,b5$ict de ,sp9oza1 ,,! ,,e?ics 7,e?ica 
,ord9e ,geometrico ,demon/rata7         
,translat$ by ,r4 ,h4 ,m4 ,elwes        
,,"p ,v3  ,( ! ,p[] ( ! ,und]/&+1 or (  
,human ,fre$om    ,,preface ,at l5g? ,i 
pass to ! rema9+ portion ( my ,e?ics1   
:i* is conc]n$ ) ! way lead+ to fre$om4 
,i %all !re=e treat !re9 ( ! p[] ( !    
reason1 %[+ h[ f> ! reason c control !  
emotions1 & :at is ! nature ( ,m5tal    
,fre$om or ,bless$ness2 we %all !n be   
able to see1 h[ mu* m p[]ful ! wise man 
is ?an ! ignorant4 ,x is no "p ( my     
design to po9t out ! me?od & means :]eby
 ! und]/&+ may be p]fect$1 nor to %[ !  
skill :]eby ! body may be s t5d$1 z to  
be capable ( ! due p]=mance ( its       
functions4 ,! latt] "q lies 9 ! prov9ce 
( ,m$ic9e1 ! =m] 9 ! prov9ce ( ,logic4  
,"h1 !re=e1 ,i repeat1 ,i %all treat    
only ( ! p[] ( ! m9d1 or ( reason2 & ,i 
%all ma9ly %[ ! ext5t & nature ( its    
dom9ion ov] ! emotions1 = _! control &  
mod]ation4 ,t we d n possess absolute   
dom9ion ov] !m1 ,i h already %[n4 ,yet !

 ,/oics h ?\ght1 t ! emotions dep5d$    
absolutely on our w1 & t we c\ld        
absolutely gov]n !m4 ,b ^! philosoph]s 7
 compell$1 by ! prote/ ( exp]i5ce1 n f  
_! own pr9ciples1 to confess1 t no      
slight practice & zeal is ne$$ to       
control & mod]ate !m3 & ?is someone     
endeav\r$ to illu/rate by ! example 7if 
,i rememb] rightly7 ( two dogs1 ! "o a  
h\se-dog & ! o!r a hunt+-dog4 ,= by long
 tra9+ x c\ld be br\ght ab\t1 t !       
h\se-dog %\ld become accu/om$ to hunt1 &
 ! hunt+-dog to cease f runn+ aft] h>es4
 ,to ?is op9ion ,desc>tes n a little    
incl9es4 ,= he ma9ta9$1 t ! s\l or m9d  
is specially unit$ to a p>ticul> "p ( ! 
bra91 namely1 to t "p call$ ! p9eal gl&1
 by ! aid ( :i* ! m9d is enabl$ to feel 
all ! movem5ts :i* are set go+ 9 ! body1
 & also ext]nal objects1 & :i* ! m9d by 
a simple act ( volition c put 9 motion 9
 v>i\s ways4 ,he ass]t$1 t ?is gl& is s 
susp5d$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! bra91 t x c\ld be  
mov$ by ! slighte/ motion ( ! animal    
spirits3 fur!r1 t ?is gl& is susp5d$ 9 !

 mid/ ( ! bra9 9 z _m diff]5t mann]s1 z 
! animal spirits c imp+e !reon2 &1 aga91
 t z _m diff]5t m>ks are impress$ on !  
said gl&1 z !re are diff]5t ext]nal     
objects :i* impel ! animal spirits t[>ds
 x2 :5ce x foll[s1 t if ! w ( ! s\l     
susp5ds ! gl& 9 a position1 :]e9 x has  
already be5 susp5d$ once be=e by !      
animal spirits driv5 9 "o way or ano!r1 
! gl& 9 its turn reacts on ! said       
spirits1 driv+ & det]m9+ !m to !        
condition :]e9 !y 71 :5 repuls$ be=e by 
a simil> position ( ! gl&4 ,he fur!r    
ass]t$1 t e act ( m5tal volition is     
unit$ 9 nature to a c]ta9 giv5 motion ( 
! gl&4 ,= in/ance1 :5ev] anyone desires 
to look at a remote object1 ! act (     
volition causes ! pupil ( ! eye to      
dilate1 :]eas1 if ! p]son 9 "q _h only  
?\ght ( ! dilatation ( ! pupil1 ! m]e   
wi% to dilate x w\ld n h br\ght ab\t !  
result1 inasmu* z ! motion ( ! gl&1 :i* 
s]ves to impel ! animal spirits t[>ds ! 
optic n]ve 9 a way :i* w\ld dilate or   
contract ! pupil1 is n associat$ 9      

nature ) ! wi% to dilate or contract !  
pupil1 b ) ! wi% to look at remote or v 
ne> objects4 ,la/ly1 he ma9ta9$ t1      
al?\gh e motion ( ! a=esaid gl& seems to
 h be5 unit$ by nature to "o p>ticul>   
?\ght out ( ! :ole numb] ( our ?\ghts f 
! v beg9n+ ( our life1 yet x c nev]!less
 become ?r\gh habituation associat$ )   
o!r ?\ghts2 ?is he endeav\rs to prove 9 
! ,passions de l'ame1 ,i4 #ej4 ,he !nce 
concludes1 t !re is no s\l s weak1 t x  
_c1 "u prop] direction1 acquire absolute
 p[] ov] its passions4 ,= passions z    
def9$ by him are p]ceptions1 or feel+s1 
or di/urbances ( ! s\l1 :i* are ref]r$  
to ! s\l z species1 & :i* 7m>k !        
expression7 are produc$1 pres]v$1 &     
/r5g!n$ ?r\gh "s movem5t ( ! spirits4   
7,passion del l'ame1,i4#bg47 ,b1 see+ t 
we c jo9 any motion ( ! gl&1 or         
consequ5tly ( ! spirits1 to any         
volition1 ! det]m9ation ( ! w dep5ds    
entirely on our own p[]s2 if1 !re=e1 we 
det]m9e our w ) sure & firm decisions 9 
! direction to :i* we wi% our actions to

 t5d1 & associate ! motions ( ! passions
 :i* we wi% to acquire ) ! said         
decisions1 we %all acquire an absolute  
dom9ion ov] our passions4 ,su* is !     
doctr9e ( ?is illu/ri\s philosoph] 79 s 
f> z ,i ga!r x f 8 own words72 x is "o  
:i*1 _h x be5 less +5i\s1 ,i c\ld h>dly 
believe to h proce$$ f s great a man4   
,inde$1 ,i am lo/ 9 wond]1 t a          
philosoph]1 :o _h /\tly ass]t$1 t he    
w\ld draw no conclusions :i* d n foll[ f
 self-evid5t premisses1 & w\ld affirm   
no?+ :i* he did n cle>ly & di/9ctly     
p]ceive1 & :o _h s (t5 tak5 to task !   
s*ola/ics = wi%+ to expla9 obscurities  
?r\gh occult qualities1 c\ld ma9ta9 a   
hypo!sis1 beside :i* occult qualities   
are commonplace4 ,:at does he und]/&1 ,i
 ask1 by ! union ( ! m9d & ! body8 ,:at 
cle> & di/9ct conception has he got (   
?\ght 9 mo/ intimate union ) a c]ta9    
p>ticle ( ext5d$ matt]8 ,truly ,i %\ld l
 him to expla9 ?is union ?r\gh its      
proximate cause4 ,:at cle> & di/9ct     
conception has he got ( ?\ght 9 mo/     

intimate union ) a c]ta9 p>ticle (      
ext5d$ matt]8 ,:at cle> & di/9ct        
conception has he got ( ?\ght 9 mo/     
intimate union ) a c]ta9 p>ticle (      
ext5d$ matt]8 ,b he _h s di/9ct a       
conception ( m9d be+ di/9ct f body1 t he
 c\ld n assign any p>ticul> cause ( !   
union betwe5 ! two1 or ( ! m9d itself1 b
 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! cause ( !   
:ole univ]se1 t is to ,god4 ,fur!r1 ,i  
%\ld mu* l to "k1 :at degree ( motion ! 
m9d c imp>t to ?is p9eal gl&1 & ) :at   
=ce c x hold x susp5d$8 ,= ,i am 9      
ignorance1 :e!r ?is gl& c be agitat$ m  
sl[ly or m quickly by ! m9d ?an by !    
animal spirits1 & :e!r ! motions ( !    
passions1 :i* we h closely unit$ ) firm 
decisions1 _c be aga9 disjo9$ !refrom by
 physical causes2 9 :i* case x w\ld     
foll[ t1 al?\gh ! m9d firmly int5d$ to  
face a giv5 dang]1 & _h unit$ to ?is    
decision ! motions ( boldness1 yet at ! 
sight ( ! dang] ! gl& might become      
susp5d$ 9 a way1 :i* w\ld preclude ! m9d
 ?9k+ ( any?+ except runn+ away4 ,9     

