,,y\?  ,,its ,,education1 ,,regim51 ,,& 
,,hygi5e   ,,by ,g4 ,,/anley ,,hall1    
,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,presid5t ( ,cl>k     
,univ]sity & ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology ,&  
,p$agogy    ,,preface   ,i h (t5 be5    
ask$ to select & epitomize ! practical &
 especially ! p$agogical conclusions (  
my l>ge volumes on ,adolesc5ce1 publi%$ 
9 #aijd1 9 su* =m t !y may be available 
at a m9imum co/ to p>5ts1 tea*]s1 read+ 
circles1 normal s*ools1 & college       
classes1 by :om ev5 ! l>g] volumes h be5
 (t5 us$4 ,?is1 ) ! cop]ation ( !       
publi%]s & ) ! valuable aid (           
,sup]9t5d5t ,c4,n4 ,k5dall (            
,indianapolis1 ,i h tri$ to d1 foll[+ 9 
! ma9 ! orig9al text1 ) only su* m9or   
*anges & additions z 7 necess>y to br+ !
 topics up to date1 & add+ a new *apt]  
on moral & religions education4 ,= !    
sci5tific ju/ification ( my educational 
conclusions ,i mu/1 ( c\rse1 ref] to !  
l>g] volumes4 ,! la/ *apt] is n 9       
,adolesc5ce1 b is revis$ f a pap] pr9t$ 
else:]e4 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,!odore  

,l4 ,smi? ( ,cl>k ,univ]sity =          
v]ification ( all ref]5ces1 pro(-read+1 
& _m m9or *anges4  ,g4 ,,/anley ,,hall4 
,,cont5ts   ,i4--,,pre-,,adolesc5ce     
,introduction3 ,*>act]ization ( ! age f 
eight to twelve--,! era ( recapitulat+ !
 /ages ( primitive human                
developm5t--,life close to nature--,!   
age also = drill1 habituation1 memory   
"w1 & reg]m9ation--,adolesc5ce sup]pos$ 
^u ?is /age ( life1 b v di/9ct f x      
,,ii4--,,! ,,muscles ,,& ,,motor ,,p[]s 
,,9 ,,g5]al  ,muscles z organs ( ! w1 ( 
"*1 & ev5 ( ?\ght--,! muscul>           
virtues--,fundam5tal & accessory muscles
 & functions--,! developm5t ( ! m9d & ( 
! upright position--,small muscles z    
organs ( ?\ght--,s*ool lays too mu*     
/ress ^u ^!--,*orea--,va/ numb]s (      
automatic movem5ts 9 *ildr5--,great     
v>iety ( spontane\s activities--,poise1 
control1 & spurt9ess--,p5 & tongue      
wagg+--,s$5t>y s*ool life vs4 free      
out-(-door activities--,mod]n decay (   
muscles1 especially 9 girls--,pla/icity 

( motor habits at pub]ty                
,,iii4--,,indu/rial ,,education4  ,trade
 classes & s*ools1 _! importance 9 !    
int]national m>ket--,our dang]s & !     
sup]iority ( ,g]man workm5--,! effects (
 a t>iff--,description ( s*ools betwe5 !
 k9d]g>t5 & ! indu/rial s*ool--,equal   
sal>ies = tea*]s 9 ,france--,dang]s f   
ma*9]y--,! advantages ( life on ! old   
,new ,engl& f>m--,its resemblance to !  
education we n[ give negroes &          
,indians--,its advantage = all-sid$     
muscul> developm5t   ,,iv4--,,manual    
,,tra9+ ,,& ,,sloyd4  ,hi/ory ( !       
movem5t--,its philosophy--,! value ( h& 
tra9+ 9 ! developm5t ( ! bra9 & its     
significance 9 ! mak+ ( man--,a gramm> (
 our _m indu/ries h>d--,! be/ we d c    
rea* b few--,v great defects 9 manual   
tra9+ me?ods :i* d n base on sci5ce &   
make no?+ salable--,! ,leipzig          
sy/em--,sloyd is hyp]me?odic--,^! crude 
peasant indu/ries c nev] satisfy        
educational ne$s--,! gospel ( "w2       
,william ,morris & ! arts & crafts      

movem5t--,its _s desirable--,! magic    
effects ( a brief p]iod ( int5se "w--,! 
natural developm5t ( ! draw+ in/9ct 9 ! 
*ild   ,v4--,,gymna/ics  ,! /ory ( ,jahn
 & ! ,turn]s--,! en?usiasm :i* ?is      
movem5t g5]at$ 9 ,g]many--,! ideal (    
br++ out lat5t p[]s--,! concept ( m     
p]fect volunt>y control--,sw$i%         
gymna/ics--,do+ ev]y?+ possible = ! body
 z a ma*9e--,lib]al physical            
culture--,l+'s or?og5ic s*eme ( economic
 po/ures & movem5ts & correct+          
defects--,! ideal ( symmetry & prescrib+
 ex]cises to br+ ! body to a            
/&>d--,lam5table lack ( correlation     
betwe5 ^! f\r sy/ems--,illu/rations ( ! 
great good t a sy/ematic tra9+ c        
effect--,a?letic records--,greek        
physical tra9+   ,,vi4--,,play1         
,,sports1 ,,& ,,games  ,! view ( ,groos 
p>tial1 & a bett] explanation ( play    
propos$ z rehe>s+ ance/ral              
activities--,! glory ( ,greek physical  
tra9+1 its ideals & results--,! fir/    
spontane\s movem5ts ( infancy z keys to 

! pa/--,necessity ( develop+ basal p[]s 
be=e ^? t are lat] & peculi> to !       
individual--,plays t int]e/ due to _!   
antiquity--,play ) dolls--,play di/+ui%$
 by age--,play pref]5ces ( *ildr5 & _!  
reasons--,! pr(\nd significance (       
rhy?m--,! value ( danc+ & also its      
significance1 hi/ory1 & ! desirability (
 re9troduc+                             
x--,fight+--,box+--,wre/l+--,bu%ido--,fo
ot-ball--,milit>y ideals--,%[+ (f--,cold
 ba?s--,hill climb+--,! playgr\nd       
movem5t--,! psy*ology ( play--,its      
relation to "w   ,,vii4--,,faults1      
,,lies1 ,,& ,,crimes4  ,classification (
 *ildr5's faults--,peculi> *ildr5--,real
 fault z di/+ui%$ f int]f]5ce ) !       
tea*]'s ease--,truancy1 its nature &    
effects--,! g5esis ( crime--,! lie1 its 
classes & relations to                  
imag9ation--,pr$atory                   
activities--,gangs--,causes ( crime--,! 
effects ( /ories (                      
crime--,temibility--,juv5ile crime & its
 treatm5t   ,,viii4--,,biographies ,,(  

,,y\?4  ,knightly ideals & honor--,?irty
 adolesc5ts f ,%akespe>e--,goe!--,c4,d4 
,w>n]--,aldri*--,! fugitive nature (    
adolesc5t exp]i5ce--,extravagance (     
autobiographies--,/ories t atta* to     
great names--,"s typical                
crazes--,illu/rations f ,george ,eliot1 
,edison1 ,*att]ton1 ,haw?orne1 ,:itti]1 
,sp5c]1 ,huxley1 ,lyell1 ,byron1 ,he9e1 
,napoleon1 ,d>w91 ,m>t9eau1 ,agassiz1   
,madame ,rol&1 ,l\isa ,alcott1 ,f4,h4   
,burnett1 ,hel5 ,kell]1 ,m>ie           
,ba%kirtseff1 ,m>y ,mac,lane1 ,ada      
,negri1 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,/u>t ,mill1       
,jeff]ies1 & scores ( o!rs   ,,ix4--,,! 
,,gr[? ,,( ,,social ,,ideals4  ,*ange f 
*ildi% to adult fri5ds--,influ5ce (     
favorite tea*]s--,:at *ildr5 wi% or plan
 to d or be--,prop]ty & ! money         
s5se--,social judgm5ts--,! only         
*ild--,fir/ social organizations--,/ud5t
 life--,associations = y\? controll$ by 
adults   ,x4--,,intellectual ,,education
 ,,& ,,s*ool ,,"w4  ,! g5]al *ange &    
pla/icity at pub]ty--,engli%            

tea*+--,causes ( its failure1 7#a7 too  
mu* "t to o!r languages1 7#b7           
subord9ation ( lit]>y cont5t to =m1 7#c7
 too e>ly /ress on eye & h& in/ead ( e> 
& m\?1 7#d7 excessive use ( concrete    
words--,*ildr5's int]e/ 9 words--,_!    
favorites--,slang--,/ory tell+--,age (  
read+ crazes--,:at to read--,! hi/oric  
s5se--,gr[? ( memory span   ,,xi4--,,!  
,,education ,,( ,,girls4  ,equal        
opportunities ( high] education n[      
op5--,br+s new dang]s to                
wom5--,in]adicable sex diff]5ces beg9 at
 pub]ty1 :5 ! sexes %\ld & d            
div]ge--,diff]5t int]e/s--,sex          
t5sion--,girls m mature ?an boys at !   
same age--,radical psy*ic &             
physiological diff]5ces betwe5 !        
sexes--,! ba*elor wom5--,ne$$           
recon/ruction--,food--,sleep--,regim5--,
mann]s--,religion--,regul>ity-- ,!      
topics = a girls' curriculum--,!        
et]nally womanly   ,,xii4--,,moral ,,&  
,,religi\s ,,tra9+4  ,dang]s ( muscul>  
deg5]ation & ov]/imulus (               

bra9--,difficulties 9 tea*+             
morals--,me?ods 9 ,europe--,ob$i5ce to  
comm&s--,good habits %\ld be            
me*aniz$--,value ( scold+--,h[ to flog  
aright--,its dang]s--,moral precepts &  
prov]bs--,habituation--,tra9+ w ?r\gh   
intellect--,exam9ations--,conc5tration--
,orig9ality--,froebel & ! naive--,fir/  
ideas ( ,god--,consci5ce--,importance ( 
,old & ,new ,te/am5ts--,sex             
dang]s--,love & religion--,conv]sion    
,,*apt] ,i   ,,pre-,,adolesc5ce         
,introduction3 ,*>act]ization ( ! age f 
eight to twelve--,! era ( recapitulat+ !
 /ages ( primitive human                
developm5t--,life close to nature--,!   
age also = drill1 habituation1 memory1  
"w & reg]m9ation--,adolesc5ce sup]pos$  
^u ?is /age ( life1 b v di/9ct f x4  ,! 
ye>s f ab\t eight to twelve con/itute a 
unique p]iod ( human life4 ,! acute /age
 ( tee?+ is pass+1 ! bra9 has acquir$   
ne>ly its adult size & weight1 heal? is 
almo/ at its be/1 activity is great] & m
 v>i$ ?an x ev] 0 be=e or ev] w be aga91

 & !re is peculi> endurance1 vitality1 &
 resi/ance to fatigue4 ,! *ild develops 
a life ( its own outside ! home circle1 
& its natural int]e/s are nev] s        
indep5d5t ( adult influ5ce4 ,p]ception  
is v acute1 & !re is great immunity to  
exposure1 dang]1 accid5t1 z well z to   
temptation4 ,reason1 true morality1     
religion1 sympa?y1 love1 & e/hetic      
enjoym5t are b v slightly develop$4     
,ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 sugge/s t ?is p]iod may
 repres5t 9 ! individual :at 0 once = a 
v protract$ & relatively /ation>y p]iod 
an age ( maturity 9 ! remote ance/ors ( 
our race1 :5 ! "y ( our species1 :o 7   
p]haps pygmoid1 %ift$ = !mselves        
indep5d5tly ( fur!r p>5tal aid4 ,!      
qualities develop$ dur+ pre-adolesc5ce  
are1 9 ! evolution>y hi/ory ( ! race1 f>
 old] ?an h]$it>y traits ( body & m9d   
:i* develop lat] & :i* may be comp>$ to 
a new & high] /ory built ^u our primal  
nature4 ,h]$ity is s f> bo? m /able & m 
secure4 ,! elem5ts ( p]sonality are few1
 b are well organis$ on a simple1       

effective plan4 ,! mom5tum ( ^! traits  
inh]it$ f our indef9itely remote        
ance/ors is great1 & !y are (t5 cle>ly  
di/+ui%able f ^? to be add$ lat]4 ,?us !
 boy is fa!r ( ! man 9 a new s5se1 9 t 8
 qualities are indef9itely old] & exi/$1
 well compact$1 untold ages be=e ! m    
di/9ctly human attributes 7 develop$4   
,inde$ !re are a few fa9t indications ( 
an e>li] age node1 at ab\t ! age ( six1 
z if amid ! in/abilities ( heal? we c\ld
 detect signs t ?is may h be5 ! age (   
pub]ty 9 remote ages ( ! pa/4 ,i h also 
giv5 reasons t lead me to ! conclusion  
t1 despite its dom9ance1 ! function (   
sexual maturity & procreative p[] is    
peculi>ly mobile up & d[n ! age-l9e     
indep5d5tly ( _m ( ! qualities usually s
 closely associat$ ) x1 s t mu* t sex   
creat$ 9 ! phylum n[ prec$es x 9 !      
individual4  ,r\sseau w\ld leave        
prepubesc5t ye>s to nature & to ^!      
primal h]$it>y impulsions & all[ !      
fundam5tal traits ( savag]y _! fl+ till 
twelve4 ,biological psy*ology f9ds _m & 

cog5t reasons to confirm ?is view if    
only a prop] environm5t c\ld be provid$4
 ,! *ild revels 9 savag]y2 & if its     
tribal1 pr$atory1 hunt+1 fi%+1 fight+1  
rov+1 idle1 play+ proclivities c\ld be  
indulg$ 9 ! c\ntry & "u conditions t n[1
 alas6 seem hopelessly ideal1 !y c\ld   
conceivably be s organiz$ & direct$ z to
 be f> m truly humani/ic & lib]al ?an   
all t ! be/ mod]n s*ool c provide4      
,rudim5t>y organs ( ! s\l1 n[ suppress$1
 p]v]t$1 or delay$1 to crop out 9 m5ac+ 
=ms lat]1 w\ld be develop$ 9 _! season s
 t we %\ld be immune to !m 9 matur]     
ye>s1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,ari/otelian    
ca?>sis = :i* ,i h tri$ to sugge/ a f>  
broad] application ?an ! ,/agirite c\ld 
see 9 8 day4  ,^! inborn & m or less    
savage in/9cts c & %\ld be all[$ "s     
scope4 ,! deep & /rong crav+s 9 !       
individual = ^? primitive exp]i5ces &   
occupations 9 :i* 8 ance/ors became     
skilful ?r\gh ! pressure ( necessity    
%\ld n be ignor$1 b c & %\ld be1 at lea/
 p>tially1 satisfi$ 9 a vic>i\s way1 by 

tales f lit]ature1 hi/ory1 & tradition  
:i* pres5t ! crude & primitive virtues (
 ! h]oes ( ! _w's *ildhood4 ,9 ?is way1 
aid$ by 8 vivid visual imag9ation1 !    
*ild may ent] ^u 8 h]itage f ! pa/1 live
 out ea* /age ( life to its fulle/ &    
realize 9 himself all its manifold      
t5d5cies4 ,e*oes only ( ! va/]1 ri*]    
life ( ! remote pa/ ( ! race !y mu/     
rema91 b j ^! are ! murmur+s ( ! only   
muse t c save f ! omnipres5t dang]s (   
precocity4 ,?us we n only rescue f !    
dang] ( loss1 b utilize = fur!r psy*ic  
gr[? ! results ( ! high] h]$ity1 :i* are
 ! mo/ preci\s & pot5tial ?+s on e>?4   
,s1 too1 9 our urbaniz$ ho?\se life1 t  
t5ds to rip5 ev]y?+ be=e its "t1 we mu/ 
tea* nature1 al?\gh ! v phrase is om9\s4
 ,b we mu/ n1 9 s do+1 wean /ill m f1 b 
p]petually incite to visit1 field1 =e/1 
hill1 %ore1 ! wat]1 fl[]s1 animals1 !   
true homes ( *ildhood 9 ?is wild1       
undome/icat$ /age f :i* mod]n conditions
 h kidnapp$ & transport$ him4 ,books &  
read+ are di/a/eful1 = ! v s\l & body   

cry out = a m active1 objective life1 & 
to "k nature & man at fir/ h&4 ,^! two  
/aples1 /ories & nature1 by ^! in=mal   
me?ods ( ! home & ! environm5t1         
con/itute fundam5tal education4  ,b n[  
ano!r remove f nature seems to be made  
necess>y by ! manifold kn[l$ges & skills
 ( our highly complex civilization4 ,we 
%\ld transplant ! human sapl+1 ,i conc$e
 reluctantly1 z e>ly z eight1 b n be=e1 
to ! s*oolh\se ) its imp]fect light+1   
v5tilation1 temp]ature4 ,we mu/ %ut out 
nature & op5 books4 ,! *ild mu/ sit on  
unhygi5ic b5*es & "w ! t9y muscles t wag
 ! tongue & p51 & let all ! o!rs1 :i*   
con/itute ne>ly half its weight1 decay4 
,ev5 if x be prematurely1 he mu/ be     
subject$ to special discipl9es & be     
appr5tic$ to ! high] qualities (        
adul?ood2 = he is n only a product (    
nature1 b a c&idate = a highly develop$ 
humanity4 ,to _m1 if n mo/1 ( !         
influ5ces "h !re c be at fir/ b little  
inn] response4 ,insight1 und]/&+1       
int]e/1 s5tim5t1 are = ! mo/ "p only    

nasc5t2 & mo/ t p]ta9s to ! true k+dom (
 mature manhood is embryonic4 ,! wise/  
requirem5ts seem to ! *ild m or less    
ali51 arbitr>y1 het]onom\s1 artificial1 
falsetto4 ,!re is mu* passivity1 (t5    
active resi/ance & evasion1 & p]haps    
spasms ( ob/9acy1 to x all4 ,b ! s5ses  
are ke5 & al]t1 reactions imm$iate &    
vigor\s2 & ! memory is quick1 sure &    
la/+2 & ideas ( space1 "t1 & physical   
causation1 & ( _m a moral & social licit
 & non-licit1 are rapidly unfold+4 ,nev]
 aga9 w !re be su* susceptibility to    
drill & discipl9e1 su* pla/icity to     
habituation1 or su* ready adju/m5t to   
new conditions4 ,x is ! age ( ext]nal & 
me*anical tra9+4 ,read+1 writ+1 draw+1  
manual tra9+1 musical te*nic1 =eign     
tongues & _! pronunciations1 !          
manipulation ( numb]s & ( geometrical   
elem5ts1 & _m k9ds ( skill h n[ _! gold5
 h\r2 & if x passes unimprov$1 all ^! c 
nev] be acquir$ lat] )\t a heavy h&icap 
( disadvantage & loss4 ,^! necessities  
may be h>d = ! heal? ( body1 s5se1 m9d1 

z well z = morals2 & p$agogic art       
consi/s 9 break+ ! *ild into !m betimes 
z int5sely & z quickly z possible )     
m9imal /ra9 & ) ! lea/ am\nt (          
explanation or coquett+ = natural       
int]e/1 & 9 call+ m$ic9e confection]y4  
,?is is n tea*+ 9 its true s5se s mu* z 
x is drill1 inculcation1 & regim5tation4
 ,! me?od %\ld be me*anical1 repetitive1
 au?oritative1 dogmatic4 ,! automatic   
p[]s are n[ at _! v apex1 & !y c d & be>
 m ?an our deg5]ate p$agogy kn[s or     
dreams (4 ,"h we h some?+ to le>n f !   
s*oolma/]s ( ! pa/ back to ! middle     
ages1 & ev5 f ! anci5ts4 ,! greate/     
/ress1 ) %ort p]iods & few h\rs1        
incessant insi/5ce1 incitem5t1 & little 
reliance ^u int]e/1 reason or "w done   
)\t ! pres5ce ( ! tea*]1 %\ld be ! guid+
 pr9ciples = pressure 9 ^! ess5tially   
=mal &1 to ! *ild1 cont5tless elem5ts ( 
k4 ,^! %\ld be %>ply di/+ui%$ f !       
indig5\s1 evok+1 & m truly educational  
factors describ$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 :i*  
are meaty1 cont5t-full1 & relatively    

=mless z to "t ( day1 me?od1 _s1 &      
p]haps environm5t & p]sonnel ( tea*]1 & 
possibly some:at 9 season ( ! ye>1 almo/
 z %>ply z "w diff]s f play1 or p]haps z
 ! virility ( man t loves to comm& a    
phalanx1 be a m>t9et & drill-ma/]1      
diff]s f fem99ity :i* excels 9          
p]suasion1 sympa!tic insight1           
/ory-tell+1 & 9 ! tact t disc]ns &      
utilizes spontane\s int]e/s 9 ! "y4     
,adolesc5ce is a new bir?1 = ! high] & m
 completely human traits are n[ born4 ,!
 qualities ( body & s\l t n[ em]ge are  
f> new]4 ,! *ild comes f & h>ks back to 
a remot] pa/2 ! adolesc5t is            
neo-atavi/ic1 & 9 him ! lat]            
acquisitions ( ! race sl[ly become      
prepot5t4 ,developm5t is less gradual & 
m saltatory1 sugge/ive ( "s anci5t p]iod
 ( /orm & /ress :5 old moor+s 7 brok5 & 
a high] level atta9$4 ,! annual rate (  
gr[? 9 height1 weight1 & /r5g? is       
increas$ & (t5 d\bl$1 & ev5 m4          
,important functions1 previ\sly         
non-exi/5t1 arise4 ,gr[? ( p>ts & organs

 loses its =m] proportions1 "s p]man5tly
 & "s = a season4 ,"s ( ^! are /ill gr[+
 9 old age & o!rs are soon arre/$ &     
atrophy4 ,! old measures ( dim5sions    
become obsolete1 & old h>monies are     
brok54 ,! range ( individual diff]5ces &
 av]age errors 9 all physical           
measurem5ts & all psy*ic te/s increases4
 ,"s l+] long 9 ! *ildi% /age & advance 
late or sl[ly1 :ile o!rs pu% on ) a     
sudd5 outbur/ ( impulsion to e>ly       
maturity4 ,bones & muscles lead all o!r 
tissues1 z if !y vi$ ) ea* o!r2 & !re is
 frequ5t flabb9ess or t5sion z "o or !  
o!r leads4 ,nature arms y\? = conflict )
 all ! res\rces at h] comm&--spe$1 p[] (
 %\ld]1 biceps1 back1 leg1 jaw--/r5g!ns 
& enl>ges skull1 ?orax1 hips1 makes man 
aggressive & prep>es woman's frame =    
mat]nity4         99     99     99      
99     99     ,,*apt] ,,ii   ,,!        
,,muscles ,,& ,,motor ,,p[]s ,,9 ,,g5]al
   ,muscles z organs ( ! w1 ( "* & ev5 (
 ?\ght--,! muscul> virtues--,fundam5tal 
& accessory muscles & functions--,!     

developm5t ( ! m9d & ( ! upright        
position--,small muscles z organs (     
?\ght--,s*ool lays too mu* /ress ^u     
^!--,*orea--va/ numb]s ( automatic      
movem5ts 9 *ildr5--,great v>iety (      
spontane\s activities--,poise1 control &
 spurt9ess--,p5 & tongue wagg+--,s$5t>y 
s*ool life vs free out-(-door           
activities--,mod]n decay ( muscles1     
especially 9 girls--,pla/icity ( motor  
habits at pub]ty4  ,! muscles are by    
weight ab\t =ty-?ree p] c5t4 ( ! av]age 
adult male human body4 ,!y exp5d a l>ge 
fraction ( all ! k9etic en]gy ( ! adult 
body1 :i* a rec5t e/imate places z high 
z "o-fif?4 ,! cortical c5t]s = !        
volunt>y muscles ext5d ov] mo/ ( !      
lat]al psy*ic zones ( ! bra91 s t _!    
culture is bra9 build+4 ,9 a s5se !y are
 organs ( dige/ion1 = :i* function !y   
play a v important rle4 ,muscles are 9 a
 mo/ intimate & peculi> s5se ! organs ( 
! w4 ,!y h built all ! roads1 cities1 & 
ma*9es 9 ! _w1 writt5 all ! books1 spok5
 all ! words1 &1 9 fact1 done ev]y?+ t  

man has accompli%$ ) matt]4 ,if !y are  
undevelop$ or gr[ relax$ & flabby1 !    
dreadful *asm betwe5 good int5tions & _!
 execution is liable to appe> & wid54   
,"* might be 9 a s5se def9$ z a plexus (
 motor habits4 ,to call conduct         
?ree-f\r?s ( life1 ) ,mat!w ,arnold2 to 
describe man z "o-?ird intellect &      
two-?irds w1 ) ,s*op5hau]2 to urge t man
 is :at he does or t he is ! sum ( 8    
movem5ts1 ) ,f4,w4 ,rob]tson2 t "* is   
simply muscle habits1 ) ,maudsley2 t !  
age ( art is n[ sl[ly sup]s$+ ! age (   
sci5ce1 & t ! arti/ w drive out ) !     
pr(essor1 ) ! anonym\s au?or ( ,rembr&t 
als ,erzi*]2#a t hi/ory is consci\sly   
will$ movem5ts1 ) ,blunts*li2 or t we   
c\ld =m no conception ( =ce or en]gy 9 !
 _w b = our own muscul> ef=t2 to hold t 
mo/ ?\ght involves *ange ( muscle t5sion
 z m or less integral to x--all ?is %[s 
h[ we h modifi$ ! antique ,cic]onian    
conception viv]e e/ cogit>i1 ,to live is
 to ?9k to viv]e e/ velle1 ,to live is  
to w & gives u a new s5se ( ! importance

 ( muscul> developm5t & regim54#b       
,mod]n psy*ology ?us sees 9 muscles     
organs ( expression = all eff]5t        
processes4 ,beyond all _! demon/rable   
functions1 e *ange ( att5tion & ( psy*ic
 /ates g5]ally plays ^u !m unconsci\sly1
 modify+ _! t5sion 9 subtle ways s t !y 
may be call$ organs ( ?\ght & feel+ z   
well z ( w1 9 :i* "s n[ see ! true      
,kantian ?+-9-itself ! real sub/ance ( !
 _w1 9 ! an?ropomorphism ( =ce4 ,habits 
ev5 det]m9e ! deep] /rata ( belief2     
?\ght is repress$ action2 & de$s1 n     
words1 are ! language ( complete m54 ,! 
motor areas are closely relat$ & l>gely 
id5tical ) ! psy*ic1 & muscle culture   
develops bra9-c5t]s z no?+ else yet     
demon/rably does4 ,muscles are !        
vehicles ( habituation1 imitation1      
ob$i5ce1 "*1 & ev5 ( mann]s & cu/oms4 ,=
 ! "y1 motor education is c>d9al1 & is  
n[ com+ to due recognition2 &1 = all1   
education is incomplete )\t a motor     
side4 ,skill1 endurance1 & p]sev]ance   
may almo/ be call$ muscul> virtues2 &   

fatigue1 velleity1 caprice1 ennui1      
re/lessness1 lack ( control & poise1    
muscul> faults4  ,to und]/& ! mom5t\s   
*anges ( motor functions t *>act]ize    
adolesc5ce we mu/ consid] o!r ?an !     
measurable aspects ( ! subject4 ,p]haps 
! be/ scale on :i* to measure all normal
 gr[? ( muscle /ructure & functions is  
f\nd 9 ! progress f fundam5tal to       
accessory4 ,! =m] designates ! muscles &
 movem5ts ( ! trunk & l>ge jo9ts1 neck1 
back1 hips1 %\ld]s1 knees1 & elb[s1     
sometimes call$ c5tral1 & :i* 9 g5]al   
man has 9 common ) ! high] & l>g]       
animals4 ,_! activities are few1 mo/ly  
simultane\s1 alt]nat+ & rhy?mic1 z ( !  
legs 9 walk+1 & pr$om9ate 9 h>d-work+ m5
 & wom5 ) little culture or intellig5ce1
 & (t5 9 idiots4 ,! latt] or accessory  
movem5ts are ^? ( ! h&1 tongue1 face1 & 
articulatory organs1 & ^! may be        
connect$ into a long & greatly div]sifi$
 s]ies1 z ^? us$ 9 writ+1 talk+1        
piano-play+4 ,!y are repres5t$ by small]
 & m num]\s muscles1 ^: functions       

develop lat] 9 life & repres5t a high]  
/&po9t ( evolution4 ,^! small] muscles =
 f9] movem5ts come into function lat] & 
are *iefly associat$ ) psy*ic activity1 
:i* plays ^u !m by incessantly *ang+ _! 
t5sions1 if n caus+ actual movem5t4 ,x  
is ^! t are s liable to disord] 9 ! _m  
automatisms & *oreic tics we see 9 s*ool
 *ildr51 especially if excit$ or        
fatigu$4 ,g5]al p>alysis usually beg9s 9
 ! high] levels by break+ ^! d[n1 s t ! 
fir/ symptom ( its insidi\s & nev]      
int]rupt$ progress is inability to      
execute ! m exact & delicate movem5ts ( 
tongue or h&1 or bo?4 ,/>t+ ) ! late/   
evolution>y level1 x is a devolution t  
may "w d[nw>d till v _m ( ! fundam5tal  
activities are lo/ be=e dea?4  ,no?+    
bett] illu/rates ?is di/9ction ?an !    
diff]5ce betwe5 ! =e foot ( animals & ! 
human h&4 ,! fir/ beg9s z a f9 or paddle
 or is arm$ ) a ho(1 & is us$ solely =  
locomotion4 ,"s c>nivora ) claws use !  
=e limb also = hold+ well z te>+1 & o!rs
 = digg+4 ,arboreal life seems to h     

almo/ creat$ ! simian h& & to h wr\ght a
 revolution 9 ! =m & use ( ! =e>m & its 
accessory organs1 ! f+]s4 ,apes & o!r   
tree-climb+ creatures mu/ n only adju/  
_! preh5sile organ to a wide v>iety (   
di/ances & sizes ( bran*es1 b mu/ use ! 
h&s m or less freely = pick+1           
transport+1 & eat+ fruit2 & ?is has     
probably be5 a prime factor 9 lift+ man 
to ! erect position1 )\t :i* human      
intellig5ce z we "k x c\ld h h>dly be5  
possible4 ,:5 we attempt to measure !   
gap betwe5 man & ! l[] animals 9 t]ms ( 
! =m ( movem5t1 ! wond] is no less great
 ?an :5 we use ! t]m ( m5tality4#c ,!   
degree ( approximation to human         
intellig5ce 9 an?ropoid animals foll[s v
 closely ! degree ( approximation to    
human movem5ts4  ,! gradual acquirem5t (
 ! erect position by ! human infant     
admirably repeats ?is long phylog5etic  
evolution4#d ,at fir/ ! limbs are (     
almo/ no use 9 locomotion1 b !          
fundam5tal trunk muscles ) ^? t move !  
l>ge jo9ts are m or less spasmodically  

active4 ,!n comes creep+1 ) use ( ! hip 
muscles1 :ile all bel[ ! knee is        
useless1 z also are ! f+]s4 ,sl[ly ! leg
 & foot are degrad$ to locomotion1 sl[ly
 ! great toe becomes m limit$ 9 its     
action1 ! ?umb increases 9 flexibility &
 /r5g? ( opposition1 & ! f+]s gr[ m     
mobile & controllable4 ,z ! body sl[ly  
assumes ! v]tical attitude1 ! =m ( ! *e/
 *anges till its greate/ diamet] is     
transv]se in/ead ( f front to back4 ,!  
%\ld]-blades are less p>allel ?an 9     
quadrup$s1 & spread out till !y         
approximate ! same plane4 ,?is gives !  
arm fre$om ( movem5t lat]ally1 s t x c  
be rotat$ "o hundr$ & eighty degrees 9  
man z contra/$ to "o hundr$ degrees 9   
apes1 ?us giv+ man ! comm& ( almo/ any  
po9t )9 a sph]e ( :i* ! two arms are    
radii4 ,! p[] ( grasp+ 0 p>tly develop$ 
f & p>tly add$ to ! old locomotor       
function ( ! =e limbs2 ! j]ky aimless   
automatisms1 z well z ! sl[ rhy?mic     
flexion & ext5sion ( ! f+]s & h&1       
movem5ts :i* are p]haps survivals (     

arboreal or ( ev5 e>li] aquatic life1   
are cord9at$2 & ! bilat]al & simultane\s
 rhy?mic movem5ts ( ! heavi] muscles are
 supplem5t$ by ! m f9ely adju/$ &       
specializ$ activities :i* z ! end ( !   
gr[? p]iod is approa*$ are det]m9$ less 
by h]$ity & m by environm5t4 ,9 a s5se1 
a *ild or a man is ! sum total ( 8      
movem5ts or t5d5cies to move2 & nature &
 in/9ct *iefly det]m9e ! basal1 &       
education ! accessory p>ts ( our        
activities4  ,! entire accessory sy/em  
is ?us ( vital importance = ! developm5t
 ( all ( ! arts ( expression4 ,^! small]
 muscles might almo/ be call$ organs (  
?\ght4 ,_! t5sion is modifi$ ) ! fa9te/ 
*ange ( s\l1 su* z is se5 9 acc5t1      
inflection1 facial expressions1 h&writ+1
 & _m =ms ( s-call$ m9d-read+1 :i*1 9   
fact1 is always muscle-read+4 ,!        
day-labor] ( l[ intellig5ce1 ) a        
practical vocabul>y ( n ov] five hundr$ 
words1 :o c h>dly move ea* ( 8 f+]s )\t 
mov+ o!rs or all ( !m1 :o c n move 8    
br[s or corrugate 8 =ehead at w1 & ^:   

inflection is v monoton\s1 illu/rates a 
condition ( arre/ or atrophy ( ?is lat]1
 f9]1 accessory sy/em ( muscles4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 ! *ild1 precoci\s 9 any or all (
 ^! lat] respects1 is v liable to be    
undevelop$ 9 ! l>g] & m fundam5tal p>ts 
& functions4 ,! full unfoldm5t ( ea* is1
 9 fact1 an inexorable condition prec$5t
 = ! normal developm5t to full & abid+  
maturity ( ! high] & m ref9$ muscul>ity1
 j z conv]sely ! awkw>dness & clums9ess 
( adolesc5ce m>k a tempor>y loss (      
balance 9 ! opposite direction4 ,if ?is 
g5]al conception be correct1 !n nature  
does n f9i% ! basis ( h] pyramid 9 ! way
 ,ross1 ,m]ci]1 & o!rs h assum$1 b lays 
a "p ( ! f\ndation &1 aft] c>ry+ x to an
 apex1 normally goes back & adds to !   
f\ndation to c>ry up ! apex /ill high]  
&1 if prev5t$ f s do+1 exp5ds h] en]gy 9
 build+ ! apex up at a %>p] angle till  
in/ability results4 ,s*ool & k9d]g>t5   
(t5 lay a disproportionate /ra9 on ! t9y
 accessory muscles1 weigh+ altoge!r b a 
few ounces1 t wag ! tongue1 move ! p51 &

 d f9e "w requir+ accuracy4 ,b /ill at  
?is /age prolong$ "w requir+ great      
accuracy is irksome & br+s dang]s       
homolog\s to ^? caus$ by too mu* f9e "w 
9 ! k9d]g>t5 be=e ! fir/ adju/m5t ( l>ge
 to small muscles1 :i* la/s until       
adolesc5ce1 is e/abli%$4 ,!n            
disproportion betwe5 function & gr[? (t5
 causes symptoms ( *orea4 ,! *ief dang] 
is arre/ ( ! developm5t & control ( !   
small] muscles4 ,_m occupations & =ms ( 
a?letics1 on ! contr>y1 place ! /ress   
ma9ly ^u gr\ps ( fundam5tal muscles to !
 neglect ( f9] motor possibilities4 ,"s 
:o excel 9 heavy a?letics no d\bt co>s5 
_! motor reactions1 become n only       
inexact & heavy b unresponsive to f9]   
/imuli1 z if ! l>ge muscles 7           
hyp]trophi$ & ! small ones arre/$4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 _m "y m51 & probably m "y wom51
 exp5d too little ( _! available active 
en]gy ^u basal & massive muscle "w1 &   
cultivate too mu*1 & above all too e>ly1
 ! delicate responsive "w4 ,?is is1     
p]haps1 ! be/ physiological             

*>act]ization ( precocity & issues 9    
excessive n]v\s & muscul> irritability4 
,! great influx ( muscul> vigor t       
unfolds dur+ adolesc5t ye>s & :i* 0     
orig9ally n only necess>y to successful 
propagation1 b expressive ( virility1   
seems to be a v pla/ic quantity1 s t    
motor regim5 & ex]cise at ?is /age is   
probably m important & all-condition+ = 
m5tality1 sexuality1 & heal? ?an at any 
o!r p]iod ( life4 ,int5sity1 & = a "t a 
spurty dia!sis1 is z in/9ctive &        
desirable z are ! copi\s m9or           
automatisms :i* spontane\sly give !     
alphabet out ( :i* complex & f9] motor  
s]ies are lat] spell$ by ! consci\s w4  
,m]ci] & o!rs h po9t$ out t1 z mo/      
skill$ labor1 s s*ool "w & mod]n        
activities 9 civiliz$ life g5]ally lay  
premature & disproportionate /ra9s ^u ^?
 k9ds ( movem5t requir+ exactness4      
,/ress ^u basal movem5ts is n only      
comp5sat+ b is ( high] !rapeutic value  
aga9/ ! disord]s ( ! accessory sy/em2 x 
con/itutes ! be/ core or prophylactic = 

fidgets & t5se /ates1 & directly        
develops poise1 control1 &              
psy*o-physical equilibrium4 ,ev5 :5     
contractions rea* *oreic int5sity ! be/ 
treatm5t is to ?r[ activities d[n !     
scale t measures ! diff]5ce betwe5      
prim>y & second>y movem5ts & to make !  
=m] pr$om9ate4  ,! numb] ( movem5ts1 !  
frequ5cy ) :i* !y are repeat$1 _!       
div]sity1 ! numb] ( comb9ations1 & _!   
total k9etic quantum 9 "y *ildr51 :e!r  
we consid] movem5ts ( ! body z a :ole1  
fundam5tal movem5ts ( l>ge limbs1 or f9]
 accessory motions1 is amaz+4 ,ne>ly e  
ext]nal /imulus is answ]$ by a motor    
response4 ,dressl>#e obs]v$ a ?irte5    
mon?s' old baby = f\r h\rs1 & f\nd1 to  
foll[ ,prey]'s classification1 impulsive
 or spontane\s1 reflex1 in/9ctive1      
imitative1 inhibitive1 expressive1 & ev5
 delib]ative movem5ts1 ) m>k$           
satisfaction 9 rhy?m1 attempts to d     
almo/ any?+ :i* appeal$ to him1 & almo/ 
inexhau/ible eff]5t res\rces4 ,a fri5d  
has tri$ to record e ^w utt]$ by a      

f\r-ye>-old girl dur+ a portion ( a day1
 & f9ds no?+ less ?an v]big]ations4 ,a  
tea*] not$ ! activities ( a             
f\rte5-ye>-old boy dur+ ! /udy "t ( a   
s+le s*ool day#f1 ) simil> results4     
,l9dley#g /udi$ #hig common motor       
automatisms 9 *ildr51 :i* he divid$ into
 #ib classes3 #de 9 ! region ( ! head1  
#bj 9 ! feet & legs1 #ai 9 ! h&s & f+]s4
 ,arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( frequ5cy ) :i* ea* 
0 f\nd1 ! li/ /ood z foll[s3 f+]s1 feet1
 lips1 tongue1 head1 body1 h&s1 m\?1    
eyes1 jaws1 legs1 =ehead1 face1 arms1   
e>s4 ,9 ! la/ five alone adolesc5ts     
exce$$ *ildr51 ! latt] excell+ ! =m] mo/
 9 ^? ( head1 m\?1 legs1 & tongue1 9 ?is
 ord]4 ,! writ] believes t !re are _m m 
automatisms ?an appe>$ 9 8 returns4     
,s*ool life1 especially 9 ! l[] grades1 
is a ri* field = ! /udy ( ^! activities4
 ,!y are famili>1 z lick+ ?+s1 click+ ) 
! tongue1 gr9d+ ! tee?1 scrat*+1 tapp+1 
twirl+ a lock ( hair or *ew+ x1 bit+ !  
nails 7,brillon's ony*ophagia71 %rugg+1 
corrugat+1 pull+ buttons or twi/+       

g>m5ts1 /r+s1 etc41 twirl+ p5cils1      
?umbs1 rotat+1 nodd+ & %ak+ ! head1     
squ9t+ & w9k+1 sway+1 p\t+ & grimac+1   
scrap+ ! floor1 rubb+ h&s1 /rok+1 patt+1
 flick+ ! f+]s1 wagg+1 snapp+ ! f+]s1   
muffl+1 squ9t+1 pick+ ! face1 int]lac+ !
 f+]s1 crack+ ! jo9ts1 f+] plays1 bit+ &
 nibbl+1 trott+ ! leg1 suck+ ?+s1 etc4  
,! av]age numb] ( automatisms p] #ajj   
p]sons ,smi? f\nd to be 9 *ildr5 #agf1 9
 adolesc5ts #aaj4 ,sway+ is *iefly )    
*ildr52 play+ & drumm+ ) ! f+]s is m    
common among adolesc5ts2 ! movem5ts (   
f+]s & feet decl9e little ) age1 & ^? ( 
eyes & =ehead increase1 :i* is          
significant = ! developm5t ( att5tion4  
,girls excel greatly 9 sway+1 & also1   
al?\gh less1 9 f+] automatism2 & boys   
lead 9 movem5ts ( tongue1 feet1 & h&s4  
,su* movem5ts increase1 ) too mu* sitt+1
 int5sity ( ef=t1 su* z to fix att5tion1
 & v>y ) ! nature ( ! activity will$1 b 
involve few muscles directly us$ 9 a    
giv5 task4 ,!y increase up ! k9d]g>t5   
grades & fall (f rapidly 9 ! prim>y     

grades2 are great] ) tasks requir+ f9e &
 exact movem5ts ?an ) ^? involv+ l>ge   
movem5ts4 ,automatisms are (t5 a sign ( 
! difficulty ( tasks4 ,! re/lessness t  
!y (t5 express is "o ( ! commone/ signs 
( fatigue4 ,!y are mo/ly 9 ! accessory  
muscles1 :ile ^? ( ! fundam5tal muscles 
7body1 legs1 & arms7 disappe> rapidly ) 
age2 ^? ( eye1 br[1 & jaw %[ greate/    
increase ) age1 b _! frequ5cy 9 g5]al   
decl9es ) gr[+ maturity1 al?\gh !re is  
increas$ frequ5cy ( c]ta9 specializ$    
contractions1 :i* indicate ! gradual    
settl+ ( expression 9 ! face4  ,(t5 su* 
movem5ts pass ov] by ins5sible gradation
 into ! morbid automatism ( *orea1 & 9  
yet l[] levels ( decay we see !m 9 !    
aimless pick+ & pluck+ movem5ts ( ! f+]s
 ( ! sick4 ,9 idiots#h arre/ ( high]    
p[]s (t5 goes ) hyp]trophy ( ^!         
movem5ts1 z se5 9 head-beat]s 7z if1 j z
 nature impels ^? p>tially bl9d to rub !
 eyes = light-hung]1 s x prompts !      
feeble-m9d$ to /rike ! head =           
c]ebrations71 rock]s1 rack]s1 %ak]s1    

bit]s1 etc4 ,movem5ts (t5 pass to fix$  
attitudes & po/ures ( limbs or body1    
di/urb+ ! normal balance betwe5 flexors 
& ext5sors1 ! significance ( :i* z n]ve 
signs or expon5ts ( habitual bra9 /ates 
& t5sions ,w>n] has s admirably %[n4    
,abundance & vigor ( automatic movem5ts 
are desirable1 & ev5 a consid]able      
degree ( re/lessness is a good sign 9 "y
 *ildr54 ,_m ( :at are n[ (t5 call$ n]ve
 signs & ev5 *oreic symptoms1 !         
fidget9ess 9 s*ool on cl\dy days & (t5  
aft] a vacation1 ! motor sup]fluities ( 
awkw>dness1 emb>rassm5t1 extreme ef=t1  
excitem5t1 fatigue1 sleep9ess1 etc41 are
 simply ! =ms 9 :i* we receive ! full   
mom5tum ( h]$ity & m>k a natural ri*ness
 ( ! raw mat]ial ( intellect1 feel+1 &  
especially ( w4 ,h5ce !y mu/ be         
abundant4 ,all p>ts %\ld act 9 all      
possible ways at fir/ & untrammel$ by ! 
activity ( all o!r p>ts & functions4 ,"s
 ( ^! activities are m ess5tial = gr[? 9
 size ?an are lat] & m consci\s         
movem5ts4 ,"h z ev]y:]e ! rule holds t  

p[]s !mselves mu/ be unfold$ be=e !     
ability to *eck or ev5 to use !m c      
develop4 ,all movem5ts aris+ f          
spontane\s activity ( n]ve cells or     
c5t]s mu/ be made 9 ord] ev5 to avoid ! 
atrophy ( disease4 ,n only s1 b ?is pur]
 k9d ( innat5ess mu/ (t5 be help$ out to
 "s ext5t 9 "s *ildr5 by /imulat+       
reflexes2 a ri* & wide rep]tory (       
s5sation mu/ be made famili>2 m or less 
& v gu>d$1 wat*$ & limit$ exp]i5ces (   
hung]1 ?ir/1 cold1 heat1 ta/es1 s\nds1  
smells1 colors1 brightnesses1 tactile   
irritations1 & p]haps ev5 occasional    
tickl+ & pa9 to play (f ! va/ly complex 
function ( laugh+1 cry+1 etc41 may 9 "s 
cases be judici\s4 ,consci\s &          
unconsci\s imitation or repetition ( e  
sort ( copy may also help to e/abli% !  
imm$iate & l[-level connection betwe5   
aff]5t & eff]5t processes t br+s !      
organism into direct rapport & h>mony ) 
! :ole _w ( s5se4 ,p]haps ! m rankly &  
indep5d5tly !y are develop$ to full     
functional integrity1 ea* 9 its season1 

if we only knew t season1 ! bett]4      
,premature control by high] c5t]s1 or   
cord9ation into high] comp\nds ( habits 
& ord]$ s]ial activities1 is repressive 
& wa/eful1 & ! mature w ( :i* !y are    
compon5ts1 or :i* mu/ at lea/ dome/icate
 !m1 is /rong] & m =cible if ?is s]ial  
/age is n unduly abridg$4  ,b1 secondly1
 _m1 if n mo/1 ( ^! activities :5       
develop$ a little1 gr\p aft] gr\p1 z !y 
arise1 mu/ be controll$1 *eck$1 &       
organiz$ into high] & (t5 m s]ial       
comp\nds4 ,! inhibit+ functions are at  
fir/ h>d4 ,9 try+ to sit /ill ! *ild    
sets its tee?1 holds ! brea?1 cl5*es its
 fi/s & p]haps makes e muscle t5se ) a  
great ef=t t v soon exhau/s4 ,?is       
repressive function is probably n work$ 
f special n]v\s c5t]s1 nor c we speak ) 
confid5ce ( collisions ) sums ( arre/ 9 
a s5se analog\s to t ( ,h]b>t1 or (     
/imuli t normally cause catabolic       
molecul> processes 9 ! cell1 be+        
my/]i\sly div]t$ to produce increas$    
in/ability or anabolic lability 9 ! s5se

