,,ae/hetic ,,z ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,expression ,,& ,,g5]al ,,l+ui/ic ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,italian ,,( ,,b5$etto ,,croce ,,by ,,d\glas ,,a9slie ,b4,a4 7,,oxon47 #aiji ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,8 ,,p>5ts ,,pasquale ,,& ,,luisa ,,sip>i ,,& ,,( ,,8 ,,si/] ,,m>ia ,,note ,i give "h a close translation ( ! complete ,!ory ( ,ae/hetic1 & 9 ! ,hi/orical ,summ>y1 ) ! cons5t ( ! au?or1 an abbreviation ( ! hi/orical portion ( ! orig9al "w4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,!ory ,i ,,intuition ,,& ,,expression ,intuitive k--,its indep5d5ce 9 respect to ! intellect-- ,intuition & p]ception--,intuition & ! concepts ( space & "t--,intuition & s5sation--,intuition & association--,intuition & repres5tation--,intuition & expression--,illusions z to _! diff]5ce--,id5tity ( intuition & expression4 ,,ii ,,intuition ,,& ,,art ,coroll>ies & explanations--,id5tity ( art & ( intuitive k-- ,no specific diff]5ce--,no diff]5ce ( int5sity--,diff]5ce ext5sive & empirical--,arti/ic g5ius--,cont5t & =m 9 ,ae/hetic--,critique ( ! imitation ( nature & ( ! arti/ic illusion--,critique ( art conceiv$ z a s5tim5tal1 n a !oretic fact--,! orig9 ( ,ae/hetic1 & s5tim5t--,critique ( ! !ory ( ,ae/hetic s5ses--,unity & indivisibility ( ! "w ( art--,art z deliv]]4 ,,iii ,,art ,,& ,,philosophy ,indissolubility ( intellective & ( intuitive k--,critique ( ! negations ( ?is !sis--,art & sci5ce--,cont5t & =m3 ano!r mean+4 ,prose & poetry--,! relation ( fir/ & second degree--,inexi/5ce ( o!r cognoscitive =ms--,hi/oricity--,id5tity & diff]5ce 9 respect ( art--,hi/orical criticism--,hi/orical scepticism--,philosophy z p]fect sci5ce4 ,! s-call$ natural sci5ces1 & _! limits--,! ph5om5on & ! n\m5on4 ,,iv ,,hi/oricism ,,& ,,intellectualism ,,9 ,,ae/hetic ,critique ( ! v]isimil> & ( naturalism--,critique ( ideas 9 art1 ( art z !sis1 & ( ! typical--,critique ( ! symbol & ( ! allegory--,critique ( ! !ory ( arti/ic & lit]>y categories--,errors d]iv$ f ?is !ory 9 judgm5ts on art-- ,empirical mean+ ( ! divisions ( ! categories4 ,v ,,analog\s ,,errors ,,9 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,9 ,,logic ,critique ( ! philosophy ( ,hi/ory--,ae/hetic invasions ( ,logic-- ,logic 9 its ess5ce--,di/9ction betwe5 logical & non-logical judgm5ts--,! syllogism--,false ,logic & true ,ae/hetic--,logic re=m$4 ,,vi ,,!oretic ,,& ,,practical ,,activity ,! w--,! w z ult]ior grade 9 respect ( k--,objections & explanations--,critique ( practical judgm5ts or judgm5ts ( value--,exclusion ( ! practical f ! ae/hetic--,critique ( ! !ory ( ! end ( art & ( ! *oice ( cont5t--,practical innoc5ce ( art--,indep5d5ce ( art--,critique ( ! say+3 ! /yle is ! man--,critique ( ! concept ( s9c]ity 9 art4 ,,vii ,,analogy ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,!oretic ,,& ,,! ,,practical ,! two =ms ( practical activity--,! economically useful-- ,di/9ction betwe5 ! useful & ! te*nical--,di/9ction betwe5 ! useful & ! egoi/ic--,economic & moral volition--,pure economicity--,! economic side ( morality--,! m]ely economical & ! error ( ! morally indiff]5t--,critique ( utilit>ianism & ! re=m ( ,e?ic & ( ,economic--,ph5om5on & n\m5on 9 practical activity4 ,,viii ,,exclusion ,,( ,,o!r ,,spiritual ,,=ms ,! sy/em ( ! _s--,! =ms ( g5ius--,inexi/5ce ( a fif? =m ( activity--,law2 sociality--,religiosity--,metaphysic--,m 5tal imag9ation & ! intuitive intellect--,my/ical ,ae/hetic--,mortality & immortality ( art4 ,,ix ,,indivisibility ,,( ,,expression ,,into ,,modes ,,or ,,grades ,,& ,,critique ,,( ,,rhetoric ,! *>act]i/ics ( art--,inexi/5ce ( modes ( expression-- ,impossibility ( translations--,critique ( rhetorical categories-- ,empirical mean+ ( rhetorical categories--,_! use z synonyms ( ! ae/hetic fact--,_! use z indicat+ v>i\s ae/hetic imp]fections--,_! use z transc5d+ ! ae/hetic fact1 & 9 ! s]vice ( sci5ce--,rhetoric 9 s*ools--,simil>ities ( expressions--,relative possibility ( translations4 ,x ,,ae/hetic ,,s5tim5ts ,,& ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,beautiful ,,& ,,! ,,ugly ,v>i\s mean+s ( ! ^w s5tim5t--,s5tim5t z activity-- ,id5tification ( s5tim5t ) economic activity--,critique ( h$onism--,s5tim5t z concomitant ( e =m ( activity--,mean+ ( c]ta9 ord9>y di/9ctions ( s5tim5ts--,value & disvalue3 ! contr>ies & _! union--,! beautiful z ! value ( expression1 or expression )\t adjunct--,! ugly & ! elem5ts ( beauty t con/itute x--,illusion t !re exi/ expressions nei!r beautiful nor ugly--,prop] ae/hetic s5tim5ts & concomitant & accid5tal s5tim5ts--,critique ( app>5t s5tim5ts4 ,,xi ,,critique ,,( ,,ae/hetic ,,h$onism ,critique ( ! beautiful z :at pleases ! sup]ior s5ses--,critique ( ! !ory ( play--,critique ( ! !ory ( sexuality & ( ! triumph--,critique ( ! ,ae/hetic ( ! sympa!tic--,mean+ 9 x ( cont5t & ( =m--,ae/hetic h$onism & moralism--,! rigori/ic negation1 & ! p$agogic negation ( art--,critique ( pure beauty4 ,,xii ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,( ,,! ,,sympa!tic ,,& ,,pseudo-,,ae/hetic ,,concepts ,pseudo-ae/hetic concepts1 & ! ,ae/hetic ( ! sympa!tic-- ,critique ( ! !ory ( ! ugly 9 art & ( its surm\nt+-- ,pseudo-ae/hetic concepts app]ta9 to ,psy*ology--,impossibility ( rigor\s def9itions ( ^!--,examples3 def9itions ( ! sublime1 ( ! comic1 ( ! humor\s--,relation betwe5 ^? concepts & ae/hetic concepts4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,physically ,,beautiful ,,9 ,,nature ,,& ,,9 ,,art ,ae/hetic activity & physical concepts--,expression 9 ! ae/hetic s5se1 & expression 9 ! naturali/ic s5se--,intuitions & memory--,! production ( aids to memory--,! physically beautiful-- ,cont5t & =m3 ano!r mean+--,natural beauty & artificial beauty--,mix$ beauty--,writ+s--,! beautiful t is free & t :i* is n free--,critique ( ! beautiful t is n free-- ,/imulants ( production4 ,,xiv ,,errors ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,confusion ,,betwe5 ,,physic ,,& ,,ae/hetic ,critique ( ae/hetic associationism--,critique ( ae/hetic physic-- ,critique ( ! !ory ( ! beauty ( ! human body--,critique ( ! beauty ( geometrical figures--,critique ( ano!r aspect ( ! imitation ( nature--,critique ( ! !ory ( ! elem5t>y =ms ( ! beautiful--,critique ( ! se>* = ! objective conditions ( ! beautiful--,! a/rology ( ,ae/hetic4 ,,xv ,,! ,,activity ,,( ,,ext]nalization4 ,,te*nique ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,arts ,! practical activity ( ext]nalization--,! te*nique ( ext]nalization--,te*nical !ories ( s+le arts--,critique ( ! classifications ( ! arts--,relation ( ! activity ( ext]nalization ) utility & morality4 ,,xvi ,,ta/e ,,& ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,,art ,ae/hetic judgm5t4 ,its id5tity ) ae/hetic reproduction-- ,impossibility ( div]g5ces--,id5tity ( ta/e & g5ius--,analogy ) ! o!r activities--,critique ( absolutism 7intellectualism7 & ( ae/hetic relativism--,critique ( relative relativism--,objections f\nd$ on ! v>iation ( ! /imulus & ( ! psy*ic disposition-- ,critique ( ! di/9ction ( signs z natural & conv5tional--,! surm\nt+ ( v>iety--,re/orations & hi/orical int]pretation4 ,,xvii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,( ,,art ,hi/orical criticism 9 lit]ature & art4 ,its importance--,arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory4 ,its di/9ction f hi/orical criticism & f ! ae/hetic judgm5t--,! me?od ( arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory--,critique ( ! problem ( ! orig9 ( art--,! crit]ion ( progress & hi/ory--,inexi/5ce ( a s+le l9e ( progress 9 arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory--,errors 9 respect ( ?is law--,o!r mean+s ( ! ^w progress 9 relation to ,ae/hetic4 ,,xviii ,,conclusion3 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,l+ui/ic ,,& ,,ae/hetic ,summ>y ( ! inquiry--,id5tity ( ,l+ui/ic ) ,ae/hetic-- ,ae/hetic =mulation ( l+ui/ic problems4 ,nature ( language-- ,orig9 ( language & its developm5t--,relation betwe5 ,grammatic & ,logic--,grammatical categories or p>ts ( spee*--,individuality ( spee* & ! classification ( languages--,impossibility ( a normative ,grammatic--,didactic organisms--,elem5t>y l+ui/ic elem5ts1 or roots--,! ae/hetic judgm5t & ! model language-- ,conclusion4 ,,hi/orical ,,summ>y ,ae/hetic ideas 9 ,graeco-,roman antiquity--,9 ! ,middle ,age & at ! ,r5aissance--,f]m5tation ( ?\ght 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury--,ae/hetic ideas 9 ,c>tesianism1 ,leibnitzianism1 & 9 ! ,ae/hetic ( ,baumg>t5--,g4,b4 ,vico--,ae/hetic doctr9es 9 ! eighte5? c5tury--,emmanuel ,kant--,! ,ae/hetic ( ,idealism ) ,s*ill] & ,hegel--,s*op5hau] & ,h]b>t--,fri$ri* ,s*lei]ma*]--,! philosophy ( language ) ,humboldt & ,/e9?al--,ae/hetic 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,italy dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--,francesco de ,sanctis--,! ,ae/hetic ( ! epigoni--,positivism & ae/hetic naturalism--,ae/hetic psy*ologism & o!r rec5t t5d5cies--,glance at ! hi/ory ( c]ta9 p>ticul> doctr9es--,conclusion4 ,,app5dix ,translation ( ! lecture on ,pure ,intuition & ! lyrical nature ( art1 deliv]$ by ,b5$etto ,croce be=e ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy at ,heidelb]g4 ,,introduction ,!re are always ,am]icas to be discov]$3 ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ,europe4 ,i c lay no claim to hav+ discov]$ an ,am]ica1 b ,i d claim to h discov]$ a ,columbus4 ,8 "n is ,b5$etto ,croce1 & he dwells on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 at ,naples1 city ( ! antique ,p>!nope4 ,croce's ,am]ica _c be express$ 9 geographical t]ms4 ,x is m important ?an any space ( m\nta9 & riv]1 ( =e/ & dale4 ,x belongs to ! k+dom ( ! _s1 & has _m prov9ces4 ,t prov9ce :i* mo/ int]e/s me1 ,i h /riv5 9 ! foll[+ pages to annex to ! possessions ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race2 an act :i* _c be blam$ z pr$atory1 s9ce x may be said ( philosophy m truly ?an ( love1 t to divide is n to take away4 ,! ,hi/orical ,summ>y w %[ h[ _m a brave adv5tur] has navigat$ ! p]il\s seas ( speculation ^u ,art1 h[ ,ari/otle's m>vell\s insight gave him glimpses ( its beauty1 h[ ,plato ?rew away its gold5 fruit1 h[ ,baumg>t5 s\nd$ ! dep? ( its wat]s1 ,kant sail$ along its coa/ )\t l&+1 & ,vico hoi/$ ! ,italian flag ^u its %ore4 ,b ,b5$etto ,croce has be5 ! fir/ ?or\ghly to explore x1 cutt+ 8 way inl& ?r\gh ! tangl$ und]gr[? ( imp]fect ?\ght4 ,he has measur$ its l5g? & bread?1 m>k$ out & describ$ its spiritual features ) m9ute accuracy4 ,! c\ntry ?us won to philosophy w always be> 8 "n1 ,e/etica di ,croce1 a new ,am]ica4 ,x 0 at ,naples1 9 ! w9t] ( #aijg1 t ,i fir/ saw ! ,philosoph] ( ,ae/hetic4 ,b5$etto ,croce1 al?\gh born 9 ! ,abruzzi1 ,prov9ce ( ,aquila 7#ahff71 is ess5tially a ,neapolitan1 & r>ely rema9s long abs5t f ! city1 on ! %ore ( t magical sea1 :]e once ,ulysses sail$1 & :]e sometimes yet 7ne> ,amalfi7 we may he> ! ,syr5s s+ _! song4 ,b m wond]ful ?an ! song ( any ,syr5 seems to me ! ,!ory ( ,ae/hetic z ! ,sci5ce ( ,expression1 & t is :y ,i h ov]come ! ob/acles t /ood betwe5 me & ! giv+ ( ?is !ory1 :i* 9 my belief is ! tru?1 to ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,no "o c\ld h be5 fur!r remov$ ?an myself1 z ,i turn$ ov] at ,naples ! pages ( ,la ,critica1 f any idea t ,i 0 ne>+ ! solution ( ! problem ( ,art4 ,all my y\? x _h haunt$ me4 ,z an und]graduate at ,ox=d ,i _h caught ! exquisite cad5ce ( ,walt] ,pat]'s spee*1 z x came f 8 v lips1 or rose l ! p]fume ( "s exotic fl[] f ! ribb$ pages ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,seem+ to solve ! riddle ( ! ,sph9x1 he solv$ x n--only delight$ ) pure pleasure ( poetry & ( subtle ?\ght z he l$ "o along ! pa?ways ( 8 ,en*ant$ ,g>d51 :]e ,i %all always love to tread4 ,osc> ,wilde1 too1 ,i _h (t5 he>d at 8 be/1 ! mo/ brilliant talk] ( our "t1 8 wit fla%+ 9 ! spr+ sunlight ( ,ox=d lun*eon-p>ties z n[ 9 8 beautiful writ+s1 l ! jewell$ rapi] ( ,m]cutio4 ,b 8 works1 too1 w be se>*$ 9 va9 by ! seek] aft] def9ite ae/hetic tru?4 ,) ,a4,c4 ,sw9burne ,i _h sat & wat*$ ! lava t yet fl[$ f ^? lips t 7 kiss$ 9 y\? by all ! ,muses4 ,nei!r f him nor f ,j4,m4 ,:i/l]'s brilliant aphorisms on art c\ld be ga!r$ any?+ m ?an ! exquisite pleasure ( ! mom5t3 ! mono*ronos ha$onae4 ,( ! great p$agogues1 ,i _h kn[n1 b nev] sat at ! feet ( ,j[ett1 :om ,i f\nd f> less inspir+ ?an any ( ! great m5 above m5tion$4 ,among ! dead1 ,i _h /udi$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,nietzs*e & ,guyau3 ,i _h conv]s$ ) t liv+ ,neo-,lat91 ,anatole ,france1 ! mod]n ,r\sseau1 & _h enjoy$ ! m>vell\s irony & eloqu5ce ( 8 writ+s1 :i*1 :ile !y delight ! society 9 :i* he lives1 may well be "o ( ! causes t lead to its ev5tual de/ruction4 ,! solution ( ! problem ( ,ae/hetic is n 9 ! gift ( ! ,muses4 ,to return to ,naples4 ,z ,i look$ ov] ^? pages ( ! b\nd volumes ( ,la ,critica4 ,i soon became aw>e t ,i 0 9 ! pres5ce ( a m9d f> above ! ord9>y level ( lit]>y criticism4 ,! pr(\nd /udies ( ,c>ducci1 ( d',annunzio1 & ( ,pascoli 7to "n b ?ree71 9 :i* ^? writ]s pass$ be=e me 9 all _! /r5g? & 9 all _! weakness1 l$ me to devote sev]al days to ! ,critica4 ,at ! end ( t "t ,i 0 conv9c$ t ,i _h made a discov]y1 & wrote to ! philosoph]1 :o owns & edits t j\rnal4 ,9 response to 8 invitation1 ,i made my way1 on a sunny day 9 ,novemb]1 pa/ ! little %ops ( ! coral-v5dors t surr\nd1 l a necklace1 ! ,rione de la ,bellezza1 & w\nd zigzag along ! ov]-cr[d$ ,tol$o4 ,i knew t ,signor ,croce liv$ 9 ! old "p ( ! t[n1 b _h h>dly anticipat$ s rem>kable a *ange z ,i exp]i5c$ on pass+ b5ea? ! great ar*way & f9d+ myself 9 old ,naples4 ,?is has already be5 describ$ else:]e1 & ,i w n "h dilate ^u ?is _w )9 a _w1 hav+ s mu* ( great] int]e/ to tell 9 a brief space4 ,i w m]ely say t ! co/umes "h seem$ m picturesque1 ! d>k eyes fla%$ m dang]\sly ?an else:]e1 !re 0 a qua9t life1 an animation ab\t ! /reets1 diff]5t f any?+ ,i _h kn[n be=e4 ,z ,i climb$ ! l(ty /one /eps ( ! ,palazzo to ! floor :]e dwells ! philosoph] ( ,ae/hetic ,i felt z ?\gh ,i _h /umbl$ into ! eighte5? c5tury & 7 call+ on ,giambatti/a ,vico4 ,aft] a brief inspection by a "y man ) ! appe>ance ( a secret>y1 ,i 0 told t ,i 0 expect$1 & admitt$ into a small room op5+ out ( ! hall4 ,!nce1 aft] a few mom5ts' wait+1 ,i 0 l$ into a mu* l>g] room4 ,! walls 7 l9$ all r\nd ) bookcases1 b>r$ & numb]$1 fill$ ) volumes =m+ "p ( ! philosoph]'s great libr>y4 ,i _h n long to wait4 ,a door op5$ beh9d me on my left1 & a r %ort1 ?ick-set man advanc$ to greet me1 & pron\nc+ my "n at ! same "t ) a slight =eign acc5t1 ask$ me to be seat$ beside him4 ,aft] ! int]*ange ( a few brief =mulae ( polit5ess 9 ,fr5*1 our conv]sation 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,italian1 & ,i _h a bett] opportunity ( /udy+ my ho/'s air & mann]4 ,8 h&s he held clasp$ be=e him1 b frequ5tly releas$ !m1 to make ^? vivid ge/ures ) :i* ,neapolitans frequ5tly cl9* _! phrase4 ,8 mo/ rem>kable feature 0 8 eyes1 ( a gre5i% grey3 extraord9>y eyes1 n = beauty1 b = _! fa?omless dep?1 & = ! sympa?y :i* "o felt well+ up 9 !m f ! s\l b5ea?4 ,?is 0 especially noticeable z our conv]sation fell ^u ! "q ( ,art & ^u ! _m problems b\nd up ) x4 ,i d n "k h[ long t fir/ int]view la/$1 b x seem$ a few m9utes only1 dur+ :i* 0 display$ be=e me a va/ panorama ( unkn[n height & headl&1 ( league ^u league ( =e/1 ) its bright-w+$ birds ( ?\ght fly+ f tree to tree d[n ! long av5ues into ! dim blue vi/as ( ! unkn[n4 ,i return$ ) my bra9 a:irl1 z ?\gh ,i _h be5 9 fairyl&1 & :5 ,i look$ at ! second edition ( ! ,e/etica1 ) 8 inscription1 ,i 0 sure ( x4 ,^! l9es w suffice to %[ h[ ! translation ( ! ,e/etica orig9at$ f ! acqua9tance ?us =m$1 :i* has develop$ into fri5d%ip4 ,i w n[ make brief m5tion ( ,b5$etto ,croce's o!r "w1 especially 9 s f> z x ?r[s light ^u ! ,ae/hetic4 ,= ?is purpose1 besides articles 9 ,italian & ,g]man reviews1 ,i h made use ( ! excell5t monograph on ! philosoph]1 by ,g4 ,prezzol9i4#a ,fir/1 !n1 x w be well to po9t out t ! ,ae/hetic =ms "p ( a complete philosophical sy/em1 to :i* ! au?or gives ! g5]al title ( ,philosophy ( ! ,_s4 ,! ,ae/hetic is ! fir/ ( ! ?ree volumes4 ,! second is ! ,logic1 ! ?ird ! ,philosophy ( ! ,practical4 ,9 ! ,logic1 z else:]e 9 ! sy/em1 ,croce combats t false conception1 by :i* natural sci5ce1 9 ! %ape ( psy*ology1 makes claim to philosophy1 & =mal logic to absolute value4 ,! !sis ( ! pure concept _c be discuss$ "h4 ,x is connect$ ) ! logic ( evolution z discov]$ by ,hegel1 & is ! only logic :i* conta9s 9 itself ! int]pretation & ! cont9uity ( reality4 ,b]gson 9 8 ,l',evolution ,cratrice deals ) logic 9 a some:at simil> mann]4 ,i rec5tly he>d him lecture on ! di/9ction betwe5 _s & matt] at ! ,collge de ,france1 & ^? :o read ,fr5* & ,italian w f9d t bo? ,croce's ,logic & ! book above m5tion$ by ! ,fr5* philosoph] w amply repay _! lab\r4 ,! conception ( nature z some?+ ly+ outside ! _s :i* in=ms x1 z ! non-be+ :i* aspires to be+1 und]lies all ,croce's ?\ght1 & we f9d con/ant ref]5ce to x ?r\gh\t 8 philosophical sy/em4 ,) reg>d to ! ?ird volume1 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,practical1 x is impossible "h to give m ?an a h9t ( its treasures4 ,i m]ely ref] 9 pass+ to ! treatm5t ( ! w1 :i* is posit$ z a unity insep>able f ! volitional act4 ,= ,croce !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 action & int5tion1 means & end3 !y are "o ?+1 insep>able z ! intuition-expression ( ,ae/hetic4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,practical is a logic & sci5ce ( ! w1 n a normative sci5ce4 ,j z 9 ,ae/hetic ! individuality ( expression made models & rules impossible1 s 9 practical life ! individuality ( action removes ! possibility ( catalogues ( virtues1 ( ! exact application ( laws1 ( ! exi/5ce ( practical judgm5ts & judgm5ts ( value previ\s to action4 ,! read] w probably ask "h3 ,b :at1 !n1 becomes ( morality8 ,! "q w be f\nd answ]$ 9 ! ,!ory ( ,ae/hetic1 & ,i w m]ely say "h t ,croce's !sis ( ! d\ble degree ( ! practical activity1 economic & moral1 is "o ( ! greate/ contributions to mod]n ?\ght4 ,j z x is prov$ 9 ! ,!ory ( ,ae/hetic t ! concept dep5ds ^u ! intuition1 :i* is ! fir/ degree1 ! prim>y & indisp5sable ?+1 s x is prov$ 9 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,practical t ,morality or ,e?ic dep5ds ^u ,economic1 :i* is ! fir/ degree ( ! practical activity4 ,! volitional act is always economic1 b true fre$om ( ! w exi/s & consi/s 9 con=m+ n m]ely to economic1 b to moral conditions1 to ! human _s1 :i* is great] ?an any individual4 ,"h we are face to face ) ! e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity1 to :i* ,croce accords all hon\r4 ,?is ,philosophy ( ! ,_s is symptomatic ( ! happy reaction ( ! tw5tie? c5tury aga9/ ! crude mat]ialism ( ! second half ( ! n9ete5?4 ,x is ! _s :i* gives to ! "w ( art its value1 n ?is or t me?od ( arrangem5t1 ?is or t t9t or cad5ce1 :i* c always be copi$ by skilful plagi>i/s3 n s ! _s ( ! creator4 ,9 ,engl& we he> too mu* ( 7natural7 sci5ce1 :i* has usurp$ ! v "n ( ,philosophy4 ,! natural sci5ces are v well 9 _! place1 b discov]ies su* z aviation are ( inf9itely less importance to ! race ?an ! smalle/ addition to ! philosophy ( ! _s4 ,empirical sci5ce1 ) ! collusion ( positivism1 has /ol5 ! cloak ( philosophy & mu/ be made to give x back4 ,among ,croce's o!r important contributions to ?\ght mu/ be m5tion$ 8 def9ition ( ,hi/ory z be+ ae/hetic & diff]+ f ,art solely 9 t hi/ory repres5ts ! real1 art ! possible4 ,9 connection ) ?is def9ition & its pro(1 ! philosoph] rec\nts h[ he us$ to hold an opposite view4 ,do+ ev]y?+ ?or\ghly1 he _h prep>$ & writt5 out a long disquisition on ?is !sis1 :i* 0 already 9 type1 :5 sudd5ly1 f ! mid/ ( 8 m$itations1 ! tru? fla%$ ^u him4 ,he saw = ! fir/ "t cle>ly t hi/ory _c be a sci5ce1 s9ce1 l art1 x always deals ) ! p>ticul>4 ,)\t a mom5t's hesitation he ha/5$ to ! pr9t]s & bade !m break up ! type4 ,?is incid5t is illu/rative ( ! s9c]ity & good fai? ( ,b5$etto ,croce4 ,"o kn[s him to be sev]e = ! faults & weaknesses ( o!rs1 m]ciless = 8 own4 ,yet ?\gh sev]e1 ! editor ( ,la ,critica is uncompromis+ly j1 & w\ld nev] all[ p]sonal dislike or jeal\sy1 or any extr9sic consid]ation1 to /& 9 ! way ( fair treatm5t to ! writ] conc]n$4 ,_m sup]ficial ,engli% critics might b5efit consid]ably by att5tion to ?is quality 9 "o :o is 9 o!r respects also s immeasurably _! sup]ior4 ,a good in/ance ( ?is imp>tiality is 8 critique ( ,s*op5hau]1 ) ^: sy/em he is 9 complete disagreem5t1 yet af=ds him full cr$it = :at ( tru? is conta9$ 9 8 volum9\s writ+s4#b ,croce's education 0 l>gely complet$ 9 ,g]many1 & on acc\nt ( _! ?or\ghness he has always be5 an uphold] ( ,g]man me?ods4 ,"o ( 8 compla9ts aga9/ ! ,italian ,positivi/s is t !y only read second-rate works 9 ,fr5* or at ! mo/ ! dilettante booklets publi%$ 9 su* pr(usion by ! ,anglo-,saxon press4 ,?is t5d5cy t[>ds ,g]man ?\ght1 especially 9 philosophy1 dep5ds ^u ! fact ( ! =m] und\bt$ supremacy ( ,g]many 9 t field1 b ,croce does n = a mom5t admit ! inf]iority ( ! ,neo-,lat9 races1 & adds ) homely hum\r 9 ref]5ce to ,g]many1 t we mu/ n ?r[ away ! baby ) ! ba?-wat]6 ,close1 ardu\s /udy & cle> ?\ght are ! only key to sci5tific 7philosophical7 tru?1 & ,croce nev] beg9s an article = a newspap] )\t ! complete collection ( ! works ( ! au?or to be criticiz$1 & 8 own elaborate notes on ! table be=e him4 ,s*op5hau] said !re 7 ?ree k9ds ( writ]s--^? :o write )\t ?9k+1 ! great majority2 ^? :o ?9k :ile !y write1 n v num]\s2 ^? :o write aft] !y h ?\ght1 v r>e4 ,croce c]ta9ly belongs to ! la/ division1 &1 z ,i h said1 always fe$s 8 ?\ght ^u complete erudition4 ,! bibliography ( ! works consult$ = ! ,e/etica alone1 z pr9t$ at ! end ( ! ,italian edition1 ext5ds to _m pages & conta9s ref]5ces to works 9 any way deal+ ) ! subject 9 all ! ,european languages4 ,= in/ance1 ,croce has /udi$ ,mr4 ,b4 ,bosanquet's eclectic works on ,ae/hetic1 l>gely bas$ ^u ,g]man s\rces & by no means )\t value4 ,b he takes exception to ,mr4 ,bosanquet's /atem5t t he has consult$ all works ( importance on ! subject ( ,ae/hetic4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,mr4 ,bosanquet reveals 8 ignorance ( ! great] "p ( ! contribution to ,ae/hetic made by ! ,neo-,lat9 races1 :i* ! read] ( ?is book w recognize z ( fir/-rate importance4 ,?is ?or\ghness x is :i* gives su* importance to ! lit]>y & philosophical criticisms ( ,la ,critica4 ,croce's me?od is always hi/orical1 & 8 object 9 approa*+ any "w ( art is to classify ! _s ( its au?or1 z express$ 9 t "w4 ,!re are1 he ma9ta9s1 b two ?+s to be consid]$ 9 criticiz+ a book4 ,^! are1 fir/ly1 :at is its peculi>ity1 9 :at way is x s+ul>1 h[ is x diff]5tiat$ f o!r works8 ,secondly1 :at is its degree ( purity8--,t is1 to :at ext5t has its au?or kept himself free f all consid]ations ali5 to ! p]fection ( ! "w z an expression1 z a lyrical intuition8 ,) ! answ]+ ( ^! que/ions ,croce is satisfi$4 ,he does n c>e to "k if ! au?or keep a motor-c>1 l ,maet]l9ck2 or pref] to walk on ,putney ,hea?1 l ,sw9burne4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t all works ( art mu/ be judg$ by _! own /&>d4 ,h[ f> has ! au?or succe$$ 9 do+ :at he int5d$8 ,croce is f> above any p]sonal animus1 al?\gh ! same _c be said ( ^? he criticizes4 ,^!1 l d',annunzio1 ^: limitations he po9ts out--8 egoism1 8 lack ( human sympa?y--are (t5 v bitt]1 & accuse ! p5etrat+ critic ( want ( c\rtesy4 ,?is s]i\sness ( purpose runs l a gold5 ?read ?r\gh all ,croce's "w4 ,! flimsy sup]ficial rem>ks on poetry & fiction :i* too (t5 pass = criticism 9 ,engl& 7,scotl& is a good deal m ?or\gh7 are put to %ame by ,la ,critica1 ! /udy ( :i* ,i comm5d to all read]s :o read or wi% to read ,italian4#c ,!y w f9d 9 its back numb]s a complete picture ( a c5tury ( ,italian lit]ature1 besides a /ore-h\se ( philosophical criticism4 ,! ,qu>t]ly & ,ed9burgh ,reviews are our only j\rnals :i* c be comp>$ to ,! ,critica1 & !y are less exhau/ive on ! philosophical side4 ,we %\ld h to add to ^! ,m9d & ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal to get ev5 an approximation to ! scope ( ! ,italian review4 ,z reg>ds ,croce's g5]al philosophical position1 x is important to und]/& t he is n a ,hegelian1 9 ! s5se ( be+ a close foll[] ( t philosoph]4 ,"o ( 8 la/ works is t 9 :i* he deals 9 a ma/]ly mann] ) ! philosophy ( ,hegel4 ,! title may be translat$1 ,:at is liv+ & :at is dead ( ! philosophy ( ,hegel4 ,"h he expla9s to u ! ,hegelian sy/em m cle>ly ?an t wondr\s edifice 0 ev] be=e expla9$1 & we realize at ! same "t t ,croce is q z indep5d5t ( ,hegel z ( ,kant1 ( ,vico z ( ,sp9oza4 ,( c\rse he has made use ( ! be/ ( ,hegel1 j z e ?9k] makes use ( 8 pr$ecessors & is 9 8 turn made use ( by ^? t foll[ him4 ,b x is incorrect to accuse ( ,hegelianism ! au?or ( an anti-hegelian ,ae/hetic1 ( a ,logic :]e ,hegel is only half accept$1 & ( a ,philosophy ( ! ,practical1 :i* conta9s h>dly a trace ( ,hegel4 ,i give an in/ance4 ,if ! great conque/ ( ,hegel be ! dialectic ( opposites1 8 great mi/ake lies 9 ! confusion ( opposites ) ?+s :i* are di/9ct b n opposite4 ,if1 says ,croce1 we take z an example ! application ( ! ,hegelian triad t =mulates becom+ 7affirmation1 negation & syn!sis71 we f9d x applicable = ^? opposites :i* are true & false1 good & evil1 be+ & n-be+1 b n applicable to ?+s :i* are di/9ct b n opposite1 su* z art & philosophy1 beauty & tru?1 ! useful & ! moral4 ,^! confusions l$ ,hegel to talk ( ! dea? ( art1 to conceive z possible a ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 & to ! application ( ! natural sci5ces to ! absurd task ( con/ruct+ a ,philosophy ( ,nature4 ,croce has cle>$ away ^! difficulties by %ew+ t if f ! meet+ ( opposites mu/ arise a sup]ior syn!sis1 su* a syn!sis _c arise f ?+s :i* are di/9ct b n opposite1 s9ce ! =m] are connect$ toge!r z sup]ior & inf]ior1 & ! inf]ior c exi/ )\t ! sup]ior1 b n vice v]sa4 ,?us we see h[ philosophy _c exi/ )\t art1 :ile art1 occupy+ ! l[] place1 c & does exi/ )\t philosophy4 ,?is brief example reveals ,croce's indep5d5ce 9 deal+ ) ,hegelian problems4 ,i "k ( no philosoph] m g5]\s ?an ,croce 9 praise & elucidation ( o!r work]s 9 ! same field1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,= in/ance1 & ap>t f ,hegel1 ,kant has to ?ank him = draw+ att5tion to ! m>vell\s excell5ce ( ! ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 g5]ally neglect$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,critiques ( ,pure ,reason & ( ,practical ,judgm5t2 ,baumg>t5 = draw+ ! att5tion ( ! _w to 8 obscure "n & = repr9t+ 8 ,lat9 !sis 9 :i* ! ^w ,ae/hetic occurs = ! fir/ "t2 & ,s*lei]ma*] = ! tributes paid to 8 neglect$ g5ius 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,ae/hetic4 ,la ,critica1 too1 is full ( g5]\s appreciation ( contempor>ies by ,croce & by t pr(\nd ?9k]1 ,g5tile4 ,b x is n only philosoph]s :o h reason to be grateful to ,croce = 8 untir+ zeal & dilig5ce4 ,hi/orians1 economi/s1 poets1 actors1 & writ]s ( fiction h be5 rescu$ f _! undes]v$ limbo by ?is valiant ,r$ ,cross knight1 & n[ %9e ) due brilliance 9 ! circle ( _! pe]s4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t a l>ge numb] ( false lights1 popul> w o' ! wisps1 h be5 ru?lessly ext+ui%$ ) ! same brea?4 ,= in/ance1 ,k>l ,m>x1 ! sociali/ !ori/ & agitator1 f9ds 9 ,croce an expon5t ( 8 views1 9 s f> z !y are bas$ ^u ! tru?1 b :]e he blund]s1 8 critic imm$iately reveals ! orig9 & nature ( 8 mi/akes4 ,croce's /udies 9 ,economic are *iefly repres5t$ by 8 "w1 ! title ( :i* may be translat$ ,hi/orical ,mat]ialism & ,m>xi/ ,economic4 ,to indicate ! bread? & v>iety ( ,croce's "w ,i w m5tion ! fur!r monograph on ! sixte5? c5tury ,neapolitan ,pulc9ella 7! orig9al ( our ,pun*71 & ! p]sonage ( ! ,neapolitan 9 com$y1 a monum5t ( erudition & ( acute & ( lively dramatic criticism1 t w\ld alone h occupi$ an ord9>y man's activity = half a lifetime4 ,"o mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ,croce's av]age work+ day is ( t5 h\rs4 ,8 int]e/ is conc5trat$ on ?+s ( ! m9d1 & al?\gh he sits on sev]al ,royal ,commissions1 su* z ^? ( ! ,ar*ives ( all ,italy & ( ! monum5t to ,k+ ,victor ,emmanuel1 he has tak5 no univ]sity degree1 & mu* dislikes any affectation ( academic sup]iority4 ,he is ready to meet any "o on equal t]ms & try ) !m to get at ! tru? on any subject1 be x hi/orical1 lit]>y1 or philosophical4 ,tru?1 he says1 is democratic1 & ,i c te/ify t ! se>* = x1 9 8 company1 is v /imulat+4 ,z is well said by ,prezzol9i1 ,he has a new ^w = all4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! great value ( ,croce's "w z an educative influ5ce1 & if we are to judge ( a philosophical sy/em by its action on o!rs1 !n we mu/ place ! ,philosophy ( ! ,_s v high4 ,x may be said ) p]fect tru? t s9ce ! dea? ( ! poet ,c>ducci !re has be5 no influ5ce 9 ,italy to comp>e ) t ( ,b5$etto ,croce4 ,8 dislike ( ,academies & ( all =ms ( prejudice runs p>allel ) 8 bread? & sympa?y ) all =ms ( ?\ght4 ,8 activity 9 ! pres5t is only equall$ by 8 rev]5ce = ! pa/4 ,naples he loves ) ! bl9d love ( ! *ild = its p>5t1 & he has be5 ( notable assi/ance to su* ,neapolitan tal5t z is manife/$ 9 ! works ( ,salvatore di ,giacomo1 ^: be/ poems are writt5 9 ! dialect ( ,naples1 or r 9 a dialect ( 8 own1 :i* ,croce _h difficulty 9 p]suad+ ! au?or always to reta94 ,! orig9al jet ( inspiration hav+ be5 9 dialect1 x is cle> t to am5d ?is inspiration at ! sugge/ion ( wiseacres at ! ,caf w\ld h be5 to ru9 x altoge!r4 ,( ! popul>ity t 8 sy/em & tea*+ h already atta9$ we may judge by ! fact t ! ,ae/hetic#d1 despite ! difficulty ( ! subject1 is already 9 its ?ird edition 9 ,italy1 :]e1 ow+ to its influ5ce1 philosophy sells bett] ?an fiction2 :ile ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans1 n to m5tion ! ,cze*s1 h long _h translations ( ! e>li] editions4 ,8 ,logic is on ! po9t ( appe>+ 9 its second edition1 & ,i h no d\bt t ! ,philosophy ( ! ,practical w ev5tually equal ^! works 9 popul>ity4 ,! importance & value ( ,italian ?\ght h be5 too long neglect$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,:]e1 z 9 ,b5$etto ,croce1 we get ! cl>ity ( vision ( ! ,lat91 jo9$ to ! ?or\ghness & erudition ( ! be/ ,g]man tradition1 we h a comb9ation ( r>e p[] & effectiv5ess1 :i* c by no means be neglect$4 ,! philosoph] feels t he has a great mission1 :i* is no?+ less ?an ! lead+ back ( ?\ght to belief 9 ! _s1 des]t$ by s _m = crude empiricism & positivism4 ,8 view ( philosophy is t x sums up all ! high] human activities1 includ+ religion1 & t 9 prop] h&s x is able to solve any problem4 ,b !re is no f9ality ab\t problems3 ! solution ( "o leads to ! pos+ ( ano!r1 & s on4 ,man is ! mak] ( life1 & 8 _s ev] proce$s f a l[] to a high] p]fection4 ,connect$ ) ?is view ( life is ,croce's dislike ( ,mod]nism4 ,:5 once a problem has be5 correctly solv$1 x is absurd to return to ! same problem4 ,roman ,ca?olicism _c m>* ) ! times4 ,x c only exi/ by be+ cons]vative--its only ,logic is to be illogical4 ,!re=e1 ,croce is oppos$ to ,loisy & ,neo-,ca?olicism1 & supports ! ,encyclical aga9/ ,mod]nism4 ,! ,ca?olic religion1 ) its great /ores ( my? & morality1 :i* = _m c5turies 0 ! be/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 is /ill !re = ^? :o are unable to assimilate o!r food4 ,ano!r in/ance ( 8 dislike = ,mod]nism is 8 criticism ( ,pascoli1 ^: attempts to reveal enigmas 9 ! writ+s ( ,dante he looks ^u z useless4 ,we d n1 he says1 read ,dante 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury = 8 hidd5 mean+s1 b = 8 reveal$ poetry4 ,i believe t ,croce w "o day be recogniz$ z "o ( ! v few great tea*]s ( humanity4 ,at pres5t he is n appreciat$ at ne>ly 8 full value4 ,"o rises f a /udy ( 8 philosophy ) a s5se ( hav+ be5 all ! "t z x 7 9 p]sonal t\* ) ! tru?1 :i* is v f> f ! case aft] ! p]usal ( c]ta9 o!r philosophies4 ,croce has be5 call$ ! philosoph]-poet1 & if we take philosophy z ,novalis und]/ood x1 c]ta9ly ,croce does belong to ! poets1 ?\gh n to ! =mal category ( ^? :o write 9 v]se4 ,croce is at any rate a born philosoph]1 & z e trade t5ds to make its object prosaic1 s does e vocation t5d to make x poetic4 ,yet no "o has toil$ m e>ne/ly ?an ,croce4 ,?or\gh might well be 8 motto1 & if to-day he is admitt$ to be a classic )\t ! /iffness "o connects ) t t]m1 be sure he has well m]it$ ! designation4 ,8 "n /&s = ! be/ t ,italy has to give ! _w ( s]i\s1 /imulat+ ?\ght4 ,i "k no?+ to equal x else:]e4 ,secure 9 8 /r5g?1 ,croce w (t5 introduce a joke or "s amus+ illu/ration f contempor>y life1 9 ! mid/ ( a mo/ pr(\nd & s]i\s argum5t4 ,?is _s ( mir? is a sign ( sup]iority4 ,he :o is n sure ( himself c sp>e no en]gy = ! mak+ ( mir?4 ,croce loves to laugh at 8 enemies & ) 8 fri5ds4 ,s ! philosoph] ( ,naples sits by ! blue gulf & expla9s ! univ]se to ^? :o h e>s to he>4 ,"o c philosophize any:]e1 he says--b he rema9s significantly at ,naples4 ,?us ,i conclude ^! brief rem>ks ^u ! au?or ( ! ,ae/hetic1 confid5t t ^? :o give "t & att5tion to its /udy w be grateful = hav+ plac$ 9 _! h&s ?is pe>l ( great price f ! diadem ( ! antique ,p>!nope4 ,,d\glas ,,a9slie4 ,,! ,,a!naeum1 ,,pall ,,mall1 ,may #aiji4 #a ,napoli1 ,ricc>do ,ricci>di1 #aiji4 #b ,! read] w f9d ?is critique summ>iz$ 9 ! hi/orical portion ( ?is volume4 #c ,la ,critica is publi%$ e o!r mon? by ,lat]za ( ,b>i4 #d ,?is translation is made f ! ?ird ,italian edition 7,b>i1 #aiji71 enl>g$ & correct$ by ! au?or4 ,! ,!ory ( ,ae/hetic fir/ appe>$ 9 #aijj 9 ! =m ( a communication to ! ,accademia ,pontiana ( ,naples1 vol4 xxx4 ,! fir/ edition is dat$ #aijb1 ! second #aijd 7,pal]mo74 ,i ,,intuition ,,& ,,expression ,sid5ote ,intuitive k4 ,human k has two =ms3 x is ei!r intuitive k or logical k2 k obta9$ ?r\gh ! imag9ation or k obta9$ ?r\gh ! intellect2 k ( ! individual or k ( ! univ]sal2 ( individual ?+s or ( ! relations betwe5 !m3 x is1 9 fact1 productive ei!r ( images or ( concepts4 ,9 ord9>y life1 con/ant appeal is made to intuitive k4 ,x is said to be impossible to give expression to c]ta9 tru?s2 t !y are n demon/rable by syllogisms2 t !y mu/ be le>nt intuitively4 ,! politician f9ds fault ) ! ab/ract reason]1 :o is )\t a lively k ( actual conditions2 ! p$agogue insi/s ^u ! necessity ( develop+ ! intuitive faculty 9 ! pupil be=e ev]y?+ else2 ! critic 9 judg+ a "w ( art makes x a po9t ( hon\r to set aside !ory & ab/ractions1 & to judge x by direct intuition2 ! practical man pr(esses to live r by intuition ?an by reason4 ,b ?is ample ackn[l$gm5t1 grant$ to intuitive k 9 ord9>y life1 does n meet ) an equal & adequate ackn[l$gm5t 9 ! field ( !ory & ( philosophy4 ,!re exi/s a v anci5t sci5ce ( intellective k1 admitt$ by all )\t discussion1 namely1 ,logic2 b a sci5ce ( intuitive k is timidly & ) difficulty admitt$ by b a few4 ,logical k has appropriat$ ! lion's %>e2 & if %e does n q slay & dev\r h] companion1 yet yields to h] ) difficulty ! humble little place ( maids]vant or doorkeep]4 ,:at1 x says1 is intuitive k )\t ! light ( intellective k8 ,x is a s]vant )\t a ma/]2 & ?\gh a ma/] f9d a s]vant useful1 ! ma/] is a necessity to ! s]vant1 s9ce he enables him to ga9 8 livelihood4 ,intuition is bl9d2 ,intellect l5ds h] eyes4 ,sid5ote ,its indep5d5ce 9 respect to intellective k4 ,n[1 ! fir/ po9t to be firmly fix$ 9 ! m9d is t intuitive k has no ne$ ( a ma/]1 nor to lean ^u any "o2 %e does n ne$ to borr[ ! eyes ( o!rs1 = %e has mo/ excell5t eyes ( h] own4 ,d\btless x is possible to f9d concepts m+l$ ) intuitions4 ,b 9 _m o!r intuitions !re is no trace ( su* a mixture1 :i* proves t x is n necess>y4 ,! impression ( a moonlight sc5e by a pa9t]2 ! outl9e ( a c\ntry drawn by a c>tograph]2 a musical motive1 t5d] or en]getic2 ! words ( a sigh+ lyric1 or ^? ) :i* we ask1 comm& & lam5t 9 ord9>y life1 may well all be intuitive facts )\t a %ad[ ( intellective relation4 ,b1 ?9k :at "o may ( ^! in/ances1 & admitt+ fur!r t "o may ma9ta9 t ! great] "p ( ! intuitions ( civiliz$ man are impregnat$ ) concepts1 !re yet rema9s to be obs]v$ some?+ m important & m conclusive4 ,^? concepts :i* are f\nd m+l$ & fus$ ) ! intuitions1 are no long] concepts1 9 s f> z !y are really m+l$ & fus$1 = !y h lo/ all indep5d5ce & autonomy4 ,!y h be5 concepts1 b !y h n[ become simple elem5ts ( intuition4 ,! philosophical maxims plac$ 9 ! m\? ( a p]sonage ( trag$y or ( com$y1 p]=m !re ! function1 n ( concepts1 b ( *>act]i/ics ( su* p]sonage2 9 ! same way z ! r$ 9 a pa9t$ figure does n !re repres5t ! r$ col\r ( ! physici/s1 b is a *>act]i/ic elem5t ( ! portrait4 ,! :ole x is t det]m9es ! quality ( ! p>ts4 ,a "w ( art may be full ( philosophical concepts2 x may conta9 !m 9 great] abundance & !y may be !re ev5 m pr(\nd ?an 9 a philosophical diss]tation1 :i* 9 its turn may be ri* to ov]fl[+ ) descriptions & intuitions4 ,b1 not)/&+ all ^! concepts x may conta91 ! result ( ! "w ( art is an intuition2 & not)/&+ all ^? intuitions1 ! result ( ! philosophical diss]tation is a concept4 ,! ,promessi ,sposi conta9s copi\s e?ical obs]vations & di/9ctions1 b x does n = t reason lose 9 its total effect its "* ( simple /ory1 ( intuition4 ,9 l mann] ! anecdotes & satirical effusions :i* may be f\nd 9 ! works ( a philosoph] l ,s*op5hau]1 d n remove f ^? works _! "* ( intellective treatises4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a sci5tific "w & a "w ( art1 t is1 betwe5 an intellective fact & an intuitive fact lies 9 ! result1 9 ! div]se effect aim$ at by _! respective au?ors4 ,?is x is t det]m9es & rules ov] ! sev]al p>ts ( ea*4 ,sid5ote ,intuition & p]ception4 ,b to admit ! indep5d5ce ( intuition z reg>ds concept does n suffice to give a true & precise idea ( intuition4 ,ano!r error arises among ^? :o recognize ?is1 or :o1 at any rate1 d n make intuition explicitly dep5d5t ^u ! intellect4 ,?is error obscures & conf\nds ! real nature ( intuition4 ,by intuition is frequ5tly und]/ood ! p]ception or k ( actual reality1 ! appreh5sion ( some?+ z real4 ,c]ta9ly p]ception is intuition3 ! p]ception ( ! room 9 :i* ,i am writ+1 ( ! ink-bottle & pap] t are be=e me1 ( ! p5 ,i am us+1 ( ! objects t ,i t\* & make use ( z in/rum5ts ( my p]son1 :i*1 if x write1 !re=e exi/s2--^! are all intuitions4 ,b ! image t is n[ pass+ ?r\gh my bra9 ( a me writ+ 9 ano!r room1 9 ano!r t[n1 ) diff]5t pap]1 p5 & ink1 is also an intuition4 ,?is means t ! di/9ction betwe5 reality & non-reality is extrane\s1 second>y1 to ! true nature ( intuition4 ,if we assume ! exi/5ce ( a human m9d :i* %\ld h intuitions = ! fir/ "t1 x w\ld seem t x c\ld h intuitions ( effective reality only1 t is to say1 t x c\ld h p]ceptions ( no?+ b ! real4 ,b if ! k ( reality be bas$ ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 real images & unreal images1 & if ?is di/9ction does n orig9ally exi/1 ^! intuitions w\ld 9 tru? n be intuitions ei!r ( ! real or ( ! unreal1 b pure intuitions4 ,:]e all is real1 no?+ is real4 ,! *ild1 ) its difficulty ( di/+ui%+ true f false1 hi/ory f fable1 :i* are all "o to *ildhood1 c furni% u ) a sort ( v vague & only remotely approximate idea ( ?is +5u\s /ate4 ,intuition is ! indiff]5tiat$ unity ( ! p]ception ( ! real & ( ! simple image ( ! possible4 ,9 our intuitions we d n oppose ourselves to ext]nal reality z empirical be+s1 b we simply objectify our impressions1 :atev] !y be4 ,sid5ote ,intuition & ! concepts ( space & "t4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o look ^u intuition z s5sation =m$ & arrang$ simply accord+ to ! categories ( space & "t1 w\ld seem to approximate m ne>ly to ! tru?4 ,space & "t 7!y say7 are ! =ms ( intuition2 to h intuitions is to place 9 space & 9 temporal sequ5ce4 ,intuitive activity w\ld !n consi/ 9 ?is d\ble & concurr5t function ( spatiality & temporality4 ,b = ^! two categories mu/ be repeat$ :at 0 said ( intellectual di/9ctions1 f\nd m+l$ ) intuitions4 ,we h intuitions )\t space & )\t "t3 a t9t ( sky & a t9t ( s5tim5t1 an ,ah6 ( pa9 & an ef=t ( w1 objectifi$ 9 consci\sness4 ,^! are intuitions1 :i* we possess1 & ) _! mak+1 space & "t h no?+ to d4 ,9 "s intuitions1 spatiality may be f\nd )\t temporality1 9 o!rs1 ?is )\t t2 & ev5 :]e bo? are f\nd1 !y are p]ceiv$ by po/]ior reflexion3 !y c be fus$ ) ! intuition 9 l mann] ) all its o!r elem5ts3 t is1 !y are 9 x mat]ialit] & n =malit]1 z +r$i5ts & n z ess5tials4 ,:o1 )\t a simil> act ( int]ruptive reflexion1 is consci\s ( temporal sequ5ce :ile li/5+ to a /ory or a piece ( music8 ,t :i* intuition reveals 9 a "w ( art is n space & "t1 b "*1 individual physiognomy4 ,sev]al attempts may be not$ 9 mod]n philosophy1 :i* confirm ! view "h expos$4 ,space & "t1 f> f be+ v simple & primitive functions1 are %[n to be intellectual con/ructions ( great complexity4 ,& fur!r1 ev5 9 "s ( ^? :o d n altoge!r d5y to space & "t ! quality ( =m+ or ( categories & functions1 "o may obs]ve ! attempt to unify & to und]/& !m 9 a diff]5t mann] f t g5]ally ma9ta9$ 9 respect ( ^! categories4 ,"s r$uce intuition to ! unique category ( spatiality1 ma9ta9+ t "t also c only be conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( space4 ,o!rs ab&on ! ?ree dim5sions ( space z n philosophically necess>y1 & conceive ! function ( spatiality z void ( e p>ticul> spatial det]m9ation4 ,b :at c\ld su* a spatial function be1 t %\ld control ev5 "t8 ,may x n be a residuum ( criticisms & ( negations f :i* arises m]ely ! necessity to posit a g5]ic intuitive activity8 ,& is n ?is la/ truly det]m9$1 :5 "o unique function is attribut$ to x1 n spatializ+ nor temporaliz+1 b *>act]iz+8 ,or1 bett]1 :5 ?is is conceiv$ z itself a category or function1 :i* gives k ( ?+s 9 _! concretion & individuality8 ,sid5ote ,intuition & s5sation4 ,hav+ ?us fre$ intuitive k f any sugge/ion ( intellectualism & f e po/]ior & ext]nal adjunct1 we mu/ n[ make cle> & det]m9e its limits f ano!r side & f a diff]5t k9d ( invasion & confusion4 ,on ! o!r side1 & be=e ! inf]ior b\nd>y1 is s5sation1 =mless matt]1 :i* ! _s c nev] appreh5d 9 itself1 9 s f> z x is m]e matt]4 ,?is x c only possess ) =m & 9 =m1 b po/ulates its concept z1 precisely1 a limit4 ,matt]1 9 its ab/raction1 is me*anism1 passivity2 x is :at ! _s ( man exp]i5ces1 b does n produce4 ,)\t x no human k & activity is possible2 b m]e matt] produces animality1 :atev] is brutal & impulsive 9 man1 n ! spiritual dom9ion1 :i* is humanity4 ,h[ (t5 d we /rive to und]/& cle>ly :at is pass+ )9 u8 ,we d cat* a glimpse ( some?+1 b ?is does n appe> to ! m9d z objectifi$ & =m$4 ,9 su* mom5ts x is1 t we be/ p]ceive ! pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 matt] & =m4 ,^! are n two acts ( ours1 face to face ) "o ano!r2 b we assault & c>ry (f ! "o t is outside u1 :ile t )9 u t5ds to absorb & make its own t )\t4 ,matt]1 attack$ & conqu]$ by =m1 gives place to concrete =m4 ,x is ! matt]1 ! cont5t1 t diff]5tiates "o ( our intuitions f ano!r3 =m is con/ant3 x is spiritual activity1 :ile matt] is *angeable4 ,)\t matt]1 h[ev]1 our spiritual activity w\ld n leave its ab/raction to become concrete & real1 ?is or t spiritual cont5t1 ?is or t def9ite intuition4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 *>act]i/ic ( our times1 t ?is v =m1 ?is v activity ( ! _s1 :i* is ess5tially ourselves1 is s easily ignor$ or d5i$4 ,"s conf\nd ! spiritual activity ( man ) ! metaphorical & my?ological activity ( s-call$ nature1 :i* is me*anism & has no resemblance to human activity1 save :5 we imag9e1 ) ,aesop1 t arbores loquuntur non tantum f]ae4 ,"s ev5 affirm t !y h nev] obs]v$ 9 !mselves ?is miracul\s activity1 z ?\gh !re 7 no diff]5ce1 or only "o ( quantity1 betwe5 sweat+ & ?9k+1 feel+ cold & ! en]gy ( ! w4 ,o!rs1 c]ta9ly ) great] reason1 desire to unify activity & me*anism 9 a m g5]al concept1 ?\gh admitt+ t !y are specifically di/9ct4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 refra9 = ! mom5t f exam9+ if su* a unification be possible1 & 9 :at s5se1 b admitt+ t ! attempt may be made1 x is cle> t to unify two concepts 9 a ?ird implies a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two fir/4 ,& "h x is ?is diff]5ce t is ( importance & we set x 9 relief4 ,sid5ote ,intuition & association4 ,intuition has (t5 be5 conf\nd$ ) simple s5sation4 ,b1 s9ce ?is confusion is too %ock+ to good s5se1 x has m frequ5tly be5 att5uat$ or conceal$ ) a phraseology :i* seems to wi% to confuse & to di/+ui% !m at ! same "t4 ,?us1 x has be5 ass]t$ t intuition is s5sation1 b n s mu* simple s5sation z association ( s5sations4 ,! equivoque arises precisely f ! ^w association4 ,association is und]/ood1 ei!r z memory1 mnemonic association1 consci\s recollection1 & 9 t case is evid5t ! absurdity ( wi%+ to jo9 toge!r 9 memory elem5ts :i* are n intuifi$1 di/+ui%$1 possess$ 9 "s way by ! _s & produc$ by consci\sness3 or x is und]/ood z association ( unconsci\s elem5ts4 ,9 ?is case we rema9 9 ! _w ( s5sation & ( nature4 ,fur!r1 if ) c]ta9 associationi/s we speak ( an association :i* is nei!r memory nor flux ( s5sations1 b is a productive association 7=mative1 con/ructive1 di/+ui%+72 !n we admit ! ?+ itself & d5y only its "n4 ,9 tru?1 productive association is no long] association 9 ! s5se ( ! s5suali/s1 b syn!sis1 t is to say1 spiritual activity4 ,syn!sis may be call$ association2 b ) ! concept ( productivity is already posit$ ! di/9ction betwe5 passivity & activity1 betwe5 s5sation & intuition4 ,sid5ote ,intuition & repres5tation4 ,o!r psy*ologi/s are dispos$ to di/+ui% f s5sation some?+ :i* is s5sation no long]1 b is n yet intellective concept3 ! repres5tation or image4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! repres5tation or image1 & our intuitive k8 ,! greate/1 & none at all4 ,repres5tation1 too1 is a v equivocal ^w4 ,if by repres5tation be und]/ood some?+ deta*$ & /&+ out f ! psy*ic base ( ! s5sations1 !n repres5tation is intuition4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be conceiv$ z a complex s5sation1 a return is made to simple s5sation1 :i* does n *ange its quality accord+ to its ri*ness or pov]ty1 op]at+ alike 9 a rudim5t>y or 9 a develop$ organism full ( traces ( pa/ s5sations4 ,nor is ! equivoque rem$i$ by def9+ repres5tation z a psy*ic product ( second>y ord] 9 relation to s5sation1 :i* %\ld occupy ! fir/ place4 ,:at does second>y ord] mean "h8 ,does x mean a qualitative1 a =mal diff]5ce8 ,if s1 we agree3 repres5tation is elaboration ( s5sation1 x is intuition4 ,or does x mean great] complexity & complication1 a quantitative1 mat]ial diff]5ce8 ,9 t case intuition w\ld be aga9 confus$ ) simple s5sation4 ,sid5ote ,intuition & expression4 ,& yet !re is a sure me?od ( di/+ui%+ true intuition1 true repres5tation1 f t :i* is inf]ior to x3 ! spiritual fact f ! me*anical1 passive1 natural fact4 ,e true intuition or repres5tation is1 also1 expression4 ,t :i* does n objectify itself 9 expression is n intuition or repres5tation1 b s5sation & naturality4 ,! _s does n obta9 intuitions1 o!rwise ?an by mak+1 =m+1 express+4 ,he :o sep>ates intuition f expression nev] succe$s 9 reunit+ !m4 ,intuitive activity possesses intuitions to ! ext5t t x expresses !m4--,%\ld ?is expression seem at fir/ p>adoxical1 t is *iefly because1 z a g5]al rule1 a too re/rict$ mean+ is giv5 to ! ^w expression4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght ( z re/rict$ to v]bal expression4 ,b !re exi/ also non-v]bal expressions1 su* z ^? ( l9e1 col\r1 & s\nd2 to all ( ^! mu/ be ext5d$ our affirmation4 ,! intuition & expression toge!r ( a pa9t] are pictorial2 ^? ( a poet are v]bal4 ,b be x pictorial1 or v]bal1 or musical1 or :atev] else x be call$1 to no intuition c expression be want+1 because x is an insep>able "p ( intuition4 ,h[ c we possess a true intuition ( a geometrical figure1 unless we possess s accurate an image ( x z to be able to trace x imm$iately ^u pap] or on a slate8 ,h[ c we h an intuition ( ! cont\r ( a region1 = example1 ( ! isl& ( ,sicily1 if we are n able to draw x z x is 9 all its me&]+s8 ,e "o c exp]i5ce ! int]nal illum9ation :i* foll[s ^u 8 success 9 =mulat+ to himself 8 impressions & s5tim5ts1 b only s f> z he is able to =mulate !m4 ,s5tim5ts or impressions1 !n1 pass by means ( words f ! obscure region ( ! s\l into ! cl>ity ( ! contemplative _s4 ,9 ?is cognitive process x is impossible to di/+ui% intuition f expression4 ,! "o is produc$ ) ! o!r at ! same in/ant1 because !y are n two1 b "o4 ,sid5ote ,illusions z to _! diff]5ce4 ,! pr9cipal reason :i* makes our !me appe> p>adoxical z we ma9ta9 x1 is ! illusion or prejudice t we possess a m complete intuition ( reality ?an we really d4 ,"o (t5 he>s p say t !y h 9 _! m9ds _m important ?\ghts1 b t !y are n able to express !m4 ,9 tru?1 if !y really _h !m1 !y w\ld h co9$ !m into beautiful1 r++ words1 & ?us express$ !m4 ,if ^! ?\ghts seem to vani% or to become sc>ce & poor 9 ! act ( express+ !m1 ei!r !y did n exi/ or !y really 7 sc>ce & poor4 ,p ?9k t all ( u ord9>y m5 imag9e & h intuitions ( c\ntries1 figures & sc5es1 l pa9t]s2 ( bodies1 l sculptors2 save t pa9t]s & sculptors "k h[ to pa9t & to sculpture ^? images1 :ile we possess !m only )9 our s\ls4 ,!y believe t anyone c\ld h imag9$ a ,madonna ( ,raphael2 b t ,raphael 0 ,raphael ow+ to 8 te*nical ability 9 putt+ ! ,madonna ^u ! canvas4 ,no?+ c be m false ?an ?is view4 ,! _w ( :i* z a rule we h intuitions1 is a small ?+4 ,x consi/s ( little expressions :i* gradually become great] & m ample ) ! increas+ spiritual conc5tration ( c]ta9 mom5ts4 ,^! are ! sort ( words :i* we speak )9 ourselves1 ! judgm5ts t we tacitly express3 ,"h is a man1 "h is a horse1 ?is is heavy1 ?is is h>d1 ?is pleases me1 etc4 ,x is a m$ley ( light & col\r1 :i* c\ld n pictorially atta9 to any m s9c]e expression ?an a haphaz>d spla% ( col\rs1 f among :i* w\ld ) difficulty /& out a few special1 di/9ctive traits4 ,?is & no?+ else is :at we possess 9 our ord9>y life2 ?is is ! basis ( our ord9>y action4 ,x is ! index ( a book4 ,! labels ti$ to ?+s take ! place ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,?is index & labels 7:i* are !mselves expressions7 suffice = our small ne$s & small actions4 ,f "t to "t we pass f ! index to ! book1 f ! label to ! ?+1 or f ! slight to ! great] intuitions1 & f ^! to ! greate/ & mo/ l(ty4 ,?is passage is sometimes f> f be+ easy4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ^? :o h be/ /udi$ ! psy*ology ( arti/s1 t :51 aft] hav+ giv5 a rapid glance at anyone1 !y attempt to obta9 a true intuition ( him1 9 ord]1 = example1 to pa9t 8 portrait1 !n ?is ord9>y vision1 t seem$ s precise1 s lively1 reveals itself z little bett] ?an no?+4 ,:at rema9s is f\nd to be at ! mo/ "s sup]ficial trait1 :i* w\ld n ev5 suffice = a c>icature4 ,! p]son to be pa9t$ /&s be=e ! arti/ l a _w to discov]4 ,mi*ael ,angelo said1 "o pa9ts1 n ) "o's h&s1 b ) "o's bra94 ,leon>do %ock$ ! prior ( ! conv5t delle ,grazie by /&+ = days toge!r opposite ! ,la/ ,supp] )\t t\*+ x ) ! bru%4 ,he rem>k$ ( ?is attitude t m5 ( ! mo/ l(ty g5ius1 :5 !y are do+ ! lea/ "w1 are !n ! mo/ active1 seek+ inv5tion ) _! m9ds4 ,! pa9t] is a pa9t]1 because he sees :at o!rs only feel or cat* a glimpse (1 b d n see4 ,we ?9k we see a smile1 b 9 reality we h only a vague impression ( x1 we d n p]ceive all ! *>act]i/ic traits f :i* x results1 z ! pa9t] p]ceives !m aft] 8 int]nal m$itations1 :i* ?us enable him to fix !m on ! canvas4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( our intimate fri5d1 :o is ) u e day & at all h\rs1 we d n possess intuitively m ?an1 at ! mo/1 c]ta9 traits ( 8 physiognomy1 :i* enable u to di/+ui% him f o!rs4 ,! illusion is less easy z reg>ds musical expression2 because x w\ld seem /range to ev]yone to say t ! compos] _h add$ or atta*$ notes to ! motive1 :i* is already 9 ! m9d ( him :o is n ! compos]4 ,z if ,bee?ov5's ,n9? ,symphony 7 n 8 own intuition & 8 own intuition ! ,n9? ,symphony4 ,?us1 j z he :o is deceiv$ z to 8 mat]ial weal? is confut$ by ari?metic1 :i* /ates its exact am\nt1 s is he confut$ :o n\ri%es delusions z to ! weal? ( 8 own ?\ghts & images4 ,he is br\ght back to reality1 :5 he is oblig$ to cross ! ,bridge ( ,asses ( expression4 ,we say to ! =m]1 c\nt2 to ! latt]1 speak1 "h is a p5cil1 draw1 express y\rself4 ,we h ea* ( u1 z a matt] ( fact1 a little ( ! poet1 ( ! sculptor1 ( ! musician1 ( ! pa9t]1 ( ! prose writ]3 b h[ little1 z comp>$ ) ^? :o are s call$1 precisely because ( ! l(ty degree 9 :i* !y possess ! mo/ univ]sal dispositions & en]gies ( human nature6 ,h[ little does a pa9t] possess ( ! intuitions ( a poet6 ,h[ little does "o pa9t] possess ^? ( ano!r pa9t]6 ,nev]!less1 t little is all our actual patrimony ( intuitions or repres5tations4 ,beyond ^! are only impressions1 s5sations1 feel+s1 impulses1 emotions1 or :atev] else "o may t]m :at is outside ! _s1 n assimilat$ by man1 po/ulat$ = ! conv5i5ce ( exposition1 b effectively inexi/5t1 if exi/5ce be also a spiritual fact4 ,sid5ote ,id5tity ( intuition & expression4 ,we may !n add ?is to ! v]bal v>iants descriptive ( intuition1 not$ at ! beg9n+3 intuitive k is expressive k1 indep5d5t & autonom\s 9 respect to intellectual function2 indiff]5t to discrim9ations1 po/]ior & empirical1 to reality & to unreality1 to =mations & p]ceptions ( space & "t1 ev5 :5 po/]ior3 intuition or repres5tation is di/+ui%$ z =m f :at is felt & suff]$1 f ! flux or wave ( s5sation1 or f psy*ic mat]ial2 & ?is =m ?is tak+ possession (1 is expression4 ,to h an intuition is to express4 ,x is no?+ else6 7no?+ m1 b no?+ less7 ?an to express4 ,,ii ,,intuition ,,& ,,art ,sid5ote ,coroll>ies & explanations4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 x seems opportune to draw c]ta9 consequ5ces f :at has be5 e/abli%$ & to add "s explanation4 ,sid5ote ,id5tity ( art & intuitive k4 ,we h frankly id5tifi$ intuitive or expressive k ) ! ae/hetic or arti/ic fact1 tak+ works ( art z examples ( intuitive k & attribut+ to !m ! *>act]i/ics ( intuition1 & vice v]sa4 ,b our id5tification is combat$ by ! view1 held ev5 by _m philosoph]s1 :o consid] art to be an intuition ( an altoge!r special sort4 ,let u admit 7!y say7 t art is intuition2 b intuition is n always art3 arti/ic intuition is ( a di/9ct species diff]+ f intuition 9 g5]al by some?+ m4 ,sid5ote ,no specific diff]5ce4 ,b no "o has ev] be5 able to indicate ( :at ?is some?+ m consi/s4 ,x has sometimes be5 ?\ght t art is n a simple intuition1 b an intuition ( an intuition1 9 ! same way z ! concept ( sci5ce has be5 def9$1 n z ! ord9>y concept1 b z ! concept ( a concept4 ,?us man %\ld atta9 to art1 by objectify+1 n 8 s5sations1 z happ5s ) ord9>y intuition1 b intuition itself4 ,b ?is process ( rais+ to a second p[] does n exi/2 & ! comp>ison ( x ) ! ord9>y & sci5tific concept does n imply :at is wi%$1 = ! good reason t x is n true t ! sci5tific concept is ! concept ( a concept4 ,if ?is comp>ison imply any?+1 x implies j ! opposite4 ,! ord9>y concept1 if x be really a concept & n a simple repres5tation1 is a p]fect concept1 h[ev] poor & limit$4 ,sci5ce sub/itutes concepts = repres5tations2 x adds & sub/itutes o!r concepts l>g] & m compreh5sive = ^? t are poor & limit$4 ,x is ev] discov]+ new relations4 ,b its me?od does n diff] f t by :i* is =m$ ! smalle/ univ]sal 9 ! bra9 ( ! humble/ ( m54 ,:at is g5]ally call$ art1 by antonomasia1 collects intuitions t are wid] & m complex ?an ^? :i* we g5]ally exp]i5ce1 b ^! intuitions are always ( s5sations & impressions4 ,art is ! expression ( impressions1 n ! expression ( expressions4 ,sid5ote ,no diff]5ce ( int5sity4 ,= ! same reason1 x _c be admitt$ t intuition1 :i* is g5]ally call$ arti/ic1 diff]s f ord9>y intuition z to int5sity4 ,?is w\ld be ! case if x 7 to op]ate diff]5tly on ! same matt]4 ,b s9ce arti/ic function is m widely di/ribut$ 9 diff]5t fields1 b yet does n diff] 9 me?od f ord9>y intuition1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r is n int5sive b ext5sive4 ,! intuition ( ! simple/ popul> love-song1 :i* says ! same ?+1 or v ne>ly1 z a decl>ation ( love su* z issues at e mom5t f ! lips ( ?\s&s ( ord9>y m51 may be int5sively p]fect 9 its poor simplicity1 al?\gh x be ext5sively s mu* m limit$ ?an ! complex intuition ( a love-song by ,leop>di4 ,sid5ote ,! diff]5ce is ext5sive & empirical4 ,! :ole diff]5ce1 !n1 is quantitative1 & z su*1 indiff]5t to philosophy1 sci5tia qualitatum4 ,c]ta9 m5 h a great] aptitude1 a m frequ5t incl9ation fully to express c]ta9 complex /ates ( ! s\l4 ,^! m5 are kn[n 9 ord9>y language z arti/s4 ,"s v complicat$ & difficult expressions are m r>ely a*iev$ & ^! are call$ works ( art4 ,! limits ( ! expressions & intuitions t are call$ art1 z oppos$ to ^? t are vulg>ly call$ n-art1 are empirical & impossible to def9e4 ,if an epigram be art1 :y n a s+le ^w8 ,if a /ory2 :y n ! occasional note ( ! j\rnali/8 ,if a l&scape1 :y n a topographical sket*8 ,! tea*] ( philosophy 9 ,molire's com$y 0 "r3 :5ev] we speak we create prose4 ,b !re w always be s*ol>s l ,monsieur ,j\rda91 a/oni%$ at hav+ creat$ prose = =ty ye>s )\t kn[+ x1 & :o w h difficulty 9 p]suad+ !mselves t :5 !y call _! s]vant ,john to br+ _! slipp]s1 !y h spok5 no?+ less ?an--prose4 ,we mu/ hold firmly to our id5tification1 because among ! pr9cipal reasons :i* h prev5t$ ,ae/hetic1 ! sci5ce ( art1 f reveal+ ! true nature ( art1 its real roots 9 human nature1 has be5 its sep>ation f ! g5]al spiritual life1 ! hav+ made ( x a sort ( special function or ari/ocratic circle4 ,no "o is a/oni%$ :5 he le>ns f physiology t e cellule is an organism & e organism a cellule or syn!sis ( cellules4 ,no "o is a/oni%$ at f9d+ 9 a l(ty m\nta9 ! same *emical elem5ts t compose a small /one or fragm5t4 ,!re is n "o physiology ( small animals & "o ( l>ge animals2 nor is !re a special *emical !ory ( /ones z di/9ct f m\nta9s4 ,9 ! same way1 !re is n a sci5ce ( less] intuition di/9ct f a sci5ce ( great] intuition1 nor "o ( ord9>y intuition di/9ct f arti/ic intuition4 ,!re is b "o ,ae/hetic1 ! sci5ce ( intuitive or expressive k1 :i* is ! ae/hetic or arti/ic fact4 ,& ?is ,ae/hetic is ! true analogy ( ,logic4 ,logic includes1 z facts ( ! same nature1 ! =mation ( ! smalle/ & mo/ ord9>y concept & ! mo/ complicat$ sci5tific & philosophical sy/em4 ,sid5ote ,arti/ic g5ius4 ,nor c we admit t ! ^w g5ius or arti/ic g5ius1 z di/9ct f ! non-g5ius ( ! ord9>y man1 possesses m ?an a quantitative signification4 ,great arti/s are said to reveal u to ourselves4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is be possible1 unless !re be id5tity ( nature betwe5 _! imag9ation & ours1 & unless ! diff]5ce be only "o ( quantity8 ,x 7 well to *ange poeta nascitur into homo nascitur poeta3 "s m5 are born great poets1 "s small4 ,! cult & sup]/ition ( ! g5ius has aris5 f ?is quantitative diff]5ce hav+ be5 tak5 z a diff]5ce ( quality4 ,x has be5 =gott5 t g5ius is n some?+ t has fall5 f heav51 b humanity itself4 ,! man ( g5ius1 :o poses or is repres5t$ z di/ant f humanity1 f9ds 8 puni%m5t 9 becom+ or appe>+ some:at ridicul\s4 ,examples ( ?is are ! g5ius ( ! romantic p]iod & ! sup]man ( our "t4 ,b x is well to note "h1 t ^? :o claim unconsci\sness z ! *ief quality ( an arti/ic g5ius1 hurl him f an em95ce f> above humanity to a position f> bel[ x4 ,intuitive or arti/ic g5ius1 l e =m ( human activity1 is always consci\s2 o!rwise x w\ld be bl9d me*anism4 ,! only ?+ t may be want+ to ! arti/ic g5ius is ! reflective consci\sness1 ! sup]add$ consci\sness ( ! hi/orian or critic1 :i* is n ess5tial to arti/ic g5ius4 ,sid5ote ,cont5t & =m 9 ,ae/hetic4 ,! relation betwe5 matt] & =m1 or betwe5 cont5t & =m1 z x is g5]ally call$1 is "o ( ! mo/ disput$ que/ions 9 ,ae/hetic4 ,does ! ae/hetic fact consi/ ( cont5t alone1 or ( =m alone1 or ( bo? toge!r8 ,?is "q has tak5 on v>i\s mean+s1 :i* we %all m5tion1 ea* 9 its place4 ,b :5 ^! words are tak5 z signify+ :at we h above def9$1 & matt] is und]/ood z emotivity n ae/hetically elaborat$1 t is to say1 impressions1 & =m elaboration1 intellectual activity & expression1 !n our mean+ _c be d\btful4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 reject ! !sis t makes ! ae/hetic fact to consi/ ( ! cont5t alone 7t is1 ( ! simple impressions71 9 l mann] ) t o!r !sis1 :i* makes x to consi/ ( a junction betwe5 =m & cont5t1 t is1 ( impressions plus expressions4 ,9 ! ae/hetic fact1 ! ae/hetic activity is n add$ to ! fact ( ! impressions1 b ^! latt] are =m$ & elaborat$ by x4 ,! impressions reappe> z x 7 9 expression1 l wat] put into a filt]1 :i* reappe>s ! same & yet diff]5t on ! o!r side4 ,! ae/hetic fact1 !re=e1 is =m1 & no?+ b =m4 ,f ?is x results1 n t ! cont5t is some?+ sup]flu\s 7x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! necess>y po9t ( dep>ture = ! expressive fact72 b t !re is no passage betwe5 ! quality ( ! cont5t & t ( ! =m4 ,x has sometimes be5 ?\ght t ! cont5t1 9 ord] to be ae/hetic1 t is to say1 trans=mable into =m1 %\ld possess "s det]m9ate or det]m9able quality4 ,b 7 t s1 !n =m & cont5t1 expression & impression1 w\ld be ! same ?+4 ,x is true t ! cont5t is t :i* is conv]tible into =m1 b x has no det]m9able qualities until ?is trans=mation takes place4 ,we "k no?+ ( its nature4 ,x does n become ae/hetic cont5t at once1 b only :5 x has be5 effectively trans=m$4 ,ae/hetic cont5t has also be5 def9$ z :at is int]e/+4 ,t is n an untrue /atem5t2 x is m]ely void ( mean+4 ,:at1 !n1 is int]e/+8 ,expressive activity8 ,c]ta9ly ! expressive activity w\ld n h rais$ ! cont5t to ! dignity ( =m1 _h x n be5 int]e/$4 ,! fact ( its hav+ be5 int]e/$ is precisely ! fact ( its rais+ ! cont5t to ! dignity ( =m4 ,b ! ^w int]e/+ has also be5 employ$ 9 ano!r n illegitimate s5se1 :i* we %all expla9 fur!r on4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! imitation ( nature & ( ! arti/ic illusion4 ,! proposition t art is imitation ( nature has also sev]al mean+s4 ,n[ tru? has be5 ma9ta9$ or at lea/ %ad[$ ) ^! words1 n[ error4 ,m frequ5tly1 no?+ def9ite has be5 ?\ght4 ,"o ( ! legitimate sci5tific mean+s occurs :5 imitation is und]/ood z repres5tation or intuition ( nature1 a =m ( k4 ,& :5 ?is mean+ has be5 und]/ood1 by plac+ 9 great] relief ! spiritual "* ( ! process1 ! o!r proposition becomes also legitimate3 namely1 t art is ! idealization or idealiz+ imitation ( nature4 ,b if by imitation ( nature be und]/ood t art gives me*anical reproductions1 m or less p]fect duplicates ( natural objects1 be=e :i* ! same tumult ( impressions caus$ by natural objects beg9s ov] aga91 !n ! proposition is evid5tly false4 ,! pa9t$ wax figures t seem to be alive1 & be=e :i* we /& a/oni%$ 9 ! museums :]e su* ?+s are %[n1 d n give ae/hetic intuitions4 ,illusion & halluc9ation h no?+ to d ) ! calm doma9 ( arti/ic intuition4 ,if an arti/ pa9t ! int]ior ( a wax-"w museum1 or if an actor give a burlesque portrait ( a man-/atue on ! /age1 we aga9 h spiritual lab\r & arti/ic intuition4 ,f9ally1 if photography h any?+ 9 x ( arti/ic1 x w be to ! ext5t t x transmits ! intuition ( ! photograph]1 8 po9t ( view1 ! pose & ! gr\p+ :i* he has /riv5 to atta94 ,& if x be n altoge!r art1 t is precisely because ! elem5t ( nature 9 x rema9s m or less insubord9ate & in]adicable4 ,d we ev]1 inde$1 feel complete satisfaction be=e ev5 ! be/ ( photographs8 ,w\ld n an arti/ v>y & t\* up mu* or little1 remove or add some?+ to any ( !m8 ,sid5ote ,critique ( art conceiv$ z a s5tim5tal n a !oretical fact4 ,ae/hetic appe>ance & feel+4 ,! /atem5ts repeat$ s (t51 ) o!rs simil>1 t art is n k1 t x does n tell ! tru?1 t x does n belong to ! _w ( !ory1 b to ! _w ( feel+1 arise f ! failure to realize exactly ! !oretic "* ( ! simple intuition4 ,?is simple intuition is q di/9ct f intellectual k1 z x is di/9ct f ! p]ception ( ! real4 ,! belief t only ! intellective is k1 or at ! mo/ also ! p]ception ( ! real1 also arises f ! failure to grasp ! !oretic "* ( ! simple intuition4 ,we h se5 t intuition is k1 free ( concepts & m simple ?an ! s-call$ p]ception ( ! real4 ,s9ce art is k & =m1 x does n belong to ! _w ( feel+ & ( psy*ic mat]ial4 ,! reason :y s _m ae/heticians h s (t5 insi/$ t art is appe>ance 7,s*e971 is precisely because !y h felt ! necessity ( di/+ui%+ x f ! m complex fact ( p]ception by ma9ta9+ its pure intuitivity4 ,= ! same reason x has be5 claim$ t art is s5tim5t4 ,9 fact1 if ! concept z cont5t ( art1 & hi/orical reality z su*1 be exclud$1 !re rema9s no o!r cont5t ?an reality appreh5d$ 9 all its +5u\sness & imm$iat5ess 9 ! vital ef=t1 9 s5tim5t1 t is to say1 pure intuition4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( !ory ( ae/hetic s5ses4 ,! !ory ( ! ae/hetic s5ses has also aris5 f ! failure to e/abli%1 or f hav+ lo/ to view ! "* ( ! expression z di/9ct f ! impression1 ( ! =m z di/9ct f ! matt]4 ,z has j be5 po9t$ out1 ?is r$uces itself to ! error ( wi%+ to seek a passage f ! quality ( ! cont5t to t ( ! =m4 ,to ask1 9 fact1 :at ! ae/hetic s5ses may be1 implies ask+ :at s5sible impressions may be able to ent] into ae/hetic expressions1 & :at mu/ ( necessity d s4 ,to ?is we mu/ at once reply1 t all impressions c ent] into ae/hetic expressions or =mations1 b t none are b\nd to d s4 ,dante rais$ to ! dignity ( =m n only ! sweet col\r ( ! ori5tal sapphire 7visual impression71 b also tactile or !rmic impressions1 su* z ! ?ick air & ! fre% rivulets :i* p>* all ! m ! ?roat ( ! ?ir/y4 ,! belief t a picture yields only visual impressions is a curi\s illusion4 ,! bloom ( a *eek1 ! w>m? ( a y\?ful body1 ! sweetness & fre%ness ( a fruit1 ! cutt+ ( a %>p5$ blade1 are n ^!1 also1 impressions t we h f a picture8 ,maybe !y are visual8 ,:at w\ld a picture be = a hypo!tical man1 depriv$ ( all or _m ( 8 s5ses1 :o %\ld 9 an in/ant acquire ! sole organ ( sight8 ,! picture we are /&+ opposite & believe we see only ) our eyes1 w\ld appe> to 8 eyes z little m ?an ! pa9t-sme>$ palette ( a pa9t]4 ,"s :o hold firmly to ! ae/hetic "* ( giv5 gr\ps ( impressions 7= example1 ! visual1 ! auditive71 & exclude o!rs1 admit1 h[ev]1 t if visual & auditive impressions ent] directly into ! ae/hetic fact1 ^? ( ! o!r s5ses also ent] into x1 b only z associat$4 ,b ?is di/9ction is altoge!r arbitr>y4 ,ae/hetic expression is a syn!sis1 9 :i* x is impossible to di/+ui% direct & indirect4 ,all impressions are by x plac$ on a level1 9 s f> z !y are ae/heticis$4 ,he :o takes into himself ! image ( a picture or ( a poem does n exp]i5ce1 z x 71 a s]ies ( impressions z to ?is image1 "s ( :i* h a pr]ogative or prec$5ce ov] o!rs4 ,& no?