,,an ,,enquiry ,,conc]n+ ,,human ,,und]/&+4 ,,by ,,david ,,hume ,extract$ f3 ,enquiries ,conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+1 & ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,by ,david ,hume4 ,repr9t$ f ,! ,po/hum\s ,edition ( #aggg1 & ,edit$ ) ,introduction1 ,comp>ative ,tables ( ,cont5ts1 & ,analytical ,index by ,l4,a4 ,selby-,bigge1 ,m4,a41 ,late ,fell[ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,second ,edition1 #aijb ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,( ! diff]5t ,species ( ,philosophy ,,ii4 ,( ! ,orig9 ( ,ideas ,,iii4 ,( ! ,association ( ,ideas ,,iv4 ,sceptical ,d\bts conc]n+ ! ,op]ations ( ! ,und]/&+ ,v4 ,sceptical ,solution ( ^! ,d\bts ,,vi4 ,( ,probability ,,vii4 ,( ! ,idea ( necess>y ,connexion ,,viii4 ,( ,lib]ty & ,necessity ,,ix4 ,( ! ,reason ( ,animals ,x4 ,( ,miracles ,,xi4 ,( a p>ticul> ,provid5ce & ( a future ,/ate ,,xii4 ,( ! academical or sceptical ,philosophy ,,index ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,species ,,( ,,philosophy4 #a4 ,moral philosophy1 or ! sci5ce ( human nature1 may be treat$ aft] two diff]5t mann]s2 ea* ( :i* has its peculi> m]it1 & may contribute to ! ent]ta9m5t1 in/ruction1 & re=mation ( mank9d4 ,! "o consid]s man *iefly z born = action2 & z influ5c$ 9 8 measures by ta/e & s5tim5t2 pursu+ "o object1 & avoid+ ano!r1 accord+ to ! value :i* ^! objects seem to possess1 & accord+ to ! light 9 :i* !y pres5t !mselves4 ,z virtue1 ( all objects1 is all[$ to be ! mo/ valuable1 ?is species ( philosoph]s pa9t h] 9 ! mo/ amiable col\rs2 borr[+ all helps f poetry & eloqu5ce1 & treat+ _! subject 9 an easy & obvi\s mann]1 & su* z is be/ fitt$ to please ! imag9ation1 & engage ! affections4 ,!y select ! mo/ /rik+ obs]vations & in/ances f common life2 place opposite *>act]s 9 a prop] contra/2 & allur+ u into ! pa?s ( virtue by ! views ( glory & happ9ess1 direct our /eps 9 ^! pa?s by ! s\nde/ precepts & mo/ illu/ri\s examples4 ,!y make u feel ! diff]5ce betwe5 vice & virtue2 !y excite & regulate our s5tim5ts2 & s !y c b b5d our he>ts to ! love ( probity & true hon\r1 !y ?9k1 t !y h fully atta9$ ! end ( all _! lab\rs4 #b4 ,! o!r species ( philosoph]s consid] man 9 ! light ( a reasonable r ?an an active be+1 & endeav\r to =m 8 und]/&+ m ?an cultivate 8 mann]s4 ,!y reg>d human nature z a subject ( speculation2 & ) a n>r[ scrut9y exam9e x1 9 ord] to f9d ^? pr9ciples1 :i* regulate our und]/&+1 excite our s5tim5ts1 & make u approve or blame any p>ticul> object1 action1 or behavi\r4 ,!y ?9k x a reproa* to all lit]ature1 t philosophy %\ld n yet h fix$1 beyond controv]sy1 ! f\ndation ( morals1 reason+1 & criticism2 & %\ld = ev] talk ( tru? & falsehood1 vice & virtue1 beauty & de=mity1 )\t be+ able to det]m9e ! s\rce ( ^! di/9ctions4 ,:ile !y attempt ?is ardu\s task1 !y are det]r$ by no difficulties2 b proce$+ f p>ticul> in/ances to g5]al pr9ciples1 !y /ill pu% on _! enquiries to pr9ciples m g5]al1 & re/ n satisfi$ till !y arrive at ^? orig9al pr9ciples1 by :i*1 9 e sci5ce1 all human curiosity mu/ be b\nd$4 ,?\gh _! speculations seem ab/ract1 & ev5 un9telligible to common read]s1 !y aim at ! approbation ( ! le>n$ & ! wise2 & ?9k !mselves suffici5tly comp5sat$ = ! lab\r ( _! :ole lives1 if !y c discov] "s hidd5 tru?s1 :i* may contribute to ! in/ruction ( po/]ity4 #c4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! easy & obvi\s philosophy w always1 ) ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 h ! pref]5ce above ! accurate & ab/ruse2 & by _m w be recomm5d$1 n only z m agreeable1 b m useful ?an ! o!r4 ,x ent]s m into common life2 m\lds ! he>t & affections2 &1 by t\*+ ^? pr9ciples :i* actuate m51 re=ms _! conduct1 & br+s !m ne>] to t model ( p]fection :i* x describes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ab/ruse philosophy1 be+ f\nd$ on a turn ( m9d1 :i* _c ent] into bus9ess & action1 vani%es :5 ! philosoph] leaves ! %ade1 & comes into op5 day2 nor c its pr9ciples easily reta9 any influ5ce ov] our conduct & behavi\r4 ,! feel+s ( our he>t1 ! agitation ( our passions1 ! vehem5ce ( our affections1 dissipate all its conclusions1 & r$uce ! pr(\nd philosoph] to a m]e plebeian4 #d4 ,?is also mu/ be confess$1 t ! mo/ durable1 z well z ju/e/ fame1 has be5 acquir$ by ! easy philosophy1 & t ab/ract reason]s seem hi!rto to h enjoy$ only a mom5t>y reputation1 f ! caprice or ignorance ( _! own age1 b h n be5 able to support _! r5[n ) m equitable po/]ity4 ,x is easy = a pr(\nd philosoph] to commit a mi/ake 9 8 subtile reason+s2 & "o mi/ake is ! necess>y p>5t ( ano!r1 :ile he pu%es on 8 consequ5ces1 & is n det]r$ f embrac+ any conclusion1 by its unusual appe>ance1 or its contradiction to popul> op9ion4 ,b a philosoph]1 :o purposes only to repres5t ! common s5se ( mank9d 9 m beautiful & m engag+ col\rs1 if by accid5t he falls into error1 goes no f>!r2 b r5ew+ 8 appeal to common s5se1 & ! natural s5tim5ts ( ! m9d1 returns into ! "r pa?1 & secures himself f any dang]\s illusions4 ,! fame ( ,cic]o fl\ri%es at pres5t2 b t ( ,ari/otle is utt]ly decay$4 ,la ,bruy]e passes ! seas1 & /ill ma9ta9s 8 reputation3 ,b ! glory ( ,malebran*e is conf9$ to 8 own nation1 & to 8 own age4 ,& ,addison1 p]haps1 w be read ) pleasure1 :5 ,locke %all be entirely =gott54 ,! m]e philosoph] is a "*1 :i* is commonly b little acceptable 9 ! _w1 z be+ suppos$ to contribute no?+ ei!r to ! advantage or pleasure ( society2 :ile he lives remote f communication ) mank9d1 & is wrapp$ up 9 pr9ciples & notions equally remote f _! compreh5sion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m]e ignorant is /ill m despis$2 nor is any ?+ deem$ a sur] sign ( an illib]al g5ius 9 an age & nation :]e ! sci5ces fl\ri%1 ?an to be entirely de/itute ( all reli% = ^? noble ent]ta9m5ts4 ,! mo/ p]fect "* is suppos$ to lie betwe5 ^? extremes2 reta9+ an equal ability & ta/e = books1 company1 & bus9ess2 pres]v+ 9 conv]sation t disc]nm5t & delicacy :i* arise f polite lett]s2 & 9 bus9ess1 t probity & accuracy :i* are ! natural result ( a j philosophy4 ,9 ord] to diffuse & cultivate s accompli%$ a "*1 no?+ c be m useful ?an compositions ( ! easy /yle & mann]1 :i* draw n too mu* f life1 require no deep application or retreat to be compreh5d$1 & s5d back ! /ud5t among mank9d full ( noble s5tim5ts & wise precepts1 applicable to e exig5ce ( human life4 ,by means ( su* compositions1 virtue becomes amiable1 sci5ce agreeable1 company in/ructive1 & retirem5t ent]ta9+4 ,man is a reasonable be+2 & z su*1 receives f sci5ce 8 prop] food & n\ri%m5t3 ,b s n>r[ are ! b\nds ( human und]/&+1 t little satisfaction c be hop$ = 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ei!r f ! ext5t ( security or 8 acquisitions4 ,man is a sociable1 no less ?an a reasonable be+3 ,b nei!r c he always enjoy company agreeable & amus+1 or pres]ve ! prop] reli% = !m4 ,man is also an active be+2 & f t disposition1 z well z f ! v>i\s necessities ( human life1 mu/ submit to bus9ess & occupation3 ,b ! m9d requires "s relaxation1 & _c always support its b5t to c>e & indu/ry4 ,x seems1 !n1 t nature has po9t$ out a mix$ k9d ( life z mo/ suitable to ! human race1 & secretly admoni%$ !m to all[ none ( ^! biasses to draw too mu*1 s z to incapacitate !m = o!r occupations & ent]ta9m5ts4 ,indulge y\r passion = sci5ce1 says %e1 b let y\r sci5ce be human1 & su* z may h a direct ref]5ce to action & society4 ,ab/ruse ?\ght & pr(\nd rese>*es ,i prohibit1 & w sev]ely puni%1 by ! p5sive melan*oly :i* !y introduce1 by ! endless unc]ta9ty 9 :i* !y involve y1 & by ! cold reception :i* y\r pret5d$ discov]ies %all meet )1 :5 communicat$4 ,be a philosoph]2 b1 amid/ all y\r philosophy1 be /ill a man4 #e4 ,7 ! g5]ality ( mank9d cont5t$ to pref] ! easy philosophy to ! ab/ract & pr(\nd1 )\t ?r[+ any blame or contempt on ! latt]1 x might n be improp]1 p]haps1 to comply ) ?is g5]al op9ion1 & all[ e man to enjoy1 )\t opposition1 8 own ta/e & s5tim5t4 ,b z ! matt] is (t5 c>ri$ f>!r1 ev5 to ! absolute reject+ ( all pr(\nd reason+s1 or :at is commonly call$ metaphysics1 we %all n[ proce$ to consid] :at c reasonably be plead$ 9 _! behalf4 ,we may beg9 ) obs]v+1 t "o consid]able advantage1 :i* results f ! accurate & ab/ract philosophy1 is1 its subs]vi5cy to ! easy & humane2 :i*1 )\t ! =m]1 c nev] atta9 a suffici5t degree ( exactness 9 its s5tim5ts1 precepts1 or reason+s4 ,all polite lett]s are no?+ b pictures ( human life 9 v>i\s attitudes & situations2 & inspire u ) diff]5t s5tim5ts1 ( praise or blame1 admiration or ridicule1 accord+ to ! qualities ( ! object1 :i* !y set be=e u4 ,an arti/ mu/ be bett] qualifi$ to succe$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 :o1 besides a delicate ta/e & a quick appreh5sion1 possesses an accurate k ( ! int]nal fabric1 ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+1 ! work+s ( ! passions1 & ! v>i\s species ( s5tim5t :i* discrim9ate vice & virtue4 ,h[ pa9ful soev] ?is inw>d se>* or enquiry may appe>1 x becomes1 9 "s measure1 requisite to ^?1 :o w\ld describe ) success ! obvi\s & outw>d appe>ances ( life & mann]s4 ,! anatomi/ pres5ts to ! eye ! mo/ hide\s & disagreeable objects2 b 8 sci5ce is useful to ! pa9t] 9 del9eat+ ev5 a ,v5us or an ,hel54 ,:ile ! latt] employs all ! ri*e/ col\rs ( 8 art1 & gives 8 figures ! mo/ graceful & engag+ airs2 he mu/ /ill c>ry 8 att5tion to ! inw>d /ructure ( ! human body1 ! position ( ! muscles1 ! fabric ( ! bones1 & ! use & figure ( e "p or organ4 ,accuracy is1 9 e case1 advantage\s to beauty1 & j reason+ to delicate s5tim5t4 ,9 va9 w\ld we exalt ! "o by depreciat+ ! o!r4 ,besides1 we may obs]ve1 9 e art or pr(ession1 ev5 ^? :i* mo/ conc]n life or action1 t a _s ( accuracy1 h[ev] acquir$1 c>ries all ( !m ne>] _! p]fection1 & r5d]s !m m subs]vi5t to ! int]e/s ( society4 ,& ?\gh a philosoph] may live remote f bus9ess1 ! g5ius ( philosophy1 if c>efully cultivat$ by sev]al1 mu/ gradually diffuse itself ?r\gh\t ! :ole society1 & be/[ a simil> correctness on e art & call+4 ,! politician w acquire great] =esight & subtility1 9 ! subdivid+ & balanc+ ( p[]2 ! lawy] m me?od & f9] pr9ciples 9 8 reason+s2 & ! g5]al m regul>ity 9 8 discipl9e1 & m caution 9 8 plans & op]ations4 ,! /ability ( mod]n gov]nm5ts above ! anci5t1 & ! accuracy ( mod]n philosophy1 h improv$1 & probably w /ill improve1 by simil> gradations4 #f4 ,7 !re no advantage to be reap$ f ^! /udies1 beyond ! gratification ( an innoc5t curiosity1 yet ought n ev5 ?is to be despis$2 z be+ "o accession to ^? few safe & h>mless pleasures1 :i* are be/[$ on human race4 ,! sweete/ & mo/ in(f5sive pa? ( life leads ?r\gh ! av5ues ( sci5ce & le>n+2 & :oev] c ei!r remove any ob/ructions 9 ?is way1 or op5 up any new prospect1 ought s f> to be e/eem$ a b5efactor to mank9d4 ,& ?\gh ^! rese>*es may appe> pa9ful & fatigu+1 x is ) "s m9ds z ) "s bodies1 :i* be+ end[$ ) vigor\s & florid heal?1 require sev]e ex]cise1 & reap a pleasure f :at1 to ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 may seem burd5some & labori\s4 ,obscurity1 inde$1 is pa9ful to ! m9d z well z to ! eye2 b to br+ light f obscurity1 by :atev] lab\r1 mu/ ne$s be delightful & rejoic+4 ,b ?is obscurity 9 ! pr(\nd & ab/ract philosophy1 is object$ to1 n only z pa9ful & fatigu+1 b z ! inevitable s\rce ( unc]ta9ty & error4 ,"h inde$ lies ! ju/e/ & mo/ plausible objection aga9/ a consid]able "p ( metaphysics1 t !y are n prop]ly a sci5ce2 b arise ei!r f ! fruitless ef=ts ( human vanity1 :i* w\ld p5etrate into subjects utt]ly inaccessible to ! und]/&+1 or f ! craft ( popul> sup]/itions1 :i*1 be+ unable to def5d !mselves on fair gr\nd1 raise ^! intangl+ brambles to cov] & protect _! weakness4 ,*ac$ f ! op5 c\ntry1 ^! robb]s fly into ! =e/1 & lie 9 wait to break 9 ^u e ungu>d$ av5ue ( ! m9d1 & ov]:elm x ) religi\s fe>s & prejudices4 ,! /\te/ antagoni/1 if he remit 8 wat* a mom5t1 is oppress$4 ,& _m1 ?r\gh c[>dice & folly1 op5 ! gates to ! enemies1 & will+ly receive !m ) rev]5ce & submission1 z _! legal sov]eigns4 #g4 ,b is ?is a suffici5t reason1 :y philosoph]s %\ld desi/ f su* rese>*es1 & leave sup]/ition /ill 9 possession ( h] retreat8 ,is x n prop] to draw an opposite conclusion1 & p]ceive ! necessity ( c>ry+ ! w> into ! mo/ secret recesses ( ! enemy8 ,9 va9 d we hope1 t m51 f frequ5t disappo9tm5t1 w at la/ ab&on su* airy sci5ces1 & discov] ! prop] prov9ce ( human reason4 ,=1 besides1 t _m p]sons f9d too s5sible an int]e/ 9 p]petually recall+ su* topics2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 ! motive ( bl9d despair c nev] reasonably h place 9 ! sci5ces2 s9ce1 h[ev] unsuccessful =m] attempts may h prov$1 !re is /ill room to hope1 t ! indu/ry1 good =tune1 or improv$ sagacity ( succe$+ g5]ations may rea* discov]ies unkn[n to =m] ages4 ,ea* adv5tur\s g5ius w /ill leap at ! ardu\s prize1 & f9d himself /imulat$1 r t disc\rag$1 by ! failures ( 8 pr$ecessors2 :ile he hopes t ! glory ( a*iev+ s h>d an adv5ture is res]v$ = him alone4 ,! only me?od ( free+ le>n+1 at once1 f ^! ab/ruse que/ions1 is to enquire s]i\sly into ! nature ( human und]/&+1 & %[1 f an exact analysis ( its p[]s & capacity1 t x is by no means fitt$ = su* remote & ab/ruse subjects4 ,we mu/ submit to ?is fatigue1 9 ord] to live at ease ev] aft]3 ,& mu/ cultivate true metaphysics ) "s c>e1 9 ord] to de/roy ! false & adult]ate4 ,indol5ce1 :i*1 to "s p]sons1 af=ds a safegu>d aga9/ ?is deceitful philosophy1 is1 ) o!rs1 ov]balanc$ by curiosity2 & despair1 :i*1 at "s mom5ts1 prevails1 may give place aft]w>ds to sangu9e hopes & expectations4 ,accurate & j reason+ is ! only ca?olic rem$y1 fitt$ = all p]sons & all dispositions2 & is alone able to subv]t t ab/ruse philosophy & metaphysical j>gon1 :i*1 be+ mix$ up ) popul> sup]/ition1 r5d]s x 9 a mann] imp5etrable to c>eless reason]s1 & gives x ! air ( sci5ce & wisdom4 #h4 ,besides ?is advantage ( reject+1 aft] delib]ate enquiry1 ! mo/ unc]ta9 & disagreeable "p ( le>n+1 !re are _m positive advantages1 :i* result f an accurate scrut9y into ! p[]s & faculties ( human nature4 ,x is rem>kable conc]n+ ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 t1 ?\gh mo/ intimately pres5t to u1 yet1 :5ev] !y become ! object ( reflexion1 !y seem involv$ 9 obscurity2 nor c ! eye readily f9d ^? l9es & b\nd>ies1 :i* discrim9ate & di/+ui% !m4 ,! objects are too f9e to rema9 long 9 ! same aspect or situation2 & mu/ be appreh5d$ 9 an in/ant1 by a sup]ior p5etration1 d]iv$ f nature1 & improv$ by habit & reflexion4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 no inconsid]able "p ( sci5ce b>ely to "k ! diff]5t op]ations ( ! m9d1 to sep>ate !m f ea* o!r1 to class !m "u _! prop] heads1 & to correct all t seem+ disord]1 9 :i* !y lie involv$1 :5 made ! object ( reflexion & enquiry4 ,?is talk ( ord]+ & di/+ui%+1 :i* has no m]it1 :5 p]=m$ ) reg>d to ext]nal bodies1 ! objects ( our s5ses1 rises 9 its value1 :5 direct$ t[>ds ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 9 proportion to ! difficulty & lab\r1 :i* we meet ) 9 p]=m+ x4 ,& if we c g no f>!r ?an ?is m5tal geography1 or del9eation ( ! di/9ct p>ts & p[]s ( ! m9d1 x is at lea/ a satisfaction to g s f>2 & ! m obvi\s ?is sci5ce may appe> 7& x is by no means obvi\s7 ! m contemptible /ill mu/ ! ignorance ( x be e/eem$1 9 all pret5d]s to le>n+ & philosophy4 ,nor c !re rema9 any suspicion1 t ?is sci5ce is unc]ta9 & *im]ical2 unless we %\ld ent]ta9 su* a scepticism z is entirely subv]sive ( all speculation1 & ev5 action4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 t ! m9d is end[$ ) sev]al p[]s & faculties1 t ^! p[]s are di/9ct f ea* o!r1 t :at is really di/9ct to ! imm$iate p]ception may be di/+ui%$ by reflexion2 & consequ5tly1 t !re is a tru? & falsehood 9 all propositions on ?is subject1 & a tru? & falsehood1 :i* lie n beyond ! compass ( human und]/&+4 ,!re are _m obvi\s di/9ctions ( ?is k9d1 su* z ^? betwe5 ! w & und]/&+1 ! imag9ation & passions1 :i* fall )9 ! compreh5sion ( e human creature2 & ! f9] & m philosophical di/9ctions are no less real & c]ta91 ?\gh m difficult to be compreh5d$4 ,"s in/ances1 especially late ones1 ( success 9 ^! enquiries1 may give u a ju/] notion ( ! c]ta9ty & solidity ( ?is bran* ( le>n+4 ,& %all we e/eem x wor?y ! lab\r ( a philosoph] to give u a true sy/em ( ! planets1 & adju/ ! position & ord] ( ^? remote bodies2 :ile we affect to ov]look ^?1 :o1 ) s mu* success1 del9eate ! p>ts ( ! m9d1 9 :i* we are s intimately conc]n$8 #i4 ,b may we n hope1 t philosophy1 if cultivat$ ) c>e1 & enc\rag$ by ! att5tion ( ! public1 may c>ry its rese>*es /ill f>!r1 & discov]1 at lea/ 9 "s degree1 ! secret spr+s & pr9ciples1 by :i* ! human m9d is actuat$ 9 its op]ations8 ,a/ronom]s _h long cont5t$ !mselves ) prov+1 f ! pha5om5a1 ! true motions1 ord]1 & magnitude ( ! heav5ly bodies3 ,till a philosoph]1 at la/1 arose1 :o seems1 f ! happie/ reason+1 to h also det]m9$ ! laws & =ces1 by :i* ! revolutions ( ! planets are gov]n$ & direct$4 ,! l has be5 p]=m$ ) reg>d to o!r p>ts ( nature4 ,& !re is no reason to despair ( equal success 9 our enquiries conc]n+ ! m5tal p[]s & economy1 if prosecut$ ) equal capacity & caution4 ,x is probable1 t "o op]ation & pr9ciple ( ! m9d dep5ds on ano!r2 :i*1 aga91 may be resolv$ into "o m g5]al & univ]sal3 ,& h[ f> ^! rese>*es may possibly be c>ri$1 x w be difficult = u1 be=e1 or ev5 aft]1 a c>eful trial1 exactly to det]m9e4 ,?is is c]ta91 t attempts ( ?is k9d are e day made ev5 by ^? :o philosophize ! mo/ neglig5tly3 ,& no?+ c be m requisite ?an to ent] ^u ! ent]prize ) ?or\gh c>e & att5tion2 t1 if x lie )9 ! compass ( human und]/&+1 x may at la/ be happily a*iev$2 if n1 x may1 h[ev]1 be reject$ ) "s confid5ce & security4 ,?is la/ conclusion1 surely1 is n desirable2 nor ought x to be embrac$ too ra%ly4 ,= h[ mu* mu/ we dim9i% f ! beauty & value ( ?is species ( philosophy1 ^u su* a supposition8 ,morali/s h hi!rto be5 accu/om$1 :5 !y consid]$ ! va/ multitude & div]sity ( ^? actions t excite our approbation or dislike1 to se>* = "s common pr9ciple1 on :i* ?is v>iety ( s5tim5ts might dep5d4 ,& ?\gh !y h sometimes c>ri$ ! matt] too f>1 by _! passion = "s "o g5]al pr9ciple2 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$1 t !y are excusable 9 expect+ to f9d "s g5]al pr9ciples1 into :i* all ! vices & virtues 7 ju/ly to be resolv$4 ,! l has be5 ! endeav\r ( critics1 logicians1 & ev5 politicians3 ,nor h _! attempts be5 :olly unsuccessful2 ?\gh p]haps long] "t1 great] accuracy1 & m ard5t application may br+ ^! sci5ces /ill ne>] _! p]fection4 ,to ?r[ up at once all pret5sions ( ?is k9d may ju/ly be deem$ m ra%1 precipitate1 & dogmatical1 ?an ev5 ! bolde/ & mo/ affirmative philosophy1 t has ev] attempt$ to impose its crude dictates & pr9ciples on mank9d4 #aj4 ,:at ?\gh ^! reason+s conc]n+ human nature seem ab/ract1 & ( difficult compreh5sion8 ,?is af=ds no presumption ( _! falsehood4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems impossible1 t :at has hi!rto escap$ s _m wise & pr(\nd philosoph]s c be v obvi\s & easy4 ,& :atev] pa9s ^! rese>*es may co/ u1 we may ?9k ourselves suffici5tly rew>d$1 n only 9 po9t ( pr(it b ( pleasure1 if1 by t means1 we c make any addition to our /ock ( k1 9 subjects ( su* unspeakable importance4 ,b z1 aft] all1 ! ab/ract$ness ( ^! speculations is no recomm5dation1 b r a disadvantage to !m1 & z ?is difficulty may p]haps be surm\nt$ by c>e & art1 & ! avoid+ ( all unnecess>y detail1 we h1 9 ! foll[+ enquiry1 attempt$ to ?r[ "s light ^u subjects1 f :i* unc]ta9ty has hi!rto det]r$ ! wise1 & obscurity ! ignorant4 ,happy1 if we c unite ! b\nd>ies ( ! diff]5t species ( philosophy1 by reconcil+ pr(\nd enquiry ) cle>ness1 & tru? ) novelty6 ,& /ill m happy1 if1 reason+ 9 ?is easy mann]1 we c und]m9e ! f\ndations ( an ab/ruse philosophy1 :i* seems to h hi!rto s]v$ only z a %elt] to sup]/ition1 & a cov] to absurdity & error6 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,ideas4 #aa4 ,e "o w readily all[1 t !re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d1 :5 a man feels ! pa9 ( excessive heat1 or ! pleasure ( mod]ate w>m?1 & :5 he aft]w>ds recalls to 8 memory ?is s5sation1 or anticipates x by 8 imag9ation4 ,^! faculties may mimic or copy ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses2 b !y nev] c entirely rea* ! =ce & vivacity ( ! orig9al s5tim5t4 ,! utmo/ we say ( !m1 ev5 :5 !y op]ate ) greate/ vig\r1 is1 t !y repres5t _! object 9 s lively a mann]1 t we c\ld almo/ say we feel or see x3 ,b1 except ! m9d be disord]$ by disease or madness1 !y nev] c arrive at su* a pit* ( vivacity1 z to r5d] ^! p]ceptions altoge!r undi/+ui%able4 ,all ! col\rs ( poetry1 h[ev] spl5did1 c nev] pa9t natural objects 9 su* a mann] z to make ! description be tak5 = a real l&skip4 ,! mo/ lively ?\ght is /ill inf]ior to ! dulle/ s5sation4 ,we may obs]ve a l di/9ction to run ?r\gh all ! o!r p]ceptions ( ! m9d4 ,a man 9 a fit ( ang]1 is actuat$ 9 a v diff]5t mann] f "o :o only ?9ks ( t emotion4 ,if y tell me1 t any p]son is 9 love1 ,i easily und]/& y\r mean+1 & =m a j conception ( 8 situation2 b nev] c mi/ake t conception = ! real disord]s & agitations ( ! passion4 ,:5 we reflect on our pa/ s5tim5ts & affections1 our ?\ght is a fai?ful mirror1 & copies its objects truly2 b ! col\rs :i* x employs are fa9t & dull1 9 comp>ison ( ^? 9 :i* our orig9al p]ceptions 7 clo!d4 ,x requires no nice disc]nm5t or metaphysical head to m>k ! di/9ction betwe5 !m4 #ab4 ,"h !re=e we may divide all ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d into two classes or species1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by _! diff]5t degrees ( =ce & vivacity4 ,! less =cible & lively are commonly d5om9at$ ,?\ghts or ,ideas4 ,! o!r species want a "n 9 our language1 & 9 mo/ o!rs2 ,i suppose1 because x 0 n requisite = any1 b philosophical purposes1 to rank !m "u a g5]al t]m or appellation4 ,let u1 !re=e1 use a little fre$om1 & call !m ,impressions2 employ+ t ^w 9 a s5se some:at diff]5t f ! usual4 ,by ! t]m impression1 !n1 ,i mean all our m lively p]ceptions1 :5 we he>1 or see1 or feel1 or love1 or hate1 or desire1 or w4 ,& impressions are di/+ui%$ f ideas1 :i* are ! less lively p]ceptions1 ( :i* we are consci\s1 :5 we reflect on any ( ^? s5sations or movem5ts above m5tion$4 #ac4 ,no?+1 at fir/ view1 may seem m unb\nd$ ?an ! ?\ght ( man1 :i* n only escapes all human p[] & au?ority1 b is n ev5 re/ra9$ )9 ! limits ( nature & reality4 ,to =m mon/]s1 & jo9 incongru\s %apes & appe>ances1 co/s ! imag9ation no m tr\ble ?an to conceive ! mo/ natural & famili> objects4 ,& :ile ! body is conf9$ to "o planet1 along :i* x creeps ) pa9 & difficulty2 ! ?\ght c 9 an in/ant transport u into ! mo/ di/ant regions ( ! univ]se2 or ev5 beyond ! univ]se1 into ! unb\nd$ *aos1 :]e nature is suppos$ to lie 9 total confusion4 ,:at nev] 0 se51 or he>d (1 may yet be conceiv$2 nor is any ?+ beyond ! p[] ( ?\ght1 except :at implies an absolute contradiction4 ,b ?\gh our ?\ght seems to possess ?is unb\nd$ lib]ty1 we %all f9d1 ^u a ne>] exam9ation1 t x is really conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits1 & t all ?is creative p[] ( ! m9d am\nts to no m ?an ! faculty ( comp\nd+1 transpos+1 augm5t+1 or dim9i%+ ! mat]ials af=d$ u by ! s5ses & exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we ?9k ( a gold5 m\nta91 we only jo9 two consi/5t ideas1 gold1 & m\nta91 ) :i* we 7 =m]ly acqua9t$4 ,a virtu\s horse we c conceive2 because1 f our own feel+1 we c conceive virtue2 & ?is we may unite to ! figure & %ape ( a horse1 :i* is an animal famili> to u4 ,9 %ort1 all ! mat]ials ( ?9k+ are d]iv$ ei!r f our outw>d or inw>d s5tim5t3 ! mixture & composition ( ^! belongs alone to ! m9d & w4 ,or1 to express myself 9 philosophical language1 all our ideas or m feeble p]ceptions are copies ( our impressions or m lively ones4 #ad4 ,to prove ?is1 ! two foll[+ argum5ts w1 ,i hope1 be suffici5t4 ,fir/1 :5 we analyze our ?\ghts or ideas1 h[ev] comp\nd$ or sublime1 we always f9d t !y resolve !mselves into su* simple ideas z 7 copi$ f a prec$5t feel+ or s5tim5t4 ,ev5 ^? ideas1 :i*1 at fir/ view1 seem ! mo/ wide ( ?is orig91 are f\nd1 ^u a ne>] scrut9y1 to be d]iv$ f x4 ,! idea ( ,god1 z mean+ an inf9itely intellig5t1 wise1 & good ,be+1 arises f reflect+ on ! op]ations ( our own m9d1 & augm5t+1 )\t limit1 ^? qualities ( goodness & wisdom4 ,we may prosecute ?is enquiry to :at l5g? we please2 :]e we %all always f9d1 t e idea :i* we exam9e is copi$ f a simil> impression4 ,^? :o w\ld ass]t t ?is position is n univ]sally true nor )\t exception1 h only "o1 & t an easy me?od ( refut+ x2 by produc+ t idea1 :i*1 9 _! op9ion1 is n d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,x w !n be incumb5t on u1 if we w\ld ma9ta9 our doctr9e1 to produce ! impression1 or lively p]ception1 :i* corresponds to x4 #ae4 ,secondly4 ,if x happ51 f a defect ( ! organ1 t a man is n susceptible ( any species ( s5sation1 we always f9d t he is z little susceptible ( ! correspond5t ideas4 ,a bl9d man c =m no notion ( col\rs2 a deaf man ( s\nds4 ,re/ore ei!r ( !m t s5se 9 :i* he is defici5t2 by op5+ ?is new inlet = 8 s5sations1 y also op5 an inlet = ! ideas2 & he f9ds no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ^! objects4 ,! case is ! same1 if ! object1 prop] = excit+ any s5sation1 has nev] be5 appli$ to ! organ4 ,a ,lapl&] or ,negro has no notion ( ! reli% ( w9e4 ,& ?\gh !re are few or no in/ances ( a l defici5cy 9 ! m9d1 :]e a p]son has nev] felt or is :olly incapable ( a s5tim5t or passion t belongs to 8 species2 yet we f9d ! same obs]vation to take place 9 a less degree4 ,a man ( mild mann]s c =m no idea ( invet]ate rev5ge or cruelty2 nor c a selfi% he>t easily conceive ! heights ( fri5d%ip & g5]osity4 ,x is readily all[$1 t o!r be+s may possess _m s5ses ( :i* we c h no conception2 because ! ideas ( !m h nev] be5 introduc$ to u 9 ! only mann] by :i* an idea c h access to ! m9d1 to wit1 by ! actual feel+ & s5sation4 #af4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o contradictory ph5om5on1 :i* may prove t x is n absolutely impossible = ideas to arise1 indep5d5t ( _! correspond5t impressions4 ,i believe x w readily be all[$1 t ! sev]al di/9ct ideas ( col\r1 :i* ent] by ! eye1 or ^? ( s\nd1 :i* are convey$ by ! e>1 are really diff]5t f ea* o!r2 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 resembl+4 ,n[ if ?is be true ( diff]5t col\rs1 x mu/ be no less s ( ! diff]5t %ades ( ! same col\r2 & ea* %ade produces a di/9ct idea1 indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,= if ?is %\ld be d5i$1 x is possible1 by ! cont9ual gradation ( %ades1 to run a col\r ins5sibly into :at is mo/ remote f x2 & if y w n all[ any ( ! means to be diff]5t1 y _c1 )\t absurdity1 d5y ! extremes to be ! same4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 a p]son to h enjoy$ 8 sight = ?irty ye>s1 & to h become p]fectly acqua9t$ ) col\rs ( all k9ds except "o p>ticul> %ade ( blue1 = in/ance1 :i* x nev] has be5 8 =tune to meet )4 ,let all ! diff]5t %ades ( t col\r1 except t s+le "o1 be plac$ be=e him1 desc5d+ gradually f ! deepe/ to ! lighte/2 x is pla9 t he w p]ceive a blank1 :]e t %ade is want+1 & w be s5sible t !re is a great] di/ance 9 t place betwe5 ! contigu\s col\rs ?an 9 any o!r4 ,n[ ,i ask1 :e!r x be possible = him1 f 8 own imag9ation1 to supply ?is defici5cy1 & raise up to himself ! idea ( t p>ticul> %ade1 ?\gh x _h nev] be5 convey$ to him by 8 s5ses8 ,i believe !re are few b w be ( op9ion t he c3 & ?is may s]ve z a pro( t ! simple ideas are n always1 9 e in/ance1 d]iv$ f ! correspond5t impressions2 ?\gh ?is in/ance is s s+ul>1 t x is sc>cely wor? our obs]v+1 & does n m]it t = x alone we %\ld alt] our g5]al maxim4 #ag4 ,"h1 !re=e1 is a proposition1 :i* n only seems1 9 itself1 simple & intelligible2 b1 if a prop] use 7 made ( x1 might r5d] e dispute equally intelligible1 & bani% all t j>gon1 :i* has s long tak5 possession ( metaphysical reason+s1 & drawn disgrace ^u !m4 ,all ideas1 especially ab/ract ones1 are naturally fa9t & obscure3 ! m9d has b a sl5d] hold ( !m3 !y are apt to be conf\nd$ ) o!r resembl+ ideas2 & :5 we h (t5 employ$ any t]m1 ?\gh )\t a di/9ct mean+1 we are apt to imag9e x has a det]m9ate idea annex$ to x4 ,on ! contr>y1 all impressions1 t is1 all s5sations1 ei!r outw>d or inw>d1 are /rong & vivid3 ! limits betwe5 !m are m exactly det]m9$3 nor is x easy to fall into any error or mi/ake ) reg>d to !m4 ,:5 we ent]ta91 !re=e1 any suspicion t a philosophical t]m is employ$ )\t any mean+ or idea 7z is b too frequ5t71 we ne$ b enquire1 f :at impression is t suppos$ idea d]iv$8 ,& if x be impossible to assign any1 ?is w s]ve to confirm our suspicion4 ,by br++ ideas into s cle> a light we may reasonably hope to remove all dispute1 :i* may arise1 conc]n+ _! nature & reality4#a #a ,x is probable t no m 0 meant by ^?1 :o d5i$ innate ideas1 ?an t all ideas 7 copies ( our impressions2 ?\gh x mu/ be confess$1 t ! t]ms1 :i* !y employ$1 7 n *os5 ) su* caution1 nor s exactly def9$1 z to prev5t all mi/akes ab\t _! doctr9e4 ,= :at is meant by innate8 ,if innate be equival5t to natural1 !n all ! p]ceptions & ideas ( ! m9d mu/ be all[$ to be innate or natural1 9 :atev] s5se we take ! latt] ^w1 :e!r 9 opposition to :at is uncommon1 artificial1 or miracul\s4 ,if by innate be meant1 contempor>y to our bir?1 ! dispute seems to be frivol\s2 nor is x wor? :ile to enquire at :at "t ?9k+ beg9s1 :e!r be=e1 at1 or aft] our bir?4 ,aga91 ! ^w idea1 seems to be commonly tak5 9 a v loose s5se1 by ,,locke & o!rs2 z /&+ = any ( our p]ceptions1 our s5sations & passions1 z well z ?\ghts4 ,n[ 9 ?is s5se1 ,i %\ld desire to "k1 :at c be meant by ass]t+1 t self-love1 or res5tm5t ( injuries1 or ! passion betwe5 ! sexes is n innate8 ,b admitt+ ^! t]ms1 impressions & ideas1 9 ! s5se above expla9$1 & und]/&+ by innate1 :at is orig9al or copi$ f no prec$5t p]ception1 !n may we ass]t t all our impressions are innate1 & our ideas n innate4 ,to be +5u\s1 ,i mu/ own x to be my op9ion1 t ,,locke 0 betray$ into ?is "q by ! s*oolm51 :o1 mak+ use ( undef9$ t]ms1 draw out _! disputes to a t$i\s l5g?1 )\t ev] t\*+ ! po9t 9 "q4 ,a l ambiguity & circumlocution seem to run ?r\gh t philosoph]'s reason+s on ?is z well z mo/ o!r subjects4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,ideas4 #ah4 ,x is evid5t t !re is a pr9ciple ( connexion betwe5 ! diff]5t ?\ghts or ideas ( ! m9d1 & t1 9 _! appe>ance to ! memory or imag9ation1 !y introduce ea* o!r ) a c]ta9 degree ( me?od & regul>ity4 ,9 our m s]i\s ?9k+ or disc\rse ?is is s obs]vable t any p>ticul> ?\ght1 :i* breaks 9 ^u ! regul> tract or *a9 ( ideas1 is imm$iately rem>k$ & reject$4 ,& ev5 9 our wilde/ & mo/ w&]+ rev]ies1 nay 9 our v dreams1 we %all f9d1 if we reflect1 t ! imag9ation ran n altoge!r at adv5tures1 b t !re 0 /ill a connexion upheld among ! diff]5t ideas1 :i* succe$$ ea* o!r4 ,7 ! loose/ & free/ conv]sation to be transcrib$1 !re w\ld imm$iately be obs]v$ some?+ :i* connect$ x 9 all its transitions4 ,or :]e ?is is want+1 ! p]son :o broke ! ?read ( disc\rse might /ill in=m y1 t !re _h secretly revolv$ 9 8 m9d a succession ( ?\ght1 :i* _h gradually l$ him f ! subject ( conv]sation4 ,among diff]5t languages1 ev5 :]e we _c suspect ! lea/ connexion or communication1 x is f\nd1 t ! words1 expressive ( ideas1 ! mo/ comp\nd$1 d yet ne>ly correspond to ea* o!r3 a c]ta9 pro( t ! simple ideas1 compreh5d$ 9 ! comp\nd ones1 7 b\nd toge!r by "s univ]sal pr9ciple1 :i* _h an equal influ5ce on all mank9d4 #ai4 ,?\gh x be too obvi\s to escape obs]vation1 t diff]5t ideas are connect$ toge!r2 ,i d n f9d t any philosoph] has attempt$ to enum]ate or class all ! pr9ciples ( association2 a subject1 h[ev]1 t seems wor?y ( curiosity4 ,to me1 !re appe> to be only ?ree pr9ciples ( connexion among ideas1 namely1 ,resemblance1 ,contiguity 9 "t or place1 & ,cause or ,effect4 ,t ^! pr9ciples s]ve to connect ideas w n1 ,i believe1 be mu* d\bt$4 ,a picture naturally leads our ?\ghts to ! orig9al#b3 ! m5tion ( "o ap>tm5t 9 a build+ naturally introduces an enquiry or disc\rse conc]n+ ! o!rs#c3 & if we ?9k ( a w\nd1 we c sc>cely =be> reflect+ on ! pa9 :i* foll[s x#d4 ,b t ?is enum]ation is complete1 & t !re are no o!r pr9ciples ( association except ^!1 may be difficult to prove to ! satisfaction ( ! read]1 or ev5 to a man's own satisfaction4 ,all we c d1 9 su* cases1 is to run ov] sev]al in/ances1 & exam9e c>efully ! pr9ciple :i* b9ds ! diff]5t ?\ghts to ea* o!r1 nev] /opp+ till we r5d] ! pr9ciple z g5]al z possible#e4 ,! m in/ances we exam9e1 & ! m c>e we employ1 ! m assurance %all we acquire1 t ! enum]ation1 :i* we =m f ! :ole1 is complete & entire4 #b ,resemblance4 #c ,contiguity4 #d ,cause & effect4 #e ,= in/ance1 ,contra/ or ,contr>iety is also a connexion among ,ideas3 b x may1 p]haps1 be consid]$ z a mixture ( ,causation & ,resemblance4 ,:]e two objects are contr>y1 ! "o de/roys ! o!r2 t is1 ! cause ( its annihilation1 & ! idea ( ! annihilation ( an object1 implies ! idea ( its =m] exi/5ce4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,sceptical ,,d\bts ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,op]ations ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+4 ,,"p ,i4 #bj4 ,all ! objects ( human reason or enquiry may naturally be divid$ into two k9ds1 to wit1 ,relations ( ,ideas1 & ,matt]s ( ,fact4 ,( ! fir/ k9d are ! sci5ces ( ,geometry1 ,algebra1 & ,ari?metic2 & 9 %ort1 e affirmation :i* is ei!r intuitively or demon/ratively c]ta94 ,t ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse is equal to ! squ>e ( ! two sides1 is a proposition :i* expresses a relation betwe5 ^! figures4 ,t ?ree times five is equal to ! half ( ?irty1 expresses a relation betwe5 ^! numb]s4 ,propositions ( ?is k9d are discov]able by ! m]e op]ation ( ?\ght1 )\t dep5d5ce on :at is any:]e exi/5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,?\gh !re nev] 7 a circle or triangle 9 nature1 ! tru?s demon/rat$ by ,euclid w\ld = ev] reta9 _! c]ta9ty & evid5ce4 #ba4 ,matt]s ( fact1 :i* are ! second objects ( human reason1 are n asc]ta9$ 9 ! same mann]2 nor is our evid5ce ( _! tru?1 h[ev] great1 ( a l nature ) ! =ego+4 ,! contr>y ( e matt] ( fact is /ill possible2 because x c nev] imply a contradiction1 & is conceiv$ by ! m9d ) ! same facility & di/9ctness1 z if ev] s con=mable to reality4 ,t ! sun w n rise to-morr[ is no less intelligible a proposition1 & implies no m contradiction ?an ! affirmation1 t x w rise4 ,we %\ld 9 va91 !re=e1 attempt to demon/rate its falsehood4 ,7 x demon/ratively false1 x w\ld imply a contradiction1 & c\ld nev] be di/9ctly conceiv$ by ! m9d4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be a subject wor?y ( curiosity1 to enquire :at is ! nature ( t evid5ce :i* assures u ( any real exi/5ce & matt] ( fact1 beyond ! pres5t te/imony ( our s5ses1 or ! records ( our memory4 ,?is "p ( philosophy1 x is obs]vable1 has be5 little cultivat$1 ei!r by ! anci5ts or mod]ns2 & !re=e our d\bts & errors1 9 ! prosecution ( s important an enquiry1 may be ! m excusable2 :ile we m>* ?r\gh su* difficult pa?s )\t any guide or direction4 ,!y may ev5 prove useful1 by excit+ curiosity1 & de/roy+ t implicit fai? & security1 :i* is ! bane ( all reason+ & free enquiry4 ,! discov]y ( defects 9 ! common philosophy1 if any su* !re be1 w n1 ,i presume1 be a disc\ragem5t1 b r an incitem5t1 z is usual1 to attempt some?+ m full & satisfactory ?an has yet be5 propos$ to ! public4 #bb4 ,all reason+s conc]n+ matt] ( fact seem to be f\nd$ on ! relation ( ,cause & ,effect4 ,by means ( t relation alone we c g beyond ! evid5ce ( our memory & s5ses4 ,if y 7 to ask a man1 :y he believes any matt] ( fact1 :i* is abs5t2 = in/ance1 t 8 fri5d is 9 ! c\ntry1 or 9 ,france2 he w\ld give y a reason2 & ?is reason w\ld be "s o!r fact2 z a lett] receiv$ f him1 or ! k ( 8 =m] resolutions & promises4 ,a man f9d+ a wat* or any o!r ma*9e 9 a des]t isl&1 w\ld conclude t !re _h once be5 m5 9 t isl&4 ,all our reason+s conc]n+ fact are ( ! same nature4 ,& "h x is con/antly suppos$ t !re is a connexion betwe5 ! pres5t fact & t :i* is inf]r$ f x4 ,7 !re no?+ to b9d !m toge!r1 ! inf]5ce w\ld be entirely prec>i\s4 ,! he>+ ( an articulate voice & rational disc\rse 9 ! d>k assures u ( ! pres5ce ( "s p]son3 ,:y8 because ^! are ! effects ( ! human make & fabric1 & closely connect$ ) x4 ,if we anatomize all ! o!r reason+s ( ?is nature1 we %all f9d t !y are f\nd$ on ! relation ( cause & effect1 & t ?is relation is ei!r ne> or remote1 direct or collat]al4 ,heat & light are collat]al effects ( fire1 & ! "o effect may ju/ly be inf]r$ f ! o!r4 #bc4 ,if we w\ld satisfy ourselves1 !re=e1 conc]n+ ! nature ( t evid5ce1 :i* assures u ( matt]s ( fact1 we mu/ enquire h[ we arrive at ! k ( cause & effect4 ,i %all v5ture to affirm1 z a g5]al proposition1 :i* admits ( no exception1 t ! k ( ?is relation is n1 9 any in/ance1 atta9$ by reason+s a priori2 b arises entirely f exp]i5ce1 :5 we f9d t any p>ticul> objects are con/antly conjo9$ ) ea* o!r4 ,let an object be pres5t$ to a man ( ev] s /rong natural reason & abilities2 if t object be entirely new to him1 he w n be able1 by ! mo/ accurate exam9ation ( its s5sible qualities1 to discov] any ( its causes or effects4 ,adam1 ?