,b5$ict de ,sp9oza1 ,,! ,,e?ics 7,e?ica ,ord9e ,geometrico ,demon/rata7 ,translat$ f ! ,lat9 by ,r4 ,h4 ,m4 ,elwes ,,"p ,,iii3 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,mo/ writ]s on ! emotions & on human conduct seem to be treat+ r ( matt]s outside nature ?an ( natural ph5om5a foll[+ nature's g5]al laws4 ,!y appe> to conceive man to be situat$ 9 nature z a k+dom )9 a k+dom3 = !y believe t he di/urbs r ?an foll[s nature's ord]1 t he has absolute control ov] 8 actions1 & t he is det]m9$ solely by himself4 ,!y attribute human infirmities & fickl5ess1 n to ! p[] ( nature 9 g5]al1 b to "s my/]i\s flaw 9 ! nature ( man1 :i* accord+ly !y bemoan1 d]ide1 despise1 or1 z usually happ5s1 abuse3 he1 :o succe$s 9 hitt+ (f ! weakness ( ! human m9d m eloqu5tly or m acutely ?an 8 fell[s1 is look$ ^u z a se]4 ,/ill !re has be5 no lack ( v excell5t m5 7to ^: toil & indu/ry ,i confess myself mu* indebt$71 :o h writt5 _m notewor?y ?+s conc]n+ ! "r way ( life1 & h giv5 mu* sage advice to mank9d4 ,b no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has def9$ ! nature & /r5g? ( ! emotions1 & ! p[] ( ! m9d aga9/ !m = _! re/ra9t4 ,i d n =get1 t ! illu/ri\s ,desc>tes1 ?\gh he believ$1 t ! m9d has absolute p[] ov] its actions1 /rove to expla9 human emotions by _! prim>y causes1 &1 at ! same "t1 to po9t out a way1 by :i* ! m9d might atta9 to absolute dom9ion ov] !m4 ,h[ev]1 9 my op9ion1 he accompli%es no?+ beyond a display ( ! acut5ess ( 8 own great intellect1 z ,i w %[ 9 ! prop] place4 ,= ! pres5t ,i wi% to rev]t to ^?1 :o w\ld r abuse or d]ide human emotions ?an und]/& !m4 ,su* p]sons w1 d\btless ?9k x /range t ,i %\ld attempt to treat ( human vice & folly geometrically1 & %\ld wi% to set =? ) rigid reason+ ^? matt]s :i* !y cry out aga9/ z repugnant to reason1 frivol\s1 absurd1 & dreadful4 ,h[ev]1 su* is my plan4 ,no?+ comes to pass 9 nature1 :i* c be set d[n to a flaw !re92 = nature is always ! same1 & ev]y:]e "o & ! same 9 h] efficacy & p[] ( action2 t is1 nature's laws & ord9ances1 :]eby all ?+s come to pass & *ange f "o =m to ano!r1 are ev]y:]e & always ! same2 s t !re %\ld be "o & ! same me?od ( und]/&+ ! nature ( all ?+s :atsoev]1 namely1 ?r\gh nature's univ]sal laws & rules4 ,?us ! passions ( hatr$1 ang]1 envy1 & s on1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 foll[ f ?is same necessity & efficacy ( nature2 !y answ] to c]ta9 def9ite causes1 ?r\gh :i* !y are und]/ood1 & possess c]ta9 prop]ties z wor?y ( be+ kn[n z ! prop]ties ( any?+ else1 :]e( ! contemplation 9 itself af=ds u delight4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 treat ( ! nature & /r5g? ( ! emotions accord+ to ! same me?od1 z ,i employ$ h]et(ore 9 my inve/igations conc]n+ ,god & ! m9d4 ,i %all consid] human actions & desires 9 exactly ! same mann]1 z ?\gh ,i 7 conc]n$ ) l9es1 planes1 & solids4 ,,def9itions ,i4 ,by an 'adequate' cause1 ,i mean a cause ?r\gh :i* its effect c be cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceiv$4 ,by an 'inadequate' or p>tial cause1 ,i mean a cause ?r\gh :i*1 by itself1 its effect _c be und]/ood4 ,,ii4 ,i say t we 'act' :5 any?+ takes place1 ei!r )9 u or ext]nally to u1 :]e( we are ! adequate cause2 t is 7by ! =ego+ def9ition7 :5 ?r\gh our nature some?+ takes place )9 u or ext]nally to u1 :i* c ?r\gh our nature alone be cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/ood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i say t we are passive z reg>ds some?+ :5 t some?+ takes place )9 u1 or foll[s f our nature ext]nally1 we be+ only ! p>tial cause4 ,,iii4 ,by 'emotion' ,i mean ! modifications ( ! body1 :]eby ! active p[] ( ! said body is increas$ or dim9i%$1 aid$ or con/ra9$1 & also ! ideas ( su* modifications4 ,n4,b4 ,if we c be ! adequate cause ( any ( ^! modifications1 ,i !n call ! emotion an activity1 o!rwise ,i call x a passion1 or /ate :]e9 ! m9d is passive4 ,,po/ulates ,i4 ,! human body c be affect$ 9 _m ways1 :]eby its p[] ( activity is increas$ or dim9i%$1 & also 9 o!r ways :i* d n r5d] its p[] ( activity ei!r great] or less4 ,n4,b4 ,?is po/ulate or axiom re/s on ,po/ulate i4 & ,lemmas v4 & vii41 :i* see aft] ,,ii4 xiii4 ,,ii4 ,! human body c und]go _m *anges1 &1 nev]!less1 reta9 ! impressions or traces ( objects 7cf4 ,,ii4 ,po/4 v471 &1 consequ5tly1 ! same images ( ?+s 7see note ,,ii4 xvii474 ,,propositions ,i4 ,our m9d is 9 c]ta9 cases active1 & 9 c]ta9 cases passive4 ,9 s f> z x has adequate ideas x is necess>ily active1 & 9 s f> z x has inadequate ideas1 x is necess>ily passive4 ,pro(--,9 e human m9d !re are "s adequate ideas1 & "s ideas t are fragm5t>y & confus$ 7,,ii4 xl4 note74 ,^? ideas :i* are adequate 9 ! m9d are adequate also 9 ,god1 inasmu* z he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! m9d 7,,ii4 xl4 ,cor471 & ^? :i* are inadequate 9 ! m9d are likewise 7by ! same ,cor47 adequate 9 ,god1 n inasmu* z he conta9s 9 himself ! ess5ce ( ! giv5 m9d alone1 b z he1 at ! same "t1 conta9s ! m9ds ( o!r ?+s4 ,aga91 f any giv5 idea "s effect mu/ necess>ily foll[ 7,i4 xxxvi472 ( ?is effect ,god is ! adequate cause 7,,iii4 ,def4 i471 n inasmu* z he is inf9ite1 b inasmu* z he is conceiv$ z affect$ by ! giv5 idea 7,,ii4 ix474 ,b ( t effect :]e( ,god is ! cause1 inasmu* z he is affect$ by an idea :i* is adequate 9 a giv5 m9d1 ( t effect1 ,i repeat1 ! m9d 9 "q is ! adequate cause 7,,ii4 xi4 ,cor474 ,!re=e our m9d1 9 s f> z x has adequate ideas 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii471 is 9 c]ta9 cases necess>ily active2 ?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 :atsoev] necess>ily foll[s f ! idea :i* is adequate 9 ,god1 n by virtue ( 8 possess+ 9 himself ! m9d ( "o man only1 b by virtue ( 8 conta9+1 toge!r ) ! m9d ( t "o man1 ! m9ds ( o!r ?+s also1 ( su* an effect 7,,ii4 xi4 ,cor47 ! m9d ( ! giv5 man is n an adequate1 b only a p>tial cause2 ?us 7,,iii4 ,def4 ii47 ! m9d1 inasmu* z x has inadequate ideas1 is 9 c]ta9 cases necess>ily passive2 ?is 0 our second po9t4 ,!re=e our m9d1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y--,h5ce x foll[s t ! m9d is m or less liable to be act$ ^u1 9 proportion z x possesses inadequate ideas1 &1 contr>iwise1 is m or less active 9 proportion z x possesses adequate ideas4 ,,ii4 ,body _c det]m9e m9d to ?9k1 nei!r c m9d det]m9e body to motion or re/ or any /ate diff]5t f ^!1 if su* !re be4 ,pro(--,all modes ( ?9k+ h = _! cause ,god1 by virtue ( 8 be+ a ?9k+ ?+1 & n by virtue ( 8 be+ display$ "u any o!r attribute 7,,ii4 vi474 ,t1 !re=e1 :i* det]m9es ! m9d to ?\ght is a mode ( ?\ght1 & n a mode ( ext5sion2 t is 7,,ii4 ,def4 i471 x is n body4 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 ! motion & re/ ( a body mu/ arise f ano!r body1 :i* has also be5 det]m9$ to a /ate ( motion or re/ by a ?ird body1 & absolutely ev]y?+ :i* takes place 9 a body mu/ spr+ f ,god1 9 s f> z he is reg>d$ z affect$ by "s mode ( ext5sion1 & n by "s mode ( ?\ght 7,,ii4 vi472 t is1 x _c spr+ f ! m9d1 :i* is a mode ( ?\ght4 ,?is 0 our second po9t4 ,!re=e body _c det]m9e m9d1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,?is is made m cle> by :at 0 said 9 ! note to ,,ii4 vii41 namely1 t m9d & body are "o & ! same ?+1 conceiv$ fir/ "u ! attribute ( ?\ght1 secondly1 "u ! attribute ( ext5sion4 ,?us x foll[s t ! ord] or concat5ation ( ?+s is id5tical1 :e!r nature be conceiv$ "u ! "o attribute or ! o!r2 consequ5tly ! ord] ( /ates ( activity & passivity 9 our body is simultane\s 9 nature ) ! ord] ( /ates ( activity & passivity 9 ! m9d4 ,! same conclusion is evid5t f ! mann] 9 :i* we prov$ ,,ii4 xii4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh su* is ! case1 & ?\gh !re be no fur!r room = d\bt1 ,i c sc>cely believe1 until ! fact is prov$ by exp]i5ce1 t m5 c be induc$ to consid] ! "q calmly & fairly1 s firmly are !y conv9c$ t x is m]ely at ! bidd+ ( ! m9d1 t ! body is set 9 motion or at re/1 or p]=ms a v>iety ( actions dep5d+ solely on ! m9d's w or ! ex]cise ( ?\ght4 ,h[ev]1 no "o has hi!rto laid d[n ! limits to ! p[]s ( ! body1 t is1 no "o has z yet be5 taught by exp]i5ce :at ! body c accompli% solely by ! laws ( nature1 9 s f> z %e is reg>d$ z ext5sion4 ,no "o hi!rto has ga9$ su* an accurate k ( ! bodily me*anism1 t he c expla9 all its functions2 nor ne$ ,i call att5tion to ! fact t _m actions are obs]v$ 9 ! l[] animals1 :i* f> transc5d human sagacity1 & t somnambuli/s d _m ?+s 9 _! sleep1 :i* !y w\ld n v5ture to d :5 awake3 ^! in/ances are en\gh to %[1 t ! body c by ! sole laws ( its nature d _m ?+s :i* ! m9d wond]s at4 ,aga91 no "o kn[s h[ or by :at means ! m9d moves ! body1 nor h[ _m v>i\s degrees ( motion x c imp>t to ! body1 nor h[ quickly x c move x4 ,?us1 :5 m5 say t ?is or t physical action has its orig9 9 ! m9d1 :i* latt] has dom9ion ov] ! body1 !y are us+ words )\t mean+1 or are confess+ 9 speci\s phraseology t !y are ignorant ( ! cause ( ! said action1 & d n wond] at x4 ,b1 !y w say1 :e!r we "k or d n "k ! means :]eby ! m9d acts on ! body1 we h1 at any rate1 exp]i5ce ( ! fact t unless ! human m9d is 9 a fit /ate to ?9k1 ! body rema9s in]t4 ,moreov]1 we h exp]i5ce1 t ! m9d alone c det]m9e :e!r we speak or are sil5t1 & a v>iety ( simil> /ates :i*1 accord+ly1 we say dep5d on ! m9d's decree4 ,b1 z to ! fir/ po9t1 ,i ask su* objectors1 :e!r exp]i5ce does n also tea*1 t if ! body be inactive ! m9d is simultane\sly unfitt$ = ?9k+8 ,= :5 ! body is at re/ 9 sleep1 ! m9d simultane\sly is 9 a /ate ( torpor also1 & has no p[] ( ?9k+1 su* z x possesses :5 ! body is awake4 ,aga91 ,i ?9k ev]yone's exp]i5ce w confirm ! /atem5t1 t ! m9d is n at all times equally fit = ?9k+ on a giv5 subject1 b accord+ z ! body is m or less fitt$ = be+ /imulat$ by ! image ( ?is or t object1 s also is ! m9d m or less fitt$ = contemplat+ ! said object4 ,b1 x w be urg$1 x is impossible t solely f ! laws ( nature consid]$ z ext5d$ sub/ance1 we %\ld be able to d$uce ! causes ( build+s1 pictures1 & ?+s ( t k9d1 :i* are produc$ only by human art2 nor w\ld ! human body1 unless x 7 det]m9$ & l$ by ! m9d1 be capable ( build+ a s+le temple4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h j po9t$ out t ! objectors _c fix ! limits ( ! body's p[]1 or say :at c be conclud$ f a consid]ation ( its sole nature1 :]eas !y h exp]i5ce ( _m ?+s be+ accompli%$ solely by ! laws ( nature1 :i* !y w\ld nev] h believ$ possible except "u ! direction ( m9d3 su* are ! actions p]=m$ by somnambuli/s :ile asleep1 & wond]$ at by _! p]=m]s :5 awake4 ,i w\ld fur!r call att5tion to ! me*anism ( ! human body1 :i* f> surpasses 9 complexity all t has be5 put toge!r by human art1 n to repeat :at ,i h already %[n1 namely1 t f nature1 "u :atev] attribute %e be consid]$1 inf9ite results foll[4 ,z = ! second objection1 ,i submit t ! _w w\ld be mu* happi]1 if m5 7 z fully able to keep sil5ce z !y are to speak4 ,exp]i5ce abundantly %[s t m5 c gov]n any?+ m easily ?an _! tongues1 & re/ra9 any?+ m easily ?an _! appetites2 :5 x comes ab\t t _m believe1 t we are only free 9 respect to objects :i* we mod]ately desire1 because our desire = su* c easily be controll$ by ! ?\ght ( some?+ else frequ5tly rememb]$1 b t we are by no means free 9 respect to :at we seek ) viol5t emotion1 = our desire _c !n be allay$ ) ! remembrance ( any?+ else4 ,h[ev]1 unless su* p]sons _h prov$ by exp]i5ce t we d _m ?+s :i* we aft]w>ds rep5t (1 & aga9 t we (t51 :5 assail$ by contr>y emotions1 see ! bett] & foll[ ! worse1 !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t _! believ+ t we are free 9 all ?+s4 ,?us an infant believes t ( its own free w x desires milk1 an angry *ild believes t x freely desires to run away2 fur!r1 a drunk5 man believes t he utt]s f ! free decision ( 8 m9d words :i*1 :5 he is sob]1 he w\ld will+ly h )held3 ?us1 too1 a deliri\s man1 a g>rul\s woman1 a *ild1 & o!rs ( l complexion1 believe t !y speak f ! free decision ( _! m9d1 :5 !y are 9 reality unable to re/ra9 _! impulse to talk4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u no less cle>ly ?an reason1 t m5 believe !mselves to be free1 simply because !y are consci\s ( _! actions1 & unconsci\s ( ! causes :]eby ^? actions are det]m9$2 &1 fur!r1 x is pla9 t ! dictates ( ! m9d are b ano!r "n = ! appetites1 & !re=e v>y accord+ to ! v>y+ /ate ( ! body4 ,ev]yone %apes 8 actions accord+ to 8 emotion1 ^? :o are assail$ by conflict+ emotions "k n :at !y wi%2 ^? :o are n attack$ by any emotion are readily sway$ ?is way or t4 ,all ^! consid]ations cle>ly %[ t a m5tal decision & a bodily appetite1 or det]m9$ /ate1 are simultane\s1 or r are "o & ! same ?+1 :i* we call decision1 :5 x is reg>d$ "u & expla9$ ?r\gh ! attribute ( ?\ght1 & a condition$ /ate1 :5 x is reg>d$ "u ! attribute ( ext5sion1 & d$uc$ f ! laws ( motion & re/4 ,?is w appe> yet m pla9ly 9 ! sequel4 ,= ! pres5t ,i wi% to call att5tion to ano!r po9t1 namely1 t we _c act by ! decision ( ! m9d1 unless we h a remembrance ( hav+ done s4 ,= in/ance1 we _c say a ^w )\t rememb]+ t we h done s4 ,aga91 x is n )9 ! free p[] ( ! m9d to rememb] or =get a ?+ at w4 ,!re=e ! fre$om ( ! m9d mu/ 9 any case be limit$ to ! p[] ( utt]+ or n utt]+ some?+ :i* x rememb]s4 ,b :5 we dream t we speak1 we believe t we speak f a free decision ( ! m9d1 yet we d n speak1 or1 if we d1 x is by a spontane\s motion ( ! body4 ,aga91 we dream t we are conceal+ some?+1 & we seem to act f ! same decision ( ! m9d z t1 :]eby we keep sil5ce :5 awake conc]n+ some?+ we "k4 ,la/ly1 we dream t f ! free decision ( our m9d we d some?+1 :i* we %\ld n d>e to d :5 awake4 ,n[ ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r !re be 9 ! m9d two sorts ( decisions1 "o sort illusive1 & ! o!r sort free8 ,if our folly does n c>ry u s f> z ?is1 we mu/ necess>ily admit1 t ! decision ( ! m9d1 :i* is believ$ to be free1 is n di/+ui%able f ! imag9ation or memory1 & is no?+ m ?an ! affirmation1 :i* an idea1 by virtue ( be+ an idea1 necess>ily involves 7,,ii4 xlix474 ,:]e=e ^! decisions ( ! m9d arise 9 ! m9d by ! same necessity1 z ! ideas ( ?+s actually exi/+4 ,!re=e ^? :o believe1 t !y speak or keep sil5ce or act 9 any way f ! free decision ( _! m9d1 d b dream ) _! eyes op54 ,,iii4 ,! activities ( ! m9d arise solely f adequate ideas2 ! passive /ates ( ! m9d dep5d solely on inadequate ideas4 ,pro(--,! fir/ elem5t1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 is no?