+ is kn[n ( :at happ5s prior to hav+ receiv$ x1 = ! di/9ctions made aft] reflexion h no?+ to d ) art4 ,! !ory ( ! ae/hetic s5ses has also be5 pres5t$ 9 ano!r way2 t is to say1 z ! attempt to e/abli% :at physiological organs are necess>y = ! ae/hetic fact4 ,! physiological organ or app>atus is no?+ b a complex ( cellules1 ?us & ?us con/itut$1 ?us & ?us dispos$2 t is to say1 x is m]ely physical & natural fact or concept4 ,b expression does n recognize physiological facts4 ,expression has its po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! impressions1 & ! physiological pa? by :i* ^! h f\nd _! way to ! m9d is to x altoge!r indiff]5t4 ,"o way or ano!r am\nts to ! same ?+3 x suffices t !y are impressions4 ,x is true t ! want ( giv5 organs1 t is1 ( giv5 complexes ( cells1 produces an abs5ce ( giv5 impressions 7:5 ^! are n obta9$ by ano!r pa? by a k9d ( organic comp5sation74 ,! man born bl9d _c express or h ! intuition ( light4 ,b ! impressions are n condition$ solely by ! organ1 b also by ! /imuli :i* op]ate ^u ! organ4 ,?us1 he :o has nev] _h ! impression ( ! sea w nev] be able to express x1 9 ! same way z he :o has nev] _h ! impression ( ! great _w or ( ! political conflict w nev] express ! "o or ! o!r4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n e/abli% a dep5d5ce ( ! expressive function on ! /imulus or on ! organ4 ,x is ! repetition ( :at we "k already3 expression presupposes impression4 ,!re=e1 giv5 expressions imply giv5 impressions4 ,besides1 e impression excludes o!r impressions dur+ ! mom5t 9 :i* x dom9ates2 & s does e expression4 ,sid5ote ,unity & indivisibility ( ! "w ( art4 ,ano!r coroll>y ( ! conception ( expression z activity is ! indivisibility ( ! "w ( art4 ,e expression is a unique expression4 ,activity is a fusion ( ! impressions 9 an organic :ole4 ,a desire to express ?is has always prompt$ ! affirmation t ! _w ( art %\ld h unity1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 unity 9 v>iety4 ,expression is a syn!sis ( ! v>i\s1 ! multiple1 9 ! "o4 ,! fact t we divide a "w ( art into p>ts1 z a poem into sc5es1 episodes1 similes1 s5t5ces1 or a picture into s+le figures & objects1 backgr\nd1 =egr\nd1 etc41 may seem to be an objection to ?is affirmation4 ,b su* division annihilates ! "w1 z divid+ ! organism into he>t1 bra91 n]ves1 muscles & s on1 turns ! liv+ be+ into a corpse4 ,x is true t !re exi/ organisms 9 :i* ! division gives place to m liv+ ?+s1 b 9 su* a case1 & if we transf] ! analogy to ! ae/hetic fact1 we mu/ conclude = a multiplicity ( g]ms ( life1 t is to say1 = a spe$y re-elaboration ( ! s+le p>ts into new s+le expressions4 ,x w be obs]v$ t expression is sometimes bas$ on o!r expressions4 ,!re are simple & !re are comp\nd expressions4 ,"o mu/ admit "s diff]5ce betwe5 ! eureka1 ) :i* ,ar*im$es express$ all 8 joy aft] 8 discov]y1 & ! expressive act 7inde$ all ! five acts7 ( a regul> trag$y4 ,n 9 ! lea/3 expression is always directly bas$ on impressions4 ,he :o conceives a trag$y puts into a crucible a great quantity1 s to say1 ( impressions3 ! expressions !mselves1 conceiv$ on o!r occasions1 are fus$ toge!r ) ! new 9 a s+le mass1 9 ! same way z we c ca/ into a smelt+ furnace =mless pieces ( bronze & mo/ preci\s /atuettes4 ,^? mo/ preci\s /atuettes mu/ be melt$ 9 ! same way z ! =mless bits ( bronze1 be=e !re c be a new /atue4 ,! old expressions mu/ desc5d aga9 to ! level ( impressions1 9 ord] to be syn!tiz$ 9 a new s+le expression4 ,sid5ote ,art z ! deliv]]4 ,by elaborat+ 8 impressions1 man frees himself f !m4 ,by objectify+ !m1 he removes !m f him & makes himself _! sup]ior4 ,! lib]at+ & purify+ function ( art is ano!r aspect & ano!r =mula ( its "* ( activity4 ,activity is ! deliv]]1 j because x drives away passivity4 ,?is also expla9s :y x is cu/om>y to attribute to arti/s alike ! maximum ( s5sibility or passion1 & ! maximum ins5sibility or ,olympic s]5ity4 ,bo? qualifications agree1 = !y d n ref] to ! same object4 ,! s5sibility or passion relates to ! ri* mat]ial :i* ! arti/ absorbs into 8 psy*ic organism2 ! ins5sibility or s]5ity to ! =m ) :i* he subjugates & dom9ates ! tumult ( ! feel+s & ( ! passions4 ,,iii ,,art ,,& ,,philosophy ,sid5ote ,indissolubility ( intellective f intuitive k4 ,! two =ms ( k1 ae/hetic & intellectual or conceptual1 are inde$ div]se1 b ?is does n am\nt altoge!r to sep>ation & disjunction1 z we f9d ) two =ces go+ ea* its own way4 ,if we h %[n t ! ae/hetic =m is altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! intellectual & suffices to itself )\t ext]nal support1 we h n said t ! intellectual c /& )\t ! ae/hetic4 ,?is reciprocity w\ld n be true4 ,:at is k by concepts8 ,x is k ( relations ( ?+s1 & ^? ?+s are intuitions4 ,concepts are n possible )\t intuitions1 j z intuition is itself impossible )\t ! mat]ial ( impressions4 ,intuitions are3 ?is riv]1 ?is lake1 ?is brook1 ?is ra91 ?is glass ( wat]2 ! concept is3 wat]1 n ?is or t appe>ance & p>ticul> example ( wat]1 b wat] 9 g5]al1 9 :atev] "t or place x be realiz$2 ! mat]ial ( inf9ite intuitions1 b ( "o s+le & con/ant concept4 ,h[ev]1 ! concept1 ! univ]sal1 if x be no long] intuition 9 "o respect1 is 9 ano!r respect intuition1 & _c fail ( be+ intuition4 ,= ! man :o ?9ks has impressions & emotions1 9 s f> z he ?9ks4 ,8 impression & emotion w n be love or hate1 b ! ef=t ( 8 ?\ght itself1 ) ! pa9 & ! joy1 ! love & ! hate jo9$ to x4 ,?is ef=t _c b become intuitive 9 =m1 9 becom+ objective to ! m9d4 ,to speak1 is n to ?9k logically2 b to ?9k logically is1 at ! same "t1 to speak4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! negations ( ?is !sis4 ,t ?\ght _c exi/ )\t spee*1 is a tru? g5]ally admitt$4 ,! negations ( ?is !sis are all f\nd$ on equivoques & errors4 ,! fir/ ( ! equivoques is impli$ by ^? :o obs]ve t "o c likewise ?9k ) geometrical figures1 algebraical numb]s1 ideographic signs1 )\t a s+le ^w1 ev5 pron\nc$ sil5tly & almo/ ins5sibly )9 "o4 ,!y also affirm t !re are languages 9 :i* ! ^w1 ! phonetic sign1 expresses no?+1 unless ! writt5 sign also be look$ at4 ,b :5 we said spee*1 we int5d$ to employ a synecdo*e1 & t expression g5]ically1 %\ld be und]/ood1 = expression is n only s-call$ v]bal expression1 z we h already not$4 ,x may be admitt$ t c]ta9 concepts may be ?\ght )\t phonetic manife/ations4 ,b ! v examples adduc$ to %[ ?is also prove t ^? concepts nev] exi/ )\t expressions4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t animals1 or c]ta9 animals1 ?9k or reason )\t speak+4 ,n[ z to h[1 :e!r1 & :at animals ?9k1 :e!r !y be rudim5t>y1 half-savage m5 resi/+ civilization1 r ?an physiological ma*9es1 z ! old spirituali/s w\ld h x1 are que/ions t d n conc]n u "h4 ,:5 ! philosoph] talks ( animal1 brutal1 impulsive1 in/9ctive nature & ! l1 he does n base himself on conjectures z to ^! facts conc]n+ dogs or cats1 lions or ants2 b ^u obs]vations ( :at is call$ animal & brutal 9 man3 ( ! b\nd>y or animal basis ( :at we feel 9 ourselves4 ,if individual animals1 dogs or cats1 lions or ants1 possess some?+ ( ! activity ( man1 s mu* ! bett]1 or s mu* ! worse = !m4 ,?is means t z reg>ds !m also we mu/ talk1 n ( _! nature z a :ole1 b ( its animal basis1 z be+ p]haps l>g] & m /rong ?an ! animal basis ( man4 ,& if we suppose t animals ?9k1 & =m concepts1 :at is !re 9 ! l9e ( conjecture to ju/ify ! admission t !y d s )\t correspond+ expressions8 ,! analogy ) man1 ! k ( ! _s1 human psy*ology1 :i* is ! in/rum5t ( all our conjectures z to animal psy*ology1 w\ld oblige u to suppose t if !y ?9k 9 any way1 !y also h "s sort ( spee*4 ,x is f human psy*ology1 t is1 lit]>y psy*ology1 t comes ! o!r objection1 to ! effect t ! concept c exi/ )\t ! ^w1 because x is true t we all "k books t are well ?\ght & badly writt53 t is to say1 a ?\ght :i* rema9s ?\ght beyond ! expression1 not)/&+ ! imp]fect expression4 ,b :5 we talk ( books well ?\ght & badly writt51 we _c mean o!r ?an t 9 ^? books are p>ts1 pages1 p]iods or propositions well ?\ght out & well writt51 & o!r p>ts 7p]haps ! lea/ important7 ill ?\ght out & badly writt51 n truly ?\ght out & !re=e n truly express$4 ,:]e ,vico's ,sci5za nuova is really ill writt51 x is also ill ?\ght out4 ,if we pass f ! consid]ation ( big books to a %ort proposition1 ! error or ! imprecision ( ?is /atem5t w be recogniz$ at once4 ,h[ c\ld a proposition be cle>ly ?\ght & confus$ly writt5 out8 ,all t c be admitt$ is t sometimes we possess ?\ghts 7concepts7 9 an intuitive =m1 or 9 an abbreviat$ or1 bett]1 peculi> expression1 suffici5t = u1 b n suffici5t to communicate x ) ease to ano!r or o!r def9ite individuals4 ,h5ce p say inaccurately1 t we h ! ?\ght )\t ! expression2 :]eas x %\ld prop]ly be said t we h1 inde$1 ! expression1 b 9 a =m t is n easy ( social communication4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a v v>iable & altoge!r relative fact4 ,!re are always p :o cat* our ?\ght on ! w+1 & pref] x 9 ?is abbreviat$ =m1 & w\ld be displeas$ ) ! great] developm5t ( x1 necess>y = o!r p4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ?\ght consid]$ ab/ractly & logically w be ! same2 b ae/hetically we are deal+ ) two diff]5t intuition-expressions1 into bo? ( :i* ent] diff]5t psy*ological elem5ts4 ,! same argum5t suffices to de/roy1 t is1 to int]pret correctly1 ! altoge!r empirical di/9ction betwe5 an int]nal & an ext]nal language4 ,sid5ote ,art & sci5ce4 ,! mo/ l(ty manife/ations1 ! summits ( intellectual & ( intuitive k %9+ f af>1 are call$1 z we "k1 ,art & ,sci5ce4 ,art & ,sci5ce1 !n1 are diff]5t & yet l9k$ toge!r2 !y meet on "o side1 :i* is ! ae/hetic side4 ,e sci5tific "w is also a "w ( art4 ,! ae/hetic side may rema9 little notic$1 :5 our m9d is altoge!r tak5 up ) ! ef=t to und]/& ! ?\ght ( ! man ( sci5ce1 & to exam9e its tru?4 ,b x is no long] conceal$1 :5 we pass f ! activity ( und]/&+ to t ( contemplation1 & behold t ?\ght ei!r develop$ be=e u1 limpid1 exact1 well-%ap$1 )\t sup]flu\s words1 )\t lack ( words1 ) appropriate rhy?m & intonation2 or confus$1 brok51 emb>rass$1 t5tative4 ,great ?9k]s are sometimes t]m$ great writ]s1 :ile o!r equally great ?9k]s rema9 m or less fragm5t>y writ]s1 if inde$ _! fragm5ts are sci5tifically to be comp>$ ) h>moni\s1 coh]5t1 & p]fect works4 ,sid5ote ,cont5t & =m3 ano!r mean+4 ,prose & poetry4 ,we p>don ?9k]s & m5 ( sci5ce _! lit]>y m$iocrity4 ,! fragm5ts console u = ! failure ( ! :ole1 = x is f> m easy to recov] ! well-arrang$ composition f ! fragm5t>y "w ( g5ius ?an to a*ieve ! discov]y ( g5ius4 ,b h[ c we p>don m$iocre expression 9 pure arti/s8 ,m$iocribus esse poetis non di1 non hom9es1 non concess]e columnae4 ,! poet or pa9t] :o lacks =m1 lacks ev]y?+1 because he lacks himself4 ,poetical mat]ial p]meates ! ,s\l ( all3 ! expression alone1 t is to say1 ! =m1 makes ! poet4 ,& "h appe>s ! tru? ( ! !sis :i* d5ies to art all cont5t1 z cont5t be+ und]/ood j ! intellectual concept4 ,9 ?is s5se1 :5 we take cont5t z equal to concept x is mo/ true1 n only t art does n consi/ ( cont5t1 b also t x has no cont5t4 ,9 ! same way ! di/9ction betwe5 poetry & prose _c be ju/ifi$1 save 9 t ( art & sci5ce4 ,x 0 se5 9 antiquity t su* di/9ction c\ld n be f\nd$ on ext]nal elem5ts1 su* z rhy?m & metre1 or on ! fre$om or ! limitation ( ! =m2 t x 01 on ! contr>y1 altoge!r int]nal4 ,poetry is ! language ( s5tim5t2 prose ( ! intellect2 b s9ce ! intellect is also s5tim5t1 9 its concretion & reality1 s all prose has a poetical side4 ,sid5ote ,! relation ( fir/ & second degree4 ,! relation betwe5 intuitive k or expression1 & intellectual k or concept1 betwe5 art & sci5ce1 poetry & prose1 _c be o!rwise def9$ ?an by say+ t x is "o ( d\ble degree4 ,! fir/ degree is ! expression1 ! second ! concept3 ! fir/ c exi/ )\t ! second1 b ! second _c exi/ )\t ! fir/4 ,!re exi/s poetry )\t prose1 b n prose )\t poetry4 ,expression1 inde$1 is ! fir/ affirmation ( human activity4 ,poetry is ! mat]nal language ( ! human race2 ! fir/ m5 7 by nature sublime poets4 ,we also admit ?is 9 ano!r way1 :5 we obs]ve t ! passage f s\l to m9d1 f animal to human activity1 is effect$ by means ( language4 ,& ?is %\ld be said ( intuition or expression 9 g5]al4 ,b to u x appe>s some:at inaccurate to def9e language or expression z an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 nature & humanity1 z ?\gh x 7 a mixture ( ! "o & ( ! o!r4 ,:]e humanity appe>s1 ! re/ has already disappe>$2 ! man :o expresses himself1 c]ta9ly em]ges f ! /ate ( nature1 b he really does em]ge3 he does n /& half )9 & half )\t1 z ! use ( ! phrase int]m$iate l9k w\ld imply4 ,sid5ote ,inexi/5ce ( o!r =ms ( k4 ,! cognitive intellect has no =m o!r ?an ^! two4 ,expression & concept exhau/ x completely4 ,! :ole speculative life ( man is sp5t 9 pass+ f "o to ! o!r & back aga94 ,sid5ote ,hi/ory4 ,its id5tity ) & diff]5ce f art4 ,hi/oricity is incorrectly held to be a ?ird !oretical =m4 ,hi/ory is n =m1 b cont5t3 z =m1 x is no?+ b intuition or ae/hetic fact4 ,hi/ory does n seek = laws nor =m concepts2 x employs nei!r induction nor d$uction2 x is direct$ ad n>r&um1 non ad demon/r&um2 x does n con/ruct univ]sals & ab/ractions1 b posits intuitions4 ,! ?is1 ! t1 ! individuum omni modo det]m9atum1 is its k+dom1 z x is ! k+dom ( art4 ,hi/ory1 !re=e1 is includ$ "u ! univ]sal concept ( art4 ,fac$ ) ?is proposition & ) ! impossibility ( conceiv+ a ?ird mode ( k1 objections h be5 br\ght =w>d :i* w\ld lead to ! affiliation ( hi/ory to intellective or sci5tific k4 ,! great] portion ( ^! objections is dom9at$ by ! prejudice t 9 refus+ to hi/ory ! "* ( conceptual sci5ce1 some?+ ( its value & dignity has be5 tak5 f x4 ,?is really arises f a false idea ( art1 conceiv$1 n z an ess5tial !oretic function1 b z an amusem5t1 a sup]fluity1 a frivolity4 ,)\t reop5+ a long debate1 :i* s f> z we are conc]n$1 is f9ally clos$1 we w m5tion "h "o sophism :i* has be5 & /ill is widely repeat$4 ,x is int5d$ to %[ ! logical & sci5tific nature ( hi/ory4 ,! sophism consi/s 9 admitt+ t hi/orical k has = its object ! individual2 b n ! repres5tation1 x is add$1 s mu* z ! concept ( ! individual4 ,f ?is x is argu$ t hi/ory is also a logical or sci5tific =m ( k4 ,hi/ory1 9 fact1 %\ld elaborate ! concept ( a p]sonage su* z ,*>lemagne or ,napoleon2 ( an epo*1 l ! ,r5aissance or ! ,re=mation2 ( an ev5t1 su* z ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,unification ( ,italy4 ,?is x is held to d 9 ! same way z ,geometry elaborates ! concepts ( spatial =m1 or ,ae/hetic ^? ( expression4 ,b all ?is is untrue4 ,hi/ory _c d o!rwise ?an repres5t ,napoleon & ,*>lemagne1 ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,unification ( ,italy z individual facts ) _! individual physiognomy3 t is1 9 ! same way z logicians /ate1 t "o _c h a concept ( an individual1 b only a repres5tation4 ,! s-call$ concept ( ! individual is always a univ]sal or g5]al concept1 full ( details1 v ri*1 if y w1 b h[ev] ri* x be1 yet incapable ( atta9+ to t individuality1 to :i* hi/orical k1 z ae/hetic k1 alone atta9s4 ,let u r %[ h[ ! cont5t ( hi/ory comes to be di/+ui%$ f t ( art4 ,! di/9ction is second>y4 ,its orig9 w be f\nd 9 :at has already be5 obs]v$ z to ! ideal "* ( ! intuition or fir/ p]ception1 9 :i* all is real & !re=e no?+ is real4 ,! m9d =ms ! concepts ( ext]nal & int]nal at a lat] /age1 z x does ^? ( :at has happ5$ & ( :at is desir$1 ( object & subject1 & ! l4 ,?us x di/+ui%es hi/orical f non-hi/orical intuition1 ! real f ! unreal1 real fancy f pure fancy4 ,ev5 int]nal facts1 :at is desir$ & imag9$1 ca/les 9 ! air1 & c\ntries ( ,cockagne1 h _! reality4 ,! s\l1 too1 has its hi/ory4 ,8 illusions =m "p ( ! biography ( e individual4 ,b ! hi/ory ( an individual s\l is hi/ory1 because 9 x is always active ! di/9ction betwe5 ! real & ! unreal1 ev5 :5 ! real is ! illusions !mselves4 ,b ^! di/9ctive concepts d n appe> 9 hi/ory z d sci5tific concepts1 b r l ^? t we h se5 dissolv$ & melt$ 9 ! ae/hetic intuitions1 al?\gh !y /& out 9 hi/ory 9 an altoge!r new relief4 ,hi/ory does n con/ruct ! concepts ( ! real & unreal1 b makes use ( !m4 ,hi/ory1 9 fact1 is n ! !ory ( hi/ory4 ,m]e conceptual analysis is ( no use 9 realiz+ :e!r an ev5t 9 our lives 7 real or imag9>y4 ,x is necess>y to reproduce ! intuitions 9 ! m9d 9 ! mo/ complete =m1 z !y 7 at ! mom5t ( production1 9 ord] to recognize ! cont5t4 ,hi/oricity is di/+ui%$ 9 ! concrete f pure imag9ation only z "o intuition is di/+ui%$ f ano!r3 9 ! memory4 ,sid5ote ,hi/orical criticism4 ,sid5ote ,hi/orical scepticism4 ,:]e ?is is n possible1 ow+ to ! delicate & fleet+ %ades betwe5 ! real & unreal intuitions1 :i* confuse ! "o ) ! o!r1 we mu/ ei!r r5\nce1 = ! "t at lea/1 ! k ( :at really happ5$ 7& ?is we (t5 d71 or we mu/ fall back ^u conjecture1 v]isimilitude1 probability4 ,! pr9ciple ( v]isimilitude & ( probability dom9ates 9 fact all hi/orical criticism4 ,exam9ation ( ! s\rces & ( au?ority is direct$ t[>d e/abli%+ ! mo/ cr$ible evid5ce4 ,& :at is ! mo/ cr$ible evid5ce1 save t ( ! be/ obs]v]s1 t is1 ( ^? :o be/ rememb] & 7be x und]/ood7 h n desir$ to falsify1 nor _h int]e/ 9 falsify+ ! tru? ( ?+s8 ,f ?is x foll[s t intellectual scepticism f9ds x easy to d5y ! c]ta9ty ( any hi/ory1 = ! c]ta9ty ( hi/ory is nev] t ( sci5ce4 ,hi/orical c]ta9ty is compos$ ( memory & ( au?ority1 n ( analyses & ( demon/ration4 ,to speak ( hi/orical induction or demon/ration1 is to make a metaphorical use ( ^! expressions1 :i* be> q a diff]5t mean+ 9 hi/ory to t :i* !y be> 9 sci5ce4 ,! conviction ( ! hi/orian is ! undemon/rable conviction ( ! juryman1 :o has he>d ! witnesses1 li/5$ att5tively to ! case1 & pray$ ,heav5 to inspire him4 ,sometimes1 )\t d\bt1 he is mi/ak51 b ! mi/akes are 9 a negligible m9ority comp>$ ) ! occasions :5 he gets hold ( ! tru?4 ,t is :y good s5se is "r aga9/ ! intellectuali/s1 9 believ+ 9 hi/ory1 :i* is n a fable agre$ ^u1 b t :i* ! individual & humanity rememb] ( _! pa/4 ,we /rive to enl>ge & to r5d] z precise z possible ?is record1 :i* 9 "s places is dim1 9 o!rs v cle>4 ,we _c d )\t x1 su* z x is1 & tak5 z a :ole1 x is ri* 9 tru?4 ,9 a _s ( p>adox only1 c "o d\bt if !re ev] 7 a ,greece or a ,rome1 an ,alex&] or a ,caes>1 a feudal ,europe ov]?r[n by a s]ies ( revolutions1 t on ! #a/ ( ,novemb] #aeag ! !ses ( ,lu!r 7 se5 fix$ to ! door ( ! *ur* ( ,witt5b]g1 or t ! ,ba/ile 0 tak5 by ! p ( ,p>is on ! #ad? ( ,july #aghi4 ,:at pro( give/ ?\ ( all ?is8 asks ! sophi/1 ironically4 ,humanity replies ,i rememb]4 ,sid5ote ,philosophy z p]fect sci5ce4 ,! s-call$ natural sci5ces1 & _! limits4 ,! _w ( :at has happ5$1 ( ! concrete1 ( hi/ory1 is ! _w t is call$ real1 natural1 includ+ 9 ?is def9ition ! reality t is call$ physical1 z well z t :i* is call$ spiritual & human4 ,all ?is _w is intuition2 hi/orical intuition1 if x be reali/ically %[n z x is1 or imag9>y intuition1 arti/ic 9 ! /rict s5se1 if %[n "u ! aspect ( ! possible1 t is to say1 ( ! imag9able4 ,sci5ce1 true sci5ce1 :i* is n intuition b concept1 n individuality b univ]sality1 _c be any?+ b a sci5ce ( ! _s1 t is1 ( :at is univ]sal 9 reality3 ,philosophy4 ,if natural sci5ces be spok5 (1 ap>t f philosophy1 x is necess>y to obs]ve t ^! are n p]fect sci5ces3 !y are complexes ( k1 arbitr>ily ab/ract$ & fix$4 ,! s-call$ natural sci5ces !mselves recognize1 9 fact1 t !y are surr\nd$ by limitations4 ,^! limitations are no?+ m ?an hi/orical & intuitive data4 ,!y calculate1 measure1 e/abli% equalities1 regul>ity1 create classes & types1 =mulate laws1 %[ 9 _! own way h[ "o fact arises out ( o!r facts2 b 9 _! progress !y are always met ) facts :i* are kn[n intuitively & hi/orically4 ,ev5 geometry n[ /ates t x re/s altoge!r on hypo!ses1 s9ce space is n ?ree-dim5sional or ,euclidean1 b ?is assumption is made use ( by pref]5ce1 because x is m conv5i5t4 ,:at !re is ( tru? 9 ! natural sci5ces1 is ei!r philosophy or hi/orical fact4 ,:at !y conta9 prop] to !mselves is ab/ract & arbitr>y4 ,:5 ! natural sci5ces wi% to =m !mselves into p]fect sci5ces1 !y mu/ issue f _! circle & ent] ! philosophical circle4 ,?is !y d :5 !y posit concepts :i* are any?+ b natural1 su* z ^? ( ! atom )\t ext5sion 9 space1 ( e!r or vibrat+ matt]1 ( vital =ce1 ( space beyond ! rea* ( intuition1 & ! l4 ,^! are true & prop] philosophical ef=ts1 :5 !y are n m]e words void ( mean+4 ,! concepts ( natural sci5ce are1 )\t d\bt1 mo/ useful2 b "o _c obta9 f !m t sy/em1 :i* belongs only to ! _s4 ,^! hi/orical & intuitive assumptions1 :i* _c be sep>at$ f ! natural sci5ces1 fur!rmore expla91 n only h[1 9 ! progress ( k1 t :i* 0 once consid]$ to be tru? desc5ds gradually to ! grade ( my?ological beliefs & imag9>y illusions1 b also h[1 among natural sci5ti/s1 !re are "s :o t]m all t s]ves z basis ( argum5t 9 _! tea*+ my?ical facts1 v]bal exp$i5ts1 or conv5tions4 ,! naturali/s & ma!maticians :o approa* ! /udy ( ! en]gies ( ! _s )\t prep>ation1 are apt to c>ry ?i!r ^! m5tal habits & to speak1 9 philosophy1 ( su* & su* conv5tions z arrang$ by man4 ,!y make conv5tions ( tru? & morality1 & _! supreme conv5tion is ! ,_s itself6 ,h[ev]1 if !re are to be conv5tions1 some?+ mu/ exi/ ab\t :i* !re is no conv5tion to be made1 b :i* is itself ! ag5t ( ! conv5tion4 ,?is is ! spiritual activity ( man4 ,! limitation ( ! natural sci5ces po/ulates ! illimitation ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote ,! ph5om5on & ! n\m5on4 ,^! explications h firmly e/abli%$ t ! pure or fundam5tal =ms ( k are two3 ! intuition & ! concept--,art1 & ,sci5ce or ,philosophy4 ,) ^! are to be includ$ ,hi/ory1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! product ( intuition plac$ 9 contact ) ! concept1 t is1 ( art receiv+ 9 itself philosophic di/9ctions1 :ile rema9+ concrete & individual4 ,all ! o!r =ms 7natural sci5ces & ma!matics7 are impure1 be+ m+l$ ) extrane\s elem5ts ( practical orig94 ,! intuition gives ! _w1 ! ph5om5on2 ! concept gives ! n\m5on1 ! ,_s4 ,,iv ,,hi/oricism ,,& ,,intellectualism ,,9 ,,ae/hetic ,^! relations betwe5 intuitive or ae/hetic k & ! o!r fundam5tal or d]ivative =ms ( k hav+ be5 def9itely e/abli%$1 we are n[ 9 a position to reveal ! errors ( a s]ies ( !ories :i* h be51 or are1 pres5t$1 z !ories ( ,ae/hetic4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( v]isimilitude & ( naturalism4 ,f ! confusion betwe5 ! exig5cies ( art 9 g5]al & ! p>ticul> exig5cies ( hi/ory has aris5 ! !ory 7:i* has lo/ gr\nd to-day1 b us$ to dom9ate 9 ! pa/7 ( v]isimilitude z ! object ( art4 ,z is g5]ally ! case ) errone\s propositions1 ! int5tion ( ^? :o employ$ & employ ! concept ( v]isimilitude has no d\bt (t5 be5 mu* m reasonable ?an ! def9ition giv5 ( ! ^w4 ,by v]isimilitude us$ to be meant ! arti/ic coh]5ce ( ! repres5tation1 t is to say1 its complet5ess & effectiv5ess4 ,if v]isimil> be translat$ by coh]5t1 a mo/ exact mean+ w (t5 be f\nd 9 ! discussions1 examples1 & judgm5ts ( ! critics4 ,an improbable p]sonage1 an improbable end+ to a com$y1 are really badly-drawn p]sonages1 badly-arrang$ end+s1 happ5+s )\t arti/ic motive4 ,x has be5 said ) reason t ev5 fairies & sprites mu/ h v]isimilitude1 t is to say1 be really sprites & fairies1 coh]5t arti/ic intuitions4 ,sometimes ! ^w possible has be5 us$ in/ead ( v]isimil>4 ,z we h already rem>k$ 9 pass+1 ?is ^w possible is synonym\s ) t :i* is imag9able or may be kn[n intuitively4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is really1 t is to say1 coh]5tly1 imag9$1 is possible4 ,b =m]ly1 & especially by ! !oreticians1 by v]isimil> 0 und]/ood hi/orical cr$ibility1 or t hi/orical tru? :i* is n demon/rable1 b conjecturable1 n true1 b v]isimil>4 ,x has be5 s\ght to impose a l "* ^u art4 ,:o does n recall ! great "p play$ 9 lit]>y hi/ory by ! criticism ( ! v]isimil>8 ,= example1 ! fault f\nd ) ! ,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 bas$ ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,crusades1 or ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 ^u t ( ! v]isimilitude ( ! co/ume ( ! emp]ors & k+s8 ,at o!r times has be5 impos$ ^u art ! duty ( ! ae/hetic reproduction ( hi/orical reality4 ,?is is ano!r ( ! errone\s significations assum$ by ! !ory conc]n+ ! imitation ( nature4 ,v]ism & naturalism h s9ce af=d$ ! spectacle ( a confusion ( ! ae/hetic fact ) ! processes ( ! natural sci5ces1 by aim+ at "s sort ( exp]im5tal drama or romance4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ideas 9 art1 ( !ses 9 art1 & ( ! typical4 ,! confusions betwe5 ! me?ods ( art & ^? ( ! philosophical sci5ces h be5 f> m frequ5t4 ,?us x has (t5 be5 held to be )9 ! compet5ce ( art to develop concepts1 to unite ! intelligible ) ! s5sible1 to repres5t ideas or univ]sals1 putt+ art 9 ! place ( sci5ce1 t is1 confus+ ! arti/ic function 9 g5]al ) ! p>ticul> case 9 :i* x becomes ae/hetico-logical4 ,! !ory ( art z support+ !ses c be r$uc$ to ! same error1 z c be ! !ory ( art consid]$ z individual repres5tation1 exemplify+ sci5tific laws4 ,! example1 9 s f> z x is an example1 /&s = ! ?+ exemplifi$1 & is ?us an exposition ( ! univ]sal1 t is to say1 a =m ( sci5ce1 m or less popul> or vulg>iz$4 ,! same may be said ( ! ae/hetic !ory ( ! typical1 :5 by type is und]/ood1 z x frequ5tly is1 j ! ab/raction or ! concept1 & x is affirm$ t art %\ld make ! species %9e 9 ! individual4 ,if by typical be "h und]/ood ! individual1 "h1 too1 we h a m]ely v]bal v>iation4 ,to typify w\ld signify1 9 ?is case1 to *>act]ize2 t is1 to det]m9e & to repres5t ! individual4 ,don ,quixote is a type2 b ( :om is he a type1 if n ( all ,don ,quixotes8 ,a type1 t is to say1 ( himself4 ,c]ta9ly he is n a type ( ab/ract concepts1 su* z ! loss ( ! s5se ( reality1 or ( ! love ( glory4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( p]sonages c be ?\ght ( "u ^! concepts1 :o are n ,don ,quixote4 ,9 o!r words1 we f9d our own impressions fully det]m9$ & v]ifi$ 9 ! expression ( a poet 7= example 9 a poetical p]sonage74 ,we call t expression typical1 :i* we might call simply ae/hetic4 ,poetical or arti/ic univ]sals h be5 spok5 ( 9 l mann]1 9 ord] to %[ t ! arti/ic product is altoge!r spiritual & ideal 9 itself4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! symbol & ( ! allegory4 ,cont9u+ to correct ^! errors1 or to make cle> equivoques1 we w note t ! symbol has sometimes be5 giv5 z ess5ce ( art4 ,n[1 if ! symbol be giv5 z insep>able f ! arti/ic intuition1 x is ! synonym ( ! intuition itself1 :i* always has an ideal "*4 ,!re is no d\ble-bottom to art1 b "o only2 9 art all is symbolical1 because all is ideal4 ,b if ! symbol be look$ ^u z sep>able--if on ! "o side c be express$ ! symbol1 & on ! o!r ! ?+ symboliz$1 we fall back aga9 into ! intellectuali/ error3 t pret5d$ symbol is ! exposition ( an ab/ract concept1 x is an allegory1 x is sci5ce1 or art t apes sci5ce4 ,b we mu/ be j t[>d ! allegorical also4 ,9 "s cases1 x is altoge!r h>mless4 ,giv5 ! ,g]usalemme lib]ata1 ! allegory 0 imag9$ aft]w>ds2 giv5 ! ,adone ( ,m>9o1 ! poet ( ! lascivi\s ins9uat$ aft]w>ds t x 0 writt5 to %[ h[ immod]ate indulg5ce ends 9 pa92 giv5 a /atue ( a beautiful woman1 ! sculptor c write on a c>d t ! /atue repres5ts ,clem5cy or ,goodness4 ,?is allegory l9k$ to a f9i%$ "w po/ fe/um does n *ange ! "w ( art4 ,:at is x1 !n8 ,x is an expression ext]nally add$ to ano!r expression4 ,a little page ( prose is add$ to ! ,g]usalemme1 express+ ano!r ?\ght ( ! poet2 a v]se or a /rophe is add$ to ! ,adone1 express+ :at ! poet w\ld l to make a "p ( 8 public swall[2 :ile to ! /atue no?+ m ?an ! s+le ^w is add$3 ,clem5cy or ,goodness4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! !ory ( arti/ic & lit]>y classes4 ,b ! greate/ triumph ( ! intellectuali/ error lies 9 ! !ory ( arti/ic & lit]>y classes1 :i* /ill has vogue 9 lit]>y treatises1 & di/urbs ! critics & ! hi/orians ( art4 ,let u obs]ve its g5esis4 ,! human m9d c pass f ! ae/hetic to ! logical1 j because ! =m] is a fir/ /ep1 9 respect to ! latt]4 ,x c de/roy ! expressions1 t is1 ! ?\ght ( ! individual ) ! ?\ght ( ! univ]sal4 ,x c r$uce expressive facts to logical relations4 ,we h already %[n t ?is op]ation 9 its turn becomes concrete 9 an expression1 b ?is does n mean t ! fir/ expressions h n be5 de/roy$4 ,!y h yield$ _! place to ! new ae/hetico-logical expressions4 ,:5 we are on ! second /ep1 we h left ! fir/4 ,he :o ent]s a picture-gall]y1 or :o reads a s]ies ( poems1 may1 aft] he has look$ & read1 g fur!r3 he may seek out ! relations ( ! ?+s !re express$4 ,?us ^? pictures & compositions1 ea* ( :i* is an individual inexpressible by logic1 are resolv$ into univ]sals & ab/ractions1 su* z co/umes1 l&scapes1 portraits1 dome/ic life1 battles1 animals1 fl[]s1 fruit1 seascapes1 lakes1 des]ts1 tragic1 comic1 pite\s1 cruel1 lyrical1 epic1 dramatic1 knightly1 idyllic facts1 & ! l4 ,!y are (t5 also resolv$ into m]ely quantitative categories1 su* z little picture1 picture1 /atuette1 gr\p1 madrigal1 song1 sonnet1 g>l& ( sonnets1 poetry1 poem1 /ory1 romance1 & ! l4 ,:5 we ?9k ! concept dome/ic life1 or knigh?ood1 or idyll1 or cruelty1 or any o!r quantitative concept1 ! individual expressive fact f :i* we />t$ is ab&on$4 ,f ae/hetes t we 71 we h be5 *ang$ into logicians2 f contemplators ( expression1 into reason]s4 ,c]ta9ly no objection c be made to su* a process4 ,9 :at o!r way c\ld sci5ce be born1 :i*1 if ae/hetic expressions be assum$ 9 x1 yet has = function to g beyond !m8 ,! logical or sci5tific =m1 z su*1 excludes ! ae/hetic =m4 ,he :o beg9s to ?9k sci5tifically has already ceas$ to contemplate ae/hetically2 al?\gh 8 ?\ght w assume ( necessity 9 its turn an ae/hetic =m1 z has already be5 said1 & z x w\ld be sup]flu\s to repeat4 ,! error beg9s :5 we try to d$uce ! expression f ! concept1 & to f9d 9 ! ?+ sub/itut+ ! laws ( ! ?+ sub/itut$2 :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! second & ! fir/ /ep has n be5 obs]v$1 & :51 9 consequ5ce1 we decl>e t we are /&+ on ! fir/ /ep1 :5 we are really /&+ on ! second4 ,?is error is kn[n z ! !ory ( arti/ic & lit]>y classes4 ,:at is ! ae/hetic =m ( dome/ic life1 ( knigh?ood1 ( ! idyll1 ( cruelty1 & s =?8 ,h[ %\ld ^! cont5ts be repres5t$8 ,su* is ! absurd problem impli$ 9 ! !ory ( arti/ic & lit]>y classes4 ,x is 9 ?is t consi/s all se>* aft] laws or rules ( /yles4 ,dome/ic life1 knigh?ood1 idyll1 cruelty1 & ! l1 are n impressions1 b concepts4 ,!y are n cont5ts1 b logico-ae/hetic =ms4 ,y _c express ! =m1 = x is already itself expression4 ,& :at are ! words cruelty1 idyll1 knigh?ood1 dome/ic life1 & s on1 b ! expression ( ^? concepts8 ,ev5 ! mo/ ref9$ ( ^! di/9ctions1 ^? t h ! mo/ philosophic appe>ance1 d n resi/ criticism2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 works ( art are divid$ into ! subjective & ! objective /yles1 into lyric & epic1 into works ( feel+ & works ( design4 ,x is impossible to sep>ate 9 ae/hetic analysis1 ! subjective f ! objective side1 ! lyric f ! epic1 ! image ( feel+ f t ( ?+s4 ,sid5ote ,errors d]iv$ f ?is !ory appe>+ 9 judgm5ts on art4 ,f ! !ory ( ! arti/ic & lit]>y classes d]ive ^? errone\s modes ( judgm5t & ( criticism1 ?anks to :i*1 in/ead ( ask+ be=e a "w ( art if x be expressive1 & :at x expresses1 :e!r x speak or /amm]1 or be sil5t altoge!r1 x is ask$ if x be ob$i5t to ! laws ( ! epic poem1 or to ^? ( trag$y1 to ^? ( hi/orical portraiture1 or to ^? ( l&scape pa9t+4 ,arti/s1 h[ev]1 :ile mak+ a v]bal pret5ce ( agree+1 or yield+ a feign$ ob$i5ce to !m1 h really always disreg>d$ ^! laws ( /yles4 ,e true "w ( art has violat$ "s e/abli%$ class & upset ! ideas ( ! critics1 :o h ?us be5 oblig$ to enl>ge ! numb] ( classes1 until f9ally ev5 ?is enl>gem5t has prov$ too n>r[1 ow+ to ! appe>ance ( new works ( art1 :i* are naturally foll[$ by new sc&als1 new upsett+s1 &-new enl>gem5ts4 ,f ! same !ory come ! prejudices1 ow+ to :i* at "o "t 7& is x really pass$87 p us$ to lam5t t ,italy _h no trag$y 7until a poet arose :o gave to ,italy t wrea? :i* 0 ! only ?+ want+ to h] glori\s hair71 nor ,france ! epic poem 7until ! ,h5riade1 :i* slak$ ! ?ir/y ?roats ( ! critics74 ,eulogies accord$ to ! inv5tors ( new /yles are connect$ ) ^! prejudices1 s mu* s1 t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! inv5tion ( ! mock-h]oic poem seem$ an important ev5t1 & ! hon\r ( x 0 disput$1 z ?\gh x 7 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,b ! works adorn$ ) ?is "n 7! ,sec*ia rapita & ! ,s*]no degli ,dei7 7 /ill-born1 because _! au?ors 7a slight draw-back7 _h no?+ new or orig9al to say4 ,m$iocrities rack$ _! bra9s to inv5t1 artificially1 new /yles4 ,! piscatorial eclogue 0 add$ to ! pa/oral1 & !n1 f9ally1 ! milit>y eclogue4 ,! ,am9ta 0 ba!d & became ! ,alceo4 ,f9ally1 !re h be5 hi/orians ( art & lit]ature1 s mu* fasc9at$ ) ^! ideas ( classes1 t !y claim$ to write ! hi/ory1 n ( s+le & effective lit]>y & arti/ic works1 b ( _! classes1 ^? empty phantoms4 ,!y h claim$ to portray1 n ! evolution ( ! arti/ic _s1 b ! evolution ( classes4 ,! philosophical condemnation ( arti/ic & lit]>y classes is f\nd 9 ! =mulation & demon/ration ( :at arti/ic activity has ev] s\ght & good ta/e ev] recogniz$4 ,:at is to be done if good ta/e & ! real fact1 put into =mulas1 sometimes assume ! air ( p>adoxes8 ,sid5ote ,empirical s5se ( ! divisions ( classes4 ,n[ if we talk ( trag$ies1 com$ies1 dramas1 romances1 pictures ( ev]yday life1 battle-pieces1 l&scapes1 seascapes1 poems1 v]sicles1 lyrics1 & ! l1 if x be only ) a view to be und]/ood1 & to draw att5tion 9 g5]al & approximatively to c]ta9 gr\ps ( works1 to :i*1 = "o reason or ano!r1 x is desir$ to draw att5tion1 9 t case1 no sci5tific error has be5 committ$4 ,we employ vocables & phrases2 we d n e/abli% laws & def9itions4 ,! mi/ake arises :5 ! weight ( a sci5tific def9ition is giv5 to a ^w1 :5 we +5u\sly let ourselves be caught 9 ! me%es ( t phraseology4 ,pray p]mit me a comp>ison4 ,x is necess>y to arrange ! books 9 a libr>y 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,?is us$ g5]ally to be done by means ( a r\gh classification by subjects 7among :i* ! categories ( miscellane\s & ecc5tric 7 n want+72 !y are n[ g5]ally arrang$ by sizes or by publi%]s4 ,:o c d5y ! necessity & ! utility ( ^! gr\p+s8 ,b :at %\ld we say if "s "o began s]i\sly to seek out ! lit]>y laws ( miscellanies & ( ecc5tricities f ! ,ald9e or ,bodonian collection1 f size ,a or size ,b1 t is to say1 f ^! altoge!r arbitr>y gr\p+s ^: sole object has be5 _! practical use8 ,well1 :oev] %\ld und]take an ent]prise su* z ?is1 w\ld be do+ nei!r m nor less ?an ^? :o seek out ! ae/hetic laws ( lit]>y & arti/ic classes4 ,v ,,analog\s ,,errors ,,9 ,,hi/oric ,,& ,,logic ,! bett] to confirm ^! criticisms1 x w be opportune to ca/ a rapid glance ov] analog\s & opposite errors1 born ( ignorance z to ! true nature ( art1 & ( its relation to hi/ory & to sci5ce4 ,^! errors h injur$ alike ! !ory ( hi/ory & ( sci5ce1 ( ,hi/oric 7or ,hi/oriology7 & ( ,logic4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,hi/orical intellectualism has be5 ! cause ( ! _m rese>*es :i* h be5 made1 especially dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 rese>*es :i* cont9ue to-day1 = a philosophy ( hi/ory1 = an ideal hi/ory1 = a sociology1 = a hi/orical psy*ology1 or h[ev] may be o!rwise entitl$ or describ$ a sci5ce ^: object is to extract f hi/ory1 univ]sal laws & concepts4 ,( :at k9d mu/ be ^! laws1 ^! univ]sals8 ,hi/orical laws & hi/orical concepts8 ,9 t case1 an elem5t>y criticism ( k suffices to make cle> ! absurdity ( ! attempt4 ,:5 su* expressions z a hi/orical law1 a hi/orical concept are n simply metaphors colloquially employ$1 !y are true contradictions 9 t]ms3 ! adjective is z unsuitable to ! sub/antive z 9 ! expressions qualitative quantity or plurali/ic monism4 ,hi/ory means concretion & individuality1 law & concept mean ab/raction & univ]sality4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! attempt to draw f hi/ory hi/orical laws & concepts be ab&on$1 & x be m]ely desir$ to draw f x laws & concepts1 ! attempt is c]ta9ly n frivol\s2 b ! sci5ce ?us obta9$ w be1 n a philosophy ( hi/ory1 b r1 accord+ to ! case1 ei!r philosophy 9 its v>i\s specifications ( ,e?ic1 ,logic1 etc41 or empirical sci5ce 9 its inf9ite divisions & subdivisions4 ,?us are s\ght out ei!r ^? philosophical concepts :i* are1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 at ! bottom ( e hi/orical con/ruction & sep>ate p]ception f intuition1 hi/orical intuition f pure intuition1 hi/ory f art2 or already =m$ hi/orical intuitions are collect$ & r$uc$ to types & classes1 :i* is exactly ! me?od ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,great ?9k]s h sometimes donn$ ! unsuitable cloak ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 & not)/&+ ! cov]+1 !y h conqu]$ philosophical tru?s ( ! greate/ magnitude4 ,! cloak has be5 dropp$1 ! tru? has rema9$4 ,mod]n sociologi/s are r to be blam$1 n s mu* = ! illusion 9 :i* !y are involv$ :5 !y talk ( an impossible sci5ce ( sociology1 z = ! infecundity :i* almo/ always accompanies _! illusion4 ,x is b a small evil t ,ae/hetic %\ld be t]m$ sociological ,ae/hetic1 or ,logic1 social ,logic4 ,! grave evil is t _! ,ae/hetic is an old-fa%ion$ expression ( s5sualism1 _! ,logic v]bal & incoh]5t4 ,! philosophical movem5t1 to :i* we h ref]r$1 has borne two good fruits 9 relation to hi/ory4 ,fir/ ( all has be5 felt ! desire to con/ruct a !ory ( hi/oriography1 t is1 to und]/& ! nature & ! limits ( hi/ory1 a !ory :i*1 9 con=mity ) ! analyses made above1 _c obta9 satisfaction1 save 9 a g5]al sci5ce ( intuition1 9 an ,ae/hetic1 f :i* ,hi/oric w\ld be sep>at$ "u a special head by means ( ! int]v5tion ( ! univ]sals4 ,fur!rmore1 concrete tru?s relat+ to hi/orical ev5ts h (t5 be5 express$ b5ea? ! false & presumptu\s cloak ( a philosophy ( hi/ory2 canons & empirical advice h be5 =mulat$ by no means sup]flu\s to /ud5ts & critics4 ,x does n seem possible to d5y ?is utility to ! mo/ rec5t ( philosophies ( hi/ory1 to s-call$ hi/orical mat]ialism1 :i* has ?r[n a v vivid light ^u _m sides ( social life1 =m]ly neglect$ or ill und]/ood4 ,sid5ote ,ae/hetic invasions into ,logic4 ,! pr9ciple ( au?ority1 ( ! ipse dixit1 is an invasion ( hi/oricity into ! doma9s ( sci5ce & philosophy :i* has rag$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,?is sub/itutes = introspection & philosophical analyses1 ?is or t evid5ce1 docum5t1 or au?oritative /atem5t1 ) :i* hi/ory c]ta9ly _c disp5se4 ,b ,logic1 ! sci5ce ( ?\ght & ( intellectual k1 has suff]$ ! mo/ grave & de/ructive di/urbances & errors ( all1 ?r\gh ! imp]fect und]/&+ ( ! ae/hetic fact4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld x be o!rwise1 if logical activity come aft] & conta9 9 itself ae/hetic activity8 ,an inexact ,ae/hetic mu/ ( necessity drag aft] x an inexact ,logic4 ,:oev] op5s logical treatises1 f ! ,organum ( ,ari/otle to ! mod]ns1 mu/ admit t !y all conta9 a haphaz>d mixture ( v]bal facts & facts ( ?\ght1 ( grammatical =ms & ( conceptual =ms1 ( ,ae/hetic & ( ,logic4 ,n t attempts h be5 want+ to escape f v]bal expression & to seize ?\ght 9 its effective nature4 ,ari/otelian logic itself did n become m]e syllogi/ic & v]balism1 )\t "s /umbl+ & oscillation4 ,! especially logical problem 0 (t5 t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 by ! nom9ali/s1 reali/s1 & conceptuali/s1 9 _! disputes4 ,) ,galileo & ) ,bacon1 ! natural sci5ces gave an hon\rable place to induction4 ,vico combat$ =mali/ & ma!matical logic 9 fav\r ( inv5tive me?ods4 ,kant call$ att5tion to a priori syn!ses4 ,! absolute ideali/s despis$ ! ,ari/otelian logic4 ,! foll[]s ( ,h]b>t1 b\nd to ,ari/otle1 on ! o!r h&1 set 9 relief ^? judgm5ts :i* !y call$ n>rative1 :i* are ( a "* altoge!r diff]5t f o!r logical judgm5ts4 ,f9ally1 ! l+ui/s insi/$ ^u ! irrationality ( ! ^w1 9 relation to ! concept4 ,b a consci\s1 sure1 & radical movem5t ( re=m c f9d no base or />t+-po9t1 save 9 ! sci5ce ( ,ae/hetic4 ,sid5ote ,logic 9 its ess5ce4 ,9 a ,logic suitably re=m$ on ?is basis1 x w be fitt+ to proclaim be=e all ?+s ?is tru?1 & to draw f x all its consequ5ces3 ! logical fact1 ! only logical fact1 is ! concept1 ! univ]sal1 ! _s t =ms1 & 9 s f> z x =ms1 ! univ]sal4 ,& if be und]/ood by induction1 z has sometimes be5 und]/ood1 ! =mation ( univ]sals1 & by d$uction ! v]bal developm5t ( ^!1 !n x is cle> t true ,logic c be no?+ b inductive ,logic4 ,b s9ce by ! ^w d$uction has be5 m frequ5tly und]/ood ! special processes ( ma!matics1 & by ! ^w induction ^? ( ! natural sci5ces1 x w be advisable to avoid ! "o & ! o!r d5om9ation1 & to say t true ,logic is ! ,logic ( ! concept4 ,! ,logic ( ! concept1 adopt+ a me?od :i* is at once induction & d$uction1 w adopt nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r exclusively1 t is1 w adopt ! 7speculative7 me?od1 :i* is intr9sic to x4 ,! concept1 ! univ]sal1 is 9 itself1 ab/ractly consid]$1 inexpressible4 ,no ^w is prop] to x4 ,s true is ?is1 t ! logical concept rema9s always ! same1 not)/&+ ! v>iation ( v]bal =ms4 ,9 respect to ! concept1 expression is a simple sign or indication4 ,!re mu/ be an expression1 x _c fail2 b :at x is to be1 ?is or t1 is det]m9$ by ! hi/orical & psy*ological conditions ( ! individual :o is speak+4 ,! quality ( ! expression is n d$ucible f ! nature ( ! concept4 ,!re does n exi/ a true 7logical7 s5se ( words4 ,he :o =ms a concept be/[s on ea* occasion _! true mean+ on ! words4 ,sid5ote ,di/9ction betwe5 logical & non-logical judgem5ts4 ,?is be+ e/abli%$1 ! only truly logical 7t is1 ae/hetico-logical7 propositions1 ! only rigor\sly logical judgm5ts1 c be no?+ b ^? ^: prop] & exclusive cont5t is ! det]m9ation ( a concept4 ,^! propositions or judgm5ts are ! def9itions4 ,sci5ce itself is no?+ b a complex ( def9itions1 unifi$ 9 a supreme def9ition2 a sy/em ( concepts1 or *ief concept4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to exclude f ,logic all ^? propositions :i* d n affirm univ]sals4 ,n>rative judgm5ts1 n less ?an ^? t]m$ non-enunciative by ,ari/otle1 su* z ! expression ( desires1 are n prop]ly logical judgm5ts4 ,!y are ei!r purely ae/hetic propositions or hi/orical propositions4 ,pet] is pass+2 x is ra9+ to-day2 ,i am sleepy2 ,i want to read3 ^! & an inf9ity ( propositions ( ! same k9d1 are no?+ b ei!r a m]e enclos+1 9 words ! impression ( ! fact t ,pet] is pass+1 ( ! fall+ ra91 ( my organism incl9+ to sleep1 & ( my w direct$ to read+1 or !y are exi/5tial affirmation conc]n+ ^? facts4 ,!y are expressions ( ! real or ( ! unreal1 ( hi/orical or ( pure imag9ation2 !y are c]ta9ly n def9itions ( univ]sals4 ,sid5ote ,syllogi/ic4 ,?is exclusion _c meet ) great difficulties4 ,x is already almo/ an accompli%$ fact1 & ! only ?+ requir$ is to r5d] x explicit1 decisive1 & coh]5t4 ,b :at is to be done ) all t "p ( human exp]i5ce :i* is call$ syllogi/ic1 consi/+ ( judgm5ts & reason+s :i* are bas$ on concepts4 ,:at is syllogi/ic8 ,is x to be look$ d[n ^u f above ) contempt1 z some?+ useless1 z has s (t5 be5 done 9 ! reaction ( ! humani/s aga9/ s*ola/icism1 9 absolute idealism1 9 ! en?usia/ic admiration ( our times = ! me?ods ( obs]vation & exp]im5t ( ! natural sci5ces8 ,syllogi/ic1 reason+ 9 =ma1 is n a discov]y ( tru?2 x is ! art ( expos+1 debat+1 disput+ ) oneself & o!rs4 ,proce$+ f concepts already =m$1 f facts already obs]v$ & mak+ appeal to ! p]si/5ce ( ! true or ( ?\ght 7su* is ! mean+ ( ! pr9ciple ( id5tity & contradiction71 x inf]s consequ5ces f ^! data1 t is1 x repres5ts :at has already be5 discov]$4 ,!re=e1 if x be an idem p] idem f ! po9t ( view ( inv5tion1 x is mo/ efficaci\s z a tea*+ & an exposition4 ,to r$uce affirmations to ! syllogi/ic s*eme is a way ( controll+ "o's own ?\ght & ( criticiz+ t ( o!rs4 ,x is easy to laugh at syllogis]s1 b1 if syllogi/ic has be5 born & reta9s its place1 x mu/ h good roots ( its own4 ,satire appli$ to x c conc]n only its abuses1 su* z ! attempt to prove syllogi/ically que/ions ( fact1 obs]vation1 & intuition1 or ! neglect ( pr(\nd m$itation & unprejudic$ inve/igation ( problems1 = syllogi/ic =mality4 ,& if s-call$ ma!matical ,logic c sometimes aid u 9 our attempt to rememb] ) ease1 to manipulate ! results ( our own ?\ght1 let u welcome ?is =m ( ! syllogism also1 long prophesi$ by ,leibnitz & essay$ by _m1 ev5 9 our days4 ,b precisely because syllogi/ic is ! art ( expos+ & ( debat+1 its !ory _c hold ! fir/ place 9 a philosophical ,logic1 usurp+ t belong+ to ! doctr9e ( ! concept1 :i* is ! c5tral & dom9at+ doctr9e1 to :i* is r$uc$ ev]y?+ logical 9 syllogi/ic1 )\t leav+ a residuum 7relations ( concepts1 subord9ation1 co-ord9ation1 id5tification1 & s on74 ,nor mu/ x ev] be =gott5 t ! concept1 ! 7logical7 judgm5t1 & ! syllogism d n occupy ! same position4 ,! fir/ alone is ! logical fact1 ! second & ?ird are ! =ms 9 :i* ! fir/ manife/s itself4 ,^!1 9 s f> z !y are =ms1 _c be exam9$ save ae/hetically 7grammatically72 9 s f> z !y possess logical cont5t1 only by neglect+ ! =ms !mselves & pass+ to ! doctr9e ( ! concept4 ,sid5ote ,false ,logic & true ,ae/hetic4 ,?is %[s ! tru? ( ! ord9>y rem>k to ! effect t he :o reasons ill1 also speaks & writes ill1 t exact logical analysis is ! basis ( good expression4 ,?is tru? is a tautology1 = to reason well is 9 fact to express oneself well1 because ! expression is ! intuitive possession ( "o's own logical ?\ght4 ,! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 itself1 is at bottom no?+ b ! ae/hetic pr9ciple ( coh]5ce4 ,x w be said t />t+ f errone\s concepts x is possible to write & to speak exce$+ly well1 z x is also possible to reason well2 t "s :o are dull at rese>* may yet be mo/ limpid writ]s4 ,t is precisely because to write well dep5ds ^u hav+ a cle> intuition ( "o's own ?\ght1 ev5 if x be errone\s2 t is to say1 n ( its sci5tific1 b ( its ae/hetic tru?1 s9ce x is ?is tru? itself4 ,a philosoph] l ,s*op5hau] c imag9e t art is a repres5tation ( ! ,platonic ideas4 ,?is doctr9e is absolutely false sci5tifically1 yet he may develop ?is false k 9 excell5t prose1 ae/hetically mo/ true4 ,b we h already repli$ to ^! objections1 :5 we obs]v$ t at t precise po9t :]e a speak] or a writ] enunciates an ill-?\ght concept1 he is at ! same "t speak+ ill & writ+ ill4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds recov] himself 9 ! _m o!r p>ts ( 8 ?\ght1 :i* consi/ ( true propositions1 n connect$ ) ! prec$+ errors1 & lucid expressions may ) him foll[ ^u turbid expressions4 ,sid5ote ,logic re=m$4 ,all enquiries z to ! =ms ( judgm5ts & ( syllogisms1 on _! conv]sion & on _! v>i\s relations1 :i* /ill encumb] treatises on ,logic1 are !re=e de/9$ to become less1 to be trans=m$1 to be r$uc$ to some?+ else4 ,! doctr9e ( ! concept & ( ! organism ( ! concepts1 ( def9ition1 ( sy/em1 ( philosophy1 & ( ! v>i\s sci5ces1 & ! l1 w fill ! place ( ^! & w con/itute ! only true & prop] ,logic4 ,^? :o fir/ _h "s suspicion ( ! intimate connexion betwe5 ,ae/hetic & ,logic & conceiv$ ,ae/hetic z a ,logic ( s5sible k1 7 /rangely addict$ to apply+ logical categories to ! new k1 talk+ ( ae/hetic concepts1 ae/hetic judgm5ts1 ae/hetic syllogisms1 & s on4 ,we are less sup]/iti\s z reg>ds ! solidity ( ! traditional ,logic ( ! s*ools1 & bett] in=m$ z to ! nature ( ,ae/hetic4 ,we d n recomm5d ! application ( ,logic to ,ae/hetic1 b ! lib]ation ( ,logic f ae/hetic =ms4 ,^! h giv5 rise to non-exi/5t =ms or categories ( ,logic1 due to ! foll[+ ( altoge!r arbitr>y & crude di/9ctions4 ,logic ?us re=m$ w always be =mal ,logic2 x w /udy ! true =m or activity ( ?\ght1 ! concept1 exclud+ s+le & p>ticul> concepts4 ,! old ,logic is ill call$ =mal2 x 7 bett] to call x v]bal or =mali/ic4 ,=mal ,logic w drive out =mali/ic ,logic4 ,to atta9 ?is object1 x w n be necess>y to h rec\rse1 z "s h done1 to a real or mat]ial ,logic1 :i* is n a sci5ce ( ?\ght1 b ?\ght itself 9 ! act2 n only a ,logic1 b ! complex ( ,philosophy1 9 :i* ,logic also is includ$4 ,! sci5ce ( ?\ght 7,logic7 is t ( ! concept1 z t ( fancy 7,ae/hetic7 is ! sci5ce ( expression4 ,! well-be+ ( bo? sci5ces lies 9 exactly foll[+ 9 e p>ticul> ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two doma9s4 ,,vi ,,!oretic ,,& ,,practical ,,activity ,! intuitive & intellective =ms exhau/1 z we h said1 all ! !oretic =m ( ! _s4 ,b x is n possible to "k !m ?or\ghly1 nor to criticize ano!r s]ies ( errone\s ae/hetic !ories1 )\t fir/ e/abli%+ cle>ly _! relations ) ano!r =m ( ! _s1 :i* is ! practical =m4 ,sid5ote ,! w4 ,?is =m or practical activity is ! w4 ,we d n employ ?is ^w "h 9 ! s5se ( any philosophical sy/em1 9 :i* ! w is ! f\ndation ( ! univ]se1 ! pr9ciple ( ?+s & ! true reality4 ,nor d we employ x 9 ! ample s5se ( o!r sy/ems1 :i* und]/& by w ! en]gy ( ! _s1 ! _s or activity 9 g5]al1 mak+ ( e act ( ! human _s an act ( w4 ,nei!r su* metaphysical nor su* metaphorical mean+ is ours4 ,= u1 ! w is1 z g5]ally accept$1 t activity ( ! _s1 :i* diff]s f ! m]e !oretical contemplation ( ?+s1 & is productive1 n ( k1 b ( actions4 ,action is really action1 9 s f> z x is volunt>y4 ,x is n necess>y to rem>k t 9 ! w to d1 is includ$1 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 also :at is vulg>ly call$ n-do+3 ! w to resi/1 to reject1 ! prome!utic w1 is also action4 ,sid5ote ,! w z an ult]ior /age 9 respect to k4 ,man und]/&s ?+s ) ! !oretical =m1 ) ! practical =m he *anges !m2 ) ! "o he appropriates ! univ]se1 ) ! o!r he creates x4 ,b ! fir/ =m is ! basis ( ! second2 & ! relation ( d\ble degree1 :i* we h already f\nd exi/+ betwe5 ae/hetic & logical activity1 is repeat$ betwe5 ^! two on a l>g] scale4 ,k indep5d5t ( ! w is ?9kable2 w indep5d5t ( k is un?9kable4 ,bl9d w is n w2 true w has eyes4 ,h[ c we w1 )\t hav+ be=e u hi/orical intuitions 7p]ceptions7 ( objects1 & k ( 7logical7 relations1 :i* enlight5 u z to ! nature ( ^? objects8 ,h[ c we really w1 if we d n "k ! _w :i* surr\nds u1 & ! mann] ( *ang+ ?+s by act+ ^u !m8 ,sid5ote ,objections & elucidations4 ,x has be5 object$ t m5 ( action1 practical m5 9 ! em95t s5se1 are ! lea/ dispos$ to contemplate & to !orize3 _! en]gy is n delay$ 9 contemplation1 x ru%es at once into w4 ,& conv]sely1 t contemplative m51 philosoph]s1 are (t5 v m$iocre 9 practical matt]s1 weak will$1 & !re=e neglect$ & ?ru/ aside 9 ! tumult ( life4 ,x is easy to see t ^! di/9ctions are m]ely empirical & quantitative4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! practical man has no ne$ ( a philosophical sy/em 9 ord] to act1 b 9 ! sph]es :]e he does act1 he />ts f intuitions & concepts :i* are mo/ cle> to him4 ,o!rwise he c\ld n w ! mo/ ord9>y actions4 ,x w\ld n be possible to w to fe$ oneself1 = in/ance1 )\t k ( ! food1 & ( ! l9k ( cause & effect betwe5 c]ta9 movem5ts & c]ta9 organic s5sations4 ,ris+ gradually to ! m complex =ms ( action1 = example to ! political1 h[ c\ld we w any?+ politically good or bad1 )\t kn[+ ! real conditions ( society1 & consequ5tly ! means & exp$i5ts to be adopt$8 ,:5 ! practical man feels himself 9 ! d>k ab\t "o or m ( ^! po9ts1 or :5 he is seiz$ ) d\bt1 action ei!r does n beg9 or /ops4 ,x is !n t ! !oretical mom5t1 :i* 9 ! rapid succession ( human actions is h>dly notic$ & rapidly =gott51 becomes important & occupies consci\sness = a long] "t4 ,& if ?is mom5t be prolong$1 !n ! practical man may become ,hamlet1 divid$ betwe5 desire = action & 8 small am\nt ( !oretical cl>ity z reg>ds ! situation & ! means to be employ$4 ,& if he develop a ta/e = contemplation & discov]y1 & leave will+ & act+1 to a m or less great ext5t1 to o!rs1 !re is =m$ 9 him ! calm disposition ( ! arti/1 ( ! man ( sci5ce1 or ( ! philosoph]1 :o are sometimes unpractical or altoge!r blamewor?y4 ,^! obs]vations are all obvi\s4 ,_! exactitude _c be d5i$4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 repeat t !y are f\nd$ on quantitative di/9ctions & d n disprove1 b confirm ! fact t an action1 h[ev] slight x be1 _c really be an action1 t is1 an action t is will$1 unless x be prec$$ by cognoscitive activity4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( practical judgm5ts or judgm5ts ( value4 ,"s psy*ologi/s1 on ! o!r h&1 place be=e practical action an altoge!r special class ( judgm5ts1 :i* !y call practical judgm5ts or judgm5ts ( value4 ,!y say t 9 ord] to resolve to p]=m an action1 x is necess>y to h judg$3 ?is action is useful1 ?is action is good4 ,& at fir/ sight ?is seems to h ! te/imony ( consci\sness on its side4 ,b he :o obs]ves bett] & analyses ) great] subtlety1 discov]s t su* judgm5ts foll[ in/ead ( prec$+ ! affirmation ( ! w2 !y are no?+ b ! expression ( ! already ex]cis$ volition4 ,a good or useful action is an action t is will$4 ,x w always be impossible to di/il f ! objective /udy ( ?+s a s+le drop ( usefulness or goodness4 ,we d n desire ?+s because we "k !m to be good or useful2 b we "k !m to be good & useful1 because we desire !m4 ,"h too1 ! rapidity1 ) :i* ! facts ( consci\sness foll[ "o ano!r has giv5 rise to an illusion4 ,practical action is prec$$ by k1 b n by practical k1 or bett] by ! practical3 to obta9 ?is1 x is fir/ necess>y to h practical action4 ,! ?ird mom5t1 !re=e1 ( practical judgm5ts1 or judgm5ts ( value1 is altoge!r imag9>y4 ,x does n come betwe5 ! two mom5ts or degrees ( !ory & practice4 ,t is :y !re exi/ no normative sci5ces 9 g5]al1 :i* regulate or comm&1 discov] & indicate values to ! practical activity2 because !re is none = any o!r activity1 assum+ e sci5ce already realiz$ & t activity develop$1 :i* x aft]w>ds takes z its object4 ,sid5ote ,exclusion ( ! practical f ! ae/hetic4 ,^! di/9ctions e/abli%$1 we mu/ condemn z errone\s e !ory :i* confuses ae/hetic ) practical activity1 or introduces ! laws ( ! second into ! fir/4 ,t sci5ce is !ory & art practice has be5 _m times affirm$4 ,^? :o make ?is /atem5t1 & look ^u ! ae/hetic fact z a practical fact1 d n d s caprici\sly or because !y are grop+ 9 ! void2 b because !y h _! eye on some?+ :i* is really practical4 ,b ! practical :i* !y are look+ at is n ,ae/hetic1 nor )9 ,ae/hetic2 x is outside & beside x2 & al?\gh !y are (t5 f\nd unit$1 !y are n necess>ily unit$1 t is to say1 by ! bond ( id5tity ( nature4 ,! ae/hetic fact is altoge!r complet$ 9 ! expressive elaboration ( ! impressions4 ,:5 we h conqu]$ ! ^w )9 u1 conceiv$ def9itely & vividly a figure or a /atue1 or f\nd a musical motive1 expression is born & is complete2 !re is no ne$ = any?+ else4 ,if aft] ?is we %\ld op5 our m\?s & w to op5 !m1 to speak1 or our ?roats to s+1 & decl>e 9 a l\d voice & ) ext5d$ ?roat :at we h completely said or sung to ourselves2 or if we %\ld /ret* out & w to /ret* out our h&s to t\* ! notes ( ! piano1 or to take up ! bru%es & ! *isel1 mak+ ?us 9 detail ^? movem5ts :i* we h already done rapidly1 & do+ s 9 su* a way z to leave m or less durable traces2 ?is is all an addition1 a fact :i* obeys q diff]5t laws to ! fir/1 & ) ^! laws we h n to occupy ourselves = ! mom5t4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 "h recognize t ?is second movem5t is a production ( ?+s1 a practical fact1 or a fact ( w4 ,x is cu/om>y to di/+ui% ! int]nal f ! ext]nal "w ( art3 ! t]m9ology seems "h to be infelicit\s1 = ! "w ( art 7! ae/hetic "w7 is always int]nal2 & t :i* is call$ ext]nal is no long] a "w ( art4 ,o!rs di/+ui% betwe5 ae/hetic fact & arti/ic fact1 mean+ by ! second ! ext]nal or practical /age1 :i* may & g5]ally does foll[ ! fir/4 ,b 9 ?is case1 x is simply a case ( l+ui/ic usage1 d\btless p]missible1 al?\gh p]haps n opportune4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! !ory ( ! end ( art & ( ! *oice ( ! cont5t4 ,= ! same reasons ! se>* = ! end ( art is ridicul\s1 :5 x is und]/ood ( art z art4 ,& s9ce to fix an end is to *oose1 ! !ory t ! cont5t ( art mu/ be select$ is ano!r =m ( ! same error4 ,a selection f among impressions & s5sations implies t ^! are already expressions1 o!rwise1 h[ c a selection be made among :at is cont9u\s & indi/9ct8 ,to *oose is to w3 to w ?is & n to w t3 & ?is & t mu/ be be=e u1 !y mu/ be express$4 ,practice foll[s1 x does n prec$e !ory2 expression is free inspiration4 ,! true arti/1 9 fact1 f9ds himself big ) 8 !me1 he kn[s n h[2 he feels ! mom5t ( bir? draw+ ne>1 b he _c w x or n w x4 ,if he 7 to wi% to act 9 opposition to 8 inspiration1 to make an arbitr>y *oice1 if1 born ,anacreon1 he 7 to wi% to s+ ( ,atreus & ( ,alcides1 8 lyre w\ld w>n him ( 8 mi/ake1 e*o+ only ( ,v5us & ( ,love1 not)/&+ 8 ef=ts to ! contr>y4 ,sid5ote ,practical innoc5ce ( art4 ,! !me or cont5t _c1 !re=e1 be practically or morally *>g$ ) epi!ts ( praise or ( blame4 ,:5 critics ( art rem>k t a !me is badly select$1 9 cases :]e t obs]vation has a j f\ndation1 x is a "q ( blam+1 n ! selection ( ! !me 7:i* w\ld be absurd71 b ! mann] 9 :i* ! arti/ has treat$ x4 ,! expression has fail$1 ow+ to ! contradictions :i* x conta9s4 ,& :5 ! same critics rebel aga9/ ! !me or ! cont5t z be+ unwor?y ( art & blamewor?y1 9 respect to works :i* !y proclaim to be arti/ically p]fect2 if ^! expressions really are p]fect1 !re is no?+ to be done b to advise ! critics to leave ! arti/s 9 peace1 = !y _c get inspiration1 save f :at has made an impression ^u !m4 ,! critics %\ld ?9k r ( h[ !y c effect *anges 9 nature & 9 society1 9 ord] t ^? impressions may n exi/4 ,if ugl9ess 7 to vani% f ! _w1 if univ]sal virtue & felicity 7 e/abli%$ !re1 p]haps arti/s w\ld no long] repres5t p]v]se or pessimi/ic s5tim5ts1 b s5tim5ts t are calm1 innoc5t1 & joy\s1 l ,arcadians ( a real ,arcady4 ,b s long z ugl9ess & turpitude exi/ 9 nature & impose !mselves on ! arti/1 x is n possible to prev5t ! expression ( ^! ?+s also2 & :5 x has aris51 factum infectum fi]i nequit4 ,we speak ?us entirely f ! ae/hetic po9t ( view1 & f t ( pure ae/hetic criticism4 ,we d n delay to pass "h 9 review ! damage :i* ! criticism ( *oice does to arti/ic production1 ) ! prejudices :i* x produces or ma9ta9s among ! arti/s !mselves1 & ) ! contra/ :i* x occasions betwe5 arti/ic impulse & critical exig5cies4 ,x is true t sometimes x seems to d "s good also1 by assi/+ ! arti/s to discov] !mselves1 t is1 _! own impressions & _! own inspiration1 & to acquire consci\sness ( ! task :i* is1 z x 71 impos$ ^u !m by ! hi/orical mom5t 9 :i* !y live1 & by _! individual temp]am5t4 ,9 ^! cases1 criticism ( *oice m]ely recognizes & aids ! expressions :i* are already be+ =m$4 ,x believes itself to be ! "m1 :]e1 at mo/1 x is only ! midwife4 ,sid5ote ,! indep5d5ce ( art4 ,! impossibility ( *oice ( cont5t completes ! !orem ( ! indep5d5ce ( art1 & is also ! only legitimate mean+ ( ! expression3 art = art's sake4 ,art is ?us indep5d5t ( sci5ce1 z x is ( ! useful & ! moral4 ,let x n be fe>$ t ?us may be ju/ifi$ art t is frivol\s or cold1 s9ce t :i* is truly frivol\s or cold is s because x has n be5 rais$ to expression2 or 9 o!r words1 frivolity & frigidity come always f ! =m ( ! ae/hetic elaboration1 f ! lack ( a cont5t1 n f ! mat]ial qualities ( ! cont5t4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! say+3 ! /yle is ! man4 ,! say+3 ! /yle is ! man1 c also n be completely criticiz$1 save by />t+ f ! di/9ction betwe5 ! !oretic & ! practical1 & f ! !oretic "* ( ! ae/hetic activity4 ,man is n simply k & contemplation3 he is also w1 :i* conta9s 9 x ! cognoscitive mom5t4 ,n[ ! say+ is ei!r altoge!r void1 z :5 x is und]/ood t ! man is ! /yle1 9 s f> z he is /yle1 t is to say1 ! man1 b only 9 s f> z he is an expression ( activity2 or x is errone\s1 :5 ! attempt is made to d$uce f :at a man has se5 & express$1 t :i* he has done & will$1 inf]r+ !reby t !re is a necess>y l9k betwe5 kn[+ & will+4 ,_m leg5ds 9 ! biographies ( arti/s h sprung f ?is errone\s id5tification1 s9ce x seem$ impossible t a man :o gives expression to g5]\s s5tim5ts %\ld n be a noble & g5]\s man 9 practical life2 or t ! dramati/ :o gives a great _m /abs 9 8 plays1 %\ld n himself h giv5 a few at lea/ 9 real life4 ,va9ly d ! arti/s prote/3 lasciva e/ nobis pag9a1 vita proba4 ,!y are m]ely tax$ 9 addition ) ly+ & hypocrisy4 ,o y poor wom5 ( ,v]ona1 h[ f> m subtle y 71 :5 y f\nd$ y\r belief t ,dante _h really desc5d$ to hell1 ^u 8 dusky c\nt5ance6 ,y\rs 0 at any rate a hi/orical conjecture4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! concept ( s9c]ity 9 art4 ,f9ally1 s9c]ity impos$ ^u ! arti/ z a duty 7?is law ( e?ics :i*1 !y say1 is also a law ( ae/hetic7 arises f ano!r equivoke4 ,= by s9c]ity is meant ei!r ! moral duty n to deceive "o's neighb\r2 & 9 t case ,is =eign to ! arti/4 ,= he1 9 fact1 deceives no "o1 s9ce he gives =m to :at is already 9 8 m9d4 ,he w\ld deceive1 only if he 7 to betray 8 duty z an arti/ by a less] devotion to ! intr9sic necessity ( 8 task4 ,if lies & deceit are 9 8 m9d1 !n ! =m :i* he gives to ^! ?+s _c be deceit or lies1 precisely because x is ae/hetic4 ,! arti/1 if he be a *>latan1 a li>1 or a miscreant1 purifies 8 o!r self by reflect+ x 9 art4 ,or by s9c]ity is meant1 fulness & tru? ( expression1 & x is cle> t ?is second s5se has no?+ to d ) ! e?ical concept4 ,! law1 :i* is at once e?ical & ae/hetic1 reveals itself 9 ?is case 9 a ^w employ$ alike by ,e?ic & ,ae/hetic4 ,,vii ,,analogy ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,!oretic ,,& ,,! ,,practical ,sid5ote ,! two =ms ( practical activity4 ,! tw(old grade ( ! !oretical activity1 ae/hetic & logical1 has an important p>allel 9 ! practical activity1 :i* has n yet be5 plac$ 9 due relief4 ,! practical activity is also divid$ into a fir/ & second degree1 ! second imply+ ! fir/4 ,! fir/ practical degree is ! simply useful or economical activity2 ! second ! moral activity4 ,economy is1 z x 71 ! ,ae/hetic ( practical life2 ,morality its ,logic4 ,sid5ote ,! economically useful4 ,if ?is has n be5 cle>ly se5 by philosoph]s2 if its suitable place 9 ! sy/em ( ! m9d has n be5 giv5 to ! economic activity1 & x has be5 left to w&] 9 ! prolegom5a to treatises on political economy1 (t5 unc]ta9 & b slightly elaborat$1 ?is is due1 among o!r reasons1 to ! fact t ! useful or economic has be5 confus$1 n[ ) ! concept ( te*nique1 n[ ) t ( ! egoi/ic4 ,sid5ote ,di/9ction betwe5 ! useful & ! te*nical4 ,te*nique is c]ta9ly n a special activity ( ! _s4 ,te*nique is k2 or bett]1 x is k itself1 9 g5]al1 t takes ?is "n1 z we h se51 9 s f> z x s]ves z basis = practical action4 ,k :i* is n foll[$1 or is presum$ to be n easily foll[$ by practical action1 is call$ pure3 ! same k1 if effectively foll[$ by action1 is call$ appli$2 if x is presum$ t x c be easily foll[$ by ! same action1 x is call$ te*nical or appli$4 ,?is ^w1 !n1 indicates a situation 9 :i* k already is1 or easily c be f\nd1 n a special =m ( k4 ,s true is ?is1 t x w\ld be altoge!r impossible to e/abli% :e!r a giv5 ord] ( k 71 intr9sically1 pure or appli$4 ,all k1 h[ev] ab/ract & philosophical "o may imag9e x to be1 c be a guide to practical acts2 a !oretical error 9 ! ultimate pr9ciples ( morals c be reflect$ & always is reflect$ 9 "s way1 9 practical life4 ,"o c only speak r\ghly & unsci5tifically ( tru?s t are pure & ( o!rs t are appli$4 ,! same k :i* is call$ te*nical1 c also be call$ useful4 ,b ! ^w useful1 9 con=mity ) ! criticism ( judgm5ts ( value made above1 is to be und]/ood z us$ "h 9 a l+ui/ic or metaphorical s5se4 ,:5 we say t wat] is useful = putt+ out fire1 ! ^w useful is us$ 9 a non-sci5tific s5se4 ,wat] ?r[n on ! fire is ! cause ( its go+ out3 ?is is ! k t s]ves = basis to ! action1 let u say1 ( firem54 ,!re is a l9k1 n ( nature1 b ( simple succession1 betwe5 ! useful action ( ! p]son :o ext+ui%es ! conflagration1 & ?is k4 ,! te*nique ( ! effects ( ! wat] is ! !oretical activity :i* prec$es2 ! action ( him :o ext+ui%es ! fire is alone useful4 ,sid5ote ,di/9ction betwe5 ! useful & ! egoi/ic4 ,"s economi/s id5tify utility ) egosm1 t is to say1 ) m]ely economical action or desire1 ) t :i* is pr(itable to ! individual1 9 s f> z individual1 )\t reg>d to & inde$ 9 complete opposition to ! moral law4 ,! egoi/ic is ! immoral4 ,9 ?is case ,economy w\ld be a v /range sci5ce1 /&+1 n beside1 b fac+ ,e?ic1 l ! devil fac+ ,god1 or at lea/ l ! advocatus diaboli 9 ! processes ( canonization4 ,su* a conception ( x is altoge!r inadmissible3 ! sci5ce ( immorality is impli$ 9 t ( morality1 z ! sci5ce ( ! false is impli$ 9 ,logic1 ! sci5ce ( ! true1 & a sci5ce ( ineffectual expression 9 ,ae/hetic1 ! sci5ce ( successful expression4 ,if1 !n1 ,economy 7 ! sci5tific treatm5t ( egoism1 x w\ld be a *apt] ( ,e?ic1 or ,e?ic itself2 because e moral det]m9ation implies1 at ! same "t1 a negation ( its contr>y4 ,fur!r1 consci5ce tells u t to conduct oneself economically is n to conduct oneself egoi/ically2 t ev5 ! mo/ morally scrupul\s man mu/ conduct himself usefully 7economically71 if he does n wi% to be inconclusive &1 !re=e1 n truly moral4 ,if utility 7 egoism1 h[ c\ld x be ! duty ( ! altrui/ to behave l an egoi/8 ,sid5ote ,economic w & moral w4 ,if we are n mi/ak51 ! difficulty is solv$ 9 a mann] p]fectly analog\s to t 9 :i* is solv$ ! problem ( ! relations betwe5 ! expression & ! concept1 betwe5 ,ae/hetic & ,logic4 ,to w economically is to w an end2 to w morally is to w ! rational end4 ,b :oev] wills & acts morally1 _c b w & act usefully 7economically74 ,h[ c\ld he w ! rational1 unless he will$ x also z 8 p>ticul> end8 ,sid5ote ,pure economicity4 ,! reciprocal is n true2 z x is n true 9 ae/hetic sci5ce t ! expressive fact mu/ ( necessity be l9k$ ) ! logical fact4 ,x is possible to w economically )\t will+ morally2 & x is possible to conduct oneself ) p]fect economic coh]5ce1 :ile pursu+ an end :i* is objectively irrational 7immoral71 or1 bett]1 an end :i* w\ld be s judg$ 9 a sup]ior grade ( consci\sness4 ,examples ( ! economic1 )\t ! moral "*1 are ! ,pr9ce ( ,ma*iavelli1 ,caes> ,borgia1 or ! ,iago ( ,%akespe>e4 ,:o c help admir+ _! /r5g? ( w1 al?