,,monism ,,z ,,connect+ ,,religion ,,&  
,,sci5ce  ,a ,,man ,,( ,,sci5ce   ,by   
,ern/ ,haeckel   ,translat$ ,f ,! ,g]man
 ,by ,j4 ,gil*ri/1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41     
,ph4,d4     ,,preface  ,! foll[+ lecture
 on ,monism is an in=mal address deliv]$
 extemporane\sly on ,octob] #i1 #ahib1  
at ,alt5burg1 on ! sev5ty-fif? anniv]s>y
 ( ! ,natur=s*5de ,gesells*aft des      
,o/]l&es4 ,! imm$iate occasion ( x 0 a  
previ\s address deliv]$ by ,pr(essor    
,s*les+] ( ,vi5na on ,sci5tific         
,articles ( ,fai?4 ,?is philosophical   
disc\rse conta9$1 ) ref]5ce to !        
weightie/ & mo/ important problems (    
sci5tific inve/igation1 mu* t 0         
indisputable2 b x also conta9$ "s       
ass]tions t *all5g$ imm$iate rejo9d] & a
 /atem5t ( ! opposite view4 ,z ,i _h =  
?irty ye>s be5 v closely occupi$ ) ^!   
problems ( ! philosophy ( nature1 & _h  
set =? my convictions ) respect to !m 9 
a numb] ( writ+s1 a wi% 0 express$ by   
sev]al memb]s ( ! ,congress t on ?is    
occasion ,i %\ld give a summ>y acc\nt ( 

^!4 ,x 0 9 compliance ) ?is wi% t !     
foll[+ ,sci5tific ,confession ( ,fai? 0 
utt]$4 ,! sub/ance ( x1 z writt5 f      
recollection on ! day aft] its deliv]y1 
fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,alt5burg] ,zeitung (   
#ai? ,octob] #ahib4 ,?is 0 reproduc$1 ) 
"o or two philosophical additions1 9 !  
,novemb] numb] ( ! ,freie ,bhne fr d5   
,entwickelungskampf d] ,zeit 7,b]l974 ,9
 its pres5t =m ! ,alt5burg address is   
consid]ably enl>g$1 & "s p>ts h be5 m   
fully work$ out4 ,9 ! notes 7p4 #i ,i7  
sev]al burn+ que/ions ( ! pres5t day h  
be5 dealt ) f ! moni/ic po9t ( view4  ,!
 purpose ( ?is c&id confession ( moni/ic
 fai? is tw(old4 ,fir/1 x is my desire  
to give expression to t rational view ( 
! _w :i* is be+ =c$ ^u u ) su* logical  
rig\r by ! mod]n advancem5ts 9 our k (  
nature z a unity1 a view 9 reality held 
by almo/ all unprejudic$ & ?9k+ m5 (    
sci5ce1 al?\gh b few h ! c\rage 7or !   
ne$7 to decl>e x op5ly4 ,secondly1 ,i   
w\ld fa9 e/abli% !reby a bond betwe5    
religion & sci5ce1 & ?us contribute to !

 adju/m5t ( ! anti!sis s ne$lessly      
ma9ta9$ betwe5 ^!1 ! two highe/ sph]es 9
 :i* ! m9d ( man c ex]cise itself2 9    
monism ! e?ical dem&s ( ! s\l are       
satisfi$1 z well z ! logical necessities
 ( ! und]/&+4  ,! ris+ flood ( pamphlets
 & books publi%$ on ?is subject1        
demon/rates t su* a natural union ( fai?
 & k1 su* a reasonable reconciliation ( 
! feel+s & ! reason1 are daily becom+ a 
m press+ necessity = ! educat$ classes4 
,9 ,nor? ,am]ica 79 ,*icago71 !re has   
be5 publi%$ = sev]al ye>s a weekly      
j\rnal devot$ to ?is purpose3 ,! ,op5   
,c\rt3 ,a ,weekly ,j\rnal devot$ to !   
,"w ( ,conciliat+ ,religion & ,sci5ce4  
,its wor?y editor1 ,dr4 ,paul ,c>us     
7au?or ( ,! ,s\l ( ,man1 #ahia71 devotes
 also to ! same task a qu>t]ly j\rnal "u
 ! title ,! ,moni/4 ,x is 9 ! highe/    
degree desirable t s wor?y endeav\rs to 
draw toge!r ! empirical & speculative   
views ( nature1 realism & idealism1 %\ld
 h m att5tion & enc\ragem5t ?an !y h    
hi!rto receiv$1 = x is only ?r\gh a     

natural union ( ! two t we c approa* a  
realisation ( ! highe/ aim ( m5tal      
activity-! bl5d+ ( religion & sci5ce 9  
monism4  ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4 ,,j5a1       
,octob] #ca1 #ahib     ,,monism  ,a     
society = inve/igat+ nature & asc]ta9+  
tru? _c celebrate its commemoration day 
m fitt+ly ?an by a discussion ( its     
highe/ g5]al problems4 ,x mu/ be reg>d$1
 !re=e1 ) satisfaction t ! speak] on su*
 an augu/ occasion z ?is--! sev5ty-fif? 
anniv]s>y ( y\r ,society--has select$ z 
! subject ( 8 address a !me ( ! highe/  
g5]al importance4 ,un=tunately1 x is    
becom+ m & m ! cu/om on su* occasions1 &
 ev5 at ! g5]al meet+s ( ! great        
,association ( ,g]man ,naturali/s &     
,physicians1 to take ! subject ( address
 f a n>r[ & specialis$ t]ritory (       
re/rict$ int]e/4 ,if ?is gr[+ cu/om is  
to be excus$ on ! gr\nds ( increas+     
division ( lab\r & ( div]g+             
specialisation 9 all dep>tm5ts ( "w1 x  
becomes all ! m necess>y t1 on su*      
anniv]s>ies z ! pres5t1 ! att5tion ( !  

audi5ce %\ld be invit$ to l>g] matt]s ( 
common int]e/4  ,su* a topic1 supreme 9 
its importance1 is t conc]n+ ,sci5tific 
,articles ( ,fai?1 ^u :i* ,pr(essor     
,s*les+] has already exp\nd$ 8 views4#a 
,i am glad to be able to agree ) him 9  
_m important po9ts1 b z to o!rs ,i %\ld 
l to express "s hesitation1 & to ask    
consid]ation = "s views :i* d n co9cide 
) 84 ,at ! outset1 ,i am entirely at "o 
) him z to t unify+ conception ( nature 
z a :ole :i* we designate 9 a s+le ^w z 
,monism4 ,by ?is we unambigu\sly express
 our conviction t !re lives "o _s 9 all 
?+s1 & t ! :ole cognisable _w is        
con/itut$1 & has be5 develop$1 9        
accordance ) "o common fundam5tal law4  
,we emphasise by x1 9 p>ticul>1 !       
ess5tial unity ( inorganic & organic    
nature1 ! latt] hav+ be5 evolv$ f ! =m] 
only at a relatively late p]iod4#b ,we  
_c draw a %>p l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ^! 
two great divisions ( nature1 any m ?an 
we c recognise an absolute di/9ction    
betwe5 ! animal & ! vegetable k+dom1 or 

betwe5 ! l[] animals & man4 ,simil>ly1  
we reg>d ! :ole ( human k z a /ructural 
unity2 9 ?is sph]e we refuse to accept !
 di/9ction usually drawn betwe5 !       
natural & ! spiritual4 ,! latt] is only 
a "p ( ! =m] 7or vice v]sa72 bo? are "o4
 ,our moni/ic view ( ! _w belongs1      
!re=e1 to t gr\p ( philosophical sy/ems 
:i* f o!r po9ts ( view h be5 designat$  
also z me*anical or z pan!i/ic4 ,h[ev]  
diff]5tly express$ 9 ! philosophical    
sy/ems ( an ,emp$ocles or a ,lucretius1 
a ,sp9oza or a ,giordano ,bruno1 a      
,lam>ck or a ,david ,/rauss1 !          
fundam5tal ?\ght common to !m all is ev]
 t ( ! on5ess ( ! cosmos1 ( !           
indissoluble connection betwe5 en]gy &  
matt]1 betwe5 m9d & embodim5t--or1 z we 
may also say1 betwe5 ,god & ! _w--to :i*
 ,goe!1 ,g]many's greate/ poet & ?9k]1  
has giv5 poetical expression 9 8 ,fau/ &
 9 ! wond]ful s]ies ( poems entitl$     
,gott und ,welt4  ,t we may rightly     
appreciate :at ?is ,monism is1 let u n[1
 f a philosophico-hi/orical po9t ( view 

ca/ a compreh5sive glance ov] !         
developm5t 9 "t ( man's k ( nature4 ,a  
long s]ies ( v>i$ conceptions & /ages ( 
human culture "h passes be=e our m5tal  
vision4 ,at ! l[e/ /age1 ! rude--we may 
say animal--phase ( prehi/oric primitive
 man1 is ! ape-man1 :o1 9 ! c\rse ( !   
t]ti>y p]iod1 has only to a limit$      
degree rais$ himself above 8 imm$iate   
pi!coid ance/ors1 ! an?ropoid apes4     
,next come successive /ages ( ! l[e/ &  
simple/ k9d ( culture1 su* z only !     
rude/ ( /ill exi/+ primitive peoples    
enable u 9 "s measure to conceive4 ,^!  
savages are succe$$ by peoples ( a l[   
civilisation1 & f ^! aga91 by a long    
s]ies ( int]m$iate /eps1 we rise little 
by little to ! m highly civilis$        
nations4 ,to ^! alone--( ! twelve races 
( mank9d only to ! ,m$it]ranean &       
,mongolian--are we indebt$ = :at is     
usually call$ univ]sal hi/ory4 ,?is la/1
 ext5d+ ov] some:at less ?an six ?\s&   
ye>s1 repres5ts a p]iod ( inf9itesimal  
duration 9 ! long millions ( ye>s ( !   

organic _w's developm5t4  ,nei!r ( !    
primitive m5 we h spok5 (1 nor ( ^? :o  
imm$iately succe$$ !m1 c we rightly     
pr$icate any k ( nature4 ,! rude        
primitive *ild ( nature at ?is l[e/ /age
 ( developm5t is z yet f> f be+ !       
re/less ,ursa*5?i] 7cause-seek+ animal7 
( ,li*t5b]g2 8 dem& = causes has n yet  
ris5 above t ( apes & dogs2 8 curiosity 
has n yet m\nt$ to pure desire ( k4 ,if 
we mu/ speak ( reason 9 connection )    
pi!coid primitive man1 x c only be 9 !  
same s5se z t 9 :i* we use ! expression 
) ref]5ce to ^? o!r mo/ highly develop$ 
,mammals1 & ! same rem>k holds true ( ! 
fir/ beg9n+s ( religion4#c  ,x is inde$ 
/ill n infrequ5tly ! cu/om to d5y       
absolutely to ! l[] animals reason &    
religion4 ,an unprejudic$ comp>ison1    
h[ev]1 conv9ces u t ?is is wrong4 ,! sl[
 & gradual process t[>ds complet5ess    
:i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 civilis$ 
life has be5 work+ 9 ! s\l ( man1 has n 
pass$ away )\t leav+ "s trace on ! s\l (
 our highe/ dome/ic animals also 7above 

all1 ( dogs & horses74 ,con/ant         
association ) man1 & ! /eady influ5ce ( 
8 tra9+1 h gradually1 & by h]$ity1      
develop$ 9 _! bra9 high] associations ( 
ideas & a m p]fect judgm5t4 ,drill has  
become in/9ct1 an und5iable example ( ! 
transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4#d       
,comp>ative psy*ology tea*es u to       
recognise a v long s]ies ( successive   
/eps 9 ! developm5t ( s\l 9 ! animal    
k+dom4 ,b x is only 9 ! mo/ highly      
develop$ v]tebrates-birds & mammals--t  
we disc]n ! fir/ beg9n+s ( reason1 !    
fir/ traces ( religi\s & e?ical conduct4
 ,9 !m we f9d n only ! social virtues   
common to all ! high] socially-liv+     
animals1--neighb\rly love1 fri5d%ip1    
fidelity1 self-sacrifice1 etc41--b also 
consci\sness1 s5se ( duty1 & consci5ce2 
9 relation to man _! "l1 ! same ob$i5ce1
 ! same submissiv5ess1 & ! same crav+ = 
protection1 :i* primitive man 9 8 turn  
%[s t[>ds 8 gods4 ,b 9 him1 z 9 !m1 !re 
is yet want+ t high] degree (           
consci\sness & ( reason1 :i* /rives aft]

 a k ( ! surr\nd+ _w1 & :i* m>ks ! fir/ 
beg9n+ ( philosophy or wisdom4 ,?is la/ 
is ! mu* lat] atta9m5t ( civilis$ races2
 sl[ly & gradually has x be5 built up f 
l[] religi\s conceptions4  ,at all /ages
 ( primitive religion & e>ly philosophy1
 man is z yet f> remov$ f moni/ic ideas4
 ,9 se>*+ out ! causes ( ph5om5a1 &     
ex]cis+ 8 und]/&+ !reon1 he is 9 ! fir/ 
in/ance prone 9 e case to reg>d p]sonal 
be+s--9 fact1 an?ropomorphic deities--z 
! ag5ts at "w4 ,9 ?und] & lightn+1 9    
/orm & e>?quake1 9 ! circl+ ( sun &     
moon1 9 e /rik+ meteorological &        
geological occurr5ce1 he sees ! direct  
activity ( a p]sonal god or _s1 :o is   
usually ?\ght ( 9 a m or less           
an?ropomorphic way4 ,gods are di/+ui%$ z
 good & bad1 fri5dly & ho/ile1 pres]v+ &
 de/roy+1 angels & devils4  ,?is becomes
 true 9 a yet high] degree :5 ! advanc+ 
pursuit ( k beg9s to take into          
consid]ation ! m complicat$ ph5om5a (   
organic life also1 ! appe>ance &        
disappe>ance ( plants & animals1 ! life 

