,the ,architecture and ,landscape ,gardening of the ,exposition ,a ,pictorial ,survey of the ,most ,beautiful of the ,architectural ,compositions of the ,panama-,pacific ,international ,exposition ,with an ,introduction by ,louis ,christian ,mullgardt ,f4,a4,i4,a4 ,architect of the ,court of ,ages ,member of the ,architectural ,commission of the ,exposition #aiae ,san ,francisco ,the courtesy of the ,cardinell-,vincent ,company1 official photographers of the ,panama-,pacific ,international ,exposition1 of granting permission to reproduce the selection of official photographs appearing in this volume1 is gratefully acknowledged ,to the spirit of ,community ,loyalty by which greatest results are accomplished4 ,to generous ,collective ,energy which unites the world's people in universal kindliness4 ,to the wholesome people of our ,san ,francisco1 whose united efforts unconsciously disproved the impossible1 this book is affectionately dedicated4 ,l4 ,c4 ,m4 ,reflection ,international ,expositions are independent kingdoms in their corporate relation with other countries of the world4 ,they are phantom kingdoms wherein the people do everything but sleep4 ,they germinate and grow with phenomenal energy4 ,their existence is established without conquest and their magic growth is similar to the mushroom and the moonflower2 they vanish like setting suns in their own radiance4 ,thousands of neophytes of every race1 creed and color come with willing hearts and hands to do homage and bear manna to nourish the sinews of a phantom kingdom4 ,the ,national ,constitution of phantom kingdoms commands that the ,spirit of beauty1 refinement1 education1 culture and frolic shall govern4 ,the result is that they contain many palaces and shrines decorated with sculpture and painting and that the earth is studded with fountains and pools within tropical gardens4 ,such a ,kingdom exists within a wonderful valley bordering on a great sea4 ,it is surrounded by high velvet hills of fine contour and by many real cities4 ,as the people look down on this phantom kingdom from the hill-tops1 or from ships sailing on the water1 they see ,architecture nestling like flamingoes with fine feathers unfurled within a green setting4 ,if building ,phantom ,kingdoms symbolizes man's highest aims on earth1 then the same is true when building ,real ,kingdoms4 ,architecture and the sister arts are the most reliable barometers in recording human thought4 ,they are direct exponents of a universal language wherein national progress is most clearly read4 ,people who build ,phantom ,kingdoms look hopefully for universal approval by all mankind4 ,l4,c4,m4 ,contents ,reflection4 ,louis ,christian ,mullgardt ,the ,architecture and ,landscape ,gardening of the ,exposition4 ,louis ,christian ,mullgardt ,illustrations ,the ,rotunda of the ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,a ,view by ,night4 ,hilda ,van ,sicklen1 photo4 7,frontispiece7 ,panorama--,exposition from ,presidio ,heights4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,tower of ,jewels--,the ,illumination by ,night4 ,j4 ,l4 ,padilla1 photo ,fountain of ,energy--,a ,view in the ,south ,gardens4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,festival ,hall--,south ,gardens and ,mermaid ,pool4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,festival ,hall--,the ,terrace and ,colonnade4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,festival ,hall--,mermaid ,pool in the ,mist4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,palace of ,horticulture--,the ,dome and ,east ,entrance4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,horticulture--,dome and ,spires by ,night4 ,james ,m4 ,doolittle1 photo ,palace of ,horticulture--,the ,colonnade on the ,east4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,horticultural ,gardens--,floral ,exhibit in the ,open ,avenue of ,palms--,view from ,administration ,avenue4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,education--,main ,south ,portal4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,education--,one of the ,minor ,entrances4 ,pillsbury ,pictures ,court of ,palms--,the ,sunken ,pool by ,night4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,palms--,portal1 ,palace of ,education4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,court of ,palms--,portal1 ,palace of ,liberal ,arts4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,palms--,italian ,tower from ,main ,portal4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,palms--,in the ,colonnade by ,night4 ,william ,hood1 photo ,court of ,palms--,a ,curve in the ,colonnade4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,liberal ,arts--,portal1 ,from the ,south ,gardens4 ,cardinell-,vincent1 photo ,palace of ,liberal ,arts--,the ,tower of ,jewels by ,night4 ,j4 ,l4 ,padilla1 photo ,palace of ,liberal ,arts--,elephant ,fountain ,niche by ,night4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,the ,tower of ,jewels--,the ,great ,roman ,archway4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,the ,tower of ,jewels--,colonnade1 ,the ,fountain of ,youth4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,the ,palace of ,manufactures--,portal1 ,from the ,south ,gardens4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,flowers--,fountain1 ,beauty and the ,beast4 ,j4 ,l4 ,padilla1 photo ,court of ,flowers--,portal of ,varied ,industries4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,flowers--,a ,vista in the ,colonnade4 ,william ,hood1 photo ,court of ,flowers--,italian ,tower from ,colonnade4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,flowers--,the ,friendly ,lion at the ,portal4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,palace of ,varied ,industries--,main ,portal4 ,cardinell-,vincent1 photo ,avenue of ,palms--,the ,south ,facade by ,night4 ,cardinell-,vincent1 photo ,avenue of ,progress--,the ,fine ,vista to the ,marina4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,machinery ,hall--,the ,central ,arch in the ,portal4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,machinery ,hall--,the ,colonnade in the ,portal4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,machinery ,hall--,one of the ,minor ,entrances4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,mines--,a ,lamp ,niche in the ,court4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,ages--,the ,tower by ,night ,illumination4 ,william ,hood1 photo ,court of ,ages--,the ,fountain of ,earth4 ,pillsbury ,pictures ,court of ,ages--,the ,garden of ,hyacinths4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,ages--,a ,glimpse from the ,colonnade4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,ages--,a ,vista in the ,colonnade4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of ,ages--,the ,tower through ,north ,aisle4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,florentine ,court--,palace of ,transportation4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of the ,universe--,through ,three ,great ,arches4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of the ,universe--,triumphal ,arch1 ,the ,setting ,sun4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of the ,universe--,triumphal ,arch1 ,the ,rising ,sun4 ,court of the ,universe--,fountain of the ,rising ,sun4 ,pillsbury ,pictures ,court of the ,universe--,fountain of the ,setting ,sun4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of the ,universe--,the ,fountain ,pool and ,tower4 ,james ,m4 ,doolittle1 photo ,court of the ,universe--,corinthian ,colonnade and ,gardens ,court of the ,universe--,in the ,promenade by ,night4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,court of the ,universe--,a ,niche and ,urn by ,night4 ,jesse4 ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,palace of ,transportation--,in the ,corinthian ,colonnade4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,venetian ,court--,palace of ,agriculture4 ,james ,m4 ,doolittle1 photo ,court of the ,four ,seasons--,the ,night ,illumination4 ,william ,hood1 photo ,court of the ,four ,seasons--,the ,great ,half ,dome4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,court of the ,four ,seasons--,the ,western ,archway4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of the ,four ,seasons--,one of the ,colonnade ,murals4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of the ,four ,seasons--,the ,ionic ,columns4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,court of the ,four ,seasons--,the ,colonnade and ,lawn4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,court of the ,four ,seasons--,the ,north ,colonnade by ,night4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,food ,products--,the ,portal from the ,gardens4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,food ,products--,a ,detail of the ,main ,portal4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,the ,esplanade--,north ,facade1 ,column of ,progress4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,north ,facade--,a ,view from the ,bay4 ,pillsbury ,pictures ,palace of ,food ,products--,a ,view from the ,fine ,arts ,laguna4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,palace of ,education--,a ,view from the ,fine ,arts ,laguna4 ,cardinell-,vincent1 photo ,palace of ,education--,the ,half ,dome of ,philosophy4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,education--,the ,fountain in the ,portal4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,administration ,avenue--,the ,fine ,arts ,laguna ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,the ,rotunda and ,laguna4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,the ,rotunda and ,peristyle4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,the ,peristyle and ,laguna ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,in the ,peristyle ,walk4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,the ,rotunda from the ,peristyle4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,the ,peristyle ,walk by ,night4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,a ,fountain in the ,laguna4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,a ,picturesque ,garden ,fountain4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,palace of ,fine ,arts--,the ,garden and ,fountain of ,time4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,california ,building--,bell ,tower and ,forbidden ,garden4 ,california ,building--,the ,arches of the ,colonnade4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,california ,building--,a ,vista in the ,colonnade4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,california ,building--,the ,forbidden ,garden4 ,hilda ,van ,sicklen1 photo ,california ,building--,the ,semi-,tropical ,garden4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,netherlands ,pavilion--,as ,seen from the ,laguna4 ,pillsbury ,pictures ,italian ,pavilion--,the ,piazzetta ,venetia4 ,cardinell-,vincent1 photo ,italian ,pavilion--,in the ,court ,verrochio4 ,james ,m4 ,doolittle1 photo ,avenue of the ,nations--,tower of ,sweden's ,pavilion4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,the ,esplanade--,a ,view of the ,foreign ,pavilions4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,the ,esplanade--,a ,view of the ,state ,buildings4 ,w4 ,zenis ,newton1 photo ,the ,zone--,a ,holiday ,gathering ,the ,zone ,the ,bizarre ,decorations4 ,j4 ,l4 ,padilla1 photo ,the ,fireworks--,star ,shells and ,steam ,battery4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,zone ,salvo--,the ,final ,big ,noise4 ,jesse ,t4 ,banfield1 photo ,the ,architecture and ,landscape ,gardening of the ,exposition ,the ,architecture ,landscape ,gardening ,when ,san ,francisco was destroyed by fire in #aijf1 many people predicted that the city would never be rebuilt4 ,a great number of men and women packed their goods and chattels and hastily bade farewell to the still smoking ruins of a ,city ,that ,was1 firmly believing that destiny had determined that it should remain forever buried in its own ashes4 ,there was another class of men and women who were optimists4 ,they predicted that the city would be rebuilt1 but that it would require from twenty to thirty years4 ,there was still another class of men and women who knew by observation that it required no more time to build ten buildings than one1 provided the ,spirit of ,energy and ,determination existed1 to fortify the desire4 ,we all know now that the ,spirit of ,energy and ,determination did abound in ,san ,francisco--that the ,city did not remain buried in its own ashes1 and that it did not require from twenty to thirty years to rebuild it4 ,the ,city was not only rebuilt in less than ten years1 but1 in addition thereto1 an ,international ,exposition1 surpassing all previous ,expositions1 was built by its people4 ,san ,francisco wisely selected for the location of this ,international ,exposition what seemed to many to be an impossible site1 for it was disorderly and uninteresting to look at4 ,but the site was appropriately situated on the shores of ,san ,francisco ,bay--beautiful in its surroundings and most convenient alike to its citizens and visitors4 ,it consisted of a pond and a strip of waste land and marsh land1 apparently destined to remain unfilled and unorderly for years to come4 ,the ,people of ,energy1 ,determination and ,desire have also made this strip of waste land permanently available4 ,the arrangement of this ,exposition is distinctive because of its ,court ,plan4 ,eight ,palaces seemingly constitute a single structure1 containing five distinct courts or places for large public gatherings1 which are open to the sky4 ,this colossal group of buildings1 consisting of the ,palaces of ,education1 ,food ,products1 ,agriculture1 ,liberal ,arts1 ,manufactures1 ,transportation1 ,mines1 and ,varied ,industries1 is terminated east and west by ,machinery ,hall and the ,palace of ,fine ,arts4 ,to the south of this group1 and on the lateral axis of the two end courts1 are the ,palace of ,horticulture and ,festival ,hall4 ,this group of eight buildings1 with its ,tower of ,jewels1 and the separate buildings1 ,festival ,hall1 the ,palace of ,horticulture1 the ,palace of ,fine ,arts and ,machinery ,hall1 constitute the main structures4 ,the buildings and gardens of ,foreign ,countries and of the ,states of the ,union adjoin1 at their western termination1 the thirteen main structures erected by the ,exposition ,company4 ,still further west1 are the ,livestock ,barns and ,poultry ,houses4 ,the ,aviation1 ,military and ,polo ,fields1 including the ,race ,course1 occupy the extreme end of the site4 ,the amusement section1 ,the ,zone1 extends for a distance of seven city blocks eastward from the main group4 ,president ,c4 ,c4 ,moore of the ,exposition first appointed an ,advisory ,architectural ,board1 in the fall of #aiaa1 consisting of ,messrs4 ,willis ,polk1 ,clarence ,r4 ,ward1 ,john ,galen ,howard1 ,albert ,pisses and ,william ,curlett4 ,this ,advisory ,board was succeeded by an ,architectural ,commission1 consisting of ,messrs4 ,willis ,polk1 ,chairman1 ,clarence ,r4 ,ward1 ,w4 ,b4 ,faville1 ,george ,w4 ,kelham1 ,louis ,christian ,mullgardt 7all of ,san ,francisco71 ,robert ,d4 ,farquhar of ,los ,angeles1 ,mc,kim1 ,mead and ,white1 ,carrere and ,hastings1 and ,henry ,bacon 7all of ,new ,york72 ,messrs4 ,bakewell and ,brown and ,bernard ,r4 ,maybeck were subsequently commissioned as ,exposition ,architects4 ,the first named nine architects constituted the permanent ,architectural ,commission which recommended to the ,board of ,directors the ,general ,plan of the ,exposition1 which was substantially followed as a guide to the results accomplished4 ,three important elements in the design of an ,exposition are represented by ,planting1 ,sculpture1 ,color and ,decoration4 ,the ,chiefs of these ,departments were selected by the ,architectural ,commission at its second conference1 ,august1 #aiab2 ,john ,mc,laren1 of ,san ,francisco1 was appointed to the important position of ,landscape ,engineer2 ,karl ,bitter and ,a4 ,stirling ,calder of ,new ,york were appointed chief and assistant chief of the ,department