,illu/ration ,manual ( ,g>d5+ ,a ,,practical ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,home ,,gr\nds ,,& ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,fl[]s1 ,,fruits1 ,,& ,,vegetables ,,= ,,home ,,use by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey ,,second ,,edition #aiaj ,cont5ts ,,explanation ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,:at a g>d5 is ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,or ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,place ,! plan ( ! gr\nds ,! picture 9 ! l&scape ,birds2 & cats ,! plant+ is "p ( ! design or picture ,! fl[]-gr[+ %\ld be "p ( ! design ,defects 9 fl[]-gr[+ ,lawn fl[]-b$s ,fl[]-bord]s ,! old-fa%ion$ g>d5 ,cont5ts ( ! fl[]-bord]s ,! value ( plants may lie 9 foliage & =m r ?an 9 bloom ,odd & =mal trees ,popl>s & ! l ,plant-=ms ,v>i\s specific examples ,an example ,ano!r example ,a ?ird example ,a small back y>d ,a city lot ,g5]al rem>ks ,review ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,execution ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,l&scape ,,features ,! grad+ ,! t]race ,! b\nd+ l9es ,walks & drives ,! "q ( dra9age1 curb+1 & gutt]s ,! mat]ials ,mak+ ! bord]s ,mak+ ! lawn ,prep>+ ! gr\nd ,! k9d ( grass ,:5 & h[ to s[ ! se$ ,secur+ a firm sod ,! m[+ ,fall treatm5t ,spr+ treatm5t ,wat]+ lawns ,sodd+ ! lawn ,a comb9ation ( sodd+ & se$+ ,s[+ ) sod ,o!r gr\nd cov]s ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,! ,,l& ,! dra9+ ( ! l& ,tr5*+ & subsoil+ ,prep>ation ( ! surface ,! sav+ ( moi/ure ,h& tools = we$+ & subsequ5t tillage & o!r h& "w ,! hoe ,sc>ifi]s ,h&-we$]s ,tr[els & _! k9d ,roll]s ,m>k]s ,enri*+ ! l& ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,! ,,plants ,s[+ ! se$s ,propagat+ by cutt+s ,dormant /em-cutt+s ,cutt+s ( roots ,gre5 cutt+s ,cutt+s ( leaves ,g5]al treatm5t ,transplant+ "y se$l+s ,transplant+ e/abli%$ plants & trees ,tub-plants ,:5 to transplant ,dep? to transplant ,mak+ ! r[s /raight ,cutt+-back2 fill+ ,remov+ v l>ge trees ,w9t] protection ( plants ,prun+ ,tree surg]y & protection ,tree gu>ds ,mice & rabbits ,girdl$ trees ,repair+ /reet trees ,! graft+ ( plants ,keep+ records ( ! plantation ,! /or+ ( fruits & vegetables ,! =c+ ( plants ,coldframes ,hotb$s ,managem5t ( hotb$s ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,protect+ ,,plants ,,f ,,?+s ,,t ,,prey ,,on ,,!m ,scre5s & cov]s ,fumigat+ ,soak+ tub]s & se$s ,spray+ ,insecticide spray+ =mulas ,fungicide spray+ =mulas ,treatm5t = "s ( ! common insects ,treatm5t = "s ( ! common plant diseases ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,! ,,ornam5tal ,,plants--,,! ,,classes ,,( ,,plants1 ,,& ,,li/s ,plant+ = imm$iate effect ,! use ( 8foliage0 trees & %rubs ,w9dbreaks & scre5s ,! mak+ ( h$ges ,! bord]s ,! fl[]-b$s ,b$d+ effects ,plants = subtropical effects ,aquatic & bog plants ,rock]ies & alp9e plants #a4 ,,plants ,,= ,,c>pet-,,b$s ,li/s = c>pet-b$s #b4 ,,! ,,annual ,,plants ,li/ ( annuals by color ( fl[]s ,useful annuals = edg+s ( b$s & walks1 & = ribbon-b$s ,annuals t cont9ue to bloom aft] fro/ ,li/ ( annuals suitable = b$d+ 7t is1 = 8mass-effects0 ( color7 ,li/ ( annuals by height ,di/ances = plant+ annuals #c4 ,,h>dy ,,h]bace\s ,,p]5nials ,p]5nial h]bs suitable = lawn & 8plant+0 effects ,a brief seasonal fl[]-g>d5 or bord] li/ ( h]bace\s p]5nials ,"o hundr$ extra-h>dy p]5nial h]bs #d4 ,,bulbs ,,& ,,tub]s ,fall-plant$ bulbs ,li/ ( outdoor fall-plant$ bulbs = ! ,nor? ,w9t] bulbs ,summ] bulbs #e4 ,,! ,,%rubb]y ,li/ ( %rubb]y plants = ! ,nor? ,%rubs = ! ,s\? #f4 ,,climb+ ,,plants ,annual h]bace\s climb]s ,p]5nial h]bace\s climb]s ,woody p]5nial climb]s ,climb+ roses #g4 ,,trees ,,= ,,lawns ,,& ,,/reets ,li/ ( h>dy decidu\s trees = ! ,nor? ,non-conif]\s trees = ! ,s\? #h4 ,,conif]\s ,,ev]gre5 ,,%rubs ,,& ,,trees ,li/ ( %rubby conif]s ,arbore\s conif]s ,conif]s = ! ,s\? #i4 ,,w9d[-,,g>d5s ,! w9d[-box = outside effect ,! inside w9d[-g>d51 or 8h\se plants0 ,bulbs 9 ! w9d[-g>d5 ,wat]+ h\se plants ,hang+ baskets ,aqu>ium ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,! ,,ornam5tal ,,plants--,,in/ructions ,,( ,,p>ticul> ,,k9ds ,abutilons2 agapan?us2 al/rem]ia2 am>yllis2 anemone2 aralia2 arauc>ia2 auricula2 azaleas2 begonias2 cactus2 caladium2 calceol>ia2 calla2 camellias2 cannas2 c>nations2 c5tury plants2 *rysan!mums2 c9]>ia2 clematis2 coleus2 crocus2 croton2 cyclam52 dahlia2 f]ns2 freesia2 fu*sia2 g]anium2 gladiolus2 glox9ia2 grevillea2 hollyhocks2 hyac9?s2 iris2 lily2 lily-(-!-valley2 mignonette2 moon-fl[]s2 n>cissus2 ole&]2 oxalis2 palms2 p&anus2 pansy2 pel>gonium2 peony2 phlox2 primulas2 rhodod5drons2 rose2 smilax2 /ocks2 sweet pea2 swa9sona2 tub]ose2 tulips2 violet2 wax plant4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,! ,,fruit ,,plants ,dw>f fruit-trees ,age & size ( trees ,prun+ ,?9n+ ! fruit ,wa%+ & scrubb+ ! trees ,ga!r+ & keep+ fruit ,almond2 apples2 apricot2 blackb]ry2 *]ry2 cranb]ry2 currant2 dewb]ry2 fig2 gooseb]ry2 grape2 mulb]ry2 nuts2 orange2 pea*2 pe>2 plum2 qu9ce2 raspb]ry2 /rawb]ry2 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,! ,,vegetable ,,plants ,vegetables = six ,! classes ( vegetables ,! culture ( ! lead+ vegetables ,asp>agus2 arti*oke2 arti*oke2 ,j]usalem2 bean2 beet2 broccoli2 brussels spr\ts2 cabbage2 c>rot2 caulifl[]2 cel]iac2 cel]y2 *>d2 *icory2 *]vil2 *ives2 coll>ds2 corn salad2 corn2 cress2 cucumb]2 d&elion2 egg-plant2 endive2 g>lic2 hors]adi%2 kale2 kohlrabi2 leek2 lettuce2 mu%room2 mu/>d2 muskmelon2 okra2 onion2 p>sley2 p>snip2 pea2 pepp]2 potato2 radi%2 rhub>b2 salsify2 sea-kale2 sorrel2 spe>m9t2 sp9a*2 squa%2 sweet-potato2 tomato2 turnips & rutabagas2 wat]melon4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,seasonal ,,rem9d]s ,= ! ,nor? ,= ! ,s\? ,,index ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,plate ,i4 ,! op5 c5t]4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,! plan ( ! place4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,op5-c5t] treatm5t 9 a semi-tropical c\ntry4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,subtropical b$d+ aga9/ a build+4 ,caladiums1 cannas1 abutilons1 p]man5t rhodod5drons1 & o!r l>ge /uff1 ) tub]\s begonias & balsams betwe54 ,,plate ,v4 ,a subtropical b$4 ,c5t] ( cannas1 ) bord] ( ,p5nisetum longi/ylum 7a grass7 />t$ 9 late ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>*4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,a tree t gives "* to a place4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,b$d+ ) palms4 ,if a brick$-up pit is made ab\t ! por*1 pot palms may be plung$ 9 x 9 spr+ & tub conif]s 9 w9t]2 & fall bulbs 9 t9 cans 7s t ! receptacles w n split ) fro/7 may be plung$ among ! ev]gre5s4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,a well-plant$ entrance4 ,common trees & bu%es1 ) ,bo/on ivy4 on ! po/1 & ,b]b]is ,?unb]gii 9 front4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,a rocky bank cov]$ ) p]man5t in=mal plant+4 ,,plate ,x4 ,a %all[ lawn pond1 conta9+ wat]-lilies1 v>iegat$ sweet flag1 iris1 & subtropical b$d+ at ! re>2 f\nta9 cov]$ ) p>rot's fea!r 7,myriophyllum pros]p9acoides74 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,a back y>d ) summ] h\se1 & g>d5s beyond4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,a back y>d ) heavy fl[]-g>d5 plant+4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,! pageant ( summ]4 ,g>d5s ( ,c4,w4 ,d[deswell1 ,engl&1 f a pa9t+ by ,miss ,p>sons4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,virg9ia creep] scre51 on an old f5ce1 ) wall-fl[]s & hollyhocks 9 front4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,scupp]nong grape1 ! arbor v9e ( ! ,s\?4 ,?is plate %[s ! not$ scupp]nongs on ,roanoke ,isl&1 ( :i* ! orig9 is unkn[n1 b :i* 7 ( great size m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,a fl[]-g>d5 ( ,*9a a/]s1 ) bord] ( "o ( ! du/y mill]s 7,c5taurea74 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,! peony4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /eadfa/ ( g>d5 fl[]s4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,cornfl[] or ba*elor's button4 ,c5taurea ,cyanus4 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,pyracan?a 9 fruit4 ,"o ( ! be/ ornam5tal-fruit$ plants = ! middle & mild] latitudes4 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,a simple b effective w9d[-box1 conta9+ g]aniums1 petunias1 v]b5as1 heliotrope1 & v9es4 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,! k+ ( fruits4 ,newt[n z gr[n 9 ! ,pacific c\ntry4 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,wall-tra9+ ( a pe> tree4 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,*]ry currant4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,gold5 ,bantam sweet corn4 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,! g>d5 radi%1 gr[n 9 fall1 ( ! usual spr+ sorts4 ,,explanation ,x has be5 my desire to recon/ruct ! two books1 8,g>d5-,mak+0 & 8,practical ,g>d5-,book02 b inasmu* z ^! books h f\nd a con/itu5cy 9 _! pres5t =m1 x has seem$ be/ to let !m /& z !y are & to cont9ue _! publication z long z ! dem& ma9ta9s itself1 & to prep>e a new "w on g>d5+4 ,?is new "w ,i n[ (f] z 8,a ,manual ( ,g>d5+40 ,x is a comb9ation & revision ( ! ma9 p>ts ( ! o!r two books1 toge!r ) mu* new mat]ial & ! results ( ! exp]i5ce ( t5 add$ ye>s4 ,a book ( ?is k9d _c be drawn :olly f "o's own practice1 unless x is design$ to h a v re/rict$ & local application4 ,_m ( ! be/ sugge/ions 9 su* a book w h come f correspond5ts1 que/ion]s1 & ^? :o enjoy talk+ ab\t g>d5s2 & my situation has be5 su* t ^! communications h come to me freely4 ,i h always tri$1 h[ev]1 to te/ all su* sugge/ions by exp]i5ce & to make !m my own be=e (f]+ !m to my read]4 ,i mu/ express my special obligation to ^? p]sons :o collaborat$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! o!r two books1 & ^: contributions h be5 freely us$ 9 ?is "o3 to ,c4,e4 ,hunn1 a g>d5] ( long exp]i5ce2 ,pr(essor ,erne/ ,walk]1 re>$ z a comm]cial flori/2 ,pr(essor ,l4,r4 ,taft & ,pr(essor ,f4,a4 ,waugh1 well kn[n = _! /udies & writ+s 9 horticultural subjects4 ,9 mak+ ?is book1 ,i h _h con/antly 9 m9d ! home-mak] himself or h]self r ?an ! pr(essional g>d5]4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t we atta* _m p]sons to ! l&2 & ,i am conv9c$ t an int]e/ 9 g>d5+ w naturally take ! place ( _m desires t are mu* m difficult to gratify1 & t lie beyond ! rea* ( ! av]age man or woman4 ,x has be5 my good =tune to h se5 amateur & comm]cial g>d5+ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,i h tri$ to express some?+ ( ?is g5]ality 9 ! book2 yet my exp]i5ce1 z well z t ( my orig9al collaborators1 is ( ! nor!a/]n /ates1 & ! book is !re=e necess>ily writt5 f ?is region z a base4 ,"o g>d5+ book _c be made to apply 9 its practice 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada unless its in/ructions are s g5]al z to be practically useless2 b ! pr9ciples & po9ts ( view may h wid] application4 ,:ile ,i h tri$ to give only ! s\nde/ & mo/ te/$ advice1 ,i _c hope to h escap$ errors & %ortcom+s1 & ,i %all be grateful to my read] if he w advise me ( mi/akes or faults t he may discov]4 ,i %all expect to use su* in=mation 9 ! mak+ ( subsequ5t editions4 ,( c\rse an au?or _c hold himself responsible = failures t 8 read] may suff]4 ,! /atem5ts 9 a book ( ?is k9d are 9 ! nature ( advice1 & x may or x may n apply 9 p>ticul> conditions1 & ! success or failure is ! result mo/ly ( ! judgm5t & c>efulness ( ! op]ator4 ,i hope t no read] ( a g>d5+ book w ev] conceive ! idea t read+ a book & foll[+ x lit]ally w make him a g>d5]4 ,he mu/ always assume 8 own risks1 & ?is w be ! fir/ /ep 9 8 p]sonal progress4 ,i %\ld expla9 t ! botanical nom5clature ( ?is book is t ( ! 8,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,horticulture10 unless o!rwise /at$4 ,! exceptions are ! 8trade names10 or ^? us$ by nurs]ym5 & se$sm5 9 ! sale ( _! /ock4 ,i %\ld fur!r expla9 ! reason = omitt+ ligatures & us+ su* words z peony1 spirea1 drac5a1 cobea4 ,z te*nical ,lat9 =mul>ies1 ! comp\nds mu/ ( c\rse be reta9$1 z 9 ,ponia (fic9alis1 ,spira ,?unb]gi1 ,dracna fragrans1 ,coba sc&5s2 b z ,angliciz$ words ( common spee* x is "t to foll[ ! cu/om ( g5]al lit]ature1 9 :i* ! comb9ations & h disappe>$4 ,?is simplification 0 begun 9 ! 8,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,horticulture0 & has be5 cont9u$ 9 o!r writ+s4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,,i?aca1 ,,new ,,york1 ,janu>y #bj1 #aiaj4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,i4 ,! op5 c5t]4 ,i4 ,! op5 c5t]4 ,:]ev] !re is soil1 plants gr[ & produce _! k9d1 & all plants are int]e/+2 :5 a p]son makes a *oice z to :at plants he %all gr[ 9 any giv5 place1 he becomes a g>d5] or a f>m]2 & if ! conditions are su* t he _c make a *oice1 he may adopt ! plants t gr[ !re by nature1 & by mak+ ! mo/ ( !m may /ill be a g>d5] or a f>m] 9 "s degree4 ,e family1 !re=e1 may h a g>d54 ,if !re is n a foot ( l&1 !re are por*es or w9d[s4 ,:]ev] !re is sunlight1 plants may be made to gr[2 & "o plant 9 a t9-c may be a m helpful & inspir+ g>d5 to "s m9d ?an a :ole acre ( lawn & fl[]s may be to ano!r4 ,! satisfaction ( a g>d5 does n dep5d on ! area1 nor1 happily1 on ! co/ or r>ity ( ! plants4 ,x dep5ds on ! temp] ( ! p]son4 ,"o mu/ fir/ seek to love plants & nature1 & !n to cultivate ! happy peace ( m9d t is satisfi$ ) little4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases a p]son w be happi] if he has no rigid & arbitr>y notions1 = g>d5s are moodi%1 p>ticul>ly ) ! novice4 ,if plants gr[ & ?rive1 he %\ld be happy2 & if ! plants t ?rive *ance n to be ! ones t he plant$1 !y are plants nev]!less1 & nature is satisfi$ ) !m4 ,we are wont to covet ! ?+s t we _c h2 b we are happi] :5 we love ! ?+s t gr[ because !y mu/4 ,a pat* ( lu/y pigwe$s1 gr[+ & cr[d+ 9 luxuriant ab&on1 may be a bett] & m wor?y object ( affection ?an a b$ ( coleuses 9 :i* e sp>k ( life & _s & individuality has be5 %e>$ out & suppress$4 ,! man :o worries morn+ & night ab\t ! d&elions 9 ! lawn w f9d great relief 9 lov+ ! d&elions4 ,ea* blossom is wor? m ?an a gold co91 z x %9es 9 ! exub]ant sunlight ( ! gr[+ spr+1 & attracts ! insects to its bosom4 ,little *ildr5 l ! d&elions3 :y may n we8 ,love ! ?+s ne>e/ at h&2 & love int5sely4 ,if ,i 7 to write a motto ov] ! gate ( a g>d51 ,i %\ld *oose ! rem>k t ,socrates is said to h made z he saw ! luxuries 9 ! m>ket1 8,h[ mu* !re is 9 ! _w t ,i d n want60 ,i v]ily believe t ?is p>agraph ,i h j writt5 is wor? m ?an all ! advice ) :i* ,i int5d to cram ! succe$+ pages1 not)/&+ ! fact t ,i h mo/ assidu\sly extract$ ?is advice f v>i\s wor?y b1 happily1 long-=gott5 au?ors4 ,happ9ess is a quality ( a p]son1 n ( a plant or a g>d52 & ! anticipation ( joy 9 ! writ+ ( a book may be ! reason :y s _m books on g>d5-mak+ h be5 writt54 ,( c\rse1 all ^! books h be5 good & useful4 ,x w\ld be ungrateful1 at ! lea/1 = ! pres5t writ] to say o!rwise2 b books gr[ old1 & ! advice becomes too famili>4 ,! s5t5ces ne$ to be transpos$ & ! ord] ( ! *apt]s v>i$1 n[ & !n1 or int]e/ lags4 ,or1 to speak pla9ly1 a new book ( advice on h&icraft is ne$$ 9 e decade1 or p]haps (t5] 9 ^! days ( _m publi%]s4 ,!re has be5 a long & wor?y procession ( ^! h&books1--,g>d9] ,hepburn1 ,m',mahon1 ,cobbett--orig9al1 pung5t1 v]satile ,cobbett6--,fess5d51 ,squibb1 ,bridgeman1 ,say]s1 ,bui/1 & a doz5 m1 ea* "o a little ri*] because ! o!rs _h be5 writt54 ,b ev5 ! fact t all books pass into oblivion does n det] ano!r h& f mak+ /ill ano!r v5ture4 ,i expect1 !n1 t e p]son :o reads ?is book w make a g>d51 or w try to make "o2 b if only t>es gr[ :]e roses are desir$1 ,i mu/ rem9d ! read] t at ! outset ,i advis$ pigwe$s4 ,! book1 !re=e1 w suit ev]ybody1--! exp]i5c$ g>d5]1 because x w be a repetition ( :at he already kn[s2 & ! novice1 because x w apply z well to a g>d5 ( burdocks z ( onions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ornam5tal burdock ,:at a g>d5 is4 ,a g>d5 is ! p]sonal "p ( an e/ate1 ! area t is mo/ intimately associat$ ) ! private life ( ! home4 ,orig9ally1 ! g>d5 0 ! area inside ! inclosure or l9es ( =tification1 9 di/9ction f ! unprotect$ area or fields t lay beyond2 & ?is latt] area 0 ! p>ticul> doma9 ( agriculture4 ,?is book und]/&s ! g>d5 to be t "p ( ! p]sonal or home premises devot$ to ornam5t1 & to ! gr[+ ( vegetables & fruits4 ,! g>d51 !re=e1 is an ill-def9$ demesne2 b ! read] mu/ n make ! mi/ake ( def9+ x by dim5sions1 = "o may h a g>d5 9 a fl[]-pot or on a ?\s& acres4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is book decl>es t e bit ( l& t is n us$ = build+s1 walks1 drives1 & f5ces1 %\ld be plant$4 ,:at we %all plant--:e!r sw>d1 lilacs1 ?i/les1 cabbages1 pe>s1 *rysan!mums1 or tomatoes--we %all talk ab\t z we proce$4 ,! only way to keep l& p]fectly unproductive is to keep x mov+4 ,! mom5t ! own] lets x alone1 ! plant+ has begun4 ,9 my own g>d51 ?is fir/ plant+ is ( pigwe$s4 ,^! may be foll[$1 ! next ye>1 by ragwe$s1 !n by docks & ?i/les1 ) "h & !re a />t ( clov] & grass2 & x all ends 9 ,june-grass & d&elions4 ,nature does n all[ ! l& to rema9 b>e & idle4 ,ev5 ! banks :]e pla/] & la? 7 dump$ two or ?ree ye>s ago are n[ luxuriant ) burdocks & sweet clov]2 & yet p]sons :o pass ^? dumps e day say t !y c gr[ no?+ 9 _! own y>d because ! soil is s poor6 ,yet ,i v5ture t ^? same p]sons furni% mo/ ( ! pigwe$ se$ t ,i use on my g>d54 ,! lesson is t !re is no soil--:]e a h\se w\ld be built--s poor t some?+ wor? :ile _c be gr[n on x4 ,if burdocks w gr[1 some?+ else w gr[2 or if no?+ else w gr[1 !n ,i pref] burdocks to s& & rubbi%4 ,! burdock is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & decorative ( plants1 & a good piece ( x aga9/ a build+ or on a r\gh bank is j z useful z _m plants t co/ money & are difficult to gr[4 ,i _h a good clump ( burdock "u my /udy w9d[1 & x 0 a great com=t2 b ! man w\ld p]si/ 9 want+ to cut x d[n :5 he m[$ ! lawn4 ,:5 ,i remon/rat$1 he decl>$ t x 0 no?+ b burdock2 b ,i insi/$ t1 s f> f be+ burdock1 x 0 really ,lappa major1 s9ce :i* "t ! plant & its (fspr+ h enjoy$ 8 utmo/ respect4 ,& ,i f9d t mo/ ( my fri5ds res]ve _! appreciation ( a plant until !y h le>n$ its "n & its family connections4 ,! dump-place t ,i m5tion$ has a surface area ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty squ>e feet1 & ,i f9d t x has gr[n ov] two hundr$ good plants ( "o k9d or ano!r ?is ye>4 ,?is is m ?an my g>d5] accompli%$ on an equal area1 ) manure & wat] & a man to help4 ,! diff]5ce 0 t ! plants on ! dump want$ to gr[1 & ! import$ plants 9 ! g>d5 did n want to gr[4 ,x 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a will+ horse & a balky horse4 ,if a p]son wants to %[ 8 skill1 he may *oose ! balky plant2 b if he wants fun & com=t 9 g>d5+1 he w\ld bett] *oose ! will+ "o4 ,i h nev] be5 able to f9d out :5 ! burdocks & mu/>d 7 plant$ on ! dump2 & ,i am sure t !y 7 nev] ho$ or wat]$4 ,nature practices a wond]fully rigid economy4 ,= ne>ly half ! summ] %e ev5 refus$ ra9 to ! plants1 b /ill !y ?riv$2 yet ,i /aid home f a vacation "o summ] t ,i might keep my plants f dy+4 ,i h s9ce le>n$ t if ! plants 9 my h>dy bord]s _c take c>e ( !mselves = a "t1 !y are little com=t to me4 ,! joy ( g>d5-mak+ lies 9 ! m5tal attitude & 9 ! s5tim5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,or ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,place ,hav+ n[ discuss$ ! mo/ ess5tial elem5ts ( g>d5+1 we may give att5tion to su* m9or features z ! actual way 9 :i* a satisfy+ g>d5 is to be plann$ & execut$4 ,speak+ broadly1 a p]son w get f a g>d5 :at he puts into x2 & x is ( ! fir/ importance1 !re=e1 t a cle> conception ( ! "w be =mulat$ at ! outset4 ,i d n mean to say t ! g>d5 w always turn out :at x 0 desir$ t x %\ld be2 b ! failure to turn out prop]ly is usually "s fault 9 ! fir/ plan or "s neglect 9 execution4 ,sometimes ! disappo9tm5t 9 an ornam5tal g>d5 is a result ( confusion ( ideas z to :at a g>d5 is =4 ,"o ( my fri5ds 0 greatly disappo9t$ on return+ to 8 g>d5 e>ly 9 ,septemb] to f9d t x 0 n s full & florif]\s z :5 he left x 9 ,july4 ,he _h n le>n$ ! simple lesson t ev5 a fl[]-g>d5 %\ld exhibit ! natural progress ( ! season4 ,if ! g>d5 beg9s to %[ ragg$ places & to decl9e 9 late ,augu/ or e>ly ,septemb]1 x is :at occurs 9 all surr\nd+ vegetation4 ,! ye> is matur+4 ,! g>d5 ought to express ! feel+ ( ! diff]5t mon?s4 ,! fail+ leaves & exp5d$ plants are !re=e to be look$ on1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 z ! natural ord] & de/9y ( a good g>d54 ,^! attributes are well exhibit$ 9 ! vegetable-g>d54 ,9 ! spr+1 ! vegetable-g>d5 is a model ( neatness & precision4 ,! r[s are /raight4 ,!re are no miss+ plants4 ,! e>? is mell[ & fre%4 ,we$s are abs5t4 ,"o takes 8 fri5ds to ! g>d51 & he makes pictures ( x4 ,by late ,june or e>ly ,july1 ! plants h begun to sprawl & to get out ( %ape4 ,! bugs h tak5 "s ( !m4 ,! r[s are no long] trim & precise4 ,! e>? is hot & dry4 ,! we$s are mak+ headway4 ,by ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 ! g>d5 has lo/ its e>ly regul>ity & fre%ness4 ,! cam]a is put aside4 ,! visitors are n tak5 to x3 ! g>d5] pref]s to g alone to f9d ! melon or ! tomatoes1 & he comes away z soon z he has secur$ 8 product4 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! g>d5 has be5 go+ ?r\gh its regul> seasonal gr[?4 ,x is natural t x become ragg$4 ,x is n necess>y t we$s conqu] x2 b ,i suspect t x w\ld be a v poor g>d51 & c]ta9ly an un9t]e/+ "o1 if x reta9$ ! dress ( *ildhood at ! "t :5 x %\ld develop ! p]sonalities ( age4 ,!re are two types ( outdoor g>d5+ 9 :i* ! progress ( ! season is n def9itely express$1--9 ! c>pet-b$d+ k9d1 & 9 ! subtropical k9d4 ,i hope t my read] w get a cle> di/9ction 9 ^! matt]s1 = x is exce$+ly important4 ,! c>pet-b$d+ g>d5+ is ! mak+ ( figure-b$s 9 h\se-leeks & a*yran!s & coleus & sanitalia1 & o!r ?+s t c be gr[n 9 compact masses & possibly %e>$ to keep !m )9 place & b\nds2 ! read] sees ^! b$s 9 p]fection 9 "s ( ! p>ks & ab\t flori/s' e/abli%m5ts2 he w und]/& at once t !y are n meant 9 any way to express ! season1 = ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 ,septemb] & ,june is only t !y may be m p]fect 9 ,septemb]4 ,! subtropical g>d5+ 7plates ,,iv & ,v7 is ! plant+ out ( h\se-gr[n /uff1 9 ord] to produce giv5 effects1 ( su* plants z palms1 drac5as1 crotons1 caladiums1 papyrus1 toge!r ) su* luxuriant ?+s z dahlias & cannas & l>ge ornam5tal grasses & ca/or beans2 ^! plants are to produce effects q =eign to ! expression ( a nor!rn l&scape1 & !y are usually at _! be/ & are mo/ luxuriant :5 ov]tak5 by ! fall fro/s4 ,n[1 ! home g>d5] usually relies on plants t m or less come & g ) ! seasons4 ,he pieces out & ext5ds ! season1 to be sure2 b a g>d5 ) pansies1 p9ks1 sweet william1 roses1 sweet peas1 petunias1 m>igolds1 salpiglossis1 sweet sultan1 poppies1 z9nias1 a/]s1 cosmos1 & ! re/1 is a progress-(-!-season g>d51 nev]!less2 & if x is a g>d5 ( h]bace\s p]5nials1 x /ill m completely expresses ! "t-(-ye>4 ,my read] w n[ consid]1 p]haps1 :e!r he w\ld h 8 g>d5 acc5t & height5 8 natural ye> f spr+ to fall1 or :e!r he desires to ?ru/ into 8 ye> a feel+ ( ano!r ord] ( vegetation4 ,ei!r is all[able2 b ! g>d5] %\ld di/+ui% at ! outset4 ,i wi% to sugge/ to my read]1 also1 t x is possible = ! g>d5 to reta9 "s int]e/ ev5 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,i sometimes "q :e!r x is altoge!r wise to cle> out ! old g>d5 /ems too completely & too smoo?ly 9 ! fall1 & !reby oblit]ate e m>k ( x = ! w9t] mon?s2 b h[ev] ?is may be1 !re are two ways by :i* ! g>d5 ye> may be ext5d$3 by plant+ ?+s t bloom v late 9 fall & o!rs t bloom v e>ly 9 spr+2 by us+ freely1 9 ! backgr\nds1 ( bu%es & trees t h int]e/+ w9t] *>act]s4 ,! plan ( ! gr\nds 7see ,plate ,,ii74 ,,ii4 ,! plan ( ! place4 ,,ii4 ,! plan ( ! place4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! prop]ty 7:i* is 9 ,new ,york7 is det]m9$ by an exi/+ woodl& to ! left or s\!a/ ( ! h\se & a natural op5+ to ! s\?we/ ( ! h\se4 ,! h\se is colonial1 & ! entire treatm5t is "o ( consid]able simplicity4 ,wild or woodl& g>d5s h be5 develop$ to ! "r & left ( ! entrance1 ! latt] or entrance lawns be+ left sev]ely simple & pla9 9 _! treatm5t4 ,to ! re> ( ! h\se a turf t]race rais$ ?ree /eps above ! g5]al grade ( ! lawn leads to a g5]al lawn t]m9at$ by a small g>d5 ex$ra or teah\se ) a f\nta9 9 its c5t]1 & to two %rub g>d5s =m+ int]e/+ & clos$ pockets ( lawn4 ,! /able & vegetable g>d5s are locat$ to ! s\? ( ! h\se 9 a natural op5+ 9 ! woodl&4 ,! design is made by a pr(essional l&scape ar*itect4 ,"o _c expect satisfaction 9 ! plant+ & develop+ ( a home area unless he has a cle> conception ( :at is to be done4 ,?is necess>ily foll[s1 s9ce ! pleasure t "o d]ives f any ent]prise dep5ds *iefly on ! def9it5ess ( 8 ideals & 8 ability to develop !m4 ,! homemak] %\ld develop 8 plan be=e he attempts to develop 8 place4 ,he mu/ /udy ! v>i\s subdivisions 9 ord] t ! premises may meet all 8 ne$s4 ,he %\ld det]m9e ! locations ( ! lead+ features ( ! place & ! relative importance to be giv5 to ! v>i\s p>ts ( x1--z ( ! l&scape p>ts1 ! ornam5tal areas1 ! vegetable-g>d51 & ! fruit plantation4 ,! details ( ! plant+ may be det]m9$ 9 "p z ! place develops2 x is only ! /ructural features & purposes t ne$ to be det]m9$ be=eh& 9 mo/ small prop]ties4 ,! incid5tal modifications t may be made 9 ! plant+ f "t to "t keep ! int]e/ alive & all[ ! plant] to gratify 8 desire to exp]im5t ) new plants & new me?ods4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ,i am n[ speak+ ( ord9>y home gr\nds :i* ! home-mak] desires to improve by himself4 ,if ! area is l>ge en\gh to pres5t di/9ct l&scape features1 x is always be/ to employ a l&scape ar*itect ( recogniz$ m]it1 9 ! same _s t "o w\ld employ an ar*itect4 ,! details1 h[ev]1 may ev5 !n be fill$ 9 by ! own]1 if he is s incl9$1 foll[+ out ! plan t ! l&scape ar*itect makes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,diagram ( a back y>d4 ,x is desirable to h a def9ite plan on pap] 7drawn to scale7 = ! location ( ! lead+ features ( ! place4 ,^! features are ! resid5ce1 ! out-h\ses1 ! walks & drives1 ! s]vice areas 7z clo!s y>ds71 ! bord] plant+1 fl[]-g>d51 vegetable-g>d51 & fruit-g>d54 ,x %\ld n be expect$ t ! map plan c be foll[$ 9 e detail1 b x w s]ve z a g5]al guide2 & if x is made on a l>ge en\gh scale1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( plants c be locat$ 9 _! prop] positions1 & a record ( ! place be kept4 ,x is ne>ly always unsatisfactory1 = bo? own] & design]1 if a plan ( ! place is made )\t a p]sonal inspection ( ! area4 ,l9es t look well on a map may n adju/ !mselves readily to ! v>y+ cont\rs ( ! place itself1 & ! location ( ! features inside ! gr\nds w dep5d also 9 a v l>ge measure on ! objects t lie outside x4 ,= example1 all int]e/+ & bold views %\ld be br\ght into ! place1 & all unsightly objects 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity %\ld be plant$ out4 ,a plan ( a back y>d ( a n>r[ city lot is giv5 9 ,fig4 #b1 %[+ ! heavy bord] plant+ ( trees & %rubs1 ) ! skirt+ bord] ( fl[]s4 ,9 ! front are two l>ge trees1 t are desir$ = %ade4 ,x w readily be se5 f ?is plan h[ ext5sive ! area = fl[]s becomes :5 !y are plac$ along su* a devi\s bord]4 ,m color effect c be got f su* an arrangem5t ( ! fl[]s ?an c\ld be secur$ if ! :ole area 7 plant$ to fl[]-b$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,plan ( a r\gh area4 ,a cont\r map plan ( a v r\gh piece ( gr\nd is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! sides ( ! place are high1 & x becomes necess>y to c>ry a walk ?r\gh ! middle area2 & on ei!r side ( ! front1 x skirts ! banks4 ,su* a plan is usually unsightly on pap]1 b may nev]!less fit special cases v well4 ,! plan is ins]t$ "h = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! fact t a plan t w "w on ! gr\nd does n necess>ily "w on a map4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,sugge/ion = a s*ool-gr\nd on a f\r-corn]s4 ,9 *>t+ a place1 x is important to locate ! po9ts f :i* ! walks are to />t1 & at :i* !y are to em]ge f ! gr\nds4 ,^! two po9ts are !n jo9$ by direct & simple curves2 & alongside ! walks1 especially 9 angles or bold curves1 plant+ may be ins]t$4 ,a sugge/ion = s*ool premises on a f\r-corn]s1 & :i* ! pupils ent] f ?ree directions1 is made 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! two playgr\nds are sep>at$ by a brok5 gr\p ( bu%es ext5d+ f ! build+ to ! re> b\nd>y2 b1 9 g5]al1 ! spaces are kept op51 & ! heavy bord]-masses clo! ! place & make x home-l4 ,! l9eal ext5t ( ! gr\p m>g9s is a/oni%+ly l>ge1 & along all ^! m>g9s fl[]s may be plant$1 if desir$4 ,if !re is only six feet betwe5 a s*oolh\se & ! f5ce1 !re is /ill room = a bord] ( %rubs4 ,?is bord] %\ld be betwe5 ! walk & ! f5ce1--on ! v b\nd>y1--n betwe5 ! walk & ! build+1 = 9 ! latt] case ! plant+ divides ! premises & weak5s ! effect4 ,a space two feet wide w all[ ( an irregul> wall ( bu%es1 if tall build+s d n cut out ! light2 & if ! area is "o hundr$ feet long1 ?irty to fifty k9ds ( %rubs & fl[]s c be gr[n to p]fection1 & ! s*ool-gr\nds w be practically no small] = ! plantation4 ,"o _c make a plan ( a place until he kn[s :at he wants to d ) ! prop]ty2 & !re=e we may devote ! rema9d] ( ?is *apt] to develop+ ! idea 9 ! lay\t ( ! premises r ?an to ! details ( map-mak+ & plant+4 ,because ,i speak ( ! free treatm5t ( g>d5 spaces 9 ?is book x mu/ n be inf]r$ t any reflection is int5d$ on ! 8=mal0 g>d54 ,!re are _m places 9 :i* ! =mal or 8ar*itect's g>d50 is mu* to be desir$2 b ea* ( ^! cases %\ld be treat$ :olly by itself & be made a "p ( ! ar*itectural sett+ ( ! place4 ,^! que/ions are outside ! sph]e ( ?is book4 ,all =mal g>d5s are prop]ly individual /udies4 ,all v special types ( g>d5 design are naturally exclud$ f a book ( ?is k9d1 su* types1 = example1 z ,japanese g>d5+4 ,p]sons :o desire to develop ^! specialties w secure ! s]vices ( p]sons :o are skill$ 9 !m2 & !re are also books & magaz9e articles to :i* !y may g4 ,! picture 9 ! l&scape4 ,! defici5cy 9 mo/ home gr\nds is n s mu* t !re is too little plant+ ( trees & %rubs z t ?is plant+ is mean+less4 ,e y>d %\ld be a picture4 ,t is1 ! area %\ld be set (f f o!r areas1 & x %\ld h su* a "* t ! obs]v] cat*es its entire effect & purpose )\t /opp+ to analyze its p>ts4 ,! y>d %\ld be "o ?+1 "o area1 ) e feature contribut+ its "p to "o /rong & homog5e\s effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #e4 ,! common or nurs]y way ( plant+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! prop] or pictorial type ( plant+ ,^! rem>ks w become concrete if ! read] turns 8 eye to ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,! =m] repres5ts a common type ( plant+ ( front y>ds4 ,! bu%es & trees are scatt]$ promiscu\sly ov] ! area4 ,su* a y>d has no purpose1 no c5tral idea4 ,x %[s pla9ly t ! plant] _h no con/ructive conception1 no grasp ( any design1 & no appreciation ( ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! beauty ( l&scape4 ,its only m]it is ! fact t trees & %rubs h be5 plant$2 & ?is1 to mo/ m9ds1 comprises ! ess5ce & sum ( ! ornam5tation ( gr\nds4 ,e tree & bu% is an individual alone1 unatt5d$1 disconnect$ f its environm5ts1 &1 !re=e1 mean+less4 ,su* a y>d is only a nurs]y4 ,! o!r plan 7,fig4 #f7 is a picture4 ,! eye cat*es its mean+ at once4 ,! c5tral idea is ! resid5ce1 ) a free & op5 gre5sw>d 9 front ( x ,! same trees & bu%es t 7 scatt]$ haphaz>d ov] ,fig4 #e are mass$ into a framework to give effectiv5ess to ! picture ( home & com=t4 ,?is /yle ( plant+ makes a l&scape1 ev5 ?\gh ! area be no l>g] ?an a p>lor4 ,! o!r /yle is only a collection ( curi\s plants4 ,! "o has an in/ant & abid+ pictorial effect1 :i* is re/ful & satisfy+3 ! obs]v] exclaims1 8,:at a beautiful home ?is is60 ,! o!r piques "o's curiosity1 obscures ! resid5ce1 divides & di/racts ! att5tion3 ! obs]v] exclaims1 8,:at excell5t lilac bu%es are ^!60 ,an inquiry into ! causes ( ! unlike impressions t "o receives f a giv5 l&scape & f a pa9t+ ( x expla9s ! subject admirably4 ,"o reason :y ! picture appeals to u m ?an ! l&scape is because ! picture is cond5s$1 & ! m9d becomes acqua9t$ ) its entire purpose at once1 :ile ! l&scape is s broad t ! individual objects at fir/ fix ! att5tion1 & x is only by a process ( syn!sis t ! unity ( ! l&scape f9ally becomes app>5t4 ,?is is admirably illu/rat$ 9 photographs4 ,"o ( ! fir/ surprises t ! novice exp]i5ces 9 ! use ( ! cam]a is ! discov]y t v tame sc5es become int]e/+ & (t5 ev5 spirit$ 9 ! photograph4 ,b !re is some?+ m ?an m]e cond5sation 9 ?is vitaliz+ & beautify+ effect ( ! photograph or ! pa9t+3 individual objects are s mu* r$uc$ t !y no long] appeal to u z di/9ct subjects1 & h[ev] unc\? !y may be 9 ! reality1 !y make no impression 9 ! picture2 ! ?9 & s]e sw>d may appe> r l a closely %av5 lawn or a new-m[n mead[4 ,& aga91 ! picture sets a limit to ! sc5e2 x frames x1 & !reby cuts (f all extrane\s & confus+ or irrelevant l&scapes4 ,^! rem>ks are illu/rat$ 9 ! ae/hetics ( l&scape g>d5+4 ,x is ! arti/'s "o desire to make pictures 9 ! l&scape4 ,?is is done 9 two ways3 by ! =m ( plantations1 & by ! use ( vi/as4 ,he w ?r[ 8 plantations into su* positions t op5 & yet m or less conf9$ areas ( gre5sw>d are pres5t$ to ! obs]v] at v>i\s po9ts4 ,?is picture-l op5+ is ne>ly or q devoid ( small or individual objects1 :i* usually de/roy ! unity ( su* areas & are mean+less 9 !mselves4 ,a vi/a is a n>r[ op5+ or view betwe5 plantations to a di/ant l&scape4 ,x cuts up ! broad horizon into portions t are readily cognizable4 ,x frames p>ts ( ! c\ntry-side4 ,! v]dur\s sides ( ! plant+ are ! sides ( ! frame2 ! =egr\nd is ! bottom1 & ! sky is ! top4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t good views be left or secur$ f ! be/ w9d[s ( ! h\se 7n =gett+ ! kit*5 w9d[72 9 fact1 ! plac+ ( ! h\se may (t5 be det]m9$ by ! views t may be appropriat$4 ,if a l&scape is a picture1 x mu/ h a canvas4 ,?is canvas is ! gre5sw>d4 ,^u ?is1 ! arti/ pa9ts ) tree & bu% & fl[] z ! pa9t] does ^u 8 canvas ) bru% & pigm5ts4 ,! opportunity = arti/ic composition & design is n[h]e s great z 9 ! l&scape g>d51 because no o!r art has su* a limitless field = ! expression ( its emotions4 ,x is n /range1 if ?is be true1 t !re h be5 few great l&scape g>d5]s1 & t1 fall+ %ort ( art1 ! l&scape g>d5] too (t5 works 9 ! sph]e ( ! artisan4 ,!re c be no rules = l&scape g>d5+1 any m ?an !re c be = pa9t+ or sculpture4 ,! op]ator may be taught h[ to hold ! bru% or /rike ! *isel or plant ! tree1 b he rema9s an op]ator2 ! art is intellectual & emotional & w n conf9e itself 9 precepts4 ,! mak+ ( a good & spaci\s lawn1 !n1 is ! v fir/ practical consid]ation 9 a l&scape g>d54 ,! lawn provid$1 ! g>d5] conceives :at is ! dom9ant & c5tral feature 9 ! place1 & !n ?r[s ! entire premises into subord9ation to ?is feature4 ,9 home gr\nds ?is c5tral feature is ! h\se4 ,to scatt] trees & bu%es ov] ! area defeats ! fundam5tal purpose ( ! place1--! purpose to make e "p ( ! gr\nds lead up to ! home & to acc5tuate its homelik5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,a h\se ,a h\se mu/ h a backgr\nd if x is to become a home4 ,a h\se t /&s on a b>e pla9 or hill is a "p ( ! univ]se1 n a "p ( a home4 ,recall ! cozy little f>m-h\se t is back$ by a wood or an or*>d2 !n comp>e "s pret5ti\s /ructure t /&s ap>t f all plant+4 ,yet h[ _m are ! f>m-h\ses t /& z />k & cold aga9/ ! sky z if !y 7 compet+ ) ! moon6 ,we w\ld n believe x possible = a man to live 9 a h\se tw5ty-five ye>s & n1 by accid5t1 all[ "s tree to gr[1 7 x n t x is s6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,a home ,( c\rse ^! rem>ks ab\t ! lawn are meant = ^? c\ntries :]e gre5sw>d is ! natural gr\nd cov]4 ,9 ! ,s\? & 9 arid c\ntries1 gre5sw>d is n ! prevail+ feature ( ! l&scape1 & 9 ^! regions ! l&scape design may take on a :olly diff]5t "*1 if ! "w is to be nature-l4 ,we h n yet develop$ o!r conceptions ( l&scape "w to any p]fect ext5t1 & we inject ! ,engli% gre5sw>d treatm5t ev5 into des]ts4 ,we may look = ! "t :5 a br[n l&scape g>d5 may be made 9 a br[n c\ntry1 & x may be good art n to attempt a broad op5 c5t] 9 regions 9 :i* und]gr[? r ?an sod is ! natural gr\nd cov]4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates we are develop+ a good ,spani%-,am]ican ar*itecture1 p]haps we may develop a recogniz$ comp>able l&scape treatm5t z an arti/ic expression4 ,birds2 & cats ,! picture 9 ! l&scape is n complete )\t birds1 & ! birds %\ld comprise m species ?an ,engli% sp>r[s4 ,if "o is to h birds on 8 premises1 he mu/ 7#a7 attract !m & 7#b7 protect !m4 ,"o attracts birds by provid+ places 9 :i* !y may ne/4 ,! free bord] plant+s h di/9ct advantages 9 attract+ *ipp+ sp>r[s1 catbirds1 & o!r species4 ,! bluebirds1 h\se wr5s1 & m>t9s may be attract$ by boxes 9 :i* !y c build4 ,"o may attract birds by fe$+ !m & supply+ wat]4 ,suet = woodpeck]s & o!rs1 gra9 & crumbs = o!r k9ds1 & tak+ c>e n to fright5 or mole/ !m1 w soon w9 ! confid5ce ( ! birds4 ,a sl[ly runn+ or dripp+ f\nta91 ) a good rim on :i* !y may p]*1 w also attract !m1 & x is no mean enjoym5t to wat* ! birds at ba?+4 ,or1 if "o does n c>e to g to ! exp5se ( a bird f\nta91 he may supply _! wants by means ( a %all[ di% ( wat] set on ! lawn4 ,! birds w ne$ protection f cats4 ,!re is no m reason :y cats %\ld roam at w & uncontroll$ ?an t dogs or horses or p\ltry %\ld be all[$ unlimit$ lic5se4 ,a cat away f home is a trespass] & %\ld be s treat$4 ,a p]son has no m "r to inflict a cat on a neighborhood ?an to inflict a goat or rabbits or any o!r nuisance4 ,all p]sons :o keep cats %\ld feel ! same responsibility = !m t !y feel = o!r prop]ty2 & !y %\ld be will+ to =feit _! prop]ty "r :5 !y =feit _! control4 ,! cats n only de/roy birds1 b !y break ! peace4 ,! cat]waul+ at night w n be p]mitt$ 9 well-gov]n$ communities any m ?an ! %oot+ ( fire-arms or vici\s talk+ w be all[$3 all night-roam+ cats %\ld be ga!r$ 91 j z /ray dogs & tramps are provid$ =4 ,i d n dislike cats1 b ,i desire to see !m kept at home & )9 control4 ,if p]sons say t !y _c keep !m on _! own premises1 !n ^! p]sons %\ld n be all[$ to h !m4 ,a bell on ! cat w prev5t x f captur+ old birds1 & ?is may answ] a good purpose late 9 ! season2 b x w n /op ! robb+ ( ne/s or ! tak+ ( "y birds1 & "h is :]e ! greate/ havoc is wr\ght4 ,x is (t5 ass]t$ t cats mu/ roam 9 ord] t rats & mice may be r$uc$2 b probably few h\se mice & few rats are got by w&]+ cats2 &1 aga91 _m cats are n m\s]s4 ,!re are o!r ways ( controll+ rats & mice2 or if cats are employ$ = ?is purpose1 see t !y are re/rict$ to ! places :]e ! h\se rats & mice are to be f\nd4 ,_m p]sons l squirrels ab\t ! place1 b !y _c expect to h bo? birds & squirrels unless v special precautions are tak54 ,! ,engli% or h\se sp>r[ drives away ! native birds1 al?\gh he is himself an attractive inhabitant 9 w9t]1 p>ticul>ly :]e native birds are n resid5t4 ,! ,engli% sp>r[ %\ld be kept 9 r$uc$ numb]s4 ,?is c be easily accompli%$ by poison+ !m 9 w9t] 7:5 o!r birds are n endang]$7 ) :eat soak$ 9 /ry*n9e wat]4 ,! cont5ts ( "o ( ! eigh?-ounce vials ( /ry*n9e t may be secur$ at a drug /ore is add$ to suffici5t wat] to cov] a qu>t ( :eat4 ,let ! :eat /& 9 ! poison wat] tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs 7b n long en\gh = ! gra9s to spr\t71 !n dry ! :eat ?or\ghly4 ,x _c be di/+ui%$ f ord9>y :eat1 & sp>r[s usually eat x freely1 p>ticul>ly if !y are 9 ! habit ( eat+ scatt]$ gra9 & crumbs4 ,( c\rse1 ! greate/ caution mu/ be ex]cis$ t 9 ! use ( su* highly poison\s mat]ials1 accid5ts d n occur ) o!r animals or ) human be+s4 ,,iii4 ,op5 c5t] treatm5t 9 a semi-tropical c\ntry4 ,,iii4 ,op5 c5t] treatm5t 9 a semi-tropical c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,! nurs]y or s+le-specim5 type ( plant+ 9 a front y>d ,! plant+ is "p ( ! design or picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,a native f5ce-r[ ,ilu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,birds build _! ne/s "h ,if ! read] cat*es ! full mean+ ( ^! pages1 he has acquir$ "s ( ! prim>y conceptions 9 l&scape g>d5+4 ,! sugge/ion w gr[ ^u him day by day2 & if he is ( an obs]v+ turn ( m9d1 he w f9d t ?is simple lesson w revolutionize 8 habit ( ?\ght respect+ ! plant+ ( gr\nds & ! beauty ( l&scapes4 ,he w see t a bu% or fl[]-b$ t is no "p ( any g5]al purpose or design--t is1 :i* does n contribute to ! mak+ ( a picture--might bett] nev] h be5 plant$4 ,= myself1 ,i w\ld r h a b>e & op5 pa/ure ?an su* a y>d z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 ev5 ?\gh x conta9$ ! *oice/ plants ( e l&4 ,! pa/ure w\ld at lea/ be pla9 & re/ful & unpret5ti\s2 b ! y>d w\ld be full ( ef=t & fidget4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a free-&-easy plant+ ( ?+s wild & tame4 ,r$uc$ to a s+le expression1 all ?is means t ! greate/ arti/ic value 9 plant+ lies 9 ! effect ( ! mass1 & n 9 ! individual plant4 ,a mass has ! great] value because x pres5ts a mu* great] range & v>iety ( =ms1 colors1 %ades1 & textures1 because x has suffici5t ext5t or dim5sions to add /ructural "* to a place1 & because its features are s cont9u\s & s well bl5d$ t ! m9d is n di/ract$ by incid5tal & irrelevant ideas4 ,two pictures w illu/rate all ?is4 ,figures #aj1 #aa are pictures ( natural copses4 ,! =m] /ret*es along a field & makes a lawn ( a bit ( mead[ :i* lies 9 front ( x4 ,! l&scape has become s small & s well def9$ by ?is bank ( v]dure t x has a famili> & p]sonal feel+4 ,! great1 b>e1 op5 mead[s are too ill-def9$ & too ext5d$ to give any dome/ic feel+2 b "h is a "p ( ! mead[ set (f into an area t "o c compass ) 8 affections4 ,^! masses 9 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab h _! own intr9sic m]its1 z well z _! (fice 9 def9+ a bit ( nature4 ,"o is attract$ by ! fre$om ( arrangem5t1 ! irregul>ity ( sky-l9e1 ! bold bays & promontories1 & ! inf9ite play ( light & %ade4 ,! obs]v] is int]e/$ 9 ea* because x has "*1 or features1 t no o!r mass 9 all ! _w possesses4 ,he kn[s t ! birds build _! ne/s 9 ! tangle & ! rabbits f9d x a cov]t4 ,n[ let ! read] turn to ,fig4 #i1 :i* is a picture ( an 8improv$0 city y>d4 ,"h !re is no /ructural outl9e to ! plant+1 no def9+ ( ! area1 no cont9u\s fl[ ( ! =m & color4 ,e bu% is :at e o!r "o is or may be1 & !re are hundr$s l !m 9 ! same t[n4 ,! birds %un !m4 ,only ! bugs f9d any happ9ess 9 !m4 ,! place has no fundam5tal design or idea1 no lawn ^u :i* a picture may be con/ruct$4 ,?is y>d is l a s5t5ce or a conv]sation 9 :i* e ^w is equally emphasiz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,an op5 treatm5t ( a s*ool-gr\nd4 ,m trees might be plac$ 9 ! area1 if desir$4 ,9 bold contra/ ) ?is y>d is ! op5-c5t] treatm5t 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,"h !re is pictorial effect2 & !re is opportunity along ! bord]s to di/ribute trees & %rubs t may be desir$ z individual specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a rill mu* z nature made x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a rill 8improv$10 s t x w n look 8ragg$0 & unkempt4 ,! motive t %e>s ! trees also razes ! copse1 9 ord] t ! g>d5] or 8improv]0 may %[ 8 art4 ,comp>e ,figs4 #ad & #ae4 ,_m p]sons seem to fe> t !y w nev] be kn[n to ! _w unless !y exp5d a great am\nt ( muscle or d some?+ emphatic or spectacul>2 & _! fe>s are usually well f\nd$4 ,x is n en\gh t trees & bu%es be plant$ 9 masses4 ,!y mu/ be kept 9 masses by lett+ !m gr[ freely 9 a natural way4 ,! prun+-knife is ! mo/ invet]ate enemy ( %rubb]y4 ,pictures #af & #ag illu/rate :at ,i mean4 ,! =m] repres5ts a good gr\p ( bu%es s f> z arrangem5t is conc]n$2 b x has be5 ru9$ by ! %e>s4 ,! att5tion ( ! obs]v] is in/antly arre/$ by ! individual bu%es4 ,in/ead ( "o free & expressive object1 !re are sev]al /iff & expressionless ones4 ,if ! obs]v] /ops to consid] 8 own ?\ghts :5 he comes ^u su* a collection1 he w likely f9d himself c\nt+ ! bu%es2 or1 at lea/1 he w be mak+ m5tal comp>isons ( ! v>i\s bu%es1 & wond]+ :y !y are n all %e>$ to be exactly alike4 ,figure #ag %[s h[ ! same 8arti/0 has treat$ two deutzias & a junip]4 ,mu* ! same effect c\ld h be5 secur$1 & ) mu* less tr\ble1 by lay+ two fl\r b>rels end to end & /&+ a ?ird "o betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,! mak+ ( a good gr\p1 b spoil$ by ! prun+ %e>s4 ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,! ?ree gu>dsm54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,a bit ( semi-ru/ic "w built into a native gr[? ,i mu/ ha/5 to say t ,i h n ! slighte/ objection to ! %e>+ ( trees4 ,! only tr\ble is 9 call+ ! practice art & 9 putt+ ! trees :]e p mu/ see !m 7unless !y are "p ( a recogniz$ =mal-g>d5 design74 ,if ! op]ator simply calls ! bus9ess %e>+1 & puts ! ?+s :]e he & o!rs :o l !m may see !m1 objection c\ld n be rais$4 ,"s p]sons l pa9t$ /ones1 o!rs iron bulldogs 9 ! front y>d & ! ^w 8welcome0 work$ into ! door-mat1 & o!rs l b>b]$ trees4 ,s long z ^! likes are purely p]sonal1 x w\ld seem to be bett] ta/e to put su* curiosities 9 ! back y>d1 :]e ! own] may admire !m )\t mole/ation ,!re is a p]si/5t desire among workm5 to %e> & to trim3 x displays _! indu/ry4 ,x is a great ?+ to be able to all[ ! fre$om ( nature to rema94 ,! arti/ (t5 builds 8 /ructures into a native plant+ 7z 9 ,fig4 #ah7 r ?an to tru/ himself to produce a good result by plant+ on raz$ surfaces4 ,9 ?is discussion1 ,i h tri$ to en=ce ! importance ( ! op5 c5t] 9 non-=mal home gr\nds 9 gre5sw>d regions4 ,( c\rse ?is does n mean t !re may n be c5tral plant+ 9 p>ticul> cases :]e ! conditions di/9ctly call = x nor t !re may n be trees on ! lawn4 ,if "o has ! plac+ ( ! trees1 he may see t !y are n scatt]$ aimlessly2 b if good trees are already gr[+ on ! place1 x w\ld be folly to ?9k ( remov+ !m m]ely because !y are n 9 ! be/ ideal positions2 9 su* case1 x may be v necess>y to adapt ! treatm5t ( ! area to ! trees4 ,! home-mak] %\ld always consid]1 also1 ! plant+ ( a few trees 9 su* places z to %ade & protect ! resid5ce3 ! m closely !y c be made a "p ( ! g5]al design or h&l+ ( ! place1 ! bett] ! results w be4 ,! fl[]-gr[+ %\ld be "p ( ! design4 ,i d n mean to disc\rage ! use ( brilliant fl[]s & bright foliage & /rik+ =ms ( vegetation2 b ^! ?+s are nev] prim>y consid]ations 9 a good doma94 ,! /ructural elem5ts ( ! place are design$ fir/4 ,! flank+ & bord]+ masses are !n plant$4 ,f9ally ! fl[]s & accessories are put 91 z a h\se is pa9t$ aft] x is built4 ,fl[]s appe> to be/ advantage :5 se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( foliage1 & !y are !n1 also1 an integral "p ( ! picture4 ,! fl[]-g>d51 z su*1 %\ld be at ! re> or side ( a place1 z all o!r p]sonal appurt5ances are2 b fl[]s & bright leaves may be freely scatt]$ along ! bord]s & ne> ! foliage masses4 ,x is a common say+ t _m p]sons h no love or appreciation ( fl[]s1 b x is probably ne>] to ! tru? to say t no p]son is :olly lack+ 9 ?is respect4 ,ev5 ^? p]sons :o decl>e t !y c>e no?+ = fl[]s are g5]ally deceiv$ by _! dislike ( fl[]-b$s & ! conv5tional me?ods ( fl[]-gr[+4 ,i "k _m p]sons :o /\tly d5y any lik+ = fl[]s1 b :o1 nev]!less1 are rejoic$ ) ! blossom+ ( ! or*>ds & ! purpl+ ( ! clov] fields4 ,! fault may n lie s mu* ) ! p]sons !mselves z ) ! me?ods ( gr[+ & display+ ! fl[]s4 ,defects 9 fl[]-gr[+4 ,! greate/ defect ) our fl[]-gr[+ is ! /+9ess ( x4 ,we gr[ our fl[]s z if !y 7 ! *oice/ r>ities1 to be coddl$ 9 a hotb$ or "u a bell-j>1 & !n to be exhibit$ z s+le specim5s 9 "s little p9*$ & ridicul\s hole cut 9 ! turf1 or p]*$ ^u an ant-hill t "s g>d5] has labori\sly heap$ oh a lawn4 ,nature1 on ! o!r h&1 gr[s _m ( h] fl[]s 9 ! mo/ luxuri\s ab&on1 & "o c pick an armful )\t (f5se4 ,%e gr[s h] fl[]s 9 e>ne/1 z a man gr[s a crop ( corn4 ,"o c revel 9 ! color & ! fragrance & be satisfi$4 ,! next defect ) our fl[]-gr[+ is ! fl[]-b$4 ,nature has no "t to make fl[]-b$ designs3 %e is busy gr[+ fl[]s4 ,&1 !n1 if %e 7 giv5 to fl[]-b$s1 ! :ole effect w\ld be lo/1 = %e c\ld no long] be luxuri\s & wanton1 & if a fl[] 7 pick$ h] :ole s*eme might be upset4 ,imag9e a g]anium-b$ or a coleus-b$1 ) its wond]ful 8design10 set out into a wood or 9 a free & op5 l&scape6 ,ev5 ! birds w\ld laugh at x6 ,:at ,i want to say is t we %\ld gr[ fl[]s freely :5 we make a fl[]-g>d54 ,we %\ld h en\gh ( !m to make ! ef=t wor? ! :ile4 ,i sympa?ize ) ! man :o likes sunfl[]s4 ,!re are en\gh ( !m to be wor? look+ at4 ,!y fill ! eye4 ,n[ %[ ?is man t5 feet squ>e ( p9ks or a/]s1 or daisies1 all gr[+ free & easy & he w tell y t he likes !m4 ,all ?is has a p>ticul> application to ! f>m]1 :o is (t5 said to dislike fl[]s4 ,he gr[s potatoes & buck:eat & we$s by ! acre3 two or ?ree unhappy p9ks or g]aniums are n en\gh to make an impression4 ,lawn fl[]-b$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,hole-9-!-gr\nd g>d5+ ,! easie/ way to spoil a good lawn is to put a fl[]-b$ 9 x2 & ! mo/ effective way 9 :i* to %[ (f fl[]s to ! lea/ advantage is to plant !m 9 a b$ 9 ! gre5sw>d4 ,fl[]s ne$ a backgr\nd4 ,we d n hang our pictures on f5ce-po/s4 ,if fl[]s are to be gr[n on a lawn1 let !m be ( ! h>dy k9d1 :i* c be naturaliz$ 9 ! sod & :i* gr[ freely 9 ! tall unm[n grass2 or else p]5nials ( su* nature t !y make attractive clumps by !mselves4 ,lawns %\ld be free & g5]\s1 b ! m !y are cut up & worri$ ) trivial effects1 ! small] & mean] !y look4 ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,wor? pay+ admittance price to see6 ,b ev5 if we consid] ^! lawn fl[]-b$s :olly ap>t f _! surr\nd+s1 we mu/ admit t !y are at be/ unsatisfactory4 ,x g5]ally am\nts to ?is1 t we h f\r mon?s ( sp>se & d[nca/ vegetation1 "o mon? ( limp & fro/-bitt5 plants1 & sev5 mon?s ( b>e e>? 7,fig #ai7 ,i am n n[ oppos+ ! c>pet-b$s :i* pr(essional g>d5]s make 9 p>ks & o!r museums4 ,i l museums1 & "s ( ! c>pet-b$s & set pieces are 8fe>fully & wond]fully made0 7see ,fig #bj7 ,i am direct+ my rem>ks to ^? humble home-made fl[]-b$s t are s common 9 lawns ( c\ntry & city homes alike4 ,^! b$s are cut f ! good fre% turf1 (t5 9 ! mo/ fanta/ic designs1 & are fill$ ) su* plants z ! wom5 ( ! place may be able to c>ry ov] 9 cell>s or 9 ! w9d[4 ,! plants !mselves may look v well 9 pots1 b :5 !y are turn$ out ( doors1 !y h a sorry "t = a mon? adapt+ !mselves to ! sun & w9ds1 & x is g5]ally well on t[>ds midsumm] be=e !y beg9 to cov] ! e>?4 ,dur+ all ^! weeks !y h dem&$ m "t & labor ?an w\ld h be5 ne$$ to c>e = a plantation ( mu* great] size & :i* w\ld h giv5 fl[]s e day f ! "t ! birds began to ne/ 9 ! spr+ until ! la/ rob9 _h fl[n 9 ,novemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,an arti/'s fl[] bord] ,fl[]-bord]s4 ,illu/ration3 #bb4 ,petunias aga9/ a backgr\nd ( osi]s4 ,illu/ration3 #bc4 ,a s[+ ( fl[]s along a m>g9al plant+4 ,we %\ld acquire ! habit ( speak+ ( ! fl[]-bord]4 ,! bord] plant+ ( :i* we h spok5 sets b\nds to ! place1 & makes x "o's own4 ,! p]son lives inside 8 place1 n on x4 ,along ^! bord]s1 aga9/ gr\ps1 (t5 by ! corn]s ( ! resid5ce or 9 front ( por*es--^! are places = fl[]s4 ,t5 fl[]s aga9/ a backgr\nd are m effective ?an a hundr$ 9 ! op5 y>d4 ,i h ask$ a pr(essional arti/1 ,mr ,ma!ws1 to draw me ! k9d ( a fl[]-b$ t he likes4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,x is a bord]1--a /rip ( l& two or ?ree feet wide along a f5ce4 ,?is is ! place :]e pigwe$s usually gr[4 ,"h he has plant$ m>igolds1 gladiolus1 gold5 rod1 wild a/]s1 ,*9a a/]s1 &--be/ ( all--hollyhocks4 ,any "o w\ld l t fl[]-g>d5 ,x has "s ( t local & indef9able *>m t always atta*es to an 8old-fa%ion$ g>d50 ) its m$ley ( =m & color ,ne>ly e y>d has "s su* /rip ( l& along a re> walk or f5ce or aga9/ a build+ ,x is ! easie/ ?+ to plant x1--ev] s mu* easi] ?an digg+ ! *>act]less g]anium b$ into ! c5t] ( an in(f5sive lawn4 ,! sugge/ions are c>ri$ fur!r 9 #bb to #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,an op5 back y>d4 ,fl[]s may be ?r[n 9 freely along ! bord]s1 b !y w\ld spoil ! lawn if plac$ 9 its c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,a fl[] g>d5 at ! re> or "o side ( ! place4 ,! old-fa%ion$ g>d54 ,speak+ ( ! old-fa%ion$ g>d5 recalls "o ( ,william ,falcon]'s excell5t p>agraphs 78,g>d5+10 ,novemb] #ae1 #ahig1 p4 #ge73 8,we tri$ x 9 ,s*5ley ,p>k ?is ye>4 ,we ne$$ a h&y dump+ gr\nd1 & hit on ! head ( a deep rav9e betwe5 two woods2 into x we dump$ hundr$s ^u hundr$s ( wagon loads ( rock & clay1 fill+ x ne> to ! top1 !n surfac$ x ) good soil4 ,"h we plant$ "s %rubs1 & broadca/ among !m set out sc>let poppies1 es*s*oltzias1 dw>f na/urtiums1 snapdragons1 pansies1 m>igolds1 & all mann] ( h>dy h]bace\s plants1 hav+ en\gh ( ea* sort to make a mass ( its k9d & color1 & ! effect 0 f9e4 ,9 ! middle 0 a plantation ( hundr$s ( clumps ( ,japan & ,g]man irises int]plant$1 !nce succe$$ by ?\s&s ( gladioli1 & b&$ ) montbretias1 f :i* we _h fl[]s till fro/4 ,! /eep face ( ?is hill 0 grad$ a little & a s]ies ( w9d+ /one /eps set into x1 mak+ ! desc5t into ! holl[ q easy2 ! /ones 7 ! r\gh unev5 slabs secur$ 9 bla/+ ! rocks :5 grad+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! p>k1 & bo? along out] edges ( ! /eps & ! sides ( ! upp] walk a wide belt ( moss p9k 0 plant$2 & ! banks all ab\t 7 plant$ ) %rubs1 v9es1 wild roses1 columb9es1 & o!r plants4 ,m cam]as & kodaks 7 level$ by visitors at ?is piece ( g>d5+ ?an at any o!r spot 9 ! p>k1 & /ill we _h acres ( pa9t$ summ] b$s40 ,cont5ts ( ! fl[]-bord]s4 ,!re is no prescrib$ rule z to :at "o %\ld put into ^! in=mal fl[]-bord]s4 ,put 9 !m ! plants y l4 ,p]haps ! great] "p ( !m %\ld be p]5nials t come up ( !mselves e spr+1 & t are h>dy & reliable4 ,wild fl[]s are p>ticul>ly effective4 ,e "o kn[s t _m ( ! native h]bs ( woods & glades are m attractive ?an "s ( ! mo/ priz$ g>d5 fl[]s4 ,! great] "p ( ^! native fl[]s gr[ readily 9 cultivation1 sometimes ev5 9 places :i*1 9 soil & exposure1 are mu* unlike _! native haunts4 ,_m ( !m make ?ick5$ roots1 & !y may be safely transplant$ at any "t aft] ! fl[]s h pass$4 ,to mo/ p]sons ! wild fl[]s are less kn[n ?an _m exotics t h small] m]it1 & ! ext5sion ( cultivation is con/antly t5d+ to annihilate !m4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! in=mal fl[]-bord]1 is an opportunity to rescue !m4 ,!n "o may s[ 9 freely ( easy-gr[+ annuals1 z m>igolds1 ,*9a a/]s1 petunias & phloxes1 & sweet peas4 ,illu/ration3 #bf4 ,mak+ ! mo/ ( a rock4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ^! bord]s ly+ at ! b\nd>y is t !y are always ready to receive m plants1 unless !y are full4 ,t is1 _! symmetry is n m>r$ if "s plants are pull$ out & o!rs are put 94 ,& if ! we$s n[ & !n get a />t1 v little h>m is done4 ,su* a bord] half full ( we$s is h&som] ?an ! av]age hole-9-!-lawn g]anium b$4 ,an ample bord] may receive wild plants e mon? 9 ! ye> :5 ! fro/ is out ( ! gr\nd4 ,plants are dug 9 ! woods or fields1 :5ev] "o is on an excursion1 ev5 if 9 ,july4 ,! tops are cut (f1 ! roots kept moi/ until !y are plac$ 9 ! bord]2 mo/ ( ^! mu*-abus$ plants w gr[4 ,to be sure1 "o w secure "s we$s2 b !n1 ! we$s are a "p ( ! collection6 ,( c\rse1 "s plants w res5t ?is treatm5t1 b ! bord] may be a happy family1 & be all ! bett] & m p]sonal because x is ! result ( mom5ts ( relaxation4 ,su* a bord] has some?+ new & int]e/+ e mon? ( ! gr[+ season2 & ev5 9 ! w9t] ! tall clumps ( grasses & a/]-/ems hold _! bann]s above ! sn[ & are a s\rce ( delight to e frolicsome bevy ( sn[birds4 ,i h spok5 ( a we$l& to sugge/ h[ simple & easy a ?+ x is to make an attractive mass-plantation4 ,"o may make ! mo/ ( a rock 7,fig4 #bf7 or bank1 or o!r undesirable feature ( ! place4 ,dig up ! gr\nd & make x ri*1 & !n set plants 9 x4 ,y w n get x to suit y ! fir/ ye>1 & p]haps n ! second or ! ?ird2 y c always pull out plants & put m 94 ,i %\ld n want a lawn-g>d5 s p]fect t ,i c\ld n *ange x 9 "s "* ea* ye>2 ,i %\ld lose int]e/ 9 x4 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood t ,i am speak+ only = mix$ bord]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is mu* bett] 9 mo/ cases t ea* bord] or b$ be dom9at$ by ! expression ( "o k9d ( fl[] or bu%4 ,9 "o place a p]son may desire a wild a/] effect1 or a petunia effect1 or a l>kspur effect1 or a rhodod5dron effect2 or x may be desirable to run heavily to /rong foliage effects 9 "o direction & to light fl[] effects 9 ano!r4 ,! mix$ bord] is r m a fl[]-g>d5 idea ?an a l&scape idea2 :5 x %all be desirable to emphasize ! "o & :5 ! o!r1 _c be set d[n 9 a book4 ,! value ( plants may lie 9 foliage & =m r ?an 9 bloom4 ,illu/ration3 #bg4 ,! plant-=m 9 a p]5nial salvia4 ,:at k9ds ( %rubs & fl[]s to plant is a :olly second>y & l>gely a p]sonal consid]ation4 ,! ma9 plant+s are made up ( h>dy & vigor\s species2 !n ! ?+s t y l are add$4 ,!re is endless *oice 9 ! species1 b ! arrangem5t or disposition ( ! plants is f> m important ?an ! k9ds2 & ! foliage & =m ( ! plant are usually ( m importance ?an its bloom4 ,! appreciation ( foliage effects 9 ! l&scape is a high] type ( feel+ ?an ! desire = m]e color4 ,fl[]s are transitory1 b foliage & plant =ms are abid+4 ,! common roses h v little value = l&scape plant+ because ! foliage & habit ( ! rose-bu% are n attractive1 ! leaves are invet]ately attack$ by bugs1 & ! blossoms are fleet+4 ,"s ( ! wild roses & ! ,japanese ,rosa rugosa1 h[ev]1 h di/9ct m]it = mass effects4 ,ev5 ! common fl[]s1 z m>igold1 z9nias1 & gaill>dias1 are int]e/+ z plant =ms long be=e !y come into bloom4 ,to _m p]sons ! mo/ satisfy+ epo* 9 ! g>d5 is t prec$+ ! bloom1 = ! habits & /ature ( ! plants are !n unobscur$4 ,! e>ly /ages ( lilies1 daffodils1 & all p]5nials are mo/ int]e/+2 & "o nev] appreciates a g>d5 until he realizes t ?is is s4 ,illu/ration3 #bh4 ,funkia1 or day-lily4 ,:]e lies ! *ief int]e/1--9 ! plant-=m or 9 ! bloom8 ,illu/ration3 #bi4 ,a l>ge-leav$ nicotiana4 ,n[ let ! read]1 ) ^! sugge/ions 9 m9d1 obs]ve = "o week ! plant-=ms 9 ! humble h]bs t he meets1 :e!r ^! h]bs are /rong g>d5 plants or ! /rik+ sculptur+ ( mulle9s1 burdocks1 & jimson-we$4 ,figures #bg to #ca w be sugge/ive4 ,wild bu%es are ne>ly always attractive 9 =m & habit :5 plant$ 9 bord]s & gr\ps4 ,!y improve 9 appe>ance "u cultivation because !y are giv5 a bett] *ance to gr[4 ,9 wild nature !re is su* fi]ce /ruggle = exi/5ce t plants usually gr[ to few or s+le /ems1 & !y are sp>se & scraggly 9 =m2 b once giv5 all ! room !y want & a good soil1 !y become luxuri\s1 full1 & comely4 ,9 mo/ home gr\nds 9 ! c\ntry ! body ( ! plant+ may be v effectively compos$ ( bu%es tak5 f ! adjac5t woods & fields4 ,! masses may !n be enliv5$ by ! addition "h & !re ( cultivat$ bu%es1 & ! plant+ ( fl[]s & h]bs ab\t ! bord]s4 ,x is n ess5tial t "o "k ! names ( ^! wild bu%es1 al?\gh a k ( _! botanical k9%ips w add greatly to ! pleasure ( gr[+ !m4 ,nei!r w !y look common :5 transf]r$ to ! lawn4 ,!re are n _m p]sons :o "k ev5 ! commone/ wild bu%es intimately1 & ! ?+s *ange s mu* 9 looks :5 remov$ to ri* gr\nd t few home-mak]s recognize !m4 ,illu/ration3 #cj4 ,! awkw>d c5tury plant t has be5 labori\sly c>ri$ ov] w9t] ye> by ye> 9 ! cell>3 comp>e ) o!r plants "h %[n z to its value z a lawn subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,mak+ a picture ) rhub>b4 ,odd & =mal trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #cb4 ,a weep+ tree at "o side ( ! gr\nds & support$ by a backgr\nd4 ,x is b a coroll>y ( ?is discussion to say t plants :i* are simply odd or grotesque or unusual %\ld be us$ ) ! greate/ caution1 = !y introduce extrane\s & j>r+ effects4 ,!y are little 9 sympa?y ) a l&scape g>d54 ,an arti/ w\ld n c>e to pa9t an ev]gre5 t is %e>$ into "s grotesque %ape4 ,x is only curi\s1 & %[s :at a man ) pl5ty ( "t & long prun+ %e>s c accompli%4 ,a weep+ tree 7p>ticul>ly ( a small-gr[+ species7 is usually se5 to be/ advantage :5 x /&s aga9/ a gr\p or mass ( foliage 7,fig4 #cb71 z a promontory1 add+ ze/ & _s to ! bord]2 x !n has relation ) ! place4 ,?is leads me to speak ( ! plant+ ( ! ,lomb>dy popl>1 :i* may be tak5 z a type ( ! =mal tree1 & z an illu/ration ( :at ,i mean to express4 ,its *ief m]its to ! av]age plant] are ! quickness ( its gr[? & ! read9ess ) :i* x multiplies by spr\ts4 ,b 9 ! ,nor? x is likely to be a %ort-liv$ tree1 x suff]s f /orms1 & x has few really useful qualities4 ,x may be us$ to "s advantage 9 w9dbreaks = pea* or*>ds & o!r %ort-liv$ plantations2 b aft] a few ye>s a scre5 ( ,lomb>dies beg9s to fail1 & ! habit ( suck]+ f ! root adds to its undesirable features4 ,= %ade x has little m]it1 & = timb] none4 ,p]sons l x because x is /rik+1 & ?is1 9 an arti/ic s5se1 is its grave/ fault4 ,x is unlike any?+ else 9 our l&scape1 & does n fit into our sc5]y well4 ,a r[ ( ,lomb>dies along a roadside is l a r[ ( exclamation po9ts6 ,,iv4 ,subtropical b$d+ aga9/ a build+4 ,caladiums1 cannas1 abutilons1 p]man5t rhodod5drons1 & o!r l>ge /uff1 ) tub]\s begonias & balsams betwe54 ,,iv4 ,subtropical b$d+ aga9/ a build+4 ,caladiums1 cannas1 abutilons1 p]man5t rhodod5drons1 & o!r l>ge /uff1 ) tub]\s begonias & balsams betwe54 ,b ! ,lomb>dy c (t5 be us$ to good effect z "o factor 9 a gr\p ( trees1 :]e its spire-l %ape1 t[]+ above ! surr\nd+ foliage1 may l5d a spirit$ *>m to ! l&scape4 ,x comb9es well 9 su* gr\ps if x /&s 9 visual ne>ness to *imneys or o!r tall =mal objects4 ,!n x gives a sort ( ar*itectural f9i% & _s to a gr\p2 b ! effect is g5]ally less5$1 if n altoge!r spoil$1 9 small places1 if m ?an "o ,lomb>dy is 9 view4 ,"o or two specim5s may (t5 be us$ to give vigor to heavy plantations ab\t l[ build+s1 & ! effect is g5]ally be/ if !y are se5 beyond or at ! re> ( ! build+4 ,note ! use t ! arti/ has made ( !m 9 ! backgr\nds 9 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 & #dc4 ,popl>s & ! l4 ,ano!r defect 9 common ornam5tal plant+1 :i* is well illu/rat$ 9 ! use ( popl>s1 is ! desire = plants m]ely because !y gr[ rapidly4 ,a v rapid-gr[+ tree ne>ly always produces *eap effects4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! common plant+ ( will[s & popl>s ab\t summ] places or lake %ores4 ,_! effect is almo/ :olly "o ( ?9ness & tempor>9ess4 ,!re is little t sugge/s /r5g? or durability 9 will[s & popl>s1 & = ?is reason !y %\ld usually be employ$ z m9or or second>y features 9 ornam5tal or home gr\nds4 ,:5 quick results are desir$1 no?+ is bett] to plant ?an ^! trees2 b bett] trees1 z maples1 oaks1 or elms1 %\ld be plant$ ) !m1 & ! popl>s & will[s %\ld be remov$ z rapidly z ! o!r species beg9 to af=d protection4 ,:5 ! plantation f9ally assumes its p]man5t *>act]s1 a few ( ! rema9+ popl>s & will[s1 judici\sly left1 may af=d v excell5t effects2 b no "o :o has an arti/'s feel+ w\ld be cont5t to con/ruct ! framework ( 8 place ( ^! rapid-gr[+ & s(t-wood$ trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,a spr+ expression wor? secur+4 ,catk9s ( ! small popl>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,plant-=m 9 *]ries4--,re9e ,hort5se4 ,i h said t ! legitimate use ( popl>s 9 ornam5tal gr\nds is 9 ! production ( m9or or second>y effects4 ,z a rule1 !y are less adapt$ to isolat$ plant+ z specim5 trees ?an to us+ 9 composition1--t is1 z p>ts ( g5]al gr\ps ( trees1 :]e _! *>act]s s]ve to break ! monotony ( heavi] =ms & heavi] foliage4 ,! popl>s are gay trees1 z a rule1 especially ^?1 l ! asp5s1 t h a trembl+ foliage4 ,_! leaves are bright & ! tree-tops are ?94 ,! common asp5 or 8popple10 ,populus tremuloides1 ( our woods1 is a m]itori\s little tree = c]ta9 effects4 ,its dangl+ catk9s 7,fig4 #cc71 light1 danc+ foliage1 & silv]-gray limbs1 are always *e]+1 & its autumn color is "o ( ! pure/ gold5-yell[s ( our l&scape4 ,x is good to see a tree ( x /&+ out 9 front ( a gr\p ( maples or ev]gre5s4 ,plant-=ms4 ,be=e "o atta9s to great s5sitiv5ess 9 ! appreciation ( g>d5s1 he le>ns to di/+ui% plants by _! =ms4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true = trees & %rubs4 ,ea* species has its own 8expression10 :i* is det]m9$ by ! size t is natural to x1 mode ( bran*+1 =m ( top1 twig *>act]s1 b>k *>act]s1 foliage *>act]s1 & to "s ext5t its fl[] & fruit *>act]s4 ,x is a useful practice = "o to tra9 8 eye by le>n+ ! diff]5ce 9 expression ( ! trees ( diff]5t v>ieties ( *]ries or pe>s or apples or o!r fruits1 if he has access to a plantation ( !m4 ,! diff]5ces 9 *]ries & pe>s are v m>k$ 7,figs4 #cd-cf74 ,he may also contra/ & comp>e c>efully ! k9ds ( any tree or %rub ( :i* !re are two or ?ree species 9 ! neighborhood1 le>n+ to di/+ui% !m )\t close exam9ation2 z ! sug> maple1 r$ maple1 s(t maple1 & ,norway maple 7if x is plant$72 ! :ite or ,am]ican elm1 ! cork elm1 ! slipp]y elm1 ! plant$ ,european elms2 ! asp51 l>ge-too!d popl>1 cottonwood1 balm ( gilead1 ,c>ol9a popl>1 ,lomb>dy popl>2 ! ma9 species ( oaks2 ! hickories2 & ! l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,morello *]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,may ,duke *]ry4 ,x w n be long be=e ! obs]v] le>ns t _m ( ! tree & %rub *>act]s are mo/ m>k$ 9 w9t]2 & he w beg9 unconsci\sly to add ! w9t] to 8 ye>4 ,v>i\s specific examples4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks w mean m if ! read] is %[n "s concrete examples4 ,i h *os5 a few cases1 n because !y are ! be/1 or ev5 because !y are always good en\gh = models1 b because !y lie 9 my way & illu/rate :at ,i desire to tea*4 ,a front y>d example4 ,we w fir/ look at a v ord9>y front y>d4 ,x conta9$ no plants1 except a pe> tree /&+ ne> ! corn] ( ! h\se4 ,f\r ye>s lat] sees ! y>d z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,an exo*orda is ! l>ge bu% 9 ! v =egr\nd1 & ! por* f\ndation is scre5$ & a bord] is !reby giv5 to ! lawn4 ,! l5g? ( ?is plant+ f end to end is ab\t f\rte5 feet1 ) a projection t[>ds ! front on ! left ( t5 feet4 ,9 ! bay at ! base ( ?is projection ! plant+ is only two feet wide or deep1 & f "h x gradually sw+s out to ! /eps1 eight feet wide4 ,! prom95t l>ge-leav$ plant ne> ! /eps is a bramble1 ,rubus odoratus1 v common 9 ! neighborhood1 & x is a *oice plant = decorative plant+1 :5 x is kept "u control4 ,! plants 9 ?is bord] 9 front ( ! por* are all f ! wild1 & comprise a prickly a%1 sev]al plants ( two wild osi]s or dogwoods1 a spice bu%1 rose1 wild sunfl[]s & a/]s & gold5-rods4 ,! promontory at ! left is a m ambiti\s b less effective mass4 ,x conta9s an exo*orda1 a re$1 v>iegat$ eld]1 sacal9e1 v>iegat$ dogwood1 tansy1 & a "y tree ( wild crab4 ,at ! re> ( ! plantation1 next ! h\se1 "o sees ! pe> tree4 ,! be/ s+le "p ( ! plant+ is ! re$ 7,arundo ,donax7 ov]topp+ ! exo*orda4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 e>ly 9 summ]1 be=e ! re$ _h become conspicu\s4 ,illu/ration3 #cg4 ,! plant+ 9 a simple front y>d4 ,a gr\nd plan ( ?is plant+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,at ,a is ! walk & ,b ! /eps4 ,an op5+ at ,d s]ves z a passage4 ,! ma9 plant+1 9 front ( ! por*1 f\rte5 feet long1 receiv$ twelve plants1 "s ( :i* h n[ spread into l>ge clumps4 ,at #a is a l>ge bu% ( osi]1 ,cornus ,baileyi1 "o ( ! be/ r$-/emm$ bu%es4 ,at #b is a mass ( ,rubus odoratus2 at #e a/]s & gold5-rods2 at #c a clump ( wild sunfl[]s4 ,! project+ plant+ on ! left comprises ab\t t5 plants1 ( :i* #d is exo*orda1 #f is arundo or re$1 at ! back ( :i* is a l>ge clump ( sacal9e1 & #g is a v>iegat$-leav$ eld]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,plan ( ! plant+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,diagram ( a back-y>d plant+4 #ej x #ij feet4 ,ano!r example4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! beg9n+ ( a l&scape g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,! result 9 five ye>s4 ,a back y>d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! own] want$ a t5nis c\rt1 & ! y>d is s small z n to all[ ( wide plant+ at ! bord]s4 ,h[ev]1 some?+ c\ld be done4 ,on ! left is a we$l& bord]1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! discussion ( wild plants on page #ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a good lawn 0 made4 ,9 ! second place1 no walks or drives 7 laid 9 ! area4 ,! drive = groc]s' wagons & coal is se5 9 ! re>1 n9ety feet f ! h\se4 ,f ,i to ,j is ! we$l&1 sep>at+ ! area f ! neighbor's premises4 ,ne> ,i is a clump ( roses4 ,at ,k is a l>ge bun* ( gold5-rods4 ,h m>ks a clump ( yucca4 ,g is a cab91 cov]$ ) v9es on ! front4 ,f ,g to ,f is an irregul> bord]1 ab\t six feet wide1 conta9+ b>b]ries1 =sy?ias1 wild eld]1 & o!r bu%es4 ,d ,e is a scre5 ( ,russian mulb]ry1 sett+ (f ! clo!s y>d f ! front lawn4 ,ne> ! back por*1 at ! end ( ! scre51 is an arbor cov]$ ) wild grapes1 mak+ a play-h\se = ! *ildr54 ,a clump ( lilacs /&s at ,a4 ,at ,b is a v9e-cov]$ scre51 s]v+ z a hammock support4 ,! lawn made & ! plant+ done1 x 0 next necess>y to lay ! walks4 ,^! are :olly in=mal affairs1 made by s9k+ a plank t5 in*es wide into ! gr\nd to a level ) ! sod4 ,! bord] plant+s ( ?is y>d are too /raight & regul> = ! mo/ arti/ic results1 b su* 0 necess>y 9 ord] n to encroa* ^u ! c5tral space4 ,yet ! read] w no d\bt agree t ?is y>d is mu* bett] ?an x c\ld be made by any sy/em ( scatt]$ & spott$ plant+4 ,let him imag9e h[ a gl[+ c>pet-b$ w\ld look set d[n 9 ! c5t] ( ?is lawn6 ,a ?ird example4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,a mean+less back-y>d plant+1 & an unnecess>y drive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,sugge/ions = improv+ ,fig4 #db4 ,! mak+ ( a l&scape picture is well illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #dj1 #da4 ,! =m] %[s a small clay field 7sev5ty-five feet wide1 & ?ree hundr$ feet deep71 ) a b>n at ! re>4 ,9 front ( ! b>n is a scre5 ( will[s4 ,! obs]v] is look+ f ! dwell+-h\se4 ,! area has be5 pl[$ & se$$ = a lawn4 ,! op]ator has !n m>k$ out a devi\s l9e ^u ei!r bord] ) a hoe h&le1 & all ! space betwe5 ^! bord]s has be5 gone ov] ) a g>d5 roll] to m>k ! area ( ! desir$ gre5sw>d4 ,! bord]s are n[ plant$ ) a v>iety ( small trees1 bu%es1 & h]bs4 ,five ye>s lat] ! view %[n 9 ,fig4 #da 0 tak54 ,a small back y>d4 ,a back y>d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,x is approximately sixty feet squ>e4 ,at pres5t x conta9s a drive1 :i* is unnecess>y1 exp5sive to keep 9 repair1 & de/ructive ( any attempt to make a picture ( ! area4 ,! place c\ld be improv$ by plant+ x some:at aft] ! mann] ( ,fig4 #dc4 ,v4 ,a subtropical b$4 ,c5t] ( cannas1 ) bord] ( ,p5nisetum longi/ylum 7a grass7 />t$ 9 late ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>*4 ,v4 ,a subtropical b$4 ,c5t] ( cannas1 ) bord] ( ,p5nisetum longi/ylum 7a grass7 />t$ 9 late ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>*4 ,a city lot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,pres5t outl9e ( a city back y>d1 desir$ to be plant$4 ,a plan ( a city lot is giv5 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! area is fifty by "o hundr$1 & ! h\se occupies ! great] "p ( ! wid?4 ,x is level1 b ! surr\nd+ l& is high]1 result+ 9 a %>p t]race1 ?ree or f\r feet high1 on ! re>1 ,e ,d4 ,?is t]race vani%es at ,c on ! "r1 b ext5ds ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! o!r side1 gradually dim9i%+ z x approa*es ,a4 ,!re is a t]race two feet high ext5d+ f ,a to ,b1 along ! front4 ,beyond ! l9e ,e ,d is ! re> ( an e/abli%m5t :i* x is desir$ to hide4 ,s9ce ! t]races set def9ite bord]s to ?is little place1 x is desirable to plant ! b\nd>ies r heavily4 ,if ! adjo9+ lawns 7 on ! same level1 or if ! neighbors w\ld all[ "o area to be m]g$ into ! o!r by pleasant slopes1 ! ?ree y>ds might be made into "o picture2 b ! place mu/ rema9 isolat$4 ,!re are ?ree problems ( /ructural plant+ 9 ! place3 to provide a cov] or scre5 at ! re>2 to provide l[] bord] masses on ! side t]races2 to plant next ! f\ndations ( ! h\se4 ,aside f ^! problems1 ! gr[] is entitl$ to h a c]ta9 numb] ( specim5 plants1 if he has p>ticul> lik+ = giv5 types1 b ^! specim5s mu/ be plant$ 9 "s relation to ! /ructural masses1 & n 9 ! middle ( ! lawn4 ,! own] desir$ a mix$ plant+1 = v>iety4 ,! foll[+ %rubs 7 actually select$ & plant$4 ,! place is 9 c5tral ,new ,york3-- ,%rubs = ! tall backgr\nd #b ,b>b]ry1 ,b]b]is vulg>is & v>4 purpurea4 #a ,cornus ,mas4 #b ,tall deutzias4 #c ,lilacs4 #b ,mock oranges1 ,philadelphus gr&iflorus & ,p4 coron>ius4 #b ,v>iegat$ eld]s4 #b ,eleagnus1 ,elagnus hort5sis & ,e4 longipes4 #a ,exo*orda4 #b ,hibiscuses4 ,privet4 #c ,viburnums4 #a ,sn[ball4 #a ,t>t>ian honeysuckle4 #a ,silv] ,bell1 ,halesia tetrapt]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,! plant+ ( ! t]race 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,^! 7 plant$ on ! slop+ bank ( ! t]race1 f ,e to ,d4 ,! t]race has an incl9e1 or wid?1 ( ab\t ?ree feet4 ,figure #de %[s ?is t]race aft] ! plant+ 0 complet$1 look+ f ! po9t ,c4 ,%rubs ( m$ium size1 suitable = side plant+s & gr\ps 9 ! =ego+ example #c ,b>b]ries1 ,b]b]is ,?unb]gii4 #c ,osi] dogwoods1 v>iegat$4 #b ,japanese qu9ces1 ,cydonia ,japonica & ,c4 ,maulei4 #d ,tall deutzias4 #a ,v>iegat$ eld]4 #g ,weigelas1 assort$ colors4 #a ,rhodotypos4 #i ,spireas ( m$ium gr[?1 assort$4 #a ,rubus odoratus4 #a ,lonic]a fragrantissima4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,said to h be5 plant$4 ,mo/ ( ^! %rubs 7 plant$ 9 a bord] two feet wide1 ext5d+ f ,b to ,c ,d1 ! plant+ beg9n+ ab\t t5 feet back f ! /reet4 ,"s ( !m 7 plac$ on ! t]race at ! left1 ext5d+ f ,e "o-f\r? ( ! di/ance to ,a4 ,! plants 7 set ab\t two feet ap>t4 ,a /rong clump 0 plac$ at ,n to scre5 ! back y>d4 ,9 ?is back y>d a few small fruit trees & a /rawb]ry b$ 7 plant$4 ,l[ in=mal %rubs = front ( por* & bank+ aga9/ h\se #c ,deutzia gracilis4 #f ,k]rias1 gre5 & v>iegat$4 #c ,daphne ,mez]eum4 #c ,lonic]a ,halliana4 #c ,rubus phnicolasius4 #c ,symphoric>pus vulg>is4 #d ,mahonias4 #a ,ribes aureum4 #a ,ribes sangu9eum4 #a ,rubus cratgifolius4 #a ,rubus fruticosus v>4 lac9iatus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,an area well fill$4 ,comp>e ,fig4 #df4 ,^! bu%es 7 plant$ aga9/ ! front ( ! h\se 7a por* on a high f\ndation ext5ds to ! "r f ,o71 f ! walk ar\nd to ,p1 & a few ( !m 7 plac$ at ! re> ( ! h\se4 ,specim5 %rubs = m]e ornam5t1 = ?is place ,azalea4 ,rhodod5dron4 ,rose4 #b ,hydrangeas4 #a ,sn[ball4 #a ea* ,=sy?ia susp5sa & ,f4 viridissima4 #b ,fl[]+ almonds4 ,^! 7 plant$ 9 conspicu\s places "h & !re aga9/ ! o!r masses4 ,"h are "o hundr$ excell5t & int]e/+ bu%es plant$ 9 a y>d only fifty feet wide & "o hundr$ feet deep1 & yet ! place has z mu* room 9 x z x _h be=e4 ,!re is abundant opportunity along ! bord]s = dropp+ 9 cannas1 dahlias1 hollyhocks1 a/]s1 g]aniums1 coleuses1 & o!r brilliant plants4 ,! bu%es w soon beg9 to cr[d1 to be sure1 b a mass is want$1 & ! n>r[ness ( ! plantations w all[ ea* bu% to develop itself lat]ally to p]fection4 ,if ! bord]s become too ?ick1 h[ev]1 x is an easy matt] to remove "s ( ! bu%es2 b !y probably w n4 ,picture ! color & v>iety & life 9 t little y>d4 ,& if a pigwe$ n[ & !n gets a />t 9 ! bord]1 x w\ld d no h>m to let x alone3 x belongs !re6 ,!n picture ! same area fill$ ) disconnect$1 spotty1 dyspeptic1 & unspirit$ fl[]-b$s & rose bu%es6 ,v>i\s examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! scre5+ ( ! t5nis-scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,at ! bottom ( ! clo!s-po/4 ,/rong & b>e f\ndations %\ld be reliev$ by heavy plant+4 ,fill ! corn]s ) sn[-drifts ( foliage4 ,plant ) a free h&1 z if y meant x 7comp>e ,figs4 #df & #dg74 ,! corn] by ! /eps is a p]5nial s\rce ( bad temp]4 ,! lawn-m[] w n t\* x1 & ! grass has to be cut ) a but*]-knife4 ,if no?+ else comes to h&1 let a burdock gr[ 9 x 7,fig4 #a74 ,! t5nis-scre5 may be reliev$ by a backgr\nd 7,fig4 #dh71 & a clump ( ribbon-grass or some?+ else is out ( ! way aga9/ a po/ 7,fig4 #di74 ,excell5t mass effects may be secur$ by cutt+ well-e/abli%$ plants ( sumac1 ailan?us1 basswood1 & o!r /rong-gr[+ ?+s1 to ! gr\nd ea* ye>1 = ! purpose ( secur+ ! /\t %oots4 ,figure #ej w give ! h9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,"y %oots ( ailan?us 7& sunfl[]s = v>iety74 ,b if "o has no area :i* he c make into a lawn & ^u :i* he c plant su* v]dur\s masses1 :at !n may he d8 ,ev5 !n !re may be opportunity = a little neat & arti/ic plant+4 ,ev5 if "o lives 9 a r5t$ h\se1 he may br+ 9 a bu% or an h]b f ! woods1 & pa9t a picture ) x4 ,plant x 9 ! corn] by ! /eps1 9 front ( ! por*1 at ! corn] ( ! h\se1--almo/ any:]e except 9 ! c5t] ( ! lawn4 ,make ! gr\nd ri*1 secure a /rong root1 & plant x ) c>e2 !n wait4 ,! little clump w n only h a beauty & int]e/ ( its own1 b x may add imm5sely to ! furniture ( ! y>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,a backy>d cab94 ,ab\t ^! clumps "o may plant bulbs ( gl[+ tulips or da9ty sn[drops & lilies-(-!-valley2 & ^! may be foll[$ ) pansies & phlox & o!r simple folk4 ,v soon "o f9ds himself deeply int]e/$ 9 ^! r&om & deta*$ pictures1 & almo/ be=e he is aw>e he f9ds t he has r\nd$ (f ! corn]s ( ! h\se1 made snug little arbors ( wild grapes & clematis1 cov]$ ! re> f5ce & ! ou?\se ) act9idia & bitt]-sweet1 & has ?r[n 9 da%es ( color ) hollyhocks1 cannas1 & lilies1 & has ti$ ! f\ndations ( ! build+s to ! gre5sw>d by l[ /r&s ( v9es or deft bits ( plant+4 ,he soon comes to feel t fl[]s are mo/ expressive ( ! be/ emotions :5 !y are da9tily dropp$ 9 "h & !re aga9/ a backgr\nd ( foliage1 or else made a side-piece 9 ! place4 ,!re is no limit to ! adaptations2 ,figs4 #ea to #eh sugge/ "s ( ! backy>d possibilities4 ,pres5tly he rebels at ! bold1 h>%1 & impud5t designs ( "s ( ! g>d5]s1 & gr[s into a res\rceful love ( plant =ms & v]dure4 ,he may /ill l ! weep+ & cut-leav$ & p>ty-color$ trees ( ! horticulturi/1 b he sees t _! be/ effects are to be _h :5 !y are plant$ sp>+ly1 z bord]s or promontories ( ! /ructural masses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,a g>d5 pa? ) h$g][s1 trellis1 & b5*1 9 =mal treatm5t4 ,! be/ plant+1 z ! be/ pa9t+ & ! be/ music1 is possible only ) ! be/ & t5d]e/ feel+ & ! close/ liv+ ) nature4 ,"o's place gr[s to be a reflection ( himself1 *ang+ z he *anges1 & express+ 8 life & sympa?ies to ! la/4 ,review ,we h n[ discuss$ "s ( ! pr9ciples & applications ( l&scape ar*itecture or l&scape g>d5+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ref]5ce to ! plant+4 ,! object ( l&scape g>d5+ is to make a picture4 ,all ! grad+1 se$+1 plant+1 are incid5tal & supplem5tal to ?is "o c5tral idea4 ,! gre5sw>d is ! canvas1 ! h\se or "s o!r prom95t po9t is ! c5tral figure1 ! plant+ completes ! composition & adds ! color4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,an enclosure = lawn games4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,sunlight & %ad[4 ,! second conception is ! pr9ciple t ! picture %\ld h a l&scape effect4 ,t is1 x %\ld be nature-l4 ,c>pet-b$s are masses ( color1 n pictures4 ,!y are ! little g>ni%+s & reliefs t are to be us$ v cauti\sly1 z little ecc5tricities & conv5tionalisms 9 a build+ %\ld nev] be m ?an v m9or features4 ,e o!r concept 9 l&scape g>d5+ is subord9ate to ^! two4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important ( ^! second>y yet und]ly+ consid]ations are z foll[s3-- ,! place is to be conceiv$ ( z a unit4 ,if a build+ is n pleas+1 ask an ar*itect to improve x4 ,! real ar*itect w /udy ! build+ z a :ole1 grasp its design & mean+1 & sugge/ improvem5ts t w add to ! =cefulness ( ! entire /ructure4 ,a dabbl] w\ld add a *imney "h1 a w9d[ !re1 & apply v>i\s daubs ( pa9t to ! build+4 ,ea* ( ^! features might be good 9 itself4 ,! pa9ts might be ! be/ ( o*re1 ultram>9e1 or p>is gre51 b !y might h no relation to ! build+ z a :ole & w\ld be only ludicr\s4 ,^! two examples illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 l&scape g>d5+ & ! scatt]+ ov] ! place ( m]e ornam5tal features4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,an upl& g>d51 ) grass-gr[n /eps1 sundial1 & edge ( foxgloves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a g>d5 corn]4 ,!re %\ld be "o c5tral & emphatic po9t 9 ! picture4 ,a picture ( a battle draws its int]e/ f ! action ( a c5tral figure or gr\p4 ,! mom5t ! incid5tal & lat]al figures are made z prom95t z ! c5tral figures1 ! picture loses emphasis1 life1 & mean+4 ,! bord]s ( a place are ( less importance ?an its c5t]4 ,!re=e3 ,keep ! c5t] ( ! place op52 ,frame & mass ! sides2 ,avoid scatt]$ effects4 ,9 a l&scape picture fl[]s are incid5ts4 ,!y add emphasis1 supply color1 give v>iety & f9i%2 !y are ! ornam5ts1 b ! lawn & ! mass-plant+s make ! framework4 ,"o fl[] 9 ! bord]1 & made an incid5t ( ! picture1 is m effective ?an tw5ty fl[]s 9 ! c5t] ( ! lawn4 ,m dep5ds on ! positions t plants occupy ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r & to ! /ructural design ( ! place1 ?an on ! intr9sic m]its ( ! plants !mselves4 ,l&scape g>d5+1 !n1 is ! embelli%m5t ( gr\nds 9 su* a way t !y w h a nature-l or l&scape effect4 ,! fl[]s & accessories may height5 & accel]ate ! effect1 b !y %\ld n contradict x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,an old-fa%ion$ doorway4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,an in=mally treat$ /ream4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,execution ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,l&scape ,,features ,! g5]al lay-out ( a small home prop]ty hav+ n[ be5 consid]$1 we may discuss ! practical op]ations ( execut+ ! plan4 ,x is n int5d$ 9 ?is *apt] to discuss ! g5]al "q ( h[ to h&le ! soil3 t discussion comes 9 ,*apt] ,,iv2 nor 9 detail h[ to h&le plants3 t occurs 9 ,*apt]s ,v to ,x2 b ! subjects ( grad+1 lay+ out ( walks & drives1 execut+ ! bord] plant+s1 & ! mak+ ( lawns1 may be briefly consid]$4 ,( c\rse ! in/ructions giv5 9 a book1 h[ev] complete1 are v inadequate & unsatisfactory z comp>$ ) ! advice ( a good exp]i5c$ p]son4 ,x is n always possible to f9d su* a p]son1 h[ev]2 & x is no little satisfaction to ! homemak] if he c feel t he c h&le ! "w himself1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( "s mi/akes4 ,! grad+4 ,! fir/ consid]ation is to grade ! l&4 ,grad+ is v exp5sive1 especially if p]=m$ at a season :5 ! soil is heavy ) wat]4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made1 !re=e1 to r$uce ! grad+ to a m9imum & /ill secure a pleas+ cont\r4 ,a good "t to grade1 if "o has ! "t1 is 9 ! fall be=e ! heavy ra9s come1 & !n all[ ! surface to settle until spr+1 :5 ! f9i% may be made4 ,all fill+ w settle 9 "t unless ?or\ghly tamp$ z x proce$s4 ,! small] ! area ! m pa9s mu/ be tak5 ) ! grad+2 b 9 any plat t is "o hundr$ feet or m squ>e1 v consid]able undulations may be left 9 ! surface ) excell5t effect4 ,9 lawns ( ?is size1 or ev5 half ?is size1 x is r>ely advisable to h !m p]fectly flat & level4 ,!y %\ld slope gradually away f ! h\se2 & :5 ! lawn is sev5ty-five feet or m 9 wid?1 x may be slightly cr[n+ ) good effect4 ,a lawn %\ld nev] be holl[1--t is1 l[] 9 ! c5t] ?an at ! bord]s1--& broad lawns t are p]fectly flat & level (t5 appe> to be holl[4 ,a slope ( "o foot 9 tw5ty or ?irty is none too mu* = a pleasant grade 9 lawns ( "s ext5t4 ,9 small places1 ! grad+ may be done by ! eye1 unless !re are v p>ticul> conditions to meet4 ,9 l>ge or difficult areas1 x is well to h ! place cont\r$ by in/rum5ts4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly desirable if ! grad+ is to be done on contract4 ,a basal or datum l9e is e/abli%$1 above or bel[ :i* all surfaces are to be %ap$ at measur$ di/ances4 ,ev5 9 small y>ds1 su* a datum l9e is desirable = ! be/ k9d ( "w4 ,! t]race4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,a t]race 9 ! di/ance2 9 ! =egr\nd an ideal 8runn+ out0 ( ! bank4 ,9 places 9 :i* ! natural slope is v p]ceptible1 !re is a t5d5cy to t]race ! lawn = ! purpose ( mak+ ! v>i\s p>ts or sections ( x m or less level & plane4 ,9 ne>ly all cases1 h[ev]1 a t]race 9 a ma9 lawn is objectionable4 ,x cuts ! lawn into two or m portions1 & !reby makes x look small] & spoils ! effect ( ! picture4 ,a t]race always obtrudes a h>d & rigid l9e1 & fa/5s ! att5tion ^u itself r ?an ^u ! l&scape4 ,t]races are also exp5sive to make & to keep 9 ord]2 & a %abby t]race is always di/ract+4 ,:5 =mal effects are desir$1 _! success dep5ds1 h[ev]1 v l>gely on ! rigidity ( ! l9es & ! c>e ) :i* !y are ma9ta9$4 ,if a t]race is necess>y1 x %\ld be 9 ! =m ( a reta9+ wall next ! /reet1 or else x %\ld lie next ! build+1 giv+ z broad & cont9u\s a lawn z possible4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t a t]race next a build+ %\ld n be a "p ( ! l&scape1 b a "p ( ! ar*itecture2 t is1 x %\ld s]ve z a base to ! build+4 ,x w at once be se51 !re=e1 t t]races are mo/ 9 place aga9/ ^? build+s t h /rong horizontal l9es1 & !y are little suitable aga9/ build+s ) v brok5 l9es & mix$ or go?ic features4 ,9 ord] to jo9 ! t]race to ! build+1 x is usually advisable to place "s ar*itectural feature ^u its cr[n1 z a balu/rade1 & to asc5d x by means ( ar*itectural /eps4 ,! t]race elevation1 !re=e1 becomes a "p ( ! base ( ! build+1 & ! top ( x is an esplanade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,treatm5t ( a slop+ lawn4 ,a simple & gradually slop+ bank c ne>ly always be made to take ! place ( a t]race4 ,= example1 let ! op]ator make a t]race1 ) %>p angles above & bel[1 9 ! fall ( ! ye>2 9 ! spr+1 he w f9d 7if he has n sodd$ x heavily7 t nature has tak5 ! matt] 9 h& & ! upp] angle ( ! t]race has be5 wa%$ away & deposit$ 9 ! l[] angle1 & ! result is ! beg9n+ ( a good s]ies ( curves4 ,figure #ei %[s an ideal slope1 ) its d\ble curve1 compris+ a convex curve on ! top ( ! bank1 & a concave curve at ! l[] "p4 ,?is is a slope t w\ld ord9>ily be t]rac$1 b 9 its pres5t condition x is a "p ( ! l&scape picture4 ,x may be m[n z readily z any o!r "p ( ! lawn1 & x takes c>e ( itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,treatm5t ( a v /eep bank4 ,! diagrams 9 ,fig4 #fj indicate poor & good treatm5t ( a lawn4 ,! t]races are n ne$$ 9 ?is case2 or if !y are1 !y %\ld nev] be made z at #a4 ,! same dip c\ld be tak5 up 9 a s+le curv$ bank1 z at #c1 b ! bett] way1 9 g5]al1 is to give ! treatm5t %[n 9 #b4 ,figure #fa %[s h[ a v high t]race1 #d1 c be supplac$ by a slop+ bank #e4 ,figure #fb %[s a t]race t falls away too sudd5ly f ! h\se4 ,! b\nd+ l9es4 ,9 grad+ to ! bord]s ( ! place1 x is n always necess>y1 nor ev5 desirable1 t a cont9u\s cont\r %\ld be ma9ta9$1 especially if ! bord] is high] or l[] ?an ! lawn4 ,a some:at irregul> l9e ( grade w appe> to be mo/ natural1 & l5d itself be/ to effective plant+4 ,?is is specially true 9 ! grade to wat]c\rses1 :i*1 z a rule1 %\ld be m or less devi\s or w9d+2 & ! adjac5t l& %\ld1 !re=e1 pres5t v>i\s heights & cont\rs4 ,x is n always necess>y1 h[ev]1 to make di/9ct banks along wat]-c\rses1 p>ticul>ly if ! place is small & ! natural lay ( ! l& is m or less plane or flat4 ,a v slight depression1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc1 may answ] all ! purposes ( a wat] grade 9 su* places4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,a t]race or slope t falls too sudd5ly away f a build+4 ,!re %\ld be a level place or esplanade next ! build+1 if possible4 ,illu/ration3 #fc4 ,%ap+ ! l& d[n to a wat]-c\rse4 ,if x is desirable t ! lawn be z l>ge & spaci\s z possible1 !n ! b\nd>y ( x %\ld be remov$4 ,take away ! f5ces1 curb+1 & o!r "r l9es4 ,9 rural places1 a sunk5 f5ce may sometimes be plac$ a?w>t ! lawn at its f>!r edge = ! purpose ( keep+ cattle (f ! place1 & !reby br+ 9 ! adjac5t l&scape4 ,figure #fd sugge/s h[ ?is may be done4 ,! depression ne> ! foot ( ! lawn1 :i* is really a dit* & sc>cely visible f ! upp] "p ( ! place because ( ! slight elevation on its inn] rim1 answ]s all ! purposes ( a f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,a sunk5 f5ce a?w>t a =egr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,protect+ a tree 9 fill$ l&4 ,ne>ly all trees are injur$ if ! dirt is fill$ ab\t ! base to ! dep? ( a foot or m4 ,! natural base ( ! plant %\ld be expos$ s f> z possible1 n only = protection ( ! tree1 b because ! base ( a tree trunk is "o ( its mo/ di/9ctive features4 ,oaks1 maples1 & 9 fact mo/ trees w lose _! b>k ne> ! cr[n if ! dirt is pil$ aga9/ !m2 & ?is is especially true if ! wat] t5ds to settle ab\t ! trunks4 ,figure #fe %[s h[ ?is difficulty may be obviat$4 ,a well is /on$ up1 all[+ a space ( a foot or two on all sides1 & tile dra9s are laid ab\t ! base ( ! well1 z %[n 9 ! diagram at ! "r4 ,a grat+ to cov] a well is also %[n4 ,x is (t5 possible to make a slop+ bank j above ! tree1 & to all[ ! gr\nd to fall away f ! roots on ! l[] side1 s t !re is no well or hole2 b ?is is practicable only :5 ! l& bel[1 ! tree is consid]ably l[] ?an t above x4 ,if mu* ( ! surface is to be remov$1 ! good top e>? %\ld be sav$1 & plac$ back on ! area1 9 :i* to s[ ! grass se$ & to make ! plant+s4 ,?is top soil may be pil$ at "o side out ( ! way :ile ! grad+ is proce$+4 ,walks & drives4 ,s f> z ! picture 9 ! l&scape is conc]n$1 walks & drives are blemi%es4 ,s9ce !y are necess>y1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ =m a "p ( ! l&scape design4 ,!y %\ld be z few z possible1 n only because !y int]f]e ) ! arti/ic composition1 b also because !y are exp5sive to make & to ma9ta94 ,mo/ places h too _m1 r ?an too few1 walks & drives4 ,small city areas r>ely ne$ a driveway entrance1 n ev5 to ! back door4 ,! back y>d 9 ,fig4 #ci illu/rates ?is po9t4 ,! di/ance f ! h\se to ! /reet on ! back is ab\t n9ety feet1 yet !re is no driveway 9 ! place4 ,! coal & provisions are c>ri$ 92 &1 al?\gh ! deliv]ym5 may compla9 at fir/1 !y v soon accept ! inevitable4 ,x is n wor? ! :ile to ma9ta9 a drive 9 su* a place = ! conv5i5ce ( truckm5 & groc]s4 ,nei!r is x (t5 necess>y to h a drive 9 ! front y>d if ! h\se is )9 sev5ty-five or "o hundr$ feet ( ! /reet4 ,:5 a drive is necess>y1 x %\ld ent]1 if possible1 at ! side ( ! resid5ce1 & n make a circle 9 ! front lawn4 ,?is rem>k may n apply to areas ( a half acre or m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,=ms ( front walks4 ,! drives & walks %\ld be direct4 ,!y %\ld g :]e !y appe> to g1 & %\ld be practically ! %orte/ di/ances betwe5 ! po9ts to be rea*$4 ,figure #ff illu/rates "s ( ! problems connect$ ) walks to ! front door4 ,a common type ( walk is a1 & x is a nuisance4 ,! "t t "o loses 9 go+ ar\nd ! cameo-set 9 ! c5t] w\ld be suffici5t1 if cons]v$1 to l5g!n a man's life by sev]al mon?s or a ye>4 ,su* a device has no m]it 9 art or conv5i5ce4 ,walk b is bett]1 b /ill is n ideal1 inasmu* z x makes too mu* ( a "r-angl$ curve1 & ! p$e/rian desires to cut across ! corn]4 ,su* a walk1 also1 usually ext5ds too f> beyond ! corn] ( ! h\se to make x appe> to be direct4 ,x has ! m]it1 h[ev]1 ( leav+ ! c5t] ( ! lawn practically unt\*$4 ,! curve 9 walk d is ord9>ily unnecess>y unless ! gr\nd is roll+4 ,9 small places1 l ?is1 x is bett] to h a /raight walk directly f ! sidewalk to ! h\se4 ,9 fact1 ?is is true 9 ne>ly all cases 9 :i* ! lawn is n m ?an =ty to sev5ty-five feet deep4 ,plan c is also inexcusable4 ,a /raight walk w\ld answ] e purpose bett]4 ,any walk t passes ! h\se1 & returns to x1 e1 is inexcusable unless x is necess>y to make a v /eep asc5t4 ,if mo/ ( ! travel+ is 9 "o direction f ! h\se1 a walk l f may be ! mo/ direct & effici5t4 ,x is kn[n z a direct curve1 & is a comp\nd ( a concave & a convex curve4 ,x is ess5tial t any s]vice walk or drive1 h[ev] long1 %\ld be cont9u\s 9 direction & design f end to end4 ,figure #fg illu/rates a long drive t contradicts ?is pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,a pat*$-up drive1 %[+ mean+less crooks4 ,x is a s]ies ( mean+less curves4 ,! reason = ^! curves is ! fact t ! drive 0 ext5d$ f "t to "t z new h\ses 7 add$ to ! villa4 ,! read] w easily p]ceive h[ all ! k9ks might be tak5 out ( ?is drive & "o direct & bold curve be sub/itut$4 ,! "q ( dra9age1 curb+1 & gutt]s4 ,?or\gh dra9age1 natural or artificial1 is ess5tial to h>d & p]man5t walks & drives4 ,?is po9t is too (t5 neglect$4 ,on ! dra9+ & grad+ ( resid5ce /reets a well-kn[n l&scape g>d5]1 ,o4,c4 ,simonds1 writes z foll[s 9 8,p>k & ,cemet]y03 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,treatm5t ( walk & drive 9 a suburban region4 ,!re are no curbs4 8,! surface dra9age is some?+ t int]e/s u :5ev] x ra9s or :5 ! sn[ melts4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to locate cat*-bas9s = receiv+ ! surface wat] at /reet int]sections4 ,?is arrangem5t causes mo/ ( ! surface wat] f bo? /reets to run pa/ ! cross+s1 mak+ x necess>y to depress ! pavem5t1 s t "o mu/ /ep d[n & up 9 go+ f "o side ( a /reet to ! o!r1 or else a passageway = ! wat] mu/ be made ?r\gh ! cross+4 ,x may be said t a /ep d[n to ! pavem5t & up aga9 to ! sidewalk at ! /reet int]sections is ( no consequ5ce1 b x is really m elegant & satisfactory to h ! walk practically cont9u\s 7,fig4 #fh74 ,) ! cat*-bas9 at ! corn]1 ! /oppage ( ! inlet1 or a great fall ( ra91 sometimes cov]s ! cross+ ) wat]1 s "o mu/ ei!r wade or g out ( 8 way4 ,) cat*-bas9s plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! blocks1 or1 if ! blocks are long1 at "s di/ance f ! cross+1 ! int]sections c be kept relatively high & dry4 ,roadways are g5]ally made cr[n+ 9 ! c5t] s t wat] runs to ! sides1 b frequ5tly ! fall l5g?wise ( ! roadway is less ?an x %\ld be4 ,city eng9e]s are usually incl9$ to make ! grade along ! l5g? ( a /reet z ne>ly level z possible4 ,au?orities :o h giv5 ! subject ( roads consid]able /udy recomm5d a fall l5g?wise ( n less ?an "o foot 9 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five1 nor m ?an six feet 9 "o hundr$4 ,su* grades are n always feasible1 b a c]ta9 am\nt ( v>iation 9 level c usually be made 9 a resid5ce /reet :i* w make x mu* m pleas+ 9 appe>ance1 & h c]ta9 practical advantages 9 keep+ ! /reet dry4 ,! wat] is usually conf9$ to ! edge ( ! pavem5t by curb+1 :i* may rise any:]e f f\r to f\rte5 in*es above ! surface4 ,?is causes all ! wat] fall+ on ! roadway to seek ! cat*-bas9 & be wa/$1 except+ = its use 9 flu%+ ! sew]4 ,if ! curb+1 :i* is really unnecess>y 9 mo/ cases1 7 omitt$1 mu* ( ! surface wat] w\ld soak into ! gr\nd betwe5 ! sidewalk & ! pavem5t1 do+ mu* good to trees1 %rubs1 & grass4 ,! roots ( ! trees naturally ext5d z f>1 or f>!r1 ?an _! bran*es1 & = _! good ! gr\nd "u ! pavem5t & sidewalk %\ld be suppli$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,,vi4 ,a tree t gives "* to a place4 ,,vi4 ,a tree t gives "* to a place4 8,! arrangem5t made = ! removal ( surface wat] f ! /reet mu/ also take c>e ( ! surplus wat] f adjac5t lots1 s !re is a practical advantage 9 hav+ ! level ( ! /reet l[] ?an t ( ! gr\nd adjo9+4 ,! appe>ance ( h\ses & home gr\nds is also mu* bett] :5 !y are high] ?an ! /reet1 & = ?is reason x is usually desirable to keep ! latt] z l[ z possible & give ! und]gr\nd pipes suffici5t cov]+ to protect !m f fro/4 ,:]e ! gr\nd is high & ! sew]s v deep1 ! grades %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to surface conditions only4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ?is g5]al arrangem5t ( ! grades ( home gr\nds1 :i* is desirable on mo/ acc\nts1 causes wat] f melt+ sn[ to fl[ ov] ! sidewalk 9 ! w9t] "t1 :]e x may freeze & be dang]\s to p$e/rians4 ,a slight depression ( ! lot away f ! sidewalk & !n an asc5t t[>d ! h\se w\ld usually rem$y ?is difficulty1 & also make ! h\se appe> high]4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a pipe %\ld be plac$ und]nea? ! sidewalk to all[ wat] to rea* ! /reet f inside ( ! lot l9e4 ,! aim 9 surface dra9age %\ld always be to keep ! travel$ portions ( ! /reet 9 ! mo/ p]fect condition = use4 ,! quick removal ( surplus wat] f sidewalks1 cross+s1 & roadways w help insure ?is result40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,a common =m ( edge = walk or drive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,a bett] =m4 ,^! rem>ks conc]n+ ! curb+s & h>d edges ( city /reets may also be appli$ to walks & drives 9 small gr\nds4 ,figure #fi1 = example1 %[s ! common me?od ( treat+ ! edge ( a walk1 by mak+ a %>p & %e] elevation4 ,?is edge ne$s con/ant trimm+1 else x becomes un%apely2 & ?is trimm+ t5ds to wid5 ! walk4 ,= g5]al purposes1 a bord]1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj1 is bett]4 ,! sod rolls ov] until x meets ! walk1 & ! lawn-m[] is able to keep x 9 condition4 ,if x becomes m or less r\gh & irregul>1 x is p\nd$ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,sod cutt]4 ,if x is ?\ght necess>y to trim ! edges ( walks & drives1 !n "o ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( sod-cutt]s t are sold by deal]s may be us$ = ! purpose1 or an old hoe may h its %ank /raight5$ & ! corn]s ( ! blade r\nd$ (f1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga1 & ?is w answ] all purposes ( ! common sod-cutt]2 or1 a %>p1 /raight-edg$ spade may sometimes be us$4 ,! loose ov]hang+ grass on ^! edges is ord9>ily cut by l>ge %e>s made = ! purpose4 ,walks & drives %\ld be laid 9 su* direction t !y w t5d to dra9 !mselves2 b if x is necess>y to h gutt]s1 ^! %\ld be deep & %>p at ! bottom1 = ! wat] !n draws toge!r & t5ds to keep ! gutt] clean4 ,a %all[ & r\nd$ brick or cobble gutt] does n clean itself2 x is v likely to fill ) we$s1 & vehicles (t5 drive 9 x4 ,! be/ gutt]s & curbs are n[ made ( cem5t4 ,figure #gb %[s a cat* bas9 at ! left ( a walk or drive1 & ! tile laid und]nea? = ! purpose ( c>ry+ away ! surface wat]4 ,! mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,dra9+ ! gutt] & ! drive4 ,! be/ mat]ials = ! ma9 walks are cem5t & /one flagg+4 ,9 _m soils1 h[ev]1 !re is en\gh b9d+ mat]ial 9 ! l& to make a good walk )\t ! addition ( any o!r mat]ial4 ,gravel1 c9d]s1 a%es1 & ! l1 are ne>ly always inadvisable1 = !y are liable to be loose 9 dry wea!r & /icky 9 wet wea!r4 ,9 ! lay+ ( cem5t x is important t ! walk be well dra9$ by a lay] ( a foot or two ( brok5 /one or brickbats1 unless ! walk is on loose & lea*y l& or 9 a fro/less c\ntry4 ,9 back y>ds x is (t5 be/ n to h any well-def9$ walk4 ,a ramble across ! sod may be z good4 ,= a back walk1 ov] :i* deliv]y m5 are to travel1 "o ( ! v be/ means is to s9k a foot-wide plank into ! e>? on a level ) ! surface ( ! sod2 & x is n necess>y t ! walk be p]fectly /raight4 ,^! walks d n int]f]e ) ! "w ( ! lawn-m[]1 & !y take c>e ( !mselves4 ,:5 ! plank rots1 at ! expiration ( five to t5 ye>s1 ! plank is tak5 up & ano!r "o dropp$ 9 its place4 ,?is ord9>ily makes ! be/ k9d ( a walk alongside a re> bord]4 7,plate ,,xi47 ,9 g>d5s1 no?+ is bett] = a walk ?an tanb>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,plant+ alongside a walk4 ,! sides ( walks & drives may (t5 be plant$ ) %rubb]y4 ,x is n necess>y t !y always h prim & def9ite bord]s4 ,figure #gc illu/rates a bank ( foliage :i* breaks up ! h>d l9e ( a walk1 & s]ves also z a bord] = ! gr[+ ( fl[]s & int]e/+ specim5s4 ,?is walk is also *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( high & h>d bord]s4 ,figure #fh illu/rates ?is fact1 & also %[s h[ ! p>k+ betwe5 ! walk & ! /reet may be effectively plant$4 ,mak+ ! bord]s4 ,! bord]s & gr\ps ( plant+ are laid out on ! pap] plan4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( transf]r+ !m to ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes !y are n made until aft] ! lawn is e/abli%$1 :5 ! inexp]i5c$ op]ator may m readily lay !m out4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! plant+ & lawn-mak+ proce$ m or less simultane\sly4 ,aft] ! %ap+ ( ! gr\nd has be5 complet$1 ! areas are m>k$ (f by /akes1 by a limp rope laid on ! surface1 or by a m>k made ) a rake h&le4 ,! m>g9 once det]m9$1 ! lawn may be se$$ & roll$ 7,fig4 #dj71 & ! plant+ all[$ to proce$ z x may2 or ! plant+ may all be done inside ! bord]s1 & ! se$+ !n be appli$ to ! lawn4 ,if ! ma9 dim5sions ( ! bord]s & b$s are c>efully measur$ & m>k$ by /akes1 x is an easy matt] to complete ! outl9e by mak+ a m>k ) a /ick or rake/ale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,a b[]$ pa?way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,objects = pity4 ,! plant+ may be done 9 spr+ or fall1--9 fall pref]ably if ! /ock is ready 7& ( h>dy species7 & ! l& 9 p]fect condition ( dra9age2 usually1 h[ev]1 ?+s are n ready e>ly en\gh 9 ! fall = any ext5d$ plant+1 & ! "w is commonly done z soon z ! gr\nd settles 9 spr+ 7see ,*apt] ,v74 ,head ! bu%es back4 ,dig up ! entire area4 ,spade up ! gr\nd1 set ! bu%es ?ick1 hoe !m at int]vals1 & !n let !m g4 ,if y d n l ! b>e e>? betwe5 !m1 s[ 9 ! se$s ( h>dy annual fl[]s1 l phlox1 petunia1 alyssum1 & p9ks4 ,nev] set ! bu%es 9 holes dug 9 ! old sod 7,fig4 #ge74 ,! p]son :o plants 8 %rubs 9 holes 9 ! sw>d does n s]i\sly mean to make any foliage mass1 & x is likely t he does n "k :at relation ! bord] mass has to arti/ic plant+4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #gf1 %[s ! (fice t a %rubb]y may p]=m 9 relation to a build+2 ?is p>ticul> build+ 0 erect$ 9 an op5 field4 ,illu/ration3 #gf4 ,a bord] gr\p1 limit+ ! space next ! resid5ce & sep>at+ x f ! fields & ! clo!s-y>ds4 ,i h said to plant ! bu%es ?ick4 ,?is is = quick effect4 ,x is an easy matt] to ?9 ! plantation if x becomes too ?ick4 ,all common bu%es may usually be plant$ z close z two to ?ree feet ap>t ea* way1 especially if "o gets _m ( !m f ! fields1 s t he does n h to buy !m4 ,if !re are n suffici5t ( ! p]man5t bu%es = ?ick plant+1 ! spaces may be till$ tempor>ily by *eap] or common] bu%es3 b d n =get to remove ! fill]s z rapidly z ! o!rs ne$ ! room4 ,mak+ ! lawn4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done 9 ! mak+ ( a lawn is to e/abli% ! prop] grade4 ,?is %\ld be work$ out ) ! greate/ c>e1 f ! fact t :5 a lawn is once made1 its level & cont\r %\ld nev] be *ang$4 ,prep>+ ! gr\nd4 ,! next important /ep is to prep>e ! gr\nd deeply & ?or\ghly4 ,! p]man5ce ( ! sod w dep5d v l>gely on ! f]tility & prep>ation ( ! soil 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! soil %\ld be deep & por\s1 s t ! roots w /rike f> into x1 & be enabl$ !reby to )/& dr\ghts & cold w9t]s4 ,! be/ means ( deep5+ ! soil1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 is by tile-dra9+2 b x c also be accompli%$ to "s ext5t by ! use ( ! subsoil pl[ & by tr5*+4 ,s9ce ! lawn _c be refitt$1 h[ev]1 ! subsoil is likely to fall back into a h>d-pan 9 a few ye>s if x has be5 subsoil$ or tr5*$1 :]eas a good tile-dra9 af=ds a p]man5t amelioration ( ! "u soil4 ,soils t are naturally loose & por\s may n ne$ ?is extra att5tion4 ,9 fact1 l&s t are v loose & s&y may require to be pack$ or cem5t$ r ?an loos5$4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( do+ ?is is to fill !m ) humus1 s t ! wat] w n lea* ?r\gh !m rapidly4 ,ne>ly all l&s t are design$ = lawns are greatly b5efit$ by heavy dress+s ( manure ?or\ghly work$ into !m 9 ! beg9n+1 al?\gh x is possible to get ! gr\nd too ri* on ! surface at fir/2 x is n necess>y t all ! add$ plant-food be imm$iately available4 ,! lawn w pr(it by an annual application ( good *emical f]tiliz]4 ,gr\nd bone is "o ( ! be/ mat]ials to apply1 at ! rate ( ?ree hundr$ to f\r hundr$ p\nds to ! acre4 ,x is usually s[n broadca/1 e>ly 9 spr+4 ,dissolv$ ,s\? ,c>ol9a rock may be us$ in/ead1 b ! application w ne$ to be heavi] if simil> results are expect$4 ,yell[ & poor grass may (t5 be re9vigorat$ by an application ( two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ p\nds to ! acre ( nitrate ( soda4 ,wood a%es are (t5 good1 p>ticul>ly on soils t t5d to be acid4 ,muriate ( pota% is n s (t5 us$1 al?\gh x may produce excell5t results 9 "s cases4 ,!re is no inv>iable rule4 ,! be/ plan is = ! lawn-mak] to try ! diff]5t treatm5ts on a little piece or corn] ( ! lawn2 9 ?is way1 he %\ld secure m valuable in=mation ?an c be got o!rwise4 ,! fir/ op]ation aft] dra9+ & grad+ is ! pl[+ or spad+ ( ! surface4 ,if ! area is l>ge en\gh to admit a team1 ! surface is work$ d[n by means ( h>r[s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,aft]w>ds x is level$ by means ( %ovels & hoes1 & f9ally by g>d5 rakes4 ,! m f9ely & completely ! soil is pulv]iz$1 ! quick] ! lawn may be secur$1 & ! m p]man5t are ! results4 ,! k9d ( grass4 ,! be/ grass = ! body or f\ndation ( lawns 9 ! ,nor? is ,june-grass or ,k5tucky blue-grass 7,poa prat5sis71 n ,canada blue-grass 7,poa compressa74 ,:e!r :ite clov] or o!r se$ %\ld be s[n ) ! grass se$ is v l>gely a p]sonal "q4 ,"s p]sons l x1 & o!rs d n4 ,if x is desir$1 x may be s[n directly aft] ! grass se$ is s[n1 at ! rate ( "o to f\r qu>ts or m to ! acre4 ,= special purposes1 o!r grasses may be us$ = lawns4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( lawn mixtures are on ! m>ket1 = p>ticul> uses1 & "s ( !m are v good4 ,a sup]9t5d5t ( p>ks 9 "o ( ! ,ea/]n cities gives ! foll[+ exp]i5ce on k9ds ( grass3 8,= ! mead[s on ! l>ge p>ks we g5]ally use extra reclean$ ,k5tucky blue-grass1 r$-top1 & :ite clov]1 9 ! proportion ( ?irty p\nds ( blue-grass1 ?irty p\nds ( r$-top1 & t5 p\nds ( :ite clov] to ! acre4 ,sometimes we use = small] lawns ! blue-grass & r$-top )\t ! :ite clov]4 ,we h us$ blue-grass1 r$-top1 & ,rhode ,isl& b5t 9 ! proportion ( tw5ty p\nds ea*1 & t5 p\nds ( :ite clov] to ! acre1 b ! ,rhode ,isl& b5t is s exp5sive t we r>ely buy x4 ,= grass 9 %ady places1 z 9 a grove1 we use ,k5tucky blue-grass & r\gh-/alk$ mead[-grass 7,poa trivialis7 9 equal p>ts at ! rate ( sev5ty p\nds to ! acre4 ,on ! golf l9ks we use blue-grass )\t any mixture on "s ( ! putt+ gre5s2 sometimes we use ,rhode ,isl& b5t1 & on s&y gre5s we use r$-top4 ,we always buy ea* k9d ( se$ sep>ately & mix !m1 & are p>ticul> to get ! be/ extra reclean$ ( ea* k9d4 ,frequ5tly we get ! se$ ( ?ree diff]5t deal]s to secure ! be/40 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! ,june-grass g]m9ates & gr[s some:at sl[ly1 & x is usually advisable to s[ f\r or five qu>ts ( timo?y grass to ! acre ) ! ,june-grass se$4 ,! timo?y comes on quickly & makes a gre5 ! fir/ ye>1 & ! ,june-grass soon cr[ds x out4 ,x is n advisable to s[ gra9 9 ! lawn z a nurse to ! grass4 ,if ! l& is well prep>$ & ! se$ is s[n 9 ! cool "p ( ! ye>1 ! grass ought to gr[ mu* bett] )\t ! o!r crops ?an ) !m4 ,l&s t are h>d & lack+ 9 nitrog5 may be b5efit$ if crimson clov] 7f\r or five qu>ts7 is s[n ) ! grass se$4 ,?is w make a gre5 ! fir/ ye>1 & w break up ! subsoil by its deep roots & supply nitrog51 & be+ an annual plant x does n become tr\blesome1 if m[n frequ5tly en\gh to prev5t se$+4 ,9 ! s\!rn /ates1 :]e ,june-grass does n ?rive1 ,b]muda-grass is ! lead+ species us$ = lawns2 al?