& dea? ( man4 ,! con/itution ( organis$ 
life1 s sugge/ive z x is ( art &        
purpose1 leads "o at once to comp>e x ) 
! delib]ately design$ works ( man1 & ?us
 ! vague conception ( a p]sonal god     
becomes trans=m$ into t ( a creator     
work+ accord+ to plan4 ,z we "k1 ?is    
conception ( organic creation z !       
arti/ic "w ( an an?ropomorphic god--( a 
div9e me*anic--g5]ally ma9ta9$ its gr\nd
 almo/ ev]y:]e1 d[n ev5 to ! middle (   
our own c5tury1 9 spite ( ! fact t em95t
 ?9k]s _h demon/rat$ its unt5ability m  
?an two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! la/ notewor?y 
sci5ti/ to def5d & apply ?is idea 0     
,l\is ,agassiz 7di$ #ahgc74 ,8 notable  
,essay on ,classification1 #aheg1       
develop$ t !osophy ) logical vig\r1 &   
!reby r$uc$ x to an absurdity4#e  ,all  
^! old] religi\s & teleological         
conceptions1 z well z ! philosophical   
sy/ems 7su* z ^? ( ,plato & ( ! ,*ur*   
fa!rs7 :i* sprang f !m1 are antimoni/ic2
 !y /& 9 direct anti!sis to our moni/ic 
philosophy ( nature4 ,mo/ ( !m are      

duali/ic1 reg>d+ ,god & ! _w1 creator & 
creature1 _s & matt]1 z two completely  
sep>at$ sub/ances4 ,we f9d ?is express  
dualism also 9 mo/ ( ! pur]             
*ur*-religions1 especially 9 ! ?ree mo/ 
important =ms ( mono!ism :i* ! ?ree mo/ 
r5[n$ prophets ( ! ea/]n                
,m$it]ranean--,moses1 ,*ri/1 &          
,mohamm$--f\nd$4 ,b soon1 9 a numb] (   
impure v>ieties ( ^! ?ree religions1 &  
yet m 9 ! l[] =ms ( paganism1 ! place ( 
?is dualism is tak5 by a philosophical  
pluralism1 & ov] aga9/ ! good &         
_w-su/a9+ deity 7,osiris1 ,ormuzd1      
,vi%nu71 !re is plac$ a wick$ & de/roy+ 
god 7,typhon1 ,ahriman1 ,siva74 ,num]\s 
demi-gods or sa9ts1 good & bad1 sons &  
daught]s ( ! gods1 are associat$ ) ^!   
two *ief deities1 & take "p ) !m 9 !    
adm9i/ration & gov]nm5t ( ! cosmos4  ,9 
all ^! duali/ic & plurali/ic sy/ems !   
fundam5tal idea is t ( an?ropomorphism1 
or ! humanis+ ( ,god2 man himself1 z    
godlike 7or directly desc5d$ f ,god71   
occupies a special position 9 ! _w1 & is

 sep>at$ by a great gulf f ! re/ (      
nature4 ,conjo9$ ) ?is1 = ! mo/ "p1 is !
 an?ropoc5tric idea1 ! conviction t man 
is ! c5tral po9t ( ! univ]se1 ! la/ &   
highe/ f9al cause ( creation1 & t ! re/ 
( nature 0 creat$ m]ely = ! purpose (   
s]v+ man4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages !re 0      
associat$ at ! same "t ) ?is la/        
conception ! geoc5tric idea1 accord+ to 
:i* ! e>? z ! abode ( man 0 tak5 = !    
fix$ middle po9t ( ! univ]se1 r\nd :i*  
sun1 moon1 & />s revolve4 ,z ,cop]nicus 
7#aedc7 gave ! dea?-bl[ to ! geoc5tric  
dogma1 s did ,d>w9 7#ahei7 to !         
an?ropoc5tric "o closely associat$ )    
x4#f ,a broad hi/orical & critical      
comp>ison ( religi\s & philosophical    
sy/ems1 z a :ole1 leads z a ma9 result  
to ! conclusion t e great advance 9 !   
direction ( pr(\nd] k has meant a break+
 away f ! traditional dualism 7or       
pluralism7 & an approa* to monism4 ,ev] 
m cle>ly are we compell$ by reflection  
to recognise t ,god is n to be plac$ ov]
 aga9/ ! mat]ial _w z an ext]nal be+1 b 

mu/ be plac$ z a div9e p[] or mov+ _s )9
 ! cosmos itself4 ,ev] cle>] does x     
become t all ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( nature
 ar\nd u1 organic z well z inorganic1   
are only v>i\s products ( "o & ! same   
orig9al =ce1 v>i\s comb9ations ( "o & ! 
same primitive matt]4 ,ev] m irresi/ibly
 is x borne 9 ^u u t ev5 ! human s\l is 
b an insignificant "p ( ! all-embrac+   
_w-s\l2 j z ! human body is only a small
 individual fraction ( ! great organis$ 
physical _w4  ,! great g5]al pr9ciples (
 !oretical physics & *emi/ry are n[ 9 a 
position to af=d to ?is unify+          
conception ( nature an exact1 to a c]ta9
 ext5t1 inde$1 a ma!matical             
confirmation4 ,9 e/abli%+ ! law ( !     
cons]vation ( en]gy1 ,rob]t ,may] &     
,helmholtz %[$ t ! en]gy ( ! univ]se is 
a con/ant un*angeable magnitude2 if any 
en]gy :atev] seems to vani% or to come  
anew into play1 ?is is only due to !    
trans=mation ( "o =m ( en]gy into ano!r4
 ,9 ! same way ,lavoisi]'s law ( !      
cons]vation ( matt] %[s u t ! mat]ial ( 

! cosmos is a con/ant un*angeable       
magnitude2 if any body seems to vani%   
7z1 = example1 by burn+71 or to come    
anew into be+ 7z1 = example1 by         
cry/allisation71 ?is also is simply due 
to *ange ( =m or ( comb9ation4 ,bo? ^!  
great laws--9 physics1 ! fundam5tal law 
( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 & 9 *emi/ry1 ( 
! cons]vation ( matt]--may be br\ght "u 
"o philosophical conception z ! law ( ! 
cons]vation ( sub/ance2 =1 accord+ to   
our moni/ic conception1 en]gy & matt]   
are insep>able1 be+ only diff]5t        
inali5able manife/ations ( "o s+le      
univ]sal be+-sub/ance4#g ,9 a c]ta9 s5se
 we c reg>d ! conception ( animat$ atoms
 z ess5tially p>tak+ ( ! nature ( ?is   
pure monism--a v anci5t idea :i* m ?an  
two ?\s& ye>s ago ,emp$ocles enunciat$ 9
 8 doctr9e ( hate & love ( ! elem5ts4   
,mod]n physics & *emi/ry h inde$ 9 ! ma9
 accept$ ! atomic hypo!sis fir/         
enunciat$ by ,democritus1 9 s f> z !y   
reg>d all bodies z built up ( atoms1 &  
r$uce all *anges to movem5ts ( ^!       

m9ute/-discrete p>ticles4 ,all ^!       
*anges1 h[ev]1 9 organic z well z 9     
inorganic nature1 become truly          
intelligible to u only if we conceive ^!
 atoms n z dead masses1 b z liv+        
elem5t>y p>ticles end[$ ) ! p[] (       
attraction & repulsion4 ,pleasure & pa91
 & love & hate1 z pr$icates ( atoms are 
only o!r expressions = ?is p[] (        
attraction & repulsion4  ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1
 monism is on ! "o h& = u an            
indisp5sable & fundam5tal conception 9  
sci5ce1 & al?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 x /rives 
to c>ry back all ph5om5a1 )\t exception1
 to ! me*anism ( ! atom1 we mu/         
nev]!less /ill admit t z yet we are by  
no means 9 a position to =m any         
satisfactory conception ( ! exact nature
 ( ^! atoms1 & _! relation to ! g5]al   
space-fill+1 univ]sal e!r4 ,*emi/ry long
 ago succe$$ 9 r$uc+ all ! v>i\s natural
 sub/ances to comb9ations ( a relatively
 small numb] ( elem5ts2 & ! mo/ rec5t   
advances ( t sci5ce h n[ made x 9 !     
highe/ degree probable t ^! elem5ts or !

 7z yet7 irr$ucible primitive mat]ials  
are !mselves 9 turn only diff]5t        
comb9ations ( a v>y+ numb] ( atoms ( "o 
s+le orig9al elem5t4 ,b 9 all ?is we h n
 z yet obta9$ any fur!r light z to !    
real nature ( ^! orig9al atoms or _!    
primal en]gies4  ,a numb] ( ! acute/    
?9k]s h1 s f> 9 va91 endeav\r$ to       
grapple m closely ) ?is fundam5tal      
problem ( ! philosophy ( nature1 & to   
det]m9e m exactly ! nature ( atoms z    
well z _! relation to ! space-fill+ e!r4
 ,& ! idea /eadily ga9s gr\nd t no su*  
?+ z empty space exi/s1 & t ev]y:]e !   
primitive atoms ( pond]able matt] or    
heavy mass are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by !   
homog5e\s e!r :i* ext5ds ?r\gh\t all    
space4 ,?is extremely light & att5uat$  
7if n impond]able7 e!r causes1 by its   
vibrations1 all ! ph5om5a ( light &     
heat1 electricity & magnetism4 ,we c    
imag9e x ei!r z a cont9u\s sub/ance     
occupy+ ! space betwe5 ! mass-atoms1 or 
z compos$ ( sep>ate p>ticles2 9 ! latt] 
case we might p]haps attribute to ^!    

e!r-atoms an inh]5t p[] ( repulsion 9   
contra/ to ! imman5t attract+ p[] ( !   
heavy mass-atoms1 & ! :ole me*anism (   
cosmic life w\ld !n be r$ucible to !    
attraction ( ! latt] & ! repulsion ( !  
=m]4 ,we might also place ! vibrations (
 ! cosmic e!r alongside ( ! op]ation (  
space 9 g5]al1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^! words  
are us$ by ,pr(essor ,s*les+]4  ,at any 
rate1 !oretical physics has 9 rec5t ye>s
 made an advance ( fundam5tal importance
 & wide/ rea* 9 our k ( nature1 9 t x   
has come ne>] to a k ( ?is cosmic e!r1 &
 has =c$ ! "q ( its ess5ce1 its         
/ructure1 & its motion into ! =egr\nd ( 
moni/ic nature-philosophy4 ,only a few  
ye>s ago ! cosmic e!r 0 to ! majority ( 
sci5ti/s an impond]able some?+1 ( :i*1  
/rictly speak+1 absolutely no?+ 0 kn[n1 
& :i* c\ld be admitt$ provisionally only
 z a prec>i\s work+ hypo!sis4 ,all ?is 0
 *ang$ :5 ,he9ri* ,h]tz 7#ahhh7         
demon/rat$ ! nature ( electrical en]gy1 
by 8 beautiful exp]im5ts e/abli%+ !     
conjecture ( ,f>aday t light & heat1    

electricity & magnetism1 are closely    
relat$ ph5om5a ( "o s+le set ( =ces1 &  
dep5d on transv]se vibrations ( ! e!r4  
,light itself--:atev] else x be--is     
always & ev]y:]e an electrical ph5om5on4
 ,! e!r itself is no long] hypo!tical2  
its exi/5ce c at any mom5t be demon/rat$
 by electrical & optical exp]im5t4 ,we  
"k ! l5g? ( ! light wave & ! electric   
wave4 ,inde$1 "s physici/s believe t !y 
c ev5 det]m9e approximately ! d5sity (  
e!r4 ,if by means ( ! airpump we remove 
f a bell-j> ! atmosph]ic air 7except an 
insignificant residue71 ! quantity (    
light )9 x rema9s un*ang$2 x is !       
vibrat+ e!r we see4#i ,^! advances 9 our
 k ( ! e!r mean an imm5se ga9 = moni/ic 
philosophy4 ,= !y d away ) ! errone\s   
ideas ( empty space & actio 9 di/ans2 ! 
:ole ( inf9ite space1 9 s f> z x is n   
occupi$ by mass-atoms 7pond]able matt]71
 is fill$ by ! e!r4 ,our ideas ( space &
 "t are q o!r ?an ^? taught by ,kant a  
hundr$ ye>s ago2 ! critical sy/em ( !   
great ,ko5igsb]g philosoph] exhibits 9  

?is respect1 z well z 9 8 teleological  
view ( ! organic _w & 9 8 metaphysics1  
dogmatic weaknesses ( ! mo/ pron\nc$    
k9d4#h ,& religion itself1 9 its        
reasonable =ms1 c take ov] ! e!r !ory z 
an article ( fai?1 br++ into            
contradi/9ction ! mobile cosmic e!r z   
creat+ div9ity1 & ! in]t heavy mass z   
mat]ial ( creation4#aa ,f ?is           
successfully scal$ height ( moni/ic k   
!re op5 up be=e our joy\sly quick5$ _s (
 rese>* & discov]y new & surpris+       
prospects1 :i* promise to br+ u /ill    
ne>] to ! solution ( ! "o great riddle (
 ! _w4 ,:at is ! relation ( ?is light   
mobile cosmic e!r to ! heavy in]t mass1 
to ! pond]able matt] :i* we *emically   
inve/igate1 & :i* we c only ?9k ( z     
con/itut$ ( atoms8 ,our mod]n analytical
 *emi/ry rema9s = ! pres5t at a /&/ill1 
9 pres5ce ( "s sev5ty irr$ucible        
elem5ts1 or s-call$ prim>y sub/ances4 ,b
 ! reciprocal relation ( ^! elem5ts1 !  
aff9ity ( _! comb9ations1 _!            
spectroscopic behavi\r1 & s =?1 make x 9

 ! highe/ degree probable t !y are all  
m]ely hi/orical products ( an           
evolution>y process1 hav+ _! orig9 9    
v>i\s dispositions & comb9ations ( a    
v>y+ numb] ( orig9al atoms4  ,to ^!     
orig9al or mass-atoms--! ultimate       
discrete p>ticles ( in]t pond]able      
matt]--we c ) m or less probability     
ascribe a numb] ( et]nal & inali5able   
fundam5tal attributes2 !y are probably  
ev]y:]e 9 space1 ( l magnitude &        
con/itution4 ,al?\gh possess+ a def9ite 
f9ite magnitude1 !y are1 by virtue ( _! 
v nature1 indivisible4 ,_! %ape we may  
take to be sph]ical2 !y are in]t 79 !   
physical s5se71 un*angeable1 inela/ic1 &
 imp5etrable by ! e!r4 ,ap>t f !        
attribute ( in]tia1 ! mo/ important     
*>act]i/ic ( ^! ultimate atoms is _!    
*emical aff9ity--_! t5d5cy to apply     
!mselves to "o ano!r & comb9e into small
 gr\ps 9 an ord]ly fa%ion4 ,^! fix$     
gr\ps 7fix$1 t is to say1 "u ! pres5t   
physical conditions ( exi/5ce ( ! e>?7 (
 primitive atoms are ! atoms ( !        

elem5ts--! well-kn[n indivisible atoms (
 *emi/ry4 ,! qualitative1 &1 s f> z our 
pres5t empirical k goes1 un*angeable    
di/9ctions ( our *emical elem5ts are    
!re=e solely condition$ by ! v>y+ numb] 
& disposition ( ! simil> primitive atoms
 ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,?us1 = example1 
! atom ( c>bon 7! real mak] ( ! organic 
_w7 is 9 all probability a tetrah$ron   
made up ( f\r primitive atoms4  ,aft]   
,m5delejeff & ,lo?> ,mey] _h discov]$   
7#ahfi7 ! p]iodic law ( ! *emical       
elem5ts1 & f\nd$ on x a natural sy/em ( 
^! elem5ts1 ?is important advance 9     
!oretical *emi/ry 0 subsequ5tly put to  
pr(itable use by ,gu/av ,w5dt f an      
evolution>y po9t ( view4 ,he endeav\r$  
to %[ t ! v>i\s elem5ts are products (  
evolution or ( hi/orically orig9at+     
comb9ations ( sev5 prim>y elem5ts1 & t  
^! la/ aga9 are hi/orical products ( "o 
s+le primitive elem5t ,?is hypo!tical   
orig9al matt] _h be5 already designat$  
by ,crookes1 9 8 ,g5esis ( ! ,elem5ts1 z
 prim>y mat]ial or protyl4#aj ,!        

empirical pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is orig9al
 matt] ly+ at ! f\ndation ( all         
pond]able mat]ial is p]haps only a "q ( 
"t4 ,its discov]y w\ld probably realise 
! al*emi/s' hope ( be+ able to produce  
gold & silv] artificially out ( o!r     
elem5ts4 ,b !n arises ! o!r great "q3   
,h[ is ?is prim>y mass relat$ to !      
cosmic e!r8 ,d ^! two orig9al sub/ances 
/& 9 fundam5tal & et]nal anti!sis to "o 
ano!r8 ,or 0 x ! mobile e!r itself1     
p]haps1 t orig9ally eng5d]$ ! heavy     
mass8#aa  ,9 answ] to ?is great &       
fundam5tal "q1 v>i\s physical hypo!ses h
 be5 put =w>d4 ,b1 l ! v>i\s atomic     
!ories ( *emi/ry1 !y h n z yet be5      
cle>ly e/abli%$1 & ! same appe>s to me  
to be ! case also ) ! +5i\s hypo!sis :i*
 ! lectur] has unfold$ to u ) ref]5ce to
 ! ,influ5ce ( ,space4 ,z he himself    
rightly says1 9 all ^! endeav\rs aft] a 
philosophy ( nature we are /ill1 = !    
pres5t1 deal+ ) sci5tific articles (    
fai?1 conc]n+ ! validity ( :i* diff]5t  
p]sons1 accord+ to _! subjective judgm5t