of ,sculpture2 ,jules ,guerin1 of ,new ,york1 became chief of the ,department of ,color and ,decoration4 ,the ,chiefs of these departments attended the architects' conferences and collaborated in their deliberations4 ,another very important element in the design of this ,exposition was represented by the ,department of ,travertine ,texture1 for the proper manipulation of colored plastic materials to give correct surface expression to all buildings and sculpture4 ,this department was placed under the direction of ,paul ,e4 ,denivelle of ,new ,york4 ,the element of ,texture as embodied in the construction of this ,exposition1 has again emphasized its general importance in plastic architecture4 ,the ,marina ,the north side of the main group is flanked by a greensward1 called the ,marina1 which skirts the bay4 ,this enormous green carpet is bordered by walks and roadways4 ,the ,marina affords excellent opportunity for thousands of people to view special attractions offered daily along the waterfront4 ,war vessels and pleasure crafts are always just beyond the low ,marina wall4 ,an uninterrupted view of the bay and its northern coast line of hills and mountains1 extending from the ,golden ,gate1 west to east1 as far as eye can reach1 is here obtained under most favorable conditions4 ,no one will ever forget the wonderful panorama which this ,exposition faces4 ,the ,south ,gardens ,flanking the south side of the main group is the marvelous ,avenue of ,palms1 which appears to have existed always4 ,it was established ,a4 ,d4 #aiad1 by ,john ,mc,laren1 ,landscape ,engineer1 as part of the most colossal system of successful transplanting ever undertaken in the history of the world4 ,the ,south ,gardens adjoin the ,avenue of ,palms and extend to the ,exposition enclosure along the south boundary line1 where a wall fifty feet high and ten feet wide has been erected of a solid green moss-like growth1 studded with myriads of tiny pink star-like blossoms4 ,this great wall is perforated by simple arched masonry entrances1 leading rough the richly planted foreground formed by the ,south ,gardens4 ,basins of reflecting blue waters extend to the right and left of a central fountain of colossal proportions4 ,the basins themselves are punctuated at their east and west ends by fountains of subordinate size1 back of which are ,festival ,hall to the right and the ,palace of ,horticulture to the left1 as we enter the green wall portals from the city of ,san ,francisco beyond4 ,to the south and west of the ,foreign ,countries1 ,states ,buildings and ,gardens1 a graceful contour of hills extends1 sloping onward to ,golden ,gate1 and having a coxcomb of pine and eucalyptus4 ,broad vistas of city1 forests1 water1 hills and mountains present themselves at every point4 ,gray1 green1 blue and lavender vistas come into view through portal1 colonnade1 and arch4 ,the ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,this impressive unit faces the rising sun with its colorful facade4 ,the plan of this composite structure suggests the ,star and ,crescent of ,mohammed4 ,the architecture shows a free interpretation of early ,roman forms4 ,it is1 in fact1 a purely romantic conception by ,architect ,maybeck1 entirely free from traditional worship or obedience to scholastic precedent4 ,its greatest charm has been established through successful composition2 the architectural elements have been arranged into a colossal theme of exceptional harmony1 into which the interwoven planting and the mirror lake have been incorporated in a masterly way4 ,the entire composition bespeaks the mind of a romanticist1 whose productions are swayed more by nature's glories than by scholastic tradition4 ,the ,palace of ,horticulture ,the appearance of this building so clearly expresses its purpose that a definition of style promptly suggests the title of ,horticultural ,architecture4 ,its decorative spire-like finials resemble the cypress and poplar4 ,the clusters of floral ornaments and festoons reflect one of the fundamental purposes of decorative glory to which all plant life has been decreed4 ,the bulblike glass dome is like an enormous dewdrop of beautiful proportions and iridescent color4 ,all this beauty was conceived by ,architects ,bakewell and ,brown1 who have given full evidence of their appreciation of the purposes to which this ,palace was assigned4 ,festival ,hall ,this structure counterbalances the ,palace of ,horticulture at the east end of the ,south ,gardens4 ,mr4 ,farquhar's interpretation of ,italian ,renaissance in this interesting building is replete with charming detail2 it is truly expressive of its festival purposes4 ,it is seen to best advantage when reflected in the ,south ,garden ,pool1 from the circle surrounding the ,fountain of ,energy1 and from the ,court of ,flowers4 ,the ,palace of ,machinery ,this colossal structure of ,roman type was designed by ,architects ,ward and ,blohme4 ,it dignifies the east end of the main composition in a most impressive manner4 ,its general character is similar to the ,roman baths of ,caracalla4 ,the vestibules are particularly impressive1 when viewed longitudinally4 ,the interior ,roman vaulting1 formed by myriad trusses1 is similarly impressive in form and scale to the interiors of renowned existing ,basilicas4 ,the surrounding tree1 shrub and flower planting along the simple outer walls is rhythmically consistent with the ,roman niches and entrances and lends added charm to the dignity of this tremendous structure4 ,the cornices are especially noteworthy in their detail1 scale and proportion4 ,outer ,walls of the ,group of ,eight ,palaces ,the impressive simplicity of the outer walls is enhanced by a succession and variety of portals1 niches and arcades of ,spanish and ,italian origin of great beauty4 ,the simple dignity of the plain travertine wall surfaces is heightened by tile-covered cornices terminated by pavilions4 ,a rich foreground of rhythmic planting of trees1 shrubbery and flowers1 emphasizes the unity of the eight palaces1 the corporate purposes of which have been so successfully interpreted by ,architects ,bliss and ,faville4 ,the typical domes surmounting the eight palaces also express the similarity of purpose for which these palaces are intended4 ,in depicting the industrial arts1 these domes lend an ,oriental expression to the entire composition1 consistent with the citadel character of the general scheme4 ,the banner poles1 with their ,oriental streamers1 and the illuminating standards1 set in the foreground planting of the outer walls1 lend a consistent festive character to these long facades4 ,the ,tower of ,jewels ,the appellation of jewels became an addition to the original title1 after the ,tower was thus gorgeously arrayed4 ,the ,tower was contemplated in conjunction with the main group of palaces1 as a clue to the composition1 and as of vital importance to the general plan4 ,its composite architecture can best be defined as of ,white and ,yellow ,race derivation4 ,it clearly indicates a mingling of the architectural characteristics of the people of the entire world1 as the architects1 ,carrere and ,hastings1 probably intended4 ,it gives definite expression to the international purposes for which this ,exposition is designed4 ,the jewel enrichments add effectively to its ,oriental regal display4 ,the ,tower constitutes an indispensable integral in the unit composition4 ,it appears to best advantage under the mysterious effects produced by ,mr4 ,ryan's night illumination4 ,the ,court of the ,four ,seasons ,this dignified1 restful court of ,roman classic character1 designed by ,architect ,henry ,bacon1 expresses the ,season theme perfectly4 ,the alcoves1 which symbolize the ,four ,seasons1 are admirably conceived in their relation to the entire composition4 ,the arched side approaches of the colonnades and the colossal ,roman niche at the south end together form a glorious composition which has been greatly enhanced by the arrangement of planting by ,mr4 ,bacon4 ,the ,court of the ,universe ,this colossal court of oval form1 including the ,avenue stretching to the ,marina1 is fundamentally ,roman in architectural character1 the style being largely attributable to its splendid ,colonnade and ,triumphal ,arches4 ,its architectural style is also sympathetic to the ,orient of the ,far ,east along the ,mediterranean1 owing to its domed pavilions4 ,the oval ,sunken ,garden is thickly planted with ,hydrangeas1 which constitute one of the most gorgeous displays at the ,exposition4 ,the ,tower of ,jewels and the ,column of ,progress at the ,north and ,south ends of this wonderful ,court serve as integrals4 ,mc,kim1 ,mead and ,white are the architects of this most important of all the ,courts4 ,the ,courts of ,flowers and ,palms ,these two delightful courts1 designed by ,architect ,george ,w4 ,kelham1 are like great alcoves in the south wall of the main group4 ,the ,court of ,flowers faces ,festival ,hall1 whereas the ,court of ,palms faces the ,palace of ,horticulture4 ,each court is flanked at its outer angles by towers1 which form an indispensable element in the south facade and in the courts themselves4 ,the general style is ,italian ,renaissance1 suggestive1 in the detail of its decoration and planting1 of the symbolic intent of these courts4 ,they are an important factor in the south facade of the main group4 ,the ,court of ,ages ,this court is designed as an historical expression of the world's growth from infancy4 ,it consists of a continuous arcade and vaulted ambulatory along four sides1 and an altar-tower on its northern axis4 ,the decorative motives employed on the surrounding arcade are of conventionalized forms of prehistoric plant and animal life1 expressive of evolution4 ,the altar-tower and fountain symbolize the human and animal passions of the theme4 ,the ,gothic type of architecture of this court has not been accredited to any preceding period4 ,its general character supposedly resembles ,spanish or ,portuguese ,gothic more closely than any other known style4 ,the ,court1 including its avenue extending to the ,marina1 was designed and modeled by the writer of this article1 ,louis ,christian ,mullgardt4 ,over six hundred acres are comprised in the elongated site on which the ,exposition stands4 ,millions of people from all parts of the world have made pilgrimage to this realm of phantasy1 and many thousands more are on their way1 determined to bask in the radiance of ,good ,will toward ,all ,mankind1 which this ,mecca of ,peace1 ,enlightenment1 ,beauty1 and ,inspiration for a better and greater future gives forth4 ,its purposeful influence is destined to serve perpetually beneficent cause in the furtherance of unified international humanitarianism after the ephemeral vision of this ,phantom ,kingdom has vanished4 ,l4 ,c4 ,mullgardt4 ,illustrations and ,descriptive ,notes of the ,architecture and ,landscape ,gardening of the ,exposition ,panorama ,exposition from ,presidio ,heights ,from the vantage point of ,presidio ,heights1 one may see this panorama of the ,exposition and catch the symmetry of arrangement in the walls of the palaces1 in the graceful lines of the towers and in the impressive contour of the domes4 ,the effect is largely due to the ground plan1 distinguished for its balance and poise1 which was designed by ,mr4 ,willis ,polk and ,mr4 ,edward ,bennett4 ,the main palaces1 eight in number1 are built around three courts1 producing an admirable compactness and unity4 ,to the west of this central block of buildings1 is the ,palace of ,fine ,arts1 and to the east1 ,machinery ,hall4 ,the ,palace of ,horticulture and ,festival ,hall are located in the great ,south ,gardens4 ,the ,zone lies in the extreme eastern wing of the grounds1 and the corresponding section to the west is devoted to the ,pavilions of the ,foreign ,nations and of the ,states of the ,union4 ,tower of ,jewels ,the ,illumination by ,night ,the ,tower of ,jewels1 designed by ,carrere and ,hastings of ,new ,york ,city1 is the centralizing and dominating feature of the ,exposition4 ,in its colossal dimensions and in the imposing dignity of its position and conception1 it seeks to embody1 in one triumphal memorial1 the importance to the entire world of the opening of the ,panama ,canal2 while in architecture1 sculpture1 mural painting1 decorative ornament and inscribed tablet1 it celebrates1 in varying form1 the glory of achievement4 ,classic influences inspired the great1 central ,roman arch1 with its massive colonnades on either side and the ,corinthian and ,doric columns1 repeated on successive tiers to the globe1 upborne by four giant ,atlases1 which crowns the apex2 but the spirit of conquest and discovery1 which vitalizes the sculptured figures and mural paintings1 is modern in its expression and in its historical fidelity4 ,the ,tower takes its name from the thousands of many-colored jewels so cut1 polished and suspended that they reflect the sunshine with dazzling brilliancy by day and at night1 under the white radiance of the searchlights1 clothe the whole structure with shimmering splendor4 ,fountain of ,energy ,a ,view in the ,south ,gardens ,it was a great undertaking to transform the waste acres of marsh and mudflats into a garden which would be an appropriate setting for the ,exposition palaces4 ,its success was due to ,mr4 ,john ,mc,laren1 whose reputation as a landscape gardener had long ago been established by his work at ,golden ,gate ,park4 ,passing through the ,scott ,street ,entrance1 one sees first the ,south ,gardens1 the really spectacular feature of which is the ,fountain of ,energy1 designed by ,a4 ,stirling ,calder4 ,flanking this main fountain are the two smaller fountains crowned by the graceful mermaids designed by ,arthur ,putnam4 ,with their lovely pools and the splendor of gushing waters1 these three serve as the motif for the formal plotting of the ,south ,gardens4 ,monterey pines and cypress1 with acacia and a variety of flowering shrubs1 are grouped with fine effect4 ,balustrades1 ornamented with plant-filled urns1 set off the great beds in which flora from widely separated parts of the world have been used4 ,the successive plantings of flowers keep the gardens in continuous bloom--daffodils1 tulips1 pansies1 begonias1 dahlias1 each in their turn4 ,festival ,hall ,south ,gardens and ,mermaid ,pool ,at the eastern end of the ,south ,gardens1 south of the ,avenue of ,palms and directly opposite the ,court of ,flowers which breaks the facade of the main group of buildings between the ,palaces of ,varied ,industries and of ,manufactures1 stands ,festival ,hall1 designed to furnish a center for the ,exposition conventions and musical festivals4 ,from its character1 the building takes not only its name1 but its architectural and decorative treatment4 ,it was designed by ,robert ,farquhar of ,los ,angeles4 ,the building1 in its charm of line and the dignity and grace of its proportions1 reflects the best mood of the ,french ,renaissance4 ,the great dome1 with the smaller corner domes1 suggests the ,theatre des ,beaux ,arts in ,paris4 ,the graceful curve of the main portal1 the ,ionic columns1 the decorative corridors and the fine entrances are harmoniously and effectively developed4 ,all the sculpture1 which is the work of ,sherry ,e4 ,fry of ,iowa1 is classic in conception and happily sympathetic in its suggestion of festivity or in its lyric quality4 ,the floral scheme1 in its1 lavish massing of bloom and rich color1 enhances the attractiveness of the building4 ,festival ,hall ,the ,terrace and ,colonnade ,the rounding sweep of portico and pillar reveals the architectural style of ,festival ,hall4 ,in the sculpture and decorative friezes1 an effect of airiness has been achieved4 ,through the graceful arches1 formed by ,ionic columns1 one notes the impressive windows1 showing the ,french influence4 ,the cupola1 topped by the slender figure of the ,torch-,bearer1 gives an inviting charm to the side entrance1 considered ornate but in accord with the architectural design of the ,palace4 ,the site of ,festival ,hall is somewhat raised and the slopes that lead