tru?1 z !re is no common /&>d ( volition
 & motion1 s is !re no comp>ison        
possible betwe5 ! p[]s ( ! m9d & ! p[]  
or /r5g? ( ! body2 consequ5tly ! /r5g? (
 "o _c 9 any wise be det]m9$ by ! /r5g? 
( ! o!r4 ,we may also add1 t !re is no  
gl& discov]able 9 ! mid/ ( ! bra91 s    
plac$ t x c ?us easily be set 9 motion 9
 s _m ways1 & also t all ! n]ves are n  
prolong$ s f> z ! cavities ( ! bra94    
,la/ly1 ,i omit all ! ass]tions :i* he  
makes conc]n+ ! w & its fre$om1 inasmu* 
z ,i h abundantly prov$ t 8 premisses   
are false4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! p[] ( ! m9d1 z
 ,i h %[n above1 is def9$ by ! und]/&+  
only1 we %all det]m9e solely by ! k ( ! 
m9d ! rem$ies aga9/ ! emotions1 :i* ,i  
believe all h _h exp]i5ce (1 b d n      
accurately obs]ve or di/9ctly see1 & f !
 same basis we %all d$uce all ^?        
conclusions1 :i* h reg>d to ! m9d's     
bless$ness4   ,,axioms4 ,i4 ,if two     
contr>y actions be />t$ 9 ! same        
subject1 a *ange mu/ necess>ily take    
place1 ei!r 9 bo?1 or 9 "o ( ! two1 &   

cont9ue until !y cease to be contr>y4   
,,ii4 ,! p[] ( an effect is def9$ by !  
p[] ( its cause1 9 s f> z its ess5ce is 
expla9$ or def9$ by ! ess5ce ( its      
cause4 7,?is axiom is evid5t f          
,,iii4vii47   ,,propositions4  ,prop4,i4
 ,ev5 z ?\ghts & ! ideas ( ?+s are      
arrang$ & associat$ 9 ! m9d1 s are !    
modifications ( body or ! images ( ?+s  
precisely 9 ! same way arrang$ &        
associat$ 9 ! body4  ,pro(4- ,! ord] &  
connection ( ideas is ! same 7,,ii3vii47
 z ! ord] & connection ( ?+s1 & vice    
v]sa ! ord] & connection ( ?+s is ! same
 7,,ii3vi4,coroll4 & ,,ii3vii47 z ! ord]
 & connection ( ideas4 ,:]e=e1 ev5 z !  
ord] & connection ( ideas 9 ! m9d takes 
place accord+ to ! ord] & association ( 
modifications ( ! body 7,,ii3xviii471 s 
vice v]sa 7,,iii3ii47 ! ord] &          
connection ( modifications ( ! body     
takes place 9 accordance ) ! mann]1 9   
:i* ?\ghts & ! ideas ( ?+s are arrang$ &
 associat$ 9 ! m9d4 ,q4,e4,d4           
,,prop4,,ii4 ,if we remove a di/urbance 

( ! _s1 or emotion1 f ! ?\ght ( an      
ext]nal cause1 & unite x to o!r ?\ghts1 
!n w ! love or hatr$ t[>ds t ext]nal    
cause1 & also ! vacillations ( _s :i*   
arise f ^! emotions1 be de/roy$4        
,pro(4- ,t1 :i* con/itutes ! reality (  
love or hatr$1 is pleasure or pa91      
accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause 
7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3vi41vii472 :]e=e1  
:5 ?is cause is remov$1 ! reality ( love
 or hatr$ is remov$ ) x2 !re=e ^!       
emotions & ^? :i* arise !refrom are     
de/roy$4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4,,iii4 ,an   
emotion1 :i* is a passion1 ceases to be 
a passion1 z soon z we =m a cle> &      
di/9ct idea !re(4  ,pro(4- ,an emotion1 
:i* is a passion1 is a confus$ idea 7by 
! g5]al ,def4 ( ! ,emotions74 ,if1      
!re=e1 we =m a cle> & di/9ct idea ( a   
giv5 emotion1 t idea w only be di/+ui%$ 
f ! emotion1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to !  
m9d only1 by reason 7,,ii3xxi41,note72  
!re=e 7,,iii3iii471 ! emotion w cease to
 be a passion4 ,q4,e4,d4  ,coroll>y4-   
,an emotion !re=e becomes m "u our      

control1 & ! m9d is less passive 9      
respect to x1 9 proportion z x is m kn[n
 to u4   ,prop4,,iv4 ,!re is no         
modification ( ! body1 :]e( we _c =m "s 
cle> & di/9ct conception4  ,pro(4-      
,prop]ties :i* are common to all ?+s c  
only be conceiv$ adequately             
7,,ii3xxxviii472 !re=e 7,,ii3xii4&      
,lemma4 ii4 aft] ,,ii3xiii47 !re is no  
modification ( ! body1 :]e( we _c =m "s 
cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,q4,e4,d4     
,coroll>y4- ,h5ce x foll[s t !re is no  
emotion1 :]e( we _c =m "s cle> & di/9ct 
conception4 ,= an emotion is ! idea ( a 
modification ( ! body 7by ! g5]al ,def4 
( ! ,emotions71 & mu/ !re=e 7by ! prec$+
 ,prop47 involve "s cle> & di/9ct       
conception4  ,note4- ,see+ t !re is no?+
 :i* is n foll[$  by an effect          
7,i3xxxvi471 & t we cle>ly & di/9ctly   
und]/& :atev] foll[s f an idea1 :i* 9 u 
is adequate 7,,ii3xl471 x foll[s t      
ev]yone has ! p[] ( cle>ly & di/9ctly   
und]/&+ himself & 8 emotions1 if n      
absolutely1 at any rate 9 "p1 &         

consequ5tly ( br++ x ab\t1 t he %\ld    
become less subject to !m4 ,to atta9 ?is
 result1 !re=e1 we mu/ *iefly direct our
 ef=ts to acquir+1 z f> z possible1 a   
cle> & di/9ct k ( e emotion1 9 ord] t ! 
m9d may ?us1 ?r\gh emotion1 be det]m9$  
to ?9k ( ^? ?+s :i* x cle>ly & di/9ctly 
p]ceives1 & :]e9 x fully acquiesces3 &  
?us t ! emotion itself may be sep>at$ f 
! ?\ght ( an ext]nal cause1 & may be    
associat$ ) true ?\ghts2 :5ce x w come  
to pass1 n only t love1 hatr$1 c4 w be  
de/roy$ 7,v3ii471 b also t ! appetites  
or desires1 :i* are wont to arise f su* 
emotion1 w become incapable ( be+       
excessive 7,,iv3lxi474 ,= x mu/ be      
especially rem>k$1 t ! appetite ?r\gh   
:i* a man is said to be active1 & t     
?r\gh :i* he is said to be passive is "o
 & ! same4 ,= in/ance1 we h %[n t human 
nature is s con/itut$1 t ev]yone desires
 8 fell[-m5 to live aft] 8 own fa%ion   
7,,iii3xxxi4,note72 9 a man1 :o is n    
guid$ by reason1 ?is appetite is a      
passion :i* is call$ ambition1 & does n 

greatly diff] f pride2 :]eas 9 a man1 :o
 lives by ! dictates ( reason1 x is an  
activity or virtue :i* is call$ piety   
7,,iv3xxxvii4,note4i4 & second pro(74 ,9
 l mann] all appetites or desires are   
only passions1 9 s f> z !y spr+ f       
inadequate ideas2 ! same results are    
accr$it$ to virtue1 :5 !y are ar\s$ or  
g5]at$ by adequate ideas4 ,= all        
desires1 :]eby we are det]m9$ to any    
giv5 action1 may arise z mu* f adequate 
z f inadequate ideas 7,,iv3lix474 ,?an  
?is rem$y = ! emotions 7to return to !  
po9t f :i* ,i />t$71 :i* consi/s 9 a    
true k !re(1 no?+ m excell5t1 be+ )9 our
 p[]1 c be devis$4 ,= ! m9d has no o!r  
p[] save t ( ?9k+ & ( =m+1 adequate     
ideas1 z we h %[n above 7,,iii3iii474   
,prop4,v4 ,an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we
 conceive simply1 & n z necess>y1 or z  
cont+5t1 or z possible1 is1 o!r         
conditions be+ equal1 great] ?an any o!r
 emotion4  ,pro(4- ,an emotion t[>ds a  
?+1 :i* we conceive to be free1 is      
great] ?an "o t[>ds :at we conceive to  

be necess>y 7,,iii3xlix471 &1           
consequ5tly1 /ill great] ?an "o t[>ds   
:at we conceive z possible1 or cont+5t  
7,,iv3xi474 ,b to conceive a ?+ z free c
 be no?+ else ?an to conceive x simply1 
:ile we are 9 ignorance ( ! causes :]eby
 x has be5 det]m9$ to action            
7,,ii3xxxv4,note72 !re=e1 an emotion    
t[>ds a ?+ :i* we conceive simply is1   
o!r conditions be+ equal1 great] ?an "o1
 :i* we feel t[>ds :at is necess>y1     
possible1 or cont+5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 x 
is ! greate/ ( all4 ,q4,e4,d4           
,prop4,,vi4 ,! m9d has great] p[] ov] ! 
emotions & is less subject !reto1 9 s f>
 z x und]/&s all ?+s z necess>y4        
,pro(4- ,! m9d und]/&s all ?+s to be    
necess>y 7,i3xxix47 & to be det]m9$ to  
exi/5ce & op]ation by an inf9ite *a9 (  
causes2 !re=e 7by ! =ego+ ,proposition71
 x ?us f> br+s x ab\t1 t x is less      
subject to ! emotions aris+ !refrom1 &  
7,,iii3xlviii47 feels less emotion t[>ds
 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,! m
 ?is k1 t ?+s are necess>y1 is appli$ to

 p>ticul> ?+s1 :i* we conceive m        
di/9ctly & vividly1 ! great] is ! p[] ( 
! m9d ov] ! emotions1 z exp]i5ce also   
te/ifies4 ,= we see1 t ! pa9 aris+ f !  
loss ( any good is mitigat$1 z soon z ! 
man :o has lo/ x p]ceives1 t x c\ld n by
 any means h be5 pres]v$4 ,s also we see
 t no "o pities an infant1 because x _c 
speak1 walk1 or reason1 or la/ly1       
because x passes s _m ye>s1 z x 71 9    
unconsci\sness4 ,:]eas1 if mo/ p 7 born 
full-gr[n & only "o "h & !re z an       
infant1 ev]yone w\ld pity ! infants2    
because infancy w\ld n !n be look$ on z 
a /ate natural & necess>y1 b z a fault  
or del9qu5cy 9 ,nature2 & we may note   
sev]al o!r in/ances ( ! same sort4      
,prop4,,vii4 ,emotions :i* are ar\s$ or 
spr+ f reason1 if we take acc\nt ( "t1  
are /rong] ?an ^?1 :i* are attributable 
to p>ticul> objects t we reg>d z abs5t4 
,pro(4- ,we d n reg>d a ?+ z abs5t1 by  
reason ( ! emotion :]e) we conceive x1 b
 by reason ( ! body1 be+ affect$ by     
ano!r emotion exclud+ ! exi/5ce ( ! said

