,b5$ict de ,sp9oza1 ,,! ,,e?ics 7,e?ica ,ord9e ,geometrico ,demon/rata7 ,translat$ by ,r4 ,h4 ,m4 ,elwes ,,"p ,,iv3 ,( ,human ,bondage1 or ! ,/r5g? ( ! ,emotions ,,preface ,human infirmity 9 mod]at+ & *eck+ ! emotions ,i "n bondage3 =1 :5 a man is a prey to 8 emotions1 he is n 8 own ma/]1 b lies at ! m]cy ( =tune3 s mu* s1 t he is (t5 compell$1 :ile see+ t :i* is bett] = him1 to foll[ t :i* is worse4 ,:y ?is is s1 & :at is good or evil 9 ! emotions1 ,i propose to %[ 9 ?is "p ( my treatise4 ,b1 be=e ,i beg91 x w\ld be well to make a few prefatory obs]vations on p]fection & imp]fection1 good & evil4 ,:5 a man has purpos$ to make a giv5 ?+1 & has br\ght x to p]fection1 8 "w w be pron\nc$ p]fect1 n only by himself1 b by ev]yone :o rightly kn[s1 or ?9ks t he kn[s1 ! int5tion & aim ( its au?or4 ,= in/ance1 suppose anyone sees a "w 7:i* ,i assume to be n yet complet$71 & kn[s t ! aim ( ! au?or ( t "w is to build a h\se1 he w call ! "w imp]fect2 he w1 on ! o!r h&1 call x p]fect1 z soon z he sees t x is c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! end1 :i* its au?or _h purpos$ = x4 ,b if a man sees a "w1 ! l :]e( he has nev] se5 be=e1 & if he kn[s n ! int5tion ( ! artific]1 he pla9ly _c "k1 :e!r t "w be p]fect or imp]fect4 ,su* seems to be ! prim>y mean+ ( ^! t]ms4 ,b1 aft] m5 began to =m g5]al ideas1 to ?9k out types ( h\ses1 build+s1 t[]s1 c41 & to pref] c]ta9 types to o!rs1 x came ab\t1 t ea* man call$ p]fect t :i* he saw agree ) ! g5]al idea he _h =m$ ( ! ?+ 9 "q1 & call$ imp]fect t :i* he saw agree less ) 8 own preconceiv$ type1 ev5 ?\gh x _h evid5tly be5 complet$ 9 accordance ) ! idea ( its artific]4 ,?is seems to be ! only reason = call+ natural ph5om5a1 :i*1 inde$1 are n made ) human h&s1 p]fect or imp]fect3 = m5 are wont to =m g5]al ideas ( ?+s natural1 no less ?an ( ?+s artificial1 & su* ideas !y hold z types1 believ+ t ,nature 7:o !y ?9k does no?+ )\t an object7 has !m 9 view1 & has set !m z types be=e h]self4 ,!re=e1 :5 !y behold some?+ 9 ,nature1 :i* does n :olly con=m to ! preconceiv$ type :i* !y h =m$ ( ! ?+ 9 "q1 !y say t ,nature has fall5 %ort or has blund]$1 & has left h] "w incomplete4 ,?us we see t m5 are wont to /yle natural ph5om5a p]fect or imp]fect r f _! own prejudices1 ?an f true k ( :at !y pron\nce ^u4 ,n[ we %[$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ,"p ,i41 t ,nature does n "w ) an end 9 view4 ,= ! et]nal & inf9ite ,be+1 :i* we call ,god or ,nature1 acts by ! same necessity z t :]eby x exi/s4 ,= we h %[n1 t by ! same necessity ( its nature1 :]eby x exi/s1 x likewise works 7,i3xvi474 ,! reason or cause :y ,god or ,nature exi/s1 & ! reason :y he acts1 are "o & ! same4 ,!re=e1 z he does n exi/ = ! sake ( an end1 s nei!r does he act = ! sake ( an end2 ( 8 exi/5ce & ( 8 action !re is nei!r orig9 nor end4 ,:]e=e1 a cause :i* is call$ f9al is no?+ else b human desire1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z ! orig9 or cause ( any?+4 ,= example1 :5 we say t to be inhabit$ is ! f9al cause ( ?is or t h\se1 we mean no?+ m ?an t a man1 conceiv+ ! conv5i5ces ( h\sehold life1 _h a desire to build a h\se4 ,:]e=e1 ! be+ inhabit$1 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z a f9al cause1 is no?+ else b ?is p>ticul> desire1 :i* is really ! effici5t cause2 x is reg>d$ z ! prim>y cause1 because m5 are g5]ally ignorant ( ! causes ( _! desires4 ,!y are1 z ,i h (t5 said already1 consci\s ( _! own actions & appetites1 b ignorant ( ! causes :]eby !y are det]m9$ to any p>ticul> desire4 ,!re=e1 ! common say+ t ,nature sometimes falls %ort1 or blund]s1 & produces ?+s :i* are imp]fect1 ,i set d[n among ! glosses treat$ ( 9 ! ,app5dix to ,"p #a4 ,p]fection & imp]fection1 !n1 are 9 reality m]ely modes ( ?9k+1 or notions :i* we =m f a comp>ison among "o ano!r ( individuals ( ! same species2 h5ce ,i said above 7,,ii3,def4vi471 t by reality & p]fection ,i mean ! same ?+4 ,= we are wont to ref] all ! individual ?+s 9 nature to "o g5us1 :i* is call$ ! highe/ g5us1 namely1 to ! category ( ,be+1 :]eto absolutely all individuals 9 nature belong4 ,?us1 9 s f> z we ref] ! individuals 9 nature to ?is category1 & comp>+ !m "o ) ano!r1 f9d t "s possess m ( be+ or reality ?an o!rs1 we1 to ?is ext5t1 say t "s are m p]fect ?an o!rs4 ,aga91 9 s f> z we attribute to !m any?+ imply+ negation - z t]m1 end1 infirmity1 etc41 we1 to ?is ext5t1 call !m imp]fect1 because !y d n affect our m9d s mu* z ! ?+s :i* we call p]fect1 n because !y h any intr9sic defici5cy1 or because ,nature has blund]$4 ,= no?+ lies )9 ! scope ( a ?+'s nature1 save t :i* foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( its effici5t cause1 & :atsoev] foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( its effici5t cause necess>ily comes to pass4 ,z = ! t]ms good & bad1 !y indicate no positive quality 9 ?+s reg>d$ 9 !mselves1 b are m]ely modes ( ?9k+1 or notions :i* we =m f ! comp>ison ( ?+s "o ) ano!r4 ,?us "o & ! same ?+ c be at ! same "t good1 bad1 & indiff]5t4 ,= in/ance1 music is good = him t is melan*oly1 bad = him t m\rns2 = him t is deaf1 x is nei!r good nor bad4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ?is be s1 ! t]ms %\ld /ill be reta9$4 ,=1 inasmu* z we desire to =m an idea ( man z a type ( human nature :i* we may hold 9 view1 x w be useful = u to reta9 ! t]ms 9 "q1 9 ! s5se ,i h indicat$4 ,9 :at foll[s1 !n1 ,i %all mean by1 good t1 :i* we c]ta9ly "k to be a means ( approa*+ m ne>ly to ! type ( human nature1 :i* we h set be=e ourselves2 by bad1 t :i* we c]ta9ly "k to be a h9drance to u 9 approa*+ ! said type4 ,aga91 we %all t m5 are m p]fect1 or m imp]fect1 9 proportion z !y approa* m or less ne>ly to ! said type4 ,= x mu/ be specially rem>k$ t1 :5 ,i say t a man passes f a less] to a great] p]fection1 or vice v]sa1 ,i d n mean t he is *ang$ f "o ess5ce or reality to ano!r2 = in/ance1 a horse w\ld be z completely de/roy$ by be+ *ang$ into a man1 z by be+ *ang$ into an insect4 ,:at ,i mean is1 t we conceive ! ?+'s p[] ( action1 9 s f> z ?is is und]/ood by its nature1 to be increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,la/ly1 by p]fection 9 g5]al ,i %all1 z ,i h said1 mean reality 9 o!r words1 ea* ?+'s ess5ce1 9 s f> z x exi/s1 & op]ates 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 & )\t pay+ any reg>d to its duration4 ,= no giv5 ?+ c be said to be m p]fect1 because x has pass$ a long] "t 9 exi/5ce4 ,! duration ( ?+s _c be det]m9$ by _! ess5ce1 = ! ess5ce ( ?+s involves no fix$ & def9ite p]iod ( exi/5ce2 b ev]y?+1 :e!r x be m p]fect or less p]fect1 w always be able to p]si/ 9 exi/5ce ) ! same =ce :]e) x began to exi/2 :]e=e1 9 ?is respect1 all ?+s are equal4 ,,def9itions4 ,i4 ,by good ,i mean t :i* we c]ta9ly "k to be useful to u4 ,,ii4 ,by evil ,i mean t :i* we c]ta9ly "k to be a h9drance to u 9 ! atta9m5t ( any good4 7,conc]n+ ^! t]ms see ! =ego+ preface t[>ds ! end47 ,,iii4 ,p>ticul> ?+s ,i call cont+5t 9 s f> z1 :ile reg>d+ _! ess5ce only1 we f9d no?+ !re91 :i* necess>ily ass]ts _! exi/5ce or excludes x4 ,,iv4 ,p>ticul> ?+s ,i call possible 9 s f> z1 :ile reg>d+ ! causes :]eby !y mu/ be produc$1 we "k n1 :e!r su* causes be det]m9$ = produc+ !m4 7,9 ,i3xxxiii4note4i41 ,i drew no di/9ction betwe5 possible & cont+5t1 because !re 0 9 t place no ne$ to di/+ui% !m accurately47 ,v4 ,by conflict+ emotions ,i mean ^? :i* draw a man 9 diff]5t directions1 ?\gh !y are ( ! same k9d1 su* z luxury & av>ice1 :i* are bo? species ( love1 & are contr>ies1 n by nature1 b by accid5t4 ,,vi4 ,:at ,i mean by emotion felt t[>ds a ?+1 future1 pres5t1 & pa/1 ,i expla9$ 9 ,,iii3xviii41notes4i41ii41 :i* see4 7,b ,i %\ld "h also rem>k1 t we c only di/9ctly conceive di/ance ( space or "t up to a c]ta9 def9ite limit2 t is1 all objects di/ant f u m ?an two hundr$ feet1 or ^: di/ance f ! place :]e we are exce$s t :i* we c di/9ctly conceive1 seem to be an equal di/ance f u1 & all 9 ! same plane2 s also objects1 ^: "t ( exi/+ is conceiv$ z remov$ f ! pres5t by a long] int]val ?an we c di/9ctly conceive1 seem to be all equally di/ant f ! pres5t1 & are set d[n1 z x 71 to ! same mom5t ( "t47 ,,vii4 ,by an end1 = ! sake ( :i* we d some?+1 ,i mean a desire4 ,,viii4 ,by virtue 7virtus7 & p[] ,i mean ! same ?+2 t is 7,,iii3vii471 virtue1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to man1 is a man's nature or ess5ce1 9 s f> z x has ! p[] ( effect+ :at c only be und]/ood by ! laws ( t nature4 ,,axiom4 ,!re is no individual ?+ 9 nature1 ?an :i* !re is n ano!r m p[]ful & /rong4 ,:atsoev] ?+ be giv51 !re is some?+ /rong] :]eby x c be de/roy$4 ,,propositions4 ,prop4 ,i4 ,no positive quality possess$ by a false idea is remov$ by ! pres5ce ( :at is true1 9 virtue ( its be+ true4 ,pro(4- ,falsity consi/s solely 9 ! privation ( k :i* inadequate ideas involve 7,,ii3xxxv471 nor h !y any positive quality on acc\nt ( :i* !y are call$ false 7,,ii3xxxiii472 contr>iwise1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ,god1 !y are true 7,,ii3xxxii474 ,:]e=e1 if ! positive quality possess$ by a false idea 7 remov$ by ! pres5ce ( :at is true1 9 virtue ( its be+ true1 a true idea w\ld !n be remov$ by itself1 :i* 7,,iv3iii47 is absurd4 ,!re=e1 no positive quality possess$ by a false idea1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,?is proposition is m cle>ly und]/ood f ,,ii3xvi4,coroll4ii4 ,= imag9ation is an idea1 :i* indicates r ! pres5t disposition ( ! human body ?an ! nature ( ! ext]nal body2 n inde$ di/9ctly1 b confus$ly2 :5ce x comes to pass1 t ! m9d is said to err4 ,= in/ance1 :5 we look at ! sun1 we conceive t x is di/ant f u ab\t two hundr$ feet2 9 ?is judgm5t we err1 s long z we are 9 ignorance ( its true di/ance2 :5 its true di/ance is kn[n1 ! error is remov$1 b n ! imag9ation2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! idea ( ! sun1 :i* only expla9s ?o nature ( t lum9>y1 9 s f> z ! body is affect$ !reby3 :]e=e1 ?\gh we "k ! real di/ance1 we %all /ill nev]!less imag9e ! sun to be ne> u4 ,=1 z we said 9 ,,iii3xxxv4note1 we d n imag9e ! sun to be s ne> u1 because we are ignorant ( its true di/ance1 b because ! m9d conceives ! magnitude ( ! sun to ! ext5t t ! body is affect$ !reby4 ,?us1 :5 ! rays ( ! sun fall+ on ! surface ( wat] are reflect$ into our eyes1 we imag9e ! sun z if x 7 9 ! wat]1 ?\gh we are aw>e ( its real position2 & simil>ly o!r imag9ations1 :]e9 ! m9d is deceiv$ :e!r !y indicate ! natural disposition ( ! body1 or t its p[] ( activity is increas$ or dim9i%$1 are n contr>y to ! tru?1 & d n vani% at its pres5ce4 ,x happ5s inde$ t1 :5 we mi/ak5ly fe> an evil1 ! fe> vani%es :5 we he> ! true tid+s2 b ! contr>y also happ5s1 namely1 t we fe> an evil :i* w c]ta9ly come1 & our fe> vani%es :5 we he> false tid+s2 ?us imag9ations d n vani% at ! pres5ce ( ! tru?1 9 virtue ( its be+ true1 b because o!r imag9ations1 /rong] ?an ! fir/1 sup]v5e & exclude ! pres5t exi/5ce ( t :i* we imag9$1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,,ii34xvii4 ,prop4 ,,ii4 ,we are only passive1 9 s f> z we are ap>t ( ,nature1 :i* _c be conceiv$ by itself )\t o!r p>ts4 ,pro(4- ,we are said to be passive1 :5 some?+ arises 9 u1 :]e( we are only a p>tial cause 7,,iii3,def4ii471 t is 7,,iii3,def4i471 some?+ :i* _c be d$uc$ solely f ! laws ( our nature4 ,we are passive !re=e 9 s f> z we are a "p ( ,nature1 :i* _c be conceiv$ by itself )\t o!r p>ts4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,iii4 ,! =ce :]eby a man p]si/s 9 exi/+ is limit$1 & is inf9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes4 ,pro(4-,?is is evid5t f ! axiom ( ?is "p4 ,=1 :5 man is giv51 !re is some?+ else - say ,a - m p[]ful2 :5 ,a is giv51 !re is some?+ else - say ,b - m p[]ful ?an ,a1 & s on to inf9ity2 ?us ! p[] ( man is limit$ by ! p[] ( "s o!r ?+1 & is inf9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,iv4 ,x is impossible1 t man %\ld n be a "p ( ,nature1 or t he %\ld be capable ( und]go+ no *anges1 save su* z c be und]/ood ?r\gh 8 nature only z _! adequate cause4 ,pro(4- ,! p[]1 :]eby ea* p>ticul> ?+1 & consequ5tly man1 pres]ves 8 be+1 is ! p[] ( ,god or ( ,nature 7,i3xxiv4,coroll472 n 9 s f> z x is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z x c be expla9$ by ! actual human ess5ce 7,,iii3vii474 ,?us ! p[] ( man1 9 s f> z x is expla9$ ?r\gh 8 own actual ess5ce1 is a "p ( ! inf9ite p[] ( ,god or ,nature1 9 o!r words1 ( ! ess5ce !re( 7,i3xxxiv474 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 if x 7 possible1 t man %\ld und]go no *anges save su* z c be und]/ood solely ?r\gh ! nature ( man1 x w\ld foll[ t he w\ld n be able to die1 b w\ld always necess>ily exi/2 ?is w\ld be ! necess>y consequ5ce ( a cause ^: p[] 0 ei!r f9ite or inf9ite2 namely1 ei!r ( man's p[] only1 inasmu* z he w\ld be capable ( remov+ f himself all *anges :i* c\ld spr+ f ext]nal causes2 or ( ! inf9ite p[] ( ,nature1 :]eby all individual ?+s w\ld be s ord]$1 t man %\ld be incapable ( und]go+ any *anges save su* z t5d$ t[>ds 8 own pres]vation4 ,b ! fir/ alt]native is absurd 7by ! la/ ,prop41 ! pro( ( :i* is univ]sal1 & c be appli$ to all individual ?+s74 ,!re=e1 if x be possible1 t man %\ld n be capable ( und]go+ any *anges1 save su* z c be expla9$ solely ?r\gh 8 own nature1 & consequ5tly t he mu/ always 7z we h %[n7 necess>ily exi/2 su* a result mu/ foll[ f ! inf9ite p[] ( ,god1 & consequ5tly 7,i3xvi47 f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z affect$ by ! idea ( any giv5 man1 ! :ole ord] ( nature z conceiv$ "u ! attributes ( ext5sion & ?\ght mu/ be d$ucible4 ,x w\ld !re=e foll[ 7,i3xxi47 t man is inf9ite1 :i* 7by ! fir/ "p ( ?is pro(7 is absurd4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible1 t man %\ld n und]go any *anges save ^? :]e( he is ! adequate cause4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,h5ce x foll[s1 t man is necess>ily always a prey to 8 passions1 t he foll[s & obeys ! g5]al ord] ( nature1 & t he accommodates himself !reto1 z mu* z ! nature ( ?