+ else b ! idea ( ! actually exi/5t body 7,,ii4 xi4 & xiii471 :i* 7,,ii4 xv47 is comp\nd$ ( _m o!r ideas1 :]e( "s are adequate & "s inadequate 7,,ii4 xxix4 ,cor41 ,,ii4 xxxviii4 ,cor474 ,:atsoev] !re=e foll[s f ! nature ( m9d1 & has m9d = its proximate cause1 ?r\gh :i* x mu/ be und]/ood1 mu/ necess>ily foll[ ei!r f an adequate or f an inadequate idea4 ,b 9 s f> z ! m9d 7,,iii4 i47 has inadequate ideas1 x is necess>ily passive3 :]e=e ! activities ( ! m9d foll[ solely f adequate ideas1 & accord+ly ! m9d is only passive 9 s f> z x has inadequate ideas4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,?us we see1 t passive /ates are n attribut$ to ! m9d1 except 9 s f> z x conta9s some?+ involv+ negation1 or 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z a "p ( nature1 :i* _c be cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceiv$ ?r\gh itself )\t o!r p>ts3 ,i c\ld ?us %[1 t passive /ates are attribut$ to individual ?+s 9 ! same way t !y are attribut$ to ! m9d1 & t !y _c o!rwise be p]ceiv$1 b my purpose is solely to treat ( ! human m9d4 ,,iv4 ,no?+ c be de/roy$1 except by a cause ext]nal to itself4 ,pro(--,?is proposition is self-evid5t1 = ! def9ition ( any?+ affirms ! ess5ce ( t ?+1 b does n negative x2 9 o!r words1 x po/ulates ! ess5ce ( ! ?+1 b does n take x away4 ,s long !re=e z we reg>d only ! ?+ itself1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ext]nal causes1 we %all n be able to f9d 9 x any?+ :i* c\ld de/roy x4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,v4 ,?+s are naturally contr>y1 t is1 _c exi/ 9 ! same object1 9 s f> z "o is capable ( de/roy+ ! o!r4 ,pro(--,if !y c\ld agree toge!r or co-exi/ 9 ! same object1 !re w\ld !n be 9 ! said object some?+ :i* c\ld de/roy x2 b ?is1 by ! =ego+ proposition1 is absurd1 !re=e ?+s1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,vi4 ,ev]y?+1 9 s f> z x is 9 itself1 endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+4 ,pro(--,individual ?+s are modes :]eby ! attributes ( ,god are express$ 9 a giv5 det]m9ate mann] 7,i4 xxv4,cor472 t is1 7,i4 xxxiv471 !y are ?+s :i* express 9 a giv5 det]m9ate mann] ! p[] ( ,god1 :]eby ,god is & acts2 n[ no ?+ conta9s 9 itself any?+ :]eby x c be de/roy$1 or :i* c take away its exi/5ce 7,,iii4 iv472 b contr>iwise x is oppos$ to all t c\ld take away its exi/5ce 7,,iii4 v474 ,!re=e1 9 s f> z x c1 & 9 s f> z x is 9 itself1 x endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,vii4 ,! endeav\r1 :]e) ev]y?+ endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+1 is no?+ else b ! actual ess5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q4 ,pro(--,f ! giv5 ess5ce ( any ?+ c]ta9 consequ5ces necess>ily foll[ 7,i4 xxxvi471 nor h ?+s any p[] save su* z necess>ily foll[s f _! nature z det]m9$ 7,i4 xxix472 :]e=e ! p[] ( any giv5 ?+1 or ! endeav\r :]eby1 ei!r alone or ) o!r ?+s1 x acts1 or endeav\rs to act1 t is 7,,iii4 vi471 ! p[] or endeav\r1 :]e) x endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+1 is no?+ else b ! giv5 or actual ess5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,viii4 ,! endeav\r1 :]eby a ?+ endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+1 involves no f9ite "t1 b an indef9ite "t4 ,pro(--,if x involv$ a limit$ "t1 :i* %\ld det]m9e ! duration ( ! ?+1 x w\ld !n foll[ solely f t p[] :]eby ! ?+ exi/s1 t ! ?+ c\ld n exi/ beyond ! limits ( t "t1 b t x mu/ be de/roy$2 b ?is 7,,iii4 iv47 is absurd4 ,:]e=e ! endeav\r :]e) a ?+ exi/s involves no def9ite "t2 b1 contr>iwise1 s9ce 7,,iii4 iv47 x w by ! same p[] :]eby x already exi/s always cont9ue to exi/1 unless x be de/roy$ by "s ext]nal cause1 ?is endeav\r involves an indef9ite "t4 ,,ix4 ,! m9d1 bo? 9 s f> z x has cle> & di/9ct ideas1 & also 9 s f> z x has confus$ ideas1 endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its be+ = an indef9ite p]iod1 & ( ?is endeav\r x is consci\s4 ,pro(--,! ess5ce ( ! m9d is con/itut$ by adequate & inadequate ideas 7,,iii4 iii471 !re=e 7,,iii4 vii471 bo? 9 s f> z x possesses ! =m]1 & 9 s f> z x possesses ! latt]1 x endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+1 & t = an indef9ite "t 7,,iii4 viii474 ,n[ z ! m9d 7,,ii4 xxiii47 is necess>ily consci\s ( itself ?r\gh ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body1 ! m9d is !re=e 7,,iii4 vii47 consci\s ( its own endeav\r4 9999999999,note--,?is endeav\r1 :5 ref]r$ solely to ! m9d1 is call$ w1 :5 ref]r$ to ! m9d & body 9 conjunction x is call$ appetite2 x is1 9 fact1 no?+ else b man's ess5ce1 f ! nature ( :i* necess>ily foll[ all ^? results :i* t5d to its pres]vation2 & :i* man has ?us be5 det]m9$ to p]=m4 ,fur!r1 betwe5 appetite & desire !re is no diff]5ce1 except t ! t]m desire is g5]ally appli$ to m51 9 s f> z !y are consci\s ( _! appetite1 & may accord+ly be ?us def9$3 ,desire is appetite ) consci\sness !re(4 ,x is ?us pla9 f :at has be5 said1 t 9 no case d we /rive =1 wi% =1 long =1 or desire any?+1 because we deem x to be good1 b on ! o!r h& we deem a ?+ to be good1 because we /rive = x1 wi% = x1 long = x1 or desire x4 ,x4 ,an idea1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( our body1 _c be po/ulat$ 9 our m9d1 b is contr>y !reto4 ,pro(--,:atsoev] c de/roy our body1 _c be po/ulat$ !re9 7,,iii4 v474 ,!re=e nei!r c ! idea ( su* a ?+ occur 9 ,god1 9 s f> z he has ! idea ( our body 7,,ii4 ix4 ,cor472 t is 7,,ii4 xi41 xiii471 ! idea ( t ?+ _c be po/ulat$ z 9 our m9d1 b contr>iwise1 s9ce 7,,ii4 xi41 xiii47 ! fir/ elem5t1 t con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 is ! idea ( ! human body z actually exi/+1 x foll[s t ! fir/ & *ief endeav\r ( our m9d is ! endeav\r to affirm ! exi/5ce ( our body3 ?us1 an idea1 :i* negatives ! exi/5ce ( our body1 is contr>y to our m9d1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xi4 ,:atsoev] increases or dim9i%es1 helps or h9d]s ! p[] ( activity 9 our body1 ! idea !re( increases or dim9i%es1 helps or h9d]s ! p[] ( ?\ght 9 our m9d4 ,pro(--,?is proposition is evid5t f ,,ii4 vii4 or f ,,ii4 xiv4 9999999999,note--,?us we see1 t ! m9d c und]go _m *anges1 & c pass sometimes to a /ate ( great] p]fection1 sometimes to a /ate ( less] p]fection4 ,^! passive /ates ( transition expla9 to u ! emotions ( pleasure & pa94 ,by pleasure !re=e 9 ! foll[+ propositions ,i %all signify a passive /ate :]e9 ! m9d passes to a great] p]fection4 ,by pa9 ,i %all signify a passive /ate :]e9 ! m9d passes to a less] p]fection4 ,fur!r1 ! emotion ( pleasure 9 ref]5ce to ! body & m9d toge!r ,i %all call /imulation 7titillatio7 or m]rim5t 7hil>itas71 ! emotion ( pa9 9 ! same relation ,i %all call suff]+ or melan*oly4 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 t /imulation & suff]+ are attribut$ to man1 :5 "o "p ( 8 nature is m affect$ ?an ! re/1 m]rim5t & melan*oly1 :5 all p>ts are alike affect$4 ,:at ,i mean by desire ,i h expla9$ 9 ! note to ,prop4 ix4 ( ?is "p2 beyond ^! ?ree ,i recognize no o!r prim>y emotion2 ,i w %[ z ,i proce$1 t all o!r emotions arise f ^! ?ree4 ,b1 be=e ,i g fur!r1 ,i %\ld l "h to expla9 at great] l5g? ,prop4 x4 ( ?is "p1 9 ord] t we may cle>ly und]/& h[ "o idea is contr>y to ano!r4 ,9 ! note to ,,ii4 xvii4 we %[$ t ! idea1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( m9d1 involves ! exi/5ce ( body1 s long z ! body itself exi/s4 ,aga91 x foll[s f :at we po9t$ out 9 ! ,coroll>y to ,,ii4 viii41 t ! pres5t exi/5ce ( our m9d dep5ds solely on ! fact1 t ! m9d involves ! actual exi/5ce ( ! body4 ,la/ly1 we %[$ 7,,ii4 xvii41 xviii4 & ,note7 t ! p[] ( ! m9d1 :]eby x imag9es & rememb]s ?+s1 also dep5ds on ! fact1 t x involves ! actual exi/5ce ( ! body4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! m9d & its p[] ( imag9+ are remov$1 z soon z ! m9d ceases to affirm ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! body4 ,n[ ! cause1 :y ! m9d ceases to affirm ?is exi/5ce ( ! body1 _c be ! m9d itself 7,,iii4 iv471 nor aga9 ! fact t ! body ceases to exi/4 ,= 7by ,,ii4 vi47 ! cause1 :y ! m9d affirms ! exi/5ce ( ! body1 is n t ! body began to exi/2 !re=e1 = ! same reason1 x does n cease to affirm ! exi/5ce ( ! body1 because ! body ceases to exi/2 b 7,,ii4 xvii47 ?is result foll[s f ano!r idea1 :i* excludes ! pres5t exi/5ce ( our body &1 consequ5tly1 ( our m9d1 & :i* is !re=e contr>y to ! idea con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( our m9d4 ,,xii4 ,! m9d1 z f> z x c1 endeav\rs to conceive ^? ?+s1 :i* increase or help ! p[] ( activity 9 ! body4 ,pro(--,s long z ! human body is affect$ 9 a mode1 :i* involves ! nature ( any ext]nal body1 ! human m9d w reg>d t ext]nal body z pres5t 7,,ii4 xvii471 & consequ5tly 7,,ii4 vii471 s long z ! human m9d reg>ds an ext]nal body z pres5t1 t is 7,,ii4 xvii4 ,note71 conceives x1 ! human body is affect$ 9 a mode1 :i* involves ! nature ( ! said ext]nal body2 ?us s long z ! m9d conceives ?+s1 :i* increase or help ! p[] ( activity 9 our body1 ! body is affect$ 9 modes :i* increase or help its p[] ( activity 7,,iii4 ,po/4 i472 consequ5tly 7,,iii4 xi47 ! m9d's p[] ( ?9k+ is = t p]iod increas$ or help$4 ,?us 7,,iii4 vi41 ix47 ! m9d1 z f> z x c1 endeav\rs to imag9e su* ?+s4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xiii4 ,:5 ! m9d conceives ?+s :i* dim9i% or h9d] ! body's p[] ( activity1 x endeav\rs1 z f> z possible1 to rememb] ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! fir/-nam$ ?+s4 ,pro(--,s long z ! m9d conceives any?+ ( ! k9d allud$ to1 ! p[] ( ! m9d & body is dim9i%$ or con/ra9$ 7cf4 ,,iii4 xii4 ,pro(72 nev]!less x w cont9ue to conceive x1 until ! m9d conceives some?+ else1 :i* excludes ! pres5t exi/5ce !re( 7,,ii4 xvii472 t is 7z ,i h j %[n71 ! p[] ( ! m9d & ( ! body is dim9i%$1 or con/ra9$1 until ! m9d conceives some?+ else1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! =m] ?+ conceiv$3 !re=e ! m9d 7,,iii4 ix471 z f> z x c1 w endeav\r to conceive or rememb] ! latt]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y--,h5ce x foll[s t ! m9d %r9ks f conceiv+ ^? ?+s1 :i* dim9i% or con/ra9 ! p[] ( itself & ( ! body4 9999999999,note--,f :at has be5 said we may cle>ly und]/& ! nature ( ,love & ,hate4 ,love is no?+ else b pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,we fur!r see1 t he :o loves necess>ily endeav\rs to h1 & to keep pres5t to him1 ! object ( 8 love2 :ile he :o hates endeav\rs to remove & de/roy ! object ( 8 hatr$4 ,b ,i w treat ( ^! matt]s at m l5g? h]eaft]4 ,,xiv4 ,if ! m9d has once be5 affect$ by two emotions at ! same "t1 x w1 :5ev] x is aft]w>ds affect$ by "o ( ^! two1 be also affect$ by ! o!r4 ,pro(--,if ! human body has once be5 affect$ by two bodies at once1 :5ev] aft]w>ds ! m9d conceives "o ( !m1 x w /raightway rememb] ! o!r also 7,,ii4 xviii474 ,b ! m9d's conceptions indicate r ! emotions ( our body ?an ! nature ( ext]nal bodies 7,,ii4 xvi4 ,cor4 ii472 !re=e1 if ! body1 & consequ5tly ! m9d 7,,iii4 ,def4 iii47 has be5 once affect$ by two emotions at ! same "t1 x w1 :5ev] x is aft]w>ds affect$ by "o ( ! two1 be also affect$ by ! o!r4 ,,xv4 ,any?+ c1 accid5tally1 be ! cause ( pleasure1 pa91 or desire4 ,pro(--,let x be grant$ t ! m9d is simultane\sly affect$ by two emotions1 ( :i* "o nei!r increases nor dim9i%es its p[] ( activity1 & ! o!r does ei!r increase or dim9i% ! said p[] 7,,iii4 ,po/4 i474 ,f ! =ego+ proposition x is evid5t t1 :5ev] ! m9d is aft]w>ds affect$ by ! =m]1 ?r\gh its true cause1 :i* 7by hypo!sis7 nei!r increases nor dim9i%es its p[] ( action1 x w be at ! same "t affect$ by ! latt]1 :i* does increase or dim9i% its p[] ( activity1 t is 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 x w be affect$ ) pleasure or pa94 ,?us ! =m] ( ! two emotions w1 n ?r\gh itself1 b accid5tally1 be ! cause ( pleasure or pa94 ,9 ! same way also x c be easily %[n1 t a ?+ may be accid5tally ! cause ( desire4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y--,simply f ! fact t we h reg>d$ a ?+ ) ! emotion ( pleasure or pa91 ?\gh t ?+ be n ! effici5t cause ( ! emotion1 we c ei!r love or hate x4 ,pro(--,= f ?is fact alone x arises 7,,iii4 xiv471 t ! m9d aft]w>ds conceiv+ ! said ?+ is affect$ ) ! emotion ( pleasure or pa91 t is 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 accord+ z ! p[] ( ! m9d & body may be increas$ or dim9i%$1 c42 & consequ5tly 7,,iii4 xii471 accord+ z ! m9d may desire or %r9k f ! conception ( x 7,,iii4 xiii4 ,cor471 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 accord+ z x may love or hate ! same4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,h5ce we und]/& h[ x may happ51 t we love or hate a ?+ )\t any cause = our emotion be+ kn[n to u2 m]ely1 z a phrase is1 f sympa?y or antipa?y4 ,we %\ld ref] to ! same category ^? objects1 :i* affect u pleasurably or pa9fully1 simply because !y resemble o!r objects :i* affect u 9 ! same way4 ,?is ,i w %[ 9 ! next ,prop4 ,i am aw>e t c]ta9 au?ors1 :o 7 ! fir/ to introduce ^! t]ms sympa?y & antipa?y1 wi%$ to signify !reby "s occult qualities 9 ?+s2 nev]!less ,i ?9k we may be p]mitt$ to use ! same t]ms to indicate kn[n or manife/ qualities4 ,,xvi4 ,simply f ! fact t we conceive1 t a giv5 object has "s po9t ( resemblance ) ano!r object :i* is wont to affect ! m9d pleasurably or pa9fully1 al?\gh ! po9t ( resemblance be n ! effici5t cause ( ! said emotions1 we %all /ill reg>d ! fir/-nam$ object ) love or hate4 ,pro(--,! po9t ( resemblance 0 9 ! object 7by hypo!sis71 :5 we reg>d$ x ) pleasure or pa91 ?us 7,,iii4 xiv471 :5 ! m9d is affect$ by ! image !re(1 x w /raightway be affect$ by "o or ! o!r emotion1 & consequ5tly ! ?+1 :i* we p]ceive to h ! same po9t ( resemblance1 w be accid5tally 7,,iii4 xv47 a cause ( pleasure or pa94 ,?us 7by ! =ego+ ,coroll>y71 al?\gh ! po9t 9 :i* ! two objects resemble "o ano!r be n ! effici5t cause ( ! emotion1 we %all /ill reg>d ! fir/-nam$ object ) love or hate4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xvii4 ,if we conceive t a ?+1 :i* is wont to affect u pa9fully1 has any po9t ( resemblance ) ano!r ?+ :i* is wont to affect u ) an equally /rong emotion ( pleasure1 we %all hate ! fir/-nam$ ?+1 & at ! same "t we %all love x4 ,pro(--,! giv5 ?+ is 7by hypo!sis7 9 itself a cause ( pa91 & 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 9 s f> z we imag9e x ) ?is emotion1 we %all hate x3 fur!r1 inasmu* z we conceive t x has "s po9t ( resemblance to some?+ else1 :i* is wont to affect u ) an equally /rong emotion ( pleasure1 we %all ) an equally /rong impulse ( pleasure love x 7,,iii4 xvi472 ?us we %all bo? hate & love ! same ?