 ?+ 7,,ii3xvii474 ,:]e=e1 ! emotion1 :i*
 is ref]r$ to ! ?+ :i* we reg>d z abs5t1
 is n ( a nature to ov]come ! re/ ( a   
man's activities & p[] 7,,iv3vi471 b is1
 on ! contr>y1 ( a nature to be 9 "s    
sort controll$ by ! emotions1 :i*       
exclude ! exi/5ce ( its ext]nal cause   
7,,iv3ix474 ,b an emotion :i* spr+s f   
reason is necess>ily ref]r$ to ! common 
prop]ties ( ?+s 7see ! def4 ( reason 9  
,,ii3xl4,note4ii471 :i* we always reg>d 
z pres5t 7= !re c be no?+ to exclude _! 
pres5t exi/5ce71 & :i* we always        
conceive 9 ! same mann] 7,,ii3xxxviii474
 ,:]e=e an emotion ( ?is k9d always     
rema9s ! same2 & consequ5tly 7,v3,ax4i47
 emotions1 :i* are contr>y !reto & are n
 kept go+ by _! ext]nal causes1 w be    
oblig$ to adapt !mselves to x m & m1    
until !y are no long] contr>y to x2 to  
?is ext5t ! emotion :i* spr+s f reason  
is m p[]ful4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4,,viii4  
,an emotion is /rong] 9 proportion to ! 
numb] ( simultane\s concurr5t causes    
:]eby x is ar\s$4  ,pro(4- ,_m          

simultane\s causes are m p[]ful ?an a   
few 7,,iii3vii473 !re=e 7,,iv3v471 9    
proportion to ! increas$ numb] (        
simultane\s causes :]eby x is ar\s$1 an 
emotion becomes /rong]4 ,q4,e4,d4       
,note4- ,?is proposition is also evid5t 
f ,v3,ax4ii4  ,prop4,,ix4 ,an emotion1  
:i* is attributable to _m & div]se      
causes :i* ! m9d reg>ds z simultane\s ) 
! emotion itself1 is less hurtful1 & we 
are less subject !reto & less affect$   
t[>ds ea* ( its causes1 ?an if x 7 a    
diff]5t & equally p[]ful emotion        
attributable to few] causes or to a s+le
 cause4  ,pro(-4 ,an emotion is only bad
 or hurtful1 9 s f> z x h9d]s ! m9d f   
be+ able to ?9k 7,,iv3xxvi41            
,,iv3xxvii472 !re=e1 an emotion1 :]eby !
 m9d is det]m9$ to ! contemplation (    
sev]al ?+s at once1 is less hurtful ?an 
ano!r equally p[]ful emotion1 :i* s     
engrosses ! m9d 9 ! s+le contemplation (
 a few objects or ( "o1 t x is unable to
 ?9k ( any?+ else2 ?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 
,aga91 z ! m9d's ess5ce1 9 o!r words1   

its p[] 7,,iii3vii471 consi/s solely 9  
?\ght 7,,ii3xi471 ! m9d is less passive 
9 respect to an emotion1 :i* causes x to
 ?9k ( sev]al ?+s at once1 ?an 9 reg>d  
to an equally /rong emotion1 :i* keeps x
 engross$ 9 ! contemplation ( a few or (
 a s+le object3 ?is 0 our second po9t4  
,la/ly1 ?is emotion 7,,iii3xlviii471 9 s
 f> z x is attributable to sev]al       
causes1 is less p[]ful 9 reg>d to ea* ( 
!m4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4,x4 ,s long z we  
are n assail$ by emotions contr>y to our
 nature1 we h ! p[] ( arrang+ &         
associat+ ! modifications ( our body    
accord+ to ! intellectual ord]4  ,pro(4-
 ,! emotions1 :i* are contr>y to our    
nature1 t is 7,,iv3xxx471 :i* are bad1  
are bad 9 s f> z !y imp$e ! m9d f       
und]/&+ 7,,iv3xxvii474 ,s long1 !re=e1 z
 we are n assail$ by emotions contr>y to
 our nature1 ! m9d's p[]1 :]eby x       
endeav\rs to und]/& ?+s 7,,iv3xxvi471 is
 n imp$$1 & !re=e x is able to =m cle> &
 di/9ct ideas & to d$uce !m "o f ano!r  
7,,ii3xl4,note4ii4 & ,,ii3xlvii4,note72 

consequ5tly we h 9 su* cases ! p[] (    
arrang+ & associat+ ! modifications ( ! 
body accord+ to ! intellectual ord]4    
,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,by ?is p[] ( rightly
 arrang+ & associat+ ! bodily           
modifications we c gu>d ourselves f be+ 
easily affect$ by evil emotions4 ,=     
7,v3vii47 a great] =ce is ne$$ =        
controll+ ! emotions1 :5 !y are arrang$ 
& associat$ accord+ to ! intellectual   
ord]1 ?an :5 !y1 are unc]ta9 & unsettl$4
 ,! be/ we c d1 !re=e1 s long z we d n  
possess a p]fect k ( our emotions1 is to
 frame a sy/em ( "r conduct1 or fix$    
practical precepts1 to commit x to      
memory1 & to apply x =?) to ! p>ticul>  
circum/ances :i* n[ & aga9 meet u 9     
life1 s t our imag9ation may become     
fully imbu$ !re)1 & t x may be always   
ready to our h&4 ,= in/ance1 we h laid  
d[n among ! rules ( life 7,,iv3xlvi41   
,note71 t hatr$ %\ld be ov]come ) love  
or high- m9d$ness1 & n requir$ ) hatr$ 9
 return4 ,n[1 t ?is precept ( reason may
 be always ready to our h& 9 "t ( ne$1  

we %\ld (t5 ?9k ov] & reflect ^u !      
wrongs g5]ally committ$ by m51 & 9 :at  
mann] & way !y may be be/ w>d$ (f by    
high-m9d$ness3 we %all ?us associate !  
idea ( wrong ) ! idea ( ?is precept1 :i*
 accord+ly w always be ready = use :5 a 
wrong is done to u 7,,ii3xviii474 ,if we
 keep also 9 read9ess ! notion ( our    
true advantage1 & ( ! good :i* foll[s f 
mutual fri5d%ips1 & common fell[%ips2   
fur!r1 if we rememb] t complete         
acquiesc5ce is ! result ( ! "r way (    
life 7,,iv3lii471 & t m51 no less ?an   
ev]y?+ else1 act by ! necessity ( _!    
nature3 9 su* case ,i say ! wrong1 or ! 
hatr$1 :i* commonly arises !refrom1 w   
engross a v small "p ( our imag9ation & 
w be easily ov]come2 or1 if ! ang] :i*  
spr+s f a griev\s wrong be n ov]come    
easily1 x w nev]!less be ov]come1 ?\gh n
 )\t a spiritual conflict1 f> soon] ?an 
if we _h n ?us reflect$ on ! subject    
be=eh&4 ,z is inde$ evid5t f            
,v3vi41,v3vii41,v3viii4 ,we %\ld1 9 !   
same way1 reflect on c\rage z a means ( 

ov]com+ fe>2 ! ord9>y dang]s ( life %\ld
 frequ5tly be br\ght to m9d & imag9$1   
toge!r ) ! means :]eby ?r\gh read9ess ( 
res\rce & /r5g? ( m9d we c avoid &      
ov]come !m4 ,b we mu/ note1 t 9 arrang+ 
our ?\ghts & conceptions we %\ld always 
be> 9 m9d t :i* is good 9 e individual  
?+ 7,,iv3lxiii4,coroll4 & ,,iii3lix471 9
 ord] t we may always be det]m9$ to     
action by an emotion ( pleasure4 ,=     
in/ance1 if a man sees t he is too ke5 9
 ! pursuit ( hon\r1 let him ?9k ov] its 
"r use1 ! end = :i* x %\ld be pursu$1 & 
! means :]eby he may atta9 x4 ,let him n
 ?9k ( its misuse1 & its empt9ess1 & !  
fickl5ess ( mank9d1 & ! l1 :]e( no man  
?9ks except ?r\gh a morbidness (        
disposition2 ) ?\ghts l ^! d ! mo/      
ambiti\s mo/ torm5t !mselves1 :5 !y     
despair ( ga9+ ! di/9ctions !y hank]    
aft]1 & 9 ?us giv+ v5t to _! ang] w\ld  
fa9 appe> wise4 ,:]e=e x is c]ta9 t ^?1 
:o cry out ! l\de/ aga9/ ! misuse (     
hon\r & ! vanity ( ! _w1 are ^? :o mo/  
gre$ily covet x4 ,?is is n peculi> to ! 