\gh !re are two or ?ree o!rs1 z ! goose-grass ( ,florida1 t may be us$ 9 special localities4 ,b]muda-grass is usually propagat$ by roots1 b import$ se$ 7said to be f ,au/ralia7 is n[ available4 ,! ,b]muda-grass becomes r$di% aft] fro/2 & ,engli% rye-grass may be s[n on ! ,b]muda sod 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] f> s\? = w9t] gre52 9 spr+ ! ,b]muda cr[ds x out4 ,:5 & h[ to s[ ! se$4 ,! lawn %\ld be se$$ :5 ! l& is moi/ & ! wea!r comp>atively cool4 ,x is ord9>ily mo/ advisable to grade ! lawn 9 late summ] or e>ly fall1 because ! l& is !n comp>atively dry & c be mov$ *eaply4 ,! surface c also be got 9 condition1 p]haps1 = s[+ late 9 ,septemb] or e>ly 9 ,octob] 9 ! ,nor?2 or1 if ! surface has requir$ mu* fill+1 x is well to leave x 9 a some:at unf9i%$ /ate until spr+1 9 ord] t ! s(t places may settle & !n be refill$ be=e ! se$+ is done4 ,if ! se$ c be s[n e>ly 9 ! fall1 be=e ! ra9s come1 ! grass %\ld be l>ge en\gh1 except 9 nor!rnmo/ localities1 to )/& ! w9t]2 b x is g5]ally mo/ desirable to s[ 9 v e>ly spr+4 ,if ! l& has be5 ?or\ghly prep>$ 9 ! fall1 ! se$ may be s[n on "o ( ! late light sn[s 9 spr+ & z ! sn[ melts ! se$ is c>ri$ into ! l&1 & g]m9ates v quickly4 ,if ! se$ is s[n :5 ! l& is loose & workable1 x %\ld be rak$ 92 & if ! wea!r promises to be dry or ! s[+ is late1 ! surface %\ld be roll$4 ,! se$+ is usually done broadca/ by h& on all small areas1 ! s[] go+ bo? ways 7at "r angles7 across ! area to less5 ! likelihood ( miss+ any "p4 ,/eep banks are sometimes s[n ) se$ t is mix$ 9 mold or e>? to :i* wat] is add$ until ! mat]ial w j run ?r\gh ! sp\t ( a wat]+-c2 ! mat]ial is !n p\r$ on ! surface1 :i* is fir/ made loose4 ,inasmu* z we desire to secure _m v f9e /alks ( grass r ?an a few l>ge ones1 x is ess5tial t ! se$ be s[n v ?ick4 ,?ree to five bu%els to ! acre is ! ord9>y application ( grass se$ 7page #gi74 ,secur+ a firm sod4 ,! lawn w ord9>ily produce a heavy crop ( we$s ! fir/ ye>1 especially if mu* /able manure has be5 us$4 ,! we$s ne$ n be pull$1 unless su* vici\s intrud]s z docks or o!r p]5nial plants ga9 a foo?old2 b ! area %\ld be m[n frequ5tly ) a lawn-m[]4 ,! annual we$s die at ! approa* ( cold1 & !y are kept d[n by ! use ( ! lawn-m[]1 :ile ! grass is n injur$4 ,x r>ely happ5s t e "p ( ! lawn w h an equal cat* ( grass4 ,! b>e or sp>sely se$$ places %\ld be s[n aga9 e fall & spr+ until ! lawn is f9ally complete4 ,9 fact1 x requires con/ant att5tion to keep a lawn 9 good sod1 & x mu/ be cont9u\sly 9 ! process ( mak+4 ,x is n e lawn area1 or e "p ( ! area1 t is adapt$ to grass2 & x may require long /udy to f9d out :y x is n4 ,b>e or poor places %\ld be het*el$ up /rongly ) an iron-too!d rake1 p]haps f]tiliz$ aga91 & !n rese$$4 ,x is unusual t a lawn does n ne$ repair+ e ye>4 ,lawns ( sev]al acres :i* become ?9 & mossy may be treat$ 9 ess5tially ! same way by dragg+ !m ) a spike-too? h>r[ 9 e>ly spr+ z soon z ! l& is dry en\gh to hold a team4 ,*emical f]tiliz]s & grass se$ are n[ s[n lib]ally1 & ! area is p]haps dragg$ aga91 al?\gh ?is is n always ess5tial2 & !n ! roll] is appli$ to br+ ! surface into a smoo? condition4 ,to pl[ up ^! poor lawns is to r5ew all ! battle ) we$s1 & really to make no progress2 =1 s long z ! cont\r is correct1 ! lawn may be repair$ by ^! surface applications4 ,! /rong] ! sw>d1 ! less ! tr\ble ) we$s2 yet x is practically impossible to keep d&elions & "s o!r we$s out ( lawns except by cutt+ !m out ) a knife ?ru/ und]gr\nd 7!re are good spuds manufactur$ = ?is purpose1 ,figs4 #ajh to #aaa74 ,if ! sod is v ?9 aft] ! we$s are remov$1 s[ m grass se$4 ,! m[+4 ,! m[+ ( ! lawn %\ld beg9 z soon z ! grass is tall en\gh 9 ! spr+ & cont9ue at ! necess>y int]vals ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,! mo/ frequ5t m[+s are ne$$ e>ly 9 ! season1 :5 ! grass is gr[+ rapidly4 ,if x is m[n frequ5tly--say once or twice a week--9 ! p]iods ( mo/ vigor\s gr[?1 x w n be necess>y to rake (f ! m[+s4 ,9 fact1 x is pref]able to leave ! grass on ! lawn1 to be driv5 into ! surface by ! ra9s & to af=d a mul*4 ,x is only :5 ! lawn has be5 neglect$ & ! grass has got s high t x becomes unsightly on ! lawn1 or :5 ! gr[? is unusually luxuri\s1 t x is necess>y to take x (f4 ,9 dry wea!r c>e %\ld be tak5 n to m[ ! lawn any m ?an absolutely necess>y4 ,! grass %\ld be r long :5 x goes into ! w9t]4 ,9 ! la/ two mon?s ( op5 wea!r ! grass makes small gr[?1 & x t5ds to lop d[n & to cov] ! surface d5sely1 :i* x %\ld be all[$ to d4 ,fall treatm5t4 ,z a rule1 x is n necess>y to rake all ! leaves (f lawns 9 ! fall4 ,!y af=d an excell5t mul*1 & 9 ! autumn mon?s ! leaves on ! lawn are among ! mo/ attractive features ( ! l&scape4 ,! leaves g5]ally bl[ (f aft] a "t1 & if ! place has be5 con/ruct$ ) an op5 c5t] & heavily plant$ sides1 ! leaves w be caught 9 ^! masses ( trees & %rubs & !re af=d an excell5t mul*4 ,! ideal l&scape plant+1 !re=e1 takes c>e ( itself to a v l>ge ext5t4 ,x is bad economy to burn ! leaves1 especially if "o has h]bace\s bord]s1 roses1 & o!r plants t ne$ a mul*4 ,:5 ! leaves are tak5 (f ! bord]s 9 ! spr+1 !y %\ld be pil$ ) ! manure or o!r refuse & !re all[$ to pass into compo/ 7pages #aaj1 #aaa74 ,if ! l& has be5 well prep>$ 9 ! beg9n+1 & its life is n sapp$ by l>ge trees1 x is ord9>ily unnecess>y to cov] ! lawn ) manure 9 ! fall4 ,! common practice ( cov]+ grass ) raw manure %\ld be disc\rag$ because ! mat]ial is unsightly & unsavory1 & ! same results c be got ) ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s comb9$ ) dress+s ( v f9e & well-rott$ compo/ or manure1 & by n rak+ ! lawn too clean ( ! m[+s ( ! grass4 ,spr+ treatm5t4 ,e spr+ ! lawn %\ld be firm$ by means ( a roll]1 or1 if ! area is small1 by means ( a p\nd]1 or ! back ( a spade 9 ! h&s ( a vigor\s man4 ,! lawn-m[] itself t5ds to pack ! surface4 ,if !re are little irregul>ities 9 ! surface1 caus$ by depressions ( an in* or s1 & ! highe/ places are n above ! cont\r-l9e ( ! lawn1 ! surface may be br\ght to level by spread+ f9e1 mell[ soil ov] x1 !reby fill+ up ! depressions4 ,! grass w quickly gr[ ?r\gh ?is soil4 ,little hummocks may be cut (f1 "s ( ! e>? remov$1 & ! sod replac$4 ,wat]+ lawns4 ,! common wat]+ ( lawns by means ( lawn spr9kl]s usually does m h>m ?an good4 ,?is results f ! fact t ! wat]+ is g5]ally done 9 cle> wea!r1 & ! wat] is ?r[n ?r\gh ! air 9 v f9e spray1 s t a consid]able "p ( x is lo/ 9 vapor4 ,! gr\nd is also hot1 & ! wat] does n pass deep into ! soil4 ,if ! lawn is wat]$ at all1 x %\ld be soak$2 turn on ! hose at nightfall & let x run until ! l& is wet z deep z x is dry1 !n move ! hose to ano!r place4 ,a ?or\gh soak+ l ?is1 a few times 9 a dry summ]1 w d m good ?an spr9kl+ e day4 ,if ! l& is deeply prep>$ 9 ! fir/ place1 s t ! roots /rike f> into ! soil1 !re is r>ely ne$ ( wat]+ unless ! place is arid1 ! season unusually dry1 or ! moi/ure suck$ out by trees4 ,! surface spr9kl+ eng5d]s a t5d5cy ( roots to />t ne> ! surface1 & !re=e ! m ! lawn is lightly wat]$1 ! great] is ! necessity = wat]+ x4 ,sodd+ ! lawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,cutt+ sod = a lawn4 ,p]sons :o desire to secure a lawn v quickly may sod ! area r ?an se$ x1 al?\gh ! mo/ p]man5t results are usually secur$ by se$+4 ,sodd+1 h[ev]1 is exp5sive1 & is to be us$ only ab\t ! bord]s ( ! place1 ne> build+s1 or 9 areas 9 :i* ! own] c af=d to exp5d consid]able money4 ,! be/ sod is t :i* is secur$ f an old pa/ure1 & = two or ?ree reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is ! "r k9d ( grass1 ! ,june-grass 79 ! ,nor?7 be+ ! species t (t5e/ runs into pa/ures & cr[ds out o!r plants4 ,aga91 x has be5 s closely eat5 d[n1 especially if x has be5 pa/ur$ by %eep1 t x has made a v d5se & well-fill$ sod1 :i* c be roll$ up 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! soil 9 old pa/ures is likely to be ri* f ! dropp+s ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,economical sodd+1 ! spaces be+ se$$4 ,9 tak+ sod1 x is important t x be cut v ?94 ,an in* & a half ?ick is usually ample4 ,x is ord9>ily roll$ up 9 /rips a foot wide & ( any l5g? t w all[ ! rolls to be h&l$ by "o or two m54 ,a foot-wide bo>d is laid ^u ! turf1 & ! sod cut along ei!r edge ( x4 ,"o p]son !n /&s ^u ! /rip ( sod & rolls x t[>ds himself1 :ile ano!r cuts x loose ) a spade1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,:5 ! sod is laid1 x is unroll$ on ! l& & !n firmly beat5 d[n4 ,l& t is to be sodd$ %\ld be s(t on top1 s t ! sod c be well p\nd$ into x4 ,if ! sod is n well p\nd$ d[n1 x w settle unev5ly & pres5t a bad surface1 & w also dry out & p]haps n live ?r\gh a dry spell4 ,x is almo/ impossible to p\nd d[n sod too firm4 ,if ! l& is fre%ly pl[$1 x is important t ! bord]s t are sodd$ be an in* or two l[] ?an ! adjac5t l&1 because ! l& w settle 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks4 ,9 a dry "t1 ! sod may be cov]$ f a half in* to an in* ) f9e1 mell[ soil z a mul*4 ,! grass %\ld gr[ ?r\gh ?is soil )\t difficulty4 ,^u t]races & /eep banks1 ! sod may be held 9 place by driv+ wood5 pegs ?r\gh x4 ,a comb9ation ( sodd+ & se$+4 ,an 8economical sodd+0 is describ$ 9 8,am]ican ,g>d50 7,fig4 #gh73 8,to obta9 suffici5t sod ( suitable quality = cov]+ t]race-slopes or small blocks t = any reason _c well be se$$ is (t5 a difficult matt]4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration we %[ h[ a surface ( sod may be us$ to good advantage ov] a l>g] area ?an its real measurem5t repres5ts4 ,?is is done by lay+ ! sods1 cut 9 /rips f six to t5 in*es wide1 9 l9es & cross-l9es1 & aft] fill+ ! spaces ) good soil1 s[+ ^! spaces ) grass-se$4 ,%\ld ! cat* ( se$ = any reason be poor1 ! sod ( ! /rips w t5d to spread ov] ! spaces betwe5 !m1 & failure to obta9 a good sw>d )9 a reasonable "t is almo/ out ( ! "q4 ,also1 if "o ne$s sod & has no place f :i* to cut x except ! lawn1 by tak+ up blocks ( sod1 leav+ /rips & cross-/rips1 & treat+ ! surface z describ$1 ! b>e places are soon cov]$ ) gre540 ,s[+ ) sod4 ,lawns may be s[n ) pieces ( sods r ?an ) se$s4 ,sods may be cut up into bits an in* or two squ>e1 & ^! may be scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ! area & roll$ into ! l&4 ,:ile x is pref]able t ! pieces %\ld lie "r side up1 ?is is n necess>y if !y are cut ?91 & s[n :5 ! wea!r is cool & moi/4 ,s[+ pieces ( sod is good practice :5 x is difficult to secure a cat* f se$4 ,if "o 7 to ma9ta9 a p]man5t sod g>d51 at "o side1 = ! select+ & gr[+ ( ! v be/ sod 7z he w\ld gr[ a /ock se$ ( corn or beans71 ?is me?od %\ld be ! mo/ rational ( all proc$ures1 at lea/ until ! "t t we produce /ra9s ( lawn grass t come true f se$s4 ,o!r gr\nd cov]s4 ,"u trees1 & 9 o!r %ady places1 x may be necess>y to cov] ! gr\nd ) some?+ else ?an grass4 ,good plants = su* uses are p]iw9kle 7,v9ca m9or1 an ev]gre5 trail]1 (t5 call$ 8runn+ myrtle071 moneywort 7,lysima*ia nummul>ia71 lily-(-!-valley1 & v>i\s k9ds ( s$ge or c>ex4 ,9 "s d>k or %ady places1 & "u "s k9ds ( trees1 x is practically impossible to secure a good lawn1 & "o may be oblig$ to resort to decumb5t bu%es or o!r =ms ( plant+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,! ,,l& ,almo/ any l& conta9s en\gh food = ! gr[+ ( good crops1 b ! food elem5ts may be *emically unavailable1 or !re may be insuffici5t wat] to dissolve !m4 ,x is too long a /ory to expla9 at ?is place1--! philosophy ( tillage & ( enri*+ ! l&1--& ! read] :o desires to make excursions into ?is delightful subject %\ld consult ,k+ on 8,! ,soil10 ,rob]ts on 8,! ,f]tility ( ! ,l&10 & rec5t writ+s ( _m k9ds4 ,! read] mu/ accept my ^w = x t till+ ! l& r5d]s x productive4 ,i mu/ call my read]'s att5tion to ! fact t ?is book is on ! mak+ ( g>d5s1--on ! plann+ & ! do+ ( ! "w f ! ye>'s end to end1--n on ! appreciation ( a complet$ g>d54 ,i want ! read] to "k t a g>d5 is n wor? hav+ unless he makes x ) 8 own h&s or helps to make x4 ,he mu/ "w himself into x4 ,he mu/ "k ! pleasure ( prep>+ ! l&1 ( cont5d+ ) bugs & all o!r difficulties1 = x is only !reby t he comes into appreciation ( ! real value ( a g>d54 ,i am say+ ?is to prep>e ! read] = ! "w t ,i lay out 9 ?is *apt]4 ,i want him to "k ! real joy t !re is 9 ! simple processes ( break+ ! e>? & fitt+ x = ! se$4 ,! m pa9s he takes ) ^! processes1 naturally ! ke5] w be 8 enjoym5t ( !m4 ,no "o c h any o!r satisfaction ?an t ( m]e manual ex]cise if he does n "k ! reasons = :at he does ) 8 soil4 ,i am sure t my ke5e/ delight 9 a g>d5 comes 9 ! "o mon? ( ! op5+ season & ! o!r mon? ( ! clos+ season4 ,^! are ! mon?s :5 ,i "w h>de/ & :5 ,i am ne>e/ ! soil4 ,to feel ! ?ru/ ( ! spade1 to smell ! sweet e>?1 to prep>e = ! "y plants & !n to prep>e = ! clos+ ye>1 to h&le ! tools ) discrim9ation1 to gu>d aga9/ fro/1 to be close ) ! ra9 & w9d1 to see ! "y ?+s />t into life & !n to see !m g d[n into w9t]1--^! are "s ( ! be/ ( ! joys ( g>d5+4 ,9 ?is _s we %\ld take up ! "w ( h&l+ ! l&4 ,! dra9+ ( ! l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #gi4 ,dit*+ tools4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! prep>ation ( l&1 aft] x has be5 ?or\ghly cle>$ & subdu$ ( =e/ or previ\s vegetation1 is to att5d to ! dra9age4 ,all l& t is spr+y1 l[1 & 8s\r10 or t holds ! wat] 9 puddles = a day or two foll[+ heavy ra9s1 %\ld be ?or\ghly und]dra9$4 ,dra9+ also improves ! physical condition ( ! soil ev5 :5 ! l& does n ne$ ! removal ( sup]flu\s wat]4 ,9 h>d l&s1 x l[]s ! wat]-table1 or t5ds to loos5 & a]ate ! soil to a great] dep?1 & !reby enables x to hold m wat] )\t injury to plants4 ,dra9age is p>ticul>ly useful 9 dry b h>d g>d5 l&s1 because ^! l&s are (t5 9 sod or p]man5tly plant$1 & ! soil _c be brok5 up by deep tillage4 ,tile dra9age is p]man5t subsoil+4 ,h>d-bak$ cyl9drical tiles make ! be/ & mo/ p]man5t dra9s4 ,! dit*es usually %\ld n be less ?an two & "o-half feet deep1 & ?ree or ?ree & "o-half feet is (t5 bett]4 ,9 mo/ g>d5 areas1 dra9s may be laid ) pr(it z (t5 z e ?irty feet4 ,give all dra9s a good & cont9u\s fall4 ,= s+le dra9s & = lat]als n ov] f\r hundr$ or five hundr$ feet long1 a two & "o-half in* tile is suffici5t1 unless mu* wat] mu/ be c>ri$ f swales or spr+s4 ,9 /ony c\ntries1 flat /ones may be us$ 9 place ( tiles1 & p]sons :o are skillful 9 lay+ !m make dra9s z good & p]man5t z ^? con/ruct$ ( tiles4 ,! tiles or /ones are cov]$ ) sods1 /raw1 or pap]1 & ! e>? is !n fill$ 94 ,?is tempor>y cov] keeps ! loose dirt out ( ! tiles1 & by ! "t x is rott$ ! e>? has settl$ into place4 ,9 small places1 dit*+ mu/ ord9>ily be done :olly ) h& tools4 ,a common spade & pick are ! implem5ts usually employ$1 al?\gh a spade ) a long h&le & n>r[ blade1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi1 is v useful = excavat+ ! bottom ( ! dit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,h[ to use a spade4 ,9 mo/ cases1 mu* "t & muscle are wa/$ 9 ! use ( ! pick4 ,if ! digg+ is prop]ly done1 a spade c be us$ to cut ! soil1 ev5 9 fairly h>d clay l&1 ) no great difficulty4 ,! ess5tial po9t 9 ! easy use ( ! spade is to manage s t "o edge ( ! spade always cuts a free or expos$ surface4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #hj7 w expla9 ! me?od4 ,:5 ! op]ator endeavors to cut ! soil 9 ! me?od %[n at ,a1 he is oblig$ to break bo? edges at e ?ru/ ( ! tool2 b :5 he cuts ! slice diagonally1 fir/ ?r[+ 8 spade to ! "r & !n to ! left1 z %[n at ,b1 he cuts only "o side & is able to make progress )\t ! exp5diture ( useless ef=t4 ,^! rem>ks w apply to any spad+ ( ! l&4 ,9 l>ge areas1 horses may be us$ to facilitate ! "w ( dit*+4 ,!re are dit*+ pl[s & ma*9es1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ne$ n be discuss$ "h2 b ?ree or f\r furr[s may be ?r[n out 9 ei!r direction ) a /rong pl[1 & a subsoil pl[ be run beh9d to break up ! h>d-pan1 & ?is may r$uce ! labor ( digg+ z mu* z "o-half4 ,:5 ! excavat+ is complet$1 ! bottom ( ! dit* is ev5$ up by means ( a l9e or level1 & ! b$ = ! tiles is prep>$ by ! use ( a goose-neck scoop1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,x is v important t ! outlets ( dra9s be kept free ( we$s & litt]4 ,if ! outlet is built up ) mason "w1 to hold ! end ( ! tile intact1 v mu* w be add$ to ! p]man5cy ( ! dra94 ,,vii4 ,b$d+ ) palms4 ,if a brick$-up pit is made ab\t ! por*1 pot palms may be plung$ 9 x 9 spr+ & pot conif]s 9 w9t]2 & fall bulbs 9 t9 cans 7s t ! receptacles w n split ) fro/7 may be plung$ among ! ev]gre5s4 ,,vii4 ,b$d+ ) palms4 ,if a brick$-up pit is made ab\t ! por*1 pot palms may be plung$ 9 x 9 spr+ & pot conif]s 9 w9t]2 & fall bulbs 9 t9 cans 7s t ! receptacles w n split ) fro/7 may be plung$ among ! ev]gre5s4 ,tr5*+ & subsoil+4 ,al?\gh und]dra9+ is ! mo/ important means ( increas+ ! dep? ( ! soil1 x is n always practicable to lay dra9s ?r\gh g>d5 l&s4 ,9 su* cases1 rec\rse is _h to v deep prep>ation ( ! l&1 ei!r e ye> or e two or ?ree ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 #ha4 ,tr5*+ ) a spade4 ,9 small g>d5 areas1 ?is deep prep>ation w ord9>ily be done by tr5*+ ) a spade4 ,?is op]ation ( tr5*+ consi/s 9 break+ up ! e>? two spades deep4 ,figure #ha expla9s ! op]ation4 ,! section at ! left %[s a s+le spad+1 ! e>? be+ ?r[n ov] to ! "r1 leav+ ! subsoil expos$ ! :ole wid? ( ! b$4 ,! section at ! "r %[s a simil> op]ation1 s f> z ! surface spad+ is conc]n$1 b ! subsoil has also be5 cut z fa/ z x has be5 expos$4 ,?is "u soil is n ?r[n out on ! surface1 & usually x is n inv]t$2 b a spadeful is lift$ & !n all[$ to drop s t x is ?or\ghly brok5 & pulv]iz$ 9 ! manipulation4 ,9 all l&s t h a h>d & high subsoil1 x is usually ess5tial to practice tr5*+ if ! be/ results are to be secur$2 ?is is especially true :5 deep-root$ plants1 z beets1 p>snips1 & o!r root-crops1 are to be gr[n2 x prep>es ! soil to hold moi/ure2 & x all[s ! wat] ( heavy ra9fall to pass to great] dep?s r ?an to be held z puddles & 9 mud on ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,home-made subsoil pl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,=ms ( subsoil pl[s4 ,9 places t c be ent]$ ) a team1 deep & heavy pl[+ to ! dep? ( sev5 to t5 in*es may be desirable on h>d l&s1 especially if su* l&s _c be pl[$ v (t52 & ! dep? ( ! pulv]ization is (t5 ext5d$ by means ( ! subsoil pl[4 ,?is subsoil pl[ does n turn a furr[1 b a second team draws ! implem5t beh9d ! ord9>y pl[1 & ! bottom ( ! furr[ is loos5$ & brok54 ,figure #hb %[s a home-made subsoil pl[1 & ,fig4 #hc two types ( comm]cial tools4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is ! h>de/ l&s t ne$ subsoil+ & t1 !re=e1 ! subsoil pl[ %\ld be exce$+ly /rong4 ,prep>ation ( ! surface4 ,e pa9s %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! surface ( ! l& f becom+ cru/y or bak$1 = ! h>d surface e/abli%es a capill>y connection ) ! moi/ soil b5ea?1 & is a means ( pass+ (f ! wat] into ! atmosph]e4 ,loose & mell[ soil also has m free plant-food1 & provides ! mo/ cong5ial conditions = ! gr[? ( plants4 ,! tools t "o may use 9 prep>+ ! surface soil are n[ s _m & s well adapt$ to ! "w t ! g>d5] %\ld f9d special satisfaction 9 h&l+ !m4 ,if ! soil is a /iff clay1 x is (t5 advisable to pl[ x or dig x 9 ! fall1 all[+ x to lie r\gh & loose all w9t]1 s t ! wea!r+ may pulv]ize & slake x4 ,if ! clay is v t5aci\s1 x may be necess>y to ?r[ leafmold or litt] ov] ! surface be=e ! spad+ is done1 to prev5t ! soil f runn+ toge!r or cem5t+ be=e spr+4 ,) mell[ & loamy l&s1 h[ev]1 x is ord9>ily be/ to leave ! prep>ation ( ! surface until spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,improvis+ a spad+-=k4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! surface1 ! ord9>y h& tools1 or spades & %ovels1 may be us$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! soil is mell[1 a =k is a bett] tool ?an a spade1 f ! fact t x does n slice ! soil1 b t5ds to break x up into small] & m irregul> masses4 ,! ord9>y spad+-=k1 ) /rong flat t9es1 is a mo/ s]viceable tool2 a spad+-=k = s(t gr\nd may be made f an old manure =k by cutt+ d[n ! t9es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd4 ,x is important t ! soil %\ld n be /icky :5 x is prep>$1 z x is likely to become h>d & bak$ & ! physical condition be greatly injur$4 ,h[ev]1 l& t is too wet = ! reception ( se$s may /ill be ?r[n up loose ) a spade or =k & all[$ to dry1 & aft] two or ?ree days ! surface prep>ation may be complet$ ) ! hoe & ! rake4 ,9 ord9>y soils ! hoe is ! tool to foll[ ! spad+-=k or ! spade1 b = ! f9al prep>ation ( ! surface a /eel g>d5-rake is ! ideal implem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,excell5t types ( surface pl[s4 ,9 areas1 l>ge en\gh to admit horse tools1 ! l& c be fitt$ m economically by means ( ! v>i\s types ( pl[s1 h>r[s1 & cultivators t are to be _h ( any deal] 9 agricultural implem5ts4 ,figure #he %[s v>i\s types ( model surface pl[s4 ,! "o %[n at ! upp] left-h& is consid]$ by ,rob]ts1 9 8 8,f]tility ( ! ,l&10 to be ! ideal g5]al-purpose pl[1 z respects %ape & me?od ( con/ruction4 ,! type ( ma*9e to be us$ mu/ be det]m9$ :olly by ! "* ( ! l& & ! purposes = :i* x is to be fitt$4 ,l&s t are h>d & cloddy may be r$uc$ by ! use ( ! disk or ,acme h>r[s1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf2 b ^? t are friable & mell[ may n ne$ su* heavy & vigor\s tools4 ,on ^! mell[] l&s1 ! spr+-too? h>r[1 types ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg1 may foll[ ! pl[4 ,on v h>d l&s1 ^! spr+-too? h>r[s may foll[ ! disk & ,acme types4 ,! f9al prep>ation ( ! l& is accompli%$ by light implem5ts ( ! patt]n %[n 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,^! spike-too? smoo?+-h>r[s d = ! field :at ! h&-rake does = ! g>d5-b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,disk & ,acme h>r[s1 = ! fir/ work+ ( h>d or cloddy l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,spr+-too? h>r[s4 ,if x is desir$ to put a v f9e f9i% on ! surface ( ! gr\nd by means ( horse tools1 implem5ts l ! ,bre$ or ,wi>d we$] may be us$4 ,^! are con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( a spr+-too? horse hay-rake1 & are mo/ excell5t1 n only = fitt+ loose l& = ord9>y se$+1 b also = subsequ5t tillage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,spike-too? h>r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,spike-too? & spr+-too? cultivators4 ,9 areas t _c be ent]$ ) a team1 v>i\s "o-horse implem5ts may d ! "w t is accompli%$ by heavi] tools 9 ! field4 ,! spr+-too? cultivator1 %[n at ! "r 9 ,fig4 #hi1 may d ! k9d ( "w t ! spr+-too? h>r[s are expect$ to d on l>g] areas2 & v>i\s adju/able spike-too? cultivators1 two ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hi1 are useful = putt+ a f9i% on ! l&4 ,^! tools are also available = ! till+ ( ! surface :5 crops are gr[+4 ,! spr+-too? cultivator is a mo/ useful tool = cultivat+ raspb]ries & blackb]ries1 & o!r /rong-root$ crops4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,good type ( :eel-hoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,a s+le-blade :eel-hoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,d\ble :eel-hoe1 useful 9 /raddl+ ! r[4 ,= /ill small] areas1 9 :i* horses _c be us$ & :i* are /ill too l>ge = till+ :olly by means ( hoes & rakes1 v>i\s types ( :eel-hoes may be us$4 ,^! implem5ts are n[ made 9 great v>iety ( patt]ns1 to suit any ta/e & almo/ any k9d ( tillage4 ,= ! be/ results1 x is ess5tial t ! :eel %\ld be l>ge & ) a broad tire1 t x may ov]ride ob/acles4 ,figure #ij %[s an excell5t type ( :eel-hoe ) five blades1 & ,fig4 #ia %[s "o ) a s+le blade & t may be us$ 9 v n>r[ r[s4 ,two-:eel$ hoes 7,fig4 #ib7 are (t5 us$1 p>ticul>ly :5 x is necess>y to h ! implem5t v /eady1 & ! :eels may /raddle ! r[s ( l[ plants4 ,_m ( ^! :eel-hoes are provid$ ) v>i\s %apes ( blades1 s t ! implem5t may be adju/$ to _m k9ds ( "w4 ,ne>ly all ! we$+ ( b$s ( onions & l plants c be done by means ( ^! :eel-hoes1 if ! gr\nd is well prep>$ 9 ! beg9n+2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y are ( comp>atively small use on v h>d & cloddy & /ony l&s4 ,! sav+ ( moi/ure4 ,! g>d5 mu/ h a lib]al supply ( moi/ure4 ,! fir/ ef=t t[>d secur+ ?is supply %\ld be ! sav+ ( ! ra9fall wat]4 ,prop] prep>ation & tillage put ! l& 9 su* condition t x holds ! wat] ( ra9fall4 ,l& t is v h>d & compact may %$ ! ra9fall1 p>ticul>ly if x is slop+ & if ! surface is b>e ( vegetation4 ,if ! h>d-pan is ne> ! surface1 ! l& _c hold mu* wat]1 & any ord9>y ra9fall may fill x s full t x ov]fl[s1 or puddles /& on ! surface4 ,on l& 9 good til?1 ! wat] ( ra9fall s9ks away1 & is n visible z free wat]4 ,z soon z ! moi/ure beg9s to pass f ! sup]9cumb5t atmosph]e1 evaporation beg9s f ! surface ( ! l&4 ,any body int]pos$ betwe5 ! l& & ! air *ecks ?is evaporation2 ?is is :y !re is moi/ure und]nea? a bo>d4 ,x is impracticable1 h[ev]1 to floor ov] ! g>d5 ) bo>ds1 b any cov]+ w h simil> effect1 b 9 diff]5t degree4 ,a cov]+ ( sawdu/ or leaves or dry a%es w prev5t ! loss ( moi/ure4 ,s w a cov]+ ( dry e>?4 ,n[1 inasmu* z ! l& is already cov]$ ) e>?1 x only rema9s to loos5 up a lay] or /ratum on top 9 ord] to secure ! mul*4 ,all ?is is only a r\ndab\t way ( say+ t frequ5t %all[ surface tillage cons]ves moi/ure4 ,! comp>atively dry & loose mul* breaks up ! capill>y connection betwe5 ! surface soil & ! "u soil1 & :ile ! mul* itself may be useless z a =ag+ gr\nd = roots1 x m ?an pays its keep by its prev5t+ ( ! loss ( moi/ure2 & its own soluble plant-foods are wa%$ d[n into ! l[] soil by ! ra9s4 ,z (t5 z ! surface becomes compact1 ! mul* %\ld be r5ew$ or repair$ by ! use ( ! rake or cultivator or h>r[4 ,p]sons are deceiv$ by suppos+ t s long z ! surface rema9s moi/1 ! l& is 9 ! be/ possible condition2 a moi/ surface may mean t wat] is rapidly pass+ (f into ! atmosph]e4 ,a dry surface may mean t less evaporation is tak+ place1 & !re may be moi/] e>? b5ea? x2 & moi/ure is ne$$ bel[ ! surface r ?an on top4 ,a f9ely rak$ b$ is dry on top2 b ! footpr9ts ( ! cat rema9 moi/1 = ! animal pack$ ! soil :]ev] x /epp$ & a capill>y connection 0 e/abli%$ ) ! wat] res]voir b5ea?4 ,g>d5]s advise firm+ ! e>? ov] newly plant$ se$s to ha/5 g]m9ation4 ,?is is ess5tial 9 dry times2 b :at we ga9 9 ha/5+ g]m9ation we lose 9 ! m rapid evaporation ( moi/ure4 ,! lesson is t we %\ld loos5 ! soil z soon z ! se$s h g]m9at$1 to r$uce evaporation to ! m9imum4 ,l>ge se$s1 z beans & peas1 may be plant$ deep & h ! e>? firm$ ab\t !m1 & !n ! rake may be appli$ to ! surface to /op ! rise ( moi/ure be=e x rea*es ! air4 ,two illu/rations1 adapt$ f ,rob]ts's 8,f]tility10 %[ good & poor prep>ation ( ! l&4 ,figure #ic is a section ( l& twelve in*es deep4 ,! "u soil has be5 f9ely brok5 & pulv]iz$ & !n compact$4 ,x is mell[ b firm1 & is an excell5t wat] res]voir4 ,?ree in*es ( ! surface is a mul* ( loose & dry e>?4 ,figure #id %[s an e>?-mul*1 b x is too %all[2 & ! "u soil is s op5 & cloddy t ! wat] runs ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,to illu/rate good prep>ation ( gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 #id4 ,to illu/rate poor prep>ation ( gr\nd4 ,:5 ! l& is once prop]ly prep>$1 ! soil-mul* is ma9ta9$ by surface-work+ tools4 ,9 field practice1 ^! tools are h>r[s & horse cultivators ( v>i\s k9ds2 9 home g>d5 practice !y are :eel-hoes1 rakes1 & _m patt]ns ( h& hoes & sc>ifi]s1 ) f+]-we$]s & o!r small implem5ts = "w directly among ! plants4 ,a g>d5 soil is n 9 good condition :5 x is h>d & cru/$ on top4 ,! cru/ may be ! cause ( wa/+ wat]1 x keeps out ! air1 & 9 g5]al x is an uncong5ial physical condition2 b its evaporation ( wat] is probably its *ief defect4 ,in/ead ( p\r+ wat] on ! l&1 !re=e1 we fir/ attempt to keep ! moi/ure 9 ! l&4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! soil becomes s dry 9 spite ( y t ! plants d n ?rive1 !n wat] ! b$4 ,d n spr9kle x1 b wat] x4 ,wet x cle> ?r\gh at ev5+4 ,!n 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! e>? beg9s to dry1 loos5 ! surface aga9 to keep ! wat] f gett+ away4 ,spr9kl+ ! plants e day or two is "o ( ! sure/ ways ( spoil+ !m4 ,we may wat] ! gr\nd ) a g>d5-rake4 ,h& tools = we$+ & subsequ5t tillage & o!r h& "w4 ,any ( ! cultivators & :eel-hoes are z useful = ! subsequ5t till+ ( ! crop z = ! initial prep>ation ( ! l&1 b !re are o!r tools also t greatly facilitate ! keep+ ( ! plantation 9 ord]4 ,yet :olly aside f ! value ( a tool z an implem5t ( tillage & z a weapon = ! pursuit ( we$s1 is its m]it m]ely z a %apely & int]e/+ in/rum5t4 ,a man w take inf9ite pa9s to *oose a gun or a fi%+-rod to 8 lik+1 & a woman gives h] be/ att5tion to ! select+ ( an umbrella2 b a hoe is only a hoe & a rake only a rake4 ,if "o puts 8 p]sonal *oice into ! secur+ ( plants = a g>d51 s %\ld he discrim9ate 9 ! *oice ( h& tools1 to secure ^? t are light1 trim1 well made1 & precisely adapt$ to ! "w to be accompli%$4 ,a case ( neat g>d5 tools ought to be a great joy to a joyful g>d5]4 ,s ,i am will+ to enl>ge on ! subject ( hoes & _! k9d4 ,! hoe4 ,illu/ration3 #ie4 ,useful =ms ( hoe-blades4 ,! common rectangul>-blad$ hoe is s ?or\ghly e/abli%$ 9 ! popul> m9d t x is v difficult to introduce new patt]ns1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be intr9sically sup]ior4 ,z a g5]al-purpose tool1 x is no d\bt true t a common hoe is bett] ?an any ( its modifications1 b !re are v>i\s patt]ns ( hoe-blades t are greatly sup]ior = special uses1 & :i* ought to appeal to any quiet s\l :o loves a g>d54 ,! great wid? ( ! common blade does n admit ( its be+ us$ 9 v n>r[ r[s or v close to delicate plants1 & x does n all[ ( ! deep /irr+ ( ! soil 9 n>r[ spaces4 ,x is also difficult to ent] h>d gr\nd ) su* a broad face4 ,v>i\s po9t$ blades h be5 introduc$ f "t to "t1 & mo/ ( !m h m]it4 ,"s p]sons pref] two po9ts to ! hoe1 z %[n 9 ,m>v9's blades1 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,^! int]e/+ %apes repres5t ! sugge/ions ( g>d5]s :o w n be b\nd by :at ! m>ket af=ds1 b :o h blades cut & fitt$ = _! own satisfaction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,a /ack ( g>d5+ weapons1 compris+ "s ( ,t>ry]'s we$+ spuds & ?imbles4 ,p]sons :o foll[$ ! ent]ta9+ writ+s ( "o :o call$ himself ,mr4 ,a4,b4 ,t>ry]1 9 8,am]ican ,g>d510 a few ye>s back1 w recall ! great v>iety ( implem5ts t he advis$ = ! purpose ( extirpat+ 8 h]$it>y foes1 ! we$s4 ,a v>iety ( ^! blades & tools is %[n 9 ,figs4 #if & #ig4 ,i %all let ,mr4 ,t>ry] tell 8 /ory at "s l5g? 9 ord] to lead my read] pa9lessly into a new field ( g>d5+ pleasures4 ,mr4 ,t>ry] cont5ds t ! :eel-hoe is mu* too clumsy an affair to all[ ( ! pursuit ( an individual we$4 ,:ile ! op]ator is busy adju/+ 8 ma*9e & manipulat+ x ab\t ! corn]s ( ! g>d51 ! quack-grass has escap$ ov] ! f5ce or has gone to se$ at ! o!r end ( ! plantation4 ,he devis$ an exp$iti\s tool = ea* little "w to be p]=m$ on ! g>d51--= h>d gr\nd & s(t1 = old we$s & "y 7"o ( 8 implem5ts 0 d5om9at$ 8infant-damnation074 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,"s ( ! details ( ! ,t>ry] tools4 8,scores ( times dur+ ! season10 ,mr4 ,t>ry] writes1 8! t5 or fifte5 m9utes "o has to enjoy 9 ! fl[]1 fruit1 & vegetable g>d5--& t w\ld suffice = ! ne$ful we$+ ) ! hoes we are celebrat+--w\ld be lo/ 9 h>ness+ horses or adju/+ & oil+ squeaky :eel-hoes1 ev5 if ev]ybody _h !m4 ,! #8,am]ican ,g>d5' is n big en\gh1 nor my pati5ce long en\gh1 to give m ?an an inkl+ ( ! unspeakable m]its ( ^! weapons ( society & civilization4 ,:5 ,mrs4 ,t>ry] 0 %[+ twelve or fifte5 acres ( g>d5 ) nev] a we$ to be se51 %e valu$ h] doz5 or m ( ^! light implem5ts at five or t5 doll>s daily2 :e!r !y 7 9 actual use or adorn+ ! front hall1 l a hunt]'s or angl]'s furniture1 made no diff]5ce4 ,b :]e are ^! mill5nial tools made & sold8 ,n[h]e4 ,!y are z unkn[n z ! ,bible 0 9 ! d>k ages1 & we mu/ give a few h9ts t[>ds manufactur+ !m4 8,fir/1 ab\t ! h&les4 ,! ord9>y deal] or workman may say ^! knobs c be =m$ on any h&les by w9d+ !m ) lea!r2 b j fancy a "y maid5 sett+ up h] hoe m$itatively & re/+ h] h&s & *9 ^u an old lea!r knob to reflect ^u some?+ t has be5 said to h] 9 ! g>d51 & we %all p]ceive t a knob by "s o!r "n w\ld smell f> sweet]4 ,moreov]1 trees gr[ l>ge en\gh at ! butt to furni% all ! knobs we want--ev5 = broom-/icks--?\gh sawy]s1 turn]s1 deal]s1 & ! public seem n to be aw>e ( x2 yet x mu/ be confess$ we are s f> gone 9 depravity t !re w be tr\ble 9 gett+ ^? h&les4444 8,9 a broadca/ pray] ( ?is public nature1 absolute specifications w\ld n be polite4 ,black walnut & butt]nut are fragrant z well z beautiful timb]4 ,*]ry is /iff1 heavy1 durable1 &1 l maple1 takes a slipp]y poli%4 ,= f9e1 light h&les1 t ! palm w /ick to1 butt cuts ( popl> or cottonwood _c be excell$1 yet /raight-gra9$ a% w be> m c>eless usage4 8,! h&les ( ,mrs4 ,t>ry]'s hoes are nev] p]fectly /raight4 ,all ! bayonet class b5d d[nw>d 9 use half an in* or m2 all ! ?ru/-hoe h&les b5d up 9 a regul> curve 7l a fiddle-b[ turn$ ov]7 two or ?ree in*es4 ,unless !y are hung "r1 ^! hoes are v awkw>d ?+s4 ,:5 p]fectly fit = "o1 !y may n fit ano!r2 t is1 a tall1 ke5-sight$ p]son _c use ! hoe t is j fit = a v %ort "o4444 ,curves 9 ! h&les ?r[ c5t]s ( gravity :]e !y belong4 ,good timb] g5]ally w>ps 9 a h&le ab\t "r1 only implem5t mak]s & babes 9 we$+ may n "k :5 x is made fa/ "r side up 9 ! hoe4 8,!re are pl5ty ( ?ru/-hoes 9 m>ket1 su* z !y are4 ,"s h malleable iron sockets & b[s--heavi] to ! buy] & *eap] to ! deal]--in/ead ( wr\ght-iron & /eel1 su* z is requir$ = true wor?40 ,sc>ifi]s4 ,illu/ration3 #ih4 ,a sc>ifi]4 ,illu/ration3 #ii4 ,home-made sc>ifi]4 ,illu/ration3 #ajj4 ,home-made sc>ifi] or scrap]4 ,illu/ration3 #aja4 ,! common sc>ifi]4 ,= _m purposes1 tools t scrape or sc>ify ! surface are pref]able to hoes t dig up ! gr\nd4 ,we$s may be kept d[n by cutt+ !m (f1 z 9 walks & (t5 9 fl[]-b$s1 r ?an by root+ !m out4 ,figure #ih %[s su* a tool1 & a home-made implem5t answ]+ ! same purpose is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ii4 ,?is latt] tool is easily made f /rong b&-iron4 ,ano!r type is sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #ajj1 repres5t+ a slic+-hoe made by fa/5+ a %eet ( good metal to ! t9es ( a brok5 =k4 ,! k9d *iefly 9 ! m>ket is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,h&-we$]s4 ,illu/ration3 #ajb4 ,good h&-we$]s4 ,illu/ration3 #ajc4 ,a h&-we$]4 ,illu/ration3 #ajd4 ,a f+]-we$]4 ,illu/ration3 #aje4 ,a small h&-we$]4 ,= small b$s ( fl[]s or vegetables1 h&-we$]s ( v>i\s patt]ns are ess5tial to easy & effici5t "w4 ,"o ( ! be/ patt]ns1 ) long & %ort h&les1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,ano!r /yle1 t may be made at home ( hoop-iron1 is drawn 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,a f+]-we$] is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,9 ,fig4 #aje a common =m is %[n4 ,_m patt]ns ( h&-we$]s are 9 ! m>ket1 & o!r =ms w sugge/ !mselves to ! op]ator4 ,tr[els & _! k9d4 ,small h&-tools = digg+1 z tr[els1 dibb]s1 & spuds1 may be _h ( deal]s4 ,9 buy+ a tr[el x is economy to pay an extra price & secure a /eel blade ) a /rong %ank t runs ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ! h&le4 ,"o ( ^! tools w la/ sev]al ye>s & may be us$ 9 h>d gr\nd1 b ! *eap tr[els are g5]ally h>dly wor? ! buy+4 ,a solid wr\ght-iron tr[el all 9 "o piece is also manufactur$1 & is ! mo/ durable patt]n4 ,a /eel tr[el may be secur$ to a long h&le2 or ! blade ( a brok5 tr[el may be utiliz$ 9 ! same way 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,a v good tr[el may also be made f a disc>d$ blade ( a m[+ ma*9e 7,fig4 #ajg71 & x answ]s ! purpose ( a h&-we$]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,long-h&l$ tr[el4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,improvis$ tr[el4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,we$-spud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,a good we$-spud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,we$-cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,a we$-spud t lifts ! we$4 ,we$-spuds are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ajh to #aaa4 ,! fir/ is p>ticul>ly s]viceable 9 cutt+ docks & o!r /rong we$s f lawns & pa/ures4 ,x is provid$ ) a brace to all[ x to be ?ru/ into ! gr\nd ) ! foot4 ,x is seldom necess>y to dig out p]5nial we$s to ! tips ( _! deep roots1 if ! cr[n is sev]$ a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface4 ,roll]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,h&-roll]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,roll] & m>k]4 ,x is (t5 ess5tial t ! l& be compact$ aft] x has be5 spad$ or ho$1 & "s k9d ( h&-roll] is !n useful4 ,v effici5t iron roll]s are 9 ! m>ket1 b a good "o c be made f a h>d *e/nut or oak log1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aab4 7,x %\ld be rememb]$ t :5 ! surface is h>d & compact1 wat] escapes f x rapidly1 & plants may suff] = moi/ure on arrival ( w>m wea!r47 ,! roll] is useful 9 two ways--to compact ! "u-surface1 9 :i* case ! surface %\ld be aga9 loos5$ z soon z ! roll+ is done2 & to firm ! e>? ab\t se$s 7page #ih7 or ! roots ( newly set plants4 ,m>k]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,roll] & m>k]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,m>k+-/ick4 ,a m>k] may (t5 be comb9$ ) ! roll] to good advantage1 z 9 ,fig4 #aac4 ,ropes are secur$ ab\t ! cyl9d] at prop] int]vals1 & ^! m>k ! r[s4 ,knots may be plac$ 9 ! ropes to indicate ! places :]e plants are to be set or se$s dropp$4 ,an ext5sion ( ! same idea is se5 9 ,fig4 #aad1 :i* %[s iron or wood5 pegs t make holes 9 :i* v small plants may be set4 ,an ,l-%ap$ rod projects at "o side to m>k ! place ( ! next r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,tool = spac+ plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,b>r[ rigg$ ) a m>k]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,h& sl$-m>k]4 ,9 mo/ cases ! be/ & mo/ exp$iti\s me?od ( m>k+ out ! g>d5 is by ! use ( ! g>d5 l9e1 :i* is secur$ to a reel 7,fig4 #if71 b v>i\s o!r devices are (t5 useful4 ,= v small b$s1 drills or furr[s may be made by a simple m>k+-/ick 7,fig4 #aae74 ,a h&y m>k] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,a m>k] c be rigg$ to a :eel-b>r[1 z 9 ,fig4 #aag4 ,a rod is secur$ und]nea? ! front truss1 & f its end an adju/able trail]1 ,b1 is hung4 ,! :eel ( ! b>r[ m>ks ! r[1 & ! trail] indicates ! place ( ! next r[1 !reby keep+ ! r[s p>allel4 ,a h& sl$-m>k] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aah1 & a simil> device may be secur$ to ! frame ( a sulky cultivator 7,fig4 #aai7 or o!r :eel tool4 ,a good adju/able sl$-m>k] is outl9$ 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,trail+ sl$-m>k]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,adju/able sl$-m>k]4 ,enri*+ ! l&4 ,two problems are involv$ 9 ! f]tiliz+ ( ! l&3 ! direct addition ( plant-food1 & ! improvem5t ( ! physical /ructure ( ! soil4 ,! latt] (fice is (t5 ! m important4 ,l&s t1 on ! "o h&1 are v h>d & solid1 ) a t5d5cy to bake1 &1 on ! o!r1 t are loose & lea*y1 are v greatly b5efit$ by ! addition ( organic matt]4 ,:5 ?is organic matt]--z animal & plant rema9s--decays & becomes ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! soil1 x =ms :at is call$ humus4 ,! addition ( ?is humus makes ! l& mell[1 friable1 ret5tive ( moi/ure1 & promotes ! g5]al *emical activities ( ! soil4 ,x also puts ! soil 9 ! be/ physical condition = ! com=t & well-be+ ( ! plants4 ,v _m ( ! l&s t are said to be exhau/$ ( plant-food /ill conta9 en\gh pota%1 phosphoric acid1 & lime1 & o!r f]tiliz+ elem5ts1 to produce good crops2 b !y h be5 greatly injur$ 9 _! physical condition by long-cont9u$ cropp+1 injudici\s tillage1 & ! )hold+ ( vegetable matt]4 ,a "p ( ! m>k$ results secur$ f ! pl[+ "u ( clov] is due to ! incorporation ( vegetable matt]1 :olly aside f ! addition ( f]tiliz+ mat]ial2 & ?is is emphatically true ( clov] because its deep-gr[+ roots p5etrate & break up ! subsoil4 ,muck & leafmold are (t5 v useful 9 ameliorat+ ei!r v h>d or v loose l&s4 ,excell5t hum\s mat]ial may be con/antly at h& if ! leaves1 g>d5 refuse1 & "s ( ! manure are pil$ & compo/$ 7p4 #aad74 ,if ! pile is turn$ sev]al times a ye>1 ! mat]ial becomes f9e & uni=m 9 texture4 ,! v>i\s que/ions associat$ ) ! f]tiliz+ ( ! l& are too l>ge to be consid]$ 9 detail "h4 ,p]sons :o desire to famili>ize !mselves ) ! subject %\ld consult rec5t books4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t1 z a rule1 mo/ l&s conta9 all ! elem5ts ( plant-food 9 suffici5t quantities except pota%1 phosphoric acid1 & nitrog54 ,9 _m cases1 lime is v b5eficial to l&1 usually because x corrects acidity & has a me*anical effect 9 pulv]iz+ & flocculat+ clay & 9 cem5t+ s&s4 ,! *ief s\rces ( comm]cial pota% are muriate ( pota%1 sulfate ( pota%1 & wood a%es4 ,= g5]al purposes1 ! muriate ( pota% is n[ recomm5d$1 because x is comp>atively *eap & ! composition is uni=m4 ,a normal application ( muriate ( pota% is #bjj to #cjj p\nds to ! acre2 b on "s l&s1 :]e ! greate/ results are dem&$1 sometimes z mu* z twice ?is application may be made4 ,phosphoric acid is got 9 dissolv$ ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,florida rock & 9 v>i\s bone prep>ations4 ,^! mat]ials are appli$ at ! rate ( #bjj to #djj p\nds to ! acre4 ,comm]cial nitrog5 is secur$ *iefly 9 ! =m ( animal refuse1 z blood & tankage1 & 9 nitrate ( soda4 ,x is m likely to be lo/ by lea*+ ?r\gh ! l& ?an ! m9]al sub/ances are1 especially if ! l& lacks humus4 ,nitrate ( soda is v soluble1 & %\ld be appli$ 9 small quantities at int]vals4 ,nitrog51 be+ ! elem5t :i* is mo/ly conducive to vegetative gr[?1 t5ds to delay ! season ( maturity if appli$ heavily or late 9 ! season4 ,f #ajj to #cjj p\nds ( nitrate ( soda may be appli$ to ! acre1 b x is ord9>ily bett] to make two or ?ree applications at int]vals ( ?ree to six weeks4 ,f]tiliz+ mat]ials may be appli$ ei!r 9 fall or spr+2 b 9 ! case ( nitrate ( soda x is usually bett] n to apply 9 ! fall unless ! l& has pl5ty ( humus to prev5t lea*+1 or on plants t />t v e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,f]tiliz+ mat]ial is s[n broadca/1 or x may be scatt]$ lightly 9 furr[s und]nea? ! se$s1 & !n cov]$ ) e>?4 ,if s[n broadca/1 x may be appli$ ei!r aft] ! se$s are s[n or be=e4 ,x is usually bett] to apply x be=e1 = al?\gh ! ra9s c>ry x d[n1 nev]!less ! upw>d movem5t ( wat] dur+ ! dry wea!r ( ! summ] t5ds to br+ x back to ! surface4 ,x is important t l>ge lumps ( f]tiliz]1 especially muriate ( pota% & nitrate ( soda1 d n fall ne> ! cr[ns ( ! plants2 o!rwise ! plants may be s]i\sly injur$4 ,x is a g5]al pr9ciple1 also1 t x is be/ to use m sp>+ly ( f]tiliz]s ?an ( tillage4 ,! t5d5cy is to make f]tiliz]s d p5ance = ! s9s ( neglect1 b ! results d n (t5 meet "o's expectations4 ,if "o has only a small g>d5 or a home y>d1 x ord9>ily w n pay him to buy ! *emicals sep>ately1 z sugge/$ above1 b he may pur*ase a complete f]tiliz] t is sold "u a tradem>k or br&1 & has a gu>ante$ analysis4 ,if "o is rais+ plants *iefly = _! foliage1 z rhub>b & ornam5tal bu%es1 he %\ld *oose a f]tiliz] comp>atively ri* 9 nitrog52 b if he desires *iefly fruit & fl[]s1 ! m9]al elem5ts1 z pota% & phosphoric acid1 %\ld usually be high4 ,if "o uses ! *emicals1 x is n necess>y t !y be mix$ be=e application2 9 fact1 x is usually bett] n to mix !m1 because "s plants & "s soils ne$ m ( "o elem5t ?an ( ano!r4 ,j :at mat]ials1 & h[ mu*1 diff]5t soils & plants require mu/ be det]m9$ by ! gr[] himself by obs]vation & exp]im5t2 & x is "o ( ! satisfactions ( g>d5+ to arrive at discrim9ation 9 su* matt]s4 ,muriate ( pota% co/s #dj & upw>ds p] ton1 sulfate ab\t #dh1 dissolv$ boneblack ab\t #bd1 gr\nd bone ab\t #cj1 ka9it ab\t #ac1 & nitrate ( soda ab\t #b-a_/d c5ts p] p\nd4 ,^! prices v>y1 ( c\rse1 ) ! composition or me*anical condition ( mat]ials1 & ) ! /ate ( ! m>ket4 ,! av]age composition ( unlea*$ wood a%es 9 ! m>ket is ab\t z foll[s3 ,pota%1 #e4b p] c5t2 phosphoric acid1 #a4gj p] c5t2 lime1 #cd p] c5t2 magnesia1 #c4dj p] c5t4 ,! av]age composition ( ka9it is #ac4ed p] c5t pota%1 #a4ae p] c5t lime4 ,! fact t ! soil itself is ! greate/ /oreh\se ( plant-food is %[n by ! foll[+ av]age ( ?irty-five analyses ( ! total cont5t ( ! fir/ eight in*es ( surface soils1 p] acre3 #ceba p\nds ( nitrog51 #ddjj p\nds ( phosphoric acid1 #ai1hcf p\nds ( pota%4 ,mu* ( ?is is unavailable1 b good tillage1 gre5-manur+1 & prop] managem5t t5d to unlock x & at ! same "t to save x f wa/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aba4 ,a good c>t = collect+ leaves & o!r mat]ials4 ,e c>eful g>d5] w take satisfaction 9 sav+ leaves & trimm+s & /able refuse & mak+ compo/ ( x to supplem5t ! native supplies 9 ! soil4 ,"s out-(-!-way corn] w be f\nd = a p]man5t pile1 ) room = pil+ x ov] f "t to "t4 ,! pile w be scre5$ by 8 g>d5 plant+4 7,figure #aba sugge/s a useful c>t = collect+ su* mat]ials47 ,he w also save ! p[] ( 8 l& by *ang+ 8 crops to o!r p>ts ( ! g>d51 ye> by ye>1 n gr[+ 8 ,*9a a/]s or 8 snap-dragons or 8 potatoes or /rawb]ries cont9u\sly on ! same area2 & ?us1 also1 w 8 g>d5 h a new face e ye>4 ,le/ ! read] may get ! idea t !re is no limit to be plac$ on ! enri*+ ( ! soil1 ,i w caution him at ! end ( my discussion t he may easily make ! place s ri* t "s plants w ov]gr[ & w n come into fl[]+ or fruit+ be=e fro/1 & fl[]s may lack brilliancy4 ,on v ri* l&1 sc>let sage w gr[ to great size b w n bloom 9 ! nor!rn season2 sweet peas w run to v9e2 gaill>dias & "s o!r plants w break d[n2 tomatoes & melons & pepp]s may be s late t ! fruit w n rip54 ,only exp]i5ce & good judgm5t w safegu>d ! g>d5] z to h[ f> he %\ld or %\ld n g4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,! ,,plants ,!re is a knack 9 ! successful h&l+ ( plants t x is impossible to describe 9 pr9t4 ,all p]sons c improve _! practice ?r\gh dilig5t read+ ( useful g>d5+ lit]ature1 b no am\nt ( read+ & advice w make a good g>d5] ( a p]son :o does n love to dig 9 a g>d5 or :o does n h a c>e = plants j because !y are plants4 ,to gr[ a plant well1 "o mu/ le>n its natural habits4 ,"s p]sons le>n ?is z if by intuition1 acquir+ ! k f close discrim9ation ( ! behavior ( ! plant4 ,(t5 !y are !mselves unconsci\s ( ?is knack ( kn[+ :at w make ! plant to ?rive2 b x is n at all necess>y to h su* an intuitive judgm5t to enable "o to be ev5 m ?an a fairly good g>d5]4 ,dilig5t att5tion to ! plant's habits & requirem5ts1 & a real reg>d = ! plant's welf>e1 w make any p]son a successful plant-gr[]4 ,"s ( ! ?+s t a p]son %\ld "k ab\t any plant he w\ld gr[ are ^!3-- ,:e!r ! plant matures 9 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 or subsequ5t ye>s2 & :5 x naturally beg9s to fail4 ,! "t ( ! ye> or season 9 :i* x normally gr[s1 blooms1 or fruits2 & :e!r x c be =c$ at o!r seasons4 ,:e!r x pref]s a situation dry or moi/ or wet1 hot or cool1 sunny or %ady4 ,its pref]5ces z to soil1 :e!r v ri* or only mod]ately ri*1 s& or loam1 or peat or clay4 ,its h>d9ess z to fro/1 w9d1 dr\ght1 heat4 ,:e!r x has any special requirem5ts z to g]m9ation1 & :e!r x transplants well4 ,:e!r x is specially liable to attack by insects or disease4 ,:e!r x has a special inability to gr[ two ye>s 9 succession on ! same l&4 ,hav+ suit$ ! situation to ! plant1 & hav+ prep>$ ! gr\nd well & made a resolution to keep x well1 special att5tion mu/ be giv5 to su* matt]s z ^!3-- ,gu>d+ f all insects & diseases2 & also f cats & *ick5s & dogs2 & likewise f rabbits & mice4 ,protect+ f we$s4 ,prun+1 9 ! case ( fruit trees & bu%es1 & also ( ornam5tal woody plants on occasion1 & sometimes ev5 ( annual h]bs4 ,/ak+ & ty+1 p>ticul>ly ( sprawly g>d5 fl[]s4 ,p]si/5t pick+ ( se$ pods or dead fl[]s f fl[] plants1 9 ord] to cons]ve ! /r5g? ( ! plant & to prolong its season ( bloom4 ,wat]+ 9 dry wea!r 7b n spr9kl+ or dribbl+74 ,?or\gh w9t] protect+ ( plants t ne$ x4 ,remov+ dead leaves1 brok5 bran*es1 weak & sickly plants1 & o!rwise keep+ ! place tidy & trim4 ,s[+ ! se$s4 ,prep>e ! surface e>? well1 to make a good se$-b$4 ,plant :5 ! gr\nd is moi/1 if possible1 & pref]ably j be=e a ra9 if ! soil is ( su* "* t x w n bake4 ,= %all[-plant$ se$s1 firm ! e>? above !m by walk+ ov] ! r[ or by patt+ x d[n ) a hoe4 ,special c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to s[ v small & sl[-g]m9at+ se$s1 z cel]y1 c>rot1 onion1 9 poorly prep>$ soil or 9 gr\nd t bakes4 ,) su* se$s x is well to s[ se$s ( radi% or turnip1 = ^! g]m9ate quickly & break ! cru/1 & also m>k ! r[ s t tillage may be begun be=e ! regul>-crop se$s are up4 ,l& may be prev5t$ f bak+ ov] ! se$s by scatt]+ a v ?9 lay] ( f9e litt]1 z *aff1 or ( sift$ moss or mold1 ov] ! r[4 ,a bo>d is sometimes laid on ! r[ to reta9 ! moi/ure1 b x mu/ be lift$ gradually j z soon z ! plants beg9 to break ! gr\nd1 or ! plants w be greatly injur$4 ,:5ev] practicable1 se$-b$s ( cel]y & o!r sl[-g]m9at+ se$s %\ld be %ad$4 ,if ! b$s are wat]$1 be c>eful t ! soil is n pack$ by ! =ce ( ! wat] or bak$ by ! sun4 ,9 ?ickly s[n se$-b$s1 ?9 or transplant ! plants z soon z !y h made _! fir/ true leaves4 ,= mo/ home-gr\nds1 se$s may be s[n by h&1 b = l>ge areas ( "o crop1 "o ( ! _m k9ds ( se$-s[]s may be us$4 ,! p>ticul> me?ods ( s[+ se$s are usually specifi$ 9 ! se$ catalogues1 if o!r ?an ord9>y treatm5t is requir$4 ,! sl$-m>k]s 7already describ$1 p4 #ajh7 op5 a furr[ ( suffici5t dep? = ! plant+ ( mo/ se$s4 ,if m>k] furr[s are n available1 a furr[ may be op5$ ) a hoe = su* deep-plant$ se$s z peas & sweet peas1 or by a tr[el or end ( a rake/ale = small] se$s4 ,9 n>r[ b$s or boxes1 a /ick or rul] 7,fig4 #aae7 may be us$ = op5+ creases to receive ! se$s4 ,! dep? at :i* se$s are to be plant$ v>ies ) ! k9d1 ! soil & its prep>ation1 ! season1 & :e!r !y are plant$ 9 ! op5 or 9 ! h\se4 ,9 boxes & "u glass1 x is a good rule t ! se$ be s[n at a dep? equal to twice its own diamet]1 b deep] s[+ is usually necess>y out ( doors1 p>ticul>ly 9 hot & dry wea!r4 ,/rong & h>dy se$s1 z peas1 sweet peas1 l>ge fruit-tree se$s1 may be plant$ ?ree to six in*es deep4 ,t5d] se$s1 t are injur$ by cold & wet1 may be plant$ aft] ! gr\nd is settl$ & w>m at a great] dep? ?an be=e t season4 ,z a rule1 no?+ is ga9$ by s[+ t5d] se$s be=e ! wea!r is ?or\ghly settl$ & ! gr\nd w>m4 ,propagat+ by cutt+s4 ,_m common plants are propagat$ by cutt+s r ?an by se$s1 p>ticul>ly :5 x is desir$ to increase a p>ticul> v>iety4 ,cutt+s are p>ts ( plants ins]t$ 9 soil or wat] ) ! int5tion t !y %all gr[ & make new plants4 ,!y are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,!y may be classifi$1 ) ref]5ce to ! age ( ! wood or tissue1 into two classes2 viz4 ^? made f p]fectly h>d or dormant wood 7tak5 f ! w9t] twigs ( trees & bu%es71 & ^? made f m or less immature or gr[+ wood4 ,!y may be classifi$ aga9 9 respect to ! "p ( ! plants f :i* !y are tak51 z root-cutt+s1 tub]-cutt+s 7z ! ord9>y 8se$0 plant$ = potatoes71 /em-cutt+s1 & leaf-cutt+s4 ,dormant /em-cutt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! plant+ ( ! dormant-wood cutt+s4 ,dormant-wood cutt+s are us$ = grapes 7,fig4 #abb71 currants1 gooseb]ries1 will[s1 popl>s1 & _m o!r k9ds ( s(t-wood$ trees & %rubs4 ,su* cutt+s are ord9>ily tak5 9 fall or w9t]1 b cut into ! prop] l5g?s & !n buri$ 9 s& or moss :]e !y d n freeze1 9 ord] t ! l[] end may heal ov] or call\s4 ,9 ! spr+ ^! cutt+s are set 9 ! gr\nd1 pref]ably 9 a r s&y & well-dra9$ place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,c>nation cutt+4 ,usually1 h>dwood cutt+s are made ) two to f\r jo9ts or buds1 & :5 !y are plant$1 only ! upp] bud projects above ! gr\nd4 ,!y may be plant$ erect1 z ,fig4 #abb %[s1 or some:at slant+4 ,9 ord] t ! cutt+ may rea* d[n to moi/ e>?1 x is desirable t x %\ld n be less ?an #f 94 long2 & x is sometimes bett] if x is #h to #ab 94 ,if ! wood is %ort-jo9t$1 !re may be sev]al buds on a cutt+ ( ?is l5g?2 & 9 ord] to prev5t too _m %oots f aris+ f ^! buds ! l[]mo/ buds are (t5 cut out4 ,roots w />t z readily if ! l[] buds are remov$1 s9ce ! buds gr[ into %oots & n into roots4 ,cutt+s ( currants1 grapes1 gooseb]ries1 & ! l may be set 9 r[s t are f> en\gh ap>t to admit ( easy tillage ei!r ) horse or h& tools1 & ! cutt+s may be plac$ #c to #h 94 ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,! ,engli% v>ieties ( gooseb]ries1 consid]ably gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 d n propagate readily f cutt+s4 ,aft] ! cutt+s h gr[n "o season1 ! plants are usually transplant$ & giv5 m room = ! second ye>'s gr[?1 aft] :i* "t !y are ready to be set 9 p]man5t plantations4 ,9 "s cases1 ! plants are set at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>2 b two-ye> plants are /rong] & usually pref]able4 ,cutt+s ( roots4 ,root-cutt+s are us$ = blackb]ries1 raspb]ries1 & a few o!r ?+s4 ,!y are ord9>ily made ( roots f ! size ( a lead p5cil to "o's little f+]1 & are cut 9 l5g?s f #c to #e 94 long4 ,! cutt+s are /or$ ! same z /em-cutt+s & all[$ to call\s4 ,9 ! spr+ !y are plant$ 9 a horizontal or ne>ly horizontal position 9 moi/ s&y soil1 be+ entirely cov]$ to a dep? ( #a or #b 94 ,gre5 cutt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,v]b5a cutt+4 ,s(twood or gre5wood cutt+s are usually made ( wood t is mature en\gh to break :5 x is b5t %>ply4 ,:5 ! wood is s s(t t x w b5d & n break1 x is too immature1 9 ! majority ( plants1 = ! mak+ ( good cutt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,leaf-cutt+4 ,"o to two jo9ts is ! prop] l5g? ( a gre5wood cutt+4 ,if ( two jo9ts1 ! l[] leaves %\ld be cut (f & ! upp] leaves cut 9 two s t !y d n pres5t _! entire surface to ! air & !reby evaporate ! plant juices too rapidly4 ,if ! cutt+ is ( only "o jo9t1 ! l[] end is usually cut j above a jo9t4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! cutt+s are usually ins]t$ 9 s& or well-wa%$ gravel1 ne>ly or q up to ! leaves4 ,keep ! b$ uni=mly moi/ ?r\gh\t its dep?1 b avoid any soil :i* holds s mu* moi/ure t x becomes muddy & s\r4 ,^! cutt+s %\ld be %ad$ until !y beg9 to emit _! roots4 ,coleus1 g]aniums1 fu*sias1 c>nations1 & ne>ly all ! common gre5h\se & h\se plants1 are propagat$ by ^! cutt+s or slips 7,figs4 #abc1 #abd74 ,cutt+s ( leaves4 ,leaf-cutt+s are (t5 us$ = ! fancy-leav$ begonias1 glox9ias1 & a few o!r plants4 ,! "y plant usually arises mo/ readily f ! leaf-/alk or petiole4 ,! leaf1 !re=e1 is ins]t$ into ! gr\nd mu* z a gre5 cutt+ is4 ,begonia leaves w ?r[ out "y plants f ! ma9 ribs :5 ^! ve9s or ribs are cut4 ,!re=e1 well-gr[n & firm begonia leaves are sometimes laid flat on ! s& & ! ma9 ve9s cut2 !n ! leaf is weight$ d[n ) pebbles or pegs s t ^! cut surfaces come into intimate contact ) ! soil b5ea?4 ,! usual way1 h[ev]1 is to cut a triangul> piece ( ! leaf 7,fig4 #abe7 & ins]t ! tip 9 s&4 ,s long z ! cutt+ is alive1 d n be disc\rag$1 ev5 if x d n />t4 ,,viii4 ,a well-plant$ entrance4 ,common trees & bu%es1 ) ,bo/on ivy on ! po/1 & ,b]b]is ,?unb]gii 9 front4 ,,viii4 ,a well-plant$ entrance4 ,common trees & bu%es1 ) ,bo/on ivy on ! po/1 & ,b]b]is ,?unb]gii 9 front4 ,g5]al treatm5t ( cutt+s4 ,9 ! gr[+ ( all gre5wood & leaf-cutt+s1 x is well to rememb] t !y %\ld h a g5tle bottom heat2 ! soil %\ld be su* t x w hold moi/ure & yet n rema9 wet2 ! air ab\t ! tops %\ld n become close & /agnant1 else ! plants w damp (f2 & ! tops %\ld be %ad$ = a "t4 ,9 ord] to control all ! conditions1 su* cutt+s are gr[n "u cov]1 z 9 a gre5h\se1 coldframe1 or a box 9 ! resid5ce w9d[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,cutt+s ins]t$ 9 a d\ble pot4 ,an excell5t me?od ( />t+ cutt+s 9 ! liv+ room is to make a d\ble pot1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abf4 ,inside a #f-;94 pot set a #d-;94 pot4 ,fill ! bottom1 a1 ) gravel or bits ( brick1 = dra9age4 ,plug ! hole 9 ! inside pot4 ,fill ! spaces betwe51 c1 ) e>?1 & 9 ?is set ! cutt+s4 ,wat] may be p\r$ into ! inn] pot1 b1 to supply ! moi/ure4 ,transplant+ "y se$l+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,to *eck evaporation at transplant+4 ,9 ! transplant+ ( cabbages1 tomatoes1 fl[]s1 & all plants rec5tly />t$ f se$s1 x is important t ! gr\nd be ?or\ghly f9$ & compact$4 ,plants usually live bett] if transplant$ into gr\nd t has be5 fre%ly turn$4 ,if possible1 transplant 9 cl\dy or ra9y wea!r1 p>ticul>ly if late 9 ! season4 ,firm ! e>? snugly ab\t ! roots ) ! h&s or feet1 9 ord] to br+ up ! soil moi/ure2 b x is g5]ally be/ to rake ! surface 9 ord] to re/abli% ! e>?-mul*1 unless ! plants are s small t _! roots _c rea* ?r\gh ! mul* 7p4 #ih74 ,if ! plants are tak5 f pots1 wat] ! pots "s "t 9 advance1 & ! ball ( e>? w fall out :5 ! pot is inv]t$ & tapp$ lightly4 ,9 tak+ up plants f ! gr\nd1 x is advisable1 also1 to wat] !m well "s "t be=e remov+2 ! e>? may !n be held on ! roots4 ,see t ! wat]+ is done f> en\gh 9 advance to all[ ! wat] to settle away & di/ribute itself2 ! e>? %\ld n be muddy :5 ! plants are remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,plants %e>$ & n %e>$ :5 transplant$4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! evaporation f ! plant1 %+les may be /uck into ! gr\nd to %ade ! plant2 or a scre5 may be improvis$ ) pieces ( pap] 7,fig4 #abb71 t9 cans1 inv]t$ fl[]-pots1 cov]+s ( bru%1 or o!r means4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,:]e to %e> ! tops ( "y plants4 ,x is ne>ly always advisable to remove "s ( ! foliage1 p>ticul>ly if ! plant has sev]al leaves & if x has n be5 gr[n 9 a pot1 & also if ! transplant+ is done 9 w>m wea!r4 ,figure #abh %[s a good treatm5t = transplant$ plants4 ,) ! foliage all left on1 ! plants are likely to behave z 9 ! upp] r[2 b ) mo/ ( x cut (f1 z 9 ! l[] r[1 !re is little wilt+1 & new leaves soon />t4 ,figure #abi also %[s :at "p ( ! leaves may be cut (f on transplant+4 ,if ! gr\nd is fre%ly turn$ & ! transplant+ is well done1 x r>ely w be necess>y to wat] ! plants2 b if wat]+ is necess>y1 x %\ld be done at nightfall1 & ! surface %\ld be loos5$ ! next morn+ or z soon z x becomes dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,tr[el dibb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,! dibb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,home-made padd$ dibb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,dibb] & cr[-b> comb9$4 ,9 ! transplant+ ( "y plants1 "s k9d ( a dibb] %\ld be us$ to make ! holes4 ,dibb]s make holes )\t remov+ any ( ! e>?4 ,a good =m ( dibb] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acj1 :i* is l a flat or plane tr[el4 ,_m p]sons pref] a cyl9drical & conical dibb]1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aca4 ,= h>d soils & l>g] plants1 a /rong dibb] may be made f a limb t has a "r-angl$ bran* to s]ve z a h&le4 ,?is h&le may be s(t5$ by slipp+ a piece ( rubb] hose on x 7,fig4 #acb74 ,a long iron dibb]1 :i* may also be us$ z a cr[-b>1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acc4 ,9 transplant+ ) ! dibb]1 a hole is fir/ made by a ?ru/ ( ! tool1 & ! e>? is !n press$ aga9/ ! root by means ( ! foot1 h&1 or ! dibb] itself 7z 9 ,fig4 #aca74 ,! hole is n fill$ by putt+ 9 dirt at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,/rawb]ry plant]4 ,= l>ge plants1 a broad] dibb] may be us$4 ,an implem5t l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #acd is useful = sett+ /rawb]ries & o!r plants ) l>ge roots4 ,x is made ( two-in* plank1 ) a block on top to act z foot-re/ & to prev5t ! blade f go+ too deep4 ,9 ord] to provide space = ! foot & easily to direct ! ?ru/1 ! h&le may be plac$ at "o side ( ! middle4 ,= plung+ pots1 a dibb] l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ace is useful1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! soil is s h>d t a long-po9t$ tool is necess>y4 ,! bottom ( ! hole may be fill$ ) e>? be=e ! pot is ins]t$2 b x is (t5 advisable to leave ! vacant space bel[ 7z 9 b7 to provide dra9age1 to keep ! plant f root+1 & to prev5t e>?-worms f ent]+ ! hole 9 ! bottom ( ! pot4 ,= small] pots1 ! tool may be ins]t$ a less dep? 7z at c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,! plung+ ( pots4 ,transplant+ e/abli%$ plants & trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,sett+ l>ge tub-plants 9 ! lawn4 ,9 sett+ pott$ plants out ( doors1 x is ne>ly always advisable to plunge !m1--t is to set ! pots into ! e>?1--unless ! place is v wet4 ,! pots are !n wat]$ by ! ra9fall1 & dem& little c>e4 ,if ! plants are to be return$ to ! h\se 9 ! fall1 !y %\ld n be all[$ to root ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! pot1 & ! root+ may be prev5t$ by turn+ ! pot ar\nd e few days4 ,l>ge decorative plants may be made to look z if gr[+ naturally 9 ! lawn by s9k+ ! pot or box j bel[ ! surface & roll+ ! sod ov] x1 z sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #acf4 ,a space ar\nd & bel[ ! tub may be provid$ to insure dra9age4 ,tub-plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,plant-box ) a movable side4 ,= ! %ift+ ( v l>ge tub-plants1 a box or tub ) movable sides1 z 9 ,fig4 #acg1 is h&y & effici5t4 ,! plant-box recomm5d$ to p>ties :o grew plants = exhibition at ! ,_w's ,fair is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,x is made ( /rong bo>ds or planks4 ,at ,a is %[n ! inside ( "o ( two opposite sections or sides1 f\r feet wide at top1 ?ree feet wide at bottom1 & ?ree feet high4 ,! cleats are two-by-f\r scantl+s1 ?r\gh :i* holes are bor$ to admit ! bolts ) :i* ! box is to be held toge!r4 ,b is an outside view ( "o ( ! alt]nat+ sections1 ?ree feet f\r in*es wide at top1 two feet f\r in*es at bottom1 & ?ree feet deep4 ,a "o-by-six /rip is nail$ ?r\gh ! c5t] to give /r5g?4 ,c is an end view ( ,a1 %[+ ! bolts & also a two-by-f\r cleat to :i* ! bottom is to be nail$4 ,?is box 0 us$ mo/ly = transport+ l>ge gr[+ /ock to ! exposition1 ! /ock hav+ be5 dug f ! op5 & ! box secur$ ar\nd ! ball ( e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,box = transport+ l>ge transplant$ /ock4 ,:5 to transplant4 ,9 g5]al1 x is be/ to set h>dy plants 9 ! fall1 p>ticul>ly if ! gr\nd is fairly dry & ! exposure is n too bleak4 ,to ?is class belong mo/ ( ! fruit trees & ornam5tal trees & %rubs2 also h>dy h]bs1 z columb9es1 peonies1 lilies1 ble$+-he>ts1 & ! l4 ,!y %\ld be plant$ z soon z !y are ?or\ghly mature1 s t ! leaves beg9 to fall naturally4 ,if any leaves rema9 on ! tree or bu% at plant+ "t1 /rip !m (f1 unless ! plant is an ev]gre54 ,x is g5]ally be/ n to cut back fall-plant$ trees to ! full ext5t desir$1 b to %ort5 !m ?ree-f\r?s ( ! requir$ am\nt 9 ! fall1 & take (f ! rema9+ f\r? 9 ! spr+1 s t no dead or dry tips are left on ! plant4 ,ev]gre5s1 z p9es & spruces1 are n head$-9 mu*1 & usually n at all4 ,all t5d] & v small plants %\ld be set 9 ! spr+1 9 :i* case v e>ly plant+ is desirable2 & spr+ plant+ is always to be advis$ :5 ! gr\nd is n ?or\ghly dra9$ & well prep>$4 ,dep? to transplant4 ,9 well-compact$ l&1 trees & %rubs %\ld be set at ab\t ! same dep? z !y /ood 9 ! nurs]y1 b if ! l& has be5 deeply tr5*$ or if x is loose f o!r causes1 ! plants %\ld be set deep]1 because ! e>? w probably settle4 ,! hole %\ld be fill$ ) f9e surface e>?4 ,x is g5]ally n advisable to place manure 9 ! hole1 b if x is us$1 x %\ld be ( small am\nt & v ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! e>?1 else x w cause ! soil to dry out4 ,9 lawns & o!r places :]e surface tillage _c be giv51 a light mul* ( litt] or manure may be plac$ ab\t ! plants2 b ! e>?-mul* 7page #ih71 :5 x c be secur$1 is mu* ! be/ cons]v] ( moi/ure4 ,mak+ ! r[s /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,a plant+ bo>d4 ,9 ord] to set trees 9 r[s1 x is necess>y to use a g>d5 l9e 7,fig4 #if71 or to m>k out ! gr\nd ) "s ( ! devices already describ$ 7,figs4 #aac-abj72 or 9 l>ge areas1 ! place may be /ak$ out4 ,9 plant+ or*>ds1 ! area is laid out 7pref]ably by a surveyor7 ) two or m r[s ( /akes s plac$ t a man may sight f "o fix$ po9t to ano!r4 ,two or ?ree m5 "w to be/ advantage 9 su* plant+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,device = plac+ ! tree4 ,!re are v>i\s devices = locat+ ! place ( ! /ake aft] ! /ake has be5 remov$ & ! hole dug1 9 case ! area is n regul>ly /ak$ out 9 su* a way t sight+ across ! area may be employ$4 ,"o ( ! simple/ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aci4 ,x is a n>r[ & ?9 bo>d ) a not* 9 ! c5t] & a peg 9 ei!r end1 "o ( ! pegs be+ /ation>y4 ,! implem5t is s plac$ t ! not* meets ! /ake1 !n "o end ( x is ?r[n out ( ! way until ! hole is dug4 ,:5 ! implem5t is br\ght aga9 to its orig9al position1 ! not* m>k's ! place ( ! /ake & ! tree4 ,figure #adj is a device ) a lid1 9 ! end ( :i* is a not* to m>k ! place ( ! /ake4 ,?is lid is ?r[n back1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 :5 ! hole is be+ dug4 ,figure #ada %[s a me?od ( br++ trees 9 r[ by measur+ f a l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,l9+ a tree f a /ake4 ,cutt+-back2 fill+4 ,9 ! plant+ ( any tree or bu%1 ! roots %\ld be cut back beyond all breaks & s]i\s bruises1 & f9e e>? %\ld be ?or\ghly fill$ 9 & firm$ ab\t !m1 z 9 ,fig4 #adb4 ,no implem5t is s good z ! f+]s = work+ ! soil ab\t ! roots4 ,if ! tree has _m roots1 "w x up & d[n slightly sev]al times dur+ ! fill+ ( ! hole1 to settle ! e>? 9 place4 ,:5 ! e>? is ?r[n 9 c>elessly1 ! roots are jamm$ toge!r1 & (t5 an empty place is left b5ea? ! cr[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #adc1 :i* causes ! roots to dry out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb3 ,prop] plant+ ( a tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc3 ,c>eless plant+ ( a tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,prun$ "y tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,prun$ "y tree4 ,! m>ks on ! tops ( ^! trees 9 ,figs4 #adb & #adc %[ :]e ! bran*es may be cut4 ,see also ,fig4 #aeb4 ,figures #add & #ade %[ ! tops ( trees aft] prun+4 ,/rong bran*y trees1 z apples1 pe>s1 & ornam5tal trees1 are usually head$ back 9 ?is way1 ^u plant+4 ,if ! tree has "o /raight lead] & _m or sev]al sl5d] bran*es 7,fig4 #adf71 x is usually prun$1 z 9 ,fig4 #adg1 ea* bran* be+ cut back to "o or two buds4 ,if !re are no bran*es1 or v few ( !m1--9 :i* case !re w be good buds ^u ! ma9 /em1--! lead] may be cut back a ?ird or half its l5g?1 to a m]e :ip4 ,ornam5tal bu%es ) long tops are usually cut back a ?ird or a half :5 set1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,always leave a little ( ! small bud-mak+ gr[?4 ,! practice ( cutt+ back %ade trees to m]e long clubs1 or poles1 ) no small twigs1 is to be disc\rag$4 ,! tree 9 su* case is oblig$ to =ce out adv5titi\s buds f ! old wood1 & x may n h vigor en\gh to d ?is2 & ! process may be s long delay$ z to all[ ! tree to be ov]tak5 by dr\ght be=e x gets a />t4 ,remov+ v l>ge trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf3 ,pea* tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg3 ,pea* tree prun$ = plant+4 ,v l>ge trees c (t5 be mov$ ) safety4 ,x is ess5tial t ! transplant+ be done :5 ! trees are p]fectly dormant1--w9t] be+ pref]able1--t a l>ge mass ( e>? & roots be tak5 ) ! tree1 & t ! top be vigor\sly cut back4 ,l>ge trees are (t5 mov$ 9 w9t] on a /one-boat1 by secur+ a l>ge ball ( e>? froz5 ab\t ! roots4 ,?is froz5 ball is secur$ by digg+ ab\t ! tree = sev]al days 9 succession1 s t ! freez+ progresses ) ! excavation4 ,a good device = mov+ su* trees is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adh4 ,! trunk ( ! tree is securely wrapp$ ) burlaps or o!r s(t mat]ial1 & a r+ or *a9 is !n secur$ ab\t x4 ,a long pole1 b1 is run ov] ! truck ( a wagon & ! end ( x is secur$ to ! *a9 or r+ ^u ! tree4 ,?is pole is a lev] = rais+ ! tree out ( ! gr\nd4 ,a team is hit*$ at a1 & a man holds ! pole b4 ,o!r & m elaborate devices are 9 use1 b ?is expla9s ! idea & is !re=e suffici5t = ! pres5t purpose2 = :5 a p]son desires to remove a v l>ge tree he %\ld secure ! s]vices ( an exp]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh3 ,mov+ a l>ge tree4 ,! foll[+ m explicit directions = mov+ l>ge trees are by ,edw>d ,hicks1 :o has _h mu* exp]i5ce 9 ! bus9ess1 & :o made ?is report to ! press a few ye>s ago3 8,9 mov+ l>ge trees1 say ^? t5 to twelve in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty-five to ?irty feet high1 x is well to prep>e !m by trimm+ & cutt+ or saw+ (f ! roots at a prop] di/ance f ! trunks1 say six to eight feet1 9 ,june4 ,! cut roots heal ov] & s5d out fibr\s roots1 :i* %\ld n be injur$ m ?an is necess>y 9 mov+ ! trees next fall or spr+4 ,"y1 ?rifty maples & elms1 orig9ally f ! nurs]y1 d n ne$ su* prep>ation ne>ly z mu* z o!r & old] trees4 ,9 mov+ a tree1 we beg9 by digg+ a wide tr5* six to eight feet f x1 leav+ all possible roots fa/ to x4 ,by digg+ "u ! tree 9 ! wide tr5*1 & work+ ! soil out ( ! roots by means ( r\nd or dull-po9t$ /icks1 ! soil falls into ! cavity made "u ! tree4 ,?ree or f\r m5 9 z _m h\rs c\ld get s mu* ( ! soil away f ! roots t x w\ld be safe to atta* a rope & tackle to ! upp] "p ( ! trunk & to "s adjo9+ po/ or tree = ! purpose ( pull+ ! tree ov]4 ,a good quantity ( bagg+ mu/ be put ar\nd ! tree "u ! rope to prev5t injury1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! pull+ ( ! rope does n split (f or break a limb4 ,a team is hit*$ to ! end ( ! draft rope1 & sl[ly driv5 9 ! prop] direction to pull ! tree ov]4 ,if ! tree does n readily tip ov]1 dig "u & cut (f any fa/ root4 ,:ile x is tipp$ ov]1 "w out m ( ! soil ) ! /icks4 ,n[ pass a l>ge rope1 d\ble1 ar\nd a few l>ge roots close to ! tree1 leav+ ! ends ( ! rope turn$ up by ! trunk to be us$ 9 lift+ ! tree at ! prop] "t4 ,tip ! tree 9 ! opposite direction & put ano!r l>ge rope ar\nd ! l>ge roots close to ! trunk2 remove m soil & see t no roots are fa/ to ! gr\nd4 ,f\r guy-ropes atta*$ to ! upp] p>ts ( ! tree1 z %[n 9 ! cut 7,fig4 #adi71 %\ld be put on prop]ly & us$ to prev5t ! tree f tipp+ ov] too f> z well z to keep x upright4 ,a good deal ( ! soil c be put back 9 ! hole )\t cov]+ ! roots to get x out ( ! way ( ! ma*9e4 ,! latt] c n[ be plac$ ab\t ! tree by remov+ ! front "p1 fa/5$ by f\r bolts1 plac+ ! frame ) ! h9d :eels ar\nd ! tree & replac+ ! front p>ts4 ,two timb]s1 ?ree-by-n9e in*es1 & tw5ty feet long1 are n[ plac$ on ! gr\nd "u ! h9d :eels1 & 9 front ( !m1 p>allel to ea* o!r = ! purpose ( keep+ ! h9d :eels up out ( ! big hole :5 draw+ ! tree away2 & !y are also us$ :ile back+ ! h9d :eels across ! new hole 9 :i* ! tree is to be plant$4 ,! ma*9e 7,figs4 #adi1 #aej7 consi/s ( a h9d axle twelve feet long1 & broad-tir$ :eels4 ,! frame is made ( spruce ?ree-by-eight in*es & tw5ty feet long4 ,! braces are ?ree-by-five in*es & t5 feet long1 & upright ?ree-by-n9e in*es & ?ree feet high2 ^! are bolt$ to ! h9d axle & ma9 frame4 ,! front axle has a set ( blocks bolt$ toge!r & ( suffici5t height to support ! front end ( ! frame4 ,into ! top timb]s1 ?ree-by-six in*es1 holl[s are cut at ! prop] di/ances to receive ! ends ( two locu/ roll]s4 ,a w9dlass or w9* is put at ea* end ( ! frame1 by :i* trees c easily & /eadily be lift$ & l[]$1 ! l>ge d\ble ropes pass+ ov] ! roll]s to ! w9dlasses4 ,a locu/ boom is put across ! ma*9e "u ! frame & above ! braces2 iron p9s hold x 9 place4 ,! side guy-ropes are made fa/ to ! ends ( ?is boom4 ,! o!r guy-ropes are made fa/ to ! front & re> p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,f\r rope loops are made fa/ inside ( ! frame1 & are s plac$ t by pass+ a rope ar\nd ! trunk ( ! tree & ?r\gh ! loops two or ?ree times1 a rope r+ is made ar\nd ! tree t w keep ! trunk 9 ! middle ( ! frame & n all[ x to hit ei!r ! edges or ! roll]s--a v necess>y safegu>d4 ,z ! tree is sl[ly lift$ by ! w9dlasses1 ! guy-ropes are loos5$1 z ne$$4 ,! tree w pass ob/ructions1 su* z trees by ! roadside1 b 9 do+ s x is bett] to lean ! tree backw>d4 ,:5 ! tree has arriv$ at its new place1 ! two timb]s are plac$ along ! opposite edges ( ! hole s t ! h9d :eels c be back$ ov] x4 ,! tree is !n l[]$ to ! prop] dep?1 & made plumb by ! guy-ropes1 & good1 mell[ soil is ?r[n 9 & pack$ well into all ! cavities "u ! roots4 ,:5 ! hole is half fill$1 sev]al b>rels ( wat] %\ld be p\r$ 92 ?is w wa% ! soil into ! cavities "u ! c5t] ( ! tree mu* bett]4 ,:5 ! wat] has settl$ away1 fill 9 & pack ! soil till ! hole is little m ?an full4 ,leave a depression1 s t all ! ra9 t may fall w be reta9$4 ,! tree %\ld n[ be judici\sly trimm$ & ! ma*9e remov$4 ,five m5 c take up1 move1 & plant a tree 9 a day1 if ! di/ance is %ort & ! digg+ n too h>d4 ,! tree %\ld be prop]ly wir$ to /akes to prev5t ! w9d f bl[+ x ov]4 ,! front "p ( ! ma*9e is a "p ( our plat=m spr+ m>ket-wagon1 :ile ! h9d :eels are f a wood-axle wagon4 ,a tree t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ) "s dirt adh]+ to its roots1 w weigh a ton or m40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,! tree ready to lift4 ,illu/ration3 #aej4 ,! tree ready to move4 ,w9t] protection ( plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,trees heel$-9 = w9t]4 ,if ! gr\nd is n ready = plant+ 9 ! fall1 or if x is desir$ = any reason to delay until spr+1 ! trees or bu%es may be heel$-91 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aea4 ,! roots are laid 9 a furr[ or tr5*1 & are cov]$ ) well-firm$ e>?4 ,/raw or manure may be ?r[n ov] ! e>? /ill fur!r to protect ! roots1 b if x is ?r[n ov] ! tops1 mice may be attract$ by x & ! trees be girdl$4 ,t5d] trees or bu%es may be lightly cov]$ to ! tips ) e>?4 ,plants %\ld be heel$-9 only 9 loose1 w>m1 loamy or s&y gr\nd & 9 a well-dra9$ place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,tree e>!d up = w9t]4 ,fall-plant$ trees %\ld g5]ally be m\nd$ up1 sometimes ev5 z high z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,?is hill+ holds ! plant 9 position1 c>ries (f ! wat]1 prev5ts too deep freez+1 & holds ! e>? f heav+4 ,! m\nd is tak5 away 9 ! spr+4 ,x is sometimes advisable to m\nd-up e/abli%$ trees 9 ! fall1 b on well-dra9$ l& ! practice is usually n necess>y4 ,9 hill+ trees1 pa9s %\ld be tak5 n to leave deep holes1 f :i* ! e>? 0 dug1 close to ! tree1 = wat] collects 9 !m4 ,roses & _m o!r bu%es may be m\nd$ 9 ! fall ) pr(it4 ,x is always advisable to mul* plants t are set 9 ! fall4 ,any loose & dry mat]ial--z /raw1 manure1 leaves1 leafmold1 litt] f y>ds & /ables1 p9e b\ghs--may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,v /rong or compact manures1 z ^? 9 :i* !re is little /raw or litt]1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,! gr\nd may be cov]$ to a dep? ( five or six in*es1 or ev5 a foot or m if ! mat]ial is loose4 ,avoid ?r[+ /rong manure directly on ! cr[n ( ! plants1 especially ( h]bs1 = ! mat]ials t lea* f ! manure sometimes injure ! cr[n buds & ! roots4 ,?is protection may also be giv5 to e/abli%$ plants1 p>ticul>ly to ^? :i*1 l roses & h]bace\s plants1 are expect$ to give a pr(usion ( bloom ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?is mul* af=ds n only w9t] protection1 b is an effici5t means ( f]tiliz+ ! l&4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! plant-food mat]ials h lea*$ out ( ! mul* by spr+1 & h become incorporat$ 9 ! soil1 :]e ! plant makes ready use ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec3 ,cov]+ plants 9 a box4 ,mul*es also s]ve a mo/ useful purpose 9 prev5t+ ! gr\nd f pack+ & bak+ by ! weight ( sn[s & ra9s1 & ! cem5t+ action ( too mu* wat] 9 ! surface soil4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! co>s] p>ts ( ! mul* may be remov$1 & ! f9] p>ts spad$ or ho$ into ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed3 ,cov]+ plants 9 a b>rel4 ,t5d] bu%es & small trees may be wrapp$ ) /raw1 hay1 burlaps1 or pieces ( matt+ or c>pet4 ,ev5 r l>ge trees1 z be>+ pea* trees1 are (t5 bal$ up 9 ?is way1 or sometimes ) corn fodd]1 al?\gh ! results 9 ! protection ( fruit-buds are n (t5 v satisfactory4 ,x is important t no gra9 is left 9 ! bal+ mat]ial1 else mice may be attract$ to x4 7,! dang] ( gnaw+ by mice t ne/ 9 w9t] cov]+s is always to be anticipat$47 ,x %\ld be kn[n1 too1 t ! object 9 ty+ up or bal+ plants is n s mu* to protect f direct cold z to mitigate ! effects ( alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+1 & to protect f dry+ w9ds4 ,plants may be wrapp$ s ?ick & tight z to injure !m4 ,! labor ( protect+ l>ge plants is (t5 great & ! results unc]ta91 & 9 mo/ cases x is a "q :e!r m satisfaction c\ld n be atta9$ by gr[+ only h>dy trees & %rubs4 ,! objection to cov]+ t5d] woody plants _c be urg$ ) equal =ce aga9/ t5d] h]bs or v l[ bu%es1 = ^! are protect$ ) ease4 ,ev5 ! ord9>y mul* may af=d suffici5t protection2 & if ! tops kill back1 ! plant quickly r5ews itself f ne> ! base1 & 9 _m plants--z 9 mo/ hybrid p]petual roses--! be/ bloom is on ^! new gr[?s ( ! season4 ,old boxes or b>rels may be us$ to protect t5d] l[ plants 7,figs4 #aec1 #aed74 ,! box is fill$ ) leaves or dry /raw & ei!r left op5 on top or cov]$ ) bo>ds1 b\ghs1 or ev5 ) burlaps 7,fig4 #aed74 ,connoisseurs ( t5d] roses & o!r plants sometimes g to ! pa9s ( erect+ a collapsible %$ ov] ! bu%1 & fill+ ) leaves or /raw4 ,:e!r ?is is wor? :ile dep5ds :olly on ! degree ( satisfaction t "o d]ives f ! gr[+ ( *oice plants 7see ,roses1 9 ,*ap4 ,,viii74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,lay+ d[n ( trellis-gr[n blackb]ries4 ,! tops ( plants may be laid d[n = ! w9t]4 ,figure #aee %[s a me?od ( lay+ d[n blackb]ries1 z practic$ 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] valley4 ,! plants 7 ti$ to a trellis1 z ! me?od is 9 t c\ntry1 two wires 7a1 b7 hav+ be5 run on ei!r side ( ! r[4 ,! po/s are h+$ on a pivot to a %ort po/ 7c71 & are held 9 position by a brace 7d74 ,! entire trellis is !n laid d[n on ! approa* ( w9t]1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! blackb]ry tops are s /rong t !y hold ! wires up f ! gr\nd1 ev5 :5 ! trellis is laid d[n4 ,to hold ! wires close to ! e>?1 /akes are ?ru/ ov] !m 9 a slant+ position1 z %[n at n n4 ,! sn[ t drifts ?r\gh ! plants ord9>ily af=ds suffici5t protection = plants :i* are z h>dy z grapes & b]ries4 ,9 fact1 ! species may be un9jur$ ev5 )\t cov]1 s9ce1 9 _! pro/rate position1 !y escape ! cold & dry+ w9ds4 ,9 sev]e climates1 or 9 ! case ( t5d] plants1 ! tops %\ld be cov]$ ) /raw1 b\ghs1 or litt]1 z recomm5d$ = regul> mul*-cov]s4 ,sometimes a ,v-%ap$ tr\gh made f two bo>ds is plac$ ov] ! /ems ( long or v9e-l plants t h be5 laid d[n4 ,all plants ) sl5d] or m or less pliant /ems c be laid d[n ) ease4 ,) su* protection1 figs c be gr[n 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,pea* & o!r fruit trees may be s tra9$ z to be tipp$ ov] & cov]$4 ,laid-d[n plants are (t5 injur$ if ! cov]+ rema9s too late 9 ! spr+4 ,! gr\nd w>ms up e>ly1 & may />t ! buds on p>ts ( ! buri$ plants1 & ^! t5d] buds may be brok5 :5 ! plants are rais$1 or injur$ by sun1 w9d1 or fro/4 ,! plants %\ld be rais$ :ile ! wood & buds are /ill h>d & dormant4 ,prun+4 ,prun+ is necess>y to keep plants 9 %ape1 to make !m m florif]\s & fruitful1 & to hold !m )9 b\nds4 ,ev5 annual plants (t5 may be prun$ to advantage4 ,?is is true ( tomatoes1 f :i* ! sup]flu\s or cr[d+ %oots may be remov$1 especially if ! l& is s ri* t !y gr[ v luxuriantly2 sometimes !y are tra9$ to a s+le /em & mo/ ( ! side %oots are tak5 away z !y appe>4 ,if plants ( m>igold1 gaill>dia1 or o!r /rong & spread+ gr[]s are held by /akes or wire-hold]s 7a good practice71 x may be advisable to remove ! weak & sprawl+ %oots4 ,balsams give bett] results :5 side %oots are tak5 (f4 ,! remov+ ( ! old fl[]s1 :i* is to be advis$ ) fl[]-g>d5 plants 7page #aaf71 is also a species ( prun+4 ,di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 prun+ & %e>+4 ,plants are %e>$ into giv5 %apes4 ,?is may be necess>y 9 b$d+-plants1 & occasionally :5 a =mal effect is desir$ 9 %rubs & trees2 b ! be/ ta/e is display$1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 9 all[+ ! plants to assume _! natural habits1 m]ely keep+ !m %apely1 cutt+ out old or dead wood1 &1 9 "s cases1 prev5t+ su* cr[d+ ( %oots z w r$uce ! size ( ! bloom4 ,! common practice ( %e>+ %rubb]y is v mu* to be repreh5d$2 ?is subject is discuss$ f ano!r po9t ( view on page #bd4 ,! prun] %\ld "k ! fl[]-be>+ habit ( ! plant t he prunes1--:e!r ! bloom is on ! %oots ( la/ season or on ! new wood ( ! pres5t season1 & :e!r ! fl[]-buds ( spr+-bloom+ plants are sep>ate f ! leaf-buds4 ,a v little c>eful obs]vation w det]m9e ^! po9ts = any plant4 7#a7 ,! spr+-bloom+ woody plants usually produce _! fl[]s f buds p]fect$ ! fall be=e & rema9+ dormant ov] w9t]4 ,?is is true ( mo/ fruit-trees1 & su* %rubs z lilac1 =sy?ia1 tree peony1 wi/>ia1 "s spireas & viburnums1 weigela1 deutzia4 ,cutt+ back ! %oots ( ^! plants e>ly 9 spr+ or late 9 fall1 !re=e1 removes ! bloom4 ,! prop] "t to prune su* plants 7unless "o int5ds to r$uce or ?9 ! bloom7 is j aft] ! fl[]+ season4 7#b7 ,! summ]-bloom+ woody plants usually produce _! fl[]s on %oots t gr[ e>ly 9 ! same season4 ,?is is true ( grapes1 qu9ce1 hybrid p]petual roses1 %rubby hibiscus1 crape myrtle1 mock orange1 hydrangea 7paniculata71 & o!rs4 ,prun+ 9 w9t] or e>ly spr+ to secure /rong new %oots is1 !re=e1 ! prop] proc$ure 9 ^! cases4 ,rem>ks on prun+ may be f\nd "u ! discussion ( roses & o!r plants 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 :5 ! plants ne$ any special or peculi> att5tion4 ,fruit-trees & %ade-trees are usually prun$ 9 w9t]1 pref]ably late 9 w9t]1 or 9 v e>ly spr+4 ,h[ev]1 !re is usually no objection to mod]ate prun+ at any "t ( ! ye>2 & mod]ate prun+ e ye>1 r ?an viol5t prun+ 9 occasional ye>s1 is to be advis$4 ,x is an old idea t summ] prun+ t5ds to favor ! production ( fruit-buds & !re=e to make = fruitfulness2 !re is und\bt$ly tru? 9 ?is1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t fruitfulness is n ! result ( "o treatm5t or condition1 b ( all ! conditions "u :i* ! plant lives4 ,all limbs %\ld be remov$ close to ! bran* or trunk f :i* !y arise1 & ! surface ( ! w\nd %\ld be practically p>allel ) su* bran* or trunk1 r ?an to be cut back to /ubs4 ,! /ubs d n heal readily4 ,all w\nds mu* above an in* across may be protect$ by a coat ( good l9se$-oil pa9t2 b small] w\nds1 if ! tree is vigor\s1 usually require no protection4 ,! object ( ! pa9t is to protect ! w\nd f crack+ & decay until ! heal+ tissue cov]s x4 ,sup]flu\s & int]f]+ bran*es %\ld be remov$ f fruit-trees1 s t ! top w be fairly op5 to sun & to ! pick]s4 ,well-prun$ trees all[ ( an ev5 di/ribution & uni=m developm5t ( ! fruit4 ,wat]spr\ts & suck]s %\ld be remov$ z soon z !y are discov]$4 ,h[ op5 ! top may be1 w dep5d on ! climate4 ,9 ! ,we/1 op5 trees suff] f sun-scald4 ,! fruit-be>+ habit ( ! fruit-tree mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! prun+4 ,! prun] %\ld be able to di/+ui% fruit-buds f leaf-buds 9 su* species z *]ries1 plums1 apricot1 pea*1 pe>1 apple1 & s prune z to sp>e ^! buds or to ?9 !m und]/&+ly4 ,! fruit-buds are di/+ui%$ by _! position on ! tree & by _! size & %ape4 ,!y may be on di/9ct 8spurs0 or %ort bran*es1 9 all ! above fruits2 or1 z 9 ! pea*1 !y may be *iefly lat]al on ! new %oots 79 ! pea*1 ! fruit-buds are usually two at a node & ) a leaf-bud betwe5 !m71 or1 z sometimes 9 apples & pe>s1 !y may be at ! ends ( la/ ye>'s gr[?s4 ,fruit-buds are usually ?ick]1 or 8fatt]10 ?an leaf-buds1 & (t5 fuzzy4 ,head+-back ! tree ( c\rse t5ds to conc5trate ! fruit-buds & to keep !m ne>] ! c5t] ( ! tree-top2 b head+-back mu/ be comb9$ ) intellig5t sav+ & ?9n+ ( ! int]ior %oots4 ,head+-back ( pe>s & pea*es & plums is usually a v desirable practice4 ,tree surg]y & protection4 ,aside f ! regul> prun+ to develop ! tree into its be/ =m to enable x to d its be/ "w1 !re are w\nds & mal=mations to be treat$4 ,rec5tly1 ! treat+ ( injur$ & decay$ trees has receiv$ mu* att5tion1 & 8tree doctors0 & 8tree surgeons0 h engag$ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,if !re are quacks among ^! p1 !re are also compet5t & reliable m5 :o are do+ useful s]vice 9 sav+ & prolong+ ! life ( trees2 "o %\ld *oose a tree doctor ) ! same c>e t he w\ld *oose any o!r doctor4 ,! liability ( injury to /reet trees 9 ! mod]n city & ! increas+ reg>d = trees1 r5d] ! s]vices ( good exp]ts increas+ly necess>y4 ,/reet trees are injur$ by _m causes3 z1 />v+ because ( poor soil & lack ( wat] "u pavem5ts2 smoke & du/2 leakage f gas ma9s & f electric in/allation2 gnaw+ by horses2 but*]+ by p]sons /r++ wires2 c>elessness ( contractors & build]s2 w9d & ice /orms2 ov]cr[d+2 & ! blund]+ "w ( p]sons :o ?9k t !y "k h[ to prune4 ,well-en=c$ municipal regulations %\ld be able to control mo/ ( ^! tr\bles4 ,tree gu>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,la? tree gu>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,wire-&-po/ tree gu>d ,along roadsides & o!r expos$ places x is (t5 necess>y to protect newly set trees f horses1 boys1 & vehicles4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( tree gu>ds = ?is purpose4 ,! be/ types are ^? t are m or less op51 s z to all[ ! free passage ( air & :i* are s f> remov$ f ! body ( ! tree t its trunk may exp& )\t difficulty4 ,if ! gu>ds are v tight1 !y may %ade ! trunk s mu* t ! tree may suff] :5 ! gu>d is remov$1 & !y prev5t ! discov]y ( insects & injuries4 ,x is important t ! gu>d does n fill ) litt] 9 :i* insects may h>bor4 ,z soon z ! tree is old en\gh to escape injury1 ! gu>ds %\ld be remov$4 ,a v good gu>d1 made ( la?s held toge!r ) ?ree /rips ( b&-iron1 & secur$ to iron po/s1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aef4 ,figure #aeg4 %[s a gu>d made by w9d+ f5c+ wire ^u ?ree po/s or /akes4 ,:5 !re is likely to be dang] f too great %ad+ ( ! trunk1 ?is latt] =m ( gu>d is "o ( ! be/4 ,!re are good =ms ( tree gu>ds on ! m>ket4 ,( c\rse hit*+-po/s %\ld be provid$1 :]ev] horses are to /&1 to remove ! temptation ( hit*+ to trees4 ,figure #aeh1 h[ev]1 %[s a v good device :5 a hit*+ po/ is n want$4 ,a /rong /ick1 f\r or five feet long1 is secur$ to ! tree by a /aple & at ! l[] end ( ! /ick is a %ort *a9 ) a snap 9 ! end4 ,! snap is secur$ to ! bridle1 & ! horse is n able to rea* ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aeh4 ,h[ a horse may be hit*$ to a tree4 ,mice & rabbits4 ,trees & bu%es are (t5 s]i\sly injur$ by ! gnaw+ ( mice & rabbits4 ,! be/ prev5tive is n to h ! v]m94 ,if !re are no places 9 :i* rabbits & mice c burr[ & bre$1 !re w be little difficulty4 ,at ! approa* ( w9t]1 if mice are fe>$1 ! dry litt] %\ld be remov$ f ab\t ! trees1 or x %\ld be pack$ d[n v firm1 s t ! mice _c ne/ 9 x4 ,if ! rod5ts are v abundant1 x may be advisable to wrap f9e wire nett+ ab\t ! base ( ! tree4 ,a boy :o is fond ( trapp+ or hunt+ w ord9>ily solve ! rabbit difficulty4 ,rags ti$ on /icks :i* are plac$ at int]vals ab\t ! plantation w (t5 fright5 rabbits away4 ,girdl$ trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,bridge-graft+ a girdle4 ,trees t are girdl$ by mice %\ld be wrapp$ up z soon z discov]$1 s t ! wood %all n become too dry4 ,:5 w>m wea!r approa*es1 %ave (f ! edges ( ! girdle s t ! heal+ tissue may gr[ freely1 sme> ! :ole surface ) graft+-wax1 or ) clay1 & b9d ! :ole w\nd ) /rong clo?s4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! tree is completely girdl$ = a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r in*es1 x usually may be sav$ by ?is treatm5t1 unless ! injury ext5ds into ! wood4 ,! wat] f ! roots rises ?r\gh ! s(t wood & n betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood1 z commonly suppos$4 ,:5 ?is sap wat] has rea*$ ! foliage1 x takes "p 9 ! elaboration ( plant-food1 & ?is food is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! plant1 ! pa? ( transf] be+ 9 ! inn] lay]s ( b>k4 ,?is food mat]ial1 be+ di/ribut$ back to ! girdle1 w g5]ally heal ov] ! w\nd if ! wood is n all[$ to become dry4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to jo9 ! b>k above & bel[ ! girdle by means ( cions1 :i* are :ittl$ to a w$ge-%ape on ei!r end1 & ins]t$ und]nea? ! two edges ( ! b>k 7,fig4 #aei74 ,! ends ( ! cions & ! edges ( ! w\nd are held by a b&age ( clo?1 & ! :ole "w is protect$ by melt$ graft+-wax p\r$ ^u x4 ,footnote3 ,a good graft+-wax is made z foll[s3 ,into a kettle place "o "p by weight ( tall[1 two p>ts ( beeswax1 f\r p>ts ( ros94 ,:5 completely melt$1 p\r into a tub or pail ( cold wat]1 !n "w x ) ! h&s 7:i* %\ld be greas$7 until x develops a gra9 & becomes ! color ( taffy c&y4 ,! :ole "q ( ! propagation ( plants is discuss$ 9 8,! ,nurs]y-,book40 ,repair+ /reet trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,a w\nd1 made by freez+1 trimm$ out & fill$ ) cem5t4 ,! foll[+ advice on 8tree surg]y0 is by ,a4,d4 ,taylor 7,bullet9 #bef1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 f :i* ! accompany+ illu/rations are adapt$73-- 8,tree surg]y includes ! intellig5t protection ( all me*anical injuries & cavities4 ,prun+ requires a previ\s intimate k ( ! habits ( gr[? ( trees2 surg]y1 on ! o!r h&1 requires 9 addition a k ( ! be/ me?ods = mak+ cavities air-tight & prev5t+ decay4 ,! fill+ ( cavities 9 trees has n be5 practic$ suffici5tly long to w>rant mak+ a def9ite /atem5t z to ! p]man5t success or failure ( ! op]ation2 ! "w is /ill 9 an exp]im5tal /age4 ,! c>+ = cavities 9 trees mu/ be urg$ z ! only means ( pres]v+ affect$ specim5s1 & ! pres]vation ( _m noble specim5s has be5 at lea/ tempor>ily assur$ ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ^? practic+ ?is k9d ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,a cem5t-fill$ cavity at ! base ( a tree4 8,successful op]ation dep5ds on two important factors3 fir/1 t all decay$ p>ts ( ! cavity be :olly remov$ & ! expos$ surface ?or\ghly wa%$ ) an antiseptic2 second1 t ! cavity1 :5 fill$1 mu/ be air tight & h]metically seal$ if possible4 ,trees are treat$ z foll[s3 ,! cavity is ?or\ghly clean$ by remov+ all decay$ wood & wa%+ ! int]ior surface ) a solution ( copp] sulfate & lime1 9 ord] to de/roy any fungi t may rema94 ,! edges ( ! cavity are cut smoo? 9 ord] to all[ free gr[? ( ! cambium aft] ! cavity is fill$4 ,any antiseptic1 su* z corrosive sublimate1 creosote1 or ev5 pa9t1 may answ] ! purpose2 creosote1 h[ev]1 possesses ! mo/ p5etrat+ p[]s ( any4 ,! me?od ( fill+ ! cavities dep5ds to a great ext5t on _! size & =m4 ,v l>ge cavities ) great op5+s are g5]ally brick$ on ! outside1 ov] ! op5+1 & fill$ on ! inside ) concrete1 ! brick s]v+ ! purpose ( a reta9+ wall to hold ! concrete 9 place4 ,concrete us$ = ! ma9 fill+ is usually made 9 ! proportion ( "o "p good ,portl& cem5t1 two p>ts s&1 & f\r p>ts cru%$ /one1 ! consi/5cy ( ! mixture be+ su* t x may be p\r$ into ! cavity & require little or no tamp+ to make ! mass solid4 7,fig4 #afj47 8,fill+s ?us made are consid]$ by exp]t tree surgeons to be a p]man5t prev5tive ( decay4 ,! outside ( ! fill+ is always coat$ ) a ?9 cov]+ ( concrete1 consi/+ ( "o "p cem5t to two p>ts f9e s&4 ,cavities result+ f freez+1 & :i*1 ?\gh l>ge on ! inside1 %[ only a long n>r[ crack on ! outside1 are mo/ easily fill$ by plac+ a =m aga9/ ! entire l5g? ( ! op5+1 hav+ a space at ! top ?r\gh :i* ! cem5t may be p\r$ 7,fig4 #afa74 ,ano!r me?od ( reta9+ ! concrete is to re9=ce x f ! outside by driv+ r[s ( spikes along ! inn] surface ( ei!r side ( ! cavity & lac+ a /\t wire across ! face ( ! cavity4 ,= be/ results1 all fill+s mu/ come flu% ) ! inn] b>k :5 f9i%$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 ?is gr[+ tissue w spread ov] ! out] edge ( ! fill+1 ?us =m+ an h]metically seal$ cavity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! outside ( small or n>r[ op5+s %\ld be completely cov]$ ) tissue1 :i* buries ! fill+ f view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,bridge-graft+ or 9-ar*+ f sapl+s plant$ ab\t ! tree4 8,x has be5 f\nd t !re is a t5d5cy = portl& cem5t to contract f ! wood aft] x dries1 leav+ a space betwe5 ! wood & ! cem5t ?r\gh :i* wat] & g]ms ( decay may ent]4 ,a rem$y = ?is defect has be5 sugge/$ 9 ! use ( a ?ick coat ( t>1 or an ela/ic cem5t :i* might be spread ov] ! surface ( ! cavity be=e fill+4 ,! crack+ ( portl& cem5t on ! surface ( long cavities is caus$ by ! sway+ ( trees dur+ heavy /orms1 & %\ld n occur if ! fill+ is correctly done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,faulty me?ods ( brac+ a crot*$ tree4 ,! l[] me?od is :olly wrong4 ,! upp] me?od is good if ! bolt-heads are prop]ly c\nt]-sunk & ! bolts tightly fitt$2 b if ! di/ance betwe5 ! bran*es is great1 x is bett] to h two bolts & jo9 !m by hooks1 to all[ ( w9d movem5ts4 8,9 addition to ! pres]vation ( decay$ specim5s by fill+ ! cavities1 z above outl9$1 x has be5 propos$ to /r5g!n ! tree by treat+ x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb4 ,"y sapl+s ( ! same species1 aft] hav+ become e/abli%$ z %[n1 are graft$ by approa* to ! mature specim54 8,injury frequ5tly results f error 9 ! me?od ( attempt+ to save brok51 or to /r5g!n & support weak bran*es t are o!rwise heal?y4 ,! means us$ = support+ crack$1 w9d-rack$1 & ov]lad5 bran*es :i* %[ a t5d5cy to split at ! =ks are bolt+ & *a9+4 ,! practice ( plac+ iron b&s ar\nd l>ge bran*es 9 ord] to protect !m has result$ 9 mu* h>m2 z ! tree gr[s & exp&s1 su* b&s tight51 caus+ ! b>k to be brok5 & result+ aft] a few ye>s 9 a p>tial girdl+ 7,fig4 #afc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,trees ru9$ to all[ ( ! passage ( wires4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,accommodat+ a wall to a valuable tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,! dea? ( a long /ub4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,bungl+ prun+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,! prop] way to saw (f a l>ge limb4 ,a cut is fir/ made on ! "u side to prev5t splitt+ d[n2 !n x is cut on ! upp] side4 ,!n ! entire 8/ub0 is remov$ close to ! trunk4 8,to bolt a tree correctly is comp>atively inexp5sive4 ,! safe/ me?od consi/s 9 pass+ a /rong bolt ?r\gh a hole bor$ 9 ! bran* = ?is purpose1 & fa/5+ x on ! outside by means ( a wa%] & a nut4 ,g5]ally ! wa%] has be5 plac$ aga9/ ! b>k & ! nut !n holds x 9 place4 ,a bett] me?od ( bolt+1 & "o :i* insures a neat appe>ance ( ! bran* 9 addition to s]v+ z ! mo/ c]ta9 safegu>d aga9/ ! entrance ( disease1 is to c\nt]-s9k ! nut 9 ! b>k & imb$ x 9 portl& cem5t4 ,! hole = ! s9k+ ( ! nut & wa%] is ?ickly coat$ ) lead pa9t & !n ) a lay] ( cem5t1 on :i* are plac$ ! nut & wa%]1 bo? ( :i* are !n imb$d$ 9 cem5t4 ,if ! out] surface ( ! nut be flu% ) ! plane ( ! b>k1 )9 a few ye>s x w be cov]$ by ! gr[+ tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,a weak-bodi$ "y tree well support$2 padd+ is plac$ "u ! b&ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,! wrong way ( atta*+ a guy rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,an all[able way ( atta*+ a guy rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,! be/ way ( atta*+ a guy rope1 if a tree mu/ be us$ z support4 8,! inn] ends ( ! rods 9 ! two bran*es may be connect$ by a rod or *a94 ,! pref]5ce = ! *a9 ov] ! rod atta*m5t is bas$ on ! compressive & t5sile /resses :i* come on ! connection dur+ w9d /orms4 ,rod connections are pref]r$1 h[ev]1 :5 rigidity is requir$1 z 9 unions made close to ! crot*2 b = ty+ two bran*es toge!r be=e !y h %[n signs ( weak5+ at ! =k1 ! *a9 may be/ be us$1 z ! po9t ( atta*m5t may be plac$ "s di/ance f ! crot*1 :]e ! flexibility factor w be important & ! /ra9 comp>atively small4 ,elms 9 an advanc$ /age ( maturity1 if subject$ to sev]e climatic conditions1 (t5 %[ ?is t5d5cy to split4 ,^! trees1 especially1 %\ld be c>efully inspect$ & means tak5 to pres]ve !m1 by bolt+ if necess>y40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,a me?od ( sav+ valuable trees along /reets on :i* heavy l[]+ ( grade has be5 made4 ,! illu/rations1 ,figs4 #afd-agc1 are self-explanatory1 & %[ poor practice & good practice 9 ! c>e ( trees4 ,,ix4 ,a rocky bank cov]$ ) p]man5t in=mal plant+4 ,,ix4 ,a rocky bank cov]$ ) p]man5t in=mal plant+4 ,! graft+ ( plants4 ,graft+ is ! op]ation ( ins]t+ a piece ( a plant into ano!r plant ) ! int5tion t x %all gr[4 ,x diff]s f ! mak+ ( cutt+s 9 ! fact t ! sev]$ "p gr[s 9 ano!r plant r ?an 9 ! soil4 ,!re are two g5]al k9ds ( graft+--"o ( :i* ins]ts a piece ( bran* 9 ! /ock 7graft+ prop]71 & "o :i* ins]ts only a bud ) little or no wood atta*$ 7budd+74 ,9 bo? cases ! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds on ! gr[+ toge!r ( ! cambium ( ! cion 7or cutt+7 & t ( ! /ock4 ,! cambium is ! new & gr[+ tissue ly+ und]nea? ! b>k & on ! outside ( ! gr[+ wood4 ,!re=e1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood %\ld co9cide :5 ! cion & /ock are jo9$4 ,! plant on :i* ! sev]$ piece is set is call$ ! /ock4 ,! "p :i* is remov$ & set into ! /ock is call$ a cion if x is a piece ( a bran*1 or a 8bud0 if x is only a s+le bud ) a bit ( tissue atta*$4 ,! great] "p ( graft+ & budd+ is p]=m$ :5 ! cion or bud is ne>ly or q dormant4 ,t is1 graft+ is usually done late 9 w9t] & e>ly 9 spr+1 & budd+ may be p]=m$ !n1 or late 9 summ]1 :5 ! buds h ne>ly or q matur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,budd+4 ,! 8bud02 ! op5+ to receive x2 ! bud ti$4 ,! *ief object ( graft+ is to p]petuate a k9d ( plant :i* w n reproduce itself f se$1 or ( :i* se$ is v difficult to obta94 ,cions or buds are !re=e tak5 f ?is plant & set into :atev] k9d ( plant is obta9able on :i* !y w gr[4 ,?us1 if "o wants to propagate ! ,baldw9 apple1 he does n = t purpose s[ se$s !re(1 b takes cions or buds f a ,baldw9 tree & grafts !m into "s o!r apple tree4 ,! /ocks are usually obta9$ f se$s4 ,9 ! case ( ! apple1 "y plants are rais$ f se$s :i* are secur$ mo/ly f cid] factories1 )\t ref]5ce to ! v>iety f :i* !y came4 ,:5 ! se$l+s h gr[n to a c]ta9 age1 !y are budd$ or graft$1 ! graft$ "p mak+ ! entire top ( ! tree2 & ! top be>s fruit l t ( ! tree f :i* ! cions 7 tak54 ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* ! union betwe5 cion & /ock is made4 ,budd+ may be fir/ discuss$4 ,x consi/s 9 ins]t+ a bud und]nea? ! b>k ( ! /ock1 & ! commone/ practice is t :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,budd+ is mo/ly p]=m$ 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & e>ly ,septemb]1 :5 ! b>k is /ill loose or 9 condition to peel4 ,twigs are cut f ! tree :i* x is desir$ to propagate1 & ! buds are cut (f ) a %>p knife1 a %ield-%ap$ bit ( b>k 7) possibly a little wood7 be+ left ) !m 7,fig4 #agd74 ,! bud is !n %ov$ into a slit made 9 ! /ock1 & x is held 9 place by ty+ ) a s(t /r&4 ,9 two or ?ree weeks ! bud w h 8/uck0 7t is1 x w h gr[n fa/ to ! /ock71 & ! /r& is cut to prev5t its /rangl+ ! /ock4 ,ord9>ily ! bud does n gr[ until ! foll[+ spr+1 at :i* "t ! entire /ock or bran* 9 :i* ! bud is ins]t$ is cut (f an in* above ! bud2 & ! bud !reby receives all ! en]gy ( ! /ock4 ,budd+ is ! commone/ graft+ op]ation 9 nurs]ies4 ,se$s ( pea*es may be s[n 9 spr+1 & ! plants :i* result w be ready = budd+ t same ,augu/4 ,! foll[+ spr+1 or a ye> f ! plant+ ( ! se$1 ! /ock is cut (f j above ! bud 7:i* is ins]t$ ne> ! gr\nd71 & 9 ! fall ( t ye> ! tree is ready = sale2 t is1 ! top is "o season old & ! root is two seasons old1 b 9 ! trade x is kn[n z a "o-ye>-old tree4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ! pea* /ock may be budd$ 9 ,june or e>ly ,july ( ! ye> 9 :i* ! se$ is plant$1 & ! bud gr[s into a saleable tree ! same ye>3 ?is is kn[n z ,june budd+4 ,9 apples & pe>s ! /ock is usually two ye>s old be=e x is budd$1 & ! tree is n sold until ! top has gr[n two or ?ree ye>s4 ,budd+ may be p]=m$ also 9 ! spr+1 9 :i* case ! bud w gr[ ! same season4 ,budd+ is always done on "y gr[?s1 pref]ably on ^? n m ?an "o ye> old4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,:ip-graft4 ,graft+ is ! ins]tion ( a small bran* 7or cion71 usually be>+ m ?an "o bud4 ,if graft+ is employ$ on small /ocks1 x is cu/om>y to employ ! :ip-graft 7,fig4 #age74 ,bo? /ock & cion are cut across diagonally1 & a split made 9 ea*1 s t "o fits into ! o!r4 ,! graft is ti$ securely ) a /r+1 & !n1 if x is above gr\nd1 x is also wax$ c>efully4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,cleft-graft be=e wax+4 ,9 l>g] limbs or /ocks1 ! common me?od is to employ ! cleft-graft 7,fig4 #agf74 ,?is consi/s 9 cutt+ (f ! /ock1 splitt+ x1 & ins]t+ a w$ge-%ap$ cion 9 "o or bo? sides ( ! split1 tak+ c>e t ! cambium lay] ( ! cion mat*es t ( ! /ock4 ,! expos$ surfaces are !n securely cov]$ ) wax4 ,graft+ is usually p]=m$ e>ly 9 ! spr+1 j be=e ! buds swell4 ,! cions %\ld h be5 cut be=e ?is "t1 :5 !y 7 p]fectly dormant4 ,cions may be /or$ 9 s& 9 ! cell> or 9 ! ice-h\se1 or !y may be buri$ 9 ! field4 ,! object is to keep !m fre% & dormant until !y are want$4 ,if x is desir$ to *ange ! top ( an old plum1 apple1 or pe> tree to "s o!r v>iety1 x is usually accompli%$ by means ( ! cleft-graft4 ,if ! tree is v "y1 budd+ or :ip-graft+ may be employ$4 ,on an old top ! cions %\ld beg9 to be> :5 ?ree to f\r ye>s old4 ,all ! ma9 limbs %\ld be graft$4 ,x is important to keep d[n ! suck]s or wat]spr\ts f ar\nd ! grafts1 & "p ( ! rema9+ top %\ld be cut away ea* ye> until ! top is entirely *ang$ ov] 7:i* w result 9 two to f\r ye>s74 ,a good wax = cov]+ ! expos$ p>ts is describ$ 9 ! footnote on page #ade4 ,keep+ records ( ! plantation4 ,if "o has a l>ge & valuable collection ( fruit or ornam5tal plants1 x is desirable t he h "s p]man5t record ( !m4 ,! mo/ satisfactory me?od is to label ! plants1 & !n to make a *>t or map on :i* ! v>i\s plants are indicat$ 9 _! prop] positions4 ,! labels are always liable to be lo/ & to become illegible1 & !y are (t5 misplac$ by c>eless workm5 or mis*iev\s boys4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,! common /ake label4 ,= vegetables1 annuals1 & o!r tempor>y plants1 ! be/ labels are simple /akes1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #agg4 ,g>d5 /akes a foot long1 an in* wide1 & ?ree-eigh?s in* ?ick may be b\ght ( label manufactur]s = ?ree to five doll>s a ?\s&4 ,^! take a s(t p5cil v readily1 & if ! labels are tak5 up 9 ! fall & /or$ 9 a dry place1 !y w la/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,a good /ake label1 ) ! leg5d cov]$4 ,= m p]man5t h]bace\s plants1 z rhub>b & asp>agus1 or ev5 = bu%es1 a /ake t is saw$ f cle> p9e or cypress1 eighte5 in*es long1 ?ree in*es wide1 & an in* or m ?ick1 af=ds a mo/ excell5t label4 ,! l[] end ( ! /ake is saw$ to a po9t1 & is dipp$ 9 coal t> or creosote1 or o!r pres]vative4 ,! top ( ! /ake is pa9t$ :ite1 & ! leg5d is writt5 ) a l>ge & s(t p5cil4 ,:5 ! writ+ becomes illegible or ! /ake is ne$$ = o!r plants1 a %av+ is tak5 (f ! face ( ! label ) a plane1 a fre% coat ( pa9t add$1 & ! label is z good z ev]4 ,^! labels are /rong en\gh to )/& %ocks f :iffletrees & tools1 & %\ld la/ t5 ye>s4 ,:5ev] a leg5d is writt5 ) a lead p5cil1 x is advisable to use ! p5cil :5 ! pa9t 7:i* %\ld be :ite lead7 is /ill fre% or s(t4 ,figure #agh %[s a v good device = pres]v+ ! writ+ on ! face ( ! label4 ,a block ( wood is secur$ to ! label by means ( a screw1 cov]+ ! leg5d completely & protect+ x f ! wea!r4 ,if m ornam5tal /ake labels are desir$1 v>i\s types c be b\ght 9 ! m>ket1 or "o c be made aft] ! fa%ion ( ,fig4 #agi4 ,?is is a z9c plate t c be pa9t$ black1 on :i* ! "n is writt5 ) :ite pa9t4 ,_m p]sons1 h[ev]1 pref] to pa9t ! z9c :ite1 & write or /amp ! label ) black ink or black type4 ,two /rong wire legs are sold]$ to ! label1 & ^! prev5t x f turn+ ar\nd4 ,^! labels are1 ( c\rse1 mu* m exp5sive ?an ! ord9>y /ake labels1 & are usually n s satisfactory1 al?\gh m attractive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,metal /ake label4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,z9c tallies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,common z9c tally4 ,= label+ trees1 v>i\s k9ds ( z9c tallies are 9 common use1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ahj & #aha4 ,fre% z9c takes a lead p5cil readily1 & ! writ+ (t5 becomes m legible z x becomes old]1 & x w usually rema9 ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,^! labels are atta*$ ei!r by wires1 z a1 b1 ,fig4 #ahj1 or !y are w\nd ab\t ! limb z %[n 9 c1 d1 & e1 9 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,! type ( z9c label mo/ 9 use is a simple /rip ( z9c1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aha1 wrapp$ ab\t ! limb4 ,! metal is s flexible t x exp&s readily ) ! gr[? ( ! bran*4 ,:ile ^! z9c labels are durable1 !y are v inconspicu\s because ( _! neutral color1 & x is (t5 difficult to f9d !m 9 d5se masses ( foliage4 ,! common wood5 label ( ! nurs]ym5 7,fig4 #ahb7 is p]haps z useful z any = g5]al purposes4 ,if ! label has _h a light coat ( ?9 :ite lead1 & ! leg5d has be5 made ) a s(t lead p5cil1 ! writ+ %\ld rema9 legible f\r or five ye>s4 ,fig4 #ahc %[s ano!r type ( label t is m durable1 s9ce ! wire is /iff & l>ge1 & is secur$ ar\nd ! limb by means ( p9c]s4 ,! l>ge loop all[s ! limb to exp&1 & ! /iff wire prev5ts ! misplac+ ( ! label by w9ds & workm54 ,! tally itself is :at is kn[n z ! 