down to the ,avenue of ,palms are in terraces of velvety lawn1 broken by wide flights of steps4 ,on either side of the main stairway are two sculptural groups1 the ,flower ,girl1 before which1 on one side1 is placed an enticing ,pan and on the other1 a shy1 girlish figure partially concealed in the shrubbery4 ,festival ,hall ,mermaid ,pool in the ,mist ,the skillful use of pools in which is secured the charming reflection of palaces and architectural structures1 with the softening accompaniment of trees and shrubbery1 is one of the pleasant features of the ,exposition4 ,there is enchantment in a foggy day1 for one sees as in a dream1 lovely vistas of courts1 glimpses through consecutive arches1 and always the charm of mirroring pools and lagoons1 where1 should there be no wind1 the reflected image makes as perfect a picture as the mist-enshrouded original4 ,palace of ,horticulture ,the ,dome and ,east ,entrance ,the huge dome1 constructed almost entirely of glass1 upon a framework of steel1 is the prominent feature of the ,palace of ,horticulture4 ,it is ,french ,renaissance1 influenced by ,byzantine1 and its proportions 7it is one hundred and fifty-two feet in diameter and one hundred and eighty-two feet high7 are almost perfect4 ,the spires and porticos1 the colonnades and entrances are replete with rococo decorations4 ,there are garlands of girls used in the friezes at the base of the minarets1 caryatides repeated in the vestibules1 and everywhere a wealth of ornamentation suggestive of a bountiful harvest4 ,the brilliancy of design is heightened by the color scheme of green and ivory used upon the lattice work and travertine material4 ,messrs4 ,bakewell and ,brown of ,san ,francisco are the architects4 ,palace of ,horticulture ,dome and ,spires by ,night ,at night1 when the powerful searchlights within the dome are played upon the translucent glass1 the effect is magical1 the reflections weirdly changing in color and shape4 ,the rich details of the decorations are softened in the night light4 ,the slender shafts of the obelisks accentuate the vast proportions of the dome4 ,even the rare color combinations1 which add so much to the appearance of the ,palace of ,horticulture by day1 are scarcely dimmed beneath the artificial lighting4 ,minarets and sculptured friezes and the floral designs so abundantly used in the decoration are seen in fairy-like grace4 ,of this beautiful building ,mr4 ,edwin ,markham has written3 ,i looked at the dome of the ,palace of ,horticulture and saw strange colors at play within its dark green depths4 ,circles and clefts of blue and red and green shifted1 faded and returned like hues within a fiery and living opal4 ,it was the workshop of a maker of moons1 who cast his globes aloft in trial flights4 ,palace of ,horticulture ,the ,colonnade on the ,east ,the caryatides1 which are placed in pairs along the corridors of the ,palace of ,horticulture1 were designed by ,john ,bateman of ,new ,york4 ,the balustrades1 together with the ornamentations of garlands of fruits and flowers1 convey the joyous note of a carnival4 ,the ceiling of the porches is studded with domes1 grilled with green latticework4 ,from the center of these airy skylights are suspended lamps which1 by night1 convert the corridors into brilliantly lighted promenades4 ,horticultural ,gardens ,floral ,exhibit in the ,open ,the ,horticultural ,gardens1 lying south and west of the ,palace of ,horticulture1 are1 in reality1 exhibit gardens1 where much of the display belonging to the ,palace itself is placed4 ,while the decorative quality is here less emphasized than the more educational and technical phases of horticulture1 the gardens are at all times lovely with a luxuriance of bloom and with the effective massing of trees and shrubs4 ,the display covers an area of eight acres1 and experienced gardeners have united to develop the flora exhibited to a high degree of perfection4 ,the ,netherlands ,gardens1 the ,rose ,garden1 with its ,international ,rose ,contest1 the ,california ,garden and others have contributed a perpetual rotation of flowering plants and shrubs in great variety and with a profusion of brilliant color4 ,in the ,forestry ,court adjoining1 ,bernard ,maybeck1 the architect of the ,palace of ,fine ,arts1 has built a lumbermen's lodge of massive1 rough-barked1 redwood logs1 but of the same charm of design and harmonious beauty of proportion which characterize his greater work4 ,avenue of ,palms ,view ,from ,administration ,avenue ,looking down the ,avenue of ,palms from ,administration ,avenue1 a delightful picture is presented4 ,double rows of palms border either side of the ,avenue1 with ferns1 and blossoming nasturtiums and geraniums planted directly in the interstices of the roughened trunks4 ,the walls of the palaces are embowered in eucalyptus1 acacia and cypress trees4 ,add to this the effect of gaily decorated flagpoles1 with pennants and banners afloat in the breeze1 and the half-mile boulevard is exhilarating to behold4 ,many of the shrubs and trees are common to all the palaces1 but each building has been allotted a different collection of flowers and foliage-plants to add a distinctive color tone to the facade4 ,when one examines the general sweep of the palace walls facing the ,avenue1 certain architectural units are noticed4 ,centering each building is a low dome of ,byzantine design1 with green roof and warm pink sides4 ,on the corners smaller domes break the monotony of straight lines4 ,the ,tower of ,jewels and the four ,italian ,towers complete the inspiring walled-city effect4 ,palace of ,education ,main ,south ,portal ,the ,palace of ,education forms the southwest unit of the main group of buildings and fronts on the ,avenue of ,palms and ,administration ,avenue4 ,to ,w4 ,b4 ,faville of ,san ,francisco was entrusted the entire exterior wall which unites in one immense rectangle the eight palaces of the main group4 ,a plain cornice1 edged with tiles1 binds the upper rim throughout4 ,with great simplicity and restraint1 the wall spaces are kept bare of ornament1 depending for relief on carefully spaced portals1 niches and wall fountains4 ,the south facade of the ,palace of ,education is broken by three beautiful doorways1 of which the central is the largest and most richly decorated4 ,the distinctive feature of the main portal is the tympanum in relief by ,gustav ,gerlach of ,new ,york1 which pictures the various stages of education from the mother in the home1 through the adolescent period1 to maturity1 when the student is self-taught4 ,below is the book of knowledge1 the curtains of darkness drawn back that the light may radiate from its open pages4 ,above the portal's curve is a globe1 typifying the world-wide scope of the exhibit within4 ,palace of ,education ,one of the ,minor ,entrances ,the main portal of the ,palace of ,education is flanked on either side by a smaller entrance partaking of the same beauty of design1 along slightly simpler lines1 so that1 while preserving a distinct individuality1 these minor entrances enhance and enrich the main doorway and the three form a unit in their decorative treatment4 ,the style is ,spanish ,renaissance1 inspired by ancient models1 and modified by ,byzantine influences4 ,all three show the twisted ,byzantine column1 those of the main entrance being more ornate4 ,the flat1 sculptured panels in relief above the smaller portals1 by ,charles ,peters and ,cesare ,stea1 respectively1 both deal with educational subjects4 ,the classic vases on either side of the entrances add grace and dignity1 while the latticed doorways1 used throughout the ,exposition architecture1 here effectively emphasize the ,moorish note4 ,the planting of trees and shrubs is nowhere happier than about these doorways1 with the rose and mauve and smoke tones of the fresh eucalyptus growth against the ivory-tinted wall and the profusion of flowers and shrubs massed below4 ,court of ,palms ,the ,sunken ,pool by ,night ,of the five chief courts of the main architectural ensemble1 the two minor courts1 the ,court of ,palms and the ,court of ,flowers1 while lacking the more imposing size1 dignity and symbolism of the three interior courts1 largely compensate by their sense of intimacy1 warmth and quiet charm4 ,with their sheltered location and sunny atmosphere1 due to southern exposure1 and with the enchantment of architecture1 sculpture1 painting1 color and landscape effects with which they are richly endowed1 they are not only joyous and satisfying1 but restful in an unusual combination and degree4 ,both courts were designed by ,george ,w4 ,kelham of ,san ,francisco4 ,the ,court of ,palms lies between the ,palace of ,education and the ,palace of ,liberal ,arts2 enclosed on the third or north side by the ,court of the ,four ,seasons1 it is open on its southern exposure to the ,avenue of ,palms and the ,palace of ,horticulture which lies directly opposite4 ,it is a long oval in shape1 its proportions well balanced1 and its effect of dignity and quiet accented by the two sunken pools and the effective planting of palms from which the court takes its name4 ,court of ,palms ,portal1 ,palace of ,education ,in architecture1 the ,court of ,palms is ,italian ,renaissance4 ,the entire length of its oval is encircled by a colonnade1 pierced by three deep portals which are identical in treatment and which are especially fine examples of the ,roman arch4 ,their dignity is enhanced by the ,italian cypresses which flank them on either side4 ,the portals open respectively into the ,palace of ,education on the west1 the ,palace of ,liberal ,arts on the east and the ,court of the ,four ,seasons on the north4 ,the colonnade is bordered by massive ,ionic columns of smoked ivory1 which in the entrances deepen into ,sienna marble4 ,the plain cornice which characterizes the outer walls of the exhibit palaces here takes on a richer ornamentation to conform to the ornate treatment of the ,court1 while it retains the parapet of red ,spanish tiles above4 ,between the cornice and the columns is a wide and richly decorated attic or frieze where much of the detail and color which help to make the charm of the ,court are massed4 ,court of ,palms ,portal1 ,palace of ,liberal ,arts ,the sympathy between architect1 sculptor and colorist is nowhere shown to better advantage than in the richly decorated frieze surrounding the ,court of ,palms4 ,panels of veined marble in browns and pinks1 deepening through rose tints to red1 are bordered by festoons and garlands of fruit and flowers in varied shadings of blue and pink4 ,separating the panels are caryatides1 flushed pink1 with long1 pointed1 folded wings4 ,they were designed by ,a4 ,stirling ,calder and ,john ,bateman1 while the spandrels over the curve of the portals are the work of ,albert ,weinert1 as are also the graceful1 classic vases on either side of the entrances1 the latter banded in low relief by dancing bacchanalian figures1 while grinning satyr heads finish the curved handles4 ,in the arch of the doorways1 are three fine mural paintings1 harmonizing in subject and coloring with the spirit of the ,court--,fruit and ,flowers1 by ,childe ,hassam1 on the ,west1 ,the ,pursuit of ,pleasure1 by ,charles ,holloway1 on the east and ,the ,victorious ,spirit1 by ,arthur ,f4 ,mathews1 on the north4 ,court of ,palms ,italian ,tower from ,main ,portal ,terminating the colonnade at either side of the entrance to the ,court from the ,avenue of ,palms stand the ,italian ,towers1 distinguished by their grace of line and proportion and their skill in the use of the purest architectural forms of the ,renaissance1 no less than by the charming manipulation of color and ornament4 ,by their slenderness and by simplicity of treatment they produce an effect of great height4 ,they were inspired by the ,geralda ,tower of ,seville4 ,the deep-toned columns of ,sienna marble used in the three ,italian ,portals also enrich the entrance to the towers4 ,the prevailing pink and blue color tones which dominate the court are delightfully accentuated in the diaper pattern decorating the rectangular wall spaces of the main portion of the towers4 ,the upper design1 repeated in each of the four corners1 is modeled after the ,choragic ,monument of ,lysicrates in ,athens4 ,the winged figure1 ,the ,fairy1 lightly and gracefully poised upon the topmost pinnacle1 is by ,carl ,gruppe4 ,court of ,palms ,in the ,colonnade by ,night ,the illustration shows the colonnade which encircles the entire oval of the ,court4 ,the bordering columns are ,roman ,ionic in dull smoked ivory4 ,the general wall tone is the same1 with panels of soft pink between the pilasters4 ,the vaulted ceiling is blue4 ,the plants between the columns are acacias1 clipped to ball form4 ,the swinging lamps are from old ,roman models in pink and verde green4 ,classic figures are modeled in low relief above the arched openings4 ,looking north through the ,court of the ,four ,seasons1 with its long north colonnade1 is a superb vista across the wide blue waters of the bay to the sweeping hills beyond4 ,at the entrance to the court stands the only piece of sculpture not identified with the architectural treatment1 ,the ,end of the ,trail1 by ,james ,earl ,fraser1 one of the strongest statues on the grounds and perhaps the most popular4 ,court of ,palms ,a ,curve in the ,colonnade ,the careful details of the palaces and courts--the minute finishing of cornice1 column1 frieze and vault1 the loving modeling of sculpture1 the artistic planning of vistas1 the inspired brushing of murals--are marvelous beyond my telling4 ,it is an outpouring of the arts before the altar of humanity4 ,it is a presage of what men can do when they unite in common service4 ,the ,exposition has taken a ,titan stride toward this unified action for a common purpose4 ,the artists have bent to one perfect expression1 like the strings and brasses of an orchestra4 ,self was submersed in a composite achievement1 not obliterating individuality but leaving it latitude to harmonize with others4 ,the result is not the stenciling of a leader's mannerisms1 but a blend of diverse and varied characteristics1 an interweaving of sympathies1 of spontaneous and ordered impressions4 ,here is an object lesson in the cooperative idea that will not be lost upon the world--the idea of a transcendent result obtained by a unity of noble efforts1 a result that no massing of individual attempts could have achieved4 --,edwin ,markham ,palace of ,liberal ,arts ,portal1 ,from the ,south ,gardens ,west of the ,tower of ,jewels is the ,palace of ,liberal ,arts1 balancing in architectural design and embellishment the ,palace of ,manufactures1 which lies directly east of the tower4 ,the niches1 entrances and main portals of the two build are identical4 ,both were designed by ,w4 ,b4 ,faville of ,san ,francisco4 ,like all the buildings of the main group1 the decorative treatment is largely massed in the great doorway1 which is distinctly ,renaissance in architecture1 ,spanish in general treatment1 but ,roman in the massive dignity of the square1 deeply-arched portal4 ,its style is adapted from ancient models4 ,the coloring within the arch and in the overlaid ornament around and above it is a warm pink1 effectively combined with turquoise blue and orange4 ,the lace fan1 of ,moorish workmanship1 above the doors1 is especially beautiful in its delicate coloring and fragile texture and in the touch of lightness that it gives4 ,the pilasters on either side of the entrance are ,corinthian4 ,the long frieze above the doorway and the figures in the niches on either side are by ,mahonri ,young of ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,palace of ,liberal ,arts ,the ,tower of ,jewels by ,night ,either by day or by night1 the ,tower of ,jewels is the dominating center of the ,exposition1 epitomizing not only its entire meaning and message1 but summarizing in detail its architectural development4 ,in the main it follows the ,italian ,renaissance1 with emphasis upon the ,greek and ,roman elements1 while in the ornament it employs many ,byzantine features4 ,the ,tower is built in seven stages1 