fr5* ,atlantic cable1 & ! two ,jay ,c\ld ,atlantic cables4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea? ! manufacture & lay+ ( ! ,b5nett-,mackay ,atlantic cables 0 9 progress at ! company's works1 ,*>lton4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t ( ?is manufactory may be ga!r$ f ! fact t x gives employm5t to "s #b1jjj m54 ,all bran*es ( electrical "w are foll[$ out 9 its v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 includ+ ! con/ruction ( dynamos & electric lamps4 ,on ,july #bc1 #ahei1 ,siem5s 0 m>ri$ at ,/4 ,james's1 ,padd+ton1 to ,anne1 ! y\nge/ daught] ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,gordon1 ,writ] to ! ,signet1 ,ed9burgh1 & bro!r to ,mr4 ,lewis ,gordon1 ,pr(essor ( ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 ,he us$ to say t on ,m>* #ai ( t ye> he took oa? & allegiance to two ladies 9 "o day--to ! ,que5 & 8 betro!d4 ,! m>riage 0 a ?or\ghly happy "o4 ,al?\gh mu* engag$ 9 ! advancem5t ( telegraphy1 he 0 also occupi$ ) 8 fav\rite idea ( reg5]ation4 ,! reg5]ative gas furnace1 orig9ally inv5t$ 9 #ahdh by 8 bro!r ,fri$ri*1 0 p]fect$ & introduc$ by him dur+ _m succe$+ ye>s4 ,! difficulties ov]come 9 ! developm5t ( ?is inv5tion 7 enorm\s1 b ! f9al triumph 0 complete4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is furnace consi/s 9 utilis+ ! heat ( ! products ( combu/ion to w>m up ! gase\s fuel & air :i* ent]s ! furnace4 ,?is is done by mak+ ^! products pass ?r\gh brickwork *amb]s :i* absorb _! heat & communicate x to ! gas & air curr5ts go+ to ! flame4 ,an extremely high temp]ature is ?us obta9$1 & ! furnace has1 9 consequ5ce1 be5 l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass & /eel4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ?is furnace1 attempts _h be5 made to produce ca/-/eel )\t ! use ( a crucible--t is to say1 on ! 'op5 he>?' ( ! furnace4 ,reaumur 0 probably ! fir/ to %[ t /eel c\ld be made by fus+ malleable iron ) ca/-iron4 ,hea? pat5t$ ! process 9 #ahde2 & a quantity ( ca/-/eel 0 actually prep>$ 9 ?is way1 on ! b$ ( a rev]b]atory furnace1 by ,sudre1 9 ,france1 dur+ ! ye> #ahfj4 ,b ! furnace 0 de/roy$ 9 ! act2 & x rema9$ = ,siem5s1 ) 8 reg5]ative furnace1 to realise ! object4 ,9 #ahfb ,mr4 ,*>les ,atwood1 ( ,t[ ,law1 agre$ to erect su* a furnace1 & give ! process a fair trial2 b al?\gh successful 9 produc+ ! /eel1 he 0 afraid its temp] 0 n satisfactory1 & discont9u$ ! exp]im5t4 ,next ye>1 h[ev]1 ,siem5s1 :o 0 n to be di%e>t5$1 made ano!r attempt ) a l>ge furnace erect$ at ! ,montlucon ,works1 9 ,france1 :]e he 0 assi/$ by ! late ,m4 le ,*atelli]1 ,inspecteur-,g5]al des ,m9es4 ,"s *>ges ( /eel 7 produc$2 b "h aga9 ! ro( ( ! furnace melt$ d[n1 & ! company :i* _h und]tak5 ! trials gave !m up4 ,! temp]ature requir$ = ! manufacture ( ! /eel 0 high] ?an ! melt+ po9t ( mo/ fire-bricks4 ,fur!r endeav\rs also l$ to disappo9tm5ts2 b 9 ! end ! inv5tor 0 successful4 ,he erect$ exp]im5tal works at ,birm+ham1 & gradually matur$ 8 process until x 0 s f> advanc$ t x c\ld be tru/$ to ! h&s ( o!rs4 ,siem5s us$ a mixture ( ca/-/eel & iron ore to make ! /eel2 b ano!r manufactur]1 ,m4 ,m>t91 ( ,sireuil1 9 ,france1 develop$ ! old] plan ( mix+ ! ca/-iron ) wr\ght-iron scrap4 ,:ile ,siem5s 0 improv+ 8 means at ,birm+ham1 ,m>t9 0 obta9+ satisfactory results ) a reg5]ative furnace ( 8 own design2 & at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahfg samples ( good op5-he>? /eel 7 %[n by bo? manufactur]s4 ,9 ,engl& ! process is n[ g5]ally kn[n z ! ',siem5s-,m>t91' & on ! ,cont95t z ! ',m>t9-,siem5s' process4 ,! reg5]ative furnace is ! greate/ s+le inv5tion ( ,*>les ,william ,siem5s4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge dem& = /eel = eng9e]+ op]ations1 bo? at home & abroad1 x prov$ exce$+ly remun]ative4 ,ext5sive works = ! application ( ! process 7 erect$ at ,l&ore1 :]e ,siem5s prosecut$ 8 exp]im5ts on ! subject ) unfail+ ard\r1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 succe$$ 9 mak+ a basic brick = ! l9+ ( 8 furnaces :i* )/ood ! int5se heat fairly well4 ,! process 9 detail consi/s 9 free+ ! ba? ( melt$ pig-iron f excess ( c>bon by add+ brok5 lumps ( pure hematite or magnetite iron ore4 ,?is causes a viol5t boil+1 :i* is kept up until ! metal becomes s(t en\gh1 :5 x is all[$ to /& to let ! metal cle> f ! slag :i* floats 9 scum ^u ! top4 ,! sep>ation ( ! slag & iron is facilitat$ by ?r[+ 9 "s lime f "t to "t4 ,spiegel1 or specul> iron1 is !n add$2 ab\t #a p] c5t4 m ?an 9 ! scrap process4 ,f #bj to #bd cwt4 ( ore are us$ 9 a #e-ton *>ge1 & ab\t half ! metal is r$uc$ & turn$ into /eel1 s t ! yield 9 +ots is f #a to #b p] c5t4 m ?an ! weight ( pig & spiegel iron 9 ! *>ge4 ,! consumption ( coal is r l>g] ?an 9 ! scrap process1 & is f #ad to #ae cwt4 p] ton ( /eel4 ,! two processes ( ,siem5s & ,m>t9 are (t5 comb9$1 bo? scrap & ore be+ us$ 9 ! same *>ge1 ! latt] be+ valuable z a temp]+ mat]ial4 ,at pres5t !re are sev]al l>ge works engag$ 9 manufactur+ ! ,siem5s-,m>t9 /eel 9 ,engl&1 namely1 ! ,l&ore1 ! ,p>khead ,=ge1 ^? ( ! ,/eel ,company ( ,scotl&1 ( ,messrs4 ,vick]s ,co41 ,%effield1 & o!rs4 ,^! produc$ no less ?an #cdj1jjj tons ( /eel dur+ ! ye> #ahha1 & two ye>s lat] ! total output _h ris5 to half a million tons4 ,9 #ahgf ! ,briti% ,admiralty built two iron-clads1 ! ,m]cury & ,iris1 ( ,siem5s-,m>t9 /eel1 & ! exp]im5t prov$ s satisfactory1 t ?is mat]ial only is n[ us$ 9 ! ,royal docky>ds = ! con/ruction ( hulls & boil]s4 ,moreov]1 ! use ( x is gradually ext5d+ 9 ! m]cantile m>9e4 ,contemporane\s ) 8 developm5t ( ! op5-he>? process1 ,william ,siem5s introduc$ ! rot>y furnace = produc+ wr\ght-iron direct f ! ore )\t ! ne$ ( puddl+4 ,! f]v5t heat ( ! ,siem5s furnace l$ ! inv5tor to devise a novel means ( measur+ high temp]atures1 :i* illu/rates ! value ( a broad sci5tific tra9+ to ! inv5tor1 & ! happy mann] 9 :i* ,william ,siem5s1 above all o!rs1 turn$ 8 v>i$ k to acc\nt1 & br\ght ! facts & res\rces ( "o sci5ce to be> ^u ano!r4 ,z e>ly z #ahfj1 :ile engag$ 9 te/+ ! conductor ( ! ,malta to ,alex&ria telegraph cable1 !n 9 c\rse ( manufacture1 he 0 /ruck by ! increase ( resi/ance 9 metallic wires occasion$ by a rise ( temp]ature1 & ! foll[+ ye> he devis$ a !rmomet] bas$ on ! fact :i* he exhibit$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,man*e/]4 ,ma?iess5 & o!rs h s9ce enunciat$ ! law accord+ to :i* ?is rise ( resi/ance v>ies ) rise ( temp]ature2 & ,siem5s has fur!r p]fect$ 8 app>atus1 & appli$ x z a pyromet] to ! measurem5t ( furnace fires4 ,x =ms 9 reality an electric !rmomet]1 :i* w indicate ! temp]ature ( an inaccessible spot4 ,a coil ( plat9um or plat9um-alloy wire is enclos$ 9 a suitable fire-pro( case & put into ! furnace ( :i* ! temp]ature is want$4 ,connect+ wires1 prop]ly protect$1 l5d f ! coil to a diff]5tial voltamet]1 s t1 by means ( ! curr5t f a batt]y circulat+ 9 ! sy/em1 ! electric resi/ance ( ! coil 9 ! furnace c be det]m9$ at any mom5t4 ,s9ce ?is resi/ance dep5ds on ! temp]ature ( ! furnace1 ! temp]ature call be f\nd f ! resi/ance obs]v$4 ,! in/rum5t =m$ ! subject ( ! ,bak]ian lecture = ! ye> #ahga4 ,siem5s's rese>*es on ?is subject1 z publi%$ 9 ! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,telegraph ,,eng9e]s 7,vol4 ,i41 p4 #abc1 & ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #big71 includ$ a set ( curves graphically repres5t+ ! relation betwe5 temp]ature & electrical resi/ance 9 ! case ( v>i\s metals4 ,! electric pyromet]1 :i* is p]haps ! mo/ elegant & orig9al ( all ,william ,siem5s's inv5tions1 is also ! l9k :i* connects 8 electrical ) 8 metallurgical rese>*es4 ,8 inv5tion ran 9 two great grooves1 "o bas$ ^u ! sci5ce ( heat1 ! o!r bas$ ^u ! sci5ce ( electricity2 & ! electric !rmomet] 01 z x 71 a delicate cross-c\pl+ :i* connect$ bo?4 ,siem5s might h be5 two m51 if we are to judge by ! "w he did2 & ei!r half ( ! tw9-c>e] he l$ w\ld ( itself suffice to make an em95t reputation4 ,! success ( 8 metallurgical ent]prise no d\bt react$ on 8 telegraphic bus9ess4 ,! mak+ & lay+ ( ! ,malta to ,alex&ria cable gave rise to rese>*es on ! resi/ance & electrification ( insulat+ mat]ials "u pressure1 :i* =m$ ! subject ( a pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfc4 ,! effect ( pressure up to #cjj atmosph]es 0 obs]v$1 & ! fact elicit$ t ! inductive capacity ( gutta-p]*a is n affect$ by increas$ pressure1 :]eas t ( india-rubb] is dim9i%$4 ,! electrical te/s employ$ dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! ,malta & ,alex&ria cable1 & ! insulation & protection ( subm>9e cables1 also =m$ ! subject ( a pap] :i* 0 read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 #ahfb4 ,x is always int]e/+ to trace ! necessity :i* directly or indirectly 0 ! p>5t ( a p>ticul> inv5tion2 & 9 ! great importance ( an accurate record ( ! sea-dep? 9 :i* a cable is be+ laid1 toge!r ) ! t$i\s & tr\blesome "* ( ord9>y s\nd+ by ! lead-l9e1 especially :5 a %ip is actually pay+ out cable1 we may f9d ! requirem5ts :i* l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! 'ba?omet]1' an in/rum5t design$ to indicate ! dep? ( wat] ov] :i* a vessel is pass+ )\t subm]g+ a l9e4 ,! in/rum5t 0 bas$ on ! +5i\s idea t ! attractive p[] ( ! e>? on a body 9 ! %ip mu/ dep5d on ! dep? ( wat] int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! sea bottom2 be+ less z ! lay] ( wat] 0 ?ick]1 ow+ to ! light] "* ( wat] z comp>$ ) ! d5s] l&4 ,siem5s endeav\r$ to r5d] ?is diff]5ce visible by means ( m]cury conta9$ 9 a *amb] hav+ a bottom extremely s5sitive to ! pressure ( ! m]cury ^u x1 & resembl+ 9 "s respects ! vacu\s *amb] ( an an]oid b>omet]4 ,j z ! latt] in/rum5t indicates ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e above x1 s ! ba?omet] 0 int5d$ to %[ ! pull ( ! e>? bel[ x2 & exp]im5t prov$1 we believe1 t = e #a1jjj fa?oms ( sea-wat] bel[ ! %ip1 ! total gravity ( ! m]cury 0 r$uc$ by #a_/cbjj "p4 ,! ba?omet]1 or attraction-met]1 0 br\ght out 9 #ahgf1 & exhibit$ at ! ,loan ,exhibition 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! ela/ic bottom ( ! m]cury *amb] 0 support$ by volute spr+s :i*1 always hav+ ! same t5sion1 caus$ a portion ( ! m]cury to rise or fall 9 a spiral tube ( glass1 accord+ to ! v>iations ( ! e>?'s attraction4 ,! :ole 0 kept at an ev5 temp]ature1 & correction 0 made = b>ometric influ5ce4 ,?\gh ( high sci5tific int]e/1 ! app>atus appe>s to h fail$ at ! "t f its v s5sitiv5ess2 ! waves on ! surface ( ! sea hav+ a great] di/urb+ action on its read+s ?an ! *ange ( dep?4 ,siem5s took a great int]e/ 9 ?is v orig9al ma*9e1 & also devis$ a =m applicable to ! measurem5t ( heights4 ,al?\gh he laid ! subject aside = "s ye>s1 he ultimately took x up aga91 9 hopes ( produc+ a practical app>atus :i* w\ld be ( imm$iate s]vice 9 ! cable exp$itions ( ! s4s4 ,f>aday4 ,?is admirable cable /eam] ( #e1jjj tons regi/] 0 built = ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs by ,messrs4 ,mit*ell ,co41 at ,newca/le4 ,! designs 7 ma9ly inspir$ by ,siem5s himself2 & aft] ! ,hoop]1 n[ ! ,silv]t[n1 %e 0 ! second %ip expressly built = cable purposes4 ,all ! late/ improvem5ts t electric sci5ce & naval eng9e]+ c\ld sugge/ 7 9 h] unit$4 ,) a l5g? ( #cfj feet1 a wid? ( #eb feet1 & a dep? ( #cf feet 9 ! hold1 %e 0 fitt$ ) a rudd] at ea* end1 ei!r ( :i* c\ld be lock$ :5 desir$1 & ! o!r br\ght into play4 ,two screw propell]s1 actuat$ by a pair ( comp\nd eng9es1 7 ! means ( driv+ ! vessel1 & !y 7 plac$ at a slight angle to ea* o!r1 s t :5 ! eng9es 7 work$ 9 opposite directions ! ,f>aday c\ld turn completely r\nd 9 h] own l5g?4 ,moreov]1 z ! %ip c\ld /eam =w>ds or backw>ds ) equal ease1 x became unnecess>y to pass ! cable =w>d be=e haul+ x 91 if a fault 7 discov]$ 9 ! "p subm]g$3 ! motion ( ! %ip _h only to be rev]s$1 ! /]n rudd] fix$1 & ! b[ rudd] turn$1 :ile a small eng9e 0 employ$ to haul ! cable back ov] ! /]n drum1 :i* _h be5 us$ a few m9utes be=e to pay x out4 ,! fir/ exp$ition ( ! ,f>aday 0 ! lay+ ( ! ,direct ,unit$ ,/ates cable 9 ! w9t] ( #ahgd a "w :i*1 ?\gh int]rupt$ by /ormy wea!r1 0 resum$ & complet$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahge4 ,%e has be5 engag$ 9 lay+ sev]al ,atlantic cables s9ce1 & has be5 fitt$ ) ! electric light1 a res\rce :i* has prov$ ( ! utmo/ s]vice1 n only 9 facilitat+ ! night op]ations ( pay+-out1 b 9 gu>d+ ! %ip f collision ) iceb]gs 9 foggy wea!r (f ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/4 ,m5tion ( ! electric light br+s u to an important act ( ! inv5tor1 :i*1 ?\gh done on behalf ( 8 bro!r ,w]n]1 0 pregnant ) great consequ5ces4 ,?is 0 8 ann\ncem5t be=e a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society1 held on ,febru>y #ad1 #ahfg1 ( ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( re9=c+ ! field magnetism ( magneto-electric g5]ators by "p or ! :ole ( ! curr5t g5]at$ 9 ! revolv+ armature--a pr9ciple :i* has be5 appli$ 9 ! dynamo-electric ma*9es1 n[ s mu* us$ = produc+ electric light & effect+ ! transmission ( p[] to a di/ance by means ( ! electric curr5t4 ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce ! same pr9ciple 0 enunciat$ by ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one at ! v same meet+2 :ile a few mon?s previ\sly ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,v>ley _h lodg$ an application = a ,briti% pat5t1 9 :i* ! same idea 0 set =?4 ,! claims ( ^! ?ree inv5tors to priority 9 ! discov]y 71 h[ev]1 anticipat$ by at lea/ "o o!r inve/igator1 ,h]r ,sor5 ,hjor?1 believ$ to be a ,dane by bir?1 & /ill rememb]$ by a few liv+ electricians1 ?\gh =gott5 by ! sci5tific _w at l>ge1 until 8 neglect$ specification 0 unexpect$ly dug out ( ! mu/y ar*ives ( ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice & br\ght into ! light4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ,siem5s & ,:eat/one came at an apt] "t ?an ,hjor?'s1 & 0 m conspicu\sly made4 ,above all1 9 ! afflu5t & ent]pris+ h&s ( ! bro!rs ,siem5s1 x 0 n suff]$ to lie /]ile1 & ! ,siem5s dynamo-electric ma*9e 0 its (fspr+4 ,?is dynamo1 z is well kn[n1 diff]s f ^? ( ,gramme & ,pacc9otti *iefly 9 ! longitud9al w9d+ ( ! armature1 & x is unnecess>y to describe x "h4 ,x has be5 adapt$ by its inv5tors to all k9ds ( electrical "w1 electrotyp+1 telegraphy1 electric light+1 & ! propulsion ( vehicles4 ,! fir/ electric tramway run at ,b]l9 9 #ahgi 0 foll[$ by ano!r at ,dusseldorf 9 #ahhj1 & a ?ird at ,p>is 9 #ahha4 ,) all ( ^! ! "n ( ,w]n] ,siem5s 0 *iefly associat$2 b ,william ,siem5s _h also tak5 up ! matt]1 & e/abli%$ at 8 c\ntry h\se ( ,%]wood1 ne> ,tunbridge ,wells1 an arrangem5t ( dynamos & wat]-:eel1 by :i* ! p[] ( a neighb\r+ /ream 0 made to light ! h\se1 cut *aff turn wa%+-ma*9es1 & p]=m o!r h\sehold duties4 ,m rec5tly ! con/ruction ( ! electric railway f ,portru% to ,bu%mills1 at ! ,giant's ,causeway1 engag$ 8 att5tion2 & ?is1 ! fir/ "w ( its k9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & to all appe>ance ! pione] ( _m simil> l9es1 0 "o ( 8 v la/ und]tak+s4 ,9 ! rec5t developm5t ( electric light+1 ,william ,siem5s1 ^: fame _h be5 /eadily gr[+1 0 a recognis$ lead]1 al?\gh he himself made no great discov]ies !re94 ,z a public man & a manufactur] ( great res\rces 8 influ5ce 9 assi/+ ! introduction ( ! light has be5 imm5se4 ,! numb] ( ,siem5s ma*9es & ,siem5s electric lamps1 toge!r ) measur+ in/rum5ts su* z ! ,siem5s electro-dynamomet]1 :i* has be5 suppli$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w by ! firm ( :i* he 0 ! head1 is v consid]able1 & probably exce$s t ( any o!r manufactur]1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,employ+ a /aff ( skilful assi/ants to develop _m ( 8 ideas1 ,dr4 ,siem5s 0 able to produce a great v>iety ( electrical in/rum5ts = measur+ & o!r auxili>y purposes1 all ( :i* be> ! "n ( 8 firm1 & h prov$ exce$+ly useful 9 a practical s5se4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,siem5s's inve/igations 7 8 exp]im5ts on ! influ5ce ( ! electric light 9 promot+ ! gr[? ( plants1 c>ri$ out dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhj 9 ! gre5h\ses ( ,%]wood4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[$ t plants d n require a p]iod ( re/1 b cont9ue to gr[ if light & o!r necess>ies are suppli$ to !m4 ,siem5s enhanc$ ! daylight1 &1 z x 71 prolong$ x ?r\gh ! night by means ( arc lamps1 ) ! result ( =c+ excell5t fruit & fl[]s to _! maturity be=e ! natural "t 9 ?is climate4 ,:ile ,siem5s 0 te/+ ! *emical & life-promot+ influ5ce ( ! electric arc light1 he 0 also occupi$ 9 try+ its temp]ature & heat+ p[] ) an 'electric furnace1' consi/+ ( a plumbago crucible hav+ two c>bon electrodes ent]+ x 9 su* a mann] t ! voltaic arc c\ld be produc$ )9 x4 ,he succe$$ 9 fus+ a v>iety ( refractory metals 9 a comp>atively %ort "t3 ?us1 a p\nd ( brok5 files 0 melt$ 9 a cold crucible 9 ?irte5 m9utes1 a result :i* is n surpris+ :5 we consid] t ! temp]ature ( ! voltaic arc1 z measur$ by ,siem5s & ,rosetti1 is betwe5 #b1jjj & #c1jjj ,deg4 ,c5tigrade1 or ab\t "o-?ird t ( ! probable temp]ature ( ! sun4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve ! extraord9>y fus+ p[] ( ! voltaic arc1 b ,siem5s fir/ appli$ x to a practical purpose 9 8 electric furnace4 ,always ready to turn 8 inv5tive g5ius 9 any direction1 ! introduction ( ! electric light1 :i* _h giv5 an impetus to improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( utilis+ gas1 l$ him to design a reg5]ative gas lamp1 :i* is n[ employ$ on a small scale 9 ?is c\ntry1 ei!r = /reet light+ or 9 class-rooms & public halls4 ,9 ?is burn]1 z 9 ! reg5]ative furnace1 ! products ( combu/ion are made to w>m up ! air & gas :i* g to fe$ ! flame1 & ! effect is a full & brilliant light ) "s economy ( fuel4 ,! use ( coal-gas = heat+ purposes 0 ano!r subject :i* he took up ) *>act]i/ic e>ne/ness1 & he advocat$ = a "t ! use ( gas /oves & fires 9 pref]5ce to ^? :i* burn coal1 n only on acc\nt ( _! cleanl9ess & conv5i5ce1 b on ! score ( prev5t+ fogs 9 great cities1 by *eck+ ! dis*>ge ( smoke into ! atmosph]e4 ,he design$ a reg5]ative gas & coke fireplace1 9 :i* ! +o+ air 0 w>m$ by heat conduct$ f ! back "p ( ! grate2 & by practical trials 9 8 own (fice1 calculat$ ! economy ( ! sy/em4 ,! int]e/ 9 ?is "q1 h[ev]1 di$ away aft] ! close ( ! ,smoke ,abatem5t ,exhibition2 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,aik51 ( ,ed9burgh1 %[$ h[ futile 0 ! hope t gas fires w\ld prev5t fogs altoge!r4 ,!y might inde$ ameliorate ! noxi\s "* ( a fog by *eck+ ! dis*>ge ( soot into ! atmosph]e2 b ,mr4 ,aik5's exp]im5ts %[$ t p>ticles ( gas 7 9 !mselves capable ( cond5s+ ! moi/ure ( ! air ^u !m4 ,! great s*eme ( ,siem5s = mak+ ,london a smokeless city1 by manufactur+ gas at ! coal-pit & lead+ x 9 pipes f /reet to /reet1 w\ld n h r5d]$ x altoge!r a fogless "o1 ?\gh ! coke & gas fires w\ld c]ta9ly h r$uc$ ! quantity ( soot laun*$ into ! air4 ,siem5s's s*eme 0 reject$ by a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords on ! some:at mi/ak5 gr\nd t if ! plan 7 z pr(itable z ,siem5s suppos$1 x w\ld h be5 put 9 practice long ago by private ent]prise4 ,f ! problem ( heat+ a room1 ! m9d ( ,siem5s also pass$ to ! ma9t5ance ( sol> fires1 & occupi$ itself ) ! supply ( fuel to ! sun4 ,"s physici/s h attribut$ ! cont9uance ( sol> heat to ! contraction ( ! sol> mass1 & o!rs to ! impact ( comet>y matt]4 ,imbu$ ) ! idea ( reg5]ation1 & seek+ 9 nature = t ?rift ( p[] :i* he1 z an inv5tor1 _h always aim$ at1 ,siem5s sugge/$ a hypo!sis on :i* ! sun cons]ves its heat by a circulation ( its fuel 9 space4 ,! elem5ts dissociat$ 9 ! int5se heat ( ! gl[+ orb ru% into ! cool] regions ( space1 & recomb9e to /ream aga9 t[>ds ! sun1 :]e ! self-same process is r5ew$4 ,! hypo!sis 0 a d>+ "o1 & evok$ a great deal ( discussion1 to :i* ! au?or repli$ ) int]e/1 aft]w>ds repr9t+ ! controv]sy 9 a volume1 ,,on ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,sol> ,,en]gy4 ,:e!r true or n--& "t w probably decide--! sol> hypo!sis ( ,siem5s reveal$ its au?or 9 a new light4 ,hi!rto he _h be5 ! +5i\s inv5tor1 ! ent]pris+ man ( bus9ess1 ! successful eng9e]2 b n[ he took a prom95t place 9 ! ranks ( pure sci5ce & speculative philosophy4 ,! rem>kable bread? ( 8 m9d & ! abundance ( 8 en]gies 7 also illu/rat$ by ! active "p he play$ 9 public matt]s connect$ ) ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,8 munific5t gifts 9 ! cause ( education1 z mu* z 8 a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce1 _h br\ght him a popul> reputation ( ! be/ k9d2 & 8 public utt]ances 9 connection ) smoke abatem5t1 ! electric light4 ,electric railways1 & o!r topics ( curr5t int]e/1 _h rapidly br\ght him into a =emo/ place among ,engli% sci5tific m54 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 ,siem5s advanc$ f ! %ade ( m]e pr(essional celebrity into ! /rong light ( public fame4 ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahhb1 & knight$ 9 #ahhc1 ,siem5s 0 a memb] ( num]\s le>n$ societies bo? at home & abroad4 ,9 #ahed he became a ,memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s2 & 9 #ahfb he 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,he 0 twice ,presid5t ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 besides be+ a ,memb] ( ,c\ncil ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 & a ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! ,society ( ,arts1 z we h already se51 0 ! fir/ to hon\r him 9 ! c\ntry ( 8 adoption1 by aw>d+ him a gold m$al = 8 reg5]ative cond5s] 9 #ahej2 & 9 #ahhc he became its *airman4 ,_m hon\rs 7 conf]r$ ^u him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 c>e]--! ,tel=d prize 9 #ahec1 gold m$als at ! v>i\s great ,exhibitions1 includ+ t ( ,p>is 9 #ahha1 & a ,,gr& ,,prix at ! e>li] ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahfg = 8 reg5]ative furnace4 ,9 #ahgd he receiv$ ! ,royal ,alb]t ,m$al = 8 rese>*es on heat1 & 9 #ahge ! ,bessem] m$al ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute4 ,moreov]1 a few days be=e 8 dea?1 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s aw>d$ him ! ,h[>d ,qu9qu5nial prize = 8 improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( iron & /eel4 ,at ! reque/ ( 8 wid[1 x took ! =m ( a bronze copy ( ! ',m\rn]s1' a piece ( /atu>y by ,j4 ,g4 ,l\gh1 orig9ally exhibit$ at ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,9 #ahfi ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d conf]r$ ^u him ! high di/9ction ( ,d4,c4,l4 7,doctor ( ,civil ,law72 & besides be+ a memb] ( sev]al =eign societies1 he 0 a ,dignit>io ( ! ,brazilian ,ord] ( ! ,rose1 & ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,ri* 9 hon\rs & ! appreciation ( 8 contempor>ies1 9 ! prime ( 8 work+ p[] & influ5ce = good1 & at ! v climax ( 8 c>e]1 ,sir ,william ,siem5s 0 call$ away4 ,! news ( 8 dea? came ) a %ock ( surprise1 = h>dly any "o knew he _h be5 ill4 ,he di$ on ! ev5+ ( ,monday1 ,novemb] #ai1 #ahhc1 at n9e o'clock4 ,a =tnight be=e1 :ile return+ f a manag]s' meet+ ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 9 company ) 8 fri5d ,sir ,fr$]ick ,bramwell1 he tripp$ ^u ! k]b/one ( ! pavem5t1 aft] cross+ ,hamilton ,place1 ,piccadilly1 & fell heavily to ! gr\nd1 ) 8 left arm "u him4 ,?\gh a good deal %ak5 by ! fall1 he att5d$ at 8 (fice 9 ,que5 ,anne's ,gate1 ,we/m9/]1 ! next & = sev]al foll[+ days2 b ! ex]tion prov$ too mu* = him1 & almo/ = ! fir/ "t 9 8 busy life he 0 compell$ to lay up4 ,on 8 la/ visit to ! (fice he 0 engag$ mo/ ( ! "t 9 dictat+ to 8 private secret>y a l>ge portion ( ! address :i* he int5d$ to deliv] z ,*airman ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,?is 0 on ,?ursday1 ,novemb] #h1 & ! foll[+ ,saturday he awoke e>ly 9 ! morn+ ) an acute pa9 ab\t ! he>t & a s5se ( coldness 9 ! l[] limbs4 ,hot ba?s & friction remov$ ! pa91 f :i* he did n suff] mu* aft]w>ds4 ,a slight conge/ion ( ! left lung 0 also reliev$2 & ,sir ,william _h s f> recov]$ t he c\ld leave 8 room4 ,on ,saturday1 ! #ag?1 he 0 to h gone = a *ange ( air to 8 c\ntry seat at ,%]wood2 b on ,w$nesday1 ! #ad?1 he appe>s to h caught a *ill :i* affect$ 8 lungs1 = t night he 0 seiz$ ) a %ortness ( brea? & a difficulty 9 brea?+4 ,?\gh n actually conf9$ to b$1 he nev] left 8 room aga94 ,on ! la/ day1 & )9 f\r h\rs ( 8 dea?1 we are told1 8 two m$ical att5dants1 aft] consultation1 spoke s hopefully ( ! future1 t no "o 0 prep>$ = ! sudd5 end :i* 0 !n s ne>4 ,9 ! ev5+1 :ile he 0 sitt+ 9 an arm-*air1 v quiet & calm1 a *ange sudd5ly came ov] 8 face1 & he di$ l "o :o falls asleep4 ,he>t disease ( long /&+1 aggravat$ by ! fall1 0 ! imm$iate cause2 b ! op9ion has be5 express$ by "o :o knew him well1 t ,siem5s 'lit]ally immolat$ himself on ! %r9e ( lab\r4' ,at any rate he did n sp>e himself1 & 8 int5se devotion to 8 "w prov$ fatal4 ,e day 0 a busy "o ) ,siem5s4 ,8 secret>y 0 ) him 9 8 resid5ce by n9e o'clock ne>ly e morn+1 except on ,sundays1 assi/+ him 9 "w = "o society or ano!r1 ! correction ( pro(s1 or ! dictation ( lett]s giv+ (ficial or sci5tific advice1 & ! prep>ation ( lectures or pat5t specifications4 ,lat] on1 he hurri$ across ! ,p>k 'almo/ at rac+ spe$1' to 8 (fices at ,we/m9/]1 :]e ! bus9ess ( ! ,l&ore-,siem5s ,/eel ,company & ! ,electrical ,works ( ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs & ,company 0 transact$4 ,z *airman ( ^! l>ge und]tak+s1 & pr9cipal inv5tor ( ! processes & sy/ems c>ri$ out by !m1 he _h a hundr$ ?+s to att5d to 9 connection ) !m1 visitors to see1 & inquiries to answ]4 ,9 ! aft]noon & ev5+s he 0 g5]ally engag$ at c\ncil meet+s ( ! le>n$ societies1 or directory meet+s ( ! companies 9 :i* he 0 int]e/$4 ,he 0 a man :o took little or no leisure1 & ?\gh he nev] appe>$ to ov]-ex]t himself1 few m5 c\ld h )/ood ! /ra9 s long4 ,siem5s 0 buri$ on ,monday1 ,novemb] #bf1 9 ,k5sal ,gre5 ,cemet]y4 ,! int]m5t 0 prec$$ by a fun]al s]vice held 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & att5d$ by repres5tatives ( ! num]\s le>n$ societies ( :i* he _h be5 a conspicu\s memb]1 by _m lead+ m5 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce1 & also by a l>ge body ( o!r fri5ds & admir]s1 :o ?us unit$ 9 do+ hon\r to 8 memory1 & %[+ _! s5se ( ! loss :i* all classes _h su/a9$ by 8 dea?4 ,siem5s 0 above all ?+s a 'lab\r]4' ,unha/+1 unre/+ lab\r 0 ! rule ( 8 life2 & ! only relaxation1 n to say recreation1 :i* he seems to h all[$ himself 0 a *ange ( task or ! calls ( sleep4 ,?is natural activity 0 p>tly due to ! spur ( 8 g5ius1 & p>tly to 8 en]getic _s4 ,= a man ( 8 temp]am5t sci5ce is always hold+ out new problems to solve & fre% promises ( triumph4 ,all he did only reveal$ m "w to be done2 & _m a s*eme lies buri$ 9 8 grave4 ,?\gh ,siem5s 0 a man ( v>i$ p[]s1 & occasionally gave himself to pure speculation 9 matt]s ( sci5ce1 8 m9d 0 ess5tially practical2 & x 0 r z an eng9e] ?an a discov]] t he 0 great4 ,inv5tions are associat$ ) 8 "n1 n laws or new ph5om5a4 ,/&+ on ! bord]l& betwe5 pure & appli$ sci5ce1 8 sympa?ies 7 yet ) ! latt]2 & z ! outgo+ ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,s\?port1 9 #ahhb1 he express$ ! op9ion t '9 ! great work%op ( nature !re are no l9es ( dem>cation to be drawn betwe5 ! mo/ exalt$ speculation & common-place practice4' ,! tru? ( ?is is n to be ga9-said1 b x is ! utt]ance ( an eng9e] :o judges ! m]it ( a ?+ by its utility4 ,he object$ to ! pursuit ( sci5ce ap>t f its application1 & held t ! man ( sci5ce does mo/ = 8 k9d :o %[s ! _w h[ to make use ( sci5tific results4 ,su* a view 0 natural on ! "p ( ,siem5s1 :o 0 himself a liv+ repres5tative ( ! type 9 "q2 b x 0 n ! view ( su* a man z ,f>aday or ,newton1 ^: pure aim 0 to discov] tru?1 well kn[+ t x w\ld be turn$ to use !reaft]4 ,9 ,f>aday's eyes ! new pr9ciple 0 a high] boon ?an ! appliance :i* 0 f\nd$ ^u x4 ,tri$ by 8 own /&>d1 h[ev]1 ,siem5s 0 a conspicu\s b5efactor ( 8 fell[-m52 & at ! "t ( 8 decease he _h become our lead+ au?ority ^u appli$ sci5ce4 ,9 electricity he 0 a pione] ( ! new advances1 & happily liv$ to obta9 at lea/ a ,pisgah view ( ! great future :i* evid5tly lies be=e t pregnant =ce4 ,if we look = ! secret ( ,siem5s's rem>kable success1 we %all assur$ly f9d x 9 an inv5tive m9d1 c\pl$ ) a /rong comm]cial in/9ct1 & support$ by a physical en]gy :i* enabl$ him to lab\r long & incessantly4 ,x is told t :5 a me*anical problem 0 br\ght to him = solution1 he w\ld sugge/ six ways ( ov]com+ ! difficulty1 ?ree ( :i* w\ld be impracticable1 ! o!rs feasible1 & "o at lea/ successful4 ,f ?is we ga!r t 8 m9d 0 f]tile 9 exp$i5ts4 ,! l>ge works :i* he e/abli%$ are also a pro( t1 unlike mo/ inv5tors1 he did n lose 8 int]e/ 9 an inv5tion1 or =sake x = ano!r be=e x _h be5 br\ght into ! m>ket4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 nev] satisfi$ ) an inv5tion until x 0 put into practical op]ation4 ,to ! ord9>y obs]v]1 ,siem5s did n betray any signs ( ! untir+ en]gy t possess$ him4 ,8 c\nt5ance 0 usually s]5e & tranquil1 z t ( a ?9k] r ?an a man ( action2 8 demean\r 0 cool & collect$2 8 words few & well-*os54 ,9 8 mann]1 z well z 9 8 works1 !re 0 no useless wa/e ( p[]4 ,to ! "y he 0 k9d & sympa!tic1 he>+1 enc\rag+1 advis+2 a good ma/]1 a firm fri5d4 ,8 v pres5ce _h a calm & ord]ly influ5ce on ^? ab\t him1 :i* :5 he presid$ at a ,public meet+ ins5sibly introduc$ a graci\s tone4 ,! diffid5t took he>t be=e him1 & ! presumptu\s 7 *eck$4 ,! virtues :i* accompani$ him into public life did n des]t him 9 private4 ,9 los+ him1 we h lo/ n only a p[]ful intellect1 b a bright example1 & an amiable man4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,fleem+ ,,j5k94 ,! late ,fleem+ ,j5k91 ,pr(essor ( ,eng9e]+ 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 0 rem>kable = ! v]satility ( 8 tal5t4 ,kn[n to ! _w z ! inv5tor ( ,telph]age1 he 0 an electrician & cable eng9e] ( ! fir/ rank1 a lucid lectur]1 & a good l+ui/1 a skilful critic1 a writ] & actor ( plays1 & a clev] sket*]4 ,9 popul> p>lance1 ,j5k9 0 a dab at ev]y?+4 ,8 fa!r1 ,capta9 ,*>les ,j5k91 ,r4,n41 0 ! second son ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,j5k91 ( ,/[t+ ,c\rt1 himself a naval (fic]1 :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! actions ) ,de ,grasse4 ,/[t+ ,c\rt1 a small e/ate "s six miles nor? ( ,hy!1 _h be5 9 ! family s9ce ! ye> #afcc1 & 0 held ( ! ,cr[n by ! feudal s]vice ( six m5 & a con/able to def5d ! sea-way at ,s&gate4 ,c]ta9 ,j5k9s _h settl$ 9 ,k5t dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & claim$ to h come f ,york%ire4 ,!y bore ! arms ( ,j5k9 ap ,phillip ( ,/4 ,melans1 :o trac$ 8 desc5t f ',guai? ,voe?1' ,"l ( ,c>digan4 ,:ile cruis+ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 c>ry+ specie1 or *as+ buccane]s & slav]s1 ,*>les ,j5k91 junior1 0 introduc$ to ! family ( a fell[ mid%ipman1 son ( ,mr4 ,jackson1 ,cu/os ,rotulorum ( ,k+/on1 ,jamaica1 & fell 9 love ) ,h5rietta ,camilla1 ! y\nge/ daught]4 ,mr4 ,jackson came ( a ,york%ire /ock1 said to be ( ,scotti% orig91 & ,susan1 8 wife1 0 a daught] ( ,sir ,col9 ,campbell1 a ,gre5ock m]*ant1 :o inh]it$ b nev] assum$ ! b>onetcy ( ,au*9breck4 ,accord+ to ,,burke',s ,,pe]age 7#ahhi71 ! title w5t to ano!r bran*4 ,*>les ,j5k91 s5ior1 di$ 9 #ahca1 leav+ 8 e/ate s heavily encumb]$1 ?r\gh extravagance & high liv+1 t only ! mill-f>m 0 sav$ = ,john1 ! heir1 an easy-go+1 unpractical man1 ) a turn = abortive devices4 ,8 bro!r ,*>les m>ri$ soon aft]w>ds1 & ) ! help ( 8 wife's money b\ght 9 mo/ ( ,/[t+ ,c\rt1 :i*1 h[ev]1 yield$ him no income until late 9 life4 ,*>les 0 a useful (fic] & an amiable g5tleman2 b lack+ en]gy & tal5t1 he nev] rose above ! grade ( ,comm&]1 & 0 sup]s$$ aft] =ty-five ye>s ( s]vice4 ,he is repres5t$ z a brave1 s+le-m9d$1 & affectionate sailor1 :o on "o occasion sav$ sev]al m5 f suffocation by a burn+ c>go at ! risk ( 8 own life4 ,h5rietta ,camilla ,jackson1 8 wife1 0 a woman ( a /rong & en]getic "*4 ,)\t beauty ( c\nt5ance1 %e possess$ ! art ( pleas+1 & 9 default ( g5ius %e 0 end[$ ) a v>iety ( gifts4 ,%e play$ ! h>p1 sang1 & sket*$ ) native art4 ,at sev5te51 on he>+ ,pa/a s+ 9 ,p>is1 %e s\ght out ! arti/ & solicit$ lessons4 ,pa/a1 on he>+ h] s+1 enc\rag$ h]1 & recomm5d$ a tea*]4 ,%e wrote novels1 :i*1 h[ev]1 fail$ to make _! m>k4 ,at =ty1 on los+ h] voice1 %e took to play+ ! piano1 practis+ eight h\rs a day2 & :5 %e 0 ov] sixty %e began ! /udy ( ,hebrew4 ,! only *ild ( ?is union 0 ,h5ry ,*>les ,fleem+ ,j5k91 g5]ally call$ ,fleem+ ,j5k91 aft] ,admiral ,fleem+1 "o ( 8 fa!r's patrons4 ,he 0 born on ,m>* #be1 #ahcc1 9 a build+ ( ! ,gov]nm5t ne> ,dung5ess1 8 fa!r at t "t be+ on ! coa/-gu>d s]vice4 ,8 v]satility 0 evid5tly d]iv$ f 8 "m1 :o1 ow+ to h] husb&'s frequ5t abs5ce at sea & 8 weak] "*1 _h ! pr9cipal %>e 9 ! boy's e>li] tra9+4 ,j5k9 0 =tunate 9 hav+ an excell5t education4 ,8 "m took him to ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 :]e1 *iefly at ,b>j>g1 %e taught him draw+ among o!r ?