8package label0 ( ! nurs]ym51 be+ six in*es long1 "o & "o-f\r? in*es wide1 & co/+ 7pa9t$7 less ?an "o & "o-half doll>s a ?\s&4 ,! leg5d is made ) a lead p5cil :5 ! pa9t is fre%1 & sometimes ! label is dipp$ 9 ?9 :ite lead aft] ! writ+ is made1 s t ! pa9t cov]s ! writ+ ) a v ?9 protect+ coat4 ,a simil> label is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahd41 :i* has a l>ge wire loop1 ) a coil1 to all[ ! expansion ( ! limb4 ,! tallies ( ?is type are (t5 made ( glass1 or porcela9 ) ! "n indelibly pr9t$ 9 !m4 ,figure #ahe4 %[s a z9c tally1 :i* is secur$ to ! tree by means ( a %>p & po9t$ wire driv5 into ! wood4 ,"s pref] to h two arms to ?is wire1 driv+ "o po9t on ei!r side ( ! tree4 ,if galvaniz$ wire is us$1 ^! labels w la/ = _m ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,a common nurs]y label4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,cornell tree label4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,s]viceable l>ge-loop tree label4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,z9c tree label4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,injury by a tight label wire4 ,x is v important1 :5 adju/+ labels to trees1 to be sure t ! wire is n twi/$ tight aga9/ ! wood4 ,figure #ahf %[s ! injury t is likely to result f label wires4 ,:5 a tree is con/rict$ or girdl$1 x is v liable to be brok5 (f by w9ds4 ,x %\ld be a rule to atta* ! label to a limb ( m9or importance1 s t if ! wire %\ld injure ! "p1 ! loss w n be s]i\s4 ,:5 ! label1 ,fig4 #ahb1 is appli$1 only ! tips ( ! wire %\ld be twi/$ toge!r1 leav+ a l>ge loop = ! expansion ( ! limb4 ,! /or+ ( fruits & vegetables4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,! old-fa%ion$ 8outdoor cell>10 /ill a v useful & conv5i5t /orage place4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! /or+ ( p]i%able products1 z fruits & vegetables1 diff] ) ! diff]5t commodities4 ,all ! root-crops1 & mo/ fruits1 ne$ to be kept 9 a cool1 moi/1 & uni=m temp]ature if !y are to be pres]v$ a great l5g? ( "t4 ,squa%es1 sweet-potatoes1 & "s o!r ?+s ne$ to be kept 9 an int]m$iate & :at might be call$ a high temp]ature2 & ! atmosph]e %\ld be dri] ?an = mo/ o!r products4 ,! l[ temp]ature has ! effect ( arre/+ decomposition & ! "w ( fungi & bact]ia4 ,! moi/ atmosph]e has ! effect ( prev5t+ too great evaporation & ! consequ5t %rivel+4 ,9 ! /or+ ( any commodity1 x is v important t ! product is 9 prop] condition = keep+4 ,disc>d all specim5s t are bruis$ or are likely to decay4 ,mu* ( ! decay ( fruits & vegetables 9 /orage is n ! fault ( ! /orage process1 b is really ! "w ( diseases ) :i* ! mat]ials are infect$ be=e !y are put into /orage4 ,= example1 if potatoes & cabbages are affect$ ) ! rot1 x is practically impossible to keep !m any l5g? ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,lean-to fruit cell>1 cov]$ ) e>?4 ,! ro( %\ld be ( cem5t or /one slabs4 ,provide a v5tilator4 ,apples1 w9t] pe>s1 & all roots1 %\ld be kept at a temp]ature some:at ne> ! freez+ po9t4 ,x %\ld n rise above #dj ,f4 = be/ results4 ,apples c be kept ev5 at "o or two degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t if ! temp]ature is uni=m4 ,cell>s 9 :i* !re are heat]s are likely to be too dry & ! temp]ature too high4 ,9 su* places x is well to keep fre% vegetables & fruits 9 tight receptacles1 & pack ! roots 9 s& or moss 9 ord] to prev5t %rivel+4 ,9 ^! places1 apples usually keep bett] if head$ up 9 b>rels ?an if kept on racks or %elves4 ,9 moi/ & cool cell>s1 h[ev]1 x is pref]able = ! home supply to place !m on %elves1 n pil+ !m m ?an five or six in*es deep1 = !n !y c be sort$ ov] z occasion requires4 ,9 case ( fruits1 be sure t ! specim5s are n ov]-ripe :5 plac$ 9 /orage4 ,if apples are all[$ to lie 9 ! sun = a few days be=e be+ pack$1 !y w rip5 s mu* t x is v difficult to keep !m4 ,cabbages %\ld be kept at a l[ & uni=m temp]ature1 & wat] %\ld be dra9$ away f !m4 ,!y are /or$ 9 _m ways 9 ! field1 b success dep5ds s mu* on ! season1 p>ticul> v>iety1 rip5ess1 & ! fre$om f injuries by fungi & insects1 t uni=m results are r>ely secur$ by any "o me?od4 ,! be/ results are to be expect$ :5 !y c be kept 9 a h\se built = ! purpose1 9 :i* ! temp]ature is uni=m & ! air fairly moi/4 ,:5 /or$ out ( doors1 !y are likely to freeze & ?aw alt]nately2 & if ! wat] runs into ! heads1 mis*ief results4 ,sometimes !y are easily /or$ by be+ pil$ into a conical heap on well-dra9$ soil & cov]$ ) dry /raw1 & ! /raw cov]$ ) bo>ds4 ,x does n matt] if !y are fro/$1 provid$ !y d n ?aw out frequ5tly4 ,sometimes cabbages are laid head d[n 9 a %all[ furr[ pl[$ 9 well-dra9$ l&1 & ov] !m is ?r[n /raw1 ! /umps be+ all[$ to project ?r\gh ! cov]4 ,x is only 9 w9t]s ( r uni=m temp]ature t good results are to be expect$ f su* me?ods4 ,^! are "s ( ! ma9 consid]ations involv$ 9 ! /or+ ( su* ?+s z cabbage2 ! subject is m5tion$ aga9 9 ! discussion ( cabbage 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,a fruit /orage h\se cool$ by ice4 ,9 ! /or+ ( all products1 especially ^? :i* h s(t & gre5 matt]1 z cabbages1 x is well to provide aga9/ ! heat+ ( ! produce4 ,if ! ?+s are buri$ out ( doors1 x is important to put on a v light cov] at fir/ s t ! heat may escape4 ,cov] !m gradually z ! cold wea!r comes on4 ,?is is important ) all vegetables t are plac$ 9 pits1 z potatoes1 beets1 & ! l4 ,if cov]$ deeply at once1 !y are likely to heat & rot4 ,all pits made out ( doors %\ld be on well-dra9$ & pref]ably s&y l&4 ,:5 vegetables are want$ at int]vals dur+ ! w9t] f pits1 x is well to make comp>tm5t pits1 ea* comp>tm5t hold+ a wagon load or :atev] quantity w be likely to be want$ at ea* "t4 ,^! pits are sunk 9 well-dra9$ l&1 & betwe5 ea* ( ! two pits is left a wall ( e>? ab\t a foot ?ick4 ,"o pit c !n be empti$ 9 cold wea!r )\t int]f]+ ) ! o!rs4 ,an outside cell> is bett] ?an a h\se cell> 9 :i* !re is a heat]1 b x is n s h&y4 ,if x is ne> ! h\se1 x ne$ n be inconv5i5t1 h[ev]4 ,a h\se is usually heal?i] if ! cell> is n us$ = /orage4 ,h\se cell>s us$ = /orage %\ld h a v5tilat+ %aft4 ,"s ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 an ice-cool$ /orage h\se are expla9$ 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,if ! read] desires to make a c>eful /udy ( /orage & /orage /ructures1 he %\ld consult cyclop$ias & special articles4 ,! =c+ ( plants4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al means 7aside f gre5h\ses7 ( =c+ plants ahead ( _! season 9 ! e>ly spr+--by means ( =c+-hills & h&-boxes1 by coldframes1 & by hotb$s4 ,! =c+-hill is an arrangem5t by means ( :i* a s+le plant or a s+le 8hill0 ( plants may be =c$ :]e x p]man5tly /&s4 ,?is type ( =c+ may be appli$ to p]5nial plants1 z rhub>b & asp>agus1 or to annuals1 z melons & cucumb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,=c+-hill = rhub>b4 ,9 ,fig4 #aij is illu/rat$ a common me?od ( ha/5+ ! gr[? ( rhub>b 9 ! spr+4 ,a box ) f\r removable sides1 two ( :i* are %[n 9 end section 9 ! figure1 is plac$ ar\nd ! plant 9 ! fall4 ,! inside ( ! box is fill$ ) /raw or litt]1 & ! outside is bank$ ?or\ghly ) any refuse1 to prev5t ! gr\nd f freez+4 ,:5 x is desir$ to />t ! plants1 ! cov]+ is remov$ f bo? ! inside & outside ( ! box & hot manure is pil$ ar\nd ! box to its top4 ,if ! wea!r is yet cold1 dry light leaves or /raw may be plac$ inside ! box2 or a pane or sa% ( glass may be plac$ on top ( ! box1 :5 x w become a coldframe4 ,rhub>b1 asp>agus1 sea-kale1 & simil> plants may be advanc$ two or f\r weeks by means ( ?is me?od ( =c+4 ,"s g>d5]s use old b>rels or half-b>rels 9 place ( ! box4 ,! box1 h[ev]1 is bett] & h&i]1 & ! sides c be /or$ = future use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,=c+-hill1 & ! mold or frame = mak+ x4 ,plants t require a long season 9 :i* to mature1 & :i* d n transplant readily1 z melons & cucumb]s1 may be plant$ 9 =c+-hills 9 ! field4 ,"o ( ^! hills is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aia4 ,! frame or mold is %[n at ! left4 ,?is mold is a box ) fl>+ sides & no top or bottom1 & provid$ ) a h&le4 ,?is frame is plac$ ) ! small end d[n at ! po9t :]e ! se$s are to be plant$1 & ! e>? is hill$ up ab\t x & firmly pack$ ) ! feet4 ,! mold is !n )drawn1 & a pane ( glass is laid ^u ! top ( ! m\nd to conc5trate ! sun's rays1 & to prev5t ! bank f wa%+ d[n ) ! ra9s4 ,a clod ( e>? or a /one may be plac$ ^u ! pane to hold x d[n4 ,sometimes a brick is us$ z a mold4 ,?is type ( =c+-hill is n mu* us$1 because ! bank ( e>? is liable to be wa%$ away1 & heavy ra9 com+ :5 ! glass is (f w fill ! hill ) wat] & dr[n ! plant4 ,h[ev]1 x c be us$ to v good advantage :5 ! g>d5] c give x close att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,h&-box4 ,a =c+-hill is sometimes made by digg+ a hole 9 ! gr\nd & plant+ ! se$s 9 ! bottom ( x1 plac+ ! pane ( glass ^u a slight ridge or m\nd :i* is made on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is me?od is less desirable ?an ! o!r1 because ! se$s are plac$ 9 ! poore/ & colde/ soil1 & ! hole is v likely to fill ) wat] 9 ! e>ly days ( spr+4 ,an excell5t type ( =c+-hill is made by ! use ( ! h&-box1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aib4 ,?is is a rectangul> box1 )\t top or bottom1 & a pane ( glass is slipp$ into a groove at ! top4 ,x is really a m9iature coldframe4 ,! e>? is bank$ up slightly ab\t ! box1 9 ord] to hold x aga9/ w9ds & to prev5t ! wat] f runn+ into x4 ,if ^! boxes are made ( good lumb] & pa9t$1 !y w la/ = _m ye>s4 ,any size ( glass may be us$ :i* is desir$1 b a t5-by-twelve pane is z good z any = g5]al purposes4 ,aft] ! plants are ?or\ghly e/abli%$ 9 ^! =c+-hills1 & ! wea!r is settl$1 ! protection is :olly remov$1 & ! plants gr[ normally 9 ! op54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,glass =c+-hill4 ,a v good tempor>y protection may be giv5 to t5d] plants by us+ f\r panes ( glass1 z expla9$ 9 ,fig4 #aic1 ! two inn] panes be+ held toge!r at ! top by a block ( wood ?r\gh :i* f\r nails are driv54 ,plants are m likely to burn 9 ^! glass frames ?an 9 ! h&-boxes1 & su* frames are n s well adapt$ to ! protection ( plants 9 v e>ly spr+2 b !y are (t5 useful = special purposes4 ,9 all =c+-hills1 z 9 coldframes & hotb$s1 x is exce$+ly important t ! plants receive pl5ty ( air on bright days4 ,plants t are kept too close become weak or 8drawn01 & lose ! ability to )/& *anges ( wea!r :5 ! protection is remov$4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! w9d is cold & raw1 ! plants inside ! frames ord9>ily w n suff] if ! glass is tak5 (f :5 ! sun is %9+4 ,coldframes4 ,a coldframe is no?+ m ?an an enl>g$ h&-box2 t is1 in/ead ( protect+ b a s+le plant or a s+le hill ) a s+le pane ( glass1 ! frame is cov]$ ) sa%1 & is l>ge en\gh to accommodate _m plants4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al purposes = :i* a coldframe is us$3 ,= ! />t+ ( plants e>ly 9 spr+2 = receiv+ p>tially h>d5$ plants t h be5 />t$ e>li] 9 hotb$s & =c+-h\ses2 = w9t]+ "y cabbages1 lettuce1 & o!r h>dy plants t are s[n 9 ! fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,coldframe aga9/ a build+4 ,plants at ,e2 sill ( h\se at ,a2 basem5t op5+ at ,b4 ,coldframes are ord9>ily plac$ ne> ! build+s1 & ! plants are transplant$ into ! field :5 settl$ wea!r comes4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y are made directly 9 ! field :]e ! plants are to rema91 & ! frames1 & n ! plants1 are remov$4 ,:5 us$ = ?is latt] purpose1 ! frames are made v *eap by runn+ two r[s ( p>allel planks ?r\gh ! field at a di/ance ap>t ( six feet4 ,! plank on ! nor? is ord9>ily t5 to twelve in*es wide1 & t on ! s\? eight to t5 in*es4 ,^! planks are held 9 place by /akes1 & ! sa%es are laid across !m4 ,se$s ( radi%es1 beets1 lettuce1 & ! l1 are !n s[n b5ea? ! sa%1 & :5 settl$ wea!r arrives1 ! sa% & planks are remov$ & ! plants are gr[+ naturally 9 ! field4 ,half-h>dy plants1 z ^? m5tion$1 may be />t$ fully two or ?ree weeks 9 advance ( ! normal season by ?is means4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,wea!r scre51 or coldframe1 aga9/ a build+4 ,"o ( ! simple/ types ( coldframes is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aid1 :i* is a lean-to aga9/ ! f\ndation ( a h\se4 ,a sill is run j above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ! sa%es1 %[n at ,d1 are laid on raft]s :i* run f ?is sill to ! sill ( ! h\se1 ,a4 ,if ?is frame is on ! s\? side ( ! build+1 plants may be />t$ ev5 z e>ly z a mon? be=e ! op5+ ( ! season4 ,su* lean-to frames are sometimes made aga9/ gre5h\ses or w>m cell>s1 & heat is suppli$ to !m by ! op5+ ( a door 9 ! wall1 z at ,b4 ,9 frames t are 9 su* sunny positions z ^!1 x is exce$+ly important t c>e be tak5 to remove ! sa%1 or at lea/ to give ample v5tilation1 9 all sunny days4 ,a diff]5t type ( lean-to /ructure is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aie4 ,?is may be ei!r a tempor>y or p]man5t build+1 & x is g5]ally us$ = ! protection ( half-h>dy plants t are gr[n 9 pots & tubs4 ,x may be us$1 h[ev]1 = ! purpose ( =w>d+ pot-plants e>ly 9 ! spr+ & = protection ( pea*es1 grapes1 oranges1 or o!r fruits 9 tubs or boxes4 ,if x is desir$ m]ely to protect ! plants ?r\gh ! w9t]1 x is be/ to h ! /ructure on ! nor? side ( ! build+1 9 ord] t ! sun may n =ce ! plants into activity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,a pit or coldframe on p]man5t walls1 & a useful adjunct to a g>d54 ,! re> cov] is op5 7a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,! usual =m ( coldframe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,a /rong & durable frame4 ,ano!r /ructure t may be us$ bo? to c>ry half-h>dy plants ov] w9t] & = />t+ plants e>ly 9 spr+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aif4 ,x is really a m9iature gre5h\se )\t heat4 ,x is well adapt$ = mild climates4 ,! picture 0 made f a /ructure 9 ! coa/ region ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! common type ( coldframe is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aig4 ,x is twelve feet long & six feet wide1 & is cov]$ ) f\r ?ree-by-six sa%4 ,x is made ( ord9>y lumb] loosely nail$ toge!r4 ,if "o expects to use coldframes or hotb$s e ye>1 h[ev]1 x is advisable to make ! frames ( two-in* /uff1 well pa9t$1 & to jo9 ! p>ts by bolts & t5ons1 s t !y may be tak5 ap>t & /or$ until ne$$ = ! next ye>'s crop4 ,figure #aih sugge/s a me?od ( mak+ frames s t !y may be tak5 ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,a frame y>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,portable coldframe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,a l>g] portable coldframe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,a commodi\s portable frame4 ,x is always advisable to place coldframes & hotb$s 9 a protect$ place1 & p>ticul>ly to protect !m f cold nor? w9ds4 ,build+s af=d excell5t protection1 b ! sun is sometimes too hot on ! s\? side ( l>ge & light-color$ build+s4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( protection is to plant a h$ge ( ev]gre5s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aii4 ,x is always desirable1 also to place all ! coldframes & hotb$s close toge!r1 = ! purpose ( economiz+ "t & labor4 ,a regul> area or y>d may be set aside = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,a l[ coldframe4 ,v>i\s small & portable coldframes may be us$ ab\t ! g>d5 = ! protection ( t5d] plants or to />t !m e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,pansies1 daisies1 & bord] c>nations1 = example1 may be br\ght on v e>ly by sett+ su* frames ov] !m or by plant+ !m "u ! frames 9 ! fall4 ,^! frames may be ( any size desir$1 & ! sa% may be ei!r removable1 or1 9 case ( small frames1 !y may be h+$ at ! top4 ,figs4 #bjj-bjc illu/rate v>i\s types4 ,hotb$s4 ,a hotb$ diff]s f a coldframe 9 be+ provid$ ) bottom heat4 ,?is heat is ord9>ily suppli$ by means ( f]m5t+ manure1 b x may be obta9$ f o!r f]m5t+ mat]ial1 z tanb>k or leaves1 or f artificial heat1 z flues1 /eam pipes1 or wat] pipes4 ,! hotb$ is us$ = ! v e>ly />t+ ( plants2 & :5 ! plants h outgr[n ! b$1 or h become too ?ick1 !y are transplant$ into cool] hotb$s or into coldframes4 ,!re are "s crops1 h[ev]1 t are c>ri$ to full maturity 9 ! hotb$ itself1 z radi%es & lettuce4 ,! date at :i* ! hotb$ may be />t$ ) safety dep5ds almo/ entirely on ! means at comm& ( heat+ x & on ! skill ( ! op]ator4 ,9 ! nor!rn /ates1 :]e outdoor g>d5+ does n beg9 until ! fir/ or ! la/ ( ,may1 hotb$s are sometimes />t$ z e>ly z ,janu>y2 b !y are ord9>ily delay$ until e>ly 9 ,m>*4 ,! heat = hotb$s is commonly suppli$ by ! f]m5tation ( horse manure4 ,x is important t ! manure be z uni=m z possible 9 composition & texture1 t x come f highly f$ horses1 & is practically ( ! same age4 ,! be/ results are usually secur$ ) manure f liv]y /ables1 f :i* x c be obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,p]haps z mu* z "o half ( ! :ole mat]ial %\ld be ( litt] or /raw t has be5 us$ 9 ! b$d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,hotb$ ) manure on top ( ! gr\nd4 ,! manure is plac$ 9 a long & %all[ squ>e-topp$ pile1 n m ?an f\r or six feet high1 z a rule1 & is !n all[$ to f]m5t4 ,bett] results are g5]ally obta9$ if ! manure is pil$ "u cov]4 ,if ! wea!r is cold & f]m5tation does n />t readily1 wett+ ! pile ) hot wat] may />t x4 ,! fir/ f]m5tation is ne>ly always irregul>2 t is1 x beg9s unequally 9 sev]al places 9 ! pile4 ,9 ord] to make ! f]m5tation uni=m1 ! pile mu/ be turn$ occasionally1 tak+ c>e to break up all h>d lumps & to di/ribute ! hot manure ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to turn ! pile five or six times be=e x is f9ally us$1 al?\gh half ?is numb] ( turn+s is ord9>ily suffici5t4 ,:5 ! pile is /eam+ uni=mly ?r\gh\t1 x is plac$ 9 ! hotb$1 & is cov]$ ) ! e>? 9 :i* ! plants are to be gr[n4 ,hotb$ frames are sometimes set on top ( ! pile ( f]m5t+ manure1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,! manure %\ld ext5d "s di/ance beyond ! edges ( ! frame2 o!rwise ! frame w become too cold ab\t ! outside1 & ! plants w suff]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,section ( a hotb$ built ) a pit4 ,x is pref]able1 h[ev]1 to h a pit b5ea? ! frame 9 :i* ! manure is plac$4 ,if ! b$ is to be />t$ 9 midw9t] or v e>ly 9 ! spr+1 x is advisable to make ?is pit 9 ! fall & to fill x ) /raw or o!r litt] to prev5t ! e>? f freez+ deep4 ,:5 x is "t to make ! b$1 ! litt] is ?r[n out1 & ! gr\nd is w>m & ready to receive ! f]m5t+ manure4 ,! pit %\ld be a foot wid] on ei!r side ?an ! wid? ( ! frame4 ,fig4 #bje is a cross-section ( su* a hotb$ pit4 ,^u ! gr\nd a lay] ( an in* or two ( any co>se mat]ial is plac$ to keep ! manure (f ! cold e>?4 ,^u ?is1 f twelve to ?irty in*es ( manure is plac$4 ,above ! manure is a ?9 lay] ( leafmold or "s por\s mat]ial1 t w s]ve z a di/ributor ( ! heat1 & above ?is is f\r or five in*es ( s(t g>d5 loam1 9 :i* ! plants are to be gr[n4 ,x is advisable to place ! manure 9 ! pit 9 lay]s1 ea* /ratum to be ?or\ghly trodd5 d[n be=e ano!r "o is put 94 ,^! lay]s %\ld be f\r to eight in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,by ?is means ! mass is easily made uni=m 9 consi/5cy4 ,manure t has too mu* /raw = ! be/ results1 & :i* w !re=e soon "p ) its heat1 w spr+ up quickly :5 ! pressure ( ! feet is remov$4 ,manure t has too little /raw1 & :i* !re=e w n heat well or w sp5d its heat quickly1 w pack d[n into a soggy mass und]nea? ! feet4 ,:5 ! manure has suffici5t litt]1 x w give a spr+y feel+ to ! feet z a p]son walks ov] x1 b w n fluff up :5 ! pressure is remov$4 ,! quantity ( manure to be us$ w dep5d on its quality1 & also on ! season 9 :i* ! hotb$ is made4 ,! e>li] ! b$ is made1 ! l>g] %\ld be ! quantity ( manure4 ,hotb$s t are int5d$ to hold = two mon?s %\ld h ab\t two feet ( manure1 z a rule4 ,! manure w ord9>ily heat v vigor\sly = a few days aft] x is plac$ 9 ! b$4 ,a soil !rmomet] %\ld be ?ru/ ?r\gh ! e>? d[n to ! manure1 & ! frame kept tightly clos$4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is pass+ bel[ #ij1 se$s ( ! w>m plants1 l tomatoes1 may be s[n1 & :5 x passes bel[ #hj or #gj1 ! se$s ( cool] plants may be s[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf ,p>allel runs ( hotb$s ) racks = hold+ sa%es4 ,if hotb$s are to be us$ e ye>1 p]man5t pits %\ld be provid$ = !m4 ,pits are made f two to ?ree feet deep1 pref]ably ! =m] dep?1 & are wall$ up ) /one or brick4 ,x is important t !y be giv5 good dra9age f bel[4 ,9 ! summ]-"t1 aft] ! sa% are /ripp$1 ! old b$s may be us$ = ! gr[+ ( v>i\s delicate crops1 z melons or half-h>dy fl[]s4 ,9 ?is position1 ! plants c be protect$ 9 ! fall4 ,z already sugge/$1 ! pits %\ld be clean$ out 9 ! fall & fill$ ) litt] to facilitate ! "w ( mak+ ! new b$ 9 ! w9t] or spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,manure-heat$ gre5h\se4 ,v>i\s modifications ( ! common type ( hotb$ w sugge/ !mselves to ! op]ator4 ,! frames %\ld ord9>ily run 9 p>allel r[s1 s t a man walk+ betwe5 !m c att5d to ! v5tilation ( two r[s ( sa% at once4 ,fig4 #bjf %[s a diff]5t arrangem5t4 ,!re are two p>allel runs1 ) walks on ! outside1 & betwe5 !m are racks to receive ! sa% f ! adjac5t frames4 ,! sa% f ! left-h& b$ are run to ! "r1 & ^? f ! "r-h& b$ are run to ! left4 ,runn+ on racks1 ! op]ator does n ne$ to h&le !m1 & ! breakage ( glass is !re=e less2 b ?is sy/em is little us$ because ( ! difficulty ( rea*+ ! f>!r side ( ! b$ f ! s+le walk4 ,if ! hotb$ 7 high en\gh & broad en\gh to all[ a man to "w inside1 we %\ld h a =c+-h\se4 ,su* a /ructure is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjg1 ^u "o side ( :i* ! manure & soil are already 9 place4 ,^! manure-heat$ h\ses are (t5 v effici5t1 & are a good make-%ift until su* "t z ! g>d5] c af=d to put 9 flue or pipe heat4 ,hotb$s may be heat$ by means ( /eam or hot wat]4 ,!y c be pip$ f ! heat] 9 a dwell+-h\se or gre5h\se4 ,fig4 #bjh %[s a hotb$ ) two pipes1 9 ! positions #g1 #g b5ea? ! b$4 ,! e>? is %[n at #d1 & ! plants 7:i*1 9 ?is case1 are v9es7 are gr[+ ^u a rack1 at #f4 ,!re are doors 9 ! end ( ! h\se1 %[n 9 #b1 #b1 :i* may be us$ = v5tilation or = admitt+ air und]nea? ! b$s4 ,! pipes %\ld n be surr\nd$ by e>?1 b %\ld run ?r\gh a free air space4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,pipe-heat$ hotb$4 ,x w\ld sc>cely pay to put 9 a hot wat] or /eam heat] = ! express purpose ( heat+ hotb$s1 = if su* an exp5se 7 incurr$1 x w\ld be bett] to make a =c+-h\se4 ,hotb$s may be heat$1 h[ev]1 ) hot-air flues ) v good results4 ,a home-made brick furnace may be con/ruct$ 9 a pit at "o end ( ! run & und]nea? a %$1 & ! smoke & hot air1 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ directly upw>ds1 is c>ri$ ?r\gh a slightly ris+ horizontal pipe t runs und]nea? ! b$s4 ,= "s di/ance f ! furnace1 ?is flue may be made ( brick or unvitrifi$ sew] pipe1 b /ove-pipe may be us$ = ! great] "p ( ! run4 ,! *imney is ord9>ily at ! f>!r end ( ! run ( b$s4 ,x %\ld be high1 9 ord] to provide a good draft4 ,if ! run ( b$s is long1 !re %\ld be a rise 9 ! und]ly+ pipe ( at lea/ "o foot 9 tw5ty-five4 ,! great] ! rise 9 ?is pipe1 ! m p]fect w be ! draft4 ,if ! runs are n too long1 ! und]ly+ pipe may return und]nea? ! b$s & ent] a *imney directly ov] ! back end ( ! furnace1 & su* a *imney1 be+ w>m$ f ! furnace1 w ord9>ily h an excell5t draft4 ,! und]ly+ pipe %\ld occupy a free space or pit b5ea? ! b$s1 & :5ev] x lies ne> to ! floor ( ! b$ or is v hot1 x %\ld be cov]$ ) asbe/os clo?4 ,:ile su* flue-heat$ hotb$s may be em95tly successful ) a gr[] or build] ( exp]i5ce1 x may nev]!less be said1 z a g5]al /atem5t1 t :5ev] su* tr\ble & exp5se are incurr$1 x is bett] to make a =c+-h\se4 ,! subject ( =c+-h\ses & gre5h\ses is n discuss$ 9 ?is book4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,useful k9ds ( wat]+-pots4 ,^! are adapt$ to diff]5t uses1 z are diff]5t =ms ( hoes or prun+ tools4 ,! mo/ satisfactory mat]ial = use 9 hotb$ & cold-frame sa% is d\ble-?ick1 second-quality glass2 & panes twelve in*es wide are ord9>ily broad en\gh1 & !y suff] comp>atively little 9 breakage4 ,= coldframes1 h[ev]1 v>i\s oil$ pap]s & wat]pro( clo?s may be us$1 p>ticul>ly = plants t are />t$ little 9 advance ( ! op5+ ( ! season4 ,:5 ^! mat]ials are us$1 x is n necess>y to h exp5sive sa%1 b rectangul> frames are made f /rips ( p9e sev5-eigh?s in* ?ick & two & "o-half in*es wide1 halv$ toge!r at ! corn]s & ea* corn] ren=c$ by a squ>e c>riage-corn]1 su* z is us$ by c>riage-mak]s to secure ! corn]s ( buggy boxes4 ,^! corn]s c be b\ght by ! p\nd at h>dw>e /ores4 ,managem5t ( hotb$s4 ,close att5tion is requir$ 9 ! managem5t ( hotb$s1 to insure t !y d n become too hot :5 ! sun comes out sudd5ly1 & to give pl5ty ( fre% air4 ,v5tilation is usually effect$ by rais+ ! sa% at ! upp] end & lett+ x re/ ^u a block4 ,:5ev] ! temp]ature is above freez+ po9t1 x is g5]ally advisable to take ! sa% (f "p way1 z %[n 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,fig4 #aii1 or ev5 to /rip x (f entirely1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aig4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to wat] ! plants at nightfall1 especially 9 dull & cold wea!r1 b to give !m wat] 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! sun w soon br+ ! temp]ature up to its normal /ate4 ,skill & judgm5t 9 wat]+ are ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! managem5t ( hotb$s2 b ?is skill comes only f ?\ghtful practice4 ,! satisfaction & effectiv5ess ( ! "w are greatly increas$ by good hose connections & good wat]+-pots 7,fig4 #bji74 ,"s protection1 o!r ?an ! glass1 mu/ be giv5 to hotb$s4 ,!y ne$ cov]+ on e cold night1 & sometimes dur+ ! entire day 9 v sev]e wea!r4 ,v good mat]ial = cov]+ ! sa% is matt+1 su* z is us$ = cov]+ floors4 ,old pieces ( c>pet may also be us$4 ,v>i\s hotb$ matt+s are sold by deal]s 9 g>d5]s' supplies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,! mak+ ( /raw mats4 ,g>d5]s (t5 make mats ( rye /raw1 al?\gh ! price ( good /raw & ! excell5ce ( manufactur$ mat]ials make ?is home-made matt+ less desirable ?an =m]ly4 ,su* mats are ?ick & durable1 & are roll$ up 9 ! morn+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aii4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( mak+ ^! /raw mats1 b ,fig4 #baj illu/rates "o ( ! be/4 ,a frame is made aft] ! mann] ( a saw-horse1 ) a d\ble top1 & t>r$ or m>l9e tw9e is us$ = secur+ ! /r&s ( /raw4 ,x is cu/om>y to use six runs ( ?is w>p4 ,twelve spools ( /r+ are provid$1 six hang+ on ei!r side4 ,"s p]sons w9d ! cord ^u two tw5ty-p5ny nails1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 ^! nails be+ held toge!r at "o end by wire :i* is secur$ 9 not*es fil$ into !m4 ,! o!r ends ( ! spikes are free1 & all[ ! /r+ to be caught betwe5 !m1 ?us prev5t+ ! balls f unw9d+ z !y hang ^u ! frame4 ,two wisps ( /raight rye /raw are secur$ & laid ^u ! frame1 ) ! butt ends outw>d & ! heads ov]lapp+4 ,two opposite spools are !n br\ght up1 & a h>d knot is ti$ at ea* po9t4 ,! project+ butts ( ! /raw are !n cut (f ) a hat*et1 & ! mat is all[$ to drop ?r\gh to receive ! next pair ( wisps4 ,9 mak+ ^! mats1 x is ess5tial t ! rye conta9s no ripe gra92 o!rwise x attracts ! mice4 ,x is be/ to gr[ rye = ?is especial purpose1 & to cut x be=e ! gra9 is 9 ! milk1 s t ! /raw does n ne$ to be ?re%$4 ,9 addition to ^! cov]+s ( /raw or matt+1 x is sometimes necess>y to provide bo>d %utt]s to protect ! b$s1 p>ticul>ly if ! plants are />t$ v e>ly 9 ! season4 ,^! %utt]s are made ( half-in* or five-eigh?s-in* p9e lumb]1 & are ! same size z ! sa%--?ree by six feet4 ,!y may be plac$ ^u ! sa% und]nea? ! matt+1 or !y may be us$ above ! matt+4 ,9 "s cases !y are us$ )\t any matt+4 ,9 ! gr[+ ( plants 9 hotb$s1 e ef=t %\ld be made to prev5t ! plants f gr[+ sp9dl+1 or becom+ 8drawn40 ,to make /ocky plants1 x is necess>y to give room to ea* plant1 to be sure t ! di/ance f ! plants to ! glass is n great1 to provide n too mu* wat] 9 dull & cold wea!r1 & p>ticul>ly to give abundance ( air4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,protect+ ,,plants ,,f ,,?+s ,,t ,,prey ,,on ,,!m ,plants are prey$ on by insects & fungi2 & !y are subject to v>i\s k9ds ( disease t1 = ! mo/ "p1 are n yet und]/ood4 ,!y are (t5 injur$ also by mice & rabbits 7p4 #add71 by moles1 dogs1 cats1 & *ick5s2 & fruit is eat5 by birds4 ,moles may be tr\blesome on s&y l&2 !y heave ! gr\nd by _! burr[+ & may (t5 be kill$ by /amp+ :5 ! burr[ is be+ rais$2 !re are mole traps t are m or less successful4 ,dogs & cats "w injury mo/ly by walk+ across newly made g>d5s or ly+ 9 !m4 ,^! animals1 z well z *ick5s1 %\ld be kept )9 _! prop] place 7p4 #afj72 or if !y roam at w1 ! g>d5 mu/ be inclos$ 9 a tight wire f5ce or ! b$s protect$ by bru% laid closely ov] !m4 ,! insects & diseases t attack g>d5 plants are legion2 & yet1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y are n v difficult to combat if "o is timely & ?or\gh 9 8 op]ations4 ,^! difficulties may be divid$ into ?ree great categories3 ! injuries wr\ght by insects2 ! injuries ( p>asitic fungi2 ! v>i\s types ( s-call$ con/itutional diseases1 "s ( :i* are caus$ by g]ms or bact]ia1 & _m ( :i* h n yet be5 work$ out by inve/igators4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,%ot-hole disease ( plum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,hollyhock ru/4 ,! diseases caus$ by p>asitic fungi are usually di/+ui%$ by di/9ct m>ks1 spots or bli/]s on ! leaves or /ems1 & ! gradual weak5+ or dea? ( ! "p2 &1 9 _m cases1 ! leaves drop bodily4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ^! spots on ! leaves or /ems soon] or lat] exhibit a mildew-l or ru/y appe>ance1 due to ! developm5t ( ! spores or fruit+ bodies4 ,fig4 #baa illu/rates ! ravages ( "o ( ! p>asitic fungi1 ! %ot-hole fungus ( ! plum4 ,ea* spot probably repres5ts a di/9ct attack ( ! fungus1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> disease ^! injur$ p>ts ( tissue are liable to fall out1 leav+ holes 9 ! leaf4 ,plum leaves t are attack$ e>ly 9 ! season by ?is disease usually drop prematurely2 b sometimes ! leaves p]si/1 be+ riddl$ by holes at ! close ( ! season4 ,fig4 #bab is ! ru/ ( ! hollyhock4 ,9 ?is case ! pu/ules ( ! fungus are v def9ite on ! "u side ( ! leaf4 ,! bli/]s ( leaf-curl are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bac4 ,! ragg$ "w ( apple scab fungus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,leaf-curl ( pea*1 due to a fungus4 ,! con/itutional & bact]ial diseases usually affect ! :ole plant1 or at lea/ l>ge portions ( x2 & ! seat ( attack is commonly n s mu* 9 ! individual leaves z 9 ! /ems1 ! s\rces ( food supply be+ !reby cut (f f ! foliage4 ,! symptoms ( ?is class ( diseases are g5]al weak5+ ( plant :5 ! disease affects ! plant z a :ole or :5 x attacks l>ge bran*es2 or sometimes ! leaves %rivel & die ab\t ! edges or 9 l>ge irregul> discolor$ spots1 b )\t ! di/9ct pu/ul> m>ks ( ! p>asitic fungi4 ,!re is a g5]al t5d5cy = ! foliage on plants affect$ ) su* diseases to %rivel & to hang on ! /em = a "t4 ,"o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( ?is type ( disease is ! pe>-blight4 ,sometimes ! plant gives rise to abnormal gr[?s1 z 9 ! 8will[ %oots0 ( pea*es affect$ ) yell[s 7,fig4 #bae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,leaves & fruits injur$ by fungi1 *iefly apple-scab4 ,ano!r class ( diseases are ! root-galls4 ,!y are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! root-gall ( raspb]ries1 cr[n-gall ( pea*es1 apples1 & o!r trees1 is ! mo/ popul>ly recogniz$ ( ?is class ( tr\bles 7,fig4 #baf74 ,x has long be5 kn[n z a disease ( nurs]y /ock4 ,_m /ates h laws aga9/ ! sale ( trees %[+ ?is disease4 ,its cause 0 unkn[n1 until 9 #aijg ,smi? & ,t[ns5d1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 und]took an inve/igation4 ,!y prov$ t x is a bact]ial disease 7caus$ by ,bact]ium tumefaci5s72 b j h[ ! bact]ia ga9 entrance to ! root is n kn[n4 ,! same bact]ium may cause galls on ! /ems ( o!r plants1 z1 = example1 on c]ta9 ( ! daisies4 ,! 8hairy-root0 ( apples1 & c]ta9 galls t (t5 appe> on ! limbs ( l>ge apple-trees1 are also kn[n to be caus$ by ?is same bact]ium4 ,! disease seems to be mo/ s]i\s & de/ructive on ! raspb]ry1 p>ticul>ly ! ,cu?b]t v>iety4 ,! be/ ?+ to be done :5 ! raspb]ry pat* becomes infe/$ is to root out ! plants & de/roy !m1 plant+ a new pat* ) clean /ock on l& t has n gr[n b]ries = "s "t4 ,not)/&+ ! laws t h be5 made aga9/ ! di/ribution ( root-gall f nurs]ies1 ! evid5ce seems to %[ t x is n a s]i\s disease ( apples or pea*es1 at lea/ n 9 ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n det]m9$ h[ f> x may injure su* trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,! sl5d] tuft$ gr[? indicat+ pea* yell[s4 ,! cause ( ?is disease is undet]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,gall on a raspb]ry root4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,cank]-worm4 ,( obvi\s insect injuries1 !re are two g5]al types1--^? wr\ght by insects t bite or *ew _! food1 z ! ord9>y beetles & worms1 & ^? wr\ght by insects t puncture ! surface ( ! plant & d]ive _! food by suck+ ! juices1 z scale-insects & plant-lice4 ,! cank]-worm 7,fig4 #bag7 is a notable example ( ! =m] class2 & _m ( ^! insects may be dispat*$ by ! application ( poison to ! p>ts t !y eat4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t insects :i* suck ! juice ( ! plant are n poison$ by any liquid t may be appli$ to ! surface4 ,!y may be kill$ by v>i\s mat]ials t act ^u !m ext]nally1 z ! soap wa%es1 miscible oils1 k]os5e emulsions1 lime-&-sulfur sprays1 & ! l4 ,!re has be5 mu* activity 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! id5tification & /udy ( insects1 fungi1 & microorganisms t injure plants2 & great numb]s ( bullet9s & monographs h be5 publi%$2 & yet ! g>d5] :o has tri$ assidu\sly to foll[ ^! inve/igations is likely to g to 8 g>d5 any morn+ & f9d tr\bles t he _c id5tify & :i* p]haps ev5 an inve/igator himself might n und]/&4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 t ! g>d5] in=m himself n only on p>ticul> k9ds ( insects & diseases1 b t he develop a res\rcefulness ( 8 own4 ,he %\ld be able to d some?+1 ev5 if he does n "k a complete rem$y or specific4 ,"s ( ! proc$ure1 prev5tive & rem$ial1 t ne$s always to be consid]$1 is z foll[s3-- ,keep ! place clean1 & free f infection4 ,next to keep+ ! plants vigor\s & /rong1 ?is is ! fir/ & be/ means ( av]t+ tr\ble f insects & fungi4 ,rubbi% & all places 9 :i* ! insects c hib]nate & ! fungi c propagate %\ld be done away )4 ,all fall5 leaves f plants t h be5 attack$ by fungi %\ld be rak$ up & burn$1 & 9 ! fall all diseas$ wood %\ld be cut out & de/roy$4 ,x is important t diseas$ plants are n ?r[n on ! manure heap1 to be di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! g>d5 ! foll[+ season4 ,practice a rotation or alt]nation ( crops 7p4 #aad74 ,"s ( ! diseases rema9 9 ! soil & attack ! plant ye> aft] ye>4 ,:5ev] any crop %[s signs ( root disease1 or soil disease1 x is p>ticul>ly important t ano!r crop be gr[n on ! place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,a g>d5 h& syr+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,a knapsack pump4 ,see t ! disease or insect is n br$ on we$s or o!r plants t are botanically relat$ to ! crop y gr[4 ,if ! wild mall[1 or plant kn[n to *ildr5 z 8*eeses0 7,malva rotundifolia71 is de/roy$1 !re w be mu* less difficulty ) hollyhock ru/4 ,d n let ! cabbage club-root disease bre$ on wild turnips & o!r mu/>ds1 or black-knot on plum spr\ts & wild *]ries1 or t5t-cat]pill>s on wild *]ries & o!r trees4 ,always be ready to resort to h&-pick+4 ,we h gr[n s accu/om$ to kill+ insects by o!r means t we h almo/ =gott5 t h&-pick+ is (t5 ! sure/ & sometimes ev5 ! mo/ exp$iti\s means ( *eck+ an invasion 9 a home g>d54 ,_m insects c be j>r$ (f e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,egg-masses on leaves & /ems may be remov$4 ,cutworms may be dug out4 ,diseas$ leaves may be pick$ (f & burn$2 ?is w d mu* to combat ! hollyhock ru/1 a/] ru/1 & o!r infections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj ,a compress$-air h& pump = g>d5 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba ,a bucket pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb ,a bucket pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc ,a c>t-m\nt$ pump4 ,keep close wat* on ! plants1 & be prep>$ to /rike quickly4 ,x %\ld be a matt] ( pride to a g>d5] to h 9 8 workh\se a supply ( ! common insecticides & fungicides 7,p>is gre5 or ars5ate ( lead1 "s ( ! tobacco prep>ations1 :ite hellebore1 :ale-oil soap1 bordeaux mixture1 fl[]s ( sulfur1 c>bonate ( ,copp] = solution 9 ammonia71 & also a good h& syr+e 7,fig4 #bah71 a knapsack pump 7,figs4 #bai1 #bbj71 a bucket pump 7,figs4 #bba1 #bbb71 a h& bell[s or p[d] gun1 p]haps a b>r[ outfit 7,figs4 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbe71 & if ! plantation is l>ge en\gh1 "s k9d ( a =ce pump 7,figs4 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh74 ,if "o is always ready1 !re is little dang] f any insect or disease t is controllable by spray+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,a g>d5 outfit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,a c>t-m\nt$ b>rel pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,a b>rel h& pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,a b>rel outfit1 %[+ nozzles on ext5sion rods = trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,a truck-m\nt$ b>rel h& spray ,pump4 ,scre5s & cov]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,wire-cov]$ box = protect+ plants f insects4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( keep+ insects away f plants4 ,"o ( ! be/ is to cov] ! plants ) f9e mosquito-nett+ or to gr[ !m 9 h&-frames1 or to use a wire-cov]$ box l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,9 gr[+ plants "u su* cov]s1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! plants are n kept too close or conf9$2 & 9 cases 9 :i* ! insects hib]nate 9 ! soil1 ^! boxes1 by keep+ ! soil w>m1 may cause ! insects to hat* all ! soon]4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ^! cov]s are v effici5t1 especially = keep+ ! /rip$ bugs (f "y plants ( melons & cucumb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj ,protect+ f cut-worms4 ,cut-worms may be kept away f plants by plac+ %eets ( t9 or ( heavy glaz$ pap] ab\t ! /em ( ! plant1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,climb+ cut-worms are kept (f "y trees by ! means %[n 9 ,fig4 #bca4 ,or a roll ( cotton may be plac$ ab\t ! trunk ( ! tree1 a /r+ be+ ti$ on ! l[] edge ( ! roll & ! upp] edge ( ! cotton turn$ d[n l ! top ( a boot2 ! insects _c crawl ov] ?is ob/ruction 7p4 #bjc74 ,! maggots t attack ! roots ( cabbages & caulifl[]s may be kept f ! plant by pieces ( t>r$ pap]1 :i* are plac$ close ab\t ! /em ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,fig4 #bcb illu/rates a hexagon ( pap]1 & also %[s a tool us$ = cutt+ x4 ,?is means ( prev5t+ ! attacks ( ! cabbage maggot is describ$ 9 detail by ! late ,pr(essor ,g(f 7= ano!r me?od ( controll+ cabbage maggot see p4 #bja73-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca ,protect+ trees f cut-worms4 8,! c>ds are cut 9 a hexagonal =m1 9 ord] bett] to economize ! mat]ial1 & a ?9n] grade ( t>r$ pap] ?an ! ord9>y ro(+ felt is us$1 z x is n only *eap]1 b be+ m flexible1 ! c>ds made f x are m readily plac$ ab\t ! plant )\t be+ torn4 ,! blade ( ! tool1 :i* %\ld be made by an exp]t blacksmi?1 is =m$ f a b& ( /eel1 b5t 9 ! =m ( a half hexagon1 & !n tak+ an acute angle1 rea*es ne>ly to ! c5t]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,! "p mak+ ! />-%ap$ cut is =m$ f a sep>ate piece ( /eel1 s atta*$ to ! h&le z to make a close jo9t ) ! blade4 ,! latt] is bevel$ f ! outside all r\nd1 s t by remov+ ! "p mak+ ! />-%ap$ cut1 ! edge may be gr\nd on a gr9d/one4 ,x is important t ! angles 9 ! blade be made p]fect1 & t its outl9e repres5ts an exact half hexagon4 ,to use ! tool1 place ! t>r$ pap] on ! end ( a section ( a log or piece ( timb] & fir/ cut ! l[] edge into not*es1 z indicat$ at a1 ,fig4 #bcb1 us+ only "o angle ( ! tool4 ,!n comm5ce at ! left side & place ! blade z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es1 & /rike at ! end ( ! h&le ) a light mallet1 & a complete c>d is made4 ,cont9ue 9 ?is mann] across ! pap]4 ,! fir/ cut ( e alt]nate c\rse w make an imp]fect c>d1 & ! la/ cut 9 any c\rse may be imp]fect1 b ! o!r cuts w make p]fect c>ds if ! tool is correctly made1 & prop]ly us$4 ,! c>ds %\ld be plac$ ab\t ! plants at ! "t ( transplant+4 ,to place ! c>d1 b5d x slightly to op5 ! slit1 !n slip x on to ! c5t]1 ! /em ent]+ ! slit1 aft] :i* spread ! c>d out flat1 & press ! po9ts =m$ by ! />-%ap$ cut snugly ar\nd ! /em40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb ,%[+ h[ pap] is cut = protect+ cabbages f maggots4 ,! ,g(f device4 ,fumigat+4 ,an effective means ( de/roy+ insects 9 glass h\ses is by fumigat+ ) v>i\s k9ds ( smoke or vapors4 ,! be/ mat]ial to use = g5]al purposes is "s =m ( tobacco or tobacco comp\nds4 ,! old me?od ( fumigat+ ) tobacco is to burn sl[ly slightly damp5$ tobacco /ems 9 a kettle or scuttle1 all[+ ! h\se to be fill$ ) ! pung5t smoke4 ,lately1 h[ev]1 fluid extracts & o!r prep>ations ( tobacco h be5 br\ght into use1 & ^! are s effective t ! tobacco-/em me?od is becom+ obsolete4 ,! use ( hydrocyanic acid gas 9 gre5h\ses is n[ com+ to be common1 = plant-lice1 :ite-fly1 & o!r insects4 ,x is also us$ to fumigate nurs]y /ock = ,san ,jos scale1 & mills & dwell+s = su* pe/s & v]m9 z become e/abli%$ 9 !m4 ,! foll[+ directions are f ,cornell ,bullet9 #beb 7f :i* ! =mulas 9 ! succe$+ pages1 & mo/ ( ! advice1 are also tak573-- 8,no g5]al =mula c be giv5 = fumigat+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( plants gr[n 9 gre5h\ses1 z ! species & v>ieties diff] greatly 9 _! ability to )/& ! effects ( ! gas4 ,f]ns & roses are v susceptible to injury1 & fumigation if attempt$ at all %\ld be p]=m$ ) great caution4 ,fumigation w n kill insect eggs & ?us mu/ be repeat$ :5 ! new brood appe>s4 ,fumigate only at night :5 !re is no w9d4 ,h ! h\se z dry z possible & ! temp]ature z ne> #fj z practicable4 8,hydrocyanic acid gas is a deadly poison1 & ! greate/ c>e is requir$ 9 its use4 ,always use #ih to #ajj p] c5t pure potassium cyanide & a good grade ( comm]cial sulfuric acid4 ,! *emicals are always comb9$ 9 ! foll[+ proportion3 ,potassium cyanide1 #a oz42 sulfuric acid1 #b fluid oz42 wat]1 #d fluid oz4 ,always use an e>!n di%1 p\r 9 ! wat] fir/1 & add ! sulfuric acid to x4 ,put ! requir$ am\nt ( cyanide 9 a ?9 pap] bag & :5 all is ready1 drop x into ! liquid & leave ! room imm$iately4 ,= mills & dwell+s1 use #a oz4 ( cyanide = e #ajj cu4 ft4 ( space4 ,make ! doors & w9d[s z tight z possible by pa/+ /rips ( pap] ov] ! cracks4 ,remove ! silv]w>e & food1 & if brass & nickel "w _c be remov$1 cov] ) vasel9e4 ,place ! prop] am\nt ( ! acid & wat] = e room 9 #b-;gal4 j>s4 ,use two or m 9 l>ge rooms or halls4 ,weigh out ! potassium cyanide 9 pap] bags1 & place !m ne> ! j>s4 ,:5 all is ready1 drop ! cyanide into ! j>s1 beg9n+ on ! top floors1 s9ce ! fumes are light] ?an air4 ,9 l>ge build+s1 x is frequ5tly necess>y to susp5d ! bags ( cyanide ov] ! j>s by cords runn+ ?r\gh screw eyes & all lead+ to a place ne> ! door4 ,by cutt+ all ! cords at once ! cyanide w be l[]$ into ! j>s & ! op]ator may escape )\t injury4 ,let ! fumigation cont9ue all night1 lock+ all outside doors & plac+ dang] signs on ! h\se40 ,9 gre5h\ses1 ! :ite-fly on cucumb]s & tomatoes may be kill$ by ov]night fumigation ) #a oz4 ( potassium cyanide to e #ajjj cu4 ft4 ( space2 or ) a k]os5e emulsion spray or :ale-oil soap1 on plants n injur$ by ^! mat]ials4 ,! gre5 aphis is dispat*$ 9 h\ses by fumigation ) any ( ! tobacco prep>ations2 on violets1 by fumigation ) #a_/b to #c_/d oz4 potassium cyanide = e #ajjj cu4 ft4 ( space1 leav+ ! gas 9 f #a_/b to #a hr4 ,! black aphis is m difficult to kill ?an ! gre5 aphis1 b may be controll$ by ! same me?ods ?or\ghly us$4 ,soak+ tub]s & se$s4 ,potato scab may be prev5t$1 s f> z plant+ infect$ 8se$0 is conc]n$1 by soak+ ! se$ tub]s = half an h\r 9 #cj gal4 ( wat] conta9+ #a pt4 ( comm]cial 7ab\t #dj p] c5t7 =mal94 ,oats & :eat1 :5 attack$ by c]ta9 k9ds ( smut1 may be r5d]$ safe to s[ by soak+ = t5 m9utes 9 a simil> solution4 ,x is probable t "s o!r tub]s & se$s c be simil>ly treat$ ) good results4 ,potatoes may also be soak$ 7= scab7 "o & "o-half h\rs 9 a solution ( corrosive sublimate1 #a oz4 to #g gal4 ( wat]4 ,spray+4 ,! mo/ effective means ( de/roy+ insects & fungi h[ev]1 9 any g5]al or l>ge way1 is by ! use ( v>i\s sprays4 ,! two g5]al types ( insecticides h already be5 m5tion$--^? t kill by poison+1 & ^? t kill by de/roy+ ! body ( ! insect4 ,( ! =m]1 !re are ?ree mat]ials 9 common use--,p>is gre51 ars5ate ( lead1 & hellebore4 ,( ! latt]1 ! mo/ usual at pres5t are k]os5e emulsion1 miscible oils1 & ! lime-sulfur wa%4 ,sprays = fungi usually dep5d = _! effici5cy on "s =m ( copp] or sulfur1 or bo?4 ,= surface mildews1 z grape mildew1 du/+ fl[]s ( sulfur on ! foliage is a protection4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to apply mat]ials 9 liquid =m1 because !y c be m ?or\ghly & economically di/ribut$1 & !y adh]e to ! foliage bett]4 ,! be/ g5]al fungicide is ! bordeaux mixture4 ,x is g5]ally1 h[ev]1 n advisable to use ! bordeaux mixture on ornam5tal plants1 because x discolors ! foliage & makes ! plants look v untidy4 ,9 su* cases x is be/ to use ! ammoniacal copp] solution1 :i* leaves no /a94 ,9 all spray+ op]ations x is especially important t ! applications be made ! v mom5t ! insect or disease is discov]$1 or 9 ! case ( fung\s diseases1 if "o is expect+ an attack1 x is well to make an application ( bordeaux mixture ev5 be=e ! disease appe>s4 ,:5 ! fungus once gets inside ! plant tissue1 x is v difficult to de/roy x1 inasmu* z fungicides act on ^! deep-seat$ fungi v l>gely by prev5t+ _! fruit+ & _! fur!r spread on ! surface ( ! leaf4 ,= ord9>y conditions1 f two to f\r spray+s are necess>y to dispat* ! enemy4 ,9 spray+ = insects 9 home g>d5s1 x is (t5 advisable to make a second application ! day foll[+ ! fir/ "o 9 ord] to de/roy ! rema9+ insects be=e !y recov] f ! fir/ treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,cyclone or v]morel type ( nozzle1 s+le & multiple4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( ma*9es & devices = ! application ( sprays to plants4 ,= a few individual specim5s1 ! spray may be appli$ ) a :isk1 or ) a common g>d5 syr+e4 ,if "o has a few trees to treat1 h[ev]1 x is be/ to h "s k9d ( bucket pump l ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #bba1 #bbb4 ,on a lawn or 9 a small g>d5 a tank on :eels 7,figs4 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbe7 is h&y & effici5t4 ,9 su* cases1 or ev5 = l>g] areas1 "s ( ! knapsack pumps 7,figs4 #bai1 #bbj7 are v desirable4 ,^! ma*9es are always s]viceable1 because ! op]ator /&s s ne> to 8 "w2 b z !y c>ry a comp>atively small quantity ( liquid & d n ?r[ x rapidly1 !y are exp5sive :5 mu* "w is to be done4 ,yet1 9 ord9>y home gr\nds1 ! knapsack pump or compress$-air pump is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t & practicable ( all ! spray+ devices4 ,= l>ge areas1 z = small or*>ds & fields1 a b>rel pump m\nt$ on a wagon is be/4 ,common types ( b>rel pumps are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,comm]cial plantations are n[ spray$ by p[] ma*9es4 ,!re are _m good patt]ns ( spray+ ma*9es1 & ! int5d+ pur*as] %\ld s5d = catalogues to ! v>i\s manufactur]s4 ,! addresses may be f\nd 9 ! adv]tis+ pages ( rural pap]s4 ,z to nozzles = spray+ x may be said t !re is no "o patt]n t is be/ = all purposes4 ,= mo/ uses 9 home gr\nds ! cyclone or v]morel type 7,fig4 #bcc7 w give be/ satisfaction4 ,! pump manufactur]s supply special nozzles = _! ma*9es4 ,insecticide spray+ =mulas4 ,! two classes ( insecticides are "h describ$1--! poisons 7ars5ites & :ite hellebore7 = *ew+ insects1 z ! beetles & all k9ds ( worms2 ! contact insecticides1 z k]os5e1 oils1 soap1 tobacco1 lime-sulfur1 = plant-lice1 scale1 & insects 9 su* position t ! mat]ial _c be f$ to !m 7z maggots 9 ! und]gr\nd p>ts74 ,p>is gre54--,! /&>d insecticidal poison4 ,?is is us$ 9 v>y+ /r5g?s1 dep5d+ on ! insect to be controll$ & ! k9d ( plant treat$4 ,mix ! ,p>is gre5 into a pa/e & !n add to ! wat]4 ,keep ! mixture ?or\ghly agitat$ :ile spray+4 ,if = use on fruit trees1 add #a lb4 ( quick lime = e p\nd ( ,p>is gre5 to prev5t burn+ ! foliage4 ,= potatoes x is frequ5tly us$ alone1 b x is mu* saf] to use ! lime4 ,p>is gre5 & bordeaux mixture may be comb9$ )\t less5+ ! value ( ei!r1 & ! cau/ic action ( ! ars5ic is prev5t$4 ,! proportion ( ! poison to use is giv5 "u ! v>i\s insects discuss$ 9 ! succe$+ pages4 ,ars5ate ( lead4--,?is c be appli$ 9 a /rong] mixture ?an o!r ars5ical poisons )\t injur+ ! foliage4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mu* us$ aga9/ beetles & o!r insects t are h>d to poison1 z elm-leaf beetle & cank]-worm4 ,x comes 9 ! =m ( a pa/e & %\ld be mix$ ?or\ghly ) a small quantity ( wat] be=e plac+ 9 ! spray]1 else ! nozzles w clog4 ,ars5ate ( lead & bordeaux mixture c be comb9$ )\t less5+ ! value ( ei!r4 ,x is us$ 9 /r5g?s v>y+ f #d to #aj lb4 p] #ajj gal41 dep5d+ on ! k9d ( insect to be kill$4 ,ars5ite ( soda & ars5ite ( lime are sometimes us$ ) bordeaux mixture4 ,:ite ,hellebore4--,= wet application1 use fre% :ite hellebore1 #d oz42 wat]1 #b or #c gal4 ,= dry application1 use hellebore1 #a lb42 fl\r or air-slak$ lime1 #e lb4 ,?is is a :ite1 yell[i% p[d] made f ! roots ( ! :ite hellebore plant4 ,x loses its /r5g? aft] a "t & %\ld be us$ fre%4 ,x is us$ z a sub/itute = ! ars5ical poisons on plants or fruits soon to be eat51 z on currants & gooseb]ries = ! currant-worm4 ,tobacco4--,?is is a valuable insecticide & is us$ 9 sev]al =ms4 ,z a du/ x is us$ ext5sively 9 gre5h\ses = plant-lice1 & 9 nurs]ies & ab\t apple trees = ! woolly aphis4 ,tobacco decoction is made by /eep+ or soak+ ! /ems 9 wat]4 ,x is (t5 us$ z a spray aga9/ plant-lice4 ,tobacco 9 ! =m ( extracts1 punks1 & p[d]s is sold "u v>i\s trade names = use 9 fumigat+ gre5h\ses4 7,see page #ahh47 ,k]os5e emulsion4--,h>d1 s(t1 or :ale-oil soap1 #a_/b lb42 wat]1 #a gal42 k]os5e1 #b gal4 ,dissolve ! soap 9 hot wat]2 remove f ! fire & :ile /ill hot add ! k]os5e4 ,pump ! liquid back into itself = five or t5 m9utes or until x becomes a creamy mass4 ,if prop]ly made1 ! oil w n sep>ate out on cool+4 ,= use on dormant trees1 dilute ) #e to #g p>ts ( wat]4 ,= kill+ plant-lice on foliage dilute ) #aj to #ae p>ts ( wat]4 ,crude oil emulsion is made 9 ! same way by sub/itut+ crude oil 9 place ( k]os5e4 ,! /r5g? ( oil emulsions is frequ5tly indicat$ by ! p]c5tage ( oil 9 ! dilut$ liquid3-- ,= a #aj emulsion add #ag gal4 ( wat] to #c gal4 /ock emulsion4 ,= a #ae emulsion add #aj #a_/c gal4 ( wat] to #c gal4 /ock emulsion4 ,= a #bj emulsion add #g gal4 ( wat] to #c gal4 /ock emulsion4 ,= a #be emulsion add #e gal4 ( wat] to #c gal4 /ock emulsion4 ,c>bolic acid emulsion4--,soap1 #a lb42 wat]1 #a gal42 crude c>bolic acid1 #a pt4 ,dissolve ! soap 9 hot wat]1 add ! c>bolic acid1 & agitate into an emulsion4 ,= use aga9/ root-maggots1 dilute ) #cj p>ts ( wat]4 ,soaps4--,an effective insecticide = plant-lice is :ale-oil soap4 ,dissolve 9 hot wat] & dilute s z to obta9 "o p\nd ( soap to e five or sev5 gallons ( wat]4 ,?is /r5g? is effective aga9/ plant-lice4 ,x %\ld be appli$ 9 /rong] solutions1 h[ev]1 = scale insects4 ,home-made soaps & good laundry soaps1 l ,ivory soap1 are (t5 z effective z :ale-oil soap4 ,miscible oils4--,!re are n[ on ! m>ket a numb] ( prep>ations ( petroleum & o!r oils int5d$ prim>ily = use aga9/ ! ,san ,jos scale4 ,!y mix readily ) cold wat] & are imm$iately ready = use4 ,:ile quickly prep>$1 easily appli$1 & g5]ally effective1 !y co/ consid]ably m ?an lime-sulfur wa%4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 less corrosive to ! pumps & m agreeable to use4 ,!y are especially valuable to ! man ) only a few trees or %rubs :o w\ld n c>e to g to ! tr\ble & exp5se to make up ! lime-sulfur wa%4 ,!y %\ld be dilut$ ) n m ?an #aj or #ab p>ts ( wat]4 ,use only on dormant trees4 ,lime & sulfur wa%4--,quicklime1 #bj lb42 fl[]s ( sulfur1 #ae lb42 wat]1 #ej gal4 ,! lime & sulfur mu/ be ?or\ghly boil$4 ,an iron kettle is (t5 conv5i5t = ! "w4 ,proce$ z foll[s3 ,place ! lime 9 ! kettle4 ,add hot wat] gradually 9 suffici5t quantity to produce ! mo/ rapid slak+ ( ! lime4 ,:5 ! lime beg9s to slake1 add ! sulfur & /ir toge!r4 ,if conv5i5t1 keep ! mixture cov]$ ) burlap to save ! heat4 ,aft] slak+ has ceas$1 add m wat] & boil ! mixture "o h\r4 ,z ! sulfur goes into solution1 a ri* orange-r$ or d>k gre5 color w appe>4 ,aft] boil+ suffici5tly1 add wat] to ! requir$ am\nt & /ra9 into ! spray tank4 ,! wa% is mo/ effective :5 appli$ w>m1 b may be appli$ cold4 ,if "o has access to a /eam boil]1 boil+ ) /eam is m conv5i5t & satisfactory4 ,b>rels may be us$ = hold+ ! mixture1 & ! /eam appli$ by runn+ a pipe or rubb] hose into ! mixture4 ,proce$ 9 ! same way until ! lime is slak$1 :5 ! /eam may be turn$ on4 ,cont9ue boil+ = #de m94 to an h\r1 or until sulfur is dissolv$4 ,?is /r5g? c be appli$ safely only :5 ! trees are dormant4 ,x is ma9ly an insecticide = ,san ,jos scale1 al?\gh x has consid]able value z a fungicide4 ,lime-sulfur mixtures & solutions = summ] spray+ are n[ com+ to take ! place ( bordeaux 9 _m cases4 ,scott's self-boil$ lime-sulfur mixture1 describ$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,bureau ,plant ,indu/ry ,circ4 #bg is n[ a /&>d fungicide = br[n-rot & black-spot or scab ( ! pea*4 ,conc5trat$ lime-sulfur solutions1 ei!r home boil$ or comm]cial1 are effective aga9/ apple scab & h ! advantage ( n russet+ ! fruit4 ,su* conc5trates1 te/+ #cb ,baume1 %\ld be dilut$ at ab\t #a gal4 to #cj ( wat]4 ,apply at same "t z ) bordeaux4 ,add ars5ate ( lead z ) bordeaux4 ,fungicide spray+ =mulas4 ,! /&>d fungicide is bordeaux mixture1 made 9 sev]al =ms4 ,! second mo/ important fungicide = ! home g>d5] is ammoniacal copp] c>bonate4 ,sulfur du/ 7fl[]s ( sulfur7 & liv] ( sulfur 7potassium sulfide7 are also useful 9 dry or wet sprays = surface mildews4 ,! lime-sulfur wa%1 prim>ily an insecticide1 also has fungicidal prop]ty4 ,bordeaux mixture4--,copp] sulfate1 #e lb42 /one lime or quicklime 7unslak$71 #e lb42 wat]1 #ej gal4 ,?is =mula is ! /r5g? usually recomm5d$4 ,/ock mixtures ( copp] sulfate & lime are desirable4 ,!y are prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ way3-- 7#a7 ,dissolve ! requir$ am\nt ( copp] sulfate 9 wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o p\nd to "o gallon sev]al h\rs be=e ! solution is ne$$1 ! copp] sulfate cry/als be+ susp5d$ 9 a sack ne> ! top ( ! wat]4 ,a solution ( copp] sulfate is heavi] ?an wat]4 ,z soon !n1 z ! cry/als beg9 to dissolve ! solution w s9k1 keep+ wat] 9 contact ) ! cry/als4 ,9 ?is way1 ! cry/als w dissolve mu* soon] ?an if plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! b>rel ( wat]4 ,9 case l>ge quantities ( /ock solution are ne$$1 two p\nds ( copp] sulfate may be dissolv$ 9 "o gallon ( wat]4 7#b7 ,slake ! requir$ am\nt ( lime 9 a tub or tr\gh4 ,add ! wat] sl[ly at fir/1 s t ! lime crumbles into a f9e p[d]4 ,if small quantities ( lime are us$1 hot wat] is pref]r$4 ,:5 completely slak$1 or entirely p[d]$1 add m wat]4 ,:5 ! lime has slak$ suffici5tly1 add wat] to br+ x to a ?ick milk1 or to a c]ta9 numb] ( gallons4 ,! am\nt requir$ = ea* tank ( spray mixture c be secur$ approximately f ?is /ock mixture1 :i* %\ld n be all[$ to dry out4 7#c7 ,use five gallons ( /ock solution ( copp] sulfate = e fifty gallons ( bordeaux requir$4 ,p\r ?is into ! tank4 ,add wat] until ! tank is ab\t two-?irds full4 ,f ! /ock lime mixture take ! requir$ am\nt4 ,kn[+ ! numb] ( p\nds ( lime 9 ! /ock mixture & ! volume ( t mixture1 "o c take out approximately ! numb] ( p\nds requir$4 ,dilute ?is a little by add+ wat]1 & /ra9 into ! tank4 ,/ir ! mixture1 & add wat] to make ! requir$ am\nt4 ,exp]im5t /ations (t5 recomm5d ! dilut+ ( bo? ! copp] sulfate solution & ! lime mixture to "o-half ! requir$ am\nt be=e p\r+ toge!r4 ,?is is n necess>y1 & is (t5 impracticable = comm]cial "w4 ,x is pref]able to dilute ! copp] sulfate solution4 ,nev] p\r toge!r ! /rong /ock mixtures & dilute aft]w>d4 ,bordeaux mixture ( o!r /r5g?s1 z recomm5d$1 is made 9 ! same way1 except t ! am\nts ( copp] sulfate & lime are v>i$4 7#d7 ,x is n necess>y to weigh ! lime 9 mak+ bordeaux mixture1 = a simple te/ c be us$ to det]m9e :5 en\gh ( a /ock lime mixture has be5 add$4 ,dissolve an ounce ( yell[ prussiate ( pota% 9 a p9t ( wat] & label x 8poison40 ,cut a ,v-%ap$ slit 9 "o side ( ! cork s t ! liquid may be p\r$ out 9 drops4 ,add ! lime mixture to ! dilut$ copp] sulfate solution until ! f]ro-cyanide 7or prussiate7 te/ solution w n turn br[n :5 dropp$ f ! bottle into ! mixture4 ,x is always be/ to add a consid]able excess ( lime4 8,/ick]0 or adhesive = bordeaux mixture4--,res91 #b lb42 sal soda 7cry/als71 #a lb42 wat]1 #a gal4 ,boil until ( a cle> br[n color--"o to "o & "o-half h\rs4 ,cook 9 iron kettle 9 ! op54 ,add ?is am\nt to ea* fifty gallons ( bordeaux = onions & cabbage4 ,= o!r plants difficult to wet1 add ?is am\nt to e "o hundr$ gallons ( ! mixture4 ,?is mixture w prev5t ! bordeaux f be+ wa%$ (f by ! heavie/ ra9s4 ,ammoniacal copp] c>bonate4--,copp] c>bonate1 #e oz42 ammonia1 #c pt42 wat]1 #ej gal4 ,dilute ! ammonia 9 sev5 or eight p>ts ( wat]4 ,make a pa/e ( ! copp] c>bonate ) a little wat]4 ,add ! pa/e to ! dilut$ ammonia1 & /ir until dissolv$4 ,add en\gh wat] to make fifty gallons4 ,?is mixture loses /r5g? on /&+1 & !re=e %\ld be made z requir$4 ,x is us$ 9 place ( bordeaux :5 "o wi%es to avoid ! color+ ( matur+ fruits or ornam5tal plants4 ,n z effective z bordeaux4 ,potassium sulfide4--,potassium sulfide 7liv] ( sulfur71 #c oz42 wat]1 #aj gal4 ,z ?is mixture loses /r5g? on /&+1 x %\ld be made j be=e us+4 ,x is p>ticul>ly valuable = ! p[d]y mildew ( _m plants1 especially gooseb]ry1 c>nation ru/1 rose mildew1 etc4 ,sulfur4--,sulfur has be5 f\nd to possess consid]able value z a fungicide4 ,! fl[]s ( sulfur may be spr9kl$ ov] ! plants1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are wet4 ,x is mo/ effective 9 hot1 dry wea!r4 ,9 rose h\ses x is mix$ ) half its bulk ( lime1 & made into a pa/e ) wat]4 ,?is is pa9t$ on ! /eam pipes4 ,! fumes de/roy mildew on ! roses4 ,mix$ ) lime1 x has prov$ effective 9 ! control ( onion smut :5 drill$ into ! r[s ) ! se$4 ,sulfur is n effective aga9/ black-rot ( grapes4 ,treatm5t = "s ( ! common insects4 ,! mo/ approv$ prev5tive & rem$ial treatm5ts = su* insect pe/s z are mo/ likely to m5ace home gr\nds & plantations are "h briefly discuss$4 ,9 case ( any unusual difficulty t he _c control1 ! home-mak] %\ld take x up ) ! agricultural exp]im5t /ation 9 ! /ate1 s5d+ good specim5s ( ! insect = id5tification4 ,he %\ld also h ! publications ( ! /ation4 ,! /atem5ts t are "h made are int5d$ z advice r ?an z directions4 ,!y are *os5 f good au?orities 7mo/ly f ,sl+]l& & ,crosby 9 ?is case72 b ! read] mu/1 ( c\rse1 assume 8 own risk 9 apply+ !m4 ,! effectiv5ess ( any recomm5d$ treatm5t dep5ds v l>gely on ! c>e1 ?or\ghness1 & timel9ess ) :i* ! "w is done2 & new me?ods & practices are con/antly appe>+ z ! result ( new inve/igations4 ,! dates giv5 9 ^! directions are = ,new ,york4 ,aphis or plant-l\se4--,! /ock rem$ies = aphides or plant-lice are k]os5e emulsion & ! tobacco prep>ations4 ,:ale-oil soap is also good4 ,! tobacco may be appli$ z a spray1 or 9 ! h\se z fumigation2 ! comm]cial =ms ( nicot9e are excell5t4 7,see page #aid47 ,be sure to apply ! rem$y be=e ! leaves h curl$ & af=d protection = ! lice2 be sure1 also1 to hit ! und]side ( ! leaves1 :]e ! lice usually are4 ,! pres5ce ( lice on trees is sometimes fir/ discov]$ f ! honey-dew t drops on walks4 ,usually ! emulsion is dilut$ ) #aj-ae p>ts ( wat] = plant-lice 7see =mula1 page #aid72 b "s ( ! species 7z ! d>k br[n *]ry-leaf l\se7 require a /rong] emulsion1 ab\t #f p>ts ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,lady-bird beetle2 l>va above ,! lady-birds 7"o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcd7 de/roy great numb]s ( plant-lice1 & _! pres5ce %\ld !re=e be enc\rag$4 ,apple-maggot or 8railroad-worm40--,! small :ite maggots make br[ni% w9d+ burr[s 9 ! fle% ( ! fruit1 p>ticul>ly 9 summ] & e>ly fall v>ieties4 ,?is insect _c be rea*$ by a spray z ! p>5t fly ins]ts h] eggs "u ! sk9 ( ! apple4 ,:5 full-gr[n1 ! maggot leaves ! fruit1 passes into ! gr\nd1 & !re trans=ms inside a t\gh1 lea!ry case4 ,tillage has be5 f\nd to be ( no value z a means ( control4 ,! only effective treatm5t is to pick up all w9dfalls e two or ?ree days1 & ei!r to fe$ !m out or to bury !m deeply1 ?us kill+ ! maggots4 ,asp>agus beetle4--,clean cultural me?ods are usually suffici5t to prev5t ! asp>agus beetle's s]i\sly injur+ well-e/abli%$ b$s4 ,"y plants require m or less protection4 ,a good grade ( ars5ate ( lead1 #a lb4 to #be gal4 ( wat]1 w quickly de/roy ! grubs on ! foliage ( ei!r "y or old plants4 ,apply x ) an ord9>y spr9kl+ c1 or bett]1 use "o ( ! num]\s spray+ devices n[ on ! m>ket4 ,! necessity = treatm5t mu/ be det]m9$ by ! abundance ( ! pe/s4 ,!y %\ld n be p]mitt$ to become abundant 9 midsumm] or ! ov]-w9t]+ beetles may injure ! %oots 9 ! spr+4 ,bli/]-mite on apple & pe>4--,! pres5ce ( ?is m9ute mite is indicat$ by small irregul> br[ni% bli/]s on ! leaves4 ,spray 9 late fall or e>ly spr+ ) ! lime-sulfur wa%1 ) k]os5e emulsion1 dilut$ ) #e p>ts ( wat]1 or miscible oil1 #a gal4 9 #aj gal4 ( wat]4 ,bor]s4--,! only c]ta9 rem$y = bor]s is to dig !m out1 or to pun* !m out ) a wire4 ,keep ! space ab\t ! base ( ! tree clean1 & wat* closely = any sign ( bor]s4 ,! flat-head$ bor] ( ! apple works "u ! b>k on ! trunk & l>g] bran*es1 p>ticul>ly :]e mu* expos$ to sun4 ,! dead & sunk5 appe>ance ( ! b>k indicates its pres5ce4 ,! r\nd-head$ bor] works 9 ! wood ( apples1 qu9ces1 & o!r trees2 x %\ld be hunt$ = e spr+ & fall4 ,on h>d l&1 x is well to dig ! e>? away f ! base ( ! tree & fill ! space ) coal a%es2 ?is w make ! "w ( exam9ation mu* easi]4 ,! pea* & apricot bor] is ! l>va ( a cle>-w+ mo?4 ,! l>va burr[s j "u ! b>k ne> or b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 its pres5ce is indicat$ by a gummy mass at ! base ( ! tree4 ,dig out ! bor]s 9 ,june & m\nd up ! trees4 ,at ! same "t1 apply gas-t> or coal-t> to ! trunk f ! roots to a foot or m above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! bronze bir* bor] is de/roy+ _m f9e :ite bir* trees 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,its pres5ce is kn[n by ! dy+ ( ! top ( ! tree4 ,!re yet is no kn[n way ( prev5t+ ?is bor] f attack+ :ite bir*es1 & ! only practicable & effective me?od s f> f\nd = *eck+ its ravages is promptly to cut & burn ! infe/$ trees 9 autumn1 9 w9t]1 or be=e ,may #a4 ,!re is no probability ( sav+ a tree :5 ! top bran*es are dead1 al?\gh cutt+ out ! dead p>ts may /ay ! tr\ble tempor>ily4 ,cut & burn su* trees at once & ?us prev5t ! spread ( ! insect4 ,bud-mo? on apple4--,! small br[n cat]pill>s ) black heads dev\r ! t5d] leaves & fl[]s ( ! op5+ apple buds 9 e>ly spr+4 ,make two applications ( ei!r #a lb4 ,p>is gre5 or #d lb4 ars5ate ( lead 9 #ajj gal4 ( wat]2 ! fir/ :5 ! leaf-tips appe> & ! second j be=e ! blossoms op54 ,if necess>y1 spray aga9 aft] ! blossoms fall4 ,cabbage & caulifl[] insects4--,! gre5 cat]pill>s t eat cabbage leaves & heads hat* f eggs laid by ! common :ite butt]fly 7,fig4 #bie74 ,!re are sev]al broods e season4 ,if plants are n head+1 spray ) k]os5e emulsion or ) ,p>is gre5 to :i* ! /ick] has be5 add$4 ,if head+1 apply hellebore4 ,! cabbage aphides1 small mealy plant-lice1 are especially tr\blesome dur+ cool1 dry seasons :5 _! natural enemies are less active4 ,be=e ! plants beg9 to head1 spray ) k]os5e emulsion dilut$ ) #f p>ts ( wat]1 or :ale-oil soap1 #a lb4 9 #f gal4 ( wat]4 ,! :ite maggots t fe$ on ! roots hat* f eggs laid ne> ! plant at ! surface ( ! gr\nd by a small fly some:at resembl+ ! common h\se fly4 ,holl[ out ! e>? slightly ar\nd e plant & freely apply c>bolic acid emulsion dilut$ ) #cj p>ts ( wat]4 ,beg9 ! treatm5t e>ly1 a day or two aft] ! plants are up or ! next day aft] !y are set out4 ,repeat ! application e #g to #aj days until ! latt] "p ( ,may4 ,x has also be5 f\nd to be practicable to protect ! plants by ! use ( tightly fitt+ c>ds cut f t>r$ pap]4 7,see page #ahg47 ,cank]-worms4--,^! cat]pill>s are small measur+-worms or loop]s t defoliate apple trees 9 ,may & ,june 7,fig4 #bag74 ,! female mo?s are w+less1 & 9 late fall or e>ly spr+ crawl up ! trunks ( ! trees to lay _! eggs on ! bran*es4 ,spray ?or\ghly once or twice1 be=e ! blossoms op51 ) #a lb4 ,p>is gre5 or #d lb4 ars5ate ( lead 9 #ajj gal4 ( wat]4 ,repeat ! application aft] ! blossoms fall4 ,prev5t ! asc5t ( ! w+less females by means ( /icky b&s or wire-scre5 traps4 ,case-be>]s on apple4--,! small cat]pill>s live 9 pi/ol-%ap$ or cig>-%ap$ cases1 ab\t #a_/d 94 long4 ,!y appe> 9 spr+ on ! op5+ buds at ! same "t z ! bud-mo? & may be controll$ by ! same means4 ,codl9-mo?4--,! codl9-mo? lays ! eggs t produce ! p9ki% cat]pill> :i* causes a l>ge proportion ( wormy apples & pe>s4 ,! eggs are laid by a small mo? on ! leaves & on ! sk9 ( ! fruit4 ,mo/ ( ! cat]pill>s ent] ! apple at ! blossom end4 ,:5 ! petals fall1 ! calyx is op5 & ?is is ! "t to spray4 ,! calyx soon closes & keeps ! poison inside ready = ! "y cat]pill>'s fir/ meal4 ,aft] ! calyx has clos$1 x is too late to spray effectively4 ,! cat]pill>s become full gr[n 9 ,july & ,augu/1 leave ! fruit1 crawl d[n on ! trunk1 & !re mo/ ( !m sp9 cocoons "u ! loose b>k4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry !re are two broods annually4 ,imm$iately aft] ! blossoms fall1 spray ) #a lb4 ,p>is gre5 or #d lb4 ars5ate ( lead 9 #ajj gal4 ( wat]4 ,repeat ! application #g to #aj days lat]4 ,use burlap b&s on trunks1 kill+ all cat]pill>s "u !m e t5 days f ,july #a to ,augu/ #a1 & once lat] be=e w9t]4 ,cucurbit 7cucumb]1 melon1 & squa%7 insects4--,yell[1 black-/rip$ beetles appe> 9 numb]s & attack ! plants z soon z !y are up4 ,plant e>ly squa%es z a trap-crop ar\nd ! field4 ,protect ! v9es ) scre5s 7,fig4 #bbi7 until !y beg9 to run1 or keep !m cov]$ ) bordeaux mixture1 ?us mak+ !m di/a/eful to ! beetles4 ,squa% v9es are frequ5tly kill$ by a :ite cat]pill> t burr[s 9 ! /em ne> ! base ( ! plant4 ,plant a few e>ly squa%es betwe5 ! r[s ( ! late v>ieties z a trap-crop4 ,z soon z ! e>ly crop is h>ve/$1 remove & burn ! v9es4 ,:5 ! v9es are long en\gh1 cov] !m at ! jo9ts ) e>? 9 ord] to develop second>y root sy/ems = ! plant 9 case ! ma9 /em is injur$4 ,d>k gre5 plant-lice fe$ on ! "u sides ( squa% leaves1 caus+ !m to curl & )]4 ,spray ) k]os5e emulsion dilut$ ) #f p>ts ( wat]4 ,x is necess>y ?or\ghly to cov] ! "u side ( ! leaves2 ! spray]1 !re=e1 mu/ be fitt$ ) an upturn$ nozzle4 ,burn ! v9es z soon z ! crop is h>ve/$ & keep d[n all we$s4 ,! /9k-bug is v tr\blesome to squa%es4 ,! ru/y-black adult em]ges f hib]nation 9 spr+ & lays its eggs on ! "u side ( ! leaves4 ,! nymphs suck ! sap f ! leaves & /alks1 caus+ s]i\s injury4 ,trap ! adults "u bo>ds 9 ! spr+4 ,exam9e ! leaves = ! smoo? %9+ br[ni% eggs & de/roy !m4 ,! "y nymphs may be kill$ ) k]os5e emulsion4 ,curculio4--,! adult curculio ( ! plum & pea* is a small sn\t-beetle t ins]ts its eggs "u ! sk9 ( ! fruit & !n makes a *>act]i/ic cresc5t-%ap$ cut b5ea? x4 ,! grub fe$s )9 ! fruit & causes x to drop4 ,:5 full gr[n1 x ent]s ! gr\nd1 *anges 9 late summ] to ! beetle1 :i* f9ally goes into hib]nation 9 %elt]$ places4 ,spray plums j aft] blossoms fall ) ars5ate ( lead1 #f to #h lb4 9 #ajj gal4 ( wat]1 & repeat ! application 9 ab\t a week4 ,aft] ! fruit has set1 j> ! trees daily ov] a %eet or curculio-cat*] & de/roy ! beetles2 ?is is practically ! only proc$ure = pea*es1 = !y _c be spray$4 ,! qu9ce curculio is some:at l>g] ?an t infe/+ ! plum & diff]s 9 its life-hi/ory4 ,! grubs leave ! fruits 9 ! fall & ent] ! gr\nd1 :]e !y hib]nate & trans=m to adults ! next ,may1 ,june1 or ,july1 dep5d+ on ! season4 ,:5 ! adults appe>1 j> !m f ! tree on %eets or curculio-cat*]s & de/roy !m4 ,to det]m9e :5 !y appe>1 j> a few trees daily1 beg9n+ ! latt] "p ( ,may 9 ,new ,york4 ,currant-worm4--,9 ! spr+ ! small gre51 black-spott$ l>vae fe$ on ! foliage ( currants & gooseb]ries1 beg9n+ _! "w on ! l[] leaves4 ,a second brood occurs 9 e>ly summ]4 ,:5 worms fir/ appe>1 spray ) #a lb4 ,p>is gre5 or #d lb4 ars5ate ( lead 9 #ajj gal4 ( wat]4 ,ord9>ily ! poison %\ld be comb9$ ) bordeaux 7= leaf-spot74 ,cut-worms4--,probably ! rem$y = cut-worms mo/ (t5 practic$ 9 g>d5s1 & :i* _c fail to be effective :5 fai?fully c>ri$ out1 is h&-pick+ ) lant]ns at night or digg+ !m out f ar\nd ! base ( ! infe/$ plants dur+ ! day4 ,bu%els ( cut-worms h be5 ga!r$ 9 ?is way1 & ) pr(it4 ,:5 f "s cause success does n att5d ! use ( ! poison$ baits1 to be discuss$ next1 h&-pick+ is ! only o!r me?od yet recomm5d$ t c be reli$ ^u to *eck cut-worm depr$ations4 ,! be/ me?ods yet devis$ = kill+ cut-worms 9 any situation are ! poison$ baits1 us+ ,p>is gre5 or ars5ate ( lead = ! purpose4 ,poison$ bun*es ( clov] or we$s h be5 ?or\ghly te/$1 ev5 by ! wagon-load1 ov] l>ge areas1 & ne>ly all h report$ !m v effective2 lamb's qu>t]s 7pigwe$71 pepp]-grass1 & mulle9 are among ! we$s especially attractive to cutworms4 ,on small areas ! mak+ ( ! baits is done by h&1 b !y h be5 prep>$ on a l>ge scale by spray+ ! plants 9 ! field1 cutt+ !m ) a scy! or ma*9e1 & pit*+ !m f wagons 9 small bun*es :]ev] desir$4 ,di/ribut$ a few feet ap>t1 betwe5 r[s ( g>d5 plants at nightfall1 !y h attract$ & kill$ en\gh cut-worms (t5 to save a l>ge proportion ( ! crop2 if ! bun*es c be cov]$ ) a %+le1 !y w keep fre%] mu* long]4 ,! fre%] ! baits1 & ! m ?or\ghly ! bait+ is done1 ! m cut-worms "o c de/roy4 ,h[ev]1 x may sometimes happ5 t a suffici5t quantity ( su* gre5 succul5t plants _c be obta9$ e>ly en\gh 9 ! season 9 "s localities4 ,9 ?is case1 & we are n sure b 9 all cases1 ! poison$ bran ma% c be us$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,x is easily made & appli$ at any "t1 is n exp5sive1 & ?us f> ! results %[ t x is a v attractive & effective bait4 ,a tablespoonful c be quickly dropp$ ar\nd ! base ( ea* cabbage or tomato plant2 small am\nts may be easily scatt]$ along ! r[s ( onions & turnips1 or a little dropp$ on a hill ( corn or cucumb]s4 ,! be/ "t to apply ^! poison$ baits is two or ?ree days be=e any plants h come up or be5 set out 9 ! g>d54 ,if ! gr\nd has be5 prop]ly prep>$1 ! worms w h _h b little to eat = sev]al days & !y w ?us seize ! fir/ opportunity to appease _! hung] ^u ! baits1 & :olesale de/ruction w result4 ,! baits %\ld always be appli$ at ?is "t :]ev] cut-worms are expect$4 ,b x is n too late usually to save mo/ ( a crop aft] ! pe/s h made _! pres5ce kn[n by cutt+ (f "s ( ! plants4 ,act promptly & use ! baits freely4 ,= me*anical means ( protect+ f cut-worms1 see pp4 #ahf-g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,elm-leaf beetle1 adult1 some:at enl>g$ 7aft] ,h[>d74 ,elm-leaf beetle4--,g5]ally speak+ "o ?or\gh & timely spray+ is ample to control ! elm-leaf beetle 7,fig4 #bce74 ,use ars5ate ( lead1 #a lb4 to #be gal41 & make ! application to ! "u side ( ! leaves ! latt] "p ( ,may or v e>ly 9 ,june 9 ,new ,york4 ,occasionally1 :5 ! beetle is v abundant1 due 9 all probability to no spray+ 9 e>li] ye>s1 x may be advisable to make a second application1 & ! same may be true :5 conditions necessitate ! application e>li] ?an :5 x w be mo/ efficaci\s4 ,?is latt] condition is likely to obta9 :]ev] a l>ge numb] ( trees mu/ be treat$ ) inadequate outfit4 ,oy/]-%ell scale4--,?is is an elongate scale or b>k-l\se1 #a_/h 94 9 l5g?1 resembl+ an oy/] %ell 9 %ape & (t5 incru/+ ! b>k ( apple twigs4 ,x hib]nates z m9ute :ite eggs "u ! old scales4 ,! eggs hat* dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,may or 9 ,june1 ! date dep5d+ on ! season4 ,aft] !y hat*1 ! "y may be se5 z t9y :iti% lice crawl+ ab\t on ! b>k4 ,:5 ^! "y appe>1 spray ) k]os5e emulsion1 dilut$ ) #f p>ts ( wat]1 or :ale-oil or any good soap1 #a lb4 9 #d or #e gal4 ( wat]4 ,pe> insects4--,! psylla is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s insects affect+ ! pe> tree4 ,x is a m9ute1 yell[i%1 flat-bodi$1 suck+ insect (t5 f\nd 9 ! axils ( ! leaves & fruit e>ly 9 ! season4 ,!y develop into m9ute cicada-l jump+-lice4 ,! "y psyllas secrete a l>ge quantity ( honey-dew 9 :i* a peculi> black fungus gr[s1 giv+ ! b>k a *>act]i/ic sooty appe>ance4 ,!re may be f\r broods annually & ! trees are (t5 s]i\sly injur$4 ,aft] ! blossoms fall1 spray ) k]os5e emulsion1 dilut$ ) #f p>ts ( wat]1 or :ale-oil soap1 #a lb4 9 #d or #e gal4 ( wat]4 ,repeat ! application at int]vals ( #c to #g days until ! insects are "u control4 ,! pe> slug is a small1 slimy1 d>k gre5 l>va :i* skeletonizes ! leaves 9 ,june1 & a second brood appe>s 9 ,augu/4 ,spray ?or\ghly ) #a lb4 ,p>is gre51 or #d lb4 ars5ate ( lead1 9 #ajj gal4 ( wat]4 ,potato insects4--,! ,colorado potato beetle1 or potato-bug1 em]ges f hib]nation 9 ! spr+ & lays masses ( orange eggs on ! "u side ( ! leaves4 ,! l>vae are kn[n z 8slugs0 & 8s(t-%ells0 & cause mo/ ( ! injury to ! v9es4 ,spray ) ,p>is gre51 #b lb4 9 #ajj gal4 ( wat]1 or ars5ite ( soda comb9$ ) bordeaux mixture4 ,x may sometimes be necess>y to use a great] /r5g? ( ! poison1 p>ticul>ly on ! old] 8slugs40 ,! small black flea-beetles riddle ! leaves ) holes & cause ! foliage to die4 ,bordeaux mixture z appli$ = potato blight protects ! plants by mak+ !m repell5t to ! beetles4 ,raspb]ry1 blackb]ry1 & dewb]ry insects4--,! gre5i%1 sp9y l>vae ( ! saw-fly fe$ on ! t5d] leaves 9 spr+4 ,spray ) ,p>is gre5 or ars5ate ( lead1 or apply hellebore4 ,! cane-bor] is a grub t burr[s d[n ?r\gh ! canes1 caus+ !m to die4 ,9 lay+ h] eggs1 ! adult beetle girdles ! tip ( ! cane ) a r+ ( punctures1 caus+ x to )] & droop4 ,9 midsumm]1 cut (f & de/roy ! droop+ tips4 ,r$ spid]4--,m9ute r$di% mites on ! "u sides ( leaves 9 gre5h\ses & sometimes out ( doors 9 dry wea!r4 ,syr+e (f ! plants ) cle> wat] two or ?ree times a week1 tak+ c>e n to dr5* ! b$s4 ,rose insects4--,! gre5 plant-lice usually "w on ! buds1 & ! yell[ leaf-hopp]s fe$ on ! leaves4 ,spray1 :5ev] necess>y1 ) k]os5e emulsion1 dilut$ ) #f p>ts ( wat]1 or :ale-oil or any good soap1 #a lb4 9 #e or #f gal4 ( wat]4 ,! rose-*af] is (t5 a mo/ p]nici\s pe/ on roses1 grapes1 & o!r plants4 ,! unga9ly1 long-legg$1 grayi% beetles occur 9 s&y regions & (t5 sw>m into v9ey>ds & de/roy ! blossoms & foliage4 ,spray ?or\ghly ) ars5ate ( lead1 #aj lb4 9 #ajj gal4 ( wat]4 ,repeat ! application if necess>y4 7,see "u ,rose 9 ,*ap4 ,,viii47 ,san ,jos scale4--,?is p]nici\s scale is ne>ly circul> 9 outl9e & ab\t ! size ( a small p9 head1 ) a rais$ c5t]4 ,:5 abundant1 x =ms a cru/ on ! bran*es & causes small r$ spots on ! fruit4 ,x multiplies ) m>vel\s rapidity1 !re be+ ?ree or f\r broods annually 9 ,new ,york1 & ea* "m scale may give bir? to sev]al hundr$ "y4 ,! "y are born alive1 & bre$+ cont9ues until late autumn :5 all /ages are kill$ by ! cold wea!r except ! t9y half-gr[n black scales1 _m ( :i* hib]nate safely4 ,spray ?or\ghly 9 ! fall aft] ! leaves drop1 or e>ly 9 ! spr+ be=e gr[? beg9s1 ) lime-sulfur wa%1 or miscible oil #a gal4 9 #aj gal4 ( wat]4 ,:5 badly infe/$1 make two applications1 "o 9 ! fall & ano!r 9 ! spr+4 ,9 case ( l>ge old trees1 #be p] c5t crude oil emulsion %\ld be appli$ j z ! buds are swell+4 ,9 nurs]ies1 aft] ! trees are dug1 fumigate ) hydrocyanic acid gas1 us+ #a oz4 ( potassium cyanide = e #ajj cu4 ft4 ( space4 ,cont9ue ! fumigation f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,d n fumigate ! trees :5 !y are wet1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( moi/ure r5d]s !m liable to injury4 ,t5t-cat]pill>4--,! insect hib]nates 9 ! egg /age4 ,! eggs are glu$ 9 r+-l br[ni% masses ar\nd ! small] twigs1 :]e !y may be easily f\nd & de/roy$4 ,! cat]pill>s appe> 9 e>ly spr+1 dev\r ! t5d] leaves1 & build unsightly ne/s on ! small] bran*es4 ,?is pe/ is usually controll$ by ! treatm5t recomm5d$ = ! codl9-mo?4 ,de/roy ! ne/s by burn+ or by wip+ out :5 small4 ,(t5 a bad pe/ on apple trees4 ,violet gall-fly4--,violets gr[n "u glass are (t5 greatly injur$ by a v small maggot1 :i* causes ! edges ( ! leaves to curl1 turn yell[i%1 & die4 ,! adult is a v m9ute fly resembl+ a mosquito4 ,pick (f & de/roy infe/$ leaves z soon z discov]$4 ,fumigation is n advis$ = ?is insect or = r$-spid]4 ,:ite-fly4--,! m9ute :ite-flies are common on gre5h\se plants & (t5 9 summ] on plants ab\t g>d5s ne> gre5h\ses4 ,! nymphs are small gre5i%1 scale-l insects f\nd on ! "u side ( ! leaves2 ! adults are m9ute1 :ite1 mealy-w+$ flies4 ,spray ) k]os5e emulsion or :ale-oil soap2 or if infe/+ cucumb]s or tomatoes1 fumigate ov] night ) hydrocyanic acid gas1 us+ #a oz4 ( potassium cyanide to ea* #ajjj cu4 ft4 ( space4 7,see page #ahh47 ,:ite grubs4--,! l>ge curv$ :ite grubs t are s tr\blesome 9 lawns & /rawb]ry fields are ! l>vae ( ! common ,june beetles4 ,!y live 9 ! gr\nd1 fe$+ on ! roots ( grasses & we$s4 ,dig out grubs f b5ea? infe/$ plants4 ,?or\gh e>ly fall cultivation ( l& int5d$ = /rawb]ries w de/roy _m ( ! pupae4 ,9 lawns1 remove ! sod1 de/roy ! grubs1 & make new sw>d1 :5 ! infe/ation is bad4 ,treatm5t = "s ( ! common plant diseases4 ,! foll[+ advice 7mo/ly adapt$ f ,:etzel & ,/ew>t7 cov]s ! mo/ frequ5t types ( fung\s disease appe>+ to ! home g>d5]4 ,_m o!r k9ds1 h[ev]1 w almo/ c]ta9ly attract 8 att5tion ! fir/ season if he looks closely4 ,! /&>d rem$y is bordeaux mixture2 b because ?is mat]ial discolors ! foliage ! c>bonate ( copp] is sometimes us$ in/ead4 ,! treatm5ts "h recomm5d$ are = ,new ,york2 b x %\ld n be difficult to apply ! dates else:]e4 ,! g>d5] mu/ supplem5t all advice ( ?is "* ) 8 own judgm5t & exp]i5ce1 & take 8 own risks4 ,apple scab4--,usually mo/ evid5t on ! fruit1 =m+ blot*es & scabs4 ,spray ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej or #c-c-ej2 fir/1 j be=e ! blossoms op52 second1 j z ! blossoms fall2 ?ird1 #aj to #ad days aft] ! blossoms fall4 ,! second spray+ seems to be ! mo/ important4 ,always apply be=e ra9s1 n aft]4 ,asp>agus ru/4--,! mo/ common & de/ructive disease ( asp>agus1 produc+ r$di% or black pu/ules on ! /ems & bran*es4 ,late 9 ! fall1 burn all affect$ plants4 ,f]tilize lib]ally & cultivate ?or\ghly4 ,dur+ ! cutt+ season1 p]mit no plants to mature & cut all wild asp>agus plants 9 vic9ity once a week4 ,ru/ may be p>tially controll$ by spray+ ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej1 conta9+ a /ick] ( res9-sal-soda soap1 b x is a difficult & exp5sive op]ation & probably n pr(itable except on l>ge acreage4 ,beg9 spray+ aft] cutt+ z soon z new %oots are #h to #aj 94 high & repeat once or twice a week until ab\t ,septemb] #ae4 ,du/+ ) sulfur has prov$ effective 9 ,cali=nia4 ,cabbage & caulifl[] diseases4--,black-rot is a bact]ial disease2 ! plants drop _! leaves & fail to head4 ,practice crop rotation2 soak se$ #ae m94 9 a solution made by dissolv+ "o corrosive sublimate tablet 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,tablets may be b\ght at drug /ores4 ,club-root or club-foot is a well-kn[n disease4 ,! p>asite lives 9 ! soil4 ,practice crop rotation4 ,set only heal?y plants4 ,d n use manure conta9+ cabbage refuse4 ,if necess>y to use infe/$ l&1 apply good /one lime1 #b to #e tons p] acre4 ,apply at lea/ z e>ly z ! autumn be=e plant+2 two to f\r ye>s is bett]4 ,lime ! se$-b$ 9 same way4 ,c>nation ru/4--,?is disease may be recogniz$ by ! br[n1 p[d]y pu/ules on ! /em & leaves4 ,plant only ! v>ieties lea/ affect$ by x4 ,take cutt+s only f heal?y plants4 ,spray 79 ! field1 once a week2 9 ! gre5h\se1 once 9 two weeks7 ) copp] sulfate1 #a lb4 to #bj gal4 ( wat]4 ,keep ! gre5h\se air z dry & cool z is compatible ) good gr[?4 ,keep ! foliage free f moi/ure4 ,tra9 ! plants s z to secure a free circulation ( air among !m4 ,*e/nut4--,! b>k disease ( *e/nut has become v s]i\s 9 s\!a/]n ,new ,york1 caus+ ! b>k to s9k & die & kill+ ! tree4 ,cutt+ out ! diseas$ places & treat+ aseptically may be useful 9 light cases1 b badly infect$ trees are incurable1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 ,inspection ( nurs]y /ock & burn+ ( affect$ trees is ! only proc$ure n[ to be recomm5d$4 ,! disease is report$ 9 ,new ,engl& & we/]n ,new ,york4 ,*rysan!mum leaf-spot4--,spray ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej1 e t5 days or (t5 en\gh to protect new foliage4 ,ammoniacal copp] c>bonate may be us$1 b x is n s effective4 ,cucumb] diseases4--8,wilt0 is a disease caus$ by bact]ia t are di/ribut$ *iefly by /rip$ cucumb] beetles4 ,de/roy ! beetles or drive !m away by ?or\gh spray+ ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej4 ,ga!r & de/roy all wilt$ leaves & plants4 ,! mo/ t c be expect$ is t ! loss may be slightly r$uc$4 ,d[ny mildew is a s]i\s fung\s disease ( ! cucumb] kn[n among gr[]s z 8! blight40 ,! leaves become mottl$ ) yell[1 %[ dead spots1 & !n dry up4 ,spray ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej4 ,beg9 spray+ :5 ! plants beg9 to run1 & repeat e #aj to #ad days ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,currant diseases4--,leaf-spots & an?racnose are caus$ by two or ?ree diff]5t fungi4 ,! leaves become spott$1 turn yell[1 & fall prematurely4 ,!y may be controll$ by ?ree to five spray+s ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! diseases are suffici5tly de/ructive on ! av]age to w>rant s mu* exp5se4 ,gooseb]ry p[d]y mildew4--,! fruit & leaves are cov]$ ) a dirty :ite gr[? ( fungus4 ,9 sett+ a new plantation1 *oose a site :]e ! l& is well und]dra9$ & :]e !re is a good circulation ( air4 ,cut away droop+ bran*es4 ,keep ! gr\nd und]nea? free f we$s4 ,spray ) potassium sulfide1 #a oz4 to #b gal42 beg9 :5 ! buds are break+ & repeat e #g to #aj days until ! fruit is ga!r$4 ,p[d]y mildew is v de/ructive to ! ,european v>ieties4 ,grape black-rot4--,remove all 8mummies0 t cl+ to ! arms at trimm+ "t4 ,pl[ e>ly1 turn+ "u all old mummies & diseas$ leaves4 ,rake all refuse "u ! v9e into ! la/ furr[ & cov] ) ! grape hoe4 ,?is _c be too ?or\ghly done4 ,! disease is favor$ by wet wea!r & we$s or grass 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,use surface cultivation & keep d[n all we$s & grass4 ,keep ! v9es well spr\t$2 if necess>y spr\t twice4 ,spray ) bordeaux mixture1 #e-e-ej1 until ! middle ( ,july1 aft] t ) ammoniacal copp] c>bonate4 ,! numb] ( spray+s w v>y ) ! season4 ,make ! fir/ application :5 ! ?ird leaf %[s4 ,infections take place ) ea* ra91 & occur ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season4 ,! foliage %\ld be protect$ by a coat+ ( ! spray be=e e ra94 ,! new gr[? especially %\ld be well spray$4 ,hollyhock ru/4--,fig4 #bab4 ,eradicate ! wild mall[ 7,malva rotundifolia74 ,remove all hollyhock leaves z soon z !y %[ signs ( ru/4 ,spray sev]al times ) bordeaux mixture1 tak+ c>e to cov] bo? sides ( leaves4 ,lettuce drop or rot4--,?is is a fung\s disease (t5 de/ructive 9 gre5h\ses1 discov]$ by ! sudd5 wilt+ ( ! plants4 ,x is completely controll$ by /eam /]ilization ( ! soil to ! dep? ( two in*es or m4 ,if x is n feasible to /]ilize ! soil1 use fre% soil = e crop ( lettuce4 ,muskmelon diseases4--8,blight0 is a v tr\blesome disease4 ,! leaves %[ angul> dead-br[n spots1 !n dry up & die2 ! fruit (t5 fails to rip5 & lacks flavor4 ,x is caus$ by ! same fungus z is ! d[ny mildew ( cucumb]s4 ,:ile bordeaux has prov$ effective 9 controll+ ! d[ny mildew on cucumb]s1 x seems to be ( little value 9 less5+ ! same disease on melons4 8,wilt0 is ! same z ! wilt ( cucumb]s2 same treatm5t is giv54 ,pea* diseases4--,br[n-rot is difficult to control4 ,plant resi/ant v>ieties4 ,prune ! trees s z to let 9 sunlight & air4 ,?9 ! fruit well4 ,z (t5 z possible pick & de/roy all rott5 fruits4 ,9 ! fall de/roy all rema9+ fruits4 ,spray ) bordeaux mixture be=e ! buds break1 or self-boil$ lime-sulfur4 ,leaf-curl is a disease 9 :i* ! leaves become swoll5 & di/ort$ 9 spr+ & drop dur+ ,june & ,july 7,fig4 #bac74 ,elb]ta is an especially susceptible v>iety4 ,easily & completely controll$ by spray+ ! trees once1 be=e ! buds swell1 ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej1 or ) ! lime-sulfur mixtures us$ = ,san ,jos scale4 ,black-spot or scab (t5 proves tr\blesome 9 wet seasons & p>ticul>ly 9 damp or %elt]$ situations4 ,:ile ?is disease attacks ! twigs & leaves1 x is mo/ conspicu\s & injuri\s on ! fruit1 :]e x appe>s z d>k spots or blot*es4 ,9 sev]e attacks ! fruit cracks4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ?is disease x is ( prime importance to secure a free circulation ( air ab\t ! fruit4 ,accompli% ?is by avoid+ l[ sites1 by prun+1 & by removal ( w9dbreaks4 ,spray z = leaf-curl & foll[ ) two applications ( potassium sulfide1 #a oz4 to #c gal41 ! fir/ be+ made soon aft] ! fruit is set & ! second :5 ! fruit is half gr[n4 ,yell[s is a s-call$ 8physiological disease40 ,cause unkn[n4 ,contagi\s1 & s]i\s 9 "s localities4 ,kn[n by ! premature rip5+ ( ! fruit1 by r$ /reaks & spots 9 ! fle%1 & by ! peculi> clu/]s ( sickly1 yell[i% %oots t appe> on ! limbs "h & !re 7,fig4 #bae74 ,dig out & burn diseas$ trees z soon z discov]$4 ,pe> diseases4--,fire-blight kills ! twigs & bran*es1 on :i* ! leaves sudd5ly black5 & die b d n fall4 ,x also produces cank]s on ! trunk & l>ge limbs4 ,prune out blight$ bran*es z soon z discov]$1 cutt+ #f to #h 94 bel[ ! l[e/ evid5ces ( ! disease4 ,clean out limb & body cank]s4 ,dis9fect all l>ge w\nds ) corrosive sublimate solution1 #a to #ajjj1 & cov] ) coat ( pa9t4 ,avoid =c+ a rapid1 succul5t gr[?4 ,plant ! v>ieties lea/ affect$4 ,pe> scab is v simil> to apple scab4 ,x is v de/ructive to "s v>ieties1 z1 = example1 ,flemi% ,beauty & ,seckel4 ,spray ?ree times ) bordeaux1 z = apple scab4 ,plum & *]ry diseases4--,black-knot is a fungus1 ! spores ( :i* are c>ri$ f tree to tree by ! w9d & ?us spread ! infection4 ,cut out & burn all knots z soon z discov]$4 ,see t ! knots are remov$ f all plum & *]ry trees 9 ! neighborhood4 ,leaf-spot is a disease 9 :i* ! leaves become cov]$ ) r$di% or br[n spots & fall prematurely 7,fig4 #baa72 badly affect$ trees w9t]kill4 ,(t51 ! dead spots drop out1 leav+ cle>-cut holes4 ,spray ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej4 ,= *]ries1 make f\r applications3 fir/1 j be=e blossoms op52 second1 :5 fruit is free f calyx2 ?ird1 two weeks lat]2 f\r?1 two weeks aft] ?ird4 ,9 plums x may be controll$ by two or ?ree applications ( bordeaux1 #e-e-ej4 ,make ! fir/ "o ab\t t5 days aft] ! blossoms fall & ! o!rs at int]vals ( ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,?is applies to ,european v>ieties4 ,japan plums %\ld n be spray$ ) bordeaux4 ,potato diseases4--,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( potato blight & rot4 ,! mo/ important are e>ly blight & late blight--bo? fung\s diseases4 ,e>ly blight affects only ! foliage4 ,late blight kills ! foliage & (t5 rots ! tub]s4 ,two s]i\s tr\bles (t5 mi/ak5 = blight are3 7#a7 ,tip burn1 ! br[n+ ( ! tips & m>g9s ( ! leaves due to dry wea!r2 & 7#b7 flea-beetle injury1 9 :i* ! leaves %[ num]\s small holes & !n dry up4 ,! loss f blight & flea-beetles is enorm\s--(t51 "o-f\r? to "o-half ! crop4 ,= blight-rot & flea-beetles spray ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej4 ,beg9 :5 ! plants are #f to #h 94 high & repeat e #aj to #ad days dur+ ! season1 mak+ #e to #g applications 9 all4 ,use #dj to #ajj gal4 p] acre at ea* application4 ,"u conditions exceptionally favorable to blight x w pay to spray z (t5 z once a week4 ,scab is caus$ by a fungus t attacks ! surface ( ! tub]s4 ,x is c>ri$ ov] on diseas$ tub]s & 9 ! soil4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 l& becomes badly infe/$ ) scab1 x is be/ to plant x ) o!r crops = sev]al ye>s4 7,see page #aij47 ,raspb]ry diseases4--,an?racnose is v de/ructive to black raspb]ries1 b n (t5 injuri\s to ! r$ v>ieties4 ,x is detect$ by ! circul> or elliptical gray scab-l spots on ! canes4 ,avoid tak+ "y plants f diseas$ plantations4 ,remove all old canes & badly diseas$ new ones z soon z ! fruit is ga!r$4 ,al?\gh spray+ ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej1 w control ! malady1 ! treatm5t may n be pr(itable4 ,if spray+ seems advisable1 make ! fir/ application :5 ! new canes are #f to #h 94 high & foll[ ) two m at int]vals ( #aj to #ad days4 ,cane-blight or wilt is a de/ructive disease affect+ bo? r$ & black v>ieties4 ,fruit+ canes sudd5ly wilt & die4 ,x is caus$ by a fungus :i* attacks ! cane at "s po9t & kills ! b>k & wood1 !reby caus+ ! p>ts above to die4 ,no successful treatm5t is kn[n4 ,9 mak+ new sett+s1 use only plants f heal?y plantations4 ,remove ! fruit+ canes z soon z ! fruit is ga!r$4 ,r$-ru/ is (t5 s]i\s on black v>ieties1 b does n affect r$ ones4 ,x is ! same z r$ ru/ ( blackb]ry4 ,dig up & de/roy affect$ plants4 ,rose diseases4--,black leaf-spot is "o ( ! commone/ diseases ( ! rose4 ,x causes ! leaves to fall prematurely4 ,spray ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej1 beg9n+ z soon z ! fir/ spots appe> on ! leaves4 ,two or ?ree applications at int]vals ( t5 days w v l>gely control ! disease4 ,ammoniacal copp] c>bonate may be us$ on roses gr[n "u glass4 ,apply once a week until disease is "u control4 ,= mildew on gre5h\se roses1 keep ! /eam pipes pa9t$ ) a pa/e made ( equal p>ts lime & sulfur mix$ up ) wat]4 ,! mildew is a surface-fe$+ fungus & is kill$ by ! fumes ( ! sulfur4 ,outdoor roses t become infe/$ ) ! mildew may be du/$ ) sulfur1 or spray$ ) a solution ( potassium sulfide1 #a oz4 to #c gal4 wat]4 ,spray or du/ ) ! sulfur two or ?ree times at int]vals ( a week or t5 days4 ,/rawb]ry leaf-spot4--,! mo/ common & s]i\s fung\s disease ( ! /rawb]ry2 also call$ ru/ & leaf-blight4 ,! leaves %[ spots :i* at fir/ are ( a deep purple color1 b lat] enl>ge & ! c5t] becomes gray or ne>ly :ite4 ,! fungus passes ! w9t] 9 ! old diseas$ leaves t fall to ! gr\nd4 ,9 sett+ new plantations1 remove all diseas$ leaves f ! plants be=e !y are tak5 to ! field4 ,soon aft] gr[? beg9s1 spray ! newly set plants ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej4 ,make ?ree or f\r additional spray+s dur+ ! season4 ,! foll[+ spr+1 spray j be=e blossom+ & aga9 #aj to #ad days lat]4 ,if ! b$ is to be fruit$ a second "t1 m[ ! plants & burn ov] ! b$s z soon z ! fruit is ga!r$4 ,plant resi/ant v>ieties4 ,tomato leaf-spot4--,! di/+ui%+ "* ( ?is disease is t x beg9s on ! l[] leaves & works t[>ds ! top1 kill+ ! foliage z x goes4 ,x is controll$ ) difficulty because x is c>ri$ ov] w9t] 9 ! diseas$ leaves & tops t fall to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 sett+ out plants1 p9* (f all ! l[] leaves t t\* ! gr\nd2 also any leaves t %[ suspici\s-look+ dead-spots4 ,! tr\ble (t5 />ts 9 ! se$-b$4 ,spray plants v ?or\ghly ) bordeaux1 #e-e-ej1 beg9n+ z soon z ! plants are set out4 ,/ake & tie up = great] conv5i5ce 9 spray+4 ,spray "u side ( ! leaves4 ,spray e week or t5 days4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,! ,,ornam5tal ,,plants--,,! ,,classes ,,( ,,plants1 ,,& ,,li/s ,9 *oos+ ! k9ds ( plants = ! ma9 gr\nds ! g>d5] %\ld c>efully di/+ui% two categories1--^? plants to compose ! /ructural masses & design ( ! place1 & ^? t are to be us$ = m]e ornam5t4 ,! *ief m]its to be s\ght 9 ! =m] are good foliage1 pleas+ =m & habit1 %ades ( gre51 & color ( w9t] twigs4 ,! m]its ( ! latt] lie *iefly 9 fl[]s or color$ foliage4 ,ea* ( ^! categories %\ld be aga9 divid$4 ,( plants = ! ma9 design1 !re might be discussion ( trees = a w9dbreak1 ( trees = %ade2 ( %rubs = scre5s or heavy plant+s1 = ! light] side plant+s1 & = incid5tal masses ab\t ! build+s or on ! lawn2 & p]haps also ( v9es = por*es & arbors1 ( ev]gre5s1 ( h$ges1 & ( ! heavi] h]bace\s masses4 ,plants us$ = m]e embelli%m5t or ornam5tation may be rang$ aga9 into categories = p]man5t h]bace\s bord]s1 = display b$s1 ribbon edg+s1 annuals = tempor>y effects1 foliage b$s1 plants = add+ color & emphasis to ! %rubb]y masses1 plants desir$ to be gr[n z s+le specim5s or z curiosities1 & plants = por*-boxes & w9d[-g>d5s4 ,hav+ n[ briefly sugge/$ ! uses ( ! plants1 we %all proce$ to discuss !m 9 ref]5ce to ! mak+ ( home gr\nds4 ,?is *apt] conta9s a brief consid]ation (3 ,plant+ = imm$iate effect1 ,! use ( 8foliage0 trees & %rubs1 ,w9dbreaks & scre5s1 ,! mak+ ( h$ges1 ,! bord]s1 ,! fl[]-b$s1 ,aquatic & bog plants1 ,rock]ies & alp9e plants2 & !n x runs into n9e sub-*apt]s1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,plants = c>pet-b$s1 p4 #bcd2 #b4 ,! annual plants1 p4 #bda2 #c4 ,h>dy h]bace\s p]5nials1 p4 #bfj2 #d4 ,bulbs & tub]s1 p4 #bha2 #e4 ,! %rubb]y1 p4 #bij2 #f4 ,climb+ plants1 p4 #cjg2 #g4 ,trees = lawns & /reets1 p4 #cai2 #h4 ,conif]\s ev]gre5 trees & %rubs1 p4 #cca2 #i4 ,w9d[-g>d5s1 p4 #ccf4 ,& !n1 9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 ! p>ticul> cultures ( plants ne$+ special c>e are briefly discuss$4 ,plant+ = imm$iate effect4 ,x is always legitimate1 &1 9 fact1 desirable1 to plant = imm$iate effect4 ,"o may plant v ?ickly ( rapid-gr[+ trees & %rubs = ?is purpose4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t v rapid-gr[+ trees usually lack /rong or arti/ic "*4 ,o!r & bett] trees %\ld be plant$ ) !m & ! featureless k9ds be gradually remov$4 7,page #da47 ,! effect ( a new place may be greatly height5$ by a dext]\s use ( annuals & o!r h]bace\s /uff 9 ! %rub plantations4 ,until ! %rubb]y cov]s ! gr\nd1 tempor>y plants may be gr[n among !m4 ,subtropical b$s may give a v desirable tempor>y f9i% to places t are pret5ti\s en\gh to make !m seem 9 keep+4 ,v r\gh1 h>d1 /]ile1 & /ony banks may sometimes be cov]$ ) coltsfoot 7,tussilago ,f>f>a71 sacal9e1 ,rubus cratgifotius1 comfrey1 & v>i\s wild gr[?s t p]si/ 9 simil> places 9 ! neighborhood4 ,h[ev] mu* ! plant] may plan = imm$iate effects1 ! beauty ( trees & %rubs comes ) maturity & age1 & ?is beauty is (t5 delay$1 or ev5 oblit]at$1 by %e>+ & excessive head+-back4 ,at fir/1 bu%es are /iff & erect1 b :5 !y atta9 _! full "*1 !y usually droop or roll ov] to meet ! sw>d4 ,"s bu%es make m\nds ( gre5 mu* soon] ?an o!rs t may ev5 be closely relat$4 ,?us ! common yell[-bell 7,=sy?ia virdissima7 rema9s /iff & h>d = "s ye>s1 :]eas ,f4 susp5sa makes a roll+ heap ( gre5 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,quick in=mal effects c also be secur$ by ! use ( ,hall's ,japanese honeysuckle 7,lonic]a ,halliana ( nurs]ym571 an ev]gre5 9 ! ,s\?1 & hold+ its leaves until midw9t] or lat] 9 ! ,nor?4 ,x may be us$ = cov]+ a rock1 a pile ( rubbi%1 a /ump 7,fig4 #bcf71 to fill a corn] aga9/ a f\ndation1 or x may be tra9$ on a por* or arbor4 ,!re is a =m ) yell[-ve9$ leaves4 ,rosa ,wi*uraiana & "s ( ! dewb]ries are useful = cov]+ r\gh places4 ,_m v9es t are commonly us$ = por*es & arbors may be employ$ also = ! bord]s ( %rub-plantations & = cov]+ r\gh banks & rocks1 quickly giv+ a f9i% to ! crud] p>ts ( ! place4 ,su* v9es1 among o!rs1 are v>i\s k9ds ( clematis1 ,virg9ia creep]1 act9idia1 akebia1 trumpet creep]1 p]iploca1 bitt]-sweet 7,solanum ,dulcam>a71 wax-"w 7,cela/rus sc&5s74 ,( c\rse1 v good imm$iate effects may be secur$ by v close plant+ 7page #bbb71 b ! home/ead] mu/ n neglect to ?9 out ^! plantations :5 ! "t comes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #bcf4 ,/ump cov]$ ) ,japanese honeysuckle4 ,! use ( 8foliage0 trees & %rubs4 ,!re is always a temptation to use too freely ( ! trees & %rubs t are *>act]iz$ by abnormal or /rik+ foliage4 ,! subject is discuss$ 9 its arti/ic be>+s on pages #dj & #da4 ,z a rule1 ! yell[-leav$1 spott$-leav$1 v>iegat$1 & o!r abnormal 8foliage0 plants are less h>dy & less reliable ?an ! gre5-leav$ or 8natural0 =ms4 ,!y usually require m c>e1 if !y are kept 9 vigor\s & seemly condition4 ,"s m>k$ exceptions to ?is are not$ 9 ! li/s ( trees & %rubs4 ,!re are "s plants ( /rik+ foliage1 h[ev]1 t are p]fectly reliable1 b !y are usually n ( ! 8horticultural v>iety0 class1 _! *>act]i/ics be+ normal to ! species4 ,"s ( ! silv] or :ite-leav$ popl>s1 = example1 produce ! mo/ /rik+ contra/s ( foliage1 p>ticul>ly if set ne> d>k] trees1 & = ?is reason !y are mu* desir$ by _m plant]s4 ,bolle's popl> 7,populus ,bolleana ( ! nurs]ies7 is "o ( ! be/ ( ^! trees4 ,its habit is some?+ l t ( ! ,lomb>dy4 ,! upp] surface ( ! deeply lob$ leaves is d>k dull gre51 :ile ! "u surface is almo/ sn[y :ite4 ,su* emphatic trees z ?is %\ld g5]ally be p>tially obscur$ by plant+ !m among/ o!r trees1 s t !y appe> to mix ) ! o!r foliage2 or else !y %\ld be se5 at "s di/ance4 ,o!r v>ieties ( ! common :ite popl> or abele are occasionally useful1 al?\gh mo/ ( !m spr\t badly & may become a nuisance4 ,b ! plant+ ( ^! immode/ trees is s likely to be ov]done t "o sc>cely d>e recomm5d !m1 al?\gh1 :5 skillfully us$1 !y may be made to produce mo/ excell5t effects4 ,if any read] has a p>ticul> fondness = trees ( ?is class 7or any o!rs ) woolly-:ite foliage7 & if he has only an ord9>y city lot or f>m-y>d to ornam5t1 let him r$uce 8 desires to a s+le tree1 & !n if t tree is plant$ 9 ! int]ior ( a gr\p ( o!r trees1 no h>m c result4 ,w9dbreaks & scre5s4 ,a %elt]-belt = ! home gr\nds is (t5 plac$ at ! extreme edge ( ! home y>d1 t[>d ! heavie/ or prevail+ w9d4 ,x may be a d5se plantation ( ev]gre5s4 ,if s1 ! ,norway spruce is "o ( ! be/ = g5]al purposes 9 ! nor!a/]n /ates4 ,= a l[] belt ! arbor vitae is excell5t4 ,"s ( ! p9es1 z ! ,scot* or ,au/rian1 & ! native :ite p9e1 are also to be advis$1 p>ticul>ly if ! belt is at "s di/ance f ! resid5ce4 ,z a rule1 ! co>s] ! tree ! f>!r x %\ld be plac$ f ! h\se4 ,! common decidu\s trees ( ! region 7z elm1 maple1 box-eld]7 may be plant$ 9 a r[ or r[s = w9dbreaks4 ,good tempor>y %elt] belts are secur$ by popl>s & l>ge will[s4 ,on ! prairies & f> nor? ! laurel will[ 7,salix laurifolia ( ! trade7 is excell5t4 ,:]e sn[ bl[s v badly1 two l9es ( breaks may be plant$ ?ree to six rods ap>t1 s t ! inclos$ lane may cat* ! drift2 ?is me?od is employ$ 9 prairie regions4 ,p]sons may desire to use ! break z a scre5 to hide undesirable objects4 ,if ^! objects are ( a p]man5t "*1 z a b>n or an unkempt prop]ty1 ev]gre5 trees %\ld be us$4 ,= tempor>y scre5s1 any ( ! v l>ge-gr[+ h]bace\s plants may be employ$4 ,v excell5t subjects are sunfl[]s1 ! l>ge-gr[+ nicotianas1 ca/or beans1 l>ge v>ieties ( ,indian corn1 & plants ( l gr[?4 ,excell5t scre5s are sometimes made ) v9es on a trellis4 ,v effici5t summ] scre5s may be made ) ailan?us1 paul[nia1 basswood1 sumac1 & o!r plants t t5d to ?r[ up v vigor\s %oots f ! base4 ,aft] ^! plants h be5 set a ye> or two1 !y are cut back ne>ly to ! gr\nd 9 w9t] or spr+1 & /rong %oots are ?r[n up ) great luxuriance dur+ ! summ]1 giv+ a d5se scre5 & pres5t+ a semi-tropical effect4 ,= su* purposes1 ! roots %\ld be plant$ only two or ?ree feet ap>t4 ,if1 aft] a "t1 ! roots become s cr[d$ t ! %oots are weak1 "s ( ! plants may be remov$4 ,top-dress+ ! area e fall ) manure w t5d to make ! gr\nd ri* en\gh to af=d a v heavy summ] gr[?4 7,see ,fig4 #ej47 ,! mak+ ( h$ges4 ,h$ges are mu* less us$ 9 ?is c\ntry ?an 9 ,europe1 & = sev]al reasons4 ,our climate is dry1 & mo/ h$ges d n ?rive s well "h z !re2 labor is high-pric$1 & ! trimm+ is !re=e likely to be neglect$2 our f>ms are s l>ge t mu* f5c+ is requir$2 timb] & wire are *eap] ?an live h$ges4 ,h[ev]1 h$ges are us$ ) good effect ab\t ! home gr\nds4 ,9 ord] to secure a good ornam5tal h$ge1 x is necess>y to h a ?or\ghly well-prep>$ deep soil1 to set ! plants close1 & to %e> !m at lea/ twice e ye>4 ,= ev]gre5 h$ges ! mo/ s]viceable plant 9 g5]al is ! arbor vitae4 ,! plants may be set at di/ances ( #a to #b-a_/b feet ap>t4 ,= co>s] h$ges1 ! ,norway spruce is us$2 & = /ill co>s] ones1 ! ,scot* & ,au/rian p9es4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! /aple conif] h$ge is made ( ,mont]ey cypress4 ,= *oice ev]gre5 h$ges ab\t ! gr\nds1 p>ticul>ly outside ! nor!rn /ates1 "s ( ! ret9osporas are v useful4 ,"o ( ! mo/ satisfactory ( all conif]\s plants = h$ges is ! common hemlock1 :i* /&s %e>+ well & makes a v s(t & pleas+ mass4 ,! plants may be set f #b to #d feet ap>t4 ,o!r plants t hold _! leaves & are good = h$ges are ! common box & ! privets4 ,box h$ges are ! be/ = v l[ bord]s ab\t walks & fl[]-b$s4 ,! dw>f v>iety c be kept d[n to a height ( #f in*es to a foot = any numb] ( ye>s4 ,! l>g]-gr[+ v>ieties make excell5t h$ges #c1 #d1 & #e feet high4 ,! ord9>y privet or prim holds its leaves well into w9t] 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! s-call$ ,cali=nian privet holds its leaves r long] & /&s bett] along ! sea%ore4 ,! mahonia makes a l[1 loose h$ge or edg+ 9 locations :]e x w ?rive4 ,pyracan?a is also to be recomm5d$ :]e h>dy4 ,9 ! s\!rn /ates1 no?+ is bett] ?an ,citrus trifoliata4 ,?is is h>dy ev5 f>!r nor? ?an ,wa%+ton 9 v favor$ localities4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ,prunus ,c>ol9iana is also us$ = h$ges4 ,saltbu% h$ges are frequ5t 9 ,cali=nia4 ,= h$ges ( decidu\s plants1 ! mo/ common species are ! buck?orn1 ,japan qu9ce1 ! ,european haw?orn & o!r ?orns1 tam>ix1 osage orange1 honey locu/1 & v>i\s k9ds ( roses4 ,osage orange has be5 ! mo/ us$ = f>m h$ges4 ,= home gr\nds1 ,b]b]is ,?unb]gii makes an excell5t free h$ge2 also ,spira ,?unb]gii & o!r spireas4 ,! common ,rosa rugosa makes an attractive free h$ge4 ,h$ges %\ld be trimm$ ! ye> aft] !y are set1 al?\gh !y %\ld n be %e>$ v closely until !y rea* ! desir$ or p]man5t height4 ,!reaft] !y %\ld be cut into ! desir$ =m 9 spr+ or fall1 or bo?4 ,if ! plants are all[$ to gr[ = a ye> or two )\t trimm+1 !y lose _! l[] leaves & become op5 & /raggly4 ,osage orange & "s o!r plants are pla%$2 t is1 ! plants are set at an angle r ?an p]p5dicul>ly1 & !y are wir$ toge!r obliquely 9 su* a way t !y make an imp5etrable b>ri] j above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,= closely clipp$ or %e>$ h$ges1 ! be/ plants are arbor vitae1 ret9ospora1 hemlock1 ,norway spruce1 privet1 buck?orn1 box1 osage orange1 pyracan?a1 ,citrus trifoliata4 ,! pyracan?a 7,pyracan?a cocc9ea7 is an ev]gre5 %rub alli$ to cratgus1 ( :i* x is sometimes consid]$ to be a species4 ,x is also sometimes ref]r$ to cotonea/]4 ,al?\gh h>dy 9 protect$ places 9 ! ,nor?1 x is ess5tially a bu% ( ! middle & s\!rn latitudes1 & ( ,cali=nia4 ,x has p]si/5t foliage & r$ b]ries4 ,v>4 ,lal&i has orange-r$ b]ries4 ,! bord]s4 ,! ^w 8bord]0 is us$ to designate ! heavy or cont9u\s plant+ ab\t ! b\nd>ies ( a place1 or along ! walks & drives1 or aga9/ ! build+s1 9 di/9ction f plant+ on ! lawn or 9 ! int]ior spaces4 ,a bord] receives diff]5t designations1 dep5d+ on ! k9ds ( plants t are gr[n !re93 x may be a %rub-bord]1 a fl[]-bord]1 a h>dy bord] = native & o!r plants1 a v9e-bord]1 & ! l4 ,!re are ?ree rules = ! *oos+ ( plants = a h>dy bord]3 *oose 7#a7 ^? t y l be/1 7#b7 ^? t are adapt$ to ! climate & soil1 7#c7 ^? t are 9 place or 9 keep+ ) t "p ( ! gr\nds4 ,! e>? = ! bord] %\ld be f]tile4 ,! :ole gr\nd %\ld be pl[$ or spad$ & ! plants set irregul>ly 9 ! space2 or ! back r[ may be set 9 a l9e4 ,if ! bord] is compos$ ( %rubs1 & is l>ge1 a horse cultivator may be run 9 & out betwe5 ! plants = ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s1 s9ce ! %rubs w be set #b to #d feet ap>t4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ! till+ is done ) h& tools4 ,aft] ! plants are once e/abli%$ & ! bord] is fill$1 x is be/ to dig up z little z possible1 = ! digg+ di/urbs ! roots & breaks ! cr[ns4 ,x is usually be/ to pull out ! we$s & give ! bord] a top-dress+ ea* fall ( well-rott$ manure4 ,if ! gr\nd is n v ri*1 an application ( a%es or "s comm]cial f]tiliz] may be giv5 f "t to "t4 ,! bord] %\ld be plant$ s ?ick z to all[ ! plants to run toge!r1 !reby giv+ "o cont9u\s effect4 ,mo/ %rubs %\ld be set #c feet ap>t4 ,?+s z l>ge z lilacs may g #d feet & sometimes ev5 m4 ,common h]bace\s p]5nials1 z ble$+ he>t1 delph9iums1 hollyhocks1 & ! l1 %\ld g f #ab to #ah in*es4 ,on ! front edge ( ! bord] is a v excell5t place = annual & t5d] fl[]+ plants4 ,"h1 = example1 "o may make a fr+e ( a/]s1 g]aniums1 coleus1 or any?