rising tier on tier1 the base a magnificent ,roman arch1 with colonnaded courts flanking it on either side4 ,the ,corinthian columns of the colonnades are ochre and on each side of the archway1 they are of ,sienna marble4 ,the sculptured figures by ,john ,flanagan1 crowning the columns above the arch1 represent in four successive types the men who made ,western ,america--the adventurer1 the priest1 the philosopher1 the soldier4 ,they are repeated on each face of the ,tower1 the ,armored ,horseman by ,tonetti1 on the terrace above1 being repeated four times on each side4 ,the forms used in the decorative sculpture--the eagle1 the wreath1 the ship's prow1 the various emblems of war--all symbolize victory and achievement4 ,palace of ,liberal ,arts ,elephant ,fountain ,niche by ,night ,the ornamental fountain alcoves placed at intervals are important decorative features of the south walls4 ,the shrubbery has been so grouped about the niches that the details of the fountains are partially screened4 ,upon closer investigation1 one finds an elephant's head as the central object in one niche1 alternating with a lion throughout the series4 ,they set snugly against the pink panel just over the flaring basin of travertine wherein the water trickles4 ,at night1 these niches are flecked with shadows cast by the surrounding trees4 ,electric lights1 concealed beneath the water1 shed a warm glow upon the head of the elephant in its frame of sculptured half columns4 ,these fountain niches1 designed by ,w4 ,b4 ,faville1 are in the same ,spanish style of architecture which characterizes the entire south facade of the palaces4 ,the ,tower of ,jewels ,the ,great ,roman ,archway ,midway on the south face of the ,tower of ,jewels are inserted four commemorative tablets4 ,the inscription on the panel at the left end of the colonnade reads as follows3 #aeja--,rodrigo de ,bastides pursuing his course beyond the ,west ,indies discovers ,panama4 ,the ,panel at the left of the central arch reads3 #aeac--,vasco ,nunez de ,balboa crosses the ,isthmus of ,panama and discovers the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,at the right of the central arch the panel reads3 #aijd--,the ,united ,states succeeding ,france begins operations on the ,panama ,canal4 ,the ,panel at the right end of the colonnade is inscribed3 #aiae--,the ,panama ,canal is opened to the commerce of the world4 ,the ,tower of ,jewels ,colonnade1 ,the ,fountain of ,youth ,beyond the colonnades and the great ,roman arch1 on the north face of the ,tower of ,jewels as it faces the ,court of the ,universe1 are four commemorative tablets similar to those found on the south side4 ,the panel at the left end of the colonnade is inscribed3 #aedb--;,juan ,rodriguez ,cabrillo discovers ,california and lands on its shores4 ,the ,panel at the left of the central arch reads3 #aggf--;,jose ,joaquin ,moraga founds the ,mission of ,san ,francisco de ,isis4 ,at the right of the central arch the panel reads3 #ahdf-,the ,united ,states upon the outbreak of war with ,mexico takes possession of ,california4 ,the ,panel at the right end of the colonnade is inscribed3 #ahej--;,california is admitted to the ,union as a sovereign ,state4 ,palace of ,manufactures ,portal1 from the ,south ,gardens ,the ,palace of ,manufactures lies directly east of the ,tower of ,jewels and fronts on the ,avenue of ,palms4 ,in architectural design1 it duplicates the ,palace of ,liberal ,arts1 the repetition giving strength and simplicity to the entire south facade4 ,the dignified main portal is flanked on either side by two minor entrances1 similarly conceived and ornamented1 the lattice work within the archways relieving the solidity of the design4 ,the composition of the ,byzantine dome1 with its tier of latticed windows1 the ,victory--tipped gable1 the tiled slope above the arch1 the bare wall spaces and the richly ornamented doorway1 as seen from the ,south ,gardens1 illustrates the general construction of the main group of buildings4 ,the dome gives height and decorative effect1 the ,winged ,victory lightness and grace4 ,the latter figure1 which is repeated on the acroteria1 as the gable platforms are called1 of all the palaces of the main group1 is by ,louis ,ulrich of ,new ,york4 ,it bears1 outstretched1 a wreath which suggests the crown bestowed for work well done4 ,court of ,flowers ,fountain1 ,beauty and the ,beast ,between the ,palace of ,mines and the ,palace of ,varied ,industries lies the ,court of ,flowers1 enclosed on the third or north side by the ,court of ,ages and open on its southern exposure to the ,avenue of ,palms and to ,festival ,hall1 which lies directly opposite4 ,in its shape1 a long oval1 and in its location it is the eastern prototype of the ,court of ,palms1 which breaks the wall of the main group of buildings toward its western end4 ,like that1 it was designed by ,george ,w4 ,kelham of ,san ,francisco4 ,both ,courts are rich examples of the ,italian ,renaissance1 with traces of ,byzantine influence1 and while a superficial view might pronounce them almost identical1 a further study reveals marked individuality in conception and development4 ,in each1 the note of emphasis and the temperamental appeal are entirely distinct4 ,the ,court of ,palms is simpler1 more dignified1 more conventional4 ,the ,court of ,flowers is richer in ornament and suggestion1 more softly brilliant in atmosphere4 ,the prevailing color is yellow relieved by pink4 ,court of ,flowers ,portal of ,varied ,industries ,in the ,court of ,flowers1 the colonnade encircling the entire length of its oval is bordered by ,corinthian columns arranged in pairs4 ,the smoked-ivory tone is used throughout1 except in the portals1 where ,sienna marble gives a deep note of color4 ,the highly ornamental floral light-standards between the columns occur elsewhere throughout the court4 ,the cornice is edged with red ,spanish tiles and above the colonnade runs a richly decorated loggia that1 with its suggestion of southern influences1 enhances the warm1 sunny atmosphere of the court4 ,the repeated figure of the flower-decked and garlanded ,flower ,girl is by ,a4 ,stirling ,calder4 ,a conventionalized frieze in delicately colored arabesque runs between the balcony and the columns1 the prevailing motif of which is the griffin4 ,the colonnade is broken by three portals1 opening respectively into the ,palace of ,manufactures on the west1 the ,palace of ,varied ,industries on the east and the ,court of ,ages on the north4 ,these entrances1 while they do not interrupt the colonnade below1 as is the case in the ,court of ,flowers1 are made the keystones of the ornament of the upper balcony1 where the triple arches1 with their decorative treatment1 furnish an effective break in the loggia4 ,court of ,flowers ,a ,vista in the ,colonnade ,the coupled ,corinthian columns are of smoked ivory4 ,the background of the wallspaces is the same1 but between the pilasters1 occur panels of warm pink4 ,the pilasters are in pairs to harmonize with the pillars bordering the colonnade4 ,in the portals swing ,roman lamps in dull blue-green4 ,the heavy bronze lanterns1 suspended from the deep-toned cream ceiling of the corridors1 are ,italian in design4 ,at night1 they are illumined by a soft1 red glow1 while the light from the standards between the columns and through the latticed doors of the entrances of the palaces is pale gold4 ,there is no direct lighting in the court1 the only other illumination being the deep red diffusive flow which brightens the ,italian towers from within1 so that the warm1 bright charm pervading the ,court by day1 gives way at night to a sense of seclusion and intimacy that makes a poetic appeal equally strong4 ,court of ,flowers ,italian ,tower from ,colonnade ,the four ,italian ,towers1 equally distant from the ,tower of ,jewels1 two on either side1 furnish the chief elements in the fine sense of balance and proportion of the south facade of the main group of palaces4 ,occurring in in pairs at the entrances of the ,court of ,palms and the ,court of ,flowers and employing the same architectural elements and decoration1 they show a pleasing variety in detail4 ,the towers of the ,court of ,flowers have more of simplicity in design and give an even greater impression of height by the arrangement of columns4 ,the same fairy by ,carl ,gruppe crowns all four towers1 and helps to give the name of the fairy courts by which they are sometimes called4 ,by the original design these two courts were to embody the fairy lore of the ,occident and of the ,orient1 and the ,court of ,flowers1 with the magic of its golden blossoms and its friendly beasts1 enters far into the conception4 ,court of ,flowers ,the ,friendly ,lion at the ,portal ,with all its loveliness of detail and witchery of color1 the prevailing charm of the ,court of ,flowers1 true to its name1 lies in the effective planting of flowers and shrubs4 ,the main path through the ,court is bordered on either side by spreading lophantha trees1 trimmed four feet from the ground and branching to a diameter of five feet in delicate1 lacy foliage4 ,masses of flowers in the pervading luxuriant color-tone carpet the whole court with gold1 while banks of green fill the corners and outline the borders4 ,the six ,friendly ,lions with their conventionalized garlands1 by ,albert ,laessle of ,philadelphia1 guard the three entrances1 one on either side4 ,beauty and the ,beast1 the central fountain which dominates the ,court1 is by ,edgar ,walters of ,san ,francisco4 ,the basin is upheld by four alternating fauns and satyrs and about the base of the fountain is a procession of beasts in low relief4 ,the statue of ,the ,pioneer by ,solon ,borglum1 which stands at the entrance of the ,court1 while it bears no relation to the symbolism of the ,court itself1 is a companion to ,the ,end of the ,trail which occupies the same position before the ,court of ,palms4 ,palace of ,varied ,industries ,main ,portal ,the central portal on the south facade of the ,palace of ,varied ,industries is by many considered the finest doorway at the ,exposition4 ,it is a copy of the ,hospital of ,santa ,cruz at ,toledo1 done in the ,spanish ,renaissance1 of a style known as the plateresque4 ,the rich appearance has the effect of being exquisitely chiseled with scroll-like finish1 reminding one of the workmanship of a silversmith4 ,the sculptured ornamentations of the portal are the work of ,ralph ,stackpole4 ,he is most fortunate in his treatment of the industrial types4 ,the relief panel in the tympanum represents the industries of ,spinning1 ,building1 ,agriculture1 ,manual ,labor and ,commerce4 ,the ,man with the ,pick1 seen on the side brackets1 is a freely modeled statue1 also appearing upon the portal of the ,palace of ,manufactures4 ,the keystone figure typifies the ,laborer1 who is capable of relying on his brain4 ,the upper group represents ,age transferring his burden to ,youth4 ,avenue of ,palms ,the ,south ,facade by ,night ,facing the ,avenue of ,palms is the stupendous wall formed by the ,palaces of ,varied ,industries1 ,manufactures1 ,liberal ,arts and ,education4 ,this long and imposing bulwark is over-topped by the great ,tower of ,jewels and the two pair of ,italian ,towers4 ,the walls of the palaces1 ivory tinted and shadowed by palms1 eucalypti and myriad shrubs1 assume a new and more wonderful aspect under the batteries of the searchlights4 ,the towers stand out against the night sky1 glowing with the hidden lights like living coals1 changing to pastel tints of blue and green1 most beautiful of all when the reflectors convert them into shafts of white4 ,the lamps along the ,avenue punctuate the dark masses of foliage1 and the contrasting high lights on towers and domes make an artificial illumination that for sheer beauty has never been equalled4 ,avenue of ,progress ,the ,fine ,vista to the ,marina ,spaciousness characterizes the ,avenue of ,progress1 not only in its breadth but in its sweeping length4 ,from the ,fillmore ,street entrance1 which opens directly upon the ,avenue1 it appears to extend across the bay and on to the hills beyond4 ,the ,service ,building is upon the left and from the opposite side comes the fanfare of the ,joy ,zone4 ,the ,palace of ,machinery is on the eastern side of the ,avenue1 and on the west are the ,palaces of ,varied ,industries and ,mines4 ,the landscape gardening is here most successfully carried out4 ,dracena indivisa1 a species of palm1 are planted at short intervals throughout the length of the boulevard4 ,against the dull buff of the palace walls are banked ,monterey cypress and ,lawson cypress1 with a heavy undergrowth of fir and spruce4 ,the attractive lawns add a touch of formality to the impressive ,avenue4 ,whatever effect of newness might have appeared in the walls of the great palaces is mellowed by ,guerin's colors and there is a splendid atmosphere of enduring solidity1 softened by the picturesque gardens4 ,machinery ,hall ,the ,central ,arch in the ,portal ,the ,palace of ,machinery extends for nearly one thousand feet along the ,avenue of ,progress4 ,its main entrance1 facing the west1 is composed of three splendid arches1 set off by free-standing columns1 which resemble weather-stained shafts of ,sienna marble and are the pedestals for the sculptured figures representing the powers of ,invention1 ,electricity1 ,imagination and ,steam4 ,on the inner facade of the arches are grills of amber glass1 forming a strong background for the decorative friezes and sculptured eagles1 the latter being symbols which predominate throughout the ,exposition4 ,dwarf cedars serve to magnify1 by comparison1 the gigantic dimensions of this entrance4 ,daniel ,chester ,french's commanding statue1 ,the ,genius of ,creation1 occupies a prominent place before the central arch4 ,machinery ,hall ,the ,colonnade in the ,portal ,the dimensions of the main entrance to ,machinery ,hall are in keeping with the size of the building1 which is the largest wooden framed structure in the world4 ,architecturally the style is after the ancient ,roman1 the motif being supplied by studies of the baths of ,caracalla4 ,the decorative designs in the vestibule are sculptured figures and accompanying insignia typifying the manufacture and use of machinery by man4 ,the relief figures of the spandrels are forcefully executed4 ,about the base of the pillars are friezes1 symbolic of mechanical invention4 ,these relief designs are the work of ,haig ,patigian of ,san ,francisco4 ,this great archway is one of the most interesting achievements1 from an architectural standpoint1 to be found at the ,exposition4 ,the space covered is large1 yet so cleverly handled that no bareness is suggested4 ,the coloring within the vestibule is in shades of blue1 and the massive pillars supporting the three arches are toned in rich terra cotta4 ,machinery ,hall ,one of the ,minor ,entrances ,flanked by ,corinthian columns which reflect1 in smaller size1 the great pillars of the main entrance1 four minor doorways break the long western wall of the ,palace of ,machinery on either side of the central entrance1 the architectural and sculptural design in them being similar to that of the main portal4 ,the frieze in low relief1 encircling the bases of the columns and representing the genii of mechanics1 is repeated from the larger entrance1 as are also the figures in the spandrels1 typifying the application of power to machinery4 ,the color treatment of these doorways is especially brilliant4 ,the ,corinthian columns simulate ,sienna marble4 ,the background in the spandrels is stained a rich orange4 ,the shell canopy1 as in other panels where it is used throughout the ,exposition1 is in cerulean blue1 the wall space beneath it is a deep pink1 while the door is the customary green4 ,the landscape planting along the entire wall is superb4 ,against the ivory-tinted background1 various species of evergreens are grouped with consummate skill4 ,palace of ,mines ,a ,lamp ,niche in the ,court ,the ,court of ,mines1 opening directly across from the main portal of ,machinery ,hall1 is the entrance to the inner courts