+4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,?is disposition ( ! m9d1 :i* arises f two contr>y emotions1 is call$ vacillation2 x /&s to ! emotions 9 ! same relation z d\bt does to ! imag9ation 7,,ii4 xliv4 note72 vacillation & d\bt d n diff] "o f ! o!r1 except z great] diff]s f less4 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ,i h d$uc$ ?is vacillation f causes1 :i* give rise ?r\gh !mselves to "o ( ! emotions1 & to ! o!r accid5tally4 ,i h done ?is1 9 ord] t !y might be m easily d$uc$ f :at w5t be=e2 b ,i d n d5y t vacillation ( ! disposition g5]ally arises f an object1 :i* is ! effici5t cause ( bo? emotions4 ,! human body is compos$ 7,,ii4 ,po/4 i47 ( a v>iety ( individual p>ts ( diff]5t nature1 & may !re=e 7,ax4 i4 aft] ,lemma iii4 aft] ,,ii4 xiii47 be affect$ 9 a v>iety ( diff]5t ways by "o & ! same body2 & contr>iwise1 z "o & ! same ?+ c be affect$ 9 _m ways1 x c also 9 _m diff]5t ways affect "o & ! same "p ( ! body4 ,h5ce we c easily conceive1 t "o & ! same object may be ! cause ( _m & conflict+ emotions4 ,,xviii4 ,a man is z mu* affect$ pleasurably or pa9fully by ! image ( a ?+ pa/ or future z by ! image ( a ?+ pres5t4 ,pro(--,s long z a man is affect$ by ! image ( any?+1 he w reg>d t ?+ z pres5t1 ev5 ?\gh x be non-exi/5t 7,,ii4 xvii4 & ,cor471 he w n conceive x z pa/ or future1 except 9 s f> z its image is jo9$ to ! image ( "t pa/ or future 7,,ii4 xliv4 note74 ,:]e=e ! image ( a ?+1 reg>d$ 9 itself alone1 is id5tical1 :e!r x be ref]r$ to "t pa/1 "t future1 or "t pres5t2 t is 7,,ii4 xvi4 ,cor471 ! disposition or emotion ( ! body is id5tical1 :e!r ! image be ( a ?+ pa/ or future4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note ,i4--,i call a ?+ pa/ or future1 accord+ z we ei!r h be5 or %all be affect$ !reby4 ,= in/ance1 accord+ z we h se5 x1 or are ab\t to see x1 accord+ z x has recreat$ u1 or w recreate u1 accord+ z x has h>m$ u1 or w h>m u4 ,=1 z we ?us conceive x1 we affirm its exi/5ce2 t is1 ! body is affect$ by no emotion :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+1 & !re=e 7,,ii4 xvii47 ! body is affect$ by ! image ( ! ?+1 9 ! same way z if ! ?+ 7 actually pres5t4 ,h[ev]1 z x g5]ally happ5s t ^?1 :o h _h _m exp]i5ces1 vacillate1 s long z !y reg>d a ?+ z future or pa/1 & are usually 9 d\bt ab\t its issue 7,,ii4 xliv4 note72 x foll[s t ! emotions :i* arise f simil> images ( ?+s are n s con/ant1 b are g5]ally di/urb$ by ! images ( o!r ?+s1 until m5 become assur$ ( ! issue4 9999999999,note ,,ii4--,f :at has j be5 said1 we und]/& :at is meant by ! t]ms ,hope1 ,fe>1 ,confid5ce1 ,despair1 ,joy1 & ,disappo9tm5t4 ,hope is no?+ else b an incon/ant pleasure1 aris+ f ! image ( some?+ future or pa/1 :]e( we d n yet "k ! issue4 ,fe>1 on ! o!r h&1 is an incon/ant pa9 also aris+ f ! image ( some?+ conc]n+ :i* we are 9 d\bt4 ,if ! elem5t ( d\bt be remov$ f ^! emotions1 hope becomes ,confid5ce & fe> becomes ,despair4 ,9 o!r words1 ,pleasure or ,pa9 aris+ f ! image ( some?+ conc]n+ :i* we h hop$ or fe>$4 ,aga91 ,joy is ,pleasure aris+ f ! image ( some?+ pa/ :]e( we h d\bt$ ! issue4 ,disappo9tm5t is ! ,pa9 oppos$ to ,joy4 ,,xix4 ,he :o conceives t ! object ( 8 love is de/roy$ w feel pa92 if he conceives t x is pres]v$ he w feel pleasure4 ,pro(--,! m9d1 z f> z possible1 endeav\rs to conceive ^? ?+s :i* increase or help ! body's p[] ( activity 7,,iii4 xii472 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xii4 note71 ^? ?+s :i* x loves4 ,b conception is help$ by ^? ?+s :i* po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 & contr>iwise is h9d]$ by ^? :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ 7,,ii4 xvii472 !re=e ! images ( ?+s1 :i* po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( an object ( love1 help ! m9d's endeav\r to conceive ! object ( love1 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 affect ! m9d pleasurably2 contr>iwise ^? ?+s1 :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( an object ( love1 h9d] ! a=esaid m5tal endeav\r2 9 o!r words1 affect ! m9d pa9fully4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o conceives t ! object ( 8 love is de/roy$ w feel pa91 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xx4 ,he :o conceives t ! object ( 8 hate is de/roy$ w also feel pleasure4 ,pro(--,! m9d 7,,iii4 xiii47 endeav\rs to conceive ^? ?+s1 :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ?+s :]eby ! body's p[] ( activity is dim9i%$ or con/ra9$2 t is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 x endeav\rs to conceive su* ?+s z exclude ! exi/5ce ( :at x hates2 !re=e ! image ( a ?+1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( :at ! m9d hates1 helps ! a=esaid m5tal ef=t1 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 affects ! m9d pleasurably4 ,?us he :o conceives t ! object ( 8 hate is de/roy$ w feel pleasure4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xxi4 ,he :o conceives1 t ! object ( 8 love is affect$ pleasurably or pa9fully1 w himself be affect$ pleasurably or pa9fully2 & ! "o or ! o!r emotion w be great] or less 9 ! lov] accord+ z x is great] or less 9 ! ?+ lov$4 ,pro(--,! images ( ?+s 7z we %[$ 9 ,,iii4 xix47 :i* po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( ! object ( love1 help ! m9d's endeav\r to conceive ! said object4 ,b pleasure po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( some?+ feel+ pleasure1 s mu* ! m 9 proportion z ! emotion ( pleasure is great]2 = x is 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 a transition to a great] p]fection2 !re=e ! image ( pleasure 9 ! object ( love helps ! m5tal endeav\r ( ! lov]2 t is1 x affects ! lov] pleasurably1 & s mu* ! m1 9 proportion z ?is emotion may h be5 great] 9 ! object ( love4 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,fur!r1 9 s f> z a ?+ is affect$ ) pa91 x is to t ext5t de/roy$1 ! ext5t be+ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( pa9 7,,iii4 xi4 note72 !re=e 7,,iii4 xix47 he :o conceives1 t ! object ( 8 love is affect$ pa9fully1 w himself be affect$ pa9fully1 9 proportion z ! said emotion is great] or less 9 ! object ( love4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xxii4 ,if we conceive t any?+ pleasurably affects "s object ( our love1 we %all be affect$ ) love t[>ds t ?+4 ,contr>iwise1 if we conceive t x affects an object ( our love pa9fully1 we %all be affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds x4 ,pro(--,he1 :o affects pleasurably or pa9fully ! object ( our love1 affects u also pleasurably or pa9fully--t is1 if we conceive ! lov$ object z affect$ ) ! said pleasure or pa9 7,,iii4 xxi474 ,b ?is pleasure or pa9 is po/ulat$ to come to u accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause2 !re=e 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 if we conceive t anyone affects an object ( our love pleasurably or pa9fully1 we %all be affect$ ) love or hatr$ t[>ds him4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,prop4 xxi4 expla9s to u ! nature ( ',pity1' :i* we may def9e z 'pa9 aris+ f ano!r's hurt4' ,:at t]m we c use = pleasure aris+ f ano!r's ga91 ,i "k n4 ,we w call ! 'love t[>ds him :o conf]s a b5efit on ano!r1' ',approval2' & ! 'hatr$ t[>ds him :o injures ano!r1' we w call ',indignation4' ,we mu/ fur!r rem>k1 t we n only feel pity = a ?+ :i* we h lov$ 7z %[n 9 ,,iii4 xxi471 b also = a ?+ :i* we h hi!rto reg>d$ )\t emotion1 provid$ t we deem t x resembles ourselves 7z ,i w %[ pres5tly74 ,?us1 we be/[ approval on "o :o has b5efit$ any?+ resembl+ ourselves1 &1 contr>iwise1 are indignant ) him :o has done x an injury4 ,,xxiii4 ,he :o conceives1 t an object ( 8 hatr$ is pa9fully affect$1 w feel pleasure4 ,contr>iwise1 if he ?9ks t ! said object is pleasurably affect$1 he w feel pa94 ,ea* ( ^! emotions w be great] or less1 accord+ z its contr>y is great] or less 9 ! object ( hatr$4 ,pro(--,9 s f> z an object ( hatr$ is pa9fully affect$1 x is de/roy$1 to an ext5t proportion$ to ! /r5g? ( ! pa9 7,,iii4 xi4 note74 ,!re=e1 he 7,,iii4 xx47 :o conceives1 t "s object ( 8 hatr$ is pa9fully affect$1 w feel pleasure1 to an ext5t proportion$ to ! am\nt ( pa9 he conceives 9 ! object ( 8 hatr$4 ,?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 pleasure po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( ! pleasurably affect$ ?+ 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 9 proportion z ! pleasure is great] or less4 ,if anyone imag9es t an object ( 8 hatr$ is pleasurably affect$1 ?is conception 7,,iii4 xiii47 w h9d] 8 own endeav\r to p]si/2 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 he :o hates w be pa9fully affect$4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,?is pleasure c sc>cely be felt unalloy$1 & )\t any m5tal conflict4 ,= 7z ,i am ab\t to %[ 9 ,prop4 xxvii471 9 s f> z a man conceives t some?+ simil> to himself is affect$ by pa91 he w himself be affect$ 9 l mann]2 & he w h ! contr>y emotion 9 contr>y circum/ances4 ,b "h we are reg>d+ hatr$ only4 ,,xxiv4 ,if we conceive t anyone pleasurably affects an object ( our hate1 we %all feel hatr$ t[>ds him also4 ,if we conceive t he pa9fully affects t said object1 we %all feel love t[>ds him4 ,pro(--,?is proposition is prov$ 9 ! same way z ,,iii4 xxii41 :i* see4 9999999999,note--,^! & simil> emotions ( hatr$ are attributable to 'envy1' :i*1 accord+ly1 is no?+ else b 'hatr$1 9 s f> z x is reg>d$ z dispos+ a man to rejoice 9 ano!r's hurt1 & to grieve at ano!r's advantage4' ,,xxv4 ,we endeav\r to affirm1 conc]n+ ourselves1 & conc]n+ :at we love1 ev]y?+ t we c conceive to affect pleasurably ourselves1 or ! lov$ object4 ,contr>iwise1 we endeav\r to negative ev]y?+1 :i* we conceive to affect pa9fully ourselves or ! lov$ object4 ,pro(--,t1 :i* we conceive to affect an object ( our love pleasurably or pa9fully1 affects u also pleasurably or pa9fully 7,,iii4 xxi474 ,b ! m9d 7,,iii4 xii47 endeav\rs1 z f> z possible1 to conceive ^? ?+s :i* affect u pleasurably2 9 o!r words 7,,ii4 xvii4 & ,cor471 x endeav\rs to reg>d !m z pres5t4 ,&1 contr>iwise 7,,iii4 xiii471 x endeav\rs to exclude ! exi/5ce ( su* ?+s z affect u pa9fully2 !re=e1 we endeav\r to affirm conc]n+ ourselves1 & conc]n+ ! lov$ object1 :atev] we conceive to affect ourselves1 or ! love object pleasurably4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xxvi4 ,we endeav\r to affirm1 conc]n+ t :i* we hate1 ev]y?+ :i* we conceive to affect x pa9fully2 &1 contr>iwise1 we endeav\r to d5y1 conc]n+ x1 ev]y?+ :i* we conceive to affect x pleasurably4 ,pro(--,?is proposition foll[s f ,,iii4 xxiii41 z ! =ego+ proposition foll[$ f ,,iii4 xxi4 9999999999,note--,?us we see t x may readily happ51 t a man may easily ?9k too highly ( himself1 or a lov$ object1 &1 contr>iwise1 too meanly ( a hat$ object4 ,?is feel+ is call$ 'pride1' 9 ref]5ce to ! man :o ?9ks too highly ( himself1 & is a species ( madness1 :]e9 a man dreams ) 8 eyes op51 ?9k+ t he c accompli% all ?+s t fall )9 ! scope ( 8 conception1 & !reupon acc\nt+ !m real1 & exult+ 9 !m1 s long z he is unable to conceive any?+ :i* excludes _! exi/5ce1 & det]m9es 8 own p[] ( action4 ',pride1' !re=e1 is 'pleasure spr++ f a man ?9k+ too highly ( himself4' ,aga91 ! 'pleasure :i* arises f a man ?9k+ too highly ( ano!r' is call$ 'ov]-e/eem4' ,:]eas ! 'pleasure :i* arises f ?9k+ too little ( a man' is call$ 'disda94' ,,xxvii4 ,by ! v fact t we conceive a ?+1 :i* is l ourselves1 & :i* we h n reg>d$ ) any emotion1 to be affect$ ) any emotion1 we are ourselves affect$ ) a l emotion 7affectus74 ,pro(--,! images ( ?+s are modifications ( ! human body1 :]e( ! ideas repres5t ext]nal bodies z pres5t to u 7,,ii4 xvii472 9 o!r words 7,,ii4 x471 :]e( ! ideas involve ! nature ( our body1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! nature ( ! ext]nal bodies z pres5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! nature ( ! ext]nal body be simil> to ! nature ( our body1 !n ! idea :i* we =m ( ! ext]nal body w involve a modification ( our own body simil> to ! modification ( ! ext]nal body4 ,consequ5tly1 if we conceive anyone simil> to ourselves z affect$ by any emotion1 ?is conception w express a modification ( our body simil> to t emotion4 ,?us1 f ! fact ( conceiv+ a ?+ l ourselves to be affect$ ) any emotion1 we are ourselves affect$ ) a l emotion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we hate ! said ?+ l ourselves1 we %all1 to t ext5t1 be affect$ by a contr>y1 & n simil>1 emotion4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note ,i--,?is imitation ( emotions1 :5 x is ref]r$ to pa91 is call$ compassion 7cf4 ,,iii4 xxii4 note72 :5 x is ref]r$ to desire1 x is call$ emulation1 :i* is no?+ else b ! desire ( any?+1 eng5d]$ 9 u by ! fact t we conceive t o!rs h ! l desire4 ,coroll>y ,i--,if we conceive t anyone1 :om we h hi!rto reg>d$ ) no emotion1 pleasurably affects some?+ simil> to ourselves1 we %all be affect$ ) love t[>ds him4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we conceive t he pa9fully affects ! same1 we %all be affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds him4 ,pro(--,?is is prov$ f ! la/ proposition 9 ! same mann] z ,,iii4 xxii4 is prov$ f ,,iii4 xxi4 ,coroll>y ,,ii--,we _c hate a ?+ :i* we pity1 because its mis]y affects u pa9fully4 ,pro(--,if we c\ld hate x = ?is reason1 we %\ld rejoice 9 its pa91 :i* is contr>y to ! hypo!sis4 ,coroll>y ,,iii--,we seek to free f mis]y1 z f> z we c1 a ?+ :i* we pity4 ,pro(--,t1 :i* pa9fully affects ! object ( our pity1 affects u also ) simil> pa9 7by ! =ego+ proposition72 !re=e1 we %all endeav\r to recall ev]y?+ :i* removes its exi/5ce1 or :i* de/roys x 7cf4 ,,iii4 xiii472 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 ix4 note71 we %all desire to de/roy x1 or we %all be det]m9$ = its de/ruction2 ?us1 we %all endeav\r to free f mis]y a ?+ :i* we pity4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note ,,ii--,?is w or appetite = do+ good1 :i* arises f pity ( ! ?+ :]eon we w\ld conf] a b5efit1 is call$ b5evol5ce1 & is no?+ else b desire aris+ f compassion4 ,conc]n+ love or hate t[>ds him :o has done good or h>m to some?+1 :i* we conceive to be l ourselves1 see ,,iii4 xxii4 note4 ,,xxviii4 ,we endeav\r to br+ ab\t :atsoev] we conceive to conduce to pleasure2 b we endeav\r to remove or de/roy :atsoev] we conceive to be truly repugnant !reto1 or to conduce to pa94 ,pro(--,we endeav\r1 z f> z possible1 to conceive t :i* we imag9e to conduce to pleasure 7,,iii4 xii472 9 o!r words 7,,ii4 xvii47 we %all endeav\r to conceive x z f> z possible z pres5t or actually exi/+4 ,b ! endeav\r ( ! m9d1 or ! m9d's p[] ( ?\ght1 is equal to1 & simultane\s )1 ! endeav\r ( ! body1 or ! body's p[] ( action4 7,?is is cle> f ,,ii4 vii4 ,cor4 & ,,ii4 xi4 ,cor474 ,!re=e we make an absolute endeav\r = its exi/5ce1 9 o!r words 7:i* by ,,iii4 ix41 note1 come to ! same ?+7 we desire & /rive = x2 ?is 0 our fir/ po9t4 ,aga91 if we conceive t some?