+ else he may *oose4 7,*ap4 ,,ii47 ,into ! heavy bord]s ab\t ! b\nd>ies ( ! place ! autumn leaves w drift & af=d an excell5t mul*4 ,if ^! bord]s are plant$ ) %rubs1 ! leaves may be left !re to decay1 & n be rak$ (f 9 ! spr+4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! bord] fac+ ! lawn %\ld be m or less wavy or irregul>1 p>ticul>ly if x is on ! b\nd>y ( ! place4 ,alongside a walk or drive ! m>g9s may foll[ ! g5]al directions ( ! walk or drive4 ,9 mak+ bord]s ( p]5nial fl[]s ! mo/ satisfactory results are secur$ if a l>ge clump ( ea* k9d or v>iety is gr[n4 ,! h]bace\s bord] is "o ( ! mo/ flexible p>ts ( gr\nds1 s9ce x has no regul> or =mal design4 ,all[ ample space = ea* p]5nial root1--(t5 z mu* z ?ree or f\r squ>e feet1--& !n if ! space is n fill$ ! fir/ ye> or two1 scatt] ov] ! area se$s ( poppies1 sweet peas1 a/]s1 gilias1 alyssum1 or o!r annuals4 ,figures #bcg-bci1 f ,long 78,popul> ,g>d5+10 i41 #ag1 #ah71 sugge/ me?ods ( mak+ su* bord]s4 ,!y are on a scale ( t5 feet to ! in*4 ,! entire surface is till$1 & ! irregul> diagrams designate ! sizes ( ! clumps4 ,! diagrams conta9+ no names are to be fill$ ) bulbs1 annuals1 & t5d] plants1 if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,sugge/ions = a bord] ( spr+ fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,a bord] ( summ]-fl[]+ h]bs4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t "o _c h a bord] unless he has wide m>g9al spaces ab\t 8 gr\nds4 ,x is surpris+ h[ _m ?+s "o c gr[ 9 an old f5ce4 ,p]5nials t gr[ 9 f5ce-r[s 9 fields ought also to gr[ 9 simil> b\nd>ies on ! home gr\nds4 ,"s ( g>d5 annuals w ?rive alongside a f5ce1 p>ticul>ly if ! f5ce does n %ut (f too mu* light2 & _m v9es 7bo? p]5nial & annual7 w cov] x effectively4 ,among annuals1 ! l>ge-se$$1 quick-g]m9at+1 rapid-gr[+ k9ds w d be/4 ,sunfl[]1 sweet pea1 morn+ glory1 ,japanese hop1 z9nia1 m>igold1 am>an?s1 f\r o'clock1 are "s ( ! k9ds t w hold _! own4 ,if ! ef=t is made to gr[ plants 9 su* places1 x is important to give !m all ! advantage possible e>ly 9 ! season1 s t !y w get well ahead ( ! grass & we$s4 ,spade up ! gr\nd all y c4 ,add a little quick-act+ f]tiliz]4 ,x is be/ to />t ! plants 9 pots or small boxes1 s t !y w be 9 advance ( ! we$s :5 !y are set out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,an autumn-fl[]+ bord]4 ,! fl[]-b$s4 ,we mu/ rememb] to di/+ui% two uses ( fl[]s1--_! "p 9 a l&scape design or picture1 & _! "p 9 a b$ or sep>ate g>d5 = bloom4 ,we n[ consid] ! fl[]-b$ prop]2 & we include 9 ! fl[]-b$ su* 8foliage0 plants z coleus1 celosia1 croton1 & canna1 al?\gh ! ma9 object ( ! fl[]-b$ is to produce an abundance ( fl[]s4 ,9 mak+ a fl[]-b$1 see t ! gr\nd is well dra9$2 t ! subsoil is deep2 t ! l& is 9 a mell[ & friable condition1 & t x is f]tile4 ,ea* fall x may h a mul* ( rott$ manure or ( leafmold1 :i* may be spad$ "u deeply 9 ! spr+2 or ! l& may be spad$ & left r\gh 9 ! fall1 :i* is a good practice :5 ! soil has mu* clay4 ,make ! fl[]-b$s z broad z possible1 s t ! roots ( ! grass runn+ 9 f ei!r side w n meet b5ea? ! fl[]s & rob ! b$s ( food & moi/ure4 ,x is well to add a little comm]cial f]tiliz] ea* fall or spr+4 ,al?\gh x is well to emphasize mak+ ! gr\nd f]tile1 x mu/ be rememb]$ 7z indicat$ at ! close ( ,*ap4 ,,iv7 t x c easily be made too ri* = su* plants z we desire to keep )9 c]ta9 /ature & = ^? f :i* we wi% an abundance ( bloom 9 a %ort season4 ,9 ov]-ri* gr\nd1 na/urtiums & "s o!r plants n only 8run to v9e10 b ! bloom lacks brilliancy4 ,:5 x is ! leaf & vegetation t is want$1 !re is little dang] ( mak+ ! gr\nd too ri*1 al?\gh x is possible to make ! plant s succul5t & sappy t x becomes sprawly or breaks d[n2 & o!r plants may be crippl$ & cr[d$ out4 ,!re are v>i\s /yles ( fl[]-plant+4 ,! mix$ bord]1 plant$ ) v>i\s h>dy plants1 & ext5d+ along ei!r side ( ! g>d5-walk1 0 popul> ye>s ago2 &1 ) modifications 9 position1 =m1 & ext5t1 has be5 a popul> atta*m5t to home gr\nds dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,to produce ! be/ effects ! plants %\ld be set close en\gh to cov] ! gr\nd2 & ! selection %\ld be su* z to af=d a cont9uity ( bloom4 ,! mix$ fl[]-b$ may conta9 only t5d] summ]-bloom+ plants1 9 :i* case ! b$1 made up mo/ly ( annuals1 does n purport to express ! entire season4 ,9 di/9ction f ! mix$ or non-homog5e\s fl[]b$ are ! v>i\s =ms ( 8b$d+10 9 :i* plants are mass$ = ! purpose ( mak+ a connect$ & homog5e\s bold display ( =m or color4 ,! b$d+ may be = ! purpose ( produc+ a /rong effect ( :ite1 ( blue1 or ( r$2 or ( ribbon-l l9es & edg+s2 or ( luxuri\s & tropical expression2 or to display boldly ! features ( a p>ticul> plant1 z ! tulip1 ! hyac9?1 ! *rysan!mum4 ,9 ribbon-b$d+1 fl[]+ or foliage plants are arrang$ 9 ribbon-l l9es ( h>moni\sly contra/+ colors1 commonly accompany+ walks or drives1 b also suitable = m>k+ limits1 or = ! side bord]s4 ,9 su* b$s1 z well z ! o!rs1 ! talle/ plants w be plac$ at ! back1 if ! b$ is to be se5 f "o side only1 & ! l[e/ at ! front4 ,if x is to be se5 f bo? sides1 !n ! talle/ w /& 9 ! c5t]4 ,a modification ( ! ribbon-l9e1 br++ ! contra/+ colors toge!r into masses =m+ circles or o!r patt]ns1 is kn[n z 8mass+10 or 8mass+ 9 color10 & sometimes is spok5 ( z 8c>pet-b$d+40 ,c>pet-b$d+1 h[ev]1 belongs m prop]ly to a /yle ( b$d+ 9 :i* plants ( d5se1 l[1 spread+ habit--*iefly foliage plants1 ) leaves ( diff]5t =ms & colors--are plant$ 9 patt]ns n unlike c>pets or rugs4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to keep ! plants %e>$ into limits4 ,c>pet-b$d+ is su* a specializ$ =m ( plant-gr[+ t we %all treat ( x sep>ately4 ,b$s conta9+ ! l>ge foliage plants1 = produc+ tropical effects1 are compos$1 9 ! ma91 ( subjects t are all[$ to develop naturally4 ,9 ! l[] & m ord]ly mass+1 ! plants are arrang$ n only 9 circles & patt]ns accord+ to habit & height1 b ! selection is su* t "s or all may be kept )9 prop] limits by p9*+ or trimm+4 ,circles or masses compos$ ( fl[]+ plants usually _c be cut back at ! top1 s t ! habit ( ! plants mu/ be kn[n be=e plant+2 & ! plants mu/ be plac$ 9 p>ts ( ! b$ :]e trimm+ w n be necess>y4 ,!y may be clipp$ at ! sides1 h[ev]1 9 case ! bran*es or leaves ( "o mass or l9e 9 ! patt]n gr[ beyond _! prop] b\nds4 ,! numb]s ( good annuals & p]5nials t may be us$ 9 fl[]-b$s are n[ v l>ge1 & "o may h a wide *oice4 ,v>i\s li/s f :i* "o may *oose are giv5 at ! end ( ?is *apt]2 b special comm5t may be made on ^? mo/ suitable = b$d+1 & 9 its modification 9 ribbon-"w & sub-tropical mass+4 ,b$d+ effects4 ,b$d+ is ord9>ily a tempor>y species ( plant+2 t is1 ! b$ is fill$ anew ea* ye>4 ,h[ev]1 ! t]m may be us$ to designate a p]man5t plantation 9 :i* ! plants are heavily mass$ s z to give "o cont9u\s or emphatic display ( =m or color4 ,"s ( ! be/ p]man5t b$d+ masses are made ( ! v>i\s h>dy ornam5tal grasses1 z eulalias1 arundo1 & ! l4 ,! color effects 9 b$d+ may be secur$ ) fl[]s or ) foliage4 ,summ] b$d+ is (t5 made by p]5nial plants t are c>ri$ ov] f ! prec$+ ye>1 or bett]1 t are propagat$ = t p>ticul> purpose 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*4 ,su* plants z g]anium1 coleus1 alyssum1 sc>let salvia1 ag]atum1 & heliotrope may be us$ = ^! b$s4 ,x is a common practice to use g]anium plants :i* are 9 bloom dur+ ! w9t] = b$d+ out dur+ ! summ]1 b su* plants are tall & unga9ly 9 =m & h exp5d$ ! great] "p ( _! en]gies4 ,x is bett] to propagate new plants by tak+ cutt+s or slips late 9 ! w9t] & sett+ out "y fre% vigor\s subjects4 7,page #cj47 ,"s b$d+ is v tempor>y 9 its effect4 ,especially is ?is true ( spr+ b$d+1 9 :i* ! subjects are tulips1 hyac9?s1 crocuses1 or o!r e>ly-fl[]+ bulb\s plants4 ,9 ?is case1 ! gr\nd is usually occupi$ lat] 9 ! season by o!r plants4 ,^! lat] plants are commonly annuals1 ! se$s ( :i* are s[n among/ ! bulbs z soon z ! season is f> en\gh advanc$2 or ! annuals may be />t$ 9 boxes & ! plants transplant$ among/ ! bulbs z soon z ! wea!r is fit4 ,_m ( ! l[-gr[+ & compact cont9u\s-fl[]+ annuals are excell5t = summ] b$d+ effects4 ,!re is a li/ ( "s useful mat]ial = ?is purpose on page #bdi4 ,plants = subtropical effects 7,plates ,,iv & ,v74 ,! numb] ( plants suitable to produce a semitropical mass or = ! c5t] or back ( a gr\p1 :i* may be readily gr[n f se$1 is limit$4 ,"s ( ! be/ k9ds1 are includ$ bel[4 ,x w (t5 be wor? :ile to supplem5t ^! ) o!rs1 to be _h at ! flori/s1 su* z caladiums1 screw p9es1 ,ficus ela/ica1 arauc>ias1 ,musa ,ensete1 palms1 drac5as1 crotons1 & o!rs4 ,dahlias & tub]\s begonias are also useful4 ,ab\t a pond ! papyrus & lotus may be us$4 ,practically all ! plants us$ = ?is /yle ( g>d5+ are liable to injury f w9ds1 & !re=e ! b$s %\ld be plac$ 9 a protect$ situation4 ,! palms & "s o!r gre5h\se /uff d bett] if p>tially %ad$4 ,9 ! use ( su* plants1 !re are opportunities = ! ex]cise ( ! nice/ ta/e4 ,a gross fe$]1 z ! ric9us1 9 ! mid/ ( a b$ ( delicate annuals1 is q out ( place2 & a /ately1 royal-look+ plant among humbl] k9ds (t5 makes ! latt] look common1 :5 if head$ ) a *ief ( _! own rank all w\ld appe> to ! be/ advantage4 ,"s ( ! plants mu* us$ = subtropical b$d+1 & (t5 />t$ = t purpose 9 a gre5h\se or coldframe1 are3-- ,acalypha4 ,am>antus4 ,aralia ,sieboldii 7prop]ly ,fatsia ,japonica74 ,bamboos4 ,caladium & colocasia4 ,canna4 ,coxcomb1 p>ticul>ly ! new 8foliage0 k9ds4 ,grasses1 z eulalias1 pampas-grass1 p5nisetums4 ,gunn]a4 ,maize1 ! /rip$ =m4 ,ric9us or ca/or bean4 ,sc>let sage4 ,wig&ia4 ,aquatic & bog plants4 ,"s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & ornam5tal ( all plants gr[ 9 wat] & 9 wet places4 ,x is possible to make an aquatic fl[]-g>d51 & also to use wat] & bog plants z a "p ( ! l&scape "w4 ,! ess5tial consid]ation 9 ! gr[+ ( aquatics is ! mak+ ( ! pond4 ,x is possible to gr[ wat]-lilies 9 tubs & half b>rels2 b ?is does n provide suffici5t room1 & ! plant-food is likely soon to be exhau/$ & ! plants to fail4 ,! small quantity ( wat] is likely also to become f\l4 ,! be/ ponds are ^? made by good mason "w1 = ! wat] does n become muddy by work+ among ! plants4 ,9 cem5t ponds x is be/ to plant ! roots ( wat]-lilies 9 %all[ boxes ( e>? 7#a foot deep & #c or #d feet squ>e71 or to hold ! e>? 9 mason-"w comp>tm5ts4 ,x3 ,a %all[ lawn pond1 conta9+ wat]-lilies1 v>iegat$ sweet flag1 iris1 & subtropical b$d+ at ! re>2 f\nta9 cov]$ ) p>rot's fea!r 7,myriophyllum pros]p9acoides74 ,x3 ,a %all[ lawn pond1 conta9+ wat]-lilies1 v>iegat$ sweet flag1 iris1 & subtropical b$d+ at ! re>2 f\nta9 cov]$ ) p>rot's fea!r 7,myriophyllum pros]p9acoides74 ,usually ! ponds or tanks are n cem5t l9$4 ,9 "s soils a simple excavation w hold wat]1 b x is usually necess>y to give ! tank "s k9d ( l9+4 ,clay is (t5 us$4 ,! bottom & sides ( ! tank are p\nd$ firm1 & !n cov]$ ) #c to #f 94 ( clay1 :i* has be5 knead$ 9 ! h&s1 or p\nd$ & work$ 9 a box4 ,h&fuls or %ovelfuls ( ! mat]ial are ?r[n =cibly ^u ! e>?1 ! op]ator be+ c>eful n to walk ^u ! "w4 ,! clay is smoo!d by means ( a spade or maul1 & x is !n s&$4 ,! wat] = ! lily pond may be d]iv$ f a brook1 spr+1 well1 or a city wat] supply4 ,! plants w ?rive 9 any wat] t is us$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,x is important t ! wat] does n become /agnant & a bre$+ place = mosquitoes4 ,!re %\ld be an outlet 9 ! nature ( a /&-pipe1 t w control ! dep? ( wat]4 ,x is n necess>y t ! wat] run ?r\gh ! pond or tank rapidly1 b only t a sl[ *ange take place4 ,sometimes ! wat] is all[$ to ent] ?r\gh a f\nta9-vase1 9 :i* wat] plants 7su* z p>rot's fea!r7 may be gr[n 7,plate ,x74 ,9 all ponds1 a foot or #ae 94 is suffici5t dep? ( wat] to /& above ! cr[ns ( ! plants2 & ! greate/ dep? ( wat] %\ld n be m ?an #c ft4 = all k9ds ( wat]-lilies4 ,half ?is dep? is (t5 suffici5t4 ,! soil %\ld be #a to #b ft4 deep1 & v ri*4 ,old c[ manure may be mix$ ) ri* loam4 ,= ! nympheas or wat]-lilies1 #i to #ab 94 ( soil is suffici5t4 ,mo/ ( ! =eign wat]-lilies are n h>dy1 b "s ( !m may be gr[n ) ease if ! pond is cov]$ 9 w9t]4 ,roots ( h>dy wat]-lilies may be plant$ z soon z ! pond is cle> ( fro/1 b ! t5d] k9ds 7:i* are also to be tak5 up 9 ! fall7 %\ld n be plant$ till x is "t to plant out g]aniums4 ,s9k ! roots into ! mud s t !y are j buri$1 & weight !m d[n ) a /one or clod4 ,! nelumbium1 or s-call$ ,egyptian lotus1 %\ld n be transplant$ till gr[? beg9s to %[ 9 ! roots 9 ! spr+4 ,! roots are clean$ ( decay$ p>ts & cov]$ ) ab\t #c 94 ( soil4 ,a foot or s ( wat] is suffici5t = lotus ponds4 ,! roots ( ,egyptian lotus mu/ n freeze4 ,! roots ( all wat]-lily-l plants %\ld be frequ5tly divid$ & r5ew$4 ,) h>dy aquatics1 ! wat] & roots are all[$ to rema9 naturally ov] w9t]4 ,9 v cold climates1 ! pond is protect$ by ?r[+ bo>ds ov] x & cov]+ ) hay1 /raw1 or ev]gre5 b\ghs4 ,x is well to supply an additional dep? ( wat] z a fur!r protection4 ,z a l&scape feature1 ! pond %\ld h a backgr\nd1 or sett+1 & its edges %\ld be reliev$1 at lea/ on sides & back1 by plant+s ( bog plants4 ,9 p]man5t ponds ( l>ge size1 plant+s ( will[s1 osi]s1 & o!r %rubb]y may set (f ! area to advantage4 ,_m ( ! wild m>% & pond plants are excell5t = m>g9al plant+s1 z s$ges1 cat-tail1 sweet-flag 7!re is a /rip$-leav$ =m71 & "s ( ! m>% grasses4 ,japanese iris makes an excell5t effect 9 su* places4 ,= summ] plant+ 9 or ne> ponds1 caladium1 umbrella-plant1 & papyrus are good4 ,if !re is a /ream1 8bran*10 or 8run0 ?r\gh ! place1 x may (t5 be made "o ( ! mo/ attractive p>ts ( ! premises by coloniz+ bog plants along x4 ,rock]ies1 & alp9e plants4 ,a rock]y is a "p ( ! place 9 :i* plants are gr[n 9 pockets betwe5 rocks4 ,x is a fl[]-g>d5 conception r ?an a l&scape feature1 & !re=e %\ld be at "o side or 9 ! re> ( ! premises4 ,prim>ily1 ! object ( us+ ! rocks is to provide bett] conditions 9 :i* c]ta9 plants may gr[2 sometimes ! rocks are employ$ to hold a spr+y or sl\gh+ bank & ! plants are us$ to cov] ! rocks2 n[ & !n a p]son wants a rock or a pile ( /ones 9 8 y>d1 z ano!r p]son w\ld want a piece ( /atu>y or a %e>$ ev]gre54 ,sometimes ! rocks are natural to ! place & _c well be remov$2 9 ?is case ! plann+ & plant+ %\ld be su* z to make !m "p ( ! picture4 ,! real rock-g>d51 h[ev]1 is a place 9 :i* to gr[ plants4 ,! rocks are second>y4 ,! rocks %\ld n appe> to be plac$ = display4 ,if "o is mak+ a collection ( rocks1 he is pursu+ geology r ?an g>d5+4 ,yet _m ( ! s-call$ rock-g>d5s are m]e heaps ( /ones1 plac$ :]e x seems to be conv5i5t to pile /ones r ?an :]e ! /ones may improve conditions = ! gr[+ ( plants4 ,! plants t w naturally gr[ 9 rock pockets are ^? requir+ a cont9u\s supply ( root moi/ure & a cool atmosph]e4 ,to place a rock]y on a s& bank 9 ! burn+ sun is !re=e entirely out ( "*4 ,rock-g>d5 plants are ^? ( cool woods1 ( bogs1 & p>ticul>ly ( high m\nta9s & alp9e regions4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t a rock-g>d5 is an alp9e-g>d51 al?\gh ?is is n necess>ily s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry alp9e-g>d5+ is little kn[n1 l>gely because ( our hot dry summ]s & falls4 ,b if "o has a r cool exposure & an unfail+ wat] supply1 he may succe$ fairly well ) _m ( ! alp9es1 or at lea/ ) ! semi-alp9es4 ,mo/ ( ! alp9es are l[ & (t5 tuft$ plants1 & bloom 9 a spr+ temp]ature4 ,9 our long hot seasons1 ! alp9e-g>d5 may be expect$ to be dormant dur+ mu* ( ! summ]1 unless o!r rock-lov+ plants are coloniz$ 9 x4 ,alp9e plants are ( _m k9ds4 ,!y are specially to be f\nd 9 ! g5]a ar5>ia1 sil5e1 diap5sia1 primula1 saxifraga1 arabis1 aubrietia1 v]onica1 campanula1 g5tiana4 ,!y comprise a good numb] ( f]ns & _m little hea?s4 ,a good rock-g>d5 ( any k9d does n h ! /ones pil$ m]ely on ! surface2 !y are sunk5 well into ! gr\nd & are s plac$ t !re are deep *amb]s or *annels t hold moi/ure & into :i* roots may p5etrate4 ,! pockets are fill$ ) good fibr\s moi/ure-hold+ e>?1 & (t5 a little sphagnum or o!r moss is add$4 ,x mu/ !n be arrang$ s t ! pockets nev] dry out4 ,rock-g>d5s are usually failures1 because !y violate ^! v simple elem5t>y pr9ciples2 b ev5 :5 ! soil conditions & moi/ure conditions are good1 ! habits ( ! rock plants mu/ be le>n$1 & ?is requires ?\ghtful exp]i5ce4 ,rock-g>d5s _c be g5]ally recomm5d$4 #a4 ,,plants ,,= ,,c>pet-,,b$s 7,by ,erne/ ,walk]7 ,! beauty ( ! c>pet-b$ lies l>gely 9 its unity1 %>p contra/ & h>mony ( color1 elegance--(t5 simplicity--( design1 nicety ( execution1 & ! cont9u$ di/9ctness ( outl9e due to scrupul\s c>e4 ,a g5]\s all[ance ( gre5-sw>d on all sides contributes greatly to ! g5]al effect1--9 fact x is indisp5sable4 ,:atev] place is *os5 = ! b$1 x %\ld be 9 a sunny exposure4 ,?is1 nor any k9d ( b$1 %\ld n be plant$ ne> l>ge trees1 z _! gre$y roots w rob ! soil n only ( its food1 b ( moi/ure4 ,! %ade also w be a m5ace4 ,z ! plants /& s ?ick1 ! soil %\ld be well enri*$1 & spad$ at lea/ a foot deep4 ,9 plant+1 a space ( at lea/ six in*es mu/ be left betwe5 ! out] r[ ( plants & ! edge ( ! grass4 ,! v /yle ( ! b$ requires t l9es be /raight1 ! curves uni=m1 & t !y be kept s by ! frequ5t & c>eful use ( ! %e>s4 ,dur+ dry p]iods wat]+ w be necess>y4 ,! b$s1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be wat]$ 9 ! hot sun%9e4 ,foliage plants are mo/ 9 use1 & are ! ones :i* w prove ! mo/ satisfactory 9 ! h&s ( ! inexp]i5c$1 z !y submit to sev]e clipp+ & are ?us m easily manag$4 ,! foll[+ li/ w be helpful to ! beg9n]4 ,x embraces a numb] ( ! plants 9 common use = c>pet-b$d+1 al?\gh n all ( !m4 ,! usual heights are giv5 9 in*es4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 9 diff]5t soils & "u diff]5t treatm5t is m or less a v>iable quantity4 ,! figures 9 p>5!ses sugge/ 9 in*es suitable di/ances = plant+ 9 ! r[ :5 imm$iate effects are expect$4 ,a v]b5a 9 ri* soil w 9 "t cov] a circle ?ree feet or m 9 diamet]2 o!r plants m5tion$ spread consid]ably2 b :5 us$ 9 ! c>pet-b$1 !y mu/ be plant$ close4 ,"o _c wait = !m to gr[4 ,! aim is to cov] ! gr\nd at once4 ,al?\gh plant$ ?ick 9 ! r[1 x w be desirable to leave m room betwe5 ! r[s 9 case ( spread+ plants l ! v]b5a4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 ne$ little if any m space betwe5 ! r[s ?an is indicat$ by ! figures giv54 ,9 ! li/ ^? plants t be> free clipp+ are m>k$ ) 993 ,li/s = c>pet-b$s4 ,! figure imm$iately foll[+ ! "n ( plant indicates its height1 ! figures 9 p>5!ses ! di/ance = plant+1 9 in*es4 #a4 ,,l[-,,gr[+ ,,plants ,a4 ,,foliage ,,plants4 ,crimson4--99,alt]nan!ra amna spectabilis1 #f 7#d-f74 ,alt]nan!ra p>ony*ioides major1 #e 7#c-f74 ,alt]nan!ra v]sicolor1 #e 7#c-f74 ,yell[4--,alt]nan!ra aurea nana1 #f 7#d-f74 ,gray1 or :iti%4--,e*ev]ia secunda1 glauca1 #a-a_/b 7#c-d74 ,e*ev]ia metallica1 #i 7#f-h74 ,c9]>ia m>itima1 #ae 7#i-ab74 ,semp]vivum ,cali=nicum1 #a-a_/b 7#c-d74 ,?ymus arg5teus1 #f 7#d-f74 ,bronze br[n4--,oxalis tropoloides1 #c 7#c-d74 ,v>iegat$ 7:ite & gre574--,g]anium ,mme4 ,sall]oi1 #f 7#f-h74 99,sweet alyssum1 v>iegat$1 #f 7#f-i74 ,b4 ,,fl[]+ ,,plants4 ,sc>let4--,phlox ,drummondii1 ,dw>f1 #f 7#d-f74 ,cuphea platyc5tra1 ,cig> ,plant1 #f 7#d-f74 ,:ite4--,sweet alyssum1 ,little ,gem1 #d 7#d-f74 ,sweet alyssum1 common1 #f 7#f-h74 ,phlox ,drummondii1 ,dw>f1 #f 7#d-f74 ,blue4--,lobelia1 ,cry/al ,palace1 #f 7#d-f74 ,ag]atum1 ,dw>f ,blue1 #f 7#f-h74 #b4 ,,plants ,,( ,,tall] ,,gr[? ,a4 ,,foliage ,,plants4 ,crimson4--99,coleus ,v]s*affeltii1 #bd 7#i-ab74 99,a*yran!s ,l9d5i1 #ah 7#h-ab74 99,a*yran!s ,gilsoni1 #ab 7#h-ab74 99,a*yran!s ,v]s*affeltii1 #ab 7#h-ab74 99,acalypha tricolor1 #ab-ah 7#ab74 ,yell[4--99,coleus1 ,gold5 ,b$d]1 #bd 7#i-ab74 99,a*yran!s1 aurea reticulata1 #ab 7#h-ab74 ,gold5 fev]few 7,pyre?rum p>!nifolium aureum71 7#f-h74 ,bronze g]anium1 #ab 7#i74 ,silv]y :ite4--,du/y mill] 7,c5taurea gymnoc>pa71 #ab 7#h-ab74 99,santol9a ,*amcyp>issus incana1 #f-ab 7#f-h74 ,g]anium1 ,m\nta9 ( ,sn[1 #ab 7#f-i74 ,v>iegat$ 7:ite & gre574--99,/evia s]rata v>41 #ab-ah 7#h-ab74 ,phal>is arund9aeca v>41 7grass71 #bd 7#d-h74 ,cyp]us alt]nifolius v>41 #bd-cj 7#h-ab74 ,bronze4--99,acalypha m>g9ata1 #bd 7#ab74 ,b4 ,,fl[]+ ,,plants4 ,sc>let4--,salvia spl5d5s1 #cf 7#ab-ah74 ,g]aniums1 #bd 7#ab74 ,cuphea tricolor 7,c4 ,llavae71 #ah 7#h-ab74 ,dw>f na/urtium 7,tropaeolum71 #ab-ah 7#ab-ah74 ,begonia1 ,v]non1 #ab 7#f-h74 ,v]b5as1 #ab 7#f-ab74 ,phlox ,drummondii1 ,dw>f1 #f 7#d-f74 ,:ite4--,salvia spl5d5s1 ,:ite-fl[]$1 #cf 7#ab-ah74 ,g]aniums1 #ah-bd 7#ab74 ,lantana1 ,innoc5ce1 #ah-bd 7#h-ab74 ,lantana1 ,que5 ,victoria1 #bd 7#h-ab74 ,v]b5a1 ,sn[ ,que51 #ab 7#f-ab74 ,ag]atum1 ,:ite1 #i 7#f-i74 ,phlox ,drummondii1 ,dw>f1 #f 7#d-f74 ,p9k4--,petunia1 ,c\ntess ( ,ellesm]e1 #ah 7#h-ab74 ,lantana1 #bd 7#h-ab74 ,v]b5a1 ,beauty ( ,ox=d1 #f 7#h-ab74 ,phlox ,drummondii1 ,dw>f1 #f 7#d-f74 ,yell[4--,dw>f na/urtium1 #ab 7#ab-ah74 ,an!mis coron>ia fl4 pl41 #ab 7#f-h74 ,blue4--,ag]atum ,mexicanum1 #ab 7#f-h74 ,v]b5as1 #f 7#f-ab74 ,heliotrope1 ,que5 ( ,violets1 #ah 7#ab-ah74 ,9 ,fig4 #bdj are %[n a few designs suitable = c>pet-b$s4 ,!y are int5d$ m]ely to be sugge/ive1 n to be copi$ precisely4 ,! simple =ms & compon5t p>ts ( ! m elaborate b$s may be arrang$ into o!r designs4 ,likewise ! arrangem5t ( plants1 :i* w be m5tion$ z suitable = mak+ a giv5 patt]n1 is only "o ( _m possible comb9ations4 ,! idea is m]ely to br+ out ! design di/9ctly4 ,to accompli% ?is x is only necess>y to use plants ( contra/+ color or gr[?4 ,to illu/rate h[ v>i$ are ! arrangem5ts t may be us$1 & h[ easily diff]5t effects are produc$ ) a s+le design1 sev]al diff]5t comb9ations ( color = ! b$ ,no4 #a w be m5tion$3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,designs = c>pet-b$s4 ,no4 #a4--;,arrangem5t ,a3 ,outside1 ,alt]nan!ra amna spectabilis2 inside1 ,/evia s]rata v>iegata4 ,b3 lobelia1 ,cry/al ,palace2 ,mme4 ,sall]oi g]anium4 ,c3 lobelia1 ,cry/al ,palace2 sc>let dw>f phlox4 ,d3 sweet alyssum2 petunia1 ,c\ntess ( ,ellesm]e4 ,e3 coleus1 ,gold5 ,b$d]2 ,coleus ,v]s*affeltii4 ,f3 ,a*yran!s ,l9d5i2 yell[ dw>f na/urtium4 ,no4 #b4--,outside1 r$ alt]nan!ra2 middle1 du/y mill]2 c5t]1 p9k g]anium4 ,no4 #c4--,outside1 ,alt]nan!ra aurea nana2 middle1 ,alt]nan!ra amna spectabilis2 c5t]1 ,an!mis coron>ia4 ,no4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #ab may ea* be fill$ ) a s+le color1 or giv5 a bord] ( suitable plants if ! plant] s *ooses4 ,no4 #i4--;,gr\nd1 ,alt]nan!ra aurea nana2 c5t]1 ,acalypha tricolor2 black dots1 sc>let g]anium4 ,no4 #aj4--;,gr\nd ( ,c5taurea gymnoc>pa2 circle1 ,a*yran!s ,l9d5i2 cross1 ,gold5 coleus4 ,no4 #aa4--;,bord]1 ,oxalis tropoloides2 c5t]1 blue heliotrope1 blue ag]atum1 or ,acalypha m>g9ata2 cross ab\t ! c5t]1 ,?ymus arg5teus1 or c5taurea2 scallop outside ! cross1 blue lobelia2 corn]s1 inside bord]1 santol9a4 ,designs #ac & #ad are1 9 "*1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( a p>t]re2 b in/ead ( ! int]v5+ spaces 9 ! b$ be+ ord9>y walks !y are ( grass4 ,su* b$s are ( a useful type1 because !y may be made l>ge & yet be execut$ ) a comp>atively small numb] ( plants4 ,!y are especially suitable = ! c5t] ( an op5 plot ( lawn ) def9ite =mal b\nd>ies on all sides1 su* z walks or drives4 ,:e!r !y are to be compos$ ( tall-gr[+ or ( l[-gr[+ plants w dep5d ^u ! di/ance !y are to be f ! obs]v]4 ,= a mod]ate-siz$ plot ! foll[+ plants might be us$3-- ,no4 #ac4--;,bord]1 r$ alt]nan!ra2 second r[1 dw>f orange or yell[ na/urtium2 ?ird r[1 ,a*yran!s ,gilsoni1 or ,acalypha tricolor2 c5tral squ>e1 sc>let g]aniums1 ) a bord] ( ,c5taurea gymnoc>pa2 int]v5+ spaces1 grass4 ,in/ead ( ! squ>e ( g]aniums1 a vase might be sub/itut$1 or a clump ( ,salvia spl5d5s4 ,no4 #ad4--;,composite b$s l ?is & ! =m] are always sugge/ive4 ,!y conta9 v>i\s features :i* may readily be recomb9$ into o!r patt]ns4 ,sometimes x may be conv5i5t to use only portions ( ! design4 ,! read] %\ld feel t no arrangem5t is arbitr>y1 b m]ely a sugge/ion t he may use ) ! utmo/ fre$om1 only keep+ h>mony 9 view4 ,= ,no4 #ad1 ! foll[+ may be an acceptable plant+ arrangem5t3 ,bord]1 ,mme4 ,sall]oi g]anium2 small dots1 dw>f sc>let tropeolum2 diamonds1 blue lobelia2 cresc5ts1 ,/evia s]rata v>iegata2 inn] bord]1 crimson a*yran!s or coleus2 loops1 ,c5taurea gymnoc>pa2 w$ge-%ap$ portions1 sc>let g]anium4 ,no4 #ae4--,suitable = a corn]4 ,bord]1 r$ alt]nan!ra2 second r[1 ,alt]nan!ra aurea nana2 ?ird r[1 r$ alt]nan!ra2 c5t]1 ,e*ev]ia ,cali=nica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4 ,c>pet-b$ = a bay or recession 9 ! bord] plant+4 ,no4 #af--;,bord]1 crimson alt]nan!ra 7ano!r bord] ( yell[ alt]nan!ra might be plac$ inside ( ?is72 gr\nd1 ,e*ev]ia secunda glauca2 inn] bord]1 ,oxalis tropoloides2 c5t]1 ,alt]nan!ra aurea nana4 ,or1 inn] bord]1 ,e*ev]ia ,cali=nica2 c5t]1 crimson alt]nan!ra4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,ano!r circul> c>pet-b$4 ,no4 #ag4--;,ano!r b$ int5d$ to fill an angle4 ,its curv$ side w also fit x = use ) a circul> design4 ,bord]1 dw>f blue ag]atum2 circle1 blue lobelia2 gr\nd 7#c p>ts71 crimson alt]nan!ra4 ,o!r c>pet or mosaic b$s 7aft] ,long71 ) ! plants indicat$1 are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bda1 #bdb4 #b4 ,,! ,,annual ,,plants ,! annual fl[]s ( ! se$sm5 are ^? t give _! be/ bloom 9 ! v ye> 9 :i* ! se$s are s[n4 ,true annuals are ^? plants t complete _! entire life-cycle 9 "o season4 ,"s ( ! s-call$ annual fl[]s w cont9ue to bloom ! second & ?ird ye>s1 b ! bloom is s poor & sp>se aft] ! fir/ season t x does n pay to keep !m4 ,"s p]5nials may be treat$ z annuals by />t+ ! se$s e>ly2 ,*9ese p9k1 pansy & snapdragon are examples4 ,! regul> bi5nials may be treat$ practically z annuals2 t is1 se$s may be s[n e ye>1 & aft] ! fir/ ye>1 !re=e1 a seasonal succession ( bloom may be _h4 ,( su* are adlumia1 ,cant]bury bell1 lun>ia1 ipomopsis1 no!ra ,lam>ckiana2 & foxglove1 val]ian1 & "s o!r p]5nials w\ld bett] be treat$ z bi5nials4 ,mo/ annuals w bloom 9 c5tral ,new ,york if ! se$s are s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd :5 ! wea!r becomes ?or\ghly settl$4 ,b !re are "s k9ds1 z ! late cosmos & moon-fl[]s1 = :i* ! nor!rn season is commonly too %ort to give good bloom unless !y are />t$ v e>ly indoors4 ,if fl[]s ( any annual are want$ extra e>ly1 ! se$s %\ld be />t$ "u cov]4 ,a gre5h\se is n necess>y = ?is purpose1 al?\gh be/ results are to be expect$ ) su* a build+4 ,! se$ may be s[n 9 boxes1 & ^! boxes !n plac$ 9 a %elt]$ position on ! w>m side ( a build+4 ,at night !y may be cov]$ ) bo>ds or matt+4 ,9 v cold 8spells0 ! boxes %\ld be br\ght inside4 ,9 ?is simple way se$s may (t5 be />t$ "o to ?ree weeks ahead ( ! "t :5 !y c be s[n 9 ! op5 g>d54 ,moreov]1 ! plants are likely to receive bett] c>e 9 ^! boxes1 & !re=e to gr[ m rapidly4 ,( c\rse1 if /ill e>li] results are desir$1 ! se$ %\ld be s[n 9 ! kit*51 hotb$1 coldframe1 or 9 a gre5h\se4 ,9 />t+ plants ahead ( ! season1 be c>eful n to use too deep boxes4 ,! g>d5]'s 8flat0 may be tak5 z a sugge/ion4 ,?ree in*es ( e>? is suffici5t1 & 9 "s cases 7z :5 ! plants are />t$ late7 half ?is dep? is en\gh4 ,! difficulty ) e>ly s[n se$l+s is 8draw+ up10 & weakness f cr[d+ & want ( light4 ,?is is mo/ liable to occur ) w9d[-gr[n plants4 ,vigor\s ,june-s[n plants are bett] ?an su* weakl+s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t v e>ly bloom usually means ! %ort5+ ( ! season at ! o!r end2 ?is may be rem$i$ to "s ext5t by mak+ s[+s at diff]5t times4 ,! 8h>dy0 annuals are su* z develop readily )\t ! aid ( artificial heat4 ,!y are commonly s[n 9 ,may or e>li]1 directly 9 ! op5 gr\nd :]e !y are to gr[4 ,flori/s (t5 s[ c]ta9 k9ds 9 ! fall1 & w9t] ! "y plants 9 coldframes4 ,!y may also be w9t]$ "u a cov]+ ( leaves or ev]gre5 b\ghs4 ,"s ( ! h>dy annuals 7z sweet pea7 )/& consid]able fro/4 ,! 8half-h>dy0 & 8t5d]0 annuals are alike 9 t !y require m w>m? = _! g]m9ation & gr[?4 ,! t5d] k9ds are v quickly s5sitive to fro/4 ,bo? ^!1 l ! h>dy k9ds1 may be s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 b n until ! wea!r has become settl$ & w>m1 :i* = ! t5d] k9ds w n commonly be be=e ! fir/ ( ,june2 b ! t5d] k9ds1 at lea/1 are pref]ably />t$ 9 ! h\se & transplant$ to _! outdoor b$s4 ,( c\rse1 ^! t]ms are :olly relative4 ,:at may be a t5d] annual 9 ,massa*usetts may be a h>dy annual or ev5 a p]5nial 9 ,l\isiana4 ,^! t]ms z ord9>ily us$ 9 ?is c\ntry ref] to ! nor!rn /ates1 or n f>!r s\? ?an middle ,atlantic /ates4 ,"s famili> examples ( h>dy annuals are sweet alyssum1 ag]atum1 cal5dula1 calliopsis1 c&ytuft1 ,c5taurea ,cyanus1 cl>kia1 l>kspur1 gilia1 ,cali=nia poppy1 morn+-glory1 m>igold1 mignonette1 nemophila1 pansy1 phlox1 p9ks1 poppies1 portulaca1 z9nia1 sweet pea1 scabiosa4 ,examples ( half-h>dy annuals are3 ,*9a a/]1 alonsoa1 balsam1 petunia1 ric9us1 /ocks1 balloon-v9e1 m>tynia1 salpiglossis1 ?unb]gia1 na/urtium1 v]b5a4 ,examples ( t5d] annuals3 ,am>antus1 celosia or coxcomb1 cosmos1 cotton1 ,lobelia ,er9us1 cobea1 g\rds1 ice-plant1 s5sitive-plant1 solanums1 tor5ia1 & su* ?+s z dahlias1 caladiums1 & acalypha us$ = b$d+ & subtropical effects4 ,"s annuals d n be> transplant+ well2 z poppies1 b>tonia1 ,v5us' look+-glass1 ! dw>f convolvulus1 lup9us1 & malope4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 to s[ !m :]e !y are to gr[4 ,"s k9ds 7z poppies7 d n bloom all summ]1 m especially n if all[$ to produce se$4 ,( su* k9ds a second or ?ird s[+ at int]vals w provide a succession4 ,prev5t+ ! =mation ( se$s prolongs _! life & fl[]+ p]iod4 ,a few ( ! annuals ?rive 9 p>tial %ade or :]e !y receive sun%9e = half ! day2 b mo/ ( !m pref] a sunny situation4 ,any good g>d5 soil is suitable = annuals4 ,if n naturally f]tile & friable1 x %\ld be made s by ! application ( well-rott$ /able-manure or humus4 ,! spad+ %\ld be at lea/ "o foot deep4 ,! upp] six in*es is !n to be giv5 a second turn+ to pulv]ize & mix x4 ,aft] mak+ ! surface f9e & smoo? ! soil %\ld be press$ d[n ) a bo>d4 ,! se$ may n[ be spr9kl$ on ! soil 9 l9es or conc5tric circles1 accord+ to ! me?od desir$4 ,aft] cov]+ ! se$1 ! soil %\ld be aga9 press$ d[n ) a bo>d4 ,?is promotes capill>ity1 by :i* ! surface ( ! soil is bett] suppli$ ) moi/ure f bel[4 ,always m>k ) a label ! k9d & position ( all se$ s[n4 ,if ! fl[]s are to be gr[n ab\t ! edges ( ! lawn1 make sure t ! grass roots d n run und]nea? !m & rob !m ( food & moi/ure4 ,x is well to run a %>p spade deep into ! gr\nd ab\t ! edges ( ! b$ e two or ?ree weeks = ! purpose ( cutt+ (f any grass roots t may h run into ! b$4 ,if b$s are made 9 ! turf1 see t !y are #c ft4 or m wide1 s t ! grass roots w n und]m9e !m4 ,aga9/ ! %rub bord]s1 ?is precaution may n be necess>y4 ,9 fact1 x is desirable t ! fl[]s fill all ! space betwe5 ! ov]hang+ bran*es & ! sod4 ,x is surpris+ h[ few ( ! uncommon or little kn[n annuals really h great m]it = g5]al purposes4 ,!re is no?+ yet to take ! place ( ! old-"t gr\ps1 su* z am>an?s1 z9nias1 cal5dulas1 daturas1 balsams1 annual p9ks1 c&ytufts1 ba*elor's buttons1 wallfl[]s1 l>kspurs1 petunias1 gaill>dias1 snapdragons1 coxcombs1 lobelias1 coreopsis or calliopsis1 ,cali=nia poppies1 f\r-o'clocks1 sweet sultans1 phloxes1 mignonettes1 scabiosas1 na/urtiums1 m>igolds1 ,*9a a/]s1 salpiglossis1 nicotianas1 pansies1 portulacas1 ca/or beans1 poppies1 sunfl[]s1 v]b5as1 /ocks1 alyssums1 & su* good old runn+ plants z sc>let runn]s1 sweet peas1 convolvuluses1 ipomeas1 tall na/urtiums1 balloon v9es1 cobeas4 ,( ! annual v9es ( rec5t introduction1 ! ,japanese hop has at once tak5 a prom95t place = ! cov]+ ( f5ces & arbors1 al?\gh x has no floral beauty to recomm5d x4 ,= bold mass-displays ( color 9 ! re> p>ts ( ! gr\nds or along ! bord]s1 "s ( ! co>s] species are desirable4 ,good plants = su* use are3 sunfl[] & ca/or bean = ! back r[s2 z9nias = bright effects 9 ! sc>lets & lilacs2 ,african m>igolds = brilliant yell[s2 nicotianas = :ites4 ,un=tunately1 we h no robu/-gr[+ annuals ) good blues4 ,"s ( ! l>kspurs & ! br[allias are p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to !m4 ,= l[]-gr[+ & less gross mass-displays1 ! foll[+ are good3 ,cali=nia poppies = oranges & yell[s2 sweet sultans = purples1 :ites1 & pale yell[s2 petunias = purples1 violets1 & :ites2 l>kspurs = blues & violets2 ba*elor's buttons 7or cornfl[]s7 = blues2 calliopsis & coreopsis & cal5dulas = yell[s2 gaill>dias = r$-yell[s & orange-r$s2 ,*9a a/]s = _m colors4 ,= /ill less robu/ness1 good mass-displays c be made ) ! foll[+3 alyssums & c&ytufts = :ites2 phloxes = :ites & v>i\s p9ks & r$s2 lobelias & br[allias = blues2 p9ks = :ites & v>i\s %ades ( p9k2 /ocks = :ites & r$s2 wallfl[]s = br[n-yell[s2 v]b5as = _m colors4 ,a g>d5 ( pleasant annual fl[]s is n complete t does n conta9 "s ( ! 8ev]la/+s0 or immortelles4 ,^! 8pap] fl[]s0 are always int]e/+ to *ildr54 ,!y are n s desirable = ! mak+ ( 8dry b\quets0 z = _! value z a "p ( a g>d54 ,! colors are bright1 ! blooms hold long on ! plant1 & mo/ ( ! k9ds are v easy to gr[4 ,my favorite gr\ps are ! diff]5t k9ds ( x]an!mums & heli*rysums4 ,! globe am>an?s1 ) clov]-l heads 7sometimes kn[n z ba*elor's buttons71 are good old favorites4 ,rhodan!s & acrocl9iums are also good & reliable4 ,! ornam5tal grasses %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,!y add a note to ! fl[]-g>d5 & to b\quets t is di/9ct & c be secur$ by no o!r plants4 ,!y are easily gr[n4 ,"s ( ! good annual grasses are ,agro/is nebulosa1 ! brizas1 ,bromus briz=mis1 ! species ( eragro/is & p5nisetums1 & ,coix ,la*ryma z a curiosity4 ,su* good lawn grasses z arundo1 pampas-grass1 eulalias1 & erian?us are p]5nials & are !re=e n includ$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,"s ( ! mo/ reliable & easily gr[n annuals are giv5 9 ! foll[+ li/s 7"u ! common trade names74 ,li/ ( annuals by color ( fl[]s4 ,:ite ,fl[]s ,ag]atum ,mexicanum album4 ,alyssum1 common sweet2 compacta4 ,c5tran?us macrosiphon albus4 ,*9a a/]s4 ,convolvulus major4 ,dian?us1 ,d\ble ,:ite ,m>g>et4 ,ib]is am>a2 coron>ia1 ,:ite ,rocket4 ,ipoma h$]acea4 ,lavat]a alba4 ,malope gr&iflora alba4 ,mat?iola 7,/ocks71 ,cut & ,come ,aga92 ,dresd5 ,p]petual2 ,giant ,p]fection2 ,:ite ,pe>l4 ,mirabilis longiflora alba4 ,nigella4 ,phlox1 ,dw>f ,sn[ball2 ,leopoldii4 ,poppies1 ,flag ( ,truce2 ,%irley2 ,! ,mikado4 ,z9nia4 ,yell[ & ,orange ,fl[]s ,cacalia lutea4 ,cal5dula (fic9alis1 common2 ,meteor2 sulphurea2 suffruticosa4 ,calliopsis bicolor m>morata2 c>dam9efolia2 elegans picta4 ,cosmidium ,burridgeanum4 ,erysimum ,p](skianum4 ,es*s*oltzia ,cali=nica4 ,hibiscus ,africanus2 ,gold5 ,b[l4 ,ipoma cocc9ea lutea4 ,loasa tricolor4 ,tagetes1 v>i\s k9ds4 ,?unb]gia alata ,fry]i2 aurantiaca4 ,tropaeolum1 ,dw>f1 ,lady ,bird2 ,tall1 ,s*ulzi4 ,z9nia4 ,blue & ,purple ,fl[]s ,ag]atum ,mexicanum2 ,mexicanum1 ,dw>f4 ,asp]ula setosa azurea4 ,bra*ycome ib]idifolia4 ,br[allia ,cz]niak[ski2 elata4 ,c5taurea ,cyanus1 ,victoria ,dw>f ,compact2 ,cyanus m9or4 ,*9a a/]s ( sev]al v>ieties4 ,convolvulus m9or2 m9or unicaulis4 ,gilia a*illeaefolia2 capitata4 ,ib]is umbellata2 umbellata lilac9a4 ,kaulfussia amelloides2 atroviolacea4 ,lobelia ,er9us2 ,er9us1 ,elegant4 ,nigella4 ,phlox v>iabilis atropurpurea4 ,salvia f>9acea4 ,specul>ia4 ,v]b5a1 ,black-blue2 ca]ulea2 ,gold5-leav$4 ,:itlavia glox9ioides4 ,r$ & ,rose-r$ ,fl[]s ,abromia umbellata4 ,alonsoa gr&iflora4 ,cacalia1 ,sc>let4 ,cl>kia elegans rosea4 ,convolvulus tricolor roseus4 ,dian?us1 ,half ,dw>f ,e>ly ,m>g>et2 ,dw>f ,p]petual2 ,*95sis4 ,gaill>dia picta4 ,ipoma cocc9ea2 volubilis4 ,mat?iola annuus2 ,blood-r$ ,t5 ,weeks2 gr&iflora1 ,dw>f4 ,papav] 7,poppy7 c>d9ale2 ,mephi/o4 ,phaseolus multiflorus4 ,phlox1 ,l>ge-fl[]+ ,dw>f2 ,dw>f ,fireball2 ,black ,w>rior4 ,salvia cocc9ea4 ,sapon>ia4 ,tropaeolum1 ,dw>f1 ,tom ,?umb4 ,v]b5a hybrida1 ,sc>let ,defiance4 ,z9nia4 ,useful annuals = edg+s ( b$s &1 walks1 & = ribbon-b$s4 ,ag]aturn1 blue & :ite4 ,alyssum1 sweet4 ,bra*ycome4 ,cal&r9ia4 ,cl>kia4 ,coll9sias4 ,dian?uses or p9ks4 ,gilia4 ,gypsophila muralis4 ,ib]is or c&ytufts4 ,leptosiphons4 ,lobelia ,er9us4 ,nemophilas4 ,nigellas4 ,portulaca or rose moss 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,sapon>ia ,calabrica4 ,specul>ia4 ,tor5ia4 ,:itlavia4 ,annuals t cont9ue to bloom aft] fro/4 ,?is li/ is compil$ f ,bullet9 #afa1 ,cornell ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,sev]al hundr$ k9ds ( annuals 7 gr[n at ?is /ation 7,i?aca1 ,n4,y47 9 #ahig & #ahih4 ,! notes are giv5 9 ! orig9al trade names "u :i* ! se$sm5 suppli$ ! /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bdc4 ,portulaca1 or rose moss4 ,abronia umbellata4 ,adonis ae/ivalis2 autumnale4 ,argemone gr&iflora4 ,cal5dulas4 ,callirrho4 ,c>duus b5$ictus4 ,c5taurea ,cyanus4 ,c5tauridium4 ,c5tran?us macro- ,c]9! retorta4 siphon4 ,*eiran?us ,*eiri4 ,*rysan!mums4 ,convolvulus m9or2 tricolor4 ,dian?us ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,el%oltzia cri/ata4 ,erysimum ,p](skianum2 ,arkansanum4 ,es*s*oltzias1 9 sev]al v>ieties 7,fig4 #bdi74 ,gaill>dia picta4 ,gilia a*illeaefolia2 capitata2 lac9iata2 tricolor4 ,ib]is aff9is4 ,lavat]a alba4 ,mat?iolas or /ocks4 no!ra rosea2 ,lam>ckiana2 ,phlox ,drummondii4 ,drummondii4 ,podolepis aff9is2 *rysan?a4 ,salvia cocc9ea2 f>9acea2 ,horm9um4 ,v]b5as4 ,vicia ,g]>di4 ,virg9ian /ocks4 ,visc>ia elegans2 oculata2 ,cli-rosa4 ,li/ ( annuals suitable = b$d+ 7t is1 = 8mass effects0 ( color74 ,a li/ ( ?is k9d is necess>ily bo? incomplete & imp]fect1 because good new v>ieties are frequ5tly appe>+1 & ! ta/e ( ! g>d5] mu/ be consult$4 ,any plants may be us$1 broadly speak+1 = b$d+2 b ! foll[+ li/ 7giv5 9 t]ms ( trade names7 sugge/s "s ( ! be/ subjects to use :5 b$s ( solid1 /rong color are desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd ,pansies ,adonis ae/ivalis2 autumnalis4 ,ag]atum ,mexicanum2 ,mexicanum1 ,dw>f4 ,b>tonia aurea4 ,cacalia4 ,cal5dula (fic9alis1 9 sev]al =ms2 pluvialis2 ,pongei2 sulphurea1 fl4 pl42 suffruticosa4 ,calliopsis bicolor m>morata2 c>dam9efolia2 elegans picta4 ,callirrho involucrata2 p$ata2 p$ata nana4 ,c5taurea ,am]icana2 ,cyanus1 ,victoria ,dw>f ,compact2 ,cyanus m9or2 suaveol5s4 ,*9a a/]s4 ,*rysan!mum ,burridgeanum2 c>9atum2 coron>ium2 tricolor4 ,convolvulus m9or2 tricolor4 ,cosmidium ,burridgeanum4 ,delph9ium1 s+le2 d\ble4 ,dian?us1 ,d\ble ,:ite ,half ,dw>f ,m>g>et2 ,dw>f ,p]petual2 ,c>yophyllus semp]flor5s2 ,*95sis1 d\ble2 d5tosus hybridus2 ,h$dewigii2 imp]ialis2 lac9iatus1 ,salmon ,que52 plum>ius2 sup]bus1 dw>f fl4 pl42 picotee4 ,el%oltzia cri/ata4 ,es*s*oltzia ,cali=nica2 crocea2 ,m&>92 t5uifolia 7,fig4 #bdi74 ,gaill>dia picta2 picta ,lor5ziana4 ,gilia a*illeaefolia2 capitata2 lac9iata2 l9ifolia2 nivalis2 tricolor4 ,godetia ,:itneyi2 gr&iflora maculata2 rubicunda spl5d5s4 ,hibiscus ,africanus2 ,gold5 ,b[l4 ,ib]is aff9is2 am>a2 coron>ia2 umbellata4 ,impati5s or balsam4 ,lavat]a alba2 trime/ris4 ,l9um gr&iflorum4 ,madia elegans4 ,malope gr&iflora4 ,matric>ia eximia pl5a4 ,mat?iola or /ock1 9 _m =ms2 ,wallfl[]-leav$2 bicornis4 ,nigella1 or ,love-9-a-mi/4 no!ra ,drummondii2 ,lam>ckiana2 rosea tetrapt]a4 ,papav] or poppy1 ( _m k9ds2 c>d9ale2 glaucum2 umbrosum4 ,petunia1 b$d+ k9ds4 ,phlox ,drummondii1 9 _m v>ieties4 ,portulaca 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,salvia f>9acea2 ,horm9um2 spl5d5s4 ,s*izan?us papilionaceus2 p9natus4 ,sil5e ,arm]ia2 p5dula4 ,tagetes1 or m>igold1 9 _m =ms2 erecta2 patula2 signata4 ,tropaeolum1 ,dw>f4 ,v]b5a auriculaeflora2 ,italica /riata2 hybrida2 ca]ulea2 ,gold5-leav$4 ,visc>ia ,cli-rosa2 elegans picta2 oculata4 ,z9nia1 ,dw>f2 elegans alba2 ,tom ,?umb2 ,haageana2 cocc9ea pl5a 7,fig4 #bdg74 ,,xi4 ,! back y>d1 ) summ] h\se1 & g>d5s beyond4 ,,xi4 ,! back y>d1 ) summ] h\se1 & g>d5s beyond4 ,li/ ( annuals by height4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to make any accurate or def9ite li/ ( plants 9 t]ms ( _! height1 b ! beg9n] may be aid$ by approximate measurem5ts4 ,! foll[+ li/s are made f ,bullet9 #afa ( ! ,cornell ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 :i* gives tabul> data on _m annuals gr[n at ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,se$s ( mo/ ( ! k9ds 7 s[n 9 ! op51 r late4 8,! soil v>i$ some:at1 b x 0 light & well till$1 & only mod]ately ri*40 ,ord9>y good c>e 0 giv5 ! plants4 ,! av]age height ( ! plants ( ea* k9d at full gr[?1 z !y /ood on ! gr\nd1 is giv5 9 ^! li/s4 ,( c\rse1 ^! heights might be less or m ) diff]5t soils1 diff]5t treatm5ts1 & diff]5t climates2 b ! figures are fairly comp>able among !mselves4 ,! measurem5ts are bas$ on ! /ock suppli$ by lead+ se$sm5 "u ! trade names "h giv54 ,x is n unlikely t "s ( ! discrepancies 7 due to mixture ( se$ or to /ock be+ untrue to type2 "s ( x may h be5 due to soil conditions4 ,! same "n may be f\nd 9 two divisions 9 "s in/ances1 ! plants hav+ be5 gr[n f diff]5t lots ( se$s4 ,! li/s w indicate to ! gr[] :at v>iations he may expect 9 any l>ge lot ( se$s4 ,se$sm5's catalogues %\ld be consult$ = :at ! trade consid]s to be ! prop] & normal heights = ! diff]5t plants4 ,plants #f-h 94 high ,abronia umbellata gr&iflora4 ,alyssum compactum4 ,callirrho involucrata4 ,godetia1 ,bij\1 ,lady ,albem>le1 & ,lady ,sat9 ,rose4 ,gypsophila muralis4 ,kaulfussia amelloides4 ,leptosiphon hybridus4 ,l9>ia ,m>occana4 ,lobelia ,er9us & ,er9us ,elegant4 ,nemophila atom>ia1 discoidalis1 insignis1 & maculata4 ,nolana lanceolata1 p>adoxa1 pro/rata1 & atriplicifolia4 ,podolepis *rysan?a & aff9is4 ,portulaca4 ,rhodan! ,manglesii4 ,s$um ca]uleum4 ,sil5e p5dula rub]rima4 ,v]b5a4 ,plants #i-ab 94 high ,alyssum4 ,asp]ula setosa azurea4 ,bra*ycome ib]idifolia4 ,cal&r9ia umbellata elegans4 ,callirrho p$ata nana4 ,c5taurea ,cyanus ,victoria ,dw>f ,compact4 ,c5tran?us macrosiphon nanus4 ,coll9sia bicolor1 c&idissima & multicolor m>morata4 ,convolvulus m9or & tricolor4 ,es*s*oltzia crocea4 ,gamolepis ,tagetes4 ,gilia lac9iata & l9ifolia4 ,godetia ,du*ess ( ,albany1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,fairy ,que51 ,brilliant1 gr&iflora maculata1 ,:itneyi1 ,duke ( ,fife1 rubicunda spl5d5s4 ,helipt]um corymbiflorum4 ,ib]is aff9is4 ,kaulfussia amelloides atroviolacea1 & a4 k]mes9a4 ,leptosiphon &rosaceus & d5siflorus4 ,l9>ia bip>tita spl5dida4 ,mat?iola dw>f ,=c+ ,sn[flake1 ,wallfl[]-leav$4 ,mesembryan!mum cry/all9um4 ,mimulus cupreus4 ,nemophila atom>ia oculata & m>g9ata4 ,nigella4 ,nolana atriplicifolia4 ,omphalodes l9ifolia4 no!ra rosea & tetrapt]a4 ,phlox1 ,l>ge-fl[]+ ,dw>f & ,dw>f ,sn[ball4 ,rhodan! maculata4 ,sapon>ia ,calabrica4 ,s*izan?us p9natus4 ,sil5e ,arm]ia & p5dula4 ,specul>ia4 ,visc>ia oculata cs]ulea4 ,plants #ac-ag 94 high ,abronia umbellata4 ,acrocl9ium album & roseum4 ,bra*ycome ib]idifolia alba4 ,br[allia ,cz]niak[ski & elata4 ,cacalia4 ,cal&r9ia gr&iflora4 ,cal5dula sulphurea flore pl5o4 ,*rysan!mum c>9atum4 ,collomia cocc9ea4 ,convolvulus m9or & m9or unicaulis4 ,dian?us1 ! ,m>g>et v>ieties1 ,dw>f ,p]petual1 ,c>yophyllus semp]flor5s1 ,*95sis1 d5tosus hybridus1 ,h$dewigii1 imp]ialis1 lac9iatus1 plum>ius1 sup]bus dw>f1 picotee1 ,comtesse de ,p>is4 ,el%oltzia cri/ata4 ,es*s*oltzia ,cali=nica1 ,m&>91 m>itima & t5uifolia4 ,gaill>dia picta4 ,gilia a*illesefolia alba & nivalis4 ,helipt]um ,san=dii4 ,hi]acium1 ,be>d$4 ,ib]is am>a1 coron>ia ,empress1 coron>ia ,:ite ,rocket1 ,sweet-sc5t$1 umbellata1 umbellata c>nea1 & umbellata lilac9a4 ,leptosiphon c>m9eus4 ,lup9us nanus1 sulphureus4 ,malope gr&iflora4 ,mat?iola1 ,wallfl[]-leav$ & ,virg9ian /ock4 ,mirabilis alba4 ,nigella4 no!ra ,lam>ckiana4 ,palafoxia ,hook]iana4 ,papav]1 ,%irley & glaucum4 ,petunia4 ,phlox ( _m k9ds4 ,salvia ,horm9um4 ,s*izan?us papilionaceus4 ,/atice ,?\9i & sup]ba4 ,tagetes1 ,pride ( ! ,g>d5 & ,dw>f4 ,tropaeolum1 _m k9ds ( dw>f4 ,v5idium cal5dulaceum4 ,v]b5a ( sev]al k9ds4 ,visc>ia ,cli-rosa1 elegans picta1 oculata1 & oculata alba4 ,:itlavia glox9ioides4 ,plants #ah-bc 94 high ,adonis ae/ivalis & autumnalis4 ,am>antus atropurpureus4 ,cal5dula (fic9alis1 ,meteor1 suffruticosa1 & pluvialis4 ,calliopsis bicolor m>morata4 ,callirrho p$ata4 ,c5taurea ,cyanus m9or ,blue & suaveol5s4 ,c5tran?us macrosiphon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,gaill>dia1 "o ( ! %[y g>d5 annuals4 ,*rysan!mum ,burridgeanum1 c>9atum1 tricolor ,dunnettii4 ,cosmidium ,burridgeanum4 ,delph9ium 7annual74 ,eutoca ,wrangeliana4 ,gaill>dia picta 7,fig4 #bde71 ,lor5ziana4 ,gilia a*illeaefolia1 a4 rosea & tricolor4 ,heli*rysum atrosangu9eum4 ,ipoma cocc9ea4 ,l9um gr&iflorum4 ,loasa tricolor4 ,lup9us albus1 hirsutus & pubesc5s4 ,malope gr&iflora alba4 ,matric>ia eximia pl5a4 ,mat?iola1 sev]al k9ds4 no!ra ,drummondii4 ,papav] ,mephi/o1 c>d9ale1 c4 hybridum1 c4 ,danebrog1 umbrosum4 ,tagetes patula & signata4 ,vicia ,g]>dii4 ,:itlavia gr&iflora & g4 alba4 ,x]an!mum album & multiflorum album4 ,z9nias ( _m k9ds 7all n m5tion$ 9 o!r li/s74 ,plants #bd-cj 94 high ,b>tonia aurea4 ,cal5dula (fic9alis fl4 pl41 ,pr9ce ( ,orange & ,pongei4 ,calliopsis elegans picta4 ,c>diosp]mum ,halicacabum4 ,c>duus b5$ictus4 ,c5taurea ,cyanus m9or ,emp]or ,william4 ,*eiran?us ,*eiri4 ,*rysan!mum tricolor1 t4 hybridum & coron>ium sulphureum fl4 pl4 ,cl>kia elegans rosea4 ,datura cornucopia4 ,erysimum ,arkansanum & ,p](skianum4 ,eutoca viscida4 ,gilia capitata alba4 ,heli*rysum bracteatum & macran?um4 ,hibiscus ,africanus4 ,impati5s1 all v>ieties4 ,lup9us hirsutus pilosus4 ,mat?iola ,blood-r$ ,t5 ,weeks1 ,cut & ,come ,aga91 gr&iflora1 annuus1 & o!rs4 ,mirabilis ,jalapa folio v>iegata & longiflora alba4 ,papav]1 ,am]ican ,flag1 ,mikado & ,d\ble4 ,p]illa lac9iata & ,nank95sis4 ,salvia f>9acea4 ,tagetes ,eldorado1 ,nugget ( ,gold1 erecta fl4 pl4 ,x]an!mum annuum & sup]bissimum fl4 pl4 ,z9nia elegans alba fl4 pl4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,wild phlox 7,p4 maculata71 "o ( ! p>5ts ( ! p]5nial g>d5 phloxes4 ,plants #ca-dj 94 high ,acrocl9ium1 d\ble rose & :ite4 ,adonis ae/ivalis4 ,ag]atum ,mexicanum album & blue4 ,am>antus bicolor rub]4 ,argemone gr&iflora4 ,c5taurea ,am]icana4 ,c5tauridium ,drummondii4 ,c]9! retorta4 c4 d\ble yell[4 ,*rysan!mum coron>ium album & ,cl>kia elegans alba fl4 pl4 ,cleome sp9osa4 ,cyclan!ra p$ata4 ,datura fa/uosa & ,new ,gold5 ,euphorbia m>g9ata4 ,que54 ,gilia capitata alba4 ,helian?us ,dw>f d\ble & cucu- ,hibiscus ,gold5 ,b[l4 m]ifolius4 ,lavat]a trime/ris4 ,madia elegans4 ,m>tynia craniol>ia4 ,salvia cocc9ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,z9nias4 ,(t5 kn[n z 8y\? & old age40 ,plants #da 94 & above4 ,adonis autumnalis4 ,helian?us ( sev]al g>d5 k9ds 7n m5tion$ else:]e74 ,ric9us1 all v>ieties4 ,& _m climb+ v9es4 ,di/ances = plant+ annuals 7or plants treat$ z annuals74 ,only an approximate idea c be giv5 ( ! di/ances ap>t at :i* annuals %\ld be plant$1 = n only does ! di/ance dep5d on ! f]tility ( ! l& 7! /rong] ! soil ! great] ! di/ance71 b also on ! object ! p]son has 9 gr[+ ! plants1 :e!r to produce a solid mass effect or to secure /rong specim5 plants ) l>ge individual bloom4 ,if specim5 plants are to be rais$1 ! di/ances %\ld be lib]al4 ,! di/ances "h giv5 = "s ( ! common] annuals may be consid]$ to repres5t av]age or usual spaces t s+le plants may occupy "u ord9>y conditions 9 fl[]b$s1 al?\gh x w\ld probably be impossible to f9d any two g>d5]s or se$sm5 :o w\ld agree on ! details4 ,^! are sugge/ions r ?an recomm5dations4 ,x is always well to set or s[ m plants ?an are want$1 = !re is dang] ( loss f cut-worms & o!r causes4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy is to let ! plants /& too close toge!r at maturity4 ,9 case ( d\bt1 place plants describ$ 9 books & catalogues z v dw>f at six in*es1 ^? z m$ium-siz$ at twelve in*es1 v l>ge gr[]s at two feet1 & ?9 !m out if !y seem to dem& x z !y gr[4 ,! plants 9 ^! li/s are ?r[n into f\r gr\ps 7r ?an all plac$ toge!r ) ! numb]s aft] !m7 9 ord] to classify ! subject 9 ! beg9n]'s m9d4 #f to #i in*es ap>t ,ag]atum1 v dw>f k9ds4 ,alyssum4 ,asp]ula setosa4 ,cacalia4 ,c&ytuft4 ,cl>kia1 dw>f4 ,coll9sia4 ,gysophila muralis4 ,kaulfussia4 ,l>kspur1 dw>f k9ds4 ,l9>ia4 ,l9um gr&iflorum ,lobelia ,er9us4 ,mignonette1 dw>f k9ds4 ,pansy4 ,phlox1 v dw>f k9ds4 ,p9ks1 v dw>f k9ds4 ,rhodan!4 ,s*izopetalon4 ,sil5e ,arm]ia4 ,snapdragon1 dw>f4 ,sweet pea4 ,tor5ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,improv$ p]5nial phlox4 #aj to #ae in*es ap>t ,^? m>k$ 7ft47 are examples ( plants t may usually /& at twelve in*es4 ,abronia 7ft474 ,acrocl9ium4 ,adlumia4 ,adonis autumnalis4 ,ag]atum1 tall k9ds4 ,alonsoa4 ,a/]1 ,*9a1 small] k9ds 7ft474 ,balsam4 ,b>tonia4 ,br[allia4 ,cal5dula4 ,cali=nia poppy 7,es*s*oltzia74 ,calliopsis4 ,c>diosp]mum4 ,c>nation1 fl[]-g>d5 k9ds 7ft474 ,celosia1 small k9ds4 ,c5taurea ,cyanus4 ,c5tauridium 7ft474 ,c5tran?us 7ft474 ,cl>kia1 tall 7ft474 ,convolvulus tricolor 7ft474 ,gaill>dia1 except on /rong l&4 ,gilias4 ,glaucium4 ,godetia 7ft474 ,gomphr5a4 ,gypsophila elegans4 ,heli*rysum 7ft474 ,hunnemannia4 ,jacobaea4 k9ds4 ,l>kspur1 tall annual ,malope4 v>ieties4 ,m>igold1 int]m$iate ,mignonette1 tall k9ds4 ,mesembryan!mum 7ice-plant7 7ft474 ,morn+-glory4 ,na/urtium1 dw>f4 ,nemophila4 ,nigella4 ,petunia4 ,phlox ,drummondii4 ,p9ks4 ,poppies 7#f to #ah 941 accord+ to v>iety74 ,portulaca 7ft474 ,salpiglossis 7ft474 ,scabiosa 7ft474 ,s*izan?us4 ,snapdragon1 tall k9ds4 ,/atice 7ft474 ,/ock 7ft474 ,tagetes1 dw>f ,fr5*4 ,?unb]gia 7ft474 ,v]b5a4 ,:itlavia 7ft471 7ft474 ,z9nia1 v dw>f k9ds ,illu/ration3 ,fig #bdi4 ,es*s*oltzia1 or ,cali=nia poppy4 ,"o-half size4 #ah to #bd in*es ,am>antus4 ,ammobium4 ,argemone4 ,a/]1 ,*9a1 ! big k9ds 7or r[s #b ft4 ap>t & plants #a ft4 9 r[74 ,callirrho4 ,cant]bury bell 7up to #c ft474 ,celosia1 l>ge k9ds 7up to #cj 9474 ,*rysan!mum1 annual4 ,cosmos1 small] k9ds4 ,euphorbia m>g9ata4 ,f\r o'clock 7up to #cj 947 ,hop1 ,japanese4 7to #cj 947 ,ko*ia1 or summ] cypress ,m>igold1 tall k9ds4 ,na/urtium1 tall1 if all[$ to spread on ! gr\nd4 ,nicotiana 7up to #cj 9474 no!ra1 tall k9ds4 ,salvia cocc9ea 7spl5d5s gr&iflora71 ab\t #b ft4 ,z9nia1 tall k9ds 7up to #c ft74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,a mod]n peony4 ,ab\t #c feet or m ,caladium4 ,cosmos1 tall k9ds 7#b to #c ft474 ,dahlia4 ,datura4 ,m>tynia4 ,ric9us or ca/or bean4 ,solanums4 ,sunfl[]1 tall k9ds4 ,wig&ia4 #c4 ,,h>dy ,,h]bace\s ,,p]5nials ,!re is a rapidly gr[+ appreciation ( p]5nial h]bs1 n only z fl[]-g>d5 & lawn subjects1 b z p>ts ( native l&scapes4 ,e locality yields its wild a/]s1 gold5-rods1 columb9es1 iris1 trilliums1 lilies1 anemones1 p5t/emons1 m9ts1 sunfl[]s1 or o!r plants2 & _m ( ^! also make good subjects = ! home gr\nds4 ,x is important to rememb] t "s p]5nial h]bs beg9 to fail aft] "o to ?ree seasons ( full bloom4 ,x is a good plan to h new plants com+ on to take _! place2 or ! old roots may be tak5 up 9 ! fall & divid$1 only ! fre% & /rong p>ts be+ plant$ aga94 ,p]5nial h]bs are propagat$ 9 v>i\s ways1--by se$s1 & by cutt+s ( ! /ems & roots1 b mo/ly by ! easy me?od ( division4 ,on ! rais+ ( ^! plants f se$s1 ,william ,falcon] writes z foll[s 9 ,dre]'s 8,g>d5 ,book0 = #aiji3-- 8,h>dy p]5nials are easily gr[n f se$4 ,9 _m cases !y are a little sl[] ?an annuals1 b ) intellig5t c>e !y are successfully rais$1 & f se$ is an excell5t way to get up a big /ock ( p]5nials4 ,_m sorts1 if s[n 9 spr+1 bloom ! fir/ ye> f se$s z e>ly z annuals2 = in/ance3 gaill>dia1 ,icel& poppies1 ,*9ese l>kspur1 platycodon1 etc4 ,o!rs d n bloom until ! second ye>4 8,! amateur may h m success & less bo!r gr[+ p]5nials f se$ s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd ?an f any o!r way4 ,prep>e a b$ 9 a nice1 w>m1 %elt]$ spot 9 ! g>d51 pref]ably n v sunny4 ,let ! surface ( ! b$ be rais$ f\r or five in*es above ! g5]al level1 & ! soil be a mell[ f9e e>? on ! surface4 ,draw %all[ r[s across ! surface ( ! b$ ?ree or f\r in*es ap>t1 & "h s[ ! se$s1 keep+ ! v>ieties ( "o k9d or nature z mu* toge!r z practicable1 cov]+ ! se$s ?9ly2 press ! :ole surface g5tly1 wat] mod]ately1 !n du/ a little f9e loose soil ov] all4 ,if ! wea!r is sunny or w9dy1 %ade ) pap]s or a few bran*es1 b remove ^! 9 ! ev5+4 ,:5 ! se$l+s come up1 ?9 !m out to /iff5 ^? t are left1 & :5 !y are two or ?ree in*es high1 !y are fit = transplant+ into p]man5t qu>t]s4 ,all ?is %\ld be done 9 e>ly spr+1 say ,m>*1 ,april1 or ,may4 ,aga91 9 ,july or ,augu/ p]5nials are v easily rais$ out ( doors1 & mu* 9 ! same way z above4 ,or !y may be s[n 9 e>ly spr+ indoors1 9 ! w9d[1 ! hotb$1 ! coldframe1 or ! gre5h\se1 pref]ably 9 boxes or pans1 z = gr[+ annuals4 ,"s g>d5]s s[ se$ "r 9 ! coldframe4 ,i h tri$ bo? ways1 & f9d ! boxes be/1 z ! diff]5t v>ieties ( se$s d n come up at ! same "t1 & y c remove !m f ! close frame to m airy qu>t]s z soon z ! se$ comes up1 :]eas1 if s[n 9 a frame1 y w\ld h to give !m all ! same treatm5t4 ,:5 ! se$l+s are l>ge en\gh1 ,i transplant !m into o!r boxes1 & put !m into a %ady "p ( ! g>d51 b n "u ! %ade ( trees1 z !re !y w #8draw' too mu*4 ,ab\t ! fifte5? ( ,septemb] plant !m 9 ! g>d5 :]e !y are to bloom1 or if ! g>d5 is full ( summ]-fl[]+ plants1 put !m 9 b$s 9 ! vegetable g>d51 to be plant$ out 9 ! e>ly spr+1 & give !m a light cov]+ ( /raw or manure to keep sudd5 *anges ( ! wea!r away f !m40 ,h>dy p]5nial h]bs may be plant$ 9 ,septemb] & ,octob] ) excell5t results2 also 9 spr+4 ,see t !y are protect$ ) mul* 9 w9t]4 ,p]5nial h]bs suitable = lawn & 8plant+0 effects4 ,"s ( ! /rik+ plants t are valuable = lawn plant+ 9 ! ,nor?1 *os5 *iefly on acc\nt ( _! size1 foliage1 & habit1 are m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ brief li/4 ,!y may or may n be suitable = fl[]-g>d5s4 ,x is impossible to give to ?is li/ any degree ( complet5ess2 b ! names "h pr9t$ w be sugge/ive ( ! k9ds ( ?+s t may be us$4 ,! 99 d5otes native plants4 ,yucca1 ,yucca filam5tosa499 ,funkia1 ,funkia1 ( sev]al species4 ,peltate saxifrage1 ,saxifraga peltata499 ,rose mall[1 ,hibiscus ,mos*eutos499 ,elecampane1 ,inula ,hel5ium 7,fig4 #bea74 ,wild sunfl[]s1 ,helian?us99 ( diff]5t species1 especially ,h4 orygalis1 ,h4 giganteus1 ,h4 grosse-s]ratus1 ,h4 /rumosus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,elecampane4 ,naturaliz$ 9 old fields & along roadsides4 ,compass-plants1 ,silphium99 ( sev]al species1 especially ,s4 t]eb9?9aceum1 ,s4 lac9iatum1 ,s4 p]foliatum4 ,sacal9e1 ,polygonum ,sa*al95se4 ,japanese knotwe$1 ,polygonum cuspidatum4 ,bocconia1 ,bocconia cordata4 ,wild wormwood1 ,artemisia ,/ell]iana99 & o!rs4 ,butt]fly-we$1 ,asclepias tub]osa499 ,wild a/]s1 ,a/]99 ( _m species1 especially ,a4 ,nov-,angl 7be/71 ,a4 laevis1 ,a4 multiflorus1 ,a4 spectabilis4 ,gold5-rods1 ,solidago99 ( v>i\s species1 especially ,s4 speciosa1 ,s4 nemoralis1 ,s4 juncea1 ,s4 gigantea4 ,loose-/rife1 ,ly?rum ,salic>ia4 ,flags1 ,iris ( _m species1 "s native4 ,japanese w9d-fl[]1 ,anemone ,japonica4 ,goat's be>d1 ,aruncus sylve/] 7,spira ,aruncus7499 ,baptisia1 ,baptisia t9ctoria499 ,!rmopsis1 ,!rmopsis mollis499 ,wild s5na1 ,cassia ,m>il&ica499 ,wild trefoil1 ,desmodium ,canad5se99 & o!rs4 ,ribbon grass1 ,phal>is arund9acea99 v>4 picta4 ,zebra grass1 ,eulalia 7or ,miscan?us7 species1 & v>ieties4 ,wild panic grass1 ,panicum virgatum499 ,bambusas 7& relat$ ?+s7 ( sev]al sorts4 ,rav5na grass1 ,erian?us ,rav5n4 ,arundo1 ,arundo ,donax1 & v>4 v>iegata4 ,re$1 ,phragmites communis499 ,?is & ! rema9+ plants ( ! li/ %\ld be plant$ 9 ! edges ( wat] or 9 bogs 7! li/ might be greatly ext5d$74 ,wild rice1 ,zizania aquatica499 ,cat-tail1 ,typha angu/ifolia99 & ,t4 latifolia499 ,liz>d's-tail1 ,saururus c]nuus499 ,pelt&ra1 ,pelt&ra undulata499 ,orontium1 ,orontium aquaticum499 ,native calla1 ,calla palu/ris499 ,a brief seasonal fl[]-g>d5 or bord] li/ ( h]bace\s p]5nials4 ,to facilitate mak+ a selection ( p]5nial h]bs = bloom1 ! plants 9 ! foll[+ li/ are arrang$ accord+ to _! fl[]+ season1 beg9n+ ) ! e>lie/4 ,! "n ( ! mon? indicates :5 !y usually beg9 to bloom4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! bloom+ season ( plants is n a fix$ p]iod1 b v>ies m or less ) localities & seasons4 ,^! dates are applicable to mo/ ( ! middle & nor!rn /ates4 ,natives to ,nor? ,am]ica are m>k$ ) an a/]isk 994 ,?is li/ is by ,erne/ ,walk]4 ,,m>* ,blue ,w9d-fl[]1 ,anemone bl&a4 #f 94 ,m>*-,may4 ,sky-blue1 />-l fl[]s4 ,foliage deeply cut4 ,= bord] & rockwork4 ,bloodroot1 ,sangu9>ia ,canad5sis499 #f 94 ,m>*-,april4 ,pure :ite4 ,glauc\s foliage4 ,p>tial %ade4 ,bord] or rock-"w4 ,,april ,m\nta9 ,rock-cress1 ,arabis albida4 #f 94 ,april-,june4 ,fl[]s pure :ite2 close heads 9 pr(usion4 ,fragrant4 ,= dry places & rock-"w4 ,purple ,rock-cress1 ,aubrietia deltoidea4 #f 94 ,april-,june4 ,small purple fl[]s 9 great pr(usion4 ,daisy1 ,bellis p]5nis1 #d-f 94 ,april-,july4 ,fl[]s :ite1 p9k1 or r$2 s+le or d\ble4 ,! d\ble v>ieties are ! m desirable4 ,cov] ! plants 9 w9t] ) leaves4 ,may be rais$ f se$1 l pansies4 ,spr+ ,beauty1 ,claytonia ,virg9ica499 #f 94 ,april-,may4 ,clu/]s ( light p9k fl[]s4 ,p>tial %ade4 ,f six to a doz5 %\ld be set toge!r4 ,%oot+ ,/>1 ,dodeca!on ,meadia499 #a ft4 ,april-,may4 ,r$di% purple fl[]s1 orange-yell[ eye1 9 clu/]s4 ,cool1 %ady location4 ,plant sev]al 9 a place4 ,dog's-bane1 ,doronicum plantag9eum v>excelsum4 #bj 94 ,april-,june4 ,l>ge1 %[y fl[]s2 orange-yell[4 ,bu%y plants4 ,liv]-leaf1 ,hepatica acutiloba99 & triloba499 #f 94 ,april-,may4 ,fl[]s small b num]\s1 v>y+ :ite & p9k4 ,p>tial %ade4 ,h>dy ,c&ytuft1 ,ib]is semp]vir5s4 #aj 94 ,april-,may4 ,small :ite fl[]s 9 clu/]s2 pr(use4 ,l>ge1 spread+1 ev]gre5 tufts4 ,alp9e ,lamp-fl[]1 ,ly*nis alp9a499 #f 94 ,april-,may4 ,fl[]s />-l1 9 %[y heads2 p9k4 ,= bord] & rock]y4 ,e>ly ,=get-me-n1 ,myosotis dissitiflora4 #f 94 ,april-,june4 ,small clu/]s ( deep sky-blue fl[]s4 ,tuft$ habit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4 ,! wild ,trillium gr&iflorum4 ,ev]bloom+ ,f41 ,m4 palu/ris v>4 semp]flor5s4 #aj 94 ,light blue2 spread+ habit4 ,blue-bells1 ,m]t5sia ,virg9ica499 #a ft4 ,april-,may4 ,fl[]s blue1 *ang+ to p9k2 p5d5t2 tubul>2 n %[y1 b beautiful4 ,ri* soil4 ,p>tial %ade4 ,tree ,peony1 ,ponia ,m\tan4 7,see ,may1 ,ponia47 ,moss ,p9k1 ,phlox subulata499 #f 94 ,april-,june4 ,num]\s deep p9k1 small fl[]s2 creep+ habit2 ev]gre54 ,suitable = dry places z a cov]+ plant4 ,trilliums499 ,( sev]al species2 always attractive & useful 9 ! bord] 7,fig4 #beb74 ,!y are common 9 ri* woods & copses4 ,dig ! tub]s 9 late summ] & plant !m directly 9 ! bord]4 ,! l>ge ones w bloom ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! same may be said ( ! ery?ronium1 or dog's-too? violet or add]'s tongue1 & ( v _m o!r e>ly wild fl[]s4 ,,may ,ajuga reptans4 #f 94 ,may-,june4 ,spikes ( purple fl[]s4 ,gr[s well 9 %ady places2 spread+4 ,a good cov] plant4 ,madwort1 ,alyssum saxatile v>4 compactum4 #a ft4 ,may-,june4 ,fl[]s fragrant1 9 clu/]s1 cle> gold5-yell[4 ,foliage silv]y4 ,well-dra9$ soil4 ,"o ( ! be/ yell[ fl[]s4 ,columb9e1 ,aquilegia gl&ulosa & o!rs 7,fig4 #bec74 #a ft4 ,may-,june4 ,deep blue sepals2 :ite petals4 ,aquilegias are old favorites4 7,see ,june47 ,! wild ,a4 ,canad5sis99 is desirable4 ,lily-(-!-,valley1 ,convall>ia majalis499 #h 94 ,may-,june4 ,racemes ( small :ite bells2 fragrant4 ,well kn[n4 ,p>tial %ade4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,viii47 ,fumitory1 ,corydalis nobilis4 #a ft4 ,may-,june4 ,l>ge clu/]s ( f9e yell[ fl[]s4 ,bu%y1 upright habit4 ,does well 9 p>tial %ade4 ,ble$+-,he>t1 ,dic5tra spectabilis4 #b-a_/b ft4 ,may-,june4 ,well kn[n4 ,racemes ( he>t-%ap$1 deep p9k & :ite fl[]s4 ,w be> p>tial %ade4 ,cre/$ ,iris1 ,iris cri/ata499 #f 94 ,may-,june4 ,fl[]s blue1 fr+$ ) yell[4 ,leaves sword-%ap$4 ,g]man ,iris1 ,i4 ,g]manica4 #ab-ae 94 ,may-,june4 ,num]\s v>ieties & colors4 ,l>ge fl[]s1 #c-d on a /em4 ,broad1 glauc\s1 sword-%ap$ leaves4 ,peony1 ,ponia (fic9alis4 #b ft4 ,may-,june4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n h]bace\s peony4 ,!re are num]\s v>ieties & hybrids4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bec4 ,"o ( ! columb9es4 ,l>ge fl[]s1 #d-f 94 across4 ,crimson1 :ite1 p9k1 yell[i%1 etc4 ,suitable = lawn or ! bord]4 ,fig4 #bej4 ,tree ,peony1 ,p4 ,m\tan4 #d;ft4 ,april-,may4 ,num]\s nam$ v>ieties4 ,fl[]s z above1 except+ yell[4 ,bran*$1 d5se1 %rubby habit4 ,mead[ ,sage1 ,salvia prat5sis4 #b-a_/b ft4 ,may-,june1 ,augu/4 ,spikes ( deep blue fl[]s4 ,bran*+ f ! gr\nd4 ,,june ,a*illea ,pt>mica1 fl4 pl41 v>4 8,! ,pe>l40 #a_/b ft4 ,june-,augu/4 ,small d\ble :ite fl[]s1 9 few-fl[]$ clu/]s4 ,ri* soil4 ,w9d-fl[]1 ,anemone ,p5nsylvanica499 #ah 94 ,june-,septemb]4 ,:ite fl[]s on long /ems4 ,erect habit4 ,does well 9 ! %ade4 ,/4 ,bruno's ,lily1 ,p>adisea ,lilia/rum4 #ah 94 ,june-,july4 ,bell-l1 :ite fl[]s 9 h&some spikes4 ,gold5-spurr$ ,columb9e1 ,aquilegia *rysan?a499 #c ft4 ,june-,augu/4 ,gold5 fl[]s ) sl5d] spurs2 fragrant4 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,columb9e1 ,a4 crulea499 #a ft4 ,june-,augu/4 ,fl[]s ) :ite petals & deep blue sepals1 #b-c 94 9 diamet]4 7,see ,may47 ,woodruff1 ,asp]ula odorata4 #f 94 ,june-,july4 ,small :ite fl[]s4 ,h]bage fragrant :5 wilt$4 ,does well 9 %ade2 spread+ habit4 ,us$ = flavor+ dr9ks1 sc5t+ & protect+ g>m5ts4 ,a/ilbe ,japonica 7incorrectly call$ ,spira74 #b ft4 ,june-,july4 ,small :ite fl[]s 9 a fea!ry infloresc5ce4 ,compact habit4 ,poppy ,mall[1 ,callirrho involucrata499 #aj 94 ,june-,octob]4 ,l>ge crimson fl[]s1 ) :ite c5t]s4 ,trail+ habit4 ,= bord] & rock]y4 ,c>pa?ian ,h>ebell1 ,campanula ,c>patica 7,fig4 #bed74 #h 94 ,june-,septemb]4 ,fl[]s deep blue4 ,tuft$ habit4 ,= bord] or rock]y4 ,good = cutt+4 ,c4 glom]ata v>4 ,dahurica4 #b ft4 ,june-,augu/4 ,deep purple fl[]s 9 t]m9al clu/]s4 ,bran*+ f ! gr\nd4 ,erect habit4 ,cant]bury ,bell1 ,c4 ,m$ium4 ,an old favorite4 ,x is bi5nial1 b blooms ! fir/ season if s[n e>ly4 ,corydalis lutea4 #a ft4 ,june-,septemb]4 ,fl[]s yell[1 9 t]m9al clu/]s4 ,loose bran*+ habit4 ,glauc\s foliage4 ,scot* ,p9k1 ,dian?us plum>ius4 #aj 94 ,june-,july4 ,:ite & p9k-r+$ fl[]s on sl5d] /ems4 ,d5sely tuft$ habit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,campanula ,c>patica4 ,fr+$ ,p9k1 ,d4 sup]bus4 #ah 94 ,july-,augu/4 ,fr+$ fl[]s4 ,lilac t9t4 ,gas ,plant1 ,dictamnus ,frax9ella4 #c ft4 ,june4 ,fl[]s purple1 %[y1 fragrant2 9 long spikes4 ,regul> habit4 ,v>4 alba4 ,:ite4 ,gaill>dia ari/ata499 #b ft4 ,june-,octob]4 ,%[y orange & m>oon fl[]s on long /ems4 ,good = cutt+4 ,hybrid gaill>dias (f] q a v>iety ( brilliant colors4 ,heu*]a sangu9ea499 #ah 94 ,june-,septemb]4 ,fl[]s 9 op5 panicles1 sc>let1 on clu/]$ /ems f a tuft$ mass ( pretty foliage4 ,japan ,iris1 ,iris laevigata 7,i4 ,kaempf]i74 #b-c ft4 ,june-,july4 ,l>ge fl[]s ( v>i\s colors1 9 v>iety4 ,gre51 sword-l leaves4 ,d5se tuft$ habit4 ,pref]s a moi/ situation4 ,blaz+ ,/>1 ,liatris spicata499 #b ft4 ,june-,augu/4 ,spikes ( f9e1 small purple fl[]s4 ,sl5d] foliage4 ,unbran*$1 erect /ems4 ,w gr[ 9 ! poore/ soil4 ,icel& ,poppy1 ,papav] nudicaule499 #a ft4 ,june-,octob]4 ,bright yell[ fl[]s4 ,a close1 d5se habit4 ,erect1 nak$ /ems4 ,! v>ieties ,album1 :ite1 & ,m9iatum1 deep orange1 are also desirable4 ,ori5tal ,poppy1 ,p4 ori5tale4 #b-d ft4 ,june4 ,fl[]s #f-h 94 across2 deep sc>let1 ) a purple spot at ! base ( ea* petal4 ,!re are o!r v>ieties ( p9k1 orange1 & crimson %ades4 ,p5t/emon b>batus v>4 ,torreyi499 #c-d ft4 ,june-,septemb]4 ,crimson fl[]s 9 long spikes4 ,bran*+ f ! base4 ,erect habit4 ,,xii4 ,! back y>d1 ) heavy fl[]-g>d5 plant+4 ,,xii4 ,! back y>d1 ) heavy fl[]-g>d5 plant+4 ,p]5nial ,phlox1 ,phlox paniculata99 & hybrids ) ,p4 maculata499 #b-c ft4 ,june4 ,a great v>iety ( colors 9 selfs & v>iegat$ =ms4 ,fl[]s borne 9 l>ge1 flat panicles4 7,figs4 #bdf1 #bdh47 ,rudbeckia maxima99 #e-f ft4 ,augu/4 ,l>ge fl[]s2 cone-l c5t] & long1 droop+1 yell[ petals4 ,dropwort1 ,ulm>ia ,filip5dula4 #c ft4 ,june-,july4 ,:ite fl[]s 9 compact clu/]s4 ,tuft$ foliage1 d>k gre5 & h&somely cut4 ,erect /ems4 7,(t5 ref]r$ to ,spira47 ,adam's ,ne$le1 ,yucca filam5tosa499 #d-e ft4 ,june-,july4 ,wax5 :ite1 p5dul\s1 liliace\s fl[]s 9 a great ?yrsus4 ,leaves long1 n>r[1 d>k gre51 ) m>g9al filam5ts4 ,= ! lawn1 & = mass+ 9 l>ge gr\nds4 ,,july ,hollyhock1 ,al?a rosea4 #e-h ft4 ,summ] & fall4 ,fl[]s :ite1 crimson1 & yell[1 lav5d] & purple4 ,/ately plants ( spire-l habit2 useful = ! back ( ! bord]1 or b$s & gr\ps4 ,! new] d\ble v>ieties h fl[]s z f9e z a camellia4 ,! plant is ne>ly bi5nial1 b 9 ri*1 well-dra9$ soil & ) w9t] protection x becomes p]5nial4 ,easily gr[n f se$1 bloom+ ! second ye>4 ,se$s may be s[n 9 ,augu/ 9 frames & c>ri$ ov] w9t] 9 ! same place4 ,! fir/ ye>'s bloom is usually ! be/4 ,yell[ ,*amomile1 ,an!mis t9ctoria4 #ab-ch 94 ,july-,novemb]4 ,fl[]s bright yell[1 #a-b 94 9 diamet]4 ,useful = cutt+4 ,d5se1 bu%y habit4 ,delph9ium ,*95se4 #c ft4 ,july-,septemb]4 ,v>iable colors2 f deep blue to lav5d] & :ite4 ,f9e = ! bord]4 ,d4 =mosum4 #d ft4 ,july-,septemb]4 ,f9e spikes ( ri* blue fl[]s4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ blue fl[]s cultivat$4 ,funkia lancifolia4 7,see "u ,augu/47 ,helian?us multiflorus99 v>4 fl4 pl4 #d ft4 ,july-,septemb]4 ,l>ge d\ble fl[]s1 ( a f9e gold5 color4 ,erect habit4 ,an excell5t fl[]4 ,ly*nis ,visc>ia v>4 flore pl5o4 #ab-ae 94 ,july-,augu/4 ,d\ble1 deep rose-r$ fl[]s 9 spikes4 ,= gr\ps & masses4 ,mon>da didyma499 #b ft4 ,july-,octob]4 ,%[y sc>let fl[]s 9 t]m9al heads4 ,p5t/emon gr&iflorus499 #b ft4 ,july-,augu/4 ,leafy spikes ( %[y purple fl[]s4 ,p4 lvigalus v>4 ,digitalis499 #c ft4 ,july-,augu/4 ,pure :ite fl[]s 9 spikes1 ) purple ?roats4 ,platycodon gr&iflorum 7,campanula gr&iflora74 #c ft4 ,july-,septemb]4 ,deep blue1 bell-%ap$ fl[]s4 ,d5se1 f9e1 erect habit4 ,p4 ,m>iesi4 #a ft4 ,july-,septemb]4 ,fl[]s l>g]2 deep violet-blue4 ,heavi] foliage4 ,,augu/ ,day ,lily1 ,funkia subcordata4 #ah 94 ,augu/-,octob]4 ,trumpet1 lily-l1 pure-:ite fl[]s 9 clu/]s1 borne ^u a /alk f ! mid/ ( a gr\p ( he>t-%ap$ gre5 leaves4 ,f4 lancifolia v>4 albo-m>g9ata4 ,july-,augu/4 ,lav5d] fl[]s4 ,lance-l leaves m>g9$ ) :ite4 ,flame ,fl[]1 ,kniph(ia aloides 7,tritoma ,uv>ia74 #c ft4 ,augu/-,septemb]4 ,bright orange-sc>let fl[]s1 9 close1 d5se spikes1 at ! summit ( sev]al scape-l /ems4 ,leaves sl5d]1 =m+ a l>ge tuft4 ,= lawn & bord]s4 ,h>dy only :5 cov]$ ) litt] or /raw 9 w9t]4 ,c>d9al ,fl[]1 ,lobelia c>d9alis499 #b-a_/d-d ft4 ,augu/-,septemb]4 ,fl[]s int5se c>d9al-r$1 ( unrival$ brilliancy4 ,tall spikes4 ,/ems clu/]$2 erect4 ,giant ,daisy1 ,*rysan!mum 7or ,pyre?rum7 ulig9osum4 #c-e ft4 ,july-,octob]4 ,fl[]s :ite1 ) gold5 c5t]s4 ,ab\t #b 94 across4 ,a /\t1 upright1 bu%y plant4 ,useful = cutt+4 ,gold5 ,gl[1 ,rudbeckia lac9iata499 #f-g ft4 ,augu/-,septemb]4 ,l>ge d\ble gold5-yell[ fl[]s 9 great pr(usion4 ,bu%y habit4 ,cut (f :5 done fl[]+4 ,leaves appe> at ! base & a new crop ( fl[]s1 on /ems ab\t #a ft4 high1 appe> 9 ,octob]4 ,gold5rod1 ,solidago rigida499 #c-e ft4 ,augu/-,octob]4 ,fl[]s l>ge = ?is g5us1 9 close1 %ort racemes 9 a corymbose-paniculate clu/]4 ,f9e1 deep yell[4 ,erect habit4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! gold5rods4 ,,septemb] ,japanese ,w9d-fl[]1 ,anemone ,japonica4 #b ft4 ,augu/-,octob]4 ,fl[]s l>ge1 bright r$4 ,"o ( ! be/ autumn fl[]s4 ,a4 ,japonica v>4 alba4 ,fl[]s pure :ite1 ) yell[ c5t]s4 ,f9e = cutt+4 ,,octob] ,h>dy ,*rysan!mums4 ,! ,*9ese & ,japanese ,*rysan!mums1 s well kn[n1 are h>dy 9 light1 well-dra9$ soils1 if well protect$ ) litt] or leaves dur+ ! w9t]1 & 9 su* situations w /& )\t protection s\? ( ,indianapolis4 ,*rysan!mums are gross fe$]s1 & %\ld h a ri* soil4 ,b !re is a race ( h>di] or bord] *rysan!mums t is aga9 com+ into favor1 & x is sure to give mu* satisfaction to ^? :o desire fl[]s 9 late/ fall4 ,^! *rysan!mums are mu* l ! 8artemisias0 ( our "m's g>d5s1 al?\gh improv$ 9 size1 =m1 & 9 range ( color4 ,"o hundr$ extra-h>dy p]5nial h]bs4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( #ajj 8be/ h>dy p]5nials0 is adapt$ f a report ( ! ,c5tral ,exp]im5tal ,f>m1 ,ottawa1 ,ont>io4 ,^! plants are *os5 f ov] #ajjj species & v>ieties t h be5 on trial at t place4 ,^? consid]$ to be ! be/ tw5ty-five = ,canada are m>k$ by a dagg] 2 & ^? native to ,nor? ,am]ica by an a/]isk 994 ,a*illea ,pt>mica flore pl5o4--,height1 #a foot2 9 bloom f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 small1 pure :ite1 d\ble1 & borne 9 clu/]s2 bloom+ freely ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,aconitum autumnale4--,height1 #c to #d feet2 ,septemb]2 fl[]s1 blui% purple1 borne 9 loose panicles4 ,aconitum ,napellus4--,height1 #c to #d feet2 ,july2 fl[]s1 deep blue1 borne on a l>ge t]m9al spike2 desirable = ! re> ( ! bord]4 ,adonis v]nalis4--,height1 #f to #i in*es2 fir/ week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 lemon-yell[1 borne s+ly f ! ends ( ! /ems4 ,agro/emma 7,ly*nis7 ,coron>ia v>4 atropurpurea4--,height1 #a to #b feet2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 m$ium size1 bright crimson1 borne s+ly f ! sides & ends ( ! /ems2 a v %[y plant ) silv]y foliage1 & cont9ues to bloom ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,anemone pat5s499--,height #f to #i in*es2 f\r? week ( ,april2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 & deep purple4 ,an!mis t9ctoria v>4 ,kelwayi4--,height1 #a to #b feet2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep yell[1 borne s+ly on long /ems2 x cont9ues to bloom pr(usely ?r\gh\t ! summ]2 is v %[y & valuable = cutt+4 ,aquilegia ,canad5sis499--,height1 #a to #a-a_/b feet2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 m$ium size1 r$ & yell[4 ,aquilegia *rysan?a499--,height1 #c to #d feet2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 bright lemon-yell[1 ) long sl5d] spurs2 mu* lat] ?an o!r columb9es4 ,aquilegia crulea499--,height1 #a to #a-a_/b feet2 f\r? week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep blue ) :ite c5t] & long spurs4 ,aquilegia gl&ulosa4--,height1 #a foot2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep blue ) :ite c5t] & %ort spurs4 ,aquilegia oxysepala4--,height1 #a foot2 second week 9 ,may2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep purpli% blue ) blue & yell[ c5t]s2 a v desirable e>ly species4 ,aquilegia ,/u>ti4--,height #i to #ab in*es2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep blue ) :ite c5t]2 "o ( ! be/4 ,arabis alp9a4--,height1 #f in*es2 fir/ week 9 ,may2 fl[]s1 small1 pure :ite1 9 clu/]s4 ,arnebia e*ioides4--,height1 #i in*es2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 yell[1 borne 9 clu/]s ) petals spott$ ) purple4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>m+ ( e>ly fl[]+ plants4 ,asclepias tub]osa499--,height1 #a-a_/b to #b feet2 ?ird week ( ,july4 ,fl[]s1 bright orange1 borne 9 clu/]s4 ,v %[y4 ,a/] alp9us499--,height1 #i in*es2 fir/ week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 bright purple1 borne on long /ems f ! base ( ! plant2 ! e>lie/ fl[]+ ( all ! a/]s4 ,a/] ,amellus v>4 ,bess>abicus4--,height1 #a to #a-a_/b feet2 ,july to ,septemb]2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep purple1 s+ly on long /ems2 v f9e4 ,a/] ,nov-,angl v>4 roseus499--,height1 #e to #g feet2 f\r? week ( ,augu/2 fl[]s1 bright p9k1 borne pr(usely 9 l>ge t]m9al clu/]s2 v %[y4 ,boltonia a/]oides99--,height1 #d to #e feet2 ,septemb]2 fl[]s1 small] ?an ! next1 pale p9k1 borne v pr(usely 9 l>ge panicles2 mu* lat] ?an ! next species4 ,boltonia latisquama99--,height1 #d feet2 fir/ week ( ,augu/2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 :ite1 some:at resembl+ a/]s1 & borne v pr(usely 9 l>ge panicles4 ,campanula ,c>patica4--,height1 #f to #i in*es2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 m$ium size1 deep blue1 borne pr(usely 9 loose panicles2 cont9ues 9 bloom ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,a :ite v>iety ( ?is is also good4 ,campanula ,grossekii4--,height1 #c feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep blue1 borne on a long spike4 ,campanula p]sicifolia4--,height1 #c feet2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 blue1 borne 9 a raceme ) long fl[] /ems4 ,!re are also :ite & d\ble v>ieties :i* are good4 ,clematis recta4--,height1 #d feet2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 small1 pure :ite1 borne pr(usely 9 d5se clu/]s4 ,?is is a v compact bu%y species & desirable = ! re> ( ! bord]4 ,clematis ,jackmani ) l>ge deep purple fl[]s & ,clematis ,vitalba ) small :ite fl[]s1 are excell5t climb+ sorts4 ,convall>ia majalis99 7,lily-(-!-valley74--,height1 #f to #i in*es2 latt] "p ( ,may4 ,coreopsis delph9iflora499--,height1 #b to #c feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 yell[1 ) d>k c5t]s & borne s+ly ) long /ems4 ,coreopsis gr&iflora499--,height1 #b to #c feet2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep yell[1 borne s+ly on long /ems1 bloom+ pr(usely ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,coreopsis lanceolata499--,height1 #b feet2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s l>ge ?\gh slightly small] ?an ! la/1 & borne on long /ems1 bloom+ ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,delph9ium ,ca%m]ianum4--,height1 #a-a_/b feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 pale to bright blue1 9 l>ge op5 heads4 ,dian?us plum>ius flore pl5o4--,height1 #i in*es2 second week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 :ite or p9k1 v sweet sc5t$2 & two or ?ree borne on a /em4 ,a v>iety call$ ,mrs4 ,simk9s is especially desirable1 be+ v d\ble1 :ite & delici\sly p]fum$1 almo/ equal+ a c>nation4 ,x blooms ! f\r? week ( ,june4 ,dic5tra spectabilis 7,ble$+ ,he>t74--,height1 #c feet2 second week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 he>t-%ap$1 r$ & :ite 9 p5dul\s racemes4 ,dictamnus albus4--,height1 #a-a_/b to #b feet2 second week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 :ite ) an aromatic fragrance1 & borne 9 l>ge t]m9al racemes4 ,a well-kn[n v>iety has purple fl[]s ) d>k] m>k+s4 ,doronicum ,caucasicum4--,height1 #a foot2 second week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 yell[1 & borne s+ly4 ,doronicum plantag9eum v>4 excelsum4--,height1 #b feet2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 l>ge & deep yell[4 ,epim$ium rubrum4--,height1 #a foot2 second week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 small1 bright crimson & :ite1 borne 9 a loose panicle4 ,a v da9ty & beautiful little plant4 ,erig]on speciosus499--,height1 #a-a_/b feet2 second week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 violet-blue1 ) yell[ c5t]s1 & borne 9 l>ge clu/]s on long /ems4 ,funkia subcordata 7gr&iflora74--,height1 #a-a_/b feet2 ,augu/2 fl[]s1 l>ge & :ite1 borne 9 racemes4 ,! be/ funkia gr[n at ,ottawa2 bo? leaves & fl[]s are h&some4 ,gaill>dia ari/ata v>4 gr&iflora499--,height1 #a #a_/b feet2 ?ird week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 yell[1 ) deep orange c5t]s1 & borne s+ly on long /ems4 ,! nam$ v>ieties1 ,sup]ba & ,p]fection1 are m highly color$ & are ( great m]it4 ,^! all cont9ue bloom+ pr(usely until late 9 ! autumn4 ,gypsophila paniculata 7,infant's brea?74--,height1 #b feet2 second week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 small1 :ite1 borne pr(usely 9 l>ge op5 panicles4 ,hel5ium autumnale99--,height1 #f to #g feet2 second week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep yell[1 borne 9 l>ge heads2 v ornam5tal 9 late summ]4 ,helian?us doronicoides499--,height1 #f to #g feet2 second week ( ,augu/2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 bright yell[1 & borne s+ly2 cont9ues bloom+ = sev]al weeks4 ,helian?us multiflorus499--,height1 #d feet2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 d\ble1 bright yell[1 & borne s+ly2 a v /rik+ late-fl[]+ p]5nial4 ,heu*]a sangu9ea99--,height1 #a to #a-a_/b feet2 fir/ week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 small1 bright1 sc>let1 borne 9 op5 panicles2 cont9ues bloom+ ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,hem]ocallis ,dumorti]ii4--,height1 #a-a_/b feet2 second week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 orange-yell[1 ) a br[ni% t+e on ! outside1 & ?ree or f\r on a /em4 ,hem]ocallis flava4--,height1 #b to #c feet2 latt] "p ( ,june2 fl[]s1 bright orange-yell[ & fragrant4 ,hem]ocallis m9or4--,height1 #a to #a-a_/b feet2 second week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 m$ium size & yell[2 blooms lat] ?an ! two prec$+ species & has a small] fl[] & n>r[] foliage4 ,hibiscus ,mos*eutos499--,height1 #e feet2 ?ird week ( ,augu/2 fl[]s1 v l>ge1 v>y+ 9 color f :ite to deep p9k4 ,a v>iety call$ 8,crimson ,eye0 is v good4 ,?is plant makes a f9e %[ 9 late summ]4 ,hyp]icum ,ascyron 7or pyramidatum7499--,height1 #c feet2 f\r? week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 yell[1 & borne s+ly4 ,ib]is semp]vir5s4--,height1 #f to #ab in*es2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 pure :ite1 fragrant1 & borne 9 d5se flat clu/]s4 ,iris ,*amiris4--,height1 #f in*es2 f\r? week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 bright yell[ ) br[n m>k+s4 ,iris flavesc5s4--,height1 #a-a_/b to #b feet2 fir/ week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 lemon-yell[ ) br[n m>k+s4 ,iris ,flor5t9a4--,height1 #b feet2 fir/ week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 v l>ge1 pale blue or lav5d]1 sweet sc5t$4 ,iris ,g]manica4--,height1 #b to #c feet2 fir/ week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 v l>ge1 ( elegant =m2 color1 deep lilac & bright purple1 sweet sc5t$4 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( *oice v>ieties ( ?is iris4 ,iris lvigata 7,kmpf]i74--,height1 #a-a_/b to #b feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 purple & modifi$ colors1 v l>ge & di/9ct 9 color & %ape4 ,iris pumila4--,height1 #d to #f in*es2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 deep purple4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,iris ,sibirica4--,height1 #c to #d feet2 f\r? week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 deep blue1 borne on long /ems 9 clu/]s ( two or ?ree4 ,?is species has _m v>ieties4 ,iris v>iegata4--,height1 #a to #a #a_/b feet2 fir/ week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 yell[ & br[n1 ve9$ ) v>i\s %ades ( br[n4 ,lilium auratum4--,height1 #c to #e feet2 ,july2 fl[]s1 v l>ge1 :ite1 ) a yell[ c5tral b& on ea* petal1 & ?ickly spott$ ) purple & r$4 ,! mo/ %[y ( all lilies & a spl5did fl[]4 ,?is has prov$ h>dy at ! ,c5tral ,exp]im5tal ,f>m1 al?\gh x has be5 report$ t5d] 9 "s localities4 ,lilium ,canad5se499--,height1 #b to #c feet2 latt] "p ( ,may2 fl[]s1 yell[ to pale r$ ) r$di% spots1 p5dul\s4 ,lilium elegans4--,height1 #f in*es2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 pale r$2 sev]al v>ieties are bett] ?an ! type4 ,lilium speciosum4--,height1 #b to #c feet2 ,july2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 :ite1 t+$ & spott$ ) deep p9k & r$4 ,h>di] ?an ,lilium auratum & almo/ z f9e4 ,!re are sev]al f9e v>ieties4 ,lilium sup]bum499--,height1 #d to #f feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 v num]\s1 orange r$1 ?ickly spott$ ) d>k br[n4 ,an admirable lily = ! re> ( ! bord]4 ,lilium t5uifolium4--,height1 #a #a_/b to #b feet2 ?ird week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 p5dul\s & bright sc>let4 ,"o ( ! mo/ graceful ( all lilies4 ,lilium tigr9um4--,height1 #b to #d feet2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep orange1 spott$ ?ickly ) purpli% black4 ,l9um p]5ne4--,height1 #a #a_/b feet2 fir/ week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 l>ge deep blue1 borne 9 loose panicles1 cont9u+ ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,lobelia c>d9alis499--,height1 #b to #c feet2 ,augu/2 fl[]s1 bright sc>let1 borne 9 t]m9al racemes2 v %[y4 ,ly*nis ,*alc$onica flore pl5o4--,height1 #b to #c feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 bright crimson1 d\ble1 & borne 9 t]m9al racemes4 ,lysima*ia cle?roides4--,height1 #c feet2 f\r? week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 :ite1 borne 9 long spikes4 ,a v /rik+ late-fl[]+ p]5nial4 ,myosotis alpe/ris4--,height1 #f in*es2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 small1 bright blue ) a yell[i% eye4 ,a v pr(use bloom]4 no!ra ,miss\ri5sis499--,height1 #a foot2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 v l>ge1 ri* yell[1 & borne s+ly1 ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,ponia (fic9alis4--,height1 #b to #d feet2 e>ly "p ( ,july4 ,! d\ble-fl[]$ v>ieties are ! be/1 & c be obta9$ 9 sev]al colors & %ades1 ,papav] nudicaule99--,height1 #a foot2 second week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 m$ium size1 orange1 :ite1 or yell[1 almo/ cont9u\sly until late autumn4 ,papav] ori5tale4--,height1 #b to #c feet2 fir/ week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 v l>ge1 sc>let1 & v>i\sly m>k$1 accord+ to v>iety1 !re be+ _m =ms4 ,p5t/emon b>batus v>4 ,torreyi499--,height1 #b to #c feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 deep r$1 borne 9 long spikes1 v ornam5tal4 ,phlox amna499--,height1 #f in*es2 second week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 m$ium size1 bright p9k1 9 compact clu/]s4 ,phlox decussata99 7! g>d5 p]5nial hybrids74--,height1 #a to #c feet2 ?ird week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 ( _m beautiful %ades & colors1 are f\nd 9 ! l>ge numb] ( nam$ v>ieties ( ?is phlox1 :i* cont9ues to bloom until late 9 ! autumn4 ,phlox reptans499--,height1 #d in*es2 f\r? week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 m$ium size1 purple1 & borne 9 small clu/]s4 ,phlox subulata99 7setacea74--,height1 #f in*es2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 m$ium size1 deep p9k1 & borne 9 small clu/]s4 ,platycodon gr&iflorum4--,height1 #a-a_/b to #b feet2 second week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 v l>ge1 deep blue1 borne s+ly or 9 twos4 ,platycodon gr&iflorum v>4 album4--,a :ite-fl[]$ v>iety ( ! above & makes a f9e contra/ to x :5 !y are gr[n toge!r4 ,x blooms a few days e>li] ?an ! species4 ,platycodon ,m>iesii4--,height1 #a foot2 second week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 l>ge & deep blue4 ,polemonium cruleum499--,height1 #b feet2 second week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 deep blue1 borne 9 t]m9al spikes4 ,polemonium reptans499--,height1 #f in*es2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 m$ium 9 size1 blue1 & borne pr(usely 9 loose clu/]s4 ,polemonium ,ri*>dsoni499--,height1 #f in*es2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 m$ium 9 size1 blue1 borne pr(usely 9 p5dul\s panicles4 ,pot5tilla hybrida v>4 v]sicolor4--,height1 #a foot2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 deep orange & yell[1 semi-d\ble4 ,primula cortusoides4--,height1 #i in*es2 ?ird week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 small1 deep rose1 9 compact heads4 ,pyre?rum 7or ,*rysan!mum7 ulig9osum4--,height1 #d feet2 ,septemb]2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 :ite ) yell[ c5t]s1 & borne s+ly on long /ems4 ,rudbeckia lac9iata99 7,gold5 ,gl[74--,height1 #e to #f feet2 ,augu/2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 lemon-yell[1 d\ble1 & borne on long /ems4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( lately introduc$ p]5nials4 ,rudbeckia maxima499--,height1 #e to #f feet2 ,july & ,augu/2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 ) a long cone-%ap$ c5t] & bright yell[ rays1 & borne s+ly4 ,! :ole plant is v /rik+4 ,scabiosa ,caucascia4--,height1 #a-a_/b feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 light blue1 & borne s+ly on long /ems1 v freely ?r\gh\t rema9d] ( ! summ]4 ,solidago ,canad5sis99 7,gold5-rod74--,height1 #c to #e feet2 fir/ week ( ,augu/2 fl[]s1 small1 gold5 yell[1 & borne 9 d5se panicles4 ,spira 7prop]ly ,aruncus7 a/ilboides4--,height1 #b feet2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 small1 :ite1 v num]\s1 & borne 9 _m bran*$ panicles4 ,bo? foliage & fl[]s are ornam5tal4 ,spira 7or ,ulm>ia7 ,filip5dula4--,height1 #b to #c feet2 ?ird week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 pure :ite1 borne pr(usely 9 loose panicles4 ,! foliage ( ?is species is also v good4 ,!re is a d\ble fl[]$ v>iety :i* is v effective4 ,spira 7,ulm>ia7 purpurea v>4 elegans4--,height1 #b to #c feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 :iti% ) crimson an!rs1 borne v pr(usely 9 panicles4 ,spira ,ulm>ia 7,ulm>ia p5tapetala74--,height1 #c to #d feet2 second week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 v num]\s1 dull :ite1 borne 9 l>ge comp\nd heads1 hav+ a s(t1 fea!ry appe>ance4 ,spira v5u/a 7,ulm>ia rubra v>4 v5u/a74--,height1 #d feet2 second week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 small1 bright p9k1 borne pr(usely 9 l>ge panicles4 ,/atice latifolia4--,height1 #a-a_/b feet2 fir/ week ( ,july2 fl[]s1 small1 blue1 borne v pr(usely 9 loose panicles4 ,v effective 9 ! bord]4 ,?alictrum aquilegifolium4--,height1 #d to #e feet2 f\r? week ( ,june2 fl[]s1 small1 :ite to purpli%1 v num]\s & borne 9 l>ge panicles4 ,trollius ,europs4--,height1 #a-a_/b to #b feet2 f\r? week ( ,may2 fl[]s1 l>ge1 bright yell[1 cont9u+ a long "t4 #d4 ,,bulbs ,,& ,,tub]s 7,see ! p>ticul> culture ( ! diff]5t k9ds 9 ,*apt] ,,viii2 & in/ructions = =c+ on 99p4 #cde47 ,x is cu/om>y to write ( bulbs & tub]s toge!r1 because ! tops & fl[]s ( all ! bulb\s & tub]\s plants spr+ f l>ge res]voirs ( /or$ food1 giv+ rise to simil> me?ods ( culture & ( /orage4 ,/ructurally1 ! bulb is v diff]5t f ! tub]1 h[ev]4 ,a bulb is practically a l>ge dormant bud1 ! scales repres5t+ ! leaves1 & ! embryo /em ly+ 9 ! c5t]4 ,bulbs are cond5s$ plants 9 /orage4 ,! tub]1 on ! o!r h&1 is a solid body1 ) buds aris+ f x4 ,"s tub]s repres5t ?ick5$ /ems1 z ! ,iri% potato1 & "s ?ick5$ roots1 z probably ! sweet-potato1 & "s bo? /em & root1 z ! turnip1 p>snip1 & beet4 ,"s tub]s are v bulb-l 9 appe>ance1 z ! corms ( crocus & gladiolus4 ,us+ ! ^w 8bulb0 9 ! g>d5]'s s5se to include all ^! plants z a cultural gr\p1 we may ?r[ !m into two classes3 ! h>dy k9ds1 to be plant$ 9 fall2 & ! t5d] k9ds1 to be plant$ 9 spr+4 ,fall-plant$ bulbs4 ,! fall-plant$ bulbs are ( two gr\ps3 ! 8,holl& bulbs0 or e>ly spr+ bloom]s1 z crocus1 tulip 7,fig4 #bee71 hyac9? 7,fig4 #bfb71 n>cissus 7,fig4 #bfj71 squill 7,fig4 #bef71 sn[drop2 ! summ] bloom]s1 z lilies 7,figs4 #beh1 #bei74 ,! treatm5ts ( ! two gr\ps are s simil> t !y may be discuss$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration ,fig3 #bee4 ,tulips1 ! w>me/ ( spr+ fl[]s4 ,all ^! bulbs may be plant$ z soon z !y are mature2 b 9 practice !y are kept till late ,septemb] or ,octob] be=e !y are put into ! gr\nd1 z no?+ is ga9$ by e>li] plant+1 &1 moreov]1 ! gr\nd is usually n ready to receive !m until "s o!r crop is remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #bef4 ,"o ( ! squills4--,scilla bifolia4 ,^! bulbs are plant$ 9 ! fall 7#a7 because !y keep bett] 9 ! gr\nd ?an :5 /or$2 7#b7 because !y w take root 9 fall & w9t] & be ready = ! fir/ w>m? ( spr+2 7#c7 & because x is usually impossible to get on ! gr\nd e>ly en\gh 9 spr+ to plant !m ) mu* hope ( success = t season4 ,! bulbs lie dormant until spr+1 s f> z outw>d appe>ances g2 !y are mul*$ to insure t !y w n />t 9 w>m wea!r ( fall or w9t]1 & to protect ! gr\nd f heav+4 ,to secure good bulbs & ( ! desir$ v>ieties1 ! ord] %\ld be plac$ 9 spr+ or e>ly summ]4 ,= fl[]-g>d5 effects1 ! l>ge & mature bulbs %\ld be secur$2 = coloniz+ 9 %rubb]y or on ! lawn1 ! small] sizes may be suffici5t4 ,insi/ t y\r bulbs %all be fir/ class1 = !re is wide diff]5ce 9 ! quality2 ev5 ) ! be/ ( treatm5t1 good results _c be secur$ f poor bulbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,a purple-fl[]$ ,am>yllis4--,lycoris squamig]a1 b kn[n z ,am>yllis ,hallii4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n t !re are autumn-fl[]+ bulbs4 ,sev]al species ( crocus bloom 9 ! fall1 ,c4 sativus 7! saffron crocus7 & ,c4 speciosus be+ ! ones g5]ally recomm5d$4 ,! col*icums are excell5t autumn-bloom+ bulbs & %\ld be m g5]ally plant$4 ,c4 autumnale1 rosy purple1 is ! usual species4 ,^! autumn-bloom+ bulbs are plant$ 9 ,augu/ or e>ly ,septemb] & treat$ 9 g5]al ! same z o!r simil> bulbs4 ,! col*icums usually rema9 9 ! gr\nd sev]al ye>s 9 good condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4 ,! ,japanese gold-b&$ lily4--,lilium auratum ,all k9ds ( bulbs are p>tial to a deep1 ri*1 wat]-free soil4 ,?is is no small "p ( _! successful culture4 ,! spot %\ld be well dra9$1 ei!r naturally or artificially4 ,9 flatti% & r moi/ l&s ! b$s may be made above ! surface1 "s #ah in*es high1 & bord]$ ) grass4 ,a lay] ( r\gh /ones a foot deep is sometimes us$ 9 ! bottom ( ord9>y b$s = dra9age1 & ) good results1 :5 o!r me?ods are n conv5i5t1 & :5 !re is fe> t ! b$ may become too wet4 ,if ! place is likely to be r wet1 place a l>ge h&ful ( s& :]e ! bulb is to g & set ! bulb on x4 ,?is w keep ! wat] f /&+ ar\nd ! bulb4 ,v good results may be _h 9 heavy soil by ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,"o ( ! common wild lilies4--,lilium ,philadelphicum4 ,! soil = bulbs %\ld be well enri*$ ) old manure4 ,fre% manure %\ld nev] be all[$ close ab\t ! bulb4 ,! addition ( leafmold & a little s& also improves ! texture ( heavy soils4 ,= lilies ! leafmold may be omitt$4 ,let ! spad+ be at lea/ a foot deep4 ,eighte5 in*es w be none too deep = lilies4 ,to make a bulb b$1 ?r[ out ! top e>? to ! dep? ( #f in*es4 ,put into ! bottom ( ! b$ ab\t #b in*es ( well-rott$ manure & spade x into ! soil4 ,?r[ back half ( ! top soil1 level x (f nicely1 set ! bulbs firmly on ?is b$1 & !n cov] !m ) ! rema9d] ( ! e>?2 9 ?is way "o w h ! bulbs f #c to #d in*es bel[ ! surface1 & !y w all be ( uni=m dep? & w give uni=m results if ! bulbs !mselves are well grad$4 ,! 8design0 b$ may be work$ out easily 9 ?is way1 = all ! bulbs are fully expos$ aft] !y are plac$1 & !y are all cov]$ at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,common species ( n>cissus4--a a4 ,n>cissus ,pseudo-,n>cissus or daffodil2 b4 ,jonquil2 c4 ,n4 ,pticus4 ,( c\rse1 x is n necess>y t ! home g>d5] g to ! tr\ble ( remov+ ! e>? & replac+ x if he m]ely wants good blooms2 b if he wants a good b$ z a :ole1 or a mass effect1 he %\ld take ?is pa9s4 ,9 ! %rubb]ies & on ! lawn he may 8/ick !m 90 "h & !re1 see+ t ! top ( ! bulb is #c to #f in*es b5ea? ! surface1 ! dep? dep5d+ on ! size ( ! bulb 7! bigg] & /rong] ! bulb1 ! deep] x may g7 & on ! nature ( ! soil 7!y may g deep] 9 s& ?an 9 h>d clay74 ,z ! "t ( sev]e w9t] freez+ approa*es1 ! b$ %\ld receive a mul* ( leaves1 manure or litt]1 to ! dep? ( #d in*es or m1 accord+ to ! latitude & ! k9d ( mat]ial4 ,if leaves are us$1 #c in*es w be en\gh1 because ! leaves lie close toge!r & may smo!r out ! fro/ t is 9 ! gr\nd & let ! bulbs />t4 ,x w be well to let ! mul* ext5d #a foot or m beyond ! m>g9s ( ! b$4 ,:5 cold wea!r is pa/1 half ( ! mul* %\ld be remov$4 ,! rema9d] may be left on till !re is no long] dang] ( fro/4 ,on remov+ ! la/ ( ! mul*1 lightly "w ov] ! surface among ! bulbs ) a ?ru/-hoe4 ,if ! wea!r happ5s to be v bright dur+ ! bloom+ season1 ! duration ( ! fl[]s may be prolong$ by light %ad+--z ) musl91 or slats plac$ above ! b$s4 ,if plant$ :]e !y h p>tial %ade f surr\nd+ trees or %rubb]y1 ! b$s w n ne$ att5tion ( ?is k9d4 ,lilies may rema9 undi/urb$ = ye>s4 ,crocuses & tulips may /& two ye>s1 b hyac9?s %\ld be tak5 up ea* ye> & replant$2 tulips also w be bett] = ! same treatm5t4 ,n>cissus may rema9 = "s ye>s1 or until !y %[ signs ( runn+ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,! ,belladonna lily4--,am>yllis ,belladonna4 ,bulbs t are to be tak5 up %\ld be left 9 ! gr\nd till ! foliage turns yell[1 or dies d[n naturally4 ,?is gives ! bulbs a *ance to rip54 ,cutt+ (f ! foliage & digg+ too e>ly is a n uncommon & s]i\s mi/ake4 ,bulbs t h be5 plant$ 9 places t are want$ = summ] b$d+ plants may be dug ) ! foliage on & heel$-9 "u a tree1 or along a f5ce1 to /& till rip5$4 ,! plant %\ld be injur$ z little z possible1 z ! foliage ( ?is ye> makes ! fl[]s ( ! next4 ,:5 ! foliage has turn$ yell[ or di$ d[n1 ! bulbs--aft] clean+1 & cur+ !m = a few h\rs 9 ! sun--may be /or$ 9 ! cell> or o!r cool1 dry place1 to await fall plant+4 ,bulbs t are lift$ prematurely 9 ?is way %\ld be plant$ p]man5tly 9 ! bord]s1 = !y w n make good fl[]-g>d5 subjects ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 fact1 x is usually be/ to buy fre%1 /rong bulbs ea* ye> ( tulips1 hyac9?s1 & crocuses if ! be/ results are desir$1 us+ ! old bulbs = %rubb]ies & mix$ bord]s4 ,crocuses & squills are (t5 plant$ 9 ! lawn4 ,x is n to be expect$ t !y w la/ m ?an two to ?ree ye>s1 h[ev]1 ev5 if c>e is tak5 n to cut ! tops closely :5 ! lawn is cut4 ,! n>cissus 7includ+ daffodils & jonquils7 w rema9 9 good condition = ye>s 9 grassy p>ts ( ! place1 if ! tops are all[$ to mature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,! common ,dut* hyac9?4 ,li/ ( outdoor fall-plant$ bulbs = ! ,nor?4 ,crocus4 ,hyac9?4 ,tulip4 ,n>cissus 7includ+ daffodil & jonquil74 ,scilla1 or squill4 ,sn[drop 7,galan?us74 ,sn[flake 7,leucoium74 ,*ionodoxa4 ,h>dy alliums4 ,bulbocodium4 ,camassia4 ,lily-(-!-valley4 ,w9t] aconite 7,eran?is hycmalis74 ,dog-too? violets 7,ery?ronium74 ,cr[n imp]ial 7,fritill>ia ,imp]ialis74 ,fritill>y 7,fritill>ia ,mekagris74 ,trilliums4 ,lilies4 ,peonies1 tub]\s anemones1 tub]\s butt]cups1 iris1 ble$+ he>t1 & ! l1 may be plant$ 9 autumn & are (t5 class$ ) fall-plant$ bulbs4 ,w9t] bulbs 7p4 #cde74 ,"s ( ^! bulbs may be made to bloom 9 ! gre5h\se1 w9d[-g>d51 or liv+ room 9 w9t]4 ,hyac9?s are p>ticul>ly useful = ?is purpose1 because ! bloom is less affect$ by cl\dy wea!r ?an t ( tulips & crocuses4 ,"s k9ds ( n>cissus also 8=ce0 well1 p>ticul>ly ! daffodil2 & ! ,pap]-:ite & 8,*9ese sacr$ lily0 are practically ! only common bulbs f :i* ! home g>d5] may expect good bloom be=e ,*ri/mas4 ,! me?od ( h&l+ bulbs = w9t] bloom is describ$ "u ,w9d[-g>d5+ 7on 99p4 #cde74 ,summ] bulbs4 ,!re is no?+ special to be said ( ! culture ( ! s-call$ summ]-bloom+ & spr+-plant$ bulbs1 z a class4 ,!y are t5d]1 & are !re=e plant$ aft] cold wea!r is pa/4 ,= e>ly bloom1 !y may be />t$ indoors4 ,( c\rse1 any li/ ( spr+-plant$ bulbs is relative to ! climate1 = :at may be plant$ 9 spr+ 9 ,new ,york p]haps may be plant$ 9 ! fall 9 ,georgia4 ,! common 8summ] bulbs0 are3-- ,gladiolus ,tub]ose ,dahlia ,canna ,arum ,calla ,calo*ortus ,al/rem]ia ,am>yllis ,colocasia #e4 ,,! ,,%rubb]y 7,exclusive ( conif]\s ev]gre5s & climb+ plants47 ,! common h>dy %rubs or bu%es may be plant$ 9 fall or spr+4 ,9 ! nor!rnmo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry & 9 ,canada spr+ plant+ is usually saf]1 al?\gh on well-dra9$ gr\nd & :5 ?or\ghly mul*$ ! plants may ev5 !re d well if plant$ z soon z ! leaves drop 9 fall4 ,if ! %rubs are pur*as$ 9 spr+1 !y are likely to h come f 8cell>$ /ock02 t is1 ! nurs]ym5 dig mu* ( _! /ock 9 fall & /ore x 9 cell>s built = ! purpose4 ,:ile /ock t is prop]ly cell>$ is p]fectly reliable1 t :i* has be5 all[$ to get too dry or :i* has be5 o!rwise improp]ly h&l$ comes on v sl[ly 9 ! spr+1 makes a poor gr[? ! fir/ ye>1 & mu* ( x may die4 ,9 ! plant+ ( any k9d ( trees or %rubs1 x is well to rememb] t nurs]y-gr[n specim5s g5]ally transplant m readily & ?rive bett] ?an trees tak5 f ! wild2 & ?is is p>ticul>ly true if ! /ock 0 transplant$ 9 ! nurs]y4 ,trees t transplant ) difficulty1 z ! papaw or asim9a1 & "s nut trees1 may be prep>$ = removal by cutt+ "s ( _! roots--& especially ! tap-root1 if !y h su*--a ye> or two 9 advance4 ,,xiii4 ,! pageant ( summ]4 ,,xiii4 ,! pageant ( summ]4 ,g>d5s ( ,c4 ,w4 ,d[deswell1 ,engl&1 f a pa9t+ by ,miss ,p>sons4 ,= p]mission to reproduce ! above picture we are indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,sutton ,sons1 ,se$ ,m]*ants1 ,read+1 ,engl&1 ! own]s ( ! copyright1 :o publi%$ x 9 _! ,amateur's ,guide 9 ,horticulture = #aiji4 ,x is ord9>ily be/ to pl[ or spade ! entire area 9 :i* ! %rubs are to be set4 ,= a ye> or two ! gr\nd %\ld be till$ betwe5 ! %rubs1 ei!r by horse tools or by hoes & rakes4 ,if ! place looks b>e1 se$s ( quick-gr[+ fl[]s may be scatt]$ ab\t ! edges ( ! mass1 or h]bace\s p]5nials may be us$4 ,! l>g] %rubs1 z lilacs & syr+as1 may be set ab\t #d feet ap>t2 b ! small] ones %\ld be set ab\t #b feet ap>t if x is desir$ to secure an imm$iate effect4 ,if aft] a few ye>s ! mass becomes too cr[d$1 "s ( ! specim5s may be remov$ 799p4 #gf74 ,?r[ ! %rubs into an irregul> plantation1 n 9 r[s1 & make ! inn] edge ( ! mass m or less undulat+ & brok54 ,x is a good practice to mul* ! plantation ea* fall ) light manure1 leaf mold1 or o!r mat]ial4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! %rubs are p]fectly h>dy1 ?is mul* greatly improves ! l& & promotes gr[?4 ,aft] ! %rub bord]s h become two or ?ree ye>s old1 ! drift+ leaves ( fall w be caught !re9 & w be held z a mul* 7p4 #hb74 ,:5 ! %rubs are fir/ plant$1 !y are head$ back "o half or m 7,fig4 #de72 b aft] !y are e/abli%$ !y are n to be %e>$1 b all[$ to take _! own way1 & aft] a few ye>s ! out]mo/ ones w droop & meet ! gre599-sw>d 799pp4 #be1 #bf74 ,_m rapid-gr[+ trees may be utiliz$ z %rubs by cutt+ !m (f ne> ! gr\nd e ye>1 or e o!r ye>1 & all[+ "y %oots to gr[4 ,basswood1 black a%1 "s ( ! maples1 tulip tree1 mulb]ry1 ailan?us1 paul[nia1 magnolias1 ,ac] campe/re1 & o!rs may be treat$ 9 ?is way 7,fig4 #ej74 ,ne>ly all %rubs bloom 9 spr+ or e>ly summ]4 ,if k9ds bloom+ late 9 summ] or 9 fall are desir$1 !y maybe look$ = 9 bac*>is1 c>yopt]is1 cephalan?us1 cle?ra1 hamamelis1 hibiscus1 hydrangea1 hyp]icum1 lesp$eza1 rhus 7,r4 ,cot9us71 ,sambucus ,canad5sis 9 midsumm]1 tam>isk4 ,plants t bloom 9 v e>ly spr+ 7n m5tion+ su* z bir*es1 ald]s1 & hazels7 may be f\nd 9 amelan*i]1 cydonia1 daphne1 dirca1 =sy?ia1 c]cis 79 tree li/71 b5zo91 lonic]a 7,l4 fragrantissima71 salix 7,s4 discolor & o!r pussy will[s71 %eph]dia4 ,%rubs be>+ conspicu\s b]ries1 pods1 & ! l1 t p]si/ 9 fall or w9t] may be f\nd 9 ! g5]a b]b]is 7p>ticul>ly ,b4 ,?unb]gii71 colutea1 corylus1 cratgus1 euonymus1 ilex1 physoc>pus1 o/rya1 ptelea1 pyracan?a 7,plate ,,xix7 pyrus1 rhodotypos1 rosa 7,r4 rugosa71 /aphylea1 symphoric>pus1 viburnum1 xan?oc]as4 ,li/ ( %rubb]y plants = ! ,nor?4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( %rubs 7( c\rse n complete7 comprises a selection ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to s\!rn ,mi*igan & c5tral ,new ,york1 :]e ! m]cury sometimes falls to fifte5 degrees bel[ z]o4 ,application is also made to ,canada by designat+ species t h be5 f\nd to be h>dy at ,ottawa4 ,! li/ is arrang$ alphabetically by ! names ( ! g5]a4 ,! 99 d5otes t ! plant is native to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! indicates species t are recomm5d$ by ! ,c5tral ,exp]im5tal ,f>ms1 ,ottawa1 ,ont>io4 ,x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e :e!r a gr\p %\ld be li/$ among %rubs or trees4 ,sometimes ! plant is n q a tree & is yet some?+ m ?an a %rub or bu%2 sometimes ! plant may be di/9ctly a tree 9 its s\!rn range & a %rub 9 its nor!rn range2 sometimes ! same g5us or gr\p conta9s bo? %rubs & trees4 ,9 ! foll[+ g5]a !re are d\btful cases3 sculus1 alnus1 amelan*i]1 betula1 c>agana1 ca/anea1 cornus 7,c4 florida71 cratgus1 elagnus1 prunus1 rob9ia4 ,dw>f buckeye1 sculus p>viflora 7,pavia macro/a*ya7499 ,attractive 9 habit1 foliage1 & fl[]2 produces a l>ge foliage mass4 ,ald]4 ,sev]al bu%y species ( ald] are good lawn or bord] subjects1 p>ticul>ly 9 wet places or along /reams1 z ,a4 viridis199 ,a4 rugosa199 ,a4 incana199 & o!rs4 ,june-b]ry1 ,amelan*i] ,canad5sis99 & o!rs4 ,fl[]s pr(usely 9 spr+ be=e ! leaves appe>2 "s ( !m become small trees4 ,azalea1 ,azalea viscosa99 & ,a4 nudiflora499 ,require p>tial %ade1 & a woodsy soil4 ,japanese azalea1 ,a4 mollis 7or ,a4 ,s95sis74 ,%[y r$ & yell[ or orange fl[]s2 h>dy nor?4 ,gr\ndsel tree1 8:ite myrtle10 ,bac*>is halimifolia499 ,native on ! ,atlantic sea%ore1 b gr[s well :5 plant$ inl&2 valuable = its :ite fluffy 8bloom0 7pappus7 9 late/ fall2 #d-aj ft4 ,spice-bu%1 ,b5zo9 odorif]um 7,l9d]a ,b5zo99974 ,v e>ly-bloom+ bu% ( wet places1 ! yell[1 clu/]$1 small fl[]s prec$+ ! leaves2 #f-aj ft4 ,b>b]ry1 ,b]b]is vulg>is4 ,common b>b]ry2 #d-f ft4 ,! purple-leav$ =m 7v>4 purpurea7 is popul>4 ,?unb]g's b>b]ry1 ,b4 ,?unb]gii4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( lawn & bord] %rubs1 ) compact & attractive habit1 deep r$ autumn foliage & bright sc>let b]ries 9 pr(usion 9 fall & w9t]2 excell5t = l[ h$ges2 #b-d ft4 ,mahonia1 ,b]b]is ,aquifolium499 ,ev]gre52 ne$s "s protection 9 expos$ places2 #a-c ft4 ,dw>f bir*1 ,betula pumila499 ,desirable = l[ places2 #c-aj ft4 ,box1 ,buxus semp]vir5s4 ,an ev]gre5 %rub1 useful = h$ges & edg+s 9 cities2 sev]al v>ieties1 "s ( !m v dw>f4 ,see page #bbj4 ,c>ol9a allspice1 sweet-sc5t$ %rub1 ,calycan?us floridus499 ,dull purple1 v fragrant fl[]s2 #c-h ft4 ,sib]ian pea-tree1 ,c>agana arboresc5s4 ,fl[]s pea-l1 yell[1 9 ,may2 v h>dy2 #aj-ae feet4 ,small pea-tree1 ,c4 pygma4 ,v small1 #a-c ft1 b sometimes graft$ on ,c4 arboresc5s4 ,%rubby pea-tree1 ,c4 frutesc5s4 ,fl[]s l>g] ?an ^? ( ,c4 arboresc5s2 #c-aj ft4 ,l>ge-fl[]$ pea-tree1 ,c4 gr&iflora4 ,l>g]-fl[]$ ?an ! la/1 :i* x resembles2 #d ft4 ,blue spirea1 ,c>yopt]is ,ma/acan?us4 ,fl[]s bright blue1 9 late summ] & fall2 #b-d ft41 b is likely to die to gr\nd 9 w9t]4 ,*9quap9 or dw>f *e/nut1 ,ca/anea pumila499 ,becomes a small tree1 b usually bu%y4 ,ceano?us1 ,ceano?us ,am]icanus499 ,a v small native %rub1 desirable = dry places "u trees2 #b-c ft4 ,!re are _m good ,european g>d5 =ms ( ceano?us1 b n h>dy 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,button-bu%1 ,cephalan?us occid5talis499 ,blossoms 9 ,july & ,augu/2 desirable = wat]-c\rses & o!r l[ places2 #d-aj ft4 ,fr+e tree1 ,*ionan?us ,virg9ica499 ,%rub z l>ge z lilac1 or becom+ tree-l1 ) fr+e-l :ite fl[]s 9 spr+4 ,:ite ald]1 ,cle?ra alnifolia499 ,a v f9e1 h>dy %rub1 produc+ v fragrant fl[]s 9 ,july & ,augu/2 %\ld be bett] kn[n2 #d-aj ft4 ,bladd] s5na1 ,colutea arboresc5s4 ,pea-l yell[i% fl[]s 9 ,june1 & big inflat$ pods2 #h-ab ft4 ,european osi]1 ,cornus alba 7kn[n also z ,c4 ,sibirica & ,c4 ,tat>ica74 ,bran*es deep r$2 #d-h ft42 ! v>iegat$ =m has leaves edg$ :ite4 ,bailey's osi]1 ,cornus ,baileyi499 ,probably ! f9e/ ( ! native osi]s = color ( twigs & foliage2 #e-h ft4 ,r$-twigg$ osi]1 ,cornus /olonif]a499 ,! r$ twigs are v %[y 9 w9t]2 #e to #h ft42 "s bu%es are bright] 9 color ?an o!rs4 ,fl[]+ dogwood1 ,c4 florida499 ,v %[y tree or big %rub1 desirable = bord]s ( gr\ps & belts4 ,a r$-fl[]$ v>iety is on ! m>ket4 ,cornelian ,*]ry1 ,cornus ,mas4 ,becom+ a small tree1 #ae-bj ft42 fl[]s num]\s 9 bun*es1 yell[1 be=e ! leaves2 fruit1 *]ry-l1 edible1 r$4 ,hazel or filb]t1 ,corylus maxima v>4 purpurea4 ,a well-kn[n purple-leav$ %rub1 usually catalogu$ z ,c4 ,avellana purpurea4 ,! ea/]n ,am]ican species 7,c4 ,am]icana99 & ,c4 ro/rata997 are also int]e/+4 ,cotonea/]4 ,sev]al species ( cotonea/] are suitable = cultivation 9 ! middle & s\!rn latitudes4 ,!y are alli$ to cratgus4 ,"s are ev]gre54 ,"s k9ds be> h&some p]si/5t fruits4 ,wild ?orns1 ,cratgus punctata199 ,c4 cocc9ea199 ,c4 ,crus-galli199 & o!rs4 ,! native ?orn apples or haw?orns1 ( num]\s species1 are among/ our be/ l>ge %rubs = plant+ & %\ld be mu* bett] kn[n2 #f-bj ft4 ,japanese qu9ce1 ,cydonia 7or ,pyrus7 ,japonica4 ,an old favorite bloom+ 9 e>lie/ spr+1 9 advance ( ! leaves2 n h>dy at ,lans+1 ,mi*42 #d-e ft4 ,maule's ,japanese qu9ce1 ,c4 ,maulei4 ,bright r$2 fruit h&some2 h>di] ?an ,c4 ,japonica2 #a-c ft4 ,daphne1 ,daphne ,mez]eum4 ,produces rose-purple or :ite fl[]s 9 abundance 9 e>lie/ spr+ be=e ! leaves appe>4 ,%\ld be plant$ on ! edges ( gr\ps2 leaves decidu\s2 #a-d ft4 ,g>l& fl[]1 ,d4 ,cneorum4 ,p9k fl[]s 9 v e>ly spr+ & aga9 9 autumn2 leaves ev]gre52 #a-a_/b ft4 ,deutzia1 ,deutzia scabra 7or cr5ata7 & v>ieties4 ,/&>d %rubs2 ! v>iety 8,pride ( ,ro*e/]10 ) p9ki% fl[]s1 is p]haps ! be/ =m = ! ,nor?2 #d-f ft4 ,( ?is & ! next !re are =ms ) ornam5tal foliage4 ,small deutzia1 ,d4 gracilis4 ,v close little bu%1 ) pure :ite fl[]s2 #b-c ft4 ,lemo9e's deutzia1 ,d4 ,lemo9ei4 ,a hybrid1 v desirable2 #a-c ft4 ,weigela1 ,di]villa ,japonica & o!r species4 ,free bloom]s1 v f9e1 9 _m colors1 #d-f ft42 ! =ms kn[n z ,c&ida1 rosea1 ,sieboldii v>iegata1 are h>dy & good4 ,lea!rwood1 ,dirca palu/ris499 ,if well gr[n1 ! lea!rwood makes a v neat plant2 blossoms appe> be=e ! leaves1 b n %[y2 #d-f ft4 ,russian olive1 olea/]1 ,elagnus angu/ifolia4 ,foliage silv]y :ite2 v h>dy2 becom+ a small tree1 #ae-bj ft4 ,wolf-will[1 ,e4 arg5tea499 ,l>ge & silv]y leaves2 suck]s badly2 #h-ab ft4 ,g\mi1 ,e4 longipes 7sometimes call$ ,e4 edulis74 ,attractive spread+ bu%1 ) h&some edible cranb]ry-l b]ries2 #e-f ft4 ,burn+-bu%1 ,euonymus atropurpureus499 ,v attractive 9 fruit2 #h-ab ft41 or ev5 becom+ tree-l4 ,sev]al o!r species are 9 cultivation1 "s ( !m ev]gre54 ,9 ! ,nor?1 success may be expect$ ) ,e4 ,europu 7sometimes a small tree71 ,e4 alatus1 ,e4 ,bungeanus1 ,e4 latifolius1 & p]haps o!rs4 ,exo*orda1 ,exo*orda gr&iflora4 ,a l>ge & v %[y %rub1 produc+ a pr(usion ( apple-l :ite fl[]s 9 e>ly spr+2 #f-ab ft2 alli$ to ! spireas4 ,=sy?ia1 ,=sy?ia viridissima4 ,blossoms yell[1 appe>+ be=e ! leaves2 requires protection 9 _m places ,nor?2 #f-aj ft4 ,droop+ =sy?ia1 ,f4 susp5sa4 ,makes an attractive mass on a bank or bord]2 #f-ab ft4 ,dy]'s we$1 ,g5i/a t9ctoria4 ,yell[ pea-l fl[]s 9 ,june2 #a-c ft4 ,silv]-bell tree1 ,halesia tetrapt]a499 ,bell-%ap$ :ite fl[]s 9 ,may2 #h-aj ft4 ,wit* hazel1 ,hamamelis ,virg9iana499 ,blossoms 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]2 unique & desirable if well gr[n2 #h-ab ft4 ,al!a1 ,rose ( ,%>on1 ,hibiscus ,syriacus 7,al?a frutex74 ,9 _m =ms1 purple1 r$1 & :ite1 & p]haps ! be/ ( late summ]-bloom+ %rubs2 #h-ab ft4 ,hydrangea1 ,hydrangea paniculata1 v>4 gr&iflora4 ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ %[y small fl[]+ %rubs2 #d-aj ft4 ,d[ny hydrangea1 ,h4 radiata499 ,attractive 9 bo? foliage & fl[]4 ,oak-leav$ hydrangea1 ,h4 qu]cifolia499 ,?is is especially valuable = its luxuriant foliage2 ev5 if kill$ to ! gr\nd 9 w9t]1 x is /ill wor? cultivat+ = its /rong %oots4 ,! gre5h\se hydrangea 7,h4 hort5sis 9 _m =ms7 may be us$ z an outdoor subject 9 ! ,s\?4 ,/4 ,john's wort1 ,hyp]icum ,kalmianum199 ,h4 prolificum199 & ,h4 ,mos]ianum4 ,small und]%rubs1 produc+ bright yell[ fl[]s 9 pr(usion 9 ,july & ,augu/2 #b-d ft4 ,w9t]-b]ry1 ,ilex v]ticillata499 ,produces %[y r$ b]ries1 t p]si/ ?r\gh ! w9t]2 %\ld be mass$ 9 r l[ gr\nd2 fl[]s imp]fect2 #f-h ft4 ,! ev]gre5 hollies are n suitable = cultivation 9 ! ,nor?2 b 9 ! w>m] latitudes1 ! ,am]ican holly 7,ilex opaca71 ,engli% holly 7,i4 ,aquifolium71 & ,japanese holly 7,i4 cr5ata7 may be gr[n4 ,!re are sev]al native species4 ,m\nta9 laurel1 ,kalmia latifolia499 ,"o ( ! be/ %rubs 9 cultivation1 ev]gre51 #e-aj ft41 or ev5 becom+ a small tree s\?2 usually pr(its by p>tial %ade2 ?rives 9 a peaty or loamy r loose soil1 & said to be av]se to lime/one & clay2 ext5sively transf]r$ f ! wild = l&scape effects 9 l>ge private places2 %\ld ?rive z f> nor? z x gr[s wild4 ,k]ria1 cor*orus1 ,k]ria ,japonica4 ,a bramble-l %rub1 produc+ attractive yell[ s+le or d\ble fl[]s f ,july until ,septemb]2 twigs v gre5 9 w9t]4 ,!re is a v>iegat$-leav$ =m4 ,good = banks & bord]s2 #b-c ft4 ,s& myrtle1 ,leiophyllum buxifolium499 ,ev]gre51 m or less procumb5t2 #b-c ft4 ,lesp$eza1 ,lesp$eza bicolor4 ,r$di% or purple small fl[]s 9 late summ] & fall2 #d-h ft4 ,lesp$eza1 ,l4 ,sieboldii 7,desmodium p5duliflorum74 ,rose-purple l>ge fl[]s 9 fall2 kill$ to ! gr\nd 9 w9t]1 b x blooms ! foll[+ ye>2 #d-e ft4 ,lesp$eza1 ,l4 ,japonica 7,desmodium ,japonicum74 ,fl[]s :ite1 lat] ?an ^? ( ,l4 ,sieboldii2 spr+s up f ! root4 ,privet1 ,ligu/rum vulg>e1 ,l4 ovalifolium 7,l4 ,cali=nicum71 & ,l4 ,amur5se4 ,mu* us$ = l[ h$ges & bord]s2 #d-ab ft42 sev]al o!r species4 ,t>t>ian honeysuckle1 ,lonic]a ,tat>ica4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *a/e & comely ( %rubs2 #f-aj ft42 p9k-fl[]$2 sev]al v>ieties4 ,regel's honeysuckle1 ,l4 sp9osa 7,l4 ,alb]ti74 ,blooms a little lat] ?an above1 p9k2 #b-d ft4 ,fragrant honeysuckle1 ,l4 fragrantissima4 ,fl[]s exce$+ly fragrant1 prec$+ leaves2 #b-f ft42 "o ( ! e>lie/ ?