\gh 8 rational faculties be suppos$1 at ! v fir/1 entirely p]fect1 c\ld n h inf]r$ f ! fluidity & transp>5cy ( wat] t x w\ld suffocate him1 or f ! light & w>m? ( fire t x w\ld consume him4 ,no object ev] discov]s1 by ! qualities :i* appe> to ! s5ses1 ei!r ! causes :i* produc$ x1 or ! effects :i* w arise f x2 nor c our reason1 unassi/$ by exp]i5ce1 ev] draw any inf]5ce conc]n+ real exi/5ce & matt] ( fact4 #bd4 ,?is proposition1 t causes & effects are discov]able1 n by reason b by exp]i5ce1 w readily be admitt$ ) reg>d to su* objects1 z we rememb] to h once be5 altoge!r unkn[n to u2 s9ce we mu/ be consci\s ( ! utt] inability1 :i* we !n lay "u1 ( =etell+ :at w\ld arise f !m4 ,pres5t two smoo? pieces ( m>ble to a man :o has no t9cture ( natural philosophy2 he w nev] discov] t !y w adh]e toge!r 9 su* a mann] z to require great =ce to sep>ate !m 9 a direct l9e1 :ile !y make s small a resi/ance to a lat]al pressure4 ,su* ev5ts1 z be> little analogy to ! common c\rse ( nature1 are also readily confess$ to be kn[n only by exp]i5ce2 nor does any man imag9e t ! explosion ( gunp[d]1 or ! attraction ( a load/one1 c\ld ev] be discov]$ by argum5ts a priori4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 an effect is suppos$ to dep5d ^u an intricate ma*9]y or secret /ructure ( p>ts1 we make no difficulty 9 attribut+ all our k ( x to exp]i5ce4 ,:o w ass]t t he c give ! ultimate reason1 :y milk or bread is prop] n\ri%m5t = a man1 n = a lion or a tig]8 ,b ! same tru? may n appe>1 at fir/ sight1 to h ! same evid5ce ) reg>d to ev5ts1 :i* h become famili> to u f our fir/ appe>ance 9 ! _w1 :i* be> a close analogy to ! :ole c\rse ( nature1 & :i* are suppos$ to dep5d on ! simple qualities ( objects1 )\t any secret /ructure ( p>ts4 ,we are apt to imag9e t we c\ld discov] ^! effects by ! m]e op]ation ( our reason1 )\t exp]i5ce4 ,we fancy1 t 7 we br\ght on a sudd5 into ?is _w1 we c\ld at fir/ h inf]r$ t "o ,billi>d-ball w\ld communicate motion to ano!r ^u impulse2 & t we ne$$ n to h wait$ = ! ev5t1 9 ord] to pron\nce ) c]ta9ty conc]n+ x4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( cu/om1 t1 :]e x is /ronge/1 x n only cov]s our natural ignorance1 b ev5 conceals itself1 & seems n to take place1 m]ely because x is f\nd 9 ! highe/ degree4 #be4 ,b to conv9ce u t all ! laws ( nature1 & all ! op]ations ( bodies )\t exception1 are kn[n only by exp]i5ce1 ! foll[+ reflections may1 p]haps1 suffice4 ,7 any object pres5t$ to u1 & 7 we requir$ to pron\nce conc]n+ ! effect1 :i* w result f x1 )\t consult+ pa/ obs]vation2 aft] :at mann]1 ,i besee* y1 mu/ ! m9d proce$ 9 ?is op]ation8 ,x mu/ inv5t or imag9e "s ev5t1 :i* x ascribes to ! object z its effect2 & x is pla9 t ?is inv5tion mu/ be entirely arbitr>y4 ,! m9d c nev] possibly f9d ! effect 9 ! suppos$ cause1 by ! mo/ accurate scrut9y & exam9ation4 ,= ! effect is totally diff]5t f ! cause1 & consequ5tly c nev] be discov]$ 9 x4 ,motion 9 ! second ,billi>d-ball is a q di/9ct ev5t f motion 9 ! fir/2 nor is !re any?+ 9 ! "o to sugge/ ! smalle/ h9t ( ! o!r4 ,a /one or piece ( metal rais$ into ! air1 & left )\t any support1 imm$iately falls3 b to consid] ! matt] a priori1 is !re any?+ we discov] 9 ?is situation :i* c beget ! idea ( a d[nw>d1 r ?an an upw>d1 or any o!r motion1 9 ! /one or metal8 ,& z ! fir/ imag9ation or inv5tion ( a p>ticul> effect1 9 all natural op]ations1 is arbitr>y1 :]e we consult n exp]i5ce2 s mu/ we also e/eem ! suppos$ tie or connexion betwe5 ! cause & effect1 :i* b9ds !m toge!r1 & r5d]s x impossible t any o!r effect c\ld result f ! op]ation ( t cause4 ,:5 ,i see1 = in/ance1 a ,billi>d-ball mov+ 9 a /raight l9e t[>ds ano!r2 ev5 suppose motion 9 ! second ball %\ld by accid5t be sugge/$ to me1 z ! result ( _! contact or impulse2 may ,i n conceive1 t a hundr$ diff]5t ev5ts might z well foll[ f t cause8 ,may n bo? ^! balls rema9 at absolute re/8 ,may n ! fir/ ball return 9 a /raight l9e1 or leap (f f ! second 9 any l9e or direction8 ,all ^! suppositions are consi/5t & conceivable4 ,:y !n %\ld we give ! pref]5ce to "o1 :i* is no m consi/5t or conceivable ?an ! re/8 ,all our reason+s a priori w nev] be able to %[ u any f\ndation = ?is pref]5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 e effect is a di/9ct ev5t f its cause4 ,x c\ld n1 !re=e1 be discov]$ 9 ! cause1 & ! fir/ inv5tion or conception ( x1 a priori1 mu/ be entirely arbitr>y4 ,& ev5 aft] x is sugge/$1 ! conjunction ( x ) ! cause mu/ appe> equally arbitr>y2 s9ce !re are always _m o!r effects1 :i*1 to reason1 mu/ seem fully z consi/5t & natural4 ,9 va91 !re=e1 %\ld we pret5d to det]m9e any s+le ev5t1 or inf] any cause or effect1 )\t ! assi/ance ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 #bf4 ,h5ce we may discov] ! reason :y no philosoph]1 :o is rational & mode/1 has ev] pret5d$ to assign ! ultimate cause ( any natural op]ation1 or to %[ di/9ctly ! action ( t p[]1 :i* produces any s+le effect 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is confess$1 t ! utmo/ ef=t ( human reason is to r$uce ! pr9ciples1 productive ( natural ph5om5a1 to a great] simplicity1 & to resolve ! _m p>ticul> effects into a few g5]al causes1 by means ( reason+s f analogy1 exp]i5ce1 & obs]vation4 ,b z to ! causes ( ^! g5]al causes1 we %\ld 9 va9 attempt _! discov]y2 nor %all we ev] be able to satisfy ourselves1 by any p>ticul> explication ( !m4 ,^! ultimate spr+s & pr9ciples are totally %ut up f human curiosity & enquiry4 ,ela/icity1 gravity1 cohesion ( p>ts1 communication ( motion by impulse2 ^! are probably ! ultimate causes & pr9ciples :i* we %all ev] discov] 9 nature2 & we may e/eem ourselves suffici5tly happy1 if1 by accurate enquiry & reason+1 we c trace up ! p>ticul> ph5om5a to1 or ne> to1 ^! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! mo/ p]fect philosophy ( ! natural k9d only /aves (f our ignorance a little long]3 z p]haps ! mo/ p]fect philosophy ( ! moral or metaphysical k9d s]ves only to discov] l>g] portions ( x4 ,?us ! obs]vation ( human bl9dness & weakness is ! result ( all philosophy1 & meets u at e turn1 9 spite ( our endeav\rs to elude or avoid x4 #bg4 ,nor is geometry1 :5 tak5 into ! assi/ance ( natural philosophy1 ev] able to rem$y ?is defect1 or lead u into ! k ( ultimate causes1 by all t accuracy ( reason+ = :i* x is s ju/ly celebrat$4 ,e "p ( mix$ ma!matics proce$s ^u ! supposition t c]ta9 laws are e/abli%$ by nature 9 h] op]ations2 & ab/ract reason+s are employ$1 ei!r to assi/ exp]i5ce 9 ! discov]y ( ^! laws1 or to det]m9e _! influ5ce 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 :]e x dep5ds ^u any precise degree ( di/ance & quantity4 ,?us1 x is a law ( motion1 discov]$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! mom5t or =ce ( any body 9 motion is 9 ! comp\nd ratio or proportion ( its solid cont5ts & its velocity2 & consequ5tly1 t a small =ce may remove ! greate/ ob/acle or raise ! greate/ weight1 if1 by any contrivance or ma*9]y1 we c increase ! velocity ( t =ce1 s z to make x an ov]mat* = its antagoni/4 ,geometry assi/s u 9 ! application ( ?is law1 by giv+ u ! j dim5sions ( all ! p>ts & figures :i* c ent] into any species ( ma*9e2 b /ill ! discov]y ( ! law itself is ow+ m]ely to exp]i5ce1 & all ! ab/ract reason+s 9 ! _w c\ld nev] lead u "o /ep t[>ds ! k ( x4 ,:5 we reason a priori1 & consid] m]ely any object or cause1 z x appe>s to ! m9d1 indep5d5t ( all obs]vation1 x nev] c\ld sugge/ to u ! notion ( any di/9ct object1 su* z its effect2 mu* less1 %[ u ! insep>able & inviolable connexion betwe5 !m4 ,a man mu/ be v sagaci\s :o c\ld discov] by reason+ t cry/al is ! effect ( heat1 & ice ( cold1 )\t be+ previ\sly acqua9t$ ) ! op]ation ( ^! qualities4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #bh4 ,b we h n yet atta9$ any tol]able satisfaction ) reg>d to ! "q fir/ propos$4 ,ea* solution /ill gives rise to a new "q z difficult z ! =ego+1 & leads u on to f>!r enquiries4 ,:5 x is ask$1 ,:at is ! nature ( all our reason+s conc]n+ matt] ( fact8 ! prop] answ] seems to be1 t !y are f\nd$ on ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,:5 aga9 x is ask$1 ,:at is ! f\ndation ( all our reason+s & conclusions conc]n+ t relation8 x may be repli$ 9 "o ^w1 ,exp]i5ce4 ,b if we /ill c>ry on our sift+ hum\r1 & ask1 ,:at is ! f\ndation ( all conclusions f exp]i5ce8 ?is implies a new "q1 :i* may be ( m difficult solution & explication4 ,philosoph]s1 t give !mselves airs ( sup]ior wisdom & suffici5cy1 h a h>d task :5 !y enc\nt] p]sons ( inquisitive dispositions1 :o pu% !m f e corn] to :i* !y retreat1 & :o are sure at la/ to br+ !m to "s dang]\s dilemma4 ,! be/ exp$i5t to prev5t ?is confusion1 is to be mode/ 9 our pret5sions2 & ev5 to discov] ! difficulty ourselves be=e x is object$ to u4 ,by ?is means1 we may make a k9d ( m]it ( our v ignorance4 ,i %all cont5t myself1 9 ?is section1 ) an easy task1 & %all pret5d only to give a negative answ] to ! "q "h propos$4 ,i say !n1 t1 ev5 aft] we h exp]i5ce ( ! op]ations ( cause & effect1 our conclusions f t exp]i5ce are n f\nd$ on reason+1 or any process ( ! und]/&+4 ,?is answ] we mu/ endeav\r bo? to expla9 & to def5d4 #bi4 ,x mu/ c]ta9ly be all[$1 t nature has kept u at a great di/ance f all h] secrets1 & has af=d$ u only ! k ( a few sup]ficial qualities ( objects2 :ile %e conceals f u ^? p[]s & pr9ciples on :i* ! influ5ce ( ^? objects entirely dep5ds4 ,our s5ses in=m u ( ! col\r1 weight1 & consi/5ce ( bread2 b nei!r s5se nor reason c ev] in=m u ( ^? qualities :i* fit x = ! n\ri%m5t & support ( a human body4 ,sight or feel+ conveys an idea ( ! actual motion ( bodies2 b z to t wond]ful =ce or p[]1 :i* w\ld c>ry on a mov+ body = ev] 9 a cont9u$ *ange ( place1 & :i* bodies nev] lose b by communicat+ x to o!rs2 ( ?is we _c =m ! mo/ di/ant conception4 ,b not)/&+ ?is ignorance ( natural p[]s#f & pr9ciples1 we always presume1 :5 we see l s5sible qualities1 t !y h l secret p[]s1 & expect t effects1 simil> to ^? :i* we h exp]i5c$1 w foll[ f !m4 ,if a body ( l col\r & consi/5ce ) t bread1 :i* we h =m]ly eat1 be pres5t$ to u1 we make no scruple ( repeat+ ! exp]im5t1 & =esee1 ) c]ta9ty1 l n\ri%m5t & support4 ,n[ ?is is a process ( ! m9d or ?\ght1 ( :i* ,i w\ld will+ly "k ! f\ndation4 ,x is all[$ on all h&s t !re is no kn[n connexion betwe5 ! s5sible qualities & ! secret p[]s2 & consequ5tly1 t ! m9d is n l$ to =m su* a conclusion conc]n+ _! con/ant & regul> conjunction1 by any?+ :i* x kn[s ( _! nature4 ,z to pa/ ,exp]i5ce1 x c be all[$ to give direct & c]ta9 in=mation ( ^? precise objects only1 & t precise p]iod ( "t1 :i* fell "u its cognizance3 b :y ?is exp]i5ce %\ld be ext5d$ to future times1 & to o!r objects1 :i* = aught we "k1 may be only 9 appe>ance simil>2 ?is is ! ma9 "q on :i* ,i w\ld insi/4 ,! bread1 :i* ,i =m]ly eat1 n\ri%$ me2 t is1 a body ( su* s5sible qualities 01 at t "t1 endu$ ) su* secret p[]s3 b does x foll[1 t o!r bread mu/ also n\ri% me at ano!r "t1 & t l s5sible qualities mu/ always be att5d$ ) l secret p[]s8 ,! consequ5ce seems n[ise necess>y4 ,at lea/1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t !re is "h a consequ5ce drawn by ! m9d2 t !re is a c]ta9 /ep tak52 a process ( ?\ght1 & an inf]5ce1 :i* wants to be expla9$4 ,^! two propositions are f> f be+ ! same1 ,i h f\nd t su* an object has always be5 att5d$ ) su* an effect1 & ,i =esee1 t o!r objects1 :i* are1 9 appe>ance1 simil>1 w be att5d$ ) simil> effects4 ,i %all all[1 if y please1 t ! "o proposition may ju/ly be inf]r$ f ! o!r3 ,i "k1 9 fact1 t x always is inf]r$4 ,b if y insi/ t ! inf]5ce is made by a *a9 ( reason+1 ,i desire y to produce t reason+4 ,! connexion betwe5 ^! propositions is n intuitive4 ,!re is requir$ a m$ium1 :i* may enable ! m9d to draw su* an inf]5ce1 if inde$ x be drawn by reason+ & argum5t4 ,:at t m$ium is1 ,i mu/ confess1 passes my compreh5sion2 & x is incumb5t on ^? to produce x1 :o ass]t t x really exi/s1 & is ! orig9 ( all our conclusions conc]n+ matt] ( fact4 #f ,! ^w1 ,p[]1 is "h us$ 9 a loose & popul> s5se4 ,! m accurate explication ( x w\ld give additional evid5ce to ?is argum5t4 ,see ,sect4 #g4 #cj4 ,?is negative argum5t mu/ c]ta9ly1 9 process ( "t1 become altoge!r conv9c+1 if _m p5etrat+ & able philosoph]s %all turn _! enquiries ?is way & no "o be ev] able to discov] any connect+ proposition or int]m$iate /ep1 :i* supports ! und]/&+ 9 ?is conclusion4 ,b z ! "q is yet new1 e read] may n tru/ s f> to 8 own p5etration1 z to conclude1 because an argum5t escapes 8 enquiry1 t !re=e x does n really exi/4 ,= ?is reason x may be requisite to v5ture ^u a m difficult task2 & enum]at+ all ! bran*es ( human k1 endeav\r to %[ t none ( !m c af=d su* an argum5t4 ,all reason+s may be divid$ into two k9ds1 namely1 demon/rative reason+1 or t conc]n+ relations ( ideas1 & moral reason+1 or t conc]n+ matt] ( fact & exi/5ce4 ,t !re are no demon/rative argum5ts 9 ! case seems evid5t2 s9ce x implies no contradiction t ! c\rse ( nature may *ange1 & t an object1 seem+ly l ^? :i* we h exp]i5c$1 may be att5d$ ) diff]5t or contr>y effects4 ,may ,i n cle>ly & di/9ctly conceive t a body1 fall+ f ! cl\ds1 & :i*1 9 all o!r respects1 resembles sn[1 has yet ! ta/e ( salt or feel+ ( fire8 ,is !re any m intelligible proposition ?an to affirm1 t all ! trees w fl\ri% 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 & decay 9 ,may & ,june8 ,n[ :atev] is intelligible1 & c be di/9ctly conceiv$1 implies no contradiction1 & c nev] be prov$ false by any demon/rative argum5t or ab/ract reason+ priori4 ,if we be1 !re=e1 engag$ by argum5ts to put tru/ 9 pa/ exp]i5ce1 & make x ! /&>d ( our future judgem5t1 ^! argum5ts mu/ be probable only1 or su* z reg>d matt] ( fact & real exi/5ce1 accord+ to ! division above m5tion$4 ,b t !re is no argum5t ( ?is k9d1 mu/ appe>1 if our explication ( t species ( reason+ be admitt$ z solid & satisfactory4 ,we h said t all argum5ts conc]n+ exi/5ce are f\nd$ on ! relation ( cause & effect2 t our k ( t relation is d]iv$ entirely f exp]i5ce2 & t all our exp]im5tal conclusions proce$ ^u ! supposition t ! future w be con=mable to ! pa/4 ,to endeav\r1 !re=e1 ! pro( ( ?is la/ supposition by probable argum5ts1 or argum5ts reg>d+ exi/5ce1 mu/ be evid5tly go+ 9 a circle1 & tak+ t = grant$1 :i* is ! v po9t 9 "q4 #ca4 ,9 reality1 all argum5ts f exp]i5ce are f\nd$ on ! simil>ity :i* we discov] among natural objects1 & by :i* we are induc$ to expect effects simil> to ^? :i* we h f\nd to foll[ f su* objects4 ,& ?\gh none b a fool or madman w ev] pret5d to dispute ! au?ority ( exp]i5ce1 or to reject t great guide ( human life1 x may surely be all[$ a philosoph] to h s mu* curiosity at lea/ z to exam9e ! pr9ciple ( human nature1 :i* gives ?is mighty au?ority to exp]i5ce1 & makes u draw advantage f t simil>ity :i* nature has plac$ among diff]5t objects4 ,f causes :i* appe> simil> we expect simil> effects4 ,?is is ! sum ( all our exp]im5tal conclusions4 ,n[ x seems evid5t t1 if ?is conclusion 7 =m$ by reason1 x w\ld be z p]fect at fir/1 & ^u "o in/ance1 z aft] ev] s long a c\rse ( exp]i5ce4 ,b ! case is f> o!rwise4 ,no?+ s l z eggs2 yet no "o1 on acc\nt ( ?is appe>+ simil>ity1 expects ! same ta/e & reli% 9 all ( !m4 ,x is only aft] a long c\rse ( uni=m exp]im5ts 9 any k9d1 t we atta9 a firm reliance & security ) reg>d to a p>ticul> ev5t4 ,n[ :]e is t process ( reason+ :i*1 f "o in/ance1 draws a conclusion1 s diff]5t f t :i* x inf]s f a hundr$ in/ances t are n[ise diff]5t f t s+le "o8 ,?is "q ,i propose z mu* = ! sake ( in=mation1 z ) an int5tion ( rais+ difficulties4 ,i _c f9d1 ,i _c imag9e any su* reason+4 ,b ,i keep my m9d /ill op5 to in/ruction1 if any "o w v\*safe to be/[ x on me4 #cb4 ,%\ld x be said t1 f a numb] ( uni=m exp]im5ts1 we inf] a connexion betwe5 ! s5sible qualities & ! secret p[]s2 ?is1 ,i mu/ confess1 seems ! same difficulty1 c\*$ 9 diff]5t t]ms4 ,! "q /ill recurs1 on :at process ( argum5t ?is inf]5ce is f\nd$8 ,:]e is ! m$ium1 ! int]pos+ ideas1 :i* jo9 propositions s v wide ( ea* o!r8 ,x is confess$ t ! col\r1 consi/5ce1 & o!r s5sible qualities ( bread appe> n1 ( !mselves1 to h any connexion ) ! secret p[]s ( n\ri%m5t & support4 ,= o!rwise we c\ld inf] ^! secret p[]s f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ^! s5sible qualities1 )\t ! aid ( exp]i5ce2 contr>y to ! s5tim5t ( all philosoph]s1 & contr>y to pla9 matt] ( fact4 ,"h1 !n1 is our natural /ate ( ignorance ) reg>d to ! p[]s & influ5ce ( all objects4 ,h[ is ?is rem$i$ by exp]i5ce8 ,x only %[s u a numb] ( uni=m effects1 result+ f c]ta9 objects1 & tea*es u t ^? p>ticul> objects1 at t p>ticul> "t1 7 end[$ ) su* p[]s & =ces4 ,:5 a new object1 end[$ ) simil> s5sible qualities1 is produc$1 we expect simil> p[]s & =ces1 & look = a l effect4 ,f a body ( l col\r & consi/5ce ) bread we expect l n\ri%m5t & support4 ,b ?is surely is a /ep or progress ( ! m9d1 :i* wants to be expla9$4 ,:5 a man says1 ,i h f\nd1 9 all pa/ in/ances1 su* s5sible qualities conjo9$ ) su* secret p[]s3 ,& :5 he says1 ,simil> s5sible qualities w always be conjo9$ ) simil> secret p[]s1 he is n guilty ( a tautology1 nor are ^! propositions 9 any respect ! same4 ,y say t ! "o proposition is an inf]5ce f ! o!r4 ,b y mu/ confess t ! inf]5ce is n intuitive2 nei!r is x demon/rative3 ,( :at nature is x1 !n8 ,to say x is exp]im5tal1 is begg+ ! "q4 ,= all inf]5ces f exp]i5ce suppose1 z _! f\ndation1 t ! future w resemble ! pa/1 & t simil> p[]s w be conjo9$ ) simil> s5sible qualities4 ,if !re be any suspicion t ! c\rse ( nature may *ange1 & t ! pa/ may be no rule = ! future1 all exp]i5ce becomes useless1 & c give rise to no inf]5ce or conclusion4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t any argum5ts f exp]i5ce c prove ?is resemblance ( ! pa/ to ! future2 s9ce all ^! argum5ts are f\nd$ on ! supposition ( t resemblance4 ,let ! c\rse ( ?+s be all[$ hi!rto ev] s regul>2 t alone1 )\t "s new argum5t or inf]5ce1 proves n t1 = ! future1 x w cont9ue s4 ,9 va9 d y pret5d to h le>n$ ! nature ( bodies f y\r pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,_! secret nature1 & consequ5tly all _! effects & influ5ce1 may *ange1 )\t any *ange 9 _! s5sible qualities4 ,?is happ5s sometimes1 & ) reg>d to "s objects3 ,:y may x n happ5 always1 & ) reg>d to all objects8 ,:at logic1 :at process ( argum5t secures y aga9/ ?is supposition8 ,my practice1 y say1 refutes my d\bts4 ,b y mi/ake ! purport ( my "q4 ,z an ag5t1 ,i am q satisfi$ 9 ! po9t2 b z a philosoph]1 :o has "s %>e ( curiosity1 ,i w n say scepticism1 ,i want to le>n ! f\ndation ( ?is inf]5ce4 ,no read+1 no enquiry has yet be5 able to remove my difficulty1 or give me satisfaction 9 a matt] ( su* importance4 ,c ,i d bett] ?an propose ! difficulty to ! public1 ev5 ?\gh1 p]haps1 ,i h small hopes ( obta9+ a solution8 ,we %all at lea/1 by ?is means1 be s5sible ( our ignorance1 if we d n augm5t our k4 #cc4 ,i mu/ confess t a man is guilty ( unp>donable arrogance :o concludes1 because an argum5t has escap$ 8 own inve/igation1 t !re=e x does n really exi/4 ,i mu/ also confess t1 ?\gh all ! le>n$1 = sev]al ages1 %\ld h employ$ !mselves 9 fruitless se>* ^u any subject1 x may /ill1 p]haps1 be ra% to conclude positively t ! subject mu/1 !re=e1 pass all human compreh5sion4 ,ev5 ?\gh we exam9e all ! s\rces ( our k1 & conclude !m unfit = su* a subject1 !re may /ill rema9 a suspicion1 t ! enum]ation is n complete1 or ! exam9ation n accurate4 ,b ) reg>d to ! pres5t subject1 !re are "s consid]ations :i* seem to remove all ?is accusation ( arrogance or suspicion ( mi/ake4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! mo/ ignorant & /upid peasants--nay infants1 nay ev5 brute bea/s--improve by exp]i5ce1 & le>n ! qualities ( natural objects1 by obs]v+ ! effects :i* result f !m4 ,:5 a *ild has felt ! s5sation ( pa9 f t\*+ ! flame ( a c&le1 he w be c>eful n to put 8 h& ne> any c&le2 b w expect a simil> effect f a cause :i* is simil> 9 its s5sible qualities & appe>ance4 ,if y ass]t1 !re=e1 t ! und]/&+ ( ! *ild is l$ into ?is conclusion by any process ( argum5t or ratioc9ation1 ,i may ju/ly require y to produce t argum5t2 nor h y any pret5ce to refuse s equitable a dem&4 ,y _c say t ! argum5t is ab/ruse1 & may possibly escape y\r enquiry2 s9ce y confess t x is obvi\s to ! capacity ( a m]e infant4 ,if y hesitate1 !re=e1 a mom5t1 or if1 aft] reflection1 y produce any intricate or pr(\nd argum5t1 y1 9 a mann]1 give up ! "q1 & confess t x is n reason+ :i* engages u to suppose ! pa/ resembl+ ! future1 & to expect simil> effects f causes :i* are1 to appe>ance1 simil>4 ,?is is ! proposition :i* ,i int5d$ to en=ce 9 ! pres5t section4 ,if ,i be "r1 ,i pret5d n to h made any mighty discov]y4 ,& if ,i be wrong1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge myself to be inde$ a v backw>d s*ol>2 s9ce ,i _c n[ discov] an argum5t :i*1 x seems1 0 p]fectly famili> to me long be=e ,i 0 out ( my cradle4 ,,section ,v4 ,,sceptical ,,solution ,,( ,,^! ,,d\bts4 ,,"p ,i4 #cd4 ,! passion = philosophy1 l t = religion1 seems liable to ?is inconv5i5ce1 t1 ?\gh x aims at ! correction ( our mann]s1 & extirpation ( our vices1 x may only s]ve1 by imprud5t managem5t1 to fo/] a pr$om9ant incl9ation1 & pu% ! m9d1 ) m det]m9$ resolution1 t[>ds t side :i* already draws too mu*1 by ! bias & prop5sity ( ! natural temp]4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 :ile we aspire to ! magnanim\s firmness ( ! philosophic sage1 & endeav\r to conf9e our pleasures altoge!r )9 our own m9ds1 we may1 at la/1 r5d] our philosophy l t ( ,epictetus1 & o!r ,/oics1 only a m ref9$ sy/em ( selfi%ness1 & reason ourselves out ( all virtue z well z social enjoym5t4 ,:ile we /udy ) att5tion ! vanity ( human life1 & turn all our ?\ghts t[>ds ! empty & transitory nature ( ri*es & hon\rs1 we are1 p]haps1 all ! :ile flatt]+ our natural indol5ce1 :i*1 hat+ ! bu/le ( ! _w1 & drudg]y ( bus9ess1 seeks a pret5ce ( reason to give itself a full & uncontroll$ indulg5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o species ( philosophy :i* seems little liable to ?is inconv5i5ce1 & t because x /rikes 9 ) no disord]ly passion ( ! human m9d1 nor c m+le itself ) any natural affection or prop5sity2 & t is ! ,academic or ,sceptical philosophy4 ,! academics always talk ( d\bt & susp5se ( judgem5t1 ( dang] 9 ha/y det]m9ations1 ( conf9+ to v n>r[ b\nds ! enquiries ( ! und]/&+1 & ( r5\nc+ all speculations :i* lie n )9 ! limits ( common life & practice4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be m contr>y ?an su* a philosophy to ! sup9e indol5ce ( ! m9d1 its ra% arrogance1 its l(ty pret5sions1 & its sup]/iti\s cr$ulity4 ,e passion is mortifi$ by x1 except ! love ( tru?2 & t passion nev] is1 nor c be1 c>ri$ to too high a degree4 ,x is surpris+1 !re=e1 t ?is philosophy1 :i*1 9 almo/ e in/ance1 mu/ be h>mless & innoc5t1 %\ld be ! subject ( s mu* gr\ndless reproa* & obloquy4 ,b1 p]haps1 ! v circum/ance :i* r5d]s x s innoc5t is :at *iefly exposes x to ! public hatr$ & res5tm5t4 ,by flatt]+ no irregul> passion1 x ga9s few p>tizans3 ,by oppos+ s _m vices & follies1 x raises to itself abundance ( enemies1 :o /igmatize x z lib]t9e pr(ane1 & irreligi\s4 ,nor ne$ we fe> t ?is philosophy1 :ile x endeav\rs to limit our enquiries to common life1 %\ld ev] und]m9e ! reason+s ( common life1 & c>ry its d\bts s f> z to de/roy all action1 z well z speculation4 ,nature w always ma9ta9 h] rights1 & prevail 9 ! end ov] any ab/ract reason+ :atsoev]4 ,?\gh we %\ld conclude1 = in/ance1 z 9 ! =ego+ section1 t1 9 all reason+s f exp]i5ce1 !re is a /ep tak5 by ! m9d :i* is n support$ by any argum5t or process ( ! und]/&+2 !re is no dang] t ^! reason+s1 on :i* almo/ all k dep5ds1 w ev] be affect$ by su* a discov]y4 ,if ! m9d be n engag$ by argum5t to make ?is /ep1 x mu/ be induc$ by "s o!r pr9ciple ( equal weight & au?ority2 & t pr9ciple w pres]ve its influ5ce z long z human nature rema9s ! same4 ,:at t pr9ciple is may well be wor? ! pa9s ( enquiry4 #ce4 ,suppose a p]son1 ?\gh end[$ ) ! /ronge/ faculties ( reason & reflection1 to be br\ght on a sudd5 into ?is _w2 he w\ld1 inde$1 imm$iately obs]ve a cont9ual succession ( objects1 & "o ev5t foll[+ ano!r2 b he w\ld n be able to discov] any?+ f>!r4 ,he w\ld n1 at fir/1 by any reason+1 be able to rea* ! idea ( cause & effect2 s9ce ! p>ticul> p[]s1 by :i* all natural op]ations are p]=m$1 nev] appe> to ! s5ses2 nor is x reasonable to conclude1 m]ely because "o ev5t1 9 "o in/ance1 prec$es ano!r1 t !re=e ! "o is ! cause1 ! o!r ! effect4 ,_! conjunction may be arbitr>y & casual4 ,!re may be no reason to inf] ! exi/5ce ( "o f ! appe>ance ( ! o!r4 ,& 9 a ^w1 su* a p]son1 )\t m exp]i5ce1 c\ld nev] employ 8 conjecture or reason+ conc]n+ any matt] ( fact1 or be assur$ ( any?+ beyond :at 0 imm$iately pres5t to 8 memory & s5ses4 ,suppose1 aga91 t he has acquir$ m exp]i5ce1 & has liv$ s long 9 ! _w z to h obs]v$ famili> objects or ev5ts to be con/antly conjo9$ toge!r2 :at is ! consequ5ce ( ?is exp]i5ce8 ,he imm$iately inf]s ! exi/5ce ( "o object f ! appe>ance ( ! o!r4 ,yet he has n1 by all 8 exp]i5ce1 acquir$ any idea or k ( ! secret p[] by :i* ! "o object produces ! o!r2 nor is x1 by any process ( reason+1 he is engag$ to draw ?is inf]5ce4 ,b /ill he f9ds himself det]m9$ to draw x3 ,& ?\gh he %\ld be conv9c$ t 8 und]/&+ has no "p 9 ! op]ation1 he w\ld nev]!less cont9ue 9 ! same c\rse ( ?9k+4 ,!re is "s o!r pr9ciple :i* det]m9es him to =m su* a conclusion4 #cf4 ,?is pr9ciple is ,cu/om or ,habit4 ,= :]ev] ! repetition ( any p>ticul> act or op]ation produces a prop5sity to r5ew ! same act or op]ation1 )\t be+ impell$ by any reason+ or process ( ! und]/&+1 we always say1 t ?is prop5sity is ! effect ( ,cu/om4 ,by employ+ t ^w1 we pret5d n to h giv5 ! ultimate reason ( su* a prop5sity4 ,we only po9t out a pr9ciple ( human nature1 :i* is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 & :i* is well kn[n by its effects4 ,p]haps we c pu% our enquiries no f>!r1 or pret5d to give ! cause ( ?is cause2 b mu/ re/ cont5t$ ) x z ! ultimate pr9ciple1 :i* we c assign1 ( all our conclusions f exp]i5ce4 ,x is suffici5t satisfaction1 t we c g s f>1 )\t rep9+ at ! n>r[ness ( our faculties because !y w c>ry u no f>!r4 ,& x is c]ta9 we "h advance a v intelligible proposition at lea/1 if n a true "o1 :5 we ass]t t1 aft] ! con/ant conjunction ( two objects--heat & flame1 = in/ance1 weight & solidity--we are det]m9$ by cu/om alone to expect ! "o f ! appe>ance ( ! o!r4 ,?is hypo!sis seems ev5 ! only "o :i* expla9s ! difficulty1 :y we draw1 f a ?\s& in/ances1 an inf]5ce :i* we are n able to draw f "o in/ance1 t is1 9 no respect1 diff]5t f !m4 ,reason is incapable ( any su* v>iation4 ,! conclusions :i* x draws f consid]+ "o circle are ! same :i* x w\ld =m ^u survey+ all ! circles 9 ! univ]se4 ,b no man1 hav+ se5 only "o body move aft] be+ impell$ by ano!r1 c\ld inf] t e o!r body w move aft] a l impulse4 ,all inf]5ces f exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 are effects ( cu/om1 n ( reason+#g4 #g ,no?+ is m useful ?an = writ]s1 ev51 on moral1 political1 or physical subjects1 to di/+ui% betwe5 reason & exp]i5ce1 & to suppose1 t ^! species ( argum5tation are entirely diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,! =m] are tak5 = ! m]e result ( our intellectual faculties1 :i*1 by consid]+ priori ! nature ( ?+s1 & exam9+ ! effects1 t mu/ foll[ f _! op]ation1 e/abli% p>ticul> pr9ciples ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,! latt] are suppos$ to be d]iv$ entirely f s5se & obs]vation1 by :i* we le>n :at has actually result$ f ! op]ation ( p>ticul> objects1 & are !nce able to inf]1 :at w1 = ! future1 result f !m4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! limitations & re/ra9ts ( civil gov]nm5t1 & a legal con/itution1 may be def5d$1 ei!r f reason1 :i* reflect+ on ! great frailty & corruption ( human nature1 tea*es1 t no man c safely be tru/$ ) unlimit$ au?ority2 or f exp]i5ce & hi/ory1 :i* in=m u ( ! enorm\s abuses1 t ambition1 9 e age & c\ntry1 has be5 f\nd to make ( s imprud5t a confid5ce4 ,! same di/9ction betwe5 reason & exp]i5ce is ma9ta9$ 9 all our delib]ations conc]n+ ! conduct ( life2 :ile ! exp]i5c$ /atesman1 g5]al1 physician1 or m]*ant is tru/$ & foll[$2 & ! unpractis$ novice1 ) :atev] natural tal5ts end[$1 neglect$ & despis$4 ,?\gh x be all[$1 t reason may =m v plausible conjectures ) reg>d to ! consequ5ces ( su* a p>ticul> conduct 9 su* p>ticul> circum/ances2 x is /ill suppos$ imp]fect1 )\t ! assi/ance ( exp]i5ce1 :i* is alone able to give /ability & c]ta9ty to ! maxims1 d]iv$ f /udy & reflection4 ,b not)/&+ t ?is di/9ction be ?us univ]sally receiv$1 bo? 9 ! active speculative sc5es ( life1 ,i %all n scruple to pron\nce1 t x is1 at bottom1 errone\s1 at lea/1 sup]ficial4 ,if we exam9e ^? argum5ts1 :i*1 9 any ( ! sci5ces above m5tion$1 are suppos$ to be ! m]e effects ( reason+ & reflection1 !y w be f\nd to t]m9ate1 at la/1 9 "s g5]al pr9ciple or conclusion1 = :i* we c assign no reason b obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ^? maxims1 :i* are vulg>ly e/eem$ ! result ( pure exp]i5ce1 is1 t ! =m] _c be e/abli%$ )\t "s process ( ?\ght1 & "s reflection on :at we h obs]v$1 9 ord] to di/+ui% its circum/ances1 & trace its consequ5ces3 ,:]eas 9 ! latt]1 ! exp]i5c$ ev5t is exactly & fully famili> to t :i* we inf] z ! result ( any p>ticul> situation4 ,! hi/ory ( a ,,tib]ius or a ,,n]o makes u dread a l tyranny1 7 our mon>*s fre$ f ! re/ra9ts ( laws & s5ates3 ,b ! obs]vation ( any fraud or cruelty 9 private life is suffici5t1 ) ! aid ( a little ?\ght1 to give u ! same appreh5sion2 :ile x s]ves z an in/ance ( ! g5]al corruption ( human nature1 & %[s u ! dang] :i* we mu/ incur by repos+ an entire confid5ce 9 mank9d4 ,9 bo? cases1 x is exp]i5ce :i* is ultimately ! f\ndation ( our inf]5ce & conclusion4 ,!re is no man s "y & unexp]i5c$1 z n to h =m$1 f obs]vation1 _m g5]al & j maxims conc]n+ human affairs & ! conduct ( life2 b x mu/ be confess$1 t1 :5 a man comes to put ^! 9 practice1 he w be extremely liable to error1 till "t & f>!r exp]i5ce bo? enl>ge ^! maxims1 & tea* him _! prop] use & application4 ,9 e situation or incid5t1 !re are _m p>ticul> & seem+ly m9ute circum/ances1 :i* ! man ( greate/ tal5t is1 at fir/1 apt to ov]look1 ?\gh on !m ! ju/ness ( 8 conclusions1 & consequ5tly ! prud5ce ( 8 conduct1 entirely dep5d4 ,n to m5tion1 t1 to a "y beg9n]1 ! g5]al obs]vations & maxims occur n always on ! prop] occasions1 nor c be imm$iately appli$ ) due calmness & di/9ction4 ,! tru? is1 an unexp]i5c$ reason] c\ld be no reason] at all1 7 he absolutely unexp]i5c$2 & :5 we assign t "* to any "o1 we mean x only 9 a comp>ative s5se1 & suppose him possess$ ( exp]i5ce1 9 a small] & m imp]fect degree4 ,cu/om1 !n1 is ! great guide ( human life4 ,x is t pr9ciple alone :i* r5d]s our exp]i5ce useful to u1 & makes u expect1 = ! future1 a simil> tra9 ( ev5ts ) ^? :i* h appe>$ 9 ! pa/4 ,)\t ! influ5ce ( cu/om1 we %\ld be entirely ignorant ( e matt] ( fact beyond :at is imm$iately pres5t to ! memory & s5ses4 ,we %\ld nev] "k h[ to adju/ means to ends1 or to employ our natural p[]s 9 ! production ( any effect4 ,!re w\ld be an end at once ( all action1 z well z ( ! *ief "p ( speculation4 #cg4 ,b "h x may be prop] to rem>k1 t ?\gh our conclusions f exp]i5ce c>ry u beyond our memory & s5ses1 & assure u ( matt]s ( fact :i* happ5$ 9 ! mo/ di/ant places & mo/ remote ages1 yet "s fact mu/ always be pres5t to ! s5ses or memory1 f :i* we may fir/ proce$ 9 draw+ ^! conclusions4 ,a man1 :o %\ld f9d 9 a des]t c\ntry ! rema9s ( pomp\s build+s1 w\ld conclude t ! c\ntry _h1 9 anci5t times1 be5 cultivat$ by civiliz$ inhabitants2 b did no?+ ( ?is nature occur to him1 he c\ld nev] =m su* an inf]5ce4 ,we le>n ! ev5ts ( =m] ages f hi/ory2 b !n we mu/ p]use ! volumes 9 :i* ?is in/ruction is conta9$1 & !nce c>ry up our inf]5ces f "o te/imony to ano!r1 till we arrive at ! eyewitnesses & spectators ( ^! di/ant ev5ts4 ,9 a ^w1 if we proce$ n ^u "s fact1 pres5t to ! memory or s5ses1 our reason+s w\ld be m]ely hypo!tical2 & h[ev] ! p>ticul> l9ks might be connect$ ) ea* o!r1 ! :ole *a9 ( inf]5ces w\ld h no?+ to support x1 nor c\ld we ev]1 by its means1 arrive at ! k ( any real exi/5ce4 ,if ,i ask :y y believe any p>ticul> matt] ( fact1 :i* y relate1 y mu/ tell me "s reason2 & ?is reason w be "s o!r fact1 connect$ ) x4 ,b z y _c proce$ aft] ?is mann]1 9 inf9itum1 y mu/ at la/ t]m9ate 9 "s fact1 :i* is pres5t to y\r memory or s5ses2 or mu/ all[ t y\r belief is entirely )\t f\ndation4 #ch4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]8 ,a simple "o2 ?\gh1 x mu/ be confess$1 pretty remote f ! common !ories ( philosophy4 ,all belief ( matt] ( fact or real exi/5ce is d]iv$ m]ely f "s object1 pres5t to ! memory or s5ses1 & a cu/om>y conjunction betwe5 t & "s o!r object4 ,or 9 o!r words2 hav+ f\nd1 9 _m in/ances1 t any two k9ds ( objects--flame & heat1 sn[ & cold--h always be5 conjo9$ toge!r2 if flame or sn[ be pres5t$ anew to ! s5ses1 ! m9d is c>ri$ by cu/om to expect heat or cold1 & to believe t su* a quality does exi/1 & w discov] itself ^u a ne>] approa*4 ,?is belief is ! necess>y result ( plac+ ! m9d 9 su* circum/ances4 ,x is an op]ation ( ! s\l1 :5 we are s situat$1 z unavoidable z to feel ! passion ( love1 :5 we receive b5efits2 or hatr$1 :5 we meet ) injuries4 ,all ^! op]ations are a species ( natural in/9cts1 :i* no reason+ or process ( ! ?\ght & und]/&+ is able ei!r to produce or to prev5t4 ,at ?is po9t1 x w\ld be v all[able = u to /op our philosophical rese>*es4 ,9 mo/ que/ions we c nev] make a s+le /ep f>!r2 & 9 all que/ions we mu/ t]m9ate "h at la/1 aft] our mo/ re/less & curi\s enquiries4 ,b /ill our curiosity w be p>donable1 p]haps comm5dable1 if x c>ry u on to /ill f>!r rese>*es1 & make u exam9e m accurately ! nature ( ?is belief1 & ( ! cu/om>y conjunction1 :5ce x is d]iv$4 ,by ?is means we may meet ) "s explications & analogies t w give satisfaction2 at lea/ to su* z love ! ab/ract sci5ces1 & c be ent]ta9$ ) speculations1 :i*1 h[ev] accurate1 may /ill reta9 a degree ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty4 ,z to read]s ( a diff]5t ta/e2 ! rema9+ "p ( ?is section is n calculat$ = !m1 & ! foll[+ enquiries may well be und]/ood1 ?\gh x be neglect$4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #ci4 ,no?+ is m free ?an ! imag9ation ( man2 & ?\gh x _c exce$ t orig9al /ock ( ideas furni%$ by ! int]nal & ext]nal s5ses1 x has unlimit$ p[] ( mix+1 comp\nd+1 sep>at+1 & divid+ ^! ideas1 9 all ! v>ieties ( fiction & vision4 ,x c feign a tra9 ( ev5ts1 ) all ! appe>ance ( reality1 ascribe to !m a p>ticul> "t & place1 conceive !m z exi/5t1 & pa9t !m out to itself ) e circum/ance1 t belongs to any hi/orical fact1 :i* x believes ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty4 ,:]e91 !re=e1 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a fiction & belief8 ,x lies n m]ely 9 any peculi> idea1 :i* is annex$ to su* a conception z comm&s our ass5t1 & :i* is want+ to e kn[n fiction4 ,= z ! m9d has au?ority ov] all its ideas1 x c\ld volunt>ily annex ?is p>ticul> idea to any fiction1 & consequ5tly be able to believe :atev] x pleases2 contr>y to :at we f9d by daily exp]i5ce4 ,we c1 9 our conception1 jo9 ! head ( a man to ! body ( a horse2 b x is n 9 our p[] to believe t su* an animal has ev] really exi/$4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 fiction & belief lies 9 "s s5tim5t or feel+1 :i* is annex$ to ! latt]1 n to ! =m]1 & :i* dep5ds n on ! w1 nor c be comm&$ at pleasure4 ,x mu/ be excit$ by nature1 l all o!r s5tim5ts2 & mu/ arise f ! p>ticul> situation1 9 :i* ! m9d is plac$ at any p>ticul> juncture4 ,:5ev] any object is pres5t$ to ! memory or s5ses1 x imm$iately1 by ! =ce ( cu/om1 c>ries ! imag9ation to conceive t object1 :i* is usually conjo9$ to x2 & ?is conception is att5d$ ) a feel+ or s5tim5t1 diff]5t f ! loose rev]ies ( ! fancy4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! :ole nature ( belief4 ,= z !re is no matt] ( fact :i* we believe s firmly t we _c conceive ! contr>y1 !re w\ld be no diff]5ce betwe5 ! conception ass5t$ to & t :i* is reject$1 7 x n = "s s5tim5t :i* di/+ui%es ! "o f ! o!r4 ,if ,i see a billi>d-ball mov+ t[>ds ano!r1 on a smoo? table1 ,i c easily conceive x to /op ^u contact4 ,?is conception implies no contradiction2 b /ill x feels v diff]5tly f t conception by :i* ,i repres5t to myself ! impulse & ! communication ( motion f "o ball to ano!r4 #dj4 ,7 we to attempt a def9ition ( ?is s5tim5t1 we %\ld1 p]haps1 f9d x a v difficult1 if n an impossible task2 9 ! same mann] z if we %\ld endeav\r to def9e ! feel+ ( cold or passion ( ang]1 to a creature :o nev] _h any exp]i5ce ( ^! s5tim5ts4 ,belief is ! true & prop] "n ( ?is feel+2 & no "o is ev] at a loss to "k ! mean+ ( t t]m2 because e man is e mom5t consci\s ( ! s5tim5t repres5t$ by x4 ,x may n1 h[ev]1 be improp] to attempt a description ( ?is s5tim5t2 9 hopes we may1 by t means1 arrive at "s analogies1 :i* may af=d a m p]fect explication ( x4 ,i say1 !n1 t belief is no?