+s dem&s4 ,prop4 ,v4 ,! p[] & increase ( e passion1 & its p]si/5ce 9 exi/+ are n def9$ by ! p[]1 :]eby we ourselves endeav\r to p]si/ 9 exi/+1 b by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own4 ,pro(4- ,! ess5ce ( a passion _c be expla9$ ?r\gh our ess5ce alone 7,,iii3,def4i44ii471 t is 7,,iii3vii471 ! p[] ( a passion _c be def9$ by ! p[]1 :]eby we ourselves endeav\r to p]si/ 9 exi/+1 b 7z is %[n 9 ,,ii3xvi47 mu/ necess>ily be def9$ by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,vi4 ,! =ce ( any passion or emotion c ov]come ! re/ ( a man's activities or p[]1 s t ! emotion becomes ob/9ately fix$ to him4 ,pro(4- ,! =ce & increase ( any passion & its p]si/5ce 9 exi/+ are def9$ by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own 7by ! =ego+ ,prop472 !re=e 7,,iv3iii47 x c ov]come a man's p[]1 e4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,vii4 ,an emotion c only be controll$ or de/roy$ by ano!r emotion contr>y !reto1 & ) m p[] = controll+ emotion4 ,pro(4- ,emotion1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d1 is an idea1 :]eby ! m9d affirms ( its body a great] or less =ce ( exi/5ce ?an be=e 7cf4 ! g5]al ,def9ition ( ! ,emotions at ! end ( ,"p ,,iii47 ,:51 !re=e1 ! m9d is assail$ by any emotion1 ! body is at ! same "t affect$ ) a modification :]eby its p[] ( activity is increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,n[ ?is modification ( ! body 7,,iv3v47 receives f its cause ! =ce = p]si/5ce 9 its be+2 :i* =ce c only be *eck$ or de/roy$ by a bodily cause 7,,ii3vi471 9 virtue ( ! body be+ affect$ ) a modification contr>y to 7,,iii3v47 & /rong] ?an itself 7,,iv4,ax472 :]e=e 7,,ii3xii47 ! m9d is affect$ by ! idea ( a modification contr>y to1 & /rong] ?an ! =m] modification1 9 o!r words1 7by ! g5]al def9ition ( ! emotions7 ! m9d w be affect$ by an emotion contr>y to & /rong] ?an ! =m] emotion1 :i* w exclude or de/roy ! exi/5ce ( ! =m] emotion2 ?us an emotion _c be de/roy$ nor controll$ except by a contr>y & /rong] emotion4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,an emotion1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d1 c only be controll$ or de/roy$ ?r\gh an idea ( a modification ( ! body contr>y to1 & /rong] ?an1 t :i* we are und]go+4 ,= ! emotion :i* we und]go c only be *eck$ or de/roy$ by an emotion contr>y to1 & /rong] ?an1 itself1 9 o!r words1 7by ! g5]al ,def9ition ( ! ,emotions7 only by an idea ( a modification ( ! body contr>y to1 & /rong] ?an1 ! modification :i* we und]go4 ,prop4 ,,viii4 ,! k ( good & evil is no?+ else b ! emotions ( pleasure or pa91 9 s f> z we are consci\s !re(4 ,pro(4- ,we call a ?+ good or evil1 :5 x is ( s]vice or ! rev]se 9 pres]v+ our be+ 7,,iv3,def4i44ii471 t is 7,,iii3vii471 :5 x increases or dim9i%es1 helps or h9d]s1 our p[] ( activity4 ,?us1 9 s f> z we p]ceive t a ?+ affects u ) pleasure or pa91 we call x good or evil2 :]e=e ! k ( good & evil is no?+ else b ! idea ( ! pleasure or pa91 :i* necess>ily foll[s f t pleasurable or pa9ful emotion 7,,ii3xxii474 ,b ?is idea is unit$ to ! emotion 9 ! same way z m9d is unit$ to body 7,,ii3xxi472 t is1 !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 ?is idea & ! emotion or idea ( ! modification ( ! body1 save 9 conception only4 ,!re=e ! k ( good & evil is no?+ else b ! emotion1 9 s f> z we are consci\s !re(4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,ix4 ,an emotion1 :]e( we conceive ! cause to be ) u at ! pres5t "t1 is /rong] ?an if we did n conceive ! cause to be ) u4 ,pro(4- ,imag9ation or conception is ! idea1 by :i* ! m9d reg>ds a ?+ z pres5t 7,,ii3xvii4note71 b :i* indicates ! disposition ( ! m9d r ?an ! nature ( ! ext]nal ?+ 7,,ii3xvi4,coroll4ii74 ,an emotion is !re=e a conception1 9 s f> z x indicates ! disposition ( ! body4 ,b a conception 7by ,,ii3xvii47 is /rong]1 s long z we conceive no?+ :i* excludes ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal object2 :]e=e an emotion is also /rong] or m int5se1 :5 we conceive ! cause to be ) u at ! pres5t "t1 ?an :5 we d n conceive ! cause to be ) u4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,:5 ,i said above 9 ,,iii3xviii4 t we are affect$ by ! image ( :at is pa/ or future ) ! same emotion z if ! ?+ conceiv$ 7 pres5t1 ,i expressly /at$1 t ?is is only true 9 s f> z we look solely to ! image ( ! ?+ 9 "q itself 2 = ! ?+'s nature is un*ang$1 :e!r we h conceiv$ x or n2 ,i did n d5y t ! image becomes weak]1 :5 we reg>d z pres5t to u o!r ?+s :i* exclude ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! future object3 ,i did n expressly call att5tion to ! fact1 because ,i purpos$ to treat ( ! /r5g? ( ! emotions 9 ?is "p ( my "w4 ,coroll>y4- ,! image ( some?+ pa/ or future1 t is1 ( a ?+ :i* we reg>d z 9 relation to "t pa/ or "t future1 to ! exclusion ( "t pres5t1 is1 :5 o!r conditions are equal1 weak] ?an ! image ( some?+ pres5t2 consequ5tly an emotion felt t[>ds :at is pa/ or future is less int5se1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 ?an an emotion felt t[>ds some?+ pres5t4 ,prop4 ,x4 ,t[>ds some?+ future1 :i* we conceive z close at h&1 we are affect$ m int5sely1 ?an if we conceive t its "t = exi/5ce is sep>at$ f ! pres5t by a long] int]val2 s too by ! remembrance ( :at we conceive to h n long pass$ away we are affect$ m int5sely1 ?an if we conceive t x has long pass$ away4 ,pro(4- ,9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ z close at h&1 or n long pass$ away1 we conceive t :i* excludes ! pres5ce ( ! object less1 ?an if its p]iod ( future exi/5ce 7 m di/ant f ! pres5t1 or if x _h long pass$ away 7?is is obvi\s7 !re=e 7by ! =ego+ ,prop47 we are1 s f>1 m int5sely affect$ t[>ds x4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,f ! rem>ks made 9 ,,iv3,def4vi4 ( ?is "p x foll[s t1 if objects are sep>at$ f ! pres5t by a long] p]iod ?an we c def9e 9 conception1 ?\gh _! dates ( occurr5ce be widely sep>at$ "o f ! o!r1 !y all affect u equally fa9tly4 ,prop4 ,,xi4 ,an emotion t[>ds t :i* we conceive z necess>y is1 :5 o!r conditions are equal1 m int5se ?an an emotion t[>ds t :i* impossible1 or cont+5t1 or non-necess>y4 ,pro(4- ,9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ to be necess>y1 we1 to t ext5t1 affirm its exi/5ce2 on ! o!r h& we d5y a ?+'s exi/5ce1 9 s f> z we conceive x n to be necess>y 3xxxiii4note4i472 :]e=e 7,,iv4ix47 an emotion t[>ds t :i* is necess>y is1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 m int5se ?an an emotion t :i* is non-necess>y4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xii4 ,an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we "k n to exi/ at ! pres5t "t1 & :i* we conceive z possible1 is m int5se1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 ?an an emotion t[>ds a ?+ cont+5t4 ,pro(4- ,9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ z cont+5t1 we are affect$ by ! conception ( "s fur!r ?+1 :i* w\ld ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ! =m] 7,,iv3,def4iii472 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we 7by hypo!sis7 conceive c]ta9 ?+s1 :i* exclude its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,b1 9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ to be possible 9 ! future1 we !re by conceive ?+s :i* ass]t its exi/5ce 7,,iv3iv471 t is 7,,iii3xviii471 ?+s :i* promote hope or fe>3 :]e=e an emotion t[>ds some?+ possible is m vehem5t4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we "k n to exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 & :i* we conceive z cont+5t1 is f> fa9t]1 ?an if we conceive ! ?+ to be pres5t ) u4 ,pro(4- ,emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we conceive to exi/1 is m int5se ?an x w\ld be1 if we conceiv$ ! ?+ z future ,v3ix4,coroll471 & is mu* m vehem5t1 ?an if ! future "t be conceiv$ z f> di/ant f ! pres5t 7,,iv3x474 ,!re=e an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 ^: p]iod ( exi/5ce we conceive to be f> di/ant f ! pres5t1 is f> fa9t]1 ?an if we conceive ! ?+ z pres5t2 x is1 nev]!less1 m int5se1 ?an if we conceiv$ ! ?+ z cont+5t1 :]e=e an emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we reg>d z cont+5t1 w be f> fa9t]1 ?an if we conceiv$ ! ?+ to be pres5t ) u4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,emotion t[>ds a ?+ cont+5t1 :i* we "k n to exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 is1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 fa9t] ?an an emotion t[>ds a ?+ pa/4 ,pro(4- ,9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ z cont+5t1 we are n affect$ by ! image ( any o!r ?+1 :i* ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( ! said ?+ 7,,iv3,def4iii471 b1 on ! o!r h& 7by hypo!sis71 we conceive c]ta9 ?+s exclud+ its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,b1 9 s f> z we conceive x 9 relation to "t pa/1 we are assum$ to conceive some?+1 :i* recalls ! ?+ to memory1 or excites ! image !re( 7,,ii3xviii4,note71 :i* is s f> ! same z reg>d+ x z pres5t 7,,ii3xvii4,coroll474 ,!re=e 7,,iv3ix47 an emotion t[>ds a ?+ cont+5t1 :i* we "k does n exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 is fa9t]1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 ?an an emotion t[>ds a ?+ pa/4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xiv4 ,a true k ( good & evil _c *eck any emotion by virtue ( be+ true1 b only 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z an emotion4 ,pro(4- ,an emotion is an idea1 :]eby ! m9d affirms ( its body a great] or less =ce ( exi/+ ?an be=e 7by ! g5]al ,def9ition ( ! ,emotions72 !re=e x has no positive quality1 :i* c be de/roy$ by ! pres5ce ( :at is true2 consequ5tly ! k ( good & evil _c1 by virtue oi be+ true1 re/ra9 any emotion4 ,b1 9 s f> z su* k is an emotion 7,,iv3viii47 if x h m /r5g? = re/ra9+ emotion1 x w to t ext5t be able to re/ra9 ! giv5 emotion4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xv4 ,desire aris+ f ! k ( good & bad c be qu5*$ or *eck$ by _m ( ! o!r desires aris+ f ! emotions :]eby we are assail$4 ,pro(4- ,f ! true k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z x is an emotion1 necess>ily arises desire 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i471 ! /r5g? ( :i* is proportion$ to ! /r5g? ( ! emotion :]efrom x arises 7,,iii3xxxvii474 ,b1 inasmu* z ?is desire arises 7by hypo!sis7 f ! fact ( our truly und]/&+ any?+1 x foll[s t x is also pres5t ) u1 9 s f> z we are active 7,,iii3i471 & mu/ !re=e be und]/ood ?r\gh our ess5ce only 7,,iii3,def4ii472 consequ5tly 7,,iii3vii47 its =ce & increase c be def9$ solely by human p[]4 ,aga91 ! desires aris+ f ! emotions :]eby we are assail$ are /rong]1 9 proportion z ! said emotions are m vehem5t2 :]e=e _! =ce & increase mu/ be def9$ solely by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes1 :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) our own p[]1 indef9itely surpass x 7,,iv3iii472 h5ce ! desires aris+ f l emotions may be m vehem5t1 ?an ! desire :i* arises f a true k ( good & evil1 & may1 consequ5tly1 control or qu5* x4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xvi4 ,desire aris+ f ! k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z su* k reg>ds :at is future1 may be m easily controll$ or qu5*$1 ?an ! desire = :at is agreeable at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,pro(4- ,emotion t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we conceive z future1 is fa9t] ?an emotion t[>ds a ?+ t is pres5t 7,,iv3ix4,coroll474 ,b desire1 :i* arises f ! true k ( good & evil1 ?\gh x be conc]n$ ) ?+s :i* are good at ! mom5t1 c be qu5*$ or controll$ by any head/rong desire 7by ! la/ ,prop41 ! pro( :]e( is ( univ]sal application74 ,:]e=e desire aris+ f su* k1 :5 conc]n$ ) ! future1 c be m easily controll$ or qu5*$1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xvii4 ,desire aris+ f ! true k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z su* k is conc]n$ ) :at is cont+5t1 c be controll$ f> m easily /ill1 ?an desire = ?+s t are pres5t4 ,pro(4- ,?is ,prop4 is prov$ 9 ! same way z ! la/ ,prop4 f ,,iv3xii4,coroll4 ,note4- ,i ?9k ,i h n[ %[n ! reason1 :y m5 are mov$ by op9ion m readily ?an by true reason1 :y x is t ! true k ( good & evil /irs up conflicts 9 ! s\l1 & (t5 yields to e k9d ( passion4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s gave rise to ! exclamation ( ! poet3 7,ov4 ,met4 vii4#bj1 ,video meliora proboque1 ,det]iora sequor47 ,! bett] pa? ,i gaze at & approve1 ,! worse - ,i foll[4 ,ecclesia/es seems to h _h ! same ?\ght 9 8 m9d1 :5 he says1 ,he :o increase? k increase? sorr[4 ,i h n writt5 ! above ) ! object ( draw+ ! conclusion1 t ignorance is m excell5t ?an k1 or t a wise man is on a p> ) a fool 9 controll+ 8 emotions1 b because x is necess>y to "k ! p[] & ! infirmity ( our nature1 be=e we c det]m9e :at reason c d 9 re/ra9+ ! emotions1 & :at is beyond h] p[]4 ,i h said1 t 9 ! pres5t "p ,i %all m]ely treat ( human infirmity4 ,! p[] ( reason ov] ! emotions ,i h settl$ to treat sep>ately4 ,prop4 ,,xviii4 ,desire aris+ f pleasure is1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 /rong] ?an desire aris+ f pa94 ,pro(4- ,desire is ! ess5ce ( a man 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i471 t is1 ! endeav\r :]eby a man endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 8 own be+4 ,:]e=e desire aris+ f pleasure is1 by ! fact ( pleasure be+ felt1 increas$ or help$2 on ! contr>y1 desire aris+ f pa9 is1 by ! fact ( pa9 be+ felt1 dim9i%$ or h9d]$2 h5ce ! =ce ( desire aris+ f pleasure mu/ be def9$ by human p[] toge!r ) ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause1 :]eas desire aris+ f pa9 mu/ be def9$ by human p[] only4 ,?us ! =m] is ! /rong] ( ! two4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,9 ^! few rem>ks ,i h expla9$ ! causes ( human infirmity & incon/ancy1 & %[n :y m5 d n abide by ! precepts ( reason4 ,x n[ rema9s = me to %[ :at c\rse is m>k$ out = u by reason1 :i* ( ! emotions are 9 h>mony ) ! rules ( human reason1 & :i* ( !m are contr>y !reto4 ,b1 be=e ,i beg9 to prove my ,propositions 9 detail$ geometrical fa%ion1 x is advisable to sket* !m briefly 9 advance1 s t ev]yone may m readily grasp my mean+4 ,z reason makes no dem&s contr>y to nature1 x dem&s1 t e man %\ld love himself1 %\ld seek t :i* is useful to him - ,i mean1 t :i* is really useful to him1 %\ld desire ev]y?