from the ,avenue of ,progress4 ,the effective massing of the shrubbery is enlivened by the gay banners and streamers1 designed by ,jules ,guerin1 which are one of the most stimulating decorative features of the ,exposition4 ,the walls on either side are broken by the entrance portals to the buildings1 done in ,italian ,renaissance style4 ,their distinctive features are the niches on either side of the entrances1 in which are placed vigorous figures1 designed by ,albert ,weinert1 and the ornamental lamps below4 ,the court is illuminated at night by concealed light thrown on the walls from reflectors in the forms of interesting green shells resting on shapely standards4 ,court of ,ages ,the ,tower by ,night ,illumination ,the ,court of ,ages was designed by ,louis ,christian ,mullgardt of ,san ,francisco4 ,of all the ,exposition courts it is the most original and imaginative in conception1 the most complete in its organic1 structural unity1 the richest in ornament1 in poetic suggestion1 in the depth and dramatic appeal of its symbolism4 ,the ,court suggests many architectural periods and types1 yet eludes classification under any one of them4 ,the ,gothic clearly predominates1 with traces of ,english1 ,spanish1 and ,portuguese elements4 ,with further hint of ,romanesque1 of ,moorish and of ,french influence1 these varying elements have been so fused in the imagination of the architect that the resultant creation is independent of all of them in its daring1 yet restrained1 originality4 ,in the magnificent square tower at the center of its northern end1 all the beauty and spiritual import of the ,court culminate4 ,its aspiring length of line1 unbroken from base to summit1 faces poise and uplift1 the broad1 plain surfaces give nobility and strength and the exquisite richness and delicacy of the ornament give lightness and grace1 while the sculpture blends and crowns the deep pervading symbolism of the ,court4 -,maud ,wotring ,raymond ,court of ,ages ,the ,fountain of ,earth ,while it is possible to find keen enjoyment in the ,court of ,ages for its delicate beauty and exquisite refinement alone1 even the slightest study of its architectural and sculptural detail reveals a depth of underlying purpose and meaning that invites further analysis4 ,the architect calls it an historical expression of the successive ages of the world's growth4 ,he suggests four stages3 the nebulous world1 symbolized by the central fountain1 in which ,robert ,aitken of ,san ,francisco has worked out a stupendous study of primeval passions4 ,out of chaos1 come the elemental forces1 ,water1 ,land and ,light4 ,the braziers and cauldrons symbolize ,fire4 ,the two sentinel columns1 flanking the tower on either side1 are ,earth and ,air4 ,the eight paintings1 by ,frank ,brangwyn of ,london1 in the corridors in great richness of color depict ,earth1 ,air1 ,fire and ,water4 ,thus the first state is indicated4 ,the second stage is symbolized by the decorative motifs employed on the arcade surrounding the court1 where on piers1 arches1 reeds and columns1 in marvelously wrought sculptural ornament1 is shown the transition from plant to animal life through kelp1 crab1 lobster and other sea animals and shell motifs4 --,m4 ,w4 ,r4 ,court of ,ages ,the ,garden of ,hyacinths ,following the symbolism of the ,court of ,ages through the first nebulous period of the world's growth1 through the second1 which shows the transition in successive forms of sea-plant life1 the third period is reached where are illustrated the earliest forms of human1 animal1 reptile and bird life prevailing in the stone age4 ,this age is indicated1 in the court1 by the prehistoric figure surmounting the piers of the arcade and by the first sculptured group over the entrance to the tower4 ,the repeated arcade figures1 which were designed by ,albert ,weinert1 represent alternately ,primitive ,man and ,primitive ,woman4 ,the perfection of the landscape planting and the skill with which it subtly accentuates the meaning of architecture and sculpture are worthy of study4 ,in the background1 close against the piers of the arcade1 tall1 slender ,italian cypresses emphasize their rhythmic length of line4 ,amid a growth of tropical luxuriance stand glossy-leafed orange trees laden with fragrant blossoms and golden fruit4 ,balled acacias in formal rows outline the paths1 while a succession of plantings has given a varying color scheme and a new perfume to each season4 --,m4 ,w4 ,r4 ,court of ,ages ,a ,glimpse ,from the ,colonnade ,the ,court of ,ages is the only one of the ,exposition courts which is entirely independent of outside influences4 ,the other courts derive breadth of appeal from the fine vistas through arched gateways or along dignified colonnades4 ,the ,court of ,ages is shut in upon itself by the arcaded and vaulted ambulatory which extends continuously around its four sides1 and by this cloistered effect1 its individual impression is deepened and intensified4 ,through the lovely rounded arches of this encircling colonnade1 which is elevated a few feet1 one looks down into the beauty of the court1 or out across it to the richly fretted walls4 ,in the curve of each arch1 hang two delicately modeled lanterns4 --,m4 ,w4 ,r4 ,court of ,ages ,a ,vista in the ,colonnade ,the cloistered effect of the long colonnade surrounding the four sides of the ,court of the ,ages is deepened by the vaulted ceiling1 which1 in its ,roman simplicity of line1 contrasts effectively with the filigreed exterior of the arcade4 ,the only color in the court1 aside from a slight use in the tower and the massed luxuriance of flowers1 is found in the corridors where1 between the square pilasters1 the prevailing old ivory is stained pink of a deeper tone than in the other courts4 ,the ivory pilasters are carried up into the ceiling in curving1 transverse arches1 while the band of blue1 following their edges1 leads to the rich blue depths between them4 ,at the far end of every vista glows the riot of color in the mural paintings by ,frank ,brangwyn4 ,the play of sunlight through the succession of rounded arches increases the sense of bright charm4 --,m4 ,w4 ,r4 ,court of ,ages ,the ,tower ,through ,north ,aisle ,in the ,north ,court of ,ages1 leading to the ,esplanade1 the tower is identical with the main court1 and the entire architectural treatment1 while simpler1 is in the same spirit4 ,robbed of the complex symbolism by which1 in the larger court1 the evolution of the lower forms of life is depicted1 the higher spiritual lesson is here intensified4 ,the sculptured groups in the tower1 by ,chester ,a4 ,beach of ,san ,francisco1 represent the rise of humanity through successive ages of civilization4 ,the conventionalized lily petals decorating the summit of the tower suggest the highest forms of plant life4 ,the delicate lace-like finials1 rising from the highest points of court and tower alike1 express aspiration4 ,the chanticleers on the finials surrounding the court symbolize the dawn of ,christianity4 ,the star-like clusters of lights1 raised aloft1 two in the main court and four in the north court1 deepen the ecclesiastical atmosphere by suggesting the golden monstrance emblematic of the rays of the sun and of the radiating presence of ,god1 and used in the ,catholic ,church as a receptacle for the sacred host4 --,m4 ,w4 ,r4 ,florentine ,court ,palace of ,transportation ,the ,florentine ,court and the ,venetian ,court lie east and west respectively of the ,court of the ,universe4 ,they are sometimes called the ,aisles of the ,rising and the ,setting ,sun4 ,while in reality only connecting avenues1 the wealth or careful detail lavished upon them makes of them charming interludes between the larger and more imposing courts1 and yet so skillfully do they conform to the general plan that they blend one larger court with another1 without expressing a distinct individuality of their own4 ,they were planned by ,w4 ,b4 ,faville of ,san ,francisco4 ,while identical in design upon three sides1 their adaptation upon the fourth side to the courts which they adjoin1 east and west1 and the variety in landscape effects1 insure against exact duplication4 ,the ,florentine ,court lies between the ,court of ,ages and the ,court of the ,universe1 with the ,palace of ,transportation bounding it on the north and the ,palace of ,manufactures on the south4 ,its eastern wall repeats the rich decorative treatment of the ,court of ,ages1 which it joins4 ,court of the ,universe ,through ,three ,great ,arches ,when one stands in the ,court of the ,four ,seasons1 facing east1 two splendid arches are seen framed by the ,eastern ,gateway of the ,court4 ,the first1 across the ,venetian ,court1 is the ,arch of the ,setting ,sun1 surmounted by its symbolic group of the ,nations of the ,west4 ,across the vast ,court of the ,universe1 beyond the ,fountains of the ,rising and the ,setting ,sun1 is the triumphal ,arch of the ,rising ,sun surmounted by its symbolic group of the ,nations of the ,east4 ,these magnificent modern expressions of the arches erected by the old ,romans to commemorate their triumphs were designed by ,mc,kim1 ,mead and ,white1 the architects of the ,court of the ,universe1 and are richly adorned with sculpture designed by various artists4 ,in the attics are carved appropriate inscriptions selected by ,porter ,garnett1 which will be found on succeeding pages4 ,there is an atmosphere of bigness about the ,court of the ,universe1 created not only by the architectural features1 but by the symbolism of the final meeting of the ,nations of the ,world1 made possible by the completion of the ,panama ,canal4 ,court of the ,universe ,triumphal ,arch1 ,the ,setting ,sun ,the magnificent mass of the ,western ,arch is heightened at night by the effective illumination4 ,shafts of white light from concealed projectors pick out1 the sculptured group that surmounts it4 ,the bulk of the arch catches only the rays from minor lamps within the court and upon this shadowy pedestal1 the group of the ,nations of the ,west stands out in strong relief4 ,below1 the ceilings of the arch and corridors are brilliant from concealed lights placed within them4 ,court of the ,universe ,triumphal ,arch1 ,the ,rising ,sun ,the triumphal arches which by night gain in majesty and mysterious power1 by day have the added beauty of the color manipulation and decorative treatment1 which is exceedingly rich and varied4 ,the twisted columns of ,sienna marble which flank the arch1 two on either side1 are composite1 mingling ,corinthian and ,ionic elements4 ,each column is crowned with a sculptured figure1 representing the ,angel of ,peace by ,leo ,lentelli4 ,between the columns1 set in a square of deep pink1 is a burnt orange medallion1 the figures in relief1 suggesting ,nature and ,art1 being designed by ,a4 ,stirling ,calder and ,b4 ,bufano4 ,on either side of the curve of the arch1 latticed windows in green give a ,moorish touch4 ,the figures in the spandrels1 representing ,pegasus are by ,frederick ,g4 ,r4 ,roth4 ,a frieze in relief1 bands the arch beneath the inscription1 while ,cleopatra's needle1 four times repeated1 gives height and classic emphasis to the crenellated parapet out-lining the summit4 ,the sculptured groups ,the ,nations of the ,east and ,the ,nations of the ,west are the joint work of ,a4 ,stirling ,calder1 ,frederick ,g4 ,r4 ,roth and ,leo ,lentelli4 ,court of the ,universe ,fountain of the ,rising ,sun ,in the eastern portion of the sunken garden is the ,fountain of the ,rising ,sun4 ,the tall1 slender shaft1 a column of travertine by day and a column of light by night1 supports a sphere upon which is poised a statue typifying the dawn of day4 ,adolph ,a4 ,weinman is the sculptor of this ,rising ,sun which is so deservedly popular on account of the irresistible appeal of the youthful figure4 ,everything about the fountain is indicative of the vigor of youth1 the energy associated with the rising of the sun4 ,the friezes about the base represent the triumph of light over darkness1 and the merry play of waters suggests perpetual activity4 ,the concrete bowl is of goodly proportions and within the pool are sculptured figures representing mythical creatures of the ocean4 ,bordering the fountain are gardens1 at first ablaze with rhododendrons1 then massed with the pink blooms of hydrangeas1 and later bright with the flowers of each successive season4 ,court of the ,universe ,fountain of the ,setting ,sun ,quite as lovely in every detail as the preceding is the ,fountain of the ,setting ,sun4 ,it is in the opposite portion of the sunken garden where1 when the sun is in its descent1 it is shadowed by the ,triumphal ,arch of the ,nations of the ,west4 ,crowning the pillar is the figure of a maid1 her drooping wings and languorous pose denoting relaxation1 a suspension of the day's toil4 ,this statue was also modeled by ,adolph ,a4 ,weinman4 ,the supporting shaft conveys an impression of buoyancy and there are friezes above and below the bowl of the fountain similar to those of the ,rising ,sun4 ,at night the columns which support these figures are aglow with concealed lights1 and the beauty of the fountain is wonderfully enhanced4 ,court of the ,universe ,the ,fountain ,pool and ,tower ,the inscriptions on the two ,triumphal ,arches in the ,court of the ,universe are drawn respectively from ,occidental and ,oriental literature4 ,it was designed that the large central panels possess a cosmical1 an epical1 or an elemental quality1 and that the smaller panels on either side deal with abstractions1 such as truth1 nature or beauty4 ,in accordance with this plan1 the inscriptions on the ,arch of the ,setting ,sun facing away from the court are as follows3 ,the panel at the left of the attic1 representing ,italy1 reads ,the world is in its most excellent state when justice is supreme4-- ,dante4 ,the panel in the center of the attic1 representing ,germany1 is inscribed ,it is absolutely indispensable for the ,united ,states to effect a passage from the ,mexican ,gulf to the ,pacific ,ocean2 and ,i am certain that they will do it4 ,would that ,i might live to see it--but ,i shall not4--,goethe4 ,the panel at the right of the attic1 representing ,france1 reads ,the ,universe1 an infinite sphere1 the center everywhere1 the circumference1 nowhere4 ,pascal4 ,court of the ,universe ,corinthian ,colonnade ,gardens ,the inscriptions on the ,arch of the ,setting ,sun1 facing the ,court1 are as follows3 ,the panel at the left of the attic1 representing ,england1 reads ,in nature's infinite book of secrecy a little ,i can read4--,shakespeare4 ,the panel in the center of the attic1 representing ,america1 reads ,facing west from ,california's shores1 ,inquiring1 tireless1 seeking what is yet unfound1 ,i1 a child1 very old1 over waves ,towards the house of maternity1 ,the land of migrations look afar1 ,look off the shores of my western sea1 ,the circle almost circled4 --,whitman4 ,the panel at the right of the attic1 representing ,spain1 is inscribed ,truth1 witness of the past1 councillor of the present1 guide of the future4--,cervantes4 ,court of the ,universe ,in the ,promenade by ,night ,the inscriptions on the ,arch of the ,rising ,sun1 facing the ,court1 are as follows3 ,the panel at the left of the attic1 representing ,china1 is inscribed ,they who know the truth are not equal to those who love it4--,confucius4 ,the panel in the center of the attic1 representing ,india1 reads ,the moon sinks yonder in the west1 ,while1 in the east1 the glorious sun ,behind the herald dawn appears ,thus rise and set in constant change those shining orbs ,and regulate the very life of this our world4 --,kalidasa4 ,the panel at the right of the attic1 representing ,japan1 reads ,our eyes and hearts uplifted1 seem to gaze on heaven's radiance4-- ,hitomaro4 ,court of the ,universe ,a ,niche and ,urn by ,night ,the inscriptions on the ,arch of the ,rising ,sun1 facing away from the ,court1 are as follows3 ,the panel at the left of the attic1 representing ,arabia1 reads ,he that honors not himself lacks honor wheresoe'er he goes4--,zuhayr4 ,the panel in the center of the attic1 