+s1 & all[$ him to ride 8 pony on ! moors4 ,he w5t to s*ool at ,j$burgh1 & aft]w>ds to ! ,ed9burgh ,academy1 :]e he c>ri$ (f _m prizes4 ,among 8 s*oolfell[s 7 ,cl]k ,maxwell & ,pet] ,gu?rie ,tait1 ! fri5ds ( 8 matur] life4 ,on ! retirem5t ( 8 fa!r ! family remov$ to ,frank=t 9 #ahdg1 p>tly f motives ( economy & p>tly = ! boy's in/ruction4 ,"h ,fleem+ & 8 fa!r sp5t a pleasant "t toge!r1 sket*+ old ca/les1 & obs]v+ ! cu/oms ( ! peasantry4 ,fleem+ 0 precoci\s1 & at ?irte5 _h f9i%$ a romance ( ?ree hundr$ l9es 9 h]oic measure1 a ,scot* novel1 & innum]able poetical fragm5ts1 none ( :i* are n[ extant4 ,he le>n$ ,g]man 9 ,frank=t2 & on ! family migrat+ to ,p>is ! foll[+ ye>1 he /udi$ ,fr5* & ma!matics "u a c]ta9 ,m4 ,deluc4 ,:ile "h1 ,fleem+ witness$ ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution ( #ahdh1 & he>d ! fir/ %ot4 ,9 a lett] writt5 to an old s*oolfell[ :ile ! s\nd /ill rang 9 8 e>s1 & 8 h& trembl$ ) excitem5t1 he gives a boyi% acc\nt ( ! circum/ances4 ,! family 7 liv+ 9 ! ,rue ,caum>t91 & on ! ev5+ ( ,febru>y #bc he & 8 fa!r 7 tak+ a walk along ! b\lev>ds1 :i* 7 illum9at$ = joy at ! resignation ( ,m4 ,guizot4 ,!y pass$ ! resid5ce ( ! ,=eign ,m9i/]1 :i* 0 gu>d$ ) troops1 & fur!r on enc\nt]$ a b& ( riot]s m>*+ along ! /reet ) tor*es1 & s++ ! ,m>seillaise4 ,aft] !m came a rabble ( m5 & wom5 ( all sorts1 ri* & poor1 "s ( !m arm$ ) /icks & sabres4 ,!y turn$ back ) ^!1 ! boy delight$ ) ! spectacle1 ',i rem>k$ to papa' 7he writes71',i w\ld n h miss$ ! sc5e = any?+4 ,i might nev] see su* a spl5did "o2 :5 ,,pong w5t "o %ot4 ,e face w5t pale3 ,r--,r--,r--,r--,r w5t ! :ole deta*m5t ( troops1 & ! :ole cr[d ( g5tlem5 & ladies turn$ & cut4 ,su* a sc5e6---ladies1 g5tlem51 & vagabonds w5t sprawl+ 9 ! mud1 n %ot b tripp$ up1 & ^? t w5t d[n c\ld n rise--!y 7 trampl$ ov]4444 ,i ran a %ort "t /raight on & did n fall1 !n turn$ d[n a side /reet1 ran fifty y>ds1 & felt tol]ably safe2 look$ = papa2 did n see him2 s walk$ on quickly1 giv+ ! news z ,i w5t4' ,next day1 :ile ) 8 fa!r 9 ! ,place de la ,concorde1 :i* 0 fill$ ) troops1 ! gates ( ! ,tuil]ies ,g>d5 7 sudd5ly flung op51 & out gallop$ a troop ( cuirassi]s1 9 ! mid/ ( :om 0 an op5 c>riage conta9+ ! k+ & que51 :o _h abdicat$4 ,!n came ! sack+ ( ! ,tuil]ies1 ! p m\nt+ a cannon on ! ro(1 & fir+ blank c>tridges to te/ify _! joy4 ',x 0 a sight to see a palace sack$' 7wrote ! boy71 '& arm$ vagabonds fir+ out ( ! w9d[s1 & ?r[+ %irts1 pap]s1 & dresses ( all k9ds out4444 ,!y are n rogues1 ! ,fr5*2 !y are n /eal+1 burn+1 or do+ mu* h>m4' ,,memoir ,,( ,,fleem+ ,,j5k91 by ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son4 ,! ,revolution oblig$ ! ,j5k9s to leave ,p>is1 & !y proce$$ to ,g5oa1 :]e !y exp]i5c$ ano!r1 & ,mrs4 ,j5k91 ) h] son & si/]-9-law1 _h to seek ! protection ( a ,briti% vessel 9 ! h>b\r1 leav+ _! h\se /or$ ) ! prop]ty ( _! fri5ds1 & gu>d$ by ! ,union ,jack & ,capta9 ,j5k94 ,at ,g5oa1 ,fleem+ att5d$ ! ,univ]sity1 & 0 its fir/ ,prote/ant /ud5t4 ,pr(essor ,bancal>i 0 ! pr(essor ( natural philosophy1 & lectur$ on electro-magnetism1 8 physical laboratory be+ ! be/ 9 ,italy4 ,j5k9 took ! degree ( ,m4,a4 ) fir/-class hon\rs1 8 special subject hav+ be5 electro-magnetism4 ,! que/ions 9 ! exam9ations 7 put 9 ,lat91 & answ]$ 9 ,italian4 ,fleem+ also att5d$ an ,art s*ool 9 ! city1 & ga9$ a silv] m$al = a draw+ f "o ( ,raphael's c>toons4 ,8 holidays 7 sp5t 9 sket*+1 & 8 ev5+s 9 le>n+ to play ! piano2 or1 :5 p]missible1 at ! !atre or op]a-h\se2 = ev] s9ce he>+ ,ra*el recite ! ,m>seillaise at ! ,!atre ,francaise1 he _h conceiv$ a ta/e = act+4 ,9 #ahej ,fleem+ sp5t "s "t 9 a ,g5oese locomotive %op "u ,mr4 ,philip ,taylor1 ( ,m>seilles2 b on ! dea? ( 8 ,aunt ,anna1 :o liv$ ) !m1 ,capta9 ,j5k9 took 8 family to ,engl&1 & settl$ 9 ,man*e/]1 :]e ! lad1 9 #ahea1 0 appr5tic$ to me*anical eng9e]+ at ! works ( ,messrs4 ,fairbairn1 & f half-pa/ eight 9 ! morn+ till six at night _h1 z he says1 'to file & *ip vigor\sly1 9 a molesk9 suit1 & inf]nally dirty4' ,at home he pursu$ 8 /udies1 & 0 = a "t engag$ ) ,dr4 ,bell 9 work+ out a geometrical me?od ( arriv+ at ! proportions ( ,greek ar*itecture4 ,8 /ay amid/ ! smoke & bu/le ( ,man*e/]1 ?\gh 9 /rik+ contra/ to 8 life 9 ,g5oa1 0 on ! :ole agreeable4 ,he lik$ 8 "w1 _h ! good spirits ( y\?1 & made "s pleasant fri5ds1 "o ( !m ! au?oress1 ,mrs4 ,gaskell4 ,ev5 z a boy he 0 disputati\s1 & 8 "m tells ( 8 hav+ ov]come a ,consul at ,g5oa 9 a political discussion :5 he 0 only sixte51 'simply f be+ well-in=m$ on ! subject1 & hone/4 ,he is z true z /eel1' %e writes1 '& = no "o w he b5d "r or left444 ,d n fancy him a ,bobadil2 he is only a v true1 c&id boy4 ,i am s glad he rema9s 9 all respects b in=mation a great *ild4' ,on leav+ ,fairbairn's he 0 engag$ = a "t on a survey = ! propos$ ,lukmani] ,railway1 9 ,switz]l&1 & 9 #ahef he ent]$ ! eng9e]+ works ( ,mr4 ,p5n1 at ,gre5wi*1 z a draughtsman1 & 0 occupi$ on ! plans ( a vessel design$ = ! ,crimean w>4 ,he did n c>e = 8 b]?1 & compla9$ ( its late h\rs1 8 r\gh comrades1 ) :om he _h to be 'z little l himself z possible1' & 8 humble lodg+s1 'across a dirty gre5 & ?r\gh "s half-built /reets ( two-/ori$ h\ses4444 ,luckily1' he adds1 ',i am fond ( my pr(ession1 or ,i c\ld n /& ?is life4' ,!re 0 probably no real h>d%ip 9 8 pres5t situation1 & ?\s&s ( "y eng9e]s g ?r\gh ! l exp]i5ce at ! outset ( _! c>e] )\t a murmur1' & ev5 ) enjoym5t2 b ,j5k9 _h be5 8 "m's pet until !n1 ) a girl's delicate tra9+1 & probably felt ! *ange f home m ke5ly on t acc\nt4 ,at night he read eng9e]+ & ma!matics1 or ,c>lyle & ! poets1 & *e]$ 8 droop+ spirits ) frequ5t trips to ,london to see 8 "m4 ,ano!r social pleasure 0 8 visits to ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,au/91 a b>ri/]1 :o became p]man5t secret>y to ,h] ,maje/y's ,(fice ( ,works & ,public ,build+s1 & retir$ 9 #ahfh ) ! title ( ,c4,b4 ,8 wife1 ,eliza ,b>ron1 0 ! y\nge/ daught] ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,b>ron1 a g5tleman ( ,norwi*1 ! son ( a ri* saddl]1 or lea!r-sell]1 9 ! ,bor\gh1 :o1 :5 a *ild1 _h be5 patt$ on ! head1 9 8 fa!r's %op1 by ,dr4 ,johnson1 :ile canvass+ = ,mr4 ,?rale4 ,j5k9 _h be5 introduc$ to ! ,au/9s by a lett] f ,mrs4 ,gaskell1 & 0 *>m$ ) ! atmosph]e ( _! *oice home1 :]e intellectual conv]sation 0 happily unit$ ) k9d & c\rte\s mann]s1 )\t any pret5ce or affectation4 ',ea* ( ! ,au/9s1' says ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 9 8 memoir ( ,j5k91 to :i* we are mu* indebt$1 '0 full ( high spirits2 ea* practis$ some?+ ( ! same repression2 no %>p ^w 0 utt]$ 9 ! h\se4 ,! same po9t ( hon\r rul$ !m3 a gue/ 0 sacr$1 & /ood )9 ! pale f criticism4' ,9 %ort1 ! ,au/9s 7 truly hospitable & cultur$1 n m]ely s 9 =m & appe>ance4 ,x 0 a r>e privilege & pres]vative = a solit>y "y man 9 ,j5k9's position to h ! entry into su* elevat+ society1 & he appreciat$ 8 good =tune4 ,annie ,au/91 _! only *ild1 _h be5 highly educat$1 & knew ,greek among o!r ?+s4 ,?\gh ,j5k9 lov$ & admir$ h] p>5ts1 he did n at fir/ c>e = ,annie1 :o1 on h] "p1 ?\ght him va91 & by no means good-look+4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son h9ts t %e vanqui%$ 8 /ubborn he>t by correct+ a 'false quantity' ( 8 "o day1 = he 0 ! man to reflect ov] a correction1 & 'admire ! ca/igator4' ,be ?is z x may1 ,j5k9 by degrees fell deeply 9 love ) h]4 ,he 0 poor & nameless1 & ?is made him diffid5t2 b ! lik+ ( h] p>5ts = him gave him hope4 ,moreov]1 he _h ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,messrs4 ,liddell & ,gordon1 :o 7 engag$ 9 ! new "w ( subm>9e telegraphy1 :i* satisfi$ 8 aspirations1 & promis$ him a successful c>e]4 ,) ?is new-born confid5ce 9 8 future1 he solicit$ ! ,au/9s = leave to c\rt _! daught]1 & x 0 n )held4 ,mrs4 ,au/9 cons5t$ freely1 & ,mr4 ,au/9 only res]v$ ! "r to inquire into 8 "*4 ,nei!r ( !m m5tion$ 8 income or prospects1 & ,j5k91 ov]come by _! dis9t]e/$ness1 exclaim$ 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 ',are ^! p ! same z o!r p8' ,?us p]mitt$1 he address$ himself to ,annie1 & 0 ne>ly reject$ = 8 pa9s4 ,miss ,au/9 seems to h res5t$ 8 c\rt%ip ( h] p>5ts fir/2 b ! "m's fav\r1 & 8 own spirit$ behavi\r1 sav$ him1 & won h] cons5t4 ,!n foll[$ "o ( ! happie/ epo*s 9 ,j5k9's life4 ,aft] leav+ ,p5n's he work$ at railway eng9e]+ = a "t "u ,messrs4 ,liddell & ,gordon2 &1 9 #aheg1 became eng9e] to ,messrs4 ,r4 ,s4 ,newall ,co41 ( ,gate%ead1 :o %>$ ! "w ( mak+ ! fir/ ,atlantic cable ) ,messrs4 ,glass1 ,elliott ,co41 ( ,gre5wi*4 ,j5k9 0 busy design+ & fitt+ up ma*9]y = cable%ips1 & mak+ electrical exp]im5ts4 ',i am half crazy ) "w1' he wrote to 8 betro!d2 ',i l x ?\gh3 x's l a good ball1 ! excitem5t c>ries y ?r\gh4' ,aga9 he wrote1 ',my pr(ession gives me all ! excitem5t & int]e/ ,i ev] hope =4'444 ',i am at ! works till t51 & sometimes till elev54 ,b ,i h a nice (fice to sit 91 ) a fire to myself1 & bright brass sci5tific in/rum5ts all r\nd me1 & books to read1 & exp]im5ts to make1 & enjoy myself amaz+ly4 ,i f9d ! /udy ( electricity s ent]ta9+ t ,i am apt to neglect my o!r "w4'444 ',:at %all ,i comp>e !m to1' he writes ( "s electrical exp]im5ts1 'a new song8 or a ,greek play8' ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahee he 0 fitt+ out ! s4s4 ,elba1 at ,birk5head1 = 8 fir/ telegraph cruise4 ,x appe>s t 9 #ahee ,mr4 ,h5ry ,brett attempt$ to lay a cable across ! ,m$it]ranean betwe5 ,cape ,sp>tiv5to1 9 ! s\? ( ,s>d9ia1 & a po9t ne> ,bona1 on ! coa/ ( ,alg]ia4 ,x 0 a gutta-p]*a cable ( six wires or conductors1 & manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,glass ,elliott1 ( ,gre5wi*--a firm :i* aft]w>ds comb9$ ) ! ,gutta-,p]*a ,company1 & became ! exi/+ ,telegraph ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ,company4 ,mr4 ,brett laid ! cable f ! ,result1 a sail+ %ip 9 t[1 in/ead ( a m manageable /eam]2 &1 meet+ ) #fjj fa?oms ( wat] :5 tw5ty-five miles f l&1 ! cable ran out s fa/ t a tangl$ ske9 came up out ( ! hold1 & ! l9e _h to be sev]$4 ,hav+ only #aej miles on bo>d to span ! :ole di/ance ( #adj miles1 he grappl$ ! lo/ cable ne> ! %ore1 rais$ x1 & '"u-run' or pass$ x ov] ! %ip1 = "s tw5ty miles1 !n cut x1 leav+ ! seaw>d end on ! bottom4 ,he !n splic$ ! %ip's cable to ! %orew>d end & resum$ 8 pay+-out2 b aft] sev5ty miles 9 all 7 laid1 ano!r rapid ru% ( cable took place1 & ,mr4 ,brett 0 oblig$ to cut & ab&on ! l9e4 ,ano!r attempt 0 made ! foll[+ ye>1 b ) no bett] success4 ,mr4 ,brett !n tri$ to lay a ?ree-wire cable f ! /eam] ,dut*man1 b ow+ to ! deep wat]--9 "s places #aejj fa?oms--its egress 0 s rapid1 t :5 he came to a few miles f ,galita1 8 de/9ation on ! ,alg]ian coa/1 he _h n en\gh cable to rea* ! l&4 ,he !re=e telegraph$ to ,london = m cable to be made & s5t out1 :ile ! %ip rema9$ !re hold+ to ! end4 ,= five days he succe$$ 9 do+ s1 s5d+ & receiv+ messages2 b heavy wea!r came on1 & ! cable p>t$1 hav+1 x is said1 be5 *af$ ?r\gh by rubb+ on ! bottom4 ,aft] t ,mr4 ,brett w5t home4 ,x 0 to recov] ! lo/ cable ( ^! exp$itions t ! ,elba 0 got ready = sea4 ,j5k9 _h fitt$ h] out ! ye> be=e = lay+ ! ,cagli>i to ,malta & ,corfu cables2 b on ?is occasion %e 0 bett] equipp$4 ,%e _h a new ma*9e = pick+ up ! cable1 & a %eave or pulley at ! b[s = x to run ov]1 bo? design$ by ,j5k91 toge!r ) a v>iety ( wood5 buoys1 ropes1 & *a9s4 ,mr4 ,liddell1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,webb & ,fleem+ ,j5k91 7 9 *>ge ( ! exp$ition4 ,! latt] _h no?+ to d ) ! electrical "w1 8 c>e be+ ! deck ma*9]y = rais+ ! cable2 b x entail$ a good deal ( responsibility1 :i* 0 flatt]+ & agreeable to a "y man ( 8 p>ts4 ',i own ,i l responsibility1' he wrote to ,miss ,au/91 :ile fitt+ up ! vessel2 'x flatt]s "o2 & !n1 y\r fa!r might say1 ,i h m to ga9 ?an lose4 ,moreov]1 ,i d l ?is bloodless1 pa9less combat ) wood & iron1 =c+ ! /ubborn rascals to d my w1 lick+ ! clumsy cubs into an active %ape1 see+ ! *ild ( to-day's ?\ght work+ to-morr[ 9 full vig\r at 8 appo9t$ task4' ,ano!r lett]1 dat$ ,may #ag1 gives a picture ( ! />t4 ',n a sailor w jo9 u till ! la/ mom5t2 & !n1 j z ! %ip =ges ahead ?r\gh ! n>r[ pass1 b$s & baggage fly on bo>d1 ! m51 half tipsy1 clut* at ! rigg+1 ! capta9 swe>s1 ! wom5 scream & sob1 ! cr[d *e] & laugh1 :ile "o or two pretty little girls /& /ill & cry outright1 reg>dless ( all eyes4' ,! ,elba arriv$ at ,bona on ,june #c1 & ,j5k9 l&$ at ,=t ,g5ova1 on ,cape ,hamrah1 :]e "s ,arabs 7 build+ a l& l9e4 ',x 0 a /range sc5e1' he writes1 'f> m novel ?an ,i _h imag9$2 ! high1 /eep bank cov]$ ) ri*1 spicy vegetation1 ( :i* ,i h>dly knew "o plant4 ,! dw>f palm1 ) fan-l leaves1 gr[+ ab\t two feet high1 =ms ! /aple v]dure4' ,aft] d9+ 9 ,=t ,g5ova1 he _h no?+ to d b wat* ! sailors ord]+ ! ,arabs ab\t "u ! 'g5]ic t]m ,johnny4' ,he began to tire ( ! sc5e1 al?\gh1 z he confesses1 he _h will+ly paid m money = less /range & lovely sights4 ,j5k9 0 n a dream]2 he dislik$ be+ idle1 & if he _h _h a p5cil he w\ld h amus$ himself 9 sket*+ :at he saw4 ,t 8 eyes 7 busy is evid5t f ! p>ticul>s giv5 9 8 lett]1 :]e he notes ! yell[ ?i/les & ',scot*-look+ g[ans' :i* gr[ !re1 along ) ! ci/us & ! fig-tree4 ,!y left ,bona on ,june #e1 &1 aft] call+ at ,cagli>i & ,*ia1 arriv$ at ,cape ,sp>tiv5to on ! morn+ ( ,june #h4 ,! coa/ "h is a l[ range ( hea?y hills1 ) brilliant gre5 bu%es & m>%y pools4 ,mr4 ,webb rem>ks t its reputation = fev] 0 s bad z to cause ,italian m5-(-w> to %e] (f 9 pass+ by4 ,j5k9 suff]$ a little f mal>ia1 b ( a diff]5t orig94 ',a numb] ( ! ,,saturday ,,review "h1' he writes2 'x reads s hot & fev]i%1 s tomb-l & unheal?y1 9 ! mid/ ( de> ,nature's hills & sea1 ) good :olesome "w to d4' ,!re 7 sev]al pieces ( subm]g$ cable to lift1 two ) _! ends on %ore1 & "o or two ly+ out at sea4 ,next day op]ations 7 begun on ! %ore end1 :i* _h become buri$ "u ! s&1 & c\ld n be rais$ )\t grappl+4 ,aft] attempts to free ! cable f ! s& 9 small boats1 ! ,elba came up to help1 & an*or$ 9 %all[ wat] ab\t sunset4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! an*or happ5$ to hook1 & s discov] ! cable1 :i* 0 !reupon grappl$1 cut1 & ! sea end br\ght on bo>d ov] ! b[ %eave4 ,aft] be+ pass$ six times r\nd ! pick+-up drum x 0 l$ into ! hold1 & ! ,elba sl[ly =g$ ahead1 haul+ 9 ! cable f ! bottom z %e proce$$4 ,at half-pa/ n9e %e an*or$ = ! night "s di/ance f ! %ore1 & at ?ree next morn+ resum$ h] pick+ up4 ',) a small delay = "o or two improvem5ts ,i _h se5 to be necess>y la/ night1' writes ,j5k91 '! eng9e />t$1 & s9ce t "t ,i d n ?9k !re has be5 half an h\r's /oppage4 ,a rope to splice1 a block to *ange1 a :eel to oil1 an old ru/$ an*or to dis5gage f ! cable1 :i* br\ght x up--^! h be5 our only ob/ructions4 ,sixty1 sev5ty1 eighty1 a hundr$1 a hundr$ & tw5ty revolutions at la/ my little eng9e te>s away4 ,! ev5 black rope comes /raight out ( ! blue1 heav+ wat]1 passes sl[ly r\nd an op5-he>t$1 good-temp]$-look+ pulley1 five feet 9 diamet]1 aft pa/ a vici\s nipp]1 to br+ all up %\ld any?+ g wrong1 ?r\gh a g5tle guide on to a huge bluff drum1 :o wraps him r\nd 8 body1 & says1 ,come y mu/1 z pla9 z drum c speak2 ! *att]+ pauls say1 ,i've got him1 ,i've got him2 he c't come back1 :il/ black cable1 mu* slack] & easi] 9 m9d & body1 is tak5 by a slim ,v-pulley & pass$ d[n into ! huge hold1 :]e half a doz5 m5 put him com=tably to b$ aft] 8 ex]tion 9 ris+ f 8 long ba?4 ',i am v glad ,i am "h1 = my ma*9es are my own *ildr51 & ,i look on _! little fail+s ) a p>5t's eye1 & lead !m into ! pa? ( duty ) g5tl5ess & firmness4 ,i am naturally 9 good spirits1 b keep v quiet1 = mis=tunes may arise at any in/ant2 moreov]1 to-morr[ my pay+-out app>atus w be want$ %\ld all g well1 & t w be ano!r n]v\s op]ation4 ,fifte5 miles are safely 91 b no "o kn[s bett] ?an ,i d t no?+ is done till all is done4' ,,june #aa4--';,x w\ld amuse y to see h[ cool 79 head7 & jolly ev]ybody is4 ,a te/y ^w n[ & !n %[s ! n]ves are /ra9$ a little1 b e "o laughs & makes 8 little jokes z if x 7 all 9 fun4444,i enjoy x v mu*4' ,,june #ac1 ,,sunday4--',x n[ 7at #aj4cj7 bl[s a pretty /iff gale1 & ! sea has also ris51 & ! ,elba's b[s rise & fall ab\t n9e feet4 ,we make twelve pit*es to ! m9ute1 & ! poor cable mu/ feel v sea-sick by ?is "t4 ,we are q unable to d any?+1 & cont9ue rid+ at an*or 9 "o ?\s& fa?oms1 ! eng9es go+ con/antly1 s z to keep ! %ip's b[s close up to ! cable1 :i* by ?is means hangs ne>ly v]tical1 & su/a9s no /ra9 b t caus$ by its own weight & ! pit*+ ( ! vessel4 ,we 7 all up at f\r1 b ! wea!r entirely =bade "w = to-day2 s "s w5t to b$1 & mo/ lay d[n1 mak+ up our lee-way1 z we nautically t]m our loss ( sleep4 ,i mu/ say ,liddell is a f9e fell[1 & keeps 8 pati5ce & 8 temp] wond]fully2 & yet h[ he does fret & fume ab\t trifles at home6' ,,june #af4--';,by "s odd *ance a ,,times ( ,june #g has f\nd its way on bo>d ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a wret*$ old peasant :o wat*es ! end ( ! l9e "h4 ,a long acc\nt ( breakages 9 ! ,atlantic trial trip4 ,to-night we grapple = ! heavy cable1 eight tons to ! mile4 ,i long to h a tug at him2 he may puzzle me2 & ?\gh mis=tunes1 or r difficulties1 are a bore at ! "t1 life1 :5 work+ ) cables1 is tame )\t !m4--#b p4m4 ,hurrah6 he is hook$--! big fell[--almo/ at ! fir/ ca/4 ,he hangs "u our b[s1 look+ s huge & impos+ t ,i c\ld f9d x 9 my he>t to be afraid ( him4' ,,june #ag4--',we w5t to a little bay call$ ,*ia1 :]e a fre%-wat] /ream falls into ! sea1 & took 9 wat]4 ,?is is r a long op]ation1 s ,i w5t up ! valley ) ,mr4 ,liddell4 ,! coa/ "h consi/s ( rocky m\nta9s #hjj to #ajjj feet high1 cov]$ ) %rubs ( a brilliant gre54 ,on l&+1 our fir/ amusem5t 0 wat*+ ! hundr$s ( l>ge fi% :o lazily swam 9 %oals ab\t ! riv]4 ,! big canes on ! fur!r side hold numb]less tortoises1 we are told1 b see none1 = j n[ !y pref] tak+ a sie/a4 ,a little fur!r on1 & :at is ?is ) l>ge p9k fl[]s 9 su* abundance8--! ole&] 9 full fl[]6 ,at fir/ ,i fe> to pluck !m1 ?9k+ !y mu/ be cultivat$ & valuable2 b soon ! banks %[ a long l9e ( ?ick tall %rubs1 "o mass ( glori\s p9k & gre51 set !re 9 a little valley1 ^: rocks gleam out blue & purple col\rs1 su* z pre-,raphaelites only d>e attempt1 %9+ out h>d & weird-l among/ ! clumps ( ca/or-oil plants1 ci/us1 arbor-vitae1 & _m o!r ev]gre5s1 ^: names1 alas6 ,i "k n2 ! ci/us is br[n n[1 ! re/ all deep & brilliant gre54 ,l>ge h]ds ( cattle br[se on ! bak$ deposit at ! foot ( ^! l>ge crags4 ,"o or two half-savage h]dsm5 9 %eepsk9 kilts1 etc41 ask = cig>s2 p>tridges :irr up on ei!r side ( u2 pigeons coo & night+ales s+ among/ ! bloom+ ole&]4 ,we get six %eep1 & _m f[ls too1 f ! prie/ ( ! small village1 & !n run back to ,sp>tiv5to & make prep>ations = ! morn+4' ,,june #ah4--',! %ort l5g? 7( ! big-cable7 we h pick$ up 0 cov]$ at places ) beautiful sprays ( coral1 twi/$ & tw9$ ) %ells ( ^? small fairy animals we saw 9 ! aqu>ium at home4 ,poor little ?+s6 !y di$ at once1 ) _! little bells & delicate bright t9ts4' ,,june #ai4--';,h\r aft] h\r ,i /& on ! =e-ca/le-head pick+ (f little specim5s ( polypi & coral1 or lie on ! saloon deck read+ back numb]s ( ! ,,times1 till some?+ hit*es1 & !n all is hurly-burly once m4 ,!re are awn+s all along ! %ip1 & a mo/ anci5t & fi%-l smell 7f ! decay+ polypi7 b5ea?4' ,,june #bb4--',ye/]day ! cable 0 (t5 a lovely sight1 com+ out ( ! wat] "o l>ge incru/ation ( delicate net-l corals & long :ite curl+ %ells4 ,no portion ( ! dirty black wire 0 visible2 in/ead we _h a g>l& ( s(t p9k1 ) little sc>let sprays & :ite enamel int]mix$4 ,all 0 fragile1 h[ev]1 & c\ld h>dly be secur$ 9 safety2 & inexorable iron cru%$ ! t5d] leaves to atoms4' ,,june #bd4--',! :ole day sp5t 9 dr$g+1 )\t success4 ,?is op]ation consi/s 9 all[+ ! %ip to drift sl[ly across ! l9e :]e y expect ! cable to be1 :ile at ! end ( a long rope1 fa/ ei!r to ! b[ or /]n1 a grapnel drags along ! gr\nd4 ,! grapnel is a small an*or1 made l f\r pot-hooks ti$ back to back4 ,:5 ! rope gets taut ! %ip is /opp$ & ! grapnel haul$ up to ! surface 9 ! hopes ( f9d+ ! cable on its prongs4 ,i am mu* discont5t$ ) myself = idly l\ng+ ab\t & read+ ,,we/w>d ,,ho6 = ! second "t in/ead ( tak+ to electricity or pick+ up nautical in=mation4' ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! "w mu* ( ! cable 0 f\nd to be loop$ & twi/$ into 'k9ks' f hav+ be5 s slackly laid1 & two imm5se tangl$ ske9s 7 rais$ on bo>d1 "o by means ( ! ma/-head & =e-y>d tackle4 ,photographs ( ?is ravell$ cable 7 = a long "t exhibit$ z a curiosity 9 ! w9d[s ( ,messrs4 ,newall ,co's4 %op 9 ! ,/r&1 :]e we rememb] to h se5 !m4 ,by ,july #e ! :ole ( ! six-wire cable _h be5 recov]$1 & a portion ( ! ?ree-wire cable1 ! re/ be+ ab&on$ z unfit = use1 ow+ to its twi/$ condition4 ,_! "w 0 ov]1 b an un=tunate accid5t m>r$ its conclusion4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bnd ! fir/ mate1 :ile on ! wat] un%ackl+ a buoy1 0 /ruck 9 ! back by a fluke ( ! %ip's an*or z %e drift$1 & s sev]ely injur$ t he lay = _m weeks at ,cagli>i4 ,j5k9's k ( languages made him useful z an int]pret]2 b 9 m5tion+ ?is incid5t to ,miss ,au/91 he writes1 ',= no =tune w\ld ,i be a doctor to witness ^! sc5es cont9ually4 ,pa9 is a t]rible ?+4' ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahei he made ! acqua9tance ( ,sir ,william ,?omson1 8 future fri5d & p>tn]4 ,mr4 ,lewis ,gordon1 ( ,messrs4 ,r4 ,s4 ,newall ,co41 aft]w>ds ! e>lie/ pr(essor ( eng9e]+ 9 a ,briti% ,univ]sity1 0 !n 9 ,glasg[ see+ ,sir ,william's in/rum5ts = te/+ & signall+ on ! fir/ ,atlantic cable dur+ ! six weeks ( its work+4 ,mr4 ,gordon said he %\ld l to %[ !m to 'a "y man ( rem>kable ability1' engag$ at _! ,birk5head ,works1 & ,j5k91 be+ telegraph$ =1 arriv$ next morn+1 & sp5t a week 9 ,glasg[1 mo/ly 9 ,sir ,william's class-room & laboratory at ! old college4 ,sir ,william tells u t he 0 /ruck n only ) ,j5k9's brightness & ability1 b ) 8 resolution to und]/& ev]y?+ spok5 (2 to see1 if possible1 ?or\ghly into e difficult "q1 & to slur ov] no?+4 ',i soon f\nd1' he rem>ks1 't ?or\ghness ( hone/y 0 z /rongly engra9$ 9 ! sci5tific z 9 ! moral side ( 8 "*4' ,_! talk 0 *iefly on ! electric telegraph2 b ,j5k9 0 eag]1 too1 on ! subject ( physics4 ,aft] /ay+ a week he return$ to ! factory2 b he began exp]im5ts1 & correspond$ briskly ) ,sir ,william ab\t cable "w4 ,t great electrician1 inde$1 seems to h infect$ 8 visitor dur+ _! brief contact ) ! magnetic =ce ( 8 p]sonality & en?usiasm4 ,! ye> 0 propiti\s1 &1 9 addition to ?is fri5d1 ,=tune ab\t ! same "t be/[$ a /ill bett] gift on ,j5k94 ,on ,saturday1 ,febru>y #bf1 dur+ a f\r days' leave1 he 0 m>ri$ to ,miss ,au/9 at ,nor?iam1 return+ to 8 "w ! foll[+ ,tuesday4 ,?is 0 ! great ev5t ( 8 life2 he 0 /rongly atta*$ to 8 wife1 & 8 lett]s reveal a w>m? ( affection1 a *ivalry ( s5tim5t1 & ev5 a romance ( expression1 :i* a casual obs]v] w\ld nev] h suspect$ 9 him4 ,j5k9 seem$ to ! outside _w a man )\t a he>t1 & yet we f9d him say+ 9 ! ye> #ahfi1 ',p may write novels1 & o!r p may write poems1 b n a man or woman among !m c say h[ happy a man c be :o is desp]ately 9 love ) 8 wife aft] t5 ye>s ( m>riage4' ,five weeks be=e 8 dea? he wrote to h]1 ',y\r fir/ lett] f ,b\rnem\? gives me heav5ly pleasure--= :i* ,i ?ank ,heav5 & y1 too1 :o are my heav5 on e>?4' ,dur+ ! summ] he enjoy$ ano!r telegraph cruise 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 a sea :i* = its classical memories1 its lovely climate1 & div]sifi$ sc5es1 is by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! _w4 ,?is "t ! ,elba 0 to lay a cable f ! ,greek isl&s ( ,syra & ,c&ia to ,egypt4 ,cable-lay+ is a pleasant mode ( travel4 ,_m ( ^? on bo>d ! %ip are fri5ds & comrades 9 =m] exp$itions1 & all are engag$ 9 ! same v5ture4 ,"s h se5 a good deal ( ! _w1 bo? 9 & out ( ! beat5 track2 !y h curi\s 'y>ns to sp91' & useful h9ts or scraps ( worldly wisdom to be/[4 ,! voyage out is l a holiday excursion1 = x is only ! lay+ t is ardu\s1 & ev5 t is light5$ by excitem5t4 ,glimpses are got ( hide-away spots1 :]e ! cable is l&$1 p]haps4 on ! v]ge ( ! primeval =e/ or ne> ! port ( a mod]n city1 or by ! site ( "s ru9$ monum5t ( ! pa/4 ,! v magic ( ! craft & its b5efit to ! _w are a s\rce ( pleasure to ! eng9e]1 :o is g5]ally made mu* ( 9 ! di/ant p>ts he has come to jo94 ,no d\bt !re are h>d%ips to be borne1 sea-sickness1 brok5 re/1 & anxiety ab\t ! "w--= cables are apt sudd5ly to fail1 & ! ocean is trea*]\s2 b ) all its drawbacks ?is happy mixture ( *ang+ travel & pr(itable lab\r is v attractive1 especially to a "y man4 ,! foll[+ extracts f lett]s to 8 wife w illu/rate ! nature ( ! "w1 & also give an idea ( ,j5k9's cle> & graphic /yle ( correspond5ce3--,may #ad4--',syra is semi-ea/]n4 ,! pavem5t1 huge %apeless blocks slop+ to a c5tral gutt]2 f ?is base two-/orey$ h\ses1 sometimes pla/]1 _m-col\r$1 sometimes r\gh-hewn m>ble1 rise1 dirty & ill-f9i%$1 to /raight1 pla91 flat ro(s2 %ops guiltless ( w9d[s1 ) signs 9 ,greek lett]s2 dogs1 ,greeks 9 blue1 baggy1 ,z\ave bree*es & a fez1 a few n>ghilehs1 & a spr9kl+ ( ! ord9>y cont95tal %op-boys4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,i tri$ "o m walk 9 ,syra ) ,a----1 b 9 va9 endeav\r$ to amuse myself or to sp5d money1 ! fir/ ef=t result+ 9 s++ ,,doodah to a pass+ ,greek or two1 ! second 9 sp5d+--no1 9 mak+ ,a---- sp5d--?reep5ce on c(fee = ?ree4' ,canea ,bay1 9 ,c&ia 7or ,crete71 :i* !y rea*$ on ,may #af1 appe>$ to ,j5k9 "o ( ! lovelie/ sights t man c\ld witness4 ,may #bc4--';,i sp5t ! day at ! little /ation :]e ! cable 0 l&$1 :i* has app>5tly be5 fir/ a ,v5etian mona/]y & !n a ,turki% mosque4 ,at any rate ! big dome is v cool1 & ! little ones hold batt]ies capitally4 ,a h&some "y ,ba%i-,baz\k gu>ds x1 & a /ill h&som] m\nta9e] is ! s]vant2 s ,i draw !m & ! mona/]y & ! hill till ,i'm black 9 ! face ) heat1 & come on bo>d to he> ! ,canea cable is /ill bad4' ,may #bc4--',we arriv$ 9 ! morn+ at ! ea/ end ( ,c&ia1 & _h a glori\s scramble ov] ! m\nta9s1 :i* seem built ( adamant4 ,"t has worn away ! s(t] portions ( ! rock1 only leav+ %>p1 jagg$ edges ( /eel2 sea eagles so>+ above our heads--old tanks1 ru9s1 & desolation at our feet4 ,! anci5t ,ars9oe /ood "h3 a few blocks ( m>ble ) ! cross atte/ ! pres5ce ( ,v5etian ,*ri/ians2 b n[--! desolation ( desolations4 ,mr4 ,liddell & ,i sep>at$ f ! re/1 & :5 we _h f\nd a sure bay = ! cable1 _h a trem5d\s lively scramble back to ! boat4 ,^! are ! bits ( our life :i* ,i enjoy2 :i* h "s poetry1 "s gr&eur 9 !m4 ,may #bi4-',ye/]day we ran r\nd to ! new h>b\r 7( ,alex&ria71 l&$ ! %ore end ( ! cable close to ,cleopatra's ,ba?1 & made a v satisfactory />t ab\t "o 9 ! aft]noon4 ,we _h sc>cely gone #bjj y>ds :5 ,i notic$ t ! cable ceas$ to run out1 & ,i wond]$ :y ! %ip _h /opp$4' ,! ,elba _h run h] nose on a s&bank4 ,aft] try+ to =ce h] ov] x1 an an*or 0 put out a/]n & ! rope w\nd by a /eam w9*1 :ile ! eng9es 7 back$2 b all 9 va94 ,at l5g? a small ,turki% /eam]1 ! consort ( ! ,elba1 came to h] assi/ance1 & by means ( a haws] help$ to tug h] (f3 ,! pilot aga9 ran h] agr\nd soon aft]1 b %e 0 deliv]$ by ! same means )\t mu* damage4 ,:5 two-?irds ( ?is cable 0 laid ! l9e snapp$ 9 deep wat]1 & _h to be recov]$4 ,on ,saturday1 ,june #d1 !y arriv$ at ,syra1 :]e !y _h to p]=m f\r days' qu>ant9e1 dur+ :i*1 h[ev]1 !y />t$ repair+ ! ,canea cable4 ,bad wea!r com+ on1 !y took %elt] 9 ,siphano1 ( :i* ,j5k9 writes3 ',^! isles ( ,greece are sad1 int]e/+ places4 ,!y are n really b>r5 all ov]1 b !y are q de/itute ( v]dure2 & tufts ( ?yme1 wild ma/ic1 or m9t1 ?\gh !y s\nd well1 are n ne>ly s pretty z grass4 ,_m little *ur*es1 glitt]+ :ite1 dot ! isl&s2 mo/ ( !m1 ,i believe1 ab&on$ dur+ ! :ole ye> ) ! exception ( "o day sacr$ to _! patron sa9t4 ,! villages are mean2 b ! inhabitants d n look wret*$1 & ! m5 are capital sailors4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ?is ,greek race yet2 !y w become a p[]ful ,levant9e nation 9 ! c\rse ( "t4' ,9 #ahfa ,j5k9 left ! s]vice ( ,newall ,co41 & ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,=de1 :o _h act$ z eng9e] "u ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t = ! ,malta-,alex&ria cable1 & 0 n[ practis+ z a civil eng9e]4 ,= sev]al ye>s aft] ?is bus9ess 0 bad1 & ) a "y family com+1 x 0 an anxi\s "t = him2 b he seems to h borne 8 tr\bles lightly4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son says x 0 8 pr9ciple 'to enjoy ea* day's happ9ess z x arises1 l birds & *ildr54' ,9 #ahfc 8 fir/ son 0 born1 & ! family remov$ to a cottage at ,claygate1 ne> ,e%]4 ,?\gh ill & poor at ?is p]iod1 he kept up 8 self-confid5ce4 ',! c\ntry1' he wrote to 8 wife1 'w give u1 please ,god1 heal? & /r5g?4 ,i w love & *]i% y m ?an ev]4 ,y %all g :]e y wi%1 y %all receive :om y wi%1 & z = money1 y %all h t too4 ,i _c be mi/ak54 ,i h n[ measur$ myself ) _m m54 ,i d n feel weak4 ,i d n feel t ,i %all fail4 ,9 _m ?+s ,i h succe$$1 & ,i w 9 ?is4444 ,& mean:ile1 ! "t ( wait+1 :i*1 please ,heav51 %all n be s long1 %all also n be s bitt]4 ,well1 well1 ,i promise mu*1 & d n "k at ?is mom5t h[ y & ! de> *ild are4 ,if he is b bett]1 c\rage1 my girl1 = ,i see light4' ,he took to g>d5+1 )\t a natural lik+ = x1 & soon became an ard5t exp]t4 ,he wrote reviews1 & lectur$1 or amus$ himself 9 play+ *>ades1 & read+ poetry4 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & ,mr4 ,ricketts1 :o 0 lo/ 9 ! ,la ,plata1 7 among 8 visitors4 ,dur+ ,octob]1 #ahfj1 he sup]9t5d$ ! repairs ( ! ,bona-,sp>tiv5to cable1 revisit+ ,*ia & ,cagli>i1 !n full ( ,g>ibaldi's troops4 ,! cable1 :i* _h be5 brok5 by ! an*ors ( coral fi%]s1 0 grapnell$ ) difficulty4 ',:at rocks we did hook6' writes ,j5k94 ',no soon] 0 ! grapnel d[n ?an ! %ip 0 an*or$2 & !n came su* a bus9ess3 %ip's eng9es go+1 deck eng9e ?und]+1 belt slipp+1 te> ( break+ ropes2 actually break+ grapnels4 ,x 0 always an h\r or m be=e we c\ld get ! grapnels d[n aga94' ,9 #ahfe1 on ! bir? ( 8 second son1 ,mrs4 ,j5k9 0 v ill1 & ,j5k91 aft] runn+ two miles = a doctor1 knelt by h] b$side dur+ ! night 9 a draught1 n wi%+ to )draw 8 h& f h]s4 ,nev] robu/1 he suff]$ mu* f fly+ rheumatism & sciatica ev] aft]w>ds4 ,x ne>ly disabl$ him :ile lay+ ! ,l[e/(t to ,nord]ney cable = ,mr4 ,reut]1 9 #ahff4 ,?is l9e 0 design$ by ,messrs4 ,=de ,j5k91 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h5ley ,co41 & laid by ! ,c>ol9e & ,william ,cory4 ,miss ,cl>a ,volkman1 a niece ( ,mr4 ,reut]1 s5t ! fir/ message1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f1 ,v>ley hold+ h] h&4 ,9 #ahff ,j5k9 0 appo9t$ to ! pr(essor%ip ( ,eng9e]+ 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,two ye>s lat] 8 prospects sudd5ly improv$2 ! p>tn]%ip began to pay1 & he 0 select$ to fill ! ,*air ( ,eng9e]+1 :i* _h be5 newly e/abli%$1 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,:at he ?