+ :i* really br+s man to great] p]fection1 & %\ld1 ea* = himself1 endeav\r z f> z he c to pres]ve 8 own be+4 ,?is is z necess>ily true1 z t a :ole is great] ?an its "p4 7,cf4 ,,iii3iv47 ,aga91 z virtue is no?+ else b action 9 accordance ) ! laws ( "o's own nature 7,,iv3,def4viii471 & z no "o endeav\rs to pres]ve 8 own be+1 except 9 accordance ) ! laws ( 8 own nature1 x foll[s1 fir/1 t ! f\ndation ( virtue is ! endeav\r to pres]ve "o's own be+1 & t happ9ess consi/s 9 man's p[] ( pres]v+1 8 own be+2 secondly1 t virtue is to be desir$ = its own sake1 & t !re is no?+ m excell5t or m useful to u1 = ! sake ( :i* we %\ld desire x2 ?irdly & la/ly t suicides are weak-m9d$1 & are ov]come by ext]nal causes repugnant to _! nature4 ,fur!r1 x foll[s f ,po/ulate iv4 ,"p4,,ii41 t we c nev] arrive at do+ )\t all ext]nal ?+s = ! pres]vation ( our be+ or liv+1 s z to h no relations ) ?+s :i* are outside ourselves4 ,aga91 if we consid] our m9d1 we see t our intellect w\ld be m imp]fect1 if m9d 7 alone1 & c\ld und]/& no?+ besides itself4 ,!re are1 !n1 _m ?+s outside ourselves1 :i* are useful to u1 & are1 !re=e1 to be desir$4 ,( su* none c be disc]n$ m excell5t1 ?an ^? :i* are 9 entire agreem5t ) our nature4 ,= if1 = example1 two individuals ( entirely ! same nature are unit$1 !y =m a comb9ation twice z p[]ful z ei!r ( !m s+ly4 ,!re=e1 to man !re is no?+ m useful ?an man - no?+1 ,i repeat1 m excell5t = pres]v+ _! be+ c be wi%$ = by m51 ?an t all %\ld s 9 all po9ts agree1 t ! m9ds & bodies ( all %\ld =m1 z x 71 "o s+le m9d & "o s+le body1 & t all %\ld1 ) "o cons5t1 z f> z !y are able1 endeav\r to pres]ve _! be+1 & all ) "o cons5t seek :at is useful to !m all4 ,h5ce1 m5 :o are gov]n$ by reason - t is1 :o seek :at is useful to !m 9 accordance ) reason1 desire = !mselves no?+1 :i* !y d n also desire = ! re/ ( mank9d1 &1 consequ5tly1 are j1 fai?ful1 & hon\rable 9 _! conduct4 ,su* are ! dictates ( reason1 :i* ,i purpos$ ?us briefly to indicate1 be=e beg9n+ to prove !m 9 great] detail4 ,i h tak5 ?is c\rse1 9 ord]1 if possible1 to ga9 ! att5tion ( ^? :o believe1 t ! pr9ciple t e man is b\nd to seek :at is useful = himself is ! f\ndation ( impiety1 r ?an ( piety & virtue4 ,!re=e1 aft] briefly %[+ t ! contr>y is ! case1 ,i g on to prove x by1 ! same me?od1 z t :]eby ,i h hi!rto proce$$4 ,prop4 ,,xix4 ,e man1 by ! laws ( 8 nature1 necess>ily desires or %r9ks f t :i* he deems to be good or bad4 ,pro(4- ,! k ( good & evil is 7,,iv3viii47 ! emotion ( pleasure or pa91 9 s f> z we are consci\s !re(2 !re=e1 e man necess>ily desires :at he ?9ks good1 & %r9ks f :at he ?9ks bad4 ,n[ ?is appetite is no?+ else b man's nature or ess5ce 7,cf4 ! ,def9ition ( ,appetite1 ,,iii4ix4note1 & ,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i474 ,!re=e1 e man1 solely by ! laws ( 8 nature1 desires ! "o1 & %r9ks f ! o!r1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xx4 ,! m e man endeav\rs1 & is able to seek :at is useful to him - 9 o!r words1 to pres]ve 8 own be+ - ! m is he end[$ ) virtue2 on ! contr>y1 9 proportion z a man neglects to seek :at is useful to him1 t is1 to pres]ve 8 own be+1 he is want+ 9 p[]4 ,pro(4- ,virtue is human p[]1 :i* is def9$ solely by man's ess5ce 7,,iv3,def4viii471 t is1 :i* is def9$ solely by ! endeav\r made by man to p]si/ 9 8 own be+4 ,:]e=e1 ! m a man endeav\rs1 & is able to pres]ve 8 own be+1 ! m is he end[$ ) virtue1 &1 consequ5tly 7,,iii3iv41vi471 9 s f> z a man neglects to pres]ve 8 own be+1 he is want+ 9 p[]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,no "o1 !re=e1 neglects seek+ 8 own good1 or pres]v+ 8 own be+1 unless he be ov]come by causes ext]nal & =eign to 8 nature4 ,no "o1 ,i say1 f ! necessity ( 8 own nature1 or o!rwise ?an "u compulsion f ext]nal causes1 %r9ks f food1 or kills himself3 :i* latt] may be done 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,a man1 = in/ance1 kills himself "u ! compulsion ( ano!r man1 :o twi/s r\nd 8 "r h&1 :]e) he happ5$ to h tak5 up a sword1 & =ces him to turn ! blade aga9/ 8 own he>t2 or1 aga91 he may be compell$1 l ,s5eca1 by a tyrant's comm&1 to op5 8 own ve9s - t is1 to escape a great] evil by incurr+1 a less]2 or1 la/ly1 lat5t ext]nal causes may s disord] 8 imag9ation1 & s affect 8 body1 t x may assume a nature contr>y to its =m] "o1 & :]e( ! idea _c exi/ 9 ! m9d 7,,iii3x47 ,b t a man1 f ! necessity ( 8 own nature1 %\ld endeav\r to become non-exi/5t1 is z impossible z t some?+ %\ld be made out ( no?+1 z ev]yone w see = himself1 aft] a little reflection4 ,prop4 ,,xxi4 ,no "o c desire to be bless$1 to act rightly1 & to live rightly1 )\t at ! same "t wi%+ to be1 act1 & to live - 9 o!r words1 to actually exi/4 ,pro(4- ,! pro( ( ?is proposition1 or r ! proposition itself1 is self-evid5t1 & is also pla9 f ! def9ition ( desire4 ,= ! desire ( liv+1 act+1 ,c41 bless$ly or rightly1 is 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i47 ! ess5ce ( man - t is 7,,iii3vii471 ! endeav\r made by ev]yone to pres]ve 8 own be+4 ,!re=e1 no "o c desire1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxii4 ,no virtue c be conceiv$ z prior to ?is endeav\r to pres]ve "o's own be+4 ,pro(4- ,! ef=t = self-pres]vation is ! ess5ce ( a ?+ 7,,iii3vii472 !re=e1 if any virtue c\ld be conceiv$ z prior !reto1 ! ess5ce ( a ?+ w\ld h to be conceiv$ z prior to itself1 :i* is obvi\sly absurd4 ,!re=e no virtue1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,! ef=t = self-pres]vation is ! fir/ & only f\ndation ( virtue4 ,= prior to ?is pr9ciple no?+ c be conceiv$1 & )\t x no virtue c be conceiv$4 ,prop4 ,,xxiii4 ,man1 9 s f> z he is det]m9$ to a p>ticul> action because he has inadequate ideas1 _c be absolutely said to act 9 ob$i5ce to virtue2 he c only be s describ$1 9 s f> z he is det]m9$ = ! action because he und]/&s4 ,pro(4- ,9 s f> z a man is det]m9$ to an action ?r\gh hav+ inadequate ideas1 he is passive 7,,iii3i471 t is 7,,iii3,def4i41 iii471 he does some?+1 :i* _c be p]ceiv$ solely ?r\gh 8 ess5ce1 t is 7by ,,iv3,def4viii471 :i* does n foll[ f 8 virtue4 ,b1 9 s f> z he is det]m9$ = an action because he und]/&s1 he is active2 t is1 he does some?+1 :i* is p]ceiv$ ?r\gh 8 ess5ce alone1 or :i* adequately foll[s f 8 virtue4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxiv4 ,to act absolutely 9 ob$i5ce to virtue is 9 u ! same ?+ z to act1 to live1 or to pres]ve "o's be+ 7^! ?ree t]ms are id5tical 9 mean+7 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( reason on ! basis ( seek+ :at is useful to "o's self4 ,pro(4- ,to act absolutely 9 ob$i5ce to virtue is no?+ else b to act accord+ to ! laws ( "o's own nature4 ,b we only act1 9 s f> z we und]/& 7,,iii3iii47 3 !re=e to act 9 ob$i5ce to virtue is 9 u no?+ else b to act1 to live1 or to pres]ve "o's be+ 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 & t on ! basis ( seek+ :at is useful = u 7,,iv3xxii4,coroll474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxv4 ,no "o wi%es to pres]ve 8 be+ = ! sake ( any?+ else4 ,pro(4- ,! endeav\r1 :]e) ev]y?+ endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its be+1 is def9$ solely by ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ itself 7,,iii3vii472 f ?is alone1 & n f ! ess5ce ( any?+ else1 x necess>ily foll[s 7,,iii3vi47 t ev]yone endeav\rs to pres]ve 8 be+4 ,moreov]1 ?is proposition is pla9 f ,,iv3xxii4,coroll41 = if a man %\ld endeav\r to pres]ve 8 be+ = ! sake ( any?+ else1 ! la/-nam$ ?+ w\ld obvi\sly be ! basis ( virtue1 :i*1 by ! =ego+ coroll>y1 is absurd4 ,!re=e no "o1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxvi4 ,:atsoev] we endeav\r 9 ob$i5ce to reason is no?+ fur!r ?an to und]/&2 nei!r does ! m9d1 9 s f> z x makes use ( reason1 judge any?+ to be useful to x1 save su* ?+s z are conducive to und]/&+4 ,pro(4- ,! ef=t = self-pres]vation is no?+ else b ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q 7,,iii3vii471 :i*1 9 s f> z x exi/s su* z x is1 is conceiv$ to h =ce = cont9u+ 9 exi/5ce 7,,iii3vi47 & do+ su* ?+s z necess>ily foll[ f its giv5 nature 7see ! ,def4 ( ,appetite1 ,,ii3ix4,note74 ,b ! ess5ce ( reason is n\ght else b our m9d1 9 s f> z x cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&s 7see ! def9ition 9 ,,ii3xl4,note3ii47 2 !re=e 7,,iii3xl47 :atsoev] we endeav\r 9 ob$i5ce to reason is no?+ else b to und]/&4 ,aga91 s9ce ?is ef=t ( ! m9d :]e) ! m9d endeav\rs1 9 s f> z x reasons1 to pres]ve its own be+ is no?+ else b und]/&+2 ?is ef=t at und]/&+ is 7,,iv3xxii4,coroll47 ! fir/ & s+le basis ( virtue1 nor %all we endeav\r to und]/& ?+s = ! sake ( any ult]ior object 7,,iv3xxv472 on ! o!r h&1 ! m9d1 9 s f> z x reasons1 w n be able to conceive any good = itself1 save su* ?+s z are conducive to und]/&+4 ,prop4 ,,xxvii4 ,we "k no?+ to be c]ta9ly good or evil1 save su* ?+s z really conduce to und]/&+1 or su* z are able to h9d] u f und]/&+4 ,pro(4- ,! m9d1 9 s f> z x reasons1 desires no?+ beyond und]/&+1 & judges no?+ to be useful to itself1 save su* ?+s z conduce to und]/&+ 7by ! =ego+ ,prop474 ,b ! m9d 7,,ii3xli4,note7 _c possess c]ta9ty conc]n+ any?+1 except 9 s f> z x has adequate ideas1 or 7:at by ,,ii3xl4,note1 is ! same ?+7 9 s f> z x reasons4 ,!re=e we "k no?+ to be good or evil save su* ?+s z really conduce1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxviii4 ,! m9d's highe/ good is ! k ( ,god1 & ! m9d's highe/ virtue is to "k ,god4 ,pro(4- ,! m9d is n capable ( und]/&+ any?+ high] ?an ,god1 t is 7,i3,def4vi471 ?an a ,be+ absolutely inf9ite1 & )\t :i* 7,i3xv47 no?+ c ei!r be or be conceiv$2 !re=e 7,,iv3xxvi41 xxvii471 ! m9d's highe/ utility or 7,,iv3,def4i47 good is ! k ( ,god4 ,aga91 ! m9d is active1 only 9 s f> z x und]/&s1 & only to ! same ext5t c x be said absolutely to act virtu\sly4 ,! m9d's absolute virtue is !re=e to und]/&4 ,n[1 z we h already %[n1 ! highe/ t ! m9d c und]/& is ,god2 !re=e ! highe/ virtue ( ! m9d is to und]/& or to "k ,god4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxix4 ,no individual ?+1 :i* is entirely diff]5t f our own nature1 c help or *eck our p[] ( activity1 & absolutely no?+ c d u good or h>m1 unless x has some?+ 9 common ) our nature4 ,pro(4- ,! p[] ( e individual ?+1 & consequ5tly ! p[] ( man1 :]eby he exi/s & op]ates1 c only be det]m9$ by an individual ?+ 7,i3xxviii471 ^: nature 7,,ii3vi47 mu/ be und]/ood ?r\gh ! same nature z t1 ?r\gh :i* human nature is conceiv$4 ,!re=e our p[] ( activity1 h[ev] x be conceiv$1 c be det]m9$ & consequ5tly help$ or h9d]$ by ! p[] ( any o!r individual ?+1 :i* has some?+ 9 common ) u1 b n by ! p[] ( any?+1 ( :i* ! nature is entirely diff]5t f our own2 & s9ce we call good or evil t :i* is ! cause ( pleasure or pa9 7,,iv3viii471 t is 7,,iii3xi4,note71 :i* increases or dim9i%es1 helps or h9d]s1 our p[] ( activity2 !re=e1 t :i* is entirely1 diff]5t f our nature c nei!r be to u good nor bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxx4 ,a ?+ _c be bad = u ?r\gh ! quality :i* x has 9 common ) our nature1 b x is bad = u 9 s f> z x is contr>y to our nature4 ,pro(4- ,we call a ?+ bad :5 x is ! cause ( pa9 7,,iv3viii471 t is 7by ! ,def41 :i* see 9 ,,iii3xi4,note71 :5 x dim9i%es or *ecks our p[] ( action4 ,!re=e1 if any?+ 7 bad = u ?r\gh t quality :i* x has 9 common ) our nature1 x w\ld be able itself to dim9i% or *eck t :i* x has 9 common ) our nature1 :i* 7,,iii3iv47 is absurd4 ,:]e=e no?+ c be bad = u ?r\gh t quality :i* x has 9 common ) u1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z x is bad = u1 t is 7z we h j %[n71 9 s f> z x c dim9i% or *eck our p[] ( action1 x is contr>y to our nature4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxxi4 ,9 s f> z a ?+ is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 x is necess>ily good4 ,pro(4- ,9 s f> z a ?+ is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 x _c be bad = x4 ,x w !re=e necess>ily be ei!r good or indiff]5t4 ,if x be assum$ t x be nei!r good nor bad1 no?+ w foll[ f its nature 7,,iv3,def4i471 :i* t5ds to ! pres]vation ( our nature1 t is 7by ! hypo!sis71 :i* t5ds to ! pres]vation ( ! ?+ itself2 b ?is 7,,iii3vi47 is absurd2 !re=e1 9 s f> z a ?+ is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 x is necess>ily good4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,h5ce x foll[s1 t1 9 proportion z a ?+ is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 s is x m useful or bett] = u1 & vice v]sa1 9 proportion z a ?+ is m useful = u1 s is x m 9 h>mony ) our nature4 ,=1 9 s f> z x is n 9 h>mony ) our nature1 x w necess>ily be diff]5t !refrom or contr>y !reto4 ,if diff]5t1 x c nei!r be good nor bad 7,,iv3xxix472 if contr>y1 x w be contr>y to t :i* is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 t is1 contr>y to :at is good - 9 %ort1 bad4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be good1 except 9 s f> z x is 9 h>mony ) our nature2 & h5ce a ?+ is useful1 9 proportion z x is 9 h>mony ) our nature1 & vice v]sa4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxxii4 ,9 s f> z m5 are a prey to passion1 !y _c1 9 t respect1 be said to be naturally 9 h>mony4 ,pro(4 ,?+s1 :i* are said to be 9 h>mony naturally1 are und]/ood to agree 9 p[] 7,,iii3vii471 n 9 want ( p[] or negation1 & consequ5tly n 9 passion 7,,iii3iii4,note72 :]e=e m51 9 s f> z !y are a prey to _! passions1 _c be said to be naturally 9 h>mony4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,?is is also self-evid5t2 =1 if we say t :ite & black only agree 9 ! fact t nei!r is r$1 we absolutely affirm t ! d n agree 9 any respect4 ,s1 if we say t a man & a /one only agree 9 ! fact t bo? are f9ite - want+ 9 p[]1 n exi/+ by ! necessity ( _! own nature1 or1 la/ly1 indef9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes - we %\ld c]ta9ly affirm t a man & a /one are 9 no respect alike2 !re=e1 ?