ambiti\s1 b is common to all :o are     
ill-us$ by =tune1 & :o are infirm 9 _s4 
,= a poor man also1 :o is mis]ly1 w talk
 incessantly ( ! misuse ( weal? & ( !   
vices ( ! ri*2 :]eby he m]ely torm5ts   
himself1 & %[s ! _w t he is intol]ant1 n
 only ( 8 own pov]ty1 b also ( o!r p's  
ri*es4 ,s1 aga91 ^? :o h be5 ill receiv$
 by a woman !y love ?9k ( no?+ b !      
incon/ancy1 trea*]y1 & o!r /ock faults (
 ! fair sex2 all ( :i* !y consign to    
oblivion1 directly !y are aga9 tak5 into
 fav\r by _! swee!>t4 ,?us he :o w\ld   
gov]n 8 emotions & appetite solely by ! 
love ( fre$om /rives1 z f> z he c1 to   
ga9 a k ( ! virtues & _! causes1 & to   
fill 8 _s ) ! joy :i* arises f ! true k 
( !m3 he w 9 no wise desire to dwell on 
m5's faults1 or to c>p at 8 fell[s1 or  
to revel 9 a false %[ ( fre$om4 ,:osoev]
 w dilig5tly obs]ve & practise ^!       
precepts 7:i* inde$ are n difficult7 w  
v]ily1 9 a %ort space ( "t1 be able1 = !
 mo/ "p1 to direct 8 actions accord+ to 
! comm&m5ts ( reason4   ,prop4,,xi4 ,9  

proportion z a m5tal image is ref]r$ to 
m objects1 s is x m frequ5t1 or m (t5   
vivid1 & occupies ! m9d m4  ,pro(4- ,9  
proportion z a m5tal image or an emotion
 is ref]r$ to m objects1 s are !re m    
causes :]eby x c be ar\s$ & fo/]$1 all (
 :i* 7by hypo!sis7 ! m9d contemplates   
simultane\sly 9 association ) ! giv5    
emotion2 !re=e ! emotion is m frequ5t1  
or is m (t5 9 full vig\r1 & 7,v3viii47  
occupies ! m9d m4 ,q4,e4,d4             
,prop4,,xii4 ,! m5tal images ( ?+s are m
 easily associat$ ) ! images ref]r$ to  
?+s :i* we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&1 ?an
 ) o!rs4  ,pro(4- ,?+s1 :i* we cle>ly & 
di/9ctly und]/&1 are ei!r ! common      
prop]ties ( ?+s or d$uctions !refrom    
7see def9ition ( ,reason1 ,,ii34xl4,note
 ii471 & are consequ5tly 7by ! la/      
,prop47 m (t5 ar\s$ 9 u4 ,:]e=e x may m 
readily happ51 t we %\ld contemplate o!r
 ?+s 9 conjunction ) ^! ?an 9           
conjunction ) some?+ else1 & consequ5tly
 7,,ii3xviii47 t ! images ( ! said ?+s  
%\ld be m (t5 associat$ ) ! images ( ^! 

?an ) ! images ( some?+ else4 ,q4,e4,d4 
,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,a m5tal image is m (t5  
vivid1 9 proportion z x is associat$ ) a
 great] numb] ( o!r images4  ,pro(4- ,9 
proportion z an image is associat$ ) a  
great] numb] ( o!r images1 s            
7,,ii3xviii47 are !re m causes :]eby x c
 be ar\s$4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xiv4 ,! 
m9d c br+ x ab\t1 t all bodily          
modifications or images ( ?+s may be    
ref]r$ to ! idea ( ,god4  ,pro(4- ,!re  
is no modification ( ! body1 :]e( ! m9d 
may n =m "s cle> & di/9ct conception    
7,v3iv472 :]e=e x c br+ x ab\t1 t !y    
%\ld all be ref]r$ to ! idea ( ,god     
7,i3xv474 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xv4 ,he  
:o cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&s himself & 8
 emotions loves ,god1 & s mu* ! m 9     
proportion z he m und]/&s himself & 8   
emotions4  ,pro(4- ,he :o cle>ly &      
di/9ctly und]/&s himself & 8 emotions   
feels pleasure 7,,iii3liii471 & ?is     
pleasure is 7by ! la/ ,prop47 accompani$
 by ! idea ( ,god2 !re=e 7,def4 ( !     
,emotions3vi47 su* an "o loves ,god1 &  

7= ! same reason7 s mu* ! m 9 proportion
 z he m und]/&s himself & 8 emotions4   
,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xvi4 ,?is love     
t[>ds ,god mu/ hold ! *ief place 9 !    
m9d4  ,pro(4- ,= ?is love is associat$ )
 all ! modifications ( ! body 7,v3xiv47 
& is fo/]$ by !m all 7,v3v472 !re=e     
7,v3xi471 x mu/ hold ! *ief place 9 !   
m9d4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xvii4 ,god is 
)\t passions1 nei!r is he affect$ by any
 emotion ( pleasure or pa94  ,pro(4-    
,all ideas1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to   
,god1 are true 7,,ii3xxxii471 t is      
7,,ii3,def4iv47 adequate2 & !re=e 7by ! 
g5]al ,def4 ( ! ,emotions7 ,god is )\t  
passions4 ,aga91 ,god _c pass ei!r to a 
great] or to a less] p]fection          
7,i3xx4,coroll4ii472 !re=e 7by ,def4 ( !
 ,emotions3ii41 iii47 he is n affect$ by
 any emotion ( pleasure or pa94         
,coroll>y4 ,/rictly speak+1 ,god does n 
love or hate anyone4 ,= ,god 7by ! =ego+
 ,prop47 is n affect$ by any emotion (  
pleasure or pa91 consequ5tly 7,def4 ( ! 
,emotions3vi41 vii47 he does n love or  

hate anyone4   ,prop4,,xviii4 ,no "o c  
hate ,god4  ,pro(4- ,! idea ( ,god :i*  
is 9 u is adequate & p]fect 7,,ii3xlvi41
 ,,ii3xlvii472 :]e=e1 9 s f> z we       
contemplate ,god1 we are active         
7,,iii3iii47 2 consequ5tly 7,,iii3lix47 
!re c be no pa9 accompani$ by ! idea (  
,god1 9 o!r words 7,def4 ( !            
,emotions3vii471 no "o c hate ,god4     
,q4,e4,d4  ,coroll>y4- ,love t[>ds ,god 
_c be turn$ into hate4  ,note4- ,x may  
be object$ t1 z we und]/& ,god z ! cause
 ( all ?+s1 we by t v fact reg>d ,god z 
! cause ( pa94 ,b ,i make answ]1 t1 9 s 
f> z we und]/& ! causes ( pa91 x to t   
ext5t 7,v3iii47 ceases to be a passion1 
t is1 x ceases to be pa9 7,,iii3lix472  
!re=e1 9 s f> z we und]/& ,god to be !  
cause ( pa91 we to t ext5t feel         
pleasure4   ,prop4 ,,xix4 ,he1 :o loves 
,god1 _c endeav\r t ,god %\ld love him 9
 return4  ,pro(4- ,=1 if a man %\ld s   
endeav\r1 he w\ld desire                
7,v3xvii4,coroll47 t ,god1 :om he loves1
 %\ld n be ,god1 & consequ5tly he w\ld  

desire to feel pa9 7,,iii3xix472 :i* is 
absurd 7,,iii3xxviii474 ,!re=e1 he :o   
loves ,god1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xx4 
,?is love t[>ds ,god _c be /a9$ by !    
emotion ( envy or jeal\sy3 contr>iwise1 
x is ! m fo/]$1 9 proportion z we       
conceive a great] numb] ( m5 to be jo9$ 
to ,god by ! same bond ( love4  ,pro(4- 
,?is love t[>ds ,god is ! highe/ good   
:i* we c seek = "u ! guidance ( reason  
7,,iv3xxviii471 x is common to all m5   
7,,iv3xxxvi71& we desire t all %\ld     
rejoice !re9 7,,iv3xxxvii472 !re=e      
7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxiii71 x _c be    
/a9$ by ! emotion envy nor by1 ! emotion
 ( jeal\sy1 7,v3xviii4 see def9ition (  
,jeal\sy1 7,,iii3xxxv4 ,note72 b1       
contr>iwise1 x mu/ ne$s be ! m fo/]$1 9 
proportion z we conceive a great] numb] 
( m5 to rejoice !re94 ,q4,e4,d4  ,note4-
 ,we c 9 ! same way1 %[1 t !re is no    
emotion directly contr>y to ?is love1   
:]eby ?is love c be de/roy$2 !re=e we   
may conclude1 t ?is love t[>ds ,god is !
 mo/ con/ant ( all ! emotions1 & t1 9 s 

f> z x is ref]r$ to ! body1 x _c be     
de/roy$1 unless ! body be de/roy$ also4 
,z to its nature1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$  
to ! m9d only1 we %all pres5tly inquire4
     ,i h n[ gone ?r\gh all ! rem$ies   
aga9/ ! emotions1 or all t ! m9d1       
consid]$ 9 itself alone1 c d aga9/ !m4  
,:5ce x appe>s t ! m9d's p[] ov] !      
emotions consi/s3-    ,i4 ,9 ! actual k 
( ! emotions 7,v3iv4,note74    ,,ii4 ,9 
! fact t x sep>ates ! emotions f ! ?\ght
 ( an ext]nal cause1 :i* we conceive    
confus$ly 7,v3ii4 & ,v3iv4,note74       
,,iii4 ,9 ! fact1 t1 9 respect to "t1 ! 
emotions ref]r$ to ?+s1 :i* we di/9ctly 
und]/&1 surpass ^? ref]r$ to :at we     
conceive 9 a confus$ & fragm5t>y mann]  
7,v3vii474    ,,iv4 ,9 ! numb] ( causes 
:]eby ^? modifications 7,affectiones4   
,cam]] reads affectus - emotions71 are  
fo/]$1 :i* h reg>d to ! common prop]ties
 ( ?+s or to ,god 7,v3ix41 ,v3xi474     
,v4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ord] :]e9 ! m9d c       
arrange & associate1 "o ) ano!r1 its own
 emotions 7,v3x4,note & ,v3xii41        