+1 :i* we believ$ to be ! cause ( pa91 t is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 :i* we hate1 is de/roy$1 we %all rejoice 7,,iii4 xx474 ,we %all1 !re=e 7by ! fir/ "p ( ?is pro(71 endeav\r to de/roy ! same1 or 7,,iii4 xiii47 to remove x f u1 s t we may n reg>d x z pres5t2 ?is 0 our second po9t4 ,:]e=e :atsoev] conduces to pleasure1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xxix4 ,we %all also endeav\r to d :atsoev] we conceive m599 to reg>d ) pleasure1 & contr>iwise we %all %r9k f do+ t :i* we conceive m5 to %r9k f4 99,n4,b4 ,by m5 9 ?is & ! foll[+ propositions1 ,i mean m5 :om we reg>d )\t any p>ticul> emotion4 ,pro(--,f ! fact ( imag9+1 t m5 love or hate any?+1 we %all love or hate ! same ?+ 7,,iii4 xxvii474 ,t is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 f ?is m]e fact we %all feel pleasure or pa9 at ! ?+'s pres5ce4 ,& s we %all endeav\r to d :atsoev] we conceive m5 to love or reg>d ) pleasure1 etc4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,?is endeav\r to d a ?+ or leave x undone1 solely 9 ord] to please m51 we call ambition1 especially :5 we s eag]ly endeav\r to please ! vulg>1 t we d or omit c]ta9 ?+s to our own or ano!r's hurt3 9 o!r cases x is g5]ally call$ k9dl9ess4 ,fur!rmore ,i give ! "n ( praise to ! pleasure1 ) :i* we conceive ! action ( ano!r1 :]eby he has endeav\r$ to please u2 b ( blame to ! pa9 :]e) we feel av]sion to 8 action4 ,,xxx4 ,if anyone has done some?+ :i* he conceives z affect+ o!r m5 pleasurably1 he w be affect$ by pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( himself z cause2 9 o!r words1 he w reg>d himself ) pleasure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he has done any?+ :i* he conceives z affect+ o!rs pa9fully1 he w reg>d himself ) pa94 ,pro(--,he :o conceives1 t he affects o!rs ) pleasure or pa91 w1 by t v fact1 himself be affect$ ) pleasure or pa9 7,,iii4 xxvii471 b1 z a man 7,,ii4 xix4 & xxiii47 is consci\s ( himself ?r\gh ! modifications :]eby he is det]m9$ to action1 x foll[s t he :o conceives1 t he affects o!rs pleasurably1 w be affect$ ) pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( himself z cause2 9 o!r words1 he w reg>d himself ) pleasure4 ,& s mutatis mut&is 9 ! case ( pa94 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,z love 7,,iii4 xiii47 is pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause1 & hatr$ is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause2 ! pleasure & pa9 9 "q w be a species ( love & hatr$4 ,b1 z ! t]ms love & hatr$ are us$ 9 ref]5ce to ext]nal objects1 we w employ o!r names = ! emotions n[ "u discussion3 pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause we w /yle ,hon\r1 & ! emotion contr>y !reto we w /yle ,%ame3 ,i mean 9 su* cases z :]e pleasure or pa9 arises f a man's belief1 t he is be+ prais$ or blam$3 o!rwise pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause is call$ self-complac5cy1 & its contr>y pa9 is call$ rep5tance4 ,aga91 z x may happ5 7,,ii4 xvii4 ,cor47 t ! pleasure1 :]e) a man conceives t he affects o!rs1 may exi/ solely 9 8 own imag9ation1 & z 7,,iii4 xxv47 ev]yone endeav\rs to conceive conc]n+ himself t :i* he conceives w affect him ) pleasure1 x may easily come to pass t a va9 man may be pr\d & may imag9e t he is pleas+ to all1 :5 9 reality he may be an annoyance to all4 ,,xxxi4 ,if we conceive t anyone loves1 desires1 or hates any?+ :i* we ourselves love1 desire1 or hate1 we %all !reupon reg>d ! ?+ 9 "q ) m /eadfa/ love1 c4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we ?9k t anyone %r9ks f some?+ t we love1 we %all und]go vacillations ( s\l4 ,pro(--,f ! m]e fact ( conceiv+ t anyone loves any?+ we %all ourselves love t ?+ 7,,iii4 xxvii473 b we are assum$ to love x already2 !re is1 !re=e1 a new cause ( love1 :]eby our =m] emotion is fo/]$2 h5ce we %all !reupon love x m /eadfa/ly4 ,aga91 f ! m]e fact ( conceiv+ t anyone %r9ks f any?+1 we %all ourselves %r9k f t ?+ 7,,iii4 xxvii474 ,if we assume t we at ! same "t love x1 we %all !n simultane\sly love x & %r9k f x2 9 o!r words1 we %all be subject to vacillation 7,,iii4 xvii4 note74 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y--,f ! =ego+1 & also f ,,iii4 xxviii4 x foll[s t ev]yone endeav\rs1 z f> z possible1 to cause o!rs to love :at he himself loves1 & to hate :at he himself hates3 z ! poet99 says3 ,z lov] let u %>e e hope & e fe>3 ironhe>t$ 7 he :o %\ld love :at ! o!r leaves49999 99 ,ovid1 ,amores1 ,,ii4 xix4 #d1e 9999 ,sp9oza transposes ! v]ses3 ,sp]emus p>it]1 p>it] metuamus amantes2 ,f]reus e/1 si quis1 quod s9it alt]1 amat4 9999999999,note--,?is endeav\r to br+ x ab\t1 t our own likes & dislikes %\ld meet ) univ]sal approval1 is really ambition 7see ,,iii4 xxix4 note72 :]e=e we see t ev]yone by nature desires 7appet]e71 t ! re/ ( mank9d %\ld live accord+ to 8 own individual disposition3 :5 su* a desire is equally pres5t 9 all1 ev]yone /&s 9 ev]yone else's way1 & 9 wi%+ to be lov$ or prais$ by all1 all become mutually hateful4 ,,xxxii4 ,if we conceive t anyone takes delight 9 some?+1 :i* only "o p]son c possess1 we %all endeav\r to br+ x ab\t t ! man 9 "q %all n ga9 possession !re(4 ,pro(--,f ! m]e fact ( our conceiv+ t ano!r p]son takes delight 9 a ?+ 7,,iii4 xxvii4 & ,cor47 we %all ourselves love t ?+ & desire to take delight !re94 ,b we assum$ t ! pleasure 9 "q w\ld be prev5t$ by ano!r's delight 9 its object2 we %all1 !re=e1 endeav\r to prev5t 8 possession !re( 7,,iii4 xxviii474 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,we ?us see t man's nature is g5]ally s con/itut$1 t he takes pity on ^? :o f>e ill1 & envies ^? :o f>e well ) an am\nt ( hatr$ proportion$ to 8 own love = ! goods 9 _! possession4 ,fur!r1 we see t f ! same prop]ty ( human nature1 :5ce x foll[s t m5 are m]ciful1 x foll[s also t !y are envi\s & ambiti\s4 ,la/ly1 if we make appeal to ,exp]i5ce1 we %all f9d t %e entirely confirms :at we h said2 m especially if we turn our att5tion to ! fir/ ye>s ( our life4 ,we f9d t *ildr51 ^: body is cont9ually1 z x 71 9 equilibrium1 laugh or cry simply because !y see o!rs laugh+ or cry+2 moreov]1 !y desire =?) to imitate :atev] !y see o!rs do+1 & to possess !mselves ( :atev] !y conceive z delight+ o!rs3 inasmu* z ! images ( ?+s are1 z we h said1 modifications ( ! human body1 or modes :]e9 ! human body is affect$ & dispos$ by ext]nal causes to act 9 ?is or t mann]4 ,,xxxiii4 ,:5 we love a ?+ simil> to ourselves we endeav\r1 z f> z we c1 to br+ ab\t t x %\ld love u 9 return4 ,pro(--,t :i* we love we endeav\r1 z f> z we c1 to conceive 9 pref]5ce to any?+ else 7,,iii4 xii474 ,if ! ?+ be simil> to ourselves1 we %all endeav\r to affect x pleasurably 9 pref]5ce to any?+ else 7,,iii4 xxix474 ,9 o!r words1 we %all endeav\r1 z f> z we c1 to br+ x ab\t1 t ! ?+ %\ld be affect$ ) pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( ourselves1 t is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note71 t x %\ld love u 9 return4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xxxiv4 ,! great] ! emotion ) :i* we conceive a lov$ object to be affect$ t[>ds u1 ! great] w be our complac5cy4 ,pro(--,we endeav\r 7,,iii4 xxxiii471 z f> z we c1 to br+ ab\t1 t :at we love %\ld love u 9 return3 9 o!r words1 t :at we love %\ld be affect$ ) pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( ourself z cause4 ,!re=e1 9 proportion z ! lov$ object is m pleasurably affect$ because ( u1 our endeav\r w be assi/$4 --t is 7,,iii4 xi4 & note7 ! great] w be our pleasure4 ,b :5 we take pleasure 9 ! fact1 t we pleasurably affect some?+ simil> to ourselves1 we reg>d ourselves ) pleasure 7,,iii4 xxx72 !re=e ! great] ! emotion ) :i* we conceive a lov$ object to be affect$1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xxxv4 ,if anyone conceives1 t an object ( 8 love jo9s itself to ano!r ) clos] bonds ( fri5d%ip ?an he himself has atta9$ to1 he w be affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds ! lov$ object & ) envy t[>ds 8 rival4 ,pro(--,9 proportion z a man ?9ks1 t a lov$ object is well affect$ t[>ds him1 w be ! /r5g? ( 8 self-approval 7by ! la/ ,prop471 t is 7,,iii4 xxx4 note71 ( 8 pleasure2 he w1 !re=e 7,,iii4 xxviii471 endeav\r1 z f> z he c1 to imag9e ! lov$ object z mo/ closely b\nd to him3 ?is endeav\r or desire w be increas$1 if he ?9ks t someone else has a simil> desire 7,,iii4 xxxi474 ,b ?is endeav\r or desire is assum$ to be *eck$ by ! image ( ! lov$ object 9 conjunction ) ! image ( him :om ! lov$ object has jo9$ to itself2 !re=e 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 he w = t reason be affect$ ) pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! lov$ object z a cause 9 conjunction ) ! image ( 8 rival2 t is1 he w be 7,,iii4 xiii47 affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds ! lov$ object & also t[>ds 8 rival 7,,iii4 xv4 ,cor471 :i* latt] he w envy z enjoy+ ! belov$ object4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,?is hatr$ t[>ds an object ( love jo9$ ) envy is call$ ,jeal\sy1 :i* accord+ly is no?+ else b a wav]+ ( ! disposition aris+ f comb9$ love & hatr$1 accompani$ by ! idea ( "s rival :o is envi$4 ,fur!r1 ?is hatr$ t[>ds ! object ( love w be great]1 9 proportion to ! pleasure :i* ! jeal\s man _h be5 wont to d]ive f ! reciprocat$ love ( ! said object2 & also 9 proportion to ! feel+s he _h previ\sly ent]ta9$ t[>ds 8 rival4 ,if he _h hat$ him1 he w =?) hate ! object ( 8 love1 because he conceives x is pleasurably affect$ by "o :om he himself hates3 & also because he is compell$ to associate ! image ( 8 lov$ "o ) ! image ( him :om he hates4 ,?is condition g5]ally comes into play 9 ! case ( love = a woman3 = he :o ?9ks1 t a woman :om he loves pro/itutes h]self to ano!r1 w feel pa91 n only because 8 own desire is re/ra9$1 b also because1 be+ compell$ to associate ! image ( h] he loves ) ! p>ts ( %ame & ! excreta ( ano!r1 he !re=e %r9ks f h]4 ,we mu/ add1 t a jeal\s man is n greet$ by 8 belov$ ) ! same joyful c\nt5ance z be=e1 & ?is also gives him pa9 z a lov]1 z ,i w n[ %[4 ,,xxxvi4 ,he :o rememb]s a ?+1 9 :i* he has once tak5 delight1 desires to possess x "u ! same circum/ances z :5 he fir/ took delight !re94 ,pro(--,ev]y?+1 :i* a man has se5 9 conjunction ) ! object ( 8 love1 w be to him accid5tally a cause ( pleasure 7,,iii4 xv472 he w1 !re=e1 desire to possess x1 9 conjunction ) t :]e9 he has tak5 delight2 9 o!r words1 he w desire to possess ! object ( 8 love "u ! same circum/ances z :5 he fir/ took delight !re94 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y--,a lov] w1 !re=e1 feel pa9 if "o ( ! a=esaid att5dant circum/ances be miss+4 ,pro(--,=1 9 s f> z he f9ds "s circum/ance to be miss+1 he conceives some?+ :i* excludes its exi/5ce4 ,z he is assum$ to be desir\s = love's sake ( t ?+ or circum/ance 7by ! la/ ,prop471 he w1 9 s f> z he conceives x to be miss+1 feel pa9 7,,iii4 xix474 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,?is pa91 9 s f> z x has ref]5ce to ! abs5ce ( ! object ( love1 is call$ ,regret4 ,,xxxvii4 ,desire aris+ ?r\gh pa9 or pleasure1 hatr$ or love1 is great] 9 proportion z ! emotion is great]4 ,pro(--,pa9 dim9i%es or con/ra9s a man's p[] ( activity 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 vii471 dim9i%es or con/ra9s ! ef=t1 :]e) he endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 8 own be+2 !re=e 7,,iii4 v47 x is contr>y to ! said endeav\r3 ?us all ! endeav\rs ( a man affect$ by pa9 are direct$ to remov+ t pa94 ,b 7by ! def9ition ( pa971 9 proportion z ! pa9 is great]1 s also is x necess>ily oppos$ to a great] "p ( man's p[] ( activity2 !re=e ! great] ! pa91 ! great] ! p[] ( activity employ$ to remove x2 t is1 ! great] w be ! desire or appetite 9 endeav\r+ to remove x4 ,aga91 s9ce pleasure 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 increases or aids a man's p[] ( activity1 x may easily be %[n 9 l mann]1 t a man affect$ by pleasure has no desire fur!r ?an to pres]ve x1 & 8 desire w be 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ! pleasure4 ,la/ly1 s9ce hatr$ & love are !mselves emotions ( pa9 & pleasure1 x foll[s 9 l mann] t ! endeav\r1 appetite1 or desire1 :i* arises ?r\gh hatr$ or love1 w be great] 9 proportion to ! hatr$ or love4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xxxviii4 ,if a man has begun to hate an object ( 8 love1 s t love is ?or\ghly de/roy$1 he w1 causes be+ equal1 reg>d x ) m hatr$ ?an if he _h nev] lov$ x1 & 8 hatr$ w be 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( 8 =m] love4 ,pro(--,if a man beg9s to hate t :i* he _h lov$1 m ( 8 appetites are put "u re/ra9t ?an if he _h nev] lov$ x4 ,= love is a pleasure 7,,iii4 xiii4 note7 :i* a man endeav\rs z f> z he c to r5d] p]man5t 7,,iii4 xxviii472 he does s by reg>d+ ! object ( 8 love z pres5t1 & by affect+ x z f> z he c pleasurably2 ?is endeav\r is great] 9 proportion z ! love is great]1 & s also is ! endeav\r to br+ ab\t t ! belov$ %\ld return 8 affection 7,,iii4 xxxiii474 ,n[ ^! endeav\rs are con/ra9$ by hatr$ t[>ds ! object ( love 7,,iii4 xiii4 ,cor4 & ,,iii4 xxiii472 :]e=e ! love 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 w = ?is cause also be affect$ ) pa91 ! m s 9 proportion z 8 love has be5 great]2 t is1 9 addition to ! pa9 caus$ by hatr$1 !re is a pa9 caus$ by ! fact t he has lov$ ! object2 :]e=e ! lov] w reg>d ! belov$ ) great] pa91 or 9 o!r words1 w hate x m ?an if he _h nev] lov$ x1 & ) ! m int5sity 9 proportion z 8 =m] love 0 great]4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xxxix4 ,he :o hates anyone w endeav\r to d him an injury1 unless he fe>s t a great] injury w !reby accrue to himself2 on ! o!r h&1 he :o loves anyone w1 by ! same law1 seek to b5efit him4 ,pro(--,to hate a man is 7,,iii4 xiii4 note7 to conceive him z a cause ( pa92 !re=e he :o hates a man w endeav\r to remove or de/roy him4 ,b if any?+ m pa9ful1 or1 9 o!r words1 a great] evil1 %\ld accrue to ! hat] !reby --& if ! hat] ?9ks he c avoid su* evil by n c>ry+ out ! injury1 :i* he plann$ aga9/ ! object ( 8 hatr$ --he w desire to ab/a9 f inflict+ t injury 7,,iii4 xxviii471 & ! /r5g? ( 8 endeav\r 7,,iii4 xxxvii47 w be great] ?an 8 =m] endeav\r to d injury1 & w !re=e prevail ov] x1 z we ass]t$4 ,! second "p ( ?is pro( proce$s 9 ! same mann]4 ,:]e=e he :o hates ano!r1 etc4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,by good ,i "h mean e k9d ( pleasure1 & all t conduces !reto1 especially t :i* satisfies our long+s1 :atsoev] !y may be4 ,by evil1 ,i mean e k9d ( pa91 especially t :i* fru/rates our long+s4 ,= ,i h %[n 7,,iii4 ix4 note7 t we 9 no case desire a ?