+s :i* agree only 9 negation1 or 9 qualities :i* nei!r possess1 really agree 9 no respect4 ,prop4 ,,xxxiii4 ,m5 c diff] 9 nature1 9 s f> z !y are assail$ by ^? emotions1 :i* are passions1 or passive /ates2 & to ?is ext5t "o & ! same man is v>iable & incon/ant4 ,pro(4- ,! nature or ess5ce ( ! emotions _c be expla9$ solely ?r\gh our ess5ce or nature 7,,iii3,def4i4ii471 b x mu/ be def9$ by ! p[]1 t is 7,,iii3vii471 by ! nature ( ext]nal causes 9 comp>ison ) our own2 h5ce x foll[s1 t !re are z _m k9ds ( ea* emotion z !re are ext]nal objects :]eby we are affect$ 7,,iii3lvi471 & t m5 may be diff]5tly affect$ by "o & ! same object 7,,iii3li71 & to ?is ext5t diff] 9 nature2 la/ly1 t "o & ! same man may be diff]5tly affect$ t[>ds ! same object1 & may !re=e be v>iable & incon/ant4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxxiv4 ,9 s f> z m5 are assail$ by emotions :i* are passions1 !y c be contr>y "o to ano!r4 ,pro(4- ,a man1 = in/ance ,pet]1 c be ! cause ( ,paul's feel+ pa91 because he 7,pet]7 possesses some?+ simil> to t :i* ,paul hates 7,,iii3xvi471 or because ,pet] has sole possession ( a ?+ :i* ,paul also loves 7,,iii3xxxii4,note71 or = o!r causes 7( :i* ! *ief are enum]at$ 9 ,,iii3lv4,note7 2 x may !re=e happ5 t ,paul %\ld hate ,pet] 7,def4 ( ,emotions3 vii471 consequ5tly x may easily happ5 also1 t ,pet] %\ld hate ,paul 9 return1 & t ea* %\ld endeav\r to d ! o!r an injury1 7,,iii3xxxix471 t is 7,,iv3xxx471 t !y %\ld be contr>y "o to ano!r4 ,b ! emotion ( pa9 is always a passion or passive /ate 7,,iii3lix472 h5ce m51 9 s f> z !y are assail$ by emotions :i* are passions1 c be contr>y "o to ano!r4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,i said t ,paul may hate ,pet]1 because he conceives t ,pet] possesses some?+ :i* he 7,paul7 also loves2 f ?is x seems1 at fir/ sight1 to foll[1 t ^! two m51 ?r\gh bo? lov+ ! same ?+1 &1 consequ5tly1 ?r\gh agreem5t ( _! respective natures1 /& 9 "o ano!r's way2 if ?is 7 s1 ,,ii3xxx4 & ,,ii3xxxi4 w\ld be untrue4 ,b if we give ! matt] our unbias$ att5tion1 we %all see t ! discrepancy vani%es4 ,= ! two m5 are n 9 "o ano!r's way 9 virtue ( ! agreem5t ( _! natures1 t is1 ?r\gh bo? lov+ ! same ?+1 b 9 virtue ( "o diff]+ f ! o!r4 ,=1 9 s f> z ea* loves ! same ?+1 ! love ( ea* is fo/]$ !reby 7,,iii3xxxi471 t is 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3 vi47 ! pleasure ( ea* is fo/]$ !reby4 ,:]e=e x is f> f be+ ! case1 t !y are at v>iance ?r\gh bo? lov+ ! same ?+1 & ?r\gh ! agreem5t 9 _! natures4 ,! cause = _! opposition lies1 z ,i h said1 solely 9 ! fact t !y are assum$ to diff]4 ,= we assume t ,pet] has ! idea ( ! lov$ object z already 9 8 possession1 :ile ,paul has ! idea ( ! lov$ object z lo/4 ,h5ce ! "o man w be affect$ ) pleasure1 ! o!r w be affect$ ) pa91 & ?us !y w be at v>iance "o ) ano!r4 ,we c easily %[ 9 l mann]1 t all o!r causes ( hatr$ dep5d solely on diff]5ces1 & n on ! agreem5t betwe5 m5's natures4 ,prop4 ,,xxxv4 ,9 s f> only z m5 live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 d !y always necess>ily agree 9 nature4 ,pro(4- ,9 s f> z m5 are assail$ by emotions t are passions1 !y c be diff]5t 9 nature 7,,iv3xxxiii471 & at v>iance "o ) ano!r4 ,b m5 are only said to be active1 9 s f> z !y act 9 ob$i5ce to reason 7,,iii3iii472 !re=e1 :at s ev] foll[s f human nature 9 s f> z x is def9$ by reason mu/ 7,,iii3,def4ii47 be und]/ood solely ?r\gh human nature z its proximate cause4 ,b1 s9ce e man by ! laws ( 8 nature desires t :i* he deems good1 & endeav\rs to remove t :i* he deems bad 7,,iv3xix472 & fur!r1 s9ce t :i* we1 9 accordance ) reason1 deem good or bad1 necess>ily is good or bad 7,,ii3xli472 x foll[s t m51 9 s f> z !y live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 necess>ily d only su* ?+s z are necess>ily good = human nature1 & consequ5tly = ea* individual man 7,,iv3xxxi4,coroll472 9 o!r words1 su* ?+s z are 9 h>mony ) ea* man's nature4 ,!re=e1 m5 9 s f> z !y live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 necess>ily live always 9 h>mony "o ) ano!r4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y ,i - ,!re is no individual ?+ 9 nature1 :i* is m useful to man1 ?an a man :o lives 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,= t ?+ is to man mo/ useful1 :i* is mo/ 9 h>mony ) 8 nature 7,,iv3xxxi4,coroll472 t is1 obvi\sly1 man4 ,b man acts absolutely accord+ to ! laws ( 8 nature1 :5 he lives 9 ob$i5ce to reason 7,,iii3,def4ii471 & to ?is ext5t only is always necess>ily 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( ano!r man 7by ! la/ ,prop472 :]e=e among individual ?+s no?+ is m useful to man1 ?an a man :o lives 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4- ,z e man seeks mo/ t :i* is useful to him1 s are m5 mo/ useful "o to ano!r4 ,= ! m a man seeks :at is useful to him & endeav\rs to pres]ve himself1 ! m is he end[$ ) virtue 7,,iv3xx471 or1 :at is ! same ?+ 7,,iv3,def4viii471 ! m is he end[$ ) p[] to act accord+ to ! laws ( 8 own nature1 t is to live 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,b m5 are mo/ 9 natural h>mony1 :5 !y live 9 ob$i5ce to reason 7by ! la/ ,prop472 !re=e 7by ! =ego+ ,coroll47 m5 w be mo/ useful "o to ano!r1 :5 ea* seeks mo/ t :i* is useful to him4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,:at we h j %[n is atte/$ by exp]i5ce s conspicu\sly1 t x is 9 ! m\? ( ne>ly ev]yone3 ,man is to man a ,god4 ,yet x r>ely happ5s t m5 live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 = ?+s are s ord]$ among !m1 t !y are g5]ally envi\s & tr\blesome "o to ano!r4 ,nev]!less !y are sc>cely able to lead a solit>y life1 s t ! def9ition ( man z a social animal has met ) g5]al ass5t2 9 fact1 m5 d d]ive f social life mu* m conv5i5ce ?an injury4 ,let satiri/s !n laugh _! fill at human affairs1 let !ologians rail1 & let misan?ropes praise to _! utmo/ ! life ( untutor$ ru/icity1 let !m heap contempt on m5 & praises on bea/s2 :5 all is said1 !y w f9d t m5 c provide = _! wants mu* m easily by mutual help1 & t only by unit+ _! =ces c !y escape f ! dang]s t on e side beset !m3 n to say h[ mu* m excell5t & wor?y ( our k x is1 to /udy ! actions ( m5 ?an ! actions ( bea/s4 ,b ,i w treat ( ?is m at l5g? else:]e4 ,prop4 ,,xxxvi4 ,! highe/ good ( ^? :o foll[ virtue is common to all1 & !re=e all c equally rejoice !re94 ,pro(4- ,to act virtu\sly is to act 9 ob$i5ce ) reason 7,,iv3xxiv471 & :atsoev] we endeav\r to d 9 ob$i5ce to reason is to und]/& 7,,iv3xxvi472 !re=e 7,,iv3xxviii47 ! highe/ good = ^? :o foll[ aft] virtue is to "k ,god2 t is 7,,ii3xlvii4,note7 a good :i* is common to all & c be possess$4 by all m5 equally1 9 s f> z !y are ( ! same nature4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,someone may ask h[ x w\ld be1 if ! highe/ good ( ^? :o foll[ aft] virtue 7 n common to all8 ,w\ld x n !n foll[1 z above 7,,iv3xxxiv471 t m5 liv+ 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 t is 7,,iv3xxxv471 m5 9 s f> z !y agree 9 nature1 w\ld be at v>iance "o ) ano!r8 ,to su* an inquiry1 ,i make answ]1 t x foll[s n accid5tally b f ! v nature ( reason1 t ma9's highe/ good is common to all1 inasmu* z x is d$uc$ f ! v ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z def9$ by reason2 & t a man c\ld nei!r be1 nor be conceiv$ )\t ! p[] ( tak+ pleasure 9 ?is highe/ good4 ,= x belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d 7,,ii3xlvii471 to h an adequate k ( ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,prop4 ,,xxxvii4 ,! good :i* e man1 :o foll[s aft] virtue1 desires = himself he w also desire = o!r m51 & s mu* ! m1 9 proportion z he has a great] k ( ,god4 ,pro(4- ,m51 9 s f> z !y live 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 are mo/ useful to _! fell[ m5 7,,iv3xxxv2,coroll4i472 !re=e 7,,iv3xix471 we %all 9 ob$i5ce to reason necess>ily endeav\r to br+ ab\t t m5 %\ld live 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,b ! good :i* e man1 9 s f> z he is guid$ by reason1 or1 9 o!r words1 foll[s aft] virtue1 desires = himself1 is to und]/& 7,,iv3xxvi472 :]e=e ! good1 :i* ea* foll[] ( virtue seeks = himself1 he w desire also = o!rs4 ,aga91 desire1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! m9d1 is ! v ess5ce ( ! m9d 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 i472 n[ ! ess5ce ( ! m9d consi/s 9 k 7,,iii3xi471 :i* involves ! k ( ,god 7,,ii3xlvii471 & )\t x 7,i3xv471 c nei!r be1 nor be conceiv$2 !re=e1 9 proportion z ! m9d's ess5ce involves a great] k ( ,god1 s also w be great] ! desire ( ! foll[] ( virtue1 t o!r m5 %\ld possess t :i* he seeks z good = himself4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,ano!r ,pro(4- ,! good1 :i* a man desires = himself & loves1 he w love m con/antly1 if he sees t o!rs love x also 7,,iii3xxxi472 he w !re=e endeav\r t o!rs %\ld love x also2 & z ! good 9 "q is common to all1 & !re=e all c rejoice !re91 he w endeav\r1 = ! same reason1 to br+ ab\t t all %\ld rejoice !re91 & ?is he w d ! m 7,,iii3xxxvii471 9 proportion z 8 own enjoym5t ( ! good is great]4 ,note #a- ,he :o1 guid$ by emotion only1 endeav\rs to cause o!rs to love :at he loves himself1 & to make ! re/ ( ! _w live accord+ to 8 own fancy1 acts solely by impulse1 & is1 !re=e1 hateful1 especially1 to ^? :o take delight 9 some?+ diff]5t1 & accord+ly /udy &1 by simil> impulse1 endeav\r1 to make m5 live 9 accordance ) :at pleases !mselves4 ,aga91 z ! highe/ good s\ght by m5 "u ! guidance ( emotion is (t5 su*1 t x c only be possess$ by a s+le individual1 x foll[s t ^? :o love x are n consi/5t 9 _! int5tions1 b1 :ile !y delight to s+ its praises1 fe> to be believ$4 ,b he1 :o endeav\rs to lead m5 by reason1 does n act by impulse b c\rte\sly & k9dly1 & 8 int5tion is always consi/5t4 ,aga91 :atsoev] we desire & d1 :]e( we are ! cause 9 s f> z we possess ! idea ( ,god1 or "k ,god1 ,i set d[n to ,religion4 ,! desire ( well-do+1 :i* is eng5d]$ by a life accord+ to reason1 ,i call piety4 ,fur!r1 ! desire1 :]eby a man liv+ accord+ to reason is b\nd to associate o!rs ) himself 9 fri5d%ip1 ,i call hon\r 7,hone/as72 by hon\rable ,i mean t :i* is prais$ by m5 liv+ accord+ to reason1 & by base ,i mean t :i* is repugnant to ! ga9+ ( fri5d%ip4 ,i h also %[n 9 addition :at are ! f\ndations ( a /ate2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 true 1virtue & infirmity may be readily ga!r$ f :at ,i h said2 namely1 t true virtue is no?+ else b liv+ 9 accordance ) reason2 :ile infirmity is no?+ else b man's all[+ himself to be l$ by ?+s :i* are ext]nal to himself1 & to be by !m det]m9$ to act 9 a mann] dem&$ by ! g5]al disposition ( ?+s r ?an by 8 own nature consid]$ solely 9 itself4 ,su* are ! matt]s :i* ,i engag$ to prove 9 ,,iv3xviii41 :]eby x is pla9 t ! law aga9/ ! slaught]+ ( animals is f\nd$ r on va9 sup]/ition & womani% pity ?an on s\nd reason4 ,! rational que/ ( :at is useful to u fur!r tea*es u ! necessity ( associat+ ourselves ) our fell[ m51 b - n ) bea/s1 or ?+s1 ^: nature is diff]5t f our own2 we h ! same rights 9 respect to !m z !y h 9 respect to u4 ,nay1 z ev]yone's "r is def9$ by 8 virtue1 or p[]1 m5 h f> great] rights ov] bea/s ?an bea/s h ov] m54 ,/ill ,i d n d5y t bea/s feel3 :at ,i d5y is1 t we may n consult our own advantage & use !m z we please1 treat+ !m 9 ! way :i* be/ suits u2 = _! nature is n l ours1 & _! emotions are naturally diff]5t f human emotions 7,,iii3,ivii4,note74 ,x rema9s = me to expla9 :at ,i mean by1 j & unju/1 s9 & m]it4 ,on ^! po9ts see ! foll[+ note4 ,note ,,ii4- ,9 ! ,app5dix to ,"p ,i4 ,i und]took to expla9 praise & blame1 m]it & s91 ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,conc]n+ praise & blame ,i h spok5 9 ,,iii3xxix4,note3 ! "t has n[ come to treat ( ! rema9+ t]ms4 ,b ,i mu/ fir/ say a few words conc]n+ man 9 ! /ate ( nature & 9 society4 ,e man exi/s by sov]eign natural "r1 &1 consequ5tly1 by sov]eign natural "r p]=ms ^? actions :i* foll[ f ! necessity ( 8 own nature2 !re=e by sov]eign natural "r e man judges :at is good & :at is bad1 takes c>e ( 8 own advantage accord+ to 8 own disposition 7,,iv3xix4 & ,,iv3xx471 av5ges ! wrongs done to him 7,,iii3xl4,coroll4 ii471 & endeav\rs to pres]ve t :i* he loves & to de/roy - t :i* he hates 7,,iii3xxviii474 ,n[1 if m5 liv$ "u ! guidance ( reason1 ev]yone w\ld rema9 9 possession ( ?is 8 "r1 )\t any injury be+ done to 8 neighb\r ,v3xxxv4,coroll4i474 ,b see+ t !y are a prey to _! emotions1 :i* f> surpass human p[] or virtue 7,,iv3vi471 !y are (t5 drawn 9 diff]5t directions1 & be+ at v>iance "o ) ano!r 7,,iv3xxxiii41 xxxiv471 /& 9 ne$ ( mutual help 7,,iv3xxxv4,note74 ,:]e=e1 9 ord] t m5 may live toge!r 9 h>mony1 & may aid "o ano!r1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld =ego _! natural "r1 &1 = ! sake ( security1 refra9 f all actions :i* c injure _! fell[-m54 ,! way 9 :i* ?is end c be obta9$1 s t m5 :o are necess>ily a prey to _! emotions 7,,iv3iv4,coroll471 incon/ant1 & div]se1 %\ld be able to r5d] ea* o!r mutually secure1 & feel mutual tru/1 is evid5t f ,,iv3vii4 & ,,iii3xxxix4 ,x is !re %[n1 t an emotion c only be re/ra9$ by an emotion /rong] ?an1 & contr>y to itself1 & t m5 avoid inflict+ injury ?r\gh fe> ( incurr+ a great] injury !mselves4 ,on ?is law society c be e/abli%$1 s long z x keeps 9 its own h& ! "r1 possess$ by ev]yone1 ( av5g+ injury1 & pron\nc+ on good & evil2 & provid$ x also possesses ! p[] to lay d[n a g5]al rule ( conduct1 & to pass laws sanction$1 n by reason1 :i* is p[]less 9 re/ra9+ emotion1 b by ?reats 7,,iv3xvii4,note74 ,su* a society e/abli%$ ) laws & ! p[] ( pres]v+ itself is call$ a ,/ate1 :ile ^? :o live "u its protection are call$ citiz5s4 ,we may readily und]/& t !re is 9 ! /ate ( nature no?+1 :i* by univ]sal cons5t is pron\nc$ good or bad2 = 9 ! /ate ( nature ev]yone ?9ks solely ( 8 own advantage1 & accord+ to 8 disposition1 ) ref]5ce only to 8 individual advantage1 decides :at is good or bad1 be+ b\nd by no law to anyone besides himself4 ,9 ! /ate ( nature1 !re=e1 s9 is inconceivable2 x c only exi/ 9 a /ate1 :]e good & evil are pron\nc$ on by common cons5t1 & :]e ev]yone is b\nd to obey ! ,/ate au?ority4 ,s91 !n1 is no?+ else b disob$i5ce1 :i* is !re=e puni%$ by ! "r ( ! ,/ate only4 ,ob$i5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 is set d[n z m]it1 inasmu* z a man is ?\ght wor?y ( m]it1 if he takes delight 9 ! advantages :i* a ,/ate provides4 ,aga91 9 ! /ate ( nature1 no "o is by common cons5t ma/] ( any?+1 nor is !re any?+ 9 nature1 :i* c be said to belong to "o man r ?an ano!r3 all ?