,v3xiii41 ,v3xiv474  ,b1 9 ord] t ?is   
p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! emotions may be bett] 
und]/ood1 x %\ld be specially obs]v$ t !
 emotions are call$ by u /rong1 :5 we   
comp>e ! emotion ( "o man ) ! emotion ( 
ano!r1 & see t "o man is m tr\bl$ ?an   
ano!r by ! same emotion2 or :5 we are   
comp>+ ! v>i\s emotions ( ! same man "o 
) ano!r1 & f9d t he is m affect$ or     
/irr$ by "o emotion ?an by ano!r4 ,= !  
/r5g? ( e emotion is def9$ by a         
comp>ison ( our own p[] ) ! p[] ( an    
ext]nal cause4 ,n[ ! p[] ( ! m9d is     
def9$ by k only1 & its infirmity or     
passion is def9$ by ! privation ( k     
only3 x !re=e foll[s1 t t m9d is mo/    
passive1 ^: greate/ "p is made up (     
inadequate ideas1 s t x may be *>act]iz$
 m readily by its passive /ates ?an by  
its activities3 on ! o!r h&1 t m9d is   
mo/ active1 ^: greate/ "p is made up (  
adequate ideas1 s t1 al?\gh x may conta9
 z _m inadequate ideas z ! =m] m9d1 x   
may yet be m easily *>act]iz$ by ideas  
attributable to human virtue1 ?an by    

ideas :i* tell ( human infirmity4 ,aga91
 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t spiritual           
unheal?9ess2 & mis=tunes c g5]ally be   
trac$ to excessive love = some?+ :i* is 
subject to _m v>iations1 & :i* we c nev]
 become ma/]s (4 ,= no "o is solicit\s  
or anxi\s ab\t any?+1 unless he loves x2
 nei!r d wrongs1 suspicions1 enmities1  
c4 arise1 except 9 reg>d to ?+s :]e( no 
"o c be really ma/]4  ,we may ?us       
readily conceive ! p[] :i* cle> & di/9ct
 k1 & especially t ?ird k9d ( k         
7,,ii3xlvii4,note71 f\nd$ on ! actual k 
( ,god1 possesses ov] ! emotions3 if x  
does n absolutely de/roy !m1 9 s f> z !y
 are passions 7,v3iii4 & ,v3iv4,note72  
at any rate1 x causes !m to occupy a v  
small "p ( ! m9d 7,v3xiv474 ,fur!r1 x   
begets a love t[>ds a ?+ immutable &    
et]nal 7,v3xv471 :]e( we may really ent]
 into possession 7,,ii3xlv472 nei!r c x 
be defil$ ) ^? faults :i* are inh]5t 9  
ord9>y love2 b x may gr[ f /r5g? to     
/r5g?1 & may engross ! great] "p ( !    
m9d1 & deeply p5etrate x4 ,& n[ ,i h    

f9i%$ ) all t conc]ns ?is pres5t life3  
=1 z ,i said 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is note1 ,i h
 briefly describ$ all ! rem$ies aga9/ ! 
emotions4 ,& ?is ev]yone may readily h  
se5 = himself1 if he has att5d$ to :at  
is advanc$ 9 ! pres5t note1 & also to ! 
def9itions ( ! m9d & its emotions1 &1   
la/ly1 to ,propositions ,,iii3i4 &      
,,iii3iii4 ,x is n[1 !re=e1 "t to pass  
on to ^? matt]s1 :i* app]ta9 to !       
duration ( ! m9d1 )\t relation to !     
body4   ,prop4 ,,xxi4 ,! m9d c only     
imag9e any?+1 or rememb] :at is pa/1    
:ile ! body endures4  ,pro(4- ,! m9d    
does n express ! actual exi/5ce ( its   
body1 nor does x imag9e ! modifications 
( ! body z actual1 except :ile ! body   
endures 7,,ii3viii4,coroll472 &1        
consequ5tly 7,,ii3xxvi471 x does n      
imag9e any body z actually exi/+1 except
 :ile its own body endures4 ,?us x _c   
imag9e any?+ 7= def9ition ( ,imag9ation1
 see ,,ii3xvii4,note71 or rememb] ?+s   
pa/1 except :ile ! body endures 7see    
def9ition ( ,memory1 ,,ii3xviii4,note74 

,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xxii4 ,nev]!less 9 
,god !re is necess>ily an idea1 :i*     
expresses ! ess5ce ( ?is or t human body
 "u ! =m ( et]nity4  ,pro(4- ,god is !  
cause1 n only ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is or t    
human body1 b also ( its ess5ce         
7,i3xxv474 ,?is ess5ce1 !re=e1 mu/      
necess>ily be conceiv$ ?r\gh ! v ess5ce 
( ,god 7,i3,ax4iv471 & be ?us conceiv$  
by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity 7,i3xvi472 &
 ?is conception4 mu/ necess>ily exi/ 9  
,god 7,,ii3iii474 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4    
,,xxiii4 ,! human m9d _c be absolutely  
de/roy$ ) ! body1 b !re rema9s ( x      
some?+ :i* is et]nal4  ,pro(4- ,!re is  
necess>ily 9 ,god a concept or idea1 :i*
 expresses ! ess5ce ( ! human body 7la/ 
,prop471 :i*1 !re=e1 is necess>ily      
some?+ app]ta9+ to ! ess5ce ( ! human   
m9d 7,,ii3xiii474 ,b we h n assign$ to !
 human m9d any1 duration1 def9able by   
"t1 except 9 s f> z x expresses ! actual
 exi/5ce ( ! body1 :i* is expla9$ ?r\gh 
duration1 & may be def9$ by "t - t is   
7,,ii3viii4,coroll471 we d n assign to x

 duration1 except :ile ! body endures4  
,yet1 z !re is some?+1 not)/&+1 :i* is  
conceiv$ by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity    
?r\gh ! v ess5ce ( ,god 7la/ ,prop472   
?is some?+1 :i* app]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( !
 m9d1 w necess>ily be et]nal4 ,q4,e4,d4 
,note4- ,?is idea1 :i* expresses !      
ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 is1 z
 we h said1 a c]ta9 mode ( ?9k+1 :i*    
belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 & is       
necess>ily et]nal4 ,yet x is n possible 
t we %\ld rememb] t we exi/$ be=e our   
body1 = our body c be> no trace ( su*   
exi/5ce1 nei!r c et]nity be def9$ 9 t]ms
 ( "t1 or h any relation to "t4 ,b1     
not)/&+1 we feel & "k t we are et]nal4  
,= ! m9d feels ^? ?+s t x conceives by  
und]/&+1 no less ?an ^? ?+s t x         
rememb]s4 ,= ! eyes ( ! m9d1 :]eby x    
sees & obs]ves ?+s1 are none o!r ?an    
pro(s4 ,?us1 al?\gh we d n rememb] t we 
exi/$ be=e ! body1 yet we feel t our    
m9d1 9 s f> z x involves ! ess5ce ( !   
body1 "u ! =m ( et]nity1 is et]nal1 & t 
?us its exi/5ce _c be def9$ 9 t]ms ( "t1

 or expla9$ ?r\gh duration4 ,?us our m9d
 c only be said to endure1 & its exi/5ce
 c only be def9$ by a fix$ "t1 9 s f> z 
x involves ! actual exi/5ce ( ! body4   
,?us f> only has x ! p[] ( det]m9+ !    
exi/5ce ( ?+s by "t1 & conceiv+ !m "u ! 
category ( duration4   ,prop4 ,,xxiv4 ,!
 m we und]/& p>ticul> ?+s1 ! m d we     
und]/& ,god4  ,pro(4- ,?is is evid5t f  
,i3xxv4,coroll4   ,prop4 ,,xxv4 ,!      
highe/ endeav\r ( ! m9d1 & ! highe/     
virtue is to und]/& ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( 
k4  ,pro(4- ,! ?ird k9d ( k proce$s f an
 adequate idea ( c]ta9 attributes ( ,god
 to an adequate k ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s 7see 
its def9ition ,,iii3xl4,note4ii472 &1 9 
proportion z we und]/& ?+s m 9 ?is way1 
we bett] und]/& ,god 7by ! la/ ,prop472 
!re=e 7,,iv3xxviii47 ! highe/ virtue ( !
 m9d1 t is ,,iv3,def4viii47 ! p[]1 or   
nature1 or 7,,iii3vii47 highe/ endeav\r 
( ! m9d1 is to und]/& ?+s by ! ?ird k9d 
( k4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xxvi4 ,9      
proportion z ! m9d is m capable (       
und]/&+ ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k1 x desires

 m to und]/& ?+s by t k9d4  ,pro(4- ,?is
 is evid5t4 ,=1 9 s f> z we conceive !  
m9d to be capable ( conceiv+ ?+s by ?is 
k9d ( k1 we1 to t ext5t1 conceive x z   
det]m9$ ?us to conceive ?+s2 &          
consequ5tly 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3i471 ! 
m9d desires s to d1 9 proportion z x is 
m capable !re(4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4      
,,xxvii4 ,f ?is ?ird k9d ( k arises !   
highe/ possible m5tal acquiesc5ce4      
,pro(4- ,! highe/ virtue ( ! m9d is to  
"k ,god 7,,iv3xxviii471 or to und]/& ?+s
 by ! ?ird k9d ( k 7,v3xxv471 & ?is     
virtue is great] 9 proportion z ! m9d   
kn[s ?+s m by ! said k9d ( k 7,v3xxiv473
 consequ5tly1 he :o kn[s ?+s by ?is k9d 
( k passes to ! summit ( human          
p]fection1 & is !re=e 7,def4 ( !        
,emotions3ii47 affect$ by ! highe/      
pleasure1 su* pleasure be+ accompani$ by
 ! idea ( himself & 8 own virtue2 ?us   
7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxv471 f ?is k9d ( 
k arises ! highe/ possible acquiesc5ce4 
,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xxviii4 ,! endeav\r
 or desire to "k ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k  