\gh _! activity is only economic1 & is oppos$ to :at we hold moral8 ,:o c help admir+ ! s] ,ciappelletto ( ,boccaccio1 :o1 ev5 on 8 dea?-b$1 pursues & realizes 8 ideal ( ! p]fect rascal1 mak+ ! small & timid little ?ieves :o are pres5t at 8 burlesque confession exclaim3 ,:at mann] ( man is ?is1 ^: p]v]sity1 nei!r age1 nor infirmity1 nor ! fe> ( dea?1 :i* he sees at h&1 nor ! fe> ( ,god1 be=e ^: judgm5t-seat he mu/ /& 9 a little :ile1 h be5 able to remove1 nor to cause t he %\ld n wi% to die z he has liv$8 ,sid5ote ,! economic side ( morality4 ,! moral man unites ) ! p]t9acity & fe>lessness ( a ,caes> ,borgia1 ( an ,iago1 or ( a s] ,ciappelletto1 ! good w ( ! sa9t or ( ! h]o4 ,or1 bett]1 good w w\ld n be w1 & consequ5tly n good1 if x did n possess1 9 addition to ! side :i* makes x good1 also t :i* makes x w4 ,?us a logical ?\ght1 :i* does n succe$ 9 express+ itself1 is n ?\ght1 b at ! mo/1 a confus$ pres5tim5t ( a ?\ght yet to come4 ,x is n correct1 !n1 to conceive ( ! amoral man z also ! anti-economical man1 or to make ( morality an elem5t ( coh]5ce 9 ! acts ( life1 & !re=e ( economicity4 ,no?+ prev5ts u f conceiv+ 7an hypo!sis :i* is v]ifi$ at lea/ dur+ c]ta9 p]iods & mom5ts1 if n dur+ :ole lifetimes7 a man altoge!r )\t moral consci5ce4 ,9 a man ?us organiz$1 :at = u is immorality is n s = him1 because x is n s felt4 ,! consci\sness ( ! contradiction betwe5 :at is desir$ z a rational end & :at is pursu$ egoi/ically _c be born 9 him4 ,?is contradiction is anti-economicity4 ,immoral conduct becomes also anti-economical only 9 ! man :o possesses moral consci5ce4 ,! moral remorse :i* is ! pro( ( ?is1 is also economical remorse2 t is to say1 pa9 at n hav+ kn[n h[ to w completely & to atta9 to t moral ideal :i* 0 will$ at ! fir/ mom5t1 b 0 aft]w>ds p]v]t$ by ! passions4 ,video meliora proboque1 det]iora sequor4 ,! video & ! probo are "h an initial w imm$iately contradict$ & pass$ ov]4 ,9 ! man depriv$ ( moral s5se1 we mu/ admit a remorse :i* is m]ely economic2 l t ( a ?ief or ( an assass9 :o %\ld be attack$ :5 on ! po9t ( robb+ or ( assass9at+1 & %\ld ab/a9 f do+ s1 n ow+ to a conv]sion ( 8 be+1 b ow+ to 8 impressionability & bewild]m5t1 or ev5 ow+ to a mom5t>y awak5+ ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,:5 he has come back to himself1 t ?ief or assass9 w regret & be a%am$ ( 8 inconsequ5ce2 8 remorse w n be due to hav+ done wrong1 b to n hav+ done x2 8 remorse is1 !re=e1 economic1 n moral1 s9ce ! latt] is exclud$ by hypo!sis4 ,h[ev]1 a lively moral consci5ce is g5]ally f\nd among ! majority ( m51 & its total abs5ce is a r>e & p]haps non-exi/5t mon/rosity4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be admitt$1 t morality co9cides ) economicity 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,sid5ote ,! m]ely economic & ! error ( ! morally indiff]5t4 ,!re ne$ be no fe> le/ ! p>allelism affirm$ by u %\ld introduce afre% into ! category ( ! morally indiff]5t1 ( t :i* is 9 tru? action & volition1 b is nei!r moral nor immoral2 ! category 9 sum ( ! licit & ( ! p]missible1 :i* has always be5 ! cause or mirror ( e?ical corruption1 z is ! case ) ,jesuitical morality 9 :i* x dom9at$4 ,x rema9s q c]ta9 t indiff]5t moral actions d n exi/1 because moral activity p]vades & mu/ p]vade e lea/ volitional movem5t ( man4 ,b ?is1 f> f upsett+ ! p>allelism1 confirms x4 ,d !re exi/ intuitions :i* sci5ce & ! intellect d n p]vade & analyse1 resolv+ !m into univ]sal concepts1 or *ang+ !m into hi/orical affirmations8 ,we h already se5 t true sci5ce1 philosophy1 kn[s no ext]nal limits :i* b> its way1 z happ5s ) ! s-call$ natural sci5ces4 ,sci5ce & morality entirely dom9ate1 ! "o ! ae/hetic intuitions1 ! o!r ! economic volitions ( man1 al?\gh nei!r ( !m c appe> 9 ! concrete1 save 9 ! intuitive =m z reg>ds ! "o1 9 ! economic z reg>ds ! o!r4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( utilit>ianism & ! re=m ( ,e?ic & ( ,economic4 ,?is comb9$ id5tity & diff]5ce ( ! useful & ( ! moral1 ( ! economic & ( ! e?ic1 expla9s ! =tune enjoy$ n[ & =m]ly by ! utilit>ian !ory ( ,e?ic4 ,x is 9 fact easy to discov] & to %[ a utilit>ian side 9 e moral action2 z x is easy to %[ an ae/hetic side ( e logical proposition4 ,! criticism ( e?ical utilit>ianism _c escape by d5y+ ?is tru? & seek+ out absurd & inexi/5t examples ( useless moral actions4 ,x mu/ admit ! utilit>ian side & expla9 x z ! concrete =m ( morality1 :i* consi/s ( :at is )9 ?is =m4 ,utilit>ians d n see ?is )94 ,?is is n ! place = a m ample developm5t ( su* ideas4 ,e?ic & ,economic _c b be ga9]s1 z we h said ( ,logic & ,ae/hetic1 by a m exact det]m9ation ( ! relations t exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,economic sci5ce is n[ ris+ to ! animat+ concept ( ! useful1 z x /rives to pass beyond ! ma!matical phase1 9 :i* x is /ill entangl$2 a phase :i*1 :5 x sup]s$$ hi/oricism1 0 9 its turn a progress1 de/roy+ a s]ies ( arbitr>y di/9ctions & false !ories ( ,economic1 impli$ 9 ! confusion ( ! !oretical ) ! hi/orical4 ,) ?is conception1 x w be easy on ! "o h& to absorb & to v]ify ! semi-philosophical !ories ( s-call$ pure economy1 & on ! o!r1 by ! introduction ( successive complications & additions1 & by pass+ f ! philosophical to ! empirical or naturali/ic me?od1 to include ! p>ticul> !ories ( ! political or national economy ( ! s*ools4 ,sid5ote ,ph5om5on & n\m5on 9 practical activity4 ,z ae/hetic intuition kn[s ! ph5om5on or nature1 & philosophic intuition ! n\m5on or _s2 s economic activity wills ! ph5om5on or nature1 & moral activity ! n\m5on or _s4 ,! _s :i* desires itself1 its true self1 ! univ]sal :i* is 9 ! empirical & f9ite _s3 t is ! =mula :i* p]haps def9es ! ess5ce ( morality ) ! lea/ impropriety4 ,?is w = ! true self is absolute lib]ty4 ,,viii ,,exclusion ,,( ,,o!r ,,spiritual ,,=ms ,sid5ote ,! sy/em ( ! _s4 ,9 ?is summ>y sket* t we h giv51 ( ! entire philosophy ( ! _s 9 its fundam5tal mom5ts1 ! _s is conceiv$ z consi/+ ( f\r mom5ts or grades1 dispos$ 9 su* a way t ! !oretical activity is to ! practical z is ! fir/ !oretical grade to ! second !oretical1 & ! fir/ practical grade to ! second practical4 ,! f\r mom5ts imply "o ano!r regressively by _! concretion4 ,! concept _c be )\t expression1 ! useful )\t ! "o & ! o!r1 & morality )\t ! ?ree prec$+ grades4 ,if ! ae/hetic fact is alone indep5d5t1 & ! o!rs m or less dep5d5t1 !n ! logical is ! lea/ s & ! moral w ! mo/4 ,moral int5tion op]ates on giv5 !oretic bases1 :i* _c be disp5s$ )1 save by t absurd practice1 ! jesuitical direction ( int5tion4 ,"h p pret5d to !mselves n to "k :at at bottom !y "k p]fectly well4 ,sid5ote ,! =ms ( g5ius4 ,if ! =ms ( human activity are f\r1 f\r also are ! =ms ( g5ius4 ,g5iuses 9 art1 9 sci5ce1 9 moral w or h]oes1 h c]ta9ly always be5 recogniz$4 ,b ! g5ius ( pure ,economic has met ) opposition4 ,x is n altoge!r )\t reason t a category ( bad g5iuses or ( g5iuses ( evil has be5 creat$4 ,! practical1 m]ely economic g5ius1 :i* is n direct$ to a rational end1 _c b excite an admiration m+l$ ) al>m4 ,x w\ld be a m]e "q ( words1 7 we to discuss :e!r ! ^w g5ius %\ld be appli$ only to creators ( ae/hetic expression1 or also to m5 ( sci5tific rese>* & ( action4 ,to obs]ve1 on ! o!r h&1 t g5ius1 ( :atev] k9d x be1 is always a quantitative conception & an empirical di/9ction1 w\ld be to repeat :at has already be5 expla9$ z reg>ds arti/ic g5ius4 ,sid5ote ,non-exi/5ce ( a fif? =m ( activity4 ,law2 sociality4 ,a fif? =m ( spiritual activity does n exi/4 ,x w\ld be easy to demon/rate h[ all ! o!r =ms1 ei!r d n possess ! "* ( activity1 or are v]bal v>iants ( ! activities already exam9$1 or are complex & d]iv$ facts1 9 :i* ! v>i\s activities are m+l$1 or are fill$ ) special cont5ts & cont+5t data4 ,! judicial fact1 = example1 consid]$ z :at is call$ objective law1 is d]iv$ bo? f ! economic & f ! logical activities4 ,law is a rule1 a =mula 7:e!r oral or writt5 matt]s little "h7 9 :i* is conta9$ an economic relation will$ by an individual or by a collectivity4 ,?is economic side at once unites x ) & di/+ui%es x f moral activity4 ,take ano!r example4 ,sociology 7among ! _m mean+s ! ^w be>s 9 our times7 is sometimes conceiv$ z ! /udy ( an orig9al elem5t1 :i* is call$ sociality4 ,n[ :at is x t di/+ui%es sociality1 or ! relations :i* are develop$ 9 a meet+ ( m51 n ( subhuman be+s1 if x be n j ! v>i\s spiritual activities :i* exi/ among ! =m] & :i* are suppos$ n to exi/1 or to exi/ only 9 a rudim5t>y degree1 among ! latt]8 ,sociality1 !n1 f> f be+ an orig9al1 simple1 irr$ucible conception1 is v complex & complicat$4 ,?is c\ld be prov$ by ! impossibility1 g5]ally recogniz$1 ( enunciat+ a s+le sociological law1 prop]ly s-call$4 ,^? t are improp]ly call$ by t "n are reveal$ z ei!r empirical hi/orical obs]vations1 or spiritual laws1 t is to say judgm5ts1 into :i* are translat$ ! conceptions ( ! spiritual activities2 :5 !y are n simply empty & indet]m9ate g5]alizations1 l ! s-call$ law ( evolution4 ,sometimes1 too1 no?+ m is und]/ood by sociality ?an social rule1 & s law2 & ?us sociology is conf\nd$ ) ! sci5ce or !ory ( law itself4 ,law1 sociality1 & l t]ms1 are to be dealt ) 9 a mode analog\s to t employ$ by u 9 ! consid]ation ( hi/oricity & te*nique4 ,sid5ote ,religiosity4 ,x may seem fitt+ to =m a diff]5t judgm5t z to religi\s activity4 ,b religion is no?+ b k1 & does n diff] f its o!r =ms & sub=ms4 ,= x is 9 tru? & 9 turn ei!r ! expression ( practical & ideal aspirations 7religi\s ideals71 or hi/orical n>rative 7leg5d71 or conceptual sci5ce 7dogma74 ,x c !re=e be ma9ta9$ ) equal tru?1 bo? t religion is de/roy$ by ! progress ( human k1 & t x is always pres5t !re4 ,_! religion 0 ! :ole patrimony ( k ( primitive peoples3 our patrimony ( k is our religion4 ,! cont5t has be5 *ang$1 bett]$1 ref9$1 & x w *ange & become bett] & m ref9$ 9 ! future also2 b its function is always ! same4 ,we d n "k :at use c\ld be made ( religion by ^? :o wi% to pres]ve x side by side ) ! !oretic activity ( man1 ) 8 art1 ) 8 criticism1 & ) 8 philosophy4 ,x is impossible to pres]ve an imp]fect & inf]ior k9d ( k1 l religion1 side by side ) :at has surpass$ & disprov$ x4 ,ca?olicism1 :i* is always coh]5t1 w n tol]ate a ,sci5ce1 a ,hi/ory1 an ,e?ic1 9 contradiction to its views & doctr9es4 ,! rationali/s are less coh]5t4 ,!y are dispos$ to all[ a little space 9 _! s\ls = a religion :i* is 9 contradiction ) _! :ole !oretic _w4 ,^! affectations & religi\s susceptibilities ( ! rationali/s ( our times h _! orig9 9 ! sup]/iti\s cult ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,^!1 z we "k & z is confess$ by ! m\? ( _! *ief adepts1 are all surr\nd$ by limits4 ,sci5ce hav+ be5 wrongly id5tifi$ ) ! s-call$ natural sci5ces1 x c\ld be =ese5 t ! rema9d] w\ld be ask$ ( religion2 t rema9d] ) :i* ! human _s _c disp5se4 ,we are !re=e indebt$ to mat]ialism1 to positivism1 to naturalism = ?is unheal?y & (t5 dis+5u\s refl[]+ ( religi\s exaltation4 ,su* ?+s are ! bus9ess ( ! hospital1 :5 !y are n ! bus9ess ( ! politician4 ,sid5ote ,metaphysic4 ,philosophy )draws f religion all reason = exi/+1 because x sub/itutes itself = religion4 ,z ! sci5ce ( ! _s1 x looks ^u religion z a ph5om5on1 a transitory hi/orical fact1 a psy*ic condition t c be surpass$4 ,philosophy %>es ! doma9 ( k ) ! natural discipl9es1 ) hi/ory & ) art4 ,x leaves to ! fir/1 n>ration1 measurem5t & classification2 to ! second1 ! *ronicl+ ( :at has individually happ5$2 to ! ?ird1 ! individually possible4 ,!re is no?+ left to %>e ) religion4 ,= ! same reason1 philosophy1 z ! sci5ce ( ! _s1 _c be philosophy ( ! intuitive datum2 nor1 z has be5 se51 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 nor ,philosophy ( ,nature2 & !re=e !re _c be a philosophic sci5ce ( :at is n =m & univ]sal1 b mat]ial & p>ticul>4 ,?is am\nts to affirm+ ! impossibility ( metaphysic4 ,! ,me?od or ,logic ( hi/ory foll[$ ! ,philosophy ( hi/ory2 a gnoseology ( ! conceptions :i* are employ$ 9 ! natural sci5ces succe$$ natural philosophy4 ,:at philosophy c /udy ( ! "o is its mode ( con/ruction 7intuition1 p]ception1 docum5t1 probability1 etc472 ( ! o!rs %e c /udy ! =ms ( ! conceptions :i* appe> 9 !m 7space1 "t1 motion1 numb]1 types1 classes1 etc474 ,philosophy1 :i* %\ld become metaphysical 9 ! s5se above describ$1 w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 claim to compete ) n>rative hi/ory1 & ) ! natural sci5ces1 :i* 9 _! field are alone legitimate & effective4 ,su* a competition becomes 9 fact a lab\r spoil+ lab\r4 ,we are antimetaphysical 9 ?is s5se1 :ile yet decl>+ ourselves ultrametaphysical1 if by t ^w x be desir$ to claim & to affirm ! function ( philosophy z ! autoconsci\sness ( ! _s1 z oppos$ to ! m]ely empirical & classificatory function ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,sid5ote ,m5tal imag9ation & ! intuitive intellect4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 itself side by side ) ! sci5ces ( ! _s1 metaphysic has be5 oblig$ to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a specific spiritual activity1 ( :i* x w\ld be ! product4 ,?is activity1 :i* 9 antiquity 0 call$ m5tal or sup]ior imag9ation1 & 9 mod]n times m (t5 intuitive intellect or intellectual intuition1 w\ld unite 9 an altoge!r special =m ! *>act]s ( imag9ation & ( intellect4 ,x w\ld provide ! me?od ( pass+1 by d$uction or dialectically1 f ! inf9ite to ! f9ite1 f =m to matt]1 f ! concept to ! intuition1 f sci5ce to hi/ory1 op]at+ by a me?od :i* %\ld be at once unity & comp5etration ( ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul>1 ( ! ab/ract & ! concrete1 ( intuition & ( intellect4 ,a faculty m>vell\s inde$ & delightful to possess2 b we1 :o d n possess x1 h no means ( prov+ its exi/5ce4 ,sid5ote ,my/ical ae/hetic4 ,intellectual intuition has sometimes be5 consid]$ z ! true ae/hetic activity4 ,at o!rs a n less m>vell\s ae/hetic activity has be5 plac$ beside1 bel[1 or above x1 a faculty altoge!r diff]5t f simple intuition4 ,! glories ( ?is faculty h be5 sung1 & to x h be5 attribut$ ! fact ( art1 or at ! lea/ c]ta9 gr\ps ( arti/ic production1 arbitr>ily *os54 ,art1 religion1 & philosophy h seem$ 9 turn "o only1 or ?ree di/9ct faculties ( ! _s1 n[ "o1 n[ ano!r ( ^! be+ sup]ior 9 ! dignity assign$ to ea*4 ,x is impossible to enum]ate all ! v>i\s attitudes assum$ by ?is conception ( ,ae/hetic1 :i* we w call my/ical4 ,we are "h 9 ! k+dom1 n ( ! sci5ce ( imag9ation1 b ( imag9ation itself1 :i* creates its _w ) ! v>y+ elem5ts ( ! impressions & ( ! feel+s4 ,let x suffice to m5tion t ?is my/]i\s faculty has be5 conceiv$1 n[ z practical1 n[ z a mean betwe5 ! !oretic & ! practical1 at o!rs aga9 z a !oretic grade toge!r ) philosophy & religion4 ,sid5ote ,mortality & immortality ( art4 ,! immortality ( art has sometimes be5 d$uc$ f ?is la/ conception z belong+ ) its si/]s to ! sph]e ( absolute _s4 ,at o!r times1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 religion has be5 look$ ^u z mortal & z dissolv$ 9 philosophy1 !n ! mortality1 ev5 ! actual dea?1 or at lea/ ! agony ( art has be5 proclaim$4 ,^! que/ions h no mean+ = u1 because1 see+ t ! function ( art is a necess>y grade ( ! _s1 to ask if art c be elim9at$ is ! same ?+ z ask+ if s5sation or intellig5ce c be elim9at$4 ,b metaphysic1 9 ! above s5se1 s9ce x transplants itself to an arbitr>y _w1 is n to be criticiz$ 9 detail1 any m ?an "o c criticize ! botany ( ! g>d5 ( ,alc9a or ! navigation ( ! voyage ( ,a/olfo4 ,criticism c only be made by refus+ to jo9 ! game2 t is to say1 by reject+ ! v possibility ( metaphysic1 always 9 ! s5se above indicat$4 ,z we d n admit intellectual intuition 9 philosophy1 we c also n admit its %ad[ or equival5t1 ae/hetic intellectual intuition1 or any o!r mode by :i* ?is imag9>y function may be call$ & repres5t$4 ,we repeat aga9 t we d n "k ( a fif? grade beyond ! f\r grades ( _s :i* consci\sness reveals to u4 ,,ix ,,indivisibility ,,( ,,expression ,,into ,,modes ,,or ,,grades ,,& ,,critique ,,( ,,rhetoric ,sid5ote ,! *>act]i/ics ( art4 ,x is cu/om>y to give long enum]ations ( ! *>act]i/ics ( art4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is po9t ( ! treatise1 hav+ /udi$ ! arti/ic function z spiritual activity1 z !oretic activity1 & z special !oretic activity 7intuitive71 we are able to disc]n t ^? v>i\s & copi\s descriptions mean1 :5 !y mean any?+ at all1 no?+ b a repetition ( :at may be call$ ! qualities ( ! ae/hetic function1 g5]ic1 specific1 & *>act]i/ic4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! are ref]r$1 z we h already obs]v$1 ! *>act]s1 or bett]1 ! v]bal v>iants ( unity1 & ( unity 9 v>iety1 ^? also ( simplicity1 ( orig9ality1 & s on2 to ! second ( ^!1 ! *>act]i/ics ( tru?1 ( s9c]ity1 & ! l2 to ! ?ird1 ! *>act]i/ics ( life1 ( vivacity1 ( animation1 ( concretion1 ( individuality1 ( *>act]i/icality4 ,! words may v>y yet m1 b !y w n contribute any?+ sci5tifically new4 ,! results :i* we h %[n h altoge!r exhau/$ ! analysis ( expression z su*4 ,sid5ote ,inexi/5ce ( modes ( expression4 ,b at ?is po9t1 ! "q z to :e!r !re be v>i\s modes or grades ( expression is /ill p]fectly legitimate4 ,we h di/+ui%$ two grades ( activity1 ea* ( :i* is subdivid$ into two o!r grades1 & !re is c]ta9ly1 s f>1 no visible logical reason :y !re %\ld n exi/ two or m modes ( ! ae/hetic1 t is ( expression4--,! only objection is t ^! modes d n exi/4 ,= ! pres5t at lea/1 x is a "q ( simple int]nal obs]vation & ( self consci\sness4 ,"o may scrut9ize ae/hetic facts z mu* z "o w3 no =mal diff]5ces w ev] be f\nd among !m1 nor w ! ae/hetic fact be divisible into a fir/ & a second degree4 ,?is signifies t a philosophical classification ( expressions is n possible4 ,s+le expressive facts are s _m individuals1 ( :i* ! "o _c be comp>$ ) ! o!r1 save g5]ically1 9 s f> z ea* is expression4 ,to use ! language ( ! s*ools1 expression is a species :i* _c 9 its turn p]=m ! functions ( g5us4 ,impressions1 t is to say cont5ts1 v>y2 e cont5t diff]s f e o!r cont5t1 because no?+ 9 life repeats itself2 & ! cont9u\s v>iation ( cont5ts foll[s ! irr$ucible v>iety ( expressive facts1 ! ae/hetic syn!ses ( ! impressions4 ,sid5ote ,impossibility ( translations4 ,a coroll>y ( ?is is ! impossibility ( translations1 9 s f> z !y pret5d to effect ! transf]5ce ( "o expression into ano!r1 l a liquid p\r$ f a vase ( a c]ta9 %ape into a vase ( ano!r %ape4 ,we c elaborate logically :at we h already elaborat$ 9 ae/hetic =m only2 b we _c r$uce t :i* has already possess$ its ae/hetic =m to ano!r =m also ae/hetic4 ,9 tru?1 e translation ei!r dim9i%es & spoils2 or x creates a new expression1 by putt+ ! =m] back into ! crucible & mix+ x ) o!r impressions belong+ to ! pret5d$ translator4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! expression always rema9s "o1 t ( ! orig9al1 ! translation be+ m or less defici5t1 t is to say1 n prop]ly expression3 9 ! o!r case1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly be two expressions1 b ) two diff]5t cont5ts4 ,ugly fai?ful ones or fai?less beauties is a prov]b t well expresses ! dilemma ) :i* e translator is fac$4 ,9 ae/hetic translations1 su* z ^? :i* are ^w = ^w or int]l9e>1 or p>aphra/ic translations1 are to be look$ ^u z simple comm5t>ies on ! orig9al4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( rhetorical categories4 ,! division ( expressions into v>i\s classes is kn[n 9 lit]ature by ! "n ( !ory ( ornam5t or ( rhetorical categories4 ,b simil> attempts at classification 9 ! o!r =ms ( art are n want+3 suffice x to m5tion ! reali/ic & symbolic =ms1 spok5 ( 9 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,! sci5tific value to be atta*$ 9 ,ae/hetic & 9 ae/hetic criticism to ^! di/9ctions ( reali/ic & symbolic1 ( /yle & abs5ce ( /yle1 ( objective & subjective1 ( classic & romantic1 ( simple & ornate1 ( prop] & metaphorical1 ( ! f\rte5 =ms ( metaphor1 ( ! figures ( ^w & ( s5t5ce1 & fur!r ( pleonasm1 ( ellipse1 ( inv]sion1 ( repetition1 ( synonyms & homonyms1 & s on2 is nil or altoge!r negative4 ,to none ( ^! t]ms & di/9ctions c be giv5 a satisfactory ae/hetic def9ition4 ,^? t h be5 attempt$1 :5 !y are n obvi\sly errone\s1 are words devoid ( s5se4 ,a typical example ( ?is is ! v common def9ition ( metaphor z ( ano!r ^w us$ 9 place ( ! ^w itself4 ,n[ :y give oneself ?is tr\ble8 ,:y take ! worse & long] road :5 y "k ! %ort] & bett] road8 ,p]haps1 z is g5]ally said1 because ! correct ^w is 9 c]ta9 cases n s expressive z ! s-call$ incorrect ^w or metaphor8 ,b 9 t case ! metaphor becomes exactly ! "r ^w1 & ! s-call$ "r ^w1 if x 7 us$1 w\ld be b little expressive & !re=e mo/ improp]4 ,simil> obs]vations ( elem5t>y good s5se c be made reg>d+ ! o!r categories1 z1 = example1 ! g5]ic "o ( ! ornate4 ,"o c ask oneself h[ an ornam5t c be jo9$ to expression4 ,ext]nally8 ,9 t case x mu/ always rema9 sep>ate4 ,int]nally8 ,9 t case1 ei!r x does n assi/ expression & m>s x2 or x does =m "p ( x & is n ornam5t1 b a con/itu5t elem5t ( expression1 indi/+ui%able f ! :ole4 ,x is n necess>y to dwell ^u ! h>m done by ^! di/9ctions4 ,rhetoric has (t5 be5 declaim$ aga9/1 b al?\gh !re has be5 rebellion aga9/ its consequ5ces1 its pr9ciples h be5 c>efully pres]v$1 p]haps 9 ord] to %[ pro( ( philosophic coh]5ce4 ,rhetoric has contribut$1 if n to make dom9ant 9 lit]>y production1 at lea/ to ju/ify !oretically1 t p>ticul> mode ( writ+ ill :i* is call$ f9e writ+ or writ+ accord+ to rhetoric4 ,sid5ote ,empirical s5se ( ! rhetorical categories4 ,! t]ms above m5tion$ w\ld nev] h gone beyond ! s*ools1 :]e we all ( u le>n$ !m 7c]ta9 ( nev] f9d+ ! opportunity ( us+ !m 9 /rictly ae/hetic discussions1 or ev5 ( do+ s jocosely & ) a comic int5tion71 save :5 occasionally employ$ 9 "o ( ! foll[+ significations3 z v]bal v>iants ( ! ae/hetic concept2 z indications ( ! anti-ae/hetic1 or1 f9ally 7& ?is is _! mo/ important use71 9 a s5se :i* is no long] ae/hetic & lit]>y1 b m]ely logical4 ,sid5ote ,use ( ^! categories z synonyms ( ! ae/hetic fact4 ,expressions are n divisible into classes1 b "s are successful1 o!rs half-successful1 o!rs failures4 ,!re are p]fect & imp]fect1 complete & defici5t expressions4 ,! t]ms already cit$1 !n1 sometimes indicate ! successful expression1 sometimes ! v>i\s =ms ( ! failures4 ,b !y are employ$ 9 ! mo/ incon/ant & caprici\s mann]1 = x (t5 happ5s t ! same ^w s]ves1 n[ to proclaim ! p]fect1 n[ to condemn ! imp]fect4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is f\nd :5 someone1 criticiz+ two pictures--! "o )\t inspiration1 9 :i* ! au?or has copi$ natural objects )\t intellig5ce2 ! o!r inspir$1 b )\t obvi\s lik5ess to exi/+ objects--calls ! fir/ reali/ic1 ! second symbolic4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 pron\nce ! ^w reali/ic ab\t a /rongly felt picture repres5t+ a sc5e ( ord9>y life1 :ile !y talk ( symbolic 9 ref]5ce to ano!r picture repres5t+ b a cold allegory4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! fir/ case symbolic means arti/ic1 & reali/ic in>ti/ic1 :ile 9 ! second1 reali/ic is synonym\s ) arti/ic & symbolic ) in>ti/ic4 ,h[1 !n1 c we be a/oni%$ :5 "s hotly ma9ta9 t ! true art =m is ! symbolic1 & t ! reali/ic is in>ti/ic2 o!rs1 t ! reali/ic is ! arti/ic1 & ! symbolic ! in>ti/ic8 ,we _c b grant t bo? are "r1 s9ce ea* makes use ( ! same words 9 s5ses s div]se4 ,! great disputes ab\t ! classic & ! romantic are frequ5tly bas$ ^u su* equivokes4 ,sometimes ! =m] 0 und]/ood z ! arti/ically p]fect1 & ! second z lack+ balance & imp]fect2 at o!rs1 ! classic 0 cold & artificial1 ! romantic s9c]e1 w>m1 efficaci\s1 & truly expressive4 ,?us x 0 always possible to take ! side ( ! classic aga9/ ! romantic1 or ( ! romantic aga9/ ! classic4 ,! same ?+ happ5s z reg>ds ! ^w /yle4 ,sometimes x is affirm$ t e writ] %\ld h /yle4 ,"h /yle is synonym\s ) =m or expression4 ,sometimes ! =m ( a code ( laws or ( a ma!matical "w is said to be devoid ( /yle4 ,"h ! error ( admitt+ div]se modes ( expression is aga9 committ$1 ( admitt+ an ornate & a nak$ =m ( expression1 because1 s9ce /yle is =m1 ! code & ! ma!matical treatise mu/ also1 /rictly speak+1 h ea* its /yle4 ,at o!r times1 "o he>s ! critics blam+ someone = hav+ too mu* /yle or = writ+ a /yle4 ,"h x is cle> t /yle signifies1 n ! =m1 nor a mode ( x1 b improp] & pret5ti\s expression1 :i* is "o =m ( ! in>ti/ic4 ,sid5ote ,_! use to indicate v>i\s ae/hetic imp]fections4 ,pass+ to ! second1 n altoge!r insignificant1 use ( ^! words & di/9ctions1 we sometimes f9d 9 ! exam9ation ( a lit]>y composition su* rem>ks z foll[3 "h is a pleonasm1 "h an ellipse1 !re a metaphor1 "h aga9 a synonym or an equivoke4 ,?is means t 9 "o place is an error consi/+ ( us+ a l>g] numb] ( words ?an is necess>y 7pleonasm72 t 9 ano!r ! error arises f too few hav+ be5 us$ 7ellipse71 else:]e f ! use ( an unsuitable ^w 7metaphor71 or f ! use ( two words :i* seem to express two diff]5t ?+s1 :]e !y really express ! same ?+ 7synonym72 or t1 on ! contr>y1 x arises f hav+ employ$ "o :i* seems to express ! same ?+ :]e x expresses two diff]5t ?+s 7equivoke74 ,?is pejorative & pa?ological use ( ! t]ms is1 h[ev]1 m uncommon ?an ! prec$+4 ,sid5ote ,_! use 9 a s5se transc5d+ ae/hetic1 9 ! s]vice ( sci5ce4 ,f9ally1 :5 rhetorical t]m9ology possesses no ae/hetic signification simil> or analog\s to ^? pass$ 9 review1 & yet "o is aw>e t x is n void ( mean+ & designates some?+ t des]ves to be not$1 x is !n us$ 9 ! s]vice ( logic & ( sci5ce4 ,if x be grant$ t a concept us$ 9 a sci5tific s5se by a giv5 writ] is express$ ) a def9ite t]m1 x is natural t o!r words =m$ by t writ] z us$ to signify ! same concept1 or incid5tally made use ( by him1 become1 9 respect to ! vocabul>y fix$ ^u by him z true1 metaphors1 synecdo*es1 synonyms1 elliptic =ms1 & ! l4 ,we1 too1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise1 h sev]al times made use (1 & int5d aga9 to make use ( su* t]ms1 9 ord] to make cle> ! s5se ( ! words we employ1 or may f9d employ$4 ,b ?is proce$+1 :i* is ( value 9 ! disquisitions ( sci5tific & intellectual criticism1 has none :atev] 9 ae/hetic criticism4 ,= sci5ce !re exi/ appropriate words & metaphors4 ,! same concept may be psy*ologically =m$ 9 v>i\s circum/ances & !re=e be express$ ) v>i\s intuitions4 ,:5 ! sci5tific t]m9ology ( a giv5 writ] has be5 e/abli%$1 & "o ( ^! modes has be5 fix$ z correct1 !n all o!r uses ( x become improp] or tropical4 ,b 9 ! ae/hetic fact exi/ only appropriate words4 ,! same intuition c only be express$ 9 "o way1 precisely because x is an intuition & n a concept4 ,sid5ote ,rhetoric 9 ! s*ools4 ,"s1 :ile !y admit ! ae/hetic insuffici5cy ( ! rhetorical categories1 yet make a res]ve z reg>ds _! utility & ! s]vice !y are suppos$ to r5d]1 especially 9 s*ools ( lit]ature4 ,we confess t we fail to und]/& h[ error & confusion c educate ! m9d to logical cle>ness1 or aid ! tea*+ ( a sci5ce :i* !y di/urb & obscure4 ,p]haps x may be desir$ to say t !y c aid memory & le>n+ z empirical classes1 z 0 admitt$ above = lit]>y & arti/ic /yles4 ,b !re is ano!r purpose = :i* ! rhetorical categories %\ld c]ta9ly cont9ue to be admitt$ to ! s*ools3 to be criticiz$ !re4 ,we _c simply =get ! errors ( ! pa/1 & tru? _c be kept alive1 save by mak+ x fight aga9/ error4 ,unless a notion ( ! rhetorical categories be giv51 accompani$ by a suitable criticism ( ^!1 !re is a risk ( _! spr++ up aga94 ,= !y are already spr++ up ) c]ta9 philologi/s1 disguis$ z mo/ rec5t psy*ological discov]ies4 ,sid5ote ,! resemblances ( expressions4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh we wi%$ to d5y all bond ( lik5ess among !mselves betwe5 expressions & works ( art4 ,! lik5esses exi/1 & ow+ to !m1 works ( art c be arrang$ 9 ?is or t gr\p4 ,b !y are lik5esses su* z are obs]v$ among individuals1 & c nev] be r5d]$ ) ab/ract def9itions4 ,t is to say1 ^! lik5esses h no?+ to d ) id5tification1 subord9ation1 co-ord9ation1 & ! o!r relations ( concepts4 ,!y consi/ :olly 9 :at is call$ a family lik5ess1 & are connect$ ) ^? hi/orical conditions exi/+ at ! bir? ( ! v>i\s works1 or 9 an aff9ity ( s\l betwe5 ! arti/s4 ,sid5ote ,! relative possibility ( translations4 ,x is 9 ^! resemblances t lies ! relative possibility ( translations4 ,?is does n consi/ ( ! reproduction ( ! same orig9al expressions 7:i* x w\ld be va9 to attempt71 b 9 ! measure t expressions are giv51 m or less ne>ly resembl+ ^?4 ,! translation t passes = good is an approximation :i* has orig9al value z a "w ( art & c /& by itself4 ,x ,,ae/hetic ,,feel+s ,,& ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,ugly ,,& ,,! ,,beautiful ,pass+ on to ! /udy ( m complex concepts1 :]e ! ae/hetic activity is f\nd 9 conjunction ) o!r ord]s ( facts1 & %[+ ! mode ( ?is union or complication1 we f9d ourselves at once face to face ) ! concept ( feel+ & ) ! feel+s :i* are call$ ae/hetic4 ,sid5ote ,v>i\s significances ( ! ^w feel+4 ,! ^w feel+ is "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 mean+s4 ,we h already _h occasion to meet ) x once1 among ^? us$ to designate ! _s 9 its passivity1 ! matt] or cont5t ( art1 & also z synonym ( impressions4 ,once aga9 7& !n ! mean+ 0 altoge!r diff]5t71 we h met ) x z designat+ ! non-logical & non-hi/orical "* ( ! ae/hetic fact1 t is to say pure intuition1 a =m ( tru? :i* def9es no concept & /ates no fact4 ,sid5ote ,feel+ z activity4 ,b feel+ is n "h und]/ood 9 ei!r ( ^! two s5ses1 nor 9 ! o!rs 9 :i* x has nev]!less be5 us$ to designate o!r cognoscitive =ms ( _s4 ,its mean+ "h is t ( a special activity1 ( non-cognoscitive nature1 b possess+ its two poles1 positive & negative1 9 pleasure & pa94 ,?is activity has always greatly emb>rass$ philosoph]s1 :o h attempt$ ei!r to d5y x z an activity1 or to attribute x to nature & to exclude x f _s4 ,bo? solutions bri/le ) difficulties1 & ^! are ( su* a k9d t ! solutions prove !mselves f9ally unacceptable to anyone :o exam9es !m ) c>e4 ,= ( :at c\ld a non-spiritual activity consi/1 an activity ( nature1 :5 we h no o!r k ( activity save z spiritual1 & ( spirituality save z activity8 ,nature is1 9 ?is case1 by def9ition1 ! m]ely passive1 in]t1 me*anical & mat]ial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! negation ( ! "* ( activity to feel+ is en]getically disprov$ by ^? v poles ( pleasure & ( pa9 :i* appe> 9 x & manife/ activity 9 its concret5ess1 &1 we w say1 all aquiv]4 ,sid5ote ,id5tification ( feel+ ) economic activity4 ,?is critical conclusion ought to place u 9 ! greate/ emb>rassm5t1 = 9 ! sket* ( ! sy/em ( ! _s giv5 above1 we h left no room = ! new activity1 ( :i* we are n[ oblig$ to recognize ! exi/5ce4 ,b activity ( feel+1 if x be activity1 is n specially new4 ,x has already _h its place assign$ to x 9 ! sy/em :i* we h sket*$1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x has be5 indicat$ "u ano!r "n1 z economic activity4 ,:at is call$ ! activity ( feel+ is no?+ b t m elem5t>y & fundam5tal practical activity1 :i* we h di/+ui%$ f e?ical activity1 & made to consi/ ( ! appetite & desire = "s individual end1 )\t any moral det]m9ation4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( h$onism4 ,if feel+ has be5 sometimes consid]$ z organic or natural activity1 ?is has happ5$ precisely because x does n co9cide ei!r ) logical1 ae/hetic1 or e?ical activity4 ,look$ at f ! /&po9t ( ^! ?ree 7:i* 7 ! only ones admitt$71 x has seem$ to lie outside ! true & real _s1 ! _s 9 its ari/ocracy1 & to be almo/ a det]m9ation ( nature & ( ! s\l1 9 s f> z x is nature4 ,?us ! !sis1 sev]al times ma9ta9$1 t ! ae/hetic activity1 l ! e?ical & intellectual activities1 is n feel+1 becomes at once completely prov$4 ,?is !sis 0 inexpugnable1 :5 s5sation _h already be5 r$uc$ confus$ly & implicitly to economic volition4 ,! view :i* has be5 refut$ is kn[n by ! "n ( h$onism4 ,= h$onism1 all ! v>i\s =ms ( ! _s are r$uc$ to "o1 :i* ?us itself also loses its own di/9ctive "* & becomes some?+ turbid & my/]i\s1 l ! %ades 9 :i* all c[s are black4 ,hav+ effect$ ?is r$uction & mutilation1 ! h$oni/s naturally d n succe$ 9 see+ any?+ else 9 any activity b pleasure & pa94 ,!y f9d no sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 ! pleasure ( art & t ( an easy dige/ion1 betwe5 ! pleasure ( a good action & t ( brea?+ ! fre% air ) wide-exp&$ lungs4 ,sid5ote ,feel+ z a concomitant to e =m ( activity4 ,b if ! activity ( feel+ 9 ! s5se "h def9$ mu/ n be sub/itut$ = all ! o!r =ms ( spiritual activity1 we h n said t x _c accompany !m4 ,inde$ x accompanies !m ( necessity1 because !y are all 9 close relation1 bo? ) "o ano!r & ) ! elem5t>y volitional =m4 ,!re=e ea* ( !m has = concomitants individual volitions & volitional pleasures & pa9s :i* are kn[n z feel+4 ,b we mu/ n conf\nd :at is concomitant1 ) ! pr9cipal fact1 & take ! "o = ! o!r4 ,! discov]y ( ! tru?1 or ! satisfaction ( a moral duty fulfill$1 produces 9 u a joy :i* makes our :ole be+ vibrate1 =1 by atta9+ to ^? =ms ( spiritual activity1 x atta9s at ! same "t t to :i* x 0 practically t5d+1 z to its end1 dur+ ! ef=t4 ,nev]!less1 economic or h$oni/ic satisfaction1 e?ical satisfaction1 ae/hetic satisfaction1 intellectual satisfaction1 rema9 always di/9ct1 ev5 :5 9 union4 ,?us is solv$ at ! same "t ! mu*-debat$ "q1 :i* has seem$1 n wrongly1 a matt] ( life or dea? = ae/hetic sci5ce1 namely1 :e!r ! feel+ & ! pleasure prec$e or foll[1 are cause or effect ( ! ae/hetic fact4 ,we mu/ enl>ge ?is "q1 to include ! relation betwe5 ! v>i\s spiritual =ms1 & solve x 9 ! s5se t 9 ! unity ( ! _s "o _c talk ( cause & effect & ( :at comes fir/ & :at foll[s x 9 "t4 ,& once ! relation above expos$ is e/abli%$1 ! /atem5ts1 :i* x is cu/om>y to make1 z to ! nature ( ae/hetic1 moral1 intellectual1 & ev51 z is sometimes said1 economic feel+s1 mu/ also fall4 ,9 ?is la/ case1 x is cle> t x is a "q1 n ( two t]ms1 b ( "o1 & ! que/ ( economic feel+ c be b t same "o conc]n+ ! economic activity4 ,b 9 ! o!r cases also1 ! se>* c nev] be direct$ to ! sub/antive1 b to ! adjective3 ae/hetic1 morality1 logic1 expla9 ! col\r+ ( ! feel+s z ae/hetic1 moral1 & intellectual1 :ile feel+1 /udi$ alone1 w nev] expla9 ^? refractions4 ,sid5ote ,mean+ ( c]ta9 ord9>y di/9ctions ( feel+s4 ,a fur!r consequ5ce is1 t we c free ourselves f ! di/9ction betwe5 values or feel+s ( value1 & feel+s t are m]ely h$oni/ic & )\t value2 also f o!r simil> di/9ctions1 l ^? betwe5 dis9t]e/$ feel+s & int]e/$ feel+s1 betwe5 objective feel+s & ! o!rs t are n objective b simply subjective1 betwe5 feel+s ( approval & o!rs ( m]e pleasure 7,gefall5 & ,v]gng5 ( ! ,g]mans74 ,^? di/9ctions /rove h>d to save ! ?ree spiritual =ms1 :i* h be5 recognis$ z ! triad ( ! ,true1 ! ,good1 & ! ,beautiful1 f confusion ) ! f\r? =m1 /ill unkn[n1 yet insidi\s ?r\gh its indet]m9at5ess1 & "m ( sc&als4 ,= u ?is triad has f9i%$ its task1 because we are capable ( rea*+ ! di/9ction f> m directly1 by welcom+ ev5 ! selfi%1 subjective1 m]ely pleasurable feel+s1 among ! respectable =ms ( ! _s2 & :]e =m]ly anti!ses 7 conceiv$ ( by ourselves & o!rs1 betwe5 value & feel+s1 z betwe5 spirituality & naturality1 h5ce=? we see no?+ b diff]5ce betwe5 value & value4 ,sid5ote ,value & disvalue3 ! contr>ies & _! union4 ,z has already be5 said1 ! economic feel+ or activity reveals itself z divid$ into two poles1 positive & negative1 pleasure & pa91 :i* we c n[ translate into useful1 & useless or hurtful4 ,?is bip>tition has already be5 not$ above1 z a m>k ( ! active "* ( feel+1 precisely because ! same bip>tition is f\nd 9 all =ms ( activity4 ,if ea* ( ^! is a value1 ea* has oppos$ to x antivalue or disvalue4 ,abs5ce ( value is n suffici5t to cause disvalue1 b activity & passivity mu/ be /ruggl+ betwe5 !mselves1 )\t ! "o gett+ ! bett] ( ! o!r2 h5ce ! contradiction1 & ! disvalue ( ! activity t is emb>rass$1 conte/$1 or int]rupt$4 ,value is activity t unfolds itself freely3 disvalue is its contr>y4 ,we w cont5t ourselves ) ?is def9ition ( ! two t]ms1 )\t ent]+ into ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 value & disvalue1 t is1 betwe5 ! problem ( contr>ies4 7,are ^! to be ?\ght ( duali/ically1 z two be+s or two ord]s ( be+s1 l ,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 angels & devils1 enemies to "o ano!r2 or z a unity1 :i* is also contr>iety87 ,?is def9ition ( ! two t]ms w be suffici5t = our purpose1 :i* is to make cle> ae/hetic activity 9 p>ticul>1 & "o ( ! mo/ obscure & disput$ concepts ( ,ae/hetic :i* arises at ?is po9t3 ! concept ( ! ,beautiful4 ,sid5ote ,! ,beautiful z ! value ( expression1 or expression & no?+ m4 ,ae/hetic1 intellectual1 economic1 & e?ical values & disvalues are v>i\sly d5om9at$ 9 curr5t spee*3 beautiful1 true1 good1 useful1 j1 & s on--^! words designate ! free developm5t ( spiritual activity1 action1 sci5tific rese>*1 arti/ic production1 :5 !y are successful2 ugly1 false1 bad1 useless1 unbecom+1 unju/1 inexact designate emb>rass$ activity1 ! product ( :i* is a failure4 ,9 l+ui/ic usage1 ^! d5om9ations are be+ cont9ually %ift$ f "o ord] ( facts to ano!r1 & f ?is to t4 ,beautiful1 = in/ance1 is said n only ( a successful expression1 b also ( a sci5tific tru?1 ( an action successfully a*iev$1 & ( a moral action3 ?us we talk ( an intellectual beauty1 ( a beautiful action1 ( a moral beauty4 ,_m philosoph]s1 especially ae/heticians1 h lo/ _! heads 9 _! pursuit ( ^! mo/ v>i$ uses3 !y h ent]$ an inextricable & imp]vi\s v]bal labyr9?4 ,= ?is reason x has hi!rto seem$ conv5i5t /udi\sly to avoid ! use ( ! ^w beautiful to indicate successful expression4 ,b aft] all ! explanations t h be5 giv51 & all dang] ( misund]/&+ be+ n[ dissipat$1 & s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 we _c fail to recognize t ! prevail+ t5d5cy1 alike 9 curr5t spee* & 9 philosophy1 is to limit ! mean+ ( ! vocable beautiful altoge!r to ! ae/hetic value1 we may def9e beauty z successful expression1 or bett]1 z expression & no?+ m1 because expression1 :5 x is n successful1 is n expression4 ,sid5ote ,! ugly1 & ! elem5ts ( beauty :i* compose x4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ugly is unsuccessful expression4 ,! p>adox is true1 t1 9 works ( art t are failures1 ! beautiful is pres5t z unity & ! ugly z multiplicity4 ,?us1 ) reg>d to works ( art t are m or less failures1 we talk ( qualities1 t is to say ( ^? p>ts ( !m t are beautiful4 ,we d n talk ?us ( p]fect works4 ,x is 9 fact impossible to enum]ate _! qualities or to designate ^? p>ts ( !m t are beautiful4 ,9 !m !re is complete fusion3 !y h b "o quality4 ,life circulates 9 ! :ole organism3 x is n )drawn into c]ta9 p>ts4 ,! qualities ( works t are failures may be ( v>i\s degrees4 ,!y may ev5 be v great4 ,! beautiful does n possess degrees1 = !re is no conceiv+ a m beautiful1 t is1 an expressive t is m expressive1 an adequate t is m ?an adequate4 ,ugl9ess1 on ! o!r h&1 does possess degrees1 f ! r ugly 7or almo/ beautiful7 to ! extremely ugly4 ,b if ! ugly 7 complete1 t is to say1 )\t any elem5t ( beauty1 x w\ld = t v reason cease to be ugly1 because 9 x w\ld be abs5t ! contradiction :i* is ! reason ( its exi/5ce4 ,! disvalue w\ld become nonvalue2 activity w\ld give place to passivity1 ) :i* x is n at w>1 save :5 !re effectively is w>4 ,sid5ote ,illusions t !re exi/ expressions :i* are nei!r beautiful nor ugly4 ,& because ! di/9ctive consci\sness ( ! beautiful & ( ! ugly is bas$ on ! contra/s & contradictions 9 :i* ae/hetic activity is develop$1 x is evid5t t ?is consci\sness becomes att5uat$ to ! po9t ( disappe>+ altoge!r1 z we desc5d f ! m complicat$ to ! m simple & to ! simple/ cases ( expression4 ,f ?is arises ! illusion t !re are expressions :i* are nei!r beautiful nor ugly1 ^? :i* are obta9$ )\t s5sible ef=t & appe> easy & natural be+ s consid]$4 ,sid5ote ,true ae/hetic feel+s & concomitant or accid5tal feel+s4 ,! :ole my/]y ( ! beautiful & ! ugly is r$uc$ to ^! h5ce=? mo/ easy def9itions4 ,%\ld any "o object t !re exi/ p]fect ae/hetic expressions be=e :i* no pleasure is felt1 & o!rs1 p]haps ev5 failures1 :i* give him ! greate/ pleasure1 x is necess>y to advise him to pay great att5tion1 z reg>ds ! ae/hetic fact1 to t only :i* is truly ae/hetic pleasure4 ,ae/hetic pleasure is sometimes re9=c$ by pleasures aris+ f extrane\s facts1 :i* are only casually f\nd unit$ ) x4 ,! poet or any o!r arti/ af=ds an in/ance ( purely ae/hetic pleasure1 dur+ ! mom5t 9 :i* he sees 7or has ! intuition (7 8 "w = ! fir/ "t2 t is to say1 :5 8 impressions take =m & 8 c\nt5ance is irradiat$ ) ! div9e joy ( ! creator4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a mix$ pleasure is exp]i5c$ by any "o :o goes to ! !atre1 aft] a day's "w1 to witness a com$y3 :5 ! pleasure ( re/ & amusem5t1 & t ( laugh+ly snat*+ a nail f ! gap+ c(f91 is accompani$ at a c]ta9 mom5t by real ae/hetic pleasure1 obta9$ f ! art ( ! dramati/ & ( ! actors4 ,! same may be said ( ! arti/ :o looks ^u 8 lab\r ) pleasure1 :5 x is f9i%$1 exp]i5c+1 9 addition to ! ae/hetic pleasure1 t v diff]5t "o :i* arises f ! ?\ght ( self-love satisfi$1 or ( ! economic ga9 :i* w come to him f 8 "w4 ,examples c\ld be multipli$4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( app>5t feel+s4 ,a category ( app>5t ae/hetic feel+s has be5 =m$ 9 mod]n ,ae/hetic4 ,^! h no?+ to d ) ! ae/hetic s5sations ( pleasure aris+ f ! =m1 t is to say f ! "w ( art4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y arise f ! cont5t ( ! "w ( art4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t arti/ic repres5tations ar\se pleasure & pa9 9 _! inf9ite v>iety & gradations4 ,we tremble ) anxiety1 we rejoice1 we fe>1 we laugh1 we weep1 we desire1 ) ! p]sonages ( a drama or ( a romance1 ) ! figures 9 a picture1 or ) ! melody ( music4 ,b ^! feel+s are n ^? t w\ld give occasion to ! real fact outside art2 t is to say1 !y are ! same 9 quality1 b !y are quantitively an att5uation4 ,ae/hetic & app>5t pleasure & pa9 are slight1 ( little dep?1 & *angeable4 ,we h no ne$ to treat ( ^! app>5t feel+s1 = ! good reason t we h already amply discuss$ !m2 inde$1 we h treat$ ( !m alone4 ,:at are ev] feel+s t become app>5t or manife/1 b feel+s objectifi$1 int5sifi$1 express$8 ,& x is natural t !y d n tr\ble & agitate u passionately1 z d ^? ( real life1 because ^? 7 matt]1 ^! are =m & activity2 ^? true & prop] feel+s1 ^! intuitions & expressions4 ,! =mula1 !n1 ( app>5t feel+s is no?+ b a tautology4 ,! be/ t c be done is to run ! p5 ?r\gh x4 ,,xi ,,critique ,,( ,,ae/hetic ,,h$onism ,z we are oppos$ to h$onism 9 g5]al1 t is to say1 to ! !ory :i* is bas$ on ! pleasure & pa9 intr9sic to ,economy & accompanies e o!r =m ( activity1 conf\nd+ ! cont5t & t :i* conta9s x1 & fails to recognize any process b ! h$oni/ic2 s we are oppos$ to ae/hetic h$onism 9 p>ticul>1 :i* looks ^u ! ae/hetic at any rate1 if n also ^u all o!r activities1 z a simple fact ( feel+1 & conf\nds ! pleasurable ( expression1 :i* is ! beautiful1 ) ! pleasurable & no?+ m1 & ) ! pleasurable ( all sorts4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! beautiful z t :i* pleases ! high] s5ses4 ,! ae/hetic-h$oni/ic po9t ( view has be5 pres5t$ 9 sev]al =ms4 ,"o ( ! mo/ anci5t conceives ! beautiful z t :i* pleases ! sight & he>+1 t is to say1 ! s-call$ sup]ior s5ses4 ,:5 analysis ( ae/hetic facts fir/ began1 x 01 9 fact1 difficult to avoid ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t a picture & a piece ( music are impressions ( sight or ( he>+3 x 0 & is an indisputable fact t ! bl9d man does n enjoy ! picture1 nor ! deaf man ! music4 ,to %[1 z we h %[n1 t ! ae/hetic fact does n dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! impressions1 b t all s5sible impressions c be rais$ to ae/hetic expression & t none ne$ ( necessity be s rais$1 is an idea :i* pres5ts itself only :5 all ! o!r ways out ( ! difficulty h be5 tri$4 ,b :oso imag9es t ! ae/hetic fact is some?+ pleas+ to ! eyes or to ! he>+1 has no l9e ( def5ce aga9/ him :o proce$s logically to id5tify ! beautiful ) ! pleasurable 9 g5]al1 & includes cook+ 9 ,ae/hetic1 or1 z "s positivi/ has done1 ! visc]ally beautiful4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! !ory ( play4 ,! !ory ( play is ano!r =m ( ae/hetic h$onism4 ,! conception ( play has sometimes help$ t[>ds ! realization ( ! actify+ "* ( ! expressive fact3 man 7x has be5 said7 is n really man1 save :5 he beg9s to play2 t is to say1 :5 he frees himself f natural & me*anical causality & op]ates spiritually2 & 8 fir/ game is art4 ,b s9ce ! ^w play also means t pleasure :i* arises f ! exp5diture ( ! exub]ant en]gy ( ! organism 7t is to say1 f a practical act71 ! consequ5ce ( ?is !ory has be51 t e game has be5 call$ an ae/hetic fact1 & t ! ae/hetic function has be5 call$ a game1 9 s f> z x is possible to play ) x1 =1 l sci5ce & e o!r ?+1 ,ae/hetic c be made "p ( a game4 ,b morality _c be provok$ at ! int5tion ( play+1 on ! gr\nd t x does n cons5t2 on ! contr>y1 x dom9ates & regulates ! act ( play+ itself4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! !ories ( sexuality & ( ! triumph4 ,f9ally1 !re h be5 "s :o h tri$ to d$uce ! pleasure ( art f ! reaction ( ! sexual organs4 ,!re are "s v mod]n ae/heticians :o place ! g5esis ( ! ae/hetic fact 9 ! pleasure ( conqu]+1 ( triumph+1 or1 z o!rs add1 9 ! desire ( ! male1 :o wi%es to conqu] ! female4 ,?is !ory is season$ ) mu* anecdotal erudition1 ,heav5 kn[s ( :at degree ( cr$ibility6 on ! cu/oms ( savage peoples4 ,b 9 v tru? !re 0 no necessity = su* important aid1 = "o (t5 meets 9 ord9>y life poets :o adorn !mselves ) _! poetry1 l cocks t raise _! cre/s1 or turkeys t spread _! tails4 ,b he :o does su* ?+s1 9 s f> z he does !m1 is n a poet1 b a poor devil ( a cock or turkey4 ,! conque/ ( woman does n suffice to expla9 ! art fact4 ,x w\ld be j z correct to t]m poetry economic1 because !re h be5 aulic & /ip5di>y poets1 & !re are poets ! sale ( ^: v]ses helps !m to ga9 _! livelihood1 if x does n altoge!r provide x4 ,h[ev]1 ?is def9ition has n fail$ to w9 ov] "s zeal\s neophytes ( hi/orical mat]ialism4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! ,ae/hetic ( ! sympa!tic4 ,mean+ 9 x ( cont5t & =m4 ,ano!r less vulg> curr5t ( ?\ght consid]s ,ae/hetic to be ! sci5ce ( ! sympa!tic1 ( t ) :i* we sympa?ize1 :i* attracts1 rejoices1 gives u pleasure & excites admiration4 ,b ! sympa!tic is no?+ b ! image or repres5tation ( :at pleases4 ,&1 z su*1 x is a complex fact1 result+ f a con/ant elem5t1 ! ae/hetic elem5t ( repres5tation1 & f a v>iable elem5t1 ! pleas+ 9 its inf9ite =ms1 aris+ f all ! v>i\s classes ( values4 ,9 ord9>y language1 !re is sometimes a feel+ ( repugnance at call+ an expression beautiful1 :i* is n an expression ( ! sympa!tic4 ,h5ce ! cont9ual contra/ betwe5 ! po9t ( view ( ! ae/hetician or ( ! art critic & t ( ! ord9>y p]son1 :o _c succe$ 9 p]suad+ himself t ! image ( pa9 & ( turpitude c be beautiful1 or1 at lea/1 c be beautiful ) z mu* "r z ! pleas+ & ! good4 ,! opposition c\ld be solv$ by di/+ui%+ two diff]5t sci5ces1 "o ( expression & ! o!r ( ! sympa!tic1 if ! latt] c\ld be ! object ( a special sci5ce2 t is to say1 if x 7 n1 z has be5 %[n1 a complex fact4 ,if pr$om9ance be giv5 to ! expressive fact1 x becomes a "p ( ,ae/hetic z sci5ce ( expression2 if to ! pleasurable cont5t1 we fall back to ! /udy ( facts :i* are ess5tially h$oni/ic 7utilit>ian71 h[ev] complicat$ !y may appe>4 ,! orig91 also1 ( ! connexion betwe5 cont5t & =m is to be s\ght = 9 ! ,ae/hetic ( ! sympa!tic1 :5 ?is is conceiv$ z ! sum ( two values4 ,sid5ote ,ae/hetic h$onism & moralism4 ,9 all ! doctr9es j n[ discuss$1 ! art fact is posit$ z m]ely h$oni/ic4 ,b ?is view _c be ma9ta9$1 save by unit+ x ) a philosophic h$onism t is complete & n p>tial1 t is to say1 ) a h$onism :i* does n admit any o!r =m ( value4 ,h>dly has ?is h$oni/ic conception ( art be5 receiv$ by philosoph]s1 :o admit "o or m spiritual values1 ( tru? or ( morality1 ?an ! foll[+ "q mu/ necess>ily be ask$3 ,:at %\ld be done ) art8 ,to :at use %\ld x be put8 ,%\ld a free c\rse be all[$ to its pleasures8 ,& if s1 to :at ext5t8 ,! "q ( ! end ( art1 :i* 9 ! ,ae/hetic ( expression w\ld be a contradiction ( t]ms1 "h appe>s 9 place1 & altoge!r logical4 ,sid5ote ,! rigori/ic negation1 & ! p$agogic ju/ification ( art4 ,n[ x is evid5t t1 admitt+ ! premisses1 b two solutions ( su* a "q c be giv51 ! "o altoge!r negative1 ! o!r re/rictive4 ,! fir/1 :i* we %all call rigori/ic or ascetic1 appe>s sev]al times1 al?\gh n frequ5tly1 9 ! hi/ory ( ideas4 ,x looks ^u art z an inebriation ( ! s5ses1 & !re=e1 n only useless1 b h>mful4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !n1 x is necess>y to drive x ) all our /r5g? f ! human s\l1 :i* x tr\bles4 ,! o!r solution1 :i* we %all call p$agogic or morali/ico-utilit>ian1 admits art1 b only 9 s f> z x concurs ) ! end ( morality2 9 s f> z x assi/s ) innoc5t pleasure ! "w ( him :o leads to ! true & ! good2 9 s f> z x spr9kles ) dulcet balm ! sides ( ! vase ( wisdom & ( morality4 ,x is well to obs]ve t x w\ld be an error to divide ?is second view into intellectuali/ & morali/ico-utilit>ian1 accord+ to :e!r ! end ( lead+ to ! true or to :at is practically good1 be assign$ to art4 ,! task ( in/ruct+1 :i* is impos$ ^u x1 precisely because x is an end :i* is s\ght aft] & advis$1 is no long] m]ely a !oretical fact1 b a !oretical fact become ! mat]ial = practical action2 x is n1 !re=e1 intellectualism1 b p$agogism & practicism4 ,nor w\ld x be m exact to subdivide ! p$agogic view into ! pure utilit>ian & ! morali/ico-utilit>ian2 because ^? :o admit only ! individually useful 7! desire ( ! individual71 precisely because !y are absolute h$oni/s1 h no motive = seek+ an ult]ior ju/ification = art4 ,b to enunciate ^! !ories at ! po9t to :i* we h atta9$ is to confute !m4 ,we !re=e re/rict ourselves to obs]v+ t 9 ! p$agogic !ory ( art is to be f\nd ano!r ( ! reasons :y x has be5 errone\sly claim$ t ! cont5t ( art %\ld be *os5 ) a view to c]ta9 practical effects4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( pure beauty4 ,! !sis1 re-e*o$ by ! arti/s1 t art consi/s ( pure beauty1 has (t5 be5 br\ght =w>d aga9/ h$oni/ic & p$agogic ,ae/hetic3 ,heav5 places ,all our joy 9 pure beauty1 & ! ,v]se is ev]y?+4 ,if x is wi%$ t ?is %\ld be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t art is n to be conf\nd$ ) s5sual pleasure1 t is1 9 fact1 ) utilit>ian practicism1 nor ) moralism1 !n our ,ae/hetic also mu/ be p]mitt$ to adorn itself ) ! title ( ,ae/hetic ( pure beauty4 ,b if 7z is (t5 ! case7 some?+ my/ical & transc5d5tal be meant by ?is1 some?+ t is unkn[n to our poor human _w1 or some?+ spiritual & beatific1 b n expressive1 we mu/ reply t :ile applaud+ ! conception ( a beauty1 free ( all t is n ! spiritual =m ( expression1 we are yet unable to conceive a beauty altoge!r purifi$ ( expression1 t is to say1 sep>at$ f itself4 ,,xii ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,( ,,! ,,sympa!tic ,,& ,,pseudo-,,ae/hetic ,,concepts ,sid5ote ,pseudo-ae/hetic concepts1 & ! ae/hetic ( ! sympa!tic4 ,! doctr9e ( ! sympa!tic 7v (t5 animat$ & second$ 9 ?is by ! caprici\s metaphysical & my/ical ,ae/hetic1 & by t bl9d tradition :i* assumes an intimate connection betwe5 ?+s by *ance treat$ ( toge!r by ! same au?ors & 9 ! same books71 has introduc$ & r5d]$ famili> 9 sy/ems ( ,ae/hetic1 a s]ies ( concepts1 ( :i* "o example suffices to ju/ify our resolute expulsion ( !m f our own treatise4 ,_! catalogue is long1 n to say int]m9able3 tragic1 comic1 sublime1 pa!tic1 mov+1 sad1 ridicul\s1 melan*oly1 tragi-comic1 humori/ic1 maje/ic1 dignifi$1 s]i\s1 grave1 impos+1 noble1 decor\s1 graceful1 attractive1 piquant1 coquetti%1 idyllic1 elegiac1 *e]ful1 viol5t1 +5u\s1 cruel1 base1 horrible1 disgu/+1 dreadful1 nauseat+2 ! li/ c be increas$ at w4 ,s9ce t doctr9e took z its special object ! sympa!tic1 x 0 naturally unable to neglect any ( ! v>ieties ( ?is1 or any ( ! comb9ations or gradations :i* lead at la/ f ! sympa!tic to ! antipa!tic4 ,& see+ t ! sympa!tic cont5t 0 held to be ! beautiful & ! antipa!tic ! ugly1 ! v>ieties 7tragic1 comic1 sublime1 pa!tic1 etc47 con/itut$ = x ! %ades & gradations int]v5+ betwe5 ! beautiful & ! ugly4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! !ory ( ! ugly 9 art & ( ! ugly surm\nt$4 ,hav+ enum]at$ & def9$1 z well z x c\ld1 ! *ief among ^! v>ieties1 ! ,ae/hetic ( ! sympa!tic set itself ! problem ( ! place to be assign$ to ! ugly 9 art4 ,?is problem is )\t mean+ = u1 :o d n recognize any ugl9ess save ! anti-ae/hetic or inexpressive1 :i* c nev] =m "p ( ! ae/hetic fact1 be+1 on ! contr>y1 its anti!sis4 ,b ! "q = ! doctr9e :i* we are "h criticiz+ 0 to reconcile 9 "s way ! false & defective idea ( art f :i* x />t$1 r$uc$ to ! repres5tation ( ! agreeable1 ) effective art1 :i* occupies a f> wid] field4 ,h5ce ! artificial attempt to settle :at examples ( ! ugly 7antipa!tic7 c\ld be admitt$ 9 arti/ic repres5tation1 & = :at reasons1 & 9 :at ways4 ,! answ] 03 t ! ugly is admissible1 only :5 x c be ov]come1 an unconqu]able ugl9ess1 su* z ! disgu/+ or ! nauseat+1 be+ altoge!r exclud$4 ,fur!r1 t ! duty ( ! ugly1 :5 admitt$ 9 art1 is to contribute t[>ds height5+ ! effect ( ! beautiful 7sympa!tic71 by produc+ a s]ies ( contra/s1 f :i* ! pleasurable %all issue m efficaci\s & pleasure-giv+4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a common obs]vation t pleasure is m vividly felt :5 ,x has be5 prec$$ by ab/95ce or by suff]+4 ,?us ! ugly 9 art 0 look$ ^u z ! s]vant ( ! beautiful1 its /imulant & condim5t4 ,t special !ory ( h$oni/ic ref9em5t1 :i* us$ to be pomp\sly call$ ! surm\nt+ ( ! ugly1 falls ) ! g5]al !ory ( ! sympa!tic2 & ) x ! enum]ation & ! def9ition ( ! concepts m5tion$ above rema9 completely exclud$ f ,ae/hetic4 ,= ,ae/hetic does n recognize ! sympa!tic or ! antipa!tic ,9 _! v>ieties1 b only ! spiritual activity ( ! repres5tation4 ,sid5ote ,pseudo-ae/hetic concepts belong to ,psy*ology4 ,h[ev]1 ! l>ge space :i*1 z we h said1 ^? concepts h hi!rto occupi$ 9 ae/hetic treatises makes opportune a r m copi\s explanation ( :at !y are4 ,:at w be _! lot8 ,z !y are exclud$ f ,ae/hetic1 9 :at o!r "p ( ,philosophy w !y be receiv$8 ,truly1 9 none4 ,all ^? concepts are )\t philosophical value4 ,!y are no?+ b a s]ies ( classes1 :i* c be b5t 9 ! mo/ v>i\s ways & multipli$ at pleasure1 to :i* x is s\ght to r$uce ! inf9ite complications & %ad+s ( ! values & disvalues ( life4 ,( ^? classes1 !re are "s t h an especially positive significance1 l ! beautiful1 ! sublime1 ! maje/ic1 ! solemn1 ! s]i\s1 ! weighty1 ! noble1 ! elevat$2 o!rs h a significance especially negative1 l ! ugly1 ! horrible1 ! dreadful1 ! trem5d\s1 ! mon/r\s1 ! fooli%1 ! extravagant2 9 o!rs prevails a mix$ significance1 z is ! case ) ! comic1 ! t5d]1 ! melan*oly1 ! humor\s1 ! tragi-comic4 ,! complications are inf9ite1 because ! individuations are inf9ite2 h5ce x is n possible to con/ruct ! concepts1 save 9 ! arbitr>y & approximate mann] ( ! natural sci5ces1 ^: duty x is to make z good a plan z possible ( t reality :i* !y _c exhau/ by enum]ation1 nor und]/& & surpass speculatively4 ,& s9ce ,psy*ology is ! naturali/ic discipl9e1 :i* und]takes to con/ruct types & plans ( ! spiritual processes ( man 7( :i*1 9 fact1 x is always acc5tuat+ 9 our day ! m]ely empirical & descriptive "*71 ^! concepts d n app]ta9 to ,ae/hetic1 nor1 9 g5]al1 to ,philosophy4 ,!y mu/ simply be h&$ ov] to ,psy*ology4 ,sid5ote ,impossibility ( rigori/ic def9itions ( !m4 ,z is ! case ) all o!r psy*ological con/ructions1 s is x ) ^? concepts3 no rigor\s def9itions are possible2 & consequ5tly ! "o _c be d$uc$ f ! o!r & !y _c be connect$ 9 a sy/em1 z has1 nev]!less1 (t5 be5 attempt$1 at great wa/e ( "t & )\t result4 ,b x c be claim$ z possible to obta91 ap>t f philosophical def9itions recognis$ z impossible1 empirical def9itions1 univ]sally acceptable z true4 ,s9ce !re does n exi/ a unique def9ition ( a giv5 fact1 b innum]able def9itions c be giv5 ( x1 accord+ to ! cases & ! objects = :i* !y are made1 s x is cle> t if !re 7 only "o1 & t ! true "o1 ?is w\ld no long] be an empirical1 b a rigor\s & philosophical def9ition4 ,speak+ exactly1 e "t t "o ( ! t]ms to :i* we h ref]r$ has be5 employ$1 or any o!r ( ! innum]able s]ies1 a def9ition ( x has at ! same "t be5 giv51 express$ or und]/ood4 ,& ea* "o ( ^! def9itions has diff]$ some:at f ! o!rs1 9 "s p>ticul>1 p]haps ( v small importance1 su* z tacit ref]5ce to "s individual fact or o!r1 :i* ?us became especially an object ( att5tion & 0 rais$ to ! position ( a g5]al type4 ,s x happ5s t n "o ( su* def9itions satisfies him :o he>s x1 nor does x satisfy ev5 him :o con/ructs x4 ,=1 ! mom5t aft]1 ?is same individual f9ds himself face to face ) a new case1 = :i* he recognizes t 8 def9ition is m or less insuffici5t1 ill-adapt$1 & 9 ne$ ( remodell+4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to leave writ]s & speak]s free to def9e ! sublime or ! comic1 ! tragic or ! humori/ic1 on e occasion1 z !y please & z may seem suitable to _! purpose4 ,& if y insi/ ^u obta9+ an empirical def9ition ( univ]sal validity1 we c b submit ?is "o3--,! sublime 7comic1 tragic1 humori/ic1 etc47 is ev]y?+ t is or w be s call$ by ^? :o h employ$ or %all employ ?is ^w4 ,sid5ote ,examples3 def9itions ( ! sublime1 ! comic1 & ! humori/ic4 ,:at is ! sublime8 ,! unexpect$ affirmation ( an ultra-p[]ful moral =ce3 t is "o def9ition4 ,b t o!r def9ition is equally good1 :i* also recognizes ! sublime :]e ! =ce :i* decl>es itself is an ultra-p[]ful1 b immoral & de/ructive w4 ,bo? rema9 vague & assume no precise =m1 until !y are appli$ to a concrete case1 :i* makes cle> :at is "h meant by ultra-p[]ful1 & :at by unexpect$4 ,!y are quantitative concepts1 b falsely quantitative1 s9ce !re is no way ( measur+ !m2 !y are1 at bottom1 metaphors1 emphatic phrases1 or logical tautologies4 ,! humor\s w be laught] m+l$ ) te>s1 bitt] laught]1 ! sudd5 passage f ! comic to ! tragic1 & f ! tragic to ! comic1 ! comic romantic1 ! inv]t$ sublime1 w> decl>$ aga9/ e attempt at ins9c]ity1 compassion :i* is a%am$ to lam5t1 ! mock]y n ( ! fact1 b ( ! ideal itself2 & :atev] else may bett] please1 accord+ z x is desir$ to get a view ( ! physiognomy ( ?is or t poet1 ( ?is or t poem1 :i* is1 9 its uniqu5ess1 its own def9ition1 & ?\gh mom5t>y & circumscrib$1 yet ! sole adequate4 ,! comic has be5 def9$ z ! displeasure aris+ f ! p]ception ( a de=mity imm$iately foll[$ by a great] pleasure aris+ f ! relaxation ( our psy*ical =ces1 :i* 7 /ra9$ 9 anticipation ( a p]ception ^: importance 0 =ese54 ,:ile li/5+ to a n>rative1 :i*1 = example1 %\ld describe ! magnific5t & h]oic purpose ( a def9ite p]son1 we anticipate 9 imag9ation ! occurr5ce ( an action bo? h]oic & magnific5t1 & we prep>e ourselves to receive x1 by /ra9+ our psy*ic =ces4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 a mom5t1 in/ead ( ! magnific5t & h]oic action1 :i* ! premises & ! tone ( ! n>rative _h l$ u to expect1 by an unexpect$ *ange !re occur a slight1 mean1 fooli% action1 unequal to our expectation1 we h be5 deceiv$1 & ! recognition ( ! deceit br+s ) x an in/ant ( displeasure4 ,b ?is in/ant is z x 7 ov]come by ! "o imm$iately foll[+1 9 :i* we are able to disc>d our /ra9$ att5tion1 to free ourselves f ! provision ( psy*ic en]gy accumulat$ &1 h5ce=? sup]flu\s1 to feel ourselves reasonable & reliev$ ( a burd54 ,?is is ! pleasure ( ! comic1 ) its physiological equival5t1 laught]4 ,if ! unpleasant fact t has occurr$ %\ld pa9fully affect our int]e/s1 pleasure w\ld n arise1 laught] w\ld be at once *ok$1 ! psy*ic en]gy w\ld be /ra9$ & ov]/ra9$ by o!r m s]i\s p]ceptions4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 su* m s]i\s p]ceptions d n arise1 if ! :ole loss be limit$ to a slight deception ( our =esight1 !n ! sup]v5+ feel+ ( our psy*ic weal? af=ds ample comp5sation = ?is v slight displeasure4--,?is1 /at$ 9 a few words1 is "o ( ! mo/ accurate mod]n def9itions ( ! comic4 ,x boa/s ( conta9+1 ju/ifi$ or correct$1 ! manifold attempts to def9e ! comic1 f ,hell5ic antiquity to our own day4 ,x includes ,plato's dictum 9 ! ,philebus1 & ,ari/otle's1 :i* is m explicit4 ,! latt] looks ^u ! comic z an ugl9ess )\t pa94 ,x conta9s ! !ory ( ,hobbes1 :o plac$ x 9 ! feel+ ( individual sup]iority2 ( ,kant1 :o saw 9 x a relaxation ( t5sion2 & ^? ( o!r ?9k]s1 = :om x 0 ! contra/ betwe5 great & small1 betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,b on close obs]vation1 ! analysis & def9ition above giv51 al?\gh mo/ elaborate & rigor\s 9 appe>ance1 yet enunciates *>act]i/ics :i* are applicable1 n only to ! comic1 b to e spiritual process2 su* z ! succession ( pa9ful & agreeable mom5ts & ! satisfaction aris+ f ! consci\sness ( =ce & ( its free developm5t4 ,! diff]5tiation "h giv5 is t ( quantitative det]m9ations1 to :i* limits _c be assign$4 ,!y rema9 vague phrases1 atta9+ to "s mean+ f _! ref]5ce to ?is or t s+le comic fact4 ,if su* def9itions be tak5 too s]i\sly1 !re happ5s to !m :at ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] said ( all ! def9itions ( ! comic3 namely1 t _! sole m]it is to be !mselves comic & to produce1 9 reality1 ! fact1 :i* !y va9ly try to def9e logically4 ,& :o w ev] det]m9e logically ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! comic & ! non-comic1 betwe5 smiles & laught]1 betwe5 smil+ & gravity2 :o w cut into cle>ly divid$ p>ts t ev]-v>y+ cont9uity into :i* life melts8 ,sid5ote ,relations betwe5 ^? concepts & ae/hetic concepts4 ,! facts1 classifi$ z well z possible 9 ! above-quot$ psy*ological concepts1 be> no relation to ! arti/ic fact1 beyond ! g5]ic t all ( !m1 9 s f> z !y designate ! mat]ial ( life1 c be repres5t$ by art2 & ! o!r accid5tal relation1 t ae/hetic facts also may sometimes ent] into ! processes describ$1 z 9 ! impression ( ! sublime t ! "w ( a ,titanic arti/ su* z ,dante or ,%akespe>e may produce1 & t ( ! comic produc$ by ! ef=t ( a daub] or ( a scribbl]4 ,! process is ext]nal to ! ae/hetic fact ,9 ?is case also2 = ! only feel+ l9k$ ) t is ! feel+ ( ae/hetic value & disvalue1 ( ! beautiful & ( ! ugly4 ,! ,dantesque ,f>9ata is ae/hetically beautiful1 & no?+ b beautiful3 if1 9 addition1 ! =ce ( w ( ?is p]sonage appe> sublime1 or ! expression t ,dante gives him1 by reason ( 8 great g5ius1 seem sublime by comp>ison ) t ( a less en]getic poet1 all ?is is n a matt] = ae/hetic consid]ation4 ,?is consi/s always & only 9 adequation to tru?2 t is1 9 beauty4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,physically ,,beautiful ,,9 ,,nature ,,& ,,art ,sid5ote ,ae/hetic activity & physical concepts4 ,ae/hetic activity is di/9ct f practical activity b :5 x expresses itself is always physical accompani$ by practical activity4 ,h5ce its utilit>ian or h$oni/ic side1 & ! pleasure & pa91 :i* are1 z x 71 ! practical e*o ( ae/hetic values & disvalues1 ( ! beautiful & ( ! ugly4 ,b ?is practical side ( ! ae/hetic activity has also1 9 its turn1 a physical or psy*ophysical accompanim5t1 :i* consi/s ( s\nds1 tones1 movem5ts1 comb9ations ( l9es & col\rs1 & s on4 ,does x really possess ?is side1 or does x only seem to possess x1 z ! result ( ! con/ruction :i* we raise 9 physical sci5ce1 & ( ! useful & arbitr>y me?ods1 :i* we h %[n to be prop] to ! empirical & ab/ract sci5ces8 ,our reply _c be d\btful1 t is1 x _c be affirmative z to ! fir/ ( ! two hypo!ses4 ,h[ev]1 x w be bett] to leave x at ?is po9t 9 susp5se1 = x is n at pres5t necess>y to prosecute ?is l9e ( inquiry any fur!r4 ,! m5tion already made mu/ suffice to prev5t our hav+ spok5 ( ! physical elem5t z ( some?