+s are common to all4 ,h5ce1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 we c conceive no wi% to r5d] to e man 8 own1 or to deprive a man ( t :i* belongs to him2 9 o!r words1 !re is no?+ 9 ! /ate ( nature answ]+ to ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,su* ideas are only possible 9 a social /ate1 :5 x is decre$ by common cons5t :at belongs to "o man & :at to ano!r4 ,f all ^! consid]ations x is evid5t1 t ju/ice & inju/ice1 s9 & m]it1 are extr9sic ideas1 & n attributes :i* display ! nature ( ! m9d4 ,b ,i h said en\gh4 ,prop4 ,,xxxviii4 ,:atsoev] disposes ! human body1 s z to r5d] x capable ( be+ affect$ 9 an increas$ numb] ( ways1 or ( affect+ ext]nal bodies 9 an increas$ numb] ( ways1 is useful to man 2 & is s1 9 proportion z ! body is !reby r5d]$ m capable ( be+ affect$ or affect+ o!r bodies 9 an increas$ numb] ( ways2 contr>iwise1 :atsoev] r5d]s ! body less capable 9 ?is respect is hurtful to man4 ,pro(4- ,:atsoev] ?us increases ! capabilities ( ! body increases also ! m9d's capability ( p]ception 7,,ii3xiv472 !re=e1 :atsoev] ?us disposes ! body & ?us r5d]s x capable1 is necess>ily good or useful 7,,iv3xxvi41 ,,iv3xxvii472 & is s 9 proportion to ! ext5t to :i* x c r5d] ! body capable2 contr>iwise 7,,ii3xiv41 ,,iv3xxvi41 ,,iv3xxvii471 x is hurtful1 if x r5d]s ! body 9 ?is respect less capable4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xxxix4 ,:atsoev] br+s ab\t ! pres]vation ( ! proportion ( motion & re/1 :i* ! p>ts ( ! human body mutually possess1 is good2 contr>iwise1 :atsoev] causes a *ange 9 su* proportion is bad4 ,pro(4- ,! human body ne$s _m o!r bodies = its pres]vation 7,,ii3,po/4iv474 ,b t :i* con/itutes ! specific reality 7=ma7 ( a human body is1 t its p>ts communicate _! sev]al motions "o to ano!r 9 a c]ta9 fix$ proportion 7,def4 be=e ,lemma iv4 aft] ,,ii3xiii474 ,!re=e1 :atsoev] br+s ab\t ! pres]vation ( ! proportion betwe5 motion & re/1 :i* ! p>ts ( ! human body mutually possess1 pres]ves ! specific reality ( ! human body1 & consequ5tly r5d]s ! human body capable ( be+ affect$ 9 _m ways & ( affect+ ext]nal bodies 9 _m ways2 consequ5tly x is good 7by ! la/ ,prop474 ,aga91 :atsoev] br+s ab\t a *ange 9 ! a=esaid proportion causes ! human body to assume ano!r specific "*1 9 o!r words 7see ,preface to ?is ,"p t[>ds ! end1 ?\gh ! po9t is inde$ self-evid5t71 to be de/roy$1 & consequ5tly totally incapable ( be+ affect$ 9 an increas$ numb]s ( ways2 !re=e x is bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,! ext5t to :i* su* causes c injure or be ( s]vice to ! m9d w be expla9$ 9 ! ,fif? ,"p4 ,b ,i w\ld "h rem>k t ,i consid] t a body und]goes dea?1 :5 ! proportion ( motion & re/ :i* obta9$ mutually among its sev]al p>ts is *ang$4 ,= ,i d n v5ture to d5y t a human body1 :ile keep+ ! circulation ( ! blood & o!r prop]ties1 :]e9 ! life ( a body is ?\ght to consi/1 may none ! less be *ang$ into ano!r nature totally diff]5t f its own4 ,!re is no reason1 :i* compels me to ma9ta9 t a body does n die1 unless x becomes a corpse2 nay1 exp]i5ce w\ld seem to po9t to ! opposite conclusion4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 t a man und]goes su* *anges1 t ,i %\ld h>dly call him ! same4 ,z ,i h he>d tell ( a c]ta9 ,spani% poet1 :o _h be5 seiz$ ) sickness1 & ?\gh he recov]$ !refrom yet rema9$ s oblivi\s ( 8 pa/ life1 t he w\ld n believe ! plays & trag$ies he _h writt5 to be 8 own3 inde$1 he might h be5 tak5 = a gr[n-up *ild1 if he _h also =gott5 8 native tongue4 ,if ?is in/ance seems incr$ible1 :at %all we say ( infants8 ,a man ( ripe age deems _! nature s unlike 8 own1 t he c only be p]suad$ t he too has be5 an infant by ! analogy ( o!r m54 ,h[ev]1 ,i pref] to leave su* que/ions undiscuss$1 le/ ,i %\ld give gr\nd to ! sup]/iti\s = rais+ new issues4 ,prop4 ,,xl4 ,:atsoev] conduces to man's social life1 or causes m5 to live toge!r 9 h>mony1 is useful1 :]eas :atsoev] br+s discord into a ,/ate is bad4 ,pro(4- ,= :atsoev] causes m5 to live toge!r 9 h>mony also causes !m to live accord+ to reason 7,,iv3xxxv471 & is !re=e 7,,iv3xxvi4 & ,,iv3xxvii47 good1 & 7= ! same reason7 :atsoev] br+s ab\t discord is bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xli4 ,pleasure 9 itself is n bad b good3 contr>iwise1 pa9 9 itself is bad4 ,pro(4- ,pleasure 7,,iii3xi4,note7 is emotion1 :]eby ! body's p[] ( activity is increas$ or help$2 pa9 is emotion1 :]eby ! body's p[] ( activity is dim9i%$ or *eck$2 !re=e 7,,iv3xxxviii47 pleasure 9 itself is good1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xlii4 ,mir? _c be excessive1 b is always good2 contr>iwise1 ,melan*oly is always bad4 ,pro(4- ,mir? 7see its ,def4 9 ,,iii3xi4,note7 is pleasure4 :i*1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! body1 consi/s 9 all p>ts ( ! body be+ affect$ equally3 t is 7,,iii3xi471 ! body's p[] ( activity is increas$ or aid$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ! sev]al p>ts ma9ta9 _! =m] proportion ( motion & re/2 !re=e ,mir? is always good 7,,iv4 xxxix471 & _c be excessive4 ,b ,melan*oly 7see its ,def4 9 ! same note to ,,iii3xi4,note7 is pa91 :i*1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! body1 consi/s 9 ! absolute decrease or h9drance ( ! body's p[] ( activity2 !re=e 7,,iv3xxxviii47 x is always bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xliii4 ,/imulation may be excessive & bad2 on ! o!r h&1 grief may be good1 9 s f> z /imulation or pleasure is bad4 ,pro(4- ,localiz$ pleasure or /imulation 7titillatio7 is pleasure1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ! body1 consi/s 9 "o or "s ( its p>ts be+ affect$ m ?an ! re/ 7see its ,def9ition1 ,,iii3xi4,note72 ! p[] ( ?is emotion may be suffici5t to ov]come o!r actions ( ! body 7,,iv3vi471 & may rema9 ob/9ately fix$ !re91 ?us r5d]+ x incapable ( be+ affect$ 9 a v>iety ( o!r ways3 !re=e 7,,iv3xxxviii47 x may be bad4 ,aga91 grief1 :i* is pa91 _c z su* be good 7,,iv3xli474 ,b1 z its =ce & increase is def9$ by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own 7,,iv3v471 we c conceive inf9ite degrees & modes ( /r5g? 9 ?is emotion 7,,iv3iii472 we c1 !re=e1 conceive x z capable ( re/ra9+ /imulation1 & prev5t+ its becom+ excessive1 & h9d]+ ! body's capabilities2 ?us1 to ?is ext5t1 x w be good4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xliv4 ,love & desire may be excessive4 ,pro(4- ,love is pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause 7,def(,emotions3vi472 !re=e /imulation1 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause is love 7,,iii3xi4,note72 h5ce love maybe excessive4 ,aga91 ! /r5g? ( desire v>ies 9 proportion to ! emotion f :i* x arises 7,,iii3xxxvii474 ,n[ emotion may ov]come all ! re/ ( m5's actions 7,,iv3vi472 s1 !re=e1 c desire1 :i* arises f ! same emotion1 ov]come all o!r desires1 & become excessive1 z we %[$ 9 ! la/ proposition conc]n+ /imulation4 ,note4- ,mir?1 :i* ,i h /at$ to be good1 c be conceiv$ m easily ?an x c be obs]v$4 ,= ! emotions1 :]eby we are daily assail$1 are g5]ally ref]r$ to "s "p ( ! body :i* is affect$ m ?an ! re/2 h5ce ! emotions are g5]ally excessive1 & s fix ! m9d 9 ! contemplation ( "o object1 t x is unable to ?9k ( o!rs2 & al?\gh m51 z a rule1 are a prey to _m emotions - & v few are f\nd :o are always assail$ by "o & ! same - yet !re are cases1 :]e "o & ! same emotion rema9s ob/9ately fix$4 ,we sometimes see m5 s absorb$ 9 "o object1 t1 al?\gh x be n pres5t1 !y ?9k !y h x be=e !m2 :5 ?is is ! case ) a man :o is n asleep1 we say he is deliri\s or mad2 nor are ^? p]sons :o are inflam$ ) love1 & :o dream all night & all day ab\t no?+ b _! mi/ress1 or "s woman1 consid]$ z less mad1 = !y are made objects ( ridicule4 ,b :5 a mis] ?9ks ( no?+ b ga9 or money1 or :5 an ambiti\s man ?9ks ( no?+ b glory1 !y are n reckon$ to be mad1 because !y are g5]ally h>mful1 & are ?\ght wor?y ( be+ hat$4 ,b1 9 reality1 ,av>ice1 ,ambition1 ,lu/1 c41 are species ( madness1 ?\gh !y may n be reckon$ among diseases4 ,prop4 ,,xlv4 ,hatr$ c nev] be good4 ,pro(4- ,:5 we hate a man1 we endeav\r to de/roy him 7,,iii4xxxix471 t is 7,,iv3xxxvii471 we endeav\r to d some?+ t is bad4 ,!re=e1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,n4,b4 ,"h1 & 9 :at foll[s1 ,i mean by hatr$ only hatr$ t[>ds m54 ,coroll>y ,i4- ,envy1 d]ision1 contempt1 ang]1 rev5ge1 & o!r emotions attributable to hatr$1 or aris+ !refrom1 are bad2 ?is is evid5t f ,,iii3xxxix4 & ,,iv3xxxvii4 ,coroll>y ,,ii4- ,:atsoev] we desire f motives ( hatr$ is base1 & 9 a ,/ate unju/4 ,?is also is evid5t f ,,iii3xxxix41 & f ! def9itions ( bas5ess & inju/ice 9 ,,iv3xxxvii4,note4 ,note4- ,betwe5 d]ision 7:i* ,i h 9 ,coroll4 ,i4 /at$ to be bad7 & laught] ,i recognize a great diff]5ce4 ,= laught]1 z also jocul>ity1 is m]ely pleasure2 !re=e1 s long z x be n excessive1 x is 9 itself good 7,,iv3xli474 ,assur$ly no?+ =bids man to enjoy himself1 save grim & gloomy sup]/ition4 ,= :y is x m lawful to satiate "o's hung] & ?ir/ ?an to drive away "o's melan*oly8 ,i reason1 & h conv9c$ myself z foll[s3 ,no deity1 nor anyone else1 save ! envi\s1 takes pleasure 9 my infirmity & discom=t1 nor sets d[n to my virtue ! te>s1 sobs1 fe>1 & ! l1 :i* axe signs ( infirmity ( _s2 on ! contr>y1 ! great] ! pleasure :]e) we are affect$1 ! great] ! p]fection :]eto we pass2 9 o!r words1 ! m mu/ we necess>ily p>take ( ! div9e nature4 ,!re=e1 to make use ( :at comes 9 our way1 & to enjoy x z mu* z possible 7n to ! po9t ( satiety1 = t w\ld n be enjoym5t7 is ! "p ( a wise man4 ,i say x is ! "p ( a wise man to refre% & recreate himself ) mod]ate & pleasant food & dr9k1 & also ) p]fumes1 ) ! s(t beauty ( gr[+ plants1 ) dress1 ) music1 ) _m sports1 ) !atres1 & ! l1 su* z e man may make use ( )\t injury to 8 neighb\r4 ,= ! human body is compos$ ( v num]\s p>ts1 ( div]se nature1 :i* cont9ually /& 9 ne$ ( fre% & v>i$ n\ri%m5t1 s t ! :ole body may be equally capable ( p]=m+ all ! actions1 :i* foll[ f ! necessity ( its own nature2 &1 consequ5tly1 s t ! m9d may also be equally capable ( - und]/&+ _m ?+s simultane\sly4 ,?is way ( life1 !n1 agrees be/ ) our pr9ciples1 & also ) g5]al practice2 !re=e1 if !re be any "q ( ano!r plan1 ! plan we h m5tion$ is ! be/1 & 9 e way to be comm5d$4 ,!re is no ne$ = me to set =? ! matt] m cle>ly or 9 m detail4 ,prop4 ,,xlvi4 ,he1 :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 endeav\rs1 z f> z possible1 to r5d] back love1 or k9dness1 = o!r m5's hatr$1 ang]1 contempt1 c41 t[>ds him4 ,pro(4- ,all emotions ( hatr$ are bad 7,,iv3xlv4,coroll4i472 !re=e he :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason w endeav\r1 z f> z possible1 to avoid be+ assail$ by1 su* emotions 7,,iv3xix472 consequ5tly1 he w also endeav\r to prev5t o!rs be+ s aspect 7,,iv3xxxvii474 ,b hatr$ is increas$ by be+ reciprocat$1 & c be qu5*$ by love ,,iii3xliii471 s t hatr$ may pass into love 7,,iii3xliv472 !re=e he :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason w endeav\r to repay hatr$ ) love1 t is1 ) k9dness4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,he :o *ooses to av5ge wrongs ) hatr$ is assur$ly1 wret*$4 ,b he1 :o /rives to conqu] hatr$ ) love1 fights 8 battle 9 joy & confid5ce2 he )/&s _m z easily z "o1 & has v little ne$ ( =tune's aid4 ,^? :om he vanqui%es yield joyfully1 n ?r\gh failure1 b ?r\gh increase 9 _! p[]s2 all ^! consequ5ces foll[ s pla9ly f ! m]e def9itions ( love & und]/&+1 t ,i h no ne$ to prove !m 9 detail4 ,prop4 ,,xlvii4 ,emotions ( hope & fe> _c be 9 !mselves good4 ,pro(4- ,emotions ( hope & fe> _c exi/ )\t pa94 ,= fe> is pa9 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xiii471 & hope 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 ,explanation xii4 & xiii47 _c exi/ )\t fe>2 !re=e 7,,iv4 xli47 ^! emotions _c be good 9 !mselves1 b only 9 s f> z !y c re/ra9 excessive pleasure 7,,iv3xliii474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,we may add1 t ^! emotions %[ defective k & an abs5ce ( p[] 9 ! m9d2 = ! same reason confid5ce1 despair1 joy1 & disappo9tm5t are signs ( a want ( m5tal p[]4 ,= al?\gh confid5ce & joy are pleasurable emotions1 !y1 nev]!less imply a prec$+1 pa91 namely1 hope & fe>4 ,:]e=e ! m we endeav\r to be guid$ by reason1 ! less d we dep5d on hope2 we endeav\r to free ourselves f fe>1 &1 z f> z we c1 to dom9ate =tune1 direct+ our actions by ! sure c\nsels ( wisdom4 ,prop4 ,,xlviii4 ,! emotions ( ov]-e/eem & disp>agem5t are always bad4 ,pro(4- ,^! emotions 7see ,def4 ( ! ,emotions1 xxi41 xxii47 are repugnant to reason2 & are !re=e 7,,iv4 xxvi41 ,,iv3xxvii47 bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,xlix4 ,ov]-e/eem is apt to r5d] its object pr\d4 ,pro(4- ,if we see t any "o rates u too highly1 = love's sake1 we are apt to become elat$ 7,,iii3xli471 or to be pleasurably affect$ ,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxx472 ! good :i* we he> ( ourselves we readily believe 7,,iii3xxv472 & !re=e1 = love's sake1 rate ourselves too highly2 9 o!r words1 we are apt to become pr\d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,l4 ,pity1 9 a man :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 is 9 itself bad & useless4 ,pro(4- ,pity 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xviii47 is a pa91 & !re=e 7,,iv3xli47 is 9 itself bad4 ,! good effect :i* foll[s1 namely1 our endeav\r to free ! object ( our pity f mis]y1 is an action :i* we desire to d solely at ! dictation ( reason 7,,iv3xxxvii472 only at ! dictation ( reason are we able to p]=m any action1 :i* we "k = c]ta9 to be good 7,,iv3xxvii472 ?us1 9 a man :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 pity 9 itself is useless & bad4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,he :o rightly realizes1 t all ?+s foll[ f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 & come to pass 9 accordance ) ! et]nal laws & rules ( nature1 w n f9d any?+ wor?y ( hatr$1 d]ision1 or contempt1 nor w he be/[ pity on any?+1 b to ! utmo/ ext5t ( human virtue he w endeav\r to d well1 z ! say+ is1 & to rejoice4 ,we may add1 t he1 :o is easily t\*$ ) compassion1 & is mov$ by ano!r's sorr[ or te>s1 (t5 does some?