+s to bloom 9 spr+4 ,!re are o!r upright honeysuckles1 all int]e/+4 ,mock-orange 7,syr+a incorrectly71 ,philadelphus coron>ius4 ,9 _m =ms & mu* priz$2 #f-ab ft4 ,o!r species are 9 cultivation1 b ! g>d5 nom5clature is confus$4 ,! =ms kn[n z ,p4 speciosus1 ,p4 gr&iflorus1 & v>4 speciosissimus are good2 also ! species ,p4 pubesc5s199 ,p4 ,gordonianus199 & ,p4 microphyllus199 ! la/ be+ dw>f1 ) small :ite v fragrant fl[]s4 ,n9e-b>k1 ,physoc>pus opulifolius 7,spira opulifolia7499 ,a good vigor\s h>dy bu%1 ) clu/]s ( int]e/+ pods foll[+ ! fl[]s2 ! v>4 aurea is "o ( ! be/ yell[-leav$ %rubs2 #f-aj ft4 ,&rom$a1 ,pi]is floribunda499 ,a small ericace\s ev]gre52 %\ld h "s protection f ! w9t] sun2 = ?is purpose1 x may be plant$ on ! nor? side ( a clump ( trees2 #b-f;ft4 ,%rubby c9quefoil1 ,pot5tilla fruticosa499 ,foliage a%y2 fl[]s yell[1 9 ,june2 #b-d ft4 ,s& *]ry1 ,prunus pumila99 & ,p4 ,besseyi499 ,! s& *]ry ( s&y %ores gr[s #e-h ft42 ! we/]n s& *]ry 7,p4 ,besseyi7 is m spread+ & is gr[n = its fruit4 ,! ,european dw>f *]ry 7,p4 fruticosa7 is #b-d ft41 ) :ite fl[]s 9 umbels4 ,fl[]+ almond1 ,prunus ,japonica4 ,9 its d\ble-fl[]$ =m1 famili> = its e>ly bloom2 #c-e ft2 (t5 graft$ on o!r /ocks1 :i* are liable to spr\t & become tr\blesome4 ,hop-tree1 ,ptelea trifoliata499 ,v int]e/+ :5 be>+ its r\ndi% w+$ fruits2 #h-aj ft41 b becom+ l>g] & tree-l4 ,buck?orn1 ,rhamnus ca?>tica4 ,mu* us$ = h$ges2 #h-ab ft4 ,alp9e buck?orn1 ,r4 alp9a4 ,foliage attractive2 #e-f ft4 ,rhodod5dron1 ,rhodod5dron ,catawbi5se99 & g>d5 v>ieties4 ,h>dy 9 well-adapt$ locations1 #c-h ft41 & high] 9 its native regions4 ,great laurel1 ,r4 maximum99 ,a f9e species = mass plant+1 native z f> nor? z s\!rn ,canada4 ,ext5sively transplant$ f ! wild4 ,:ite k]ria1 ,rhodotypos k]rioides4 ,:ite fl[]s 9 ,may & blacki% fruit2 #c-e ft4 ,smoke-tree 7,fr+e-tree errone\sly71 ,rhus ,cot9us4 ,"o ( ! be/ %rubs = mass+2 two colors are gr[n2 ! bill[y 8bloom10 hold+ late 9 ! season1 is compos$ ( fl[] /ems r ?an fl[]s2 size ( l>ge lilac bu%es4 ,dw>f sumac1 ,r4 copall9a499 ,attractive 9 foliage1 & especially conspicu\s 9 autumn f ! brilliant r$ ( its leaves2 #c-e ft41 sometimes mu* tall]4 ,sumac1 smoo? & hairy1 ,r4 glabra99 & ,r4 typh9a499 ,useful = ! bord]s ( l>ge gr\ps & belts4 ,!y may be cut d[n e ye> & all[$ to spr\t 7z 9 ,fig4 #ej74 ,! "y tops are h&some/4 ,r4 glabra is ! f9] species = ?is purpose4 ,!y usually gr[ #aj-ae ft4 tall4 ,osbeck's sumac1 ,r4 semialata v>4 ,osbeckii4 ,/rong bu%1 #aj-bj ft41 ) leaf-ra*is /rongly w+$1 ! foliage p9nately comp\nd4 ,fl[]+1 or fragrant currant1 ,ribes aureum499 ,well kn[n & popul>1 = its sweet-sc5t$ yell[ fl[]s 9 ,may2 #e-h ft4 ,r$-fl[]+ currant1 ,r4 sangu9eum499 ,fl[]s r$ & attractive2 #e-f ft4 ,r4 ,gordonianum1 recomm5dable1 is a hybrid betwe5 ,r4 sangu9eum & ,r4 aureum4 ,rose acacia1 ,rob9ia hispida499 ,v %[y 9 bloom2 #h-aj;ft4 ,roses1 ,rosa1 v>i\s species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,rosa rugosa4 ,h>dy roses are n always desirable = ! lawn4 ,= g5]al lawn purposes ! old] sorts1 s+le or semi-d\ble1 & :i* d n require high culture1 are to be pref]r$4 ,x is n int5d$ to include "h ! common g>d5 roses2 see ,*apt] ,,viii = ^!4 ,x is mu* to be desir$ t ! wild roses receive m att5tion f plant]s4 ,att5tion has be5 too exclusively tak5 by ! highly improv$ g>d5 roses4 ,japanese rose1 ,rosa rugosa4 ,mo/ excell5t = lawn plant+1 z ! foliage is ?ick & n attack$ by insects 7,fig4 #bfc72 :ite & p9k fl[]$ =ms2 #d-f ft4 ,wild swamp rose1 ,r4 ,c>ol9a499 #e-h ft4 ,wild dw>f rose1 ,r4 humilis99 7,r4 lucida ( ,mi*igan74 ,?is & o!r wild dw>f roses1 #c-f ft41 may be useful 9 l&scape "w4 ,say's ,rose1 ,r4 acicul>is v>4 ,sayi499 ,excell5t = lawns2 #d-e ft4 ,r$-leav$ rose1 ,r4 f]rug9ea 7,r4 rubrifolia74 ,excell5t foliage2 fl[]s s+le1 p9k2 #e-f ft4 ,japanese bramble1 ,rubus cratgifolius4 ,valuable = hold+ banks2 spreads rapidly2 v r$ 9 w9t]2 #c-d ft4 ,fl[]+ raspb]ry1 mulb]ry 7errone\sly71 ,r4 odoratus99 ,attractive :5 well gr[n & divid$ frequ5tly to keep x fre%2 !re is a :iti% =m2 #c-d ft4 ,japanese w9eb]ry1 ,r4 pha5icolasius4 ,attractive foliage & r$ hairy canes2 fruit edible2 #c-e ft4 ,kilm>nock will[1 ,salix ,capraea1 v>4 p5dula4 ,a small weep+ plant graft$ on a tall trunk2 usually m curi\s ?an ornam5tal4 ,rosem>y will[1 ,s4 rosm>9ifolia ( nurs]ym5 7,r4 incana prop]ly74 #f-aj ft4 ,%9+ will[1 ,s4 lucida499 ,v desirable = ! edges ( wat]2 #f-ab ft4 ,long-leav$ will[1 ,s4 int]ior499 ,our n>r[e/-leav$ native will[2 useful = banks2 liable to spread too rapidly2 #h-ab;ft4 ,f\nta9 will[1 ,s4 purpurea4 ,attractive foliage & appe>ance1 p>ticul>ly if cut back n[ & !n to secure new wood2 excell5t = hold+ spr+y banks2 #aj-bj ft4 ,pussy will[1 ,s4 discolor99 ,attractive :5 mass$ at "s di/ance f ! resid5ce2 #aj-ae ft4 ,laurel-leav$ will[1 ,s4 p5t&ra 7,s4 laurifolia ( cultivators7 ,see "u ,trees1 p4 #cbi4 ,_m ( ! native will[s might well be cultivat$4 ,eld]s1 ,sambucus pub5s99 & ,s4 ,canad5sis499 ,! =m]1 ! common 8r$ eld]10 is ornam5tal bo? 9 fl[] & fruit4 ,s4 ,canad5sis is desirable = its pr(usion ( fragrant fl[]s appe>+ 9 ,july2 ! =m] is #f-g ft4 high & ! latt] #h-aj ft4 ,gold5-leav$ eld]1 ,s4 nigra v>4 foliis aureis1 & also ! cut-leav$ eld]1 are desirable =ms ( ! ,european species2 #e-ae ft4 ,buffalo-b]ry1 ,%eph]dia arg5tea99 ,silv]y foliage2 attractive & edible b]ries2 #aj-ae ft41 (t5 tree-l4 ,%eph]dia1 ,s4 ,canad5sis499 ,spread+ bu%1 #c-h ft41 ) attractive foliage & fruit4 ,e>ly spirea1 ,spira arguta4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ bloom]s among ! spireas2 #b-d ft4 ,?ree-lob$ spirea1 bridal wrea?1 ,s4 ,van ,h\ttei4 ,"o ( ! mo/ %[y e>ly-fl[]+ %rubs2 excell5t = mass+2 blooms a little lat] ?an ! above2 #c-f ft4 ,sorbus-leav$ spirea1 ,s4 sorbifolia 7,sorb>ia sorbifolid74 ,desirable = its late bloom+1--late ,june & e>ly ,july2 #d-e ft4 ,plum-leav$ spirea1 ,s4 prunifolia4 ,=tune's spirea1 ,s4 ,japonica 7,s4 callosa71 #b to #d ft4 ,?unb]g's spirea1 ,s4 ,?unb]gii4 ,neat & attractive 9 habit2 useful = bord]-h$ges2 #c-e ft4 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,wrea?1 ,s4 hyp]icifolia2 #d-e ft4 ,r\nd-leav$ spirea1 ,s4 bracteata4 ,foll[s ,van ,h\ttei2 #c-f ft4 ,d\glas' spirea1 ,s4 ,d\glasii499 ,blossoms late1--9 ,july2 #d-h ft4 ,h>d-hack1 ,s4 tom5tosa499 ,mu* l ! la/1 b less %[y2 #c-d ft4 ,will[-leav$ spirea1 ,s4 salicifolia499 ,blooms late2 #d-e ft4 ,bladd]-nut1 ,/aphylea trifolia99 ,well-kn[n r co>se native %rub2 #f-ab ft4 ,col*ican bladd]-nut1 ,s4 ,col*ica4 ,good e>ly fl[]+ %rub2 #f-ab ft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,a spirea1 "o ( he mo/ s]vicable fl[]+ %rubs4 ,/yrax1 ,/yrax ,japonica4 ,"o ( ! mo/ graceful ( fl[]+ %rubs1 produc+ fragrant fl[]s 9 e>ly summ]2 #h-aj ft4 or m4 ,sn[-b]ry1 ,symphoric>pos racemosus499 ,cultivat$ = its sn[-:ite b]ries1 t hang 9 autumn & e>ly w9t]2 #c-e ft4 ,indian currant1 ,s4 vulg>is4 ,foliage delicate2 b]ries r$2 valuable = %ady places & aga9/ walls2 #d-e ft4 ,common lilac1 ,syr+a vulg>is4 7,! "n syr+a is commonly misappli$ to ! species ( ,philadelphus47 ,! /&>d spr+-bloom+ %rub 9 ! ,nor?2 #h-ae ft42 _m =ms4 ,josika lilac1 ,s4 ,josikaeca4 ,bloom+ ab\t a week lat] ?an ,s4 vulg>is2 #h-aj ft4 ,p]sian lilac1 ,s4 ,p]sica4 ,m spread+ & op5 bu% ?an ,s4 vulg>is2 #f-aj ft4 ,japanese lilac1 ,s4 ,japonica4 ,blooms ab\t "o mon? lat] ?an common lilac2 #ae-bj ft4 ,r\5 lilac1 ,s4 ,*95sis 7or ,ro?omag5sis7 ,blooms ) ! common lilac2 fl[]s m highly color$ ?an ^? ( ,s4 ,p]sica2 #e-ab ft4 ,*9ese lilacs1 ,s4 oblata & villosa4 ,! =m] #aj-ae ft4 & bloom+ ) common lilac2 ! latt] #d-f ft41 & bloom+ few days lat]4 ,tam>isk1 ,tam>ix ( sev]al species1 p>ticul>ly 7= ! ,nor?7 ,t4 ,*95sis1 ,t4 ,africana 7probably ! g>d5 =ms "u ?is "n are all ,t4 p>viflora71 & ,t4 hispida 7,t4 ,ka%g>ica74 ,all odd %rubs or small trees ) v f9e foliage1 & m9ute p9k fl[]s 9 pr(usion4 ,common sn[ball1 ,viburnum ,opulus499 ,! cultivat$ sn[ball is a native ( ! ,old ,_w2 b ! species gr[s wild 9 ?is c\ntry 7kn[n z ,high-bu% ,cranb]ry71 & is wor?y ( cultivation2 #f-aj ft4 ,japanese sn[ball1 ,v4 tom5tosum 7catalogu$ z ,v4 plicatum74 #f-aj ft4 ,wayf>+ tree1 ,v4 ,lantana4 ,fruit ornam5tal2 #h-ab ft41 or m4 ,plum-leav$ haw1 ,v4 prunifolium499 ,leaves smoo? & glossy2 #h-ae ft4 ,sweet viburnum or %eep-b]ry1 ,viburnum ,l5tago499 ,tall co>se bu%1 or becom+ a small tree4 ,arr[-wood1 ,v4 d5tatum499 ,usually #e-h ft41 b becom+ tall]4 ,dockmackie1 ,v4 ac]ifolium499 ,maple-l foliage2 #d-e ft4 ,)e-rod1 lilac viburnum1 ,v4 cass9oides499 #b-e ft4 ,o!r native & exotic viburnums are desirable4 ,xan?oc]as1 ,xan?oc]as sorbifolia4 ,alli$ to ! buckeyes2 h>dy 9 p>ts ( ,new ,engl&2 #h-aj;ft42 h&some4 ,prickly a%1 ,zan?oxylum ,am]icanum499 ,%rubs = ! ,s\?4 ,_m ( ! %rubs 9 ! prec$+ catalogue are also well adapt$ to ! s\!a/]n /ates4 ,! foll[+ brief li/ includes "s ( ! mo/ recomm5dable k9ds = ! region s\? ( ,wa%+ton1 al?\gh "s ( !m are h>dy f>!r ,nor?4 ,! a/]isk 99 d5otes t ! plant is native to ?is c\ntry4 ,! crape myrtle 7,lag]/rmia ,indica7 is to ! ,s\? :at ! lilac is to ! ,nor?1 a /&>d doory>d %rub2 produces h&some r$ 7or blu% or :ite7 fl[]s all summ]2 #h-ab feet4 ,reliable decidu\s %rubs = ! ,s\? are3 al!a1 ,hibiscus ,syriacus1 9 _m =ms2 ,hibiscus ,rosa-,s95sis2 ,azalea cal5dulacea199 mollis1 & ! ,gh5t azalea 7,a4 ,pontica72 blue spirea1 ,c>yopt]is ,ma/acanihus2 ,european =ms ( ceano?us2 ,fr5* mulb]ry1 ,callic>pa ,am]icana992 calycan?us992 fl[]+ will[1 ,*ilopsis l9e>is992 fr+e1 ,*ionan?us ,virg9ica992 :ite ald]1 ,cle?ra alnifolia992 cor*orus1 ,k]ria ,japonica2 deutzias1 ( sev]al k9ds2 g\mi1 ,elagnus longipes2 pe>l bu%1 ,exo*orda gr&iflora2 ,japan qu9ce1 ,cydonia ,japonica2 gold5-bell1 ,=sy?ia viridissima2 broom1 ,sp>tium junceum2 hydrangeas1 includ+ ,h4 ,otaksa1 gr[n "u cov] 9 ! ,nor?2 ,jasm9um nudiflorum2 bu% honey suckles2 mock orange1 ,philadelphus coron>ius & gr&iflorus992 pomegranate2 :ite k]ria1 ,rhodotypos k]rioides2 smoke tree1 ,rhus ,cot9us2 rose locu/1 ,rob9ia hispida992 spireas ( sev]al k9ds2 ,/u>tia p5tagyna992 sn[b]ry1 ,symphoric>pos racemosus992 lilacs ( _m k9ds2 viburnums ( sev]al species1 includ+ ! ,european & ,japanese sn[balls2 weigelas ( ! v>i\s k9ds2 *a/e-tree1 ,vitex ,agnus-,ca/us2 ,?unb]g's b>b]ry2 r$ pepp]1 ,capsicum frutesc5s2 ,plumbago ,cap5sis2 po9settia4 ,a l>ge numb] ( broad-leav$ ev]gre5 %rubs ?rive 9 ! ,s\?1 su* z3 fett] bu%1 ,&rom$a floribunda992 "s ( ! palms1 z palmettoes99 & *amrops2 cycas & zamia99 f> ,s\?2 ,abelia gr&iflora2 /rawb]ry tree1 ,arbutus ,un$o2 ardisias & aucubas1 bo? gr[n "u glass 9 ! ,nor?2 azaleas & rhodod5drons 7n only ,r4 ,catawbi5se99 b ,r4 maximum99 ,r1 ,ponticum1 & ! g>d5 =ms72 ,kalmia latifolia992 ,b]b]is ,japonica & mahonia992 box2 ,cley]a ,japonica2 cotonea/]s & pyracan?a2 eleagnus ( ! types gr[n "u glass 9 ! ,nor?2 g>d5ias2 euonymus992 hollies992 anise-tree1 ,illicium anisatum2 *]ry laurels1 ,prunus or ,lauroc]asus ( sev]al species2 mock orange 7( ! ,s\?71 ,prunus ,c>ol9iana99 useful = h$ges2 true laurel or bay-tree1 ,laurus nobilis2 privets ( sev]al species2 ,citrus trifoliata1 specially desirable = h$ges2 ole&]s2 magnolias992 myrtle1 ,myrtus communis2 ,osman?us 7,olea7 fragrans1 a gre5h\se %rub ,nor?2 ,osman?us ,aquifolium992 but*]'s broom1 ,ruscus aculeatus2 phillyreas992 ,pittosporum ,tobira2 %rubby yuccas992 ,viburnum ,t9us & o!rs2 & ! camellia 9 _m =ms4 ,,xiv3 ,virg9ia creep] scre51 on an old f5ce1 ) wall-fl[]s & hollyhocks 9 front4 ,,xiv3 ,virg9ia creep] scre51 on an old f5ce1 ) wall-fl[]s & hollyhocks 9 front4 #f4 ,,climb+ ,,plants ,v9es d n diff] p>ticul>ly 9 _! culture f o!r h]bs & %rubs1 except z !y require t supports be provid$2 &1 z !y ov]top o!r plants1 !y dem& little room on ! gr\nd1 & !y may !re=e be gr[n 9 n>r[ or unus$ spaces along f5ces & walls4 ,9 respect to ! modes ( climb+1 v9es may be ?r[n into ?ree gr\ps1--^? t tw9e ab\t ! support2 ^? t climb by means ( special organs1 z t5drils1 roots1 leaf99/alks2 ^? t nei!r tw9e nor h special organs b t scramble ov] ! support1 z ! climb+ roses & ! brambles4 ,"o mu/ recognize ! mode ( climb+ be=e und]tak+ ! cultivation ( any v9e4 ,v9es may also be gr\p$ into annuals1 bo? t5d] 7z morn+-glory7 & h>dy 7z sweet pea72 bi5nials1 z adlumia1 :i* are treat$ practically z annuals1 be+ s[n ea* ye> = bloom ! next ye>2 h]bace\s p]5nials1 ! tops dy+ ea* fall d[n to a p]si/+ root1 z c9namon v9e & madeira v9e2 woody p]5nials 7%rubs71 ! tops rema9+ alive1 z ,virg9ia creep]1 grape1 & wi/>ia4 ,!re is sc>cely a g>d5 9 :i* climb+ plants may n be us$ to advantage4 ,sometimes x may be to conceal obtrusive objects1 aga9 to relieve ! monotony ( rigid l9es4 ,!y may also be us$ to run ov] ! gr\nd & to conceal its nak$ness :]e o!r plants c\ld n succe$4 ,! %rubby k9ds are (t5 useful ab\t ! bord]s ( clumps ( trees & %rubb]y1 to slope ! foliage d[n to ! grass1 & to s(t5 or erase l9es 9 ! l&scape4 ,9 ! ,s\? & 9 ,cali=nia1 great use is made ( v9es1 n only on f5ces b on h\ses & arbors4 ,9 w>m c\ntries1 v9es give "* to bungal[s1 p]golas1 & o!r individual =ms ( ar*itecture4 ,if x is desir$ t ! v9es climb high1 ! soil %\ld be f]tile2 b high climb+ 9 annual plants 7z 9 sweet peas7 may be at ! exp5se ( bloom4 ,! use ( v9es = scre5s & pill> decorations has increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s until n[ !y may be se5 9 ne>ly all gr\nds4 ,! t5d5cy has be5 t[>ds us+ ! h>dy v9es1 ( :i* ! ampelopsis1 or ,virg9ia creep]1 is "o ( ! mo/ common4 ,?is is a v rapid gr[]1 & l5ds itself to tra9+ m readily ?an _m o!rs4 ,! ,japan ampelopsis 7,a4 tricuspidata or ,veit*ii7 is a good cl++ v9e1 gr[+ v rapidly :5 once e/abli%$1 & brilliantly color$ aft] ! fir/ fall fro/s4 ,x cl+s clos] ?an ! o!r1 b is n s h>dy4 ,ei!r ( ^! may be gr[n f cutt+s or division ( ! plants4 ,two recomm5dable woody tw9]s ( rec5t di/ribution are ! act9idia & ! akebia1 bo? f ,japan4 ,!y are p]fectly h>dy1 & are rapid gr[]s4 ,! =m] has l>ge ?ick glossy leaves1 n affect$ by insects or disease1 gr[+ ?ickly along ! /em & bran*es1 mak+ a p]fect ?at*4 ,x blooms 9 ,june4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* are :ite ) a purple c5t]1 are borne 9 clu/]s1 foll[$ by r\nd or longi% edible fruits4 ,! akebia has v neat-cut foliage1 qua9t purple fl[]s1 & (t5 be>s ornam5tal fruit4 ,( ! t5d] v9es1 ! na/urtiums & ipomeas & morn+-glories are ! mo/ common 9 ! ,nor?1 :ile ! adlumia1 balloon v9e1 passion v9e1 g\rds1 & o!rs1 are frequ5tly us$4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( rec5t introduction is ! annual hop1 especially ! v>iegat$ v>iety4 ,?is is a v rapid-gr[+ v9e1 se$+ itself ea* ye>1 & ne$+ little c>e4 ,! climb+ g]aniums 7,pel>gonium peltatum & its d]ivatives7 are mu* us$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,all ! t5d] v9es %\ld be plant$ aft] dang] ( fro/ is pa/4 ,s _m good v9es are n[ on ! m>ket t "o may gr[ a wide v>iety = _m uses4 ,! home g>d5] %\ld keep 8 eyes op5 = ! wild v9es ( 8 neighborhood & add ! be/ ( !m to 8 collection4 ,mo/ ( ^! natives are wor?y ( cultivation4 ,ev5 ! poison ivy makes a v satisfactory cov] = r\gh & inaccessible places 9 ! wild1 & its autumn color is v attractive2 b ( c\rse its cultivation _c be recomm5d$4 ,v9es t cl+ closely to walls ( build+s are ,virg9ia creep] 7"o =m does n cl+ well71 ,bo/on or ,japanese ivy 7,ampelopsis tricuspidata2 also ,a4 ,l[ii1 ) small] foliage71 ,engli% ivy1 euonymus 7,e4 radicans & ! v>4 v>iegata71 & ,ficus rep5s f> s\?2 o!rs t cl+ less closely are trumpet creep]1 & climb+ hydrangea 7,s*izophragma hydrangeoides74 ,v9es = trail+1 or cov]+ ! gr\nd1 are p]iw9kle 7,v9ca71 h]ni>ia1 moneywort 7,lysima*ia nummul>ia71 gr\nd-ivy 7,nepeta ,gle*oma71 ,rosa ,wi*uraiana1 species ( native gre5bri] or smilax 7n ! s-call$ smilax ( flori/s71 ,rubus lac9iatus1 dewb]ries1 & also o!rs t usually are n class$ z v9es4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ,japanese honeysuckle & ,*]okee rose p]=m ?is function ext5sively4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 species ( mesembryan!mum 7h]bace\s7 are ext5sively us$ z gr\nd cov]s on banks4 ,page #hf4 ,= quickly cov]+ bru% & r\gh places1 ! _m k9ds ( g\rds may be us$2 also pumpk9s & squa%es1 wat]melons1 ,cucumis ftidissima1 wild cucumb]s 7,e*9ocy/is lobata & ,sicyos angulata71 na/urtiums1 & o!r vigor\s annuals4 ,_m ( ! woody p]5nials may be us$ = su* purposes1 b usually ^! places are only tempor>y4 ,= arbors1 /rong woody v9es are desir$4 ,grapes are excell5t2 9 ! ,s\? ! muscad9e & scupp]nong grapes are adaptable to ?is purpose 7,plate ,,xv74 ,act9idia & wi/>ia are also us$4 ,akebia1 dut*man's pipe1 trumpet creep]1 clematis1 honeysuckles1 may be sugge/$4 ,roses are mu* us$ 9 w>m climates4 ,= cov]+ por*es1 ! /&>d v9e 9 ! ,nor? is ,virg9ia creep]4 ,grapes are admirable1 p>ticul>ly "s ( ! wild ones4 ,japan honeysuckle is mu* us$2 & x has ! advantage ( hold+ its foliage well into ! w9t]1 or ev5 all w9t] s\?w>d4 ,act9idia1 akebia1 wi/>ia1 roses1 dut*-man's pipe1 & clematis are to be recomm5d$2 ! l>ge-fl[]$ clematises1 h[ev]1 are m valuable = _! bloom ?an = _! foliage 7,c4 paniculata1 & ! native species are bett] = cov]+ por*es74 ,! annual v9es are mo/ly us$ z fl[]-g>d5 subjects1 z ! sweet pea1 morn+-glories1 m9a1 moonfl[]s1 cypress v9e1 na/urtiums1 cobea1 sc>let runn]4 ,sev]al species ( convolvulus1 closely alli$ to ! common morn+-glory1 h n[ enri*$ our li/s4 ,= baskets & vases ! maur&ia & ! diff]5t k9ds ( ?unb]gias are excell5t4 ,! moonfl[]s are v popul> 9 ! ,s\?1 :]e ! seasons are long en\gh to all[ !m to develop to p]fection4 ,9 ! ,nor? !y mu/ be />t$ e>ly 7x is a good plan to soak or not* ! se$s7 & be giv5 a w>m exposure & good soil 7see 9 ,*ap4 ,,viii74 ,9 ! foll[+ li/s1 ! plants native to ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada are m>k$ by an a/]isk 994 ,annual h]bace\s climb]s4 7,gr[n ea* ye> f se$47 a4 ,t5dril-climb]s ,adlumia 7bi5nial7499 ,balloon ,v9e 7,c>diosp]mum7499 ,cobea4 ,g\rds4 ,na/urtiums 7,tropaeolum74 ,can>y-bird ,fl[] 7,tropaeolum p]egr9um74 ,sweet pea 7,fig4 #bfe74 ,wild cucumb]499 ,maur&ia4 ,g\rds or g\rd-l plants1 z1 ,cocc9ia ,indica2 ,cucumis ( sev]al int]e/+ species1 z ,c4 er9aceus1 grossul>i=mis1 odoratissimus2 dipp] or bottle g\rd 7,lag5>ia72 vegetable sponge1 di%-clo? g\rd1 rag g\rd 7,luffa72 balsam apple1 balsam pe> 7,momordica72 snake g\rd 7,tri*osan!s72 bryonopsis2 ,abobra viridiflora4 ,all ! above except sweet pea are quickly cut d[n by fro/4 b4 ,tw9]s ,beans1 ,fl[]+4 ,cypress v9e4 ,doli*os ,lablab1 & o!rs4 ,hop1 ,japanese4 ,ipomcea ,quamoclit 7cypress v9e7 & o!rs4 ,moonfl[]1 sev]al species4 ,morn+-glory4 ,m9a lobata4 ,?unb]gia4 ,mikania sc&5s499 ,butt]fly pea1 ,c5trosema ,virg9iana499 ,sc>let runn]1 ,phaseolus multiflorus 7p]5nial ,s\?74 ,velvet or banana bean1 ,mucuna pruri5s v>4 utilis 7= ! ,s\?74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,sweet pea4 ,p]5nial h]bace\s climb]s4 7,! tops dy+ d[n 9 fall1 b ! root liv+ ov] w9t] & s5d+ up a new top47 a4 ,t5dril-climb]s or root-climb]s ,ev]la/+ pea1 ,la?yrus latifolius4 ,clematis ( v>i\s species1 z ,c4 aromatica1 ,davidiana1 h]acleaefolia 7,c4 tubulosa71 are m or less climb+4 ,mo/ ( ! clematises are %rubs4 ,may-pop1 ,passiflora inc>nata499 ,n reliable nor? ( ,virg9ia4 ,wild ,g\rd1 ,cucurbita ftidissima 7,cucumis p]5nius7499 ,excell5t /rong rugg$ v9e = cov]+ piles on ! gr\nd4 ,mexican rose1 m\nta9 rose1 ,antigonon leptopus4 ,root tub]\s2 a rampant gr[]1 ) p9k bloom2 outdoors ,s\?1 & a cons]vatory plant ,nor?4 ,k5ilwor? ivy1 ,l9>ia ,cymbal>ia4 ,a v graceful little p]5nial v9e1 re-s[+ itself ev5 :]e n h>dy2 favorite = baskets4 b4 ,h]bace\s tw9]s ,hop1 ,humulus ,lupulus499 ,produces ! hops ( comm]ce1 b %\ld be 9 common use z an ornam5tal plant4 ,*9ese yam1 c9namon v9e1 ,dioscorea div>icata 7,d4 ,batatas74 ,climbs high1 b does n produce z mu* foliage z "s o!r v9es4 ,wild yam1 ,d4 villosa499 ,small] ?an ! prec$+2 o!rwise fully z good4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4 ,clematis ,h5ryi4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,gr\nd-nut1 ,apios tub]osa499 ,a bean-l v9e1 produc+ _m *ocolate-br[n fl[]s 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,sc>let runn] & ,:ite ,dut* runn] beans1 ,phaseolus multiflorus4 ,p]5nial 9 w>m c\ntries2 annual 9 ! ,nor?4 ,moonfl[]s1 ,ipomcea1 v>i\s species4 ,"s are p]5nials f> ,s\?1 b annual ,nor?4 ,h>dy moonfl[]1 ,ipoma p&urata499 ,a we$ :]e x gr[s wild1 b an excell5t v9e = "s purposes4 ,wild morn+-glory1 ,rutl& beauty1 ,convolvulus ,sepium99 & ,cali=nia rose1 ,c4 ,japonicus4 ,! =m]1 :ite & p9k1 is common 9 swales4 ,! latt]1 9 d\ble or semi-d\ble =m1 is (t5 run wild4 ,madeira v9e1 mignonette v9e1 ,b\ss+aultia baselloides4 ,root a l>ge1 t\gh1 irregul> tub]4 ,mikania1 climb+ hempwe$1 ,mikania sc&5s499 ,a good composit\s tw9]1 inhabit+ moi/ l&s4 ,woody p]5nial climb]s4 7,climb+ %rubs1 ! tops n dy+ d[n 9 fall except 9 climates 9 :i* !y are n h>dy47 a4 ,t5dril-climb]s1 root-climb]s1 scrambl]s1 & trail]s ,virg9ia creep]1 ,ampelopsis qu9quefolia199 ,! be/ v9e = cov]+ build+s 9 ! cold] climates4 ,plants %\ld be select$ f v9es ( kn[n habit1 z "s individuals cl+ mu* bett] ?an o!rs4 ,v>4 hirsuta199 /rongly cl++1 is recomm5d$ by ! exp]im5tal /ation at ,ottawa1 ,canada4 ,v>4 ,engelmanni99 has small & neat foliage4 ,japanese ivy1 ,bo/on ivy1 ,a4 tricuspidata 7,a4 ,veit*ii74 ,h&som] ?an ! ,virg9ia creep]1 & cl+s clos]1 b is (t5 injur$ by w9t] 9 expos$ places1 especially :5 "y2 9 nor!rn regions1 tops %\ld be protect$ = fir/ ye> or two4 ,v>iegat$ ivy1 ,ampelopsis het]ophylla v>4 elegans 7,cissus v>iegata74 ,h&some delicate h>dy grape-l v9es ) mo/ly ?ree-lob$ blot*$ leaves & blui% b]ries4 ,g>d5 clematis1 ,clematis ( v>i\s species & v>ieties4 ,plants ( robu/ & attractive habit1 & gorge\s blooms2 _m g>d5 =ms4 ,c4 ,jackmani1 & its v>ieties1 is "o ( ! be/4 ,c4 ,h5ryi 7,fig4 #bff7 is excell5t = :ite fl[]s4 ,clematises bloom 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,wild clematis1 ,c4 ,virg9iana99 ,v attractive = arbors & = cov]+ rude objects4 ,! pi/illate plants be> curi\s woolly balls ( fruit4 ,wild clematis1 ,c4 v]ticill>is499 ,less vigor\s gr[] ?an ! la/1 b excell5t4 ,japanese clematis1 ,c4 paniculata4 ,! be/ late-bloom+ woody v9e1 produc+ enorm\s masses ( :ite fl[]s 9 late summ] & e>ly fall4 ,trumpet creep]1 ,tecoma radicans499 ,"o ( ! be/ ( all free-fl[]+ %rubs2 climbs by means ( roots2 fl[]s v l>ge1 orange-sc>let4 ,*9ese trumpet creep]1 ,t4 gr&iflora 7,bignonia gr&iflora74 ,fl[]s orange-r$2 sometimes sc>cely climb+4 ,bignonia1 ,bignonia capreolata499 ,a good /rong ev]gre5 v9e1 b (t5 a nuisance 9 fields 9 ! ,s\?4 ,fro/ grape1 ,vitis cordifolia499 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( all v9es4 ,x is a v tall gr[]1 produc+ ?ick1 heavy1 d>k leaves4 ,its foliage (t5 rem9ds "o ( t ( ! moon-se$4 ,does n gr[ readily f cutt+s4 ,summ] & riv]-bank grapes1 ,v4 bicolor99 & ,v4 vulp9a 7rip>ia7499 ,! common wild grapes ( ! ,nor!rn /ates4 ,muscad9e1 scupp]nong1 ,vitis rotundifolia499 ,mu* us$ = arbors 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates 7,plate ,,xv74 ,ivy1 ,h$]a ,helix4 ,! ,european ivy does n endure ! bright sun ( our w9t]2 on ! nor? side ( a build+ x (t5 does well2 ! be/ ( v9es = cov]+ build+s1 :]e x succe$s2 h>dy 9 favorable localities z f> nor? z s\!rn ,ont>io2 _m =ms4 ,gre5bri]1 ,smilax rotundifolia99 & ,s4 hispida499 ,unique = ! cov]+ ( small arbors & summ]-h\ses4 ,euonymus1 ,e4 radicans4 ,a v close-cl++ root-climb]1 excell5t = l[ walls2 ev]gre52 ! v>iegat$ v>iety is good4 ,climb+ fig1 ,ficus rep5s4 ,us$ 9 gre5h\ses ,nor?1 b is h>dy f> ,s\?4 ,matrimony v9e1 box?orn1 ,lycium ,*95se4 ,fl[]+ all summ]2 fl[]s rose-p9k & buff1 axill>y1 />-l1 succe$$ by sc>let b]ries 9 ! fall2 /ems pro/rate1 or scrambl+2 an old-fa%ion$ v9e on por*es4 ,bitt]-sweet1 ,solanum ,dulcam>a4 ,a common scrambl+ or semi-tw9+ v9e along roadsides1 ) brilliant r$ poison\s b]ries2 top dies d[n or ne>ly s4 ,p]iw9kles1 ,v9ca m9or & ,v4 major4 ,! =m] is ! famili> trail+ ev]gre5 myrtle1 ) blue fl[]s 9 e>ly spr+2 9 its v>iegat$ =m ! latt] is mu* us$ = hang+ baskets & vases4 ,climb+ hydrangea1 ,s*izophragma hydrangeoides4 ,cl+s to walls by rootlets1 produc+ :ite fl[]s 9 midsumm]4 ,passion-fl[]1 species ( ,passiflora & ,tacsonia4 ,us$ 9 ! ,s\? & 9 ,cali=nia4 b4 ,woody tw9]s ,act9idia1 ,a4 arguta4 ,v /rong gr[]1 ) beautiful ?ick foliage t is n attack$ by insects or fungi2 "o ( ! be/ v9es = arbors4 ,akebia1 ,a4 qu9ata4 ,v h&some & odd ,japanese v9e2 a /rong gr[]1 & wor?y g5]al plant+4 ,honeysuckles1 woodb9e1 ,lonic]a ( _m k9ds4 ,japanese honeysuckle1 ,l4 ,halliana 7a =m ( ,l4 ,japonica74 #aj-bj ft42 fl[]s1 :ite & buff1 fragrant ma9ly 9 spr+ & fall2 leaves small1 ev]gre52 /ems pro/rate & root+1 or tw9+ & climb+4 ,trellises1 or = cov]+ rocks & b>e places2 ext5sively run wild 9 ! ,s\?4 ,v>4 aurea reticidata is simil> to ! type1 b ) h&some gold5 appe>ance4 ,belgian ,honeysuckle1 ,l4 ,p]iclym5um v>4 ,belgica4 #f-aj ft42 mon?ly2 fl[]s 9 clu/]s1 rosy r$1 buff )92 makes a l>ge1 r\nd$ bu%4 ,coral or trumpet honeysuckle1 ,l4 semp]vir5s499 #f-ae ft42 ,june2 scatt]+ sc>let fl[]s ?r\gh ! summ]2 ) no support makes a l>ge r\nd$ bu%2 = trellises1 f5ces1 or a h$ge2 x is "o ( ! li/ ( h>dy trees & %rubs recomm5d$ = ,canada by ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,ottawa4 ,honeysuckle1 ,l4 ,caprifolium1 ) cup-l connate leaves4 ,good native climb+ honeysuckles are ,l4 flava199 ,sullivanti199 hirsuta199 dioica199 & ,d\glasi499 ,wi/>ia1 ,wi/>ia ,s95sis & ,w4 speciosa499 ,! ,*9ese species1 ,s95sis1 is a sup]b plant2 fl[]s blue-purple2 !re is a :ite-fl[]$ v>iety4 ,japanese wi/>ia1 ,w4 multijuga4 ,fl[]s small] & lat] ?an ! ,*9ese1 9 loos] racemes4 ,dut*man's pipe1 ,ari/olo*ia macrophytta 7,a4 ,sipho7499 ,a robu/ gr[]1 possess+ enorm\s leaves4 ,useful = cov]+ v]&as & arbors4 ,wax-"w or false bitt]-sweet1 ,cela/rus sc&5s499 ,v ornam5tal 9 fruit2 fl[]s imp]fect4 ,japanese cela/rus1 ,c4 orbiculatus 7,c4 articulatus ( ! trade74 ,c4 articulatus & ,c4 sc&5s are 9 ! li/ ( #ajj trees & %rubs recomm5d$ by ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,ottawa = ,canada4 ,moonse$1 ,m5isp]mum ,canad5se499 ,a small b v attractive tw9]1 useful = ?ickets & small arbors4 ,bokh>a climb+ polygonum1 ,polygonum ,balds*uanicum4 ,h>dy ,nor?1 al?\gh ! "y gr[? may be kill$2 fl[]s num]\s1 m9ute1 :iti%2 int]e/+1 b does n make a heavy cov]4 ,kudzu v9e1 ,pu]>ia ,?unb]giana 7,doli*os ,japonicus74 ,makes v long gr[?s f a tub]\s root2 %rubby ,s\?1 b dies to ! gr\nd 9 ! ,nor?4 ,silk v9e1 ,p]iploca ,grca4 ,purpli% fl[]s 9 axill>y clu/]s2 long1 n>r[1 %9+ leaves2 rapid gr[+4 ,potato v9e1 ,solanum jasm9oides4 ,a good ev]gre5 v9e ,s\?1 p>ticul>ly ! v>4 gr&iflorum4 ,yell[ jasm9e1 ,gelsemium semp]vir5s499 ,a good native ev]gre5 v9e = ! ,s\?1 ) fragrant yell[ fl[]s4 ,malayan jasm9e1 ,tra*elosp]mum 7or ,rhyn*osp]mum7 jasm9oides4 ,a good ev]gre5 v9e = ! ,s\? & 9 ,cali=nia4 ,climb+ asp>agus1 ,asp>agus plumosus4 ,popul> z an outdoor v9e f> ,s\? & 9 ,cali=nia4 ,jasm9es1 ,jasm9um ( sev]al species4 ,! be/ kn[n 9 g>d5s are ,j4 nudiflorum1 yell[ 9 e>lie/ spr+1 ,j4 (fic9ale1 ! jessam9e ( poetry1 ) :ite fl[]s1 & ,j4 ,sambac1 ! ,arabian jasm9e 7& relat$ species7 ) :ite fl[]s & unbran*$ leaves2 ^! are n h>dy )\t mu* protection nor? ( ,wa%+ton or ,philadelphia1 & ,j4 ,sambac only f> ,s\?4 ,b\ga9villea1 ,b\ga9villaea glabra & ,b4 spectabilis4 ,! mag5ta-fl[]$ v>iety1 sometimes se5 9 cons]vatories 9 ! ,nor?1 is a popul> outdoor v9e 9 ! ,s\? & is pr(usely us$ 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! r$-fl[]$ =m is less se51 b is pref]able 9 color4 ,wire-v9e 7polygonum ( flori/s71 ,muehl5beckia complexa4 ,abundantly us$ on build+s & *imneys 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,,xv3 ,scupp]nong grape1 ! arbor v9e ( ! ,s\?4 ,?is plate %[s ! not$ scupp]nongs on ,roanoke ,isl&1 ( :i* ! orig9 is unkn[n1 b :i* 7 ( great size m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,,xv3 ,scupp]nong grape1 ! arbor v9e ( ! ,s\?4 ,?is plate %[s ! not$ scupp]nongs on ,roanoke ,isl&1 ( :i* ! orig9 is unkn[n1 b :i* 7 ( great size m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,climb+ roses4 ,illu/ration3 #bfg4 ,climb+ rose1 ,jules ,m>gott94 ,! roses d n climb nor possess any special climb+ organs2 !re=e !y mu/ be provid$ ) a trellis or wov5-wire f5ce4 ,"s ( ! roses class$ z climb+ are su* z only ne$ good support1 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,= culture ( roses1 see ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! mo/ popul> climb+ or pill> rose at pres5t is ,crimson ,rambl]1 b :ile x makes a great display ( fl[]s1 x is n ! be/ climb+ rose4 ,probably ! be/ ( ! real climb+ roses = ?is c\ntry1 bloom1 foliage1 & habit all consid]$1 are ! d]ivatives ( ! native prairie rose1 ,rosa setig]a 7native z f> nor? z ,ont>io & ,wiscons974 ,baltimore ,belle & ,que5 ( ! ,prairie belong to ?is class4 ,! climb+ polyan?a roses 7hybrids ( ,rosa multiflora & o!r species7 include ! class ( 8rambl]0 roses t has n[ come to be l>ge1 includ+ n only ! ,crimson ,rambl]1 b =ms ( o!r colors1 s+le & semi-d\ble1 & v>i\s climb+ habits2 a v valuable & h>dy class ( roses1 p>ticul>ly = trellises4 ,! ,memorial rose 7,r4 ,wi*uraiana7 is a trail+1 half-ev]gre51 :ite-fl[]$ species1 v useful = cov]+ banks & rocks4 ,d]ivatives ( ?is species ( _m k9ds are n[ available1 & are valuable4 ,! ,ayr%ire roses 7,r4 arv5sis v>4 capreolata7 are pr(use b r sl5d] gr[]s1 h>dy ,nor?1 be>+ d\ble :ite or p9k fl[]s4 ,! ,*]okee rose 7,r4 ,icevigata or ,r4 ,s9ica7 is ext5sively naturaliz$ 9 ! ,s\?1 & mu* priz$ = its l>ge :ite bloom & %9+ foliage2 n h>dy 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! ,banksia rose 7,r4 ,banksice7 is a /rong climb+ rose = ! ,s\? & ,cali=nia ) yell[ or :ite fl[]s 9 clu/]s4 ,a l>g]-fl[]$ =m 7,r4 ,=tuneana7 is a hybrid ( ?is & ! ,*]okee rose4 ,! climb+ tea & noisette roses1 =ms ( ,r4 ,*95sis & ,r4 ,noisettiana1 are useful 9 ! op5 9 ! ,s\?4 #g4 ,,trees ,,= ,,lawns ,,& ,,/reets ,a s+le tree may give "* to an entire home prop]ty2 & a place ( any size t does n h at lea/ "o good tree usually lacks any dom9at+ l&scape note4 ,likewise1 a /reet t is devoid ( good trees _c be ! be/ resid5tial section2 & a p>k t lacks well-gr[n trees is ei!r immature or b>r54 ,al?\gh ! li/ ( good & h>dy lawn & /reet trees is r ext5sive1 ! numb] ( k9ds g5]ally plant$ & recogniz$ is small4 ,s9ce mo/ home places c h b few trees1 & s9ce !y require s _m ye>s to mature1 x is natural t ! home-mak] %\ld hesitate ab\t exp]im5t+1 or try+ k9ds t he does n himself "k4 ,s ! home-mak] 9 ! ,nor? plants maples1 elms1 & a :ite bir*1 & 9 ! ,s\? a magnolia & ,*9a-b]ry4 ,yet !re are numb]s ( trees z useful z ^!1 ! plant+ ( :i* might give our premises & /reets a mu* ri*] expression4 ,x is mu* to be desir$ t "s ( ! trees ) 8/rong0 & rugg$ *>act]s be introduc$ into ! l>g] gr\nds2 su*1 = example1 z ! hickories & oaks4 ,^! may (t5 transplant ) difficulty1 b ! ef=t to secure !m is wor? ! exp5diture4 ,good trees ( oaks1 & o!rs suppos$ to be difficult to transplant1 may n[ be _h ( ! lead+ nurs]ym54 ,! p9 oak 7,qu]cus palu/ris7 is "o ( ! be/ /reet trees & is n[ l>gely plant$4 ,x is at lea/ possible to introduce a v>iety ( trees into a city or village1 by devot+ "o /reet or a s]ies ( blocks to a s+le k9d ( tree1--"o /reet be+ kn[n by its l9d5s1 "o by its plane-trees1 "o by its oaks1 "o by its hickories1 "o by its native bir*es1 bee*1 c(fee-tree1 sassafras1 gum or liquidamb>1 tulip tree1 & ! l4 ,!re is e reason :y a city1 p>ticul>ly a small city or a village1 %\ld become to "s ext5t an arti/ic expression ( its natural region4 ,! home-mak] is =tunate if 8 area already possesses well-gr[n l>ge trees4 ,x may ev5 be desirable to place ! resid5ce ) ref]5ce to su* trees 7,plate ,,vi72 & ! plann+ ( ! gr\nds %\ld accept !m z fix$ po9ts to :i* to "w4 ,! op]ator w take e c>e to pres]ve & safegu>d suffici5t ( ! /&+ trees to give ! place s+ul>ity & "*4 ,! c>e ( ! tree %\ld include n only ! protect+ ( x f enemies & accid5ts1 b also ! ma9ta9+ ( its *>act]i/ic features4 ,= example1 ! natural r\gh b>k %\ld be ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! raids ( tree-scrap]s2 & ! grad+ %\ld n be all[$ to disguise ! natural bulge ( ! tree at ! base1 = a tree t is cov]$ a foot or two above ! natural l9e is n only 9 dang] ( be+ kill$1 b x looks l a po/4 ,! be/ %ade trees are usually ^? t are native to ! p>ticul> region1 s9ce !y are h>dy & adapt$ to ! soil & o!r conditions4 ,elms1 maples1 basswoods1 & ! l are ne>ly always reliable4 ,9 regions 9 :i* !re are s]i\s insect enemies or fung\s diseases1 ! trees t are mo/ likely to be attack$ may be omitt$4 ,= in/ance1 9 p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ! *e/nut b>k-disease is a v great m5ace2 & x is a good plan 9 su* places to plant o!r trees ?an *e/nuts4 ,a good %ade tree is "o t has a heavy foliage & d5se head1 & t is n commonly attack$ by repell+ insects & diseases4 ,trees = %ade %\ld ord9>ily be giv5 suffici5t room t !y may develop into full size & symmetrical heads4 ,trees may be plant$ z close z #aj or #ae feet ap>t = tempor>y effect2 b z soon z !y beg9 to cr[d !y %\ld be ?9n$1 s t !y develop _! full *>act]i/ics z trees4 ,trees may be plant$ 9 fall or spr+4 ,fall is desirable1 except = ! extreme ,nor?1 if ! l& is well dra9$ & prep>$ & if ! trees may be got 9 e>ly2 b "u usual conditions1 spr+ plant+ is saf]1 if ! /ock has be5 w9t]$ well 7see discussion "u ,%rubs1 p4 #bij74 ,plant+ & prun+ are discuss$ on pp4 #abd & #aci4 ,if "o desires trees ) conspicu\s bloom1 !y %\ld be f\nd among ! magnolias1 tulip trees1 klreut]ia1 catalpas1 *e/nuts1 horse-*e/nut & buckeyes1 cladra/is1 black or yell[ locu/1 wild black *]ry1 & less conspicu\sly 9 ! l9d5s2 & also 9 su* half-trees or big %rubs z c]cis1 cytisus1 fl[]+ dogwood1 d\ble-fl[]$ & o!r =ms ( apples1 crab-apples1 *]ries1 plums1 pea*es1 haw?orn or cratgus1 amelan*i]1 m\nta9 a%4 ,among droop+ or weep+ trees ! be/ may be f\nd 9 ! will[s 7,salix ,babylonica & o!rs71 maples 7,wi]'s71 bir*1 mulb]ry1 bee*1 a%1 elm1 *]ry1 popl>1 m\nta9 a%4 ,purple-leav$ v>ieties occur 9 ! bee*1 maple1 elm1 oak1 bir*1 & o!rs4 ,yell[-leav$ & tricolors occur 9 ! maple1 oak1 popl>1 elm1 bee*1 & o!r species4 ,cut-leav$ =ms are f\nd 9 bir*1 bee*1 maple1 ald]1 oak1 basswood1 & o!rs4 ,li/ ( h>dy decidu\s trees = ! ,nor?4 7,! g5]a are arrang$ alphabetically4 ,natives are m>k$ by 992 good species = %ade trees by 2 ^? recomm5d$ by ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,ottawa1 ,ont>io1 by ,,dd7 ,9 a numb] ( ! g5]a1 ! plants may be %rubby r ?an arboreus 9 "s regions 7see ! ,%rub li/71 z 9 ac] 7,a4 ,g9nala1 ,a4 spicatum71 sculus1 betula 7,b4 pumila71 c>p9us1 ca/anea 7,c4 pumila71 catalpa 7,c4 ovata71 c]cis1 magnolia 7,m4 glauca p>ticul>ly71 o/rya1 prunus1 pyrus1 salix1 sorbus4 ,norway maple1 ,ac] platanoides47,d1 ,,dd7 ,"o ( ! f9e/ m$ium-siz$ trees = s+le lawn specim5s2 !re are sev]al horticultural v>ieties4 ,v>4 ,s*w$l]i is "o ( ! be/ ( purple-leav$ trees4 ,! ,norway maple droops too mu* & is too l[-head$ = roadside plant+4 ,black sug> maple1 ,a4 nigrum47,a1 ,,dd7 ,d>k] & s(t] 9 aspect ?an ! ord9>y sug> maple4 ,sug> maple1 ,a4 sac*>um47,a1 ,,dd7 ,?is & ! la/ are among ! v be/ roadside trees4 ,silv] maple1 ,a4 sac*>9um 7,a4 dasyc>pum747,a1 ,,dd7 ,desirable = wat]-c\rses & = gr\p+2 succe$s on bo? wet & dry l&s4 ,wi]'s cut-leav$ silv] maple1 ,a4 sac*>9um v>4 ,wi]i47,d1 ,,dd7 ,light & graceful2 especially desirable = pleasure gr\nds4 ,r$1 s(t1 or swamp maple1 ,a4 rubrum499 ,valuable = its spr+ & autumn colors1 & = v>iety 9 gr\p+4 ,sycamore maple1 ,a4 ,pseudo-platanus4 ,a sl[ gr[]1 to be us$ mo/ly z s+le specim5s4 ,sev]al horticultural v>ieties4 ,engli% maple1 ,a4 campe/re4 ,a good m$ium-siz$ tree ( sl[ gr[?1 n h>dy on our nor!rn bord]s2 see "u ,%rubs 7p4 #bia74 ,japan maple1 ,a4 palmatum 7,a4 polymorphum74 ,9 _m =ms1 useful = small lawn specim5s2 does n gr[ above #aj-bj ft4 ,sib]ian maple1 ,a4 ,g9nala4 ,attractive z a lawn specim5 :5 gr[n z a bu%2 ! autumn color is v bright2 small tree or big %rub4 ,m\nta9 maple1 ,a4 spicatum499 ,v bright 9 autumn4 ,box-eld]1 ,ac] ,negundo 7,negundo ac]oides or frax9ifolium7499 ,v h>dy & rapid gr[+2 mu* us$ 9 ! ,we/ z a w9dbreak1 b n /rong 9 ornam5tal features4 ,horse *e/nut1 sculus ,hippoca/anum4 ,useful = s+le specim5s & roadsides2 _m =ms4 ,buckeye1 4 oct&ra 74 flava799 ,ohio buckeye1 4 glabra99 ,r$ buckeye1 4 cornea 74 rubicunda74 ,ailan?us1 ,ailan?us gl&ulosa4 ,a rapid gr[]1 ) l>ge p9nate leaves2 ! /am9ate plant possesses a disagreeable odor :5 x fl[]s2 suck]s badly2 mo/ useful z a %rub2 see ! same "u ,%rubs 7also ,fig4 #ej74 ,ald]1 ,alnus glut9osa4 ,! v>4 imp]ialis is "o ( ! be/ cut-leav$ small trees4 ,european bir*1 ,betula alba4 ,cut-leav$ weep+ bir*1 ,b4 alba v>4 lac9iata p5dula4 ,am]ican :ite bir*1 ,b4 populifolia499 ,pap]1 or canoe bir*1 ,b4 papyrif]a499 ,*]ry bir*1 ,b4 l5ta4 99 ,well-gr[n specim5s resemble ! sweet *]ry2 bo? ?is & ! yell[ bir* 7,b4 lutea997 make attractive light-leav$ trees2 !y are n appreciat$4 ,hornbeam or blue bee*1 ,c>p9us ,am]icana499 ,*e/nut1 ,ca/anea saliva & ,c4 ,am]icana499 ,%[y catalpa1 ,catalpa speciosa4 ,v d>k1 s(t-foliag$ tree ( small to m$ium size2 %[y 9 fl[]2 = nor!rn regions %\ld be rais$ f nor!rn-gr[n se$4 ,small] catalpa1 ,c4 bignonioides4 ,less %[y ?an ! la/1 bloom+ a week or two lat]2 less h>dy4 ,japanese catalpa1 ,c4 ovata 7,c4 ,kmpf]i74 ,9 nor!rn sections (t5 rema9s practically a bu%4 ,nettle-tree1 ,celtis occid5talis499 ,katsura-tree1 ,c]cidiphyllum ,japonicum4 ,a small or m$ium-siz$ tree ( v attractive foliage & habit4 ,r$-bud1 or ,judas-tree1 ,c]cis ,canad5sis499 ,produces a pr(usion ( rose-purple pea-l fl[]s be=e ! leaves appe>2 foliage also attractive4 ,yell[-wood1 or virgilia1 ,cladra/is t9ctoria499 ,"o ( ! f9e/ h>dy fl[]+ trees4 ,bee*1 ,fagus f]rug9ea499 ,specim5s :i* are symmetrically develop$ are among our be/ lawn trees2 picturesque 9 w9t]4 ,european bee*1 ,f4 sylvatica4 ,_m cultural =ms1 ! purple-leav$ be+ ev]y:]e kn[n4 ,!re are excell5t tricolor$ v>ieties & weep+ =ms4 ,black a%1 ,frax9us nigra 7,f4 sambucifolia7499 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! light-leav$ trees2 does well on dry soils1 al?\gh native to swamps2 n appreciat$4 ,:ite a%1 ,f4 ,am]icana499 ,european a%1 ,f4 excelsior4 ,!re is a good weep+ =m ( ?is4 ,maid5-hair tree1 ,g9kgo biloba 7,salisburia adiantifolia74 ,v odd & /rik+2 to be us$ = s+le specim5s or av5ues4 ,honey locu/1 ,gl$its*ia triacan?os499 ,tree ( /rik+ habit1 ) big bran*+ ?orns & v l>ge pods2 !re is also a ?ornless =m4 ,k5tucky c(fee-tree1 ,gymnocladus ,canad5sis499 ,light & graceful2 unique 9 w9t]4 ,bitt]nut1 ,hicoria m9ima 7or ,c>ya am>a7499 ,mu* l black a% 9 aspect2 n appreciat$4 ,hickory1 ,hicoria ovata 7or ,c>ya7 99 & o!rs4 ,pecan1 ,h4 ,pecan499 ,h>dy 9 places z f> nor? z ,new ,j]sey1 & report$ /ill f>!r4 ,butt]nut1 ,juglans c9]ea499 ,walnut1 ,j4 nigra499 ,v>ni%-tree1 ,klreut]ia paniculata4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree ( good "*1 produc+ a pr(usion ( gold5-yell[ fl[]s 9 ,july2 %\ld be bett] kn[n4 ,european l>*1 ,l>ix decidua 7,l4 ,europa74 ,am]ican l>* or tam>ack1 ,l4 ,am]icana499 ,gum-tree1 sweet gum1 ,liquidamb> /yraciflua499 ,a good tree1 rea*+ z f> nor? z ,connecticut1 & h>dy 9 p>ts ( we/]n ,new ,york al?\gh n gr[+ l>ge2 foliage maple-l2 a *>act]i/ic tree ( ! ,s\?4 ,tulip tree or :itewood1 ,liriod5dron ,tulipif]a499 ,unique 9 foliage & fl[] & des]v+ to be m plant$4 ,cucumb] tree1 ,magnolia acum9ata499 ,native 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates2 excell5t4 ,:ite bay-tree1 ,m4 glauca499 ,v attractive small tree1 native along ! coa/ to ,massa*usetts2 :]e n h>dy1 ! "y gr[? ea* ye> is good4 ,( ! =eign magnolias h>dy 9 ! ,nor?1 two species & "o gr\p ( hybrids are prom95t3 ,m4 /ellata 7or ,m4 ,halleana7 & ,m4 ,yulan or 7,m4 conspicua71 bo? :ite-fl[]$1 ! =m] v e>ly & hav+ #i-ah petals & ! latt] 7:i* is a l>g] tree7 hav+ #f-i petals2 ,m4 ,s\langeana1 a hybrid gr\p includ+ ! =ms kn[n z ,l5nei1 nigra1 ,norb]tiana1 speciosa1 gr&is4 ,all ^! magnolias are decidu\s & bloom be=e ! leaves appe>4 ,mulb]ry1 ,morus rubra499 ,:ite mulb]ry1 ,m4 alba4 ,russian mulb]ry1 ,m4 alba v>4 ,tat>ica4 ,teas' weep+ mulb]ry is a =m ( ! ,russian4 ,pepp]idge or gum-tree1 ,nyssa sylvatica99 ,"o ( ! odde/ & mo/ picturesque ( our native trees2 especially attractive 9 w9t]2 foliage brilliant r$ 9 autumn2 mo/ suitable = l[ l&s4 ,iron-wood1 hop hornbeam1 ,o/rya ,virg9ica499 ,a good small tree1 ) hop-l fruits4 ,s\rwood1 sorrel-tree1 ,oxyd5drum arboreum499 ,int]e/+ small tree native f ,p5nsylvania 9 ! high l& s\?1 & %\ld be reliable :]e x gr[s wild4 ,plane or buttonwood1 ,platanus occid5talis99 ,"y or middle-ag$ trees are s(t & pleasant 9 aspect1 b !y soon become ?9 & ragg$ bel[2 unique 9 w9t]4 ,european plane-tree1 ,p4 ori5talis4 ,mu* us$ = /reet plant+1 b less picturesque ?an ! ,am]ican2 sev]al =ms4 ,asp51 ,populus tremuloides199 ,v valuable :5 well gr[n2 too mu* neglect$ 7,fig4 #cc74 ,mo/ ( ! popl>s are suitable = pleasure gr\nds1 & z nurses = sl[] gr[+ & m emphatic trees4 ,l>ge-too!d asp51 ,p4 gr&id5tata499 ,unique 9 summ] color2 heavi] 9 aspect ?an ! above2 old trees become ragg$4 ,weep+ popl>1 ,p4 gr&id5tata1 v>4 p5dula4 ,an odd1 small tree1 suitable = small places1 b1 l all weep+ trees1 likely to be plant$ too freely4 ,cottonwood1 ,p4 deltoides 7,p4 monilif]a7499 ,! /am9ate specim5s1 only1 %\ld be plant$ if possible1 z ! cotton ( ! se$-pods is disagreeable :5 c>ri$ by w9ds2 v>4 aurea is "o ( ! good gold5-leav$ trees4 ,balm ( ,gilead1 ,p4 balsamif]a99 & v>4 c&icans499 ,desirable = remote gr\ps or belts4 ,foliage n pleasant 9 color4 ,lomb>dy popl>1 ,p4 nigra1 v>4 ,italica4 ,desirable = c]ta9 purposes1 b us$ too indiscrim9ately1 x is likely to be %ort-liv$ 9 nor!rn climates4 ,:ite popl>1 abele1 ,p4 alba4 ,spr\ts badly2 sev]al =ms4 ,bolle's popl>1 ,p4 alba1 v>4 ,bolleana4 ,habit mu* l ! ,lomb>dy2 leaves curi\sly lob$1 v :ite b5ea?1 mak+ a pleasant contra/4 ,c]t95sis popl>1 ,p4 laurifolia 7,p4 ,c]t95sis74 ,a v h>dy ,sib]ian species1 mu* l ,p4 deltoides1 useful = sev]e climates4 ,wild black *]ry1 ,prunus s]ot9a499 ,european bird *]ry1 ,prunus ,padus4 ,a small tree mu* l ! *oke *]ry1 b a fre] gr[]1 ) l>g] fl[]s1 & racemes :i* appe> ab\t a week lat]4 ,*oke *]ry1 ,p4 ,virg9iana499 ,v %[y :ile 9 fl[]4 ,purple plum1 ,prunus c]asif]a1 v>4 atropurpurea 7v>4 ,piss>di74 ,"o ( our mo/ reliable purple-leav$ trees4 ,rose-bud *]ry1 ,p4 p5dula 7,p4 subhirtella74 ,a tree ( droop+ habit & beautiful rose-p9k fl[]s prec$+ ! leaves4 ,japanese fl[]+ *]ry1 ,p4 ,pseudo-,c]asus4 ,9 _m =ms1 ! fam\s fl[]+ *]ries ( ,japan1 b n reliable ,nor?4 ,!re are ornam5tal-fl[]$ pea*es & *]ries1 m curi\s & int]e/+ ?an useful4 ,wild crab1 ,pyrus coron>ia99 & ,p4 ,insis499 ,v %[y :ile 9 fl[]1 bloom+ aft] apple blossoms h fall52 old specim5s become picturesque 9 =m4 ,p4 ,insis flore pl5o 7,be*tel's ,crab7 is a h&some d\ble =m4 ,sib]ian crab1 ,p4 baccata4 ,excell5t small tree1 bo? 9 fl[] & fruit4 ,fl[]+ crab1 ,pyrus floribunda4 ,pretty bo? 9 fl[] & fruit2 a l>ge %rub or small tree2 v>i\s =ms4 ,hall's crab1 ,p4 ,halliana 7,p4 ,p>kmani74 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! fl[]+ crabs1 p>ticul>ly ! d\ble =m4 ,v>i\s =ms ( d\ble-fl[]+ apple are on ! m>ket4 ,swamp :ite oak1 ,qu]cus bicolor499 ,a desirable tree1 usually neglect$2 v picturesque 9 w9t]4 ,bur oak1 ,q4 macroc>pa499 ,*e/nut oak1 ,q4 ,pr9us199 & especially ! closely relat$ ,q4 ,muhl5b]gii 7or ,q4 acum9ata7499 ,:ite oak1 ,q4 alba99 ,%+le oak1 ,q4 imbric>ia499 ,sc>let oak1 ,q4 cocc9ea499 ,?is & ! next two are glossy-leav$1 & are desirable = bright plant+4 ,black oak1 ,q4 velut9a 7,q4 t9ctoria7499 ,r$ oak1 ,q4 rubra499 ,p9 oak1 ,q4 palu/ris499 ,excell5t = av5ues2 transplants well4 ,will[ oak1 ,q4 ,phellos99 ,engli% oak1 ,q4 ,robur4 ,_m =ms repres5t$ by two types1 probably good species1 ,q4 p$unculata 7) /alk$ acorns7 & ,q4 sessiliflora 7) /alkless acorns74 ,"s ( ! =ms are reliable 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates4 ,! oaks are sl[ gr[]s & usually transplant ) difficulty4 ,natural specim5s are mo/ valuable4 ,a l>ge well-gr[n oak is "o ( ! gr&e/ ( trees4 ,locu/1 ,rob9ia ,pseudacacia499 ,attractive 9 fl[]2 h&some z s+le specim5s :5 "y2 _m =ms2 us$ also = h$ges4 ,pea*-leav$ will[1 ,salix amygdaloides499 ,v h&some small tree1 des]v+ m att5tion4 ,?is & ! next valuable 9 l[ places or along wat]-c\rses4 ,black will[1 ,s4 nigra499 ,weep+ will[1 ,s4 ,babylonica4 ,to be plant$ sp>+ly1 pref]ably ne> wat]2 ! sort kn[n z ! ,wiscons9 weep+ will[ appe>s to be mu* h>di] ?an ! common type2 _m =ms4 ,:ite will[1 ,s4 alba1 & v>i\s v>ieties1 "o ( :i* is ! ,gold5 will[4 ,tree will[s are mo/ valuable1 z a rule1 :5 us$ = tempor>y plantations or z nurses = bett] trees4 ,laurel-leav$ will[1 ,s4 laurifolia ,a small tree us$ 9 cold regions = %elt]-belts2 also a good ornam5tal tree4 ,see also "u ,%rubs4 ,sassafras1 ,sassafras (fic9alis499 ,suitable 9 ! bord]s ( gr\ps or = s+le specim5s2 peculi> 9 w9t]2 too mu* neglect$4 ,r[an or ,european m\nta9 a%1 ,sorbus ,aucup>ia 7,pyrus ,aucup>ia74 ,s]vice-tree1 ,s4 dome/ica4 ,fruit h&som] ?an t ( ! m\nta9 a% & m p]si/5t2 small tree4 ,oak-leav$ m\nta9 a%1 ,s4 hybrida 7,s4 qu]cifolia74 ,small tree1 des]v+ to be bett] kn[n4 ,bald cypress1 ,taxodium di/i*um499 ,n entirely h>dy at ,lans+1 ,mi*42 (t5 becomes scraggly aft] fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 b a good tree2 _m cultural =ms4 ,am]ican l9d5 or basswood1 ,tilia ,am]icana499 ,v valuable = s+le trees on l>ge lawns1 or = roadsides4 ,european l9d51 ,t4 vulg>is & ,t4 platyphyllos 7,t4 ,europaea ( nurs]ym5 is probably usually ! latt]74 ,has ! g5]al "* ( ! ,am]ican basswood4 ,european silv] l9d51 ,t4 tom5tosa & v>ieties4 ,v h&some2 leaves silv]y :ite b5ea?2 among o!rs is a weep+ v>iety4 ,am]ican elm1 ,ulmus ,am]icana499 ,"o ( ! mo/ graceful & v>iable ( trees2 useful = _m purposes & a /&>d /reet tree4 ,cork elm1 ,u4 racemosa499 ,s(t] 9 aspect ?an ! la/1 & m picturesque 9 w9t]1 hav+ prom95t ridges ( b>k on its bran*es2 sl[ gr[]4 ,r$ or slipp]y elm1 ,u4 fulva499 ,occasionally useful 9 a gr\p or %elt]-belt2 a /iff gr[]4 ,engli% elm1 ,u4 campe/ris1 & ,scot* or wy* elm1 ,u4 scabra 7,u4 mantana74 ,(t5 plant$1 b are inf]ior to ,u4 ,am]icana = /reet plant+1 al?\gh useful 9 collections4 ,^! h _m horticultural =ms4 ,non-conif]\s trees = ! ,s\?4 ,among decidu\s trees = ! region ( ,wa%+ton & s\? may be m5tion$3 ,ac]1 ! ,am]ican & ,european species z = ! ,nor?2 ,catalpa bignonioides & especially ,c4 speciosa2 celtis2 c]cis1 bo? ,am]ican & ,japanese2 fl[]+ dogwood1 pr(usely native2 :ite a%2 g9kgo2 klreut]ia2 sweet gum 7liquidamb>72 ,am]ican l9d52 tulip tree2 magnolias mu* z = ! ,nor?2 ,*9a-b]ry 7,melia ,az$>a*72 ,texas umbrella-tree 7v>4 umbraculi=mis ( ! prec$+72 mulb]ries2 oxyd5drum2 paul[nia2 ori5tal plane-tree2 native oaks ( ! regions2 ,rob9ia ,pseudacacia2 weep+ will[2 ,sophora ,japonica2 ,/]culia platanifolia2 ,am]ican elm4 ,broad-leav$ ev]gre5s ( real tree size useful = ! ,s\? may be f\nd among ! *]ry laurels1 magnolias1 & oaks4 ,among ! *]ry laurels are3 ,portugal laurel 7,prunus ,lusitanica71 ,engli% *]ry laurel 9 sev]al =ms 7,p4 ,lauroc]asus71 & ! 8mock-orange0 or 8wild orange0 7,p4 ,c>ol9iana74 ,9 magnolia1 ! spl5did ,m4 gr&iflora is ev]y:]e us$4 ,9 oaks1 ! live-oak 7,qu]cus ,virg9iana1 kn[n also z ,q4 vir5s & ,q4 semp]vir5s7 is ! univ]sal species4 ,! cork oak 7,q4 ,sub]7 is also recomm5d$4 ,,xvi3 ,! fl[]-g>d5 ( ,*9a a/]s ) bord]1 "o ( ! du/y mill]s 7,c5taurea74 ,,xvi3 ,! fl[]-g>d5 ( ,*9a a/]s ) bord]1 "o ( ! du/y mill]s 7,c5taurea74 #h4 ,,conif]\s ,,ev]gre5 ,,%rubs ,,& ,,trees ,9 ?is c\ntry ! ^w 8ev]gre50 is und]/ood to mean conif]\s trees ) p]si/5t leaves1 z p9es1 spruces1 firs1 c$>s1 junip]s1 arborvit1 ret9osporas1 & ! l4 ,^! trees h always be5 favorites ) plant lov]s1 z !y h v di/9ctive =ms & o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,_m ( !m are ( ! easie/ culture4 ,x is a common notion t1 s9ce spruces & o!r conif]s gr[ s symmetrically1 !y w n /& prun+2 b ?is is an error4 ,!y may be prun$ ) z good effect z o!r trees1 & if !y t5d to gr[ too tall1 ! lead] may be /opp$ )\t fe>4 ,a new lead] w arise1 b 9 ! meantime ! upw>d gr[? ( ! tree w be some:at *eck$1 & ! effect w be to make ! tree d5se4 ,! tips ( ! bran*es may also be head$ 9 ) ! same effect4 ,! beauty ( an ev]gre5 lies 9 its natural =m2 !re=e1 x %\ld n be %e>$ into unusual %apes1 b a g5tle trimm+ back1 z ,i sugge/$1 w t5d to prev5t ! ,norway spruce & o!rs f gr[+ op5 & ragg$4 ,aft] ! tree atta9s "s age1 #d or #e 94 may be tak5 (f ! ends ( ! ma9 bran*es e ye> or two 79 spr+ be=e gr[? beg9s7 ) good results4 ,?is slight trimm+ is ord9>ily done ) ,wat]s's long-h&l$ prun+ %e>s4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! prop] "t = ! transplant+ ( ev]gre5s1 :i* means t !re is m ?an "o season 9 :i* !y may be mov$4 ,x is ord9>ily unsafe to transplant !m 9 ! fall 9 nor!rn climates or bleak situations1 s9ce ! evaporation f ! foliage dur+ ! w9t] is likely to injure ! plant4 ,! be/ results are usually secur$ 9 spr+ or summ] plant+4 ,9 spr+ !y may be mov$ r late1 j z new gr[? is beg9n+4 ,"s p]sons also plant !m 9 ,augu/ or e>ly ,septemb]1 z ! roots secure a hold on ! soil be=e w9t]4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn /ates transplant+ may be done at mo/ times ( ! ye>1 b late fall & e>ly spr+ are usually advis$4 ,9 transplant+ conif]s1 x is v important t ! roots be n expos$ to ! sun4 ,!y %\ld be moi/5$ & cov]$ ) burlaps or o!r mat]ial4 ,! holes %\ld be ready to receive !m4 ,if ! trees are l>ge1 or if x has be5 necess>y to trim 9 ! roots1 ! top %\ld be cut :5 ! tree is set4 ,l>ge ev]gre5s 7^? #aj ft4 & m high7 are usually be/ transplant$ late 9 w9t]1 at a "t :5 a l>ge ball ( e>? may be mov$ ) !m4 ,a tr5* is dug ar\nd ! tree1 x be+ deep5$ a little day by day s t ! fro/ c "w into ! e>? & hold x 9 %ape4 ,:5 ! ball is ?or\ghly froz51 x is hoi/$ on to a /one-boat or truck 7,fig4 #adh7 & mov$ to its new position4 ,p]haps ! h&some/ ( all ! native conif]s ( ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates is ! ord9>y hemlock1 or hemlock spruce 7! "o s mu* us$ = lumb]72 b x is usually difficult to move4 ,transplant$ trees f nurs]ies are usually safe/4 ,if ! trees are tak5 f ! wild1 !y %\ld be select$ f op5 & sunny places4 ,= neat & compact effects ne> por*es & along walks1 ! dw>f ret9osporas are v useful4 ,mo/ ( ! p9es & spruces are too co>se = plant+ v close to ! resid5ce4 ,!y are bett] at "s di/ance remov$1 :]e !y s]ve z a backgr\nd to o!r plant+4 ,if !y are want$ = individual specim5s1 !y %\ld be giv5 pl5ty ( room1 s t ! limbs w n be cr[d$ & ! tree become mis%ap54 ,:atev] else is done to ! spruces & firs1 ! l[] limbs %\ld n be trimm$ up1 at lea/ n until ! tree has become s old t ! l[e/ bran*es die4 ,"s species hold _! bran*es mu* long] ?an o!rs4 ,! ori5tal spruce 7,picea ori5talis7 is "o ( ! be/ 9 ?is respect4 ,! occasional slight head+-91 t has be5 m5tion$1 w t5d to pres]ve ! l[] limbs1 & x w n be m>k$ en\gh to alt] ! =m ( ! tree4 ,! numb] ( excell5t conif]\s ev]gre5s n[ (f]$ 9 ! ,am]ican trade is l>ge4 ,!y are sl[ ( gr[? & require mu* room if good specim5s are to be obta9$2 b if ! space c be _h & ! prop] exposure secur$1 no trees add great] dignity & di/9ction to an e/ate4 ,reliable comm5ts on ! r>] conif]s may be f\nd 9 ! catalogues ( ! be/ nurs]ym54 ,li/ ( %rubby conif]s4 ,! foll[+ li/ conta9s ! mo/ usual ( ! %rub-l conif]\s ev]gre5s1 ) 99 to m>k ^? native to ?is c\ntry4 ,! 9 ?is & ! succe$+ li/ m>ks ^? species t are f\nd to be h>dy at ,ottawa1 ,ont>io1 & are recomm5d$ by ! ,c5tral ,exp]im5tal ,f>m ( ,canada4 ,dw>f arborvit1 ,?uja occid5talis499 ,!re are _m dw>f & compact v>ieties ( arborvit1 mo/ ( :i* are excell5t = small places4 ,! mo/ desirable = g5]al purposes1 & also ! l>ge/1 is ! s-call$ ,sib]ian4 ,o!r v desirable =ms are ^? sold z globosa1 ericoides1 compacta1 ,hovey1 ,ellwang]iana1 pyramidalis1 ,w>eana 7or ,sibirica71 & aurea ,d\glasii4 ,japanese arborvit or ret9ospora1 ,*amcyp>is ( v>i\s species4 ,ret9osporas "u names z foll[s3 ,cupressus ericoides1 #b ft41 ) f9e s(t delicate gre5 foliage t assumes a purpli% t+e 9 w9t]2 ,c4 pisif]a1 "o ( ! be/1 ) a p5dul\s habit & bright gre5 foliage2 ,c4 pisif]a v>4 filif]a1 ) droop+ bran*es & ?read-l p5dul\s bran*es2 ,c4 pisif]a v>4 plumosa1 m compact ?an ,p4 pisif]a & fea!ry2 v>4 aurea ( ! la/1 8"o ( ! mo/ beautiful gold5-leav$ ev]gre5 %rubs 9 cultivation40 ,junip]1 ,junip]us communis99 & g>d5 v>ieties4 ,! junip] is a p>tially trail+ plant1 ( loose habit1 suitable = banks & rocky places4 ,!re are upright & v =mal v>ieties ( x1 ! be/ be+ ^? sold z v>4 ,hib]nica 7fa/igiata71 8,iri% junip]10 & v>4 ,suecica1 8,sw$i% junip]40 ,nor!rn junip]1 ,j4 ,sab9a1 v>4 pro/rata99 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! l[1 diffuse conif]s2 v>4 tam>iscifolia1 #a-b ft4 ,*9ese & ,japanese junip]s 9 _m =ms1 ,j4 ,*95sis4 ,dw>f ,norway spruce1 ,picea excelsa1 dw>f =ms4 ,sev]al v dw>f sorts ( ! ,norway spruce are 9 cultivation1 "s ( :i* are to be recomm5d$4 ,dw>f p9e1 ,p9us montana1 v>4 pumilio4 ,mugho p9e1 ,p9us montana1 v>4 ,mughus4 ,!re are o!r desirable dw>f p9es4 ,wild yew1 ,taxus ,canad5sis499 ,common 9 woods2 a wide-spread+ plant kn[n z 8gr\nd hemlock02 #c-d ft4 ,arbore\s conif]s4 ,! ev]gre5 conif]s t "o is likely to plant may be r\ghly class$ z p9es2 spruces & firs2 c$>s & junip]s2 arborvit2 yews4 ,:ite ,p9e1 ,p9us ,/robus499 ,! be/ native species = g5]al plant+2 reta9s its bright gre5 color 9 w9t]4 ,au/rian p9e1 ,p4 ,au/riaca4 ,h>dy1 co>se1 & rugg$2 suitable only = l>ge areas2 foliage v d>k4 ,scot* p9e1 ,p4 sylve/ris4 ,n s co>se z ,au/rian p9e1 ) a light] & blu] foliage4 ,r$ p9e1 ,p4 res9osa99 ,valuable 9 gr\ps & belts2 usually call$ 8,norway p9e02 r heavy 9 expression4 ,bull p9e1 ,p4 pond]osa499 ,a /rong maje/ic tree1 des]v+ to be bett] kn[n 9 l>ge gr\nds2 native we/w>d4 ,cembrian p9e1 ,p9us ,cembra4 ,a v f9e sl[-gr[+ tree2 "o ( ! few /&>d p9es suitable = small places4 ,scrub p9e1 ,p4 div>icata 7,p4 ,banksiana7499 ,a small tree1 m odd & picturesque ?an beautiful1 b desirable 9 c]ta9 places4 ,mugho p9e1 ,p4 montana v>4 ,mughus4 ,usually m a bu% ?an a tree 7#b to #ab ft471 al?\gh x may atta9 a height ( #bj-cj ft42 m5tion$ "u ,%rubs4 ,norway spruce1 ,picea excelsa4 ,! mo/ commonly plant$ spruce2 loses mu* ( its peculi> beauty :5 ?irty to fifty ye>s ( age2 sev]al dw>f & weep+ =ms4 ,:ite spruce1 ,p4 alba499 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ! spruces2 a m compact gr[] ?an ! la/1 & n s co>se2 gr[s sl[ly4 ,ori5tal spruce1 ,p4 ori5talis4 ,especially valuable f its habit ( hold+ its l[e/ limbs2 gr[s sl[ly2 ne$s "s %elt]4 ,colorado blue spruce1 ,p4 pung5s499 ,9 color ! f9e/ ( ! conif]s2 gr[s sl[ly2 se$l+s v>y mu* 9 blu5ess4 ,alcock's spruce1 ,p4 ,alcockiana4 ,excell5t2 foliage has silv]y "u surfaces4 ,hemlock spruce1 ,tsuga ,canad5sis499 ,! common lumb] hemlock1 b excell5t = h$ges & z a lawn tree2 "y trees may ne$ p>tial protection f sun4 ,:ite fir1 ,abies concolor499 ,probably ! be/ ( ! native firs = ! nor!a/]n region2 leaves broad1 glauc\s4 ,nordmann's fir1 ,a4 ,nordmanniana4 ,excell5t 9 e way2 leaves %9+ above & light] b5ea?4 ,balsam fir1 ,a4 balsamea499 ,loses mo/ ( its beauty 9 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s4 ,d\glas fir1 ,pseudotsuga ,d\glasii499 ,maje/ic tree ( ! nor!rn ,pacific slope1 h>dy 9 ! ea/ :5 gr[n f se$s f f> nor? or high m\nta9s4 ,r$ c$>1 ,junip]us ,virg9iana99 ,a common tree1 ,nor? & ,s\?2 sev]al horticultural v>ieties4 ,arborvitae 7:ite c$>1 errone\sly71 ,?uja occid5talis499 ,becomes unattractive aft] t5 or fifte5 ye>s on poor soils2 ! horticultural v>ieties are excell5t2 see p4 #ccc1 & ,h$ges1 p4 #bbj4 ,japanese yew1 ,taxus cuspidata4 ,h>dy small tree4 ,conif]s = ! ,s\?4 ,ev]gre5 conif]s1 trees & bu%es1 = regions s\? ( ,wa%+ton3 ,abies ,fras]i & ,a4 ,picea 7,a4 pect9ata72 ,norway spruce2 true c$>s1 ,c$rus ,atlantica & ,deod>a2 cypress1 ,cupressus ,gov5iana1 maje/ica1 semp]vir5s2 ,*amcyp>is ,lawsoniana2 practically all junip]s1 includ+ ! native c$> 7,junip]us ,virg9iana72 practically all arborvit1 includ+ ! ori5tal or biota gr\p2 ret9osporas 7=ms ( *amcyp>is & ?uja ( sev]al k9ds72 ,c>ol9a hemlock1 ,tsuga ,c>ol9iana2 ,engli% yew1 ,taxus baccata2 ,liboc$rus decurr5s2 cephalotaxus & podoc>pus2 cryptom]ia2 ,bhotan p9e1 ,p9us excelsa2 & ! native p9es ( ! regions4 #i4 ,,w9d[-,,g>d5s ,al?\gh ! mak+ ( w9d[-g>d5s may n be prop]ly a "p ( ! plant+ & ornam5t+ ( ! home gr\nds1 yet ! appe>ance ( ! resid5ce has a m>k$ effect on ! attractiv5ess or unattractiv5ess ( ! premises2 & !re is no bett] place ?an ?is 9 :i* to discuss ! subject4 ,fur!rmore1 w9d[-g>d5+ is closely associat$ ) v>i\s =ms ( tempor>y plant protection ab\t ! resid5ce 7,fig4 #bfh74 ,w9d[-g>d5s are ( two types3 ! w9d[-box & por*-box type1 9 :i* ! plants are gr[n outside ! w9d[ & :i* is a summ] or w>m-wea!r ef=t2 ! int]ior or true w9d[-g>d51 made = ! enjoym5t ( ! family 9 its int]nal relations1 & :i* is *iefly a w9t] or cold-wea!r ef=t4 ,! w9d[-box = outside effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,a protection = *rysan!mums4 ,v good plants c be gr[n "u a tempor>y %$ cov]4 ,! ro( may be ( glass1 oil$ pap]1 or ev5 ( wood4 ,su* a %$ cov] w af=d a v effective & h&y protection = _m plants4 ,h&somely f9i%$ boxes1 ornam5tal til+1 & bracket "w ( wood & iron suitable = fitt+ out w9d[s = ! gr[+ ( plants1 are on ! m>ket2 b su*1 :ile desirable1 are by no means necess>y4 ,a /\t p9e box ( a l5g? correspond+ to ! wid? ( ! w9d[1 ab\t #aj in*es wide & #f deep1 answ]s q z well z a f9] box1 s9ce x w likely be "s di/ance above ! /reet1 & its sides1 moreov]1 are soon cov]$ by ! v9es4 ,a z9c tray ( a size to fit into ! wood5 box may be ord]$ ( ! t9smi?4 ,x w t5d to keep ! soil f dry+ out s rapidly1 b x is n a necessity4 ,a few small holes 9 ! bottom w provide = dra9age2 b ) c>efulness 9 wat]+ ^! are n necess>y1 s9ce ! box by its expos$ position w dry out readily dur+ summ] wea!r1 unless ! position is a %ad$ "o4 ,9 ! latt] case provision = good dra9age is always advisable4 ,s9ce !re is m or less cramp+ ( roots1 x w be necess>y to make ! soil ri*] ?an w\ld be requir$ 7 ! plants to gr[ 9 ! g>d54 ,! mo/ desirable soil is "o t does n pack h>d l clay1 nor contract mu* :5 dry1 b rema9s por\s & spr+y4 ,su* a soil is f\nd 9 ! pott+ e>? us$ by flori/s1 & x may be obta9$ f !m at #ej c5ts to #a a b>rel4 ,(t5 ! nature ( ! soil w be su* z to make x desirable to h at h& a b>rel ( %>p s& = mix+ ) x1 to make x m por\s & prev5t bak+4 ,a good fill+ = a deep box is a lay] ( cl9k]s or o!r dra9age 9 ! bottom1 a lay] ( pa/ure sod1 a lay] ( old c[ manure1 & fill ) f]tile g>d5 e>?4 ,"s w9d[-g>d5]s pot ! plants & !n set !m 9 ! w9d[-box1 fill+ ! spaces betwe5 ! pots ) moi/ moss4 ,o!rs plant !m directly 9 ! e>?4 ,! =m] me?od1 z a g5]al rule1 is to be pref]r$ 9 ! w9t] w9d[-g>d52 ! latt] 9 ! summ]4 ,! plants mo/ valuable = outside boxes are ^? ( droop+ habit1 su* z lobelias1 tropeolums1 o?onna1 ,k5ilwor? ivy1 v]b5a 7,fig4 #bfi71 sweet alyssum1 & petunia4 ,su* plants may occupy ! front r[1 :ile back ( !m may be ! erect-gr[+ plants1 z g]aniums1 heliotropes1 begonias 7,plate ,,xx74 ,= %ady situations ! ma9 dep5d5ce is on plants ( graceful =m or h&some foliage2 :ile = ! sunny w9d[ ! selection may be ( bloom+ plants4 ,( ! plants m5tion$ bel[ = ^! two positions1 ^? m>k$ ) an a/]isk 99 are ( climb+ habit1 & may be tra9$ up ab\t ! sides ( ! w9d[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,b\quet ( v]b5as4 ,j :at plants w be mo/ suitable dep5ds on ! exposure4 ,= ! %ady side ( ! /reet1 ! m delicate k9ds ( plants may be us$4 ,= full exposure to ! sun1 x w be necess>y to *oose ! m vigor\s-gr[+ k9ds4 ,9 ! latt] position1 suitable plants = droop+ w\ld be3 tropeolums199 passifloras199 ! s+le petunias1 sweet alyssum1 lobelias1 v]b5as1 mesembryan!mums4 ,= erect-gr[+ plants3 g]aniums1 heliotropes1 phlox4 ,if ! position is a %ad$ "o1 ! droop+ plants might be ( ! foll[+3 tradescantia1 ,k5ilwor? ivy1 s5ecio99 or p>lor ivy1 s$ums1 moneywort199 v9ca1 smilax199 lygodium99 or climb+ f]n4 ,erect-gr[+ plants w\ld be drac5as1 palms1 f]ns1 coleus1 c5taurea1 spott$ calla1 & o!rs4 ,aft] ! plants h fill$ ! e>? ) roots1 x w be desirable to give ! surface among !m a v light spr9kl+ ( bone-du/ or a ?ick] coat+ ( rott$ manure f "t to "t dur+ ! summ]2 or in/ead ( ?is1 a wat]+ ) weak liquid manure ab\t once a week4 ,?is is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 until ! gr[? %[s t ! roots h ab\t exhau/$ ! soil4 ,9 ! fall ! box may be plac$ on ! inside ( ! w9d[4 ,9 ?is case x w be desirable to ?9 out ! foliage some:at1 %ort5 9 "s ( ! v9es1 & p]haps remove "s ( ! plants4 ,x w also be desirable to give a fre% coat+ ( ri* soil4 ,increas$ c>e w be necess>y1 also1 9 wat]+1 s9ce ! plants w h less light ?an previ\sly1 &1 moreov]1 !re may be no provision = dra9age4 ,por*-boxes may be made 9 ! same g5]al plan4 ,s9ce ! plants are likely to be injur$ 9 por*-boxes1 & s9ce ^! boxes %\ld h "s ar*itectural effect1 x is well to use abundantly ( r heavy gre5]y1 su* z swordf]n 7! common =m ( ,nephrolepis exaltata7 or ! ,bo/on f]n1 ,asp>agus ,spr5g]i1 w&]+ jew1 ! l>ge droop+ v9ca 7p]haps ! v>iegat$ =m71 aspidi/ra4 ,) ^! or simil> ?+s con/itut+ ! body ( ! box plant+1 ! fl[]+ plants may be add$ to height5 ! effect4 ,! inside w9d[-g>d51 or 8h\se plants40 ,! w9t] w9d[-g>d5 may consi/ simply ( a j>d9ire1 or a few *oice pot-plants on a /& at ! w9d[1 or ( a consid]able collection ) m or less elaborate arrangem5ts = _! accommodation 9 ! way ( box1 brackets1 %elves1 & /&s4 ,exp5sive arrangem5ts are by no means necess>y1 nor is a l>ge collection4 ,! plants & fl[]s !mselves are ! ma9 consid]ation1 & a small collection well c>$ = is bett] ?an a l>ge "o unless x c be easily accommodat$ & kept 9 good condition4 ,! box w be se5 ne> at h&1 & s x may be m or less ornam5tal 9 "*4 ,! sides may be cov]$ ) ornam5tal tile held 9 place by mold+2 or a light latticework ( wood surr\nd+ ! box is pretty4 ,b a neatly made & /rong box ( ab\t ! dim5sions m5tion$ on page #ccg1 ) a /rip ( mold+ at ! top & bottom1 answ]s j z well2 & if pa9t$ gre51 or "s neutral %ade1 only ! plants w be se5 or ?\ght (4 ,brackets1 j>d9ires1 & /&s may be pur*as$ ( any ( ! l>g] flori/s4 ,! box may consi/ ( m]ely ! wood5 receptacle2 b a pref]able arrangem5t is to make x ab\t eight in*es deep in/ead ( six1 !n h ! t9smi? make a z9c tray to fit ! box4 ,?is is provid$ ) a false wood5 bottom1 ) cracks = dra9age1 two in*es above ! real bottom ( ! tray4 ,! plants w !n h a vacant space bel[ !m into :i* dra9age wat] may pass4 ,su* a box may be ?or\ghly wat]$ z ! plants require )\t dang] ( ! wat] runn+ on ! c>pet4 ,( c\rse1 a faucet %\ld be provid$ at "s suitable po9t on a level ) ! bottom ( ! tray1 to p]mit ( its be+ dra9$ e day or s if ! wat] t5ds to accumulate4 ,x w\ld n d to all[ ! wat] to rema9 long2 especially %\ld x nev] rise to ! false bottom1 z !n ! soil w\ld be kept too wet4 ,! w9d[ = plants %\ld h a s\!rn1 s\!a/]n1 or ea/]n exposure4 ,plants ne$ all ! light !y c get 9 ! w9t]1 especially ^? t are expect$ to bloom4 ,! w9d[ %\ld be tight-fitt+4 ,%utt]s & a curta9 w be an advantage 9 cold wea!r4 ,plants l a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 conditions4 ,x is v try+ on !m1 & (t5 fatal to success1 to h !m snug & w>m "o night & p9*$ 9 a temp]ature only a few degrees above freez+ ! next4 ,"s plants w live 9 spite ( x1 b !y _c be expect$ to prosp]4 ,^? ^: rooms are heat$ ) /eam1 hot wat]1 or hot air w h to gu>d aga9/ keep+ rooms too w>m fully z mu* z keep+ !m too cool4 ,rooms 9 brick dwell+s t h be5 w>m all day1 if %ut up & made snug 9 ! ev5+1 w (t5 keep w>m ov] night )\t heat except 9 ! colde/ wea!r4 ,rooms 9 frame dwell+s expos$ on all sides soon cool d[n4 ,x is difficult to gr[ plants 9 rooms light$ by gas4 ,mo/ liv+-rooms h air too dry = plants4 ,9 su* cases ! b[-w9d[ may be set (f f ! room by glass doors2 "o !n has a m9iature cons]vatory4 ,a pan ( wat] on ! /ove or on ! regi/] & damp moss among ! pots1 w help to af=d plants ! necess>y humidity4 ,! foliage w ne$ cleans+ f "t to "t to free x f du/4 ,a ba? tub provid$ ) a ready outlet = ! wat] is an excell5t place = ?is purpose4 ,! plants may be turn$ on _! sides & support$ on a small box above ! bottom ( ! tub4 ,!n !y may be freely syr+$ )\t dang] ( mak+ ! soil too wet4 ,x is usually advisable n to wet ! fl[]s1 h[ev]1 especially ! :ite wax5 k9ds1 l hyac9?s4 ,! foliage ( rex begonias %\ld be cleans$ ) a piece ( dry or only slightly moi/ cotton4 ,b if ! leaves c be quickly dri$ (f by plac+ !m 9 ! op5 air on mild days1 or mod]ately ne> ! /ove1 ! foliage may be syr+$4 ,"s p]sons atta* ! box to ! w9d[1 or support x on brackets atta*$ bel[ ! w9d[-sill2 b a pref]able arrangem5t is to support ! box on a l[ & light /& ( suitable height provid$ ) roll]s4 ,x may !n be drawn back f ! w9d[1 turn$ ar\nd f "t to "t to give ! plants light on all sides1 or turn$ ) ! attractive side 9 z may be desir$4 ,(t5 ! plants are set directly 9 ! soil2 b if !y are kept 9 pots !y may be re>rang$1 & *ang$ ab\t to give ^? :i* ne$ x m light4 ,l>g] plants t are to /& on %elves or brackets may be 9 por\s e>!nw>e pots2 b ! small] ones t are to fill ! w9d[-box may be plac$ 9 heavy pap] pots4 ,! sides ( ^! are flexible1 & ! plants 9 !m !re=e may be cr[d$ close toge!r ) great economy 9 space4 ,:5 pots are spac$1 damp sphagnum or o!r moss among !m w hold !m 9 place1 keep ! soil f dry+ out too rapidly1 & at ! same "t give (f moi/ure1 s grateful to ! foliage4 ,9 addition to ! /&1 or box1 a bracket = "o or m pots on ei!r side ( ! w9d[1 ab\t "o-?ird or half-way up1 w be desirable4 ,! bracket %\ld turn on a basal h+e or pivot1 to admit ( sw++ x =w>d or backw>d4 ,^! bracket plants usually suff] = moi/ure1 & are r difficult to manage4 ,flori/s n[ usually gr[ plants suitable = w9d[-g>d5s & w9t] fl[]+1 & any intellig5t flori/1 if ask$1 w take pleasure 9 mak+ out a suitable collection4 ,! plants %\ld be ord]$ e>ly 9 ! fall2 ! flori/ w !n n be s cr[d$ = "t & c give ! matt] bett] att5tion4 ,mo/ ( ! plants suitable = ! w9t] w9d[-g>d5 belong to ! gr\ps t flori/s gr[ 9 _! m$ium & cool h\ses4 ,! =m] are giv5 a night temp]ature ( ab\t #fj1 ! latt] ab\t #ej4 ,9 ea* case ! temp]ature is #aj to #ae high] = ! daytime4 ,five degrees ( v>iation bel[ ^! temp]atures w be all[able )\t any injuri\s effects2 ev5 m may be borne1 b n )\t m or less *eck to ! plants4 ,9 bright1 sunny wea!r ! day temp]ature may be high] ?an 9 cl\dy & d>k wea!r4 ,plants = an av]age night temp]ature ( #fj 7trade names74 ,upright fl[]+ plants1--,abutilons1 br[allias1 calceol>ia 8,l9coln ,p>k10 begonias1 b\v>dias1 euphorbias1 sc>let sage1 ri*>dia or calla1 heliotropes1 fu*sias1 ,*9ese hibiscus1 jasm9es1 s+le petunias1 swa9sona1 billb]gia1 freesias1 g]aniums1 eupheas4 ,upright foliage plants4--,muehl5beckia1 ,cycas revoluta1 ,dracna fragans & o!rs1 palms1 cannas1 ,f>fugium gr&e1 a*yran!s1 f]ns1 arauc>ias1 epiphyllums1 p&anus or 8screw p9e10 ,pilea arborea1 ,ficus ela/ica1 ,grevillea robu/a4 ,climb+ plants4--,asp>agus t5uissimus1 ,a4 plumosus1 ,coba sc&5s1 smilax1 ,japanese hop1 ,madeira v9e 7,b\ss+aultia71 ,s5ecio mikanioides & ,s4 macroglossus 7p>lor ivies74 ,see also li/ bel[4 ,l[-gr[+1 trail+1 or droop+ plants4--,^! may be us$ = baskets & edg+s4 ,fl[]+ k9ds are3 ,sweet alyssum1 lobelia1 ,fu*sia procumb5s1 mesembryan!mum1 ,oxalis p5dula1 #j4 floribunda & o!rs1 ,russelia juncea1 ,mah]nia odorata or honey-bell4 ,foliage plants ( droop+ habit4--,v9cas1 ,saxifraga s>m5tosa1 ,k5ilwor? ivy1 tradescantia or w&]+ jew1 ,fe/uca glauca99 o?onna1 ,isolepsis gracilis199 ,engli% ivy1 ,selag9ella d5ticulata1 & o!rs4 ,"s ( ^! plants fl[] q freely1 b ! fl[]s are small & ( second>y consid]ation4 ,^? ) an a/]isk 99 droop b slightly4 ,plants = an av]age night temp]ature ( #ej4 ,upright fl[]+ plants4--,azaleas1 cyclam5s1 c>nations1 *rysan!mums1 g]aniums1 ,*9ese primroses1 /evias1 m>gu]ite or ,p>is daisy1 s+le petunias1 ,an!mis coron>ia1 camellias1 ardisia 7b]ries71 c9]>ias1 violets1 hyac9?s1 n>cissus1 tulips1 ! ,ea/] lily :5 9 bloom1 & o!rs4 ,upright foliage plants4--,pittosporums1 palms1 aucuba1 euonymus 7gold5 & silv]y v>iegat$71 arauc>ias1 p&anus1 du/y mill]s4 ,climb+ plants4--,engli% ivy1 maur&ia1 s5ecio or p>lor ivy1 lygodium 7climb+ f]n74 ,droop+ or trail+ plants4--,fl[]+ k9ds are3 ,sweet alyssum1 ,mah]nia odorata1 ,russelia & ivy g]anium4 ,bulbs 9 ! w9d[-g>d54 ,bulbs fl[]+ ?r\gh ! w9t] add to ! li/ ( h\se plants a *>m+ v>iety4 ,! labor1 "t1 & skill requir$ is mu* less ?an = gr[+ _m ( ! l>g] plants m commonly us$ = w9t] decorations 7= in/ructions on gr[+ bulbs out-(-doors1 see p4 #bha2 also ! entries 9 ,*apt] ,,viii74 ,hyac9?s1 n>cissus1 tulips1 & crocus1 & o!rs c be made to fl[] 9 ! w9t] )\t difficulty4 ,secure ! bulbs s z to be able to pot !m by ! middle or la/ ( ,octob]1 or if e>li] all ! bett]4 ,! soil %\ld be ri* s&y loam1 if possible2 if n1 ! be/ t c be got1 to :i* ab\t "o-f\r? ! bulk ( s& is add$ & mix$ ?or\ghly4 ,if ord9>y fl[]-pots are to be us$1 place 9 ! bottom a few pieces ( brok5 pots1 *>coal1 or small /ones = dra9age1 !n fill ! pot ) dirt s t :5 ! bulbs are set on ! dirt ! top ( ! bulb is ev5 ) ! rim ( ! pot4 ,fill ar\nd x ) soil1 leav+ j ! tip ( ! bulb %[+ above ! e>?4 ,if ! soil is heavy1 a good plan is to spr9kle a small h&ful ( s& "u ! bulb to c>ry (f ! wat]1 z is done 9 ! b$s outdoors4 ,if "o does n h pots1 he may use boxes4 ,/>* boxes are a good size to use1 z !y are n heavy to h&le2 & excell5t fl[]s are sometimes secur$ f bulbs plant$ 9 old tomato-cans4 ,if boxes or cans are us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to h holes 9 ! bottoms to let ! wat] run out4 ,a l>ge hyac9? bulb w d well 9 a #e-;in* pot4 ,! same size pot w d = ?ree or f\r n>cissuses or eight to twelve crocuses4 ,aft] ! bulbs are plant$ 9 ! pots or o!r receptacles1 !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a cool place1 ei!r 9 a cold pit or cell>1 or on ! %ady side ( a build+1 or1 bett] yet1 plung$ or buri$ up to ! rim ( ! pot 9 a %ady bord]4 ,?is is done to =ce ! roots to gr[ :ile ! top /&s /ill1 z only ! bulbs ) good roots w give good fl[]s4 ,:5 ! wea!r gets s cold t a cru/ is froz5 on ! soil1 ! pots %\ld be cov]$ ) a little /raw1 & z ! wea!r gets cold] m /raw mu/ be us$4 ,9 six to eight weeks aft] plant+ ! bulbs1 !y %\ld h made roots en\gh to gr[ ! plant1 & !y may be tak5 up & plac$ 9 a cool room = a week or s1 aft] :i*1 if !y h />t$ into gr[?1 !y may be tak5 into a w>m] room :]e !y c h pl5ty ( light4 ,!y w gr[ v rapidly n[ & w want mu* wat]1 & aft] ! fl[]s beg9 to %[1 ! pots may /& 9 a sauc] ( wat] all ! "t4 ,:5 j com+ into bloom ! plants may h full sunlight "p ( ! "t to help br+ out ! color ( ! fl[]s4 ,hyac9?s1 tulips1 & n>cissus all require simil> treatm5t4 ,:5 well root$1 :i* w be 9 six or eight weeks1 !y are br\ght out & giv5 a temp]ature ( "s #ee to #fj till ! fl[]s appe>1 :5 !y %\ld be kept 9 a cool] temp]ature1 say #ej4 ,! s+le ,roman hyac9? is an excell5t h\se plant4 ,! fl[]s are small1 b !y are graceful & are well adapt$ to cutt+4 ,x is e>ly4 ,! ,ea/] lily is manag$ ! same way1 except to ha/5 its fl[]s x %\ld be kept at n l[] ?an #fj at night4 ,w>m] w be bett]4 ,lily bulbs may be cov]$ an in* or m deep 9 ! pots4 ,freesias may be pott$ six or m 9 a pot ( mell[ soil1 & !n />t$ into gr[? at once4 ,at fir/ !y may be giv5 a night temp]ature ( #ej2 & #ee to #fj :5 !y h begun to gr[4 ,small bulbs1 z sn[drop & crocus1 are plant$ sev]al or a doz5 9 a pot & buri$1 or treat$ l hyac9?s2 b !y are v s5sitive to heat1 & require to be giv5 ! light only :5 !y h />t$ to gr[1 )\t any =c+4 ,=ty to #de w be z w>m z !y ev] ne$ be kept4 ,wat]+ h\se plants4 ,x is impossible to give rules = ! wat]+ ( plants4 ,conditions t hold ) "o gr[] are diff]5t f ^? ( ano!r4 ,advice mu/ be g5]al4 ,give "o good wat]+ at ! "t ( pott+1 aft] :i* no wat] %\ld be giv5 until ! plants really ne$ x4 ,if1 on tapp+ ! pot1 x gives out a cle> r+1 x is an indication t wat] is ne$$4 ,9 ! case ( a s(t-wood$ plant1 j be=e ! leaves beg9 to %[ signs ( wilt is ! "t = wat]+4 ,:5 plants are tak5 up f ! gr\nd1 or h _! roots cut back 9 repott+1 g>d5]s rely1 aft] ! fir/ copi\s wat]+1 on syr++ ! tops two or ?ree times ea* day1 until a new root-gr[? has />t$1 wat]+ at ! roots only :5 absolutely necess>y4 ,plants t h be5 pott$ into l>g] pots w gr[ )\t ! extra att5tion ( syr++1 b ^? f ! bord]s t h _h _! roots mutilat$ or %ort5$1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a cool1 %ady spot & be syr+$ (t54 ,"o soon becomes famili> ) ! wants ( individual plants1 & c judge closely z to ne$ ( wat]4 ,all s(t-wood$ plants ) a l>ge leaf-surface ne$ m wat] ?an h>d-wood$ plants1 & a plant 9 luxuriant gr[? ( any k9d m ?an "o t has be5 cut back or become defoliat$4 ,:5 plants are gr[n 9 liv+-rooms1 moi/ure mu/ be suppli$ f "s s\rce1 & if no arrangem5t has be5 made = secur+ moi/ air1 ! plants %\ld be syr+$ (t54 ,all plant-gr[]s %\ld le>n to )hold wat] :5 plants are 8re/+0 or n 9 active gr[?4 ,?us camellias1 azaleas1 rex begonias1 palms1 & _m o!r ?+s are usually n 9 _! gr[+ p]iod 9 fall & midw9t]1 & !y %\ld !n h only suffici5t wat] to keep !m 9 condition4 ,:5 gr[? beg9s1 apply wat]2 & increase ! wat] z ! gr[? becomes m rapid4 ,hang+ baskets4 ,to h a good hang+ basket1 x is necess>y t "s c>eful provision be made to prev5t too rapid dry+ out ( ! e>?4 ,x is cu/om>y1 !re=e1 to l9e ! pot or basket ) moss4 ,op5 wire baskets1 l a horse muzzle1 are (t5 l9$ ) moss & us$ = ! gr[+ ( plants4 ,prep>e ! e>? by mix+ "s well-decay$ leafmold ) ri* g>d5 loam1 !reby mak+ an e>? t w reta9 moi/ure4 ,hang ! basket 9 a light place1 b /ill n 9 direct sunlight2 &1 if possible1 avoid putt+ x :]e x w be expos$ to dry+ w9d4 ,9 ord] to wat] ! basket1 x is (t5 advisable to s9k x into a pail or tub ( wat]4 ,v>i\s plants are well adapt$ to hang+ baskets4 ,among ! droop+ or v9e-l k9ds are ! /rawb]ry g]anium1 ,k5ilwor? ivy1 maur&ia1 ,g]man ivy1 can>y-bird fl[]1 ,asp>agus ,spr5g]i1 ivy g]anium1 trail+ fu*sia1 w&]+ jew1 & o?onna4 ,among ! erect-gr[+ plants t produce fl[]s1 ,lobelia ,er9us1 sweet alyssum1 petunias1 oxalis1 & v>i\s g]aniums are to be recomm5d$4 ,among foliage plants su* ?+s z coleus1 du/y mill]1 begonia1 & "s g]aniums are adaptable4 ,aqu>ium4 ,a pleasant adjunct to a w9d[-g>d51 liv+ room1 or cons]vatory1 is a l>ge glass globe or glass box conta9+ wat]1 9 :i* plants & animals are liv+ & gr[+4 ,a solid glass tank or globe is bett] ?an a box ) glass sides1 because x does n leak1 b ! box mu/ be us$ if "o wants a l>ge aqu>ium4 ,= mo/ p]sons x is bett] to buy ! aqu>ium box ?an to attempt to make x4 ,five po9ts are important 9 mak+ & keep+ an aqu>ium3 7#a7 ,! equilibrium betwe5 plant & animal life mu/ be secur$ & ma9ta9$2 7#b7 ! aqu>ium mu/ be op5 on top to ! air or well v5tilat$2 7#c7 ! temp]ature %\ld be kept betwe5 #dj & #ej = ord9>y animals & plants 7d n place 9 full sun 9 a hot w9d[72 7#d7 x is well to *oose su* animals = ! aqu>ium z are adapt$ to life 9 /ill wat]2 7#e7 ! wat] mu/ be kept fre%1 ei!r by ! prop] balance ( plant & animal life or by *ang+ ! wat] frequ5tly1 or by bo?4 ,! aquatic plants ( ! neighborhood may be kept 9 ! aqu>ium1--su* ?+s z myriophyllums1 *>as1 eel-grass1 duckmeats or lemnas1 cabomba or fi% grass1 arr[-leafs or sagitt>ia1 & ! l2 also ! p>rot's fea!r1 to be b\ght ( flori/s 7a species ( myriophyllum74 ,( animals1 !re are fi%es 7p>ticul>ly m9n[s71 wat] insects1 tadpoles1 clams1 snails4 ,if ! prop] balance is ma9ta9$ betwe5 plant & animal life1 x w n be necess>y to *ange ! wat] s frequ5tly4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,! ,,ornam5tal ,,plants--,,in/ructions ,,on ,,p>ticul> ,,k9ds ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] advice is giv5 t applies to gr\ps or classes ( plants1 & _m li/s are ins]t$ to guide ! gr[] 9 8 *oice or at lea/ to sugge/ to him ! k9ds ( ?+s t may be gr[n = c]ta9 purposes or conditions4 ,x n[ rema9s to give in/ructions on ! gr[+ ( p>ticul> k9ds or species ( plants4 ,x is impossible to include in/ructions on any great numb] ( plants 9 a book l ?is4 ,x is assum$ t ! us] ( ?is book already kn[s h[ to gr[ ! famili> or easily h&l$ plants2 if he does n1 a book is n likely to help him v mu*4 ,9 ?is *apt] all su* ?+s z ! common annuals & p]5nials & %rubs & trees are omitt$4 ,if ! read] is 9 d\bt ab\t any ( ^!1 or desires in=mation conc]n+ !m1 he w h to consult ! catalogues ( responsible se$sm5 & nurs]ym5 or cyclop$ic works1 or g to "s compet5t p]son = advice4 ,9 ?is *apt] are br\ght toge!r in/ructions on ! gr[+ ( su* plants commonly f\nd ab\t home gr\nds & 9 w9d[-g>d5s z seem to dem& some:at special or p>ticul> treatm5t or ab\t :i* ! novice is likely to ask2 & ( c\rse ^! in/ructions mu/ be brief4 ,,xvii4 ,! peony4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /eadfa/ ( g>d5 fl[]s4 ,,xvii4 ,! peony4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /eadfa/ ( g>d5 fl[]s4 ,x may be repeat$ "h t a p]son _c expect to gr[ a plant satisfactorily until he le>ns ! natural "t ( ! plant to gr[ & to bloom4 ,_m p]sons h&le _! begonias1 cacti1 & azaleas z if !y %\ld be active ! :ole ye> r\nd4 ,! key to ! situation is wat]3 at :at "p ( ! ye> to )hold & at :at "p to apply is "o ( ! v fir/ ?+s to le>n4 ,abutilons1 or fl[]+ maples z !y are (t5 call$1 make good h\se plants & b$d+ plants4 ,ne>ly all h\se g>d5]s h at lea/ "o plant4 ,common abutilons may be gr[n f se$ or f cutt+s ( "y wood4 ,if ! =m]1 ! se$ %\ld be s[n 9 ,febru>y or ,m>* 9 a temp]ature ( n less ?an #fj4 ,! se$l+s %\ld be pott$ :5 ab\t f\r to six leaves h gr[n1 9 a ri* s&y soil4 ,frequ5t pott+s %\ld be made to insure a rapid gr[?1 mak+ plants l>ge en\gh to fl[] by fall4 ,or ! se$l+s may be plant$ out 9 ! bord] :5 dang] ( fro/ is ov]1 & tak5 up 9 ! fall be=e fro/2 ^! plants w bloom all w9t]4 ,ab\t "o half ( ! new] gr[? %\ld be cut (f :5 !y are tak5 up1 z !y are v liable to sp9dle up :5 gr[n 9 ! h\se4 ,:5 gr[n f cutt+s1 "y wood %\ld be us$1 :i*1 aft] be+ well root$1 may be treat$ 9 ! same way z ! se$l+s4 ,! v>ieties ) v>iegat$ leaves h be5 improv$ until ! foliage effects are equal to ! fl[]s ( "s v>ieties2 & ^! are a great addition to ! cons]vatory or w9d[ g>d54 ,! /aple spott$-leav$ type is ,a4 ,?ompsoni4 ,a compact =m1 n[ mu* us$ = b$d+ & o!r outdoor "w1 is ,savitzii1 :i* is a horticultural v>iety1 n a di/9ct species4 ,! old-fa%ion$ gre5-leav$ ,a4 /riatum1 f :i* ,a4 ,?ompsoni has probably sprung1 is "o ( ! be/4 ,a4 megapotamicum or vexill>ium is a trail+ or droop+ r$-&-yell[-fl[]$ species t is excell5t = baskets1 al?\gh n n[ mu* se54 ,x propagates readily f se$4 ,!re is a =m ) spott$ leaves4 ,abutilons are mo/ satisfactory = h\se plants :5 !y are n mu* m ?an a ye> old4 ,!y ne$ no special treatm5t4 ,agapan?us1 or ,african lily 7,agapan?us umbellatus & sev]al v>ieties74--,a tub]\s-root$1 well-kn[n cons]vatory or w9d[ plant1 bloom+ 9 summ]4 ,excell5t = por* & y>d decoration4 ,x l5ds itself to _m conditions & proves satisfactory a l>ge "p ( ! ye>1 ! leaves =m+ a gre5 ar* ov] ! pot1 cov]+ x entirely 9 a well-gr[n specim54 ,! fl[]s are borne 9 a l>ge clu/] on /ems gr[+ #b-c ft4 high1 z _m z two or ?ree hundr$ bright blue fl[]s (t5 =m+ on a s+le plant4 ,a l>ge1 well-gr[n plant ?r[s up a numb] ( fl[]-/alks ?r\gh ! e>ly season4 ,! "o ess5tial to free gr[? is an abundance ( wat] & an occasional application ( manure wat]4 ,propagation is effect$ by division ( ! (fsets1 :i* may be brok5 f ! ma9 plant 9 e>ly spr+4 ,aft] fl[]+1 gradually less5 ! quantity ( wat] until !y are plac$ 9 w9t] qu>t]s1 :i* %\ld be a position free f fro/ & mod]ately dry4 ,! agapan?us1 be+ a heavy fe$]1 %\ld be gr[n 9 /rong loam to :i* is add$ well-rott$ manure & a little s&4 ,:5 dormant1 ! roots w )/& a little fro/4 ,al/rem]ia4--,! al/rem]ias 7( sev]al species7 belong to ! am>yllis family1 be+ tub]\s-root$ plants1 hav+ leafy /ems t]m9at+ 9 a clu/] ( t5 to fifty small lily-%ap$ fl[]s ( ri* colors 9 summ]4 ,mo/ ( ! al/rem]ias %\ld be giv5 pot culture1 z !y are easily gr[n & are n h>dy 9 ! op5 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! culture is ne>ly t ( ! am>yllis1--a good1 fibr\s loam ) a little s&1 pott+ ! tub]s 9 e>ly spr+ or late fall4 ,/>t ! plants sl[ly1 giv+ only en\gh wat] to cause root gr[?2 b aft] gr[? has become e/abli%$1 a quantity ( wat] may be giv54 ,aft] fl[]+ !y may be treat$ z are am>yllis or agapan?us4 ,! roots may be divid$1 & ! old & weak p>ts %ak5 out4 ,! plants gr[ #a-c ft4 high4 ,! fl[]s (t5 h odd colors4 ,am>yllis4--,! popul> "n ( a v>iety ( h\se or cons]vatory t5d] bulbs1 b prop]ly appli$ only to ! ,belladonna lily4 ,mo/ ( !m are hippea/rums1 b ! culture ( all is simil>4 ,!y are satisfactory h\se plants = spr+ & summ] bloom4 ,"o difficulty ) _! culture is ! habit ( ! fl[]-/alk />t+ into gr[? be=e ! leaves gr[4 ,?is is caus$ 9 mo/ cases by /imulat+ root gr[? be=e ! bulb has _h suffici5t re/4 ,! bulbs %\ld be dormant f\r or five mon?s 9 a dry place ) a temp]ature ( ab\t #ej4 ,:5 want$ to be br\ght into fl[]1 ! bulbs1 if to be repott$1 %\ld h all ! dirt %ak5 (f & pott$ 9 soil compos$ ( fibr\s loam & leafmold1 to :i* %\ld be add$ a little s&4 ,if ! loam is heavy1 place ! pot 9 a w>m situation2 a sp5t hotb$ is a good place4 ,wat] z ne$$1 & z ! fl[]s develop liquid manure may be giv54 ,if l>ge clumps are well e/abli%$ 9 #h-or #aj-;in* pots1 !y may be top-dress$ ) new soil conta9+ rott$ manure1 & z gr[? increases liquid manure may be giv5 twice a week until ! fl[]s op54 ,aft] fl[]+1 gradually )hold wat] until ! leaves die1 or plunge ! pots 9 ! op51 9 a sunny place4 ,! mo/ popul> species = w9d[-g>d5s is ,a4 ,johnsoni 7prop]ly a hippea/rum71 ) r$ fl[]s4 ,figs4 #beg1 #bfa4 ,bulbs receiv$ f deal]s %\ld be plac$ 9 pots n mu* broad] ?an ! bulb1 & ! neck ( ! bulb %\ld n be cov]$4 ,keep r dry until active gr[? beg9s4 ,! rip5$ bulbs1 9 fall1 may be /or$ z potatoes1 & !n br\ght out 9 spr+ z rapidly z any ( !m %[ signs ( gr[?4 ,anemone4--,! w9d-fl[]s are h>dy p]5nials1 ( easy culture1 "o gr\p 7! ,anemone coron>ia1 fulg5s1 & hort5sis =ms7 be+ treat$ z bulbs4 ,^! tub]\s-root$ plants %\ld be plant$ late 9 ,septemb] or e>ly 9 ,octob]1 9 a well-enri*$ %elt]$ bord]1 sett+ ! tub]s #c 94 deep & #d-f 94 ap>t4 ,! surface ( ! bord] %\ld be mul*$ ) leaves or /rawy manure ?r\gh ! sev]e w9t] wea!r1 uncov]+ ! soil 9 ,m>*4 ,! fl[]s w appe> 9 ,april or ,may1 & 9 ,june or ,july ! tub]s %\ld be tak5 up & plac$ 9 dry s& until ! foll[+ fall4 ,^! plants are n z well kn[n z !y %\ld be4 ,! range ( color is v wide4 ,! fl[]s are (t5 #b 94 across1 & are la/+4 ,! tub]s may be plant$ 9 pots1 br++ !m into ! cons]vatory or h\se at int]vals ?r\gh ! w9t]1 :]e !y make an excell5t %[+ :5 9 bloom4 ,! ,japanese anemone is a :olly diff]5t plant f ! above4 ,!re are :ite-fl[]$ & r$-fl[]$ v>ieties4 ,! be/ kn[n is ,a4 ,japonica v>4 alba1 or ,honor9e ,job]t4 ,?is species blooms f ,augu/ to ,novemb]1 & is at t season ! f9e/ ( bord] plants4 ,! pure :ite fl[]s1 ) lemon-color$ /am5s1 are held well up on /alks #b-c ft4 high4 ,! fl[]-/ems are long & excell5t = cutt+4 ,?is species may be propagat$ by division ( ! plants or by se$4 ,! =m] me?od %\ld be employ$ 9 ! spr+2 ! latt]1 z soon z ! se$s are ripe 9 ! fall4 ,s[ ! se$ 9 boxes 9 a w>m1 %elt]$ situation 9 ! bord] or "u glass4 ,! se$ %\ld be cov]$ lightly ) soil conta9+ a quantity ( s& & n all[$ to become dry4 ,a well-enri*$1 %elt]$ position 9 a bord] %\ld be giv54 ,! little wild w9d-fl[]s are easily coloniz$ 9 a h>dy bord]4 ,aralia1 ,a4 ,sieboldii 7prop]ly ,fatsia ,japonica & ,f4 papyrif]a71 z x is sometimes call$1 & ! v>iety v>iegata1 ) l>ge1 palmlike leaves1 are gr[n = _! tropical appe>ance4 ,s[ 9 ,febru>y1 9 %all[ trays & light soil1 9 a temp]ature ( #fe4 ,cont9ue ! temp]ature4 ,:5 two or ?ree leaves h =m$1 transplant into o!r trays #a 94 ap>t4 ,spr9kle !m ) a f9e rose or spray2 & d n all[ !m to suff] = wat]4 ,lat] transf] !m to small pots & repot !m z !y gr[4 ,plant out 9 b$s aft] ! wea!r has become w>m & settl$4 ,half-h>dy p]5nials 9 ! ,nor?1 becom+ #c ft4 or m high2 a %rub 9 ! ,s\? & 9 ,cali=nia4 ,us$ (t5 9 subtropical "w4 ,arauc>ia1 or ,norfolk ,isl& p9e1 is n[ sold 9 pots by flori/s z a w9d[ plant4 ,!re are sev]al species4 ,! gre5h\se specim5s are ! juv5ile /ate ( plants t become l>ge trees 9 _! native regions2 !re=e1 x is n to be expect$ t !y w keep %apely & )9 b\nds indef9itely4 ,! common species 7,a4 excelsa7 makes a symmetrical ev]gre5 subject4 ,x keeps well 9 a cool w9d[1 or on ! v]&a 9 ! summ]4 ,protect x f direct sunlight1 & give pl5ty ( room4 ,if ! plant beg9s to fail1 return x to ! flori/ = recup]ation1 or procure a new plant4 ,auricula4--,a half-h>dy p]5nial ( ! primrose tribe 7,primula ,auricula71 v popul> 9 ,europe1 b little gr[n 9 ,am]ica on acc\nt ( ! hot1 dry summ]s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry auriculas are usually propagat$ by se$1 z = c9]>ia2 b special v>ieties are p]petuat$ by (fsets4 ,se$s s[n 9 ,febru>y or ,m>* %\ld give bloom+ plants = ! next ,febru>y or ,m>*4 ,keep ! plants cool & moi/1 & away f ! direct sun dur+ ! summ]4 ,g>d5]s usually gr[ !m 9 frames4 ,9 ! fall1 !y are pott$ into #c-;94 or #d-;94 pots1 & made to bloom ei!r 9 frames z = violets or 9 a cool cons]vatory or gre5h\se4 ,9 ,april1 aft] bloom+ has ceas$1 repot ! plants & treat z ! previ\s ye>4 ,z ) mo/ annual-bloom+ p]5nials1 be/ results are to be expect$ ) ye>-old or two-ye>-old plants4 ,auriculas gr[ #f-h 94 high4 ,colors :ite & _m %ades ( r$ & blue4 ,azaleas are excell5t outdoor & gre5h\se %rubs1 & are sometimes se5 9 w9d[s4 ,!y are less gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry ?an 9 ,europe1 l>gely because ( our hot1 dry summ]s & sev]e w9t]s4 ,!re are two common types or classes ( azaleas3 ! h>dy or ,gh5t azaleas1 & ! ,indian azaleas4 ,! latt] are ! famili> l>ge-fl[]$ azaleas ( cons]vatories & w9d[-g>d5s4 ,gh5t azaleas ?rive 9 ! op5 along ! seacoa/ z f> nor? z s\!rn ,new ,engl&4 ,!y require a s&y peaty soil1 b are treat$ z o!r %rubs are4 ,! l>ge fl[]-buds are liable to injury f ! w>m suns ( late w9t] & e>ly spr+1 & to avoid ?is injury ! plants are (t5 protect$ by cov]s or %ades ( bru%4 ,9 ! int]ior c\ntry1 little attempt is made to fl[] azaleas p]man5tly 9 ! op51 al?\gh !y may be gr[n if c>efully t5d$ & well protect$4 ,bo? ,gh5t & ,indian azaleas are excell5t pot-plants = bloom 9 late w9t] & spr+4 ,! plants are import$ 9 great numb]s f ,europe 9 fall1 & x is bett] to buy ^! plants ?an to attempt to propagate !m4 ,pot !m up 9 l>ge-siz$ pots1 keep !m cool & backw>d = a "t until !y are e/abli%$1 !n take !m into a cons]vatory temp]ature 9 :i* c>nations & roses ?rive4 ,!y %\ld be pott$ 9 a soil ( half peat or well-decay$ mold & half ri* loam2 add a little s&4 ,pot firmly1 & be sure to provide suffici5t dra9age4 ,keep (f r$ spid] by syr++4 ,aft] bloom+1 ! plants may be ?9n$ by prun+ out ! /raggl+ gr[?s1 & repott$4 ,set !m 9 a frame or 9 a semi-%ad$ place dur+ summ]1 & see t !y make a good gr[?4 ,! wood %\ld be well rip5$ 9 ! fall4 ,aft] cold wea!r sets 91 keep ! ,indian or ev]gre5 k9ds half dormant by sett+ !m 9 a cool1 dull-light$ cell> or pit1 br++ !m 9 :5 want$ = bloom4 ,! ,gh5t or decidu\s k9ds may be t\*$ ) fro/ )\t injury2 & !y may be kept 9 a cell> until want$4 ,begonias are famili> t5d] b$d+ & h\se plants4 ,next to ! g]anium1 begonias are probably ! mo/ popul> = h\se culture ( ! entire plant li/4 ,! ease ( culture1 great v>iety ( k9ds1 pr(usion ( bloom or ri*ness ( foliage1 toge!r ) _! adaptability to %ade1 make !m v desirable4 ,begonias may be divid$ into ?ree sections3 ! fibr\s-root$ class1 :i* conta9s ! w9t]-fl[]+1 bran*+ k9ds2 ! rex =ms1 or beef/eak g]aniums1 hav+ l>ge ornam5tal leaves2 ! tub]\s-root$1 ^? t bloom ?r\gh ! summ]1 ! tub] re/+ 9 ! w9t]4 ,! fibr\s-root$ k9ds may be propagat$ by se$ or cutt+s1 ! latt] be+ ! usual me?od4 ,cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood root easily1 mak+ a rapid gr[?1 ! plants fl[]+ 9 a few mon?s4 ,! rex type1 hav+ no bran*es1 is propagat$ f ! leaves4 ,! l>ge mature leaves are us$4 ,! leaf may be cut into sections1 hav+ at ! base a union ( two ribs4 ,^! pieces ( leaves may be ins]t$ 9 ! s& z any o!r cutt+4 ,or a :ole leaf may be us$1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! ribs at int]vals & lay+ ! leaf flat on ! propagat+ b5* or o!r w>m1 moi/ place4 ,9 a %ort "t "y plants hav+ roots ( _! own w =m4 ,^! may be pott$ :5 l>ge en\gh to h&le1 & w soon make good plants 7,fig #abe74 ,rex begonias usually gr[ little dur+ w9t]1 & !y %\ld !re=e be kept fairly dry & no ef=t made to pu% !m4 ,be sure t ! pots are well dra9$1 s t ! soil does n become s\r4 ,new plants--^? a ye> or s old--are usually mo/ satisfactory4 ,keep !m away f direct sunlight4 ,an insidi\s disease ( rex begonia leaves has rec5tly made its appe>ance4 ,! be/ treatm5t yet kn[n is to propagate fre% plants1 ?r[+ away ! old /ock & ! dirt 9 :i* x is gr[n4 ,! tub]\s-root$ begonias make excell5t b$d+ plants = ^? :o le>n _! simple b imp]ative requirem5ts4 ,!y are also good pot subjects = summ]4 ,! amateur w\ld bett] n attempt to gr[ ! tub]\s begonias f se$4 ,he %\ld pur*ase good two-ye> tub]s4 ,^! %\ld be able to run = two or ?ree ye>s be=e !y are s old or s mu* sp5t t !y give unsatisfactory results4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 ! tub]s are />t$ indoors1 = b$d+1 9 ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>* 9 a r w>m temp]ature4 ,!y w fill a five-in* pot be=e !y are ready to be turn$ out into ! gr\nd4 ,!y %\ld n be plant$ out till ! wea!r is ?or\ghly settl$1 = !y w n /& fro/ or unfavorable climatic conditions4 ,! plants %\ld be giv5 a soil t holds moi/ure1 b is yet well dra9$4 ,!y w n d well 9 wat]-logg$ gr\nd4 ,!y %\ld h p>tial %ade2 ne> ! nor? side ( a build+ is a good place = !m4 ,too mu* wat]+ makes !m s(t & !y t5d to break d[n4 ,keep ! foliage dry1 p>ticul>ly 9 sunny wea!r2 ! wat]+ %\ld be done f und]nea?4 ,aft] bloom+1 lift ! bulbs1 dry !m (f1 & keep ov] w9t] 9 a cool place4 ,!y may be pack$ 9 %all[ boxes 9 dry e>? or s&4 ,flori/s sometimes divide ! tub]s j aft] gr[? />ts 9 ! spr+1 s t a good eye may be got ) ea* plant2 b ! amateur w\ld bett] use ! entire tub]1 unless he desires to increase or multiply "s p>ticul> plant4 ,if ! h\se g>d5] desires to raise tub]\s begonias f se$1 he mu/ be prep>$ to ex]cise mu* pati5ce4 ,! se$s1 l ^? ( all begonias1 are v small1 & %\ld be s[n ) great c>e4 ,/>t ! se$s 9 late w9t]4 ,simply spr9kle !m on ! surface ( ! soil1 :i* %\ld be a mixture ( leafmold & s&1 ) ! addition ( a small quantity ( fibr\s loam4 ,wat]+ %\ld be done by sett+ ! pot or box 9 :i* ! se$s are s[n 9 wat]1 all[+ ! moi/ure to asc5d ?r\gh ! soil4 ,:5 ! soil has become completely saturat$1 set ! box 9 a %ady situation1 cov]+ x ) glass or "s o!r object until ! t9y se$l+s appe>4 ,nev] all[ ! soil to become dry4 ,! se$l+s %\ld be transplant$1 z soon z !y c be h&l$1 into boxes or pots conta9+ ! same mixture ( soil1 sett+ ea* plant d[n to ! se$-leaf4 ,!y w ne$ ?ree or f\r transplant+s be=e !y rea* ! bloom+ /age1 & at ea* "o aft] ! fir/1 ! proportion ( fibr\s loam may be increas$ until ! soil is compos$ ( "o-?ird ea* ( loam1 s&1 & leafmold4 ,! addition ( a little well-rott$ manure may be made at ! la/ transplant+4 ,cactus4--,v>i\s k9ds ( cactus are (t5 se5 9 small collections ( h\se plants1 to :i* !y add int]e/ & oddity1 be+ diff]5t f o!r plants4 ,mo/ cacti are easy to gr[1 requir+ little c>e & endur+ ! heat & dryness ( a liv+ room mu* bett] ?an mo/ o!r plants4 ,_! requirem5ts are ample dra9age & op5 soil4 ,cactus gr[]s usually make a soil by mix+ pulv]iz$ pla/] or lime refuse ) g>d5 loam1 us+ ab\t two-?irds ( ! loam4 ,! v f9e p>ts1 or du/1 ( ! pla/]1 are bl[n out1 else ! soil is likely to cem5t4 ,!y may be re/$ at any season by simply sett+ !m away 9 a dry place = two or ?ree mon?s1 & br++ !m into heat & light :5 !y are want$4 ,z new gr[? advances !y %\ld h wat] occasionally1 & :5 9 bloom1 !y %\ld be wat]$ freely4 ,)hold wat] gradually aft] bloom+ until !y are to be re/$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ common species 9 cultivation are ! phyllocactus species1 (t5 call$ ! night-bloom+ c]eus4 ,^! are n ! true night-bloom+ c]euses1 :i* h angul> or cyl9drical /ems1 cov]$ ) bri/les1 :ile ^! h flat1 leaf-l bran*es2 ! fl[]s ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are v mu* l ! c]eus1 op5+ at ev5+ & clos+ be=e morn+1 & z ! phyllocacti may be gr[n ) great] ease1 bloom+ on small] & y\ng] plants1 !y are to be recomm5d$4 ,! true night-bloom+ c]euses are species ( ! g5us ,c]eus4 ,! commone/ "o is ,c4 nycticalus1 b ,c4 gr&iflorus1 ,c4 triangul>is & o!rs are occasionally se54 ,^! plants all h long rod-l /ems :i* are cyl9drical or angul>4 ,^! /ems (t5 rea* a height ( #aj to #cj ft41 & !y ne$ support4 ,!y %\ld be tra9$ along a pill> or ti$ to a /ake4 ,!y are un9t]e/+ leafless ?+s dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! ye>2 b 9 midsumm]1 aft] !y are ?ree or m ye>s old1 !y ?r[ out _! great tubul> fl[]s1 :i* op5 at nightfall & )] & die :5 ! light /rikes !m next morn+4 ,!y are v easily gr[n1 ei!r 9 pots or plant$ 9 ! natural soil 9 ! cons]vatory4 ,! only special c>e !y ne$ is good dra9age at ! roots1 s t ! soil w n become soggy4 ,! epiphyllum1 or lob/] cactus1 or crab cactus1 is "o ( ! be/ ( ! family1 easy ( culture4 ,x be>s bright-color$ blossoms at ! end ( ea* jo9t4 ,:5 9 fl[]1 :i* w be 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 x requires a ri*] soil ?an ! o!r cacti4 ,a suitable soil is made ( two-?irds fibr\s loam & "o ?ird leafmold2 usually x is be/ to add s& or pulv]iz$ brick4 ,9 fall & e>ly w9t]1 keep r dry1 giv+ m wat] z ! plant comes into bloom4 ,opuntias1 or prickly pe>s1 are (t5 gr[n z bord] plants ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,9 fact1 all ! family may be plant$ out1 & if a numb] ( k9ds are set 9 a b$ toge!r1 !y make a /rik+ addition to ! g>d54 ,be v c>eful n to bruise ! plants4 ,x is bett] to plunge !m 9 ! pots ?an to turn !m out ( ! pots4 ,caladium4--,tub]\s-root$1 t5d] p]5nial plants us$ = cons]vatory decoration1 & also = subtropical & bold effects 9 ! lawn 7,plate ,,iv74 ,! plants commonly kn[n "u ?is "n are really colocasias4 ,! roots %\ld be dormant 9 ! w9t]1 be+ kept 9 a w>m cell> or "u a gre5h\se b5*1 :]e !y are n liable to fro/ or dampness4 ,! roots are usually cov]$ ) e>?1 b !y are kept dry4 ,e>ly 9 spr+ ! roots are put into boxes or pots & are />t$ into gr[?1 s t by ! "t settl$ wea!r comes !y w be #a or #b feet high & ready to set directly into soil4 ,:5 set out ( doors1 !y %\ld be protect$ f /rong w9ds1 & f ! full gl>e ( direct sunlight4 ,! soil %\ld be ri* & deep1 & ! plants %\ld h an abundance ( wat]4 ,!y d well ab\t ponds 7see ,plate ,x74 ,caladiums are mo/ excell5t plants = /rik+ effects1 especially aga9/ a h\se1 high %rubb]y1 or o!r backgr\nd4 ,if !y are plant$ by !mselves1 !y %\ld be 9 clumps r ?an scatt]$ z s+le specim5s1 z ! effect is bett]4 ,see t !y get a good />t be=e !y are plant$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,z soon z kill$ d[n by fro/1 dig !m1 dry ! roots ( sup]flu\s moi/ure1 & /ore till want$ 9 late w9t] or spr+4 ,calceol>ia4--,! calceol>ias are small gre5h\se h]bs sometimes us$ 9 ! w9d[-g>d54 ,!y are n v satisfactory plants = w9d[ treatm5t1 h[ev]1 s9ce !y suff] f dry atmosph]e & f sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! calceol>ias are gr[n f se$s4 ,if ! se$s are s[n 9 e>ly summ] & ! "y plants are transplant$ z !y ne$1 fl[]+ specim5s may be _h = ! late fall & e>ly w9t]4 ,9 ! gr[+ ( ! "y plants1 always avoid expos+ !m to direct sunlight2 b !y %\ld be giv5 a place t has an abundance ( scre5$ or temp]$ light4 ,a new crop ( plants %\ld be rais$ ea* ye>4 ,!re is a race ( %rubby calceol>ias1 b x is little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"o or two species are annuals adaptable to cultivation 9 ! op5 g>d51 & _! little ladyslipp]-l fl[]s are attractive4 ,h[ev]1 !y are ( second>y importance z annual g>d5 fl[]s4 ,calla 7prop]ly ,ri*>dia71 ,egyptian lily4--,! calla is "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory ( w9t] h\se-plants1 l5d+ itself to v>i\s conditions4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! calla are ri* soil & an abundance ( wat]1 ) ! roots conf9$ 9 z small a space z possible4 ,if a too l>ge pot is us$1 ! gr[? ( foliage w be v rank1 at ! exp5se ( ! fl[]s2 b by us+ a small]-siz$ pot & apply+ liquid manure1 ! fl[]s w be produc$ freely4 ,a #f-;in* pot w be l>ge en\gh = all b an exceptionally l>ge bulb or tub]4 ,if desir$1 a numb] ( tub]s may be gr[n toge!r 9 a l>g] pot4 ,! soil %\ld be v ri* b fibr\s--at lea/ "o ?ird well-rott$ manure w be none too mu*1 mix$ ) equal p>ts ( fibr\s loam & %>p s&4 ,! tub]s %\ld be plant$ firmly & ! pots set 9 a cool place to make roots4 ,aft] ! roots h p>tially fill$ ! pot1 ! plant may be br\ght into heat & giv5 a sunny position & an abundance ( wat]4 ,an occasional spong+ or wa%+ ( ! leaves w free !m f du/4 ,no o!r treatm5t w be requir$ until ! fl[]s appe>1 :5 liquid manure may be giv54,! plant w ?rive all ! bett] at ?is "t if ! pot is plac$ 9 a sauc] ( wat]4 ,9 fact1 ! calla w gr[ well 9 an aqu>ium4 ,! calla may be gr[n ?r\gh ! entire ye>1 b x w prove m satisfactory1 bo? 9 leaf & fl[]1 if re/$ ?r\gh "p ( ! summ]4 ,?is may be done by lay+ ! pots on _! sides 9 a dry %ady place "u %rubb]y1 or if 9 ! op5 slightly cov]$ ) /raw or o!r litt] to keep ! roots f becom+ extremely dry4 ,9 ,septemb] or ,octob] !y may be %ak5 out1 clean+ (f all ! old soil1 & repott$1 z already m5tion$4 ,! (fsets may be tak5 (f & set 9 small pots & giv5 a ye>'s gr[?1 re/+ !m ! second ye> & hav+ !m 9 fl[] t w9t]4 ,! spott$ calla has v>iegat$ foliage & is a good plant = mix$ collections4 ,?is blooms 9 ! spr+1 :i* w l5g!n ! season ( calla bloom4 ,! treatm5t ( ?is is simil> to t ( ! common calla4 ,camellias are half-h>dy woody plants1 bloom+ 9 late w9t] & spr+4 ,ye>s ago camellias 7 v popul>1 b !y h be5 cr[d$ out by ! in=mal fl[]s ( rec5t times4 ,_! "t w come aga94 ,dur+ ! bloom+ season keep !m cool--say n ov] #ej at night & a little high] by day4 ,:5 bloom+ is done !y beg9 to gr[2 !n give !m m heat & pl5ty ( wat]4 ,see t !y are well rip5$ by w9t] ) l>ge plump fl[]-buds4 ,if !y are neglect$ or kept too dry dur+ _! gr[+ season 79 summ]7 !y w drop _! buds 9 fall4 ,! soil = camellias %\ld be fibr\s & f]tile1 comp\nd$ ( rott$ sod1 leafmold1 old c[ manure1 & suffici5t s& = good dra9age4 ,always scre5 !m f direct sunlight4 ,d n try to =ce !m 9 e>ly w9t]1 aft] ! gr[? has ceas$4 ,_! summ] qu>t]s may be 9 a protect$ place 9 ! op5 air4 ,camellias are propagat$ by cutt+s 9 w9t]1 :i* %\ld give bloom+ plants 9 two ye>s4 ,cannas are among ! mo/ ornam5tal & important plants us$ 9 decorative g>d5+4 ,!y make f9e h]bace\s h$ges1 gr\ps1 masses1 &--:5 desirable--good c5t] plants = b$s4 ,!y are mu* us$ = subtropical effects 7see ,plate ,v74 ,cannas gr[ #c to #aj feet or m high4 ,=m]ly !y 7 valu$ *iefly = _! foliage1 b s9ce ! introduction1 9 #ahhd1 ( ! ,crozy ,dw>f ,fr5* type ) its %[y fl[]s1 cannas are gr[n z mu* = _! bloom z = _! foliage effects4 ,! fl[]s ( ^! new k9ds are z l>ge z ^? ( gladioli1 & are ( v>i\s %ades ( yell[ & r$1 ) b&$ & spott$ =ms4 ,^! fl[]+ k9ds gr[ ab\t #c feet high4 ,! old] =ms are tall]4 ,9 bo? sections !re are gre5-leav$ & d>k copp]y-r$-leav$ v>ieties4 ,! canna may be gr[n f se$ & _h 9 bloom ! fir/ ye> by s[+ 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 9 boxes or pots plac$ 9 hotb$s or a w>m h\se1 fir/ soak+ ! se$s 9 w>m wat] = a %ort "t or fil+ a small not* ?r\gh ! coat ( ea* se$ 7avoid+ ! r\nd g]m9at+ po9t74 ,x requires two ye>s to raise /rong plants ( ! old-fa%ion$ tall cannas f se$4 ,s[ 9 light1 s&y soil1 :]e ! e>? may be kept at #gj till aft] g]m9ation4 ,aft] ! plants h got well up1 transplant !m to ab\t #c or #d in*es ap>t1 or place 9 pots #c in*es wide1 9 good ri* soil4 ,!y may n[ be kept at #fj4 ,! majority ( cannas1 h[ev]1 are gr[n f pieces ( ! roots 7rhizomes71 ea* piece hav+ a bud4 ,! roots may be divid$ at any "t 9 ! w9t]1 & if e>ly fl[]s & foliage are want$1 ! pieces may be plant$ 9 a hotb$ or w>mh\se 9 e>ly ,april1 />t$ into gr[?1 & plant$ out :]e want$ z soon z ! gr\nd has w>m$ & all dang] ( fro/ is ov]4 ,a h>d5+ ( ! plants1 by leav+ ! sa% (f ! hotb$s1 or sett+ ! plants 9 %all[ boxes & plac+ ! boxes 9 a %elt]$ position ?r\gh ,may1 n =gett+ a lib]al supply ( wat]1 w fit ! plants to take k9dly to ! f9al plant+ out4 ,plant out roots or />t$ plants :5 !re is no long] dang] ( fro/4 ,= mass effects1 ! plants may /& twelve to eighte5 in*es ap>t2 = individual bloom tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r in*es or m4 ,"s g>d5]s plant !m n clos] ?an tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r in*es = mass b$s1 if ! soil is good & ! plants /rong4 ,give !m a w>m sunny place4 ,! old 7foliage7 sorts may be left out late to rip5 up ! fle%y root-/ocks4 ,cut ! tops (f imm$iately aft] fro/4 ,! roots are safe 9 ! gr\nd z long z x does n freeze4 ,dig1 & dry or 8cure0 = a few days1 !n w9t] !m l potatoes 9 ! cell>4 ,x is a common mi/ake to dig canna roots too e>ly4 ,! ,fr5* sorts are commonly ?