+ b a m vivid1 lively1 =cible1 firm1 /eady conception ( an object1 ?an :at ! imag9ation alone is ev] able to atta94 ,?is v>iety ( t]ms1 :i* may seem s unphilosophical1 is int5d$ only to express t act ( ! m9d1 :i* r5d]s realities1 or :at is tak5 = su*1 m pres5t to u ?an fictions1 causes !m to weigh m 9 ! ?\ght1 & gives !m a sup]ior influ5ce on ! passions & imag9ation4 ,provid$ we agree ab\t ! ?+1 x is ne$less to dispute ab\t ! t]ms4 ,! imag9ation has ! comm& ov] all its ideas1 & c jo9 & mix & v>y !m1 9 all ! ways possible4 ,x may conceive fictiti\s objects ) all ! circum/ances ( place & "t4 ,x may set !m1 9 a mann]1 be=e our eyes1 9 _! true col\rs1 j z !y might h exi/$4 ,b z x is impossible t ?is faculty ( imag9ation c ev]1 ( itself1 rea* belief1 x is evid5t t belief consi/s n 9 ! peculi> nature or ord] ( ideas1 b 9 ! mann] ( _! conception1 & 9 _! feel+ to ! m9d4 ,i confess1 t x is impossible p]fectly to expla9 ?is feel+ or mann] ( conception4 ,we may make use ( words :i* express some?+ ne> x4 ,b its true & prop] "n1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 is belief2 :i* is a t]m t e "o suffici5tly und]/&s 9 common life4 ,& 9 philosophy1 we c g no f>!r ?an ass]t1 t belief is some?+ felt by ! m9d1 :i* di/+ui%es ! ideas ( ! judgem5t f ! fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,x gives !m m weight & influ5ce2 makes !m appe> ( great] importance2 en=ces !m 9 ! m9d2 & r5d]s !m ! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( our actions4 ,i he> at pres5t1 = in/ance1 a p]son's voice1 ) :om ,i am acqua9t$2 & ! s\nd comes z f ! next room4 ,?is impression ( my s5ses imm$iately conveys my ?\ght to ! p]son1 toge!r ) all ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,i pa9t !m out to myself z exi/+ at pres5t1 ) ! same qualities & relations1 ( :i* ,i =m]ly knew !m possess$4 ,^! ideas take fa/] hold ( my m9d ?an ideas ( an en*ant$ ca/le4 ,!y are v diff]5t to ! feel+1 & h a mu* great] influ5ce ( e k9d1 ei!r to give pleasure or pa91 joy or sorr[4 ,let u1 !n1 take 9 ! :ole compass ( ?is doctr9e1 & all[1 t ! s5tim5t ( belief is no?+ b a conception m int5se & /eady ?an :at att5ds ! m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation1 & t ?is mann] ( conception arises f a cu/om>y conjunction ( ! object ) some?+ pres5t to ! memory or s5ses3 ,i believe t x w n be difficult1 ^u ^! suppositions1 to f9d o!r op]ations ( ! m9d analog\s to x1 & to trace up ^! ph5om5a to pr9ciples /ill m g5]al4 #da4 ,we h already obs]v$ t nature has e/abli%$ connexions among p>ticul> ideas1 & t no soon] "o idea occurs to our ?\ghts ?an x introduces its correlative1 & c>ries our att5tion t[>ds x1 by a g5tle & ins5sible movem5t4 ,^! pr9ciples ( connexion or association we h r$uc$ to ?ree1 namely1 ,resemblance1 ,contiguity & ,causation2 :i* are ! only bonds t unite our ?\ghts toge!r1 & beget t regul> tra9 ( reflection or disc\rse1 :i*1 9 a great] or less degree1 takes place among all mank9d4 ,n[ "h arises a "q1 on :i* ! solution ( ! pres5t difficulty w dep5d4 ,does x happ51 9 all ^! relations1 t1 :5 "o ( ! objects is pres5t$ to ! s5ses or memory1 ! m9d is n only c>ri$ to ! conception ( ! correlative1 b rea*es a /eadi] & /rong] conception ( x ?an :at o!rwise x w\ld h be5 able to atta98 ,?is seems to be ! case ) t belief :i* arises f ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,& if ! case be ! same ) ! o!r relations or pr9ciples ( associations1 ?is may be e/abli%$ z a g5]al law1 :i* takes place 9 all ! op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,we may1 !re=e1 obs]ve1 z ! fir/ exp]im5t to our pres5t purpose1 t1 ^u ! appe>ance ( ! picture ( an abs5t fri5d1 our idea ( him is evid5tly enliv5$ by ! resemblance1 & t e passion1 :i* t idea occasions1 :e!r ( joy or sorr[1 acquires new =ce & vig\r4 ,9 produc+ ?is effect1 !re concur bo? a relation & a pres5t impression4 ,:]e ! picture be>s him no resemblance1 at lea/ 0 n int5d$ = him1 x nev] s mu* z conveys our ?\ght to him3 ,& :]e x is abs5t1 z well z ! p]son1 ?\gh ! m9d may pass f ! ?\ght ( ! "o to t ( ! o!r1 x feels its idea to be r weak5$ ?an enliv5$ by t transition4 ,we take a pleasure 9 view+ ! picture ( a fri5d1 :5 x is set be=e u2 b :5 x is remov$1 r *oose to consid] him directly ?an by reflection 9 an image1 :i* is equally di/ant & obscure4 ,! c]emonies ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion may be consid]$ z in/ances ( ! same nature4 ,! devotees ( t sup]/ition usually plead 9 excuse = ! mumm]ies1 ) :i* !y are upbraid$1 t !y feel ! good effect ( ^? ext]nal motions1 & po/ures1 & actions1 9 enliv5+ _! devotion & quick5+ _! f]v\r1 :i* o!rwise w\ld decay1 if direct$ entirely to di/ant & immat]ial objects4 ,we %ad[ out ! objects ( our fai?1 say !y1 9 s5sible types & images1 & r5d] !m m pres5t to u by ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ^! types1 ?an x is possible = u to d m]ely by an intellectual view & contemplation4 ,s5sible objects h always a great] influ5ce on ! fancy ?an any o!r2 & ?is influ5ce !y readily convey to ^? ideas to :i* !y are relat$1 & :i* !y resemble4 ,i %all only inf] f ^! practices1 & ?is reason+1 t ! effect ( resemblance 9 enliv5+ ! ideas is v common2 & z 9 e case a resemblance & a pres5t impression mu/ concur1 we are abundantly suppli$ ) exp]im5ts to prove ! reality ( ! =ego+ pr9ciple4 #db4 ,we may add =ce to ^! exp]im5ts by o!rs ( a diff]5t k9d1 9 consid]+ ! effects ( contiguity z well z ( resemblance4 ,x is c]ta9 t di/ance dim9i%es ! =ce ( e idea1 & t1 ^u our approa* to any object2 ?\gh x does n discov] itself to our s5ses2 x op]ates ^u ! m9d ) an influ5ce1 :i* imitates an imm$iate impression4 ,! ?9k+ on any object readily transports ! m9d to :at is contigu\s2 b x is only ! actual pres5ce ( an object1 t transports x ) a sup]ior vivacity4 ,:5 ,i am a few miles f home1 :atev] relates to x t\*es me m ne>ly ?an :5 ,i am two hundr$ leagues di/ant2 ?\gh ev5 at t di/ance ! reflect+ on any ?+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( my fri5ds or family naturally produces an idea ( !m4 ,b z 9 ?is latt] case1 bo? ! objects ( ! m9d are ideas2 not)/&+ !re is an easy transition betwe5 !m2 t transition alone is n able to give a sup]ior vivacity to any ( ! ideas1 = want ( "s imm$iate impression#h4 #h ',naturane nobis1 inquit1 datum dicam1 an errore quodam1 ut1 cum ea loca videamus1 9 quibus memoria dignos viros accep]imus multum esse v]satos1 magis moveamur1 quam siqu&o eorum ipsorum aut facta audiamus aut scriptum aliquod legamus8 ,velut ego nunc moveor4 ,v5it enim mihi ,plato 9 m5tem1 qu]a accepimus primum hic disput>e solitum3 cuius etiam illi hortuli prop9qui non memoriam solum mihi aff]unt1 s$ ipsum vid5tur 9 conspectu meo hic pon]e4 ,hic ,speusippus1 hic ,x5ocrates1 hic eius auditor ,polemo2 cuius ipsa illa sessio fuit1 quam videmus4 ,equidem etiam curiam no/ram1 ,ho/iliam dico1 non hanc novam1 quae mihi m9or esse videtur po/quam e/ maior1 solebam intu5s1 ,scipionem1 ,catonem1 ,laelium1 no/rum v]o 9 primis avum cogit>e4 ,tanta vis admonitionis e/ 9 locis2 ut non s9e causa ex 8 memoriae d$ucta sit discipl9a4' ,cic]o de ,f9ibus4 ,lib4 v4 #dc4 ,no "o c d\bt b causation has ! same influ5ce z ! o!r two relations ( resemblance & contiguity4 ,sup]/iti\s p are fond ( ! reliques ( sa9ts & holy m51 = ! same reason1 t !y seek aft] types or images1 9 ord] to enliv5 _! devotion1 & give !m a m intimate & /rong conception ( ^? exempl>y lives1 :i* !y desire to imitate4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t "o ( ! be/ reliques1 :i* a devotee c\ld procure1 w\ld be ! h&ywork ( a sa9t2 & if 8 cloa?s & furniture are ev] to be consid]$ 9 ?is light1 x is because !y 7 once at 8 disposal1 & 7 mov$ & affect$ by him2 9 :i* respect !y are to be consid]$ z imp]fect effects1 & z connect$ ) him by a %ort] *a9 ( consequ5ces ?an any ( ^?1 by :i* we le>n ! reality ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,suppose1 t ! son ( a fri5d1 :o _h be5 long dead or abs5t1 7 pres5t$ to u2 x is evid5t1 t ?is object w\ld in/antly revive its correlative idea1 & recal to our ?\ghts all pa/ intimacies & famili>ities1 9 m lively col\rs ?an !y w\ld o!rwise h appe>$ to u4 ,?is is ano!r pha5om5on1 :i* seems to prove ! pr9ciple above m5tion$4 #dd4 ,we may obs]ve1 t1 9 ^! pha5om5a1 ! belief ( ! correlative object is always presuppos$2 )\t :i* ! relation c\ld h no effect4 ,! influ5ce ( ! picture supposes1 t we believe our fri5d to h once exi/$4 ,contiguity to home c nev] excite our ideas ( home1 unless we believe t x really exi/s4 ,n[ ,i ass]t1 t ?is belief1 :]e x rea*es beyond ! memory or s5ses1 is ( a simil> nature1 & arises f simil> causes1 ) ! transition ( ?\ght & vivacity ( conception "h expla9$4 ,:5 ,i ?r[ a piece ( dry wood into a fire1 my m9d is imm$iately c>ri$ to conceive1 t x augm5ts1 n ext+ui%es ! flame4 ,?is transition ( ?\ght f ! cause to ! effect proce$s n f reason4 ,x d]ives its orig9 altoge!r f cu/om & exp]i5ce4 ,& z x fir/ beg9s f an object1 pres5t to ! s5ses1 x r5d]s ! idea or conception ( flame m /rong & lively ?an any loose1 float+ rev]ie ( ! imag9ation4 ,t idea arises imm$iately4 ,! ?\ght moves in/antly t[>ds x1 & conveys to x all t =ce ( conception1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! impression pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,:5 a sword is levell$ at my brea/1 does n ! idea ( w\nd & pa9 /rike me m /rongly1 ?an :5 a glass ( w9e is pres5t$ to me1 ev5 ?\gh by accid5t ?is idea %\ld occur aft] ! appe>ance ( ! latt] object8 ,b :at is !re 9 ?is :ole matt] to cause su* a /rong conception1 except only a pres5t object & a cu/om>y transition to ! idea ( ano!r object1 :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to conjo9 ) ! =m]8 ,?is is ! :ole op]ation ( ! m9d1 9 all our conclusions conc]n+ matt] ( fact & exi/5ce2 & x is a satisfaction to f9d "s analogies1 by :i* x may be expla9$4 ,! transition f a pres5t object does 9 all cases give /r5g? & solidity to ! relat$ idea4 ,"h1 !n1 is a k9d ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! c\rse ( nature & ! succession ( our ideas2 & ?\gh ! p[]s & =ces1 by :i* ! =m] is gov]n$1 be :olly unkn[n to u2 yet our ?\ghts & conceptions h /ill1 we f9d1 gone on 9 ! same tra9 ) ! o!r works ( nature4 ,cu/om is t pr9ciple1 by :i* ?is correspond5ce has be5 effect$2 s necess>y to ! subsi/5ce ( our species1 & ! regulation ( our conduct1 9 e circum/ance & occurr5ce ( human life4 ,_h n ! pres5ce ( an object1 in/antly excit$ ! idea ( ^? objects1 commonly conjo9$ ) x1 all our k mu/ h be5 limit$ to ! n>r[ sph]e ( our memory & s5ses2 & we %\ld nev] h be5 able to adju/ means to ends1 or employ our natural p[]s1 ei!r to ! produc+ ( good1 or avoid+ ( evil4 ,^?1 :o delight 9 ! discov]y & contemplation ( f9al causes1 h "h ample subject to employ _! wond] & admiration4 #de4 ,i %all add1 = a fur!r confirmation ( ! =ego+ !ory1 t1 z ?is op]ation ( ! m9d1 by :i* we inf] l effects f l causes1 & vice v]sa1 is s ess5tial to ! subsi/5ce ( all human creatures1 x is n probable1 t x c\ld be tru/$ to ! fallaci\s d$uctions ( our reason1 :i* is sl[ 9 its op]ations2 appe>s n1 9 any degree1 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( infancy2 & at be/ is1 9 e age & p]iod ( human life1 extremely liable to error & mi/ake4 ,x is m con=mable to ! ord9>y wisdom ( nature to secure s necess>y an act ( ! m9d1 by "s in/9ct or me*anical t5d5cy1 :i* may be infallible 9 its op]ations1 may discov] itself at ! fir/ appe>ance ( life & ?\ght1 & may be indep5d5t ( all ! lab\r$ d$uctions ( ! und]/&+4 ,z nature has taught u ! use ( our limbs1 )\t giv+ u ! k ( ! muscles & n]ves1 by :i* !y are actuat$2 s has %e implant$ 9 u an in/9ct1 :i* c>ries =w>d ! ?\ght 9 a correspond5t c\rse to t :i* %e has e/abli%$ among ext]nal objects2 ?\gh we are ignorant ( ^? p[]s & =ces1 on :i* ?is regul> c\rse & succession ( objects totally dep5ds4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,probability#i4 #i ,mr4 ,locke divides all argum5ts into demon/rative & probable4 ,9 ?is view1 we mu/ say1 t x is only probable all m5 mu/ die1 or t ! sun w rise to-morr[4 ,b to con=m our language m to common use1 we ought to divide argum5ts into demon/rations1 pro(s1 & probabilities4 ,by pro(s mean+ su* argum5ts f exp]i5ce z leave no room = d\bt or opposition4 #df4 ,?\gh !re be no su* ?+ z ,*ance 9 ! _w2 our ignorance ( ! real cause ( any ev5t has ! same influ5ce on ! und]/&+1 & begets a l species ( belief or op9ion4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a probability1 :i* arises f a sup]iority ( *ances on any side2 & accord+ z ?is sup]iority encreases1 & surpasses ! opposite *ances1 ! probability receives a proportionable encrease1 & begets /ill a high] degree ( belief or ass5t to t side1 9 :i* we discov] ! sup]iority4 ,if a dye 7 m>k$ ) "o figure or numb] ( spots on f\r sides1 & ) ano!r figure or numb] ( spots on ! two rema9+ sides1 x w\ld be m probable1 t ! =m] w\ld turn up ?an ! latt]2 ?\gh1 if x _h a ?\s& sides m>k$ 9 ! same mann]1 & only "o side diff]5t1 ! probability w\ld be mu* high]1 & our belief or expectation ( ! ev5t m /eady & secure4 ,?is process ( ! ?\ght or reason+ may seem trivial & obvi\s2 b to ^? :o consid] x m n>r[ly1 x may1 p]haps1 af=d matt] = curi\s speculation4 ,x seems evid5t1 t1 :5 ! m9d looks =w>d to discov] ! ev5t1 :i* may result f ! ?r[ ( su* a dye1 x consid]s ! turn+ up ( ea* p>ticul> side z alike probable2 & ?is is ! v nature ( *ance1 to r5d] all ! p>ticul> ev5ts1 compreh5d$ 9 x1 entirely equal4 ,b f9d+ a great] numb] ( sides concur 9 ! "o ev5t ?an 9 ! o!r1 ! m9d is c>ri$ m frequ5tly to t ev5t1 & meets x (t5]1 9 revolv+ ! v>i\s possibilities or *ances1 on :i* ! ultimate result dep5ds4 ,?is concurr5ce ( sev]al views 9 "o p>ticul> ev5t begets imm$iately1 by an inexplicable contrivance ( nature1 ! s5tim5t ( belief1 & gives t ev5t ! advantage ov] its antagoni/1 :i* is support$ by a small] numb] ( views1 & recurs less frequ5tly to ! m9d4 ,if we all[1 t belief is no?+ b a firm] & /rong] conception ( an object ?an :at att5ds ! m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation1 ?is op]ation may1 p]haps1 9 "s measure1 be acc\nt$ =4 ,! concurr5ce ( ^! sev]al views or glimpses impr9ts ! idea m /rongly on ! imag9ation2 gives x sup]ior =ce & vig\r2 r5d]s its influ5ce on ! passions & affections m s5sible2 & 9 a ^w1 begets t reliance or security1 :i* con/itutes ! nature ( belief & op9ion4 #dg4 ,! case is ! same ) ! probability ( causes1 z ) t ( *ance4 ,!re are "s causes1 :i* are entirely uni=m & con/ant 9 produc+ a p>ticul> effect2 & no in/ance has ev] yet be5 f\nd ( any failure or irregul>ity 9 _! op]ation4 ,fire has always burn$1 & wat] suffocat$ e human creature3 ,! production ( motion by impulse & gravity is an univ]sal law1 :i* has hi!rto admitt$ ( no exception4 ,b !re are o!r causes1 :i* h be5 f\nd m irregul> & unc]ta92 nor has rhub>b always prov$ a purge1 or opium a soporific to e "o1 :o has tak5 ^! m$ic9es4 ,x is true1 :5 any cause fails ( produc+ its usual effect1 philosoph]s ascribe n ?is to any irregul>ity 9 nature2 b suppose1 t "s secret causes1 9 ! p>ticul> /ructure ( p>ts1 h prev5t$ ! op]ation4 ,our reason+s1 h[ev]1 & conclusions conc]n+ ! ev5t are ! same z if ?is pr9ciple _h no place4 ,be+ det]m9$ by cu/om to transf] ! pa/ to ! future1 9 all our inf]5ces2 :]e ! pa/ has be5 entirely regul> & uni=m1 we expect ! ev5t ) ! greate/ assurance1 & leave no room = any contr>y supposition4 ,b :]e diff]5t effects h be5 f\nd to foll[ f causes1 :i* are to appe>ance exactly simil>1 all ^! v>i\s effects mu/ occur to ! m9d 9 transf]r+ ! pa/ to ! future1 & ent] into our consid]ation1 :5 we det]m9e ! probability ( ! ev5t4 ,?\gh we give ! pref]5ce to t :i* has be5 f\nd mo/ usual1 & believe t ?is effect w exi/1 we mu/ n ov]look ! o!r effects1 b mu/ assign to ea* ( !m a p>ticul> weight & au?ority1 9 proportion z we h f\nd x to be m or less frequ5t4 ,x is m probable1 9 almo/ e c\ntry ( ,europe1 t !re w be fro/ sometime 9 ,janu>y1 ?an t ! wea!r w cont9ue op5 ?r\gh\t t :ole mon?2 ?\gh ?is probability v>ies accord+ to ! diff]5t climates1 & approa*es to a c]ta9ty 9 ! m nor!rn k+doms4 ,"h !n x seems evid5t1 t1 :5 we transf] ! pa/ to ! future1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! effect1 :i* w result f any cause1 we transf] all ! diff]5t ev5ts1 9 ! same proportion z !y h appe>$ 9 ! pa/1 & conceive "o to h exi/$ a hundr$ times1 = in/ance1 ano!r t5 times1 & ano!r once4 ,z a great numb] ( views d "h concur 9 "o ev5t1 !y =tify & confirm x to ! imag9ation1 beget t s5tim5t :i* we call belief1 & give its object ! pref]5ce above ! contr>y ev5t1 :i* is n support$ by an equal numb] ( exp]im5ts1 & recurs n s frequ5tly to ! ?\ght 9 transf]r+ ! pa/ to ! future4 ,let any "o try to acc\nt = ?is op]ation ( ! m9d ^u any ( ! receiv$ sy/ems ( philosophy1 & he w be s5sible ( ! difficulty4 ,= my "p1 ,i %all ?9k x suffici5t1 if ! pres5t h9ts excite ! curiosity ( philosoph]s1 & make !m s5sible h[ defective all common !ories are 9 treat+ ( su* curi\s & su* sublime subjects4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,necess>y ,,connexion4 ,,"p ,i4 #dh4 ,! great advantage ( ! ma!matical sci5ces above ! moral consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! ideas ( ! =m]1 be+ s5sible1 are always cle> & det]m9ate1 ! smalle/ di/9ction betwe5 !m is imm$iately p]ceptible1 & ! same t]ms are /ill expressive ( ! same ideas1 )\t ambiguity or v>iation4 ,an oval is nev] mi/ak5 = a circle1 nor an hyp]bola = an ellipsis4 ,! isosceles & scal5um are di/+ui%$ by b\nd>ies m exact ?an vice & virtue1 "r & wrong4 ,if any t]m be def9$ 9 geometry1 ! m9d readily1 ( itself1 sub/itutes1 on all occasions1 ! def9ition = ! t]m def9$3 ,or ev5 :5 no def9ition is employ$1 ! object itself may be pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 & by t means be /eadily & cle>ly appreh5d$4 ,b ! f9] s5tim5ts ( ! m9d1 ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+1 ! v>i\s agitations ( ! passions1 ?\gh really 9 !mselves di/9ct1 easily escape u1 :5 survey$ by reflection2 nor is x 9 our p[] to recal ! orig9al object1 z (t5 z we h occasion to contemplate x4 ,ambiguity1 by ?is means1 is gradually introduc$ into our reason+s3 ,simil> objects are readily tak5 to be ! same3 ,& ! conclusion becomes at la/ v wide ( ! premises4 ,"o may safely1 h[ev]1 affirm1 t1 if we consid] ^! sci5ces 9 a prop] light1 _! advantages & disadvantages ne>ly comp5sate ea* o!r1 & r$uce bo? ( !m to a /ate ( equality4 ,if ! m9d1 ) great] facility1 reta9s ! ideas ( geometry cle> & det]m9ate1 x mu/ c>ry on a mu* long] & m intricate *a9 ( reason+1 & comp>e ideas mu* wid] ( ea* o!r1 9 ord] to rea* ! ab/rus] tru?s ( t sci5ce4 ,& if moral ideas are apt1 )\t extreme c>e1 to fall into obscurity & confusion1 ! inf]5ces are always mu* %ort] 9 ^! disquisitions1 & ! int]m$iate /eps1 :i* lead to ! conclusion1 mu* few] ?an 9 ! sci5ces :i* treat ( quantity & numb]4 ,9 reality1 !re is sc>cely a proposition 9 ,euclid s simple1 z n to consi/ ( m p>ts1 ?an are to be f\nd 9 any moral reason+ :i* runs n into *im]a & conceit4 ,:]e we trace ! pr9ciples ( ! human m9d ?r\gh a few /eps1 we may be v well satisfi$ ) our progress2 consid]+ h[ soon nature ?r[s a b> to all our enquiries conc]n+ causes1 & r$uces u to an ackn[l$gm5t ( our ignorance4 ,! *ief ob/acle1 !re=e1 to our improvem5t 9 ! moral or metaphysical sci5ces is ! obscurity ( ! ideas1 & ambiguity ( ! t]ms4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty 9 ! ma!matics is ! l5g? ( inf]5ces & compass ( ?\ght1 requisite to ! =m+ ( any conclusion4 ,&1 p]haps1 our progress 9 natural philosophy is *iefly ret>d$ by ! want ( prop] exp]im5ts & pha5om5a1 :i* are (t5 discov]$ by *ance1 & _c always be f\nd1 :5 requisite1 ev5 by ! mo/ dilig5t & prud5t enquiry4 ,z moral philosophy seems hi!rto to h receiv$ less improvem5t ?an ei!r geometry or physics1 we may conclude1 t1 if !re be any diff]5ce 9 ?is respect among ^! sci5ces1 ! difficulties1 :i* ob/ruct ! progress ( ! =m]1 require sup]ior c>e & capacity to be surm\nt$4 #di4 ,!re are no ideas1 :i* occur 9 metaphysics1 m obscure & unc]ta91 ?an ^? ( p[]1 =ce1 en]gy or necess>y connexion1 ( :i* x is e mom5t necess>y = u to treat 9 all our disquisitions4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 endeav\r1 9 ?is section1 to fix1 if possible1 ! precise mean+ ( ^! t]ms1 & !reby remove "s "p ( t obscurity1 :i* is s mu* compla9$ ( 9 ?is species ( philosophy4 ,x seems a proposition1 :i* w n admit ( mu* dispute1 t all our ideas are no?+ b copies ( our impressions1 or1 9 o!r words1 t x is impossible = u to ?9k ( any ?+1 :i* we h n antec$5tly felt1 ei!r by our ext]nal or int]nal s5ses4 ,i h endeav\r$#aj to expla9 & prove ?is proposition1 & h express$ my hopes1 t1 by a prop] application ( x1 m5 may rea* a great] cle>ness & precision 9 philosophical reason+s1 ?an :at !y h hi!rto be5 able to atta94 ,complex ideas may1 p]haps1 be well kn[n by def9ition1 :i* is no?+ b an enum]ation ( ^? p>ts or simple ideas1 t compose !m4 ,b :5 we h pu%$ up def9itions to ! mo/ simple ideas1 & f9d /ill "s ambiguity & obscurity2 :at res\rce are we !n possess$ (8 ,by :at inv5tion c we ?r[ light ^u ^! ideas1 & r5d] !m altoge!r precise & det]m9ate to our intellectual view8 ,produce ! impressions or orig9al s5tim5ts1 f :i* ! ideas are copi$4 ,^! impressions are all /rong & s5sible4 ,!y admit n ( ambiguity4 ,!y are n only plac$ 9 a full light !mselves1 b may ?r[ light on _! correspond5t ideas1 :i* lie 9 obscurity4 ,& by ?is means1 we may1 p]haps1 atta9 a new microscope or species ( optics1 by :i*1 9 ! moral sci5ces1 ! mo/ m9ute1 & mo/ simple ideas may be s enl>g$ z to fall readily "u our appreh5sion1 & be equally kn[n ) ! grosse/ & mo/ s5sible ideas1 t c be ! object ( our enquiry4 #aj ,section ,,ii4 #ej4 ,to be fully acqua9t$1 !re=e1 ) ! idea ( p[] or necess>y connexion1 let u exam9e its impression2 & 9 ord] to f9d ! impression ) great] c]ta9ty1 let u se>* = x 9 all ! s\rces1 f :i* x may possibly be d]iv$4 ,:5 we look ab\t u t[>ds ext]nal objects1 & consid] ! op]ation ( causes1 we are nev] able1 9 a s+le in/ance1 to discov] any p[] or necess>y connexion2 any quality1 :i* b9ds ! effect to ! cause1 & r5d]s ! "o an infallible consequ5ce ( ! o!r4 ,we only f9d1 t ! "o does actually1 9 fact1 foll[ ! o!r4 ,! impulse ( "o billi>d-ball is att5d$ ) motion 9 ! second4 ,?is is ! :ole t appe>s to ! outw>d s5ses4 ,! m9d feels no s5tim5t or inw>d impression f ?is succession ( objects3 ,consequ5tly1 !re is n1 9 any s+le1 p>ticul> in/ance ( cause & effect1 any ?+ :i* c sugge/ ! idea ( p[] or necess>y connexion4 ,f ! fir/ appe>ance ( an object1 we nev] c conjecture :at effect w result f x4 ,b 7 ! p[] or en]gy ( any cause discov]able by ! m9d1 we c\ld =esee ! effect1 ev5 )\t exp]i5ce2 & might1 at fir/1 pron\nce ) c]ta9ty conc]n+ x1 by m]e d9t ( ?\ght & reason+4 ,9 reality1 !re is no "p ( matt]1 t does ev]1 by its s5sible qualities1 discov] any p[] or en]gy1 or give u gr\nd to imag9e1 t x c\ld produce any ?+1 or be foll[$ by any o!r object1 :i* we c\ld d5om9ate its effect4 ,solidity1 ext5sion1 motion2 ^! qualities are all complete 9 !mselves1 & nev] po9t out any o!r ev5t :i* may result f !m4 ,! sc5es ( ! univ]se are cont9ually %ift+1 & "o object foll[s ano!r 9 an un9t]rupt$ succession2 b ! p[] ( =ce1 :i* actuates ! :ole ma*9e1 is entirely conceal$ f u1 & nev] discov]s itself 9 any ( ! s5sible qualities ( body4 ,we "k1 t1 9 fact1 heat is a con/ant att5dant ( flame2 b :at is ! connexion betwe5 !m1 we h no room s mu* z to conjecture or imag9e4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t ! idea ( p[] c be d]iv$ f ! contemplation ( bodies1 9 s+le in/ances ( _! op]ation2 because no bodies ev] discov] any p[]1 :i* c be ! orig9al ( ?is idea4#aa #aa ,mr4 ,locke1 9 8 *apt] ( p[]1 says t1 f9d+ f exp]i5ce1 t !re are sev]al new productions 9 nature1 & conclud+ t !re mu/ some:]e be a p[] capable ( produc+ !m1 we arrive at la/ by ?is reason+ at ! idea ( p[]4 ,b no reason+ c ev] give u a new1 orig9al1 simple idea2 z ?is philosoph] himself confesses4 ,?is1 !re=e1 c nev] be ! orig9 ( t idea4 #ea4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ext]nal objects z !y appe> to ! s5ses1 give u no idea ( p[] or necess>y connexion1 by _! op]ation 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 let u see1 :e!r ?is idea be d]iv$ f reflection on ! op]ations ( our own m9ds1 & be copi$ f any int]nal impression4 ,x may be said1 t we are e mom5t consci\s ( int]nal p[]2 :ile we feel1 t1 by ! simple comm& ( our w1 we c move ! organs ( our body1 or direct ! faculties ( our m9d4 ,an act ( volition produces motion 9 our limbs1 or raises a new idea 9 our imag9ation4 ,?is influ5ce ( ! w we "k by consci\sness4 ,h5ce we acquire ! idea ( p[] or en]gy2 & are c]ta91 t we ourselves & all o!r intellig5t be+s are possess$ ( p[]4 ,?is idea1 !n1 is an idea ( reflection1 s9ce x arises f reflect+ on ! op]ations ( our own m9d1 & on ! comm& :i* is ex]cis$ by w1 bo? ov] ! organs ( ! body & faculties ( ! s\l4 #eb4 ,we %all proce$ to exam9e ?is pret5sion2 & fir/ ) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( volition ov] ! organs ( ! body4 ,?is influ5ce1 we may obs]ve1 is a fact1 :i*1 l all o!r natural ev5ts1 c be kn[n only by exp]i5ce1 & c nev] be =ese5 f any app>5t en]gy or p[] 9 ! cause1 :i* connects x ) ! effect1 & r5d]s ! "o an infallible consequ5ce ( ! o!r4 ,! motion ( our body foll[s ^u ! comm& ( our w4 ,( ?is we are e mom5t consci\s4 ,b ! means1 by :i* ?is is effect$2 ! en]gy1 by :i* ! w p]=ms s extraord9>y an op]ation2 ( ?is we are s f> f be+ imm$iately consci\s1 t x mu/ = ev] escape our mo/ dilig5t enquiry4 ,= fir/2 is !re any pr9ciple 9 all nature m my/]i\s ?an ! union ( s\l ) body2 by :i* a suppos$ spiritual sub/ance acquires su* an influ5ce ov] a mat]ial "o1 t ! mo/ ref9$ ?\ght is able to actuate ! grosse/ matt]8 ,7 we emp[]$1 by a secret wi%1 to remove m\nta9s1 or control ! planets 9 _! orbit2 ?is ext5sive au?ority w\ld n be m extraord9>y1 nor m beyond our compreh5sion4 ,b if by consci\sness we p]ceiv$ any p[] or en]gy 9 ! w1 we mu/ "k ?is p[]2 we mu/ "k its connexion ) ! effect2 we mu/ "k ! secret union ( s\l & body1 & ! nature ( bo? ^! sub/ances2 by :i* ! "o is able to op]ate1 9 s _m in/ances1 ^u ! o!r4 ,secondly1 ,we are n able to move all ! organs ( ! body ) a l au?ority2 ?\gh we _c assign any reason besides exp]i5ce1 = s rem>kable a diff]5ce betwe5 "o & ! o!r4 ,:y has ! w an influ5ce ov] ! tongue & f+]s1 n ov] ! he>t or liv]8 ,?is "q w\ld nev] emb>rass u1 7 we consci\s ( a p[] 9 ! =m] case1 n 9 ! latt]4 ,we %\ld !n p]ceive1 indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 :y ! au?ority ( w ov] ! organs ( ! body is circumscrib$ )9 su* p>ticul> limits4 ,be+ 9 t case fully acqua9t$ ) ! p[] or =ce1 by :i* x op]ates1 we %\ld also "k1 :y its influ5ce rea*es precisely to su* b\nd>ies1 & no f>!r4 ,a man1 sudd5ly /ruck ) palsy 9 ! leg or arm1 or :o _h newly lo/ ^? memb]s1 frequ5tly endeav\rs1 at fir/ to move !m1 & employ !m 9 _! usual (fices4 ,"h he is z mu* consci\s ( p[] to comm& su* limbs1 z a man 9 p]fect heal? is consci\s ( p[] to actuate any memb] :i* rema9s 9 its natural /ate & condition4 ,b consci\sness nev] deceives4 ,consequ5tly1 nei!r 9 ! "o case nor 9 ! o!r1 are we ev] consci\s ( any p[]4 ,we le>n ! influ5ce ( our w f exp]i5ce alone4 ,& exp]i5ce only tea*es u1 h[ "o ev5t con/antly foll[s ano!r2 )\t in/ruct+ u 9 ! secret connexion1 :i* b9ds !m toge!r1 & r5d]s !m insep>able4 ,?irdly1 ,we le>n f anatomy1 t ! imm$iate object ( p[] 9 volunt>y motion1 is n ! memb] itself :i* is mov$1 b c]ta9 muscles1 & n]ves1 & animal spirits1 &1 p]haps1 some?+ /ill m m9ute & m unkn[n1 ?r\gh :i* ! motion is successively propagat$1 ere x rea* ! memb] itself ^: motion is ! imm$iate object ( volition4 ,c !re be a m c]ta9 pro(1 t ! p[]1 by :i* ?is :ole op]ation is p]=m$1 s f> f be+ directly & fully kn[n by an inw>d s5tim5t or consci\sness1 is1 to ! la/ degree my/]i\s & un9telligible8 ,"h ! m9d wills a c]ta9 ev5t3 ,imm$iately ano!r ev5t1 unkn[n to ourselves1 & totally diff]5t f ! "o int5d$1 is produc$3 ,?is ev5t produces ano!r1 equally unkn[n3 ,till at la/1 ?r\gh a long succession1 ! desir$ ev5t is produc$4 ,b if ! orig9al p[] 7 felt1 x mu/ be kn[n3 ,7 x kn[n1 its effect also mu/ be kn[n2 s9ce all p[] is relative to its effect4 ,& vice v]sa1 if ! effect be n kn[n1 ! p[] _c be kn[n nor felt4 ,h[ inde$ c we be consci\s ( a p[] to move our limbs1 :5 we h no su* p[]2 b only t to move c]ta9 animal spirits1 :i*1 ?\gh !y produce at la/ ! motion ( our limbs1 yet op]ate 9 su* a mann] z is :olly beyond our compreh5sion8 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude f ! :ole1 ,i hope1 )\t any tem]ity1 ?\gh ) assurance2 t our idea ( p[] is n copi$ f any s5tim5t or consci\sness ( p[] )9 ourselves1 :5 we give rise to animal motion1 or apply our limbs to _! prop] use & (fice4 ,t _! motion foll[s ! comm& ( ! w is a matt] ( common exp]i5ce1 l o!r natural ev5ts3 ,b ! p[] or en]gy by :i* ?is is effect$1 l t 9 o!r natural ev5ts1 is unkn[n & inconceivable4#ab #ab ,x may be pret5d$1 t ! resi/ance :i* we meet ) 9 bodies1 oblig+ u frequ5tly to ex]t our =ce1 & call up all our p[]1 ?is gives u ! idea ( =ce & p[]4 ,x is ?is nisus1 or /rong endeav\r1 ( :i* we are consci\s1 t is ! orig9al impression f :i* ?is idea is copi$4 ,b1 fir/1 we attribute p[] to a va/ numb] ( objects1 :]e we nev] c suppose ?is resi/ance or ex]tion ( =ce to take place2 to ! ,supreme ,be+1 :o nev] meets ) any resi/ance2 to ! m9d 9 its comm& ov] its ideas & limbs1 9 common ?9k+ & motion1 :]e ! effect foll[s imm$iately ^u ! w1 )\t any ex]tion or summon+ up ( =ce2 to inanimate matt]1 :i* is n capable ( ?is s5tim5t4 ,secondly1 ,?is s5tim5t ( an endeav\r to ov]come resi/ance has no kn[n connexion ) any ev5t3 ,:at foll[s x1 we "k by exp]i5ce2 b c\ld n "k x priori4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$1 t ! animal nisus1 :i* we exp]i5ce1 ?\gh x c af=d no accurate precise idea ( p[]1 ent]s v mu* into t vulg>1 inaccurate idea1 :i* is =m$ ( x4 #ec4 ,%all we !n ass]t1 t we are consci\s ( a p[] or en]gy 9 our own m9ds1 :51 by an act or comm& ( our w1 we raise up a new idea1 fix ! m9d to ! contemplation ( x1 turn x on all sides1 & at la/ dismiss x = "s o!r idea1 :5 we ?9k t we h survey$ x ) suffici5t accuracy8 ,i believe ! same argum5ts w prove1 t ev5 ?is comm& ( ! w gives u no real idea ( =ce or en]gy4 ,fir/1 ,x mu/ be all[$1 t1 :5 we "k a p[]1 we "k t v circum/ance 9 ! cause1 by :i* x is enabl$ to produce ! effect3 ,= ^! are suppos$ to be synonim\s4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 "k bo? ! cause & effect1 & ! relation betwe5 !m4 ,b d we pret5d to be acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! human s\l & ! nature ( an idea1 or ! aptitude ( ! "o to produce ! o!r8 ,?is is a real creation2 a production ( some?+ out ( no?+3 ,:i* implies a p[] s great1 t x may seem1 at fir/ sight1 beyond ! rea* ( any be+1 less ?an inf9ite4 ,at lea/ x mu/ be own$1 t su* a p[] is n felt1 nor kn[n1 nor ev5 conceivable by ! m9d4 ,we only feel ! ev5t1 namely1 ! exi/5ce ( an idea1 consequ5t to a comm& ( ! w3 ,b ! mann]1 9 :i* ?is op]ation is p]=m$1 ! p[] by :i* x is produc$1 is entirely beyond our compreh5sion4 ,secondly1 ,! comm& ( ! m9d ov] itself is limit$1 z well z its comm& ov] ! body2 & ^! limits are n kn[n by reason1 or any acqua9tance ) ! nature ( cause & effect1 b only by exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 z 9 all o!r natural ev5ts & 9 ! op]ation ( ext]nal objects4 ,our au?ority ov] our s5tim5ts & passions is mu* weak] ?an t ov] our ideas2 & ev5 ! latt] au?ority is circumscrib$ )9 v n>r[ b\nd>ies4 ,w any "o pret5d to assign ! ultimate reason ( ^! b\nd>ies1 or %[ :y ! p[] is defici5t 9 "o case1 n 9 ano!r4 ,?irdly1 ,?is self-comm& is v diff]5t at diff]5t times4 ,a man 9 heal? possesses m ( x ?an "o langui%+ ) sickness4 ,we are m ma/] ( our ?\ghts 9 ! morn+ ?an 9 ! ev5+3 ,fa/+1 ?an aft] a full meal4 ,c we give any reason = ^! v>iations1 except exp]i5ce8 ,:]e !n is ! p[]1 ( :i* we pret5d to be consci\s8 ,is !re n "h1 ei!r 9 a spiritual or mat]ial sub/ance1 or bo?1 "s secret me*anism or /ructure ( p>ts1 ^u :i* ! effect dep5ds1 & :i*1 be+ entirely unkn[n to u1 r5d]s ! p[] or en]gy ( ! w equally unkn[n & incompreh5sible8 ,volition is surely an act ( ! m9d1 ) :i* we are suffici5tly acqua9t$4 ,reflect ^u x4 ,consid] x on all sides4 ,d y f9d any?+ 9 x l ?is creative p[]1 by :i* x raises f no?+ a new idea1 & ) a k9d ( ,fiat1 imitates ! omnipot5ce ( its ,mak]1 if ,i may be all[$ s to speak1 :o call$ =? into exi/5ce all ! v>i\s sc5es ( nature8 ,s f> f be+ consci\s ( ?is en]gy 9 ! w1 x requires z c]ta9 exp]i5ce z t ( :i* we are possess$1 to conv9ce u t su* extraord9>y effects d ev] result f a simple act ( volition4 #ed4 ,! g5]ality ( mank9d nev] f9d any difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ! m common & famili> op]ations ( nature--su* z ! desc5t ( heavy bodies1 ! gr[? ( plants1 ! g5]ation ( animals1 or ! n\ri%m5t ( bodies by food3 ,b suppose t1 9 all ^! cases1 !y p]ceive ! v =ce or en]gy ( ! cause1 by :i* x is connect$ ) its effect1 & is = ev] infallible 9 its op]ation4 ,!y acquire1 by long habit1 su* a turn ( m9d1 t1 ^u ! appe>ance ( ! cause1 !y imm$iately expect ) assurance its usual att5dant1 & h>dly conceive x possible t any o!r ev5t c\ld result f x4 ,x is only on ! discov]y ( extraord9>y pha5om5a1 su* z e>?quakes1 pe/il5ce1 & prodigies ( any k9d1 t !y f9d !mselves at a loss to assign a prop] cause1 & to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! effect is produc$ by x4 ,x is usual = m51 9 su* difficulties1 to h rec\rse to "s invisible intellig5t pr9ciple#ac z ! imm$iate cause ( t ev5t :i* surprises !m1 & :i*1 !y ?9k1 _c be acc\nt$ = f ! common p[]s ( nature4 ,b philosoph]s1 :o c>ry _! scrut9y a little f>!r1 imm$iately p]ceive t1 ev5 9 ! mo/ famili> ev5ts1 ! en]gy ( ! cause is z un9telligible z 9 ! mo/ unusual1 & t we only le>n by exp]i5ce ! frequ5t ,conjunction ( objects1 )\t be+ ev] able to compreh5d any?+ l ,connexion betwe5 !m4 #ac ,greek3 !os apo mae*anaes4 #ee4 ,"h1 !n1 _m philosoph]s ?9k !mselves oblig$ by reason to h rec\rse1 on all occasions1 to ! same pr9ciple1 :i* ! vulg> nev] appeal to b 9 cases t appe> miracul\s & sup]natural4 ,!y ackn[l$ge m9d & intellig5ce to be1 n only ! ultimate & orig9al cause ( all ?+s1 b ! imm$iate & sole cause ( e ev5t :i* appe>s 9 nature4 ,!y pret5d t ^? objects :i* are commonly d5om9at$ causes1 are 9 reality no?+ b occasions2 & t ! true & direct pr9ciple ( e effect is n any p[] or =ce 9 nature1 b a volition ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 :o wills t su* p>ticul> objects %\ld = ev] be conjo9$ ) ea* o!r4 ,in/ead ( say+ t "o billi>d-ball moves ano!r by a =ce :i* x has d]iv$ f ! au?or ( nature1 x is ! ,deity himself1 !y say1 :o1 by a p>ticul> volition1 moves ! second ball1 be+ det]m9$ to ?is op]ation by ! impulse ( ! fir/ ball1 9 consequ5ce ( ^? g5]al laws :i* he has laid d[n to himself 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,b philosoph]s advanc+ /ill 9 _! inquiries1 discov] t1 z we are totally ignorant ( ! p[] on :i* dep5ds ! mutual op]ation ( bodies1 we are no less ignorant ( t p[] on :i* dep5ds ! op]ation ( m9d on body1 or ( body on m9d2 nor are we able1 ei!r f our s5ses or consci\sness1 to assign ! ultimate pr9ciple 9 "o case m ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! same ignorance1 !re=e1 r$uces !m to ! same conclusion4 ,!y ass]t t ! ,deity is ! imm$iate cause ( ! union betwe5 s\l & body2 & t !y are n ! organs ( s5se1 :i*1 be+ agitat$ by ext]nal objects1 produce s5sations 9 ! m9d2 b t x is a p>ticul> volition ( our omnipot5t ,mak]1 :i* excites su* a s5sation1 9 consequ5ce ( su* a motion 9 ! organ4 ,9 l mann]1 x is n any en]gy 9 ! w t produces local motion 9 our memb]s3 ,x is ,god himself1 :o is pleas$ to second our w1 9 itself impot5t1 & to comm& t motion :i* we errone\sly attribute to our own p[] & efficacy4 ,nor d philosoph]s /op at ?is conclusion4 ,!y sometimes ext5d ! same inf]5ce to ! m9d itself1 9 its int]nal op]ations4 ,our m5tal vision or conception ( ideas is no?+ b a revelation made to u by our ,mak]4 ,:5 we volunt>ily turn our ?\ghts to any object1 & raise up its image 9 ! fancy1 x is n ! w :i* creates t idea3 ,x is ! univ]sal ,creator1 :o discov]s x to ! m9d1 & r5d]s x pres5t to u4 #ef4 ,?us1 accord+ to ^! philosoph]s1 e ?+ is full ( ,god4 ,n cont5t ) ! pr9ciple1 t no?+ exi/s b by 8 w1 t no?