+ because we deem x good1 b1 contr>iwise1 we deem a ?+ good because we desire x3 consequ5tly we deem evil t :i* we %r9k f2 ev]yone1 !re=e1 accord+ to 8 p>ticul> emotions1 judges or e/imates :at is good1 :at is bad1 :at is bett]1 :at is worse1 la/ly1 :at is be/1 & :at is wor/4 ,?us a mis] ?9ks t abundance ( money is ! be/1 & want ( money ! wor/2 an ambiti\s man desires no?+ s mu* z glory1 & fe>s no?+ s mu* z %ame4 ,to an envi\s man no?+ is m delightful ?an ano!r's mis=tune1 & no?+ m pa9ful ?an ano!r's success4 ,s e man1 accord+ to 8 emotions1 judges a ?+ to be good or bad1 useful or useless4 ,! emotion1 :i* induces a man to turn f t :i* he wi%es1 or to wi% = t :i* he turns f1 is call$ timidity1 :i* may accord+ly be def9$ z ! fe> :]eby a man is induc$ to avoid an evil :i* he reg>ds z future by enc\nt]+ a less] evil 7,,iii4 xxviii474 ,b if ! evil :i* he fe>s be %ame1 timidity becomes ba%fulness4 ,la/ly1 if ! desire to avoid a future evil be *eck$ by ! fe> ( ano!r evil1 s t ! man kn[s n :i* to *oose1 fe> becomes con/]nation1 especially if bo? ! evils fe>$ be v great4 ,,xl4 ,he1 :o conceives himself to be hat$ by ano!r1 & believes t he has giv5 him no cause = hatr$1 w hate t o!r 9 return4 ,pro(--,he :o conceives ano!r z affect$ ) hatr$1 w !reupon be affect$ himself ) hatr$ 7,,iii4 xxvii471 t is1 ) pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,b1 by ! hypo!sis1 he conceives no cause = ?is pa9 except him :o is 8 enemy2 !re=e1 f conceiv+ t he is hat$ by "s "o1 he w be affect$ ) pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( 8 enemy2 9 o!r words1 he w hate 8 enemy 9 return4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,he :o ?9ks t he has giv5 j cause = hatr$ w 7,,iii4 xxx4 & note7 be affect$ ) %ame2 b ?is case 7,,iii4 xxv47 r>ely happ5s4 ,?is reciprocation ( hatr$ may also arise f ! hatr$1 :i* foll[s an endeav\r to injure ! object ( our hate 7,,iii4 xxxix474 ,he !re=e :o conceives t he is hat$ by ano!r w conceive 8 enemy z ! cause ( "s evil or pa92 ?us he w be affect$ ) pa9 or fe>1 accompani$ by ! idea ( 8 enemy z cause2 9 o!r words1 he w be affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds 8 enemy1 z ,i said above4 ,coroll>y ,i--,he :o conceives1 t "o :om he loves hates him1 w be a prey to conflict+ hatr$ & love4 ,=1 9 s f> z he conceives t he is an object ( hatr$1 he is det]m9$ to hate 8 enemy 9 return4 ,b1 by ! hypo!sis1 he nev]!less loves him3 :]e=e he w be a prey to conflict+ hatr$ & love4 ,coroll>y ,,ii--,if a man conceives t "o1 :om he has hi!rto reg>d$ )\t emotion1 has done him any injury f motives ( hatr$1 he w =?) seek to repay ! injury 9 k9d4 ,pro(--,he :o conceives1 t ano!r hates him1 w 7by ! la/ proposition7 hate 8 enemy 9 return1 & 7,,iii4 xxvi47 w endeav\r to recall ev]y?+ :i* c affect him pa9fully2 he w moreov] endeav\r to d him an injury 7,,iii4 xxxix474 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ ( ?is sort :i* he conceives is ! injury done to himself2 he w1 !re=e1 =?) endeav\r to repay x 9 k9d4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,! endeav\r to injure "o :om we hate is call$ ,ang]2 ! endeav\r to repay 9 k9d injury done to ourselves is call$ ,rev5ge4 ,,xli4 ,if anyone conceives t he is lov$ by ano!r1 & believes t he has giv5 no cause = su* love1 he w love t o!r 9 return4 7,cf4 ,,xiii4 xv4 ,cor41 & ,,iii4 xvi47 ,pro(--,?is proposition is prov$ 9 ! same way z ! prec$+ "o4 ,see also ! note app5d$ !reto4 9999999999,note--,if he believes t he has giv5 j cause = ! love1 he w take pride !re9 7,,iii4 xxx4 & note72 ?is is :at mo/ (t5 happ5s 7,,iii4 xxv471 & we said t its contr>y took place :5ev] a man conceives himself to be hat$ by ano!r4 7,see note to prec$+ proposition47 ,?is reciprocal love1 & consequ5tly ! desire ( b5efit+ him :o loves u 7,,iii4 xxxix471 & :o endeav\rs to b5efit u1 is call$ gratitude or ?ankfulness4 ,x ?us appe>s t m5 are mu* m prone to take v5geance ?an to return b5efits4 ,coroll>y--,he :o imag9es t he is lov$ by "o :om he hates1 w be a prey to conflict+ hatr$ & love4 ,?is is prov$ 9 ! same way z ! fir/ coroll>y ( ! prec$+ proposition4 9999999999,note--,if hatr$ be ! prevail+ emotion1 he w endeav\r to injure him :o loves him2 ?is emotion is call$ cruelty1 especially if ! victim be believ$ to h giv5 no ord9>y cause = hatr$4 ,,xlii4 ,he :o has conf]r$ a b5efit on anyone f motives ( love or hon\r w feel pa91 if he sees t ! b5efit is receiv$ )\t gratitude4 ,pro(--,:5 a man loves some?+ simil> to himself1 he endeav\rs1 z f> z he c1 to br+ x ab\t t he %\ld be lov$ !reby 9 return 7,,iii4 xxxiii474 ,!re=e he :o has conf]r$ a b5efit conf]s x 9 ob$i5ce to ! desire1 :i* he feels ( be+ lov$ 9 return2 t is 7,,iii4 xxxiv47 f ! hope ( hon\r or 7,,iii4 xxx4 note7 pleasure2 h5ce he w endeav\r1 z f> z he c1 to conceive ?is cause ( hon\r1 or to reg>d x z actually exi/+4 ,b1 by ! hypo!sis1 he conceives some?+ else1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! said cause ( hon\r3 :]e=e he w !reat feel pa9 7,,iii4 xix474 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xliii4 ,hatr$ is increas$ by be+ reciprocat$1 & c on ! o!r h& be de/roy$ by love4 ,pro(--,he :o conceives1 t an object ( 8 hatr$ hates him 9 return1 w !reupon feel a new hatr$1 :ile ! =m] hatr$ 7by hypo!sis7 /ill rema9s 7,,iii4 xl474 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 he conceives t ! object ( hate loves him1 he w to ?is ext5t 7,,iii4 xxxviii47 reg>d himself ) pleasure1 & 7,,iii4 xxix47 w endeav\r to please ! cause ( 8 emotion4 ,9 o!r words1 he w endeav\r n to hate him 7,,iii4 xli471 & n to affect him pa9fully2 ?is endeav\r 7,,iii4 xxxvii47 w be great] or less 9 proportion to ! emotion f :i* x arises4 ,!re=e1 if x be great] ?an t :i* arises f hatr$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! man endeav\rs to affect pa9fully ! ?+ :i* he hates1 x w get ! bett] ( x & bani% ! hatr$ f 8 m9d4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xliv4 ,hatr$ :i* is completely vanqui%$ by love passes into love3 & love is !reupon great] ?an if hatr$ _h n prec$$ x4 ,pro(--,! pro( proce$s 9 ! same way z ,prop4 xxxviii4 ( ?is ,"p3 = he :o beg9s to love a ?+1 :i* he 0 wont to hate or reg>d ) pa91 f ! v fact ( lov+ feels pleasure4 ,to ?is pleasure involv$ 9 love is add$ ! pleasure aris+ f aid giv5 to ! endeav\r to remove ! pa9 involv$ 9 hatr$ 7,,iii4 xxxvii471 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! =m] object ( hatr$ z cause4 9999999999,note--,?\gh ?is be s1 no "o w endeav\r to hate any?+1 or to be affect$ ) pa91 = ! sake ( enjoy+ ?is great] pleasure2 t is1 no "o w desire t he %\ld be injur$1 9 ! hope ( recov]+ f ! injury1 nor long to be ill = ! sake ( gett+ well4 ,= ev]yone w always endeav\r to p]si/ 9 8 be+1 & to w>d (f pa9 z f> z he c4 ,if ! contr>y is conceivable1 namely1 t a man %\ld desire to hate someone1 9 ord] t he might love him ! m !reaft]1 he w always desire to hate him4 ,= ! /r5g? ( love is 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! hatr$1 :]e=e ! man w\ld desire1 t ! hatr$ be cont9ually increas$ m & m1 &1 = a simil> reason1 he w\ld desire to become m & m ill1 9 ord] t he might take a great] pleasure 9 be+ re/or$ to heal?3 9 su* a case he w\ld always endeav\r to be ill1 :i* 7,,iii4 vi47 is absurd4 ,,xlv4 ,if a man conceives1 t anyone simil> to himself hates any?+ also simil> to himself1 :i* he loves1 he w hate t p]son4 ,pro(--,! belov$ object feels reciprocal hatr$ t[>ds him :o hates x 7,,iii4 xl472 !re=e ! lov]1 9 conceiv+ t anyone hates ! belov$ object1 conceives ! belov$ ?+ z affect$ by hatr$1 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xiii471 by pa92 consequ5tly he is himself affect$ by pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! hat] ( ! belov$ ?+ z cause2 t is1 he w hate him :o hates any?+ :i* he himself loves 7,,iii4 xiii4 note74 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xlvi4 ,if a man has be5 affect$ pleasurably or pa9fully by anyone1 ( a class or nation diff]5t f 8 own1 & if ! pleasure or pa9 has be5 accompani$ by ! idea ( ! said /rang] z cause1 "u ! g5]al category ( ! class or nation3 ! man w feel love or hatr$1 n only to ! individual /rang]1 b also to ! :ole class or nation :]eto he belongs4 ,pro(--,?is is evid5t f ,,iii4 xvi4 ,,xlvii4 ,joy aris+ f ! fact1 t any?+ we hate is de/roy$1 or suff]s o!r injury1 is nev] unaccompani$ by a c]ta9 pa9 9 u4 ,pro(--,?is is evid5t f ,,iii4 xxvii4 ,= 9 s f> z we conceive a ?+ simil> to ourselves to be affect$ ) pa91 we ourselves feel pa94 9999999999,note--,?is proposition c also be prov$ f ! ,coroll>y to ,,ii4 xvii4 ,:5ev] we rememb] any?+1 ev5 if x does n actually exi/1 we reg>d x only z pres5t1 & ! body is affect$ 9 ! same mann]2 :]e=e1 9 s f> z ! remembrance ( ! ?+ is /rong1 a man is det]m9$ to reg>d x ) pa92 ?is det]m9ation1 :ile ! image ( ! ?+ 9 "q la/s1 is inde$ *eck$ by ! remembrance ( o!r ?+s exclud+ ! exi/5ce ( ! a=esaid ?+1 b is n de/roy$3 h5ce1 a man only feels pleasure 9 s f> z ! said det]m9ation is *eck$3 = ?is reason ! joy aris+ f ! injury done to :at we hate is repeat$1 e "t we rememb] t object ( hatr$4 ,=1 z we h said1 :5 ! image ( ! ?+ 9 "q1 is ar\s$1 inasmu* z x involves ! ?+'s exi/5ce1 x det]m9es ! man to reg>d ! ?+ ) ! same pa9 z he 0 wont to d1 :5 x actually did exi/4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce he has jo9$ to ! image ( ! ?+ o!r images1 :i* exclude its exi/5ce1 ?is det]m9ation to pa9 is =?) *eck$1 & ! man rejoices afre% z (t5 z ! repetition takes place4 ,?is is ! cause ( m5's pleasure 9 recall+ pa/ evils1 & delight 9 n>rat+ dang]s f :i* !y h escap$4 ,= :5 m5 conceive a dang]1 !y conceive x z /ill future1 & are det]m9$ to fe> x2 ?is det]m9ation is *eck$ afre% by ! idea ( fre$om1 :i* became associat$ ) ! idea ( ! dang] :5 !y escap$ !refrom3 ?is r5d]s !m secure afre%3 !re=e !y rejoice afre%4 ,,xlviii4 ,love or hatr$ t[>ds1 = in/ance1 ,pet] is de/roy$1 if ! pleasure involv$ 9 ! =m]1 or ! pa9 involv$ 9 ! latt] emotion1 be associat$ ) ! idea ( ano!r cause3 & w be dim9i%$ 9 proportion z we conceive ,pet] n to h be5 ! sole cause ( ei!r emotion4 ,pro(--,?is ,prop4 is evid5t f ! m]e def9ition ( love & hatr$ 7,,iii4 xiii4 note74 ,= pleasure is call$ love t[>ds ,pet]1 & pa9 is call$ hatr$ t[>ds ,pet]1 simply 9 s f> z ,pet] is reg>d$ z ! cause ( "o emotion or ! o!r4 ,:5 ?is condition ( causality is ei!r :olly or p>tly remov$1 ! emotion t[>ds ,pet] also :olly or 9 "p vani%es4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,xlix4 ,love or hatr$ t[>ds a ?+1 :i* we conceive to be free1 mu/1 o!r conditions be+ simil>1 be great] ?an if x 7 felt t[>ds a ?+ act+ by necessity4 ,pro(--,a ?+ :i* we conceive z free mu/ 7,i4 ,def4 vii47 be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh itself )\t any?+ else4 ,if1 !re=e1 we conceive x z ! cause ( pleasure or pa91 we %all !re=e 7,,iii4 xiii4 note7 love x or hate x1 & %all d s ) ! utmo/ love or hatr$ t c arise f ! giv5 emotion4 ,b if ! ?+ :i* causes ! emotion be conceiv$ z act+ by necessity1 we %all !n 7by ! same ,def4 vii4 ,"p ,i47 conceive x n z ! sole cause1 b z "o ( ! causes ( ! emotion1 & !re=e our love or hatr$ t[>ds x w be less4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,h5ce x foll[s1 t m51 ?9k+ !mselves to be free1 feel m love or hatr$ t[>ds "o ano!r ?an t[>ds any?+ else3 to ?is consid]ation we mu/ add ! imitation ( emotions treat$ ( 9 ,,iii4 xxvii41 xxxiv41 xl4 & xliii4 ,l4 ,any?+ :atev] c be1 accid5tally1 a cause ( hope or fe>4 ,pro(--,?is proposition is prov$ 9 ! same way z ,,iii4 xv41 :i* see1 toge!r ) ! note to ,,iii4 xviii4 9999999999,note--,?+s :i* are accid5tally ! causes ( hope or fe> are call$ good or evil om5s4 ,n[1 9 s f> z su* om5s are ! cause ( hope or fe>1 !y are 7by ! def9itions ( hope & fe> giv5 9 ,,iii4 xviii4 note7 ! causes also ( pleasure & pa92 consequ5tly we1 to ?is ext5t1 reg>d !m ) love or hatr$1 & endeav\r ei!r to invoke !m z means t[>ds t :i* we hope =1 or to remove !m z ob/acles1 or causes ( t :i* we fe>4 ,x foll[s1 fur!r1 f ,,iii4 xxv41 t we are naturally s con/itut$ z to believe readily 9 t :i* we hope =1 & ) difficulty 9 t :i* we fe>2 moreov]1 we are apt to e/imate su* objects above or bel[ _! true value4 ,h5ce !re h aris5 sup]/itions1 :]eby m5 are ev]y:]e assail$4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n ?9k x wor? :ile to po9t out "h ! vacillations spr++ f hope & fe>2 x foll[s f ! def9ition ( ^! emotions1 t !re c be no hope )\t fe>1 & no fe> )\t hope1 z ,i w duly expla9 9 ! prop] place4 ,fur!r1 9 s f> z we hope = or fe> any?+1 we reg>d x ) love or hatr$2 ?us ev]yone c apply by himself to hope & fe> :at we h said conc]n+ love & hatr$4 ,,li4 ,diff]5t m5 may be diff]5tly affect$ by ! same object1 & ! same man may be diff]5tly affect$ at diff]5t times by ! same object4 ,pro(--,! human body is affect$ by ext]nal bodies 9 a v>iety ( ways 7,,ii4 ,po/4 iii474 ,two m5 may !re=e be diff]5tly affect$ at ! same "t1 & !re=e 7by ,ax4 i4 aft] ,lemma iii4 aft] ,,ii4 xiii47 may be diff]5tly affect$ by "o & ! same object4 ,fur!r 7by ! same ,po/47 ! human body c be affect$ sometimes 9 "o way1 sometimes 9 ano!r2 consequ5tly 7by ! same ,axiom7 x may be diff]5tly affect$ at diff]5t times by "o & ! same object4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,we ?us see t x is possible1 t :at "o man loves ano!r may hate1 & t :at "o man fe>s ano!r may n fe>2 or1 aga91 t "o & ! same man may love :at he once hat$1 or may be bold :]e he once 0 timid1 & s on4 ,aga91 z ev]yone judges accord+ to 8 emotions :at is good1 :at bad1 :at bett]1 & :at worse 7,,iii4 xxxix4 note71 x foll[s t m5's judgm5ts may v>y no less ?an _! emotions991 h5ce :5 we comp>e "s ) o!rs1 we di/+ui% !m solely by ! div]sity ( _! emotions1 & /yle "s intrepid1 o!rs timid1 o!rs by "s o!r epi!t4 ,= in/ance1 ,i %all call a man intrepid1 if he despises an evil :i* ,i am accu/om$ to fe>2 if ,i fur!r take into consid]ation1 t1 9 8 desire to injure 8 enemies & to b5efit ^? :om he loves1 he is n re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( an evil :i* is suffici5t to re/ra9 me1 ,i %all call him d>+4 ,aga91 a man w appe> timid to me1 if he fe>s an evil :i* ,i am accu/om$ to despise2 & if ,i fur!r take into consid]ation t 8 desire is re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( an evil1 :i* is n suffici5t to re/ra9 me1 ,i %all say t he is c[>dly2 & 9 l mann] w ev]yone pass judgm5t4 99,?is is possible1 ?