+ objective & exi/+1 = reasons ( simplicity & adhesion to ord9>y language1 f lead+ to ha/y conclusions z to ! concepts & ! connexion betwe5 _s & nature4 ,sid5ote ,expression 9 ! ae/hetic s5se1 & expression 9 ! naturali/ic s5se4 ,x is important to make cle> t z ! exi/5ce ( ! h$oni/ic side 9 e spiritual activity has giv5 rise to ! confusion betwe5 ! ae/hetic activity & ! useful or pleasurable1 s ! exi/5ce1 or1 bett]1 ! possibility ( con/ruct+ ?is physical side1 has g5]at$ ! confusion betwe5 ae/hetic expression & expression 9 ! naturali/ic s5se2 betwe5 a spiritual fact1 t is to say1 & a me*anical & passive fact 7n to say1 betwe5 a concrete reality & an ab/raction or fiction74 ,9 common spee*1 sometimes x is ! words ( ! poet t are call$ expressions1 ! notes ( ! musician1 or ! figures ( ! pa9t]2 sometimes ! blu% :i* is wont to accompany ! feel+ ( %ame1 ! pallor result+ f fe>1 ! gr9d+ ( ! tee? prop] to viol5t ang]1 ! glitt]+ ( ! eyes1 & c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! muscles ( ! m\?1 :i* reveal *e]fulness4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( heat is also said to be ! expression ( fev]1 z ! fall+ ( ! b>omet] is ( ra91 & ev5 t ! height ( ! rate ( ex*ange expresses ! discr$it ( ! pap]-money ( a ,/ate1 or social discont5t ! approa* ( a revolution4 ,"o c well imag9e :at sort ( sci5tific results w\ld be atta9$ by all[+ oneself to be gov]n$ by l+ui/ic usage & plac+ 9 "o %eaf facts s widely diff]5t4 ,b !re is1 9 fact1 an abyss betwe5 a man :o is ! prey ( ang] ) all its natural manife/ations1 & ano!r man :o expresses x ae/hetically2 betwe5 ! aspect1 ! cries1 & ! contortions ( "o :o is tortur$ ) sorr[ at ! loss ( a de> "o1 & ! words or song ) :i* ! same individual portrays 8 torture at ano!r mom5t2 betwe5 ! di/ortion ( emotion & ! ge/ure ( ! actor4 ,d>w9's book on ! expression ( ! feel+s 9 man & animals does n belong to ,ae/hetic2 because !re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 ! sci5ce ( spiritual expression & a ,semiotic1 :e!r x be m$ical1 meteorological1 political1 physiognomic1 or *iromantic4 ,expression 9 ! naturali/ic s5se simply lacks expression 9 ! spiritual s5se1 t is to say1 ! *>act]i/ic itself ( activity & ( spirituality1 & !re=e ! bip>tition into poles ( beauty & ( ugl9ess4 ,x is no?+ m ?an a relation betwe5 cause & effect1 fix$ by ! ab/ract intellect4 ,! complete process ( ae/hetic production c be symboliz$ 9 f\r /eps1 :i* are3 a1 impressions2 b1 expression or spiritual ae/hetic syn!sis2 c1 h$oni/ic accompanim5t1 or pleasure ( ! beautiful 7ae/hetic pleasure72 d1 translation ( ! ae/hetic fact into physical ph5om5a 7s\nds1 tones1 movem5ts1 comb9ations ( l9es & col\rs1 etc474 ,anyone c see t ! capital po9t1 ! only "o t is prop]ly speak+ ae/hetic & truly real1 is 9 t b1 :i* is lack+ to ! m]e manife/ation or naturali/ic con/ruction1 metaphorically also call$ expression4 ,! expressive process is exhau/$ :5 ^? f\r /eps h be5 tak54 ,x beg9s aga9 ) new impressions1 a new ae/hetic syn!sis1 & relative accompanim5ts4 ,sid5ote ,intuitions & memory4 ,expressions or repres5tations foll[ & expel "o ano!r4 ,c]ta9ly1 ?is pass+ away1 ?is disassociation1 is n p]i%+1 x is n total elim9ation3 no?+ ( :at is born dies ) t complete dea? :i* w\ld be id5tical ) nev] hav+ be5 born4 ,?\gh all ?+s pass away1 yet none c die4 ,! repres5tations :i* we h =gott51 also p]si/ 9 "s way 9 our _s1 = )\t !m we c\ld n expla9 acquir$ habits & capacities4 ,?us1 ! /r5g? ( life lies 9 ?is app>5t =gett+3 "o =gets :at has be5 absorb$ & :at life has sup]s$$4 ,b _m o!r ?+s1 _m o!r repres5tations1 are /ill efficaci\s elem5ts 9 ! actual processes ( our _s2 & x is incumb5t on u n to =get !m1 or to be capable ( recall+ !m :5 necessity dem&s !m4 ,! w is always vigilant 9 ?is "w ( pres]vation1 = x aims at pres]v+ 7s to say7 ! great] & m fundam5tal "p ( all our ri*es4 ,c]ta9ly its vigilance is n always suffici5t4 ,memory1 we "k1 leaves or betrays u 9 v>i\s ways4 ,= ?is v reason1 ! vigilant w excogitates exp$i5ts1 :i* help memory 9 its weakness1 & are its aids4 ,sid5ote ,! production ( aids to memory4 ,we h already expla9$ h[ ^! aids are possible4 ,expressions or repres5tations are1 at ! same "t1 practical facts1 :i* are also call$ physical facts1 9 s f> z to ! physical belongs ! task ( classify+ !m & r$uc+ !m to types4 ,n[ x is cle>1 t if we c succe$ 9 mak+ ^? facts 9 "s way p]man5t1 x w always be possible 7o!r conditions rema9+ equal7 to reproduce 9 u1 by p]ceiv+ x1 ! already produc$ expression or intuition4 ,if t 9 :i* ! practical concomitant acts1 or 7to use physical t]ms7 ! movem5ts h be5 isolat$ & made 9 "s sort p]man5t1 be call$ ! object or physical /imulus1 & if x be designat$ by ! lett] e2 !n ! process ( reproduction w take place 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 e1 ! physical /imulus2 d-b1 p]ceptions ( physical facts 7s\nds1 tones1 mimic1 comb9ations ( l9es & col\rs1 etc471 :i* =m toge!r ! ae/hetic syn!sis1 already produc$2 c1 ! h$oni/ic accompanim5t1 :i* is also reproduc$4 ,& :at are ^? comb9ations ( words :i* are call$ poetry1 prose1 poems1 novels1 romances1 trag$ies or com$ies1 b physical /imulants ( reproduction 7! e /age72 :at are ^? comb9ations ( s\nd :i* are call$ op]as1 symphonies1 sonatas2 & :at ^? ( l9es & ( col\rs1 :i* are call$ pictures1 /atues1 ar*itecture8 ,! spiritual en]gy ( memory1 ) ! assi/ance ( ^? physical facts above m5tion$1 makes possible ! pres]vation & ! reproduction ( ! intuitions produc$1 (t5 s labori\sly1 by ourselves & by o!rs4 ,if ! physiological organism1 & ) x memory1 become weak5$2 if ! monum5ts ( art be de/roy$2 !n all ! ae/hetic weal?1 ! fruit ( ! lab\rs ( _m g5]ations1 becomes less5$ & rapidly disappe>s4 ,sid5ote ,! physically beautiful4 ,monum5ts ( art1 :i* are ! /imulants ( ae/hetic reproduction1 are call$ beautiful ?+s or ! physically beautiful4 ,?is comb9ation ( words con/itutes a v]bal p>adox1 because ! beautiful is n a physical fact2 x does n belong to ?+s1 b to ! activity ( man1 to spiritual en]gy4 ,b h5ce=? x is cle> ?r\gh :at w&]+s & :at abbreviations1 physical ?+s & facts1 :i* are simply aids to ! reproduction ( ! beautiful1 end by be+ call$1 elliptically1 beautiful ?+s & physically beautiful4 ,& n[ t we h made ! exi/5ce ( ?is ellipse cle>1 we %all ourselves make use ( x )\t hesitation4 ,sid5ote ,cont5t & =m3 ano!r mean+4 ,! int]v5tion ( ! physically beautiful s]ves to expla9 ano!r mean+ ( ! words cont5t & =m1 z employ$ by ae/heticians4 ,"s call cont5t ! int]nal fact or expression 7:i* is = u already =m71 & !y call =m ! m>ble1 ! col\rs1 ! rhy?m1 ! s\nds 7= u =m no long]72 ?us !y look ^u ! physical fact z ! =m1 :i* may or may n be jo9$ to ! cont5t4 ,?is s]ves to expla9 ano!r aspect ( :at is call$ ae/hetic ugl9ess4 ,he :o has no?+ def9ite to express may try to hide 8 int]nal empt9ess ) a flood ( words1 ) s\nd+ v]se1 ) deaf5+ polyphony1 ) pa9t+ t dazzles ! eye1 or by collocat+ great ar*itectonic masses1 :i* arre/ & di/urb1 al?\gh1 at bottom1 !y convey no?+4 ,ugl9ess1 !n1 is ! arbitr>y1 ! *>latanesque2 &1 9 reality1 if ! practical w d n int]v5e 9 ! !oretic function1 !re may be abs5ce ( beauty1 b nev] effective pres5ce ( ! ugly4 ,sid5ote ,natural & artificial beauty4 ,physical beauty is wont to be divid$ into natural & artificial beauty4 ,?us we rea* "o ( ! facts1 :i* has giv5 great lab\r to ?9k]s3 ! beautiful 9 nature4 ,^! words (t5 designate simply facts ( practical pleasure4 ,he alludes to no?+ ae/hetic :o calls a l&scape beautiful :]e ! eye re/s ^u v]dure1 :]e bodily motion is easy1 & :]e ! w>m sun-ray envelops & c>esses ! limbs4 ,b x is nev]!less indubitable1 t on o!r occasions ! adjective beautiful1 appli$ to objects & sc5es exi/+ 9 nature1 has a completely ae/hetic signification4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t 9 ord] to enjoy natural objects ae/hetically1 we %\ld )draw !m f _! ext]nal & hi/orical reality1 & sep>ate _! simple appe>ance or orig9 f exi/5ce2 t if we contemplate a l&scape ) our head betwe5 our legs1 9 su* a way z to remove ourselves f our wont$ relations ) x1 ! l&scape appe>s z an ideal spectacle2 t nature is beautiful only = him :o contemplates h] ) ! eye ( ! arti/2 t zoologi/s & botani/s d n recognize beautiful animals & fl[]s2 t natural beauty is discov]$ 7& examples ( discov]y are ! po9ts ( view1 po9t$ out by m5 ( ta/e & imag9ation1 & to :i* m or less ae/hetic travell]s & excursioni/s aft]w>ds h rec\rse 9 pilgrimage1 :5ce a m or less collective sugge/ion72 t1 )\t ! aid ( ! imag9ation1 no "p ( nature is beautiful1 & t ) su* aid ! same natural object or fact is n[ expressive1 accord+ to ! disposition ( ! s\l1 n[ insignificant1 n[ expressive ( "o def9ite ?+1 n[ ( ano!r1 sad or glad1 sublime or ridicul\s1 sweet or laughable2 f9ally1 t natural beauty1 :i* an arti/ w\ld n to "s ext5t correct1 does n exi/4 ,all ^! obs]vations are mo/ j1 & confirm ! fact t natural beauty is simply a /imulus to ae/hetic reproduction1 :i* presupposes previ\s production4 ,)\t prec$+ ae/hetic intuitions ( ! imag9ation1 nature _c ar\se any at all4 ,z reg>ds natural beauty1 man is l ! my?ical ,n>cissus at ! f\nta94 ,!y %[ fur!r t s9ce ?is /imulus is accid5tal1 x is1 = ! mo/ "p1 imp]fect or equivocal4 ,leop>di said t natural beauty is r>e1 scatt]$1 & fugitive4 ,e "o ref]s ! natural fact to ! expression :i* is 9 8 m9d4 ,"o arti/ is1 z x 71 c>ri$ away by a laugh+ l&scape1 ano!r by a rag-%op1 ano!r by ! pretty face ( a "y girl1 ano!r by ! squalid c\nt5ance ( an old ruffian4 ,p]haps ! fir/ w say t ! rag-%op & ! ugly face ( ! old ruffian are disgu/+2 ! second1 t ! laugh+ l&scape & ! face ( ! "y girl are insipid4 ,!y may dispute = ev]2 b !y w nev] agree1 save :5 !y h suppli$ !mselves ) a suffici5t dose ( ae/hetic k1 :i* w enable !m to recognize t !y are bo? "r4 ,artificial beauty1 creat$ by man1 is a mu* m ductile & efficaci\s aid to reproduction4 ,sid5ote ,mix$ beauty4 ,9 addition to ^! two classes1 ae/heticians also sometimes talk 9 _! treatises ( a mix$ beauty4 ,( :at is x a mixture8 ,j ( natural & artificial4 ,:oso fixes & ext]nalizes1 op]ates ) natural mat]ials1 :i* he does n create1 b comb9es & trans=ms4 ,9 ?is s5se1 e artificial product is a mixture ( nature & artifice2 & !re w\ld be no occasion to speak ( a mix$ beauty1 z ( a special category4 ,b x happ5s t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 comb9ations already giv5 9 nature c be us$ a great deal m ?an 9 o!rs2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we design a beautiful g>d5 & include 9 our design gr\ps ( trees or ponds :i* are already !re4 ,on o!r occasions ext]nalization is limit$ by ! impossibility ( produc+ c]ta9 effects artificially4 ,?us we may mix ! col\r+ matt]s1 b we _c create a p[]ful voice or a p]sonage & an appe>ance appropriate to ?is or t p]sonage ( a drama4 ,we mu/ !re=e seek = !m among ?+s already exi/+1 & make use ( !m :5 we f9d !m4 ,:51 !re=e1 we adopt a great numb] ( comb9ations already exi/+ 9 nature1 su* z we %\ld n be able to produce artificially if !y did n exi/1 ! result is call$ mix$ beauty4 ,sid5ote ,writ+s4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% f artificial beauty ^? in/rum5ts ( reproduction call$ writ+s1 su* z alphabets1 musical notes1 hi]oglyphics1 & all pseudo-languages1 f ! language ( fl[]s & flags1 to ! language ( pat*es 7s mu* ! vogue 9 ! society ( ! eighte5? c5tury74 ,writ+s are n physical facts :i* ar\se directly impressions answ]+ to ae/hetic expressions2 !y are simple indications ( :at mu/ be done 9 ord] to produce su* physical facts4 ,a s]ies ( graphic signs s]ves to rem9d u ( ! movem5ts :i* we mu/ execute ) our vocal app>atus 9 ord] to emit c]ta9 def9ite s\nds4 ,if1 ?r\gh practice1 we become able to he> ! words )\t op5+ our m\?s & 7:at is mu* m difficult7 to he> ! s\nds by runn+ ! eye d[n ! page ( ! music1 all ?is does n alt] any?+ ( ! nature ( ! writ+s1 :i* are altoge!r diff]5t f direct physical beauty4 ,no "o calls ! book :i* conta9s ! ,div9e ,com$y1 or ! portfolio :i* conta9s ,don ,giovanni1 beautiful 9 ! same s5se z ! block ( m>ble :i* conta9s ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,moses1 or ! piece ( col\r$ wood :i* conta9s ! ,transfiguration are metaphorically call$ beautiful4 ,bo? s]ve = ! reproduction ( ! beautiful1 b ! =m] by a f> long] & f> m indirect r\te ?an ! latt]4 ,sid5ote ,! beautiful z free & n free4 ,ano!r division ( ! beautiful1 :i* is /ill f\nd 9 treatises1 is t into free & n free4 ,by beauties t are n free1 are und]/ood ^? objects :i* h to s]ve a d\ble purpose1 extra-ae/hetic & ae/hetic 7/imulants ( intuitions72 & s9ce x appe>s t ! fir/ purpose limits & imp$es ! second1 ! beautiful object result+ !refrom has be5 consid]$ z a beauty t is n free4 ,ar*itectural works are especially cit$2 & precisely = ?is reason1 has ar*itecture (t5 be5 exclud$ f ! numb] ( ! s-call$ f9e arts4 ,a temple mu/ be above all ?+s adapt$ to ! use ( a cult2 a h\se mu/ conta9 all ! rooms requisite = commodity ( liv+1 & !y mu/ be arrang$ ) a view to ?is commodity2 a =tress mu/ be a con/ruction capable ( resi/+ ! attacks ( c]ta9 armies & ! bl[s ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts ( w>4 ,x is !re=e held t ! ar*itect's field is limit$3 he may be able to embelli% to "s ext5t ! temple1 ! h\se1 ! =tress2 b 8 h&s are b\nd by ! object ( ^! build+s1 & he c only manife/ t "p ( 8 vision ( beauty 9 _! con/ruction :i* does n impair _! extr9sic1 b fundam5tal1 objects4 ,o!r examples are tak5 f :at is call$ art appli$ to indu/ry4 ,plates1 glasses1 knives1 guns1 & combs c be made beautiful2 b x is held t _! beauty mu/ n s f> exce$ z to prev5t our eat+ f ! plate1 dr9k+ f ! glass1 cutt+ ) ! knife1 fir+ (f ! gun1 or comb+ "o's hair ) ! comb4 ,! same is said ( ! art ( pr9t+3 a book %\ld be beautiful1 b n to ! ext5t ( its be+ difficult or impossible to read x4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! beautiful t is n free4 ,9 respect to all ?is1 we mu/ obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! ext]nal purpose1 precisely because x is su*1 does n ( necessity limit or trammel ! o!r purpose ( be+ a /imulus to ae/hetic reproduction4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be m errone\s ?an ! !sis t ar*itecture1 = example1 is by its nature n free & imp]fect1 s9ce x mu/ also fulfil o!r practical objects4 ,beautiful ar*itectural works1 h[ev]1 !mselves und]take to d5y ?is by _! simple pres5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 n only are ! two objects n necess>ily 9 opposition2 b1 we mu/ add1 ! arti/ always has ! means ( prev5t+ ?is contradiction f tak+ place4 ,9 :at way8 ,by tak+1 z ! mat]ial ( 8 intuition & ae/hetic ext]nalization1 precisely ! de/9ation ( ! object1 :i* s]ves a practical end4 ,he w n ne$ to add any?+ to ! object1 9 ord] to make x ! in/rum5t ( ae/hetic intuitions3 x w be s1 if p]fectly adapt$ to its practical purpose4 ,ru/ic dwell+s & palaces1 *ur*es & b>racks1 swords & pl\ghs1 are beautiful1 n 9 s f> z !y are embelli%$ & adorn$1 b 9 s f> z !y express ! purpose = :i* !y 7 made4 ,a g>m5t is only beautiful because x is q suitable to a giv5 p]son 9 giv5 conditions4 ,! sword b\nd to ! side ( ! w>rior ,r9aldo by ! amor\s ,armida 0 n beautiful3 s adorn$ t x seem$ a useless ornam5t1 n ! w>like in/rum5t ( a w>rior4 ,x 0 beautiful1 if y w1 9 ! eyes & imag9ation ( ! sorc]ess1 :o lov$ h] lov] 9 ?is effem9ate way4 ,! ae/hetic fact c always accompany ! practical fact1 because expression is tru?4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be d5i$ t ae/hetic contemplation sometimes h9d]s practical use4 ,= in/ance1 x is a q common exp]i5ce to f9d c]ta9 new ?+s s well adapt$ to _! purpose1 & yet s beautiful1 t p occasionally feel scruples 9 maltreat+ !m by us+ aft] contemplat+ !m1 :i* am\nts to consum+ !m4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,prussia ev9c$ repugnance to ord]+ 8 magnific5t gr5adi]s1 s well suit$ = w>1 to endure ! /ra9 ( battle2 b 8 less ae/hetic son1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 obta9$ f !m excell5t s]vices4 ,sid5ote ,! /imulants ( production4 ,x might be object$ to ! explanation ( ! physically beautiful z a simple adjunct = ! reproduction ( ! int]nally beautiful1 t is to say1 ( expressions1 t ! arti/ creates 8 expressions by pa9t+ or by sculptur+1 by writ+ or by compos+1 & t !re=e ! physically beautiful1 in/ead ( foll[+1 sometimes prec$es ! ae/hetically beautiful4 ,?is w\ld be a some:at sup]ficial mode ( und]/&+ ! proc$ure ( ! arti/1 :o nev] makes a /roke ) 8 bru% )\t hav+ previ\sly se5 x ) 8 imag9ation2 & if he has n yet se5 x1 he w make ! /roke1 n 9 ord] to ext]nalize 8 expression 7:i* does n yet exi/71 b z ?\gh to h a rally+ po9t = ult]ior m$itation & = int]nal conc5tration4 ,! physical po9t on :i* he leans is n ! physically beautiful1 in/rum5t ( reproduction1 b :at may be call$ a p$agogic means1 simil> to retir+ into solitude1 or to ! _m o!r exp$i5ts1 frequ5tly v /range1 adopt$ by arti/s & philosoph]s1 :o v>y 9 ^! accord+ to _! v>i\s idiosyncrasies4 ,! old ae/hetician ,baumg>t5 advis$ poets to ride on horseback1 z a means ( inspiration1 to dr9k w9e 9 mod]ation1 & 7provid$ !y 7 *a/e7 to look at beautiful wom54 ,,xiv ,,mi/akes ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,confusion ,,betwe5 ,,physic ,,& ,,ae/hetic ,x is necess>y to m5tion a s]ies ( sci5tific mi/akes :i* h aris5 f ! failure to und]/& ! purely ext]nal relation betwe5 ! ae/hetic fact or arti/ic vision1 & ! physical fact or in/rum5t1 :i* s]ves z an aid to reproduce x4 ,we mu/ "h indicate ! prop] criticism1 :i* d]ives f :at has already be5 said4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ae/hetic associationism ,t =m ( associationism :i* id5tifies ! ae/hetic fact ) ! association ( two images f9ds a place among ^! errors4 ,by :at pa? has x be5 possible to arrive at su* a mi/ake1 aga9/ :i* our ae/hetic consci\sness1 :i* is a consci\sness ( p]fect unity1 nev] ( duality1 rebels8 ,j because ! physical & ! ae/hetic facts h be5 consid]$ sep>ately1 z two di/9ct images1 :i* ent] ! _s1 ! "o drawn =? f ! o!r1 ! "o fir/ & ! o!r aft]w>ds4 ,a picture is divid$ into ! image ( ! picture & ! image ( ! mean+ ( ! picture2 a poem1 into ! image ( ! words & ! image ( ! mean+ ( ! words4 ,b ?is dualism ( images is non-exi/5t3 ! physical fact does n ent] ! _s z an image1 b causes ! reproduction ( ! image 7! only image1 :i* is ! ae/hetic fact71 9 s f> z x bl9dly /imulates ! psy*ic organism & produces an impression answ]+ to ! ae/hetic expression already produc$4 ,! ef=ts ( ! associationi/s 7! usurp]s ( to-day 9 ! field ( ,ae/hetic7 to em]ge f ! difficulty1 & to reaffirm 9 "s way ! unity :i* has be5 de/roy$ by _! pr9ciple ( associationism1 are highly in/ructive4 ,"s ma9ta9 t ! image call$ back aga9 is unconsci\s2 o!rs1 leav+ unconsci\sness alone1 hold t1 on ! contr>y1 x is vague1 vapor\s1 confus$1 ?us r$uc+ ! =ce ( ! ae/hetic fact to ! weakness ( bad memory4 ,b ! dilemma is inexorable3 ei!r keep association & give up unity1 or keep unity & give up association4 ,no ?ird way out ( ! difficulty exi/s4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ae/hetic physic4 ,f ! failure to analyze s-call$ natural beauty ?or\ghly1 & to recognize t x is simply an incid5t ( ae/hetic reproduction1 & f hav+1 on ! contr>y1 look$ ^u x z giv5 9 nature1 is d]iv$ all t portion ( treatises ^u ,ae/hetic :i* is entitl$ ,! ,beautiful 9 ,nature or ,ae/hetic ,physic2 sometimes ev5 subdivid$1 save ! m>k6 into ,ae/hetic ,m9]alogy1 ,botany1 & ,zoology4 ,we d n wi% to d5y t su* treatises conta9 _m j rem>ks1 & are sometimes !mselves works ( art1 9 s f> z !y repres5t beautifully ! imag9+s & fantasies1 t is ! impressions1 ( _! au?ors4 ,b we mu/ /ate t x is sci5tifically false to ask oneself if ! dog be beautiful1 & ! orni?orhyn*us ugly2 if ! lily be beautiful1 & ! arti*oke ugly4 ,inde$1 ! error is "h d\ble4 ,on "o h&1 ae/hetic ,physic falls back into ! equivoke ( ! !ory ( arti/ic & lit]>y classes1 by attempt+ to det]m9e ae/hetically ! ab/ractions ( our intellect2 on ! o!r1 fails to recognize1 z we said1 ! true =mation ( s-call$ natural beauty2 = :i* ! "q z to :e!r "s giv5 individual animal1 fl[]1 or man be beautiful or ugly1 is altoge!r exclud$4 ,:at is n produc$ by ! ae/hetic _s1 or _c be ref]r$ to x1 is nei!r beautiful nor ugly4 ,! ae/hetic process arises f ! ideal relations 9 :i* natural objects are arrang$4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! !ory ( ! beauty ( ! human body4 ,! d\ble error c be exemplifi$ by ! "q1 ^u :i* :ole volumes h be5 writt51 z to ! ,beauty ( ! human body4 ,"h x is necess>y1 above all ?+s1 to urge ^? :o discuss ?is subject f ! ab/ract t[>d ! concrete1 by ask+3 ,:at d y mean by ! human body1 t ( ! male1 ( ! female1 or ( ! &rogyne8 ,let u assume t !y reply by divid+ ! inquiry into two di/9ct inquiries1 z to ! virile & fem99e beauty 7!re really are writ]s :o s]i\sly discuss :e!r man or woman is ! m beautiful72 & let u cont9ue3 ,mascul9e or fem99e beauty2 b ( :at race ( m5--! :ite1 ! yell[1 or ! black1 & :atev] o!rs !re may be1 accord+ to ! division ( races8 ,let u assume t !y limit !mselves to ! :ite race1 & let u cont9ue3 ,:at sub-species ( ! :ite race8 ,& :5 we h re/rict$ !m gradually to "o section ( ! :ite _w1 t is to say1 to ! ,italian1 ,tuscan1 ,si5nese1 or ,porta ,camollia section1 we w cont9ue3 ,v good2 b at :at age ( ! human body1 & 9 :at condition & /ate ( developm5t--t ( ! new-born babe1 ( ! *ild1 ( ! boy1 ( ! adolesc5t1 ( ! man ( middle age1 & s on8 & is ! man at re/ or at "w1 or is he occupi$ z is ,paul ,pott]'s c[1 or ! ,ganym$e ( ,rembr&t8 ,hav+ ?us arriv$1 by successive r$uctions1 at ! individual omnimode det]m9atum1 or1 bett]1 at ! man po9t$ out ) ! f+]1 x w be easy to expose ! o!r error1 by recall+ :at has be5 said ab\t ! natural fact1 :i* is n[ beautiful1 n[ ugly1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view1 accord+ to :at is pass+ 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,f9ally1 if ! ,gulf ( ,naples h its detractors1 & if !re be arti/s :o decl>e x inexpressive1 pref]r+ ! gloomy firs1 ! cl\ds & p]petual nor? w9ds1 ( ! nor!rn seas2 let x be believ$1 if possible1 t su* relativity does n exi/ = ! human body1 s\rce ( ! mo/ v>i\s sugge/ions6 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! beauty ( geometric figures4 ,! "q ( ! beauty ( geometrical figures is connect$ ) ae/hetic ,physic4 ,b if by geometrical figures be und]/ood ! concepts ( geometry1 ! concept ( ! triangle1 ! squ>e1 ! cone1 ^! are nei!r beautiful nor ugly3 !y are concepts4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 by su* figures be und]/ood bodies :i* possess def9ite geometrical =ms1 ^! w be ugly or beautiful1 l e natural fact1 accord+ to ! ideal connexions 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,"s hold t ^? geometrical figures are beautiful :i* po9t upw>ds1 s9ce !y give ! sugge/ion ( firmness & ( =ce4 ,x is n d5i$ t su* may be ! case4 ,b nei!r mu/ x be d5i$ t ^? also :i* give ! impression ( in/ability & ( be+ cru%$ d[n may possess _! beauty1 :]e !y repres5t j ! ill-=m$ & ! cru%$2 & t 9 ^! la/ cases ! firmness ( ! /raight l9e & ! lightness ( ! cone or ( ! equilat]al triangle w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 seem elem5ts ( ugl9ess4 ,c]ta9ly1 su* que/ions z to ! beauty ( nature & ! beauty ( geometry1 l ! o!rs analog\s ( ! hi/orically beautiful & ( human beauty1 seem less absurd 9 ! ,ae/hetic ( ! sympa!tic1 :i* means1 at bottom1 by ! words ae/hetic beauty ! repres5tation ( :at is pleas+4 ,b ! pret5sion to det]m9e sci5tifically :at are ! sympa!tic cont5ts1 & :at are ! irrem$iably antipa!tic1 is none ! less errone\s1 ev5 9 ! sph]e ( t doctr9e & aft] ! lay+ d[n ( ^? premises4 ,"o c only answ] su* que/ions by repeat+ ) an inf9itely long po/script ! ,sunt quos ( ! fir/ ode ( ! fir/ book ( ,horace1 & ! ,havvi *i ( ,leop>di's lett] to ,c>lo ,pepoli4 ,to ea* man 8 beautiful 7 sympa!tic71 z to ea* man 8 fair "o4 ,philography is n a sci5ce4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ano!r aspect ( ! imitation ( nature4 ,! arti/ sometimes has naturally exi/+ facts be=e him1 9 produc+ ! artificial in/rum5t1 or physically beautiful4 ,^! are call$ 8 models3 bodies1 /uffs1 fl[]s1 & s on4 ,let u run ov] ! sket*es1 ! /udies1 & ! notes ( ! arti/s3 ,leon>do not$ d[n 9 8 pocket-book1 :5 he 0 work+ on ! ,la/ ,supp]3 ,giovann9a1 fanta/ic appe>ance1 is at ,/4 ,ca!r9e's1 at ! ,hospital2 ,cri/(ano di ,ca/iglione is at ! ,piet1 he has a f9e head2 ,*ri/1 ,giovan ,conte1 is ( ! suite ( ,c>d9al ,mort>o4 ,& s on4 ,f ?is comes ! illusion t ! arti/ imitates nature2 :5 x w\ld p]haps be m exact to say t nature imitates ! arti/1 & obeys him4 ,! !ory t art imitates nature has sometimes be5 gr\nd$ ^u & f\nd su/5ance 9 ?is illusion1 z also its v>iant1 m easily to be def5d$1 :i* makes art ! idealiz] ( nature4 ,?is la/ !ory pres5ts ! process 9 a disord]ly mann]1 inde$ inv]sely to ! true ord]2 = ! arti/ does n proce$ f extr9sic reality1 9 ord] to modify x by approa*+ x to ! ideal2 b he proce$s f ! impression ( ext]nal nature to expression1 t is to say1 to 8 ideal1 & f ?is he passes to ! natural fact1 :i* he employs z ! in/rum5t ( reproduction ( ! ideal fact4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! !ory ( ! elem5t>y =ms ( ! beautiful4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! confusion betwe5 ! ae/hetic & ! physical fact is ! !ory ( ! elem5t>y =ms ( ! beautiful4 ,if expression1 if ! beautiful1 be indivisible1 ! physical fact1 9 :i* x ext]nalizes itself1 c well be divid$ & subdivid$2 = example1 a pa9t$ surface1 into l9es & col\rs1 gr\ps & curves ( l9es1 k9ds ( col\rs1 & s on2 a poem1 into /rophes1 v]ses1 feet1 syllables2 a piece ( prose1 into *apt]s1 p>agraphs1 head+s1 p]iods1 phrases1 words1 & s on4 ,! p>ts ?us obta9$ are n ae/hetic facts1 b small] physical facts1 cut up 9 an arbitr>y mann]4 ,if ?is pa? 7 foll[$1 & ! confusion p]si/$ 91 we %\ld end by conclud+ t ! true =ms ( ! beautiful are atoms4 ,! ae/hetic law1 sev]al times promulgat$1 t beauty mu/ h bulk1 c\ld be invok$ aga9/ ! atoms4 ,x _c be ! imp]ceptibility ( ! too small1 nor ! unappreh5sibility ( ! too l>ge4 ,b a bigness :i* dep5ds ^u p]ceptibility1 n measurem5t1 d]ives f a concept widely diff]5t f ! ma!matical4 ,= :at is call$ imp]ceptible & incompreh5sible does n produce an impression1 because x is n a real fact1 b a concept3 ! requisite ( bulk 9 ! beautiful is ?us r$uc$ to ! effective reality ( ! physical fact1 :i* s]ves = ! reproduction ( ! beautiful4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! se>* = ! objective conditions ( ! beautiful4 ,cont9u+ ! se>* = ! physical laws or = ! objective conditions ( ! beautiful1 x has be5 ask$3 ,to :at physical facts does ! beautiful correspond8 ,to :at ! ugly8 ,to :at unions ( tones1 col\rs1 sizes1 ma!matically det]m9able8 ,su* inquiries are z if 9 ,political ,economy "o 7 to seek = ! laws ( ex*ange 9 ! physical nature ( ! objects ex*ang$4 ,! con/ant infecundity ( ! attempt %\ld h at once giv5 rise to "s suspicion z to its vanity4 ,9 our times1 especially1 has ! necessity = an inductive ,ae/hetic be5 (t5 proclaim$1 ( an ,ae/hetic />t+ f bel[1 :i* %\ld proce$ l natural sci5ce & n ha/5 its conclusions4 ,inductive8 ,b ,ae/hetic has always be5 bo? inductive & d$uctive1 l e philosophical sci5ce2 induction & d$uction _c be sep>at$1 nor c !y sep>ately avail to *>act]ize a true sci5ce4 ,b ! ^w inductive 0 n "h pron\nc$ accid5tally & )\t special int5tion4 ,x 0 wi%$ to imply by its use t ! ae/hetic fact is no?+1 at bottom1 b a physical fact1 :i* %\ld be /udi$ by apply+ to x ! me?ods prop] to ! physical & natural sci5ces4 ,) su* a presupposition & 9 su* a fai? did inductive ,ae/hetic or ,ae/hetic ( ! inf]ior 7:at pride 9 ?is mode/y67 beg9 its lab\rs4 ,x has consci5ti\sly begun by mak+ a collection ( beautiful ?+s1 = example ( a great numb] ( envelopes ( v>i\s %apes & sizes1 & has ask$ :i* ( ^! give ! impression ( ! beautiful & :i* ( ! ugly4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 ! inductive ae/heticians spe$ily f\nd !mselves 9 a difficulty1 = ! same objects t appe>$ ugly 9 "o aspect w\ld appe> beautiful 9 ano!r4 ,a yell[1 co>se envelope1 :i* w\ld be extremely ugly = ! purpose ( enclos+ a love-lett]1 is1 h[ev]1 j :at is want$ = a writ s]v$ by process on /amp$ pap]4 ,?is 9 its turn w\ld look v bad1 or seem at any rate an irony1 if enclos$ 9 a squ>e ,engli% envelope4 ,su* consid]ations ( simple common s5se %\ld h suffic$ to conv9ce inductive ae/heticians1 t ! beautiful has no physical exi/5ce1 & cause !m to remit _! va9 & ridicul\s que/4 ,b no3 !y h _h rec\rse to an exp$i5t1 z to :i* we w\ld f9d x difficult to say h[ f> x belongs to natural sci5ce4 ,!y h s5t _! envelopes r\nd f "o to ! o!r & op5$ a ref]5dum1 ?us /riv+ to decide by ! votes ( ! majority 9 :at consi/s ! beautiful & ! ugly4 ,we w n wa/e "t ov] ?is argum5t1 because we %\ld seem to be turn+ ourselves into n>rators ( comic anecdotes r ?an expositors ( ae/hetic sci5ce & ( its problems4 ,x is an actual fact1 t ! inductive ae/heticians h n yet discov]$ "o s+le law4 ,sid5ote ,a/rology ( ,ae/hetic4 ,he :o disp5ses ) doctors is prone to ab&on himself to *>latans4 ,?us x has befall5 ^? :o h believ$ 9 ! natural laws ( ! beautiful4 ,arti/s sometimes adopt empirical canons1 su* z t ( ! proportions ( ! human body1 or ( ! gold5 section1 t is to say1 ( a l9e divid$ into two p>ts 9 su* a mann] t ! less is to ! great] z is ! great] to ! :ole l9e 7bc3 acac3 ab74 ,su* canons easily become _! sup]/itions1 & !y attribute to su* ! success ( _! works4 ,?us ,mi*ael ,angelo left z a precept to 8 disciple ,m>co del ,p9o ( ,si5a t he %\ld always make a pyramidal s]p5t9e figure multipli$ by "o1 two1 ?ree1 a precept :i* did n enable ,m>co di ,si5a to em]ge f t m$iocrity :i* we c yet obs]ve 9 8 _m works1 "h 9 ,naples4 ,o!rs extract$ f ! say+s ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ! precept t s]p5t9e undulat+ l9es 7 ! true l9es ( beauty4 ,:ole volumes h be5 compos$ on ^! laws ( beauty1 on ! gold5 section & on ! undulat+ & s]p5t9e l9es4 ,^! %\ld 9 our op9ion be look$ ^u z ! a/rology ( ,ae/hetic4 ,,xv ,,! ,,activity ,,( ,,ext]nalization1 ,,te*nique ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,arts ,sid5ote ,! practical activity ( ext]nalization4 ,! fact ( ! production ( ! physically beautiful implies1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 a vigilant w1 :i* p]si/s 9 n all[+ c]ta9 visions1 intuitions1 or repres5tations1 to be lo/4 ,su* a w mu/ be able to act ) ! utmo/ rapidity1 & z x 7 in/9ctively1 & also be capable ( long & labori\s delib]ations4 ,?us & only ?us does ! practical activity ent] into relations ) ! ae/hetic1 t is to say1 9 effect+ ! production ( physical objects1 :i* are aids to memory4 ,"h x is n m]ely a concomitant1 b really a di/9ct mom5t ( ! ae/hetic activity4 ,we _c w or n w our ae/hetic vision3 we c1 h[ev]1 w or n w to ext]nalize x1 or bett]1 to pres]ve & communicate1 or n1 to o!rs1 ! ext]nalization produc$4 ,sid5ote ,! te*nique ( ext]nalization4 ,?is volitional fact ( ext]nalization is prec$$ by a complex ( v>i\s k9ds ( k4 ,^! are kn[n z te*niques1 l all k :i* prec$es ! practical activity4 ,?us we talk ( an arti/ic te*nique 9 ! same metaphorical & elliptic mann] t we talk ( ! physically beautiful1 t is to say 79 m precise language71 k employ$ by ! practical activity engag$ 9 produc+ /imuli to ae/hetic reproduction4 ,9 place ( employ+ s l5g?y a phrase1 we %all "h avail ourselves ( ! vulg> t]m9ology1 s9ce we are h5ce=w>d aw>e ( its true mean+4 ,! possibility ( ?is te*nical k1 at ! s]vice ( arti/ic reproduction1 has caus$ p to imag9e ! exi/5ce ( an ae/hetic te*nique ( int]nal expression1 :i* is tantam\nt to say+1 a doctr9e ( ! means ( int]nal expression1 :i* is altoge!r inconceivable4 ,& we "k well ! reason :y x is inconceivable2 expression1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is prim>y !oretic activity1 &1 9 s f> z x is ?is1 x prec$es ! practical activity & ! intellectual k :i* illum9es ! practical activity1 & is ?us indep5d5t alike ( ! "o & ( ! o!r4 ,x also helps to illum9e ! practical activity1 b is n illum9at$ by x4 ,expression does n employ means1 because x has n an end2 x has intuitions ( ?+s1 b does n w !m1 & is ?us indivisible into means & end4 ,?us if x be said1 z sometimes is ! case1 t a c]ta9 writ] has inv5t$ a new te*nique ( fiction or ( drama1 or t a pa9t] has discov]$ a new mode ( di/ribution ( light1 ! ^w is us$ 9 a false s5se2 because ! s-call$ new te*nique is really t romance itself1 or t new picture itself4 ,! di/ribution ( light belongs to ! vision itself ( ! picture2 z ! te*nique ( a dramati/ is 8 dramatic conception itself4 ,on o!r occasions1 ! ^w te*nique is us$ to designate c]ta9 m]its or defects 9 a "w :i* is a failure2 & x is said1 euphemi/ically1 t ! conception is bad1 b ! te*nique good1 or t ! conception is good1 & ! te*nique bad4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! diff]5t ways ( pa9t+ 9 oils1 or ( et*+1 or ( sculptur+ 9 alaba/]1 are discuss$1 !n ! ^w te*nique is 9 its place2 b 9 su* a case ! adjective arti/ic is us$ metaphorically4 ,& if a dramatic te*nique 9 ! arti/ic s5se be impossible1 a !atrical te*nique is n impossible1 t is to say1 processes ( ext]nalization ( c]ta9 giv5 ae/hetic works4 ,:51 = in/ance1 wom5 7 introduc$ on ! /age 9 ,italy 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 place ( m5 dress$ z wom51 ?is 0 a true & real discov]y 9 !atrical te*nique2 su* too 0 ! p]fect+ 9 ! foll[+ c5tury by ! impres>ios ( ,v5ice1 ( ma*9es = ! rapid *ang+ ( ! sc5es4 ,sid5ote ,! !oretic te*niques ( ! individual arts4 ,! collection ( te*nical k at ! s]vice ( arti/s desir\s ( ext]naliz+ _! expressions1 c be divid$ into gr\ps1 :i* may be entitl$ !ories ( ! arts4 ,?us is born a !ory ( ,ar*itecture1 compris+ me*anical laws1 in=mation relat+ to ! weight or to ! resi/ance ( ! mat]ials ( con/ruction or ( =tification1 manuals relat+ to ! me?od ( mix+ *alk or /ucco2 a !ory ( ,sculpture1 conta9+ advice z to ! in/rum5ts to be us$ = sculptur+ ! v>i\s sorts ( /one1 = obta9+ a successful fusion ( bronze1 = work+ ) ! *isel1 = ! exact copy+ ( ! model 9 *alk or pla/]1 = keep+ *alk damp2 a !ory ( ,pa9t+1 on ! v>i\s te*niques ( temp]a1 ( oil-pa9t+1 ( wat]-col\r1 ( pa/el1 on ! proportions ( ! human body1 on ! laws ( p]spective2 a !ory ( ,oratory1 ) precepts z to ! me?od ( produc+1 ( ex]cis+ & ( /r5g!n+ ! voice1 ( mimic & ge/ure2 a !ory ( ,music1 on ! comb9ations & fusions ( tones & s\nds2 & s on4 ,su* collections ( precepts ab\nd 9 all lit]atures4 ,& s9ce x soon becomes impossible to say :at is useful & :at useless to "k1 books ( ?is sort become v (t5 a sort ( encyclopa$ias or catalogues ( desid]ata4 ,vitruvius1 9 8 treatise on ,ar*itecture1 claims = ! ar*itect a k ( lett]s1 ( draw+1 ( geometry1 ( ari?metic1 ( optic1 ( hi/ory1 ( natural & moral philosophy1 ( jurisprud5ce1 ( m$ic9e1 ( a/rology1 ( music1 & s on4 ,ev]y?+ is wor? kn[+3 le>n ! art & lay x aside4 ,x %\ld be evid5t t su* empirical collections are n r$ucible to a sci5ce4 ,!y are compos$ ( notions1 tak5 f v>i\s sci5ces & tea*+s1 & _! philosophical & sci5tific pr9ciples are to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,to und]take ! con/ruction ( a sci5tific !ory ( ! diff]5t arts1 w\ld be to wi% to r$uce to ! s+le & homog5e\s :at is by nature multiple & het]og5e\s2 to wi% to de/roy ! exi/5ce z a collection ( :at 0 put toge!r precisely to =m a collection4 ,7 we to give a sci5tific =m to ! manuals ( ! ar*itect1 ! pa9t]1 or ! musician1 x is cle> t no?+ w\ld rema9 9 our h&s b ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,me*anic1 ,optic1 or ,ac\/ic4 ,or if ! especially arti/ic obs]vations dissem9at$ ?r\gh x be extract$ & isolat$1 & a sci5ce be made ( !m1 !n ! sph]e ( ! individual art is des]t$ & t ( ,ae/hetic ent]$ ^u1 = ,ae/hetic is always g5]al ,ae/hetic1 or bett]1 x _c be divid$ into g5]al & special4 ,?is la/ case 7t is1 ! attempt to furni% a te*nique ( ,ae/hetic7 is f\nd1 :5 m5 possess+ /rong sci5tific in/9cts & a natural t5d5cy to philosophy1 set !mselves to "w to produce su* !ories & te*nical manuals4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! ae/hetic !ories ( ! individual arts4 ,b ! confusion betwe5 ,physic & ,ae/hetic has atta9$ to its highe/ degree1 :5 ae/hetic !ories ( ! diff]5t arts are imag9$1 to answ] su* que/ions z3 ,:at are ! limits ( ea* art8 ,:at c be repres5t$ ) col\rs1 & :at ) s\nds8 ,:at ) simple mono*romatic l9es1 & :at ) t\*es ( v>i\s col\rs8 ,:at ) notes1 & :at ) metres & rhymes8 ,:at are ! limits betwe5 ! figurative & ! auditional arts1 betwe5 pa9t+ & sculpture1 poetry & music8 ,?is1 translat$ into sci5tific language1 is tantam\nt to ask+3 ,:at is ! connexion betwe5 ,ac\/ic & ae/hetic expression8 ,:at betwe5 ! latt] & ,optic8--& ! l4 ,n[1 if !re is no passage f ! physical fact to ! ae/hetic1 h[ c\ld !re be f ! ae/hetic to p>ticul> gr\ps ( ae/hetic facts1 su* z ! ph5om5a ( ,optic or ( ,ac\/ic8 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! classifications ( ! arts4 ,! ?+s call$ ,arts h no ae/hetic limits1 because1 9 ord] to h !m1 !y w\ld ne$ to h also ae/hetic exi/5ce2 & we h demon/rat$ ! altoge!r empirical g5esis ( ^? divisions4 ,consequ5tly1 any attempt at an ae/hetic classification ( ! arts is absurd4 ,if !y be )\t limits1 !y are n exactly det]m9able1 & consequ5tly _c be philosophically classifi$4 ,all ! books deal+ ) classifications & sy/ems ( ! arts c\ld be burn$ )\t any loss :atev]4 7,we say ?is ) ! utmo/ respect to ! writ]s :o h exp5d$ _! lab\rs ^u !m47 ,! impossibility ( su* classifications f9ds1 z x 71 its pro( 9 ! /range me?ods to :i* rec\rse has be5 _h to c>ry !m out4 ,! fir/ & mo/ common classification is t into arts ( he>+1 sight1 & imag9ation2 z if eyes1 e>s1 & imag9ation 7 on ! same level1 & c\ld be d$uc$ f ! same logical v>iable1 z f\ndation ( ! division4 ,o!rs h propos$ ! division into arts ( space & "t1 & arts ( re/ & motion2 z if ! concepts ( space1 "t1 re/1 & motion c\ld det]m9e special ae/hetic =ms1 or h any?+ 9 common ) art z su*4 ,f9ally1 o!rs h amus$ !mselves by divid+ !m into classic & romantic1 or into ori5tal1 classic1 & romantic1 !reby conf]r+ ! value ( sci5tific concepts on simple hi/orical d5om9ations1 or adopt+ ^? pret5d$ p>titions ( expressive =ms1 already criticiz$ above2 or by talk+ ( arts t c only be se5 f "o side1 l pa9t+1 & ( arts t c be se5 f all sides1 l sculpture--& simil> extravagances1 :i* exi/ nei!r 9 heav5 nor on ! e>?4 ,! !ory ( ! limits ( ! arts 01 p]haps1 at ! "t :5 x 0 put =w>d1 a b5eficial critical reaction aga9/ ^? :o believ$ 9 ! possibility ( ! fl[+ ( "o expression into ano!r1 z ( ! ,iliad or ( ,p>adise ,lo/ into a s]ies ( pa9t+s1 & ?us held a poem to be ( great] or less] value1 accord+ z x c\ld or c\ld n be translat$ into pictures by a pa9t]4 ,b if ! rebellion 7 reasonable & victori\s1 ?is does n mean t ! argum5ts adopt$ & ! !ories made z requir$ 7 s\nd4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! !ory ( ! union ( ! arts4 ,ano!r !ory :i* is a coroll>y to t ( ! limits ( ! arts1 falls ) !m2 t ( ! union ( ! arts4 ,grant$ diff]5t arts1 di/9ct & limit$1 ! que/ions 7 ask$3 ,:i* is ! mo/ p[]ful8 ,d we n obta9 m p[]ful effects by unit+ sev]al8 ,we "k no?+ ( ?is3 we "k only1 9 ea* individual case1 t c]ta9 giv5 arti/ic intuitions h ne$ ( def9ite physical means = _! reproduction1 & t o!r arti/ic intuitions h ne$ ( o!r physical means4 ,we c obta9 ! effect ( c]ta9 dramas by simply read+ !m2 o!rs ne$ declamation & sc5ic display3 "s arti/ic intuitions1 = _! full extr9sication1 ne$ words1 song1 musical in/rum5ts1 col\rs1 /atu>y1 ar*itecture1 actors2 :ile o!rs are beautiful & complete 9 a s+le delicate sweep ( ! p51 or ) a few /rokes ( ! p5cil4 ,b x is false to suppose t declamation & sc5ic effects1 & all ! o!r ?+s we h m5tion$ toge!r1 are m p[]ful ?an simply read+1 or ?an ! simple /roke ) ! p5 & ) ! p5cil2 because ea* ( ^! facts or gr\ps ( facts has1 s to say1 a diff]5t object1 & ! p[] ( ! diff]5t means employ$ _c be comp>$ :5 ! objects are diff]5t4 ,sid5ote ,connexion ( ! activity ( ext]nalization ) utility & morality4 ,f9ally1 x is only f ! po9t ( view ( a cle> & rigor\s di/9ction betwe5 ! true & prop] ae/hetic activity1 & ! practical activity ( ext]nalization1 t we c solve ! involv$ & confus$ que/ions z to ! relations betwe5 art & utility1 & art & morality4 ,t art z art is indep5d5t alike ( utility & ( morality1 z also ( e volitional =m1 we h above demon/rat$4 ,)\t ?is indep5d5ce1 x w\ld n be possible to speak ( an intr9sic value ( art1 nor inde$ to conceive an ae/hetic sci5ce1 :i* dem&s ! autonomy ( ! ae/hetic fact z a necessity ( its exi/5ce4 ,b x w\ld be errone\s to ma9ta9 t ?is indep5d5ce ( ! vision or intuition or int]nal expression ( ! arti/ %\ld be at once ext5d$ to ! practical activity ( ext]nalization & ( communication1 :i* may or may n foll[ ! ae/hetic fact4 ,if art be und]/ood z ! ext]nalization ( art1 !n utility & morality h a p]fect "r to deal ) x2 t is to say1 ! "r "o possesses to deal ) "o's own h\sehold4 ,we d n1 z a matt] ( fact1 ext]nalize & fix all ( ! _m expressions & intuitions :i* we =m 9 our m9d2 we d n decl>e our e ?\ght 9 a l\d voice1 or write d[n1 or pr9t1 or draw1 or col\r1 or expose x to ! public gaze4 ,we select f ! cr[d ( intuitions :i* are =m$ or at lea/ sket*$ )9 u2 & ! selection is gov]n$ by selection ( ! economic conditions ( life & ( its moral direction4 ,!re=e1 :5 we h =m$ an intuition1 x rema9s to decide :e!r or no we %\ld communicate x to o!rs1 & to :om1 & :51 & h[2 all ( :i* consid]ations fall equally "u ! utilit>ian & e?ical crit]ion4 ,?us we f9d ! concepts ( selection1 ( ! int]e/+1 ( morality1 ( an educational end1 ( popul>ity1 etc41 to "s ext5t ju/ifi$1 al?\gh ^! c 9 no wise be ju/ifi$ z impos$ ^u art z art1 & we h ourselves d5\nc$ !m 9 pure ,ae/hetic4 ,error always conta9s an elem5t ( tru?4 ,he :o =mulat$ ^? errone\s ae/hetic propositions _h 8 eye on practical facts1 :i* atta* !mselves ext]nally to ! ae/hetic fact 9 economic & moral life4 ,by all means1 be p>tisans ( a yet great] lib]ty 9 ! vulg>ization ( ! means ( ae/hetic reproduction2 we are ( ! same op9ion1 & let u leave ! proposals = legislative measures1 & = actions to be in/igat$ aga9/ immoral art1 to hypocrites1 to ! +5u\s1 & to idl]s4 ,b ! proclamation ( ?is lib]ty1 & ! fixation ( its limits1 h[ wide soev] !y be1 is always ! affair ( morality4 ,& x w\ld 9 any case be out ( place to invoke t highe/ pr9ciple1 t fundam5tum ,ae/hetices1 :i* is ! indep5d5ce ( art1 9 ord] to d$uce f x ! guiltlessness ( ! arti/1 :o1 9 ! ext]nalization ( 8 imag9+s1 %\ld calculate ^u ! unheal?y ta/es ( 8 read]s2 or t lic5ses %\ld be grant$ to ! hawk]s :o sell obsc5e /atuettes 9 ! /reets4 ,?is la/ case is ! affair ( ! police2 ! fir/ mu/ be br\ght be=e ! tribunal ( ! moral consci5ce4 ,! ae/hetic judgm5t on ! "w ( art has no?+ to d ) ! morality ( ! arti/1 9 s f> z he is a practical man1 nor ) ! precautions to be tak5 t art may n be employ$ = evil purposes ali5 to its ess5ce1 :i* is pure !oretic contemplation4 ,,xvi ,,ta/e ,,& ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,,art ,sid5ote ,ae/hetic judgm5t4 ,its id5tity ) ae/hetic reproduction4 ,:5 ! entire ae/hetic & ext]naliz+ process has be5 complet$1 :5 a beautiful expression has be5 produc$ & fix$ 9 a def9ite physical mat]ial1 :at is meant by judg+ x8 ,to reproduce x 9 oneself1 answ] ! critics ( art1 almo/ ) "o voice4 ,v good4 ,let u try ?or\ghly to und]/& ?is fact1 & ) t object 9 view1 let u repres5t x s*ematically4 ,! individual ,a is seek+ ! expression ( an impression1 :i* he feels or has a pres5tim5t (1 b has n yet express$4 ,behold him try+ v>i\s words & phrases1 :i* may give ! s\ght-= expression1 :i* mu/ exi/1 b :i* he does n "k4 ,he tries ! comb9ation m1 b rejects x z unsuitable1 inexpressive1 incomplete1 ugly3 he tries ! comb9ation n1 ) a l result4 ,he does n see any?+1 or he does n see cle>ly4 ,! expression /ill flies f him4 ,aft] o!r va9 attempts1 dur+ :i* he sometimes approa*es1 sometimes leaves ! sign t (f]s itself1 all ( a sudd5 7almo/ z ?\gh =m$ spontane\sly ( itself7 he creates ! s\ght-= expression1 & lux facta e/4 ,he enjoys = an in/ant ae/hetic pleasure or ! pleasure ( ! beautiful4 ,! ugly1 ) its correlative displeasure1 0 ! ae/hetic activity1 :i* _h n succe$$ 9 conqu]+ ! ob/acle2 ! beautiful is ! expressive activity1 :i* n[ displays itself triumphant4 ,we h tak5 ?is example f ! doma9 ( spee*1 z be+ ne>] & m accessible1 & because we all talk1 ?\gh we d n all draw or pa9t4 ,n[ if ano!r individual1 :om we %all t]m ,b1 desire to judge ?is expression & decide :e!r x be beautiful or ugly1 he mu/ ( necessity place himself at ,a's po9t ( view1 & g ?r\gh ! :ole process aga91 ) ! help ( ! physical sign1 suppli$ to him by ,a4 ,if ,a has se5 cle>ly1 !n ,b 7:o has plac$ himself at ,a's po9t ( view7 w also see cle>ly & w f9d ?is expression beautiful4 ,if ,a has n se5 cle>ly1 !n ,b also w n see cle>ly1 & w f9d ! expression m or less ugly1 j z ,a did4 ,sid5ote ,impossibility ( div]g5ces4 ,x may be obs]v$ t we h n tak5 into consid]ation two o!r cases3 t ( ,a hav+ a cle> & ,b an obscure vision2 & t ( ,a hav+ an obscure & ,b a cle> vision4 ,philosophically speak+1 ^! two cases are impossible4 ,spiritual activity1 precisely because x is activity1 is n a caprice1 b a spiritual necessity2 & x _c solve a def9ite ae/hetic problem1 save 9 "o way1 :i* is ! "r way4 ,d\btless c]ta9 facts may be adduc$1 :i* appe> to contradict ?is d$uction4 ,?us works :i* seem beautiful to arti/s1 are judg$ to be ugly by ! critics2 :ile works ) :i* ! arti/s 7 displeas$ & judg$ imp]fect or failures1 are held to be beautiful & p]fect by ! critics4 ,b ?is does n mean any?+1 save t "o ( ! two is wrong3 ei!r ! critics or ! arti/s1 or 9 "o case ! arti/ & 9 ano!r ! critic4 ,9 fact1 ! produc] ( an expression does n always fully realize :at has happ5$ 9 8 s\l4 ,ha/e1 vanity1 want ( reflexion1 !oretic prejudices1 make p say1 & sometimes o!rs almo/ believe1 t works ( ours are beautiful1 :i*1 if we 7 truly to turn inw>ds ^u ourselves1 we %\ld see ugly1 z !y really are4 ,?us poor ,don ,quixote1 :5 he _h m5d$ 8 helmet z well z he c\ld ) c>dbo>d--! helmet t _h %[$ itself to possess b ! feeble/ =ce ( resi/ance at ! fir/ enc\nt]1--took good c>e n to te/ x aga9 ) a well-deliv]$ sword-?ru/1 b simply decl>$ & ma9ta9$ x to be 7says ! au?or7 por celada f9isima de encaxe4 ,& 9 o!r cases1 ! same reasons1 or opposite b analog\s ones1 tr\ble ! consci\sness ( ! arti/1 & cause him to disapprove ( :at he has successfully produc$1 or to /rive to undo & d aga9 worse1 :at he has done well1 9 8 arti/ic spontaneity4 ,an example ( ?is is ! ,g]usalemme conqui/ata4 ,9 ! same way1 ha/e1 laz9ess1 want ( reflexion1 !oretic prejudices1 p]sonal sympa?ies1 or animosities1 & o!r motives ( a simil> sort1 sometimes cause ! critics to proclaim beautiful :at is ugly1 & ugly :at is beautiful4 ,7 !y to elim9ate su* di/urb+ elem5ts1 !y w\ld feel ! "w ( art z x really is1 & w\ld n leave to po/]ity1 t m dilig5t & m dispassionate judge1 to aw>d ! palm1 or to d t ju/ice1 :i* !y h refus$4 ,sid5ote ,id5tity ( ta/e & g5ius4 ,x is cle> f ! prec$+ !orem1 t ! judicial activity1 :i* criticizes & recognizes ! beautiful1 is id5tical ) t :i* produces x4 ,! only diff]5ce lies 9 ! div]sity ( circum/ances1 s9ce 9 ! "o case x is a "q ( ae/hetic production1 9 ! o!r ( reproduction4 ,! judicial activity is call$ ta/e2 ! productive activity is call$ g5ius3 g5ius & ta/e are !re=e sub/antially id5tical4 ,! common rem>k1 t ! critic %\ld possess "s ( ! g5ius ( ! arti/ & t ! arti/ %\ld possess ta/e1 reveals a glimpse ( ?is id5tity2 or t !re exi/s an active 7productive7 ta/e & a passive 7reproductive7 ta/e4 ,b a d5ial ( ?is is conta9$ 9 o!r equally common rem>ks1 z :5 p speak ( ta/e )\t g5ius1 or ( g5ius )\t ta/e4 ,^! la/ obs]vations are mean+less1 unless !y be tak5 z allud+ to quantitative diff]5ces4 ,9 ?is case1 ^? w\ld be call$ g5iuses )\t ta/e :o produce works ( art1 inspir$ 9 _! culm9at+ p>ts & neglect$ & defective 9 _! second>y p>ts1 & ^? m5 ( ta/e )\t g5ius1 :o succe$ 9 obta9+ c]ta9 isolat$ or second>y effects1 b d n possess ! p[] necess>y = a va/ arti/ic syn!sis4 ,analog\s explanations c easily be giv5 ( o!r simil> propositions4 ,b to posit a sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 g5ius & ta/e1 betwe5 arti/ic production & reproduction1 w\ld r5d] communication & judgm5t alike inconceivable4 ,h[ c\ld we judge :at rema9$ extrane\s to u8 ,h[ c\ld t :i* is produc$ by a giv5 activity be judg$ by a diff]5t activity8 ,! critic w be a small g5ius1 ! arti/ a great g5ius2 ! "o w h ! /r5g? ( t51 ! o!r ( a hundr$2 ! =m]1 9 ord] to raise himself to ! altitude ( ! latt]1 w h ne$ ( 8 assi/ance2 b ! nature ( bo? mu/ be ! same4 ,9 ord] to judge ,dante1 we mu/ raise ourselves to 8 level3 let x be well und]/ood t empirically we are n ,dante1 nor ,dante we2 b 9 t mom5t ( judgm5t & contemplation1 our _s is "o ) t ( ! poet1 & 9 t mom5t we & he are "o s+le ?+4 ,9 ?is id5tity alone resides ! possibility t our little s\ls c unite ) ! great s\ls1 & become great ) !m1 9 ! univ]sality ( ! _s4 ,sid5ote ,analogy ) ! o!r activities4 ,let u rem>k 9 pass+ t :at has be5 said ( ! ae/hetic judgm5t holds good equally = e o!r activity & = e o!r judgm5t2 & t sci5tific1 economic1 & e?ical criticism is effect$ 9 a l mann]4 ,to limit ourselves to ?is la/1 x is only if we place ourselves ideally 9 ! same conditions 9 :i* he :o took a giv5 resolution f\nd himself1 t we c =m a judgm5t z to :e!r 8 resolution 7 moral or immoral4 ,an action w\ld o!rwise rema9 incompreh5sible1 & !re=e impossible to judge4 ,a homicide may be a rascal or a h]o3 if ?is be1 )9 limits1 indiff]5t z reg>ds ! safety ( society1 :i* condemns bo? to ! same puni%m5t1 x is n indiff]5t to him :o wi%es to di/+ui% & to judge f ! moral po9t ( view1 & we _c disp5se ) /udy+ aga9 ! individual psy*ology ( ! homicide1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! true nature ( 8 de$1 n m]ely 9 its judicial1 b also 9 its moral aspect4 ,9 ,e?ic1 a moral ta/e or tact is sometimes ref]r$ to1 :i* answ]s to :at is g5]ally call$ moral consci5ce1 t is to say1 to ! activity itself ( good-w4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( absolutism 7intellectualism7 & ( ae/hetic relativism4 ,! explanation above giv5 ( ae/hetic judgm5t or reproduction at once affirms & d5ies ! position ( ! absoluti/s & relativi/s1 ( ^?1 t is to say1 :o affirm & ( ^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( an absolute ta/e4 ,! absoluti/s1 :o affirm t !y c judge ( ! beautiful1 are "r2 b ! !ory on :i* !y f\nd _! affirmation is n ma9ta9able4 ,!y conceive ( ! beautiful1 t is1 ( ae/hetic value1 z ( some?+ plac$ outside ! ae/hetic activity2 z if x 7 a model or a concept :i* an arti/ realizes 9 8 "w1 & ( :i* ! critic avails himself aft]w>ds 9 ord] to judge ! "w itself4 ,concepts & models alike h no exi/5ce 9 art1 = by proclaim+ t e art c be judg$ only 9 itself1 & has its own model 9 itself1 !y h atta9$ to ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( objective models ( beauty1 :e!r !y be intellectual concepts1 or ideas susp5d$ 9 ! metaphysical sky4 ,9 proclaim+ ?is1 ! adv]s>ies1 ! relativi/s1 are p]fectly "r1 & accompli% a progress4 ,h[ev]1 ! initial rationality ( _! !sis becomes 9 its turn a false !ory4 ,repeat+ ! old adage t !re is no acc\nt+ = ta/es1 !y believe t ae/hetic expression is ( ! same nature z ! pleasant & ! unpleasant1 :i* e "o feels 9 8 own way1 & z to :i* !re is no disput+4 ,b we "k t ! pleasant & ! unpleasant are utilit>ian & practical facts4 ,?us ! relativi/s d5y ! peculi>ity ( ! ae/hetic fact1 aga9 conf\nd+ expression ) impression1 ! !oretic ) ! practical4 ,! true solution lies 9 reject+ alike relativism or psy*ologism1 & false absolutism2 & 9 recogniz+ t ! crit]ion ( ta/e is absolute1 b absolute 9 a diff]5t way f t ( ! intellect1 :i* is develop$ by reason4 ,! crit]ion ( ta/e is absolute1 ) ! intuitive absolut5ess ( ! imag9ation4 ,?us e act ( expressive activity1 :i* is s really1 w be recogniz$ z beautiful1 & e fact 9 :i* expressive activity & passivity are f\nd engag$ ) "o ano!r 9 an unf9i%$ /ruggle1 w be recogniz$ z ugly4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( relative relativism4 ,!re lies1 betwe5 absoluti/s & relativi/s1 a ?ird class1 :i* may be call$ t ( ! relative relativi/s4 ,^! affirm ! exi/5ce ( absolute values 9 o!r fields1 su* z ,logic & ,e?ic1 b d5y _! exi/5ce 9 ! field ( ,ae/hetic4 ,to !m x appe>s natural & ju/ifiable to dispute ab\t sci5ce & morality2 because sci5ce re/s on ! univ]sal1 common to all m51 & morality on duty1 :i* is also a law ( human nature2 b h[1 !y say1 c "o dispute ab\t art1 :i* re/s on imag9ation8 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is ! imag9ative activity univ]sal & belongs to human nature1 l ! logical concept & practical duty2 b we mu/ oppose a capital objection to ?is int]m$i>y !sis4 ,if ! absolute nature ( ! imag9ation 7 d5i$1 we %\ld be oblig$ to d5y also t ( intellectual or conceptual tru?1 &1 implicitly1 ( morality4 ,does n morality presuppose logical di/9ctions8 ,h[ c\ld ^! be kn[n1 o!rwise ?an by expressions & words1 t is to say1 9 imag9ative =m8 ,if ! absolut5ess ( ! imag9ation 7 remov$1 spiritual life w\ld tremble to its base4 ,"o individual w\ld no long] und]/& ano!r1 nor inde$ 8 own self ( a mom5t be=e1 :i*1 :5 consid]$ a mom5t aft]1 is already ano!r individual4 ,sid5ote ,objection f\nd$ on ! v>iation ( ! /imulus & on ! psy*ic disposition4 ,nev]!less1 v>iety ( judgm5ts is an indisputable fact4 ,m5 are at v>iance 9 _! logical1 e?ical1 & economical appreciations2 & !y are equally1 or ev5 m at v>iance 9 _! ae/hetic appreciations4 ,if c]ta9 reasons detail$ by u1 above1 su* z ha/e1 prejudices1 passions1 etc41 may be held to less5 ! importance ( ?is disagreem5t1 !y d n !reby annul x4 ,we h be5 cauti\s1 :5 speak+ ( ! /imuli ( reproduction1 = we said t reproduction takes place1 if all ! o!r conditions rema9 equal4 ,d !y rema9 equal8 ,does ! hypo!sis correspond to reality8 ,x w\ld appe> n4 ,9 ord] to reproduce sev]al times an impression by employ+ a suitable physical /imulus1 x is necess>y t ?is /imulus be n *ang$1 & t ! organism rema9 9 ! same psy*ical conditions z ^? 9 :i* 0 exp]i5c$ ! impression t x is desir$ to reproduce4 ,n[ x is a fact1 t ! physical /imulus is cont9ually *ang+1 & 9 l mann] ! psy*ological conditions4 ,oil pa9t+s gr[ d>k1 frescoes pale1 /atues lose noses1 h&s1 & legs1 ar*itecture becomes totally or p>tially a ru91 ! tradition ( ! execution ( a piece ( music is lo/1 ! text ( a poem is corrupt$ by bad copyi/s or bad pr9t+4 ,^! are obvi\s in/ances ( ! *anges :i* daily occur 9 objects or physical /imuli4 ,z reg>ds psy*ological conditions1 we w n dwell ^u ! cases ( deafness or bl9dness1 t is to say1 ^u ! loss ( entire ord]s ( psy*ical impressions2 ^! cases are second>y & ( less importance comp>$ ) ! fundam5tal1 daily1 inevitable1 & p]petual *anges ( ! society ar\nd u1 & ( ! int]nal conditions ( our individual life4 ,! phonic manife/ations1 t is1 ! words & v]ses ( ! ,dantesque ,comm$ia1 mu/ produce a v diff]5t impression on a citiz5 engag$ 9 ! politics ( ! ?ird ,rome1 to t exp]i5c$ by a well-in=m$ & intimate contempor>y ( ! poet4 ,! ,madonna ( ,cimabue is /ill 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella2 b does %e speak to ! visitor ( to-day z %e spoke to ! ,flor5t9es ( ! ?irte5? c5tury8 ,ev5 ?\gh %e 7 n also d>k5$ by "t1 w\ld n ! impression be altoge!r diff]5t8 ,& f9ally1 h[ c a poem compos$ 9 y\? make ! same impression on ! same individual poet :5 he re-reads x 9 8 old age1 ) 8 psy*ic dispositions altoge!r *ang$8 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! division ( signs into natural & conv5tional4 ,x is true1 t c]ta9 ae/heticians h attempt$ a di/9ction betwe5 /imuli & /imuli1 betwe5 natural & conv5tional signs4 ,!y w\ld grant to ! =m] a con/ant effect on all2 to ! latt]1 only on a limit$ circle4 ,9 _! belief1 signs employ$ 9 pa9t+ are natural1 :ile ! words ( poetry are conv5tional4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r is only ( degree4 ,x has (t5 be5 affirm$ t pa9t+ is a language :i* all und]/&1 :ile ) poetry x is o!rwise4 ,"h1 = example1 ,leon>do plac$ "o ( ! pr]ogatives ( 8 art1 :i* ha? n ne$ ( int]pret]s ( diff]5t languages z h lett]s1 & 9 x man & brute f9d satisfaction4 ,he relates ! anecdote ( t portrait ( ! fa!r ( a family1 :i* ! little gr&*ildr5 7 wont to c>ess :ile !y 7 /ill 9 swaddl+-clo!s1 & ! dogs & cats ( ! h\se 9 l mann]4 ,b o!r anecdotes1 su* z ^? ( ! savages :o took ! portrait ( a soldi] = a boat1 or consid]$ ! portrait ( a man on horseback z furni%$ ) only "o leg1 are apt to %ake "o's fai? 9 ! und]/&+ ( pa9t+ by suckl+s1 dogs1 & cats4 ,=tunately1 no ardu\s rese>*es are necess>y to conv9ce oneself t pictures1 poetry1 & e "w ( art1 produce no effects save on s\ls prep>$ to receive !m4 ,natural signs d n exi/2 because !y are all conv5tional 9 a l mann]1 or1 to speak ) great] exactitude1 all are hi/orically condition$4 ,sid5ote ,! surm\nt+ ( v>iety4 ,?is be+ s1 h[ are we to succe$ 9 caus+ ! expression to be reproduc$ by means ( ! physical object8 ,h[ obta9 ! same effect1 :5 ! conditions are no long] ! same8 ,w\ld x n1 r1 seem necess>y to conclude t expressions _c be reproduc$1 despite ! physical in/rum5ts made by man = ! purpose1 & t :at is call$ reproduction consi/s 9 ev] new expressions8 ,su* w\ld inde$ be ! conclusion1 if ! v>iety ( physical & psy*ic conditions 7 intr9sically unsurm\ntable4 ,b s9ce ! insup]ability has none ( ! *>act]i/ics ( necessity1 we mu/1 on ! contr>y1 conclude3 t ! reproduction always occurs1 :5 we c replace ourselves 9 ! conditions 9 :i* ! /imulus 7physical beauty7 0 produc$4 ,n only c we replace ourselves 9 ^! conditions1 z an ab/ract possibility1 b z a matt] ( fact we d s cont9ually4 ,individual life1 :i* is communion ) ourselves 7) our pa/71 & social life1 :i* is communion ) our l1 w\ld n o!rwise be possible4 ,sid5ote ,re/orations & hi/orical int]pretation4 ,z reg>ds ! physical object1 paleograph]s & philologi/s1 :o re/ore to texts _! orig9al physiognomy1 re/or]s ( pictures & ( /atues1 & simil> categories ( work]s1 ex]t !mselves to pres]ve or to give back to ! physical object all its primitive en]gy4 ,^! ef=ts c]ta9ly d n always succe$1 or are n completely successful1 = nev]1 or h>dly ev]1 is x possible to obta9 a re/oration complete 9 its smalle/ details4 ,b ! unsurm\ntable is only accid5tally pres5t1 & _c cause u to fail to recognize ! fav\rable results :i* are nev]!less obta9$4 ,hi/orical int]pretation likewise lab\rs to re9tegrate 9 u hi/orical conditions :i* h be5 alt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,x revives ! dead1 completes ! fragm5t>y1 & af=ds u ! opportunity ( see+ a "w ( art 7a physical object7 z its au?or saw x1 at ! mom5t ( production4 ,a condition ( ?is hi/orical lab\r is tradition1 ) ! help ( :i* x is possible to collect ! scatt]$ rays & cause !m to conv]ge on "o c5tre4 ,) ! help ( memory1 we surr\nd ! physical /imulus ) all ! facts among :i* x arose2 & ?us we make x possible = x to react ^u u1 z x act$ ^u him :o produc$ x4 ,:5 ! tradition is brok51 int]pretation is arre/$2 9 ?is case1 ! products ( ! pa/ rema9 sil5t = u4 ,?us ! expressions conta9$ 9 ! ,etruscan or ,messapian inscriptions are unatta9able2 ?us we /ill he> discussions among e?nograph]s z to c]ta9 products ( ! art ( savages1 :e!r !y be pictures or writ+s2 ?us ar*aeologi/s & prehi/orians are n always able to e/abli% ) c]ta9ty1 :e!r ! figures f\nd on ! c]amic ( a c]ta9 region1 & on o!r in/rum5ts employ$1 be ( a religi\s or ( a pr(ane nature4 ,b ! arre/ ( int]pretation1 z t ( re/oration1 is nev] a def9itely unsurm\ntable b>ri]2 & ! daily discov]ies ( hi/orical s\rces & ( new me?ods ( bett] exploit+ antiquity1 :i* we may hope to see ev] improv+1 l9k up brok5 tradition4 ,we d n wi% to d5y t errone\s hi/orical int]pretation produces at times :at we may t]m palimpse/s1 new expressions impos$ ^u ! antique1 arti/ic imag9+s in/ead ( hi/orical reproductions4 ,! s-call$ fasc9ation ( ! pa/ dep5ds 9 "p ^u ^! expressions ( ours1 :i* we weave into hi/orical expressions4 ,?us 9 hell5ic pla/ic art has be5 discov]$ ! calm & s]5e intuition ( life ( ^? peoples1 :o feel1 nev]!less1 s poignantly1 ! univ]sality ( sorr[2 ?us has rec5tly be5 disc]n$ on ! faces ( ! ,byzant9e sa9ts ! t]ror ( ! mill5nium1 a t]ror :i* is an equivoke1 or an artificial leg5d inv5t$ by mod]n s*ol>s4 ,b hi/orical criticism t5ds precisely to circumscribe va9 imag9+s & to e/abli% ) exactitude ! po9t ( view f :i* we mu/ look4 ,?us we live 9 communication ) o!r m5 ( ! pres5t & ( ! pa/2 & we mu/ n conclude1 because sometimes1 & inde$ (t51 we f9d ourselves face to face ) ! unkn[n or ! badly kn[n1 t :5 we believe we are engag$ 9 a dialogue1 we are always speak+ a monologue2 nor t we are unable ev5 to repeat ! monologue :i*1 9 ! pa/1 we held ) ourselves4 ,,xvii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art ,sid5ote ,hi/orical criticism 9 lit]ature & art4 ,its importance4 ,?is brief exposition ( ! me?od by :i* is obta9$ re9tegration ( ! orig9al conditions 9 :i* ! "w ( art 0 produc$1 & by :i* reproduction & judgm5t are made possible1 %[s h[ important is ! function fulfill$ by hi/orical rese>* conc]n+ arti/ic & lit]>y works2 t is to say1 by :at is usually call$ hi/orical criticism1 or me?od1 9 lit]ature & art4 ,)\t tradition & hi/orical criticism1 ! enjoym5t ( all or ne>ly all works ( art produc$ by humanity1 w\ld be irrevocably lo/3 we %\ld be little m ?an animals1 imm]s$ 9 ! pres5t alone1 or 9 ! mo/ rec5t pa/4 ,only fools despise & laugh at him :o recon/itutes an au!ntic text1 expla9s ! s5se ( words & cu/oms1 inve/igates ! conditions 9 :i* an arti/ liv$1 & accompli%es all ^? lab\rs :i* revive ! qualities & ! orig9al col\r+ ( works ( art4 ,sometimes ! depreciatory or negative judgm5t ref]s to ! presum$ or prov$ uselessness ( _m rese>*es1 made to recov] ! correct mean+ ( arti/ic works4 ,b1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t hi/orical rese>* does n only fulfil ! task ( help+ to reproduce & judge arti/ic works3 ! biography ( a writ] or ( an arti/1 = example1 & ! /udy ( ! co/ume ( a p]iod1 also possess _! own int]e/1 =eign to ! hi/ory ( art1 b n =eign to o!r =ms ( hi/ory4 ,if allusion be made to ^? rese>*es :i* d n appe> to h int]e/ ( any k9d1 nor to fulfil any purpose1 x mu/ be repli$ t ! hi/orical /ud5t mu/ (t5 reconcile himself to ! useful1 b little glori\s1 (fice ( a catalogu] ( facts4 ,^! facts rema9 = ! "t be+ =mless1 incoh]5t1 & insignificant1 b !y are pres]ves1 or m9es1 = ! hi/orian ( ! future & = :omsoev] may aft]w>ds want !m = any purpose4 ,9 ! same way1 books :i* nobody asks = are plac$ on ! %elves & are not$ 9 ! catalogues1 because !y may be ask$ = at "s "t or o!r4 ,c]ta9ly1 9 ! same way t an intellig5t libr>ian gives ! pref]5ce to ! acquisition & to ! catalogu+ ( ^? books :i* he =esees may be ( m or bett] s]vice1 s d intellig5t /ud5ts possess ! in/9ct z to :at is or may m probably be useful f among ! mass ( facts :i* !y are inve/igat+4 ,o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 less well-end[$1 less intellig5t1 or m ha/y 9 produc+1 accumulate useless selections1 rejections & erasures1 & lose !mselves 9 ref9em5ts & gossipy discussions4 ,b ?is app]ta9s to ! economy ( rese>*1 & is n our affair4 ,at ! mo/1 x is ! affair ( ! ma/] :o selects ! subjects1 ( ! publi%] :o pays = ! pr9t+1 & ( ! critic :o is call$ ^u to praise or to blame ! /ud5ts = _! rese>*es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is evid5t1 t hi/orical rese>*1 direct$ to illum9ate a "w ( art by plac+ u 9 a position to judge x1 does n alone suffice to br+ x to bir? 9 our _s3 ta/e1 & an imag9ation tra9$ & awak5$1 are likewise presuppos$4 ,! greate/ hi/orical erudition may accompany a ta/e 9 "p gross or defective1 a lumb]+ imag9ation1 or1 z x is g5]ally phras$1 a cold1 h>d he>t1 clos$ to art4 ,:i* is ! less] evil8--great erudition & defective ta/e1 or natural good ta/e & great ignorance8 ,! "q has (t5 be5 ask$1 & p]haps x w be be/ to d5y its possibility1 because "o _c tell :i* ( two evils is ! less1 or :at exactly t means4 ,! m]ely le>n$ man nev] succe$s 9 ent]+ into communication ) ! great spirits1 & keeps w&]+ = ev] ab\t ! out] c\rts1 ! /aircases1 & ! ante*amb]s ( _! palaces2 b ! gift$ ignoramus ei!r passes by ma/]pieces :i* are to him inaccessible1 or in/ead ( und]/&+ ! works ( art1 z !y really are1 he inv5ts o!rs1 ) 8 imag9ation4 ,n[1 ! lab\r ( ! =m] may at lea/ s]ve to enlight5 o!rs2 b ! +5uity ( ! latt] rema9s altoge!r /]ile4 ,h[1 !n1 c we fail to pref] ! consci5ti\s le>n$ man to ! inconclusive man ( tal5t1 :o is n really tal5t$1 if he resign himself1 & 9 s f> z he resigns himself1 to come to no conclusion8 ,sid5ote ,lit]>y & arti/ic hi/ory4 ,its di/9ction f hi/orical criticism & f arti/ic judgem5t4 ,x is necess>y to di/+ui% accurately ! hi/ory1 ( art & lit]ature f ^? hi/orical lab\rs :i* make use ( works ( art1 b = extrane\s purposes 7su* z biography1 civil1 religi\s1 & political hi/ory1 etc471 & also f hi/orical erudition1 ^: object is prep>ation = ! ,ae/hetic syn!sis ( reproduction4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ ( ^! is obvi\s4 ,! hi/ory ( art & lit]ature has ! works ( art !mselves = pr9cipal subject2 ! o!r bran*es ( /udy call ^u & int]rogate works ( art1 b only z witnesses1 f :i* to discov] ! tru? ( facts :i* are n ae/hetic4 ,! second diff]5ce to :i* we h ref]r$ may seem less pr(\nd4 ,h[ev]1 x is v great4 ,erudition devot$ to r5d]+ cle> aga9 ! und]/&+ ( works ( art1 aims simply at mak+ appe> a c]ta9 int]nal fact1 an ae/hetic reproduction4 ,arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory1 on ! o!r h&1 does n appe> until su* reproduction has be5 obta9$4 ,x dem&s1 !re=e1 fur!r lab\r4 ,l all o!r hi/ory1 its object is to record precisely su* facts z h really tak5 place1 t is1 arti/ic & lit]>y facts4 ,a man :o1 aft] hav+ acquir$ ! requisite hi/orical erudition1 reproduces 9 himself & ta/es a "w ( art1 may rema9 simply a man ( ta/e1 or express at ! mo/ 8 own feel+1 ) an exclamation ( beautiful or ugly4 ,?is does n suffice = ! mak+ ( a hi/orian ( lit]ature & art4 ,!re is fur!r ne$ t ! simple act ( reproduction be foll[$ 9 him by a second int]nal op]ation4 ,:at is ?is new op]ation8 ,x is1 9 its turn1 an expression3 ! expression ( ! reproduction2 ! hi/orical description1 exposition1 or repres5tation4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 !n1 betwe5 ! man ( ta/e & ! hi/orian3 ! fir/ m]ely reproduces 9 8 _s ! "w ( art2 ! second1 aft] hav+ reproduc$ x1 repres5ts x hi/orically1 ?us apply+ to x ^? categories by :i*1 z we "k1 hi/ory is diff]5tiat$ f pure art4 ,arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory is1 !re=e1 a hi/orical "w ( art f\nd$ ^u "o or m works ( art4 ,! d5om9ation ( arti/ic or lit]>y critic is us$ 9 v>i\s s5ses3 sometimes x is appli$ to ! /ud5t :o devotes 8 s]vices to lit]ature2 sometimes to ! hi/orian :o reveals ! works ( art ( ! pa/ 9 _! reality2 m (t5 to bo?4 ,by critic is sometimes und]/ood1 9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 he :o judges & describes contempor>y lit]>y works2 & by hi/orian1 he :o is occupi$ ) less rec5t works4 ,^! are b l+ui/ic usages & empirical di/9ctions1 :i* may be neglect$2 because ! true diff]5ce lies betwe5 ! le>n$ man1 ! man ( ta/e1 & ! hi/orian ( art4 ,^! words designate1 z x 71 ?ree successive /ages ( "w1 ( :i* ea* is relatively indep5d5t ( ! "o t foll[s1 b n ( t :i* prec$es4 ,z we h se51 a man may be simply le>n$1 yet possess little capacity = und]/&+ works ( art2 he may inde$ be bo? le>n$ & possess ta/e1 yet be unable to write a page ( arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory4 ,b ! true & complete hi/orian1 :ile conta9+ 9 himself1 z necess>y pre-requisites1 bo? ! le>n$ man & ! man ( ta/e1 mu/ add to _! qualities ! gift ( hi/orical compreh5sion & repres5tation4 ,sid5ote ,! me?od ( arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory4 ,! me?od ( arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory pres5ts problems & difficulties1 "s common to all hi/orical me?od1 o!rs peculi> to x1 because !y d]ive f ! concept ( art itself4 ,sid5ote ,critique ( ! problem ( ! orig9 ( art4 ,hi/ory is wont to be divid$ into ! hi/ory ( man1 ! hi/ory or nature1 & ! mix$ hi/ory ( bo? ! prec$+4 ,)\t exam9+ "h ! "q ( ! solidity ( ?is division1 x is cle> t arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory belongs 9 any case to ! fir/1 s9ce x conc]ns a spiritual activity1 t is to say1 an activity prop] to man4 ,& s9ce ?is activity is its subject1 ! absurdity ( prop\nd+ ! hi/orical problem ( ! orig9 ( art becomes at once evid5t4 ,we %\ld note t by ?is =mula _m diff]5t ?