+ :i* he aft]w>ds regrets2 p>tly because we c nev] be sure t an action caus$ by emotion is good1 p>tly because we are easily deceiv$ by false te>s4 ,i am 9 ?is place expressly speak+ ( a man liv+ "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,he :o is mov$ to help o!rs nei!r by reason nor by compassion1 is rightly /yl$ inhuman1 = 7,,iii3 xxvii47 he seems unlike a man4 ,prop4 ,,li4 ,approval is n repugnant to reason1 b c agree !re) & arise !refrom4 ,pro(4- ,approval is love t[>ds "o :o has done good to ano!r 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xix472 !re=e x may be ref]r$ to ! m9d1 9 s f> z ! latt] is active 7,,iii3lix471 t is 7,,iii3iii471 9 s f> z x - und]/&s2 !re=e1 x is 9 agreem5t ) reason1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,ano!r ,pro(4- ,he1 :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 desires = o!rs ! good :i* he seeks = himself 7,,iv3xxxvii472 :]e=e f see+ someone do+ good to 8 fell[ 8 own endeav\r to d good is aid$2 9 o!r words1 he w feel pleasure 7,,iii3xi4,note7 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! b5efactor4 ,!re=e he approves ( him4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,indignation z we def9$ x 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xx47 is necess>ily evil 7,,iv3xlv472 we may1 h[ev]1 rem>k t1 :5 ! sov]eign p[] = ! sake ( pres]v+ peace puni%es a citiz5 :o has injur$ ano!r1 x %\ld n be said to be indignant ) ! crim9al1 = x is n incit$ by hatr$ to ru9 him1 x is l$ by a s5se ( duty to puni% him4 ,prop4 ,,lii4 ,self-approval may arise f reason1 & t :i* arises f reason is ! highe/ possible4 ,pro(4- ,self-approval is pleasure aris+ f a man's contemplation ( himself & 8 own p[] ( action 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxv474 ,b a man's true p[] ( action - or virtue is reason h]self 7,,iii3iii471 z ! said man cle>ly & di/9ctly contemplates h] 7,,ii3xl41 ,,ii3xliii472 !re=e self-approval arises f reason4 ,aga91 :5 a man is contemplat+ himself1 he only p]ceiv$ cle>ly & di/9ctly or adequately1 su* ?+s z foll[ f 8 p[] ( action 7,,iii3,def4ii471 t is 7,,iii3iii471 f 8 p[] ( und]/&+2 !re=e 9 su* contemplation alone does ! highe/ possible self-approval arise4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,self-approval is 9 reality ! highe/ object = :i* we c hope4 ,= 7z we %[$ 9 ,,iv3xxv47 no "o endeav\rs to pres]ve 8 be+ = ! sake ( any ult]ior object1 &1 z ?is approval is m & m fo/]$ & /r5g!n$ by praise 7,,iii3liii4,coroll471 & on ! contr>y 7,,iii3lv4,coroll47 is m & m di/urb$ by blame1 fame becomes ! mo/ p[]ful ( incitem5ts to action1 & life "u disgrace is almo/ un5durable4 ,prop4 ,,liii4 ,humility is n a virtue1 or does n arise f reason4 ,pro(4- ,humility is pa9 aris+ f a man's contemplation ( 8 own infirmities 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxvi474 ,b1 9 s f> z a man kn[s himself by true reason1 he is assum$ to und]/& 8 ess5ce1 t is1 8 p[] 7,,iii3vii474 ,:]e=e1 if a man 9 self-contemplation p]ceives any infirmity 9 himself1 x is n by virtue ( 8 und]/&+ himself1 b 7,,iii3lv47 by virtue ( 8 p[] ( activity be+ *eck$4 ,b1 if we assume t a man p]ceives 8 own infirmity by virtue ( und]/&+ some?+ /rong] ?an himself1 by ! k ( :i* he det]m9es 8 own p[] ( activity1 ?is is ! same z say+ t we conceive t a man und]/&s himself di/9ctly 7,,iv3xxvi471 because 7,l& reads3 ,quod ipsius ag5di pot5tia juvatur- :i* ,i h translat$ above4 ,he - sugge/s z alt]native read+s to quod'1 'quo' 7 :]eby7 & 'quodque' 7 & t747 8 p[] ( activity is aid$4 ,:]e=e humility1 or ! pa9 :i* arises f a man's contemplation ( 8 own infirmity1 does n arise f ! contemplation or reason1 & is n a virtue b a passion4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,liv4 ,rep5tance is n a virtue1 or does n arise f reason 2 b he :o rep5ts ( an action is d\bly wret*$ or infirm4 ,pro(4- ,! fir/ "p ( ?is proposition is prov$ l ! =ego+ "o4 ,! second "p is prov$ f ! m]e def9ition ( ! emotion 9 "q 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxvii474 ,= ! man all[s himself to be ov]come1 fir/1 by evil desires2 secondly1 by pa94 ,note4- ,z m5 seldom live "u ! guidance ( reason1 ^! two emotions1 namely1 ,humility & ,rep5tance1 z also ,hope & ,fe>1 br+ m good ?an h>m2 h5ce1 z we mu/ s91 we _h bett] s9 9 t direction4 ,=1 if all m5 :o are a prey to emotion 7 all equally pr\d1 !y w\ld %r9k f no?+1 & w\ld fe> no?+2 h[ !n c\ld !y be jo9$ & l9k$ toge!r 9 bonds ( union8 ,! cr[d plays ! tyrant1 :5 x is n 9 fe>2 h5ce we ne$ n wond] t ! prophets1 :o consult$ ! good1 n ( a few1 b ( all1 s /r5u\sly comm5d$ ,humility1 ,rep5tance1 & ,rev]5ce4 ,inde$ ^? :o are a prey to ^! emotions may be l$ mu* m easily ?an o!rs to live "u ! guidance ( reason1 t is1 to become free & to enjoy ! life ( ! bless$4 ,prop4 ,,lv4 ,extreme pride or dejection indicates extreme ignorance ( self4 ,pro(4- ,?is is evid5t f ,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxviii4 & xxix4 ,prop4 ,,lvi4 ,extreme pride or dejection indicates extreme infirmity ( _s4 ,pro(4- ,! fir/ f\ndation ( virtue is self-pres]vation 7,,iv3xxii4,coroll47 "u ! guidance ( reason 7,,iv3xxiv474 ,he1 !re=e1 :o is ignorant ( himself1 is ignorant ( ! f\ndation ( all virtues1 & consequ5tly ( all virtues4 ,aga91 to act virtu\sly is m]ely to act "u ! guidance ( reason 7,,iv3xxiv473 n[ he1 t acts "u ! guidance ( reason1 mu/ necess>ily "k t he s acts 7,,iii3xliii474 ,!re=e he :o is 9 extreme ignorance ( himself1 & consequ5tly ( all virtues1 acts lea/ 9 ob$i5ce to virtue2 9 o!r words 7,,iv3,def4viii471 is mo/ infirm ( _s4 ,?us extreme pride or dejection indicates extreme infirmity ( _s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,h5ce x mo/ cle>ly foll[s1 t ! pr\d & ! deject$ specially fall a prey to ! emotions4 ,note4- ,yet dejection c be m easily correct$ ?an pride2 = ! latt] be+ a pleasurable emotion1 & ! =m] a pa9ful emotion1 ! pleasurable is /rong] ?an ! pa9ful 7,,iv3xviii474 ,prop4 ,,lvii4 ,! pr\d man delights 9 ! company ( flatt]]s & p>asites1 b hates ! company ( ! high-m9d$4 ,pro(4- ,pride is pleasure aris+ f a man's ov] e/imation ( himself 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxviii4 & vi472 ?is e/imation ! pr\d man w endeav\r to fo/] by all ! means 9 8 p[] 7,,iii3xiii4,note72 he w !re=e delight 9 ! company ( flatt]]s & p>asites 7^: "* is too well kn[n to ne$ def9ition "h71 & w avoid ! company ( high-m9d$ m51 :o value him accord+ to 8 des]ts4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,x w\ld be too long a task to enum]ate "h all ! evil results ( pride1 inasmu* z ! pr\d are a1 prey to all ! emotions1 ?\gh to none ( !m less ?an to love & pity4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! fact1 t a man may be call$ pr\d f 8 und]e/imation ( o!r p2 &1 !re=e1 pride 9 ?is s5se may be def9$ z pleasure aris+ f ! false op9ion1 :]eby a man may consid] himself sup]ior to 8 fell[s4 ,! dejection1 :i* is ! opposite quality to ?is sort ( pride1 may be def9$ z pa9 aris+ f ! false op9ion1 :]eby a man may ?9k himself inf]ior to 8 fell[s4 ,su* be+ ! ease1 we c easily see t a pr\d man is necess>ily envi\s 7,,iii3xli4,note71 & only takes pleasure 9 ! company1 :o fool 8 weak m9d to ! top ( 8 b5t1 & make him insane in/ead ( m]ely fooli%4 ,?\gh dejection is ! emotion contr>y to pride1 yet is ! deject$ man v ne> ak9 to ! pr\d man4 ,=1 inasmu* z 8 pa9 arises f a comp>ison betwe5 8 own infirmity & o!r m5's p[] or virtue1 x w be remov$1 or1 9 o!r words1 he w feel pleasure1 if 8 imag9ation be occupi$ 9 contemplat+ o!r m5's faults2 :5ce arises ! prov]b1 ,! unhappy are com=t$ by f9d+ fell[-suff]]s4 ,contr>iwise1 he w be ! m pa9$ 9 proportion z he ?9ks himself inf]ior to o!rs2 h5ce none are s prone to envy z ! deject$1 !y are specially ke5 9 obs]v+ m5's actions1 ) a view to fault-f9d+ r ?an correction1 9 ord] to res]ve _! praises = dejection1 & to glory !re91 ?\gh all ! "t ) a deject$ air4 ,^! effects foll[ z necess>ily f ! said emotion1 z x foll[s f ! nature ( a triangle1 t ! ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles4 ,i h already said t ,i call ^! & simil> emotions bad1 solely 9 respect to :at is useful to man4 ,! laws ( nature h reg>d to nature's g5]al ord]1 :]e( man is b a "p4 ,i m5tion ?is1 9 pass+1 le/ any %\ld ?9k t ,i h wi%$ to set =? ! faults & irrational de$s ( m5 r ?an ! nature & prop]ties ( ?+s4 ,=1 z ,i said 9 ! preface to ! ?ird ,"p1 ,i reg>d human emotions & _! prop]ties z on ! same foot+ ) o!r natural ph5om5a4 ,assur$ly human emotions indicate ! p[] & +5uity1 ( nature1 if n ( human nature1 q z fully1 z o!r ?+s :i* we admire1 & :i* we delight to contemplate4 ,b ,i pass on to note ^? qualities 9 ! emotions1 :i* br+ advantage to man1 or inflict injury ^u him4 ,prop4 ,,lviii4 ,hon\r 7gloria7 is n repugnant to reason1 b may arise !refrom4 ,pro(4-,?is is evid5t f ,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xxx41 & also f ! def9ition ( an hon\rable man 7,,iv3xxxvii4,note4i474 ,note4- ,empty hon\r1 z x is /yl$1 is self- approval1 fo/]$ only by ! good op9ion ( ! populace2 :5 ?is good op9ion ceases !re ceases also ! self-approval1 9 o!r words1 ! highe/ object ( ea* man's love 7,,iv3lii4,note72 consequ5tly1 he ^: hon\r is root$ 9 popul> approval mu/1 day by day1 anxi\sly /rive1 act1 & s*eme 9 ord] to reta9 8 reputation4 ,= ! populace is v>iable & incon/ant1 s t1 if a reputation be n kept up1 x quickly )]s away4 ,ev]yone wi%es to cat* popul> applause = himself1 & readily represses ! fame ( o!rs4 ,! object ( ! /rife be+ e/imat$ z ! greate/ ( all goods1 ea* combatant is seiz$ ) a fi]ce desire to put d[n 8 rivals 9 e possible way1 till he :o at la/ comes out victori\s is m pr\d ( hav+ done h>m to o!rs ?an ( hav+ done good to himself4 ,?is sort ( hon\r1 !n1 is really empty1 be+ no?+4 ,! po9ts to note conc]n+ %ame 7pudor7 may easily be inf]r$ f :at 0 said on ! subject ( m]cy & rep5tance4 ,i w only add t %ame1 l compassion1 ?\gh n a virtue1 is yet good1 9 s f> z x %[s1 t ! feel] ( %ame is really imbu$ ) ! desire to live hon\rably2 9 ! same way z suff]+ is good1 z %[+ t ! injur$ "p is n mortifi$4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh a man :o feels %ame is sorr[ful1 he is yet m p]fect ?an he1 :o is %ameless1 & has no desire to live hon\rably4 ,su* are ! po9ts :i* ,i und]took to rem>k ^u conc]n+ ! emotions ( pleasure & pa92 z = ! desires1 !y are good or bad accord+ z !y spr+ f good or evil emotions4 ,b all1 9 s f> z !y are eng5d]$ 9 u by1 emotions :]e9 ! m9d is passive1 are bl9d 7z is evid5t f :at 0 said 9 ,,iv3xliv4,note71 & w\ld be useless1 if m5 c\ld easily1 be induc$ to live by ! guidance ( reason only1 z ,i w n[ briefly1 %[4 ,prop4 ,,lix4 ,to all ! actions1 :]eto we are det]m9$ by emotion :]e9 ! m9d is passive2 we c be det]m9$ )\t emotion by reason4 ,pro(4- ,to act rationally1 is no?+ else 7,,iii3iii4 & ,,iii3,def4ii47 b to p]=m ^? actions1 :i* foll[ f ! necessity1 ( our nature to p]si/ consid]$ 9 itself alone4 ,b pa9 is bad1 9 s f> z x dim9i%es or *ecks ! p[] ( action 7,,iv3xli472 :]e=e we _c by pa9 be det]m9$ to any action1 :i* we %\ld be unable to p]=m "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,aga91 pleasure is bad only 9 s f> z x h9d]s a man's capability = action 7,,iv3xli41 ,,iv3xliii472 !re=e to ?is ext5t we c\ld n be det]m9$ by1 x to any action1 :i* we c\ld n p]=m "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,la/ly1 pleasure1 9 s f> z x is good1 is 9 h>mony ) reason 7= x consi/s 9 ! fact t a man's capability = action is increas$ or aid$72 nor is ! m9d passive !re91 except 9 s f> z a man's p[] ( action is n increas$ to ! ext5t ( af=d+ him an adequate conception ( himself & 8 actions 7,,iii3iii41 ,note74 ,:]e=e1 if a man :o is pleasurably affect$ be br\ght to su* a /ate ( p]fection1 t he ga9s an adequate conception ( himself & 8 own actions1 he w be equally1 nay m1 capable ( ^? actions1 to :i* he is det]m9$ by emotion :]e9 ! m9d is passive4 ,b all emotions are attributable to pleasure1 to pa91 or to desire 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3iv4 explanation72 & desire 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3i47 is no?+ else b ! attempt to act2 !re=e1 to all actions1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,ano!r ,pro(4- ,a giv5 action is call$ bad1 9 s f> z x arises f "o be+ affect$ by hatr$ or any evil emotion4 ,b no action1 consid]$ 9 itself alone1 is ei!r good or bad 7z we po9t$ out 9 ! preface to ,pt4 ,,iv471 "o & ! same action be+ sometimes good1 sometimes bad2 :]e=e to ! action :i* is sometimes bad1 or arises f "s evil emotion1 we may be l$ by reason 7,,iv3xix474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,an example w put ?is po9t 9 a cle>] light4 ,! action ( /rik+1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ physically1 & 9 s f> z we m]ely look to ! fact t a man raises 8 arm1 cl5*es 8 fi/1 & moves 8 :ole arm viol5tly d[nw>ds1 is a virtue or excell5ce :i* is conceiv$ z prop] to ! /ructure ( ! human body4 ,if1 !n1 a man1 mov$ by ang] or hatr$1 is l$ to cl5* 8 fi/ or to move 8 arm1 ?is result takes place 7z we %[$ 9 ,pt4,,ii471 because "o & ! same action c be associat$ ) v>i\s m5tal images ( ?