\ght ( ! *ange may be ga!r$ f a lett] to 8 wife3 ',) y 9 ! g>d5 7at ,claygate71 ) ,au/9 9 ! coa*-h\se1 ) pretty songs 9 ! little l[ :ite room1 ) ! moonlight 9 ! de> room up/airs--ah6 x 0 p]fect2 b ! long walk1 wond]+1 pond]+1 fe>+1 s*em+1 & ! du/y jolt+ railway1 & ! horrid fu/y (fice1 ) its endless disappo9tm5ts1 !y are well gone4 ,x is well en\gh to fight1 & s*eme1 & bu/le ab\t 9 ! eag] cr[d "h 79 ,london7 = a:ile n[ & !n2 b n = a lifetime4 ,:at ,i h n[ is j p]fect4 ,/udy = w9t]1 action = summ]1 lovely c\ntry = recreation1 a pleasant t[n = talk4' ,! lib]ality ( ! ,scot* univ]sities all[$ him to cont9ue 8 private ent]prises1 & ! summ] holiday 0 long en\gh to make a trip r\nd ! globe4 ,! foll[+ ,june he 0 on bo>d ! ,great ,ea/]n :ile %e laid ! ,fr5* ,atlantic cable f ,bre/ to ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,among 8 %ipmates 7 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,sir ,james ,&]son1 ,c4 ,f4 ,v>ley1 ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k1 & ,will\ghby ,smi?4 ,j5k9's sket*es ( ,cl>k & ,v>ley are p>ticul>ly happy4 ,at ,/4 ,pi]re1 :]e !y arriv$ 9 a fog1 :i* lift$ to %[ _! consort1 ! ,william ,cory1 /raight ahead1 & ! ,guln>e signall+ a welcome1 ,j5k9 made ! curi\s obs]vation t ! :ole isl& 0 electrifi$ by ! batt]y at ! telegraph /ation4 ,j5k9's position at ,ed9burgh l$ to a p>tn]%ip 9 cable "w ) ,sir ,william ,?omson1 = :om he always _h a love & admiration4 ,j5k9's cle>1 practical1 & bus9ess-l abilities 7 d\btless an advantage to ,sir ,william1 reliev+ him ( r\t9e1 & sp>+ 8 great abilities = high] "w4 ,9 #ahgj ! siphon record]1 = trac+ a cablegram 9 ink1 in/ead ( m]ely fla%+ x by ! mov+ ray ( ! mirror galvanomet]1 0 introduc$ on long cables1 & became a s\rce ( pr(it to ,j5k9 & ,v>ley z well z to ,sir ,william1 its inv5tor4 ,9 #ahgc ,?omson & ,j5k9 7 eng9e]s = ! ,we/]n & ,brazilian cable4 ,x 0 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,hoop] ,co41 ( ,millwall1 & ! wire 0 coat$ ) india-rubb]1 !n a new insulator4 ,! ,hoop] left ,plym\? 9 ,june1 & aft] t\*+ at ,madeira1 :]e ,sir ,william 0 up 's\nd+ ) 8 special toy' 7! pian(orte wire7 'at half-pa/ ?ree 9 ! morn+1' !y rea*$ ,p]nambuco by ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/1 & laid a cable to ,p>a4 ,dur+ ! next two ye>s ! ,brazilian sy/em 0 connect$ to ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,riv] ,plate2 b ,j5k9 0 n pres5t on ! exp$itions4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ?is "w1 ! ill-fat$ ,la ,plata1 b\nd ) cable f ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs to ,monte ,video1 p]i%$ 9 a cyclone (f ,cape ,u%ant1 ) ! loss ( ne>ly all h] crew4 ,! ,mackay-,b5nett ,atlantic cables 7 also laid "u _! *>ge4 ,z a pr(essor ,j5k9's appe>ance 0 aga9/ him2 b he 0 a cle>1 flu5t speak]1 & a successful tea*]4 ,( m$ium height1 & v pla91 8 mann] 0 y\?ful1 & al]t1 b unimpos+4 ,nev]!less1 8 class 0 always 9 good ord]1 = 8 eye in/antly light$ on any unruly memb]1 & 8 repro( 0 ke54 ,8 exp]im5tal "w 0 n /rik+ly orig9al4 ,at ,birk5head he made "s accurate measurem5ts ( ! electrical prop]ties ( mat]ials us$ 9 subm>9e cables4 ,sir ,william ,?omson says he 0 ! fir/ to apply ! absolute me?ods ( measurem5t introduc$ by ,gauss & ,web]4 ,he also inve/igat$ !re ! laws ( electric signals 9 subm>9e cables4 ,z ,secret>y to ! ,briti% ,association ,committee on ,electrical ,/&>ds he play$ a lead+ "p 9 provid+ electricians ) practical /&>ds ( measurem5t4 ,8 ,cantor lectures on subm>9e cables1 & 8 treatise on ,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism1 publi%$ 9 #ahgc1 7 notable works at ! "t1 & conta9$ ! late/ developm5t ( _! subjects4 ,he 0 associat$ ) ,sir ,william ,?omson 9 an +5i\s 'curb-key' = s5d+ signals automatically ?r\gh a long cable2 b al?\gh tri$1 x 0 n adopt$4 ,8 mo/ important inv5tion 0 ,telph]age1 a means ( transport+ goods & pass5g]s to a di/ance by electric panni]s support$ on a wire or conductor1 :i* suppli$ !m ) electricity4 ,x 0 fir/ pat5t$ 9 #ahhb1 & ,j5k9 sp5t 8 la/ ye>s on ?is "w1 expect+ great results f x2 b ere ! fir/ public l9e 0 op5$ = traffic at ,glynde1 9 ,sussex1 he 0 dead4 ,9 me*anical eng9e]+ 8 graphical me?ods ( calculat+ /ra9s 9 bridges1 & det]m9+ ! effici5cy ( me*anism1 are ( mu* value4 ,! latt]1 :i* is bas$ on ,reulaux's prior "w1 procur$ him ! hon\r ( ! ,kei? ,gold ,m$al f ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,ano!r successful "w ( 8 0 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,sanit>y ,protection ,association1 = ! sup]vision ( h\ses ) reg>d to heal?4 ,9 8 leisure h\rs ,j5k9 wrote pap]s on a wide v>iety ( subjects4 ,to ! "q1 ',is "o man's ga9 ano!r man's loss8' he answ]$ ',n 9 e case4' ,he attack$ ,d>w9's !ory ( developm5t1 & %[$ its inadequacy1 especially 9 dem&+ m "t ?an ! physici/ c\ld grant = ! age ( ! habitable _w4 ,d>w9 himself confess$ t "s ( 8 argum5ts 7 conv9c+2 & ,munro1 ! s*ol>1 complim5t$ him = 8 pap] on ,lucretius & ! ,atomic ,!ory4' ,9 #ahgh he con/ruct$ a phonograph f ! newspap] reports ( ?is new inv5tion1 & lectur$ on x at a baza> 9 ,ed9burgh1 !n employ$ x to /udy ! nature ( v[el & consonantal s\nds4 ,an int]e/+ pap] on ,rhy?m 9 ,engli% ,v]se1' 0 also publi%$ by him 9 ! ,,saturday ,,review = #ahhc4 ,he 0 clev] ) 8 p5cil1 & c\ld seize a lik5ess ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,he has be5 kn[n :ile on a cable exp$ition to /op a peasant woman 9 a %op = a few m9utes & sket* h] on ! spot4 ,8 arti/ic side also %[s itself 9 a pap] on ',arti/ & ,critic1' 9 :i* he def9es ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! me*anical & f9e arts4 ',9 me*anical arts1' he says1 '! craftsman uses 8 skill to produce some?+ useful1 b 7except 9 ! r>e case :5 he is at lib]ty to *oose :at he %all produce7 8 sole m]it lies 9 skill4 ,9 ! f9e arts ! /ud5t uses skill to produce some?+ beautiful4 ,he is free to *oose :at t some?+ %all be1 & ! layman claims t he may & mu/ judge ! arti/ *iefly by ! value 9 beauty ( ! ?+ done4 ,arti/ic skill contributes to beauty1 or x w\ld n be skill2 b beauty is ! result ( _m elem5ts1 & ! nobl] ! art ! l[] is ! rank :i* skill takes among !m4' ,a cle> & matt]-(-fact ?9k]1 ,j5k9 0 an equally cle> & graphic writ]4 ,he read ! be/ lit]ature1 pref]r+1 among o!r ?+s1 ! /ory ( ,david1 ! ,,odyssey1 ! ,,arcadia1 ! saga ( ,burnt ,njal1 & ! ,,gr& ,,cyrus4 ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 ,%akespe>e1 ,ario/o1 ,boccaccio1 ,scott1 ,dumas1 ,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 & ,george ,eliot1 7 "s ( 8 fav\rite au?ors4 ,he once began a review ( ,george ,eliot's biography1 b left x unf9i%$4 ,latt]ly he _h ceas$ to admire h] "w z mu* z be=e4 ,he 0 a rapid1 flu5t talk]1 ) excit$ utt]ance at times4 ,"s ( 8 say+s 7 %rewd & %>p2 b he 0 sometimes aggressive4 ',p admire :at is pretty 9 an ugly ?+1' he us$ to say 'n ! ugly ?+4' ,a lady once said to him %e w\ld nev] be happy aga94 ',:at does t signify8' cri$ ,j5k92 'we are n "h to be happy1 b to be good4' ,on a fri5d rem>k+ t ,salv9i's act+ 9 ,,o!llo made him want to pray1 ,j5k9 answ]$1 ',t is pray]4' ,?\gh admir$ & lik$ by 8 intimates1 ,j5k9 0 nev] popul> ) associates4 ,8 mann] 0 h>d1 rasp+1 & unsympa!tic4 ',:atev] virtues he possess$1' says ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 'he c\ld nev] c\nt on be+ civil4' ,he %[$ s mu* c\rtesy to 8 wife1 h[ev]1 t a ,/yrian peasant :o obs]v$ x spread a report 9 ! village t ,mrs4 ,j5k91 a great lady1 _h m>ri$ b5ea? h]4 ,at ! ,saville ,club1 9 ,london1 he 0 kn[n z ! 'man :o d9es "h & goes up to ,scotl&4' ,j5k9 0 consci\s ( ?is *urli%ness1 & latt]ly improv$4 ',all my life1' he wrote1',i h talk$ a good deal1 ) ! almo/ unfail+ result ( mak+ p sick ( ! s\nd ( my tongue4 ,x appe>$ to me t ,i _h v>i\s ?+s to say1 & ,i _h no malevol5t feel+s2 b1 nev]!less1 ! result 0 t express$ above4 ,well1 lately "s *ange has happ5$4 ,if ,i talk to a p]son "o day !y mu/ h me ! next4 ,faces light up :5 !y see me4 ,ah6 ,i say1 come "h4 ,come & d9e ) me4 ,x's ! mo/ prepo/]\s ?+ ,i ev] exp]i5c$4 ,x is curi\sly pleasant4' ,j5k9 0 a good fa!r1 jo9+ 9 8 *ildr5's play z well z direct+ _! /udies4 ,! boys us$ to wait outside 8 (fice = him at ! close ( bus9ess h\rs2 & a /ory is told ( little ,frew51 ! second son1 ent]+ 9 to him "o day1 :ile he 0 at "w1 & hold+ out a toy crane he 0 mak+1 ) ! reque/1 ',papa y might f9iss w9d9' ?is = me1 ,i'm s v busy to-day4' ,he 0 fond ( animals too1 & 8 dog ,plate regul>ly accompani$ him to ! ,univ]sity4 ,b1 z he us$ to say1 ',x's a cold home :]e a dog is ! only repres5tative ( a *ild4' ,9 summ] 8 holidays 7 usually sp5t 9 ! ,highl&s1 :]e ,j5k9 le>n$ to love ! ,highl& "* & ways ( life4 ,he 0 a good %ot1 rode & swam well1 & taught 8 boys a?letic ex]cises1 boat+1 salmon fi%+1 & su* l4 ,he le>n$ to dance a ,highl& reel1 & began ! /udy ( ,gaelic2 b t spee* prov$ too /ubborn1 craggy1 & impregnable ev5 = ,j5k94 ,once he took 8 family to ,alt ,aussee1 9 ! ,/i]m>k1 ,/yria1 :]e he hunt$ *amois1 won a prize = %oot+ at ! ,s*utz5-fe/1 le>n$ ! dialect ( ! c\ntry1 sket*$ ! neighb\rhood1 & danc$ ! ,,/ei]is* & ,,l&l] ) ! peasants4 ,he nev] seem$ to be happy unless he 0 do+1 & :at he did 0 well done4 ,above all1 he 0 cle>-head$ & practical1 ma/]+ _m ?+s2 no dream]1 b an active1 bus9ess man4 ,_h he conf9$ himself to eng9e]+ he might h adorn$ 8 pr(ession m1 = he lik$ & fitt$ x2 b ) 8 impulses on o!r l9es repress$1 he might h be5 less happy4 ,moreov]1 he 0 "o :o believ$1 ) ! sage1 t all good "w is pr(itable1 hav+ its value1 if only 9 ex]cise & skill4 ,8 own p>5ts & ^? ( 8 wife _h come to live 9 ,ed9burgh2 b he lo/ !m all )9 t5 mon?s ( ea* o!r4 ,j5k9 _h %[$ great devotion to !m 9 _! illnesses1 & 0 worn out ) grief & wat*+4 ,8 telph]age1 too1 _h giv5 him consid]able anxiety to p]fect2 & 8 "m's illness1 :i* affect$ h] m9d1 _h caus$ himself to fe>4 ,he 0 m$itat+ a holiday to ,italy ) 8 wife 9 ord] to recup]ate1 & _h a trifl+ op]ation p]=m$ on 8 foot1 :i* result$1 x is believ$1 9 blood poison+4 ,!re seem$ to be no dang]1 & 8 wife 0 read+ al\d to him z he lay 9 b$1 :5 8 intellect began to w&]4 ,x is d\btful :e!r he rega9$ 8 s5ses be=e he di$1 on ,june #ab1 #ahhe4 ,at "o p]iod ( 8 life ,j5k9 0 a ,free?9k]1 hold+1 z ,mr4 ,/ev5son says1 all dogmas z 'm]e bl9d /ruggles to express ! inexpressible4' ,nev]!less1 z "t w5t on he came back to a belief 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ',! long] ,i live1' he wrote1 '! m conv9c$ ,i become ( a direct c>e by ,god--:i* is reasonably impossible--b !re x is4' ,9 8 la/ ye> he took ! ,communion4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,johann ,,philipp ,,reis4 ,johann ,philipp ,reis1 ! fir/ inv5tor ( an electric telephone1 0 born on ,janu>y #g1 #ahcd1 at ! little t[n ( ,gelnhaus51 9 ,cassel1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 a ma/] bak] & petty f>m]4 ,! boy lo/ 8 "m dur+ 8 infancy1 & 0 br\ght up by 8 pat]nal gr&mo!r1 a well-read1 intellig5t woman1 ( a religi\s turn4 ,:ile 8 fa!r taught him to obs]ve ! mat]ial _w1 8 gr&mo!r op5$ 8 m9d to ! ,unse54 ,at ! age ( six he 0 s5t to ! common s*ool ( ! t[n1 :]e 8 tal5ts attract$ ! notice ( 8 in/ructors1 :o advis$ 8 fa!r to ext5d 8 education at a high] college4 ,mr4 ,reis di$ be=e 8 son 0 t5 ye>s old2 b 8 gr&mo!r & gu>dians aft]w>ds plac$ him at ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute1 9 ,fri$ri*sdorf1 :]e he %[$ a ta/e = languages1 & acquir$ bo? ,fr5* & ,engli%1 z well z a /ock ( miscellane\s in=mation f ! libr>y4 ,at ! end ( 8 f\rte5? ye> he pass$ to ,hassel's ,in/itute1 at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 :]e he pick$ up ,lat9 & ,italian4 ,a love ( sci5ce n[ began to %[ itself1 & 8 gu>dians 7 recomm5d$ to s5d him to ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool ( ,c>lsruhe2 b "o ( !m1 8 uncle1 wi%$ him to become a m]*ant1 & on ,m>* #a1 #ahej1 ,reis 0 appr5tic$ to ! col\r trade 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,f ,bey]ba*1 ( ,frank=t1 aga9/ 8 own w4 ,he told 8 uncle t he w\ld le>n ! bus9ess *os5 = him1 b %\ld cont9ue 8 prop] /udies by-&-by4 ,by dilig5t s]vice he won ! e/eem ( ,mr4 ,bey]ba*1 & devot$ 8 leisure to self-improvem5t1 tak+ private lessons 9 ma!matics & physics1 & att5d+ ! lectures ( ,pr(essor ,r4 ,bottg] on me*anics at ! ,trade ,s*ool4 ,:5 8 appr5tice%ip end$ he att5d$ ! ,in/itute ( ,dr4 ,poppe1 9 ,frank=t1 & z nei!r hi/ory nor geography 0 taught !re1 sev]al ( ! /ud5ts agre$ to in/ruct ea* o!r 9 ^! subjects4 ,reis und]took geography1 & believ$ he _h f\nd 8 true vocation 9 ! art ( tea*+4 ,he also became a memb] ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t4 ,9 #ahee he complet$ 8 ye> ( milit>y s]vice at ,cassel1 !n return$ to ,frank=t to qualify himself z a tea*] ( ma!matics & sci5ce 9 ! s*ools by means ( private /udy & public lectures4 ,8 int5tion 0 to f9i% 8 tra9+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1 b 9 ! spr+ ( #aheh he visit$ 8 old fri5d & ma/]1 ,h(ra? ,g>ni]1 :o (f]$ him a po/ 9 ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahee he remov$ to ,fri$ri*sdorf1 to beg9 8 new c>e]1 & 9 ,septemb] foll[+ he took a wife & settl$ d[n4 ,reis imag9$ t electricity c\ld be propagat$ ?r\gh space1 z light c1 )\t ! aid ( a mat]ial conductor1 & he made "s exp]im5ts on ! subject4 ,! results 7 describ$ 9 a pap] ',on ! ,radiation ( ,electricity1' :i*1 9 #ahei1 he po/$ to ,pr(essor ,pogg5dorff2 = ins]tion 9 ! well-kn[n p]iodical1 ! ,,annal5 ,,d] ,,physik4 ,! memoir 0 decl9$1 to ! great disappo9tm5t ( ! s5sitive "y tea*]4 ,reis _h /udi$ ! organs ( he>+1 & ! idea ( an app>atus = transmitt+ s\nd by means ( electricity _h be5 float+ 9 8 m9d = ye>s4 ,incit$ by 8 lessons on physics1 9 ! ye> #ahfj he attack$ ! problem1 & 0 rew>d$ ) success4 ,9 #ahfb he aga9 tri$ ,pogg5dorff1 ) an acc\nt ( 8 ',telephon1' z he call$ x2,! ^w 'telephone' occurs 9 ,timbs' ,,repository ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art = #ahde1 9 connection ,) a signal trumpet op]at$ by compress$ air4 b 8 second (f]+ 0 reject$ l ! fir/4 ,! le>n$ pr(essor1 x seems1 reg>d$ ! transmission ( spee* by electricity z a *im]a2 b ,reis1 9 ! bitt]ness ( w\nd$ feel+1 attribut$ ! failure to 8 be+ 'only a poor s*oolma/]4' ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! telephone1 att5tion has be5 call$ to ! fact t1 9 #ahed1 ,m4 ,*>les ,b\rseul1 a ,fr5* telegraphi/1 ,happily /ill alive 7#ahia74 _h conceiv$ a plan = convey+ s\nds & ev5 spee* by electricity4 ',suppose1' he expla9$1 't a man speaks ne> a movable disc suffici5tly flexible to lose none ( ! vibrations ( ! voice2 t ?is disc alt]nately makes & breaks ! curr5ts f a batt]y3 y may h at a di/ance ano!r disc :i* w simultane\sly execute ! same vibrations4444 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 a m or less di/ant future1 spee* w be transmitt$ by electricity4 ,i h made exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction2 !y are delicate & dem& "t & pati5ce1 b ! approximations obta9$ promise a fav\rable result4',see ,du ,moncel's ,,expose ,,des ,,applications1 etc4 ,b\rseul des]ves ! cr$it ( be+ p]haps ! fir/ to devise an electric telephone & try to make x2 b to ,reis belongs ! hon\r ( fir/ realis+ ! idea4 ,a writ] may plot a /ory1 or a pa9t] inv5t a !me = a picture2 b unless he execute ! "w1 ( :at b5efit is x to ! _w8 ,true1 a sugge/ion 9 me*anics may /imulate ano!r to apply x 9 practice1 & 9 t case ! sugge/] is entitl$ to "s %>e ( ! cr$it1 z well z ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ to ?9k ( ! matt]4 ,b x is be/ :5 ! orig9al devis] also c>ries out ! "w2 & if ano!r %\ld indep5d5tly hit ^u ! same idea & br+ x into practice1 we are b\nd to hon\r him 9 full1 ?\gh we may also recognise ! m]it ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,b\rseul's idea seems to h attract$ little notice at ! "t1 & 0 soon =gott54 ,ev5 ! ,c\nt du ,moncel1 :o 0 ev] ready to welcome a promis+ inv5tion1 evid5tly reg>d$ x z a fanta/ic notion4 ,x is v d\btful if ,reis _h ev] he>d ( x4 ,he 0 l$ to conceive a simil> app>atus by a /udy ( ! me*anism ( ! human e>1 :i* he knew to conta9 a membrane1 or 'drum1' vibrat+ "u ! waves ( s\nd1 & communicat+ its vibrations ?r\gh ! hamm]-bone beh9d x to ! auditory n]ve4 ,x !re=e occurr$ to him1 t if he made a diaphragm 9 imitation ( ! drum1 & caus$ x by vibrat+ to make & break ! circuit ( an electric curr5t1 he w\ld be able ?r\gh ! magnetic p[] ( ! int]rupt$ curr5t to reproduce ! orig9al s\nds at a di/ance4 ,9 #ahcg-h ,pr(essor ,page1 ( ,massa*usetts1 _h discov]$ t' a ne$le or ?9 b> ( iron1 plac$ 9 ! holl[ ( a coil or bobb9 ( insulat$ wire1 w\ld emit an audible 'tick' at ea* int]ruption ( a curr5t1 fl[+ 9 ! coil1 & t if ^! sep>ate ticks foll[$ ea* o!r fa/ en\gh1 by a rapid int]ruption ( ! curr5t1 !y w\ld run toge!r into a cont9u\s hum1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( 'galvanic music4' ,! pit* ( ?is note w\ld correspond to ! rate ( int]ruption ( ! curr5t4 ,f ^! & o!r discov]ies :i* _h be5 made by ,noad1 ,w]!im1 ,m>rian1 & o!rs1 ,reis knew t if ! curr5t :i* _h be5 int]rupt$ by 8 vibrat+ diaphragm 7 convey$ to a di/ance by a metallic circuit1 & !re pass$ ?r\gh a coil l t ( ,page1 ! iron ne$le w\ld emit a note l t :i* _h caus$ ! oscillation ( ! transmitt+ diaphragm4 ,act+ on ?is k1 he con/ruct$ a rude telephone4 ,dr4 ,messel in=ms u t 8 fir/ transmitt] consi/$ ( ! bung ( a be] b>rel holl[$ out 9 imitation ( ! ext]nal e>4 ,! cup or m\?-piece ?us =m$ 0 clos$ by ! sk9 ( a ,g]man sausage to s]ve z a drum or diaphragm4 ,to ! back ( ?is he fix$1 ) a drop ( seal+-wax1 a little /rip ( plat9um1 repres5t+ ! hamm]-bone1 :i* made & broke ! metallic circuit ( ! curr5t z ! membrane oscillat$ "u ! s\nds :i* imp+$ aga9/ x4 ,! curr5t ?us int]rupt$ 0 convey$ by wires to ! receiv]1 :i* consi/$ ( a knitt+-ne$le loosely surr\nd$ by a coil ( wire fa/5$ to ! brea/ ( a viol9 z a s\nd+-bo>d4 ,:5 a musical note 0 /ruck ne> ! bung1 ! drum vibrat$ 9 h>mony ) ! pit* ( ! note1 ! plat9um lev] int]rupt$ ! metallic circuit ( ! curr5t1 :i*1 aft] trav]s+ ! conduct+ wire1 pass$ ?r\gh ! coil ( ! receiv]1 & made ! ne$le hum ! orig9al tone4 ,?is primitive arrangem5t1 we are told1 a/oni%$ all :o he>d x4 ,x is n[ 9 ! museum ( ! ,rei*s ,po/-,amt1 ,b]l94 ,ano!r ( 8 e>ly transmitt]s 0 a r\gh model ( ! human e>1 c>v$ 9 oak1 & provid$ ) a drum :i* actuat$ a b5t & pivot$ lev] ( plat9um1 mak+ x op5 & close a spr+y contact ( plat9um foil 9 ! metallic circuit ( ! curr5t4 ,he devis$ "s t5 or twelve diff]5t =ms1 ea* an improvem5t on its pr$ecessors1 :i* transmitt$ music fairly well1 & ev5 a ^w or two ( spee* ) m or less p]fection4 ,b ! app>atus fail$ z a practical means ( talk+ to a di/ance4 ,! discov]y ( ! microphone by ,pr(essor ,hughes has enabl$ u to und]/& ! reason ( ?is failure4 ,! transmitt] ( ,reis 0 bas$ on ! plan ( int]rupt+ ! curr5t1 & ! spr+ 0 int5d$ to close ! contact aft] x _h be5 op5$ by ! %ock ( a vibration4 ,s long z ! s\nd 0 a musical tone x prov$ effici5t1 = a musical tone is a regul> succession ( vibrations4 ,b ! vibrations ( spee* are irregul> & complicat$1 & 9 ord] to transmit !m ! curr5t has to be v>i$ 9 /r5g? )\t be+ altoge!r brok54 ,! waves excit$ 9 ! air by ! voice %\ld m]ely produce correspond+ waves 9 ! curr5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! curr5t ought to ,,undulate 9 sympa?y ) ! oscillations ( ! air4 ,x appe>s f ! report ( ,h]r ,von ,legat1 inspector ( ! ,royal ,prussian ,telegraphs1 on ! ,reis telephone1 publi%$ 9 #ahfb1 t ! inv5tor 0 q aw>e ( ?is pr9ciple1 b 8 in/rum5t 0 n well adapt$ to apply x4 ,no d\bt ! plat9um contacts he employ$ 9 ! transmitt] behav$ to "s ext5t z a crude metal microphone1 & h5ce a few words1 especially famili> or expect$ ones1 c\ld be transmitt$ & di/+ui%$ at ! o!r end ( ! l9e4 ,b ,reis does n seem to h realis$ ! importance ( n entirely break+ ! circuit ( ! curr5t2 at all ev5ts1 8 metal spr+ is n 9 practice an effective provision aga9/ ?is1 = x all[s ! metal contacts to jolt too f> ap>t1 & ?us int]rupt ! curr5t4 ,_h he liv$ to modify ! spr+ & ! =m or mat]ial ( 8 contacts s z to keep ! curr5t cont9u\s--z he might h done1 = example1 by us+ c>bon = plat9um--he w\ld h =e/all$ alike ,bell1 ,edison1 & ,hughes 9 ! production ( a good speak+ telephone4 ,reis 9 fact 0 trembl+ on ! v]ge ( a great discov]y1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 res]v$ = o!rs4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 made 9 a little work%op beh9d 8 home at ,fri$ri*sdorff2 & wires 7 run f x to an upp] *amb]4 ,ano!r l9e 0 erect$ betwe5 ! physical cab9et at ,g>ni]'s ,in/itute across ! playgr\nd to "o ( ! class-rooms1 & !re 0 a tradition 9 ! s*ool t ! boys 7 afraid ( creat+ an upro> 9 ! room = fe> ,h]r ,reis %\ld he> !m ) 8 'telephon4' ,! new inv5tion 0 publi%$ to ! _w 9 a lecture be=e ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t on ,octob] #bf1 #ahfa1 & a description1 writt5 by himself = ! ,,jahresb]i*t1 a mon? or two lat]4 ,x excit$ a good deal ( sci5tific notice 9 ,g]many2 models ( x 7 s5t abroad1 to ,london1 ,dubl91 ,tiflis1 & o!r places4 ,x became a subject = popul> lectures1 & an article = sci5tific cab9ets4 ,reis obta9$ a brief r5[n1 b ! reaction soon set 94 ,! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t turn$ its back on ! app>atus :i* _h giv5 x lu/re4 ,reis resign$ 8 memb]%ip 9 #ahfg2 b ! ,free ,g]man ,in/itute ( ,frank=t1 :i* elect$ him an honor>y memb]1 also slight$ ! in/rum5t z a m]e 'philosophical toy4' ,at fir/ x 0 a dream1 & n[ x is a play?+4 ,h we n _h en\gh ( t sup]ior wisdom :i* is ano!r "n = /upidity8 ,! dreams ( ! imag9ation are apt to become realities1 & ! toy ( to-day has a knack ( gr[+ into ! mighty eng9e ( to-morr[4 ,reis believ$ 9 8 inv5tion1 if no "o else did2 & _h he be5 enc\rag$ by 8 fell[s f ! beg9n+1 he might h br\ght x into a practical %ape4 ,b rebuffs _h prey$ ^u 8 s5sitive he>t1 & he 0 already /rick5 ) consumption4 ,x is relat$ t1 aft] 8 lecture on ! telephone at ,geiss51 9 #ahed1 ,pr(essor ,pogg5dorff1 :o 0 pres5t1 invit$ him to s5d a description ( 8 in/rum5t to ! ,,annal54 ,reis answ]$ him1',i* danke ,ihn5 re*t ,sehr1 ,h]r ,pr(essor2 es i/ zu spaty4 ,jetzt w ,,i* ni*t ihn s*ick5y4 ,me9 ,app>at wird ohne ,bes*reibung 9 d5 ,,annal5 bekannt w]d54' 7',?ank y v mu*1 ,pr(essor1 b x is too late4 ,i %all n s5d x n[4 ,my app>atus w become kn[n )\t any writ+ 9 ! ,,annal54'7 ,latt]ly ,reis _h conf9$ 8 tea*+ & /udy to matt]s ( sci5ce2 b 8 bad heal? 0 a s]i\s imp$im5t4 ,= sev]al ye>s x 0 only by ! ex]cise ( a /rong w t he 0 able to c>ry on 8 duties4 ,8 voice began to fail z ! disease ga9$ ^u 8 lungs1 & 9 ! summ] ( #ahgc he 0 oblig$ to =sake tuition dur+ sev]al weeks4 ,! autumn vacation /r5g!n$ 8 hopes ( recov]y1 & he resum$ 8 tea*+ ) 8 wont$ en]gy4 ,b ?is 0 ! la/ flick] ( ! expir+ flame4 ,x 0 ann\nc$ t he w\ld %[ 8 new gravity-ma*9e at a meet+ ( ! ,deuts*] ,natur=s*] ( ,wiesbad5 9 ,septemb]1 b he 0 too ill to appe>4 ,9 ,decemb] he lay d[n1 &1 aft] a long & pa9ful illness1 brea!d 8 la/ at five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ( ,janu>y #ad1 #ahgd4 ,9 8 ,,curriculum ,,vitae he wrote ^! words3 ',z ,i look back ^u my life ,i call inde$ say ) ! ,holy ,scriptures t x has be5 lab\r & sorr[4 ,b ,i h also to ?ank ! ,"l t ,he has giv5 me ,8 bless+ 9 my call+ & 9 my family1 & has be/[$ m good ^u me ?an ,i h kn[n h[ to ask ( ,him4 ,! ,"l has help$ hi!rto2 ,he w help yet fur!r4' ,reis 0 buri$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,fri$ri*sdorff1 & 9 #ahgh1 aft] ! introduction ( ! speak+ telephone1 ! memb]s ( ! ,physical ,society ( ,frank=t erect$ ov] 8 grave an obelisk ( r$ s&/one be>+ a m$allion portrait4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,graham ,,bell4 ,! fir/ to produce a practicable speak+ telephone 0 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell4 ,he 0 born at ,ed9burgh on ,m>* #a1 #ahdg1 & comes ( a family associat$ ) ! tea*+ ( elocution4 ,8 gr&fa!r 9 ,london1 8 uncle 9 ,dubl91 & 8 fa!r1 ,mr4 ,&rew ,melville ,bell1 9 ,ed9burgh1 7 all pr(ess$ elocutioni/s4 ,! latt] has publi%$ a v>iety ( works on ! subject1 sev]al ( :i* are well kn[n1 especially 8 treatise on ,visible ,spee*1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahfh4 ,9 ?is he expla9s 8 +5i\s me?od ( in/ruct+ deaf mutes1 by means ( _! eyesight1 h[ to articulate words1 & also h[ to read :at o!r p]sons are say+ by ! motions ( _! lips4 ,graham ,bell1 8 di/+ui%$ son1 0 educat$ at ! high s*ool ( ,ed9burgh1 & subsequ5tly at ,w>zburg1 9 ,g]many1 :]e he obta9$ ! degree ( ,ph4,d4 7,doctor ( ,philosophy74 ,:ile /ill 9 ,scotl& he is said to h turn$ 8 att5tion to ! sci5ce ( ac\/ics1 ) a view to ameliorate ! deafness ( 8 "m4 ,9 #ahgc he accompani$ 8 fa!r to ,montreal1 9 ,canada1 :]e he 0 employ$ 9 tea*+ ! sy/em ( visible spee*4 ,! eld] ,bell 0 invit$ to introduce x into a l>ge day-s*ool = mutes at ,bo/on1 b he decl9$ ! po/ 9 fav\r ( 8 son1 :o soon became fam\s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = 8 success 9 ?is important "w4 ,he publi%$ m ?an "o treatise on ! subject at ,wa%+ton1 & x is1 we believe1 ma9ly ?r\gh 8 ef=ts t ?\s&s ( deaf mutes 9 ,am]ica are n[ able to speak almo/1 if n q1 z well z ^? :o are able to he>4 ,be=e he left ,scotl& ,mr4 ,graham ,bell _h turn$ 8 att5tion to telephony1 & 9 ,canada he design$ a piano :i* c\ld transmit its music to a di/ance by means ( electricity4 ,at ,bo/on he cont9u$ 8 rese>*es 9 ! same field1 & endeav\r$ to produce a telephone :i* w\ld n only s5d musical notes1 b articulate spee*4 ,if x be int]e/+ to trace ! evolution ( an animal f its rudim5t>y g]m ?r\gh ! l[] phases to ! p]fect organism1 x is almo/ z int]e/+ to foll[ an inv5tion f ! orig9al model ?r\gh ! faulti] types to ! f9i%$ app>atus4 ,9 #ahfj ,philipp ,reis1 z we h se51 produc$ a telephone :i* c\ld transmit musical notes1 & ev5 a lisp+ ^w or two2 & "s t5 ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,cromwell ,fleetwood ,v>ley1 ,f4,r4,s41 a well-kn[n ,engli% electrician1 pat5t$ a numb] ( +5i\s devices = apply+ ! musical telephone to transmit messages by divid+ ! notes into %ort or long signals1 aft] ! ,morse code1 :i* c\ld be int]pret$ by ! e> or by ! eye 9 caus+ !m to m>k a mov+ pap]4 ,^! inv5tions 7 n put 9 practice2 b f\r ye>s aft]w>ds ,h]r ,paul la ,c\r1 a ,dani% inv5tor1 exp]im5t$ ) a simil> appliance on a l9e ( telegraph betwe5 ,cop5hag5 & ,fr$]icia 9 ,jutl&4 ,9 ?is a vibrat+ tun+-=k int]rupt$ ! curr5t1 :i*1 aft] trav]s+ ! l9e1 pass$ ?r\gh an electro-magnet1 & attract$ ! limbs ( ano!r =k1 mak+ x /rike a note l ! transmitt+ =k4 ,by break+ up ! note at ! s5d+ /ation ) a signall+ key1 ! message 0 he>d z a s]ies ( long & %ort hums4 ,moreov]1 ! hums 7 made to record !mselves on pap] by turn+ ! electro-magnetic receiv] into a relay1 :i* actuat$ a ,morse pr9t] by means ( a local batt]y4 ,mr4 ,eli%a ,gray1 ( ,*icago1 also devis$ a tone telegraph ( ?is k9d ab\t ! same "t z ,h]r ,la ,c\r4 ,9 ?is app>atus a vibrat+ /eel tongue int]rupt$ ! curr5t1 :i* at ! o!r end ( ! l9e pass$ ?r\gh ! electro-magnet & vibrat$ a b& or tongue ( iron ne> its poles4 ,gray's 'h>monic telegraph1' ) ! vibrat+ tongues or re$s1 0 aft]w>ds introduc$ on ! l9es ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company 9 ,am]ica4 ,z m ?an "o set ( vibrations--t is to say1 m ?an "o note--c be s5t ov] ! same wire simultane\sly1 x is utilis$ z a 'multiplex' or _m-ply telegraph1 convey+ sev]al messages ?r\gh ! same wire at once2 & ^! c ei!r be int]pret$ by ! s\nd1 or ! m>ks drawn on a ribbon ( travell+ pap] by a ,morse record]4 ,gray also inv5t$ a 'physiological receiv]1' :i* has a curi\s hi/ory4 ,e>ly 9 #ahgd 8 nephew 0 play+ ) a small induction coil1 &1 hav+ connect$ "o end ( ! second>y circuit to ! z9c l9+ ( a ba?1 :i* 0 dry1 he 0 hold+ ! o!r end 9 8 left h&4 ,:ile he rubb$ ! z9c ) 8 "r h& ,gray notic$ t a s\nd proce$$ f x1 :i* _h ! pit* & quality ( ! note emitt$ by ! vibrat+ contact or electrotome ( ! coil4 ',i imm$iately took ! electrode 9 my h&1' he writes1 '&1 repeat+ ! op]ation1 f\nd to my a/oni%m5t t by rubb+ h>d & rapidly ,i c\ld make a mu* l\d] s\nd ?an ! electrotome4 ,i !n *ang$ ! pit* ( ! vibration1 & f\nd t ! pit* ( ! s\nd "u my h& 0 also *ang$1 agree+ ) t ( ! vibration4' ,gray lo/ no "t 9 apply+ ?is *ance discov]y by design+ ! physiological receiv]1 :i* consi/s ( a s\nd+-box hav+ a z9c face & m\nt$ on an axle1 s t x c be revolv$ by a h&le4 ,"o wire ( ! circuit is connect$ to ! revolv+ z9c1 & ! o!r wire is connect$ to ! f+] :i* rubs on ! z9c4 ,! s\nds are q di/9ct1 & w\ld seem to be produc$ by a microphonic action betwe5 ! sk9 & ! metal4 ,all ^! app>atus foll[ 9 ! track ( ,reis & ,b\rseul--t is to say1 ! int]ruption ( ! curr5t by a vibrat+ contact4 ,x 0 =tunate = ,bell t 9 work+ ) 8 musical telephone an accid5t drove him into a new pa?1 :i* ultimately br\ght him to ! inv5tion ( a speak+ telephone4 ,he began 8 rese>*es 9 #ahgd ) a musical telephone1 9 :i* he employ$ ! int]rupt$ curr5t to vibrate ! receiv]1 :i* consi/$ ( an electro-magnet caus+ an iron re$ or tongue to vibrate2 b1 :ile try+ x "o day ) 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,watson1 x 0 f\nd t a re$ fail$ to respond to ! int]mitt5t curr5t4 ,mr4 ,bell desir$ 8 assi/ant1 :o 0 at ! o!r end ( ! l9e1 to pluck ! re$1 ?9k+ x _h /uck to ! pole ( ! magnet4 ,mr4 ,watson compli$1 & to 8 a/oni%m5t ,bell obs]v$ t ! correspond+ re$ at 8 end ( ! l9e !reupon began to vibrate & emit ! same note1 al?\gh !re 0 no int]rupt$ curr5t to make x4 ,a few exp]im5ts soon %[$ t 8 re$ _h be5 set 9 vibration by ! magneto-electric curr5ts induc$ 9 ! l9e by ! m]e motion ( ! di/ant re$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( its magnet4 ,?is discov]y l$ him to disc>d ! batt]y curr5t altoge!r & rely ^u ! magneto-induction curr5ts ( ! re$s !mselves4 ,moreov]1 x occurr$ to him t1 s9ce ! circuit 0 nev] brok51 all ! complex vibrations ( spee* might be conv]t$ into sympa!tic curr5ts1 :i* 9 turn w\ld reproduce ! spee* at a di/ance4 ,reis _h se5 t an undulatory curr5t 0 ne$$ to transmit s\nds 9 p]fection1 especially vocal s\nds2 b 8 mode ( produc+ ! undulations 0 defective f a me*anical & electrical po9t ( view4 ,by =m+ 'waves' ( magnetic di/urbance ne> a coil ( wire1 ,pr(essor ,bell c\ld g5]ate correspond+ waves ( electricity 9 ! l9e s delicate & cont9u\s t all ! modulations ( s\nd c\ld be reproduc$ at a di/ance4 ,z ,pr(essor ( ,vocal ,physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bo/on1 he 0 engag$ 9 tra9+ tea*]s 9 ! art ( in/ruct+ deaf mutes h[ to speak1 & exp]im5t$ ) ! ,leon ,scott phonautograph 9 record+ ! vibrations ( spee*4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ess5tially ( a ?9 membrane vibrat$ by ! voice & c>ry+ a light /ylus1 :i* traces an undulatory l9e on a plate ( smok$ glass4 ,! l9e is a graphic repres5tation ( ! vibrations ( ! membrane & ! waves ( s\nd 9 ! air4 ,on ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,cl>5ce ,j4 ,blake1 an em95t ,bo/on auri/1 ,pr(essor ,bell ab&on$ ! phonautograph = ! human e>1 :i* x resembl$2 &1 hav+ remov$ ! /apes bone1 moi/5$ ! drum ) glyc]9e & wat]1 atta*$ a /ylus ( hay to ! nicus or anvil1 & obta9$ a beautiful s]ies ( curves 9 imitation ( ! vocal s\nds4 ,! disproportion betwe5 ! slight mass ( ! drum & ! bones x actuat$1 is said to h sugge/$ to him ! employm5t ( goldbeat]'s sk9 z membrane 9 8 speak+ telephone4 ,be ?is z x may1 he devis$ a receiv]1 consi/+ ( a /ret*$ diaphragm or drum ( ?is mat]ial hav+ an armature ( magnetis$ iron atta*$ to its middle1 & free to vibrate 9 front ( ! pole ( an electro-magnet 9 circuit ) ! l9e4 ,?is app>atus 0 complet$ on ,june #b1 #ahge1 & ! same day he succe$$ 9 transmitt+ ,,s\nds & audible signals by magneto-electric curr5ts & )\t ! aid ( a batt]y4 ,on ,july #a1 #ahge1 he in/ruct$ 8 assi/ant to make a second membrane-receiv] :i* c\ld be us$ ) ! fir/1 & a few days lat] !y 7 tri$ toge!r1 "o at ea* end ( ! l9e1 :i* ran f a room 9 ! inv5tor's h\se at ,bo/on to ! cell> und]nea?4 ,bell1 9 ! room1 held "o in/rum5t 9 8 h&s1 :ile ,watson 9 ! cell> li/5$ at ! o!r4 ,! inv5tor spoke into 8 in/rum5t1 ',d y und]/& :at ,i say8' & we c imag9e 8 delight :5 ,mr4 ,watson ru%$ into ! room1 "u ! influ5ce ( 8 excitem5t1 & answ]$1',yes4' ,a f9i%$ in/rum5t 0 !n made1 hav+ a transmitt] =m$ ( a d\ble electro-magnet1 9 front ( :i* a membrane1 /ret*$ on a r+1 c>ri$ an oblong piece ( s(t iron cem5t$ to its middle4 ,a m\?piece be=e ! diaphragm direct$ ! s\nds ^u x1 & z x vibrat$ ) !m1 ! s(t iron 'armature' induc$ correspond+ curr5ts 9 ! cells ( ! electro-magnet4 ,^! curr5ts aft] trav]s+ ! l9e 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! receiv]1 :i* consi/$ ( a tubul> electro-magnet1 hav+ "o end p>tially clos$ by a ?9 circul> disc ( s(t iron fix$ at "o po9t to ! end ( ! tube4 ,?is receiv] bore a resemblance to a cyl9drical metal box ) ?ick sides1 hav+ a ?9 iron lid fa/5$ to its m\? by a s+le screw4 ,:5 ! undulatory curr5t pass$ ?r\gh ! coil ( ?is magnet1 ! disc1 or armature-lid1 0 put into vibration & ! s\nds evolv$ f x4 ,! app>atus 0 exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition1 ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf1 & at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,glasg[1 dur+ ! autumn ( t ye>1 ,sir ,william ,?omson reveal$ its exi/5ce to ! ,european public4 ,9 describ+ 8 visit to ! ,exhibition1 he w5t on to say3 ',9 ! ,canadian dep>tm5t ,i he>d1 ,to be or n to be444 !re's ! rub1 ?r\gh an electric wire2 b1 scorn+ monosyllables1 ! electric articulation rose to high] flights1 & gave me passages tak5 at r&om f ! ,new ,york newspap]s3 s4s4 ,cox has arriv$ 7,i fail$ to make out ! s4s4 ,cox72 ,! ,city ( ,new ,york1 ,s5ator ,morton1 ,! ,s5ate has resolv$ to pr9t a ?