representing ,persia1 is inscribed ,the balmy air diffuses health and fragrance1 ,so tempered is the genial glow that we know neither heat nor cold4 ,tulips and hyacinths abound4 ,fostered by a delicious clime1 the earth blooms like a garden4 --,firdausi4 ,the panel at the right of the attic1 representing ,spain1 reads ,a wise man teaches1 be not angry2 from untrodden ways turn aside4--,phra ,ruang4 ,palace of ,transportation ,in the ,corinthian ,colonnade ,this promenade1 formed by the vast portico of the ,palace of ,agriculture1 is in harmony with the architectural scheme of the ,court of the ,universe4 ,it is the eastern wall of the aisle leading from the the main court to the ,column of ,progress4 ,the shafts of the pillars are fluted and capped after the ,corinthian order4 ,terra cotta1 mellow in tone1 is the color which has been used upon the travertine material of the columns1 and the walls flanking the majestic array of pillars are painted a warm pink4 ,the height of the ceiling is intensified by its deep blue1 which seems to blend with the azure of the sky1 as one glimpses it through the far opening of the corridor4 ,masked lanterns adorn the arched ceiling2 on the columns are shell-screened lamps and at night the sweep of the promenade is magnified by the indirect lighting effects4 ,venetian ,court ,palace of ,agriculture ,the great triumphal arches of the ,central ,court dominate the connecting aisles on either side1 the ,arch of the ,rising ,sun forming the west side of the ,florentine ,court and the ,arch of the ,setting ,sun the east side of the ,venetian ,court4 ,all the splendor and dignity of architectural treatment and decorative ornament that enrich the arches as they face toward the ,court of the ,universe are repeated on the reverse sides4 ,the treatment of the side walls in the ,florentine and ,venetian ,courts is identical1 displaying some of the most delightful features of the ,italian ,renaissance1 with marked richness in the use of both color and ornament4 ,the walls are covered with a diaper pattern in pink and warm ivory4 ,bright blue and deep orange stain the overhanging cornice4 ,the great windows are latticed and bound with green1 the keystone of their arches being a quaint figure with folded wings4 ,between the arches are inset blue ,italian medallions4 ,between the windows are coupled ,corinthian columns1 their shafts richly overlaid with ornament after patterns suggested by the churches and palaces of southern ,italy4 ,the planting is profuse1 with masses of green against the walls and a wealth of bloom1 pink predominating in the ,florentine ,court and yellow in the ,venetian4 ,court of the ,four ,seasons ,the ,night ,illumination ,the ,court of the ,four ,seasons is the most restful1 the most intimate and the most harmonious of the three main courts1 an effect produced by its classic simplicity and the charm of its architecture1 sculpture and planting4 ,the long approach of the north court1 which is entered from the ,esplanade1 is bordered by the stately colonnades of the ,palace of ,agriculture on the east and the ,palace of ,food ,products on the west4 ,the columns are ,ionic1 the decorative treatment of their capitals1 and of the frieze above1 being in fruits and grains1 happily conventionalized4 ,the green sward of the avenue is set1 here and there1 with fine yew trees1 while tall1 slim eucalypti flank the entrance to the ,court4 ,the ,fountain of ,ceres designed by ,evelyn ,beatrice ,longman1 by the poise of its crowning figure and by the grace and dignity of its entire outline1 no less than by its classic conception and fine architectural feeling1 enhances the chaste beauty of the long vista whether seen by day outlined against the misty bay and the sweep of hills beyond1 or by night1 silhouetted against the white rays of the scintillators which are placed on the harbor's edge4 ,court of the ,four ,seasons ,the ,great ,half ,dome ,the theme of the ,court1 the fruitfulness of the changing seasons1 is sympathetically rendered by architecture1 sculpture and painting in happy combination4 ,the decorative forms all employ agricultural motives1 and the sculptured groups or figures and the mural paintings are variations of the same thought4 ,in architecture1 the ,court1 which was designed by ,henry ,bacon of ,new ,york1 is almost severely classic1 enriched in its minor details by touches of the ,italian ,renaissance4 ,the ,half ,dome1 which lies directly opposite the long northern approach1 is modeled after ,hadrian's villa near ,rome4 ,the decoration of the vault of the dome is influenced by the richer coloring of the ,court of ,palms into which it opens on its inner side1 while the archway softens into lighter tones in harmony with the more delicate coloring of the ,court of the ,four ,seasons4 ,the fine balance of line and proportion which characterizes the ,court is shown in the three sculptured figures by ,albert ,jaegers1--,harvest1 the seated figure which fitly crowns the half dome1 blending finely with its nobility and strength of outline1 and ,rain and ,sunshine1 which surmount the splendid columns of ,sienna marble on either side of the dome4 ,court of the ,four ,seasons ,the ,western ,archway ,the east and west entrances to the ,court are massive archways1 most satisfying in their purity and dignity of architectural form and treatment1 as well as in the superb outlook which they give on either hand4 ,the arches are divided by ,corinthian pilasters of ,sienna marble4 ,within1 their vaulted ceilings are delicately colored and modeled in faint relief after ancient classic designs1 suggesting harvest scenes4 ,the spandrels in the triangles over the curve of the arch and the four times repeated figures which serve as pilasters in the paneled attic space above1 are by ,august ,jaegers4 ,all are gracefully molded women's figures1 and all alike are emblematic of the richness of the harvest4 ,the signs of the zodiac letter the cornice between the arches and the attic4 ,the inscription above the eastern gateway is from ,spenser's ,faerie ,queene1 and that over the western from ,the ,triumph of ,bohemia by ,george ,sterling4 ,the serenity and intimate seclusion of the ,court are due perhaps more than to any other single feature1 to the quiet1 circular pool in its center1 shut in by banks of shrubbery and bare of sculptured ornament4 ,court of the ,four ,seasons ,one of the ,colonnade ,murals ,the ,court is octagonal in shape1 by reason of the fountains1 screened by stately rows of columns1 which fill its cornet recesses4 ,these corner fountains are distinctly ,roman in inspiration1 the detail being suggested by the baths of ,caracalla4 ,between the double rows of massive ,ionic columns runs the colonnade4 ,the capitals of the columns are enriched by pendant ears of corn1 surmounted by a single open flower4 ,above the severely treated doorways1 in each recess1 are two mural paintings by ,milton ,bancroft1 picturing alternately the seasonal pleasures and pastimes and their activities or industries4 ,the murals1 with the two in the half-dome1 also by ,milton ,bancroft1 are all conventionally classic1 in keeping with the spirit and atmosphere of the ,court4 ,within the sheltered niches are the fountains of the four seasons1 where the water1 rose-tinted by day and a luminous green by night1 slips softly and musically over three broadening semicircular terraces to the cool1 green pool beneath4 ,the sculptured groups1 surmounting the terraced fountains1 are by ,furio ,piccirilli of ,new ,york4 ,the enclosing walls are soft pink1 the line where they join the blue vault of the sky charmingly broken by the living green of luxuriant1 trailing vines4 ,court of the ,four ,seasons ,the ,ionic ,columns ,through the columns is a glimpse of the ,eastern ,gateway where1 carved in three panels over the entrance1 is the following inscription3 ,so forth issew'd the seasons of the yeare1 ,first lusty spring all dight in leaves and flowres4 ,then came the jolly sommer being dight ,in a thin cassock coloured greene1 ,then came the autumne all in yellow clad1 ,lastly came winter1 cloathed all in frize1 ,chattering his teeth1 for cold that did him chill4 --,spenser4 ,the triple panel in the attic of the ,western ,gateway reads3 ,for lasting happiness we turn our eyes to one alone1 ,and she surrounds you now4 ,great nature1 refuge of the weary heart1 and only balm to breasts that have been bruised4 ,she hath cool hands for every fevered brow ,and gentlest silence for the troubled soul4 --,sterling4 ,court of the ,four ,seasons ,the ,colonnade and ,lawn ,the harmonious impression of the ,court of the ,four ,seasons is due largely to the faithfulness with which classic influences have controlled every detail1 both in architecture and in ornament4 ,the bulls' heads between festoons of flowers which decorate the base of the entrances into the north court1 the eagles at the corners of the pylons above1 and the vases repeated on the balustrade about the ,court are all ,roman in design4 ,thoroughly classic also are the wreaths of fruits and grains on the panel of the cornice and the lions' heads above4 ,while ,the ,feast of ,sacrifice1 the superb groups by ,albert ,jaegers1 crowning the pylons at either side of the entrance to the north court1 recall the ancient custom of celebrating the close of harvest by the sacrifice of flower-garlanded bulls4 ,the planting of the court is quiet and stately1 and notably carries out its spirit1 with the gray-green of foliage plants and eucalyptus trees and the gnarled stems of gray old olive trees4 ,in its vistas from any angle or point of view1 the ,court is peculiarly satisfying and beautiful4 ,court of the ,four ,seasons ,the ,north ,colonnade by ,night ,to stand in the midst of this curving octagonal court and hear1 above the whisper of the trees1 the murmur of the four hidden fountains that gush unseen from the base of allegorical groups of statuary1 glimpsed through colonnades1 is to stand in ,hadrian's villa of old1 where we hear ,fitly the fountains of silver leap1 ,whose sound is as soft as the listless flow ,of streams that forever linger and go ,down delicate1 dream-far valleys of sleep4 ,as in a dream1 one looks down the last vista to the open rotunda and crescent hemicycle of the ,palace of ,fine ,arts beyond a lagoon that mirrors them on its surface4 ,rising from the rich1 green massing of shrubbery and mossy banks1 the rotunda lifts its proud head1 encircled with garlands of symbolical figures1 as above a grove of ,academe4 ,behind it the soft red walls of the place glow like the fading embers of sunset4 ,these courts1 strung like a rope of pearls between the two poles of man's achievement--mechanics and art--are the heart of the ,exposition1 and in them are treasures of color and form untold4 --,edwin ,markham ,palace of ,food ,products ,the ,portal from the ,gardens ,the north facade of the ,palaces which line the ,marina is bare almost to severity1 except for the rich adornment of the portals1 the same detail being repeated for each palace4 ,spanish models served as the patterns for these handsome doorways1 the three fine arches1 with their supporting columns1 suggesting the earlier ,spanish ,gothic1 while the decorative features reflect the ,moorish influence of a later period4 ,the motif is appropriate for the waterfront1 reminiscent as it is of the epoch of the ,spanish ,main4 ,this hint is carried out in the sculptured figures in the alcoves above each arch4 ,allen ,newman modeled them1 giving to his work the dash and daring of the domineering conquistadors and piratical deckhands of those stirring days4 ,the portal here pictured leads directly to the ,esplanade near the ,gardens adjoining the ,california ,building4 ,palace of ,food ,products ,a ,detail of the ,main ,portal ,it requires several visits to the ,exposition to become accustomed to the stupendous scale which has been followed1 not only in the expansive landscape gardening1 but in the architectural plans4 ,in this illustration1 a faint conception is afforded of the proportions of the main entrance to the ,palace of ,food ,products4 ,the doors themselves are of ample size1 yet are dwarfed to insignificance by the lofty columns and vaulted ceiling of this delightful portal1 which is a reproduction from the ,spanish ,cathedral of ,salamanca4 ,the great arches are decorated after the plateresque style1 and the spandrels abound in garlands1 horns of plenty and other goodly tokens4 ,a ,moorish note is detected in the lacy network of the latticed windows4 ,the domed ceilings are painted blue and tints of pink and dull orange are used on the walls and columns of the portal4 ,the ,esplanade ,north ,facade1 ,column of ,progress ,the ,esplanade is bounded on the north by the ,marina and the sparkling waters of the ,bay3 ,the boundary line on the south is the imposing frontage formed by the north facade of the four palaces1 broken by the inviting entrances to the ,court of ,ages1 the ,court of the ,universe and the ,court of the ,four ,seasons4 ,the domes which mark these entrances loom up in fine proportions1 and the entrances to the various palaces are particularly well done4 ,against the old ivory of the massive walls are clustering thickets of cedar1 spruce1 eucalyptus and clumps of low-growing shrubs4 ,it is a rare combination--the view one has from the ,esplanade4 ,across the ,bay are the inviting hills of ,marin ,county and equally enticing are the vistas stretching through colonnades and arches formed by the courts and palaces of the ,exposition4 ,the ,column of ,progress1 surmounted by the ,adventurous ,bowman1 holds the most noticeable position on the ,esplanade4 ,north ,facade ,a ,view from the ,bay ,the ,esplanade extends westward from the ferry slip1 along the north facade of the main group of buildings1 past the massive walls of the ,california building and through the ,states' section to the ,massachusetts building4 ,from the ,bay1 the dominating center of the ,esplanade is the splendid ,column of ,progress1 on either side of which lies the ,spanish wall of the north facade broken only by the four magnificent and identical sixteenth-century ,renaissance portals which open into the ,palaces of ,mines1 of ,transportation1 of ,agriculture and of ,food ,products4 ,from the base of the ,column of ,progress1 the vista stretches away1 through the ,forecourt of the ,stars and the ,court of the ,universe1 to the ,tower of ,jewels1 which dominates the southern approach to the grounds4 ,against the sky-line are outlined the lesser spires of the ,italian towers1 the heavy bulk of the sculptured groups crowning the arches of the ,rising and the ,setting ,sun1 the square summit of the ,tower of the ,ages and the round domes of the palaces4 ,palace of ,food ,products ,a ,view from the ,fine ,arts ,laguna ,the impression of unity of design in the main group of buildings is heightened by certain distinctive features which characterize all of them in common4 ,on all1 there is the central dome1 which1 with the repeated smaller domes on the corners1 is the chief source of charm in the pronounced ,oriental or ,moorish effect when seen from a distance4 ,the long1 unbroken lines and wall spaces give a sense of repose and restraint and emphasize the richness and beauty of the entrances where the decoration is massed4 ,the ,palace of ,food ,products occupies the north-west corner of the main group of buildings4 ,its western exposure is ,roman in design to harmonize with the ,palace of ,fine ,arts on the opposite side of the laguna4 ,its dominant feature is the great half-dome1 officially called ,the ,half ,dome of ,physical ,vigor1 which forms its west entrance4 ,the tall ,corinthian columns on either side support ,ralph ,stackpole's figure of ,youth and crowning the smaller columns which line the dome are the repeated statues by ,earl ,cummings1 portraying ,physical ,vigor1 from which the dome takes its name4 ,palace of ,education ,a ,view from the ,fine ,arts ,laguna ,the western exposure of the ,palace of ,education duplicates the same wall of the ,palace of ,food ,products and the entire facade along