+s h 9 turn be5 includ$ on _m diff]5t occasions4 ,orig9 has (t5 meant nature or disposition ( ! arti/ic fact1 & "h 0 a real sci5tific or philosophic problem1 ! v problem1 9 fact1 :i* our treatise has tri$ to solve4 ,at o!r times1 by orig9 has be5 und]/ood ! ideal g5esis1 ! se>* = ! reason ( art1 ! d$uction ( ! arti/ic fact f a fir/ pr9ciple conta9+ 9 itself bo? _s & nature4 ,?is is also a philosophical problem1 & x is complem5t>y to ! prec$+1 inde$ x co9cides ) x1 ?\gh x has sometimes be5 /rangely int]pret$ & solv$ by means ( an arbitr>y & semi-fanta/ic metaphysic4 ,b :5 x has be5 s\ght to discov] fur!r exactly 9 :at way ! arti/ic function 0 hi/orically =m$1 ?is has result$ 9 ! absurdity to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,if expression be ! fir/ =m ( consci\sness1 h[ c ! hi/orical orig9 be s\ght ( :at is presuppos$ n to be a product ( nature & ( human hi/ory8 ,h[ c we f9d ! hi/orical g5esis ( t :i* is a category1 by means ( :i* e hi/orical g5esis & fact are und]/ood8 ,! absurdity has aris5 f ! comp>ison ) human in/itutions1 :i* h1 9 fact1 be5 =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & :i* h disappe>$ or may disappe> 9 its c\rse4 ,!re exi/s betwe5 ! ae/hetic fact & a human in/itution 7su* z monogamic m>riage or ! fief7 a diff]5ce to "s ext5t comp>able ) t betwe5 simple & comp\nd bodies 9 *emi/ry4 ,x is impossible to indicate ! =mation ( ! =m]1 o!rwise !y w\ld n be simple1 & if ?is be discov]$1 !y cease to be simple & become comp\nd4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( art1 hi/orically und]/ood1 is only ju/ifi$ :5 x is propos$ to seek1 n = ! =mation ( ! function1 b :]e & :5 art has appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 7appe>$1 t is to say1 9 a /rik+ mann]71 at :at po9t or 9 :at region ( ! globe1 & at :at po9t or epo* ( its hi/ory2 :51 t is to say1 n ! orig9 ( art1 b its mo/ antique or primitive hi/ory1 is ! object ( rese>*4 ,?is problem =ms "o ) t ( ! appe>ance ( human civilization on ! e>?4 ,data = its solution are c]ta9ly want+1 b !re yet rema9s ! ab/ract possibility1 & c]ta9ly attempts & hypo!ses = its solution ab\nd4 ,sid5ote ,hi/ory & ! crit]ion ( progress4 ,e =m ( human hi/ory has ! concept ( progress = f\ndation4 ,b by progress mu/ n be und]/ood ! imag9>y & metaphysical law ( progress1 :i* %\ld lead ! g5]ations ( man ) irresi/ible =ce to "s unkn[n de/9y1 accord+ to a provid5tial plan :i* we c logically div9e & und]/&4 ,a suppos$ law ( ?is sort is ! negation ( hi/ory itself1 ( t accid5tality1 t empiricity1 t cont+5cy1 :i* di/+ui% ! concrete fact f ! ab/raction4 ,& = ! same reason1 progress has no?+ to d ) ! s-call$ law ( evolution4 ,if evolution mean ! concrete fact ( reality :i* evolves 7t is1 :i* is reality71 x is n a law4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be a law1 x becomes conf\nd$ ) ! law ( progress 9 ! s5se j describ$4 ,! progress ( :i* we speak "h1 is no?+ b ! concept ( human activity itself1 :i*1 work+ ^u ! mat]ial suppli$ to x by nature1 conqu]s ob/acles & b5ds nature to its own ends4 ,su* conception ( progress1 t is to say1 ( human activity appli$ to a giv5 mat]ial1 is ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/orian ( humanity4 ,no "o b a m]e collector ( /ray facts1 a simple seek]1 or an incoh]5t *ronicl]1 c put toge!r ! smalle/ n>rative ( human de$s1 unless he h a def9ite po9t ( view1 t is to say1 an intimate p]sonal conviction reg>d+ ! conception ( ! facts :i* he has und]tak5 to relate4 ,! hi/orical "w ( art _c be a*iev$ among ! confus$ & discordant mass ( crude facts1 save by means ( ?is po9t ( view1 :i* makes x possible to c>ve a def9ite figure f t r\gh & incoh]5t mass4 ,! hi/orian ( a practical action %\ld "k :at is economy & :at morality2 ! hi/orian ( ma!matics1 :at are ma!matics2 ! hi/orian ( botany1 :at is botany2 ! hi/orian ( philosophy1 :at is philosophy4 ,b if he d n really "k ^! ?+s1 he mu/ at lea/ h ! illusion ( kn[+ !m2 o!rwise he w nev] be able to delude himself t he is writ+ hi/ory4 ,we _c delay "h to demon/rate ! necessity & ! inevitability ( ?is subjective crit]ion 9 e n>rative ( human affairs4 ,we w m]ely say t ?is crit]ion is compatible ) ! utmo/ objectivity1 imp>tiality1 & scrupulosity 9 deal+ ) data1 & inde$ =ms a con/itutive elem5t ( su* subjective crit]ion4 ,x suffices to read any book ( hi/ory to discov] at once ! po9t ( view ( ! au?or1 if he be a hi/orian wor?y ( ! "n & "k 8 own bus9ess4 ,!re exi/ lib]al & reaction>y1 rationali/ & ca?olic hi/orians1 :o deal ) political or social hi/ory2 = ! hi/ory ( philosophy !re are metaphysical1 empirical1 sceptical1 ideali/1 & spirituali/ hi/orians4 ,absolutely hi/orical hi/orians d n & _c exi/4 ,c x be said t ,?ucydides & ,polybius1 ,livy & ,tacitus1 ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i1 ,giannone & ,voltaire1 7 )\t moral & political views2 &1 9 our "t1 ,guizot or ,?i]s1 ,macaulay or ,balbo1 ,ranke or ,momms58 ,& 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 f ,hegel1 :o 0 ! fir/ to raise x to a great elevation1 to ,ritt]1 ,zell]1 ,c\s91 ,lewes1 & our ,spav5ta1 0 !re "o :o did n possess 8 conception ( progress & crit]ion ( judgm5t8 ,is !re "o s+le "w ( any value 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ae/hetic1 :i* has n be5 writt5 f ?is or t po9t ( view1 ) ?is or t bias 7,hegelian or ,h]b>tian71 f a s5suali/ or f an eclectic po9t ( view1 & s on8 ,if ! hi/orian is to escape f ! inevitable necessity ( tak+ a side1 he mu/ become a political & sci5tific eunu*2 & hi/ory is n ! bus9ess ( eunu*s4 ,!y w\ld at mo/ be ( use 9 compil+ ^? great tomes ( n useless erudition1 elumbis atque fracta1 :i* are call$1 n )\t reason1 monki%4 ,if1 !n1 ! concept ( progress1 ! po9t ( view1 ! crit]ion1 be inevitable1 ! be/ to be done is n to try & escape f !m1 b to obta9 ! be/ possible4 ,ev]yone /rives = ?is end1 :5 he =ms 8 own convictions1 s]i\sly & labori\sly4 ,hi/orians :o pr(ess to wi% to int]rogate ! facts1 )\t add+ any?+ ( _! own to !m1 are n to be believ$4 ,?is1 at ! mo/1 is ! result ( +5u\sness & illusion on _! "p3 !y w always add :at !y h ( p]sonal1 if !y be truly hi/orians1 ?\gh x be )\t kn[+ x1 or !y w believe t !y h escap$ do+ s1 only because !y h ref]r$ to x by innu5do1 :i* is ! mo/ ins9uat+ & p5etrative ( me?ods4 ,sid5ote ,non-exi/5ce ( a unique l9e ( progress 9 arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory4 ,arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory _c disp5se ) ! crit]ion ( progress any m easily ?an o!r hi/ory4 ,we _c %[ :at a giv5 "w ( art is1 save by proce$+ f a conception ( art1 9 ord] to fix ! arti/ic problem :i* ! au?or ( su* "w ( art _h to solve1 & by det]m9+ :e!r or no he h solv$ x1 or by h[ mu* & 9 :at way he has fail$ to d s4 ,b x is important to note t ! crit]ion ( progress assumes a diff]5t =m 9 arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory to t :i* x assumes 7or is believ$ to assume7 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( k c be repres5t$ by "o s+le l9e ( progress & regress4 ,sci5ce is ! univ]sal1 & its problems are arrang$ 9 "o s+le va/ sy/em1 or complex problem4 ,all ?9k]s we>y !mselves ov] ! same problem z to ! nature ( reality & ( k3 contemplative ,indians & ,greek philosoph]s1 ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans1 b>e heads & heads ) turbans1 wigg$ heads & heads ) ! black b]retta 7z ,he9e said72 & future g5]ations w we>y !mselves ) x1 z ours has done4 ,x w\ld take too long to inquire "h if ?is be true or n ( sci5ce4 ,b x is c]ta9ly n true ( art2 art is intuition1 & intuition is individuality1 & individuality is nev] repeat$4 ,to conceive ( ! hi/ory ( ! arti/ic production ( ! human race z develop$ along a s+le l9e ( progress & regress1 w\ld !re=e be altoge!r errone\s4 ,at ! mo/1 & work+ to "s ext5t ) g5]alizations & ab/ractions1 x may be admitt$ t ! hi/ory ( ae/hetic products %[s progressive cycles1 b ea* cycle has its own problem1 & is progressive only 9 respect to t problem4 ,:5 _m are at "w on ! same subject1 )\t succe$+ 9 giv+ to x ! suitable =m1 yet draw+ always m ne>ly to x1 !re is said to be progress4 ,:5 he :o gives to x def9ite =m appe>s1 ! cycle is said to be complete1 progress end$4 ,a typical example ( ?is w\ld be ! progress 9 ! elaboration ( ! mode ( us+ ! subject-matt] ( *ivalry1 dur+ ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 f ,pulci to ,ario/o4 7,if ?is in/ance be made use (1 excessive simplification ( x mu/ be excus$47 ,no?+ b repetition & imitation c\ld be ! result ( employ+ t same mat]ial aft] ,ario/o4 ,! result 0 repetition or imitation1 dim9ution or exagg]ation1 a spoil+ ( :at _h already be5 a*iev$2 9 sum1 decad5ce4 ,! ,ario/esque epigoni prove ?is4 ,progress beg9s ) ! comm5cem5t ( a new cycle4 ,c]vantes1 ) 8 m op5 & consci\s irony1 is an in/ance ( ?is4 ,9 :at did ! g5]al decad5ce ( ,italian lit]ature at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury consi/8 ,simply 9 hav+ no?+ m to say1 & 9 repeat+ & exagg]at+ motives already f\nd4 ,if ! ,italians ( ?is p]iod _h ev5 be5 able to express _! own decad5ce1 !y w\ld n h be5 altoge!r failures1 b h anticipat$ ! lit]>y movem5t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,:]e ! subject-matt] is n ! same1 a progressive cycle does n exi/4 ,%akespe>e does n repres5t a progress z reg>ds ,dante1 nor ,goe! z reg>ds ,%akespe>e4 ,dante1 h[ev]1 repres5ts a progress 9 respect to ! vision>ies ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,%akespe>e to ! ,elizabe?an dramati/s1 ,goe!1 ) ,w]!r & ! fir/ "p ( ,fau/1 9 respect to ! writ]s ( ! ,/urm und ,drang4 ,?is mode ( pres5t+ ! hi/ory ( poetry & art conta9s1 h[ev]1 z we h rem>k$1 some?+ ( ab/ract1 ( m]ely practical1 & is )\t rigor\s philosophical value4 ,n only is ! art ( savages n inf]ior1 z art1 to t ( civiliz$ peoples1 provid$ x be correlative to ! impressions ( ! savage2 b e individual1 inde$ e mom5t ( ! spiritual life ( an individual1 has its arti/ic _w2 & all ^? worlds are1 arti/ically1 incomp>able ) "o ano!r4 ,sid5ote ,errors committ$ 9 respect to ?is law4 ,_m h s9n$ & cont9ue to s9 aga9/ ?is special =m ( ! crit]ion ( progress 9 arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory4 ,"s1 = in/ance1 talk ( ! infancy ( ,italian art 9 ,giotto1 & ( its maturity 9 ,raphael or 9 ,titian2 z ?\gh ,giotto 7 n q p]fect & complete1 9 respect to 8 psy*ic mat]ial4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly incapable ( draw+ a figure l ,raphael1 or ( col\r+ x l ,titian2 b 0 ,raphael or ,titian by any *ance capable ( creat+ ! ,matrimonio di ,san ,francesco con la ,pov]t1 or ! ,morte di ,san ,francesco8 ,! _s ( ,giotto _h n felt ! attraction ( ! body beautiful1 :i* ! ,r5aissance /udi$ & rais$ to a place ( hon\r2 b ! spirits ( ,raphael & ( ,titian 7 no long] curi\s ( c]ta9 movem5ts ( ard\r & ( t5d]ness1 :i* attract$ ! man ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,h[1 !n1 c a comp>ison be made1 :]e !re is no comp>ative t]m8 ,! celebrat$ divisions ( ! hi/ory ( art suff] f ! same defect4 ,!y are z foll[s3 an ori5tal p]iod1 repres5t+ a disequilibrium betwe5 idea & =m1 ) preval5ce ( ! second2 a classical1 repres5t+ an equilibrium betwe5 idea & =m2 a romantic1 repres5t+ a new disequilibrium betwe5 idea & =m1 ) preval5ce ( ! idea4 ,!re are also ! divisions into ori5tal art1 repres5t+ imp]fection ( =m2 classical1 p]fection ( =m2 romantic or mod]n1 p]fection ( cont5t & ( =m4 ,?us classic & romantic h also receiv$1 among _! _m o!r mean+s1 t ( progressive or regressive p]iods1 9 respect to ! realization ( "s indef9ite arti/ic ideal ( humanity4 ,sid5ote ,o!r mean+s ( ! ^w progress 9 respect to ,ae/hetic4 ,!re is no su* ?+1 !n1 z an ae/hetic progress ( humanity4 ,h[ev]1 by ae/hetic progress is sometimes meant1 n :at ! two words c\pl$ toge!r really signify1 b ! ev]-increas+ accumulation ( our hi/orical k1 :i* makes u able to sympa?ize ) all ! arti/ic products ( all peoples & ( all times1 or1 z is said1 to make our ta/e m ca?olic4 ,! diff]5ce appe>s v great1 if ! eighte5? c5tury1 s incapable ( escap+ f itself1 be comp>$ ) our own "t1 :i* enjoys alike ,hell5ic & ,roman art1 n[ bett] und]/ood1 ,byzant9e1 m$iaeval1 ,arabic1 & ,r5aissance art1 ! art ( ! ,c9que ,c5to1 b>oque art1 & ! art ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,egyptian1 ,babylonian1 ,etruscan1 & ev5 prehi/oric art1 are m pr(\ndly /udi$ e day4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! savage & civiliz$ man does n lie 9 ! human faculties4 ,! savage has spee*1 intellect1 religion1 & morality1 9 common ) civiliz$ man1 & he is a complete man4 ,! only diff]5ce lies 9 t civiliz$ man p5etrates & dom9ates a l>g] portion ( ! univ]se ) 8 !oretic & practical activity4 ,we _c claim to be m spiritually al]t ?an1 = example1 ! contempor>ies ( ,p]icles2 b no "o c d5y t we are ri*] ?an !y--ri* ) _! ri*es & ) ^? ( h[ _m o!r peoples & g5]ations besides our own8 ,by ae/hetic progress is also meant1 9 ano!r s5se1 :i* is also improp]1 ! great] abundance ( arti/ic intuitions & ! small] numb] ( imp]fect or decad5t works :i* "o epo* produces 9 respect to ano!r4 ,?us x may be said t !re 0 ae/hetic progress1 an arti/ic awak5+1 at ! end ( ! ?irte5? or ( ! fifte5? c5turies4 ,f9ally1 ae/hetic progress is talk$ (1 ) an eye to ! ref9em5t & to ! psy*ical complications exhibit$ 9 ! works ( art ( ! mo/ civiliz$ peoples1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( less civiliz$ peoples1 b>b>ians & savages4 ,b 9 ?is case1 ! progress is t ( ! complex conditions ( society1 n ( ! arti/ic activity1 to :i* ! mat]ial is indiff]5t4 ,^! are ! mo/ important po9ts conc]n+ ! me?od ( arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory4 ,,xviii ,,conclusion3 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,l+ui/ic ,,& ,,ae/hetic ,sid5ote ,summ>y ( ! inquiry4 ,a glance ov] ! pa? trav]s$ w %[ t we h complet$ ! entire programme ( our treatise4 ,we h /udi$ ! nature ( intuitive or expressive k1 :i* is ! ae/hetic or arti/ic fact 7,i4 & ,,ii471 & we h describ$ ! o!r =m ( k1 namely1 ! intellectual1 ) ! second>y complications ( its =ms 7,,iii474 ,hav+ done ?is1 x became possible to criticize all errone\s !ories ( art1 :i* arise f ! confusion betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms1 & f ! undue transf]5ce ( ! *>act]i/ics ( "o =m to ^? ( ano!r 7,,iv471 & 9 s do+ to indicate ! inv]se errors :i* are f\nd 9 ! !ory ( intellectual k & ( hi/oriography 7,v474 ,pass+ on to exam9e ! relations betwe5 ! ae/hetic activity & ! o!r spiritual activities1 no long] !oretic b practical1 we h indicat$ ! true "* ( ! practical activity & ! place :i* x occupies 9 respect to ! !oretic activity1 :i* x foll[s3 h5ce ! critique ( ! invasion ( ae/hetic !ory by practical concepts 7,,vi474 ,we h also di/+ui%$ ! two =ms ( ! practical activity1 z economic & e?ic 7,,vii471 add+ to ?is ! /atem5t t !re are no o!r =ms ( ! _s beyond ! f\r :i* we h analyz$2 h5ce 7,,viii47 ! critique ( e metaphysical ,ae/hetic4 ,&1 see+ t !re exi/ no o!r spiritual =ms ( equal degree1 !re=e !re are no orig9al subdivisions ( ! f\r e/abli%$1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ,ae/hetic4 ,f ?is arises ! impossibility ( classes ( expressions & ! critique ( ,rhetoric1 t is1 ( ! p>tition ( expressions into simple & ornate1 & ( _! subclasses 7,,ix474 ,b1 by ! law ( ! unity ( ! _s1 ! ae/hetic fact is also a practical fact1 & z su*1 occasions pleasure & pa94 ,?is l$ u to /udy ! feel+s ( value 9 g5]al1 & ^? ( ae/hetic value1 or ( ! beautiful1 9 p>ticul> 7,x471 to criticize ae/hetic h$onism 9 all its v>i\s manife/ations & complications 7,,xi471 & to expel f ! sy/em ( ,ae/hetic ! long s]ies ( pseudo-ae/hetic concepts1 :i* _h be5 introduc$ into x 7,,xii474 ,proce$+ f ae/hetic production to ! facts ( reproduction1 we began by inve/igat+ ! mode ( fix+ ext]nally ! ae/hetic expression1 ) ! view ( reproduction4 ,?is is ! s-call$ physically beautiful1 :e!r x be natural or artificial 7,,xiii474 ,we !n d]iv$ f ?is di/9ction ! critique ( ! errors :i* arise f conf\nd+ ! physical ) ! ae/hetic side ( ?+s 7,,xiv474 ,we indicat$ ! mean+ ( arti/ic te*nique1 t :i* is ! te*nique s]v+ = reproduction1 ?us criticiz+ ! divisions1 limits1 & classifications ( ! individual arts1 & e/abli%+ ! connections betwe5 art1 economy1 & morality 7,,xv474 ,because ! exi/5ce ( ! physical objects does n suffice to /imulate to ! full ae/hetic reproduction1 & because1 9 ord] to obta9 ?is result1 x is necess>y to recall ! conditions 9 :i* ! /imulus fir/ op]at$1 we h also /udi$ ! function ( hi/orical erudition1 direct$ t[>d ! end ( re-e/abli%+ our communication ) ! works ( ! pa/1 & t[>d ! creation ( a base = ae/hetic judgm5t 7,,xvi474 ,we h clos$ our treatise by %[+ h[ ! reproduction ?us obta9$ is aft]w>ds elaborat$ by ! intellectual categories1 t is to say1 by an excursus on ! me?od ( lit]>y & arti/ic hi/ory 7,,xvii474 ,! ae/hetic fact has ?us be5 consid]$ bo? 9 itself & 9 its relations ) ! o!r spiritual activities1 ) ! feel+s ( pleasure & ( pa91 ) ! facts t are call$ physical1 ) memory1 & ) hi/orical elaboration4 ,x has pass$ f ! position ( subject to t ( object1 t is to say1 f ! mom5t ( its bir?1 until gradually x becomes *ang$ = ! _s into hi/orical argum5t4 ,our treatise may appe> to be some:at meagre1 :5 comp>$ ) ! great volumes usually consecrat$ to ,ae/hetic4 ,b x w n seem s1 :5 x is obs]v$ t ^! volumes1 z reg>ds n9e-t5?s ( _! cont5ts1 are full ( matt] :i* does n app]ta9 to ,ae/hetic1 su* z def9itions1 ei!r psy*ical or metaphysical1 ( pseudo-ae/hetic concepts 7( ! sublime1 ! comic1 ! tragic1 ! humor\s1 etc471 or ( ! exposition ( ! suppos$ ,zoology1 ,botany1 & ,m9]alogy ( ,ae/hetic1 & ( univ]sal hi/ory judg$ f ! ae/hetic /&po9t4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( concrete art & lit]ature has also be5 dragg$ into ^? ,ae/hetics & g5]ally mangl$2 !y conta9 judgm5ts ^u ,hom] & ,dante1 ^u ,ario/o & ,%akespe>e1 ^u ,bee?ov5 & ,ross9i1 ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael4 ,:5 all ?is has be5 d$uct$ f !m1 our treatise w no long] be held to be too meagre1 b1 on ! contr>y1 f> m copi\s ?an ord9>y treatises1 = ^! ei!r omit altoge!r1 or h>dly t\* at all1 ! great] "p ( ! difficult problems prop] to ,ae/hetic1 :i* we h felt x to be our duty to /udy4 ,sid5ote ,id5tity ( ,l+ui/ic & ,ae/hetic4 ,ae/hetic1 !n1 z ! sci5ce ( expression1 has be5 "h /udi$ by u f e po9t ( view4 ,b !re yet rema9s to ju/ify ! sub-title1 :i* we h jo9$ to ! title ( our book1 ,g5]al ,l+ui/ic1 & to /ate & make cle> ! !sis t ! sci5ce ( art is t ( language4 ,ae/hetic & ,l+ui/ic1 9 s f> z !y are true sci5ces1 are n two diff]5t sci5ces1 b "o s+le sci5ce4 ,n t !re is a special ,l+ui/ic2 b ! l+ui/ic sci5ce s\ght =1 g5]al ,l+ui/ic1 9 s f> z :at x conta9s is r$ucible to philosophy1 is no?+ b ,ae/hetic4 ,:oev] /udies g5]al ,l+ui/ic1 t is to say1 philosophical ,l+ui/ic1 /udies ae/hetic problems1 & vice v]sa4 ,philosophy ( language & philosophy ( art are ! same ?+4 ,7 ,l+ui/ic a diff]5t sci5ce f ,ae/hetic1 x %\ld n h expression1 :i* is ! ess5tially ae/hetic fact1 = its object4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t x mu/ be d5i$ t language is expression4 ,b an emission ( s\nds1 :i* expresses no?+1 is n language4 ,language is articulate1 limit$1 organiz$ s\nd1 employ$ 9 expression4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 language 7 a special sci5ce 9 respect to ,ae/hetic1 x w\ld necess>ily h = its object a special class ( expressions4 ,b ! inexi/5ce ( classes ( expression is a po9t :i* we h already demon/rat$4 ,sid5ote ,ae/hetic =mulization ( l+ui/ic problems4 ,nature ( language4 ,! problems :i* ,l+ui/ic s]ves to solve1 & ! errors ) :i* ,l+ui/ic /rives & has /riv51 are ! same t occupy & complicate ,ae/hetic4 ,if x be n always easy1 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 always possible1 to r$uce ! philosophic que/ions ( ,l+ui/ic to _! ae/hetic =mula4 ,! disputes z to ! nature ( ! "o f9d _! p>allel 9 ^? z to ! nature ( ! o!r4 ,?us x has be5 disput$1 :e!r ,l+ui/ic be a sci5tific or a hi/orical discipl9e1 & ! sci5tific hav+ be5 di/+ui%$ f ! hi/orical1 x has be5 ask$ :e!r x belong to ! ord] ( ! natural or ( ! psy*ological sci5ces1 by ! latt] be+ und]/ood empirical ,psy*ology1 z mu* z ! sci5ce ( ! _s4 ,! same has happ5$ ) ,ae/hetic1 :i* "s h look$ ^u z a natural sci5ce1 conf\nd+ ae/hetic expression ) physical expression4 ,o!rs h look$ ^u x z a psy*ological sci5ce1 conf\nd+ expression 9 its univ]sality1 ) ! empirical classification ( expressions4 ,o!rs aga91 d5y+ ! v possibility ( a sci5ce ( su* a subject1 h look$ ^u x z a collection ( hi/orical facts4 ,f9ally1 x has be5 realiz$ t x belongs to ! sci5ces ( activity or ( values1 :i* are ! spiritual sci5ces4 ,l+ui/ic expression1 or spee*1 has (t5 seem$ to be a fact ( int]jection1 :i* belongs to ! s-call$ physical expressions ( ! feel+s1 common alike to m5 & animals4 ,b x 0 soon admitt$ t an abyss yawns betwe5 ! ,ah6 :i* is a physical reflex ( pa91 & a ^w2 z also betwe5 t ,ah6 ( pa9 & ! ,ah6 employ$ z a ^w4 ,! !ory ( ! int]jection be+ ab&on$ 7jocosely t]m$ ! ,ah6 ,ah6 !ory by ,g]man l+ui/s71 ! !ory ( association or conv5tion appe>$4 ,?is !ory 0 refut$ by ! same objection :i* de/roy$ ae/hetic associationism 9 g5]al3 spee* is unity1 n multiplicity ( images1 & multiplicity does n expla91 b presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ! expression to expla94 ,a v>iant ( l+ui/ic associationism is ! imitative1 t is to say1 ! !ory ( ! onomatopoeia1 :i* ! same philologi/s d]ide "u ! "n ( ! b[-w[ !ory1 aft] ! imitation ( ! dog's b>k1 :i*1 accord+ to ! onomatopoei/s1 gives its "n to ! dog4 ,! mo/ usual !ory ( our times z reg>ds language 7ap>t f m]e crass naturalism7 consi/s ( a sort ( eclecticism or mixture ( ! v>i\s !ories to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,x is assum$ t language is 9 "p ! product ( int]jections & 9 "p ( onomatopes & conv5tions4 ,?is doctr9e is altoge!r wor?y ( ! sci5tific & philosophic decad5ce ( ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,sid5ote ,orig9 ( language & its developm5t4 ,we mu/ "h note a mi/ake into :i* h fall5 ^? v philologi/s :o h be/ p5etrat$ ! active nature ( language4 ,^!1 al?\gh !y admit t language 0 orig9ally a spiritual creation1 yet ma9ta9 t x 0 l>gely increas$ lat] by association4 ,b ! di/9ction does n prevail1 = orig9 9 ?is case _c mean any?+ b nature or ess5ce4 ,if1 !re=e1 language be a spiritual creation1 x w always be a creation2 if x be association1 x w h be5 s f ! beg9n+4 ,! mi/ake has aris5 f n hav+ grasp$ ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ,ae/hetic1 :i* we h not$3 namely1 t expressions already produc$ mu/ r$esc5d to ! rank ( impressions be=e !y c give rise to new impressions4 ,:5 we utt] new words1 we g5]ally trans=m ! old ones1 v>y+ or enl>g+ _! mean+2 b ?is process is n associative4 ,x is creative1 al?\gh ! creation has = mat]ial ! impressions1 n ( ! hypo!tical primitive man1 b ( man :o has liv$ long ages 9 society1 & :o has1 s to say1 /or$ s _m ?+s 9 8 psy*ic organism1 & among !m s mu* language4 ,sid5ote ,relation betwe5 ,gramm> & ,logic4 ,! "q ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ae/hetic & ! intellectual fact has appe>$ 9 ,l+ui/ic z t ( ! relations betwe5 ,gramm> & ,logic4 ,?is "q has f\nd two solutions1 :i* are p>tially true3 t ( ! indissolubility ( ,logic & ,gramm>1 & t ( _! dissolubility4 ,! complete solution is ?is3 if ! logical =m be indissoluble f ! grammatical 7ae/hetic71 ! grammatical is dissoluble f ! logical4 ,sid5ote ,grammatical classes or p>ts ( spee*4 ,if we look at a picture :i*1 = example1 portrays a man walk+ on a c\ntry road1 we c say3 ,?is picture repres5ts a fact ( movem5t1 :i*1 if conceiv$ z volitional1 is call$ action4 ,& because e movem5t implies matt]1 & e action a be+ t acts1 ?is picture also repres5ts ei!r matt] or a be+4 ,b ?is movem5t takes place 9 a def9ite place1 :i* is a "p ( a giv5 /> 7! ,e>?71 & precisely 9 t "p ( x :i* is call$ t]ra-firma1 & m prop]ly 9 a "p ( x t is wood$ & cov]$ ) grass1 :i* is call$ c\ntry1 cut naturally or artificially1 9 a mann] :i* is call$ road4 ,n[1 !re is only "o example ( t giv5 />1 :i* is call$ ,e>?3 ,e>? is an individual4 ,b t]ra-firma1 c\ntry1 road1 are classes or univ]sals1 because !re are o!r t]ra-firmas1 o!r c\ntries1 o!r roads4 ,& x w\ld be possible to cont9ue = a :ile ) simil> consid]ations4 ,by sub/itut+ a phrase = ! picture t we h imag9$1 = example1 "o to ?is effect1 ,pet] is walk+ on a c\ntry road1 & by mak+ ! same rem>ks1 we obta9 ! concepts ( v]b 7motion or action71 ( n\n 7matt] or ag5t71 ( prop] n\n1 ( common n\ns2 & s on4 ,:at h we done 9 bo? cases8 ,nei!r m nor less ?an to submit to logical elaboration :at 0 fir/ elaborat$ only ae/hetically2 t is to say1 we h de/roy$ ! ae/hetical by ! logical4 ,b1 z 9 g5]al ,ae/hetic1 error beg9s :5 ,x is wi%$ to return f ! logical to ! ae/hetical1 & x is ask$ :at is ! expression ( movem5t1 action1 matt]1 be+1 ( ! g5]al1 ( ! individual1 etc42 ?us 9 l mann] ) language1 error beg9s :5 motion or action are call$ v]b1 be+1 or matt]1 n\n or sub/antive1 & :5 l+ui/ic categories1 or p>ts ( spee*1 are made ( all ^!1 n\n & v]b & s on4 ,! !ory ( p>ts ( spee* is at bottom altoge!r ! same z t ( arti/ic & lit]>y classes1 already criticiz$ 9 ! ,ae/hetic4 ,x is false to say t ! v]b or ! n\n is express$ 9 def9ite words1 truly di/+ui%able f o!rs4 ,expression is an indivisible :ole4 ,n\n & v]b d n exi/ 9 !mselves1 b are ab/ractions made by our de/roy+ ! sole l+ui/ic reality1 :i* is ! proposition4 ,?is la/ is to be und]/ood1 n 9 ! usual mode ( gramm>ians1 b z an organism expressive ( a complete mean+1 f an exclamation to a poem4 ,?is s\nds p>adoxical1 b is nev]!less a mo/ simple tru?4 ,& z 9 ,ae/hetic1 ! arti/ic productions ( c]ta9 peoples h be5 look$ ^u z imp]fect1 ow+ to ! error above m5tion$1 because ! suppos$ k9ds h seem$ /ill to be indiscrim9ate or abs5t ) !m2 s1 9 ,l+ui/ic1 ! !ory ( ! p>ts ( spee* has caus$ ! analog\s error ( divid+ languages into =m$ & un=m$1 accord+ to :e!r !re appe> 9 !m or n "s ( ^? suppos$ p>ts ( spee*2 = example1 ! v]b4 ,sid5ote ,! individuality ( spee* & ! classification ( languages4 ,l+ui/ic also discov]$ ! irr$ucible individuality ( ! ae/hetic fact1 :5 x affirm$ t ! ^w is :at is really spok51 & t two truly id5tical words d n exi/4 ,?us 7 synonyms & homonyms de/roy$1 & ?us 0 %[n ! impossibility ( really translat+ "o ^w into ano!r1 f s-call$ dialect into s-call$ language1 & f a s-call$ "m-tongue into a s-call$ =eign tongue4 ,b ! attempt to classify languages agrees ill ) ?is correct view4 ,languages h no reality beyond ! propositions & complexes ( propositions really writt5 & pron\nc$ by giv5 peoples = def9ite p]iods4 ,t is to say1 !y h no exi/5ce outside ! works ( art1 9 :i* !y exi/ concretely4 ,:at is ! art ( a giv5 p b ! complex ( all its arti/ic products8 ,:at is ! "* ( an art 7say1 ,hell5ic art or ,prov5al lit]ature71 b ! complex physiognomy ( ^? products8 ,& h[ c su* a "q be answ]$1 save by giv+ ! hi/ory ( _! art 7( _! lit]ature1 t is to say1 ( _! language 9 action78 ,x w seem t ?is argum5t1 al?\gh possess+ value z aga9/ _m ( ! wont$ classifications ( languages1 yet is )\t any z reg>ds t que5 ( classifications1 ! hi/orico-g5ealogical1 t glory ( comp>ative philology4 ,& ?is is c]ta9ly true4 ,b :y8 ,precisely because ! hi/orico-g5ealogical me?od is n a classification4 ,he :o writes hi/ory does n classify1 & ! philologi/s !mselves h ha/5$ to say t ! languages :i* c be arrang$ 9 a hi/orical s]ies 7^? ^: s]ies h be5 trac$7 are1 n di/9ct & def9ite species1 b a complex ( facts 9 ! v>i\s phases ( its developm5t4 ,sid5ote ,impossibility ( a normative gramm>4 ,language has sometimes be5 look$ ^u z an act ( volition or ( *oice4 ,b o!rs h discov]$ ! impossibility ( creat+ language artificially1 by an act ( w4 ,tu1 ,caes>1 civitatem d>e potes hom9i1 v]bo non poles6 0 once said to ! ,roman ,emp]or4 ,! ae/hetic 7& !re=e !oretic7 nature ( expression supplies ! me?od ( correct+ ! sci5tific error :i* lies 9 ! conception ( a 7normative7 ,gramm>1 conta9+ ! rules ( speak+ well4 ,good s5se has always rebell$ aga9/ ?is error4 ,an example ( su* rebellion is ! ,s mu* ! worse = gramm> ( ,voltaire4 ,b ! impossibility ( a normative gramm> is also recogniz$ by ^? :o tea* x1 :5 !y confess t to write well _c be le>n$ by rules1 t !re are no rules )\t exceptions1 & t ! /udy ( ,gramm> %\ld be conduct$ practically1 by read+ & by examples1 :i* =m ! lit]>y ta/e4 ,! sci5tific reason ( ?is impossibility lies 9 :at we h already prov$3 t a te*nique ( ! !oretical am\nts to a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,& :at c\ld a 7normative7 gramm> be1 b j a te*nique ( l+ui/ic expression1 t is to say1 ( a !oretic fact8 ,sid5ote ,didactic purposes4 ,! case 9 :i* ,gramm> is und]/ood m]ely z an empirical discipl9e1 t is to say1 z a collection ( gr\ps useful = le>n+ languages1 )\t any claim :atev] to philosophic tru?1 is q diff]5t4 ,ev5 ! ab/ractions ( ! p>ts ( spee* are 9 ?is case bo? admissible & ( assi/ance4 ,_m books entitl$ treatises ( ,l+ui/ic h a m]ely didactic purpose2 !y are simply s*ola/ic manuals4 ,we f9d 9 !m1 9 tru?1 a little ( ev]y?+1 f ! description ( ! vocal app>atus & ( ! artificial ma*9es 7phonographs7 :i* c imitate x1 to summ>ies ( ! mo/ important results obta9$ by ,indo-,european1 ,semitic1 ,coptic1 ,*9ese1 or o!r philologies2 f philosophic g5]alizations on ! orig9 or nature ( language1 to advice on calligraphy1 & ! arrangem5t ( s*$ules = philological spoils4 ,b ?is mass ( notions1 :i* is "h taught 9 a fragm5t>y & incomplete mann] z reg>ds ! language 9 its ess5ce1 ! language z expression1 resolves itself into notions ( ,ae/hetic4 ,no?+ exi/s outside ,ae/hetic1 :i* gives k ( ! nature ( language1 & empirical ,gramm>1 :i* is a p$agogic exp$i5t1 save ! ,hi/ory ( languages 9 _! liv+ reality1 t is1 ! hi/ory ( concrete lit]>y productions1 :i* is sub/antially id5tical ) ! ,hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,sid5ote ,elem5t>y l+ui/ic facts or roots4 ,! same mi/ake ( confus+ ! physical ) ! ae/hetic1 f :i* ! elem5t>y =ms ( ! beautiful orig9ate1 is made by ^? :o seek = elem5t>y ae/hetic facts1 decorat+ ) t "n ! divisions ( ! long] s]ies ( physical s\nds into %ort] s]ies4 ,syllables1 v[els1 & consonants1 & ! s]ies ( syllables call$ words :i* give no def9ite s5se :5 tak5 alone1 are n facts ( language1 b simple physical concepts ( s\nds4 ,ano!r mi/ake ( ! same sort is t ( roots1 to :i* ! mo/ able philologi/s n[ accord b a v limit$ value4 ,hav+ confus$ physical ) l+ui/ic or expressive facts1 & obs]v+ t1 9 ! ord] ( ideas1 ! simple prec$es ! complex1 !y necess>ily end$ by ?9k+ t ! small] physical facts 7 ! m simple4 ,h5ce ! imag9>y necessity t ! mo/ antique1 primitive languages1 _h be5 monosyllabic1 & t ! progress ( hi/orical rese>* mu/ lead to ! discov]y ( monosyllabic roots4 ,b 7to foll[ up ! imag9>y hypo!sis7 ! fir/ expression t ! fir/ man conceiv$ may also h _h a mimetic1 n a phonic reflex3 x may h be5 ext]ioris$1 n 9 a s\nd b 9 a ge/ure4 ,& assum+ t x 0 ext]ioris$ 9 a s\nd1 !re is no reason to suppose t s\nd to h be5 monosyllabic r ?an plurisyllabic4 ,philologi/s frequ5tly blame _! own ignorance & impot5ce1 if !y d n always succe$ 9 r$uc+ plurisyllabism to monosyllabism1 & !y tru/ 9 ! future4 ,b _! fai? is )\t f\ndation1 z _! blame ( !mselves is an act ( humility aris+ f an errone\s presumption4 ,fur!rmore1 ! limits ( syllables1 z ^? ( words1 are altoge!r arbitr>y1 & di/+ui%$1 z well z may be1 by empirical use4 ,primitive spee*1 or ! spee* ( ! uncultur$ man1 is cont9u\s1 unaccompani$ by any reflex consci\sness ( ! divisions ( ! ^w & ( ! syllables1 :i* are taught at s*ool4 ,no true law ( ,l+ui/ic c be f\nd$ on su* divisions4 ,pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! confession ( l+ui/s1 t !re are no truly phonetic laws ( ! hiatus1 ( cacophony1 ( dia]esis1 ( syna]esis1 b m]ely laws ( ta/e & conv5i5ce2 t is to say1 ae/hetic laws4 ,& :at are ! laws ( words :i* are n at ! same "t laws ( /yle8 ,sid5ote ,ae/hetic judgm5t & ! model language4 ,! se>* = a model language1 or = a me?od ( r$uc+ l+ui/ic usage to unity1 arises f ! misconception ( a rationali/ic measurem5t ( ! beautiful1 f ! concept :i* we h t]m$ t ( false ae/hetic absolut5ess4 ,9 ,italy1 we call ?is "q t ( ! unity ( ! language4 ,language is p]petual creation4 ,:at has be5 l+ui/ically express$ _c be repeat$1 save by ! reproduction ( :at has already be5 produc$4 ,! ev]-new impressions give rise to cont9u\s *anges ( s\nds & ( mean+s1 t is1 to ev]-new expressions4 ,to seek ! model language1 !n1 is to seek ! immobility ( motion4 ,e "o speaks1 & %\ld speak1 accord+ to ! e*oes :i* ?+s ar\se 9 8 s\l1 t is1 accord+ to 8 impressions4 ,x is n )\t reason t ! mo/ conv9c$ support] ( any "o ( ! solutions ( ! problem ( ! unity ( language 7be x by ! use ( ,lat91 ( f\rte5?-c5tury ,italian1 or ( ,flor5t9e7 feels a repugnance 9 apply+ 8 !ory1 :5 he is speak+ 9 ord] to communicate 8 ?\ghts & to make himself und]/ood4 ,! reason = ?is is t he feels t 7 he to sub/itute ,lat91 f\rte5?-c5tury ,italian1 or ,flor5t9e spee* = t ( a diff]5t orig91 b :i* answ]s to 8 impressions1 he w\ld be falsify+ ! latt]4 ,he w\ld become a va9 li/5] to himself1 in/ead ( a speak]1 a p$ant 9 place ( a s]i\s man1 a hi/rion in/ead ( a s9c]e p]son4 ,to write accord+ to a !ory is n really to write3 at ! mo/1 x is mak+ lit]ature4 ,! "q ( ! unity ( language is always reappe>+1 because1 put z x is1 !re c be no solution to x1 ow+ to its be+ bas$ ^u a false conception ( :at language is4 ,language is n an ars5al ( ready-made arms1 & x is n vocabul>y1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is ?\ght ( z progressive & 9 liv+ use1 is always a cemet]y1 conta9+ corpses m or less well embalm$1 t is to say1 a collection ( ab/ractions4 ,our mode ( settl+ ! "q ( ! model language1 or ( ! unity ( ! language1 may seem some:at abrupt1 & yet we w\ld n wi% to appe> o!rwise ?an respectful t[>ds ! long l9e ( lit]>y m5 :o h debat$ ?is "q 9 ,italy = c5turies4 ,b ^? ard5t debates 71 at bottom1 debates ^u ae/heticity1 n ^u ae/hetic sci5ce1 ^u lit]ature r ?an ^u lit]>y !ory1 ^u effective speak+ & writ+1 n ^u l+ui/ic sci5ce4 ,_! error consi/$ 9 trans=m+ ! manife/ation ( a want into a sci5tific !sis1 ! ne$ ( und]/&+ "o ano!r m easily among a p dialectically divid$1 9 ! philosophic se>* = a language1 :i* %\ld be "o or ideal4 ,su* a se>* 0 z absurd z t o!r se>* = a univ]sal language1 ) ! immobility ( ! concept & ( ! ab/raction4 ,! social ne$ = a bett] und]/&+ ( "o ano!r _c be satisfi$ save by univ]sal culture1 by ! increase ( communications1 & by ! int]*ange ( ?\ght among m54 ,sid5ote ,conclusion4 ,^! obs]vations mu/ suffice to %[ t all ! sci5tific problems ( ,l+ui/ic are ! same z ^? ( ,ae/hetic1 & t ! tru?s & errors ( ! "o are ! tru?s & errors ( ! o!r4 ,if ,l+ui/ic & ,ae/hetic appe> to be two diff]5t sci5ces1 ?is arises f ! fact t p ?9k ( ! =m] z gramm>1 or z a mixture betwe5 philosophy & gramm>1 t is1 an arbitr>y mnemonic s*eme4 ,!y d n ?9k ( x z a rational sci5ce & z a pure philosophy ( spee*4 ,gramm>1 or some?+ grammatical1 also causes ! prejudice 9 p's m9ds1 t ! reality ( language lies 9 isolat$ & comb9able words1 n 9 liv+ disc\rse among expressive organisms1 rationally indivisible4 ,^? l+ui/s1 or glottologi/s ) philosophical end[m5ts1 :o h be/ fa?om$ que/ions ( language1 resemble 7to employ a worn b efficaci\s figure7 workm5 pi]c+ a tunnel3 at a c]ta9 po9t !y mu/ he> ! voices ( _! companions1 ! philosoph]s ( ,ae/hetic1 :o h be5 pi]c+ x f ! o!r side4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( sci5tific elaboration1 ,l+ui/ic1 9 s f> z x is philosophy1 mu/ be m]g$ 9 ,ae/hetic2 & inde$ x is m]g$ 9 x1 )\t leav+ a residue4 ,,hi/orical ,,summ>y ,i ,,ae/hetic ,,ideas ,,9 ,,graeco-,,roman ,,antiquity ,! "q1 z to :e!r ,ae/hetic %\ld be look$ ^u z anci5t or mod]n1 has (t5 be5 discuss$4 ,! answ] w dep5d ^u ! view tak5 ( ! nature ( ,ae/hetic4 ,b5$etto ,croce has prov$ t ,ae/hetic is ! sci5ce ( expressive activity4 ,b ?is k _c be rea*$1 until has be5 def9$ ! nature ( imag9ation1 ( repres5tation1 ( expression1 or :atev] we may t]m t faculty :i* is !oretic1 b n intellectual1 :i* gives k ( ! individual1 b n ( ! univ]sal4 ,n[ ! deviations f ?is1 ! correct !ory1 may arise 9 two ways3 by defect or by excess4 ,negation ( ! special ae/hetic activity1 or ( its autonomy1 is an in/ance ( ! =m]4 ,?is am\nts to a mutilation ( ! reality ( ! _s4 ,( ! latt]1 ! sub/itution or sup]position ( ano!r my/]i\s & non-exi/5t activity is an example4 ,^! errors ea* take sev]al =ms4 ,t :i* errs by defect may be3 7a7 pure h$onism1 :i* looks ^u art z m]ely s5sual pleasure2 7b7 rigori/ic h$onism1 agree+ ) 7a71 b add+ t art is irreconcilable ) ! l(tie/ activities ( man2 7c7 morali/ic or p$agogic h$onism1 :i* admits1 ) ! two =m]1 t art is m]e s5suality1 b believes t x may n only be h>mless1 b ( "s s]vice to morals1 if kept 9 prop] subjection & ob$i5ce4 ,! error by excess also assumes sev]al =ms1 b ^! are indet]m9able a priori4 ,?is view is fully dealt ) "u ! "n ( my/ic1 9 ! ,!ory & 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,graeco-,roman antiquity 0 occupi$ ) ! problem 9 all ^! =ms4 ,9 ,greece1 ! problem ( art & ( ! arti/ic faculty arose = ! fir/ "t aft] ! sophi/ic movem5t1 z a result ( ! ,socratic polemic4 ,) ! appe>ance ( ! ^w mimesis or mimetic1 we h a fir/ attempt at gr\p+ ! arts1 & ! expression1 allegoric1 or its equival5t1 us$ 9 def5ce ( ,hom]'s poetry1 rem9ds u ( :at ,plato call$ ! old qu>rel betwe5 philosophy & poetry4 ,b :5 int]nal facts 7 all look$ ^u z m]e ph5om5a ( op9ion or feel+1 ( pleasure or ( pa91 ( illusion or ( arbitr>y caprice1 !re c\ld be no "q ( beautiful or ugly1 ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & ! beautiful1 or betwe5 ! beautiful & ! good4 ,! problem ( ! nature ( art assumes z solv$ ^? problems conc]n+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 rational & irrational1 mat]ial & spiritual1 b>e fact & value1 etc4 ,?is 0 fir/ done 9 ! ,socratic p]iod1 & !re=e ! ae/hetic problem c\ld only arise aft] ,socrates4 ,& 9 fact x does arise1 ) ,plato1 ! au?or ( ! only great negation ( art :i* appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ideas4 ,is art rational or irrational8 ,does x belong to ! noble region ( ! s\l1 :]e dwell philosophy & virtue1 or does x cohabit ) s5suality & ) crude passion 9 ! l[] regions8 ,?is 0 ! "q t ,plato ask$1 & ?us 0 ! ae/hetic problem /at$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,8 ,gorgias rem>ks ) sceptical acum51 t trag$y is a deception1 :i* br+s hon\r alike to deceiv$ & to deceiv]1 & !re=e x is blamewor?y n to "k h[ to deceive & n to all[ oneself to be deceiv$4 ,?is suffices = ,gorgias1 b ,plato1 ! philosoph]1 mu/ resolve ! d\bt4 ,if x be 9 fact deception1 d[n ) trag$y & ! o!r arts6 ,if x be n deception1 !n :at is ! place ( trag$y 9 philosophy & 9 ! righte\s life8 ,8 answ] 0 t art or mimetic does n realize ! ideas1 or ! tru? ( ?+s1 b m]ely reproduces natural or artificial ?+s1 :i* are !mselves m]e %ad[s ( ! ideas4 ,art1 !n1 is b a %ad[ ( a %ad[1 a ?+ ( ?ird-rate degree4 ,! artific] fa%ions ! object :i* ! pa9t] pa9ts4 ,! artific] copies ! div9e idea & ! pa9t] copies him4 ,art !re=e does n belong to ! rational1 b to ! irrational1 s5sual sph]e ( ! s\l4 ,x c s]ve b = s5sual pleasure1 :i* di/urbs & obscures4 ,!re=e mu/ mimetic1 poetry1 & poets be exclud$ f ! p]fect ,republic4 ,plato obs]v$ ) tru?1 t imitation does n rise to ! logical or conceptual sph]e1 ( :i* poets & pa9t]s1 z su*1 are1 9 fact1 ignorant4 ,b he fail$ to realize t !re c\ld be any =m ( k o!r ?an ! intellectual4 ,we n[ "k t ,intuition lies on ?is side or outside ! ,intellect1 f :i* x diff]s z mu* z x does f passion & s5suality4 ,plato1 ) 8 f9e ae/hetic s5se1 w\ld h be5 grateful to anyone :o c\ld h %[n him h[ to place art1 :i* he lov$ & practis$ s supremely himself1 among ! l(ty activities ( ! _s4 ,b 9 8 day1 no "o c\ld give him su* assi/ance4 ,8 consci5ce & 8 reason saw t art makes ! false seem ! true1 & !re=e he resolutely bani%$ x to ! l[] regions ( ! _s4 ,! t5d5cy among ^? :o foll[$ ,plato 9 "t 0 to f9d "s means ( reta9+ art & ( depriv+ x ( ! baleful influ5ce :i* x 0 believ$ to ex]cise4 ,life )\t art 0 to ! beauty-lov+ ,greek an impossibility1 al?\gh he 0 equally consci\s ( ! dem&s ( reason & ( morality4 ,?us x happ5$ t art1 :i*1 on ! purely h$oni/ic hypo!sis1 _h be5 treat$ z a beautiful c\rtezan1 became 9 ! h&s ( ! morali/1 a p$agogue4 ,ari/ophanes & ,/rabo1 & above all ,ari/otle1 dwell ^u ! didactic & morali/ic possibility ( poetry4 ,= ,plut>*1 poetry seems to h be5 a sort ( prep>ation = philosophy1 a twilight to :i* ! eyes %\ld gr[ accu/om$1 be=e em]g+ into ! full light ( day4 ,among ! ,romans1 we f9d ,lucretius comp>+ ! beauties ( 8 great poem to ! sweet yell[ honey1 ) :i* doctors are wont to ano9t ! rim ( ! cup conta9+ _! bitt] drugs4 ,horace1 z s frequ5tly1 takes 8 inspiration f ! ,greek1 :5 he (f]s ! d\ble view ( art3 z c\rtezan & z p$agogue4 ,9 8 ,ad ,pisones occur ! passages1 9 :i* we f9d m+l$ ) ! poetic function1 t ( ! orator--! practical & ! ae/hetic4 ,0 ,virgil a poet or an orator8 ,! triple duty ( pleas+1 mov+1 & tea*+1 0 impos$ ^u ! poet4 ,!n1 ) a ?\ght = ! suppos$ m]etrici\s nature ( _! art1 ! +5i\s ,horace rem>ks t bo? mu/ employ ! s$uctions ( =m4 ,! my/ic view ( art appe>$ only 9 late antiquity1 ) ,plot9us4 ,! curi\s error ( look+ ^u ,plato z ! head ( ?is s*ool & z ! ,fa!r ( ,ae/hetic assumes t he :o felt oblig$ to bani% art altoge!r f ! doma9 ( ! high] functions ( ! _s1 0 yet ready to yield to x ! highe/ place !re4 ,! my/ical view ( ,ae/hetic accords a l(ty place inde$ to ,ae/hetic1 plac+ x ev5 above philosophy4 ,! en?usia/ic praise ( ! beautiful1 to be f\nd 9 ! ,gorgias1 ,philebus1 ,pha$rus1 & ,symposium is responsible = ?is misund]/&+1 b x is well to make p]fectly cle> t ! beautiful1 ( :i* ,plato disc\rses 9 ^? dialogues1 has no?+ to d ) ! arti/ically beautiful1 nor ) ! my/icism ( ! neo-,platonicians4 ,yet ! ?9k]s ( antiquity 7 aw>e t a problem lay 9 ! direction ( ,ae/hetic1 & ,x5ophon records ! say+s ( ,socrates t ! beautiful is t :i* is fitt+ & answ]s to ! end requir$4 ,else:]e he says x is t :i* is lov$4 ,plato likewise vibrates betwe5 v>i\s views & (f]s sev]al solutions4 ,sometimes he appe>s almo/ to conf\nd ! beautiful ) ! true1 ! good & ! div9e2 at o!rs he leans t[>d ! utilit>ian view ( ,socrates2 at o!rs he di/+ui%es betwe5 :at is beautiful ,9 itself & :at possesses b a relative beauty4 ,at o!r times aga91 he is a h$oni/1 & makes x to consi/ ( pure pleasure1 t is1 ( pleasure ) no %ad[ ( pa92 or he f9ds x 9 measure & proportion1 or 9 ! v s\nd1 ! v col\r itself4 ,! reason = all ?is vacillation ( def9ition lay 9 ,plato's exclusion ( ! arti/ic or mimetic fact f ! doma9 ( ! high] spiritual activities4 ,! ,hippias major expresses ?is unc]ta9ty m completely ?an any ( ! o!r dialogues4 ,:at is ! beautiful8 ,t is ! "q ask$ at ! beg9n+1 & left unansw]$ at ! end4 ,! ,platonic ,socrates & ,hippias propose ! mo/ v>i\s solutions1 "o aft] ano!r1 b always come out by ! gate by :i* !y ent]$ 94 ,is ! beautiful to be f\nd 9 ornam5t8 ,no1 = gold embelli%es only :]e x is 9 keep+4 ,is ! beautiful t :i* seems ugly to no man8 ,b x is a "q ( be+1 n ( seem+4 ,is x _! fitness :i* makes ?+s seem beautiful8 ,b 9 t case1 ! fitness :i* makes !m appe> beautiful is "o ?+1 ! beautiful ano!r4 ,if ! beautiful be ! useful or t :i* leads to an end1 !n evil w\ld also be beautiful1 because ! useful may also end evilly4 ,is ! beautiful ! helpful1 t :i* leads to ! good8 ,no1 = 9 t case ! good w\ld n be beautiful1 nor ! beautiful good1 because cause & effect are diff]5t4 ,?us !y argu$ 9 ! ,platonic dialogues1 & :5 we turn to ! pages ( ,ari/otle1 we f9d him also unc]ta9 & incl9$ to v>y 8 def9itions4#e ,sometimes = him ! good & pleasurable are ! beautiful1 sometimes x lies 9 actions1 at o!rs 9 ?+s motionless1 or 9 bulk & ord]1 or is altoge!r undef9able4 ,antiquity also e/abli%$ canons ( ! beautiful1 & ! fam\s canon ( ,polycleitus1 on ! proportions ( ! human body1 fitly comp>es ) t ( lat] times on ! gold5 l9e1 & ) ! ,cic]onian phrase f ! ,tusculan ,disputations4 ,b ^! are all ( !m m]e empirical obs]vations1 m]e happy rem>ks & v]bal sub/itutions1 :i* lead to unsurm\ntable difficulties :5 put to philosophical te/4 ,"o important id5tification is abs5t 9 all ^? e>ly attempts at tru?4 ,! beautiful is nev] id5tifi$ ) art1 & ! arti/ic fact is always cle>ly di/+ui%$ f beauty1 mimetic f its cont5t4 ,plot9us fir/ id5tifi$ ! two1 & ) him ! beautiful & art are dissolv$ toge!r 9 a passion & my/ic elevation ( ! _s4 ,! beauty ( natural objects is ! ar*etype exi/+ 9 ! s\l1 :i* is ! f\nta9 ( all natural beauty4 ,?us 0 ,plato 7he said7 9 error1 :5 he despis$ ! arts = imitat+ nature1 = nature h]self imitates ! idea1 & art also seeks h] inspiration directly f ^? ideas :5ce nature proce$s4 ,we h "h1 ) ,plot9us & ) ,neoplatonism1 ! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! _w ( my/ical ,ae/hetic1 de/9$ to play s important a "p 9 lat] ae/hetic !ory4 ,ari/otle 0 f> m happy 9 8 attempts at def9+ ,ae/hetic z ! sci5ce ( repres5tation & ( expression ?an 9 8 def9itions ( ! beautiful4 ,he felt t "s elem5t ( ! problem _h be5 ov]look$1 & 9 attempt+ 9 8 turn a solution1 he _h ! advantage ov] ,plato ( look+ ^u ! ideas z simple concepts1 n z hypo/ases ( concepts or ( ab/ractions4 ,?us reality 0 m vivid = ,ari/otle3 x 0 ! syn!sis ( matt] & =m4 ,he saw t art1 or mimetic1 0 a !oretic fact1 or a mode ( contemplation4 ,b if ,poetry be a !oretic fact1 9 :at way is x to be di/+ui%$ f sci5ce & f hi/orical k8 ,?us magnific5tly does ! great philosoph] pose ! problem at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 ,poetics1 & ?us alone c x be pos$ successfully4 ,we ask ! same "q 9 ! same words to-day4 ,b ! problem is difficult1 & ! ma/]ly /atem5t ( x 0 n equall$ by ! me?od ( solution !n available4 ,he made an excell5t />t on 8 voyage ( discov]y1 b /opp$ half way1 irresolute & p]plex$4 ,poetry1 he says1 diff]s f hi/ory1 by portray+ ! possible1 :ile hi/ory deals ) :at has really happ5$4 ,poetry1 l philosophy1 aims at ! univ]sal1 b 9 a diff]5t way1 :i* ! philosoph] indicates z some?+ m 7mallon ?a ka?olon7 :i* diff]5tiates poetry f hi/ory1 occupi$ ) ! p>ticul> 7malon ?a ka? eka/on74 ,:at1 !n1 is ! possible1 ! some?+ m1 & ! p>ticul> ( poetry8 ,ari/otle imm$iately falls into error & confusion1 :5 he attempts to def9e ^! words4 ,s9ce art has to deal ) ! absurd & ) ! impossible1 x _c be any?+ rational1 b a m]e imitation ( reality1 9 accordance ) ! ,platonic !ory--a fact ( s5sual pleasure4 ,ari/otle does n1 h[ev]1 atta9 to s precise a def9ition z ,plato1 ^: errone\s def9ition he does n succe$ 9 supplant+4 ,! tru? is t he fail$ ( 8 self-impos$ task2 he fail$ to disc]n ! true nature ( ,ae/hetic1 al?\gh he re/at$ & re-exam9$ ! problem ) su* m>vell\s acum54 ,aft] ,ari/otle1 !re comes a lull 9 ! discussion1 until ,plot9us4 ,! ,poetics 7 g5]ally little /udi$1 & ! admirable /atem5t ( ! problem g5]ally neglect$ by lat] writ]s4 ,antique psy*ology knew ! fancy or imag9ation1 z pres]v+ or reproduc+ s5su\s impressions1 or z an int]m$i>y betwe5 ! concepts & feel+3 its autonom\s productive activity 0 n yet und]/ood4 ,9 ! ,life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 ,philo/ratus is said to h be5 ! fir/ to make cle> ! diff]5ce betwe5 mimetic & creative imag9ation4 ,b ?is does n 9 reality diff] f ! ,ari/otelian mimetic1 :i* is conc]n$1 n only ) ! real1 b also ) ! possible4 ,cic]o too1 be=e ,philo/ratus1 speaks ( a k9d ( exquisite beauty ly+ hidd5 9 ! s\l ( ! arti/1 :i* guides 8 h& & art4 ,antiquity seems g5]ally to h be5 entrammell$ 9 ! me%es ( ! belief 9 mimetic1 or ! duplication ( natural objects by ! arti/ ,philo/ratus & ! o!r protagoni/s ( ! imag9ation may h meant to combat ?is error1 b ! %ad[s lie heavy until we rea* ,plot9us4 ,we f9d already a/ir among ! sophi/s ! "q z to ! nature ( language4 ,admitt+ t language is a sign1 are we to take t z signify+ a spiritual necessity 7phusis7 or z a psy*ological conv5tion 7nomos78 ,ari/otle made a valuable contribution to ?is difficult "q1 :5 he spoke ( a k9d ( proposition o!r ?an ^? :i* pr$icate tru? or falsehood1 t is1 logic4 ,) him eu*ae is ! t]m prop] to designate desires & aspirations1 :i* are ! vehicle ( poetry & ( oratory4 7,x mu/ be rememb]$ t = ,ari/otle words1 l poetry1 belong$ to mimetic47 ,! pr(\nd rem>k ab\t ! ?ird mode ( proposition w\ld1 "o w\ld h ?\ght1 h l$ naturally to ! sep>ation ( l+ui/ic f logic1 & to its classification ) poetry & art4 ,b ! ,ari/otelian logic assum$ a v]bal & =mal "*1 :i* set back ! atta9m5t ( ?is position by _m hundr$ ye>s4 ,yet ! g5ius ( ,epicurus _h an intuition ( ! tru?1 :5 he rem>k$ t ! div]sity ( names = ! same ?+s arose1 n f arbitr>y caprice1 b f ! div]se impression d]iv$ f ! same object4 ,! ,/oics1 too1 seem to h _h an inkl+ ( ! non-logical nature ( spee*1 b _! use ( ! ^w lekton leaves x d\btful :e!r !y di/+ui%$ by x ! l+ui/ic repres5tation f ! ab/ract concept1 or r1 g5]ically1 ! mean+ f ! s\nd4 #e ,9 ! ,app5dix w be f\nd fur!r /rik+ quotations f & ref]5ces to ,ari/otle4--7,d4,a47 ,,ii ,,ae/hetic ,,ideas ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,age ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,well-nigh all ! !ories ( antique ,ae/hetic reappe> 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 z x 7 by spontane\s g5]ation4 ,duns ,scotus ,erig5a translat$ ! ,neoplatonic my/icism ( ! pseudo-,dionysus4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,god took ! place ( ! *ief ,good or ,idea3 ,god1 wisdom1 goodness1 supreme beauty are ! f\nta9s ( natural beauty1 & ^! are /eps 9 ! /air ( contemplation ( ! ,creator4 ,9 ?is mann] speculation began to be div]t$ f ! art fact1 :i* _h be5 s prom95t ) ,plot9us4 ,?omas ,aqu9as foll[$ ,ari/otle 9 di/+ui%+ ! beautiful f ! good1 & appli$ 8 doctr9e ( imitation to ! beauty ( ! second p]son ( ! ,tr9ity 79 quantum e/ imago expressa ,patris74 ,) ! tr\bad\rs1 we may f9d traces ( ! h$oni/ic view ( art1 & ! rigori/ic hypo!sis f9ds 9 ,t]tullian & 9 c]ta9 ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* /aun* uphold]s4 ,! retrograde ,savon>ola occupi$ ! same position at a lat] p]iod4 ,b ! n>cotic1 morali/ic1 or p$agogic view mo/ly prevail$1 = x be/ suit$ an epo* ( relative decad5ce 9 culture4 ,x suit$ admirably ! ,middle ,age1 (f]+ at once an excuse = ! new-born ,*ri/ian art1 & = ^? works ( classical or pagan art :i* yet surviv$4 ,specim5s ( ?is view ab\nd all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,age4 ,we f9d x1 = in/ance1 9 ! criticism ( ,virgil1 to ^: "w 7 attribut$ f\r di/9ct mean+s3 lit]al1 allegorical1 moral1 & anagogic4 ,= ,dante poetry 0 nihil aliud quam fictio rhetorica 9 musicaque posita4 ,if ! vulg> be incapable ( appreciat+ my inn] mean+1 !n !y %all at lea/ incl9e _! m9ds to ! p]fection ( my beauty4 ,if f me ye _c ga!r wisdom1 at ! lea/ %all ye enjoy me z a pleasant ?+4 ,?us spoke ! ,muse ( ,dante1 ^: ,convivio is an attempt to aid ! und]/&+ 9 its ef=t to grasp ! moral & p$agogic elem5ts ( v]se4 ,poetry 0 ! gaia sci5za1 a fiction conta9+ _m useful ?+s cov]$ or veil$4 ,x w\ld be inexact to id5tify art 9 ! ,middle ,age ) philosophy & !ology4 ,its pleas+ falsity c\ld be adapt$ to useful ends1 mu* 9 ! same way z matrimony excuses love & sexual union4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 implies t = ! ,middle ,age ! ideal /ate 0 celibacy2 t is1 pure k1 divorc$ f art4 ,! only l9e ( explanation t 0 altoge!r neglect$ 9 ! ,middle ,age 0 ! "r "o4 ,! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle 7 badly r5d]$ into ,lat91 f ! faulty p>aphrase ( ,av]roes1 by "o ,h]mann 7#abef74 ,! nom9ali/ & reali/ dispute br\ght aga9 into ! ar5a ! relations betwe5 ?\ght & spee*1 & we f9d ,duns ,scotus occupi$ ) ! problem 9 8 ,de modis signific&i seu grammatica speculativa4 ,abel>d _h def9$ s5sation z confusa conceptio1 & ) ! importance giv5 to intuitive k1 to ! p]ception ( ! individual1 ( ! species specialissima 9 ,duns ,scotus1 toge!r ) ! d5om9ation ( ! =ms ( k z confusae1 indi/9ctae1 & di/9ctae1 we ent] ^u a t]m9ology1 :i* we %all see appe>+ aga91 big ) results1 at ! comm5cem5t ( mod]n ,ae/hetic4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,middle ,age1 9 respect to art & lett]s1 may ?us be reg>d$ z ( int]e/ r to ! hi/ory ( culture ?an to t ( g5]al k4 ,a l rem>k holds good ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!ories ( antiquity are /udi$1 c\ntless treatises 9 _m =ms are writt5 ^u !m1 b no really new ,ideas z reg>ds ae/hetic sci5ce appe> on ! horizon4 ,we f9d among ! spokesm5 ( my/ical ,ae/hetic 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury su* names z ,m>silio ,fic9o & ,pico della ,mir&ola4 ,bembo & _m o!rs wrote on ! ,beautiful & on ,love 9 ! c5tury t foll[$4 ,! ,dialogi di ,amore1 writt5 9 ,italian by a ,spani% ,jew nam$ ,leone & publi%$ 9 #aece1 _h a ,european success1 be+ translat$ into _m languages4 ,he talks ( ! univ]sality ( love & ( its orig91 ( beauty t is grace1 :i* delights ! s\l & impels x to love4 ,k ( less] beauties leads to l(ti] spiritual beauties4 ,leone call$ ^! rem>ks ,philographia4 ,petr>*'s foll[]s v]sifi$ simil> intuitions1 :ile o!rs wrote p>odies & burlesques ( ?is /yle2 ,luca ,paciolo1 ! fri5d ( ,leon>do1 made ! 7false7 discov]y ( ! gold5 section1 bas+ 8 speculat+ ^u ma!matics2 ,mi*ael ,angelo e/abli%$ an empirical canon = pa9t+1 attempt+ to give rules = imp>t+ grace & movem5t to figures1 by means ( c]ta9 ari?metical proportions2 o!rs f\nd special mean+s 9 col\rs2 :ile ! ,platonicians plac$ ! seat ( beauty 9 ! s\l1 ! ,ari/otelians 9 physical qualities4 ,ago/9o ,nifo1 ! ,av]roi/1 aft] "s inconclusive rem>ks1 is at la/ =tunate en\gh to discov] :]e natural beauty really dwells3 its abode is ! body ( ,giovanna d',aragona1 ,pr9cess ( ,tagliacozzo1 to :om he d$icates 8 book4 ,tasso m+l$ ! speculations ( ! ,hippias major ) ^? ( ,plot9us4 ,tommaso ,campanella1 9 8 ,poetica1 looks ^u ! beautiful z signum boni1 ! ugly z signum mali4 ,by goodness1 he means ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,love4 ,campanella 0 /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ! errone\s ,platonic conception ( ! beautiful1 b ! use ( ! ^w sign 9 ?is place repres5ts progress4 ,x enabl$ him to see t ?+s 9 !mselves are nei!r beautiful nor ugly4 ,no?+ proves m cle>ly t ! ,r5aissance did n ov]/ep ! limits ( ae/hetic !ory rea*$ 9 antiquity1 ?an ! fact t ! p$agogic !ory ( art cont9u$ to prevail1 9 ! face ( translations ( ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle & ( ! diffuse lab\rs exp5d$ ^u t "w4 ,?is !ory 0 ev5 graft$ ^u ! ,poetics1 :]e "o is surpris$ to f9d x4 ,!re are a few h$oni/s /&+ out f ! g5]al tr5d ( op9ion4 ,! re/atem5t ( ! p$agogic position1 re9=c$ ) examples tak5 f antiquity1 0 dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t ,europe by ! ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,france1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 & ,g]many felt its influ5ce1 & we f9d ! writ]s ( ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ei!r frankly didactic1 l ,le ,bossu 7#afge71 = :om ! fir/ object ( ! poet is to in/ruct1 or ) ,la ,mn>dire 7#afdj7 speak+ ( poetry z cette sci5ce agrable qui mle la gravit des prceptes avec la d\ceur du langage4 ,= ! =m] ( ^! critics1 ,hom] 0 ! au?or ( two didactic manuals relat+ to milit>y & political matt]s3 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,didacticism has always be5 look$ ^u z ! ,poetic ( ! ,r5aissance1 al?\gh ! didactic is n m5tion$ among ! k9ds ( poetry ( t p]iod4 ,! reason ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t = ! ,r5aissance all poetry 0 didactic1 9 addition to any o!r qualities :i* x might possess4 ,! active discussion ( poetic !ory1 ! criticism ( ,ari/otle & ( ,plato's exclusion ( poetry1 ( ! possible & ( ! v]isimil>1 if x did n contribute mu* orig9al mat]ial to ! !ory ( art1 yet at any rate s[$ ! se$s :i* aft]w>ds g]m9at$ & bore fruit4 ,:y1 !y ask$ ) ,ari/otle1 at ! ,r5aissance1 does poetry deal ) ! univ]sal1 hi/ory ) ! p>ticul>8 ,:at is ! reason = poetry be+ oblig$ to seek v]isimilitude8 ,:at does ,raphael mean by ! c]ta9 idea1 :i* he foll[s 9 8 pa9t+8 ,^! !mes & o!rs cognate 7 dealt ) by ,italian & by ,spani% writ]s1 :o occasionally reveal wond]ful acum51 z :5 ,francesco ,patrizio1 criticiz+ ,ari/otle's !ory ( imitation1 rem>ks3 ,all languages & all philosophic writ+s & all o!r writ+s w\ld be poetry1 because !y are made ( words1 & words are imitations4 ,b z yet no "o d>$ foll[ su* a clue to ! labyr9?1 & ! ,r5aissance closes ) ! s5se ( a my/]y yet to be reveal$4 ,,iii ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5turies ,! sev5te5? c5tury is rem>kable = ! f]m5t ( ?\ght ^u ?is difficult problem4 ,su* words z g5ius1 ta/e1 imag9ation or fancy1 & feel+1 appe> 9 ?is lit]ature1 & des]ve a pass+ notice4 ,z reg>ds ! ^w g5ius1 we f9d ! ,italian +egno oppos$ to ! intellect1 & ,dialectic adorn$ ) ! attributes ( ! latt]1 :ile ,rhetoric has ! advantage ( +egno 9 all its =ms1 su* z concetti & acutezze4 ,) ^! ! ,engli% ^w +5i\s has an obvi\s connection1 especially 9 its e>li] use z appli$ to m5 ( lett]s4 ,! ,fr5* work$ ^u ! ^w +egno & evolv$ f x 9 v>i\s associations ! expressions esprit1 beaux ,esprits4 ,! manual ( ! ,spani% ,jesuit1 ,baltas> ,gracian1 became celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & "h we f9d +egno describ$ z ! truly inv5tive faculty1 & f x ! ,engli% ^w g5ius1 ! ,italian g5io1 ! ,fr5* gnie1 fir/ ent] into g5]al use4 ,! ^w gu/o or ta/e1 good ta/e1 9 its mod]n s5se1 also sprang into use ab\t ?is "t4 ,ta/e 0 held to be a judicial faculty1 direct$ to ! beautiful1 & ?us to "s ext5t di/9ct f ! intellectual judgm5t4 ,x 0 fur!r bisect$ into active & passive2 b ! =m] ran into ! def9ition ( +egno1 ! latt] describ$ /]ility4 ,! ^w gu/o1 or ta/e z judgm5t1 0 9 use 9 ,italy at a v e>ly p]iod2 & 9 ,spa9 we f9d ,lope di ,vega & 8 contempor>ies decl>+ t _! object is to delight ! ta/e ( _! public4 ,^! uses ( ! ^w are n ( significance z reg>ds ! problem ( art1 & we mu/ return to ,baltas> ,gracian 7#afdb7 = a def9ition ( ta/e z a special faculty or attitude ( ! s\l4 ,italian writ]s ( ! p]iod e*o ! praises ( ?is laconic morali/1 :o1 :5 he spoke ( a man ( ta/e1 meant to describe :at we call to-day a man ( tact 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,! fir/ use ( ! ^w 9 a /rictly ae/hetic s5se occurs 9 ,france 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,la ,bruyre writes 9 8 ,c>actres 7#afhh73 ,il y a dans l'art un po9t de p]fection1 comme de bont ou de maturit dans la nature3 celui qui le s5t et qui l'aime1 a le gt p>fait2 celui qui ne le s5t pas1 et qui aime au de ou au del1 a le gt dfectueux4 ,il y a donc un bon et un mauvais gt1 et l'on dispute des gts avec fondem5t4 ,delicacy & v>iability or v>iety 7 app5d$ z attributes ( ta/e4 ,?is ,fr5* def9ition ( ! ,italian ^w 0 spe$ily adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e x became good ta/e1 & we f9d x us$ 9 ?is s5se 9 ,italian & ,g]man writ]s ( ab\t ?is p]iod4 ,! words imag9ation & fancy 7 also pass$ ?r\gh ! crucible 9 ?is c5tury4 ,we f9d ! ,c>d9al ,s=za-,pallavic9o 7#afdd7 blam+ ^? :o look = tru? or falsehood1 = ! v]isimil> or = hi/orical tru?1 9 poetry4 ,poetry1 he holds1 has to d ) ! prim>y appreh5sions1 :i* give nei!r tru? nor falsehood4 ,?us ! fancy takes ! place ( ! v]isimil> ( c]ta9 /ud5ts ( ,ari/otle4 ,! ,c>d9al cont9ues 8 eloqu5ce ) ! cl9*+ rem>k t if ! int5tion ( poetry 7 to be believ$ true1 !n its real end w\ld be falsehood1 :i* is absolutely condemn$ by ! law ( nature & by ,god4 ,! sole object ( poetic fables is1 he says1 to adorn our intellect ) sumptu\s1 new1 m>vell\s1 & spl5did imag9+s1 & s great has be5 ! b5efits accru+ f ?is to ! human race1 t poets h be5 rew>d$ ) a glory sup]ior to any o!r1 & _! names h be5 cr[n$ ) div9e hon\rs4 ,?is1 he says 9 8 treatise1 ,del ,b5e1 has be5 ! j rew>d ( poets1 albeit !y h n be5 be>]s ( k1 nor h !y manife/$ tru?4 ,?is ?r[+ ( ! bridle on ! neck ( ,pegasus seem$ to ,muratori sixty ye>s lat] to be altoge!r too risky a proce$+--al?\gh advocat$ by a ,pr9ce ( ! ,*ur*6 ,he re9s]ts ! bit ( ! v]isimil>1 ?\gh he talks ) admiration ( ! fancy1 t inf]ior appreh5sive faculty1 :i* is cont5t to repres5t ?+s1 )\t seek+ to "k if !y be true or false1 a task :i* x leaves to ! sup]ior appreh5sive faculty ( ! intellect4 ,! sev]e ,grav9a1 too1 f9ds 8 he>t t\*$ by ! beauty ( poetry1 :5 he calls x a wit*1 b :olesome4 ,z e>ly z #aegh1 ,hu>te _h ma9ta9$ t eloqu5ce is ! "w ( ! imag9ation1 n ( ! intellect2 9 ,engl&1 ,bacon 7#afje7 attribut$ k to ! intellect1 hi/ory to memory1 & poetry to ! imag9ation or fancy2 ,hobbes describ$ ! manife/ations ( ! latt]2 & ,addison devot$ sev]al numb]s ( ! ,spectator to ! analysis ( ! pleasures ( ! imag9ation4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod1 ! division betwe5 ^? :o are accu/om$ jug] p> le s5tim5t & ^? :o raisonn5t p> les pr9cipes became m>k$ 9 ,france1 ,du ,bos 7#agai7 is an int]e/+ example ( ! uphold] ( ! feel+s z reg>ds ! production ( art4 ,inde$1 !re is 9 8 view no o!r crit]ion1 & ! feel+ = art is a six? s5se1 aga9/ :i* intellectual argum5t is useless4 ,?is ,fr5* s*ool ( ?