\s& extra copies1 ,! ,am]icans 9 ,london h resolv$ to celebrate ! com+ ,f\r? ( ,july6 ,all ?is my own e>s he>d spok5 to me ) unmi/akable di/9ctness by ! !n circul> disc armature ( j su* ano!r little electro-magnet z ?is ,i hold 9 my h&4' ,to he> ! immortal words ( ,%akespe>e utt]$ by ! small inanimate voice :i* _h be5 giv5 to ! _w mu/ inde$ h be5 a r>e delight to ! ard5t s\l ( ! great electrician4 ,! surprise creat$ among ! public at l>ge by ?is unexpect$ communication w be readily rememb]$4 ,except "o or two inv5tors1 nobody _h ev] dream$ ( a telegraph t c\ld actually speak1 any m ?an !y _h ev] fanci$ "o t c\ld see or feel2 & imag9ation grew busy 9 pictur+ ! outcome ( x4 ,s9ce x 0 practically equival5t to a limitless ext5sion ( ! vocal p[]s1 ! +5i\s j\rnali/ soon conjur$ up an inf9ity ( uses = ! telephone1 & hail$ ! approa*+ "t :5 ocean-p>t$ fri5ds w\ld be able to :isp] to "o ano!r "u ! ro>+ bill[s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,curiosity1 h[ev]1 0 n fully satisfi$ until ,pr(essor ,bell1 ! inv5tor ( ! in/rum5t1 himself %[$ x to ,briti% audi5ces1 & receiv$ ! en?usia/ic applause ( 8 admir+ c\ntrym54 ,! primitive telephone has be5 greatly improv$1 ! d\ble electro-magnet be+ replac$ by a s+le b> magnet hav+ a small coil or bobb9 ( f9e wire surr\nd+ "o pole1 9 front ( :i* a ?9 disc ( f]rotype is fix$ 9 a circul> m\?piece1 & s]ves z a comb9$ membrane & armature4 ,on speak+ into ! m\?piece1 ! iron diaphragm vibrates ) ! voice 9 ! magnetic field ( ! pole1 & !reby excites ! undulatory curr5ts 9 ! coil1 :i*1 aft] travell+ ?r\gh ! wire to ! di/ant place1 are receiv$ 9 an id5tical app>atus4 ,?is =m 0 pat5t$ ,janu>y #cj1 #ahgg4 ,9 trav]s+ ! coil ( ! latt] !y re9=ce or weak5 ! magnetism ( ! pole1 & ?us make ! disc armature vibrate s z to give out a mimesis ( ! orig9al voice4 ,! s\nds are small & elf91 a m9im ( spee*1 & only to be he>d :5 ! e> is close to ! m\?piece1 b !y are rem>kably di/9ct1 &1 9 spite ( a disguis+ twang1 due to ! fundam5tal note ( ! disc itself1 x is easy to recognise ! speak]4 ,?is lat] =m 0 publicly exhibit$ on ,may #d1 #ahgg at a lecture giv5 by ,pr(essor ,bell 9 ! ,bo/on ,music ,hall4 ',go+ to ! small telephone box ) its sl5d] wire atta*m5ts1' says a report1 ',mr4 ,bell coolly ask$1 z ?\gh address+ "s "o 9 an adjo9+ room1 ,mr4 ,watson1 are y ready6 ,mr4 ,watson1 five miles away 9 ,som]ville1 promptly answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 & soon 0 he>d a voice s++ ,am]ica44444,go+ to ano!r in/rum5t1 connect$ by wire ) ,provid5ce1 =ty-?ree miles di/ant1 ,mr4 ,bell li/5$ a mom5t1 & said1 ,signor ,brignolli1 :o is assi/+ at a conc]t 9 ,provid5ce ,music ,hall1 w n[ s+ = u4 ,9 a mom5t ! cad5ce ( ! t5or's voice rose & fell1 ! s\nd be+ fa9t1 sometimes lo/1 & !n aga9 audible4 ,lat]1 a cornet solo play$ 9 ,som]ville 0 v di/9ctly he>d4 ,/ill lat]1 a ?ree-"p song float$ ov] ! wire f ! ,som]ville t]m9us1 & ,mr4 ,bell amus$ 8 audi5ce exce$+ly by exclaim+1 ,i w swit* (f ! song f "o "p ( ! room to ano!r1 s t all c he>4 ,at a subsequ5t lecture 9 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 communication 0 e/abli%$ ) ,bo/on1 eighte5 miles di/ant1 & ,mr4 ,watson at ! latt] place sang ,auld ,lang ,syne1 ! ,national ,an!m1 & ,hail ,columbia1 :ile ! audi5ce at ,salem jo9$ 9 ! *orus4' ,bell _h ov]come ! difficulty :i* baffl$ ,reis1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ ! undulations ( ! curr5t fit ! vibrations ( ! voice z a glove w fit ! h&4 ,b ! articulation1 ?\gh di/9ct1 0 feeble1 & x rema9$ = ,edison1 by inv5t+ ! c>bon transmitt]1 & ,hughes1 by discov]+ ! microphone1 to r5d] ! telephone ! useful & widespread app>atus :i* we see x n[4 ,bell pat5t$ 8 speak+ telephone 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! beg9n+ ( #ahgf1 & by a /range co9cid5ce1 ,mr4 ,eli%a ,gray appli$ on ! same day = ano!r pat5t ( a simil> k9d4 ,gray's transmitt] is suppos$ to h be5 sugge/$ by ! v old device kn[n z ! 'lov]s' telephone1' 9 :i* two diaphragms are jo9$ by a taut /r+1 & 9 speak+ aga9/ "o ! voice is convey$ ?r\gh ! /r+1 solely by me*anical vibration1 to ! o!r4 ,gray employ$ electricity1 & v>i$ ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t 9 con=mity ) ! voice by caus+ ! diaphragm 9 vibrat+ to dip a metal probe atta*$ to its c5tre m or less deep into a well ( conduct+ liquid 9 circuit ) ! l9e4 ,z ! curr5t pass$ f ! probe ?r\gh ! liquid to ! l9e a great] or less ?ickness ( liquid int]v5$ z ! probe vibrat$ up & d[n1 & ?us ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t 0 regulat$ by ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,8 receiv] 0 an electro-magnet hav+ an iron plate z an armature capable ( vibrat+ "u ! attractions ( ! v>y+ curr5t4 ,b ,gray all[$ 8 idea to slumb]1 :]eas ,bell cont9u$ to p]fect 8 app>atus4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ,bell a*iev$ an unmi/akable success1 ,gray br\ght a suit aga9/ him1 :i* result$ 9 a compromise1 "o public company acquir+ bo? pat5ts4 ,bell's inv5tion has be5 conte/$ ov] & ov] aga91 & m ?an "o claimant = ! hon\r & rew>d ( be+ ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! telephone h appe>$4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ case 0 t ( ,signor ,antonio ,meucci1 an ,italian emigrant1 :o produc$ a mass ( evid5ce to %[ t 9 #ahdi1 :ile 9 ,havanna1 ,cuba1 he exp]im5t$ ) ! view ( transmitt+ spee* by ! electric curr5t4 ,he cont9u$ 8 rese>*es 9 #aheb-c1 & subsequ5tly at ,/at5 ,isl&1 ,u4,s42 & 9 #ahfj deput$ a fri5d visit+ ,europe to int]e/ p 9 8 inv5tion4 ,9 #ahga he fil$ a caveat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 & tri$ to get ,mr4 ,grant1 ,presid5t ( ! ,new ,york ,di/rict ,telegraph ,company1 to give ! app>atus a trial4 ,ill-heal? & pov]ty1 consequ5t on an injury due to an explosion on bo>d ! ,/at5 ,isl& f]ry boat ,we/field1 ret>d$ 8 exp]im5ts1 & prev5t$ him f complet+ 8 pat5t4 ,meucci's exp]im5tal app>atus 0 exhibit$ at ! ,philadelphia ,exhibition ( #ahhd1 & attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,b ! evid5ce he adduces 9 support ( ,8 e>ly claims is t ( p]sons ignorant ( electrical sci5ce1 & ! model %[n 0 n complete4 ,! caveat ( #ahga is inde$ a reliable docum5t2 b un=tunately = him x is n q cle> f x :e!r he employ$ a 'lov]s' telephone1' ) a wire in/ead ( a /r+1 & jo9$ a batt]y to x 9 ! hope ( enhanc+ ! effect4 ',i employ1' he says1 '! well kn[n conduct+ effect ( cont9u\s metallic conductors z a m$ium = s\nd1 & increase ! effect by electrically insulat+ bo? ! conductor & ! p>ties :o are communicat+4 ,x =ms a speak+ telegraph )\t ! necessity ( any holl[ tube4' ,9 connection ) ! telephone he us$ an electric al>m4 ,x is by no means evid5t f ?is description t ,meucci _h devis$ a practicable speak+ telephone2 b he may h be5 ! fir/ to employ electricity 9 connection ) ! transmission ( spee*4 ,meucci is dead4 ',?is cr[n+ m>vel ( ! electric telegraph1' z ,sir ,william ,?omson happily express$ x1 0 foll[$ by ano!r inv5tion 9 "s respects ev5 m rem>kable4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahgh ,pr(essor ,bell 0 9 ,engl&1 & :ile lectur+ at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( ! photophone4 ,x 0 kn[n t cry/all9e sel5ium is a sub/ance peculi>ly s5sitive to light1 = :5 a ray /rikes x an electric curr5t passes f> m easily ?r\gh x ?an if x 7 kept 9 ! d>k4 ,x !re=e occurr$ to ,pr(essor ,bell t if a telephone 7 connect$ 9 circuit ) ! curr5t1 & ! ray ( light fall+ on ! sel5ium 0 eclips$ by means ( ! vibrations ( s\nd1 ! curr5t w\ld undulate 9 keep+ ) ! light1 & ! telephone w\ld emit a correspond+ note4 ,9 ?is way x might be lit]ally possible 'to he> a %ad[ fall a?w>t ! /illness4' ,he 0 n ! fir/ to ent]ta9 ! idea1 = 9 ! summ] ( #ahgh1 "o ',l4 ,f4 ,w41' writ+ f ,kew on ,june #c to ! sci5tific j\rnal ,,nature describes an arrangem5t ( ! k9d4 ,to ,pr(essor ,bell1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,summ] ,ta9t]1 belongs ! hon\r ( hav+1 by d9t ( pati5t ?\ght & lab\r1 br\ght ! photophone into mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,by con/ruct+ s5sitive sel5ium cells ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t pass$1 !n direct+ a p[]ful beam ( light ^u !m1 & occult+ x by a rot>y scre51 he 0 able to v>y ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t 9 su* a mann] z to elicit musical tones f ! telephone 9 circuit ) ! cells4 ,moreov]1 by reflect+ ! beam f a mirror ^u ! cells1 & vibrat+ ! mirror by ! action ( ! voice1 he 0 able to reproduce ! spok5 words 9 ! telephone4 ,9 bo? cases ! only connect+ l9e betwe5 ! transmitt+ scre5 or mirror & ! receiv+ cells & telephone 0 ! ray ( light4 ,) ?is app>atus1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! invocation to ,apollo 9 ! ,,m>tyr ,,( ,,antio*-- ',"l ( ! speak+ lyre1 ,t ) a t\* ( fire ,/rik'/ music :i* delays ! *>m$ sph]es4' ,pr(essor ,bell has accompli%$ ! curi\s feat ( speak+ along a beam ( sun%9e #hcj feet long4 ,! app>atus consi/$ ( a transmitt] ) a m\?piece1 convey+ ! s\nd ( ! voice to a silv]$ diaphragm or mirror1 :i* reflect$ ! vibratory beam ?r\gh a l5s t[>ds ! sel5ium receiv]1 :i* 0 simply a p>abolic reflector1 9 ! focus ( :i* 0 plac$ ! sel5ium cells connect$ 9 circuit ) a batt]y & a pair ( telephones1 "o = ea* e>4 ,! transmitt] 0 plac$ 9 ! top ( ! ,frankl9 s*oolh\se1 at ,wa%+ton1 & ! receiv] 9 ! w9d[ ( ,pr(essor ,bell's laboratory 9 ,l ,/reet4 ',x 0 impossible1' says ! inv5tor1 'to conv]se by ^w ( m\? across t di/ance2 & :ile ,i 0 obs]v+ ,mr4 ,ta9t]1 on ! top ( ! s*oolh\se1 almo/ bl9d$ by ! light :i* 0 com+ 9 at ! w9d[ ( my laboratory1 & va9ly try+ to und]/& ! ge/ures he 0 mak+ to me at t great di/ance1 ! ?\ght occurr$ to me to li/5 to ! telephones connect$ ) ! sel5ium receiv]4 ,mr4 ,ta9t] saw me disappe> f ! w9d[1 & at once spoke to ! transmitt]4 ,i he>d him di/9ctly say1 ,mr4 ,bell1 if y he> :at ,i say1 come to ! w9d[ & wave y\r hat6 ,x is ne$less to say ) :at gu/o ,i obey$4' ,! spectroscope has demon/rat$ ! tru? ( ! poet1 :o said t 'light is ! voice ( ! />s1' & we h x on ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,bell & ,m4 ,janss51 ! celebrat$ a/ronom]1 t ! *ang+ brightness ( ! photosph]e1 z produc$ by sol> hurricanes1 has produc$ a feeble e*o 9 ! photophone4 ,pursu+ ^! rese>*es1 ,pr(essor ,bell discov]$ t n only ! sel5ium cell1 b simple discs ( wood1 glass1 metal1 ivory1 india-rubb]1 & s on1 yield$ a di/9ct note :5 ! int]mitt5t ray ( light fell ^u !m4 ,cry/als ( sulphate ( copp]1 *ips ( p9e1 & ev5 tobacco-smoke1 9 a te/-tube held be=e ! beam1 emitt$ a musical tone4 ,) a ?9 disc ( vulcanite z receiv]1 ! d>k heat rays :i* pass ?r\gh an opaque scre5 7 f\nd to yield a note4 ,ev5 ! out] e> is itself a receiv]1 = :5 ! int]mitt5t beam is focuss$ 9 ! cavity a fa9t musical tone is he>d4 ,ano!r rese>* ( ,pr(essor ,bell 0 t 9 :i* he und]took to localise ! assass9's bullet 9 ! body ( ! lam5t$ ,presid5t ,g>field4 ,9 #ahgi ,pr(essor ,hughes br\ght out 8 beautiful induction balance1 & ! foll[+ ye> ,pr(essor ,bell1 :o _h already work$ 9 ! same field1 consult$ him by telegraph z to ! be/ mode ( apply+ ! balance to det]m9+ ! place ( ! bullet1 :i* _h hi!rto escap$ ! probes ( ! ,presid5t's physicians4 ,pr(essor ,hughes advis$ him by telegraph1 & ) ?is & o!r assi/ance an app>atus 0 devis$ :i* indicat$ ! locality ( ! ball4 ,a full acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts 0 giv5 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 ,augu/1 #ahhb4 ,pr(essor ,bell cont9ues to reside 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( :i* he is a naturalis$ citiz54 ,he is m>ri$ to a daught] ( ,mr4 ,g>d9] ,g4 ,hubb>d1 :o 9 #ahfj1 :5 %e 0 f\r ye>s ( age1 lo/ h] he>+ by an illness1 b has le>n$ to conv]se by ! ,horace-,mann sy/em ( wat*+ ! lips4 ,bo? he & 8 fa!r-9-law 7:o _h a pecuni>y int]e/ 9 8 pat5ts7 h made pr9cely =tunes by ! introduction ( ! telephone4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,?omas ,,alva ,,edison4 ,?omas ,alva ,edison1 ! mo/ fam\s inv5tor ( 8 "t & c\ntry1 0 born at ,milan1 ,erie ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ,febru>y #aa1 #ahdg4 ,8 p$igree has be5 trac$ = two c5turies to a family ( prosp]\s mill]s 9 ,holl&1 "s ( :om emigrat$ to ,am]ica 9 #agcj4 ,?omas1 8 great-gr&fa!r1 0 an (fic] ( a bank 9 ,manhattan ,isl& dur+ ! ,revolution1 & 8 signature is extant on ! old notes ( ! ,am]ican curr5cy4 ,longevity seems a *>act]i/ic ( ! /ra91 = ,?omas liv$ to ! patri>*al t]m ( #ajb1 8 son to #ajc1 & ,samuel1 ! fa!r ( ! inv5tor1 is1 we und]/&1 a brisk & hale old man ( eighty-six4 ,born at ,digby1 9 ! c\nty ( ,annapolis1 ,nova ,scotia1 on ,augu/ #af1 #ahjd1 ,samuel 0 appr5tic$ to a tailor1 b 9 8 manhood he =sook ! ne$le to engage 9 ! lumb] trade1 & aft]w>ds 9 gra94 ,he resid$ = a "t 9 ,canada1 :]e1 at ,vi5na1 he 0 m>ri$ to ,miss ,nancy ,elliott1 a popul> tea*] 9 ! high s*ool4 ,%e 0 ( ,scot* desc5t1 & born 9 ,*5ango ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 on ,janu>y #aj1 #ahaj4 ,aft] 8 m>riage he remov$1 9 #ahcg1 to ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 & ! foll[+ ye> settl$ 9 ,milan4 ,9 8 y\ng] days ,samuel ,edison 0 a man ( f9e appe>ance4 ,he /ood #f feet #b in*es 9 8 /ock+s1 & ev5 at ! age ( sixty-f\r he 0 kn[n to outjump #bfj soldi]s ( a regim5t qu>t]$ at ,=t ,gratiot1 9 ,mi*igan4 ,8 wife 0 a f9e-look+ woman1 intellig5t1 well-educat$1 & a social fav\rite4 ,! inv5tor probably draws 8 physical endurance f 8 fa!r1 & 8 intellect f 8 "m4 ,milan is situat$ on ! ,huron ,riv]1 ab\t t5 miles f ! lake1 & 0 !n a ris+ t[n ( #c1jjj inhabitants1 mo/ly occupi$ ) ! gra9 & timb] trade4 ,mr4 ,edison dwelt 9 a pla9 cottage ) a l[ f5ce 9 front1 :i* /ood beside ! roadway "u ! %ade ( "o or two trees4 ,! *ild 0 nei!r pale nor prematurely ?\ghtful2 he 0 rosy-*eek$1 laugh+1 & *ubby4 ,he lik$ to ramble 9 ! woods1 or play on ! banks ( ! riv]1 & c\ld repeat ! songs ( ! boatm5 ere he 0 five ye>s old4 ,/ill he 0 fond ( build+ little roads ) planks1 & scoop+ out canals or cav]ns 9 ! s&4 ,an amus+ anecdote is imput$ to 8 si/]1 ,mrs4 ,hom] ,page1 ( ,milan4 ,hav+ be5 told "o day t a goose hat*es h] gosl+s by ! w>m? ( h] body1 ! *ild 0 miss$1 & subsequ5tly f\nd 9 ! b>n curl$ up 9 a ne/ beside a quantity ( eggs6 ,! ,lake ,%ore ,railway hav+ injur$ ! trade ( ,milan1 ! family remov$ to ,port ,huron1 9 ,mi*igan1 :5 ,edison 0 ab\t sev5 ye>s old4 ,"h !y liv$ 9 an old-fa%ion$ :ite frame-h\se1 surr\nd$ by a grove1 & comm&+ a f9e view ( ! broad riv]1 ) ! ,canadian hills beyond4 ,8 "m und]took 8 education1 & ) ! exception ( two mon?s he nev] w5t to s*ool4 ,%e direct$ 8 op5+ m9d to ! acquisition ( k1 & (t5 read al\d to ! family 9 ! ev5+4 ,%e & h] son 7 a lov+ pair1 & x is pleasant to "k t al?\gh %e di$ on ,april #i1 #ahga1 be=e he f9ally em]g$ f 8 difficulties1 h] end 0 bright5$ by ! fir/ rays ( 8 com+ glory4 ,mr4 ,edison tells u t 8 son nev] _h any boyhood 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 8 e>ly play?+s be+ /eam-eng9es & ! me*anical p[]s4 ,b x is l en\gh t he trapp$ a wood-*uck n[ & !n1 or caught a :ite-fi% ) ! re/4 ,he 0 gre$y ( k1 & by ! age ( t5 _h read ! ,,p5ny ,,encyclopa$ia2 ,hume's ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&2 ,dubigne's ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation2 ,gibbon's ,,decl9e ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire1 & ,se>s' ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,8 fa!r1 we are told1 enc\rag$ 8 love ( /udy by mak+ him a small pres5t = e book he read4 ,at ! age ( twelve he became a tra9-boy1 or v5dor ( c&y1 fruit1 & j\rnals to ! pass5g]s on ! ,gr& ,trunk ,railway1 betwe5 ,port ,huron & ,detroit4 ,! po/ enabl$ him to sleep at home1 & to ext5d 8 read+ by ! public libr>y at ,detroit4 ,l ! boy ,amp]e1 he propos$1 x is said1 to ma/] ! :ole collection1 %elf by %elf1 & work$ 8 way ?r\gh fifte5 feet ( ! bottom "o be=e he began to select 8 f>e4 ,ev5 ! ,,pr9cipia ( ,newton nev] daunt$ him2 & if he did n und]/& ! problems :i* h puzzl$ "s ( ! greate/ m9ds1 he read !m religi\sly1 & press$ on4 ,burton's ,,anatomy ,,( ,,melan*oly1 ,ure's ,,diction>y ,,( ,,*emi/ry1 did n come amiss2 b 9 ,victor ,hugo's ,,les ,,mis]ables & ,,! ,,toil]s ,,( ,,! ,,sea he f\nd a treasure aft] 8 own he>t4 ,l ,amp]e1 too1 he 0 not$ = a memory :i* reta9$ _m ( ! facts ?us impress$ ^u x1 z ! s\nds are pr9t$ on a phonogram4 ,! boy /ud5t 0 also a ke5 man ( bus9ess1 & 8 pursuit ( k 9 ! ev5+ did n sap 8 ent]prises ( ! day4 ,he soon acquir$ a virtual monopoly = ! sale ( newspap]s on ! l9e1 & employ$ f\r boy assi/ants4 ,8 annual pr(its am\nt$ to ab\t #ejj doll>s1 :i* 7 a sub/antial aid to 8 p>5ts4 ,to increase ! sale ( 8 pap]s1 he telegraph$ ! head+s ( ! w> news to ! /ations 9 advance ( ! tra9s1 & plac>d$ !m to tempt ! pass5g]s4 ,ere long he conceiv$ ! plan ( publi%+ a newspap] ( 8 own4 ,hav+ b\ght a quantity ( old type at ! (fice ( ! ,,detroit ,,free ,,press1 he in/all$ x 9 a sp+less c>1 or 'caboose' ( ! tra9 meant = a smok+-room1 b too un9vit+ to be mu* us$ by ! pass5g]s4 ,"h he set ! type1 & pr9t$ a small%eet ab\t a foot squ>e by press+ x ) 8 h&4 ,! ,,gr& ,,trunk ,,h]ald1 z he call$ x1 0 a weekly organ1 price ?ree c5ts1 conta9+ a v>iety ( local news1 & gossip ( ! l9e4 ,x 0 probably ! only j\rnal ev] publi%$ on a railway tra92 at all ev5ts ) a boy = editor & /aff1 pr9t] & 'devil1' publi%] & hawk]4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 !n build+ ! tubul> bridge at ,montreal1 0 tak5 ) ! v5ture1 & ord]$ an extra edition = 8 own use4 ,! ,london ,,times correspond5t also notic$ ! pap] z a curiosity ( j\rnalism4 ,?is 0 a =eta/e ( notoriety4 ,unluckily1 h[ev]1 ! boy did n keep 8 sci5tific & lit]>y "w ap>t1 & ! smok+-c> 0 trans=m$ into a laboratory z well z a pr9t+ h\se4 ,hav+ procur$ a copy ( ,fres5ius' ,,qualitive ,,analysis & "s old *emical ge>2 he proce$$ to improve 8 leisure by mak+ exp]im5ts4 ,"o day1 ?r\gh an extra jolt ( ! c>1 a bottle ( phosphorus broke on ! floor1 & ! c> took fire4 ,! inc5s$ conductor ( ! tra91 aft] box+ 8 e>s1 evict$ him ) all 8 *attels4 ,f9d+ an asylum 9 ! basem5t ( 8 fa!r's h\se 7:]e he took ! precaution to label all 8 bottles 'poison'71 he began ! publication ( a new & bett] j\rnal1 entitl$ ! ,,paul ,,pry4 ,x boa/$ ( sev]al contributors & a li/ ( regul> subscrib]s4 ,"o ( ^! 7,mr4 ,j4,h4,b471 :ile sm>t+ "u :at he consid]$ a malici\s libel1 met ! editor "o day on ! br9k ( ! ,/4 ,clair1 & tak+ ! law into 8 own h&s1 s\s$ him 9 ! riv]4 ,! editor av5g$ 8 insult$ dignity by exclud+ ! subscrib]'s "n f ! pages ( ! ,,paul ,,pry4 ,y\?ful g5ius is apt to prove unlucky1 & ano!r /ory 7we hope !y are all true1 ?\gh we _c v\* = !m71 is told ( 8 p>tiality = rid+ ) ! eng9e-driv] on ! locomotive4 ,aft] he _h ga9$ an insight into ! work+ ( ! locomotive he w\ld run ! tra9 himself2 b on "o occasion he pump$ s mu* wat] into ! boil] t x 0 %ot f ! funnel1 & delug$ ! eng9e ) soot4 ,by us+ 8 eyes & haunt+ ! ma*9e %ops he 0 able to con/ruct a model ( a locomotive4 ,b 8 employm5t ( ! telegraph seems to h div]t$ 8 ?\ghts 9 t direction1 & ) ! help ( a book on ! telegraph he erect$ a make%ift l9e betwe5 8 new laboratory & ! h\se ( ,james ,w>d1 "o ( 8 boy help]s4 ,! conductor 0 run on trees1 & insulat$ ) bottles1 & ! app>atus 0 home-made1 b x seems to h be5 ( "s use4 ,mr4 ,james ,d4 ,reid1 au?or ( ,,! ,,telegraph ,,9 ,,am]ica1 w\ld h u believe t an attempt 0 made to utilise ! electricity obta9$ by rubb+ a cat connect$ up 9 lieu ( a batt]y2 b ! _s ( ,artemus ,w>d is by no means dead 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! anecdote may be tak5 ) a gra9 ( salt4 ,su* an exp]im5t 0 at all ev5ts pr$e/9$ to an ignom9i\s failure4 ,an act ( h]oism 0 ! turn+-po9t 9 8 c>e]4 ,"o day1 at ! risk ( 8 life1 he sav$ ! *ild ( ! /ation-ma/] at ,m\nt ,clem5s1 ne> ,port ,huron1 f be+ run ov] by an approa*+ tra91 & ! grateful fa!r1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,mack5zie1 le>n+ ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! telegraph1 (f]$ to tea* him ! art ( s5d+ & receiv+ messages4 ,aft] 8 daily s]vice 0 ov]1 ,edison return$ to ,m\nt ,clem5s on a luggage tra9 & receiv$ 8 lesson4 ,at ! end ( five mon?s1 :ile only sixte5 ye>s ( age1 he =sook ! tra9s1 & accept$ an (f] ( tw5ty-five doll>s a mon?1 ) extra pay = ov]time1 z op]ator 9 ! telegraph (fice at ,port ,huron1 a small in/allation 9 a jewelry /ore4 ,he work$ h>d to acquire m skill2 & aft] six mon?s1 f9d+ 8 extra pay )held1 he obta9$ an engagem5t z night op]ator at ,/rat=d1 9 ,canada4 ,to keep him awake ! op]ator 0 requir$ to report ! ^w 'six1' an (fice call1 e half-h\r to ! manag] ( ! circuit4 ,edison fulfill$ ! regulation by inv5t+ a simple device :i* transmitt$ ! requir$ signals4 ,x consi/$ ( a :eel ) ! *>act]s cut on ! rim1 & connect$ ) ! circuit 9 su* a way t ! night wat*man1 by turn+ ! :eel1 c\ld transmit ! signals :ile ,edison slept or /udi$4 ,8 employm5t at ,/rat=d came to a griev\s end4 ,"o night he receiv$ a s]vice message ord]+ a c]ta9 tra9 to /op1 & be=e %[+ x to ! conductor he1 p]haps = great] c]ta9ty1 repeat$ x back aga94 ,:5 he ru%$ out ( ! (fice to deliv] x ! tra9 0 gone1 & a collision seem$ inevitable2 b1 =tunately1 ! oppos+ tra9s met on a /raight portion ( ! track1 & ! accid5t 0 avoid$4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( ! railway ?reat5$ to prosecute ,edison1 :o 0 ?or\ghly fright5$1 & return$ home )\t 8 baggage4 ,dur+ ?is vacation at ,port ,huron 8 +5uity %[$ itself 9 a m cr$itable guise4 ,an 'ice-jam' occurr$ on ! ,/4 ,clair1 & broke ! telegraph cable betwe5 ,port ,huron & ,s>nia1 on ! opposite %ore4 ,communication 0 !re=e int]rupt$ until ,edison m\nt$ a locomotive & s\nd$ ! :i/le 9 %ort & long calls accord+ to ! well-kn[n ',morse1' or telegraphic code4 ,aft] a "t ! report] at ,s>nia caught ! idea1 & messages 7 ex*ang$ by ! new sy/em4 ,8 next situation 0 at ,adrian1 9 ,mi*igan1 :]e he fitt$ up a small %op1 & employ$ 8 sp>e "t 9 repair+ telegraph app>atus & mak+ crude exp]im5ts4 ,"o day he violat$ ! rules ( ! (fice by monopolis+ ! use ( ! l9e on ! /r5g? ( hav+ a message f ! sup]9t5d5t1 & 0 dis*>g$4 ,he 0 next engag$ at ,=t ,wayne1 & behav$ s well t he 0 promot$ to a /ation at ,indianapolis4 ,:ile !re he inv5t$ an 'automatic repeat]1' by :i* a message is receiv$ on "o l9e & simultane\sly transmitt$ on ano!r )\t ! assi/ance ( an op]ator4 ,l o!r "y op]ators1 he 0 ambiti\s to s5d or receive ! night reports = ! press1 :i* dem& ! highe/ spe$ & accuracy ( s5d+4 ,b al?\gh he tri$ to ov]come 8 faults by ! device ( employ+ an auxili>y receiv] work+ at a sl[] rate ?an ! direct "o1 he 0 f\nd incompet5t1 & transf]r$ to a day wire at ,c9c9nati4 ,det]m9$ to excel1 h[ev]1 he took %ift = ! night m5 z (t5 z he c\ld1 & aft] sev]al mon?s1 :5 a delegation ( ,clevel& op]ators came to organise a bran* ( ! ,telegraph]s' ,union1 & ! night m5 7 out on '/rike1' he receiv$ ! press reports z well z he 0 able1 work+ all ! night4 ,= ?is feat 8 sal>y 0 rais$ next day f sixty-five to "o hundr$ & five doll>s1 & he 0 appo9t$ to ! ,l\isville circuit1 "o ( ! mo/ desirable 9 ! (fice4 ,! cl]k at ,l\isville 0 ,bob ,m>t91 "o ( ! mo/ exp]t telegraphi/s 9 ,am]ica1 & ,edison soon became a fir/-class op]ator4 ,9 #ahfd1 tempt$ by a bett] sal>y1 he remov$ to ,memphis1 :]e he f\nd an opportunity ( introduc+ 8 automatic repeat]1 ?us enabl+ ,l\isville to communicate ) ,new ,orleans )\t an int]m$i>y cl]k4 ,= ?is innovation he 0 complim5t$2 b no?+ m4 ,he embrac$ ! subject ( duplex telegraphy1 or ! simultane\s transmission ( two messages on ! same wire1 "o f ea* end2 b 8 ef=ts met ) no enc\ragem5t4 ,m5 ( r\t9e are apt to look ) disfav\r on m5 ( orig9ality2 !y d n wi% to be di/urb$ f ! (ficial groove2 & if !y are n jeal\s ( improvem5t1 !y h (t5 a n>r[-m9d$ contempt or suspicion ( ! s]vant :o is giv5 to inv5tion1 ?9k+ him an oddity :o is wa/+ "t :i* might be bett] employ$ 9 ! usual way4 ,a telegraph op]ator1 9 _! eyes1 has no bus9ess to inv5t4 ,8 place is to sit at 8 in/rum5t & s5d or receive ! messages z fa/ z he c1 )\t tr\bl+ 8 m9d ) inv5tions or any?+ else4 ,:5 8 %ift is ov] he c amuse himself z he likes1 provid$ he is always fit = "w4 ,g5ius is n want$4 ,! cl]ks !mselves1 reckless ( a culture :i* is n requir$1 & hav+ a good /r+ to _! b[ 9 ! matt] ( livelihood1 namely1 ! me*anical art ( signall+1 are prone to lead a c>eless1 gay1 & sup]ficial life1 rov+ f t[n to t[n ?r\gh\t3 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,/ates4 ,b = 8 g5ius & aspirations1 ,edison might h yield$ to ! s$uctions ( ?is happy-g-lucky1 free1 & frivol\s exi/5ce4 ,dissolute comrades at ,memphis won ^u 8 good nature2 b ?\gh he l5t !m money1 he rema9$ ab/emi\s1 work+ h>d1 & sp5d+ 8 leisure ^u books & exp]im5ts4 ,to !m he appe>$ an extraord9>y fell[2 & s f> f sympa?is+ ) 8 inv5tions1 !y dubb$ him ',luny1' & reg>d$ him z daft4 ,:at ) ! money he _h l5t1 or sp5t on books or app>atus1 :5 ! ,memphis l9es 7 transf]r$ f ! ,gov]nm5t to a private company & ,edison 0 dis*>g$1 he f\nd himself )\t a doll>4 ,transport$ to ,decatur1 he walk$ to ,na%ville1 :]e he f\nd ano!r op]ator1 ,william ,foley1 9 ! l /raits1 & !y w5t 9 company to ,l\isville4 ,foley's reputation z an op]ator 0 none ( ! be/2 b on 8 recomm5dation ,edison obta9$ a situation1 & support$ ,foley until he too got employm5t4 ,! squalid (fice 0 infe/$ ) rats1 & its discipl9e 0 lax1 9 all save spe$ & quality ( "w1 & "s ( 8 companions 7 ( a dissipat$ /amp4 ,to add to 8 discom=ts1 ! l9e he work$ 0 old & defective2 b he improv$ ! signals by adju/+ ?ree sets ( in/rum5ts1 & utilis+ !m = ?ree diff]5t /ates ( ! l9e4 ,dur+ ne>ly two ye>s ( drudg]y "u ^! depress+ circum/ances1 ,edison's prospects ( becom+ an inv5tor seem$ fur!r (f ?an ev]4 ,p]haps he began to fe> t /]n necessity w\ld gr9d him d[n1 & keep him /ruggl+ = a livelihood4 ,none ( 8 improvem5ts _h br\ght him any advantage4 ,8 ef=ts to inv5t _h be5 ridicul$ & disc\nt5anc$4 ,nobody _h recognis$ 8 tal5t1 at lea/ z a ?+ ( value & wor?y ( enc\ragem5t1 let alone support4 ,all 8 promotion _h come f try+ to excel 9 8 r\t9e "w4 ,p]haps he lo/ fai? 9 himself1 or x may be t ! gl[+ acc\nts he receiv$ ( ,s\? ,am]ica induc$ him to seek 8 =tune !re4 ,at all ev5ts he caught ! 'craze' = emigration t swept ! ,s\!rn ,/ates on ! conclusion ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & resolv$ to emigrate ) two companions1 ,ke5 & ,w>r54 ,b on _! arriv+ at ,new ,orleans ! vessel _h sail$4 ,9 ?is pr$icam5t ,edison fell 9 ) a travell$ ,spani>d1 :o depict$ ! inf]iority ( o!r c\ntries1 & especially ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 su* vivid col\rs1 t he *ang$ 8 int5tion & return$ home to ,mi*igan4 ,aft] a pleasant holiday ) 8 fri5ds he resum$ 8 occupation 9 ! ,l\isville (fice4 ,contact ) home seems to h *>g$ him ) fre% c\rage4 ,he wrote a "w on electricity1 :i* = lack ( means 0 nev] publi%$1 & improv$ 8 p5man%ip until he c\ld write a fair r\nd backh& at ! rate ( =ty-five words a m9ute--t is to say1 ! utmo/ t an op]ator c s5d by ! ,morse code4 ,! /yle 0 *os5 = its cle>ness1 ea* lett] be+ di/9ctly =m$1 ) little or no %ad+4 ,8 comrades 7 no bett] ?an be=e4 ,on return+ f 8 "w 9 ! small h\rs1 ,edison w\ld sometimes f9d two or ?ree ( !m asleep 9 8 b$ ) _! boots on1 & h to %ift !m to ! floor 9 ord] t he might 'turn 94' ,a new (fice 0 op5$1 b /rict ord]s 7 issu$ t nobody 0 to int]f]e ) ! in/rum5ts & _! connections4 ,he c\ld n resi/ ! infr+em5t ( ?is rule1 h[ev]1 & cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,9 draw+ "s vitriol "o night1 he upset ! c>boy1 & ! acid eat+ its way ?r\gh ! floor1 play$ havoc ) ! furniture ( a luxuri\s bank 9 ! flat bel[4 ,he 0 dis*>g$ = ?is1 b soon obta9$ ano!r engagem5t z a press op]ator 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,he sp5t 8 leisure 9 ! ,me*anics' ,libr>y1 /udy+ works on electricity & g5]al sci5ce4 ,he also develop$ 8 ideas on ! duplex sy/em2 & if !y 7 n c>ri$ out1 !y at lea/ direct$ him to ! quadruplex sy/em ) :i* 8 "n 0 aft]w>ds associat$4 ,^! attempts to improve 8 "t seem to h made him unpopul>1 = aft] a %ort t]m 9 ,c9c9nati1 he return$ to ,port ,huron4 ,a fri5d1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,adams1 op]ator 9 ! ,bo/on (fice ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 recomm5d$ ,edison to 8 manag]1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,millik51 z a good man to "w ! ,new ,york wire1 & ! b]? 0 (f]$ to ,edison by telegraph4 ,he accept$1 & left at once = ,bo/on by ! ,gr& ,trunk ,railway1 b ! tra9 0 sn[$ up = two days ne> ! bluffs ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! consequ5ce might h be5 s]i\s _h provisions n be5 f\nd by a p>ty ( =ag]s4 ,mr4 ,millik5 0 ! fir/ ( ,edison's ma/]s1 & p]haps 8 fell[s1 :o appreciat$ him4 ,m$iocrity _h only se5 ! gawky /ripl+1 ) 8 moon/ruck air1 & pe/il5t habit ( try+ "s new crot*et4 ,himself an inv5tor1 ,millik5 recognis$ 9 8 deep-set eye & mus+ br[ ! fire ( a suppress$ g5ius4 ,he 0 !n j tw5ty-"o4 ,! fri5d%ip ( ,mr4 ,millik51 & ! opportunity = exp]im5t1 r5d]$ ! ,bo/on (fice a cong5ial "o4 ,8 by-h\rs 7 sp5t 9 a little work%op he _h op5$4 ,among 8 inv5tions at ?is p]iod 7 a dial telegraph1 & a 'pr9t]' = use on private l9es1 & an electro-*emical vote record]1 :i* ! ,legislature ( ,massa*usetts decl9$ to adopt4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,pope1 pat5t advis] to ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 8 duplex sy/em 0 tri$1 ) enc\rag+ results4 ,! ready +5uity ( ,edison is %[n by 8 device = kill+ ! cockroa*es :i* ov]ran ! ,bo/on (fice4 ,he arrang$ "s /rips ( t9foil on ! wall1 & connect$ ^! to ! poles ( a batt]y 9 su* a way t :5 ! insects ran t[>ds ! bait :i* he _h provid$1 !y /epp$ f "o foil to ! o!r1 & complet$ ! circuit ( ! curr5t1 ?us receiv+ a sm>t %ock1 :i* dislodg$ !m into a pail ( wat]1 /&+ bel[4 ,9 #ahgj1 aft] two ye>s 9 ,bo/on1 :]e he _h sp5t all 8 e>n+s1 *iefly on 8 books & work%op1 he f\nd himself 9 ,new ,york1 tramp+ ! /reets on ! outlook = a job1 & all b de/itute4 ,aft] repeat$ failures he *anc$ to ent] ! (fice ( ! ,laws ,gold ,report+ ,telegraph ,company :ile ! in/rum5t :i* ,mr4 ,laws _h inv5t$ to report ! fluctuations ( ! money m>ket _h brok5 d[n4 ,no "o c\ld set x "r2 !re 0 a fev] 9 ! m>ket1 & ,mr4 ,laws1 we are told1 0 9 despair4 ,edison volunte]$ to set x "r1 & ?