+ possesses any p[] b by 8 concession3 ,!y rob nature1 & all creat$ be+s1 ( e p[]1 9 ord] to r5d] _! dep5d5ce on ! ,deity /ill m s5sible & imm$iate4 ,!y consid] n t1 by ?is !ory1 !y dim9i%1 in/ead ( magnify+1 ! gr&eur ( ^? attributes1 :i* !y affect s mu* to celebrate4 ,x argues surely m p[] 9 ! ,deity to delegate a c]ta9 degree ( p[] to inf]ior creatures ?an to produce e ?+ by 8 own imm$iate volition4 ,x argues m wisdom to contrive at fir/ ! fabric ( ! _w ) su* p]fect =esight t1 ( itself1 & by its prop] op]ation1 x may s]ve all ! purposes ( provid5ce1 ?an if ! great ,creator 7 oblig$ e mom5t to adju/ its p>ts1 & animate by 8 brea? all ! :eels ( t /up5d\s ma*9e4 ,b if we w\ld h a m philosophical confutation ( ?is !ory1 p]haps ! two foll[+ reflections may suffice4 #eg4 ,fir/1 x seems to me t ?is !ory ( ! univ]sal en]gy & op]ation ( ! ,supreme ,be+ is too bold ev] to c>ry conviction ) x to a man1 suffici5tly appriz$ ( ! weakness ( human reason1 & ! n>r[ limits to :i* x is conf9$ 9 all its op]ations4 ,?\gh ! *a9 ( argum5ts :i* conduct to x 7 ev] s logical1 !re mu/ arise a /rong suspicion1 if n an absolute assurance1 t x has c>ri$ u q beyond ! rea* ( our faculties1 :5 x leads to conclusions s extraord9>y1 & s remote f common life & exp]i5ce4 ,we are got into fairy l&1 long ere we h rea*$ ! la/ /eps ( our !ory2 & !re we h no reason to tru/ our common me?ods ( argum5t1 or to ?9k t our usual analogies & probabilities h any au?ority4 ,our l9e is too %ort to fa?om su* imm5se abysses4 ,& h[ev] we may flatt] ourselves t we are guid$1 9 e /ep :i* we take1 by a k9d ( v]isimilitude & exp]i5ce1 we may be assur$ t ?is fanci$ exp]i5ce has no au?ority :5 we ?us apply x to subjects t lie entirely out ( ! sph]e ( exp]i5ce4 ,b on ?is we %all h occasion to t\* aft]w>ds4#ad #ad ,section ,,xii4 ,secondly1 ,i _c p]ceive any =ce 9 ! argum5ts on :i* ?is !ory is f\nd$4 ,we are ignorant1 x is true1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* bodies op]ate on ea* o!r3 ,_! =ce or en]gy is entirely incompreh5sible3 ,b are we n equally ignorant ( ! mann] or =ce by :i* a m9d1 ev5 ! supreme m9d1 op]ates ei!r on itself or on body8 ,:5ce1 ,i besee* y1 d we acquire any idea ( x8 ,we h no s5tim5t or consci\sness ( ?is p[] 9 ourselves4 ,we h no idea ( ! ,supreme ,be+ b :at we le>n f reflection on our own faculties4 ,7 our ignorance1 !re=e1 a good reason = reject+ any ?+1 we %\ld be l$ into t pr9ciple ( d5y+ all en]gy 9 ! ,supreme ,be+ z mu* z 9 ! grosse/ matt]4 ,we surely compreh5d z little ! op]ations ( "o z ( ! o!r4 ,is x m difficult to conceive t motion may arise f impulse ?an t x may arise f volition8 ,all we "k is our pr(\nd ignorance 9 bo? cases#ae4 #ae ,i ne$ n exam9e at l5g? ! vis in]tiae :i* is s mu* talk$ ( 9 ! new philosophy1 & :i* is ascrib$ to matt]4 ,we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t a body at re/ or 9 motion cont9ues = ev] 9 its pres5t /ate1 till put f x by "s new cause2 & t a body impell$ takes z mu* motion f ! impell+ body z x acquires itself4 ,^! are facts4 ,:5 we call ?is a vis in]tiae1 we only m>k ^! facts1 )\t pret5d+ to h any idea ( ! in]t p[]2 9 ! same mann] z1 :5 we talk ( gravity1 we mean c]ta9 effects1 )\t compreh5d+ t active p[]4 ,x 0 nev] ! mean+ ( ,sir ,,isaac ,,newton to rob second causes ( all =ce or en]gy2 ?\gh "s ( 8 foll[]s h endeav\r$ to e/abli% t !ory ^u 8 au?ority4 ,on ! contr>y1 t great philosoph] _h rec\rse to an e!rial active fluid to expla9 8 univ]sal attraction2 ?\gh he 0 s cauti\s & mode/ z to all[1 t x 0 a m]e hypo!sis1 n to be insi/$ on1 )\t m exp]im5ts4 ,i mu/ confess1 t !re is some?+ 9 ! fate ( op9ions a little extraord9>y4 ,,des ,,c>tes ins9uat$ t doctr9e ( ! univ]sal & sole efficacy ( ! ,deity1 )\t insi/+ on x4 ,,malebran*e & o!r ,,c>tesians made x ! f\ndation ( all _! philosophy4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 no au?ority 9 ,engl&4 ,,locke1 ,,cl>ke1 & ,,cudwor?1 nev] s mu* z take notice ( x1 b suppose all along1 t matt] has a real1 ?\gh subord9ate & d]iv$ p[]4 ,by :at means has x become s preval5t among our mod]n metaphysicians8 ,,"p ,,ii4 #eh4 ,b to ha/5 to a conclusion ( ?is argum5t1 :i* is already drawn out to too great a l5g?3 ,we h s\ght 9 va9 = an idea ( p[] or necess>y connexion 9 all ! s\rces f :i* we c\ld suppose x to be d]iv$4 ,x appe>s t1 9 s+le in/ances ( ! op]ation ( bodies1 we nev] c1 by our utmo/ scrut9y1 discov] any ?+ b "o ev5t foll[+ ano!r1 )\t be+ able to compreh5d any =ce or p[] by :i* ! cause op]ates1 or any connexion betwe5 x & its suppos$ effect4 ,! same difficulty occurs 9 contemplat+ ! op]ations ( m9d on body--:]e we obs]ve ! motion ( ! latt] to foll[ ^u ! volition ( ! =m]1 b are n able to obs]ve or conceive ! tie :i* b9ds toge!r ! motion & volition1 or ! en]gy by :i* ! m9d produces ?is effect4 ,! au?ority ( ! w ov] its own faculties & ideas is n a :it m compreh5sible3 ,s t1 ^u ! :ole1 !re appe>s n1 ?r\gh\t all nature1 any "o in/ance ( connexion :i* is conceivable by u4 ,all ev5ts seem entirely loose & sep>ate4 ,"o ev5t foll[s ano!r2 b we nev] c obs]ve any tie betwe5 !m4 ,!y seem conjo9$1 b nev] connect$4 ,& z we c h no idea ( any ?+ :i* nev] appe>$ to our outw>d s5se or inw>d s5tim5t1 ! necess>y conclusion seems to be t we h no idea ( connexion or p[] at all1 & t ^! words are absolutely )\t any mean+1 :5 employ$ ei!r 9 philosophical reason+s or common life4 #ei4 ,b !re /ill rema9s "o me?od ( avoid+ ?is conclusion1 & "o s\rce :i* we h n yet exam9$4 ,:5 any natural object or ev5t is pres5t$1 x is impossible = u1 by any sagacity or p5etration1 to discov]1 or ev5 conjecture1 )\t exp]i5ce1 :at ev5t w result f x1 or to c>ry our =esight beyond t object :i* is imm$iately pres5t to ! memory & s5ses4 ,ev5 aft] "o in/ance or exp]im5t :]e we h obs]v$ a p>ticul> ev5t to foll[ ^u ano!r1 we are n entitl$ to =m a g5]al rule1 or =etell :at w happ5 9 l cases2 x be+ ju/ly e/eem$ an unp>donable tem]ity to judge ( ! :ole c\rse ( nature f "o s+le exp]im5t1 h[ev] accurate or c]ta94 ,b :5 "o p>ticul> species ( ev5t has always1 9 all in/ances1 be5 conjo9$ ) ano!r1 we make no long] any scruple ( =etell+ "o ^u ! appe>ance ( ! o!r1 & ( employ+ t reason+1 :i* c alone assure u ( any matt] ( fact or exi/5ce4 ,we !n call ! "o object1 ,cause2 ! o!r1 ,effect4 ,we suppose t !re is "s connexion betwe5 !m2 "s p[] 9 ! "o1 by :i* x infallibly produces ! o!r1 & op]ates ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty & /ronge/ necessity4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ?is idea ( a necess>y connexion among ev5ts arises f a numb] ( simil> in/ances :i* occur ( ! con/ant conjunction ( ^! ev5ts2 nor c t idea ev] be sugge/$ by any "o ( ^! in/ances1 survey$ 9 all possible lights & positions4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 diff]5t f e s+le in/ance1 :i* is suppos$ to be exactly simil>2 except only1 t aft] a repetition ( simil> in/ances1 ! m9d is c>ri$ by habit1 ^u ! appe>ance ( "o ev5t1 to expect its usual att5dant1 & to believe t x w exi/4 ,?is connexion1 !re=e1 :i* we feel 9 ! m9d1 ?is cu/om>y transition ( ! imag9ation f "o object to its usual att5dant1 is ! s5tim5t or impression f :i* we =m ! idea ( p[] or necess>y connexion4 ,no?+ f>!r is 9 ! case4 ,contemplate ! subject on all sides2 y w nev] f9d any o!r orig9 ( t idea4 ,?is is ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 "o in/ance1 f :i* we c nev] receive ! idea ( connexion1 & a numb] ( simil> in/ances1 by :i* x is sugge/$4 ,! fir/ "t a man saw ! communication ( motion by impulse1 z by ! %ock ( two billi>d balls1 he c\ld n pron\nce t ! "o ev5t 0 connect$3 b only t x 0 conjo9$ ) ! o!r4 ,aft] he has obs]v$ sev]al in/ances ( ?is nature1 he !n pron\nces !m to be connect$4 ,:at alt]ation has happ5$ to give rise to ?is new idea ( connexion8 ,no?+ b t he n[ feels ^! ev5ts to be connect$ 9 8 imag9ation1 & c readily =etell ! exi/5ce ( "o f ! appe>ance ( ! o!r4 ,:5 we say1 !re=e1 t "o object is connect$ ) ano!r1 we mean only t !y h acquir$ a connexion 9 our ?\ght1 & give rise to ?is inf]5ce1 by :i* !y become pro(s ( ea* o!r's exi/5ce3 ,a conclusion :i* is some:at extraord9>y1 b :i* seems f\nd$ on suffici5t evid5ce4 ,nor w its evid5ce be weak5$ by any g5]al diffid5ce ( ! und]/&+1 or sceptical suspicion conc]n+ e conclusion :i* is new & extraord9>y4 ,no conclusions c be m agreeable to scepticism ?an su* z make discov]ies conc]n+ ! weakness & n>r[ limits ( human reason & capacity4 #fj4 ,& :at /rong] in/ance c be produc$ ( ! surpris+ ignorance & weakness ( ! und]/&+ ?an ! pres5t8 ,= surely1 if !re be any relation among objects :i* x imports to u to "k p]fectly1 x is t ( cause & effect4 ,on ?is are f\nd$ all our reason+s conc]n+ matt] ( fact or exi/5ce4 ,by means ( x alone we atta9 any assurance conc]n+ objects :i* are remov$ f ! pres5t te/imony ( our memory & s5ses4 ,! only imm$iate utility ( all sci5ces1 is to tea* u1 h[ to control & regulate future ev5ts by _! causes4 ,our ?\ghts & enquiries are1 !re=e1 e mom5t1 employ$ ab\t ?is relation3 ,yet s imp]fect are ! ideas :i* we =m conc]n+ x1 t x is impossible to give any j def9ition ( cause1 except :at is drawn f some?+ extrane\s & =eign to x4 ,simil> objects are always conjo9$ ) simil>4 ,( ?is we h exp]i5ce4 ,suitably to ?is exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 we may def9e a cause to be an object1 foll[$ by ano!r1 & :]e all ! objects simil> to ! fir/ are foll[$ by objects simil> to ! second4 ,or 9 o!r words :]e1 if ! fir/ object _h n be51 ! second nev] _h exi/$4 ,! appe>ance ( a cause always conveys ! m9d1 by a cu/om>y transition1 to ! idea ( ! effect4 ,( ?is also we h exp]i5ce4 ,we may1 !re=e1 suitably to ?is exp]i5ce1 =m ano!r def9ition ( cause1 & call x1 an object foll[$ by ano!r1 & ^: appe>ance always conveys ! ?\ght to t o!r4 ,b ?\gh bo? ^! def9itions be drawn f circum/ances =eign to ! cause1 we _c rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 or atta9 any m p]fect def9ition1 :i* may po9t out t circum/ance 9 ! cause1 :i* gives x a connexion ) its effect4 ,we h no idea ( ?is connexion1 nor ev5 any di/9ct notion :at x is we desire to "k1 :5 we endeav\r at a conception ( x4 ,we say1 = in/ance1 t ! vibration ( ?is /r+ is ! cause ( ?is p>ticul> s\nd4 ,b :at d we mean by t affirmation8 ,we ei!r mean t ?is vibration is foll[$ by ?is s\nd1 & t all simil> vibrations h be5 foll[$ by simil> s\nds3 ,or1 t ?is vibration is foll[$ by ?is s\nd1 & t ^u ! appe>ance ( "o ! m9d anticipates ! s5ses1 & =ms imm$iately an idea ( ! o!r4 ,we may consid] ! relation ( cause & effect 9 ei!r ( ^! two lights2 b beyond ^!1 we h no idea ( x4#af #af ,accord+ to ^! explications & def9itions1 ! idea ( p[] is relative z mu* z t ( cause2 & bo? h a ref]5ce to an effect1 or "s o!r ev5t con/antly conjo9$ ) ! =m]4 ,:5 we consid] ! unkn[n circum/ance ( an object1 by :i* ! degree or quantity ( its effect is fix$ & det]m9$1 we call t its p[]3 ,& accord+ly1 x is all[$ by all philosoph]s1 t ! effect is ! measure ( ! p[]4 ,b if !y _h any idea ( p[]1 z x is 9 itself1 :y c\ld n !y ,measure x 9 itself8 ,! dispute :e!r ! =ce ( a body 9 motion be z its velocity1 or ! squ>e ( its velocity2 ?is dispute1 ,i say1 ne$ n be decid$ by comp>+ its effects 9 equal or unequal times2 b by a direct m5suration & comp>ison4 ,z to ! frequ5t use ( ! words1 ,=ce1 ,p[]1 ,en]gy1 c41 :i* e :]e occur 9 common conv]sation1 z well z 9 philosophy2 t is no pro(1 t we are acqua9t$1 9 any in/ance1 ) ! connect+ pr9ciple betwe5 cause & effect1 or c acc\nt ultimately = ! production ( "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,^! words1 z commonly us$1 h v loose mean+s annex$ to !m2 & _! ideas are v unc]ta9 & confus$4 ,no animal c put ext]nal bodies 9 motion )\t ! s5tim5t ( a nisus or endeav\r2 & e animal has a s5tim5t or feel+ f ! /roke or bl[ ( an ext]nal object1 t is 9 motion4 ,^! s5sations1 :i* are m]ely animal1 & f :i* we c priori draw no inf]5ce1 we are apt to transf] to inanimate objects1 & to suppose1 t !y h "s su* feel+s1 :5ev] !y transf] or receive motion4 ,) reg>d to en]gies1 :i* are ex]t$1 )\t our annex+ to !m any idea ( communicat$ motion1 we consid] only ! con/ant exp]i5c$ conjunction ( ! ev5ts2 & z we feel a cu/om>y connexion betwe5 ! ideas1 we transf] t feel+ to ! objects2 z no?+ is m usual ?an to apply to ext]nal bodies e int]nal s5sation1 :i* !y occasion4 #fa4 ,to recapitulate1 !re=e1 ! reason+s ( ?is section3 ,e idea is copi$ f "s prec$+ impression or s5tim5t2 & :]e we _c f9d any impression1 we may be c]ta9 t !re is no idea4 ,9 all s+le in/ances ( ! op]ation ( bodies or m9ds1 !re is no?+ t produces any impression1 nor consequ5tly c sugge/ any idea ( p[] or necess>y connexion4 ,b :5 _m uni=m in/ances appe>1 & ! same object is always foll[$ by ! same ev5t2 we !n beg9 to ent]ta9 ! notion ( cause & connexion4 ,we !n feel a new s5tim5t or impression1 to wit1 a cu/om>y connexion 9 ! ?\ght or imag9ation betwe5 "o object & its usual att5dant2 & ?is s5tim5t is ! orig9al ( t idea :i* we seek =4 ,= z ?is idea arises f a numb] ( simil> in/ances1 & n f any s+le in/ance1 x mu/ arise f t circum/ance1 9 :i* ! numb] ( in/ances diff] f e individual in/ance4 ,b ?is cu/om>y connexion or transition ( ! imag9ation is ! only circum/ance 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,9 e o!r p>ticul> !y are alike4 ,! fir/ in/ance :i* we saw ( motion communicat$ by ! %ock ( two billi>d balls 7to return to ?is obvi\s illu/ration7 is exactly simil> to any in/ance t may1 at pres5t1 occur to u2 except only1 t we c\ld n1 at fir/1 inf] "o ev5t f ! o!r2 :i* we are enabl$ to d at pres5t1 aft] s long a c\rse ( uni=m exp]i5ce4 ,i "k n :e!r ! read] w readily appreh5d ?is reason+4 ,i am afraid t1 %\ld ,i multiply words ab\t x1 or ?r[ x into a great] v>iety ( lights1 x w\ld only become m obscure & intricate4 ,9 all ab/ract reason+s !re is "o po9t ( view :i*1 if we c happily hit1 we %all g f>!r t[>ds illu/rat+ ! subject ?an by all ! eloqu5ce & copi\s expression 9 ! _w4 ,?is po9t ( view we %\ld endeav\r to rea*1 & res]ve ! fl[]s ( rhetoric = subjects :i* are m adapt$ to !m4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity4 ,,"p ,i4 #fb4 ,x might reasonably be expect$ 9 que/ions :i* h be5 canvass$ & disput$ ) great eag]ness1 s9ce ! fir/ orig9 ( sci5ce & philosophy1 t ! mean+ ( all ! t]ms1 at lea/1 %\ld h be5 agre$ ^u among ! disputants2 & our enquiries1 9 ! c\rse ( two ?\s& ye>s1 be5 able to pass f words to ! true & real subject ( ! controv]sy4 ,= h[ easy may x seem to give exact def9itions ( ! t]ms employ$ 9 reason+1 & make ^! def9itions1 n ! m]e s\nd ( words1 ! object ( future scrut9y & exam9ation8 ,b if we consid] ! matt] m n>r[ly1 we %all be apt to draw a q opposite conclusion4 ,f ?is circum/ance alone1 t a controv]sy has be5 long kept on foot1 & rema9s /ill undecid$1 we may presume t !re is "s ambiguity 9 ! expression1 & t ! disputants affix diff]5t ideas to ! t]ms employ$ 9 ! controv]sy4 ,= z ! faculties ( ! m9d are suppos$ to be naturally alike 9 e individual2 o!rwise no?+ c\ld be m fruitless ?an to reason or dispute toge!r2 x 7 impossible1 if m5 affix ! same ideas to _! t]ms1 t !y c\ld s long =m diff]5t op9ions ( ! same subject2 especially :5 !y communicate _! views1 & ea* p>ty turn !mselves on all sides1 9 se>* ( argum5ts :i* may give !m ! victory ov] _! antagoni/s4 ,x is true1 if m5 attempt ! discussion ( que/ions :i* lie entirely beyond ! rea* ( human capacity1 su* z ^? conc]n+ ! orig9 ( worlds1 or ! economy ( ! intellectual sy/em or region ( spirits1 !y may long beat ! air 9 _! fruitless conte/s1 & nev] arrive at any det]m9ate conclusion4 ,b if ! "q reg>d any subject ( common life & exp]i5ce1 no?+1 "o w\ld ?9k1 c\ld pres]ve ! dispute s long undecid$ b "s ambigu\s expressions1 :i* keep ! antagoni/s /ill at a di/ance1 & h9d] !m f grappl+ ) ea* o!r4 #fc4 ,?is has be5 ! case 9 ! long disput$ "q conc]n+ lib]ty & necessity2 & to s rem>kable a degree t1 if ,i be n mu* mi/ak51 we %all f9d1 t all mank9d1 bo? le>n$ & ignorant1 h always be5 ( ! same op9ion ) reg>d to ?is subject1 & t a few intelligible def9itions w\ld imm$iately h put an end to ! :ole controv]sy4 ,i own t ?is dispute has be5 s mu* canvass$ on all h&s1 & has l$ philosoph]s into su* a labyr9? ( obscure sophi/ry1 t x is no wond]1 if a s5sible read] indulge 8 ease s f> z to turn a deaf e> to ! proposal ( su* a "q1 f :i* he c expect nei!r in/ruction or ent]ta9m5t4 ,b ! /ate ( ! argum5t "h propos$ may1 p]haps1 s]ve to r5ew 8 att5tion2 z x has m novelty1 promises at lea/ "s decision ( ! controv]sy1 & w n mu* di/urb 8 ease by any intricate or obscure reason+4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 to make x appe> t all m5 h ev] agre$ 9 ! doctr9e bo? ( necessity & ( lib]ty1 accord+ to any reasonable s5se1 :i* c be put on ^! t]ms2 & t ! :ole controv]sy has hi!rto turn$ m]ely ^u words4 ,we %all beg9 ) exam9+ ! doctr9e ( necessity4 #fd4 ,x is univ]sally all[$ t matt]1 9 all its op]ations1 is actuat$ by a necess>y =ce1 & t e natural effect is s precisely det]m9$ by ! en]gy ( its cause t no o!r effect1 9 su* p>ticul> circum/ances1 c\ld possibly h result$ f x4 ,! degree & direction ( e motion is1 by ! laws ( nature1 prescrib$ ) su* exactness t a liv+ creature may z soon arise f ! %ock ( two bodies z motion 9 any o!r degree or direction ?an :at is actually produc$ by x4 ,w\ld we1 !re=e1 =m a j & precise idea ( necessity1 we mu/ consid] :5ce t idea arises :5 we apply x to ! op]ation ( bodies4 ,x seems evid5t t1 if all ! sc5es ( nature 7 cont9ually %ift$ 9 su* a mann] t no two ev5ts bore any resemblance to ea* o!r1 b e object 0 entirely new1 )\t any similitude to :atev] _h be5 se5 be=e1 we %\ld nev]1 9 t case1 h atta9$ ! lea/ idea ( necessity1 or ( a connexion among ^! objects4 ,we might say1 ^u su* a supposition1 t "o object or ev5t has foll[$ ano!r2 n t "o 0 produc$ by ! o!r4 ,! relation ( cause & effect mu/ be utt]ly unkn[n to mank9d4 ,inf]5ce & reason+ conc]n+ ! op]ations ( nature w\ld1 f t mom5t1 be at an end2 & ! memory & s5ses rema9 ! only canals1 by :i* ! k ( any real exi/5ce c\ld possibly h access to ! m9d4 ,our idea1 !re=e1 ( necessity & causation arises entirely f ! uni=mity obs]vable 9 ! op]ations ( nature1 :]e simil> objects are con/antly conjo9$ toge!r1 & ! m9d is det]m9$ by cu/om to inf] ! "o f ! appe>ance ( ! o!r4 ,^! two circum/ances =m ! :ole ( t necessity1 :i* we ascribe to matt]4 ,beyond ! con/ant conjunction ( simil> objects1 & ! consequ5t inf]5ce f "o to ! o!r1 we h no notion ( any necessity or connexion4 ,if x appe>1 !re=e1 t all mank9d h ev] all[$1 )\t any d\bt or hesitation1 t ^! two circum/ances take place 9 ! volunt>y actions ( m51 & 9 ! op]ations ( m9d2 x mu/ foll[1 t all mank9d h ev] agre$ 9 ! doctr9e ( necessity1 & t !y h hi!rto disput$1 m]ely = n und]/&+ ea* o!r4 #fe4 ,z to ! fir/ circum/ance1 ! con/ant & regul> conjunction ( simil> ev5ts1 we may possibly satisfy ourselves by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,x is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ t !re is a great uni=mity among ! actions ( m51 9 all nations & ages1 & t human nature rema9s /ill ! same1 9 its pr9ciples & op]ations4 ,! same motives always produce ! same actions4 ,! same ev5ts foll[ f ! same causes4 ,ambition1 av>ice1 self-love1 vanity1 fri5d%ip1 g5]osity1 public _s3 ^! passions1 mix$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 & di/ribut$ ?r\gh society1 h be51 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & /ill are1 ! s\rce ( all ! actions & ent]prises1 :i* h ev] be5 obs]v$ among mank9d4 ,w\ld y "k ! s5tim5ts1 incl9ations1 & c\rse ( life ( ! ,greeks & ,romans8 ,/udy well ! temp] & actions ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli%3 ,y _c be mu* mi/ak5 9 transf]r+ to ! =m] mo/ ( ! obs]vations :i* y h made ) reg>d to ! latt]4 ,mank9d are s mu* ! same1 9 all times & places1 t hi/ory in=ms u ( no?+ new or /range 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,its *ief use is only to discov] ! con/ant & univ]sal pr9ciples ( human nature1 by %[+ m5 9 all v>ieties ( circum/ances & situations1 & furni%+ u ) mat]ials f :i* we may =m our obs]vations & become acqua9t$ ) ! regul> spr+s ( human action & behavi\r4 ,^! records ( w>s1 intrigues1 factions1 & revolutions1 are s _m collections ( exp]im5ts1 by :i* ! politician or moral philosoph] fixes ! pr9ciples ( 8 sci5ce1 9 ! same mann] z ! physician or natural philosoph] becomes acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( plants1 m9]als1 & o!r ext]nal objects1 by ! exp]im5ts :i* he =ms conc]n+ !m4 ,nor are ! e>?1 wat]1 & o!r elem5ts1 exam9$ by ,ari/otle1 & ,hippocrates1 m l to ^? :i* at pres5t lie "u our obs]vation ?an ! m5 describ$ by ,polybius & ,tacitus are to ^? :o n[ gov]n ! _w4 ,%\ld a travell]1 return+ f a f> c\ntry1 br+ u an acc\nt ( m51 :olly diff]5t f any ) :om we 7 ev] acqua9t$2 m51 :o 7 entirely dive/$ ( av>ice1 ambition1 or rev5ge2 :o knew no pleasure b fri5d%ip1 g5]osity1 & public _s2 we %\ld imm$iately1 f ^! circum/ances1 detect ! falsehood1 & prove him a li>1 ) ! same c]ta9ty z if he _h /uff$ 8 n>ration ) /ories ( c5taurs & dragons1 miracles & prodigies4 ,& if we w\ld explode any =g]y 9 hi/ory1 we _c make use ( a m conv9c+ argum5t1 ?an to prove1 t ! actions ascrib$ to any p]son are directly contr>y to ! c\rse ( nature1 & t no human motives1 9 su* circum/ances1 c\ld ev] induce him to su* a conduct4 ,! v]acity ( ,qu9tus ,curtius is z mu* to be suspect$1 :5 he describes ! sup]natural c\rage ( ,alex&]1 by :i* he 0 hurri$ on s+ly to attack multitudes1 z :5 he describes 8 sup]natural =ce & activity1 by :i* he 0 able to resi/ !m4 ,s readily & univ]sally d we ackn[l$ge a uni=mity 9 human motives & actions z well z 9 ! op]ations ( body4 ,h5ce likewise ! b5efit ( t exp]i5ce1 acquir$ by long life & a v>iety ( bus9ess & company1 9 ord] to in/ruct u 9 ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 & regulate our future conduct1 z well z speculation4 ,by means ( ?is guide1 we m\nt up to ! k ( m5's incl9ations & motives1 f _! actions1 expressions1 & ev5 ge/ures2 & aga9 desc5d to ! int]pretation ( _! actions f our k ( _! motives & incl9ations4 ,! g5]al obs]vations treasur$ up by a c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 give u ! clue ( human nature1 & tea* u to unravel all its intricacies4 ,pretexts & appe>ances no long] deceive u4 ,public decl>ations pass = ! speci\s col\r+ ( a cause4 ,& ?\gh virtue & hon\r be all[$ _! prop] weight & au?ority1 t p]fect dis9t]e/$ness1 s (t5 pret5d$ to1 is nev] expect$ 9 multitudes & p>ties2 seldom 9 _! lead]s2 & sc>cely ev5 9 individuals ( any rank or /ation4 ,b 7 !re no uni=mity 9 human actions1 & 7 e exp]im5t :i* we c\ld =m ( ?is k9d irregul> & anomal\s1 x 7 impossible to collect any g5]al obs]vations conc]n+ mank9d2 & no exp]i5ce1 h[ev] accurately dige/$ by reflection1 w\ld ev] s]ve to any purpose4 ,:y is ! ag$ husb&man m skilful 9 8 call+ ?an ! "y beg9n] b because !re is a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 ! op]ation ( ! sun1 ra91 & e>? t[>ds ! production ( vegetables2 & exp]i5ce tea*es ! old practition] ! rules by :i* ?is op]ation is gov]n$ & direct$4 #ff4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 expect t ?is uni=mity ( human actions %\ld be c>ri$ to su* a l5g? z t all m51 9 ! same circum/ances1 w always act precisely 9 ! same mann]1 )\t mak+ any all[ance = ! div]sity ( *>act]s1 prejudices1 & op9ions4 ,su* a uni=mity 9 e p>ticul>1 is f\nd 9 no "p ( nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 f obs]v+ ! v>iety ( conduct 9 diff]5t m51 we are enabl$ to =m a great] v>iety ( maxims1 :i* /ill suppose a degree ( uni=mity & regul>ity4 ,are ! mann]s ( m5 diff]5t 9 diff]5t ages & c\ntries8 ,we le>n !nce ! great =ce ( cu/om & education1 :i* m\ld ! human m9d f its infancy & =m x into a fix$ & e/abli%$ "*4 ,is ! behavi\r & conduct ( ! "o sex v unlike t ( ! o!r8 ,is x !nce we become acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t *>act]s :i* nature has impress$ ^u ! sexes1 & :i* %e pres]ves ) con/ancy & regul>ity8 ,are ! actions ( ! same p]son mu* div]sifi$ 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( 8 life1 f infancy to old age8 ,?is af=ds room = _m g5]al obs]vations conc]n+ ! gradual *ange ( our s5tim5ts & incl9ations1 & ! diff]5t maxims :i* prevail 9 ! diff]5t ages ( human creatures4 ,ev5 ! *>act]s1 :i* are peculi> to ea* individual1 h a uni=mity 9 _! influ5ce2 o!rwise our acqua9tance ) ! p]sons & our obs]vation ( _! conduct c\ld nev] tea* u _! dispositions1 or s]ve to direct our behavi\r ) reg>d to !m4 #fg4 ,i grant x possible to f9d "s actions1 :i* seem to h no regul> connexion ) any kn[n motives1 & are exceptions to all ! measures ( conduct :i* h ev] be5 e/abli%$ = ! gov]nm5t ( m54 ,b if we w\ld will+ly "k :at judgem5t %\ld be =m$ ( su* irregul> & extraord9>y actions1 we may consid] ! s5tim5ts commonly ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to ^? irregul> ev5ts :i* appe> 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 & ! op]ations ( ext]nal objects4 ,all causes are n conjo9$ to _! usual effects ) l uni=mity4 ,an artific]1 :o h&les only dead matt]1 may be disappo9t$ ( 8 aim1 z well z ! politician1 :o directs ! conduct ( s5sible & intellig5t ag5ts4 ,! vulg>1 :o take ?+s accord+ to _! fir/ appe>ance1 attribute ! unc]ta9ty ( ev5ts to su* an unc]ta9ty 9 ! causes z makes ! latt] (t5 fail ( _! usual influ5ce2 ?\gh !y meet ) no imp$im5t 9 _! op]ation4 ,b philosoph]s1 obs]v+ t1 almo/ 9 e "p ( nature1 !re is conta9$ a va/ v>iety ( spr+s & pr9ciples1 :i* are hid1 by reason ( _! m9ut5ess or remot5ess1 f9d1 t x is at lea/ possible ! contr>iety ( ev5ts may n proce$ f any cont+5cy 9 ! cause1 b f ! secret op]ation ( contr>y causes4 ,?is possibility is conv]t$ into c]ta9ty by f>!r obs]vation1 :5 !y rem>k t1 ^u an exact scrut9y1 a contr>iety ( effects always betrays a contr>iety ( causes1 & proce$s f _! mutual opposition4 ,a peasant c give no bett] reason = ! /opp+ ( any clock or wat* ?an to say t x does n commonly g "r3 ,b an arti/ easily p]ceives t ! same =ce 9 ! spr+ or p5dulum has always ! same influ5ce on ! :eels2 b fails ( its usual effect1 p]haps by reason ( a gra9 ( du/1 :i* puts a /op to ! :ole movem5t4 ,f ! obs]vation ( sev]al p>allel in/ances1 philosoph]s =m a maxim t ! connexion betwe5 all causes & effects is equally necess>y1 & t its seem+ unc]ta9ty 9 "s in/ances proce$s f ! secret opposition ( contr>y causes4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ! human body1 :5 ! usual symptoms ( heal? or sickness disappo9t our expectation2 :5 m$ic9es op]ate n ) _! wont$ p[]s2 :5 irregul> ev5ts foll[ f any p>ticul> cause2 ! philosoph] & physician are n surpris$ at ! matt]1 nor are ev] tempt$ to d5y1 9 g5]al1 ! necessity & uni=mity ( ^? pr9ciples by :i* ! animal economy is conduct$4 ,!y "k t a human body is a mighty complicat$ ma*9e3 ,t _m secret p[]s lurk 9 x1 :i* are altoge!r beyond our compreh5sion3 ,t to u x mu/ (t5 appe> v unc]ta9 9 its op]ations3 ,& t !re=e ! irregul> ev5ts1 :i* outw>dly discov] !mselves1 c be no pro( t ! laws ( nature are n obs]v$ ) ! greate/ regul>ity 9 its int]nal op]ations & gov]nm5t4 #fh4 ,! philosoph]1 if he be consi/5t1 mu/ apply ! same reason+ to ! actions & volitions ( intellig5t ag5ts4 ,! mo/ irregul> & unexpect$ resolutions ( m5 may frequ5tly be acc\nt$ = by ^? :o "k e p>ticul> circum/ance ( _! "* & situation4 ,a p]son ( an oblig+ disposition gives a peevi% answ]3 ,b he has ! too?a*e1 or has n d9$4 ,a /upid fell[ discov]s an uncommon alacrity 9 8 c>riage3 ,b he has met ) a sudd5 piece ( good =tune4 ,or ev5 :5 an action1 z sometimes happ5s1 _c be p>ticul>ly acc\nt$ =1 ei!r by ! p]son himself or by o!rs2 we "k1 9 g5]al1 t ! *>act]s ( m5 are1 to a c]ta9 degree1 incon/ant & irregul>4 ,?is is1 9 a mann]1 ! con/ant "* ( human nature2 ?\gh x be applicable1 9 a m p>ticul> mann]1 to "s p]sons :o h no fix$ rule = _! conduct1 b proce$ 9 a cont9u$ c\rse ( caprice & incon/ancy4 ,! int]nal pr9ciples & motives may op]ate 9 a uni=m mann]1 not)/&+ ^! seem+ irregul>ities2 9 ! same mann] z ! w9ds1 ra91 cl\ds1 & o!r v>iations ( ! wea!r are suppos$ to be gov]n$ by /eady pr9ciples2 ?\gh n easily discov]able by human sagacity & enquiry4 #fi4 ,?us x appe>s1 n only t ! conjunction betwe5 motives & volunt>y actions is z regul> & uni=m z t betwe5 ! cause & effect 9 any "p ( nature2 b also t ?is regul> conjunction has be5 univ]sally ackn[l$g$ among mank9d1 & has nev] be5 ! subject ( dispute1 ei!r 9 philosophy or common life4 ,n[1 z x is f pa/ exp]i5ce t we draw all inf]5ces conc]n+ ! future1 & z we conclude t objects w always be conjo9$ toge!r :i* we f9d to h always be5 conjo9$2 x may seem sup]flu\s to prove t ?is exp]i5c$ uni=mity 9 human actions is a s\rce :5ce we draw inf]5ces conc]n+ !m4 ,b 9 ord] to ?r[ ! argum5t into a great] v>iety ( lights we %all also insi/1 ?\gh briefly1 on ?is latt] topic4 ,! mutual dep5d5ce ( m5 is s great 9 all societies t sc>ce any human action is entirely complete 9 itself1 or is p]=m$ )\t "s ref]5ce to ! actions ( o!rs1 :i* are requisite to make x answ] fully ! int5tion ( ! ag5t4 ,! poore/ artific]1 :o lab\rs alone1 expects at lea/ ! protection ( ! magi/rate1 to ensure him ! enjoym5t ( ! fruits ( 8 lab\r4 ,he also expects t1 :5 he c>ries 8 goods to m>ket1 & (f]s !m at a reasonable price1 he %all f9d pur*as]s1 & %all be able1 by ! money he acquires1 to engage o!rs to supply him ) ^? commodities :i* are requisite = 8 subsi/5ce4 ,9 proportion z m5 ext5d _! deal+s1 & r5d] _! int]c\rse ) o!rs m complicat$1 !y always compreh5d1 9 _! s*emes ( life1 a great] v>iety ( volunt>y actions1 :i* !y expect1 f ! prop] motives1 to co-op]ate ) _! own4 ,9 all ^! conclusions !y take _! measures f pa/ exp]i5ce1 9 ! same mann] z 9 _! reason+s conc]n+ ext]nal objects2 & firmly believe t m51 z well z all ! elem5ts1 are to cont9ue1 9 _! op]ations1 ! same t !y h ev] f\nd !m4 ,a manufactur] reckons ^u ! lab\r ( 8 s]vants = ! execution ( any "w z mu* z ^u ! tools :i* he employs1 & w\ld be equally surpris$ 7 8 expectations disappo9t$4 ,9 %ort1 ?is exp]im5tal inf]5ce & reason+ conc]n+ ! actions ( o!rs ent]s s mu* into human life t no man1 :ile awake1 is ev] a mom5t )\t employ+ x4 ,h we n reason1 !re=e1 to affirm t all mank9d h always agre$ 9 ! doctr9e ( necessity accord+ to ! =ego+ def9ition & explication ( x8 #gj4 ,nor h philosoph]s ev] ent]ta9$ a diff]5t op9ion f ! p 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,=1 n to m5tion t almo/ e action ( _! life supposes t op9ion1 !re are ev5 few ( ! speculative p>ts ( le>n+ to :i* x is n ess5tial4 ,:at w\ld become ( hi/ory1 _h we n a dep5d5ce on ! v]acity ( ! hi/orian accord+ to ! exp]i5ce :i* we h _h ( mank9d8 ,h[ c\ld politics be a sci5ce1 if laws & =ms ( gov]m5t _h n a uni=m influ5ce ^u society8 ,:]e w\ld be ! f\ndation ( morals1 if p>ticul> *>act]s _h no c]ta9 or det]m9ate p[] to produce p>ticul> s5tim5ts1 & if ^! s5tim5ts _h no con/ant op]ation on actions8 ,& ) :at pret5ce c\ld we employ our criticism ^u any poet or polite au?or1 if we c\ld n pron\nce ! conduct & s5tim5ts ( 8 actors ei!r natural or unnatural to su* *>act]s1 & 9 su* circum/ances8 ,x seems almo/ impossible1 !re=e1 to engage ei!r 9 sci5ce or action ( any k9d )\t ackn[l$g+ ! doctr9e ( necessity1 & ?is inf]5ce f motive to volunt>y actions1 f *>act]s to conduct4 ,& inde$1 :5 we consid] h[ aptly natural & moral evid5ce l9k toge!r1 & =m only "o *a9 ( argum5t1 we %all make no scruple to all[ t !y are ( ! same nature1 & d]iv$ f ! same pr9ciples4 ,a prison] :o has nei!r money nor int]e/1 discov]s ! impossibility ( 8 escape1 z well :5 he consid]s ! ob/9acy ( ! gaol]1 z ! walls & b>s ) :i* he is surr\nd$2 &1 9 all attempts = 8 fre$om1 *ooses r to "w ^u ! /one & iron ( ! "o1 ?an ^u ! inflexible nature ( ! o!r4 ,! same prison]1 :5 conduct$ to ! scaffold1 =esees 8 dea? z c]ta9ly f ! con/ancy & fidelity ( 8 gu>ds1 z f ! op]ation ( ! axe or :eel4 ,8 m9d runs along a c]ta9 tra9 ( ideas3 ,! refusal ( ! soldi]s to cons5t to 8 escape2 ! action ( ! execution]2 ! sep>ation ( ! head & body2 ble$+1 convulsive motions1 & dea?4 ,"h is a connect$ *a9 ( natural causes & volunt>y actions2 b ! m9d feels no diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 pass+ f "o l9k to ano!r3 ,nor is less c]ta9 ( ! future ev5t ?an if x 7 connect$ ) ! objects pres5t to ! memory or s5ses1 by a tra9 ( causes1 cem5t$ toge!r by :at we are pleas$ to call a physical necessity4 ,! same exp]i5c$ union has ! same effect on ! m9d1 :e!r ! unit$ objects be motives1 volition1 & actions2 or figure & motion4 ,we may *ange ! "n ( ?+s2 b _! nature & _! op]ation on ! und]/&+ nev] *ange4 ,7 a man1 :om ,i "k to be hone/ & opul5t1 & ) :om ,i live 9 intimate fri5d%ip1 to come into my h\se1 :]e ,i am surr\nd$ ) my s]vants1 ,i re/ assur$ t he is n to /ab me be=e he leaves x 9 ord] to rob me ( my silv] /&i%2 & ,i no m suspect ?is ev5t ?an ! fall+ ( ! h\se itself1 :i* is new1 & solidly built & f\nd$4--,b he may h be5 seiz$ ) a sudd5 & unkn[n fr5zy4--,s may a sudd5 e>?quake arise1 & %ake & tumble my h\se ab\t my e>s4 ,i %all !re=e *ange ! suppositions4 ,i %all say t ,i "k ) c]ta9ty t he is n to put 8 h& into ! fire & hold x !re till x be consum$3 ,& ?is ev5t1 ,i ?9k ,i c =etell ) ! same assurance1 z t1 if he ?r[ himself out at ! w9d[1 & meet ) no ob/ruction1 he w n rema9 a mom5t susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,no suspicion ( an unkn[n fr5zy c give ! lea/ possibility to ! =m] ev5t1 :i* is s contr>y to all ! kn[n pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,a man :o at noon leaves 8 purse full ( gold on ! pavem5t at ,*>+-,cross1 may z well expect t x w fly away l a fea!r1 z t he w f9d x unt\*$ an h\r aft]4 ,above "o half ( human reason+s conta9 inf]5ces ( a simil> nature1 att5d$ ) m or less degrees ( c]ta9ty proportion$ to our exp]i5ce ( ! usual conduct ( mank9d 9 su* p>ticul> situations4 #ga4 ,i h frequ5tly consid]$1 :at c\ld possibly be ! reason :y all mank9d1 ?\gh !y h ev]1 )\t hesitation1 ackn[l$g$ ! doctr9e ( necessity 9 _! :ole practice & reason+1 h yet discov]$ su* a reluctance to ackn[l$ge x 9 words1 & h r %[n a prop5sity1 9 all ages1 to pr(ess ! contr>y op9ion4 ,! matt]1 ,i ?9k1 may be acc\nt$ = aft] ! foll[+ mann]4 ,if we exam9e ! op]ations ( body1 & ! production ( effects f _! causes1 we %all f9d t all our faculties c nev] c>ry u f>!r 9 our k ( ?is relation ?an b>ely to obs]ve t p>ticul> objects are con/antly conjo9$ toge!r1 & t ! m9d is c>ri$1 by a cu/om>y transition1 f ! appe>ance ( "o to ! belief ( ! o!r4 ,b ?\gh ?is conclusion conc]n+ human ignorance be ! result ( ! /ricte/ scrut9y ( ?is subject1 m5 /ill ent]ta9 a /rong prop5sity to believe t !y p5etrate f>!r into ! p[]s ( nature1 & p]ceive some?+ l a necess>y connexion betwe5 ! cause & ! effect4 ,:5 aga9 !y turn _! reflections t[>ds ! op]ations ( _! own m9ds1 & feel no su* connexion ( ! motive & ! action2 !y are !nce apt to suppose1 t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! effects :i* result f mat]ial =ce1 & ^? :i* arise f ?\ght & intellig5ce4 ,b be+ once conv9c$ t we "k no?+ f>!r ( causation ( any k9d ?an m]ely ! con/ant conjunction ( objects1 & ! consequ5t inf]5ce ( ! m9d f "o to ano!r1 & f9d+ t ^! two circum/ances are univ]sally all[$ to h place 9 volunt>y actions2 we may be m easily l$ to own ! same necessity common to all causes4 ,& ?\gh ?is reason+ may contradict ! sy/ems ( _m philosoph]s1 9 ascrib+ necessity to ! det]m9ations ( ! w1 we %all f9d1 ^u reflection1 t !y diss5t f x 9 words only1 n 9 _! real s5tim5t4 ,necessity1 accord+ to ! s5se 9 :i* x is "h tak51 has nev] yet be5 reject$1 nor c ev]1 ,i ?9k1 be reject$ by any philosoph]4 ,x may only1 p]haps1 be pret5d$ t ! m9d c p]ceive1 9 ! op]ations ( matt]1 "s f>!r connexion betwe5 ! cause & effect2 & connexion t has n place 9 volunt>y actions ( intellig5t be+s4 ,n[ :e!r x be s or n1 c only appe> ^u exam9ation2 & x is incumb5t on ^! philosoph]s to make good _! ass]tion1 by def9+ or describ+ t necessity1 & po9t+ x out to u 9 ! op]ations ( mat]ial causes4 #gb4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 t m5 beg9 at ! wrong end ( ?is "q conc]n+ lib]ty & necessity1 :5 !y ent] ^u x by exam9+ ! faculties ( ! s\l1 ! influ5ce ( ! und]/&+1 & ! op]ations ( ! w4 ,let !m fir/ discuss a m simple "q1 namely1 ! op]ations ( body & ( brute un9tellig5t matt]2 & try :e!r !y c !re =m any idea ( causation & necessity1 except t ( a con/ant conjunction ( objects1 & subsequ5t inf]5ce ( ! m9d f "o to ano!r4 ,if ^! circum/ances =m1 9 reality1 ! :ole ( t necessity1 :i* we conceive 9 matt]1 & if ^! circum/ances be also univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to take place 9 ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 ! dispute is at an end2 at lea/1 mu/ be own$ to be !nce=? m]ely v]bal4 ,b z long z we w ra%ly suppose1 t we h "s f>!r idea ( necessity & causation 9 ! op]ations ( ext]nal objects2 at ! same "t1 t we c f9d no?