 & /age ( culture1 may h widely div]g5t 
views4 ,i believe t ! solution ( ^!     
fundam5tal que/ions /ill lies z yet     
beyond ! limits ( our k ( nature1 & t we
 %all be oblig$1 = a long "t yet to     
come1 to cont5t ourselves ) an          
,ignoramus--if n ev5 ) an ,ignorabimus4 
,! case is v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 if we turn 
f ^! atomi/ic elem5t hypo!ses & direct  
our att5tion to ! hi/orical conditions (
 ! evolution ( ! _w1 z ^! h be5 reveal$ 
to u by ! magnific5t advances 9 our k ( 
nature :i* h be5 made )9 ! la/ ?irty    
ye>s4 ,an imm5se new t]ritory has "h be5
 op5$ up to u 9 ! realms ( k--a t]ritory
 9 :i* a s]ies ( mo/ important problems1
 =m]ly held to be insoluble1 has be5    
answ]$ 9 ! mo/ surpris+ mann]4#ab       
,among ! triumphs ( ! human m9d ! mod]n 
doctr9e ( evolution takes a =emo/ place4
 ,guess$ at by ,goe! a hundr$ ye>s ago1 
b n express$ 9 def9ite =m until =mulat$ 
by ,lam>ck 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1
 x 0 at la/1 ?irty ye>s ago1 decisively 
e/abli%$ by ,*>les ,d>w91 8 !ory (      

selection fill+ up ! gap :i* ,lam>ck 9 8
 doctr9e ( ! reciprocal influ5ce (      
h]$ity & adaptation _h left op54 ,we n[ 
def9itely "k t ! organic _w on our e>?  
has be5 z cont9u\sly develop$1 9        
accordance ) et]nal iron laws1 z ,lyell 
_h 9 #ahcj %[n to be ! case = !         
inorganic frame ( ! e>? itself2 we "k t 
! innum]able v>ieties ( animals & plants
 :i* dur+ ! c\rse ( millions ( ye>s h   
peopl$ our planet are all simply bran*es
 ( "o s+le g5ealogical tree2 we "k t !  
human race itself =ms only "o ( ! newe/1
 highe/1 & mo/ p]fect (f%oots f ! race (
 ! ,v]tebrates4  ,an unbrok5 s]ies (    
natural ev5ts1 foll[+ an ord]ly c\rse ( 
evolution accord+ to fix$ laws1 n[ leads
 ! reflect+ human _s ?r\gh long aeons f 
a primeval *aos to ! pres5t ord] ( !    
cosmos4 ,at ! outset !re is no?+ 9      
inf9ite space b mobile ela/ic e!r1 &    
innum]able simil> sep>ate p>ticles--!   
primitive atoms--scatt]$ ?r\gh\t x 9 !  
=m ( du/2 p]haps ^! are !mselves        
orig9ally po9ts ( cond5sation ( !       

vibrat+ sub/ance1 ! rema9d] ( :i*       
con/itutes ! e!r4 ,! atoms ( our elem5ts
 arise f ! gr\p+ toge!r 9 def9ite numb]s
 ( ! primitive atoms or atoms ( mass4 ,z
 ! ,kant-,laplace nebul> hypo!sis has x1
 ! rotat+ heav5ly bodies sep>ate        
!mselves out f t vibrat+ primeval cl\d4 
,a s+le unit among _m ?\s&s ( cele/ial  
bodies is our sun1 ) its planets1 :i*   
orig9at$ by be+ c5trifugally ?r[n (f f  
x4 ,our insignificant e>? is a s+le     
planet ( our sol> sy/em2 its entire     
individual life is a product ( !        
sunlight4 ,aft] ! gl[+ sph]e ( ! e>? has
 cool$ d[n to a c]ta9 degree1 drops (   
fluid wat] precipitate !mselves on !    
h>d5$ cru/ ( its surface--! fir/        
prelim9>y condition ( organic life4     
,c>bon atoms beg9 _! organism-eng5d]+   
activity1 & unite ) ! o!r elem5ts into  
plasma-comb9ations capable ( gr[+4 ,"o  
small plasma-gr\p ov]/eps ! limits (    
cohesion & individual gr[?2 x falls     
asund] into two simil> halves4 ,) ?is   
fir/ mon]on beg9s organic life & its mo/

 di/9ctive function1 h]$ity4 ,9 !       
homog5e\s plasma ( ! mon]a1 a firm]     
c5tral nucleus is sep>at$ f a s(t] out] 
mass2 ?r\gh ?is diff]5tiation ( nucleus 
& protoplasm arises ! fir/ organic cell4
 ,= a long "t our planet 0 inhabit$     
solely by su* ,proti/a or s+le-cell$    
primitive creatures4 ,f co5obia or      
social unions ( ^! aft]w>ds arose ! l[e/
 hi/ones1 multicellul> plants & animals4
  ,by ! sure help ( ! ?ree great        
empirical records ( creation1           
palaeontology1 comp>ative anatomy1 &    
ontog5y1 ! hi/ory ( desc5t n[ leads u on
 /ep by /ep f ! olde/ ,metazoa1 !       
simple/ pluricellul> animals1 up to     
man4#ac ,at ! l[e/ root ( ! common      
g5ealogy ( ! ,metazoa /& ! ,ga/raeadae &
 ,spongidae2 _! :ole body consi/s1 9 !  
simple/ case1 solely ( a r\nd dige/ive  
sac1 ! ?9 wall ( :i* is =m$ by two lay]s
 ( cells--! two primitive g]m9al lay]s4 
,a correspond+ g]m9al condition1 !      
two-lay]$ ga/rula1 occurs transitorily 9
 ! embryological hi/ory ( all ! o!r     

,metazoa1 f ! l[e/ ,cnid>ia & ,v]mes up 
to man4 ,f ! common /ock ( ! ,helm9!s1  
or simple worms1 !re develop z indep5d5t
 ma9 bran*es ! f\r sep>ate /ems ( !     
,molluscs1 ,/>-fi%es1 ,ar?ropods1 &     
,v]tebrates4 ,x is only ^! la/ ^: bodily
 /ructure & developm5t 9 all ess5tial   
respects co9cide ) ^? ( man4 ,a long    
s]ies ( l[] aquatic ,v]tebrates         
7lancelets1 lampreys1 fi%es7 prec$es !  
lungbrea?+ ,amphibians1 :i* appe> = !   
fir/ "t 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,!       
,amphibians are foll[$ 9 ! ,p]mian p]iod
 by ! fir/ ,amniota1 ! olde/ reptiles2 f
 ^! develop lat]1 9 ! ,triassic p]iod1 !
 ,birds on ! "o h&1 & ! ,mammals on !   
o!r4 ,t man 9 8 :ole bodily frame is a  
true mammal1 becomes obvi\s z soon z !  
natural unity ( ?is highe/ class (      
animals is recognis$4 ,! simple/        
comp>ison mu/ h conv9c$ ! unprejudic$   
obs]v] ( ! close con/itutional          
relation%ip betwe5 man & ! ape1 :i* (   
all ! ,mammals comes ne>e/ him4         
,comp>ative anatomy1 ) its deep] vision1

 %[$ t all diff]5ces 9 bodily /ructure  
betwe5 man & ! ,an?ropoidea 7gorilla1   
*impanzee1 orang7 are less important ?an
 ! correspond+ diff]5ces 9 bodily       
/ructure betwe5 ^! an?ropoid apes & !   
l[] apes4 ,! phylog5etic significance ( 
?is fact1 fir/ emphasis$ by ,huxley1 is 
q cle>4 ,! great "q ( ! orig9 ( ! human 
race1 or ( man's place 9 ,nature1 ! "q (
 all que/ions1 0 !n sci5tifically       
answ]$3 ,man is desc5d$ f a s]ies (     
ape-l ,mammals4 ,! desc5t ( man         
7an?ropog5y7 discloses ! long s]ies (   
v]tebrate ance/ors1 :i* prec$$ ! late   
orig9 ( ?is1 its mo/ highly develop$    
(f%oot4#ac  ,! incalculable importance (
 ! light ca/ ov] ! :ole field ( human k 
( nature by ^! results is pat5t to      
ev]yone4 ,!y are de/9$ e ye> increas+ly 
to manife/ _! trans=m+ influ5ce 9 all   
dep>tm5ts ( k1 ! m ! conviction ( _!    
irrefragable tru? =ces its way4 ,& x is 
only ! ignorant or n>r[-m9d$ :o c n[    
d\bt _! tru?4 ,if1 inde$1 "h & !re1 "o (
 ! old] naturali/s /ill disputes1 !     

f\ndation on :i* !y re/1 or dem&s pro(s 
:i* are want+ 7z happ5$ a few weeks ago 
on ! "p ( a fam\s ,g]man pa?ologi/ at ! 
,an?ropological ,congress 9 ,mosc[71 he 
only %[s by ?is t he has rema9$ a /rang]
 to ! /up5d\s advances ( rec5t biology1 
& above all ( an?ropog5y4 ,! :ole       
lit]ature ( mod]n biology1 ! :ole ( our 
pres5t zoology & botany1 morphology &   
physiology1 an?ropology & psy*ology1 are
 p]vad$ & f]tilis$ by ! !ory (          
desc5t4#ad  ,j z ! natural doctr9e (    
developm5t on a moni/ic basis has cle>$ 
up & elucidat$ ! :ole field ( natural   
ph5om5a 9 _! physical aspect1 x has also
 modifi$ t ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 :i* is    
insep>ably connect$ ) ! o!r4 ,our human 
body has be5 built up sl[ly & by degrees
 f a long s]ies ( v]tebrate ance/ors1 & 
?is is also true ( our s\l2 z a function
 ( our bra9 x has gradually be5 develop$
 9 reciprocal action & re-action ) ?is  
its bodily organ4 ,:at we briefly       
designate z ! human s\l1 is only ! sum (
 our feel+1 will+1 & ?9k+--! sum ( ^?   

physiological functions ^: elem5t>y     
organs are con/itut$ by ! microscopic   
ganglion-cells ( our bra94 ,comp>ative  
anatomy & ontog5y %[ u h[ ! wond]ful    
/ructure ( ?is la/1 ! organ ( our human 
s\l1 has 9 ! c\rse ( millions ( ye>s be5
 gradually built up f ! bra9s ( high] & 
l[] v]tebrates4 ,comp>ative psy*ology   
tea*es u h[1 h& 9 h& !re)1 ! s\l itself1
 z function ( ! bra91 has be5 develop$4 
,! la/-nam$ sci5ce tea*es u also t a    
primitive =m ( s\l-activity is already  
pres5t ev5 9 ! l[e/ animals1 !          
s+le-cell$ primitive animals1 ,infusoria
 & ,rhizopoda4 ,e sci5tific man :o has  
long obs]v$ ! life-activity ( ^!        
s+le-cell$ ,proti/a1 is positively      
conv9c$ t !y also possess a s\l2 t ?is  
cell-s\l also consi/s ( a sum (         
s5sations1 p]ceptions1 & volitions2 !   
feel+1 ?9k+1 & will+ ( our human s\l    
diff] f ^! only 9 degree4 ,9 l mann] !re
 is pres5t 9 ! egg-cell 7z pot5tial     
en]gy7 a h]$it>y cell-s\l1 out ( :i*    
man1 l e o!r animal1 is develop$4#ae  ,!

 fir/ task ( a truly sci5tific psy*ology
 w !re=e be1 n1 z hi!rto1 idle          
speculation ab\t an indep5d5t immat]ial 
s\l-exi/5ce & its puzzl+ tempor>y       
connection ) ! animal body1 b r !       
comp>ative inve/igation ( ! organs ( !  
s\l & ! exp]im5tal exam9ation ( _!      
psy*ical functions4 ,= sci5tific        
psy*ology is a "p ( physiology1 !       
doctr9e ( ! functions & !               
life-activities ( organisms4 ,!         
psy*ology & psy*iatry ( ! future1 l !   
physiology & pa?ology ( to-day1 mu/ take
 ! =m ( a cellul> /udy1 & 9 ! fir/      
in/ance inve/igate ! s\l-functions ( !  
cells4 ,max ,v]worn1 9 8 f9e            
,psy*o-physiological ,proti/a/udies1 has
 lately %[n u :at important disclosures 
su* a cellul> psy*ology c make1 ev5 9   
deal+ ) ! l[e/ grades ( organic life1 9 
! s+le-cell$ ,proti/a 7especially       
,rhizopoda & ,infusoria74  ,^! same ma9 
divisions ( s\l-activity1 :i* are to be 
met ) 9 ! s+le-cell$ organism1--!       
ph5om5a ( irritability1 s5sation1 &     

motion1--c be %[n to exi/ 9 all         
multicellul> organisms z functions ( !  
cells ( :i* _! bodies are compos$4 ,9 ! 
l[e/ ,metazoa1 ! inv]tebrate sponges &  
polyps1 !re are1 j z 9 plants1 no       
special s\l-organs develop$1 & all !    
cells ( ! body p>ticipate m or less 9 ! 
s\l-life4 ,x is only 9 ! high] animals t
 ! s\l-life is f\nd to be localis$ &    
connect$ ) special organs4 ,z a         
consequ5ce ( division ( lab\r1 !re h "h 
be5 develop$ v>i\s s5se-organs z organs 
( specific s5sibility1 muscles z organs 
( motion & volition1 n]ve-c5tres or     
ganglia z c5tral co-ord9at+ & regulat+  
organs4 ,9 ! mo/ highly develop$        
families ( ! animal k+dom1 ^! la/ come m
 & m into ! =egr\nd z indep5d5t         
s\l-organs4 ,9 correspond5ce ) !        
extraord9>ily complicat$ /ructure ( _!  
c5tral n]v\s sy/em 7! bra9 ) its        
wond]ful complex ( ganglion-cells &     
n]ve-fibres71 ! _m-sid$ activity ( su*  
animals atta9s a wond]ful degree (      
developm5t4  ,x is only 9 ^! mo/        

highly-develop$ gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom t
 we c ) c]ta9ty e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ^?  
mo/ p]fect op]ations ( ! c5tral n]v\s   
sy/em1 :i* we designate z consci\sness4 
,z we "k1 x is precisely ?is highe/     
bra9-function t /ill cont9ues to be     
look$ ^u z a completely enigmatical     
ph5om5on1 & z ! be/ pro( = ! immat]ial  
exi/5ce ( an immortal s\l4 ,x is usual  
at ! same "t to appeal to ,du           
,bois-,reymond's well-kn[n ,ignorabimus 
address on ! ,b\nd>ies ( ,natural ,k    
7#ahgb74 ,x 0 by a peculi> irony ( fate 
t ! fam\s lectur] ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy (  
,sci5ce1 9 ?is mu*-discuss$ address (   
tw5ty ye>s ago1 %\ld be repres5t+       
consci\sness z an incompreh5sible m>vel1
 & z pres5t+ an insup]able b>ri] to     
fur!r advances ( k1 at ! v mom5t t      
,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 ! greate/      
!ologian ( our c5tury1 0 %[+ x to be !  
opposite4 ,! cle>-sight$ au?or ( ,! ,old
 ,fai? & ! ,new _h already cle>ly       
p]ceiv$ t ! s\l-activities ( man1 &     
!re=e also 8 consci\sness1 z functions (