\gh 8 appe>ance 0 unpromis+1 he 0 all[$ to try4 ,! insight ( ! born me*anic1 ! sleight ( h& :i* m>ks ! true exp]im5t]1 h 9 !m some?+ magical to ! ignorant4 ,9 ,edison's h&s ! in/rum5t seem$ to rectify itself4 ,?is 0 8 gold5 opportunity4 ,he 0 engag$ by ! company1 & h5ce=? 8 c>e] z an inv5tor 0 secure4 ,! ,gold ,indicator ,company aft]w>ds gave him a responsible position4 ,he improv$ _! indicator1 & inv5t$ ! ,gold & ,/ock ,quotation ,pr9t]1 an app>atus = a simil> purpose4 ,he ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,pope & ,mr4 ,a%ley1 & introduc$ ! ,pope & ,edison ,pr9t]4 ,a private l9e :i* he e/abli%$ 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,gold & ,/ock ,telegraph ,company1 & soon _! sy/em 0 work$ almo/ exclusively ) ,edison's inv5tion4 ,he 0 reta9$ 9 _! s]vice1 & t ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 z a sal>i$ inv5tor1 !y hav+ ! option ( buy+ all 8 telegraphic inv5tions at a price to be agre$ ^u4 ,at _! exp5se a l>ge electrical factory 0 e/abli%$ "u 8 direction at ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e he 0 free to "w out 8 ideas & manufacture 8 app>atus4 ,n[ t he 0 emancipat$ f drudg]y1 & fairly />t$ on ! walk :i* ,nature _h int5d$ = him1 he rejoic$ 9 ! prolific fre$om ( 8 m9d1 :i* lit]ally teem$ ) projects4 ,8 bra9 0 no long] a prey to itself f ! 'local action1' or wa/e en]gy ( re/ra9$ ideas & revolv+ ?\ghts4 ,! t]m 'local action' is appli$ by electricians to ! wa/e :i* goes on 9 a voltaic batt]y1 al?\gh its curr5t is n fl[+ 9 ! out] circuit & do+ useful "w4 ,if any?+1 he attempt$ too mu*4 ,pat5ts 7 tak5 out by ! score1 & at "o "t !re 7 no less ?an =ty-five di/9ct inv5tions 9 progress4 ,! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts describ$ him z '! "y man :o kept ! pa? to ! ,pat5t ,(fice hot ) 8 foot/eps4' ,8 capacity = lab\r+ )\t re/ is v rem>kable4 ,on "o occasion1 aft] improv+ 8 ,gold & ,/ock ,quotation ,pr9t]1 an ord] = ! new in/rum5ts1 to ! ext5t ( #cj1jjj doll>s1 arriv$ at ! factory4 ,! model _h act$ well1 b ! fir/ in/rum5ts made aft] x prov$ a failure4 ,edison !reupon retir$ to ! upp] floor ( ! factory ) "s ( 8 be/ workm51 & intimat$ t !y mu/ all rema9 !re until ! defect 0 put "r4 ,aft] sixty h\rs ( cont9u\s toil1 ! fault 0 rem$i$1 & ,edison w5t to b$1 :]e he slept = ?irty-six h\rs4 ,mr4 ,johnson1 "o ( 8 assi/ants1 in=ms u t = t5 ye>s he work$ on an av]age eighte5 h\rs a day1 & t he has be5 kn[n to cont9ue an exp]im5t = ?ree mon?s day & night1 ) ! exception ( a nap f six o'clock to n9e ( ! morn+4 ,9 ! ?roes ( inv5tion1 & "u ! inspiration ( 8 ideas1 he is apt to make no di/9ction betwe5 day & night1 until he arrives at a result :i* he consid]s to be satisfactory "o way or ! o!r4 ,8 meals are br\ght to him 9 ! laboratory1 & ha/ily eat51 al?\gh 8 dwell+ is q ne>4 ,long wat*fulness & lab\r seem to height5 ! activity ( 8 m9d1 :i* "u its 'second w9d1' s to speak1 becomes pret]naturally ke5 & sugge/ive4 ,he likes be/ to "w at night 9 ! sil5ce & solitude ( 8 laboratory :5 ! noise ( ! b5*es or ! rumble ( ! eng9es is /ill$1 & all ! _w ab\t him is asleep4 ,=tunately1 he c "w )\t /imulants1 &1 :5 ! /ra9 is ov]1 re/ )\t n>cotics2 o!rwise 8 exhau/$ con/itution1 s\nd z x is1 w\ld probably break d[n4 ,/ill1 he appe>s to be age+ be=e 8 "t1 & "s ( 8 assi/ants1 n s well end[$ ) vitality1 h1 we believe1 ov]tax$ _! /r5g? 9 try+ to keep up ) him4 ,at ?is p]iod he devis$ 8 electric p51 an +5i\s device = mak+ copies ( a docum5t4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a ne$le1 rapidly jogg$ up & d[n by means ( an electro-magnet actuat$ by an int]mitt5t curr5t ( electricity4 ,! writ+ is trac$ ) ! ne$le1 :i* p]=ates ano!r %eet ( pap] und]nea?1 ?us =m+ a /5cil-plate1 :i* :5 plac$ on a clean pap]1 & ev5ly ink$ ) a roll+ bru%1 reproduces ! orig9al writ+4 ,9 #ahgc ,edison 0 m>ri$ to ,miss ,m>y ,/illwell1 ( ,new>k1 "o ( 8 employees4 ,8 elde/ *ild1 ,m>y ,e/elle1 0 playfully surnam$ ',dot1' & 8 second1 ,?omas ,alva1 jun41 ',da%1' aft] ! signals ( ! ,morse code4 ,mrs4 ,edison di$ sev]al ye>s ago4 ,:ile seek+ to improve ! me?od ( duplex work+ introduc$ by ,mr4 ,/eams1 ,edison inv5t$ ! quadruplex1 by :i* f\r messages are simultane\sly s5t ?r\gh "o wire1 two f ea* end4 ,br\ght out 9 association ) ,mr4 ,prescott1 x 0 adopt$ by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 &1 lat]1 by ! ,briti% ,po/ ,(fice4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,we/]n ,union report$ t x _h sav$ ! ,company #ejj1jjj doll>s a ye> 9 ! con/ruction ( new l9es4 ,edison also improv$ ! ,ba9 *emical telegraph1 until x atta9$ an incr$ible spe$4 ,ba9 _h left x capable ( record+ #bjj words a m9ute2 b ,edison1 by d9t ( se>*+ a pile ( books ord]$ f ,new ,york1 ,p>is1 & ,london1 mak+ copi\s notes1 & try+ innum]able exp]im5ts1 :ile eat+ at 8 desk & sleep+ 9 8 *air1 ultimately prep>$ a solution :i* enabl$ x to regi/] ov] #ajjj words a m9ute4 ,x 0 exhibit$ at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5ial ,exhibition 9 #ahgf1 :]e x a/oni%$ ,sir ,william ,?omson4 ,9 #ahgf1 ,edison sold 8 factory at ,new>k1 & retir$ to ,m5lo ,p>k1 a seque/]$ spot ne> ,metu*91 on ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 & ab\t tw5ty-f\r miles f ,new ,york4 ,"h on "s ris+ gr\nd he built a wood5 t5em5t1 two /ories high1 & furni%$ x z a work%op & laboratory4 ,8 own resid5ce & ! cottages ( 8 s]vants complet$ ! little colony4 ,! basem5t ( ! ma9 build+ 0 occupi$ by 8 (fice1 a *oice libr>y1 a cab9et replete ) in/rum5ts ( precision1 & a l>ge airy work%op1 provid$ ) la!s & /eam p[]1 :]e 8 workm5 %ap$ 8 ideas into wood & metal4 ,! books ly+ ab\t1 ! designs & plac>ds on ! walls1 ! draught-bo>d on ! table1 gave x ! appe>ance ( a me*anics' club-room4 ,! free & lightsome behavi\r ( ! m51 ! humm+ at ! b5*es1 recall$ "s s*ool ( h&icraft4 ,!re 7 no rigid h\rs1 no gr9d+ toil "u ! jeal\s eye ( ! ov]se]4 ,! _s ( competition & comm]cial rivalry 0 abs5t4 ,x 0 n a "q ( wr++ z mu* "w z possible out ( ! m5 9 ! %orte/ "t & at ! l[e/ price4 ,moreov]1 !y 7 n m]e me*anical drudges--!y 7 int]e/$ 9 _! jobs1 :i* dem&$ ?\ght z well z skill4 ,up/airs 0 ! laboratory prop]--a long room conta9+ an array ( *emicals2 = ,edison likes to h a sample ( e k9d1 9 case x might sudd5ly be requisite4 ,on ! tables & 9 ! cupbo>ds 7 ly+ all mann] ( telegraphic app>atus1 l5ses1 crucibles1 & pieces ( 8 own inv5tions4 ,a p]fect tangle ( telegraph wires com+ f all p>ts ( ! ,union 7 focuss$ at "o end ( ! room4 ,an a%-cov]$ =ge1 a cab9et organ1 a ru/y /ove ) an old pivot *air1 a b5* well /a9$ ) oils & acids1 complet$ ! equipm5t ( ?is curi\s d51 into :i* ! sunlight filt]$ ?r\gh ! *emical j>s & fell 9 col\r$ pat*es along ! du/y floor4 ,! mov+ _s ( ?is haunt by day & night is well describ$ z an ov]gr[n s*ool-boy4 ,he is a man ( a slim1 b wiry figure1 ab\t five feet t5 in*es 9 height4 ,8 face at ?is p]iod 0 juv5ile & be>dless4 ,! nose & *9 7 %apely & prom95t1 ! m\? firm1 ! =ehead wide & full above1 b n v high4 ,x 0 %ad$ by d>k *e/nut hair1 j silv]$ ) grey4 ,8 mo/ rem>kable features 7 8 eyes1 :i* are blue-grey & deeply set1 ) an int5se & pi]c+ expression4 ,:5 8 att5tion 0 n ar\s$1 he seem$ to retire into himself1 z ?\gh 8 m9d _h drift$ f> away1 & came back sl[ly to ! pres5t4 ,he 0 pale ) nightwork1 & 8 ?\ghtful eyes _h an old look 9 s]i\s mom5ts4 ,b 8 smile 0 boyi% & pleasant1 & 8 mann] a trifle %y4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( ! d&y ab\t ,edison1 ,he boa/$ no jewell$ f+]s or sup]f9e raim5t4 ,an easy coat soil$ ) *emicals1 a batt]$ wide-awake1 & boots guiltless ( poli%1 7 good en\gh = ?is inspir$ workman4 ,an old silv] wat*1 sophi/icat$ ) magnetism1 & keep+ an ecc5tric "t peculi> to x1 0 8 only ornam5t4 ,on social occasions1 ( c\rse1 he adopt$ a m conv5tional co/ume4 ,visitors to ! laboratory (t5 f\nd him 9 8 %irt-sleeves1 ) di%evell$ hair & grimy h&s4 ,! writ] ( ',a ,night ) ,edison' has describ$ him z b5d+ l a wiz>d ov] ! smoky fumes ( "s lurid lamps arrang$ on a brick furnace1 z if he 7 summon+ ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ',x is mu* aft] midnight n[1' says ?is au?or4 ',! ma*9]y bel[ has ceas$ to rumble1 & ! tir$ h&s h gone to _! homes4 ,a ha/y lun* has be5 s5t up4 ,we are at ! !rmoscope4 ,sudd5ly a telegraph in/rum5t beg9s to click4 ,! inv5tor /rikes a grotesque attitude1 a h]r+ 9 "o h& & a biscuit 9 ! o!r1 & ) a voice a little muffl$ ) a m\?ful ( bo?1 translates al\d1 sl[ly1 ! s\nd intelligible to him alone3 ,london4--,news ( dea? ( ,"l ,john ,russell premature4 ,john ,blan*>d1 ^: failure 0 ann\nc$ ye/]day1 has suicid$ 7no1 t 0 a bad "o7 ,,succe$$6 9 adju/+ 8 affairs1 & w cont9ue 9 bus9ess4' ,8 ta/es are simple & 8 habits are pla94 ,on "o occasion1 :5 invit$ to a d9n] at ,delmonico's re/aurant1 he cont5t$ himself ) a slice ( pie & a cup ( tea4 ,ano!r "t he is said to h decl9$ a public d9n] ) ! rem>k t #ajj1jjj doll>s w\ld n tempt him to sit ?r\gh two h\rs ( 'p]sonal glorification4' ,he dislikes notoriety1 ?9k+ t a man is to be 'measur$ by :at he does1 n by :at is said ab\t him4' ,b he likes to talk ab\t 8 inv5tions & %[ !m to visitors at ,m5lo ,p>k4 ,9 disposition he is sociable1 affectionate1 & g5]\s1 giv+ himself no airs1 & treat+ all alike4 ,8 hum\r is native1 & peculi> to himself1 s !re is "s excuse = ! newspap] report]s :o take 8 jokes ab\t ! capabilities ( ,nature ,,au ,,s]ieux2 & publi% !m = gospel4 ,8 assi/ants are select$ = _! skill & physical endurance4 ,! *ief at ,m5lo ,p>k 0 ,mr4 ,*>les ,bat*elor1 a ,scot*man1 :o _h a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 ! inv5tions1 b ! o!rs1 includ+ ma!maticians1 *emi/s1 electricians1 secret>y1 bookkeep]1 & me*anics1 7 paid a sal>y4 ,!y 7 devot$ to ,edison1 :o1 ?\gh he work$ !m h>d at times1 0 an indulg5t ma/]1 & sometimes jo9$ !m 9 a g5]al holiday4 ,all ( !m spoke 9 ! highe/ t]ms ( ! inv5tor & ! man4 ,! ,m5lo e/abli%m5t 0 unique 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 f\nd$ = ! sole purpose ( apply+ ! prop]ties ( matt] to ! production ( new inv5tions4 ,= love ( sci5ce or ! hope ( ga91 m5 _h exp]im5t$ be=e1 & work$ out _! inv5tions 9 ! laboratories ( colleges & manufactories4 ,b ,edison seems to h be5 ! fir/ to organise a /aff ( tra9$ assi/ants to hunt up useful facts 9 books1 old & mod]n1 & discov] fre% ones by exp]im5t1 9 ord] to develop 8 ideas or sugge/ new ones1 toge!r ) skill$ workm5 to embody !m 9 ! fitte/ mann]2 & all ) ! av[$ object ( tak+ out pat5ts1 & introduc+ ! novel app>atus z a comm]cial speculation4 ,he did n manufacture 8 ma*9es = sale2 he simply creat$ ! models1 & left _! multiplication to o!r p4 ,!re are diff]5t ways ( look+ at ,nature3 ',to "s %e is ! goddess great2 ,to "s ! mil*-c[ ( ! field2 ,_! bus9ess is to calculate ,! butt] %e w yield4' ,! in/itution has prov$ a rem>kable success4 ,f x has emanat$ a s]ies ( m>vell\s inv5tions :i* h c>ri$ ! "n ( ,edison ?r\gh\t ! :ole civilis$ _w4 ,exp5se 0 disreg>d$ 9 mak+ ! laboratory z effici5t z possible2 ! v be/ equipm5t 0 provid$1 ! able/ assi/ants employ$1 & ! pr(it has be5 imm5se4 ,edison is a millionaire2 ! royalties f 8 pat5ts alone are said to equal ! sal>y ( a ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,al?\gh ,edison 0 ! ma/] _s ( ! b&1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t 8 assi/ants 7 sometimes co-inv5tors ) himself4 ,no d\bt he (t5 suppli$ ! g]m9al ideas1 :ile 8 assi/ants only c>ri$ !m out4 ,b occasionally ! sugge/ion 0 no?+ m ?an ?is3 ',i want some?+ t w d s-&-s4 ,i believe x w be a good ?+1 & c be done4' ,! assi/ant 0 on 8 mettle1 & ei!r fail$ or triumph$4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5ts & rese>*es 7 all *ronicl$ 9 a book1 = ! new facts1 if n !n requir$1 might become s]viceable at a future "t4 ,if a r>e mat]ial 0 want$1 x 0 procur$ at any co/4 ,) su* facilities1 an inv5tion is rapidly matur$4 ,sometimes ! idea 0 conceiv$ 9 ! morn+1 & a work+ model 0 con/ruct$ by ! ev5+4 ,"o day1 we are told1 a discov]y 0 made at #d ,p4,m41 & ,edison telegraph$ x to 8 pat5t ag5t1 :o imm$iately drew up ! specification1 & at n9e o'clock next morn+ cabl$ x to ,london4 ,be=e ! inv5tor 0 out ( b$1 he receiv$ an intimation t 8 pat5t _h be5 already deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,( c\rse1 ! diff]5ce ( "t 0 9 8 fav\r4 ,:5 ,edison arriv$ at ! laboratory 9 ! morn+1 he read 8 lett]s1 & !n ov]look$ 8 employees1 witness+ _! results & (f]+ 8 sugge/ions2 b x (t5 happ5$ t he became totally engross$ ) "o exp]im5t or inv5tion4 ,8 "w 0 frequ5tly int]rupt$ by curi\s visitors1 :o wi%$ to see ! laboratory & ! man4 ,al?\gh he _h *os5 t out-(-!-way place to avoid di/urbance1 !y 7 nev] d5i$3 & he (t5 took a pleasure 9 %[+ 8 models1 or expla9+ ! "w on :i* he 0 engag$4 ,!re 0 no affectation ( my/]y1 no attempt at keep+ 8 exp]im5ts a secret4 ,ev5 ! laboratory notes 7 op5 to inspection4 ,m5lo ,p>k became a k9d ( ,mecca to ! sci5tific pilgrim2 ! newspap]s & magaz9es despat*$ report]s to ! sc5e2 excursion p>ties came by rail1 & c\ntry f>m]s 9 _! buggies2 till at la/ an ent]pris+ ,yankee ev5 op5$ a refre%m5t room4 ,! fir/ ( ,edison's great] inv5tions 9 ,m5lo ,p>k 0 ! 'l\d-speak+ telephone4' ,pr(essor ,graham ,bell _h introduc$ 8 magneto-electric telephone1 b its effect 0 feeble4 ,x is1 we believe1 a maxim 9 biology t a simil>ity betwe5 ! extremities ( a creature is an infallible sign ( its inf]iority1 & t 9 proportion z x rises 9 ! scale ( be+1 its head is f\nd to diff] f its tail4 ,n[1 9 ! ,bell app>atus1 ! transmitt] & ! receiv] 7 alike1 & h5ce ,cl]k ,maxwell h9t$ t x w\ld nev] be good = mu* until !y became diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly ,edison accompli%$ ! feat4 ,) ! h>dihood ( g5ius1 he attempt$ to devise a telephone :i* w\ld speak out l\d en\gh to be he>d 9 any corn] ( a l>ge hall4 ,9 ! telephone ( ,bell1 ! voice ( ! speak] is ! motive p[] :i* g5]ates ! curr5t 9 ! l9e4 ,! vibrations ( ! s\nd may be said to trans=m !mselves into electrical undulations4 ,h5ce ! curr5t is v weak1 & ! reproduction ( ! voice is relatively fa9t4 ,edison adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( mak+ ! vibrations ( ! voice control ! int5sity ( a curr5t :i* 0 indep5d5tly suppli$ to ! l9e by a voltaic batt]y4 ,! plan ( ,bell1 9 %ort1 may be comp>$ to a man :o employs 8 /r5g? to pump a quantity ( wat] into a pipe1 & t ( ,edison to "o :o uses 8 to op5 a sluice1 ?r\gh :i* a /ream ( wat] fl[s f a capaci\s dam into ! pipe4 ,edison 0 acqua9t$ ) two exp]im5tal facts on :i* to base ! inv5tion4 ,9 #ahgc1 or !reab\t1 he claim$ to h obs]v$1 :ile con/ruct+ rheo/ats1 or electrical resi/ances = mak+ an artificial telegraph l9e1 t p[d]$ plumbago & c>bon has ! prop]ty ( v>y+ 9 its resi/ance to ! passage ( ! curr5t :5 "u pressure4 ,! v>iation seem$ 9 a mann] proportional to ! pressure4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 p[d]$ c>bon & plumbago _h be5 us$ 9 mak+ small adju/able rheo/ats by ,m4 ,cl]ac1 9 ,france1 & probably also 9 ,g]many1 z e>ly z #ahfe or #ahff4 ,cl]ac's device consi/$ ( a small wood5 tube conta9+ ! mat]ial1 & fitt$ ) contacts = ! curr5t1 :i* appe> to h adju/$ ! pressure4 ,moreov]1 ! ,c\nt ,du ,moncel1 z f> back z #ahef1 _h cle>ly discov]$ t :5 p[d]$ c>bon 0 subject$ to pressure1 its electrical resi/ance alt]$1 & _h made a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! ph5om5on4 ,edison may h indep5d5tly obs]v$ ! fact1 b x is c]ta9 he 0 n ! fir/1 & 8 claim to priority has fall5 to ! gr\nd4 ,/ill he des]ves ! full cr$it ( utilis+ x 9 ways :i* 7 highly +5i\s & bold4 ,! 'pressure-relay1' produc$ 9 #ahgg1 0 ! fir/ relay 9 :i* ! /r5g? ( ! local curr5t work+ ! local telegraph in/rum5t 0 caus$ to v>y 9 proportion to ! v>iation2 ( ! curr5t 9 ! ma9 l9e4 ,x consi/$ ( an electro-magnet ) d\ble poles & an armature :i* press$ ^u a disc or discs ( plumbago1 ?r\gh :i* ! local curr5t ,pass$4 ,! electro-magnet 0 excit$ by ! ma9 l9e curr5t & ! armature attract$ to its poles at e signal1 ?us press+ on ! plumbago1 & by r$uc+ its resi/ance v>y+ ! curr5t 9 ! local circuit4 ,accord+ z ! ma9 l9e curr5t 0 /rong or weak1 ! pressure on ! plumbago 0 m or less1 & ! curr5t 9 ! local circuit /rong or weak4 ,h5ce ! signals ( ! local receiv] 7 9 accordance ) ! curr5ts 9 ! ma9 l9e4 ,edison f\nd t ! same prop]ty might be appli$ to regulate ! /r5g? ( a curr5t 9 con=mity ) ! vibrations ( ! voice1 & aft] a great numb] ( exp]im5ts produc$ 8 'c>bon transmitt]4' ,plumbago 9 p[d]1 9 /icks1 or rubb$ on fibres & %eets ( silk1 7 tri$ z ! s5sitive mat]ial1 b f9ally ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( a small cake or waf] ( compress$ lamp-black1 obta9$ f ! smoke ( burn+ oil1 su* z b5zol5e or rigol5e4 ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ 'c>bon button1' :i* on be+ plac$ betwe5 two plat9um discs by way ( contact1 & trav]s$ by ! electric curr5t1 0 f\nd to v>y 9 resi/ance "u ! pressure ( ! s\nd waves4 ,! voice 0 conc5trat$ ^u x by means ( a m\?piece & a diaphragm4 ,! prop]ty on :i* ! receiv] 0 bas$ _h be5 obs]v$ & appli$ by him "s "t be=e4 ,:5 a curr5t is pass$ f a metal contact ?r\gh c]ta9 *emical salts1 a lubricat+ effect 0 noticeable4 ,?us if a metal /ylus 7 rubb$ or drawn ov] a prep>$ surface1 ! po9t ( ! /ylus 0 f\nd to slip or 'skid' e "t a curr5t pass$ betwe5 !m1 z ?\gh x _h be5 oil$4 ,if y\r p5 7 ! /ylus1 & ! pap] on :i* y write ! surface1 ea* wave ( electricity pass+ f ! nib to ! pap] w\ld make ! p5 />t1 & j]k y\r f+]s ) x4 ,he appli$ ! prop]ty to ! record+ ( telegraph signals )\t ! help ( an electro-magnet1 by caus+ ! curr5ts to alt] ! friction betwe5 ! two rubb+ surfaces1 & s actuate a m>k]1 :i* regi/]$ ! message z 9 ! ,morse sy/em4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 call$ ! 'electromotograph1' & x occurr$ to ,edison t 9 a simil> way ! undulatory curr5ts f 8 c>bon transmitt] might1 by v>y+ ! friction betwe5 a metal /ylus & ! prep>$ surface1 put a tympanum 9 vibration1 & reproduce ! orig9al s\nds4 ,wond]ful z x may appe>1 he succe$$ 9 do+ s by ! aid ( a piece ( *alk1 a brass p91 & a ?9 %eet or disc ( mica4 ,he atta*$ ! p9 or /ylus to ! c5tre ( ! mica1 & br\ght its po9t to be> on a cyl9drical surface ( prep>$ *alk4 ,! undulatory curr5t f ! l9e 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! /ylus & ! *alk1 :ile ! latt] 0 mov$ by turn+ a h&le2 & at e pulse ( ! electricity ! friction betwe5 ! p9 & *alk 0 dim9i%$1 s t ! /ylus slipp$ ^u its surface4 ,! consequ5ce 0 a vibration ( ! mica diaphragm to :i* ! /ylus 0 atta*$4 ,?us ! undulatory curr5t 0 able to e/abli% vibrations ( ! disc1 :i* communicat$ !mselves to ! air & reproduc$ ! orig9al s\nds4 ,! replica 0 l\d en\gh to be he>d by a l>ge audi5ce1 & by r$uc+ ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t x c\ld be l[]$ to a feeble murmur4 ,! comb9$ transmitt] & receiv] took ! =m ( a small case ) a m\?piece to speak into1 an c>-piece on a h+$ bracket = li/5+ to x1 press-keys = manipulat+ ! call-bell & batt]y1 & a small h&le by :i* to revolve ! little *alk cyl9d]4 ,?is la/ feature 0 a practical drawback to ! sy/em1 :i* 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahgg4 ,! ,edison telephone1 :5 at its be/1 c\ld transmit all k9ds ( noises1 g5tle or h>%2 x c\ld lift up its voice & cry al\d1 or s9k x to a confid5tial :isp]4 ,!re 0 a slight ,pun*9ellian twang ab\t its utt]ances1 :i*1 if x did n altoge!r disguise ! individuality ( ! di/ant speak]1 gave x ! comicality ( a clev] p>ody1 & to he> x s++ a song1 & quav]+ jauntily on ! high notes1 0 irresi/ibly funny4 ,in/rum5tal notes 7 giv5 9 all _! purity1 &1 aft] ! phonograph1 !re 0 no?+ m magical 9 ! :ole range ( sci5ce ?an to he> t fragm5t ( common *alk di/ill+ to ! air ! liquid melody ( sweet bells j+l+ 9 tune4 ,x br\ght to m9d t wond]ful /one ( ,memnon1 :i* respond$ to ! rays ( sunrise4 ,x seem$ to ! li/5] t if ! age ( miracles 0 pa/ t ( m>vels _h arriv$1 & consid]+ ! simplicity ( ! mat]ials1 & ! obscurity ( its action1 ! l\d-speak+ telephone 0 "o ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ ( rec5t inv5tions4 ,aft] ,pr(essor ,hughes _h publi%$ 8 discov]y ( ! microphone1 ,edison1 recognis+1 p]haps1 t x & ! c>bon transmitt] 7 bas$ on ! same pr9ciple1 & hav+ le>nt 8 k ( ! _w 9 ! h>d s*ool ( adv]sity1 ha/ily claim$ ! microphone z a v>iety ( 8 inv5tion1 b imprud5tly *>g$ ,pr(essor ,hughes & 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 :o _h visit$ ,edison at ,m5lo ,p>k1 ) hav+ '/ol5 8 ?und]4' ,! imputation 0 indignantly d5i$1 & x 0 obvi\s to all imp>tial electricians t ,pr(essor ,hughes _h arriv$ at 8 results by a pa? q indep5d5t ( ! c>bon transmitt]1 & discov]$ a great deal m ?an ,edison _h done4 ,= "o ?+1 ,edison believ$ ! action ( 8 transmitt] z due to a prop]ty ( c]ta9 poor or 'semi-conductors1' :]eby _! electric resi/ance v>i$ "u pressure4 ,hughes taught u to und]/& t x 0 ow+ to a prop]ty ( loose electrical contact betwe5 any two conductors4 ,! s(t & spr+y button ( lamp-black became no long] necess>y1 s9ce x 0 n s mu* ! resi/ance ( ! mat]ial :i* v>i$ z ! resi/ance at ! contacts ( its p>ts & ! plat9um electrodes4 ,two metals1 or two pieces ( h>d c>bon1 or a piece ( metal & a piece ( h>d c>bon1 7 f\nd to regulate ! curr5t 9 accordance ) ! vibrations ( ! voice4 ,edison !re=e disc>d$ ! s(t & fragile button1 replac+ x by contacts ( h>d c>bon & metal1 9 %ort1 by a =m ( microphone4 ,! c>bon1 or microphone transmitt]1 0 f\nd sup]ior to ! magneto-electric transmitt] ( ,bell2 b ! latt] 0 pref]able z a receiv] to ! l\d] b less conv5i5t *emical receiv] ( ,edison1 & ! mo/ successful telephonic sy/em ( ! day is a comb9ation ( ! microphone1 or new c>bon transmitt]1 ) ! ,bell receiv]4 ,! 'micro-tasimet]1' a delicate !rmoscope1 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahgh1 & is ! outcome ( ,edison's exp]im5ts ) ! c>bon button4 ,kn[+ ! latt] to be extremely s5sitive to m9ute *anges ( pressure1 = example1 ^? ( sonor\s vibrations1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( measur+ radiant heat by caus+ x to elongate a ?9 b> or /rip ( metal or vulcanite1 be>+ at "o end on ! button4 ,to indicate ! effect1 he includ$ a galvanomet] 9 ! circuit ( ! batt]y & ! button4 ,! app>atus consi/$ ( a telephone button plac$ betwe5 two discs ( plat9um & connect$ 9 circuit ) ! batt]y & a s5sitive galvanomet]4 ,! /rip 0 support$ s t "o end bore ^u ! button ) a pressure :i* c\ld be regulat$ by an adju/able screw at ! o!r4 ,! /rip exp&$ or contract$ :5 expos$ to heat or cold1 & ?ru/ itself ^u ! button m or less1 !reby v>y+ ! electric curr5t & deflect+ ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] to "o side or ! o!r4 ,! in/rum5t 0 said to indicate a *ange ( temp]ature equival5t to "o-million? ( a degree ,fahr5heit4 ,x 0 te/$ by ,edison on ! sun's corona dur+ ! eclipse obs]vations ( ,july #bi1 #ahge1 at ,rawl+s1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,wyom+4 ,! trial 0 n satisfactory1 h[ev]1 = ! app>atus 0 m\nt$ on a h5-h\se1 :i* trembl$ to ! gale1 & be=e he c\ld get x prop]ly adju/$ ! eclipse 0 ov]4 ,x is report$ t on ano!r trial ! light f ! /> ,arcturus1 :5 focuss$ on ! vulcanite1 0 capable ( deflect+ ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet]4 ,:5 gelat9e is sub/itut$ = vulcanite1 ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e c also be measur$ 9 ! same way4 ,edison's cr[n+ discov]y at ,m5lo ,p>k 0 ! celebrat$ 'phonograph1' or talk+ ma*9e4 ,x 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by "o ( 8 assi/ants 9 ! pages ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican = #ahgh4 ,! />tl+ news creat$ a g5]al feel+ ( a/oni%m5t1 m+l$ ) incr$ulity or fai?4 ,p _h inde$ he>d ( ! talk+ heads ( antiquity1 & se5 ! articulat+ ma*9es ( ,de ,kempel5 & ,fab]1 ) _! artificial vocal organs & complicat$ lev]s1 manipulat$ by an op]ator4 ,b ! phonograph 0 automatic1 & return$ ! words :i* _h be5 spok5 into x by a purely me*anical mimicry4 ,x captur$ & imprison$ ! s\nds z ! photograph reta9$ ! images ( light4 ,! col\rs ( ,nature 7 lo/ 9 ! photograph1 b ! phonograph 0 said to pres]ve ! qualities ev5 ( ! human voice4 ,yet ?is wond]ful appliance _h nei!r tongue nor tee?1 l>ynx nor ph>ynx4 ,x appe>$ z simple z a c(fee-mill4 ,a vibrat+ diaphragm to collect ! s\nds1 & a /ylus to impress !m on a %eet ( t9foil1 7 its ess5tial p>ts4 ,look+ on ! record ( ! s\nd1 "o c\ld see only ! scor+ ( ! /ylus on ! yield+ surface ( ! metal1 l ! track ( an ,alp9e travell] across ! virg9 sn[4 ,^! puzzl+ scrat*es 7 ! foot-pr9ts ( ! voice4 ,spee* is ! mo/ p]fect utt]ance ( man2 b its p[]s are limit$ bo? 9 "t & space4 ,! s\nds ( ! voice are fleet+1 & d n c>ry f>2 h5ce ! inv5tion ( lett]s to record !m1 & ( signals to ext5d _! range4 ,^! tw9 l9es ( inv5tion1 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! ages1 h 9 our own day rea*$ _! consummation4 ,! smoke ( ! savage1 ! semaphore1 & ! telegraph h end$ 9 ! telephone1 by :i* ! actual voice c speak to a di/ance2 & n[ at l5g? ! clay tablet ( ! ,assyrian1 ! wax ( ! anci5t ,greek1 ! papyrus ( ! ,egyptian1 & ! mod]n pr9t+-press h culm9at$ 9 ! phonograph1 by :i* ! liv+ words c be pres]v$ into ! future4 ,9 ! light ( a new discov]y1 we are apt to wond] :y our fa!rs 7 s bl9d z n to see x4 ,:5 a new inv5tion has be5 made1 we ask ourselves1 ,:y 0 x n ?\ght ( be=e8 ,! discov]y seems obvi\s1 & ! inv5tion simple1 aft] we "k !m4 ,n[ t spee* itself c be s5t a ?\s& miles away1 or he>d a ?\s& ye>s aft]1 we disc]n 9 ^! a*ievem5ts two goals t[>d :i* we h be5 mak+1 & at :i* we %\ld arrive "s day4 ,we m>vel t we _h no presci5ce ( ^!1 & t we did n atta9 to !m soon]4 ,:y has x tak5 s _m g5]ations to rea* a =egone conclusion8 ,alas6 !y nei!r knew ! conclusion nor ! means ( atta9+ to x4 ,man works f ignorance t[>ds great] k ) v limit$ p[]s4 ,8 little circle ( light is surr\nd$ by a wall ( d>kness1 :i* he /rives to p5etrate & light51 n[ grop+ bl9dly on its v]ge1 n[ advanc+ 8 tap] light & pe]+ =w>d2 yet unable to g f>1 & ev5 afraid to v5ture1 9 case he %\ld be lo/4 ,to ! ,inf9ite ,intellig5ce :i* kn[s all t is hidd5 9 t d>kness1 & all t man w discov] !re91 h[ poor a ?+ is ! telephone or phonograph1 h[ insignificant are all 8 'great discov]ies'6 ,?is ?\ght %\ld imbue a man ( sci5ce ) humility r ?an ) pride4 ,se5 f ano!r /&po9t ?an 8 own1 f )\t ! circle ( 8 lab\rs1 n f )91 9 look+ back1 n =w>d1 ev5 8 mo/ rem>kable discov]y is b ! te/imony ( 8 own littl5ess4 ,! veil ( d>kness only s]ves to keep ^! little p[]s at "w4 ,m5 h sometimes a =e%ad[+ ( :at w come to pass )\t di/9ctly see+ x4 ,9 me*anical affairs1 ! notion ( a telegraph is v old1 & probably immemorial4 ,c5turies ago ! poet & philosoph] ent]ta9$ ! idea ( two p]sons f> ap>t be+ able to correspond ?r\gh ! sympa!tic prop]ty ( ! lode/one4 ,! /r+ or lov]s' telephone 0 kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 & ev5 ! electric telephone 0 ?\ght ab\t "s ye>s be=e x 0 inv5t$4 ,b\rseul1 ,reis1 & o!rs prec$$ ,graham ,bell4 ,! phonograph 0 m ( a surprise2 b /ill x 0 no exception to ! rule4 ,naturally1 m5 & wom5 _h desir$ to pres]ve ! acc5ts z well z ! l9eam5ts ( "s belov$ fri5d :o _h pass$ away4 ,! ,*9ese h a leg5d ( a "m ^: voice 0 s beautiful t h] *ildr5 tri$ to /ore x 9 a bamboo cane1 :i* 0 c>efully seal$ up4 ,long aft] %e 0 dead ! cane 0 op5$1 & h] voice came out 9 all its sweetness1 b 0 nev] he>d aga94 ,a simil> idea 7:i* rem9ds u ( ,mun*aus5's trumpet7 is f\nd 9 ! ,,natural ,,magick ( ,john ,bapti/a ,porta1 ! celebrat$ ,neapolitan philosoph]1 & publi%$ at ,london 9 #afeh4 ,he proposes to conf9e ! s\nd ( ! voice 9 lead5 pipes1 su* z are us$ = speak+ ?r\gh2 & he goes on to say t 'if any man1 z ! words are spok51 %all /op ! end ( ! pipe1 & he t is at ! o!r end %all d ! l1 ! voice may be int]cept$ 9 ! middle1 & be %ut up z 9 a prison1 & :5 ! m\? is op5$1 ! voice w come =? z out ( 8 m\? t spake x4444 ,i am n[ ^u trial ( x4 ,if be=e my book be pr9t$ ! bus9ess take effect1 ,i w set x d[n2 if n1 if ,god please1 ,i %all write ( x else:]e4' ,porta also ref]s to ! speak+ head ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :om1 h[ev]1 he discr$its4 ,he likewise m5tions a colossal trumpet] ( brass1 /at$ to h be5 erect$ 9 "s anci5t cities1 & describes a plan = mak+ a k9d ( megaphone1 ':]e) we may he> _m miles4' ,9 ! ,,voyage ,a ,,la ,,lune ( ,de ,cyrano ,b]g]ac1 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #afej1 & subsequ5tly translat$ into ,engli%1 !re is a long acc\nt ( a 'me*anical book' :i* spoke its cont5ts to ! li/5]4 ',x 0 a book1 inde$1' says ,cyrano1 'b a /range & wond]ful book1 :i* _h nei!r leaves nor lett]s1' & :i* in/ruct$ ! ,y\? 9 _! walks1 s t !y knew m ?an ! ,greybe>ds ( ,cyrano's c\ntry1 & ne$ nev] lack ! company ( all ! great m5 liv+ or dead to ent]ta9 !m ) liv+ voices4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] surmis$ t a talk+ ma*9e m\ld be inv5t$ be=e ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,m>y ,som]ville1 9 h] ,,connection ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,sci5ces1 wrote "s fifty ye>s ago3 ',x may be presum$ t ultimately ! utt]ances or pronunciation ( mod]n languages w be convey$1 n only to ! eye1 b also to ! e> ( po/]ity4 ,_h ! anci5ts possess$ ! means ( transmitt+ su* def9ite s\nds1 ! civilis$ _w mu/ h respond$ 9 sympa!tic notes at ! di/ance ( _m ages4' ,9 ! ,,memoires ,,du ,,geant ( ,m4 ,nad>1 publi%$ 9 #ahfd1 ! au?or says3 ',^! la/ fifte5 ye>s ,i h amus$ myself 9 ?9k+ !re is no?+ to prev5t a man "o ( ^! days f f9d+ a way to give u a dagu]reotype ( s\nd--! phonograph--some?+ l a box 9 :i* melodies w be fix$ & kept1 z images are fix$ 9 ! d>k *amb]4' ,x is also on record t1 be=e ,edison _h publi%$ 8 discov]y to ! _w1 ,m4 ,*>les ,cros deposit$ a seal$ packet at ! ,academie des ,sci5ces1 ,p>is1 giv+ an acc\nt ( an inv5tion simil> to ! phonograph4 ,ignorance ( ! true nature ( s\nd _h prev5t$ ! introduction ( su* an in/rum5t4 ,b mod]n sci5ce1 & 9 p>ticul> ! inv5tion ( ! telephone ) its vibrat+ plate1 _h pav$ ! way = x4 ,! "t 0 ripe1 & ,edison 0 ! fir/ to d x4 ,9 spite ( ! unbridl$ fancies ( ! poets & ! h9ts ( +5i\s writ]s1 ! ann\ncem5t t a means ( ho>d+ spee* _h be5 devis$ bur/ l a ?und]clap ^u ! _w4 ,9 see+ 8 "m's picture ,byron wi%$ t he might he> h] voice4 ,t5nyson exclaims1 ',oh = ! t\* ( a vani%$ h&1 & ! s\nd ( a voice t is /ill6' ,%elley1 9 ! ,,wit* ,,( ,,atlas1 wrote3 ',! deep recesses ( h] odor\s dwell+ ,7 /or$ ) magic treasures--s\nds ( air1 ,:i* _h ! p[] all spirits ( compell+1 ,fold$ 9 cells ( cry/al sil5ce !re2 ,su* z we he> 9 y\?1 & ?9k ! feel+ ,w nev] die--yet ere we are aw>e1 ,! feel+ & ! s\nd are fl$ & gone1 ,& ! regret !y leave rema9s alone4' ,aga91 9 8 ,,_s ,,( ,,solitude1 we f9d3 ',! fire ( ^? s(t orbs has ceas$ to burn1 ,& sil5ce too enam\r$ ( t voice ,locks its mute music 9 h] rugg$ cell1' ,! phonograph lay "u ! v eyes ( ,sci5ce1 & yet %e did n see x4 ,! logograph _h trac$ all ! curves ( spee* ) ink on pap]2 & x only rema9$ to impress !m on a solid surface 9 su* a mann] z to regulate ! vibrations ( an artificial tympanum or drum4 ,yet no pr(essor ( ac\/ics ?