the laguna is called the ,roman wall1 by reason of the thoroughly classic spirit in which it is conceived4 ,the half-dome here1 as there1 forms the architectural keystone1 and in both buildings1 the three niches on either side hold the same alternating figures4 ,while the half dome1 with its entire decorative treatment1 belongs more fittingly to the ,palace of ,education1 the sculptured figures in the alcoves1 by ,charles ,r4 ,harley1 representing alternately ,abundance and ,the ,triumph of the ,fields1 are more in keeping with the ,palace of ,food ,products4 ,the north face of the ,palace of ,education1 which opens on the ,court of the ,sunset1 connecting ,administration ,avenue with the ,court of the ,four ,seasons1 duplicates the three ,spanish doorways of its south facade2 and in harmony with these doorways1 those on the south wall of the ,palace of ,food ,products1 which look out upon the same avenue1 are similar in treatment4 ,palace of ,education ,the ,half ,dome of ,philosophy ,the two magnificent ,roman half-domes which give character to the otherwise long and bare wall space of the western facade are called in the ,palace of ,food ,products ,the ,half ,dome of ,physical ,vigor and in the ,palace of ,education ,the ,half ,dome of ,philosophy4 ,in dignity and nobility1 due to massive size and strength of treatment1 in beauty of modeling and restraint of decoration1 this effective use of the half-dome is one of the finest architectural achievements on the grounds4 ,the fine1 strong figure by ,ralph ,stackpole1 which surmounts the giant ,corinthian columns on either side of the opening is used also at the entrance of the ,palace of ,food ,products and here1 as there1 it is called ,youth1 the repeated figure evidently signifying in the mind of the artist the union of intellectual and physical vigor which exemplifies the finest type of manhood4 ,the dome takes its name from the eight times repeated female figure1 representing ,education1 which crowns the ,corinthian columns lining its inner curve4 ,palace of ,education ,the ,fountain in the ,portal ,the central decorative feature within the half-domes which form the western portals of the ,palaces of ,education and of ,food ,products is1 in each case1 a fountain1 architectural in character and of great dignity of line and beauty of modeling2 ,both were designed by ,w4 ,b4 ,faville from old ,italian models found in ,sienna and ,ravenna4 ,both are circular in form and built up in successive tiers1 the one at the entrance to the ,palace of ,education being the simplest in construction and gaining more in charm and grace from the flow of the water4 ,the interior treatment of the domes furnishes an effective background for the fountains4 ,the vault of the ceiling is a richly colored conventionalized pattern in orange1 pompeiian red and blue4 ,the repeated ,corinthian columns lining the curve are of ,sienna marble4 ,the doorways between them1 with the ,moorish grill above the doors1 are in green1 while back of the lattice work is set stained glass in deep amber4 ,administration ,avenue ,the ,fine ,arts ,laguna ,the ,baker ,street ,entrance to the ,exposition leads directly into ,administration ,avenue4 ,the ,horticultural ,gardens first attract attention by their kaleidoscopic patches of blooming flowers4 ,then the eye travels on past the ,palace of ,horticulture to the massive bulwark of the ,palaces of ,education and ,food ,products in the walls of which two great half-domed portals form the principal points of interest4 ,across the way lies the ,laguna with its reflected image of the ,palace of ,fine ,arts1 perhaps the loveliest spot in the ,exposition grounds4 ,plants grow in the pool and the shores are lined with iris1 primroses1 periwinkles1 pampas grass and1 overtopping these1 weeping willows mingled with other lovely trees and shrubs4 ,towards the end of the ,avenue is the small but attractive ,hawaiian pavilion4 ,the tower of the ,california building is silhouetted against the background of the ,marin hills4 ,administration ,avenue receives its name from the fact that it leads directly to the administrative headquarters of the ,exposition1 located in the ,california building4 ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,the ,rotunda and ,laguna ,the ,palace of ,fine ,arts has the finest natural setting on the ,exposition grounds4 ,consummate skill in planning the entire architectural ensemble gave it a commanding position1 at the extreme west of the group of exhibit palaces4 ,the architect1 ,bernard4 ,r4 ,maybeck of ,san ,francisco1 found as an asset on beginning his work1 a small natural lake and a fine group of ,monterey cypress4 ,with this foundation he has created a temple of supreme loveliness1 thoroughly original in conception1 yet classic in its elemental simplicity and in its appeal to the highest and noblest traditions of beauty and art1 revealing the imagination of a poet1 the fine sense of color and harmony of an artist1 and the sure hand of a master-architect in his confident control of architectural forms1 of decorative detail and of the contributing landscape elements4 ,the conception of the rotunda is said to have been suggested to the architect by ,becklin's painting ,the ,island of the ,dead and that of the peristyle by ,gerome's ,chariot ,race4 ,across the ,laguna from the ,palace of ,fine ,arts runs ,administration ,avenue and the magnificent ,roman wall which forms the western facade of the main group of palaces4 ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,the ,rotunda and ,peristyle ,the ,palace of ,fine ,arts is1 in reality1 not one complete building1 but four separate and distinct elements4 ,the rotunda1 an octagonal structure1 forms the center of the composition4 ,on either side is a detached peristyle which follows the curve of the gallery itself1 as it describes an arc about the western shore of the ,laguna1 yet so successfully are they all bound together by the encircling green wall and by the other landscape elements1 that an impression of satisfying unity results4 ,the architecture1 as a whole1 is early ,roman1 with traces of the finer ,greek influences4 ,in general treatment1 there is a suggestion of the ,temple of the ,sun at ,athens1 while much of the detail was inspired by the ,choragic monument of ,lysicrates1 also at ,athens4 ,the rotunda is ,roman in conception1 ,greek in decorative treatment4 ,by its sheer nobility of form and of proportion1 and by its enchantment of color and sculptured ornament1 it dominates the entire landscape4 ,the high spiritual quality of the architect's conception culminates in the ,shrine of ,inspiration1 directly in front of the rotunda1 as seen from across the laguna1 where kneels ,ralph ,stackpole's lovely figure of ,art ,tending the ,fires of ,inspiration1 exquisite in its simplicity and delicate charm4 ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,the ,peristyle and ,laguna ,on either side of the central rotunda the peristyle of the ,palace of ,fine ,arts encircles the shore of the laguna in a long semi-circle1 formed of a row of ,corinthian columns their pale green simulating age-stained marble4 ,at each extremity of the colonnade and at intervals throughout its length are groups of four larger columns1 in ochre1 each group surmounted by a great box1 designed to hold flowers and vines4 ,panels simulating pale green1 veined marble are inset in these receptacles and at their corners are drooping women's figures by ,ulric ,h4 ,ellerhusen representing ,contemplation4 ,between the columns1 at their bases1 are also set receptacles for growing plants4 ,in its pervading dignity1 in the strength of the columns1 in the rich beauty of the capitals and in the chaste refinement of the cornice1 the colonnade is essentially ,greek4 ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,in the ,peristyle ,walk ,between the ,palace of ,fine ,arts itself and its bordering colonnade of massive ,corinthian columns runs a broad promenade which1 while binding the two together1 receives a sense of freedom and serenity from the open sky above4 ,the wall of the gallery is interrupted only by the simple entrances at intervals4 ,it is low and intimate in comparison with the great proportions of the other exhibit palaces and its height is further broken by a terrace midway1 set with growing plants and shrubs4 ,the whole effect desired by the architect is of an ancient ruin1 overgrown through the centuries with vegetation4 ,along the edge of the roof runs a latticed ,pompeiian pergola1 hung with trailing vines1 and the wall of the building is colored a deep pompeiian red4 ,the immense flower urns1 banded with classic figures in deep relief1 bearing heavy swinging garlands1 are by ,ulric ,h4 ,ellerhusen4 ,alternating with the massed green of shrubs and plants against the wall are niches holding sculptured groups4 ,the ,roman urns which crown the square pillars marking the doors and which1 in varying size1 are repeated here and there about the building1 are by ,william ,g4 ,merchant4 ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,the ,rotunda from the ,peristyle ,from any point in the peristyle of the ,palace of ,fine ,arts and under any atmospheric conditions1 either by day or by night2 the vistas are peculiarly satisfying and charming4 ,about the columns of the stately colonnade are blooming plants in simple1 natural groups4 ,and at intervals between the columns under the rotunda or along either end of the laguna1 the outdoor gallery of sculpture finds a sympathetic background and setting4 ,the great dome of the rotunda which crowns so many of the vistas1 is stained a velvety burnt orange1 with a turquoise blue-green border4 ,beneath1 are eight panels in low relief by ,bruno ,l4 ,zimm1 symbolizing ,greek culture and its desire for poetic and artistic expression1 conceived in a deeply classic vein and executed with spirit and grace4 ,below the panels is an attic of pale-green marble4 ,flanking each pier of the rotunda are two ,corinthian columns in ,sienna marble1 within the arches are corresponding ,corinthian pilasters1 and within the dome against each pier is another massive ,corinthian column in marble1 each one crowned with the serene and noble ,priestess of ,culture by ,herbert ,adams of ,new ,york4 ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,the ,peristyle ,walk by ,night ,of all the wonderful night effects of the ,exposition grounds none are so full of haunting beauty as the vistas afforded by the ,palace of ,fine ,arts and its surroundings4 ,by the indirect system of illumination1 an effect as of strong moonlight is produced and from concealed sources1 under cornices or behind columns1 a soft reflected radiance pervades peristyle and rotunda4 ,the trees1 shrubs and columns cast long1 intense shadows4 ,through the columns may be seen the long line of the ,roman wall across the laguna1 its great1 half-domes suffused with a mellow1 golden light and in the everchanging waters between1 it gleams again4 ,from the other side of the laguna1 the rotunda and the long crescent of the colonnade are seen reflected as in a mirror1 and when flooded with the white radiance of the searchlights1 their majestic beauty is indescribable4 ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,a ,fountain in the ,laguna ,beautiful as the ,palace of ,fine ,arts is from any viewpoint1 its simplicity and noble strength are at their best when seen with a foreground of trees and water4 ,the landscape1 in its simple naturalness1 is in feeling an intimate part of the building itself and so perfectly do they blend that they seem to have grown together through quiet1 serene centuries4 ,between the columns and along the wall of the building are blooming plants and shrubs1 groups of ,monterey cypress and eucalyptus trees4 ,the shores of the laguna are banked with shrubs1 loosely massed1 and groups of evergreens and weeping willows bend over the lake4 ,outlining its irregular border1 broken by small promontories and inlets1 thousands of blooming plants creep down to the water's edge and venture out into its placid depths--periwinkles1 primroses1 daffodils1 heliotrope1 pampas grass1 white and yellow callas1 ,spanish and ,japanese iris and myriads of others whose names and gay1 nodding blossoms are more or less familiar4 ,fountains play in the edge of the lake1 the charming spirited group here illustrated being ,wind and ,spray by ,anna ,coleman ,ladd4 ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,a ,picturesque ,garden ,fountain ,the graceful garden fountain shown is the work of ,anna ,coleman ,ladd4 ,it is located toward the north end of the building near the entrance to the peristyle4 ,of the general effect of the ,palace of ,fine ,arts and of its deeper meaning1 the architect1 ,bernard ,r4 ,maybeck1 says3 ,there is a succession of impressions produced as one walks through the different parts of the grounds that play on the feeling and the mind1 each part having its own peculiar influence on the sentiment4 ,along the main axis1 for example1 the ,machinery ,hall and neighborhood suggest a mixture of the classic and romantic1 as you understand the terms in literature4 ,the ,court of ,ages suggests the medieval with all its rising power of idealism in conflict with the physical4 ,the ,court of the ,universe suggests ,rome1 inhabited by some unknown placid people4 ,the ,court of the ,four ,seasons suggests the grace1 the beauty and the peace in the land where the souls of philosophers and poets dwell4 ,the ,fine ,arts ,palace suggests the romantic of the period after the classic ,renaissance1 and the keynote is one of sadness modified by the feeling that beauty has a soothing influence4 ,palace of ,fine ,arts ,the ,garden and ,fountain of ,time ,in the foreground of this poetic garden scene is the foremost figure of ,lorado ,taft's ,fountain of ,time4 ,in sympathy with the atmospheric influence of such a vista1 ,bernard ,r4 ,maybeck1 the architect1 continues the thought of the preceding page3 ,to make a ,fine ,arts composition that will fit this modified melancholy1 we must use those forms in architecture and gardening that will affect the emotions in such a way as to produce on the individual the same modified sadness as the galleries do4 ,suppose you were to put a ,greek temple in the middle of a small mountain lake surrounded by dark1 deep rocky cliffs1 with the white foam dashing over the marble temple floor1 you would have a sense of mysterious fear and even terror1 as of something uncanny4 ,if the same temple1 pure and beautiful in lines and color1 were placed on the face of a placid lake1 surrounded by high trees and lit up by a glorious full moon1 you would recall the days when your mother pressed you to her bosom and your final sob was hushed by a protecting spirit hovering over you1 warm and large4 ,you have there the point of transition from sadness to content1 which comes pretty near to the total impression that galleries have and that the ,fine ,arts ,palace and ,lake are supposed to have4 ,california ,building ,bell ,tower and ,forbidden ,garden ,the ,california ,building is the result of perhaps the most interesting combination of requirements that could be imagined--to provide a host building for the home ,state of a great ,exposition where welcome could warmly and generously be extended to the millions of visitors1 where the officials could have suitable quarters and where the fifty-two counties of the ,state could have their exhibits4 ,the location set aside for the concrete development of these requirements was most stimulating4 ,an edifice to terminate the vista looking north over a laguna of silent water flanked by the wonderful ,palace of ,fine ,arts1 and just beyond1 the beautiful ,bay of ,san ,francisco with a background formed by distant ,tamalpais4 ,no style of architecture could be more appropriate to these needs than that which exists in ,california--an architecture romantic1 peaceful1 subtle and charming in its proportions4 ,the task of adapting the ,mission architecture to the requirements was given ,thomas ,h4 ,f4 ,burditt4 ,he entered into the spirit