\gh ! human m9d is "p ( ! div9e intellect1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,,ii4 xiii4 note4 ,la/ly1 f ?is incon/ancy 9 ! nature ( human judgm5t1 inasmu* z a man (t5 judges ?+s solely by 8 emotions1 & inasmu* z ! ?+s :i* he believes cause pleasure or pa91 & !re=e endeav\rs to promote or prev5t1 are (t5 purely imag9>y1 n to speak ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ?+s allud$ to 9 ,,iii4 xxviii42 we may readily conceive t a man may be at "o "t affect$ ) pleasure1 & at ano!r ) pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( himself z cause4 ,?us we c easily und]/& :at are ,rep5tance & ,self-complac5cy4 ,rep5tance is pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( "o's self z cause2 ,self-complac5cy is pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( "o's self z cause1 & ^! emotions are mo/ int5se because m5 believe !mselves to be free 7,,iii4 xlix474 ,,lii4 ,an object :i* we h =m]ly se5 9 conjunction ) o!rs1 & :i* we d n conceive to h any prop]ty t is n common to _m1 w n be reg>d$ by u = s long1 z an object :i* we conceive to h "s prop]ty peculi> to itself4 ,pro(--,z soon z we conceive an object :i* we h se5 9 conjunction ) o!rs1 we at once rememb] ^? o!rs 7,,ii4 xviii4 & note71 & ?us we pass =?) f ! contemplation ( "o object to ! contemplation ( ano!r object4 ,& ?is is ! case ) ! object1 :i* we conceive to h no prop]ty t is n common to _m4 ,= we !reupon assume t we are reg>d+ !re9 no?+1 :i* we h n be=e se5 9 conjunction ) o!r objects4 ,b :5 we suppose t we conceive an object some?+ special1 :i* we h nev] se5 be=e1 we mu/ ne$s say t ! m9d1 :ile reg>d+ t object1 has 9 itself no?+ :i* x c fall to reg>d+ in/ead !re(2 !re=e x is det]m9$ to ! contemplation ( t object only4 ,!re=e an object1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,?is m5tal modification1 or imag9ation ( a p>ticul> ?+1 9 s f> z x is alone 9 ! m9d1 is call$ ,wond]2 b if x be excit$ by an object ( fe>1 x is call$ ,con/]nation1 because wond] at an evil keeps a man s engross$ 9 ! simple contemplation !re(1 t he has no p[] to ?9k ( any?+ else :]eby he might avoid ! evil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! object ( wond] be a man's prud5ce1 indu/ry1 or any?+ ( t sort1 inasmu* z ! said man1 is !reby reg>d$ z f> surpass+ ourselves1 wond] is call$ ,v5]ation2 o!rwise1 if a man's ang]1 envy1 c41 be :at we wond] at1 ! emotion is call$ ,horror4 ,aga91 if x be ! prud5ce1 indu/ry1 or :at n1 ( a man we love1 t we wond] at1 our love w on ?is acc\nt be ! great] 7,,iii4 xii471 & :5 jo9$ to wond] or v5]ation is call$ ,devotion4 ,we may 9 l mann] conceive hatr$1 hope1 confid5ce1 & ! o!r emotions1 z associat$ ) wond]2 & we %\ld ?us be able to d$uce m emotions ?an ^? :i* h obta9$ names 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,:5ce x is evid5t1 t ! names ( ! emotions h be5 appli$ 9 accordance r ) _! ord9>y manife/ations ?an ) an accurate k ( _! nature4 ,to wond] is oppos$ ,contempt1 :i* g5]ally arises f ! fact t1 because we see someone wond]+ at1 lov+1 or fe>+ some?+1 or because some?+1 at fir/ sight1 appe>s to be l ?+s1 :i* we ourselves wond] at1 love1 fe>1 c41 we are1 9 consequ5ce 7,,iii4 xv4 ,cor4 & ,,iii4 xxvii471 det]m9$ to wond] at1 love1 or fe> t ?+4 ,b if f ! pres5ce1 or m accurate contemplation ( ! said ?+1 we are compell$ to d5y conc]n+ x all t c be ! cause ( wond]1 love1 fe>1 c41 ! m9d !n1 by ! pres5ce ( ! ?+1 rema9s det]m9$ to ?9k r ( ^? qualities :i* are n 9 x1 ?an ( ^? :i* are 9 x2 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( ! object w\ld cause x m p>ticul>ly to reg>d t :i* is !re94 ,z devotion spr+s f wond] at a ?+ :i* we love1 s does ,d]ision spr+ f contempt ( a ?+ :i* we hate or fe>1 & ,scorn f contempt ( folly1 z v5]ation f wond] at prud5ce4 ,la/ly1 we c conceive ! emotions ( love1 hope1 hon\r1 c41 9 association ) contempt1 & c !nce d$uce o!r emotions1 :i* are n di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r by any recogniz$ "n4 ,,liii4 ,:5 ! m9d reg>ds itself & its own p[] ( activity1 x feels pleasure3 & t pleasure is great] 9 proportion to ! di/9ctness :]e) x conceives itself & its own p[] ( activity4 ,pro(--,a man does n "k himself except ?r\gh ! modifications ( 8 body1 & ! ideas !re( 7,,ii4 xix4 & xxiii474 ,:51 !re=e1 ! m9d is able to contemplate itself1 x is !reby assum$ to pass to a great] p]fection1 or 7,,iii4 xi4 note7 to feel pleasure2 & ! pleasure w be great] 9 proportion to ! di/9ctness1 :]e) x is able to conceive itself & its own p[] ( activity4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y--,?is pleasure is fo/]$ m & m1 9 proportion z a man conceives himself to be prais$ by o!rs4 ,= ! m he conceives himself z prais$ by o!rs1 ! m he w imag9e !m to be affect$ ) pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( himself 7,,iii4 xxix4 note72 ?us he is 7,,iii4 xxvii47 himself affect$ ) great] pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( himself4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,liv4 ,! m9d endeav\rs to conceive only su* ?+s z ass]t its p[] ( activity4 ,pro(--,! endeav\r or p[] ( ! m9d is ! actual ess5ce !re( 7,,iii4 vii472 b ! ess5ce ( ! m9d obvi\sly only affirms t :i* ! m9d is & c d2 n t :i* x nei!r is nor c d2 !re=e ! m9d endeav\rs to conceive only su* ?+s z ass]t or affirm its p[] ( activity4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,lv4 ,:5 ! m9d contemplates its own weakness1 x feels pa9 !reat4 ,pro(--,! ess5ce ( ! m9d only affirms t :i* ! m9d is1 or c d2 9 o!r words1 x is ! m9d's nature to conceive only su* ?+s z ass]t its p[] ( activity 7la/ ,prop474 ,?us1 :5 we say t ! m9d contemplates its own weakness1 we are m]ely say+ t :ile ! m9d is attempt+ to conceive some?+ :i* ass]ts its p[] ( activity1 x is *eck$ 9 its endeav\r -- 9 o!r words 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 x feels pa94 ,q4,e4,d4 ,coroll>y--,?is pa9 is m & m fo/]$1 if a man conceives t he is blam$ by o!rs2 ?is may be prov$ 9 ! same way z ! coroll>y to ,,iii4 liii4 9999999999,note--,?is pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( our own weakness1 is call$ humility2 ! pleasure1 :i* spr+s f ! contemplation ( ourselves1 is call$ self-love or self- complac5cy4 ,& inasmu* z ?is feel+ is r5ew$ z (t5 z a man contemplates 8 own virtues1 or 8 own p[] ( activity1 x foll[s t ev]yone is fond ( n>rat+ 8 own exploits1 & display+ ! =ce bo? ( 8 body & m9d1 & also t1 = ?is reason1 m5 are tr\blesome to "o ano!r4 ,aga91 x foll[s t m5 are naturally envi\s 7,,iii4 xxiv4 note1 & ,,iii4 xxxii4 note71 rejoic+ 9 ! %ortcom+s ( _! equals1 & feel+ pa9 at _! virtues4 ,= :5ev] a man conceives 8 own actions1 he is affect$ ) pleasure 7,,iii4 liii471 9 proportion z 8 actions display m p]fection1 & he conceives !m m di/9ctly -- t is 7,,ii4 xl4 note71 9 proportion z he c di/+ui% !m f o!rs1 & reg>d !m z some?+ special4 ,!re=e1 a man w take mo/ pleasure 9 contemplat+ himself1 :5 he contemplates "s quality :i* he d5ies to o!rs4 ,b1 if t :i* he affirms ( himself be attributable to ! idea ( man or animals 9 g5]al1 he w n be s greatly pleas$3 he w1 on ! contr>y1 feel pa91 if he conceives t 8 own actions fall %ort :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( o!rs4 ,?is pa9 7,,iii4 xxviii47 he w endeav\r to remove1 by putt+ a wrong con/ruction on ! actions ( 8 equals1 or by1 z f> z he c1 embelli%+ 8 own4 ,x is ?us app>5t t m5 are naturally prone to hatr$ & envy1 :i* latt] is fo/]$ by _! education4 ,= p>5ts are accu/om$ to incite _! *ildr5 to virtue solely by ! spur ( hon\r & envy4 ,b1 p]haps1 "s w scruple to ass5t to :at ,i h said1 because we n seldom admire m5's virtues1 & v5]ate _! possessors4 ,9 ord] to remove su* d\bts1 ,i app5d ! foll[+ coroll>y4 ,coroll>y--,no "o envies ! virtue ( anyone :o is n 8 equal4 ,pro(--,envy is a species ( hatr$ 7,,iii4 xxiv4 note7 or 7,,iii4 xiii4 note7 pa91 t is 7,,iii4 xi4 note71 a modification :]eby a man's p[] ( activity1 or endeav\r t[>ds activity1 is *eck$4 ,b a man does n endeav\r or desire to d any?+1 :i* _c foll[ f 8 nature z x is giv52 !re=e a man w n desire any p[] ( activity or virtue 7:i* is ! same ?+7 to be attribut$ to him1 t is appropriate to ano!r's nature & =eign to 8 own2 h5ce 8 desire _c be *eck$1 nor he himself pa9$ by ! contemplation ( virtue 9 "s "o unlike himself1 consequ5tly he _c envy su* an "o4 ,b he c envy 8 equal1 :o is assum$ to h ! same nature z himself4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,:51 !re=e1 z we said 9 ! note to ,,iii4 lii41 we v5]ate a man1 ?r\gh wond] at 8 prud5ce1 =titude1 c41 we d s1 because we conceive ^? qualities to be peculi> to him1 & n z common to our nature2 we1 !re=e1 no m envy _! possessor1 ?an we envy trees = be+ tall1 or lions = be+ c\rage\s4 ,,lvi4 ,!re are z _m k9ds ( pleasure1 ( pa91 ( desire1 & ( e emotion comp\nd$ ( ^!1 su* z vacillations ( _s1 or d]iv$ f ^!1 su* z love1 hatr$1 hope1 fe>1 c41 z !re are k9ds ( objects :]eby we are affect$4 ,pro(--,pleasure & pa91 & consequ5tly ! emotions comp\nd$ !re(1 or d]iv$ !refrom1 are passions1 or passive /ates 7,,iii4 xi4 note72 n[ we are necess>ily passive 7,,iii4 i471 9 s f> z we h inadequate ideas2 & only 9 s f> z we h su* ideas are we passive 7,,iii4 iii472 t is1 we are only necess>ily passive 7,,ii4 xl4 note71 9 s f> z we conceive1 or 7,,ii4 xvii4 & note7 9 s f> z we are affect$ by an emotion1 :i* involves ! nature ( our own body1 & ! nature ( an ext]nal body4 ,:]e=e ! nature ( e passive /ate mu/ necess>ily be s expla9$1 t ! nature ( ! object :]eby we are affect$ be express$4 ,namely1 ! pleasure1 :i* arises f1 say1 ! object ,a1 involves ! nature ( t object ,a1 & ! pleasure1 :i* arises f ! object ,b1 involves ! nature ( ! object ,b2 diff]5t1 inasmu* z ! causes :5ce !y arise are by nature diff]5t4 ,s aga9 ! emotion ( pa91 :i* arises f "o object1 is by nature diff]5t f ! pa9 aris+ f ano!r object1 &1 simil>ly1 9 ! case ( love1 hatr$1 hope1 fe>1 vacillation1 c4 ,?us1 !re are necess>ily z _m k9ds ( pleasure1 pa91 love1 hatr$1 c41 z !re are k9ds ( objects :]eby we are affect$4 ,n[ desire is ea* man's ess5ce or nature1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z det]m9$ to a p>ticul> action by any giv5 modification ( itself 7,,iii4 ix4 note72 !re=e1 accord+ z a man is affect$ ?r\gh ext]nal causes by ?is or t k9d ( pleasure1 pa91 love1 hatr$1 c41 9 o!r words1 accord+ z 8 nature is dispos$ 9 ?is or t mann]1 s w 8 desire be ( "o k9d or ano!r1 & ! nature ( "o desire mu/ necess>ily diff] f ! nature ( ano!r desire1 z widely z ! emotions diff]1 :]efrom ea* desire arose4 ,?us !re are z _m k9ds ( desire1 z !re are k9ds ( pleasure1 pa91 love1 c41 consequ5tly 7by :at has be5 %[n7 !re are z _m k9ds ( desire1 z !re are k9ds ( objects :]eby we are affect$4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,among ! k9ds ( emotions1 :i*1 by ! la/ proposition1 mu/ be v num]\s1 ! *ief are luxury1 drunk5ness1 lu/1 av>ice1 & ambition1 be+ m]ely species ( love or desire1 display+ ! nature ( ^? emotions 9 a mann] v>y+ accord+ to ! object1 ) :i* !y are conc]n$4 ,= by luxury1 drunk5ness1 lu/1 av>ice1 ambition1 c41 we simply mean ! immod]ate love ( fea/+1 dr9k+1 v5]y1 ri*es1 & fame4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! emotions1 9 s f> z we di/+ui% !m f o!rs m]ely by ! objects :]e) !y are conc]n$1 h no contr>ies4 ,= temp]ance1 sobriety1 & *a/ity1 :i* we are wont to oppose to luxury1 drunk5ness1 & lu/1 are n emotions or passive /ates1 b indicate a p[] ( ! m9d :i* mod]ates ! la/-nam$ emotions4 ,h[ev]1 ,i _c "h expla9 ! rema9+ k9ds ( emotions 7see+ t !y are z num]\s z ! k9ds ( objects71 nor1 if ,i c\ld1 w\ld x be necess>y4 ,x is suffici5t = our purpose1 namely1 to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! emotions1 & ! m9d's p[] ov] !m1 to h a g5]al def9ition ( ea* emotion4 ,x is suffici5t1 ,i repeat1 to und]/& ! g5]al prop]ties ( ! emotions & ! m9d1 to enable u to det]m9e ! quality & ext5t ( ! m9d's p[] 9 mod]at+ & *eck+ ! emotions4 ,?us1 ?\gh !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 v>i\s emotions ( love1 hatr$1 or desire1 = in/ance betwe5 love felt t[>ds *ildr51 & love felt t[>ds a wife1 !re is no ne$ = u to take cognizance ( su* diff]5ces1 or to track out fur!r ! nature & orig9 ( ! emotions4 ,,lvii4 ,any emotion ( a giv5 individual diff]s f ! emotion ( ano!r individual1 only 9 s f> z ! ess5ce ( ! "o individual diff]s f ! ess5ce ( ! o!r4 ,pro(--,?is proposition is evid5t f ,ax4 i4 7:i* see aft] ,lemma iii4 ,prop4 xiii41 ,"p ,,ii474 ,nev]!less1 we w prove x f ! nature ( ! ?ree prim>y emotions4 ,all emotions are attributable to desire1 pleasure1 or pa91 z _! def9itions above giv5 %[4 ,b desire is ea* man's nature or ess5ce 7,,iii4 ix4 note72 !re=e desire 9 "o individual diff]s f desire 9 ano!r individual1 only 9 s f> z ! nature or ess5ce ( ! "o diff]s f ! nature or ess5ce ( ! o!r4 ,aga91 pleasure & pa9 are passive /ates or passions1 :]eby e man's p[] or endeav\r to p]si/ 9 8 be+ is increas$ or dim9i%$1 help$ or h9d]$ 7,,iii4 xi4 & note74 ,b by ! endeav\r to p]si/ 9 its be+1 9 s f> z x is attributable to m9d & body 9 conjunction1 we mean appetite & desire 7,,iii4 ix4 note72 !re=e pleasure & pa9 are id5tical ) desire or appetite1 9 s f> z by ext]nal causes !y are increas$ or dim9i%$1 help$ or h9d]$1 9 o!r words1 !y are e man's nature2 :]e=e ! pleasure & pa9 felt by "o man diff] f ! pleasure & pa9 felt by ano!r man1 only 9 s f> z ! nature or ess5ce ( ! "o man diff]s f ! ess5ce ( ! o!r2 consequ5tly1 any emotion ( "o individual only diff]s1 c4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! emotions ( ! animals :i* are call$ irrational 7= aft] le>n+ ! orig9 ( m9d we _c d\bt t brutes feel7 only diff] f man's emotions1 to ! ext5t t brute nature diff]s f human nature4 ,horse & man are alike c>ri$ away by ! desire ( procreation2 b ! desire ( ! =m] is equ9e1 ! desire ( ! latt] is human4 ,s also ! lu/s & appetites ( insects1 fi%es1 & birds mu/ ne$s v accord+ to ! sev]al natures4 ,?us1 al?\gh ea* individual lives cont5t & rejoices 9 t nature belong+ to him :]e9 he has 8 be+1 yet ! life1 :]e9 ea* is cont5t & rejoices1 is no?