\ght ( ?is1 & x 0 left to ,edison1 a telegraphic inv5tor1 to %[ !m :at 0 ly+ at _! feet4 ,m]e k1 uncomb9$ 9 ! imag9ation1 does n be> fruit 9 new inv5tions4 ,x is f ! union ( diff]5t facts t a new idea spr+s4 ,a s*ol> is apt to be cont5t ) ! acquisition ( k1 :i* rema9s passive 9 8 m9d4 ,an inv5tor seizes ^u fre% facts1 & comb9es !m ) ! old1 :i* !reby become nasc5t4 ,?r\gh accid5t or prem$itation he is able by unit+ scatt]$ ?\ghts to add a novel in/rum5t to a doma9 ( sci5ce ) :i* he has little acqua9tance4 ,nay1 ! lessons ( exp]i5ce & ! scruples ( intimate k sometimes det] a ma/] f attempt+ :at ! tyro1 ) ! audacity ( g5ius & ! h>dihood ( ignorance1 a*ieves4 ,!ori/s h be5 kn[n to pron\nce aga9/ a promis+ inv5tion :i* has aft]w>ds be5 c>ri$ to success1 & x is n improbable t if ,edison _h be5 an au?ority 9 ac\/ics he w\ld nev] h inv5t$ ! phonograph4 ,x happ5$ 9 ?is wise4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #ahgg1 he 0 try+ a device = mak+ a telegraph message1 receiv$ on "o l9e1 automatically repeat itself along ano!r l9e4 ,?is he did by emboss+ ! ,morse signals on ! travell+ pap] in/ead ( m]ely ink+ !m1 & !n caus+ ! pap] to pass "u ! po9t ( a /ylus1 :i*1 by ris+ & fall+ 9 ! ind5tations1 op5$ & clos$ a s5d+ key includ$ 9 ! circuit ( ! second l9e4 ,9 ?is way ! receiv$ message transmitt$ itself fur!r1 )\t ! aid ( a telegraphi/4 ,edison 0 runn+ ! cyl9d] :i* c>ri$ ! emboss$ pap] at a high spe$ "o day1 p>tly1 z we are told1 = amusem5t1 & p>tly to te/ ! rate at :i* a cl]k c\ld read a message4 ,z ! spe$ 0 rais$1 ! pap] gave out a humm+ rhy?mic s\nd 9 pass+ "u ! /ylus4 ,! sep>ate signals ( ! message c\ld no long] be di/+ui%$ by ! e>1 & ! in/rum5t seem$ to be speak+ 9 a language ( its own1 resembl+ 'human talk he>d indi/9ctly4' ,imm$iately x fla%$ on ! inv5tor t if he c\ld emboss ! waves ( spee* ^u ! pap] ! words w\ld be return$ to him4 ,to conceive 0 to execute1 & x 0 b ! "w ( an h\r to provide a vibrat+ diaphragm or tympanum fitt$ ) an ind5t+ /ylus1 & adapt x to ! app>atus4 ,p>aff9$ pap] 0 select$ to receive ! ind5tations1 & sub/itut$ = ! ,morse pap] on ! cyl9d] ( ! ma*9e4 ,on speak+ to ! tympanum1 z ! cyl9d] 0 revolv$1 a record ( ! vibrations 0 ind5t$ on ! pap]1 & by re-pass+ ?is "u ! ind5t+ po9t an imp]fect reproduction ( ! s\nds 0 he>d4 ,edison 'saw at once t ! problem ( regi/]+ human spee*1 s t x c\ld be repeat$ by me*anical means z (t5 z might he desir$1 0 solv$4' ,t4 ,a4 ,edison1 ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,review1 ,june1 #ahhh2 ,new ,york ,,electrical ,,review1 #ahhh1 ,! exp]im5t %[s t x 0 p>tly by accid5t1 & n by reason+ on !oretical k1 t ! phonograph 0 discov]$4 ,! s\nd resembl+ 'human talk he>d indi/9ctly' seems to h sugge/$ x to 8 m9d4 ,?is 0 ! g]m :i* fell ^u ! soil prep>$ = x4 ,edison's ?\ghts _h be5 dwell+ on ! telephone2 he knew t a metal tympanum 0 capable ( vibrat+ ) all ! delicacies ( spee*1 & x occurr$ to him t if ^! vibrations c\ld be impress$ on a yield+ mat]ial1 z ! ,morse signals 7 emboss$ ^u ! pap]1 ! ind5tations w\ld reproduce ! spee*1 j z ! furr[s ( ! pap] reproduc$ ! ,morse signals4 ,! tympanum vibrat+ 9 ! curves ( spee* 0 in/antly unit$ 9 8 imag9ation ) ! emboss+ /ylus & ! long & %ort ind5tations on ! ,morse pap]2 ! idea ( ! phonograph fla%$ ^u him4 ,_m a "o v]s$ 9 ac\/ics w\ld probably h be5 re/ra9$ by ! practical difficulty ( impress+ ! vibrations on a yield+ mat]ial1 & mak+ !m react ^u ! reproduc+ tympanum4 ,b ,edison1 ) t d>+ ma/]y ov] matt] :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( 8 me*anical g5ius1 put x confid5tly to ! te/4 ,soon aft] ?is exp]im5t1 a phonograph 0 con/ruct$1 9 :i* a %eet ( t9foil 0 wrapp$ r\nd a revolv+ b>rel hav+ a spiral groove cut 9 its surface to all[ ! po9t ( ! ind5t+ /ylus to s9k into ! yield+ foil z x 0 ?ru/ up & d[n by ! vibrat+ tympanum4 ,?is app>atus--! fir/ phonograph--0 publi%$ to ! _w 9 #ahgh1 & creat$ a univ]sal s5sation4 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,m>* #cj1 #ahgh ,x is n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 to :i* x 0 pres5t$ by ! inv5tor4 ,! phonograph 0 fir/ publicly exhibit$ 9 ,engl& at a meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 :]e its p]=mances fill$ ! audi5ce ) a/oni%m5t & delight4 ,a greet+ f ,edison to 8 electrical bre?r5 across ! ,atlantic _h be5 impress$ on ! t9foil1 & 0 spok5 by ! ma*9e4 ,ne$less to say1 ! voice ( ! inv5tor1 h[ev] imp]fectly reproduc$1 0 hail$ ) great en?usiasm1 :i* ^? :o witness$ w long rememb]4 ,9 ?is ma*9e1 ! b>rel 0 fitt$ ) a crank1 & rotat$ by h&le4 ,a heavy fly:eel 0 atta*$ to give x uni=mity ( motion4 ,a %eet ( t9foil =m$ ! record1 & ! deliv]y c\ld be he>d by a roomful ( p4 ,b articulation 0 sacrific$ at ! exp5se ( l\dness4 ,x 0 z ?\gh a p>rot or a pun*9ello spoke1 & s5t5ces :i* 7 unexpect$ c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,cle>ly1 if ! phonograph 7 to become a practical in/rum5t1 x requir$ to be mu* improv$4 ,nev]!less ?is app>atus suffici5tly demon/rat$ ! feasibility ( /or+ up & reproduc+ spee*1 music1 & o!r s\nds4 ,numb]s ( !m 7 made1 & exhibit$ to admir+ audi5ces1 by lic5se1 & nev] fail$ to elicit bo? amusem5t & applause4 ,to %[ h[ /rik+ 7 its effects1 & h[ surpris+1 ev5 to sci5tific m51 x may be m5tion$ t a c]ta9 le>n$ ,,savant1 on he>+ x at a ,,seance ( ! ,academie des ,sci5ces1 ,p>is1 prote/$ t x 0 a fraud1 a piece ( trick]y or v5triloquism1 & w\ld n be conv9c$4 ,aft] #ahgh ,edison became too mu* engag$ ) ! developm5t ( ! electric light to give mu* att5tion to ! phonograph1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n entirely ov]look$4 ,8 laboratory at ,m5lo ,p>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e ! orig9al exp]im5ts 7 made1 0 turn$ into a factory = mak+ electric light ma*9]y1 & ,edison remov$ to ,new ,york until 8 new laboratory at ,orange1 ,new ,j]sey1 0 complet$4 ,( late he has occupi$ ! latt] premises1 & improv$ ! phonograph s f> t x is n[ a s]viceable in/rum5t4 ,9 "o ( 8 #ahgh pat5ts1 ! use ( wax to take ! records 9 place ( t9foil is indicat$1 & x is *iefly to ! adoption ( ?is mat]ial t ! success ( ! 'p]fect$ phonograph' is due4 ,wax is also employ$ 9 ! 'graphophone' ( ,mr4 ,ta9t] & ,pr(essor ,bell1 :i* is m]ely a phonograph "u ano!r "n4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 made by ,edison to f9d ! bees-wax :i* is be/ adapt$ to receive ! record1 & he has rec5tly discov]$ a new mat]ial or mixture :i* is /at$ to yield bett] results ?an :ite wax4 ,! wax is m\ld$ into ! =m ( a tube or holl[ cyl9d]1 usually #d #a_/d in*es long by #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & #a_/h in* ?ick4 ,su* a size is capable ( tak+ a ?\s& words on its surface along a delicate spiral trace2 & by p>+ (f "o record aft] ano!r c be us$ fifte5 times4 ,!re are a hundr$ or m l9es ( ! trace 9 ! wid? ( an in*1 & !y are h>dly visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,only ) a magnify+ glass c ! undulations caus$ by ! vibrat+ /ylus be di/+ui%$4 ,?is tube ( wax is fil$ ^u a metal b>rel l a sleeve1 & ! b>rel1 :i* =ms "p ( a horizontal sp9dle1 is rotat$ by means ( a sil5t electro-motor1 controll$ by a v s5sitive gov]nor4 ,a motion ( translation is also giv5 to ! b>rel z x revolves1 s t ! m>k+ /ylus held ov] x describes a spiral pa? ^u its surface4 ,9 front ( ! wax two small metal tympanums are support$1 ea* c>ry+ a f9e ne$le po9t or /ylus on its "u c5tre4 ,"o ( ^! is ! record+ diaphragm1 :i* pr9ts ! s\nds 9 ! fir/ place2 ! o!r is ! reproduc+ diaphragm1 :i* emits ! s\nds record$ on ! wax4 ,!y are us$1 "o at a "t1 z ! ma*9e is requir$1 to take d[n or to r5d] back a phonographic message4 ,! record+ tympanum1 :i* is ab\t ! size ( a cr[n-piece1 is fitt$ ) a m\?piece1 & :5 x is desir$ to record a s5t5ce ! sp9dle is />t$1 & y speak into ! m\?piece4 ,! tympanum vibrates "u y\r voice1 & ! /ylus1 p>tak+ ( its motion1 digs into ! yield+ surface ( ! wax :i* moves b5ea?1 & leaves a t9y furr[ to m>k its passage4 ,?is is ! sonor\s record :i*1 on be+ pass$ "u ! /ylus ( ! reproduc+ tympanum1 w cause x to give out a fai?ful copy ( ! orig9al spee*4 ,a flexible india-rubb] tube1 bran*+ into two e>-pieces1 conveys ! s\nd emitt$ by ! reproduc+ diaphragm to ! e>s4 ,?is trumpet is us$ = privacy & l\dness2 b x may be replac$ by a conical funnel ins]t$ by its small end ov] ! diaphragm1 :i* !reby utt]s its message al\d4 ,x is on ?is plan t ,edison has n[ con/ruct$ a phonograph :i* deliv]s its reproduction to a roomful ( p4 ,keys & p$als are provid$ ) :i* to /op ! app>atus ei!r 9 record+ or receiv+1 & 9 ! latt] case to h>k back & repeat a ^w or s5t5ce if requir$4 ,?is is a conv5i5t arrangem5t 9 us+ ! phonograph = correspond5ce or dictation4 ,ea* in/rum5t1 z we h se51 c be employ$ = receiv+ z well z record+2 & z all are made to "o patt]n1 a phonogram com+ f any "o1 9 any art ( ! _w1 c be reproduc$ 9 any o!r in/rum5t4 ,a little box ) d\ble walls has be5 introduc$ = transmitt+ ! phonograms by po/4 ,a knife or cutt] is atta*$ to ! in/rum5t = ! purpose ( p>+ (f an old message1 & prep>+ a fre% surface ( ! wax = ! reception ( a new "o4 ,?is c be done 9 advance :ile ! new record is be+ made1 s t no "t is lo/ 9 ! op]ation4 ,a small voltaic batt]y1 plac$ "u ! ma*9e1 s]ves to "w ! electric motor1 & has to be repl5i%$ f "t to "t4 ,a process has also be5 devis$ = mak+ copies ( ! phonograms 9 metal by electro-deposition1 s z to produce p]man5t records4 ,b ev5 ! wax phonogram may be us$ ov] & ov] aga91 hundr$s ( times1 )\t dim9i%+ ! fidelity ( ! reproduction4 ,! entire phonograph is %[n 9 our figure4 ,! figure is omitt$ f ?is e-text ,x consi/s ( a box1 ,b1 conta9+ ! sil5t electro-motor :i* drives ! ma*9e1 & support+ ! works = pr9t+ & reproduc+ ! s\nds4 ,ap>t f ! motive p[]1 :i* might1 z 9 ! graphophone1 be suppli$ by foot1 ! app>atus is purely me*anical1 ! p>ts act+ ) smoo?ness & precision4 ,^! are1 *iefly1 ! b>rel or cyl9d]1 ,c1 on :i* ! holl[ wax is plac$2 ! sp9dle1 ,s1 :i* revolves ! cyl9d] & wax2 & ! two tympana1 ,t1 ,t'1 :i* receive ! s\nds & impress !m on ! s(t surface ( ! wax4 ,a gov]nor1 ,g1 regulates ! movem5t ( ! sp9dle2 & !re are o!r +5i\s devices = />t+ & /opp+ ! app>atus4 ,! tympanum ,t is t :i* is us$ = record+ ! s\nds1 & ,m is a m\?piece1 :i* is fix$ to x = speak+ purposes4 ,! o!r tympanum1 ,t'1 reproduces ! s\nds2 & ,e ,e is a bran*$ e>-piece1 convey+ !m to ! two e>s ( ! li/5]4 ,! sep>ate wax tube1 ,p1 is a phonogram ) ! spiral trace ( ! s\nds already pr9t$ on its surface1 & ready = po/+4 ,! box bel[ ! table conta9s ! voltaic batt]y :i* actuates ! electro-motor4 ,a ma*9e :i* aims at record+ & reproduc+ actual spee* or music is1 ( c\rse1 capable ( inf9ite ref9em5t1 & ,edison is /ill at "w improv+ ! in/rum5t1 b ev5 n[ x is sub/antially p]fect$4 ,phonographs h arriv$ 9 ,london1 & ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,edison & 8 ,engli% repres5tative1 ,colonel ,g4 ,e4 ,g\raud1 we h _h an opportunity ( te/+ "o4 ,a numb] ( phonograms1 tak5 9 ,edison's laboratory1 7 s5t ov] ) ! in/rum5ts1 & sev]al ( !m 7 caus$ to deliv] 9 our he>+ ! s\nds :i* 7 'seal$ 9 cry/al sil5ce !re4' ,! fir/ 0 a piece :i* _h be5 play$ on ! piano1 quick "t1 & ! fidelity & l\dness ) :i* x 0 deliv]$ by ! he>+ tube 0 fairly a/oni%+1 especially :5 "o consid]$ ! frail & hair-l trace ^u ! wax :i* _h excit$ x4 ,!re seem$ to be some?+ magical 9 ! effect1 :i* issu$1 z x 71 f ! ma*9e itself4 ,!n foll[$ a cornet solo1 conc]t piece ( cornet1 viol91 & piano1 & a v beautiful duet ( cornet & piano4 ,! tones & cad5ces 7 admirably r5d]$1 & ! e> c\ld also fa9tly di/+ui% ! noises ( ! laboratory4 ,speak+ 0 repres5t$ by a phonogram conta9+ a dialogue betwe5 ,mr4 ,edison & ,colonel ,g\raud :i* _h be5 impr9t$ "s ?ree weeks be=e 9 ,am]ica4 ,) ?is we c\ld he> ! inv5tor address+ 8 old fri5d1 & tell+ him to correspond entirely ) ! phonograph4 ,colonel ,g\raud answ]s t he w be delight$ to d s1 & be sp>$ ! tr\ble ( writ+2 :ile ,edison rejo9s t he also w be glad to escape ! pa9s ( read+ ! gallant colonel's lett]s4 ,! sally is greet$ ) a laugh1 :i* is also fai?fully r5d]$4 ,"o day a workman 9 ,edison's laboratory caught up a cry+ *ild & held x ov] ! phonograph4 ,"h is ! phonogram x made1 & "h 9 ,engl& we c li/5 to its wail+1 = ! phonograph reproduces e k9d ( s\nd1 high or l[1 :i/l+1 c\gh+1 sneez+1 or groan+4 ,x gives ! acc5t1 ! expression1 & ! modulation1 s t "o has to be c>eful h[ "o speaks1 & probably its use w help u to improve our utt]ance4 ,by speak+ into ! phonograph & reproduc+ ! words1 we are enabl$ = ! fir/ "t to he> ourselves speak z o!rs he> u2 = ! vibrations ( ! head are und]/ood to mask ! voice a little to our own e>s4 ,moreov]1 by alt]+ ! spe$ ( ! b>rel ! voice c be alt]$1 music c be execut$ 9 sl[ or quick "t1 h[ev] x is play$1 inaudible notes c be rais$ or l[]$1 z ! case may be1 to audibility4 ,! phonograph w regi/] notes z l[ z t5 vibrations a second1 :]eas x is well kn[n ! l[e/ note audible to ! human e> is sixte5 vibrations a second4 ,! in/rum5t is equally capable ( s]vice & ent]ta9m5t4 ,x c be us$ z a /5ograph1 or %or?&-writ]4 ,a bus9ess man1 = in/ance1 c dictate 8 lett]s or in/ructions into x1 & !y c be copi$ out by 8 secret>y4 ,call]s c leave a v]bal message 9 ! phonograph in/ead ( a note4 ,an editor or j\rnali/ c dictate articles1 :i* may be writt5 out or compos$ by ! pr9t]1 ^w by ^w1 z !y are spok5 by ! reproduc] 9 8 e>s4 ,correspond5ce c be c>ri$ on by phonograms1 di/ant fri5ds & lov]s be+ able ?us to he> ea* o!r's acc5ts z ?\gh !y 7 toge!r1 a result m conducive to h>mony & good feel+ ?an lett]-writ+4 ,9 matt]s ( bus9ess & diplomacy ! phonogram w tea* its us]s to be brief1 accurate1 & hone/ 9 _! spee*2 = ! phonograph is a me*anical memory m fai?ful ?an ! liv+ "o4 ,its evid5ce may ev5 be tak5 9 a c\rt ( law 9 place ( docum5ts1 & x is conceivable t "s important action might be settl$ by ! voice ( ?is ,,deus ,,ex ,,ma*9a4 ,w x !re=e add a new t]ror to mod]n life8 ,%all a visitor h to be c>eful :at he says 9 a neighb\r's h\se1 9 case 8 words are /or$ up 9 "s conceal$ phonograph1 j z 8 appe>ance may be regi/]$ by a detective cam]a8 ,9 ord9>y life--no2 = ! phonograph has its limitations1 l e o!r ma*9e1 & x is n suffici5tly s5sitive to record a conv]sation unless x is spok5 close at h&4 ,b !re is "h a *ance = ! s5sational noveli/ to hang a tale ^u4 ,! 'int]view]' may make use ( x to supply him ) 'copy1' b ?is rema9s to be se54 ,!re are practical difficulties 9 ! way :i* ne$ n be told ov]4 ,p]haps 9 railway tra9s1 /eam]s1 & o!r un/eady vehicles1 x w be-us$ = communications4 ,! telephone may yet be adapt$ to "w 9 conjunction ) x1 s t a phonogram c be telephon$1 or a telephone message record$ 9 ! phonograph4 ,su* a 'telephonograph' is1 h[ev]1 a ?+ ( ! future4 ,wills & o!r private de$s may ( c\rse be execut$ by phonograph4 ,moreov]1 ! l\d-speak+ in/rum5t :i* ,edison is engag$ ^u w probably be appli$ to adv]tis+ & communicat+ purposes4 ,! h\rs ( ! day1 = example1 c be call$ out by a clock1 ! />t+ ( a tra9 ann\nc$1 & ! m]its ( a p>ticul> commodity descant$ on4 ,all ^! uses are possible2 b x is 9 a lit]>y s5se t ! phonograph is m int]e/+4 ,books c n[ be spok5 by _! au?ors1 or a good elocutioni/1 & publi%$ 9 phonograms1 :i* w appeal to ! e> ( ! 'read]' in/ead ( to 8 eye4 ',on1 f\r cyl9d]s #h in*es long1 ) a diamet] ( #e1' says ,edison1 ',i c put ! :ole ( ,,ni*olas ,,nickleby4' ,to ! invalid1 especially1 ?is use w\ld come z a boon2 & if ! in/rum5t 7 a l\d speak]1 a circle ( li/5]s c\ld be ent]ta9$4 ,h[ int]e/+ x w\ld be to h ,,ni*olas ,,nickleby read to u 9 ! voice ( ,dick5s1 or ,,tam ,o' ,,%ant] 9 t ( ,burns6 ,if ! idea is develop$1 we may p]haps h circulat+ libr>ies :i* issue phonograms1 & !re is already "s talk ( a phonographic newspap] :i* w prattle politics & sc&al at ! breakfa/-table4 ,addresses1 s]mons1 & political spee*es may be deliv]$ by ! phonograph2 languages taught1 & dialects pres]v$2 :ile ! /udy ( words _c fail to b5efit by its p]=mance4 ,musicians w n[ be able to record _! improvisations by a phonograph plac$ ne> ! in/rum5t !y are play+4 ,!re ne$ 9 fact be no m 'lo/ *ords4' ,lov]s ( music1 l ! inv5tor himself1 w be able to pur*ase songs & pieces1 sung & play$ by em95t p]=m]s1 & reproduce !m 9 _! own homes4 ,music-sell]s w p]haps let !m out1 l books1 & cu/om]s c *oose _! piece 9 ! %op by hav+ x rehe>s$ to !m4 ,9 pres]v+ = u ! words ( fri5ds :o h pass$ away1 ! s\nd ( voices :i* are /ill$1 ! phonograph assumes its mo/ beautiful & sacr$ "*4 ,! ,egyptians treasur$ 9 _! homes ! mummies ( _! dead4 ,we are able to *]i% ! v acc5ts ( ours1 &1 z x 71 defeat ! c\rse ( "t & break ! sil5ce ( ! grave4 ,! voices ( illu/ri\s p]sons1 h]oes & /atesm51 orators1 actors1 & s+]s1 w g d[n to po/]ity & visit u 9 our homes4 ,a new pleasure w be add$ to life4 ,h[ pleasant x w\ld be if we c\ld li/5 to ! *e]y voice ( ,gordon1 ! play+ ( ,liszt1 or ! s++ ( ,j5ny ,l9d6 ,d\btless ! r5d]+ ( ! phonograph w be /ill fur!r improv$ z "t goes on2 b ev5 n[ x is rem>kable2 & ! inv5tor mu/ be consid]$ to h r$eem$ 8 promises ) reg>d to x4 ,not)/&+ 8 deafness1 ! developm5t ( ! in/rum5t has be5 a lab\r ( love to him2 & ^? :o knew 8 r>e inv5tive skill believ$ t he w\ld "s "t a*ieve success4 ,x is 8 fav\rite1 8 mo/ orig9al1 & novel "w4 ,= _m triumphs ( m9d ov] matt] ,edison has be5 call$ ! ',napoleon ( ,inv5tion1' & ! aptness ( ! title is enhanc$ by 8 p]sonal resemblance to ! great conqu]or4 ,b ! phonograph is 8 victory ( ,au/]litz2 &1 l ! pr9t+-press ( ,gut5b]g1 x w assur$ly immortalise 8 "n4 ',! phonograph1' said ,edison ( 8 fav\rite1 'is my baby1 & ,i expect x to gr[ up a big fell[ & support me 9 my old age4' ,"s p are /ill 9 d\bt :e!r x w prove m ?an a curi\s play?+2 b ev5 n[ x seems to be com+ into practical use 9 ,am]ica1 if n 9 ,europe4 ,aft] ! publication ( ! phonograph1 ,edison1 ow+1 x is /at$1 to an errone\s description ( ! in/rum5t by a report]1 receiv$ lett]s f deaf p inquir+ :e!r x w\ld enable !m to he> well4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t he is deaf himself1 turn$ 8 ?\ghts to ! inv5tion ( ! 'megaphone1' a comb9ation ( "o l>ge speak+ & two e>-trumpets1 int5d$ = c>ry+ on a conv]sation beyond ! ord9>y range ( ! voice--9 %ort1 a mile or two4 ,x is said to r5d] a :isp] audible at a di/ance ( #ajjj y>ds2 b its v s5sitiv5ess is a drawback1 s9ce x ga!rs up extrane\s s\nds4 ,to ! same category belongs ! 'a]ophone1' :i* may be describ$ z a gigantic tympanum1 vibrat$ by a pi/on work+ 9 a cyl9d] ( compress$ air1 :i* is regulat$ by ! vibrations ( ! s\nd to be magnifi$4 ,x 0 design$ to call out fog or o!r w>n+s 9 a l\d & p5etrat+ tone1 b x has n be5 successful4 ,! 'magnetic ore sep>ator' is an application ( magnetism to ! extraction ( iron p>ticles f p[d]$ ores & unmagnetic matt]4 ,! gr\nd mat]ial is p\r$ ?r\gh a funnel or 'hopp]1' & falls 9 a %[] betwe5 ! poles ( a p[]ful electro-magnet1 :i* draws ! metal aside1 ?us remov+ x f ! dress4 ,among ,edison's toys & m9or inv5tions may be m5tion$ a 'voice mill1' or :eel driv5 by ! vibrations ( ! air set up 9 speak+4 ,x consi/s ( a tympanum or drum1 hav+ a /ylus atta*$ z 9 ! phonograph4 ,:5 ! tympanum vibrates "u ! influ5ce ( ! voice1 ! /ylus acts z a pawl & turns a rat*et-:eel4 ,an +5i\s smi? might apply x to ! con/ruction ( a lock :i* w\ld op]ate at ! comm& ( ',op51 ,sesame6' ,ano!r trifle p]haps wor?y ( note is 8 ink1 :i* rises on ! pap] & solidifies1 s t a bl9d p]son c read ! writ+ by pass+ 8 f+]s ov] ! lett]s4 ,edison's next important "w 0 ! adaptation ( ! electric light = dome/ic illum9ation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! ,corni% philosoph]1 ,humphrey ,davy1 _h discov]$ t ! electric curr5t produc$ a brilliant ar* or 'arc' ( light :5 pass$ betwe5 two *>coal po9ts drawn a little ap>t1 & t x heat$ a f9e rod ( *>coal or a metal wire to inc&esc5ce--t is to say1 a gl[+ condition4 ,a great v>iety ( arc lamps 7 aft]w>ds introduc$2 & ,mr4 ,/aite1 on or ab\t ! ye> #ahdd-e1 inv5t$ an inc&esc5t lamp 9 :i* ! curr5t pass$ ?r\gh a sl5d] /ick ( c>bon1 enclos$ 9 a vacuum bulb ( glass4 ,f>aday discov]$ t electricity c\ld be g5]at$ by ! relative motion ( a magnet & a coil ( wire1 & h5ce ! dynamo-electric g5]ator1 or 'dynamo1' 0 ere long inv5t$ & improv$4 ,9 #ahgh ! b\lev>ds ( ,p>is 7 lit by ! arc lamps ( ,jablo*k(f dur+ ! season ( ! ,exhibition1 & ! display excit$ a widespread int]e/ 9 ! new mode ( illum9ation4 ,x 0 too brilliant = dome/ic use1 h[ev]1 &1 z ! lamps 7 connect$ "o aft] ano!r 9 ! same circuit l pe>ls ^u a /r+1 ! breakage ( "o w\ld int]rupt ! curr5t & ext+ui% !m all b = special precautions4 ,9 %ort1 ! electric light 0 n yet 'subdivid$4' ,edison1 9 common ) o!rs1 turn$ 8 att5tion to ! subject1 & took up ! neglect$ inc&esc5t lamp4 ,he improv$ x by r$uc+ ! rod ( c>bon to a m]e filam5t ( *>coal1 hav+ a comp>atively high resi/ance & resembl+ a wire 9 its ela/icity1 )\t be+ s liable to fuse "u ! int5se heat ( ! curr5t4 ,?is he m\ld$ into a loop1 & m\nt$ inside a pe>-%ap$ bulb ( glass4 ,! bulb 0 !n exhau/$ ( its air to prev5t ! oxidation ( ! c>bon1 & ! :ole h]metically seal$4 ,:5 a suffici5t curr5t 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! filam5t1 x gl[$ ) a dazzl+ lu/re4 ,x 0 n too bright or p[]ful = a room2 x produc$ little heat1 & absolutely no fumes4 ,moreov]1 x c\ld be connect$ n 9 b across ! ma9 circuit ( ! curr5t1 & h5ce1 if "o %\ld break1 ! o!rs w\ld cont9ue gl[+4 ,edison1 9 %ort1 _h 'subdivid$' ! electric light4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahgh1 he telegraph$ ! news to ,london & ,p>is1 :]e1 ow+ to 8 great reputation1 x caus$ an imm$iate panic 9 ! gas m>ket4 ,z "t pass$1 & ! new illum9ant 0 backw>d 9 appe>+1 ! %>es recov]$ _! old value4 ,edison 0 sev]ely blam$ = caus+ ! di/urbance2 b1 nev]!less1 8 ann\ncem5t _h be5 v]ifi$ 9 all b ! "q ( co/4 ,! introduction ( a practical sy/em ( electric light+ employ$ 8 res\rces = sev]al ye>s4 ,dynamos1 types ( lamps & conductors1 electric met]s1 safety fuses1 & o!r appliances _h to be inv5t$4 ,9 #ahhb he return$ to ,new ,york1 to sup]9t5d ! in/allation ( 8 sy/em 9 t city4 ,8 rese>*es on ! dynamo caus$ him to devise :at he calls an 'h>monic eng9e4' ,x consi/s ( a tun+-=k1 kept 9 vibration by two small electro-magnets1 excit$ ) ?ree or f\r batt]y cells4 ,x is capable ( work+ a small pump1 b is little m ?an a sci5tific curiosity4 ,) ! object ( trans=m+ heat direct f ! furnace into electricity1 he also devis$ a 'pyro-electric g5]ator1' b x nev] pass$ beyond ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,! same may be said = 8 pyro-electric motor4 ,8 dynamo-electric motors & sy/em ( electric railways are1 h[ev]1 a m promis+ inv5tion4 ,8 me?od ( telegraph+ to & f a railway tra9 9 motion1 by induction ?r\gh ! air to a telegraph wire runn+ along ! l9e1 is v +5i\s1 & has be5 tri$ ) a fair am\nt ( success4 ,at pres5t he is work+ at ! ',k9etograph1' a comb9ation ( ! phonograph & ! in/antane\s photograph z exhibit$ 9 ! zoetrope1 by :i* he expects to produce an animat$ picture or simulacrum ( a sc5e 9 real life or ! drama1 ) its appropriate words & s\nds4 ,edison n[ resides at ,llewellyn ,p>k1 ,orange1 a picturesque suburb ( ,new ,york4 ,8 laboratory !re is a glorifi$ edition ( ,m5lo ,p>k1 & realises ! inv5tor's dream4 ,! ma9 build+ is ( brick1 9 ?ree /ories2 b !re are sev]al annexes4 ,ea* work%op & te/+ room is devot$ to a p>ticul> purpose4 ,! ma*9e %ops & dynamo rooms are equipp$ ) ! be/ eng9es & tools1 ! laboratories ) ! f9e/ in/rum5ts t money c procure4 ,!re are draw+1 photographic1 & photometric *amb]s1 physical1 *emical1 & metallurgical laboratories4 ,!re is a f9e lecture-hall1 & a spl5did libr>y & read+-room4 ,he employs sev]al hundr$ workm5 & assi/ants1 all *os5 = _! intellig5ce & skill4 ,9 ?is retreat ,edison is surr\nd$ ) ev]y?+ t 8 he>t desires4 ,9 ! words ( a report]1 ! place is equally capable ( turn+ out a '*ronomet] or a ,cun>d /eam]4' ,x is probably ! f9e/ laboratory 9 ! _w4 ,9 #ahhi1 ,edison1 accompani$ by 8 second wife1 paid a holiday visit to ,europe & ! ,p>is ,exhibition4 ,he 0 receiv$ ev]y:]e ) ! greate/ en?usiasm1 & ! ,k+ ( ,italy creat$ him a ,gr& ,(fic] ( ! ,cr[n ( ,italy1 ) ! title ( ,c\nt4 ,b ! phonograph speaks m = 8 g5ius ?an ! voice ( ! multitude1 ! electric light is a bett] illu/ration ( 8 en]gy ?an ! ribbon ( an ord]1 & ! f9e/ monum5t to 8 pluck1 sagacity1 & p]sev]ance is ! magnific5t laboratory :i* has be5 built ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts at ,llewellyn ,p>k4 ,"o ( 8 *>act]i/ic say+s may be quot$ "h3 ',g5ius is an exhau/less capacity = "w 9 detail1 :i*1 comb9$ ) grit & gumption & love ( "r1 ensures to e man success & happ9ess 9 ?is _w & ! next4' ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,david ,,edw9 ,,hughes4 ,!re are "s lead+ electricians :o enjoy a reputation bas$ p>tly on _! own ef=ts & p>tly on ^? ( _! paid assi/ants4 ,edison1 = example1 has a l>ge foll[+1 :o n only "w out 8 ideas1 b sugge/1 improve1 & inv5t ( !mselves4 ,! ma/] 9 su* a case is able to avail himself ( _! abilities & magnify 8 own g5ius1 s to speak4 ,he is n "o m9d1 b ! *ief ( _m m9ds1 & absorbs into himself ! glory & ! "w ( a hundr$ will+ subjects4 ,pr(essor ,hughes is n "o ( ^!4 ,8 fame is entirely self-e>n$4 ,all t he has accompli%$1 & he has done great ?+s1 has be5 ! lab\r ( 8 own h& & bra94 ,he is an arti/ 9 inv5tion2 work+ out 8 own conceptions 9 sil5ce & retirem5t1 ) ! arti/'s love & self-absorption4 ,?is is b say+ t he is a true inv5tor2 = a m]e manufactur] ( inv5tions1 :o employs o!rs to assi/ him 9 ! "w1 is n an inv5tor 9 ! old & true/ s5se4 ,g5ius1 !y say1 makes its own tools1 & ! adage is /rik+ly v]ifi$ 9 ! case ( ,pr(essor ,hughes1 :o actually discov]$ ! microphone 9 8 own draw+-room1 & con/ruct$ x ( toy boxes & seal+ wax4 ,he requir$ nei!r la!1 laboratory1 nor assi/ant to give ! _w ?is rem>kable & priceless in/rum5t4 ,hav+ fir/ become kn[n to fame 9 ,am]ica1 ,pr(essor ,hughes is usually claim$ by ! ,am]icans z a c\ntryman1 & ?r\gh "s error1 ! v date & place ( 8 bir? !re are (t5 giv5 9 ,am]ican publications2 b we h ! be/ au?ority = ! accuracy ( ! foll[+ facts1 namely t ( ! inv5tor himself4 ,david ,edw9 ,hughes 0 born 9 ,london 9 #ahca4 ,8 p>5ts came f ,bala1 at ! foot ( ,sn[don1 9 ,nor? ,wales1 & 9 #ahch1 :5 ,david 0 sev5 ye>s old1 8 fa!r1 tak+ ) him 8 family1 emigrat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & became a plant] 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! eld] ,mr4 ,hughes & 8 *ildr5 seem to h inh]it$ ! ,wel% musical gift1 = !y 7 all accompli%$ musicians4 ,:ile a m]e *ild1 ,david c\ld improvise tunes 9 a rem>kable mann]1 & :5 he grew up ?is tal5t attract$ ! notice ( ,h]r ,ha/1 an em95t ,g]man piani/ 9 ,am]ica1 :o procur$ = him ! pr(essor%ip ( music 9 ! ,college ( ,b>d/[n1 ,k5tucky4 ,mr4 ,hughes ent]$ ^u 8 academical c>e] at ,b>d/[n 9 #ahej1 :5 he 0 n9ete5 ye>s ( age4 ,al?\gh v fond ( music & end[]$ by ,nature ) exceptional p[]s = its cultivation1 ,pr(essor ,hughes _h1 9 addition1 an inborn lik+ & fitness = physical sci5ce & me*anical inv5tion4 ,?is duality ( ta/e & g5ius may seem at fir/ sight /range2 b exp]i5ce %[s t !re are _m m5 ( sci5ce & inv5tors :o are also vot>ies ( music & art4 ,! s\rce ( ?is app>5t anomaly is to be f\nd 9 ! imag9ation1 :i* is ! f\nta9-head ( all k9ds ( creation4 ,pr(essor ,hughes n[ taught music by day = 8 livelihood1 & /udi$ sci5ce at night = 8 recreation1 ?us rev]s+ ! usual ord] ( ?+s4 ,! college au?orities1 kn[+ 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ! subject1 also (f]$ him ! ,*air ( ,natural ,philosophy1 :i* became vacant2 & he unit$ ! two seem+ly incongru\s pr(essor%ips ( music & physics 9 himself4 ,he _h long *]i%$ ! idea ( inv5t+ a new telegraph1 & especially "o :i* %\ld pr9t ! message 9 ,roman *>act]s z x is receiv$4 ,s x happ5$ t "o ev5+ :ile he 0 "u ! excitem5t ( a musical improvisation1 a solution ( ! problem fla%$ into 8 k54 ,8 music & 8 sci5ce _h met at ?is nodal po9t4 ,all 8 sp>e "t 0 !nce=? devot$ to ! developm5t ( 8 design & ! con/ruction ( a practical type-pr9t]4 ,z ! "w grew on 8 h&s1 ! pale "y /ud5t1 be>dless b c>eworn1 became m & m engross$ ) x1 until 8 nights 7 almo/ entirely giv5 to exp]im5t4 ,he begrudg$ ! "t :i* _h to be sp5t 9 tea*+ 8 classes & ! fatigue 0 tell+ ^u 8 heal?1 s 9 #ahec he remov$ to ,b[l+re51 9 ,w>r5 ,co41 ,k5tucky1 :]e he acquir$ m fre$om by tak+ pupils4 ,! ma9 pr9ciple ( 8 type-pr9t] 0 ! pr9t+ ( ea* lett] by a s+le curr5t2 ! ,morse in/rum5t1 !n ! pr9cipal receiv] 9 ,am]ica1 requir$1 on ! o!r h&1 an av]age ( ?ree curr5ts = ea* signal4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ?is pr9ciple x 0 necess>y t ! s5d+ & receiv+ app>atus %\ld keep 9 /rict "t ) ea* o!r1 or be syn*ron\s 9 action2 & to effect ?is 0 ! prime difficulty :i* ,pr(essor ,hughes _h to ov]come 9 8 "w4 ,9 e/imat+ ! ,hughes' type-pr9t] z an inv5tion we mu/ n =get ! /ate ( sci5ce at t e>ly p]iod4 ,he _h to devise 8 own gov]nors = ! syn*ron\s me*anism1 & "h 8 k ( ac\/ics help$ him4 ,c5trifugal gov]nors & p5dulums w\ld n d1 & he tri$ vibrators1 su* z piano-/r+s & tun+-=ks4 ,he at la/ f\nd :at he want$ 9 two d>n+ ne$les1 borr[$ f an old lady 9 ! h\se :]e he liv$4 ,^! /eel rods fix$ at "o end vibrat$ ) equal p]iods1 & c\ld be utilis$ 9 su* a way t ! pr9t+ :eel c\ld be correct$ into absolute syn*ronism by ea* signal curr5t4 ,9 #ahed1 ,pr(essor ,hughes w5t to ,l\isville to sup]9t5d ! mak+ ( 8 fir/ in/rum5t2 b x 0 unprotect$ by a pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates until #ahee4 ,9 t =m /raight vibrators 7 us$ z gov]nors1 & a sep>ate tra9 ( :eel-"w 0 employ$ 9 correct+3 b 9 lat] =ms ! spiral gov]nor 0 adopt$1 & ! pr9t+ & correct+ is n[ done by ! same action4 ,9 #ahee1 ! inv5tion may be said to h become fit = employm5t1 & no soon] 0 ?is ! case1 ?an ,pr(essor ,hughes receiv$ a telegram f ! editors ( ! ,new ,york ,associat$ ,press1 summon+ him to t city4 ,! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 !n a lead+ "o1 0 9 possession ( ! ,morse in/rum5t1 & levi$ rates = transmission ( news :i* ! editors f\nd oppressive4 ,!y took up ! ,hughes' in/rum5t 9 opposition to ! ,morse1 & introduc$ x on ! l9es ( sev]al companies4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 ! sep>ate companies amalgamat$ into "o l>ge corporation1 ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company ( to-day4 ,) ! ,morse1 ,hughes1 & o!r app>atus 9 its p[]1 ! editors 7 aga9 left 9 ! lur*4 ,9 #aheg1 ,pr(essor ,hughes leav+ 8 in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 came to ,engl& to effect its introduction "h4 ,he endeav\r$ to get ! old ,electric ,telegraph ,company to adopt x1 b aft] two ye>s ( indecision on _! "p1 he w5t ov] to ,france 9 #ahfj1 :]e he met ) a m enc\rag+ reception4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t ,telegraph ,adm9i/ration became at once int]e/$ 9 ! new receiv]1 & a commission ( em95t electricians1 consi/+ ( ,du ,moncel1 ,blavi]1 ,from5t1 ,gauga91 & o!r practical & !oretical speciali/s1 0 appo9t$ to decide on its m]its4 ,! fir/ trial ( ! type-pr9t] took place on ! ,p>is to ,lyons circuit1 & !re is a little anecdote connect$ ) x :i* is wor?y ( be+ told4 ,! in/rum5t 0 />t$1 & = a :ile work$ z well z c\ld be desir$2 b sudd5ly x came to a /op1 & to ! utt] discomfiture ( ! inv5tor he c\ld nei!r f9d out :at 0 wrong nor get ! pr9t] to g aga94 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 confusion1 x seem$ l satire to him to he> ! commission]s say1 z !y smil$ all r\nd1 & b[$ !mselves gracefully (f1 ',,tres-,,bi51 ,,monsieur ,,hughes--,,tres-,,bi51 ,,je ,,v\s ,,felicite4' ,b ! matt] 0 expla9$ next morn+1 :5 ,pr(essor ,hughes le>n$ t ! transmitt+ cl]k at ,lyons _h be5 purposely in/ruct$ to e>? ! l9e at ! "t 9 "q1 to te/ :e!r !re 0 no deception 9 ! trial1 a proce$+ :i* w\ld h seem$ /range1 _h n ! occurr5ce ( a %am trial "s mon?s previ\s r5d]$ x a prud5t c\rse4 ,! result ( ?is trial 0 t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t agre$ to give ! pr9t] a ye> ( practical "w on ! ,fr5* l9es1 & if f\nd satisfactory1 x 0 to be f9ally adopt$4 ,daily reports 7 furni%$ ( its behavi\r dur+ t "t1 & at ! expiration ( ! t]m x 0 adopt$1 & ,pr(essor ,hughes 0 con/itut$ by ,napoleon ,,iii4 a ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,! patronage ( ,france pav$ ! way ( ! type-pr9t] into almo/ all o!r ,european c\ntries2 & ! ,fr5* agreem5t z to its use became ! model ( ^? made by ! o!r nations4 ,on settl+ ) ,france 9 #ahfb1 ,pr(essor ,hughes w5t to ,italy4 ,"h a commission 0 likewise appo9t$1 & a p]iod ( probation--only six mon?s--0 settl$1 be=e ! in/rum5t 0 tak5 ov]4 ,f ,italy1 ,pr(essor ,hughes receiv$ ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,maurice & ,/4 ,laz>e4 ,9 #ahfc1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ,telegraph ,co41 ,engl&1 introduc$ ! type-pr9t] 9 _! sy/em4 ,9 #ahfe1 ,pr(essor ,hughes proce$$ to ,russia1 & 9 t c\ntry 8 inv5tion 0 adopt$ aft] six mon?s' trial on ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg to ,mosc[ circuit4 ,at ,/4 ,pet]sburg he _h ! hon\r ( be+ a gue/ ( ! ,emp]or 9 ! summ] palace1 ,cz>skoizelo1 ! ,v]sailles ( ,russia1 :]e he 0 reque/$ to expla9 8 inv5tion1 & also to give a lecture on electricity to ! ,cz> & 8 c\rt4 ,he 0 !re creat$ a ,comm&] ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,anne4 ,9 #ahfe1 ,pr(essor ,hughes also w5t to ,b]l91 & introduc$ 8 app>atus on ! ,prussian l9es4 ,9 #ahfg1 he w5t on a simil> mission to ,au/ria1 :]e he receiv$ ! ,ord] ( ! ,iron ,cr[n2 & to ,turkey1 :]e ! reign+ ,sultan be/[$ on him ! ,gr& ,cross ( ! ,m$jidie4 ,9 ?is ye>1 too he 0 aw>d$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 a gr& ,,hors ,,ligne gold m$al1 "o out ( t5 supreme hon\rs design$ to m>k ! v highe/ a*ievem5ts4 ,on ! same occasion ano!r ( ^! special m$als 0 be/[$ on ,cyrus ,field & ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,company4 ,9 #ahfh1 he introduc$ x into ,holl&2 & 9 #ahfi1 into ,bav>ia & ,wurtemburg1 :]e he obta9$ ! ,noble ,ord] ( ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,9 #ahgj1 he also in/all$ x 9 ,switz]l& & ,belgium4 ,com+ back to ,engl&1 ! ,subm>9e ,telegraph ,company adopt$ ! type-pr9t] 9 #ahgb1 :5 !y _h only two in/rum5ts at "w4 ,9 #ahgh !y _h tw5ty ( !m 9 con/ant use1 ( :i* numb] n9e 7 work+ direct betwe5 ,london & ,p>is1 "o betwe5 ,london & ,b]l91 "o betwe5 ,london & ,cologne1 "o betwe5 ,london & ,antw]p1 & "o betwe5 ,london & ,brussels4 ,all ! cont95tal news = ! ,,times & ! ,,daily ,,telegraph is receiv$ by ! ,hughes' type-pr9t]1 & is set 9 type by a type-sett+ ma*9e z x arrives4 ,fur!r1 by ! ,int]national ,telegraph ,congress x 0 settl$ t = all int]national telegrams only ! ,hughes' in/rum5t & ! ,morse 7 to be employ$4 ,s9ce ! ,po/ ,(fice acquir$ ! cables to ! ,cont95t 9 #ahhi1 a room 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's-le-,gr& has be5 provid$ = ! pr9t]s work+ to ,p>is1 ,b]l91 & ,rome4 ,9 #ahge1 ,pr(essor ,hughes introduc$ ! type-pr9t] into ,spa91 :]e he 0 made a ,comm&] ( ! ,royal & ,di/+ui%$ ,ord] ( ,c>los ,,iii4 ,9 e c\ntry to :i* x 0 tak51 ! m]its ( ! in/rum5t 7 recognis$1 & ,pr(essor ,hughes has none b pleasant s\v5irs ( 8 visits abroad4 ,dur+ all ^! ye>s ! inv5tor 0 n idle4 ,he 0 con/antly improv+ 8 inv5tion2 & 9 addition to t1 he _h to act z an in/ructor :]e-ev] he w5t1 & give c\rses ( lectures expla9+ ! pr9ciples & practice ( 8 app>atus to ! v>i\s employees into ^: h&s x 0 to be consign$4 ,! ye>s #ahgf-h w be di/+ui%$ 9 ! hi/ory ( our "t = a triad ( great inv5tions :i*1 s to speak1 7 hang+ toge!r4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! telephone & phonograph h orig9at$2 & to ^! two m>vell\s contrivances we h n[ to add a ?ird1 ! microphone1 :i* is ev5 m m>vell\s1 because1 al?\gh 9 =m x is ! simple/ ( !m all1 9 its action x is /ill a my/]y4 ,! telephone enables u to speak to di/ances f> beyond ! rea* ( eye or e>1 'to waft a sigh f ,indus to ! ,pole2 '! phonograph enables u to seal ! liv+ spee* on braz5 tablets1 & /ore x up = any l5g? ( "t2 :ile x is ! peculi> function ( ! microphone to let u he> ^? m9ute s\nds :i* are bel[ ! range ( our unassi/$ p[]s ( he>+4 ,by ^! ?ree in/rum5ts we h ?us receiv$ a rem>kable ext5sion ( ! capacity ( ! human e>1 & a gr[? ( dom9ion ov] ! s\nds ( ,nature4 ,we h n[ a comm& ov] s\nd su* z we h ov] light4 ,= ! telephone is to ! e> :at ! telescope is to ! eye1 ! phonograph is = s\nd :at ! photograph is = light1 & ! microphone f9ds its analogue 9 ! microscope4 ,z ! microscope reveals to our wond]+ sight ! ri* me%es ( creation1 s ! microphone c int]pret to our e>s ! j>r ( molecul> vibrations = ev] go+ on ar\nd u1 p]*ance ! cla% ( atoms z !y %ape !mselves into cry/als1 ! murmur\s ripple ( ! sap 9 trees1 :i* ,humboldt fanci$ to make a cont9u\s music 9 ! e>s ( ! t9ie/ insects1 ! fall ( poll5 du/ on fl[]s & grasses1 ! /eal?y creep+ ( a spid] ^u 8 silk5 web1 & ev5 ! pip+ ( a pair ( love-sick butt]flies1 or ! trumpet+ ( a bellicose gnat1 l ! 'horns ( elf-l& fa9tly bl[+4' ,! success ( ! ,hughes type-pr9t] may be said to h cov]$ its au?or ) titles & sci5tific hon\rs1 & plac$ him above ! necessity ( regul> employm5t4 ,he left ,am]ica1 & travell$ f place to place4 ,= _m ye>s pa/1 h[ev]1 he has resid$ privately 9 ,london1 an em95t example ( t mode/y & simplicity :i* is g5]ally said to accompany true g5ius4 ,me*anical inv5tion is influ5c$ to a v high degree by ext]nal circum/ances4 ,x may s\nd s5sational1 b x is nev]!less true1 t we owe ! microphone to an attack ( bron*itis4 ,dur+ ! ?ick foggy wea!r ( ,novemb] #ahgg1 ,pr(essor ,hughes 0 conf9$ to 8 home by a sev]e cold1 & 9 ord] to div]t 8 ?\ghts he began to amuse himself ) a speak+ telephone4 ,!n x occurr$ to him t !re might be "s means f\nd ( mak+ ! wire ( ! telephone circuit speak ( itself )\t ! ne$ ( telephones at all1 or at lea/ )\t ! ne$ ( "o telephone1 namely1 t us$ 9 transmitt+ ! s\nds4 ,! di/+ui%$ physici/ ,sir ,william ,?omson1 _h lately discov]$ ! peculi> fact t :5 a curr5t ( electricity is pass$ ?r\gh a wire1 ! curr5t augm5ts :5 ! wire is ext5d$1 & dim9i%es :5 ! wire is compress$1 because 9 ! =m] case ! resi/ance ( ! mat]ial ( ! wire to ! passage ( ! curr5t is less5$1 & 9 ! latt] case x becomes great]4 ,n[ x occurr$ to ,pr(essor ,hughes t1 if ?is 7 s1 x might be possible to cause ! air-vibrations ( s\nd to s act ^u a wire convey+ a curr5t z to /ret* & contract x 9 sympa?y ) !mselves1 s t ! s\nd-waves w\ld create correspond+ electric waves 9 ! curr5t1 & ^! electric waves1 pass$ ?r\gh a telephone connect$ to ! wire1 w\ld cause ! telephone to give =? ! orig9al s\nds4 ,he fir/ set ab\t try+ ! effect ( vibrat+ a wire 9 :i* a curr5t fl[$1 to see if ! /ret*+ & compress+ !reby produc$ w\ld affect ! curr5t s z to cause s\nds 9 a telephone connect$ up 9 circuit ) ! wire--b )\t effect4 ,he c\ld he> no s\nd :atev] 9 ! telephone4 ,!n he /ret*$ ! wire till x broke altoge!r1 & z ! metal began to rupture he he>d a di/9ct grat+ 9 ! telephone1 foll[$ by a %>p 'click1' :5 ! wire sund]$1 :i* indicat$ a 'ru%' ( electricity ?r\gh ! telephone4 ,?is po9t$ out to him t ! wire might be s5sitive to s\nd :5 9 a /ate ( fracture4 ,act+ on ! h9t1 he plac$ ! two brok5 ends ( ! wire toge!r aga91 & kept !m s by ! application ( a def9ite pressure4 ,to 8 joy he f\nd t he _h discov]$ :at he _h be5 9 se>* (4 ,! imp]fect contact betwe5 ! brok5 ends ( ! wire prov$ itself to be a means ( transmitt+ s\nds1 & 9 addition x 0 f\nd to possess a faculty :i* he _h n anticipat$--x prov$ to be s5sitive to v m9ute s\nds1 & 0 9 fact a rude microphone4 ,cont9u+ 8 rese>*es1 he soon f\nd t he _h discov]$ a pr9ciple ( wide application1 & t x 0 n necess>y to conf9e 8 exp]im5ts to wires1 s9ce any sub/ance :i* conduct$ an electric curr5t w\ld answ] ! purpose4 ,all t 0 necess>y 0 t ! mat]ials employ$ %\ld be 9 contact ) ea* o!r "u a slight b def9ite pressure1 &1 = ! cont9uance ( ! effects1 t ! mat]ials %\ld n oxidise 9 air s z to f\l ! contact4 ,= diff]5t mat]ials a diff]5t degree ( pressure gives ! be/ results1 & = diff]5t s\nds to be transmitt$ a diff]5t degree ( pressure is requir$4 ,any loose1 crazy un/able /ructure1 ( conduct+ bodies1 ins]t$ 9 a telephone circuit1 w act z a microphone4 ,su*1 = example1 z a glass tube fill$ ) lead-%ot or black oxide ( iron1 or ':ite bronze' p[d] "u pressure2 a metal wat*-*a9 pil$ 9 a heap4 ,surfaces ( plat9um1 gold1 or ev5 iron1 press$ lightly toge!r give excell5t results4 ,?ree ,fr5* nails1 two p>allel b5ea? & "o laid across !m1 or bett] /ill a log-hut ( ,fr5* nails1 make a p]fect transmitt] ( audible s\nds1 & a good microphone4 ,because ( its *eapness1 its conduct+ p[]1 & its non-oxidisability1 c>bon is ! mo/ select mat]ial4 ,a piece ( *>coal no bigg] ?an a p9's head is q suffici5t to produce articulate spee*4 ,gas-c>bon op]ates admirably1 b ! be/ c>bon is t kn[n z will[-*>coal1 us$ by arti/s 9 sket*+1 & :5 ?is is impregnat$ ) m9ute globules ( m]cury by heat+ x :ite-hot & qu5*+ x 9 liquid m]cury1 x is 9 a highly s5sitive microphonic condition4 ,! same k9d ( *>coal p]meat$ by plat9um1 t91 z9c1 or o!r unoxidisable metal is also v suitable2 & x is a significant fact t ! mo/ resonant woods1 su* z p9e1 popl>1 & will[1 yield ! *>coals be/ adapt$ = ! microphone4 ,pr(essor ,hughes' exp]im5tal app>atus is ( an amus+ly simple description4 ,he has no laboratory at home1 & all 8 exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ! draw+-room4 ,8 fir/ microphones 7 =m$ ( bits ( c>bon & scraps ( metal1 m\nt$ on slips ( mat*-boxes by means ( seal+-wax2 & ! resonance pipes on :i* !y 7 plac$ to re9=ce ! effect ( m9ute s\nds1 7 no?+ m ?an *ildr5's toy money boxes1 price "o halfp5ny1 hav+ "o ( ! ends knock$ out4 ,) su* *ildi% & wor?less mat]ials he has conqu]$ ,nature 9 h] /rongholds1 & %[n h[ great discov]ies c be made4 ,! microphone is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! tru? t 9 sci5ce any ph5om5on :atev] may be r5d]$ useful4 ,! tr\ble ( "o g5]ation ( sci5ti/s may be turn$ to ! hon\r & s]vice ( ! next4 ,electricians h long _h sore reasons = reg>d+ a 'bad contact' z an unmitigat$ nuisance1 ! in/rum5t ( ! evil "o1 ) no conceivable good 9 x1 & no conceivable purpose except to annoy & tempt !m into wick$ness & an expression ( he>ty b ignom9i\s emotion4 ,pr(essor ,hughes1 h[ev]1 has ) a wiz>d's p[] trans=m$ ?is electrician's bane into a pr(essional glory & a public boon4 ,v]ily !re is a s\l ( virtue 9 ?+s evil4 ,! commone/ & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ s5sitive =ms ( ! in/rum5t is call$ ! 'p5cil microphone1' f ! p5cil or crayon ( c>bon :i* =ms ! pr9cipal "p ( x4 ,?is p5cil may be ( m]curialis$ *>coal1 b ! ord9>y gas-c>bon1 :i* incru/s ! int]ior ( ! retorts 9 gas-works1 is usually employ$4 ,! crayon is support$ 9 an upright position by two little brackets ( c>bon1 holl[$ out s z to receive ! po9t$ ends 9 %all[ cups4 ,! weight ( ! crayon suffices to give ! requir$ pressure on ! contacts1 bo? upp] & l[]1 = ! upp] end ( ! ,p5cil %\ld lean aga9/ ! inn] wall ( ! cup 9 ! upp] bracket4 ,! brackets are fix$ to an upright bo>d ( light1 dry1 resonant p9e-wood1 let into a solid base ( ! same timb]4 ,! basebo>d is ) advantage borne by f\r r\nd$ india-rubb] feet1 :i* insulate x f ! table on :i* x may be plac$4 ,to connect ! microphone up = use1 a small voltaic batt]y1 say ?ree cells 7?\gh a s+le cell w give surpris+ results71 & a ,bell speak+ telephone are necess>y4 ,a wire is l$ f "o ( ! c>bon brackets to "o pole ( ! batt]y1 & ano!r wire is l$ f ! o!r bracket to "o t]m9al screw ( ! telephone1 & ! circuit is complet$ by a wire f ! o!r t]m9al ( ! telephone to ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y4 ,if n[ ! slighte/ me*anical j> be giv5 to ! wood5 frame ( ! microphone1 to ! table1 or ev5 to ! walls ( ! room 9 :i* ! exp]im5t takes place1 a correspond+ noise w be he>d 9 ! microphone4 ,by ?is delicate arrangem5t we c play ! eavesdropp] on ^? ins5sible vibrations 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we exi/4 ,if a fea!r or a camel-hair p5cil be /rok$ along ! base-bo>d1 we he> a h>% grat+ s\nd2 if a p9 be laid ^u x1 we he> a bl[ l a blacksmi?'s hamm]2 &1 m a/oni%+ ?an all1 if a fly walk across x we he> x tramp+ l a *>g]1 & ev5 its peculi> cry1 :i* has be5 lik5$1 ) "s all[ance = imag9ation1 to ! snort+ ( an elephant4 ,moreov] x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! wires connect+ up ! telephone may be l5g!n$ to any desir$ ext5t1 s t1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,hughes1 '! beat+ ( a pulse1 ! tick ( a wat*1 ! tramp ( a fly c !n be he>d at lea/ a hundr$ miles f ! s\rce ( s\nd4' ,if we :isp] or speak di/9ctly 9 a monotone to ! p5cil1 our words w be he>d 9 ! telephone2 b ) ?is defect1 t ! ,,timbre or quality is1 9 ?is p>ticul> =m ( ! in/rum5t1 apt to be lo/1 mak+ x difficult to recognise ! speak]'s voice4 ,b al?\gh a s+le p5cil microphone w "u fav\rable circum/ances transmit ^! v>i$ s\nds1 ! be/ effect = ea* k9d ( s\nd is obta9$ by "o specially adju/$4 ,!re is "o pressure be/ adapt$ = m9ute s\nds1 ano!r = spee*1 & a ?ird = l\d] s\nds4 ,a simple spr+ arrangem5t = adju/+ ! pressure ( ! contacts is !re=e an advantage1 & x c easily be appli$ to a microphone =m$ ( a small rod ( c>bon pivot$ at its middle1 ) "o end re/+ on a block or anvil ( c>bon und]nea?4 ,! contact betwe5 ! rod & ! block 9 ?is 'hamm]-&-anvil' =m is1 ( c\rse1 ! portion :i* is s5sitive to s\nd4 ,! microphone is a discov]y z well z an inv5tion1 & ! true explanation ( its action is z yet m]ely an hypo!sis4 ,x is suppos$ t ! vibrations put ! c>bons 9 a tremor & cause !m to approa* m or less ne>ly1 ?us clos+ or op5+ ! brea* betwe5 !m1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! floodgate ( ! curr5t4 ,! applications ( ! microphone 7 soon ( great importance4 ,dr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson succe$$ 9 fitt+ x = auscultation ( ! he>t & lungs2 :ile ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson has effectively us$ x 9 ^? surgical op]ations1 su* z prob+ w\nds = bullets or fragm5ts ( bone1 9 :i* ! surgeon has hi!rto reli$ entirely on 8 delicacy ( t\* = detect+ ! j> ( ! probe on ! =eign body4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 ! sci5ce ( physiology1 9 ! art ( surg]y1 & 9 _m o!r walks ( life1 ! microphone has prov$ a valuable aid4 ,pr(essor ,hughes communicat$ 8 results to ! ,royal ,society 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahgh1 & g5]\sly gave ! microphone to ! _w4 ,= 8 own sake x w\ld p]haps h be5 bett] _h he pat5t$ & ?us protect$ x1 = ,mr4 ,edison1 recognis+ x z a rival to 8 c>bon-transmitt]1 !n a valuable prop]ty1 claim$ x z an infr+em5t ( 8 pat5ts & *>g$ him ) plagi>ism4 ,a spirit$ controv]sy arose1 & sev]al bitt] lawsuits 7 ! consequ5ce1 9 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,hughes took "p1 z !y 7 only comm]cial trials4 ,x 0 cle>ly %[n t ,cl]ac1 & n ,edison1 _h be5 ! fir/ to utilise ! v>iable resi/ance ( p[d]$ c>bon or plumbage "u pressure1 a prop]ty on :i* ! ,edison transmitt] 0 f\nd$1 & t ,hughes _h discov]$ a mu* wid] pr9ciple1 :i* embrac$ n only ! s-call$ 'semi-conduct+' bodies1 su* z c>bon2 b ev5 ! be/ conductors1 su* z gold1 silv]1 & o!r metals4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 n a m]e v>iation ( electrical conductivity 9 a mass ( mat]ial br\ght ab\t by compression1 b a my/]i\s v>iation 9 "s unkn[n way ( ! /r5g? ( an electric curr5t 9 trav]s+ a loose jo9t or contact betwe5 two conductors4 ,?is discov]y ( ,hughes really %$ a light on ! behavi\r ( ,edison's own transmitt]1 ^: action he _h until !n misund]/ood4 ,x 0 n[ se5 t ! p>ticles ( c>bon du/ 9 contact :i* =m$ ! button 7 a cong]ies ( m9ute micro-phones4 ,aga9 x 0 prov$ t ! diaphragm or tympanum to receive ! impression ( ! s\nd & convey x to ! c>bon button1 on :i* ,edison _h laid consid]able /ress1 0 non-ess5tial2 = ! microphone1 pure & simple1 0 op]at$ by ! direct impact ( ! sonor\s waves1 & requir$ no tympanum4 ,moreov]1 ! microphone1 z its "n implies1 c\ld magnify a feeble s\nd1 & r5d] audible ! vibrations :i* w\ld o!rwise escape ! e>4 ,! discov]y ( ^! rem>kable & subtle prop]ties ( a delicate contact _h inde$ confront$ ,edison2 he _h held !m 9 8 grasp1 !y _h />$ him 9 ! face1 b n-)/&+ all 8 mat*less +5uity & acum51 he1 bl9d$ p]haps by a false hypo!sis1 entirely fail$ to disc]n !m4 ,! significant pro( ( x lies 9 ! fact t aft] ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,hughes 7 publi%$ ! c>bon transmitt] 0 promptly modifi$1 & f9ally ab&on$ = practical "w z a telephone1 9 fav\r ( a v>iety ( new transmitt]s1 su* z ! ,blake1 n[ employ$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 all ( :i* ! ess5tial "p is a microphone ( h>d c>bon & metal4 ,! button ( soot has vani%$ into ! limbo ( sup]s$$ inv5tions4 ,sci5ce appe>s to %[ t e physical process is reciprocal1 & may be rev]s$4 ,) ?is pr9ciple 9 our m9ds1 we ne$ n be surpris$ t ! microphone %\ld n only act z a ,,transmitt] ( s\nds1 b t x %\ld also act z a ,,receiv]4 ,mr4 ,james ,bly?1 ( ,ed9burgh1 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce t he _h he>d s\nds & ev5 spee* giv5 out by a microphone itself :5 sub/itut$ = ! telephone4 ,8 transmitt+ microphone & 8 receiv+ "o 7 simply jelly-cans fill$ ) c9d]s f ! grate4 ,x !n transpir$ t ,pr(essor ,hughes _h previ\sly obta9$ ! same rem>kable effects f 8 ord9>y 'p5cil' microphones4 ,! s\nds 7 extremely feeble1 h[ev]1 b ! transmitt+ microphones prov$ ! be/ articulat+ ones4 ,pr(essor ,hughes at l5g? con/ruct$ an adju/able hamm]-&-anvil microphone ( gas-c>bon1 fix$ to ! top ( a resonat+ drum1 :i* articulat$ fairly well1 al?\gh n s p]fectly z a ,bell telephone4 ,p]haps a means ( improv+ bo? ! volume & di/9ctness ( ! articulation w yet be =?com+ & we may be able to speak solely by ! microphone1 if x is f\nd desirable4 ,! m>vell\s fact t a little piece ( *>coal c1 z x 71 bo? li/5 & speak1 t a p]son may talk to x s t 8 fri5d c he> him at a simil> piece a hundr$ miles away1 is a miracle ( n9ete5? c5tury sci5ce :i* f> transc5ds ! oracles ( antiquity4 ,! articulat+ telephone 0 ! =]unn] ( ! phonograph & microphone1 & l$ to _! discov]y4 ,!y 9 turn w d\btless lead to o!r new inv5tions1 :i* x is n[ impossible to =esee4 ,we ask 9 va9 = an answ] to ! "q :i* is ^u ! lips ( e "o-,:at next8 ,! microphone has prov$ itself highly useful 9 /r5g!n+ ! s\nds giv5 out by ! telephone1 & x is probable t we %all soon see ^? ?ree inv5tions work+ unit$ly2 = ! microphone might make ! telephone s\nds s p[]ful z to enable !m to be pr9t$ by phonograph z !y are receiv$1 & ?us a durable record ( telephonic messages w\ld be obta9$4 ,we c n[ transmit s\nd by wire1 b x may yet be possible to transmit light1 & see by telegraph4 ,we are app>5tly on ! eve ( o!r wond]ful inv5tions1 & !re are symptoms t be=e _m ye>s a great fundam5tal discov]y w be made1 :i* w elucidate ! connection ( all ! physical =ces1 & w illum9e ! v frame-"w ( ,nature4 ,9 #ahgi1 ,pr(essor ,hughes end[$ ! sci5tific _w ) ano!r beautiful app>atus1 8 'induction balance4' ,briefly describ$1 x is an arrangem5t ( coils :]eby ! curr5ts induct$ by a prim>y circuit 9 ! second>y are oppos$ to ea* o!r until !y balance1 s t a telephone connect$ 9 ! second>y circuit is q sil5t4 ,any di/urbance ( ?is delicate balance1 h[ev]1 say by ! movem5t ( a coil or a metallic body 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! app>atus1 w be at once report$ by ! induction curr5ts 9 ! telephone4 ,be+ s5sitive to ! pres5ce ( m9ute masses ( metal1 ! app>atus 0 appli$ by ,pr(essor ,graham ,bell to indicate ! :]eab\ts ( ! miss+ bullet 9 ! frame ( ,presid5t ,g>field1 z already m5tion$1 & also by ,capta9 ,mc,evoy to detect ! position ( subm]g$ torp$oes or lo/ an*ors4 ,pr(essor ,rob]ts-,au/51 ! ,*emi/ to ! ,m9t1 has also employ$ x ) success 9 analys+ ! purity & temp] ( co9s2 =1 /range to say1 ! induction is affect$ z well by ! molecul> quality z ! quantity ( ! di/urb+ metal4 ,pr(essor ,hughes himself has modifi$ x = ! purpose ( sonometry1 & ! measurem5t ( ! he>+ p[]s4 ,to ! same ye>1 #ahgi1 belong 8 labori\s inve/igations on curr5t induction1 & "s +5i\s plans = elim9at+ its effects on telegraph & telephone circuits4 ,soon aft] 8 discov]y ( ! microphone he 0 invit$ to become a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & a few ye>s lat]1 9 #ahhe he receiv$ ! ,royal ,m$al ( ! ,society = 8 exp]im5ts1 & especially ^? ( ! microphone4 ,9 #ahha he repres5t$ ! ,unit$ ,k+dom z a ,commission] at ! ,p>is ,int]national ,exhibition ( ,electricity1 & 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( "o ( ! sections ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,electricians4 ,9 #ahhf he fill$ ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ( ,electricians4 ,! ,hughes type-pr9t] 0 a great me*anical inv5tion1 "o ( ! greate/ 9 telegraphic sci5ce1 = e organ ( x 0 new1 & _h to be fa%ion$ out ( *aos2 an inv5tion :i* /amp$ its au?or's "n indelibly into ! hi/ory ( telegraphy1 & procur$ = him a special fame2 :ile ! microphone is a discov]y :i* places x on ! roll ( inve/igators1 & at ! same "t br+s x to ! k ( ! p4 ,two su* a*ievem5ts might well satisfy any sci5tific ambition4 ,pr(essor ,hughes has enjoy$ a mo/ successful c>e]4 ,probably no inv5tor ev] be=e receiv$ s _m hon\rs1 or bore !m ) great] mode/y4 9999999999 ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,,*>les ,,f]d9& ,,gauss4 ,,*>les ,,f]d9& ,,gauss 0 born at ,brauns*weig on ,april #cj1 #aggg4 ,8 fa!r1 ,george ,dietri*1 0 a mason1 :o employ$ himself o!rwise 9 ! h>d w9t] mon?s1 & f9ally became ca%i] to a ,,todt5casse1 or burial fund4 ,8 "m ,doro?y 0 ! daught] ( ,*ri/ian ,b5ze ( ! village ( ,velpke1 ne> ,brauns*weig1 & a woman ( tal5t1 indu/ry1 & wit1 :i* h] son appe>s to h inh]it$4 ,! fa!r di$ 9 #ahjh aft] 8 son _h become di/+ui%$4 ,! "m liv$ to ! age ( n9ety-sev51 b became totally bl9d4 ,%e pres]v$ h] l[ ,saxon dialect1 h] blue l95 dress & simple c\ntry mann]s1 to ! la/1 :ile liv+ beside h] son at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,gott+54 ,fr$]ic1 h] y\ng] bro!r1 0 a damask weav]1 b a man ) a natural turn = ma!matics & me*anics4 ,:5 ,gauss 0 a boy1 8 p>5ts liv$ 9 a small h\se 9 ! ,w5d5grah51 on a canal :i* jo9$ ! ,ock]1 a /ream fl[+ ?r\gh ,brauns*weig4 ,! canal is n[ cov]$1 & is ! site ( ! ,wilhelm/rasse1 b a tablet m>ks ! h\se4 ,:5 a *ild1 ,gauss us$ to play on ! bank ( ! canal1 & fall+ 9 "o day he 0 ne>ly dr[n$4 ,he le>n$ to read by ask+ ! lett]s f 8 fri5ds1 & also by /udy+ an old cal5d> :i* hung on a wall ( 8 fa!r's h\se1 & :5 f\r ye>s old he knew all ! numb]s on x1 9 spite ( a %ortness ( sight :i* afflict$ him to ! end4 ,on ,saturday nights 8 fa!r paid 8 workm5 _! wages1 & once ! boy1 :o _h be5 li/5+ to 8 calculations1 jump$ up & told him t he 0 wrong4 ,revision %[$ t 8 son 0 "r4 ,at ! age ( sev51 ,gauss w5t to ! ,ca!r9e ,p>i% ,s*ool at ,brauns*weig1 & rema9$ at x = sev]al ye>s4 ,! ma/]'s "n 0 ,buttn]1 & f a rais$ seat 9 ! middle ( ! room1 he kept ord] by means ( a :ip susp5d$ at 8 side4 ,a bigg] boy1 ,b>tels by "n1 us$ to cut quill p5s1 & assi/ ! small] boys 9 _! lessons4 ,he became a fri5d ( ,gauss1 & w\ld procure ma!matical books1 :i* !y read toge!r4 ,b>tels subsequ5tly rose to be a pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,dorpat1 :]e he di$4 ,at ! p>i% s*ool ! boys ( f\rte5 to fifte5 ye>s 7 be+ exam9$ 9 ari?metic "o day1 :5 ,gauss /epp$ =w>d &1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ,buttn]1 reque/$ to be exam9$ at ! same "t4 ,buttn]1 ?9k+ to puni% him = 8 audacity1 put a 'pos]' to him1 & await$ ! result4 ,gauss solv$ ! problem on 8 slate1 & laid x face d[nw>d on ! table1 cry+ ',"h x is1' accord+ to ! cu/om4 ,at ! end ( an h\r1 dur+ :i* ! ma/] pac$ up & d[n ) an air ( dignity1 ! slates 7 turn$ ov]1 & ! answ] ( ,gauss 0 f\nd to be correct :ile _m ( ! re/ 7 errone\s4 ,buttn] prais$ him1 & ord]$ a special book on ari?metic = him all ! way f ,hamburg4 ,f ! p>i% s*ool ,gauss w5t to ! ,ca!r9e ,gymnasium1 al?\gh 8 fa!r d\bt$ :e!r he c\ld af=d ! money4 ,b>tels _h gone !re be=e him1 & !y read ! high] ma!matics4 ,gauss also devot$ mu* ( 8 "t to acquir+ ! anci5t & mod]n languages4 ,f !re he pass$ to ! ,c>ol9ean ,college 9 ! spr+ ( #agib4 ,%ortly be=e ?is ! ,duke ,*>les ,william ,f]d9& ( ,brauns*weig among o!rs _h notic$ 8 tal5ts1 & promis$ to fur!r 8 c>e]4 ,9 #agic he publi%$ 8 fir/ pap]s2 & 9 ! autumn ( #agie he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,gott+54 ,at ?is "t he 0 hesitat+ betwe5 ! pursuit ( philology or ma!matics2 b 8 /udies became m & m ( ! latt] ord]4 ,he discov]$ ! division ( ! circle1 a problem publi%$ 9 8 ,,disquisitiones ,,ari?meticae1 & h5ce=? elect$ = ma!matics4 ,! me?od ( lea/ squ>es1 0 also discov]$ dur+ 8 fir/ t]m4 ,on arriv+ home ! duke receiv$ him 9 ! fri5dlie/ mann]1 & he 0 promot$ to ,helm/$t1 :]e ) ! assi/ance ( 8 patron he publi%$ 8 ,,disquisitiones4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahja1 ,piazzi1 ! a/ronom] ( ,pal]mo1 discov]$ a small planet1 :i* he nam$ ,,c]es ,,f]d9&ia1 & communicat$ ! news by po/ to ,bode ( ,b]l91 & ,oriani ( ,milan4 ,! lett] 0 sev5ty-two days 9 go+1 & ! planet by t "t 0 lo/ 9 ! glory ( ! sun1 ,by a me?od ( 8 own1 publi%$ 9 8 ,,!oria ,,motus ,,corporum ,,coele/ium1 ,gauss calculat$ ! orbit ( ?is planet1 & %[$ t x mov$ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,! planet1 aft] elud+ ! se>* ( sev]al a/ronom]s1 0 ultimately f\nd aga9 by ,za* on ,decemb] #g1 #ahja1 & on ,janu>y #a1 #ahjb4 ,! ellipse ( ,gauss 0 f\nd to co9cide ) its orbit4 ,?is feat drew ! att5tion ( ! ,hanov]ian ,gov]nm5t1 & ( ,dr4 ,olb]s1 ! a/ronom]1 to ! "y ma!matician4 ,b "s "t elaps$ be=e he 0 fitt$ ) a suitable appo9tm5t4 ,! battle ( ,au/]litz _h br\ght ! c\ntry into dang]1 & ! ,duke ( ,brauns*weig 0 entru/$ ) a mission f ,b]l9 to ! ,c\rt ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! fame ( ,gauss _h travell$ !re1 b ! duke resi/$ all attempts to br+ or entice him to ! univ]sity ( t place4 ,on 8 return home1 h[ev]1 he rais$ ! sal>y ( ,gauss4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,octob] #ahjf1 ! armies ( ,napoleon 7 mov+ t[>ds ! ,saale1 & ere ! middle ( ! mon? ! battles ( ,au]/adt & ,j5a 7 f\ght & lo/4 ,duke ,*>les ,f]d9& 0 mortally w\nd$1 & tak5 back to ,brauns*weig4 ,a deputation wait$ on ! (f5d$ ,emp]or at ,halle1 & begg$ him to all[ ! ag$ duke to die 9 8 own h\se4 ,!y 7 brutally d5i$ by ! ,emp]or1 & return$ to ,brauns*weig to try & save ! unhappy duke f imprisonm5t4 ,"o ev5+ 9 ! late autumn1 ,gauss1 :o liv$ 9 ! ,/e9weg 7or ,causeway71 saw an invalid c>riage drive sl[ly out ( ! ca/le g>d5 t[>ds ! ,w5d5?or4 ,x conta9$ ! w\nd$ duke on 8 way to ,altona1 :]e he di$ on ,novemb] #aj1 #ahjf1 9 a small h\se at ,ott5s51 ',y w take c>e1' wrote ,za* to ,gauss1 9 #ahjc1 't 8 great "n %all also be writt5 on ! firmam5t4' ,= a ye> & a half aft] ! dea? ( ! duke ,gauss cont9u$ 9 ,brauns*weig1 b 8 small all[ance1 & ! abs5ce ( sci5tific company made a *ange desirable4 ,?r\gh ,olb]s & ,he]5 he receiv$ a call to ! directorate ( ,gott+5 ,univ]sity 9 #ahjg1 & at once accept$ x4 ,he took a h\se ne> ! *emical laboratory1 to :i* he br\ght 8 wife & family4 ,! build+ ( ! obs]vatory1 delay$ = want ( funds1 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahaf1 & a ye> or two lat] x 0 fully equipp$ ) in/rum5ts4 ,9 #ahai1 ,gauss measur$ a degree ( latitude betwe5 ,gott+5 & ,altona4 ,9 geodesy he inv5t$ ! heliotrope1 by :i* ! sunlight reflect$ f a mirror is us$ z a sight = ! !odolite at a great di/ance4 ,?r\gh ,pr(essor ,william ,web] he 0 introduc$ to ! sci5ce ( electro-magnetism1 & !y devis$ an exp]im5tal telegraph1 *iefly = s5d+ "t signals1 betwe5 ! ,obs]vatory & ! ,physical ,cab9et ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! mirror receiv+ in/rum5t employ$ 0 ! heavy prototype ( ! delicate reflect+ galvanomet] ( ,sir ,william ,?omson4 ,9 #ahcd messages 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! l9e 9 pres5ce ( ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,duke ( ,cambridge2 b x 0 h>dly fitt$ = g5]al use4 ,9 #ahhc 787 he publi%$ an absolute sy/em ( magnetic measurem5ts4 ,on ,july #af1 #ahdi1 ! jubilee ( ,gauss 0 celebrat$ at ! ,univ]sity2 ! fam\s ,jacobi1 ,mill] ( ,cambridge1 & o!rs1 tak+ "p 9 x4 ,aft] ?is he complet$ sev]al works already begun1 read a great deal ( ,g]man & =eign lit]ature1 & visit$ ! ,museum daily betwe5 elev5 & "o o'clock4 ,9 ! w9t]s ( #ahed-e ,gauss compla9$ ( 8 decl9+ heal?1 & on ! morn+ ( ,febru>y #bc1 #ahee1 ab\t five m9utes pa/ "o o'clock1 he brea!d 8 la/4 ,he 0 laid on a b$ ( laurels1 & buri$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,a granite pill> m>ks 8 re/+-place at ,gott+54 ,,ii4 ,,william ,,edw>d ,,web]4 ,,william ,,edw>d ,,web] 0 born on ,octob] #bd1 #ahjd1 at ,witt5b]g1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,mi*ael ,web]1 0 pr(essor ( !ology4 ,william 0 ! second ( ?ree bro!rs1 all ( :om 7 di/+ui%$ by an aptitude = ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,aft] ! dissolution ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g 8 fa!r 0 transf]r$ to ,halle 9 #ahae4 ,william _h receiv$ 8 fir/ lessons f 8 fa!r1 b 0 n[ s5t to ! ,orphan ,asylum & ,gramm> ,s*ool at ,halle4 ,aft] t he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity1 & devot$ himself to natural philosophy4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself s mu* 9 8 classes1 & by orig9al "w1 t aft] tak+ 8 degree ( ,doctor & becom+ a ,privat-,doc5t he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ,extraord9>y ( natural philosophy at ,halle4 ,9 #ahca1 on ! recomm5dation ( ,gauss1 he 0 call$ to ,gott+5 z pr(essor ( physics1 al?\gh b tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,8 lectures 7 int]e/+1 in/ructive1 & sugge/ive4 ,web] ?\ght t1 9 ord] to ?or\ghly und]/& physics & apply x to daily life1 m]e lectures1 ?\gh illu/rat$ by exp]im5ts1 7 insuffici5t1 & he enc\rag$ 8 /ud5ts to exp]im5t !mselves1 free ( *>ge1 9 ! college laboratory4 ,z a /ud5t ( tw5ty ye>s he1 ) 8 bro!r1 ,erne/ ,h5ry ,web]1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ,leipsic1 _h writt5 a book on ! ',wave ,!ory & ,fluidity1' :i* br\ght its au?ors a consid]able reputation4 ,ac\/ics 0 a fav\rite sci5ce ( 81 & he publi%$ num]\s pap]s ^u x 9 ,pogg5dorff's ,,annal51 ,s*weigg]'s ,,jahrbu*] ,,fur ,,*emie ,,und ,,physic1 & ! musical j\rnal ,,caecilia4 ,! 'me*anism ( walk+ 9 mank9d' 0 ano!r /udy1 und]tak5 9 conjunction ) 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,edw>d ,web]4 ,^! important inve/igations 7 publi%$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahbe & #ahch4 ,displac$ by ! ,hanov]ian ,gov]nm5t = 8 lib]al op9ions 9 politics ,web] travell$ = a "t1 visit+ ,engl&1 among o!r c\ntries1 & became pr(essor ( physics 9 ,leipsic f #ahdc to #ahdi1 :5 he 0 re9/all$ at ,gott+54 ,"o ( 8 mo/ important works 0 ! ,,atlas ,,des ,,erdmagnetismus1 a s]ies ( magnetic maps1 & x 0 *iefly ?r\gh 8 ef=ts t magnetic obs]vatories 7 in/itut$4 ,he /udi$ magnetism ) ,gauss1 & 9 #ahfd publi%$ 8 ',electrodynamic ,proportional ,measures' conta9+ a sy/em ( absolute measurem5ts = electric curr5ts1 :i* =ms ! basis ( ^? 