_c arise f ! fir/1 b f ! second k9d ( k4
  ,pro(4- ,?is proposition is           
self-evid5t4 ,= :atsoev] we und]/&      
cle>ly & di/9ct we und]/& ei!r ?r\gh    
itself1 or ?r\gh t :i* is conceiv$ ?r\gh
 itself2 t is1 ideas :i* are cle> &     
di/9ct 9 u1 or :i* are ref]r$ to ! ?ird 
k9d ( k 7,,ii3xl4,note4ii47 _c foll[ f  
ideas t are fragm5t>y1 & confus$1 & are 
ref]r$ to k ( ! fir/ k9d1 b mu/ foll[ f 
adequate ideas1 or ideas ( ! second &   
?ird k9d ( k2 !re=e 7,def4 ( !          
,emotions3i471 ! desire ( kn[+ ?+s by ! 
?ird k9d ( k _c arise f ! fir/1 b f !   
second k9d4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xxix4  
,:atsoev] ! m9d und]/&s "u ! =m (       
et]nity1 x does n und]/& by virtue (    
conceiv+ ! pres5t actual exi/5ce ( !    
body1 b by virtue ( conceiv+ ! ess5ce ( 
! body "u ! =m ( et]nity4  ,pro(4- ,9 s 
f> z ! m9d conceives ! pres5t exi/5ce ( 
its body1 x to t ext5t conceives        
duration :i* c be det]m9$ by "t1 & to t 
ext5t only1 has x ! p[] ( conceiv+ ?+s 9
 relation to "t 7,v3xxi41 ,,ii3xxvi474  

,b et]nity _c be expla9$ 9 t]ms (       
duration 7,i3,def4viii4 & explanation74 
,!re=e to ?is ext5t ! m9d has n ! p[] ( 
conceiv+ ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity1 b x     
possesses su* p[]1 because x is ( !     
nature ( reason to conceive ?+s "u ! =m 
( et]nity 7,,ii3xliv4,coroll4ii471 &    
also because x is ( ! nature ( ! m9d to 
conceive ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m (    
et]nity 7,v3xxiii471 = besides ^! two   
!re is no?+ :i* belongs to ! ess5ce (   
m9d 7,,ii3xiii474 ,!re=e ?is p[] (      
conceiv+ ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity only     
belongs to ! m9d 9 virtue ( ! m9d's     
conceiv+ ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m (    
et]nity4 ,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,?+s are    
conceiv$ by u z actual 9 two ways2 ei!r 
z exi/+ 9 relation to a giv5 "t & place1
 or z conta9$ 9 ,god & foll[+ f !       
necessity ( ! div9e nature4 ,:atsoev] we
 conceive 9 ?is second way z true or    
real1 we conceive "u ! =m ( et]nity1 &  
_! ideas involve ! et]nal & inf9ite     
ess5ce ( ,god1 z we %[$ 9               
,,ii3xlv4,note1 :i* see4   ,prop4 ,,xxx4

 ,our m9d1 9 s f> z x kn[s itself & !   
body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 has to t ext5t  
necess>ily a k ( ,god1 & kn[s t x is 9  
,god1 & is conceiv$ ?r\gh ,god4  ,pro(4-
 ,et]nity is ! v ess5ce ( ,god1 9 s f> z
 ?is involves necess>y exi/5ce          
7,i3,def4viii474 ,!re=e to conceive ?+s 
"u ! =m ( et]nity1 is to conceive ?+s 9 
s f> z !y are conceiv$ ?r\gh ?p ess5ce (
 ,god z real entities1 or 9 s f> z !y   
involve exi/5ce ?r\gh ! ess5ce ( ,god2  
:]e=e our m9d1 9 s f> z x conceives     
itself & ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 has  
to t ext5t necess>ily a k ( ,god1 &     
kn[s1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4   ,prop4 ,,xxxi4 ,!  
?ird k9d ( k dep5ds on ! m9d1 z its =mal
 cause1 9 s f> z ! m9d itself is et]nal4
  ,pro(4- ,! m9d does n conceive any?+  
"u ! =m ( et]nity1 except 9 s f> z x    
conceives its own body "u ! =m ( et]nity
 7,v3xxix472 t is1 except 9 s f> z x is 
et]nal 7,v3xxi41 ,v3xxiii472 !re=e 7by !
 la/ ,prop471 9 s f> z x is et]nal1 x   
possesses ! k ( ,god1 :i* k is          
necess>ily adequate 7,,ii3xlvi472 h5ce !

 m9d1 9 s f> z x is et]nal1 is capable (
 kn[+ ev]y?+ :i* c foll[ f ?is giv5 k ( 
,god 7,,ii3xl471 9 o!r words1 ( kn[+ ?+s
 by ! ?ird k9d ( k 7see ,def4 9         
,,ii3xl4,note4ii471 :]e( accord+ly ! m9d
 7,,iii3,def4i471 9 s f> z x is et]nal1 
is ! adequate or =mal cause ( su* k4    
,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,9 proportion1 !re=e1
 z a man is m pot5t 9 ?is k9d ( k1 he w 
be m completely consci\s ( himself & (  
,god2 9 o!r words1 he w be m p]fect &   
bless$1 z w appe> m cle>ly 9 ! sequel4  
,b we mu/ "h obs]ve t1 al?\gh we are    
already c]ta9 t ! m9d is et]nal1 9 s f> 
z x conceives ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity1    
yet1 9 ord] t :at we wi% to %[ may be m 
readily expla9$ & bett] und]/ood1 we w  
consid] ! m9d itself1 z ?\gh x _h j     
begun to exi/ & to und]/& ?+s "u ! =m ( 
et]nity1 z inde$ we h done hi!rto2 ?is  
we may d )\t any dang] ( error1 s long z
 we are c>eful n to draw any conclusion1
 unless our premisses are pla94   ,prop4
 ,,xxxii4 ,:atsoev] we und]/& by ! ?ird 
k9d ( k1 we take delight 91 & our       

delight is accompani$ by ! idea ( ,god z
 cause4  ,pro(4- ,f ?is k9d ( k arises !
 highe/ possible m5tal acquiesc5ce1 t is
 7,def ( ! ,emotions3xxv471 pleasure1 & 
?is acquiesc5ce is accompani$ by ! idea 
( ! m9d itself 7,v4 xxvii471 &          
consequ5tly 7,v3xxx47 ! idea also ( ,god
 z cause4 ,q4,e4,d4  ,coroll>y4- ,f !   
?ird k9d ( k necess>ily arises !        
intellectual love ( ,god4 ,f ?is k9d ( k
 arises pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( 
,god z cause1 t is 7,def4 ( !           
,emotions3vi471 ! love ( ,god2 n 9 s f> 
z we imag9e him z pres5t 7,v3xxix471 b 9
 s f> z we und]/& him to be et]nal2 ?is 
is :at ,i call ! intellectual love (    
,god4   ,prop4 ,,xxxiii4 ,! intellectual
 love ( ,god1 :i* arises f ! ?ird k9d ( 
k1 is et]nal4  ,pro(4- ,! ?ird k9d ( k  
is et]nal 7,v3xxxi41 ,i3,ax4iii472 !re=e
 7by ! same ,axiom7 ! love :i* arises   
!refrom is also necess>ily et]nal4      
,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,al?\gh ?is love     
t[>ds ,god has 7by ! =ego+ ,prop47 no   
beg9n+1 x yet possesses all ! p]fections

 ( love1 j z ?\gh x _h aris5 z we feign$
 9 ! ,coroll4 ( ! la/ ,prop4 ,nor is !re
 "h any diff]5ce1 except t ! m9d        
possesses z et]nal ^? same p]fections   
:i* we feign$ to accrue to x1 & !y are  
accompani$ by ! idea ( ,god z et]nal    
cause4 ,if pleasure consi/s 9 !         
transition to a great] p]fection1       
assur$ly bless$ness mu/ consi/ 9 ! m9d  
be+ end[$ ) p]fection itself4   ,prop4  
,,xxx4,,iv4 ,! m9d is1 only :ile ! body 
endures1 subject to ^? emotions :i* are 
attributable to passions4  ,pro(4       
,imag9ation is ! idea :]e) ! m9d        
contemplates a ?+ z pres5t              
7,,ii3xvii4,note72 yet ?is idea         
indicates r ! pres5t disposition ( !    
human body ?an ! nature ( ! ext]nal ?+  
7,,ii3xvi4,coroll4ii474 ,!re=e emotion  
7see g5]al ,def4 ( ,emotions7 is        
imag9ation1 9 s f> z x indicates !      
pres5t disposition ( ! body2 !re=e      
7,v3xxi47 ! m9d is1 only :ile ! body    
endures1 subject to emotions :i* are    
attributable to passions4 ,q4,e4,d4     