+s2 !re=e we may be det]m9$ to ! p]=mance ( "o & ! same action by confus$ ideas1 or by cle> & di/9ct ideas4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t e desire :i* spr+s f emotion1 :]e9 ! m9d is passive1 w\ld become useless1 if m5 c\ld be guid$ by reason4 ,let u n[ see :y desire :i* arises f emotion1 :]e9 ! m9d is passive1 is call$ by u bl9d4 ,prop4 ,,lx4 ,desire aris+ f a pleasure or pa91 t is n attributable1 to ! :ole body1 b only to "o or c]ta9 p>ts !re(1 is )\t utility 9 respect to a man z a :ole4 ,pro(4- ,let x be assum$1 = in/ance1 t ,a1 a "p ( a body1 is s /r5g!n$ by "s ext]nal cause1 t x prevails ov] ! rema9+ p>ts 7,,iv3vi474 ,?is "p w n endeav\r to d away ) its own p[]s1 9 ord] t ! o!r p>ts ( ! body may p]=m its (fice2 = ?is x w\ld be necess>y = x to h a =ce or p[] ( do+ away ) its own p[]s1 :i* 7,,iii3vi47 is absurd4 ,! said "p1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m9d also1 w endeav\r to pres]ve its condition4 ,:]e=e desire aris+ f a pleasure ( ! k9d a=esaid has no utility 9 ref]5ce to a man z a :ole4 ,if x be assum$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! "p1 ,a1 be *eck$ s t ! rema9+ p>ts prevail1 x may be prov$ 9 ! same mann] t desire aris+ f pa9 has no utility 9 respect to a man z a :ole4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,z pleasure is g5]ally 7,,iv3xliv4,note7 attribut$ to "o "p ( ! body1 we g5]ally desire to pres]ve our be+ ) out tak+ into consid]ation our heal? z a :ole3 to :i* x may be add$1 t ! desires :i* h mo/ hold ov] u 7,,iv3ix47 take acc\nt ( ! pres5t & n ( ! future4 ,prop4 ,,lxi4 ,desire :i* spr+s f reason _c be excessive4 ,pro(4- ,desire 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3i47 consid]$ absolutely is ! actual ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z 9 any way det]m9$ to a p>ticul> activity by "s giv5 modification ( itself4 ,h5ce desire1 :i* arises f reason1 t is 7,,iii3iii471 :i* is eng5d]$ 9 u 9 s f> z we act1 is ! actual ess5ce or nature ( man1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z det]m9$ to su* activities z are adequately conceiv$ ?r\gh man's ess5ce only 7,,iii3,def4ii474 ,n[1 if su* desire c\ld be excessive1 human nature consid]$ 9 itself alone w\ld be able to exce$ itself1 or w\ld be able to d m ?an x c1 a manife/ contradiction4 ,!re=e1 su* desire _c be excessive4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,lxii4 ,9 s f> z ! m9d conceives a ?+ "u ! dictates ( reason1 x is affect$ equally1 :e!r ! idea be ( a ?+ future1 pa/1 or pres5t4 ,pro(4- ,:atsoev] ! m9d conceives "u ! guidance ( reason1 x conceives "u ! =m ( et]nity or necessity 7,,ii3xliv4,coroll4ii471 & is !re=e affect$ ) ! same c]titude 7,,ii3xliii4,note74 ,:]e=e1 :e!r ! ?+ be pres5t1 pa/1 or future1 ! m9d conceives x "u ! same necessity & is affect$ ) ! same c]titude2 & :e!r ! idea be ( some?+ pres5t1 pa/1 or future1 x w 9 all cases be equally true 7,,ii3xli472 t is1 x w always possess ! same prop]ties ( an adequate idea 7,,ii3,def4iv472 !re=e1 9 s f> z ! m9d conceives ?+s "u ! dictates ( reason1 x is affect$ 9 ! same mann]1 :e!r ! idea be ( a ?+ future1 pa/1 or pres5t4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,if we c\ld possess an adequate k ( ! duration ( ?+s1 & c\ld det]m9e by reason _! p]iods ( exi/5ce1 we %\ld contemplate ?+s future ) ! same emotion z ?+s pres5t2 & ! m9d w\ld desire z ?\gh x 7 pres5t ! good :i* x conceiv$ z future2 consequ5tly x w\ld necess>ily neglect a less] good 9 ! pres5t = ! sake ( a great] good 9 ! future1 & w\ld 9 no wise desire t :i* is good 9 ! pres5t b a s\rce ( evil 9 ! future1 z we %all pres5tly %[4 ,h[ev]1 we c h b a v inadequate k ( ! duration ( ?+s 7,,ii3xxxi47 & ! p]iods ( _! exi/5ce 7,,ii3xliv4,note7 we c only det]m9e by imag9ation1 :i* is n s p[]fully affect$ by ! future z by ! pres5t4 ,h5ce su* true k ( good & evil z we possess is m]ely ab/ract or g5]al1 & ! judgm5t :i* we pass on ! ord] ( ?+s & ! connection ( causes1 ) a view to det]m9+ :at is good or bad = u 9 !1 pres5t1 is r imag9>y ?an real4 ,!re=e x is no?+ wond]ful1 if ! desire aris+ f su* k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z x looks on into ! future1 be m readily *eck$ ?an ! desire ( ?+s :i* are agreeable at ! pres5t "t4 7,cf4 ,,iv3xvi47 ,prop4 ,,lxiii4 ,he :o is l$ by fe>1 & does good 9 ord] to escape evil1 is n l$ by reason4 ,pro(4- ,all ! emotions :i* are attributable to ! m9d z active1 or 9 o!r words to reason1 are emotions ( pleasure & desire 7,,iii3lix472 !re=e1 he :o is l$ by fe>1 & does good 9 ord] to escape evil1 is n l$ by reason4 ,note4- ,sup]/itions p]sons1 :o "k bett] h[ to rail at vice ?an h[ to tea* virtue1 & :o /rive n to guide m5 by reason1 b s to re/ra9 !m t !y w\ld r escape evil ?an love virtue1 h no o!r aim b to make o!rs z wret*$ z !mselves2 :]e=e x is no?+ wond]ful1 if !y be g5]ally tr\blesome & odi\s to _! fell[-m54 ,coroll>y4- ,"u desire :i* spr+s f reason1 we seek good directly1 & %un evil indirectly4 ,pro(4- ,desire :i* spr+s f reason c only spr+ f a pleasurable emotion1 :]e9 ! m9d is n passive 7,,iii3lix471 9 o!r words1 f a pleasure :i* _c be excessive 7,,iv3lxi471 & n f pa92 :]e=e ?is desire spr+s f ! k ( good1 n ( evil 7,,iv3viii472 h5ce "u ! guidance ( reason we seek good directly & only by implication %un evil4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,?is ,coroll>y may be illu/rat$ by ! example ( a sick & a heal?y man4 ,! sick man ?r\gh fe> ( dea? eats :at he naturally %r9ks f1 b ! heal?y man takes pleasure 9 8 food1 & ?us gets a bett] enjoym5t out ( life1 ?an if he 7 9 fe> ( dea?1 & desir$ directly to avoid x4 ,s a judge1 :o condemns a crim9al to dea?1 n f hatr$ or ang] b f love ( ! public well-be+1 is guid$ solely by reason4 ,prop4 ,,lxiv4 ,! k ( evil is an inadequate k4 ,pro(4- ,! k ( evil 7,,iv3viii47 is pa91 9 s f> z we are consci\s !re(4 ,n[ pa9 is ! transition to a less] p]fection 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3iii47 & !re=e _c be und]/ood ?r\gh man's nature 7,,iii3vi41 ,,ii3vii472 !re=e x is a passive /ate 7,,iii4,def4ii47 :i* 7,,iii3iii47 dep5ds on inadequate ideas2 consequ5tly ! k !re( 7,,ii3xxix471 namely1 ! k ( evil1 is inadequate4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,h5ce x foll[s t1 if ! human m9d possess$ only adequate ideas1 x w\ld =m no conception ( evil4 ,prop4 ,,lxv4 ,"u ! guidance ( reason we %\ld pursue ! great] ( two goods & ! less] ( two evils4 ,pro(4- ,a good :i* prev5ts our enjoym5t ( a great] good is 9 reality an evil2 = we apply ! t]ms good & bad to ?+s1 9 s f> z we comp>e !m "o ) ano!r 7see preface to ?is ,"p72 !re=e1 evil is 9 reality a less] good2 h5ce "u ! guidance ( reason we seek or pursue only ! great] good & ! less] evil4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,we may1 "u ! guidance ( reason1 pursue ! less] evil z ?\gh x 7 ! great] good1 & we may %un ! less] good1 :i* w\ld be ! cause ( ! great] evil4 ,= ! evil1 :i* is "h call$ ! less]1 is really good1 & ! less] good is really evil1 :]e=e we may seek ! =m] & %un ! latt]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,prop4 ,,lxvi4 ,we may1 "u ! guidance ( reason1 seek a great] good 9 ! future 9 pref]5ce to a less] good 9 ! pres5t1 & we may seek a less] evil 9 ! pres5t 9 pref]5ce to a great] evil 9 ! future4 ,maltim praes5s m9us prae majori futuro4 7,van ,vlot574 ,brud] reads3 ,malum praes5s m9us1 quod causa e/ faturi alicujus mali4 ,! la/ ^w ( ! latt] is an obvi\s mispr9t1 & is correct$ by ! ,dut* translator into majoris boni4 7,pollock1 p4 #bfh1 note47 ,pro(4- ,if ! m9d c\ld h an adequate k ( ?+s future1 x w\ld be affect$ t[>ds :at is future 9 ! same way z t[>ds :at is pres5t 7,,iv3lxii472 :]e=e1 look+ m]ely to reason1 z 9 ?is proposition we are assum$ to d1 !re is no diff]5ce1 :e!r ! great] good or evil be assum$ z pres5t1 or assum$ z future2 h5ce 7,,iv3lxv47 we may seek a great] good 9 ! future 9 pref]5ce to a less] good 9 ! pres5t1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,we may1 "u ! guidance ( reason1 seek a less] evil 9 ! pres5t1 because x is ! cause ( a great] good 9 ! future1 & we may %un a less] good 9 ! pres5t1 because x is ! cause ( a great] evil 9 ! future4 ,?is ,coroll>y is relat$ to ! =ego+ ,proposition z ! ,coroll>y to ,,iv3lxv4 is relat$ to ! said ,,iv3lxv4 ,note4- ,if ^! /atem5ts be comp>$ ) :at we h po9t$ out conc]n+ ! /r5g? ( ! emotions 9 ?is ,"p up to ,prop4 xviii41 we %all readily see ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man1 :o is l$ solely by emotion or op9ion1 & a man1 :o is l$ by reason4 ,! =m]1 :e!r w or no1 p]=ms actions :]e( he is utt]ly ignorant2 ! latt] is 8 own ma/] & only p]=ms su* actions1 z he kn[s are ( prim>y importance 9 life1 & !re=e *iefly1 desires2 :]e=e ,i call ! =m] a slave1 & ! latt] a free man1 conc]n+ ^: disposition & mann] ( life x w be well to make a few obs]vations4 ,prop4 ,,lxvii4 ,a free man ?9ks ( dea? lea/ ( all ?+s2 & 8 wisdom is a m$itation n ( dea? b ( life4 ,pro(4- ,a free man is "o :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 :o is n l$ by fe> 7,,iv3lxiii471 b :o directly desires t :i* is good 7,,iv3lxiii4,coroll471 9 o!r words 7,,iv3xxiv471 :o /rives to act1 to live1 & to pres]ve 8 be+ on ! basis ( seek+ 8 own true advantage2 :]e=e su* an "o ?9ks ( no?+ less ?an ( dea?1 b 8 wisdom is a m$itation ( life4 ,q4,e4,d ,prop4 ,,lxviii4 ,if m5 7 born free1 !y w\ld1 s long z !y rema9$ free1 =m no conception ( good & evil4 ,pro(4- ,i call free him :o is l$ solely by reason2 he1 !re=e1 :o is born free1 & :o rema9s free1 has only adequate ideas2 !re=e 7,,iv3lxiv4,coroll47 he has no conception ( evil1 or consequ5tly 7good & evil be+ correlative7 ( good4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,x is evid5t1 f ,,iv3iv41 t ! hypo!sis ( ?is ,proposition is false & inconceivable1 except 9 s f> z we look solely to ! nature ( man1 or r to ,god2 n 9 s f> z ! latt] is inf9ite1 b only 9 s f> z he is ! cause ( man's exi/5ce4 ,?is1 & o!r matt]s :i* we h already prov$1 seem to h be5 signifi$$ by ,moses 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ man4 ,= 9 t n>rative no o!r p[] ( ,god is conceiv$1 save t :]eby he creat$ man1 t is ! p[] :]e) he provid$ solely = man's advantage2 x is /at$ t ,god =bade man1 be+ free1 to eat ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 & t1 z soon z man %\ld h eat5 ( x1 he w\ld /raightway fe> dea? r ?an desire to live4 ,fur!r1 x is writt5 t :5 man _h f\nd a wife1 :o 0 9 entire h>mony ) 8 nature1 he knew t !re c\ld be no?+ 9 nature :i* c\ld be m useful to him2 b t aft] he believ$ ! bea/s to be l himself1 he /raightway began to imitate _! emotions 7,,iii3xxvii471 & to lose 8 fre$om2 ?is fre$om 0 aft]w>ds recov]$ by ! patri>*s1 l$ by ! _s ( ,*ri/2 t is1 by ! idea ( ,god1 :]eon alone x dep5ds1 t man may be free1 & desire = o!rs ! good :i* he desires = himself1 z we h %[n above 7,,iv3xxxii474 ,prop4 ,,lxix4 ,! virtue ( a free man is se5 to be z great1 :5 x decl9es dang]s1 z :5 x ov]comes !m4 ,pro(4- ,emotion c only be *eck$ or remov$ by an emotion contr>y to itself1 & possess+ m p[] 9 re/ra9+ emotion 7,,iv3vii474 ,b bl9d d>+ & fe> are emotions1 :i* c be conceiv$ z equally great 7,,iv3v4 & ,,iv3iii473 h5ce1 no less virtue or firmness is requir$ 9 *eck+ d>+ ?an 9 *eck+ fe> 7,,iii3lix4,note72 9 o!r words 7,def4 ( ! ,emotions3xl4 & xli471 ! free man %[s z mu* virtue1 :5 he decl9es dang]s1 z :5 he /rives to ov]come !m4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y4- ,! free man is z c\rage\s 9 timely retreat z 9 combat2 or1 a free man %[s equal c\rage or pres5ce ( m9d1 :e!r he elect to give battle or to retreat4 ,note4- ,:at c\rage 7animositas7 is1 & :at ,i mean !reby1 ,i expla9$ 9 ,,iii3lix4,note4 ,by dang] ,i mean ev]y?+1 :i* c give rise to any evil1 su* z pa91 hatr$1 discord1 c4 ,prop4 ,,lxx4 ,! free man1 :o lives among ! ignorant1 /rives1 z f> z he c1 to avoid receiv+ fav\rs f !m4 ,pro(4- ,ev]yone judges :at is good accord+ to 8 disposition 7,,iii3xxxix4,note72 :]e=e an ignorant man1 :o has conf]r$ a b5efit on ano!r1 puts 8 own e/imate ^u x1 &1 if x appe>s to be e/imat$ less highly by ! receiv]1 w feel pa9 7,,iii3xlii474 ,b ! free man only desires to jo9 o!r m5 to him 9 fri5d%ip 7,,iv3xxxvii471 n repay+ _! b5efits ) o!rs reckon$ z ( l value1 b guid+ himself & o!rs by ! free decision ( reason1 & do+ only su* ?+s z he kn[s to be ( prim>y importance4 ,!re=e ! free man1 le/ be %\ld become hateful to ! ignorant1 or foll[ _! desires r ?an reason1 w endeav\r1 z f> z he c1 to avoid receiv+ _! fav\rs4 ,note4- ,i say1 z f> z he c4 ,= ?\gh m5 be ignorant1 yet are !y m51 & 9 cases ( necessity c\ld af=d u human aid1 ! mo/ excell5t ( all ?+s3 !re=e x is (t5 necess>y to accept fav\rs f !m1 & consequ5tly to repay su* fav\rs 9 k9d2 we mu/1 !re=e1 ex]cise caution 9 decl9+ fav\rs1 le/ we %\ld h ! appe>ance ( despis+ ^? :o be/[ !m1 or ( be+1 f av>ici\s motives1 unwill+ to requite !m1 & s give gr\nd = (f5ce by ! v fact ( /riv+ to avoid x4 ,?us1 9 decl9+ fav\rs1 we mu/ look to ! requirem5ts ( utility & c\rtesy4 ,prop4 ,,lxxi4 ,only free m5 are ?or\ghly grateful "o to ano!r4 ,pro(4- ,only free m5 are ?or\ghly useful "o to ano!r1 & associat$ among !mselves by ! close/ necessity ( fri5d%ip 7,,iv3xxxv41,coroll4i471 only su* m5 endeav\r1 ) mutual zeal ( love1 to conf] b5efits on ea* o!r 7,,iv3xxxvii471 &1 !re=e1 only !y are ?or\ghly grateful "o to ano!r4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,! goodwill1 :i* m5 :o are l$ by bl9d desire h = "o ano!r1 is g5]ally a b>ga9+ or enticem5t1 r ?an pure goodwill4 ,moreov]1 +ratitude is n an emotion4 ,yet x is base1 inasmu* z x g5]ally %[s1 t a man is affect$ by excessive hatr$1 ang]1 pride1 av>ice1 c4 ,he :o1 by reason ( 8 folly1 kn[s n h[ to return b5efits1 is n ungrateful1 mu* less he :o is n ga9$ ov] by ! gifts ( a c\rtesan to s]ve h] lu/1 or by a ?ief to conceal 8 !fts1 or by any simil> p]sons4 ,contr>iwise1 su* an "o %[s a con/ant m9d1 inasmu* z he _c by an gifts be corrupt$1 to 8 own or ! g5]al hurt4 ,prop4 ,,lxxii4 ,! free man nev] acts fraudul5tly1 b always 9 good fai?4 ,pro(4- ,if x be ask$3 ,:at %\ld a man's conduct be 9 a case :]e he c\ld by break+ fai? free himself f ! dang] ( pres5t dea?8 ,w\ld n 8 plan ( self-pres]vation completely p]suade him to deceive8 ,?is may be answ]$ by po9t+ out t1 if reason p]suad$ him to act ?us1 x w\ld p]suade all m5 to act 9 a simil> mann]1 9 :i* case reason w\ld p]suade m5 n to agree 9 good fai? to unite _! =ces1 or to h laws 9 common1 t is1 n to4 h any g5]al laws1 :i* is absurd4 ,prop4 ,,lxxiii4 ,! man1 :o is guid$ by reason1 is m free 9 a ,/ate1 :]e he lives "u a g5]al sy/em ( law1 ?an 9 solitude1 :]e he is indep5d5t4 ,pro(4- ,! man1 :o is guid$ by reason1 does n obey ?r\gh fe> 7,,iv3,ixiii473 b1 9 s f> z he endeav\rs to pres]ve 8 be+ accord+ to ! dictates ( reason1 t is 7,,iv3lxvi4,note71 9 s f> z he endeav\rs to live 9 fre$om1 he desires to ord] 8 life accord+ to ! g5]al good 7,,iv3xxxvii471 &1 consequ5tly 7z we %[$ 9 ,,iv3xxxvii4,note4ii471 to live accord+ to ! laws ( 8 c\ntry4 ,!re=e ! free man1 9 ord] to enjoy great] fre$om1 desires to possess ! g5]al rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,note4- ,^! & simil> obs]vations1 :i* we h made on man's true fre$om1 may be ref]r$ to /r5g?1 t is1 to c\rage & nobility ( "* 7,,iii3lix4,note74 ,i d n ?9k x wor? :ile to prove sep>ately all ! prop]ties ( /r5g?2 mu* less ne$ ,i %[1 t he t is /rong hates no man1 is angry ) no man1 envies no man1 is indignant ) no man1 despises no man1 & lea/ ( all ?