+ f>!r 9 ! volunt>y actions ( ! m9d2 !re is no possibility ( br++ ! "q to any det]m9ate issue1 :ile we proce$ ^u s errone\s a supposition4 ,! only me?od ( undeceiv+ u is to m\nt up high]2 to exam9e ! n>r[ ext5t ( sci5ce :5 appli$ to mat]ial causes2 & to conv9ce ourselves t all we "k ( !m is ! con/ant conjunction & inf]5ce above m5tion$4 ,we may1 p]haps1 f9d t x is ) difficulty we are induc$ to fix su* n>r[ limits to human und]/&+3 ,b we c aft]w>ds f9d no difficulty :5 we come to apply ?is doctr9e to ! actions ( ! w4 ,= z x is evid5t t ^! h a regul> conjunction ) motives & circum/ances & *>act]s1 & z we always draw inf]5ces f "o to ! o!r1 we mu/ be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge 9 words t necessity1 :i* we h already av[$1 9 e delib]ation ( our lives1 & 9 e /ep ( our conduct & behavi\r4#ag #ag ,! preval5ce ( ! doctr9e ( lib]ty may be acc\nt$ =1 f ano!r cause1 viz4 a false s5sation or seem+ exp]i5ce :i* we h1 or may h1 ( lib]ty or indiff]5ce1 9 _m ( our actions4 ,! necessity ( any action1 :e!r ( matt] or ( m9d1 is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a quality 9 ! ag5t1 b 9 any ?9k+ or intellig5t be+1 :o may consid] ! action2 & x consi/s *iefly 9 ! det]m9ation ( 8 ?\ghts to inf] ! exi/5ce ( t action f "s prec$+ objects2 z lib]ty1 :5 oppos$ to necessity1 is no?+ b ! want ( t det]m9ation1 & a c]ta9 loos5ess or indiff]5ce1 :i* we feel1 9 pass+1 or n pass+1 f ! idea ( "o object to t ( any succe$+ "o4 ,n[ we may obs]ve1 t1 ?\gh1 9 reflect+ on human actions1 we seldom feel su* a loos5ess1 or indiff]5ce1 b are commonly able to inf] !m ) consid]able c]ta9ty f _! motives1 & f ! dispositions ( ! ag5t2 yet x frequ5tly happ5s1 t1 9 p]=m+ ! actions !mselves1 we are s5sible ( some?+ l x3 ,& z all resembl+ objects are readily tak5 = ea* o!r1 ?is has be5 employ$ z a demon/rative & ev5 intuitive pro( ( human lib]ty4 ,we feel1 t our actions are subject to our w1 on mo/ occasions2 & imag9e we feel1 t ! w itself is subject to no?+1 because1 :5 by a d5ial ( x we are provok$ to try1 we feel1 t x moves easily e way1 & produces an image ( itself 7or a ,vellety1 z x is call$ 9 ! s*ools7 ev5 on t side1 on :i* x did n settle4 ,?is image1 or fa9t motion1 we p]suade ourselves1 c\ld1 at t "t1 h be5 compleat$ into ! ?+ itself2 because1 %\ld t be d5i$1 we f9d1 ^u a second trial1 t1 at pres5t1 x c4 ,we consid] n1 t ! fanta/ical desire ( %ew+ lib]ty1 is "h ! motive ( our actions4 ,& x seems c]ta91 t1 h[ev] we may imag9e we feel a lib]ty )9 ourselves1 a spectator c commonly inf] our actions f our motives & "*2 & ev5 :]e he _c1 he concludes 9 g5]al1 t he might1 7 he p]fectly acqua9t$ ) e circum/ance ( our situation & temp]1 & ! mo/ secret spr+s ( our complexion & disposition4 ,n[ ?is is ! v ess5ce ( necessity1 accord+ to ! =ego+ doctr9e4 #gc4 ,b to proce$ 9 ?is reconcil+ project ) reg>d to ! "q ( lib]ty & necessity2 ! mo/ cont5ti\s "q ( metaphysics1 ! mo/ cont5ti\s sci5ce2 x w n require _m words to prove1 t all mank9d h ev] agre$ 9 ! doctr9e ( lib]ty z well z 9 t ( necessity1 & t ! :ole dispute1 9 ?is respect also1 has be5 hi!rto m]ely v]bal4 ,= :at is meant by lib]ty1 :5 appli$ to volunt>y actions8 ,we _c surely mean t actions h s little connexion ) motives1 incl9ations1 & circum/ances1 t "o does n foll[ ) a c]ta9 degree ( uni=mity f ! o!r1 & t "o af=ds no inf]5ce by :i* we c conclude ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,= ^! are pla9 & ackn[l$g$ matt]s ( fact4 ,by lib]ty1 !n1 we c only mean a p[] ( act+ or n act+1 accord+ to ! det]m9ations ( ! w2 t is1 if we *oose to rema9 at re/1 we may2 if we *oose to move1 we also may4 ,n[ ?is hypo!tical lib]ty is univ]sally all[$ to belong to e "o :o is n a prison] & 9 *a9s4 ,"h1 !n1 is no subject ( dispute4 #gd4 ,:atev] def9ition we may give ( lib]ty1 we %\ld be c>eful to obs]ve two requisite circum/ances2 fir/1 t x be consi/5t ) pla9 matt] ( fact2 secondly1 t x be consi/5t ) itself4 ,if we obs]ve ^! circum/ances1 & r5d] our def9ition intelligible1 ,i am p]suad$ t all mank9d w be f\nd ( "o op9ion ) reg>d to x4 ,x is univ]sally all[$ t no?+ exi/s )\t a cause ( its exi/5ce1 & t *ance1 :5 /rictly exam9$1 is a m]e negative ^w1 & means n any real p[] :i* has any:]e a be+ 9 nature4 ,b x is pret5d$ t "s causes are necess>y1 "s n necess>y4 ,"h !n is ! advantage ( def9itions4 ,let any "o def9e a cause1 )\t compreh5d+1 z a "p ( ! def9ition1 a necess>y connexion ) its effect2 & let him %[ di/9ctly ! orig9 ( ! idea1 express$ by ! def9ition2 & ,i %all readily give up ! :ole controv]sy4 ,b if ! =ego+ explication ( ! matt] be receiv$1 ?is mu/ be absolutely impracticable4 ,_h n objects a regul> conjunction ) ea* o!r1 we %\ld nev] h ent]ta9$ any notion ( cause & effect2 & ?is regul> conjunction produces t inf]5ce ( ! und]/&+1 :i* is ! only connexion1 t we c h any compreh5sion (4 ,:oev] attempts a def9ition ( cause1 exclusive ( ^! circum/ances1 w be oblig$ ei!r to employ un9telligible t]ms or su* z are synonym\s to ! t]m :i* he endeav\rs to def9e4#ah ,& if ! def9ition above m5tion$ be admitt$2 lib]ty1 :5 oppos$ to necessity1 n to con/ra9t1 is ! same ?+ ) *ance2 :i* is univ]sally all[$ to h no exi/5ce4 #ah ,?us1 if a cause be def9$1 t :i* produces any ?+2 x is easy to obs]ve1 t produc+ is synonym\s to caus+4 ,9 l mann]1 if a cause be def9$1 t by :i* any ?+ exi/s2 ?is is liable to ! same objection4 ,= :at is meant by ^! words1 by :i*8 ,_h x be5 said1 t a cause is t aft] :i* any ?+ con/antly exi/s2 we %\ld h und]/ood ! t]ms4 ,= ?is is1 inde$1 all we "k ( ! matt]4 ,& ?is con/ancy =ms ! v ess5ce ( necessity1 nor h we any o!r idea ( x4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #ge4 ,!re is no me?od ( reason+ m common1 & yet none m blameable1 ?an1 9 philosophical disputes1 to endeav\r ! refutation ( any hypo!sis1 by a pret5ce ( its dang]\s consequ5ces to religion & morality4 ,:5 any op9ion leads to absurdities1 x is c]ta9ly false2 b x is n c]ta9 t an op9ion is false1 because x is ( dang]\s consequ5ce4 ,su* topics1 !re=e1 ought entirely to be =borne2 z s]v+ no?+ to ! discov]y ( tru?1 b only to make ! p]son ( an antagoni/ odi\s4 ,?is ,i obs]ve 9 g5]al1 )\t pret5d+ to draw any advantage f x4 ,i frankly submit to an exam9ation ( ?is k9d1 & %all v5ture to affirm t ! doctr9es1 bo? ( necessity & ( lib]ty1 z above expla9$1 are n only consi/5t ) morality1 b are absolutely ess5tial to its support4 ,necessity may be def9$ two ways1 con=mably to ! two def9itions ( cause1 ( :i* x makes an ess5tial "p4 ,x consi/s ei!r 9 ! con/ant conjunction ( l objects1 or 9 ! inf]5ce ( ! und]/&+ f "o object to ano!r4 ,n[ necessity1 9 bo? ^! s5ses1 7:i*1 inde$1 are at bottom ! same7 has univ]sally1 ?\gh tacitly1 9 ! s*ools1 9 ! pulpit1 & 9 common life1 be5 all[$ to belong to ! w ( man2 & no "o has ev] pret5d$ to d5y t we c draw inf]5ces conc]n+ human actions1 & t ^? inf]5ces are f\nd$ on ! exp]i5c$ union ( l actions1 ) l motives1 incl9ations1 & circum/ances4 ,! only p>ticul> 9 :i* any "o c diff]1 is1 t ei!r1 p]haps1 he w refuse to give ! "n ( necessity to ?is prop]ty ( human actions3 ,b z long z ! mean+ is und]/ood1 ,i hope ! ^w c d no h>m3 ,or t he w ma9ta9 x possible to discov] some?+ f>!r 9 ! op]ations ( matt]4 ,b ?is1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 c be ( no consequ5ce to morality or religion1 :atev] x may be to natural philosophy or metaphysics4 ,we may "h be mi/ak5 9 ass]t+ t !re is no idea ( any o!r necessity or connexion 9 ! actions ( body3 ,b surely we ascribe no?+ to ! actions ( ! m9d1 b :at ev]yone does1 & mu/ readily all[ (4 ,we *ange no circum/ance 9 ! receiv$ or?odox sy/em ) reg>d to ! w1 b only 9 t ) reg>d to mat]ial objects & causes4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be m innoc5t1 at lea/1 ?an ?is doctr9e4 #gf4 ,all laws be+ f\nd$ on rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 x is suppos$ z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t ^! motives h a regul> & uni=m influ5ce on ! m9d1 & bo? produce ! good & prev5t ! evil actions4 ,we may give to ?is influ5ce :at "n we please2 b1 z x is usually conjo9$ ) ! action1 x mu/ be e/eem$ a cause1 & be look$ ^u z an in/ance ( t necessity1 :i* we w\ld "h e/abli%4 ,! only prop] object ( hatr$ or v5geance is a p]son or creature1 end[$ ) ?\ght & consci\sness2 & :5 any crim9al or injuri\s actions excite t passion1 x is only by _! relation to ! p]son1 or connexion ) him4 ,actions are1 by _! v nature1 tempor>y & p]i%+2 & :]e !y proce$ n f "s cause 9 ! "* & disposition ( ! p]son :o p]=m$ !m1 !y c nei!r r$\nd to 8 hon\r1 if good2 nor infamy1 if evil4 ,! actions !mselves may be blameable2 !y may be contr>y to all ! rules ( morality & religion3 ,b ! p]son is n answ]able = !m2 & z !y proce$$ f no?+ 9 him t is durable & con/ant1 & leave no?+ ( t nature beh9d !m1 x is impossible he c1 ^u _! acc\nt1 become ! object ( puni%m5t or v5geance4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple1 !re=e1 :i* d5ies necessity1 & consequ5tly causes1 a man is z pure & unta9t$1 aft] hav+ committ$ ! mo/ horrid crime1 z at ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 bir?1 nor is 8 "* anywise conc]n$ 9 8 actions1 s9ce !y are n d]iv$ f x1 & ! wick$ness ( ! "o c nev] be us$ z a pro( ( ! depravity ( ! o!r4 ,m5 are n blam$ = su* actions z !y p]=m ignorantly & casually1 :atev] may be ! consequ5ces4 ,:y8 b because ! pr9ciples ( ^! actions are only mom5t>y1 & t]m9ate 9 !m alone4 ,m5 are less blam$ = su* actions z !y p]=m ha/ily & unprem$itately ?an = su* z proce$ f delib]ation4 ,= :at reason8 b because a ha/y temp]1 ?\gh a con/ant cause or pr9ciple 9 ! m9d1 op]ates only by int]vals1 & infects n ! :ole "*4 ,aga91 rep5tance wipes (f e crime1 if att5d$ ) a re=mation ( life & mann]s4 ,h[ is ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 b by ass]t+ t actions r5d] a p]son crim9al m]ely z !y are pro(s ( crim9al pr9ciples 9 ! m9d2 & :51 by an alt]ation ( ^! pr9ciples1 !y cease to be j pro(s1 !y likewise cease to be crim9al4 ,b1 except ^u ! doctr9e ( necessity1 !y nev] 7 j pro(s1 & consequ5tly nev] 7 crim9al4 #gg4 ,x w be equally easy to prove1 & f ! same argum5ts1 t lib]ty1 accord+ to t def9ition above m5tion$1 9 :i* all m5 agree1 is also ess5tial to morality1 & t no human actions1 :]e x is want+1 are susceptible ( any moral qualities1 or c be ! objects ei!r ( approbation or dislike4 ,= z actions are objects ( our moral s5tim5t1 s f> only z !y are indications ( ! int]nal "*1 passions1 & affections2 x is impossible t !y c give rise ei!r to praise or blame1 :]e !y proce$ n f ^! pr9ciples1 b are d]iv$ altoge!r f ext]nal viol5ce4 #gh4 ,i pret5d n to h obviat$ or remov$ all objections to ?is !ory1 ) reg>d to necessity & lib]ty4 ,i c =esee o!r objections1 d]iv$ f topics :i* h n "h be5 treat$ (4 ,x may be said1 = in/ance1 t1 if volunt>y actions be subject$ to ! same laws ( necessity ) ! op]ations ( matt]1 !re is a cont9u$ *a9 ( necess>y causes1 pre-orda9$ & pre-det]m9$1 rea*+ f ! orig9al cause ( all to e s+le volition ( e human creature4 ,no cont+5cy any:]e 9 ! univ]se2 no indiff]5ce2 no lib]ty4 ,:ile we act1 we are1 at ! same "t1 act$ ^u4 ,! ultimate ,au?or ( all our volitions is ! ,creator ( ! _w1 :o fir/ be/[$ motion on ?is imm5se ma*9e1 & plac$ all be+s 9 t p>ticul> position1 :5ce e subsequ5t ev5t1 by an inevitable necessity1 mu/ result4 ,human actions1 !re=e1 ei!r c h no moral turpitude at all1 z proce$+ f s good a cause2 or if !y h any turpitude1 !y mu/ involve our ,creator 9 ! same guilt1 :ile he is ackn[l$g$ to be _! ultimate cause & au?or4 ,= z a man1 :o fir$ a m9e1 is answ]able = all ! consequ5ces :e!r ! tra9 he employ$ be long or %ort2 s :]ev] a cont9u$ *a9 ( necess>y causes is fix$1 t ,be+1 ei!r f9ite or inf9ite1 :o produces ! fir/1 is likewise ! au?or ( all ! re/1 & mu/ bo? be> ! blame & acquire ! praise :i* belong to !m4 ,our cle> & unalt]able ideas ( morality e/abli% ?is rule1 ^u unque/ionable reasons1 :5 we exam9e ! consequ5ces ( any human action2 & ^! reasons mu/ /ill h great] =ce :5 appli$ to ! volitions & int5tions ( a ,be+ inf9itely wise & p[]ful4 ,ignorance or impot5ce may be plead$ = s limit$ a creature z man2 b ^? imp]fections h no place 9 our ,creator4 ,he =esaw1 he orda9$1 he int5d$ all ^? actions ( m51 :i* we s ra%ly pron\nce crim9al4 ,& we mu/ !re=e conclude1 ei!r t !y are n crim9al1 or t ! ,deity1 n man1 is acc\ntable = !m4 ,b z ei!r ( ^! positions is absurd & impi\s1 x foll[s1 t ! doctr9e f :i* !y are d$uc$ _c possibly be true1 z be+ liable to all ! same objections4 ,an absurd consequ5ce1 if necess>y1 proves ! orig9al doctr9e to be absurd2 9 ! same mann] z crim9al actions r5d] crim9al ! orig9al cause1 if ! connexion betwe5 !m be necess>y & evitable4 ,?is objection consi/s ( two p>ts1 :i* we %all exam9e sep>ately2 ,fir/1 t1 if human actions c be trac$ up1 by a necess>y *a91 to ! ,deity1 !y c nev] be crim9al2 on acc\nt ( ! inf9ite p]fection ( t ,be+ f :om !y are d]iv$1 & :o c int5d no?+ b :at is altoge!r good & laudable4 ,or1 ,secondly1 if !y be crim9al1 we mu/ retract ! attribute ( p]fection1 :i* we ascribe to ! ,deity1 & mu/ ackn[l$ge him to be ! ultimate au?or ( guilt & moral turpitude 9 all 8 creatures4 #gi4 ,! answ] to ! fir/ objection seems obvi\s & conv9c+4 ,!re are _m philosoph]s :o1 aft] an exact scrut9y ( all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 conclude1 t ! ,,:ole1 consid]$ z "o sy/em1 is1 9 e p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 ord]$ ) p]fect b5evol5ce2 & t ! utmo/ possible happ9ess w1 9 ! end1 result to all creat$ be+s1 )\t any mixture ( positive or absolute ill or mis]y4 ,e physical ill1 say !y1 makes an ess5tial "p ( ?is b5evol5t sy/em1 & c\ld n possibly be remov$1 ev5 by ! ,deity himself1 consid]$ z a wise ag5t1 )\t giv+ entrance to great] ill1 or exclud+ great] good1 :i* w result f x4 ,f ?is !ory1 "s philosoph]s1 & ! anci5t ,/oics among ! re/1 d]iv$ a topic ( consolation "u all afflictions1 :ile !y taught _! pupils t ^? ills "u :i* !y lab\r$ 71 9 reality1 goods to ! univ]se2 & t to an enl>g$ view1 :i* c\ld compreh5d ! :ole sy/em ( nature1 e ev5t became an object ( joy & exultation4 ,b ?\gh ?is topic be speci\s & sublime1 x 0 soon f\nd 9 practice weak & ineffectual4 ,y w\ld surely m irritate ?an appease a man ly+ "u ! rack+ pa9s ( ! g\t by prea*+ up to him ! rectitude ( ^? g5]al laws1 :i* produc$ ! malignant hum\rs 9 8 body1 & l$ !m ?r\gh ! prop] canals1 to ! s9ews & n]ves1 :]e !y n[ excite su* acute torm5ts4 ,^! enl>g$ views may1 = a mom5t1 please ! imag9ation ( a speculative man1 :o is plac$ 9 ease & security2 b nei!r c !y dwell ) con/ancy on 8 m9d1 ev5 ?\gh undi/urb$ by ! emotions ( pa9 or passion2 mu* less c !y ma9ta9 _! gr\nd :5 attack$ by su* p[]ful antagoni/s4 ,! affections take a n>r[] & m natural survey ( _! object2 & by an economy1 m suitable to ! infirmity ( human m9ds1 reg>d alone ! be+s ar\nd u1 & are actuat$ by su* ev5ts z appe> good or ill to ! private sy/em4 #hj4 ,! case is ! same ) moral z ) physical ill4 ,x _c reasonably be suppos$1 t ^? remote consid]ations1 :i* are f\nd ( s little efficacy ) reg>d to "o1 w h a m p[]ful influ5ce ) reg>d to ! o!r4 ,! m9d ( man is s =m$ by nature t1 ^u ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 *>act]s1 dispositions1 & actions1 x imm$iately feels ! s5tim5t ( approbation or blame2 nor are !re any emotions m ess5tial to its frame & con/itution4 ,! *>act]s :i* engage our approbation are *iefly su* z contribute to ! peace & security ( human society2 z ! *>act]s :i* excite blame are *iefly su* z t5d to public detrim5t & di/urbance3 ,:5ce x may reasonably be presum$1 t ! moral s5tim5ts arise1 ei!r m$iately or imm$iately1 f a reflection ( ^! opposite int]e/s4 ,:at ?\gh philosophical m$itations e/abli% a diff]5t op9ion or conjecture2 t ev]y?+ is "r ) reg>d to ! ,,:ole1 & t ! qualities1 :i* di/urb society1 are1 9 ! ma91 z b5eficial1 & are z suitable to ! prim>y int5tion ( nature z ^? :i* m directly promote its happ9ess & welf>e8 ,are su* remote & unc]ta9 speculations able to c\nt]balance ! s5tim5ts :i* arise f ! natural & imm$iate view ( ! objects8 ,a man :o is robb$ ( a consid]able sum2 does he f9d 8 vexation = ! loss anywise dim9i%$ by ^! sublime reflections8 ,:y !n %\ld 8 moral res5tm5t aga9/ ! crime be suppos$ incompatible ) !m8 ,or :y %\ld n ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a real di/9ction betwe5 vice & virtue be reconcileable to all speculative sy/ems ( philosophy1 z well z t ( a real di/9ction betwe5 p]sonal beauty & de=mity8 ,bo? ^! di/9ctions are f\nd$ 9 ! natural s5tim5ts ( ! human m9d3 ,& ^! s5tim5ts are n to be contr\l$ or alt]$ by any philosophical !ory or speculation :atsoev]4 #ha4 ,! second objection admits n ( s easy & satisfactory an answ]2 nor is x possible to expla9 di/9ctly1 h[ ! ,deity c be ! m$iate cause ( all ! actions ( m51 )\t be+ ! au?or ( s9 & moral turpitude4 ,^! are my/]ies1 :i* m]e natural & unassi/$ reason is v unfit to h&le2 & :atev] sy/em %e embraces1 %e mu/ f9d h]self involv$ 9 inextricable difficulties1 & ev5 contradictions1 at e /ep :i* %e takes ) reg>d to su* subjects4 ,to reconcile ! indiff]5ce & cont+5cy ( human actions ) presci5ce2 or to def5d absolute decrees1 & yet free ! ,deity f be+ ! au?or ( s91 has be5 f\nd hi!rto to exce$ all ! p[] ( philosophy4 ,happy1 if %e be !nce s5sible ( h] tem]ity1 :5 %e pries into ^! sublime my/]ies2 & leav+ a sc5e s full ( obscurities & p]plexities1 return1 ) suitable mode/y1 to h] true & prop] prov9ce1 ! exam9ation ( common life2 :]e %e w f9d difficulties en\gh to employ h] enquiries1 )\t laun*+ into s b\ndless an ocean ( d\bt1 unc]ta9ty1 & contradiction6 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,reason ,,( ,,animals4 #hb4 ,all our reason+s conc]n+ matt] ( fact are f\nd$ on a species ( ,analogy1 :i* leads u to expect f any cause ! same ev5ts1 :i* we h obs]v$ to result f simil> causes4 ,:]e ! causes are entirely simil>1 ! analogy is p]fect1 & ! inf]5ce1 drawn f x1 is reg>d$ z c]ta9 & conclusive3 nor does any man ev] ent]ta9 a d\bt1 :]e he sees a piece ( iron1 t x w h weight & cohesion ( p>ts2 z 9 all o!r in/ances1 :i* h ev] fall5 "u 8 obs]vation4 ,b :]e ! objects h n s exact a simil>ity1 ! analogy is less p]fect1 & ! inf]5ce is less conclusive2 ?\gh /ill x has "s =ce1 9 proportion to ! degree ( simil>ity & resemblance4 ,! anatomical obs]vations1 =m$ ^u "o animal1 are1 by ?is species ( reason+1 ext5d$ to all animals2 & x is c]ta91 t :5 ! circulation ( ! blood1 = in/ance1 is cle>ly prov$ to h place 9 "o creature1 z a frog1 or fi%1 x =ms a /rong presumption1 t ! same pr9ciple has place 9 all4 ,^! analogical obs]vations may be c>ri$ f>!r1 ev5 to ?is sci5ce1 ( :i* we are n[ treat+2 & any !ory1 by :i* we expla9 ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+1 or ! orig9 & connexion ( ! passions 9 man1 w acquire additional au?ority1 if we f9d1 t ! same !ory is requisite to expla9 ! same ph5om5a 9 all o!r animals4 ,we %all make trial ( ?is1 ) reg>d to ! hypo!sis1 by :i* we h1 9 ! =ego+ disc\rse1 endeav\r$ to acc\nt = all exp]im5tal reason+s2 & x is hop$1 t ?is new po9t ( view w s]ve to confirm all our =m] obs]vations4 #hc4 ,fir/1 ,x seems evid5t1 t animals z well z m5 le>n _m ?+s f exp]i5ce1 & inf]1 t ! same ev5ts w always foll[ f ! same causes4 ,by ?is pr9ciple !y become acqua9t$ ) ! m obvi\s prop]ties ( ext]nal objects1 & gradually1 f _! bir?1 treasure up a k ( ! nature ( fire1 wat]1 e>?1 /ones1 heights1 dep?s1 c41 & ( ! effects :i* result f _! op]ation4 ,! ignorance & inexp]i5ce ( ! "y are "h pla9ly di/+ui%able f ! cunn+ & sagacity ( ! old1 :o h le>n$1 by long obs]vation1 to avoid :at hurt !m1 & to pursue :at gave ease or pleasure4 ,a horse1 t has be5 accu/om$ to ! field1 becomes acqua9t$ ) ! prop] height :i* he c leap1 & w nev] attempt :at exce$s 8 =ce & ability4 ,an old greyh\nd w tru/ ! m fatigu+ "p ( ! *ace to ! y\ng]1 & w place himself s z to meet ! h>e 9 h] d\bles2 nor are ! conjectures1 :i* he =ms on ?is occasion1 f\nd$ 9 any ?+ b 8 obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,?is is /ill m evid5t f ! effects ( discipl9e & education on animals1 :o1 by ! prop] application ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 may be taught any c\rse ( action1 & mo/ contr>y to _! natural in/9cts & prop5sities4 ,is x n exp]i5ce1 :i* r5d]s a dog appreh5sive ( pa91 :5 y m5ace him1 or lift up ! :ip to beat him8 ,is x n ev5 exp]i5ce1 :i* makes him answ] to 8 "n1 & inf]1 f su* an arbitr>y s\nd1 t y mean him r ?an any ( 8 fell[s1 & int5d to call him1 :5 y pron\nce x 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & ) a c]ta9 tone & acc5t8 ,9 all ^! cases1 we may obs]ve1 t ! animal inf]s "s fact beyond :at imm$iately /rikes 8 s5ses2 & t ?is inf]5ce is altoge!r f\nd$ on pa/ exp]i5ce1 :ile ! creature expects f ! pres5t object ! same consequ5ces1 :i* x has always f\nd 9 its obs]vation to result f simil> objects4 #hd4 ,secondly1 ,x is impossible1 t ?is inf]5ce ( ! animal c be f\nd$ on any process ( argum5t or reason+1 by :i* he concludes1 t l ev5ts mu/ foll[ l objects1 & t ! c\rse ( nature w always be regul> 9 its op]ations4 ,= if !re be 9 reality any argum5ts ( ?is nature1 !y surely lie too ab/ruse = ! obs]vation ( su* imp]fect und]/&+s2 s9ce x may well employ ! utmo/ c>e & att5tion ( a philosophic g5ius to discov] & obs]ve !m4 ,animals1 !re=e1 are n guid$ 9 ^! inf]5ces by reason+3 ,nei!r are *ildr53 ,nei!r are ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 9 _! ord9>y actions & conclusions3 ,nei!r are philosoph]s !mselves1 :o1 9 all ! active p>ts ( life1 are1 9 ! ma91 ! same ) ! vulg>1 & are gov]n$ by ! same maxims4 ,nature mu/ h provid$ "s o!r pr9ciple1 ( m ready1 & m g5]al use & application2 nor c an op]ation ( su* imm5se consequ5ce 9 life1 z t ( inf]r+ effects f causes1 be tru/$ to ! unc]ta9 process ( reason+ & argum5tation4 ,7 ?is d\btful ) reg>d to m51 x seems to admit ( no "q ) reg>d to ! brute creation2 & ! conclusion be+ once firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! "o1 we h a /rong presumption1 f all ! rules ( analogy1 t x ought to be univ]sally admitt$1 )\t any exception or res]ve4 ,x is cu/om alone1 :i* engages animals1 f e object1 t /rikes _! s5ses1 to inf] its usual att5dant1 & c>ries _! imag9ation1 f ! appe>ance ( ! "o1 to conceive ! o!r1 9 t p>ticul> mann]1 :i* we d5om9ate belief4 ,no o!r explication c be giv5 ( ?is op]ation1 9 all ! high]1 z well z l[] classes ( s5sitive be+s1 :i* fall "u our notice & obs]vation #ai4 #ai ,s9ce all reason+s conc]n+ facts or causes is d]iv$ m]ely f cu/om1 x may be ask$ h[ x happ5s1 t m5 s mu* surpass animals 9 reason+1 & "o man s mu* surpasses ano!r8 ,has n ! same cu/om ! same influ5ce on all8 ,we %all "h endeav\r briefly to expla9 ! great diff]5ce 9 human und]/&+s3 ,aft] :i* ! reason ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & animals w easily be compreh5d$4 #a4 ,:5 we h liv$ any "t1 & h be5 accu/om$ to ! uni=mity ( nature1 we acquire a g5]al habit1 by :i* we always transf] ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & conceive ! latt] to resemble ! =m]4 ,by means ( ?is g5]al habitual pr9ciple1 we reg>d ev5 "o exp]im5t z ! f\ndation ( reason+1 & expect a simil> ev5t ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty1 :]e ! exp]im5t has be5 made accurately1 & free f all =eign circum/ances4 ,x is !re=e consid]$ z a matt] ( great importance to obs]ve ! consequ5ces ( ?+s2 & z "o man may v mu* surpass ano!r 9 att5tion & memory & obs]vation1 ?is w make a v great diff]5ce 9 _! reason+4 #b4 ,:]e !re is a complication ( causes to produce any effect1 "o m9d may be mu* l>g] ?an ano!r1 & bett] able to compreh5d ! :ole sy/em ( objects1 & to inf] ju/ly _! consequ5ces4 #c4 ,"o man is able to c>ry on a *a9 ( consequ5ces to a great] l5g? ?an ano!r4 #d4 ,few m5 c ?9k long )\t runn+ into a confusion ( ideas1 & mi/ak+ "o = ano!r2 & !re are v>i\s degrees ( ?is infirmity4 #e4 ,! circum/ance1 on :i* ! effect dep5ds1 is frequ5tly involv$ 9 o!r circum/ances1 :i* are =eign & extr9sic4 ,! sep>ation ( x (t5 requires great att5tion1 accuracy1 & subtilty4 #f4 ,! =m+ ( g5]al maxims f p>ticul> obs]vation is a v nice op]ation2 & no?+ is m usual1 f ha/e or a n>r[ness ( m9d1 :i* sees n on all sides1 ?an to commit mi/akes 9 ?is p>ticul>4 #g4 ,:5 we reason f analogies1 ! man1 :o has ! great] exp]i5ce or ! great] promptitude ( sugge/+ analogies1 w be ! bett] reason]4 #h4 ,byasses f prejudice1 education1 passion1 p>ty1 c4 hang m ^u "o m9d ?an ano!r4 #i4 ,aft] we h acquir$ a confid5ce 9 human te/imony1 books & conv]sation enl>ge mu* m ! sph]e ( "o man's exp]i5ce & ?\ght ?an ^? ( ano!r4 ,x w\ld be easy to discov] _m o!r circum/ances t make a diff]5ce 9 ! und]/&+s ( m54 #he4 ,b ?\gh animals le>n _m p>ts ( _! k f obs]vation1 !re are also _m p>ts ( x1 :i* !y d]ive f ! orig9al h& ( nature2 :i* mu* exce$ ! %>e ( capacity !y possess on ord9>y occasions2 & 9 :i* !y improve1 little or no?+1 by ! longe/ practice & exp]i5ce4 ,^! we d5om9ate ,in/9cts1 & are s apt to admire z some?+ v extraord9>y1 & inexplicable by all ! disquisitions ( human und]/&+4 ,b our wond] w1 p]haps1 cease or dim9i%1 :5 we consid]1 t ! exp]im5tal reason+ itself1 :i* we possess 9 common ) bea/s1 & on :i* ! :ole conduct ( life dep5ds1 is no?+ b a species ( in/9ct or me*anical p[]1 t acts 9 u unkn[n to ourselves2 & 9 its *ief op]ations1 is n direct$ by any su* relations or comp>isons ( ideas1 z are ! prop] objects ( our intellectual faculties4 ,?\gh ! in/9ct be diff]5t1 yet /ill x is an in/9ct1 :i* tea*es a man to avoid ! fire2 z mu* z t1 :i* tea*es a bird1 ) su* exactness1 ! art ( incubation1 & ! :ole economy & ord] ( its nurs]y4 ,,section ,x4 ,,( ,,miracles4 ,,"p ,i4 #hf4 ,!re is1 9 ,dr4 ,tillotson's writ+s1 an argum5t aga9/ ! real pres5ce1 :i* is z concise1 & elegant1 & /rong z any argum5t c possibly be suppos$ aga9/ a doctr9e1 s little wor?y ( a s]i\s refutation4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ on all h&s1 says t le>n$ prelate1 t ! au?ority1 ei!r ( ! scripture or ( tradition1 is f\nd$ m]ely 9 ! te/imony ( ! apo/les1 :o 7 eye-witnesses to ^? miracles ( our ,savi\r1 by :i* he prov$ 8 div9e mission4 ,our evid5ce1 !n1 = ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion is less ?an ! evid5ce = ! tru? ( our s5ses2 because1 ev5 9 ! fir/ au?ors ( our religion1 x 0 no great]2 & x is evid5t x mu/ dim9i% 9 pass+ f !m to _! disciples2 nor c any "o re/ su* confid5ce 9 _! te/imony1 z 9 ! imm$iate object ( 8 s5ses4 ,b a weak] evid5ce c nev] de/roy a /rong]2 & !re=e1 7 ! doctr9e ( ! real pres5ce ev] s cle>ly reveal$ 9 scripture1 x 7 directly contr>y to ! rules ( j reason+ to give our ass5t to x4 ,x contradicts s5se1 ?\gh bo? ! scripture & tradition1 on :i* x is suppos$ to be built1 c>ry n su* evid5ce ) !m z s5se2 :5 !y are consid]$ m]ely z ext]nal evid5ces1 & are n br\ght home to e "o's brea/1 by ! imm$iate op]ation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,no?+ is s conv5i5t z a decisive argum5t ( ?is k9d1 :i* mu/ at lea/ sil5ce ! mo/ arrogant bigotry & sup]/ition1 & free u f _! imp]t95t solicitations4 ,i flatt] myself1 t ,i h discov]$ an argum5t ( a l nature1 :i*1 if j1 w1 ) ! wise & le>n$1 be an ev]la/+ *eck to all k9ds ( sup]/iti\s delusion1 & consequ5tly1 w be useful z long z ! _w endures4 ,= s long1 ,i presume1 w ! acc\nts ( miracles & prodigies be f\nd 9 all hi/ory1 sacr$ & pr(ane4 #hg4 ,?\gh exp]i5ce be our only guide 9 reason+ conc]n+ matt]s ( fact2 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 t ?is guide is n altoge!r infallible1 b 9 "s cases is apt to lead u into errors4 ,"o1 :o 9 our climate1 %\ld expect bett] wea!r 9 any week ( ,june ?an 9 "o ( ,decemb]1 w\ld reason ju/ly1 & con=mably to exp]i5ce2 b x is c]ta91 t he may happ51 9 ! ev5t1 to f9d himself mi/ak54 ,h[ev]1 we may obs]ve1 t1 9 su* a case1 he w\ld h no cause to compla9 ( exp]i5ce2 because x commonly in=ms u be=eh& ( ! unc]ta9ty1 by t contr>iety ( ev5ts1 :i* we may le>n f a dilig5t obs]vation4 ,all effects foll[ n ) l c]ta9ty f _! suppos$ causes4 ,"s ev5ts are f\nd1 9 all c\ntries & all ages1 to h be5 con/antly conjo9$ toge!r3 ,o!rs are f\nd to h be5 m v>iable1 & sometimes to disappo9t our expectations2 s t1 9 our reason+s conc]n+ matt] ( fact1 !re are all imag9able degrees ( assurance1 f ! highe/ c]ta9ty to ! l[e/ species ( moral evid5ce4 ,a wise man1 !re=e1 proportions 8 belief to ! evid5ce4 ,9 su* conclusions z are f\nd$ on an infallible exp]i5ce1 he expects ! ev5t ) ! la/ degree ( assurance1 & reg>ds 8 pa/ exp]i5ce z a full pro( ( ! future exi/5ce ( t ev5t4 ,9 o!r cases1 he proce$s ) m caution3 ,he weighs ! opposite exp]im5ts3 ,he consid]s :i* side is support$ by ! great] numb] ( exp]im5ts3 to t side he incl9es1 ) d\bt & hesitation2 & :5 at la/ he fixes 8 judgem5t1 ! evid5ce exce$s n :at we prop]ly call probability4 ,all probability1 !n1 supposes an opposition ( exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 :]e ! "o side is f\nd to ov]balance ! o!r1 & to produce a degree ( evid5ce1 proportion$ to ! sup]iority4 ,a hundr$ in/ances or exp]im5ts on "o side1 & fifty on ano!r1 af=d a d\btful expectation ( any ev5t2 ?\gh a hundr$ uni=m exp]im5ts1 ) only "o t is contradictory1 reasonably beget a pretty /rong degree ( assurance4 ,9 all cases1 we mu/ balance ! opposite exp]im5ts1 :]e !y are opposite1 & d$uct ! small] numb] f ! great]1 9 ord] to "k ! exact =ce ( ! sup]ior evid5ce4 #hh4 ,to apply ^! pr9ciples to a p>ticul> in/ance2 we may obs]ve1 t !re is no species ( reason+ m common1 m useful1 & ev5 necess>y to human life1 ?an t :i* is d]iv$ f ! te/imony ( m51 & ! reports ( eye-witnesses & spectators4 ,?is species ( reason+1 p]haps1 "o may d5y to be f\nd$ on ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,i %all n dispute ab\t a ^w4 ,x w be suffici5t to obs]ve t our assurance 9 any argum5t ( ?is k9d is d]iv$ f no o!r pr9ciple ?an our obs]vation ( ! v]acity ( human te/imony1 & ( ! usual con=mity ( facts to ! reports ( witnesses4 ,x be+ a g5]al maxim1 t no objects h any discov]able connexion toge!r1 & t all ! inf]5ces1 :i* we c draw f "o to ano!r1 are f\nd$ m]ely on our exp]i5ce ( _! con/ant & regul> conjunction2 x is evid5t1 t we ought n to make an exception to ?is maxim 9 fav\r ( human te/imony1 ^: connexion ) any ev5t seems1 9 itself1 z little necess>y z any o!r4 ,7 n ! memory t5aci\s to a c]ta9 degree1 _h n m5 commonly an incl9ation to tru? & a pr9ciple ( probity2 7 !y n s5sible to %ame1 :5 detect$ 9 a falsehood3 ,7 n ^!1 ,i say1 discov]$ by exp]i5ce to be qualities1 inh]5t 9 human nature1 we %\ld nev] repose ! lea/ confid5ce 9 human te/imony4 ,a man deliri\s1 or not$ = falsehood & villany1 has no mann] ( au?ority ) u4 ,& z ! evid5ce1 d]iv$ f witnesses & human te/imony1 is f\nd$ on pa/ exp]i5ce1 s x v>ies ) ! exp]i5ce1 & is reg>d$ ei!r z a pro( or a probability1 accord+ z ! conjunction betwe5 any p>ticul> k9d ( report & any k9d ( object has be5 f\nd to be con/ant or v>iable4 ,!re are a numb] ( circum/ances to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 all judgem5ts ( ?is k9d2 & ! ultimate /&>d1 by :i* we det]m9e all disputes1 t may arise conc]n+ !m1 is always d]iv$ f exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,:]e ?is exp]i5ce is n entirely uni=m on any side1 x is att5d$ ) an unavoidable contr>iety 9 our judgem5ts1 & ) ! same opposition & mutual de/ruction ( argum5t z 9 e o!r k9d ( evid5ce4 ,we frequ5tly hesitate conc]n+ ! reports ( o!rs4 ,we balance ! opposite circum/ances1 :i* cause any d\bt or unc]ta9ty2 & :5 we discov] a sup]iority on any side1 we incl9e to x2 b /ill ) a dim9ution ( assurance1 9 proportion to ! =ce ( its antagoni/4 #hi4 ,?is contr>iety ( evid5ce1 9 ! pres5t case1 may be d]iv$ f sev]al diff]5t causes2 f ! opposition ( contr>y te/imony2 f ! "* or numb] ( ! witnesses2 f ! mann] ( _! deliv]+ _! te/imony2 or f ! union ( all ^! circum/ances4 ,we ent]ta9 a suspicion conc]n+ any matt] ( fact1 :5 ! witnesses contradict ea* o!r2 :5 !y are b few1 or ( a d\btful "*2 :5 !y h an int]e/ 9 :at !y affirm2 :5 !y deliv] _! te/imony ) hesitation1 or on ! contr>y1 ) too viol5t assev]ations4 ,!re are _m o!r p>ticul>s ( ! same k9d1 :i* may dim9i% or de/roy ! =ce ( any argum5t1 d]iv$ f human te/imony4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! fact1 :i* ! te/imony endeav\rs to e/abli%1 p>takes ( ! extraord9>y & ! m>vell\s2 9 t case1 ! evid5ce1 result+ f ! te/imony1 admits ( a dim9ution1 great] or less1 9 proportion z ! fact is m or less unusual4 ,! reason :y we place any cr$it 9 witnesses & hi/orians1 is n d]iv$ f any connexion1 :i* we p]ceive a priori1 betwe5 te/imony & reality1 b because we are accu/om$ to f9d a con=mity betwe5 !m4 ,b :5 ! fact atte/$ is su* a "o z has seldom fall5 "u our obs]vation1 "h is a conte/ ( two opposite exp]i5ces2 ( :i* ! "o de/roys ! o!r1 z f> z its =ce goes1 & ! sup]ior c only op]ate on ! m9d by ! =ce1 :i* rema9s4 ,! v same pr9ciple ( exp]i5ce1 :i* gives u a c]ta9 degree ( assurance 9 ! te/imony ( witnesses1 gives u also1 9 ?is case1 ano!r degree ( assurance aga9/ ! fact1 :i* !y endeav\r to e/abli%2 f :i* contradition !re necess>ily arises a c\nt]poize1 & mutual de/ruction ( belief & au?ority4 ,i %\ld n believe su* a /ory 7 x told me by ,cato1 0 a prov]bial say+ 9 ,rome1 ev5 dur+ ! lifetime ( t philosophical patriot4#bj ,! incr$ibility ( a fact1 x 0 all[$1 might invalidate s great an au?ority4 #bj ,plut>*1 9 vita ,catonis4 ,! ,indian pr9ce1 :o refus$ to believe ! fir/ relations conc]n+ ! effects ( fro/1 reason$ ju/ly2 & x naturally requir$ v /rong te/imony to engage 8 ass5t to facts1 t arose f a /ate ( nature1 ) :i* he 0 unacqua9t$1 & :i* bore s little analogy to ^? ev5ts1 ( :i* he _h _h con/ant & uni=m exp]i5ce4 ,?\gh !y 7 n contr>y to 8 exp]i5ce1 !y 7 n con=mable to x4#ba #ba ,no ,indian1 x is evid5t1 c\ld h exp]i5ce t wat] did n freeze 9 cold climates4 ,?is is plac+ nature 9 a situation q unkn[n to him2 & x is impossible = him to tell a priori :at w result f x4 ,x is mak+ a new exp]im5t1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is always unc]ta94 ,"o may sometimes conjecture f analogy :at w foll[2 b /ill ?is is b conjecture4 ,& x mu/ be confess$1 t1 9 ! pres5t case ( freez+1 ! ev5t foll[s contr>y to ! rules ( analogy1 & is su* z a rational ,indian w\ld n look =4 ,! op]ations ( cold ^u wat] are n gradual1 accord+ to ! degrees ( cold2 b :5ev] x comes to ! freez+ po9t1 ! wat] passes 9 a mom5t1 f ! utmo/ liquidity to p]fect h>dness4 ,su* an ev5t1 !re=e1 may be d5om9at$ extraord9>y1 & requires a pretty /rong te/imony1 to r5d] x cr$ible to p 9 a w>m climate3 ,b /ill x is n miracul\s1 nor contr>y to uni=m exp]i5ce ( ! c\rse ( nature 9 cases :]e all ! circum/ances are ! same4 ,! inhabitants ( ,sumatra h always se5 wat] fluid 9 _! own climate1 & ! freez+ ( _! riv]s ought to be deem$ a prodigy3 ,b !y nev] saw wat] 9 ,muscovy dur+ ! w9t]2 & !re=e !y _c reasonably be positive :at w\ld !re be ! consequ5ce4 #ij4 ,b 9 ord] to encrease ! probability aga9/ ! te/imony ( witnesses1 let u suppose1 t ! fact1 :i* !y affirm1 in/ead ( be+ only m>vell\s1 is really miracul\s2 & suppose also1 t ! te/imony consid]$ ap>t & 9 itself1 am\nts to an entire pro(2 9 t case1 !re is pro( aga9/ pro(1 ( :i* ! /ronge/ mu/ prevail1 b /ill ) a dim9ution ( its =ce1 9 proportion to t ( its antagoni/4 ,a miracle is a violation ( ! laws ( nature2 & z a firm & unalt]able exp]i5ce has e/abli%$ ^! laws1 ! pro( aga9/ a miracle1 f ! v nature ( ! fact1 is z entire z any argum5t f exp]i5ce c possibly be imag9$4 ,:y is x m ?an probable1 t all m5 mu/ die2 t lead _c1 ( itself1 rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air2 t fire consumes wood1 & is ext+ui%$ by wat]2 unless x be1 t ^! ev5ts are f\nd agreeable to ! laws ( nature1 & !re is requir$ a violation ( ^! laws1 or 9 o!r words1 a miracle to prev5t !m8 ,no?+ is e/eem$ a miracle1 if x ev] happ5 9 ! common c\rse ( nature4 ,x is no miracle t a man1 seem+ly 9 good heal?1 %\ld die on a sudd53 because su* a k9d ( dea?1 ?\gh m unusual ?an any o!r1 has yet be5 frequ5tly obs]v$ to happ54 ,b x is a miracle1 t a dead man %\ld come to life2 because t has nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 any age or c\ntry4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be a uni=m exp]i5ce aga9/ e miracul\s ev5t1 o!rwise ! ev5t w\ld n m]it t appellation4 ,& z a uni=m exp]i5ce am\nts to a pro(1 !re is "h a direct & full pro(1 f ! nature ( ! fact1 aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( any miracle2 nor c su* a pro( be de/roy$1 or ! miracle r5d]$ cr$ible1 b by an opposite pro(1 :i* is sup]ior4#bb #bb ,sometimes an ev5t may n1 9 itself1 seem to be contr>y to ! laws ( nature1 & yet1 if x 7 real1 x might1 by reason ( "s circum/ances1 be d5om9at$ a miracle2 because1 9 fact1 x is contr>y to ^! laws4 ,?us if a p]son1 claim+ a div9e au?ority1 %\ld comm& a sick p]son to be well1 a heal?ful man to fall d[n dead1 ! cl\ds to p\r ra91 ! w9ds to bl[1 9 %ort1 %\ld ord] _m natural ev5ts1 :i* imm$iately foll[ ^u 8 comm&2 ^! might ju/ly be e/eem$ miracles1 because !y are really1 9 ?is case1 contr>y to ! laws ( nature4 ,= if any suspicion rema91 t ! ev5t & comm& concurr$ by accid5t1 !re is no miracle & no transgression ( ! laws ( nature4 ,if ?is suspicion be remov$1 !re is evid5tly a miracle1 & a transgression ( ^! laws2 because no?