,coroll>y4- ,h5ce x foll[s t no love    
save intellectual love is et]nal4       
,note4- ,if we look to m5's g5]al       
op9ion1 we %all see t !y are inde$      
consci\s ( ! et]nity ( _! m9d1 b t !y   
confuse et]nity ) duration1 & ascribe x 
to ! imag9ation or ! memory :i* !y      
believe to rema9 aft] dea?4   ,prop4    
,,xxxv4 ,god loves himself ) an inf9ite 
intellectual love4  ,pro(4- ,god is     
absolutely inf9ite 7,i3,def4vi471 t is  
7,,ii3,def4vi471 ! nature ( ,god        
rejoices 9 inf9ite p]fection2 & su*     
rejoic+ is 7,,ii3iii47 accompani$ by !  
idea ( himself1 t is 7,i3xi4 &          
,i3,def4i471 ! idea ( 8 own cause3 n[   
?is is :at we h 79 ,v3xxxii4,coroll47   
describ$ z intellectual love4   ,prop4  
,,xxxvi4 ,! intellectual love ( ! m9d   
t[>ds ,god is t v love ( ,god :]eby ,god
 loves himself1 n 9 s f> z he is        
inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z he c be expla9$     
?r\gh ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d reg>d$ "u !
 =m ( et]nity2 9 o!r words1 !           
intellectual love ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god is 

"p ( ! inf9ite love :]e) ,god loves     
himself4  ,pro(4- 7#a7 ,?is love ( ! m9d
 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! activities ( ! m9d  
7,v3xxxii4,coroll4 & ,,iii3iii472 x is  
itself1 inde$1 an activity :]eby ! m9d  
reg>ds itself accompani$ by ! idea (    
,god z cause 7,v3xxxii4,coroll472 t is  
7,i3xxv4,coroll4 & ,,ii3xi4,coroll471 an
 activity :]eby ,god1 9 s f> z he c be  
expla9$ ?r\gh ! human m9d1 reg>ds       
himself accompani$ by ! idea ( himself2 
!re=e 7by ! la/ ,prop471 ?is love ( !   
m9d is "p ( ! inf9ite love :]e) ,god    
loves himself4 ,q4,e4,d4  ,coroll>y4-   
,h5ce x foll[s t ,god1 9 s f> z he loves
 himself1 loves man1 &1 consequ5tly1 t !
 love ( ,god t[>ds m51 & ! intellectual 
love ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god are id5tical4   
,note4- ,f :at has be5 said we cle>ly   
und]/&1 :]e9 our salvation1 or          
bless$ness1 or fre$om1 consi/s3 namely1 
9 ! con/ant & et]nal love t[>ds ,god1 or
 9 ,god's love t[>ds m54 ,?is love or   
bless$ness is1 9 ! ,bible1 call$ ,glory 
& n undes]v$ly4 ,= :e!r ?is love be     

ref]r$ to ,god or to ! m9d1 x may       
rightly be call$ acquiesc5ce ( _s1 :i*  
7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxv41 & xxx47 is n 
really di/+ui%$ f glory4 ,9 s f> z x is 
ref]r$ to ,god1 x is 7,v3xxxv47         
pleasure1 if we may /ill use t t]m1     
accompani$ by ! idea ( itself1 &1 9 s f>
 z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d1 x is ! same    
7,v3xxvii474  ,aga91 s9ce ! ess5ce ( our
 m9d consi/s solely 9 k1 :]e( ! beg9n+ &
 ! f\ndation is ,god 7,i3xv41           
,,ii3xlvii4,note71 x becomes cle> to u1 
9 :at mann] & way our m9d1 z to its     
ess5ce & exi/5ce1 foll[s f ! div9e      
nature & con/antly dep5ds on ,god4 ,i h 
?\ght x wor? :ile "h to call att5tion to
 ?is1 9 ord] to %[ by ?is example h[ ! k
 ( p>ticul> ?+s1 :i* ,i h call$         
intuitive or ( ! ?ird k9d               
7,,ii3xl4,note4ii471 is pot5t1 & m      
p[]ful ?an ! univ]sal k1 :i* ,i h /yl$ k
 ( ! second k9d4 ,=1 al?\gh 9 ,"p ,i %[$
 9 g5]al t]ms1 t all ?+s 7& consequ5tly1
 also1 ! human m9d7 dep5d z to _! ess5ce
 & exi/5ce on ,god1 yet t demon/ration1 

?\gh legitimate & plac$ beyond ! *ances 
( d\bt1 does n affect our m9d s mu*1 z  
:5 ! same conclusion is d]iv$ f ! actual
 ess5ce ( "s p>ticul> ?+1 :i* we say    
dep5ds on ,god4   ,prop4 ,,xxxvii4 ,!re 
is no?+ 9 nature1 :i* is contr>y to ?is 
intellectual love1 or :i* c take x away4
  ,pro(4- ,?is intellectual love foll[s 
necess>ily f ! nature ( ! m9d1 9 s f> z 
! latt] is reg>d$ ?r\gh ! nature ( ,god 
z an et]nal tru? 7,v3xxxiii4 &          
,v3xxix474 ,if1 !re=e1 !re %\ld be any?+
 :i* w\ld be contr>y to ?is love1 t ?+  
w\ld be contr>y to t :i* is true2       
consequ5tly1 t1 :i* %\ld be able to take
 away ?is love1 w\ld cause t :i* is true
 to be false2 an obvi\s absurdity4      
,!re=e !re is no?+ 9 nature :i*1 c4     
,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,! ,axiom ( ,"p ,,iv4
 has ref]5ce to p>ticul> ?+s1 9 s f> z  
!y are reg>d$ 9 relation to a giv5 "t & 
place3 ( ?is1 ,i ?9k1 no "o c d\bt4     
,prop4 ,,xxxviii4 ,9 proportion z ! m9d 
und]/&s m ?+s by ! second & ?ird k9d (  
k1 x is less subject to ^? emotions :i* 

are evil1 & /&s 9 less fe> ( dea?4      
,pro(4- ,! m9d's ess5ce consi/s 9 k     
7,,ii3xi472 !re=e1 9 proportion z ! m9d 
und]/&s m ?+s by ! second & ?ird k9ds ( 
k1 ! great] w be ! "p ( x t endures     
7,v3xxix4 & ,v3xxiii471 &1 consequ5tly  
7by ! la/ ,prop471 ! great] w be ! "p t 
is n t\*$ by ! emotions1 :i* are contr>y
 to our nature1 or 9 o!r words1 evil    
7,,iv3xxx474 ,?us1 9 proportion z ! m9d 
und]/&s m ?+s by ! second & ?ird k9ds ( 
k1 ! great] w be ! "p ( x1 t rema9s     
unimpair$1 &1 consequ5tly1 less subject 
to emotions1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,h5ce
 we und]/& t po9t :i* ,i t\*$ on 9      
,,iv3xxxix4,note1 & :i* ,i promis$ to   
expla9 9 ?is ,"p2 namely1 t dea? becomes
 less hurtful1 9 proportion z ! m9d's   
cle> & di/9ct k is great]1 &1           
consequ5tly1 9 proportion z ! m9d loves 
,god m4 ,aga91 s9ce f ! ?ird k9d ( k    
arises ! highe/ possible acquiesc5ce    
7,v3xxvii471 x foll[s t ! human m9d c   
atta9 to be+ ( su* a nature1 t ! "p !re(
 :i* we h %[n to p]i% ) ! body 7,v3xxi47

 %\ld be ( little importance :5 comp>$ )
 ! "p :i* endures4 ,b ,i w soon treat ( 
! subject at great] l5g?4   ,prop4      
,,xxxix4 ,he1 :o possesses a body       
capable ( ! greate/ numb] ( activities1 
possesses a m9d :]e( ! greate/ "p is    
et]nal4  ,pro(4- ,he1 :o possesses a    
body capable ( ! greate/ numb] (        
activities1 is lea/ agitat$ by ^?       
emotions :i* are evil 7,,iv3xxxviii47 t 
is 7,,iv3xxx471 by ^? emotions :i* are  
contr>y to our nature2 !re=e 7,v3x471 he
 possesses ! p[] ( arrang+ & associat+ !
 modifications ( ! body accord+ to !    
intellectual ord]1 &1 consequ5tly1 (    
br++ x ab\t1 t all ! modifications ( !  
body %\ld be ref]r$ to ! idea ( ,god2   
:5ce x w come to pass t 7,v3xv47 he w be
 affect$ ) love t[>ds ,god1 :i* 7,v3xvi7
 mu/ occupy or con/itute ! *ief "p ( !  
m9d2 !re=e 7,v3xxxiii471 su* a man w    
possess a m9d :]e( ! *ief "p is et]nal4 
,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,s9ce human bodies   
are capable ( ! greate/ numb] (         
activities1 !re is no d\bt b t !y may be