\ght f\nd a reflex 9 ,engl& ) ! position assign$ !re to emotion 9 arti/ic "w4 ,b ! confusion ( su* words z imag9ation1 ta/e1 feel+1 wit1 %[s t at ?is "t !re 0 a suspicion t ^! words 7 all applicable to ! same fact4 ,alex&] ,pope ?us di/+ui%$ wit & judgm5t3 ,= wit & judgm5t (t5 are at /rife1 ,?\gh meant ea* o!r's aid l man & wife4 ,b !re 0 a div]g5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r ! latt] %\ld be look$ ^u z "p ( ! intellect or n4 ,!re 0 ! same div]g5ce ( op9ion z to ta/e & intellectual judgm5t4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 ! opposition to ! intellectual pr9ciple 0 re9=c$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by ,kant 9 8 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft4 ,b ,voltaire & writ]s ant]ior to him frequ5tly fell back into intellectuali/ def9itions ( a ^w inv5t$ precisely to avoid !m4 ,daci] 7#afhd7 writes ( ta/e z ,une h>monie1 un accord de l'esprit et de la raison4 ,! difficulties surr\nd+ a true def9ition l$ to ! creation ( ! expression non s *e1 or je ne sais quoi1 or no se qu1 :i* ?r[s into cle> relief ! confusion betwe5 ta/e & intellectual judgm5t4 ,z reg>ds imag9ation & feel+1 or s5tim5t1 !re 0 a /rong t5d5cy to s5sualism4 ,! ,c>d9al ,s=za-,pallavic9o talks ( poetry z ignor+ alike tru? or falsehood & yet delight+ ! s5ses4 ,he approves ( ! rem>k t poetry %\ld make u raise our eyebr[s1 b 9 lat] life ?is ke5-ey$ pr9ce seems to h fall5 back f ! brilliant intuition ( 8 e>li] ye>s into ! p$agogic !ory4 ,muratori 0 conv9c$ t fancy 0 entirely s5sual1 & !re=e he po/$ ! intellect beside x1 to refra9 its wild c\rses1 l a fri5d hav+ au?ority4 ,grav9a practically co9cides 9 ?is view ( poetic fancy1 z a subord9ate faculty1 incapable ( k1 fit only to be us$ by moral philosophy = ! introduction into ! m9d ( ! true1 by means ( novelty & ! m>vell\s4 ,9 ,engl&1 also1 ,bacon held poetry to belong to ! fancy1 & assign$ to x a place betwe5 hi/ory & sci5ce4 ,epic poetry he aw>d$ to ! =m]1 p>abolic poetry to ! latt]4 ,else:]e he talks ( poetry z a dream1 & affirms t x is to be held r z an amusem5t ( ! intellig5ce ?an z a sci5ce4 ,= him music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ! o!r arts are m]ely pleasure-giv+4 ,addison r$uc$ ! pleasures ( ! imag9ation to ^? caus$ by visible objects1 or by ideas tak5 f !m4 ,^! pleasures he held to be inf]ior to ^? ( ! s5ses & less ref9$ ?an ^? ( ! intellect4 ,he look$ ^u imag9ative pleasure z consi/+ 9 resemblances discov]$ betwe5 imitations & ?+s imitat$1 betwe5 copies & orig9als1 an ex]cise adapt$ to %>p5 ! _s ( obs]vation4 ,! s5sualism ( ! writ]s head$ by ,du ,bos1 :o look$ ^u art z a m]e pa/ime1 l a t\rnam5t or a bull-fight1 %[s t ! tru? ab\t ,ae/hetic _h n yet succe$$ 9 em]g+ f ! o!r spiritual activities4 ,yet ! new words & ! new views ( ! sev5te5? c5tury h great importance = ! orig9s ( ,ae/hetic2 !y 7 ! direct result ( ! re/atem5t ( ! problem by ! writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 :o !mselves took x up :]e ,antiquity _h left x4 ,^! new words1 & ! discussions :i* arose f !m1 7 ! dem&s ( ,ae/hetic = its !oretical ju/ification4 ,b !y 7 n able to provide ?is ju/ification1 & x c\ld n come f else:]e4 ,) ,desc>tes1 we are n likely to f9d mu* sympa?y = su* /udies z relate to wit1 ta/e1 fancy1 or feel+s4 ,he ignor$ ! fam\s non s *e2 he abhorr$ ! imag9ation1 :i* he believ$ to result f ! agitation ( ! animal spirits4 ,he did n altoge!r condemn poetry1 b c]ta9ly look$ ^u x z ! folle du logis1 :i* mu/ be /rictly sup]vis$ by ! reason4 ,boileau is ! ae/hetic equival5t ( ,c>tesian intellectualism1 ,boileau que la raison ses rgles engage1 ,boileau ! en?usia/ = allegory4 ,france 0 infect$ ) ! ma!matical _s ( ,c>tesianism & all possibility ( a s]i\s consid]ation ( poetry & ( art 0 ?us remov$4 ,witness ! diatribes ( ,malebran*e aga9/ ! imag9ation1 & li/5 to ! ,italian1 ,antonio ,conti1 writ+ f ,france 9 #agef on ! !me ( ! lit]>y disputes t 7 rag+ at ! "t3 ,!y h introduc$ ! me?od ( ,m4 ,desc>tes into belles-lettres2 !y judge poetry & eloqu5ce indep5d5tly ( _! s5sible qualities4 ,?us !y also conf\nd ! progress ( philosophy ) t ( ! arts4 ,! ,abb ,t]rasson says t ! mod]ns are great] geometricians ?an ! anci5ts2 !re=e !y are great] orators & great] poets4 ,la ,motte1 ,font5elle1 ,boileau1 & ,malebran*e c>ri$ on ?is battle1 :i* 0 tak5 up by ! ,encyclopa$i/s1 & :5 ,du ,bos publi%$ 8 d>+ book1 ,jean ,jacques le ,bel publi%$ a reply to x 7#agbf71 9 :i* he d5i$ to s5tim5t its claim to judge ( art4 ,?us ,c>tesianism c\ld n possess an ,ae/hetic ( ! imag9ation4 ,! ,c>tesian ,j4,p4 de ,cr\saz 7#agae7 f\nd ! beautiful to consi/ 9 :at is approv$ (1 & !reby r$uc$ x to ideas1 ignor+ ! pleas+ & s5tim5t4 ,locke 0 z intellectuali/ 9 ! ,engl& ( ?is p]iod z 0 ,desc>tes 9 ,france4 ,he speaks ( wit z comb9+ ideas 9 an agreeable v>iety1 :i* /rikes ! imag9ation1 :ile ! intellect or judgm5t seeks = diff]5ces accord+ to tru?4 ,! wit1 !n1 consi/s ( some?+ :i* is n at all 9 accordance ) tru? & reason4 ,= ,%aftesbury1 ta/e is a s5se or in/9ct ( ! beautiful1 ( ord] & proportion1 id5tical ) ! moral s5se & ) its preconceptions anticipat+ ! recognition ( reason4 ,body1 _s1 & ,god are ! ?ree degrees ( beauty4 ,francis ,hut*eson proce$$ f ,%aftesbury & made popul> ! int]nal s5se ( beauty1 :i* lies some:]e betwe5 s5suality & rationality & is occupi$ ) discuss+ unity 9 v>iety1 concord 9 multiplicity1 & ! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful 9 _! sub/antial id5tity4 ,hut*eson alli$ ! pleasure ( art ) ?is s5se1 t is1 ) ! pleasure ( imitation & ( ! lik5ess ( ! copy to ! orig9al4 ,?is he look$ ^u z relative beauty1 to be di/+ui%$ f absolute beauty4 ,! same view dom9ates ! ,engli% writ]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,reid1 ! head ( ! ,scotti% s*ool1 & ,adam ,smi?4 ,) f> great] philosophical vig\r1 ,leibnitz 9 ,g]many op5$ ! door to t cr[d ( psy*ic facts :i* ,c>tesian intellectualism _h reject$ ) horror4 ,8 conception ( reality z cont9u\s 7natura non facit saltus7 left room = imag9ation1 ta/e1 & _! cong5]s4 ,leibnitz believ$ t ! scale ( be+ asc5d$ f ! l[lie/ to ,god4 ,:at we n[ t]m ae/hetic facts 7 !n id5tifi$ ) :at ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz _h call$ confus$ k1 :i* might become cle>1 b n di/9ct4 ,x might seem t :5 he appli$ ?is t]m9ology to ae/hetic facts1 ,leibnitz _h recogniz$ _! peculi> ess5ce1 z be+ nei!r s5sual nor intellectual4 ,!y are n s5sual = him1 because !y h _! own cl>ity1 diff]+ f pleasure & s5sual emotion1 & f intellectual di/9ctio4 ,b ! ,leibnitzian law ( cont9uity & intellectualism did n p]mit ( su* an int]pretation4 ,obscurity & cl>ity are "h to be und]/ood z quantitative grades ( a s+le =m ( k1 ! di/9ct or intellectual1 t[>d :i* !y bo? t5d & rea* at a sup]ior grade4 ,?\gh arti/s judge ) confus$ p]ceptions1 :i* are cle> b n di/9ct1 ^! may yet be correct$ & prov$ true by intellective k4 ,! intellect cle>ly & di/9ctly kn[s ! ?+ :i* ! imag9ation kn[s confus$ly b cle>ly4 ,?is view ( ,leibnitz am\nts to say+ t ! realization ( a "w ( art c be p]fect$ by intellectually det]m9+ its concept4 ,?us ,leibnitz held t !re 0 only "o true =m ( k1 & t all o!r =ms c\ld only rea* p]fection 9 t4 ,8 cl>ity is n a specific diff]5ce2 x is m]ely a p>tial anticipation ( 8 intellective di/9ction4 ,to h posit$ ?is grade is an important a*ievem5t1 b ! view ( ,leibnitz is n fundam5tally diff]5t f t ( ! creators ( ! words & intuitions already /udi$4 ,all contribut$ to attract att5tion to ! peculi>ity ( ae/hetic facts4 ,speculation on language at ?is p]iod reveal$ an equally det]m9$ intellectuali/ attitude4 ,gramm> 0 held to be an exact sci5ce1 & grammatical v>iations to be expla9able by ! ellipse1 by abbreviation1 & by failure to grasp ! typical logical =m4 ,9 ,france1 ) ,arnauld 7#affj71 we h ! rigor\s ,c>tesian intellectualism2 ,leibnitz & ,locke bo?1 speculat$ ^u ?is subject1 & ! =m] all 8 life n\ri%$ ! ?\ght ( a univ]sal language4 ,! absurdity ( ?is is prov$ 9 ?is volume4 ,a complete *ange ( ! ,c>tesian sy/em1 ^u :i* ,leibnitz bas$ 8 own1 0 necess>y1 if speculation 7 ev] to surpass ! ,leibnitzian ae/hetic4 ,b ,wolff & ! o!r ,g]man pupils ( ,leibnitz 7 z unable to %ake !mselves free ( ! all-p]vad+ intellectualism z 7 ! ,fr5* pupils ( ,desc>tes4 ,mean:ile a "y /ud5t ( ,b]l91 nam$ ,alex&] ,am$eus ,baumg>t51 0 /udy+ ! ,wolffian philosophy1 & at ! same "t lectur+ 9 poetry & ,lat9 rhetoric4 ,:ile s do+1 he 0 l$ to re?9k & pose afre% ! problem ( h[ to r$uce ! precepts ( rhetoric to a rigor\s philosophical sy/em4 ,?us x came ab\t t ,baumg>t5 publi%$ 9 ,septemb] #agce1 at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 z ! !sis = 8 degree ( ,doctor1 an opuscule entitl$1 ,m$itationes philosophicae de nonnullis ad poma p]t95tibus1 & 9 x we f9d writt5 = ! fir/ "t ! ^w ,ae/hetic1 z ! "n ( a special sci5ce4 ,baumg>t5 ev] aft]w>ds atta*$ great importance to 8 juv5ile discov]y1 & lectur$ ^u x by reque/ 9 #agdb1 at ,frank=t-on-!-,od]1 & aga9 9 #agdi4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t 9 ?is way ,emmanuel ,kant fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( ,ae/hetic1 :i* he greatly alt]$ :5 he came to treat ( x 9 8 philosophy4 ,9 #agej1 ,baumg>t5 publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( a m ample treatise1 & a second "p 9 #agfb4 ,b illness1 & dea? 9 #agfb1 prev5t$ 8 complet+ 8 "w4 ,:at is ,ae/hetic = ,baumg>t58 ,x is ! sci5ce ( s5sible k4 ,its objects are ! s5sible facts 7ai/haeta71 :i* ! ,greeks 7 always c>eful to di/+ui% f ! m5tal facts 7noaeta74 ,x is !re=e sci5tia cognitionis s5sitivae1 !oria lib]alium artium1 gnoseologia inf]ior1 ars pulcre cogit&i1 ars analogi rationis4 ,rhetoric & ,poetic are = him special cases ( ,ae/hetic1 :i* is a g5]al sci5ce1 embrac+ bo?4 ,its laws are diffus$ among all ! arts1 l ! m>9]'s /> 7cynosura qua$am71 & !y mu/ be always ref]r$ to 9 all cases1 = !y are univ]sal1 n empirical or m]ely inductive 7falsa regula pejor e/ quam nulla74 ,ae/hetic mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,psy*ology1 :i* supplies only suppositions4 ,ae/hetic is an indep5d5t sci5ce1 :i* gives ! rules = kn[+ s5sibly1 & is occupi$ ) ! p]fection ( s5sible k1 :i* is beauty4 ,its contr>y is ugl9ess4 ,! beauty ( objects & ( matt] mu/ be exclud$ f ! beauty ( s5sible k1 because beautiful objects c be badly ?\ght & ugly objects beautifully ?\ght4 ,poetic repres5tations are ^? :i* are confus$ or imag9ative4 ,di/9ction & intellectuality are n poetic4 ,! great] ! det]m9ation1 ! great] ! poetry2 individuals absolutely det]m9$ 7omnimodo det]m9ata7 are v poetical1 z are images or fancies1 & ev]y?+ :i* ref]s to feel+4 ,! judgm5t ( s5sible & imag9ative repres5tations is ta/e4 ,su* are1 9 brief1 ! tru?s :i* ,baumg>t5 /at$ 9 8 ,m$itationes1 & fur!r develop$ & exemplifi$ 9 8 ,ae/hetica4 ,close /udy ( ! two works above-m5tion$ leads to ! conviction t ,baumg>t5 did n succe$ 9 free+ himself f ! unity ( ! ,leibnitzian monadology4 ,he obta9$ f ,leibnitz 8 conception ( ! poetic z consi/+ ( ! confus$1 b ,g]man critics are wrong 9 believ+ t he attribut$ to x a positive1 n a negative quality4 ,_h he really done ?is1 he w\ld h brok5 at a bl[ ! unity ( ! ,leibnitzian monad1 & conqu]$ ! sci5ce ( ,ae/hetic4 ,?is giant's /ep he did n take3 he fail$ to bani% ! contradictions ( ,leibnitz & ( ! o!r intellectuali/s4 ,to posit a p]fection did n suffice4 ,x 0 necess>y to ma9ta9 x aga9/ ! lex cont9ui ( ,leibnitz & to proclaim its indep5d5ce ( all intellectualism4 ,ae/hetic tru?s = ,baumg>t5 7 ^? :i* did n seem altoge!r false or altoge!r true3 9 fact1 ! v]isimil>4 ,if x 7 object$ to ,baumg>t5 t "o %\ld n occupy oneself ) :at1 l poetry1 he def9es z confus$ & obscure1 he w\ld reply t confusion is a condition ( f9d+ ! tru?1 t we d n pass at once f night to dawn4 ,?us he did n surpass ! ?\ght ( ,leibnitz 9 ?is respect4 ,poor ,baumg>t5 0 always 9 susp5se le/ he %\ld be held to occupy himself ) ?+s unwor?y ( a philosoph]6 ,h[ c y1 a pr(essor ( philosophy1 d>e to praise ly+ & ! mixture ( tru? & falsehood8 ,he imag9$ t "s su* reproa* might be address$ to him on acc\nt ( 8 purely philosophical speculations1 & true en\gh he actually receiv$ a criticism ( 8 !ory1 9 :i* x 0 argu$1 t if poetry consi/$ ( s5sual p]fection1 !n x 0 a bad ?+ = mank9d4 ,baumg>t5 contemptu\sly repli$ t he _h n ! "t to argue ) ^? capable ( conf\nd+ 8 oratio p]fecta s5sitiva ) an oratio p]fecte 7omn9o67 s5sitiva4 ,! fact ab\t ,baumg>t5 is t ap>t f baptiz+ ! new sci5ce ,ae/hetic1 & ap>t f 8 fir/ def9itions1 he does n /ray f> f ! old ruts ( s*ola/ic ?\ght4 ,! excell5t ,baumg>t51 ) all 8 ard\r & all 8 convictions1 is a sympa!tic & int]e/+ figure 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ae/hetic n yet =m$1 b 9 process ( =mation4 ,! revolution>y :o set aside ! old def9itions ( ,ae/hetic1 & = ! fir/ "t reveal$ ! true nature ( art & poetry1 is ! ,italian1 ,giambatti/a ,vico4 ,:at 7 ! ideas develop$ by ,vico 9 8 ,sci5za nuova 7#agbe78 ,!y 7 nei!r m nor less ?an ! solution ( ! problem1 pos$ by ,plato1 attempt$ 9 va9 by ,ari/otle1 aga9 pos$ & aga9 unsolv$ at ! ,r5aissance4 ,is poetry a rational or an irrational ?+8 ,is x spiritual or animal8 ,if x be spiritual1 :at is its true nature1 & 9 :at way does x diff] f art & sci5ce8 ,plato1 we "k1 bani%$ poetry to ! inf]ior region ( ! s\l1 among ! animal spirits4 ,vico on ! contr>y raises up poetry1 & makes ( x a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,& s9ce ,vico's is an ideal hi/ory1 ^: p]iods are n conc]n$ ) cont+5t facts1 b ) spiritual =ms1 he makes ( x a mom5t ( ! ideal hi/ory ( ! _s1 a =m ( k4 ,poetry comes be=e ! intellect1 b aft] feel+4 ,plato _h confus$ x ) feel+1 & = t reason bani%$ x f 8 ,republic4 ,m5 feel1 says ,vico1 be=e obs]v+1 !n !y obs]ve ) p]turbation ( ! s\l1 f9ally !y reflect ) ! pure intellect1 ,he goes on to say1 t poetry be+ compos$ ( passion & ( feel+1 ! ne>] x approa*es to ! p>ticul>1 ! m true x is1 :ile exactly ! rev]se is true ( philosophy4 ,imag9ation is indep5d5t & autonom\s z reg>ds ! intellect4 ,n only does ! intellect fail ( p]fection1 b all x c d is to de/roy x4 ,! /udies ( ,poetry & ,metaphysic are naturally oppos$4 ,poets are ! feel+1 philosoph]s ! intellect ( ! human race4 ,! weak] ! reason1 ! /rong] ! imag9ation4 ,philosophy1 he says1 deals ) ab/ract ?\ght or univ]sals1 poetry ) ! p>ticul>4 ,pa9t]s & poets diff] only 9 _! mat]ial4 ,hom] & ! great poets appe> 9 b>b>ic times4 ,dante1 = in/ance1 appe>$ 9 ! r5ew$ b>b>ism ( ,italy4 ,! poetic ages prec$$ ! philosophical1 & poetry is ! fa!r ( prose1 by necessity ( nature1 n by ! caprice ( pleasure4 ,fables or imag9>y univ]sals 7 conceiv$ be=e reason$ or philosophical univ]sals4 ,to ,hom]1 says ,vico1 belongs wisdom1 b only poetic wisdom4 ,8 beauties are n ^? ( a _s s(t5$ & civiliz$ by any philosophy4 ,if any "o make poetry 9 epo*s ( reflexion1 he becomes a *ild aga92 he does n reflect ) 8 intellect1 b foll[s 8 fancy & dwells ^u p>ticul>s4 ,if ! true poet make use ( philosophic ideas1 he only does s t he may *ange logic into imag9ation4 ,"h we h a pr(\nd /atem5t ( ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 sci5ce & art4 ,!y _c be confus$ aga94 ,8 /atem5t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 poetry & hi/ory is a trifle less cle>4 ,he expla9s :y to ,ari/otle poetry seem$ m philosophical ?an hi/ory1 & at ! same "t he refutes ,ari/otle's error t poetry deals ) ! univ]sal1 hi/ory ) ! p>ticul>4 ,poetry equals sci5ce1 n because x is occupi$ ) ! intellectual concept1 b because1 l sci5ce1 x is ideal4 ,a good poetical fable mu/ be all ideal3 ,) ! idea ! poet gives _! be+ to ?+s :i* are )\t x4 ,poetry is all fanta/ic1 z be+ ! art ( pa9t+ ! idea1 n ica/ic1 l ! art ( pa9t+ portraits4 ,t is :y poets1 l pa9t]s1 are call$ div9e1 because 9 t respect !y resemble ,god ! ,creator4 ,vico ends by id5tify+ poetry & hi/ory4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is po/]ior & accid5tal4 ,b1 z x is impossible to imp>t false ideas1 because ! false consi/s ( a vici\s comb9ation ( ideas1 s x is impossible to imp>t a tradition1 :i*1 ?\gh x be false1 has n at fir/ conta9$ "s elem5t ( tru?4 ,?us my?ology appe>s = ! fir/ "t1 n z ! inv5tion ( an individual1 b z ! spontane\s vision ( ! tru? z x appe>s to primitive man4 ,poetry & language are = ,vico sub/antially id5tical4 ,he f9ds 9 ! orig9s ( poetry ! orig9s ( languages & lett]s4 ,he believ$ t ! fir/ languages consi/$ 9 mute acts or acts accompani$ by bodies :i* _h natural relations to ! ideas t x 0 desir$ to signify4 ,) great clev]ness he comp>$ ^! pictur$ languages to h]aldic arms & devices1 & to hi]oglyphs4 ,he obs]v$ t dur+ ! b>b>ism ( ! ,middle ,age1 ! mute language ( signs mu/ return1 & we f9d x 9 ! h]aldry & blazonry ( t epo*4 ,h5ce come ?ree k9ds ( languages3 div9e sil5t languages1 h]oic emblematic languages1 & spee* languages4 ,=mal logic c\ld nev] satisfy a man ) su* revolution>y ideas ^u poetry & language4 ,he describes ! ,ari/otelian syllogism z a me?od :i* expla9s univ]sals ,9 _! p>ticul>s1 r ?an unites p>ticul>s to obta9 univ]sals1 looks ^u ,z5o & ! sorites z a means ( subtiliz+ r ?an %>p5+ ! intellig5ce1 & concludes t ,bacon is a great philosoph]1 :5 he advocates & illu/rates induction1 :i* has be5 foll[$ by ! ,engli% to ! great advantage ( exp]im5tal philosophy4 ,h5ce he proce$s to criticize ma!matics1 :i*1 _h hi!rto always be5 look$ ^u z ! type ( ! p]fect sci5ce4 ,vico is inde$ a revolution>y1 a pione]4 ,he kn[s v well t he is 9 direct opposition to all t has be5 ?\ght be=e ab\t poetry4 ,my new pr9ciples ( poetry upset all t fir/ ,plato & !n ,ari/otle h said ab\t ! orig9 ( poetry1 all t has be5 said by ! ,patrizzi1 by ! ,scalig]s1 & by ! ,ca/elvetri4 ,i h discov]$ t ,x 0 ?r\gh lack ( human reason t poetry 0 born s sublime t nei!r ! ,arts1 nor ! ,poetics1 nor ! ,critiques c\ld cause ano!r equal to x to be born1 ,i say equal1 & n sup]ior4 ,he goes z f> z to express %ame at hav+ to report ! /upidities ( great philosoph]s ^u ! orig9 ( song & v]se4 ,he %[s 8 dislike = ! ,c>tesian philosophy & its t5d5cy to dry up ! imag9ation by d5y+ all ! faculties ( ! s\l :i* come to x f ! body1 & talks ( 8 own "t z ( "o :i* freezes all ! g5]\s quality ( ! be/ poetry & ?us precludes x f be+ und]/ood4 ,z reg>ds grammatical =ms1 ,vico may be describ$ z an adh]5t ( ! great reaction ( ! ,r5aissance aga9/ s*ola/ic v]balism & =malism4 ,?is reaction br\ght back z a value ! exp]i5ce ( feel+1 & aft]w>ds ) ,romanticism gave its "r place to ! imag9ation4 ,vico1 9 8 ,sci5za nuova1 may be said to h be5 ! fir/ to draw att5tion to ! imag9ation4 ,al?\gh he makes _m lum9\s rem>ks on hi/ory & ! developm5t ( poetry among ! ,greeks1 8 "w is n really a hi/ory1 b a sci5ce ( ! _s or ( ! ideal4 ,x is n ! e?ical1 logical1 or economic mom5t ( humanity :i* int]e/s him1 b ! imag9ative mom5t4 ,he discov]$ ! creative imag9ation1 & x may almo/ be said ( ! ,sci5za nuova ( ,vico t x is ,ae/hetic1 ! discov]y ( a new _w1 ( a new mode ( k4 ,?is 0 ! contribution ( ! g5ius ( ,vico to ! progress ( humanity3 he %[$ ,ae/hetic to be an autonom\s activity4 ,x rema9$ to di/+ui% ! sci5ce ( ! _s f hi/ory1 ! modifications ( ! human _s f ! hi/oric vicissitudes ( peoples1 ,ae/hetic f ,hom]ic civilization4 ,b al?\gh ,goe!1 ,h]d]1 & ,wolf 7 acqua9t$ ) ! ,sci5za nuova1 ! importance ( ?is wond]ful book did n at fir/ dawn ^u ! _w4 ,wolf1 9 8 prolegom5a to ,hom]1 ?\ght t he 0 deal+ m]ely ) an +5i\s speculator on ,hom]ic !mes4 ,he did n realize t ! intellectual /ature ( ,vico f> surpass$ t ( ! mo/ able philologi/s4 ,! =tunes ( ,ae/hetic aft] ,vico 7 v v>i\s1 & ! li/ ( ae/heticians :o fell back into ! old p$agogic def9ition1 or elaborat$ ! mi/akes ( ,baumg>t51 is v long4 ,yet ) ,c4,h4 ,heyd5rei* 9 ,g]many & ,sulz] 9 ,switz]l& we f9d t ! tru?s conta9$ 9 ,baumg>t5 h begun to be> fruit4 ,j4,j4 ,h]d] 7#agfi7 0 m important ?an ^!1 & he plac$ ,baumg>t5 ^u a p$e/al1 ?\gh criticiz+ 8 pret5sion ( creat+ an ars pul*re cogit&i in/ead ( a simple sci5tia de pul*ro et pul*ris philosophice cogitans4 ,h]d] admitt$ ,baumg>t5's def9ition ( poetry z oratio s5sitiva p]fecta1 p]fect s5sitiv$ spee*1 & ?is is probably ! be/ def9ition ( poetry t has ev] be5 giv54 ,x t\*es ! real ess5ce ( poetry & op5s to ?\ght ! :ole ( ! philosophy ( ! beautiful4 ,h]d]1 al?\gh he does n cite ,vico ^u ae/hetic que/ions1 yet praises him z a philosoph]4 ,8 rem>ks ab\t poetry z ! mat]nal language ( humanity1 z ! g>d5 is m anci5t ?an ! cultivat$ field1 pa9t+ ?an writ+1 song ?an declamation1 ex*ange ?an comm]ce1 are replete ) ! _s ( ! ,italian philosoph]4 ,b despite simil> happy phrases1 ,h]d] is philosophically ! inf]ior ( ! great ,italian4 ,he is a firm believ] 9 ! ,leibnitzian law ( cont9uity1 & does n surpass ! conclusions ( ,baumg>t54 ,h]d] & 8 fri5d ,hamann did good s]vice z reg>ds ! philosophy ( language4 ,! ,fr5* encyclopa$i/s1 ,j4,j4 ,r\sseau1 d',alemb]t1 & _m o!rs ( ?is p]iod1 7 none ( !m able to get free ( ! idea t a ^w is ei!r a natural1 me*anical fact1 or a sign atta*$ to a ?\ght4 ,! only way out ( ?is difficulty is to look ^u ! imag9ation z itself active & expressive 9 v]bal imag9ation1 & language z ! language ( intuition1 n ( ! intellig5ce4 ,h]d] talks ( language z an und]/&+ ( ! s\l ) itself4 ,?us language beg9s to appe>1 n z an arbitr>y inv5tion or a me*anical fact1 b z a primitive affirmation ( human activity1 z a creation4 ,b all unconsci\s ( ! discov]ies ( ,vico1 ! great mass ( eighte5? c5tury writ]s try _! h&s at e sort ( solution4 ,! ,abb ,batteux publi%$ 9 #agdf ,les ,beaux-arts rduits a un seul pr9cipe1 :i* is a p]fect little b\quet ( contradictions4 ,! ,abb f9ds himself confront$ ) difficulties at e turn1 b ) un peu d'esprit on se tire de t\t1 & :5 = in/ance he has to expla9 arti/ic enjoym5t ( ?+s displeas+1 he rem>ks t ! imitation nev] be+ p]fect l reality1 ! horror caus$ by reality disappe>s4 ,b ! ,fr5* 7 equall$ & inde$ surpass$ by ! ,engli% 9 _! amateur ,ae/hetics4 ,! pa9t] ,hog>? 0 "o day read+ 9 ,italian a spee* ab\t ! beauty ( c]ta9 figures1 attribut$ to ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,?is l$ him to imag9e t ! figurative arts dep5d ^u a pr9ciple :i* consi/s ( con=m+ to a giv5 l9e4 ,9 #agde he produc$ a s]p5t9e l9e z frontispiece ( 8 collection ( engrav+s1 :i* he describ$ z ! l9e ( beauty4 ,?us he succe$$ 9 excit+ univ]sal curiosity1 :i* he proce$$ to satisfy ) 8 ,analysis ( ,beauty4 ,"h he beg9s by rightly combat+ ! error ( judg+ pa9t+s by _! subject & by ! degree ( _! imitation1 in/ead ( by _! =m1 :i* is ! ess5tial 9 art4 ,he gives 8 def9ition ( =m1 & aft]w>ds proce$s to describe ! wav+ l9es :i* are beautiful & ^? :i* are n1 & ma9ta9s t among !m all !re is b "o t is really wor?y to be call$ ! l9e ( beauty1 & "o def9ite s]p5t9e l9e ! l9e ( grace4 ,! pig1 ! be>1 ! spid]1 & ! frog are ugly1 because !y d n possess s]p5t9e l9es4 ,e4 ,burke1 ) a l assurance 9 8 examples1 0 equally devoid ( c]ta9ty 9 8 g5]al pr9ciples4 ,he decl>es t ! natural prop]ties ( an object cause pleasure or pa9 to ! imag9ation1 b t ! latt] also procures pleasure f _! resemblance to ! orig9al4 ,he does n speak fur!r ( ! second ( ^!1 b gives a long li/ ( ! natural prop]ties ( ! s5sible1 beautiful object4 ,hav+ conclud$ 8 li/1 he rem>ks t ^! are 9 8 op9ion ! qualities ^u :i* beauty dep5ds & :i* are ! lea/ liable to caprice & confusion4 ,b comp>ative smallness1 delicate /ructure1 col\r+ vivid b n too mu* s1 are all m]e empirical obs]vations ( no m value ?an ^? ( ,hog>?1 ) :om ,burke mu/ be class$ z an ae/hetician4 ,_! works are spok5 ( z classics4 ,classics inde$ !y are1 b ( ! sort t arrive at no conclusion4 ,h5ry ,home 7,"l ,kaimes7 is on a level a trifle above ! two j m5tion$4 ,he seeks ! true pr9ciples ( ! beaux-arts1 9 ord] to trans=m criticism into a rational sci5ce4 ,he selects facts & exp]i5ce = ?is purpose1 b 9 8 def9ition ( beauty1 :i* he divides into two p>ts1 relative & intr9sic1 he is unable to expla9 ! latt]1 save by a f9al cause1 :i* he f9ds 9 ! ,almighty4 ,su* !ories z ! ?ree above m5tion$ defy classification1 because !y are n compos$ by any sci5tific me?od4 ,_! au?ors pass f physiological s5sualism to moralism1 f imitation ( nature to f9alism1 & to transc5d5tal my/icism1 )\t consci\sness ( ! incongruity ( _! !ses1 at v>iance ea* ) itself4 ,! ,g]man1 ,erne/ ,platn]1 at any rate did n suff] f a l confusion ( ?\ght4 ,he develop$ 8 rese>*es on ! l9es ( ,hog>?1 b 0 only able to discov] a prolongation ( sexual pleasure 9 ae/hetic facts4 ,:]e1 he exclaims1 is !re any beauty t does n come f ! fem99e figure1 ! c5tre ( all beauty8 ,! undulat+ l9e is beautiful1 because x is f\nd 9 ! body ( woman2 ess5tially fem99e movem5ts are beautiful2 ! notes ( music are beautiful1 :5 !y melt into "o ano!r2 a poem is beautiful1 :5 "o ?\ght embraces ano!r ) lightness & facility4 ,fr5* s5sualism %[s itself q incapable ( und]/&+ ae/hetic production1 & ! associationism ( ,david ,hume is n m =tunate 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,dut*man ,hem/]huis 7#agfi7 develop$ an +5i\s !ory1 m+l+ my/ical & s5suali/ !ory ) "s j rem>ks1 :i* aft]w>ds1 9 ! h&s ( ,jacobi1 became s5tim5talism4 ,hem/]huis believ$ beauty to be a ph5om5on aris+ f ! meet+ by ! s5tim5talism1 :i* gives multiplicity1 ) ! int]nal s5se1 :i* t5ds to unity4 ,consequ5tly ! beautiful w be t :i* pres5ts ! greate/ numb] ( ideas 9 ! %orte/ space ( "t4 ,to man is d5i$ supreme unity1 b "h he f9ds approximative unity4 ,h5ce ! joy aris+ f ! beautiful1 :i* has "s analogy ) ! joy ( love4 ,) ,w9ckelmann 7#agfd7 ,platonism or ,neo-platonism 0 vigor\sly r5ew$4 ,! creator ( ! hi/ory ( ! figurative arts saw 9 ! div9e indiff]5ce & m ?an human elevation ( ! works ( ,greek sculpture a beauty :i* _h desc5d$ f ! sev5? heav5 & become inc>nate 9 !m4 ,m5delssohn1 ! foll[] ( ,baumg>t51 _h d5i$ beauty to ,god3 ,w9ckelmann1 ! ,neoplatonician1 gave x back to ,him4 ,he holds t p]fect beauty is to be f\nd only 9 ,god4 ,! conception ( human beauty becomes ! m p]fect 9 proportion z x c be ?\ght z 9 agreem5t ) ! ,supreme ,be+1 :o is di/+ui%$ f matt] by ,8 unity & indivisibility4 ,to ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( supreme beauty1 ,w9ckelmann adds ! abs5ce ( any sort ( signification 7,unbezei*nung74 ,l9es & dots _c expla9 beauty1 = x is n !y alone :i* =m x4 ,its =m is n prop] to any def9ite p]son1 x expresses no s5tim5t1 no feel+ ( passion1 = ^! break up unity & dim9i% or obscure beauty4 ,accord+ to ,w9ckelmann1 beauty mu/ be l a drop ( pure wat] tak5 f ! spr+1 :i* is ! m heal?y ! less x has ( ta/e1 because x is purifi$ ( all =eign elem5ts4 ,a special faculty is requir$ to appreciate ?is beauty1 :i* ,w9ckelmann is incl9$ to call intellig5ce1 or a delicate int]nal s5se1 free ( all in/9ctive passions1 ( pleasure1 & ( fri5d%ip4 ,s9ce x becomes a "q ( p]ceiv+ some?+ immat]ial1 ,w9ckelmann bani%es col\r to a second>y place4 ,true beauty1 he says1 is t ( =m1 a ^w :i* describes l9es & cont\rs1 z ?\gh l9es & cont\rs c\ld n also be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 or c\ld appe> to ! eye )\t any col\r4 ,x is ! de/9y ( error to be oblig$ to contradict itself1 :5 x does n decide to dwell 9 a brief aphorism1 9 ord] to live z well z may be ) facts & concrete problems4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,w9ckelmann dealt ) hi/oric concrete facts1 ) :i* x 0 necess>y to reconcile ! idea ( a supreme beauty4 ,8 admission ( ! cont\rs ( l9es & 8 second>y admission ( col\rs is a compromise4 ,he makes ano!r ) reg>d to ! pr9ciple ( expression4 ,s9ce !re is no int]m$i>y betwe5 pa9 & pleasure 9 human nature1 & s9ce a human be+ )\t ^! feel+s is inconceivable1 we mu/ place ! human figure 9 a mom5t ( action & ( passion1 :i* is :at is t]m$ expression 9 art4 ,s ,w9ckelmann /udi$ expression aft] beauty4 ,he makes a ?ird compromise betwe5 8 "o1 indivisible1 supreme1 & con/ant beauty & individual beauties4 ,w9ckelmann pref]r$ ! male to ! female body z ! mo/ complete inc>nation ( supreme beauty1 b he 0 n able to %ut 8 eyes to ! indisputable fact t !re also exi/ beautiful bodies ( wom5 & ev5 ( animals4 ,raphael ,m5gs1 ! pa9t]1 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,w9ckelmann & associat$ himself ) him 9 8 se>* = a true def9ition ( ! beautiful4 ,8 ideas 7 g5]ally 9 accordance ) ^? ( ,w9ckelmann4 ,he def9es beauty z ! visible idea ( p]fection1 :i* is to p]fection :at ! visible is to ! ma!matical po9t4 ,he falls "u ! influ5ce ( ! argum5t f design4 ,! ,creator has orda9$ ! multiplicity ( beauties4 ,?+s are beautiful accord+ to our ideas ( !m1 & ^! ideas come f ! ,creator4 ,?us ea* beautiful ?+ has its own type1 & a *ild w\ld appe> ugly if x resembl$ a man4 ,he adds to 8 rem>ks 9 ?is s5se3 ,z ! diamond is alone p]fect among /ones1 gold among metals1 & man among liv+ creatures1 s !re is di/9ction 9 ea* species1 & b little is p]fect4 ,9 8 ,dreams ( ,beauty1 he looks ^u beauty z an int]m$iate disposition1 :i* conta9s a "p ( p]fection & a "p ( ! agreeable1 & =ms a t]tium quid1 :i* diff]s f ! o!r two & des]ves a special "n4 ,he names f\r s\rces ( ! art ( pa9t+3 beauty1 significant or expressive "*1 h>mony1 & col\r+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! he f9ds among ! anci5ts1 ! second ) ,raphael1 ! ?ird ) ,correggio1 ! f\r? ) ,titian4 ,m5gs does n succe$ 9 ris+ above ?is empiricism ( ! /udio1 save to declaim ab\t ! beauty ( nature1 virtue1 =ms1 & proportions1 & inde$ ev]y?+1 includ+ ! ,fir/ ,cause1 :i* is ! mo/ beautiful ( all4 ,! "n ( ,g4,e4 ,less+ 7#agff7 is well kn[n to all conc]n$ ) art problems4 ,! ideas ( ,w9ckelmann reappe> 9 ,less+1 ) less ( a metaphysical t+e4 ,= ,less+1 ! end ( art is ! pleas+1 & s9ce ?is is a sup]flu\s ?+1 he ?\ght t ! legislator %\ld n all[ to art ! lib]ty indisp5sable to sci5ce1 :i* seeks ! tru?1 necess>y to ! s\l4 ,= ! ,greeks pa9t+ 01 z x %\ld always be1 imitation ( beautiful bodies4 ,ev]y?+ disagreeable or ill-=m$ %\ld be exclud$ f pa9t+4 ,pa9t+1 z clev] imitation1 may imitate de=mity4 ,pa9t+1 z a f9e art1 does n p]mit ?is4 ,he 0 m incl9$ to admit de=mity 9 poetry1 z !re x is less %ock+1 & ! poet c make use ( x to produce 9 u c]ta9 feel+s1 su* z ! ridicul\s or ! t]rible4 ,9 8 ,dramaturgie 7#agfg71 ,less+ foll[$ ! ,p]ipatetics1 & believ$ t ! rules ( ,ari/otle 7 z absolute z ! !orems ( ,euclid4 ,8 polemic aga9/ ! ,fr5* s*ool is *iefly direct$ to claim+ a place 9 poetry = ! v]isimil>1 z aga9/ absolute hi/orical exactitude4 ,he held ! univ]sal to be a sort ( mean ( :at appe>s 9 ! individual1 ! ca?>sis 0 9 8 view a trans=mation ( ! passions into virtu\s dispositions1 & he held ! duty ( poetry to be inspiration ( ! love ( virtue4 ,he foll[$ ,w9ckelmann 9 believ+ t ! expression ( physical beauty 0 ! supreme object ( pa9t+4 ,?is beauty exi/s only z an ideal1 :i* f9ds its highe/ expression 9 man4 ,animals possess x to a slight] ext5t1 vegetable & inanimate nature n at all4 ,^? mi/ak5 en\gh to occupy !mselves ) depict+ ! latt] are imitat+ beauties depriv$ ( all ideal4 ,!y "w only ) eye & h&2 g5ius has little if any %>e 9 _! productions4 ,less+ f\nd ! physical ideal to reside *iefly 9 =m1 b also 9 ! ideal ( col\r1 & 9 p]man5t expression4 ,m]e col\r+ & transitory expression 7 = him )\t ideal1 because nature has n impos$ ^u h]self any?+ def9ite z reg>ds !m4 ,at bottom he does n c>e = col\r+1 f9d+ 9 ! p5 draw+s ( arti/s a life1 a lib]ty1 a delicacy1 lack+ to _! pictures4 ,he asks :e!r ev5 ! mo/ wond]ful col\r+ c make up = su* a loss1 & :e!r x be n desirable t ! art ( oil-pa9t+ _h nev] be5 inv5t$4 ,?is ideal beauty1 wond]fully con/ruct$ f div9e qu9tess5ce & subtle p5 & bru% /rokes1 ?is academic my/]y1 _h great success4 ,9 ,italy x 0 mu* discuss$ 9 ! environm5t ( ,m5gs & ( ,w9ckelmann1 :o 7 work+ !re4 ,! fir/ c\nt]bla/ to _! ae/hetic ,neo-platonism came f an ,italian nam$ ,spalletti1 & took ! =m ( a lett] address$ to ,m5gs4 ,he repres5ts ! *>act]i/ic z ! true pr9ciple ( art4 ,! pleasure obta9$ f beauty is intellectual1 & tru? is its object4 ,:5 ! s\l meets ) :at is *>act]i/ic1 & :at really suits ! object to be repres5t$1 ! "w is held to be beautiful4 ,a well-made man ) a woman's face is ugly4 ,h>mony1 ord]1 v>iety1 proportion1 etc4--^! are elem5ts ( beauty1 & man enjoys ! wid5+ ( 8 k be=e disagreeable ?+s *>act]i/ically repres5t$4 ,spalletti def9es beauty z t modification inh]5t to ! object obs]v$1 :i* pres5ts x1 z x %\ld appe>1 ) an infallible *>act]i/ic4 ,?us ! ,ari/otelian !sis f\nd a support] 9 ,italy1 "s ye>s be=e any prote/ation 0 he>d 9 ,g]many4 ,l\is ,hirt1 ! hi/orian ( art 7#agig7 obs]v$ t anci5t monum5ts repres5t$ all sorts ( =ms1 f ! mo/ beautiful & sublime to ! mo/ ugly & mo/ common4 ,he !re=e d5i$ t ideal beauty 0 ! pr9ciple ( art1 & = x sub/itut$ ! *>act]i/ic1 applicable equally to gods1 h]oes1 & animals4 ,wolfgang ,goe!1 9 #agih1 =gett+ ! juv5ile p]iod1 dur+ :i* he _h d>$ to raise a hymn to ,go?ic ar*itecture1 n[ began s]i\sly to seek a middle t]m betwe5 beauty & expression4 ,he believ$ t he _h f\nd x1 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ic cont5ts pres5t+ to ! arti/ beautiful %apes1 :i* ! arti/ w\ld !n develop & r$uce to p]fect beauty4 ,?us = ,goe! at ?is p]iod1 ! *>act]i/ic 0 simply ! />t+-po9t1 or framework1 f :i* ! beautiful arose1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! arti/4 ,b ^! writ]s m5tion$ aft] ,j4,b4 ,vico are n true philosoph]s4 ,w9ckelmann1 ,m5gs1 ,hog>?1 ,less+1 & ,goe! are great 9 o!r ways4 ,mei] call$ himself a hi/orian ( art1 b he 0 inf]ior bo? to ,h]d] & to ,hamann4 ,f ,j4,b4 ,vico to ,emmanuel ,kant1 ,european ?\ght is )\t a "n ( great importance z reg>ds ?is subject4 ,kant took up ! problem1 :]e ,vico _h left x1 n 9 ! hi/orical1 b 9 ! ideal s5se4 ,he resembl$ ! ,italian philosoph]1 9 ! gravity & ! t5acity ( 8 /udies 9 ,ae/hetic1 b he 0 f> less happy 9 8 solutions1 :i* did n atta9 to ! tru?1 & to :i* he did n succe$ 9 giv+ ! necess>y unity & sy/ematization4 ,! read] mu/ be> 9 m9d t ,kant is "h criticiz$ solely z an ae/hetician3 8 o!r conclusions d n ent] directly into ! discussion4 ,:at 0 ,kant's idea ( art8 ,! answ] is3 ! same 9 sub/ance z ,baumg>t5's4 ,?is may seem /range to ^? :o rememb] 8 su/a9$ polemic aga9/ ,wolf & ! conception ( beauty z confus$ p]ception4 ,b ,kant always ?\ght highly ( ,baumg>t54 ,he calls him t excell5t analy/ 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 & he us$ ,baumg>t5's text = 8 ,univ]sity lectures on ,metaphysic4 ,kant look$ ^u ,logic & ,ae/hetic z cognate /udies1 & 9 8 s*eme ( /udies = #agfe1 & 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 he proposes to ca/ a glance at ! ,critique ( ,ta/e1 t is to say1 ,ae/hetic1 s9ce ! /udy ( ! "o is useful = ! o!r & !y are mutually illum9ative4 ,he foll[$ ,mei] 9 8 di/9ctions betwe5 logical & ae/hetic tru?4 ,he ev5 quot$ ! ,in/ance ( ! "y girl1 ^: face :5 di/9ctly se51 i4e4 ) a microscope1 is no long] beautiful4 ,x is true1 ae/hetically1 he said1 t :5 a man is dead he _c come to life1 al?\gh ?is be oppos$ bo? to logical & to moral tru?4 ,x is ae/hetically true t ! sun plunges into ! sea1 al?\gh t is n true logically or objectively4 ,no "o1 ev5 among ! greate/1 c yet tell to :at ext5t logical tru? %\ld m+le ) ae/hetic tru?4 ,kant believ$ t logical tru? mu/ we> ! habit ( ,ae/hetic1 9 ord] to become accessible4 ,?is habit1 he ?\ght1 0 disc>d$ only by ! rational sci5ces1 :i* t5d to dep?4 ,ae/hetic c]ta9ly is subjective4 ,x is satisfi$ ) au?ority or ) an appeal to great m54 ,we are s feeble t ,ae/hetic mu/ eke out our ?\ghts4 ,ae/hetic is a vehicle ( ,logic4 ,b !re are logical tru?s :i* are n ae/hetic4 ,we mu/ exclude f philosophy exclamations & o!r emotions1 :i* belong to ae/hetic tru?4 ,= ,kant1 poetry is ! h>moni\s play ( ?\ght & s5sation1 diff]+ f eloqu5ce1 because 9 poetry ?\ghts are fitt$ to sugge/ions1 9 eloqu5ce ! rev]se is true4 ,poetry %\ld make virtue & intellect visible1 z 0 done by ,pope 9 8 ,essay on ,man4 ,else:]e1 he says frankly t logical p]fection is ! f\ndation ( all ! re/4 ,! confirmation ( ?is is f\nd 9 8 ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 :i* ,s*ell+ look$ ^u z ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree ,critiques1 & :i* ,hegel & o!r metaphysical ideali/s always especially e/eem$4 ,= ,kant art 0 always a s5sible & imag$ cov]+ = an intellectual concept4 ,he did n look ^u art z pure beauty )\t a concept4 ,he look$ ^u x z a beauty adh]5t & fix$ ab\t a concept4 ,! "w ( g5ius conta9s two elem5ts3 imag9ation & intellig5ce4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ta/e1 :i* comb9es ! two4 ,art may ev5 repres5t ! ugly 9 nature1 = arti/ic beauty is n a beautiful ?+ b a beautiful repres5tation ( a ?+4 ,b ?is repres5tation ( ! ugly has its limits 9 ! arts 7"h ,kant rememb]s ,less+ & ,w9ckelmann71 & an absolute limit 9 ! disgu/+ & ! repugnant1 :i* kills ! repres5tation itself4 ,he believes t !re may be arti/ic productions )\t a concept1 su* z are fl[]s 9 nature1 & ^! w\ld be ornam5ts to frameworks1 music )\t words1 etc41 etc41 b s9ce !y repres5t no?+ r$ucible to a def9ite concept1 !y mu/ be class$1 l fl[]s1 ) free beauties4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly seem to exclude !m f ,ae/hetic1 :i*1 accord+ to ,kant1 %\ld comb9e imag9ation & intellig5ce4 ,kant is %ut 9 ) intellectuali/ b>ri]s4 ,a complete def9ition ( ! imag9ation is want+ to 8 sy/em4 ,he does n admit t ! imag9ation belongs to ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,he relegates x to ! facts ( s5sation4 ,he is aw>e ( ! reproductive & comb9ative imag9ation1 b he does n recognize fancy 7fantasia71 :i* is ! true productive imag9ation4 ,yet ,kant 0 aw>e t !re exi/s an activity o!r ?an ! intellective4 ,intuition is ref]r$ to by him z prec$+ intellective activity & diff]+ f s5sation4 ,he does n speak ( x1 h[ev]1 9 8 critique ( art1 b 9 ! fir/ section ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,s5sations d n ent] ! m9d1 until x has giv5 !m =m4 ,?is is nei!r s5sation nor intellig5ce4 ,x is pure intuition1 ! sum ( ! a priori pr9ciples ( s5sibility4 ,he speaks ?us3 ,!re mu/1 !n1 exi/ a sci5ce t =ms ! fir/ "p ( ! transc5d5tal doctr9e ( ! elem5ts1 di/9ct f t :i* conta9s ! pr9ciples ( pure ?\ght & is call$ transc5d5tal ,logic4 ,:at does he call ?is new sci5ce8 ,he calls x ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic1 & refuses to all[ ! t]m to be us$ = ! ,critique ( ,ta/e1 :i* c\ld nev] become a sci5ce4 ,b al?\gh he ?us /ates s cle>ly ! necessity ( a sci5ce ( ! =m ( ! s5sations1 t is ( pure intuition1 ,kant "h appe>s to fall into grave error4 ,?is arises f 8 inexact idea ( ! ess5ce ( ! ae/hetic faculty or ( art1 :i*1 z we n[ "k1 is pure intuition4 ,he conceives ! =m ( s5sibility to be r$ucible to ! two categories ( space & "t4 ,b5$etto ,croce has %[n t space & "t are f> f be+ categories or functions3 !y are complex po/]ior =mations4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 look$ ^u d5sity1 col\r1 etc41 z mat]ial = s5sations2 b ! m9d only obs]ves col\r or h>dness :5 x has already giv5 a =m to its s5sations4 ,s5sations1 9 s f> z !y are crude matt]1 are outside ! m9d3 !y are a limit4 ,col\r1 h>dness1 d5sity1 etc41 are already intuitions4 ,!y are ! ae/hetic activity 9 its rudim5t>y manife/ation4 ,*>act]iz+ or qualify+ imag9ation1 t is1 ae/hetic activity1 %\ld !re=e take ! place occupi$ by ! /udy ( space & "t 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 & con/itute ! true ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic1 prologue to ,logic4 ,_h ,kant done ?is1 he w\ld h surpass$ ,leibnitz & ,baumg>t52 he w\ld h equall$ ,vico4 ,kant did n id5tify ! ,beautiful ) art4 ,he e/abli%$ :at he call$ ! f\r mom5ts ( ,beauty1 am\nt+ to a def9ition ( x4 ,! two negative mom5ts are1 ,t is beautiful :i* pleases )\t int]e/2 ?is !sis 0 direct$ aga9/ ! s5suali/ s*ool ( ,engli% writ]s1 ) :om ,kant _h = a "t agre$2 & ,t is beautiful :i* pleases )\t a concept1 direct$ aga9/ ! intellectuali/s4 ,?us he affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual doma91 di/9ct f t ( organic pleasure1 ( ! useful1 ! good1 & ! true4 ,! two o!r mom5ts are1 ,t is beautiful :i* has ! =m ( f9ality )\t ! repres5tation ( an end1 & ,t is beautiful :i* is ! object ( univ]sal pleasure4 ,:at is ?is dis9t]e/$ pleasure t we exp]i5ce be=e pure col\rs1 pure s\nds1 & fl[]s8 ,b5$etto ,croce replies t ?is my/]i\s doma9 has no exi/5ce2 t ! in/ances cit$ repres5t1 ei!r in/ances ( organic pleasure1 or are arti/ic facts ( expression4 ,kant 0 less sev]e ) ! ,neoplatonicians ?an ) ! two s*ools ( ?\ght above m5tion$4 ,8 ,critique ( ,judgm5t conta9s "s curi\s passages1 9 "o ( :i* he gives 8 di/9ction ( =m f matt]3 ,9 music1 ! melody is ! matt]1 h>mony ! =m3 9 a fl[]1 ! sc5t is ! matt]1 ! %ape or configuration ! =m4 ,9 ! o!r arts1 he f\nd t ! design 0 ! ess5tial4 ,n :at pleases 9 s5sation1 b :at is approv$ = its =m1 is ! f\ndation ( ta/e4 ,9 8 pursuit ( ! phantom ( a beauty1 :i* is nei!r t ( art nor ( s5sual pleasure1 exempt alike f expression & f enjoym5t1 he became envelop$ 9 inextricable contradictions4 ,little dispos$ z he 0 to let himself be c>ri$ away by ! imag9ation1 he express$ 8 contempt = philosoph]-poets l ,h]d]1 & kept say+ & unsay+1 affirm+ & !n imm$iately criticiz+ 8 own affirmations z to ?is my/]i\s beauty4 ,! tru? is t ?is my/]y is simply 8 own individual unc]ta9ty be=e a problem :i* he c\ld n solve1 ow+ to 8 hav+ no cle> idea ( an activity ( s5tim5t4 ,su* an activity repres5t$ = him a logical contradiction4 ,su* expressions z necess>y univ]sal pleasure1 f9ality )\t ! idea ( end1 are v]bal pro(s ( 8 unc]ta9ty4 ,h[ 0 he to em]ge f ?is unc]ta9ty1 ?is contradiction8 ,he fell back ^u ! concept ( a base ( subjective f9ality z ! base ( ! judgm5t ( ta/e1 t is ( ! subjective f9ality ( nature by ! judgm5t4 ,b no?+ c be kn[n or disclos$ to ! object by means ( ?is concept1 :i* is indet]m9ate 9 itself & n adapt$ = k4 ,its det]m9+ reason is p]haps situat$ 9 ! supras5sible sub/ratum ( humanity4 ,?us beauty becomes a symbol ( morality4 ,! subjective pr9ciple alone1 t is1 ! indet]m9ate idea ( ! supras5sible 9 u1 c be indicat$ z ! sole key to reveal ?is faculty1 :i* rema9s unkn[n to u 9 its orig94 ,no?+ b ?is pr9ciple c make t hidd5 faculty compreh5sible4 ,kant _h a t5d5cy to my/icism1 :i* ?is /atem5t does n s]ve to conceal1 b x 0 a my/icism )\t en?usiasm1 a my/icism almo/ aga9/ ! gra94 ,8 failure to p5etrate ?or\ghly ! nature ( ! ae/hetic activity l$ him to see d\ble & ev5 triple1 on sev]al occasions4 ,art be+ unkn[n to him 9 its ess5tial nature1 he inv5ts ! functions ( space & "t & t]ms ?is transc5d5tal ae/hetic2 he develops ! !ory ( ! imag9ative beautify+ ( ! intellectual concept by g5ius2 he is f9ally =c$ to admit a my/]i\s p[] ( feel+1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! !oretic & ! practical activity4 ,?is p[] is cognoscitive & non-cognoscitive1 moral & indiff]5t to morality1 agreeable & yet deta*$ f ! pleasure ( ! s5ses4 ,8 successors ha/5$ to make use ( ?is my/]i\s p[]1 = !y 7 glad to be able to f9d "s sort ( ju/ification = _! bold speculations 9 ! sev]e philosoph] ( ,knigsb]g4 ,9 addition to ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 = :om1 z has be5 said1 ! ,critique ( ,judgm5t seem$ ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree ,critiques1 we mu/ n[ m5tion ! "n ( a poet :o %[$ himself z great 9 philosophical z 9 ae/hetic a*ievem5t4 ,fri$ri* ,s*ill] fir/ elaborat$ t portion ( ! ,kantian ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! ,critique ( ,judgm5t4 ,be=e any pr(essional philosoph]1 ,s*ill] /udi$ t sph]e ( activity :i* unites feel+ ) reason4 ,hegel talks ) admiration ( ?is arti/ic g5ius1 :o 0 also s pr(\ndly philosophical & fir/ ann\nc$ ! pr9ciple ( reconciliation betwe5 life z duty & reason on ! "o h&1 & ! life ( ! s5ses & feel+ on ! o!r4 ,to ,s*ill] belongs ! great m]it ( hav+ oppos$ ! subjective idealism ( ,kant & ( hav+ made ! attempt to surpass x4 ,! exact relations betwe5 ,kant & ,s*ill]1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! latt] may h be5 influ5c$ by ,leibnitz & ,h]d]1 are ( less importance to ! hi/ory ( ,ae/hetic ?an ! fact t ,s*ill] unifi$ once = all art & beauty1 :i* _h be5 sep>at$ by ,kant1 ) 8 di/9ctions betwe5 adh]5t & pure beauty4 ,s*ill]'s arti/ic s5se mu/ d\btless h /ood him "h 9 good /ead4 ,s*ill] f\nd a v un=tunate & mislead+ t]m to apply to ! ae/hetic sph]e4 ,he call$ x ! sph]e ( play 7,spiel74 ,he /rove to expla9 t by ?is he did n mean ord9>y games1 nor mat]ial amusem5t4 ,= ,s*ill]1 ?is sph]e ( play lay int]m$iate betwe5 ?\ght & feel+4 ,necessity 9 art gives place to a free disposition ( =ces2 m9d & nature1 matt] & =m are "h reconcil$4 ,! beautiful is life1 b n physiological life4 ,a beautiful /atue may h life1 & a liv+ man be )\t x4 ,art conqu]s nature ) =m4 ,! great arti/ effaces matt] ) =m4 ,! less we are s5sible ( ! mat]ial 9 a "w ( art1 ! great] ! triumph ( ! arti/4 ,! s\l ( ! spectator %\ld leave ! magic sph]e ( art z pure & z p]fect z :5 x left ! h&s ( ! ,creator4 ,! mo/ frivol\s !me %\ld be s treat$ t we c pass at once f x to ! mo/ rigor\s1 & vice v]sa4 ,only :5 man has plac$ himself outside ! _w & contemplates x ae/hetically1 c he "k ! _w4 ,:ile he is m]ely ! passive receiv] ( s5sations1 he is "o ) ! _w1 & !re=e _c realize x4 ,art is indet]m9ism4 ,) ! help ( art1 man deliv]s himself f ! yoke ( ! s5ses1 & is at ! same "t free ( any rational or moral duty3 he may enjoy = a mom5t ! luxury ( s]5e contemplation4 ,s*ill] 0 well aw>e t ! mom5t art is employ$ to tea* morals directly1 x ceases to be art4 ,all o!r tea*+s give to ! s\l a special impr9t4 ,art alone is fav\rable to all )\t prejudice4 ,ow+ to ?is indiff]5ce ( art1 x possesses a great educative p[]1 by op5+ ! pa? to morality )\t prea*+ or p]suasion2 )\t det]m9+1 x produces det]m9ability4 ,?is 0 ! ma9 !me ( ! celebrat$ ,lett]s on ! ,ae/hetic ,education ( ,man1 :i* ,s*ill] wrote to 8 patron ! ,duke ( ,hol/e9-,augu/5burg4 ,"h1 & 9 8 lectures at ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 x is cle> t ,s*ill] addresses himself to a popul> audi5ce4 ,he began a "w1 on sci5tific ,ae/hetic1 :i* he int5d$ to entitle ,kallias1 b un=tunately di$ )\t complet+ x4 ,we possess only a few fragm5ts1 conta9$ 9 8 correspond5ce ) 8 fri5d ,krn]4 ,krn] did n feel satisfi$ ) ! =mula ( ,s*ill]1 & asks = "s m precise & objective m>k ( ! beautiful4 ,s*ill] tells him t he has f\nd x1 b :at he _h f\nd we %all nev] "k1 z !re is no docum5t to in=m u4 ,! fault ( ,s*ill]'s ae/hetic !ory 0 its lack ( precision4 ,8 arti/ic faculty enabl$ him to give unsurpassable descriptions ( ! ca?>sis & ( o!r effects ( art1 b he fails to give a precise def9ition ( ! ae/hetic function4 ,true1 he disassociates x f morality1 yet admits t x may 9 a measure be associat$ ) x4 ,! only =mal activities t he recognizes are ! moral & ! intellectual1 & he d5ies altoge!r 7aga9/ ! s5suali/s7 t art c h any?+ to d ) passion or s5suality4 ,8 intellectual _w consi/$ only ( ! logical & ! intellectual1 leav+ out ! imag9ative activity4 ,:at is art = ,s*ill]8 ,he admits f\r modes ( relation betwe5 man & ext]nal ?+s4 ,!y are ! physical1 ! logical1 ! moral1 & ! ae/hetic4 ,he describes ?is latt] z a mode by :i* ?+s affect ! :ole ( our diff]5t =ces1 )\t be+ a def9ite object = any "o 9 p>ticul>4 ,?us a man may be said to please ae/hetically1 :5 he does s )\t appeal+ to any "o ( ! s5ses directly1 & )\t any law or end be+ ?\ght ( 9 connection ) him4 ,s*ill] _c be made to say any?+ m def9ite ?an ?is4 ,8 g5]al position 0 probably mu* l ,kant's 7save 9 ! case above m5tion$1 :]e he made a happy correction71 & he probably look$ ^u ,ae/hetic z a m+l+ ( sev]al faculties1 z a play ( s5tim5t4 ,s*ill] 0 fai?ful to ,kant's tea*+ 9 its ma9 l9es1 & 8 unc]ta9ty 0 l>gely due to ?is4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ?ird sph]e unit+ =m & matt] 0 = ,s*ill] r an ideal con=mable to reason ?an a def9ite activity2 x 0 supposititi\s1 r ?an effective4 ,b ! ,romantic movem5t 9 lit]ature1 :i* 0 at t "t ga9+ gr\nd1 ) its belief 9 a sup]human faculty call$ imag9ation1 9 g5ius break] ( rules1 f\nd no su* ne$ = re/ra9t4 ,s*ill]'s mode/ res]ve 0 set aside1 & ) ,j4,p4 ,ri*t] we approa* a my?ology ( ! imag9ation4 ,_m ( 8 obs]vations are1 h[ev]1 j1 & 8 di/9ction betwe5 productive & reproductive imag9ation is excell5t4 ,h[ c\ld humanity appreciate works ( g5ius1 he asks1 7 x )\t "s common measure8 ,all m5 :o c g z f> z say+ ?is is beautiful be=e a beautiful ?+1 are capable ( ! latt]4 ,he !n proce$s to e/abli% to 8 own satisfaction categories ( ! imag9ation1 lead+ f simple tal5t to ! supreme =m ( male g5ius 9 :i* all faculties fl\ri% toge!r3 a faculty ( faculties4 ,! ,romantic conception ( art is1 9 sub/ance1 t ( ideali/ ,g]man philosophy1 :]e we f9d x 9 a m coh]5t & sy/ematic =m4 ,x is ! conception ( ,s*ell+1 ,solg]1 & ,hegel4 ,fi*te1 ,kant's fir/ great pupil1 _c be includ$ ) ^!1 = 8 view ( ,ae/hetic1 l>gely influ5c$ by ,s*ill]1 is trans=m$ 9 ! ,fi*tian sy/em to a moral activity1 to a repres5tation ( ! e?ical ideal4 ,! subjective idealism ( ,fi*te1 h[ev]1 g5]at$ an ,ae/hetic3 t ( irony z ! base ( art4 ,! ,i t has creat$ ! univ]se c also de/roy x4 ,! univ]se is a va9 appe>ance1 smil$ at by ! ,ego its creator1 :o surveys x z an arti/ 8 "w1 f )\t & f above4 ,= ,fri$ri* ,s*legel1 art 0 a p]petual f>ce1 a p>ody ( itself2 & ,tieck def9$ irony z a =ce :i* all[s ! poet to dom9ate 8 mat]ial4 ,novalis1 t ,romantic ,fi*tian1 dream$ ( a magical idealism1 an art ( creat+ by an in/antane\s act ( ! ,ego4 ,b ,s*ell+'s sy/em ( transc5d5tal idealism 0 ! fir/ great philosophical affirmation ( ,romanticism & ( consci\s ,neo-platonism reborn 9 ,ae/hetic4 ,s*ell+ has obvi\sly /udi$ ,s*ill]1 b he br+s to ! problem a m9d m purely philosophical & a me?od m exactly sci5tific4 ,he ev5 takes ,kant to task = fault9ess ( me?od4 ,8 rem>ks z to ,plato's position are curi\s1 if n conclusive4 ,he says t ,plato condemn$ ! art ( 8 "t1 because x 0 reali/ic & naturali/ic3 l all antique art1 x exhibit$ a f9ite "*4 ,plato's judgm5t w\ld h be5 q diff]5t _h he kn[n ,*ri/ian art1 ( :i* ! "* is inf9ity4 ,s*ell+ held firm to ! fusion ( art & beauty effect$ by ,s*ill]1 b he combat$ ,w9ckelmann's !ory ( ab/ract beauty ) its negative conception ( ! *>act]i/ic1 assign+ to art ! limits ( ! individual4 ,art is *>act]i/ic beauty2 x is n ! individual1 b ! liv+ conception ( ! individual4 ,:5 ! arti/ recognizes ! et]nal idea 9 an individual1 & expresses x outw>dly1 he trans=ms ! individual into a _w ap>t1 into a species1 into an et]nal idea4 ,*>act]i/ic beauty is ! fulness ( =m :i* slays =m3 x does n sil5ce passion1 b re/ra9s x z ! banks ( a riv] ! wat]s t fl[ betwe5 !m1 b d n ov]fl[4 ,s*ell+'s />t+-po9t is ! criticism ( teleological judgm5t1 z /at$ by ,kant 9 8 ?ird ,critique4 ,teleology is ! union ( !oretic ) practical philosophy4 ,b ! sy/em w\ld n be complete1 unless we c\ld %[ ! id5tity ( ! two worlds1 !oretic & practical1 9 ! subject itself4 ,he mu/ demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( an activity1 :i* is at once unconsci\s z nature & consci\s z _s4 ,?is activity we f9d 9 ,ae/hetic1 :i* is !re=e ! g5]al organ ( philosophy1 ! key/one ( ! :ole build+4 ,poetry & philosophy alone possess ! _w ( ! ideal1 9 :i* ! real _w vani%es4 ,true art is n ! impression ( ! mom5t1 b ! repres5tation ( inf9ite life3 x is transc5d5tal intuition objectifi$4 ,! "t w come :5 philosophy w return to poetry1 :i* 0 its s\rce1 & on ! new philosophy w arise a new my?ology4 ,philosophy does n depict real ?+s1 b _! ideas2 s too1 art4 ,^? same ideas1 ( :i* real ?+s are1 z philosophy %[s1 ! imp]fect copies1 reappe> 9 art objectifi$ z ideas1 & !re=e 9 _! p]fection4 ,art /&s ne>e/ to philosophy1 :i* itself /&s ne>e/ to ! ,idea1 & !re=e ne>e/ to p]fection4 ,art diff]s f philosophy only by its specialization3 9 all o!r ways x is ! ideal _w 9 its mo/ complete expression4 ,! ?ree ,ideas ( ,tru?1 ,goodness1 & ,beauty correspond to ! ?ree p[]s ( ! ideal & ( ! real _w4 ,beauty is n ! univ]sal :ole1 :i* is tru?1 nor is x ! only reality1 :i* is action3 x is ! p]fect m+l+ ( ! two4 ,beauty exi/s :]e ! real or p>ticul> is s adequate to its concept t ?is inf9ite ?+ ent]s into ! f9ite1 & is contemplat$ 9 ! concrete4 ,philosophy unites tru?1 morality1 & beauty1 9 :at !y possess 9 common1 & d$uces !m f _! unique ,s\rce1 :i* is ,god4 ,if philosophy assume ! "* ( sci5ce & ( tru?1 al?\gh x be sup]ior to tru?1 ! reason = ?is lies 9 ! fact t sci5ce & tru? are simply ! =mal det]m9ation ( philosophy4 ,s*ell+ look$ ^u my?ology z a necessity = e art4 ,ideas are ,gods1 consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( reality2 = ! ess5ce ( ea* is equal to ,god 9 a p>ticul> =m4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( all ,gods1 includ+ ! ,*ri/ian1 are pure limitation & absolute indivisibility4 ,m9]va has wisdom & /r5g?1 b lacks womanly t5d]ness2 ,juno has p[] & wisdom1 b is )\t amor\s *>m1 :i* %e borr[s ) ! girdle ( ,v5us1 :o 9 h] turn is )\t ! wisdom ( ,m9]va4 ,:at w\ld ^! ,gods become )\t _! limitations8 ,!y w\ld cease to be ! objects ( ,fancy4 ,fancy is a faculty1 ap>t f ! pure intellect & f ! reason4 ,di/9ct f imag9ation1 :i* develops ! products ( art1 ,fancy has intuitions ( !m1 grasps !m h]self1 & h]self repres5ts !m4 ,fancy is to imag9ation z intellectual intuition is to reason4 ,fancy1 !n1 is intellectual intuition 9 art4 ,9 ! ?\ght ( ,s*ell+1 fancy1 ! new or arti/ic intuition1 si/] ( intellectual intuition1 came to dom9ate alike ! intellect & ! old conception ( ! fancy & ! imag9ation1 9 a sy/em = :i* reason alone did n suffice4 ,c4,g4 ,solg] foll[$ ,s*ell+ & agre$ ) him 9 f9d+ b little tru? 9 ! !ories ( ,kant1 & especially ( ,fi*te4 ,he held t _! dialectic _h fail$ to solve ! difficulty ( intellectual intuition4 ,he too conceiv$ ( fancy z di/9ct f imag9ation1 & divid$ ! =m] into ?ree degrees4 ,imag9ation he held to app]ta9 to ord9>y k1 :i* re-e/abli%es ! orig9al intuition to inf9ity4 ,fancy orig9ates f ! orig9al anti!sis 9 ! idea1 & s op]ates t ! oppos+ elem5ts :i* are sep>at$ f ! idea become p]fectly unit$ 9 reality4 ,by means ( fancy1 we are able to und]/& ?+s m l(ty ?an ^? ( common k1 & 9 !m we recognize ! idea itself z real4 ,9 art1 fancy is ! faculty ( trans=m+ ! idea into reality4 ,= ,solg] z = ,s*ell+1 beauty belongs to ! region ( ,ideas1 :i* are inaccessible to common k4 ,art is ne>ly alli$ to religion1 = z religion is ! abyss ( ! idea1 into :i* our consci\sness plunges1 t x may become ess5tial1 s ,art & ! ,beautiful resolve1 9 _! way1 ! _w ( di/9ctions1 ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul>4 ,arti/ic activity is m ?an !oretical3 x is practical1 realiz$ & p]fect1 & !re=e belongs to practical1 n to !oretic philosophy1 z ,kant wrongly believ$4 ,s9ce art mu/ t\* inf9ity on "o side1 x _c h ord9>y nature = its object4 ,art !re=e ceases 9 ! portrait1 & ?is expla9s :y ! anci5ts g5]ally *ose ,gods or ,h]oes z models = sculpture4 ,e deity1 ev5 9 a limit$ & p>ticul> =m1 expresses a def9ite modification ( ! ,idea4 ,g4,g4,f4 ,hegel gives ! same def9ition ( art z ,solg] & ,s*ell+1 ,all ?ree 7 my/ical ae/heticians1 & ! v>i\s %ades ( my/ical ,ae/hetic1 pres5t$ by ^! ?ree writ]s1 are n ( great int]e/4 ,s*ell+ =c$ ^u art ! ab/ract ,platonic ideas1 :ile ,hegel r$uc$ x to ! concrete idea4 ,?is concrete idea 0 = ,hegel ! fir/ & l[e/ ( ! ?ree =ms ( ! lib]ty ( ! _s4 ,x repres5t$ imm$iate1 s5sible1 objectifi$ k2 :ile ,religion fill$ ! second place1 z repres5tative consci\sness ) adoration1 :i* is an elem5t =eign to art alone4 ,! ?ird place 0 ( c\rse occupi$ by ,philosophy1 ! free ?\ght ( ! absolute _s4 ,beauty & ,tru? are "o = ,hegel2 !y are unit$ 9 ! ,idea4 ,! beautiful he def9$ z ! s5sible appe>ance ( ! ,idea4 ,"s writ]s h errone\sly believ$ t ! views ( ! ?ree philosoph]s above m5tion$ lead back to ^? ( ,baumg>t54 ,b t is n correct4 ,!y well und]/ood t art _c be made a m$ium = ! expression ( philosophic concepts4 ,n only are !y oppos$ to ! morali/ic & intellectuali/ic view1 b !y are its active oppon5ts4 ,s*ell+ says t ae/hetic production is 9 its ess5ce absolutely free1 & ,hegel t art does n conta9 ! univ]sal z su*4 ,hegel acc5tuat$ ! cognoscitive "* ( art1 m ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,we h se5 t he plac$ x ) ,philosophy & ,religion 9 ! sph]e ( ! absolute ,_s4 ,b he does n all[ ei!r to ,art or to ,religion any diff]5ce ( function f t ( ,philosophy1 :i* occupies ! highe/ place 9 8 sy/em4 ,!y are !re=e inf]ior1 necess>y1 grades ( ! ,_s4 ,( :at use are !y8 ,( none :atev]1 or at be/1 !y m]ely repres5t transitory & hi/orical phases ( human life4 ,?us we see t ! t5d5cy ( ,hegelianism is anti-arti/ic1 z x is rationali/ic & anti-religi\s4 ,?is result ( ?\ght 0 a /range & a sad ?+ = "o :o lov$ art s f]v5tly z ,hegel4 ,our memories conjure up ,plato1 :o also lov$ art well1 & yet f\nd himself logically oblig$ to bani% ! poet f 8 ideal ,republic1 aft] cr[n+ him ) roses4 ,b ! ,g]man philosoph] 0 z /aun* to ! 7suppos$7 comm& ( reason z ! ,greek1 & felt himself oblig$ to ann\nce ! dea? ( art4 ,art1 he says1 occupies a l(ty place 9 ! human _s1 b n ! mo/ l(ty1 = x is limit$ to a re/rict$ cont5t & only a c]ta9 grade ( tru? c be express$ 9 art4 ,su* are ! ,hell5ic ,gods1 :o c be transfus$ 9 ! s5sible & appe> 9 x adequately4 ,! ,*ri/ian conception ( tru? is among ^? :i* _c be s express$4 ,! _s ( ! mod]n _w1 & m precisely ! _s ( our religion & rational developm5t1 seem to h gone beyond ! po9t at :i* art is ! *ief way ( appreh5d+ ! ,absolute4 ,! peculi>ity ( arti/ic production no long] satisfies our highe/ ne$s4 ,?\ght & reflexion h surpass$ art1 ! beautiful4 ,he goes on to say t ! reason g5]ally giv5 = ?is is ! preval5ce ( mat]ial & political int]e/s4 ,b ! true reason is ! inf]iority 9 degree ( art z comp>$ ) pure ?\ght4 ,art is dead1 & ,philosophy c !re=e supply its complete biography4 ,hegel's ,vorlesung5 b] ,ae/hetik am\nts !re=e to a fun]al oration ^u ,art4 ,romanticism & metaphysical idealism _h plac$ art1 sometimes above ! cl\ds1 sometimes )9 !m1 & believ+ t x 0 no good !re to anyone1 ,hegel provid$ a dec5t burial4 ,no?+ p]haps bett] %[s h[ well ?is fanta/ic conception ( art suit$ ! _s ( ! "t1 ?an ! fact t ev5 ! adv]s>ies ( ,s*ell+1 ,solg]1 & ,hegel ei!r admit agreem5t ) t conception1 or f9d !mselves involunt>ily 9 agreem5t ) x1 :ile believ+ !mselves to be v remote4 ,!y too are my/ical ae/heticians4 ,we all "k ) :at virul5ce ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau] attack$ & combat$ ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 & all ! *>latans & pr(essors :o _h divid$ among !m ! inh]itance ( ,kant4 ,well1 ,s*op5hau]'s !ory ( art />ts1 j l ,hegel's1 f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ab/ract & ! concrete concept1 :i* is ! ,idea4 ,s*op5hau]'s ideas are ! ,platonic ideas1 al?\gh 9 ! =m :i* he gives to !m1 !y h a ne>] resemblance to ! ,ideas ( ,s*ell+ ?an to ! ,idea ( ,hegel4 ,s*op5hau] takes mu* tr\ble to diff]5tiate 8 ideas f intellectual concepts4 ,he calls ! idea unity :i* has become plurality by means ( space & "t4 ,x is ! =m ( our intuitive app]ception4 ,! concept is1 on ! contr>y1 unity extract$ f plurality by means ( ab/raction1 :i* is an act ( our intellect4 ,! concept may be call$ unitas po/ rem1 ! idea unitas ante rem4 ,! orig9 ( ?is psy*ological illusion ( ! ideas or types ( ?+s is always to be f\nd 9 ! *ang+ ( ! empirical classifications creat$ = _! own purposes by ! natural sci5ces1 into liv+ realities4 ,?us ea* art has = its sph]e a special category ( ideas4 ,ar*itecture & its d]ivatives1 g>d5+ 7& /range to say l&scape-pa9t+ is includ$ ) x71 sculpture & animal-pa9t+1 hi/orical pa9t+ & ! high] =ms ( sculpture1 etc41 all possess _! special ideas4 ,poetry's *ief object is man z idea4 ,music1 on ! contr>y1 does n belong to ! hi]>*y ( ! o!r arts4 ,s*ell+ _h look$ ^u music z express+ ! rhy?m ( ! univ]se itself4 ,= ,s*op5hau]1 music does n express ideas1 b ! ,w itself4 ,! analogies betwe5 music & ! _w1 betwe5 fundam5tal notes & crude matt]1 betwe5 ! scale & ! scale ( species1 betwe5 melody & consci\s w1 lead ,s*op5hau] to ! conclusion t music is n only an ari?metic1 z x appe>$ to ,leibnitz1 b inde$ a metaphysic3 ! occult metaphysical ex]cise ( a s\l n kn[+ t x philosophizes4 ,= ,s*op5hau]1 z = 8 ideali/ pr$ecessors1 art is beatific4 ,x is ! fl[] ( life2 he :o is plung$ 9 arti/ic contemplation ceases to be an individual2 he is ! consci\s subject1 pure1 fre$ f w1 f pa91 & f "t4 ,yet 9 ,s*op5hau]'s sy/em exi/ elem5ts = a bett] & a m pr(\nd treatm5t ( ! problem ( art4 ,he c\ld sometimes %[ himself to be a lucid & acute analy/4 ,= in/ance1 he cont9ually rem>ks t ! categories ( space & "t are n applicable to art1 b only ! g5]al =m ( repres5tation4 ,he might h d$uc$ f ?is t art is ! mo/ imm$iate1 n ! mo/ l(ty grade ( consci\sness1 s9ce x prec$es ev5 ! ord9>y p]ceptions ( space & "t4 ,vico _h already obs]v$ t ?is free+ oneself f ord9>y p]ception1 ?is dwell+ 9 imag9ation1 does n really mean an asc5t to ! level ( ! ,platonic ,ideas1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a r$esc5d+ to ! sph]e ( imm$iate intuition1 a return to *ildhood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,s*op5hau] _h begun to submit ! ,kantian categories to imp>tial criticism1 & f9d+ ! two =ms ( intuition insuffici5t1 add$ a ?ird1 causality4 ,he also drew comp>isons betwe5 art & hi/ory1 & 0 m successful "h ?an ! ideali/ excogitators ( a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,s*op5hau] rightly saw t hi/ory 0 irr$ucible to concepts1 t x is ! contemplation ( ! individual1 & !re=e n a sci5ce4 ,hav+ proce$$ ?us f>1 he might h gone fur!r1 & realiz$ t ! mat]ial ( hi/ory is always ! p>ticul> 9 its p>ticul>ity1 t ( art :at is & always is id5tical4 ,b he pref]r$ to execute a v>iation on ! g5]al motive t 0 9 fa%ion at ?is "t4 ,! fa%ion ( ! day6 ,x rules 9 philosophy z else:]e1 & we are n[ ab\t to see ! mo/ rigid & arid ( analy/s1 ! lead] ( ! s-call$ reali/ s*ool1 or s*ool ( exact sci5ce 9 ,g]many 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 plunge headlong into ae/hetic my/icism4 ,g4,f4 ,h]b>t 7#ahac7 beg9s 8 ,ae/hetic by free+ x f ! discr$it atta*+ to ,metaphysic & to ,psy*ology4 ,he decl>es t ! only true way ( und]/&+ art is to /udy p>ticul> examples ( ! beautiful & to note :at !y reveal z to its ess5ce4 ,we %all n[ see :at came ( ,h]b>t's analysis ( ^! examples ( beauty1 & h[ f> he succe$$ 9 rema9+ free ( ,metaphysic4 ,= ,h]b>t1 beauty consi/s ( relations4 ,! sci5ce ( ,ae/hetic consi/s ( an enum]ation ( all ! fundam5tal relations betwe5 col\rs1 l9es1 tones1 ?\ghts1 & w4 ,b = him ^! relations are n empirical or physiological4 ,!y _c !re=e be /udi$ 9 a laboratory1 because ?\ght & ! w =m "p ( !m1 & ^! belong z mu* to ,e?ics z to ! ext]nal _w4 ,b ,h]b>t explicitly /ates t no true beauty is s5sible1 al?\gh s5sation may & does (t5 prec$e & foll[ ! intuition ( beauty4 ,!re is a pr(\nd di/9ction betwe5 ! beautiful & ! agreeable or pleasant3 ! latt] does n require a repres5tation1 :ile ! =m] consi/s 9 repres5tations ( relations1 :i* are imm$iately foll[$ by a judgm5t express+ uncondition$ approval4 ,?us ! m]ely pleasurable becomes m & m indiff]5t1 b ! beautiful appe>s always z ( m & m p]man5t value4 ,! judgm5t ( ta/e is univ]sal1 et]nal1 immutable4 ,! complete repres5tation ( ! same relations always c>ries ) x ! same judgm5t4 ,= ,h]b>t1 ae/hetic judgm5ts are ! g5]al class conta9+ ! sub-class ( e?ical judgm5ts4 ,! five e?ical ideas1 ( int]nal lib]ty1 ( p]fection1 ( b5evol5ce1 ( equity1 & ( ju/ice1 are five ae/hetic ideas2 or bett]1 !y are ae/hetic concepts appli$ to ! w 9 its relations4 ,h]b>t look$ ^u art z a complex fact1 compos$ ( an ext]nal elem5t possess+ logical or psy*ological value1 ! cont5t1 & ( a true ae/hetic elem5t1 :i* is ! =m4 ,ent]ta9m5t1 in/ruction1 & pleasure ( all sorts are m+l$ ) ! beautiful1 9 ord] to obta9 fav\r = ! "w 9 "q4 ,! ae/hetic judgm5t1 calm & s]5e 9 itself1 may be accompani$ by all sorts ( psy*ic emotions1 =eign to x4 ,b ! cont5t is always transitory1 relative1 subject to moral laws1 & judg$ by !m4 ,! =m alone is p]5nial1 absolute1 & free4 ,! true ca?>sis c only be effect$ by sep>at+ ! =m f ! cont5t4 ,concrete art may be ! sum ( two values1 b ! ae/hetic fact is =m alone4 ,= ^? capable ( p5etrat+ b5ea? appe>ances1 ! ae/hetic doctr9es ( ,h]b>t & ( ,kant w appe> v simil>4 ,h]b>t is notable z insi/+1 9 ! mann] ( ,kant1 on ! di/9ction betwe5 free & adh]5t beauty 7or adornm5t z s5su\s /imulant71 on ! exi/5ce ( pure beauty1 object ( necess>y & univ]sal judgm5ts1 & on a c]ta9 m+l+ ( e?ical ) 8 ae/hetic !ory4 ,h]b>t1 inde$1 call$ himself a ,kantian1 b ( ! ye> #ahbh4 ,kant's ae/hetic !ory1 ?