 ( ,wundt's ,me*anik d] ,n]v54 ,!       
concept n[ sugge/$ by _m facts is t     
inhibition is irradiation or long       
circuit+ to high] & m complex bra9      
areas1 s t ! en]gy1 :e!r spontane\s or  
reflex1 is div]t$ to be us$ else:]e4 ,^!
 comb9ations are ( a high] ord]1 m      
remote f reflex action1 & modifi$ by "s 
,jacksonian ?ird level4#i ,action is n[ 
n f indep5d5t c5t]s1 b ^! are sl[ly     
associat$1 s t excitation may fl[ (f f  
"o po9t to any o!r & any reaction may   
result f any /imulus4  ,! m unifi$ !    
bra9 ! less x suff]s f localization1 & !
 l[] is ! level to :i* any "o function c
 exhau/ ! :ole4 ,! t5d5cy ( ea* gr\p (  
cells to dis*>ge or ov]fl[ into ^? ( l[]
 t5sion ?an !mselves increases z        
correspond5ce 9 "t & space wid5s4 ,! m  
"o ( a numb] ( activities ga9s 9 p[] to 
draw on all ! bra91 or ! m readily !    
active p>ts are f$ at co/ ( ! re/+ p>ts1
 ! less is re/ to be f\nd 9 *ange f "o (
 ^! activities to ano!r1 & ! less d     
conc5tration & specialization prove to  

be dang]\s4 ,be=e1 ! aim 0 to wake all  
p>ts to function2 n[ x is to connect !m4
 ,int5sity ( ?is cross-section activity 
n[ t5ds to unity1 s t all p>ts ( ! bra9 
en]gize toge!r4 ,9 a bra9 ) ?is         
swit*bo>d function well organiz$1 ea*   
reaction has gr[n indep5d5t ( its own   
/imulus & may result f any /imulation1 &
 ea* act1 e4g41 a f+] movem5t ( a       
peculi> nature1 may tire ! :ole bra94   
,?is helps u to und]/& :y bra9-work]s s 
(t5 excel labor]s n only 9 sudd5        
dynamometric /r5g? te/1 b 9 su/a9$ &    
long-endur+ ef=t4 ,9 a good bra9 or 9 a 
good ma*9e1 p[] may ?us be develop$ ov] 
a l>ge surface1 & all ( x appli$ to a   
small "o1 & h5ce ! dang]s (             
specialization are less5$ 9 exact       
proportion z ! elem5ts ( our ego are ?us
 compact$ toge!r4 ,x is 9 ! v>iety &    
delicacy ( ^! comb9ations & all t !y    
imply1 f> m ?an 9 ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are
 compos$1 t man rises f>!/ above ! high]
 animals2 & ( ^! p[]s lat] adolesc5ce is
 ! gold5 age4 ,! aimless & ar*aic       

movem5ts ( infancy1 :e!r massive &      
complex or 9 ! =m ( isolat$ automatic   
tweaks or tw+es1 are ?us1 by sl[        
processes ( comb9$ analysis & syn!sis1  
involv+ *anges z radical z any 9 all !  
_w ( gr[?1 made ov] into habits &       
conduct t fit ! _w ( pres5t environm5t4 
,b1 ?irdly1 ?is long process c>ri$ out )
 all degrees ( complet5ess may be arre/$
 at any unf9i%$ /age4 ,"s automatisms   
refuse to be controll$ by ! w1 & bo? !y 
& x are (t5 ov]work$4 ,"h we mu/ di/+ui%
 con/antly betwe5 7#a7 ^? gr[+ rankly 9 
ord] to be lat] organiz$ "u ! w1 & 7#b7 
^? t h become f]al aft] ?is dome/ication
 ( !m has lo/ p[] f disease or fatigue1 
& 7#c7 ^? t h nev] be5 subjugat$ because
 ! c5tral p[] t %\ld h us$ !m to weave !
 texture ( will$ action--! prop]        
language ( complete manhood--0 itself   
arre/$ or deg5]ate4 ,) reg>d to _m ( ^! 
movem5ts ^! di/9ctions c be made )      
confid5ce1 & 9 "s *ildr5 m c]ta9ly ?an 9
 o!rs4 ,9 *ildhood1 be=e twelve1 !      
eff]5t patt]ns %\ld be develop$ into _m 

m or less indelible habits1 & _! colors 
set fa/4 ,motor specialties requir+     
exactness & grace l piano-play+1 draw+1 
writ+1 pronunciation ( a =eign tongue1  
danc+1 act+1 s++1 & a ho/ (             
virtuosities1 mu/ be well begun be=e !  
relative arre/ ( accessory gr[? at !    
dawn ( ! ephebic reg5]ation & be=e its  
great afflux ( /r5g?4 ,! facts seem to  
%[ t *ildr5 ( ?is age1 su* z ,hancock#aj
 describ$1 :o c\ld n /& ) feet close    
toge!r & eyes clos$ )\t sway+ mu*1 c\ld 
n walk backw>d1 sit /ill half a m9ute1  
dress alone1 tie two ends ( a /r+       
toge!r1 int]lace slats1 w9d ?read1 sp9 a
 top1 /& on toes or heels1 hop on ea*   
foot1 drive a nail1 roll a hoop1 skate1 
hit f+]s toge!r rapidly 9 succession    
beg9n+ at ! little f+] & !n rev]s+1     
etc41 are ! v ones 9 :om automatisms are
 mo/ m>k$ or else !y are ^?             
con/itutionally in]t1 dull1 or          
un$ucable4  ,9 *ildr5 ^! motor residua  
may p]si/ z *>act]i/ic features (       
inflection1 acc5t1 or mann]s2           

automatisms may become morbid 9 /amm]+  
or /utt]+1 or !y may be se5 9 gait1     
h&writ+1 tics or tweaks1 etc4 ,in/ead ( 
disappe>+ ) age1 z !y %\ld1 !y are se5 9
 ! bl9d z facial grimaces uncorrect$ by 
! mirror or facial consci\sness1 9 !    
deaf z in>ticulate noises2 & !y may t5d 
to gr[ mon/r\s ) age z if !y 7          
dis9tegrat$ fragm5ts ( our p]sonality1  
split (f & abort$1 or motor p>asites    
leav+ our psy*o-physic ego poor] 9 en]gy
 & pla/icity ( adaptation1 till !       
di/raction & an>*y ( ! individual nature
 becomes conspicu\s & pa!tic4  ,at      
pub]ty1 h[ev]1 :5 muscle habits are s   
pla/ic1 :5 !re is a new relation betwe5 
quantity or volume ( motor en]gy &      
qualitative diff]5tiation1 & betwe5     
volitional control & reflex activities1 
^! k9etic remnants /rongly t5d to %oot  
toge!r into wrong aggregates if "r ones 
are n =m$4 ,good mann]s & correct motor 
=m g5]ally1 z well z skill1 are ! mo/   
economic ways ( do+ ?+s2 b ?is is ! age 
( wa/eful ways1 awkw>dness mann]isms1   

t5sions t are a con/ant leakage ( vital 
en]gy1 p]haps semi-imp]ative acts1      
contortions1 qua9t movem5ts1 m elaborat$
 ?an 9 *ildhood & (t5 highly ane/hetic &
 disagreeable1 motor cord9ations t w ne$
 labori\s decomposition lat]4 ,!        
avoidable factor 9 _! causation is1 ) "s
 modification1 n unlike t ( ! simpl]    
f]al movem5ts & faulty attitudes1       
c>riage1 & po/ures 9 *ildr52 viz41 "s =m
 ( ov]pressure or misfit betwe5         
environm5t & nature4 ,z dur+ ! ye>s f   
f\r to eight !re is great dang] t       
ov]emphasis ( ! activities ( ! accessory
 muscles w s[ ! se$s ( *orea1 or        
aggravate pr$ispositions to x1 n[ aga9  
comes a greatly increas$ dang]1 h>dly   
exi/+ f eight to twelve1 t ov]precision1
 especially if fundam5tal activities are
 neglect$1 w br+ n]v\s /ra9 & /unt+     
precocity4 ,?is is aga9 ! age ( ! basal1
 e4g41 hill-climb+ muscle1 ( leg & back 
& %\ld] "w1 & ( ! yet m fundam5tal he>t1
 lung1 & *e/ muscles4 ,n[ aga91 ! /udy (
 a book1 "u ! usual conditions ( sitt+ 9

 a clos$ space & us+ p51 tongue1 & eye  
comb9$1 has a t5d5cy to ov]/imulate !   
accessory muscles4 ,?is is especially   
h>mful = city *ildr5 :o are too prone to
 ! di/raction ( ov]mobility at an age   
especially expos$ to maladju/m5t ( motor
 income & exp5diture2 & x con/itutes n a
 lib]al or p[]-g5]at+1 b a highly &     
prematurely specializ$1 n>r[+1 & weak5+ 
education unless (fset by safegu>ds     
bett] ?an any sy/em ( gymna/ics1 :i* is 
at be/ artificial & exagg]at$4  ,z      
,bryan well says1 ,! effici5cy ( a ma*9e
 dep5ds s f> z we "k ^u ! maximum =ce1  
rate1 amplitude1 & v>iety ( direction ( 
its movem5ts & ^u ! exactness ) :i* bel[
 ^! maxima ! =ce1 rate1 amplitude1 &    
direction ( ! movem5ts c be controll$4  
,! motor effici5cy ( a man dep5ds ^u 8  
ability 9 all ^! respects4 ,moreov]1 !  
education ( ! small muscles & f9e       
adju/m5ts ( l>g] ones is z ne> m5tal    
tra9+ z physical culture c get2 = ^! are
 ! ?\ght-muscles & movem5ts1 & _!       
p]fect$ function is to reflect & express

 by slight modifications ( t5sion & tone
 e psy*ic *ange4 ,only ! bra9 itself is 
m closely & imm$iately an organ ( ?\ght 
?an are ^! muscles & _! activity1       
reflex1 spontane\s1 or imitative 9      
orig94 ,:e!r any ( !m are ( value1 z    
,l9dley ?9ks1 9 ar\s+ ! bra9 to         
activity1 or z ,mll] sugge/s1 9 draw+ (f
 s5sations or v5t+ eff]5t impulses t    
w\ld o!rwise di/ract1 we ne$ n "h       
discuss4 ,if s1 ?is is1 ( c\rse1 a      
second>y & late function--nature's way (
 mak+ ! be/ ( ?+s & utiliz+ remnants4   
,) ^! facts & _! implications 9 m9d we c
 next pass to consid] ! conditions "u   
:i* ! adolesc5t muscles be/ develop4 ,"h
 we confront "o ( ! greate/ & mo/       
difficult problems ( our age4 ,*anges 9 
mod]n motor life h be5 s va/ & sudd5 z  
to pres5t "s ( ! mo/ compreh5sive &     
all-condition+ dang]s t ?reat5 civiliz$ 
races4 ,n only h ! =ms ( labor be5      
radically *ang$ )9 a g5]ation or two1 b 
! basal activities t %ap$ ! body (      
primitive man h be5 sudd5ly swept away  

by ! new me?ods ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,ev5   
popul> sports1 games1 & recreations1 s  
abundant 9 ! e>ly life ( all progressive
 peoples1 h be5 r$uc$ & trans=m$2 & !   
play age1 t once ext5d$ on to middle    
life & (t5 old age1 has be5 re/rict$4   
,s$5t>y life 9 s*ools & (fices1 z we h  
se51 is r$uc+ ! vigor & size ( our l[]  
limbs4 ,our indu/ry is no long] "u      
hygi5ic conditions2 & in/ead ( be+ out (
 doors1 9 ! c\ntry1 or ( highly         
div]sifi$ k9ds1 x is n[ specializ$1     
monoton\s1 c>ri$ on 9 clos$ spaces1 bad 
air1 & p]haps poor light1 especially 9  
cities4 ,! diseases & arre/ br$ 9 ! "y  
by life 9 %ops1 (fices1 factories1 &    
s*ools increase4 ,"w is rigidly b\nd to 
fix$ h\rs1 uni=m /&>ds1 /9ts &          
piece-products2 & in/ead ( a f9i%$      
article1 ea* individual n[ a*ieves a "p 
( a s+le process & kn[s little ( ^? t   
prec$e or foll[4 ,ma*9]y has reliev$ !  
l>ge basal muscles & laid m /ress ^u f9e
 & exact movem5ts t involve n]ve /ra94  
,! co>s] =ms ( "w t involve h>d lift+1  

c>ry+1 digg+1 etc41 are !mselves        
specializ$1 & skill$ labor requires m & 
m bra9-"w4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t !       
dim9ution ( manual labor requir$ to d a 
giv5 quantity ( "w 9 #ahhd z comp>$ )   
#ahgj is no less ?an #gj p] c5t4#aa     
,p]sonal int]e/ 9 & ! old native s5se ( 
responsibility = results1 own]%ip & use 
( ! f9i%$ products1 :i* h be5 !         
inspiration & s\l ( "w 9 all ! pa/1 are 
9 m & m fields gone4 ,^? :o realize h[  
small a proportion ( ! "y male          
population tra9 or ev5 engage 9 amateur 
sports ) ze/ & regul>ity1 h[ v few &    
pick$ m5 /rive = records1 & h[ imm$iate 
& amaz+ are ! results ( judici\s tra9+1 
c be/ und]/& h[ f> bel[ 8 possibilities 
z a motor be+ ! av]age mod]n man goes   
?r\gh life1 & h[ f> %ort 9 ?is respect  
he falls f fulfill+ nature's design =   
him4  ,= unnumb]$ g5]ations primitive   
man 9 ! nomad age w&]$1 made p]haps     
annual migrations1 & bore heavy burd5s1 
:ile we ride relatively un5cumb]$4 ,he  
till$ ! reluctant soil1 digg+ ) rude    

implem5ts :]e we use ma*9es ( _m        
man-p[]4 ,9 ! /one1 iron1 & bronze age1 
he %ap$ /one & metals1 & wr\ght )       
inf9ite pa9s & ef=t1 products t we buy  
)\t ev5 k ( ! processes by :i* !y are   
made4 ,z hunt] he foll[$ game1 :i*1 :5  
f\nd1 he *as$1 f\ght1 & ov]came 9 a     
/ruggle p]haps desp]ate1 :ile we %oot x 
at a di/ance ) little risk or ef=t4 ,9  
w>f>e he f\ght h& to h& & eye to eye1   
:ile we kill ) z mu* black p[d] z c be  
put 9 a woman's ?imble4 ,he caught &    
dome/icat$ scores ( species ( wild      
animals & taught !m to s]ve him2 fi%$ ) 
pati5ce & skill t comp5sat$ 8 crude     
tools1 weapons1 implem5ts1 & tackle2    
danc$ to exhau/ion 9 ! s]vice ( 8 gods  
or 9 memory ( 8 =ebe>s imitat+ e animal1
 rehe>s+ all 8 own activities 9 mimic =m
 to ! po9t ( exhau/ion1 :ile we move    
?r\gh a few figures 9 clos$ spaces4 ,he 
dress$ hides1 wove baskets :i* we c n   
reproduce1 & fabrics :i* we only poorly 
imitate by ma*9]y1 made pott]y :i* set  
our fa%ions1 play$ games t invigorat$   

body & s\l4 ,8 c\rt%ip 0 ) feats (      
pr[ess & skill1 & meant physical ef=t & 
endurance4  ,adolesc5t girls1 especially
 9 ! middle classes1 9 upp] gramm> &    
high s*ool grades1 dur+ ! gold5 age =   
nasc5t muscul> developm5t1 suff] p]haps 
mo/ ( all 9 ?is respect4 ,grave z are ! 
evils ( *ild labor1 ,i believe f> m     
pubesc5ts 9 ?is c\ntry n[ suff] f too   
little ?an f too mu* physical ex]cise1  
:ile mo/ :o suff] f "w d s because x is 
too uni=m1 "o-sid$1 accessory1 or p]=m$ 
"u un:olesome conditions1 & n because x 
is excessive 9 am\nt4 ,mod]n indu/ry has
 ?us l>gely ceas$ to be a means (       
physical developm5t & ne$s to be (fset  
by comp5sat+ modes ( activity4 ,_m      
labor-sav+ devices increase neural /ra91
 s t "o ( ! problems ( our "t is h[ to  
pres]ve & re/ore n]ve en]gy4 ,"u pres5t 
indu/rial sy/ems ?is mu/ gr[ worse & n  
bett] 9 ! future4 ,heal?y natural       
indu/ries w be less & less op5 to ! "y4 
,?is is ! new situation t n[ confronts  
^? conc]n$ = motor education1 if !y w\ld

 only make good :at is lo/4  ,"s ( !    
results ( ^! conditions are se5 9 av]age
 measurem5ts ( dim5sions1 proportions1  
/r5g?1 skill1 & control4 ,despite !     
excell5ce ( ! few1 ! te/imony ( ^? mo/  
famili> ) ! bodies ( *ildr5 & adults1 & 
_! physical p[]s1 gives evid5ce ( !     
ravages ( mod]n modes ( life t1 )\t a   
wide-spread motor revival1 c bode only  
deg5]ation = our nation & our race4 ,!  
numb] ( common ?+s t c n be done at all2
 ! l>ge proportion ( our y\? :o mu/ be  
exempt$ f any k9ds ( activity or a great
 am\nt ( any2 ! ?9 limbs1 collaps$      
%\ld]s or *e/s1 ! bilat]al asymmetry1   
weak he>ts1 lungs1 eyes1 puny & bad     
muddy or pallid complexions1 tir$ ways1 
automatism1 dyspeptic /oma*s1 ! effects 
( y\?ful error or ( impov]i%$ h]$ity1   
delicate & t5d] nurture1 (t51 alas1 only
 too necess>y1 %[ ! lam5table &         
cumulative effects ( long neglect ( !   
motor abilities1 ! mo/ educable ( all   
man's p[]s1 & p]haps ! mo/ important = 8
 well-be+4 ,if ! unfai?ful /ew>ds ( ^!  

puny & %ameful bodies _h aga91 z 9      
,sp>ta1 to /rip & /& be=e /]n judges &  
r5d] !m acc\nt1 & be smitt5 ) a         
conviction ( _! weakness1 guilty        
de=mity1 & arre/ ( gr[?2 if !y 7 br\ght 
to realize h[ !y are fall5 be+s1 z weak 
z /]n !ologians once deem$ !m deprav$1 &
 h[ great _! ne$ ( physical salvation1  
we might hope aga9 = a physical         
r5aissance4 ,su* a rebir? ! _w has se5 b
 twice or p]haps ?rice1 & ea* 0 foll[$  
by ! two or ?ree ( ! brighte/ culture   
p]iods ( hi/ory1 & =m$ an epo* 9 !      
advancem5t ( ! k+dom ( man4 ,a va/ body 
( evid5ce c\ld be collect$ f ! writ+s ( 
an?ropologi/s %[+ h[ sup]ior unspoil$   
savages are to civiliz$ man 9 correct or
 e/hetic proportions ( body1 9 _m =ms ( 
endurance ( fatigue1 h>d%ip1 & p[] to   
be> exposure1 9 ! developm5t &          
pres]vation ( tee? & hair1 9 ke5ness (  
s5ses1 abs5ce ( de=mities1 z well z     
immunity to _m ( our diseases4 ,_! wom5 
are /rong] & be> h>d%ip & exposure1     
mon?ly p]iods & *ildbir?1 bett]4        

,civilization is s h>d on ! body t "s h 
call$ x a disease1 despite ! arts t keep
 puny bodies alive to a great] av]age   
age1 & our great] protection f contagi\s
 & g]m diseases4  ,! progressive        
realization ( ^! t5d5cies has prompt$   
mo/ ( ! be/ rec5t & great *anges        
motor-w>d 9 education & also 9 p]sonal  
regim54 ,heal?- & /r5g?-giv+ ag5cies h  
put to s*ool ! l>ge motor areas ( !     
bra91 s long neglect$1 & h va/ly enl>g$ 
_! scope4 ,?\s&s ( y\? are n[ inspir$ ) 
new en?usiasm = physical developm5t2 &  
new in/itutions ( _m k9ds & grades h    
aris51 ) a volum9\s lit]ature1 unnumb]$ 
speciali/s1 specialties1 new app>atus1  
te/s1 movem5ts1 me?ods1 & !ories2 & !   
press1 ! public1 & ! *ur* are awak5$ to 
a fre% int]e/ 9 ! body & its p[]s4 ,all 
?is is magnific5t1 b sadly inadequate to
 cope ) ! new ne$s & dang]s1 :i* are    
va/ly great]4  ,footnote #a3 ,diet]i*4  
,gtt+51 #ahhf4  ,footnote #b3 ,see ,*ap4
 xii4  ,footnote #c3 ,f4 ,burk 9 ,f     
,fundam5tal to ,accessory4 ,p$agogical  

,sem9>y1 ,oct41 #ahih1 vol4 #f1 pp4     
#e-fd4  ,footnote #d3 ,creep+ & ,walk+1 
by ,a4,w4 ,tretti54 ,am]ican ,j\rnal (  
,psy*ology1 ,octob]1 #aijj1 vol4 #ab1   
pp4 #a-eg4  ,footnote #e3 ,a ,morn+     
,obs]vation ( a ,baby4 ,p$agogical      
,sem9>y1 ,decemb] #aija1 vol4 #h1 pp4   
#dfi-dha4  ,footnote #f3 ,kate ,c>man4  
,notes on ,s*ool ,activity4 ,p$agogical 
,sem9>y1 ,m>*1 #aijb1 vol4 #i1 pp4      
#ajf-aag4  ,footnote #g3 ,a ,prelim9>y  
,/udy ( ,"s ( ! ,motor ,ph5om5a ( ,m5tal
 ,ef=t4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1  
,july1 #ahif1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #dia-eag4    
,footnote #h3 ,g4,e4 ,johnson4          
,psy*ology & ,pegagogy ( ,feeble-,m9d$  
,*ildr54 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,octob]1  
#ahie1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #bdf-cja4  ,footnote
 #i3 ,dr4 ,hughl+s ,jackson1 ! em95t    
,engli% pa?ologi/1 0 ! fir/ to make     
practical application ( ! evolution>y   
!ory ( ! n]v\s sy/em to ! diagnosis &   
treatm5t ( epilepsies & m5tal diseases4 
,! practical success ( ?is application 0
 s great t ! ,hughl+s-,jackson          

?ree-level !ory is n[ ! e/abli%$ basis (
 ,engli% diagnosis4 ,he conceiv$ ! n]v\s
 me*anism z compos$ ( ?ree sy/ems1      
arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a hi]>*y1 ! high]      
includ+ ! l[]1 & yet ea* hav+ a c]ta9   
degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,! fir/ level      
repres5ts ! type ( simple/ reflex &     
involunt>y movem5t & is localiz$ 9 !    
gray matt] ( ! sp9al cord1 m$ulla1 &    
pons4 ,! second1 or middle level1       
comprises ^? /ructures :i* receive      
s5sory impulses f ! cells ( ! l[e/ level
 in/ead ( directly f ! p]iph]y or !     
non-n]v\s tissues4 ,! motor cells ( ?is 
middle level also dis*>ge into ! motor  
me*anisms ( ! l[e/ level4 ,jackson      
locat$ ^! middle level /ructures 9 !    
cortex ( ! c5tral convolutions1 ! basal 
ganglia & ! c5t]s ( ! special s5ses 9 ! 
cortex4 ,! highe/ level be>s ! same     
relation to ! middle level t x be>s to !
 l[e/ i4e41 no cont9u\s connection      
betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ is assum$2 !   
/ructures ( ! middle level m$iate betwe5
 !m z a sy/em ( relays4 ,accord+ to ?is 

hi]>*ical arrangem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! 
l[e/ level :i* is ! simple/ & olde/     
conta9s ! me*anism = ! simple fundam5tal
 movem5ts 9 reflexes & involunt>y       
reactions4 ,! second level regr\ps ^!   
simple movem5ts by comb9ations &        
associations ( cortical /ructure 9 wid]1
 m complex me*anisms1 produc+ a high]   
class ( movem5ts4 ,! highe/ level       
unifies ! :ole n]v\s sy/em &1 accord+ to
 ,jackson1 is ! anatomical basis ( m9d4 
,= a full] acc\nt ( ?is !ory see ,burk3 
,f ,fundam5tal to ,accessory 9 ! ,n]v\s 
,sy/em & ( ,movem5ts4 ,p$agogical       
,sem9>y1 ,octob]1 #ahih1 vol4 #f1 pp4   
#ag-bc4  ,footnote #aj3 ,a ,prelim9>y   
,/udy ( ,"s ( ! ,motor ,ph5om5a ( ,m5tal
 ,ef=t4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1  
,july1 #ahif1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #dia-eag4    
,footnote #aa3 ,encyclop$ia ( ,social   
,re=m1 ,funk & ,wagnalls1 #ahif1 p4     
#ajie         99     99     99     99   
99     ,,*apt] ,,iii   ,,indu/rial      
,,education   ,trade classes & s*ools1  
_! importance 9 ! int]national          

m>ket--,our dang]s & ! sup]iority (     
,g]man workm5--,! effects ( a           
t>iff--,description ( s*ools betwe5 !   
k9d]g>t5 & ! indu/rial s*ool--,equal    
sal>ies = tea*]s 9 ,france--,dang]s f   
ma*9]y--,! advantages ( life on ! old   
,new ,engl& f>m--,its resemblance to !  
education we n[ give negroes &          
,indians--,its advantage = all-sid$     
muscul> developm5t4  ,we mu/ glance at a
 few ( ! be/ & mo/ typical me?ods (     
muscul> developm5t1 foll[+ ! ord]3      
indu/rial education1 manual tra9+1      
gymna/ics1 & play1 sports1 & games4     
,indu/rial education is n[ imp]ative = e
 nation t w\ld excel 9 agriculture1     
manufacture1 & trade1 n only because ( !
 gr[+ int5sity ( competition1 b because 
( ! decl9e ( ! appr5tice sy/em & ! gr[+ 
intricacy ( processes1 requir+ only !   
skill ne$$ = livelihood4 ,?\s&s ( our   
y\? ( late h be5 div]t$ f second>y      
s*ools to ! monote*nic or trade classes 
n[ e/abli%$ = horology1 glass-"w1       
brick-lay+1 c>p5try1 =g+1 dressmak+1    

cook+1 typesett+1 bookb9d+1 brew+1      
seaman%ip1 "w 9 lea!r1 rubb]1           
horticulture1 g>d5+1 photography1       
basketry1 /ock-rais+1 typewrit+1        
/5ography & bookkeep+1 elem5t>y         
comm]cial tra9+ = practical prep>ation =
 cl]k%ips1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w n only is     
,bo/on1 our mo/ advanc$ city1 z         
,presid5t ,prit*ett#a has %[n 9 detail1 
f> beh9d ,b]l91 b ,g]man workm5 & %opm5 
a sl[ly tak+ ! be/ places ev5 9 ,engl&2 
& b = a high t>iff1 :i* protects our    
inf]iority1 ! competitive pressure w\ld 
be /ill great]4 ,9 ,g]many1 especially1 
?is tra9+ is f> m div]sifi$ ?an "h1     
always be+ color$ if n det]m9$ by !     
preval5t indu/ry ( ! region & m         
specialis$ & help$ out by ev5+ & ev5    
,sunday classes 9 ! s*ool build+s1 & by 
! /ill /rong appr5tice sy/em4           
,froebelian influ5ce 9 manual tra9+     
rea*es ?r\gh ! eight s*ool ye>s & is 9  
"s respects bett] ?an ours 9 l[] grades1
 b is v r>ely co$ucational1 girls' "w ( 
sew+1 knitt+1 cro*et+1 weav+1 etc41 n   

be+ consid]$ manual tra9+4 ,!re are n[  
ov] #a1ejj s*ools & work%ops 9 ,g]many  
:]e manual tra9+ is taught2 tw5ty-five (
 ^! are indep5d5t s*ools4 ,! "w really  
began 9 #ahge ) v4 ,kass1 & is promot$  
by ! great ,society = ,boys' ,h&work4   
,mu* /ress is laid on pap] & pa/ebo>d "w
 9 l[] grades1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,kurufa (
 ,d>m/adt4 ,_m objects = illu/rat+      
sci5ce are made1 & "o c\rse embraces !  
,seyn] wat]-:eel4#b  ,9 ,france x is    
made m effective by ! equal sal>ies (   
tea*]s ev]y:]e1 ?us secur+ bett]        
in/ruction 9 ! c\ntry4 ,adolesc5ce is ! 
gold5 p]iod = acquir+ ! skill t comes by
 practice1 s ess5tial 9 ! /ruggle =     
survival4 ,9 g5]al ?is k9d ( motor      
education is lea/ ( all free1 b         
subs]vi5t to ! tool1 ma*9e1 process1    
f9i%$ product1 or end 9 view2 & to ^!   
heal? & developm5t are subord9at$1 s t  
!y t5d to be ev] m n>r[ & special4 ,!   
/&>d "h is maximal effici5cy ( !        
capacities t e>n4 ,x may favor bad      
habitual attitudes1 muscul> developm5t (

 b "o "p1 excessive l>ge or small       
muscles1 involve too mu* "t or ef=t1    
unheal?ful conditions1 etc41 b x has !  
great advantage ( utility1 :i* is !     
ma9spr+ ( all indu/ry4 ,9 a v few       
dep>tm5ts & places ?is tra9+ has felt ! 
influ5ce ( ! arts & crafts movem5t & has
 be5 fa9tly t\*$ ) ! inspiration (      
beauty4 ,:ile su* c\rses give ^? :o     
foll[ !m m>k$ advantage ov] ^? :o d n1  
!y are *iefly utilit>ian & d little to  
mature or unfold ! physical p[]s1 & may 
involve arre/ or deg5]ation4  ,:]e n "o 
b sev]al or _m pr(esses are taught1 !   
case is f> bett]4 ,( all "w-s*ools1 a   
good f>m is probably ! be/ = motor      
developm5t4 ,?is is due to its great    
v>iety ( occupations1 heal?ful          
conditions1 & ! incalculable phyletic   
ren=cem5t f immemorial times4 ,i h      
comput$ "s ?ree-score indu/ries#c z !   
c5sus n[ classifies !m2 t 7 m or less   
g5]ally kn[n & practic$ sixty ye>s ago 9
 a little t[n%ip1 :i* n only 9 ?is b 9  
o!r respects has _m features ( an ideal 

educational environm5t = adolesc5t boys1
 comb9+ z x does n only physical &      
indu/rial1 b civil & religi\s elem5ts 9 
wise proportions & ) p$agogic           
objectivity1 & repres5t+ ! ideal ( su* a
 /ate ( intellig5t citiz5 vot]s z 0     
contemplat$ by ! fram]s ( our           
,con/itution4  ,contra/ ?is life ) t ( a
 h& 9 a mod]n %oe factory1 :o does all  
day b "o ( ! eighty-"o /ages or         
processes f a tann$ hide to a f9i%$ %oe1
 or ( a man 9 a %irt %op :o is "o (     
?irty-n9e1 ea* ( :om does z piece-"w a  
s+le /ep requir+ great exactness1 spe$1 
& skill1 & :o nev] kn[s h[ a :ole %irt  
is made1 & we %all see t ! pres5t beg9n+
 ( a revival ( int]e/ 9 muscul>         
developm5t comes none too e>ly4 ,s      
lib]al is muscul> education ( ?is k9d t 
its "w 9 some:at primitive =m has be5   
re/or$ & copi$ _m features by _m        
educational in/itutions = adolesc5ts1 ( 
! ,abbot%olme type & grade1 & sev]al    
o!rs1 ^: purpose is to tra9 = primitive 
conditions ( colonial life4 ,?\s&s (    

s*ool g>d5s h also be5 lately develop$ =
 l[] grades1 :i* h giv5 a new impetus to
 ! /udy ( nature4 ,f>m tra9+ at its be/ 
in/ills love ( c\ntry1 ruralizes ta/e1  
borr[s "s ( its ideals f ,goe!'s        
p$agogic prov9ce1 & p]haps ev5 f        
,gilman's pie-%ap$ communities1 )       
villages at ! c5t] irradiat+ to f>ms 9  
all directions4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e by ! law 
( primog5iture hold+s are l>ge & 9 few  
h&s1 ?is tra9+ has nev] fl\ri%$1 z x has
 greatly 9 ,france1 :]e ne>ly e adult   
male may own l& & a l>ge proportion w   
come to d s4 ,s ( processes4 ,z a /ud5t 
9 ,g]many ,i took a few lessons ea* ( a 
bookb9d]1 a glassbl[]1 a %oemak]1 a     
plumb]1 & a blacksmi?1 & "h ,i h le>n$ 9
 a crude way ! te*nique ( ! gold-beat] &
 old-fa%ion$ broom-mak]1 etc41 none (   
:i* come amiss 9 ! laboratory2 & ,i am  
pr\d t ,i c /ill m[ & keep my scy! %>p1 
*op1 pl[1 milk1 *urn1 make *eese & soap1
 braid a palm-leaf hat complete1 knit1  
sp9 & ev5 put 9 a piece 9 an old-fa%ion$
 h& loom1 & weave frock+4 ,b ?us pride  

b[s l[ be=e ! pupils ( our be/          
in/itutions = negroes1 ,indians1 &      
juv5ile del9qu5ts1 ^: tra9+ is (t5 9 m  
?an a score ( indu/ries & :o to-day 9 my
 judgm5t receive ! be/ tra9+ 9 ! l&1 if 
judg$ by ! annual gr[? 9 m9d1 morals1   
heal?1 physique1 ability1 & k1 all tak5 
toge!r4 ,in/ead ( seek+ s(t1 ready-made 
places ne> home1 su* education impels to
 ! fronti]1 to /rike out new c>e]s1 to  
/>t at ! bottom & rise by m]it1 beg9n+ s
 l[ t e *ange mu/ be a rise4 ,:]ev] y\? 
?us tra9$ are ?r[n1 !y l& l a cat on    
all-f\rs & are arm$ cap--pie = ! /ruggle
 ( life4 ,agriculture1 manufacture1 &   
comm]ce are ! bases ( national          
prosp]ity2 & on !m all pr(essions1      
in/itutions1 & ev5 culture1 are m & m   
dep5d5t1 :ile ! old ideals ( m]e /udy & 
bra9-"w are fa/ becom+ obsolete4 ,we    
really reta9 only ! k we apply4 ,we %\ld
 get up int]e/ 9 new processes l t ( a  
naturali/ 9 new species4 ,^? :o leave   
s*ool at any age or /age %\ld be be/    
fitt$ to take up _! life "w in/ead (    

leav+ unfitt$ = x1 aimless & disc\rag$4 
,in/ead ( dropp+ out limp & di%e>t5$1 we
 %\ld tra9 /ruggle-=-lifeurs1 9         
,daudet's phrase1 & t betimes1 s t ! "y 
come back to x n too late = secur+ ! be/
 b5efits1 aft] hav+ wa/$ ! ye>s be/     
fitt$ = x 9 pr(itless /udies or 9 ! h>d 
s*ool ( failure4 ,by su* me?ods _m ( our
 flabby1 undevelop$1 anemic1 easy-liv+  
city y\? w\ld be reg5]at$ 9 body & _s4  
,"s ( ! n[ olde/1 ri*e/1 & mo/ fam\s    
s*ools ( ! _w 7 at fir/ e/abli%$ by     
*>ity = poor boys :o work$ _! way1 & su*
 in/itutions h an undream$-( future4 ,no
 o!rs s well fit = a life ( respectable 
& successful muscle "w1 & p]haps ?is    
%\ld be c5tral = all at ?is /age4 ,?is  
div]sity ( tra9+ develops ! muscul>     
activities r5d]$ necess>y by man's e>ly 
developm5t1 :i* 7 s l>gely conc]n$ )    
food1 %elt]1 clo?+1 mak+ & sell+        
commodities necess>y = life1 com=t &    
safety4 ,! natural /ate ( man is n w>1  
hot peace2 & p]haps ,dawson#d is "r 9   
?9k+ t ?ree-f\r?s ( man's physical      

activities 9 ! pa/ h gone into su*      
vocations4 ,indu/ry has det]m9$ ! nature
 & tr5d ( muscul> developm5t2 & y\?1 :o 
h pets1 till ! soil1 build1 manufacture1
 use tools1 & ma/] elem5t>y processes & 
skills1 are mo/ truly repeat+ ! hi/ory (
 ! race4 ,?is1 too1 lays ! be/ f\ndation
 = intellectual c>e]s4 ,! /udy ( pure   
sci5ce1 z well z its high] te*nology1   
foll[s r ?an prec$es ?is4 ,9 ! l>ge/    
s5se ?is is ! ord] ( nature1 f          
fundam5tal & g5]aliz$ to f9] accessory &
 specializ$ organs & functions2 & su* a 
sequ5ce be/ we$s out & subord9ates      
automatisms4 ,! age ( /ress 9 mo/ ( ^!  
k9ds ( tra9+ is t ( mo/ rapid increm5t (
 muscul> p[]1 z we h se5 9 ! middle &   
lat] te5s r ?an *ildhood1 z "s rec5t    
me?ods h mi/ak5ly assum$2 & ?is         
prepolyte*nic "w1 :]ev] & 9 :atev]      
degree x is possible1 is a bett] adjunct
 ( second>y c\rses ?an manual tra9+1 !  
sad fact be+ t1 accord+ to ! be/        
e/imates1 only a fraction ( "o p] c5t ( 
^? :o ne$ ?is tra9+ 9 ?is c\ntry are n[ 

receiv+ x4  ,footnote #a3 ,! ,place (   
,indu/rial & ,te*nical ,tra9+ 9 ,public 
,education4 ,te*nology ,review1 ,janu>y1
 #aijb1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #aj-cg4  ,footnote 
#b3 ,see an article by ,dr4 ,h4,e4      
,kock1 ,education1 ,decemb]1 #aijb1 vol4
 #bc1 pp4 #aic-bjc4  ,footnote #c3 ,see 
my ,boy ,life 9 a ,massa*usetts ,c\ntry 
,t[n ,=ty ,ye>s ,ago4 ,p$agogical       
,sem9>y1 ,june1 #aijf1 vol4 #ac1 pp4    
#aib-bjg4  ,footnote #d3 ,! ,muscul>    
,activities ,r5d]$ ,necess>y by ,man's  
,e>ly ,environm5t1 ,am]ican ,physical   
,education ,review1 ,june1 #aijb1 vol4  
#g1 pp4 #hj-he4         99     99     99
     99     99     ,,*apt] ,,iv         
,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,sloyd   ,hi/ory (
 ! movem5t--,its philosophy--,! value ( 
h& tra9+ 9 ! developm5t ( ! bra9 & its  
significance 9 ! mak+ ( man--,a gramm> (
 our _m indu/ries h>d--,! be/ we d c    
rea* b few--,v great defects 9 our      
manual tra9+ me?ods :i* d n base on     
sci5ce & make no?+ salable--,! ,leipzig 
sy/em--,sloyd is hyp]me?odic--,^! crude 

peasant indu/ries c nev] satisfy        
educational ne$s--,! gospel ( "w1       
,william ,morris & ! arts & crafts      
movem5t--,its _s desirable--,! magic    
effects ( a brief p]iod ( int5se "w--,! 
natural developm5t ( ! draw+ in/9ct 9 ! 
*ild4  ,manual tra9+ has _m orig9s2 b 9 
its n[ mo/ widely accept$ =m x came to u
 m ?an a g5]ation ago f ,mosc[1 & has   
its be/ repres5tation "h 9 our new & (t5
 magnific5t manual-tra9+ high s*ools & 9
 _m c\rses 9 o!r public s*ools4 ,?is "w 
meets ! gr[+ dem& ( ! c\ntry = a m      
practical education1 a dem& :i* (t5     
greatly exce$s ! accommodations4 ,!     
philosophy1 if su* x may be call$1 t    
und]lies ! movem5t1 is simple1 =cible1 &
 s\nd1 & n unlike ,pe/alozzi's ke9e     
,k5tnisse ohne ,f]tigkeit51 ,no k )\t   
skill 9 t x less5s ! int]val betwe5 ?9k+
 & do+2 helps to give control1 dext]ity1
 & skill an indu/rial tr5d to ta/e2     
int]e/s _m n successful 9 ord9>y s*ool2 
t5ds to ! bett] appreciation ( good1    
hone/ "w2 imp>ts new ze/ = "s /udies2   

adds some:at to ! av]age l5g? ( ! s*ool 
p]iod2 gives a s5se ( capacity &        
effectiv5ess1 & is a useful prep>ation =
 a numb] ( vocations4 ,^! claims are all
 well f\nd$1 & ?is "w is a valuable     
addition to ! p$agogic ag5cies ( any    
c\ntry or /ate4 ,z man excels ! high]   
an?ropoids p]haps almo/ z mu* 9 h& p[] z
 9 m9d1 & s9ce ! manual areas ( ! bra9  
are wide ne> ! psy*ic zones1 & !        
cortical c5t]s are ?us directly         
develop$1 ! h& is a pot5t in/rum5t 9    
op5+ ! intellect z well z 9 tra9+ s5se &
 w4 ,x is no reproa* to ^! s*ools t1    
full z !y are1 !y provide = b an        
insignificant fraction ( ! ne>ly sixte5 
millions or tw5ty p] c5t ( ! "y p ( !   
c\ntry betwe5 fifte5 & tw5ty-f\r4  ,:5  
we turn to ! ne$s ( ^! pupils1 ! errors 
& limitations ( ! me?od are pa9ful to   
contemplate4 ,! "w is ess5tially manual 
& (f]s little = ! legs1 :]e mo/ ( !     
muscul> tissues ( ! body lie1 ^? :i*    
respond mo/ to tra9+ & are n[ mo/ 9     
dang] ( deg5]ation at ?is age2 ! back & 

trunk also are little tra9$4            
,consid]ation ( proportion & bilat]al   
asymmetry are practically ignor$4 ,almo/
 9 proportion z ^! s*ools h multipli$1 !
 rage = uni=mity1 toge!r ) motives (    
economy & adm9i/rative effici5cy on     
acc\nt ( ov]cr[d+1 h made !m rigid &    
inflexible1 on ! pr9ciple t z ! l9e     
l5g!ns ! /ake mu/ be /r5g!n$4 ,?is is a 
d\ble mis=tune2 = ! c\rses 7 n          
suffici5tly consid]$ at fir/ & ! pla/ic 
/age ( adaptation 0 too %ort1 :ile !    
me?ods ( indu/ry h und]gone va/ *anges  
s9ce !y 7 giv5 %ape4 ,!re are n[ betwe5 
?ree & f\r hundr$ occupations 9 ! c5sus1
 m ?an half ( ^! involv+ manual "w1 s t 
nev] p]haps 0 !re s great a p$agogic    
problem z to make ^! natural developm5ts
 into consci\s art1 to extract :at may  
be call$ basal types4 ,?is requires an  
ef=t n )\t analogy to ,ari/otle's       
attempt to extract f ! topics ( !       
m>ketplace ! und]ly+ categories et]nally
 condition+ all ?\ght1 or to con/ruct a 
gramm> ( spee*4 ,h>dly an attempt wor?y 

! "n1 n ev5 ! v inadequate "o ( a       
committee1 has be5 made 9 ?is field to  
/udy ! conditions & to meet !m4 ,l      
,froebel's gifts & occupations1 deem$ by
 _! au?or ! v roots ( human occupations 
9 infant =m1 ! processes select$ are    
und]iv$ & f9d _! ju/ification r 9 _!    
logical sequ5ce & coh]5ce ?an 9 be+ true
 norms ( "w4 ,if ^! latt] be atta9able  
at all1 x is n likely t !y w fit s      
snugly 9 a brief curriculum1 s t its    
simplicity is suspici\s4 ,! w>ds ( !    
keys t lock ! secrets ( nature & human  
life are m intricate & mazy4 ,z ,h4,t4  
,bailey well puts x 9 sub/ance1 a ma/] 9
 any art-craft mu/ h a f\rfold equipm5t3
 #a4 ,ability to grasp an idea & embody 
x4 #b4 ,p[] to utilize all n]ve1 & a    
wide rep]tory ( me?ods1 devices1        
recipes1 discov]ies1 ma*9es1 etc4 #c4 ,k
 ( ! hi/ory ( ! craft4 #d4 ,skill 9     
te*nical processes4 ,am]ican s*ools     
emphasize *iefly only ! la/4  ,! actual 
result is ?us a c\rse ri* 9 details     
repres5t+ wood & iron *iefly1 & mo/ly   

ignor+ o!r mat]ials2 ! "p ( ! c\rse     
treat+ ( ! =m]1 wood5 9 its tea*+s &    
di/9ctly t5d+ to make jo9]s1 c>p5t]s1 & 
cab9et-mak]s2 t ( ! latt]1 iron 9 its   
rigidity & an excell5t s*ool = smi?s1   
me*anics1 & ma*9i/s4 ,^! c\rses are n   
lib]al because !y h>dly t\* sci5ce1 :i* 
is rapidly becom+ ! real basis ( e      
indu/ry4 ,almo/ no?+ t c be call$       
sci5tific k is requir$ or ev5 mu*       
favor$1 save "s geometrical & me*anical 
draw+ & its implicates4 ,^! s*ools      
in/9ctively fe> & repudiate pla9 &      
direct utility1 or suspect its          
educational value or repute 9 !         
community because ( ?is /rong bias t[>d 
a few trades4 ,?is t5d5cy also !y ev5   
fe>1 less (t5 because un=tunately       
trade-unions 9 ?is c\ntry sometimes     
jeal\sly suspect x & might vote d[n     
supplies1 ?an because ! tea*]s 9 ^!     
s*ools 7 g5]ally tra9$ 9 old] s*ola/ic &
 ev5 classic me?ods & matt]4 ,indu/ry is
 ev]y:]e & always = ! sake ( ! product1 
& to cut loose f ?is z if x 7 a         

contam9ation is a fatal mi/ake4 ,to     
focus on process only1 ) no ref]5ce to !
 object made1 is "h an almo/ tragic case
 ( ! sacrifice ( cont5t to =m1 :i* 9 all
 hi/ory has be5 ! *ief /igma (          
deg5]ation 9 education4 ,man is a       
tool-us+ animal2 b tools are always only
 a means to an end1 ! latt] prompt+ ev5 
_! inv5tion4 ,h5ce a c\rse 9 tool       
manipulation only1 ) p]si/5t refusal to 
consid] ! product le/ features (        
trade-s*ools be introduc$1 has made mo/ 
( our manual-tra9+ high s*ools gha/ly1  
holl[1 artificial in/itutions4 ,in/ead (
 mak+ 9 ! l[] grades c]ta9 toys :i* are 
ma/]pieces ( me*anical simplification1 z
 tops & kites1 & introduc+ su* processes
 z glass-mak+ & photography1 & 9 high]  
grades mak+ simple sci5tific app>atus m 
g5]ic ?an ma*9es1 to op5 ! great        
pr9ciples ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 all is   
sacrific$ to sup]normaliz$ me?od4  ,z 9 
all hyp]me?odic s*emes1 ! ?\ght side is 
feeble4 ,!re is no control ( ! "w ( ^!  
s*ools by ! high] te*nical in/itutions  

su* z ! college ex]cises ov] ! high     
s*ool1 s t few ( !m d "w t fits =       
advanc$ tra9+ or is ?\ght be/ by        
te*nical faculties4 ,9 mo/ ( its curr5t 
n>r[ =ms1 manual tra9+ w prove to be    
hi/orically1 z x is educationally1      
extemporiz$ & t5tative1 & w soon be     
sup]s$$ by broad] me?ods & be =gott5 &  
obsolete1 or cit$ only z a l[ po9t (    
dep>ture f :i* future progress w loom   
up4  ,inde$ 9 m progressive c5t]s1 _m   
new dep>tures are n[ 9 ! exp]im5tal     
/age4 ,goetze at ,leipzig1 z a result ( 
long & orig9al /udies & trials1 has     
develop$ c\rses 9 :i* pa/ebo>d "w &     
model+ are made ( equal rank ) wood &   
iron1 & he has connect$ !m ev5 ) !      
k9d]g>t5 bel[4 ,9 g5]al ! :ole indu/rial
 life ( our day is be+ sl[ly explor$ 9 !
 que/ ( new educational elem5ts2 &      
rubb]1 lead1 glass1 textiles1           
metallurgical op]ations1 agriculture1 e 
tool & _m ma*9es1 etc41 are sure to     
contribute _! *oice/ p$agogical factors 
to ! f9al result4 ,9 e detail ! prime   

consid]ation %\ld be ! nature & ne$s ( !
 y\?ful body & w at ea* age1 _! hygi5e &
 fulle/ developm5t2 & next1 ! close/    
connection ) sci5ce at e po9t %\ld d !  
same = ! intellect4 ,ea* op]ation & ea* 
tool--! saw1 knife1 plane1 screw1 hamm]1
 *isel1 draw-%ave1 s&pap]1 la!--w be    
/udi$ ) ref]5ce to its or?op$ic value1  
bilat]al asymmetry1 ! muscles x         
develops1 & ! attitudes & motor habits x
 favors2 & uni=mity1 :i* 9 ,france (t5  
requires classes to saw1 /rike1 plane   
up1 d[n1 "r1 left1 all toge!r1 ^u c\nt &
 comm&1 w give place to individuality4  
,sloyd has c]ta9 special features &     
claims4 ,! ^w means skilful1 deft4 ,!   
movem5t 0 organis$ 9 ,sw$5 a qu>t] ( a  
c5tury ago z an ef=t to prev5t !        
ext9ction by ma*9]y ( peasant home      
indu/ry dur+ ! long w9t] night4 ,home   
sloyd 0 in/all$ 9 an in/itution ( its   
own = tra9+ tea*]s at ,ns4 ,x works 9   
wood only1 ) little ma*9]y1 & is be/    
develop$ = *ildr5 ( f elev5 to fifte54  
,x no long] aims to make artisans2 b its

 manipulations are meant to be          
developm5tal1 to tea* bo? sexes n only  
to be useful b self-active &            
self-respect+1 & to rev]e exactness z a 
=m ( tru?fulness4 ,x assumes t all &    
especially ! motor-m9d$ c really und]/& 
only :at !y make1 & t "o c "w l a       
peasant & ?9k l a philosoph]4 ,x aims to
 produce :oles r ?an p>ts l ! ,russian  
sy/em1 & to be s ess5tially educational 
t1 z a lead+ expon5t says1 its be/      
effects w\ld be cons]v$ if ! h&s 7 cut  
(f4 ,?is *ange ( its orig9al            
utilit>ianism f ! l[] to ! lib]al motor 
developm5t ( ! middle & upp] classes & f
 ! l& :]e x orig9at$ to ano!r1 has n    
elim9at$ ! dom9ant m>ks ( its orig9 9   
its models1 ! ,p5ates ( ! sloyd         
h\sehold1 ! unique features ( :i* p]si/ 
l a national s*ool ( art1 despite       
transplantation & trans=mation4#a       
,sloyd at its be/ tries to correlate    
sev]al s]ies1 viz41 ex]cises1 tools1    
draw+1 & models4 ,ea* mu/ be            
progressive1 s t e new /ep 9 ea* s]ies  

involves a new & next developm5tal /ep 9
 all ! o!rs1 & all toge!r1 x is claim$1 
fit ! ord] & degree ( developm5t ( ea*  
p[] appeal$ to 9 ! *ild4 ,yet !re has   
be5 h>dly an attempt to ju/ify ei!r !   
physiological or ! psy*ological reason (
 a s+le /ep 9 any ( ^! s]ies1 & !       
cord9ation ( ! s]ies ev5 ) ea* o!r1 to  
say no?+ ( _! adaptation to ! /ages ( ! 
*ild's developm5t4 ,?is1 if z pat &     
complete z is urg$1 w\ld inde$ con/itute
 on ! :ole a p>agon ( all ! h>mony1     
beauty1 totality 9 v>iety1 etc41 :i*    
make x s magnific5t 9 ! admir]'s eyes4  
,b ! #de tools1 #gb ex]cises1 #ca       
models1 #ae ( :i* are jo9ts1 all le>n$  
by tea*]s 9 "o s*ool ye> ( daily "w & by
 pupils 9 f\r ye>s1 are ov]me?odic2 &   
su* correlation is impossible 9 s _m    
s]ies at once4 ,e dual ord]1 ev5 ( "w & 
unfoldm5t ( p[]s1 is h>d en\gh1 s9ce !  
fall lo/ u ,ed52 & woodwork1 c\ld x be  
^u t ( ! tree ( k itself1 incompatible )
 enjoy+ its fruit4 ,al?\gh a philosoph] 
may see ! :ole univ]se 9 its smalle/ "p1

 all 8 !ory c n reproduce educational   
:oles f fragm5ts ( x4 ,! real m]its (   
sloyd h caus$ its en?usia/ic lead]s to  
magnify its scope & claims f> beyond _! 
mode/ b\nds2 & al?\gh its field cov]s ! 
great transition f *ildhood to y\?1 "o  
se>*es 9 va9 bo? its lit]ature &        
practise = ! slighte/ recognition ( !   
new motives & me?ods t pub]ty sugge/s4  
,especially 9 its p>tially acclimatiz$  
=ms to ,am]ican conditions1 x is all    
adult & almo/ s*ola/ic2 & z ! mo/       
elaborate ma*9]y may sometimes be run by
 a poor p[]-:eel1 if ! /ream be swift & 
copi\s en\gh1 s ! mighty r5t t sets t[>d
 motor education w\ld give x "s degree (
 success 7 x worse & less economic (    
p$agogic mom5tum ?an x is4 ,x holds     
s+ul>ly alo( f o!r me?ods ( eff]5t tra9+
 & resi/s cord9ation ) !m1 & its        
provisions = o!r ?an h& developm5t are  
slight4 ,x w be "o ( ! la/ to accept its
 true b mode/ place z contribut+ c]ta9  
few b preci\s elem5ts 9 ! great] syn!sis
 t imp5ds4 ,indian indu/ries1 basketry1 

pott]y1 bead1 lea!r1 b[s & arr[s1 b>k1  
etc41 :i* our civilization is mak+ lo/  
arts by =c+ ! :ite man's indu/ries ^u r$
 m5 at res]vation s*ools & else:]e1 ne$ 
only a small "p ( ! sy/emization t      
,sw$i% peasant "w has receiv$ to develop
 ev5 great] educational values2 & ! same
 is true ( ! indig5\s h\sehold "w ( !   
old ,new ,engl& f>m1 ! real wor? &      
possibilities ( :i* are only n[1 &      
p]haps too late1 beg9n+ to be se5 by a  
few educators4  ,?is br+s u to ! arts & 
crafts movem5t1 orig9at+ ) ,c>lyle's    
gospel ( "w & ,rusk9's m$ievalism1      
develop$ by ,william ,morris & 8        
disciples at ! ,r$ ,h\se1 *eck$ a:ile by
 ! ridicule ( ! comic op]a ,pati5ce1 &  
lately reviv$ 9 "s ( its features by    
,cobd5-,s&]son1 & ( late to "s ext5t 9  
v>i\s c5t]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its ideal 0  
to re/ore ! day ( ! sev5 anci5t guilds &
 ( ,hans ,sa*s1 ! poet cobbl]1 :5       
consci5ce & beauty inspir$ "w1 & ! h&   
did :at ma*9es only imitate & vulg>ize4 
,9 ! pa/1 :i* ?is s*ool ( motor culture 

h>ks back to1 "w1 = :i* our deg5]ate age
 lacks ev5 respect1 0 inde$ praise4     
,ref9$ m5 & wom5 h rememb]$ ^! e>ly     
days1 :5 _! race 0 9 its prime1 z a lo/ 
p>adise :i* !y w\ld rega9 by design+ &  
ev5 weav+ tape/ries & musl9s2 exp]im5t+ 
9 vats ) dyes to rival ,tyrian purple2  
pr9t+ & b9d+ by h& books t surpass ! be/
 ( ! ,ald9e1 & ,elzevirs2 c>v+ 9 old    
oak2 hamm]+ brass2 =g+ locks1 irons1 &  
c&le/icks2 becom+ arti/s 9 burn$ wood & 
lea!r2 seek+ old effects ( simplicity & 
solidity 9 furniture & decoration1 z    
well z ar*itecture1 /a9$ glass1 & to "s 
ext5t 9 dress & mann]s2 & all ?is toil &
 moil 0 ad majorem gloriam hom9is ,to ! 
great] glory ( man 9 a new sociali/ic   
/ate1 :]e ! arti/1 & ev5 ! artisan1 %\ld
 take 8 rightful place above ! man :o   
m]ely kn[s4 ,! day ( ! m]e pr(essor1 :o 
deals 9 k1 is gone2 & ! day ( ! do]1 :o 
creates1 has come4 ,! bra9 & ! h&1 too  
long divorc$ & ea* weak & mean )\t !    
o!r2 use & beauty1 ea* alone vulg>2     
lett]s & labor1 ea* s\lless )\t ! o!r1  

are h5ce=? to be "o & insep>able2 & ?is 
union w lift man to a high] level4 ,!   
workman 9 8 apron & pap] hat1 inspir$ by
 ! new socialism & ! old _s ( *ivalry z 
reviv$ by ,scott1 rev]+ ,wagn]'s revival
 ( ! old ,deuts*5?um t 0 to conqu]      
,*ri/5?um1 or ,t5nyson's ,ar?urian      
cycle--?is 0 its ideal2 ev5 z ! ,jews   
rek9dl$ _! loyalty to ! anci5t          
traditions ( _! race & made _! ,bible "u
 ,ezra2 z we beg9 to rev]e ! day ( !    
f>m]-citiz51 :o made our in/itutions1 or
 z "s ( u w\ld revive 8 vani%+ indu/rial
 life = ! r$ man4  ,al?\gh ?is movem5t 0
 by old] m5 & wom5 & _h 9 x some?+ ( !  
long+ regret ( s5esc5ce = days t are no 
m1 x %[s u ! glory :i* inve/s racial    
adolesc5ce :5 x is recall$ 9 maturity1 !
 "t :5 ! s\l c be/ appreciate ! value ( 
its creations & its possibilities1 &    
really lives aga9 9 its glam\r & f9ds 9 
x its greate/ inspiration4 ,h5ce x has  
its lessons = u "h4 ,a t\*1 b n too mu* 
( x1 %\ld be felt 9 all manual          
education1 :i* is j z capable ( idealism

 z lit]>y education4 ,?is gives s\l1    
int]e/1 cont5t1 beauty1 ta/e4 ,if n a   
polyphra/ic philosophy seek+ to dignify 
! occupation ( ! work%op by a pret5ti\s 
,volapk ( reasons & ab/ract !ories1 we h
 "h ! pregnant sugge/ion ( a            
psy*ological qu>ry ( motives & _s op5$ &
 ready to be work$4 ,?us ! be/ =ces f ! 
pa/ %\ld be turn$ on to %ape & re9=ce ! 
be/ t5d5cies ( ! pres5t4 ,! writ+s ( !  
above gospel]s ( "w n only c\ld & %\ld1 
b w be us$ to inspire manual-tra9+ high 
s*ools1 sloyd & ev5 "s ( ! less s*ola/ic
 indu/rial c\rses2 b ea* is incomplete  
)\t ! o!r4 ,^! books & ^? t brea! _! _s 
%\ld be ! m5tal work%op ( all :o d tool1
 la!1 & =ge "w2 :o design & draw        
patt]ns1 c>ve or mold2 or ( ^? :o /udy  
h[ to %ape matt] = human uses1 & ^: aim 
is to obta9 diplomas or c]tificates (   
fitness to tea* all su* ?+s4 ,! muse (  
art & ev5 ( music w h "s voice 9 ! great
 syn!sis :i* is to ga!r up ! scatt]$1   
h5ce ineffective1 elem5ts ( second>y    
motor tra9+1 9 =ms :i* %all repres5t all