+ c be m contr>y to nature ?an t ! voice or comm& ( a man %\ld h su* an influ5ce4 ,a miracle may be accurately def9$1 a transgression ( a law ( nature by a p>ticul> volition ( ! ,deity1 or by ! int]position ( "s invisible ag5t4 ,a miracle may ei!r be discov]able by m5 or n4 ,?is alt]s n its nature & ess5ce4 ,! rais+ ( a h\se or %ip into ! air is a visible miracle4 ,! rais+ ( a fea!r1 :5 ! w9d wants ev] s little ( a =ce requisite = t purpose1 is z real a miracle1 ?\gh n s s5sible ) reg>d to u4 #ia4 ,! pla9 consequ5ce is 7& x is a g5]al maxim wor?y ( our att5tion71 ',t no te/imony is suffici5t to e/abli% a miracle1 unless ! te/imony be ( su* a k9d1 t its falsehood w\ld be m miracul\s1 ?an ! fact1 :i* x endeav\rs to e/abli%2 & ev5 9 t case !re is a mutual de/ruction ( argum5ts1 & ! sup]ior only gives u an assurance suitable to t degree ( =ce1 :i* rema9s1 aft] d$uct+ ! inf]ior4' ,:5 anyone tells me1 t he saw a dead man re/or$ to life1 ,i imm$iately consid] ) myself1 :e!r x be m probable1 t ?is p]son %\ld ei!r deceive or be deceiv$1 or t ! fact1 :i* he relates1 %\ld really h happ5$4 ,i weigh ! "o miracle aga9/ ! o!r2 & accord+ to ! sup]iority1 :i* ,i discov]1 ,i pron\nce my decision1 & always reject ! great] miracle4 ,if ! falsehood ( 8 te/imony w\ld be m miracul\s1 ?an ! ev5t :i* he relates2 !n1 & n till !n1 c he pret5d to comm& my belief or op9ion4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #ib4 ,9 ! =ego+ reason+ we h suppos$1 t ! te/imony1 ^u :i* a miracle is f\nd$1 may possibly am\nt to an entire pro(1 & t ! falsehood ( t te/imony w\ld be a real prodigy3 ,b x is easy to %ew1 t we h be5 a great deal too lib]al 9 our concession1 & t !re nev] 0 a miracul\s ev5t e/abli%$ on s full an evid5ce4 ,= fir/1 !re is n to be f\nd1 9 all hi/ory1 any miracle atte/$ by a suffici5t numb] ( m51 ( su* unque/ion$ good-s5se1 education1 & le>n+1 z to secure u aga9/ all delusion 9 !mselves2 ( su* und\bt$ integrity1 z to place !m beyond all suspicion ( any design to deceive o!rs2 ( su* cr$it & reputation 9 ! eyes ( mank9d1 z to h a great deal to lose 9 case ( _! be+ detect$ 9 any falsehood2 & at ! same "t1 atte/+ facts p]=m$ 9 su* a public mann] & 9 s celebrat$ a "p ( ! _w1 z to r5d] ! detection unavoidable3 ,all :i* circum/ances are requisite to give u a full assurance 9 ! te/imony ( m54 #ic4 ,secondly4 ,we may obs]ve 9 human nature a pr9ciple :i*1 if /rictly exam9$1 w be f\nd to dim9i% extremely ! assurance1 :i* we might1 f human te/imony1 h1 9 any k9d ( prodigy4 ,! maxim1 by :i* we commonly conduct ourselves 9 our reason+s1 is1 t ! objects1 ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 resembles ^?1 ( :i* we h2 t :at we h f\nd to be mo/ usual is always mo/ probable2 & t :]e !re is an opposition ( argum5ts1 we ought to give ! pref]5ce to su* z are f\nd$ on ! greate/ numb] ( pa/ obs]vations4 ,b ?\gh1 9 proce$+ by ?is rule1 we readily reject any fact :i* is unusual & incr$ible 9 an ord9>y degree2 yet 9 advanc+ f>!r1 ! m9d obs]ves n always ! same rule2 b :5 any?+ is affirm$ utt]ly absurd & miracul\s1 x r ! m readily admits ( su* a fact1 ^u acc\nt ( t v circum/ance1 :i* ought to de/roy all its au?ority4 ,! passion ( surprise & wond]1 aris+ f miracles1 be+ an agreeable emotion1 gives a s5sible t5d5cy t[>ds ! belief ( ^? ev5ts1 f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,& ?is goes s f>1 t ev5 ^? :o _c enjoy ?is pleasure imm$iately1 nor c believe ^? miracul\s ev5ts1 ( :i* !y are in=m$1 yet love to p>take ( ! satisfaction at second-h& or by reb\nd1 & place a pride & delight 9 excit+ ! admiration ( o!rs4 ,) :at gre$9ess are ! miracul\s acc\nts ( travell]s receiv$1 _! descriptions ( sea & l& mon/]s1 _! relations ( wond]ful adv5tures1 /range m51 & unc\? mann]s8 ,b if ! _s ( religion jo9 itself to ! love ( wond]1 !re is an end ( common s5se2 & human te/imony1 9 ^! circum/ances1 loses all pret5sions to au?ority4 ,a religioni/ may be an en?usia/1 & imag9e he sees :at has no reality3 he may "k 8 n>rative to be false1 & yet p]sev]e 9 x1 ) ! be/ int5tions 9 ! _w1 = ! sake ( promot+ s holy a cause3 or ev5 :]e ?is delusion has n place1 vanity1 excit$ by s /rong a temptation1 op]ates on him m p[]fully ?an on ! re/ ( mank9d 9 any o!r circum/ances2 & self-int]e/ ) equal =ce4 ,8 auditors may n h1 & commonly h n1 suffici5t judgem5t to canvass 8 evid5ce3 :at judgem5t !y h1 !y r5\nce by pr9ciple1 9 ^! sublime & my/]i\s subjects3 or if !y 7 ev] s will+ to employ x1 passion & a heat$ imag9ation di/urb ! regul>ity ( its op]ations4 ,_! cr$ulity increases 8 impud5ce3 & 8 impud5ce ov]p[]s _! cr$ulity4 ,eloqu5ce1 :5 at its highe/ pit*1 leaves little room = reason or reflection2 b address+ itself entirely to ! fancy or ! affections1 captivates ! will+ he>]s1 & subdues _! und]/&+4 ,happily1 ?is pit* x seldom atta9s4 ,b :at a ,tully or a ,demo/h5es c\ld sc>cely effect ov] a ,roman or ,a!nian audi5ce1 e ,capu*91 e it9]ant or /ation>y tea*] c p]=m ov] ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 & 9 a high] degree1 by t\*+ su* gross & vulg> passions4 ,! _m in/ances ( =g$ miracles1 & prophecies1 & sup]natural ev5ts1 :i*1 9 all ages1 h ei!r be5 detect$ by contr>y evid5ce1 or :i* detect !mselves by _! absurdity1 prove suffici5tly ! /rong prop5sity ( mank9d to ! extraord9>y & ! m>vell\s1 & ought reasonably to beget a suspicion aga9/ all relations ( ?is k9d4 ,?is is our natural way ( ?9k+1 ev5 ) reg>d to ! mo/ common & mo/ cr$ible ev5ts4 ,= in/ance3 ,!re is no k9d ( report :i* rises s easily1 & spreads s quickly1 especially 9 c\ntry places & prov9cial t[ns1 z ^? conc]n+ m>riages2 insomu* t two "y p]sons ( equal condition nev] see ea* o!r twice1 b ! :ole neighb\rhood imm$iately jo9 !m toge!r4 ,! pleasure ( tell+ a piece ( news s int]e/+1 ( propagat+ x1 & ( be+ ! fir/ report]s ( x1 spreads ! intellig5ce4 ,& ?is is s well kn[n1 t no man ( s5se gives att5tion to ^! reports1 till he f9d !m confirm$ by "s great] evid5ce4 ,d n ! same passions1 & o!rs /ill /rong]1 incl9e ! g5]ality ( mank9d to believe & report1 ) ! greate/ vehem5ce & assurance1 all religi\s miracles8 #id4 ,?irdly4 ,x =ms a /rong presumption aga9/ all sup]natural & miracul\s relations1 t !y are obs]v$ *iefly to ab\nd among ignorant & b>b>\s nations2 or if a civiliz$ p has ev] giv5 admission to any ( !m1 t p w be f\nd to h receiv$ !m f ignorant & b>b>\s ance/ors1 :o transmitt$ !m ) t inviolable sanction & au?ority1 :i* always att5d receiv$ op9ions4 ,:5 we p]use ! fir/ hi/ories ( all nations1 we are apt to imag9e ourselves transport$ into "s new _w2 :]e ! :ole frame ( nature is disjo9t$1 & e elem5t p]=ms its op]ations 9 a diff]5t mann]1 f :at x does at pres5t4 ,battles1 revolutions1 pe/il5ce1 fam9e & dea?1 are nev] ! effect ( ^? natural causes1 :i* we exp]i5ce4 ,prodigies1 om5s1 oracles1 judgem5ts1 q obscure ! few natural ev5ts1 t are int]m+l$ ) !m4 ,b z ! =m] gr[ ?9n] e page1 9 proportion z we advance ne>] ! enlight5$ ages1 we soon le>n1 t !re is no?+ my/]i\s or sup]natural 9 ! case1 b t all proce$s f ! usual prop5sity ( mank9d t[>ds ! m>vell\s1 & t1 ?\gh ?is incl9ation may at int]vals receive a *eck f s5se & le>n+1 x c nev] be ?or\ghly extirpat$ f human nature4 ,x is /range1 a judici\s read] is apt to say1 ^u ! p]usal ( ^! wond]ful hi/orians1 t su* prodigi\s ev5ts nev] happ5 9 our days4 ,b x is no?+ /range1 ,i hope1 t m5 %\ld lie 9 all ages4 ,y mu/ surely h se5 in/ances en\gh ( t frailty4 ,y h y\rself he>d _m su* m>vell\s relations />t$1 :i*1 be+ treat$ ) scorn by all ! wise & judici\s1 h at la/ be5 ab&on$ ev5 by ! vulg>4 ,be assur$1 t ^? r5[n$ lies1 :i* h spread & fl\ri%$ to su* a mon/r\s height1 arose f l beg9n+s2 b be+ s[n 9 a m prop] soil1 %ot up at la/ into prodigies almo/ equal to ^? :i* !y relate4 ,x 0 a wise policy 9 t false prophet1 ,alex&]1 :o ?\gh n[ =gott51 0 once s fam\s1 to lay ! fir/ sc5e ( 8 impo/ures 9 ,paphlagonia1 :]e1 z ,lucian tells u1 ! p 7 extremely ignorant & /upid1 & ready to swall[ ev5 ! grosse/ delusion4 ,p at a di/ance1 :o are weak en\gh to ?9k ! matt] at all wor? enquiry1 h no opportunity ( receiv+ bett] in=mation4 ,! /ories come magnifi$ to !m by a hundr$ circum/ances4 ,fools are indu/ri\s 9 propagat+ ! impo/ure2 :ile ! wise & le>n$ are cont5t$1 9 g5]al1 to d]ide its absurdity1 )\t in=m+ !mselves ( ! p>ticul> facts1 by :i* x may be di/9ctly refut$4 ,& ?us ! impo/or above m5tion$ 0 enabl$ to proce$1 f 8 ignorant ,paphlagonians1 to ! enli/+ ( vot>ies1 ev5 among ! ,grecian philosoph]s1 & m5 ( ! mo/ em95t rank & di/9ction 9 ,rome3 nay1 c\ld engage ! att5tion ( t sage emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius2 s f> z to make him tru/ ! success ( a milit>y exp$ition to 8 delusive prophecies4 ,! advantages are s great1 ( />t+ an impo/ure among an ignorant p1 t1 ev5 ?\gh ! delusion %\ld be too gross to impose on ! g5]ality ( !m 7:i*1 ?\gh seldom1 is sometimes ! case7 x has a mu* bett] *ance = succe$+ 9 remote c\ntries1 ?an if ! fir/ sc5e _h be5 laid 9 a city r5[n$ = arts & k4 ,! mo/ ignorant & b>b>\s ( ^! b>b>ians c>ry ! report abroad4 ,none ( _! c\ntrym5 h a l>ge correspond5ce1 or suffici5t cr$it & au?ority to contradict & beat d[n ! delusion4 ,m5's incl9ation to ! m>vell\s has full opportunity to display itself4 ,& ?us a /ory1 :i* is univ]sally explod$ 9 ! place :]e x 0 fir/ />t$1 %all pass = c]ta9 at a ?\s& miles di/ance4 ,b _h ,alex&] fix$ 8 resid5ce at ,a!ns1 ! philosoph]s ( t r5[n$ m>t ( le>n+ _h imm$iately spread1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,roman empire1 _! s5se ( ! matt]2 :i*1 be+ support$ by s great au?ority1 & display$ by all ! =ce ( reason & eloqu5ce1 _h entirely op5$ ! eyes ( mank9d4 ,x is true2 ,lucian1 pass+ by *ance ?r\gh ,paphlagonia1 _h an opportunity ( p]=m+ ?is good (fice4 ,b1 ?\gh mu* to be wi%$1 x does n always happ51 t e ,alex&] meets ) a ,lucian1 ready to expose & detect 8 impo/ures4 #ie4 ,i may add z a f\r? reason1 :i* dim9i%es ! au?ority ( prodigies1 t !re is no te/imony = any1 ev5 ^? :i* h n be5 expressly detect$1 t is n oppos$ by an inf9ite numb] ( witnesses2 s t n only ! miracle de/roys ! cr$it ( te/imony1 b ! te/imony de/roys itself4 ,to make ?is ! bett] und]/ood1 let u consid]1 t1 9 matt]s ( religion1 :atev] is diff]5t is contr>y2 & t x is impossible ! religions ( anci5t ,rome1 ( ,turkey1 ( ,siam1 & ( ,*9a %\ld1 all ( !m1 be e/abli%$ on any solid f\ndation4 ,e miracle1 !re=e1 pret5d$ to h be5 wr\ght 9 any ( ^! religions 7& all ( !m ab\nd 9 miracles71 z its direct scope is to e/abli% ! p>ticul> sy/em to :i* x is attribut$2 s has x ! same =ce1 ?\gh m indirectly1 to ov]?r[ e o!r sy/em4 ,9 de/roy+ a rival sy/em1 x likewise de/roys ! cr$it ( ^? miracles1 on :i* t sy/em 0 e/abli%$2 s t all ! prodigies ( diff]5t religions are to be reg>d$ z contr>y facts1 & ! evid5ces ( ^! prodigies1 :e!r weak or /rong1 z opposite to ea* o!r4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od ( reason+1 :5 we believe any miracle ( ,mahomet or 8 successors1 we h = our w>rant ! te/imony ( a few b>b>\s ,arabians3 ,& on ! o!r h&1 we are to reg>d ! au?ority ( ,titus ,livius1 ,plut>*1 ,tacitus1 &1 9 %ort1 ( all ! au?ors & witnesses1 ,grecian1 ,*9ese1 & ,roman ,ca?olic1 :o h relat$ any miracle 9 _! p>ticul> religion2 ,i say1 we are to reg>d _! te/imony 9 ! same light z if !y _h m5tion$ t ,mahometan miracle1 & _h 9 express t]ms contradict$ x1 ) ! same c]ta9ty z !y h = ! miracle !y relate4 ,?is argum5t may appe> ov] subtile & ref9$2 b is n 9 reality diff]5t f ! reason+ ( a judge1 :o supposes1 t ! cr$it ( two witnesses1 ma9ta9+ a crime aga9/ any "o1 is de/roy$ by ! te/imony ( two o!rs1 :o affirm him to h be5 two hundr$ leagues di/ant1 at ! same in/ant :5 ! crime is said to h be5 committ$4 #if4 ,"o ( ! be/ atte/$ miracles 9 all pr(ane hi/ory1 is t :i* ,tacitus reports ( ,vespasian1 :o cur$ a bl9d man 9 ,alex&ria1 by means ( 8 spittle1 & a lame man by ! m]e t\* ( 8 foot2 9 ob$i5ce to a vision ( ! god ,s]apis1 :o _h enjo9$ !m to h rec\rse to ! ,emp]or1 = ^! miracul\s cures4 ,! /ory may be se5 9 t f9e hi/orian#bc2 :]e e circum/ance seems to add weight to ! te/imony1 & might be display$ at l>ge ) all ! =ce ( argum5t & eloqu5ce1 if any "o 7 n[ conc]n$ to en=ce ! evid5ce ( t explod$ & idolatr\s sup]/ition4 ,! gravity1 solidity1 age1 & probity ( s great an emp]or1 :o1 ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 conv]s$ 9 a famili> mann] ) 8 fri5ds & c\rti]s1 & nev] affect$ ^? extraord9>y airs ( div9ity assum$ by ,alex&] & ,demetrius4 ,! hi/orian1 a cotempor>y writ]1 not$ = c&\r & v]acity1 & )al1 ! greate/ & mo/ p5etrat+ g5ius1 p]haps1 ( all antiquity2 & s free f any t5d5cy to cr$ulity1 t he ev5 lies "u ! contr>y imputation1 ( a!ism & pr(an5ess3 ,! p]sons1 f ^: au?ority he relat$ ! miracle1 ( e/abli%$ "* = judgem5t & v]acity1 z we may well presume2 eye-witnesses ( ! fact1 & confirm+ _! te/imony1 aft] ! ,flavian family 0 despoil$ ( ! empire1 & c\ld no long] give any rew>d1 z ! price ( a lie4 ,utrumque1 qui int]fu]e1 nunc quoque memorant1 po/quam nullum m5dacio pretium4 ,to :i* if we add ! public nature ( ! facts1 z relat$1 x w appe>1 t no evid5ce c well be suppos$ /rong] = s gross & s palpable a falsehood4 #bc ,hi/4 lib4 iv4 cap4 #ha4 ,suetonius gives ne>ly ! same acc\nt 9 vita ,vesp4 ,!re is also a memorable /ory relat$ by ,c>d9al de ,retz1 :i* may well des]ve our consid]ation4 ,:5 t intrigu+ politician fl$ into ,spa91 to avoid ! p]secution ( 8 enemies1 he pass$ ?r\gh ,s>agossa1 ! capital ( ,arragon1 :]e he 0 %ewn1 9 ! ca!dral1 a man1 :o _h s]v$ sev5 ye>s z a door-keep]1 & 0 well kn[n to e body 9 t[n1 t _h ev] paid 8 devotions at t *ur*4 ,he _h be5 se51 = s long a "t1 want+ a leg2 b recov]$ t limb by ! rubb+ ( holy oil ^u ! /ump2 & ! c>d9al assures u t he saw him ) two legs4 ,?is miracle 0 v\*$ by all ! canons ( ! *ur*2 & ! :ole company 9 t[n 7 appeal$ to = a confirmation ( ! fact2 :om ! c>d9al f\nd1 by _! zeal\s devotion1 to be ?or\gh believ]s ( ! miracle4 ,"h ! relat] 0 also cotempor>y to ! suppos$ prodigy1 ( an incr$ul\s & lib]t9e "*1 z well z ( great g5ius2 ! miracle ( s s+ul> a nature z c\ld sc>cely admit ( a c\nt]feit1 & ! witnesses v num]\s1 & all ( !m1 9 a mann]1 spectators ( ! fact1 to :i* !y gave _! te/imony4 ,& :at adds mightily to ! =ce ( ! evid5ce1 & may d\ble our surprise on ?is occasion1 is1 t ! c>d9al himself1 :o relates ! /ory1 seems n to give any cr$it to x1 & consequ5tly _c be suspect$ ( any concurr5ce 9 ! holy fraud4 ,he consid]$ ju/ly1 t x 0 n requisite1 9 ord] to reject a fact ( ?is nature1 to be able accurately to disprove ! te/imony1 & to trace its falsehood1 ?r\gh all ! circum/ances ( knav]y & cr$ulity :i* produc$ x4 ,he knew1 t1 z ?is 0 commonly altoge!r impossible at any small di/ance ( "t & place2 s 0 x extremely difficult1 ev5 :]e "o 0 imm$iately pres5t1 by reason ( ! bigotry1 ignorance1 cunn+1 & rogu]y ( a great "p ( mank9d4 ,he !re=e conclud$1 l a j reason]1 t su* an evid5ce c>ri$ falsehood ^u ! v face ( x1 & t a miracle1 support$ by any human te/imony1 0 m prop]ly a subject ( d]ision ?an ( argum5t4 ,!re surely nev] 0 a great] numb] ( miracles ascrib$ to "o p]son1 ?an ^?1 :i* 7 lately said to h be5 wr\ght 9 ,france ^u ! tomb ( ,abb ,p>is1 ! fam\s ,jans5i/1 ) ^: sanctity ! p 7 s long delud$4 ,! cur+ ( ! sick1 giv+ he>+ to ! deaf1 & sight to ! bl9d1 7 e :]e talk$ ( z ! usual effects ( t holy sepul*re4 ,b :at is m extraord9>y2 _m ( ! miracles 7 imm$iately prov$ ^u ! spot1 be=e judges ( unque/ion$ integrity1 atte/$ by witnesses ( cr$it & di/9ction1 9 a le>n$ age1 & on ! mo/ em95t !atre t is n[ 9 ! _w4 ,nor is ?is all3 a relation ( !m 0 publi%$ & disp]s$ e :]e2 nor 7 ! ,jesuits1 ?\gh a le>n$ body1 support$ by ! civil magi/rate1 & det]m9$ enemies to ^? op9ions1 9 ^: fav\r ! miracles 7 said to h be5 wr\ght1 ev] able di/9ctly to refute or detect !m#bd4 ,:]e %all we f9d su* a numb] ( circum/ances1 agree+ to ! corroboration ( "o fact8 ,& :at h we to oppose to su* a cl\d ( witnesses1 b ! absolute impossibility or miracul\s nature ( ! ev5ts1 :i* !y relate8 ,& ?is surely1 9 ! eyes ( all reasonable p1 w alone be reg>d$ z a suffici5t refutation4 #bd ,?is book 0 writ by ,mons4 ,montg]on1 c\nsellor or judge ( ! p>liam5t ( ,p>is1 a man ( figure & "*1 :o 0 also a m>tyr to ! cause1 & is n[ said to be some:]e 9 a dungeon on acc\nt ( 8 book4 ,!re is ano!r book 9 ?ree volumes 7call$ ,recueil des ,miracles de l',abb ,p>is7 giv+ an acc\nt ( _m ( ^! miracles1 & accompani$ ) prefatory disc\rses1 :i* are v well writt54 ,!re runs1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( ^! a ridicul\s comp>ison betwe5 ! miracles ( our ,savi\r & ^? ( ! ,abb2 :]e9 x is ass]t$1 t ! evid5ce = ! latt] is equal to t = ! =m]3 ,z if ! te/imony ( m5 c\ld ev] be put 9 ! balance ) t ( ,god himself1 :o conduct$ ! p5 ( ! inspir$ writ]s4 ,if ^! writ]s1 inde$1 7 to be consid]$ m]ely z human te/imony1 ! ,fr5* au?or is v mod]ate 9 8 comp>ison2 s9ce he might1 ) "s appe>ance ( reason1 pret5d1 t ! ,jans5i/ miracles mu* surpass ! o!r 9 evid5ce & au?ority4 ,! foll[+ circum/ances are drawn f au!ntic pap]s1 ins]t$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ book4 ,_m ( ! miracles ( ,abb ,p>is 7 prov$ imm$iately by witnesses be=e ! (ficiality or bi%op's c\rt at ,p>is1 "u ! eye ( c>d9al ,noailles1 ^: "* = integrity & capacity 0 nev] conte/$ ev5 by 8 enemies4 ,8 successor 9 ! ar*bi%opric 0 an enemy to ! ,jans5i/s1 & = t reason promot$ to ! see by ! c\rt4 ,yet #bb rectors or curs ( ,p>is1 ) inf9ite e>ne/ness1 press him to exam9e ^? miracles1 :i* !y ass]t to be kn[n to ! :ole _w1 & undisputably c]ta93 ,b he wisely =bore4 ,! ,mol9i/ p>ty _h tri$ to discr$it ^! miracles 9 "o in/ance1 t ( ,mademoiselle le ,franc4 ,b1 besides t _! proce$+s 7 9 _m respects ! mo/ irregul> 9 ! _w1 p>ticul>ly 9 cit+ only a few ( ! ,jans5i/ witnesses1 :om !y tamp]$ )3 ,besides ?is1 ,i say1 !y soon f\nd !mselves ov]:elm$ by a cl\d ( new witnesses1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty 9 numb]1 mo/ ( !m p]sons ( cr$it & sub/ance 9 ,p>is1 :o gave oa? = ! miracle4 ,?is 0 accompani$ ) a solemn & e>ne/ appeal to ! p>liam5t4 ,b ! p>liam5t 7 =bidd5 by au?ority to m$dle 9 ! affair4 ,x 0 at la/ obs]v$1 t :]e m5 are heat$ by zeal & en?usiasm1 !re is no degree ( human te/imony s /rong z may n be procur$ = ! greate/ absurdity3 ,& ^? :o w be s silly z to exam9e ! affair by t m$ium1 & seek p>ticul> flaws 9 ! te/imony1 are almo/ sure to be conf\nd$4 ,x mu/ be a mis]able impo/ure1 inde$1 t does n prevail 9 t conte/4 ,all :o h be5 9 ,france ab\t t "t h he>d ( ! reputation ( ,mons4 ,h]aut1 ! lieut5ant de ,police1 ^: vigilance1 p5etration1 activity1 & ext5sive intellig5ce h be5 mu* talk$ (4 ,?is magi/rate1 :o by ! nature ( 8 (fice is almo/ absolute1 0 ve/$ ) full p[]s1 on purpose to suppress or discr$it ^! miracles2 & he frequ5tly seiz$ imm$iately1 & exam9$ ! witnesses & subjects ( !m3 ,b nev] c\ld rea* any ?+ satisfactory aga9/ !m4 ,9 ! case ( ,mademoiselle ,?ibaut he s5t ! fam\s ,de ,sylva to exam9e h]2 ^: evid5ce is v curi\s4 ,! physician decl>es1 t x 0 impossible %e c\ld h be5 s ill z 0 prov$ by witnesses2 because x 0 impossible %e c\ld1 9 s %ort a "t1 h recov]$ s p]fectly z he f\nd h]4 ,he reason$1 l a man ( s5se1 f natural causes2 b ! opposite p>ty told him1 t ! :ole 0 a miracle1 & t 8 evid5ce 0 ! v be/ pro( ( x4 ,! ,mol9i/s 7 9 a sad dilemma4 ,!y dur/ n ass]t ! absolute insuffici5cy ( human evid5ce1 to prove a miracle4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to say1 t ^! miracles 7 wr\ght by wit*craft & ! devil4 ,b !y 7 told1 t ?is 0 ! res\rce ( ! ,jews ( old4 ,no ,jans5i/ 0 ev] emb>rass$ to acc\nt = ! cessation ( ! miracles1 :5 ! *ur*-y>d 0 %ut up by ! k+'s edict4 ,x 0 ! t\* ( ! tomb1 :i* produc$ ^! extraord9>y effects2 & :5 no "o c\ld approa* ! tomb1 no effects c\ld be expect$4 ,god1 inde$1 c\ld h ?r[n d[n ! walls 9 a mom5t2 b he is ma/] ( 8 own graces & works1 & x belongs n to u to acc\nt = !m4 ,he did n ?r[ d[n ! walls ( e city l ^? ( ,j]i*o1 on ! s\nd+ ( ! rams horns1 nor break up ! prison ( e apo/le1 l t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,no less a man1 ?an ! ,due de ,*atillon1 a duke & pe] ( ,france1 ( ! highe/ rank & family1 gives evid5ce ( a miracul\s cure1 p]=m$ ^u a s]vant ( 81 :o _h liv$ sev]al ye>s 9 8 h\se ) a visible & palpable infirmity4 ,i %all conclude ) obs]v+1 t no cl]gy are m celebrat$ = /rictness ( life & mann]s ?an ! secul> cl]gy ( ,france1 p>ticul>ly ! rectors or curs ( ,p>is1 :o be> te/imony to ^! impo/ures4 ,! le>n+1 g5ius1 & probity ( ! g5tlem51 & ! au/]ity ( ! nuns ( ,port-,royal1 h be5 mu* celebrat$ all ov] ,europe4 ,yet !y all give evid5ce = a miracle1 wr\ght on ! niece ( ! fam\s ,pascal1 ^: sanctity ( life1 z well z extraord9>y capacity1 is well kn[n4 ,! fam\s ,rac9e gives an acc\nt ( ?is miracle 9 8 fam\s hi/ory ( ,port-,royal1 & =tifies x ) all ! pro(s1 :i* a multitude ( nuns1 prie/s1 physicians1 & m5 ( ! _w1 all ( !m ( und\bt$ cr$it1 c\ld be/[ ^u x4 ,sev]al m5 ( lett]s1 p>ticul>ly ! bi%op ( ,t\rnay1 ?\ght ?is miracle s c]ta91 z to employ x 9 ! refutation ( a!i/s & free-?9k]s4 ,! que5-reg5t ( ,france1 :o 0 extremely prejudic$ aga9/ ! ,port-,royal1 s5t h] own physician to exam9e ! miracle1 :o return$ an absolute conv]t4 ,9 %ort1 ! sup]natural cure 0 s unconte/able1 t x sav$1 = a "t1 t fam\s mona/]y f ! ru9 ) :i* x 0 ?reat5$ by ! ,jesuits4 ,_h x be5 a *eat1 x _h c]ta9ly be5 detect$ by su* sagaci\s & p[]ful antagoni/s1 & mu/ h ha/5$ ! ru9 ( ! contriv]s4 ,our div9es1 :o c build up a =midable ca/le f su* despicable mat]ials2 :at a prodigi\s fabric c\ld !y h re>$ f ^! & _m o!r circum/ances1 :i* ,i h n m5tion$6 ,h[ (t5 w\ld ! great names ( ,pascal1 ,rac9e1 ,amaud1 ,nicole1 h res\nd$ 9 our e>s8 ,b if !y be wise1 !y _h bett] adopt ! miracle1 z be+ m wor?1 a ?\s& times1 ?an all ! re/ ( ! collection4 ,besides1 x may s]ve v mu* to _! purpose4 ,= t miracle 0 really p]=m$ by ! t\* ( an au!ntic holy prickle ( ! holy ?orn1 :i* compos$ ! holy cr[n1 :i*1 c4 #ig4 ,is ! consequ5ce j1 because "s human te/imony has ! utmo/ =ce & au?ority 9 "s cases1 :5 x relates ! battle ( ,philippi or ,ph>salia = in/ance2 t !re=e all k9ds ( te/imony mu/1 9 all cases1 h equal =ce & au?ority8 ,suppose t ! ,caes>ean & ,pompeian factions _h1 ea* ( !m1 claim$ ! victory 9 ^! battles1 & t ! hi/orians ( ea* p>ty _h uni=mly ascrib$ ! advantage to _! own side2 h[ c\ld mank9d1 at ?is di/ance1 h be5 able to det]m9e betwe5 !m8 ,! contr>iety is equally /rong betwe5 ! miracles relat$ by ,h]odotus or ,plut>*1 & ^? deliv]$ by ,m>iana1 ,b$e1 or any monki% hi/orian4 ,! wise l5d a v academic fai? to e report :i* fav\rs ! passion ( ! report]2 :e!r x magnifies 8 c\ntry1 8 family1 or himself1 or 9 any o!r way /rikes 9 ) 8 natural incl9ations & prop5sities4 ,b :at great] temptation ?an to appe> a mission>y1 a prophet1 an ambassador f heav58 ,:o w\ld n enc\nt] _m dang]s & difficulties1 9 ord] to atta9 s sublime a "*8 ,or if1 by ! help ( vanity & a heat$ imag9ation1 a man has fir/ made a conv]t ( himself1 & ent]$ s]i\sly into ! delusion2 :o ev] scruples to make use ( pi\s frauds1 9 support ( s holy & m]itori\s a cause8 ,! smalle/ sp>k may "h k9dle into ! greate/ flame2 because ! mat]ials are always prep>$ = x4 ,! avidum g5us auricul>um#be1 ! gaz+ populace1 receive gre$ily1 )\t exam9ation1 :atev] soo?s sup]/ition1 & promotes wond]4 #be ,lucret4 ,h[ _m /ories ( ?is nature h1 9 all ages1 be5 detect$ & explod$ 9 _! infancy8 ,h[ _m m h be5 celebrat$ = a "t1 & h aft]w>ds sunk into neglect & oblivion8 ,:]e su* reports1 !re=e1 fly ab\t1 ! solution ( ! ph5om5on is obvi\s2 & we judge 9 con=mity to regul> exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 :5 we acc\nt = x by ! kn[n & natural pr9ciples ( cr$ulity & delusion4 ,& %all we1 r ?an h a rec\rse to s natural a solution1 all[ ( a miracul\s violation ( ! mo/ e/abli%$ laws ( nature8 ,i ne$ n m5tion ! difficulty ( detect+ a falsehood 9 any private or ev5 public hi/ory1 at ! place1 :]e x is said to happ52 mu* m :5 ! sc5e is remov$ to ev] s small a di/ance4 ,ev5 a c\rt ( judicature1 ) all ! au?ority1 accuracy1 & judgem5t1 :i* !y c employ1 f9d !mselves (t5 at a loss to di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & falsehood 9 ! mo/ rec5t actions4 ,b ! matt] nev] comes to any issue1 if tru/$ to ! common me?od ( alt]cations & debate & fly+ rum\rs2 especially :5 m5's passions h tak5 "p on ei!r side4 ,9 ! infancy ( new religions1 ! wise & le>n$ commonly e/eem ! matt] too inconsid]able to des]ve _! att5tion or reg>d4 ,& :5 aft]w>ds !y w\ld will+ly detect ! *eat1 9 ord] to undeceive ! delud$ multitude1 ! season is n[ pa/1 & ! records & witnesses1 :i* might cle> up ! matt]1 h p]i%$ beyond recov]y4 ,no means ( detection rema91 b ^? :i* mu/ be drawn f ! v te/imony itself ( ! report]s3 & ^!1 ?\gh always suffici5t ) ! judici\s & kn[+1 are commonly too f9e to fall "u ! compreh5sion ( ! vulg>4 #ih4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 x appe>s1 t no te/imony = any k9d ( miracle has ev] am\nt$ to a probability1 mu* less to a pro(2 & t1 ev5 suppos+ x am\nt$ to a pro(1 x w\ld be oppos$ by ano!r pro(2 d]iv$ f ! v nature ( ! fact1 :i* x w\ld endeav\r to e/abli%4 ,x is exp]i5ce only1 :i* gives au?ority to human te/imony2 & x is ! same exp]i5ce1 :i* assures u ( ! laws ( nature4 ,:51 !re=e1 ^! two k9ds ( exp]i5ce are contr>y1 we h no?+ to d b sub/ract ! "o f ! o!r1 & embrace an op9ion1 ei!r on "o side or ! o!r1 ) t assurance :i* arises f ! rema9d]4 ,b accord+ to ! pr9ciple "h expla9$1 ?is sub/raction1 ) reg>d to all popul> religions1 am\nts to an entire annihilation2 & !re=e we may e/abli% x z a maxim1 t no human te/imony c h su* =ce z to prove a miracle1 & make x a j f\ndation = any su* sy/em ( religion4 #ii4 ,i beg ! limitations "h made may be rem>k$1 :5 ,i say1 t a miracle c nev] be prov$1 s z to be ! f\ndation ( a sy/em ( religion4 ,= ,i own1 t o!rwise1 !re may possibly be miracles1 or violations ( ! usual c\rse ( nature1 ( su* a k9d z to admit ( pro( f human te/imony2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 x w be impossible to f9d any su* 9 all ! records ( hi/ory4 ,?us1 suppose1 all au?ors1 9 all languages1 agree1 t1 f ! fir/ ( ,janu>y #afjj1 !re 0 a total d>kness ov] ! :ole e>? = eight days3 suppose t ! tradition ( ?is extraord9>y ev5t is /ill /rong & lively among ! p3 t all travell]s1 :o return f =eign c\ntries1 br+ u acc\nts ( ! same tradition1 )\t ! lea/ v>iation or contradiction3 x is evid5t1 t our pres5t philosoph]s1 in/ead ( d\bt+ ! fact1 ought to receive x z c]ta91 & ought to se>* = ! causes :5ce x might be d]iv$4 ,! decay1 corruption1 & dissolution ( nature1 is an ev5t r5d]$ probable by s _m analogies1 t any ph5om5on1 :i* seems to h a t5d5cy t[>ds t cata/rophe1 comes )9 ! rea* ( human te/imony1 if t te/imony be v ext5sive & uni=m4 ,b suppose1 t all ! hi/orians :o treat ( ,engl&1 %\ld agree1 t1 on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y #afjj1 ,que5 ,elizabe? di$2 t bo? be=e & aft] h] dea? %e 0 se5 by h] physicians & ! :ole c\rt1 z is usual ) p]sons ( h] rank2 t h] successor 0 ackn[l$g$ & proclaim$ by ! p>liam5t2 & t1 aft] be+ int]r$ a mon?1 %e aga9 appe>$1 resum$ ! ?rone1 & gov]n$ ,engl& = ?ree ye>s3 ,i mu/ confess t ,i %\ld be surpris$ at ! concurr5ce ( s _m odd circum/ances1 b %\ld n h ! lea/ incl9ation to believe s miracul\s an ev5t4 ,i %\ld n d\bt ( h] pret5d$ dea?1 & ( ^? o!r public circum/ances t foll[$ x3 ,i %\ld only ass]t x to h be5 pret5d$1 & t x nei!r 01 nor possibly c\ld be real4 ,y w\ld 9 va9 object to me ! difficulty1 & almo/ impossibility ( deceiv+ ! _w 9 an affair ( su* consequ5ce2 ! wisdom & solid judgem5t ( t r5[n$ que52 ) ! little or no advantage :i* %e c\ld reap f s poor an artifice3 ,all ?is might a/oni% me2 b ,i w\ld /ill reply1 t ! knav]y & folly ( m5 are su* common ph5om5a1 t ,i %\ld r believe ! mo/ extraord9>y ev5ts to arise f _! concurr5ce1 ?an admit ( s signal a violation ( ! laws ( nature4 ,b %\ld ?is miracle be ascrib$ to any new sy/em ( religion2 m51 9 all ages1 h be5 s mu* impos$ on by ridicul\s /ories ( t k9d1 t ?is v circum/ance w\ld be a full pro( ( a *eat1 & suffici5t1 ) all m5 ( s5se1 n only to make !m reject ! fact1 b ev5 reject x )\t f>!r exam9ation4 ,?\gh ! ,be+ to :om ! miracle is ascrib$1 be1 9 ?is case1 ,almighty1 x does n1 ^u t acc\nt1 become a :it m probable2 s9ce x is impossible = u to "k ! attributes or actions ( su* a ,be+1 o!rwise ?an f ! exp]i5ce :i* we h ( 8 productions1 9 ! usual c\rse ( nature4 ,?is /ill r$uces u to pa/ obs]vation1 & obliges u to comp>e ! in/ances ( ! violation ( tru? 9 ! te/imony ( m51 ) ^? ( ! violation ( ! laws ( nature by miracles1 9 ord] to judge :i* ( !m is mo/ likely & probable4 ,z ! violations ( tru? are m common 9 ! te/imony conc]n+ religi\s miracles1 ?an 9 t conc]n+ any o!r matt] ( fact2 ?is mu/ dim9i% v mu* ! au?ority ( ! =m] te/imony1 & make u =m a g5]al resolution1 nev] to l5d any att5tion to x1 ) :atev] speci\s pret5ce x may be cov]$4 ,"l ,bacon seems to h embrac$ ! same pr9ciples ( reason+4 ',we ought1' says he1 'to make a collection or p>ticul> hi/ory ( all mon/]s & prodigi\s bir?s or productions1 & 9 a ^w ( e ?+ new1 r>e1 & extraord9>y 9 nature4 ,b ?is mu/ be done ) ! mo/ sev]e scrut9y1 le/ we dep>t f tru?4 ,above all1 e relation mu/ be consid]$ z suspici\s1 :i* dep5ds 9 any degree ^u religion1 z ! prodigies ( ,livy3 ,& no less s1 e ?+ t is to be f\nd 9 ! writ]s ( natural magic or al*imy1 or su* au?ors1 :o seem1 all ( !m1 to h an unconqu]able appetite = falsehood & fable#bf4' #bf ,nov4 ,org4 lib4 ii4 aph4 #bi4 #ajj4 ,i am ! bett] pleas$ ) ! me?od ( reason+ "h deliv]$1 z ,i ?9k x may s]ve to conf\nd ^? dang]\s fri5ds or disguis$ enemies to ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 :o h und]tak5 to def5d x by ! pr9ciples ( human reason4 ,our mo/ holy religion is f\nd$ on ,fai?1 n on reason2 & x is a sure me?od ( expos+ x to put x to su* a trial z x is1 by no means1 fitt$ to endure4 ,to make ?is m evid5t1 let u exam9e ^? miracles1 relat$ 9 scripture2 & n to lose ourselves 9 too wide a field1 let u conf9e ourselves to su* z we f9d 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* we %all exam9e1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ^! pret5d$ ,*ri/ians1 n z ! ^w or te/imony ( ,god himself1 b z ! production ( a m]e human writ] & hi/orian4 ,"h !n we are fir/ to consid] a book1 pres5t$ to u by a b>b>\s & ignorant p1 writt5 9 an age :5 !y 7 /ill m b>b>\s1 & 9 all probability long aft] ! facts :i* x relates1 corroborat$ by no concurr+ te/imony1 & resembl+ ^? fabul\s acc\nts1 :i* e nation gives ( its orig94 ,^u read+ ?is book1 we f9d x full ( prodigies & miracles4 ,x gives an acc\nt ( a /ate ( ! _w & ( human nature entirely diff]5t f ! pres5t3 ,( our fall f t /ate3 ,( ! age ( man1 ext5d$ to ne> a ?\s& ye>s3 ,( ! de/ruction ( ! _w by a deluge3 ,( ! arbitr>y *oice ( "o p1 z ! fav\rites ( heav52 & t p ! c\ntrym5 ( ! au?or3 ,( _! deliv]ance f bondage by prodigies ! mo/ a/oni%+ imag9able3 ,i desire any "o to lay 8 h& ^u 8 he>t1 & aft] a s]i\s consid]ation decl>e1 :e!r he ?9ks t ! falsehood ( su* a book1 support$ by su* a te/imony1 w\ld be m extraord9>y & miracul\s ?an all ! miracles x relates2 :i* is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to make x be receiv$1 accord+ to ! measures ( probability above e/abli%$4 #aja4 ,:at we h said ( miracles may be appli$1 )\t any v>iation1 to prophecies2 & inde$1 all prophecies are real miracles1 & z su* only1 c be admitt$ z pro(s ( any revelation4 ,if x did n exce$ ! capacity ( human nature to =etell future ev5ts1 x w\ld be absurd to employ any prophecy z an argum5t = a div9e mission or au?ority f heav54 ,s t1 ^u ! :ole1 we may conclude1 t ! ,*ri/ian ,religion n only 0 at fir/ att5d$ ) miracles1 b ev5 at ?is day _c be believ$ by any reasonable p]son )\t "o4 ,m]e reason is insuffici5t to conv9ce u ( its v]acity3 ,& :oev] is mov$ by ,fai? to ass5t to x1 is consci\s ( a cont9u$ miracle 9 8 own p]son1 :i* subv]ts all ! pr9ciples ( 8 und]/&+1 & gives him a det]m9ation to believe :at is mo/ contr>y to cu/om & exp]i5ce4 ,,section ,,xi4 ,,( ,a ,,p>ticul> ,,provid5ce ,,& ,,( ,a ,,future ,,/ate4 #ajb4 ,i 0 lately engag$ 9 conv]sation ) a fri5d :o loves sceptical p>adoxes2 :]e1 ?\gh he advanc$ _m pr9ciples1 ( :i* ,i c by no means approve1 yet z !y seem to be curi\s1 & to be> "s relation to ! *a9 ( reason+ c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ?is enquiry1 ,i %all "h copy !m f my memory z accurately z ,i c1 9 ord] to submit !m to ! judgem5t ( ! read]4 ,our conv]sation began ) my admir+ ! s+ul> good =tune ( philosophy1 :i*1 z x requires entire lib]ty above all o!r privileges1 & *iefly fl\ri%es f ! free opposition ( s5tim5ts & argum5tation1 receiv$ its fir/ bir? 9 an age & c\ntry ( fre$om & tol]ation1 & 0 nev] cramp$1 ev5 9 its mo/ extravagant pr9ciples1 by any cre$s1 concessions1 or p5al /atutes4 ,=1 except ! bani%m5t ( ,protagoras1 & ! dea? ( ,socrates1 :i* la/ ev5t proce$$ p>tly f o!r motives1 !re are sc>cely any in/ances to be met )1 9 anci5t hi/ory1 ( ?is bigott$ jeal\sy1 ) :i* ! pres5t age is s mu* infe/$4 ,epicurus liv$ at ,a!ns to an advanc$ age1 9 peace & tranquillity3 ,epicureans#bg 7 ev5 admitt$ to receive ! sac]dotal "*1 & to (ficiate at ! alt>1 9 ! mo/ sacr$ rites ( ! e/abli%$ religion3 ,& ! public enc\ragem5t#bh ( p5sions & sal>ies 0 af=d$ equally1 by ! wise/ ( all ! ,roman emp]ors#bi1 to ! pr(essors ( e sect ( philosophy4 ,h[ requisite su* k9d ( treatm5t 0 to philosophy1 9 h] e>ly y\?1 w easily be conceiv$1 if we reflect1 t1 ev5 at pres5t1 :5 %e may be suppos$ m h>dy & robu/1 %e be>s ) mu* difficulty ! inclem5cy ( ! seasons1 & ^? h>% w9ds ( calumny & p]secution1 :i* bl[ ^u h]4 #bg ,luciani ,greek3 symp4 ae ,lapi?ai4 #bh ,luciani ,greek3 eun\*os4 #bi ,luciani & ,dio4 ,y admire1 says my fri5d1 z ! s+ul> good =tune ( philosophy1 :at seems to result f ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 & to be unavoidable 9 e age & nation4 ,?is p]t9aci\s bigotry1 ( :i* y compla91 z s fatal to philosophy1 is really h] (fspr+1 :o1 aft] ally+ ) sup]/ition1 sep>ates himself entirely f ! int]e/ ( 8 p>5t1 & becomes h] mo/ invet]ate enemy & p]secutor4 ,speculative dogmas ( religion1 ! pres5t occasions ( su* furi\s dispute1 c\ld n possibly be conceiv$ or admitt$ 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w2 :5 mank9d1 be+ :olly illit]ate1 =m$ an idea ( religion m suitable to _! weak appreh5sion1 & compos$ _! sacr$ t5ets ( su* tales *iefly z 7 ! objects ( traditional belief1 m ?an ( argum5t or disputation4 ,aft] ! fir/ al>m1 !re=e1 0 ov]1 :i* arose f ! new p>adoxes & pr9ciples ( ! philosoph]s2 ^! tea*]s seem ev] aft]1 dur+ ! ages ( antiquity1 to h liv$ 9 great h>mony ) ! e/abli%$ sup]/ition1 & to h made a fair p>tition ( mank9d betwe5 !m2 ! =m] claim+ all ! le>n$ & wise1 ! latt] possess+ all ! vulg> & illit]ate4 #ajc4 ,x seems !n1 say ,i1 t y leave politics entirely out ( ! "q1 & nev] suppose1 t a wise magi/rate c ju/ly be jeal\s ( c]ta9 t5ets ( philosophy1 su* z ^? ( ,epicurus1 :i*1 d5y+ a div9e exi/5ce1 & consequ5tly a provid5ce & a future /ate1 seem to loos51 9 a great measure1 ! ties ( morality1 & may be suppos$1 = t reason1 p]nici\s to ! peace ( civil society4 ,i "k1 repli$ he1 t 9 fact ^! p]secutions nev]1 9 any age1 proce$$ f calm reason1 or f exp]i5ce ( ! p]nici\s consequ5ces ( philosophy2 b arose entirely f passion & prejudice4 ,b :at if ,i %\ld advance f>!r1 & ass]t1 t if ,epicurus _h be5 accus$ be=e ! p1 by any ( ! sycophants or in=m]s ( ^? days1 he c\ld easily h def5d$ 8 cause1 & prov$ 8 pr9ciples ( philosophy to be z salut>y z ^? ( 8 adv]s>ies1 :o endeav\r$1 ) su* zeal1 to expose him to ! public hatr$ & jeal\sy8 ,i wi%1 said ,i1 y w\ld try y\r eloqu5ce ^u s extraord9>y a topic1 & make a spee* = ,epicurus1 :i* might satisfy1 n ! mob ( ,a!ns1 if y w all[ t anci5t & polite city to h conta9$ any mob1 b ! m philosophical "p ( 8 audi5ce1 su* z might be suppos$ capable ( compreh5d+ 8 argum5ts4 ,! matt] w\ld n be difficult1 ^u su* conditions1 repli$ he3 ,& if y please1 ,i %all suppose myself ,epicurus = a mom5t1 & make y /& = ! ,a!nian p1 & %all deliv] y su* an h>angue z w fill all ! urn ) :ite beans1 & leave n a black "o to gratify ! malice ( my adv]s>ies4 ,v well3 ,pray proce$ ^u ^! suppositions4 #ajd4 ,i come hi!r1 ,o ye ,a!nians1 to ju/ify 9 y\r assembly :at ,i ma9ta9$ 9 my s*ool1 & ,i f9d myself impea*$ by furi\s antagoni/s1 in/ead ( reason+ ) calm & dispassionate enquir]s4 ,y\r delib]ations1 :i* ( "r %\ld be direct$ to que/ions ( public good1 & ! int]e/ ( ! commonweal?1 are div]t$ to ! disquisitions ( speculative philosophy2 & ^! magnific5t1 b p]haps fruitless enquiries1 take place ( y\r m famili> b m useful occupations4 ,b s f> z 9 me lies1 ,i w prev5t ?is abuse4 ,we %all n "h dispute conc]n+ ! orig9 & gov]nm5t ( worlds4 ,we %all only enquire h[ f> su* que/ions conc]n ! public int]e/4 ,& if ,i c p]suade y1 t !y are entirely indiff]5t to ! peace ( society & security ( gov]nm5t1 ,i hope t y w pres5tly s5d u back to our s*ools1 !re to exam9e1 at leisure1 ! "q ! mo/ sublime1 b at ! same "t1 ! mo/ speculative ( all philosophy4 ,! religi\s philosoph]s1 n satisfi$ ) ! tradition ( y\r =efa!rs1 & doctr9e ( y\r prie/s 79 :i* ,i will+ly acquiesce71 indulge a ra% curiosity1 9 try+ h[ f> !y c e/abli% religion ^u ! pr9ciples ( reason2 & !y !reby excite1 in/ead ( satisfy+1 ! d\bts1 :i* naturally arise f a dilig5t & scrut9\s enquiry4 ,!y pa9t1 9 ! mo/ magnific5t col\rs1 ! ord]1 beauty1 & wise arrangem5t ( ! univ]se2 & !n ask1 if su* a glori\s display ( intellig5ce c\ld proce$ f ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 or if *ance c\ld produce :at ! greate/ g5ius c nev] suffici5tly admire4 ,i %all n exam9e ! ju/ness ( ?is argum5t4 ,i %all all[ x to be z solid z my antagoni/s & accus]s c desire4 ,x is suffici5t1 if ,i c prove1 f ?is v reason+1 t ! "q is entirely speculative1 & t1 :51 9 my philosophical disquisitions1 ,i d5y a provid5ce & a future /ate1 ,i und]m9e n ! f\ndations ( society1 b advance pr9ciples1 :i* !y !mselves1 ^u _! own topics1 if !y argue consi/5tly1 mu/ all[ to be solid & satisfactory4 #aje4 ,y !n1 :o are my accus]s1 h ackn[l$g$1 t ! *ief or sole argum5t = a div9e exi/5ce 7:i* ,i nev] que/ion$7 is d]iv$ f ! ord] ( nature2 :]e !re appe> su* m>ks ( intellig5ce & design1 t y ?9k x extravagant to assign = its cause1 ei!r *ance1 or ! bl9d & unguid$ =ce ( matt]4 ,y all[1 t ?is is an argum5t drawn f effects to causes4 ,f ! ord] ( ! "w1 y inf]1 t !re mu/ h be5 project & =e?