\gh x be full ( errors1 yet is ri* 9 fruitful sugge/ions4 ,kant belongs to a p]iod :5 philosophy is /ill "y & pliant4 ,h]b>t came lat]1 & is dry & "o-sid$4 ,! romantics & ! metaphysical ideali/s _h unifi$ ! !ory ( ! beautiful & ( art4 ,h]b>t re/or$ ! old duality & me*anism1 & gave u an absurd1 unfruitful =m ( my/icism1 void ( all arti/ic inspiration4 ,h]b>t may be said to h tak5 all !re 0 ( false 9 ! ?\ght ( ,kant & to h made x into a sy/em4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,g]many is notable = ! great numb] ( philosophical !ories & ( c\nt]-!ories1 broa*$ & rapidly discuss$1 be=e be+ disc>d$4 ,none ( ! mo/ prom95t names 9 ! p]iod belong to philosoph]s ( fir/-rate importance1 ?\gh !y made s mu* /ir 9 _! day4 ,! ?\ght ( ,fri$ri* ,s*lei]ma*] 0 obscur$ & misund]/ood amid ^? cr[d+ m$iocrities2 yet x is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ & ! mo/ notewor?y ( ! p]iod4 ,s*lei]ma*] look$ ^u ,ae/hetic z an altoge!r mod]n =m ( ?\ght4 ,he p]ceiv$ a pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle1 n yet fre$ f empirical precepts1 & ! t5tative ( ,baumg>t5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he prais$ ,kant z hav+ be5 ! fir/ to include ,ae/hetic among ! philosophical discipl9es4 ,he admitt$ t ) ,hegel x _h atta9$ to ! highe/ p9nacle1 be+ connect$ ) religion & ) philosophy1 & almo/ plac$ ^u _! level4 ,b he 0 dissatisfi$ ) ! absurdity ( ! attempt made by ! foll[]s ( ,baumg>t5 to con/ruct a sci5ce or !ory ( s5su\s pleasure4 ,he disapprov$ ( ,kant's view ( ta/e z be+ ! pr9ciple ( ,ae/hetic1 ( ,fi*te's art z moral tea*+1 & ( ! vague conception ( ! beautiful z ! c5tre ( ,ae/hetic4 ,he approv$ ( ,s*ill]'s m>k+ ( ! mom5t ( spontaneity 9 productive art1 & he prais$ ,s*ell+ = hav+ drawn att5tion to ! figurative arts1 z be+ less liable ?an poetry to be div]t$ to false & illusory morali/ic ends4 ,be=e he beg9s ! /udy ( ! place due to ! arti/ic activity 9 ,e?ic1 he c>efully excludes f ! /udy ( ,ae/hetic all practical rules 7:i*1 be+ empirical1 are incapable ( sci5tific demon/ration74 ,= ,s*lei]ma*]1 ! sph]e ( ,e?ic includ$ ! :ole ,philosophy ( ! ,_s1 9 addition to morality4 ,^! are ! two =ms ( human activity--t :i*1 l ,logic1 is ! same 9 all m51 & is call$ activity ( id5tity1 & ! activity ( diff]5ce or individuality4 ,!re are activities :i*1 l art1 are int]nal or imman5t & individual1 & o!rs :i* are ext]nal or practical4 ,! true "w ( art is ! int]nal picture4 ,measure is :at diff]5tiates ! arti/'s portrayal ( ang] on ! /age & ! ang] ( a really angry man4 ,tru? is n s\ght 9 poetry1 or if x be s\ght !re1 x is tru? ( an altoge!r diff]5t k9d4 ,! tru? ( poetry lies 9 coh]5t pres5tation4 ,lik5ess to a model does n compose ! m]it ( a picture4 ,n ! smalle/ am\nt ( k comes f art1 :i* expresses only ! tru? ( a p>ticul> consci\sness4 ,art has = its field ! imm$iate consci\sness ( self1 :i* mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! ?\ght ( ! ,ego4 ,?is la/ is ! consci\sness ( id5tity 9 ! div]sity ( mom5ts z !y pass2 ! imm$iate consci\sness ( self is ! div]sity itself ( ! mom5ts1 ( :i* we %\ld be aw>e1 = life is no?+ b ! developm5t ( consci\sness4 ,9 ?is field1 art has sometimes be5 confus$ ) two facts :i* accompany x !re3 ^! are s5ti5t consci\sness 7t is1 ! feel+s ( pleasure & ( pa97 & religion4 ,s*lei]ma*] "h alludes to ! s5suali/ic ae/heticians ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & to ,hegel1 :o _h almo/ id5tifi$ art & religion4 ,he refutes bo? po9ts ( view by po9t+ out t s5ti5t pleasure & religi\s s5tim5t1 h[ev] diff]5t !y may be f o!r po9ts ( view1 are yet bo? det]m9$ by an objective fact2 :ile art1 on ! contr>y1 is free productivity4 ,dream is ! be/ p>allel & pro( ( ?is free productivity4 ,all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( art are f\nd 9 dream1 :i* is ! result ( free ?\ghts & ( s5sible intuitions1 consi/+ simply ( images4 ,b dream1 z comp>$ ) art1 is *aotic3 :5 measure & ord] is e/abli%$ 9 dream1 x becomes art4 ,?\ghts & images are alike ess5tial to art1 & to bo? is necess>y pond]ation1 reflexion1 measure1 & unity1 because o!rwise e image w\ld be confus$ ) e o!r image4 ,?us ! mom5ts ( inspiration & ( pond]ation are bo? necess>y to art4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s ?\ght1 s firm & lucid up to ?is po9t1 beg9s to become less secure1 ) ! discussion ( typicity & ( ! ext5t to :i* ! arti/ %\ld foll[ ,nature4 ,he says t ideal figures1 :i* ,nature w\ld give1 7 %e n imp$$ by ext]nal ob/acles1 are ! products ( art4 ,he notes t :5 ! arti/ repres5ts some?+ really giv51 su* z a portrait or a l&scape1 he r5\nces fre$om ( production & adh]es to ! real4 ,9 ! arti/ is a d\ble t5d5cy1 t[>d ! p]fection ( ! type & t[>d ! repres5tation ( natural reality4 ,he %\ld n fall into ! ab/raction ( ! type1 nor into ! insignificance ( empirical reality4 ,s*lei]ma*] feels all ! difficulty ( su* a problem z :e!r !re be "o or sev]al ideals ( ! human figure4 ,?is problem may be transf]r$ to ! sph]e ( art1 & we may ask :e!r ! poet is to repres5t only ! ideal1 or :e!r he %\ld also deal ) ^? ob/acles to x t imp$e ,nature 9 h] ef=ts to atta94 ,bo? views conta9 half ! tru?4 ,to art belongs ! repres5tation ( ! ideal z ( ! real1 ( ! subjective & ( ! objective alike4 ,! repres5tation ( ! comic1 t is ( ! anti-ideal & ( ! imp]fect ideal1 belongs to ! doma9 ( art4 ,= ! human =m1 bo? morally & physically1 oscillates betwe5 ! ideal & c>icature4 ,he arrives at a mo/ important def9ition z to ! indep5d5ce ( art 9 respect to morality4 ,! nature ( art1 z ( philosophic speculation1 excludes moral & practical effects4 ,!re=e1 !re is no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 works ( art ?an _! respective arti/ic p]fection 7,vollkomm5heit 9 d] ,kun/74 ,if we c\ld correctly pr$icate volitional acts 9 respect ( works ( art1 !n we %\ld f9d ourselves admir+ only ^? works :i* /imulat$ ! w1 & !re w\ld ?us be e/abli%$ a diff]5ce ( valuation1 indep5d5t ( arti/ic p]fection4 ,! true "w ( art dep5ds ^u ! degree ( p]fection ) :i* ! ext]nal 9 x agrees ) ! int]nal4 ,s*lei]ma*] rightly combats ,s*ill]'s view t art is 9 any s5se a game4 ,t1 he says1 is ! view held by m]e m5 ( bus9ess1 to :om bus9ess alone is s]i\s4 ,b arti/ic activity is univ]sal1 & a man completely depriv$ ( x un?9kable1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce "h betwe5 man & man1 is gigantic1 rang+ f ! simple desire to ta/e ( art to ! effective ta/+ ( x1 & f ?is1 by inf9ite gradations1 to productive g5ius4 ,! regrettable fact t ,s*lei]ma*]'s ?\ght has rea*$ u only 9 an imp]fect =m1 may acc\nt = c]ta9 ( its defects1 su* z 8 failure to elim9ate ae/hetic classes & types1 8 ret5tion ( a c]ta9 residue ( ab/ract =malism1 8 def9ition ( art z ! activity ( diff]5ce4 ,_h he bett] def9$ ! mom5t ( arti/ic reproduction1 realiz$ ! possibility ( ta/+ ! art ( v>i\s times & ( o!r nations1 & exam9$ ! true relation ( art to sci5ce1 he w\ld h se5 t ?is diff]5ce is m]ely empirical & to be surm\nt$4 ,he fail$ also to recognize ! id5tity ( ! ae/hetic activity1 ) language z ! base ( all o!r !oretic activity4 ,b ,s*lei]ma*]'s m]its f> outweigh ^! defects4 ,he remov$ f ,ae/hetic its imp]ativi/ic "*2 he di/+ui%$ a =m ( ?\ght diff]5t f logical ?\ght4 ,he attribut$ to our sci5ce a non-metaphysical1 an?ropological "*4 ,he d5i$ ! concept ( ! beautiful1 sub/itut+ = x arti/ic p]fection1 & ma9ta9+ ! ae/hetic equality ( a small ) a great "w ( art1 he look$ ^u ! ae/hetic fact z an exclusively human productivity4 ,?us ,s*lei]ma*]1 ! !ologian1 9 ?is p]iod ( metaphysical orgy1 ( rapidly con/ruct$ & z rapidly de/roy$ sy/ems1 p]ceiv$1 ) ! greate/ philosophical acum51 :at is really *>act]i/ic ( art1 & di/+ui%$ its prop]ties & relations4 ,ev5 :]e he fails to see cle>ly 8 way1 he nev] ab&ons analysis = m]e guess-"w4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ?us explor+ ! obscure region ( ! imm$iate consci\sness1 or ( ! ae/hetic fact1 c almo/ be he>d cry+ out to 8 /ray+ contempor>ies3 ,hic ,rhodus1 hi salta6 ,speculation ^u ! orig9 & nature ( language 0 rife at ?is "t 9 ,g]many4 ,_m !ories 7 put =w>d1 among ! mo/ curi\s be+ t ( ,s*ell+1 :o held language & my?ology to be ! product ( a pre-human consci\sness1 allegorically express$ z ! diabolic sugge/ions :i* _h precipitat$ ! ,ego f ! inf9ite to ! f9ite4 ,ev5 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt 0 unable to free himself altoge!r f ! intellectuali/ic prejudice ( ! sub/antial id5tity & ! m]ely hi/orical & accid5tal div]sity ( logical ?\ght & language4 ,he speaks ( a p]fect language1 brok5 up & dim9i%$ ) ! less] capacities ( less] peoples4 ,he believ$ t language is some?+ /&+ outside ! individual1 indep5d5t ( him1 & capable ( be+ reviv$ by use4 ,b !re 7 two m5 9 ,humboldt1 an old man & a "y "o4 ,! latt] 0 always sugge/+ t language %\ld be look$ ^u z a liv+1 n z a dead ?+1 z an activity1 n z a ^w4 ,?is duality ( ?\ght sometimes makes 8 writ+ difficult & obscure4 ,al?\gh he speaks ( an int]nal =m ( spee*1 he fails to id5tify ?is ) art z expression4 ,! reason is t he looks ^u ! ^w 9 too unilat]al a mann]1 z a means ( develop+ logical ?\ght1 & 8 ideas ( ,ae/hetic are too vague & too inexact to enable him to discov] _! id5tity4 ,despite 8 p]ception ( ! pr(\nd tru? t poetry prec$es prose1 ,humboldt gives gr\nds = d\bt z to :e!r he _h cle>ly recogniz$ & firmly grasp$ ! fact t language is always poetry1 & t prose 7sci5ce7 is a di/9ction1 n ( ae/hetic =m1 b ( cont5t1 t is1 ( logical =m4 ,/e9?al1 ! greate/ foll[] ( ,humboldt1 solv$ 8 ma/]'s contradictions1 & 9 #ahee su/a9$ successfully aga9/ ! ,hegelian ,beck] ! !sis t words are necess>y = ?\ght4 ,he po9t$ to ! deaf-mute ) 8 signs1 to ! ma!matician ) 8 =mulae1 to ! ,*9ese language1 :]e ! figurative portion is an ess5tial ( spee*1 & decl>$ t ,beck] 0 wrong 9 believ+ t ! ,sanskrit language 0 d]iv$ f twelve c>d9al concepts4 ,he %[$ effectively t ! concept & ! ^w1 ! logical judgm5t & ! proposition1 are n comp>able4 ,! proposition is n a judgm5t1 b ! repres5tation ( a judgm5t2 & all propositions d n repres5t logical judgm5ts4 ,sev]al judgm5ts c be express$ ) "o proposition4 ,! logical divisions ( judgm5ts 7! relations ( concepts7 h no correspond5ce 9 ! grammatical division ( propositions4 ,if we speak ( a logical =m ( ! proposition1 we fall into a contradiction 9 t]ms n less complete ?an 8 :o %\ld speak ( ! angle ( a circle1 or ( ! p]iph]y ( a triangle4 ,he :o speaks1 9 s f> z he speaks1 has n ?\ghts1 b language4 ,:5 ,/e9?al _h sev]al times solemnly proclaim$ ! indep5d5ce ( language z reg>ds ,logic1 & t x produces its =ms 9 complete autonomy1 he proce$$ to seek ! orig9 ( language1 recogniz+ ) ,humboldt t ! "q ( ,its orig9 is ! same z t ( its nature4 ,language1 he said1 belongs to ! great class ( reflex movem5ts1 b ?is only %[s "o side ( x1 n its true nature4 ,animals1 l m51 h reflex actions & s5sations1 ?\gh nature ent]s ! animal by =ce1 takes x by assault1 conqu]s & enslaves x4 ,) man is born language1 because he is resi/ance to nature1 gov]nance ( 8 own body1 & lib]ty4 ,language is lib]ation2 ev5 to-day we feel t our s\l becomes light]1 & frees itself f a weight1 :5 we speak4 ,man1 be=e he atta9s to spee*1 mu/ be conceiv$ ( z accompany+ all 8 s5sations ) bodily movem5ts1 mimetic attitudes1 ge/ures1 & p>ticul>ly ) articulate s\nds4 ,:at is /ill lack+ to him1 t he may atta9 to spee*8 ,! connexion betwe5 ! reflex movem5ts ( ! body & ! /ate ( ! s\l4 ,if 8 s5ti5t consci\sness be already consci\sness1 !n he lacks ! consci\sness ( consci\sness2 if x be already intuition1 !n he lacks ! intuition ( intuition4 ,9 sum1 he lacks ! int]nal =m ( language4 ,) ?is comes spee*1 :i* =ms ! connexion4 ,man does n *oose ! s\nd ( 8 spee*4 ,?is is giv5 to him & he adopts x in/9ctively4 ,:5 we h accord$ to ,/e9?al ! great m]it ( hav+ r5d]$ coh]5t ! ideas ( ,humboldt1 & ( hav+ cle>ly sep>at$ l+ui/ic f logical ?\ght1 we mu/ note t he too fail$ to p]ceive ! id5tity ( ! int]nal =m ( language1 or intuition ( ! intuition1 z he call$ x1 ) ! ae/hetic imag9ation4 ,h]b>t's psy*ology1 to :i* ,/e9?al adh]$1 did n af=d him any means = ?is id5tification4 ,h]b>t sep>at$ logic f psy*ology1 call+ x a normative sci5ce2 he fail$ to disc]n ! exact limits betwe5 feel+ & spiritual =mation1 psy*e or s\l1 & _s1 & to see t "o ( ^! spiritual =mations is logical ?\ght or activity1 :i* is n a code ( laws impos$ f )\t4 ,= ,h]b>t1 ,ae/hetic1 z we "k1 0 a code ( beautiful =mal relations4 ,?us ,/e9?al1 foll[+ ,h]b>t 9 psy*ology1 0 b\nd to look ^u ,art z a beautify+ ( ?\ght1 ,l+ui/ic z ! sci5ce ( spee*1 ,rhetoric & ,ae/hetic z ! sci5ce ( beautiful spee*4 ,/e9?al nev] realiz$ t to speak is to speak well or beautifully1 "u p5alty ( n speak+1 & t ! revolution :i* he & ,humboldt _h effect$ 9 ! conception ( language mu/ inevitably react ^u & trans=m ,poetic1 ,rhetoric1 & ,ae/hetic4 ,?us1 despite s _m ef=ts ( consci5ti\s analysis on ! "p ( ,humboldt & ( ,/e9?al1 ! unity ( language & ( poetry1 & ! id5tification ( ! sci5ce ( language & ! sci5ce ( poetry /ill f\nd its lea/ imp]fect expression 9 ! prophetic aphorisms ( ,vico4 ,! philosophical movem5t 9 ,g]many f ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5?1 not)/&+ its _m errors1 is yet s notable & s impos+ ) ! philosoph]s already consid]$1 z to m]it ! fir/ place 9 ! ,european ?\ght ( t p]iod4 ,?is is ev5 m ! case z reg>ds ,ae/hetic ?an z reg>ds philosophy 9 g5]al4 ,france 0 ! prey ( ,condillac's s5sualism1 & !re=e incapable ( duly appreciat+ ! spiritual activity ( art4 ,we h>dly get a glimpse ( ,w9ckelmann's transc5d5tal spiritualism 9 ,quatremre de ,qu9cy1 & ! frigid academics ( ,victor ,c\s9 7 easily surpass$ by ,!odore ,j\ffroy1 ?\gh he too fail$ ( isolat+ ! ae/hetic fact4 ,fr5* ,romanticism def9$ lit]ature z ! expression ( society1 admir$ "u ,g]man influ5ce ! grotesque & ! *>act]i/ic1 decl>$ ! indep5d5ce ( art 9 ! =mula ( art = art's sake1 b did n succe$ 9 surpass+ philosophically ! old doctr9e ( ! imitation ( nature4 ,f4 ,s*legel & ,solg] inde$ 7 l>gely responsible = ! ,romantic movem5t 9 ,france--,s*legel ) 8 belief 9 ! *>act]i/ic or int]e/+ z ! pr9ciple ( mod]n art1 :i* l$ him to admire ! cruel & ! ugly2 ,solg] ) 8 dialectic arrangem5t1 :]eby ! f9ite or t]re/rial elem5t is absorb$ & annihilat$ 9 ! div9e & ?us becomes ! tragic1 or vice v]sa1 & ! result is ! comic4 ,ros5kranz publi%$ 9 ,knigsb]g an ,ae/hetic ( ! ,ugly1 & ! works ( ,vis*] & ,zeis+ ab\nd 9 subtleties relat+ to ! ,idea & to its expression 9 ! beautiful & sublime4 ,^! writ]s conceiv$ ( ! ,idea z ! ,knight ,purebeautiful1 con/ra9$ to ab&on 8 tranquil ease ?r\gh ! ma*9ations ( ! ,ugly2 ! ,ugly leads him into all sorts ( disagreeable adv5tures1 f all ( :i* he ev5tually em]ges victori\s4 ,! ,sublime1 ! ,comic1 ! ,humor\s1 & s on1 are 8 ,m>5go1 ,au/]litz1 & ,j5a4 ,ano!r v]sion ( _! knight's adv5tures might be describ$ z 8 conque/ by 8 enemies1 b at ! mom5t ( conque/ he trans=ms & irradiates 8 conqu]ors4 ,to su* a m$iocre & artificial my?ology l$ ! mu*-elaborat$ !ory ( ! ,modifications ( ! ,beautiful4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! associationi/ psy*ology cont9u$ to hold sway1 & %[$1 ) ,dugald ,/ew>t's mis]able attempt at e/abli%+ two =ms ( association1 its incapacity to rise to ! conception ( ! imag9ation4 ,) ! poet ,col]idge1 ,engl& also %[$ ! influ5ce ( ,g]man ?\ght1 & ,col]idge elaborat$ ) ,wordswor? a m correct conception ( poetry & ( its diff]5ce f sci5ce4 ,b ! mo/ notable contribution 9 ,engli% at t p]iod came f ano!r poet1 ,p4,b4 ,%elley1 ^: ,def5ce ( ,poetry conta9s pr(\nd1 ?\gh unsy/ematic views1 z to ! di/9ction betwe5 reason & imag9ation1 prose & poetry1 on primitive language1 & on ! poetic p[] ( objectification4 ,9 ,italy1 ,francesco de ,sanctis gave magnific5t expression to ! indep5d5ce ( art4 ,he taught lit]ature 9 ,naples f #ahch to #ahdh1 9 ,tur9 & ,zuri* f #ahej to #ahfj1 & aft] #ahgj he 0 a pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,naples4 ,8 ,/oria della lett]atura italiana is a classic1 & 9 x & 9 monographs on individual writ]s he expos$ 8 doctr9es4 ,prompt$ by a natural love ( speculation1 he began to exam9e ! old gramm>ians & rhetoricians1 ) a view to sy/ematize !m4 ,b v soon he proce$$ to criticize & to surpass _! !ories4 ,! cold rules ( reason did n f9d fav\r ) him1 & he advis$ "y m5 to g direct to ! orig9al works4 ,! philosophy ( ,hegel began to p5etrate ,italy1 & ! /udy ( ,vico 0 aga9 tak5 up4 ,de ,sanctis translat$ ! ,logic ( ,hegel 9 prison1 :]e ! ,b\rbon ,gov]nm5t _h ?r[n him = 8 lib]alism4 ,b5>d _h begun 8 translation ( ! ,ae/hetic ( ,hegel1 & s completely 9 h>mony 0 ,de ,sanctis ) ! ?\ght ( ?is ma/]1 t he is said to h guess$ f a /udy ( ! fir/ volume :at ! unpubli%$ volumes mu/ conta91 & to h lectur$ ^u !m to 8 pupils4 ,traces ( my/ical idealism & ( ,hegelianism p]si/ ev5 9 8 lat] works1 & ! di/9ction1 :i* he always ma9ta9$1 betwe5 imag9ation & fancy c]ta9ly came to him f ,hegel & ,s*ell+4 ,he held fancy alone to be ! true poetic faculty4 ,de ,sanctis absorb$ all ! juice ( ,hegel1 b reject$ ! husks ( 8 p$antry1 ( 8 =malism1 ( 8 apriority4 ,fancy = ,de ,sanctis 0 n ! my/ical transc5d5tal app]ception ( ! ,g]man philosoph]s1 b simply ! faculty ( poetic syn!sis & creation1 oppos$ to ! imag9ation1 :i* reunites details & always has some?+ me*anical ab\t x4 ,fai? & poetry1 he us$ to say1 are n dead1 b trans=m$4 ,8 criticism ( ,hegel am\nt$ 9 _m places to ! correction ( ,hegel2 & z reg>ds ,vico1 he is c>eful to po9t out1 t :51 9 deal+ ) ! ,hom]ic poems1 ,vico talks ( g5]ic types1 he is no long] ! critic ( art1 b ! hi/orian ( civilization4 ,de ,sanctis saw t1 arti/ically1 ,a*illes mu/ always be ,a*illes1 nev] a =ce or an ab/raction4 ,?us ,de ,sanctis succe$$ 9 keep+ himself free f ! ,hegelian dom9ation1 at a mom5t :5 ,hegel 0 ! ackn[l$g$ ma/] ( speculation4 ,b 8 criticism ext5d$ also to o!r ,g]man ae/heticians4 ,by a curi\s accid5t1 he f\nd himself at ,zuri* 9 ! company ( ,!odore ,vis*]1 t pond]\s ,hegelian1 :o laugh$ disda9fully at ! m5tion ( poetry1 ( music1 & ( ! decad5t ,italian race4 ,de ,sanctis laugh$ at ,vis*]'s laught]4 ,wagn] appe>$ to him a corrupt] ( music1 & no?+ 9 ! _w m unae/hetic ?an ! ,ae/hetic ( ,!odore ,vis*]4 ,8 lectures on ,ario/o & ,petr>*1 be=e an int]national public at ,zuri*1 7 deliv]$ ) ! desire ( correct+ ! errors ( ^! & ( o!r ,g]man philosoph]s & le>n$ m54 ,he gave 8 celebrat$ def9itions ( ,fr5* & ,g]man critics4 ,! ,fr5* critic does n indulge 9 !ories3 "o feels w>m? ( impression & sagacity ( obs]vation 9 8 argum5t4 ,he nev] leaves ! concrete2 he div9es ! quality ( ! writ]'s g5ius & ! quality ( 8 "w1 & /udies ! man1 9 ord] to und]/& ! writ]4 ,8 great fault is %[n 9 sub/itut+ = criticism ( ! actual art "w a hi/orical criticism ( ! au?or & ( 8 "t4 ,= ! ,g]man1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ s simple t he does n contrive to di/ort & to confuse x4 ,he collects %ad[s ar\nd him1 f :i* %oot vivid rays4 ,he labori\sly br+s to bir? t morsel ( tru? :i* he has )9 him4 ,he w\ld seize & def9e :at is mo/ fugitive & impalpable 9 a "w ( art4 ,al?\gh nobody talks s mu* ( life z he does1 yet no "o s mu* delights 9 decompos+ & g5]aliz+ x4 ,hav+ ?us de/roy$ ! p>ticul>1 he is able to %[ y z ! result ( ?is process1 f9al 9 appe>ance1 b 9 reality preconceiv$ & apriori/1 "o measurem5t = all feet1 "o g>m5t = all bodies4 ,ab\t ?is "t he /udi$ ,s*op5hau]1 :o 0 !n becom+ ! fa%ion4 ,s*op5hau] said ( ?is criticism ( ,de ,sanctis3 ,t ,italian has absorb$ me 9 succum et sangu9em4 ,:at weight did he atta* to ,s*op5hau]'s mu*-vaunt$ writ+s on art8 ,hav+ expos$ ! !ory ( ,ideas1 he b>ely ref]s to ! ?ird volume1 :i* conta9s an exagg]at$ !ory ( ,ae/hetic4 ,9 8 criticism ( ,petr>*1 ,de ,sanctis f9ally broke ) metaphysical ,ae/hetic1 say+ ( ,hegel's s*ool t x believ$ ! beautiful to become art :5 x surpass$ =m & reveal$ ! concept or pure idea4 ,?is !ory & ! subtleties d]iv$ f x1 f> f *>act]iz+ art1 repres5t its contr>y3 ! impot5t velleity = art1 :i* _c slay ab/ractions & come 9 contact ) life4 ,de ,sanctis held t outside ! doma9 ( art all ,is %apeless4 ,! ugly is ( ! doma9 ( art1 if art give x =m4 ,is !re any?+ m beautiful ?an ,iago8 ,if he be look$ ^u m]ely z a contra/ to ,o!llo1 !n we are 9 ! position ( ^? :o look$ ^u ! />s z plac$ :]e !y are to s]ve z c&les = ! e>?4 ,=m 0 = ,de ,sanctis ! ^w :i* %\ld be inscrib$ ov] ! entrance to ! ,temple ( ,art4 ,9 ! "w ( art are =m & cont5t1 b ! latt] is no long] *aotic3 ! arti/ has giv5 to x a new value1 has enri*$ x ) ! gift ( 8 own p]sonality4 ,b if ! cont5t has n be5 assimilat$ & made 8 own by ! arti/1 !n ! "w lacks g5]ative p[]3 x is ( no value z art or lit]ature1 ?\gh z hi/ory or sci5tific docum5t its value may be great4 ,! ,gods ( ,hom]'s ,iliad are dead1 b ! ,iliad rema9s4 ,guelf & ,ghibell9e h disappe>$ f ,italy3 n s ! ,div9e ,com$y1 :i* is z vigor\s to-day z :5 ,dante fir/ took p5 9 h&4 ,?us ,de ,sanctis held firmly to ! indep5d5ce ( art1 b he did n accept ! =mula ( art = art's sake1 9 s f> z x meant sep>ation ( ! arti/ f life1 mutilation ( ! cont5t1 art r$uc$ to m]e dext]ity4 ,= ,de ,sanctis1 =m 0 id5tical ) imag9ation1 ) ! arti/'s p[] ( express+ or repres5t+ 8 arti/ic vision4 ,?is mu* mu/ be admitt$ by 8 critics4 ,b he nev] atta9$ to a cle> def9ition ( art4 ,8 !ory ( ,ae/hetic always rema9$ a sket*3 wond]ful inde$1 b n cle>ly develop$ & d$uc$4 ,! reason = ?is 0 ,de ,sanctis' love ( ! concrete4 ,no soon] _h he atta9$ f g5]al ideas a suffici5t cl>ity ( vision = 8 own purposes1 ?an he plung$ aga9 into ! concrete & p>ticul>4 ,he did n conf9e 8 activity to lit]ature1 b 0 active also 9 politics & 9 ! prosecution & enc\ragem5t ( hi/orical /udies4 ,z a critic ( lit]ature1 ,de ,sanctis is f> sup]ior to ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,less+1 ,macaulay1 or ,ta9e4 ,flaub]t's g5ial intuition adumbrat$ :at ,de ,sanctis a*iev$4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,georges ,s&1 ,flaub]t speaks ( ! lack ( an arti/ic critic4 ,9 ,lah>pe's "t1 criticism 0 grammatical2 9 ! "t ( ,sa9te-,beuve & ( ,ta9e1 x is hi/orical4 ,!y analyse ) great subtlety ! hi/orical environm5t 9 :i* ! "w appe>$ & ! causes :i* h produc$ x4 ,b ! unconsci\s elem5t ,9 poetry8 ,:5ce does ,x come8 ,& composition8 ,& /yle8 ,& ! po9t ( view ( ! au?or8 ,( all t !y nev] speak4 ,= su* a critic1 great imag9ation & great goodness are necess>y4 ,i mean an ev]-ready faculty ( en?usiasm1 & !n ta/e1 a quality s r>e1 ev5 among ! be/1 t x is nev] m5tion$4 ,de ,sanctis alone fulfill$ ! conditions ( ,flaub]t1 & ,italy has 9 8 writ+s a look+-glass = h] lit]ature unequall$ by any o!r c\ntry4 ,b ) ,de ,sanctis1 ! philosoph] ( art1 ! ae/hetician1 is n s great z ! critic ( lit]ature4 ,! "o is accessory to ! o!r1 & 8 use ( ae/hetic t]m9ology is s incon/ant t a lack ( cle>ness ( ?\ght might be f\nd 9 8 "w by anyone :o _h n /udi$ x ) c>e4 ,b 8 want ( sy/em is m ?an comp5sat$ by 8 vitality1 by 8 con/ant citation ( actual works1 & by 8 intuition ( ! tru?1 :i* nev] ab&on$ him4 ,8 writ+s be> ! fur!r *>m ( sugge/+ new k+doms to conqu]1 new m9es ( ri*ness to explore4 ,:ile ! cry ( ,d[n ) ,metaphysic 0 res\nd+ 9 ,g]many1 & a furi\s reaction _h set 9 aga9/ ! sort ( ,walpurgisna*t to :i* ! lat] ,hegelians _h r$uc$ sci5ce & hi/ory1 ! pupils ( ,h]b>t came =w>d & ) an ins9uat+ air !y seem$ to say3 ,:at is ?is8 ,:y1 x is a rebellion aga9/ ,metaphysic1 ! v ?+ our ma/] wi%$ = & tri$ to a*ieve1 half a c5tury ago6 ,b "h we are1 8 heirs & successors1 & we want to be y\r allies6 ,an und]/&+ betwe5 u w be easy4 ,our ,metaphysic is 9 agreem5t ) ! atomic !ory1 our ,psy*ology ) me*anicism1 our ,e?ic & ,ae/hetic ) h$onism4 ,h]b>t1 :o di$ 9 #ahda1 w\ld probably h disda9$ & reject$ 8 foll[]s1 :o ?us c\rt$ popul>ity & *eap5$ ,metaphysic1 putt+ a lit]al int]pretation on 8 realities1 8 ideas & repres5tations1 & ^u all 8 mo/ l(ty excogitations4 ,! protagoni/ ( ^! neo-,h]b>tians 0 ,rob]t ,zimm]mann4 ,he con/ruct$ 8 sy/em ( ,ae/hetic out ( ,h]b>t1 :om he p]v]t$ to 8 own uses1 & ev5 employ$ ! mu*-abus$ ,hegelian dialectic 9 ord] to introduce modifications ( ! beautiful into pure beauty4 ,! beautiful1 he said1 is a model :i* possesses greatness1 fulness1 ord]1 correction1 & def9ite comp5sation4 ,beauty appe>s to u 9 a *>act]i/ic =m1 z a copy ( ?is model4 ,vis*]1 aga9/ :om 0 direct$ ?is "w ( ,zimm]mann1 f\nd x easy to reply4 ,he ridicul$ ,zimm]mann's mean+ ( ! symbol z ! object ar\nd :i* are clu/]$ beautiful =ms4 ,does an arti/ pa9t a fox1 simply t he may depict an object ( animal nature4 ,no1 no1 my de> sir1 f> f x4 ,?is fox is a symbol1 because ! pa9t] "h employs l9es & col\rs1 9 ord] to express some?+ diff]5t f l9es & col\rs4 ',y ?9k ,i am a fox1' cries ! pa9t$ animal4 ',y are mightily mi/ak52 ,i am1 on ! contr>y1 a portmanteau1 an exhibition by ! pa9t] ( r$1 :ite1 grey1 & yell[ t9ts4' ,vis*] also made fun ( ,zimm]mann's en?usiasm = ! ae/hetic value ( ! s5se ( t\*4 ,:at joy x mu/ be to t\* ! back ( ! bu/ ( ,h]cules 9 repose6 ,to /roke ! s9u\s limbs ( ! ,v5us ( ,milo or ( ! ,faun ( ,b>b]9i mu/ give a pleasure to ! h& equal to t ( ! e> z x li/5s to ! puissant fugues ( ,ba* or to ! suave melodies ( ,moz>t4 ,vis*] def9$ ! =mal ,ae/hetic ( ,zimm]mann z a que] mixture ( my/icism & ma!matic4 ,lotze1 9 common ) ! great majority ( ?9k]s1 0 dissatisfi$ ) ,zimm]mann1 b c\ld only oppose 8 =malism ) a v>iety ( ! old my/ical ,ae/hetic4 ,:o1 he ask$1 c\ld believe t ! human =m pleases only by its ext]nal proportions1 reg>dless ( ! _s )94 ,art1 l beauty1 %\ld enclose ! _w ( values 9 ! _w ( =ms4 ,?is /ruggle betwe5 ! ,ae/hetic ( ! cont5t & ! ,ae/hetic ( ! =m atta9$ its greate/ height 9 ,g]many betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj1 ) ,zimm]mann1 ,vis*]1 & ,lotze z protagoni/s4 ,^! writ]s 7 foll[$ by ,j4 ,s*midt1 :o 9 #ahge v5tur$ to say t bo? ,lotze & ,zimm]mann _h fail$ to see t ! problem ( ,ae/hetic conc]n$1 n ! beauty or ugl9ess ( ! cont5t or ( ! =m z ma!matical relations1 b _! repres5tation2 ,k/l91 :o erect$ an imm5se artificial /ructure ) ! mat]ials ( 8 pr$ecessors modifi$2 ,s*asl]1 :o is int]e/+ z hav+ conv]t$ ! old ,vis*] to 8 !sis ( ! importance ( ! ,ugly1 z introduc+ modifications into ! beautiful & be+ ! pr9ciple ( movem5t !re4 ,vis*] confesses t at "o "t he _h foll[$ ! ,hegelian me?od & believ$ t 9 ! ess5ce ( beauty is born a disquietude1 a f]m5tation1 a /ruggle3 ! ,idea conqu]s1 hurls ! image into ! unlimit$1 & ! ,sublime is born2 b ! image1 (f5d$ 9 its f9itude1 decl>es w> ^u ! ,idea1 & ! ,comic appe>s4 ,?us ! fight is f9i%$ & ! ,beautiful returns to itself1 z ! result ( ^! /ruggles4 ,b n[1 he says1 ,s*asl] has p]suad$ him t ! ,ugly is ! leav5 :i* is necess>y to all ! special =ms ( ! ,beautiful4 ,e4 von ,h>tmann is 9 close relation ) ,s*asl]4 ,8 ,ae/hetic 7#ahij7 also makes great use ( ! ,ugly4 ,s9ce he insi/s ^u appe>ance z a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( ! beautiful1 he consid]s himself ju/ifi$ 9 call+ 8 !ory concrete idealism4 ,h>tmann consid]s himself 9 opposition to ! =malism ( ,h]b>t1 inasmu* z he insi/s ^u ! idea z an indisp5sable & det]m9+ elem5t ( beauty4 ,beauty1 he says1 is tru?1 b x is n hi/orical tru?1 nor sci5tific nor reflective tru?3 x is metaphysical & ideal4 ,beauty is ! prophet ( ideali/ic tru? 9 an age )\t fai?1 hat+ ,metaphysic1 & ackn[l$g+ only reali/ic tru?4 ,ae/hetic tru? is )\t me?od & )\t control3 x leaps at once f ! subjective appe>ance to ! ess5ce ( ! ideal4 ,b 9 comp5sation = ?is1 x possesses ! fasc9ation ( conviction1 :i* imm$iate intuition alone possesses4 ,! high] ,philosophy rises1 ! less ne$ has %e ( pass+ ?r\gh ! _w ( ! s5ses & ( sci5ce3 %e approa*es ev] m ne>ly to art4 ,?us ,philosophy />ts on ! voyage to ! ideal1 l ,ba$ek]'s travell]1 )\t too mu* baggage4 ,9 ! ,beautiful is imman5t logicity1 ! microcosmic idea1 ! unconsci\s4 ,by means ( ! unconsci\s1 ! process ( intellectual intuition takes place 9 x4 ,! ,beautiful is a my/]y1 because its root is 9 ! ,unconsci\s4 ,no philosoph] has ev] made s great a use ( ! ,ugly z ,h>tmann4 ,he divides ,beauty into grades1 ( :i* ! "o bel[ is ugly z comp>$ ) t above x4 ,he beg9s ) ! ma!matical1 sup]ior to ! s5sibly agreeable1 :i* is unconsci\s4 ,!nce to =mal beauty ( ! second ord]1 ! dynamically agreeable1 to =mal beauty ( ! ?ird ord]1 ! passive teleological2 to ?is degree belong ut5sils1 & language1 :i* 9 ,h>tmann's view is a dead ?+1 inspir$ ) seem+ life1 only at ! mom5t ( use4 ,su* ?+s did ! philosoph] ( ! ,unconsci\s d>e to pr9t 9 ! c\ntry ( a ,humboldt dur+ ! lifetime ( a ,/e9?al6 ,he proce$s 9 8 li/ ( ?+s beautiful1 ) =mal beauty ( ! f\r? degree1 :i* is ! active or liv+ teleological1 ) ! fif?1 :i* is t ( species4 ,f9ally he rea*es concrete beauty1 or ! individual microcosm1 ! highe/ ( all1 because ! individual idea is sup]ior to ! specific1 & is beauty1 no long] =mal1 b ( cont5t4 ,all ^! degrees ( beauty are1 z has be5 said1 connect$ ) "o ano!r by means ( ! ugly1 & ev5 9 ! highe/ degree1 :i* has no?+ sup]ior to x1 ! ugly cont9ues its (fice ( b5efic5t titillation4 ,! outcome ( ?is ultimate phase is ! fam\s !ory ( ! ,modifications ( ! ,beautiful4 ,none ( ^! modifications c occur )\t a /ruggle1 save ! sublime & ! graceful1 :i* appe> )\t conflict at ! side ( supreme beauty4 ,h>tmann gives f\r in/ances3 ! solution is ei!r imman5t1 logical1 transc5d5tal1 or comb9$4 ,! idyllic1 ! melan*oly1 ! sad1 ! glad1 ! elegiac1 are in/ances ( ! imman5t solution2 ! comic 9 all its =ms is ! logical solution2 ! tragic is ! transc5d5tal solution2 ! comb9$ =m is f\nd 9 ! humor\s1 ! tragi-comic4 ,:5 none ( ^! solutions is possible1 we h ! ugly2 & :5 an ugl9ess ( cont5t is express$ by a =mal ugl9ess1 we h ! maximum ( ugl9ess1 ! true ae/hetic devil4 ,h>tmann is ! la/ notewor?y repres5tative ( ! ,g]man metaphysical s*ool4 ,8 works are gigantic 9 size & appe> =midable4 ,b if "o be n afraid ( giants & v5ture to approa* ne>1 "o f9ds no?+ b a big ,morgante1 full ( ! mo/ commonplace prejudices1 q easily kill$ ) ! bite ( a crab6 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,ae/hetic _h few repres5tatives 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! fam\s conf]5ce ( ! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces1 held 9 ,p>is 9 #aheg1 gave to ! _w ! ,sci5ce du ,beau ( ,lvque4 ,no "o is int]e/$ 9 x n[1 b x is amus+ to note t ,lvque ann\nc$ himself to be a disciple ( ,plato1 & w5t on to attribute eight *>act]i/ics to ! beautiful4 ,^! he discov]$ by closely exam9+ ! lily6 ,no wond] he 0 cr[n$ ) laurels6 ,he prov$ 8 wond]ful !ory by in/anc+ a *ild play+ ) its "m1 a symphony ( ,bee?ov51 & ! life ( ,socrates6 ,"o ( 8 colleagues1 :o c\ld n resi/ mak+ fun ( 8 le>n$ fri5d1 rem>k$ t he w\ld be glad to "k :at "p 0 play$ 9 ! life ( a philosoph] by ! normal vivacity ( col\r6 ,?us ,g]man !ory made no way 9 ,france1 & ,engl& prov$ ev5 m refractory4 ,j4 ,rusk9 %[$ a pov]ty1 an incoh]5ce1 & a lack ( sy/em 9 respect to ,ae/hetic1 :i* puts him almo/ out ( c\rt4 ,8 0 ! v rev]se ( ! philosophic temp]am5t4 ,8 pages ( brilliant prose conta9 8 own dreams & caprices4 ,!y are ! "w ( an arti/ & %\ld be enjoy$ z su*1 be+ )\t any value = philosophy4 ,8 !oretic faculty ( ! beautiful1 :i* he held to be di/9ct alike f ! intellig5ce & f feel+1 is connect$ ) 8 belief 9 beauty z a revelation ( ! div9e int5tions1 ! seal :i* ,god sets ^u 8 works4 ,?us ! natural beauty1 :i* is p]ceiv$ by ! pure he>t1 :5 contemplat+ "s object unt\*$ by ! h& ( man1 is f> sup]ior to ! "w ( ! arti/4 ,rusk9 0 too little capable ( analysis to und]/& ! complicat$ psy*ologico-ae/hetic process tak+ place )9 him1 z he contemplat$ "s /reamlet1 or ! ne/ ( "s small bird4 ,at ,naples fl\ri%$ betwe5 #ahfa & #ahhd ,antonio ,t>i1 :o kept himself 9 t\* ) ! movem5t ( ,g]man ?\ght1 & foll[$ ! ,g]man ideali/s 9 plac+ ,ae/hetic 9 a sort ( middle k+dom1 a temp]ate zone1 betwe5 ! glacial1 inhabit$ by ! ,esquimaux ( ?\ght1 & ! torrid1 dwelt 9 by ! giants ( action4 ,he de?ron$ ! ,beautiful1 & put ,ae/hetic 9 its place1 = ! ,beautiful is b ! fir/ mom5t2 ! lat] ones are ! ,comic1 ! ,humor\s1 & ! ,dramatic4 ,8 f]tile imag9ation f\nd metaphors & similes 9 ev]y?+3 = in/ance1 he call$ ! goat ! ,devil1 oppos$ to ! lamb1 ,jesus4 ,8 rem>ks on m5 & wom5 are full ( qua9t fancies4 ,he grant$ to wom5 grace1 b n beauty1 :i* resides 9 equilibrium4 ,?is is prov$ by h] fall+ d[n s easily :5 %e walks2 by h] b[ legs1 :i* h to support h] wide hips1 made = ge/ation2 by h] n>r[ %\ld]s1 & h] opul5t brea/4 ,%e is !re=e a creature altoge!r devoid ( equilibrium6 ,i wi% t x 7 possible to record m ( ! say+s ( ! excell5t ,t>i1 ! la/ joy\s prie/ ( an arbitr>y ,ae/hetic1 s\rce ( confusion4 ,! gr\nd lo/ to ! ,g]man s*ool ( metaphysicians 0 occupi$ dur+ ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury by ! evolution>y & positivi/ metaphysicians1 ( :om ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is ! mo/ notable repres5tative4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is s*ool lies 9 repeat+ at second or ?ird h& c]ta9 ideali/ views1 depriv$ ( ! elem5t ( pure philosophy1 giv5 to !m by a ,s*ell+ or a ,hegel1 & 9 sub/itut+ a quantity ( m9ute facts & anecdotes1 ) a view to provid+ ! positivi/ v>ni%4 ,^! !ories are de> to vulg> m9ds1 because !y correspond to invet]ate religi\s beliefs1 & ! lu/re ( ! v>ni% expla9s ! good =tune ( ,sp5c]ian positivism 9 our "t4 ,ano!r notable trait ( ?is s*ool is its b>b>ic contempt = hi/ory1 especially = ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & its consequ5t lack ( all l9k ) ! s]ies compos$ ( ! secul> ef=ts ( s _m ?9k]s4 ,)\t ?is l9k1 !re c be no fruitful lab\r & no possibility ( progress4 ,sp5c] is colossal 9 8 ignorance ( all t has be5 writt5 or ?\ght on ! subject ( ,ae/hetic 7to limit ourselves to ?is bran* alone74 ,he actually beg9s 8 "w on ! ,philosophy ( ,/yle ) ^! words3 ,no "o1 ,i believe1 has ev] produc$ a complete !ory ( ! art ( writ+4 ,?is 9 #aheb6 ,he beg9s 8 *apt] on ae/hetic feel+s 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology by admitt+ t he has he>d ( ! obs]vation made by a ,g]man au?or1 ^: "n he =gets 7,s*ill]671 on ! connexion betwe5 art & play4 ,_h ,sp5c]'s rem>ks on ,ae/hetic be5 writt5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 !y might h occupi$ a humble place among ! fir/ rude attempts at ae/hetic speculation1 b appe>+ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !y are )\t value1 z ! little ( value !y conta9 _h be5 long said by o!rs4 ,9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology ,sp5c] looks ^u ae/hetic feel+s z aris+ f ! dis*>ge ( ! exub]ant en]gy ( ! organism4 ,?is he divides into degrees1 & believes t we atta9 complete enjoym5t :5 ^! degrees are all work+ satisfactorily ea* on its own plane1 & :5 :at is pa9ful 9 excessive activity has be5 avoid$4 ,8 degrees are s5sation1 s5sation accompani$ by repres5tative elem5ts1 p]ception accompani$ by m complex elem5ts ( repres5tation1 !n emotion1 & t /ate ( consci\sness :i* surpasses s5sations & p]ceptions4 ,b ,sp5c] has no suspicion ( :at art really is4 ,8 views oscillate betwe5 s5sualism & moralism1 & he sees little 9 ! :ole art ( antiquity1 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 or ( mod]n times1 :i* c be look$ ^u z o!rwise ?an imp]fect6 ,! ,physiology ( ,ae/hetics has also _h its vot>ies 9 ,great ,brita91 among :om may be m5tion$ ,j4 ,sully1 ,a4 ,ba91 & ,all54 ,^! at any rate %[ "s k ( ! concrete fact ( art4 ,all5 h>ks back to ! old di/9ction betwe5 necess>y & vital activities & sup]flu\s activities1 & gives a physiological def9ition1 :i* may be read 9 8 ,physiological ,ae/hetics4 ,m rec5t writ]s also look ^u ! physiological fact z ! cause ( ! pleasure ( art2 b = !m x does n alone dep5d ^u ! visual organ1 & ! muscul> ph5om5a associat$ ) x1 b also on ! p>ticipation ( "s ( ! mo/ important bodily functions1 su* z respiration1 circulation1 equilibrium1 intimate muscul> accommodation4 ,!y believe t art owes its orig9 to ! pleasure t "s prehi/oric man mu/ h exp]i5c$ 9 brea?+ regul>ly1 )\t hav+ to re-adapt 8 organs1 :5 he trac$ = ! fir/ "t on a bone or on clay regul> l9es sep>at$ by regul> int]vals4 ,a simil> ord] ( physico-ae/hetic rese>*es has be5 made 9 ,g]many1 "u ! auspices ( ,helmholtz1 ,brcke1 & ,/umpf4 ,b ^! writ]s h succe$$ bett] ?an ! above-m5tion$1 by re/rict+ !mselves to ! fields ( optic & ac\/ic1 & h suppli$ in=mation z to ! physical processes ( arti/ic te*nique & z to ! pleasure ( visual & auditive impressions1 )\t attempt+ to melt ,ae/hetic into ,physic1 or to deprive ! =m] ( its spiritual "*4 ,!y h ev5 occasionally indicat$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( rese>*4 ,ev5 ! deg5]ate ,h]b>tians1 conv]t+ ! metaphysical =ms ( _! ma/] into physiological ph5om5a1 made s(t eyes at ! new s5suali/s & ae/hetico-physiologi/s4 ,! ,natural ,sci5ces h become 9 our day a sort ( sup]/ition1 alli$ to a c]ta91 p]haps unconsci\s1 hypocrisy4 ,n only h *emical1 physical1 & physiological laboratories become a sort ( ,sibyll9e grots1 :]e res\nd ! mo/ extraord9>y que/ions ab\t ev]y?+ t c int]e/ ! _s ( man1 b ev5 ^? :o really d prosecute _! rese>*es ) ! old inevitable me?od ( int]nal obs]vation1 h be5 unable to free !mselves f ! illusion t !y are1 on ! contr>y1 employ+ ! me?od ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,hippolyte ,ta9e's ,philosophy ( ,art repres5ts su* an illusion4 ,he decl>es t :5 we h /udi$ ! div]se manife/ations ( art 9 all peoples & at all epo*s1 we %all !n possess a complete ,ae/hetic4 ,su* an ,ae/hetic w\ld be a sort ( ,botany appli$ to ! works ( man4 ,?is mode ( /udy w\ld provide moral sci5ce ) a basis equally z sure z t :i* ! natural sci5ces already possess4 ,ta9e !n proce$s to def9e art )\t reg>d to ! natural sci5ces1 by analys+1 l a simple mortal1 :at passes 9 ! human s\l :5 br\ght face to face ) a "w ( art4 ,b :at analysis & :at def9itions6 ,art1 he says1 is imitation1 b ( a sort t tries to express an ess5tial *>act]i/ic4 ,?us ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( a lion is to be a great c>nivore1 & we obs]ve ?is *>act]i/ic 9 all its limbs4 ,holl& has = ess5tial *>act]i/ic t ( be+ a l& =m$ ( alluvial soil4 ,n[ )\t /ay+ to consid] ^! two rem>kable in/ances1 let u ask1 :at is ?is ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,ta9e8 ,x is ! same z ! ideas1 types1 or concepts t ! old ae/hetic tea*+ assign$ to art z its object4 ,ta9e himself removes all d\bt z to ?is1 by say+ t ?is *>act]i/ic is :at philosoph]s call ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 & = t reason !y decl>e t ! purpose ( art is to manife/ ?+s4 ,he decl>es t he w n employ ! ^w ess5ce1 :i* is te*nical4 ,b he accepts & employs ! ?\ght t ! ^w expresses4 ,he believes t !re are two r\tes by :i* man c atta9 to ! sup]ior life3 sci5ce & art4 ,by ! fir/1 he appreh5ds fundam5tal laws & causes1 & expresses !m 9 ab/ract t]ms2 by ! second1 he expresses ^! same laws & causes 9 a mann] compreh5sible to all1 by appeal+ to ! he>t & feel+1 z well z to ! reason ( man4 ,art is bo? sup]ior & popul>2 x makes manife/ :at is highe/1 & makes x manife/ to all4 ,t ,ta9e "h falls into ! old p$agogic !ory ( ,ae/hetic is evid5t4 ,works ( art are arrang$ = him 9 a scale ( values1 z = ! ae/hetic metaphysicians4 ,he began by decl>+ ! absurdity ( all judgm5t ( ta/e1 *acun son gt1 b he ends by decl>+ t p]sonal ta/e is )\t value1 t we mu/ e/abli% a common measure be=e proce$+ to praise or blame4 ,8 scale ( values is d\ble or triple4 ,we mu/ fir/ fix ! degree ( importance ( ! *>act]i/ic1 t is1 ! great] or less g5]ality ( ! idea1 & ! degree ( good 9 x1 t is to say1 its great] or less] moral value4 ,^!1 he says1 are two degrees ( ! same ?+1 /r5g?1 se5 f diff]5t sides4 ,we mu/ also e/abli% ! degree ( conv]g5ce ( ! effects1 t is1 ! fulness ( expression1 ! h>mony betwe5 ! idea & ! =m4 ,?is half-moral1 half-metaphysical exposition is accompani$ ) ! usual prote/ations1 t ! matt] 9 h& is to be /udi$ me?odically1 analytically1 z ! naturali/ w\ld /udy x1 t he w try to rea* a law1 n a hymn4 ,z if ^! prote/ations c\ld aboli% ! true nature ( 8 ?\ght6 ,ta9e actually w5t s f> z to attempt dialectic solutions ( works ( art6 ,9 ! primitive p]iod ( ,italian art1 we f9d ! s\l )\t ! body3 ,giotto4 ,at ! ,r5aissance1 ) ,v]roc*io & 8 s*ool1 we f9d ! body )\t ! s\l4 ,) ,raphael1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 we f9d expression & anatomy 9 h>mony3 body & s\l4 ,!sis1 anti!sis1 syn!sis6 ,) ,g4,t4 ,fe*n] we f9d ! l prote/ations & ! l proc$ure4 ,he w /udy ,ae/hetic inductively1 f b5ea?4 ,he seeks cl>ity1 n l(t9ess4 ,proce$+ ?us inductively1 he discov]s a long s]ies ( laws or pr9ciples ( ,ae/hetic1 su* z unity 9 v>iety1 association & contra/1 *ange & p]si/5ce1 ! gold5 mean1 etc4 ,he exhibits ?is *aos ) delight at %[+ himself s mu* ( a physiologi/1 & s inconclusive4 ,!n he proce$s to describe 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,ae/hetics4 ,^! consi/ ( attempts to decide1 = in/ance1 by me?ods ( *oice1 :i* ( c]ta9 rectangles ( c>dbo>d is ! mo/ agreeable1 & :i* ! mo/ disagreeable1 to a l>ge numb] ( p arbitr>ily *os54 ,naturally1 ^! results d n agree ) o!rs obta9$ on o!r occasions1 b ,fe*n] kn[s t errors correct !mselves1 & triumphantly publi%es long li/s ( ^! valuable exp]im5ts4 ,he also communicates to u ! %apes & measurem5ts ( a l>ge numb] ( pictures 9 museums1 z comp>$ ) _! respective subjects6 ,su* are ! exp]im5ts ( physiological ae/heticians4 ,b ,fe*n]1 :5 he comes to def9e :at beauty & :at art really are1 is1 l ev]yone else1 oblig$ to fall back ^u introspection4 ,b 8 def9ition is trivial1 & 8 comp>ison ( 8 ?ree degrees ( beauty to a family is simply grotesque 9 its navet4 ,he t]ms ?is !ory ! eudemoni/ic !ory1 & we are left wond]+ :y1 :5 he _h ?is !ory all cut & dri$ 9 8 m9d1 he %\ld all ! same give himself ! imm5se tr\ble ( compil+ 8 tables & ( enum]at+ 8 laws & pr9ciples1 :i* d n agree ) 8 !ory4 ,p]haps x 0 all a pa/ime = him1 l play+ at pati5ce1 or collect+ po/age-/amps8 ,ano!r example ( sup]/ition 9 respect to ! natural sci5ces is af=d$ by ,erne/ ,grosse4 ,grosse ab\nds 9 contempt = :at he calls speculative ,ae/hetic4 ,yet he desires a ,sci5ce ( ,art 7,kun/wiss5s*aft71 :i* %all =mulate its laws f ^? hi/orical facts :i* h hi!rto be5 collect$4 ,b ,grosse wi%es u to complete ! collection ( hi/orical evid5ce ) e?nographical & prehi/oric mat]ials1 = we _c obta9 really g5]al laws ( art f ! exclusive /udy ( cultivat$ peoples1 j z a !ory ( reproduction exclusively bas$ ^u ! =m x takes ) mammif]s1 mu/ necess>ily be imp]fect6 ,he is1 h[ev]1 aw>e t ! results ( exp]i5ces among savages & prehi/oric races d n alone suffice to furni% u ) an equipm5t = su* inve/igations z t conc]n+ ! nature ( ,art1 &1 l any ord9>y mortal1 he feels oblig$ to int]rogate1 be=e />t+1 ! _s ( man4 ,he !re=e proce$s to def9e ,ae/hetic on apriori/ pr9ciples1 :i*1 he rem>ks1 c be disc>d$ :5 we %all h obta9$ ! complete !ory1 9 l mann] ) ! scaffold+ t has s]v$ = ! erection ( a h\se4 ,words6 ,words6 ,va9 words6 ,he proce$s to def9e ,ae/hetic z ! activity :i* 9 its developm5t & result has ! imm$iate value ( feel+1 & is1 !re=e1 an end 9 itself4 ,art is ! opposite ( practice2 ! activity ( games /&s int]m$iate betwe5 ! two1 hav+ also its end 9 its own activity4 ,! ,ae/hetics ( ,ta9e & ( ,grosse h be5 call$ sociological4 ,see+ t any true def9ition ( sociology z a sci5ce is impossible1 = x is compos$ ( psy*ological elem5ts1 :i* are = ev] v>y+1 we d n delay to criticize ! futile attempts at def9ition1 b pass at once to ! objective results atta9$ by ! sociologi/s4 ,?is sup]/ition1 l ! naturali/ic1 takes v>i\s =ms 9 practical life4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 ,pr\dhon 7#ahge71 :o w\ld h>k back to ,platonic ,ae/hetic1 class ! ae/hetic activity among ! m]ely s5sual1 & comm& ! arts to fur!r ! cause ( virtue1 on pa9 ( judicial proce$+s 9 case ( contumacy4 ,b ,m4 ,guyau is ! mo/ important ( sociological ae/heticians4 ,8 works1 publi%$ 9 ,p>is t[>d ! end ( la/ c5tury1 & 8 po/hum\s "w1 entitl$ ,les problmes de l',e/htique contempora9e1 sub/itute = ! !ory ( play1 t ( life1 & ! po/hum\s "w above-m5tion$ makes x evid5t t by life he means social life4 ,art is ! developm5t ( social sympa?y1 b ! :ole ( art does n ent] into sociology4 ,art has two objects2 ! production ( agreeable s5sations 7col\rs1 s\nds1 etc47 & ( ph5om5a ( psy*ological induction1 :i* include ideas & feel+s ( a m complex nature ?an ! =ego+1 su* z sympa?y = ! p]sonages repres5t$1 int]e/1 piety1 indignation1 etc4 ,?us art becomes ! expression ( life4 ,h5ce arise two t5d5cies3 "o = h>mony1 consonance1 = all t delights ! e> & eye2 ! o!r trans=m+ life1 "u ! dom9ion ( art4 ,true g5ius is de/9$ to balance ^! two t5d5cies2 b ! decad5t & ! unbalanc$ deprive art ( its sympa!tic end1 sett+ ae/hetic sympa?y aga9/ human sympa?y4 ,if we translate ?is language into t ) :i* we are by ?is "t q famili>1 we %all see t ,guyau admits an art t is m]ely h$oni/ic1 & places above x ano!r art1 also h$oni/ic1 b s]v+ ! ends ( morality4 ,m4 ,nordau wages w> aga9/ ! decad5t & unbalanc$1 9 mu* ! same mann] z ,guyau4 ,he assigns to art ! function ( re-e/abli%+ ! integrity ( life1 s mu* brok5 up & specializ$ 9 our indu/rial civilization4 ,he rem>ks t !re is su* a ?+ z art = art's sake1 ! simple expression ( ! int]nal /ates ( ! individual1 b x is ! art ( ! cave-dwell]4 ,c4 ,lombroso's !ory ( g5ius z deg5]ation may be gr\p$ ) ! naturali/ic !ories4 ,8 argum5t is 9 ess5ce ! foll[+4 ,great m5tal ef=ts1 & total absorption 9 "o dom9ant ?\ght1 (t5 produce physiological disord]s or atrophy ( important vital functions4 ,n[ ^! disord]s (t5 lead to madness2 !re=e1 g5ius may be id5tifi$ ) madness4 ,?is pro(1 f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 does n foll[ t ( traditional ,logic4 ,b ) ,lombroso1 ,b*n]1 ,nordau1 & ! l we h come to ! b\nd>y betwe5 speci\s & vulg> error4 ,!y confuse sci5tific analysis ) hi/orical rese>*4 ,su* inquiries may h value = hi/ory1 b !y h none = ,ae/hetic4 ,?us1 too1 ,a4 ,lang ma9ta9s t ! doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( art z dis9t]e/$ expression ( ! mimetic faculty is n confirm$ 9 :at we "k ( primitive art1 :i* is r decorative ?an expressive4 ,b primitive art1 :i* is a giv5 fact to be int]pret$1 _c ev] become its own crit]ion ( int]pretation4 ,! naturali/ic misund]/&+ has _h a bad effect on l+ui/ic rese>*es1 :i* h n be5 c>ri$ out on ! l(ty plane to :i* ,humboldt & ,/e9?al _h br\ght !m4 ,max ,mll] is popul> & exagg]at$4 ,he fails cle>ly to di/+ui% ?\ght f logical ?\ght1 al?\gh 9 "o place he rem>ks t ! =mation ( names has a m intimate connexion ) wit ?an ) judgm5t4 ,he holds t ! sci5ce ( language is n hi/orical1 b natural1 because language is n ! inv5tion ( man1 altoge!r ignor+ ! sci5ce ( ! _s1 philosophy1 ( :i* language is a "p4 ,= ,max ,mll]1 ! natural sci5ces 7 ! only sci5ces4 ,! consci\sness ( ! sci5ce ( ! _s becomes ev] m obscur$1 & we f9d ! philologi/ ,w4,d4 ,:itney combat+ ,max ,mll]'s miracles & ma9ta9+ ! sep>ability ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,) ,h]mann ,paul 7#ahhj7 we h an awak5+ ( ,humboldt's _s4 ,paul ma9ta9s t ! orig9 ( language is ! spee* ( ! individual man1 & t a language has its orig9 e "t x is spok54 ,paul also %[$ ! fallacies conta9$ 9 ! ,vlk]psy*ologie ( ,/e9?al & ,laz>us1 demon/rat+ t !re is no su* ?+ z a collective s\l1 & t !re is no language save t ( ! individual4 ,w4 ,wundt 7#ahhf71 on ! o!r h&1 commits ! error ( connect+ language ) ,e?nopsy*ology & o!r non-exi/5t sci5ces1 & actually t]ms ! glori\s doctr9e ( ,h]d] & ( ,humboldt ,wund]!orie1 or !ory ( miracle1 accus+ !m ( my/ical obscurity4 ,wundt confuses ! "q ( ! hi/orical appe>ance ( language ) t ( its int]nal nature & g5esis4 ,he looks ^u ! !ory ( evolution z hav+ atta9$ to its complete triumph1 9 its application to organic nature 9 g5]al1 & especially to man4 ,he has no suspicion :atev] ( ! function ( fancy1 & ( ! true relation betwe5 ?\ght & expression1 betwe5 expression 9 ! naturali/ic1 & expression 9 ! spiritual & l+ui/ic s5se4 ,he looks ^u spee* z a specially develop$ =m ( psy*o-physical vital manife/ations1 ( expressive animal movem5ts4 ,language is develop$ cont9u\sly f su* facts1 & ?us is expla9$ h[1 beyond ! g5]al concept ( expressive movem5t1 !re is no specific quality :i* delimits language 9 a non-arbitr>y mann]4 ,?us ! philosophy ( ,wundt reveals its weak side1 %[+ itself incapable ( und]/&+ ! spiritual nature ( language & ( art4 ,9 ! ,e?ic ( ! same au?or1 ae/hetic facts are pres5t$ z a mixture ( logical & e?ical elem5ts1 a special normative ae/hetic sci5ce is d5i$1 & ,ae/hetic is m]g$ 9 ,logic & ,e?ic4 ,! neo-critical & neo-,kantian movem5t 9 ?\ght 0 n able to ma9ta9 ! concept ( ! _s aga9/ ! h$oni/ic1 morali/ic1 & psy*ological views ( ,ae/hetic1 9 vogue f ab\t ! middle ( la/ c5tury4 ,neo-criticism inh]it$ f ,kant 8 view z to ! slight importance ( ! creative imag9ation1 & appe>s inde$ to h be5 ignorant ( any =m ( k1 o!r ?an ! intellective4 ,kir*mann 7#ahfh7 0 "o ( ! e>ly adh]5ts to psy*ological ,ae/hetic1 def9+ ! beautiful z ! idealiz$ image ( pleasure1 ! ugly z t ( pa94 ,= him ! ae/hetic fact is ! idealiz$ image ( ! real4 ,fail+ to appreh5d ! true nature ( ! ae/hetic fact1 ,kir*mann inv5t$ a new psy*ological category ( ideal or app>5t feel+s1 :i* he ?\ght 7 att5uat$ images f ^? ( real life4 ,! ag$ ,!odore ,fis*] describes ,ae/hetic 9 8 auto-criticism z ! union ( mimetic & h>mony1 & ! beautiful z ! h>mony ( ! univ]se1 :i* is nev] realiz$ 9 fact1 because x is inf9ite4 ,:5 we ?9k to grasp ! beautiful1 we exp]i5ce t exquisite illusion1 :i* is ! ae/hetic fact4 ,rob]t ,fis*]1 son ( ! =ego+1 introduc$ ! ^w ,e9fhlung1 to express ! vitality :i* he believ$ t man inspir$ into ?+s ) ! help ( ! ae/hetic process4 ,e4 ,siebeck & ,m4 ,diez1 ! =m] writ+ 9 #ahge1 ! latt] 9 #ahib1 unite a c]ta9 am\nt ( ideali/ic influ5ce1 d]iv$ f ,kant & ,h]b>t1 ) ! m]ely empirical & psy*ological views t h ( late be5 ! fa%ion4 ,diez1 = in/ance1 w\ld expla9 ! arti/ic function z ! ideal ( feel+1 plac+ x p>allel to sci5ce2 ! ideal ( ?\ght1 morality2 ! ideal ( w & religion1 ! ideal ( ! p]sonality4 ,b ?is ideal ( feel+ escapes def9ition1 & we see t ^! writ]s h n _h ! c\rage ( _! ideas3 !y h n d>$ to pu% _! ?\ght to its logical conclusion4 ,! m]ely psy*ological & associationi/ view f9ds 9 ,!odore ,lipps its *ief expon5t4 ,he criticizes & rejects a s]ies ( ae/hetic !ories1 su* z ^? ( play1 ( pleasure1 ( art z recognition ( real life1 ev5 if disagreeable1 ( emotionality1 ( syncretism1 :i* atta*es to art a numb] ( o!r ends1 9 addition to ^? ( play & ( pleasure4 ,! !ory ( ,lipps does n diff] v greatly f t ( ,j\ffroy1 = he assumes t arti/ic beauty is ! sympa!tic4 ,our ego1 transplant$1 objectifi$1 & recogniz$ 9 o!rs1 is ! object ( sympa?y4 ,we feel ourselves 9 o!rs1 & o!rs 9 u4 ,?us ! ae/hetic pleasure is entirely compos$ ( sympa?y4 ,?is ext5ds ev5 to ! pleasure d]iv$ f ar*itecture1 geometrical =ms1 etc4 ,:5ev] we meet ) ! positive elem5t ( human p]sonality1 we exp]i5ce ?is feel+ ( beatitude1 :i* is ! ae/hetic emotion4 ,b ! value ( ! p]sonality is an e?ical value3 ! :ole sph]e ( e?ic is includ$ 9 x4 ,!re=e all arti/ic or ae/hetic pleasure is ! enjoym5t ( some?+ :i* has e?ical value1 b ?is value is n an elem5t ( a comp\nd1 b ! object ( ae/hetic intuition4 ,?us is ae/hetic activity depriv$ ( all autonom\s exi/5ce & r$uc$ to a m]e reta9] ( ,e?ic4 ,c4 ,groos 7#ahie7 %[s "s signs ( recogniz+ ae/hetic activity z a !oretic value4 ,feel+ & intellect1 he says1 are ! two poles ( k1 & he recognizes ! ae/hetic fact z int]nal imitation4 ,ev]y?+ beautiful belongs to ae/heticity1 b n e ae/hetic fact is beautiful4 ,! beautiful is ! repres5tation ( s5sible pleasure1 & ! ugly ( s5sible displeasure4 ,! sublime is ! repres5tation ( some?+ p[]ful1 9 a simple =m4 ,! comic is ! repres5tation ( an inf]iority1 :i* provokes 9 u ! pleasurable feel+ ( sup]iority4 ,groos v wisely makes mock ( ! suppos$ function ( ! ,ugly1 :i* ,h>tmann & ,s*asl] _h inh]it$ & develop$ f a long tradition4 ,lipps & ,groos agree 9 d5y+ ae/hetic value to ! comic1 b ,lipps1 al?\gh he gives an excell5t analysis ( ! comic1 is nev]!less 9 ! trammels ( 8 morali/ic !sis1 & ends by sket*+ out some?+ resembl+ ! doctr9e ( ! ov]com+ ( ! ugly1 by means ( :i* may be atta9$ a high] ae/hetic & 7sympa!tic7 value4 ,lab\rs su* z ^? ( ,lipps h be5 ( value1 s9ce !y h cle>$ away a numb] ( errors t block$ ! way1 & re/ra9$ speculation to ! field ( ! int]nal consci\sness4 ,simil> is ! m]it ( ,e4 ,vron's treatise 7#ahhc7 on ! d\ble =m ( ,ae/hetic1 9 :i* he combats ! academic view ( ! absolute beauty1 & %[s t ,ta9e confuses ,art & ,sci5ce1 ,ae/hetic & ,logic4 ,he acutely rem>ks t if ! object ( art 7 to reveal ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 ! greate/ arti/s w\ld be ^? :o be/ succe$$ 9 do+ ?is1 & ! greate/ works w\ld all be id5tical2 :]eas we "k t ! v opposite is ! case4 ,vron 0 a precursor ( ,guyau1 & we seek = sci5tific sy/em 9 va9 9 8 book4 ,vron looks ^u art z two ?+s3 ! "o decorative1 pleas+ eye & e>1 ! o!r expressive1 l'expression mue de la p]sonalit huma9e4 ,he ?\ght t decorative art prevail$ 9 antiquity1 expressive art 9 mod]n times4 ,we _c "h dwell ^u ! ae/hetic !ories ( m5 ( lett]s1 su* z t ( ,e4 ,zola1 develop+ 8 !sis ( natural sci5ce & hi/ory mix$1 :i* is kn[n z t ( ! human docum5t or z ! exp]im5tal !ory1 or ( ,ibs5 & ! moralization ( ! art problem1 z pres5t$ by him & by ! ,sc&9avian s*ool4 ,p]haps no ,fr5* writ] has writt5 m pr(\ndly ^u art ?an ,gu/ave ,flaub]t4 ,8 views are conta9$ 9 8 ,correspond5ce1 :i* has be5 publi%$4 ,l4 ,tol/o wrote 8 book on art :ile "u ! influ5ce ( ,vron & 8 hatr$ ( ! concept ( ! beautiful4 ,art1 he says1 communicates ! feel+s1 z ! ^w communicates ! ?\ghts4 ,b 8 way ( und]/&+ ?is may be judg$ f ! comp>ison :i* he in/itutes betwe5 ,art & ,sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,art has = its mission to make assimilable & s5sible :at may n h be5 assimilat$ 9 ! =m ( argum5t4 ,!re is no sci5ce = sci5ce's sake1 no art = art's sake4 ,e human ef=t %\ld be direct$ t[>d increas+ morality & suppress+ viol5ce4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t well-nigh all ! art t ! _w has hi!rto se5 is false4 ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 ,euripides1 ,ari/ophanes1 ,dante1 ,tasso1 ,milton1 ,%akespe>e1 ,raphael1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,ba*1 ,bee?ov51 are all1 accord+ to ,tol/o1 false reputations1 made by ! critics4 ,we mu/ also class ,f4 ,nietzs*e ) ! arti/s1 r ?an ) ! philosoph]s4 ,we %\ld d him an inju/ice 7z ) ,j4 ,rusk97 7 we to express 9 intellectual t]m9ology 8 ae/hetic affirmations4 ,! criticism :i* !y provoke w\ld be too facile4 ,n[h]e has ,nietzs*e giv5 a complete !ory ( art1 n ev5 9 8 fir/ book1 ,die ,geburt d] ,tragdie od] ,grie*5tum und ,pessimismus4 ,:at seems to be !ory !re1 is really ! confession ( ! feel+s & aspirations ( ! writ]4 ,nietzs*e 0 ! la/1 spl5did repres5tative ( ! romantic p]iod4 ,he 01 !re=e1 deeply preoccupi$ ) ! art problem & ) ! relation ( art to natural sci5ce & to philosophy1 ?\gh he nev] succe$$ 9 def9itely fix+ ^? relations4 ,f ,romanticism1 r ?an f ,s*op5hau]1 he ga!r$ ^? elem5ts ( ?\ght out ( :i* he wove 8 conception ( ! two =ms ( art3 ! ,apollonian1 all s]5e contemplation1 z express$ 9 ! epic & 9 sculpture2 ! ,dionysac1 all tumult & agitation1 z express$ 9 music & ! drama4 ,^! doctr9es are n rigor\sly prov$1 & _! p[] ( resi/ance to criticism is !re=e b sl5d]1 b !y s]ve to transport ! m9d to a m l(ty spiritual level ?an any o!rs ( ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! mo/ notewor?y ?\ght on ae/hetic ( ?is p]iod is p]haps to be f\nd among ! ae/heticians ( special bran*es ( ! arts1 & s9ce we "k t laws relat+ only to special bran*es are n conceivable1 ?is ?\ght may be consid]$ z be>+ ^u ! g5]al !ory ( ,ae/hetic4 ,! ,bohemian critic ,e4 ,hanslick 7#ahed7 is p]haps ! mo/ important ( ^! writ]s4 ,8 "w ,on ,musical ,beauty has be5 translat$ into sev]al languages4 ,8 polemic is *iefly direct$ aga9/ ,r4 ,wagn] & ! pret5sion ( f9d+ 9 music a det]m9$ cont5t ( ideas & feel+s4 ,he expresses equal contempt = ^? s5tim5tali/s :o d]ive f music m]ely pa?ological effects1 passionate excitem5t1 or /imulus = practical activity1 9 place ( enjoy+ ! musical works4 ,if a few ,phrygian notes suffic$ to in/il c\rage into ! soldi] fac+ ! enemy1 or a ,doric melody to assure ! fidelity ( a wife ^: husb& 0 abs5t1 !n ! loss ( ,greek music may cause pa9 to g5]als & to husb&s1 b ae/heticians & compos]s w h no reason to deplore x4 ,if e ,requiem1 e lam5t+ ,adagio1 possess$ ! p[] to make u sad1 :o w\ld be able to support exi/5ce 9 su* conditions8 ,b if a true musical "w look ^u u ) ! cle> & brilliant eyes ( beauty1 we feel ourselves b\nd by its inv9cible fasc9ation1 ?\gh its !me be all ! sorr[s ( ! c5tury4 ,= ,hanslick1 ! only end ( music 0 =m1 or musical beauty4 ,! foll[]s ( ,h]b>t %[$ !mselves v t5d] t[>ds ?is unexpect$ & vigor\s ally1 & ,hanslick1 n to be beh9dh& 9 polit5ess1 return$ _! complim5ts1 by ref]r+ to ,h]b>t & to ,r4 ,zimm]mann1 9 ! lat] editions ( 8 "w1 z hav+ completely develop$ ! great ae/hetic pr9ciple ( =m4 ,un=tunately ,hanslick meant some?+ altoge!r diff]5t f ! ,h]b>tians by 8 use ( ! ^w =m4 ,symmetry1 m]ely ac\/ic relations1 & ! pleasure ( ! e>1 did n con/itute ! musically beautiful = him4 ,ma!matics 7 9 8 view useless 9 ! ,ae/hetic ( music4 ,sonor\s =ms are n empty1 b p]fectly full2 !y _c be comp>$ to simple l9es enclos+ a space2 !y are ! _s1 :i* takes =m1 mak+ its own bodily configuration4 ,music is m ( a picture ?an is an arabesque2 b x is a picture ( :i* ! subject is inexpressible 9 words1 nor is x to be enclos$ 9 a precise concept4 ,9 music1 !re is a mean+ & a connexion1 b ( a specially musical nature3 x is a language :i* we speak & und]/&1 b :i* x is impossible to translate4 ,hanslick admits t music1 if x d n r5d] ! quality ( s5tim5ts1 r5d]s _! tone or dynamic side2 x r5d]s adjectives1 if x fail to r5d] sub/antives2 if n murmur+ t5d]ness or impetu\s c\rage1 at any rate ! murmur+ & ! impetu\s4 ,! ess5ce ( 8 book is conta9$ 9 ! negation t x is possible to sep>ate =m & cont5t 9 music4 ,take any motive y w1 & say :]e =m beg9s & cont5t ends4 ,are we to call ! s\nds cont5t8 ,v good1 b !y h already receiv$ =m4 ,:at are we to call =m8 ,s\nds aga98 ,b !y are already =m fill$1 t is to say1 possess+ a cont5t4 ,^! obs]vations te/ify to an acute p5etration ( ! nature ( art4 ,hanslick's belief t !y 7 *>act]i/ics peculi> to music1 n common to e =m ( art1 alone prev5t$ him f see+ fur!r4 ,c4 ,fi$l]1 publi%$ 9 ,g]man 79 #ahhg7 an extremely lum9\s "w on ! orig9 ( arti/ic activity4 ,he describes eloqu5tly h[ ! passive spectator seems to himself to grasp all reality1 z ! %[s ( life pass be=e him2 b at ! mom5t t he tries to realize ?is arti/ically1 all disappe>s1 & leaves him ) ! empt9ess ( 8 own ?\ghts4 ,yet by conc5tration alone d we atta9 to expression2 art is a language t we gradually le>n to speak4 ,arti/ic activity is only to be atta9$ by limit+ ourselves2 x mu/ consi/ ( =ms precisely det]m9$1 tangible1 s5sibly demon/rable1 precisely because x is spiritual4 ,art does n imitate nature1 = :at is nature1 b t va/ confusion ( p]ceptions & repres5tations t 7 ref]r$ to above8 ,yet 9 a s5se art does imitate nature2 x uses nature to produce values ( a k9d peculi> to itself4 ,^? values are true visibility4 ,fi$l]'s views correspond ) ^? ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,hanslick1 b are m rigor\sly & philosophically develop$4 ,! sculptor ,a4 ,hildebr& may be m5tion$ ) ^!1 z hav+ drawn att5tion to ! nature ( art z ar*itectonic r ?an imitative1 ) special application to ! art ( sculpture4 ,:at we miss ) ^! & ) o!r speciali/s1 is a broad view ( art & language1 z "o & ! same ?+1 ! inh]itance ( all humanity1 n ( a few p]sons1 specially end[$4 ,h4 ,b]gson 9 8 book on laught] 7#aijj7 falls "u ! same criticism4 ,he develops 8 !ory ( art 9 a mann] analog\s to ,fi$l]1 & errs l him 9 look+ ^u x z some?+ diff]5t & exceptional 9 respect to ! language ( e mom5t4 ,he decl>es t 9 life ! individuality ( ?+s escapes u3 we see only z mu* z suffices = our practical ends4 ,! influ5ce ( language aids ?is rude simplification3 all b prop] names are ab/ractions4 ,arti/s arise f "t to "t1 :o recov] ! ri*es hidd5 b5ea? ! labels ( ord9>y life4 ,amid ! ru9 ( ideali/ metaphysics1 is to be desir$ a heal?y return to ! doctr9e ( ,baumg>t51 correct$ & enri*$ ) ! discov]ies t h be5 made s9ce 8 "t1 especially by romanticism & psy*ology4 ,c4 ,h]mann 7#ahgf7 ann\nc$ ?is return1 b 8 book is a hopeless mixture ( empirical precepts & ( metaphysical beliefs reg>d+ ,logic & ,ae/hetic1 bo? ( :i*1 he believes1 deal n ) ! empirical ?\ght & exp]i5ce ( ! s\l1 b ) ! pure & absolute4 ,b4 ,bosanquet 7#ahib7 gives ! foll[+ def9ition ( ! beautiful1 z t :i* has a *>act]i/ic or individual expressivity = ! s5sible p]ception1 or = ! imag9ation1 subject to ! conditions ( g5]al or ab/ract expressivity = ! same means4 ,! problem z pos$ by ?is writ] by ! anti!sis ( ! two ,g]man s*ools ( =m & cont5t1 appe>s to u insoluble4 ,?\gh ,de ,sanctis left no s*ool 9 ,italy1 8 tea*+ has be5 cle>$ ( ! obscurities t _h ga!r$ r\nd x dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s2 & ! !sis ( ! true nature ( hi/ory1 & ( its nature1 altoge!r diff]5t f natural sci5ce1 has be5 also dealt ) 9 ,g]many1 al?\gh its precise relation to ! ae/hetic problem has n be5 made cle>4 ,su* lab\rs & su* discussions con/itute a m fav\rable gr\nd = ! sci5tific developm5t ( ,ae/hetic ?an ! />s ( my/ical metaphysic or ! /ables ( positivism & ( s5sualism4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! end ( ! inquiry into ! hi/ory ( ae/hetic speculation1 & we are /ruck ) ! smallness ( ! numb] ( ^? :o h se5 cle>ly ! nature ( ! problem4 ,no d\bt1 amid ! cr[d ( arti/s1 critics1 & writ]s on o!r subjects1 _m h incid5tally made v j rem>ks1 & if all ^! 7 add$ to ! few philosoph]s1 !y w\ld =m a gallant company4 ,b if1 z ,s*ill] truly obs]v$1 ! rhy?m ( philosophy consi/ 9 a )drawal f public op9ion1 9 ord] to return to x ) r5ew$ vig\r1 x is evid5t t ?is )drawal is ess5tial1 & inde$ t 9 x lies ! :ole progress ( philosophy4 ,dur+ our long j\rney1 we h witness$ grave ab]rations f ! tru?1 :i* 7 at ! same "t attempts to rea* x2 su* 7 ! h$onism ( ! sophi/s & rhetoricians ( antiquity1 ( ! s5suali/s ( ! eighte5? & second half ( ! n9ete5? c5turies2 ! morali/ic h$onism ( ,ari/ophanes & ! ,/oics1 ( ! ,roman eclectics1 ( ! writ]s ( ! ,middle ,age & ( ! ,r5aissance2 ! ascetic & logical h$onism ( ,plato & ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*2 ! ae/hetic my/icism ( ,plot9us1 reborn to its greate/ triumphs1 dur+ ! classic p]iod ( ,g]man ?\ght4 ,?r\gh ! mid/ ( ^! v>i\sly errone\s !ories1 t trav]se ! field ( ?\ght 9 all directions1 runs a t9y rivulet ( gold5 tru?4 ,/>t+ f ! subtle empiricism ( ,ari/otle1 x fl[s 9 ! pr(\nd p5etration ( ,vico to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :]e x appe>s aga9 9 ! ma/]ly analyses ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,humboldt1 & ,de ,sanctis4 ,?is brief li/ %[s t ! sci5ce ( ,ae/hetic is no long] to be discov]$1 b x also %[s t x is only at its beg9n+4 ,! bir? ( a sci5ce is l ! bir? ( a human be+4 ,9 ord] to live1 a sci5ce1 l a man1 has to )/& a ?\s& attacks ( all sorts4 ,^! appe> 9 ! =m ( errors1 :i* mu/ be extirpat$1 if ! sci5ce is n to p]i%4 ,& :5 "o set has be5 we$$1 ano!r crops up2 :5 ^! h be5 dealt )1 ! =m] errors (t5 return4 ,!re=e sci5tific criticism is always necess>y4 ,no sci5ce c repose on its laurels1 complete1 un*all5g$4 ,l a human be+1 x mu/ ma9ta9 its position by con/ant ef=ts1 con/ant victories ov] error4 ,! g5]al errors :i* reveal a negation ( ! v concept ( art h already be5 dealt ) 9 ! ,hi/orical ,summ>y4 ,! p>ticul> errors h be5 expos$ 9 ! ,!ory4 ,!y may be divid$ "u ?ree heads3 7i47 ,errors z to ! *>act]i/ic quality ( ! ae/hetic fact1 or 7ii47 z to its specific quality1 or 7iii47 z to its g5]ic quality4 ,^! are contradictions ( ! *>act]i/ics ( intuition1 ( !oretic contemplation1 & ( spiritual activity1 :i* con/itute ! ae/hetic fact4 ,! pr9cipal b> to a prop] und]/&+ ( ! true nature ( language has be5 & /ill is ,rhetoric1 ) ! mod]n =m x has assum$1 z /yle4 ,! rhetorical categories are /ill m5tion$ 9 treatises & (t5 ref]r$ to1 z hav+ def9ite exi/5ce among ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,side by side ) su* phrases goes t ( ! d\ble =m1 or metaphor1 :i* implies t !re are two ways ( say+ ! same ?+1 ! "o simple1 ! o!r ornate4 ,kant1 ,h]b>t1 ,hegel1 & _m m9or p]sonages1 h be5 %[n to be victims ( ! rhetorical categories1 & 9 our own day we h writ]s 9 ,italy & 9 ,g]many :o devote mu* att5tion to !m1 su* z ,r4 ,bonghi & ,g4 ,grb]2 ! latt] employs a phraseology :i* he borr[s f ! mod]n s*ools ( psy*ology1 b ?is does n alt] ! true nature ( 8 argum5t4 ,de ,sanctis gave p]haps ! cle>e/ & mo/ /imulat+ advice 9 8 lectures on ,rhetoric1 :i* he t]m$ ,anti-rhetoric4 ,b ev5 he fail$ to sy/ematize 8 ?