 ! ne$s ( adolesc5ts 9 ! ord] &         
proportion t nature & gr[? /ages        
indicate1 draw+1 ) ?is end supreme1 ^u  
all ! res\rces t hi/ory & re=m (f] to   
our selection4 ,all ?is c nev] make "w  
become play4 ,inde$ x w & %\ld make "w  
h>d] & m unlike play & ( ano!r g5us1    
because ! =m] is ?us giv5 its own prop] 
s\l & leads its own di/9ct1 b ri*]1 & m 
ab\nd+ life4  ,i mu/ n close ?is section
 )\t brief m5tion ( two important /udies
 t h suppli$ ea* a new & important      
det]m9ation conc]n+ laws ( "w peculi> to
 adolesc5ce4  ,! ma9 telegraphic l9e    
requires a spe$ ( ov] sev5ty lett]s p]  
m9ute ( all :om !y w employ4 ,z a s5d+  
rate ?is is n v difficult & is (t5      
atta9$ aft] two mon?s' practise4 ,?is   
/&>d = a receiv+ rate is h>d] & lat]1 & 
inquiry at s*ools :]e x is taught %[s t 
ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ^? :o beg9 !  
/udy fail to rea* ?is spe$ & s are n    
employ$4 ,bryan & ,h>t]#b expla9$ ! rate
 ( improvem5t 9 bo? s5d+ & receiv+1 )   
results repres5t$ = "o typical subject 9

 ! curve on ! foll[+ page4  ,f ! fir/1  
s5d+ improves mo/ rapidly & crosses !   
dead-l9e a few mon?s be=e ! receiv+     
rate1 :i* may fall %ort4 ,curves #a & #b
 repres5t ! same /ud5t4 ,i h add$ l9e #c
 to illu/rate ! ?ree-f\r?s :o fail4     
,receiv+ is f> less pleasant ?an s5d+1 &
 ye>s ( daily practise at ord9>y rates w
 n br+ a man to 8 maximum rate2 he      
rema9s on ! l[ plateau ) no progress    
beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,if =c$ by /ress ( 
"w1 dang] ( be+ dropp$1 or by w p[] to  
make a prolong$ & int5se ef=t1 he breaks
 ?r\gh 8 hideb\nd rate & p]man5tly      
atta9s a fa/] pace4 ,?is is true at ea* 
/ep1 & e advance seems to co/ ev5 m     
int5sive ef=t ?an ! =m] "o4 ,at l5g?1 = 
^? :o g on1 ! rate ( receiv+1 :i* is a m
 complex process1 exce$s t ( s5d+2 & !  
curves ( ! above figure w\ld cross if   
prolong$4 ,! exp]t receives s mu* fa/]  
?an he s5ds t abbreviat$ codes are us$1 
& he may take eighty to eighty-five     
words a m9ute on a typewrit] 9 correct  
=m4  ,illu/ration3 ,lett]s p] ,m9ute x  

,weeks ( ,practice4  ,! motor curve     
seems to asymptotically approa* a p]haps
 physiological limit1 :i* ! receiv+     
curve does n sugge/4 ,?is seems a       
special case ( a g5]al ?\gh n yet       
expla9$ law4 ,9 le>n+ a =eign language1 
speak+ is fir/ & easie/1 & he>+ takes a 
late b (t5 sudd5 />t to indep5d5ce4     
,p]haps ?is holds ( e ability4 ,to      
,bryan ?is sugge/s z a hi]>*y ( habits1 
! plateau ( little or no improvem5t1    
mean+ t l[] ord] habits are approa*+ _! 
maximum b are n yet automatic en\gh to  
leave ! att5tion free to attack high]   
ord] habits4 ,! second asc5t f drudg]y  
to fre$om1 :i* comes ?r\gh automatism1  
is (t5 z sudd5 z ! fir/ asc5t4 ,"o /roke
 ( att5tion comes to d :at once took _m4
 ,to atta9 su* effective spe$ is n      
dep5d5t on reaction "t4 ,?is %oot+      
toge!r ( units di/+ui%es ! ma/] f ! man1
 ! g5ius f ! hack4 ,9 _m1 if n all1     
skills :]e exp]tness is s\ght1 !re is a 
long disc\rag+ level1 & !n = ! be/ a    
sudd5 asc5t1 z if "h1 too1 z we h reason

 to ?9k 9 ! gr[? ( bo? ! body z a :ole &
 9 t ( its p>ts1 nature does make leaps 
& atta9s h] ends by alt]nate re/s &     
ru%es4 ,y\? lives along on a l[ level ( 
int]e/ & accompli%m5t & !n />ts onw>d1  
is trans=m$1 conv]t$2 ! h>d becomes     
easy2 ! old life s9ks to a l[] /ratum2 &
 a new & high] ord]1 p]haps a high] bra9
 level & functions1 is evolv$4 ,!       
practical implication "h ( ! necessity (
 h>d conc5trative ef=t z a condition (  
advancem5t is re-en=c$ by a quotation f 
,s5ator ,/an=d on ! effect ( e>ly & r   
int5sive "w at n too long p]iods 9 tra9+
 colts = rac+4 ,let-ups are especially  
dang]\s4 ,he says1 ,x is ! supreme ef=t 
t develops4 ,?is1 ,i may add1 sugge/s   
:at is develop$ else:]e1 t truly        
spontane\s att5tion is condition$ by    
spontane\s muscle t5sion1 :i* is a      
function ( gr[?1 & t muscles are ?us    
organs ( ! m9d2 & also t ev5 volunt>y   
att5tion is motivat$ by ! same nisus (  
developm5t ev5 9 its mo/ adult =m1 & t !
 products ( sci5ce1 inv5tion1 discov]y1 

z well z ! association plexus ( all t 0 
orig9ally det]m9$ 9 ! =m ( consci\sness1
 are made by rhy?mic alt]nation (       
attack1 z x moves f po9t to po9t creat+ 
div]sions & recurr5ce4  ,! o!r /udy1    
al?\gh q indep5d5t1 is "p a special     
application & illu/ration ( ! same      
pr9ciple4  ,at ! age ( f\r or five1 :5  
!y c d little m ?an scribble1 *ildr5's  
*ief int]e/ 9 pictures is z f9i%$       
products2 b 9 ! second p]iod1 :i* ,lange
 calls t ( arti/ic illusion1 ! *ild sees
 9 8 own "w n m]ely :at x repres5ts1 b  
an image ( fancy back ( x4 ,?is1 !n1 is 
! gold5 p]iod = ! developm5t ( p[] to   
create arti/ically4 ,! *ild loves to    
draw ev]y?+ ) ! pleasure *iefly 9 ! act1
 & he c>es little = ! f9i%$ picture4 ,he
 draws out ( 8 own head1 & n f copy be=e
 8 eye4 ,any?+ & ev]y?+ is attempt$ 9   
bold l9es 9 ?is gold5 age ( draw+4 ,if  
he foll[$ ! tea*]1 look$ c>efully & drew
 :at he saw1 he w\ld be aba%$ at 8      
production4 ,indians1 conflagrations1   
games1 br[nies1 tra9s1 pageants1        

battles--ev]y?+ is graphically portray$2
 b only ! little arti/ himself sees !   
full mean+ ( 8 l9es4 ,criticism or draw+
 /rictly aft] nature breaks ?is *>m1    
s9ce x gives place to me*anical         
reproduction 9 :i* ! *ild has little    
int]e/4 ,?us awak5s him f 8 dream to a  
realization t he c n draw1 & f t5 to    
fifte5 8 p[] ( p]ceiv+ ?+s /eadily      
increases & he makes almo/ no progress 9
 draw+4 ,adolesc5ce ar\ses ! creative   
faculty & ! desire & ability to draw are
 *eck$ & decl9e aft] ?irte5 or f\rte54  
,! curve is ! plateau :i* ,b>nes has    
describ$4 ,! *ild has measur$ 8 own     
productions ^u ! object !y reproduc$ &  
f\nd !m want+1 is disc\rag$ & dislikes  
draw+4 ,f twelve on1 ,b>nes f\nd draw+ m
 & m di/a/eful2 & ?is1 too1 ,luk5s f\nd 
to be ! op9ion ( our art tea*]s4 ,!     
pupils may draw v prop]ly & improve 9   
te*nique1 b ! int]e/ is gone4 ,?is is ! 
condition 9 :i* mo/ m5 rema9 all _!     
lives4 ,_! p[] to appreciate /eadily    
increases4 ,only a few gift$ adolesc5ts 

ab\t ?is age beg9 a to develop a new ze/
 9 production1 rival+ t ( ! p]iod f five
 to t51 :5 _! satisfaction is aga9      
*iefly 9 creation4 ,^! are ! arti/s ^:  
active p[]s dom9ate4  ,luk5s#c f9ds 9 8 
/udies ( draw+1 t 9 :at he calls 8 f\r? 
p]iod ( arti/ic developm5t1 !re are ^?  
:o dur+ adolesc5ce exp]i5ce a rebir? (  
creative p[]4 ,ze/ 9 creation !n (t5    
becomes a /rong] inc5tive to "w ?an any 
pleasure or pr(it to be d]iv$ f ! f9i%$ 
product1 s t 9 ?is ! propiti\s          
conditions ( ! fir/ gold5 age ( *ildhood
 are repeat$ & ! deepe/ satisfaction is 
aga9 f\nd 9 ! "w itself4 ,at ab\t f\rte5
 or fifte51 :i* is ! transition p]iod1  
nasc5t faculties sometimes develop v    
rapidly4 ,luk5s#d draws ! int]e/+ curve 
%[n on ! foll[+ page4  ,illu/ration3    
,motor1 creative or productive p[]4     
,s5sory or receptive int]e/ 9 ! f9i%$   
product4  ,! reciprocity betwe5 ! p[] to
 produce & t to appreciate1 r\ghly      
repres5t$ 9 ! above curve1 likely is    
true also 9 ! doma9 ( music1 & may be1  

p]haps1 a g5]al law ( developm5t4 ,c]ta9
 x is t ! adolesc5t p[] to app]ceive &  
appreciate nev] s f> out/rips 8 p[] to  
produce or reproduce z ab\t midway 9 !  
te5s4 ,n[ impressions s9k deepe/4 ,!    
greate/ arti/s are usually ^? :o pa9t   
lat]1 :5 ! expressive p[]s are develop$1
 :at !y h felt mo/ deeply & kn[n be/ at 
?is age1 & n ^? :o 9 ! late tw5ties1 or 
/ill lat]1 h gone to new environm5ts &  
s\ght to depict !m4 ,all "y p draw be/  
^? objects !y love mo/1 & _! pr(ici5cy  
%\ld be "s te/ ( ! cont5ts ( _! m9ds4   
,!y mu/ put _! own consci\sness into a  
picture4 ,at ! dawn ( ?is /age (        
appreciation ! e/hetic ta/es %\ld be    
/imulat$ by exposure to1 & in/ruct$ 9   
feel+ =1 ! subject-matt] ( ma/]pieces2 &
 in/ruction 9 te*nique1 detail1         
criticism1 & le>n$ discrim9ation (      
s*ools ( pa9t+ %\ld be giv5             
int]mitt5tly4 ,art %\ld n n[ be = art's 
sake1 b = ! sake ( feel+ & "*1 life1 &  
conduct2 x %\ld be adjunct to morals1   
hi/ory1 & lit]ature2 & 9 all1           

edification %\ld be ! goal2 & p]sonal   
int]e/1 & n t ( ! tea*]1 %\ld be !      
guide4 ,insi/5ce on production %\ld be  
eas$1 & ! receptive imag9ation1 n[ s    
hungry1 %\ld be f$ & re9=c$ by /ory &   
all o!r accessories4 ,by su* a          
curriculum1 pot5tial creativ5ess1 if x  
exi/s1 w surely be evok$ 9 its own good 
"t4 ,x w1 at fir/1 attempt no           
commonplace draw+-ma/] !mes1 b w essay !
 highe/ t ! imag9ation c bode =?4 ,x may
 be crude & lame 9 execution1 b x w be  
l(ty1 p]haps gr&2 & if x is orig9al 9   
consci\sness1 x w be 9 effect4 ,mo/     
creative pa9t]s be=e tw5ty h grappl$ ) !
 greate/ sc5es 9 lit]ature or turn+     
po9ts 9 hi/ory1 repres5tations ( !      
l(tie/ tru?s1 embodim5ts ( ! mo/ inspir+
 ideals4 ,none :o des]ve ! "n ( arti/   
copy any?+ n[1 & lea/ ( all ) objective 
fidelity to nature2 & ! tea*] t         
represses or criticizes ?is fir/ po9t ( 
g5ius1 or :o c n p>don ! grave faults ( 
te*nique inevitable at ?is age :5       
ambition ought to be too great = p[]1 is

 n an educator b a repressor1 a p$agogic
 ,phili/9e committ+1 l s _m ( 8 call+ 9 
o!r fields1 ! unp>donable s9 aga9/ budd+
 promise1 always at ?is age s easily    
blight$4 ,j z ! *ild ( six or sev5 %\ld 
be enc\rag$ 9 8 /rong in/9ct to draw !  
mo/ complex sc5es ( 8 daily life1 s n[ !
 inn] life %\ld f9d graphic utt]ance 9  
all its intricacy up to ! full limit (  
unrepress$ c\rage4 ,= ! great majority1 
on ! o!r h&1 :o only appreciate & w nev]
 create1 ! m9d1 if x h its rights1 w be 
/or$ ) ! be/ images & s5tim5ts ( art2 = 
at ?is "t !y are be/ rememb]$ & s9k     
deepe/ into he>t & life4 ,n[1 al?\gh !  
h& may refuse1 ! fancy pa9ts ! _w 9     
brighte/ hues & faire/ =ms2 & su* an    
opportunity = infect+ ! s\l ) vacc9e (  
ideality1 hope1 optimism1 & c\rage 9    
adv]sity1 w nev] come aga94 ,i believe t
 9 few dep>tm5ts are curr5t educational 
!ories & practises s h>d on y\? (       
sup]ior gifts1 j at ! age :5 all become 
g5iuses = a season1 v brief = mo/1      
prolong$ = "s1 & p]man5t = ! be/4 ,we d 

n "k h[ to tea* to1 see1 he>1 & feel :5 
! s5se c5t]s are mo/ indelibly          
impressible1 & to give relative re/ to !
 h& dur+ ! ye>s :5 its p[] ( accuracy is
 abat$ & :5 all t is good is idealiz$   
fur!/1 & confid5ce 9 ability to produce 
is at its l[e/ ebb4  ,f9ally1 our       
divorce betwe5 indu/rial & manual tra9+ 
is abnormal1 & high] te*nical education 
is ! *ief suff]]4 ,pr(essor ,?ur/on1 (  
,cornell1 :o has lately return$ f a t\r 
( inspection abroad1 report$ t to equal 
,g]many we n[ ne$3 #a4 ,tw5ty te*nical  
univ]sities1 hav+ 9 _! s*ools ( eng9e]+ 
#ej in/ructors & #ejj /ud5ts ea*4 #b4   
,two ?\s& te*nical high s*ools or       
manual-tra9+ s*ools1 ea* hav+ n less ?an
 #bjj /ud5ts & #aj in/ructors4 ,if we h 
elem5t>y trade-s*ools1 ?is w\ld mean    
te*nical high s*ools en\gh to           
accommodate #gjj1jjj /ud5ts1 s]v$ by    
#bj1jjj tea*]s4 ,) ! /rong economic     
argum5ts 9 ?is direction we are n "h    
conc]n$2 b t !re are t5d5cies to unfit  
y\? = life by educational me?od & matt] 

%[n 9 /rong relief f ?is /&po9t1 we %all
 po9t out 9 a lat] *apt]4  ,footnote #a3
 ,?is ,i h else:]e tri$ to %[ 9 detail4 
,criticisms ( ,high ,s*ool ,physics &   
,manual ,tra9+ & ,me*anic ,arts 9 ,high 
,s*ools4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,june1    
#aijb1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #aic-bjd4  ,footnote
 #b3 ,/udies 9 ! ,physiology &          
,psy*ology ( ! ,telegraphic ,language4  
,psy*ological ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahig1  
vol4 #d1 pp4 #bg-ec1 & ,july1 #ahii1    
vol4 #f1 pp4 #cdd-cge4  ,footnote #c3 ,a
 ,/udy ( ,*ildr5's ,draw+s 9 ! ,e>ly    
,ye>s4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,octob]1    
#ahif1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #gi-aja4 ,see also  
,draw+ 9 ! ,e>ly ,ye>s1 ,proce$+s ( !   
,national ,educational ,association1    
#ahii1 pp4 #idf-iec4 ,das ,k9d als      
,kn/l]1 von ,c4 ,gtze4 ,hamburg1 #ahih4 
,! ,g5etic vs4 ! ,logical ,ord] 9       
,draw+1 by ,f4 ,burk4 ,p$agogical       
,sem9>y1 ,septemb]1 #aijb1 vol4 #i1 pp4 
#bif-cbc4  ,footnote #d3 ,die           
,entwickelungs/uf5 beim ,zei*n54 ,die   
,k9d]fehl]1 ,septemb]1 #ahig1 vol4 #b1  

pp4 #aff-agi4         99     99     99  
99     99     ,,*apt] ,v   ,,gymna/ics  
,! /ory ( ,jahn & ! ,turn]s--,!         
en?usiasm :i* ?is movem5t g5]at$ 9      
,g]many--,! ideal ( br++ out lat5t      
p[]s--,! concept ( m p]fect volunt>y    
control--,sw$i% gymna/ics--,do+ ev]y?+  
possible = ! body z a ma*9e--,lib]al    
physical culture--,l+'s or?og5ic s*eme (
 economic po/ures & movem5ts & correct+ 
defects--,! ideal ( symmetry & prescrib+
 ex]cises to br+ ! body to a            
/&>d--,lam5table lack ( correlation     
betwe5 ^! f\r sy/ems--,illu/rations ( ! 
great good t a sy/ematic tra9+ c        
effect--,a?letic records--,greek        
physical tra9+4  ,"u ! t]m gymna/ics1   
lit]ally nak$ ex]cises1 we "h include ^?
 d5ud$ ( all utilities or ult]ior ends  
save ^? ( physical culture4 ,?is is     
ess5tially mod]n & 0 unkn[n 9 antiquity1
 :]e tra9+ 0 = games1 = w>1 etc4 ,sev]al
 ideals und]lie ?is movem5t1 :i* al?\gh 
closely relat$ are di/9ct & z yet by no 
means entirely h>moniz$4 ,^! may be     

describ$ z foll[s3  ,a4 ,"o aim ( ,jahn1
 m develop$ by ,spiess1 & _! successors1
 0 to d ev]y?+ physically possible = !  
body z a me*anism4 ,_m po/ures &        
attitudes are assum$ & _m movem5ts made 
t are nev] call$ = 9 life4 ,"s ( ^! are 
s novel t a great v>iety ( new app>atus 
_h to be devis$ to br+ !m out2 & ,jahn  
inv5t$ _m new names1 "s ( !m )\t        
etymologies1 to designate ! rep]tory ( 8
 discov]ies & inv5tions t ext5d$ ! range
 ( motor life4 ,common movem5ts1        
indu/ries1 & ev5 games1 tra9 only a     
limit$ numb] ( muscles1 activities1 &   
cord9ations1 & leave m or less unus$    
gr\ps & comb9ations1 s t _m lat5t       
possibilities slumb]1 & p[]s sl[ly lapse
 ?r\gh disuse4 ,n only mu/ ^! be rescu$1
 b ! new nasc5t possibilities ( mod]n   
progressive man mu/ be address$ &       
develop$4 ,ev5 ! common ?+s t ! av]age  
untra9$ y\? c n d are legion1 & ea* ( ^!
 %\ld be a new inc5tive to ! tra9] z he 
realizes h[ v f> bel[ _! motor          
possibilities meet m5 live4 ,! man ( !  

future may1 & ev5 mu/1 d ?+s impossible 
9 ! pa/ & acquire new motor v>iations n 
giv5 by h]$ity4 ,our somatic frame & its
 p[]s mu/ !re=e be c>efully /udi$1      
inv5tori$1 & assess$ afre%1 & a k9d &   
am\nt ( ex]cise requir$ t is exactly    
proportion$1 n p]haps to ! size b to !  
capability ( ea* volunt>y muscle4 ,?us  
only c we h a truly humani/ic physical  
developm5t1 analog\s to ! tra9+ ( all ! 
p[]s ( ! m9d 9 a broad1 truly lib]al1 & 
non-pr(essional or non-vocational       
educational curriculum4 ,! body w ?us h 
its rightful %>e 9 ! p$agogic traditions
 & inspirations ( ! r5aissance4 ,?us    
only c we h a true scale ( /&>dis$      
culture values = eff]5t processes2 & f  
?is we c measure ! degrees ( dep>ture1  
bo? 9 ! direction ( excess & defect1 (  
ea* =m ( "w1 motor habit2 & ev5 play4   
,_m mod]n ,epigoni 9 ! wake ( ?is great 
ideal1 :]e its mom5tum 0 e>ly sp5t1     
feel+ t new activities might be discov]$
 ) virtues hi!rto undream$ (1 h almo/   
made feti*es ( special discipl9es1 bo?  

developm5tal & corrective1 t are pictur$
 & l&$ 9 scores ( manuals4 ,o!rs h _h   
expectations no less excessive 9 !      
opposite direction & h argu$ t ! greate/
 possible v>iety ( movem5ts be/ develop$
 ! greate/ total ( motor en]gy4 ,jahn   
especially ?us made gymna/ics a special 
art & inspir$ great en?usiasm (         
humanity1 & ! songs ( 8 pupils 7 ( a    
bett] race ( man & a great] & unit$     
fa!rl&4 ,x 0 ?is feature t made 8 "w    
unique 9 ! _w1 & 8 disciples are fond ( 
rem9d+ u ( ! fact t x 0 j ab\t "o       
g5]ation ( m5 aft] ! acme ( influ5ce ( 8
 sy/em t1 9 #ahgj1 ,g]many %[$ h]self ! 
greate/ milit>y p[] s9ce anci5t ,rome1 &
 took ! ackn[l$g$ lead]%ip ( ! _w bo? 9 
education & sci5ce4  ,^! !orizations ev5
 9 _! extreme =ms h be5 n only highly   
sugge/ive b h br\ght great & new        
en?usiasms & ideals into ! educational  
_w t admirably fit adolesc5ce4 ,! motive
 ( br++ out lat5t1 decay+1 or ev5 new   
p[]s1 skills1 knacks1 & feats1 is full (
 inspiration4 ,patriotism is ar\s$1 =   

?us ! c\ntry c be bett] s]v$2 ?us !     
,g]man ,fa!rl& 0 to be re/or$ & unifi$  
aft] ! d>k days t foll[$ ! humiliation (
 ,j5a4 ,n[ ! ideals ( religion are      
invok$ t ! s\l may h a bett] & reg5]at$ 
somatic organism ) :i* to s]ve ,jesus & 
! ,*ur*4 ,ex]cise is made a =m ( praise 
to ,god & ( s]vice to man1 & ^! motives 
are ren=c$ by ^? ( ! new hygi5e :i*     
/rives = a new :ol5ess-hol9ess1 & w\ld  
purify ! body z ! temple ( ! ,holy      
,gho/4 ,?us 9 ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian        
,association tra9+ s*ools & gymnasiums !
 gospel ( ,*ri/ianity is prea*$ anew &  
seeks to br+ salvation to man's physical
 frame1 :i* ! /ill l+]+ effects (       
asceticism h caus$ to be too long       
neglect$ 9 its progressive deg5]ation4  
,z ! ,greek games 7 9 honor ( ! gods1 s 
n[ ! body is tra9$ to bett] glorify     
,god2 & regim51 *a/ity1 & temp]ance are 
giv5 a new mom5tum4 ,! physical         
salvation ?us wr\ght w be1 :5 adequately
 writt51 "o ( ! mo/ spl5did *apt]s 9 !  
mod]n hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,milit>y    

ideals h be5 reviv$ 9 cult & song to    
he>t5 ! w>f>e aga9/ evil )9 & )\t4      
,/r5g? is pray$ = z well z work$ =1 &   
consecrat$ to ! highe/ uses4 ,la/ b n   
lea/1 p[] ?us develop$ ov] a l>ge       
surface may be appli$ to a?letic conte/s
 9 ! field1 & victories "h are valuable 
z =e-gleams ( h[ sweet ! glory (        
a*ievem5ts 9 high] moral & spiritual    
tasks w ta/e lat]4  ,! dang]s & s\rces (
 error 9 ?is ideal ( all-sid$ tra9+ are1
 alas1 only too obvi\s1 al?\gh !y only  
qualify its p>am\nt good4 ,fir/1 x is   
impossible ?us to measure ! quanta (    
tra9+ ne$$ s z rightly to assign to ea* 
its modicum & be/ modality ( tra9+4     
,inde$ no me?od ( do+ ?is has ev] be5   
attempt$1 b ! assessm5ts h be5 arbitr>y 
& conjectural1 probably "r 9 "s & wrong 
9 o!r respects1 ) no adequate crit]ion  
or te/ = ei!r save only empirical       
exp]i5ce4 ,secondly1 h]$ity1 :i* lays   
its heavy ictus ^u "s neglect$ =ms (    
activity & fails ( all support = o!rs1  
has be5 ignor$4 ,z we %all see lat]1 "o 

( ! be/ norms "h is phyletic emphasis1 &
 :at lacks ?is mu/ at be/ be feeble2 &  
if new p[]s are unfold+1 _! gr[? mu/ be 
v sl[ & !y mu/ be nurtur$ z t5d] buds = 
g5]ations4 ,?irdly1 too little reg>d is 
_h = ! va/ diff]5ces 9 individuals1 mo/ 
( :om ne$ mu* p]sonal prescription4  ,b4
 ,9 practise ! above ideal is nev]      
isolat$ f o!rs4 ,p]haps ! mo/ closely   
associat$ ) x is t ( increas$ volitional
 control4 ,man is l>gely a creature (   
habit1 & _m ( 8 activities are m or less
 automatic reflexes f ! /imuli ( 8      
environm5t4 ,e new p[] ( controll+ ^! by
 ! w frees man f slav]y & wid5s ! field 
( fre$om4 ,to acquire ! p[] ( do+ all ) 
consci\sness & volition m5talizes !     
body1 gives control ov] to high] bra9   
levels1 & develops !m by rescu+         
activities f ! dom9ance ( l[] c5t]s4    
,?us m5s agitat molem4 ,footnote3 ,m9d  
rules ! body4 ,?is end is favor$ by !   
,sw$i% comm&o ex]cises1 :i* require     
great al]tness ( att5tion to translate  
in/antly a v]bal ord] into an act &     

also1 al?\gh 9 some:at less degree1 by  
quick imitation ( a lead]4 ,! /imulus ( 
music & rhy?m are exclud$ because ?\ght 
to int]f]e ) ?is end4 ,a some:at        
sophi/icat$ =m ( ?is goal is s\ght by   
sev]al ,dels>tian s*emes ( relaxation1  
decomposition1 & recomposition (        
movem5ts4 ,to d all ?+s ) consci\sness &
 to encroa* on ! field ( in/9ct involves
 new & m vivid s5se impressions1 ! range
 ( :i* is increas$ directly z t (       
motion1 ! m closely x approa*es ! focus 
( att5tion4 ,by ?us analyz+ settl$ &    
e/abli%$ cord9ations1 _! elem5ts are set
 free & may be organiz$ into new        
comb9ations1 s t ! =m] is ! fir/ /age   
t[>d becom+ a virtuoso ) new special    
skills4 ,?is is ! road to inn] secrets  
or intellectual rules ( pr(essional &   
exp]t successes1 su* z old] a?letes (t5 
rely ^u :5 _! /r5g? beg9s to wane4 ,e   
untra9$ automatism mu/ be dome/icat$1 & 
e /riat$ muscle capable ( direct muscul>
 control mu/ be dom9at$ by volition4    
,?us t5sions & incipi5t contractures t  

dra9 (f en]gy c be relax$ by fiat4      
,s&['s muscle dance1 ! diff]5tiation (  
movem5ts ( ! "r & left h&--"o1 e4g41    
writ+ a ,fr5* madrigal :ile ! o!r is    
draw+ a picture ( a c\ntry dance1 or ea*
 play+ tunes ( disp>ate rhy?m & "*      
simultane\sly on ! piano--controll+ he>t
 rate1 mov+ ! e>s1 cry+1 laugh+1 blu%+1 
mov+ ! b[els1 etc41 at w1 feats (       
inhibition ( reflexes1 /unts ( all k9ds1
 pr(ici5cy ) _m tools1 deftness 9       
sports--^! altoge!r w\ld m>k ! extremes 
9 ?is direction4  ,?is1 too1 has its    
inspiration = y\?4 ,to be a univ]sal    
adept l ,hippias sugge/s ,did]ot & !    
encyclop$i/s 9 ! intellectual realm4 ,to
 d all ) consci\sness is a means to bo? 
rem$ial & exp]t ends4 ,motor life (t5   
ne$s to be made ov] to a great] or less 
ext5t2 & t possibilities ( va/ly great] 
accompli%m5ts exi/ ?an are at pres5t    
realiz$1 is und\bt$1 ev5 9 mann]s &     
morals1 :i* are bo? at root only motor  
habits4 ,inde$ consci\sness itself is   
l>gely & p]haps :olly corrective 9 its v

 ess5ce & orig94 ,?us life is adju/$ to 
new environm5ts2 & if ! ,platonic       
po/ulate be correct1 t untaught virtues 
t come by nature & in/9ct are no        
virtues1 b mu/ be made products (       
reflection & reason1 ! sph]e & ne$ ( ?is
 pr9ciple is great inde$4 ,b ?is implies
 a di/ru/ ( physical human nature z     
deep-seat$ & radical z t ( ,calv9ism = !
 unreg5]ate he>t1 aga9/ :i* mod]n common
 s5se1 s (t5 ! be/ muse ( bo?           
psy*ophysics & p$agogy1 prote/s4        
,individual prescription is "h z        
imp]ative z x is difficult4 ,wond]s t n[
 seem to be mo/ incr$ible1 bo? ( hurt & 
help1 c und\bt$ly be wr\ght1 b analysis 
%\ld always be = ! sake ( syn!sis & nev]
 be beyond its ne$ & assur$ completion4 
,no ?\ghtful /ud5t fully in=m$ ( ! facts
 & t5tatives 9 ?is field c d\bt t "h    
lies "o ( ! mo/ promis+ fields ( future 
developm5t1 full ( f>-rea*+ & ri*       
results = ^?1 z yet f> too few1 exp]ts 9
 physical tra9+1 :o h philosophic m9ds1 
comm& ! facts ( mod]n psy*ology1 & :om !

 _w awaits n[ z nev] be=e4  ,c4 ,ano!r  
yet closely correlat$ ideal is t (      
economic po/ures & movem5ts4 ,! sy/em ( 
,l+ is less or?op$ic ?an or?og5ic1      
al?\gh he s\ght prim>ily to correct bad 
attitudes & p]v]t$ gr[?4 ,/>t+ f !      
respiratory & proce$+ to ! muscul>      
sy/em1 he & 8 imm$iate pupils 7 cont5t  
to ref] to ! ill-%ap5 bodies ( mo/ m5   
ab\t !m4 ,"o ( _! important aims 0 to   
relax ! flexor & tone up ! ext5sor      
muscles & to op5 ! human =m into po/ures
 z opposite z possible to ^? ( ! embryo1
 :i* x t5ds s p]si/5tly to approximate 9
 sitt+1 & 9 fatigue & collapse attitudes
 g5]ally4 ,! head mu/ balance on !      
c]vical v]tebra & n call ^u ! muscles ( 
! neck to keep x f roll+ (f2 ! weight ( 
! %\ld]s mu/ be ?r[n back (f ! ?orax2 ! 
sp9e be erect to all[ ! abdom5 free     
action2 ! jo9ts ( ! ?igh ext5d$2 ! h& & 
arm sup9at$1 etc4 ,bones mu/ relieve    
muscles & n]ves4 ,?us an erect1         
self-respect+ c>riage mu/ be giv51 & !  
un=tunate association1 s difficult to   

ov]come1 betwe5 ef=t & an involut$      
po/ure mu/ be brok5 up4 ,?is means      
economy & a great sav+ ( vital en]gy4   
,ext5sor action goes ) expansive1 flexor
 ) depressive /ates ( m9d2 h5ce c\rage1 
buoyancy1 hope1 are favor$ & h&icaps    
remov$4 ,all t is done ) great ef=t     
causes wide irradiation ( t5sions to !  
o!r half ( ! body & also sympa!tic      
activities 9 ^? n involv$2 ! law (      
maximal ease & m9imal exp5diture ( en]gy
 mu/ be always /riv5 =1 & ! int]e/s ( ! 
visc]a nev] lo/ sight (4 ,?is involves  
educat+ weak & neglect$ muscles1 & l !  
next ideal1 (t5 %ades ov] by almo/      
imp]ceptible gradation into ! passive   
movem5ts by ! ,z&] ma*9es4 ,realiz+ t   
c]ta9 activities are suffici5tly or too 
mu* emphasiz$ 9 ord9>y life1 /ress is   
laid ^u ^? :i* are complem5tal to !m1 s 
t !re is no pret5se ( tak+ *>ge ( !     
totality ( motor processes1 ! int5tion  
be+ pr9cipally to supplem5t defici5cies1
 to insure m5 aga9/ be+ w>p$1 di/ort$1  
or de=m$ by _! "w 9 life1 to comp5sate  

specialties & p]=m m exactly :at        
recreation to "s ext5t aims at4  ,?is   
:olesome b less inspir+ endeavor1 :i*   
combats "o ( ! greate/ evils t "u mod]n 
civilization ?reat5s man's physical     
weal1 is 9 "s respects z easy &         
practical z x is useful4 ,! great       
majority ( city br$ m51 z well z all    
/ud5ts1 are prone to delet]i\s effects f
 too mu* sitt+2 & inde$ !re is          
anatomical evid5ce 9 ! /ructure ( !     
tissues1 & especially ! blood-vessels ( 
! gro9s1 t1 at 8 be/1 man is n yet      
entirely adju/$ to ! upright position4  
,s a me?od t /raight5s knees1 hips1     
sp9e1 & %\ld]s1 or combats ! s*ool-desk 
attitude1 is a mo/ salut>y contribution 
to a great & gr[+ ne$4 ,9 ! v act (     
/ret*+1 & p]haps yawn+1 = :i* mu* is to 
be said1 nature itself sugge/s su*      
correctives & prev5tives4 ,to save m5 f 
be+ victims ( _! occupations is (t5 to  
add a bett] & l>g] half to _! motor     
developm5t4 ,! dang] ( ! sy/em1 :i* n[  
be/ repres5ts ?is ideal1 is             

inflexibility & ov]s*ola/ic treatm5t4 ,x
 ne$s a great range ( individual        
v>iations if x w\ld d m ?an increase    
circulation1 respiration1 & heal?1 or ! 
normal functions ( int]nal organs &     
fundam5tal physiological activities4 ,to
 clo! ! frame ) hone/ muscles t are     
fai?ful s]vants ( ! w adds n only /r5g?1
 m active habits & effici5cy1 b heal?2 &
 9 its mat]ial in/allation ?is sy/em is 
f9ancially economic4 ,p]sonal faults &  
%ortcom+s are con/antly po9t$ out :]e   
?is "w is be/ repres5t$1 & x has a      
di/9ct advantage 9 incit+ an acqua9tance
 ) physiology & invit+ ! l>g] fields (  
m$ical k4  ,d4 ,! f\r? gymna/ic aim is  
symmetry & correct proportions4         
,an?ropometry & av]age gir?s &          
dim5sions1 /r5g?1 etc41 ( ! p>ts ( !    
body are fir/ *>t$ 9 p]c5tile grades2 & 
ea* individual is ref]r$ to ! app>atus &
 ex]cises be/ fitt$ to correct          
weaknesses & subnormalities4 ,! norms "h
 foll[$ are n ! canons ( ,greek art1 b  
^? e/abli%$ by ! measurem5t ( ! l>ge/   

numb]s prop]ly gr\p$ by age1 weight1    
height1 etc4 ,"y m5 are f\nd to diff] v 
widely4 ,"s c lift #a1jjj p\nds1 & "s n 
#ajj2 "s c lift _! weight betwe5 tw5ty &
 =ty times1 & "s n once2 "s are mo/     
defici5t 9 legs1 o!rs 9 %\ld]s1 arms1   
backs1 *e/s4 ,by photography1 tape1 &   
scales1 ea* is int]e/$ 9 8 own bodily   
condition & incit$ to ov]come 8 greate/ 
defects2 & ^? be/ end[$ by nature to    
atta9 ideal dim5sions & make new records
 are enc\rag$ along ^! l9es4 ,?us ?is   
ideal is also l>gely ?\gh n exclusively 
rem$ial4  ,?is sy/em c ar\se y\? to !   
greate/ pit* ( ze/ 9 wat*+ _! own       
rapidly multiply+ curves ( gr[? 9       
dim5sions & capacities1 9 plott+ curves 
t record _! own increm5t 9 gir?s1 lifts1
 & o!r te/s1 & 9 obs]v+ ! effects (     
sleep1 food1 correct & incorrect liv+ ^u
 a sy/em s exquisitely responsive to all
 ^! influ5ces z are ! muscles4 ,to le>n 
to "k & grade excell5ce & defect1 to be 
kn[n = ! li/ ( ?+s "o c d & to h a      
record1 or to realize :at we lack ( p[] 

to break be/ records1 ev5 to "k t we are
 /r5g!n+ "s po9t :]e h]$ity has left u )
 "s %ortage & p]haps dang]1 !           
realization ( all ?is may br+ ! fir/    
real & deep feel+ = gr[? t may become a 
passion lat] 9 ?+s ( ! s\l4 ,gr[? always
 has its selfi% aspects1 & to be        
con/antly pass+ our own exam9ation 9 ?is
 respect is a new & p]haps sometimes too
 self-consci\s endeavor ( our "y college
 b>b>ians2 b x is on ! :ole a heal?ful  
regulative1 & ?is =m ( ! /ruggle t[>d   
p]fection & escape f ! h&icap ( bir? w  
lat] move upw>d to ! intellectual &     
moral plane4 ,to k9dle a s5se ( physical
 beauty ( =m 9 e "p1 su* z a sculptor   
has1 may be to />t y\? on ! l[e/ r\nd ( 
! ,platonic ladd] t leads up to ! vision
 ( ideal beauty ( s\l1 if 8 ideal be n  
excess ( brawn1 or m]e brute /r5g?1 b ! 
true proportion repres5t$ by ! classic  
or mean temp]ance balanc$ l ju/ice      
betwe5 all extremes4 ,h>d1 pati5t1      
regul> "w1 ) ! "r dosage = ?is          
self-cultural end1 has ?us at ! same "t 

a unique moral effect4  ,! dang]s ( ?is 
sy/em are also obvi\s4 ,nature's int5t c
 n be too f> ?w>t$2 & z 9 m5tal tra9+ ! 
"q is always p]t95t1 s "h we may ask    
:e!r x be n be/ 9 all cases to "s ext5t1
 & 9 "s cases almo/ exclusively1 to     
develop 9 ! direction 9 :i* we mo/      
excel1 to emphasize physical            
individuality & ev5 idiosyncrasy1 r ?an 
to /rive = monoton\s uni=mity4          
,weaknesses & p>ts t lag beh9d are ! mo/
 easily ov]work$ to ! po9t ( reaction & 
p]haps p]man5t injury4 ,aga91 "w =      
curative purposes lacks ! exub]ance (   
free sports3 x is n inspir+ to make up  
areas2 & !rapeutic ex]cises impos$ l a  
s5t5ce = ! %ortcom+s ( our =ebe>s br+ a 
:iff ( ! atmosph]e ( ! hospital1 if n ( 
! prison1 into ! gymnasium4  ,^! f\r    
ideals1 :ile s closely int]relat$1 are z
 yet f> f h>moniz$4 ,sw$i%1 ,turn]1     
,s>g5t1 & ,am]ican sy/ems are ea*1 mo/  
un=tunately1 /ill too bl9d to ! o!rs'   
m]its & too consci\s ( ! o!rs'          
%ortcom+s4 ,to "s ext5t !y are prev5t$ f

 gett+ toge!r by n>r[ devotion to a s+le
 cult1 aid$ sometimes by a pecuni>y     
int]e/ 9 ! sale ( _! own app>atus &     
books or 9 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s accord+ to  
"o set ( rubrics4 ,! real elephant is   
nei!r a fan1 a rope1 a tree nor a log1 z
 ! bl9d m5 9 ! fable cont5d$1 ea* ?9k+ !
 "p he _h t\*$ to be ! :ole4 ,?is       
inability ( lead]s to comb9e causes     
unc]ta9ty & lack ( confid5ce 91 & (     
en?usia/ic support =1 any sy/em on ! "p 
( ! public4 ,ev5 ! radically diff]5t    
ne$s ( ! sexes h fail$ ( recognition f !
 same p>tisan%ip4 ,all toge!r repres5t  
only a fraction ( ! nature & ne$s ( y\?4
 ,! _w n[ dem&s :at ?is c\ntry has nev] 
_h1 a man :o1 kn[+ ! human body1        
gymna/ic hi/ory1 & ! v>i\s great a?letic
 traditions ( ! pa/1 %all /udy anew !   
:ole motor field1 z a few great lead]s  
e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury tri$ to d2 :o %all  
ga!r & correlate ! lit]ature & exp]i5ces
 ( ! pa/ & pres5t ) a deep s5se (       
responsibility to ! future2 :o %all     
exam9e m>tial tra9+ ) all !             

inspirations1 w>n+s1 & new dem&s2 & :o  
%all "k h[ to revive ! inspiration ( !  
pa/ animat$ by ! same _s z ! ,turn]s1 :o
 7 almo/ inflam$ by ref]r+ back to !    
h>dy life ( ! e>ly ,teutons & try+ to   
reproduce its be/ features2 :o %all cat*
 ! _s (1 & make due connections )1      
popul> sports pa/ & pres5t1 /udy bo?    
indu/ry & education to comp5sate _!     
debilitat+ effects1 & be himself animat$
 by a great e?ical & humani/ic hope &   
fai? 9 a bett] future4 ,su* a man1 if he
 ev] walks ! e>?1 w be ! idol ( y\?1 w  
"k _! physical secrets1 w come almo/ z a
 savior to ! bodies ( m51 & w1 l ,jahn1 
feel 8 call+ & "w sacr$1 & 8 in/itution 
a temple 9 :i* e physical act w be = !  
sake ( ! s\l4 ,! _w ( adolesc5ce1       
especially t "p :i* sits 9 clos$ spaces 
conn+ books1 groans & travails all ! m  
griev\sly & ye>n+ly1 because            
unconsci\sly1 wait+ = a r$eem] = its    
body4 ,till he appe>s1 our culture mu/  
rema9 = mo/ a little holl[1 falsetto1 & 
h&icapp$ by s*ool-br$ diseases4 ,! mod]n

 gymnasium p]=ms its *ief s]vice dur+   
adolesc5ce & is "o ( ! mo/ b5efic5t     
ag5cies ( :i* n a few1 b e y\?1 %\ld    
make l>ge use4 ,its _s %\ld be in/9ct ) 
euphoria1 :]e ! joy ( be+ alive rea*es a
 po9t ( high1 al?\gh n q its highe/1    
int5sity4 ,:ile ! /imulus ( rivalry &   
ev5 ( records is n exclud$1 & social    
feel+s may be appeal$ to by unison      
ex]cises & by ! club _s1 & :ile         
competitions1 t\rnam5ts1 & ! artificial 
motives ( prizes & exhibitions may be   
invok$1 ! culture is 9 fact l>gely      
individual4 ,& yet 9 ?is c\ntry ! annual
 ,turn]fe/ br+s #d1jjj or #e1jjj m5 f   
all p>ts ( ! ,union1 :o sometimes all   
deploy & g ?r\gh "s ( ! /&>d ex]cises   
toge!r "u "o lead]4 ,in/ead ( tra9+ a   
few a?letes1 ! real problem n[ pres5t$  
is h[ to raise ! g5]al level ( vitality 
s t *ildr5 & y\? may be fitt$ to /& !   
/ra9 ( mod]n civilization1 resi/ zymotic
 diseases1 & ov]come ! delet]i\s        
influ5ces ( city life4 ,! almo/ imm$iate
 effects ( sy/ematic tra9+ are surpris+ 

& w\ld h>dly be inf]r$ f ! annual       
increm5ts tabl$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt]4 ,s&[ 
0 a r weakly boy & ascribes 8 developm5t
 *iefly to sy/ematic tra9+4  ,we h space
 b = two reports believ$ to be typical4 
,enebuske reports on ! effects ( sev5   
mon?s' tra9+ on "y wom5 av]ag+ #bb4c    
ye>s4 ,! figures are bas$ on ! #ej      
p]c5tile column4                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,/r5g? (                                
,lung                    "r  left       
,total                 capacity legs    
back *e/=e>m=e>m,/r5g?                  
----------------------------------------
---------------------- ,be=e tra9+      
#b4fe     #ic #fe4e  #bg    #bf    #bc  
#bcj ,aft] six mon?s  #b4hg    #abj     
#ha4e  #cb    #bh    #be      #bic      
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,by comp>+      
records ( :at he deems /&>d normal gr[? 
) t ( #ahh naval cadets f sixte5 to     
tw5ty-"o1 :o _h special & sy/ematic     

tra9+1 j aft] ! p]iod ( mo/ rapid gr[? 9
 height1 ,bey] conclud$ t ! effect ( f\r
 ye>s ( ?is add$ a little ov] an in* (  
/ature1 & t ?is ga9 z greate/ at !      
beg9n+4 ,?is increase 0 greate/ = !     
y\nge/ cadets4 ,he f\nd also a m>k$     
increase 9 weight1 ne>ly ! same = ea*   
ye> f sev5te5 to tw5ty "o4 ,?is he ?\ght
 m easily influ5c$ by ex]cise ?an       
height4 ,a high vital index ratio ( lung
 capacity to weight is a v important    
attribute ( good tra9+4 ,bey]#a f\nd1   
h[ev]1 t ! addition ( lung area ga9$ by 
ex]cise did n keep up ) ! increase ?us  
caus$ 9 muscul> sub/ance1 & t ! vital   
index always became small] 9 ^? :o _h   
ga9$ weight & /r5g? by special physical 
tra9+4 ,h[ mu* ga9 9 weight is desirable
 beyond ! po9t :]e ! lung capacity      
increases at an equal rate is unkn[n4   
,if su* measurem5ts 7 appli$ to !       
diff]5t gymna/ic sy/ems1 we might be    
able to comp>e _! effici5cy1 :i* w\ld be
 a great desid]atum 9 view ( ! un=tunate
 rivalry betwe5 !m4 ,total /r5g?1 too1 c

 be greatly increas$4 ,bey] ?9ks t f    
sixte5 to tw5ty-"o x may exce$ ! av]age 
or normal increm5t fivefold1 & he adds1 
,i firmly believe t ! n[ s wond]ful     
p]=mances ( mo/ ( our /rong m5 are well 
)9 ! rea* ( ! majority ( heal?y m51 if  
su* p]=mances 7 a s]i\s en\gh "p ( _!   
ambition to make !m d ! ex]cises        
necess>y to develop !m4 ,p[] ( ! organs 
to respond to good tra9+ by increas$    
/r5g? probably rea*es well into middle  
life4  ,x is n enc\rag+ to le>n t1      
accord+ to a rec5t writ]1#b we n[ h     
sev5ty times z _m physicians 9          
proportion to ! g5]al population z !re  
are physical directors1 ev5 = ! s*ool   
population alone consid]$4 ,we h twice z
 _m physicians p] population z ,great   
,brita91 f\r times a _m z ,g]many1 or #b
 physicians1 #a4h m9i/]s1 #a4d lawy]s p]
 ?\s& ( ! g5]al population2 :ile ev5 if 
all male tea*]s ( physical tra9+ taught 
only males ( ! milit>y age1 we %\ld h b 
#j4je ( a tea*] p] ?\s&1 or if ! s*ool  
population alone be consid]$1 #bj tea*]s

 p] million pupils4 ,h5ce1 x is inf]r$ t
 ! ne$ ( wise & classifi$ tea*]s 9 ?is  
field is at pres5t great] ?an 9 any o!r4
 ,b =tunately :ile spontane\s1          
unsy/ematic ex]cise 9 a well-equipp$    
mod]n gymnasium may 9 r>e cases d h>m1 s
 f> f %>+ ! prejudice (t5 felt = x by   
pr(essional tra9]s1 we believe t free   
access to x )\t control or direction is 
unque/ionably a boon to y\?4 ,ev5 if its
 use be sporadic & occasional1 z x is   
likely to be ) equal opportunity =      
out-(-door ex]cises & especially sports1
 practise is sometimes hygi5ic almo/    
inv]sely to its am\nt1 :ile ev5 lam5ess 
f initial excess has its lessons1 & !   
s5se ( manifoldness ( inf]iorities      
br\ght home by exp]i5ces gives a        
:olesome self-k & /imulus4  ,9 ?is      
c\ntry m ?an else:]e1 especially 9 high 
s*ool & college1 gymnasium "w has be5   
br\ght into heal?ful connection ) field 
sports & record competitions = bo? teams
 & individuals :o aspire to *ampion%ip4 
,?is has giv5 ! =m] a heal?ful /imulus  

al?\gh x is felt only by a pick$ few4   
,scores ( records h be5 e/abli%$ =      
runn+1 walk+1 hurdl+1 ?r[+1 putt+1      
swimm+1 r[+1 skat+1 etc41 ea* = v>i\s   
%ort] & long] di/ances & "u manifold    
conditions1 & = bo? amateurs &          
pr(essionals1 :o are easily accessible4 
,^!1 9 g5]al1 %[ a sl[ b /eady advance 9
 ?is c\ntry s9ce #ahgf1 :5 a?letics 7   
e/abli%$ "h4 ,9 t ye> !re 0 n a s+le    
_w's be/ record held by an ,am]ican     
amateur1 & high-s*ool boys ( to-day c\ld
 9 mo/1 ?\gh n 9 all l9es1 h won !      
,am]ican *ampion%ip tw5ty-five ye>s ago4
 ,( c\rse1 9 a /rict s5se1              
int]collegiate conte/s d n %[ ! real    
advance 9 a?letics1 because x is n      
necess>y = a man 9 ord] to w9 a         
*ampion%ip to d 8 be/2 b !y d %[ g5]al  
improvem5t4  ,we select = our purpose a 
few ( ^? records longe/ kept4 ,n dep5d5t
 on ext]nal conditions l boat-rac+1 or  
on improv$ app>atus l bicycl+1 we h     
int]e/+ data ( a v diff]5t ord] =       
physical measurem5ts4 ,^! d[n to pres5t 

writ+--,july1 #aijf--;are z foll[s3 ,= !
 #ajj-y>d da%1 e annual record f #ahgf  
to #ahie is #aj or #aa seconds1 or      
betwe5 ^!1 save 9 #ahij1 :]e ,ow5's     
record ( #i-d_/e seconds /ill /&s4 ,9 ! 
#bbj-y>d run !re is slight improvem5t   
s9ce #ahgg1 b "h ! record ( #ahif       
7,wef]s1 #ba-a_/e seconds7 has n be5    
surpass$4 ,9 ! qu>t]-mile run1 ! beet   
record 0 9 #aijj 7,long1 #dg seconds74  
,! half-mile record1 :i* /ill /&s1 0    
made 9 #ahie 7,kilpatrick1 #a m9ute     
#eb-b_/e seconds72 ! mile run 9 #ahie   
7,conneff1 #d m9utes #ae-c_/e seconds74 
,! runn+ broad jump %[s a v /eady       
improvem5t1 ) ! be/ record 9 #aijj      
7,pr9/e91 #bd feet #g-a_/d in*es74 ,!   
runn+ high jump %[s improvem5t1 b less1 
) ! record ( #ahie /ill /&+ 7,swe5ey1 #f
 feet #e-e_/h in*es74 ,! record = pole  
vault+1 correct$ to ,novemb]1 #aije1 is 
#ab feet #acb_/ajj in*es 7,dole72 = ?r[+
 ! #af-p\nd hamm] head1 #ajj feet #e    
in*es 7,queckb]n]72 = putt+ ! #af-p\nd  
%ot1 #di feet #f in*es 7,coe1 #aije72 ! 