\ght to keep be/ if kept gr[+ some:at dur+ ! w9t]2 b if manag$ "r1 !y may be c>ri$ ov] l ! o!rs4 ,imm$iately aft] fro/1 cut (f ! tops next ! gr\nd4 ,cov] ! /umps ) a little soil & leave ! roots 9 ! gr\nd till well rip5$4 ,clean !m aft] digg+1 & cure or dry !m = a week or m 9 ! op5 air & sun1 tak+ !m indoors at night4 ,!n place !m away f fro/ 9 a cool1 dry place4 ,c>nations are n[ among ! mo/ popul> flori/s' fl[]s2 b x is n g5]ally kn[n t !y be easily gr[n 9 ! outdoor g>d54 ,!y are ( two types1 ! outdoor or g>d5 v>ieties1 & ! indoor or =c+ k9ds4 ,normally1 ! c>nation is a h>dy p]5nial1 b ! g>d5 k9ds1 or m>gu]ites1 are usually treat$ z annuals4 ,! =c+ k9ds are fl[]$ b once1 new plants be+ gr[n ea* ye> f cutt+s4 ,m>gu]ite c>nations bloom ! ye> ! se$ is s[n1 & ) a slight protection w bloom freely ! second ye>4 ,!y make attractive h\se plants if pott$ 9 ! fall4 ,! se$s ( ^! c>nations %\ld be s[n 9 boxes 9 ,m>* & ! "y plants set out z e>ly z possible1 p9*+ out ! c5t] ( ! plant to make !m bran* freely4 ,give ! same space z = g>d5 p9ks4 ,! w9t]-fl[]+ c>nations h become prime favorites ) all fl[] lov]s1 & a collection ( w9t] h\se-plants seems incomplete )\t !m4 ,c>nations gr[ readily f cutt+s made ( ! suck]s t =m ar\nd ! base ( ! /em1 ! side %oots ( ! fl[]+ /em1 or ! ma9 %oots be=e !y %[ fl[]-buds4 ,! cutt+s f ! base make ! be/ plants 9 mo/ cases4 ,^! cutt+s may be tak5 f a plant at any "t ?r\gh ! fall or w9t]1 root$ 9 s& & pott$ up1 to be held 9 pots until ! plant+ out "t 9 ! spr+1 usually 9 ,april1 or any "t :5 ! gr\nd is ready to h&le4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to p9* out ! tops ( ! "y plants :ile gr[+ 9 ! pot1 & lat] :ile 9 ! gr\nd1 caus+ !m to gr[ /ocky & s5d out new gr[?s along ! /em4 ,! "y plants %\ld be gr[n cool1 a temp]ature ( #de suit+ !m well4 ,att5tion %\ld be giv5 to spray+ ! cutt+s ea* day :ile 9 ! h\se to keep d[n ! r$ spid]1 :i* is v p>tial to ! c>nation4 ,9 ! summ]1 ! plants are gr[n 9 ! field1 & n 9 pots1 be+ transplant$ f ! cutt+-box4 ,! soil 9 :i* !y are to be plant$ %\ld be mod]ately ri* & loose4 ,clean cultivation %\ld be giv5 ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,frequ5tly p9* out ! tops4 ,! plants are tak5 up 9 ,septemb] & pott$ firmly1 & well wat]$2 !n set 9 a cool1 p>tially %ad$ situation until root gr[? has />t$1 & wat]+ ! plant z x %[s ne$ ( wat]4 ,! usual liv+-room conditions z to moi/ure & heat are n su* z ! c>nation dem&s1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to ov]come ! dryness by spray+ ! foliage & sett+ ! plant 9 a position n expos$ to ! direct heat ( a /ove or ! sun4 ,9 comm]cial h\ses1 x is n (t5 necess>y to spray e/abli%$ plants4 ,pick (f mo/ or all ( ! side buds1 9 ord] to add to ! size ( ! lead+ fl[]s4 ,aft] all is said1 x is probably advisable 9 mo/ cases to pur*ase ! plants :5 9 bloom f a flori/1 & aft] bloom+ ei!r ?r[ !m away or /ore !m = plant+ out 9 ! spr+1 :5 !y w bloom ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,if conditions are "r1 ! ru/ %\ld n be v tr\blesome1 if ! />t 0 made ) clean /ock4 ,keep all ru/$ leaves pick$ (f4 ,c5tury plants or agaves are popul> plants = ! w9d[-g>d5 or cons]vatory1 requir+ little c>e & gr[+ sl[ly1 ?us ne$+ repott+ only at long int]vals4 ,:5 ! plants h outgr[n _! usefulness z h\se-plants1 !y are /ill valuable z por* decorations1 = plung+ 9 rock-"w1 or ab\t ru/ic nooks4 ,! /rip$-leav$ v>iety is ! mo/ desirable1 b ! normal type1 ) its blue-gray leaves1 is highly ornam5tal4 ,!re are a numb] ( dw>f species ( agave t are n s common1 al?\gh !y may be gr[n ) ease4 ,su* plants add novelty to a collection1 & may be us$ ?r\gh ! summ] z not$ above or plung$ ) cactus 9 a b$ ( tropical plants4 ,all succe$ well 9 loam & s& 9 equal p>ts1 ) a little leafmold 9 ! case ( ! small v>ieties4 ,! m common species are propagat$ by suck]s f ar\nd ! base ( ! e/abli%$ plants4 ,a few k9ds hav+ no suck]s mu/ be gr[n f se$4 ,z to wat]+1 !y dem& no special c>e4 ,agaves w n /& fro/ to any ext5t4 ,:5 ! head ?r[s up its great /em & blooms1 x may exhau/ itself & die2 b ?is may be f> %ort ( a c5tury4 ,"s species bloom m ?an once4 ,*rysan!mums are ( _m k9ds1 "s be+ annual fl[]-g>d5 plants1 "s p]5nial bord] subjects1 & "o =m is ! univ]sal flori/s' plant4 ,9 *rysan!mums are n[ includ$ ! pyre?rums4 ,! annual *rysan!mums mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! well-kn[n fall-fl[]+ k9ds1 z !y w prove a disappo9tm5t if "o expects l>ge fl[]s ( all colors & %apes4 ,! annuals are mo/ly co>se-gr[+ plants1 ) an abundance ( bloom & a rank smell4 ,! fl[]s are s+le 9 mo/ cases1 & n v la/+4 ,!y are useful = mass+ & also = cut-fl[]s4 ,!y are among ! easie/ ( h>dy annuals to gr[4 ,! /onie/ "p ( ! g>d5 w usually suit !m4 ,colors :ite & %ades ( yell[1 ! fl[]s daisy-l2 #a-c ft4 ,among/ p]5nial k9ds1 ,*rysan!mum frutesc5s is ! well-kn[n ,p>is daisy or m>gu]ite1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! g5us4 ,?is makes a good pot-plant = ! w9d[-g>d51 bloom+ ?r\gh\t ! w9t] & spr+ mon?s4 ,x is usually propagat$ by cutt+s1 :i*1 if tak5 9 spr+1 w give l>ge bloom+ plants = ! next w9t]4 ,gradually transf] to l>g] pots or boxes1 until ! plants f9ally /& 9 #f-;in* or #h-;in* pots or 9 small soap boxes4 ,!re is a f9e yell[-fl[]$ v>iety4 ,! m>gu]ite daisy is mu* gr[n out-(-doors 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! h>dy p]5nial k9ds are small-fl[]$1 late-bloom+ plants1 kn[n to _m old p z 8artemisias40 ,!y h be5 improv$ ( late ye>s1 & !y are v satisfactory plants ( easy culture4 ,! plants %\ld be r5ew$ f se$ e ye> or two4 ,9 v>iety ( =m & color1 & 9 size ( bloom1 ! flori/s' *rysan!mum is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( plants4 ,x is a late autumn fl[]1 & x ne$s little artificial heat to br+ x to p]fection4 ,! great blooms ( ! exhibitions are produc$ by gr[+ only "o fl[] to a plant & by fe$+ ! plant heavily4 ,x is h>dly possible = ! amateur to gr[ su* specim5 fl[]s z ! pr(essional flori/ or g>d5] does2 nei!r is x necess>y4 ,a well-gr[n plant ) f\rte5 to tw5ty fl[]s is f> m satisfactory z a w9d[-plant ?an a long1 /iff /em ) only "o imm5se fl[] at ! apex4 ,! culture is simple1 mu* m s ?an t ( _m ( ! plants commonly gr[n = h\se decoration4 ,al?\gh ! season ( bloom is %ort1 ! satisfaction ( hav+ a fall display ( fl[]s be=e ! g]aniums1 begonias1 & o!r h\se-plants h recov]$ f _! removal f out ( doors1 repays all ef=ts4 ,v good plants c be gr[n "u a tempor>y %$ cov]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,! ro( ne$ n necess>ily be ( glass4 ,"u su* a cov]1 also1 pott$ plants1 9 bloom1 may be set = protection :5 ! wea!r becomes too cold4 ,cutt+s tak5 9 ,m>* or ,april1 plant$ out 9 ! bord] 9 ,may1 well t5d$ ?r\gh ! summ] & lift$ be=e fro/ 9 ,septemb]1 w bloom 9 ,octob] or ,novemb]4 ,! gr\nd 9 :i* ! plants are to bloom %\ld be mod]ately ri* & moi/4 ,! plants may be ti$ to /akes4 ,:5 ! buds %[1 all b ! c5t] "o ( ea* clu/] on ! lead+ %oots %\ld be pick$ (f1 z also ! small lat]al bran*es4 ,a ?rifty bu%y plant ?us treat$ w usually h fl[]s l>ge en\gh to %[ ! "* ( ! v>iety1 also numb]s en\gh to make a f9e display4 ,aft] bloom+1 ! plants are lift$ f ! bord]4 ,z to ! receptacle into :i* to put !m1 x ne$ n be a fl[]-pot4 ,a pail or soap-box1 ) holes bor$ = dra9age1 w suit ! plant j z well1 & by cov]+ ! box ) clo? or pap] ! diff]5ce w n be notic$4 ,if cutt+s are n to be _h1 "y plants may be b\ght ( ! flori/s & treat$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,buy !m 9 midsumm] or e>li]4 ,x is be/ n to attempt to fl[] ! same plant two seasons4 ,aft] ! plant has bloom$1 ! top may be cut d[n1 & ! box set 9 a cell> & kept mod]ately dry4 ,9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 br+ ! plant to ! sitt+-room w9d[ & let ! %oots />t f ! root4 ,^! %oots are tak5 = cutt+s to gr[ plants = ! fall bloom4 ,c9]>ia is a t5d] gre5h\se subject1 b x may be gr[n z a h\se-plant1 al?\gh ! conditions necess>y to ! be/ results are difficult to secure outside a glas%\se4 ,! conditions = c9]>ias are a cool temp]ature1 frequ5t repott+1 & gu>d+ aga9/ ! attacks ( ! gre5fly4 ,p]haps ! la/ is ! mo/ difficult1 & ) "o hav+ no facilities = fumigat+1 x w be almo/ impossible to prev5t ! difficulty4 ,a liv+ room usually has too dry air = c9]>ias4 ,! se$1 :i* is v m9ute1 %\ld be s[n 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] to h plants 9 bloom 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y4 ,s[ ! se$ on ! surface ( f9e soil & wat] v lightly to settle ! se$s into ! soil4 ,a piece ( glass or a damp clo? may be spread ov] ! pot or box 9 :i* ! se$s are s[n1 to rema9 until ! se$s are up4 ,always keep ! soil damp1 b n wet4 ,:5 ! se$l+s are l>ge en\gh to repot1 !y %\ld be pott$ s+ly 9 #b-or #c-;in* pots4 ,be=e ! plants h become pot-b\nd1 !y %\ld aga9 be repott$ into l>g] pots1 until !y are 9 at lea/ #f-;in* pots 9 :i* to bloom4 ,9 all ?is "t1 !y %\ld be gr[n cool &1 if n possible to fumigate !m ) tobacco1 ! pots %\ld /& on tobacco /ems1 :i* %\ld be moi/ at all times4 ,! g5]al practice1 9 ord] to h bu%y plants1 is to p9* out ! c5t] :5 ! fl[]-buds %[1 caus+ ! lat]al bran*es to />t1 :i* !y are sl[ to d if ! c5tral /em is all[$ to gr[4 ,plants bloom b once4 ,clematis4--,"o ( ! be/ ( woody climb+ v9es1 ! common ,c4 ,flammula1 ,virg9iana1 paniculata & o!rs be+ us$ frequ5tly to cov] division walls or f5ces1 gr[+ ye> aft] ye> )\t any c>e & produc+ quantities ( fl[]s4 ,c4 paniculata is n[ plant$ v ext5sively4 ,! panicles ( />-%ap$ fl[]s entirely cov] ! v9e & h a pleasant fragrance4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ ( all fall-fl[]+ v9es1 & h>dy nor?2 cl+s well to a *ick5-wire trellis4 ,! l>ge-fl[]$ section1 ( :i* ,jackmani is p]haps ! be/ kn[n1 is v popul> = pill> or por* climb]s4 ,! fl[]s ( ?is section are l>ge & %[y1 runn+ f pure :ite1 ?r\gh blue1 to sc>let4 ,( ?is class1 a s]viceable purple is ,jackmani2 :ite1 ,h5ryi 7,fig4 #bff72 blue1 ,ramona2 crimson1 ,madame ,e4 ,&r4 ,a deep1 mell[1 f]tile soil1 naturally moi/1 w suit ! requirem5ts ( clematis4 ,9 dry times apply wat] freely1 p>ticul>ly = ! l>ge-fl[]$ k9ds4 ,also provide trellis or o!r support z soon z !y beg9 to run4 ,clematis usually blooms on ! wood ( ! season3 !re=e prune 9 w9t] or e>ly spr+1 9 ord] to secure /rong new fl[]+ %oots4 ,! l>ge-fl[]$ k9ds %\ld be cut back to ! gr\nd ea* ye>2 "s o!r k9ds may be simil>ly treat$ unless !y are want$ = p]man5t b[]s4 ,! clematis root disease is ! depr$ation ( a nematode or eel-worm4 ,x is seldom tr\blesome 9 gr\nd t ?or\ghly freezes1 & ?is may be ! reason :y x s (t5 fails :5 plant$ aga9/ build+s4 ,coleus4--,! commone/ 8foliage plant0 9 w9d[-g>d5s4 ,x 0 us$ v ext5sively at "o "t 9 ornam5tal b$d+ & ribbon bord]s1 b ow+ to its be+ t5d] has lo/ 9 favor1 & its place is l>gely tak5 by o!r plants4 ,coleus is gr[n ) ! greate/ ease f cutt+s or slips4 ,take cutt+s only f vigor\s & heal?y plants4 ,x may also be gr[n f se$1 al?\gh ! types h n become fix$1 & a l>ge numb] ( diff]5tly m>k$ plants may be _h f ! same packet4 ,?is w\ld n be a drawback 9 ! w9d[-g>d51 unless a uni=m effect is desir$2 9 fact1 ! be/ results are (t5 secur$ f se$s4 ,s[ ! se$ 9 g5tle heat 9 ,m>*4 ,gr[ new plants ea* ye>1 & ?r[ ! old ones away4 ,crocus 7see ,bulbs74--,crocus is "o ( ! be/ ( spr+ bulbs1 easily gr[n & giv+ good satisfaction ei!r 9 ! bord] or scatt]$ ?r\gh ! lawn4 ,!y are also =c$ = w9t] 7see p4 #cde74 ,!y are s *eap & la/+ t !y may be us$ 9 quantity4 ,a bord] ( crocuses along ! edges ( walks1 little clumps ( !m 9 ! lawn1 or masses 9 a b$1 give ! fir/ t\* ( color z ! spr+ op5s4 ,a s&y soil suits ! crocus admirably4 ,plant 9 ! fall1 9 ! op51 #c to #d in*es deep4 ,:5 !y %[ signs ( fail+1 take up ! bulbs & reset !m4 ,!y t5d to rise out ( ! gr\nd1 because ! new bulb or corm =ms on ! top ( ! old "o4 ,!y run out on lawns 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,if be/ results are desir$1 x is well to r5ew ! b$ occasionally by buy+ new bulbs4 ,crocus b$s may be fill$ lat] 9 ! season ) quick-gr[+ annuals4 ,x is important t only ! be/ fl[]+ bulbs be secur$4 ,!y may be =c$ ) ease1 plant$ 9 pots or %all[ boxes1 put away 9 a cool place & br\ght into ! h\se at any "t ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,a l[ temp]ature w br+ !m into bloom 9 p]fection 9 ab\t f\r weeks f ! "t !y are br\ght 94 ,!y c be _h 9 ! w9d[-g>d5 9 ?is way1 op5+ 9 ! sun%9e4 ,croton4--,"u ?is "n _m v>ieties & s-call$ species ( ,codium are gr[n = cons]vatory decoration1 & latt]ly = foliage b$d+ 9 ! op54 ,! colors & %apes ( ! leaves are v v>i\s & attractive4 ,! crotons make good w9d[-g>d5 subjects1 al?\gh !y are v liable to ! attack ( ! mealy bug4 ,! plants %\ld be giv5 an abundance ( light 9 ord] to br+ out _! f9e colors2 b x is usually advisable to scre5 !m f ! direct rays ( ! sun :5 !y are gr[n "u glass4 ,if ! r$ spid] or ! mealy bug attack !m1 !y may be syr+$ ) tobacco wat]4 ,plants t are propagat$ indoors 9 w9t] may be mass$ 9 b$s out ( doors 9 summ]1 :]e !y make v /rik+ effects4 ,give !m /rong deep soil1 & be sure t !y are syr+$ frequ5tly en\gh on ! und]side ( ! leaves to keep d[n ! r$ spid]4 ,if ! plants h be5 gradually subject$ to /rong light be=e !y are tak5 out ( doors1 !y w /& ! full sunlight & w develop _! ri* colors to p]fection4 ,9 ! fall !y may be tak5 up1 cut back1 & us$ = w9d[-g>d5 or cons]vatory subjects4 ,crotons are %rubs or small trees1 & !y may be transf]r$ into l>ge pots or tubs & gr[n into l>ge tree-l specim5s4 ,old & scraggly specim5s %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,crotons are propagat$ readily by cutt+s ( half-rip5$ wood any "t 9 w9t] or spr+4 ,cyclam54--,a t5d] gre5h\se tub]\s plant1 sometimes se5 9 ! w9d[-g>d54 ,! ,p]sian cyclam5 is be/ = ! h\se-g>d5] to gr[4 ,cyclam5s may be gr[n f se$ s[n 9 ,april or ,septemb] 9 soil conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( s& & leafmold4 ,if s[n 9 ,septemb]1 !y %\ld be w9t]$ 9 a coolh\se4 ,9 ,may !y %\ld be pott$ into l>g] pots & plac$ 9 a %ad$ frame1 & by ,july w h become l>ge en\gh = _! fl[]+ pot1 :i* %\ld be ei!r #e-;in* or #f-;in*4 ,!y %\ld be br\ght into ! h\se be=e dang] ( fro/1 & gr[n cool until ?r\gh fl[]+4 ,a temp]ature ( #ee suits !m :ile 9 fl[]4 ,aft] fl[]+1 !y w ne$ a re/ = a %ort "t1 b %\ld n become v dry1 or ! bulb w be injur$4 ,:5 !y />t into gr[?1 !y %\ld h ! old soil %ak5 (f & be pott$ into small] pots4 ,at no "t %\ld m ?an half ! tub] be "u ! soil4 ,april-s[n plants %\ld be simil>ly treat$4 ,cyclam5s %\ld bloom 9 ab\t fifte5 mon?s f se$4 ,! se$ g]m9ates v sl[ly4 ,tub]s l>ge en\gh to fl[] ! fir/ ye> may be pur*as$ f ! se$sm5 at mod]ate prices2 & unless "o has facilities = gr[+ ! se$l+s = a ye>1 pur*ase ( ! tub]s w give ! be/ satisfaction4 ,secure new tub]s1 = old ones are n s good4 ,! soil be/ suit$ to ! cyclam5 is "o conta9+ two p>ts leafmold1 "o "p ea* ( s& & loam4 ,dahlia is an old favorite :i*1 on acc\nt ( its =mal fl[]s1 has be5 9 disfavor = a few ye>s1 al?\gh x has always held a place 9 ! rural di/ricts4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ) ! adv5t ( ! cactus & semi-cactus types 7or loose-fl[]$ =ms71 & ! improvem5t ( ! s+les1 x aga9 has tak5 a front rank among late summ] fl[]s1 com+ 9 j 9 advance ( ! *rysan!mum4 ,,xviii4 ,cornfl[] or ba*elor's button4 ,c5taurea ,cyanus4 ,,xviii4 ,cornfl[] or ba*elor's button4 ,c5taurea ,cyanus4 ,! s+le v>ieties may be gr[n f se$1 b ! d\ble sorts %\ld be gr[n f cutt+s ( "y /ems or f division ( ! roots4 ,if cutt+s are to be made1 x w be necess>y to />t ! roots e>ly1 ei!r 9 a hotb$ or h\se4 ,:5 ! gr[?s h rea*$ #d or #e in*es1 !y may be cut f ! plant & root$ 9 s&4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to cut j bel[ a jo9t1 z a cutt+ made betwe5 two jo9ts w n =m tub]s4 ,! mo/ rapid me?od ( propagation ( nam$ v>ieties is to gr[ f cutt+s 9 ?is way4 ,9 gr[+ ! plants f roots1 ! be/ plan is to place ! :ole root 9 g5tle heat1 cov]+ slightly4 ,:5 ! "y gr[? has />t$1 ! roots may be tak5 up1 divid$1 & plant$ out #c to #d feet ap>t4 ,?is plan w insure a plant f ea* piece ( root1 :]eas if ! roots are divid$ :ile dormant1 !re is dang] ( n hav+ a bud at ! end ( ea* piece1 9 :i* case no gr[? w />t2 ! roots are sometimes cut into pieces :ile dormant1 h[ev]1 b "o %\ld be sure t a piece ( old /em ) bud is on ea* piece4 ,"o objection to ! old dahlia 0 its lat5ess ( bloom4 ,b by />t+ ! roots e>ly 9 a frame1 or 9 boxes t are cov]$ at night1 ! plants may be _h 9 fl[] sev]al weeks e>li] ?an usual4 ,!y may be />t$ 9 ,april1 or at lea/ ?ree weeks 9 advance ( plant+ "t4 ,little wat] w be requir$ till !y />t4 ,:5 !y beg9 %oot+ up1 ! plants %\ld h ! full sun1 & air1 on all mild days4 ,!y w !n make a sl[1 /urdy gr[?4 ,all =c+ %\ld be avoid$4 ,^! plants1 set out :5 !re is no long] dang] ( fro/1 & well wat]$ be=e completely cov]+ ! roots1 w gr[ "r on1 & (t5 beg9 bloom+ 9 ,july4 ,dormant roots may be set out 9 ,may4 ,! roots1 unless small1 %\ld be divid$ be=e plant+1 z a s+le /rong root is usually bett] ?an a :ole clump4 ,! roots ( all b ! ,dw>f %\ld be set ab\t #c feet ap>t1 9 r[s4 ,9 poor soils none b ! fir/ class w ne$ /akes4 ,! dahlia fl\ri%es be/ 9 a deep1 loose1 moi/ soil2 v good results c be _h on s&y soil1 provid$ plant-food & moi/ure are furni%$4 ,clay %\ld be avoid$4 ,if ! gr\nd is too /rong1 !y w probably bloom too late = ! nor!rn latitudes4 ,if ! plants are to be gr[n )\t /akes1 ! c5t] ( ea* plant %\ld be p9*$ out aft] mak+ two or ?ree jo9ts4 ,by do+ ?is ! lat]al bran*es w />t ne> ! gr\nd & be /iff en\gh to )/& ! w9ds4 ,9 mo/ home g>d5s ! plants are all[$ to rea* _! full height1 & are ti$ to /akes if necess>y4 ,! tall k9ds rea* a height ( #e to #h ft4 ,dahlias are v susceptible to fro/4 ,aft] ! fir/ fro/1 lift ! roots1 let !m dry 9 ! sun1 %ake (f ! dirt1 trim (f tops & brok5 p>ts1 & /ore !m 9 a cell>1 z = potatoes4 ,!y may be plac$ 9 b>rels ( s&1 if ! op5 cell> is n usable4 ,cannas may be /or$ 9 ! same place4 ,! tree dahlia 7,d4 excelsa1 b cultivat$ z ,d4 arborea7 is gr[n m or less f> ,s\? & 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x has n be5 mu* improv$4 ,f]ns4--,! native f]ns transplant easily to ! g>d51 & !y make an attractive addition to ! side ( a h\se1 or z an admixture 9 a h>dy bord]4 ,! o/ri*1 c9namon1 & royal f]ns are ! be/ subjects4 ,give all outdoor f]ns a place t is protect$ f w9ds1 o!rwise !y w %rivel & p]haps die4 ,scre5 !m f ! hot sun1 or give !m ! %ady side ( ! build+4 ,see t ! soil is uni=mly moi/1 & t x does n get too hot4 ,mul* ) leafmold 9 ! fall4 ,x is n difficult to colonize _m ( ! native f]ns 9 %ady & protect$ places :]e trees d n sap all ! /r5g? f ! gr\nd4 ,probably ! "o f]n gr[n mo/ ext5sively z a h\se-plant is ! small-leav$ maid5hair f]n 7or ,adiantum gracillimum74 ,?is & o!r species are among ! f9e/ ( h\se plants1 :5 suffici5t moi/ure c be giv54 ,!y make f9e specim5s z well z s]v+ ! purpose ( gre5]y = cut fl[]s4 ,o!r species (t5 gr[n = h\se plants are ,a4 cuneatum & ,a4 ,capillus-,v5]is4 ,all ^! d well 9 a mixture ( fibr\s sod1 loam1 & s&1 ) ample dra9age mat]ial4 ,!y may be divid$ if an increase is want$4 ,ano!r f]n = h\se culture is ,nephrolepsis exaltata4 ,?is is no d\bt ! mo/ easily gr[n ( ! li/1 fl\ri%+ 9 a sitt+-room4 ,a v>iety ( ,n4 exaltata1 call$ ! ,bo/on f]n1 is a decid$ addition to ?is gr\p1 hav+ a droop+ habit1 cov]+ ! pot & mak+ a f9e /& or bracket plant2 & !re are n[ sev]al o!r =ms ( x suitable = ! be/ w9d[-g>d5s4 ,sev]al species ( pt]is1 especially ,p4 s]rulata1 are valuable h\se f]ns b require a w>m] place ?an ^? m5tion$ above4 ,!y w also ?rive bett] 9 a %ady or ill-light$ corn]4 ,p]fect dra9age & c>e 9 wat]+ h m to d ) ! successful gr[+ ( f]ns ?an any special mixture ( soils4 ,if ! dra9age mat]ial 9 ! bottom ( ! pot or box is suffici5t1 !re is little dang] ( ov]wat]+2 b wat]-logg$ soil is always to be avoid$4 ,d n use clay soils4 ,f]ns ne$ protection f ! direct sun%9e1 & also a moi/ atmosph]e4 ,!y ?rive well 9 a close glass box1 or w9d[-g>d51 if ! conditions c be kept equable4 ,freesia4--,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ easily h&l$ t5d] w9t]-fl[]+ bulbs2 height #ab or #ae in*es4 ,! :ite =m 7,freesia refracta alba7 is ! be/4 ,! :ite or yell[i% bell-%ap$ fl[]s ( freesia are produc$ on sl5d] /alks j above ! foliage1 to ! numb] ( six to eight 9 a clu/]4 ,!y are v fragrant1 & la/ = a consid]able "t :5 pick$4 ,! bulbs are small1 & look z ?\gh !y c\ld n produce a gr[? ( foliage & fl[]s1 b ev5 ! smalle/ mature bulb w prove satisfactory4 ,sev]al bulbs %\ld be plant$ toge!r 9 a pot1 box1 or pan1 9 ,octob]1 if want$ = ! holidays1 or lat] if want$ at ,ea/]4 ,! plants bloom f t5 to twelve weeks f plant+1 "u ord9>y c>e4 ,no special treatm5t is requir$2 keep ! plants cool & moi/ ?r\gh ! gr[+ season4 ,! soil %\ld conta9 a little s& mix$ ) fibr\s loam1 & ! pot %\ld be well dra9$4 ,aft] fl[]+1 gradually )hold wat] & ! tops w die d[n1 aft] :i* ! roots may be %ak5 out & re/$ until "t to plant 9 fall4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep !m p]fectly dry4 ,! bulbs increase rapidly f (fsets4 ,plants may also be gr[n f se$1 :i* %\ld be s[n z soon z ripe1 giv+ bloom+ plants ! second or ?ird ye>4 ,fu*sia4--,well-kn[n w9d[ or gre5h\se %rub1 treat$ z an h]bace\s subject2 _m int]e/+ =ms2 late w9t]1 spr+ & summ]4 ,fu*sia is readily gr[n f cutt+s4 ,s(t gre5 wood %\ld be us$ = cutt+s1 & x w root 9 ab\t ?ree weeks1 :5 ! cutt+s %\ld be pott$4 ,take c>e n to h !m pot-b\nd :ile 9 gr[?1 b d n ov]pot :5 bloom is want$4 ,giv5 w>m? & good soil1 !y w make f9e plants 9 ?ree mon?s or less4 ,9 well-protect$1 p>tially %ady places !y may be plant$ out1 gr[+ into m9iature bu%es by fall4 ,plants may be kept on f ye> to ye>2 & if ! bran*es are well cut back aft] bloom+1 abundant new bloom w come4 ,b x is usually be/ to make new plants ea* ye> f cutt+s1 s9ce "y plants commonly bloom mo/ pr(usely & dem& less c>e4 ,fu*sias are among/ ! be/ ( w9d[ subjects4 ,g]anium4--,:at are commonly kn[n z g]aniums are1 /rictly speak+1 pel>goniums4 7,see ,pel>gonium47 ,! true g]aniums are mo/ly h>dy p]5nials1 & !re=e %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! t5d] pel>goniums4 ,g]aniums are wor?y a place 9 a bord]4 ,!y may be transplant$ e>ly 9 ! spr+1 sett+ !m #b ft4 ap>t4 ,height #aj to #ab 94 ,! common wild cranesbill 7,g]anium maculatum7 improves "u cultivation1 & is an attractive plant :5 x /&s 9 front ( tall] foliage4 ,gladiolus4--,( summ] & fall-bloom+ bulb\s plants1 gladiolus is probably ! mo/ widely popul>4 ,! colors range f sc>let & purple1 to :ite1 rose1 & pure yell[4 ,! plants are ( sl5d]1 erect habit1 gr[+ f #b to #c feet high4 ,gladioli dislike a heavy clay soil4 ,a light loam or s&y soil suits !m be/4 ,no fre% manure %\ld be add$ to ! soil ! ye> 9 :i* !y are gr[n4 ,!y %\ld h a new place e ye>1 if possible1 & always an op5 sunny situation4 ,! corms may be cov]$ #b in*es deep 9 heavy soils1 & #d to #f 9 light soils4 ,!y may /& #h to #aj in*es ap>t1 or half ?is di/ance = mass effects4 ,= a succession1 !y may be plant$ at %ort int]vals1 ! e>lie/ plant+ be+ ( small] corms 9 ! e>ly spr+ z soon z ! soil is dry en\gh to "w2 lat] ! l>g] are to be plant$--! la/ sett+ be+ n lat] ?an ! ,f\r? ( ,july4 ,?is la/ plant+ w af=d f9e late fl[]s4 ,! plants %\ld be support$ by inconspicu\s /akes4 ,! successive plant+s may be 9 ! same b$ among ^? set e>li]1 or !y may be gr\p$ 9 unoccupi$ nooks1 or portions ( ! bord]4 ,! plants may /& z close z #f in*es f ea* o!r4 ,! e>li] plant+ may be a foot ap>t to admit ( lat] sett+s betwe54 ,late 9 ! fall1 aft] fro/s & be=e freez+1 ! corms are to be dug1 clean$1 & dri$ 9 ! sun & air = a few h\rs & !n /or$ away 9 boxes ab\t #b-a_/b in*es deep 9 a cool1 d>k1 & dry place4 ,! tops %\ld be left on1 at lea/ till completely %rivel$4 ,! v>ieties are p]petuat$ & multipli$ by ! little corms t appe> ab\t ! base ( ! l>ge new corm :i* is =m$ ea* ye>4 ,^! small corms may be tak5 (f 9 ! spr+ & s[n ?ickly 9 drills4 ,_m ( !m w make fl[]+ plants by ! second season4 ,!y are treat$ l ! l>ge corms1 9 ! fall4 ,gladioli are easily gr[n f se$ also1 b ?is me?od _c be dep5d$ on to p]petuate desirable v>ieties1 :i* c be reproduc$ only by ! cormels4 ,"s ( ! be/ fl[]s may be cross-poll9at$1 or all[$ to =m se$ 9 ! usual mann]2 ! se$ s[n ?ickly 9 drills1 & %ad$ till ! plantlets appe>1 !n c>efully cultivat$1 w af=d a crop ( small corms 9 ! fall4 ,^! may be /or$ = ! w9t]1 l ! o!r "y corms1 &1 l !m1 _m w fl[] ! second season1 af=d+ a great v>iety & q likely "s new & /rik+ k9ds4 ,^? t d n fl[] %\ld be res]v$ = fur!r trial4 ,!y (t5 prove f9] ?an ^? fir/ to fl[]4 ,e>ly-fl[]+ v>ieties ( gladioli may be =c$ = late w9t] or spr+ bloom4 ,= b\quets1 cut ! spike :5 ! l[] fl[]s op52 keep 9 fre% wat]1 cut (f ! end ( ! /em frequ5tly1 & ! o!r fl[]s w exp&4 ,glox9ia4--,*oice gre5h\se tub]\s-root$1 spr+ & summ]-bloom+ p]5nials1 sometimes se5 9 w9d[-g>d5s1 b really n adapt$ to !m1 al?\gh "s skillful h\se-g>d5]s gr[ !m successfully4 ,glox9ias mu/ h a uni=m moi/ & w>m atmosph]e & protection f ! sun4 ,!y w n /& abuse or v>y+ conditions4 ,propagat$ (t5 by leaf-cutt+s1 :i* %\ld give fl[]+ plants 9 "o ye>4 ,f ! leaf1 ins]t$ half its l5g? 9 ! soil 7or sometimes only ! petiole ins]t$7 a tub] arises4 ,?is tub]1 aft] re/+ until midw9t] or lat]1 is plant$1 & fl[]+ plants soon arise4 ,glox9ias also gr[ readily f se$s1 :i* may be g]m9at$ 9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj4 ,fl[]+ plants may be _h 9 ,augu/ if se$s are s[n 9 late w9t]1 say 9 e>ly ,febru>y4 ,?is is ! usual me?od4 ,aft] ! bloom is pa/1 ! tub] is p>tially dri$ (f & kept dormant till ! foll[+ season4 ,x w usually %[ signs ( activity 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 :5 x may be %ak5 out ( ! old e>? & a little wat] may !n be appli$ & ! am\nt increas$ till ! plant is 9 bloom4 ,! same tub]s may be bloom$ sev]al times4 ,success 9 ! gr[+ ( glox9ias is l>gely a matt] ( prop] wat]+4 ,keep ! dormant tub] j dry en\gh to prev5t %rivel+1 nev] try+ to =ce x ahead ( its "t4 ,avoid wett+ ! leaves4 ,protect f direct sunlight4 ,protect f draughts on ! plants4 ,grevillea4--,! 8%e oak10 v graceful gre5h\se plant1 suitable also = h\se culture4 ,! plants gr[ freely f se$1 & until !y become too l>ge are z decorative z f]ns4 ,grevilleas are really trees1 & are valuable 9 gre5h\ses & rooms only 9 _! "y /ate4 ,!y )/& mu* abuse4 ,!y are n[ v popul> z j>d9ire subjects4 ,se$s s[n 9 spr+ w give h&some plants by ! next w9t]4 ,disc>d ! plants z soon z !y become ragg$4 ,hollyhocks4--,^! old g>d5 favorites h be5 neglect$ ( late ye>s1 prim>ily because ! hollyhock ru/ has be5 s preval5t1 de/roy+ ! plants or mak+ !m unsightly4 ,_! culture is v simple4 ,! se$ is usually s[n 9 ,july or ,augu/1 & ! plants set :]e want$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,!y w bloom ! same ye> 9 :i* !y are transplant$--! ye> foll[+ ! se$-s[+4 ,new plants %\ld be set e two ye>s1 z ! old cr[ns are likely to rot or die aft] ! fir/ fl[]+1 or at lea/ to become weak4 ,hyac9?s 7see ,bulbs7 are popul> spr+-fl[]+ bulbs4 ,hyac9?s are h>dy1 b !y are (t5 us$ z w9d[ or gre5h\se plants4 ,!y are easy to gr[ & v satisfactory 7,fig4 #bfb74 ,= w9t] fl[]+1 ! bulbs %\ld be procur$ e>ly 9 ! fall1 pott$ 9 ,octob] 9 soil compos$ ( loam1 leafmold1 & s&4 ,if ord9>y fl[]-pots are us$1 put 9 ! bottom a few pieces ( brok5 pots1 *>coal1 or small /ones = dra9age2 !n fill ! pot ) dirt1 s t :5 ! bulb is plant$1 ! top w be on a level ) ! rim ( ! pot4 ,fill 9 ar\nd ! bulb ) soil1 leav+ j ! tip %[+4 ,^! pots ( bulbs %\ld be plac$ 9 a cold pit1 cell> or on ! %ady side ( a build+4 ,9 all cases1 plunge ! pot 9 "s cool mat]ial 7z c9d]s74 ,be=e ! wea!r becomes cold en\gh to freeze a cru/ on ! gr\nd1 ! pots %\ld h a protection ( /raw or leaves to keep ! bulbs f sev]e freez+4 ,9 ab\t six to eight weeks ! bulbs %\ld h made roots en\gh to gr[ ! plant1 & ! pots may be plac$ 9 a cool room = a %ort "t4 ,:5 ! plants h />t$ into gr[?1 !y may be plac$ 9 a w>m] situation4 ,wat]+ %\ld be c>efully att5d$ to f ?is "t1 & :5 ! plant is 9 bloom1 ! pot may be set 9 a sauc] or o!r %all[ di% conta9+ wat]4 ,aft] fl[]+1 ! bulbs may be rip5$ by gradually )hold+ wat] until ! leaves die4 ,!y may !n be plant$ out 9 ! bord]1 :]e !y w bloom ea* spr+ = a numb] ( ye>s1 b w nev] prove satisfactory = =c+ aga94 ,! op5-gr\nd culture ( hyac9?s is ! same z = tulips & o!r ,holl& bulbs4 ,! hyac9? is ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,dut* bulbs = gr[+ 9 vases ( wat]4 ,! n>cissus may be gr[n 9 wat]1 & d j z well1 b x is n z attractive 9 glasses z ! hyac9?4 ,glasses = hyac9?s may be _h ( flori/s :o deal 9 supplies1 & 9 v>i\s %apes & colors4 ,! usual =m is tall & n>r[1 ) a cup-l m\? to receive ! bulb4 ,!y are fill$ ) wat]1 s t x w j rea* ! base ( ! bulb :5 plac$ 9 position 9 ! cup or %\ld] above4 ,! vessels ( d>k-color$ glass are pref]able to ^? ( cle> glass1 z roots pref] d>kness4 ,:5 ! glasses h be5 fill$1 !y are set away 9 a cool1 d>k place1 :]e roots w =m1 z 9 pott$ bulbs4 ,results are usually secur$ e>li] 9 wat] ?an 9 soil4 ,to keep ! wat] sweet1 a few lumps ( *>coal may be put 9 ! glass4 ,z ! wat] evaporates1 add fre%2 add en\gh s t x runs ov]1 & !reby r5ews t 9 ! glass4 ,d n di/urb ! roots by tak+ out ! bulb4 ,iris includes _m h&some p]5nials1 ( :i* ! blue flag is famili> to e old-fa%ion$ g>d54 ,!y are favorites ev]y:]e1 = _! brilliant spr+ & summ] bloom2 & !y are easy to gr[4 ,mo/ irises ?rive be/ 9 a r moi/ soil1 & "s ( !m may be coloniz$ 9 ! wat] 9 m>g9s ( ponds4 ,g>d5]s usually divide !m into two sections--! tub]\s-root$ or rhizomat\s1 & ! bulb\s4 ,a ?ird division--! fibr\s-root$--is sometimes made4 ,! common & mo/ s]viceable species belong to ! tub]\s-root$ section4 ,"h is ! beautiful & v>i$ ,japanese iris1 ,iris lvigata 7or ,i4 ,kmpf]i71 :i* is among ! mo/ des]v+ ( all h>dy p]5nials4 ,mo/ ( ^! irises ne$ no special c>e4 ,!y are propagat$ by division ( ! root/ocks4 ,plant ! pieces "o foot ap>t if a mass effect is desir$4 ,:5 ! plants beg9 to fail1 dig !m up1 divide ! roots1 disc>d ! old p>ts1 & gr[ a new /ock1 z be=e4 ,! ,japanese iris ne$s mu* wat] & a v ri* soil4 ,readily gr[n f se$s1 giv+ bloom ! second ye>4 ,i ,susiana1 ( ?is section1 is "o ( ! odde/ ( irises1 b x is n q h>dy 9 ! ,nor?4 ,( ! bulb\s section1 mo/ species are n h>dy f> ,nor?4 ,! bulbs %\ld be tak5 up & replant$ e two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,p]sian & ,spani% irises belong "h4 ,! bulbs give rise to b a s+le /em4 ,lily4--,"u ?is "n are includ$ bulb\s plants ( _m k9ds1 n all ( !m be+ true lilies4 ,x has be5 said ( ?is family ( plants t x has no 8poor relations10 ea* ( !m be+ p]fect 9 itself4 ,_m ( ! *oice/ k9ds are comp>atively unkn[n1 al?\gh easy to cultivate4 ,9 fact1 all ( ! lilies may be gr[n ) comp>ative ease 9 regions :]e ! giv5 species are h>dy4 ,a light1 f]tile1 well-dra9$ soil1 mell[ to ! dep? ( at lea/ "o foot1 a h&ful ( s& "u ea* bulb if ! soil is incl9$ to be /iff1 & plant+ s t ! cr[n ( ! bulb w be at lea/ #d in*es bel[ ! surface1 are ! g5]al requirem5ts4 ,"o exception to ! dep? ( plant+ is ,lilium auratum1 or gold5-b&$ lily4 ,?is %\ld be plant$ deep]--f #h to #ab in*es bel[ ! surface--z ! new bulbs =m ov] ! old "o & soon br+ ! bulbs to ! surface if !y are n plant$ deep4 ,deep work+ ( ! gr\nd is always desirable2 #ah in*es1 or ev5 #b feet1 w be none too deep4 ,l4 c&idum & ,l4 te/aceum %\ld be plant$ 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 if possible2 b usually lilies are plant$ 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,= all lilies x is saf] to provide good w9t] protection 9 ! =m ( a mul* ( leaves or manure1 & ext5d+ beyond ! bord]s ( ! plant+4 ,?is %\ld be #e in*es to a foot deep1 accord+ to ! latitude or locality4 ,:ile mo/ lilies pr(it by p>tial %ade 7except ,l4 c&idum71 !y %\ld nev] be plant$ ne> or "u trees4 ,! %ade or protection ( tall-gr[+ h]bace\s plants is suffici5t4 ,9 fact1 ! be/ results1 bo? z to gr[? & effect1 may be secur$ by plant+ among/ l[ %rubb]y or bord] plants4 ,mo/ k9ds are ! bett] = rema9+ undi/urb$ = a numb] ( ye>s2 b if !y are to be tak5 up & divid$1 or mov$ to o!r qu>t]s1 !y %\ld n be all[$ to become dry4 ,! small bulbs1 or (fsets1 may be plant$ 9 ! bord]1 & if protect$1 w gr[ to fl[]+ size 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,9 tak+ up bulbs = division x is be/ to d s soon aft] ! tops die aft] bloom+4 ,at lea/ ?is %\ld be done e>ly 9 ! fall1 n lat] ?an ,octob]1 giv+ ! plants a *ance to become e/abli%$ be=e freez+ wea!r4 ,z pot-plants "s k9ds ( lilies are v satisfactory1 especially ^? t may be =c$ into bloom ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! be/ k9ds = ?is purpose are ,l4 ,h>risii 7,ea/] lily71 ,l4 longiflorum1 & ,l4 c&idum4 ,o!rs may be =c$ ) success1 b ^! are ! ones mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,! w9t] culture = =c+ is practically ! same z = hyac9?s 9 pots4 ,"s ( ! be/ k9ds ( lilies are m5tion$ bel[3-- ,l4 c&idum 7,annunciation lily74 ,:ite2 #c to #d feet high2 x makes an autumn gr[?1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be plant$ 9 ,augu/2 set ! bulbs f #d to #f in*es deep4 ,l4 speciosum 7,l4 lancifolium71 v>4 prcox4 ,:ite1 t+$ ) p9k2 be>s sev]al fl[]s on a /em ab\t #c feet high4 ,l4 speciosum1 v>4 rubrum4 ,rose color1 spott$ ) r$4 ,l4 ,br[nii4 ,fl[]s :ite inside1 *ocolate-color$ outside2 ! /ems gr[ ab\t #c feet high1 be>+ f #b to #d tubul> fl[]s2 n difficult to manage ) good protection & dra9age2 ! bulbs are impati5t ( be+ kept long out ( ! gr\nd2 aft] plant+1 !y %\ld n be di/urb$ z long z !y fl[] well4 ,l4 maculatum 7,l4 ,hansoni74 ,d>k yell[2 /ems #c-d feet high1 ea* produc+ #f to #ab fl[]s4 ,l4 te/aceum 7,l4 excelsum1 ,l4 ,isabell9um74 ,ri* buff color1 ) delicate spots2 plants ab\t #c to #e feet high1 ) #c to a doz5 fl[]s on a /em2 plant ! bulbs 9 ,septemb]4 ,l4 longiflorum4 ,:ite2 l>ge tubul> fl[]s1 #b to #h on a /em2 height1 ab\t #b-a_/b feet4 ,l4 ,batemanniae 7a =m ( ,l4 elegans74 ,apricot yell[2 #f to #ab fl[]s on /ems #c to #d feet high4 ,l4 auratum 7,japanese gold-b&$ lily74 ,imm5se :ite fl[]s b&$ ) yell[ & dott$ ) r$ or purple1 f #c to #ab on a /em2 height1 #c to #d feet2 ! bulbs ne$ ?or\gh protection1 good dra9age1 & %\ld be plant$ #aj or #ab in*es deep 7,fig4 #beh74 ,l4 tigr9um 7,tig] lily74 ,an old favorite1 ) _m droop+ bright r$ spott$ fl[]s2 v>4 spl5d5s is specially good2 #c to #e ft4 ,l4 t5uifolium4 ,ri* sc>let fl[]s nodd+ 9 a raceme or panicle2 #a-a_/b to #b ft4 ,l4 ,maxim[iczii 7,l4 ,lei*tl9ii74 ,fl[]s cle> yell[1 ) small1 d>k spots1 #aj to #ab on a /em2 height1 #d feet4 ,l4 monadelphum4 ,yell[ tubul>-%ap$ fl[]s 9 clu/]s ( #f to a doz5 or m2 /ems #b-a_/b feet tall4 ,l4 elegans 7,l4 ,?unb]gianum71 v>4 ,alice ,wilson4 ,lemon-yell[2 /ems #b feet high1 be>+ #b to #h fl[]s4 ,l4 elegans1 v>4 fulg5s atrosangu9eum4 ,d>k crimson2 height1 #a foot4 ,lily-(-!-valley4--,a p]fectly h>dy little p]5nial1 be>+ racemes ( small1 :ite1 bell-%ap$ fl[]s 9 e>ly spr+2 & also mu* =c$ by flori/s4 ,= ord9>y cultivation1 sods or mats ( roots may be dug f any place 9 :i* ! plant is coloniz$4 ,usually x ?rives be/ 9 p>tial %ade2 & ! leaves make an attractive mat on ! nor? side ( a build+1 or o!r %ady place1 9 :i* grass w n gr[4 ,! plants w take c>e ( !mselves ye> aft] ye>4 ,bett] results may be expect$ f good comm]cial roots4 ,! 8pips0 may be plant$ any "t f ,novemb] on1 f #c to #f in*es ap>t4 ,= =c+ indoors1 import$ roots or 8pips0 are us$1 z ! plants are gr[n = ?is p>ticul> purpose 9 p>ts ( ,europe4 ,^! roots may be plant$ 9 pots1 & treat$ z recomm5d$ = w9t]-fl[]+ bulbs4 ,flori/s =ce !m 9 great] heat1 h[ev]1 (t5 giv+ !m a bottom heat ( #hj or #ij2 b skill & exp]i5ce are requir$ 9 ord] to atta9 uni=mly good results 9 ?is case4 ,mignonette4--,probably no fl[] is m g5]ally gr[n = its fragrance ?an ! mignonette4 ,x is a half-h>dy annual1 ?riv+ ei!r 9 ! op5 or "u glass4 ,! mignonette ne$s a cool soil1 only mod]ately ri*1 %ade "p ( ! day1 & c>eful att5tion to cutt+ ! fl[]-/alks be=e ! se$s are ripe4 ,if a s[+ be made 9 late ,april1 foll[$ by a second s[+ 9 e>ly ,july1 ! season may be ext5d$ until sev]e fro/s4 ,!re are few fl[]s t w prove z disappo9t+ if ! simple treatm5t x ne$s is omitt$4 ,height1 #a to #b feet4 ,x may be s[n 9 pots late 9 summ] & be _h 9 ! h\se 9 w9t]4 ,moon-fl[]s are species ( ! morn+-glory family t op5 _! fl[]s at night4 ,a well-gr[n plant tra9$ ov] a por* trellis1 or all[$ to gr[ at r&om ov] a l[ tree or %rub1 is a /rik+ object :5 9 full fl[] at dusk or ?r\gh a moonlit ev5+4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn /ates 7:]e x is mu* gr[n7 ! moon-fl[] is a p]5nial1 b ev5 :5 well protect$ does n survive ! w9t]s 9 ! ,nor?4 ,cutt+s usually give be/ results 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates1 z ! seasons are n long en\gh = se$ plants to give good bloom4 ,cutt+s may be made be=e dang] ( fro/ & w9t]$ 9 ! h\se1 or ! plants may be gr[n f se$ s[n 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y4 ,se$s %\ld be scald$ or fil$ j be=e s[+4 ,! true moon-fl[] is ,ipoma ,bona-,nox :ite-fl[]$2 b !re are o!r k9ds t g "u ?is "n4 ,?is gr[s #bj to #cj feet :]e ! seasons are long en\gh4 ,n>cissus 7see ,bulbs74--,daffodils1 jonquils1 & ! poet's n>cissus all belong to ?is gr\p1 & _m ( !m are p]fectly h>dy4 ,! polyan?us section1 :i* includes ! ,pap]-:ite n>cissus & sacr$ lily or ,*9ese joss-fl[]1 are n h>dy except ) unusually good protection1 & are1 !re=e1 mo/ suitable = gr[+ indoors4 ,x is common to all[ ! h>dy sorts to take c>e ( !mselves :5 once plant$4 ,?is !y w d1 b mu* m satisfactory results w be _h by lift+ & divid+ ! clumps e ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,a s+le bulb 9 a few ye>s =ms a l>ge clump4 ,9 ?is condition ! bulbs are n prop]ly n\ri%$1 & consequ5tly d n fl[] well4 ,lift+ is pref]ably done 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 :5 ! foliage has di$ d[n & ! bulbs are ripe4 ,! n>cissi are well suit$ to p>tially %ad$ places1 & w gr[ & please :]ev] good ta/e may place !m4 ,!y %\ld be freely us$1 z !y are fragrant1 bright ( color1 & easily manag$--gr[+ among %rubb]y1 trees1 & 9 places :]e o!r fl[]s w\ld refuse to gr[4 ,!y %\ld be plant$ 9 clumps or masses1 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]1 sett+ ! bulbs #e to #h in*es ap>t1 accord+ to size1 & #c or #d in*es deep4 ,sev]al species & numb]less v>ieties1 bo? d\ble & s+le1 are gr[n4 ,a few good types only c be m5tion$ 7,fig4 #bfj73-- ,daffodils1 or ,trumpet n>cissus 7,n>cissus ,pseudo-,n>cissus & d]ivatives74 ,s+le-fl[]$1 ,yell[4--,gold5 ,spur1 ,trumpet ,major1 ,van ,sion4 ,:ite4--,albicans4 ,:ite & ,yell[4--,empress1 ,horsefieldi4 ,d\ble-fl[]+1 ,yell[4--,incomp>able fl4 pl41 ,van ,sion4 ,:ite4--,alba pl5a odorata4 ,poet's n>cissus 7,n4 poeticus74 ,fl[]s :ite1 ) yell[ cups edg$ crimson4 ,v fragrant4 ,jonquils 7,n4 ,jonquilla74 ,^! h v fragrant yell[ fl[]s1 bo? d\ble & s+le1 & are old g>d5 favorites4 ,polyan?us n>cissus 7,n4 ,tazetta74 ,^! include pap]-:ite1 ,*9ese sacr$ lily 7v>4 ori5talis71 & o!rs4 ,primrose ,pe]less 7,n4 biflorus74 ,n>cissi may be =c$ into fl[] ?r\gh ! w9t]1 z describ$ on p4 #cde4 ,a popul> k9d = w9t] bloom is ! s-call$ ,*9ese sacr$ lily4 ,?is gr[s 9 wat] )\t any soil :atev]4 ,secure a b[l or glass di%1 ab\t ?ree times ! size ( ! bulb2 put "s pretty /ones 9 ! bottom2 set 9 ! bulb & build up ar\nd x ) /ones s z to hold x /iff :5 ! leaves h gr[n2 tuck two or ?ree small pieces ( *>coal among ! /ones to keep ! wat] sweet1 !n fill up ! di% ) wat] & add a little e few days1 z x evaporates4 ,set ! di% 9 a w>m1 light place4 ,9 ab\t six weeks ! fragrant1 f9e :ite fl[]s w fill ! room ) p]fume4 ,! ,pap]-:ite1 closely alli$ to ?is1 is also =c$1 & is "o ( ! few good bulbs t may be bloom$ be=e ,*ri/mas4 ,! ,van ,sions1 s+le & d\ble 7a =m ( daffodil71 are also mu* =c$4 ,ole&]4--,an old favorite %rub = ! w9d[-g>d51 & mu* plant$ 9 ! op5 f> ,s\?4 ,:ile !re are _m nam$ v>ieties ( ! ole&]1 b two are (t5 se5 9 g5]al cultivation4 ,^! are ! common r$ & :ite v>ieties4 ,bo? ^!1 z well z ! nam$ v>ieties1 are ( easy managem5t & well adapt$ to home culture1 gr[+ 9 pots or tubs = sev]al ye>s )\t special c>e4 ,well-gr[n specim5s are v effective z por* or lawn plants1 or may be us$ to good advantage 9 mix$ b$s ( tall-gr[+ plants1 plung+ ! pot or tub to ! rim 9 ! soil4 ,! plants %\ld be cut back aft] fl[]+4 ,!y %\ld be re/$ 9 any out-(-!-way place ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,:5 br\ght out 9 ! spr+1 !y %\ld be giv5 sun & air 9 ord] to make a /urdy gr[?4 ,propagation is effect$ by us+ well-rip5$ wood = cutt+s1 plac$ 9 a close frame2 or ! slips may be root$ 9 a bottle or c ( wat]1 c>e be+ tak5 to supply wat] z evaporation takes place4 ,aft] be+ root$1 !y may be pott$1 us+ soil ) a l>ge proportion ( s&4 ,well-e/abli%$ plants may be repott$ 9 good loam & well-rott$ manure4 ,!y %\ld bloom ! second ye>4 ,oxalis4--,a numb] ( h>dy species ( oxalis are excell5t plants = rock-"w & edg+4 ,! gre5h\se species are v %[y1 gr[+ )\t extra c>e1 & bloom+ freely ?r\gh ! late w9t] & spr+ mon?s & "s ( !m make excell5t w9d[-g>d5+ subjects4 ,! h\se species are mo/ly increas$ by bulbs1 a few by division ( ! root4 ,o4 violacea is1 "o ( ! commone/ ( h\se-plants4 ,give a sunny w9d[1 = ! fl[]s op5 only 9 sun or v bright light4 ,! bulb\s 7tub]\s7 k9ds are treat$ mu* z recomm5d$ = ,bulbs1 except t ! bulbs mu/ n freeze4 ,! tub]s are />t$ 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] = w9t] bloom4 ,x is be/ to use deep pots1 or ! tub]s w ?r[ !mselves out4 ,! cr[n %\ld be ne> ! surface4 ,aft] fl[]+1 ! bulbs are dri$ (f & kept until new bloom is want$4 ,! 8,b]muda butt]cup0 is ,o4 lutea & ,o4 flava ( g>d5s 7prop]ly ,o4 c]nua72 x is a ,cape ( ,good ,hope species4 ,its culture is n peculi>4 ,palms4--,no m graceful plants = room decoration c be f\nd ?an well-gr[n specim5s ( "s species ( palms4 ,mo/ flori/s' palms are well adapt$ = ?is purpose :5 small1 & z ! gr[? is usually v sl[1 a plant may be us$ = _m ye>s4 ,palm plants ?rive be/ 9 p>tial %ade4 ,"o ( ! frequ5t causes ( failure 9 ! culture ( ! palm is ! ov]pott+ & subsequ5t ov]wat]+4 ,a palm %\ld n be repott$ until ! mass ( roots fills ! soil & pref]ably :5 x is active2 !n a pot only a size l>g] %\ld be us$4 ,use ample dra9age 9 ! bottom to c>ry (f excess ( wat]4 ,al?\gh ! plants ne$ a moi/ soil1 wat] /&+ at ! roots proves injuri\s4 ,)hold free use ( wat] :5 ! plants are p>tially dormant4 ,a soil compos$ ( well-rott$ sod1 leafmold1 & a little s& w meet ! requirem5ts4 ,"u ord9>y liv+-room conditions1 palms are subject to mu* abuse4 ,wat] is all[$ to /& 9 ! j>d9ire1 ! plant is kept 9 d>k corn]s & hallways1 ! air is dry1 & scale is all[$ to infe/ ! leaves4 ,if ! plant beg9s to fail1 ! h\sewife is likely to repot x or to give x m wat]1 bo? ( :i* may be wrong4 ,! addition ( bone-meal or o!r f]tiliz] may be bett] ?an repott+4 ,keep ! plant 9 good light 7b n 9 direct sunlight7 z mu* z possible4 ,sponge ! leaves to remove du/ & scale1 us+ soapsuds4 ,:5 a new leaf beg9s to appe>1 add bone-meal to make x gr[ vigor\sly4 ,among ! be/ palms = h\se culture are arecas1 ,cocos ,w$delliana1 latania1 k5tia1 h[ea1 c>yota1 *amrops1 & phnix4 ,cycas may also be reg>d$ z a palm4 ,! date palm may be gr[n f se$ ( ! common comm]cial date4 ,se$ ( ! o!r v>ieties may be pur*as$ f lead+ se$sm52 b1 z ! se$ g]m9ates only "u favorable conditions1 & ! palm is a v sl[-gr[+ plant :ile "y1 ! be/ plan is to pur*ase ! plants f a deal] :5 want$4 ,:5 ! plants become weak or diseas$1 take !m to a flori/ = treatm5t & recup]ation1 or pur*ase new ones4 ,sometimes ! flori/ places two or ?ree small palms 9 "o pot1 mak+ a v satisfactory table piece = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,x is well to set ! palms out ( doors 9 ! summ]1 plung+ ! pots ne>ly or q to ! rim4 ,turn or lift ! pots occasionally s t ! roots w n /rike ?r\gh into ! e>?4 ,*oose a p>tially %ad$ place1 :]e ! hot sun w n /rike !m directly & :]e ! w9d w n injure !m4 ,p&anus1 or screw p9e4--,! screw p9es are /iff-leav$ saw-edg$ plants (t5 gr[n 9 w9d[-g>d5s & us$ = por* decoration4 ,! ,p&anus utilis & ,p4 ,veit*ii 7! latt] /rip$-leav$ or :ite-leav$7 are exce$+ly ornam5tal1 & are well adapt$ to h\se culture4 ,! s+ul> habit ( gr[?1 bright glossy leaves1 & ! ability to )/& ! du/ & %ade ( a dwell+ room1 make !m a desirable addition to ! h\se collection4 ,!y are propagat$ by ! (fsets or "y plants t gr[ ar\nd ! base ( ! trunk2 or !y may be increas$ by se$4 ,if by ! =m] me?od1 ! (fsets %\ld be cut (f & set 9 s&1 at a temp]ature ( #fe or #gj4 ,! cutt+s root sl[ly & ! plants = a "t make v sl[ gr[?4 ,! g5]al cultural treatm5t is t ( palms4 ,give abundance ( wat] 9 summ]4 ,pansy 7,fig4 #bdd7 is )\t d\bt ! mo/ popul> h>dy spr+ fl[] 9 cultivation4 ,! /ra9s ( se$ are _m1 ea* conta9+ great possibilities4 ,! culture is simple & ! results are sure4 ,se$ s[n 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 9 boxes or a frame1 w make plants l>ge en\gh to reset 9 ,novemb] 7?ree or f\r in*es ap>t7 & bloom ! foll[+ ,m>*2 or !y may be left until ,m>* 9 op5 se$-b$s be=e sett+ out4 ,also1 if !y are s[n v ?9ly 9 ! frames1 !y may rema9 undi/urb$ ?r\gh ! w9t]1 bloom+ v e>ly ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! frames %\ld be protect$ by mats1 bo>ds1 or o!r cov]+ ?r\gh ! sev]e cold1 & z ! sun ga9s /r5g?1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep !m f heav+ by alt]nate ?aw+ & freez+4 ,se$ s[n 9 boxes 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y w make f9e bloom+ plants by ,april1 tak+ ! place ( ^? bloom+ e>li]4 ,! pansy is g5]ally m5tion$ ) plants suitable = p>tial %ade1 b x also ?rives 9 o!r localities1 especially :]e ! sun is n v hot nor ! wea!r v dry4 ,! requisites = satisfactory pansy culture are f]tile1 moi/1 cool soil1 protection f ! noonday sun1 & att5tion to keep+ plants f go+ to se$4 ,z ! gr\nd becomes w>m1 a mul* ( leafmold or o!r light mat]ial %\ld be spread ov] ! b$ to reta9 moi/ure & exclude heat4 ,spr+ & fall give ! be/ bloom4 ,9 hot summ] wea!r ! fl[]s become small4 ,pel>gonium4--,to ?is g5us belong ! plants kn[n z g]aniums--! mo/ satisfactory ( h\se-plants1 & ext5sively us$ z b$d+ plants4 ,no plants w give bett] returns 9 leaf & fl[]2 & ^! features1 add$ to ! ease ( propagation1 make !m g5]al favorites4 ,! common g]anium is "o ( ! few plants t c be bloom$ at any "t ( ! ye>4 ,!re are sev]al ma9 gr\ps ( pel>goniums1 z ! common 8fi% g]aniums0 7f ! odor ( ! foliage71 ! 8%[0 or ,lady ,wa%+ton pel>goniums1 ! ivy g]aniums1 ! ?9-leav$ b$d]s 7z ,madame ,sall]oi71 & ! 8rose0 g]aniums4 ,cutt+s ( p>tially rip5$ wood ( all pel>goniums root v easily1 gr[ to bloom+ size 9 a %ort "t1 &1 ei!r plant$ out or gr[n 9 a pot1 make f9e decorations4 ,! common or fi% g]aniums are mu* m satisfactory :5 n m ?an a ye> old4 ,take cutt+s f ! old plants at lea/ once a ye>4 ,9 f\r or five mon?s ! "y plants beg9 to bloom4 ,plants may be tak5 up f ! g>d5 & pott$1 b !y r>ely give z mu* satisfaction z "y1 vigor\s subjects2 new plants %\ld be gr[n e ye>4 ,repot frequ5tly until !y are 9 #d-to #e-;in* pots2 !n let !m bloom4 ,! %[ pel>goniums h b "o p]iod ( bloom1 usually 9 ,april1 b !y make up 9 size & color+4 ,?is section is m difficult to manage z h\se-plants ?an ! common g]anium1 ne$+ m direct light to keep x /ocky1 & be+ tr\bl$ by insects4 ,/ill1 all ! tr\ble tak5 to gr[ ! plants w be well repaid by ! h&some blossoms4 ,take cutt+s 9 late spr+1 aft] fl[]+1 & bloom+ plants may be _h ! foll[+ ye>4 ,good results are sometimes secur$ by keep+ ^! plants two or ?ree ye>s4 ,cut back aft] ea* bloom+ season4 ,= h\se culture ! g]aniums ne$ a f]tile1 fibr\s loam1 ) ! addition ( a little s&2 good dra9age is also an ess5tial4 ,peony4--,! h]bace\s peony has long _h a place 9 ! g>d52 x has n[ be5 mu* improv$ & con/itutes "o ( ! v be/ plants kn[n to cultivation4 ,x is p]fectly h>dy1 & free f ! _m diseases & insects t attack s _m plants4 ,x cont9ues to bloom ye> aft] ye> )\t r5ewal1 if ! soil is well prep>$ & f]tile4 ,fig4 #bej4 ,inasmu* z ! peony is su* a /rong gr[] & produces s _m enorm\s fl[]s1 x mu/ h a soil t c supply abundant plant-food & moi/ure4 ,! old-fa%ion$ s+le & semi-d\ble comp>atively small-fl[]$ k9ds w give good results 9 any ord9>y gr\nd1 b ! new] highly improv$ sorts mu/ be giv5 bett] treatm5t4 ,?is is "o ( ! plants t pr(it by a v ri* soil4 ,! place %\ld be v deeply pl[$ or else tr5*$2 & if ! l& is 9 sod or is n 9 good he>t1 ! prep>ation %\ld beg9 ! season be=e ! peonies are plant$4 ,a deep moi/ loam suits !m be/2 & z ! plants gr[ & bloom1 add bone meal & top-dress ) manure4 ,:5 mak+ _! gr[? & :5 9 bloom1 !y %\ld n be all[$ to want = wat]4 ,9 pur*as+ peony roots1 be c>eful to secure only well-gr[n & select$ /ock4 ,*eap /ock1 job lots1 & odds & ends are likely to be v disappo9t+4 ,! plants may be set 9 fall or spr+1 ! latt] be+ pref]able 9 ! ,nor?4 ,cov] ! cr[n bud #b or #c in*es1 be+ c>eful n to injure x4 ,if ! be/ blooms are desir$1 give pl5ty ( room1 z mu* z #c x #d feet4 ,peonies gr[ #b to #c feet or ev5 m 9 height4 ,/rong roots ( "s v>ieties w give bloom ! fir/ ye>2 consid]able bloom w come ! second ye>2 b ! full bloom on mo/ v>ieties %\ld n be expect$ be=e ! ?ird ye>4 ,! fl[]s may be bright5$ & _! duration prolong$ by p>tial %ade :ile 9 bloom4 ,if old plants become weak1 or if !y drop _! buds1 dig !m up & see :e!r ! roots are n m or less dead & decay$2 divide to fre% p>ts & replant 9 well-enri*$ gr\nd2 or pur*ase new plants4 ,peonies are propagat$ by division ( ! roots 9 e>ly fall1 "o good /rong eye be+ left to ea* piece4 ,! peony has m]it = its foliage z well z = its bloom1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! soil is ri* & ! gr[? luxuriant4 ,?is value ( ! plant is commonly ov]look$4 ,! peony des]ves its popul>ity4 ,phlox4--,g>d5 phloxes are ( two k9ds1 ! annual & p]5nial4 ,bo? are mo/ valuable4 ,except+ ! petunia1 no plant w give ! pr(usion ( bloom ) z little c>e z ! annual phlox 7,phlox ,drummondii74 ,= cle> & brilliant colors1 ! _m v>ieties ( ?is are c]ta9ly unrival$4 ,! dw>f k9ds are ! m desirable = ribbon-b$s1 z !y are n s 8leggy40 ,!re are :ites1 p9ks1 r$s1 & v>iegat$ ( ! mo/ dazzl+ brilliancy4 ,! dw>fs gr[ t5 in*es high1 & bloom cont9u\sly4 ,set !m #h in*es ap>t 9 good soil4 ,se$ may be s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd 9 ,may1 or = e>ly plants1 9 ! hotb$ 9 ,m>*4 ,!y may be s[n close 9 ! fall if s[n v late1 s t ! se$s w n />t till spr+4 ,! p]5nial phlox ( ! g>d5s has be5 develop$ f ! native species1 ,phlox paniculata & ,p4 maculata4 ,! g>d5 =ms are (t5 collectively kn[n "u ! "n ( ,p4 decussata4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! p]5nial phlox has be5 mu* improv$1 & x n[ con/itutes "o ( ! be/ ( all fl[]-g>d5 subjects4 ,x gr[s ?ree feet tall1 & be>s a pr(usion ( f9e fl[]s 9 heavy trusses 9 mid-summ] to fall4 ,figs4 #bdf1 #bdh4 ,p]5nial phlox is ( easy culture4 ,! important po9t is t ! plants beg9 to fail ( be/ bloom ab\t ! ?ird ye>1 & !y are likely to become diseas$2 & new plant+s %\ld be made if ! /ronge/ fl[]s are desir$4 ,! plants may be tak5 up 9 fall1 ! roots divid$ & clean$ ( dead & weak p>ts1 & ! pieces replant$4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! beg9n] w secure m satisfaction 9 pur*as+ new cutt+-gr[n plants4 ,?is phlox propagates readily by se$1 & if "o does n c>e to p]petuate ! p>ticul> v>iety1 he w f9d mu* satisfaction 9 rais+ se$l+s4 ,"s v>ieties 8come true0 f se$ ) fair regul>ity4 ,se$l+s %\ld bloom ! second ye>4 ,f]tile g>d5 soil ( any k9d %\ld raise good p]5nial phlox4 ,see t ! plants d n want = wat] or plant-food at bloom+ "t4 ,liquid manure w (t5 help to keep !m go+4 ,if !y are likely to suff] = wat] :5 9 bloom1 wet ! gr\nd well e ev5+4 ,if ! lead+ %oots are p9*$ (f e>ly 9 ! season1 & aga9 9 midsumm]1 ! bloom w be lat]1 p]haps 9 ,septemb] r ?an 9 ,july4 ,primulas1 or primroses1 are ( v>i\s k9ds1 "s be+ bord] plants1 b mo/ly kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z gre5h\se & w9d[-g>d5 subjects4 ,"o ( !m is ! auricula4 ,! true or ,engli% c[slip is "o ( ! h>dy bord] plants2 also ! plants commonly kn[n z polyan?us4 ,common h>dy primulas 7or polyan?us & relat$ =ms7 gr[ #f to #aj in*es high1 s5d+ up trusses ( yell[ & r$ fl[]s 9 e>ly spr+4 ,propagat$ by division1 or by se$ s[n a ye> be=e ! plants are want$4 ,give !m r moi/ soil4 ,! primula ( ! w9t]-g>d5 is mo/ly ! ,p4 ,s95sis 7,*9ese ,primrose71 gr[n v ext5sively by flori/s z a ,*ri/mas plant4 ,) ! exception ( ! full d\ble v>ieties1 x is usually gr[n f se$4 ,!re is a popul> s+le =m kn[n z ,p4 /ellata4 ,! se$ ( ,*9ese primulas s[n 9 ,m>* or ,april w make l>ge fl[]+ plants by ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 if ! "y plants are %ift$ to l>g] pots z ne$$4 ,! se$ %\ld be s[n on ! flat surface ( ! soil1 compos$ ( equal p>ts loam1 leafmold1 & s&4 ,! se$ %\ld be press$ d[n lightly & ! soil wat]$ c>efully to prev5t ! se$ f be+ wa%$ into ! soil4 ,v f9e sphagnum moss may be sift$ ov] ! se$1 or ! box set 9 a moi/ place1 :]e ! soil w rema9 wet until ! se$s g]m9ate4 ,:5 ! plants are l>ge en\gh1 !y %\ld be pott$ sep>ately or prick$ out into %all[ boxes4 ,frequ5t pott+s or transplant+s %\ld be giv5 until ,septemb]1 :5 !y %\ld be 9 ! pots 9 :i* !y are to bloom4 ,! two ess5tials to successful gr[? ?r\gh ! hot summ] are %ade & moi/ure4 ,height1 #f to #h in*es4 ,bloom 9 w9t] & spr+4 ,at pres5t ! 8baby ,primrose0 7,primula ,=besi7 is popul>4 ,x is treat$ 9 ess5tially ! same way z ! ,s95sis4 ,! obconica 7,p4 obconica7 9 sev]al =ms is a popul> flori/'s plant1 b is n mu* us$ 9 w9d[-g>d5s4 ,! hairs poison ! h&s ( "s p]sons4 ,culture practically z = ,p4 ,s95sis4 ,all primulas are impati5t ( a dry atmosph]e & fluctuat+ conditions4 ,rhodod5drons are broad-leav$ ev]gre5 %rubs t are admirably adapt$ to produc+ /rong plant+ effects4 ,"s ( !m are h>dy 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates4 ,rhodod5drons require a fibr\s or peaty soil & protection f bleak w9ds & bright suns 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,a nor!rn or some:at %ady exposure1 to break ! =ce ( ! midday sun1 is advisable2 b !y %\ld n be plant$ :]e l>ge trees w sap ! f]tility & moi/ure f ! gr\nd4 ,!y protect ea* o!r if gr[n 9 masses1 & also produce bett] plant+ effects4 ,,xix4 ,pyracan?a 9 fruit4 ,"o ( ! be/ ornam5tal-fruit$ plants = ! middle & mild] latitudes4 ,,xix4 ,pyracan?a 9 fruit4 ,"o ( ! be/ ornam5tal-fruit$ plants = ! middle & mild] latitudes4 ,!y require a deep1 fibr\s e>?1 & x is suppos$ t !y d n ?rive 9 lime/one soils or :]e wood a%es are freely us$4 ,:ile rhodod5drons w sometimes succe$ )\t any special prep>ation ( ! gr\nd1 x is advisable to take p>ticul> pa9s 9 ?is reg>d4 ,x is well to dig a hole #b or #c feet deep1 & fill x ) e>? comp\nd$ ( leafmold1 well-rott$ sod1 & peat4 ,! moi/ure supply %\ld be nev] fail+1 = !y suff] f dr\ght4 ,!y %\ld be mul*$ summ] & w9t]4 ,plant 9 spr+4 ,! h>dy g>d5 =ms are d]ivatives ( ,rhodod5dron ,catawbi5se1 ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,pontica & o!r =ms are n h>dy 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! 8great laurel0 ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates is ,rhodod5dron maximum4 ,?is has be5 ext5sively coloniz$ 9 l>ge gr\nds by be+ remov$ f ! wild 9 c>load lots4 ,:5 ! native conditions are imitat$1 x makes unusually good mass plant+4 ,l all rhodod5drons x is impati5t ( dr\ght1 h>d soil1 & full exposure to midday sun4 ,?is species is valu$ = its foliage & habit m ?an = its bloom4 ,! wild =m ( ,r4 ,catawbi5se is also transf]r$ to gr\nds 9 l>ge quantities4 ,rose4--,no home prop]ty is complete )\t roses4 ,!re are s _m k9ds & classes t v>ieties may be f\nd = almo/ any purpose1 f climb+ or pill> subjects to highly fragrant teas1 great hybrid p]petuals1 free-bloom+ b$d]s1 & good foliage subjects = ! %rubb]y4 ,!re is no fl[] 9 ! gr[+ ( :i* "o s quickly develops ! temp] & ta/e ( ! connoisseur4 ,roses are ess5tially fl[]-g>d5 subjects r ?an lawn subjects1 s9ce fl[]s are _! *ief beauty4 ,yet ! foliage ( _m ( ! highly develop$ roses is good & attractive :5 ! plants are well gr[n4 ,to secure ! be/ results ) roses1 !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a b$ by !mselves1 :]e !y c be till$ & prun$ & well tak5 c>e (1 z o!r fl[]-g>d5 plants are4 ,! ord9>y g>d5 roses %\ld r>ely be gr[n 9 mix$ bord]s ( %rubb]y4 ,x is usually mo/ satisfactory also to make b$s ( "o v>iety r ?an to mix !m ) sev]al v>ieties4 ,if x is desir$ to h roses 9 mix$ %rubb]y bord]s1 !n ! s+le & in=mal types %\ld be *os54 ,! be/ ( all ^! is ,rosa rugosa4 ,?is has n only attractive fl[]s ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! season1 b x also has v int]e/+ foliage & a /rik+ habit4 ,! great pr(usion ( bri/les & sp9es gives x an individual & /rong "*4 ,ev5 )\t ! fl[]s1 x is valuable to add "* & ca/ to a foliage mass4 ,! foliage is n attack$ by insects or fungi1 b rema9s gre5 & glossy ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! fruit is also v l>ge & %[y1 & p]si/s on bu%es well ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,"s ( ! wild roses are also v excell5t = mix+ into foliage masses1 b1 z a rule1 _! foliage *>act]i/ics are r weak1 & !y are liable to be attack$ by ?rips4 ,!re are s _m classes ( roses t ! int5d+ plant] is likely to be confus$ unless he kn[s :at !y are4 ,diff]5t classes require diff]5t treatm5t4 ,"s ( !m1 z ! teas & hybrid p]petuals 7! latt] also kn[n z remontants71 bloom f new canes2 :ile ! rugosa1 ! ,au/rian1 ,h>rison's yell[1 sweet bri]s1 & "s o!rs are bu%es & d n r5ew !mselves ea* ye> f ! cr[n or bases ( ! canes4 ,! outdoor roses may be divid$ into two great gr\ps s f> z _! bloom+ habit is involv$3 7#a7 ,! cont9u\s or int]mitt5t bloom]s1 z ! hybrid p]petuals 7bloom+ *iefly 9 ,june71 b\rbons1 tea1 rugosa1 ! teas & hybrid teas be+ ! mo/ cont9u\s 9 bloom2 7#b7^? t bloom once only1 9 summ]1 z ,au/rian1 ,ayr%ire1 sweet bri]s1 prairie1 ,*]okee1 ,banksian1 prov5ce1 mo/ moss roses1 damask1 multiflora1 polyan?a1 & memorial 7,wi*uraiana74 8,p]petual0 or recurr5t-bloom+ races h be5 develop$ 9 ! ,ayr%ire1 moss1 polyan?a1 & o!rs4 ,:ile roses delight 9 a sunny exposure1 nev]!less our dry atmosph]e & hot summ]s are sometimes try+ on ! fl[]s1 z are sev]e w9try w9ds on ! plants4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x is nev] advisable to plant roses ne> l>ge trees1 or :]e !y w be ov]%ad[$ by build+s or surr\nd+ %rubb]y1 "s %ade dur+ ! heat ( ! day w be a b5efit4 ,! be/ position is an ea/]n or nor!rn slope1 & :]e f5ces or o!r objects w break ! =ce ( /rong w9ds1 9 ^? sections :]e su* prevail4 ,roses %\ld be c>efully tak5 up e f\r or five ye>s1 tops & roots cut 91 & !n reset1 ei!r 9 a new place or 9 ! old1 aft] enri*+ ! soil ) a fre% supply ( manure1 & deeply spad+ x ov]4 ,9 ,holl&1 roses are all[$ to /& ab\t eight ye>s4 ,!y are !n tak5 out & _! places fill$ ) "y plants4 ,soil & plant+ = roses4 ,! be/ soil = roses is a deep & ri* clay loam4 ,if x is m or less ( a fibr\s "* f ! pres5ce ( grass roots1 z is ! case ) newly pl[$ sod gr\nd1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,:ile su* is desirable1 any ord9>y soil w answ]1 provid$ x is well manur$4 ,c[ manure is /rong & la/+1 & has no heat+ effect4 ,x w cause no damage1 ev5 if n rott$4 ,horse manure1 h[ev]1 %\ld be well rott$ be=e mix+ x ) ! soil4 ,! manure may be mix$ 9 ! soil at ! rate ( "o "p 9 f\r4 ,if well rott$1 h[ev]1 m w n d any damage1 z ! soil c sc>cely be made too ri*1 especially = ! ev]bloom+ 7hybrid tea7 roses4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to mix ! manure ?or\ghly ) ! e>?1 & n to plant ! roses aga9/ ! manure4 ,9 plant+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid expos+ ! roots to ! dry+ ( sun & air4 ,if dormant field-gr[n plants h be5 pur*as$1 all brok5 & bruis$ roots w ne$ to be cut (f smoo?ly & squ>ely4 ,! tops also w ne$ cutt+ back4 ,! cut %\ld always be made j above a bud1 pref]ably on ! out] side ( ! cane4 ,/rong-gr[+ sorts may be cut back "o-f\r? or "o-half1 accord+ z !y h good or bad roots4 ,weak]-gr[+ k9ds1 z mo/ ( ! ev]bloom+ roses1 %\ld be cut back-mo/ sev]ely4 ,9 bo? cases x is well to remove ! weak gr[? fir/4 ,plants set out f pots w usually n ne$ cutt+ back4 ,h>dy roses1 especially ! /rong field-gr[n plants1 %\ld be set 9 ! e>ly fall if practicable4 ,x is desirable to get !m out j z soon z !y h %$ _! foliage4 ,if n !n1 !y may be plant$ 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,at t season x is advisable to plant !m z e>ly z ! gr\nd is dry en\gh1 & be=e ! buds h />t$ to gr[4 ,dormant pot-plants may also be set out e>ly1 b !y %\ld be p]fectly inactive4 ,sett+ !m out e>ly 9 ?is condition is pref]able to wait+ till !y are 9 foliage & full bloom1 z is s (t5 requir$ by buy]s4 ,gr[+ pot-plants may be plant$ any "t 9 spr+ aft] dang] ( fro/ is pa/1 or ev5 dur+ ! summ]1 if !y are wat]$ & %ad$ = a few days4 ,op5-gr\nd plants %\ld be set ab\t z deep z !y /ood previ\sly1 except+ budd$ or graft$ plants1 :i* %\ld be set s t ! union ( ! /ock & graft w be #b to #d in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,plants f pots may also be set an in* deep] ?an !y /ood 9 ! pots4 ,! soil %\ld be 9 a friable condition4 ,roses %\ld h ! soil compact imm$iately ab\t _! roots2 b we %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 plant+ roses & sett+ f5ce po/s4 ,! dry] ! soil ! m firmly x may be press$4 ,z a g5]al /atem5t1 x may be said t roses on _! own roots w prove m satisfactory = ! g5]al run ( plant]s ?an budd$ /ock4 ,on own-root$ /ock1 ! suck]s or %oots f bel[ ! surface ( ! soil w be ( ! same k9d1 :]eas ) budd$ roses !re is dang] ( ! /ock 7usually ,manetti or dog rose7 />t+ into gr[? &1 n be+ discov]$1 outgr[+ ! bud1 tak+ possession1 & f9ally kill+ out ! weak] gr[?4 ,/ill1 if ! plants are set deep en\gh to prev5t adv5titi\s buds ( ! /ock f />t+ & ! gr[] is al]t1 ?is difficulty is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,!re is no "q b t f9] roses may be gr[n ?an f plants on _! own roots1 )/&+ ! heat ( ! ,am]ican summ]1 if ! gr[] takes ! prop] precautions4 ,prun+ roses4 ,9 prun+ roses1 det]m9e :e!r !y bloom on canes aris+ ea* ye> f ! gr\nd or ne> ! gr\nd1 or :e!r !y make p]5nial tops2 also =m a cle> idea :e!r an abundance ( fl[]s is want$ = g>d5 effects1 or :e!r l>ge specim5 blooms are desir$4 ,if "o is prun+ ! hybrid p]petual or remontant roses 7:i* are n[ ! common g>d5 roses71 he cuts back all v vigor\s canes p]haps "o-half _! l5g? imm$iately aft] ! ,june bloom is pa/ 9 ord] to produce new1 /rong %oots = fall fl[]+1 & also to make good bottoms = ! next ye>'s bloom4 ,v sev]e summ] prun+1 h[ev]1 is likely to produce too mu* leafy gr[?4 ,9 ! fall1 all canes may be %ort5$ to #c feet1 f\r or five ( ! be/ canes be+ left to ea* plant4 ,9 spr+1 ^! canes are aga9 cut back to fre% wood1 leav+ p]haps f\r or five good buds on ea* cane2 f ^! buds ! fl[]+ canes ( ! ye> are to come4 ,if x is desir$ to secure few] blooms1 b ( ! be/ size & quality1 few] canes may be left & only two or ?ree new %oots be all[$ to spr+ f ea* "o ! next spr+4 ,! rule 9 trimm+ all cane-be>+ roses is1 cut back weak gr[+ k9ds sev]ely2 /rong gr[]s mod]ately4 ,climb+ & pill> roses ne$ only ! weak bran*es & ! tips %ort5$ 94 ,o!r h>dy k9ds w usually ne$ cutt+ back ab\t "o-f\r? or "o-?ird1 accord+ to ! vigor ( ! bran*es1 ei!r 9 ! spr+ or fall4 ,! ev]bloom+ or hybrid tea roses w ne$ to h all dead wood remov$ at ! "t ( uncov]+ !m 9 spr+4 ,"s prun+ dur+ ! summ] is also useful 9 enc\rag+ gr[? & fl[]s4 ,! /rong] bran*es t h fl[]$ may be cut back "o-half or m4 ,! sweet bri]s1 ,au/rian & rugosas may be kept 9 bu% =m2 b ! trunks may be cut out at ! gr\nd e two or ?ree ye>s1 new %oots hav+ be5 all[$ to come up 9 ! meantime4 ,all rampant gr[?s %\ld be cut back or tak5 out4 ,insects & diseases ( roses4 ,mo/ ( ! summ] insects t tr\ble ! rose are be/ treat$ by a =ceful spray ( cle> wat]4 ,?is %\ld be done e>ly 9 ! day & aga9 at ev5+4 ,^? hav+ city wat] or good spray pumps w f9d ?is an easy me?od ( keep+ rose pe/s 9 *eck4 ,^? )\t ^! facilities may use :ale-oil soap1 fir-tree oil1 good soap suds1 ! tobacco prep>ations1 or ,p]sian insect p[d]4 ,! rose-bug or *af] %\ld be h&-pick$ or knock$ (f e>ly 9 ! morn+ into a pan ( coal oil4 ,! leaf-roll] mu/ be cru%$4 ,! mildews are controll$ by ! v>i\s sulfur sprays4 ,w9t] protection ( roses4 ,all g>d5 roses %\ld be well mul*$ ) leaves or co>se manure 9 ! fall4 ,m\nd+ e>? ab\t ! root also af=ds excell5t protection4 ,b5d+ ov] ! tops & cov]+ ) grass or ev]gre5 b\ghs is also to be recomm5d$ = su* k9ds z are suspect$ to be injur$ by w9t]2 ! b\ghs are pref]able because !y d n attract mice4 ,nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] all ! ev]bloom+ roses1 ev5 if !y w endure ! w9t] unprotect$1 w be bett] = protection4 ,?is may be slight s\?w>d1 b %\ld be ?or\gh nor?w>d4 ,! soil1 location1 & surr\nd+s (t5 det]m9e ! ext5t ( protection4 ,if ! situation is n s favorable1 m protection w be necess>y4 ,along ! ,ohio1 a heap ( /able manure1 or light soil t does n become pack$ & wat]-logg$1 plac$ ab\t ! base ( ! plants1 w c>ry ov] _m ( ! tea roses4 ,! tops are kill$ back2 b ! plants spr\t f ! base ( ! old bran*es 9 ! spr+4 ,bon ,sil5e1 ,etoile de ,lyon1 ,p]le des ,j>d9s1 ,mme4 ,camille1 & o!rs are readily w9t]$ !re 9 ?is way4 ,ab\t ,*icago 7,am]ican ,flori/1 x41 ,no4 #ceh1 p4 #ibi1 #ahie7 b$s h be5 successfully protect$ by b5d+ d[n ! tops1 fa/5+ !m1 & !n plac+ ov] & among ! plants a lay] ( dead leaves to ! dep? ( a foot4 ,! leaves mu/ be dry1 & ! soil also1 be=e apply+ !m2 ?is is v ess5tial4 ,aft] ! leaves1 a lay] ( lawn-clipp+s1 highe/ at ! middle1 & #d or #e in*es ?ick1 plac$ ov] ! leaves1 holds !m 9 place & %$s wat]4 ,?is protection c>ries ov] ! h>die/ sorts ( ev]bloom+ roses1 includ+ ! teas4 ,! tops are kill$ back :5 n b5t d[n1 b ?is protection saves ! roots & cr[ns2 :5 b5t d[n1 ! tops w5t ?r\gh )\t damage4 ,ev5 ! climb+ rose ,gloire de ,dijon 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! w9t] ( #ahid-ahie at ,*icago )\t ! slighte/ injury to ! bran*es4 ,/rong plants ( ! ev]bloom+ or hybrid tea roses c n[ be _h at v reasonable rates1 & r ?an g to ! tr\ble ( protect+ !m 9 ! fall1 _m p]sons buy su* z !y ne$ = b$d+ purposes ea* spr+4 ,if ! soil ( ! b$s is well enri*$1 ! plants make a rapid & luxuriant gr[?1 bloom+ freely ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,if "o desires to g to ! tr\ble1 he may protect ^! & also ! tea roses ev5 9 ! nor!rn /ates by m\nd+ e>? ab\t ! plants & !n build+ a little %$ or h\se ab\t !m 7or inv]t+ a l>ge box ov] !m7 & pack+ ab\t ! plants ) leaves or /raw4 ,"s p]sons make boxes t c be knock$ d[n 9 ! spr+ & /or$4 ,! ro( %\ld %$ wat]4 ,?is me?od is bett] ?an ty+ ! plants up 9 /raw & burlaps4 ,"s ( ! hybrid teas d n ne$ s mu* protection z ?is1 ev5 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 ,v>ieties ( roses4 ,! selection ( k9ds %\ld be made 9 ref]5ce to ! locality & purpose = :i* ! roses are want$4 ,= b$d+ roses1 ^? t are ( free-bloom+ habit1 ev5 ?\gh ! individual fl[]s are n l>ge1 are ! ones t %\ld be *os54 ,= p]man5t b$s1 ! s-call$ hybrid p]petual or remontant roses1 bloom+ pr9cipally 9 ,june1 w be f\nd to be h>dy at ! ,nor?4--,b if "o c give !m prop] protection dur+ ! w9t]1 !n ! ,b5gal1 tea1 b\rbon1 & hybrid teas or ev]bloom+ roses1 may be select$4 ,9 sections :]e ! temp]ature does n fall bel[ #bj above z]o1 any ( ! mon?ly roses w live )\t protection4 ,at ! ,s\? ! remontants & o!r decidu\s roses d n d z well z f>!r ,nor?4 ,! t5d] climb]s--,noisettes1 climb+ teas1 b5gals1 & o!rs--are excell5t = pill>s1 arbors1 & v]&as at ! ,s\?1 b are fit only = ! cons]vatory 9 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e !re is sev]e freez+4 ,= ! op5 air at ! ,nor? we h to dep5d = climb+ roses ma9ly on ! prairie climb]s1 & ! rambl]s 7polyan?as71 ) _! rec5t p9k & :ite v>ieties4 ,! trail+ ,rosa ,wi*uraiana is also a useful addition z an excell5t h>dy rose = banks4 ,= ! nor!rn /ates a *oice small li/ is z foll[s3 hybrid p]petuals1 ,mrs4 ,john ,la+1 ,wild]1 ,ulri* ,brunn]1 ,frau ,k>l ,drus*ki1 ,paul ,neyron2 dw>f polyan?as1 ,clo?ilde ,s\p]t1 ,madame ,norb]t ,levavasseur 7,baby ,rambl]71 ,mlle4 ,cecile ,brunn]2 hybrid teas1 ,grus an ,teplitz1 ,la ,france1 ,c>ol9e ,te/\t1 ,kais]9 ,victoria1 ,kill>ney2 teas1 ,p9k ,maman ,co*et1 ,:ite ,maman ,co*et4 ,! foll[+ classifi$ li/s embrace "s ( ! v>ieties ( recogniz$ m]it = v>i\s purposes4 ,!re are _m o!rs1 b x is desirable to limit ! li/ to a few good k9ds4 ,! int5d+ plant] %\ld consult rec5t catalogues4 ,free-bloom+ mon?ly roses = b$d+4--,^! are recomm5d$ n = ! individual beauty ( ! fl[]--al?\gh "s are v f9e--b because ( _! suitability = ! purpose indicat$4 ,if to be c>ri$ ov] w9t] 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 !y ne$ to be protect$ nor? ( ,wa%+ton4 ,9 b$s1 pegg+ d[n ! bran*es w be f\nd desirable4 ,^? m>k$ 7,a7 h prov$ h>dy 9 s\!rn ,indiana )\t protection1 al?\gh !y are m satisfactory ) x4 7,! "n ( ! class to :i* ! v>iety belongs is indicat$ by ! initial lett] or lett]s ( ! class "n3 ,c41 ,*9a2 ,t41 ,tea2 ,h4,t41 ,hybrid ,tea2 ,b41 ,b\rbon2 ,pol41 ,polyan?a2 ,n41 ,noisette2 ,h4,p41 ,hybrid ,p]petual2 ,pr41 ,prairie ,climb]73-- ,r$--,sangu9ea1 ,c4 ,agripp9a1 ,c4 ,m>ion ,d+ee1 ,t4 7,a7,meteor1 ,h4,t4 ,p9k--7,a7,h]mosa1 ,b4 ,s\v5ir d'un ,ami1 ,t4 ,p9k ,s\p]t1 ,pol4 7,a7,g54 ,t>tas1 ,t4 ,blu%--7,a7,cels1 ,c4 ,mme4 ,joseph ,s*w>tz1 ,t4 7,a7,s\v5ir de la ,malmaison1 ,b4 ,mignonette1 ,pol4 ,:ite--7,a7,clo?ilde ,s\p]t1 ,pol4 7,a7,sombreuil1 ,b4 ,sn[flake1 ,t4 ,pacqu]ette1 ,pol4 ,yell[--7,a7,isabella ,sprunt1 ,t4 ,mosella 7,yell[ ,s\p]t71 ,pol4 ,la ,pactole1 ,t4 ,m>ie van ,h\tte1 ,t4 ,free-bloom+ mon?ly roses = summ] cutt+ & b$s4--,^! are some:at less desirable = purely b$d+ purposes ?an ! prec$+2 b !y af=d f9] fl[]s & are useful = _! f9e buds4 ,^? m>k$ 7,a7 are h>dy 9 s\!rn ,indiana )\t protection3-- ,r$--7,a7,meteor4 7,a7,d9smore1 ,h4,p4 7,a7,pi]re ,guillot1 ,h4,t4 ,papa ,gonti]1 ,t4 ,light ,p9k--7,a7,la ,france1 ,h4,t4 ,c\ntess de ,lab>!1 ,t4 7,a7,appol9e1 ,b4 ,:ite--,! ,bride1 ,t4 ,s5ator ,mc,naughton1 ,t4 7,a7,m>ie ,guillot1 ,t4 7,a7,mme4 ,bavay1 ,t4 ,kais]9 ,augu/a ,victoria1 ,h4,t4 ,d>k ,p9k--7,a7,am]ican ,beauty1 ,h4,t4 7,a7,du*ess ( ,albany1 ,h4,t4 ,mme4 ,c4 ,te/\t1 ,h4,t4 ,adam1 ,t4 7,a7,m>ie ,du*]1 ,t4 ,yell[--,p]le des ,j>d9s1 ,t4 ,mme4 ,wel*1 ,t4 ,sunset1 ,t4 ,m>ie van ,h\tte1 ,t4 ,hybrid p]petual1 or remontant1 roses1--,^! d n fl[] z freely z ! gr\ps previ\sly m5tion$2 b ! individual fl[]s are v l>ge & unequal$ by any o!r roses4 ,!y fl[] *iefly 9 ,june4 ,^? nam$ are among ! f9e/ sorts1 & "s ( !m fl[] m or less cont9u\sly3-- ,r$--,alfr$ ,colomb4 ,e>l ( ,duff]94 ,glorie de ,m>gott94 ,anna de ,diesba*4 ,ulri* ,brunn]4 ,p9k--,mrs4 ,john ,la+4 ,paul ,neyron4 ,que5 ( ,que5s4 ,magna ,*>ta4 ,b>oness ,ro?s*ild4 ,:ite--,m>g>et ,dickson4 ,m]veille de ,lyon4 ,h>dy climb+1 or pill> roses4--,^! bloom b once dur+ ! season4 ,!y come aft] ! ,june roses1 h[ev]1--a good season--& at t "t are masses ( fl[]s4 ,!y require only slight prun+4 ,:ite--,baltimore ,belle1 ,pr4 ,wa%+ton1 ,n4 ,rosa ,wi*uraiana 7trail+74 ,p9k--,que5 ( ! ,prairies1 ,pr4 ,t5nessee ,belle1 ,pr4 ,climb+ ,jules ,m>gott51 ,h4,p4 ,crimson--,crimson ,rambl]1 ,pol4 ,yell[--,yell[ ,rambl]1 ,pol4 ,t5d] climb+1 or pill> roses4 ,= cons]vatories1 & ! ,s\? z f> nor? z ,t5nessee4--,^? m>k$ ) 7,a7are half-h>dy nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 or ab\t z h>dy z ! hybrid teas4 ,^! ne$ no prun+ except a slight %ort5+-9 ( ! %oots & a ?9n+ out ( ! weak gr[?4 ,yell[--,m>*al ,niel1 ,n4 ,solfat]re1 ,n4 7,a7,gloire de ,dijon1 ,t4 ,yell[ ,banksia 7,banksiana74 ,:ite--7,a7,aime ,vib]t1 ,n4 ,b5nett's ,se$l+ 7,ayr%ire74 ,:ite ,banksia 7,banksiana74 ,r$--7,a7,re9e ,m>ie ,h5riette1 ,t4 ,james ,sprunt1 ,c4 ,roses 9 w9t] 7by ,c4,e4 ,hunn74 ,al?\gh ! gr[+ ( roses "u glass mu/ be left *iefly to flori/s1 advice may be useful to ^? :o h cons]vatories3-- ,:5 gr[+ =c+ roses = w9t] fl[]s1 flori/s usually provide rais$ b$s1 9 ! be/-light$ h\ses !y h4 ,! bottom ( ! b$ or b5* is left ) cracks betwe5 ! bo>ds = dra9age2 ! cracks are cov]$ ) inv]t$ /rips ( sod1 & ! b5* is !n cov]$ ) #d or #e in*es ( fre%1 fibr\s loam4 ,?is is made f rott$ sods1 ) decay$ manure incorporat$ at ! rate ( ab\t "o "p 9 f\r4 ,sod f any dra9$ pa/ure-l& makes good soil4 ,! plants are set on ! b$ 9 ! spr+ or e>ly summ]1 f #ab to #ah in*es ap>t1 & are gr[n !re all summ]4 ,dur+ ! w9t] !y are kept at a temp]ature ( #eh to #fj at night1 & f #e to #aj w>m] dur+ ! day4 ,! heat+ pipes are (t5 run "u ! b5*es1 n because ! rose likes bottom heat1 b to economize space & to assi/ 9 dry+ out ! b$s 9 case ( _! becom+ too wet4 ,! greate/ c>e is requir$ 9 wat]+1 9 gu>d+ ! temp]ature1 & 9 v5tilation4 ,draughts result 9 *ecks to ! gr[? & 9 mildew$ foliage4 ,dryness ( ! air1 especially f fire heat1 is foll[$ by ! appe>ance ( ! m9ute r$ spid] on ! leaves4 ,! aphis1 or gre5 plant l\se1 appe>s "u all conditions1 & mu/ be kept d[n by ! use ( "s ( ! tobacco prep>ations 7sev]al ( :i* are on ! m>ket74 ,= ! r$ spid]1 ! *ief means ( control is syr++ ) ei!r cle> or soapy wat]4 ,if ! plants are intellig5tly v5tilat$ & giv51 at all times1 z mu* fre% air z possible1 ! r$ spid] is less likely to appe>4 ,= mildew1 :i* is easily recogniz$ by its :ite1 p[d]y appe>ance on ! foliage1 accompani$ ) m or less di/ortion ( ! leaves1 ! rem$y is sulfur 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,! fl[]s ( sulfur may be du/$ ?9ly ov] ! foliage2 en\gh m]ely slightly to :it5 ! foliage is suffici5t4 ,x may be du/$ on f ! h& 9 a broadca/ way1 or appli$ ) a p[d]-bell[s1 :i* is a bett] & less wa/eful me?od4 ,aga91 a pa9t compos$ ( sulfur & l9se$ oil may be appli$ to a "p ( "o ( ! /eam or hot-wat] heat+ pipes4 ,! fumes aris+ f ?is are n agreeable to brea!1 b fatal to mildew4 ,aga91 a little sulfur may be spr9kl$ "h & !re on ! cool] p>ts ( ! gre5h\se flue4 ,"u no circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ignite any sulfur 9 a gre5h\se4 ,! vapor ( burn+ sulfur is dea? to plants4 ,propagation ( h\se roses4--,! writ] has kn[n wom5 :o c\ld root roses ) ! greate/ ease4 ,!y w\ld simply break (f a bran* ( ! rose1 ins]t x 9 ! fl[]-b$1 cov] x ) a bell-j>1 & 9 a few weeks !y w\ld h a /rong plant4 ,aga9 !y w\ld resort to lay]+2 9 :i* case a bran*1 not*$ halfway ?r\gh on ! l[] side1 0 b5t to ! gr\nd & pegg$ d[n s t ! not*$ "p 0 cov]$ ) a few in*es ( soil4 ,! lay]$ spot 0 wat]$ f "t to "t4 ,aft] ?ree or f\r weeks roots 7 s5t =? f ! not* & ! bran* or buds began to gr[1 :5 x 0 kn[n t ! lay] _h =m$ roots4 ,sev]al ye>s ago a fri5d took a *eese-box1 fill$ x ) %>p s& to ! brim1 support$ x 9 a tub ( wat] s t ! l[] half-in* ( ! box 0 imm]s$4 ,! s& 0 pack$ d[n1 spr9kl$1 & s+le-jo9t rose cutt+s1 ) a bud & a leaf ne> ! top1 7 ins]t$ almo/ _! :ole l5g? 9 ! s&4 ,?is 0 9 ,july1 a hot mon?1 :5 x is usually difficult to root any k9d ( cutt+2 moreov]1 ! box /ood on a s\!rn slope1 fac+ ! hot sun1 )\t a p>ticle ( %ade4 ,! only att5tion giv5 ! box 0 to keep ! wat] high en\gh 9 ! tub to t\* ! bottom ( ! *eese-box4 ,9 ab\t ?ree weeks he took out ?ree or f\r doz5 ( z nicely root$ cutt+s z c\ld h be5 gr[n 9 a gre5h\se4 ,! 8sauc] sy/em10 9 :i* cutt+s are ins]t$ 9 wet s& conta9$ 9 a sauc] an in* or two deep1 to be expos$ at all times to ! full sun%9e1 is ( a simil> nature4 ,! ess5tials are1 to give ! cutt+s ! 8full sun0 & to keep ! s& saturat$ ) wat]4 ,:atev] me?od is us$1 if cutt+s are to be transplant$ aft] root+1 x is important to pot !m (f 9 small pots z soon z !y h a clu/] ( roots "o-half in* or an in* long4 ,leav+ !m too long 9 ! s& weak5s ! cutt+4 ,smilax ( ! flori/s is closely alli$ to asp>agus 7x is ,asp>agus m$eoloides ( ! botani/s74 ,:ile x _c be recomm5d$ = h\se culture1 ! ease ) :i* x may be gr[n & ! uses to :i* ! fe/oons ( leaves may be put entitle x to a place 9 ! cons]vatory or gre5h\se4 ,se$ s[n 9 pots or boxes 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 ! plants %ift$ z ne$$ until plant$ on ! b5* 9 ,augu/1 w gr[ f9e /r+s ( gre5 by ! holidays4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be r high4 ,! plants %\ld be set on l[ b5*es1 giv+ z mu* room z possible ov]head4 ,gre5-color$ /r+s %\ld be us$ = ! v9es to climb on1 ! v9es frequ5tly syr+$ to keep d[n ! r$ spid]1 :i* is v de/ructive to ?is plant1 & liquid manure giv5 z ! v9es gr[4 ,! soil %\ld conta9 a good proportion ( s& & be enri*$ ) well-rott$ manure4 ,aft] ! fir/ /r+s are cut1 a second gr[? fully z good z ! fir/ may be _h by clean+ up ! plants & top-dress+ ! soil ) rott$ manure4 ,sometimes ! old roots are kept ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,slightly %ad+ ! h\se ?r\gh ,augu/ w add to ! color ( ! leaves4 ,! odor f a v9e ( smilax ?ickly cov]$ ) ! small fl[]s is v agreeable4 ,/ocks4--,! ,t5-weeks & ! bi5nial or ,brompton /ocks 7species ( ,mat?iola7 are f\nd 9 ne>ly all old-fa%ion$ g>d5s4 ,mo/ g>d5s are ?\ght to be incomplete )\t !m1 & ! use ( ! bi5nial fl[]+ species z h\se-plants is increas+4 ,! ,t5-weeks /ock is usually gr[n f se$ s[n 9 hotb$s or boxes 9 ,m>*4 ,! se$l+s are transplant$ sev]al times previ\s to be+ plant$ out 9 e>ly ,may4 ,at ea* transplant+ ! soil %\ld be made a little ri*]4 ,! d\ble fl[]s w be m num]\s :5 ! soil is ri*4 ,! bi5nial species 7or ,brompton /ocks7 %\ld be s[n ! season previ\s to t 9 :i* fl[]s are want$1 ! plants w9t]$ ov] 9 a cool h\se1 & gr[n 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,!y may be plant$ out ?r\gh ! summ] & lift$ into pots 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] = w9t] fl[]+4 ,^! may be increas$ by cutt+s tak5 f ! side %oots2 b ! s[+ ( se$ is a sur] me?od1 & unless an extra f9e v>iety is to be sav$1 x w\ld be ! be/ "o to pursue4 ,height1 #aj to #ae in*es4 ,sweet pea4--,a h>dy1 t5dril-climb+ annual1 univ]sally priz$ z an outdoor g>d5 plant2 also =c$ to "s ext5t by flori/s4 ,on any occasion ! sweet pea is 9 place4 ,a b\quet ( %ad$ colors1 ) a few sprays ( galium or ! p]5nial gypsophila1 makes "o ( ! *oice/ ( table decorations4 ,deep1 mell[ soil1 e>ly plant+1 & heavy mul*+ suit !m admirably4 ,x is easy to make soils too ri* 9 nitrog5 = sweet peas2 9 su* case1 !y w run to v9e at ! exp5se ( fl[]s4 ,s[ ! se$s z soon z ! gr\nd is fit to "w 9 ! spr+1 mak+ a drill #e in*es deep4 ,s[ ?ickly & cov] ) #b in*es ( e>?4 ,:5 ! plants h made #b or #c in*es' gr[? above ! e>?1 fill ! drill ne>ly full1 leav+ a slight depression 9 :i* wat] may be caught4 ,aft] ! soil is ?or\ghly soak$ ) wat]1 a good mul* w hold ! moi/ure4 ,to h ! gr\nd ready 9 e>ly spr+1 x is a good plan to tr5* ! gr\nd 9 ! fall4 ,! top ( ! soil !n dries out v quickly 9 spr+ & is left 9 good physical condition4 ,9 ! middle & s\!rn /ates ! se$ may be plant$ 9 fall1 p>ticul>ly 9 light] soils4 ,frequ5t syr++ ) cle> wat] w keep (f ! r$ spid] t (t5 de/roys ! foliage1 & att5tion to pick+ ! se$ pods w l5g!n ! season ( bloom4 ,if ! f9e/ fl[]s are want$1 d n let ! plants /& less ?an #h to #ab in*es ap>t4 ,a succession ( s[+s may be made at int]vals ?r\gh ,may & ,june1 & a fair fall crop secur$ if c>e is tak5 to wat] & mul*2 b ! be/ results w be secur$ ) ! v e>ly plant+4 ,:5 ! plants are wat]$1 apply en\gh to soak ! soil1 & d n wat] frequ5tly4 ,swa9sona4--,?is plant has be5 call$ ! w9t] sweet pea1 b ! fl[]s are n fragrant4 ,x makes a v desirable h\se plant1 bloom+ ?r\gh ! late w9t] & e>ly spr+ mon?s4 ,! blossoms1 :i* resemble ^? ( ! pea1 are borne 9 long racemes4 ,! foliage is f9ely cut1 resembl+ small locu/ leaves1 & adds to ! beauty ( ! plant1 ! :ole effect be+ exce$+ly graceful4 ,swa9sona may be gr[n f se$ or cutt+s4 ,cutt+s tak5 9 late w9t] %\ld make bloom+ plants 9 summ]2 ^! plants may be us$ = w9t] bloom1 b x is bett] to raise new plants4 ,"s g>d5]s cut back old plants to secure new bloom+ wood2 ?is is desirable if ! plants gr[ m or less p]man5tly 9 ! gre5h\se bord]1 b = pots new plants %\ld be gr[n4 ,! common swa9sona is :ite-fl[]$2 b !re is a good rose-color$ v>iety4 ,tub]ose 7prop]ly tub]-ose1 n tube-rose1 f its specific "n1 ,polian!s tub]osa74--,?is plant1 ) its tall spikes ( wax5 & fragrant :ite fl[]s1 is well kn[n 9 ! middle latitudes1 b usually requires m heat & a long] season ?an are commonly pres5t 9 ! mo/ nor!rn /ates4 ,! tub]ose is a /rong fe$]1 & loves w>m?1 pl5ty ( wat] :ile gr[+1 & a deep1 ri*1 & well-dra9$ soil4 ,! bulbs may be set 9 ! g>d5 or bord] ! la/ ( ,may or 9 ,june1 cov]+ !m ab\t #a in* deep4 ,prep>atory to plant+1 ! old dead roots at ! base ( ! bulb %\ld be cut away & ! pips or "y bulbs ab\t ! sides remov$4 ,aft] keep+ !m till _! sc>s are dri$ ov]1 ^! pips may be plant$ #e or #f in*es ap>t 9 drills1 & ) good soil & cultivation !y w make bloom+ bulbs = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,be=e plant+ ! l>ge bulbs1 x may be well to exam9e ! po9ts1 to det]m9e :e!r !y are likely to bloom4 ,! tub]ose blooms b once4 ,if !re is a h>d1 woody piece ( old /em 9 ! mid/ ( ! dry scales at ! apex ( ! bulb1 x has bloom$1 & is ( no value except = produc+ pips4 ,likewise if1 in/ead ( a solid core1 !re is a br[ni%1 dry cavity ext5d+ f ! tip d[n into ! middle ( ! bulb1 ! he>t has rott$ or dri$ up1 & ! bulb is wor?less z f> z bloom+ is conc]n$4 ,bulbs ( bloom+ size set 9 ! bord] 9 ,june fl[] t[>d ! close ( ,septemb]4 ,!y may be made to fl[] ?ree or f\r weeks soon] by />t+ !m e>ly 9 "s w>m place1 :]e !y may be giv5 a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj to #gj4 ,prep>e ! bulbs z above1 & place !m ) _! tips j above ! surface 9 ab\t #c-or #d-;in* pots1 9 light s&y soil4 ,wat] !m ?or\ghly1 aft]w>ds sp>+ly1 till ! leaves h made consid]able gr[?4 ,^! plants may be turn$ out into ! op5 gr\nd ! la/ ( ,may or 9 ,june1 & w probably fl[] 9 e>ly ,septemb]4 ,,xx4 ,a simple b effective w9d[-box1 conta9+ g]aniums1 petunias1 v]b5as1 heliotrope1 & v9es4 ,,xx4 ,a simple b effective w9d[-box1 conta9+ g]aniums1 petunias1 v]b5as1 heliotrope1 & v9es4 ,9 ! nor!rn /ates1 if plant$ 9 ! bord] !y w n />t into gr[? until ! gr\nd has become ?or\ghly w>m1--usually aft] ! middle ( ,june1--mak+ ! season be=e fro/ too %ort = _! p]fect gr[? & fl[]4 ,if any dang] ( fall fro/ is fe>$1 !y may be lift$ into pots or boxes & tak5 into ! h\se1 :5 !y w bloom )\t a *eck4 ,z ) o!r bulbs1 a s&y soil w suit4 ,j be=e fro/ dig up ! bulbs1 cut (f ! tops to )9 #b in*es ( ! apex ( ! bulb4 ,!y may !n be plac$ 9 %all[ boxes & left out 9 ! sun & air = a week or m1 to cure4 ,ea* ev5+1 if ! nights are cold1 !y %\ld be remov$ to "s room :]e ! temp]ature w n fall bel[ #dj4 ,:5 ! out] scales h become dry1 ! rema9+ soil may be %ak5 (f & ! bulbs /or$ away 9 %all[ boxes = ! w9t]4 ,!y keep be/ 9 a temp]ature ( #de to #ej4 ,x %\ld nev] fall bel[ #dj4 ,! ,dw>f ,pe>l1 orig9at+ 9 #ahgj1 has long be5 popul>1 & is /ill s ) _m4 ,b o!rs h come to pref] ! old1 tall k9d1 ! fl[]s ( :i*1 ev5 if n s l>ge1 are p]fect 9 =m & seem to op5 bett]4 ,tulips are und\bt$ly ! mo/ priz$ ( all e>ly spr+ bulbs4 ,!y are h>dy & easy to gr[4 ,!y also bloom well 9 w9t] 9 a sunny climate4 ,! g>d5 b$ w la/ sev]al ye>s if well c>$ =1 b mo/ satisfactory bloom is secur$ if ! old bulbs are tak5 up e two or ?ree ye>s & replant$1 all ! inf]ior ones be+ ca/ aside4 ,:5 ! /ock beg9s to run out1 buy anew4 ,! old /ock1 if n entirely sp5t1 may be plant$ 9 ! %rubb]y or p]5nial bord]s4 ,septemb] is ! be/ "t = plant+ tulips1 b z ! b$s are usually occupi$ at ?is "t1 plant+ is commonly po/pon$ till ,octob] ( ,novemb]4 ,= g>d5 culture ! s+le e>ly tulips are ! be/4 ,!re are excell5t e>ly d\ble-fl[]$ v>ieties4 ,"s pref] ! d\ble1 z _! fl[]s la/ long]4 ,late tulips are gorge\s1 b occupy ! b$s too long 9 ! spr+4 ,:ile tulips are h>dy1 !y are b5efit$ by a w9t] mul*4 ,9 work+ out design patt]ns1 ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be us$ to h ! l9es & curves uni=m1 :i* is only to be secur$ by m>k+ out ! design1 & c>eful plant+4 ,=mal plant+ is1 h[ev]1 by no means necess>y = pleas+ effects4 ,bord]s1 l9es1 & masses ( s+le colors1 or gr\ps ( mix$ colors :i* h>monize1 are always 9 ord] & pleas+4 ,cle> colors are pref]able to neutral t9ts4 ,z v>ieties v>y 9 height & season ( bloom+1 only nam$ v>ieties %\ld be ord]$ if uni=m b$d+ effects are desir$4 ,see pp4 #bhf & #cde2 ,fig4 #bee4 ,violet4--,:ile ! culture ( violets z h\se-plants r>ely proves successful1 !re is no reason :y a good supply may n be _h else:]e ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! w9t] & ! spr+ mon?s4 ,a %elt]$ location be+ select$1 "y plants f runn]s may be set 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]4 ,h ! gr\nd f]tile & well dra9$4 ,^! plants w make f9e cr[ns by ,decemb]1 & (t5 w bloom be=e wea!r suffici5tly cold to freeze !m4 ,to h fl[]s ?r\gh ! w9t]1 x w be necess>y to af=d "s protection4 ,?is may be/ be accompli%$ by build+ a frame ( bo>ds l>ge en\gh to cov] ! plants1 mak+ ! frame 9 ! same way z = a hotb$1 #d to #f in*es high] at ! back ?an ! front4 ,cov] ! frame ) sa% or bo>ds1 & z ! wea!r becomes sev]e1 mats or /raw %\ld be plac$ ov] & ar\nd ! frame to protect ! plants f freez+4 ,:5ev] ! wea!r w p]mit1 ! cov]+ %\ld be remov$ & air admitt$1 b no h>m w come if ! frames are n di/urb$ = sev]al weeks4 ,mu* sunlight & a high temp]ature ?r\gh ! middle ( w9t] are to be avoid$1 = if ! plants are /imulat$1 a %ort] p]iod ( bloom w result4 ,9 ,april ! frame may be remov$1 ! plants yield+ ! lat] "p ( ! crop )\t protection4 ,violets belong ) ! 8cool0 plants ( flori/s4 ,:5 well h>d5$ (f1 consid]able fro/ does n h>m !m4 ,!y %\ld always be kept /ocky4 ,/>t a new lot f runn]-plants ea* ye>4 ,!y ?rive 9 a temp]ature ( #ee to #fe4 ,pages #aij1 #bjf4 ,wax-plant4--,! wax-plant1 or hoya1 is "o ( ! commone/ ( w9d[-g>d5 plants1 & yet x is "o t h\se-g>d5]s usually h difficulty 9 fl[]+4 ,h[ev]1 x is "o ( ! easie/ plants to manage if a p]son und]/&s its nature4 ,x is naturally a summ]-bloom+ plant1 & %\ld re/ 9 w9t]4 ,9 ! w9t]1 keep x j alive 9 a cool & r dry place4 ,if ! temp]ature does n g above #ej ,fahr41 s mu* ! bett]2 nei!r %\ld x g mu* l[]4 ,9 late w9t] or spr+1 ! plant is br\ght out to w>m temp]ature1 giv5 wat]1 & />t$ into gr[?4 ,! old fl[]-/ems %\ld n be cut (f1 s9ce new fl[]s come f !m z well z f ! new wood4 ,:5 x is br\ght out to be />t$ into gr[?1 x may be repott$1 sometimes into a size l>g] pot1 b always ) m or less fre% e>?4 ,! plant %\ld increase 9 value ea* ye>4 ,9 cons]vatories1 x is sometimes plant$ out 9 ! gr\nd & all[$ to run ov] a wall1 9 :i* case x w rea* a height ( _m feet4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,! ,,fruit ,,plants ,fruits %\ld be c\nt$ a regul> "p ( ! home premises4 ,!re are few resid5ce plots s small t fruits ( "s k9d _c be gr[n4 ,if !re is no opportunity = plant+ ! or*>d fruits by !mselves at regul> int]vals1 !re are /ill b\nd>ies to ! place1 & along ^! b\nd>ies & scatt]$ 9 ! bord] masses1 apples1 pe>s1 & o!r fruits may be plant$4 ,x is n to be expect$ t fruits w ?rive z well 9 ^! places z 9 well-till$ or*>ds1 b some?+ c be done1 & ! results are (t5 v satisfactory4 ,along a back f5ce or walk1 "o may plant a r[ or two ( currants1 gooseb]ries1 or blackb]ries1 or he may make a trellis ( grapes4 ,if !re are no trees ne> ! front or back ( ! bord]1 ! fruit plants may be plac$ close toge!r 9 ! r[ & ! greate/ developm5t ( ! tops may be all[$ to take place lat]ally4 ,if "o has a back y>d fifty feet on a side1 !re w be opportunity1 9 ?ree bord]s1 = six to eight fruit trees1 & bu%-fruits betwe51 )\t encroa*+ greatly on ! lawn4 ,9 su* cases1 ! trees are plant$ j inside ! b\nd>y l9e4 ,a sugge/ion = ! arrangem5t ( a fruit g>d5 ( "o acre is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,su* a plan all[s ( cont9u\s cultivation 9 "o direction & facilitates spray+1 prun+1 & h>ve/+2 & ! int]m$iate spaces may be us$ = ! gr[+ ( annual crops1 at lea/ = a few ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,plan = a fruit-g>d5 ( "o acre4 ,f 8,pr9ciples ( ,fruit-gr[+40 ,dw>f fruit-trees4 ,= v small areas1 & = ! gr[+ ( ! f9e/ dess]t fruits1 dw>f trees may be gr[n ( apples & pe>s4 ,! apple is dw>f$ :5 x is work$ on c]ta9 small & sl[-gr[+ types ( apple trees1 z ! p>adise & d\c9 /ocks4 ,! p>adise is ! bett]1 if "o desires a v small & productive tree or bu%4 ,! d\c9 makes only a half-dw>f4 ,! pe> is dw>f$ :5 x is gr[n on ! root ( qu9ce4 ,dw>f pe>s may be plant$ z close z t5 feet ap>t ea* way1 al?\gh m room %\ld be giv5 !m if possible4 ,p>adise dw>fs 7apples7 may be plant$ eight or t5 feet ea* way1 & d\c9 twice t di/ance4 ,all dw>fs %\ld be kept small by vigor\s annual head+-94 ,if ! tree is mak+ good gr[?1 say "o to ?ree feet1 a half to two-?irds ( ! gr[? may be tak5 (f 9 w9t]4 ,a dw>f apple or pe> tree %\ld be kept )9 a height ( twelve or fifte5 feet1 & x %\ld n atta9 ?is /ature 9 less ?an t5 or twelve ye>s4 ,a dw>f apple tree1 9 full be>+1 %\ld av]age f two pecks to a bu%el ( fir/ quality apples1 & a dw>f pe> %\ld d some:at m ?an ?is4 ,if "o gr[s dw>f fruit trees1 he %\ld expect to give !m extra att5tion 9 prun+ & cultivat+4 ,only 9 v exceptional in/ances c ! dw>f fruits be expect$ to equal ! free-gr[+ /&>ds 9 comm]cial results4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( dw>f apples1 :i* are practically home-g>d5 plants 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is be+ ! case1 only ! *oice dess]t fruits %\ld be attempt$ on p>adise & d\c9 roots4 ,= home g>d5s ! p>adise w probably give m satisfaction ?an ! d\c94 ,if ! tree is tak5 "y1 x may be tra9$ along a wall or on an espali] trellis2 & 9 su* conditions ! fruits %\ld be ( extra quality if ! v>ieties are *oice4 ,plate ,,xxii %[s ! tra9+ ( a dw>f pe> on a wall4 ,?is tree has be5 _m ye>s 9 good be>+4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry a s\!rn wall exposure is likely to =ce ! bloom s e>ly z to invite dang] f spr+ fro/s4 ,age & size ( trees4 ,= ord9>y plant+1 x is desirable to *oose trees two ye>s f bud or graft1 except 9 case ( ! pea*1 :i* %\ld be "o ye> old4 ,_m gr[]s f9d /rong "o-ye> trees pref]able4 ,a good size is ab\t five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] j above ! coll>1 & five feet 9 height1 & if !y h be5 well gr[n1 trees ( ?is size w give z good results z ^? sev5-eigh?s ( an in*1 or m1 9 diamet]1 & six or sev5 feet high4 ,buy fir/-class trees ( reliable deal]s4 ,x r>ely pays to try to save a few c5ts on a tree1 = quality is likely to be sacrific$4 ,if prop]ly pack$1 trees c be %ipp$ long di/ances & may d z well z ^? gr[n 9 a home nurs]y1 b x w g5]ally be be/ to secure ! trees z ne> home z possible1 provid$ ! quality ( ! trees & ! price are satisfactory4 ,:5 a l>ge numb] is to be pur*as$1 x w be bett] to s5d ! ord] direct to "s reliable nurs]y1 or to select ! trees 9 p]son1 ?an to rely on tree p$dl]s4 ,prun+4 ,hav+ plant$ ! trees1 !y %\ld be c>efully prun$4 ,z a rule1 trees ) l[ heads are desirable4 ,pea*es & dw>f pe>s %\ld h ! l[] bran*es f #ab to #bd in*es above gr\nd1 & sweet *]ries & /&>d pe>s g5]ally n ov] #cj in*es2 plums1 s\r *]ries1 & apples may be some:at high]1 b if prop]ly h&l$1 :5 />t$ #c feet f ! gr\nd1 ! tops w n be 9 ! way ( ! cultivation ( ! or*>d4 ,= all except ! pea* 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 a pyramidal =m w be desirable4 ,to secure ?is1 f\r or five side bran*es ) ?ree or f\r buds ea*1 %\ld be all[$ to gr[ & ! c5t] %oot %\ld be cut (f at a height ( #aj to #ab in*es4 ,aft] gr[? has />t$1 ! trees %\ld be occasionally exam9$ & all surplus %oots remov$1 ?us ?r[+ ! full vigor ( ! plant into ^? t rema94 ,z a rule ?ree or f\r %oots on ea* bran* may be left to advantage4 ,! foll[+ spr+ ! %oots %\ld be cut back "o-half & ab\t half ( ! bran*es remov$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid crot*es1 & if any ( ! bran*es cross1 s t !y are likely to rub1 "o or ! o!r %\ld be cut out4 ,?is cutt+-back & trimm+-out %\ld be cont9u$ = two or ?ree ye>s1 & 9 ! case ( dw>f pe> trees regul> head+-back ea* ye> %\ld be cont9u$4 ,al?\gh an occasional head+-back w be ( advantage to ! trees1 apple1 plum1 & *]ry trees t h be5 prop]ly prun$ :ile "y w n require s mu* att5tion aft] !y come into be>+4 ,heavy prun+ ( ! top t5ds to ! production ( wood2 !re=e ! sev]e prun+ ( or*>d trees1 foll[+ ?ree or f\r ye>s ( neglect1 sets ! trees into heavy wood-be>+1 & makes !m m vigor\s4 ,su* treatm5t g5]ally t5ds away f fruit-be>+4 ,?is heavy prun+ is usually necess>y 9 neglect$ or*>ds1 h[ev]1 to br+ trees back into %ape & to revitalize !m2 b ! be/ prun+-treatm5t ( an or*>d is to prune x a little e ye>4 ,x %\ld be s prun$ t ! tops ( ! trees w be op51 t no two limbs w int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 & s t ! fruit itself w n be s abundant z to ov]load ! tree4 ,9 g5]al1 x is be/ to prune or*>d trees late 9 w9t] or e>ly 9 spr+4 ,x is sometimes bett]1 h[ev]1 to leave pea*es & o!r t5d] fruits until aft] ! buds h swoll51 or ev5 aft] ! fl[]s h fall51 9 ord] t "o may det]m9e h[ mu* !y h be5 injur$ by ! w9t]4 ,grape v9es %\ld be prun$ 9 w9t] or n lat] 79 ,new ,york7 ?an ! fir/ ( ,m>*4 ,if prun$ lat] ?an ?is1 !y may ble$4 ,! above rem>ks w apply to o!r trees z well z to fruits4 ,?9n+ ! fruit4 ,if ! be/ size & quality ( fruit are desir$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! plant does n ov]be>4 ,?9n+ ( fruit has f\r g5]al uses3 to cause ! rema9+ fruit to gr[ l>g]2 to increase ! *ances ( annual crops2 to save ! vitality ( ! tree2 to enable "o to combat insects & diseases by de/roy+ ! injur$ fruit4 ,! ?9n+ is ne>ly always p]=m$ soon aft] ! fruit is ?or\ghly set4 ,x is !n possible to det]m9e :i* ( ! fruits are likely to p]si/4 ,pea*es are usually ?9n$ :5 !y are ! size ( "o's ?umb4 ,if ?9n$ be=e ?is "t1 !y are s small t x is difficult to pick !m (f2 & x is n s easy to see ! "w ( ! curculio & !reby to select ! injur$ fruits4 ,simil> rem>ks apply to o!r fruits4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy is1 ev5 ) ^? :o ?9 _! fruits1 n to ?9 en\gh4 ,x is usually saf] to take (f :at w\ld seem to be too _m ?an n to take (f en\gh4 ,! rema9+ specim5s are bett]4 ,v>ieties t t5d to ov]be> pr(it v greatly by ?9n+4 ,?is is notably ! case ) _m ,japanese plums1 :i*1 if n ?9n$1 are v inf]ior4 ,?9n+ may also be accompli%$ by prun+4 ,cutt+ (f ! fruit-buds w h ! effect ( remov+ ! fruit4 ,9 ! case ( t5d] fruits1 z pea*es1 h[ev]1 x may n be advisable to ?9 v heavily by means ( prun+1 s9ce ! fruit may be /ill fur!r ?9n$ by ! rema9+ days ( w9t]1 by late spr+ fro/1 or by ! leaf-curl or o!r disease4 ,h[ev]1 ! prop] prun+ ( a pea* tree 9 w9t] is1 9 "p1 a ?9n+ ( ! fruit4 ,! pea* is borne on ! wood ( ! previ\s season's gr[?4 ,! be/ fruits are to be expect$ ! /ronge/ & heavie/ gr[?4 ,x is ! practice ( pea*-gr[]s to remove all ! weak & immature wood f ! inside ( ! tree4 ,?is has ! effect ( ?9n+ out ! inf]ior fruit & all[+ ! en]gy ( ! tree to be exp5d$ on ! rema9d]4 ,apples are r>ely ?9n$2 b1 9 _m cases1 ?9n+ c be done ) pr(it4 ,wa%+ & scrubb+ ! trees4 ,! wa%+ ( or*>d trees is an old practice4 ,x usually results 9 mak+ a tree m vigor\s4 ,"o reason is t x de/roys insects & fungi t lodge und]nea? ! b>k2 b probably ! *ief reason is t x s(t5s ! b>k & all[s ! trunk to exp&4 ,x is possible1 also1 t ! pota% f ! soap or lye ev5tually passes into ! gr\nd & af=ds "s plant-food4 ,trees are ord9>ily wa%$ ) soap suds or ) a lye solution4 ,! mat]ial is usually appli$ ) an old broom or a /iff bru%4 ,! scrubb+ ( ! tree is p]haps ne>ly or q z b5eficial z ! application ( ! wa% itself4 ,x is cu/om>y to wa% trees late 9 spr+ or e>ly 9 summ]1 & aga9 9 ! fall1 ) ! idea t su* wa%+ de/roys ! eggs & ! "y ( bor]s4 ,x no d\bt w de/roy bor]s if !y are j gett+ a />t1 b x w n keep away ! insects t lay ! eggs1 & w n de/roy ! bor]s t h f\nd _! way b5ea? ! b>k4 ,x is p]haps q z well to wa% ! trees v e>ly 9 ! spr+1 :5 !y are />t+ into gr[?4 ,x is an old practice to wa% trees ) /rong lye :5 !y are affect$ ) ! oy/]-%ell b>k l\se4 ,! mod]n me?od ( treat+ ^! pe/s1 h[ev]1 is to spray ) "s k]os5e or oil comp\nd :5 ! "y gr[? is />t+1 = at t "t ! "y insects are migrat+ to ! new wood & !y are v easily de/roy$4 ,! :itewa%+ ( ! trunks ( trees t5ds also to relieve !m ( insects & fungi2 & x is probable t 9 hot & dry regions ! :ite cov]+ af=ds protection f climate4 ,ga!r+ & keep+ fruit4 ,ne>ly all fruits %\ld be ga!r$ z soon z !y w readily "p f ! /ems on :i* !y are borne4 ,) _m p]i%able fruits ! prop] "t = ga!r+ w be det]m9$ l>gely by ! di/ance !y are to be %ipp$4 ,) ! exception ( w9t] v>ieties ( apples & pe>s & a few k9ds ( grapes1 x is be/ to dispose ( fruit soon aft] x is ga!r$1 unless x is kept = family use4 ,if = w9t] use1 ! fruit %\ld at once be plac$ 9 ! cell> or fruit h\se 9 :i* x is to be /or$1 & !re kept z ne> ! freez+ po9t z possible4 ,!re w be less dang] ( %rivel+ if ! fruit is plac$ at once 9 clos$ b>rels or o!r tight packages1 b if prop] v5tilation is provid$1 x may be kept 9 b9s ) little loss4 ,ev5 ?\gh no ice is us$1 x w be possible to ma9ta9 a fairly l[ temp]ature by op5+ ! w9d[s at night :5 ! outside atmosph]e is cold] ?an t inside ! build+1 & clos+ !m dur+ ! day z ! out] air becomes w>m]4 ,fruit %\ld be h&l$ ) great c>e at all times1 = if ! cells become brok5 by r\gh h&l+1 ! keep+ qualities w be greatly injur$4 ,! illu/rations 7,figs4 #ahg-ahi7 %[ ?ree types ( fruit /orage h\ses4 ,apples & w9t] pe>s may be pack$ 9 s& or leaves 9 ! cell> 79 boxes7 & !reby be kept f %rivel+4 ,almond4--,! almond tree is seldom se5 9 ! ea/]n /ates1 b n[ & !n "o w be f\nd 9 a y>d & n be>+4 ,! failure to be> may be due to fro/ injury or lack ( poll9ation4 ,! almond is ab\t z h>dy z ! pea*1 b x blooms s e>ly 9 ! spr+ t x is little gr[n ea/ ( ! ,pacific slope4 ,x is an int]e/+ ornam5tal tree1 & its e>ly bloom is a m]it :5 ! fruit is n desir$4 ,! almonds commonly sold by nurs]ym5 9 ! ea/ are h>d-%ell v>ieties1 & ! nuts are n good en\gh = comm]ce4 ,! almond fruit is a drupe1 l ! pea*1 b ! fle% is ?9 & h>d & ! pit is ! 8almond0 ( comm]ce4 ,culture z = pea*4 ,! 8fl[]+ almonds0 are bu%es ( diff]5t species f ! fruit-be>+ tree4 ,!y are usually graft$ on plum1 & ! /ock is likely to ?r[ up suck]s & cause tr\ble4 ,apples ?rive ov] a wid] range ( t]ritory & "u m v>i$ conditions ?an any o!r tree fruit4 ,?is means t !y are easy to gr[4 ,9 fact !y are s easy to gr[ t !y are usually neglect$4 ,apples d be/ on a /rong1 s&y loam soil1 or a light clay loam4 ,:ile a soil v ri* 9 organic matt] is n desirable1 good results _c be secur$ unless x conta9s a fair am\nt ( vegetable matt]4 ,a clov] sod is p>ticul>ly desirable = ?is z well z = o!r fruits4 ,= a comm]cial or*>d1 mo/ v>ieties %\ld be f #ce to #dj feet ap>t2 b ! sl[-gr[+ & long-liv$ sorts may be at #dj feet1 &1 halfway betwe5 9 bo? directions1 "s ( ! %ort-liv$1 e>ly-be>+ v>ieties may be plac$1 to be remov$ aft] !y beg9 to cr[d4 ,9 home gr\nds ! trees may be plac$ some:at clos] ?an #ce to #dj feet1 especially if !y are plant$ on ! b\nd>ies1 s t ! limbs may project freely 9 "o direction4 ,x is ord9>ily advisable1 especially 9 ! humid climates ea/ ( ! ,great ,lakes1 to h ! body ( ! tree #c-a_/b to #d-a_/b feet long4 ,! limbs %\ld be trimm$ up to ?is po9t :5 ! tree is set4 ,f ?ree to five ma9 bran*es may be left to =m ! framework ( ! top4 ,^! %\ld be %ort5$ back "o-f\r? or "o-half :5 ! tree is set4 7,figs4 #adb-ade7 ,subsequ5t prun+ %\ld keep ! top ( ! tree op5 & ma9ta9 x 9 m or less symmetrical =m4 ,we/ ( ! ,great ,lakes1 p>ticul>ly on ! pla9s & 9 ! semi-arid regions1 ! top may be />t$ mu* ne>] ! gr\nd4 ,9 or*>d conditions1 ! trees %\ld be kept 9 clean culture1 especially = ! fir/ few ye>s2 b ?is is n always possible 9 home y>ds4 ,9 lieu ( tillage1 ! sw>d may be mul*$ ea* fall ) /able manure1 & comm]cial f]tiliz] may be appli$ ea* fall or spr+4 ,if fruit is want$ r ?an foliage & %ade1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to make gr\nd too ri*1 b to keep x 9 su* condition t ! tree is mak+ a fairly vigor\s gr[?1 ) good /rong foliage1 b is n ov]gr[+4 ,an apple tree 9 full be>+ is usually 9 good condition if ! twigs gr[ #aj to #ah in*es ea* season4 ,apple trees %\ld beg9 to be> :5 ?ree to five ye>s plant$1 & at t5 ye>s %\ld be be>+ good crops4 ,) good treatm5t1 !y %\ld cont9ue to be> = ?irty or m ye>s 9 ! nor!a/]n /ates4 ,,xxi4 ,! k+ ( fruits4 ,newt[n z gr[n 9 ! ,pacific c\ntry4 ,,xxi4 ,! k+ ( fruits4 ,newt[n z gr[n 9 ! ,pacific c\ntry4 ,insects & diseases ( ! apple4 ,among ! insects mo/ commonly f\nd on ! apple tree are ! codl9-mo?1 cank]-worm1 & t5t-cat]pill>4 ,! codl9-mo? lays its egg on ! fruit soon aft] ! blossoms fall1 & ! l>vae1 on hat*+1 eat _! way inside4 ,a ?or\gh spray+ ( ! trees ) ars5ites )9 a week aft] ! blossoms fall w d mu* t[>d de/roy+ !m2 & a second application1 9 ab\t ?ree weeks1 w be ess5tial4 ,! cank]-worm 7,fig4 #bag7 & t5t-cat]pill>s fe$ on ! leaves1 & c also be de/roy$ by means ( ars5ites4 ,to be effective aga9/ ! =m]1 h[ev]1 ! applications mu/ be made soon aft] !y hat*1 & v ?or\ghly4 ,a close wat* %\ld be kept = bor]s4 ,:5ev] ! b>k appe>s to be dead or sunk5 9 pat*es1 remove x & se>* = ! cause4 ,a bor] w usually be f\nd und]nea? ! b>k4 ,ab\t ! base ( ! tree ! mo/ s]i\s injury occurs f bor]s1 s9ce ! insect :i* ent]s !re bores into ! h>d wood4 ,8 pres5ce c be det]m9$ by ! *ips t are ca/ f 8 burr[s4 ,if ! trees are well cultivat$ & 9 a ?rifty gr[+ condition1 ! injury w be greatly r$uc$4 ,x w be well to wa% ! trunks & l>g] bran*es ) s(t soap1 ?9n$ ) wat] s t x c be appli$ ) a bru% or broom1 dur+ ! spr+4 ,! addition ( an ounce ( ,p>is gre5 9 ea* five gallons ( ! wa% w be ( value4 ,! only real rem$y1 h[ev]1 is to dig ! bor]s out4 ,! mo/ tr\blesome disease ( ! apple is ! apple-scab1 :i* disfigures ! fruit z well z less5s its size4 ,x also (t5 does mu* h>m to ! foliage1 & ?us *ecks ! gr[? ( ! trees 7,fig4 #bad74 ,! ,baldw91 ,fameuse1 ,nor!rn ,spy & ,r$ ,canada are p>ticul>ly subject to ?is disease1 & x is mu* m tr\blesome 9 moi/ seasons ?an :5 ! wea!r is dry4 ,! use ( fungicides w d mu* to less5 ! injury f ?is disease4 ,v>ieties ( apple4 ,! selection ( v>ieties ( apples = home use is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 a p]sonal matt]2 & no "o may say :at to plant4 ,a v>iety t is successfully gr[n 9 "o section may prove disappo9t+ 9 ano!r4 ,"o %\ld /udy ! locality 9 :i* he wi%es to plant & *oose ^? v>ieties :i* are ! mo/ successfully gr[n !re1--*oos+ f among/ ! successful k9ds ^? :i* he likes be/ & :i* seem be/ to meet ! purposes = :i* he is to gr[ !m4 ,= ! nor!rn & ea/]n /ates1 ! foll[+ v>ieties w g5]ally be f\nd valuable3-- ,! v>ieties m>k$ ) 99 are p>ticul>ly valuable = m>ket purposes z well z = home use2 ! o!rs are *iefly desirable = home use4 ,e>ly4--,yell[ ,transp>5t1 ,e>ly ,h>ve/1 ,e>ly ,/rawb]ry1 ,primate1 ,dy]1 ,summ] ,rose1 ,e>ly ,joe1 ,r$ ,a/ra*an1 ,gold5 ,sweet1 ,old5burg199 ,summ] ,pe>ma91 ,williams 7,favorite71 ,*5ango1 ,b\gh 7,sweet71 ,summ] ,que51 ,grav5/e9199 ,jeff]is1 ,port]1 ,maid5 ,blu%4 ,autumn4--,bailey 7,sweet71 ,fameuse199 ,j]sey ,sweet1 ,fall ,pipp91 ,weal?y199 ,"m1 ,tw5ty ,ounce1 ,magnate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,! ,jona?an4 ,w9t]4--,jona?an99 7,fig4 #bga71 ,hubb>d/on199 ,grimes199 ,tompk9s ,k+199 ,wag5]99 7,fig4 #bgb71 ,baldw9199 ,yell[ ,bellfl[]1 ,tolman 7,sweet71 ,nor!rn ,spy199 ,r$ ,canada199 ,roxbury1 ,mc,intosh199 ,yell[ ,newt[n 7,plate ,,xxi71 ,gold5 ,russet1 ,belmont1 ,melon1 ,lady1 ,rambo1 ,york ,imp]ial1 ,pomme ,gris1 ,esopus 7,spitz5burgh71 ,swa>1 ,peck 7,pleasant71 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+1 ,sutton1 ,delici\s1 ,/ayman ,w9esap1 ,we/field 7,seek-no-fur!r74 ,= ! ,s\? & ,s\?we/ ! v>ieties nam$ 9 ! foll[+ li/ are ( value3-- ,e>ly4--,r$ ,june1 ,yell[ ,transp>5t1 ,r$ ,a/ra*an1 ,summ] ,que51 ,b5oni1 ,old5burg1 ,grav5/e91 ,maid5 ,blu%1 ,e>lyripe199 ,williams199 ,e>ly ,coop]199 ,horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,! ,wag5]4 ,autumn4--,haas1 ,late ,/rawb]ry1 ,oconee1 ,rambo1 ,peck 7,peck ,pleasant71 ,c>t] ,blue1 ,bonum199 ,smokeh\se199 ,hoov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,pewaukee ,apple4 ,w9t]4--,%ockley1 ,rome ,beauty199 ,smi? ,cid]1 ,grimes1 ,buck+ham1 ,jona?an199 ,w9esap1 ,k9n>d1 ,york ,imp]ial1 ,gilpiri 7,romanite71 ,ralls 7,g5et71 ,limb]twig1 ,royal ,lumb]twig1 ,/ayman ,w9esap199 ,milam1 ,virg9ia ,beauty199 ,t]ry199 ,+ram499 ,9 ! ,nor?we/ only su* v>ieties z are extremely h>dy w be satisfactory1 & among ^? likely to succe$ we may m5tion3-- ,e>ly4--,yell[ ,transp>5t1 ,tet(ski1 ,old5burg499 ,autumn4--,fameuse1 ,longfield1 ,weal?y1 ,mc,mahan199 ,mc,intosh199 ,%iawassee4 ,w9t]4--,wolf ,riv]199 ,hib]nal1 ,nor?we/]n 7,gre5+71 ,pewaukee 7,fig4 #bgc71 ,switz]1 ,gold5 ,russet1 ,patt5 7,gre5+7499 ,apricot4--,?is fruit is n (t5 se5 9 home g>d5s 9 ! ,ea/1 al?\gh x des]ves to be bett] kn[n4 ,:5 gr[n at all1 x is likely to be tra9$ on walls1 aft] ! ,engli% cu/om4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,roman ,apricot4 ,9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york1 ! apricot has prov$ z h>dy z ! pea*4 ,giv5 ! "r conditions z to soil & exposure1 x w yield abundant crops1 rip5+ its fruits ab\t ?ree weeks 9 advance ( e>ly pea*es4 ,! apricot usually ?rives be/ on /rong l&2 b o!rwise ! treatm5t giv5 ! pea* suits x v well4 ,! soil %\ld be r dry2 especially %\ld ! subsoil be su* t no wat] may /& ar\nd ! roots4 ,! exposure %\ld be to ! nor? or we/ to ret>d ! bloom+ p]iod1 z ! "o great drawback to ! successful fruit+ is ! e>ly bloom+ & subsequ5t freez+ ( ! fl[]s or ! small fruits4 ,! two s]i\s difficulties 9 ! gr[+ ( apricots are ! ravages ( ! curculio1 & ! dang] to ! fl[]s f ! spr+ fro/s4 ,x is usually almo/ impossible to secure fruits f "o or two isolat$ apricot trees1 because ! curculios w take !m all4 ,x is possible1 also1 t "s ( ! v>ieties ne$ cross-poll9ation4 ,among ! be/ k9ds ( apricots are ,montgamet1 ,jackson1 ,royal1 ,/4 ,ambroise1 ,e>ly ,gold51 ,h>ris1 ,roman 7,fig4 #bgd7 & ,moorp>k4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 apricots are commonly work$ on plums1 b !y also ?rive on ! pea*4 ,! introduction ( ! ,russian v>ieties1 a few ye>s ago1 add$ to ! li/ sev]al desirable k9ds t h prov$ h>di] & a little lat] 9 bloom+ ?an ! old k9ds4 ,! fruits ( ! ,russian v>ieties1 :ile n z l>ge z ! o!r v>ieties1 fully equal _m ( !m 9 flavor1 & !y are v productive4 ,!y be> m pr(usely & ) less c>e ?an ! old-fa%ion$ & l>g] k9ds4 ,blackb]ry4--,9 a g5]al way1 ! plant+ & c>e ( a blackb]ry plantation is ! same z requir$ by raspb]ries4 ,f ! fact t !y rip5 lat] 9 ! season1 :5 dr\ghts are mo/ common1 ev5 great] att5tion %\ld be giv5 to plac+ !m 9 l& t is ret5tive ( moi/ure1 & to provid+ an effici5t mul*1 :i* c g5]ally be/ be secur$ ) a cultivator4 ,! small]-gr[+ k9ds 7z ,e>ly ,h>ve/ & ,wilson7 may be plant$ #d x #g ft41 ! rank-gr[+ v>ieties 7z ,snyd]7 #f x #h ft4 ,?or\gh cultivation ?r\gh-out ! season w help 9 a mat]ial degree to hold ! moi/ure necess>y to p]fect a good crop4 ,! soil %\ld be cultivat$ v %all[1 h[ev]1 s z n to di/urb ! roots1 z ! break+ ( ! roots />ts a l>ge numb] ( suck]s t h to be cut out & de/roy$4 ,:ile hill culture 7z recomm5d$ above7 is desirable = ! g>d51 comm]cial gr[]s g5]ally use cont9u\s r[s4 ,blackb]ries1 l dewb]ries & raspb]ries1 be> b "o crop on ! cane4 ,t is1 canes :i* spr+ up ?is ye> be> next ye>4 ,f #c to #f canes are suffici5t to be left 9 ea* hill4 ,! sup]flu\s ones are ?9n$ out soon aft] !y />t f ! gr\nd4 ,! old canes %\ld be cut out soon aft] fruit+1 & burn$4 ,! new %oots %\ld be p9*$ back at ! height ( #b or #c ft4 if ! plants are to support !mselves4 ,if to be fa/5$ to wires1 !y may be all[$ to gr[ ?r\gh\t ! season & be cut back :5 ti$ to ! wires 9 w9t] or e>ly spr+4 ,blackb]ry plants are sometimes laid d[n 9 cold climates1--! tops be+ b5t ov] & held to ! gr\nd by e>? or sods ?r[n on _! tips 7,fig4 #aee74 ,! mo/ tr\blesome disease ( ! blackb]ry is orange ru/ 7conspicu\s on ! "u sides ( ! leaves71 :i* (t5 proves v de/ructive1 p>ticul>ly to ,kittat9ny & a few o!r sorts4 ,!re is no rem$y1 & on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! disease ! infect$ plants %\ld be dug up & burn$4 ,v>ieties ( blackb]ries4 ,_m ( ! bett] v>ieties ( blackb]ries are lack+ 9 h>d9ess1 & _c be gr[n except 9 ! m favorable localities4 ,snyd] & ,taylor are mo/ g5]ally successful1 al?