 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 all spr+ f a     
common s\rce1 &1 f a moni/ic po9t (     
view1 come "u ! same category4 ,! exact 
,b]l9 physiologi/ %ut ?is k out f 8 m9d1
 &1 ) a %ort-sight$ness almo/           
inconceivable1 plac$ ?is special        
neurological "q alongside ( ! "o great  
_w-riddle1 ! fundam5tal "q ( sub/ance1 !
 g5]al "q ( ! connection betwe5 matt] & 
en]gy4#af  ,z ,i long ago po9t$ out1 ^! 
two great que/ions are n two sep>ate    
_w-riddles4 ,! neurological problem (   
consci\sness is only a special case ( ! 
all compreh5d+ cosmological problem1 !  
"q ( sub/ance4 ,if we und]/ood ! nature 
( matt] & en]gy1 we %\ld also und]/& h[ 
! sub/ance und]ly+ !m c "u c]ta9        
conditions feel1 desire1 & ?9k4         
,consci\sness1 l feel+ & will+1 among ! 
high] animals is a me*anical "w ( !     
ganglion-cells1 & z su* mu/ be c>ri$    
back to *emical & physical ev5ts 9 !    
plasma ( ^!4 ,& by ! employm5t ( !      
g5etic & comp>ative me?od we rea* !     
conviction t consci\sness1 & consequ5tly

 reason also1 is n a bra9-function      
exclusively peculi> to man2 x occurs    
also 9 _m ( ! high] animals1 n 9        
,v]tebrates only1 b ev5 9 ,articulates4 
,only 9 degree1 ?r\gh a high] /age (    
cultivation1 does ! consci\sness ( man  
diff] f t ( ! m p]fect l[] animals1 & ! 
same is true ( all o!r activities ( !   
human s\l4  ,by ^! & o!r results (      
comp>ative physiology our :ole psy*ology
 is plac$ on a new & firm moni/ic basis4
 ,! old] my/ical conception ( ! s\l1 z  
we f9d x among/ primitive peoples1 b    
also 9 ! sy/ems ( ! duali/ic philosoph]s
 ( to-day1 is refut$ by !m4 ,accord+ to 
^! sy/ems1 ! s\l ( man 7& ( ! high]     
animals7 is a sep>ate entity1 :i*       
inhabits & rules ! body only dur+ its   
individual life1 b leaves x at dea?4 ,! 
widespread piano-!ory 7,clavi]!orie7    
comp>es ! immortal s\l to a piani/ :o   
executes an int]e/+ piece--! individual 
life--on ! in/rum5t ( ! mortal body1 b  
at dea? )draws into ! o!r _w4 ,?is      
immortal s\l is usually repres5t$ z an  

immat]ial be+2 b 9 fact x is really     
?\ght ( z q mat]ial1 only z a f9]       
invisible be+1 a]ial or gase\s1 or z    
resembl+ ! mobile1 light1 & ?9 sub/ance 
( ! e!r1 z conceiv$ by mod]n physics4 ,!
 same is true also = mo/ ( ! conceptions
 :i* rude primitive peoples & ! un$ucat$
 classes among ! civilis$ races h1 =    
?\s&s ( ye>s1 *]i%$ z to spectral gho/s 
& gods4 ,s]i\s reflection on ! matt] %[s
 t "h--z 9 mod]n spiritualism--x is n ) 
really immat]ial be+s1 b ) gase\s1      
invisible bodies1 t we are deal+4 ,&    
fur!r1 we are utt]ly incapable ( imag9+ 
a truly immat]ial be+4 ,z ,goe! cle>ly  
said1 matt] c nev] exi/ or act ap>t f   
_s1 nei!r c _s ap>t f matt]4  ,z reg>ds 
immortality1 x is well kn[n t ?is       
important idea is int]pret$ & appli$ 9 a
 great v>iety ( ways4 ,x is (t5 made a  
reproa* aga9/ our ,monism t x altoge!r  
d5ies immortality2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is       
errone\s4 ,r d we hold x1 9 a /rictly   
sci5tific s5se1 z an indisp5sable       
fundam5tal conception ( our moni/ic     

philosophy ( nature4 ,immortality 9 a   
sci5tific s5se is cons]vation (         
sub/ance1 !re=e ! same z cons]vation (  
en]gy z def9$ by physics1 or cons]vation
 ( matt] z def9$ by *emi/ry4 ,! cosmos z
 a :ole is immortal4 ,x is j z          
inconceivable t any ( ! atoms ( our bra9
 or ( ! en]gies ( our _s %\ld vani% out 
( ! _w1 z t any o!r p>ticle ( matt] or  
en]gy c\ld d s4 ,at our dea? !re        
disappe>s only ! individual =m 9 :i* !  
n]ve-sub/ance 0 fa%ion$1 & ! p]sonal s\l
 :i* repres5t$ ! "w p]=m$ by ?is4 ,!    
complicat$ *emical comb9ations ( t n]v\s
 mass pass ov] into o!r comb9ations by  
decomposition1 & ! k9etic en]gy produc$ 
by !m is trans=m$ into o!r =ms ( motion4
     ,imp]ial ,caes>1 dead & turn$ to   
clay1    ,might /op a hole to keep ! w9d
 away4    ,o t t e>? :i* kept ! _w 9 awe
    ,%\ld pat* a wall to expel ! w9t]'s 
flaw4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conception ( a   
p]sonal immortality _c be ma9ta9$4 ,if  
?is idea is /ill widely held1 ! fact is 
to be expla9$ by ! physical law (       

in]tia2 = ! prop]ty ( p]si/5ce 9 a /ate 
( re/ ex]cises its influ5ce 9 ! region (
 ! ganglion-cells ( ! bra91 z well z 9  
all o!r natural bodies4 ,traditional    
ideas h&$ d[n ?r\gh _m g5]ations are    
ma9ta9$ ) ! greate/ t5acity by ! human  
bra91 especially if1 9 e>ly y\?1 !y h   
be5 in/ill$ into ! *ildi% und]/&+ z     
indisputable dogmas4 ,su* h]$it>y       
articles ( fai? take root all ! m       
firmly1 ! fur!r !y are remov$ f a       
rational k ( nature1 & envelop$ 9 !     
my/]i\s mantle ( my?ological poesy4 ,9 !
 case ( ! dogma ( p]sonal immortality1  
!re comes into play also ! int]e/ :i*   
man fancies himself to h 9 8 individual 
future exi/5ce aft] dea?1 & ! va9 hope t
 9 a bless$ _w to come !re is treasur$  
up = him a comp5sation = ! disappo9t$   
hopes & ! _m sorr[s ( 8 e>?ly life4  ,x 
is (t5 ass]t$ by ! num]\s advocates (   
p]sonal immortality t ?is dogma is an   
innate "o1 common to all rational m51 & 
t x is taught 9 all ! m p]fect =ms (    
religion4 ,b ?is is n correct4 ,nei!r   

,buddhism nor ! religion ( ,moses       
orig9ally conta9$ ! dogma ( p]sonal     
immortality1 & j z little did ! majority
 ( educat$ p ( classical antiquity      
believe x1 at any rate dur+ ! highe/    
p]iod ( ,greek culture4 ,! moni/ic      
philosophy ( t "t1 :i*1 five hundr$ ye>s
 be=e our era1 _h rea*$ speculative     
heights s rem>kable1 knew no?+ ( any su*
 dogma4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ,plato & ,*ri/ t x   
receiv$ its fur!r elaboration1 until1 9 
! ,middle ,ages1 x 0 s univ]sally       
accept$1 t only n[ & !n did "s bold ?9k]
 d>e op5ly to ga9say x4 ,! idea t a     
conviction ( p]sonal immortality has a  
specially ennobl+ influ5ce on ! moral   
nature ( man1 is n confirm$ by !        
gruesome hi/ory ( m$iaeval morals1 & z  
little by ! psy*ology ( primitive       
peoples4#ag  ,if any antiquat$ s*ool (  
purely speculative psy*ology /ill       
cont9ues to uphold ?is irrational dogma1
 ! fact c only be reg>d$ z a deplorable 
ana*ronism4 ,sixty ye>s ago su* a       
doctr9e 0 excusable1 = !n no?+ 0        

accurately kn[n ei!r ( ! f9] /ructure ( 
! bra91 or ( ! physiological functions (
 its sep>ate p>ts2 its elem5t>y organs1 
! microscopic ganglion-cells1 7 almo/   
unkn[n1 z 0 also ! cell-s\l ( !         
,proti/a2 v imp]fect ideas 7 held z to  
ontog5etic developm5t1 & z to           
phylog5etic !re 7 none at all4  ,?is has
 all be5 completely *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! 
la/ half-c5tury4 ,mod]n physiology has  
already to a great ext5t demon/rat$ !   
localisation ( ! v>i\s activities ( m9d1
 & _! connection ) def9ite p>ts ( !     
bra92 psy*iatry has %[n t ^? psy*ical   
processes are di/urb$ or de/roy$ if ^!  
p>ts ( ! bra9 become diseas$ or         
deg5]ate4 ,hi/ology has reveal$ to u !  
extremely complicat$ /ructure &         
arrangem5t ( ! ganglion-cells4 ,b1 = !  
settlem5t ( ?is mom5t\s "q1 ! discov]ies
 ( ! la/ t5 ye>s ) reg>d to ! m m9ute   
occurr5ces 9 ! process ( f]tilisation   
are ( decisive importance4 ,we n[ "k t  
?is process ess5tially consi/s simply 9 
! copulation or fusion ( two            

microscopical cells1 ! female egg-cell &
 ! male sp]m-cell4 ,! fusion ( ! nuclei 
( ^! two sexual cells indicates ) !     
utmo/ precision ! exact mom5t at :i* !  
new human individual arises4 ,!         
newly-=m$ p>5t-cell1 or f]tilis$        
egg-cell1 conta9s pot5tially1 9 _!      
rudim5ts1 all ! bodily & m5tal          
*>act]i/ics :i* ! *ild inh]its f bo?    
p>5ts4 ,x is cle>ly aga9/ reason to     
assume an et]nal & un5d+ life = an      
individual ph5om5on ^: beg9n+ 9 "t we c 
det]m9e to a hair's bread?1 by direct   
obs]vation4 ,judg+ ( human spiritual    
life f a rational po9t ( view1 we c z   
little ?9k ( our individual s\l z       
sep>at$ f our bra91 z we c conceive !   
volunt>y motion ( our arm ap>t f !      
contraction ( its muscles1 or !         
circulation ( our blood ap>t f ! action 
( ! he>t4  ,aga9/ ?is /rictly           
physiological conception1 z aga9/ our   
:ole moni/ic view ( ! relations ( en]gy 
& matt]1 ( s\l & sub/ance1 ! reproa* (  
mat]ialism cont9ues to be rais$4 ,i h   

repeat$ly be=e n[ po9t$ out t ?is is an 
ambigu\s p>ty ^w :i* conveys absolutely 
no?+2 its app>5t opposite1 spiritualism1
 c\ld q easily be sub/itut$ = x4 ,e     
critical ?9k]1 :o is famili> ) ! hi/ory 
( philosophy1 kn[s t1 z sy/ems *ange1   
su* words assume ! mo/ v>i$ mean+s1 ,9  
addition to ?is1 ! ^w mat]ialism has !  
disadvantage ( be+ liable to cont9ual   
confusion betwe5 its !oretical &        
practical mean+s1 :i* two are totally   
di/9ct4 ,our conception ( ,monism1 or ! 
unity-philosophy1 on ! contr>y1 is cle> 
& unambigu\s2 = x an immat]ial liv+ _s  
is j z un?9kable z a dead1 spiritless   
mat]ial2 ! two are insep>ably comb9$ 9 e
 atom4 ,! oppos$ conception ( dualism   
7or ev5 pluralism 9 o!r anti-moni/ic    
sy/ems7 reg>ds _s & mat]ial1 en]gy &    
matt]1 z two ess5tially diff]5t         
sub/ances2 b n a s+le empirical pro( c  
be adduc$ to %[ t ei!r ( ^! c exi/ or   
become p]ceptible to u by itself alone4 
,9 ?us %ortly indicat+ ! f>-rea*+       
psy*ological consequ5ces ( ! moni/ic    

doctr9e ( evolution1 ,i tr5* at ! same  
"t ^u a mo/ important field1 to :i* our 
lectur] 9 8 address has m ?an once      
allud$--t ( religion & ! belief 9 ,god  
connect$ !re)4 ,i am at "o ) him 9 !    
conviction t ! =mation ( cle>           
philosophical conceptions ^u ^!         
fundam5tal matt]s ( belief is ( ! highe/
 importance1 & ,i w\ld !re=e crave !    
p]mission ( ?is assembly briefly to lay 
be=e x on ?is occasion a frank          
confession ( fai?4 ,?is moni/ic         
confession has ! great] claim to an     
unprejudic$ consid]ation1 9 t x is %>$1 
,i am firmly conv9c$1 by at lea/        
n9e-t5?s ( ! m5 ( sci5ce n[ liv+2 inde$1
 ,i believe1 by all m5 ( sci5ce 9 :om ! 
foll[+ f\r conditions are realis$3 7#a7 
,suffici5t acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s        
dep>tm5ts ( natural sci5ce1 & 9 p>ticul>
 ) ! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution2 7#b7    
,suffici5t acut5ess & cle>ness ( judgm5t
 to draw1 by induction & d$uction1 !    
necess>y logical consequ5ces t fl[ f su*
 empirical k2 7#c7 ,suffici5t moral     

c\rage to ma9ta9 ! moni/ic k1 s ga9$1   
aga9/ ! attacks ( ho/ile duali/ic &     
plurali/ic sy/ems2 & 7#d7 ,suffici5t    
/r5g? ( m9d to free himself1 by s\nd1   
indep5d5t reason+1 f dom9ant religi\s   
prejudices1 & especially f ^? irrational
 dogmas :i* h be5 firmly lodg$ 9 our    
m9ds f e>lie/ y\? z indisputable        
revelations4  ,if f ?is unprejudic$ po9t
 ( view ( ! ?9k]1 we comp>e ! num]\s    
religions ( ! v>i\s races ( mank9d1 we  
%all be compell$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to  
put aside z unt5able all ^? conceptions 
:i* /& 9 irreconcilable contradiction to
 ^? pr9ciples ( our empirical k ( nature
 :i* are n[ cle>ly disc]n$ & e/abli%$ by
 critical reason+4 ,we c ?us at once set
 aside all my?ological /ories1 all      
miracles1 & s-call$ revelations1 = :i* x
 is claim$ t !y h come to u 9 "s        
sup]natural way4 ,all su* my/ical tea*+s
 are irrational1 inasmu* z !y are       
confirm$ by no actual exp]i5ce1 b1 on ! 
contr>y1 are irreconcilable ) ! kn[n    
facts :i* h be5 confirm$ to u by a      

rational inve/igation ( nature4  ,?is is
 true alike ( ,*ri/ian & ,mosaic1 (     
,mohamm$an & ,indian leg5ds4 ,if n[ we  
?us lay aside ! :ole mass ( my/ical     
dogmas & transc5d5tal revelations1 !re  
is left beh9d1 z ! preci\s & priceless  
k]nel ( true religion1 ! purifi$ e?ic t 
re/s on rational an?ropology4#ah  ,among
 ! num]\s & v>i$ =ms ( religion :i*1 9 !
 c\rse ( ! pa/ t5 ?\s& ye>s & m1 h be5  
evolv$ f ! crude/ prehi/oric beg9n+s1 ! 
=emo/ rank und\bt$ly belongs to ^? two  
=ms :i* /ill cont9ue to be ! mo/ widely 
accept$ among civilis$ races--! old]    
,buddhism & ! y\ng] ,*ri/ianity4 ,! two 
h v _m features 9 common1 alike 9 _!    
my?ology & 9 _! e?ics2 inde$1 a         
consid]able "p ( ,*ri/ianity has come   
directly f ,indian ,buddhism1 j z ano!r 
"p is drawn f ! ,mosaic & ,platonic     
sy/ems4 ,b1 look$ at f ! po9t ( view (  
our pres5t /age ( culture1 ! e?ic (     
,*ri/ianity appe>s to u mu* m p]fect &  
pure ?an t ( any o!r religion4 ,we mu/1 
x is true1 ha/5 to add t x is exactly ! 