/&+ high jump1 #e feet #e-a_/b in*es    
7,ewry72 = ! runn+ high jump1 #f feet   
#e-e_/h in*es 7,swe5ey74 ,we also f9d t 
if we ext5d our purview to include all  
k9ds ( records = physical a*ievem5t1 t n
 a few ( ! amateur records = activities 
involv+ /r5g? comb9$ ) rapid rhy?m      
movem5t are held by "y m5 ( tw5ty or ev5
 less4  ,9 putt+ ! #af-p\nd %ot "u uni=m
 conditions ! record has improv$ s9ce ! 
e>ly ye>s ne>ly #aj feet 7,coe1 #di feet
 #f in*es1 be/ at pres5t writ+1 #aijf74 
,pole vault+ %[s a v m>k$ advance       
culm9at+ 9 #aijd 7,dole1 #ab feet       
#acb_/ajj in*es74 ,mo/ m>k$ ( all p]haps
 is ! great advance 9 ?r[+ ! #af-p\nd   
hamm]4 ,beg9n+ betwe5 #gj & #hj feet 9 !
 e>ly ye>s1 ! record is n[ #agb feet #aa
 in*es 7,flanagan1 #aijd74 ,! two-mile  
bicycle race also %[s m>k$ ga91 p>tly1 (
 c\rse1 due to improvem5t 9 ! :eel1 !   
e>ly records be+ ne>ly #g m9utes1 & !   
be/ be+ #b m9utes #ai seconds 7,mc,lean1
 #aijc74 ,"s ( ^! are _w records1 & m   
exce$ pr(essional records4#c ,^!1 (     

c\rse1 no m indicate g5]al improvem5t   
?an ! /eady r$uction ( "t 9 horse-rac+  
sugge/s bett]m5t 9 horses g5]ally4  ,9  
,panhell5ic games z well z at pres5t1   
a?leticism 9 its manifold =ms 0 "o ( !  
mo/ *>act]i/ic expressions ( adolesc5t  
nature & ne$s4 ,n a s+le "t or di/ance  
record ( antiquity has be5 pres]v$1     
al?\gh ,grasb]g]#d & o!r writ]s w\ld h u
 believe t 9 ^? t are comp>able1 anci5t 
y\?ful *ampions greatly excell$ ours1   
especially 9 leap+ & runn+4 ,:ile we are
 f> f cultivat+ m]e /r5g?1 our tra9+ is 
v "o-sid$ f ! ,greek norm ( unity or ( !
 ideals t develop ! body only = ! salve 
( ! s\l4 ,:ile gymna/ics 9 our s5se1 )  
app>atus1 ex]cises1 & measurem5ts       
indep5d5tly ( games 0 unkn[n1 ! ideal & 
motive 7 z diff]5t f ours z 0 its me?od4
 ,no?+1 s f> z is kn[n1 0 done =        
correct+ ! ravages ( "w1 or = ov]com+   
h]$it>y defects2 & until a?letics       
deg5]at$ !re 7 ,d ex]cises = ! sole     
purpose ( develop+ muscle4  ,on ! :ole1 
:ile mod]n gymna/ics has done m = !     

trunk1 %\ld]s1 & arms ?an = ! legs1 x is
 n[ too selfi% & ego-c5tric1 defici5t on
 ! side ( psy*ic impulsion1 & b little  
subord9at$ to e?ical or intellectual    
developm5t4 ,yet x does a great physical
 s]vice to all :o cultivate x1 & is a   
safegu>d ( virtue & temp]ance4 ,its ne$ 
is radical revision & coord9ation (     
v>i\s cults & !ories 9 ! light ( ! late/
 psy*o-physiological sci5ce4  ,gymna/ics
 allies itself to biometric "w4 ,!      
pres5t academic zeal = physical         
developm5t is 9 great ne$ ( clos]       
affiliation ) an?ropometry4 ,?is        
important & gr[+ dep>tm5t w be repres5t$
 9 ! ideal gymnasium ( ! future--,fir/1 
by c\rses1 if n by a *air1 devot$ to !  
app>atus ( measurem5ts ( human          
proportions & symmetry1 ) a k9esological
 cab9et :]e "y m5 are in/ruct$ 9 !      
elem5ts ( auscultation1 ! use ( calip]s1
 ! sphygmograph1 spiromet]1             
ple?ysmograph1 k9esomet] to plot graphic
 curves1 compute av]age errors1 & tables
 ( p]c5tile grades & 9 /ati/ical me?ods1

 etc4 ,second1 anatomy1 especially (    
muscles1 bones1 he>t1 & sk91 w be       
taught1 & also _! physiology1 ) /ress ^u
 myology1 ! effects ( ex]cise on ! fl[ (
 blood & lymph1 n exclud+ ! developm5t (
 ! upright position1 & all t x involves 
& implies4 ,?ird1 hygi5e w be prom95t & 
compreh5sive en\gh to cov] all t p]ta9s 
to body-keep+1 regim51 sleep1 connect+ )
 s*ool & dome/ic & public hygi5e--all on
 ! basis ( mod]n z di/9ct f ! ar*aic    
physiology ( ,l+1 :o1 x is suffici5t to 
rememb]1 di$ 9 #ahci1 be=e ?is sci5ce 0 
recreat$1 & ! p]si/5ce ( ^: concepts are
 an anomal\s survival to-day4           
,me*anico-!rapeutics1 ! purpose & s]vice
 ( ea* *ief k9d ( app>atus & ex]cise1 ! 
value ( "w on /all b>s ) *e/ weights1 ( 
*9n+1 use ( ! qu>t]-/aff1 som]saults1   
r+s1 clubs1 dumb-bells1 "w ) /raight &  
flex$ knees on ma*9]y1 etc41 w be       
taught4 ,f\r?1 ! hi/ory ( gymna/ics f ! 
"t ( its highe/ developm5t 9 ,greece to 
! pres5t is full ( int]e/ & has a v high
 & n yet develop$ culture value = y\?4  

,?is dep>tm5t1 bo? 9 its practical &    
!oretical side1 %\ld h its full %>e (   
prizes & s*ol>%ips to /imulate ! sev5ty 
to sev5ty-five p] c5t ( /ud5ts :o are n[
 unaffect$ by ! influ5ce ( a?letics4 ,by
 ^! me?ods ! motivation ( gymna/ics1 :i*
 n[ 9 l>ge measure goes to wa/e 9       
en?usiasm1 c\ld be utilis$ to aid !     
greatly ne$$ intellectualization ( ^?   
ex]cises :i* 9 _! nature are m ak9 to "w
 ?an play4 ,inde$1 ,gutsmu?s's fir/     
def9ition ( a?letics 0 "w "u ! g>b (    
y\?ful pleasure4 ,s to develop ^! c\rses
 t !y c\ld *iefly1 if n entirely1       
satisfy ! requirem5ts = ! ,a4,b4 degree1
 w\ld coord9ate ! "w ( ! n[ isolat$     
curriculum ( ! tra9+-s*ools ) t ( !     
college & ?us broad5 ! sph]e ( ! latt]2 
b besides its culture value1 :i* ,i hold
 v high1 su* a /ep w\ld prep>e = ! new1 
important1 &1 z we h se51 v inadequately
 mann$ pr(ession ( physical tra9]s4 ,?is
 has1 moreov]1 great b yet lat5t & ev5  
unsuspect$ capacities = ! morals ( our  
academic y\?4 ,grote /ates t among !    

anci5t ,greeks "o-half ( all education z
 devot$ to ! body1 & ,galton urges t !y 
z mu* excell$ u z we d ! ,african negro4
 ,!y held t if physical p]fection 0     
cultivat$1 moral & m5tal excell5ce w\ld 
foll[2 & t1 )\t ?is1 national culture   
re/s on an insecure basis4 ,9 our day   
!re are _m new reasons to believe t !   
be/ nations ( ! future w be ^? :i* give 
mo/ intellig5t c>e to ! body4  ,footnote
 #a3 ,see ,h4,g4 ,bey]4 ,! ,influ5ce (  
,ex]cise on ,gr[?4 ,am]ican ,physical   
,education ,review1 ,septemb]-,decemb]1 
#ahif1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gf-hg4  ,footnote  
#b3 ,j4,h4 ,mc,curdy1 ,physical ,tra9+ z
 a ,pr(ession4 ,association ,sem9>1     
,m>*1 #aijb1 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #aa-bd4      
,footnote #c3 ,^! records are tak5 f !  
,_w ,almanac1 #aijf1 & ,olympic ,games (
 #aijf at ,a!ns4 ,edit$ by ,j4,e4       
,sullivan1 ,commission] f ! ,unit$      
,/ates to ! ,olympic ,games4 ,spald+'s  
,a?letic ,libr>y1 ,new ,york1 ,july1    
#aijf4  ,footnote #d3 ,o4,h4 ,jaeg]1    
,die ,gymna/ik d] ,hell554 ,heitz1      

,/uttg>t #ahha4 ,l4 ,grasb]g]'s great   
/&>d "w1 ,erziehung und ,unt]i*t im     
klassis*5 ,alt]?um4 ,wrzburg1 #ahfd-ha1 
#c vols4         99     99     99     99
     99     ,,*apt] ,,vi   ,,play1      
,,sports1 ,,& ,,games   ,! view ( ,groos
 p>tial & a bett] explanation ( play    
propos$ z rehe>s+ ance/ral              
activities--,! glory ( ,greek physical  
tra9+1 its ideals & results--,! fir/    
spontane\s movem5ts ( infancy z keys to 
! pa/--,necessity ( develop+ basal p[]s 
be=e ^? t are lat] & peculi> to !       
individual--,plays t int]e/ due to _!   
antiquity--,play ) dolls--,play di/+ui%$
 by age--,play pref]5ces ( *ildr5 & _!  
reasons--,! pr(\nd significance (       
rhy?m--,! value ( danc+ & also its      
significance1 hi/ory1 & ! desirability (
 re-introduc+                           
x--,fight+--,box+--,wre/l+--,bu%ido--,fo
ot-ball--,milit>y ideals--,%[+ (f--,cold
 ba?s--,hill climb+--,! playgr\nd       
movem5t--,! psy*ology ( play--,its      
relation to "w4  ,play1 sports1 & games 

con/itute a m v>i$1 f> old]1 & m popul> 
field4 ,"h a v diff]5t _s ( joy &       
gladness rules4 ,artifacts (t5 ent] b c 
n survive unless bas$ ^u pretty purely  
h]$it>y mom5tum4 ,?us our fir/ problem  
is to seek bo? ! motor t5d5cies & !     
psy*ic motives bequea!d to u f ! pa/4 ,!
 view ( ,groos t play is practise =     
future adult activities is v p>tial1    
sup]ficial1 & p]v]se4 ,x ignores ! pa/  
:]e lie ! keys to all play activities4  
,true play nev] practises :at is        
phyletically new2 & ?is1 indu/rial life 
(t5 calls =4 ,x ex]cises _m atavi/ic &  
rudim5t>y functions1 a numb] ( :i* w    
abort be=e maturity1 b :i* live !mselves
 out 9 play l ! tadpole's tail1 t mu/ be
 bo? develop$ & us$ z a /imulus to !    
gr[? ( legs :i* w o!rwise nev] mature4  
,9 place ( ?is mi/ak5 & mislead+ view1  
,i reg>d play z ! motor habits & _s ( ! 
pa/ ( ! race1 p]si/+ 9 ! pres5t1 z      
rudim5t>y functions sometimes ( & always
 ak9 to rudim5t>y organs4 ,! be/ index &
 guide to ! /at$ activities ( adults 9  

pa/ ages is f\nd 9 ! in/9ctive1         
untaught1 & non-imitative plays ( *ildr5
 :i* are ! mo/ spontane\s & exact       
expressions ( _! motor ne$s4 ,! "y gr[  
up into ! same =ms ( motor activity1 z  
did g5]ations t h long prec$$ !m1 only  
to a limit$ ext5t2 & if ! =m ( e human  
occupation 7 to *ange to-day1 play w\ld 
be unaffect$ save 9 "s ( its sup]ficial 
imitative =ms4 ,x w\ld develop ! motor  
capacities1 impulses1 & fundam5tal =ms (
 our pa/ h]itage1 & ! trans=mation ( ^! 
into lat] acquir$ adult =ms is          
progressively lat]4 ,9 play e mood &    
movem5t is in/9ct ) h]$ity4 ,?us we     
rehe>se ! activities ( our ance/ors1    
back we "k n h[ f>1 & repeat _! life "w 
9 summative & adumbrat$ ways4 ,x is     
rem9isc5t albeit unconsci\sly1 ( our l9e
 ( desc5t2 & ea* is ! key to ! o!r4 ,!  
psy*o-motive impulses t prompt x are !  
=ms 9 :i* our =ebe>s h transmitt$ to u  
_! habitual activities4 ,?us /age by    
/age we renact _! lives4 ,once 9 !      
phylon _m ( ^! activities 7 elaborat$ 9 

! life & dea? /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,n[ !  
elem5ts & comb9ations olde/ 9 ! muscle  
hi/ory ( ! race are r]epres5t$ e>lie/ 9 
! individual1 & ^? lat] foll[ 9 ord]4   
,?is is :y ! he>t ( y\? goes out into   
play z into no?+ else1 z if 9 x man     
rememb]$ a lo/ p>adise4 ,?is is :y1     
unlike gymna/ics1 play has z mu* s\l z  
body1 & also :y x s makes = unity ( body
 & s\l t ! prov]b ,man is :ole only :5  
he plays sugge/s t ! pure/ plays are ^? 
t enli/ bo? alike4 ,to address ! body   
pr$om9antly /r5g!ns unduly ! fle%y      
elem5ts1 & to ov]emphasize ! s\l causes 
weakness & automatisms4 ,?us und]/ood1  
play is ! ideal type ( ex]cise = ! "y1  
mo/ favorable = gr[?1 & mo/             
self-regulat+ 9 bo? k9d & am\nt4 ,= its 
=ms ! pulse ( adolesc5t en?usiasm beats 
highe/4 ,x is uncon/ra9$ & free to foll[
 any out] or inn] impulse4 ,! ze/ ( x   
v5ts & satisfies ! /rong passion ( y\? =
 int5se ere?ic & p]haps orgia/ic /ates1 
gives an exaltation ( self-feel+ s crav$
 t ) no vic>i\s outlet x (t5 impels to  

dr9k1 & be/ ( all realizes ! wat*word ( 
! ,turn]s1 fris*1 frei1 frhli*1 fromm   
,fre%1 free1 jovial1 pi\s44  ,anci5t    
,greece1 ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( :i* owe 
_! p]5nial *>m = all lat] ages to ! fact
 t !y repres5t ! et]nal adolesc5ce ( !  
_w1 be/ illu/rates :at ?is en?usiasm    
means = y\?4 ,jg] & ,guild]sleeve1 & yet
 bett] ,grasb]g]1 w\ld h u believe t !  
,panhell5ic & especially ! ,olympic     
games comb9$ _m ( ! be/ features ( a    
mod]n prize exhibition1 a camp-meet+1   
fair1 ,d]by day1 a ,wagn] fe/ival1 a    
meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 a c\ntry
 cattle %[1 int]collegiate games1 &     
m$ieval t\rnam5t2 t !y 7 ! acme ( fe/ive
 life & drew all :o lov$ gold & glory1 &
 t night & dea? nev] seem$ s black z by 
contra/ ) _! spl5dor4 ,! de$s ( ! "y    
a?letes 7 ascrib$ to ! inspiration ( !  
gods1 ^: abodes !y lit up ) glory2 & 9  
do+ !m honor ^! discordant /ates f\nd a 
bond ( unity4 ,! victor 0 cr[n$ ) a     
simple spray ( laurel2 cities vi$ ) ea* 
o!r = ! honor ( hav+ giv5 him bir?1 _!  

walls 7 tak5 d[n = 8 entry & imm$iately 
rebuilt2 sculptors1 = :om ! five anci5t 
games 7 s*ools ( po/ure1 compet$ 9 !    
repres5tation ( 8 =m2 poets gave him a  
p$igree rea*+ back to ! gods1 & ,p9d>1  
:o sang t only he is great :o is great )
 8 h&s & feet1 rais$ 8 victory to       
symbolize ! et]nal preval5ce ( good ov] 
evil4 ,! be/ body impli$ ! be/ m9d2 &   
ev5 ,plato1 to :om tradition gives n    
only "o ( ! faire/ s\ls1 b a body       
rem>kable = bo? /r5g? & beauty1 & = :om 
weakness 0 p]il\sly ne> to wick$ness1 & 
ugl9ess to s91 argues t education mu/ be
 s conduct$ t ! body c be safely entru/$
 to ! c>e ( ! s\l & sugge/s1 :at lat]   
became a slogan ( a m deg5]ate          
gladiatorial a?leticism1 t to be well & 
/rong is to be a philosoph]--val>e e/   
philosoph>i4 ,! ,greeks c\ld h>dly      
conceive bodily ap>t f psy*ic education1
 & physical 0 = ! sake ( m5tal tra9+4 ,a
 sane1 :ole m9d c\ld h>dly reside 9 an  
uns\nd body ^u ! integrity ( :i* x 0    
dep5d5t4 ,k = its own sake1 f ?is       

/&po9t1 is a dang]\s sup]/ition1 = :at  
frees ! m9d is disa/r\s if x does n give
 self-control2 bett] ignorance ?an k t  
does n develop a motor side4 ,body      
culture is ultimately only = ! sake ( ! 
m9d & s\l1 = body is only its o!r ego4  
,n only is all muscle culture at ! same 
"t bra9-build+1 b a book-worm ) s(t h&s1
 t5d] feet1 & t\gh rump f mu* sitt+1 or 
an anemic girl prodigy1 9 ! morn+       
hectic1 9 ! ev5+ electric1 is a mon/]4  
,play at its be/ is only a s*ool (      
e?ics4 ,x gives n only /r5g? b c\rage & 
confid5ce1 t5ds to simplify life &      
habits1 gives en]gy1 decision1 &        
promptness to ! w1 br+s consolation &   
peace ( m9d 9 evil days1 is a res\rce 9 
tr\ble & br+s out individuality4  ,h[ ! 
ideals ( physical pre=m$ ^? ( moral &   
m5tal tra9+ 9 ! l& & day ( ,socrates is 
se5 9 ! id5tification ( k & virtue1     
,k5n5 und ,knn54 ,to "k & to h ! p[] to 
d ,only an extreme & "o-sid$            
intellectualism sep>ates !m & assumes t 
x is easy to "k & h>d to d4 ,f ! e?ical 

/&po9t1 philosophy1 & inde$ all k1 is ! 
art ( be+ & do+ good1 conduct is ! only 
real subject ( k1 & !re is no sci5ce b  
morals4 ,he is ! be/ man1 says ,x5ophon1
 :o is always /udy+ h[ to improve1 & he 
is ! happie/ :o feels t he is improv+4  
,life is a skill1 an art l a h&icraft1 &
 true k a =m ( w4 ,good moral & physical
 developm5t are m ?an analog\s2 & :]e   
intellig5ce is sep>at$ f action ! =m]   
becomes my/ic1 ab/ract1 & desiccat$1 & !
 latt] =mal r\t9e4 ,?us m]e consci5ce & 
psy*ological integrity & righte\sness   
are alli$ & mutually inspir+4  ,n only  
play1 :i* is ! pure/ expression ( motor 
h]$ity1 b "w & all ex]cise owe mo/ (    
:atev] pleasure !y br+ to ! pa/4 ,! fir/
 influ5ce ( all "r ex]cise = ^? 9 heal? 
is feel+ ( well-be+ & exhil>ation4 ,?is 
is "o *ief s\rce ( ! /range en?usiasm   
felt = _m special =ms ( activity1 & !   
feel+ is s /rong t x animates _m =ms ( x
 t are hygi5ically unfit4 ,to act       
vigor\sly f a full /ore ( en]gy gives a 
reflex ( pleasure t is sometimes a      

passion & may fairly intoxicate4        
,animals mu/ move or cease gr[+ & die4  
,:ile to be weak is to be mis]able1 to  
feel /rong is a joy & glory4 ,x gives a 
s5se ( sup]iority1 dignity1 endurance1  
c\rage1 confid5ce1 ent]prise1 p[]1      
p]sonal validity1 virility1 & virtue 9 !
 etymological s5se ( t noble ^w4 ,to be 
active1 agile1 /rong1 is especially !   
glory ( "y m54 ,our nature & hi/ory h s 
dispos$ our frame t ?us all             
physiological & psy*ic processes are    
/imulat$1 products ( decomposition are  
wa%$ out by oxyg5ation & elim9ation1 !  
be/ reaction ( all ! ganglionic &       
sympa!tic activities is accus$1 &       
vegetative processes are normaliz$4     
,activity may exalt ! _s almo/ to ! po9t
 ( ec/asy1 & ! physical pleasure ( x    
diffuse1 irradiate1 & mitigate ! sexual 
/ress j at ! age :5 its premature       
localization is mo/ delet]i\s4 ,j en\gh 
at ! prop] "t & rate contributes to     
p]man5t ela/icity ( mood & disposition1 
gives moral self-control1 r\ses a love (

 fre$om ) all t t great ^w means1 &     
favors all high] human aspirations4  ,9 
all ^! modes ( develop+ our eff]5t p[]s1
 we conceive t ! race comes v close to !
 individual y\?1 & t ance/ral mom5ta    
animate motor neurons & muscles &       
preside ov] mo/ ( ! comb9ations4 ,"s ( !
 elem5ts speak ) a /ill small voice     
rauc\s ) age4 ,! fir/ spontane\s        
movem5ts ( infancy are hi]oglyphs1 to   
mo/ ( :i* we h z yet no good key4 ,_m   
elem5ts are s impact$ & felt$ toge!r t  
we c n analyze !m4 ,_m are ext9ct & _m  
p]haps made b once & only h9t ?+s we c n
 appreh5d4 ,lat] ! rehe>sals are full]1 
& _! significance m intelligible1 & 9   
boyhood & y\? ! correspond5ces are pla9 
to all :o h eyes to see4 ,pleasure is   
always exactly proportional to !        
directness & =ce ( ! curr5t ( h]$ity1 & 
9 play we feel mo/ fully & int5sely     
ance/ral joys4 ,! pa9 ( toil di$ ) our  
=ebe>s2 its ve/iges 9 our play give pure
 delight4 ,its v>iety prompts to        
div]sity t enl>ges our life4 ,primitive 

m5 & animals play$1 & t too has left its
 traces 9 u4 ,"s urge t "w 0 evolv$ or  
deg5]at$ f play2 b ! play field broad5s 
) succe$+ g5]ations y\? is prolong$1 =  
play is always & ev]y:]e ! be/ synonym (
 y\?4 ,all are "y at play & only 9 play1
 & ! be/ possible *>act]ization ( old   
age is ! abs5ce ( ! s\l & body ( play4  
,only s5ile & ov]specializ$ tissues (   
bra91 he>t1 & muscles "k x n4  ,gulick#a
 has urg$ t :at makes c]ta9 ex]cises m  
int]e/+ ?an o!rs is to be f\nd 9 !      
phylon4 ,! p[] to ?r[ ) accuracy & spe$ 
0 once pivotal = survival1 & non-?r[]s 7
 elim9at$4 ,^? :o c\ld ?r[ unusually    
well be/ ov]came enemies1 kill$ game1 & 
%elt]$ family4 ,! n]v\s & muscul> sy/ems
 are organiz$ ) c]ta9 def9ite t5d5cies &
 h back ( !m a racial sett+4 ,s runn+ & 
dodg+ ) spe$ & endurance1 & hitt+ ) a   
club1 7 also basal to hunt+ & fight+4   
,n[ t ! ne$ ( ^! is leas urg5t =        
utilit>ian purposes1 !y are /ill        
necess>y = p]fect+ ! organism4 ,?is     
makes1 = in/ance1 baseball racially     

famili>1 because x repres5ts activities 
t 7 once & = a long "t necess>y =       
survival4 ,we inh]it t5d5cies ( muscul> 
cord9ation t h be5 ( great racial       
utility4 ,! be/ a?letic sports & games a
 compos$ ( ^! racially old elem5ts1 s t 
phylog5etic muscul> hi/ory is ( great   
importance4 ,:y is x1 ?is writ] asks1 t 
a city man s loves to sit all day & fi%6
 ,x is because ?is int]e/ dates back to 
"t immemorial4 ,we are ! sons ( fi%]m51 
& e>ly life 0 by ! wat]'s side1 & ?is is
 our food supply4 ,?is expla9s :y c]ta9 
ex]cises are m int]e/+ ?an o!rs4 ,x is  
because !y t\* & revive ! deep basic    
emotions ( ! race4 ,?us we see t play is
 n do+ ?+s to be useful lat]1 b x is    
rehe>s+ racial hi/ory4 ,plays & games   
*ange only 9 _! ext]nal =m1 b ! und]ly+ 
neuro-muscul> activities1 & also !      
psy*ic cont5t ( !m1 are ! same4 ,j z    
psy*ic /ates mu/ be liv$ out up ?r\gh ! 
grades1 s ! physical activities mo/ be  
play$ (f1 ea* 9 its own "t4  ,! be/     
ex]cise = ! "y %\ld ?us be m direct$ to 

develop ! basal p[]s old to ! race ?an  
^? peculi> to ! individual1 & x %\ld    
en=ce ^? psy*o-neural & muscul> =ms :i* 
race habit has b&$ d[n r ?an insi/ ^u ^?
 arbitr>ily design$ to develop our ideas
 ( symmetry reg>dless ( h]$ity4 ,! be/  
guide to ! =m] is int]e/1 ze/1 &        
spontaneity4 ,h]$it>y mom5t1 really     
det]m9e1 too1 ! ord] 9 :i* n]ve c5t]s   
come into function4 ,! olde/1 racial    
p>ts come fir/1 & ^? :i* are high] &    
repres5t volition come 9 mu* lat]4#b ,z 
,hughl+s ,jackson has well %[n1 spee*   
uses mo/ ( ! same organs z does eat+1 b 
^? conc]n$ ) ! =m] are controll$ f a    
high] level ( n]ve-cells4 ,by "r        
ma/ication1 deglutition1 etc41 we are   
?us develop+ spee* organs4 ,?us n only !
 k9d b ! "t ( =ms & degrees ( ex]cise is
 be/ prescrib$ by h]$ity4 ,all gr[? is m
 or less rhy?mic4 ,!re are seasons (    
rapid increm5t foll[$ by re/ & !n p]haps
 succe$$ by a p]iod ( augm5tation1 & ?is
 may occur sev]al times4 ,rob]ts's fif? 
p>liam5t>y report %[s t sy/ematic       

gymna/ics1 :i*1 if appli$ at ! "r age1  
produce su* imm$iate & (t5 surpris+     
developm5t ( lung capacity1 utt]ly fail 
) boys ( twelve1 because ?is nasc5t     
p]iod has n yet come4 ,donaldson %[$ t  
if ! eyelid ( a "y kitt5 be =c$ op5     
prematurely at bir? & /imulat$ ) light1 
m$ullation 0 premature & imp]fect2 s1   
too1 if prop] ex]cise is def]r$ too     
long1 we "k t little result is a*iev$4  
,! sequ5ce 9 :i* ! maturation ( levels1 
n]ve areas1 & bundles ( fib]s develop   
may be1 z ,fle*sig ?9ks1 causal2 or1    
accord+ to ,cajal1 en]gy1 orig9ally     
employ$ 9 gr[? by cell division1 lat]   
passes to fib] ext5sion & ! developm5t (
 lat5t cells2 or z 9 "y *ildr51 ! nasc5t
 p]iod ( f+] movem5ts may /imulate t ( !
 ?umb :i* comes lat]1 & ! indep5d5t     
movem5t ( ! two eyes1 _! subsequ5t      
cord9ation1 & s on to p]haps a ?ird &   
yet high] level4 ,?us ex]cise ought to  
develop nature's fir/ int5tion & fulfil 
! law ( nasc5t p]iods1 or else n only no
 good b great h>m may be done4 ,h5ce e  

det]m9ation ( ^! p]iods is ( great      
practical z well z sci5tific importance4
 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief attempts yet made 
to fix !m1 :i* %[ ! significance (      
adolesc5ce4  ,! doll curve rea*es its   
po9t ( highe/ int5sity betwe5 eight &   
n9e1#c & x is ne>ly end$ at fifte51     
al?\gh x may p]si/4 ,*ildr5 c give no   
bett] reason :y !y /op play+ ) dolls ?an
 because o!r ?+s are lik$ bett]1 or !y  
are too old1 a%am$1 love real babies1   
etc4 ,! ,roman girl1 :5 ripe = m>riage1 
hung up h] *ildhood doll z a votive (f]+
 to ,v5us4 ,mrs4 ,c>lyle1 :o 0 compell$ 
to /op1 made sumptu\s dresses & a       
f\r-po/ b$1 & made h] doll die ^u a     
fun]al pyre l ,dido1 aft] speak+ h] la/ 
f>ewell & /abb+ h]self ) a p5knife by   
way ( ,tyrian sword4 ,at ?irte5 or      
f\rte5 x is m di/9ctly realiz$ t dolls  
are n real1 because !y h no inn] life or
 feel+1 yet _m cont9ue to play ) !m )   
great pleasure1 9 secret1 till well on 9
 ! te5s or tw5ties4 ,occasionally s+le  
wom5 or m>ri$ wom5 ) no *ildr51 & 9 r>e 

cases ev5 ^? :o h *ildr51 play dolls all
 _! lives4 ,gales's#d /ud5t conclud$ t !
 girls :o play$ ) dolls up to or into   
pubesc5t ye>s 7 usually ^? :o _h ! fewe/
 numb]1 t !y play$ ) !m 9 ! mo/ reali/ic
 mann]1 kept !m because actually mo/    
fond ( !m1 & 7 likely to be m sci5tific1
 /eady1 & less s5tim5tal ?an ^? :o      
dropp$ !m e>ly4 ,b ! in/9ct t dollifies 
new or mo/ unfit ?+s is gone1 z also !  
subtle po9ts ( contact betwe5 doll play 
& idolatry4 ,be=e pub]ty dolls are m    
likely to be adults2 aft] pub]ty !y are 
almo/ always *ildr5 or babies4 ,!re is  
no long] a /ruggle betwe5 d\bt & reality
 9 ! doll cosmos1 no m ab&on to ! doll  
illusion2 b :]e x l+]s x is a m atavi/ic
 rudim5t1 & j z at ! height ( ! fev]    
dolls are only 9 small "p repres5tatives
 ( future *ildr51 ! say+ t ! fir/ *ild  
is ! la/ doll is probably false4 ,nor   
are doll & *ild comp>able to fir/ &     
second d5tition1 & x is d\btful if      
*ildr5 :o play ) dolls z *ildr5 ) too   
great ab&onm5t are ^? :o make ! be/     

mo!rs lat]1 or if x has any value z a   
prelim9>y practise ( mo!rhood4 ,! numb] 
( motor activities t are bo? inspir$ &  
unifi$ by ?is =m ( play & t c always be 
giv5 :olesome direction is almo/        
incr$ible1 & has be5 too long neglect$  
bo? by psy*ologi/s & tea*]s4 ,few pur]  
types ( ! rehe>sal by ! individual ( !  
hi/ory ( ! race c probably be f\nd ev5  
?\gh we c n yet analyze ! _m elem5ts    
involv$ & assign to ea* its phyletic    
correlate4  ,9 an int]e/+ pap] ,dr4     
,gulick#e divides play into ?ree *ildi% 
p]iods1 sep>at$ by ! ages ?ree & sev51 &
 attempts to *>act]ize ! plays ( e>ly   
adolesc5ce f twelve to sev5te5 & ( lat] 
adolesc5ce f sev5te5 to tw5ty-?ree4 ,( !
 fir/ two p]iods he says1 *ildr5 be=e   
sev5 r>ely play games spontane\sly1 b   
(t5 d s "u ! /imulus ( old] p]sons4 ,f  
sev5 to twelve1 games are almo/         
exclusively individuali/ic &            
competitive1 b 9 e>ly adolesc5ce two    
elem5ts pr$om9ate--fir/1 ! plays are    
pr$om9antly team games1 9 :i* !         

individual is m or less sacrific$ = !   
:ole1 9 :i* !re is ob$i5ce to a capta91 
9 :i* !re is cop]ation among a numb] = a
 giv5 end1 9 :i* play has a program & an
 end4 ,! second *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod is 
) ref]5ce to its plays1 & !re seems to  
be all ( savage out-(-door life--hunt+1 
fi%+1 /eal+1 swimm+1 r[+1 sail+1 fight+1
 h]o-wor%ip1 adv5ture1 love ( animals1  
etc4 ,?is *>act]i/ic obta9s m ) boys ?an
 ) girls4 ,! plays ( adolesc5ce are     
sociali/ic1 dem&+ ! hea!n virtues (     
c\rage1 endurance1 self-control1 brav]y1
 loyalty1 en?usiasm4  ,croswell#f f\nd t
 among #b1jjj *ildr5 famili> ) #gjj k9ds
 ( amusem5ts1 ^? involv+ physical       
ex]cises pr$om9at$ ov] all o!rs1 & t at 
e age aft] ! eigh? ye> !y 7 repres5t$ z 
almo/ two to "o & 9 ! sixte5? ye> rose  
among boys z f\r to "o4 ,! age ( !      
greate/ numb] ( diff]5t amusem5ts is f  
t5 to elev51 ne>ly fifte5 be+ m5tion$1 b
 = ! next eight or n9e ye>s !re is a    
/eady decl9e ( numb]1 & progressive     
specialisation occurs4 ,! games ( *ase1 

:i* are sugge/ive on ! recapitulation   
!ory1 rise f elev5 p] c5t 9 boys ( six  
to n9ete5 p] c5t at n9e1 b soon aft]    
decl9e1 & at sixte5 h fall5 to less ?an 
f\r p] c5t4 ,toys & orig9al make-believe
 games decl9e /ill e>li]1 :ile ball     
rises /eadily & rapidly to eighte51 &   
c>d & table games rise v /eadily f t5 to
 fifte5 9 girls1 b ! increm5t is mu*    
less 9 boys4 ,a ?ird or m ( all !       
amusem5ts ( boys j ent]+ _! te5s are    
games ( conte/--games 9 :i* ! end is 9  
"o way or ano!r to ga9 an advantage "o's
 fell[s1 9 :i* ! int]e/ is n ! /ruggle  
betwe5 pe]s4 ,z *ildr5 approa* ! te5s1 a
 t5d5cy arises t is well express$ by "o 
( ! girls :o no long] makes play?+s b   
?+s t are useful4 ,p>5ts & society mu/1 
!re=e1 provide ! mo/ favorable          
conditions = ! k9d ( amusem5t fitt+ at  
ea* age4 ,z ! *ild gr[s old]1 society   
plays a l>g] rle 9 all ! *ild's         
amusem5ts1 & f ! ?irte5? ye> amusem5ts  
take on a decid$ly cop]ative &          
competitive "*1 & ef=ts are ore & m     

conf9$ to ! accompli%m5ts ( "s def9ite  
aim4 ,! c\rse = ?is p]iod w conc5trate !
 ef=t ^u few] l9es1 & m "t w be devot$  
to ea*4 ,! desire = ma/]y is n[ at its  
height4 ,! in/9ct is to ma9ta9 "o's self
 indep5d5tly & ask no odds4 ,at f\rte51 
especially1 ! impulse is1 9 manual      
tra9+1 to make some?+ & p]haps to       
cop]ate4  ,mc,ghee#g collect$ ! play    
pref]5ces ( #ae1gah *ildr51 & f\nd a v  
/eady decl9e 9 runn+ plays among girls f
 n9e to eighte51 b a f> m rapid rise 9  
plays ( *ance f elev5 to fifte51 & a v  
rapid rise f sixte5 to eighte54 ,f elev5
 onw>d ) ! mo/ m>k$ fall be=e f\rte51   
!re 0 a di/9ct decl9e 9 imitative games 
= girls & a sl[] "o = boys4 ,games      
involv+ rivalry increas$ rapidly among  
boys f elev5 to sixte5 & /ill m rapidly 
among girls1 _! p]c5tage ( pref]5ce ev5 
exce$+ t ( boys at eighte51 :5 x rea*$  
ne>ly sev5ty p] c5t4 ,) adolesc5ce1     
specialization ^u a few plays 0 m>k$ly  
increas$ 9 ! te5s among boys1 :]eas )   
girls 9 g5]al !re 7 a l>ge numb] ( plays

 :i* 7 popul> ) none prem95t4 ,ev5 at   
?is age ! pr9ciple ( organization 9     
games s /rong ) boys is v slight )      
girls4 ,pub]ty %[$ ! greate/ increase ( 
int]e/ among pubesc5t girls = croquet1 &
 among boys = swimm+1 al?\gh baseball & 
football1 ! mo/ favor$ = boys1 rose     
rapidly4 ,al?\gh ! au?or does n /ate x1 
x w\ld seem f 8 data t plays peculi> to 
! diff]5t seasons 7 mo/ m>k$ among boys1
 9 "p1 at lea/1 because _! activities   
are m out ( doors4  ,f]r]o & o!rs h %[n 
t ! m int5se activities ( primitive p   
t5d to be rhy?mic & ) /rongly automatic 
features4 ,no =m ( activity is m        
univ]sal ?an ! dance1 :i* is n only     
int5se b may express *iefly 9 t]ms (    
fundam5tal movem5ts1 /ripp$ ( _!        
accessory f9i% & detail1 e important    
act1 vocation1 s5tim5t1 or ev5t 9 ! life
 ( man 9 language s univ]sal & symbolic 
t music & poetry !mselves seem to h     
aris5 out ( x4 ,be=e x became specializ$
 mu* labor 0 ca/ 9 rhy?mic =m & (t5     
accompani$ by "t-m>k+ & ev5 tone to     

secure ! /imulus ( conc]t on bo?        
economic & social pr9ciples4 ,9 ! d>k   
backgr\nd ( hi/ory !re is n[ mu* evid5ce
 t at "s po9t1 play1 art1 & "w 7 n      
divorc$4 ,!y all may h sprung f rhy?mic 
movem5t :i* is s deep-seat$ 9 biology   
because x secures mo/ joy ( life ) lea/ 
exp5se4 ,by x ,eros ( old ord]$ *aos1 & 
by its judici\s use ! human s\l is      
cad5c$ to great ef=ts t[>d high ideals4 
,! _m "w-songs to secure conc]t$ action 
9 lift+1 pull+1 /epp+1 ! use ( flail1   
lev]1 saw1 ax1 hamm]1 hoe1 loom1 etc41  
%[ t areas & !sis repres5t flexion &    
ext5sion1 t acc5t orig9at$ 9 ! acme (   
muscul> /ress1 z well z h[ rhy?m eases  
"w & also makes x social4 ,mo/ ( ! old  
"w-canticles are lo/1 & ma*9es h made "w
 m s]ial1 :ile rhy?ms are obscur$ or    
impos$ f )\t s z to limit ! fre$om !y   
us$ to express4 ,n[ all basal1 c5tral1  
or /r5g? movem5ts t5d to be oscillatory1
 automatically repetitive1 or rhy?mic l 
savage music1 z if ! waves ( ! primeval 
sea :5ce we came /ill beat 9 !m1 j z all

 f9e p]iph]al & late movem5ts t5d to be 
s]ial1 special1 va/ly complex1 end      
div]sifi$4 ,x is ?us natural t dur+ !   
p]iod ( greate/ /r5g? increm5t 9 muscul>
 developm5t1 ! rhy?mic function ( ne>ly 
all fundam5tal movem5ts %\ld be /rongly 
acc5tuat$4 ,at ! dawn ( ?is age boys    
love m>*+2 &1 z our returns %[1 !re is a
 v rem>kable rise 9 ! passion = beat+   
"t1 jigg+1 d\ble %uffl+1 rhy?mic clapp+1
 etc4 ,! m prom95t ! factor ( repetition
 ! m automatic & ! less /r5u\s is ! h>d 
& new ef=t ( con/ant psy*ic adju/m5t &  
att5tion4 ,college yells1 *e]s1 r[+1    
m>*+1 processions1 bicycl+1 runn+1      
tug-(-w>1 cali/h5ics & class gymna/ics )
 c\nt+1 & especially ) music1 horseback 
rid+1 etc41 are rhy?mic2 t5nis1 baseball
 & football1 basketball1 golf1 polo1    
etc41 are less rhy?mic1 b are conc]t$ & 
int5se4 ,^! latt] emphasise ! conflict  
factor1 be/ br\ght out 9 f5c+1 box+1 &  
wre/l+1 & lay m /ress on ! psy*ic       
elem5ts ( att5tion & skill4 ,! effect ( 
musical accompanim5t1 :i* ! ,sw$i% sy/em

 wrongly rejects1 is to make ! ex]cises 
m fundam5tal & automatic1 & to          
proportionately dim9i% ! consci\s ef=t &
 relieve ! neuro-muscul> me*anism       
involv$ 9 f9e movem5ts4  ,adolesc5ce is 
! gold5 p]iod ( nasc5cy = rhy?m4 ,be=e  
?is *ange _m *ildr5 h a v imp]fect s5se 
( x1 & ev5 ^? :o m>*1 s+1 play1 or read 
poetry ) correct & ov]emphasis$ "t m>k+1
 exp]i5ce a great broad5+ ( ! horizon ( 
consci\sness1 & a m>k$1 &1 = m5tal p[] &
 scope1 all-condition+ increase 9 !     
c>ry+ p[] ( att5tion & ! s5t5ce-s5se4 ,!
 s\l n[ feels ! beauty ( cad5ces1 good  
asc5sion1 & ! symmetry ( well-develop$  
p]iods--& all1 z ,i am conv9c$1 because 
?is is ! spr+time ( ! /r5g? movem5ts :i*
 are pr$om9antly rhy?mic4 ,n only does  
music />t 9 "t m>k+1 ! drum be+ ! olde/ 
in/rum5t1 b quantity long took prec$5ce 
( s5se & =m ( cont5t1 bo? melody & words
 com+ lat]4 ,ev5 rhy?mic tapp+ or beat+ 
( ! foot 7:5ce ! poetic feet ( prosody &
 met] ?us lat] impos$ monoton\s prose to
 make poetry7 exhil>ates1 makes glad !  

s\l & inspires x to attack1 gives       
compulsion & a s5se ( unity4 ,!         
psy*ology ( rhy?m %[s its basal value 9 
cad5c+ ! s\l4 ,we c n conceive :at w>1  
love1 & religion w\ld be )\t x4 ,! old  
adage t ! p>5t ( prose is poetry1 ! p>5t
 ( poetry is music1 ! p>5t ( music is   
rhy?m1 & ! p>5t ( rhy?m is ,god seems   
borne out n only 9 hi/ory1 b by ! nature
 ( ?\ght & att5tion t does n move 9 a   
cont9uum1 b flies & p]*es alt]nately1 or
 on /epp+-/ones & z if influ5c$ by !    
tempo ( ! leg sw++ z a comp\nd p5dulum4 
,danc+ is "o ( ! be/ expressions ( pure 
play & ( ! motor ne$s ( y\?4 ,p]haps x  
is ! mo/ lib]al ( all =ms ( motor       
education4 ,s*op5hau] ?\ght x ! apex (  
physiological irritability & t x made   
animal life mo/ vividly consci\s ( its  
exi/5ce & mo/ exultant 9 exhibit+ x4 ,9 
v anci5t times ,*9a ritualis$ x 9 ! spr+
 & made x a l>ge "p ( ! education ( boys
 aft] ! age ( ?irte54 ,neale ?9ks x 0   
orig9ally circul> or orbicul> wor%ip1   
:i* he deems olde/4 ,9 ,japan1 9 !      

prie/ly ,salic ,college ( anci5t ,rome1 
9 ,egypt1 9 ! ,greek ,apollo cult1 x 0 a
 =m ( wor%ip4 ,/4 ,basil advis$ x2 ,/4  
,gregory introduc$ x into religi\s      
s]vices4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian bi%ops1 call$ 
prsuls1 l$ ! sacr$ dance ar\nd ! alt>2 &
 only 9 #fib1 & aga9 9 #afag1 0 x =bidd5
 9 *ur*4 ,neale & o!rs h %[n h[ ! *oral 
processionals ) all ! add$ *>m ( ve/m5t 
& intonation h _h f> m to d 9           
,*ri/ianiz+ _m l[ tribes1 :o c\ld n     
und]/& ! language ( ! *ur*1 ?an has     
prea*+4 ,savages are ne>ly all great    
danc]s1 imitat+ e animal !y "k1 danc+   
out _! own leg5ds1 ) ritual sometimes s 
exact+ t error means dea?4 ,! "* ( p is 
(t5 le>n$ f _! dances1 & ,molire says ! 
de/9y ( nations dep5ds on !m4 ,! gaye/  
danc]s are (t5 among ! mo/ d[ntrodd5 &  
unhappy p4 ,"s my/]ies c be reveal$ only
 9 !m1 z holy passion-plays4 ,if we     
consid] ! hi/ory ( secul> dances1 we f9d
 t "s ( !m1 :5 fir/ inv5t$ or 9 vogue1  
evok$ ! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,"o writ]    
says t ! polka s delight$ ,france &     