 ( su* a nature1 t !y may be ref]r$ to  
m9ds possess+ a great k ( !mselves & (  
,god1 & :]e( ! greate/ or *ief "p is    
et]nal1 &1 !re=e1 t !y %\ld sc>cely fe> 
dea?4 ,b1 9 ord] t ?is may be und]/ood m
 cle>ly1 we mu/ "h call to m9d1 t we    
live 9 a /ate ( p]petual v>iation1 &1   
accord+ z we are *ang$ = ! bett] or !   
worse1 we are call$ happy or unhappy4   
,= he1 :o1 f be+ an infant or a *ild1   
becomes a corpse1 is call$ unhappy2     
:]eas x is set d[n to happ9ess1 if we h 
be5 able to live ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod (   
life ) a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body4 ,&1 9  
reality1 he1 :o1 z 9 ! case ( an infant 
or a *ild1 has a body capable ( v few   
activities1 & dep5d+1 = ! mo/ "p1 on    
ext]nal causes1 has a m9d :i*1 consid]$ 
9 itself alone1 is sc>cely consci\s (   
itself1 or ( ,god1 or ( ?+s2 :]eas1 he1 
:o has a body capable ( v _m activities1
 has a m9d :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself alone1
 is highly consci\s ( itself1 ( ,god1 & 
( ?+s4 ,9 ?is life1 !re=e1 we prim>ily  
endeav\r to br+ x ab\t1 t ! body ( a    

*ild1 9 s f> z its nature all[s &       
conduces !reto1 may be *ang$ into some?+
 else capable ( v _m activities1 &      
ref]able to a m9d :i* is highly consci\s
 ( itself1 ( ,god1 & ( ?+s2 & we desire 
s to *ange x1 t :at is ref]r$ to its    
imag9ation & memory may become          
insignificant1 9 comp>ison ) its        
intellect1 z ,i h already said 9 ! note 
to ! la/ ,proposition4   ,prop4 ,,xl4 ,9
 proportion z ea* ?+ possesses m (      
p]fection1 s is x m active1 & less      
passive2 &1 vice v]sa1 9 proportion z x 
is m active1 s is x m p]fect4  ,pro(4-  
,9 proportion z ea* ?+ is m p]fect1 x   
possesses m ( reality 7,,ii3,def4vi471  
&1 consequ5tly 7,,iii3iii4& ,note71 x is
 to t ext5t m active & less passive4    
,?is demon/ration may be rev]s$1 & ?us  
prove t1 9 proportion z a ?+ is m       
active1 s is x m p]fect4 ,q4,e4,d4      
,coroll>y4- ,h5ce x foll[s t ! "p ( !   
m9d :i* endures1 be x great or small1 is
 m p]fect ?an ! re/4 ,= ! et]nal "p ( ! 
m9d 7,v3xiii4 & ,v3xxix47 ! und]/&+1    

?r\gh :i* alone we are said to act      
7,,iii3iii472 ! "p :i* we h %[n to p]i% 
is ! imag9ation 7,v3xxi471 ?r\gh :i*    
only we are said to be passive          
7,,iii3iii4 & g5]al ,def4 ( !           
,emotions72 !re=e1 ! =m]1 be x great or 
small1 is m p]fect ?an ! latt]4         
,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,su* are ! doctr9es  
:i* ,i _h purpos$ to set =? conc]n+ !   
m9d1 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ )\t relation  
to ! body2 :5ce1 z also f ,i3xxi4 & o!r 
places1 x is pla9 t our m9d1 9 s f> z x 
und]/&s1 is an et]nal mode ( ?9k+1 :i*  
is det]m9$ by ano!r et]nal mode ( ?9k+1 
& ?is o!r by a ?ird1 & s on to inf9ity2 
s t all tak5 toge!r at once con/itute ! 
et]nal & inf9ite intellect ( ,god4      
,prop4 ,,xli4 ,ev5 if we did n "k t our 
m9d is et]nal1 we %\ld /ill consid] z ( 
prim>y importance piety & religion1 &   
g5]ally all ?+s :i*1 9 ,"p ,,iv41 we %[$
 to be attributable to c\rage &         
high-m9d$ness4  ,pro(4- ,! fir/ & only1 
f\ndation ( virtue1 or ! rule ( "r liv+ 
is 7,,iv3xxii4,coroll4 & ,,iv3xxiv47    

seek+ "o's own true int]e/4 ,n[1 :ile we
 det]m9$ :at reason prescribes z useful1
 we took no acc\nt ( ! m9d's et]nity1   
:i* has only become kn[n to u 9 ?is     
,fif? ,"p4 ,al?\gh we 7 ignorant at t "t
 t ! m9d is et]nal1 we nev]!less /at$ t 
! qualities attributable to c\rage &    
high- m9d$ness are ( prim>y importance4 
,!re=e1 ev5 if we 7 /ill ignorant ( ?is 
doctr9e1 we %\ld yet put ! a=esaid      
precepts ( reason 9 ! fir/ place4       
,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,! g5]al belief ( !  
multitude seems to be diff]5t4 ,mo/ p   
seem to believe t !y are free1 9 s f> z 
!y may obey _! lu/s1 & t !y c$e _!      
rights1 9 s f> z !y are b\nd to live    
accord+ to ! comm&m5ts ( ! div9e law4   
,!y !re=e believe t piety1 religion1 &1 
g5]ally1 all ?+s attributable to        
firmness ( m9d1 are burd5s1 :i*1 aft]   
dea?1 !y hope to lay aside1 & to receive
 ! rew>d = _! bondage1 t is1 = _! piety1
 & religion2 x is n only by ?is hope1 b 
also1 & *iefly1 by ! fe> ( be+ horribly 
puni%$ aft] dea?1 t !y are induc$ to    

live accord+ to ! div9e comm&m5ts1 s f> 
z _! feeble & infirm _s w c>ry !m4  ,if 
m5 _h n ?is hope & ?is fe>1 b believ$ t 
! m9d p]i%es ) ! body1 & t no hope (    
prolong$ life rema9s = ! wret*es :o are 
brok5 d[n ) ! burd5 ( piety1 !y w\ld    
return to _! own incl9ations1 controll+ 
ev]y?+ 9 accordance ) _! lu/s1 & desir+ 
to obey =tune r ?an !mselves4 ,su* a    
c\rse appe>s to me n less absurd ?an if 
a man1 because he does n believe t he c 
by :olesome food su/a9 8 body = ev]1    
%\ld wi% to cram himself ) poisons &    
deadly f>e2 or if1 because he sees t !  
m9d is n et]nal or immortal1 he %\ld    
pref] to be out ( 8 m9d altoge!r1 & to  
live )\t ! use ( reason2 ^! ideas are s 
absurd z to be sc>cely wor? refut+4     
,prop4 ,,xlii4 ,bless$ness is n ! rew>d 
( virtue1 b virtue itself 2 nei!r d we  
rejoice !re91 because we control our    
lu/s1 b1 contr>iwise1 because we rejoice
 !re91 we are able to control our lu/s4 
,pro(4- ,bless$ness consi/s 9 love t[>ds
 ,god 7,v3xxxvi4 & ,note71 :i* love     

spr+s f ! ?ird k9d ( k                  
7,v3xxxii4,coroll472 !re=e ?is love     
7,,iii3iii4 & ,,iii3lix47 mu/ be ref]r$ 
to ! m9d1 9 s f> z ! latt] is active2   
!re=e 7,,iv3,def4viii47 x is virtue     
itself4 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 9  
proportion z ! m9d rejoices m 9 ?is     
div9e love or bless$ness1 s does x ! m  
und]/& 7,v3xxxii472 t is                
7,v3iii4,coroll471 s mu* ! m p[] has x  
ov] ! emotions1 & 7,v3xxxviii47 s mu* ! 
less is x subject to ^? emotions :i* are
 evil2 !re=e1 9 proportion z ! m9d      
rejoices 9 ?is div9e love or bless$ness1
 s has x ! p[] ( controll+ lu/s4 ,&1    
s9ce human p[] 9 controll+ ! emotions   
consi/s solely 9 ! und]/&+1 x foll[s t  
no "o rejoices 9 bless$ness1 because he 
has controll$ 8 lu/s1 b1 contr>iwise1 8 
p[] ( controll+ 8 lu/s arises f ?is     
bless$ness itself4 ,q4,e4,d4  ,note4- ,i
 h ?us complet$ all ,i wi%$ to set =?   
t\*+ ! m9d's p[] ov] ! emotions & !     
m9d's fre$om4 ,:5ce x appe>s1 h[ pot5t  
is ! wise man1 & h[ mu* he surpasses !  

ignorant man1 :o is driv5 only by 8     
lu/s4 ,= ! ignorant man is n only       
di/ract$ 9 v>i\s ways by ext]nal causes 
)\t ev] ga9+1 ! true acquiesc5ce ( 8 _s1
 b moreov] lives1 z x 7 unwitt+ (       
himself1 & ( ,god1 & ( ?+s1 & z soon z  
he ceases to suff]1 ceases also to be4  
,:]eas ! wise man1 9 s f> z he is reg>d$
 z su*1 is sc>cely at all di/urb$ 9 _s1 
b1 be+ consci\s ( himself1 & ( ,god1 & (
 ?+s1 by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity1 nev] 
ceases to be1 b always possesses true   
acquiesc5ce ( 8 _s4  ,if ! way :i* ,i h 
po9t$ out z lead+ to ?is result seems   
exce$+ly h>d1 x may nev]!less be        
discov]$4 ,ne$s mu/ x be h>d1 s9ce x is 
s seldom  f\nd4 ,h[ w\ld x be possible1 
if salvation 7 ready to our h&1 & c\ld  
)\t great lab\r be f\nd1 t x %\ld be by 
almo/ all m5 neglect$8 ,b all ?+s       
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