weightie/ & noble/ pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian 
e?ic--bro!rly love1 fidelity to duty1   
love ( tru?1 ob$i5ce to law--t are by no
 means peculi> to ! ,*ri/ian fai? z su*1
 b are ( mu* old] orig94 ,comp>ative    
psy*ology proves t ^! e?ical pr9ciples 7
 m or less recognis$ & practis$ by mu*  
old] civilis$ races ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e   
,*ri/4  ,love rema9s ! supreme moral law
 ( rational religion1 ! love1 t is to   
say1 t holds ! balance betwe5 egoism &  
altruism1 betwe5 self-love & love (     
o!rs4 ,d to o!rs z y w\ld !y %\ld d to  
y4 ,?is natural & highe/ comm& _h be5   
taught & foll[$ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ,*ri/ 
said3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z       
?yself4 ,9 ! human family ?is maxim has 
always be5 accept$ z self-evid5t2 z     
e?ical in/9ct x 0 an inh]itance d]iv$ f 
our animal ance/ors4 ,x _h already f\nd 
a place among ! h]ds ( ,apes & o!r      
social ,mammals2 9 a simil> mann]1 b ) a
 wid] scope1 x 0 already pres5t 9 ! mo/ 
primitive communities & among ! hordes (
 ! lea/ advanc$ savages4 ,bro!rly       

love--mutual support1 succ\r1           
protection1 & ! l---_h already made its 
appe>ance among greg>i\s animals z a    
social duty2 = )\t x ! cont9u$ exi/5ce (
 su* societies is impossible4 ,al?\gh at
 a lat] p]iod1 9 ! case ( man1 ^! moral 
f\ndations ( society came to be mu* m   
highly develop$1 _! olde/ prehi/oric    
s\rce1 z ,d>w9 has %[n1 is to be s\ght 9
 ! social in/9cts ( animals4 ,among !   
high] ,v]tebrates 7dogs1 horses1        
elephants1 etc471 z among ! high]       
,articulates 7ants1 bees1 t]mites1 etc47
 also1 ! developm5t ( social relations &
 duties is ! indisp5sable condition ( _!
 liv+ toge!r 9 ord]ly societies4 ,su*   
societies h = man also be5 ! mo/        
important in/rum5t ( intellectual &     
moral progress4  ,beyond all d\bt !     
pres5t degree ( human culture owes 9    
great "p its p]fection to ! propagation 
( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ( morals & its       
ennobl+ influ5ce1 al?\gh ! great value (
 ?is has be5 impair$1 (t5 9 ! mo/       
deplorable mann]1 by its association )  

unt5able my?s & s-call$ revelations4 ,h[
 little ^! la/ contribute to ! p]fection
 ( ! fir/1 c be se5 f ! ackn[l$g$       
hi/orical fact t x is j or?odoxy & !    
hi]>*ical sy/em bas$ on x 7especially t 
( ! ,papacy7 t has lea/ ( all /riv5 to  
fulfil ! precepts ( ,*ri/ian morality2 !
 m l\dly !y prea* x 9 !ory1 ! less d !y 
!mselves fulfil its comm&s 9 practice4  
,x is1 moreov]1 to be borne 9 m9d t     
ano!r & v consid]able portion ( our     
mod]n culture & morality has be5        
develop$ q indep5d5tly ( ,*ri/ianity1   
ma9ly ?r\gh cont9ual /udy ( !           
highly-elaborat$ m5tal treasures (      
classical antiquity4 ,! ?or\gh /udy (   
,greek & ,roman classics has at lea/    
contribut$ mu* m to x ?an t ( ! ,*ri/ian
 ,*ur* fa!rs4 ,to ?is we mu/ n[ add1 9  
our own c5tury 7rightly call$ ! c5tury (
 ! natural sci5ces71 ! imm5se advance 9 
! high] culture :i* we owe to a purifi$ 
k ( nature & to ! moni/ic philosophy    
f\nd$ ^u ?is4 ,t ^! mu/ also ex]cise an 
advanc+ & ennobl+ influ5ce _c be d\bt$1 

& has already be5 %[n by _m em95t au?ors
 7,sp5c]1 ,c>n]i1 & o!rs7 9 ! c\rse ( ! 
la/ ?irty ye>s4#ah  ,aga9/ ?is moni/ic  
e?ic f\nd$ on a rational k ( nature1 x  
has be5 object$ t x is fitt$ to und]m9e 
exi/+ civilisation1 & especially t x    
enc\rages ! subv]sive aims ( social     
democracy4 ,?is reproa* is :olly        
unju/ifi$4 ,! application (             
philosophical pr9ciples to ! practical  
conditions ( life1 & 9 p>ticul> to      
social & political que/ions1 c be made 9
 ! mo/ v>i\s ways4 ,political free-?9k+1
 s call$1 has no?+ :atev] to d ) !      
fre$om ( ?\ght ( our moni/ic natural    
religion4 ,moreov]1 ,i am conv9c$ t !   
rational morality ( moni/ic religion is 
9 no way contr>y to ! good & truly      
valuable elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian e?ic1 b is
 de/9$ 9 conjunction ) ^! to promote !  
true progress ( humanity 9 ! future4  ,)
 ,*ri/ian my?ology & ! special =m (     
!i/ic belief associat$ ) x ! case is    
diff]5t4 ,9 s f> z t belief involves !  
notion ( a p]sonal ,god1 x has be5 r5d]$

 q unt5able by ! rec5t advances (       
moni/ic sci5ce4 ,b1 m ?an ?is1 x 0 %[n m
 ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 by em95t        
expon5ts ( ! moni/ic philosophy1 t !    
conception ( a p]sonal ,god1 creator &  
rul] ( ! _w1 does n give ! slighte/ help
 t[>d a truly rational view ( ! _w4 ,=  
ev5 if ! "q ( creation1 9 ! ord9>y &    
trivial s5se ( ! t]m1 be answ]$ by      
ref]r+ x to ! miracul\s ag5cy ( a       
creator work+ accord+ to plan ap>t f !  
_w1 !re imm$iately arises ^u t ! new    
inquiry3 ,:5ce comes ?is p]sonal ,god8  
,:at 0 ,he do+ be=e creation8 ,& :5ce   
did ,he d]ive ! mat]ial = x8 & su* l    
que/ions4 ,! antiquat$ conception ( an  
an?ropomorphic p]sonal ,god is de/9$1   
be=e ! pres5t c5tury is end$1 to drop   
out ( curr5cy ?r\gh\t ! entire doma9 (  
truly sci5tific philosophy2 !           
correspond+ conception ( a p]sonal      
devil--ev5 z late z la/ c5tury connect$ 
) ! =m] & v g5]ally accept$--has already
 be5 giv5 up once = all by all p]sons ( 
education4  ,let x be not$1 h[ev]1 9    

pass+1 t ! amphi!ism :i* believes 9 ,god
 & devil alike is mu* m compatible ) a  
rational explanation ( ! _w ?an pure    
mono!ism4 ,! pure/ =m ( ?is is p]haps ! 
amphi!ism ( ! ,z5d religion ( ,p]sia1   
:i* ,zoroa/] 7or ,z>a?u/ra1 ! ,gold5    
,/>7 f\nd$ two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,"h
 ,ormuzd1 ! god ( light & goodness1 /&s 
ev]y:]e 9 conflict ) ,ahriman1 ! god (  
d>kness & evil4 ,! cont9ual conflict    
betwe5 a good & an evil pr9ciple 0      
p]sonifi$ 9 a simil> mann] 9 ! my?ology 
( _m o!r amphi!i/ic religions3 9 ! old  
,egyptian1 ! good ,osiris 0 at w> ) !   
evil ,typhon2 9 ! old ,indian1 ,vi%nu ! 
su/a9] ) ,siva ! de/roy]1 & s =?4  ,if  
we really mu/ reta9 ! conception ( a    
p]sonal ,god z ! key to our view ( !    
univ]se1 !n ?is amphi!ism c expla9 !    
sorr[s & defects ( ?is _w v simply1 z   
be+ ! "w ( ! evil pr9ciple or devil4    
,pure mono!ism1 on ! contr>y1 z         
repres5t$ 9 ! religions ( ,moses &      
,mohamm$ 9 _! orig9al =m1 has no        
rational explanation ( ^! to (f]4 ,if _!

 "o ,god is really ! absolutely good1   
p]fect be+ !y proclaim1 !n ! _w :i* he  
has creat$ mu/ also be p]fect4 ,an      
organic _w s imp]fect & full ( sorr[s z 
exi/s on ?is e>? he c\ld n possibly h   
contriv$4  ,^! consid]ations ga9 9 =ce  
:5 we advance to ! deep] k ( nature     
acquir$ by mod]n biology2 "h x 0 ,d>w91 
especially1 :o ?irty-?ree ye>s ago op5$ 
our eyes by 8 doctr9e ( ! /ruggle =     
exi/5ce1 & 8 !ory ( selection f\nd$ ^u  
x4 ,we n[ "k t ! :ole ( organic nature  
on our planet exi/s only by a rel5tless 
w> ( all aga9/ all4 ,?\s&s ( animals &  
plants mu/ daily p]i% 9 e "p ( ! e>?1 9 
ord] t a few *os5 individuals may       
cont9ue to subsi/ & to enjoy life4 ,b   
ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ^! fav\r$ few is a      
cont9ual conflict ) ?reat5+ dang]s ( e  
k9d4 ,?\s&s ( hopeful g]ms p]i%         
uselessly e m9ute4 ,! rag+ w> ( int]e/s 
9 human society is only a feeble picture
 ( ! unceas+ & t]rible w> ( exi/5ce :i* 
reigns ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! liv+ _w4 ,!   
beautiful dream ( ,god's goodness &     

wisdom 9 nature1 to :i* z *ildr5 we     
li/5$ s dev\tly fifty ye>s ago1 no long]
 f9ds cr$it n[--at lea/ among educat$ p 
:o ?9k4 ,x has disappe>$ be=e our deep] 
acqua9tance ) ! mutual relations (      
organisms1 ! advancem5t ( oecology &    
sociology1 & our k ( p>asite life &     
pa?ology4  ,all ^! sad b insup]able     
facts--truly ! d>k side ( nature--are   
made intelligible to religi\s fai? by   
amphi!ism2 !y are ! works ( ! devil1 :o 
opposes & di/urbs ! p]fect moral ord] 9 
! _w ( ! good ,god4 ,= pure mono!ism :i*
 kn[s only "o ,god1 "o p]fect highe/    
be+1 !y rema9 un9telligible4 ,if1 ) a   
mono!i/ic cre$1 any "o /ill cont9ues to 
talk ( ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 he 9 s do+  
%uts 8 eyes to ! und5iable facts (      
hi/ory1 bo? natural & civil4  ,9 view ( 
^! consid]ations1 x is h>d to und]/& h[ 
! l>ge majority ( ! s-call$ educat$     
classes c p]sev]e1 on ! "o h&1 9 decl>+ 
belief 9 a p]sonal ,god to be an        
indisp5sable pr9ciple ( religion1 &1 on 
! o!r h&1 9 at ! same "t reject+ !      

belief 9 a p]sonal devil z an explod$   
sup]/ition ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is      
inconsi/5cy on ! "p ( educat$ ,*ri/ians 
is all ! m incompreh5sible & c5surable1 
inasmu* z bo? dogmas 9 equal degree =m  
an integral "p ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,!    
p]sonal devil1 z ,satan1 ! ,tempt]1 !   
,de/roy]1 & s =?1 und5iably plays a mo/ 
important "p 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh n  
met ) 9 ! e>li] portions ( ! ,old4 ,our 
great re=m]1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r himself1 :o s5t
 to ! devil s _m antiquat$ dogmas1 0    
unable to rid himself ( ! conviction ( !
 real exi/5ce & p]sonal enmity (        
,beelzebub2 we h only to ?9k ( !        
hi/orical ink-spot at ,w>tburg6         
,moreov]1 our ,*ri/ian art1 9 _m ?\s&s (
 pa9t+s & o!r repres5tations1 has       
exhibit$ ,satan 9 corporeal =m j z      
reali/ically z x has ! ?ree ,div9e      
,p]sons1 ab\t ^: hypo/atical union human
 reason has = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s be5   
torm5t+ itself 9 va94 ,! deep impression
 made by su* concrete repres5tations1 a 
million times repeat$1 especially on    

*ildi% und]/&+s1 is usually "u-e/imat$ z
 to its trem5d\s influ5ce2 to x c]ta9ly 
is 9 l>ge measure to be attribut$ ! fact
 t irrational my?s ( su* a k9d1 "u !    
mask ( doctr9es ( fai?1 cont9ue to hold 
_! gr\nd 9 spite ( all prote/s ( reason4
  ,lib]al-m9d$ ,*ri/ian !ologians h1 x  
is true1 (t5 s\ght to elim9ate ! p]sonal
 devil f ,*ri/ian tea*+1 repres5t+ him z
 m]ely ! p]sonification ( falsehood1 !  
_s ( evil4 ,b ) equal "r we mu/ 9 t case
 sub/itute = a p]sonal ,god ! p]sonifi$ 
idea ( tru?1 ! ,_s ( ,goodness4 ,to su* 
a repres5tation no objection c be made2 
r d we recognise 9 x a bridge connect+ !
 dim wond]l& ( religi\s poesy ) ! lum9\s
 realms ( cle> sci5tific k4  ,! moni/ic 
idea ( ,god1 :i* alone is compatible )  
our pres5t k ( nature1 recognises !     
div9e _s 9 all ?+s4 ,x c nev] recognise 
9 ,god a p]sonal be+1 or1 9 o!r words1  
an individual ( limit$ ext5sion 9 space1
 or ev5 ( human =m4 ,god is ev]y:]e4 ,z 
,giordano ,bruno has x3 ,!re is "o _s 9 
all ?+s1 & nobody is s small t x does n 

conta9 a "p ( ! div9e sub/ance :]eby x  
is animat$4 ,e atom is ?us animat$1 & s 
is ! e!r2 we might1 !re=e1 repres5t ,god
 z ! inf9ite sum ( all natural =ces1 !  
sum ( all atomic =ces & all             
e!r-vibrations4 ,x comes virtually to ! 
same ?+ :5 7z 0 done "h by a speak] on a
 =m] occasion7 ,god is def9$ z ! supreme
 law ( ! univ]se1 & ! latt] is repres5t$
 z ! work+ ( univ]sal space4 ,9 ?is mo/ 
important article ( belief x matt]s n z 
to ! "n b z to ! unity ( ! und]ly+ idea2
 ! unity ( ,god & ! _w2 ( _s & nature4  
,on ! o!r h&1 homo!ism1 ! an?ropomorphic
 repres5tation ( ,god1 degrades ?is     
l(tie/ cosmic idea to t ( a gase\s      
v]tebrate4#ai  ,( ! v>i\s sy/ems (      
pan!ism :i* = long h giv5 expression m  
or less cle>ly to ! moni/ic conception (
 ,god1 ! mo/ p]fect is c]ta9ly t (      
,sp9oza4 ,to ?is sy/em1 z is well kn[n1 
,goe! also paid ! tribute ( 8 highe/    
admiration & approval4 ,( o!r1 em95t m5 
:o h giv5 a simil> pan!i/ic =m to _!    
natural religion1 we %all "h m5tion only

 two ( ! greate/ poets & /ud5ts ( man1  
,%akespe>e & ,less+2 two ( ! greate/    
,g]man rul]s1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 (          
,hoh5/auf5 & ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 (           
,hoh5zoll]n2 two ( ! greate/ sci5ti/s1  
,laplace & ,d>w94 ,9 add+ our own       
pan!i/ic confession to t ( ^! great &   
untrammell$ spirits1 let x only be not$ 
fur!r1 t x has receiv$ an empirical     
confirmation1 nev] be=e imag9$1 ?r\gh ! 
wond]ful advances ( natural k )9 ! la/  
?irty ye>s4  ,! *>ge ( a!ism :i* /ill   
cont9ues to be levell$ aga9/ our        
pan!ism1 & aga9/ ! monism :i* lies at   
its root1 no long] f9ds a response among
 ! really educat$ classes ( ! pres5t    
day4 ,x is true t n s v long ago !      
,g]man ,imp]ial ,*ancellor1 9 !         
,prussian ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 f\nd x 9  
him to put =w>d su* an alt]native z ?is3
 ,ei!r ! ,*ri/ian or ! a!i/ic view ( !  
_w2 ?is 9 ! def5ce ( a mo/ objectionable
 law1 design$ to h& ov] our s*ool tra9+1
 ti$ h& & foot1 to ! papal hi]>*y4 ,!   
va/ di/ance :i* sep>ates ! la/-nam$     