+ else b ! idea1 or s\l1 ( ! said individual1 & h5ce ! joy ( "o only diff]s 9 nature f ! joy ( ano!r1 to ! ext5t t ! ess5ce ( "o diff]s f ! ess5ce ( ano!r4 ,la/ly1 x foll[s f ! =ego+ proposition1 t !re is no small diff]5ce betwe5 ! joy :i* actuates1 say1 a drunk>d1 & ! joy possess$ by a philosoph]1 z ,i j m5tion "h by ! way4 ,?us f> ,i h treat$ ( ! emotions attributable to man1 9 s f> z he is passive4 ,x rema9s to add a few words on ^? attributable to him 9 s f> z he is active4 ,,lviii4 ,besides pleasure & desire1 :i* are passivities or passions1 !re are o!r emotions d]iv$ f pleasure & desire1 :i* are attributable to u 9 s f> z we are active4 ,pro(--,:5 ! m9d conceives itself & its p[] ( activity1 x feels pleasure 7,,iii4 liii473 n[ ! m9d necess>ily contemplates itself1 :5 x conceives a true or adequate idea 7,,ii4 xliii74 ,b ! m9d does conceive c]ta9 adequate ideas 7,,ii4 xl4 note ii474 ,!re=e x feels pleasure 9 s f> z x is active 7,,iii4 i474 ,aga91 ! m9d1 bo? 9 s f> z x has cle> & di/9ct ideas1 & 9 s f> z x has confus$ ideas1 endeav\rs to p]si/ 9 its own be+ 7,,iii4 ix472 b by su* an endeav\r we mean desire 7by ! note to ! same ,prop472 !re=e1 desire is also attributable to u1 9 s f> z we und]/&1 or 7,,iii4 i47 9 s f> z we are active4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,,lix4 ,among all ! emotions attributable to ! m9d z active1 !re are none :i* _c be ref]r$ to pleasure or desire4 ,pro(--,all emotions c be ref]r$ to desire1 pleasure1 or pa91 z _! def9itions1 already giv51 %[4 ,n[ by pa9 we mean t ! m9d's p[] ( ?9k+ is dim9i%$ or *eck$ 7,,iii4 xi4 & note72 !re=e1 9 s f> z ! m9d feels pa91 its p[] ( und]/&+1 t is1 ( activity1 is dim9i%$ or *eck$ 7,,iii4 i472 !re=e1 no pa9ful emotions c be attribut$ to ! m9d 9 virtue ( its be+ active1 b only emotions ( pleasure & desire1 :i* 7by ! la/ ,prop47 are attributable to ! m9d 9 t condition4 ,q4,e4,d4 9999999999,note--,all actions foll[+ f emotion1 :i* are attributable to ! m9d 9 virtue ( its und]/&+1 ,i set d[n to /r5g? ( "* 7=titudo71 :i* ,i divide into c\rage 7animositas7 & highm9d$ness 7g5]ositas74 ,by c\rage ,i mean ! desire :]eby e man /rives to pres]ve 8 own be+ 9 accordance solely ) ! dictates ( reason4 ,by highm9d$ness ,i mean ! desire :]eby e man endeav\rs1 solely "u ! dictates ( reason1 to aid o!r m5 & to unite !m to himself 9 fri5d%ip4 ,^? actions1 !re=e1 :i* h reg>d solely to ! good ( ! ag5t ,i set d[n to c\rage1 ^? :i* aim at ! good ( o!rs ,i set d[n to highm9d$ness4 ,?us temp]ance1 sobriety1 & pres5ce ( m9d 9 dang]1 c41 are v>ieties ( c\rage2 c\rtesy1 m]cy1 c41 are v>ieties ( highm9d$ness4 ,i ?9k ,i h ?us expla9$1 & display$ ?r\gh _! prim>y causes ! pr9cipal emotions & vacillations ( _s1 :i* arise f ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree prim>y emotions1 to wit1 desire1 pleasure1 & pa94 ,x is evid5t f :at ,i h said1 t we are 9 _m ways driv5 ab\t by ext]nal causes1 & t l waves ( ! sea driv5 by contr>y w9ds we toss to & fro unwitt+ ( ! issue & ( our fate4 ,b ,i h said1 t ,i h only set =? ! *ief conflict+ emotions1 n all t might be giv54 ,=1 by proce$+ 9 ! same way z above1 we c easily %[ t love is unit$ to rep5tance1 scorn1 %ame1 c4 ,i ?9k ev]yone w agree f :at has be5 said1 t ! emotions may be comp\nd$ "o ) ano!r 9 s _m ways1 & s _m v>iations may arise !refrom1 z to exce$ all possibility ( computation4 ,h[ev]1 = my purpose1 x is en\gh to h enum]at$ ! mo/ important2 to reckon up ! re/ :i* ,i h omitt$ w\ld be m curi\s ?an pr(itable4 ,x rema9s to rem>k conc]n+ love1 t x v (t5 happ5s t :ile we are enjoy+ a ?+ :i* we long$ =1 ! body1 f ! act ( enjoym5t1 acquires a new disposition1 :]eby x is det]m9$ 9 ano!r way1 o!r images ( ?+s are ar\s$ 9 x1 & ! m9d beg9s to conceive & desire some?+ fre%4 ,= example1 :5 we conceive some?+ :i* g5]ally delights u ) its flav\r1 we desire to enjoy1 t is1 to eat x4 ,b :il/ we are ?us enjoy+ x1 ! /oma* is fill$ & ! body is o!rwise dispos$4 ,if1 !re=e1 :5 ! body is ?us o!rwise dispos$1 ! image ( ! food :i* is pres5t be /imulat$1 & consequ5tly ! endeav\r or desire to eat x be /imulat$ also1 ! new disposition ( ! body w feel repugnance to ! desire or attempt1 & consequ5tly ! pres5ce ( ! food :i* we =m]ly long$ = w become odi\s4 ,?is revulsion ( feel+ is call$ satiety or we>9ess4 ,= ! re/1 ,i h neglect$ ! outw>d modifications ( ! body obs]vable 9 emotions1 su*1 = in/ance1 z trembl+1 pallor1 sobb+1 laught]1 c41 = ^! are attributable to ! body only1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! m9d4 ,la/ly1 ! def9itions ( ! emotions require to be supplem5t$ 9 a few po9ts2 ,i w !re=e repeat !m1 int]polat+ su* obs]vations z ,i ?9k %\ld "h & !re be add$4 ,,def9itions ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,i4 ,desire is ! actual ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$1 z det]m9$ to a p>ticul> activity by "s giv5 modification ( itself4 ,explanation--,we h said above1 9 ! note to ,prop4 ix4 ( ?is "p1 t desire is appetite1 ) consci\sness !re(2 fur!r1 t appetite is ! ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z x is det]m9$ to act 9 a way t5d+ to promote its own p]si/5ce4 ,b1 9 ! same note1 ,i also rem>k$ t1 /rictly speak+1 ,i recognize no di/9ction betwe5 appetite & desire4 ,= :e!r a man be consci\s ( 8 appetite or n1 x rema9s "o & ! same appetite4 ,?us1 9 ord] to avoid ! appe>ance ( tautology1 ,i h refra9$ f expla9+ desire by appetite2 b ,i h tak5 c>e to def9e x 9 su* a mann]1 z to compreh5d1 "u "o head1 all ^? endeav\rs ( human nature1 :i* we di/+ui% by ! t]ms appetite1 w1 desire1 or impulse4 ,i might1 inde$1 h said1 t desire is ! ess5ce ( man1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z det]m9$ to a p>ticul> activity2 b f su* a def9ition 7cf4 ,,ii4 xxiii47 x w\ld n foll[ t ! m9d c be consci\s ( its desire or appetite4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to imply ! cause ( su* consci\sness1 x 0 necess>y to add1 9 s f> z x is det]m9$ by "s giv5 modification1 c4 ,=1 by a modification ( man's ess5ce1 we und]/& e disposition ( ! said ess5ce1 :e!r su* disposition be innate1 or :e!r x be conceiv$ solely "u ! attribute ( ?\ght1 or solely "u ! attribute ( ext5sion1 or :e!r1 la/ly1 x be ref]r$ simultane\sly to bo? ^! attributes4 ,by ! t]m desire1 !n1 ,i "h mean all man's endeav\rs1 impulses1 appetites1 & volitions1 :i* v>y accord+ to ea* man's disposition1 & are1 !re=e1 n seldom oppos$ "o to ano!r1 accord+ z a man is drawn 9 diff]5t directions1 & kn[s n :]e to turn4 ,,ii4 ,pleasure is ! transition ( a man f a less to a great] p]fection4 ,,iii4 ,pa9 is ! transition ( a man f a great] to a less p]fection4 ,explanation--,i say transition3 = pleasure is n p]fection itself4 ,=1 if man 7 born ) ! p]fection to :i* he passes1 he w\ld possess ! same1 )\t ! emotion ( pleasure4 ,?is appe>s m cle>ly f ! consid]ation ( ! contr>y emotion1 pa94 ,no "o c d5y1 t pa9 consi/s 9 ! transition to a less p]fection1 & n 9 ! less p]fection itself3 = a man _c be pa9$1 9 s f> z he p>takes ( p]fection ( any degree4 ,nei!r c we say1 t pa9 consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( a great] p]fection4 ,= abs5ce is no?+1 :]eas ! emotion ( pa9 is an activity2 :]e=e ?is activity c only be ! activity ( transition f a great] to a less p]fection--9 o!r words1 x is an activity :]eby a man's p[] ( action is less5$ or con/ra9$ 7cf4 ,,iii4 xi4 note74 ,i pass ov] ! def9itions ( m]rim5t1 /imulation1 melan*oly1 & grief1 because ^! t]ms are g5]ally us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! body1 & are m]ely k9ds ( pleasure or pa94 ,,iv4 ,wond] is ! conception 7imag9atio7 ( any?+1 :]e9 ! m9d comes to a /&1 because ! p>ticul> concept 9 "q has no connection ) o!r concepts 7cf4 ,,iii4 lii4 & note74 ,explanation--,9 ! note to ,,ii4 xviii4 we %[$ ! reason1 :y ! m9d1 f ! contemplation ( "o ?+1 /raightway falls to ! contemplation ( ano!r ?+1 namely1 because ! images ( ! two ?+s are s associat$ & arrang$1 t "o foll[s ! o!r4 ,?is /ate ( association is impossible1 if ! image ( ! ?+ be new2 ! m9d w !n be at a /& 9 ! contemplation !re(1 until x is det]m9$ by o!r causes to ?9k ( some?+ else4 ,?us ! conception ( a new object1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is ( ! same nature z o!r conceptions2 h5ce1 ,i d n include wond] among ! emotions1 nor d ,i see :y ,i %\ld s include x1 inasmu* z ?is di/raction ( ! m9d arises f no positive cause draw+ away ! m9d f o!r objects1 b m]ely f ! abs5ce ( a cause1 :i* %\ld det]m9e ! m9d to pass f ! contemplation ( "o object to ! contemplation ( ano!r4 ,i1 !re=e1 recognize only ?ree primitive or prim>y emotions 7z ,i said 9 ! note to ,,iii4 xi471 namely1 pleasure1 pa91 & desire4 ,i h spok5 ( wond] simply because x is cu/om>y to speak ( c]ta9 emotions spr++ f ! ?ree primitive ones by diff]5t names1 :5 !y are ref]r$ to ! objects ( our wond]4 ,i am l$ by ! same motive to add a def9ition ( contempt4 ,v4 ,contempt is ! conception ( any?+ :i* t\*es ! m9d s little1 t its pres5ce leads ! m9d to imag9e ^? qualities :i* are n 9 x r ?an su* z are 9 x 7cf4 ,,iii4 lii4 note74 ,! def9itions ( v5]ation & scorn ,i "h pass ov]1 = ,i am n aw>e t any emotions are nam$ aft] !m4 ,,vi4 ,love is pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,explanation--,?is def9ition expla9s suffici5tly cle>ly ! ess5ce ( love2 ! def9ition giv5 by ^? au?ors :o say t love is ! lov]'s wi% to unite himself to ! lov$ object expresses a prop]ty1 b n ! ess5ce ( love2 &1 z su* au?ors h n suffici5tly disc]n$ love's ess5ce1 !y h be5 unable to acquire a true conception ( its prop]ties1 accord+ly _! def9ition is on all h&s admitt$ to be v obscure4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be not$1 t :5 ,i say t x is a prop]ty ( love1 t ! lov] %\ld wi% to unite himself to ! belov$ object1 ,i d n "h mean by wi% cons5t1 or conclusion1 or a free decision ( ! m9d 7= ,i h %[n su*1 9 ,,ii4 xlviii41 to be fictiti\s72 nei!r d ,i mean a desire ( be+ unit$ to ! lov$ object :5 x is abs5t1 or ( cont9u+ 9 its pres5ce :5 x is at h&2 = love c be conceiv$ )\t ei!r ( ^! desires2 b by wi% ,i mean ! cont5tm5t1 :i* is 9 ! lov]1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ! belov$ object1 :]eby ! pleasure ( ! lov] is /r5g!n$1 or at lea/ ma9ta9$4 ,,vii4 ,hatr$ is pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,explanation--,^! obs]vations are easily grasp$ aft] :at has be5 said 9 ! explanation ( ! prec$+ def9ition 7cf4 also ,,iii4 xiii4 note74 ,,viii4 ,incl9ation is pleasure1 accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ :i* is accid5tally a cause ( pleasure4 ,,ix4 ,av]sion is pa91 accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ :i* is accid5tally ! cause ( pa9 7cf4 ,,iii4 xv4 note74 ,x4 ,devotion is love t[>ds "o :om we admire4 ,explanation--,wond] 7admiratio7 arises 7z we h %[n1 ,,iii4 lii47 f ! novelty ( a ?+4 ,if1 !re=e1 x happ5s t ! object ( our wond] is (t5 conceiv$ by u1 we %all cease to wond] at x2 ?us we see1 t ! emotion ( devotion readily deg5]ates into simple love4 ,,xi4 ,d]ision is pleasure aris+ f our conceiv+ ! pres5ce ( a quality1 :i* we despise1 9 an object :i* we hate4 ,explanation--,9 s f> z we despise a ?+ :i* we hate1 we d5y exi/5ce !re( 7,,iii4 lii4 note71 & to t ext5t rejoice 7,,iii4 xx474 ,b s9ce we assume t man hates t :i* he d]ides1 x foll[s t ! pleasure 9 "q is n )\t alloy 7cf4 ,,iii4 xlvii4 note74 ,,xii4 ,hope is an incon/ant pleasure1 aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ pa/ or future1 :]e( we to a c]ta9 ext5t d\bt ! issue4 ,,xiii4 ,fe> is an incon/ant pa9 aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ pa/ or future1 :]e( we to a c]ta9 ext5t d\bt ! issue 7cf4 ,,iii4 xviii4 note74 ,explanation--,f ^! def9itions x foll[s1 t !re is no hope unm+l$ ) fe>1 & no fe> unm+l$ ) hope4 ,= he1 :o dep5ds on hope & d\bts conc]n+ ! issue ( any?+1 is assum$ to conceive some?+1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! said ?+ 9 ! future2 !re=e he1 to ?is ext5t1 feels pa9 7cf4 ,,iii4 xix472 consequ5tly1 :ile dep5d5t on hope1 he fe>s = ! issue4 ,contr>iwise he1 :o fe>s1 9 o!r words d\bts1 conc]n+ ! issue ( some?+ :i* he hates1 also conceives some?+ :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q2 to ?is ext5t he feels pleasure1 & consequ5tly to ?is ext5t he hopes t x w turn out z he desires 7,,iii4 xx474 ,,xiv4 ,confid5ce is pleasure aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ pa/ or future1 :]efrom all cause ( d\bt has be5 remov$4 ,,xv4 ,despair is pa9 aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ pa/ or future1 :]efrom all cause ( d\bt has be5 remov$4 ,explanation--,?us confid5ce spr+s f hope1 & despair f fe>1 :5 all cause = d\bt z to ! issue ( an ev5t has be5 remov$3 ?is comes to pass1 because man conceives some?+ pa/ or future z pres5t & reg>ds x z su*1 or else because he conceives o!r ?+s1 :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! causes ( 8 d\bt4 ,=1 al?\gh we c nev] be absolutely c]ta9 ( ! issue ( any p>ticul> ev5t 7,,ii4 xxxi4 ,cor471 x may nev]!less happ5 t we feel no d\bt conc]n+ x4 ,= we h %[n1 t to feel no d\bt conc]n+ a ?+ is n ! same z to be q c]ta9 ( x 7,,ii4 xlix4 note74 ,?us x may happ5 t we are affect$ by ! same emotion ( pleasure or pa9 conc]n+ a ?+ pa/ or future1 z conc]n+ ! conception ( a ?+ pres5t2 ?is ,i h already %[n 9 ,,iii4 xviii41 to :i*1 ) its note1 ,i ref] ! read]4 ,,xvi4 ,joy is pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ pa/1 :i* has _h an issue beyond our hope4 ,,xvii4 ,disappo9tm5t is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ pa/1 :i* has _h an issue contr>y to our hope4 ,,xviii4 ,pity is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( evil1 :i* has befall5 someone else :om we conceive to be l ourselves 7cf4 ,,iii4 xxii4 note1 & ,,iii4 xxvii4 note74 ,explanation--,betwe5 pity & sympa?y 7mis]icordia7 !re seems to be no diff]5ce1 unless p]haps t ! =m] t]m is us$ 9 ref]5ce to a p>ticul> action1 & ! latt] 9 ref]5ce to a disposition4 ,,xix4 ,approval is love t[>ds "o :o has done good to ano!r4 ,,xx4 ,indignation is hatr$ t[>ds "o :o has done evil to ano!r4 ,explanation--,i am aw>e t ^! t]ms are employ$ 9 s5ses some:at diff]5t f ^? usually assign$4 ,b my purpose is to expla91 n ! mean+ ( words1 b ! nature ( ?+s4 ,i !re=e make use ( su* t]ms1 z may convey my mean+ )\t any viol5t dep>ture f _! ord9>y signification4 ,"o /atem5t ( my me?od w suffice4 ,z = ! cause ( ! above-nam$ emotions see ,,iii4 xxvii4 ,cor4 i41 & ,,iii4 xxii4 note4 ,,xxi4 ,p>tiality is ?9k+ too highly ( anyone because ( ! love we be> him4 ,explanation--,?us p>tiality is an effect ( love1 & disp>agem5t an effect ( hatr$3 s t p>tiality may also be def9$ z love1 9 s f> z x induces a man to ?9k too highly ( a belov$ object4 ,contr>iwise1 disp>agem5t may be def9$ z hatr$1 9 s f> z x induces a man to ?9k too meanly ( a hat$ object4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxvi4 note4 ,,xxiii4 ,envy is hatr$1 9 s f> z x induces a man to be pa9$ by ano!r's good =tune1 & to rejoice 9 ano!r's evil =tune4 ,explanation--,envy is g5]ally oppos$ to sympa?y1 :i*1 by do+ "s viol5ce to ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 may !re=e be ?us def9$3 ,,xxiv4 ,sympa?y 7mis]icordia7 is love1 9 s f> z x induces a man to feel pleasure at ano!r's good =tune1 & pa9 at ano!r's evil =tune4 ,explanation--,conc]n+ envy see ! notes to ,,ii4 xxiv4 & xxxii4 ,^! emotions also arise f pleasure or pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ ext]nal1 z cause ei!r 9 itself or accid5tally4 ,i n[ pass on to o!r emotions1 :i* are accompani$ by ! idea ( some?