,engl& t /atesm5 =got politics4 ,! _s ( 
! old ,poli% ari/ocracy /ill lives 9 !  
polonaise4 ,! gipsy dances h inspir$ a  
new s*ool ( music4 ,! ,greek drama grew 
out ( ! evolution ( ! tragic *orus4     
,national dances l ! hornpipe & reel (  
,scotl&1 ! ,reih51 ( ,g]many1 ! rondes (
 ,france1 ! ,spani% t>antella & *aconne1
 ! /ra?spey f ! ,spey ,valley1 ! ,iri%  
jig1 etc41 express racial traits4       
,in/ead ( ! =m] va/ rep]tory1 ! /ately  
pavone1 ! graceful & dignifi$ s>ab&1 !  
wild salt]relle1 ! b\rre ) song & /rong 
rhy?m1 ! light & skippy bol]o1 ! c\rtly 
bay$]e1 ! dramatic plugge1 gavotte1 &   
o!r peasant dances 9 co/ume1 ! fa/ &    
furi\s f&ango1 weapon & milit>y dances2 
9 place ( ! pri/9e p[] to express love1 
m\rn+1 ju/ice1 p5alty1 fe>1 ang]1       
consolation1 div9e s]vice1 symbolic &   
philosophical conceptions1 & e indu/ry  
or *>act]i/ic act ( life 9 pantomime &  
ge/ure1 we h 9 ! dance ( ! mod]n        
ballroom only a deg5]ate relict1 ) at   
be/ b a v insignificant culture value1 &

 too (t5 /a9$ ) bad associations4 ,?is  
is mo/ un=tunate = y\?1 & = _! sake a "w
 ( rescue & revival is greatly ne$$2 = x
 is p]haps1 n except+ ev5 music1 !      
complete/ language ( ! emotions & c be  
made "o ( ! be/ s*ools ( s5tim5t & ev5  
w1 inculcat+ good /ates ( m9d & exorcis+
 bad ones z few o!r ag5cies h p[] to d4 
,"r danc+ c cad5ce ! v s\l1 give n]v\s  
poise & control1 br+ h>mony betwe5 basal
 & f9] muscles1 & also betwe5 feel+ &   
intellect1 body & m9d4 ,x c s]ve bo? z  
an awak5] & a te/ ( intellig5ce1        
pr$ispose ! he>t aga9/ vice1 & turn !   
spr+s ( "* t[>d virtue4 ,t its pres5t   
decad5t =ms1 = ^? too devitaliz$ to     
dance aright1 c be demoraliz+1 we "k 9  
?is day too well1 al?\gh ev5 que/ionable
 dances may sometimes "w (f vici\s      
prop5sities 9 ways m h>mless ?an ^? 9   
:i* !y w\ld o!rwise f9d v5t4 ,its       
utilization = & influ5ce on ! insane    
w\ld be ano!r int]e/+ *apt]4  ,v int]e/+
 sci5tifically & sugge/ive practically  
is ano!r correspond5ce :i* ,i believe to

 be new1 betwe5 ! mode ( spontane\s     
activity 9 y\? & t ( labor 9 ! e>ly     
hi/ory ( ! race4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$       
di/9ctions betwe5 savage & civiliz$     
races is 9 ! long] rhy?m ( "w &         
relaxation4 ,! =m] are idle & lazy =    
days1 weeks1 & p]haps mon?s1 & !n put =?
 int5se & prolong$ ef=t 9 dance1 hunt1  
w>f>e1 migration1 or con/ruction1       
sometimes disp5s+ ) sleep & manife/+    
rem>kable endurance4 ,z civilization &  
specialization advance1 h\rs become     
regul>4 ,! cultur$ man is less desultory
 9 all 8 habits1 f eat+ & sleep+ to     
p]=m+ social & religi\s duties1 al?\gh  
he may put =? no m aggregate en]gy 9 a  
ye> ?an ! savage4 ,wom5 are s*ool$ to   
regul> "w long be=e m51 & ! difficulty (
 impos+ civilization ^u l[ races is     
comp>$ by ,b*]#h to t ( tra9+ a eat to  
"w :5 h>ness$ to a dog-c>t4 ,x is n     
dread ( fatigue b ( ! monotony ( me?od  
makes !m hate labor4 ,! ef=t ( savages  
is m int5se & _! p]iods ( re/ m prolong$
 & in]t4 ,d>w9 ?9ks all vital function  

br$ to g 9 p]iods1 z v]tebrates are     
desc5d$ f tidal ascidian4#i ,!re is     
inde$ mu* t sugge/s "s o!r irregul>     
rhy?m m or less indep5d5t ( day & night1
 & p]haps sexual 9 its nature1 b n lun>1
 & = males4 ,?is mode ( life n only     
prec$$ ! indu/rial & comm]cial p]iod (  
:i* regul>ity is a prime condition1 b x 
la/$ indef9itely long] ?an ! latt] has  
yet exi/$2 dur+ ?is e>ly "t great       
ex]tion1 sometimes to ! po9t ( utt]     
exhau/ion & collapse1 alt]nat$ ) seasons
 ( almo/ vegetative exi/5ce4 ,we see    
abundant traces ( ?is psy*osis 9 !      
muscle habits ( adolesc5ts1 &1 ,i ?9k1 9
 /ud5t & p>ticul>ly 9 college life1 :i* 
c en=ce regul>ity only to a limit$      
ext5t4 ,?is is n rev]sion1 b p>tly      
expression ( ! nature & p]haps ! ne$s ( 
?is /age ( immaturity1 & p>tly ! same   
in/9ct ( revolt aga9/ uni=mity impos$ f 
)\t1 :i* rob life ( v>iety & ext+ui% !  
_s ( adv5ture & untrammel$ fre$om1 &    
make ! savage h>d to break to ! h>ness (
 civilization4 ,! hung] = fatigue1 too1 

c become a v]itable passion & is q      
di/9ct f ei!r ! impulse = activity = its
 own sake or ! desire ( a*ievem5t4 ,to  
%\t & put =? ! utmo/ possible /r5g? 9   
crude ways is ere?ic intoxication at a  
/age :5 e tissue c become erectile &    
seems1 l ! cry+ ( infants1 to h a       
legitimate function 9 caus+ t5sion &    
flu%+1 enl>g+ ! calib] ( blood vessels1 
& =c+ ! blood p]haps ev5 to ! po9t (    
extravasation to irrigate newly gr[+    
fib]s1 cells1 & organs :i* atrophy if n 
?us f$4 ,:5 maturity is complete ?is ne$
 abates4 ,if ?is be correct1 ! ph5om5on 
( second brea?1 s *>act]i/ic (          
adolesc5ce1 & "o factor 9 ! inebriate's 
prop5sity1 is ontog5etic expression ( a 
rhy?m trait ( a long racial p]iod4 ,y\? 
ne$s ov]ex]tion to comp5sate =          
und]ex]tion1 to und]sleep 9 ord] to     
(fset ov]sleep at times4 ,?is seems to  
be nature's provision to exp& 9 all     
directions its possibilities ( ! body & 
s\l 9 ?is pla/ic p]iod :51 )\t ?is      
occasional excess1 p[]s w\ld atrophy or 

suff] arre/ = want ( use1 or l>g]       
possibilities _w n be realiz$ )\t ?is   
regim5 peculi> to nasc5t p]iods4 ,?is is
 treat$ m fully else:]e4  ,p]haps next  
to danc+ 9 phyletic motivation come     
p]sonal conflicts1 su* z wre/l+1 fight+1
 box+1 duel+1 & 9 "s s5se1 hunt+4 ,!    
animal _w is full ( /ruggle = survival1 
& primitive w>f>e is a wag] ( battle1 ( 
p]sonal combat ( foes conte/+ eye to eye
 & h& to h&1 :]e victory ( "o is !      
defeat & p]haps dea? ( ! o!r1 & :]e life
 is (t5 /ak$ aga9/ life4 ,9 its m brutal
 =ms we see "o ( ! mo/ degrad+ ( all !  
aspects ( human nature4 ,burk#aj has %[n
 h[ ! mo/ be/ial ( ^! in/9cts survive & 
crop out irresi/ibly 9 boyhood1 :]e     
fights are (t5 engag$ 9 ) desp]ate      
ab&on4 ,noses are bitt51 e>s torn1      
s5sitive places kick$1 hair pull$1 arms 
twi/$1 ! head /amp$ on & p\nd$ on /ones1
 f+]s twi/$1 & hoodlums sometimes       
delib]ately try to /rangle1 g\ge out an 
eye1 pull (f an e>1 pull out ! tongue1  
break tee?1 nose1 or bones1 or dislocate

 jaws or o!r jo9ts1 wr+ ! neck1 bite (f 
a lip1 & torture 9 utt]ly nameless ways4
 ,9 unre/ra9$ ang]1 man becomes a demon 
9 love ) ! blood ( 8 victim4 ,! face is 
di/ort$1 & !re are yells1 oa?s1 animal  
snorts & grunts1 cries1 & !n exultant   
laught] at pa91 & ea* is bruis$1 dirty1 
di%evel$ & pant+ ) exhau/ion4 ,= co>s]  
natures1 ! spectacle ( su* conflicts has
 an int5se attraction1 :ile "s morbid   
s\ls are sc>r$ by a di/9ct phobia =     
ev]y?+ sugge/ive ( ev5 l[] degrees (    
opposition4 ,^! in/9cts1 m or less      
develop$ 9 boyhood1 are repress$ 9      
normal cases be=e /r5g? & skill are     
suffici5tly develop$ to inflict s]i\s   
bodily injury1 :ile )\t ! r$uctives t   
or?og5etic gr[? br+s !y become crim9al4 
,repulsive z are ^! gross] & animal     
manife/ations ( ang]1 its impulsion c n 
& %\ld n be elim9at$1 b its expression  
trans=m$ & direct$ t[>d evils t ne$ all 
its antagonism4 ,to be angry aright is a
 good "p ( moral education1 &           
non-resi/ance "u all provocations is    

unmanly1 crav51 & c[>dly4#aa ,an        
able-bodi$ "y man1 :o c n fight         
physically1 c h>dly h a high & true s5se
 ( honor1 & is g5]ally a milksop1 a     
lady-boy1 or sneak4 ,he lacks virility1 
8 mascul9ity does n r+ true1 8 hone/y c 
n be s\nd to ! core4 ,h5ce1 in/ead (    
eradicat+ ?is in/9ct1 "o ( ! great      
problems ( physical & moral p$agogy is  
rightly to temp] & direct x4  ,sp>ta    
s$ul\sly cultivat$ x 9 boys2 & 9 ! great
 ,engli% s*ools1 :]e = g5]ations x has  
be5 m or less tacitly recogniz$1 x is   
regulat$ by cu/om1 & _! lit]ature &     
traditions ab\nd 9 illu/rations ( its   
man-mak+ & (t5 trans=m+ influ5ce 9 ways 
well appreciat$ by ,hughes & ,arnold4 ,x
 makes aga9/ deg5]ation1 ! ess5tial     
feature ( :i* is weak5+ ( w & loss (    
honor4 ,real virtue requires enemies1 & 
wom5 & effem9ate & old m5 want placid1  
com=table peace1 :ile a real man        
rejoices 9 noble /rife :i* sanctifies   
all great causes1 ca/s out fe>1 & is !  
*ief s*ool ( c\rage4 ,bad z is          

ov]pugnacity1 a scrapp+ boy is bett] ?an
 "o :o funks a fight1 & ,i h no pati5ce 
) ! s5tim5tality t w\ld "h p\r out !    
*ild ) ! ba?1 b w\ld h e heal?y boy     
taught box+ at adolesc5ce if n be=e4 ,! 
prize-r+ is degrad+ & brutal1 b 9 lieu (
 bett] illu/rations ( ! _s ( p]sonal    
conte/ ,i w\ld int]e/ a c]ta9 class (   
boys 9 x & try to devise modes (        
p$agogic utilization ( ! imm5se /ore (  
int]e/ x g5]ates4 ,l danc+ x %\ld be    
rescu$ f its evil associations1 & its   
educational =ce put to d moral "w1 ev5  
?\gh x be by way ( individual           
prescriptions = specific defects ( "*4  
,at its be/1 x is inde$ a manly art1 a  
sup]b s*ool = quickness ( eye & h&1     
decision1 =ce ( w1 & self-control4 ,!   
mom5t ?is is lo/ /++ puni%m5t foll[s4   
,h5ce x is ! sure/ ( all cures =        
excessive irascibility & has be5 f\nd to
 h a mo/ b5efic5t effect ^u a peevi% or 
unmanly disposition4 ,x has no mean     
!oretic side1 ( rules1 k9ds ( bl[ &     
c\nt]s1 arts ( draw+ out & tir+ an      

oppon5t1 h9d]+ b n injur+ him1 def5sive 
& (f5sive tactics1 etc41 & x addresses  
*iefly ! fundam5tal muscles 9 bo? tra9+ 
& conflict4 ,i d n und]e/imate ! _m &   
great difficulties ( prop] purgation1 b 
,i "k f bo? p]sonal practise &          
obs]vation t !y are n unconqu]able4     
,?is =m ( p]sonal conflict is bett] ?an 
duel+ ev5 9 its comp>atively h>mless    
,g]man /ud5t =m1 al?\gh ?is has be5     
w>mly def5d$ by ,jacob ,grimm1 ,bism>ck1
 & ,treits*ke1 :ile ,pauls51 ,pr(essor (
 ,philosophy & ,p$agogy1 & ,s*rempf1 (  
,!ology1 h pron\nc$ x b a slight evil1 &
 sev]al ,am]icans h ?\ght x bett] ?an   
haz+1 :i* x makes impossible4 ,! d>k    
side ( duel+ is se5 9 ! hyp]trophi$ s5se
 ( honor :i* "u ! code ( ! corps becomes
 an intricate & fanta/ic ?+1 prompt+1   
accord+ to ,ziegl]1#ab a club ( sixte5  
/ud5ts to fight ov] two hundr$ duels 9  
f\r weeks 9 ,j5a e>ly 9 ?is c5tury4 ,x  
is prone to deg5]ate to an artificial   
etiquette dem&+ satisfaction = slight & 
un9t5d$ (f5ses4 ,al?\gh ?is pr(essor :o 

_h 8 own face sc>r$ on ! m5sur1 plead$ =
 a /ud5t c\rt ( honor1 ) p[] to br& acts
 z infam\s & ev5 to expel /ud5ts1 on !  
gr\nd t honor _h gr[n m inw>d1 !        
traditions 9 favor ( duel+ 7 too /rong4 
,! duel _h a religi\s romantic orig9 z  
reveal+ ,god's judgm5t1 & means t !     
victim ( an insult is ready to /ake     
body1 or ev5 life1 & ?is is /ill its    
ideal side4 ,ana*ronism z x n[ is &     
deg5]at+ readily to sport or spectacle1 
ov]puni%+ :at is (t5 m]e awkw>dness or  
ignorance1 x /ill impresses a c]ta9 s5se
 ( responsibility = conduct & gives "s  
physical tra9+1 slight & specializ$ ?\gh
 x be4 ,! code is conv5tional1 drawn    
directly f old ,fr5* milit>y life1 & is 
n true to ! l9e t sep>ates real honor f 
di%onor1 delib]ate insult t w\nds normal
 self-respect f injury fanci$ by        
ov]s5sitiv5ess or feign$ by arrogance2 s
 t 9 its pres5t =m x is n ! be/ safegu>d
 ( ! sacr$ %r9e ( p]sonality aga9/      
invasion ( ifs rights4 ,if1 z is claim$1
 x is "s div]sion f or =tification aga9/

 corrosive s5suality1 x has g5]ally     
alli$ itself ) excessive be]-dr9k+4     
,f5c+1 :ile an art susceptible ( high   
developm5t & valuable = bo? pose &      
poise1 & requir+ great quickness ( eye1 
arm1 & wri/1 is unilat]al & robb$ ( !   
ve/ ( inflict+ real pa9 on an antagoni/4
  ,bu%ido1#ac :i* means milit>y-knightly
 ways1 designates ! ,japanese conception
 ( honor 9 behavior & 9 fight+4 ,! y\?  
is inspir$ by ! ideal ( ,tom ,br[n to   
leave beh9d him ! "n ( a fell[ :o nev]  
bulli$ a little boy or turn$ 8 back on a
 big "o4 ,x expresses ! race ideal (    
ju/ice1 patriotism1 & ! duty ( liv+     
aright & dy+ nobly4 ,x means also       
sympa?y1 pity1 & love1 = only ! brave/ c
 be ! t5d]e/1 & ^? mo/ 9 love are mo/   
d>+1 & x includes polit5ess & ! art (   
poetry4 ,honor is a s5se ( p]sonal      
dignity & wor?1 s ! bu%i is tru?ful )\t 
an oa?4 ,at ! t5d] age ( five ! samurai 
is giv5 a real sword1 & ?is gives       
self-respect & responsibility4 ,at      
fifte51 two %>p & arti/ic ones1 long &  

%ort1 are giv5 him1 :i* mu/ be 8        
companions = life4 ,!y 7 made by a smi? 
^: %op is a sanctu>y & :o beg9s 8 "w )  
pray]4 ,!y h ! f9e/ hilts & scabb>ds1 & 
are besung z inve/$ ) a *>m or spell1 & 
symbolic ( loyalty & self-control1 = !y 
mu/ nev] be drawn lightly4 ,he is taught
 f5c+1 ar*]y1 horseman%ip1 tactics1 !   
spe>1 e?ics & lit]ature1 anatomy1 =     
(f5ce & def5se2 he mu/ be indiff]5t to  
money1 hold 8 life *eap beside honor1 & 
die if x is gone4 ,?is *ivalry is call$ 
! s\l ( ,japan1 & if x fades life is    
vulg>is$4 ,x is a code ( e?ics &        
physical tra9+4  ,football is a         
magnific5t game if play$ on honor4 ,an  
,engli% t5nis *ampion 0 lately play+ a  
rubb] game ) ! ,am]ican *ampion4 ,!y 7  
ev5 & ne> ! end :5 ! ,am]ican made a bad
 fluke :i* w\ld h lo/ ?is c\ntry its    
*ampion%ip4 ,! ,engli% play]1 scorn+ to 
w9 on an accid5t1 int5tionally made a   
simil> mi/ake t ! be/ man might w94 ,!  
*ief evil ( mod]n ,am]ican football :i* 
n[ ?reat5s its suppression 9 "s colleges

 is ! lu/ to w9 at any price1 & results 
9 tricks & secret practise4 ,^! sneaky  
me?ods impair ! s5tim5t ( honor :i* is !
 be/ & mo/ pot5t ( all ! moral safegu>ds
 ( y\?1 s t a "y man c n be a true      
g5tleman on ! gridiron4 ,?is e?ical     
deg5]ation is f> worse ?an all !        
braises1 spra9s1 brok5 bones & ev5 dea?s
 x causes4  ,wre/l+ is a =m ( p]sonal   
enc\nt] :i* 9 antiquity rea*$ a high    
developm5t1 & :i*1 al?\gh n[ m kn[n &   
practis$ z a?letics ( ! body ?an ( !    
s\l1 has c]ta9 special discipl9>y       
capacities 9 its v>i\s =ms4 ,x repres5ts
 ! mo/ primitive type ( ! /ruggle (     
un>m$ & unprotect$ man ) man4 ,purg$ (  
its b>b>ities1 & 9 its ,greco-,roman =m 
& prop]ly subject to rules1 x cultivates
 m k9ds ( movem5ts ?an any o!r =m--=    
limbs1 trunk1 neck1 h&1 foot1 & all 9 ! 
upright & 9 e prone position4 ,x1 too1  
has its manual ( fe9ts1 holds1 tricks1 &
 specialties1 & calls out w>9ess1       
quickness1 /r5g?1 & %ift9ess4 ,victory  
ne$ involve no cruelty or ev5 pa9 to !  

vanqui%$4 ,! v clos5ess ( body to body1 
emphasiz+ flexor r ?an ext5sor arm      
muscles1 imp>ts to x a peculi> tone1    
gives x a va/ v>iety ( possible         
activities1 develop+ _m alt]natives at e
 /age1 & tempts to _m undiscov]$ =ms (  
p]man5t mayhem4 ,its /ruggle is usually 
long] & less int]rupt$ by pauses ?an    
pugilism1 & its situations & conclusions
 (t5 develop sl[ly1 s t all 9 all1 its  
"* among conte/s is unique4 ,z a s*ool (
 po/ure = art1 its v>ieties are         
extremely manifold & by no means        
develop$1 = x conta9s e k9d ( emphasis (
 e "p & calls out e muscle gr\p &       
attitude ( ! human body2 h5ce its tra9+ 
is mo/ g5]ic & lea/ specializ$1 &       
victories h be5 won by v _m k9ds (      
excell5ce4  ,p]haps no?+ is m oppos$ to 
! idea ( a g5tleman ?an ! sva animi     
tempe/as ,fi]ce tempe/ ( ! s\l ( ang]4  
,a te/y1 qu>relsome1 mucky humor is     
antisocial1 & an outbur/ ( rage is      
repulsive4 ,ev5 non-resi/ance1 turn+ !  
o!r *eek1 has its victories & may be a  

me?od ( moral combat4 ,a /rong temp]    
well controll$ & kept 9 lea% makes a    
k9etic "*2 b 9 view ( bully+1 unfair    
play1 cruel inju/ice to ! weak &        
def5seless1 ( outrage\s wrong t ! law c 
n rea*1 pati5ce & =be>ance may cease to 
be virtues1 & summ>y r$ress may h a     
di/9ct advantage to ! e?ical nature (   
man & to social ord]1 & ! /r5u\s s\l mu/
 fight or gr[ /agnant or flabby4 ,if too
 repress$1 righte\s indignation may turn
 to s\rness & sulks1 & ! disposition be 
spoil$4 ,h5ce ! relief & exhil>ation (  
an outbreak t (t5 cle>s ! psy*ic        
atmosph]e l a ?und]/orm1 & gives ! peace
 t passe? und]/&+ s (t5 dilat$ on by our
 correspond5ts4 ,r ?an ! abject fe> (   
mak+ enemies :atev] ! provocation1 ,i   
w\ld praise ^? ^: be/ title ( honor is !
 k9d ( enemies !y make4 ,bett] ev5 an   
occasional nose d5t$ by a fi/1 a brok5  
bone1 a rapi]-sc>r$ face1 or ev5        
sometimes ! sacrifice ( ! life ( "o (   
our be/ academic y\? ?an /agnation1     
g5]al cynicism & c5sori\sness1 bodily & 

psy*ic c[>dice1 & moral corruption1 if  
?is inde$ be1 z x sometimes is1 its real
 alt]native4  ,s closely are love & w>  
connect$ t n only is individual         
pugnacity greatly increas$ at ! p]iod ( 
sexual maturity1 :5 animals acquire or  
develop horns1 fangs1 claws1 spurs1 &   
weapons ( (f5se & def5se1 b a new _s (  
organization arises :i* makes teams     
possible or m p]man5t4 ,football1       
baseball1 cricket1 etc41 & ev5 boat+ c  
become s*ools ( m5tal & moral tra9+4    
,fir/1 ! rules ( ! game are (t5         
intricate1 & to ma/] & obs]ve !m        
effectively is no mean tra9+ = ! m9d    
controll+ ! body4 ,^! are /eadily be+   
revis$ & improv$1 & ! reasons = ea*     
detail ( con/ruction & conduct ( ! game 
require exp]i5ce & insight into human   
nature4 ,!n ! subord9ation ( ea* memb]  
to ! :ole & to a lead] cultivates !     
social & cop]ative in/9cts1 :ile ! honor
 ( ! s*ool1 college1 or city1 :i* ea*   
team repres5ts1 is confid$ to ea* & all4
 ,gr\p loyalty 9 ,anglo-,saxon games1   

:i* %[s su* a m>k$ increm5t 9 cord9ation
 & self-subord9ation at ! dawn ( pub]ty 
z to con/itute a di/9ct *ange 9 ! "* (  
sports at ?is age1 c be s utiliz$ z to  
develop a _s ( s]vice & devotion n only 
to t[n1 c\ntry1 & race1 b to ,god & !   
*ur*4 ,self mu/ be m]g$ & a             
sportsmanlike _s cultivat$ t pref]s     
defeat to tricks & secret practise1 & a 
clean game to ! applause ( root]s &     
fans1 int5t only on victory1 h[ev] won4 
,! long1 h>d fight aga9/ pr(essionalism 
t br+s 9 husky muck]s1 :o by e rule (   
true c\rtesy & *ivalry belong outside   
academic circles1 scrapp+ & und]h&      
advantages1 is a sad comm5t on ! "* & _s
 ( ^! games1 & elim9ates ! be/ ( _!     
educational advantages4 ,! necessity (  
int]v5tion1 :i* has impos$ su* great    
burd5s on faculties & br\ght s mu*      
friction ) ! fr5zy ( s*ola/ic s5tim5t 9 
! hot /age ( seasonal en?usiasms1 :5    
fann$ to a :ite heat by ! excessive     
int]e/ ( fri5ds & patrons & ! injuri\s  
exploitation ( ! press1 be>s sad        

te/imony to ! /r5g? & p]si/5ce ( w>like 
in/9cts f our h]$ity4 ,b ev5 ?us ! good 
f> pr$om9ates4 ,! elective sy/em has    
de/roy$ ! class games1 & our in/itutions
 h no units l ! ,engli% colleges to be  
pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & s colleges gr[1  
an ev] small] p]c5tage ( /ud5ts obta9 ! 
b5efit ( practise on ! teams1 :ile      
electione]+ me?ods (t5 place second-be/ 
m5 9 place ( ! be/4 ,b bo? /ud5ts &     
tea*]s are sl[ly le>n+ wisdom 9 ! de>   
s*ool ( exp]i5ce4 ,on ! :ole1 !re is    
less lic5se 9 break+ tra9+ & 9 celebrat+
 victories1 & ev5 at _! wor/1 good      
probably pr$om9ates1 :ile ! progress (  
rec5t ye>s bids u hope4  ,f9ally1       
milit>y ideals & me?ods ( psy*o-physical
 education are helpful regulations ( !  
appetite = combat1 & on ! :ole m        
:olesome & robu/ ?an ^? :i* are m]ely   
e/hetic4 ,m>*+ 9 /ep gives prop] & uni=m
 movem5t ( legs1 arms1 & c>riage ( body2
 ! manual ( arms1 ) evolution &         
involution ( figures 9 ! ranks1 gives   
ea* a corporate feel+ ( memb]%ip1 &     

involves c>e ( p]sonal appe>ance &      
acc\t]m5ts1 :ile ! uni=m levels social  
di/9ction 9 dress4 ,= ! ,fr5* & ,italian
 & especially ! ,g]man & ,russian       
adolesc5t ( ! l[] classes1 ! two or ?ree
 ye>s ( compulsory milit>y s]vice is (t5
 comp>$ to an academic c\rse1 & ! army  
is call$1 n )\t "s ju/ification1 ! poor 
man's univ]sity4 ,x gives sev]e drill1  
/rict discipl9e1 good & regul> h\rs1    
pla9 b :olesome f>e & out-(-door        
ex]cise1 exposure1 travel1 habits (     
neatness1 _m useful knacks & devices1   
t\rnam5ts & mimic or play battles2 ^!1  
ap>t f its o!r functions1 make ?is sy/em
 a great promot] ( national heal? &     
intellig5ce4 ,naval s*ools = mid%ipm51  
:o s]ve be=e ! ma/1 s*ools on bo>d %ip t
 visit a wide curriculum ( ports ea*    
ye>1 cavalry s*ools1 :]e ea* boy is giv5
 a horse to c>e =1 /udy & tra91 artill]y
 c\rses & ev5 an army drill-ma/] 9 an   
academy1 or uni=m1 & a few ext]ior      
features ( soldi]ly life1 all give a    
di/9ct "* to ! _s ( any in/itution4 ,! v

 fancy ( be+ 9 any s5se a soldi] op5s up
 a new range ( int]e/s too seldom       
utiliz$2 & tactics1 army life & s]vice1 
milit>y hi/ory1 battles1 patriotism1 !  
flag1 & duties to c\ntry1 %\ld always   
erect a new /&>d ( honor4 ,y\? %\ld     
embrace e opportunity t (f]s 9 ?is l9e1 
& in/ruction %\ld greatly increase !    
intellectual opportunities creat$ by e  
int]e/ 9 w>f>e4 ,x w\ld be easy to      
create pregnant c\rses on h[ soldi]s d[n
 ! c\rse ( hi/ory h liv$1 ?\ght1 felt1  
f\ght1 & di$1 h[ great battles 7 won &  
:at causes triumph$ 9 !m1 & to g5]alize 
_m ( ! be/ ?+s taught 9 detail 9 ! be/  
s*ools ( w> 9 diff]5t grades & l&s4  ,a 
subtle b pot5t int]sexual influ5ce is   
among ! /ronge/ factors ( all adolesc5t 
sport4 ,male birds & bea/s %[ (f _! *>ms
 ( beauty & accompli%m5t 9 _m a liturgy 
( love antics 9 ! pres5ce ( ! female4   
,?is in/9ct seems someh[ cont9u\s ) !   
gr[? ( ornam5ts 9 ! mat+ season4 ,song1 
tumbl+1 balk+1 mock fights1 etc41 are   
=ms ( animal c\rt%ip4 ,! boy :o turns   

c>t:eels pa/ ! home ( ! girl ( 8 fancy1 
is brilliant1 brave1 witty1 erect1 /rong
 9 h] pres5ce1 & else:]e dull &         
commonplace en\gh1 illu/rates ! same    
pr9ciple4 ,! true cake-walk z se5 9 !   
,s\? is p]haps ! pure/ expression ( ?is 
impulse to c\rt%ip antics se5 9 man1 b  
its irradiations are _m & p]vasive4 ,!  
pres5ce ( ! fair sex gives tonicity to  
y\?'s muscles & t5sion to 8 art]ies to a
 degree ( :i* he is r>ely consci\s4     
,defeat 9 all conte/s is m humiliat+ &  
victory m glori\s !reby4 ,ea* sex is    
con/antly pass+ ! exam9ation ( ! o!r1 & 
ea* judges ! o!r by /&>ds diff]5t f its 
own4 ,alas = ! "y p :o are n diff]5t ) !
 o!r sex f :at !y are ) _! own6--& "s   
are trans=m$ into diff]5t be+s4         
,a*ievem5t proclaims ability to support1
 def5d1 br+ cr$it & ev5 fame to ! object
 ( future *oice1 & no good po9t is lo/4 
,physical =ce & skill1 & above all1     
victory & glory1 make a h]o & inve/ him 
) a romantic glam\r1 :i*1 ev5 ?\gh      
conceal$ by conv5tionality or etiquette1

 is pr(\ndly felt & makes ! w9n] m or   
less irresi/ible4 ,! applause ( m5 & (  
mates is sweet & ev5 intoxicat+1 b t (  
ladies is ravi%+4 ,by univ]sal acclaim !
 fair belong to ! brave1 /rong1 &       
victori\s4 ,?is /imulus is :olesome &   
ref9+4 ,z is %[n lat]1 a ba%ful y\? (t5 
selects a maid5 onlook] & is sometimes q
 unconsci\sly dom9at$ 9 8 e movem5t by a
 s5se ( h] pres5ce1 /rang] & app>5tly   
unnotic$ ?\gh %e be1 al?\gh 9 !         
intellectual "w ( co$ucation girls are  
mo/ influ5c$ ?us4 ,9 a?letics ?is motive
 makes = ref9em5t & good =m4 ,! ideal   
knight1 h[ev] fi]ce & t]rible1 mu/ n be 
brutal1 b %[ capacity = f9e feel+1      
t5d]ness1 magnanimity1 & =be>ance4      
,evolutioni/s tell u t woman has        
dome/icat$ & educat$ savage man & taught
 him all 8 virtues by ex]cis+ h] royal  
pr]ogative ( select+ 9 h] mate j ^?     
qualities t pleas$ h] = transmission to 
future g5]ations & elim9at+ o!rs        
di/a/eful to h]4 ,if s1 %e is /ill      
engag$ 9 ?is "w z mu* z ev]1 & 9 8 dull1

 sl[ way man feels t h] pres5ce en=ces  
h] /&>ds1 abhorr5t ?\gh x w\ld be to him
 to compromise 9 "o iota 8 mascul9ity4  
,mo/ plays & games 9 :i* bo? sexes      
p>ticipate h "s ( ! advantages ) "s ( ! 
disadvantages ( co$ucation4 ,:]e bo? are
 p>tn]s r ?an antagoni/s1 !re is less   
eviration4 ,a gallant man w\ld d 8 be/  
to help1 b 8 wor/ n to beat a lady4     
,?us1 9 g5]al1 ! latt] p]=ms h] be/ 9 h]
 true rule ( sympa!tic spectator r ?an z
 fell[ play]1 & is n[ an important      
factor 9 ! physical education (         
adolesc5ts4  ,h[ p]vasive ?is fem99ity  
is1 :i* is sl[ly trans=m+ our s*ools1 is
 /rik+ly se5 9 ! *ur*4 ,gulick holds t !
 reason :y only "s sev5 p] c5t ( ! "y m5
 ( ! c\ntry are 9 ! *ur*es1 :ile mo/    
memb]s & work]s are wom51 is t !        
qualities dem&$ are ! fem99e ones (     
love1 re/1 pray]1 tru/1 desire = =titude
 to endure1 a s5se ( atonem5t--traits n 
involv+ ideals t mo/ /ir "y m54 ,! *ur* 
has n yet le>n$ to appeal to ! m virile 
qualities4 ,field+ ,hall#ad asks :y     

,*ri/ & ,buddha alone ( great religi\s  
tea*]s 7 reject$ by _! own race &       
accept$ else:]e4 ,he answ]s t ^! mild   
beliefs ( peace1 nonresi/ance1 &        
submission1 reject$ by virile w>rior    
races1 ,jews & anci5t ,h9dus1 7 adopt$  
:]e wom5 7 free & l$ 9 ^! matt]s4       
,confucianism1 ,mohamm$anism1 etc41 are 
virile1 & s indig5\s1 & 9 su* =ms ( fai?
 & wor%ip wom5 h small place4 ,?is aga9 
sugge/s h[ ! sex t rules ! he>t controls
 m54  ,too mu* c h>dly be said 9 favor (
 cold ba?s & swimm+ at ?is age4 ,m>ro#ae
 quotes ,fa!r ,kneipp1 & almo/ rivals 8 
hydro!rapeutic en?usiasm4 ,cold ba?+    
s5ds ! blood inw>d p>tly by ! cold :i*  
contracts ! capill>ies ( ! sk9 & tissue 
imm$iately und]ly+ x1 & p>tly by !      
pressure ( ! wat] ov] all ! d]mal       
surface1 quick5s ! activity ( kidneys1  
lungs1 & dige/ive app>atus1 & ! reactive
 gl[ is ! be/ possible tonic = d]mal    
circulation4 ,x is ! be/ ( all gymna/ics
 = ! non/riat$ or involunt>y muscles & =
 ! he>t & blood vessels4 ,?is & !       

removal ( ! products ( excretion pres]ve
 all ! important d]mal functions :i* are
 s easily & s (t5 impair$ 9 mod]n life1 
less5 ! liability to sk9 diseases1      
promote fre%ness ( complexion2 & ! moral
 effects ( plung+ into cold & support+ !
 body 9 deep wat] is n inconsid]able 9  
/r5g!n+ a _s ( h>dihood & r$uc+         
ov]t5d]ness to s5sory discom=ts4 ,!     
ex]cise ( swimm+ is unique 9 t ne>ly all
 ! movem5ts & comb9ations are su* z are 
r>ely us$ o!rwise1 & are p]haps 9 a s5se
 ance/ral & lib]al r ?an directly       
prep>atory = future avocations4 ,its    
/imulus = he>t & lungs is1 by g5]al     
cons5t ( all writ]s ^u ! subject1 mo/   
:olesome & b5eficial4 ,no?+ s directly  
or quickly r$uces to ! l[e/ po9t !      
ple?ora ( ! sex organs4 ,! v abs5ce (   
clo!s & runn+ on ! bea* is exhil>at+ &  
gives a s5se ( fre$om4 ,:]e practicable 
x is well to disp5se ) ba?+ suits1 ev5 !
 scantie/4 ,! w>m ba? tub is enfeebl+ & 
deg5]ative1 despite ! cold spray lat]1  
:ile ! free swim 9 cold wat] is mo/     

invigorat+4  ,happily1 city (ficials1   
tea*]s1 & sanit>ians are n[ sl[ly       
realiz+ ! great improvem5t 9 heal? &    
temp] t comes f ba?+ & are e/abli%+ bea*
 & surf1 spray1 float+ & plunge summ]   
ba?s & swimm+ pools2 (t5 provid+        
in/ruction ev5 9 swimm+ 9 clo!s1        
undress+ 9 ! wat]1 tread+ wat]1 & rescue
 "w1 free z well z fee days1 ba?+ suits1
 &1 9 ,london1 places = nude ba?+ aft]  
d>k2 e/abli%+ "t & di/ance /&>ds )      
c]tificates & ev5 prizes2 annex+        
toboggan slides1 sw+s1 etc41 realiz+ t 9
 bo? ! pref]5ce ( y\? & 9 heal?ful &    
moral effects1 probably no?+ outranks   
?is =m ( ex]cise4 ,su* is its /range    
fasc9ation t1 accord+ to "o compreh5sive
 c5sus1 ! passion to get to ! wat]      
outranks all o!r causes ( truancy1 &    
plays an important "p 9 ! motivation (  
runaways4 ,9 ! imm5se public e/abli%m5t 
ne> ,san ,francisco1 provid$ by private 
munific5ce1 !re are accommodations = all
 k9ds ( ba?+ 9 hot & cold & 9 v>i\s     
degrees ( fre% & salt wat]1 9 clos$     

spaces & 9 ! op5 sea1 = small *ildr5 &  
adults1 ) _m appliances & in/ructors1   
all 9 "o great cov]$ ar5a ) seats 9 an  
amphi!at] = two ?\s& spectators1 & _m   
adjuncts & accessories4 ,s else:]e !    
pres5ce ( visitors is n[ (t5 invit$ &   
provid$ =4 ,sometimes wa%-h\ses & public
 laundries are annex$4 ,op5 h\rs & long]
 ev5+s & seasons are be+ prolong$4      
,prom95t among ! favorite games ( e>ly  
pub]ty & ! ye>s j be=e are ^? t involve 
passive motion & fall+1 l sw++ 9 its _m 
=ms1 includ+ ! ,may-pole & s+le rope    
v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,lee reports t *ildr5    
wait late 9 ! ev5+ & 9 cold wea!r = a   
turn at a p>k sw+4 ,psy*ologically alli$
 to ^! are :eel+ & skat+4 ,places = !   
latt] are n[ (t5 provid$ by ! fire      
dep>tm5t1 :i* 9 _m cities floods hundr$s
 ( empty lots4 ,ponds are cle>$ ( sn[ & 
horse-pl[$1 p]haps by ! p>k commission1 
:i* (t5 provides lights & p]haps ices ! 
walks & /reets = coa/+1 erects %elt]s1 &
 devises space economy = z _m diamonds1 
blea*]s1 etc41 z possible4 ,games (     

hitt+1 /rik+1 & ?r[+ balls & o!r        
objects1 hockey1 t5nis1 all ! c\rts (   
:i* are usually cr[d$1 golf & croquet1 &
 sometimes fives1 cricket1 b[l+1 quoits1
 curl+1 etc41 h great ?umog5ic or       
emotional p[]4  ,leg ex]cise has p]haps 
a high] value ?an t ( any o!r "p4 ,man  
is by def9ition an upright be+1 b only  
aft] a long appr5tice%ip4#af ,?us ! h& 0
 fre$ f ! necessity ( locomotion & made 
! s]vant ( ! m9d4 ,locomotion ov]comes !
 t5d5cy to s$5t>y habits 9 mod]n s*ools 
& life1 & helps ! m9d to helpful action1
 s t a p]ipatetic philosophy is m normal
 ?an t ( ! easy *air & ! /udy lamp4     
,hill-climb+ is unexcell$ z a /imulus at
 once ( he>t1 lungs1 & blood4 ,if       
,hippocrates is "r1 inspiration is      
possible only on a m\nta9-top4 ,walk+1  
runn+1 danc+1 skat+1 coa/+ are also     
alt]ative & regulative ( sex1 & !re is a
 deep & close ?\gh n yet fully expla9$  
reciprocity betwe5 ! two4 ,arm "w is    
relatively too prom95t a feature 9      
gymnasia4 ,^? :o lead excessively s$5t>y

 lives are prone to be turbul5t &       
extreme 9 bo? passion & op9ion1 z       
witness ! (t-adduc$ revolution>y        
disposition ( cobbl]s4  ,! play problem 
is n[ fairly op5 & is va/ 9 its relation
 to _m o!r ?+s4 ,ro( playgr\nds1        
recreation pi]s1 s*ooly>ds & ev5        
s*ool-build+s1 op5 be=e & aft] s*ool    
h\rs2 excursions & out+s ( _m k9ds & )  
_m purposes1 :i* seem to di/9ctly augm5t
 gr[?2 occupation dur+ ! long vacation  
:51 beg9n+ ) spr+1 mo/ juv5ile crime is 
committ$2 !atricals1 :i* accord+ to "s  
police te/imony less5 ! numb] ( juv5ile 
del9qu5ts2 boys' clubs ) m or less      
self-gov]nm5t ( ! ,george ,junior       
,republic & o!r types1 treat$ 9 ano!r   
*apt]2 nature-/udy2 ! di/9ctly diff]5t  
ne$s & prop5sities ( bo? good & evil 9  
diff]5t nationalities2 ! advantages (   
playgr\nd f5ces & exclusion1 _!         
discipl9>y wor?1 & _! value z re/+      
places2 ! liability t ! boy )\t a       
playgr\nd w become ! fa!r )\t a job2 !  
relation ( play & its sl[ transition to 

manual & indu/rial education at ! savage
 age :5 a boy abhors all regul>         
occupation2 ! necessity ( excit+ int]e/1
 n by :at is done = boys1 b by :at !y d2
 ! adju/m5t ( play to sex2 ! det]m9ation
 ( ! prop] av]age age ( maximal ze/ 9 & 
good f s&box1 r+-toss1 bean-bag1        
%uffle-bo>d1 peg top1 *>ity1 fun]al     
play1 prison]'s base1 hill-dill2 ! value
 & "r use ( app>atus1 & ( rabbits1      
pigeons1 bees1 & a small m5ag]ie 9 !    
playgr\nd2 tan-b>k1 clay1 ! prop]       
alt]nation ( excessive fre$om1 t (t5    
turns boys /ale ?r\gh ! summ]1 )        
regulat$ activities2 ! discipl9$ "w (   
play & s$5t>y games2 ! value ( ! wa%bo>d
 rubb+ & ( ! h& & knee ex]cise (        
scrubb+1 :i* a late writ] w\ld re/ore = 
all girls ) clev] & ,greek-nam$ play    
app>atus2 z well z digg+1 %ovel+1 tamp+1
 pick-*opp+1 & hod-c>ry+ ex]cises 9 ! =m
 ( games = boys2 ! relations ( wom5's   
clubs1 p>5ts' clubs1 citiz5s' leagues & 
unions1 etc41 to all ?is "w--su* are !  
practical problems4  ,! playgr\nd       

movem5t enc\nt]s its *ief ob/acles 9 !  
mo/ cr[d$ & slum di/ricts1 :]e its      
greate/ value & success 0 expect$ = boys
 9 ! e>ly te5s1 :o )\t sup]vision are   
prone to commit abuses ^u prop]ty & ^u  
y\ng] *ildr51#ag & are s disord]ly z to 
make ! place a nuisance1 & :o res5t !   
fa!r+ ( ! police1 )\t1 at lea/1 ! m9imum
 control ( a sy/em ( p]mits &           
exclusions4 ,if hoodlums play at all1 !y
 become infatuat$ ) baseball & football1
 especially punt+2 !y d n take k9dly to 
! s(t l>ge ball ( ! ,hall ,h\se or !    
,civic ,league1 & pref] at fir/ scrub   
games ) individual self-exhibition to   
organiz$ teams4 ,lee sees ! arboreal    
in/9cts ( our prog5itors 9 ! v /rong    
prop5sity ( boys f t5 to f\rte5 to climb
 9 any =m2 to use travel+ r+s1 g5]ally  
occupi$ con/antly to _! fulle/ ext5t2 to
 jump f /eps & cat* a sw++ trapeze2 to g
 up a ladd] & slide d[n poles2 to use   
horizontal & p>allel b>s4 ,! city boy   
has pl5ty ( d>+ at ?is age1 b does n "k 
:at he c d & ne$s m sup]vision ?an !    

c\ntry y\?4 ,! "y t\gh is commonly      
pres5t1 & ?\gh admir$ & copi$ by y\ng]  
boys1 x is1 p]haps1 z (t5 = 8 h]oic z = 
8 bad traits4  ,dr4 ,s>g5t & o!rs h well
 po9t$ out t a?letics af=d a weal? ( new
 & pr(itable topics = discussion &      
en?usiasm :i* helps aga9/ ! triviality &
 m5tal vacuity into :i* ! int]c\rse (   
/ud5ts is prone to lapse4 ,x prompts to 
discussion ( diet & regim54 ,x gives a  
new /&>d ( honor4 ,= a memb] ( a team to
 break tra9+ w\ld br+ reprobation &     
o/racism1 = he is set ap>t to w9 fame = 
8 class or college4 ,x supplies a       
spl5did motive aga9/ all errors & vices 
t weak5 or corrupt ! body4 ,x is a      
:olesome v5t = ! reckless c\rage t w\ld 
o!rwise g to disord] or riot\s excess4  
,x supplies new & advantage\s topics =  
compositions & = t]se1 vigor\s1 &       
idiomatic !me-writ+1 is a great aid to  
discipl9e1 tea*es respect = de$s r ?an  
words or promises1 lays in/ructors "u ! 
necessity ( be+ m int]e/+1 t _! "w be n 
jejune or dull by contra/2 aga9 !       

bus9ess side ( manag+ great conte/s has 
be5 an admirable s*ool = tra9+ "y m5 to 
conduct great & difficult f9ancial      
op]ations1 sometimes involv+ #ajj1jjj or
 m1 & has ?us prep>$ "s = successful    
c>e]s4 ,x furni%es n[ ! close/ ( all    
l9ks betwe5 high s*ool & college1 r$uces
 ! numb] ( ^? physically unfit =        
college1 & %\ld give education g5]ally a
 m real & vigor\s ideal4 ,its obvi\s    
dang]s are di/raction f /udy &          
ov]e/imation ( ! value ( victory1       
especially 9 ! artificial glam\rs :i* ! 
press & ! popul> furor give to great    
games2 unsportsmanlike secret tricks &  
me?ods1 ov]-emphasis ( combative & too  
/alw>t impulses1 & a disposition to c>ry
 ?+s by /orm1 by ru%-l9e tactics2       
friction ) faculties1 & c5sure or       
neglect ( in/ructors :o take unpopul>   
sides on hot que/ions2 action t[>d      
lic5se aft] games1 spasmodic excitem5t  
culm9at+ 9 excessive /ra9 = body & m9d1 
) alt]nations ( reaction2 beef9ess2     
ov]developm5t ( ! physical side ( life1 

&1 9 "s cases1 premature features (     
s5ility 9 lat] life1 und]gr[? ( !       
accessory motor p>ts & p[]s1 & ere?ic   
dia!sis t makes /eady & cont9u$ m5tal   
toil seem monoton\s1 dull1 & boresome4  
,! prop5sity to codify sports1 to       
/&>dize ! weight & size ( _! implem5ts1 
& to r$uce !m to :at ,sp5c] calls       
regim5tation1 is a outcrop (            
uni=mit>ianism t works aga9/ t          
individuation :i* is "o ( ! *ief        
advantages ( free play4 ,?is1 to be     
sure1 has develop$ old-fa%ion$ r\nd]s to
 mod]n baseball1 & ?is is well1 b x is  
se5 9 ! elaborate ,draconian laws1      
diplomacy1 judicial & legislative       
proc$ures1 conc]n+ eligibility1 transf]1
 & ev5 sale ( play]s4 ,9 "s games       
int]national con=mity is gravely        
discuss$4 ,ev5 :]e !re is no tyranny &  
oppression1 good =m is /eadily hamp]+   
nature & ! free play ( p]sonality4 ,togs
 & t>gets1 balls & bats1 rackets & o>s  
are grad$ or numb]$1 weigh$1 & measur$1 
& e em]g5cy is legislat$ on & judg$ by  

an autocratic m>t9et1 jeal\s ( e        
pr]ogative & consci\s ( 8 dignity4 ,all 
?is sep>ates games f ! majority & makes 
= specialism & pr(essionalism4 ,n only  
?is1 b m5 are com+ to be siz$ up =      
h]$it>y fitness 9 ea* po9t & = ea*      
sport4 ,runn]s1 spr9t]s1 & jump]s1#ah we
 are told1 on ! basis ( _m c>eful       
measurem5ts1 mu/ be tall1 ) sl5d]       
bodies1 n>r[ b deep *e/s1 long] legs ?an
 ! av]age = _! height1 ! l[] leg be+    
especially long1 ) small calf1 ankle1 & 
feet1 small arms1 n>r[ hips1 ) great p[]
 ( ?oracic inflation1 & ?ighs ( small   
gir?4 ,e play] mu/ be /udi$ by tra9]s = 
ev] f9] individual adju/m5ts4 ,8 dosage 
( "w mu/ be kept well )9 ! limits ( 8   
vitality1 & be c>efully adju/$ to 8     
recup]ative p[]4 ,8 p]sonal nasc5t      
p]iods mu/ be not$1 & initial           
emb>rassm5t c>efully we$$ out4  ,! field
 ( play is z wide z life & its v>ieties 
f> outnumb] ^? ( indu/ries & occupations
 9 ! c5sus4 ,plays & games diff] 9      
seasons1 sex1 & age4 ,mc,ghee#ai has %[n

 on ! basis ( "s #h1jjj *ildr51 t runn+ 
plays are pretty con/ant = boys f six to
 sev5te51 b t girls are always f> beh9d 
boys & run /eadily less f eight to      
eighte54 ,9 games ( *oice1 boys %[$ a   
slight rise at sixte5 & sev5te51 & girls
 a rapid increase at elev5 & a /ill m   
rapid "o aft] sixte54 ,9 games (        
imitation girls excel & %[ a m>k$1 z    
boys d a slight1 pubesc5t fall4 ,9 ^?   
games involv+ rivalry boys at fir/      
greatly excel girls1 b are ov]tak5 by ! 
latt] 9 ! eighte5? ye>1 bo? %[+ m>k$    
pubesc5t increm5t4 ,girls h ! l>ge/     
numb] ( plays & specialise on a few less
 ?an boys1 & mo/ ( ^! plays are ( !     
unorganiz$ k9ds4 ,johnson#bj select$ f a
 f> l>g] numb] #ddj plays & games &     
arrang$ ! be/ ( !m 9 a c\rse by s*ool   
grades1 f ! fir/ to ! eigh?1 inclusive1 
& also accord+ to _! educational value z
 tea*+ obs]vation1 read+ & spell+1      
language1 ari?metic1 geography1 hi/ory1 
& biography1 physical tra9+1 &          
specifically z tra9+ legs1 h&1 arm1     

back1 wai/1 abdom9al muscles1 *e/1 etc4 
,mo/ ( our be/ games are v old &1       
,johnson ?9ks1 h det]iorat$4 ,b *ildr5  
are imitative & n inv5tive 9 _! games1 &
 easily le>n new ones4 ,s9ce ! ,b]l9    
,play ,congress 9 #ahid ! s5tim5t has   
gr[n t ^! are ( national importance &   
are pref]able to gymna/ics bo? = s\l &  
body4 ,h5ce we h play-s*ools1 tea*]s1   
y>ds1 & c\rses1 bo? = _! own value &    
also to turn on ! play impulse to aid 9 
! drudg]y ( s*ool "w4 ,sev]al h ?\ght t 
a well-r\nd$1 lib]al education c\ld be  
giv5 by plays & games alone on !        
pr9ciple t !re is no pr(it :]e !re is no
 pleasure or true euphoria4  ,play is   
motor poetry4 ,too e>ly di/9ction betwe5
 play & "w %\ld n be taught4 ,education 
p]haps %\ld really beg9 ) direct+ *ildi%
 sports aright4 ,froebel ?\ght x ! pure/
 & mo/ spiritual activity ( *ildhood1 ! 
g]m9al leaves ( all lat] life4 ,s*ool+ t
 lacks recreation favors dulness1 = play
 makes ! m9d al]t & its joy helps all   
anabolic activities4 ,says ,br9ton1 !   