deg5]ate outgr[? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion f
 pure primitive ,*ri/ianity is n great] 
?an t :i* sep>ates ^? m$iaeval          
alt]natives f ! cultur$ religi\s        
consci\sness ( ! pres5t day4 ,to "o :o  
reg>ds z true ex]cises ( ,*ri/ian       
religion ! adoration ( old clo!s & wax  
dolls1 or ! ?\ghtless repetition (      
masses or ros>ies1 :o believes 9        
wond]-work+ relics1 & pur*ases p>don = 8
 s9s by means ( indulg5ce-money or      
,pet]'s p5ce1 we will+ly conc$e ! claim 
to possess ! only sav+ religion2 b ) su*
 feti%-wor%ipp]s we w will+ly submit to 
be rank$ z a!i/s4  ,9 l case ) ! *>ge ( 
a!ism & irreligion are ^? s (t5 he>d    
aga9/ monism1 t x de/roys ! poetry (    
life & fails to satisfy ! spiritual     
wants ( human nature2 we are told1 9    
p>ticul>1 t ae/hetics--c]ta9ly a mo/    
important dep>tm5t bo? 9 !oretical      
philosophy & 9 practical life--is       
prejudic$ by a moni/ic philosophy4 ,b   
,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 "o ( our       
subtle/ expon5ts ( ae/hetics & also "o (

 our noble/ writ]s1 has already refut$  
su* a *>ge2 & %[n h[1 on ! contr>y1 !   
c>e = poetry & ! cultivation ( !        
beautiful are 9 ! new fai? call$ ^u to  
play a /ill great] "p ?an ev]4 ,my      
pres5t he>]s1 at once inve/igators &    
lov]s ( nature1 d n ne$ to be told t e  
new insight :i* we obta9 into ! secrets 
( nature at ! same "t also k9dles our   
s\ls1 af=ds new mat]ial = imag9ation to 
"w on1 & enl>ges our p]ception ( !      
beautiful4 ,to conv9ce ourselves h[     
closely all ^! noble/ spiritual         
activities ( man hang toge!r1 h[        
intimately ! k ( tru? is b\nd up ) !    
love ( goodness & v5]ation ( !          
beautiful1 x w be en\gh to m5tion a s+le
 "n1 ,g]many's greate/ g5ius--,wolfgang 
,goe!4  ,if ! p]ception ( ! ae/hetic    
significance ( our moni/ic              
nature-religion1 z well z ( its e?ical  
value1 has hi!rto s little p]vad$ !     
educat$ classes1 ?is is due *iefly to ! 
defects ( our s*ool tra9+4 ,x is true t 
9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ few decades an inf9ite

 deal has be5 spok5 & writt5 ab\t s*ool 
re=m & ! pr9ciples ( education2 b ( any 
real progress !re is z yet b little     
trace4 ,"h also reigns ! physical law ( 
in]tia2 "h also--& m especially 9 ,g]man
 s*ools--! s*ola/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages
 exhibits a p[] ( in]tia1 aga9/ :i* any 
rational re=m ( education mu/ labori\sly
 conte/ e in* ( gr\nd4 ,9 ?is important 
dep>tm5t also1 a dep>tm5t on :i* hangs !
 weal or woe ( future g5]ations1 matt]s 
w n improve till ! moni/ic doctr9e (    
nature is accept$ z ! ess5tial & sure   
f\ndation4  ,! s*ool ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1
 fl\ri%+ anew on ?is firm gr\nd1 %all h 
to unfold to ! ris+ y\? n only !        
wond]ful tru?s ( ! evolution ( ! cosmos1
 b also ! inexhau/ible treasures (      
beauty ly+ ev]y:]e hidd5 !re94 ,:e!r we 
m>vel at ! maje/y ( ! l(ty m\nta9s or ! 
magic _w ( ! sea1 :e!r ) ! telescope we 
explore ! inf9itely great wond]s ( !    
/>ry heav51 or ) ! microscope ! yet m   
surpris+ wond]s ( a life inf9itely      
small1 ev]y:]e does ,div9e ,nature op5  

up to u an inexhau/ible f\nta9 (        
ae/hetic enjoym5t4 ,bl9d & ins5sible h !
 great majority ( mank9d hi!rto w&]$    
?r\gh ?is glori\s wond]l& ( a _w2 a     
sickly & unnatural !ology has made x    
repulsive z a vale ( te>s4 ,b n[1 at    
la/1 x is giv5 to ! mightily advanc+    
human m9d to h its eyes op5$2 x is giv5 
to x to %[ t a true k ( nature af=ds    
full satisfaction & inexhau/ible        
n\ri%m5t n only = its se>*+ und]/&+1 b  
also = its ye>n+ _s4  ,moni/ic          
inve/igation ( nature z k ( ! true1     
moni/ic e?ic z tra9+ = ! good1 moni/ic  
ae/hetic z pursuit ( ! beautiful--^! are
 ! ?ree great dep>tm5ts ( our monism3 by
 ! h>moni\s & consi/5t cultivation ( ^! 
we effect at la/ ! truly beatific union 
( religion & sci5ce1 s pa9fully long$   
aft] by s _m to-day4 ,! ,true1 !        
,beautiful1 & ! ,good1 ^! are ! ?ree    
augu/ ,div9e ,ones be=e :i* we b[ ! knee
 9 adoration2 9 ! un=c$ comb9ation &    
mutual supplem5t+ ( ^! we ga9 ! pure    
idea ( ,god4#bj ,to ?is triune ,div9e   

,ideal %all ! com+ tw5tie? c5tury build 
its alt>s4  ,t5 ye>s ago ,i 0 pres5t at 
! celebration ( ! ?ird c5t5>y ( !       
univ]sity ( ,wrzburg1 :i* =ty ye>s ago  
,i _h ent]$ z a m$ical /ud5t4 ,! fe/al  
address on t occasion 0 deliv]$ 9 !     
univ]sity *ur* by ! !n rector1 !        
di/+ui%$ *emi/1 ,johannes ,wislic5us4 ,8
 conclud+ words 73 ,god1 ! ,_s (        
,goodness & ( ,tru?1 grant x4 ,i n[ add1
 & ! ,_s ( ,beauty4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t  
,i also1 on ?is commemorative occasion1 
d$icate to y my be/ wi%es4 ,may !       
inve/igation ( nature's secrets fl\ri% &
 prosp] 9 ?is corn] ( our ,?r+ian l&    
also1 & may ! fruits ( k1 rip5+ "h 9    
,alt5burg1 contribute no less to !      
culture ( ! _s & to ! advancem5t ( true 
religion1 ?an ^? :i* ?ree hundr$ &      
sev5ty ye>s ago ! great re=m]1 ,m>t9    
,lu!r1 br\ght to ! light ( day 9 ano!r  
corn] ( ,?r+51 on ! ,w>tburg at ,eis5a*4
  ,betwe5 ,w>tburg & ,alt5burg1 on !    
nor!rn bord] ( ,?r+51 lies ,weim>1 !    
classical ,city ( ! ,muses1 &1 close by 

x1 our national univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,i    
reg>d x z a good om5 t precisely at ?is 
mom5t a r>e celebration %\ld h call$    
toge!r 9 ,weim> ! mo/ illu/ri\s patrons 
( ! univ]sity ( ,j5a1 ! def5d]s ( free  
rese>* & free tea*+4#ba ,9 ! hope t !   
def5ce & promotion ( ^! may /ill be     
cont9u$1 ,i conclude my moni/ic         
,confession ( ,fai? ) ! words3 ,may     
,god1 ! ,_s ( ! ,good1 ! ,beautiful1 & !
 ,true1 be ) u4      ,,notes  ,footnote 
#a3 ,sci5tific ,articles ( ,fai?4 ,9    
,pr(essor ,s*les+]'s address 7deliv]$ on
 #i? ,octob] at ,alt5burg7 on ?is       
subject he rightly call$ att5tion to !  
limits ( k ( nature 79 ,kant's s5se ( ! 
t]ms7 impos$ ^u u by ! imp]fection ( our
 p]ceptive organs4 ,! gaps :i* !        
empirical inve/igation ( nature mu/ ?us 
leave 9 sci5ce1 c1 h[ev]1 be fill$ up by
 hypo!ses1 by conjectures ( m or less   
probability4 ,^! we _c inde$ = ! "t     
e/abli% on a secure basis2 & yet we may 
make use ( !m 9 ! way ( expla9+ ph5om5a1
 9 s f> z !y are n inconsi/5t ) a       

rational k ( nature4 ,su* rational      
hypo!ses are sci5tific articles ( fai?1 
& !re=e v diff]5t f ecclesia/ical       
articles ( fai? or religi\s dogmas1 :i* 
are ei!r pure fictions 7re/+ on no      
empirical evid5ce71 or simply irrational
 7contradict+ ! law ( causality74 ,z    
in/ances ( rational hypo!ses ( fir/-rate
 importance may be m5tion$ our belief 9 
! on5ess ( matt] 7! build+ up ( !       
elem5ts f prim>y atoms71 our belief 9   
equivocal g5]ation1 our belief 9 !      
ess5tial unity ( all natural ph5om5a1 z 
ma9ta9$ by monism 7on :i* comp>e my     
,g5]al ,morphology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aje1   
#afd1 etc41 also my ,natural ,hi/ory (  
,creation1 #h? ed41 #ahhi1 pp4 #ba1     
#cfj1 #gie74 ,z ! simpl] occurr5ces (   
inorganic nature & ! m complicat$       
ph5om5a ( organic life are alike        
r$ucible to ! same natural =ces1 & z1   
fur!r1 ^! 9 _! turn h _! common         
f\ndation 9 a simple primal pr9ciple    
p]vad+ inf9ite space1 we c reg>d ?is la/
 7! cosmic e!r7 z all-compreh5d+        

div9ity1 & ^u ?is f\nd ! !sis3 ,belief 9
 ,god is reconcilable ) sci5ce4 ,9 ?is  
pan!i/ic view1 & also 9 8 criticism ( a 
"o-sid$ mat]ialism1 ,i entirely agree ) 
,pr(essor ,s*les+]1 ?\gh unable to      
concur ) him 9 "s ( 8 biological1 &     
especially ( 8 an?ropological1          
conclusions 7cf4 8 article on ,facts &  
,d$uctions d]iv$ f ! ,action ( ,univ]sal
 ,space ,mit!ilung5 aus dem ,o/]l&e1    
,bd4 v41 ,alt5burg1 #ahib74   ,footnote 
#b3 ,unity ( ,nature4 ,i consid] !      
fundam5tal unity ( inorganic & organic  
nature1 z well z _! g5etic relation1 to 
be an ess5tial axiom ( monism4 ,i       
p>ticul>ly emphasise ?is article ( fai? 
"h1 z !re are /ill sci5ti/s ( repute :o 
conte/ x4 ,n only is ! old my/ical vital
 p[] br\ght back ^u ! /age aga9 f "t to 
"t1 b ev5 ! miracul\s orig9 ( organic   
life out ( dead inorganic nature is (t5 
br\ght up /ill aga9/ ! doctr9es (       
evolution1 z an insoluble riddle--z "o (
 ,du ,bois-,reymond's sev5 riddles ( !  
_w 7see 8 ,disc\rse on ,leibnitz1       

#ahhj74 ,! solution ( ?is transc5d5t    
riddle ( ! _w1 & ( ! alli$ "q ( ar*igony
 7equivocal g5]ation1 9 a /rictly def9$ 
mean+ ( ! t]m71 c only be rea*$ by a    
critical analysis & unprejudic$         
comp>ison ( matt]1 =m1 & en]gy 9        
inorganic & organic nature4 ,?is ,i h   
already done 7#ahff7 9 ! second book (  
my ,g5]al ,morphology 7vol4 i4 pp4      
#aji-bch73 ,g5]al ,rese>*es z to !      
,nature & ,fir/ ,beg9n+ ( ,organisms1 _!
 ,relation to ?+s ,inorganic1 & _!      
,division into ,plants & ,animals4  ,a  
%ort rsum ( ?is is conta9$ 9 ,lecture   
,,xv4 ( my ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation 
7#h? ed41 pp4 #cdj-cgj74 ,! mo/ s]i\s   
difficulties :i* =m]ly beset ! moni/ic  
view !re giv5 may n[ be held to h be5   
tak5 out ( ! way by rec5t discov]ies    
conc]n+ ! nature ( protoplasm1 !        
discov]y ( ! ,mon]a1 ! m accurate /udy (
 ! closely-relat$ s+le-cell$ ,proti/a1  
_! comp>ison ) ! ance/ral cell 7or      
f]tilis$ egg-cell71 & also by ! *emical 
c>bon-!ory4 7,see my ,/udies on ,mon]a &

 o!r ,proti/a1 9 ! ,j5ais*e ,zeits*rift 
fr ,naturwiss5s*aft1 vols4 iv4 & v41    
#ahfh-ahgj2 also ,c>l ,naegeli1         
,me*anis*-physiologis*e ,begrndung d]   
,ab/ammungslehre1 #ahhd47   ,footnote   
#c3 ,religion 9 ! ,l[] ,animals4 ,we _c 
fail to recognise 9 ! m highly develop$ 
( our dome/ic animals 7especially 9     
dogs1 horses1 & elephants7 "s fir/      
beg9n+s ( ^? high] bra9-functions :i* we
 designate z reason & consci\sness1     
religion & morality2 !y diff] only 9    
degree1 n 9 k9d1 f ! correspond+ m5tal  
activities ( ! l[e/ human races4 ,if1 l 
! dogs1 ! apes1 & especially !          
an?ropoids1 _h be5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s       
dome/icat$ & br\ght up 9 close relation 
) civilis$ man1 ! simil>ity ( _! m5tal  
activities to ^? ( man w\ld und\bt$ly h 
be5 mu* m /rik+ ?an x is4 ,! app>5tly   
deep gulf :i* sep>ates man f ^! mo/     
highly-develop$ mammals is ma9ly f\nd$  
on ! fact t 9 man sev]al conspicu\s     
attributes are unit$1 :i* 9 ! o!r       
animals occur only sep>ately1 viz4 7#a7 

,! high] degree ( diff]5tiation ( !     
l>ynx 7spee*71 7#b7 bra9 7m9d71 & 7#c7  
extremities2 & 7#d7 ! upright po/ure4 ,x
 is m]ely ! happy comb9ation ( ^!       
important animal organs & functions at a
 high] /age ( evolution t raises !      
majority ( mank9d s f> above all l[]    
animals 7,g5]al ,morphology1 #ahff1 vol4
 ii4 p4 #dcj74   ,footnote #d3          
,inh]itance ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s4 ,z !   
controv]sy on ?is important "q is /ill  
unsettl$1 special att5tion may "h be    
call$ to ! valuable data = arriv+ at a  
decision :i* are af=d$ precisely by !   
developm5t ( in/9cts among ! high]      
animals1 & ( spee* & reason 9 man4 ,!   
inh]itance ( *>act]s acquir$ dur+ ! life
 ( ! individual1 is an indisp5sable     
axiom ( ! moni/ic doctr9e ( evolution4  
,^? :o1 ) ,weismann & ,galton1 d5y ?is1 
entirely exclude !reby ! possibility (  
any =mative influ5ce ( ! out] _w ^u     
organic =m 7,an?ropog5ie1 #d? ed41 pp4  
xxiii41 #hcf2 see1 fur!r1 ! works !re   
ref]r$ to ( ,eim]1 ,weismann1           