\ght 9 ! workman4 ,if y _c make out ?is po9t1 y all[1 t y\r conclusion fails2 & y pret5d n to e/abli% ! conclusion 9 a great] latitude ?an ! ph5om5a ( nature w ju/ify4 ,^! are y\r concessions4 ,i desire y to m>k ! consequ5ces4 ,:5 we inf] any p>ticul> cause f an effect1 we mu/ proportion ! "o to ! o!r1 & c nev] be all[$ to ascribe to ! cause any qualities1 b :at are exactly suffici5t to produce ! effect4 ,a body ( t5 ounces rais$ 9 any scale may s]ve z a pro(1 t ! c\nt]balanc+ weight exce$s t5 ounces2 b c nev] af=d a reason t x exce$s a hundr$4 ,if ! cause1 assign$ = any effect1 be n suffici5t to produce x1 we mu/ ei!r reject t cause1 or add to x su* qualities z w give x a j proportion to ! effect4 ,b if we ascribe to x f>!r qualities1 or affirm x capable ( produc+ o!r effects1 we c only indulge ! lic5ce ( conjecture1 & arbitr>ily suppose ! exi/5ce ( qualities & en]gies1 )\t reason or au?ority4 ,! same rule holds1 :e!r ! cause assign$ be brute unconsci\s matt]1 or a rational intellig5t be+4 ,if ! cause be kn[n only by ! effect1 we nev] ought to ascribe to x any qualities1 beyond :at are precisely requisite to produce ! effect3 ,nor c we1 by any rules ( j reason+1 return back f ! cause1 & inf] o!r effects f x1 beyond ^? by :i* alone x is kn[n to u4 ,no "o1 m]ely f ! sight ( "o ( ,zeuxis's pictures1 c\ld "k1 t he 0 also a /atu>y or ar*itect1 & 0 an arti/ no less skilful 9 /one & m>ble ?an 9 col\rs4 ,! tal5ts & ta/e1 display$ 9 ! p>ticul> "w be=e u2 ^! we may safely conclude ! workman to be possess$ (4 ,! cause mu/ be proportion$ to ! effect2 & if we exactly & precisely proportion x1 we %all nev] f9d 9 x any qualities1 t po9t f>!r1 or af=d an inf]5ce conc]n+ any o!r design or p]=mance4 ,su* qualities mu/ be some:at beyond :at is m]ely requisite = produc+ ! effect1 :i* we exam9e4 #ajf4 ,all[+1 !re=e1 ! gods to be ! au?ors ( ! exi/5ce or ord] ( ! univ]se2 x foll[s1 t !y possess t precise degree ( p[]1 intellig5ce1 & b5evol5ce1 :i* appe>s 9 _! workman%ip2 b no?+ f>!r c ev] be prov$1 except we call 9 ! assi/ance ( exagg]ation & flatt]y to supply ! defects ( argum5t & reason+4 ,s f> z ! traces ( any attributes1 at pres5t1 appe>1 s f> may we conclude ^! attributes to exi/4 ,! supposition ( f>!r attributes is m]e hypo!sis2 mu* m ! supposition1 t1 9 di/ant regions ( space or p]iods ( "t1 !re has be51 or w be1 a m magnific5t display ( ^! attributes1 & a s*eme ( adm9i/ration m suitable to su* imag9>y virtues4 ,we c nev] be all[$ to m\nt up f ! univ]se1 ! effect1 to ,jupit]1 ! cause2 & !n desc5d d[nw>ds1 to inf] any new effect f t cause2 z if ! pres5t effects alone 7 n entirely wor?y ( ! glori\s attributes1 :i* we ascribe to t deity4 ,! k ( ! cause be+ d]iv$ solely f ! effect1 !y mu/ be exactly adju/$ to ea* o!r2 & ! "o c nev] ref] to any?+ f>!r1 or be ! f\ndation ( any new inf]5ce & conclusion4 ,y f9d c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 nature4 ,y seek a cause or au?or4 ,y imag9e t y h f\nd him4 ,y aft]w>ds become s enam\r$ ( ?is (fspr+ ( y\r bra91 t y imag9e x impossible1 b he mu/ produce some?+ great] & m p]fect ?an ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s1 :i* is s full ( ill & disord]4 ,y =get1 t ?is sup]lative intellig5ce & b5evol5ce are entirely imag9>y1 or1 at lea/1 )\t any f\ndation 9 reason2 & t y h no gr\nd to ascribe to him any qualities1 b :at y see he has actually ex]t$ & display$ 9 8 productions4 ,let y\r gods1 !re=e1 ,o philosoph]s1 be suit$ to ! pres5t appe>ances ( nature3 & presume n to alt] ^! appe>ances by arbitr>y suppositions1 9 ord] to suit !m to ! attributes1 :i* y s fondly ascribe to y\r deities4 #ajg4 ,:5 prie/s & poets1 support$ by y\r au?ority1 ,o ,a!nians1 talk ( a gold5 or silv] age1 :i* prec$$ ! pres5t /ate ( vice & mis]y1 ,i he> !m ) att5tion & ) rev]5ce4 ,b :5 philosoph]s1 :o pret5d to neglect au?ority1 & to cultivate reason1 hold ! same disc\rse1 ,i pay !m n1 ,i own1 ! same obsequi\s submission & pi\s def]5ce4 ,i ask2 :o c>ri$ !m into ! cele/ial regions1 :o admitt$ !m into ! c\ncils ( ! gods1 :o op5$ to !m ! book ( fate1 t !y ?us ra%ly affirm1 t _! deities h execut$1 or w execute1 any purpose beyond :at has actually appe>$8 ,if !y tell me1 t !y h m\nt$ on ! /eps or by ! gradual asc5t ( reason1 & by draw+ inf]5ces f effects to causes1 ,i /ill insi/1 t !y h aid$ ! asc5t ( reason by ! w+s ( imag9ation2 o!rwise !y c\ld n ?us *ange _! mann] ( inf]5ce1 & argue f causes to effects2 presum+1 t a m p]fect production ?an ! pres5t _w w\ld be m suitable to su* p]fect be+s z ! gods1 & =gett+ t !y h no reason to ascribe to ^! cele/ial be+s any p]fection or any attribute1 b :at c be f\nd 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,h5ce all ! fruitless indu/ry to acc\nt = ! ill appe>ances ( nature1 & save ! hon\r ( ! gods2 :ile we mu/ ackn[l$ge ! reality ( t evil & disord]1 ) :i* ! _w s mu* ab\nds4 ,! ob/9ate & intractable qualities ( matt]1 we are told1 or ! obs]vance ( g5]al laws1 or "s su* reason1 is ! sole cause1 :i* controll$ ! p[] & b5evol5ce ( ,jupit]1 & oblig$ him to create mank9d & e s5sible creature s imp]fect & s unhappy4 ,^! attributes !n1 are1 x seems1 be=eh&1 tak5 = grant$1 9 _! greate/ latitude4 ,& ^u t supposition1 ,i own t su* conjectures may1 p]haps1 be admitt$ z plausible solutions ( ! ill ph5om5a4 ,b /ill ,i ask2 ,:y take ^! attributes = grant$1 or :y ascribe to ! cause any qualities b :at actually appe> 9 ! effect8 ,:y torture y\r bra9 to ju/ify ! c\rse ( nature ^u suppositions1 :i*1 = aught y "k1 may be entirely imag9>y1 & ( :i* !re are to be f\nd no traces 9 ! c\rse ( nature8 ,! religi\s hypo!sis1 !re=e1 mu/ be consid]$ only z a p>ticul> me?od ( acc\nt+ = ! visible ph5om5a ( ! univ]se3 b no j reason] w ev] presume to inf] f x any s+le fact1 & alt] or add to ! ph5om5a1 9 any s+le p>ticul>4 ,if y ?9k1 t ! appe>ances ( ?+s prove su* causes1 x is all[able = y to draw an inf]5ce conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! causes4 ,9 su* complicat$ & sublime subjects1 e "o %\ld be indulg$ 9 ! lib]ty ( conjecture & argum5t4 ,b "h y ought to re/4 ,if y come backw>d1 & argu+ f y\r inf]r$ causes1 conclude1 t any o!r fact has exi/$1 or w exi/1 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 :i* may s]ve z a full] display ( p>ticul> attributes2 ,i mu/ admoni% y1 t y h dep>t$ f ! me?od ( reason+1 atta*$ to ! pres5t subject1 & h c]ta9ly add$ some?+ to ! attributes ( ! cause1 beyond :at appe>s 9 ! effect2 o!rwise y c\ld nev]1 ) tol]able s5se or propriety1 add any?+ to ! effect1 9 ord] to r5d] x m wor?y ( ! cause4 #ajh4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! odi\sness ( t doctr9e1 :i* ,i tea* 9 my s*ool1 or r1 :i* ,i exam9e 9 my g>d5s8 ,or :at d y f9d 9 ?is :ole "q1 :]e9 ! security ( good morals1 or ! peace & ord] ( society1 is 9 ! lea/ conc]n$8 ,i d5y a provid5ce1 y say1 & supreme gov]nor ( ! _w1 :o guides ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & puni%es ! vici\s ) infamy & disappo9tm5t1 & rew>ds ! virtu\s ) hon\r & success1 9 all _! und]tak+s4 ,b surely1 ,i d5y n ! c\rse itself ( ev5ts1 :i* lies op5 to e "o's inquiry & exam9ation4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 t1 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 virtue is att5d$ ) m peace ( m9d ?an vice1 & meets ) a m fav\rable reception f ! _w4 ,i am s5sible1 t1 accord+ to ! pa/ exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 fri5d%ip is ! *ief joy ( human life1 & mod]ation ! only s\rce ( tranquillity & happ9ess4 ,i nev] balance betwe5 ! virtu\s & ! vici\s c\rse ( life2 b am s5sible1 t1 to a well-dispos$ m9d1 e advantage is on ! side ( ! =m]4 ,& :at c y say m1 all[+ all y\r suppositions & reason+s8 ,y tell me1 inde$1 t ?is disposition ( ?+s proce$s f intellig5ce & design4 ,b :atev] x proce$s f1 ! disposition itself1 on :i* dep5ds our happ9ess or mis]y1 & consequ5tly our conduct & deportm5t 9 life is /ill ! same4 ,x is /ill op5 = me1 z well z y1 to regulate my behavi\r1 by my exp]i5ce ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,& if y affirm1 t1 :ile a div9e provid5ce is all[$1 & a supreme di/ributive ju/ice 9 ! univ]se1 ,i ought to expect "s m p>ticul> rew>d ( ! good1 & puni%m5t ( ! bad1 beyond ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts2 ,i "h f9d ! same fallacy1 :i* ,i h be=e endeav\r$ to detect4 ,y p]si/ 9 imag9+1 t1 if we grant t div9e exi/5ce1 = :i* y s e>ne/ly cont5d1 y may safely inf] consequ5ces f x1 & add some?+ to ! exp]i5c$ ord] ( nature1 by argu+ f ! attributes :i* y ascribe to y\r gods4 ,y seem n to rememb]1 t all y\r reason+s on ?is subject c only be drawn f effects to causes2 & t e argum5t1 d$uct$ f causes to effects1 mu/ ( necessity be a gross sophism2 s9ce x is impossible = y to "k any?+ ( ! cause1 b :at y h antec$5tly1 n inf]r$1 b discov]$ to ! full1 9 ! effect4 #aji4 ,b :at mu/ a philosoph] ?9k ( ^? va9 reason]s1 :o1 in/ead ( reg>d+ ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s z ! sole object ( _! contemplation1 s f> rev]se ! :ole c\rse ( nature1 z to r5d] ?is life m]ely a passage to some?+ f>!r2 a por*1 :i* leads to a great]1 & va/ly diff]5t build+2 a prologue1 :i* s]ves only to introduce ! piece1 & give x m grace & propriety8 ,:5ce1 d y ?9k1 c su* philosoph]s d]ive _! idea ( ! gods8 ,f _! own conceit & imag9ation surely4 ,= if !y d]iv$ x f ! pres5t ph5om5a1 x w\ld nev] po9t to any?+ f>!r1 b mu/ be exactly adju/$ to !m4 ,t ! div9ity may possibly be end[$ ) attributes1 :i* we h nev] se5 ex]t$2 may be gov]n$ by pr9ciples ( action1 :i* we _c discov] to be satisfi$3 all ?is w freely be all[$4 ,b /ill ?is is m]e possibility & hypo!sis4 ,we nev] c h reason to inf] any attributes1 or any pr9ciples ( action 9 him1 b s f> z we "k !m to h be5 ex]t$ & satisfi$4 ,are !re any m>ks ( a di/ributive ju/ice 9 ! _w8 ,if y answ] 9 ! affirmative1 ,i conclude1 t1 s9ce ju/ice "h ex]ts itself1 x is satisfi$4 ,if y reply 9 ! negative1 ,i conclude1 t y h !n no reason to ascribe ju/ice1 9 our s5se ( x1 to ! gods4 ,if y hold a m$ium betwe5 affirmation & negation1 by say+1 t ! ju/ice ( ! gods1 at pres5t1 ex]ts itself 9 "p1 b n 9 its full ext5t2 ,i answ]1 t y h no reason to give x any p>ticul> ext5t1 b only s f> z y see x1 at pres5t1 ex]t itself4 #aaj4 ,?us ,i br+ ! dispute1 ,o ,a!nians1 to a %ort issue ) my antagoni/s4 ,! c\rse ( nature lies op5 to my contemplation z well z to !irs4 ,! exp]i5c$ tra9 ( ev5ts is ! great /&>d1 by :i* we all regulate our conduct4 ,no?+ else c be appeal$ to 9 ! field1 or 9 ! s5ate4 ,no?+ else ought ev] to be he>d ( 9 ! s*ool1 or 9 ! closet4 ,9 va9 w\ld our limit$ und]/&+ break ?r\gh ^? b\nd>ies1 :i* are too n>r[ = our fond imag9ation4 ,:ile we argue f ! c\rse ( nature1 & inf] a p>ticul> intellig5t cause1 :i* fir/ be/[$1 & /ill pres]ves ord] 9 ! univ]se1 we embrace a pr9ciple1 :i* is bo? unc]ta9 & useless4 ,x is unc]ta92 because ! subject lies entirely beyond ! rea* ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x is useless2 because our k ( ?is cause be+ d]iv$ entirely f ! c\rse ( nature1 we c nev]1 accord+ to ! rules ( j reason+1 return back f ! cause ) any new inf]5ce1 or mak+ additions to ! common & exp]i5c$ c\rse ( nature1 e/abli% any new pr9ciples ( conduct & behavi\r4 #aaa4 ,i obs]ve 7said ,i1 f9d+ he _h f9i%$ 8 h>angue7 t y neglect n ! artifice ( ! demagogues ( old2 & z y 7 pleas$ to make me /& = ! p1 y ins9uate y\rself into my fav\r by embrac+ ^? pr9ciples1 to :i*1 y "k1 ,i h always express$ a p>ticul> atta*m5t4 ,b all[+ y to make exp]i5ce 7z inde$ ,i ?9k y ought7 ! only /&>d ( our judgem5t conc]n+ ?is1 & all o!r que/ions ( fact2 ,i d\bt n b1 f ! v same exp]i5ce1 to :i* y appeal1 x may be possible to refute ?is reason+1 :i* y h put into ! m\? ( ,epicurus4 ,if y saw1 = in/ance1 a half-f9i%$ build+1 surr\nd$ ) heaps ( brick & /one & mort>1 & all ! in/rum5ts ( masonry2 c\ld y n inf] f ! effect1 t x 0 a "w ( design & contrivance8 ,& c\ld y n return aga91 f ?is inf]r$ cause1 to inf] new additions to ! effect1 & conclude1 t ! build+ w\ld soon be f9i%$1 & receive all ! fur!r improvem5ts1 :i* art c\ld be/[ ^u x8 ,if y saw ^u ! sea-%ore ! pr9t ( "o human foot1 y w\ld conclude1 t a man _h pass$ t way1 & t he _h also left ! traces ( ! o!r foot1 ?\gh effac$ by ! roll+ ( ! s&s or inundation ( ! wat]s4 ,:y !n d y refuse to admit ! same me?od ( reason+ ) reg>d to ! ord] ( nature8 ,consid] ! _w & ! pres5t life only z an imp]fect build+1 f :i* y c inf] a sup]ior intellig5ce2 & argu+ f t sup]ior intellig5ce1 :i* c leave no?+ imp]fect2 :y may y n inf] a m f9i%$ s*eme or plan1 :i* w receive its completion 9 "s di/ant po9t ( space or "t8 ,are n ^! me?ods ( reason+ exactly simil>8 ,& "u :at pret5ce c y embrace ! "o1 :ile y reject ! o!r8 #aab4 ,! inf9ite diff]5ce ( ! subjects1 repli$ he1 is a suffici5t f\ndation = ?is diff]5ce 9 my conclusions4 ,9 works ( human art & contrivance1 x is all[able to advance f ! effect to ! cause1 & return+ back f ! cause1 to =m new inf]5ces conc]n+ ! effect1 & exam9e ! alt]ations1 :i* x has probably und]gone1 or may /ill und]go4 ,b :at is ! f\ndation ( ?is me?od ( reason+8 ,pla9ly ?is2 t man is a be+1 :om we "k by exp]i5ce1 ^: motives & designs we are acqua9t$ )1 & ^: projects & incl9ations h a c]ta9 connexion & coh]5ce1 accord+ to ! laws :i* nature has e/abli%$ = ! gov]nm5t ( su* a creature4 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d1 t any "w has proce$$ f ! skill & indu/ry ( man2 z we are o!rwise acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! animal1 we c draw a hundr$ inf]5ces conc]n+ :at may be expect$ f him2 & ^! inf]5ces w all be f\nd$ 9 exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,b did we "k man only f ! s+le "w or production :i* we exam9e1 x 7 impossible = u to argue 9 ?is mann]2 because our k ( all ! qualities1 :i* we ascribe to him1 be+ 9 t case d]iv$ f ! production1 x is impossible !y c\ld po9t to any?+ f>!r1 or be ! f\ndation ( any new inf]5ce4 ,! pr9t ( a foot 9 ! s& c only prove1 :5 consid]$ alone1 t !re 0 "s figure adapt$ to x1 by :i* x 0 produc$3 b ! pr9t ( a human foot proves likewise1 f our o!r exp]i5ce1 t !re 0 probably ano!r foot1 :i* also left its impression1 ?\gh effac$ by "t or o!r accid5ts4 ,"h we m\nt f ! effect to ! cause2 & desc5d+ aga9 f ! cause1 inf] alt]ations 9 ! effect2 b ?is is n a cont9uation ( ! same simple *a9 ( reason+4 ,we compreh5d 9 ?is case a hundr$ o!r exp]i5ces & obs]vations1 conc]n+ ! usual figure & memb]s ( t species ( animal1 )\t :i* ?is me?od ( argum5t mu/ be consid]$ z fallaci\s & sophi/ical4 #aac4 ,! case is n ! same ) our reason+s f ! works ( nature4 ,! ,deity is kn[n to u only by 8 productions1 & is a s+le be+ 9 ! univ]se1 n compreh5d$ "u any species or g5us1 f ^: exp]i5c$ attributes or qualities1 we c1 by analogy1 inf] any attribute or quality 9 him4 ,z ! univ]se %ews wisdom & goodness1 we inf] wisdom & goodness4 ,z x %ews a p>ticul> degree ( ^! p]fections1 we inf] a p>ticul> degree ( !m1 precisely adapt$ to ! effect :i* we exam9e4 ,b f>!r attributes or f>!r degrees ( ! same attributes1 we c nev] be au?oris$ to inf] or suppose1 by any rules ( j reason+4 ,n[1 )\t "s su* lic5ce ( supposition1 x is impossible = u to argue f ! cause1 or inf] any alt]ation 9 ! effect1 beyond :at has imm$iately fall5 "u our obs]vation4 ,great] good produc$ by ?is ,be+ mu/ /ill prove a great] degree ( goodness3 a m imp>tial di/ribution ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts mu/ proce$ f a great] reg>d to ju/ice & equity4 ,e suppos$ addition to ! works ( nature makes an addition to ! attributes ( ! ,au?or ( nature2 & consequ5tly1 be+ entirely unsupport$ by any reason or argum5t1 c nev] be admitt$ b z m]e conjecture & hypo!sis#cj4 #cj ,9 g5]al1 x may1 ,i ?9k1 be e/abli%$ z a maxim1 t :]e any cause is kn[n only by its p>ticul> effects1 x mu/ be impossible to inf] any new effects f t cause2 s9ce ! qualities1 :i* are requisite to produce ^! new effects along ) ! =m]1 mu/ ei!r be diff]5t1 or sup]ior1 or ( m ext5sive op]ation1 ?an ^? :i* simply produc$ ! effect1 :5ce alone ! cause is suppos$ to be kn[n to u4 ,we c nev]1 !re=e1 h any reason to suppose ! exi/5ce ( ^! qualities4 ,to say1 t ! new effects proce$ only f a cont9uation ( ! same en]gy1 :i* is already kn[n f ! fir/ effects1 w n remove ! difficulty4 ,= ev5 grant+ ?is to be ! case 7:i* c seldom be suppos$71 ! v cont9uation & ex]tion ( a l en]gy 7= x is impossible x c be absolutely ! same71 ,i say1 ?is ex]tion ( a l en]gy1 9 a diff]5t p]iod ( space & "t1 is a v arbitr>y supposition1 & :at !re _c possibly be any traces ( 9 ! effects1 f :i* all our k ( ! cause is orig9ally d]iv$4 ,let ! inf]r$ cause be exactly proportion$ 7z x %\ld be7 to ! kn[n effect2 & x is impossible t x c possess any qualities1 f :i* new or diff]5t effects c be inf]r$4 ,! great s\rce ( our mi/ake 9 ?is subject1 & ( ! unb\nd$ lic5ce ( conjecture1 :i* we indulge1 is1 t we tacitly consid] ourselves1 z 9 ! place ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 & conclude1 t he w1 on e occasion1 obs]ve ! same conduct1 :i* we ourselves1 9 8 situation1 w\ld h embrac$ z reasonable & eligible4 ,b1 besides t ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature may conv9ce u1 t almo/ ev]y?+ is regulat$ by pr9ciples & maxims v diff]5t f ours2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 x mu/ evid5tly appe> contr>y to all rules ( analogy to reason1 f ! int5tions & projects ( m51 to ^? ( a ,be+ s diff]5t1 & s mu* sup]ior4 ,9 human nature1 !re is a c]ta9 exp]i5c$ coh]5ce ( designs & incl9ations2 s t :51 f any fact1 we h discov]$ "o int5tion ( any man1 x may (t5 be reasonable1 f exp]i5ce1 to inf] ano!r1 & draw a long *a9 ( conclusions conc]n+ 8 pa/ or future conduct4 ,b ?is me?od ( reason+ c nev] h place ) reg>d to a ,be+1 s remote & incompreh5sible1 :o be>s mu* less analogy to any o!r be+ 9 ! univ]se ?an ! sun to a wax5 tap]1 & :o discov]s himself only by "s fa9t traces or outl9es1 beyond :i* we h no au?ority to ascribe to him any attribute or p]fection4 ,:at we imag9e to be a sup]ior p]fection1 may really be a defect4 ,or 7 x ev] s mu* a p]fection1 ! ascrib+ ( x to ! ,supreme ,be+1 :]e x appe>s n to h be5 really ex]t$1 to ! full1 9 8 works1 sav\rs m ( flatt]y & panegyric1 ?an ( j reason+ & s\nd philosophy4 ,all ! philosophy1 !re=e1 9 ! _w1 & all ! religion1 :i* is no?+ b a species ( philosophy1 w nev] be able to c>ry u beyond ! usual c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 or give u measures ( conduct & behavi\r diff]5t f ^? :i* are furni%$ by reflections on common life4 ,no new fact c ev] be inf]r$ f ! religi\s hypo!sis2 no ev5t =ese5 or =etold2 no rew>d or puni%m5t expect$ or dread$1 beyond :at is already kn[n by practice & obs]vation4 ,s t my apology = ,epicurus w /ill appe> solid & satisfactory2 nor h ! political int]e/s ( society any connexion ) ! philosophical disputes conc]n+ metaphysics & religion4 #aad4 ,!re is /ill "o circum/ance1 repli$ ,i1 :i* y seem to h ov]look$4 ,?\gh ,i %\ld all[ y\r premises1 ,i mu/ d5y y\r conclusion4 ,y conclude1 t religi\s doctr9es & reason+s c h no influ5ce on life1 because !y ought to h no influ5ce2 nev] consid]+1 t m5 reason n 9 ! same mann] y d1 b draw _m consequ5ces f ! belief ( a div9e ,exi/5ce1 & suppose t ! ,deity w inflict puni%m5ts on vice1 & be/[ rew>ds on virtue1 beyond :at appe> 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,:e!r ?is reason+ ( !irs be j or n1 is no matt]4 ,its influ5ce on _! life & conduct mu/ /ill be ! same4 ,&1 ^?1 :o attempt to disabuse !m ( su* prejudices1 may1 = aught ,i "k1 be good reason]s1 b ,i _c all[ !m to be good citiz5s & politicians2 s9ce !y free m5 f "o re/ra9t ^u _! passions1 & make ! infr+em5t ( ! laws ( society1 9 "o respect1 m easy & secure4 ,aft] all1 ,i may1 p]haps1 agree to y\r g5]al conclusion 9 fav\r ( lib]ty1 ?\gh ^u diff]5t premises f ^?1 on :i* y endeav\r to f\nd x4 ,i ?9k1 t ! /ate ought to tol]ate e pr9ciple ( philosophy2 nor is !re an in/ance1 t any gov]nm5t has suff]$ 9 its political int]e/s by su* indulg5ce4 ,!re is no en?usiasm among philosoph]s2 _! doctr9es are n v allur+ to ! p2 & no re/ra9t c be put ^u _! reason+s1 b :at mu/ be ( dang]\s consequ5ce to ! sci5ces1 & ev5 to ! /ate1 by pav+ ! way = p]secution & oppression 9 po9ts1 :]e ! g5]ality ( mank9d are m deeply int]e/$ & conc]n$4 #aae4 ,b !re occurs to me 7cont9u$ ,i7 ) reg>d to y\r ma9 topic1 a difficulty1 :i* ,i %all j propose to y )\t insi/+ on x2 le/ x lead into reason+s ( too nice & delicate a nature4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i mu* d\bt :e!r x be possible = a cause to be kn[n only by its effect 7z y h all along suppos$7 or to be ( s s+ul> & p>ticul> a nature z to h no p>allel & no simil>ity ) any o!r cause or object1 t has ev] fall5 "u our obs]vation4 ,x is only :5 two species ( objects are f\nd to be con/antly conjo9$1 t we c inf] ! "o f ! o!r2 & 7 an effect pres5t$1 :i* 0 entirely s+ul>1 & c\ld n be compreh5d$ "u any kn[n species1 ,i d n see1 t we c\ld =m any conjecture or inf]5ce at all conc]n+ its cause4 ,if exp]i5ce & obs]vation & analogy be1 inde$1 ! only guides :i* we c reasonably foll[ 9 inf]5ces ( ?is nature2 bo? ! effect & cause mu/ be> a simil>ity & resemblance to o!r effects & causes1 :i* we "k1 & :i* we h f\nd1 9 _m in/ances1 to be conjo9$ ) ea* o!r4 ,i leave x to y\r own reflection to pursue ! consequ5ces ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,i %all j obs]ve1 t1 z ! antagoni/s ( ,epicurus always suppose ! univ]se1 an effect q s+ul> & unp>allel$1 to be ! pro( ( a ,deity1 a cause no less s+ul> & unp>allel$2 y\r reason+s1 ^u t supposition1 seem1 at lea/1 to m]it our att5tion4 ,!re is1 ,i own1 "s difficulty1 h[ we c ev] return f ! cause to ! effect1 &1 reason+ f our ideas ( ! =m]1 inf] any alt]ation on ! latt]1 or any addition to x4 ,,section ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,academical ,,or ,,sceptical ,,philosophy4 ,,"p ,i4 #aaf4 ,!re is n a great] numb] ( philosophical reason+s1 display$ ^u any subject1 ?an ^?1 :i* prove ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity1 & refute ! fallacies ( ,a!i/s2 & yet ! mo/ religi\s philosoph]s /ill dispute :e!r any man c be s bl9d$ z to be a speculative a!i/4 ,h[ %all we reconcile ^! contradictions8 ,! knights-errant1 :o w&]$ ab\t to cle> ! _w ( dragons & giants1 nev] ent]ta9$ ! lea/ d\bt ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( ^! mon/]s4 ,! ,sceptic is ano!r enemy ( religion1 :o naturally provokes ! indignation ( all div9es & grav] philosoph]s2 ?\gh x is c]ta91 t no man ev] met ) any su* absurd creature1 or conv]s$ ) a man1 :o _h no op9ion or pr9ciple conc]n+ any subject1 ei!r ( action or speculation4 ,?is begets a v natural "q2 ,:at is meant by a sceptic8 ,& h[ f> x is possible to pu% ^! philosophical pr9ciples ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty8 ,!re is a species ( scepticism1 antec$5t to all /udy & philosophy1 :i* is mu* inculcat$ by ,des ,c>tes & o!rs1 z a sov]eign pres]vative aga9/ error & precipitate judgem5t4 ,x recomm5ds an univ]sal d\bt1 n only ( all our =m] op9ions & pr9ciples1 b also ( our v faculties2 ( ^: v]acity1 say !y1 we mu/ assure ourselves1 by a *a9 ( reason+1 d$uc$ f "s orig9al pr9ciple1 :i* _c possibly be fallaci\s or deceitful4 ,b nei!r is !re any su* orig9al pr9ciple1 :i* has a pr]ogative above o!rs1 t are self-evid5t & conv9c+3 or if !re 71 c\ld we advance a /ep beyond x1 b by ! use ( ^? v faculties1 ( :i* we are suppos$ to be already diffid5t4 ,! ,c>tesian d\bt1 !re=e1 7 x ev] possible to be atta9$ by any human creature 7z x pla9ly is n7 w\ld be entirely incurable2 & no reason+ c\ld ev] br+ u to a /ate ( assurance & conviction ^u any subject4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$1 t ?is species ( scepticism1 :5 m mod]ate1 may be und]/ood 9 a v reasonable s5se1 & is a necess>y prep>ative to ! /udy ( philosophy1 by pres]v+ a prop] imp>tiality 9 our judgem5ts1 & wean+ our m9d f all ^? prejudices1 :i* we may h imbib$ f education or ra% op9ion4 ,to beg9 ) cle> & self-evid5t pr9ciples1 to advance by timor\s & sure /eps1 to review frequ5tly our conclusions1 & exam9e accurately all _! consequ5ces2 ?\gh by ^! means we %all make bo? a sl[ & a %ort progress 9 our sy/ems2 are ! only me?ods1 by :i* we c ev] hope to rea* tru?1 & atta9 a prop] /ability & c]ta9ty 9 our det]m9ations4 #aag4 ,!re is ano!r species ( scepticism1 consequ5t to sci5ce & enquiry1 :5 m5 are suppos$ to h discov]$1 ei!r ! absolute fallaci\sness ( _! m5tal faculties1 or _! unfitness to rea* any fix$ det]m9ation 9 all ^? curi\s subjects ( speculation1 ab\t :i* !y are commonly employ$4 ,ev5 our v s5ses are br\ght into dispute1 by a c]ta9 species ( philosoph]s2 & ! maxims ( common life are subject$ to ! same d\bt z ! mo/ pr(\nd pr9ciples or conclusions ( metaphysics & !ology4 ,z ^! p>adoxical t5ets 7if !y may be call$ t5ets7 are to be met ) 9 "s philosoph]s1 & ! refutation ( !m 9 sev]al1 !y naturally excite our curiosity1 & make u enquire into ! argum5ts1 on :i* !y may be f\nd$4 ,i ne$ n insi/ ^u ! m trite topics1 employ$ by ! sceptics 9 all ages1 aga9/ ! evid5ce ( s5se2 su* z ^? :i* are d]iv$ f ! imp]fection & fallaci\sness ( our organs1 on numb]less occasions2 ! crook$ appe>ance ( an o> 9 wat]2 ! v>i\s aspects ( objects1 accord+ to _! diff]5t di/ances2 ! d\ble images :i* arise f ! press+ "o eye2 ) _m o!r appe>ances ( a l nature4 ,^! sceptical topics1 inde$1 are only suffici5t to prove1 t ! s5ses alone are n implicitly to be dep5d$ on2 b t we mu/ correct _! evid5ce by reason1 & by consid]ations1 d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! m$ium1 ! di/ance ( ! object1 & ! disposition ( ! organ1 9 ord] to r5d] !m1 )9 _! sph]e1 ! prop] crit]ia ( tru? & falsehood4 ,!re are o!r m pr(\nd argum5ts aga9/ ! s5ses1 :i* admit n ( s easy a solution4 #aah4 ,x seems evid5t1 t m5 are c>ri$1 by a natural in/9ct or prepossession1 to repose fai? 9 _! s5ses2 & t1 )\t any reason+1 or ev5 almo/ be=e ! use ( reason1 we always suppose an ext]nal univ]se1 :i* dep5ds n on our p]ception1 b w\ld exi/1 ?\gh we & e s5sible creature 7 abs5t or annihilat$4 ,ev5 ! animal creation are gov]n$ by a l op9ion1 & pres]ve ?is belief ( ext]nal objects1 9 all _! ?\ghts1 designs1 & actions4 ,x seems also evid5t1 t1 :5 m5 foll[ ?is bl9d & p[]ful in/9ct ( nature1 !y always suppose ! v images1 pres5t$ by ! s5ses1 to be ! ext]nal objects1 & nev] ent]ta9 any suspicion1 t ! "o are no?+ b repres5tations ( ! o!r4 ,?is v table1 :i* we see :ite1 & :i* we feel h>d1 is believ$ to exi/1 indep5d5t ( our p]ception1 & to be some?+ ext]nal to our m9d1 :i* p]ceives x4 ,our pres5ce be/[s n be+ on x3 our abs5ce does n annihilate x4 ,x pres]ves its exi/5ce uni=m & entire1 indep5d5t ( ! situation ( intellig5t be+s1 :o p]ceive or contemplate x4 ,b ?is univ]sal & prim>y op9ion ( all m5 is soon de/roy$ by ! slighte/ philosophy1 :i* tea*es u1 t no?+ c ev] be pres5t to ! m9d b an image or p]ception1 & t ! s5ses are only ! inlets1 ?r\gh :i* ^! images are convey$1 )\t be+ able to produce any imm$iate int]c\rse betwe5 ! m9d & ! object4 ,! table1 :i* we see1 seems to dim9i%1 z we remove f>!r f x3 b ! real table1 :i* exi/s indep5d5t ( u1 suff]s no alt]ation3 x 01 !re=e1 no?+ b its image1 :i* 0 pres5t to ! m9d4 ,^! are ! obvi\s dictates ( reason2 & no man1 :o reflects1 ev] d\bt$1 t ! exi/5ces1 :i* we consid]1 :5 we say1 ?is h\se & t tree1 are no?+ b p]ceptions 9 ! m9d1 & fleet+ copies or repres5tations ( o!r exi/5ces1 :i* rema9 uni=m & indep5d5t4 #aai4 ,s f>1 !n1 are we necessitat$ by reason+ to contradict or dep>t f ! prim>y in/9cts ( nature1 & to embrace a new sy/em ) reg>d to ! evid5ce ( our s5ses4 ,b "h philosophy f9ds h]self extremely emb>rass$1 :5 %e w\ld ju/ify ?is new sy/em1 & obviate ! cavils & objections ( ! sceptics4 ,%e c no long] plead ! infallible & irresi/ible in/9ct ( nature3 = t l$ u to a q diff]5t sy/em1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ fallible & ev5 errone\s4 ,& to ju/ify ?is pret5d$ philosophical sy/em1 by a *a9 ( cle> & conv9c+ argum5t1 or ev5 any appe>ance ( argum5t1 exce$s ! p[] ( all human capacity4 ,by :at argum5t c x be prov$1 t ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d mu/ be caus$ by ext]nal objects1 entirely diff]5t f !m1 ?\gh resembl+ !m 7if t be possible7 & c\ld n arise ei!r f ! en]gy ( ! m9d itself1 or f ! sugge/ion ( "s invisible & unkn[n _s1 or f "s o!r cause /ill m unkn[n to u8 ,x is ackn[l$g$1 t1 9 fact1 _m ( ^! p]ceptions arise n f any?+ ext]nal1 z 9 dreams1 madness1 & o!r diseases4 ,& no?+ c be m inexplicable ?an ! mann]1 9 :i* body %\ld s op]ate ^u m9d z ev] to convey an image ( itself to a sub/ance1 suppos$ ( s diff]5t1 & ev5 contr>y a nature4 ,x is a "q ( fact1 :e!r ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses be produc$ by ext]nal objects1 resembl+ !m3 h[ %all ?is "q be det]m9$8 ,by exp]i5ce surely2 z all o!r que/ions ( a l nature4 ,b "h exp]i5ce is1 & mu/ be entirely sil5t4 ,! m9d has nev] any?+ pres5t to x b ! p]ceptions1 & _c possibly rea* any exp]i5ce ( _! connexion ) objects4 ,! supposition ( su* a connexion is1 !re=e1 )\t any f\ndation 9 reason+4 #abj4 ,to h rec\rse to ! v]acity ( ! supreme ,be+1 9 ord] to prove ! v]acity ( our s5ses1 is surely mak+ a v unexpect$ circuit4 ,if 8 v]acity 7 at all conc]n$ 9 ?is matt]1 our s5ses w\ld be entirely infallible2 because x is n possible t he c ev] deceive4 ,n to m5tion1 t1 if ! ext]nal _w be once call$ 9 "q1 we %all be at a loss to f9d argum5ts1 by :i* we may prove ! exi/5ce ( t ,be+ or any ( 8 attributes4 #aba4 ,?is is a topic1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! pr(\nd] & m philosophical sceptics w always triumph1 :5 !y endeav\r to introduce an univ]sal d\bt into all subjects ( human k & enquiry4 ,d y foll[ ! in/9cts & prop5sities ( nature1 may !y say1 9 ass5t+ to ! v]acity ( s5se8 ,b ^! lead y to believe t ! v p]ception or s5sible image is ! ext]nal object4 ,d y disclaim ?is pr9ciple1 9 ord] to embrace a m rational op9ion1 t ! p]ceptions are only repres5tations ( some?+ ext]nal8 ,y "h dep>t f y\r natural prop5sities & m obvi\s s5tim5ts2 & yet are n able to satisfy y\r reason1 :i* c nev] f9d any conv9c+ argum5t f exp]i5ce to prove1 t ! p]ceptions are connect$ ) any ext]nal objects4 #abb4 ,!re is ano!r sceptical topic ( a l nature1 d]iv$ f ! mo/ pr(\nd philosophy2 :i* might m]it our att5tion1 7 x requisite to dive s deep1 9 ord] to discov] argum5ts & reason+s1 :i* c s little s]ve to any s]i\s purpose4 ,x is univ]sally all[$ by mod]n enquir]s1 t all ! s5sible qualities ( objects1 su* z h>d1 s(t1 hot1 cold1 :ite1 black1 c4 are m]ely second>y1 & exi/ n 9 ! objects !mselves1 b are p]ceptions ( ! m9d1 )\t any ext]nal ar*etype or model1 :i* !y repres5t4 ,if ?is be all[$1 ) reg>d to second>y qualities1 x mu/ also foll[1 ) reg>d to ! suppos$ prim>y qualities ( ext5sion & solidity2 nor c ! latt] be any m entitl$ to t d5om9ation ?an ! =m]4 ,! idea ( ext5sion is entirely acquir$ f ! s5ses ( sight & feel+2 & if all ! qualities1 p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 be 9 ! m9d1 n 9 ! object1 ! same conclusion mu/ rea* ! idea ( ext5sion1 :i* is :olly dep5d5t on ! s5sible ideas or ! ideas ( second>y qualities4 ,no?+ c save u f ?is conclusion1 b ! ass]t+1 t ! ideas ( ^? prim>y qualities are atta9$ by ,ab/raction1 an op9ion1 :i*1 if we exam9e x accurately1 we %all f9d to be un9telligible1 & ev5 absurd4 ,an ext5sion1 t is nei!r tangible nor visible1 _c possibly be conceiv$3 & a tangible or visible ext5sion1 :i* is nei!r h>d nor s(t1 black nor :ite1 is equally beyond ! rea* ( human conception4 ,let any man try to conceive a triangle 9 g5]al1 :i* is nei!r ,isosceles nor ,scal5um1 nor has any p>ticul> l5g? or proportion ( sides2 & he w soon p]ceive ! absurdity ( all ! s*ola/ic notions ) reg>d to ab/raction & g5]al ideas4#ca #ca ,?is argum5t is drawn f ,dr4 ,b]keley2 & inde$ mo/ ( ! writ+s ( t v +5i\s au?or =m ! be/ lessons ( scepticism1 :i* are to be f\nd ei!r among ! anci5t or mod]n philosoph]1 ,bayle n except$4 ,he pr(esses1 h[ev]1 9 8 title-page 7& und\bt$ly ) great tru?7 to h compos$ 8 book aga9/ ! sceptics z well z aga9/ ! a!i/s & free-?9k]s4 ,b t all 8 argum5ts1 ?\gh o!rwise int5d$1 are1 9 reality1 m]ely sceptical1 appe>s f ?is1 t !y admit ( no answ] & produce no conviction4 ,_! only effect is to cause t mom5t>y amazem5t & irresolution & confusion1 :i* is ! result ( scepticism4 #abc4 ,?us ! fir/ philosophical objection to ! evid5ce ( s5se or to ! op9ion ( ext]nal exi/5ce consi/s 9 ?is1 t su* an op9ion1 if re/$ on natural in/9ct1 is contr>y to reason1 & if ref]r$ to reason1 is contr>y to natural in/9ct1 & at ! same "t c>ries no rational evid5ce ) x1 to conv9ce an imp>tial enquir]4 ,! second objection goes f>!r1 & repres5ts ?is op9ion z contr>y to reason3 at lea/1 if x be a pr9ciple ( reason1 t all s5sible qualities are 9 ! m9d1 n 9 ! object4 ,b]eave matt] ( all its intelligible qualities1 bo? prim>y & second>y1 y 9 a mann] annihilate x1 & leave only a c]ta9 unkn[n1 inexplicable some?+1 z ! cause ( our p]ceptions2 a notion s imp]fect1 t no sceptic w ?9k x wor? :ile to cont5d aga9/ x4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #abd4 ,x may seem a v extravagant attempt ( ! sceptics to de/roy reason by argum5t & ratioc9ation2 yet is ?is ! gr& scope ( all _! enquiries & disputes4 ,!y endeav\r to f9d objections1 bo? to our ab/ract reason+s1 & to ^? :i* reg>d matt] ( fact & exi/5ce4 ,! *ief objection aga9/ all ab/ract reason+s is d]iv$ f ! ideas ( space & "t2 ideas1 :i*1 9 common life & to a c>eless view1 are v cle> & intelligible1 b :5 !y pass ?r\gh ! scrut9y ( ! pr(\nd sci5ces 7& !y are ! *ief object ( ^! sci5ces7 af=d pr9ciples1 :i* seem full ( absurdity & contradiction4 ,no prie/ly dogmas1 inv5t$ on purpose to tame & subdue ! rebelli\s reason ( mank9d1 ev] %ock$ common s5se m ?an ! doctr9e ( ! inf9itive divisibility ( ext5sion1 ) its consequ5ces2 z !y are pomp\sly display$ by all geometricians & metaphysicians1 ) a k9d ( triumph & exultation4 ,a real quantity1 inf9itely less ?an any f9ite quantity1 conta9+ quantities inf9itely less ?an itself1 & s on 9 inf9itum2 ?is is an edifice s bold & prodigi\s1 t x is too weighty = any pret5d$ demon/ration to support1 because x %ocks ! cle>e/ & mo/ natural pr9ciples ( human reason4#cb ,b :at r5d]s ! matt] m extraord9>y1 is1 t ^! seem+ly absurd op9ions are support$ by a *a9 ( reason+1 ! cle>e/ & mo/ natural2 nor is x possible = u to all[ ! premises )\t admitt+ ! consequ5ces4 ,no?+ c be m conv9c+ & satisfactory ?an all ! conclusions conc]n+ ! prop]ties ( circles & triangles2 & yet1 :5 ^! are once receiv$1 h[ c we d5y1 t ! angle ( contact betwe5 a circle & its tang5t is inf9itely less ?an any rectil9eal angle1 t z y may increase ! diamet] ( ! circle 9 inf9itum1 ?is angle ( contact becomes /ill less1 ev5 9 inf9itum1 & t ! angle ( contact betwe5 o!r curves & _! tang5ts may be inf9itely less ?an ^? betwe5 any circle & its tang5t1 & s on1 9 inf9itum8 ,! demon/ration ( ^! pr9ciples seems z unexceptionable z t :i* proves ! ?ree angles ( a triangle to be equal to two "r ones1 ?