\ght1 & we may say t ! true critique ( ,rhetoric c only be made f ! po9t ( view ( ! ae/hetic activity1 :i* is1 z we "k1 "o1 & !re=e does n give rise to divisions1 & _c express ! same cont5t n[ 9 "o =m1 n[ 9 ano!r4 ,?us only c we drive away ! d\ble mon/] ( nak$ =m depriv$ ( imag9ation1 & ( decorat$ =m1 :i* w\ld repres5t some?+ m ?an imag9ation4 ,! same rem>ks apply to arti/ic & lit]>y /yles1 & to _! v>i\s laws or rules4 ,9 mod]n times !y h g5]ally be5 compris$ ) rhetoric1 & al?\gh n[ discr$it$1 !y _c be said to h altoge!r disappe>$4 ,j4,c4 ,scalig] may be entitl$ ! protagoni/ ( ! unities 9 comp>atively mod]n times3 he x 0 :o laid ! f\ndations ( ! classical ,ba/ille1 & suppli$ tyrants ( lit]ature1 l ,boileau1 ) "s ( _! be/ weapons4 ,less+ oppos$ ! ,fr5* rules & re/rictions ) ,g]man rules & re/rictions1 giv+ z 8 op9ion t ,corneille & o!rs _h wrongly int]pret$ ,ari/otle1 ^: rules did n really prev5t ,%akespe>e f be+ includ$ among correct writ]s6 ,less+ und\bt$ly believ$ 9 intellectual rules = poetry4 ,ari/otle 0 ! tyrant1 fa!r ( tyrants1 & we f9d ,corneille say+ qu'il e/ ais de s'accommod] avec ,ari/ote1 mu* 9 ! same way z ,t>tuffe makes 8 accommodem5ts avec le ciel4 ,9 ! next c5tury1 sev]al additions 7 made to ! admitt$ /yles1 z = in/ance ! tragdie b\rgeoise4 ,b ^! battles ( ! rules ) "o ano!r are less int]e/+ ?an ! rebellion aga9/ all ! rules1 :i* began ) ,pietro ,aret9o 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o makes mock ( !m 9 ! prologues to 8 com$ies4 ,giordano ,bruno took sides aga9/ ! mak]s ( rules1 say+ t ! rules came f ! poetry1 & !re=e !re are z _m g5uses & species ( true rules z !re are g5uses & species ( true poets4 ,:5 ask$ h[ ! true poets are to be kn[n1 he replies1 by repeat+ _! v]ses1 :i* ei!r cause delight1 or pr(it1 or bo?4 ,gu>9i1 too1 said t ! _w judges poetry1 & its s5t5ce is )\t appeal4 ,/rangely en\gh1 x 0 prie/-ridd5 ,spa9 t all ?r\gh ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies l$ ! van ( revolt aga9/ ! rules & precepts ( ! gramm>ians4 ,:ile ,torquato ,tasso rema9$ ! mis]able slave ( gramm>ians unwor?y to lick ! du/ f 8 feet1 ,lope de ,vega slyly rem>k$ t :5 he wrote 8 com$ies1 he lock$ up ! giv]s ( precepts ) six keys1 t !y might n reproa* him4 ,j4,b4 ,m>9o decl>$ t he knew ! rules bett] ?an all ! p$ants 9 ! _w2 b ! true rule is to "k :5 to break ! rules1 9 accordance ) ! mann]s ( ! day & ! ta/e ( ! age4 ,among ! mo/ acute writ]s ( ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is to be m5tion$ ,grav9a1 :o well und]/ood t a "w ( art mu/ be its own crit]ion1 & said s cle>ly :5 prais+ a contempor>y = a "w :i* did n ent] any "o ( ! admitt$ categories4 ,un=tunately ,grav9a did n cle>ly =mulate 8 views4 ,france ( ! eighte5? c5tury produc$ sev]al writ]s l ,du ,bos1 :o decl>$ t m5 w always pref] ! poems t move !m1 to ^? compos$ accord+ to rule4 ,la ,motte combat$ ! unities ( place & "t1 & ,batteux %[$ himself lib]al 9 respect to rules4 ,voltaire1 al?\gh he oppos$ ,la ,motte & describ$ ! ?ree unities z ! ?ree great laws ( good s5se1 0 also capable ( decl>+ t all /yles b ! tiresome are good1 & t ! be/ /yle is t :i* is be/ us$4 ,9 ,engl& we f9d ,home 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,criticism d]id+ ! critics = ass]t+ t !re mu/ be a precise crit]ion = di/+ui%+ epic poetry f all o!r =ms ( composition4 ,lit]>y compositions1 he held1 melt into "o ano!r1 j l col\rs4 ,! lit]>y movem5t ( ! end ( ! eighte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5turies attack$ rules ( all sorts4 ,we w n dwell ^u ! _m enc\nt]s ( ^! p]iods1 nor record ! names ( ^? t conqu]$ glori\sly1 or _! excesses4 ,9 ,france ! preface to ! ,cromwell ( ,v4 ,hugo 7#ahbg71 9 ,italy ! ,lett]a semis]ia di ,griso/omo1 7 cl>ions ( rebellion4 ,! pr9ciple fir/ laid d[n by ,a4,w4 ,s*legel1 t ! =m ( compositions mu/ be organic & n me*anic1 result+ f ! nature ( ! subject1 f its int]nal developm5t n f an ext]nal /amp1 0 enunciat$ 9 ,italy4 ,art is always a :ole1 a syn!sis4 ,b x w\ld be altoge!r wrong to believe t ?is empirical defeat ( ! /yles & rules impli$ _! f9al defeat 9 philosophy4 ,ev5 writ]s :o 7 capable ( disp5s+ ) prejudice :5 judg+ works ( art1 once !y spoke z philosoph]s1 7 apt to reassume _! belief 9 ^? categories :i*1 empirically1 !y _h disc>d$4 ,! spectacle ( ^! lit]>y or rhetorical categories1 rais$ by ,g]man philosoph]s to ! hon\rs ( philosophical d$uction1 is ev5 m amus+ ?an t :i* af=d$ amusem5t to ,home4 ,! tru? is t !y 7 unable to free _! ae/hetic sy/ems ( intellectualism1 al?\gh !y proclaim$ ! empire ( ! my/ic idea4 ,s*ell+ 7#ahjc7 at ! beg9n+1 ,h>tmann 7#ahij7 at ! end ( ! c5tury1 furni% a good example ( ?is head & tail4 ,s*ell+1 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,art1 decl>es t1 hi/orically speak+1 ! fir/ place 9 ! /yles ( poetry is due to ,epic1 b1 sci5tifically speak+1 x falls to ,lyric4 ,9 tru?1 if poetry be ! repres5tation ( ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite1 !n lyric poetry1 9 :i* prevails ! f9ite1 mu/ be its fir/ mom5t4 ,lyric poetry corresponds to ! fir/ ( ! ideal s]ies1 to reflection1 to k2 epic poetry corresponds to ! second p[]1 to action4 ,?is philosoph] f9ally proce$s to ! unification ( epic & lyric poetry1 & f _! union he d$uces ! dramatic =m1 :i* is 9 8 view ! supreme inc>nation ( ! ess5ce & ( ! 9-se ( e art4 ,) ,h>tmann1 poetry is divid$ into poetry ( declamation & poetry = read+4 ,! fir/ is subdivid$ into ,epic1 ,lyric1 & ,dramatic2 ! ,epic is divid$ into pla/ic epic1 prop] epic1 pictorial epic1 & lyrical epic2 ,lyric is divid$ into epical lyric1 lyrical lyric1 & dramatic lyric2 ,dramatic is divid$ into lyrical dramatic1 epical dramatic1 & dramatical dramatic4 ,! second 7readable poetry7 is divid$ into poetry :i* is *iefly epical1 lyrical1 & dramatic1 ) ! t]ti>y division ( mov+1 comic1 tragic1 & humori/ic2 & poetry :i* c all be read at once1 l a %ort /ory1 or t requires sev]al sitt+s1 l a romance4 ,^! brief extracts %[ ( :at dialectic pir\ettes & sublime trivialities ev5 philosoph]s are capable1 :5 !y beg9 to treat ( ! ,ae/hetic ( ! tragic1 comic1 & humor\s4 ,su* false di/9ctions are /ill taught 9 ! s*ools ( ,france & ,g]many1 & we f9d a ,fr5* critic l ,f]d9& ,brunetire devot+ a :ole volume to ! evolution ( lit]>y /yles or classes1 :i* he really believes to con/itute lit]>y hi/ory4 ,?is prejudice1 less frankly /at$1 /ill infe/s _m hi/ories ( lit]ature1 ev5 9 ,italy4 ,we believe t ! falsity ( ^! rules ( classes %\ld be sci5tifically demon/rat$4 ,9 our ,!ory ( ,ae/hetic we h %[n h[ we believe t x %\ld be demon/rat$4 ,! pro( ( ! !ory ( ! limits ( ! arts has be5 cr$it$ to ,less+1 b 8 m]it %\ld r be limit$ to hav+ be5 ! fir/ to draw att5tion to ! problem4 ,8 solution 0 false1 b 8 a*ievem5t nev]!less great1 9 hav+ pos$ ! "q cle>ly4 ,no "o be=e him1 9 antiquity1 9 ! ,middle ,age1 or 9 mod]n times1 _h s]i\sly ask$3 ,:at is ! value ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! arts8 ,:i* ( !m comes fir/8 ,:i* second8 ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h decl>$ 8 p]sonal pr$ilection = pa9t+1 ,mi*ael ,angelo = sculpture1 b ! "q _h n be5 philosophically treat$ be=e ,less+4 ,less+'s att5tion 0 drawn to ! problem1 ?r\gh 8 desire to disprove ! ass]tions ( ,sp5ce & ( ! ,comte de ,caylus1 ! =m] 9 respect to ! close union betwe5 poetry & pa9t+ 9 antiquity1 ! latt] z believ+ t a poem 0 good accord+ to ! numb] ( subjects :i* x %\ld af=d ! pa9t]4 ,less+ argu$ ?us3 ,pa9t+ manife/s itself 9 space1 poetry 9 "t3 ! mode ( manife/ation ( pa9t+ is ?r\gh objects :i* coexi/1 t ( poetry ?r\gh objects :i* are consecutive4 ,! objects :i* coexi/1 or ^: p>ts are coexi/5t1 are call$ bodies4 ,bodies1 !n1 ow+ to _! visibility1 are ! true objects ( pa9t+4 ,objects :i* are consecutive1 or ^: p>ts are consecutive1 are call$1 9 g5]al1 actions4 ,actions1 !n1 are ! suitable object ( poetry4 ,he admitt$ t pa9t+ might repres5t an action1 b only by means ( bodies :i* make allusion to x2 t poetry c repres5t bodies1 b only by means ( actions4 ,return+ to ?is !me1 he expla9$ ! action or movem5t 9 pa9t+ z add$ by our imag9ation4 ,less+ 0 greatly preoccupi$ ) ! naturalness & ! unnaturalness ( signs1 :i* is tantam\nt to say+ t he believ$ ea* art to be /rictly limit$ to c]ta9 modes ( expression1 :i* are only ov]/epp$ at ! co/ ( coh]5cy4 ,9 ! app5dix to 8 ,laocon1 he quotes ,plut>* z say+ t "o %\ld n *op wood ) a key1 or op5 ! door ) an axe4 ,he :o %\ld d s w\ld n only be spoil+ bo? ^? ut5sils1 b w\ld also be depriv+ himself ( ! utility ( bo?4 ,he believ$ t ?is appli$ to ! arts4 ,! numb] ( philosoph]s & writ]s :o h attempt$ empirical classifications ( ! arts is enorm\s3 x ranges 9 comp>atively rec5t times f ,less+1 by way ( ,s*asl]1 ,solg]1 & ,h>tmann1 to ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 ^: !ory ( ! comb9ation ( ! arts 0 fir/ moot$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,lotze1 :ile reflect+ ^u ! futility ( ^! attempts1 himself adopts a me?od1 :i* he says is ! mo/ conv5i5t1 & !reby incurs ! c5sure ( ,s*asl]4 ,?is me?od is 9 fact suitable = 8 /udies 9 botany & 9 zoology1 b useless = ! philosophy ( ! _s4 ,?us bo? ^! ?9k]s ma9ta9$ ,less+'s wrong pr9ciple z to ! con/ancy1 ! limits1 & ! peculi> nature ( ea* art4 ,:o among ae/heticians has criticiz$ ?is pr9ciple8 ,ari/otle _h a glimpse ( ! tru?1 :5 he refus$ to admit t ! di/9ction betwe5 prose & poetry lay 9 an ext]nal fact1 ! metre4 ,s*lei]ma*] seems to h be5 ! only "o :o 0 ?or\ghly aw>e ( ! difficulty ( ! problem4 ,9 analysis1 inde$1 he goes s f> z to say t :at ! arts h 9 common is n ! ext]nal fact1 :i* is an elem5t ( div]sity2 & connect+ su* an obs]vation z ?is ) 8 cle> di/9ction betwe5 art & :at is call$ te*nique1 we might argue t ,s*lei]ma*] look$ ^u ! divisions betwe5 ! arts z non-exi/5t4 ,b he does n make ?is logical inf]5ce1 & 8 ?\ght ^u ! problem cont9ues to be wav]+ & undecid$4 ,nebul\s1 unc]ta91 & contradictory z is ?is portion ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s !ory1 he has yet ! great m]it ( hav+ d\bt$ ,less+'s !ory1 & ( hav+ ask$ himself by :at "r are special arts held to be di/9ct 9 art4 ,s*lei]ma*] absolutely d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( a beautiful 9 nature1 & prais$ ,hegel = hav+ su/a9$ ?is negation4 ,hegel did n really des]ve ?is praise1 z 8 negation 0 r v]bal ?an effective2 b ! importance ( ?is !sis z /at$ by ,s*lei]ma*] is v great1 9 s f> z he d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( an objective natural beauty n produc$ by ! _s ( man4 ,?is !ory ( ! beautiful 9 nature1 :5 tak5 9 a metaphysical s5se1 does n con/itute an error peculi> to ae/hetic sci5ce4 ,x =ms "p ( a fallaci\s g5]al !ory1 :i* c be criticiz$ toge!r ) its metaphysic4 ,! !ory ( ae/hetic s5ses1 t is1 ( c]ta9 sup]ior s5ses1 su* z sight & he>+1 be+ ! only ones = :i* ae/hetic impressions exi/1 0 debat$ z e>ly z ,plato4 ,! ,hippias major conta9s a discussion ^u ?is !me1 :i* ,socrates leads to ! conclusion t !re exi/ beautiful ?+s1 :i* d n rea* u ?r\gh impressions ( eye or e>4 ,b fur!r ?an ?is1 !re exi/ ?+s :i* please ! eye1 b n ! e>1 & vice v]sa2 !re=e ! reason ( beauty _c be visibility or audibility1 b some?+ diff]5t f1 yet common to bo?4 ,p]haps ?is "q has nev] be5 s acutely & s s]i\sly dealt ) z 9 ?is ,platonic dialogue4 ,home1 ,h]d]1 ,hegel1 ,did]ot1 ,r\sseau1 ,b]keley1 all dealt ) ! problem1 b 9 a m or less arbitr>y mann]4 ,h]d]1 = in/ance1 includes t\* ) ! high] ae/hetic s5ses1 b ,hegel removes x1 z hav+ imm$iate contact ) matt] z su*1 & ) its imm$iate s5sible qualities4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ) 8 wont$ p5etration1 saw t ! problem 0 n to be solv$ s easily4 ,he refut$ ! di/9ction betwe5 cle> & confus$ s5ses4 ,he held t ! sup]iority ( sight & he>+ ov] ! o!r s5ses lay 9 _! free activity1 9 _! capacity ( an activity proce$+ f )91 & able to create =ms & s\nds )\t receiv+ ext]nal impressions4 ,! eye & ! e> are n m]ely means ( p]ception1 = 9 t case !re c\ld be no visual & no auditive arts4 ,!y are also functions ( volunt>y movem5ts1 :i* fill ! doma9 ( ! s5ses4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 h[ev]1 consid]$ t ! diff]5ce 0 r "o ( quantity1 & t we %\ld all[ to ! o!r s5ses a m9imum ( indep5d5ce4 ,! s5suali/s1 z we "k1 ma9ta9 t all ! s5ses are ae/hetic4 ,t is ! h$oni/ic hypo!sis1 :i* has be5 dealt ) & disprov$ 9 ?is book4 ,we h %[n ! emb>rassm5t 9 :i* ! h$oni/s f9d !mselves1 :5 !y h dubb$ all ! s5ses ae/hetic1 or h be5 oblig$ to diff]5tiate 9 an absurd mann] "s ( ! s5ses f ! o!rs4 ,! only way out ( ! difficulty lies 9 ab&on+ ! attempt to unite ord]s ( facts s div]se z ! repres5tative =m ( ! _s & ! conception ( giv5 physical organs or ( a giv5 mat]ial ( impressions4 ,! orig9 ( classes ( spee* & ( grammatical =ms is to be f\nd 9 antiquity1 & z reg>ds ! latt]1 ! disputes among ! ,alex&rian philosoph]s1 ! analogi/s1 & ! anomali/s1 result$ 9 logic be+ id5tifi$ ) gramm>4 ,any?+ :i* did n seem logical 0 exclud$ f gramm> z a deviation4 ,! analogi/s1 h[ev]1 did n h x all _! own way1 & gramm> 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w is a compromise betwe5 ^! extreme views1 t is1 x conta9s some?+ ( ! ?\ght ( ,*rysippus1 :o compos$ a treatise to %[ t ! same ?+ c be express$ ) diff]5t s\nds1 & ( ,apollonius ,discolus1 :o attempt$ to expla9 :at ! rigor\s analogi/s refus$ to admit into _! s*emes & classifications4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t we h begun to em]ge f ! sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = gramm>1 inh]it$ f ! ,middle ,age4 ,su* writ]s z ,pott1 9 8 introduction to ,humboldt1 & ,paul 9 8 ,pr9cipi5 d4 ,spra*ges*i*te1 h done good s]vice 9 ?r[+ d\bt ^u ! absolute validity ( ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,if ! old sup]/itions /ill survive t5aci\sly1 we mu/ attribute ?is p>tly to empirical & poetical gramm>1 p>tly to ! v5]able antiquity ( gramm> itself1 :i* has l$ ! _w to =get its illegitimate & turbid orig94 ,! !ory ( ! relativity ( ta/e is likewise anci5t1 & x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r ! say+ !re's no acc\nt+ = ta/es c\ld be trac$ to a m]ely gu/atory orig94 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! say+ w\ld be q correct1 z x is q wrong :5 appli$ to ae/hetic facts4 ,! eighte5? c5tury writ]s exhibit a pite\s p]plexity ( ?\ght on ?is subject4 ,home1 = in/ance1 aft] mu* debate1 decides ^u a common /&>d ( ta/e1 :i* he d$uces f ! necessity ( social life & f :at he calls a f9al cause4 ,( c\rse x w n be an easy matt] to fix ?is /&>d ( ta/e4 ,z reg>ds moral conduct1 we d n seek our models among savages1 s ) reg>d to ta/e1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ^? few ^: ta/e has n be5 corrupt$ nor spoilt by pleasure1 :o h receiv$ good ta/e f nature1 & h p]fect$ x by education & by ! practice ( life4 ,if aft] ?is has be5 done1 !re %\ld yet arise disputes1 x w be necess>y to ref] to ! pr9ciples ( criticism1 z laid d[n 9 8 book by ! said ,home4 ,we f9d simil> contradictions & vici\s circles 9 ! ,disc\rse on ,ta/e ( ,david ,hume4 ,we se>* 8 writ+s 9 va9 = ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! man ( ta/e1 ^: judgm5ts %\ld be f9al4 ,al?\gh he ass]ts t ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ta/e are univ]sal 9 human nature1 & admits t no notice %\ld be accord$ to p]v]sions & ignorance1 yet !re exi/ div]sities ( ta/e t are irreconcilable1 insup]able1 & blameless4 ,b ! criticism ( ! s5suali/ & relativi/ positions _c be made f ! po9t ( view ( ^? :o proclaim ! absolute nature ( ta/e & yet place x among ! intellectual concepts4 ,x has be5 %[n to be impossible to escape f s5sualism & relativity save by fall+ into ! intellectuali/ error4 ,muratori 9 ! eighte5? c5tury is an in/ance ( ?is4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( a rule ( ta/e & ( univ]sal beauty4 ,&r also spoke ( :at appe>s beautiful 9 a "w ( art z be+ n t :i* pleases at once1 ow+ to c]ta9 p>ticul> dispositions ( ! faculties ( ! s\l & ( ! organs ( ! body1 b t :i* has ! "r ( pleas+ ! reason & reflection ?r\gh its own excell5ce4 ,voltaire admitt$ an univ]sal ta/e1 :i* 0 intellectual1 z did _m o!rs4 ,kant appe>$1 & condemn$ alike ! intellectuali/ & ! s5suali/ic error2 b plac+ ! beautiful 9 a symbol ( morality1 he fail$ to discov] ! imag9ative absolut5ess ( ta/e4 ,lat] speculative philosophy did n atta* importance to ! "q4 ,! correct solution 0 sl[ 9 mak+ its way4 ,x lies1 z we "k1 9 ! fact t to judge a "w ( art we mu/ place ourselves 9 ! position ( ! arti/ at ! "t ( production1 & t to judge is to reproduce4 ,alex&] ,pope1 9 8 ,essay on ,criticism1 0 among ! fir/ to /ate ?is tru?3 ,a p]fect judge w read ea* "w ( wit ,) ! same _s t its au?or writ4 ,rem>ks equally lum9\s 7 made by ,antonio ,conti1 ,t]rasson1 & ,heyd5rei* 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! latt] ) consid]able philosophical developm5t4 ,de ,sanctis gave 9 8 adhesion to ?is =mula1 b a true !ory ( ae/hetic criticism _h n yet be5 giv51 because = su* 0 necess>y1 n only an exact conception ( nature 9 art1 b also ( ! relations betwe5 ! ae/hetic fact & its hi/orical conditions4 ,9 m rec5t times has be5 d5i$ ! possibility ( ae/hetic criticism2 x has be5 look$ ^u z m]ely individual & caprici\s1 & hi/orical criticism has be5 set up 9 its place4 ,?is w\ld be bett] call$ a criticism ( extr9sic erudition & ( bad philosophical inspiration--positivi/ & mat]iali/4 ,! true hi/ory ( lit]ature w always require ! recon/ruction & !n ! judgm5t ( ! "w ( art4 ,^? :o h wi%$ to react aga9/ su* emasculat$ erudition h (t5 ?r[n !mselves into ! opposite extreme1 t is1 into a dogmatic1 ab/ract1 intellectuali/ic1 or morali/ic =m ( criticism4 ,?is m5tion ( ! hi/ory ( c]ta9 doctr9es relat+ to ,ae/hetic suffices to %[ ! range ( error possible 9 ! !ory4 ,ae/hetic has ne$ to be surr\nd$ by a vigilant & vigor\s critical lit]ature :i* %all d]ive f x & be at once its safegu>d & its s\rce ( /r5g?4 ,,app5dix ,i "h add z an app5dix1 at ! reque/ ( ! au?or1 a translation ( 8 lecture :i* he deliv]$ be=e ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy1 at ,heidelb]g1 on #bnd ,septemb] #aijh4 ,! read] w f9d t x ?r[s a vivid light ^u ,b5$etto ,croce's g5]al !ory ( ,ae/hetic4 ,,pure ,,intuition ,,& ,,! ,,lyrical ,,"* ,,( ,,art4 ,a ,lecture deliv]$ at ,heidelb]g at ! second g5]al session ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy4 ,!re exi/s an empirical ,ae/hetic1 :i* al?\gh x admits ! exi/5ce ( facts1 call$ ae/hetic or arti/ic1 yet holds t !y are irr$ucible to a s+le pr9ciple1 to a rigor\s philosophical concept4 ,x wi%es to limit itself to collect+ z _m ( ^? facts z possible1 & 9 ! greate/ possible v>iety1 !nce1 at ! mo/1 proce$+ to gr\p !m toge!r 9 classes & types4 ,! logical ideal ( ?is s*ool1 z decl>$ on _m occasions1 is zoology or botany4 ,?is ,ae/hetic1 :5 ask$ :at art is1 replies by indicat+ successively s+le facts1 & by say+3 ,art is ?is1 & ?is1 & ?is too is art1 & s on1 indef9itely4 ,zoology & botany r5ew ! repres5tatives ( fauna & ( flora 9 ! same way4 ,!y calculate t ! species r5ew$ am\nt to "s ?\s&1 b believe t !y might easily be increas$ to tw5ty or a hundr$ ?\s&1 or ev5 to a million1 or to inf9ity4 ,!re is ano!r ,ae/hetic1 :i* has be5 call$ h$oni/ic1 utilit>ian1 morali/ic1 & s on1 accord+ to its v>i\s manife/ations4 ,its complex d5om9ation %\ld1 h[ev]1 be practicism1 because t is precisely :at con/itutes its ess5tial "*4 ,?is ,ae/hetic diff]s f ! prec$+1 9 ! belief t ae/hetic or arti/ic facts are n a m]ely empirical or nom9ali/ic gr\p+ toge!r1 b t all ( !m possess a common f\ndation4 ,its f\ndation is plac$ 9 ! practical =m ( human activity4 ,^? facts are !re=e consid]$1 ei!r g5]ically1 z manife/ations ( pleasure & pa91 & !re=e r z economic facts2 or1 m p>ticul>ly1 z a special class ( ^? manife/ations2 or aga91 z in/rum5ts & products ( ! e?ical _s1 :i* subdues & turns to its own ends individual h$oni/ic & economic t5d5cies4 ,!re is a ?ird ,ae/hetic1 ! intellectuali/1 :i*1 :ile also recogniz+ ! r$ucibility ( ae/hetic facts to philosophical treatm5t1 expla9s !m z p>ticul> cases ( logical ?\ght1 id5tify+ beauty ) intellectual tru?2 art1 n[ ) ! natural sci5ces1 n[ ) philosophy4 ,= ?is ,ae/hetic1 :at is priz$ 9 art is :at is le>n$ f x4 ,! only di/9ction t x admits betwe5 art & sci5ce1 or art & philosophy1 is at ! mo/ t ( m or less1 or ( p]fection & imp]fection4 ,accord+ to ?is ,ae/hetic1 art w\ld be ! :ole mass ( easy & popul> tru?s2 or x w\ld be a transitory =m ( sci5ce1 a semi-sci5ce & a semi-philosophy1 prep>atory to ! sup]ior & p]fect =m ( sci5ce & ( philosophy4 ,a f\r? ,ae/hetic !re is1 :i* may be call$ agno/ic4 ,x spr+s f ! criticism ( ! positions j n[ indicat$1 & be+ guid$ by a p[]ful consci\sness ( ! tru?1 rejects !m all1 because x f9ds !m too evid5tly false1 & because x is too lo? to admit t art is a simple fact ( pleasure or pa91 an ex]cise ( virtue1 or a fragm5t>y sket* ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,& :ile reject+ !m1 x discov]s1 at ! same "t1 t art is n n[ ?is & n[ t ( ^? ?+s1 or ( o!r ?+s1 indef9itely1 b t x has its own pr9ciple & orig94 ,h[ev]1 x is n able to say :at ?is pr9ciple may be1 & believes t x is impossible to d s4 ,?is ,ae/hetic kn[s t art _c be resolv$ into an empirical concept2 kn[s t pleasure & pa9 are unit$ ) ! ae/hetic activity only 9 an indirect mann]2 t morality has no?+ to d ) art2 t x is impossible to rationalize art1 z is ! case ) sci5ce & philosophy1 & to prove x beautiful or ugly ) ! aid ( reason4 ,"h ?is ,ae/hetic is cont5t to /op1 satisfi$ ) a k consi/+ entirely ( negative t]ms4 ,f9ally1 !re is an ,ae/hetic :i* ,i h else:]e propos$ to call my/ic4 ,?is ,ae/hetic avails itself ( ^? negative t]ms1 to def9e art z a spiritual =m )\t a practical "*1 because x is !oretic1 & )\t a logical or intellective =m1 because x is a !oretic =m1 diff]+ alike f ^? ( sci5ce & ( philosophy1 & sup]ior to bo?4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 art w\ld be ! highe/ p9nacle ( k1 :5ce :at is se5 f o!r po9ts seems n>r[ & p>tial2 art w\ld alone reveal ! :ole horizon or all ! abysses ( ,reality4 ,n[1 ! five ,ae/hetics s f> m5tion$ are n ref]able to cont+5t facts & hi/orical epo*s1 z are1 on ! o!r h&1 ! d5om9ations ( ,greek & ,m$iaeval ,ae/hetic1 ( ,r5aissance & eighte5?-c5tury ,ae/hetic1 ! ,ae/hetic ( ,wolff & ( ,h]b>t1 ( ,vico & ( ,hegel4 ,^! five are1 on ! contr>y1 m5tal attitudes1 :i* are f\nd 9 all p]iods1 al?\gh !y h n always conspicu\s repres5tatives ( ! k9d t are said to become hi/orical4 ,empirical ,ae/hetic is1 = example1 call$ ,burke 9 ! eighte5?1 ,fe*n] 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 morali/ic ,ae/hetic is ,horace or ,plut>* 9 antiquity1 ,campanella 9 mod]n times2 intellectuali/ or logical ,ae/hetic is ,c>tesian 9 ! sev5te5?1 ,leibnitzian 9 ! eighte5?1 & ,hegelian 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 agno/ic ,ae/hetic is ,francesco ,patrizio at ! ,r5aissance1 ,kant 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 my/ic ,ae/hetic is call$ ,neoplatonism at ! end ( ! antique _w1 ,romanticism at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & if x be adorn$ dur+ ! =m] p]iod ) ! "n ( ,plot9us1 9 ! latt] x w be> ! "n ( ,s*ell+ or ( ,solg]1 ,& n only are ^? attitudes & m5tal t5d5cies common to all epo*s1 b !y are also all f\nd to "s ext5t develop$ or indicat$ 9 e ?9k]1 & ev5 9 e man4 ,?us x is some:at difficult to classify philosoph]s ( ,ae/hetic accord+ to "o or ! o!r category1 because ea* philosoph] also ent]s m or less into "s o!r1 or into all ! o!r categories4 ,nor c ^! five conceptions & po9ts ( view be look$ ^u z increasable to t5 or tw5ty1 or to z _m z desir$1 or t ,i h plac$ !m 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 b t !y c\ld be caprici\sly plac$ 9 ano!r ord]4 ,if ?is 7 s1 !y w\ld be altoge!r het]og5e\s & disconnect$ among !mselves1 & ! attempt to exam9e & criticize !m w\ld seem altoge!r desp]ate1 z also w\ld be t ( comp>+ "o ) ! o!r1 or ( /at+ a new "o1 :i* %\ld dom9ate !m all4 ,x is precisely ?us t ord9>y sceptics look ^u v>i\s & contra/+ sci5tific views4 ,!y gr\p !m all 9 ! same plane1 & believ+ t !y c increase !m at w1 conclude t "o is z good z ano!r1 & t !re=e e "o is free to select t :i* he pref]s f a bundle ( falsehoods4 ,! conceptions ( :i* we speak are def9ite 9 numb]1 & appe> 9 a necess>y ord]1 :i* is ei!r t "h /at$ by me1 or ano!r :i* might be propos$1 bett] ?an m9e4 ,?is w\ld be ! necess>y ord]1 :i* ,i %\ld h fail$ to realize effectively4 ,!y are connect$ "o ) ! o!r1 & 9 su* a way t ! view :i* foll[s includes 9 itself t :i* prec$es x4 ,?us1 if ! la/ ( ! five doctr9es indicat$ be tak51 :i* may be summ$ up z ! proposition t art is a =m ( ! !oretic _s1 sup]ior to ! sci5tific & philosophic =m--& if x be submitt$ to analysis1 x w be se5 t 9 x is includ$1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! proposition affirm+ ! exi/5ce ( a gr\p ( facts1 :i* are call$ ae/hetic or arti/ic4 ,if su* facts did n exi/1 x is evid5t t no "q w\ld arise conc]n+ !m1 & t no sy/ematization w\ld be attempt$4 ,& ?is is ! tru? ( empirical ,ae/hetic4 ,b !re is also conta9$ 9 x ! proposition3 t ! facts exam9$ are r$ucible to a def9ite pr9ciple or category ( ! _s4 ,?is am\nts to say+1 t !y belong ei!r to ! practical _s1 or to ! !oretical1 or to "o ( _! sub=ms4 ,& ?is is ! tru? ( practici/ ,ae/hetic1 :i* is occupi$ ) ! enquiry z to :e!r ^! ev] are practical facts1 & affirms t 9 e case !y are a special category ( ! _s4 ,?irdly1 !re is conta9$ 9 x ! proposition3 t !y are n practical facts1 b facts :i* %\ld r be plac$ ne> ! facts ( logic or ( ?\ght4 ,?is is ! tru? ( intellectuali/ic ,ae/hetic4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 we f9d also ! proposition2 t ae/hetic facts are nei!r practical1 nor ( t !oretic =m :i* is call$ logical & intellective4 ,!y are some?+ :i* _c be id5tifi$ ) ! categories ( pleasure1 nor ( ! useful1 nor ) ^? ( e?ic1 nor ) ^? ( logical tru?4 ,!y are some?+ ( :i* x is necess>y to f9d a fur!r def9ition4 ,?is is ! tru? ( t ,ae/hetic :i* is t]m$ agno/ic or negative4 ,:5 ^! v>i\s propositions are sev]$ f _! connection2 :51 t is to say1 ! fir/ is tak5 )\t ! second1 ! second )\t ! ?ird1 & s on1--& :5 ea*1 ?us mutilat$1 is conf9$ 9 itself & ! enquiry :i* awaits prosecution is arbitr>ily arre/$1 !n ea* "o ( ^! gives itself out z ! :ole ( !m1 t is1 z ! completion ( ! enquiry4 ,9 ?is way1 ea* becomes error1 & ! tru?s conta9$ 9 empiricism1 9 practicism1 9 intellectualism1 9 agno/ic & 9 my/ical ,ae/hetic1 become1 respectively1 falsity1 & ^! t5d5cies ( speculation are indicat$ ) names ( a def9itely depreciative col\r+4 ,empiria becomes empiricism1 ! heuri/ic comp>ison ( ! ae/hetic activity ) ! practical & logical1 becomes a conclusion1 & !re=e practicism & intellectualism4 ,! criticism :i* rejects false def9itions1 & is itself negative1 affirms itself z positive & def9ite1 becom+ agno/icism2 & s on4 ,b ! attempt to close a m5tal process 9 an arbitr>y mann] is va91 & ( necessity causes remorse & self-criticism4 ,?us x comes ab\t1 t ea* "o ( ^? unilat]al & errone\s doctr9es cont9ually t5ds to surpass itself & to ent] ! /age :i* foll[s x4 ,?us empiricism1 = example1 assumes t x c disp5se ) any philosophical conception ( art2 b1 s9ce x sev]s art f non-art--&1 h[ev] empirical x be1 x w n id5tify a p5-&-ink sket* & a table ( log>i?ms1 z if !y 7 j ! same ?+1 or a pa9t+ & milk or blood 7al?\gh milk & blood bo? possess col\r7--?us empiricism too mu/ at la/ resort to "s k9d ( philosophical concept4 ,!re=e1 we see ! empirici/s becom+1 turn & turn ab\t1 h$oni/s1 morali/s1 intellectuali/s1 agno/ics1 my/ics1 & sometimes !y are ev5 bett] ?an my/ics1 uphold+ an excell5t conception ( art1 :i* c only be f\nd fault ) because introduc$ surreptiti\sly & )\t ju/ification4 ,if !y d n make t progress1 x is impossible = !m to speak 9 any way ( ae/hetic facts4 ,!y mu/ return1 z reg>ds su* facts1 to t indiff]5ce & to t sil5ce f :i* !y _h em]g$ :5 !y affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( ^! facts & began to consid] !m 9 _! v>iety4 ,! same may be said ( all o!r unilat]al doctr9es4 ,!y are all r$uc$ to ! alt]native ( advanc+ or ( go+ back1 & 9 s f> z !y d n wi% to d ei!r1 !y live amid contradictions & 9 angui%4 ,b !y d free !mselves f ^!1 m or less sl[ly1 & ?us are compell$ to advance1 m or less sl[ly4 ,& "h we discov] :y x is s difficult1 & inde$ impossible1 exactly to id5tify ?9k]s1 philosoph]s1 & writ]s ) "o or ! o!r ( ! doctr9es :i* we h enunciat$1 because ea* "o ( !m rebels :5 he f9ds himself limit$ to "o ( ^? categories1 & x seems to him t he is %ut up 9 prison4 ,x is precisely because ^? ?9k]s try to %ut !mselves up 9 a unilat]al doctr9e1 t !y d n succe$1 & t !y take a /ep1 n[ 9 "o direction1 n[ 9 ano!r1 & are consci\s ( be+ n[ on ?is side1 n[ on ! o!r1 ( ! criticisms :i* are address$ to !m4 ,b ! critics fulfil _! duty by putt+ !m 9 prison1 ?us ?r[+ into relief ! absurdity into :i* !y are l$ by _! irresolution1 or _! resolution n to resolve4 ,& f ?is necess>y connection & progressive ord] ( ! v>i\s propositions indicat$ arise also ! resolve1 ! c\nsel1 ! exhortation1 to return1 z !y say1 to ?is or t ?9k]1 to ?is or t philosophical s*ool ( ! pa/4 ,c]ta9ly1 su* returns are impossible1 und]/ood lit]ally2 !y are also a little ridicul\s1 l all impossible attempts4 ,we c nev] return to ! pa/1 precisely because x is ! pa/4 ,no "o is p]mitt$ to free himself f ! problems :i* are put by ! pres5t1 & :i* he mu/ solve ) all ! means ( ! pres5t 7:i* includes 9 x ! means ( ! pa/74 ,nev]!less1 x is a fact t ! hi/ory ( philosophy ev]y:]e res\nds ) cries ( return4 ,^? v p :o 9 our day d]ide ! return to ,hume or ! return to ,kant1 proce$ to advise ! return to ,s*ell+1 or ! return to ,hegel4 ,?is means t we mu/ n und]/& ^? returns lit]ally & 9 a mat]ial way4 ,9 tru?1 !y d n express any?+ b ! necessity & ! inelim9ability ( ! logical process expla9$ above1 = :i* ! affirmations conta9$ 9 philosophical problems appe> connect$ ) "o ano!r 9 su* a way t ! "o foll[s ! o!r1 surpasses x1 & includes x 9 itself4 ,empiricism1 practicism1 intellectualism1 agno/icism1 my/icism1 are et]nal /ages ( ! se>* = tru?4 ,!y are et]nally reliv$ & re?\ght 9 ! tru? :i* ea* conta9s4 ,?us x w\ld be necess>y = him :o _h n yet turn$ 8 att5tion to ae/hetic facts1 to beg9 by pass+ !m be=e 8 eyes1 t is to say1 he mu/ fir/ trav]se ! empirical /age 7ab\t equival5t to t occupi$ by m]e m5 ( lett]s & m]e amateurs ( art72 & :ile he is at ?is /age1 he mu/ be ar\s$ to feel ! want ( a pr9ciple ( explanation1 by mak+ him comp>e 8 pres5t k ) ! facts1 & see if !y are expla9$ by x1 t is to say1 if !y be utilit>ian & moral1 or logical & intellective4 ,!n we %\ld drive him :o has made ?is exam9ation to ! conclusion1 t ! ae/hetic activity is some?+ diff]5t f all kn[n =ms1 a =m ( ! _s1 :i* x yet rema9s to *>act]ize4 ,= ! empirici/s ( ,ae/hetic1 intellectualism & moralism repres5t progress2 = ! intellectuali/s1 h$oni/ic & morali/ic alike1 agno/icism is progress & may be call$ ,kant4 ,b = ,kantians1 :o are real ,kantians 7& n neo-,kantians71 progress is repres5t$ by ! my/ical & romantic po9t ( view2 n because ?is comes aft] ! doctr9e ( ,kant *ronologically1 b because x surpasses x ideally4 ,9 ?is s5se1 & 9 ?is s5se alone1 we %\ld n[ return to ! romantic ,ae/hetic4 ,we %\ld return to x1 because x is ideally sup]ior to all ! rese>*es 9 ,ae/hetic made 9 ! /udies ( psy*ologi/s1 ( physio-psy*ologi/s1 & ( psy*o-physiologi/s ( ! univ]sities ( ,europe & ( ,am]ica4 ,x is ideally sup]ior to ! sociological1 comp>ative1 prehi/oric ,ae/hetic1 :i* /udies especially ! art ( savages1 ( *ildr51 ( madm51 & ( idiots4 ,x is ideally sup]ior also to t o!r ,ae/hetic1 :i* has rec\rse to ! conceptions ( ! g5etic pleasure1 ( games1 ( illusion1 ( self-illusion1 ( association1 ( h]$it>y habit1 ( sympa?y1 ( social effici5cy1 & s on4 ,x is ideally sup]ior to ! attempts at logical explanation1 :i* h n altoge!r ceas$1 ev5 to-day1 al?\gh !y are some:at r>e1 because1 to tell ! tru?1 fanaticism = ,logic _c be call$ ! fail+ ( our times4 ,f9ally1 x is ideally sup]ior to t ,ae/hetic :i* repeats ) ,kant1 t ! beautiful is f9ality )\t ! idea ( end1 dis9t]e/$ pleasure1 necess>y & univ]sal1 :i* is nei!r !oretical nor practical1 b p>ticipates 9 bo? =ms1 or comb9es !m 9 itself 9 an orig9al & ineffable mann]4 ,b we %\ld return to x1 br++ ) u ! exp]i5ce ( a c5tury ( ?\ght1 ! new facts collect$1 ! new problems t h aris51 ! new ideas t h matur$4 ,?us we %all return aga9 to ! /age ( my/ical & romantic ,ae/hetic1 b n to ! p]sonal & hi/orical /age ( its repres5tatives4 ,= 9 ?is matt]1 at lea/1 !y are c]ta9ly inf]ior to u3 !y liv$ a c5tury ago & !re=e inh]it$ s mu* ! less ( ! problems & ( ! results ( ?\ght :i* day by day mank9d labori\sly accumulates4 ,!y %\ld return1 b n to rema9 !re2 because1 if a return to ! romantic ,ae/hetic be advisable = ! ,kantians 7:ile ! ideali/s %\ld n be advis$ to return to ,kant1 t is to say1 to a l[] /age1 :i* repres5ts a recession71 s ^? :o come ov]1 or already f9d !mselves on ! gr\nd ( my/ical ,ae/hetic1 %\ld1 on ! o!r h& be advis$ to proce$ yet fur!r1 9 ord] to atta9 to a doctr9e :i* repres5ts a /age above x4 ,?is doctr9e is t ( ! pure intuition 7or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 ( pure expression72 a doctr9e :i* also numb]s repres5tatives 9 all times1 & :i* may be said to be imman5t alike 9 all ! disc\rses t are held & 9 all ! judgm5ts t are pass$ ^u art1 z 9 all ! be/ criticism & arti/ic & lit]>y hi/ory4 ,?is doctr9e arises logically f ! contradictions ( my/ical ,ae/hetic2 ,i say1 logically1 because x conta9s 9 itself ^? contradictions & _! solution2 al?\gh hi/orically 7& ?is po9t does n at pres5t conc]n u7 t critical process be n always compreh5sible1 explicit1 & app>5t4 ,my/ical ,ae/hetic1 :i* makes ( art ! supreme function ( ! !oretic _s1 or1 at lea/1 a function sup]ior to t ( philosophy1 becomes involv$ 9 inextricable difficulties4 ,h[ c\ld art ev] be sup]ior to philosophy1 if philosophy make ( art its object1 t is to say1 if x place art b5ea? itself1 9 ord] to analyse & def9e x8 ,& :at c\ld ?is new k be1 suppli$ by art & by ! ae/hetic activity1 appe>+ :5 ! human _s has come full circle1 aft] x has imag9$1 p]ceiv$1 ?\ght1 ab/ract$1 calculat$1 & con/ruct$ ! :ole _w ( ?\ght & hi/ory8 ,z ! result ( ^? difficulties & contradictions1 my/ical ,ae/hetic itself also exhibits ! t5d5cy1 ei!r to surpass its b\nd>y1 or to s9k bel[ its prop] level4 ,! desc5t takes place :5 x falls back into agno/icism1 affirm+ t art is art1 t is1 a spiritual =m1 altoge!r diff]5t f ! o!rs & ineffable2 or worse1 :]e x conceives art z a sort ( repose or z a game2 z ?\gh div]sion c\ld ev] be a category & ! _s "k repose6 ,we f9d an attempt at ov]pass+ its prop] limit1 :5 art is plac$ bel[ philosophy1 z inf]ior to x2 b ?is ov]pass+ rema9s a simple attempt1 because ! conception ( art z in/rum5t ( univ]sal tru? is always firmly held2 save t ?is in/rum5t is decl>$ less p]fect & less efficaci\s ?an ! philosophical in/rum5t4 ,?us !y fall back aga9 into intellectualism f ano!r side4 ,^! mi/akes ( my/ical ,ae/hetic 7 manife/$ dur+ ! ,romantic p]iod 9 "s celebrat$ p>adoxes1 su* z ^? ( art z irony & ( ! dea? ( art4 ,!y seem$ calculat$ to drive philosoph]s to desp]ation z to ! possibility ( solv+ ! problem ( ! nature ( art1 s9ce e pa? ( solution appe>$ clos$4 ,inde$1 :oev] reads ! ae/heticians ( ! romantic p]iod1 feels /rongly incl9$ to believe himself at ! he>t ( ! enquiry & to n\ri% a confid5t hope ( imm$iate discov]y ( ! tru?4 ,above all1 ! affirmation ( ! !oretic nature ( art1 & ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 its cognitive me?od & t ( sci5ce & ( logic1 is felt z a def9ite conque/1 :i* c inde$ be comb9$ ) o!r elem5ts1 b :i* mu/ n 9 any case be all[$ to slip betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,& fur!r1 x is n true t all ways ( solution are clos$1 or t all h be5 attempt$4 ,!re is at lea/ "o /ill op5 t c be tri$2 & x is precisely t = :i* we resolutely decl>e ourselves3 ! ,ae/hetic ( ! pure intuition4 ,?is ,ae/hetic reasons z foll[s3--,hi!rto1 9 all attempts to def9e ! place ( art1 x has be5 s\ght1 ei!r at ! summit ( ! !oretic _s1 above philosophy1 or1 at lea/1 9 ! circle ( philosophy itself4 ,b is n ! l(t9ess ( ! se>* ! reason :y no satisfactory result has hi!rto be5 obta9$8 ,:y n inv]t ! attempt1 & in/ead ( =m+ ! hypo!sis t art is "o ( ! summits or ! highe/ grade ( ! !oretic _s1 =m ! v opposite hypo!sis1 namely1 t x is "o ( ! l[] grades1 or ! l[e/ ( all8 ,p]haps su* epi!ts z l[] & l[e/ are irreconcilable ) ! dignity & ) ! spl5did beauty ( art8 ,b 9 ! philosophy ( ! _s1 su* words z l[e/1 weak1 simple1 elem5t>y1 possess only ! value ( a sci5tific t]m9ology4 ,all ! =ms ( ! _s are necess>y1 & ! high] is s only because !re is ! l[]1 & ! l[] is z mu* to be despis$ or less to be valu$ to ! same ext5t z ! fir/ /ep ( a /air is despicable1 or ( less value 9 respect to ! topmo/ /ep4 ,let u comp>e art ) ! v>i\s =ms ( ! !oretic _s1 & let u beg9 ) ! sci5ces :i* are call$ natural or positive4 ,! ,ae/hetic ( pure intuition makes x cle> t ! said sci5ces are m complex ?an ,hi/ory1 because !y presuppose hi/orical mat]ial1 t is1 collections ( ?+s t h happ5$ 7to m5 or animals1 to ! e>? or to ! />s74 ,!y submit ?is mat]ial to a fur!r treatm5t1 :i* consi/s 9 ! ab/raction & sy/ematization ( ! hi/orical facts4 ,hi/ory1 !n1 is less complex ?an ! natural sci5ces4 ,hi/ory fur!r presupposes ! _w ( ! imag9ation & ! pure philosophical concepts or categories1 & produces its judgm5ts or hi/orical propositions1 by means ( ! syn!sis ( ! imag9ation ) ! concept4 ,& ,philosophy may be said to be ev5 less complex ?an ,hi/ory1 9 s f> z x is di/+ui%$ f ! =m] z an activity ^: special function x is to make cle> ! categories or pure concepts1 neglect+1 9 a c]ta9 s5se at any rate1 ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,if we comp>e ,art ) ! ?ree =ms above m5tion$1 x mu/ be decl>$ inf]ior1 t is to say1 less complex ?an ! natural ,sci5ces1 9 s f> z x is altoge!r )\t ab/ractions4 ,9 s f> z x is )\t conceptual det]m9ations & does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! real & ! unreal1 :at has really happ5$ & :at has be5 dream$1 x mu/ be decl>$ inf]ior to ,hi/ory4 ,9 s f> z x fails altoge!r to surpass ! ph5om5al _w1 & does n atta9 to ! def9itions ( ! pure concepts1 x is inf]ior to ,philosophy itself4 ,x is also inf]ior to ,religion1 assum+ t religion is 7z x is7 a =m ( speculative tru?1 /&+ betwe5 ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,art is gov]n$ entirely by imag9ation2 its only ri*es are images4 ,art does n classify objects1 nor pron\nce !m real or imag9>y1 nor qualify !m1 nor def9e !m4 ,art feels & repres5ts !m4 ,no?+ m4 ,art !re=e is intuition1 9 s f> z x is a mode ( k1 n ab/ract1 b concrete1 & 9 s f> z x uses ! real1 )\t *ang+ or falsify+ x4 ,9 s f> z x appreh5ds x imm$iately1 be=e x is modifi$ & made cle> by ! concept1 x mu/ be call$ pure intuition4 ,! /r5g? ( art lies 9 be+ ?us simple1 nude1 & poor4 ,its /r5g? 7z (t5 happ5s 9 life7 arises f its v weakness4 ,h5ce its fasc9ation4 ,if 7to employ an image mu* us$ by philosoph]s = v>i\s ends7 we ?9k ( man1 9 ! fir/ mom5t t he becomes aw>e ( !oretical life1 ) m9d /ill cle> ( e ab/raction & ( e reflexion1 9 t fir/ purely intuitive in/ant he mu/ be a poet4 ,he contemplates ! _w ) +5u\s & admir+ eyes2 he s9ks & loses himself altoge!r 9 t contemplation4 ,by creat+ ! fir/ repres5tations & by ?us inaugurat+ ! life ( k1 art cont9ually r5ews )9 our _s ! aspects ( ?+s1 :i* ?\ght has submitt$ to reflexion1 & ! intellect to ab/raction4 ,?us art p]petually makes u poets aga94 ,)\t art1 ?\ght w\ld lack ! /imulus1 ! v mat]ial1 = its h]m5eutic & critical lab\r4 ,art is ! root ( all our !oretic life4 ,to be ! root1 n ! fl[] or ! fruit1 is ! function ( art4 ,& )\t a root1 !re c be no fl[] & no fruit4 ,,ii ,su* is ! !ory ( art z pure intuition1 9 its fundam5tal conception4 ,?is !ory1 !n1 takes its orig9 f ! criticism ( ! l(tie/ ( all ! o!r doctr9es ( ,ae/hetic1 f ! criticism ( my/ical or romantic ,ae/hetic1 & conta9s 9 itself ! criticism & ! tru? ( all ! o!r ,ae/hetics4 ,x is n "h possible to all[ ourselves to illu/rate its o!r aspects1 su* z w\ld be ^? ( ! id5tity1 :i* x lays d[n1 betwe5 intuition & expression1 betwe5 art & language4 ,suffice x to say1 z reg>ds ! =m]1 t he alone :o divides ! unity ( ! _s into s\l & body c h fai? 9 a pure act ( ! s\l1 & !re=e 9 an intuition1 :i* %\ld exi/ z an intuition1 & yet be )\t its body1 expression4 ,expression is ! actuality ( intuition1 z action is ( w2 & 9 ! same way z w n ex]cis$ 9 action is n w1 s an intuition unexpress$ is n an intuition4 ,z reg>ds ! second po9t1 ,i w m5tion 9 pass+ t1 9 ord] to recognize ! id5tity ( art & language1 x is ne$ful to /udy language1 n 9 its ab/raction & 9 grammatical detail1 b 9 its imm$iate reality1 & 9 all its manife/ations1 spok5 & sung1 phonic & graphic4 ,& we %\ld n take at haz>d any proposition1 & decl>e x to be ae/hetic2 because1 if all propositions h an ae/hetic side 7precisely because intuition is ! elem5t>y =m ( k & is1 z x 71 ! g>m5t ( ! sup]ior & m complex =ms71 all are n purely ae/hetic1 b "s are philosophical1 hi/orical1 sci5tific1 or ma!matical2 "s1 9 fact1 ( ^! are m ?an ae/hetic or logical2 !y are ae/heticological4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 "t1 di/+ui%$ betwe5 semantic & apophantic propositions1 & not$1 t if all propositions be semantic1 n all are apophantic4 ,language is art1 n 9 s f> z x is apophantic1 b 9 s f> z x is1 g5]ically1 semantic4 ,x is necess>y to note 9 x ! side by :i* x is expressive1 & no?+ b expressive4 ,x is also well to obs]ve 7?\gh ?is may seem sup]flu\s7 t x is n necess>y to r$uce ! !ory ( pure intuition1 z has be5 sometimes done1 to a hi/orical fact or to a psy*ological concept4 ,because we recognize 9 poetry1 z x 71 ! +5u\sness1 ! fre%ness1 ! b>b>ity ( ! _s1 x is n !re=e necess>y to limit poetry to y\? & to b>b>ian peoples4 ,?\gh we recognize language z ! fir/ act ( tak+ possession ( ! _w a*iev$ by man1 we mu/ n imag9e t language is born ex nihilo1 once only 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages1 & t lat] g5]ations m]ely adopt ! anci5t in/rum5t1 apply+ x to a new ord] ( ?+s :ile lam5t+ its slight adaptability to ! usage ( civiliz$ times4 ,art1 poetry1 intuition1 & imm$iate expression are ! mom5t ( b>b>ity & ( +5u\sness1 :i* p]petually recur 9 ! life ( ! _s2 !y are y\?1 t is1 n *ronological1 b ideal4 ,!re exi/ v prosaic b>b>ians & v prosaic y\?s1 z !re exi/ poetical spirits ( ! utmo/ ref9em5t & civilization4 ,! my?ology ( ^? pr\d1 gigantic ,patagonians1 ( :om our ,vico 0 wont to disc\rse1 or ( ^? bons ,hurons1 :o 7 lately a !me ( conv]sation1 mu/ be look$ ^u z = ev] sup]s$$4 ,b !re arises an app>5tly v s]i\s objection to ! ,ae/hetic ( pure intuition1 giv+ occasion to d\bt :e!r ?is doctr9e1 if x repres5t progress 9 respect to ! doctr9es :i* h prec$$ x1 yet is also a complete & def9ite doctr9e z reg>ds ! fundam5tal concept ( art4 ,%\ld x be submitt$ to a dialectic1 by means ( :i* x mu/ be surpass$ & dissolv$ into a m l(ty po9t ( view8 ,! doctr9e ( pure intuition makes ! value ( art to consi/ ( its p[] ( intuition2 9 su* a mann] t j 9 s f> z pure & concrete intuitions are a*iev$ w art & beauty be a*iev$4 ,b if att5tion be paid to judgm5ts ( p ( good ta/e & ( critics1 & to :at we all say :5 we are w>mly discuss+ works ( art & manife/+ our praise or blame ( !m1 x w\ld seem t :at we seek 9 art is some?+ q diff]5t1 or at lea/ some?+ m ?an simple =ce & intuitive & expressive purity4 ,:at pleases & :at is s\ght 9 art1 :at makes beat ! he>t & enraptures ! admiration1 is life1 movem5t1 emotion1 w>m?1 ! feel+ ( ! arti/4 ,?is alone af=ds ! supreme crit]ion = di/+ui%+ true f false works ( art1 ^? ) insight f ! failures4 ,:]e !re are emotion & feel+1 mu* is =giv52 :]e !y are want+1 no?+ c make up = !m4 ,n only are ! mo/ pr(\nd ?\ghts & ! mo/ exquisite culture incapable ( sav+ a "w ( art :i* is look$ ^u z cold1 b ri*ness ( imag]y1 ability & c]ta9ty 9 ! reproduction ( ! real1 9 description1 *>act]ization & composition1 & all o!r k1 only s]ve to ar\se ! regret t s great a price has be5 paid & su* lab\rs endur$1 9 va94 ,we d n ask ( an arti/ in/ruction z to real facts & ?\ghts1 nor t he %\ld a/oni% u ) ! ri*ness ( 8 imag9ation1 b t he %\ld h a p]sonality1 9 contact ) :i* ! s\l ( ! he>] or spectator may be heat$4 ,a p]sonality ( any sort is ask$ = 9 ?is case2 its moral significance is exclud$3 let x be sad or glad1 en?usia/ic or di/ru/ful1 s5tim5tal or s>ca/ic1 b5ignant or malign1 b x mu/ be a s\l4 ,art criticism w\ld seem to consi/ altoge!r 9 det]m9+ if !re be a p]sonality 9 ! "w ( art1 & ( :at sort4 ,a "w t is a failure is an incoh]5t "w2 t is to say1 a "w 9 :i* no s+le p]sonality appe>s1 b a numb] ( disaggregat$ & jo/l+ p]sonalities1 t is1 really1 none4 ,!re is no fur!r correct significance ?an ?is 9 ! rese>*es t are made z to ! v]isimilitude1 ! tru?1 ! logic1 ! necessity1 ( a "w ( art4 ,x is true t _m prote/s h be5 made by arti/s1 critics1 & philosoph]s by pr(ession1 aga9/ ! *>act]i/ic ( p]sonality4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! bad arti/ leaves traces ( 8 p]sonality 9 ! "w ( art1 :]eas ! great arti/ cancels !m all4 ,x has be5 fur!r ma9ta9$ t ! arti/ %\ld portray ! reality ( life1 & t he %\ld n di/urb x ) ! op9ions1 judgm5ts1 & p]sonal feel+s ( ! au?or1 & t ! arti/ %\ld give ! te>s ( ?+s & n 8 own te>s4 ,h5ce imp]sonality1 n p]sonality1 has be5 proclaim$ to be ! *>act]i/ic ( art1 t is to say1 ! v opposite4 ,h[ev]1 x w n be difficult to %[ t :at is really meant by ?is oppos+ =mula is ! same z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,! !ory ( imp]sonality really co9cides ) t ( p]sonality 9 e po9t4 ,! opposition ( ! arti/s1 critics1 & philosoph]s above m5tion$1 0 direct$ aga9/ ! invasion by ! empirical & volitional p]sonality ( ! arti/ ( ! spontane\s & ideal p]sonality :i* con/itutes ! subject ( ! "w ( art4 ,= in/ance1 arti/s :o d n succe$ 9 repres5t+ ! =ce ( piety or ( love ( c\ntry1 add to _! col\rless imag9+s declamation or !atrical effects1 ?9k+ ?us to ar\se su* feel+s4 ,9 l mann] c]ta9 orators & actors introduce into a "w ( art an emotion extrane\s to ! "w ( art itself4 ,)9 ^! limits1 ! opposition ( ! uphold]s ( ! !ory ( imp]sonality 0 mo/ reasonable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re has also be5 exhibit$ an altoge!r irrational opposition to p]sonality 9 ! "w ( art4 ,su* is ! lack ( compreh5sion & intol]ance ev9c$ by c]ta9 s\ls = o!rs diff]5tly con/itut$ 7( calm = agitat$ s\ls1 = example74 ,"h we f9d at bottom ! claim ( "o sort ( p]sonality to d5y t ( ano!r4 ,f9ally1 x has be5 possible to demon/rate f among ! examples giv5 ( imp]sonal art1 9 ! romances & dramas call$ naturali/ic1 t 9 s f> & to ! ext5t t ^! are complete arti/ic works1 !y possess p]sonality4 ,?is holds good ev5 :5 ?is p]sonality lies 9 a w&]+ or p]plexity ( ?\ght reg>d+ ! value to be giv5 to life1 or 9 bl9d fai? 9 ! natural sci5ces & 9 mod]n sociology4 ,:]e e trace ( p]sonality 0 really abs5t1 & its place tak5 by ! p$antic que/ = human docum5ts1 ! description ( c]ta9 social classes & ! g5]ic or individual process ( c]ta9 maladies1 !re ! "w ( art 0 abs5t4 ,a "w ( sci5ce ( m or less sup]ficiality1 & )\t ! necess>y pro(s & control1 fill$ its place4 ,!re is no uphold] ( imp]sonality b exp]i5ces a feel+ ( fatigue = a "w ( ! utmo/ exactitude 9 ! reproduction ( reality 9 its empirical sequ5ce1 or ( indu/ri\s & apa!tic comb9ation ( images4 ,he asks himself :y su* a "w 0 execut$1 & recomm5ds ! au?or to adopt "s o!r pr(ession1 s9ce t ( arti/ 0 n int5d$ = him4 ,?us x is )\t d\bt t if pure intuition 7& pure expression1 :i* is ! same ?+7 are indisp5sable 9 ! "w ( art1 ! p]sonality ( ! arti/ is equally indisp5sable4 ,if 7to quote ! celebrat$ words 9 our own way7 ! classic mom5t ( p]fect repres5tation or expression be necess>y = ! "w ( art1 ! romantic mom5t ( feel+ is n less necess>y4 ,poetry1 or art 9 g5]al1 _c be exclusively +5u\s or s5tim5tal2 x mu/ be bo? +5u\s & s5tim5tal4 ,& if ! fir/ or repres5tative mom5t be t]m$ epic1 & ! second1 :i* is s5tim5tal1 passionate1 & p]sonal1 be t]m$ lyric1 !n poetry & art mu/ be at once epic & lyric1 or1 if x please y bett]1 dramatic4 ,we use ^! words "h1 n at all 9 _! empirical & intellectuali/ s5se1 z employ$ to designate special classes ( works ( art1 exclusive ( o!r classes2 b 9 t ( elem5ts or mom5ts1 :i* mu/ ( necessity be f\nd unit$ 9 e "w ( art1 h[ div]se soev] x may be 9 o!r respects4 ,n[ ?is irrefutable conclusion seems to con/itute exactly t above-m5tion$ app>5tly s]i\s objection to ! doctr9e :i* def9es art z pure intuition4 ,b if ! ess5ce ( art be m]ely !oretic--& x is intuibility--c x1 on ! o!r h&1 be practical1 t is to say1 feel+1 p]sonality1 & passionality8 ,or1 if x be practical1 h[ c x be !oretic8 ,x w be answ]$ t feel+ is ! cont5t1 intuibility ! =m2 b =m & cont5t d n 9 philosophy con/itute a duality1 l wat] & its recipi5t2 9 philosophy cont5t is =m1 & =m is cont5t4 ,"h1 on ! o!r h&1 =m & cont5t appe> to be diff]5t f "o ano!r2 ! cont5t is ( "o quality1 ! =m ( ano!r4 ,?us art appe>s to be ! sum ( two qualities1 or1 z ,h]b>t us$ to say 9 8 "t1 ( two values4 ,accord+ly we h an altoge!r unma9ta9able ,ae/hetic1 z is cle> f rec5t l>gely vulg>iz$ doctr9es ( ,ae/hetic z op]at+ ) ! concept ( ! infus$ p]sonality4 ,"h we f9d1 on ! "o h&1 ?+s intuible ly+ dead & s\lless2 on ! o!r1 ! arti/'s feel+ & p]sonality4 ,! arti/ is !n suppos$ to put himself into ?+s1 by an act ( magic1 to make !m live & palpitate1 love & adore4 ,b if we />t ) ! di/9ction1 we c nev] aga9 rea* unity3 ! di/9ction requires an intellectual act1 & :at ! intellect has divid$ intellect or reason alone1 n art or imag9ation1 c reunite & syn!tize4 ,?us ! ,ae/hetic ( infusion or transfusion--:5 x does n fall into ! antiquat$ h$oni/ic doctr9es ( agreeable illusion1 ( games1 & g5]ally ( :at af=ds a pleasurable emotion2 or ( moral doctr9es1 :]e art is a symbol & an allegory ( ! good & ! true2--is yet n able1 despite its airs ( mod]nity & its psy*ology1 to escape ! fate ( ! doctr9e :i* makes ( art a semi-imag9ative conception ( ! _w1 l religion4 ,! process t x describes is my?ological1 n ae/hetic2 x is a mak+ ( gods or ( idols4 ,to make "o's gods is an unhappy art1 said an old ,italian poet2 b if x be n unhappy1 c]ta9ly x is n poetic & n ae/hetic4 ,! arti/ does n make ! gods1 because he has o!r ?+s to d4 ,ano!r reason is t1 to tell ! tru?1 he is s +5u\s & s absorb$ 9 ! image t attracts him1 t he _c p]=m t act ( ab/raction & conception1 :]e9 ! image mu/ be surpass$ & made ! allegory ( a univ]sal1 ?\gh x be ( ! crude/ description4 ,?is rec5t !ory1 !n1 is ( no use4 ,x leads back to ! difficulties aris+ f ! admission ( two *>act]i/ics ( art1 intuibility & lyricism1 n unifi$4 ,we mu/ recognize1 ei!r t ! duality mu/ be de/roy$ & prov$ illusory1 or t we mu/ proce$ to a m ample conception ( art1 9 :i* t ( pure intuibility w\ld rema9 m]ely second>y or p>ticul>4 ,& to de/roy & prove x illusory mu/ consi/ 9 %[+ t "h too =m is cont5t1 & t pure intuition is itself lyricism4 ,n[1 ! tru? is precisely ?is3 pure intuition is ess5tially lyricism4 ,all ! difficulties conc]n+ ?is "q arise f n hav+ ?or\ghly und]/ood t concept1 f hav+ fail$ to p5etrate its true nature & to explore its multiple relations4 ,:5 we consid] ! "o att5tively1 we see ! o!r bur/+ f its bosom1 or bett]1 ! "o & ! o!r reveal !mselves z "o & ! same1 & we escape f ! desp]ate trilemma1 ( ei!r d5y+ ! lyrical & p]sonal "* ( art1 or ( ass]t+ t x is adjunctive1 ext]nal & accid5tal1 or ( excogitat+ a new doctr9e ( ,ae/hetic1 :i* we d n "k :]e to f9d4 ,9 fact1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 :at c pure intuition mean1 b intuition pure ( e ab/raction1 ( e conceptual elem5t1 &1 = ?is reason1 nei!r sci5ce1 hi/ory1 nor philosophy8 ,?is means t ! cont5t ( ! pure intuition _c be ei!r an ab/ract concept1 or a speculative concept or idea1 or a conceptualiz$1 t is hi/oriciz$1 repres5tation4 ,nor c x be a s-call$ p]ception1 :i* is a repres5tation intellectually1 & s hi/orically1 discrim9at$4 ,b outside logic 9 its v>i\s =ms & bl5d+s1 no o!r psy*ic cont5t rema9s1 save t :i* is call$ appetites1 t5d5cies1 feel+s1 & w4 ,^! ?+s are all ! same & con/itute ! practical =m ( ! _s1 9 its inf9ite gradations & 9 its dialectic 7pleasure & pa974 ,pure intuition1 !n1 s9ce x does n produce concepts1 mu/ repres5t ! w 9 its manife/ations1 t is to say1 x c repres5t no?+ b /ates ( ! s\l4 ,& /ates ( ! s\l are passionality1 feel+1 p]sonality1 :i* are f\nd 9 e art & det]m9e its lyrical "*4 ,:]e ?is is abs5t1 art is abs5t1 precisely because pure intuition is abs5t1 & we h at ! mo/1 9 ex*ange = x1 t reflex1 philosophical1 hi/orical1 or sci5tific4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^!1 passion is repres5t$1 n imm$iately1 b m$iately1 or1 to speak exactly1 x is no long] repres5t$1 b ?\ght4 ,?us ! orig9 ( language1 t is1 its true nature1 has sev]al times be5 plac$ 9 int]jection4 ,?us1 too1 ,ari/otle1 :5 he wi%$ to give an example ( ^? propositions :i* 7 n apophantic1 b g5]ically semantic 7we %\ld say1 n logical1 b purely ,ae/hetic71 & did n pr$icate ! logically true & false1 b nev]!less said some?+1 gave z example invocation or pray]1 hae en*ae4 ,he add$ t ^! propositions d n app]ta9 to ,logic1 b to ,rhetoric & ,poetic4 ,a l&scape is a /ate ( ! s\l2 a great poem may all be conta9$ 9 an exclamation ( joy1 ( sorr[1 ( admiration1 or ( lam5t4 ,! m objective is a "w ( art1 by s mu* ! m is x poetically sugge/ive4 ,if ?is d$uction ( lyricism f ! intimate ess5ce ( pure intuition d n appe> easily acceptable1 ! reason is to be s\ght 9 two v deep-root$ prejudices1 ( :i* x is useful to indicate "h ! g5esis4 ,! fir/ conc]ns ! nature ( ! imag9ation1 & its lik5esses to & diff]5ces f fancy4 ,imag9ation & fancy h be5 cle>ly di/+ui%$ ?us by c]ta9 ae/heticians 7& among !m1 ,de ,sanctis71 z also 9 discussions relat+ to concrete art3 !y h held fancy1 n imag9ation1 to be ! special faculty ( ! poet & ! arti/4 ,n only does a new & biz>re comb9ation ( images1 :i* is vulg>ly call$ inv5tion1 n con/itute ! arti/1 b ne fait ri5 l'affaire1 z ,alce/e rem>k$ ) ref]5ce to ! l5g? ( "t exp5d$ ^u writ+ a sonnet4 ,great arti/s h (t5 pref]r$ to treat gr\ps ( images1 :i* _h already be5 _m times us$ z mat]ial = works ( art4 ,! novelty ( ^! new works has be5 solely t ( art or =m1 t is to say1 ( ! new acc5t :i* !y h kn[n h[ to give to ! old mat]ial1 ( ! new way 9 :i* !y h felt & !re=e intuifi$ x1 ?us creat+ new images ^u ! old ones4 ,^! rem>ks are all obvi\s & univ]sally recogniz$ z true4 ,b if m]e imag9ation z su* has be5 exclud$ f art1 x has n !re=e be5 exclud$ f ! !oretic _s4 ,h5ce ! dis9cl9ation to admit t a pure intuition mu/ ( necessity express a /ate ( ! s\l1 :]eas x may also consi/1 z !y believe1 ( a pure image1 )\t a cont5t ( feel+4 ,if we =m an arbitr>y image ( any sort1 /ans p$e 9 uno1 say ( a bullock's head on a horse's body1 w\ld n ?is be an intuition1 a pure intuition1 c]ta9ly q )\t any cont5t ( reflexion8 ,w\ld "o n atta9 to a "w ( art 9 ?is way1 or at any rate to an arti/ic motive8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,= ! image giv5 z an in/ance1 & e o!r image t may be produc$ by ! imag9ation1 n only is n a pure intuition1 b x is n a !oretic product ( any sort4 ,x is a product ( *oice1 z 0 obs]v$ 9 ! =mula us$ by our oppon5ts2 & *oice is ext]nal to ! _w ( ?\ght & contemplation4 ,x may be said t imag9ation is a practical artifice or game1 play$ ^u t patrimony ( images possess$ by ! s\l2 :]eas ! fancy1 ! translation ( practical into !oretical values1 ( /ates ( ! s\l into images1 is ! creation ( t patrimony itself4 ,f ?is we le>n t an image1 :i* is n ! expression ( a /ate ( ! s\l1 is n an image1 s9ce x is )\t any !oretical value2 & !re=e x _c be an ob/acle to ! id5tification ( lyricism & intuition4 ,b ! o!r prejudice is m difficult to eradicate1 because x is b\nd up ) ! metaphysical problem itself1 on ! v>i\s solutions ( :i* dep5d ! v>i\s solutions ( ! ae/hetic problem1 & vice v]sa4 ,if art be intuition1 w\ld x !re=e be any intuition t "o might h ( a physical object1 app]ta9+ to ext]nal nature8 ,if ,i op5 my eyes & look at ! fir/ object t !y fall ^u1 a *air or a table1 a m\nta9 or a riv]1 %all ,i h p]=m$ by s do+ an ae/hetic act8 ,if s1 :at becomes ( ! lyrical "*1 ( :i* we h ass]t$ ! necessity8 ,if n1 :at becomes ( ! intuitive "*1 ( :i* we h affirm$ ! equal necessity & also its id5tity ) ! =m]8 ,)\t d\bt1 ! p]ception ( a physical object1 z su*1 does n con/itute an arti/ic fact2 b precisely = ! reason t x is n a pure intuition1 b a judgm5t ( p]ception1 & implies ! application ( an ab/ract concept1 :i* 9 ?is case is physical or belong+ to ext]nal nature4 ,& ) ?is reflexion & p]ception1 we f9d ourselves at once outside ! doma9 ( pure intuition4 ,we c\ld h a pure p]ception ( a physical object 9 "o way only2 t is to say1 if physical or ext]nal nature 7 a metaphysical reality1 a truly real reality1 & n1 z x is1 a con/ruction or ab/raction ( ! intellect4 ,if su* 7 ! case1 man w\ld h an imm$iate intuition1 9 8 fir/ !oretical mom5t1 bo? ( himself & ( ext]nal nature1 ( ! spiritual & ( ! physical1 9 an equal degree4 ,?is repres5ts ! duali/ic hypo!sis4 ,b j z dualism is incapable ( provid+ a coh]5t sy/em ( philosophy1 s is x incapable ( provid+ a coh]5t ,ae/hetic4 ,if we admit dualism1 we mu/ c]ta9ly ab&on ! doctr9e ( art z pure intuition2 b we mu/ at ! same "t ab&on all philosophy4 ,b art on its side tacitly prote/s aga9/ metaphysical dualism4 ,x does s1 because1 be+ ! mo/ imm$iate =m ( k1 x is 9 contact ) activity1 n ) passivity2 ) int]iority1 n ext]iority2 ) _s1 n ) matt]1 & nev] ) a d\ble ord] ( reality4 ,^? :o affirm ! exi/5ce ( two =ms ( intuition--! "o ext]nal or physical1 ! o!r subjective or ae/hetic2 ! "o cold & inanimate1 ! o!r w>m & lively2 ! "o impos$ f )\t1 ! o!r com+ f ! inn] s\l--atta9 )\t d\bt to ! di/9ctions & oppositions ( ! vulg> 7or duali/ic7 consci\sness1 b _! ,ae/hetic is vulg>4 ,! lyrical ess5ce ( pure intuition1 & ( art1 helps to make cle> :at we h already obs]v$ conc]n+ ! p]si/5ce ( ! intuition & ( ! fancy 9 ! high] grades ( ! !oretical _s1 :y philosophy1 hi/ory1 & sci5ce h always an arti/ic side1 & :y _! expression is subject to ae/hetic valuation4 ,! man :o asc5ds f art to ?\ght does n by s do+ ab&on 8 volitional & practical base1 & !re=e he too f9ds himself 9 a p>ticul> /ate ( ! s\l1 ! repres5tation ( :i* is intuitive & lyrical1 & accompanies ( necessity ! developm5t ( 8 ideas4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s /yles ( ?9k]s1 solemn or jocose1 tr\bl$ or gladsome1 my/]i\s & involv$1 or level & expansive4 ,b x w\ld n be correct to divide intuition imm$iately into two classes1 ! "o ( ae/hetic1 ! o!r ( intellectual or logical intuitions1 ow+ to ! p]si/5ce ( ! arti/ic elem5t 9 logical ?\ght1 because ! relation ( degrees is n ! relation ( classes1 & copp] is copp]1 :e!r x be f\nd alone1 or 9 comb9ation z bronze4 ,fur!r1 ?is close connection ( feel+ & intuition 9 pure intuition ?r[s mu* light on ! reasons :i* h s (t5 caus$ art to be sep>at$ f ! !oretic & conf\nd$ ) ! practical activity4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! confusions are ^? =mulat$ ab\t ! relativity ( ta/es & ( ! impossibility ( reproduc+1 ta/+1 & correctly judg+ ! art ( ! pa/1 & 9 g5]al ! art ( o!rs4 ,a life liv$1 a feel+ felt1 a volition will$1 are c]ta9ly impossible to reproduce1 because no?+ happ5s m ?an once1 & my situation at ! pres5t mom5t is n t ( any o!r be+1 nor is x m9e ( ! mom5t be=e1 nor w be ( ! mom5t to foll[4 ,b art remakes ideally1 & ideally expresses my mom5t>y situation4 ,its image1 produc$ by art1 becomes sep>at$ f "t & space1 & c be aga9 made & aga9 contemplat$ 9 its ideal-reality f e po9t ( "t & space4 ,x belongs n to ! _w1 b to ! sup]world2 n to ! fly+ mom5t1 b to et]nity4 ,?us life passes1 b art endures4 ,f9ally1 we obta9 f ?is relation betwe5 ! intuition & ! /ate ( ! s\l ! crit]ion ( exact def9ition ( ! s9c]ity requir$ ( arti/s1 :i* is itself also an ess5tial reque/4 ,x is ess5tial1 precisely because x means t ! arti/ mu/ h a /ate ( ! s\l to express1 :i* really am\nts to say+1 t he mu/ be an arti/4 ,8 mu/ be a /ate ( ! s\l really exp]i5c$1 n m]ely imag9$1 because imag9ation1 z we "k1 is n a "w ( tru?4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dem& = s9c]ity does n g beyond ask+ = a /ate ( ! s\l1 & t ! /ate ( s\l express$ 9 ! "w ( art be a desire or an action4 ,x is altoge!r indiff]5t to ,ae/hetic :e!r ! arti/ h _h only an aspiration1 or h realiz$ t aspiration 9 8 empirical life4 ,all t is q indiff]5t 9 ! sph]e ( art4 ,"h we also f9d ! confutation ( t false conception ( s9c]ity1 :i* ma9ta9s t ! arti/1 9 8 volitional or practical life1 %\ld be at "o ) 8 dream1 or ) 8 incubus4 ,:e!r or no he h be5 s1 is a matt] t int]e/s 8 biograph]1 n 8 critic2 x belongs to hi/ory1 :i* sep>ates & qualifies t :i* art does n discrim9ate1 b repres5ts4 ,,iii ,?is attitude ( indiscrim9ation & indiff]5ce1 obs]v$ by art 9 respect to hi/ory & philosophy1 is also =e%ad[$ at t place ( ! ,de int]pretatione 7c4 #d71 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 to obta9 !nce ! confirmation ( ! !sis ( ! id5tity ( art & language1 & ano!r confirmation1 t ( ! id5tity ( lyric & pure intuition4 ,x is a really admirable passage1 conta9+ _m pr(\nd tru?s 9 a few %ort1 simple words1 al?\gh1 z is natural1 )\t full consci\sness ( _! ri*ness4 ,ari/otle1 !n1 is /ill discuss+ ! said rhetorical & poetical propositions1 semantic & n apophantic1 & he rem>ks t 9 !m !re rules no di/9ction betwe5 true & false3 to alae!ueion hae pseudeo?ai ouk hyp>*ei4 ,art1 9 fact1 is 9 contact ) palpitat+ reality1 b does n "k t x is s 9 contact1 & !re=e is n truly 9 contact4 ,art does n all[ itself to be tr\bl$ ) ! ab/ractions ( ! intellect1 & !re=e does n make mi/akes2 b x does n "k t x does n make mi/akes4 ,if art1 !n 7to return to :at we said at ! beg9n+71 be ! fir/ & mo/ +5u\s =m ( k1 x _c give complete satisfaction to man's ne$ to "k1 & !re=e _c be ! ultimate end ( ! !oretic _s4 ,art is ! dream ( ! life ( k4 ,its complem5t is wak+1 lyricism no long]1 b ! concept2 no long] ! dream1 b ! judgm5t4 ,?\ght c\ld n be )\t fancy2 b ?\ght surpasses & conta9s 9 itself ! fancy1 trans=ms ! image into p]ception1 & gives to ! _w ( dream ! cle> di/9ctions & ! firm cont\rs ( reality4 ,art _c a*ieve ?is2 & h[ev] great be our love ( art1 t _c raise x 9 rank1 any m ?an ! love "o may h = a beautiful *ild c conv]t x into an adult4 ,we mu/ accept ! *ild z a *ild1 ! adult z an adult4 ,!re=e1 ! ,ae/hetic ( pure intuition1 :ile x proclaims en]getically ! autonomy ( art & ( ! ae/hetic activity1 is at ! same "t av]se to all ae/heticism1 t is1 to e attempt at l[]+ ! life ( ?\ght1 9 ord] to elevate t ( fancy4 ,! orig9 ( ae/heticism is ! same z t ( my/icism4 ,bo? proce$ f a rebellion aga9/ ! pr$om9ance ( ! ab/ract sci5ces & aga9/ ! undue abuse ( ! pr9ciple ( causation 9 metaphysic4 ,:5 we pass f ! /uff$ animals ( ! zoological museums1 f anatomical recon/ructions1 f tables ( figures1 f classes & sub-classes con/itut$ by means ( ab/ract *>act]s1 or f ! fixation & me*anization ( life = ! ends ( naturali/ic sci5ce1 to ! pages ( ! poets1 to ! pictures ( ! pa9t]s1 to ! melodies ( ! compos]s1 :5 9 fact we look ^u life ) ! eye ( ! arti/1 we h ! impression t we are pass+ f dea? to life1 f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 f fiction to reality4 ,we are incl9$ to proclaim t only 9 art & 9 ae/hetic contemplation is tru?1 & t sci5ce is ei!r *>latanesque p$antry1 or a mode/ practical exp$i5t4 ,& c]ta9ly art has ! sup]iority ( its own tru?2 simple1 small1 & elem5t>y ?\gh x be1 ov] ! ab/ract1 :i*1 z su*1 is altoge!r )\t tru?4 ,b 9 viol5tly reject+ sci5ce & frantically embrac+ art1 t v =m ( ! !oretic _s is =gott51 by means ( :i* we c criticize sci5ce & recognize ! nature ( art4 ,n[ ?is !oretic _s1 s9ce x criticizes sci5ce1 is n sci5ce1 &1 z reflective consci\sness ( art1 is n art4 ,philosophy1 ! supreme fact ( ! !oretic _w1 is =gott54 ,?is error has be5 r5ew$ 9 our day1 because ! consci\sness ( ! limits ( ! natural sci5ces & ( ! value ( ! tru? :i* belongs to intuition & to art1 h be5 r5ew$4 ,b j z1 a c5tury ago1 dur+ ! ideali/ic & romantic p]iod1 !re 7 "s :o rem9d$ ! fanatics = art1 & ! arti/s :o 7 trans=m+ philosophy1 t art 0 n ! mo/ l(ty =m ( appreh5d+ ! ,absolute2 s1 9 our day1 x is necess>y to awak5 ! consci\sness ( ,?\ght4 ,& "o ( ! means = atta9+ ?is end is an exact und]/&+ ( ! limits ( art1 t is1 ! con/ruction ( a solid ,ae/hetic4 ,,! ,,end