of the old ,padre builders with rare intuition1 and he designed a building of impressive dignity and hospitality4 ,california ,building ,the ,arches of the ,colonnade ,the ,mission ,padres had built neither in magnificence nor in magnitude1 and as both of these were requisite qualities in the construction of the ,california ,building1 they presented peculiar problems1 and were treated with the thought of what one of the old ,padres with a limited knowledge of architecture would have done if presented with the larger problem4 ,so it seemed that the entrance foyer should be quiet1 and massive and should form a nucleus to all parts of the building4 ,the magnitude of the edifice was so great that all the existing ,missions of ,california could be housed therein1 and in order to show the largeness of its proportions and varied functions1 each part was designed as a motif in itself and closely related to that part by which it stood4 ,from the forecourt in replica of the ,forbidden ,garden of ,santa ,barbara1 surrounded by old cypress hedges1 by driveways1 and walled in by cloistered arches1 one can find the principal entrances to all the main divisions of the building1 and also to the administrative portion which contains the executive offices of the ,exposition and the official reception and banquet rooms4 ,california ,building ,a ,vista in the ,colonnade ,the cloistered colonnades so intimately associated with ,mission architecture have been successfully handled in the ,court of the ,california ,building4 ,the molds for the columns of the arches were made by the architect himself1 to give the semblance of age and that each should differ from the other4 ,it was most necessary to avoid mechanical regularity in any feature of the building1 and in consequence all the details vary1 so that no two that are exactly similar are placed near each other4 ,the arches are made of slightly different radii1 and the bells vary both in size and design4 ,there are ten main groups of entrances1 but no two of them are in any way similar1 and it was through these means that the attempt was made to obtain a varied change of interest in plan1 mass1 silhouette and detail and the lack of precision which must have existed at the time when the old ,california ,missions grew into being4 ,california ,building ,the ,forbidden ,garden ,there had grown on this location for forty odd years1 a hedge of cypress1 weary with its age1 and groups of trees forming wonderful masses of foliage to charm the eye4 ,this happy circumstance was cleverly utilized by the architect in designing the court of the ,california ,building4 ,a replica of the enclosed ,garden of ,mission ,santa ,barbara was laid out within the boundary of this old hedge and planted with old-fashioned flowers such as would have delighted the ,mission ,fathers4 ,in the center is a fountain similar to that at ,santa ,barbara1 and the quiet splash of its water adds a touch of charm and romance4 ,the bell tower of the building throws an afternoon shadow over the garden1 and within a niche in the tower stands the statue of ,padre ,serra overlooking this peaceful nook4 ,california ,building ,the ,semi-,tropical ,garden ,to the south of the ,california ,building1 off the ,esplanade1 lies an interesting garden filled with various species of cacti and unusual semi-tropical plants4 ,interspersed among these are masses of brightly blossoming dainty flowers--baby blue eyes in the spring and others1 equally lovely1 as the seasons change4 ,in a sheltered nook rise the tall slender stalks of rare bamboo1 sent from a private garden in ,bakersfield4 ,the massive walls of the building form a rich background4 ,their appearance of stability1 enhanced by a slight batter--that is a slight receding from the perpendicular--is shown by a least visible thickness of three feet4 ,these features are evident in every wall throughout the exterior of the building4 ,within the corridors1 the floors appropriately are paved with red brick1 and the ceilings are beamed and roughly finished4 ,netherlands ,pavilion ,as ,seen from the ,laguna ,the ,pavilion of the ,netherlands is located sufficiently near the ,laguna to be reflected within the pool4 ,the high dome is adorned with four clock towers and a forest of flagstaffs and spires4 ,k4 ,kromhout1 who designed the building1 followed the modern ideas of the present-day school of architects in ,holland4 ,the ultra style of the ,pavilion fails to recall the staunch and dignified brick structures for which the ,dutch are famous1 but it is a striking edifice4 ,the tiled panels are lovely and the warm colors used in the exterior decorations most attractive4 ,when viewed from ,administration ,avenue1 the numerous towers1 fluttering pennants and harmonious colors are set oft to best advantage by the trees along the ,laguna4 ,about the building1 the ,hollander's love of flowers is strongly in evidence4 ,ten carloads of bulbs and shrubs were imported for the horticultural display4 ,italian ,pavilion ,the ,piazzetta ,venetia ,the ,italian ,pavilion consists of a group of eight buildings1 combining architectural styles of the fourteenth1 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries4 ,the main entrance to the pavilion is on the west1 and a broad1 low flight of steps leads into the ,piazza ,grande1 graced by a fountain by ,tacca and pieces of ,italian sculpture4 ,on the left is the medieval palace1 containing authentic works of art of many ages4 ,facing this is the ,lombard palace1 of the period of fourteen-hundred1 used by the ,italian ,commissioners as a reception hall4 ,the ,royal ,salon and ,casa ,italiana form the east wall of the main court4 ,the inner courts are beautified with fountains and statuary groups4 ,covered passageways1 supported by slender pillars1 extend around three sides of the piazzetta1 and add a delicate charm to the enclosure4 ,the ,venetian ,well in the center is a characteristic note1 and the stairways leading to the upper verandas1 and the niches about this court1 are delightful in design4 ,the outer elevation of the main building is of the sixteenth century4 ,within the ,casa ,italiana there is an exact reproduction of the library of the ,s4 ,maria delle ,grazie1 ,milan4 ,italian ,pavilion ,in the ,court ,verrochio ,the arcade which connects the ,etruscan ,tower with the ,bargello ,hall separates the smaller court of the ,italian ,pavilion from the ,piazza ,grande4 ,the most attractive feature in this ideal court is the staircase and balcony1 done in the period of the fourteenth century1 with a most interesting composition of the flat walls1 pierced by a graceful double arch1 attractively spotted with plaques and brightened by the color of the ,della ,robias and the geraniums blossoming through the balustrade4 ,a delicate touch is given by the ,fountain of the ,winged ,boy with the ,fish1 by ,verrocchio1 which occupies the center of the stone-flagged court4 ,to the left of the staircase is a mural fresco depicting the ,return from the ,crusade4 ,old iron-framed lanterns hang from the gray-toned ceilings of the arcades4 ,the coloring of the walls and pillars is stone gray blended with shades of brown and grayish-blue4 ,the vivid green of the sun-lit grass within the ,piazzetta ,venetia relieves the sober color scheme of this court4 ,the balconies are lined with blooming flowers1 and shrubs and plants in artistic receptacles add to its attractiveness4 ,avenue of the ,nations ,tower of ,sweden's ,pavilion ,the ,avenue of the ,nations extends from the ,exposition group of ,palaces in a diagonal direction westward to the ,marina1 and is lined on either side with the pavilions of the ,foreign ,nations4 ,in the picture there is a glimpse of the ,canadian ,building to the left1 and prominent in the view is the characteristic ,swedish tower1 typically northern1 and interesting in detail4 ,immediately beyond is ,bolivia's ,palace1 to an equal degree typical of the south1 followed by the pinkish-toned building erected by ,cuba4 ,denmark's ,pavilion1 on the left of the ,avenue adjoining the ,palace of ,fine ,arts1 is distinctly individual1 marked by its towers which reproduce several historic towers in ,denmark1 and the moat in which frogs croak at night4 ,the interior is arranged to represent the rooms of a gentleman's country home4 ,on the hillside to the south are several avenues about which are grouped others of the ,foreign ,pavilions--the picturesque gardens of ,japan1 the open court of ,france1 with its ,rodin bronze1 and the dignified pavilions of ,australia1 ,norway1 ,greece and many other nations4 ,the ,esplanade ,a ,view of the ,foreign ,pavilions ,the pavilions of the ,foreign ,nations are on the south side of the ,esplanade1 westward from the group of ,exposition ,palaces4 ,in the foreground of this view is seen ,canada's stately building1 guarded by the massive ,british lions4 ,the admirable and comprehensive exhibit within has aroused great admiration and established a standard for such displays4 ,beyond is the pagoda of the ,chinese gardens1 and the tea houses1 with their roofs colored in the wonderful yellow which occurs so often in the old ,chinese rugs4 ,the slate-colored dome of ,argentina's ornate ,palace precedes the pinkish-toned ,netherlands building seen in the distance--the rather whimsical style of the latter adding a distinct note to that section of the grounds4 ,the park to the south is distinguished by two ,oriental buildings erected respectively by ,siam and ,turkey4 ,the first is an exact copy of a royal pavilion in the ,garden of ,maha ,chakkri ,palace1 at ,bangkok4 ,the latter is equally typical of the ,east1 marked with dome1 minarets and spires1 and includes the main pavilion and a near-by mosque and prayer tower1 connected with it by a corridor4 ,the ,esplanade ,a ,view of the ,state ,buildings ,the buildings erected by ,california's sister ,commonwealths occupy the district west of the ,california ,building1 and the north line of the ,esplanade to the ,marina4 ,designed in various individual and dignified styles1 surrounded with handsome lawns and beautiful gardens1 they have formed a most important and interesting feature of the ,exposition grounds4 ,many of the buildings reproduce historic landmarks4 ,the golden dome of the ,massachusetts ,state ,house is as dominant a feature at the head of the ,esplanade as is the original on ,beacon ,street in ,boston4 ,the loggia of ,independence ,hall is familiar enough to bring a patriotic thrill to the heart of the loyal ,american1 even were not the cherished ,liberty ,bell on view4 ,another ,colonial feature is the ,trenton ,barracks1 ,washington's headquarters in ,new ,jersey2 and ,homewood takes one back to ,charles ,carroll1 of ,carrollton1 and ,baltimore in #ahjb4 ,the massive log building from ,oregon is fairly representative of that state of virgin forests1 notwithstanding the mistaken attempt to reproduce the classic ,parthenon in such a crude medium4 ,in this view the magnificent building for ,new ,york is in the foreground4 ,beyond1 in the order named1 are the buildings for ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,illinois1 ,ohio1 ,utah and ,massachusetts4 ,the ,zone ,a ,holiday ,gathering ,the ,zone1 while providing excellent entertainment and relaxation1 is above the standard established by the amusement sections of former expositions1 many of its concessions being of an educational nature4 ,this is notably true of the ,panama ,canal1 which appears on the left of this picture4 ,because of its value as a faithful reproduction of the great work which the ,exposition commemorates1 many consider it as deserving a place in the main grounds4 ,almost equal to this in educational interest and quite ranking it in beauty are the reproductions of the ,grand ,canyon with its ,hopi and ,navajo ,indians1 and ,yellowstone ,park4 ,old ,faithful ,inn in the latter is a favorite place for social gatherings4 ,for pure fun and gaiety1 ,toyland ,grown ,up1 that whimsical conceit especially built for youngsters1 old and young1 has provided merriment for thousands4 ,of thrillers that raise the hair and make the heart beat high and without which no amusement section would be complete1 the ,zone announces its full quota with much rattling of machinery and many shrieks of joy4 ,and the presence of strange peoples1 one of the recognized features of these places1 is also noticeable along the ,zone4 ,a ,maori tribe from ,new ,zealand1 ,samoans1 ,hawaiians1 ,aztecs from ,old ,tehauntepec1 and others bring their customs and costumes from unfamiliar lands4 ,the ,zone ,the ,bizarre ,decorations ,there is something naive about the ,zone4 ,it presents its colossal grotesques--its gargantuan ,uncle ,sam1 its monstrous elephants--rather with an air of acknowledging that it cannot compete with the beauty one leaves behind when one turns in under its gay flags ad lanterns4 ,here is frankly the spirit of abandon4 ,to the right and left the bawling barkers shout their enticements1 begging one's patronage4 ,up and down the street the endless patter of the feet of men and women1 the wheeze of the little electrics and the blare of brassy music ebb and flow4 ,here and there is the dominant note of the ,exposition1 its pastel shades of burnt orange and red1 and its indefinable blue4 ,they flutter forth1 hooped about the flagpoles with ,oriental effect4 ,those wonderful lanterns1 that delightful medieval touch which one finds through the grounds1 are here employed with great effect4 ,when one is tired of gigantic horses with ever-impending hoofs1 tired of large plaster ladies whose complete poise does not entirely atone for a rather excess of buxomness1 one can always turn to these reminders of the beauty that is the essential characteristic of the ,exposition itself4 ,the ,fireworks ,star ,shells and ,steam ,battery ,notwithstanding the excellence attained by the ,exposition in the beauty of its coloring1 the poetry in its courts and architecture1 the mystery and glamour of its illuminations1 the spectacular element could not be overlooked4 ,this finds expression in the fireworks that are let loose on the ,marina several evenings each week4 ,here1 however1 a distinct advance has been made upon the familiar pyrotechnic display of former events4 ,the use of powerful scintillators with their colored rays playing upon smoke clouds and flying devices from exploded bombs high in the air1 or upon weird shapes of steam sent out by the engine on the border of the yacht harbor1 lends infinite variety and beauty4 ,in several of the numbers the scintillators secure the effects unaided1 their lights making strange figures in the heavens4 ,spooks' ,parade1 ,aurora ,borealis1 ,devil's ,fan1 are some of the ideas suggested4 ,zone ,salvo ,the ,final ,big ,noise ,the ,exposition ,fireworks are under the direction of ,william ,d',a4 ,ryan1 ,chief of ,illumination4 ,on each occasion a set program is followed consisting of twenty-four numbers4 ,at the opening1 a salute of ten detonating bombs and a large rocket announce the event4 ,this is followed by features of the scintillator lights1 combinations of these with steam1 with smoke bombs and with orange showers and ,japanese daylight shells1 and by fancy star shells1 festoon rockets and candle fountains4 ,the climax is reached in the ,zone ,salvo when a tremendous explosion of hundreds of detonating devices occurs1 with rockets and star shells exploding in the air1 the rays of the scintillator coloring the smoke clouds in brilliant hues2 and amidst it all1 high above1 suddenly appears a beautiful ,american flag caught and followed by the ray of a powerful white searchlight as it floats away from sight4 ,here ends ,the ,architecture and ,landscape ,gardening of the ,exposition1 with an introduction by ,louis ,christian ,mullgardt4 ,the descriptive titles have been written by ,maud ,wotring ,raymond and ,john ,hamlin4 ,edited by ,paul ,elder4 ,published by ,paul ,elder and ,company and seen through their ,tomoye ,press under the typographical direction of ,h4 ,a4 ,funke in the city of ,san ,francisco during the month of ,september1 ,nineteen ,hundred and ,fifteen4