+s is pr\d4 ,^! propositions1 & all t relate to ! true way ( life & religion1 are easily prov$ f ,,iv3xxxvii4 & ,,iv3xlvi42 namely1 t hatr$ %\ld be ov]come ) love1 & t e man %\ld desire = o!rs ! good :i* he seeks = himself4 ,we may also repeat :at we drew att5tion to 9 ! note to ,,iv3,i41 & 9 o!r places2 namely1 t ! /rong man has ev] fir/ 9 8 ?\ghts1 t all ?+s foll[ f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature2 s t :atsoev] he deems to be hurtful & evil1 & :atsoev]1 accord+ly1 seems to him impi\s1 horrible1 unju/1 & base1 assumes t appe>ance ow+ to 8 own disord]$1 fragm5t>y1 & confus$ view ( ! univ]se4 ,:]e=e he /rives be=e all ?+s to conceive ?+s z !y really are1 & to remove ! h9drances to true k1 su* z are hatr$1 ang]1 envy1 d]ision1 pride1 & simil> emotions1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ above4 ,?us he endeav\rs1 z we said be=e1 z f> z 9 him lies1 to d good1 & to g on 8 way rejoic+4 ,h[ f> human virtue is capable ( atta9+ to su* a condition1 & :at its p[]s may be1 ,i w prove 9 ! foll[+ ,"p4 ,,app5dix4 ,:at h said 9 ?is ,"p conc]n+ ! "r way ( life has n be5 arrang$1 s z to admit ( be+ se5 at "o view1 b has be5 set =? piece-meal1 accord+ z ,i ?\ght ea* ,proposition c\ld mo/ readily be d$uc$ f :at prec$$ x4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 to re>range my rem>ks & to br+ !m "u lead+ heads4 ,i4 ,all our endeav\rs or desires s foll[ f ! necessity ( our nature1 t !y c be und]/ood ei!r ?r\gh x alone1 z _! proximate cause1 or by virtue ( our be+ a "p ( nature1 :i* _c be adequately conceiv$ ?r\gh itself )\t o!r individuals4 ,,ii4 ,desires1 :i* foll[ f our nature 9 su* a mann]1 t !y c be und]/ood ?r\gh x alone1 are ^? :i* are ref]r$ to ! m9d1 9 s f> z ! latt] is conceiv$ to consi/ ( adequate ideas3 ! rema9+ desires are only ref]r$ to ! m9d1 9 s f> z x conceives ?+s inadequately1 & _! =ce & increase are g5]ally def9$ n by ! p[] ( man1 b by ! p[] ( ?+s ext]nal to u3 :]e=e ! =m] are rightly call$ actions1 ! latt] passions1 = ! =m] always indicate our p[]1 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ our infirmity & fragm5t>y k4 ,,iii4 ,our actions1 t is1 ^? desires :i* are def9$ by man's p[] or reason1 are always good4 ,! re/ maybe ei!r good or bad4 ,,iv4 ,?us 9 life x is be=e all ?+s useful to p]fect ! und]/&+ or reason1 z f> z we c1 & 9 ?is alone man's highe/ happ9ess or bless$ness consi/s1 inde$ bless$ness is no?+ else b ! cont5tm5t ( _s1 :i* arises f ! intuitive k ( ,god3 n[1 to p]fect ! und]/&+ is no?+ else b to und]/& ,god1 ,god's attributes1 & ! actions :i* foll[ f ! necessity ( 8 nature4 ,:]e=e ( a man1 :o is l$ by reason1 ! ultimate aim or highe/ desire1 :]eby he seeks to gov]n all 8 fell[s1 is t :]eby he is br\ght to ! adequate conception ( himself & ( all ?+s )9 ! scope ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,v4 ,!re=e1 )\t intellig5ce !re is n rational life3 & ?+s are only good1 9 s f> z !y aid man 9 8 enjoym5t ( ! intellectual life1 :i* is def9$ by intellig5ce4 ,contr>iwise1 :atsoev] ?+s h9d] man's p]fect+ ( 8 reason1 & capability to enjoy ! rational life1 are alone call$ evil4 ,,vi4 ,z all ?+s :]e( man is ! effici5t cause are necess>ily good1 no evil c befall man except ?r\gh ext]nal causes2 namely1 by virtue ( man be+ a "p ( univ]sal nature1 ^: laws human nature is compell$ to1 obey1 & to con=m to 9 almo/ inf9ite ways4 ,,vii4 ,x is impossible1 t man %\ld n be a "p ( nature1 or t he %\ld n foll[ h] g5]al ord]2 b if he be ?r[n among individuals ^: nature is 9 h>mony ) 8 own1 8 p[] ( action w !reby be aid$ & fo/]$1 :]eas1 if he be ?r[n among su* z are b v little 9 h>mony ) 8 nature1 he w h>dly be able to accommodate himself to !m )\t und]go+ a great *ange himself4 ,,viii4 ,:atsoev] 9 nature we deem to be evil1 or to be capable ( injur+ our faculty = exi/+ & enjoy+ ! rational life1 we may endeav\r to remove 9 :atev] way seems safe/ to u2 on ! o!r h&1 :atsoev] we deem to be good or useful = pres]v+ our be+1 & enabl+ u to enjoy ! rational life1 we may appropriate to our use & employ z we ?9k be/4 ,ev]yone )\t exception may1 by sov]eign "r ( nature1 d :atsoev] he ?9ks w advance 8 own int]e/4 ,,ix4 ,no?+ c be 9 m h>mony ) ! nature ( any giv5 ?+ ?an o!r individuals ( ! same species2 !re=e 7cf4 vii47 = man 9 ! pres]vation ( 8 be+ & ! enjoym5t ( ! rational life !re is no?+ m useful ?an 8 fell[-man :o is l$ by reason4 ,fur!r1 z we "k n any?+ among individual ?+s :i* is m excell5t ?an a man l$ by reason1 no man c bett] display ! p[] ( 8 skill & disposition1 ?an 9 s tra9+ m51 t !y come at la/ to live "u ! dom9ion ( _! own reason4 ,x4 ,9 s f> z m5 are influ5c$ by envy or any k9d ( hatr$1 "o t[>ds ano!r1 !y are at v>iance1 & are !re=e to be fe>$ 9 proportion1 z !y are m p[]ful ?an _! fell[s4 ,,xi4 ,yet m9ds are n conqu]$ by =ce1 b by love & high-m9d$ness4 ,,xii4 ,x is be=e all ?+s useful to m5 to associate _! ways ( life1 to b9d !mselves toge!r ) su* bonds z !y ?9k mo/ fitt$ to ga!r !m all into unity1 & g5]ally to d :atsoev] s]ves to /r5g!n fri5d%ip4 ,,xiii4 ,b = ?is !re is ne$ ( skill & wat*fulness4 ,= m5 are div]se 7see+ t ^? :o live "u ! guidance ( reason are few71 yet are !y g5]ally envi\s & m prone to rev5ge ?an to sympa?y4 ,no small =ce ( "* is !re=e requir$ to take ev]yone z he is1 & to re/ra9 "o's self f imitat+ ! emotions ( o!rs4 ,b ^? :o c>p at mank9d1 & are m skill$ 9 rail+ at vice ?an 9 in/ill+ virtue1 & :o break r ?an /r5g!n m5's dispositions1 are hurtful bo? to !mselves & o!rs4 ,?us _m f too great impati5ce ( _s1 or f misguid$ religi\s zeal1 h pref]r$ to live among brutes r ?an among m52 z boys or y\?s1 :o _c peaceably endure ! *id+s ( _! p>5ts1 w enli/ z soldi]s & *oose ! h>d%ips ( w> & ! despotic discipl9e 9 pref]5ce to ! com=ts ( home & ! admonitions ( _! fa!r3 suff]+ any burd5 to be put ^u !m1 s long z !y may spite _! p>5ts4 ,,xiv4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh m5 are g5]ally gov]n$ 9 ev]y?+ by _! own lu/s1 yet _! association 9 common br+s _m m advantages ?an drawbacks4 ,:]e=e x is bett] to be> pati5tly ! wrongs !y may d u1 & to /rive to promote :atsoev] s]ves to br+ ab\t h>mony & fri5d%ip4 ,,xv4 ,^? ?+s1 :i* beget h>mony1 are su* z are attributable to ju/ice1 equity1 & hon\rable liv+4 ,= m5 brook ill n only :at is unju/ or iniquit\s1 b also :at is reckon$ disgraceful1 or t a man %\ld slight ! receiv$ cu/oms ( _! society4 ,= w9n+ love ^? qualities are especially necess>y :i* h reg>d to religion & piety 7cf4 ,,iv3xxxvii4,notes4i41 4ii42 ,,iv3xlvi4,note2 & ,,iv3lxxiii4,note74 ,,xvi4 ,fur!r1 h>mony is (t5 ! result ( fe>3 b su* h>mony is insecure4 ,fur!r1 fe> arises f infirmity ( _s & moreov] belongs n to ! ex]cise ( reason3 ! same is true ( compassion1 ?\gh ?is latt] seems to be> a c]ta9 resemblance to piety4 ,,xvii4 ,m5 are also ga9$ ov] by lib]ality1 especially su* z h n ! means to buy :at is necess>y to su/a9 life4 ,h[ev]1 to give aid to e poor man is f> beyond ! p[] & ! advantage ( any private p]son4 ,= ! ri*es ( any private p]son are :olly inadequate to meet su* a call4 ,aga91 an individual man's res\rces ( "* are too limit$ = him to be able to make all m5 8 fri5ds4 ,h5ce provid+ = ! poor is a duty1 :i* falls on ! ,/ate z a :ole1 & has reg>d only to ! g5]al advantage4 ,,xviii4 ,9 accept+ fav\rs1 & 9 return+ gratitude our duty mu/ be :olly diff]5t 7cf4 ,,iv3lxx4,note2 ,,iv3lxxi4 ,note74 ,,xix4 ,aga91 m]etrici\s love1 t is1 ! lu/ ( g5]ation aris+ f bodily beauty1 & g5]ally e sort ( love1 :i* owns any?+ save fre$om ( s\l z its cause1 readily passes into hate2 unless inde$1 :at is worse1 x is a species ( madness2 & !n x promotes discord r ?an h>mony 7cf4 ,,iii3xxxi4,coroll474 ,,xx4 ,z conc]n+ m>riage1 x is c]ta9 t ?is is 9 h>mony ) reason1 if ! desire = physical union be n eng5d]$ solely by bodily beauty1 b also by ! desire to beget *ildr5 & to tra9 !m up wisely2 & moreov]1 if ! love ( bo?1 to wit1 ( ! man & ( ! woman1 is n caus$ by bodily beauty only1 b also by fre$om ( s\l4 ,,xxi4 ,fur!rmore1 flatt]y begets h>mony2 b only by means ( ! vile (f5ce ( slavi%ness or trea*]y4 ,none are m readily tak5 ) flatt]y ?an ! pr\d1 :o wi% to be fir/1 b are n4 ,,xxii4 ,!re is 9 abasem5t a spuri\s appe>ance ( piety & religion4 ,al?\gh abasem5t is ! opposite to pride1 yet is he t abases himself mo/ ak9 to ! pr\d 7,,iv3lvii4,note74 ,,xxiii4 ,%ame also br+s ab\t h>mony1 b only 9 su* matt]s z _c be hid4 ,fur!r1 z %ame is a species ( pa91 x does n conc]n ! ex]cise ( reason4 ,,xxiv4 ,! rema9+ emotions ( pa9 t[>ds m5 are directly oppos$ to ju/ice1 equity1 hon\r1 piety1 & religion2 &1 al?\gh indignation seems to be> a c]ta9 resemblance to equity1 yet is life b lawless1 :]e e man may pass judgm5t on ano!r's de$s1 & v9dicate 8 own or o!r m5's rights4 ,,xxv4 ,correctness ( conduct 7mode/ia71 t is1 ! desire ( pleas+ m5 :i* is det]m9$ by reason1 is attributable to piety 7z we said 9 ,,iv3xxxvii4,note4i474 ,b1 if x spr+ f emotion1 x is ambition1 or ! desire :]eby1 m51 "u ! false cloak ( piety1 g5]ally /ir up discords & s$itions4 ,= he :o desires to aid 8 fell[s4 ei!r 9 ^w or 9 de$1 s t !y may toge!r enjoy ! highe/ good1 he1 ,i say1 w be=e all ?+s /rive to1 w9 !m ov] ) love3 n to draw !m into admiration1 s t a sy/em may be call$ aft] 8 "n1 nor to give any cause = envy4 ,fur!r1 9 8 conv]sation he w %r9k f talk+ ( m5's faults1 & w be c>eful to speak b sp>+ly ( human infirmity3 b he w dwell at l5g? on human virtue or p[]1 & ! way :]eby x may be p]fect$4 ,?us w m5 be /irr$ n by fe>1 nor by av]sion1 b only by ! emotion ( joy1 to endeav\r1 s f> z 9 !m lies1 to live 9 ob$i5ce to reason4 ,,xxvi4 ,besides m51 we "k ( no p>ticul> ?+ 9 nature 9 ^: m9d we may rejoice1 & :om we c associate ) ourselves 9 fri5d%ip or any sort ( fell[%ip2 !re=e1 :atsoev] !re be 9 nature besides man1 a reg>d = our advantage does n call on u to pres]ve1 b to pres]ve or de/roy accord+ to its v>i\s capabilities1 & to adapt to our use z be/ we may4 ,,xxvii4 ,! advantage :i* we d]ive f ?+s ext]nal to u1 besides ! exp]i5ce & k :i* we acquire f obs]v+ !m1 & f recomb9+ _! elem5ts 9 diff]5t =ms1 is pr9cipally ! pres]vation ( ! body2 f ?is po9t ( view1 ^? ?+s are mo/ useful :i* c s fe$ & n\ri% ! body1 t all its p>ts may rightly fulfil _! functions4 ,=1 9 proportion z ! body is capable ( be+ affect$ 9 a great] v>iety ( ways1 & ( affect+ ext]nal bodies 9 a great numb] ( ways1 s mu* ! m is ! m9d capable ( ?9k+ 7,,iv3xxxviii41 ,,iv3xxxix474 ,b !re seem to be v few ?+s ( ?is k9d 9 nature2 :]e=e = ! due n\ri%m5t ( ! body we mu/ use _m foods ( div]se nature4 ,= ! human body is compos$ ( v _m p>ts ( diff]5t nature1 :i* /& 9 cont9ual ne$ ( v>i$ n\ri%m5t1 s t ! :ole body may be equally capable ( do+ ev]y?+ t c foll[ f its own nature1 & consequ5tly t ! m9d also may be equally capable ( =m+ _m p]ceptions4 ,,xxviii4 ,n[ = provid+ ^! n\ri%m5ts ! /r5g? ( ea* individual w\ld h>dly suffice1 if m5 did n l5d "o ano!r mutual aid4 ,b money has furni%$ u ) a tok5 = ev]y?+3 h5ce x is ) ! notion ( money1 t ! m9d ( ! multitude is *iefly engross$3 nay1 x c h>dly conceive any k9d ( pleasure1 :i* is n accompani$ ) ! idea ( money z cause4 ,,xxix4 ,?is result is ! fault only ( ^?1 :o seek money1 n f pov]ty or to supply _! necess>y1 wants1 b because !y1 h le>n$ ! arts ( ga91 :]e) !y br+ !mselves to great spl5d\r4 ,c]ta9ly !y n\ri% _! bodies1 accord+ to cu/om1 b scantily1 believ+ t !y lose z mu* ( _! weal? z !y sp5d on ! pres]vation ( _! body4 ,b !y :o "k ! true use ( money1 & :o fix ! measure ( weal? solely ) reg>d to _! actual ne$s1 live cont5t ) little4 ,,xxx4 ,z1 !re=e1 ^? ?+s are good :i* assi/ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & enable !m to p]=m _! functions2 & z pleasure consi/s 9 an increase (1 or aid to1 man's p[]1 9 s f> z he is compos$ ( m9d & body2 x foll[s t all ^? ?+s :i* br+ pleasure are good4 ,b see+ t ?+s d n "w ) ! object ( giv+ u pleasure1 & t _! p[] ( action is n temp]$ to suit our advantage1 &1 la/ly1 t pleasure is g5]ally ref]r$ to "o "p ( ! body m ?an to ! o!r p>ts2 !re=e mo/ emotions ( pleasure 7unless reason & wat*fulness be at h&71 & consequ5tly ! desires aris+ !refrom1 may become excessive4 ,moreov] we may add t emotion leads u to pay mo/ reg>d to :at is agreeable 9 ! pres5t1 nor c we e/imate :at is future ) emotions equally vivid4 7,,iv3xliv4,note1 & ,,iv3lx4,note47 ,,xxxi4 ,sup]/ition1 on ! o!r h&1 seems to acc\nt z good all t br+s pa91 & z bad all t br+s pleasure4 ,h[ev]1 z we said above 7,,iv3xlv4,note71 none b ! envi\s take delight 9 my infirmity & tr\ble4 ,= ! great] ! pleasure :]eby we are affect$1 ! great] is ! p]fection :]eto we pass1 & consequ5tly ! m d we p>take ( ! div9e nature3 no pleasure c ev] be evil1 :i* is regulat$ by a true reg>d = our advantage4 ,b contr>iwise he1 :o is l$ by fe> & does good only to avoid evil1 is n guid$ by reason4 ,ap4,,xxxii4 7#a7 ,b human p[] is extremely limit$1 & is inf9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes2 we h n1 !re=e1 an absolute p[] ( %ap+ to our use ^? ?+s :i* are )\t u4 ,nev]!less1 we %all be> ) an equal m9d all t happ5s to u 9 contrav5tion to ! claims ( our own advantage1 s long z we are consci\s1 t we h done our duty1 & t ! p[] :i* we possess is n suffici5t to enable u to protect ourselves completely2 rememb]+ t we are a "p ( univ]sal nature1 & t we foll[ h] ord]4 ,if we h a cle> & di/9ct und]/&+ ( ?is1 t "p ( our nature :i* is def9$ by intellig5ce1 9 o!r words ! bett] "p ( ourselves1 w assur$ly acquiesce 9 :at befalls u1 & 9 su* acquiesc5ce w endeav\r to p]si/4 ,=1 9 s f> z we are intellig5t be+s1 we _c desire any?+ save t :i* is necess>y1 nor yield absolute acquiesc5ce to any?+1 save to t :i* is true3 :]e=e1 9 s f> z we h a "r und]/&+ ( ^! ?+s1 ! endeav\r ( ! bett] "p ( ourselves is 9 h>mony ) ! ord] ( nature z a :ole4 ,end ( ,"p ,,iv