\gh ,wilson & ,e>ly ,h>ve/ are (t5 gr[n on a l>ge scale = m>ket1 & d well ) w9t] protection4 ,eldorado is mu* l ,snyd]1 t seems h>dy & productive4 ,erie1 ,m9newaski1 ,kittat9ny1 & ,e>ly ,k+ are 9 _m sections l>ge & valuable sorts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4 ,s\r or pie *]ries4 ,*]ry4--,( *]ries !re are two common types1 ! sweet *]ries & ! s\r *]ries4 ,! sweet *]ries are l>g] & tall]-gr[+ trees4 ,!y comprise ! v>ieties kn[n z ! he>ts1 big>reaus1 & dukes4 ,! s\r *]ries 7,fig4 #bge7 include ! v>i\s k9ds ( morellos & pie *]ries1 & ^! usually rip5 aft] ! sweet *]ries4 ,! s\r *]ries make l[1 r\nd-head$ trees4 ,! fruits are ext5sively us$ = cann+4 ,s\r *]ries ?rive well on clay loams4 ,! s\r *]ry %\ld be plant$ #ah by #ah ft4 ap>t1 9 well-prep>$1 "u-dra9$ soil4 ,! trees may be slightly trimm$ back ea* ye>1 keep+ ! head l[ & bu%y4 ,! sweet *]ries h prov$ disappo9t+ 9 _m in/ances f ! rott+ ( ! fruit4 ,?is may nev] be entirely avoid$1 b good cultivation1 soil n too ri* 9 nitrog51 att5tion to spray+1 & pick+ ! fruit :5 dry1 w less5 ! loss v mu*4 ,9 ye>s ( sev]e rott+ ! fruit %\ld be pick$ be=e x becomes fully ripe1 plac$ 9 a cool1 airy room & all[$ to color4 ,x w be ne>ly z well flavor$ z if left on ! tree2 &1 z ! fungus usually attacks only ! ripe fruit1 a consid]able "p ( ! crop may be sav$4 ,set ! trees #be or #cj ft4 ap>t4 ,only v well-dra9$ l& %\ld be devot$ to sweet *]ries1 pref]ably "o ( a some:at gravelly nature4 ,leaf-blight is readily controll$ by timely spray+ ) bordeaux mixture4 ,! curculio or fruit worm may be controll$ by j>r+1 z = plums1 or by spray+4 ,! j>r+ process is seldom employ$ ) *]ries = ! curculio1 inasmu* z ! poison spray seems1 = "s reason1 to be p>ticul>ly effective on ^! fruits4 ,v>ieties ( *]ry4 ,( ! s\r v>ieties1 ,may ,duke 7,fig4 #cf71 ,ri*mond1 ,dyeh\se1 ,montmor5cy1 ,o/heim1 ,hort5se 7,fig4 #cd71 ,late ,k5ti%1 ,suda1 & ,morello 7,engli% ,morello7 7,fig4 #ce7 are ! mo/ valuable4 ,! foll[+ sweet v>ieties are ( value :]e !y succe$3 ,rockport1 7,yell[7 ,spani%1 ,elton1 7,gov]nor7 ,wood1 ,coe1 ,w9dsor1 7,black7 ,t>t>ian1 & ,d[n]4 ,cranb]ry4--,! gr[+ ( cranb]ries 9 artificial bogs is an ,am]ican indu/ry4 ,! common l>ge cranb]ry ( m>kets is also a peculi>ly ,am]ican fruit1 s9ce x is unkn[n 9 o!r c\ntries except z ! fruit is %ipp$ !re4 ,cranb]ries are gr[n 9 bogs1 :i* may be flood$4 ,! :ole area is kept "u wat] dur+ ! w9t] "t1 l>gely to prev5t ! plants f w9t] injury by ! heav+ & freez+ & ?aw+ ( ! bogs4 ,flood+ is also employ$ at int]vals = ! purpose ( dr[n+ out insects1 mitigat+ dr\ght1 & protect+ aga9/ fro/ & fires4 ,! ord9>y practice is to *oose a bog :i* has a creek runn+ ?r\gh x1 or ?r\gh :i* "s creek or dit* may be div]t$4 ,at ! l[] side ( ! bog flood-gates are provid$1 s t :5 ! gates are %ut1 ! wat] backs up & floods ! area4 ,x is be/ t ! bog be comp>atively flat1 s t ! wat] w be ( approximately equal dep? ov] ! :ole area4 ,at ! %all[e/ places ! wat] %\ld /& ab\t a foot above ! plants4 ,! wat] is usually let on ! bog e>ly 9 ,decemb] & kept on until ,april or e>ly ,may4 ,no flood+ is done dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> unless !re is "s p>ticul> occasion !re=4 ,all ! wild & turfy gr[? %\ld be tak5 (f ! bog be=e ! v9es are set4 ,?is is done ei!r by digg+ x (f & remov+ x bodily1 or by dr[n+ x out by means ( a ye>'s flood+4 ,! =m] me?od is g5]ally consid]$ to be ! bett]4 ,aft] ! turfy gr[? is remov$1 ! bog is smoo!d1 & cov]$ #b or #c 94 deep ) clean s&4 ,! v9es are n[ set1 ! l[] ends ( !m be+ %ov$ ?r\gh ! s& into ! ri*] e>?4 ,9 ord] to prev5t a too rapid & tangl$ gr[? ( v9e1 x is cu/om>y to res& ! bog e ?ree or f\r ye>s to a dep? ( "o-f\r? or "o-half in*4 ,:5 s&+ is n practicable1 ! v9es may be m[n (f :5 !y become too luxuriant4 ,! plants = sett+ are m]ely cutt+s or bran*es ( ! v9es4 ,^! cutt+s may be #e to #aj in*es long4 ,!y are ins]t$ into ! gr\nd 9 a hole made by a cr[b> or /ick4 ,!y are usually plant$ at di/ances ( #ab to #ah in*es ea* way1 & ! v9es are all[$ to cov] ! entire gr\nd z ) a mat4 ,9 ?ree ye>s a good crop %\ld be secur$1 if ! we$s & wild gr[? are kept d[n4 ,a crop ranges betwe5 #ej to #ajj b>rels p] acre4 ,currant4--,z ! currant is "o ( ! h>die/ & mo/ productive ( fruits 9 ! ,nor?1 s is x (t5 neglect$1 ! pat* all[$ to become f\l ) grass1 nev] ?9n$ or trimm$1 ! worms eat+ ! leaves until1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! plants weak5 & die4 ,along ! f5ce is no place to plant currants1 or1 inde$1 any o!r fruit2 plant out 9 ! op51 at lea/ #e feet f any?+ t w int]f]e ) cultivation4 ,no fruit crop w respond m readily to good c>e ?an ! currant4 ,clean cultivation & a lib]al use ( manure or f]tiliz]s w c]ta9ly be foll[$ by well-pay+ crops4 ,"o-or two-ye>-old plants may be set1 #d by #f feet4 ,trim ! bu% by cutt+ (f mo/ ( ! suck]s bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! currant %\ld h cool moi/ soil4 ,if ! season is dry1 a mul* ( /raw or leaves w assi/ ! plants to e/abli% !mselves4 ,currants are easily propagat$ by mature cutt+s ( ! new or previ\s ye>'s canes4 ,! r$ & :ite currants be> mo/ly on two-ye>-old or old] wood4 ,a succession ( "y %oots %\ld be all[$ to gr[ to take ! place ( ! old be>+ wood4 ,cut out ! canes z !y gr[ old]4 ,! p>tial %ade af=d$ by a "y or*>d suits ! currant well1 & if ! gr\nd is 9 good condition1 no bad results w foll[ to ! or*>d1 provid$ ! currants are remov$ be=e ! trees ne$ ! entire fe$+ space4 ,a currant pat* %\ld cont9ue 9 good be>+ = #aj to #bj ye>s1 if prop]ly h&l$4 ,"o v important po9t is to keep ! old1 weak canes cut out1 & a succession ( two to f\r new ones com+ f ! root ea* ye>4 ,to combat ! currant worm1 spray ?or\ghly ) ,p>is gre5 to kill ! fir/ brood1 j z soon z holes c be se5 9 ! l[] leaves--usually be=e ! plants are 9 bloom4 ,= ! second brood1 if x appe>1 spray ) :ite hellebore 7p4 #bjc74 ,= bor]s1 cut out & burn ! affect$ canes4 ,v>ieties ( currants4 ,9 mo/ sections ! ,r$ ,dut* w be f\nd to be ! mo/ satisfactory v>iety1 z ! plants are mu* less injur$ by bor]s ?an are ,*]ry 7,plate ,,xxiii71 ,fay1 & ,v]sailles1 :i* are l>g] & bett] v>ieties1 & are to be pref]r$ 9 sections :]e ! bor]s are n tr\blesome4 ,victoria is a valuable m>ket sort :]e bor]s are num]\s1 z x is little injur$ by !m4 ,! same is also true ( 7,pr9ce7 ,alb]t1 :i* is little attack$ by currant worms & is p>ticul>ly valuable z a late sort4 ,:ite ,dut* & ,:ite ,grape are valuable light-color$ v>ieties1 & 7,black7 ,naples z a v>iety = jelly4 ,london 7,london ,m>ket7 is also prov+ to be satisfactory 9 "s sections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,lucretia dewb]ry4 ,dewb]ry4--,! dewb]ry may be call$ an e>ly trail+ blackb]ry4 ,! culture is v simple4 ,support %\ld be giv5 to ! canes1 z !y are v sl5d] & rank gr[]s4 ,a wire trellis or l>ge-me%$ f5ce-wire answ]s admirably2 or 7& ?is is ! bett] g5]al me?od7 !y may be ti$ to /akes4 ,! fruits are l>ge & %[y1 :i*1 comb9$ ) _! e>l9ess1 makes !m desirable2 b !y are usually defici5t 9 flavor4 ,! ,lucretia 7,fig4 #bgf7 is ! lead+ v>iety4 ,lay ! canes on ! gr\nd 9 w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+ tie all ! canes f ea* plant to a /ake4 ,aft] fruit+1 cut ! old canes & burn !m 7z = blackb]ries74 ,9 ! meantime1 ! "y canes 7= next ye>'s fruit+7 are gr[+4 ,^! may be ti$ up z !y gr[1 to be out ( ! way ( ! cultivator4 ,dewb]ries are "o to two weeks e>li] ?an blackb]ries4 ,fig4--,! fig is little gr[n 9 ! ,ea/ except z a curiosity1 b on ! ,pacific coa/ x has ga9$ consid]able prom95ce z an or*>d fruit4 ,figs w /& consid]able fro/1 & se$l+ or inf]ior v>ieties gr[ out-(-doors )\t protection z f> nor? z ,virg9ia4 ,_m ( ! v>ieties fruit on "y spr\ts1 &1 inasmu* z ! roots w /& consid]able cold1 ^! v>ieties w (t5 give a few figs 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,figs h be5 fruit$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd 9 ,mi*igan4 ,9 regions hav+ t5 degrees ( fro/1 ! fig %\ld be laid d[n 9 w9t]4 ,= ?is purpose ! plants are prun$ to bran* f ! gr\nd1 & ! s(t tops are b5t to ! surface & cov]$ ) e>?4 ,9 comm]cial cultivation1 fig trees gr[ l>ge1 & !y /& #ah to #be feet ap>t2 b 9 g>d5s :]e !y are to be b5t ov]1 !y are to be kept z bu%es4 ,adriatic is ! mo/ commonly gr[n :ite fig4 ,among ! o!r v>ieties are ,cali=nia ,black or ,mission ,fig1 ,br[n ,is*ia1 ,br[n ,turkey1 ,:ite ,is*ia1 & ,cele/e 7,cele/ial74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,"o ( ! ,engli%-,am]ican gooseb]ries4 ,gooseb]ry4--,! gooseb]ry diff]s little f ! currant 9 its requirem5ts z to soil1 prun+1 & g5]al c>e4 ,! plants %\ld be set #c to #d feet ap>t2 r[s #e to #g feet ap>t4 ,select a ri*1 r moi/ soil4 ,! tops ne$ no w9t] protection4 ,if mildew & worms are to be kept 9 *eck1 spray+ mu/ be begun ) ! v fir/ sign ( tr\ble & be ?or\ghly done4 ,! propagation ( ! gooseb]ry is simil> to t ( ! currant1 al?\gh ! practice ( e>?+ up a :ole plant1 caus+ e bran* ?us cov]$ to ?r[ out roots1 is practic$ ) ! ,european v>ieties4 ,! root$ bran*es are cut (f ! foll[+ spr+ & plant$ 9 nurs]y r[s or sometimes directly 9 ! field4 ,9 ord] to succe$ ) ?is me?od1 ! plant %\ld h be5 cut back to ! gr\nd s t all ! %oots are ye>l+4 ,s9ce ! adv5t ( ! practice ( spray+ ) fungicides to prev5t mildew1 ! culture ( ! gooseb]ry has increas$4 ,!re is n[ no reason :y1 ) a little c>e1 good crops ( _m ( ! be/ ,engli% v>ieties may n be gr[n4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! gooseb]ry crop is pick$ gre5 = cul9>y purposes4 ,sev]al ( ! ,engli% v>ieties & _! d]ivatives h prov$ ( value1 hav+ l>g] fruits ?an ! natives 7,fig4 #bgg74 ,v>ieties ( gooseb]ries4 ,= ord9>y use ! ,d[n+ c g5]ally be recomm5d$4 ,x is h>dy1 productive1 ( fair size1 & gre5i% :ite 9 color4 ,h\ghton is ev5 m h>dy & productive1 b ! fruit is r small & ( a d>k r$ color4 ,among ! v>ieties ( ,european orig9 t c be successfully gr[n1 if ! mildew c be prev5t$1 are ,indu/ry1 ,triumph1 ,keepsake1 ,lanca%ire ,lad1 & ,gold5 ,prolific4 ,among o!r v>ieties t are promis+ are ,*ampion1 ,columbus1 ,*autauqua1 & ,josselyn 7,r$ ,jacket74 ,grape4--,"o ( ! sure/ ( fruit crops is ! grape1 a crop ea* ye> be+ reasonably c]ta9 aft] ! ?ird ye> f ! "t ( sett+ ! v9es2 & ! good amateur k9ds are num]\s4 ,! grape does well on any soil t is "u good cultivation & well dra9$4 ,a soil ) consid]able clay is bett] "u ^! circum/ances ?an a light1 s&y loam4 ,! exposure %\ld be to ! sun2 & ! place %\ld admit ( cultivation on all sides4 ,= plant+1 #a-or #b-ye>-old v9es %\ld be us$1 be+ set ei!r 9 ! fall or e>ly spr+4 ,at plant+1 ! v9e is cut back to #c or #d eyes1 & ! roots are well %ort5$ 94 ,! hole 9 :i* ! plant is to be set %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ a full spread+ ( ! roots4 ,if ! season %\ld be dry1 a mul* ( co>se litt] may be spread ar\nd ! v9e4 ,if all ! buds />t1 ! /ronge/ "o or two may be all[$ to gr[4 ,! canes aris+ f ^! buds %\ld be /ak$ & all[$ to gr[ ?r\gh ! season2 or 9 l>ge plantations ! fir/-ye> canes may be all[$ to lie on ! gr\nd4 ,! second ye> "o cane %\ld be cut back to ! same numb] ( eyes z ! fir/ ye>4 ,aft] gr[? beg9s 9 ! spr+1 two ( ! /ronge/ buds %\ld be all[$ to rema94 ,^! two canes n[ aris+ may be gr[n to a s+le /ake ?r\gh ! second summ]1 or !y may be spread horizontally on a trellis4 ,^! are ! canes t =m ! p]man5t arms or p>ts ( ! v9e4 ,f !m />t ! upright %oots :i*1 9 succe$+ ye>s1 are to be> ! fruits4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! prun+ ( grapes1 ! op]ator mu/ fully grasp ?is pr9ciple3 ,fruit is borne on wood ( ! pres5t season1 :i* arises f wood ( ! previ\s season4 ,to illu/rate3 ,a gr[+ %oot1 or cane1 ( #aiji makes buds4 ,9 #aiaj a %oot arises f ea* bud2 & ne> ! base ( ^! %oots ! grapes are borne 7#a to #d clu/]s on ea*74 ,:ile e bud on ! #aiji %oot may produce %oots or canes 9 #aiaj1 only ! /ronge/ ( ^! new canes w be> fruit4 ,! skill$ grape-gr[] c tell by ! looks ( 8 cane 7z he prunes x 9 w9t]7 :i* buds w give rise to ! grape-produc+ wood ! foll[+ season4 ,! l>g] & /rong] buds usually give be/ results2 b if ! cane itself is v big & /\t1 or if x is v weak & sl5d]1 he does n expect good results f any ( its buds4 ,a h>d1 well-rip5$ cane ! diamet] ( a man's little f+] is ! ideal size4 ,ano!r pr9ciple to be ma/]$ is ?is3 ,a v9e %\ld be> only a limit$ numb] ( clu/]s1--say f #cj to #hj4 ,a %oot be>s clu/]s ne> its base2 beyond ^! clu/]s ! %oot gr[s on into a long1 leafy cane4 ,an av]age ( two clu/]s may be reckon$ to a %oot4 ,if ! v9e is /rong en\gh to be> #fj clu/]s1 #cj good buds mu/ be left at ! prun+ 7:i* is done f ,decemb] to late ,febru>y74 ,! ess5tial op]ation ( prun+ a grape v9e1 !re=e1 is ea* ye> to cut back a limit$ numb] ( good canes to a few buds1 & to cut (f entirely all ! rema9+ canes or wood ( ! previ\s season's gr[?4 ,if a cane is cut back to #b or #c buds1 ! /ub-l "p :i* rema9s is call$ a spur4 ,pres5t sy/ems1 h[ev]1 cut ea* cane back to #h or #aj buds 7on /rong v>ieties71 & #c or #d canes are left1--all radiat+ f ne> ! head or trunk ( ! v9e4 ,! top ( ! v9e does n gr[ bigg] f ye> to ye>1 aft] x has once cov]$ ! trellis1 b is cut back to practically ! same numb] ( buds ea* ye>4 ,s9ce ^! buds are on new wood1 x is evid5t t !y are ea* ye> f>!r & f>!r remov$ f ! head ( ! v9e4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is difficulty1 new canes are tak5 out ea* ye> or two f ne> ! head ( ! v9e1 & ! #b-ye>-or #c-ye>-old wood is cut away4 ,! tra9+ ( grapes is a diff]5t matt]4 ,a doz5 diff]5t sy/ems ( tra9+ may be practic$ on ! same trellis & f ! same /yle ( prun+1--= tra9+ is only ! disposition or arrangem5t ( ! p>ts4 ,on arbors1 x is be/ to c>ry "o p]man5t arm or trunk f ea* root ov] ! framework to ! peak4 ,ea* ye> ! canes are cut back to %ort spurs 7( #b or #c buds7 along ! sides ( ?is trunk4 ,grapes are set f #f to #h feet ap>t 9 r[s :i* are #h to #aj feet ap>t4 ,a trellis made ( #b or #c wires is ! be/ support4 ,slat trellises cat* too mu* w9d & bl[ d[n4 ,avoid /imulat+ manures4 ,9 v cold climates1 ! v9es may be tak5 (f ! trellis 9 e>ly w9t] & laid on ! gr\nd & lightly cov]$ ) e>?4 ,along ! b\nd>ies ( home lots1 :]e grapes are (t5 plant$1 little is to be expect$ 9 ! way ( fruit because ! gr\nd is n well till$4 ,! grape is subject to _m insects & diseases1 "s ( :i* are v de/ructive4 ,! black-rot is ! mo/ usual tr\ble4 ,see p4 #bji4 ,to produce bun*es ( high quality & free f rot & fro/ injury1 grapes are sometimes bagg$4 ,:5 ! grapes are ab\t half gr[n1 ! bun* is cov]$ ) a groc]'s manila bag4 ,! bags rema9 until ! fruit is ripe4 ,! grapes usually mature e>li] 9 ! bags4 ,! top ( ! bag is split1 & ! flaps are secur$ ov] ! bran* ) a p92 ,figs4 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj expla9 ! op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh ,bag ready to be appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi ,! second /age 9 adju/+ ! bag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj ,! bagg+ complete4 ,9 all ! above discussion1 ! s-call$ native grapes alone are consid]$4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! ,european or v9if]a types are gr[n1 ! requirem5ts ( :i* are radically diff]5t f ^? ( ! ea/]n k9ds4 ,,xxii4 ,wall-tra9+ ( a pe> tree4 ,,xxii4 ,wall-tra9+ ( a pe> tree4 ,v>ieties ( grapes4 ,"u ne>ly all conditions1 ! ,concord w be a valuable black v>iety1 al?\gh ,word51 :i* is a few days e>li]1 may be pref]r$ by _m4 ,moore 7,moore ,e>ly7 has be5 our be/ v e>ly black v>iety1 b is likely to be sup]s$$ by ,campbell1 :i* is a /rong] v9e1 m productive1 bun*es l>g]1 fruit ( bett] quality1 & ( sup]ior keep+ qualities1 mak+ x valuable = %ipp+ purposes4 ,catawba1 ,delaw>e1 & ,brighton are among ! be/ r$ v>ieties1 al?\gh ,agawam & ,salem are mu* us$4 ,w9*ell 7,gre5 ,m\nta97 is ! be/ e>ly :ite v>iety1 & 9 mo/ sections ,niag>a1 a late :ite sort1 does well4 ,diamond 7,moore ,diamond7 is a :ite grape ( bett] quality ?an ,niag>a4 ,grapes "u glass 7,s4,w4 ,flet*]74 ,! ,european grapes r>ely ?rive out ( doors 9 ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,grape h\ses are necess>y1 ) or )\t artificial heat4 ,fruit = home use may be gr[n v satisfactorily 9 a cold grap]y 7)\t artificial heat74 ,a simple lean-to aga9/ ! s\? side ( a build+ or wall is *eap & s]viceable4 ,:5 a sep>ate build+ is desir$1 an ev5-span h\se runn+ nor? & s\? is pref]able4 ,!re is no advantage 9 hav+ a curv$ ro(1 except z a matt] ( looks4 ,a compo/ ( f\r p>ts rott$ turf to "o ( manure is laid on a slop+ cem5t bottom outside ! h\se1 mak+ a bord] #ab feet wide & #b feet deep4 ,! cem5t may be replac$ ) rubble on well-dra9$ soils1 b x is a poor make%ift4 ,e ?ree ye>s ! upp] #f in*es ( ! bord] %\ld be r5ew$ ) manure4 ,! bord] inside ! h\se is prep>$ likewise4 ,two-ye>-old pott$ v9es are plant$ ab\t #d feet ap>t 9 a s+le r[4 ,"p ( ! roots g ?r\gh a crevice 9 ! wall to ! out] bord] & "p rema9 inside2 or all may g outside if ! h\se is desir$ = o!r purposes4 ,"o /rong cane is tra9$ to a wire trellis hang+ at lea/ #ah in*es f ! glass1 & is cut back to #c feet ! fir/ ye>1 #f ! second1 & #i ! ?ird4 ,d n be 9 a hurry to get a long cane4 ,prun+ is on ! spur sy/em1 z recomm5d$ = arbors on p4 #dcj4 ,! v9es are usually laid on ! gr\nd = w9t] & cov]$ ) leaves or wrapp$ ) clo?4 ,z soon z ! buds swell 9 e>ly spr+1 tie ! v9es to ! trellis & />t out "o %oot f ea* spur1 rubb+ (f all o!rs4 ,aft] ! b]ries beg9 to color1 h[ev]1 x is bett] to leave all fur!r gr[? to %ade ! fruit4 ,p9* back ea* ( ^! lat]als two jo9ts beyond ! second bun*4 ,to keep d[n r$ spid] & ?rips1 ! foliage %\ld be spray$ ) wat] e bright morn+ except dur+ ! bloom+ season4 ,at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! b]ries %\ld be ?9n$ f ea* bun*2 d n be afraid ( tak+ out too _m4 ,wat] ! inside bord] frequ5tly all ?r\gh ! summ]1 & ! outside occasionally if ! season is dry4 ,mildew may appe> 9 ,july4 ,! be/ prev5tives are to syr+e fai?fully1 admit air freely1 & spr9kle sulfur on ! gr\nd4 ,fruit may be kept fre% on ! v9es 9 a w>m 7or artificially heat$7 grap]y until late ,decemb]2 9 a coldh\se x mu/ be pick$ be=e fro/4 ,aft] ! fruit is (f1 v5tilate f top & bottom & )hold wat]1 s z ?or\ghly to rip5 ! wood4 ,along 9 ,novemb] ! canes are prun$1 cov]$ ) /raw or wrapp$ ) mats & laid d[n till spr+4 ,black ,hamburg is sup]ior to all o!r v>ieties = a cold grap]y2 ,b[ood ,muscat1 ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 & ,*asselas ,musque may be add$ 9 ! w>mh\se4 ,good v9es w live & be> almo/ indef9itely4 ,mulb]ry4--,bo? = fruit & ornam5t ! mulb]ry %\ld be m g5]ally plant$4 ,ev5 if ! fruit is n to ! ta/e1 ! tree is naturally op5-c5t]$ & r\nd-head$1 & is an int]e/+ subject2 "s ( ! v>ieties h f9ely cut leaves4 ,! fruits are 9 great dem& by ! birds1 & aft] !y beg9 to rip5 ! /rawb]ry b$s & *]ry trees are fre] f rob9s & o!r fruit-eat+ birds4 ,= ?is reason alone !y are a valuable tree = ! fruit-gr[]4 ,trees may be pur*as$ *eap] ?an "o c propagate !m4 ,if plant$ 9 or*>d =m1 place !m #be to #cj feet ap>t4 ,ab\t ! bord]s ( a place !y c g clos]4 ,! ,russian v>ieties are (t5 plant$ = w9dbreaks1 = !y are v h>dy & ?rive "u ! greate/ neglect2 & = ?is purpose !y may be plant$ #h to #bj feet ap>t4 ,! ,russians make excell5t scre5s4 ,!y /& clipp+ well4 ,! fruit ( ! ,russians v>ies 9 quality1 z ! trees are usually directly f se$2 b n[ & !n a tree be>s excell5t fruit4 ,new ,am]ican1 ,tr[bridge1 & ,?orburn are lead+ k9ds ( fruit-be>+ mulb]ries = ! ,nor?4 ,! true ,d[n+ is n h>dy 9 ! nor!rn /ates2 b ,new ,am]ican is (t5 sold "u ?is "n4 ,mulb]ries ?rive 9 any good soil1 & ne$ no special treatm5t4 ,nuts4--,! nut trees dem& too mu* room = mo/ home-gr\nd fruit plantations1 al?\gh !y are also useful = w9dbreaks & %ade4 ,! hickories1 all ,am]ican1 make excell5t lawn trees1 & %\ld be bett] kn[n4 ,! filb]ts & cobnuts1 small trees or bu%es1 are n successfully gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry except 9 v special cases4 ,! comm]cial nut-gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada is *iefly ( almonds1 walnuts1 & pecans1 ) "s attempt at *e/nuts4 ,( ^! ! *e/nut is ! mo/ adaptable = home places 9 ! nor!a/]n section4 ,( *e/nuts !re are ?ree types 9 cultivation3 ! ,european1 ! ,japanese1 & ! ,am]ican4 ,! ,am]ican1 or native *e/nuts1 ( :i* !re are sev]al improv$ v>ieties1 are ! h>die/ & mo/ reliable1 & ! nuts are ! sweete/1 b !y are also ! smalle/4 ,! ,japanese v>ieties are usually injur$ by ! w9t] 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 ,! ,european v>ieties are some:at h>di]1 & "s ( ! v>ieties w ?rive 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,*e/nuts are v easily gr[n1 al?\gh ! b>k disease n[ ?reat5s !m4 ,!y usually be> bett] :5 two or m trees are plant$ ne> ea* o!r4 ,spr\ts 9 old *e/nut cle>+s are (t5 all[$ to rema91 & sometimes !y are graft$ to ! improv$ v>ieties4 ,! "y trees may be graft$ 9 ! spr+ by ! :ip-graft or cleft-graft me?od2 b ! cions %\ld be p]fectly dormant1 & ! op]ation %\ld be v c>efully done4 ,ev5 ) ! be/ workman%ip1 a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! grafts are likely to fail or to break (f aft] two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! mo/ popul> s+le v>iety ( *e/nut is ! ,p>agon1 :i* be>s l>ge & excell5t nuts :5 ! tree is v "y4 ,:5 ! home gr\nd is l>ge en\gh1 two or ?ree ( ^! trees %\ld be plant$ ne> ! bord]s4 ,orange4--,oranges are gr[n ext5sively 9 ,florida1 9 places along ! ,gulf1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,cali=nia1 b 9 ! mo/ favor$ sections !re is occasionally "s injury f cold or fro/ to ! trees or fruit4 ,! soil pref]r$ = oranges 9 ,cali=nia is a ri*1 deep alluvium1 avoid+ h>d-pan or adobe subsoils4 ,/agnant wat] 9 ! subsoil is a fatal defect4 ,al?\gh !y c be gr[n ne> ! ocean at a l[] level1 an elevation ( #fjj to #abjj feet is g5]ally desirable4 ,:ile s\!rn ,cali=nia is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to orange culture1 ! fruit is successfully rais$ along ! foot-hills ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 & ,sacram5to valleys & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,9 ,florida1 p9e l&s ) a clay subsoil are g5]ally pref]r$ = oranges1 b if prop]ly h&l$1 good results c be obta9$ f hammock l&4 ,z elevat$ spots _c be secur$1 a timb] belt surr\nd+ ! or*>d or along ! nor? & we/ sides is desirable4 ,! di/ance = ! l>ge-gr[+ k9ds ( orange 9 ! or*>d is f #be to #cj feet ea* way1 b ! half-dw>f k9ds1 su* z ,bahia or ,wa%+ton ,navel1 may be z close z #bj feet ea* way1 al?\gh #be feet w be desirable4 ,if ! roots are sack$1 ! trees %\ld be plac$ 9 ! hole )\t remov+ ! cov]+1 & ! soil %\ld !n be pack$ ab\t !m2 b if !y are puddl$1 a m\nd %\ld be made 9 ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,9 ! c5t] an op5+ %\ld be made into :i* ! tap-root c be ins]t$4 ,aft] ! soil has be5 firmly pack$ ab\t x1 ! o!r roots %\ld be spread out & ! hole fill$ ) good soil1 pack+ x c>efully4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! roots are n expos$ 9 h&l+ ! trees1 & if ! wea!r is hot & dry1 ! tops %\ld be %ad$4 ,wat] may (t5 be us$ ) good results 9 settl+ ! soil ab\t ! roots4 ,:5 transplant$1 ! tops %\ld be cut back 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( roots lo/ 9 digg+ ! trees4 ,! head is usually />t$ ) ! bran*es ab\t #b feet f ! gr\nd4 ,ea* ye> :ile ! trees are small1 ! /rong %oots %\ld be cut back to pres]ve a symmetrical =m & ! weak & surplus %oots %\ld be remov$4 ,! cultivation ( orange or*>ds %\ld be ! same z recomm5d$ = o!r fruits1 except t z !y gr[ 9 hot1 dry climates1 x %\ld be ev5 m ?or\gh1 t ! evaporation ( moi/ure f ! soil may be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,cali=nia gr[]s h f\nd t by frequ5t %all[ cultivation !y c r$uce ! am\nt ( wat] t mu/ be appli$ by irrigation1 & t frequ5t tillage & a little wat] w give bett] results ?an little or no cultivation & a l>ge am\nt ( wat]4 ,! am\nt ( wat] requir$ w also dep5d on ! season & ! "* ( ! soil4 ,?us on /rong soils & aft] a heavy ra9fall no irrigation w be requir$1 :ile s&y soils w ne$ irrigat+ z (t5 z once 9 ?ree or f\r weeks f ,may to ,octob]4 ,z a g5]al rule1 two or ?ree irrigations 9 a season w be ample4 ,:5 us$ at all1 wat] %\ld be appli$ 9 suffici5t quantities to wet d[n to ! roots ( ! trees4 ,frequ5t scanty wat]+s may d mu* h>m4 ,! wat] is usually appli$ 9 furr[s1 & = "y trees !re %\ld be "o on ei!r side ( ea* r[1 b z ! roots ext5d ! numb] %\ld be increas$1 until :5 five or six ye>s old ! entire or*>d %\ld be irrigat$ f furr[s #d or #e feet ap>t4 ,9 ,florida1 irrigation is n practic$4 ,cov]-cropp+ 9 w9t] is n[ common 9 ,florida & ,cali=nia1 "s ( ! legum9\s crops be+ us$4 ,v>ieties ( ! orange4 ,among ! be/ v>ieties are3 ,bahia1 commonly kn[n z ,wa%+ton ,navel1 ,?ompson ,improv$1 ,maltese ,blood1 ,m$it]ranean ,sweet1 ,pap] ,r9d ,/4 ,mi*ael1 & ,val5cia4 ,homosassa1 ,magnum ,bonum1 ,nonp>eil1 ,boone1 ,p>son ,br[n1 ,p9eapple1 & ,h>t are favorites 9 ,florida4 ,! tang]9es & m&>9s1 or ! 8kid-glove0 oranges1 h a ?9 r9d t is easily deta*$ f ! r dry pulp4 ,orange trees are frequ5tly injur$ by v>i\s scale insects1 b = sev]al ( ! mo/ tr\blesome k9ds1 insect p>asites h be5 f\nd t keep !m p>tially or :olly 9 *eck1 & = o!rs ! trees are spray$1 or fumigat$ ) hydrocyanic acid gas4 ,pea*4--,giv5 ! prop] exposure1 pea*es may be fruit$ 9 _m sections :]e n[ x is ?\ght impossible to h a crop4 ,x is usually ! practice ( ! amateur to set pea* trees 9 ! %elt] ( "s build+1 expos$ on ! s\? or ea/ to ! sun1 & 89 a pocket0 z reg>ds w9ds4 ,?is %\ld be rev]s$1 except 9 ! close vic9ity ( l>ge bodies ( wat]4 ,! fruit-buds ( pea*es w /& v cold wea!r :5 p]fectly dormant1 (t5 z l[ z #ab or #ah bel[ z]o 9 ,new ,york2 b if ! buds once become swoll51 comp>atively light freez+ w de/roy ! crop4 ,!re=e1 if ! trees be set on elevations :]e a con/ant air dra9age may be obta9$1 %elt]$1 if at all1 on ! s\? & ea/ f ! w>m+ influ5ce ( ! sun1 ! buds w rema9 dormant until ! gr\nd becomes w>m1 & ! *ances ( a failure w be less5$4 ,?is advice applies mo/ly to int]ior sections4 ,a well-dra9$1 s&y loam or gravelly soil suits ! pea* bett] ?an a heavy soil2 b if ! heavi] soil is well dra9$1 good crops may be secur$4 ,pea*es are %ort-liv$ at be/1 & "o %\ld be satisfi$ ) ?ree or f\r crops f ea* tree4 ,!y be> "y1 usually a p>tial crop ! ?ird ye>4 ,if a crop may be _h e o!r ye> until ! trees are eight or t5 ye>s old1 !y w h well repaid ! ef=t ( cultivation4 ,b !y (t5 be> twice ?is long4 ,"y trees may be set e f\r or five ye>s to replace old] ones1 ?us hav+ trees at a be>+ age at all times on a small place4 ,trees %\ld be set #ad to #ah feet ap>t ea* way4 ,pea* trees are always b\ght :5 !y are "o ye> old1 t is1 "o ye> f ! bud4 ,= example1 ! bud is ins]t$ 9 ! fall ( #aiji4 ,x rema9s dormant until ! spr+ ( #aiaj1 :5 x pu%es into vigor\s gr[?2 & 9 ! fall ( #aiaj ! tree is ready = sale4 ,pea* trees t are m ?an a ye> old are sc>cely wor? ! buy+4 ,x is a common practice1 :5 sett+ pea* trees1 to prune !m back to a :ip1 leav+ a /ub be>+ n m ?an "o bud :]e ea* bran* is cut (f4 ,! ?ree great enemies ( ! pea* are ! bor]1 ! yell[s1 & ! curculio4 ,! bor] is be/ h&l$ by digg+ x out e spr+ & fall4 ,trees attack$ by ! bor] h an exudation ( gum ab\t ! cr[n4 ,if ! bor]s are dug out twice a ye>1 !y w n get suffici5t />t to make ! op]ation v labori\s4 ,x is ! only sure way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4 ,seckel pe>4 ,! yell[s is a communicable disease1 ! cause ( :i* is n def9itely kn[n4 ,x %[s itself 9 ! fruit rip5+ prematurely1 ) di/9ct r$ spots :i* ext5d ?r\gh ! fle%1 & lat] by ! ?r[+ out ( f9e1 bran*+1 twiggy tufts along ! ma9 bran*es 7,fig4 #bae74 ,! only treatm5t is to pull out ! trees & burn !m4 ,o!r trees may be set 9 ! same places4 ,! curculio mu/ be captur$ by j>r+ on %eets 7see ,plum74 ,v>ieties ( ! pea*4 ,= home use x is advisable to provide v>ieties t w rip5 9 succession1 b = m>ket purposes1 9 mo/ sections1 ! m$ium & late k9ds %\ld be mo/ ext5sively plant$4 ,al?\gh !re are _m v>ieties t h a local reputation1 b are n commonly f\nd 9 ! nurs]ies1 ! foll[+ k9ds are well kn[n1 & c be g5]ally gr[n ) success3 ,alex&]1 ,hale ,e>ly1 ,riv]s1 ,/4 ,john1 ,bi%op1 ,connett 7,s\!rn ,e>ly71 ,c>man1 ,craw=d 7,e>ly & ,late71 ,oldmixon1 ,lewis1 ,*ampion1 ,sne$1 ,gre5sboro1 ,kalamazoo1 ,/ump1 ,elb]ta1 ,ede 7,capt4 ,ede71 ,/ev5s 7,/ev5s' ,r>]ipe71 ,crosby1 ,gold ,drop1 ,reeves1 ,*airs1 ,smock1 ,salway1 & ,levy 7,h5rietta74 ,pe>4--,no fruit plantation %\ld be consid]$ complete )\t trees ( v>i\s k9ds ( pe>s1 rip5+ fruits f e>ly 9 ,augu/ till w9t]4 ,! late v>ieties are g5]ally good keep]s1 & ext5d ! season into ,febru>y1 ?us supply+ fruit = six or sev5 mon?s4 ,z ! pe> gr[s to p]fection on qu9ce1 ! dw>f tree is peculi>ly adapt$ to plant+ on small home gr\nds1 & is (t5 us$ z a b\nd>y plant1 or to s]ve ! purpose ( a scre54 ,^! dw>f trees %\ld be set deep--#d to #f in*es bel[ ! union--to prev5t ! /ock f gr[+4 ,dw>f trees may be set z ne> toge!r z #aj to #af feet1 :ile ! /&>d or tall-gr[+ pe>s %\ld be set #ah to #be feet ap>t4 ,trees are plant$ :5 two or ?ree ye>s old4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #bhb4 ,du*esse d',ang\lme pe>4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #bhc4 ,! ,kieff] pe>4 ,! pe> ?rives on clay soil1 if well "u-dra9$1 & = ?is reason may succe$ 9 places :]e o!r fruits might fail4 ,a good1 /eady gr[? %\ld be ma9ta9$1 b ! use ( nitrog5\s manures %\ld be avoid$1 z !y t5d to make a rank gr[? & invite attacks ( pe> blight1 :i* is ! wor/ enemy ( ! pe> 7p4 #baa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,kieff] pe>4 ,v>ieties ( ! pe>4 ,z a selection to supply a succession ( v>ieties ?r\gh\t ! season1 ! foll[+ li/ is recomm5d$3-- ,e>ly4--,summ] ,doy5ne1 ,bloodgood1 ,clapp1 ,osb&1 ,elizabe? 7,mann+'s ,elizabe?74 ,autumn4--,b>tlett1 ,b\ssock1 ,flemi% 7,flemi% ,beauty71 ,buffum1 ,h[ell1 ,seckel 7,fig4 #bha71 ,l\ise ,bonne1 ,ang\lme 7,du*esse d',ang\lme7 7,fig4 #bhb71 ,%eldon4 ,w9t]4--,anj\1 ,clairgeau1 ,lawr5ce1 ,kieff] 7,figs4 #bhc1 #bhd71 ,w9t] ,nelis1 & ,ea/] ,beurre4 ,= ord9>y m>ket purposes ! foll[+ h be5 prov$ valuable3 ,b>tlett1 ,h[ell1 ,anj\1 ,clairgeau1 & ,lawr5ce4 ,9 ! c5tral & s\!rn /ates1 ,kieff] is gr[n successfully4 ,= home use ?is v>iety is n to be recomm5d$ 9 ! ,nor?1 because ( its poor quality & small] size4 ,= gr[+ z dw>fs1 ,ang\lme 7,du*esse d',ang\lme71 ,l\ise ,bonne1 ,anj\1 ,clairgeau1 & ,lawr5ce are mo/ popul>1 b _m o!r v>ieties ?rive on ! qu9ce4 ,plum4--,( plums !re are ?ree g5]al or common types3 fir/1 ! common ,dome/ica or ,european plum1 :i* gives rise to all ! old] v>ieties1 l ,lomb>d1 ,brad%aw1 ,gre5 ,gage1 ! ,prunes1 ! ,egg plums1 ! ,damsons1 & ! l2 second1 ! ,japanese plums1 :i* h become popul> )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & :i* are adapt$ to a wid] range ( c\ntry ?an ! ,dome/icas2 ?ird1 ! native plums ( sev]al species or types1 :i* are adapt$ to ! pla9s1 ! middle & s\!rn /ates1 & "s k9ds to ! cold ,nor?4 ,:]ev] ! ,dome/ica & ,japanese plums c be gr[n1 ! native plums are n de/9$ to become popul>2 b _m ( ! natives are mu* h>di] ?an o!rs1 & are !re=e adapt$ to regions 9 :i* ! ,dome/ica & ,japanese are n safe4 ,o!rs ( !m are well adapt$ to ! middle & s\!rn /ates4 ,! ,dome/ica & ,japanese plums are consid]ably h>di] ?an pea*es1 b n s h>dy z ! apple4 ,! nor!rn limit ( _! g5]al cultivation is ! s\!rn p59sula ( ,mi*igan1 c5tral & s\!rn ,ont>io1 c5tral ,new ,york1 & c5tral ,new ,engl&4 ,plums ?rive on a great v>iety ( soils1 b !y d bett]1 z a rule1 on ^? t are r heavy & h a consid]able cont5t ( clay4 ,9 fact1 _m ( ! v>ieties w ?rive on clay z h>d z t 9 :i* pe>s w gr[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y (t5 ?rive well 9 light1 & ev5 almo/ s&y soils4 ,! trees are set :5 !y are two & ?ree ye>s f ! bud4 ,x is pref]able to h plum trees on /ocks ( ! same species1 b x is n always possible to secure !m at ! nurs]ies4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 plums are work$ mo/ly on pea* roots1 & ^! make excell5t trees :]e ! climate is n too sev]e1 & especially on ! light] l&s on :i* !y are plant$ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! l>g] "p ( ! plum /ocks are gr[n on ! ,myrobalan plum roots4 ,?is ,myrobalan is an ,old ,_w species ( plum1 ( small] gr[? ?an ! ,dome/ica4 ,?is /ock1 !re=e1 t5ds to dw>f ! tree1 & x is also likely to ?r[ up spr\ts f ! roots4 ,plum trees are set #ab to #ah feet ap>t4 ,_m gr[]s l to set !m #h feet ap>t 9 r[s1 & h ! r[s f #af to #bj feet ap>t4 ,plums are prun$ mu* ! same z apples & pe>s4 ,t is1 ! top is ?9n$ out f ye> to ye>1 & all sup]flu\s bran*es & brok5 or diseas$ wood are remov$4 ,if ! soil is v /rong & ! trees are close toge!r1 x may be well to head !m 9 a little ea* ye>1 especially ^? v>ieties :i* gr[ v /rong & robu/4 ,pe/s & diseases4 ,!re are f\r lead+ difficulties 9 ! gr[+ ( plums--leaf-blight1 fruit-rot1 black-knot1 & curculio4 ,! leaf-blight usually appe>s ab\t midsumm]1 ! leaves becom+ spott$ & dropp+ (f4 ,! rem$y is to spray ?or\ghly ) bordeaux mixture1 beg9n+ soon aft] ! fruits h set1 & be=e ! tr\ble beg9s to %[4 ,! fruit-rot may be prev5t$ by ! same means--t is1 by spray+ ) bordeaux mixture4 ,x is usually be/ to beg9 j aft] ! fruits are well set4 ,a v important consid]ation 9 ! *eck+ ( ?is disease is to ?9 ! fruit s t x does n hang 9 clu/]s4 ,if "o fruit t\*es ano!r1 ! rot spreads f fruit to fruit 9 spite ( ! spray+4 ,"s v>ieties1 z ,lomb>d & ,abundance1 are specially susceptible to ?is injury4 ,! black-knot is be/ kept 9 *eck by cutt+ out ! knots :5ev] !y c be se51 & burn+ !m4 ,z soon z ! leaves drop1 ! or*>d %\ld be gone ov] & all knots tak5 out4 ,or*>ds t are ?or\ghly spray$ ) bordeaux mixture = ! leaf-blight & fruit-rot fungus are less liable to attacks ( black-knot4 ,! curculio1 or ! insect :i* is ! p>5t ( ! worms 9 ! fruit1 is ! invet]ate enemy ( ! plum & o!r /one fruits4 ,! mature beetle lays ! eggs 9 ! fruits :5 !y are v small1 usually beg9n+ its "w ab\t z soon z ! fl[]s fall4 ,^! eggs soon hat*1 & ! little maggot bores into ! fruit4 ,^? fruits t are attack$ :il/ v "y ord9>ily fall f ! tree1 b ^? attack$ :5 !y are half or m gr[n1 may adh]e to ! tree1 b rema9 wormy & gummy at ! pick+ "t4 ,! mature beetles are sluggi% 9 ! morn+s1 & are easily j>r$ f ! trees4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is fact1 ! fruit-gr[] may j> !m on %eets2 or1 9 l>ge or*>ds1 into a l>ge canvas hopp]1 :i* is :eel$ f tree to tree ^u a :eelb>r[-l frame1 & "u ! apex ( :i* is a t9 c into :i* ! insects roll4 ,!re is a slit or op5+ 9 "o side ( ! hopp]1 :i* all[s ! tree to /& ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ! canvas4 ,! op]ator !n gives ! tree two or ?ree %>p j>s ) a padd$ pole or mallet4 ,! edges ( ! hopp] are !n quickly %ak5 ) ! h&s & ! insects roll d[n into ! t9 receptacle4 ,9 ?is receptacle !re is k]os5e oil1 or x may be empti$ f "t to "t4 ,j h[ long ?is ma*9e is to be run 9 ! or*>d w dep5d entirely on circum/ances4 ,x is advisable to use ! cat*] soon aft] ! blossoms fall1 = ! purpose ( f9d+ out h[ abundant ! insects are4 ,if a few insects are caught f ea* tree1 !re is indication t !re are en\gh ( ! pe/s to make s]i\s tr\ble4 ,if aft] a few days ! insects seem to h disappe>$1 x w n be necess>y to cont9ue ! hunt4 ,9 "s ye>s1 especially 9 ^? succe$+ a v heavy crop1 x may be necess>y to run ! curculio-cat*] e morn+ = f\r or five weeks2 b1 z a rule1 x w n be necess>y to use x (t5] ?an two or ?ree times a week dur+ t season2 & sometimes ! season may be %ort5$ by "o half4 ,! insects fall mo/ readily :5 ! wea!r is cool1 & x is be/1 !re=e1 to get ?r\gh ! :ole or*>d1 if possible1 be=e noon4 ,on cl\dy days1 h[ev]1 ! insects may be caught all day4 ,a sm>t man c att5d to #cjj or #djj full-be>+ trees 9 six h\rs if ! gr\nd has be5 well roll$ or firm$1 z x %\ld be be=e ! bugg+ op]ation beg9s4 ,! same treatm5t applies to ! sav+ ( pea*es & r>ely1 also1 ( s\r *]ries4 ,v>ieties ( ! plum4 ,! foll[+ v>ieties ( ,european orig9 w be f\nd desirable = gr[+ 9 ! nor!rn & ea/]n /ates3 ,brad%aw1 ,imp]ial ,gage1 ,lomb>d1 ,mc,laughlin1 ,pond1 ,quack5bos1 ,copp]1 ,jeff]son1 ,italian ,prune 7,fell5b]g71 ,%rop%ire1 ,gold5 ,drop 7,coe ,gold5 ,drop71 ,bavay or ,re9e ,claude1 ,gr& ,duke1 ,mon>*4 ,sev]al ( ! ,japanese v>ieties are also well adapt$ to gr[+ 9 ^! sections1 z well z 9 ! /ates f>!r s\?4 ,! trees are g5]ally h>dy1 b !y bloom e>ly1 & are likely to be injur$ by late fro/s 9 "s localities4 ,among ! bett] k9ds are ! ,r$ ,june1 ,abundance1 ,*abot1 ,burbank1 & ,satsuma4 ,few ( ! above sorts are h>dy 9 ! ,nor?we/1 & gr[]s !re h to rely on v>ieties ( native species4 ,among ^! are3 ,=e/ ,g>d51 ,wyant1 ,de ,soto1 ,roll+/one1 ,weav]1 ,quak]1 & ,hawkeye4 ,f>!r s\? /ill o!r classes ( plums h be5 introduc$1 among !m be+ ,wildgoose1 ,cl9ton1 ,moreman1 ,m9]1 & ,gold5 ,beauty4 ,& /ill f>!r s\?1 ,transp>5t1 ,texas ,belle 7,p>is ,belle71 ,newman1 ,lone ,/>1 & ,el ,paso are gr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,mee* ,qu9ce 7,mee*'s ,prolific74 ,qu9ce4--,al?\gh n l>gely gr[n1 qu9ces g5]ally f9d a ready sale1 & !y are desirable = home use4 ,! trees are usually plant$ ab\t #ab feet ea* way1 & may be tra9$ ei!r 9 a %rub or tree =m1 b x w g5]ally be be/ to gr[ !m ) a %ort trunk4 ,!y succe$ be/ on a deep1 moi/1 & f]tile soil4 ,!y require mu* ! same c>e z ! pe>4 ,! insects & diseases by :i* !y are attack$ are also ! same z = t fruit4 ,blight is p>ticul>ly bad4 ,! fruit is borne on %ort %oots ( ! same season1 & /rong head+-9 ( ! gr[? 9 w9t] removes a good "p ( ! buds f :i* ! %oots arise4 ,! ,orange is ! mo/ common v>iety1 b ,*ampion1 ,mee* 7,fig4 #bhe71 & ,rea are sometimes gr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,a root+ tip ( ! black raspb]ry4 ,raspb]ry4--,bo? ! r$ & black raspb]ries are ess5tials ( a good g>d54 ,a few plants ( ea* w produce a supply ( b]ries = a family ?r\gh six or eight weeks1 provid$ bo? e>ly & late v>ieties are plant$4 ,a cool situation1 soil t w hold moi/ure )\t be+ wet1 & ?or\gh prep>ation ( ! gr\nd1 are ! conditions necess>y to success4 ,! blackcap raspb]ries %\ld be set #c to #d feet ap>t1 ! r[s #f or #g feet2 ! r$ v>ieties #c feet ap>t1 ! r[s #e feet ap>t4 ,spr+ sett+ is usually pref]able4 ,! %oots ( raspb]ries s5t up "o season fruit & die ! foll[+ ye>1 z 9 blackb]ries & dewb]ries4 ,mo/ ( ! blackcap v>ieties naturally ?r[ out side bran*es ! fir/ season1 & ) su* x is a good plan to p9* back ! new canes z soon z !y h rea*$ a height ( #b to #c feet1 accord+ to ! full height ( ! v>iety4 ,?is w ha/5 ! ?r[+ out ( side %oots1 ^u :i* fruit w be borne ! foll[+ ye>4 ,z soon z sev]e freez+ wea!r is ov] 9 ! spr+1 ^! side %oots %\ld be cut back #i to #ab in*es1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! canes & ! numb] ( side bran*es ^u !m4 ,! same me?od ( prun+ is advisable ) r$ v>ieties l ,cu?b]t1 :i* naturally bran* freely4 ,o!r sorts1 l ,k+1 ,hansell1 ,m>lboro1 ,turn]1 & ,?wack1 t seldom bran*1 %\ld n be p9*$ back 9 summ]1 z1 ev5 ?\gh ?is might induce !m to s5d out %oots1 ! bran*es w be weak1 & if !y survive ! w9t]1 w produce less fruit ?an w\ld ! /rong buds ^u ! ma9 canes _h !y n be5 =c$ into gr[?4 ,z soon z ! crop has be5 ga!r$1 & ! old canes are dead1 !y %\ld be remov$1 & at ! same "t all ( ! surplus new %oots %\ld be cut away4 ,f f\r to five good canes w be suffici5t = ea* hill1 :ile 9 r[s ! numb] may be f two to ?ree 9 ea* foot4 ,prun$ 9 ?is way1 ne>ly all v>ieties w h /ems suffici5tly l>ge to support !mselves1 b z !re w be m or less break+ d[n & injury to ! fruit f ! b5d+ ov] ( ! canes1 _m gr[]s pref] to support !m by means ( /akes or trellises4 ,/akes may be set 9 ea* hill1 or = matt$ r[s /\t /akes #c feet high are driv5 at int]vals ( #dj feet & a ,no4 #aj galvaniz$ wire is /ret*$ along ! r[1 to :i* ! canes are ti$4 ,x w\ld be a sav+ ( labor if a wire is /ret*$ ei!r side ( ! r[1 z !n no ty+ w be requir$4 ,,xxiii4 ,*]ry currant4 ,,xxiii4 ,*]ry currant4 ,if x is desir$ to secure new plants1 ! ends ( ! bran*es ( ! black v>ieties %\ld be cov]$ ) soil ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/1 :5 ! tips are se5 to divide into sev]al sl5d] %oots1 & to take root 7,fig4 #bhf72 ^! c be tak5 up & plant$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,:ile ! suck]s t spr+ f ! roots ( r$ v>ieties 7,fig4 #bhg7 may be us$ 9 propagat+ !m1 x w be bett] to use plants gr[n f root-cutt+s1 z !y w h mu* bett] roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,spr\t+ habit ( r$ raspb]ry4 ,raspb]ries may be b5t ov] to ! gr\nd s t ! sn[ w protect !m1 9 sev]e climates4 ,= r$ ru/1 pull out ! plant1 root & bran*1 & burn x4 ,%ort rotations--fruit+ ! plants only two or ?ree ye>s--& burn+ ! old canes & trimm+s1 w d mu* to keep raspb]ry plantations heal?y4 ,spray+ w h "s effect 9 combat+ an?racnose4 ,v>ieties ( raspb]ries4 ,( ! black sorts ! foll[+ w be f\nd desirable3 ,palm]1 ,conra?1 ,kansas1 & ,eureka1 :i* rip5 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,9 "s sections ! ,gregg is /ill valuable1 b x is some:at lack+ 9 h>d9ess4 ,ohio is a favorite v>iety = evaporat+4 ,( ! purple-cap v>ieties1 ,%aff] & ,columbian g5]ally succe$4 ,among ! r$ v>ieties none are m univ]sally successful ?an ,cu?b]t4 ,k+ is a promis+ e>ly v>iety1 & ,l\don is a valuable late k9d4 ,_m gr[]s f9d ,m>lboro & ,turn] well wor?y ( cultivation1 al?\gh r local 9 _! adaptations2 :ile = home use1 ,gold5 ,que51 a yell[ ,cu?b]t1 is mu* lik$4 ,/rawb]ry4--,e "o may gr[ /rawb]ries1 yet ! say+ t /rawb]ries w gr[ on any soil is mislead+1 al?\gh true4 ,"s v>ieties ( /rawb]ries w gr[ on c]ta9 soils bett] ?an o!r v>ieties4 ,:at ^! v>ieties are c be det]m9$ only by an actual te/1 b x is a safe rule to *oose su* v>ieties z prove good 9 _m localities4 ,z to ! me?ods ( culture1 s mu* dep5ds on ! size ( ! plot1 ! purpose = :i* ! fruit is want$1 & ! ext5t ( c>e "o is will+ to give1 t no set rule c be giv5 = a g>d5 9 :i* b few plants are gr[n & extra c>e c be giv54 ,! gr[] mu/ always be sure t 8 v>ieties w 8f]tilize02 t is1 t he has suffici5t poll5-be>+ k9ds to insure a crop4 ,) ! highe/ culture1 good results c be obta9$ f ! hill sy/em ( gr[+ /rawb]ries4 ,= ?is ! plants may be set 9 r[s #c feet ap>t & #a foot 9 ! r[1 or if x be work$ bo? ways1 !y may be f #b to #b-a_/b feet ea* way4 ,9 ! small g>d51 :]e a horse _c be us$1 ! plants are frequ5tly set #a foot ea* way1 arrang+ !m 9 b$s ( ?ree to five r[s1 ) walks #b feet wide betwe5 !m4 ,z fa/ z runn]s =m1 !y %\ld be remov$1 s t ! entire vigor ( ! plant w be ex]t$ 9 /r5g!n+ ! cr[n4 ,:5 extra f9e specim5 b]ries are desir$1 ! plant may be held above ! gr\nd by a wire frame1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,/rawb]ry plant support$ by a wire rack4 ,or /rawb]ries may be gr[n by ! n>r[ matt$-r[ sy/em1 9 :i* ! runn]s1 be=e root+1 %\ld be turn$ along ! r[s at a di/ance ( #d to #f in*es f ! p>5t plant4 ,^! runn]s %\ld be ! fir/ ones made by ! plant & %\ld n be all[$ to root !mselves1 b 8set 940 ,?is is n a difficult op]ation2 & if ! runn]s are sep>at$ f ! p>5t plant z soon z !y become well e/abli%$1 ! dra9 on t plant is n great4 ,all o!r runn]s %\ld be cut (f z !y />t4 ,! r[ %\ld be ab\t #ab in*es wide at fruit+ "t 7,fig4 #bhi74 ,ea* plant %\ld h suffici5t fe$+ gr\nd1 full sunlight1 & a firm hold 9 ! soil4 ,?is matt$-r[ sy/em is p]haps z good a me?od1 ei!r 9 a private g>d5 or field culture1 z c\ld be practic$4 ,) a little c>e 9 hoe+1 we$+1 & cutt+ (f runn]s1 ! b$s seem to produce z l>ge crops ! second ye> z ! fir/4 ,! old way ( gr[+ a crop 0 to set ! plants #aj to #ab in*es ap>t1 9 r[s #c feet ap>t1 & all[ !m to run & root at w1 ! results be+ a mass ( small1 cr[d$ plants1 ea* /riv+ to obta9 plant-food & none ( !m succe$+ 9 gett+ en\gh4 ,! la/1 or outside runn]s1 hav+ b ! tips ( _! roots 9 ! gr\nd1 are mov$ by ! w9d1 heav$ by ! fro/1 or h ! expos$ roots dri$ out by ! w9d & sun4 ,gr\nd ri* 9 pota% produces ! firme/ & be/ flavor$ b]ries4 ,excessive use ( /able manure1 usually ri* 9 nitrog51 %\ld be avoid$1 z t5d+ to make too rank gr[? ( foliage & b]ries ( a s(t texture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,a n>r[ matt$ r[ ( /rawb]ries4 ,= mo/ purposes1 /rawb]ries %\ld be set z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,! plant+ c be done ) a tr[el1 spade1 or dibble1 tak+ c>e to spread ! roots out z mu* z possible & to press ! soil firmly ab\t !m1 hold+ ! plant s t ! bud w be j above ! surface4 ,if ! season is late & ! wea!r is hot & dry1 "s or all ( ! old] leaves %\ld be remov$4 ,if wat] is us$1 x %\ld be p\r$ ab\t ! roots be=e ! hole is fill$ & z soon z x has soak$ away ! rema9+ soil %\ld be pack$ ab\t ! plants4 ,dur+ ! fir/ season ! blossom /alks %\ld be remov$ z soon z !y appe>1 & ! runn]s %\ld be re/rict$ to a space ab\t #a foot wide4 ,"s p]sons pref] /ill fur!r to r$uce ! numb] ( plants1 & aft] lay]+ f ?ree to f\r plants betwe5 ^? orig9ally set1 to remove all o!rs4 ,/rawb]ries are (t5 set 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 b ?is is advisable only = small pat*es or :5 ! soil is 9 ! be/ possible condition & ! highe/ culture is giv54 ,= g>d5 culture1 x may pay to secure pott$ plants 7,fig4 #bij74 ,^! are sold by _m nurs]ym51 & !y may be obta9$ by plung+ pots b5ea? ! runn]s z soon z ! fruit+ season is pass$4 ,9 ,augu/1 ! plant %\ld fill ! pot 7:i* %\ld be #c-;in* or #d-;in*7 & ! plant is ready = sett+ 9 ! plantation4 ,su* plants %\ld be> a good crop ! foll[+ spr+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ season /rawb]ries %\ld be frequ5tly work$1 r deep at fir/1 b z ! wea!r becomes w>m & ! roots fill ! gr\nd1 tillage %\ld be re/rict$ to a dep? ( n m ?an #b in*es4 ,! we$s %\ld nev] be all[$ to get a />t1 & if ! season is dry1 cultivation %\ld be s frequ5t t ! surface soil %\ld at all times be loose & op51 =m+ a du/ mul* to cons]ve ! moi/ure4 ,if ! fall is moi/ & ! plantation free f we$s1 !re w be little occasion = cultivation aft] ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 until j be=e ! gr\nd freezes up1 :5 a ?or\gh cultivation %\ld be giv54 ,9 addition to ! horse cultivation1 ! hoe %\ld be us$ :5ev] necess>y to loos5 ! soil ab\t ! plants & to de/roy we$s t may />t 9 ! r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4 ,a pott$ /rawb]ry plant4 ,aft] ! gr\nd has froz51 x w be advisable to mul* ! plants by cov]+ ! space betwe5 ! r[s ) "s wa/e mat]ial to ! dep? ( ab\t #b in*es4 ,directly ov] ! plants a cov]+ ( #a in* w g5]ally suffice4 ,! mat]ial us$ %\ld be free f ! se$s ( grass & we$s1 & %\ld be su* z w rema9 ^u ! b$s )\t bl[+ (f & t w n pack d[n too closely ^u ! plants4 ,m>% hay makes an ideal mul*1 b :]e x _c be secur$1 /raw w answ]4 ,corn fodd] makes a clean b r co>se mul*1 & :]e !y c be held 9 place by "s o!r mat]ial1 =e/ leaves d well z a mul* betwe5 ! r[s4 ,9 ! spr+ ! /raw %\ld be remov$ f ov] ! plants & all[$ to rema9 betwe5 ! r[s z a mul*1 or all ( x may be remov$ & ! soil work$ ) a cultivator4 ,a l>ge crop %\ld be produc$ ! second season2 _m p]sons ?9k x be/ to r5ew ! plantation ea* ye>1 b if ! plants are heal?y & ! gr\nd free f grass & we$s1 ! plantation c (t5 be reta9$ = a second crop4 ,x w be well to pl[ ! soil away f ! r[s s z to leave b a n>r[ /rip1 & along ?is ! old plants %\ld be cut out s z to leave ! new plants ab\t #a foot ap>t4 ,if ?is is done 9 ,july1 ! r[s %\ld fill up by w9t]1 s z to be 9 ab\t ! same condition z a new b$4 ,insects & diseases ( ! /rawb]ry4 ,! insect mo/ commonly tr\blesome to ! /rawb]ry gr[] is ! common ,june-bug1 or ,may-beetle1 ! l>vae ( :i* are (t5 v common 9 l& t has be5 9 sod4 ,two ye>s %\ld elapse be=e sod l& is us$ = ?is crop4 ,cut-worms are (t5 tr\blesome1 b pl[+ ! l& ! fall previ\s to sett+ ! plants w de/roy _m ( !m4 ,!y c be poison$ by spr9kl+ ab\t ! field clov] or o!r gre5 plants t h be5 soak$ 9 ,p>is gre5 wat] 7p4 #bjc74 ,! mo/ common fung\s disease ( ! /rawb]ry is leaf-blight or 8ru/10 :i* frequ5tly causes mu* injury to ! foliage1 & may result 9 ! loss ( ! crop4 ,v>ieties lea/ subject to ! disease %\ld be *os5 = plant+1 & on suitable soils & well c>$ =1 !re ne$ be little loss f ?is disease if ! plantation is frequ5tly r5ew$4 ,! ru/ & mildew may be held 9 *eck by bordeaux mixture4 ,x is usually suffici5t to spray aft] ! bloom+ season 7or at any "t ! fir/ ye> ! plants are set71 9 ord] to secure heal?y foliage = ! next ye> 7p4 #bac74 ,v>ieties ( /rawb]ries4 ,= mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ,hav]l&1 ,w>field1 ,buba*1 & ,g&y af=d a succession & are all h>dy & productive v>ieties4 ,! fir/ ?ree are imp]fect-fl[]$ v>ieties1 & "s su* p]fect-fl[]+ k9ds z ,l[ett or ,b$]wood %\ld be provid$ to f]tilize !m4 ,among o!r v>ieties t d well 9 mo/ sections are ,br&yw9e1 ,gre5ville1 ,clyde1 & ,woolv]ton4 ,p>k] ,e>le is v late1 & is valuable = ei!r home use or m>ket1 ^u /rong1 moi/ soils1 :]e x c h ! be/ ( c>e4 ,belt 7,william ,belt7 & ,m>%all h l>ge1 %[y fruits1 & d well on /rong soil4 ,excelsior or ,mi*el might be add$ z v e>ly2 ,aroma is gr[n v ext5sively 9 "s sections2 also ,t5nessee 7,t5nessee ,prolific7 is a v promis+ new sort f ,t5nessee4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,! ,,vegetable ,,plants ,a vegetable g>d5 is admitt$ly a "p ( any home place t has a good re> area4 ,a pur*as$ vegetable is nev] ! same z "o tak5 f a man's own soil & repres5t+ 8 own ef=t & solicitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4 ,cultivat+ ! backa*e4 ,x is ess5tial to any satisfaction 9 vegetable-gr[+ t ! soil be ri* & ?or\ghly subdu$ & f9$4 ,! plantation %\ld also be s arrang$ t ! till+ c be done ) :eel tools1 &1 :]e ! space w all[ x1 ) horse tools4 ,! old-"t g>d5 b$ 7,fig4 #bia7 consumes "t & labor1 wa/es moi/ure1 & is m tr\ble & exp5se ?an x is wor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4 ,tracy's plan = a kit*5-g>d54 ,! r[s ( vegetables %\ld be z long & cont9u\s z possible1 to all[ ( tillage ) :eel tools4 ,if x is n desir$ to gr[ a full r[ ( any "o vegetable1 ! l9e may be made up ( sev]al species1 "o foll[+ ! o!r1 c>e be+ tak5 to place toge!r su* k9ds z h simil> requirem5ts2 "o long r[1 = example1 might conta9 all ! p>snips1 c>rots1 & salsify4 ,"o or two long r[s conta9+ a doz5 k9ds ( vegetables are usually pref]able to a doz5 %ort r[s1 ea* ) "o k9d ( vegetable4 ,x is well to place ! p]man5t vegetables1 z rhub>b & asp>agus1 at "o side1 :]e !y w n int]f]e ) ! pl[+ or till+4 ,! annual vegetables %\ld be gr[n on diff]5t p>ts ( ! area 9 succe$+ ye>s1 ?us practic+ some?+ l a rotation ( crops4 ,if radi% or cabbage maggots or club-root become ?or\ghly e/abli%$ 9 ! plantation1 omit = a ye> or m ! vegetables on :i* !y live4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4 ,a g>d5 f5ce arrang$ to all[ ( horse "w4 ,a sugge/ive arrangem5t = a kit*5-g>d5 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bib4 ,9 ,fig4 #bic is a plan ( a f5c$ g>d51 9 :i* gates are provid$ at ! ends to all[ ! turn+ ( a horse & cultivator 7,webb ,donnell1 9 ,am]ican ,g>d5+74 ,figure #bid %[s a g>d5 ) cont9u\s r[s1 b ) two breaks runn+ across ! area1 divid+ ! plantation into blocks4 ,! area is surr\nd$ ) a w9dbreak1 & ! frames & p]man5t plants are at "o side4 ,x is by no means necess>y t ! vegetable-g>d5 conta9 only kit*5-g>d5 products4 ,fl[]s may be dropp$ 9 "h & !re :]ev] a vacant corn] occurs or a plant dies4 ,su* in=mal & mix$ g>d5s usually h a p]sonal "* t adds greatly to _! int]e/1 &1 !re=e1 to _! value4 ,"o is g5]ally impress$ ) ?is in=mal "* ( ! home-g>d5s 9 _m ,european c\ntries1 a type ( plant+ t arises f ! necessity ( mak+ ! mo/ ( e in* ( l&4 ,x 0 ! writ]'s pleasure to look ov] ! f5ce ( a ,bav>ian peasant's g>d5 & to see1 on a space ab\t #dj feet by #ajj feet 9 area1 a delightful m$ley ( onions1 pole beans1 peonies1 cel]y1 balsams1 gooseb]ries1 coleus1 cabbages1 sunfl[]s1 beets1 poppies1 cucumb]s1 morn+-glories1 kohl-rabi1 v]b5as1 bu% beans1 p9ks1 /ocks1 currants1 wormwood1 p>sley1 c>rots1 kale1 p]5nial phlox1 na/urtiums1 fev]few1 lettuce1 lilies6 ,vegetables = six 7by ,c4,e4 ,hunn74 ,a home vegetable-g>d5 = a family ( six w\ld require1 exclusive ( potatoes1 a space n ov] #ajj by #aej feet4 ,beg9n+ at "o side ( ! g>d5 & runn+ ! r[s ! %ort way 7hav+ ea* r[ #ajj feet long7 s[+s may be made1 z soon z ! gr\nd is 9 condition to "w1 ( ! foll[+3 ,fifty feet ea* ( p>snips & salsify4 ,"o hundr$ feet ( onions1 #be feet ( :i* may be potato or set onions1 ! rema9d] black-se$ = summ] & fall use4 ,fifty feet ( e>ly beets2 #ej feet ( lettuce1 ) :i* radi% may be s[n to break ! soil & be h>ve/$ be=e ! lettuce ne$s ! room4 ,"o hundr$ feet ( e>ly cabbage1 ! plants = :i* %\ld be f a frame or pur*as$4 ,set ! plants #ah in*es to #b feet ap>t4 ,"o hundr$ feet ( e>ly caulifl[]2 culture same z = cabbage4 ,f\r hundr$ & fifty feet ( peas1 s[n z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 #bid4 ,a family kit*5-g>d54 #ajj feet ( extra e>ly4 #ajj feet ( extra e>ly1 s[n late4 #ajj feet ( int]m$iate4 #ajj feet ( late4 #ej feet ( dw>f v>ieties4 ,if trellis or bru% is n to be us$1 frequ5t s[+s ( ! dw>fs w ma9ta9 a supply4 ,aft] ! soil has become w>m & all dang] ( fro/ has pass$1 ! t5d] vegetables be plant$ z foll[s3 ,corn 9 five r[s #c feet ap>t1 ?ree r[s to be e>ly & int]m$iate & two r[s late4 ,"o hundr$ feet ( /r+ beans1 e>ly to late v>ieties4 ,v9es z foll[s3-- #aj hills ( cucumb]s1 #fx#f feet4 #f hills ( e>ly squa%1 #fx#f feet4 #bj hills ( muskmelon1 #fx#f feet4 #aj hills ( ,hubb>d1 #fx#f feet4 ,"o hundr$ feet ( okra4 ,tw5ty eggplants4 ,"o hundr$ feet 7#be plants7 tomatoes4 ,six l>ge clumps ( rhub>b4 ,an asp>agus b$ #be feet long & #c feet wide4 ,late cabbage1 caulifl[]1 & cel]y are to occupy ! space made ,vacant by remov+ e>ly crops ( e>ly & int]m$iate peas & /r+ beans4 ,a bord] on "o side or end w hold all h]bs1 su* z p>sley1 ?yme1 sage1 hyssop1 m9ts4 ,! classes ( vegetables4 ,be=e attempt+ to gr[ p>ticul> vegetables1 x w help ! beg9n] to an und]/&+ ( ! subject if he recognizes c]ta9 cultural gr\ps or classes1 & :at _! ma9 requirem5ts are4 ,root-crops--,beet1 c>rot1 p>snip1 salsify4 ,! root-crops are cool-wea!r plants2 t is1 !y may be s[n v e>ly1 ev5 be=e light fro/s disappe>2 & ! w9t] k9ds gr[ v late 9 ! fall1 or may be left 9 ! gr\nd till mo/ o!r crops are h>ve/$4 ,!y are n (t5 transplant$4 ,loose & deep soil1 free f clods1 is requir$ to gr[ /raight & well-develop$ roots4 ,! l& mu/ also be p]fectly dra9$1 n only to remove sup]flu\s moi/ure1 b to provide a deep & friable soil4 ,subsoil+ is useful 9 h>d l&s4 ,a l>ge admixture ( s& is g5]ally desirable1 provid$ ! soil is n likely to ov]heat 9 sunny wea!r4 ,to keep roots fre% 9 ! cell>1 pack !m 9 b>rels1 boxes1 or b9s ( s& :i* is j naturally moi/1 all[+ ea* root to come :olly or p>tly 9 contact ) ! s&4 ,! be/ mat]ial 9 :i* to pack !m is sphagnum moss1 ! same t nurs]ym5 use 9 pack+ trees = %ipm5t1 & :i* may be obta9$ 9 bogs 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ei!r s& or sphagnum1 ! roots w n %rivel2 b if ! cell> is w>m1 !y may />t to gr[4 ,roots c also be buri$1 aft] ! mann] ( potatoes4 ,alliace\s gr\p--,onion1 leek1 g>lic4 ,a gr\p ( v h>dy cool-wea!r plants1 dem&+ unusually c>eful prep>ation ( ! surface soil to receive ! se$s & to set ! "y plants go+4 ,!y )/& fro/ & cool wea!r1 & may be s[n v e>ly4 ,se$s are s[n directly :]e ! plants are to /&4 ,= e>ly onions1 h[ev]1 ! special practice has rec5tly aris5 ( transplant+ f se$b$s4 ,brassicace\s gr\p--,cabbage1 kale1 caulifl[]4 ,^! are cool-wea!r crops1 all ( !m )/&+ consid]able fro/4 ,! cabbages & kales are (t5 />t$ 9 fall 9 ! middle & s\!rn latitudes1 & are h>ve/$ be=e hot wea!r arrives4 ,9 ! nor!rn /ates1 ^! plants w all d be/ :5 />t$ e>ly 9 hotb$1 frame1 or gre5h\se1--f ! la/ ( ,febru>y to ,april--& transplant$ to ! op5 gr\nd ,may fir/ to ,june fir/1 p>tly because _! season ( gr[? may be long & p>tly to enable !m to escape ! heat ( midsumm]4 ,/ill1 "s p]sons are successful 9 gr[+ late cabbage1 kale1 & caulifl[]1 by s[+ ! se$s 9 hills & 9 ! op5 gr\nd :]e ! plants are to mature4 ,x is be/ to transplant ! "y plantlets twice1 fir/ f ! se$-b$ to boxes1 or frames1 ab\t ! "t ! second set ( true leaves appe>s1 plac+ ! plants #bd in*es ap>t ea* way1 & transplant+ aga9 to ! op5 gr\nd 9 r[s #d to #e feet ap>t1 ) plants #b to #d feet ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,if ! plants are />t$ "u cov]1 !y %\ld be h>d5$ (f by exposure to light & air dur+ ! w>m] h\rs ( sev]al days prec$+ ! f9al transplant+4 ,! mo/ s]i\s enemy ( cabbage-l plants is ! root-maggot4 ,see discussion ( ?is insect on pp4 #ahg1 #bja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4 ,! :ite butt]fly t lays ! eggs = ! cabbage-worm4 ,! cabbage-worm 7l>va ( ! :ite butt]fly %[n 9 ,fig4 #bie7 c be dispat*$ ) pyre?rum or k]os5e emulsion4 ,x mu/ be treat$ v e>ly1 be=e ! worm gets f> into ! head 7p4 #bjj74 ,! club-root or /ump-root is a fung\s disease = :i* !re is no good rem$y4 ,use new l& if ! disease is pres5t 7p4 #bjh74 ,solanace\s gr\p--,tomato1 egg-plant1 r$ pepp]4 ,^! are w>m-wea!r plants1 v impati5t ( fro/4 ,!y are all natives ( s\!rn zones1 & h n yet become s f> acclimatiz$ 9 ! ,nor? z n to ne$ ! b5efit ( our longe/ seasons4 ,plants %\ld be />t$ e>ly1 "u glass4 ,!y %\ld be 8prick$ (f10 :5 ! second leaves appe>1 #c or #d in*es ap>t1 into flats or boxes4 ,^! boxes %\ld be kept 9 a coldframe1 to :i* an abundance ( light & air is admitt$ on w>m1 sunny days1 9 ord] to h>d5 !m (f4 ,aft] all dang] ( fro/ is pa/1 & ! g>d5 soil is well w>m$1 ! plants may be f9ally transplant$4 ,if ! gr\nd is too ri*1 ^! plants are likely to gr[ too late 9 ! nor!rn seasons4 ,cucurbitace\s gr\p--,cucumb]1 melon1 squa%1 pumpk94 ,all ! memb]s ( ?is gr\p are v t5d] to fro/1 & !y mu/ n be plant$ till ! season is ?or\ghly op5 & settl$4 ,! plants are n transplant$1 unless !y are transf]r$ f boxes or pots4 ,se$s mu/ be plant$ some:at %all[ f e>ly spr+ to midsumm]4 ,= ! e>lie/ cucumb]s & melons1 se$s are plant$ 9 frames4 ,t is1 ea* hill is inclos$ by a portable box frame ab\t #c feet squ>e & usually hav+ a movable sa% cov]4 ,! cov] is rais$ or remov$ 9 w>m days1 & ! frame bodily tak5 away :5 all dang] ( fro/ is pa/4 ,9 field culture1 se$s are plant$ an in* deep1 f\r to six 9 a hill1 ) hills #d by #f feet ap>t1 ^! di/ances be+ v>i$ slightly1 accord+ to location & v>iety4 ,good cucumb]s are sometimes gr[n 9 hills surr\nd+ a b>rel 9 :i* manure is plac$ to be lea*$ out by successive wat]+s4 ,! omnipres5t enemies ( all ! cucurbitace\s crops are ! little cucumb] beetle & ! l>ge black 8/9k bug40 ,a%es1 lime1 or tobacco du/ occasionally seem to %[ "s effici5cy 9 prev5t+ ! ravages ( ^! insects1 b ! only reasonably sure immunity is 9 ! use ( cov]s ov] ! hills 7,fig4 #bbi7 & 9 h&-pick+ 7p4 #bjb74 ,cov]s may also be made by /ret*+ mosquito nett+ ov] arcs ( b>rel hoops or b5t wires4 ,if by "s su* means ! plants are kept insect-free till !y outgr[ ! protection1 !y w usually escape s]i\s damage f insects !reaft]4 ,x is well to plant trap or decoy hills ( cucumb]s1 squa%es1 or melons 9 advance ( ! regul> plant+1 on :i* ! bugs may be h>ve/$4 ,legum9\s crops--,peas & beans4 ,two cultural gr\ps are includ$ 9 ! legumes1--! bean gr\p 7includ+ all field1 g>d51 & kidney beans1 & ! c[pea7 compris+ w>m-wea!r plants2 ! pea gr\p 7includ+ field & g>d5 pea1 ! ,w9dsor or ,broad bean7 compris+ cool-wea!r plants4 ,! =m] are quickly susceptible to fro/ & %\ld be plant$ only aft] ! wea!r is settl$4 ,! latt] are among ! e>lie/ vegetables to be plant$4 ,! legum9\s crops are n transplant$1 ! se$ be+ plac$ :]e ! plants are to gr[4 ,salad plants & pot-h]bs 78gre5s074 ,^! plants are all gr[n = _!1 t5d]1 fre%1 succul5t leaves1 & !re=e e reasonable ef=t %\ld be made to secure quick & cont9u\s foliage gr[?4 ,x is manife/ly exp$i5t t !y be gr[n 9 w>m1 mell[ gr\nd1 well cultivat$ & copi\sly wat]$4 ,su* small plants z cress1 corn salad1 & p>sley may be gr[n 9 small b$s1 or ev5 9 boxes or pots2 b 9 a g>d5 :]e space is n too scant1 !y may be m conv5i5tly manag$ 9 r[s1 l peas or beets4 ,ne>ly all ! salad plants may be s[n 9 ! spr+1 & f "t to "t ?r\gh\t ! summ] = succession4 ,! gr\p is culturally n homog5e\s1 inasmu* z "s ( ! plants ne$ special treatm5t2 b mo/ ( !m are cool-wea!r subjects4 ,sweet-h]bs4 ,! h]b g>d5 %\ld f9d a place on all amateurs' gr\nds4 ,sweet-h]bs may sometimes be made pr(itable by dispos+ ( ! surplus to ! gre5 groc] & ! druggi/4 ,! latt] w (t5 buy all t ! h\sewife wi%es to dispose (1 z ! g5]al supply ( m$ic9al h]bs is gr[n by speciali/s1 & goes into ! h&s ( ! :olesal] & is (t5 old :5 receiv$ by ! local deal]4 ,! se$sm5's catalogues m5tion upw>ds ( =ty diff]5t h]bs1 m$ic9al & cul9>y4 ,! majority ( !m are p]5nial1 & w gr[ = _m ye>s if well tak5 c>e (4 ,h[ev]1 x is bett] to res[ !m e ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,b$s #d feet squ>e ( ea* ( ! h]bs w supply an ord9>y family4 ,! p]5nial sweet-h]bs may be propagat$ by division1 al?\gh !y are usually gr[n f se$s4 ,! second ye>--& sometimes ev5 ! fir/ ye>--! plants are /rong en\gh = cutt+4 ,! common p]5nial sweet-h]bs are3 ,sage1 lav5d]1 pepp]m9t1 spe>m9t1 hyssop1 ?yme1 m>joram1 balm1 catnip1 rosem>y1 horeh\nd1 f5nel1 lovage1 w9t] savory1 tansy1 wormwood1 co/m>y4 ,! common] annual species 7or ^? t are treat$ z annuals7 are3 ,anise1 sweet basil1 summ] savory1 cori&]1 p5nyroyal1 c>away 7bi5nial71 cl>y 7bi5nial71 dill 7bi5nial71 sweet m>joram 7bi5nial74 ,! culture ( ! lead+ vegetables4 ,hav+ n[ obta9$ a view ( ! lay\t ( ! vegetable-g>d5 & a good conception ( ! lead+ cultural gr\ps1 we may proce$ ) a discussion ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( vegetables !mselves4 ,good exp]i5ce is bett] ?an book advice2 b ! p]son :o consults a book is ! "o :o lacks exp]i5ce4 ,any pr9t$ directions are necess>ily imp]fect1 & !y may n be adaptable to ! p>ticul> conditions "u :i* ! amateur works2 b !y ought to set him 9 ! "r direction s t he may m easily f9d 8 way4 ,se$sm5's catalogues (t5 conta9 mu* useful & reliable advice ( ?is k9d4 ,asp>agus4--,! be/ ( all e>ly spr+ vegetables2 a h>dy h]bace\s p]5nial1 gr[n = ! s(t edible %oots t spr+ f ! cr[n4 ,! culture ( asp>agus has be5 simplifi$ 9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 & at pres5t ! k requir$ successfully to plant & gr[ a good supply ne$ n be t ( a pr(essional4 ,! old me?od ( excavat+ to ! dep? ( #c feet or m1 ?r[+ 9 f #d to #f in*es ( brok5 /one or bricks = dra9age1 !n fill+ to )9 #af to #ah in*es ( ! surface ) well-rott$ manure1 ) #f in*es ( soil ^u :i* to set ! roots1 has giv5 place to ! simple practice ( pl[+ or digg+ a tr5* f #ad to #af in*es deep1 spread+ well-rott$ manure 9 ! bottom to ! dep? ( #c or #d in*es2 :5 well trodd5 d[n cov]+ ! manure ) #c or #d in*es ( good g>d5 soil1 !n sett+ ! plants1 ) ! roots well spread out1 cov]+ c>efully ) soil to ! level ( ! g>d51 & firm+ ! soil ) ! feet4 ,?is w leave ! cr[ns ( ! plants f #d to #e in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,9 /ubborn1 heavy soil ! be/ me?od to pursue 9 mak+ a p]man5t b$ is to ?r[ out all ! dirt f ! tr5* & replace ) good1 fibr\s loam4 ,9 sett+1 #a-ye>-old plants w prove m satisfactory ?an old] ones1 be+ less liable to suff] f injury to ! root sy/em ?an ^? t h made a l>g] gr[?4 ,two ye>s aft] sett+ ! crop may be cut some:at1 b n soon] if a la/+ b$ is desir$1 z ! ef=t to replace ! /alks has a t5d5cy to weak5 ! plant unless ! roots are well e/abli%$4 ,! cutt+ %\ld cease 9 ,june or e>ly ,july1 or ! roots may be mu* weak5$4 ,9 cutt+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to ins]t ! knife v]tically1 s t adjo9+ cr[ns w n be injur$ 7,fig4 #bif74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4 ,good ,a & poor ,b modes ( ins]t+ ! knife to cut asp>agus4 ,"s c>eful gr[]s pull or break ! %oots r ?an cut !m4 ,! ye>ly treatm5t ( an asp>agus b$ consi/s ( clean+ (f tops & we$s 9 ! fall & add+ a dress+ ( well-rott$ manure to ! dep? ( #c or #d in*es1 ?is manure to be lightly =k$ into ! b$ ! foll[+ spr+2 or ! tops may be all[$ to /& = w9t] protection & ! mul* left (f4 ,a top-dress+ ( nitrate ( soda1 at ! rate ( #bjj p\nds p] acre1 is (t5 b5eficial z a spr+ /imulant1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( an old b$4 ,good results w also foll[ an application ( bone meal or sup]phosphate at ! rate ( "s #cjj to #ejj p\nds p] acre4 ,! practice ( s[+ salt on an asp>agus b$ is almo/ univ]sal2 yet b$s t h nev] receiv$ a p\nd ( salt are f\nd to be z productive z ^? hav+ receiv$ an annual dress+4 ,nev]!less1 a salt dress+ is recomm5d$4 ,two r[s ( asp>agus #be feet long & #c feet ap>t %\ld supply a l>ge family ) an abundance ?r\gh\t ! season1 & if well tak5 c>e (1 w la/ a numb] ( ye>s4 ,conov] ,colossal is ! v>iety mo/ g5]ally gr[n1 & is p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory sort4 ,palmetto1 a v>iety orig9at+ at ! ,s\?1 is also v popul>4 ,arti*oke4--,! arti*oke ( lit]ature is a tall1 co>se p]5nial ( ! ?i/le tribe1 produc+ edible fl[]-heads4 ,c>doon is a relat$ plant4 ,! fle%y scales ( ! head & ! s(t 8bottom0 ( ! head are ! p>ts us$4 ,! "y suck]s or %oots may also be ti$ toge!r & blan*$1 us+ !m l asp>agus or ,swiss *>d4 ,b few ( ^! plants w\ld be ne$$ = a family1 z !y produce a numb] ( fl[]-heads to a plant & a quantity ( suck]s4 ,! plants %\ld be set f #b to #c feet ap>t 9 ! r[1 ! r[s be+ #c feet ap>t4 ,?is vegetable is n q h>dy 9 ! ,nor?1 b a cov]+ ( leaves or b>ny>d litt] to ! dep? ( a foot w protect x well4 ,! plant is p]5nial1 b ! be/ yield comes f "y plants4 ,if ! heads are all[$ to rip51 !y r$uce ! vitality ( ! plant4 ,arti*okes h nev] become s popul> 9 ?is c\ntry z to h produc$ a long li/ ( v>ieties4 ,l>ge ,gre5 ,globe is mo/ commonly (f]$ by se$sm54 ,edible heads %\ld be secur$ ! second ye> f se$4 ,se$l+s are likely to v>y greatly1 & if "o is fond ( arti*okes1 he w\ld d bett] to propagate by suck]s f ! be/ plants4 ,^! plants make no mean decorative subjects1 ei!r mass$ or 9 a mix$ bord]1 & f ! r>ity ( _! culture are always objects ( int]e/4 ,arti*oke1 ,j]usalem1 is a :olly diff]5t plant f ! above1 al?\gh x is commonly kn[n z 8arti*oke0 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is a species ( sunfl[] t produces potato-l tub]s4 ,^! tub]s may be us$ 9 lieu ( potatoes4 ,!y are v palatable to hogs2 & :5 ! plant becomes a we$1--z x (t5 does1--x may be ext]m9at$ by turn+ ! hogs into ! field4 ,h>dy1 & w gr[ any:]e4 ,bean4--,e g>d5 gr[s beans ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,"u ?is g5]al "n1 _m k9ds ( plants are cultivat$4 ,!y are all t5d]1 & ! se$s1 !re=e1 %\ld n be plant$ until ! wea!r is ?or\ghly settl$2 & ! soil %\ld be w>m & loose4 ,!y are all annuals 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 or treat$ z su*4 ,! bean plants may be classifi$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 respect to /ature1 !y may be ?r[n into ?ree g5]al categories2 viz4 ! pole or climb+ beans1 ! bu% beans1 & ! /rict-gr[+ or upright beans 7z ! ,broad or ,w9dsor bean74 ,9 respect to _! uses1 beans aga9 may be divid$ into ?ree categories2 viz4 ^? us$ z /r+ or snap beans1 ! entire pod be+ eat52 ^? t are us$ z %ell beans1 ! full-size b immature beans be+ %ell$ f ! pod & cook$2 dry beans1 or ^? eat5 9 _! dry or w9t] condition4 ,! same v>iety ( bean may be us$ = all ( ^! ?ree purposes at diff]5t /ages ( its developm5t2 b z a matt] ( fact1 !re are v>ieties bett] = "o purpose ?an ! o!r4 ,aga91 beans may be classifi$ 9 respect to _! species4 ,^? species t are be/ kn[n are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,common bean1 or ,phaseolus vulg>is1 ( :i* !re are bo? tall & bu% =ms4 ,all ! common snap & /r+ beans belong "h1 z also ! ,speckl$ ,cranb]ry types ( pole beans1 & ! common field beans4 7#b7 ,! ,lima beans1 or ,phaseolus lunatus4 ,! l>g] "p ( ^! are pole beans1 b lately dw>f or bu% v>ieties h appe>$4 7#c7 ,! ,sc>let ,runn]1 ,phaseolus multiflorus1 ( :i* ! ,sc>let ,runn] & ,:ite ,dut* ,runn] are famili> examples4 ,! ,sc>let ,runn] is usually gr[n z an ornam5tal v9e1 & x is p]5nial 9 w>m c\ntries1 b ! se$s are edible z %ell$ beans4 ,! ,:ite ,dut* ,runn] is (t5] cultivat$ = food4 7#d7 ,! ,y>d-,long1 or ,asp>agus bean1 ,doli*os sesquip$alis1 :i* produces long & weak v9es & v long1 sl5d] pods4 ,! gre5 pods are eat51 & also ! %ell$ beans4 ,! ,fr5* ,y>d-,long is ! only v>iety ( ?is type t is commonly kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is type ( bean is popul> 9 ! ,ori5t4 7#e7 ,! ,broad beans1 ( :i* ! ,w9dsor is ! common type4 ,^! are mu* gr[n 9 ! ,old ,_w = /ock fe$1 & !y are sometimes us$ = human food4 ,!y gr[ to "o /rict1 c5tral1 /iff /alk1 to a height ( #b to #d or #e feet1 & !y are v unlike o!r k9ds ( beans 9 appe>ance4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 !y are v little gr[n on acc\nt ( our hot & dry summ]s4 ,9 ,canada !y are some:at rais$1 & are sometimes us$ 9 ! mak+ ( silage4 7#f7 ,! c[pea1 :i* is really a bean 7species ( ,vigna71 mu* gr[n 9 ! ,s\? = hay & gre5-manur+1 is also a v good table vegetable & "o t is de/9$ to increase 9 popul>ity = dome/ic use4 ,! culture ( ! bean1 :ile ( ! easie/1 (t5 proves a failure z f> z ! fir/ crop is conc]n$1 f plant+ ! se$ be=e ! gr\nd has become w>m & dry4 ,no vegetable se$ w decay quick] ?an beans1 & ! delay caus$ by wait+ = ! soil to become w>m & free f excessive moi/ure w be m ?an made up by ! rapidity ( gr[? :5 f9ally !y are plant$4 ,beans w gr[ on mo/ any l&1 b ! be/ results may be secur$ by hav+ ! soil well enri*$ & 9 good physical condition4 ,f ! #e? to ! #aj? ( ,may 9 ! latitude ( c5tral ,new ,york1 x w be safe to plant beans = an e>ly crop4 ,! beans may be dropp$ #b in*es deep 9 %all[ drills1 ! se$s to lie #c in*es ap>t4 ,cov] to ! surface ( ! soil1 & if ! gr\nd be dry1 firm x ) ! foot or ! back ( ! hoe4 ,= ! bu% v>ieties1 all[ #b feet betwe5 ! drill-r[s1 b = ! dw>f ,limas #b-a_/b feet is bett]4 ,pole ,limas are usually plant$ 9 hills #b to #c feet ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,dw>f ,limas may be s[n ?9ly 9 drills4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! v>ieties ( bo? ! gre5-podd$ & ! wax-podd$ beans are us$ almo/ exclusively z snap beans1 to be eat5 ) ! pod :ile t5d]4 ,! v>i\s /ra9s ( ! ,black ,wax are ! mo/ popul> /r+ beans4 ,! pole or runn+ beans are us$ ei!r gre5 or dri$1 & ! ,limas1 bo? tall & dw>f1 are well kn[n = _! sup]ior flavor ei!r z %ell$ or dry beans4 ,! old-fa%ion$ ,cranb]ry or ,horticultural ,lima type 7a pole =m ( ,phaseolus vulg>is7 is probably ! be/ %ell bean1 b ! tr\ble ( pol+ makes x unpopul>4 ,dw>f ,limas are mu* m desirable = small g>d5s ?an ! pole v>ieties1 z !y may be plant$ mu* clos]1 ! bo!r ( procur+ poles or tw9e is avoid$1 & ! g>d5 w h a m sightly appe>ance4 ,bo? ! dw>f ,limas & pole ,limas require a long] season 9 :i* to mature ?an ! bu% beans1 & only "o plant+ is usually made4 ,! ord9>y bu% beans may be plant$ at int]vals ( two weeks f ! fir/ plant+ until ! #aj? ( ,augu/4 ,ea* plant+ may be made on gr\nd previ\sly occupi$ by "s e>ly-matur+ crop4 ,?us1 ! fir/ to ?ird plant+s may be on gr\nd f :i* has be5 h>ve/$ a crop ( sp9a*1 e>ly radi%1 or lettuce2 aft] t1 on gr\nd :]e e>ly peas h be5 gr[n2 & ! lat] s[+s :]e beets or e>ly potatoes h gr[n4 ,/r+ beans = cann+ are usually tak5 f ! la/ crop4 ,"o qu>t ( se$ w plant #ajj feet ( drill ( ! bu% beans2 or #a qu>t ( ,limas w plant #ajj hills4 ,limas are ! ri*e/ ( beans1 b !y (t5 fail to mature 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,! l& %\ld n be v /rong 9 nitrog5 7or /able manure71 else ! plants w run too mu* to v9e & be too late4 ,*oose a f]tile s&y or gravelly soil ) w>m exposure1 use "s soluble comm]cial f]tiliz] to />t !m (f1 & give !m ! be/ ( culture4 ,aim to h ! pods set be=e ! dr\ghts ( midsumm] come4 ,good trellises = beans are made by wool tw9e /ret*$ betwe5 two horizontal wires1 "o ( :i* is drawn a foot above ! gr\nd & ! o!r #f or #g feet high4 ,bean plants are n tr\bl$ by insects to any ext5t1 b !y are sometimes attack$ by blight4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 d n plant ! same gr\nd to beans aga9 = a ye> or two4 ,beet4--,?is vegetable is gr[n = its ?ick root1 & = its h]bage 7us$ z 8gre5s072 & ornam5tal-leav$ v>ieties are sometimes plant$ 9 fl[]-g>d5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4 ,ba/ian turnip beet4 ,be+ "o ( ! h>die/ ( spr+ vegetables1 ! se$ may be s[n z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,a light1 s&y soil is ! be/ on :i* to gr[ beets to p]fection1 b any well-till$ g>d5 l& w raise satisfactory crops4 ,on heavy gr\nd ! turnip beet gives ! be/ results1 z ! gr[? is ne>ly all at or above ! surface4 ,! long v>ieties1 hav+ tap]+ roots runn+ deep into ! soil1 are liable to be mis%ap5 unless ! physical condition ( ! soil is su* t ! roots meet ) little ob/ruction4 ,a succession ( s[+s %\ld be made1 at int]vals ( two to ?ree weeks1 until late summ]1 z ! beets are mu* m desirable 9 _! "y /age ?an :5 !y h become old & woody4 ,! mangel-wurzel & ! sug>-beet are usually gr[n z a field crop1 & w n ent] into ! calculations ( ! home g>d54 ,9 ord] to ha/5 ! season ( ! extra-e>ly crop ( beets1 ! se$s may be s[n 9 boxes or 9 ! soil ( a hotb$ 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 transplant+ ! small plants to ! op5 gr\nd at ! "t ! fir/ s[+ ( se$ is made4 ,z ! flat or turnip-root$ v>ieties gr[ at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! se$ may be s[n ?ickly1 & z ! m advanc$ roots are l>ge en\gh to use !y may be pull$1 leav+ room = ! lat] ones to develop1 ?us gr[+ a l>ge quantity 9 a small area & hav+ a long season ( small beets f "o s[+4 ,= w9t] use ! late ,july-s[n se$ w give ! be/ roots1 gr[+ ?r\gh ! cool mon?s ( ! fall to a m$ium size & rema9+ firm )\t be+ t\gh or /r+y4 ,^! may be dug aft] light fro/s & be=e any sev]e cold wea!r1 & /or$ 9 b>rels or boxes 9 ! cell>1 us+ en\gh dry dirt to fill spaces betwe5 ! roots & cov] !m to ! dep? ( #f in*es4 ,^! roots1 ?us pack$ 9 a cool cell>1 w be fit to use ?r\gh ! entire w9t] mon?s4 ,:5 x c be _h1 flori/s' or sphagnum moss is an excell5t m$ium 9 :i* to pack roots = w9t]4 ,! e>ly r\nd or turnip v>ieties 7,fig4 #big7 are be/ = e>ly & summ] use4 ,! long blood beets may be us$ = /or+1 b ^! require a long] season ( gr[?4 ,broccoli--is almo/ id5tical ) ! caulifl[]1 except t x usually requires a long] season & matures 9 ! fall4 ,x is gr[n m g5]ally 9 ,europe ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! special m]it ( broccoli is its adaptability = late summ] plant+ & its rapid gr[? 9 ! late season4 ,x is said t a l>ge proportion ( broccoli is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pickles4 ,! culture is ! same z = caulifl[]1--deep1 moi/ soil well enri*$1 cool wea!r1 & ! de/ruction ( ! cabbage worm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4 ,brussels spr\ts4 ,brussels spr\ts4--,! plant is gr[n = ! buttons or spr\ts 7m9iature cabbage heads7 t gr[ ?ickly along ! /em 7,fig4 #bih74 ,x %\ld be m g5]ally kn[n1 z x is "o ( ! *oice/ ( ! cabbage family1 & may be _h at its be/ aft] ! season = caulifl[] has pass$4 ,x is ! bett] = be+ t\*$ by ! fall fro/s4 ,! buttons %\ld be cut (f r ?an brok54 ,! v small h>d 8spr\ts0 or buttons are ! be/4 ,! culture is ess5tially ! same z = late cabbage or broccoli4 ,"o ounce w s[ #ajj feet ( drill1 or make upw>d ( #bjjj plants4 ,set plants 9 field #b to #c feet ap>t1 or dw>f v>ieties clos]4 ,!y require ! entire season 9 :i* to gr[4 ,cabbage4--,! cabbage is n[ s ext5sively gr[n z a field crop1 f :i* ! m>ket is suppli$1 & ! plants require s mu* room t _m home-g>d5]s incl9e to give up its culture2 b ! e>ly v>ieties1 at lea/1 %\ld be gr[n at home4 ,= an e>ly crop 9 ! ,nor?1 ! plants mu/ be />t$ ei!r 9 ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>*1 or ! previ\s ,septemb] & w9t]$ ov] 9 coldframes4 ,?is latt] me?od 0 once a common practice by g>d5]s ne> l>ge cities1 b ! build+ ( gre5h\ses to replace ! _m hotb$s ( ! m>ket-g>d5] has *ang$ ! practice 9 _m localities1 & n[ mo/ ( ! e>ly cabbages 9 ! ,nor? are gr[n f se$ s[n 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 or ,m>*4 ,! plants are h>d5$ (f 9 ,m>* & e>ly ,april & plant$ out z e>ly z possible4 ,! private gr[]1 or "o ) a small g>d51 may (t5 procure 8 e>ly plants f ! m>ket-g>d5] mu* *eap] ?an he c gr[ !m1 z usually only a limit$ numb] ( e>ly cabbage plants are want$2 b = ! midseason & ma9 crop1 ! se$ may be s[n 9 ,may or ,june 9 a se$-b$1 sett+ ! plants 9 ,july4 ,! se$-b$ %\ld be made mell[ & ri*4 ,a good bord] w d4 ,! se$ is s[n pref]ably 9 r[s1 ?us all[+ ?9n+ ( ! plants & ! pull+ ( any we$s t g]m9ate4 ,! "y plants w well repay att5tion to wat]+ & ?9n+4 ,! r[s %\ld be #c or #d in*es ap>t4 ,:5 ! plants are l>ge en\gh to transplant1 !y may be plant$ :]e e>ly vegetables h be5 gr[n4 ,set ! plants f #ah to #bd in*es ap>t 9 ! r[1 ! r[s be+ #c feet ap>t = ! m$ium-gr[+ k9ds4 ,"o ounce ( se$ w furni% ab\t #bjjj plants4 ,all cabbages require deep & ri* soil1 & "o t holds moi/ure well4 ,regul> cultivation %\ld be giv5 s t moi/ure may be sav$ & ! gr[? be cont9u\s4 ,= e>ly plant+1 ! numb] ( v>ieties is limit$ to ?ree or f\r4 ,= an int]m$iate crop ! li/ is m ext5d$1 & ! late v>ieties are v num]\s4 ,! e>ly li/ is head$ by ! ,j]sey ,wakefield1 a v>iety t heads v quickly1 &1 al?\gh n "o ( ! solid k9ds1 is g5]ally gr[n4 ,! ,e>ly ,york & ,w9nig/adt are good v>ieties to foll[ x4 ,! latt] especially is solid & ( v good quality4 ,= ! midseason1 ! ,succession & ,all ,season are ( ! be/1 & = ! w9t] supply ! ,drumhead1 ,dani% ,ball1 & ,flat ,dut* types are lead]s4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! cabbages = table use is seldom se5 9 ! g>d5--! ,savoy cabbage4 ,x is a type ) nett$ leaves1 mak+ a l>ge1 l[-gr[+ head1 ! c5t] ( :i* is v solid & ( excell5t flavor1 especially late 9 ! fall1 :5 ! heads h _h a slight t\* ( fro/4 ,savoy %\ld be gr[n 9 e private g>d54 ,! be/ rem$y = ! cabbage worm is to kill ! fir/ brood on ! v "y plants ) ,p>is gre54 ,aft] ! plants beg9 to head1 pyre?rum1 k]os5e emulsion1 or salt wat] may be us$4 ,on a small area1 h&-pick+ may be recomm5d$ 7p4 #bjj74 ,! maggot is ! mo/ s]i\s cabbage pe/4 ,aft] /udy+ ! sev5ty odd rem$ies propos$1 ,sl+]l& concludes t six are effici5t & practicable3 gr[+ ! "y plants 9 closely cov]$ frames2 t>r$ pap] c>ds plac$ snugly ab\t ! base ( ! plants to keep ! fly away2 rubb+ ! eggs f ! base ( ! plant2 h&-pick+ ( ! maggots2 treat+ ! plants ) emulsion ( c>bolic acid2 treat+ !m ) c>bon bisulfide4 ,! insecticidal mat]ials are inject$ or p\r$ into ! soil ab\t ! base ( ! plant 7pp4 #ahg1 #bja74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4 ,a me?od ( /or+ cabbages4 ,! club-root1 :i* causes ! roots to become greatly ?ick5$ & di/ort$1 is difficult to manage if cabbages or alli$ plants are gr[n cont9u\sly on l& 9 :i* diseas$ plants h be5 rais$4 ,*ang+ ! location ( ! cabbage or caulifl[] pat* is ! be/ proc$ure4 ,if v diff]5t crops1 z corn1 potatoes1 peas1 tomatoes1 are gr[n on ! l&1 ! disease w be />v$ out 9 two or ?ree ye>s 7p4 #bjh74 ,!re are _m ways ( /or+ cabbages = w9t] & spr+ use1 none ( :i* are uni=mly successful4 ,! g5]al subject is discuss$ on p4 #aeh4 ,on ?is po9t ,t4 ,gre9] writes z foll[s3 8,i h h]et(ore pil$ a lot ( cabbages cut f ! /ump 9 a conical heap 9 ! field1 & cov]$ !m ) clu/]s ( ! out] leaves cut (f ) a piece ( ! /ump4 ,! leaves are c>efully plac$ ov] ! heap 9 %+le fa%ion1 s z to %$ wat]4 ,cabbages ?us pil$ & cov]$ may be left out until real w9t] wea!r sets 94 ,b ,i f9d t slugs & e>?worms frequ5tly infe/ ! cabbages ?us /or$1 & d a good deal ( damage4 ,x might be well to place a solid floor ( lime or salt ^u ! gr\nd1 & !n pack ! cabbages ^u ?is4 ,if to be left out aft] sev]e freez+ has set 91 "o %\ld put additional cov]+1 su* z /raw1 corn-/alks or m>% hay1 ov] ! :ole heap40 ,mr4 ,burpee's little book1 #8,cabbage & ,caulifl[] = ,pr(it1' writt5 by ,j4,m4 ,lupton1 a prom95t cabbage-gr[]1 sugge/s ! foll[+ plan = e>ly w9t] sales3 8,take ! cabbages up ) ! roots on1 & /ore 9 well-v5tilat$ cell>s1 :]e !y w keep till mid-w9t]4 ,or /ack !m 9 "s %elt]$ position ab\t ! b>n1 plac+ "o above ! o!r 9 ti]s1 ) ! roots inside1 & cov]+ deeply ) seawe$2 or if ?is _c be obta9$1 some?+ l corn/alks may be us$ to keep !m f ! wea!r z mu* z possible 7,fig4 #bii74 ,:5 ?us /or$1 !y may be obta9$ any "t dur+ ! w9t] :5 prices are favorable40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,a half-long c>rot4 ,c>rot4--,:ile ess5tially a f>m crop 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! c>rot is nev]!less a mo/ acceptable g>d5 vegetable4 ,x is h>dy & easily gr[n4 ,! extra-e>ly v>ieties may be =c$ 9 a hotb$1 or se$ may be s[n z soon z ! gr\nd is fit to "w 9 ! spr+4 ,! /ump-root$1 or half-long v>ieties 7,fig4 #cjj71 are s[n = ! g5]al g>d5 crop4 ,well-enri*$1 mell[ loam1 deeply dug or pl[$1 is be/ suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( c>rots4 ,! se$ = ! ma9 crop may be s[n z late z ,july #a4 ,s[ ?ickly1 ?9n+ to #c to #d in*es 9 ! r[4 ,! r[s1 if 9 a g>d5 t is h&-work$1 may be #ab in*es ap>t4 ,if ! cultivation is p]=m$ ) a horse1 ! r[s %\ld be f #b to #c feet ap>t4 ,"o ounce w s[ #ajj feet ( drill4 ,caulifl[]4--,?is is ! *oice/ ( all vegetables ( ! cabbage gr\p1 & its culture is mu* ! mo/ difficult4 ,:ile ! special requirem5ts are few1 !y mu/ be fully met if good results are to be expect$4 ,! g5]al culture ( caulifl[] is mu* l t ( cabbage1 except t ! caulifl[]1 be+ m t5d]1 %\ld be m ?or\ghly h>d5$ (f be=e sett+ out1 ! heads mu/ be protect$ f hot suns1 ! plants mu/ nev] suff] = moi/ure1 & ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to secure only highly br$ se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4 ,caulifl[] head ) leaves trimm$ (f4 ,x is ess5tial t ! plants be set out z e>ly z possible1 z ! w>m wea!r ( ,june causes !m to make imp]fect heads unless ! soil is fill$ ) moi/ure4 ,no g>d5 crop w s well repay ! co/ & "t ( ?or\gh irrigation1 ei!r by runn+ ! wat] betwe5 ! r[s or apply+ x directly to ! plants4 ,:5 x is impossible to furni% wat] & !re is dang] ( los+ ! soil moi/ure1 x is a good plan to mul* heavily ) /raw or "s o!r sub/ance4 ,?is mul*1 if put on j aft] a heavy ra91 w hold ! moi/ure = a long "t4 ,caulifl[] prosp]s be/ 9 a cool climate4 ,:5 ! heads beg9 to =m1 ! outside leaves may be br\ght toge!r & ti$ above ! head1 exclud+ ! direct sun%9e & keep+ ! head :ite & t5d]4 ,fig4 #cja %[s a good head4 ,no vegetable w respond m quickly to good culture & well-manur$ soil ?an ! caulifl[]1 & none w prove su* an utt] failure :5 neglect$4 ,x is imp]ative t c>e be tak5 to de/roy all ! cabbage worms be=e ! leaves are ti$ 91 z aft] t x w be impossible to see or rea* !m4 ,f #ajjj to #aejj plants may be gr[n f #a ounce ( se$4 ,good caulifl[] se$ is v exp5sive4 ,= w9t] crop1 se$s may be />t$ 9 ,june or ,july1 z = late cabbage4 ,erfurt1 ,sn[ball1 & ,p>is are popul> e>ly v>ieties4 ,nonp>eil & ,algi]s are good late k9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,cel]iac or turnip-root$ cel]y4 ,cel]iac4--,a =m ( ! cel]y plant 9 :i* ! tub]\s root is ! edible "p 7,fig4 #cjb74 ,! tub] has ! cel]y flavor 9 a pron\nc$ degree1 & is us$ = flavor+ s\ps & = cel]y salad4 ,x may be s]v$ raw1 slic$ 9 v9eg> & oil1 or boil$4 ,! culture is ! same z giv5 = cel]y1 except t no e>?+ or blan*+ is requir$4 ,ab\t an equal numb] ( plants are obta9$ f ! same weight ( se$ z f cel]y se$4 ,cel]iac is ext5sively us$ abroad1 b1 un=tunately1 little kn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,cel]y4--,al?\gh cel]y has n[ become a /aple vegetable ) all classes ( p1 ! home-g>d5] is likely n to attempt its culture2 yet x is n difficult to raise 9 small quantities 9 mo/ any good g>d5 l&4 ,:ile ! comm]cial cel]y is l>gely gr[n on reclaim$ swamp l&s1 su* areas are n at all ess5tial to its cultivation4 ,! self-blan*+ v>ieties h simplifi$ ! culture ( cel]y s t ! amateur1 z well z ! exp]t1 may h a good supply at lea/ six mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! s-call$ new culture1 :i* consi/s ( sett+ ! plants close toge!r & caus+ !m to %ade ea* o!r1 c be recomm5d$ = ! g>d5 :5 a supply ( well-rott$ manure is to _h1 & :5 any am\nt ( wat] is available4 ,?is me?od is z foll[s3 ,=k or spade into ! soil a l>ge quantity ( manure to ! dep? ( #aj to #ab in*es2 pulv]ize ! soil until ! gr\nd = ! dep? ( #d to #f in*es is 9 v f9e condition4 ,!n set ! plants 9 r[s #aj in*es ap>t & ! plants b #e or #f in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,x w be se5 t plants set z close z ?is w soon fill ! soil ) a mass ( roots & mu/ h l>ge am\nts ( plant-food1 z well z a l>ge quantity ( wat]2 & ! mak+ ( su* a b$ c be recomm5d$ only to ^? :o c supply ^! ne$s4 ,! common practice 9 home g>d5s is to pl[ or dig a %all[ tr5*1 sett+ ! plants 9 ! bottom & hoe+ 9 ! soil z ! plants gr[4 ,! di/ance ap>t ( ! r[s & plants w dep5d on ! v>ieties4 ,= ! dw>f v>ieties1 su* z ,:ite ,plume1 ,gold5 ,self-blan*+1 & o!rs ( ?is type1 ! r[s may be z close z #c feet & ! plants #f in*es 9 ! r[s4 ,= ! l>ge-gr[+ v>ieties1 z ,kalamazoo1 ,giant ,pascal1 &1 9 fact1 mo/ ( ! late v>ieties1 ! r[s may be #d #a_/b to #e feet ap>t & ! plants #g or #h in*es 9 ! r[4 ,! se$ = an e>ly crop %\ld be s[n 9 ,febru>y or e>ly 9 ,m>* 9 %all[ boxes1 :i* may be plac$ 9 a hotb$ or sunny w9d[1 or s[n directly 9 ! soil ( a hotb$4 ,cov] ! se$s ?9ly & press ! soil firmly ov] !m4 ,:5 ! se$l+ plants are ab\t #a in* high1 !y %\ld be transplant$ to o!r boxes or hotb$s1 sett+ ! plants #a in* ap>t 9 r[s #c in*es ap>t4 ,at ?is transplant+1 z ) ! foll[+ ones1 ! tall leaves %\ld be cut or p9*$ (f1 leav+ only ! upright gr[?1 z ) ! utmo/ c>e x is almo/ impossible to prev5t ! outside leaf/alks f wilt+ d[n & dy+4 ,! roots %\ld also be trimm$ back at ea* transplant+ 9 ord] to increase ! fe$+ roots4 ,! plants %\ld be set z deep z possible1 c>e be+ tak51 h[ev]1 n to all[ ! he>t ( ! plant to be cov]$ up4 ,! v>ieties usually gr[n = an e>ly crop are ! s-call$ self-blan*+ v>ieties4 ,!y may be made fit = ! table ) mu* less labor ?an ! late crop1 ! %ade requir$ to blan* ! /alks be+ mu* less4 ,:5 only a few %ort r[s are gr[n 9 a private g>d51 scre5s ( la? may be made by driv+ /akes on ea* side ( ! r[ & tack+ la? on1 leav+ spaces ( an in* or m = ! light to ent]2 or ea* head may be wrapp$ 9 pap]1 or a tile dra9 pipe may be set ov] ! plant4 ,9 fact1 any mat]ial t w exclude ! light w r5d] ! /alks :ite & brittle4 ,! se$ = ! ma9 or fall crop %\ld be s[n 9 ,april or e>ly ,may 9 a se$-b$ prep>$ by =k+ %ort well-rott$ manure into a f9e soil1 s[+ ! se$ ?9ly 9 r[s #h or #aj in*es ap>t1 cov]+ ! se$ lightly & firm+ ov] ! se$ ) ! feet1 hoe1 or back ( a spade4 ,?is se$-b$ %\ld be kept moi/ at all times until ! se$ g]m9ates1 ei!r by close att5tion to wat]+ or by a la? scre54 ,! use ( a piece ( clo? laid directly on ! soil1 & ! b$ wet ?r\gh ! clo?1 is (t5 recomm5d$1 & if ! clo? is always wet & tak5 (f ! b$ z soon z ! se$ spr\ts1 x may be us$4 ,aft] ! "y plants h gr[n to ! height ( #a or #b in*es !y mu/ be ?9n$ out1 leav+ ! plants s t !y d n t\* ea* o!r1 & transplant+ ^? ?9n$--if want$--to o!r gr\nd prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! se$-b$4 ,all ^! plants may be %e>$ or cut back to induce /ock9ess4 ,an ounce ( se$ w furni% ab\t ?ree ?\s& plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,/or+ cel]y 9 a tr5* 9 ! field4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,a cel]y pit4 ,if 9 a private g>d51 ! gr\nd on :i* ! fall crop is usually set w likely be t f :i* a crop ( "s e>ly vegetable has be5 tak54 ,?is l& %\ld be aga9 well enri*$ ) f9e1 well-rott$ manure1 to :i* may be add$ a lib]al quantity ( wood a%es4 ,if ! manure or a%es is n easily obta9$1 a small am\nt may be us$ by pl[+ or digg+ out a furr[ #h or #ab in*es deep1 scatt]+ ! manure & a%es 9 ! bottom ( ! tr5* & fill+ x up almo/ level ) ! surface4 ,! plants %\ld be set ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 pref]ably j be=e a ra94 ,! plant b$ %\ld h a ?or\gh soak+ %ortly be=e ! plants are lift$1 & ea* plant be trimm$1 bo? top & root1 be=e sett+4 ,! plants %\ld be set f #e to #f in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s & ! e>? well firm$ ar\nd ea* "o4 ,! aft]-cultivation consi/s 9 ?or\gh tillage until ! "t ( 8h&l+0 or e>?+ up ! plants4 ,?is process ( h&l+ is accompli%$ by draw+ up ! e>? ) "o h& :ile hold+ ! plant ) ! o!r1 pack+ ! soil well ar\nd ! /alks4 ,?is process may be cont9u$ until only ! leaves are to be se54 ,= ! private gr[]1 x is mu* easi] to blan* ! cel]y ) bo>ds or pap]1 or if ! cel]y is n want$ until w9t]1 ! plants may be dug up1 pack$ closely 9 boxes1 cov]+ ! roots ) soil1 & plac$ 9 a d>k1 cool cell>1 :]e ! /alks w blan* !mselves4 ,9 ?is way cel]y may be /or$ 9 boxes 9 ! h\se cell>4 ,put e>? 9 ! bottom ( a deep box1 & plant ! cel]y 9 x4 ,cel]y is sometimes /or$ 9 tr5*es 9 ! op5 7,fig4 #cjc71 ! roots be+ transplant$ to su* places 9 late fall4 ,! plants are set close toge!r & ! tr5*es are cov]$ ) bo>ds4 ,a wid] tr5* or pit may be made 7,fig4 #cjd7 & cov]$ ) a %$ ro(4 ,*>d1 or ,swiss *>d1--is a developm5t ( ! beet species *>act]iz$ by l>ge succul5t leaf/alks in/ead ( enl>g$ roots4 7,fig4 #cje74 ,! leaves are v t5d] & make 8gre5s0 mu* l "y beets4 ,!y are cultivat$ exactly l beets4 ,only "o v>iety is (f]$ by mo/ se$sm5 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh 9 ,france & ,g]many sev]al v>ieties are gr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cje4 ,swiss *>d4 ,*icory is gr[n = two purposes1--= ! roots & = ! h]bage4 8,b>be de capuc90 is a salad made f "y %oots ( *icory4 ,! ,magdeburg *icory is ! v>iety usually spok5 (1 x be+ ! "o mo/ ext5sively gr[n4 ,! roots ( ?is1 aft] be+ gr\nd & roa/$1 are us$ ei!r z a sub/itute or an adult]ant = c(fee4 ,! ,witlo(1 a =m ( *icory1 is us$ z a salad1 or boil$ & s]v$ 9 ! same mann] z caulifl[]4 ,! plants %\ld be ?9n$ to #f in*es4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( summ] !y %\ld be bank$ up l cel]y1 & ! leaves us$ aft] becom+ :ite & t5d]4 ,?is & ! common wild *icory are (t5 dug 9 ! fall1 ! leaves cut (f1 ! roots pack$ 9 s& 9 a cell> & wat]$ until a new gr[? ( leaves />ts4 ,^! leaves gr[ rapidly & are v t5d]1 mak+ a f9e salad vegetable4 ,"o packet ( se$ ( ! ,witlo( w furni% plants en\gh = a l>ge family4 ,*]vil4--,! *]vil is gr[n 9 two =ms1--= ! leaves1 & = ! tub]\s roots4 ,! curl$ *]vil is a good addition to ! li/ ( g>ni%+ & season+ vegetables4 ,s[ se$s & cultivate ! same z p>sley4 ,! tub]\s *]vil resembles a %ort c>rot or p>nsip4 ,x is mu* e/eem$ 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! tub]s h some:at ! flavor ( a sweet potato1 p]haps a little sweet]4 ,!y are p]fectly h>dy1 &1 l ! p>snip1 ! bett] = fro/s4 ,! se$ may be s[n 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]1 z x does n keep well2 or z soon z ! gr\nd is fit to "w 9 ! spr+1 x be+ sl[ to g]m9ate aft] ! wea!r becomes hot & dry4 ,"o packet ( se$ w give all ! plants necess>y = a family4 ,,xxiv4 ,gold5 bantam sweet corn4 ,,xxiv4 ,gold5 bantam sweet corn4 ,coll>ds4--,?is is a "n giv5 to a k9d ( kale1 us$ :5 "y z gre5s2 also to "y cabbages us$ 9 ! same way4 ,! se$ ( any e>ly cabbage may be s[n ?ickly 9 r[s #ah in*es ap>t1 f e>ly spr+ to late fall4 ,! plants are cut (f :5 #f or #h in*es high & boil$ z are o!r gre5s4 ,! kale1 or ,georgia coll>ds1 is gr[n 9 ! ,s\?1 :]e cabbages fail to head4 ,x gr[s to ! height ( #b to #f feet1 furni%+ a l>ge quantity ( leaves4 ,! "y leaves & tufts t arise z ! old leaves are pull$ (f make excell5t gre5s4 ,cives4--,a small p]5nial ( ! onion family1 us$ = flavor+4 ,x is propagat$ by division ( ! root4 ,x may be plant$ 9 a p]man5t place 9 ! bord]1 &1 be+ completely h>dy1 w rema9 = ye>s4 ,! leaves are ! p>ts us$1 z ! roots are v rank 9 flavor4 ,! leaves may be cut frequ5tly1 z !y readily gr[ aga94 ,corn salad4--,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ spr+ salad vegetables1 com+ into condition ) sp9a*1 & ne$+ ! same culture4 ,s[n 9 ! fall1 & cov]$ ) /raw or hay :5 cold wea!r sets 91 x w />t into rapid gr[? :5 ! cov]+ is remov$ 9 ,m>* or ,april4 ,or ! se$ may be s[n 9 e>ly spr+1 & plants w be fit to use 9 six or eight weeks4 ,"o packet ( se$ w suffice = a small family4 ,corn1 sweet or sug>4--,?is is ! *>act]i/ic ,am]ican table vegetable1 & "o t e home-g>d5] expects to gr[4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 only "o plant+ ( "o k9d is made4 ,! e>s come to edible maturity almo/ simultane\sly1 & a %ort season is ! result4 ,! fir/ plant+ ( sweet corn %\ld be made f ,may #a to #aj1 plant+ e>ly1 int]m$iate1 & late v>ieties at ! same "t1 !n at int]vals ( two weeks until ! middle ( ,july1 :5 ! late v>ieties %\ld be plant$1 ?us hav+ a succession f ! fir/ crop until ,octob]4 ,! soil = corn %\ld be f]tile & 8quick40 ,! co>s] manure left f ! prep>ation ( ! gr\nd = small crops may be us$ to good advantage4 ,corn = ! g>d5 is bett] plant$ 9 drills1 ! drills #c feet ap>t1 dropp+ ! se$ f #aj to #ab in*es ap>t 9 ! drills4 ,"o qu>t ( se$ w plant #bjj hills4 ,= extra e>ly1 ,m>blehead1 ,adams1 ,v]mont1 ,m9nesota1 & ,e>ly ,corey are favorites4 ,a mo/ excell5t extra e>ly yell[ sweet corn1 ) k]nels look+ l small field corn1 is ,gold5 ,bantam2 ! e>s are small & w\ld probably n attract ! m>ket buy]1 b = home use ! v>iety is unexcell$ 7,plate ,,xxiv74 ,= lat] crop1 ,crosby1 ,hickox1 ,%oe ,peg1 & ,/[ell ,ev]gre5 are n[ popul>4 ,cress4--,two v unlike species ( plants are gr[n "u ! "n ( cress1--! upl&-cress & ! wat]-cress4 ,!re are /ill o!r species1 b n mu* kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! upl& cress1 or ! true pepp] grass1 may be gr[n on any g>d5 soil4 ,s[ e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,x makes a rapid gr[? & c be cut 9 f f\r to five weeks4 ,succession ( s[+s mu/ be made1 z x runs quickly to se$4 ,! curl$ v>iety is ! "o usually gr[n1 z ! leaves may be us$ = g>ni%+ z well z = salads4 ,"o packet ( se$ w be suffici5t = ea* s[+4 ,any good soil w d4 ,s[ ?ickly 9 drills #ab to #ah in*es ap>t4 ,9 summ] x runs to se$ quickly1 s t x is usually gr[n 9 spr+ & fall4 ,! wat]-cress is m exact+ 9 its culture1 & c be successfully gr[n only 9 moi/ places1 su* z edges ( %all[ sl[-runn+ creeks1 op5 dra9s1 or b$s excavat$ ne> su* /reams4 ,a few plants = private use may be gr[n 9 a frame1 provid$ a ret5tive soil is us$ & att5tion giv5 to wat]+ ! b$ (t54 ,wat]cress may be propagat$ f pieces ( ! /em1 us$ z cutt+s4 ,if "o is fond ( wat]-cress1 x is well to colonize x 9 "s clean creek or pool4 ,x w take c>e ( itself ye> by ye>4 ,se$s may also be us$ = propagat+ x4 ,cucumb]4--,! cu/om ( putt+ d[n cucumb] pickles 9 ! home kit*5 is probably pass+ out2 b bo? ! pickl+ & ! slic+ cucumb]s1 especially ! latt]1 are /ill an ess5tial "p ( a good home g>d54 ,a /ale or wilt$ cucumb] is a v poor article ( food4 ,= e>ly use1 ! cucumb] is usually />t$ 9 a hotb$ or coldframe by s[+ ! se$ on pieces ( sod #d to #f in*es squ>e1 turn$ grass side d[n4 ,?ree or f\r se$s are plac$ on or pu%$ into ea* piece ( sod & cov]$ ) #a to #b in*es ( f9e soil4 ,! soil %\ld be well wat]$ & ! glass or clo? plac$ ov] ! frame4 ,! roots w run ?r\gh ! sod4 ,:5 ! plants are l>ge en\gh to set out1 a flat tr[el or a %+le may be slipp$ "u ! sod & ! plants mov$ to ! hill )\t *eck4 ,9 place ( sod1 old qu>t b]ry-boxes are good2 aft] sett+ 9 ! hill ! roots may =ce _! way ?r\gh ! cracks 9 ! baskets4 ,! baskets also decay rapidly4 ,fl[]-pots may be us$4 ,^! plants f ! frames may be set out :5 dang] ( fro/ is ov]1 usually by ! #aj? ( ,may1 & %\ld make a v rapid gr[?1 yield+ good-siz$ fruits 9 two mon?s4 ,! hills %\ld be made ri* by =k+ 9 a quantity ( well-rott$ manure1 & giv5 a slight elevation above ! g>d5--n high en\gh to all[ ! w9d to dry ! soil1 b slightly rais$ s t wat] w n /& ar\nd ! roots4 ,! ma9 crop is gr[n f se$ plant$ directly 9 ! op51 & ! plants are gr[n "u level culture4 ,"o ounce ( se$ w plant fifty hills ( cucumb]s4 ,! hills may be #d to #e feet ap>t ea* way4 ,! ,:ite ,sp9e is ! lead+ g5]al-purpose v>iety4 ,= v e>ly or pickl+ sorts1 ! ,*icago1 ,russian1 & o!r pickl+s are good4 ,! /rip$ beetle is an invet]ate pe/ on cucumb]s & squa%es 7see page #bja74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,we/ ,indian gh]k9 7,cucumis ,anguria74 ,! "n gh]k9 is appli$ to small pickl+ cucumb]s4 ,! ,we/ ,india gh]k9 is a :olly di/9ct species1 b is gr[n l cucumb]s4 7,fig4 #cjf47 ,d&elion4--,"u dome/ication ! d&elion has be5 develop$ until q unrecognizable to ! casual obs]v]4 ,! plants atta9 a l>ge size & ! leaves are mu* m t5d]4 ,s[ 9 spr+ 9 well-manur$ soil1 ei!r 9 drills or 9 hills #a foot ap>t4 ,a cutt+ ( leaves may be _h 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]1 & "s ( ! /ools may /& until spr+4 ,! delicacy ( ! leaves may be improv$ by blan*+ !m1 ei!r by ! use ( bo>ds or e>?4 ,"o trade packet ( se$ w supply a suffici5t numb] = a family4 ,! :ole plant is de/roy$ :5 ! crop ( leaves is tak54 ,! se$ may be select$ f ! be/ field-gr[n plants1 b x is bett] to buy ! ,fr5* se$ ( ! se$sm54 ,egg-plant4--,! egg-plant or gu9ea squa% has nev] become a popul> home-g>d5 product 9 ! ,nor?4 ,9 ! ,s\? x is bett] kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4 ,black ,pek9 egg-plant4 ,unless "o has a gre5h\se or a v w>m hotb$1 ! gr[+ ( egg-plants 9 ! ,nor? %\ld be left to ! pr(essional g>d5]1 z ! "y plants are v t5d]1 & %\ld be gr[n )\t a *eck4 ,! se$ %\ld be s[n 9 ! hotb$ or ! gre5h\se ab\t ,april #aj1 keep+ a temp]ature ( #fe to #gj4 ,:5 ! se$l+s h made ?ree r\gh leaves1 !y may be prick$ out into %all[ boxes1 or1 /ill bett]1 into #c-;in* pots4 ,! pots or boxes %\ld be plung$ to ! rim 9 soil 9 a hotb$ or coldframe s situat$ t protection may be giv5 on *illy nights4 ,! #aj? ( ,june is e>ly en\gh to plant !m out 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 ,! soil 9 :i* egg-plants are to gr[ _c well be made too 8quick10 z !y h only a %ort season 9 :i* to develop _! fruits4 ,! plants are usually set #c feet ap>t ea* way4 ,a doz5 plants are suffici5t = ! ne$s ( a l>ge family1 z ea* plant %\ld yield f two to six l>ge fruits4 ,! fruits are fit to eat at all /ages ( gr[?1 f ^? ! size ( a l>ge egg to _! l>ge/ developm5t4 ,"o ounce ( se$ w furni% #fjj to #hjj plants4 ,! ,new ,york ,improv$ ,purple is ! /&>d v>iety4 ,black ,pek9 7,fig4 #cjg7 is good4 ,= e>ly1 or = a %ort-season climate1 ! ,e>ly ,dw>f ,purple is excell5t4 ,endive4--,"o ( ! be/ fall salad vegetables1 be+ f> sup]ior to lettuce at t "t & z easily gr[n4 ,= fall use1 ! se$ may be s[n f ,june to ,augu/1 & z ! plants become fit to eat ab\t ! same "t f s[+ z lettuce does1 a succession may be _h until cold wea!r4 ,! plants w ne$ protection f ! sev]e fall fro/s1 & ?is may be giv5 by c>efully lift+ ! plants & transplant+ to a frame1 :]e sa% or clo? may be us$ to cov] !m 9 freez+ wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjh4 ,endive ti$ up4 ,! leaves1 :i* con/itute practically ! :ole plant1 are blan*$ be=e be+ us$1 ei!r by ty+ toge!r ) "s s(t mat]ial 7,fig4 #cjh7 or by /&+ bo>ds on ea* side ( ! r[1 all[+ ! top ( ! bo>ds to meet ov] ! c5t] ( ! r[4 ,tie ! leaves only :5 !y are dry4 ,! r[s %\ld be #a-a_/b or #b feet ap>t1 ! plants #a foot ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,"o ounce ( se$ w s[ #aej feet ( drill4 ,g>lic4--,an onion-l plant1 ! bulbs ( :i* are us$ = flavor+4 ,g>lic is little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry except among/ ^? ( =eign bir?4 ,x is multipli$ ! same z multipli] onions--! bulb is brok5 ap>t & ea* bulbule or 8clove0 makes a new comp\nd bulb 9 a few weeks4 ,h>dy2 plant 9 e>ly spr+1 or 9 ! ,s\? 9 ! fall4 ,plant #b to #c in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4 ,a good hors]adi% root4 ,hors]adi%4--,widely us$ z an appetiz]1 & n[ gr[n comm]cially4 ,z a kit*5-g>d5 vegetable1 ?is is usually plant$ 9 "s out-(-!-way spot & a piece ( ! root dug z (t5 z ne$$1 ! fragm5ts ( roots be+ left 9 ! soil to gr[ = fur!r use4 ,?is me?od results 9 hav+ no?