measure ( value ( "w is ! am\nt ( play  
!re is 9 x1 & ! measure ( value ( play  
is ! am\nt ( "w !re is 9 x4 ,johnson    
adds t x is d\btful if a great man ev]  
accompli%$ 8 life "w )\t hav+ rea*$ a   
play int]e/ 9 x4 ,sully#ba deplores !   
increase ( agola/s or non-laugh]s 9 our 
times 9 m]ry old ,engl&#bb e "o play$   
games2 & laught]1 _! natural            
accompanim5t1 ab\nd$4 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s 
maids ( honor play$ tag ) hil>ity1 b !  
_s ( play ) full ab&on seems tak+ its   
dep>ture f our ov]work$1 s]i\s1 & tons1 
age4 ,to requote ,/ev5son ) v>iation1 z 
labor>i1 ,to labor s lud]e1 et jocul>i  
or>e sunt4 ,to play & to je/ are to pray
 ,laught] itself1 z ,khne long ago %[$1 
is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s =ms ( ex]cise1    
reliev+ ! art]ies ( _! t5sion4#bc  ,!   
anti!sis betwe5 play & "w is g5]ally    
wrongly conceiv$1 = ! diff]5ce is       
ess5tially 9 ! degree ( /r5g? ( !       
psy*o-physic motivations4 ,! "y (t5 d _!
 h>de/ "w 9 play4 ,) int]e/1 ! mo/      
repell5t tasks become pure sport1 z 9 ! 

case ,johnson reports ( a man :o want$ a
 pile ( /one ?r[n into a dit* &1 by     
k9dl+ a fire 9 ! dit* & pret5d+ ! /ones 
7 buckets ( wat]1 ! heavy & long-%irk$  
job 0 done by tir$ boys ) %\t+ &        
en?usiasm4 ,play1 f "o aspect ( x1 is   
sup]flu\s en]gy ov] & above :at is      
necess>y to dige/1 brea!1 keep ! he>t & 
organic processes go+2 & mo/ *ildr5 :o c
 n play1 if !y h opportunity1 c nei!r   
/udy nor "w )\t ov]draw+ _! res\rces (  
vitality4 ,bible psy*ology conceives !  
fall ( man z ! necessity ( do+ ?+s )\t  
ze/1 & ?is is n only ev] repeat$ b n[   
greatly emphasiz$ :5 y\? leaves ! %elt]$
 p>adise ( play to gr9d 9 ! mills (     
mod]n indu/rial civilization4 ,! curse  
is ov]come only by ^? :o come to love _!
 tasks & r$eem _! toil aga9 to play4    
,play1 h>dly less ?an "w1 c be to utt]  
exhau/ion2 & because x draws ^u old]    
/ores & /rata ( psy*o-physic impulsion  
its exhau/ion may ev5 m completely dra9 
our k9etic res\rces1 if x is too ab&on$ 
or prolong$4 ,play c d j z h>d & pa9ful 

tasks z "w1 = :at we love is done ) :ole
 & undivid$ p]sonality4 ,"w1 z too (t5  
conceiv$1 is all body & no s\l1 & makes 
= duality & n totality4 ,its con/ra9t is
 ext]nal1 me*anical1 or x works by fe> &
 n love4 ,n ef=t b ze/less endeavor is !
 trag$y ( life4 ,int]e/ & play are "o & 
insep>able z body & s\l4 ,duty itself is
 n adequately conceiv$ & felt if x is n 
pleasure1 & is g5]ally too feeble &     
fitful 9 ! "y to awak5 mu* en]gy or     
duration ( action4 ,play is f )9 f      
cong5ital h]$it>y impulsion4 ,x is ! be/
 ( all me?ods ( organiz+ in/9cts4 ,its  
ca?>tic or purgative function regulates 
irritability1 :i* may o!rwise be dra9$  
or v5t$ 9 wrong directions1 exactly z   
,breu]#bd %[s psy*ic traumata may1 if   
ov]t5se1 result 9 hy/]ical convulsions4 
,x is also ! be/ =m ( self-expression2 &
 its advantage is v>iability1 foll[+ !  
impulsion ( ! idle1 p]haps hyp]emic1 &  
ov]n\ri%$ c5t]s mo/ ready to act4 ,x    
involves play illusion & is ! great ag5t
 ( unity & totalization ( body & s\l1   

:ile its social function develops       
solid>ity & unison ( action betwe5      
individuals4 ,! dances1 fea/s1 & games (
 primitive p1 :]e9 !y rehe>se hunt+ & w>
 & act & dance out _! leg5ds1 br+       
individuals & tribes toge!r4#be ,"w is  
m5ial1 *e]less1 gr9d+1 regul>1 &        
requires m precision & accuracy &1      
because att5d$ ) less ease & pleasure & 
economy ( movem5t1 is m liable to       
produce erratic habits4 ,antagoni/ic z !
 =ms (t5 are1 x may be t1 z ,c>r says1  
we may sometimes s suffuse "w ) ! play  
_s1 & vice v]sa1 t ! pres5t di/9ction   
betwe5 "w & play w vani%1 ! transition w
 be less tragic & ! activities ( y\? w  
be sl[ly sy/ematis$ into a :ole t bett] 
fits 8 nature & ne$s2 or1 if n ?is1 we  
may at lea/ f9d ! true proportion &     
sy/em betwe5 drudg]y & recreation4  ,!  
wor/ product ( /riv+ to d ?+s )         
defective psy*ic impulsion is fatigue 9 
its common =ms1 :i* sl[s d[n ! pace1    
multiplies errors & inaccuracies1 &     
develops slov5ly habits1 ennui1 flitt+ w

 spect]s1 velleities & caprices1 &      
neura/h5ic symptoms g5]ally4 ,x br+s    
re/lessness1 & a t5d5cy to _m little    
het]og5e\s1 smatt]+ ef=ts t weak5 ! w & 
leave ! m9d l a piece ( well-us$ blott+ 
pap]1 cov]$ ) traces & no?+ legible4    
,all beg9n+s are easy1 & only z we leave
 ! e>ly /ages ( pr(ici5cy beh9d & press 
on 9 ei!r physical or m5tal culture &   
enc\nt] difficulties1 d individual      
diff]5ces & ! t5d5cy ( weak w1 to *ange 
& turn to some?+ else increase4 ,p]haps 
! greate/ disp>ity betwe5 m5 is ! p[] to
 make a long conc5trative1 p]sev]+ ef=t1
 = ,9 d] ,bes*rnkung zeigt si* d] ,mei/]
 ,! ma/] %[s himself 9 limitation4 ,n[  
no k9d or l9e ( culture is complete till
 x issues 9 motor habits1 & makes a     
well-knit s\l texture t admits          
conc5tration s]ies 9 _m directions & t c
 br+ all its res\rces to be> at any     
po9t4 ,! bra9 unorganiz$ by tra9+ has1  
to recur to ,ri*t]'s well-worn aphorism1
 saltpet]1 sulfur1 & *>coal1 or all !   
+r$i5ts ( gunp[d]1 b nev] makes a gra9 (

 x because !y nev] get toge!r4 ,?us     
will$ action is ! language ( complete m5
 & ! goal ( education4 ,:5 ?+s are      
me*aniz$ by "r habituation1 !re is /ill 
fur!r ga92 = n only is ! m9d fre$ =     
fur!r & high] "w1 b ?is deepe/ /ratum ( 
motor association is a plexus t det]m9es
 n only conduct & "*1 b ev5 beliefs4 ,! 
p]son :o delib]ates is lo/1 if !        
intellect t d\bts & weighs alt]natives  
is less completely organis$ ?an habits4 
,all w culture is int5sive & %\ld       
safegu>d u aga9/ ! *ance influ5ce ( life
 & ! insidi\s dang] ( great ideas 9     
small & feeble m9ds4 ,n[ fatigue1       
p]sonal & p]haps racial1 is j :at arre/s
 9 ! incomplete & m]e memory or noetic  
/age4 ,x makes weak bodies t comm&1 & n 
/rong ones t obey4 ,x divorces kn[+ &   
do+1 ,k5n5 & ,knn51 a sep>ation :i* !   
,greeks c\ld n conceive because = !m k  
end$ 9 skill or 0 exemplifi$ 9 precepts 
& prov]bs t 7 s cle> cut t ! pa9 (      
violat+ !m 0 poignant4 ,ideas mu/ be    
long work$ ov] till life speaks z ) !   

rifle & n ) ! %otgun1 & /ill less ) !   
wat] hose4 ,! pure/ ?\ght1 if true1 is  
only action repress$ to be rip5$ to m   
practical =m4 ,n only d muscles come    
be=e m9d1 w be=e intellig5ce1 & s\nd    
ideas re/ on a motor basis1 b all really
 useless k t5ds to be elim9at$ z error  
or sup]/ition4 ,! roots ( play lie close
 to ^? ( creative imag9ation & idealism4
  ,! opposite extreme is ! factiti\s &  
sup]ficial motivation ( fe>1 prizes1    
exam9ations1 artificial & imm$iate      
rew>ds & p5alties1 :i* c only tattoo !  
m9d & body ) conv5tional patt]ns prick$ 
91 b :i* lead an unreal life 9 ! s\l    
because !y h no dep? ( soil 9 nature or 
h]$ity4 ,h[ev] preci\s & coh]5t 9       
!mselves1 all subject-matt]s ?us        
organiz$ are m]e lugs1 crimps1 & frills4
 ,all su* culture is spuri\s1 unreal1 & 
p>asitic4 ,x may make a s*ola/ic or     
sophi/ic m9d1 b a worm is at ! root &1 )
 a dim s5se ( ! vanity ( all k t does n 
become a rule ( life1 "s =m ( pessimism 
is sure to sup]v5e 9 e s]i\s s\l4 ,) age

 a civilization accumulates su*         
imp$im5ta1 traditional flotsam & jetsam1
 & race fatigue proce$s ) equal /ep )   
its increas+ volume4 ,imm$iate utilities
 are bett]1 b yet n s mu* bett] ?an     
acquisitions t h no o!r ?an a s*ool or  
exam9ation value4 ,if1 z ,rusk9 says1   
all true "w is praise1 all true play is 
love & pray]4 ,in/il into a boy's s\l   
le>n+ :i* he sees & feels n to h !      
highe/ wor? & :i* c n become a "p ( 8   
active life & increase x1 & 8 fre%ness1 
spontaneity1 & ! f\nta9s ( play sl[ly   
run dry 9 him1 & 8 y\? fades to e>ly    
desiccation4 ,! in/9cts1 feel+s1        
intuitions1 ! "w ( :i* is always play1  
are sup]s$$ by me?od1 gr9d1 & education 
by in/ruction :i* is only an ef=t to    
repair ! defects ( h]$ity1 = :i*1 at its
 be/1 x is vulg>1 p9*beck sub/itute4 ,! 
be/ play is true g5ius1 :i* always comes
 ?us into ! _w1 & has ?is way ( do+ its 
"w1 & all ! cont5ts ( ! memory p\*es is 
luggage to be c>ri$ r ?an ! vital /r5g? 
t c>ries burd5s4 ,grosswell says t      

*ildr5 are "y because !y play1 & n vice 
v]sa2 & he might h add$1 m5 gr[ old     
because !y /op play+1 & n conv]sely1 =  
play is1 at bottom1 gr[?1 & at ! top ( !
 intellectual scale x is ! et]nal type (
 rese>* f %e] love ( tru?4 ,home1 s*ool1
 *ur*1 /ate1 civilization1 are measur$ 9
 "o supreme scale ( values1 viz41 :e!r &
 h[1 = !y aid 9 br++ y\? to its fulle/  
maturity4 ,ev5 vice1 crime1 & decl9e are
 (t5 only arre/ or backslid+ or         
rev]sion4 ,national & racial decl9e     
beg9n+ 9 elim9at+ "o by "o ! la/ &      
highe/ /yles ( developm5t ( body & m9d1 
m5tal /imulus ( excessive dosage l[]s   
g5]al nutrition4 ,a psy*ologi/ t turns 8
 back on m]e subtleties & goes to "w 9 a
 life ( s]vice has "h a great           
opportunity1 & %\ld n =get1 z ,horace   
,mann said1 t = all t gr[s1 "o =m] is   
wor? "o hundr$ re=m]s4  ,footnote #a3   
,int]e/ 9 ,relation to ,muscul>         
,ex]cise4 ,am]ican ,physical ,education 
,review1 ,june1 #aijb1 vol4 #g1 pp4     
#eg-fe4  ,footnote #b3 ,! ,influ5ce (   

,ex]cise ^u ,gr[? by ,fr$]ic ,burk4     
,am]ican ,physical ,education ,review1  
,decemb]1 #ahii1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #cdj-cdi4 
,footnote #c3 ,a ,/udy ( ,dolls1 by ,g4 
,/anley ,hall & ,a4,c4 ,ellis4          
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,decemb]1 #ahif1   
vol4 #d1 pp4 #abi-age4  ,footnote #d3   
,/udies 9 ,imag9ation1 by ,lilian ,h4   
,*alm]s4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,april1   
#aijj1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #aaa-abc4  ,footnote
 #e3 ,"s ,psy*ical ,aspects ( ,physical 
,ex]cise4 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1      
,octob]1 #ahih1 vol4 #ec1 pp4 #gjc-hje4 
,footnote #f3 ,amusem5ts ( ,worce/]     
,s*ool ,*ildr54 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1    
,septemb]1 #ahii1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #cad-cga4
  ,footnote #g3 ,a ,/udy 9 ! ,play ,life
 ( ,"s ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,*ildr54 ,p$agogical
 ,sem9>y1 ,decemb]1 #aijj1 vol4 #g1 pp4 
#dci-dgh4  ,footnote #h3 ,arbeit und    
,ry?mus4 ,trubn]1 ,leipzig1 #ahif4      
,footnote #i3 ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,d4       
,appleton & ,co41 #ahgb1 vol4 #a1 *ap4  
vi1 p4 #bjd et seq  ,footnote #aj3      
,teas+ & ,bully+4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1  

,april1 #ahig1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #ccf-cga4   
,footnote #aa3 ,see my ,/udy ( ,ang]4   
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,july1   
#ahii1 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #eaf-eia4          
,footnote #ab3 ,d] deuts*e ,/ud5t am    
,ende des #ai ,jahrhund]ts1 #f? ed41    
,gs*51 ,leipzig1 #ahif4 ,see also ,h4   
,p4 ,%eld53 ,hi/ory & ,p$agogy (        
,am]ican ,/ud5t ,societies1 ,new ,york1 
#aija1 p4 #ca et seq4  ,footnote #ac3   
,bu%ido3 ,! ,s\l ( ,japan4 ,an          
exposition ( ,japanese ?\ght1 by ,inazo 
,nitob4 ,new ,york1 #aije1 pp4 #bjc et  
seq4  ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,he>ts ( ,m54   
,macmillan1 #aija1 *ap4 xxii4  ,footnote
 #ae3 ,la ,pub]t4 ,s*lei*] ,frres1      
diteurs1 ,p>is1 #aijb4  ,footnote #af3  
,see ,a4,w4 ,tretti54 ,creep+ & ,walk+4 
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,octob]1 
#aijj1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #a-eg4  ,footnote  
#ag3 ,con/ructive & ,prev5tive          
,philan?ropy1 by ,joseph ,lee4          
,macmillan1 ,new ,york1 #aijb1 *aps4 x &
 xi4  ,footnote #ah3 ,c4,o4 ,b]nies4    
,physical ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,runn] &     

,jump]4 ,am]ican ,physical ,education   
,review1 ,septemb]1 #aijj1 vol4 #e1 pp4 
#bce-bde4  ,footnote #ai3 ,a ,/udy 9 !  
,play ,life ( "s ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,*ildr54  
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,decemb]1 #aijj1   
vol4 #g1 pp4 #dei-dgh4  ,footnote #bj3  
,education by ,plays & ,games4          
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,octob]1 #ahid1    
vol4 #c1 pp4 #ig-acc4  ,footnote #ba3   
,an ,essay on ,laught]4 ,longmans1 ,gre5
 & ,co41 ,london1 #aijb1 p4 #dbg et seq4
  ,footnote #bb3 ,see ,br&'s ,popul>    
,antiquities ( ,great ,brita91 #c       
,vols41 ,london1 #ahhc4  ,footnote #bc3 
,psy*ology ( ,tickl+1 ,laugh+1 & !      
,comic1 by ,g4 ,/anley ,hall & ,ar?ur   
,all94 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1   
,octob]1 #ahig1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #a-da4     
,footnote #bd3 ,i4 ,breu] & ,s4 ,freud4 
,/udi5 b] ,hy/]ie4 ,f4 ,deuticke1 ,wi51 
#ahie4 ,see especially p4 #agg et seq4  
,footnote #be3 ,see a valuable          
discussion by ,h4 ,a4 ,c>r4 ,! ,survival
 ,values ( ,play1 ,inve/igations ( !    
,dep>tm5t ( ,psy*ology & ,education ( ! 

,univ]sity ( ,colorado1 ,ar?ur ,all91   
,ph4,d41 ,editor1 ,novemb]1 #aijb1 vol4 
#a1 pp4 #c-dg         99     99     99  
99     99     ,,*apt] ,,vii   ,,faults1 
,,lies1 ,,& ,,crimes   ,classifications 
( *ildr5's faults--,peculi>             
*ildr5--,real faults z di/+ui%$ f       
int]f]5ce ) ! tea*]'s ease--,truancy1   
its nature & effects--,! g5esis (       
crime--,! lie1 its classes & relations  
to imag9ation--,pr$atory                
activities--,gangs--,causes ( crime--,! 
effects ( /ories (                      
crime--,temibility--,juv5ile crime & its
 treatm5t4  ,sieg]t#a gr\ps *ildr5 (    
problematical nature into ! foll[+      
sixte5 classes3 ! sad1 ! extremely good 
or bad1 />-gaz]s1 scatt]-bra9s1 apa!tic1
 misan?ropic1 d\bt]s & inve/igators1    
rev]5t1 critical1 executive1 /upid &    
cl[ni%1 naive1 funny1 anamnesic1 dispos$
 to le>n1 & blas2 pati5ce1 =esight1 &   
self-control1 he ?9ks1 are *iefly ne$$4 
,a unique & int]e/+ /udy 0 und]tak5 by  
,kzle#b by collect+ & /udy+ ?irty ,g]man

 writ]s on p$agogical subjects s9ce     
,pe/alozzi1 & catalogu+ all ! words !y  
use describ+ ! faults ( *ildr54 ,9 all1 
?is gave #iad faults1 f> m 9 numb] ?an  
_! virtues4 ,^! 7 classifi$ z native & (
 ext]nal orig91 acute & *ronic1 egoi/ic 
& altrui/ic1 gre$1 p]v]t$ honor1 self-w1
 falsity1 laz9ess1 frivolity1           
di/raction1 precocity1 timidity1 envy & 
malevol5ce1 +ratitude1 qu>relsom5ess1   
cruelty1 sup]/ition2 & ! latt] fifte5 7 
settl$ on z resultant gr\ps1 & ! au?ors 
:o describe !m be/ are quot$4           
,bohannon#c on ! basis ( que/ionnaire   
returns classifi$ peculi> *ildr5 z      
heavy1 tall1 %ort1 small1 /rong1 weak1  
deft1 agile1 clumsy1 beautiful1 ugly1   
de=m$1 bir?m>k$1 ke5 & precoci\s1       
defective 9 s5se1 m9d1 & spee*1 n]v\s1  
clean1 da9ty1 dirty1 ord]ly1 ob$i5t1    
disob$i5t1 disord]ly1 teas+1 buoyant1   
buffoon1 cruel1 selfi%1 g5]\s1          
sympa!tic1 inquisitive1 ly+1 ill-temp]$1
 sil5t1 dignifi$1 frank1 loquaci\s1     
c\rage\s1 timid1 :9+1 spoil$1 glutton\s 

& only *ild4  ,m>ro#d tabulat$ ! conduct
 ( #c1jab boys 9 gymnasial & lyceal     
classes 9 ,italy f elev5 to eighte5 ye>s
 ( age 7see table giv5 above74 ,conduct 
0 m>k$ z good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1 accord+
 to ! tea*]'s e/imate1 & 0 good at      
eighte5 9 #gd p] c5t ( ! cases2 at elev5
 9 #gj p] c5t2 at sev5te5 9 #fi p] c5t2 
& at f\rte5 9 only #eh p] c5t4 ,9       
positively bad conduct1 ! age ( fifte5  
l$1 ?irte5 & f\rte5 7 b little bett]1   
:ile x improv$ at sixte51 sev5te51 &    
eighte54 ,9 g5]al1 conduct 0 good at    
elev52 decl9$ at twelve & ?irte52 said1 
to its wor/ at f\rte52 & !n improv$ 9   
ye>ly increm5ts t did n diff] mu*1 & at 
sev5te5 0 ne>ly z good z at elev51 & at 
eighte5 f\r po9ts bett]4  ,illu/ration3 
,p]c5tage x ,age  ,he comput$ also !    
foll[+ p]c5tage table ( ! causes (      
puni%m5ts 9 c]ta9 ,italian s*ools =     
girls & boys ne> pubesc5t ages3         
,boys        ,girls ,qu>rels & bl[s     
#ec4ij       #ag4d ,laz9ess1 neglig5ce  
#a4hj       #ba4c ,untid9ess            

#aj4gj       #bd4g ,improp] language    
4#da       #ad4f ,indec5t acts & words  
#a4jj         4#bd ,refusal to "w       
4#hb        #a4bf ,v>i\s (f5ses aga9/   
discipl9e      #ai4jj       #ai4i       
,truancy                                
#i4fj         4#j ,plots to run away    
#a4gj         4#j ,runn+ away           
4#gb         4#j  ,mr4 ,se>s#e reports 9
 p]c5tages /ati/ics ( ! puni%m5ts       
receiv$ by a ?\s& *ildr5 = ! foll[+     
(f5ses3 ,disord]1 #ag-a_/c2 disob$i5ce1 
#af2 c>elessness1 #ac-a_/c2 runn+ away1 
#ab-b_/c2 qu>rel+1 #aj2 t>d9ess1        
#f-b_/c2 rud5ess1 #f2 fight+1 #e-a_/c2  
ly+1 #d2 /eal+1 #a2 miscellane\s1       
#g-a_/c4 ,he names a long li/ (         
puni%able (f5ses1 su* z malice1 swe>+1  
obsc5ity1 bully+1 ly+1 *eat+1 untid9ess1
 insol5ce1 insult1 conspiracy1          
disob$i5ce1 ob/9acy1 rud5ess1 nois9ess1 
ridicule2 injury to books1 build+1 or   
o!r prop]ty2 & analyzes at l5g? ! k9ds (
 puni%m5t1 modes ( mak+ x fit ! (f5se & 
! nature ( ! *ild1 ! discipl9e (        

consequ5ces1 lapse ( "t betwe5 ! (f5se &
 its puni%m5t1 ! pr9ciple ( slight b    
sure tasks z p5alties1 etc4  ,triplett#f
 attempt$ a c5sus ( faults & defeats    
nam$ by ! tea*]4 ,"h inatt5tion by f> l$
 all o!rs4 ,defects ( s5se & spee*1     
c>elessness1 indiff]5ce1 lack ( honor & 
( self-re/ra9t1 laz9ess1 dreamy         
li/lessness1 n]v\sness1 m5tal           
incapacity1 lack ( consid]ation = o!rs1 
vanity1 affectation1 disob$i5ce1        
untru?fulness1 grumbl+1 etc41 foll[4    
,inatt5tion to a degree t makes "s      
*ildr5 at ! m]cy ( _! environm5t & all  
its *anges1 & _! m5tal life "o p]petual 
di/raction1 is a fault :i* tea*]s1 (    
c\rse1 naturally obs]ve4 ,*ildr5's views
 ( _! own faults & ^? ( o!r *ildr5 lay a
 v diff]5t emphasis4 ,"h fight+1 bully+1
 & teas+ lead all o!rs2 !n come /eal+1  
bad mann]s1 ly+1 disob$i5ce1 truancy1   
cruelty to animals1 untid9ess1          
selfi%ness1 etc4 ,p>5ts' view ( ?is     
subject ,triplett f\nd /ill diff]5t4 ,"h
 wilfulness & ob/9acy l$ all o!rs )     

teas+1 qu>rel+1 dislike ( application & 
ef=t1 & _m o!rs foll[+4 ,! va/ numb] (  
faults m5tion$ contra/s v /rik+ly ) !   
sev5 deadly s9s4  ,9 a sugge/ive        
/ati/ical /udy on ! relations ( !       
conduct ( *ildr5 to ! wea!r1 ,dext]#g   
f\nd t excessive humidity 0 mo/         
productive ( misdemeanors2 t :5 !       
temp]ature 0 betwe5 #ij & #ajj !        
probability ( bad conduct 0 increas$    
#cjj p] c5t1 :5 betwe5 #hj & #ij x 0    
increas$ #ajd p] c5t4 ,abnormal         
b>ometric pressure1 :e!r great or small1
 0 f\nd to increase misconduct #ej p]   
c5t2 abnormal movem5ts ( ! w9d increas$ 
x f #bj to #ff p] c5t2 :ile ! "t ( ye> &
 precipitation seem$ to h almo/ no      
effect4 ,:ile ! effect ( wea!r has be5  
g5]ally recogniz$ by sup]9t5d5ts &      
tea*]s & directors ( prisons & asylums1 
& ev5 by banks1 :i* 9 ,london d n p]mit 
cl]ks to d ! m important bookkeep+ dur+ 
v foggy days1 ! /ati/ical e/imates ( its
 effect 9 g5]al ne$ l>g] numb]s = m     
valuable det]m9ations4 ,temp]ature is   

kn[n to h a v di/9ct effect ^u crime1   
especially suicide & truancy4 ,workm5 d 
less 9 bad wea!r1 blood pressure is     
modifi$1 etc4#h  ,9 8 /udy ( truancy1   
,kl9e#i />ts ) ! assumption t ! maximum 
metabolism is always consci\sly or      
unconsci\sly s\ght1 & t migrations are  
g5]ally away f ! extremes ( hot & cold  
t[>d an optimum temp]ature4 ,! curve (  
truancies & runaways increases 9 a m>k$ 
ratio at pub]ty1 :i* probably repres5ts 
! age ( natural majority among primitive
 p4 ,dislike ( s*ool1 ! passion =       
out-(-door life1 & m univ]sal int]e/s 9 
man & nature n[ arise1 s t runaways may 
be int]pret$ z an in/9ctive rebellion   
aga9/ limitations ( fre$om & unnatural  
me?ods ( education z well z aga9/ poor  
homes4 ,hung] is "o ( its mo/ pot5t1    
al?\gh (t5 unconsci\s causes4 ,!        
habitual environm5t n[ beg9s to seem    
dull & !re is a great increase 9        
impati5ce at re/ra9t4 ,sometimes !re is 
a mania = simply go+ away & enjoy+ !    
lib]ty ( nomadic life4 ,j z good p 9    

=eign p>ts sometimes all[ !mselves      
unwont$ lib]ties1 s vagrancy increases  
crime4 ,! passion to get to & play at or
 9 ! wat] is (t5 /rangely dom9ant4 ,x   
seems s f9e out ( doors1 especially 9 ! 
spr+1 & ! woods & fields make x s h>d to
 volunt>ily inc>c]ate oneself 9 !       
s*oolroom1 t pubesc5t boys & ev5 girls  
(t5 feel l animals 9 captivity4 ,!y long
 int5sely = ! utt] ab&on ( a wild] life1
 & v *>act]i/ic is ! frequ5t disc>d+ (  
foot & head dress & ev5 g>m5ts 9 ! bl9d 
in/9ct to realise aga9 ! conditions (   
primitive man4 ,! manife/ations ( ?is   
impulse1 if read aright1 are grave      
arraignm5ts ( ! lack ( adaptability ( ! 
*ild's environm5t to 8 disposition &    
nature1 & ) home re/ra9ts once brok51 ! 
liabilities to e crime1 especially !ft1 
are enorm\sly increas$4 ,! truant1      
al?\gh a cord+ to ,kl9e's measurem5ts   
slightly small] ?an ! av]age *ild1 is m 
en]getic & is g5]ally capable ( !       
greate/ activity & usefulness 9 m       
out-(-door vocations4 ,truancy is       

augm5t$1 too1 j 9 proportion z          
legitimate & int]e/+ physical ex]cise is
 d5i$4  ,! vagrant1 it9]ant1 vagabond1  
gadab\t1 hobo1 & tramp1 t ,riis has made
 s int]e/+1 is an arre/$1 deg5]ate1 or  
p]v]t$ be+ :o abhors "w2 feels t ! _w   
owes him a liv+2 & g5]ally has 8 fir/   
real nomad exp]i5ce 9 ! te5s or e>li]4  
,x is a *ronic illusion ( y\? t gives   
else:]e a special *>m4 ,9 ! imm$iate    
pres5t ?+s are mean1 dull$ by wont1 &   
p]haps ev5 nauseat+ because (           
famili>ity4 ,!re mu/ be a *ange ( sc5e  
to see ! _w2 man is n sessile b         
locomotor2 & ! mom5t 8 life becomes     
migratory all ! re/ra9ts &              
responsibilities ( settl$ life vani%4 ,x
 is possible to /eal & pass on          
undiscov]$ & unsuspect$1 & to /eal aga94
 ,! vagabond escapes ! control ( public 
s5tim5t1 :i* normally is an ext]nal     
consci5ce1 & hav+ none ( 8 own )9 him   
?us lapses to a f]al /ate4 ,! con/ra9t (
 city1 home1 & s*ool is especially      
irksome1 & if to ?is repulsion is add$ !

 attraction ( a love ( nature & (       
p]petual *ange1 we h ! dia!sis ( !      
roadsman already develop$4 ,adolesc5ce  
is ! normal "t ( emancipation f ! p>5tal
 ro(1 :5 y\? seeks to set up a home (   
its own1 b ! appr5tice to life mu/ w&]  
f> & long en\gh to f9d ! be/ habitat 9  
:i* to set up = himself4 ,?is is ! spr+ 
season ( emigration2 & x %\ld be an     
indisp5sable "p ( e life curriculum1 j  
be=e settlem5t1 to travel f> & wide1 if 
res\rces & incl9ation p]mit4 ,b ?is /age
 %\ld end 9 wisely *os5 settlem5t :]e ! 
"y life c be indep5d5tly develop$1 & t )
 m complac5cy & satisfaction because !  
place has be5 wisely *os5 on ! basis ( a
 wide comp>ison4 ,! *ronic vagrant has  
simply fail$ to develop ! r$uctives (   
?is normal /age4  ,crime is cryptogam\s 
& fl\ri%es 9 concealm5t1 s t n only does
 falsehood facilitate x1 b c]ta9 types (
 lies (t5 cause & are caus$ by x4 ,!    
beg9n+ ( wisdom 9 treatm5t is to        
discrim9ate betwe5 good & bad lies4 ,my 
own /udy#aj ( ! lies ( #cjj normal      

*ildr51 by a me?od c>efully devis$ 9    
ord] to avoid all indelicacy to ! *ildi%
 consci\sness1 sugge/$ ! foll[+ di/9ct  
species ( lies4 ,x is (t5 a well-m>k$   
epo* :5 ! "y *ild fir/ le>ns t x c      
imag9e & /ate ?+s t h no objective      
c\nt]p>t 9 its life1 & !re is (t5 a     
weird intoxication :5 "s absurd &       
mon/r\s /atem5t is made1 :ile ! fir/    
s5sation ( a delib]ate break ) tru?     
causes a real excitem5t :i* is (t5 !    
bir? pang ( ! imag9ation4 ,m commonly   
?is is se5 9 *ildi% play1 :i* owes a "p 
( its *>m to self-deception4 ,*ildr5    
make believe !y are animals1 doctors1   
ogres1 play s*ool1 t !y are dead1 mimic 
all !y see & he>4 ,idealis+ temp]am5ts  
sometimes prompt *ildr5 ( ?ree or f\r   
sudd5ly to ass]t t !y saw a pig ) five  
e>s1 apples on a *]ry tree1 & o!r       
,mun*aus5 wond]s1 :i* really means m]ely
 t !y h _h a new m5tal comb9ation       
indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce4 ,sometimes _!   
fancy is almo/ visualisation & develops 
into a k9d ( my?opeic faculty :i* sp9s  

clev] y>ns & sugge/s 9 a s5se1 q z      
pregnant z ,fros*m] ass]ts ( all m5tal  
activity & ( ! univ]se itself1 t all _! 
life is imag9ation4 ,its control & n its
 elim9ation 9 a ,gradgr9d age ( crass   
facts is :at %\ld be s\ght 9 ! int]e/s (
 ! highe/ tru?fulness & ( ! evolution ( 
?\ght z some?+ above reality1 :i*       
prep>es ! way = imag9ative lit]ature4 ,!
 life ( ,h>tley ,col]idge1#aa by 8      
bro!r1 is "o ( _m illu/rations4 ,he     
fanci$ cat>act ( :at he nam$ jug-=ce    
w\ld bur/ out 9 a c]ta9 field & fl[     
betwe5 popul\s banks1 :]e an ideal      
gov]nm5t1 long w>s1 & ev5 a re=m 9      
spell+1 w\ld prevail1 illu/rat$ 9 a     
j\rnal devot$ to ! affairs ( ?is        
realm--all ^! develop$ 9 8 imag9ation1  
:]e !y exi/$ ) great reality = ye>s4 ,! 
vividness ( ?is fancy resembles !       
pseudo-halluc9ations ( ,k&9sky4 ,two    
si/]s us$ to say1 ,let u play we are    
si/]s1 z if ?is made ! relation m real4 
,caglio/ro f\nd adolesc5t boys          
p>ticul>ly apt = tra9+ = 8 exhibition ( 

phr5ological impo/ures1 illu/rat+ 8     
?irty-five faculties4 ,he li$ :5 he     
confess$ he _h li$1 said a "y ,san*o    
,panza1 :o _h believ$ ! wild tales (    
ano!r boy :o lat] admitt$ _! falsity4   
,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 ne> pub]ty1 aft] 
read+ ,roman hi/ory1 us$ to fancy       
himself ! ,emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 &    
c>ri$ on ! adm9i/ration ( ! realm = h\rs
 at a "t4 ,8 fancies nev] q became      
convictions1 b adolesc5ce is ! gold5 age
 ( ?is k9d ( dream]y & rev]ie :i*       
supplem5ts reality & totalizes our      
faculties1 & (t5 gives a special *>m to 
dramatic activities & 9 morbid cases to 
simulation & dissimulation4 ,x is a /ate
 f :i* "s ( ! bad1 b f> m ( ! good      
qualities ( life & m9d arise4 ,^! are ! 
noble lies ( poetry1 art1 & idealism1 b 
_! p$agogic regime mu/ be wise4  ,aga9 )
 *ildr5 z ) savages1 tru? dep5ds l>gely 
^u p]sonal likes & dislikes4 ,tru? is = 
fri5ds1 & lies are felt to be q "r =    
enemies4 ,! "y (t5 see no wrong 9 lies  
_! fri5ds wi% told1 b may collapse &    

confess :5 ask$ if !y w\ld h told _! "m 
?us4 ,boys be/ keep up complott$ lies & 
are sur] to own up if caught ?an girls4 
,x is h>d] to *eat 9 s*ool ) a tea*] :o 
is lik$4 ,fri5d%ips are cem5t$ by       
confid5ces & secrets1 & :5 !y wane1     
promises n to tell weak5 9 _! validity4 
,lies to ! prie/1 & above all to ,god1  
are ! wor/4 ,all ?is makes special      
att5tion to fri5d%ips1 lead]s1 &        
favorites important1 & sugge/s ! high   
value ( sci5ce = g5]al v]acity4  ,! wor/
 lies1 p]haps1 are ^? ( selfi%ness4 ,!y 
ease *ildr5 ov] _m h>d places 9 life1 & 
are conv5i5t cov]s = weakness & vice4   
,^! lies are1 on ! :ole1 judg+ f our    
c5sus1 mo/ preval5t4 ,!y are also mo/   
corrupt+ & h>d to correct4 ,all bad     
habits p>ticul>ly pr$ispose to ! lie (  
concealm5t2 = ^? :o d wrong are almo/   
c]ta9 to h rec\rse to falsehood1 & !    
s5se ( meanness ?us sl[ly br$1 :i* may  
be met by appeals to honor1 = s mu* (   
:i* s*ool life is responsible1 is (t5   
mitigat$ by ! fact t falsehoods are     

frequ5tly resort$ to 9 mom5ts ( dang] & 
excitem5t1 are easily =gott5 :5 x is    
ov]1 & r>ely rankle4 ,^!1 ev5 m ?an !   
pseudomaniac cases m5tion$ lat]1 gr[    
rankly 9 ^? ) crim9al pr$ispositions4   
,! lie h]oic is (t5 ju/ifi$ z a means ( 
noble ends4 ,y\? has an in/9ct :i* is   
:olesome = view+ moral situations z     
:oles4 ,call[ casuali/s are fond (      
decl>+ t x w\ld be a duty to /ate t _!  
"m 0 out :5 %e 0 91 if x w\ld save h]   
life1 al?\gh !y p]haps w\ld n lie to    
save _! own4 ,a doctor1 _m sugge/$1     
might tell an ov]anxi\s pati5t or fri5d 
t !re 0 hope1 sav+ 8 consci5ce p]haps by
 reflect+ t !re 0 hope1 al?\gh !y _h x  
:ile he _h none4 ,! end at fir/ 9 su*   
cases may be v noble & ! fib or quibble 
v petty1 b worse lies = mean] objects   
may foll[4 ,y\? (t5 describes su*       
situations ) exhil>ation z if !re 7 a   
feel+ ( easem5t f ! monoton\s & t$i\s   
obligation ( rigor\s lit]al v]acity1 &  
"h m5tors are liable to become n]v\s &  
err4 ,! y\? :o really gets int]e/$ 9 !  

conflict ( duties may rev]5tly be ref]r$
 to ! inn] lie ( 8 own consci5ce1 ! ne$ 
( keep+ :i* z a private tribunal is n[  
app>5t4  ,_m adolesc5ts become crav5    
lit]ali/s & di/9ctly morbid &           
pseudophobiac1 reg>d+ e deviation f     
scrupul\sly lit]al tru? z alike he9\s2 &
 _m sy/ematiz$ palliatives & casui/ic   
^w-splitt+s1 me?ods ( :isp]+ or sil5tly 
int]polat+ ! words n1 p]haps1 or ,i ?9k1
 sometimes said ov] hundr$s ( times to  
neutralize ! guilt ( int5d$ or un9t5d$  
falsehoods1 appe> 9 our records z a sad 
product ( bad me?ods4  ,next to ! selfi%
 lie = protection--( special            
psy*ological int]e/ = adolesc5t         
crime--is :at we may call pseudomania1  
se5 especially 9 pa?ological girls 9 _! 
te5s1 :o are honeycomb$ ) selfi%ness &  
affectation & h a passion = always act+ 
a "p1 attract+ att5tion1 etc4 ,! rec5t  
lit]ature ( telepa?y & hypnotism        
furni%es _m /rik+ examples ( ?is dia!sis
 ( impo/ors ( bo? sexes4 ,x is a /range 
psy*ological p>adox t "s c s delib]ately

 pref] to call black :ite & f9d di/9ct  
inebriation 9 fly+ diametrically 9 !    
face ( tru? & fact4 ,! great impo/ors1  
^: entire lives h be5 a fabric ( lies1  
are cases 9 po9t4 ,!y f9d a di/9ct      
pleasure n only 9 ! s5se ( p[] :i* _!   
ability to make tr\ble gives1 b 9 ! s5se
 ( mak+ tru? a lie1 & ( decree+ ?+s into
 & out ( exi/5ce4  ,%eldon's int]e/+    
/ati/ics %[ t among ! in/itutional      
activities ( ,am]ican *ildr51#ab        
pr$atory organizations culm9ate f elev5 
to fifte51 & are *iefly among boys4 ,^! 
include b&s ( robb]s1 clubs = hunt+ &   
fi%+1 play armies1 organiz$ fight+ b&s  
betwe5 sep>ate di/ricts1 associations = 
build+ =ts1 etc4 ,?is =m ( association  
is ! typical "o = boys ( twelve4 ,aft]  
?is age _! int]e/s are gradually        
transf]r$ to less loosely organiz$      
a?letic clubs4 ,%eldon's /ati/ics are z 
foll[s3  ,age         #h  #i  #aj  #aa  
#ab  #ac  #ad  #ae  #af  #ag  ,total    
,no4 ( pr$atory   #d  #e   #c   #j   #g 
#a   #a   #c   #a   #j   #be  ,girls    

societies   #d  #b  #ag  #ca  #ah  #bb  
7#aa7  #g   #a   #j  #aaa  ,boys        
,innoc5t ?\gh ^! pr$atory habits may be 
9 small boys1 if !y are n naturally &   
normally r$uc$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! te5s & _!
 en]gy work$ (f into a?letic societies1 
!y become dang]\s4 ,! robb] knight1 !   
pirate *ief1 & ! m>aud] become ! real   
models4 ,! /eal+ clubs ga!r edibles &   
ev5 useless ?+s1 ! loss ( :i* causes    
mis*ief1 into "s d51 cell>1 or camp 9 ! 
woods1 :]e ! plund] ( _! raids is       
collect$4 ,an organiz$ gang ( boy       
pilf]]s = ! purpose ( ent]+ /ores _h a  
ca*e1 :]e ! /ol5 goods 7 br\ght toge!r4 
,"s ( ^! b&s h specializ$ on electric   
bells & connections1 or golf /icks &    
balls4 ,jacob ,riis says t on ! ,ea/    
,side ( ,new ,york1 e corn] has its gang
 ) a program ( defiance ( law & ord]1   
:]e ! "y t\gh :o is a c[>d alone becomes
 dang]\s :5 he hunts ) ! pack4 ,he is   
ambiti\s to get p9*$ or arre/$ & to pose
 z a h]o4 ,8 vanity may oblit]ate common
 fe> & cu/om z 8 m9d becomes inflam$ )  

fla% lit]ature & p5ny dreadfuls4        
,sometimes :ole neighborhoods are       
t]roriz$ s t no "o d>es to te/ify aga9/ 
! atrocities !y commit4 ,riis ev5 goes s
 f> z to say t a b>e enum]ation ( !     
names ( ! be/-kn[n gangs w\ld occupy !  
pages ( ?is book4#ac ,! names are       
suffici5tly sugge/ive--hell's kit*5     
gang1 /able gang1 dead m51 float]s1     
rock1 pay1 hock gang1 ! s\p-h\se gang1  
plug uglies1 back-alley m51 dead beats1 
cop beat]s1 & roa/]s1 hell b5d]s1 *a9   
gang1 %e5y sk9n]s1 /reet clean]s1 t\gh  
kids1 slugg]s1 wild ,indians1 cave &    
cell> m51 moonlight h[l]s1 junk club1   
crook gang1 be+ "s ,i h he>d (4 ,"s ( ! 
memb]s ( ^! gangs nev] knew a home1 7   
f\nd p]haps z babies wrapp$ 9 newspap]s1
 survivors ( ! sev5ty-two dead infants  
,riis says 7 pick$ up on ! /reets 9 ,new
 ,york 9 #ahhi1 or ( baby f>m+4 ,!y gr[ 
up /reet arabs1 slum waifs1 ! driftwood 
( society1 its flotsam & jetsam1 or     
plankton1 fight+ = a w>n corn] 9 _!     
resorts or liv+ 9 cr[d$ t5em5t-h\ses t  

r5t = m ?an a h\se on ,fif? ,av5ue4     
,arrant c[>ds s+ly1 !y d>e & d any?+    
toge!r4 ,a gang /ole a team 9 ,ea/ ,new 
,york & drove d[n ! av5ue1 %opp+ to ?r[ 
9 supplies1 "o memb] sitt+ 9 ! back ( ! 
wagon & %oot+ at all :o int]f]$4 ,"o    
gang specializ$ on /eal+ baby c>riages1 
deposit+ _! inmates on ! sidewalk4      
,ano!r blew up a groc]y /ore because its
 own] refus$ a gift !y dem&$4 ,ano!r    
tri$ to saw (f ! head ( a ,jewi% p$l]4  
,"o memb] kill$ ano!r = call+ him no    
g5t4 ,six murd]\s assaults 7 made at "o 
"t by ^! gangs )9 a s+le week4 ,"o :o is
 caught & does 8 bit or /ret* is a h]o1 
& :5 a lead] is hang$1 z has sometimes  
happ5$1 he is almo/ envi$ = 8 notoriety4
 ,a frequ5t ideal is to p\nd a policeman
 ) 8 own club4 ,! gang f$]ates all      
nationalities4 ,prop]ty is depreciat$ & 
may be ru9$ if x is frequ5t$ by ^! gangs
 or becomes _! lair or hang-out4 ,a     
citiz5 resid+ on ! ,hudson procur$ a    
h[itz] & po9t$ x at a boat gang1 =bidd+ 
!m to l& on 8 riv] frontage4 ,!y h _!   

calls1 :i/les1 signs1 rally sudd5ly f no
 "o kn[s :]e1 & vani% 9 ! alleys1       
basem5ts1 ro(s1 & corridors !y "k s     
well4 ,_! inord9ate vanity is well call$
 ! slum c\nt]p>t ( self-e/eem1 & ,riis  
calls ! gang a club run wild4 ,!y h _!  
own ideality & a gaudy p9*beck honor4 ,a
 "y t\gh1 :5 arre/$1 wr5*$ away !       
policeman's club1 da%$ into ! /reet1    
rescu$ a baby f a runaway1 & came back &
 gave himself up4 ,!y batt5 on ! yell[e/
 lit]ature4 ,^? ( =eign desc5t1 :o come 
to speak our language bett] ?an _!      
p>5ts1 e>ly le>n to despise !m4 ,gangs  
emulate ea* o!r 9 h>dihood1 & ?is is "o 
cause ( epidemics 9 crime4 ,!y          
passionately love b\ndless indep5d5ce1  
are sometimes v susceptible to good     
influ5ce if appli$ ) great wisdom &     
discretion1 b easily fall away4 ,:at is 
! true moral antitox9 = ?is class1 or at
 lea/ :at is ! safety-valve & h[ & :5 to
 pull x1 we are n[ j beg9n+ to le>n1 b x
 is a new specialty 9 ! great "w (      
salvage f ! wreckage ( city life4 ,9    

,london1 :]e ^! gr\ps are bett] organis$
 & yet m num]\s1 w> is (t5 wag$ betwe5  
!m1 weapons are us$ & murd] is n s v    
infrequ5t4 ,normally ?is in/9ct passes  
h>mlessly ov] into associations =       
physical tra9+1 :i* furni%es a safe     
outlet = ^! in/9cts1 until ! r$uctives (
 matur] ye>s h p]fect$ _! "w4  ,!       
causation ( crime1 :i* ! cure seeks to  
remove1 is a problem comp>able ) ! orig9
 ( s9 & evil4 ,fir/1 ( c\rse1 comes     
h]$ity1 bad ant5atal conditions1 bad    
homes1 unheal?ful infancy & *ildhood1   
ov]cr[d$ slums ) _! promiscuity &       
squalor1 :i* are always ne> ! bord] (   
lawlessness1 & p]haps are ! *ief cause (
 crime4 ,a l>ge p] c5t ( juv5ile (f5d]s1
 v>i\sly e/imat$1 b probably "o-t5? (   
all1 are vagrants or )\t homes1 &       
divorce ( p>5ts & illegitimacy seem to  
be ne>ly equal z causative ag5cies4 ,if 
:atev] is physiologically wrong is      
morally wrong1 & :atev] is              
physiologically "r is morally "r1 we h  
an important e?ical sugge/ion f somatic 

conditions4 ,!re is no d\bt t consci\s  
intellig5ce dur+ a c]ta9 e>ly /age ( its
 developm5t t5ds to det]iorate ! /r5g? &
 infallibility ( in/9ctive processes1 s 
t education is always beset ) ! dang] ( 
int]f]+ ) ance/ral & cong5ital t5d5cies4
 ,its prime object ought to be          
moralization1 b x c n be d5i$ t 9       
conqu]+ ignorance we d n !reby conqu]   
pov]ty or vice4 ,aft] ! free s*ools 9   
,london 7 op5$ !re 0 an increase (      
juv5ile (f5d]s4 ,new k9ds ( crime1 su* z
 =g]y1 gr& l>c5y1 intricate sw9dl+      
s*emes1 7 d\bl$1 :ile sneak ?ieves1     
drunk>ds1 & pick-pockets decreas$1 & !  
proportion ( educat$ crim9als 0 greatly 
augm5t$4#ad ,to collect masses ( *ildr5 
& ram !m ) ! same unassimilat$ facts is 
n education 9 ?is s5se1 & we ought to   
confess t y\?ful crime is an expression 
( educational failure4 ,illit]ate       
crim9als are m likely to be detect$1 &  
also to be condemn$1 ?an are educat$    
crim9als4 ,e an?ropologi/ kn[s t !      
deepe/ pov]ty & ignorance among         

primitive p are 9 n[ise incompatible )  
hone/y1 integrity1 & virtue4 ,inde$ !re 
is mu* reason to suspect t ! extremes ( 
weal? & pov]ty are m productive ( crime 
?an ignorance1 or ev5 intemp]ance4      
,educators h no d\bt va/ly ov]e/imat$ ! 
moral effici5cy ( ! ?ree ,r's & =gott5 t
 "* 9 infancy is all in/9ct2 t 9        
*ildhood x is sl[ly made ov] into       
habits2 :ile at adolesc5ce m ?an at any 
o!r p]iod ( life1 x c be cultivat$ ?r\gh
 ideals4 ,! dawn ( pub]ty1 al?\gh p]haps
 m>k$ by a c]ta9 moral hebetude1 is soon
 foll[$ by a /ormy p]iod ( great        
agitation1 :5 ! v wor/ & be/ impulses 9 
! human s\l /ruggle aga9/ ea* o!r = its 
possession1 & :5 !re is peculi> pron5ess
 to be ei!r v good or v bad4 ,z !       
agitation sl[ly subsides1 x is f\nd t   
!re has be5 a r5aissance ( ei!r ! be/ or
 ! wor/ elem5ts ( ! s\l1 if n inde$ (   
bo?4  ,al?\gh p$agogues make va/ claims 
= ! moraliz+ effect ( s*ool+1 ,i _c f9d 
a s+le crim9ologi/ :o is satisfi$ ) !   
mod]n s*ool1 :ile mo/ br+ ! sev]e/      

indictm5ts aga9/ x = ! bl9d & ignorant  
assumption t ! ?ree ,r's or any m]ely   
intellectual tra9+ c moralize4 ,by      
nature1 *ildr5 are m or less morally    
bl9d1 & /ati/ics %[ t betwe5 ?irte5 &   
sixte5 incorrigibility is betwe5 two &  
?ree times z great z at any o!r age4 ,x 
is almo/ impossible = adults to realize 
! irresponsibility & ev5 moral          
neura/h5ia incid5tal to ?is /age (      
developm5t4 ,if we reflect :at a girl   
w\ld d if dress$ l a boy & lead+ 8 life 
& expos$ to ! same moral contagion1 or  
:at a boy w\ld d if corset$ & compell$  
to live l a girl1 p]haps we c realize t 
:atev] rle h]$ity plays1 ! y\? :o g     
wrong are1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1    
victims ( circum/ances or ( immaturity1 
& des]v+ ( bo? pity & hope4 ,x 0 ?is    
s5tim5t t impell$ ,z>nadelli to         
recon/ruct ! crim9al law ( ,italy1 9 ?is
 respect1 & x 0 ?is sympa?y t made      
,rollet a self-con/itut$ advocate1      
plead+ ea* morn+ = ! tw5ty or ?irty boys
 & eight or t5 girls arre/$ e day 9     