+ )9 z a cause4 ,,xxv4 ,self-approval is pleasure aris+ f a man's contemplation ( himself & 8 own p[] ( action4 ,,xxvi4 ,humility is pa9 aris+ f a man's contemplation ( 8 own weakness ( body or m9d4 ,explanation--,self-complac5cy is oppos$ to humility1 9 s f> z we !reby mean pleasure aris+ f a contemplation ( our own p[] ( action2 b1 9 s f> z we mean !reby pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( any action :i* we believe we h p]=m$ by ! free decision ( our m9d1 x is oppos$ to rep5tance1 :i* we may ?us def9e3 ,,xxvii4 ,rep5tance is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( "s action1 :i* we believe we h p]=m$ by ! free decision ( our m9d4 ,explanation--,! causes ( ^! emotions we h set =? 9 ,,iii4 li4 note1 & 9 ,,iii4 liii41 liv41 lv4 & note4 ,conc]n+ ! free decision ( ! m9d see ,,ii4 xxxv4 note4 ,?is is p]haps ! place to call att5tion to ! fact1 t x is no?+ wond]ful t all ^? actions1 :i* are commonly call$ wrong1 are foll[$ by pa91 & all ^?1 :i* are call$ "r1 are foll[$ by pleasure4 ,we c easily ga!r f :at has be5 said1 t ?is dep5ds 9 great measure on education4 ,p>5ts1 by reprobat+ ! =m] class ( actions1 & by frequ5tly *id+ _! *ildr5 because ( !m1 & also by p]suad+ to & prais+ ! latt] class1 h br\ght x ab\t1 t ! =m] %\ld be associat$ ) pa9 & ! latt] ) pleasure4 ,?is is confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,= cu/om & religion are n ! same among all m51 b t :i* "s consid] sacr$ o!rs consid] pr(ane1 & :at "s consid] hon\rable o!rs consid] disgraceful4 ,accord+ z ea* man has be5 educat$1 he feels rep5tance = a giv5 action or glories !re94 ,,xxviii4 ,pride is ?9k+ too highly ( "o's self f self-love4 ,explanation--,?us pride is diff]5t f p>tiality1 = ! latt] t]m is us$ 9 ref]5ce to an ext]nal object1 b pride is us$ ( a man ?9k+ too highly ( himself4 ,h[ev]1 z p>tiality is ! effect ( love1 s is pride ! effect or prop]ty ( self-love1 :i* may !re=e be ?us def9$1 love ( self or self-approval1 9 s f> z x leads a man to ?9k too highly ( himself4 ,to ?is emotion !re is no contr>y4 ,= no "o ?9ks too meanly ( himself because ( self-hatr$2 ,i say t no "o ?9ks too meanly ( himself1 9 s f> z he conceives t he is incapable ( do+ ?is or t4 ,= :atsoev] a man imag9es t he is incapable ( do+1 he imag9es ?is ( necessity1 & by t notion he is s dispos$1 t he really _c d t :i* he conceives t he _c d4 ,=1 s long z he conceives t he _c d x1 s long is he n det]m9$ to d x1 & consequ5tly s long is x impossible = him to d x4 ,h[ev]1 if we consid] su* matt]s z only dep5d on op9ion1 we %all f9d x conceivable t a man may ?9k too meanly ( himself2 = x may happ51 t a man1 sorr[fully reg>d+ 8 own weakness1 %\ld imag9e t he is despis$ by all m51 :ile ! re/ ( ! _w are ?9k+ ( no?+ less ?an ( despis+ him4 ,aga91 a man may ?9k too meanly ( himself1 if he d5y ( himself 9 ! pres5t some?+ 9 relation to a future "t ( :i* he is unc]ta94 ,z1 = in/ance1 if he %\ld say t he is unable to =m any cle> conceptions1 or t he c desire & d no?+ b :at is wick$ & base1 c4 ,we may also say1 t a man ?9ks too meanly ( himself1 :5 we see him f excessive fe> ( %ame refus+ to d ?+s :i* o!rs1 8 equals1 v5ture4 ,we c1 !re=e1 set d[n z a contr>y to pride an emotion :i* ,i w call self-abasem5t1 = z f self-complac5cy spr+s pride1 s f humility spr+s self-abasem5t1 :i* ,i w accord+ly ?us def9e3 ,,xxix4 ,self-abasem5t is ?9k+ too meanly ( "o's self by reason ( pa94 ,explanation--,we are nev]!less g5]ally accu/om$ to oppose pride to humility1 b 9 t case we pay m att5tion to ! effect ( ei!r emotion ?an to its nature4 ,we are wont to call pr\d ! man :o boa/s too mu* 7,,iii4 xxx4 note71 :o talks ( no?+ b 8 own virtues & o!r p's faults1 :o wi%es to be fir/2 & la/ly :o goes ?r\gh life ) a /yle & pomp suitable to ^? f> above him 9 /ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we call humble ! man :o too (t5 blu%es1 :o confesses 8 faults1 :o sets =? o!r m5's virtues1 & :o1 la/ly1 walks ) b5t head & is neglig5t ( 8 attire4 ,h[ev]1 ^! emotions1 humility & self-abasem5t1 are extremely r>e4 ,= human nature1 consid]$ 9 itself1 /rives aga9/ !m z mu* z x c 7see ,,iii4 xiii41 liv472 h5ce ^?1 :o are believ$ to be mo/ self-abas$ & humble1 are g5]ally 9 reality ! mo/ ambiti\s & envi\s4 ,,xxx4 ,hon\r 7gloria7 is pleasure accompani$ by ! idea ( "s action ( our own1 :i* we believe to be prais$ by o!rs4 ,,xxxi4 ,%ame is pa9 accompani$ by ! idea ( "s action ( our own1 :i* we believe to be blam$ by o!rs4 ,explanation--,on ?is subject see ! note to ,,iii4 xxx4 ,b we %\ld "h rem>k ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 %ame & mode/y4 ,%ame is ! pa9 foll[+ ! de$ :]e( we are a%am$4 ,mode/y is ! fe> or dread ( %ame1 :i* re/ra9s a man f committ+ a base action4 ,mode/y is usually oppos$ to %amelessness1 b ! latt] is n an emotion1 z ,i w duly %[2 h[ev]1 ! names ( ! emotions 7z ,i h rem>k$ already7 h reg>d r to _! ex]cise ?an to _! nature4 ,i h n[ fulfill$ ! task ( expla9+ ! emotions aris+ f pleasure & pa94 ,i !re=e proce$ to treat ( ^? :i* ,i ref] to desire4 ,,xxxii4 ,regret is ! desire or appetite to possess some?+1 kept alive by ! remembrance ( ! said ?+1 & at ! same "t con/ra9$ by ! remembrance ( o!r ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( x4 ,explanation--,:5 we rememb] a ?+1 we are by t v fact1 z ,i h already said m ?an once1 dispos$ to contemplate x ) ! same emotion z if x 7 some?+ pres5t2 b ?is disposition or endeav\r1 :ile we are awake1 is g5]ally *eck$ by ! images ( ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( t :i* we rememb]4 ,?us :5 we rememb] some?+ :i* affect$ u ) a c]ta9 pleasure1 we by t v fact endeav\r to reg>d x ) ! same emotion ( pleasure z ?\gh x 7 pres5t1 b ?is endeav\r is at once *eck$ by ! remembrance ( ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ 9 "q4 ,:]e=e regret is1 /rictly speak+1 a pa9 oppos$ to t ( pleasure1 :i* arises f ! abs5ce ( some?+ we hate 7cf4 ,,iii4 xlvii4 note74 ,b1 z ! "n regret seems to ref] to desire1 ,i set ?is emotion d[n1 among ! emotions spr++ f desire4 ,,xxxiii4 ,emulation is ! desire ( some?+1 eng5d]$ 9 u by our conception t o!rs h ! same desire4 ,explanation--,he :o runs away1 because he sees o!rs runn+ away1 or he :o fe>s1 because he sees o!rs 9 fe>2 or aga91 he :o1 on see+ t ano!r man has burnt 8 h&1 draws t[>ds him 8 own h&1 & moves 8 body z ?\gh 8 own 7 burnt2 su* an "o c be said to imitate ano!r's emotion1 b n to emulate him2 n because ! causes ( emulation & imitation are diff]5t1 b because x has become cu/om>y to speak ( emulation only 9 him1 :o imitates t :i* we deem to be hon\rable1 useful1 or pleasant4 ,z to ! cause ( emulation1 cf4 ,,iii4 xxvii4 & note4 ,! reason :y ?is emotion is g5]ally c\pl$ ) envy may be se5 f ,,iii4 xxxii4 & note4 ,,xxxiv4 ,?ankfulness or ,gratitude is ! desire or zeal spr++ f love1 :]eby we endeav\r to b5efit him1 :o ) simil> feel+s ( love has conf]r$ a b5efit on u4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxxix4 note & xl4 ,,xxxv4 ,b5evol5ce is ! desire ( b5efit+ "o :om we pity4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxvii4 note4 ,,xxxvi4 ,ang] is ! desire1 :]eby ?r\gh hatr$ we are induc$ to injure "o :om we hate1 ,,iii4 xxxix4 ,,xxxvii4 ,rev5ge is ! desire :]eby we are induc$1 ?r\gh mutual hatr$1 to injure "o :o1 ) simil> feel+s1 has injur$ u4 7,see ,,iii4 xl4 ,cor4 ii4 & note47 ,,xxxviii4 ,cruelty or savag5ess is ! desire1 :]eby a man is impell$ to injure "o :om we love or pity4 ,explanation--,to cruelty is oppos$ clem5cy1 :i* is n a passive /ate ( ! m9d1 b a p[] :]eby man re/ra9s 8 ang] & rev5ge4 ,,xxxix4 ,timidity is ! desire to avoid a great] evil1 :i* we dread1 by und]go+ a less] evil4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxxix4 note4 ,,xl4 ,d>+ is ! desire1 :]eby a man is set on to d some?+ dang]\s :i* 8 equals fe> to attempt4 ,,xli4 ,c[>dice is attribut$ to "o1 ^: desire is *eck$ by ! fe> ( "s dang] :i* 8 equals d>e to enc\nt]4 ,explanation--,c[>dice is1 !re=e1 no?+ else b ! fe> ( "s evil1 :i* mo/ m5 are wont n to fe>2 h5ce ,i d n reckon x among ! emotions spr++ f desire4 ,nev]!less1 ,i h *os5 to expla9 x "h1 because1 9 s f> z we look to ! desire1 x is truly oppos$ to ! emotion ( d>+4 ,,xlii4 ,con/]nation is attribut$ to "o1 ^: desire ( avoid+ evil is *eck$ by amazem5t at ! evil :i* he fe>s4 ,explanation--,con/]nation is1 !re=e1 a species ( c[>dice4 ,b1 inasmu* z con/]nation arises f a d\ble fe>1 x may be m conv5i5tly def9$ z a fe> :i* keeps a man s bewild]$ & wav]+1 t he is n able to remove ! evil4 ,i say bewild]$1 9 s f> z we und]/& 8 desire ( remov+ ! evil to be con/ra9$ by 8 amazem5t4 ,i say wav]+1 9 s f> z we und]/& ! said desire to be con/ra9$ by ! fe> ( ano!r evil1 :i* equally torm5ts him3 :5ce x comes to pass t he kn[s n1 :i* he may av]t ( ! two4 ,on ?is subject1 see ,,iii4 xxxix4 note1 & ,,iii4 lii4 note4 ,conc]n+ c[>dice & d>+1 see ,,iii4 li4 note4 ,,xliii4 ,c\rtesy1 or def]5ce 7,humanitas seu mode/ia71 is ! desire ( act+ 9 a way t %\ld please m51 & refra9+ f t :i* %\ld displease !m4 ,,xliv4 ,ambition is ! immod]ate desire ( p[]4 ,explanation--,ambition is ! desire1 :]eby all ! emotions 7cf4 ,,iii4 xxvii4 & xxxi47 are fo/]$ & /r5g!n$2 !re=e ?is emotion c ) difficulty be ov]come4 ,=1 s long z a man is b\nd by any desire1 he is at ! same "t necess>ily b\nd by ?is4 ,! be/ m51 says ,cic]o1 are especially l$ by hon\r4 ,ev5 philosoph]s1 :5 !y write a book contemn+ hon\r1 sign _! names !reto1 & s on4 ,,xlv4 ,luxury is excessive desire1 or ev5 love ( liv+ sumptu\sly4 ,,xlvi4 ,intemp]ance is ! excessive desire & love ( dr9k+4 ,,xlvii4 ,av>ice is ! excessive desire & love ( ri*es4 ,,xlviii4 ,lu/ is desire & love 9 ! matt] ( sexual int]c\rse4 ,explanation--,:e!r ?is desire be excessive or n1 x is /ill call$ lu/4 ,^! la/ five emotions 7z ,i h %[n 9 ,,iii4 lvi47 h on contr>ies4 ,= def]5ce is a species ( ambition4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 xxix4 note4 ,aga91 ,i h already po9t$ out1 t temp]ance1 sobriety1 & *a/ity indicate r a p[] ?an a passivity ( ! m9d4 ,x may1 nev]!less1 happ51 t an av>ici\s1 an ambiti\s1 or a timid man may ab/a9 f excess 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 or sexual indulg5ce1 yet av>ice1 ambition1 & fe> are n contr>ies to luxury1 drunk5ness1 & debau*]y4 ,= an av>ici\s man (t5 is glad to gorge himself ) food & dr9k at ano!r man's exp5se4 ,an ambiti\s man w re/ra9 himself 9 no?+1 s long z he ?9ks 8 indulg5ces are secret2 & if he lives among drunk>ds & debau*ees1 he w1 f ! m]e fact ( be+ ambiti\s1 be m prone to ^? vices4 ,la/ly1 a timid man does t :i* he w\ld n4 ,= ?\gh an av>ici\s man %\ld1 = ! sake ( avoid+ dea?1 ca/ 8 ri*es into ! sea1 he w none ! less rema9 av>ici\s2 s1 also1 if a lu/ful man is d[nca/1 because he _c foll[ 8 b5t1 he does n1 on ! gr\nd ( ab/5tion1 cease to be lu/ful4 ,9 fact1 ^! emotions are n s mu* conc]n$ ) ! actual fea/+1 dr9k+1 c41 z ) ! appetite & love ( su*4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be oppos$ to ^! emotions1 b high-m9d$ness & val\r1 :]e( ,i w speak pres5tly4 ,! def9itions ( jeal\sy & o!r wav]+s ( ! m9d ,i pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 fir/1 because !y arise f ! comp\nd+ ( ! emotions already describ$2 secondly1 because _m ( !m h no di/9ctive names1 :i* %[s t x is suffici5t = practical purposes to h m]ely a g5]al k ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 x is e/abli%$ f ! def9itions ( ! emotions1 :i* we h set =?1 t !y all spr+ f desire1 pleasure1 or pa91 or1 r1 t !re is no?+ besides ^! ?ree2 :]e=e ea* is wont to be call$ by a v>iety ( names 9 accordance ) its v>i\s relations & extr9sic tok5s4 ,if we n[ direct our att5tion to ^! primitive emotions1 & to :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! nature ( ! m9d1 we %all be able ?us to def9e ! emotions1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to ! m9d only4 ,,g5]al ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,emotion1 :i* is call$ a passivity ( ! s\l1 is a confus$ idea1 :]eby ! m9d affirms conc]n+ its body1 or any "p !re(1 a =ce = exi/5ce 7exi/5di vis7 great] or less ?an be=e1 & by ! pres5ce ( :i* ! m9d is det]m9$ to ?9k ( "o ?+ r ?an ano!r4 ,explanation--,i say1 fir/1 t emotion or passion ( ! s\l is a confus$ idea4 ,= we h %[n t ! m9d is only passive1 9 s f> z x has inadequate or confus$ ideas4 7,,iii4 iii47 ,i say1 fur!r1 :]eby ! m9d affirms conc]n+ its body or any "p !re( a =ce = exi/5ce great] ?an be=e4 ,= all ! ideas ( bodies1 :i* we possess1 d5ote r ! actual disposition ( our own body 7,,ii4 xvi4 ,cor4 ii47 ?an ! nature ( an ext]nal body4 ,b ! idea :i* con/itutes ! reality ( an emotion mu/ d5ote or express ! disposition ( ! body1 or ( "s "p !re(1 because its p[] ( action or =ce = exi/5ce is increas$ or dim9i%$1 help$ or h9d]$4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t1 :5 ,i say a great] or less =ce = exi/5ce ?an be=e1 ,i d n mean t ! m9d comp>es ! pres5t ) ! pa/ disposition ( ! body1 b t ! idea :i* con/itutes ! reality ( an emotion affirms some?+ ( ! body1 :i*1 9 fact1 involves m or less ( reality ?an be=e4 ,& inasmu* z ! ess5ce ( m9d consi/s 9 ! fact 7,,ii4 xi41 xiii471 t x affirms ! actual exi/5ce ( its own body1 & inasmu* z we und]/& by p]fection ! v ess5ce ( a ?+1 x foll[s t ! m9d passes to great] or less p]fection1 :5 x happ5s to affirm conc]n+ its own body1 or any "p !re(1 some?+ involv+ m or less reality ?an be=e4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,i said above t ! p[] ( ! m9d is increas$ or dim9i%$1 ,i m]ely meant t ! m9d _h =m$ ( its own body1 or ( "s "p !re(1 an idea involv+ m or less ( reality1 ?an x _h already affirm$ conc]n+ its own body4 ,= ! excell5ce ( ideas1 & ! actual p[] ( ?9k+ are measur$ by ! excell5ce ( ! object4 ,la/ly1 ,i h add$ by ! pres5ce ( :i* ! m9d is det]m9$ to ?9k ( "o ?+ r ?an ano!r1 s t1 besides ! nature ( pleasure & pa91 :i* ! fir/ "p ( ! def9ition expla9s1 ,i might also express ! nature ( desire4 ,,end ,,( ,,"p ,,iii