+ b t\gh1 /r+y roots1 v unlike ! product ( a prop]ly plant$ & well-c>$-= b$4 ,a good hors]adi% root %\ld be /raight & %apely 7,fig4 #cji74 ,! be/ hors]adi% is secur$ f sets plant$ 9 ! spr+ at ! "t ( sett+ e>ly cabbage1 & dug z late ! same fall z ! wea!r w p]mit4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 an annual crop4 ,! roots = plant+ are small pieces1 f #d to #f in*es long1 obta9$ :5 trimm+ ! roots dug 9 ! fall4 ,^! pieces may be pack$ 9 s& & /or$ until want$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,9 plant+1 ! roots %\ld be set ) ! upp] end #c in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 us+ a dibb] or %>p-po9t$ /ick 9 mak+ ! holes4 ,! crop may be plant$ betwe5 r[s ( e>ly-s[n beets1 lettuce1 or o!r crop1 & giv5 full possession ( ! gr\nd :5 ^! crops are h>ve/$4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is incl9$ to be /iff or ! subsoil is ne> ! surface1 ! roots may be set 9 a slant+ position4 ,9 fact1 _m g>d5]s practice ?is me?od ( plant+1 ?9k+ t ! roots make a bett] gr[? & are m uni=m 9 size4 ,kale4--,"u ?is "n1 a great v>iety ( cabbage-tribe plants is gr[n1 "s ( !m rea*+ a height ( sev]al feet4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! "n is appli$ to a l[-gr[+1 spread+ plant1 ext5sively us$ = w9t] & spr+ gre5s4 ,! culture giv5 to late cabbage is suitable4 ,at ! approa* ( sev]e freez+ wea!r a slight protection is giv5 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! leaves rema9 gre5 ?r\gh ! w9t] & may be ga!r$ f "u ! sn[ at a "t :5 mat]ial = gre5s is sc>ce4 ,"s ( ! kales are v ornam5tal because ( _! blue & purple curl$ foliage4 ,! ,scot* ,curl$ is ! mo/ popul> v>iety4 ,let ! plants /& #ah to #cj in*es ap>t4 ,"y cabbage plants are sometimes us$ z kale4 ,coll>ds & borecole are k9ds ( kale4 ,sea-kale is a :olly diff]5t vegetable 7:i* see74 ,kales are ext5sively gr[n at ,norfolk1 ,va41 & s\?w>d1 & %ipp$ ,nor? 9 w9t]1 ! plants be+ />t$ 9 late summ] or 9 fall4 ,kohlrabi is little kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x looks l a leafy turnip gr[+ above gr\nd4 ,if us$ :5 small 7#b to #c in*es 9 diamet]71 & n all[$ to become h>d & t\gh1 x is ( sup]ior quality4 ,x %\ld be m g5]ally gr[n4 ,! culture is v simple4 ,a succession ( s[+s %\ld be made f e>ly spr+ until ! middle ( summ]1 9 drills #ah in*es to #b feet ap>t1 ?9n+ ! "y plants to #f or #h in*es 9 ! r[s4 ,x matures z quickly z turnips4 ,"o ounce ( se$ to #ajj feet ( drill4 ,leek4--,! leek is little gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry except by p]sons ( =eign extraction4 ,! plant is "o ( ! onion family1 & is us$ mo/ly z flavor+ = s\ps4 ,well-gr[n leeks h a v agreeable & n v /rong onion flavor4 ,leek is ( ! easie/ culture1 & is usually gr[n z a second crop1 to foll[ beets1 e>ly peas1 & o!r e>ly /uff4 ,! se$ %\ld be s[n 9 a se$-b$ 9 ,april or e>ly ,may & ! se$l+s plant$ out 9 ! g>d5 9 ,july1 9 r[s #b feet ap>t1 ! plants be+ #f in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,! plants %\ld be set deep if ! neck or l[] "p ( ! leaves is to be us$ 9 a blan*$ condition4 ,! soil may be drawn t[>ds ! plants 9 hoe+1 to fur!r ! blan*+4 ,be+ v h>dy1 ! plants may be dug 9 late fall1 & /or$ ! same z cel]y1 9 tr5*es or 9 a cool root-cell>4 ,"o ounce ( se$ to #ajj feet ( drill4 ,lettuce is ! mo/ ext5sively gr[n salad vegetable4 ,x is n[ 9 dem&1 & is procurable1 e mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,! w9t] & e>ly spr+ crops are gr[n 9 =c+-h\ses & coldframes1 b a supply f ! g>d5 may be _h f ,april to ,novemb]1 by ! use ( a *eap frame 9 :i* to gr[ ! fir/ & la/ crops1 rely+ on a succession ( s[+s = ! int]m$iate supply4 ,se$ = ! fir/ crop may be s[n 9 a coldframe 9 ,m>*1 gr[+ ! crop ?ick & hav+ _m plants :i* are small & t5d]2 or1 by ?9n+ out to ! di/ance ( #c in*es & all[+ ! plants to make a l>g] gr[?1 ! plants pull$ up may be set 9 ! op5 gr\nd = ! next crop4 ,s[+s %\ld be made 9 ! g>d5 f ,april to ,octob]1 at %ort int]vals4 ,a moi/ location %\ld be *os5 = ! ,july & ,augu/ s[+s4 ,! e>ly & late s[+s %\ld be ( "s loose-gr[+ v>iety1 z !y are 9 edible condition soon] ?an ! cabbage or head+ v>ieties4 ,! cabbage v>ieties are f> sup]ior to ! loose-gr[+ k9ds = salads4 ,to be gr[n to p]fection1 !y %\ld h v ri* soil1 frequ5t cultivation1 & an occasional /imulant1 su* z liquid manure or nitrate ( soda4 ,! cos lettuce is an upright-gr[+ type mu* e/eem$ 9 ,europe1 b less gr[n "h4 ,! leaves ( ! full-gr[n plants are ti$ toge!r1 ?us blan*+ ! c5t]1 mak+ x a desirable salad or g>ni%+ v>iety4 ,x ?rives be/ 9 summ]4 ,"o ounce ( se$ w gr[ #cjjj plants or s[ #ajj feet ( drill4 ,9 ! g>d51 plants may /& #f in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s1 & ! r[s may be z close toge!r z ! sy/em ( tillage w all[4 ,mu%room4--,soon] or lat]1 ! novice wants to gr[ mu%rooms4 ,:ile x is easy to describe ! conditions "u :i* !y may be gr[n1 x does n foll[ t a crop may be pr$ict$ ) any c]ta9ty4 ,latt]ly1 c>eful /udies h be5 made ( ! gr[+ ( mu%rooms f spores & ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! mak+ ( spawn1 ) ! hope ( r$uc+ ! :ole subject ( mu%room gr[+ to a rational basis4 ,a good idea ( ?is "w may be _h by read+ ,dugg>'s contribution on ! subject 9 ,bullet9 #he ( ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,9 ?is place1 h[ev]1 we may conf9e ourselves to ! cu/om>y horticultural practice4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs are f 8,f>m]s' ,bullet910 ,no4 #ec 7by ,william ,falcon]71 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture 7,m>*1 #ahig73-- ,mu%rooms are a w9t] crop1 com+ 9 f ,septemb] till ,april or ,may--t is1 ! "w ( prep>+ ! manure beg9s 9 ,septemb] & ends 9 ,febru>y1 & ! pack+ ( ! crop beg9s 9 ,octob] or ,novemb] & ends 9 ,may4 ,"u extraord9>y conditions ! season may beg9 e>li] & la/ long]1 &1 9 fact1 x may cont9ue all summ]4 ,mu%rooms c be gr[n almo/ any:]e out ( doors1 & also indoors :]e !re is a dry bottom 9 :i* to set ! b$s1 :]e a uni=m & mod]ate temp]ature c be ma9ta9$1 & :]e ! b$s c be protect$ f wet ov]head1 & f w9ds1 dr\ght1 & direct sun%9e4 ,among ! mo/ desirable places 9 :i* to gr[ mu%rooms are b>ns1 cell>s1 clos$ tunnels1 %$s1 pits1 gre5h\ses1 & regul> mu%room h\ses4 ,total d>kness is n imp]ative1 = mu%rooms gr[ well 9 op5 light if %ad$ f sun%9e4 ,! temp]ature & moi/ure are m apt to be equable 9 d>k places ?an 9 op51 light ones1 & x is l>gely = ?is reason t mu%room h\ses are kept d>k4 ,! be/ f]tiliz] = mu%rooms1 s f> z ! writ]'s exp]i5ce goes1 is fre% horse manure4 ,get toge!r a lot ( ?is mat]ial 7%ort & /rawy7 t has be5 well trampl$ & wett$ 9 ! /able4 ,?r[ x into a heap1 wet x well if x is at all dry1 & let x heat4 ,:5 x beg9s to /eam1 turn x ov]1 %ake x well s z to mix ?or\ghly & ev5ly1 & !n tramp x d[n solid4 ,aft] ?is let x /& till x aga9 gets q w>m2 !n turn1 %ake1 trample z be=e1 & add wat] freely if x is gett+ dry4 ,repeat ?is turn+1 moi/5+1 & trampl+ z (t5 z x is ne$ful to keep ! manure f 8burn+40 ,if x gets int5sely hot1 spread x out to cool1 aft] :i* aga9 ?r[ x toge!r4 ,aft] be+ turn$ 9 ?is way sev]al times1 & ! heat 9 x is n apt to rise above #acj ,f41 x %\ld be ready to make up 9 ! b$s4 ,by add+ to ! manure at ! second or ?ird turn+ "o-f\r? or "o-fif? ( its bulk ( loam1 ! t5d5cy to int5se heat+ is less5$ & its usefulness n at all impair$4 ,"s gr[]s pref] %ort manure exclusively1 t is1 ! horse dropp+s1 :ile o!rs l a good deal ( /raw mix$ 9 ) ?is4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 is t1 if prop]ly prep>$1 x matt]s little :i* is us$4 ,ord9>ily ! b$s are only #h to #aj in*es deep2 t is1 !y are fac$ ) #aj-;in*-wide hemlock bo>ds1 & are only ! dep? ( ?is bo>d4 ,9 su* b$s put a lay] ( fre%1 moi/1 hot manure1 & trample x d[n firm until x con/itutes half ! dep? ( ! b$2 !n fill up ) ! prep>$ manure1 :i* %\ld be r cool 7#ajj to #aae;,f47 :5 us$1 & pack all firmly4 ,if desir$1 ! b$s c be made up entirely ( ! prep>$ manure4 ,%elf b$s are usually #i in*es deep2 t is1 ! %elf is bottom$ ) #a-;in* bo>ds & fac$ ) #aj-;in* wide bo>ds4 ,?is all[s ab\t #h in*es = manure1 & #a in* ris+ to #b in*es ( loam on top4 ,9 fill+ ! %elf b$s ! bottom half may be ( fre%1 moi/ or wetti%1 hot manure1 pack$ d[n solid1 & ! top half ( r cool prep>$ manure1 or x may be made up ( all prep>$ manure4 ,z ! %elf b$s _c be trodd5 & _c be beat5 v firm ) ! back ( ! =k1 a brick is us$ 9 addition to ! =k4 ,! b$s %\ld be spawn$ aft] ! heat 9 !m has fall5 bel[ #ajj ,f4 ,! writ] consid]s #ij ,f4 ab\t ! be/ temp]ature = spawn+4 ,if ! b$s h be5 cov]$ ) hay1 /raw1 litt]1 or mats1 ^! %\ld be remov$4 ,break ea* brick into twelve or fifte5 pieces4 ,! r[s %\ld be1 say1 #a foot ap>t1 ! fir/ "o be+ #f in*es f ! edge1 & ! pieces %\ld be #i in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,comm5c+ ) ! fir/ r[1 lift up ea* piece1 raise #b to #c in*es ( ! manure ) ! h&1 & into ?is hole place ! piece1 cov]+ ov] tightly ) ! manure4 ,:5 ! entire b$ is spawn$1 pack ! surface all ov]4 ,x is well to cov] ! b$s aga9 ) /raw1 hay1 or mats1 to keep ! surface equally moi/4 ,! flake spawn is plant$ 9 ! same way z ! brick spawn1 only n q s deep4 ,at ! end ( eight or n9e days ! mul*+ %\ld be remov$ & ! b$s cov]$ ) a lay] ( good loam #b in*es ?ick1 s t ! mu%rooms c come up 9 & ?r\gh x4 ,?is gives !m a firm hold1 & to a l>ge ext5t improves _! quality & texture4 ,any fair loam w d4 ,t f an ord9>y field1 wayside1 or g>d5 is g5]ally us$1 & x answ]s admirably4 ,!re exi/s an idea t g>d5 soil surfeit$ ) old manure is unfit = mu%room b$s because x is apt to produce spuri\s fungi4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,9 fact1 x is ! e>? mo/ commonly us$4 ,= mold+ ! b$s ! loam %\ld be r f9e1 free1 & mell[1 s t x c be easily & ev5ly spread & compact$ firmly into ! manure4 ,if an ev5 atmosph]ic temp]ature ( f #ee to #fj ,f4 c be ma9ta9$1 & ! h\se or cell> conta9+ ! mu%room b$s is kept close & free f drafts1 ! b$s may be left uncov]$1 & %\ld be wat]$ if !y become dry4 ,b no matt] :]e ! b$s are situat$1 x is well to lay "s loose hay or /raw or "s old matt+ or c>pet ov] !m to keep !m moi/4 ,! cov]+1 h[ev]1 %\ld be remov$ j z soon z ! "y mu%rooms beg9 to appe> above gr\nd4 ,if ! atmosph]e is dry1 ! pa?ways & walls %\ld be spr9kl$ ) wat]4 ,! mul*+ %\ld also be spr9kl$1 b n en\gh to cause ! wat] to soak into ! b$4 ,h[ev]1 if ! b$ %\ld get dry1 d n hesitate to wat] x4 ,mu/>d4--,almo/ all ! mu/>ds are good = gre5s1 ?\gh :ite mu/>d is usually be/4 ,*9ese mu/>d is also valuable4 ,se$ %\ld be s[n 9 drills1 #c to #c-a_/b feet ap>t1 & cov]$ ) a half in* ( soil4 ,! ease ) :i* !y may be gr[n1 & ! abundance ( h]bage :i* !y yield1 m>k _! special utility4 ,s[ v e>ly = spr+ gre5s1 & 9 late summ] or e>ly ,septemb] = fall gre5s4 ,muskmelon4--,! mo/ delici\s ( all g>d5 vegetables eat5 f ! h&1 & ( simple cultivation2 b l _m ano!r plant t is easy to gr[ x (t5 fails completely4 ,! season & soil mu/ be w>m & ! gr[? cont9u\s4 ,! natural soil = melons is a light1 s&y loam1 well enri*$ ) rott$ manure1 al?\gh good crops may be gr[n on l& naturally heavy if ! hills are specially prep>$4 ,:5 only heavy soil is available1 ! e>? :]e ! se$s are to be plant$ %\ld be ?or\ghly pulv]iz$ & mix$ ) f9e1 well-rott$ manure4 ,a spr9kl+ ( leafmold or *ip-dirt w help to light5 x4 ,on ?is hill f t5 to fifte5 se$s may be s[n1 ?9n+ to f\r or five v9es :5 dang] ( insects is ov]4 ,! season may be advanc$ & ! damage f insects less5$ by />t+ ! plants 9 hotb$s4 ,?is may be done by us+ fre% sod1 cut into #f-;in* pieces1 plac+ !m grass-side d[n 9 ! hotb$1 s[+ eight to t5 se$s on ea* piece1 & cov]+ ) #b in*es ( light soil4 ,:5 all dang] ( fro/ is ov]1 & ! gr\nd has become w>m1 ^! sods may be c>efully lift$ & set 9 ! prep>$ hills4 ,! plants usually gr[ )\t *eck1 & fruit f two to f\r weeks ahead ( ^? f se$ plant$ directly 9 ! hill4 ,old qu>t b]ry-boxes are excell5t to plant se$s 91 z1 :5 !y are set 9 ! gr\nd1 !y v quickly decay1 caus+ no re/riction to ! roots4 ,nett$ ,gem1 ,hack5sack1 ,em]ald ,gem1 ,montreal1 ,osage1 & ! ,nutmeg melon are popul> v>ieties4 ,"o ounce ( se$ w plant ab\t fifty hills4 ,okra4--,a plant ( ! cotton family1 f ! gre5 pods ( :i* is made ! well-kn[n gumbo s\p ( ! ,s\?1 :]e ! plant is m ext5sively gr[n ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! pods are also us$ 9 _! gre5 /ate = /ews1 & are dri$ & us$ 9 w9t]1 :5 !y are nutriti\s1 & =m no little "p ( ! diet 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,! se$s are v s5sitive to cold & moi/ure1 & %\ld n be s[n until ! gr\nd has become w>m--! la/ week 9 ,may or ! fir/ ( ,june be+ e>ly en\gh 9 ,new ,york4 ,! se$ %\ld be s[n 9 a drill #a in* deep1 ! plants ?9n$ to /& #ab in*es 9 ! r[4 ,give ! same culture z = corn4 ,"o ounce w s[ #dj feet ( drill4 ,dw>f v>ieties are be/ = ! ,nor?4 ,gre5 ,d5sity & ,velvet are lead+ v>ieties4 ,onion4--,a few onions1 ( "o k9d or ano!r1 give "* to e good kit*5-g>d54 ,!y are gr[n f se$s 78black se$07 = ! ma9 crop4 ,!y are also gr[n f sets 7:i* are v small onions1 arre/$ 9 _! developm5t72 f 8tops0 7:i* are bulblets produc$ 9 ! place ( fl[]s72 & f multipli]s or potato onions1 :i* are comp\nd bulbs4 ,! extremely e>ly crop ( onions is gr[n f sets1 & ! late or fall crop is gr[n f se$ s[n 9 ,april or e>ly ,may4 ,! sets may be sav$ f ! crop h>ve/$ ! previ\s fall1 sav+ no bulbs measur+ ov] ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 or1 bett]1 !y may be pur*as$ f ! se$sman4 ,^! sets %\ld be plant$ z e>ly z possible 9 ! spr+1 pref]ably on l& t has be5 manur$ & tr5*$ 9 ! fall4 ,plant 9 r[s #ab in*es ap>t1 ! sets be+ #b or #c in*es 9 ! r[4 ,pu% ! sets well d[n into ! gr\nd & cov] ) soil1 firm+ !m ) ! feet or a roll]4 ,9 cultivat+1 ! soil %\ld be ?r[n t[>ds ! tops1 z ! :ite /ems are usually s\ght z an indication ( mildness4 ,! crop w be 9 condition to use 9 ?ree to f\r weeks1 & may be made to la/ until small se$ onions are to be _h4 ,tops or multipli]s may also be us$ = ! e>ly crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caj4 ,bun* onions1 gr[n f se$4 ,9 gr[+ onions f se$1 x is only necess>y to say t ! se$ %\ld be 9 ! gr\nd v e>ly 9 ord] t ! bulbs make _! gr[? be=e ! extreme hot wea!r ( ,augu/1 :51 = want ( moi/ure & because ( ! heat1 ! bulbs w rip5 up :ile small4 ,e>ly 9 ,april1 9 ,new ,york1 if ! gr\nd is 9 condition1 ! se$ %\ld be s[n ?ickly 9 drills f #ab to #af in*es ap>t1 & ! gr\nd above ! se$s well firm$4 ,good cultivation & con/ant we$+ is ! price ( a good crop ( onions4 ,9 cultivat+ & hoe+1 ! soil %\ld be kept away f ! r[s1 n cov]+ ! gr[+ bulbs1 b all[+ !m to spread ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! crop is ready to be h>ve/$1 ! bulbs may be pull$ or cultivat$ up1 left to dry 9 d\ble r[s = sev]al days1 ! tops & roots tak5 (f1 & ! bulbs /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,lat] 9 ! season !y may be all[$ to freeze1 cov]+ ) *aff or /raw to hold !m froz51 & kept until e>ly spr+2 b ?is me?od is usually unsafe ) beg9n]s1 & always s 9 a *angeable climate4 ,onion se$ %\ld always be fre% :5 s[n--pref]ably ( ! la/ ye>'s crop4 ,"o ounce ( onion se$ w s[ #ajj feet ( drill4 ,"o ( ! rec5t me?ods ( secur+ extra l>ge & also e>ly bulbs f se$ is to s[ ! se$ 9 a hotb$ 9 ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>*1 & transplant to ! op5 gr\nd 9 ,april4 ,a bun* ( onions1 = eat+ f h&1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #caj4 ,! ,danv]s1 ,prizetak]1 ,globe1 & ,we!rsfield are favorite v>ieties1 ) ! addition ( ,:ite ,que5 or ,b>letta = pickl+4 ,p>sley4--,?is is ! mo/ univ]sal ( g>ni%es4 ,x is us$ also z a flavor+ 9 s\ps4 ,! se$ is sl[ to g]m9ate1 & (t5 ! second or ?ird s[+ is made1 ?9k+ ! fir/ is a failure2 b usually aft] :at w\ld seem a long "t ! "y plants w be se54 ,:5 s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 x %\ld be ?9n$ to /& #c or #d in*es 9 ! r[1 ! r[s be+ #aj to #ab in*es ap>t4 ,a few plants 9 a bord] w give a supply = a l>ge family1 & ) a little protection w live ov] w9t]4 ,roots may be lift$ 9 ! fall1 put into boxes or old cans1 & gr[n 9 a sunny w9d[ = w9t] use4 ,! ,curl$ p>sley is ! =m commonly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caa4 ,! ,/ud5t p>snip1 a lead+ v>iety ,p>snip4--,a /&>d w9t] & spr+ vegetable1 ( ! easie/ culture 9 deep soil 7,fig4 #caa74 ,p>snips are ! bett] = ! w9t]'s freeze1 al?\gh !y are ( good quality if tak5 up aft] ! fall fro/s & pack$ 9 soil1 s&1 or moss 9 ! cell>4 ,! se$1 :i* mu/ be n ov] "o ye> old1 %\ld be s[n z e>ly z possible 9 well-prep>$ soil1 firm$ ) ! feet or roll]4 ,z ! se$ g]m9ates r sl[ly1 ! gr\nd (t5 becomes cru/$ or bak$ ov] ! se$s1 9 :i* case x %\ld be brok5 & f9$ ) a g>d5 rake4 ,?is op]ation (t5 means ! success ( ! crop4 ,radi% or cabbage se$s may be s[n ) ! p>snip se$ to m>k ! r[ & break ! cru/4 ,"o ounce ( se$ w s[ #bjj feet ( drill4 ,?9 to #f in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,pea4--,p]haps no vegetable is plant$ 9 great] expectancy ?an ! pea4 ,x is "o ( ! e>lie/ se$s to g into ! gr\nd1 & ! plant+ fev] is impati5t4 ,!re is great diff]5ce 9 quality betwe5 ! smoo? & ! wr9kl$ peas4 ,! fir/ are a little ! e>lie/ to be plant$ & to become fit = use1 & on t acc\nt %\ld be plant$ 9 a small way2 b ! wr9kl$ sorts are mu* sup]ior 9 quality4 ,! e>ly crop ( peas may be =w>d$ by spr\t+ ! se$s indoors4 ,soil may be made too ri* or /rong = peas4 ,= ! kit*5-g>d5 ! dw>f & half-dw>f v>ieties are ! be/1 z ! tall k9ds w ne$ bru% or wire to support !m1 caus+ consid]able tr\ble & labor & n be+ z neat 9 appe>ance4 ,! dw>f v>ieties %\ld be plant$ f\r r[s 9 a block1 ea* r[ be+ only #f or #h in*es ap>t4 ,! peas on ! two c5t] r[s may be pick$ f ! outside4 ,leave a space ( #b feet & plant ! same4 ,! tall v>ieties yield a l>g] crop ?an ! dw>fs1 b z ! r[s mu/ be made f #c to #e feet ap>t1 ! dw>f ones1 :i* are plant$ only #f to #h in*es ap>t1 w give z l>ge a yield on ! same area4 ,always plant d\ble r[s ( ! tall v>ieties2 t is1 two r[s f #d to #f in*es ap>t1 ) ! bru% or wire betwe51 ! d\ble r[s be+ f #c to #e feet ap>t1 accord+ to v>ieties4 ,at ! "t ( ! fir/ plant+ only ! smoo? v>ieties %\ld be s[n1 b by ! middle ( ,april 9 ,new ,york ! gr\nd w be w>m & dry en\gh = wr9kl$ sorts4 ,succession crops %\ld be s[n t w come to maturity "o aft] ! o!r1 ext5d+ ! season six or eight weeks4 ,if a fur!r supply is want$1 ! e>ly quick-matur+ v>ieties may be s[n 9 ,augu/1 usually giv+ a fair crop ( peas 9 ,septemb] & e>ly ,octob]4 ,9 ! hot wea!r ( midsumm] !y d n ?rive s well4 ,"o qu>t ( se$ w plant ab\t #ajj feet ( drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cab4 ,"o ( ! bell pepp]s4 ,pepp]4--,! g>d5 pepp] is n ! pepp] ( comm]ce2 x is m prop]ly kn[n z r$ pepp] 7?\gh ! pods are n always r$71 *illi1 & capsicum4 ,! pods are mu* us$ 9 ! ,s\?1 & mo/ ,nor!rn h\seholds n[ employ !m to "s ext5t4 ,pepp]s are t5d] :ile "y1 al?\gh !y w endure a heavy fro/ 9 ! fall4 ,_! culture is t recomm5d$ = egg-plants4 ,a small se$sman's packet ( se$ w be suffici5t = a l>ge numb] ( plants1 say two hundr$4 ,! l>ge bell pepp]s 7,fig4 #cab7 are ! milde/1 & are us$ = mak+ 8/uff$ pepp]s0 & o!r di%es4 ,! small1 hot pepp]s are us$ = season+ & sauces4 ,potato4--,! potato is r m a field crop ?an a home-g>d5 product2 yet ! home-g>d5] (t5 desires to gr[ a small e>ly lot4 ,! common practice ( gr[+ potatoes on elevat$ ridges or hills is wrong1 unless ! soil is s wet t ?is practice is necess>y to insure prop] dra9age 7b 9 ?is case ! l& is n adapt$ to ! gr[+ ( potatoes71 or unless x is necess>y1 9 a p>ticul> place1 to secure a v e>ly crop4 ,if ! l& is elevat$ into ridges or hills1 !re is great loss ( moi/ure by means ( evaporation4 ,dur+ ! la/ cultivat+ ! potatoes may be hill$ up slightly 9 ord] to cov] ! tub]s2 b ! hills %\ld n be made 9 ! beg9n+ = ! ma9 crop if l& & conditions are "r4 ,l& = potatoes %\ld be r loamy 9 "*1 & ought to h a lib]al supply ( pota%1 ei!r naturally or suppli$ 9 ! drill1 by means ( an application ( sulfate ( pota%4 ,see t ! l& is deeply pl[$ or spad$1 s t ! roots c p5etrate deep]4 ,plant ! potatoes #c or #d in*es bel[ ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is ord9>ily be/ to drop ! pieces 9 drills4 ,a cont9u\s drill or r[ may be made by dropp+ "o piece e #f in*es1 b x is usually ?\ght be/ to drop two pieces ab\t e #ab to #ah in*es4 ,! drills are f> en\gh ap>t to all[ good cultivation4 ,if horse cultivation is us$1 ! drills %\ld be at lea/ #c feet ap>t4 ,small potatoes are consid]$ n to be s good z l>ge ones = plant+4 ,"o reason is because too _m spr\ts arise f ea* "o1 & ^! spr\ts are likely to cr[d ea* o!r4 ,! same is true ( ! tip end or se$ end ( ! tub]4 ,ev5 :5 ! tip is cut (f1 ! eyes are s num]\s t "o secures _m weak %oots r ?an two or ?ree /rong ones4 ,x is ord9>ily be/ to cut ! potatoes to two or ?ree eyes1 leav+ z mu* tub] z possible ) ea* piece4 ,f #g to #aj bu%els ( potatoes are requir$ to plant an acre4 ,,xxv4 ,! g>d5 radi%1 gr[n 9 fall ( ! usual spr+ sorts4 ,,xxv4 ,! g>d5 radi%1 gr[n 9 fall ( ! usual spr+ sorts4 ,= a v e>ly crop 9 ! g>d51 tub]s are sometimes spr\t$ 9 ! cell>4 ,:5 ! spr\ts are #d to #f in*es high1 ! tub]s are c>efully plant$4 ,x is ess5tial t ! spr\ts are n brok5 9 ! h&l+4 ,9 ?is practice1 also1 ! tub]s are fir/ cut into l>ge pieces1 s t !y w n dry out too mu*4 ,! /aple rem$y = ! potato bug is ,p>is gre51 #b p\nds or m ( poison to #aej to #bjj gallons ( wat]1 ) a little lime4 ,= ! blight1 spray ) bordeaux mixture1 & spray ?or\ghly4 ,bordeaux mixture w also keep away ! flea beetle to a l>ge ext5t4 ,radi% 7,plate ,,xxv74--,9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! radi% is popul> z a side-di%1 be+ us$ z an appetiz] & = its decorative "*4 ,x is a poor product1 h[ev]1 if mis%ap51 wormy1 or t\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cac4 ,fr5* ,breakfa/ & olive-%ap$ radi%es4 ,radi%es %\ld be gr[n quickly 9 ord] to h !m at _! be/4 ,!y become t\gh & woody if gr[n sl[ly or all[$ to /ay 9 ! gr\nd too long4 ,a light soil1 well enri*$1 w gr[ mo/ ( ! e>ly v>ieties to table size 9 ?ree to five weeks4 ,to h a supply ?r\gh ! e>ly mon?s1 s[+s %\ld be made e two weeks4 ,= spr+ use1 ! ,fr5* ,breakfa/ is /ill a /&>d v>iety 7,fig4 #cac74 ,= summ]1 ! l>ge :ite or gray v>ieties are be/4 ,! w9t] v>ieties may be s[n 9 ,septemb]1 h>ve/$ be=e sev]e fro/s1 & /or$ 9 s& 9 a cool cell>4 ,:5 !y are to be us$1 if ?r[n into cold wat] = a %ort "t !y w rega9 _! crispness4 ,s[ radi%es ?ickly 9 drills1 #ab to #ah in*es ap>t4 ,?9 z ne$$4 ,rhub>b1 or ,pie plant4--,a /rong p]5nial h]b1 to be gr[n 9 a b$ or r[ by itself at "o end or side ( ! g>d54 ,x is a heavy fe$]4 ,rhub>b is usually propagat$ by division ( ! fle%y roots1 small pieces ( :i* w gr[ if sep>at$ f ! old e/abli%$ roots & plant$ 9 ri* mell[ soil4 ,poor soil %\ld be made ri* by spad+ out at lea/ #c feet ( ! surface1 fill+ ) well-rott$ manure to )9 #a foot ( ! level1 ?r[+ 9 ! top soil & sett+ ! roots ) ! cr[ns #d in*es bel[ ! surface1 firm+ !m ) ! feet4 ,! /alks %\ld n be cut = use until ! second ye>4 ,see t ! plant does n want = wat] :5 x is mak+ its heavy leaf gr[?4 ,9 fall1 co>se manure %\ld be ?r[n ov] ! cr[ns1 to be =k$ or spad$ 9 lightly :5 spr+ op5s4 ,9 gr[+ se$l+ rhub>b1 ! se$ may be s[n 9 a coldframe 9 ,m>* or ,april1 protect$ f freez+1 & 9 two mon?s ! plants w be ready to set 9 r[s1 #ab in*es ap>t4 ,give ! plants good cultivation1 & ! foll[+ spr+ !y may be set 9 a p]man5t place4 ,at ?is "t ! plants %\ld be set 9 well-prep>$ gr\nd1 at a di/ance ea* way ( #d to #e feet1 & treat$ z ^? set ) pieces ( roots4 ,if giv5 good c>e & well manur$1 ! plants w live = ye>s & yield abundantly4 ,two doz5 good roots w supply a l>ge family4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad4 ,salsify1 or oy/] plant4 ,salsify1 or ,vegetable oy/] 7,fig4 #cad74--,salsify is "o ( ! be/ ( w9t] & e>ly spr+ vegetables1 & %\ld be gr[n 9 e g>d54 ,x may be cook$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 to br+ out ! oy/] flavor4 ,! se$ %\ld be s[n z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z possible4 ,h&le ! same z p>snips 9 e way4 ,! roots1 l p>snips1 are ! bett] = ! w9t] freeze1 b "p ( ! crop %\ld be dug 9 ! fall1 & /or$ 9 soil or moss 9 a cell> = w9t] use4 ,sea-kale is a /rong-root$ p]5nial1 ! %oots ( :i* are v highly priz$ z a delicacy :5 blan*$4 ,se$ %\ld be s[n 9 a hotb$ e>ly 9 ! spr+1 plants transplant$ to ! g>d5 :5 f #b to #c in*es high1 & giv5 good cultivation ?r\gh ! season1 be+ cov]$ ) litt] on ! approa* ( w9t]4 ,! "y /alks are blan*$ e>ly ! foll[+ spr+ by cov]+ ) l>ge pots or boxes1 or by bank+ ) s& or o!r clean mat]ial4 ,! ,dw>f ,gre5 ,scot*1 ,dw>f ,br[n1 & ,sib]ian are among ! lead+ v>ieties4 ,sea-kale is eat5 mu* z asp>agus is4 ,x is highly priz$ by ^? :o "k x4 ,sea-kale is also propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! roots #d or #e in*es long1 plant$ directly 9 ! soil 9 spr+4 ,! plant be+ p]5nial1 ! e>ly %oots may be blea*$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,sorrel ( ! ,european g>d5 sorts may be s[n 9 spr+1 9 drills #af in*es ap>t 9 b$s1 or #c to #c-a_/b feet ap>t 9 r[s4 ,aft] ! plants are well e/abli%$ !y %\ld be ?9n$ to #aj to #ab in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,!y are p]5nial1 & may be kept gr[+ 9 ! same place = sev]al ye>s4 ,broad-leav$ ,fr5* is ! mo/ popul> v>iety4 ,spe>m9t is priz$ by _m p]sons z a season+1 p>ticul>ly = ! ,?anksgiv+ & holiday cook]y4 ,x is a p]5nial & p]fectly h>dy1 & w live 9 ! op5 g>d5 ye> aft] ye>4 ,if a supply ( ! fre% h]bage is want$ 9 w9t]1 remove sods ( x to ! h\se six weeks be=e want$4 ,place ! sods 9 boxes1 & treat z = h\se plants4 ,! plants %\ld h be5 fro/$ & become p]fectly dormant be=e removal4 ,sp9a*4--,! mo/ ext5sively gr[n ( all 8gre5s10 be+ 9 season 9 e>lie/ spr+1 & 9 fall & w9t]4 ,! e>lie/ sp9a* t f9ds its way to m>ket is produc$ f se$ s[n 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]1 (t5 protect$ by frames or o!r means ?r\gh ! sev]e w9t]1 & cut soon aft] gr[? />ts 9 e>ly spr+4 ,ev5 z f> nor? z ,new ,york sp9a* may /& ov] w9t] )\t protection4 ,sp9a* is =c$ by plac+ sa% ov] ! frames 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 protect+ ! "y leaves f sev]e freez+ by mats or /raw ?r[n ov] ! frames4 ,se$ may be s[n 9 e>ly spr+ = a succession2 lat] 9 ! season se$ ( ! ,new ,zeal& summ] sp9a* may be s[n1 & ?is w gr[ ?r\gh ! heat ( ! summ] & yield a f9e quality ( leaves4 ,! se$ ( ?is k9d1 be+ v h>d1 %\ld be scald$ & all[$ to soak a few h\rs be=e s[+4 ,?is se$ is usually s[n 9 hills ab\t #c feet ap>t1 s[+ f\r to six se$ 9 ea* hill4 ,! spr+ & w9t] sp9a* %\ld be s[n 9 drills #ab to #ad in*es ap>t1 "o ounce be+ suffici5t = #ajj feet ( drill4 ,rememb] t common sp9a* is a cool-wea!r 7fall & spr+7 crop4 ,squa%4--,! summ] squa%es r>ely fail ( a crop if !y once escape ! sc\rge ( ! /rip$ beetle4 ,! late v>ieties are n s c]ta92 !y mu/ secure a /rong />t1 & be on 8quick0 f]tile w>m l& 9 ord] to make a crop be=e ! cool nights ( fall 7,fig4 #cae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cae4 ,"o ( ! s-call$ ,japanese type ( squa% 7,cucurbita mos*ata74 ,! "t ( plant+1 me?od ( prep>+ ! hills1 & aft]-culture are ! same z = cucumb]s & melons1 except t = ! e>ly bu% v>ieties ! hills %\ld be #d or #e feet ap>t1 & = ! lat] runn+ v>ieties f #f to #h feet ap>t4 ,f eight to t5 se$s %\ld be plant$ 9 ea* hill1 ?9n+ to f\r plants aft] dang] f bugs is ov]4 ,( ! e>ly squa%es1 "o ounce ( se$ w plant fifty hills2 ( ! lat] v>ieties1 "o ounce w plant b eighte5 to tw5ty hills4 ,= w9t] use1 v>ieties ( ! ,hubb>d type are be/4 ,= summ] use1 ! ,crooknecks & ,scallop squa%es are popul>4 ,9 gr[+ w9t] squa%es 9 a ,nor!rn climate1 x is ess5tial t ! plants />t (f quickly & vigor\sly3 a little *emical f]tiliz] w help4 ,pumpk9s are gr[n ! same z squa%es4 ,sweet-potato is r>ely gr[n nor? ( ,philadelphia2 9 ! ,s\? x is a univ]sal g>d5 crop4 ,sweet-potatoes are gr[n f spr\ts plant$ on ridges or hills1 n by plant+ ! tub]s1 z ) ! common or ,iri% potato4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ ^! spr\ts is z foll[s3 ,9 ,april1 tub]s ( sweet-potatoes are plant$ 9 a p>tially sp5t hotb$ by us+ ! :ole tub] 7or if a l>ge "o1 by cutt+ x 9 two ?r\gh ! long way71 cov]+ ! tub]s ) #b in*es ( light1 well-firm$ soil4 ,! sa% %\ld be put on ! frames & only en\gh v5tilation giv5 to keep ! potatoes f decay+4 ,9 t5 or twelve days ! "y spr\ts %\ld beg9 to appe>1 & ! b$ %\ld be wat]$ if dry4 ,! spr\ts :5 pull$ f ! tub] w be f\nd to h rootlets at ! l[] end & along ! /ems4 ,^! spr\ts %\ld be ab\t #c to #e in*es long by ! "t ! gr\nd is w>m en\gh to plant !m out on _! ridges4 ,! ridges or hills %\ld be prep>$ by pl[+ out a furr[ #d to #f in*es deep4 ,scatt] manure 9 ! furr[ & pl[ back ! soil s z to raise ! c5t] at lea/ #f in*es above ! level ( ! soil4 ,on ?is ridge ! plants are set1 plac+ ! plants well 9 to ! leaves & ab\t #ab to #ah in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s1 ! r[s be+ f #c to #d feet ap>t4 ,! aft]-cultivation consi/s 9 /irr+ ! soil betwe5 ! ridges2 & z ! v9es beg9 to run !y %\ld be lift$ frequ5tly to prev5t root+ at ! jo9ts4 ,:5 ! tips ( ! v9es h be5 t\*$ by fro/ ! crop may be h>ve/$1 ! tub]s left to dry a few days1 & /or$ 9 a dry1 w>m place4 ,to keep sweet potatoes1 /ore 9 lay]s 9 b>rels or boxes 9 dry s&1 & keep !m 9 a dry room ,see t all bruis$ or *ill$ potatoes are ?r[n out4 ,illu/ration3 #caf4 ,a good =m or type ( tomato4 ,tomato4--,! tomato is an inhabitant ( practically e home g>d51 & ev]ybody und]/&s its culture 7,fig4 #caf74 ,! e>ly fruits are v easily gr[n by />t+ ! plants 9 a gre5h\se1 hotb$1 or 9 %all[ boxes plac$ 9 w9d[s4 ,a p9* ( se$ s[n 9 ,m>* w give all ! e>ly plants a l>ge family c use4 ,:5 ! plants h rea*$ ! height ( #b or #c in*es1 !y %\ld be transplant$ into #c-;in* fl[]-pots1 old b]ry boxes1 or o!r receptacles1 & all[$ to gr[ sl[ly & /ocky until "t to set !m out1 :i* is f ,may #ae on 79 ,new ,york74 ,!y %\ld be set 9 r[s #d or #e feet ap>t1 ! plants be+ ! same di/ance 9 ! r[s4 ,illu/ration3 #cag4 ,a tomato trellis4 ,"s support %\ld be giv5 to keep ! fruits (f ! gr\nd & to ha/5 ! rip5+4 ,a trellis ( *ick5-wire makes an excell5t support1 z does ! light la? f5c+ t may be b\ght or made at home4 ,/\t /akes1 ) wire /rung ! l5g? ( ! r[s1 af=d an excell5t support4 ,a v %[y me?od is t ( a frame made l an inv]t$ ,v1 :i* all[s ! fruits to hang free2 ) a little att5tion to trimm+1 ! light rea*es ! fruits & rip5s !m p]fectly 7,fig4 #cag74 ,?is support is made by lean+ toge!r two la? frames4 ,! late fruits may be pick$ gre5 & rip5$ on a %elf 9 ! sun2 or !y w rip5 if plac$ 9 a draw]4 ,"o ounce ( se$ w be en\gh = f twelve to fifte5 hundr$ plants4 ,a little f]tiliz] 9 ! hill w />t ! plants (f quickly4 ,! rot is less s]i\s :5 ! v9es are kept (f ! gr\nd & ! rampant suck]s are cut out4 ,v>ieties pass out & new ones come into notice1 s t a li/ is ( small p]man5t value4 ,turnips & ,rutabagas are little gr[n 9 home g>d5s2 & yet a f9] quality ( vegetable ?an mo/ p]sons "k c\ld be secur$ if ^! plants 7 rais$ on "o's own soil & br\ght fre% to ! table4 ,!y are usually a fall crop1 f se$ s[n 9 ,july & e>ly ,augu/1 al?\gh "s kit*5-g>d5s h !m f spr+-s[n ,! culture is easy4 ,turnips %\ld be gr[n 9 drills1 l beets1 = ! e>ly crop4 ,! "y plants w /& light fro/s4 ,*oose a ra9y day = plant+1 if practicable4 ,cov] ! se$ v lightly4 ,?9 ! "y plants to #e to #g in*es 9 ! r[4 ,s[ e two weeks if a con/ant supply is desir$1 z turnips rapidly become h>d & woody 9 w>m summ] wea!r4 ,= ! fall & w9t] crop 9 ! ,nor?1 8,on ! f\rte5? day ( ,july1 ,s[ y\r turnips1 wet or dry40 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! nor!rn & middle /ates tradition fixes ! #be? ( ,july z ! prop] "t = s[+ flat turnips = w9t] use4 ,9 ! middle /ates1 turnips are sometimes s[n z late z ! end ( ,augu/4 ,prep>e a piece ( v mell[ gr\nd1 & s[ ! se$ ?9ly & ev5ly broadca/4 ,9 spite ( ! old rhyme1 a g5tle %[] w !n be acceptable4 ,^! turnips are pull$ aft] fro/1 ! tops remov$1 & ! roots /or$ 9 cell>s or pits4 ,= ! e>ly crop1 ,purple-top ,/rap-leaf1 ,e>ly ,:ite ,flat ,dut*1 & ,e>ly ,purple-top ,milan are ! favorite v>ieties4 ,yell[-fle%$ sorts l ,gold5 ,ball are v f9e = e>ly table use1 :5 well gr[n1 b mo/ eat]s pref] :ite turnips 9 spr+1 al?\gh !y occasionally patronize ! yell[ v>ieties 9 ! fall4 ,yell[ ,globe is ! favorite yell[ fall turnip1 ?\gh "s p]sons gr[ yell[ rutabagas & call !m turnips4 ,= late crop ( :ite turnips1 ! same v>ieties *os5 = spr+ s[+ are also desirable4 ,rutabagas are di/+ui%$ f turnips by _! smoo?1 blui% foliage1 long root1 & yell[ fle%4 ,!y are ri*] ?an turnips2 !y require ! same treatm5t1 except t ! season ( gr[? is long]4 ,fall-s[n or summ]-s[n bagas %\ld h a mon? ! />t ( flat turnips4 ,except ! maggot 7see cabbage maggot71 !re are no s]i\s insects or diseases peculi> to turnips & bagas4 ,wat]melon4--,! wat]melon is %ipp$ ev]y:]e 9 su* enorm\s quantities1 & x cov]s s mu* space 9 ! g>d51 t home-g>d5]s 9 ! ,nor? seldom gr[ x4 ,:5 "o has room1 x %\ld be add$ to ! kit*5-g>d54 ,! culture is ess5tially t = muskmelons 7:i* see71 except t mo/ v>ieties require a w>m] place & long] p]iod ( gr[?4 ,give ! hills a di/ance ( #f to #aj feet ap>t4 ,*oose a w>m1 8quick0 soil & sunny exposure4 ,x is ess5tial1 9 ! ,nor?1 t ! plants gr[ rapidly & come into bloom e>ly4 ,"o ounce ( se$ w plant ?irty hills4 ,!re are sev]al :ite or yell[-fle%$ v>ieties1 b aside f _! oddity ( appe>ance !y h little value4 ,a good wat]melon has a solid1 bright r$ fle%1 pref]ably ) black se$s1 & a /rong protect+ r9d4 ,kolb ,gem1 ,jones1 ,boss1 ,cuban ,que51 & ,dixie are among ! be/ v>ieties4 ,!re are e>ly v>ieties t w rip5 9 ! ,nor!rn season1 & make a mu* bett] melon ?an ^? secur$ on ! m>ket4 ,! s-call$ 8citron10 ) h>d :ite fle%1 us$ 9 mak+ pres]ves1 is a =m ( wat]melon4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,seasonal ,,rem9d]s ,! au?or assumes t a p]son :o is intellig5t en\gh to make a g>d51 does n ne$ an arbitr>y cal5d> ( op]ations4 ,too exact advice is mislead+ & unpractical4 ,mo/ ( ! old] g>d5+ books 7 arrang$ :olly on ! cal5d> me?od--giv+ specific directions = ea* mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,we h n[ accumulat$ suffici5t fact & exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 to enable u to /ate pr9ciples2 & ^! pr9ciples c be appli$ any:]e1--:5 supplem5t$ by good judgm5t1--:]eas m]e rules are arbitr>y & g5]ally useless = any o!r condition ?an t = :i* !y 7 specifically made4 ,! regions ( g>d5+ exp]i5ce h exp&$ enorm\sly )9 ! pa/ fifty & sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,seasons & conditions v>y s mu* 9 diff]5t ye>s & diff]5t places t no h>d & fa/ advice c be giv5 = ! p]=m+ ( g>d5+ op]ations1 yet brief h9ts = ! prop] "w ( ! v>i\s mon?s may be useful z sugge/ions & rem9d]s4 ,! ,mon?ly ,rem9d]s are compil$ f files ( ! 8,am]ican ,g>d50 ( "s ye>s back1 :5 ! au?or _h editorial *>ge ( t magaz9e4 ,! advice = ! ,nor? 7pages #ejd to #eaf7 0 writt5 by ,t4 ,gre9]1 ,la ,salle1 ,n4,y4 well kn[n z a g>d5] & au?or4 ,t = ! ,s\? 7pages #eaf to #ebf7 0 made by ,h4,w4 ,smi?1 ,baton ,r\ge1 ,la41 = ! fir/ n9e mon?s1 & x 0 ext5d$ = 8,g>d5-,mak+0 to ! mon?s ( ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb] by ,f4,h4 ,burnette1 ,horticulturi/ ( ! ,l\isiana ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,,kit*5-,,g>d5 ,,plant+ ,,table ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,prop] ,,times ,,= ,,s[+ ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,se$s ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,obta9 ,,cont9u\s ,,succession ,,( ,,crops ,explanation ( ,signs ,us$ ,9 ! ,table4 7#j7,to be s[n 9 op5 gr\nd )\t transplant+4 ,plants h to be ?9n$ out1 giv5 prop] di/ance4 7#a7 ,s[ 9 se$ b$ 9 ! g>d51 & transplant !nce to p]man5t place4 7#b7 ,make two s[+s 9 op5 gr\nd dur+ ! mon?4 7#c7 ,make ?ree s[+s 9 op5 gr\nd dur+ ! mon?4 7#d7 ,/>t 9 gre5h\se or hot-b$1 & plant out s soon z ! gr\nd is 9 good %ape1 & wea!r p]mits4 7#e7 ,s[ 9 op5 gr\nd z soon z x c be work$4 7#f7 ,to be gr[n only 9 hot-b$ or gre5h\se4 7#g7 ,s[ 9 cold frame1 keep plants !re ov] w9t] ) a little protection2 plant out 9 spr+ z soon z ! gr\nd c be work$4 7#h7 ,to be s[n 9 op5 gr\nd1 & protect$ ) litt] ov] w9t]4 7#i7 ,plant 9 frame4 ,:5 cold wea!r sets 91 cov] ) sa% & /raw mats4 ,plants w be ready = use 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 7#aj7 ,plant 9 cell>1 b>n or "u b5*es 9 gre5h\se4 7#aa7 ,plant outdoors on prep>$ b$s4 7#ab7 ,s[ e week 9 gre5h\se or frame1 to h a good succession4 ,,vegetables ,,9 ,,! ,,kit*5 ,,g>d5 ,jan ,feb ,m> ,apr ,may ,jun ,jul ,aug ,sep ,oct ,n ov ,dec ,arti*oke1 ,am]ican - - - 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - - ,arti*oke1,fr5* - 7#d7 - 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - - - ,beans1 ,bu% 7#f7 7#f7 7#f7 7#j7 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 7#j7 - - - - ,beans1 ,pole & ,lima - - - - 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - ,beets - - 7#d7 7#d7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - ,borecole1 ,kale - - - - 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - ,broccoli - 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - 7#g7 7#g7 - - ,brussels ,spr\ts - - - - 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - - ,cabbage1 all sorts - 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - 7#g7 7#g7 - - ,c>doon - 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - - ,c>rot 7#f7 7#f7 7#e7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - ,caulifl[] 7#f7 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - - ,cel]iac - 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - - ,cel]y - 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - - ,*icory - - 7#e7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - ,coll>ds - - - - - - 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - ,corn1 field - - - 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - ,corn1 ,sweet - - - 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 7#j7 - - - - ,corn1 ,pop - - - 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - ,corn1 ,salad - - 7#e7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - 7#h7 - - - ,cress 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#j7 7#j7 - - 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#ab7 ,cucumb] 7#f7 7#f7 7#f7 7#d7 7#j7 7#j7 - 7#f7 7#f7 - - - ,egg ,plants - 7#f7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - - ,endive - - - 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - ,kohlrabi 7#f7 7#f7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - ,leek - 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - - ,lettuce 7#f7 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 7#j7 7#i7 7#i7 7#g7 - ,mangel - - 7#e7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - ,melon 7#f7 7#f7 7#f7 7#d7 7#j7 7#j7 7#i7 7#f7 - - - - ,mu%room 7#aj7 7#aj7 7#aa7 - - - - 7#aa7 7#aj7 7#aj7 7#aj7 7#aj7 ,mu/>d 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - 7#j7 7#j7 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#ab7 ,na/urtium - - - 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - - ,okra - - 7#d7 7#d7 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 - - - - - ,onion - 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 - - - - - - - ,p>snips - - 7#e7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - ,p>sley 7#f7 7#f7 7#d7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - ,peas - - 7#e7 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 7#b7 7#j7 - 7#j7 - - ,pepp] - 7#d7 7#d7 7#d7 7#a7 - - - - - - - ,potatoes - - - 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - - ,pumpk9 - - - 7#d7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - ,radi% 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#ab7 7#c7 7#c7 7#c7 - - 7#i7 7#i7 - - ,rutabaga - - - - - - - 7#j7 7#j7 - - - ,salsify - - 7#e7 7#j7 - - - 7#j7 7#j7 - - - ,seakale - - 7#e7 7#j7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - ,sp9a* - - 7#e7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - 7#b7 7#h7 - - ,squa% - - 7#d7 7#d7 7#j7 7#j7 - - - - - - ,tomato 7#f7 7#f7 7#d7 7#a7 7#a7 7#a7 - 7#f7 7#f7 7#f7 - - ,turnips - - - - - - - 7#j7 7#j7 - - - ,n4,b4--,= la/ plant+ ( ,beans1 ,sweet ,corn1 ,kohlrabi1 ,peas & ,radi%es1 or ev5 ,tomatoes1 take ! e>lie/ v>ieties1 j ! same z are us$ = fir/ plant+4 --,! late s[+s ( ,salsify are int5d$ to rema9 undi/urb$ ov] w9t]4 ,roots f ^! s[+s w1 ! next ye>1 atta9 a size d\ble t usually se54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cah4 ,bird's-eye view ( ! seasons 9 :i* ! v>i\s g>d5 products may be 9 _! prime4 ,,sugge/ions ,,& ,,rem9d]s4--,i4 ,,= ,,! ,,nor? ,,janu>y ,cabbage plants 9 frames ne$ free air+ :5ev] ! temp]ature is above ! freez+ po9t1 or s long z ! soil ( ! b$ is n froz54 ,sn[1 9 t case1 %\ld be remov$ soon aft] its fall4 ,z long z ! soil is froz5 ! sn[ c safely be left on = a numb] ( days4 ,cabbage1 caulifl[]1 & lettuce se$ %\ld be s[n at int]vals to secure plants = extra-e>ly sales or sett+4 ,a mon? lat] !y w be ready to transf] to boxes1 :i* %\ld g to ! coldframe & be giv5 protection by mats or %utt]s4 ,coldframes mu/ be well v5tilat$ on w>m1 sunny days2 leave ! sa%es (f z long z is possible )\t injury to ! plants4 ,keep ! soil 9 a friable condition1 & look c>efully to any possible places :]e wat] c /& & freeze4 ,if ! frames seem too cold1 bank up ar\nd !m ) co>se manure4 ,hotb$s4--,look up & repair ! sa%es4 ,save ! horse-manure f day to day1 reject+ dry litt]1 & pil+ up ! dropp+s & ur9e-soak$ b$d+ 9 ?9 lay]s to prev5t viol5t heat+4 ,lettuce 9 frames treat z advis$ = cabbage plants4 ,prun+ %\ld n[ be consid]$4 ,p]haps x is be/ to prune fruit-trees 9 ,m>* or ,april1 b grapes & currants & gooseb]ries may be prun$ n[4 ,janu>y & ,febru>y are good mon?s 9 :i* to prune pea* trees4 ,?9 out ! pea* trees well1 tak+ c>e to remove all ! dead wood4 ,if y h mu* prun+ to d 9 apple1 pe>1 or plum or*>ds1 y w save "t by utiliz+ ! w>m days n[4 ,/udy well ! diff]5t me?ods ( prun+4 ,nev] let an it9]ant prun] t\* y\r trees until y are satisfi$ t he und]/&s 8 bus9ess4 ,tools %\ld n[ be inspect$ & repair$1 & any new ones t are ne$$ made or ord]$4 ,,febru>y ,cabbage4--,s[ se$ ( ,j]sey ,wakefield 9 flats fill$ ) light loamy soil1 ! la/ week ( ?is mon?4 ,s[ ?9ly1 cov] lightly1 & place ! boxes 9 a g5tle hotb$ or any w>m1 sunny situation4 ,:5 ! plants are /rong1 transplant !m into flats #a-a_/b 94 ap>t ea* way4 ,z gr[? beg9s1 gradually expose !m to ! op5 air on all favorable occasions4 ,late 9 ,m>* remove !m to a coldframe1 & prop]ly h>d5 !m (f be=e sett+ !m 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,cel]y4--,we urg5tly advise e "o :o has a g>d51 l>ge or small1 to make a trial ( ! new cel]y-culture4 ,y ne$1 fir/1 good plants4 ,get "s se$ ( ,:ite ,plume or ,gold5 ,self-blan*+1 & s[ x ?ickly 9 flats fill$ ) f9e loam4 ,cov] by sift+ a ?9 lay] ( s& or f9e soil ov] x1 & firm well4 ,keep 9 a mod]ately w>m place1 wat]+ z ne$$1 until plants appe>4 ,if y h a numb] ( flats1 !y may be plac$ on top ( "o ano!r4 ,at ! fir/ sign ( plant-gr[?1 br+ ! flats gradually to ! light4 ,:5 ! plants are #a-a_/b or #b 94 high1 transplant !m into o!r flats1 sett+ !m 9 r[s #b-a_/b 94 ap>t1 ! plants half an in* ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,!n set ! flats 9 a coldframe until ! plants are l>ge en\gh to plant out 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,hotb$s = rais+ e>ly plants %\ld be made ?is mon?4 ,always break ! manure up f9e & tread x d[n well4 ,be sure to put en\gh 9 ! c5t] ( b$s1 s t !re w be no sagg+4 ,fre% manure ( h>d-work$ & well-f$ horses1 free f dry litt]1 is be/4 ,an addition ( leaves us$ = b$d+ w s]ve to produce a m mod]ate b m la/+ heat4 ,%eep-manure may also be add$ to ! horse-manure1 %\ld !re be a scant supply ( ! latt] on h&4 ,onions4--,we urg5tly advise giv+ ! new onion-culture a trial4 ,= se$1 buy a packet or an ounce ( ,prizetak]1 ,spani% ,k+1 ,:ite ,victoria1 or "s o!r l>ge k9d ( globe onion4 ,s[ ! se$ 9 flats1 9 a hotb$1 or 9 a gre5h\se late 9 ! mon?1 & transplant ! onions to ! op5 gr\nd z soon z ! latt] is 9 work+ condition4 ,set ! plants 9 r[s #a ft4 ap>t & ab\t #c 94 ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,plums4--,make a ?or\gh inspection ( all plum & *]ry trees1 wild & cultivat$1 = plum-knot4 ,cut & burn all ! knots f\nd4 ,remove all 8mummy0 plums1 = !y spread ! fruit-rot4 ,rhub>b4--,give ! plants 9 ! g>d5 a heavy dress+ ( f9e old compo/4 ,if y wi% a few e>ly /alks1 place kegs or boxes ov] "s ( ! plants1 & heap ov] !m "s heat+ horse-manure4 ,,m>* ,beets4--,a few se$s may be s[n 9 ! hotb$4 ,cabbage1 caulifl[]1 & cel]y se$s may be s[n = ! e>ly crop4 ,egg-plants4--,se$s %\ld be s[n4 ,take c>e t ! "y plants are nev] /unt$4 ,graft+ may be done 9 favorable wea!r4 ,*]ries & plums mu/ be graft$ e>ly4 ,use liquid graft+-wax 9 cold wea!r4 ,hotb$s may be made at any "t1 b d n gr[ impati5t ab\t ! "w1 = !re w be cold wea!r yet4 ,clean1 fre% manure is necess>y1 & a lay] #b ft4 ?ick %\ld be tramp$ h>d4 ,:5 once />t$ & ! se$s s[n1 d n let ! b$s get too hot4 ,give !m air on f9e days & give ! se$l+s pl5ty ( wat]4 ,use two !rmomet]s--"o to te/ ! atmosph]e & ! o!r ! heat ( ! soil4 ,lettuce %\ld be s[n 9 ! hotb$ = an e>ly crop4 ,onion se$ = ! new onion-culture may be s[n at ! close ( ! mon?4 ,peas4--,s[ n[1 if ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,pepp]s may be s[n late 9 ! mon?4 ,potatoes kept = se$ mu/ n be all[$ to spr\t4 ,keep !m 9 a temp]ature ne> freez+ po9t4 ,rub (f ! spr\ts f potatoes kept = eat+1 & pick out all decay$ specim5s4 ,sp9a*4--,s[ "s se$s = an e>ly crop4 ,tomato se$s may be s[n 9 ! hotb$s4 ,,april ,arti*okes4--,s[ ! se$s = next ye>'s crop4 ,a deep1 ri*1 s&y loam is be/4 ,=k 9 a dress+ ( well-rott$ manure ar\nd ! old plants4 ,asp>agus4--,spade 9 "s good manure 9 ! b$1 & give ! soil a ?or\gh work+ be=e ! cr[ns />t4 ,s[ se$s 9 ! op5 gr\nd = "y plants = a new b$4 ,beans4--,limas may be />t$ on sods 9 a hotb$ or a coldframe t[>ds ! la/ ( ! mon?4 ,beets4--,! gr\nd %\ld be prep>$ & ! se$ s[n = beets = cattle z soon z ! wea!r w p]mit4 ,put !m 9 be=e plant+ corn4 ,!y w /& consid]able cold wea!r1 & %\ld be plant$ e>ly to get a />t ( ! we$s4 ,blackb]ries %\ld be prun$1 ! bru% drawn (f1 pil$1 & burn$4 ,if x is necess>y1 to /ake !m1 try a wire trellis1 ! same z = grapes1 putt+ on "o wire #b-a_/b ft4 high4 ,! "y plants %\ld be dug be=e ! buds />t4 ,cabbage se$ may be s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 9 coldframes1 or 9 pans or boxes 9 ! h\se4 ,e>ly v>ieties %\ld be />t$ at once4 ,cabbages l a ri* & heavy loam1 ) good dra9age4 ,give !m all ! manure y c get4 ,caulifl[] se$s may be s[n t[>d ! la/ ( ! mon?4 ,!y %\ld nev] h a *eck f ! "t ! se$ is s[n until h>ve/$4 ,c>rot4--,s[ ! se$ ( e>ly sorts1 l ,e>ly ,=c+1 z soon z ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,cel]y4--,plan to gr[ cel]y by ! new me?od4 ,pl5ty ( manure & moi/ure are requir$ to d ?is4 ,s[ ! se$ 9 light1 ri* soil 9 ! h\se1 hotb$1 coldframe1 or op5 gr\nd4 ,transplant ! plants once be=e sett+ !m 9 ! field4 ,page #eje4 ,cress4--,s[ e>ly & e two or ?ree weeks4 ,wat]cress %\ld be s[n 9 damp soil or 9 /reams4 ,! out] edges ( a hotb$ may also be utiliz$4 ,cress is (t5 a pr(itable crop :5 rightly h&l$4 ,cucumb] se$s may be s[n on sods 9 ! hotb$4 ,egg-plant4--,s[ 9 ! hotb$1 & transplant :5 #b 94 high to o!r b$s or pots4 ,!y mu/ h good c>e1 = a *eck 9 _! gr[? means all ! diff]5ce betwe5 pr(it & loss4 ,lettuce4--,s[ ! se$s 9 ! hotb$1 & 9 ! op5 gr\nd z soon z x c be work$4 ,plants s[n a mon? ago %\ld be transplant$4 ,leek4--,s[ ! se$s 9 ! op5 gr\nd 9 drills #f 94 ap>t & #a 94 deep1 & :5 l>ge en\gh1 ?9 to #a 94 9 ! r[4 ,muskmelon4--,plant se$s 9 sods 9 ! hotb$4 ,p>snip4--,dig ! roots be=e !y gr[ & become s(t & pi?y4 ,se$s may be s[n z soon z ! gr\nd is dry en\gh to "w4 ,p>sley4--,soak ! se$s 9 w>m wat] = a few h\rs1 & s[ 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,peas4--,s[ ! se$s z soon z ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,!y w /& consid]able cold & transplant+ also4 ,"t may be ga9$ by s[+ "s se$s 9 moi/ s& 9 a box 9 ! cell> & transplant+ :5 well spr\t$4 ,plant deep 9 light1 dry soil2 cov] an in* at fir/1 & draw 9 ! e>? z ! v9es gr[4 ,potatoes4--,plant e>ly on ri* soil free f blight & scab4 ,= a v e>ly crop1 ! potatoes may be spr\t$ be=e plant+4 ,pepp]s4--,s[ ! se$s 9 ! hotb$ or 9 ! boxes 9 ! h\se4 ,radi% se$s may be s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd or 9 ! hotb$ & ! crop h>ve/$ f !re4 ,! small1 r\nd v>ieties are be/ = ?is purpose4 ,/rawb]ries4--,give a good1 ?or\gh cultivation betwe5 ! r[s & !n remove ! mul* f ! plants1 plac+ x 9 ! r[s1 :]e x w help to keep ! we$s d[n4 ,salsify4--,s[ ! se$s z soon z ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,give ! same c>e & cultivation z = c>rots or p>snips4 ,sp9a* se$s mu/ be s[n e>ly1 & !n e two weeks = a succession4 ,?9 out & use ! plants be=e !y s5d up fl[]-/alks4 ,squa%es4--,hubb>ds & summ] squa%es may be />t$ on sods 9 ! hotb$4 ,tomato4--,s[ 9 ! hotb$ or 9 %all[ boxes 9 ! h\se4 ,try "s ( ! yell[ v>ieties2 !y are ! f9e/ flavor$ ( any4 ,,may ,beans4--,! bu% sorts may be plant$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 & limas 9 pots or sods 9 a coldframe or sp5t hotb$4 ,limas require a long season to mature1 & %\ld be />t$ e>ly4 ,beets4--,s[ = a succession4 ,transplant ^? />t$ "u glass4 ,cabbages always d be/ on a fre%ly turn$ sod1 & %\ld be set be=e ! l& has _h "t to dry aft] pl[+4 ,! secret ( success 9 gett+ a l>ge yield ( cabbage is to />t ) ri* l& & put on all ! manure obta9able4 ,clean out ! hog y>d = ?is purpose4 ,cucumb]s4--,s[ 9 ! op5 gr\nd t[>d ! la/ ( ! mon?4 ,a few may be />t$ z advis$ = lima beans4 ,lettuce4--,s[ = a succession1 & ?9 to #d 94 9 ! r[s4 ,melons4--,plant 9 ! op5 gr\nd t[>d ! end ( ! mon?4 ,x is useless to plant melons & o!r cucurbitace\s plants until settl$ wea!r has arriv$4 ,onions4--,f9i% plant+ & transplant+1 & keep all we$s d[n1 bo? 9 ! se$-b$ & ! op5 field4 ,peas4--,s[ = a succession4 ,squa%es4--,plant z advis$ = melons & cucumb]s4 ,!y require a ri*1 well-manur$ soil4 ,/rawb]ries4--,remove ! blossoms f newly set plants4 ,mul* ) salt hay or m>% hay or clean /raw or leaves ^? t are to be>4 ,mul*+ cons]ves moi/ure1 keeps ! b]ries clean1 & prev5ts we$s f gr[+4 ,sweet corn4--,plant e>ly & late v>ieties1 & by mak+ two or ?ree plant+s ( ea*1 at int]vals1 a succession may be kept up all summ] & fall4 ,sweet corn is delici\s1 & "o c h>dly h too mu* ( x4 ,tomatoes4--,set "s e>ly plants by ! middle ( ! mon? or e>n]1 if ! gr\nd is w>m1 & ! season e>ly & fair4 ,!y may be protect$ f ! cold by cov]+ ) hay1 /raw1 clo?1 or pap]1 or ev5 ) e>?4 ,! ma9 crop %\ld n be set until ! #bj? or #be?1 or until all dang] ( fro/ is ov]4 ,h[ev]1 tomatoes w /& m *illy wea!r ?an is ord9>ily suppos$4 ,,june ,asp>agus4--,cease cutt+ & all[ ! %oots to gr[4 ,keep ! we$s d[n & ! soil well /irr$4 ,an application ( a quick comm]cial f]tiliz] or ( liquid manure w be b5eficial4 ,beans4--,s[ ! wax sorts = succession4 ,z soon z a crop is (f1 pull out ! v9es & plant ! gr\nd to late cabbage1 turnips1 or sweet corn4 ,beets4--,transplant 9 r[s #a to #c ft4 ap>t & #f 94 9 ! r[4 ,cut (f mo/ ( ! top1 wat] ?or\ghly1 & !y w soon />t4 ,cabbage & caulifl[]4--,set plants = ! late crop4 ,ri*1 newly turn$ sod & a heavy dress+ ( well-rott$ manure g a long way t[>d assur+ a good crop4 ,cel]y4--,set ! ma9 crop1 & try ! new me?od ( sett+ ! plants #g 94 ap>t ea* way1 if y h ri* l& & c irrigate1 b n unless ^! conditions are pres5t4 ,page #eje4 ,cucumb]s may yet be plant$1 if done e>ly 9 ! mon?4 ,currants4--,spray ) ,p>is gre5 = ! currant worm until ! fruit sets4 ,hellebore is good1 b x is difficult to get x ( good /r5g?2 use x = all late spray+4 ,lettuce4--,s[ = succession 9 a moi/1 cool1 & p>tially %ad$ spot4 ,! se$ does n g]m9ate well 9 hot wea!r4 ,lima beans %\ld be ho$ frequ5tly1 & />t$ on ! poles if !y are contr>y4 ,melons4--,cultivate (t5 & wat* = ! bugs4 ,a scre5 ( closely wov5 wire or mosquito nett+ may be us$ to cov] ! v9es1 or tobacco du/ sift$ on ?ickly4 ,onions4--,keep free f we$s & /ir ! gr\nd frequ5tly & especially aft] e ra94 ,squa%es4--,keep ! gr\nd well cultivat$ & look out = bugs4 7,see ,melons47 ,lay] ! v9es & cov] ! jo9ts ) fre% soil1 to prev5t dea? ( ! v9es f ! attacks ( ! bor]4 ,/rawb]ries4--,pl[ up ! old b$ t has borne two crops1 z x w usually n pay to keep x4 ,set ! gr\nd to late cabbage or "s o!r crop4 ,! "y b$ t has borne ! fir/ crop %\ld h a ?or\gh cultivation & ! pl[ run close to ! r[s to n>r[ !m to ! requir$ wid?4 ,pull up or hoe out all we$s & keep ! gr\nd clean ! re/ ( ! season4 ,?is applies ) equal =ce to ! newly set b$4 ,a b$ c be set late next mon? f "y runn]s4 ,p9* (f ! end aft] ! fir/ jo9t1 & all[ x to root on a sod or 9 a small pot set level ) ! surface4 ,tomatoes4--,= an e>ly crop tra9 to a trellis1 p9* (f all side %oots1 & all[ all ! /r5g? to g to ! ma9 /alk4 ,!y may also be tra9$ to poles1 ! same z lima beans1 & c be set clos] if gr[n 9 ?is way4 ,spray ) ! bordeaux mixture = ! blight1 keep ! foliage ?9n$ & ! v9es (f ! gr\nd4 ,turnips4--,s[ = an e>ly fall crop4 ,,july ,beans4--,s[ ! wax sorts = a succession4 ,beets4--,s[ ,e>ly ,egyptian or ,eclipse = "y beets next fall4 ,blackb]ries4--,head back ! "y canes to #c ft41 & ! lat]als also :5 !y get long]4 ,!y may be p9*$ ) ! ?umbnail & f+] 9 a small pat*1 b ?is soon makes ! f+]s sore1 & :5 !re are _m bu%es to g ov]1 x is bett] to use a pair ( %e>s or a %>p sickle4 ,cabbage4--,set plants = ! late crop4 ,corn4--,plant sweet corn = succession & late use4 ,cucumb]s4--,x is late to plant1 b !y may be put 9 = pickles if done be=e ! ,f\r?4 ,cultivate ^? :i* are up1 & keep an eye op5 = bugs4 ,currants4--,cov] a few bu%es ) musl9 or burlap be=e ! fruit rip5s1 & y c eat currants 9 ,augu/4 ,use hellebore1 r ?an ,p>is gre51 = ! la/ brood ( currant worms1 & apply x z soon z ! worms appe>4 ,!re is little dang] 9 us+ x1 ev5 if ! currants are ripe4 ,lettuce se$ does n g]m9ate well 9 hot wea!r4 ,s[ 9 a moi/1 %ad$ position = a succession4 ,lima beans4--,hoe !m frequ5tly1 & give assi/ance to get on ! poles4 ,melons4--,wat* = bugs1 & apply tobacco du/ freely ar\nd ! plants4 ,keep !m well cultivat$4 ,a light application ( bone meal w pay4 ,pea*es1 pe>s1 & plums %\ld be ?9n$ to secure f9e fruit & to help su/a9 ! vigor ( ! tree4 ,rip5+ ! se$ is :at draws on ! tree's vitality1 & if ! numb] ( se$s c be r$uc$ "o-half or two-?irds1 "p ( ! /r5g? requir$ to rip5 !m w g into p]fect+ ! fruit & se$s left1 & add greatly to ! f9e appe>ance1 flavor1 & quality ( ! edible portion4 ,radi%es4--,s[ ! e>ly k9ds = a succession1 & t[>d ! end ( ! mon? ! w9t] sorts may be put 94 ,raspb]ries4--,p9* back ! canes to #b-a_/b ft41 ! same way z giv5 = blackb]ries4 ,squa%es4--,keep ! gr\nd well /irr$1 & use tobacco du/ freely = bugs & beetles4 ,cov] ! jo9ts ) fre% soil1 to gu>d aga9/ injury by ! v9e-bor]4 ,,augu/ ,beets4--,a la/ s[+ ( ! e>ly table sorts may be made = a succession4 ,cabbage4--,h>ve/ ! e>ly crop1 & give good cultivation to ! ma9 crop4 ,keep d[n ! bugs & worms4 ,cel]y4--,! late/ crop may yet be set4 ,e>li] set plants %\ld be h&l$ z !y atta9 suffici5t size4 ,common dra9 tiles are excell5t = blan*+ if "o has !m1 & mu/ be put on :5 ! plants are ab\t half gr[n4 ,hoe frequ5tly to keep ! plants gr[+4 ,onions4--,h>ve/ z soon z ! bulbs are well =m$4 ,let !m lie on ! gr\nd until cur$1 !n draw to ! b>n floor or "s o!r airy place & spread ?9ly4 ,m>ket :5 y c get a good price1 & ! soon] ! bett]4 ,tomatoes may be ha/5$ 9 color+ by be+ pick$ j z !y beg9 to color & plac$ 9 s+le lay]s 9 a coldframe or hotb$1 :]e !y c be cov]$ ) sa%4 ,,septemb] ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,nor? x is n too late to s[ rye1 or peas1 or corn1 to af=d w9t] protection = or*>ds4 ,z a rule1 v late fall pl[+ = or*>ds is n advisable4 ,n[ is a good "t to trim up ! f5ce-r[s & to burn ! bru% piles1 9 ord] to de/roy ! bre$+ places ( rabbits1 insects1 & we$s4 ,cutt+s ( gooseb]ries & currants may be tak54 ,use only ! wood ( ! curr5t ye>'s gr[?1 mak+ ! cutt+s ab\t a foot long4 ,/rip (f ! leaves1 if !y h n already fall51 tie ! cutt+s 9 l>ge bundles1 & bury !m 9 a cold cell>1 or 9 a s&y1 well-dra9$ knoll2 or if ! cutt+-b$ is well prep>$ & well dra9$1 !y may be plant$ imm$iately1 ! b$ be+ well mul*$ ^u ! approa* ( w9t]4 ,septemb] & ,octob] are good mon?s 9 :i* to set or*>ds1 provid$ ! gr\nd is well prep>$ & well dra9$1 & is n too mu* expos$ to sweep+ w9ds4 ,wet l&s %\ld nev] be set 9 ! fall2 & su* l&s1 h[ev]1 are n fit = or*>ds4 ,/rawb]ries may /ill be set2 also bu% fruits4 ,se$s ( v>i\s fl[]s may n[ be s[n = w9t] bloom1 if "o has a cons]vatory or good w9d[4 ,petunias1 phloxes1 & _m annuals make good w9d[ plants4 ,quick] results are secur$1 h[ev]1 if bord] plants ( petunias & "s o!r ?+s are dug up j be=e fro/ & plac$ 9 pots or boxes4 ,keep !m cool & %ad$ = a c\ple ( weeks1 cut d[n ! tops1 & !y w s5d up a vigor\s & florif]\s gr[?4 ,w9t] roses %\ld n[ be 9 place 9 ! b$s or 9 pots4 ,!re w be odd days :5 "o c g to ! woods & fields & collect roots ( wild h]bs & %rubs = plant+ 9 ! y>d or along ! unus$ bord]s ( ! g>d54 ,,octob] ,asp>agus4--,old plantations %\ld n[ be clean$ (f1 & ! tops remov$ at once4 ,?is is a good "t to apply manure to ! b$s4 ,= "y plantations1 :i* may be />t$ n[ z well z 9 spr+1 select a w>m soil & sunny exposure1 & give ea* plant pl5ty ( room4 ,we l to set !m 9 r[s #e ft4 ap>t & at lea/ #b ft4 ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,cabbages4--,! heads t w w9t] be/ are ^? j fully =m$1 n ! ov]-ripe ones4 ,= family use1 bury an empty b>rel 9 a well-dra9$ spot1 & fill x ) good heads4 ,place a lot ( dry leaves on top1 & cov] ! b>rel s t x w %$ ra94 ,or1 pile "s cabbages 9 a corn] ( ! b>n floor & cov] !m ) en\gh /raw to prev5t solid freez+4 ,pages #aei1 #dgj4 ,cabbage-plants1 />t$ f se$ la/ mon?1 %\ld be prick$ out 9 cold-frames1 putt+ ab\t #fjj to ! ord9>y sa% & sett+ !m q deep4 ,*icory4--,dig :at is want$ = salad1 & /ore x 9 s& 9 a dry cell>4 ,endive4--,blan* by ga!r+ up ! leaves & ty+ !m lightly at ! tips4 ,g5]al g>d5 managem5t4--,! only plant+ t c be done 9 op5 gr\nd at ?is "t is re/rict$ to rhub>b1 asp>agus1 & p]haps onion-sets4 ,beg9 to ?9k ab\t next ye>'s plant+1 & to make arrangem5ts = ! manure t w be ne$$4 ,(t5 y c pur*ase x n[ to good advantage1 & haul x :ile ! roads are yet good4 ,clean up & pl[ ! gr\nd :5 ! crops are h>ve/$4 ,lettuce4--,plants to be w9t]$ ov] %\ld be set 9 frames l cabbage-plants4 ,onions4--,plant sets ( ,extra ,e>ly ,pe>l1 or "s o!r h>dy k9d1 9 ! same fa%ion z 9 e>ly spr+4 ,!y are likely to w9t] well1 & w give an e>ly crop ( f9e bun*+ onions4 ,= ! ,nor?1 fall s[+ ( onion-se$ _c be recomm5d$4 ,p>sley4--,lift "s plants & set !m 9 a coldframe #d or #e 94 ap>t1 or 9 a box fill$ ) good soil1 & place 9 a light cell> or "u a %$4 ,pe>s4--,pick ! w9t] sorts j be=e !re is dang] f freez+4 ,put !m 9 a cool1 d>k place1 :]e !y w nei!r mold nor %rivel4 ,to ha/5 rip5+1 !y may be br\ght into a w>m room z want$4 ,rhub>b4--,if plants are to be set or replant$ ?is fall1 enri* ! gr\nd ) a sup]abundance ( f9e old /able-manure1 & give ea* plant a few feet ( space ea* way4 ,9 ord] to h fre% pie-plant 9 w9t]1 dig up "s ( ! roots & plant !m 9 good soil 9 a b>rel plac$ 9 ! cell>4 ,sweet-potatoes4--,dig !m :5 ripe aft] ! fir/ fro/4 ,cut (f ! v9es1 & turn ! potatoes out ) a potato-=k or pl[4 ,h&le !m c>efully to prev5t bruis+4 ,only s\nd1 well-rip5$ roots are 9 prop] condition to be w9t]$ ov]4 ,,novemb] ,asp>agus4--,manure be=e w9t] sets 94 ,beets4--,!y keep be/ 9 pits4 ,"s may be kept 9 ! cell> = use dur+ w9t]1 b cov] !m ) s& or sods to prev5t %rivel+4 ,blackb]ries4--,cut away ! old wood & mul* ! roots4 ,t5d] sorts %\ld be laid d[n & lightly cov]$ ) soil at ! tips4 ,c>rots4--,treat z advis$ = beets4 ,cel]y4--,dig up ! /alks1 leav+ ! roots on1 & /& !m close toge!r 9 a n>r[ tr5*1 tops j ev5 ) ! gr\nd-level4 ,gradually cov] !m ) bo>ds1 e>?1 & manure4 ,ano!r way is to set !m upright ^u ! floor ( a damp cell> or root-h\se1 keep+ ! roots moi/ & ! tops dry4 ,cel]y c /& "s fro/1 b n exposure to less ?an #bb ,f4 ,! /alks int5d$ = use be=e ,*ri/mas may 9 mo/ localities be left outdoors1 to be us$ z want$4 ,%\ld cold wea!r set 9 e>ly1 !y w ne$ cov]+ 9 "s way4 ,page #dge4 ,or*>d managem5t4--,"y trees %\ld h a m\nd ( e>? rais$ ar\nd ! /em z a support & protection aga9/ mice1 etc4 ,small & lately plant$ trees may h /akes set beside !m1 & be ti$ to ! /akes ) a broad b&4 ,apple & pe> trees may yet be plant$4 ,trim sup]flu\s or unheal?y wood out ( ! old or*>ds4 ,sp9a*4--,cov] ! b$s lightly ) leaves or litt] be=e w9t] sets 94 ,/rawb]ries4--,soon x w be "t to mul* ! b$s4 ,provide m>% hay1 or o!r co>se litt]1 free f we$-se$s1 & :5 ! gr\nd has froz5 an in* or s1 spread x all ov] ! surface ?9ly & ev5ly4 ,,decemb] ,cabbages4--,plants 9 coldframes %\ld be air$ freely & kept cool4 ,heads int5d$ = w9t] & spr+ use1 if n yet tak5 9 or protect$ f sev]e freez+1 mu/ n[ be c>$ =4 ,d n cov] !m too deeply1 nor /ore !m 9 too w>m a place4 ,c>rots4--,/ore !m 9 cell>s or pits4 ,if 9 cell>s1 keep ! roots cov]$ ) s& or sod1 to prev5t wilt+4 ,g5]al g>d5 managem5t4--,beg9 n[ to make y\r plans = next season's "w4 ,c>efully /udy up ! matt] ( rotation1 also t ( fe$+ y\r crops 9 ! mo/ effective & economical mann]4 ,repair frames1 sa%es1 & tools4 ,cle> up ! g>d5 & premises4 ,und]dra9 :]e ne$$4 ,b$s = e>ly vegetables %\ld be ?r[n up 9 high1 n>r[ ridges1 ) deep furr[s betwe54 ,?is w enable y to plant !m sev]al days or weeks e>li] ?an o!rwise4 ,kale4--,9 v expos$ or nor!rn locations cov] x lightly ) co>se litt]4 ,onions4--,= w9t] /orage select only well-rip5$1 p]fectly dry bulbs4 ,/ore !m 9 a dry1 airy place1 n 9 ! cell>4 ,!y may be spread out ?9ly on ! floor1 away f ! walls1 all[$ to freeze solid1 & !n cov]$ sev]al feet deep ) hay or /raw4 ,p>snips4--,take up "s roots = w9t] use & /ore !m 9 s& 9 ! cell>4 ,/rawb]ry-b$s %\ld be giv5 _! w9t] cov]+ ( m>% hay1 etc41 z soon z ! gr\nd is froz5 solid4 ,,sugge/ions ,,& ,,rem9d]s4--,,ii4 ,,= ,,! ,,s\? ,,janu>y ,annuals4--,all k9ds ( h>dy annuals & p]5nials1 su* z alyssum1 snapdragon1 foxglove1 hollyhock1 phlox1 poppy1 pansy1 lobelia1 c&ytuft1 sweet pea1 ,*9ese p9k1 sweet william1 l>kspur1 foliage c9]>ias1 c5taurea1 mignonette1 & _m o!rs ( ! same class may be s[n4 ,mo/ ( !m %\ld be s[n ?9ly & :]e !y are int5d$ to fl[]1 z !y transplant poorly 9 ?is latitude4 ,cannas1 caladiums1 p]5nial phloxes1 *rysan!mums1 & v]b5as may be tak5 up1 divid$1 & replant$4 ,roses may be plant$ 9 quantities4 ,let ! gr\nd int5d$ = !m h a ?or\gh dress+ ( manure4 ,occasionally a plant may be tak5 up & divid$4 ,! hybrid v>ieties may n[ be lay]$4 ,?is is done z foll[s3 ,select a %oot & b5d x flat ^u ! gr\nd2 hold x 9 bo? h&s1 hav+ a di/ance ( ab\t #f 94 betwe5 !m2 keep ! left h& firm1 & ) ! "r give ! %oot a %>p twi/2 n[ cov] x ) #d 94 ( e>? & tie ! free end to an upright /ake4 ,asp>agus b$s %\ld be lib]ally manur$4 ,new b$s %\ld n[ be made4 ,set ! plants #f 94 deep4 ,s[ se$ n[4 ,beets & all h>dy vegetables 7c>rots1 p>snips1 turnips1 rutabagas1 kohlrabi1 sp9a*1 lettuce1 h]bs1 etc47 may n[ be s[n1 plant$1 or transplant$4 ,cabbage plants %\ld be set out on heavily manur$ gr\nd4 ,s[ se$ ( ,e>ly ,summ] = a lat] supply4 ,fruits4--,if possible1 all plant+ & transplant+ ( fruit-trees & grape-v9es %\ld be f9i%$ ?is mon?4 ,prun+ %\ld be complet$ z soon z possible1 & prep>ation made to protect ! blossoms ( t5d] fruits next mon?4 ,set out /rawb]ry-plants1 & dur+ dry wea!r run ! cultivator ?r\gh all old b$s t are at all we$y4 ,x is a good plan1 :]e practicable1 to mul* ! b$s4 ,"h1 p9e-/raw c be _h pl5tifully = ! purpose4 ,exam9e pea* trees = bor]s4 ,raspb]ries & blackb]ries %\ld be prun$ n[ if ! "w is n already done4 ,cutt+s ( ,le ,conte pe>s1 ,m>ianna plums1 grape-v9es1 & pomegranates %\ld be put 9 at once if !y h h]et(ore be5 =gott54 ,root-graft+ %\ld be progress+ rapidly2 ?is is ! be/ "t = ?is important "w4 ,onion se$s4--,s[ at once1 & plant sets z soon z possible4 ,peas4--,s[ e>ly & late v>ieties4 ,! late v>ieties succe$ be/ if s[n at ?is season4 ,seasonable "w4--,?is is a good mon? to obta9 canes = /ak+ peas1 tomatoes1 & beans1 haul+ manure1 mak+ repairs1 & exam9+ tools1 etc4 ,z ! fall crop is h>ve/$1 ! l& %\ld be prep>$ = ano!r crop4 ,tile-dra9+ is n[ is ord]4 ,prep>e frames to cov] ) canvas = use next mon?4 ,sweet-potatoes4--,a few may be b$d$ 9 a frame f :i* to obta9 8draws0 = sett+ out ab\t ,m>* #ae4 ,tomatoes1 egg-plants1 & pepp]s4--,s[ n[ on a slight hotb$4 ,:5 ! plants come up1 all ! air possible %\ld be giv5 dur+ ! day4 ,!y c be rais$ )\t heat1 b at ?is season ?is plan w\ld bett] be attempt$ only by ! skillful4 ,,febru>y ,a/]s1 cannas1 dahlias1 heliotropes1 lobelias1 petunias1 pyre?rums1 ric9us1 salvias1 & v]b5as are be/ s[n 9 a coldframe1 :]e !y c h "s protection f heavy ra94 ,cannas %\ld be transplant$ n[4 ,*rysan!mums mu/ be plant$ 9 well-manur$ gr\nd 9 a position :]e wat] c be readily suppli$ to !m4 ,dahlias may be tak5 up & divid$ z soon z !y beg9 gr[?4 ,gladiolus & tub]ose bulbs %\ld be plant$ n[4 ,x is a good plan to ext5d ! plant+ ?r\gh ,m>* & ,april4 ,pansies4--,plant !m out 9 ! b$s :]e !y are to fl[]4 ,r\t9e "w4--,sodd+ %\ld n[ proce$ rapidly4 ,if sods _c be obta9$1 ! gr\nd may be plant$ ) ,b]muda grass4 ,plant small pieces ( ! grass a foot ap>t & wat] !m if ! wea!r is dry1 & !y w gr[ rapidly4 ,h$ges %\ld be cle>$ up & put 9 good %ape4 ,all plant+ ( trees & %rubs %\ld be f9i%$ ?is mon?4 ,all prun+ ( trees mu/ be done e>ly 9 ! mon?4 ,"y roses _c be set too e>ly 9 ,febru>y4 ,!y ?rive be/ :5 plant$ 9 fall4 ,roll ! drives & repair !m :5 necess>y4 ,! lawn w n[ require con/ant c>e1 & ! m[] %\ld be us$ be=e ! grass becomes #a-a_/b 94 high4 ,bu%-beans may be plant$ ,febru>y #ad4 ,on alluvial l& x is be/ to plant !m on slight rises z a protection aga9/ ! ra9s :i* sometimes occur t[>d ! end ( ! mon?4 ,if fro/ %\ld ?reat5 j z ! beans beg9 to peep out1 cov] !m an in* deep ) ! pl[ or h& cultivator4 ,s[ ,e>ly ,mohawk fir/1 & at ! end ( ! mon? s[ ,e>ly ,val5t9e2 a week lat] s[ ! wax v>ieties4 ,cabbage1--,s[ e>ly v>ieties1 su* z ,e>ly ,summ]1 ,e>ly ,drumhead1 & ,e>ly ,flat ,dut*4 ,etampes1 ,extra ,e>ly ,express1 & ,w9nig/adt s[n = small heads 9 ! ord] nam$ h done v well 9 s\!rn ,l\isiana4 ,! e>li] s[n plants %\ld be transplant$ z (t5 z conv5i5t4 ,%\ld worms cause tr\ble1 du/ ! plants ) a mixture ( "o "p ( pyre?rum p[d] to six ( f9e du/4 ,c>rots1 cel]y1 beets1 endive1 kohlrabi1 onion sets1 p>sley1 p>snips1 radi%es & purple-top turnips mu/ n[ be s[n4 ,corn4--,plant ,extra ,e>ly ,adams1 ,yell[ ,canada1 ,/[ell ,ev]gre51 & ,:ite ,fl9t t[>d ! middle ( ! mon?4 ,s[ aga9 a week lat]1 & aga9 aft] ano!r week4 ,if ! fir/ two s[+s fail1 ! la/ "o w give ! e>ly crop4 ,cucumb]s4--,s[ & protect ) small boxes dur+ cold days & nights1 or s[ 9 pots or on sods4 ,protect ! se$l+s ) sa%es or canvas1 & plant !m out late4 ,lettuce4--,s[ se$s & transplant ! plants on h&4 ,?is crop requires a soil well suppli$ ) plant-food4 ,melons4--,plant se$s 9 ! same mann] z advis$ = cucumb]s4 ,okra4--,s[ se$s on sods & set out ! plants next mon?4 ,peas4--,s[ se$s ( a numb] ( v>ieties4 ,pepp]s & egg-plants1 if n s[n la/ mon?1 %\ld be s[n n[4 ,s[ !m "u glaz$ sa%es & keep close4 ,:5 ! plants appe>1 give "s air1 & increase x accord+ to ! wea!r4 ,if a l>ge numb] ( plants is requir$1 ! s[+ may be delay$ until next mon?4 ,%\ld flea-beetles tr\ble y1 use pl5ty ( bordeaux on egg-plants4 ,potatoes1 ,iri%4--,! ma9 crop %\ld be plant$ z e>ly z possible4 ,/&>d v>ieties are ,e>ly ,rose1 ,pe]less1 & ,burbank4 ,/rawb]ries4--,run ! cultivator ?r\gh !m at lea/ once e ?ree weeks2 if !y are to be mul*$1 collect ! necess>y mat]ial4 ,/rawb]ries plant$ 9 ,febru>y seldom yield mu* ( a crop4 ,sweet-potatoes1 c n[ be b$d$ & protect$ ) canvas1 or a r[ or two ( :ole tub]s may be plant$ = 8draws0 & v9es4 ,tomatoes 9 frames %\ld be giv5 all ! air & light possible & pl5ty ( room if protect$ ) canvas1 d n all[ ! plants to cr[d4 ,,m>* ,beans4--,s[ all v>ieties = a fall crop4 ,z soon z ! plants appe>1 ! cultivator mu/ be run ?r\gh ! crop1 & kept go+ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,corn4--,cont9ue to plant2 & we recomm5d h>r[+ ! pat* z soon z ! "y corn appe>s4 ,x is g5]ally plant$ 9 hills #c or #d ft4 ap>t1 b bett] results w be obta9$-by plant+ 9 drills & leav+ "o /alk e #ab 94 ,cucumb]s4--,s[ 9 hills #d ft4 ap>t1 us+ a lib]al quantity ( se$ to ea* hill4 ,:5 ! plants come up1 ?9 !m to ab\t six 9 ! hill4 ,:5 ! plants beg9 to get r\gh leaves1 pull out "o or two m f ea* hill4 ,/rip$ cucumb]-beetles are sometimes v num]\s1 & 9 ord] to get a /& ( plants x is necess>y to g ?r\gh ! pat* e>ly e morn+ & spr9kle all ! hills ) air-slak$ lime4 ,egg-plants4--,t[>d ! end ( ! mon? ! plants gr[+ 9 frames may be transplant$ to _! fruit+ qu>t]s4 ,se$ may be s[n outside aft] ,m>* #ae2 soon] if a w>m & %elt]$ spot is select$4 ,lettuce4--,s[ 9 drills1 & :5 ! plants are l>ge en\gh1 ?9 to a foot ap>t4 ,if transplant$ at ?is season1 !y (t5 g to se$4 ,okra4--,a s[+ may be made n[1 b ! ma9 plant+ w\ld be/ be def]r$ until aft] ,m>* #ae4 ,s[ 9 drills #c ft4 ap>t & ?9 ! plants to #ah 94 ap>t 9 ! drills4 ,peas4--,e>ly v>ieties may be s[n2 x is n[ too late to s[ tall-gr[+ k9ds4 ,pepp]s4--,treat z advis$ = egg-plants4 ,potatoes1 ,iri%4--,x is n too late to plant !m1 b ! soon] !y are plant$ ! bett]4 ,! crop plant$ 9 ,febru>y %\ld be h>r[$ z soon z ! %oots beg9 to come up1 & :5 ! r[s c be fairly se51 ! cultivator mu/ be set to "w to keep d[n we$s & grass4 ,squa%es4--,plant se$ 9 hills #f ft4 ap>t4 ,! directions = plant+ melons may be foll[$4 ,! same rem>ks apply to pumpk9s & o!r vegetables ( ?is k9d4 ,sweet-potatoes4--,if slips or v9es are at h&1 !y may be plant$ late 9 ! mon? = ! e>lie/ tub]s4 ,! :ole potatoes may be plant$ on a ridge to yield v9es = lat] plant+4 ,/rawb]ries4--,! mul*+ ( b$s or r[s %\ld be no long] delay$1 if clean & pl5tiful fruit is want$4 ,tomatoes4--,ab\t ,m>* #ae ! frame plants may g to _! fruit+ qu>t]s4 ,x is necess>y to use "s judgm5t 9 ?is matt]1 z !y may be kill$ or injur$ by an ,april fro/4 ,se$ may be s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd = plants = late fruit+4 ,set ! plants #d ft4 ap>t ea* way4 ,,april ,alt]nan!ras %\ld g out n[4 ,annuals ( all k9ds may /ill be s[n :]e !y are to fl[]1 z !y transplant ) difficulty at ?is season4 ,coleuses4--,plant out 9 ! b$s n[4 ,cutt+s root readily1 simply requir+ to be /uck 94 ,beans ( all k9ds c be plant$1 limas especially4 ,beets4--,make ano!r s[+4 ,cabbage plants obta9$ f spr+ s[+s %\ld be set out z soon z fit4 ,! gr\nd requires to be v ri* to c>ry ?is crop4 ,cucumb]s4--,^! c be s[n any:]e n[4 ,corn4--,make a s[+ to yield roa/+ e>s to come 9 aft] t s[n la/ mon?4 ,okra4--,s[ 9 drills #c or #d ft4 ap>t4 ,peas4--,make a s[+ ( e>ly v>ieties = ! la/ "t4 ,squa% 7bu%7 & pumpk9 may n[ be plant$4 ,tomatoes %\ld be got out to _! fruit+ qu>t]s z e>ly 9 ! mon? z possible4 ,let !m be set at lea/ #d ft4 ap>t ea* way4 ,,may ,beans4--,plant a few m bu% & pole beans4 ,cel]y may n[ be />t$4 ,! b$ or box ne$s pl5ty ( wat]1 & %\ld be %ad$ f sun4 ,lettuce requires c>eful h&l+ to enc\rage x to g]m9ate4 ,x is be/ s[n 9 a box & kept %ad$ & moi/4 ,melons1 cucumb]s1 squa%es1 & pumpk9s may be s[n4 ,radi%es4--,s[ ! yell[ & :ite summ] v>ieties4 ,rem>ks4--,x is a con/ant /ruggle ) we$s ?r\gh\t ?is mon?1 & ! cultivator & pl[ are ev] go+4 ,z ! l& becomes vacant1 s[ corn or plant sweet-potatoes--draws or v9es4 ,s[ "s late ,italian caulifl[]4 ,let ! or*>d h con/ant & ?or\gh cultivation1 & remove all unnecess>y gr[? f ! trees z soon z !y appe>4 ,be always on ! look\t = bor]s4 ,keep ! /rawb]ries z free ( grass & coco1 or knob-grass1 z possible4 ,,june ,beans4--,all k9ds may n[ be s[n4 ,caulifl[]4--,s[ ! ,italian k9ds4 ,corn4--,make a plant+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon? & aga9 at ! end4 ,cucumb]s4--,plant a few m hills4 ,! plants at ?is season mu/ be giv5 pl5ty ( wat]4 ,endive4--,s[1 & att5d to ! ty+ up ( ! plants t are ( suffici5t size4 ,melons4--,s[ = a succession a few m wat] & muskmelons4 ,okra may /ill be s[n4 ,radi%es4--,s[ ! summ] v>ieties n[4 ,squa%es & pumpk9s may yet be s[n4 ,sweet-potato v9es may n[ be set out 9 quantities4 ,tomatoes4--,ab\t ! middle ( ! mon? s[ = ! fall crop4 ,,july ,beans4--,bu% & pole beans may be plant$ t[>ds ! end ( ! mon?4 ,cabbage & caulifl[] may n[ be s[n1 b ! ma9 s[+ %\ld be def]r$ until next mon?4 ,c>rots4--,a s[+ %\ld be made4 ,cel]y4--,s[ & transplant :at plants !re may be on h&4 ,cucumb]s4--,^! may be s[n n[ = pickl+4 ,endive4--,transplant & s[4 ,grapes %\ld be kept well ti$ to trellis1 & unnecess>y gr[? remov$1 s t ! wood may h ! *ance ( becom+ ?or\ghly rip5$4 ,if ! cultivator & pl[ are n us$ judici\sly1 a second gr[? w be />t$1 :i* is n desirable4 ,lettuce4--,! se$ requires to be spr\t$ be=e be+ s[n1 & if ! s[+ is done on a dry day ! drills %\ld be wat]$4 ,radi%es4--,s[ ! summ] k9ds4 ,/rawb]ries4--,keep ! b$s clean ( we$s & grass4 ,tomatoes4--,make a s[+ e>ly 9 ! mon?1 or1 :at is mu* bett]1 take cutt+s f plants /ill 9 be>+4 ,turnips4--,s[ a few aft] a %[] t[>ds ! end ( ! mon?4 ,rem>ks4--,mu* _c be done ?is mon?1 z ! wea!r is hot & dry1 b ! opportunity %\ld n be lo/ = kill+ we$s & prep>+ = ! plant+ season1 :i* is n[ rapidly draw+ ne>4 ,,augu/ ,arti*okes4--,se$ ( ! ,gre5 ,globe may be s[n n[ & l>ge plants obta9$ by spr+4 ,! se$-b$ requires to be %ad$4 ,bu% beans1 beets1 pole beans1 c>rots1 cel]y1 endive1 kohlrabi1 lettuce1 mu/>d1 ,black ,spani% & ,rose ,*9a radi%es1 p>sley1 turnips1 rutabagas1 & salad plants ( all k9ds may n[ be s[n4 ,! se$ %\ld be s[n on small ridges1 adaptable to ! k9d ( plants1 = level culture is n successful 9 ! vegetable g>d5 9 ?is section4 ,broccoli %\ld be m gr[n1 = x is h>di] ?an ! caulifl[]4 ,_m _c tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,s[ n[4 ,cabbages mu/ be s[n by ! middle ( ! mon?4 ,make ! gr\nd v ri* & %ade ! se$-b$1 keep+ x moi/ dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t4 ,caulifl[] %\ld also be s[n4 ,potatoes1 ,iri%1 %\ld be plant$ by ! middle ( ! mon?1 if possible4 ,plant only ^? t h spr\t$1 & in/ead ( plant+ on top ( ! ridge set 9 ! furr[ & cov] #b 94 deep2 z ! potatoes gr[1 "w m soil d[n to !m4 ,salsify4--,s[ n[ or e>ly next mon?4 ,%allots4--,plant !m n[4 ,squa%4--,bu% k9ds may be plant$ n[ at any "t4 ,sweet-potatoes4--,v9es may /ill be set out1 ) prospects ( h>ve/+ a fair crop4 ,tomatoes4--,if %ort ( plants1 cut (f good-siz$ limbs f be>+ plants & plant !m deep4 ,keep !m moi/1 & !y w root 9 a few days4 ,d ?is j be=e x ra9s4 ,,septemb] ,annuals ( ! h>dy class may be s[n ?is mon?3 ! foll[+ li/ w assi/ 9 mak+ a selection3 ,calliopsis1 c&ytuft1 cal5dulas1 cant]bury bells1 columb9e1 corn-fl[]1 daisies1 =get-me-nots1 gaill>dia1 godetia1 l>kspur1 ,limnan!s ,d\glasii1 mignonette1 pansies1 ,phlox ,drummondii1 primroses1 poppies ( all k9ds1 ,sapon>ia ,calabrica1 ,sil5e p5dula1 sweet williams1 & sweet peas4 ,bulbs4--,/udy ! catalogues & make out y\r wants1 = x is ne>+ plant+ "t4 ,lilies4--,if success is requir$ ( ! ,/4 ,joseph's or ,virg9 lily 7,l4 c&idum71 x mu/ be plant$ "r away4 ,p]5nials & bi5nials %\ld be s[n e>ly ?is mon?4 ,!y h two good gr[+ mon?s ahead ( !m yet to make consid]able progress4 ,! se$-b$ w require %ade dur+ ! middle ( ! day until ! "y plants come up2 frequ5t we$+s w be requir$1 z coco has n yet quit gr[+1 & w9t] we$s are n[ putt+ 9 an appe>ance4 ,rem>ks4--,all plants us$ = salad purposes may be s[n ?is mon?4 ,! gr\nd betwe5 ! r[s ( gr[+ crops %\ld be kept 9 a f9e1 friable condition4 ,vegetable se$s ( all k9ds %\ld always be s[n on slight ridges on all b v s&y soils4 ,if ! se$ is s[n on a level b$1 z practic$ at ! ,nor?1 ! gr\nd w become z h>d z a turnpike road %\ld a heavy ra9 occur2 & %\ld ?is %[] come along be=e ! plants are up1 a cru/ a qu>t] ( an in* deep w be =m$1 & ! plants w nev] see daylight4 ,s[n on a ridge !y come all "r1 z ! wat] gradually dra9s away1 leav+ ! top ( ! ridge loose & s(t4 ,,octob] ,all spr+ fl[] se$s %\ld be s[n 9 boxes or trays 9 ! cons]vatory1 & all spr+ bulbs %\ld be plant$4 ,! hyac9?1 n>cissus1 tulip & anemone1 ranunculus & v>i\s lily bulbs1 w bloom 9 good season plant$ at ?is "t4 ,! b$d+ plants %\ld be c>efully wat*$1 s t any attack ( aphis may be treat$ imm$iately4 ,sweet peas may be plant$ ! fir/ ( ?is mon?1 al?\gh !y are commonly s[n 9 ,septemb]4 ,a ri* spot %\ld be select$ = !m4 ,?is is ! "t to make ! new lawn4 ,! soil %\ld be ?or\ghly /irr$ & well pulv]iz$1 mix+ 9 a good dress+ ( comm]cial f]tiliz]1 or1 if "o pref]s x1 a mixture :i* may be made at home1 consi/+ ( cotton-se$ meal1 acid phosphate1 & sulfate ( pota%1 at ! rate ( #ajjj lb41 #cjj lb41 & #ajj lb4 respectively1 p] acre4 ,a ri*1 well-rott$ compo/1 z a top dress+1 w\ld also be highly b5eficial4 ,roses prun$ late 9 ,septemb] or e>ly ?is mon? w produce f9e w9t] blooms4 ,9 ! g>d5 ?is is a busy mon?2 "s ( ! w9t] vegetables are gr[+1 & o!rs %\ld be s[n4 ,! bud arti*okes %\ld be sep>at$ & set fully #c ft4 ap>t4 ,onions may /ill be s[n 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! mon?1 & %allots %\ld be divid$ & set4 ,"s beans may be risk$1 & ,engli% peas s[n = w9t] crop4 ,a few caulifl[]s may be tri$ & cucumb]s plant$ 9 pots = ! hotb$s next mon?4 ,! foll[+ vegetables %\ld be s[n3 ,c>rots1 corn salad1 *]vil1 ,brussels spr\ts1 broccoli1 beets1 endive1 kohlrabi1 kale1 lettuce1 leeks1 mu/>d1 p>sley1 p>snip1 radi%1 roquette1 sp9a*1 ,swiss *>d1 salsify4 ,"s cabbage & a few caulifl[]s %\ld be add$ to ! li/4 ,turnips %\ld be s[n = succession e two weeks until ,april or ,may4 ,! cel]y %\ld be kept gr[+ & bank+ up comm5c$4 ,?is is an excell5t "t to plant ! new /rawb]ry b$4 ,make ! b$ ri* ) well-rott$ manure & select good1 heal?y sets4 ,! ,mi*el's ,e>ly & ,cl\d are probably ! mo/ popul> v>ieties = g5]al plant+1 & %\ld be set 9 alt]nat+ r[s4 ,,novemb] ,fl[] se$s & bulbs may be plant$ ?is mon? ( ! same v>ieties z 9 ,octob]4 ,cutt+s ( all ! h]bace\s plants %\ld be made & pott$1 = use 9 ! h\se & = ! bord]s next season4 ,! coldframes %\ld also be put 9 ord]4 ,"s ( ! bulbs = w9t] =c+ %\ld be select$ & pott$4 ,"o ( ! be/ ,l\isiana g>d5]s recomm5ds ! foll[+ treatm5t3 ,select good1 /rong bulbs & plant !m 9 ri*1 light soil1 9 #e-;94 pots1 cov]+ !m ab\t half an in*4 ,wat] well & bury ! pots #f or #h 94 deep 9 ! gr\nd1 leav+ !m !re ab\t five weeks1 :5 ! bulbs w be f\nd to be well root$4 ,f ?is "t gradually expose to ! light1 & !y w soon put =? blooms4 ,! same vegetables may be s[n z = ,octob]1 & ! late cabbage se$ plant$4 ,! ,flat ,dut* & ,drumhead /ra9s are prime favorites4 ,new s[+s ( peas1 turnips1 mu/>d1 & radi%es %\ld be made1 & ! hotb$s prep>$ & set out to cucumb]s4 ,too mu* c>e _c be tak5 t ! manure %\ld be 9 ! be/ condition possible1 s t a good supply ( heat may be dep5d$ ^u4 ,! cucumb]s plant$ la/ mon? w be ready n[ = sett+ 9 ! hotb$s1 & a w9t] crop =c$4 ,or*>d & v9ey>d plant+4--,?is is ! "t to prep>e l&4 ,t on :i* a late crop ( c[peas has gr[n is well suit$ = ! purpose1 & %\ld be pl[$ deeply & well work$ ov]4 ,t[>ds ! la/ ( ! mon? x %\ld be cultivat$ aga91 9 ord] to be ready = ! trees next mon?4 ,,decemb] ,lawns & y>ds ne$ wat*+ ?is mon?1 & att5tion %\ld be paid to ! old leaves & fall rubbi%1 :i* makes ! y>d look untidy4 ,a good place = ! leaves is ! compo/ heap4 ,h$ges %\ld be put 9 %ape & ! surface dra9s kept op54 ,%rubs & roses %\ld be prun$ = an e>ly supply ( fl[]s4 ,! ,camellia ,japonicas are n[ 9 bloom1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! small bran*es are n torn (f1 in/ead ( be+ cut prop]ly4 ,_m ( ^! mo/ beautiful ( s\!rn ornam5tal trees h be5 ru9$ by c>eless pluck+ ( fl[]s4 ,g>d5 & or*>d4--,_m ( ! fall vegetables may be s[n ?is mon? & o!rs s[n = a succession4 ,peas1 sp9a*1 roquette1 radi%es1 lettuce1 endive1 & "s ,e>ly ,york cabbage %\ld also be s[n4 ,9 ! old sp5t hotb$s1 tomatoes1 pepp]s1 & egg-plants may be />t$2 !re w n be en\gh heat to hurry !m1 & good1 /rong /ocky plants w be secur$ if c>e is tak54 ,iri% potatoes may be risk$1 %\ld !re be a favorable "t = plant+ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! mon?4 ,usually !y are plant$ 9 ,janu>y4 ,! *ances are ab\t equal %\ld !y be plant$ late ?is mon?4 ,nuts ( all k9ds1 bo? = budd+ & o!rwise1 %\ld be plant$4 ,"s ( ! be/ ,l\isiana pecans are said to come true f se$1 & may be s[n :]e !y are int5d$ to gr[4 ,,index ,! fl[]+ annuals1 be+ mo/ly 9 alphabetical li/1 are n index$ "h4 ,abelia gr&iflora1 #cjf4 abies species1 #cce1 #ccf4 ,abobra viridiflora1 #caa4 abutilons1 #cea4 acacia1 rose1 #cjj4 acalypha1 #bcj4 ac]1 species1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #ccj4 ,a*illea ,pt>mica1 #bfi1 #bgc4 a*yran!s1 #bcf1 #cdd4 aconites1 #bgc4 act9idia1 #baf1 #cjh1 #caf4 adiantums1 #cgb4 adlumia1 #caj4 ,adonis v]nalis1 #bgc4 sculus species1 #bic1 #cbc4 ,african lily1 #cea4 agapan?us1 #cea4 agave1 #cfd4 ,agro/emma ,coron>ia1 #bgd4 ,agro/is nebulosa1 #bde4 ailan?us1 %oots (1 #ef4 ,ajuga reptans1 #bfg4 akebia1 #baf1 #cjh1 #caf4 ald]1 #bic1 #cbc4 alliums1 #bhi4 almond1 #dae4 alp9e plants1 #bcb4 al/rem]ia1 #ceb4 alt]nan!ra1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bci4 ,al?a frutex1 #big4 ,al?a rosea1 #bga4 ,alyssum saxatile1 #bfg4 am>antus1 #bcj4 am>yllis1 #ceb4 ,amelan*i] ,canad5sis1 #bic4 ammoniacal c>bonate ( copp]1 #aig4 ampelopsis species1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cad4 &rom$a1 #bii1 #cjf4 anemone1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #cec4 anise1 #dfj4 anise-tree1 #cjf4 annuals = b$d+1 #bdi4 annuals t bloom aft] fro/1 #bdh4 annuals by color1 #bdf4 annuals1 cultivation (1 #bda4 annuals li/$ by height1 #bea4 annuals = ribbon-b$s1 #bdh4 annuals1 di/ances ap>t1 #bef4 ,an!mis coron>ia1 #cdd4 ,an!mis ,kelwayi1 #bgd4 ,an!mis t9ctoria1 #bga4 ,antigonon leptopus1 #cac4 aphis1 #aih1 #bjj4 ,apios tub]osa1 #cac4 apple1 culture (1 #daf4 apple-maggot1 #aii4 apple-scab1 #bjg1 #dag4 apricot1 culture (1 #dbj4 aqu>ium1 #cdh4 aquatic plants1 #bcj4 aquilegias1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgd4 ,arabis albida1 #bfe4 ,arabis alp9a1 #bgd4 ,aralia ,sieboldii1 #bcj1 #ced4 arauc>ia1 #cdd1 #ced4 arborvit1 #bba1 #ccc1 #ccf4 ,arbutus ,un$o1 #cjf4 ar*itect's g>d51 #ab4 ardisia1 #cjf4 ari/olo*ia1 #cag4 ,arnebia e*ioides1 #bgd4 ars5ate ( lead =mula1 #aic4 artemisias1 #bgc1 #cfe4 ,artemisia ,/ell]iana1 #bfc4 arti*oke1 #dfb1 #dfc4 ,aruncus ,sylve/]1 #bfd4 ,arundo ,donax1 #df1 #bfd4 ,asclepias tub]osa1 #bfd1 #bgd4 a%es1 #aaa4 a%1 m\nta91 #cbi4 a% trees1 #cbd1 #ccj4 asp>agus1 #dfa4 asp>agus beetle1 #aii4 ,asp>agus m$eoloides1 #dja4 ,asp>agus plumosus & t5uissimus1 #cag1 #cdd4 asp>agus ru/1 #bjh4 ,asp>agus ,spr5g]i1 #cdj4 asp51 #cbf4 asp]ula1 #bfi4 aspidi/ra1 #cdj4 a/]s1 native1 #bfd1 #bgd1 #bge4 ,a/ilbe ,japonica1 #bfi4 ,aubrietia deltoidea1 #bfe4 aucuba1 #cdd4 auricula1 #ced4 azalea1 culture (1 #cee4 azalea species1 #bic1 #cje1 #cjf4 ,bac*>is halimifolia1 #bia1 #bic4 ,bact]ium tumefaci5s1 #ahj4 balm1 #dfj4 bamboos1 #bcj1 #bfd4 ,baptisia t9ctoria1 #bfd4 basil1 #dfj4 baskets1 hang+1 #cdh4 basswood1 #cbi4 bay-tree1 #cjf4 bean1 #dei1 #dfc4 b$d+1 #bbh4 bee*1 #cbd4 beet1 #def1 #dff4 begonias1 #cef4 belladonna lily1 #bhg1 #ceb4 ,bellis p]5nis1 #bfe4 ,b5zo9 odorif]um1 #bic4 ,b]b]is ,aquifolium1 #bic4 ,b]b]is ,japonica1 #cjf4 ,b]b]is ,?unb]gii1 #eb1 #bba1 #bib1 #bic1 #cjf4 ,b]b]is vulg>is1 #ea1 #bic4 ,b]muda butt]cup1 #chd4 ,b]muda-grass1 #hj4 betula species1 #bic1 #cbc1 #cbd4 bignonia species1 #cad1 #cae4 billb]gia1 #cdd4 biota1 #ccf4 birds1 #af4 bitt]nut1 #cbe4 bitt]-sweet1 #cae4 bitt]-sweet1 false1 #cag4 blackb]ries1 lay+ d[n #ach41 blackb]ry1 culture (1 #dbj4 blackb]ry1 disease (1 #bab4 blackb]ry insects1 #bje4 black-rot1 #bji4 bladd] nut1 #cjb1 #cjc4 ble$+-he>t1 #bfg1 #bgf4 bli/]-mite1 #aii4 blood z f]tiliz]1 #aab4 bloodroot1 #bfe4 blue bee*1 #cbd4 blue-grass1 #gh4 ,bocconia cordata1 #bfc4 bog plants1 #bcj4 bolt+ trees1 #adi4 boltonias1 #bge4 boneblack1 #aac4 bone1 gr\nd1 #aac4 bordeaux mixture1 #aif4 bord]s1 mak+1 #gd1 #bbb4 bor]s1 #aii1 #dag4 b\ga9villea1 #cah4 ,b\ss+aultia baselloides1 #cac1 #cdd4 b\v>dia1 #cdd4 box1 #bic1 #cjf4 box-eld]1 #cbc4 box?orn1 #cae4 bridge-graft+1 #adh4 ,bridgeman1 m5tion$1 #b4 broccoli1 #dfg4 ,bromus briz=mis1 #bde4 brooks1 treatm5t (1 broom1 #cjf4 brussels spr\ts1 buck?orn1 #bba1 #bii4 budd+1 #aea4 bud-mo?1 #bjj4 buffalo b]ry1 #cjb4 ,bui/1 m5tion$1 #b4 bulbocodium1 #bhi4 bulbs1 culture (1 #bha4 bulbs 9 w9d[-g>d51 #cde4 burdock1 ornam5tal1 #c4 ,burnette1 ,f4 ,h41 quot$1 #eja4 burn+ bu%1 #bif4 button-bu%1 #bid4 butt]cups1 tub]\s1 #bhi4 butt]nut1 #cbe4 buttonwood1 #cbf4 ,buxus semp]vir5s1 #bic4 cabbage1 culture1 #deg1 #dfh4 cabbage1 /or+1 #aei1 #dgj1 #eac1 #eae4 cabbage diseases1 #bjh1 #dfi4 cabbage insects1 #bjj1 #deg1 #dfi4 cabbage maggots1 #ahg1 #bja #dfi4 cactus1 #ceh4 caladium1 #bcj1 #cei4 calceol>ia1 #cfj4 cal5d>s1 #eja4 calla1 #cfj4 ,calla palu/ris1 #bfd4 ,callic>pa ,am]icana1 #cje4 callirrho1 #bfi4 ,calycan?us floridus1 #bic1 #cje4 camassia1 #bhi4 camellias1 #cjf1 #cfa4 campanulas1 #bfi1 #bgb1 #bge4 c&ytuft1 p]5nial1 #bfe1 #bgg4 cank]-worm1 #bja1 #dag4 cannas1 #cfa4 capsicum1 #dia4 ,capsicum frutesc5s1 #cjf4 c>agana species1 #bid4 c>away1 #dfj4 c>bolic acid emulsion1 #aid4 c>bonate ( copp]1 #aig4 c>d9al fl[]1 #bgb4 c>diosp]mum1 #caj4 c>ex = gr\nd cov]1 #hf4 c>nation ru/1 #bjh4 c>nations1 #cfc4 c>pet-b$d+1 m5tion$1 #g1 #cj1 #bbg4 c>pet-b$s describ$1 #bcd4 ,c>p9us ,am]icana1 #cbd4 c>rot1 #def1 #dga4 c>ya species1 #cbe4 ,c>yopt]is ,ma/acan?us1 #bia1 #bid1 #cje4 c>yota1 #che4 case-be>]s1 #bja4 ,cassia ,m>il&ica1 #bfd4 ca/anea species1 #bid1 #cbd4 catalpa species1 #cbd1 #ccj4 catnip1 #dfj4 cats1 #af4 cat-tail1 #bcb1 #bfd4 caulifl[]1 #deg1 #dga4 caulifl[] diseases1 #bjh4 caulifl[] insects1 #bjj4 ceano?us1 #bid1 #cje4 c$>1 #ccf4 c$rus species1 #ccf4 ,cela/rus sc&5s1 #baf4 cela/rus species1 #cag4 cel]iac1 #dgb4 cel]y1 #dgc4 cell>$ /ock1 #bij4 cell>s1 #aeh1 #dge4 ,celtis occid5talis1 #cbd1 #ccj4 ,c5trosema ,virg9iana1 #caa4 c5tury plants1 #ch1 #cfd4 cephalan?us1 #bia1 #bid4 cephalotaxus1 #ccf4 ,c]cidiphyllum ,japonicum1 #cbd4 ,c]cis ,canad5sis1 #cbd1 #ccj4 c]eus1 #ceh4 *af]1 rose1 #bjf4 *amcyp>is species1 #ccc1 #ccf4 *amrops1 #cjf1 #che4 *amomile1 #bga4 *>d1 #dge4 *]ry1 culture1 #dbb4 *]ry diseases1 #baa4 *]ry1 ornam5tal1 #cbg4 *]ry trees1 %apes (1 #dc1 #dd4 *]vil1 #dgf4 *e/nut1 culture (1 #dcc4 *e/nut disease1 #bjh4 *ick5s 9 g>d5s1 #agh4 *ickory1 #dgf4 ,*ilopsis l9e>is1 #cje4 ,*9a-b]ry1 #ccj4 ,*9ese sacr$ lily1 #bhi1 #chc4 *9quap91 #bid4 ,*ionan?us ,virg9ica1 #bid1 #cje4 *ionodoxa1 #bhi4 *rysan!mums1 #cfe4 *rysan!mums1 h>dy1 #bgc4 *rysan!mum disease1 #bji4 ,*rysan!mum frutesc5s1 #cfe4 *rysan!mum protection1 #ccg4 ,*rysan!mum ulig9osum1 #bgb1 #bhj4 c9]>ia1 #cfg4 ,c9]>ia m>itima1 #bce4 c9namon v9e1 #cac4 c9quefoil1 #bii4 ,citrus trifoliata1 #bba1 #cjf4 cives1 #dgg4 ,cladra/is t9ctoria1 #cbd4 cl>y1 #dfj4 ,claytonia ,virg9ica1 #bfe4 clematis1 #baf1 #bge1 #caj1 #caa1 #cad1 #cfg4 ,cle?ra alnifolia1 #bid1 #cjf4 ,cley]a ,japonica1 #cjf4 climb+ plants1 #cjg4 clo!s-po/1 #ee4 club-root1 #bjh1 #dfi4 ,cobbett1 m5tion$1 #b4 cobnuts1 #dcc4 ,coba sc&5s1 #cdd4 ,cocc9ea ,indica1 #caa4 ,cocos ,w$delliana1 #che4 ,codium1 #cfi4 ,codl9-mo?1 #bja1 #dag4 ,c(fee tree1 #cbe4 ,coix ,la*ryma1 #bde4 col*icum1 #bhd4 coldframes1 #afd4 cold /orage1 #afj4 coleus1 #cfh4 coll>ds1 #dgf4 colocasia1 #bcj1 #cei4 coltsfoot = banks1 #baf4 columb9es1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgd4 ,colutea arboresc5s1 #bid4 comfrey1 #baf4 compass plant1 #bfc4 conif]s1 discussion on1 #cca4 cons]vation ( moi/ure1 #ig4 ,convall>ia majalis1 #bfg1 #bge4 ,convolvulus ,japonicus & ,sepium1 #cac4 cor*orus1 #bih1 #cjf4 coreopsis species1 #bge4 cori&]1 #dfj_/ corn1 sweet1 #dgg4 corn salad1 #dgg4 ,cornus ,baileyi1 #df4 ,cornus ,mas1 #ea4 cornus species1 #bib1 #bid1 #bie4 corrosive sublimate = scab1 #aij4 ,corydalis lutea1 #bfi4 ,corydalis nobilis1 #bfg4 corylus species1 #bie4 co/m>y1 #dfj4 cotonea/]1 #bbb1 #bie1 #cjf4 cottonwood1 #cbf4 c[pea1 #dfd4 coxcomb = b$d+1 #bcj4 crab cactus1 #cei4 crab trees1 #cbg4 cranb]ry1 #dbc4 crape myrtle1 #cje4 cratgus species1 #bie4 cress1 #dgh4 crocus1 #cfh4 crocus1 fall bloom+1 #bhd4 ,crosby1 quot$1 #aih4 croton1 #cfi4 cr[n-galls1 #ahj4 cr[n imp]ial1 #bhi4 cryptom]ia1 #ccf4 cucumb]1 #deh1 #dgh4 cucumb] diseases1 #bji4 cucumb] insects1 #bja4 ,cucumis ,anguria1 #dgi4 ,cucumis ftidissima 7p]5nius71 #cji1 #cab4 ,cucumis species1 #caa4 cucurbit insects1 #bja4 cultivat+1 #ib4 cultivators1 #ie4 ,cuphea1 #bcf1 #cdd4 cupressus species1 #ccc1 #ccf4 curb+1 #fi4 curculio1 #bjb1 #dda4 currant1 #dbe4 currant1 fl[]+1 #cjj4 currant1 ,indian1 #cjd4 currant diseases1 #bji4 currant-worm1 #bjc4 cutt+s1 #aah4 cut-worms1 #ahf1 #bjc1 #ddi4 cycas1 #cdd1 #che4 cyclam51 #cgj4 ,cydonia ,japonica1 #eb1 #bie1 #cjf4 ,cydonia ,maulei1 #eb1 #bie4 ,cypress1 bald1 #cbi4 daffodil1 #chb4 dahlia1 #cgj4 ,dahlia arborea or excelsa1 #cgb4 daisy1 #bfe4 d&elion1 #dgi4 daphnes1 #ec1 #bie4 day-lily1 #ch4 delph9iums1 #bga1 #bge4 ,desmodium ,canad5se1 #bfd4 desmodium species1 #bih4 ,deutzia gracilis1 #ec4 deutzia species1 #bif1 #cjf4 dewb]ry1 culture (1 #dbf4 dewb]ry = banks1 #baf4 dewb]ry insects1 #bje4 dian?us1 #bgj1 #bge4 dibb]s1 #abc1 #abd4 ,dic5tra spectabilis1 #bfg1 #bgf4 ,dictamnus ,frax9ella1 #bgj4 di]villas1 #bif4 dill1 #dfj4 dioscorea species1 #cac4 ,dirca palu/ris1 #bif4 diseases ( plants1 #bjg4 dit*+1 #hh4 dockmackie1 #cje4 ,dodeca!on ,meadia1 #bie4 dogs & g>d5s1 #agh4 dog-too? violet1 #bhi4 dogwoods1 #bid1 #bie1 #ccj4 ,doli*os ,japonicus1 #cag4 doli*os1 species1 #dfd4 ,donnell1 ,webb1 quot$1 #dec4 doronicum1 #bfe1 #bgf4 d\c9 /ocks1 #dji4 ,dracna fragrans1 #cdd4 dra9age ( l&1 #hh4 dra9age ( walks1 #fj4 drives & walks1 #fg4 dry b\quets1 #bde4 ,dugg>1 on mu%rooms1 #dhd4 dut*man's pipe1 #cag4 dw>f fruit-trees1 #dji4 ,ea/] lily1 #cdf4 e*ev]ia1 #bce4 ,e*9ocy/is lobata1 #cji4 egg-plant1 1 #dhj4 ,egyptian lily1 #cfj4 elagnus species1 #ea1 #bif1 #cjf4 elecampane1 #bfc4 elm1 #cbi1 #ccj4 elm-leaf beetle1 #bjd4 emulsion1 c>bolic acid1 #aid2 k]os5e1 #aid4 endive1 #dha4 enemies ( plants1 #agh4 enri*+ ! l&1 #aaj4 ,epim$ium rubrum1 #bgf4 epiphyllum1 #cdd1 #cei4 ,erian?us ,rav5n1 #bfd4 ,erig]on speciosus1 #bgf4 ,eulalia1 #bcj1 #bfd4 ,euonymus1 climb+1 #cji1 #cae4 ,euonymus species1 #bif1 #cjf4 ,euphorbia1 #cdd4 ev]gre5s1 discussion on1 #cca4 ev]la/+s1 #bde4 exo*orda1 #bif1 #cjf4 fagus species1 #cbd4 ,falcon]1 ,wm41 quot$1 #cd1 #bfa1 #dhd4 ,f>fugium gr&e1 #cdd4 ,fatsia ,japonica & ,f4 papyrif]a1 #bcj1 #ced4 f5nel1 #dfj4 f]ns1 #cgb4 f]tiliz+ l&1 #aaj4 ,fess5d51 m5tion$1 #b4 ,fe/uca glauca1 #cdd4 fett] bu%1 #cjf4 ,ficus ela/ica1 #bbi1 #cdd4 ,ficus rep5s1 #cae4 fig1 #dbf4 filb]ts1 #bie1 #dcc4 fir1 #cce4 flame fl[]1 #bgb4 ,flet*]1 ,s4,w41 quot$1 #dca4 fl[]-g>d5 9 l&scape1 #bg1 #cd1 #bbe4 foliage 9 l&scapes1 #cg1 #bah4 =c+-hill1 #afa4 =c+ plants1 #afa4 =get-me-nots1 #bff4 =mal g>d5s1 #ab4 =mal9 = scab1 #aij4 =mal trees1 #dj4 =mulas = fungicides1 #aif2 insecticides1 #aic4 ,=sy?ia susp5sa1 #ec1 #baf1 #bif2 viridissima1 #ec1 #baf1 #bif1 #cjf4 frames1 #afd4 frax9us species1 #cbd4 freesia1 #cgc4 fr+e tree1 #bid1 #cje4 fritill>y1 #bhi4 fruit-buds1 #ada4 fruits1 culture (1 #djh4 fu*sia1 #cdd1 #cgc4 fumigat+1 #ahh4 fumitory1 #bfg4 fungi & insects1 #agh4 fungicides1 #aif4 funkia1 #ch1 #bfb1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgf4 gaill>dia1 p]5nial1 #bgj1 #bgf4 g>d5ia1 #cjf4 ,g>d9] ,hepburn1 m5tion$1 #b4 g>lic1 #def1 #dha4 gas plant1 #bgj4 ga!r+ fruit1 #dad4 ,gelsemium semp]vir5s1 #cag4 ,g5i/a t9ctoria1 #big4 g]anium1 #cgd1 #chf4 gh]k91 #dgi4 g9kgo1 #cbd1 #ccj4 girdl$ trees1 #add4 gladiolus1 #cgd4 ,gl$its*ia trican?os1 #cbe4 glox9ia1 #cge4 ,g(f device1 #ahg4 gold5gl[1 #bgb1 #bhj4 gold5-rods1 #bfd1 #bgb1 #bhj4 gooseb]ry1 #dbg4 gooseb]ry disease1 #bji4 g\mi1 #bif1 #cjf4 g\rds1 ornam5tal1 #caj1 #cab4 grad+1 #fa4 graft+1 #aea4 graft+-wax1 #ade4 grape1 culture (1 #dbh4 grape diseases1 #bji4 grap]y1 #dca4 grapes = ornam5t1 #cae4 grasses1 ornam5tal1 #bde4 grass = lawns1 #gh4 gre5bri]1 #cae4 gre5s1 #dei4 ,greiv]1 ,t4 quot$1 #eja4 ,grevillea robu/a1 #cdd1 #cgf4 gr\nd-ivy1 #cji4 gr\nd-nut1 #cac4 grub1 :ite1 #bjg1 #ddi4 gu>ds = trees1 #adc4 gum tree1 #cbe1 #cbf4 gunn]a1 #bcj4 gutt]s1 #fi4 ,gymnocladus ,canad5sis1 #cbe4 ,gypsophila paniculata1 #bgf4 ,halesia tetrapt]a1 #eb1 #big4 ,hamamelis ,virg9iana1 #big4 h&l+ ! l&1 #hg4 h&l+ ! plants1 #aae4 h&-box1 #afc4 h& tools1 #aja4 h&-we$]s1 #ajf4 hang+ baskets1 #cdh4 h>ebells1 #bfi4 h>r[s1 #id4 hazels1 #bie4 ,h$]a ,helix1 #cae4 h$ges1 #bbj4 heel+-91 #ace4 ,hel5ium autumnale1 #bgf4 helian?us species1 #bfc1 #bga1 #bgf4 hellebore = insects1 #aic4 hem]ocallis species #bgg1 hemlock1 #bba1 #cce1 #ccf4 ,h5d]son1 m5tion$1 #b4 hepaticas1 #bfe4 h]bace\s p]5nials1 #bfj4 ,heu*]a sangu9ea1 #bgj1 #bgg4 ,hibiscus ,mos*eutos1 #bfb1 #bgg4 ,hibiscus ,rosa-,s95sis1 #cje4 ,hibiscus ,syriacus1 #big1 #cje4 hickories1 #cbe1 #dcc4 ,hicks1 ,edw>d1 quot$1 #acb4 hicoria species1 #cbe4 hippea/rum1 #cec4 hit*+ to trees1 #add4 hoes1 #aja4 hollies1 #big1 #cjf4 hollyhock1 #bga1 #cgf4 hollyhock ru/1 #baj4 honey locu/1 #cbe4 honeysuckles1 #bih1 #cjf1 #caf4 ,hop1 #caa1 #cac4 hop-tree1 #bii4 horeh\nd1 #dfj4 hornbeam1 #cbd1 #cbf4 hors]adi%1 #dha4 hotb$s1 #afh4 h\se plants1 #cda4 h[ea1 #che4 hoya1 #djf4 ,humulus ,lupulus1 #cac4 ,hunn1 ,c4,e41 quot$1 #ded4 hyac9?1 #cgg4 hydrangea1 #bia1 #big1 #cjf4 hydrocyanic acid gas1 #ahi4 hyp]icum species1 #big4 hyssop1 #dfj4 ,ib]is semp]vir5s1 #bfe1 #bgg4 ilex species1 #big4 ,illicium anisatum1 #cjf4 imm$iate effect1 #bae4 immortelles1 #bde4 in>*+1 #adh4 ,indian currant1 #cjd4 insecticides1 #aic4 insects1 rem$ies =1 #aih4 insects & fungi1 #agh4 ,inula ,hel5ium1 #bfc4 ,ipoma p&urata1 #cac4 ,ipoma ,quamoclit1 #caa4 iris1 #bfd1 #bfg1 #bgj1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #cgh4 iron-wood1 #cbf4 ,isolepis gracilis1 #cdd4 ivy1 ,bo/on1 ,japanese1 #cad4 ivy1 p>lor1 #cdj 7see ,s5ecio7 ivy1 true1 #cae4 jasm9es1 #cag1 #cdd4 jasm9um species1 #cjf1 #cag4 ,j]usalem arti*oke1 #dfc4 jessam9e1 #cag4 jonquil1 #chc4 ,judas tree1 #cbd4 juglans species1 #cbe4 ,june-grass1 #gh4 junip] species1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ka9it1 #afc4 kale1 #deg1 #dhb4 ,kalmia latifolia1 #big4 katsura-tree1 #cbd4 keep+ fruit1 #aeh1 #dad4 ,k5ilwor? ivy1 #cac1 #cdj1 #cdd4 k5tia1 #che4 k]os5e emulsion1 #aid4 k]ria1 #bih1 #cjf4 kit*5-g>d51 #ded4 ,kniph(ia aloides1 #bgb4 ,klreut]ia paniculata1 #cbe1 #ccj4 kudzu v9e1 #cag4 labels1 #aed4 lady-birds1 #aii4 lag5>ia1 #caa4 ,lag]/rmia ,indica1 #cje4 l&1 h&l+1 #hg4 l>*1 #cbe4 l>ix species1 #cbe4 latania1 #che4 ,la?yrus latifolius1 #caa4 laurel1 *]ry1 #cjf1 #ccj4 laurel1 great1 #bii1 #cia4 laurel1 m\nta91 #big4 laurel1 true1 #cjf4 ,laurus nobilis1 #cjf4 lav5d]1 #dfj4 lawn1 mak+1 #gg4 lawns1 treatm5t1 #hb4 leaf cutt+s1 #abj4 lea!rwood1 #bif4 leek1 #def1 #dhc4 ,leiophyllum buxifolium1 #bih4 lesp$eza species1 #bih4 lettuce1 #dhc4 lettuce disease1 #baj4 ,liatris spicata1 #bgj4 ,liboc$rus decurr5s1 #ccf4 ligu/rum species1 #bih4 lilac species1 #cjd4 liliums1 #bgh1 #bhd1 #cgh1 #bhe4 lily-(-!-valley1 #hf1 #bfg1 #bge1 #cha4 lima beans1 #dfd4 lime & sulfur wa%1 #aie4 ,l9>ia ,cymbal>ia1 #cac4 l9d51 #cbi1 #ccj4 ,l9d]a ,b5zo91 #bic4 ,l9um p]5ne1 #bgh4 ,liquidamb> /yraciflua1 #cbe1 #ccj4 ,liriod5dron ,tulipif]a1 #cbe4 live-oak1 #ccj4 liv] ( sulfur1 #aig4 liv]-leaf1 #bfe4 liz>d's tail1 #bfd4 ,lobelia c>d9alis1 #bgb1 #bgh4 lob/] cactus1 #cei4 locu/1 #cbh4 locu/1 honey1 #bba1 #cbe4 ,lomb>dy popl>1 #dj4 ,long1 ,e4,a41 quot$1 #bbc4 ,lonic]a ,halliana1 #ec1 #baf4 lonic]a species1 #bih1 #caf4 loose-/rife1 #bfd4 lotus1 #bcj4 lovage1 #cfj4 luffa1 #caa4 ,ly*nis alp9a1 #bfe4 ,ly*nis ,*alc$onica #bgh41 ,ly*nis ,coron>ia1 #bgd4 ,ly*nis ,visc>ia1 #bga4 ,lycium ,*95se1 #cae4 lycoris1 #bhc4 ,lysima*ia cle?roides1 #bgh4 ,lysima*ia nummul>ia1 #hf1 #cji4 ,ly?rum ,salic>ia1 #bfd4 madeira v9e1 #cac1 #cdd4 maggots ( cabbage1 #ahg1 #bja4 magnolias1 #cjf1 #cbe1 #ccj4 ,mah]nia odorata1 #cdd1 #cde4 mahonia1 #bic1 #cjf4 maid5hair tree1 #cbd4 maize1 /rip$1 #bcj4 mall[1 rose1 #bfb4 ,m',mahon1 m5tion$1 #b4 manure = hotb$s1 #afi4 maples1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #ccj4 m>gu]ite c>nations1 #cfc4 m>gu]ite *rysan!mum1 #cfe4 m>joram1 #dfj4 m>k]s1 #ajh4 m>%plants1 #bcj4 ,ma!ws1 ,s*uyl]1 picture by1 #ca4 matrimony v9e1 #cae4 mats1 mak+1 #agf4 mat?iolas1 #djb4 ,melia ,az$]a*1 #ccj4 melon1 #deh1 #dhg1 #dii4 melon disease1 #baj4 melon insects1 #bja4 ,m5isp]mum ,canad5se1 #cag4 ,m]t5sia ,virg9ica1 #bff4 ,mesembryan!mum1 #cji1 #cdd4 mice injury1 #add4 mignonette1 #cha4 mignonette v9e1 #cac4 mikania1 #cac4 miscan?us1 #bfd4 miscible oils1 #aid4 mock orange1 #bih1 #cjf4 mock orange ( ,s\?1 #bba1 #cjf1 #ccj4 moi/ure1 sav+1 #ig4 moles1 #agh4 ,momordica1 #caa4 ,mon>da didyma1 #bga4 moneywort1 #hf1 #cji1 #cdj 7see lysima*ia74 ,mont]ey cypress1 #bbj4 mon?ly advice1 #eja4 moon-fl[]1 #cac1 #cha4 moonse$1 #cag4 morn+-glory1 p]5nial1 #cac4 morus species1 #cbf4 m\nd+-up trees1 #acf4 m\nta9 a%1 #cbi4 m\nta9 laurel1 #big4 mov+ l>ge trees1 #acj4 muck1 #aaa4 ,mucuna utilis1 #caa4 ,muehl5beckia1 #cah1 #cdd4 mulb]ry1 #cbf1 #ccj1 #dcb4 mulb]ry1 ,fr5*1 #cje4 mul*+ plants1 #acf4 muriate ( pota%1 #aaa1 #aac4 ,musa ,ensete1 #bbi4 mu%rooms1 #dhd4 muskmelon1 #dhg4 muskmelon disease1 #baj4 mu/>d1 #dhg4 myosotis1 #bff1 #bgh4 myriophyllum1 #bca1 #cdi4 myrtle1 runn+1 #hf1 #cae4 myrtle1 true1 #cjf4 ,myrtus communis1 #cjf4 n>cissus1 #chb4 negundo1 #cbc4 ,nepeta ,gle*oma1 #cji4 ,nephrolepis exaltata1 #cdj1 #cgb4 ,nettle tree1 #cbd4 ,nicotiana1 #ch4 night-bloom+ c]eus1 #ceh4 n9e-b>k1 #bih4 nitrate ( soda1 #aab1 #aac4 nitrog51 #aab4 nozzles1 #aib4 nuts1 #dcc4 ,nyssa sylvatica1 #cbf4 oaks1 #cbh1 #ccj4 odd plants1 #dj4 no!ra ,miss\ri5sis1 #bgh4 oil insecticides1 #aid4 okra1 #dhh4 old-fa%ion$ g>d5s1 #cb1 #cd4 ,olea fragrans1 #cjf4 ole&]1 #cjf1 #chc4 olea/]1 #bif4 onion1 #def1 #dhh4 opuntia1 #cei4 orange1 culture (1 #dcc4 ,orontium aquaticum1 #bfd4 osage orange1 #bba4 osi]s1 #bid1 #bie4 ,osman?us fragrans1 #cjf4 ,o/rya ,virg9ica1 #cbf4 oxalis1 #chd4 oxalis = w9d[-g>d5s1 #cdd4 ,oxalis tropoloides1 #bce4 ,oxyd5drum arboreum1 #cbf1 #ccj4 oy/] plant1 #did4 oy/]-%ell scale1 #bjd4 ponia3 see peony4 palmettoes1 #cjf4 palms1 #cjf1 #chd4 palms = ,s\?1 #cjf4 pampas-grass1 #bcj4 p&anus1 #cdd1 #che4 ,panicum virgatum1 #bfd4 pansy1 culture (1 #chf4 papav]s1 #bgj1 #bgi4 pap]-:ite n>cissus1 #bhi1 #chc4 papyrus1 #bcb4 ,p>adisea ,lilia/rum1 #bfi4 p>adise /ocks1 #dji4 p>is gre5 =mula1 #aic4 p>rot's fea!r1 #bca1 #cdi4 p>sley1 #dij4 p>snip1 #def1 #dij4 ,passiflora inc>nata1 #cab4 passiflora species1 #caf4 paul[nia1 #ccj4 pavia1 #bic4 pea1 #dei1 #dij4 pea*1 culture (1 #dce4 pea* diseases1 #baj4 pe>1 culture (1 #dcg4 pe> diseases1 #baa4 pe> insects1 #bje4 pea-trees1 #bid4 pecan1 #cbe1 #dcc4 pel>gonium1 #chf4 ,pel>gonium peltatum1 #cjh4 ,pelt&ra undulata1 #bfd4 p5nisetum1 #bcj1 plate v4 p5nyroyal1 #dfj4 p5t/emon1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bgi4 peony1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgi1 #chg4 pepp]m9t1 #dfj4 pepp]idge1 #cbf4 pepp]1 r$1 #deh1 #dij4 p]5nials1 cultivation (1 #bfj4 ,p]iploca ,grca1 #baf1 #cag4 p]iw9kle1 #hf1 #cji1 #cae4 ,phal>is arund9acea1 #bfd4 ,phaseolus multiflorus1 #caa1 #cac1 #dfd4 phaseolus species1 #dfd4 ,philadelphus coron>ius & gr&iflorus1 #ea4 philadelphus species1 #bih1 #cjf4 phillyreas1 #cjf4 phlox1 culture (1 #chh4 phlox1 p]5nial1 #bga1 #bgi4 ,phlox subulata1 #bfg1 #bgi4 phnix1 #che4 phosphoric acid1 #aab1 #aac4 photograph+ l&scapes1 #ab4 ,phragmites communis1 #bfd4 physoc>pus1 #bih4 picea species1 #ccd1 #cce4 picture 9 l&scape1 #ab1 #eh4 pie plant1 #dic4 ,pi]is floribunda1 #bii1 #cjf 7,&rom$a74 ,pilea arborea1 #cdd4 p9e1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccf4 p9ks1 #bgj4 p9us species1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccf4 ,pittosporum1 #cjf1 #cdd4 plane-tree1 #cbf1 #ccj4 plan ( gr\nds1 #h4 plant diseases1 #bjg4 plant-lice1 #aih4 platanus species1 #cbf4 platycodon gr&iflorum1 #bgb1 #bgi4 pl[s1 #ic4 ,plumbago ,cap5sis1 #cjf4 plum1 culture (1 #dci4 plum1 diseases1 #baa1 #ddj4 plum1 ornam5tal1 #cbg4 ,poa compressa1 #gh2 prat5sis1 #gh2 trivialis1 #gi4 podoc>pus1 #ccf4 po9settia1 #cjf4 polemoniums1 #bgi4 ,polian!s tub]osa1 #djd4 polyan?us1 #chi4 polygonums1 #bfc1 #cag4 pomegranate1 #cjf4 popl>1 #da1 #bah1 #cbf1 #cbg4 poppy1 ,icel&1 #bgj1 #bgi4 ,populus ,bolleana1 #bah1 #cbg4 populus species1 #cbf1 #cbg4 ,populus tremuloides1 #db4 pota% salts1 #aaa1 #aac4 potassium sulfide1 #aig4 potato1 culture1 #dib4 potato diseases1 #bab4 potato insects1 #bje4 potato scab1 #aij1 #bab4 potato v9e1 #cag4 ,pot5tilla fruticosa1 #bii4 ,pot5tilla hybrida1 #bgi4 pot-h]bs1 #dei4 prickly a%1 #cje4 ,primula ,auricula1 #ced4 ,primula cortusoides1 #bhj4 primulas1 #chi4 privets1 #bih1 #cjf4 propagat+1 #aaf1 #aah4 protect+ 9 w9t]1 #ace4 ,prun+1 #aci1 #adb1 #adi1 #daa4 prun+ at transplant+1 #abi4 ,prunus ,c>ol9iana1 #bba1 #cjf1 #ccj4 ,prunus ,lauroc]asius1 #cjf4 prunus species1 #bii1 #cbg4 ,pseudotsuga ,d\glasii1 #cce4 psylla1 #bje4 ,ptelea trifoliata1 #bii4 pt]is1 #cgc4 ,pu]>ia ,?unb]giana1 #cag4 pumpk91 #deh1 #dif4 pumps1 #ahc1 #ahe4 pyracan?a1 #bba1 #bib1 #cjf4 pyre?rum1 #bgb1 #bhj4 pyrus1 species1 #cbg4 qu]eus species1 #cbj1 #cbh1 #ccj4 qu9ce1 culture (1 #ddb4 rabbit injury1 #add4 radi%1 #dic4 railroad-worm1 #aii4 ra9fall1 sav+1 #ig4 raspb]ry1 culture (1 #ddc4 raspb]ry diseases1 #bab4 raspb]ry insects1 #bje4 rav5na grass1 #bfd4 records ( plantation1 #aed4 r$-bud1 #cbd4 r$ pepp]1 #deh1 #dij4 r$ spid]1 #bje4 r$-top1 #gi4 remov+ l>ge trees1 #acj4 repair+ trees1 #ade4 ret9osporas1 #bbj1 #bba1 #ccc1 #ccf4 rhamnus species1 #bii4 rhodod5dron1 #cij4 rhodod5dron species1 #bii1 #cjf4 ,rhodotypos k]rioides1 #bii1 #cjf4 rhub>b1 #dic4 rhub>b1 =c+1 #afb4 rhub>b = ornam5t1 #ci4 ,rhus ,cot9us1 #bia1 #bii1 #cjf4 rhus species1 #bii1 #cjj4 ,rhyn*osp]mum jasm9oides1 #cag4 ,ribes aureum1 #ec4 ,ribes sangu9eum1 #ec4 ribes species1 #cjj4 ri*>dia1 #cfj4 ric9us1 #bcj4 rill 8improv$10 #bd4 ,rob]ts1 m5tion$1 #hg1 #ic4 rob9ia species1 #cjj1 #cjf1 #cbh4 rock]ies1 #bcb4 roll]s1 #ajh4 root-crops1 #def4 root cutt+s1 #aah4 root-galls1 #ahj4 ,rosa rugosa1 #cg1 #bba1 #bib1 #cjj4 rosa species1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cah4 ,rosa ,wi*uraiana1 #baf1 #cji4 rose acacia1 #cjj4 rose1 culture (1 #cia4 rose diseases1 #bac4 rose insects1 #bje4 rosem>y1 #dfj4 roses1 climb+1 #cah4 roses 9 l&scapes1 #cg4 r[s1 to make /raight1 #abg4 ,rubus cratgifolius1 #ce1 #bjf1 #cja4 ,rubus fruticosus1 #ec4 ,rubus lac9iatus1 #ec1 #cji4 ,rubus odoratus1 #de1 #df1 #cja4 ,rubus phnicolasius1 #ec1 #cja4 ,rudbeckia lac9iata1 #bgb1 #bhj4 ,rudbeckia maxima1 #bga1 #bhj4 ,ruscus aculeatus1 #cjf4 ,russelia juncea1 #cdd4 rutabaga1 #dih4 rye-grass1 #hj4 sacal9e1 #baf1 #bfc4 sage1 #dfj4 salad plants1 #dei4 ,salisburia adiantifolia1 #cbd4 ,salix laurifolia1 #bai1 #cja1 #cbi4 salix species1 #cja1 #cbh1 #cbi4 salsify1 #def1 #did4 salvia1 p]5nial1 #cg4 ,salvia prat5sis1 #bfi4 ,sambucus species1 #bia1 #cjb4 ,sangu9>ia ,canad5sis1 #bfe4 ,san ,jos scale1 #bjf4 ,santol9a ,*amcyp>issus1 #bcf4 sassafras1 #cbi4 ,saururus c]nuus1 #bfd4 sav+ ( moi/ure1 #ig4 savory1 #dfj4 ,saxifraga peltata1 #bfb4 ,saxifraga s>m5tosa1 #cdd4 ,say]s1 m5tion$1 #b4 ,scabiosa ,caucasica1 #bhj4 scab on potatoes1 #aij4 scale1 ,san ,jos1 #bjf4 sc>ifi]s1 #aje4 ,s*5ley p>k1 #cd4 ,s*izophragma hydrangeoides1 #cji1 #caf4 s*ool-gr\nds1 #aa4 scilla1 #bhc1 #bhi4 scre5s = w9d1 #bai4 scre5 to protect aga9/ insects1 #ahf4 screw p9e1 #cdd1 #che4 scrubb+ trees1 #dad4 scupp]nong1 #cae4 sea-kale1 #die4 s$ges = bogs1 #bcb4 s$um1 #cdj4 se$-b$s1 #aag4 se$l+s1 transplant+1 #abb4 se$-s[+1 #aaf4 ,selag9ella d5ticulata1 #cdd4 semp]vivum1 #bce4 ,s5ecio macroglossus & mikanioides1 #cdj1 #cdd4 s5na1 wild1 #bfd4 s]vice-tree1 #cbi4 %e>+1 #adj4 %elt]-belts1 #bai4 %e-oak1 #cgf4 %eph]dia species1 #cjb4 %rubs1 li/ (1 #bib4 %rubs1 prun+1 #adj4 %rubs = ! ,s\?1 #cje4 ,sicyos angulata1 #cji4 silk v9e1 #cag4 ,simonds1 ,o4,c41 quot$1 #fi4 ,sl+]l&1 quot$1 #aih4 smilax 7flori/s'71 #cdj1 #dja4 smilax species1 #cae4 ,smi?1 ,h4,w41 quot$1 #eja4 ,smi? & ,t[ns5d1 quot$1 #ahj4 smoke-tree1 #bii1 #cjf4 sn[ball1 #cjd1 #cjf4 sn[-b]ry1 #cjd1 #cjf4 sn[drop1 #bha1 #bhh4 sn[flake1 #bhi4 soap insecticides1 #aid4 ,socrates1 #b4 sod-cutt]1 #gc4 sodd+1 #hd4 soil1 h&l+1 #hg4 soil mul*1 #ih4 ,solanum ,dulcam>a1 #baf1 #cae4 ,solanum jasm9oides1 #cag4 solidagos1 #bfd1 #bgb1 #bhj4 ,sophora ,japonica1 #ccj4 ,sorbus species1 #cbi4 sorrel1 #die4 sorrel-tree1 #cbf4 s\rwood1 #cbf4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 rock1 #aab4 s[+ ! se$s1 #aaf4 sp>r[s1 poison+1 #ah4 ,sp>tium junceum1 #cjf4 spe>m9t1 #dfj1 #die4 spid]1 r$1 #bje4 sp9a*1 #die4 ,spira ,aruncus1 #bfd1 #bhj4 spireas1 #bba1 #bfd1 #bhj1 #bih1 #cjb1 #cjf4 spray+1 #aij4 spr+ beauty1 #bfe4 spruce1 #bba1 #ccd1 #cce4 spuds1 #ajg4 squa%1 #deh1 #dif4 squa% insects1 #bja1 #dei4 squill1 #bhc1 #bhh4 /ake labels1 #aee4 /aphylea species1 #cjb1 #cjc4 ,/atice latifolia1 #bhj4 /em cutt+s1 #aah4 ,/]culia platanifolia1 #ccj4 /evia1 #cdd4 ,/ew>t1 quot$1 #bjg4 /9k-bug1 #bjb1 #dei4 ,/4 ,john's wort1 #big4 /ocks1 #djb4 /or+ ( fruits & vegetables1 #aeh1 #dad1 #dge4 /rawb]ry1 culture (1 #dde4 /rawb]ry disease1 #bac1 #ddi4 /rawb]ry tree1 #cjf4 /reams1 treatm5t (1 #bd1 #eh1 #fe1 #bcb4 /reet trees1 repair+1 #ade4 /ry*n9e = sp>r[s1 #ah4 ,/u>tia p5tagyna1 #cjf4 /yrax1 #cjc4 subsoil+1 #ij4 subtropical g>d5+1 m5tion$1 #g1 #bbi4 sulfate ( pota%1 #aaa1 #aac4 sulfide ( potassium1 #aig4 sulfur z fungicide1 #aig4 sumac1 #bii1 #cjj4 sunfl[]s1 wild1 #bfc1 #bga4 sunk5 f5ce1 #ff4 surg]y1 #adb4 swa9sona1 #cdd1 #djc4 sweet-flag1 #bcb4 sweet gum1 #cbe1 #ccj4 sweet-h]bs1 #dfj4 sweet pea1 culture (1 #djc4 sweet potato1 #dif4 ,swiss *>d1 #dge4 symphoric>pos species1 #cjd1 #cjf4 ,symphoric>pus vulg>is1 #ec4 syr+a1 #bih1 #cjd4 syr+e1 #ahc4 tacsonia1 #caf4 tallies1 #aef4 tam>ack1 #cbe4 tam>isk 7tam>ix71 #bba1 #bia1 #cjd4 tankage1 #aab4 tanks = aquatics1 #bcj4 tansy1 #dfj4 ,t>ry]1 tools1 #ajc4 ,taxodium di/i*um1 #cbi4 taxus species1 #ccd1 #ccf4 ,taylor1 ,a4,d41 quot$1 #ade4 tecoma species1 #cad4 t5nis-scre51 #ee4 t5t-cat]pill>1 #bjf1 #dag4 t]racas1 #fb4 ,?alictrum aquilegifolium1 #bhj4 ,!rmopsis1 mollis1 #bfd4 ?9n+ fruit1 #dab4 ?ree gu>dsm51 #be4 ,?uja occid5talis1 #ccc1 #ccf4 ?yme1 #dfj4 ,?ymus arg5teus1 #bce4 tilia species1 #cbi4 till+1 #ib4 tobacco insecticide1 #aid4 tomato1 #deh1 #dig4 tomato disease1 #bac4 ,t[ns5d & ,smi?1 quot$1 #ahj4 ,tra*elosp]mum jasm9oides1 #cag4 ,tracy's g>d5 plan1 #deb4 tradescantia1 #cdj4 transplant+ "y plants1 #abb2 old plants1 #abd4 tree gu>ds1 #adc4 ,trees1 li/s & discussion1 #cai1 #cca4 trees1 mov+ l>ge1 #acj4 tree surg]y1 #adb4 tr5*+1 #hi1 #ij4 tri*osan!s1 #caa4 trilliums1 #bfg4 trimm+1 #adj4 ,tritoma ,us>ia1 #bgb4 ,trollis ,europu1 #bha4 ,tropolium p]egr9um1 #caj4 tr[els1 #ajf4 trumpet creep]1 #baf1 #cad4 tsuga species1 #cce1 #ccf4 tub]ose1 #djd4 tub]s1 culture (1 #bha4 tub-plants1 transplant+1 #abe4 tulips1 culture (1 #dje4 tulip tree1 #cbe1 #ccj4 turnip1 #dih4 ,tussilago ,f>f>a1 #baf4 typhas1 #bfd4 ,ulm>ia ,filip5dula1 #bga1 #bhj4 ulmus species1 #cbi1 #ccj4 umbrella plant1 #bcb4 umbrella tree1 #ccj4 v>ni%-tree1 #cbe4 vegetables1 culture (1 #dea4 vegetable oy/]1 #did4 viburnum species1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjf4 vigna1 #dfd4 v9ca major1 #cae4 ,v9ca m9or1 #hf1 #cae1 #cdj 7see p]iw9kle1 myrtle74 v9es1 #cjg4 violet1 culture (1 #djf4 violet insect1 #bjf4 violets1 fumigat+1 #aij4 virgilia1 #cbd4 ,virg9ia creep]1 #baf1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cad4 ,vitex ,agnus-,ca/us1 #cjf4 vitis species1 #cae4 ,walk]1 ,e41 quot$1 #bcd1 #bfe4 walks & drives1 #fg4 walnut1 #cbe1 #dcc4 w&]+ jew1 #cdj1 #cdd4 wa%+ trees1 #dad4 wat] cress1 #dgh4 wat]+ hotb$s1 #age4 wat]+ h\se plants1 #cdg4 wat]+ l&1 #ajj4 wat]-lilies1 #bcj4 wat]melon1 #dii4 wax = graft+1 #ade4 wax-plant1 #djf4 wax-"w1 #cag4 we$]s1 #ie1 #ajf4 we$-spuds1 #ajg4 weep+ trees1 #dj4 weigela1 k9ds1 #bif1 #cjf4 well ab\t a tree1 #ff4 :eel-hoes1 #if4 ,:etzel1 quot$1 #bjg4 :ite-fly1 #bjg4 :ite grub1 #bjg1 #ddi4 :ite hellebore1 #aic4 wig&ia1 #bcj4 will[s1 #da1 #bai4 will[1 species (1 #cja1 #cbh1 #cbi4 w9dbreaks1 #bai4 w9d-fl[]s1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #cec4 w9d[-boxes1 #ccg4 w9d[-g>d5s1 #ccf4 w9t] aconite1 #bhi4 w9t] protection1 #ace4 wires1 injury by1 #adi4 wire-v9e1 #cah4 wi/>ia1 #caf4 wit* hazel1 #big4 witlo(1 #dgf4 wood a%es1 #aaa4 woodb9e1 #caf4 woodruff1 #bfi4 wormwood1 #dfj4 wormwood1 wild1 #bfc4 ,xan?oc]as1 #cje4 ,yams1 ornam5tal1 #cac4 yell[s1 #baa4 yew1 #ccd1 #ccf4 ,yucca filam5tosa1 #bfb1 #bga4 ,yuccas1 %rubby1 #cjf4 zamia1 #cjf4 ,zan?oxylum ,am]icanum1 #cje4 zebra grass1 #bfd4 ,zizania aquatica1 #bfd4