,p>is4  ,^? smitt5 ) ! in/itution craze 
or ) any extreme correctionali/ views w 
nev] solve ! problem ( crim9al y\?s4    
,fir/ ( all1 !y mu/ be c>efully &       
objectively /udi$1 liv$ )1 & und]/ood z 
9 ?is c\ntry ,gulick1 ,johnson1 ,=bu% & 
,yod] are do+ 9 diff]5t ways1 b ea* )   
success4 ,crim9aloid y\? is m %>ply     
individualiz$ ?an ! common good *ild1 :o
 is less diff]5tiat$4 ,virtue is m uni=m
 & monoton\s ?an s94 ,!re is "o "r b !re
 are _m wrong ways1 h5ce !y ne$ to be   
individually /udi$ by e paidological    
me?od1 physical & psy*ic4 ,keep]s1      
att5dants1 & ev5 sponsors :o h to d ) ^!
 *ildr5 %\ld be educators ) s\ls full ( 
fa!rhood & mo!rhood1 & !y %\ld und]/& t 
! d>ke/ crim9al prop5sities are         
frequ5tly (fset by ! v be/ qualities2 t 
juv5ile murd]]s are (t5 v t5d]-he>t$ to 
p>5ts1 si/]s1 *ildr51 or pets2#ae !y    
%\ld und]/& t 9 ! crim9al con/itution   
!re are precisely ! same +r$i5ts1 al?\gh
 p]haps diff]5tly comp\nd$1 acc5tuat$1  
mutually controll$1 etc41 by !          

environm5t1 z 9 !mselves1 s t to "k all 
w\ld1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 be to 
p>don all2 t ! home s5tim5ts ne$        
emphasis2 t a little less /ress ( mis]y 
to ov]come ! effects ( economic malaise 
&1 above all1 a fri5d1 m5tor1 advis] are
 ne$$4  ,i incl9e to ?9k t _m *ildr5    
w\ld be bett] & n worse = read+1 provid$
 x c be done 9 t5d] ye>s1 /ories l ^? ( 
,capta9 ,kidd1 ,jack ,%epp>d1 ,dick     
,turp91 & o!r gory tales1 & p]haps lat] 
tales l ,eug5e ,aram1 & ! ophidian      
m$icat$ novel1 ,elsie ,v5n]1 etc41 on ! 
pr9ciple ( ! ,ari/otelian ca?>sis to    
ar\se betimes ! high] faculties :i*     
develop lat]1 & ^: function x is to     
deplete ! bad c5t]s & suppress or       
inhibit _! activity4 ,aga91 ,i believe t
 judici\s & incisive scold+ is a moral  
tonic1 :i* is (t5 greatly ne$$1 & if    
rightly adm9i/]$ w\ld be extremely      
effective1 because x %[s ! in/9ctive    
reaction ( ! sane consci5ce aga9/ evil  
de$s & t5d5cies4 ,special p$agogic      
att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! s5tim5t (    

ju/ice1 :i* is almo/ ! beg9n+ ( p]sonal 
morals 9 boys2 & plays %\ld be *os5 &   
enc\rag$ t hold ! beam ev51 reg>dless ( 
p]sonal wi% & int]e/4 ,fur!r yet        
b5evol5ce & its und]ly+ impulse to d m  
?an ju/ice to our associates2 to d good 
9 ! _w2 to give pleasure to ^? ab\t1 & n
 pa91 c be directly cultivat$4          
,tru?-tell+ pres5ts a f> h>d] problem1 z
 we h se54 ,x is no p$agogical triumph  
to clip ! w+s ( fancy1 b ef=t %\ld be   
direct$ almo/ solely aga9/ ! c[>dly     
lies1 :i* cov] evil2 & ! h]oism ( tell+ 
! tru? & tak+ ! consequ5ces is ano!r ( !
 elem5ts ( ! moral s5se1 s complex1 s   
late 9 developm5t1 & s (t5 p]man5tly    
crippl$4 ,! money s5se1 by all ! _m     
means n[ us$ = its developm5t 9 s*ool1  
is ! sure/ safegu>d aga9/ ! mo/ common  
juv5ile crime ( !ft1 & mu* c be taught  
by precept1 example1 & moral regim5 ( ! 
sacr$ness ( prop]ty rights4 ,! regul>ity
 ( s*ool "w & its indu/ry is a valuable 
moraliz+ ag5t1 b entirely inadequate &  
insuffici5t by itself4 ,educators mu/   

face ! fact t ! ultimate v]dict conc]n+ 
! utility ( ! s*ool w be det]m9$1 z     
,talleck well says1 by its moral        
effici5cy 9 sav+ *ildr5 f p]sonal vice &
 crime4  ,:]ev] any s\rce ( pollution ( 
s*ool communities occurs1 x mu/ be at   
once & effectively detect$1 & "s        
artificial elem5ts mu/ be introduc$ into
 ! environm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 !re mu/ be 
a sy/em ( moral or?op$ics4 ,g>(alo's#af 
new t]m & pr9ciple ( temibility is      
p]haps ( great s]vice4 ,he w\ld ?us     
designate ! quantum ( evil fe>$ t is    
suffici5t to re/ra9 crim9al impulsion4  
,we c n measure guilt or culpability1   
:i* may be ( all degrees f no?+ to      
inf9ity p]haps1 b we c to "s ext5t scale
 ! effectiv5ess ( re/ra9t1 if crim9al   
impulse is n absolutely irresi/ible4    
,pa9 !n mu/ be s organis$ z to foll[ &  
measure ! (f5se by z ne>ly a natural    
me?od z possible1 :ile on ! o!r h& !    
rew>ds = good conduct mu/ also be m or  
less acc5tuat$4 ,?us ! problem (        
crim9ology = y\? c n be bas$ on !       

pr9ciples n[ recognis$ = adults4 ,!y c n
 be protective ( society only1 b mu/ h  
m>k$ re=matory elem5ts4 ,solitude#ag :i*
 t5ds to make weak1 agitat$1 & fe>ful1  
at ?is v greg>i\s age %\ld be en=c$ ) v 
great discretion4 ,!re mu/ be no p]sonal
 & unmotivat$ clem5cy or p>don 9 su*    
s*eme1 =1 accord+ to ! old saw1 ,m]cy b 
murd]s1 p>don+ ^? :o kill2 nor on ! o!r 
h& %\ld !re be ! excessive disreg>d (   
p]sonal adju/m5ts1 & ! uni=mit>ian1 :o  
p]haps celebrat$ 8 highe/ triumph 9 !   
old s5t5ce1 ,kill all (f5d]s & suspects1
 = ,god w "k 8 own1 %\ld h no "p nor lot
 "h4 ,! philosoph] ,h>tmann has a       
sugge/ive article advocat+ t p5al       
colonies made up ( transport$ crim9als  
%\ld be exp]im5t$ ^u by /atesm5 9 ord]  
to put v>i\s !ories ( self-gov]nm5t to a
 practical te/4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !    
p5ologi/ ( y\? mu/ face "s su* problem 9
 ! organization ( ! h\se ( det5tion1    
boys' club1 f>m1 re=matory1 etc4 ,we mu/
 pass beyond ! clumsy app>atus ( a t]m  
s5t5ce41 or ! devices ( a jury1 clumsi] 

yet1 = ?is purpose2 we mu/ admit !      
pr9ciple ( regret1 fe>1 p5ance1 mat]ial 
re/oration ( damage1 & und]/& ! s5se 9  
:i*1 = bo? society & = ! individual1 x  
makes no practical diff]5ce :e!r exp]ts 
?9k !re is "s ta9t ( insanity1 provid$  
only t irresponsibility is n hopelessly 
complete4  ,9 few aspects ( ?is !me d   
conceptions ( & practises 9 reg>d to    
adolesc5ce ne$ m radical recon/ruction4 
,a m]e accid5t ( circum/ance (t5        
condemns to crim9al c>e]s y\?s capable (
 ! highe/ s]vice to society1 & = a m]e  
brief season ( temp]am5tal outbreak or  
ob/rep]\sness exposes !m to all ! infamy
 to :i* ignorant & cruel public op9ion  
condemns all ^? :o h once be5 detect$ on
 ! wrong side ( ! invisible & arbitr>y  
l9e ( rectitude4 ,! he>t ( crim9al      
psy*ology is "h2 & n only t1 b ,i w\ld  
conclude ) a mo/ e>ne/ p]sonal prote/   
aga9/ ! curr5t me?ods ( tea*+ & /udy+   
e?ics 9 our academic in/itutions z a    
speculative1 hi/orical1 & ab/ract ?+4   
,"h 9 ! concrete & sali5tly objective   

facts ( crime x %\ld h its beg9n+1 & h m
 blood & body 9 x by gett+ aga9 close to
 ! hot battle l9e betwe5 vice & virtue1 
& !n only1 :5 balanc$ & sanifi$ by a ri*
 balla/ ( facts1 c x ) advantage sl[ly  
"w its way ov] to ! l>g] & high]        
philosophy ( conduct1 :i*1 :5 develop$ f
 ?is basis1 w be a radically diff]5t ?+ 
f ! %ad[y phantom1 s*ematic speculations
 ( _m contempor>y morali/s1 taught 9 our
 s*ools & colleges4  ,footnote #a3      
,problematis*e ,k9desnatur54 ,e9e ,/udie
 fr ,s*ule und ,haus4 ,voigtlnd]1       
,leipzig1 #ahhi4  ,footnote #b3 ,die    
pdagogis*e ,pa?ologie 9 d]              
,erziehungskunde des #ai ,jahrhund]ts4  
,b]telsman1 ,gt]sloh1 #ahic1 p4 #did4   
,footnote #c3 ,peculi> & ,exceptional   
,*ildr54 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,octob]1  
#ahif1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #c-fj4  ,footnote   
#d3 ,la ,pub]t4 ,s*lei*] ,frres1 ,p>is1 
#aijb1 p4 #gb4  ,footnote #e3 ,home &   
,s*ool ,puni%m5ts4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 
,m>*1 #ahii1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #aei-ahg4     
,footnote #f3 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,faults (    

,*ildr54 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,june1    
#aijc1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #bjj et seq4        
,footnote #g3 ,! ,*ild & ! ,wea!r1 by   
,edw9 ,g4 ,dext]4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1  
,april1 #ahih1 vol4 #e1 pp4 #eab-ebb4   
,footnote #h3 ,psy*ic ,effects ( !      
,wea!r1 by ,j4,s4 ,lemon4 ,am]ican      
,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,janu>y1 #ahid1   
vol4 #f1 pp4 #bgg-bgi4  ,footnote #i3   
,truancy z ,relat$ to ! ,migrat+        
,in/9ct1 by ,l4,w4 ,kl9e4 ,p$agogical   
,sem9>y1 ,janu>y1 #ahih1 vol4 #e1 pp4   
#cha-dbj4  ,footnote #aj3 ,*ildr5's     
,lies4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1   
,janu>y1 #ahij1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ei-gj4    
,footnote #aa3 ,poems4 ,) memoir by 8   
bro!r1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahea4        
,footnote #ab3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal (       
,psy*ology1 ,july1 #ahih1 vol4 #i1 pp4  
#dbe-ddh4  ,footnote #ac3 ,h[ ! ,o!r    
,half ,lives4 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,new    
,york1 #ahij1 p4 #bbi4  ,footnote #ad3  
,! ,curse 9 ,education1 by ,rebecca     
,h>d+ ,davis4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1   
,may1 #ahii1 vol4 #afh1 pp4 #fji-fad4   

,footnote #ae3 ,holtz5dorff3 ,psy*ologie
 des ,mordes4 ,c4 ,pfeiff]1 ,b]l91 #ahge
  ,footnote #af3 ,la ,crim9ologie4      
,p>is1 ,alcan1 #ahij1 p4 #ccb  ,footnote
 #ag3 ,see its psy*ology & dang]s well  
po9t$ out by ,m4,h4 ,small3 ,psy*ical   
,relations ( ,society & ,solitude4      
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,april1 #aijj1 vol4
 #g1 pp4 #ac-fi         99     99     99
     99     99     ,,*apt] ,,viii       
,,biographies ,,( ,,y\?   ,knightly     
ideals & honor--,?irty adolesc5ts f     
,%akespe>e--,goe!--,c4,d4               
,w>n]--,aldri*--,! fugitive nature (    
adolesc5t exp]i5ce--,extravagance (     
autobiographies--,/ories t atta* to     
great names--,"s typical                
crazes--,illu/rations f ,george ,eliot1 
,edison1 ,*att]ton1 ,haw?orne1 ,:itti]1 
,sp5c]1 ,huxley1 ,lyell1 ,byron1 ,he9e1 
,napoleon1 ,d>w91 ,m>t9eau1 ,agassiz1   
,madame ,rol&1 ,l\isa ,alcott1 ,f4,h4   
,burnett1 ,hel5 ,kell]1 ,m>ie           
,ba%kirtseff1 ,m>y ,mac,lane1 ,ada      
,negri1 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,/u>t ,mill1       

,jeff]ies1 & scores ( o!rs4  ,! knightly
 ideals & ^? ( secul> life g5]ally dur+ 
! middle ages & lat] 7 9 /rik+ contra/  
to ! ascetic ideals ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian   
,*ur*2 9 "s respects !y 7 l ^? ( !      
,greeks4 ,honor 0 ! lead+ ideal1 &      
muscul> developm5t & t ( ! body 7 held 9
 high respect2 s t ! _s ( ! age fo/]$   
conceptions n unlike ^? ( ! ,japanese   
,bu%ido4 ,:]e elem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity 7   
comb9$ ) ?is we h ! _s ( ! pure *ivalry 
( ,k+ ,ar?ur & ! ,knights ( ! ,r\nd     
,table1 :i* af=ds p]haps ! v be/ ideals 
= y\? to be f\nd 9 hi/ory1 z we %all see
 m fully lat]4  ,9 a v int]e/+ pap]1    
entitl$ ,%akespe>e & ,adolesc5ce1 ,dr4  
,m4,f4 ,libby#a v r\ghly reckons        
sev5ty-f\r int]e/+ adolesc5ts among !   
com$ies1 =ty-six among ! trag$ies1 &    
n9ete5 among ! hi/ories4 ,he selects    
?irty *>act]s :o1 ei!r on acc\nt (      
direct ref]5ces to _! age1 or because ( 
_! love-/ories1 or because !y %[ !      
emotional & intellectual pla/icity (    
y\?1 may be reg>d$ z typical adolesc5ts4

 ,8 li/ is z foll[s3 ,romeo1 ,juliet1   
,hamlet1 ,ophelia1 ,imog51 ,p]dita1     
,arviragus1 ,guid]ius1 ,palamon1        
,arcite1 ,emilia1 ,f]d9&1 ,mir&a1       
,isabella1 ,m>iana1 ,orl&o1 ,rosal9d1   
,biron1 ,portia1 ,jessica1 ,phebe1      
,ka?>9e1 ,hel5a1 ,viola1 ,troilus1      
,cressida1 ,cassio1 ,m>9a1 ,pr9ce ,hal1 
& ,ri*>d ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,! pro( ( ! y\? (  
^! *>act]s1 z set =?1 is ( v>i\s k9ds1 &
 ,libby holds t besides ^!1 ! sonnets & 
poems p]haps %[ a yet great]1 m pr(\nd &
 conc5trat$ k ( adolesc5ce4 ,he ?9ks    
,v5us & ,adonis a successful attempt to 
treat sex 9 a c&id1 naive way1 if x be  
read z x 0 meant1 z a ca?>sis ( passion1
 9 :i* is lat5t a :ole philosophy ( art4
 ,to "s ext5t he also f9ds ! /ory ( !   
,passionate ,pilgrim replete ) ! deepe/ 
k ( ! passions ( e>ly adolesc5ce ,!     
s]ies culm9ates 9 ,sonnet #aaf1 :i*     
makes love ! sole beacon ( humanity4 ,x 
might be said t x is connect$ by a      
/raight l9e ) ! be/ tea*+s ( ,plato1 & t
 "h humanity pick$ up ! clue1 lo/1 save 

) "s ,italian poets1 9 ! great int]val4 
,9 look+ ov] curr5t autobiographies (   
well-kn[n mod]n m5 :o deal ) _! boyhood1
 "o f9ds curi\s extremes4 ,on ! "o h&   
are ^? ( :i* ,doctor's is a type1 :]e   
details are dwelt ^u at great l5g? )    
c>eful & sugge/ive philosophic          
reflections4 ,! developm5t ( 8 own      
ta/es1 capacities1 & 8 entire adult     
consci\sness 0 assum$ to be due to !    
incid5ts ( *ildhood & y\?1 & especially 
! latt] /age 0 to him full ( ! mo/ s]i\s
 problems ess5tial to 8 self-k2 & 9 !   
/ory ( 8 life he has exploit$ all       
available res\rces ( ?is g5etic p]iod ( 
/orm & /ress m fully p]haps ?an any o!r 
writ]4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 we h writ]s l 
,*>les ,dudley ,w>n]1#b a self-made man1
 ^: e>ly life 0 pass$ on ! f>m1 & :o    
holds 8 own boyhood !re 9 great]        
contempt ?an p]haps any o!r reputable   
writ] ( su* rem9isc5ces4 ,all ! incid5ts
 are treat$ n only ) s]i\sness1 b ) a   
=c$ droll]y & cat*y sup]ficiality :i*   
reflect unfavorably at almo/ e po9t ^u !

 memb]s ( 8 h\sehold1 :o are c>icatur$2 
all ! preci\s associations ( e>ly life  
on a ,new ,engl& f>m are n only made    
absurd1 b f beg9n+ to end 8 book has n a
 sc9tilla ( in/ruction or sugge/ion = ^?
 t are int]e/$ 9 *ild life4 ,aldri*#c is
 bett]1 & we h int]e/+ glimpses ( ! pet 
horse & monkeys1 ( 8 fight+ ! boy bully1
 runn+ way1 & fall+ 9 love ) an old]    
girl ^: engagem5t lat] blight$ 8 life4  
,h[ells1#d ,:ite1#e ,mitt]1#f           
,grahame1#g ,heidi1#h & ,mrs4 ,b>nett1#i
 might p]haps repres5t increas+ grades (
 m]it 9 ?is field 9 ?is respect4        
,yod]1#aj 9 8 int]e/+ /udy ( ! boyhood (
 great m51 has call$ att5tion to !      
deplorable c>elessness ( _! biograph]s  
conc]n+ ! facts & influ5ces ( _! y\?4   
,he advocates ! great p$agogic influ5ce 
( biography1 & w\ld re/ore ! high       
appreciation ( x felt by ! ,bol&i/s1 :i*
 ,comte's positivi/ cal5d>1 t r5am$ all 
! days ( ! ye> f ?ree hundr$ &          
sixty-five su* acc\nts 9 #ahdi1 also    
s\ght to revive4 ,yod] select$ fifty    

great mod]n biographies1 autobiographies
 pref]r$1 = 8 /udy4 ,he f\nd a numb] (  
lives ^: equipm5t & mom5tum h be5       
/rik+ly due to "s devot$ aunt1 & t give 
_m glimpses ( ! fir/ pol>ization ( g5ius
 9 ! direction 9 :i* fame is lat]       
a*iev$4 ,he holds t1 :ile ! great m5    
excell$ 9 memory1 imag9ation is p]haps  
/ill m a y\?ful condition ( em95ce2     
magnifies ! /imulus ( pov]ty1 ! fact t  
eld] sons become prom95t ne>ly twice z  
(t5 z y\ng] ones2 & raises ! "q :e!r too
 exub]ant physical developm5t does n    
dull g5ius & tal5t4  ,"o /rik+ & c>d9al 
fact nev] to be =gott5 consid]+ its ea* 
& e ph5om5on & /age is t ! exp]i5ces (  
adolesc5ce are extremely transitory & v 
easily =gott51 s t !y are (t5 totally   
lo/ to ! adult consci\sness4 ,lanca/]#aa
 obs]ves t we are con/antly told by     
adults pa/ ?irty t !y nev] _h ?is & t   
exp]i5ce1 & t ^? :o h _h !m are         
abnormal2 t !y are f> m r>e ?an /ud5ts (
 *ildhood ass]t1 etc4 ,he says1 ,n a    
s+le "y p]son ) :om ,i h _h free & op5  

conv]sation has be5 free f s]i\s ?\ghts 
( suicide1 b ^! are =gott5 lat]4 ,a     
typical case ( _m ,i c\ld ga!r is t ( a 
lady1 n yet 9 middle life1 precise &    
c>efully tra9$1 :o1 on he>+ a lecture on
 ! typical phases ( adolesc5ce1 decl>$ t
 %e mu/ h be5 abnormal1 = %e knew no?+ (
 any ( ^! exp]i5ces4 ,h] "m1 h[ev]1     
produc$ h] di>y1 & !re %e read = ! fir/ 
"t s9ce x 0 writt51 beg9n+ 9 ! ,janu>y (
 h] ?irte5? ye>1 a long s]ies (         
resolutions :i* reveal$ a c\rse (       
conduct t br\ght ! color to h] face1 t  
%e %\ld h f\nd x necess>y to pl$ge n to 
swe>1 lie1 etc41 & :i* %[$ conclusively 
t %e _h pass$ ?r\gh ab\t all ! phases   
describ$4 ,^! ph5om5a are sometimes v   
int5se & may come late 9 life1 b x is   
impossible to rememb] feel+s & emotions 
) def9it5ess1 & ^! n[ make up a l>ge "p 
( life4 ,h5ce we are prone to look ) "s 
incr$ulity ^u ! imm$iate records ( !    
tragic emotions & exp]i5ces typical &   
normal at ?is "t1 because developm5t has
 scor$ away _! traces f ! consci\s s\l4 

,!re is a wall ar\nd ! t[n ( ,boyville1 
says ,:ite1#ab 9 sub/ance1 :i* is       
imp5etrable :5 its gates h once %ut ^u  
y\?4 ,an adult may pe] ov] ! wall & try 
to ape ! games inside1 b f9ds x all a   
mock]y & himself bani%$ among ! purbl9d 
gr[n-ups4 ,! t[n ( ,boyville 0 old :5   
,n9eveh 0 a hamlet2 x is rul$ by anci5t 
laws2 has its own rul]s & idols2 & only 
! dim1 unreal noises ( ! adult _w ab\t x
 h *ang$4  ,9 explor+ su* s\rces we soon
 see h[ few writ]s h giv5 true pictures 
( ! *ief traits ( ?is developm5tal      
p]iod1 :i* c r>ely be asc]ta9$ )        
accuracy4 ,! adult f9ds x h>d to recall 
! emotional & in/9ctive life ( ! te5s   
:i* is bani%$ )\t a trace1 save z       
scatt]$ h9ts may be ga!r$ f di>ies1     
*ance exp]i5ces1 or ! recollections (   
o!rs4 ,b ! be/ obs]v]s see b v little ( 
:at goes on 9 ! y\?ful s\l1 ! developm5t
 ( :i* is v l>gely subt]ranean4 ,only :5
 ! feel+s erupt 9 "s surpris+ way is !  
process manife/4 ,! be/ ( ^! s\rces are 
autobiographies1 & ( ^! only few are    

full ( ! details ( ?is /age4 ,j z 9 !   
my?ic prehi/oric /age ( _m nations !re  
is a body ( leg5d>y matt]1 :i* (t5      
reappe>s 9 some:at diff]5t =m1 s !re is 
a float+ plankton-l mass ( tradition &  
/oriology t seems to atta* to em95ce    
:]ev] x em]ges & is repeat$ ov] & ov]   
aga91 conc]n+ ! y\? ( m5 :o lat] a*ieve 
di/9ction1 :i* biograph]s (t5           
incorporate & atta* to ! "t1 place1 &   
p]son ( _! h]oes4  ,z ,burnham#ac well  
intimates1 _m ( ! lit]>y *>act]izations 
( adolesc5ce are s m>k$ by extravagance1
 & sometimes ev5 by ! /ruggle = lit]>y  
effects1 t !y are n always ! be/        
docum5ts1 al?\gh (t5 bas$ on p]sonal    
exp]i5ce4 ,confessionalism is g5]ally   
ov]drawn1 di/ort$1 & especially ! pa9s (
 ?is age are repres5t$ z too ke54 ,(    
,george ,eliot's types ( adolesc5t "*1  
?is may be/ be se5 9 ,maggie ,tulliv]1 )
 h] en?usia/ic self-r5unciation1 ) h]   
volcanic upheav+s ( imprison$ passions1 
) h] wide1 hopeless ye>n+ = t some?+1   
:atev] x 01 t 0 greate/ & be/ on ?is    

e>?1 & 9 ,gw5dol51 :o1 f ! mom5t %e     
caught ,d]onda's eye1 0 totally sway$ 9 
feel+ & action by ! pres5ce ( a p]son ( 
! o!r sex :om %e _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,!re 
0 ! resolute action f in/9ct & ! sett+  
at defiance ( calculation & reason1 !   
want ( any def9ite desire to m>ry1 :ile 
all h] conduct t5d$ to promote          
proposals4 ,exagg]ation1 al?\gh n !     
p]v]sions ( ?is age (t5 f\nd 9 adult    
*>act]izations1 is m>k$ trait ( ! writ+s
 ( adolesc5ts1 ^: conduct mean:ile may  
appe> rational1 s t ?is sugge/s t       
consci\sness may at ?is /age s]ve z a   
h>mless v5t = t5d5cies t w\ld o!rwise   
cause great tr\ble if turn$ to practical
 affairs4 ,if ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 
! adolesc5t tyrant slay]s ( ,greece1 _h 
be5 !ori/s1 !y might h be5 h>mless on ! 
pr9ciple t its analysis t5ds to         
dissipate emotion4  ,lanca/]#ad ga!r$ & 
glanc$ ov] a ?\s& biographies1 f :i* he 
select$ #bjj = c>eful /udy1 *oos+ !m to 
%[ diff]5t typical directions (         
activity4 ,( ^!1 #abj %[$ a di/9ct craze

 = read+ 9 adolesc5ce2 #aji became great
 lov]s ( nature2 #eh wrote poetry1 #eh  
%[$ a great & sudd5 developm5t ( en]gy2 
#ee %[$ great eag]ness = s*ool2 #ec     
devot$ !mselves = a season to art &     
music2 #ec became v religi\s2 #ea left  
home 9 ! te5s2 #ea %[$ dom9ant in/9cts (
 lead]%ip2 #di _h great long+s ( _m     
k9ds2 #df develop$ sci5tific ta/es2 #da 
grew v anxi\s ab\t ! future2 #cd        
develop$ increas$ ke5ness ( s5sation or 
at lea/ p[] ( obs]vation2 9 #cb cases   
heal? 0 bett]2 #ca 7 passionately       
altrui/ic2 #bc became ideali/s2 #bc %[$ 
p[]s ( inv5tion2 #ag 7 devot$ to old]   
fri5ds2 #ae w\ld re=m society2 #g hat$  
s*ool4 ,^!1 l _m o!r /ati/ics1 h only   
indicative value1 z !y are bas$ on      
numb]s t are n l>ge en\gh & ^u returns n
 always complete4  ,a few typical       
in/ances f ,lanca/] mu/ "h suffice4     
,savon>ola 0 solit>y1 pond]+1 m$itat+1  
felt pr(\ndly ! evils ( ! _w & ne$ (    
re=m1 & at tw5ty-two sp5t a :ole night  
plann+ 8 c>e]4 ,%elley dur+ ^! ye>s 0   

unsocial1 mu* alone1 fanta/ic1 w&]$ mu* 
by moonlight commun+ ) />s & moon1 0    
atta*$ to an old] man4 ,bee*] 0         
intoxicat$ ) nature1 :i* he decl>$      
aft]w>d to h be5 ! inspiration ( 8 life4
 ,george ,eliot at ?irte5 _h a passion =
 music & became a clev] piani/4 ,at     
sixte5 %e 0 religi\s1 f\nd$ societies = 
! poor & = animals1 & _h fitt+ spells ( 
misan?ropy4 ,edison und]took to read !  
,detroit ,free ,libr>y ?r\gh1 read      
fifte5 solid feet z ! books /& on !     
%elves1 0 /opp$1 & says he has read     
comp>atively little s9ce4 ,tol/oi f\nd !
 aspect ( ?+s sudd5ly *ang$4 ,nature put
 on a new appe>ance4 ,he felt he might  
commit ! mo/ dreadful crimes ) no       
purpose save curiosity & ! ne$ ( action4
 ,! future look$ gloomy4 ,he became     
furi\sly angry )\t cause2 ?\ght he 0    
lo/1 hat$ by ev]ybody1 0 p]haps n ! son 
( 8 fa!r1 etc4 ,at sev5te5 he 0 solit>y1
 mus+ ab\t immortality1 human de/9y1    
feel+ dea? at h&1 giv+ up 8 /udies1     
fancy+ himself a great man ) new tru?s =

 humanity4 ,by & by he took up ! old    
virtu\s c\rse ( life ) fre% p[]1 new    
resolutions1 ) ! feel+ t he _h lo/ mu*  
"t4 ,he _h a deep religi\s exp]i5ce at  
sev5te5 & wept = joy ov] 8 new life4 ,he
 _h a p]iod be=e tw5ty :5 he told       
desp]ate lies1 = :i* he c\ld n acc\nt1  
!n a passion = music1 & lat] = ,fr5*    
novels4 ,r\sseau at ?is age 0           
discont5t$1 imm5sely 9 love1 wept (t5   
)\t cause1 etc4 ,keats _h a great *ange 
at f\rte51 wre/l+ ) frequ5t obscure &   
pr(\nd /irr+s ( s\l1 ) a sudd5 hung] = k
 :i* consum$ 8 days ) fire1 & )         
passionate long+ to dra9 ! cup (        
exp]i5ce at a draft4 ,he 0 at ! morn+   
h\r :5 ! :ole _w turns to gold4 ,! boy  
_h sudd5ly become a poet4 ,*att]ton 0   
too pr\d to eat a gift d9n]1 ?\gh ne>ly 
/>v$1 & committ$ suicide at sev5te5 =   
lack ( appreciation4 ,john ,hunt] 0 dull
 & hat$ /udy1 b at tw5ty 8 m9d awoke z  
did t ( ,patrick ,h5ry1 :o be=e 0 a     
lonely w&]]1 sitt+ idly = h\rs "u !     
trees4 ,alex&] ,murray awoke to life at 

fifte5 & acquir$ sev]al languages 9 less
 ?an two ye>s4 ,gif=d 0 di/raught = lack
 ( read+1 w5t to sea at ?irte51 became a
 %oemak]1 /udy+ algebra late at night1 0
 savagely unsociable1 sunk into torpor f
 :i* he 0 r\s$ to d spl5etic & vexati\s 
tricks1 :i* ali5at$ 8 fri5ds4 ,ritt5h\se
 at f\rte5 0 a pl[boy1 cov]+ ! f5ces )  
figures1 mus+ on inf9ite "t & space4    
,b5jam9 ,?ompson 0 r\s$ to a fr5zy =    
sci5ces at fifte52 at sev5te5 walk$ n9e 
miles daily to att5d lectures at        
,cambridge2 & at n9ete5 m>ri$ a wid[ (  
?irty-?ree4 ,frankl9 _h a passion = !   
sea2 at ?irte5 read poetry all night2   
wrote v]ses & sold !m on ! /reets (     
,bo/on2 d\bt$ ev]y?+ at fifte52 left    
home = good at sev5te52 />t$ ! fir/     
public libr>y 9 ,philadelphia be=e he 0 
tw5ty-"o4 ,rob]t ,fulton 0 poor1 dreamy1
 m]curial1 devot$ to nature1 art1 &     
lit]ature4 ,he became a pa9t] ( tal5t1  
!n a poet1 & left home at sev5te54      
,bryant 0 sickly till f\rte5 & became   
p]man5tly well !reaft]2 0 precoci\sly   

devot$ to nature1 religion1 pray$ =     
poetic g5ius & wrote ,?anatopsis be=e he
 0 eighte54 ,jeff]son dot$ on animals & 
nature at f\rte51 & at sev5te5 /udi$    
fifte5 h\rs a day4 ,g>field1 ?\gh liv+ 9
 ,ohio1 long$ = ! sea1 & ev] aft] ?is   
p]iod ! sight ( a %ip gave him a /range 
?rill4 ,haw?orne 0 devot$ to ! sea &    
want$ to sail on & on =ev] & nev] t\*   
%ore aga94 ,he w\ld roam ?r\gh ! ,ma9e  
woods alone2 0 haunt$ by ! fe> t he w\ld
 die be=e tw5ty-five4 ,pet] ,coop] left 
home at sev5te52 0 passionately         
altrui/ic2 & at eighte5 v[$ he w\ld     
build a place l 8 ,new ,york ,in/itute4 
,:itti] at f\rte5 f\nd a copy ( ,burns1 
:i* excit$ him & *ang$ ! curr5t ( 8     
life4 ,holmes _h a passion = fl[]s1     
broke into poetry at fifte51 & _h v     
romantic atta*m5ts to c]ta9 trees4 ,j4  
,t4 ,tr[bridge le>n$ ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 &   
,lat9 alone be=e tw5ty-"o2 compos$      
poetry at ! pl[ & wrote x out 9 ! ev5+4 
,h5ry foll[$ a rabbit "u ! ,public      
,libr>y at ,albany1 f\nd a hole 9 !     

floor t admitt$ him to ! %elves1 &1     
unkn[n to any "o1 read all ! fiction !  
libr>y conta9$1 !n turn$ to physics1    
a/ronomy1 & *emi/ry1 & develop$ a       
passion = ! sci5ces4 ,he 0 /age-/ruck1 &
 became a good amateur actor4 ,h4 ,h4   
,boyes5 0 ?rill$ by nature & by ! ?\ght 
t he 0 a ,norseman4 ,he _h sev]al hundr$
 pigeons1 rabbits1 & o!r pets2 lov$ to  
be 9 ! woods at night2 on leav+ home =  
s*ool 0 f\nd ) 8 arms ar\nd ! neck ( a  
calf to :i* he 0 say+ good-by4 ,maxwell1
 at sixte51 _h almo/ a horror ( de/roy+ 
a leaf1 fl[]1 or fly4 ,jahn f\nd gr[+ 9 
8 he>t1 at ?is age1 an inext+ui%able    
feel+ = "r & wrong--:i* lat] he ?\ght ! 
cause ( all 8 inn] weal & out] woe4 ,:5 
,nans5 0 9 8 te5s he sp5t weeks at a "t 
alone 9 ! =e/1 full ( long+s1 c\rage1   
altruism1 want$ to get away f e "o &    
live l ,crusoe4 ,t4 ,b4 ,re$1 at twelve 
& ?irte51 _h a passion = read+2 ran away
 at sev5te52 pa9t$1 act$1 & wrote       
poetry4 ,c>twright1 at sixte51 he>d     
voices f ! sky say+1 ,look above1 ?y s9s

 are =giv5 !e4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] became an  
eng9e] at sev5te51 aft] "o idle ye>4 ,he
 nev] w5t to s*ool1 b 0 a private pupil 
( 8 uncle4 ,sir ,james ,mack9to% grew   
fond ( hi/ory at elev52 fanci$ he 0 !   
,emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople2 lov$ solitude  
at ?irte52 wrote poetry at f\rte52 &    
fell 9 love at sev5te54 ,?omas ,buxton  
lov$ dogs1 horses1 & lit]ature1 & comb9$
 ^! :ile rid+ on an old horse4 ,at      
sixte5 be fell 9 love ) an old] lit]>y  
woman1 :i* ar\s$ e lat5t p[] to d or    
die1 & !reaft] he took all ! s*ool      
prizes4 ,scott began to l poetry at     
?irte54 ,pascal wrote treatises on conic
 sections at sixte5 & inv5t$ 8          
ari?metical ma*9e at n9ete54 ,nelson w5t
 to sea at twelve2 comm&$ a boat 9 p]il 
at fifte51 :i* at ! same age he left to 
fight a pol> be>4 ,banks1 ! botani/1 0  
idle & li/less till f\rte51 c\ld n      
travel ! road m>k$ out = him2 :5 com+   
home f ba?+1 he 0 /ruck by ! beauty ( ! 
fl[]s & at once began 8 c>e]4 ,montcalm 
& ,wolfe bo? di/+ui%$ !mselves z lead]s 

9 battle at sixte54 ,lafayette came to  
,am]ica at n9ete51 ?rill$ by our bold   
/rike = lib]ty4 ,gu/avus ,adolphus      
decl>$ 8 own majority at sev5te5 & 0    
soon fam\s4 ,ida ,lewis rescu$ f\r m5 9 
a boat at sixte54 ,joan ( ,arc began at 
?irte5 to h ! visions :i* 7 ! lat] guide
 ( h] life4  ,mr4 ,swift has collect$   
int]e/+ biographical mat]ial#ae to %[ t 
s*ool "w is analytic1 :ile life is      
syn!tic1 & h[ ! n>r[ness ( ! s*ool      
enclosure prompts _m y\? 9 ! wayw>d age 
to jump f5ces & seek new & m allur+     
pa/ures4 ,accord+ to s*ool /&>ds1 _m 7  
dull & indol5t1 b _! nature 0 too l>ge  
or _! ideals too high to be satisfi$ )  
x4 ,wagn] at ! ,nikolais*ule at ,leipzig
 0 relegat$ to ! ?ird =m1 hav+ already  
atta9$ to ! second at ,dresd51 :i* s    
embitt]$ him t he lo/ all ta/e =        
philology &1 9 8 own words1 became lazy 
& slov5ly4 ,prie/ley nev] improv$ by any
 sy/ematic c\rse ( /udy4 ,w4,h4 ,gibson 
0 v sl[ & 0 rebuk$ = wa/+ 8 "t 9 sket*+4
 ,james ,russell ,l[ell 0 reprim&$1 at  

fir/ privately & !n publicly1 9 8       
sophomore ye> = g5]al neglig5ce 9 !mes1 
=5sics1 & recitations1 & f9ally susp5d$ 
9 #ahch on acc\nt ( cont9u$ neglect ( 8 
college duties4 ,9 e>ly life ,goldsmi?'s
 tea*] ?\ght him ! dulle/ boy %e _h ev] 
taught4 ,8 tutor call$ him ignorant &   
/upid4 ,irv+ says t a lad ^: passions   
are n /rong en\gh 9 y\? to mislead him f
 t pa? ( sci5ce :i* 8 tutors1 & n 8     
incl9ations1 h *alk$ out1 by f\r or five
 ye>s' p]sev]ance1 w probably obta9 e   
advantage & honor 8 college c be/[4 ,i  
w\ld comp>e ! man ^: y\? has be5 ?us    
pass$ 9 ! tranquility ( dispassionate   
prud5ce1 to liquors t nev] f]m5t1 &1    
consequ5tly1 cont9ue always muddy4      
,huxley dete/$ writ+ till pa/ tw5ty4 ,8 
s*ool+ 0 v brief1 & he decl>$ t ^? set  
ov] him c>$ ab\t z mu* = 8 intellectual 
& moral welf>e z if !y 7 baby f>m]s4    
,humphry ,davy 0 fai?ful b %[$ no tal5t 
9 s*ool1 hav+ ! reputation ( be+ an idle
 boy1 ) a gift = mak+ v]ses1 b ) no     
aptitude = /udies ( a grav] sort4 ,lat] 

9 life he consid]$ x =tunate t he 0 left
 s mu* to himself4 ,byron 0 s poor a    
s*ol> t he only /ood at ! head ( ! class
 :51 z 0 ! cu/om1 x 0 inv]t$1 & ! bant]+
 ma/] repeat$ly said to him1 ,n[1       
,george1 man1 let me see h[ soon y'll be
 at ! foot4 ,s*ill]'s neglig5ce & lack (
 al]tness call$ = repeat$ repro(1 & 8   
f9al s*ool !sis 0 unsatisfactory4 ,hegel
 0 a poor s*ol>1 & at ! univ]sity x 0   
/at$ t he 0 ( middl+ indu/ry & k b      
especially defici5t 9 philosophy4 ,john 
,hunt] ne>ly became a cab9etmak]4 ,lyell
 _h excessive av]sion to "w4 ,george    
,combe wond]$ :y he 0 s inf]ior to o!r  
boys 9 ari?metic4 ,he9e agre$ ) ! monks 
t ,greek 0 ! inv5tion ( ! devil4 ,god   
kn[s :at mis]y ,i suff]$ ) x4 ,he hat$  
,fr5* met]s1 & 8 tea*] v[$ he _h no s\l 
= poetry4 ,he idl$ away 8 "t at ,bonn1 &
 0 horribly bor$ by ! odi\s1 /iff1      
cut-&-dri$ tone ( ! lea!ry pr(essors4   
,humboldt 0 feeble z a *ild & _h less   
facility 9 8 /udies ?an mo/ *ildr54     
,until ,i rea*$ ! age ( sixte51 he says1

 ,i %[$ little incl9ation = sci5tific   
pursuits4 ,he 0 ess5tially self-taught1 
& acquir$ mo/ ( 8 k r late 9 life4 ,at  
n9ete5 he _h nev] he>d ( botany4 ,%]idan
 0 call$ inf]ior to _m ( 8 s*oolfell[s4 
,he 0 rem>kable = no?+ b idl5ess & w9n+ 
mann]s1 & 0 n only slov5ly 9 con/ru+1 b 
unusually defective 9 8 ,greek gramm>4  
,swift 0 refus$ 8 degree because (      
dulness & insuffici5cy1 b giv5 x lat] z 
a special favor4 ,wordswor? 0           
disappo9t+4 ,g5]al ,grant 0 nev] above  
m$iocrity1 & 0 dropp$ z corporal 9 !    
junior class & s]v$ ! la/ ye> z a       
private4 ,w4 ,h4 ,sew>d 0 call$ too     
/upid to le>n4 ,napoleon graduat$       
=ty-second 9 8 class4 ,:o1 asks ,swift1 
7 ! =ty-"o above him8 ,d>w9 0 s+ul>ly   
incapable ( ma/]+ any language4 ,:5 he  
left s*ool1 he says1 ,i 0 consid]$ by   
all my ma/]s & by my fa!r z a v ord9>y  
boy1 r bel[ ! common /&>d 9 intellect4  
,to my deep mortification1 my fa!r once 
said to me1 ',y c>e = no?+ b %oot+1     
dogs1 & rat-cat*+1 & y w be a disgrace  

to y\rself & to all y\r family4' ,h>riet
 ,m>t9eau 0 ?\ght v dull4 ,?\gh a horn  
musician1 %e c\ld d absolutely no?+ 9 ! 
pres5ce ( h] irritable ma/]4 ,%e wrote a
 cramp$1 untidy scrawl until pa/ tw5ty4 
,a visit to "s v brilliant c\s9s at !   
age ( sixte5 _h mu* to d 9 ar\s+ h]     
backw>d nature4 ,at ?is age ,j4 ,pi]pont
 ,morgan wrote poetry & 0 devot$ to     
ma!matics4 ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 at ab\t 
?irte5 or f\rte5 7he does n "k ! date ( 
8 bir?71 felt ! new mean+ ( life & />t$ 
(f on foot to ,hampton1 five hundr$     
miles away1 n kn[+ ev5 ! direction1     
sleep+ "u a sidewalk 8 fir/ night 9     
,ri*mond4 ,vittor9o da ,feltre1#af      
accord+ to ,dr4 ,burnham1 _h a l[1 t>dy 
developm5t1 l+]+ on a sluggi% dead level
 f t5 to f\rte51 :i* to 8 lat] unfoldm5t
 0 z ! b>r51 improv+ ye>s sometimes     
call$ ! middle ages1 comp>$ ) ! rema9d] 
:i* foll[$ :5 a new _w-consci\sness     
int5sifi$ 8 p]sonality4  ,lanca/]'s     
summ>ies %[ t ( #ajj actors1 ! av]age   
age ( _! fir/ great success 0 exactly   

#ah ye>s4 ,^? he *ose _h tak5 to ! /age 
( _! own accord1 = actors are m born ?an
 made4 ,ne>ly half ( !m 7 ,iri%1 !      
unemotional ,am]ican /ock hav+ furni%$  
f> less4 ,few make _! fir/ success on ! 
/age aft] #bb1 b f #af to #bj is ! "t to
 expect tal5t 9 ?is l9e1 al?\gh !re is a
 second rise 9 8 curve be=e & /ill m    
aft] #be1 repres5t+ ^? ^: success is m  
due to intellect4 ,tak+ ! av]age age (  
#ajj noveli/s :5 _! fir/ /ory met )     
public approval1 ! curve rea*es its     
highe/ po9t betwe5 #cj & #ce4 ,av]ag+   
#ec poets1 ! age at :i* mo/ fir/ poems 7
 publi%$ falls betwe5 #ae & #bj4 ,!     
av]age age at :i* fir/ publication %[$  
tal5t he places at #ah1 :i* is 9 /rik+  
contra/ ) ! av]age age ( inv5tors at "t 
( ! fir/ pat5t1 :i* is #cc ye>s4  ,a    
/ill m /rik+ contra/ is t betwe5 #ajj   
musicians & #ajj pr(essional m54 ,music 
is by f> ! mo/ precoci\s & in/9ctive (  
all tal5ts4 ,! av]age age :5 m>k$ tal5t 
0 fir/ %[n is a little less ?an #aj     
ye>s1 #ie p] c5t %[$ r>e tal5t be=e #af1