,ray-,lanke/]1 etc42 also ,ludwig       
,wils]'s ,die ,v]]bung d] gei/ig5       
,eig5s*aft51 ,heidelb]g1 #ahib74        
,footnote #e3 ,!osophical ,sy/em (      
,nature4 ,( all ! mod]n attempts (      
duali/ic philosophy to e/abli% ! k (    
nature on a !ological basis 7t (        
,*ri/ian mono!ism71 ! ,essay on         
,classification ( ,l\is ,agassiz is by  
f> ! mo/ important1--9 /rictness1 inde$1
 is ! only "o wor?y ( m5tion4 7,on ?is  
see my ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1    
,lect4 ,,iii41 also ,aims & ,me?ods ( ! 
,mod]n ,embryology1 #ahge1 ,j5a         
,zeits*r4 fr ,naturw41 ,bd4 x41         
,supplem5t47   ,footnote #f3 ,d>w9 &    
,cop]nicus4 ,?is is ! title ( an address
 deliv]$ by ,du ,bois-,reymond on #be?  
,janu>y #ahhc1 9 ! ,b]l9 ,academy (     
,sci5ces1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 8        
,collect$ ,addresses 7vol4 ii4 #ahhg74  
,z ! au?or himself m5tions 9 a note 7p4 
#ejj7 t ?is gave rise1 mo/ unm]it$ly1 to
 great excitem5t1 & call$ d[n ^u him !  
viol5t attacks ( ! cl]ical press1 ,i may

 be all[$ to po9t out "h t x conta9$    
no?+ new1 ,i myself1 fifte5 ye>s        
previ\sly1 9 my lectures on ,! ,orig9 & 
,g5ealogy ( ! ,human ,race1 hav+ c>ri$  
out 9 detail ! comp>ison betwe5 ,d>w9 & 
,cop]nicus1 & ! s]vice r5d]$ by ^! two  
h]oes 9 putt+ an end to ! an?ropoc5tric 
& geoc5tric views ( ! _w4 7,see ! ,?ird 
,s]ies 9 ,vir*[ & ,holtz5dorff's        
,collection ( ,popul> ,sci5tific        
,lectures1 ,nos4 #ec & #ed1 #ahfh1 #d?  
ed41 #ahha47 ,:5 ,du ,bois-,reymond     
says1 ,= me1 ,d>w9 is ! ,cop]nicus ( !  
organic _w1 ,i am ! m pleas$ to f9d t he
 agrees 7p>tly 9 id5tical words7 ) my   
way ( ?9k+1 z he himself1 q             
unnecess>ily1 takes up an attitude (    
opposition t[>ds me4 ,! same is ! case )
 reg>d to ! explanation ( innate ideas  
by ,d>w9ism1 :i* he has attempt$ 9 8    
address 7#ahgj7 on ,leibnitzian ,ideas 9
 ,mod]n ,sci5ce 7vol4 i4 ( ! ,collect$  
,addresses74 ,"h also he is mo/         
agreeably at "o ) me 9 :at1 f\r ye>s    
be=e1 ,i _h elaborat$ 9 my ,g5]al       

,morphology 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ddf71 & 9 my  
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation 7#ahfh74 ,!
 laws ( h]$ity & adaptation expla9 to u 
h[ x is t  priori ideas h be5 develop$  
out ( :at 0 orig9ally  po/]iori k1 etc4 
,i _c fail to be highly flatt]$ 9 be+   
able 9 ^! la/ days to greet ! r5[n$     
orator ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy z a fri5d &   
patron ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1
 :i* he _h previ\sly designat$ a bad    
romance4 ,b 8 w+$ words are n on t      
acc\nt to be =gott51 t ! g5ealogical    
trees ( phylog5y are ab\t z mu* wor? z1 
9 ! eyes ( ! hi/orical critic1 are ^? ( 
! ,hom]ic h]oes 7,d>w9 v]sus ,galiani1  
#ahgf74   ,footnote #g3 ,! ,law ( !     
,cons]vation ( ,sub/ance4 ,/rictly tak51
 ?is belongs also to sci5tific articles 
( fai?1 & c\ld /& z ! fir/ article ( our
 moni/ic religion4 ,physici/s ( ! pres5t
 day1 x is true1 g5]ally 7& correctly7  
reg>d _! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy z !
 immovable f\ndation ( all _! sci5ce    
7,rob]t ,may]1 ,helmholtz71 j z 9 l     
mann] *emi/s s reg>d _! fundam5tal law (

 ! cons]vation ( matt] 7,lavoisi]74     
,sceptical philosoph]s c\ld1 h[ev]1     
raise c]ta9 objections to ei!r ( ^!     
fundam5tal laws ) z mu* success z aga9/ 
_! comb9ation into ! s+le sup]ior law ( 
! cons]vation ( sub/ance4 ,z a matt] (  
fact1 duali/ic philosophy /ill attempts 
to raise su* objections1 (t5 "u ! guise 
( cauti\s criticism4 ,! sceptical 79 "p 
also purely dogmatic7 objections h a    
semblance ( ju/ification only 9 s f> z  
!y relate to ! fundam5tal problem (     
sub/ance1 ! prim>y "q z to ! connection 
betwe5 matt] & en]gy4 ,:ile freely      
recognis+ ! pres5ce ( ?is real b\nd>y ( 
natural k1 we c yet1 )9 ?is b\nd>y1     
apply q univ]sally ! me*anical law (    
causality4 ,! complicat$ ph5om5a ( m9d1 
z !y are call$ 7m especially            
consci\sness71 fall "u ! law ( !        
cons]vation ( sub/ance j z /rictly z d !
 simpl] me*anical processes ( nature    
dealt ) 9 inorganic physics & *emi/ry4  
,comp>e note #af4   ,footnote #h3 ,kant 
& ,monism4 ,z rec5t ,g]man philosophy   

has 9 a l>ge measure return$ to ,kant1 &
 9 "s cases ev5 deifi$ z infallible !   
great ,knigsb]g philosoph]1 x may be    
well "h to po9t out once m t 8 sy/em (  
critical philosophy is a mixture (      
moni/ic & duali/ic +r$i5ts4 ,8 critical 
pr9ciples ( ! !ory ( k w always rema9 ( 
fundam5tal importance3 8 pro( t we are  
unable to "k ! ess5tial & pr(\nde/      
ess5ce ( sub/ance1 ! ?+ 9 itself 7or !  
comb9ation ( matt] & en]gy72 t our k    
rema9s subjective 9 its nature2 t x is  
condition$ by ! organisation ( our bra9 
& s5sory organs1 & c !re=e only deal ) !
 ph5om5a :i* our exp]i5ce ( ! out] _w   
af=ds u4 ,b )9 ^! limits ( human k a    
positive moni/ic k ( nature is /ill     
possible1 9 contra/ to all duali/ic &   
metaphysical fantasies4 ,"o su* great   
fact ( moni/ic k 0 ! me*anical cosmogony
 ( ,kant & ,laplace1 ! ,essay on !      
,con/itution & ,me*anical ,orig9 ( !    
,univ]se1 accord+ to ! ,pr9ciples (     
,newton 7#agee74 ,9 ! :ole field ( our k
 ( inorganic nature1 ,kant held firmly  

to ! moni/ic po9t ( view1 all[+ me*anism
 alone z ! real explanation ( ! ph5om5a4
 ,9 ! sci5ce ( organic nature also1 on !
 o!r h&1 he held monism to be valid     
inde$1 yet insuffici5t2 "h he consid]$ x
 necess>y to call 9 ! aid ( f9al z well 
z ( effici5t causes4 7,cf4 ! fif?       
lecture ( my ,natural ,hi/ory (         
,creation on ,! ,evolution-,!ory ( ,kant
 & ,lam>ck2 also ,albre*t ,rau's ,kant  
und die ,natur=s*ung3 ,e9e ,prfung d]   
,resultate des ideali/is*5 ,kritikismus 
dur* d5 reali/is*5 ,kosmos1 vol4 ii41   
#ahhf47 ,once ?us on ! d[ngrade (       
duali/ic teleology1 ,kant aft]w>ds      
arriv$ at 8 unt5able metaphysical views 
( ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality4 ,x is  
probable t ,kant w\ld h escap$ ^! errors
 if he _h _h a ?or\gh anatomical &      
physiological tra9+4 ,! natural sci5ces 
71 inde$1 at t "t truly 9 _! infancy4 ,i
 am firmly conv9c$ t ,kant's sy/em (    
critical philosophy w\ld h turn$ out q  
o!rwise f :at x 01 & purely moni/ic1 if 
he _h _h at 8 disposal ! !n unsuspect$  

treasures ( empirical natural k :i* we  
n[ possess4   ,footnote #i3 ,! ,e!r4 ,9 
a ?\ghtful lecture on ! relations betwe5
 light & electricity at ! sixty-second  
,congress ( ,g]man naturali/s &         
physicians 9 ,heidelb]g 9 #ahhi1 ,he9ri*
 ,h]tz expla9s ! scope ( 8 brilliant    
discov]y3 ,?us ! doma9 ( electricity    
ext5ds ov] ! :ole ( nature4 ,x comes    
ne>] to ourselves2 we le>n t we actually
 possess an electric organ1 ! eye4 ,"h  
we are br\ght face to face ) ! "q z to  
unm$iat$ actio 9 di/ans4 ,is !re su* a  
?+8 ,n f> (f f ?is1 9 ano!r direction1  
lies ! "q ( ! nature ( electricity4 ,&  
imm$iately connect$ !re) arises !       
mom5t\s & prim>y "q z to ! nature ( !   
e!r1 ( ! prop]ties ( ! m$ium t fills all
 space1 its /ructure1 its re/ or motion1
 its inf9itude or f9itude4 ,x becomes e 
day m manife/ t ?is "q rises above all  
o!rs1 t a k ( :at ! e!r is w\ld reveal  
to u n only ! nature ( ! old            
'impond]ables1' b also ( ! old 'matt]'  
itself & its mo/ ess5tial prop]ties1    

weight & in]tia4 ,mod]n physics is n f> 
f ! "q :e!r ev]y?+ t exi/s is n creat$ f
 ! e!r4 ,?is "q is already be+ answ]$ 9 
! affirmative by "s moni/ic physici/s1  
z1 = example1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,vogt 9 8 mo/  
sugge/ive "w on ,! ,nature (            
,electricity & ,magnetism1 on ,! ,basis 
( ! ,conception ( a ,s+le ,sub/ance     
7,leipsic1 #ahia74 ,he reg>ds ! atoms ( 
mass 7! primal atoms ( ! k9etic !ory (  
matt]7 z individualis$ c5tres (         
conc5tration ( ! cont9u\s sub/ance t    
un9t]rupt$ly fills all space2 ! mobile  
ela/ic "p ( ?is sub/ance betwe5 ! atoms1
 & univ]sally di/ribut$1 is--! e!r4     
,georg ,helm 9 ,dresd51 on ! basis (    
ma!matico-physical exp]im5ts1 _h already
 at an e>li] date arriv$ at ! same      
conclusions2 9 8 treatise on ,influ5ces 
at a ,di/ance m$iat$ by ! ,e!r 7,annal5 
d] ,physik und ,*emie1 #ahha1 ,bd4      
xiv471 he %[s t x requires only !       
po/ulate ( "o p>ticul> k9d ( matt]1 !   
e!r1 to expla9 influ5ce at a di/ance &  
radiation2 t is1 z reg>ds ^! ph5om5a1   

all ! qualities ascribable to matt]1    
except t ( motion1 are ( no acc\nt2 9   
o!r words1 t 9 ?9k+ ( ! e!r we simply   
require to ?9k ( x z ! mobile4          
,footnote #aj3 ,atoms & ,elem5ts4 ,!    
evid5ces1 num]\s & important1 = !       
composite nature ( our empirical        
elem5ts1 h lately be5 comp5di\sly       
discuss$ by ,gu/av ,w5dt 9 8 treatise1  
,die ,entwicklung d] ,elem5te3 ,entwurf 
zu e9] biologis*5 ,grundlage fur ,*emie 
und ,physik,i 7,b]l91 #ahia72 comp>e    
also ,wilhelm ,frey]'s ,die organis*5   
,elem5te und ihre ,/ellung im ,sy/em,,ii
 7,wiesbad51 #ahia71 ,victor ,mey]'s    
,*emis*e ,probleme d] ,geg5w>t,,iii     
7,heidelb]g1 #ahij71 & ,w4 ,crookes's   
,g5esis ( ! ,elem5ts4 ,= ! diff]5t views
 z to ! nature ( ! atom1 see ,philip    
,spill] on ,! ,doctr9es ( ,atoms 9 ,die 
,urkraft des ,weltalls na* ihrem ,wes5  
und ,wirk5 auf all5 ,naturgebiet5,,iv   
7,b]l91 #ahhf71 7#a4 ,! philosophy (    
nature2 #b4 ,! doctr9e ( ! e!r2 #c4 ,!  
e?ical side ( ! sci5ce ( nature74 ,= !  

con/itution ( ! elem5ts out ( atoms1 see
 ,a4 ,turn]1 ,die ,kraft und ,masse im  
,raume,v 7,leipsic1 #crd ed41 #ahhf71   
7#a4 ,on ! nature ( matt] & its         
relation%ips2 #b4 ,atomic comb9ations2  
#c4 ,! nature ( ! molecules & _!        
comb9ations4 ,!ory ( cry/allisation74   
,note ,i ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,elem5ts3 an
 ,essay t[>ds a ,biological ,basis     =
 ,*emi/ry & ,physics4  ,note ,,ii ,!    
,organic ,elem5ts & _! ,place 9 !       
,sy/em4  ,note ,,iii ,*emical ,problems 
( ! ,day4  ,note ,,iv  ,! ,prim>y ,=ce (
 ! ,univ]se1 its ,nature & ,action4     
,note ,v ,=ce & ,matt] 9 ,space4        
,footnote #aa3 ,_w-,sub/ance4 ,!        
relation ( ! two fundam5tal con/itu5ts (
 ! cosmos1 e!r & mass1 may p]haps be    
made app>5t1 9 accordance ) "o out ( _m 
hypo!ses1 by ! foll[+1 p>tly            
provisional1 s*eme4              ,_w    
7,sub/ance,cosmos74                     
7,nature z kn[able by ,man47      ,e!r  
7_s7 7mobile       ,mass 7body7 7in]t or
       or active sub/ance74             

passive sub/ance74     ,prop]ty (       
,vibration4          ,prop]ty ( ,in]tia4
      ,*ief ,functions3 ,electricity1   
,*ief ,functions3 ,gravity1             
,magnetism1 ,light1 ,heat4              
,in]tia1 ,*emical ,aff9ity4             
,/ructure3 dynamical2                   
,/ructure3 atomic1 discont9u\s1         
cont9u\s1 ela/ic sub/ance1  inela/ic    
sub/ance1       n compos$ ( atoms 787   
compos$ ( atoms 787      ,!osophical3   
,god !          ,!osophical3 ,creat$    
,creator 7always 9 motion74    _w       
7passively =m$74      ,influ5ce ( space4
           ,products ( space            
cond5sation4   ,footnote #ab3 ,g5]al    
doctr9e ( ,evolution4 ,! fundam5tal     
importance ( ! mod]n doctr9e (          
evolution1 & ( ! moni/ic philosophy bas$
 ^u x1 is cle>ly evid5c$ by ! /eady     
increase ( its copi\s lit]ature4 ,i h   
cit$ ! mo/ important treatises on ?is   
subject 9 ! new 7eigh?7 edition ( my    
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation 7#ahhi74   
,comp>e1 specially1 ,c>us ,/]ne 7,ern/  