9 use4 ,web] di$ at ,gott+5 on ,june #bc1 #ahia4 ,,iii4 ,,sir ,,william ,,fo!rgill ,,cooke4 ,,william ,fo!rgill ,cooke 0 born ne> ,eal+ on ,may #d1 #ahjf1 & 0 a son ( ,dr4 ,william ,cooke1 a doctor ( m$ic9e1 & pr(essor ( anatomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,durham4 ,! boy 0 educat$ at a s*ool 9 ,durham1 & at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,9 #ahbf he jo9$ ! ,ea/ ,india ,army1 & held sev]al /aff appo9tm5ts4 ,:ile 9 ! ,madras ,native ,infantry1 he return$ home on furl\gh1 ow+ to ill-heal?1 & aft]w>ds rel9qui%$ ?is connection4 ,9 #ahcc-d he /udi$ anatomy & physiology 9 ,p>is1 acquir+ great skill at modell+ dissections 9 col\r$ wax4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahce1 :ile t\r+ 9 ,switz]l& ) 8 p>5ts1 he visit$ ,heidelb]g1 & 0 induc$ by ,pr(essor ,ti$eman1 director ( ! ,anatomical ,in/itute1 to return !re & cont9ue 8 wax modell+4 ,he lodg$ at #ig1 ,/ock/rasse1 9 ! h\se ( a brew]1 & modell$ 9 a room ne>ly opposite4 ,"s ( 8 models h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,anatomical ,museum at ,heidelb]g4 ,9 ,m>* #ahcf1 he>+ accid5tally f ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,r4 ,hoppn]1 a son ( ,"l ,byron's fri5d1 t ! ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity1 ,geheime ,h(ra? ,moncke _h a model ( ,b>on ,s*ill+'s telegraph1 ,cooke w5t to see x on ,m>* #f1 9 ! ,pr(essor's lecture room1 an upp] /orey ( an old conv5t ( ,dom9icans1 :]e he also liv$4 ,/ruck by :at he witness$1 he ab&on$ 8 m$ical /udies1 & resolv$ to apply all 8 en]gies to ! introduction ( ! telegraph4 ,)9 ?ree weeks he _h made1 p>tly at ,heidelb]g1 & p>tly at ,frank=t1 8 fir/ galvanomet]1 or ne$le telegraph4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree magnetic ne$les surr\nd$ by multiply+ coils1 & actuat$ by ?ree sep>ate circuits ( six wires4 ,! movem5ts ( ! ne$les "u ! action ( ! curr5ts produc$ tw5ty-six diff]5t signals correspond+ to ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ',:il/ complet+ ! model ( my orig9al plan1' he wrote to 8 "m on ,april #e1 'o!rs on entirely fre% sy/ems sugge/$ !mselves1 & ,i h at l5g? succe$$ 9 comb9+ ! ,,utile ( ea*1 b ! me*anism requires a m delicate h& ?an m9e to execute1 or r in/rum5ts :i* ,i d n possess4 ,^! ,i c readily h made = me 9 ,london1 & by ! aid ( a la! ,i %all be able to adapt ! sev]al p>ts1 :i* ,i %all h made by diff]5t me*anicians = secrecy's sake4 ,%\ld ,i succe$1 x may be ! means ( putt+ "s hundr$s ( p\nds 9 my pocket4 ,z x is a subject on :i* ,i 0 pr(\ndly ignorant1 until my att5tion 0 casually attract$ to x ! o!r day1 ,i d n "k :at o!rs may h done 9 ! same way2 ?is c be/ be le>n$ 9 ,london4' ,! 'fre% sy/ems' ref]r$ to 0 8 'me*anical' telegraph1 consi/+ ( two lett] dials1 work+ syn*ron\sly1 & on :i* p>ticul> lett]s ( ! message 7 indicat$ by means ( an electro-magnet & det5t4 ,be=e ! end ( ,m>* he inv5t$ ! clock-"w al>m1 9 :i* an electro-magnet attract$ an armature ( s(t iron1 & ?us )drew a det5t1 all[+ ! works to /rike ! al>m4 ,?is idea 0 sugge/$ to him on ,m>* #ag1 #ahcf1 :ile read+ ,mrs4 ,m>y ,som]ville's ',connexion ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces1' 9 travell+ f ,heidelb]g to ,frank=t4 ,cooke arriv$ 9 ,london on ,april #bb1 & wrote a pamphlet sett+ =? 8 plans = ! e/abli%m5t ( an electric telegraph2 b x 0 nev] publi%$4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt he also gave consid]able att5tion to ! escapem5t pr9ciple1 or /ep by /ep movem5t1 aft]w>ds p]fect$ by ,:eat/one4 ,:ile busy 9 prep>+ 8 app>atus = exhibition1 "p ( :i* 0 made by a clock-mak] 9 ,cl]k5well1 he consult$ ,f>aday ab\t ! con/ruction ( electro-magnets1 ,! philosoph] saw 8 app>atus & express$ 8 op9ion t ! 'pr9ciple 0 p]fectly correct1' & t ! 'in/rum5t appe>s p]fectly adapt$ to its int5d$ uses4' ,nev]!less he 0 n v sangu9e ( mak+ x a comm]cial success4 ',! electro-magnetic telegraph %all n ru9 me1' he wrote to 8 "m1 'b w h>dly make my =tune4' ,he 0 desir\s ( tak+ a p>tn] 9 ! "w1 & w5t to ,liv]pool 9 ord] to meet "s g5tleman likely to =w>d 8 views1 & endeav\r$ to get 8 in/rum5t adopt$ on ! incl9e ( ! tunnel at ,liv]pool2 b x gave sixty signals1 & 0 deem$ too complicat$ by ! directors4 ,soon aft] 8 return to ,london1 by ! end ( ,april1 he _h two simpl] in/rum5ts 9 work+ ord]4 ,all ^! prep>ations _h already co/ him ne>ly f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,on ,febru>y #bg1 ,cooke1 be+ dissatisfi$ ) an exp]im5t on a mile ( wire1 consult$ ,f>aday & ,dr4 ,roget z to ! action ( a curr5t on an electro-magnet 9 circuit ) a long wire4 ,dr4 ,roget s5t him to ,:eat/one1 :]e to 8 dismay he le>n$ t ,:eat/one _h be5 employ$ = mon?s on ! con/ruction ( a telegraph = practical purposes4 ,! end ( _! conf]5ces 0 t a p>tn]%ip 9 ! und]tak+ 0 propos$ by ,cooke1 & ultimately accept$ by ,:eat/one4 ,! latt] _h giv5 ,cooke fre% hopes ( success :5 he 0 worn & disc\rag$4 ',9 tru?1' he wrote 9 a lett]1 aft] 8 fir/ int]view ) ! ,pr(essor1 ',i _h giv5 ! telegraph up s9ce ,?ursday ev5+1 & only s\ght pro(s ( my be+ "r to d s ere ann\nc+ x to y4 ,?is day's enquiries p>tly revives my hopes1 b ,i am f> f sangu9e4 ,! sci5tific m5 "k little or no?+ absolute on ! subject3 ,:eat/one is ! only man ne> ! m>k4' ,x w\ld appe> t ! curr5t1 r$uc$ 9 /r5g? by its passage ?r\gh a long wire1 _h fail$ to excite 8 electro-magnet1 & he 0 ignorant ( ! reason4 ,:eat/one by 8 k ( ,ohm's law & ! electro-magnet 0 probably able to enlight5 him4 ,x is cle> t ,cooke _h made consid]able progress ) 8 inv5tions be=e he met ,:eat/one2 he possess$ a ne$le telegraph l ,:eat/one1 an al>m1 & a *ronometric dial telegraph1 :i* at all ev5ts are a pro( t he himself 0 an inv5tor1 & t he d\btless bore a "p 9 ! production ( ! ,cooke & ,:eat/one app>atus4 ,contr>y to a /atem5t ( ,:eat/one1 x appe>s f a lett] ( ,cooke dat$ ,m>* #d1 #ahcg1 t ,:eat/one 'h&somely ackn[l$g$ ! advantage' ( ,cooke's app>atus _h x work$2' 8 7,:eat/one's7 are +5i\s1 b n practicable4' ,b ^! conflict+ acc\nts are reconcil$ by ! fact t ,cooke's electro-magnetic telegraph w\ld n "w1 & ,:eat/one told him s1 because he knew ! magnet 0 n /rong en\gh :5 ! curr5t _h to trav]se a long circuit4 ,:eat/one subsequ5tly inve/igat$ ! conditions necess>y to obta9 electro-magnetic effects at a long di/ance4 ,_h he /udi$ ! pap] ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry 9 ,,silliman',s ,,j\rnal = ,janu>y #ahca1 he w\ld h le>n$ t 9 a long circuit ! electro-magnet _h to be w\nd ) a long & f9e wire 9 ord] to be effective4 ,z ! ,cooke & ,:eat/one app>atus became p]fect$1 ,cooke 0 busy ) s*emes = its introduction4 ,_! jo9t pat5t is dat$ ,june #ab1 #ahcg1 & be=e ! end ( ! mon? ,cooke 0 introduc$ to ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 & by 8 address & en]gy got leave to try ! inv5tion f ,eu/on to ,camd5 ,t[n along ! l9e ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway4 ,cooke susp5d$ "s ?irte5 miles ( copp]1 9 a %$ at ! ,eu/on t]m9us1 & exhibit$ 8 ne$le & 8 *ronometric telegraph 9 action to ! directors "o morn+4 ,b ! (ficial trial took place z we h already describ$ 9 ! life ( ,:eat/one4 ,! telegraph 0 soon adopt$ on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & also on ! ,blackwall ,railway 9 #ahda4 ,?ree ye>s lat] x 0 tri$ on a ,gov]nm5t l9e f ,london to ,portsm\?4 ,9 #ahde1 ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company1 ! pione] association ( its k9d1 0 />t$1 & ,mr4 ,cooke became a director4 ,:eat/one & he obta9$ a consid]able sum = ! use ( _! app>atus4 ,9 #ahff1 ,h] ,maje/y conf]r$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood on ! co-inv5tors2 & 9 #ahga1 ,cooke 0 grant$ a ,civil ,li/ p5sion ( ,l#ajj a ye>4 ,8 latt] ye>s 7 sp5t 9 seclusion1 & he di$ at ,f>nham on ,june #be?1 #ahgi4 ,outside ( telegraphic circles 8 "n _h become well-nigh =gott54 ,,iv4 ,,alex&] ,,ba94 ,alex&] ,ba9 0 born ( humble p>5ts 9 ! little t[n ( ,?urso1 at ! extreme nor? ( ,scotl&1 9 ! ye> #ahaa4 ,at ! age ( twelve he w5t to he> a p5ny lecture on sci5ce :i*1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 set him ?9k+ & influ5c$ 8 :ole future4 ,le>n+ ! art ( clockmak+1 he w5t to ,ed9burgh1 & subsequ5tly remov$ to ,london1 :]e he obta9$ "w 9 ,cl]k5well1 !n fam$ = its clocks & wat*es4 ,8 fir/ pat5t is dat$ ,janu>y #aa?1 #ahda1 & is 9 ! "n ( ,john ,b>wise1 *ronomet] mak]1 & ,alex&] ,ba91 me*ani/1 ,wigmore ,/reet4 ,x describes 8 electric clock 9 :i* !re is an electro-magnetic p5dulum1 & ! electric curr5t is employ$ to keep x go+ in/ead ( spr+s or weights4 ,he improv$ on ?is idea 9 foll[+ pat5ts1 & also propos$ to d]ive ! motive electricity f an 'e>? batt]y1' by bury+ plates ( z9c & copp] 9 ! gr\nd4 ,gauss & ,/e9heil _h priority 9 ?is device :i*1 ow+ to 'pol>isation' ( ! plates & to dr\ght1 is n reliable4 ,long aft]w>ds ,mr4 ,jones ( ,*e/] succe$$ 9 regulat+ timepieces f a /&>d a/ronomical clock by an improvem5t on ! me?od ( ,ba94 ,on ,decemb] #ba1 #ahda1 ,ba91 9 conjunction ) ,lieut4 ,?omas ,wright1 ,r4,n41 ( ,p]cival ,/reet1 ,cl]k5well1 pat5t$ means ( apply+ electricity to control railway eng9es by turn+ (f ! /eam1 m>k+ "t1 giv+ signals1 & pr9t+ intellig5ce at diff]5t places4 ,he also propos$ to utilise 'natural bodies ( wat]' = a return wire1 b ! e>li] exp]im5t]s _h done s1 p>ticul>ly ,/e9heil 9 #ahch4 ,! mo/ important idea 9 ! pat5t is1 p]haps1 8 plan = inv]t+ ! ne$le telegraph ( ,amp]e1 ,:eat/one & o!rs1 & in/ead ( mak+ ! signals by ! movem5ts ( a pivot$ magnetic ne$le "u ! influ5ce ( an electrifi$ coil1 obta9+ !m by susp5d+ a movable coil trav]s$ by ! curr5t1 betwe5 ! poles ( a fix$ magnet1 z 9 ! lat] siphon record] ( ,sir ,william ,?omson4 ,ba9 also propos$ to make ! coil record ! message by pr9t+ x 9 type2 & he develop$ ! idea 9 a subsequ5t pat5t4 ,next ye>1 on ,decemb] #ca/1 #ahdd1 he project$ a mode ( measur+ ! spe$ ( %ips by vanes revolv+ 9 ! wat] & indicat+ _! spe$ on deck by means ( ! curr5t4 ,9 ! same specification he describ$ a way ( s\nd+ ! sea by an electric circuit ( wires1 & ( giv+ an al>m :5 ! temp]ature ( a %ip's hold rea*$ a c]ta9 degree4 ,! la/ device is ! well-kn[n fire-al>m 9 :i* ! m]cury ( a !rmomet] completes an electric circuit1 :5 x rises to a p>ticul> po9t ( ! tube1 & ?us actuates an electric bell or o!r al>m4 ,on ,decemb] #ab1 #ahdf1 ,ba91 :o 0 /ay+ 9 ,ed9burgh at t "t1 pat5t$ 8 greate/ inv5tion1 ! *emical telegraph1 :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,he recognis$ t ! ,morse & o!r telegraph in/rum5ts 9 use 7 comp>atively sl[ 9 spe$1 ow+ to ! me*anical in]tia ( ! p>ts2 & he saw t if ! signal curr5ts 7 made to pass ?r\gh a b& ( travell+ pap] soak$ 9 a solution :i* w\ld decompose "u _! action1 & leave a legible m>k1 a v high spe$ c\ld be obta9$4 ,! *emical he employ$ to saturate ! pap] 0 a solution ( nitrate ( ammonia & prussiate ( pota%1 :i* left a blue /a9 on be+ decompos$ by ! curr5t f an iron contact or /ylus4 ,! signals 7 ! %ort & long1 or 'dots' & 'da%es' ( ! ,morse code4 ,! spe$ ( m>k+ 0 s great t h& signall+ c\ld n keep up ) x1 & ,ba9 devis$ a plan ( automatic signall+ by means ( a runn+ b& ( pap] on :i* ! signals ( ! message 7 repres5t$ by holes pun*$ ?r\gh x4 ,obvi\sly if ?is tape 7 pass$ betwe5 ! contact ( a signall+ key ! curr5t w\ld m]ely fl[ :5 ! p]=ations all[$ ! contacts ( ! key to t\*4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 aft]w>ds appli$ by ,:eat/one 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 automatic s5d]4 ,! *emical telegraph 0 tri$ betwe5 ,p>is & ,lille be=e a committee ( ! ,in/itute & ! ,legislative ,assembly4 ,! spe$ ( signall+ atta9$ 0 #bhb words 9 fifty-two seconds1 a m>vell\s advance on ! ,morse electro-magnetic in/rum5t1 :i* only gave ab\t =ty words a m9ute4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,edison ! neglect$ me?od ( ,ba9 0 se5 by ,sir ,william ,?omson 9 ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition1 ,philadelphia1 record+ at ! rate ( #ajeg words 9 fifty-sev5 seconds4 ,9 ,engl& ! telegraph ( ,ba9 0 us$ on ! l9es ( ! old ,electric ,telegraph ,company to a limit$ ext5t1 & 9 ,am]ica ab\t ! ye> #ahej x 0 tak5 up by ! en]getic ,mr4 ,h5ry ,o',reilly1 & widely introduc$4 ,b x incurr$ ! ho/ility ( ,morse1 :o obta9$ an injunction aga9/ x on ! sl5d] gr\nd t ! runn+ pap] & alphabet us$ 7 cov]$ by 8 pat5t4 ,by #ahei1 z ,mr4 ,%affn] tells u1 !re 0 only "o l9e 9 ,am]ica on :i* ! ,ba9 sy/em 0 9 use1 namely1 t f ,bo/on to ,montreal4 ,s9ce ^? days ( rivalry ! app>atus has nev] become g5]al1 & x is n easy to und]/& :y1 consid]+ its v high spe$1 ! *emical telegraph has n become a great] fav\rite4 ,9 #ahdg ,ba9 devis$ an automatic me?od ( play+ on w9d in/rum5ts by mov+ a b& ( p]=at$ pap] :i* controll$ ! supply ( air to ! pipes2 & likewise propos$ to play a numb] ( key$ in/rum5ts at a di/ance by means ( ! electric curr5t4 ,bo? ( ^! plans are /ill 9 op]ation4 ,^! & o!r inv5tions 9 ! space ( six ye>s are a /rik+ te/imony to ! f]tility ( ,ba9's imag9ation at ?is p]iod4 ,b aft] ?is extraord9>y outbur/ he seems to h relaps$ into slo? & ! dissipation ( 8 p[]s4 ,we h be5 told1 & inde$ x is pla9 t he receiv$ a consid]able sum = "o or o!r ( 8 inv5tions1 probably ! *emical telegraph4 ,b :ile he c\ld rise f ! ranks1 & brave adv]sity by d9t ( +5uity & lab\r1 x w\ld seem t 8 sangu9e temp]am5t 0 ill-fitt$ = prosp]ity4 ,he w5t to ,am]ica1 & :at ) litigation1 un=tunate inve/m5t1 & p]haps extravagance1 ! =tune he _h made 0 rapidly dim9i%$4 ,:e!r 8 inv5tive g5ius 0 exhau/$1 or he became di%e>t5$1 x w\ld be difficult to say1 b he nev] fl\ri%$ aga94 ,! rise 9 8 condition may be inf]r$ f ! preamble to 8 pat5t = electric telegraphs & clocks1 dat$ ,may #bi1 #aheb1 :]e9 he describes himself z ',g5tleman1' & liv+ at ,beevor ,lodge1 ,hamm]smi?4 ,aft] an ephem]al appe>ance 9 ?is "* he sank once m into pov]ty1 if n ev5 wret*$ness4 ,mov$ by 8 unhappy circum/ances1 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ! late ,sir ,william ,siem5s1 ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k & o!rs1 obta9$ f ,mr4 ,glad/one1 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahgc1 a p5sion = him "u ! ,civil ,li/ ( ,l#hj a ye>2 b ! b5efici>y liv$ 9 su* obscurity t x 0 a consid]able "t be=e 8 lodg+ c\ld be discov]$1 & 8 bett] =tune take effect4 ,! ,royal ,society _h previ\sly made him a gift ( ,l#aej4 ,9 8 latt] ye>s1 :ile he resid$ 9 ,glasg[1 8 heal? fail$1 & he 0 /ruck ) p>alysis 9 ! legs4 ,! massive =ehead once pregnant ) ! fire ( g5ius1 grew dull & sl[ ( ?\ght1 :ile ! /urdy frame ( iron h>dihood became a tott]+ wreck4 ,he 0 remov$ to ! ,home = ,incurables at ,broomhill1 ,kirk9tillo*1 :]e he di$ on ,janu>y #b1 #ahgg1 & 0 int]r$ 9 ! ,old ,aisle ,cemet]y4 ,he 0 a wid[]1 & _h two *ildr51 b !y 7 said to be abroad at ! "t1 ! son 9 ,am]ica & ! daught] on ! ,cont95t4 ,sev]al ( ,ba9's e>li] pat5ts are tak5 out 9 two names1 b ?is 0 p]haps ow+ to 8 pov]ty compell+ him to take a p>tn]4 ,if ^! & o!r inv5tions 7 sub/antially 8 own1 & we h no reason to suppose t he receiv$ m help f o!rs ?an is usual ) inv5tors1 we mu/ all[ t ,ba9 0 a me*anical g5ius ( ! fir/ ord]--a born inv5tor4 ,consid]+ ! e>ly date ( 8 a*ievem5ts1 & 8 lack ( education or pecuni>y res\rce1 we _c b wond] at ! /r5g?1 fecundity1 & presci5ce ( 8 creative faculty4 ,x has be5 said t he came be=e 8 "t2 b _h he be5 m =tunate 9 o!r respects1 !re is little d\bt t he w\ld h work$ out & introduc$ all or ne>ly all 8 inv5tions1 & probably "s o!rs4 ,8 mis=tunes & sorr[s are s typical ( ! 'disappo9t$ inv5tor' t we w\ld fa9 le>n m ab\t 8 life2 b beyond a few facts 9 a little pamphlet 7publi%$ by himself1 we believe71 !re is little to be ga!r$2 a veil ( sil5ce has fall5 alike ^u 8 triumphs1 8 errors & 8 mis]ies4 ,v4 ,,dr4 ,,w]n] ,,siem5s4 ,,! lead+ electrician ( ,g]many is ,dr4 ,ern/ ,w]n] ,siem5s1 elde/ bro!r ( ! same di/+ui%$ family ( :i* our own ,sir ,william ,siem5s 0 a memb]4 ,ern/1 l 8 bro!r ,william1 0 born at ,l5!1 ne> ,hanov]1 on ,decemb] #ac1 #ahaf4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,college ( ,lubeck 9 ,ma9e1 & ent]$ ! ,prussian ,artill]y s]vice z a volunte]4 ,he pursu$ 8 sci5tific /udies at ! ,artill]y & ,eng9e]s' ,s*ool 9 ,b]l91 & 9 #ahch obta9$ an (fic]'s commission4 ,physics & *emi/ry 7 8 fav\rite /udies2 & 8 orig9al rese>*es 9 electro-gild+ result$ 9 a ,prussian pat5t 9 #ahda4 ,! foll[+ ye> he1 9 conjunction ) 8 bro!r ,william1 took out ano!r pat5t = a diff]5tial regulator4 ,9 #ahdd he 0 appo9t$ to a po/ 9 ! artill]y work%ops 9 ,b]l91 :]e he le>n$ telegraphy1 & 9 #ahde pat5t$ a dial & pr9t+ telegraph1 :i* is /ill 9 use 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #ahdf1 he 0 made a memb] ( a commission organis$ 9 ,b]l9 to introduce electric telegraphs 9 place ( ! optical ones hi!rto employ$ 9 ,prussia1 & he succe$$ 9 gett+ ! commission to adopt und]gr\nd telegraph l9es4 ,= ! insulation ( ! wires he recomm5d$ gutta-p]*a1 :i* 0 !n becom+ kn[n z an insulator4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he con/ruct$ a ma*9e = cov]+ copp] wire ) ! melt$ gum by means ( pressure2 & ?is ma*9e is sub/antially ! same z t n[ us$ = ! purpose 9 cable factories4 ,9 #ahdh1 :5 ! w> broke out ) ,d5m>k1 he 0 s5t to ,kiel :]e1 toge!r ) 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,himly1 he laid ! fir/ subm>9e m9es1 fir$ by electricity & ?us protect$ ! t[n ( ,kiel f ! advance ( ! enemies' fleet4 ,( late ye>s ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t has laid a great network ( und]gr\nd l9es betwe5 ! v>i\s t[ns & =tresses ( ! empire2 pref]r+ !m to ov]head l9es z be+ less liable to int]ruption f mis*ief1 accid5t1 ho/ile soldi]s1 or /ress ( wea!r4 ,! fir/ ( su* l9es 01 h[ev]1 laid z long ago z #ahdh1 by ,w]n] ,siem5s1 :o1 9 ! autumn ( t ye>1 deposit$ a subt]ranean cable betwe5 ,b]l9 & ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,next ye> a second cable 0 laid f ! ,capital to ,cologne1 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & ,v]vi]s4 ,9 #ahdg ! subject ( our memoir _h1 along ) ,mr4 ,halske1 f\nd$ a telegraph factory1 & he n[ left ! army to give himself up to sci5tific "w & ! developm5t ( 8 bus9ess4 ,?is factory prosp]$ well1 & is /ill ! *ief cont95tal works ( ! k9d4 ,! new dep>ture made by ,w]n] ,siem5s 0 =tunate = electrical sci5ce2 & f !n till n[ a numb] ( rem>kable inv5tions h proce$$ f 8 laboratory4 ,! foll[+ are ! m notable advances made3--,9 ,octob] #ahde1 a ma*9e = ! measurem5t ( small int]vals ( "t1 & ! spe$ ( electricity by means ( electric sp>ks1 & its application 9 #ahge = measur+ ! spe$ ( ! electric curr5t 9 ov]l& l9es4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahej1 a pap] on telegraph l9es & app>atus1 9 :i* ! !ory ( ! electro-/atic *>ge 9 insulat$ wires1 z well z me?ods & =mula3 = ! localis+ ( faults 9 und]gr\nd wires 7 fir/ e/abli%$4 ,9 #ahea1 ! firm erect$ ! fir/ automatic fire telegraphs 9 ,b]l91 & 9 ! same ye>1 ,w]n] ,siem5s wrote a treatise on ! exp]i5ce ga9$ ) ! und]gr\nd l9es ( ! ,prussian telegraph sy/em4 ,! difficulty ( communicat+ ?r\gh long und]gr\nd l9es l$ him to ! inv5tion ( automatic translation1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds improv$ ^u by ,/e9heil1 &1 9 #aheb1 he furni%$ ! ,w>saw-,pet]sburg l9e ) automatic fa/-spe$ writ]s4 ,! messages 7 pun*$ 9 a pap] b& by means ( ! well-kn[n ,siem5s' lev] pun*+ app>atus1 & !n automatically transmitt$ 9 a clockwork in/rum5t4 ,9 #ahed ! discov]y 7contemporane\s ) t ( ,fris*57 ( simultane\s transmission ( messages 9 opposite directions1 & multiplex transmission ( messages by means ( electro-magnetic app>atus4 ,! 'duplex' sy/em :i* is n[ employ$ bo? on l& l9es & subm>9e cables _h be5 sugge/$ h[ev]1 be=e ?is by ,dr4 ,zets*e1 ,g9tl1 & o!rs4 ,9 #ahef he inv5t$ ! ,siem5s' magneto-electric dial in/rum5t giv+ alt]nate curr5ts4 ,f ?is app>atus orig9at$ ! well-kn[n ,siem5s' armature1 & f ! receiv] 0 develop$ ! ,siem5s' pol>is$ relay1 ) :i* ! work+ ( subm>9e & o!r l9es c\ld be effect$ ) alt]nate curr5ts2 & 9 ! same ye>1 dur+ ! lay+ ( ! ,cagli>i to ,bona cable1 he con/ruct$ & fir/ appli$ ! dynamomet]1 :i* has become ( su* importance 9 ! op]ations ( cable lay+4 ,9 #aheg1 he inve/igat$ ! electro-/atic induction & ret>dation ( curr5ts 9 insulat$ wires1 a ph5om5on :i* he _h obs]v$ 9 #ahej1 & communicat$ an acc\nt ( x to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ',9 ^! rese>*es he develop$ ma!matically ,f>aday's !ory ( molecul> induction1 & !reby pav$ ! way 9 great measure = its g5]al acceptance4' ,8 ozone app>atus1 8 telegraph in/rum5t work+ ) alt]nate curr5ts1 & 8 in/rum5t = translat+ on & automatically dis*>g+ subm>9e cables also belong to ! ye> #aheg4 ,! latt] in/rum5ts 7 appli$ to ! ,s>d9ia1 ,malta1 & ,corfu cable4 ,9 #ahei1 he con/ruct$ an electric log2 he discov]$ t a dielectric is heat$ by induction2 he introduc$ ! well kn[n ,siem5s' m]cury unit1 & _m improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( resi/ance coils4 ,he also inve/igat$ ! law ( *ange ( resi/ance 9 wires by heat+2 & publi%$ sev]al =mulae & me?ods = te/+ resi/ances & det]m9+ 'faults' by measur+ resi/ances4 ,^! me?ods 7 adopt$ by ! electricians ( ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice 9 ,prussia1 & by ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs 9 ,london1 dur+ ! manufacture ( ! ,malta to ,alex&ria cable1 :i*1 01 we believe1 ! fir/ long cable subject$ to a sy/em ( cont9u\s te/s4 ',9 #ahfa1 he %[$ t ! electrical resi/ance ( molt5 alloys is equal to ! sum ( ! resi/ances ( ! sep>ate metals1 & t lat5t heat increases ! specific resi/ance ( metals 9 a great] degree ?an free heat4' ,9 #ahfd he made rese>*es on ! heat+ ( ! sides ( a ,leyd5 j> by ! electrical dis*>ge4 ,9 #ahff he publi%$ ! g5]al !ory ( dynamo-electric ma*9es1 & ! pr9ciple ( accumulat+ ! magnetic effect1 a pr9ciple :i*1 h[ev]1 _h be5 contemporane\sly discov]$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,v>ley1 & describ$ 9 a pat5t "s ye>s be=e by ,mr4 ,sor5 ,hjor?1 a ,dani% inv5tor4 ,hjor?'s pat5t is to be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice ,libr>y1 & until lately x 0 ?\ght t he 0 ! fir/ & true inv5tor ( ! 'dynamo' prop]1 b we und]/& !re is a prior inv5tor /ill1 ?\gh we h n se5 ! evid5ce 9 support ( ! /atem5t4 ,! rev]sibility ( ! dynamo 0 enunciat$ by ,w]n] ,siem5s 9 #ahfg2 b x 0 n exp]im5tally demon/rat$ on any practical scale until #ahgj1 :5 ,m4 ,hippolite ,fonta9e succe$$ 9 pump+ wat] at ! ,vi5na int]national exhibition by ! aid ( two dynamos connect$ 9 circuit2 "o1 ! g5]ator1 d]iv+ motion f a hydraulic eng9e1 & 9 turn sett+ 9 motion ! receiv+ dynamo :i* work$ ! pump4 ,pr(essor ,cl]k ,maxwell ?\ght ?is discov]y ! greate/ ( ! c5tury2 & ! rem>k has be5 repeat$ m ?an once4 ,b x is a rem>k :i* d]ives its *ief importance f ! man :o made x1 & its cr$5tials f ! p>adoxical surprise x causes4 ,! discov]y 9 "q is c]ta9ly fraught ) v great consequ5ces to ! me*anical _w2 b 9 itself x is no discov]y ( importance1 & naturally foll[s f ,f>aday's f> great] & m orig9al discov]y ( magneto-electric g5]ation4 ,9 #ahgd1 ,dr4 ,siem5s publi%$ a treatise on ! lay+ & te/+ ( subm>9e cables4 ,9 #ahge1 #ahgf & #ahgg1 he inve/igat$ ! action ( light on cry/all9e sel5ium1 & 9 #ahgh he /udi$ ! action ( ! telephone4 ,! rec5t "w ( ,dr4 ,siem5s has be5 to improve ! pneumatic railway1 railway signall+1 electric lamps1 dynamos1 electro-plat+ & electric railways4 ,! electric railway at ,b]l9 9 #ahhj1 & ,p>is 9 #ahha1 0 ! beg9n+ ( electric locomotion1 a subject ( great importance & de/9$ 9 all probability1 to v wide ext5sion 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,dr4 ,siem5s has receiv$ _m hon\rs f le>n$ societies at home & abroad2 & a title equival5t to knigh?ood f ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t4 ,,vi4 ,,latim] ,,cl>k4 ,,mr4 ,cl>k 0 born at ,great ,m>l[ 9 #ahbb1 & probably acquir$ 8 sci5tific b5t :ile engag$ at a manufactur+ *emi/'s bus9ess 9 ,dubl94 ,on ! outbreak ( ! railway mania 9 #ahde he took to survey+1 & ?r\gh 8 bro!r1 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,cl>k1 became assi/ant eng9e] to ! late ,rob]t ,/eph5son on ! ,britannia ,bridge4 ,:ile ?us employ$1 he made ! acqua9tance ( ,mr4 ,ric>do1 f\nd] ( ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company1 & jo9$ t ,company z an eng9e] 9 #ahej4 ,he rose to be *ief eng9e] 9 #ahed1 & held ! po/ till #ahfa1 :5 he ent]$ into a p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,bright4 ,prior to ?is1 he _h made sev]al orig9al rese>*es2 9 #ahec1 he f\nd t ! ret>dation ( curr5t on insulat$ wires 0 indep5d5t ( ! /r5g? ( curr5t1 & 8 exp]im5ts =m$ ! subject ( a ,friday ev5+ lecture by ,f>aday at ! ,royal ,in/itution--a suffici5t m>k ( _! importance4 ,9 #ahed he introduc$ ! pneumatic dispat* into ,london1 &1 9 #ahef1 he pat5t$ 8 well-kn[n d\ble-cup insulator4 ,9 #aheh1 he & ,mr4 ,bright produc$ ! mat]ial kn[n z ',cl>k's ,comp\nd1' :i* is s valuable = protect+ subm>9e cables f ru/+ 9 ! sea-wat]4 ,9 #ahei1 ,mr4 ,cl>k 0 appo9t$ eng9e] to ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company :i* tri$ to lay an ,anglo-,am]ican cable 9 #ahfe4 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,sir ,c4 ,t4 ,bright1 :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! fir/ ,atlantic cable exp$ition1 ,mr4 ,cl>k laid a cable = ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ord] to e/abli% a telegraph to ,india4 ,9 #ahhf1 ! p>tn]%ip ceas$2 b1 9 #ahfi1 ,mr ,cl>k w5t out to ! ,p]sian ,gulf to lay a second cable !re4 ,"h he 0 ne>ly lo/ 9 ! %ipwreck ( ! ,c>natic on ! ,isl& ( ,%adwan 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,subsequ5tly ,mr4 ,cl>k became ! head ( a firm ( consult+ electricians1 well kn[n "u ! title ( ,cl>k1 ,=de & ,company1 & latt]ly includ+ ! late ,mr4 ,c4 ,hock9 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,taylor4 ,! ,m$it]ranean cable to ,india1 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago cable to ,au/ralia1 ! ,brazilian ,atlantic cables 7 all laid "u ! sup]vision ( ?is firm4 ,mr4 ,cl>k is n[ 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,/anfield1 & is ! jo9t-inv5tor ( ,cl>k & ,/anfield's circul> float+ dock4 ,he is also head ( ! well-kn[n firm ( electrical manufactur]s1 ,messrs4 ,latim] ,cl>k1 ,muirhead & ,co41 ( ,reg5cy ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]4 ,! =ego+ sket* is b an imp]fect outl9e ( a v successful life4 ,b en\gh has be5 giv5 to %[ t we h "h an eng9e] ( v>i\s & ev5 brilliant gifts4 ,mr4 ,cl>k has appli$ himself 9 div]s directions1 & nev] appli$ himself 9 va94 ,!re is always "s practical result to %[ :i* w be useful to o!rs4 ,9 te*nical lit]ature he publi%$ a description ( ! ,conway & ,britannia ,tubul> ,bridges z long ago z #ahdi4 ,!re is a valuable communication ( 8 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ,blue ,rook on ,subm>9e ,cables4 ,9 #ahfh1 he issu$ a useful "w on ,,electrical ,,measurem5ts1 & 9 #ahga jo9$ ) ,mr4 ,rob]t ,sab9e 9 produc+ ! well-kn[n ,,electrical ,,tables ,,& ,,=mulae1 a "w :i* 0 = a long "t ! electrician's ,,vade-,,mecum4 ,9 #ahgc1 he communicat$ a l5g?y pap] on ! ,,new ,,/&>d ,,( ,,electromotive ,,p[] n[ kn[n z ,,cl>k',s ,,/&>d ,,cell2 & q rec5tly he publi%$ a treatise on ! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,transit ,,in/rum5t4 ,mr4 ,cl>k is a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 z well z a memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 ! ,physical ,society1 etc41 & 0 elect$ f\r? ,presid5t ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ( ,electricians1 n[ ! ,in/itution ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s4 ,he is a great lov] ( books & g>d5+--two anti!tical hobbies--:i* are *>m+ 9 !mselves1 & heal?ily c\nt]active4 ,! ri* & spl5did libr>y ( electrical works :i* he is =m+1 has be5 munific5tly pres5t$ to ! ,in/itution ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s4 ,,vii4 ,,c\nt ,,du ,,moncel4 ,!odose-,a*ille-,l\is1 ,comte du ,moncel1 0 born at ,p>is on ,m>* #f1 #ahba4 ,8 fa!r 0 a pe] ( ,france1 "o ( ! old nobility1 & a ,g5]al ( ,eng9e]s4 ,he possess$ a model f>m ne> ,*]b\rg1 & _h set 8 he>t on tra9+ 8 son to c>ry on ?is pet project2 b "y ,du ,moncel1 "u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( a desire = travel1 a love ( ar*aeology1 & a r>e tal5t = draw+1 w5t (f to ,greece1 & fill$ 8 portfolio ) views ( ! ,p>!non & _m o!r pictures ( t classic region4 ,8 fa!r av5g$ himself by decl9+ to s5d him any money2 b ! arti/ sold 8 sket*es & reli$ solely on 8 p5cil4 ,on return+ to ,p>is he support$ himself by 8 art1 b at ! same "t gratifi$ 8 ta/e = sci5ce 9 a discursive mann]4 ,a beautiful & accompli%$ lady ( ! ,c\rt1 ,mademoiselle ,camille ,clem5t9e ,adelaide ,ba*asson de ,montalivet1 belong+ to a noble & di/+ui%$ family1 _h plight$ h] tro? ) him1 &1 z we h be5 told1 desc5d$ "o day f h] c>riage1 & w$d$ ! man ( h] he>t1 9 ! humble room ( a flat n f> f ! ,gr& ,op]a ,h\se4 ,!y 7 a devot$ pair1 & ,madame du ,moncel play$ ! d\ble "p ( a fai?ful help-meet1 & inspir+ g5ius4 ,he>t & s\l %e enc\rag$ h] husb& to di/+ui% himself by 8 tal5ts & en]gy1 & ev5 assi/$ him 9 8 lab\rs4 ,ab\t #aheb he began to occupy himself almo/ exclusively ) electrical sci5ce4 ,8 mo/ conspicu\s discov]y is t pressure dim9i%es ! resi/ance ( contact betwe5 two conductors1 a fact :i* ,cl]ac 9 #ahff utilis$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a v>iable resi/ance f c>bon1 su* z plumbage1 by compress+ x ) an adju/able screw4 ,x is also ! f\ndation ( ! c>bon transmitt] ( ,edison1 & ! m delicate microphone ( ,pr(essor ,hughes4 ,b ,du ,moncel is be/ kn[n z an au?or & j\rnali/4 ,8 ',expose des applications de l'electricite' publi%$ 9 #ahef ,,et ,,seq41 & 8 ',traite pratique de ,telegraphie1' n to m5tion 8 lat] books on rec5t m>vels1 su* z ! telephone1 microphone1 phonograph1 & electric light1 are /&>d works ( ref]5ce4 ,9 ! compilation ( ^! 8 admirable wife assi/$ him z a lit]>y amanu5sis1 = %e _h acquir$ a consid]able k ( electricity4 ,9 #ahff he 0 creat$ an (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r1 & he became a memb] ( num]\s le>n$ societies4 ,= "s "t he 0 an advis] ( ! ,fr5* telegraph adm9i/ration1 b resign$ ! po/ 9 #ahgc4 ,! foll[+ ye> he 0 elect$ a ,memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,p>is4 ,9 #ahgi1 he became editor ( a new electrical j\rnal e/abli%$ at ,p>is "u ! title ( ',la ,lumi]e ,electrique1' & held ! position until 8 dea?1 :i* happ5$ at ,p>is aft] a few days' illness on ,febru>y #af1 #ahhd4 ,8 devot$ wife 0 recov]+ f a long illness :i* _h caus$ h] affectionate husb& mu* anxiety1 & probably affect$ 8 heal?4 ,%e did n long survive him1 b di$ on ,febru>y #d1 #ahhg1 at ,m5tone 9 h] fifty-fif? ye>4 ,c\nt du ,moncel 0 an indefatigable work]1 :o1 in/ead ( ab&on+ himself to idl5ess & pleasure l _m ( 8 ord]1 believ$ x 8 duty to be active & useful 9 8 own day1 z 8 ance/ors _h be5 9 ! pa/4 ,,viii4 ,,eli%a ,,gray4 ,,?is di/+ui%$ ,am]ican electrician 0 born at ,b>nesville 9 ,belmont c\nty1 ,ohio1 on ,augu/ #b1 #ahce4 ,8 family 7 ,quak]s1 & 9 e>ly life he 0 appr5tic$ to a c>p5t]1 b %[$ a ta/e = *emi/ry1 & at ! age ( tw5ty-"o he w5t to ,ob]l9 ,college1 :]e he /udi$ = five ye>s4 ,at ! age ( ?irty he turn$ 8 att5tion to electricity1 & inv5t$ a relay :i* adapt$ itself to ! v>y+ insulation ( ! telegraph l9e4 ,he 0 !n l$ to devise sev]al =ms ( automatic repeat]s1 b !y are n mu* employ$4 ,9 #ahgj-b1 he br\ght out a ne$le annunciator = hotels1 & ano!r = elevators1 :i* _h a l>ge sale4 ,8 ',private ,telegraph ,l9e ,pr9t]' 0 also a success4 ,f #ahgc-e he 0 engag$ 9 p]fect+ 8 ',electro-h>monic telegraph4' ,8 speak+ telegraph 0 likewise ! outcome ( ^! rese>*es4 ,! ',telautograph1' or telegraph :i* writes ! messages z a fac-simile ( ! s5d]'s p5man%ip by an +5i\s application ( int]mitt5t curr5ts1 is ! late/ ( 8 m important works4 ,mr4 ,gray is a memb] ( ! firm ( ,messrs4 ,gray & ,b>ton1 & electrician to ! ,we/]n ,electric ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,*icago4 ,8 home is at ,highl& ,p>k ne> t city4