\gh ! latt] op9ion be natural & easy1 & ! =m] big ) contradiction & absurdity4 ,reason "h seems to be ?r[n into a k9d ( amazem5t & susp5ce1 :i*1 )\t ! sugge/ions ( any sceptic1 gives h] a diffid5ce ( h]self1 & ( ! gr\nd on :i* %e treads4 ,%e sees a full light1 :i* illum9ates c]ta9 places2 b t light bord]s ^u ! mo/ pr(\nd d>kness4 ,& betwe5 ^! %e is s dazzl$ & conf\nd$1 t %e sc>cely c pron\nce ) c]ta9ty & assurance conc]n+ any "o object4 #cb ,:atev] disputes !re may be ab\t ma!matical po9ts1 we mu/ all[ t !re are physical po9ts2 t is1 p>ts ( ext5sion1 :i* _c be divid$ or less5$1 ei!r by ! eye or imag9ation4 ,^! images1 !n1 :i* are pres5t to ! fancy or s5ses1 are absolutely indivisible1 & consequ5tly mu/ be all[$ by ma!maticians to be inf9itely less ?an any real "p ( ext5sion2 & yet no?+ appe>s m c]ta9 to reason1 ?an t an inf9ite numb] ( !m composes an inf9ite ext5sion4 ,h[ mu* m an inf9ite numb] ( ^? inf9itely small p>ts ( ext5sion1 :i* are /ill suppos$ inf9itely divisible4 #abe4 ,! absurdity ( ^! bold det]m9ations ( ! ab/ract sci5ces seems to become1 if possible1 /ill m palpable ) reg>d to "t ?an ext5sion4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( real p>ts ( "t1 pass+ 9 succession1 & exhau/$ "o aft] ano!r1 appe>s s evid5t a contradiction1 t no man1 "o %\ld ?9k1 ^: judgem5t is n corrupt$1 in/ead ( be+ improv$1 by ! sci5ces1 w\ld ev] be able to admit ( x4 ,yet /ill reason mu/ rema9 re/less1 & unquiet1 ev5 ) reg>d to t scepticism1 to :i* %e is driv5 by ^! seem+ absurdities & contradictions4 ,h[ any cle>1 di/9ct idea c conta9 circum/ances1 contradictory to itself1 or to any o!r cle>1 di/9ct idea1 is absolutely incompreh5sible2 & is1 p]haps1 z absurd z any proposition1 :i* c be =m$4 ,s t no?+ c be m sceptical1 or m full ( d\bt & hesitation1 ?an ?is scepticism itself1 :i* arises f "s ( ! p>adoxical conclusions ( geometry or ! sci5ce ( quantity4#cc #cc ,x seems to me n impossible to avoid ^! absurdities & contradictions1 if x be admitt$1 t !re is no su* ?+ z ab/ract or g5]al ideas1 prop]ly speak+2 b t all g5]al ideas are1 9 reality1 p>ticul> ones1 atta*$ to a g5]al t]m1 :i* recalls1 ^u occasion1 o!r p>ticul> ones1 t resemble1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! idea1 pres5t to ! m9d4 ,?us :5 ! t]m ,horse is pron\nc$1 we imm$iately figure to ourselves ! idea ( a black or a :ite animal1 ( a p>ticul> size or figure3 ,b z t t]m is also usually appli$ to animals ( o!r col\rs1 figures & sizes1 ^! ideas1 ?\gh n actually pres5t to ! imag9ation1 are easily recall$2 & our reason+ & conclusion proce$ 9 ! same way1 z if !y 7 actually pres5t4 ,if ?is be admitt$ 7z seems reasonable7 x foll[s t all ! ideas ( quantity1 ^u :i* ma!maticians reason1 are no?+ b p>ticul>1 & su* z are sugge/$ by ! s5ses & imag9ation1 & consequ5tly1 _c be inf9itely divisible4 ,x is suffici5t to h dropp$ ?is h9t at pres5t1 )\t prosecut+ x any f>!r4 ,x c]ta9ly conc]ns all lov]s ( sci5ce n to expose !mselves to ! ridicule & contempt ( ! ignorant by _! conclusions2 & ?is seems ! readie/ solution ( ^! difficulties4 #abf4 ,! sceptical objections to moral evid5ce1 or to ! reason+s conc]n+ matt] ( fact1 are ei!r popul> or philosophical4 ,! popul> objections are d]iv$ f ! natural weakness ( human und]/&+2 ! contradictory op9ions1 :i* h be5 ent]ta9$ 9 diff]5t ages & nations2 ! v>iations ( our judgem5t 9 sickness & heal?1 y\? & old age1 prosp]ity & adv]sity2 ! p]petual contradiction ( ea* p>ticul> man's op9ions & s5tim5ts2 ) _m o!r topics ( t k9d4 ,x is ne$less to insi/ f>!r on ?is head4 ,^! objections are b weak4 ,= z1 9 common life1 we reason e mom5t conc]n+ fact & exi/5ce1 & _c possibly subsi/1 )\t cont9ually employ+ ?is species ( argum5t1 any popul> objections1 d]iv$ f !nce1 mu/ be insuffici5t to de/roy t evid5ce4 ,! great subv]t] ( ,pyrrhonism or ! excessive pr9ciples ( scepticism is action1 & employm5t1 & ! occupations ( common life4 ,^! pr9ciples may fl\ri% & triumph 9 ! s*ools2 :]e x is1 inde$1 difficult1 if n impossible1 to refute !m4 ,b z soon z !y leave ! %ade1 & by ! pres5ce ( ! real objects1 :i* actuate our passions & s5tim5ts1 are put 9 opposition to ! m p[]ful pr9ciples ( our nature1 !y vani% l smoke1 & leave ! mo/ det]m9$ sceptic 9 ! same condition z o!r mortals4 #abg4 ,! sceptic1 !re=e1 _h bett] keep )9 8 prop] sph]e1 & display ^? philosophical objections1 :i* arise f m pr(\nd rese>*es4 ,"h he seems to h ample matt] ( triumph2 :ile he ju/ly insi/s1 t all our evid5ce = any matt] ( fact1 :i* lies beyond ! te/imony ( s5se or memory1 is d]iv$ entirely f ! relation ( cause & effect2 t we h no o!r idea ( ?is relation ?an t ( two objects1 :i* h be5 frequ5tly conjo9$ toge!r2 t we h no argum5t to conv9ce u1 t objects1 :i* h1 9 our exp]i5ce1 be5 frequ5tly conjo9$1 w likewise1 9 o!r in/ances1 be conjo9$ 9 ! same mann]2 & t no?+ leads u to ?is inf]5ce b cu/om or a c]ta9 in/9ct ( our nature2 :i* x is inde$ difficult to resi/1 b :i*1 l o!r in/9cts1 may be fallaci\s & deceitful4 ,:ile ! sceptic insi/s ^u ^! topics1 he %[s 8 =ce1 or r1 inde$1 8 own & our weakness2 & seems1 = ! "t at lea/1 to de/roy all assurance & conviction4 ,^! argum5ts might be display$ at great] l5g?1 if any durable good or b5efit to society c\ld ev] be expect$ to result f !m4 #abh4 ,= "h is ! *ief & mo/ conf\nd+ objection to excessive scepticism1 t no durable good c ev] result f x2 :ile x rema9s 9 its full =ce & vig\r4 ,we ne$ only ask su* a sceptic1 ,:at 8 mean+ is8 ,& :at he proposes by all ^! curi\s rese>*es8 ,he is imm$iately at a loss1 & kn[s n :at to answ]4 ,a ,cop]nican or ,ptolemaic1 :o supports ea* 8 diff]5t sy/em ( a/ronomy1 may hope to produce a conviction1 :i* w rema9 con/ant & durable1 ) 8 audi5ce4 ,a ,/oic or ,epicurean displays pr9ciples1 :i* may n be durable1 b :i* h an effect on conduct & behavi\r4 ,b a ,pyrrhonian _c expect1 t 8 philosophy w h any con/ant influ5ce on ! m9d3 or if x _h1 t its influ5ce w\ld be b5eficial to society4 ,on ! contr>y1 he mu/ ackn[l$ge1 if he w ackn[l$ge any?+1 t all human life mu/ p]i%1 7 8 pr9ciples univ]sally & /eadily to prevail4 ,all disc\rse1 all action w\ld imm$iately cease2 & m5 rema9 9 a total le?>gy1 till ! necessities ( nature1 unsatisfi$1 put an end to _! mis]able exi/5ce4 ,x is true2 s fatal an ev5t is v little to be dread$4 ,nature is always too /rong = pr9ciple4 ,& ?\gh a ,pyrrhonian may ?r[ himself or o!rs into a mom5t>y amazem5t & confusion by 8 pr(\nd reason+s2 ! fir/ & mo/ trivial ev5t 9 life w put to flight all 8 d\bts & scruples1 & leave him ! same1 9 e po9t ( action & speculation1 ) ! philosoph]s ( e o!r sect1 or ) ^? :o nev] conc]n$ !mselves 9 any philosophical rese>*es4 ,:5 he awakes f 8 dream1 he w be ! fir/ to jo9 9 ! laugh aga9/ himself1 & to confess1 t all 8 objections are m]e amusem5t1 & c h no o!r t5d5cy ?an to %[ ! :imsical condition ( mank9d1 :o mu/ act & reason & believe2 ?\gh !y are n able1 by _! mo/ dilig5t enquiry1 to satisfy !mselves conc]n+ ! f\ndation ( ^! op]ations1 or to remove ! objections1 :i* may be rais$ aga9/ !m4 ,,"p ,,iii4 #abi4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a m mitigat$ scepticism or academical philosophy1 :i* may be bo? durable & useful1 & :i* may1 9 "p1 be ! result ( ?is ,pyrrhonism1 or excessive scepticism1 :5 its undi/+ui%$ d\bts are1 9 "s measure1 correct$ by common s5se & reflection4 ,! great] "p ( mank9d are naturally apt to be affirmative & dogmatical 9 _! op9ions2 & :ile !y see objects only on "o side1 & h no idea ( any c\nt]pois+ argum5t1 !y ?r[ !mselves precipitately into ! pr9ciples1 to :i* !y are incl9$2 nor h !y any indulg5ce = ^? :o ent]ta9 opposite s5tim5ts4 ,to hesitate or balance p]plexes _! und]/&+1 *ecks _! passion1 & susp5ds _! action4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 impati5t till !y escape f a /ate1 :i* to !m is s uneasy3 & !y ?9k1 t !y c\ld nev] remove !mselves f> en\gh f x1 by ! viol5ce ( _! affirmations & ob/9acy ( _! belief4 ,b c\ld su* dogmatical reason]s become s5sible ( ! /range infirmities ( human und]/&+1 ev5 9 its mo/ p]fect /ate1 & :5 mo/ accurate & cauti\s 9 its det]m9ations2 su* a reflection w\ld naturally inspire !m ) m mode/y & res]ve1 & dim9i% _! fond op9ion ( !mselves1 & _! prejudice aga9/ antagoni/s4 ,! illit]ate may reflect on ! disposition ( ! le>n$1 :o1 amid/ all ! advantages ( /udy & reflection1 are commonly /ill diffid5t 9 _! det]m9ations3 & if any ( ! le>n$ be incl9$1 f _! natural temp]1 to haught9ess & ob/9acy1 a small t9cture ( ,pyrrhonism might abate _! pride1 by %[+ !m1 t ! few advantages1 :i* !y may h atta9$ ov] _! fell[s1 are b inconsid]able1 if comp>$ ) ! univ]sal p]plexity & confusion1 :i* is inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,9 g5]al1 !re is a degree ( d\bt1 & caution1 & mode/y1 :i*1 9 all k9ds ( scrut9y & decision1 ought = ev] to accompany a j reason]4 #acj4 ,ano!r species ( mitigat$ scepticism :i* may be ( advantage to mank9d1 & :i* may be ! natural result ( ! ,pyrrhonian d\bts & scruples1 is ! limitation ( our enquiries to su* subjects z are be/ adapt$ to ! n>r[ capacity ( human und]/&+4 ,! imag9ation ( man is naturally sublime1 delight$ ) :atev] is remote & extraord9>y1 & runn+1 )\t control1 into ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( space & "t 9 ord] to avoid ! objects1 :i* cu/om has r5d]$ too famili> to x4 ,a correct ,judgem5t obs]ves a contr>y me?od1 & avoid+ all di/ant & high enquiries1 conf9es itself to common life1 & to su* subjects z fall "u daily practice & exp]i5ce2 leav+ ! m sublime topics to ! embelli%m5t ( poets & orators1 or to ! arts ( prie/s & politicians4 ,to br+ u to s salut>y a det]m9ation1 no?+ c be m s]viceable1 ?an to be once ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! =ce ( ! ,pyrrhonian d\bt1 & ( ! impossibility1 t any?+1 b ! /rong p[] ( natural in/9ct1 c\ld free u f x4 ,^? :o h a prop5sity to philosophy1 w /ill cont9ue _! rese>*es2 because !y reflect1 t1 besides ! imm$iate pleasure1 att5d+ su* an occupation1 philosophical decisions are no?+ b ! reflections ( common life1 me?odiz$ & correct$4 ,b !y w nev] be tempt$ to g beyond common life1 s long z !y consid] ! imp]fection ( ^? faculties :i* !y employ1 _! n>r[ rea*1 & _! inaccurate op]ations4 ,:ile we _c give a satisfactory reason1 :y we believe1 aft] a ?\s& exp]im5ts1 t a /one w fall1 or fire burn2 c we ev] satisfy ourselves conc]n+ any det]m9ation1 :i* we may =m1 ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( worlds1 & ! situation ( nature1 f1 & to et]nity8 ,?is n>r[ limitation1 inde$1 ( our enquiries1 is1 9 e respect1 s reasonable1 t x suffices to make ! slighte/ exam9ation into ! natural p[]s ( ! human m9d & to comp>e !m ) _! objects1 9 ord] to recomm5d x to u4 ,we %all !n f9d :at are ! prop] subjects ( sci5ce & enquiry4 #aca4 ,x seems to me1 t ! only objects ( ! ab/ract sci5ce or ( demon/ration are quantity & numb]1 & t all attempts to ext5d ?is m p]fect species ( k beyond ^! b\nds are m]e sophi/ry & illusion4 ,z ! compon5t p>ts ( quantity & numb] are entirely simil>1 _! relations become intricate & involv$2 & no?+ c be m curi\s1 z well z useful1 ?an to trace1 by a v>iety ( m$iums1 _! equality or inequality1 ?r\gh _! diff]5t appe>ances4 ,b z all o!r ideas are cle>ly di/9ct & diff]5t f ea* o!r1 we c nev] advance f>!r1 by our utmo/ scrut9y1 ?an to obs]ve ?is div]sity1 &1 by an obvi\s reflection1 pron\nce "o ?+ n to be ano!r4 ,or if !re be any difficulty 9 ^! decisions1 x proce$s entirely f ! undet]m9ate mean+ ( words1 :i* is correct$ by ju/] def9itions4 ,t ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse is equal to ! squ>es ( ! o!r two sides1 _c be kn[n1 let ! t]ms be ev] s exactly def9$1 )\t a tra9 ( reason+ & enquiry4 ,b to conv9ce u ( ?is proposition1 t :]e !re is no prop]ty1 !re c be no inju/ice1 x is only necess>y to def9e ! t]ms1 & expla9 inju/ice to be a violation ( prop]ty4 ,?is proposition is1 inde$1 no?+ b a m imp]fect def9ition4 ,x is ! same case ) all ^? pret5d$ syllogi/ical reason+s1 :i* may be f\nd 9 e o!r bran* ( le>n+1 except ! sci5ces ( quantity & numb]2 & ^! may safely1 ,i ?9k1 be pron\nc$ ! only prop] objects ( k & demon/ration4 #acb4 ,all o!r enquiries ( m5 reg>d only matt] ( fact & exi/5ce2 & ^! are evid5tly incapable ( demon/ration4 ,:atev] is may n be4 ,no negation ( a fact c involve a contradiction4 ,! non-exi/5ce ( any be+1 )\t exception1 is z cle> & di/9ct an idea z its exi/5ce4 ,! proposition1 :i* affirms x n to be1 h[ev] false1 is no less conceivable & intelligible1 ?an t :i* affirms x to be4 ,! case is diff]5t ) ! sci5ces1 prop]ly s call$4 ,e proposition1 :i* is n true1 is !re confus$ & un9telligible4 ,t ! cube root ( #fd is equal to ! half ( #aj1 is a false proposition1 & c nev] be di/9ctly conceiv$4 ,b t ,caes>1 or ! angel ,gabriel1 or any be+ nev] exi/$1 may be a false proposition1 b /ill is p]fectly conceivable1 & implies no contradiction4 ,! exi/5ce1 !re=e1 ( any be+ c only be prov$ by argum5ts f its cause or its effect2 & ^! argum5ts are f\nd$ entirely on exp]i5ce4 ,if we reason a priori1 any?+ may appe> able to produce any?+4 ,! fall+ ( a pebble may1 = aught we "k1 ext+ui% ! sun2 or ! wi% ( a man control ! planets 9 _! orbits4 ,x is only exp]i5ce1 :i* tea*es u ! nature & b\nds ( cause & effect1 & enables u to inf] ! exi/5ce ( "o object f t ( ano!r#cd4 ,su* is ! f\ndation ( moral reason+1 :i* =ms ! great] "p ( human k1 & is ! s\rce ( all human action & behavi\r4 #cd ,t impi\s maxim ( ! anci5t philosophy1 ,ex nihilo1 nihil fit1 by :i* ! creation ( matt] 0 exclud$1 ceases to be a maxim1 accord+ to ?is philosophy4 ,n only ! w ( ! supreme ,be+ may create matt]2 b1 = aught we "k a priori1 ! w ( any o!r be+ might create x1 or any o!r cause1 t ! mo/ :imsical imag9ation c assign4 ,moral reason+s are ei!r conc]n+ p>ticul> or g5]al facts4 ,all delib]ations 9 life reg>d ! =m]2 z also all disquisitions 9 hi/ory1 *ronology1 geography1 & a/ronomy4 ,! sci5ces1 :i* treat ( g5]al facts1 are politics1 natural philosophy1 physic1 *emi/ry1 c4 :]e ! qualities1 causes & effects ( a :ole species ( objects are enquir$ into4 ,div9ity or ,!ology1 z x proves ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity1 & ! immortality ( s\ls1 is compos$ p>tly ( reason+s conc]n+ p>ticul>1 p>tly conc]n+ g5]al facts4 ,x has a f\ndation 9 reason1 s f> z x is support$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b its be/ & mo/ solid f\ndation is fai? & div9e revelation4 ,morals & criticism are n s prop]ly objects ( ! und]/&+ z ( ta/e & s5tim5t4 ,beauty1 :e!r moral or natural1 is felt1 m prop]ly ?an p]ceiv$4 ,or if we reason conc]n+ x1 & endeav\r to fix its /&>d1 we reg>d a new fact1 to wit1 ! g5]al ta/es ( mank9d1 or "s su* fact1 :i* may be ! object ( reason+ & enquiry4 ,:5 we run ov] libr>ies1 p]suad$ ( ^! pr9ciples1 :at havoc mu/ we make8 ,if we take 9 our h& any volume2 ( div9ity or s*ool metaphysics1 = in/ance2 let u ask1 ,does x conta9 any ab/ract reason+ conc]n+ quantity or numb]8 ,no4 ,does x conta9 any exp]im5tal reason+ conc]n+ matt] ( fact & exi/5ce8 ,no4 ,commit x !n to ! flames3 = x c conta9 no?+ b sophi/ry & illusion4 ,,index ,ab/raction n s\rce ( ideas ( prim>y qualities1 #abb4 ,academic philosophy1 #cd4 ,action & philosophy1 #a1 #d1 #cd1 #abh2 ,addition #d4 ,analogy a species (1 ! f\ndation ( all reason+ ab\t matt] ( fact1 #hb2 ,animals ! reason (1 #hc-he2 le>n f exp]i5ce & draw inf]5ces1 #hc2 :i* c only be f\nd$ on cu/om1 #hd2 cause ( diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & animals1 #hd n4 ,antiquity #fb4 ,appe>ances to s5ses mu/ be correct$ by reason1 #aag4 ,a priori #be1 #cf n1 #hi n1 #acb1 #acb n4 ,ari/otle #d4 ,association ( ideas1 ?ree pr9ciples (1 #ah-ai1 #da-dd 7v4 ,cause ,c74 ,a!ism #aaf4 ,bacon #ii4 ,belief 7v4 ,cause ,c1 #ci-de72 & *ance1 #df4 ,b]keley really a sceptic1 #abb n4 ,bigotry #ajb4 ,body & s\l1 my/]y ( union (1 #eb2 volition & movem5ts (1 #eb4 ,real exi/5ce ( 7v4 ,scepticism1 ,b1 #aah-abc74 ,cause fir/ 7v4 ,god1 ,necessity1 #gh-ha2 ,provid5ce1 #ajb-aae1 #acb n74 a pr9ciple ( association ( ideas1 #ai1 #dc2 sole f\ndation ( reason+s ab\t matt] ( fact or real exi/5ce1 #bb4 ,a4 ,k ( ,causes arises f exp]i5ce n f ,reason1 #bc-cc4 ,reason+s a priori give no k ( cause & effect1 #bc f42 impossible to see ! effect 9 ! cause s9ce !y are totally diff]5t1 #be2 natural philosophy nev] pret5ds to assign ultimate causes1 b only to r$uce causes to a few g5]al causes1 e4g4 gravity1 #bf2 geometry applies laws obta9$ by exp]i5ce1 #bg4 ,conclusions f exp]i5ce n bas$ on any process ( ! und]/&+1 #bh2 yet we inf] 9 ! future a simil> connexion betwe5 kn[n qualities ( ?+s & _! secret p[]s1 to t :i* we assum$ 9 ! pa/4 ,on :at is ?is inf]5ce bas$8 #bi2 demon/rative reason+ has no place "h1 & all exp]im5tal reason+ assumes ! resemblance ( ! future to ! pa/1 & s _c prove x )\t be+ circul>1 #cj1 #cb2 if reason+ 7 ! basis ( ?is belief1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = ! multiplication ( in/ances or ( long exp]i5ce1 #ca2 yet conclusions ab\t matt] ( fact are affect$ by exp]i5ce ev5 9 bea/s & *ildr51 s t !y _c be f\nd$ on ab/ruse reason+1 #cc2 to expla9 our inf]5ces f exp]i5ce a pr9ciple is requir$ ( equal weight & au?ority ) reason1 #cd4 ,b4 ,cu/om enables u to inf] exi/5ce ( "o object f ! appe>ance ( ano!r1 #ce-ch4 ,exp]i5ce enables u to ascribe a m ?an arbitr>y connexion to objects1 #ce2 we are det]m9$ to ?is by cu/om or habit :i* is ! great guide ( human life1 #cf2 b our inf]5ce mu/ be bas$ on "s fact pres5t to ! s5ses or memory1 #cg2 ! cu/om>y conjunction betwe5 su* an object & "s o!r object produces an op]ation ( ! s\l :i* is z unavoidable z love1 #ch2 animals also inf] "o ev5t f ano!r by cu/om1 #hb-hd2 & 9 man z 9 animals exp]im5tal reason+ dep5ds on a species ( in/9ct or me*anical p[] t acts 9 u unkn[n to ourselves1 #he4 ,c4 ,belief1 #ci-de4 ,belief diff]s f fiction or ! loose rev]ies ( ! fancy by "s feel+ annex$ to x1 #ci2 belief _c be def9$1 b may be describ$ z a m lively1 =cible1 firm1 /eady conception ( an object ?an c be atta9$ by ! imag9ation alone1 #dj2 x is produc$ by ! pr9ciples ( association1 viz4 resemblance1 #da2 contiguity1 #db2 causation1 #dc2 by a k9d ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! c\rse ( nature & our ideas1 #dd2 ?is op]ation ( our m9ds necess>y to our subsi/5ce & s entru/$ by nature to in/9ct r ?an to reason+1 #de4 ,probability1 #df-g4 ,belief produc$ by a majority ( *ances by an inexplicable contrivance ( ,nature1 #df 7cf4 #hg-h72 probability ( causes3 ! failure ( a cause ascrib$ to a secret c\nt]act+ cause1 #dg 7cf4 #fg72 x is univ]sally all[$ t *ance :5 /rictly exam9$ is a m]e negative ^w1 #gd4 ,d4 ,p[]1 #di-eg4 ,p[]1 =ce1 en]gy1 necess>y connexion mu/ ei!r be def9$ by analysis or expla9$ by production ( ! impression f :i* !y are copi$1 #di2 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( an object we _c =etell its effect3 we _c see ! p[] ( a s+le body3 we only see sequ5ce1 #ej4 ,is ! idea ( p[] d]iv$ f an int]nal impression & is x an idea ( reflection8 #ea2 x is n d]iv$1 z ,locke said1 f reason+ ab\t p[] ( production 9 nature1 #ej n2 nor f consci\sness ( influ5ce ( w ov] bodily organs1 #eb2 nor f ef=t to ov]come resi/ance1 #eb n 7cf4 #fj n72 nor f influ5ce ( w ov] m9d1 #ec2 _m philosoph]s appeal to an invisible intellig5t pr9ciple1 to a volition ( ! supreme be+1 & reg>d causes z only occasions & our m5tal conceptions z revelations1 #ed-e2 ?us dim9i%+ ! gr&eur ( ,god1 #ef2 ?is !ory too bold & beyond v]ification by our faculties1 & is no explanation1 #eg2 vis in]tiae1 #eg n4 ,9 s+le in/ances we only see sequ5ce ( loose ev5ts :i* are conjo9$ & nev] connect$1 #eh2 ! idea ( necess>y connexion only arises f a numb] ( simil> in/ances1 & ! only diff]5ce betwe5 su* a numb] & a s+le in/ance is t ! =m] produces a habit ( expect+ ! usual att5dant1 #ei1 #fa4 ,?is cu/om>y transition is ! impression f :i* we =m ! idea ( necess>y connexion4 ,e4 ,reason+ f effect to cause & conv]sely1 #aje-aae 7v4 ,provid5ce74 ,9 argu+ f effect to cause we mu/ n inf] m qualities 9 ! cause ?an are requir$ to produce ! effect1 nor reason backw>ds f an inf]r$ cause to new effects1 #aje-h2 we c reason back f cause to new effects 9 ! case ( human acts by analogy :i* re/s on previ\s k1 #aaa-b2 :5 ! effect is entirely s+ul> & does n belong to any species we _c inf] its cause at all1 #aae4 ,f4 ,def9itions ( ,cause1 #fj 7cf4 #gd n74 ,c]emonies #da4 ,*ance ignorance ( causes1 #df2 has no exi/5ce1 #gd 7v4 ,cause ,b74 ,cic]o #d4 ,circle 9 reason+1 #cj4 ,cl>ke #cg n4 ,col\r peculi>ity ( ideas (1 #af4 ,contiguity #ai1 #db4 ,contradiction ! te/ ( demon/ration1 #acb4 ,contr>iety #ai n4 ,contr>y ( matt] ( fact always possible1 #ba1 #acb4 ,creation #acb n4 ,criticism #acb4 ,cudwor? #eg n1 #aeh n4 ,cu/om :5 /ronge/ conceals itself1 #bd2 an ultimate pr9ciple ( all conclusions f exp]i5ce1 #cf1 #abg2 & belief1 #ci-de2 gives rise to inf]5ces ( animals1 #hd4 ,def9ition only applicable to complex ideas1 #di2 ne$ (1 #aca2 ( cause1 #fj4 ,demon/rative opp4 intuitive1 #bj2 reason+1 #cj2 conf9$ to quantity & numb]1 #aca2 impossible to demon/rate a fact s9ce no negation ( a fact c involve a contradiction1 #acb4 ,desc>tes #eg n42 8 univ]sal d\bt antec$5t to /udy if /rictly tak5 is incurable1 s9ce ev5 f an indubitable fir/ pr9ciple no advance c be made except by ! faculties :i* we d\bt1 #aaf2 8 appeal to ! v]acity ( ,god is useless1 #abj 7v4 ,scepticism1 #aaf-acb74 ,design argum5t f1 #aje f4 7v4 ,provid5ce74 ,divisibility ( ma!matical & physical po9ts1 #abd4 ,d\bt ,c>tesian1 #aaf1 #abj 7v4 ,scepticism ,a74 ,epictetus #cd4 ,epicurean philosophy1 def5ce (1 #ajb-ae2 d5ial ( provid5ce & future /ate is h>mless1 #ajd 7v4 ,provid5ce74 ,euclid tru?s 91 d n dep5d on exi/5ce ( circles or triangles1 #bj4 ,evid5ce moral & natural1 #gj2 value ( human1 #hb-i 7v4 ,miracles74 ,evil doctr9e ( necessity ei!r makes ,god ! cause ( evil or d5ies exi/5ce ( evil z reg>ds ! :ole1 #gh-ha4 ,exi/5ce ext]nal & p]ception1 #aah-i 7v4 ,scepticism1 ,b1 #aaf-cb74 ,ex nihilo nihil #acb n4 ,exp]i5ce 7v4 ,cause ,a1 #bc-cc72 opposition ( reason & exp]i5ce usual1 b really errone\s & sup]ficial1 #cf n4 ,infallible1 may be reg>d$ z pro(1 #hg 7v4 ,miracles72 all ! philosophy & religion 9 ! _w _c c>ry u beyond ! usual c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 #aac4 ,ext5sion #ej2 a suppos$ prim>y quality1 #abb4 ,fai? #aja1 #acb4 ,fiction & fact 7v4 ,cause ,c71 #ci f4 ,future inf]5ce to1 f pa/1 #bi 7v4 ,cause ,a74 ,g5]al ideas1 d n really exi/1 b only p>ticul> ideas atta*$ to a g5]al t]m1 #abe n4 ,geography m5tal1 #h4 ,geometry propositions ( c]ta91 z dep5d+ only on relations ( ideas n on exi/5ce ( objects1 #bj2 gives no k ( ultimate causes3 only applies laws discov]$ by exp]i5ce1 #bg4 ,god idea (1 #ad2 no idea ( except :at we le>n f reflection on our own faculties1 #eg2 !ory t ,god is cause ( all motion & ?\ght1 causes be+ only occasions ( 8 volition1 #ed-eg2 by doctr9e ( necessity ei!r !re are no bad actions or ,god is ! cause ( evil1 #gh-ha4 ,v]acity (1 appeal$ to1 #abj4 ,& creation ( matt]1 #acb n4 v4 ,provid5ce1 #ajb-aae2 ,scepticism1 #aaf-acb4 ,gold5 age1 #ajg4 ,gravity #bf4 ,habit 7v4 ,cu/om1 ,cause ,b74 ,hi/ory use (1 #fe4 ,human nature1 incon/ancy a con/ant "* (1 #fh4 ,ideas ,a4 ,orig9 (1 #aa-ag4 ,p]ceptions divid$ into impressions & ideas1 #aa-ab2 ! m9d c only comp\nd ! mat]ials d]iv$ f outw>d or inw>d s5tim5t1 #ac 7cf4 #ec72 all ideas resolvable into simple ideas copi$ f prec$5t feel+s1 #ad2 defici5cy 9 an organ ( s5sation produces defici5cy 9 correspond+ idea1 #ae-af2 suspect$ ideas to be te/$ by ask+ = ! impression f :i* x is d]iv$1 #ag 7cf4 #di72 idea ( reflection1 #ea2 g5]al ideas1 #ace n2 innate ideas1 #ai n2 p[] ( w ov] ideas1 #ec4 ,b4 ,association (1 #ah-ai4 ,ideas introduce ea* o!r ) a c]ta9 degree ( me?od & regul>ity1 #ah2 only ?ree pr9ciples ( association1 viz4 ,resemblance1 ,contiguity1 & ,cause or ,effect1 #ai2 contr>iety1 #ai n2 production ( belief by ^! pr9ciples1 #da-dc4 ,c4 ,correspond5ce ( ideas & c\rse ( nature1 #dd2 relations ( ideas "o ( two possible objects ( enquiry1 #bj2 su* relations discov]able by ! m]e op]ation ( ?\ght1 #bj1 #aca2 no demon/ration possible except 9 case ( ideas ( quantity or numb]1 #aca4 ,imag9ation #aa1 #ci2 & belief1 #dj4 ,impressions all our m lively p]ceptions1 #ab2 ! te/ ( ideas1 #ag1 #di4 ,ince/ peculi> turpitude ( expla9$1 #ab4 ,inconceivability ( ! negative1 #acb 7cf4 #bj74 ,in]tia #eg n4 ,inf]5ce & simil>ity1 #cj1 #aae 7v4 ,cause74 ,inf9ite divisibility1 #abd f4 ,in/ances multiplication ( n requir$ by reason1 #ca4 ,in/9ct m tru/wor?y ?an reason+1 #de2 ! basis ( all exp]im5tal reason+1 #he2 ! basis ( realism1 #aah1 #aba4 ,intuitive opp4 m$iate reason+1 #b4 ,la ,bruy]e #d4 ,lib]ty 7v4 ,necessity1 #fb-ig74 ,def9ition ( hypo!tical lib]ty1 #gc4 ,necess>y to morality1 #gg4 ,locke #d1 #dj n1 #ej n1 #eg n4 ,8 loose use ( 'ideas1' #ai n2 betray$ into frivol\s disputes ab\t innate ideas by ! ,s*ool-m51 #ai n2 di/9ction ( prim>y & second>y qualities1 #abb4 ,malebran*e #d1 #eg n44 ,man a reasonable & active be+1 #d4 ,m>riage rules (1 bas$ on & v>y ) utility1 #aah4 ,ma!matics ideas (1 cle> & det]m9ate1 h5ce _! sup]iority to moral & metaphysical sci5ces1 #dh2 _! difficulty1 #dh4 ,ma!matical & physical po9ts1 #abd n4 ,matt] necessity (1 #fd2 creation (1 #acb n 7v4 ,scepticism ,a74 ,matt]-(-fact contr>y (1 always possible1 #ba2 argum5ts to new1 bas$ only on cause & effect1 #bb4 ,metaphysics n a sci5ce1 #e-f2 h[ inf]ior & sup]ior to ma!matics1 #dh4 ,m9d m5tal geography1 #h2 secret spr+s & pr9ciples (1 #i2 c only mix & comp\nd mat]ials giv5 by inw>d & outw>d s5tim5t1 #ac2 p[] ( w ov]1 #ec4 ,miracles4 #hf-aja4 ,belief 9 human evid5ce dim9i%es accord+ z ! ev5t witness$ is unusual or extraord9>y1 #hi2 diff]5ce betwe5 extraord9>y & miracul\s1 #hi n2 if ! evid5ce = a miracle am\nt$ to pro( we %\ld h "o pro( oppos$ by ano!r pro(1 = ! pro( aga9/ a miracle is z complete z possible2 an ev5t is n miracul\s unless !re is a uni=m exp]i5ce1 t is a pro(1 aga9/ x1 #ij2 def9ition ( miracle1 #ij n2 h5ce no te/imony is suffici5t to e/abli% a miracle unless its falsehood w\ld be m miracul\s ?an ! ev5t x e/abli%es1 #ia2 z a fact ! evid5ce = a miracle has nev] am\nt$ to pro(1 #ib2 ! passion = ! wond]ful 9 human nature1 #ic2 preval5ce ( miracles 9 savage & e>ly p]iods & _! dim9ution ) civilization1 #id2 ! evid5ce = miracles 9 matt]s ( religion oppos$ by ! almo/ inf9ite numb] ( witnesses = rival religions1 #ie2 value ( human te/imony dim9i%$ by temptation to pose z a prophet or apo/le1 #ig2 no te/imony = a miracle has ev] am\nt$ to a probability1 mu* less to a pro(1 & if x did am\nt to a pro( x w\ld be oppos$ by ano!r p]fect pro(1 #ih2 s a miracle c nev] be prov$ s z to be ! f\ndation ( a sy/em ( religion1 #ii2 a conclusion :i* conf\nds ^? :o base ! ,*ri/ian religion on reason1 n on fai?1 #ajj2 ! ,*ri/ian religion _c be believ$ )\t a miracle :i* w subv]t ! pr9ciple ( a man's und]/&+ & give him a det]m9ation to believe :at is mo/ contr>y to cu/om & exp]i5ce1 #aja4 ,moral evil 7q4v47 #hj4 ,moral sci5ce #cj2 inf]ior to ma!matics1 #dh2 sceptical objections to1 #abf-g4 ,moral evid5ce easily comb9$ ) natural1 #gj4 ,motion #ej4 ,nature design 91 #aje f4 7v4 ,provid5ce71 & ! c\rse ( our ideas1 #dd4 ,/ate (1 a philosophical fiction1 #aea1 #aea n4 ,necess>y connexion 7v4 ,cause74 ,necessity two def9itions (1 #ge4 ,a4 & ,lib]ty1 #fb-ha2 ! controv]sy is bas$ on ambiguity1 & all mank9d h always be5 ( ! same op9ion on ?is subject1 #fc2 our idea ( ! necessity ( matt] arises solely f obs]v$ uni=mity & consequ5t inf]5ce1 circum/ances :i* are all[$ by all m5 to exi/ 9 respect ( human action1 #fd2 hi/ory & k ( human nature assume su* uni=mity1 #fe1 :i* does n exclude v>iety due to education & progress1 #ff2 irregul> actions to be expla9$ by secret op]ation ( contr>y causes1 #fg2 ! incon/ancy ( human action1 its con/ant "*1 z ( w9ds & wea!r1 #fh2 we all ackn[l$ge & draw inf]5ces f ! regul> conjunction ( motives & actions1 #fi2 hi/ory1 politics1 & morals %[ ?is1 & ! possibility ( comb9+ moral & natural evid5ce %[s t !y h a common orig91 #gj2 ! reluctance to ackn[l$ge ! necessity ( actions due to a l+]+ belief t we c see real connexion beh9d m]e conjunction1 #ga2 we %\ld beg9 ) ! exam9ation n ( ! s\l & w b ( brute matt]1 #gb2 ! preval5ce ( ! lib]ty doctr9e due to a false s5sation ( lib]ty & a false exp]im5t1 #gb n2 ?\gh ?is "q is ! mo/ cont5ti\s ( all1 mank9d has always agre$ 9 ! doctr9e ( lib]ty1 if we mean by x t hypo!tical lib]ty :i* consi/s 9 a p[] ( act+ or n act+ accord+ to ! det]m9ations ( our w1 & :i* c be ascrib$ to e "o :o is n a prison]1 #gc2 lib]ty :5 oppos$ to necessity1 & n m]ely to con/ra9t1 is ! same z *ance1 #gd4 ,b4 ,bo? necessity & lib]ty are necess>y to morality1 ?is doctr9e ( necessity only alt]s our view ( matt] & s is at lea/ innoc5t1 #ge2 rew>ds & puni%m5ts imply ! uni=m influ5ce ( motives1 & connexion ( "* & action3 if necessity be d5i$1 a man may commit any crime & be no worse = x1 #gf2 lib]ty also ess5tial to morality1 #gg4 ,objection t doctr9e ( necessity & ( a regul> *a9 ( causes ei!r makes ,god ! cause ( evil1 or aboli%es evil 9 actions1 #gh2 ,/oic answ]1 t ! :ole sy/em is good1 is speci\s b ineffectual 9 practice1 #gi2 no speculative argum5t c c\nt]act ! impulse ( our natural s5tim5ts to blame c]ta9 actions1 #hj2 h[ ,god c be ! cause ( all actions )\t be+ ! au?or ( moral evil is a my/]y ) :i* philosophy _c deal1 #ha4 ,negative inconceivability (1 #acb4 ,newton #eg n4 ,nisus #eb n1 #fj n4 ,numb] ! object ( demon/ration1 #aca4 ,occasional causes !ory (1 #ee4 ,p>allelism betwe5 ?\ght & c\rse ( nature1 #dd-e4 ,p]ception & ext]nal objects1 #aai f4 7v4 ,scepticism1 ,impression1 ,idea74 ,philosophy moral1 two bran*es (1 ab/ruse & practical1 #a-e2 gratifies innoc5t curiosity1 #f2 metaphysics tries to deal ) matt]s inaccessible to human und]/&+1 #f4 ,true1 mu/ lay d[n limits ( und]/&+1 #g 7cf4 #aac72 a l>ge "p (1 consi/s 9 m5tal geography1 #h2 may hope to resolve pr9ciples ( m9d into /ill m g5]al pr9ciples1 #i4 ,natural1 only /aves (f our ignorance a little long]1 z moral or metaphysical philosophy s]ves only to discov] l>g] portions ( x1 #bf2 academical1 or sceptical1 flatt]s no bias or passion except love ( tru?1 & s has few p>tisans1 #cd2 ?\gh x de/roy speculation1 _c de/roy action1 = nature /eps 9 & ass]ts h] rights1 #cd2 moral1 inf]ior to ma!matics 9 cle>ness ( ideas1 sup]ior 9 %ortness ( argum5ts1 #dh4 ,controv]sies 91 due to ambiguity ( t]ms1 #fb4 ,disputes 91 n be settl$ by appeal to dang]\s consequ5ces ( a doctr9e1 #ge4 ,speculative1 entirely indiff]5t to ! peace ( society & security ( gov]nm5t1 #ajd 7cf4 #aad74 ,all ! philosophy 9 ! _w1 & all ! religion 9 ! _w1 :i* is no?+ b a species ( philosophy1 c nev] c>ry u beyond ! usual c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 #aac4 ,happ9ess (1 to h orig9at$ 9 an age & c\ntry ( fre$om & tol]ation1 #ajb4 ,po9ts physical1 indivisible1 #abd n4 ,p[] #ej f1 #fj n4 7v4 ,cause ,d74 ,probability #df f4 7v4 ,cause1 ,b74 ,probable argum5ts1 #ch1 #df n4 ,production #ej n4 ,promises n ! f\ndation ( ju/ice1 #beg4 ,pro( #df n1 #hf-aja 7v4 ,miracles1 ,demon/rative74 ,provid5ce #ajb-aae 7v4 ,god74 ,! sole argum5t = a div9e exi/5ce is f ! m>ks ( design 9 nature2 mu/ n inf] great] p[] 9 ! cause ?an is necess>y to produce ! obs]v$ effects1 nor argue f su* an inf]r$ cause to any new effects :i* h n be5 obs]v$1 #aje2 s mu/ n inf] 9 ,god m p[]1 wisdom1 & b5evol5ce ?an appe>s 9 nature1 #ajf2 s x is unnecess>y to try & save ! hon\r ( ! ,gods by assum+ ! intractability ( matt] or ! obs]vance ( g5]al laws1 #ajg2 to argue f effects to unkn[n causes1 & !n f ^! causes to unkn[n effects1 is a gross sophism1 #ajh4 ,f imp]fect ex]cise ( ju/ice 9 ?is _w we _c inf] its p]fect ex]cise 9 a future _w1 #aji2 we mu/ regulate our conduct solely by ! exp]i5c$ tra9 ( ev5ts1 #aaj2 9 case ( human works ( art we c inf] ! p]fect f ! imp]fect1 b t is because we "k man by exp]i5ce & also "k o!r in/ances ( 8 art1 #aaa-aab2 b 9 ! case ( ,god we only "k him by 8 productions1 & d n "k any class ( be+s to :i* he belongs1 #aac2 & ! univ]se1 8 production1 is entirely s+ul> & does n belong to a kn[n species ( ?+s1 #aae4 ,puni%m5t requires doctr9es ( necessity & lib]ty1 #gf 7v4 ,necessity74 ,pyrrhonism #abf4 ,qualities prim>y & second>y1 #abb4 ,quantity & numb]1 ! only objects ( demon/ration1 ! p>ts ( !m be+ entirely simil>1 #aca4 ,real pres5ce1 #hf4 ,reality & ?\ght1 #dd4 ,realism ( ! vulg>1 #aah4 ,reason 7a7 opp4 intuition1 #bi2 opp4 exp]i5ce1 #bh1 #cf n4 7b7 ,corrects sympa?y & s5ses1 #aag4 ,no mat* = nature1 #cd4 ,fallaci\s1 comp>$ ) in/9ct1 #de4 ,( m5 & animals1 #hd n4 7c7 attempts to de/roy1 by reason+1 #abd2 objections to ab/ract reason+1 #abd f4 7v4 ,scepticism74 7d7 ,reason+4 ,two k9ds (1 demon/rative & moral1 #cj1 #df n1 #acb2 moral1 divid$ into g5]al & p>ticul>1 #acb2 produces demon/rations1 pro(s1 & probabilities1 #df n4 ,probable 7v4 ,cause1 #bh-cb74 ,relations ( ideas1 discov]able by ! m]e op]ation ( ?\ght1 indep5d5tly ( ! exi/5ce ( any object1 #bj4 ,religion a k9d ( philosophy1 #aac 7v4 ,miracles1 ,provid5ce74 ,resemblance #ai1 #da 7v4 ,simil>ity74 ,resi/ance & idea ( p[]1 #ec n4 ,scepticism ,a4 antec$5t to /udy & philosophy1 su* z ,desc>tes' univ]sal d\bt ( our faculties1 w\ld be incurable3 9 a m mod]ate s5se x is useful1 #aaf 7cf4 #abi-cj72 extravagant attempts (1 to de/roy reason by reason+1 #abd4 ,no su* absurd creature z a man :o has no op9ion ab\t any?+ at all1 #aaf2 admits ( no answ] & produces no conviction1 #abb n4 7cf4 #cd1 #abf1 #abh74 ,b4 ,z to ! ,s5ses1 #aag-abc4 ,! ord9>y criticisms ( our s5ses only %[ t !y h to be correct$ by ,reason1 #aag2 m pr(\nd argum5ts %[ t ! vulg> belief 9 ext]nal objects is baseless1 & t ! objects we see are no?+ b p]ceptions :i* are fleet+ copies ( o!r exi/5ces1 #aah2 ev5 ?is philosophy is h>d to ju/ify2 x appeals nei!r to natural in/9ct1 nor to exp]i5ce1 = exp]i5ce tells no?+ ( objects :i* p]ceptions resemble1 #aai2 ! appeal to ! v]acity ( ,god is useless1 #abj2 & scepticism is "h triumphant1 #aba4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & second>y qualities is useless1 = ! suppos$ prim>y qualities are only p]ceptions1 #abb2 & ,b]keley's !ory t ideas ( prim>y qualities are obta9$ by ab/raction is impossible1 #abb1 #abb n2 if matt] is depriv$ ( bo? prim>y & second>y qualities !re is no?+ left except a m]e some?+ :i* is n wor? argu+ ab\t1 #abc4 ,c4 ,z to ,reason1 #abd-acj4 ,attempt to de/roy ,reason by reason+ extravagant1 #abd2 objection to ab/ract reason+ because x ass]ts inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion :i* is %ock+ to common s5se1 #abd1 & inf9ite divisibility ( "t1 #abe2 yet ! ideas attack$ are s cle> & di/9ct t scepticism becomes sceptical ab\t itself1 #abe4 ,popul> objections to moral reason+ ab\t matt] ( fact1 bas$ on weakness ( und]/&+1 v>iation ( judgem5t1 & disagreem5t among m51 confut$ by action1 #abf2 philosophical objections1 t we only exp]i5ce conjunction & t inf]5ce is bas$ on cu/om1 #abg2 excessive scepticism refut$ by its uselessness & put to flight by ! mo/ trivial ev5t 9 life1 #abh4 ,mitigat$ scepticism or academical philosophy useful z a corrective & z produc+ caution & mode/y1 #abi2 & z limit+ und]/&+ to prop] objects1 #acj2 all reason+ :i* is n ei!r ab/ract1 ab\t quantity & numb]1 or exp]im5tal1 ab\t matt]s ( fact1 is sophi/ry & illusion1 #acb4 ,d4 ,9 ,religion 7v4 ,miracles1 ,provid5ce74 ,sci5ces #acb 7v4 ,reason1 7d72 ,scepticism1 ,c74 ,secret p[]s1 #ci2 c\nt]act+ causes1 #dg1 #fg4 ,s5ses outw>d & inw>d s5sation supplies all ! mat]ials ( ?9k+--mu/ be correct$ by reason1 #aag4 ,scepticism conc]n+1 #aag 7v4 ,scepticism1 ,b74 ,simil>ity basis ( all argum5ts f exp]i5ce1 #ca 7cf4 #aae74 ,solidity #ej2 a suppos$ prim>y quality1 #abb4 ,s\l & body1 #eb4 ,space & "t1 #abd f4 ,species an effect :i* belongs to no species does n admit ( inf]5ce to its cause1 #aae 7cf4 #aac74 ,/oics #cd1 #gi4 ,sup]/ition #f 7v4 ,provid5ce74 ,!ology sci5ce (1 #acb 7v4 ,god1 ,provid5ce74 ,tillotson argum5t aga9/ real pres5ce1 #hf4 ,"t & space1 #abd f4 ,tru? #h1 #ag 7v4 ,scepticism74 ,und]/&+ limits ( human1 #g2 op]ations (1 to be classifi$1 #h2 opp4 exp]i5ce1 #bh2 weakness (1 #abf 7v4 ,reason1 ,scepticism74 ,volunt>9ess z gr\nd ( di/9ction betwe5 virtues & tal5ts1 #acj4 ,:ole !ory t ev]y?+ is good z reg>ds '! :ole1' #gi1 #hj4 ,w comp\nds mat]ials giv5 by s5ses1 #ac2 influ5ce ( ov] organs ( body c nev] give u ! idea ( p[]2 = we are n consci\s ( any p[] 9 our w1 only ( sequ5ce ( motions on w1 #eb2 s ) p[] ( w ov] our m9ds 9 rais+ up new ideas1 #ec4 ,( ,god1 _c be us$ to expla9 motion1 #eg4 ,fre$om ( 7v4 ,necessity74