,krause71 ,w]d5 und ,v]geh53 ,e9e       
,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,naturganz5 9 
geme9v]/ndli*] ,fassung,,vi 7#crd ed41  
,b]l91 #ahhf72 ,hugo ,spitz]1 ,beitrge  
zur ,desc5d5z!orie und zur ,me?odologie 
d] ,naturwiss5s*aft 7,graz1 #ahhf72,,vii
 ,albre*t ,ran1 ,ludwig ,feu]ba*'s      
,philosophie d] ,natur=s*ung und die    
philosophis*e ,kritik d] ,geg5w>t       
7,leipsic1 #ahhb72,,viii ,h]mann ,wolff1
 ,kosmos3 ,die ,welt5twicklung na*      
monitis*-psy*ologis*5 ,pr9cipi5 auf     
,grundlage d] exact5 ,natur=s*ung       
7,leipsic1 #ahij74;,,ix  ,note ,,vi     
,gr[? & ,decay3 a ,popul> ,hi/ory ( !   
,developm5t ( !     ,cosmos4  ,note     
,,vii ,contributions t[>ds a ,!ory (    
,desc5t1 & t[>ds a     ,me?odology ( !  
,sci5ces ( ,nature4  ,note ,,viii       
,ludwig ,feu]ba*'s ,philosophy (        
,sci5ce1 & ! ,philosophical             
,criticism ( ! ,pres5t ,"t4  ,note ,,ix 
,cosmos3 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,cosmos     
accord+ to ,moni/ic     ,pr9ciples on ! 
,basis ( ,exact ,sci5ce4   ,footnote    

#ac3 ,hi/ory ( ,desc5t4 ,! idea & ! task
 ( phylog5y1 or ! hi/ory ( desc5t1 ,i   
fir/ def9$ 9 #ahff1 9 ! six? book ( my  
,g5]al ,morphology 7vol4 ii4 pp4        
#cja-dbb71 & ! sub/ance ( ?is1 z well z 
an acc\nt ( its relation to ontog5y or  
hi/ory ( developm5t1 is set =? 9 a      
popul> =m 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ( my ,natural     
,hi/ory ( ,creation 7#h? ed41 ,b]l91    
#ahhi74 ,a special application ( bo? ^! 
divisions ( ! hi/ory ( evolution to man1
 is attempt$ 9 my ,an?ropog5ie 7#d?     
ed471 revis$ & enl>g$1 #ahia3 ,"p ,i4   
,hi/ory ( developm5t4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,hi/ory 
( desc5t4   ,footnote #ad3 ,oppon5ts ( !
 ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,s9ce ! dea? (     
,l\is ,agassiz 7#ahgc71 ,rudolf ,vir*[  
is reg>d$ z ! sole notewor?y oppon5t (  
,d>w9ism & ! !ory ( desc5t2 he nev]     
misses an opportunity 7z rec5tly 9      
,mosc[7 ( oppos+ x z unprov$ hypo!sis4  
,see z to ?is my pamphlet1 ,fre$om 9    
,sci5ce & 9 ,tea*+1 a reply to ,vir*['s 
address at ,muni* on ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce 9
 ! ,mod]n ,/ate 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgh2 ,eng4 

tr41 #ahib74   ,footnote #ae3 ,cellul>  
,psy*ology4 ,see on ?is my pap] on      
,cell-s\ls & ,s\l-cells1 9 ! ,deuts*e   
,runds*au 7,july #ahgh71 repr9t$ 9 ,"p  
#a1 ( ,collect$ ,popul> ,lectures2 also 
,! ,cell-s\l & ,cellul> ,psy*ology 9 my 
disc\rse on ,fre$om 9 ,sci5ce & ,tea*+  
7,/uttg>t1 #ahgh2 ,eng4 tr41 #ahib1 p4  
#df72 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation 7#h? 
ed41 pp4 #ddd1 #ggg72 & ,desc5t ( ,man  
7#d? ed41 pp4 #abh1 #adg74 ,see also1   
,max ,v]worn1 ,psy*o-physiologis*e      
,proti/5-,/udi5 7,j5a1 #ahhi71 & ,paul  
,c>us1 ,! ,s\l ( ,man3 ,an ,inve/igation
 ( ! ,facts ( ,physiological &          
,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology 7,*icago1 #ahia74
 ,among rec5t attempts to re=m psy*ology
 on ! basis ( evolution>y doctr9e 9 a   
moni/ic s5se1 special m5tion mu/ be made
 ( ,georg ,he9ri* ,s*neid]'s ,d] ?i]is*e
 ,wille3 ,sy/ematis*e ,d>/ellung und    
,erklrung d] ?i]is*5 ,triebe und d]5    
,ent/ehung1 ,entwickelung und           
,v]breitung im ,?i]rei*e als ,grundlage 
zu e9] v]glei*5d5 ,will5slehre,x        

7,leipsic1 #ahhj74 ,comp>e also 8       
supplem5t>y "w1 entitl$ ,d] m5s*li*e    
,wille vom ,/&punkte d] neu5            
,entwickelung/heorie,,xi 7#ahhb72 also !
 ,psy*ology ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ! new     
edition ( ,wilhelm ,wundt's ,m5s*5-und  
,?i]seele,,xii 7,leipsic1 #ahib74  ,note
 ,x ,w 9 ! ,l[] ,animals3 a ,sy/ematic  
,exposition & ,explanation     ( ,animal
 ,in/9cts1 & _! ,orig91 ,developm5t1 &  
,diff]5ce 9     ! ,animal ,k+dom1 z     
,basis ( a ,comp>ative ,doctr9e (       
,volition4  ,note ,,xi ,! ,human ,w f ! 
,/&po9t ( ! ,mod]n ,!ory (              
,evolution4  ,note ,,xii ,s\l 9 ,man &  
,brute4   ,footnote #af3 ,consci\sness4 
,! antiquat$ view ( ,du ,bois-,reymond  
7#ahgb7--t human consci\sness is an     
unsoluble _w-riddle1 a transc5d5t       
ph5om5on 9 ess5tial anti!sis to all o!r 
natural ph5om5a--cont9ues to be upheld 9
 num]\s writ+s4 ,x is *iefly on ?is t ! 
duali/ic view ( ! _w f\nds its ass]tion1
 t man is an altoge!r peculi> be+1 & t 8
 p]sonal s\l is immortal2 & ?is is !    

reason :y ! ,leipsic ignorabimus-spee* (
 ,du ,bois-,reymond has = tw5ty ye>s be5
 priz$ z a def5ce by all repres5tatives 
( ! my?ological view ( ! _w1 & extoll$ z
 a refutation ( moni/ic dogma4 ,! clos+ 
^w ( ! disc\rse1 ignorabimus1 0         
translat$ z a pres5t1 & ?is ignoramus   
tak5 to mean t we "k no?+ at all2 or1   
ev5 worse1 t we c nev] come to cle>ness 
ab\t any?+1 & any fur!r talk ab\t !     
matt] is idle4 ,! fam\s ignorabimus     
address rema9s c]ta9ly an important     
rhetorical "w ( art2 x is a beautiful   
s]mon1 *>act]is$ by its highly-f9i%$ =m 
& its surpris+ v>iety (                 
philosophico-sci5tific pictures4 ,x is  
well kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! majority 7&       
especially wom57 judge a beautiful s]mon
 n accord+ to ! value ( ! ?\ghts embodi$
 9 x1 b accord+ to its excell5ce z an   
ae/hetical ent]ta9m5t4 ,:ile ,du ,bois  
treats 8 audi5ce at great l5g? to       
disquisitions on ! wondr\s p]=mances ( !
 g5ius ( ,laplace1 he aft]w>ds glides   
ov]1 ! mo/ important "p ( 8 subject 9   

elev5 %ort l9es1 & makes n ! slighte/   
fur!r attempt to solve ! ma9 "q he has  
to deal )--z to :e!r ! _w is really     
d\bly incompreh5sible4 ,= my own "p1 on 
! contr>y1 ,i h already repeat$ly s\ght 
to %[ t ! two limits to our k ( nature  
are "o & ! same2 ! fact ( consci\sness &
 ! relation ( consci\sness to ! bra9 are
 to u n less1 b nei!r are !y m1 puzzl+1 
?an ! fact ( see+ & he>+1 ?an ! fact (  
gravitation1 ?an ! connection betwe5    
matt] & en]gy4 ,comp>e my disc\rse on   
,fre$om 9 ,sci5ce & ,tea*+ 7#ahgh71 pp4 
#gh1 #hb1 etc4   ,footnote #ag3         
,immortality4 ,p]haps 9 no ecclesia/ical
 article ( fai? is ! gross mat]iali/ic  
conception ( ,*ri/ian dogma s evid5t z 9
 ! *]i%$ doctr9e ( p]sonal immortality1 
& t ( ! resurrection ( ! body1 associat$
 ) x4 ,z to ?is1 ,savage1 9 8 excell5t  
"w on ,religion 9 ! ,light ( ! ,d>w9ian 
,doctr9e1 has well rem>k$3 ,"o ( ! /&+  
accusations ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ sci5ce is t 
x is mat]iali/ic4 ,on ?is ,i w\ld l to  
po9t out1 9 pass+1 t ! :ole             

,*ur*-conception conc]n+ a future life  
has always be51 & /ill is1 ! pure/      
mat]ialism4 ,x is repres5t$ t ! mat]ial 
body is to rise aga91 & inhabit a       
mat]ial heav54 ,comp>e also ,ludwig     
,bu*n]1 ,das zunknftige ,leb5 und die   
mod]ne ,wiss5s*aft 7,leipsic1 #ahhi72   
,le/] ,w>d1 ,causes ( ,belief 9         
,immortality 7,! ,=um1 vol4 ,,viii41    
,septemb] #ahhi72 & ,paul ,c>us1 ,! ,s\l
 ( ,man3 an ,inve/igation ( ! ,facts (  
,physiological & ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology 
7,*icago1 #ahia74 ,c>us aptly po9ts out 
! analogy betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n     
ideas ) respect to light1 & ) respect to
 ! s\l4 ,j z =m]ly ! lum9\s flame 0     
expla9$ by means ( a special fi]y matt] 
7phlogi/on71 s ! ?9k+ s\l 0 expla9$ by !
 hypo!sis ( a peculi> gase\s            
s\l-sub/ance4 ,we n[ "k t ! light ( !   
flame is a sum ( electric vibrations ( !
 e!r1 & ! s\l a sum ( plasma-movem5ts 9 
! ganglion-cells4 ,z comp>$ ) ?is       
sci5tific conception1 ! doctr9e (       
immortality ( s*ola/ic psy*ology has    

ab\t ! same value z ! mat]iali/ic       
conceptions ( ! ,r$ ,indian ab\t a      
future life 9 ,s*ill]'s ,nad[essian     
,dea?-,song4   ,footnote #ah3 ,moni/ic  
,e?ic4 ,all ,e?ic1 ! !oretical z well z 
! practical doctr9e ( morals1 z a sci5ce
 ( law 7,normwiss5s*aft71 /&s 9 imm$iate
 connection ) ! view t is tak5 ( ! _w   
7,weltans*auung71 & consequ5tly )       
religion4 ,?is position ,i reg>d z      
exce$+ly important1 & h rec5tly upheld 9
 a pap] on ,e?ik und ,weltans*auung1 9  
opposition to ! ,society = ,e?ical      
,culture lately f\nd$ 9 ,b]l91 :i* w\ld 
tea* & promote e?ics )\t ref]5ce to any 
view ( ! _w or to religion4 7,comp>e !  
new weekly j\rnal1 ,die ,zukunft1 edit$ 
by ,maximilian ,h>d51 ,b]l91 #ahib1     
,nos4 ,v4-,,vii474 ,j z ,i take !       
moni/ic to be ! only rational basis =   
all sci5ce1 ,i claim ! same also =      
e?ics4 ,on ?is subject comp>e especially
 ! e?ical writ+s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ^? ( 
,b4 von ,c>n]i--,sittli*keit und        
,d>w9ismus 7#ahga72 ,entwickelung und   

,glckseligkeit 7#ahhf72 & m p>ticul>ly1 
! late/ ( all1 ,d] mod]ne ,m5s* 7,bonn1 
#ahia72 fur!r1 ,wilhelm ,/reek]1 ,welt  
und ,m5s*heit 7,leipsic1 #ahib72 ,h>ald 
,hffd+1 ,die ,grundlage d] human5 ,e?ik 
7,bonn1 #ahhj72 & ! rec5t l>ge "w (     
,wilhelm ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 e9e ,unt]su*ung 
d] ,?atsa*5 und ,gesetze des sittli*5   
,leb5s 7,/uttg>t1 #bnd ed41 #ahib74     
,footnote #ai3 ,homo!ism4 ,"u ! t]m     
homo!ism 7or an?ropomorphism7 we include
 all ! v>i\s =ms ( religi\s belief :i*  
ascribe to a p]sonal ,god purely human  
*>act]i/ics4 ,h[ev] v>i\sly ^!          
an?ropomorphic ideas may h %ap$ !mselves
 9 duali/ic & plurali/ic religions1 all 
9 common reta9 ! unwor?y conception t   
,god 7,!os7 & man 7homo7 are organis$   
simil>ly & accord+ to ! same type       
7homotype74 ,9 ! region ( poetry su*    
p]sonifications are bo? pleas+ &        
legitimate4 ,9 ! region ( sci5ce !y are 
q inadmissible2 !y are d\bly            
objectionable n[ t we "k t only 9 late  
,t]ti>y times 0 man develop$ f pi!coid  

mammals4 ,e religi\s dogma :i* repres5ts
 ,god z a _s 9 human =m1 degrades ,him  
to a gase\s v]tebrate 7,g5]al           
,morphology1 #ahff2 ,*ap1 xxx41 ,god 9  
,nature74 ,! expression homo!ism is     
ambigu\s & etymologically objectionable1
 b m practical ?an ! cumb]some ^w       
,an?ropo!ism4   ,footnote #bj3 ,moni/ic 
,religion4 ,among/ ! _m attempts :i* h  
be5 made 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s to
 re=m religion 9 a moni/ic direction on 
! basis ( advanc$ k ( nature1 by f> !   
mo/ important is ! epo*-mak+ "w ( ,david
 ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 entitl$ ,! ,old ,fai?
 & ! ,new3 ,a ,confession 7#aa? ed41    
,bonn1 #ahha3 ,collect$ ,writ+s1 #ahgh74
 ,comp>e ,m4 ,j4 ,savage1 ,religion 9 ! 
,light ( ! ,d>w9ian ,doctr9e2 ,john     
,william ,drap]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict  
betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce2 ,c>l        
,fri$ri* ,retz]1 ,die                   
naturwiss5s*aftli*e ,weltans*auung und  
ihre ,ideale1 e9 ,ersatz fu] das        
religise ,dogma 7,leipsic1 #ahij72 ,e4  
,ko*1 ,natur und ,m5s*5gei/ im ,li*te d]

 ,entwickelungslehre 7,b]l91 #ahia74 ,= 
! phylog5y ( religion see ! int]e/+ "w (
 ,u4 ,van ,ende1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle de 
la ,croyance 7,p>is1 #ahhg74   ,footnote
 #ba3 ,fre$om 9 ,tea*+4 ,! jubilee ( !  
,natur=s*5de ,gesells*aft des ,o/]l&es 0
 celebrat$ 9 ,alt5burg on ,octob] #i1   
#ahib1 contemporane\sly ) ! comm5cem5t (
 ! brilliant celebration ( ! gold5 w$d+ 
( ! ,gr& ,duke & ,du*ess 9 ,weim>4 ,z   
exceptional z ! celebration are !       
*>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% ?is augu/ c\ple4
 ,! ,gr& ,duke ,c>l ,alex&] has1 dur+ a 
prosp]\s reign ( =ty ye>s1 con/antly %[n
 himself an illu/ri\s patron ( sci5ce & 
art2 z ,rector ,magnific5tissimus ( our 
,?r+ian univ]sity ( ,j5a1 he has always 
af=d$ 8 protection to its mo/ sacr$     
palladium--! "r ( ! free inve/igation & 
tea*+ ( tru?4 ,! ,gr& ,du*ess ,sophie1 !
 heiress & gu>dian ( ! ,goe! ar*ives1   
has 9 ,weim> prep>$ a fitt+ home = t    
preci\s legacy ( our mo/ brilliant      
lit]>y p]iod1 & has anew made accessible
 to ! ,g]man nation ! ideal treasures ( 

?\ght ( h] greate/ intellectual h]o4 ,! 
hi/ory ( culture w nev] =get ! s]vice   
:i* ! pr9cely c\ple h !reby r5d]$ to !  
human m9d 9 its high] developm5t1 & at !
 same "t to true religion4