 :ile ! pr(essional m5 graduat$ at an   
av]age age ( #bd ye>s & #aa mon?s1 & #aj
 ye>s mu/ be add$ to m>k ! po9t (       
recogniz$ success4 ,( #ec arti/s1 #ij p]
 c5t %[$ tal5t be=e #bj1 ! av]age age   
be+ #ag4b ye>s4 ,( #ajj pione]s :o made 
_! m>k 9 ! ,f> ,we/1 leav+ home to seek 
=tunes ne> ! fronti]1 ! greate/ numb]   
dep>t$ be=e !y 7 #ah4 ,( #aah sci5ti/s1 
,lanca/] e/imates t _! life int]e/ fir/ 
began to gl[ on ! av]age a little be=e  
!y 7 #ai4 ,9 g5]al1 ^? ^: success is    
bas$ on emotional traits ant$ate by "s  
ye>s ^? ^: r5[n is m purely 9           
intellectual sph]es1 & tak+ all toge!r1 
! curves ( ! fir/ class culm9ate betwe5 
#ah & #bj4  ,:ile m5 devot$ to physical 
sci5ce1 & _! biograph]s1 give u p]haps !
 lea/ breezy acc\nts ( ?is see?+ age1 x 
may be1 because !y mature late1 ne>ly   
all %[ its f]m5ts & its circumnutations1
 z a few almo/ r&om illu/rations cle>ly 
%[3   ,ty*o ,brahe1 born 9 #aeif (      
illu/ri\s ,dani% /ock1 0 adopt$ by an   
uncle1 & ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag5 

at ?irte51 :]e multiplication1 division1
 philosophy1 & metaphysics 7 taught4 ,:5
 he 0 f\rte51 an eclipse ( ! sun        
occurr$1 :i* ar\s$ s mu* int]e/ t he    
decid$ to devote himself to ! /udy ( !  
heav5ly bodies4 ,he 0 able to con/ruct a
 s]ies ( int]e/+ in/rum5ts on a         
progressive scale ( size1 & f9ally to   
erect ! great ,obs]vatory ( ,uranib]g on
 ! ,isl& ( ,hv54 ,/range to say1 8      
sci5tific conclusions _h = him pr(\nd   
a/rological significance4 ,an important 
new /> he decl>$ 0 at fir/ l ,v5us &    
,jupit] & its effects w !re=e fir/ be   
pleasant2 b z x !n became l ,m>s1 !re w 
next come a p]iod ( w>s1 s$itions1      
captivity1 & dea? ( pr9ces1 & de/ruction
 ( cities1 toge!r ) dryness & fi]y      
meteors 9 ! air1 pe/il5ce1 & v5om\s     
snakes4 ,la/ly1 ! /> became l ,saturn1 &
 ?us w f9ally come a "t ( want1 dea?1   
imprisonm5t1 & all k9ds ( sad ?+s6 ,he  
says t a special use ( a/ronomy is t x  
enables u to draw conclusions f !       
movem5ts 9 ! cele/ial regions z to human

 fate4 ,he labor$ on 8 isl& tw5ty ye>s4 
,he 0 always v]sify+1 & inscrib$ a poem 
ov] ! entrance ( 8 und]gr\nd obs]vatory 
express+ ! a/oni%m5t ( ,urania at f9d+ 9
 ! int]ior ( ! e>? a cav]n devot$ to !  
/udy ( ! heav5s4  ,galileo#ag 0 born 9  
#aefd ( a ,flor5t9e noble1 :o 0 poor4 ,z
 a y\? he became an excell5t luti/1 !n  
?\ght ( devot+ himself to pa9t+1 b :5 he
 0 sev5te5 /udi$ m$ic9e1 & at !         
,univ]sity ( ,pisa fell 9 love )        
ma!matics4  ,isaac ,newton1#ah born 9   
#afdb1 v frail & sickly1 solit>y1 _h a v
 l[ piece 9 ! class li/s ( 8 s*ool2     
wrote poetry1 & at sixte5 tri$ f>m+4 ,9 
"o ( 8 univ]sity exam9ations 9 ,euclid  
be did s poorly z to incur special      
c5sure4 ,8 fir/ inc5tive to dilig5t /udy
 came f be+ sev]ely kick$ by a high     
class boy4 ,he !n resolv$ to pass him 9 
/udies1 & soon rose to ! head ( ! s*ool4
 ,he made _m +5i\s toys & w9dmills2 a   
c>riage1 ! :eels ( :i* 7 driv5 by ! h&s 
( ! occupants1 & a clock :i* mov$ by    
wat]2 curta9s1 kites1 lant]ns1 etc42 &  

be=e he 0 f\rte5 fell 9 love ) ,miss    
,/orey1 sev]al yeas old] ?an himself4   
,he ent]$ ,tr9ity ,college at ,cambridge
 at eighte54  ,william ,h]s*el1 born 9  
#agch1 at ! outbreak ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s'   
,w>1 :5 he 0 eighte51 0 a p]=m] 9 !     
regim5tal b&1 & aft] a battle pass$ a   
night 9 a dit* & escap$ 9 disguise1 to  
,engl&1 :]e he ek$ out a prec>i\s       
livelihood by tea*+ music4 ,he support$ 
himself until middle age z an organi/4  
,9 mu* ( 8 lat] "w he 0 greatly aid$ by 
8 si/] ,c>ol9e4 ,:5 he discov]$ a six?  
planet he became fam\s1 & devot$ himself
 exclusively to a/ronomy1 tra9+ 8 only  
son to foll[ 9 8 foot/eps1 & dy+ 9      
#ahbb4  ,agassiz#ai at twelve _h        
develop$ a mania = collect+4 ,he        
memoriz$ ,lat9 names1 ( :i* he          
accumulat$ great volumes ( ,,mss41 &    
mode/ly express$ ! hope t 9 "t he might 
be able to give ! "n ( e kn[n animal4   
,at f\rte5 he revolt$ at m]cantile life1
 = :i* he 0 design$1 & issu$ a manife/o 
plann+ to sp5d f\r ye>s at a ,c]mem     

univ]sity1 !n 9 ,p>is1 :5 he c\ld beg9  
to write4 ,rooks 7 sc>ce1 & a little    
lat] he copi$1 ) ! aid ( 8 bro!r1 sev]al
 l>ge volumes1 & _h fifty live birds 9 8
 room at "o "t4  ,at twelve ,huxley#bj  
became an omnivor\s read]1 & two or ?ree
 ye>s lat] dev\r$ ,hamilton's ,logic &  
became deeply int]e/$ 9 metaphysics4 ,at
 f\rte5 he saw & p>ticipat$ 9 8 fir/    
po/-mortem exam9ation1 0 left 9 a /range
 /ate ( apa?y by x1 & dates 8 life-long 
dyspepsia to ?is exp]i5ce4 ,8 tra9+ 0   
irregul>2 he taught himself ,g]man ) a  
book 9 "o h& :ile he made hay ) ! o!r2  
speculat$ ab\t ! basis ( matt]1 s\l1 &  
_! relations1 on radicalism &           
cons]vatism2 & reproa*$ himself t he did
 n "w & get on en\gh4 ,at sev5te5 he    
attempt$ a compreh5sive classification (
 human k1 & hav+ f9i%$ 8 survey1 resolv$
 to ma/] ! topics "o aft] ano!r1 /rik+  
!m out f 8 table ) ink z soon u !y 7    
done4 ,may ! li/ soon get black1 al?\gh 
at pres5t ,i %all h>dly be able1 ,i am  
afraid1 to spot ! pap]4 ,b5ea? ! top    

skimm+s ( ^! ye>s he aft]w>d conceiv$   
see?+ dep?s work+ b5ea? ! fro?1 b c\ld  
give h>dly any acc\nt ( x4 ,he und]took 
! practise ( ph>macy1 etc4   ,wom5 )    
lit]>y gifts p]haps surpass m5 9 _! p[] 
to reproduce & describe ! great b s (t5 
evanesc5t ebullitions ( ?is age2 p]haps 
because _! lat] lives1 on acc\nt ( _! m 
g5]ic nature1 dep>t less f ?is totaliz+ 
p]iod1 or because1 al?\gh x is          
psy*ologically %ort] ?an 9 m51 !        
necessities ( e>n+ a livelihood less    
frequ5tly arre/ its full developm5t1 &  
aga9 because !y are m emotional1 & feel+
 con/itutes ! *ief psy*ic +r$i5t ( ?is  
/age ( life1 or !y dwell m on subjective
 /ates4  ,manon ,philipon 7,madame      
,rol&7 0 born 9 #aged4 ,h] fa!r 0 an    
engrav] 9 com=table circum/ances4 ,h]   
e>lie/ en?usiasm 0 = ! ,bible & ,lives (
 ! ,sa9ts1 & %e _h almo/ a mania = read+
 books ( any k9d4 ,9 ! corn] ( h] fa!r's
 work%op %e w\ld read ,plut>* = h\rs1   
dream ( ! pa/ glories ( antiquity1 &    
exclaim1 weep+1 ,:y 0 ,i n born a       

,greek8 ,%e desir$ to emulate ! brave m5
 ( old4   ,books & fl[]s ar\s$ h] to    
dreams ( en?usiasm1 romantic s5tim5t1 & 
l(ty aspiration4 ,f9d+ t ! ,fr5* society
 af=d$ no opportunity = h]oic liv+1 9 h]
 vision>y f]vor %e fell back ^u a life (
 religi\s my/icism1 & ,xavi]1 ,loyola1  
,/4 ,elizabe?1 & ,/4 ,!resa became h]   
new idols4 ,%e long$ to foll[ ev5 to !  
/ake ^? dev\t m5 & wom5 :o _h borne     
obloquy1 pov]ty1 hung]1 ?ir/1           
wret*$ness1 & ! agony ( a m>tyr's dea? =
 ! sake ( ,jesus4 ,h] capacities =      
self-sacrifice became p]haps h] lead+   
trait1 always long+ aft] a gr& life l   
,george ,eliot's ,doro!a ,brooke4 ,%e 0 
all[$ at ! age ( elev5 to ent] a conv5t1
 :]e1 %unn+ h] companions1 %e c\rt$     
solitude ap>t1 "u ! trees1 read+ & ?9k+4
 ,artificial z ! atmosph]e 0 "h1 x no   
d\bt inspir$ h] life ) p]man5t t5d]ness 
( feel+ & l(t9ess ( purpose1 & gave a   
my/ic quality to h] imag9ation4 ,lat] %e
 exp]i5c$ to ! full revulsion ( ?\ght & 
exp]i5ce :i* comes :5 d\bt reacts ^u    

y\?ful cr$ulity4 ,x 0 ! age ( !         
encyclop$ia1 & n[ %e came to d\bt h]    
cre$ & ev5 ,god & ! s\l1 b clung to !   
,gospels z ! be/ possible code ( morals1
 & lat] realiz$ t :ile h] intellect _h  
w&]$ h] he>t _h rema9$ con/ant4 ,at     
sev5te5 %e 01 if n ! moat beautiful1    
p]haps ! noble/ woman 9 all ,france1 &  
"h ! curta9 moat drop ^u h] girlhood4   
,all h] traits 71 ( c\rse1 set (f by !  
great life %e liv$ & ! yet great] dea?  
%e di$4   ,gift$ p seem to cons]ve _!   
y\? & to be all ! m *ildr51 & p]haps    
especially all ! m int5sely adolesc5ts1 
because ( _! gifts1 & x is c]ta9ly "o ( 
! m>ks ( g5ius t ! pla/icity &          
spontaneity ( adolesc5ce p]si/s into    
maturity4 ,sometimes ev5 its passions1  
rev]ies1 & hoyd5i% freaks cont9ue4 ,9 h]
 ,hi/oire de ,ma ,vie1 x is pla9 t      
,george ,s& inh]it$ at ?is age an       
unusual d[] ( gifts4 ,%e compos$ _m &   
int]m9able /ories1 c>ri$ on day aft]    
day1 s t h] confidants tri$ to tease h] 
by ask+ if ! pr9ce _h got out ( ! =e/   

yet1 etc4 ,%e p]sonat$ an e*o & conv]s$ 
) x4 ,h] day-dreams & plays 7 s int5se t
 %e (t5 came back f ! _w ( imag9ation to
 reality ) a %ock4 ,%e spun a weird     
zoological romance out ( a ru/ic leg5d (
 la gr&e bte4  ,:5 h] aunt s5t h] to a  
conv5t1 %e pass$ a ye> ( rebellion &    
revolt1 & 0 ! lead] ( les diables1 or ^?
 :o refus$ to be dev\t1 & engag$ 9 all  
wild pranks4 ,at fifte5 %e became       
pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 ! lives ( ! sa9ts1   
al?\gh ridicul+ miracles4 ,%e ent]$ "o  
ev5+ ! conv5t *ur* = s]vice1 )\t        
p]mission1 :i* 0 an act ( disob$i5ce4 ,!
 my/]y & holy *>m ( x p5etrat$ h]2 %e   
=got ev]y?+ outw>d & 0 left alone1 & "s 
my/]i\s *ange /ole ov] h]4 ,%e brea!d an
 atmosph]e ( ineffable sweetness m ) !  
m9d ?an ! s5ses2 _h a sudd5             
indescribable p]turbation2 h] eyes swam2
 %e 0 envelop$ 9 a :ite glimm]1 & he>d a
 voice murmur ! words writt5 "u a conv5t
 picture ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,tolle1 lege1 &
 turn$ ar\nd ?9k+ ,"m ,alicia spoke1 b  
%e 0 alone4 ,%e knew x 0 an             

halluc9ation1 b saw t fai? _h laid hold 
( h]1 z %e wi%$1 by ! he>t1 & %e sobb$ &
 pray$ to ! unkn[n ,god till a nun he>d 
h] groan+4 ,at fir/ h] ardor impell$ h] 
n only to brave ! je]s ( h] madcap club 
( h>um-sc>ums & tomboys1 b %e plann$ to 
become a nun1 until ?is fev]i% long+ = a
 recluse life pass$1 b left h] *ang$4#ba
  ,:5 %e pass$ f ! simple & ,ca?olic    
fai? ( h] grisette "m to ! atmosph]e (  
h] cynical gr&mo!r at ,nohant1 :o 0 a   
disciple ( ,voltaire1 %e f\nd h]self 9  
great /raits betwe5 ! pr(\nd s5tim5ts   
inspir$ by ! fir/ communion & !         
concurr5t contempt = ?is fai?1 in/ill$  
by h] gr&mo!r = all ^? mumm]ies ?r\gh   
:i*1 h[ev]1 = conv5tional reasons %e 0  
oblig$ to pass4 ,h] he>t 0 deeply /irr$1
 & yet h] head hold+ all religion to be 
fiction or metaphor1 x occurr$ to h] to 
inv5t a /ory :i* might be a religion or 
a religion :i* might be a /ory into any 
degree ( belief 9 :i* %e c\ld lapse at  
w4 ,! "n & ! =m ( h] new deity 0 reveal$
 to h] 9 a dream4 ,he 0 ,coramb1 pure z 

,jesus1 beautiful z ,gabriel1 z graceful
 z ! nymphs & ,orpheus1 less au/]e ?an !
 ,*ri/ian ,god1 & z mu* woman z man1    
because %e c\ld be/ und]/& ?is sex f h] 
love = h] "m4 ,he appe>$ 9 _m aspects ( 
physical & moral beauty2 0 eloqu5t1 ma/]
 ( all arts1 & above all ( ! magic (    
musical improvisation2 lov$ z a fri5d & 
si/]1 & at ! same "t rev]$ z a god2 n   
awful & remote f impeccability1 b ) !   
fault ( excess ( indulg5ce4 ,%e e/imat$ 
t %e compos$ ab\t a ?\s& sacr$ books or 
songs develop+ phases ( 8 mundane       
exi/5ce4 ,9 ea* ( ^! he became inc>nate 
man on t\*+ ! e>?1 always 9 a new gr\p (
 p :o 7 good1 yet suff]+ m>tyrdoms f !  
wick$ kn[n only by ! effects ( _!       
malice4 ,9 ?is g5tle halluc9ation %e    
c\ld lose h]self 9 ! mid/ ( fri5ds1 &   
turn to h] h]o deity = com=t4 ,!re mu/  
be n only sacr$ books1 b a temple &     
ritual1 & 9 a g>d5 ?icket1 :i* no eye   
c\ld p5etrate1 9 a moss-c>pet$ *amb] %e 
built an alt> aga9/ a tree-trunk1       
ornam5t$ ) a wrea? hung ov] x4 ,in/ead (

 sacrific+1 :i* seem$ b>b>ic1 %e proce$$
 to re/ore life & lib]ty to butt]flies1 
liz>ds1 gre5 frogs1 & birds1 :i* %e put 
9 a box1 laid on ! alt>1 & aft] hav+    
invok$ ! good g5ius ( lib]ty &          
protection1 op5$ x4 ,9 ^! mimic rites & 
delici\s rev]ies %e f\nd ! g]ms ( a     
religion t fitt$ h] he>t4 ,f ! in/ant1  
h[ev]1 t a boy playmate discov]$ & ent]$
 ?is sanctu>y1 ,coramb ceas$ to dwell 9 
x4 ,! dryads & ! *]ubim des]t$ x1 & x   
seem$ unreal4 ,! temple 0 de/roy$ )     
great c>e1 & ! g>l&s & %ells 7 buri$ "u 
! tree4#bb  ,l\isa ,alcott's romantic   
p]iod op5$ at fifte51 :5 %e began to    
write poetry1 keep a he>t j\rnal1 & w&] 
by moonlight1 & wi%$ to be ! ,bett9e (  
,em]son1 9 ^: libr>y %e =ag$2 wrote him 
lett]s :i* 7 nev] s5t2 sat 9 a tall tree
 at midnight2 left wild fl[]s on !      
door/ep ( h] ma/]2 sang ,mignon's song  
"u 8 w9d[2 & 0 ref9$ by h] *oice ( an   
idol4 ,h] di>y 0 all ab\t h]self4   ,if 
%e look$ 9 ! glass at h] long hair &    
well-%ap$ head1 %e tri$ to keep d[n h]  

vanity2 h] quick tongue1 mood9ess1      
pov]ty1 impossible long+s1 made e day a 
battle until %e h>dly wi%$ to live1 only
 some?+ mu/ be done1 & wait+ is s h>d4  
,%e imag9$ h] m9d a room 9 confusion :i*
 mu/ be put 9 ord]2 ! useless ?\ght     
swept out2 fooli% fancies du/$ away2    
newly furni%$ ) good resolutions4 ,b %e 
0 n a good h\sekeep]2 cobwebs got 91 & x
 0 h>d to rule4 ,%e 0 smitt5 ) a mania =
 ! /age1 & sp5t mo/ ( h] leisure 9 writ+
 & act+ plays ( melodramatic /yle ad    
high-/rung s5tim5t1 improbable incid5ts1
 ) no t\* ( common life or s5se ( humor1
 full ( concealm5ts & surprises1 bright 
dialogues1 & l(ty s5tim5ts4 ,%e _h mu*  
dramatic p[] & lov$ to trans=m h]self   
into ,hamlet & declaim 9 mock h]oic     
/yle4 ,f sixte5 to tw5ty-?ree 0 h]      
appr5tice%ip to life4 ,%e taught1 wrote 
= ! pap]s1 did h\sework = pay z a       
s]vant1 & f\nd sew+ a pleasant res\rce  
because x 0 tranquilliz+1 left h] free1 
& set h] ?\ghts go+4  ,mrs4 ,burnett1#bc
 l mo/ wom5 :o record _! *ildhood &     

adolesc5t memories1 is f> m subjective &
 int]e/+ ?an mo/ m54 ,9 e>ly adolesc5ce 
%e 0 nev] alone :5 ) fl[]s1 b lov$ to   
speak to !m1 to b5d d[n & say c>ess+    
?+s1 to /oop & kiss !m1 to praise !m =  
_! pretty ways ( look+ up at h] z into !
 eyes ( a fri5d & belov$4 ,!re 7 c]ta9  
little blue violets :i* always seem$ to 
lift _! small faces *ildi%ly1 z if !y 7 
say+1 ',kiss me2 don't g by l t4' ,%e   
w\ld sit on ! por*1 elb[s on knees & *9 
on h&s1 />+ upw>d1 sometimes ly+ on !   
grass4 ,heav5 0 s high & yet %e 0 a "p (
 x & 0 some?+ ev5 among ! />s4 ,x 0 a   
weird1 updrawn1 ov]:elm+ feel+ z %e />$ 
s fix$ly & int5tly t ! e>? seem$ gone1  
left f> beh9d4 ,e h\r & mom5t 0 a       
wond]ful & beautiful ?+4 ,%e felt on    
speak+ t]ms ) ! rabbits4 ,some?+ 0      
happ5+ 9 ! leaves :i* wav$ & ru/l$ z %e 
pass$4 ,j to walk1 sit1 lie ar\nd out ( 
doors1 to loit]1 gaze1 wat* ) a he>t    
fre% z a "y dryad1 foll[+ birds1 play+  
hide-&-seek ) ! brook-^! 7 h] halcyon   
h\rs4  ,) ! in/ability ( g5ius1 ,be?#bd 

did ev]y?+ sudd5ly4 ,:5 twelve or       
?irte51 %e _h gr[n too big to be c>ri$1 
pull$ or pu%$2 %e sudd5ly /ood /ill "o  
day1 :5 h] "m1 comm&$ h] to dress4 ,%e  
_h be5 rul$ be=e by physical =ce1 b h] w
 & t ( h] "m 7 n[ 9 collision1 & ! latt]
 realis$ %e c\ld make h] d no?+ unless  
by p]suasion or moral influ5ce4 ,be+    
con/antly reprov$1 scold$1 & ev5 beat5  
by h] "m1 ,be? "o day impulsively jump$ 
into ! sea1 & 0 rescu$ ) difficulty4 ,%e
 _h spells ( be+ mis]able ) no cause4   
,%e 0 well & happy1 b w\ld bur/ into    
te>s sudd5ly1 :i* seem$ (t5 to surprise 
h]4 ,be+ v s5sitive h]self1 %e 0        
morbidly c>eful ( ! feel+s ( o!rs &     
incessantly committ$ grave s9s (        
ins9c]ity )\t compunction 9 h] ef=t to  
sp>e !m4 ,to ^? :o confid$ 9 h]         
abilities1 prais$ h]1 & ?\ght %e c\ld d 
?+s1 h] nature exp&$1 b h] "m *eck$ h]  
m5tal gr[? ov] & ov]1 in/ead ( help+ h] 
by say+1 ,don't try1 y c't d x1 etc4  ,j
 be=e ! dawn ( adolesc5ce %e _h pass$   
?r\gh a long p]iod ( abject sup]/ition1 

l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a s]vant4 ,all
 ! old woman's signs 7 v dom9ant 9 h]   
life4 ,%e ev5 inv5t$ me?ods ( div9ation1
 z1 if ! bo>ds d n creak :5 ,i walk     
across ! room ,i %all get ?r\gh my      
lessons )\t tr\ble4 ,%e always pref]r$  
to see two rooks toge!r to "o & became  
exp]t 9 ! black arts4 ,%e us$ to he>    
/range noises at night = a "t1 :i* seem$
 signs & port5ts ( disa/] at sea1 fell  
into ! ways ( h] neighbors1 & _h m fai? 
9 incantations ?an 9 doctors' doses4 ,%e
 n only he>d voices & v +5i\sly describ$
 !m1 b claim$ to "k :at 0 go+ to happ5 &
 comp>$ h] =ebod+s ) ! maid4 ,%e got    
religion v int5sely "u ! influ5ce ( h]  
aunt1 grew ?91 lo/ h] appetite & sleep1 
_h he>ta*e to ?9k ( h] fri5ds burn+ 9   
hell1 & tri$ to save !m4  ,be? nev]     
?\ght at all ( h] p]sonal appe>ance     
until %e ov]he>d a g5tleman call h] r   
nice-look+1 :5 h] face flu%$ & %e _h a  
new feel+ ( surprise & pleasure1 & took 
v clev] ways ( cross-exam9+ h] fri5ds to
 f9d if %e 0 h&some4 ,all ( a sudd5 !   

c>e ( h] p]son became ( great           
importance1 & e h9t %e _h he>d ( 0 act$ 
on4 ,%e air$ h] b$1 bru%$ h] hair       
glossy1 p9*$ h] wai/ & feet1 wa%$ 9     
butt]milk1 us$ a p>asol1 tortur$ h]     
natural appetite 9 e way1 put on gloves 
to d dirty "w1 etc4  ,! h\se always irk$
 h]4 ,once /eal+ out ( ! s*ool by night1
 %e 0 free1 /ret*$ h]self1 drew a long  
brea?1 b\nd$ & wav$ h] arms 9 an ec/asy 
( lib]ty1 danc$ ar\nd ! magnolia1 buri$ 
h] face 9 ! big fl[]s "o aft] ano!r &   
ba!d x 9 ! dew ( ! petals1 visit$ e     
=bidd5 place1 0 p>ticul>ly attract$ to !
 wat]1 enjoy$ scrat*+ & mak+ h] feet    
ble$ & eat+ a lot ( gre5 fruit4 ,?is    
lib]ty 0 mo/ preci\s & all ?r\gh a hot  
summ] %e kept h]self heal?y by ex]cise 9
 ! moonlight4 ,?is reviv$ h] appetite1 &
 %e end$ ^! night excursions by a =age 9
 ! kit*54 ,be? _h times :5 %e hung]$ =  
solitude & = nature4 ,sometimes %e w\ld 
%ut h]self 9 h] room1 b m (t5 w\ld rove 
! fields & woods 9 ec/asy4 ,com+ home f 
s*ool1 :]e %e _h long be51 %e _h to     

greet ! trees & fields almo/ be=e %e did
 h] p>5ts4 ,%e _h a great habit ( /eal+ 
out (t5 by ! mo/ dang]\s r\tes ov] ro(s1
 etc41 at night 9 ! moonlight1 runn+ &  
jump+1 wav+ h] arms1 ?r[+ h]self on !   
gr\nd1 roll+ ov]1 wall+ on all-f\rs1    
turn+ som]saults1 hugg+ trees1 play+    
hide-&-seek ) ! %ad[ fairy-folk1 n[     
play+ & feel+ fe> & runn+ away4 ,%e     
invok$ trees1 />s1 etc4  ,be?'s fir/    
love affair 0 ) a bright1 fair-hair$1   
fat-fac$ boy1 :o sat ne> h] pew         
,sundays4 ,!y look$ at ea* o!r once dur+
 s]vice1 & %e felt a glad gl[ 9 h] *e/  
spread ov] h]1 dwelt on 8 image1 smil$1 
& ev5 ! next day felt a new desire to   
please4 ,%e wat*$ = him to pass f s*ool4
 ,:5 he appe>$1 _h a mo/ delightful     
?rill %oot ?r\gh h]4 ,! fir/ impulse to 
fly 0 conqu]$2 %e nev] ?\ght a boy      
beautiful be=e4 ,!y (t5 met aft] d>k1   
wrote2 f9ally %e grew tir$ ( him because
 %e c\ld n make him feel deeply1 s5t him
 (f1 call$ him an idiot1 & !n           
soliloquiz$ on ! mo/ dreadful grief ( h]

 life4 ,! latt] /ages ( _! acqua9tance  
%e occasionally us$ to beat him1 b 8    
attraction /eadily wan$4 ,once lat]1 z  
%e 0 suff]+ f a dull1 irresolute feel+  
due to want ( a companion & an object1  
%e met a boy ( sev5te51 ^: face1 l h]   
own1 bright5$ z !y approa*$4 ,x 0 ! fir/
 appe>ance ( nature's m&ate to mate4    
,?is fri5dly glance suffus$ h] :ole be+ 
) ! glory & vision ( love4 ,religion &  
"y m5 7 h] ne$4 ,!y _h /ol5 int]views by
 night & _m an innoc5t embrace & kiss1 &
 almo/ di$ once by be+ caught4 ,!y      
plann$ 9 detail :at !y w\ld d aft] !y 7 
m>ri$1 b all 0 tak5 = grant$ )\t =mal   
v[s4 ,only :5 criticiz$ did !y ev] dream
 ( caution & concealm5t1 & !n !y made   
elaborate p>ades ( ignor+ ea* o!r 9     
public & fir$ _! imag9ations ) ?\ghts ( 
disguises1 masks1 etc4 ,?is passion 0   
nipp$ 9 ! bud by ! boy's removal f 8    
s*ool4  ,9 prep>+ = h] fir/ communion1  
an anonym\s writ]#be became sob] &      
/udi\s1 propos+ to model h] life on t ( 
ea* fre% sa9t & to sp5d a week 9 retreat

 exam9+ h] consci5ce ) v5geance4 ,%e    
want$ to revive ! cu/om ( public        
confession & wrote lett]s ( p5it5ce &   
submission1 :i* %e tore up lat]1 f9d+ h]
 m9d n all ( a piece4 ,%e lay pro/rate  
on h] prie-dieu weep+ f ec/asy1 ly+ on !
 rim ( heav5 held by angels1 want+ to   
die1 n[ ba!d 9 bliss or a*+ intol]ably )
 spiritual joy1 b %e 0 only twelve & h] 
old nature (t5 reass]t$ itself4         
,religion at t "t became an int5se      
emotion n\ri%$ on inc5se1 music1 tap]s1 
& a feel+ ( be+ tangible4 ,x 0 raptur\s 
& s5su\s4 ,:ile "u its spell1 %e seem$  
to float & t\* ! w+s ( angels4 ,"h      
solemn ,gregorian *ants are sung1 s t :5
 "o comes back to e>? !re is a s5se (   
hung]1 deception1 & self-loa?+4 ,n[ %e  
came to und]/& h[ s _m s5tim5tal &      
virtu\s s\ls s\ght oblivion 9 ! n>cotic 
( religi\s excitem5t4 ,"h1 at ! age (   
twelve1 y\? began & *ildhood end$ ) h]  
book4   ,pa!tic is ! acc\nt ( ,hel5     
,kell]'s ef=t to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! ^w  
love 9 its season4#bf   ,is x !         

sweetness ( fl[]s8 %e ask$4 ,no1 said h]
 tea*]4 ,is x ! w>m sun8 ,n exactly4 ,x 
c n be t\*$1 'b y feel ! sweetness t x  
p\rs into ev]y?+4 ,)\t love1 y w\ld n be
 happy or want to play4' ,! beautiful   
tru? bur/ ^u my m9d4 ,i felt t !re 7    
invisible l9es /ret*$ betwe5 my _s & !  
_s ( o!rs4 ,?is p]iod seems to h came   
gradually & naturally to ?is wond]ful   
*ild1 ^: life has be5 p]haps ! pure/ ev]
 liv$ & "o ( ! sweete/4 ,none has ev]   
lov$ e aspect ( nature accessible to h] 
m passionately1 or felt m ke5ly ! *>m ( 
nature or ( beautiful s5tim5ts4 ,!      
unhappy ,fro/ ,k+ episode has be5 almo/ 
! only cl\d ^u h] life1 :i* un=tunately 
came at ab\t ! dawn ( ?is p]iod1 t is   
p]haps bett] m>k$ by ! great expansion (
 m9d :i* %e exp]i5c$ at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 
,*icago 9 #ahic1 :5 %e 0 ?irte54 ,ab\t  
?is "t1 too1 h] great ambition ( go+ to 
college & enjoy+ all ! advantages t o!r 
girls did1 :i*1 consid]+ h] h&icap1 0 "o
 ( ! greate/ human resolutions1 0       
/r5g!n$ & deep5$4 ,! fre%1 spontane\s1 &

 exquisite reactions ( ?is pellucid m9d1
 :i* felt t ea* individual c\ld         
compreh5d all ! exp]i5ces & emotions ( !
 race & t *af$ at e p$agogical &        
te*nical ob/acle betwe5 h] s\l & nature1
 & ! great monum5ts ( lit]ature1 %[ t %e
 has cons]v$ to a rem>kable degree1 :i* 
! _w w wi% may be p]man5t1 ! be/        
impulses ( ?is gold5 age4   ,m>ie       
,ba%kirtseff1#bg :o may be tak5 z "o ( !
 be/ types ( exagg]at$ adolesc5t        
confessionali/s1 0 ri* & ( noble bir?1 &
 began 9 #ahgc1 at ! age ( twelve1 to   
write a j\rnal t %\ld be absolutely true
 & frank1 ) no pret5se1 affectation1 or 
concealm5t4 ,! j\rnal cont9ues until h] 
dea?1 ,octob]1 #ahhd1 at ! age (        
tw5ty-?ree4 ,x may be describ$ z 9 "s   
s5se a fem99e c\nt]p>t ( ,r\sseau's     
confessions1 b is 9 "s respects a m     
preci\s psy*ological docum5t ?an any o!r
 = ! elucidation ( ! adolesc5t f]m5t 9  
an unusually vigor\s & gift$ s\l4 ,twice
 ,i h read x f cov] to cov] & ) gr[+    
int]e/4   ,at twelve %e is passionately 

9 love ) a duke1 :om %e sometimes saw   
pass1 b :o _h no k ( h] exi/5ce1 &      
builds _m air ca/les ab\t 8 ?r[+ himself
 at h] feet & ( _! life toge!r4 ,%e     
prays passionately to see him aga91 w\ld
 dazzle him on ! /age1 w\ld lead a      
p]fect life1 develop h] voice1 & w\ld be
 an ideal wife4 ,%e agonizes be=e !     
glass on :e!r or n %e is pretty1 &      
resolves to ask "s "y man1 b pref]s to  
?9k well ( h]self ev5 if x is an        
illusion2 con/antly modulates ov] into  
passionate pray] to ,god to grant all h]
 wi%es2 is oppress$ ) despair2 gay &    
melan*oly by turn2 believes 9 ,god      
because %e pray$ ,him = a set ( croquet 
& to help h] to le>n ,engli%1 bo? ( :i* 
,he grant$4 ,at *ur* "s pray]s & s]vices
 seem directly aim$ at h]2 ,p>is n[     
seems a frightful des]t1 & %e has no    
motive to avoid c>elessness 9 h]        
appe>ance4 ,%e has freaky & v *angeable 
ideas ( arrang+ ! ?+s 9 h] room4 ,:5 %e 
he>s ( ! duke's m>riage %e almo/ ?r[s   
h]self ov] a bridge1 prays ,god = p>don 

( h] s9s1 & ?9ks all is end$2 f9ds x    
horrible to dissemble h] feel+s 9       
public2 goes ?r\gh ! torture ( alt]+ h] 
pray] ab\t ! duke4 ,%e is disgu/$ )     
common p1 h>r[$ by jeal\sy1 envy1 deceit
 & e hide\s feel+1 yet feels h]self     
froz5 9 ! dep?1 & mov+ only on !        
surface4 ,:5 h] voice improves %e       
welcomes x ) te>s & feels an all-p[]ful 
que54 ,! man %e loves %\ld nev] speak to
 ano!r4 ,h] j\rnal %e resolves to make !
 mo/ in/ructive book t ev] 0 or ev] w be
 writt54 ,%e e/eems h]self s great a    
treasure t no "o is wor?y ( h]2 pities  
^? :o ?9k !y c please h]2 ?9ks h]self a 
real div9ity2 prays to ! moon to %[ h] 9
 dreams h] future husb&1 & qu>rels ) h] 
photographs4  ,9 "s moods %e feels      
h]self beautiful1 kn[s %e %all succe$1  
ev]y?+ smiles ^u h] & %e is absolutely  
happy & yet 9 ! next p>agraph ! fev] (  
life at high pressure palls ^u h] & ?+s 
seem asleep & unreal4 ,h] attempts to   
express h] feel+s drive h] to desp]ation
 because words are inadequate4 ,%e loves

 to weep1 gives up to despair to ?9k (  
dea?1 & f9ds ev]y?+ transc5d5tly        
exquisite4 ,%e comes to despise m5 &    
wond] :e!r ! good are always /upid & !  
intellig5t always false & saturat$ )    
bas5ess1 b on ! :ole believes t "s "t or
 o!r %e is de/9$ to meet "o true good & 
great man4 ,n[ %e is inflat$ ) pride (  
h] ance/ry1 h] gifts1 & w\ld subord9ate 
ev]ybody & ev]y?+2 %e w\ld nev] speak a 
commonplace ^w1 & !n aga9 feels t h]    
life has be5 a failure & %e is de/9$ to 
be always wait+4 ,%e falls on h] knees  
sobb+1 pray+ to ,god ) out/ret*$ h&s z  
if ,he 7 9 h] room2 almo/ v[s to make a 
pilgrimage to ,j]usalem "o-t5? ( ! way  
on foot2 to devote h] money to good     
works2 lacks ! pleasures prop] to h]    
age2 wond]s if %e c ev] love aga94 ,on  
?r[+ a b\quet f a w9d[ into a cr[d 9 !  
,corso a "y man *ok$ s beautifully a    
workman :o caught x t by t "o act (     
/rangl+ & snat*+ ! b\quet %e fell 9     
love4 ,! "y man calls & !y see ea* o!r  
(t54 ,n[ %e is clad f head to foot 9 an 

armor ( cold polit5ess1 n[ vanity & n[  
passion seem upp]mo/ 9 _! meet+s4 ,%e   
wond]s if a c]ta9 am\nt ( s91 l air1 is 
necess>y to a man to su/a9 life4 ,f9ally
 !y v[ mutual love & ,pietro leaves1 &  
%e beg9s to fe> t %e has *]i%$ illusions
 or be5 insult$2 is torm5ts at ?+s      
unsaid or ( h] spell+ 9 ,fr5*4 ,%e c\ghs
 & = ?ree days has a new idea t %e is   
go+ to die2 prays & pro/rates h]self    
sixty times1 "o = ea* bead 9 h] ros>y1  
t\*+ ! floor ) h] =ehead e "t2 wond]s if
 ,god takes int5tions into acc\nt2      
resolves to read ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b c n 
f9d "o & reads ,dumas in/ead4 ,9        
novel-read+ %e imag9es h]self ! h]o9e ( 
e sc5e2 sees h] lov] & !y plan _! mode (
 life toge!r & at la/ kiss ea* o!r1 b   
lat] %e feels humiliat$1 *ill$1 d\bts if
 x is real love2 /udies ! color ( h]    
lips to see if !y h *ang$2 fe>s t %e has
 compromis$ h]self2 has eye symptoms t  
make h] fe> bl9dness4 ,once on read+ !  
,te/am5t %e smil$ & clasp$ h] h&s1 gaz$ 
upw>d1 0 no long] h]self b 9 ec/asy2 %e 

makes _m programs = life2 is haunt$ by !
 phrase ,we live b once2 wants to live a
 doz5 lives 9 "o1 b feels t %e does n   
live "o-f\r? ( a life2 has sev]al spells
 ( solit>y illum9ation4 ,at o!r times %e
 wi%es to be ! c5t] ( a salon & imag9es 
h]self to be s4 ,%e so>s on poets' w+s1 
b (t5 has hell 9 h] he>t2 sl[ly love is 
v[$ h5ce=? to be a ^w )\t mean+ to h]4  
,al?\gh %e suff]s f ennui1 %e realizes t
 wom5 live only f sixte5 to =ty & _c be>
 ! ?\ght ( los+ a mom5t ( h] life2      
criticizes h] "m2 scorns m>riage &      
*ild-be>+1 :i* any wa%]woman c atta91 b 
pants = glory2 n[ hates1 n[ longs to see
 new faces2 ?9ks ( disguis+ h]self z a  
poor girl & go+ out to seek h] =tunes2  
?9ks h] mad vanity is h] devil2 t h]    
ambitions are ju/ifi$ by no results2    
hates mod]ation 9 any?+1 w\ld h int5se &
 con/ant excitem5t or absolute repose2  
at fifte5 ab&ons h] idea ( ! duke b     
wants an idol1 & f9ally decides to live 
= fame2 /udies h] %\ld]s1 hips1 bu/1 to 
gauge h] success 9 life2 tries          

t>get-%oot+1 hits e "t & feels x to be  
fateful2 at times despises h] "m because
 %e is s easily influ5c$ by h]2 meets   
ano!r man ^: affection = h] %e ?9ks     
might be z rev]5t z religion & :o nev]  
pr(an$ ! purity ( 8 life by a ?\ght1 b  
f9ally drops him because ! possible     
disappo9tm5t w\ld be unbe>able2 f9ds t !
 m unhappy any "o is = love ( u ! happi]
 we are2 wond]s :y %e has weep+ spells2 
wond]s :at love t p talk s mu* ab\t     
really is1 & :e!r %e is ev] to "k4 ,"o  
night1 at ! age ( sev5te51 %e has a fit 
( despair :i* v5ts itself 9 moans until 
aris+1 %e seizes ! d9+-room clock1 ru%es
 out & ?r[s x into ! sea1 :5 %e becomes 
happy4 ,poor clock6  ,at ano!r "t %e    
fe>s %e has us$ ! ^w love lightly &     
resolves to no long] invoke ,god's help1
 yet 9 ! next l9e prays ,him to let h]  
die z ev]y?+ is aga9/ h]1 h] ?\ghts are 
incoh]5t1 %e hates h]self & ev]y?+ is   
contemptible2 b %e wi%es to die         
peacefully :ile "s "o is s++ a beautiful
 air ( ,v]di4 ,aga9 %e ?9ks ( %av+ h]   

head to save ! tr\ble ( arrang+ h] hair2
 is craz$ to ?9k t e mom5t br+s h] ne>] 
dea?2 to wa/e a mom5t ( life is infam\s1
 yet %e c tru/ no "o2 all ! fre%ness (  
life is gone2 few ?+s affect h] n[2 %e  
wond]s h[ 9 ! pa/ %e c\ld h act$ s      
fooli%ly & reason$ s wisely2 is pr\d t  
no advice 9 ! _w c\ld ev] keep h] f do+ 
any?+ %e wi%$4 ,%e ?9ks ! j\rnal ( h]   
=m] ye>s exagg]at$ & resolves to be     
mod]ate2 wants to make o!rs feel z %e   
feels2 f9ds t ! only cure = dis5*antm5t 
) life is devotion to "w2 fe>s h] face  
is we>+ an anxi\s look in/ead ( !       
confid5t expression :i* 0 its *ief *>m4 
,impossible is a hide\s1 madd5+ ^w2 to  
?9k ( dy+ l a dog z mo/ p d & leav+ no?+
 beh9d is a granite wall aga9/ :i* %e e 
in/ant da%es h] head4 ,if %e lov$ a man1
 e expression ( admiration = any?+1 or  
anybody else 9 h] pres5ce w\ld be a     
pr(anation4 ,n[ %e ?9ks ! man %e loves  
mu/ nev] "k :at x is to be 9 want (     
money & mu/ pur*ase ev]y?+ he wi%es2 mu/
 weep to see a woman want = any?+1 & f9d

 ! door ( no palace or club b>r$ to him4
 ,art becomes a great %9+ light 9 h]    
life ( few pleasures & _m griefs1 yet %e
 d>es hope = no?+4  ,at eighte5 all h]  
caprices are exhau/$2 %e v[s & prays 9 !
 "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/ = h] 
wi%es4 ,%e w\ld l to be a millionaire1  
get back h] voice1 obta9 ! prix de ,rome
 "u ! guise ( a man & m>ry ,napoleon    
,,iv4 ,on w9n+ a m$al = h] pictures %e  
does no?+ b laugh1 cry1 & dream (       
greatness1 b ! next day is scold$ & gr[s
 disc\rag$4 ,%e has an imm5se s5se (    
gr[? & trans=mation1 s t n a trace ( h] 
old nature rema9s2 feels t %e has f> too
 mu* ( "s ?+s1 & f> too little ( o!rs 9 
h] nature2 sees defects 9 h] "m's "*1 ^:
 p]t9acity is l a disease2 realizes t "o
 ( h] *ief passions is to inspire r ?an 
to feel love2 t h] temp] is pr(\ndly    
affect$ by h] dress2 deplores t h]      
family expect h] to a*ieve greatness r  
?an give h] ! /imulus ( expect+ no?+2   
decl>es t %e ?anks a million ?\ghts = e 
^w t %e writes2 is disgu/$ ) & sometimes

 absolutely hates h]self4 ,at "o "t %e  
coquets ) ,kant1 & wond]s if he is "r t 
all ?+s exi/ only 9 ! imag9ation2 has a 
passion = su* abracadabrante follies t  
seem s le>n$ & logical1 b is griev$ to  
feel !m to be false2 longs to p5etrate !
 intellectual _w1 to see1 le>n1 & "k    
ev]y?+2 admires ,balzac because he      
describes s frankly all t he has felt2  
loves ,fleury1 :o has %[n h] a wid]     
horizon2 /ill has spells ( admir+ h]    
dazzl+ complexion & deplor+ t %e c n g  
out alone2 feels t %e is los+ h] grip on
 art & also on ,god1 :o no long] he>s h]
 pray]s1 & resolves to kill h]self if %e
 is n fam\s at ?irty4  ,at n9ete51 & ev5
 be=e1 %e has spells ( feel+ ineffici5t 
cries1 calls on ,god1 feels exhau/$2 is 
almo/ /unn$ :5 %e he>s t ! "y ,fr5*     
pr9ce ab\t :om %e has spun romances 0   
kill$ by ! ,kaffirs2 feels h]self gr[+  
s]i\s & s5sible2 despises dea?2 realizes
 t ,god is n :at %e ?\ght1 b is p]haps  
,nature & ,life or is p]haps ,*ance2 %e 
?9ks out possible pictures %e might     

pa9t2 develops a ,platonic fri5d%ip = h]
 pr(essor2 might m>ry an old man )      
tw5ty-sev5 millions1 b spurns ! ?\ght2  
f9ds h]self gr[+ deaf gradually1 & at   
n9ete5 f9ds ?ree grey hairs2 has awful  
remorse = days1 :5 %e _c "w & s loses   
h]self 9 novels & cig>ettes2 makes _m   
good resolutions & !n commits "s folly z
 if 9 a dream2 has spells ( review+ !   
pa/4 ,:5 ! doctor f9ds a s]i\s lung     
tr\ble & comm&s iod9e1 cod-liv] oil1 hot
 milk1 & flannel1 %e at fir/ scorns dea?
 & refuses all1 & is delight$ at ! t]ror
 ( h] fri5ds1 b gradually does all t is 
necess>y2 feels h]self too precoci\s &  
doom$2 deplores especially t consumption
 w co/ h] h] good looks2 has fits (     
int5se ang] alt]nat+ ) te>s2 concludes t
 dea? is annihilation2 realizes !       
horrible ?\ght t %e has a skeleton )9 h]
 t "s "t or o!r w come out2 reads ! ,new
 ,te/am5t aga9 & returns to belief 9    
miracle1 & pray] to ,jesus & ! ,virg92  
di/ributes "o ?\s& francs to ! poor2    
records ! dreamy delusions t fl[ ?r\gh  

h] bra9 at night & ! /range s5sations by
 day4 ,h] eye symptoms cause h] to fe>  
bl9dness aga92 %e gr[s sup]/iti\s1      
believ+ 9 signs & =tune-tell]s2 is      
/rongly impell$ to embrace & make up )  
h] "m2 at times defies ,god & dea?2 sees
 a ,spani% bull-fight & gets f x a g5]al
 impression ( human c[>dice1 b has a    
/range intoxication ) blood & w\ld l to 
?ru/ a lance into ! neck ( e "o %e      
meets2 coquets a great deal ) ! ?\ght ( 
m>riage2 takes up h] art & pa9ts a few v
 successful pictures2 tries to grapple )
 ! t]rible "q1 ,:at is my unbias$ op9ion
 conc]n+ myself8 pants *iefly = fame4   
,:5 ! o!r lung is f\nd diseas$ ! di>y   
becomes sometimes m s]i\s1 sometimes m  
fev]$2 %e is almo/ rack$ to f9d "s end 9
 life2 %all %e m>ry1 or pa9t8 & at la/  
f9ds mu* consolation 9 ! visits (       
,ba/i5-,lepage1 :o comes to see h] (t5  
:ile he is dy+ ( "s ga/ric tr\ble4 ,%e  
keeps up occasional & (t5 daily entries 
9 h] j\rnal until elev5 days be=e h]    
dea?1 occurr+ 9 ,octob]1 #ahhd1 at ! age

 ( tw5ty-?ree1 & precipitat$ by a cold  
incurr$ :ile mak+ an op5-air sket*4   ,!
 confessional outp\r+s ( ,m>y           
,mac,lane#bh con/itute a unique &       
valuable adolesc5t docum5t1 despite !   
fact t x seems ?r\gh\t affect$ & writt5 
= effect2 h[ev]1 x well illu/rates a    
real type1 al?\gh p]haps h>dly possible 
save 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 0 inspir$ v likely 
by ! prec$+4   ,%e ann\nces at ! outset 
t %e is odd1 a g5ius1 an extreme egoti/2
 has no consci5ce2 despises h] fa!r1    
,jim ,mac,lane ( selfi% memory2 loves   
scrubb+ ! floor because x gives h] /r5g?
 & grace ( body1 al?\gh h] daily life is
 an empty damn$ we>9ess4 ,%e is a female
 ,napoleon passionately desir+ fame2 is 
bo? a philosoph] & a c[>d2 h] he>t is   
wood52 al?\gh b n9ete51 %e feels =ty2   
desires happ9ess ev5 m ?an fame1 = an   
h\r ( :i* %e w\ld give up at once fame1 
money1 p[]1 virtue1 honor1 tru?1 & g5ius
 to ! devil1 ^: com+ %e awaits4 ,%e     
discusses h] portrait1 :i* con/itutes ! 
frontispiece2 is glad ( h] good /rong   

body1 & /ill awaits 9 a wild1 fr5zi$    
impati5ce ! com+ ( ! devil to take h]   
sacrifice1 & to :om %e w\ld d$icate h]  
life4 ,%e loves b "o 9 all ! _w1 an old]
 anemone lady1 once h] tea*]4 ,%e ran n 
di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong2 love is !    
only ?+ real :i* w "s day br+ joy1 b x  
is agony to wait4 ,oh1 dame6 damn6 damn6
 damn6 e liv+ ?+ 9 ! _w6--! univ]se be  
damn$6 h]self includ$4 ,%e is m>vel\sly 
deep1 b ?anks ! good devil :o has made  
h] )\t consci5ce & virtue s t %e may    
take h] happ9ess :5 x comes4 ,h] s\l    
seeks b bl9dly1 = no?+ answ]s4 ,h[ h]   
happ9ess w see!1 quiv]1 wri!1 %9e1      
dance1 ru%1 surge1 rage1 bl>e1 & wreak )
 love & light :5 x comes6  ,! devil %e  
?9ks fasc9at+ & /rong1 ) a w ( /eel1    
conv5tional clo!s1 :om %e p]iodically   
falls 9 love ) & w\ld m>ry1 & w\ld love 
to be tortur$ by him4 ,%e holds imag9>y 
conv]sations ) him4 ,if happ9ess does n 
come soon %e w commit suicide1 & %e f9ds
 rapture 9 ! ?\ght ( dea?4 ,9 ,butte1   
,montana1 :]e %e lives1 %e w&]s among ! 

box ru/l]s1 ! be] j]k]s1 biscuit %oot]s1
 & plunges out into ! s& & b>r5ness1 b  
f9ds ev]y?+ dumb4 ,! six too?bru%es 9 ! 
ba?room make h] wild & pr(ane4 ,%e      
flirts ) dea? at ! top ( a d>k1 deep    
pit1 & ?9ks out ! /ages ( decomposition 
if %e yield$ h]self to ,dea?1 :o w\ld   
de>ly love to h h]4 ,%e confesses h]self
 a ?ief on sev]al occasions1 b com=ts   
h]self because ! /ol5 money 0 giv5 to ! 
poor4 ,sometimes h] v good legs c>ry h] 
out into ! c\ntry1 :]e %e has imag9>y   
love confabs ) ! devil1 b ! _w is s     
empty1 dre>y1 & cold1 & x is all s h>d  
to be> :5 "o is a woman & n9ete54 ,%e   
has a litany f :i* %e prays 9 recurr5t  
phrases ,k9d devil1 deliv] me--z1 e4g41 
f musk1 boys ) curls1 fem99e m51 wobbly 
hips1 r$ note-pap]1 codfi%-balls1       
lisle-?read /ock+s1 ! books ( ,a4,c4    
,gunt] & ,alb]t ,ross1 wax fl[]s1 s(t   
old ba*elors & wid[]s1 nice "y m51 t9   
spoons1 false tee?1 ?9 %oes1 etc4 ,%e   
does n seem real to h]self ev]y?+ is a  
blank4 ,?\gh %e d\bts ev]y?+ else1 %e w 

keep ! "o atom ( fai? 9 love & ! tru? t 
is love & life 9 h] he>t4 ,:5 some?+    
%rieks )9 h]1 %e feels t all h] angui%  
is = no?+ & t %e is a fool4 ,%e is      
exasp]at$ t p call h] peculi>1 b        
confesses t %e loves admiration2 %e c   
fasc9ate & *>m company if %e tries2     
imag9es an admiration = ,messal9a4 ,%e  
mo/ desires to cultivate badness :5 !re 
is lead 9 ! sky4 ,i w\ld live ab\t sev5 
ye>s ( judici\s badness1 & !n dea? if y 
w4 ,i long to cultivate ! ( badness 9   
me4 ,%e describes ! fasc9ation ( mak+ & 
eat+ fudge2 devotes a *apt] to describ+ 
h[ to eat an olive2 discusses h] figure4
 ,9 ! front ( my %irt-wai/ !re are n9e  
cambric h&k]*iefs cunn+ly di/ribut$4 ,%e
 discusses h] foot1 h] beautiful hair1  
h] hips2 describes ea* ( ! sev5te5      
little engrav$ portraits ( ,napoleon t  
%e keeps1 ) ea* ( :i* %e falls 9 love2  
v[s %e w\ld give up ev5 h] m>vel\s g5ius
 f> "o de>1 bright day free f lonel9ess4
 ,:5 h] skirts ne$ sew+1 %e simply p9s  
!m2 ?is la/s long]1 & _h %e m5d$ !m )   

ne$le & ?read %e w\ld h be5 s5sible1 :i*
 %e hates4 ,z %e walks ov] ! s& "o day  
%e v[s t %e w\ld l a man to come s be t 
he 0 /rong & a p]fect villa9 & %e w\ld  
pray him to lead h] to :at ! _w calls h]
 ru94 ,no?+ is ( consequ5ce to h] except
 to be rid ( unre/ & pa94 ,%e w\ld be   
positively & n m]ely negatively wick$4  
,to poison h] s\l w\ld r\se h] m5tal    
p[]4 ,oh1 to "k j once :at x is to be   
lov$6 ,i "k t ,i am a g5ius m ?an any   
g5ius t has liv$1 yet %e (t5 ?9ks h]self
 a small vile creature = :om no "o c>es4
 ,! _w is ineffably dull1 heav5 has     
always fool$ h]1 & %e is />v+ = love4   
,ada ,negri illu/rates ! o!r extreme (  
g5u95ess & is desp]ately 9 e>ne/4#bi ,%e
 began to tea* s*ool 9 a squalid1 dismal
 ,italian village1 & at eighte5 to write
 ! poetry t has made h] fam\s4 ,%e liv$ 
9 a dim room back ( a /able1 up two     
flights1 :]e ! w9d[s 7 n glass b pap]1 &
 :]e %e seems to h be51 l h] "m1 a mill 
head be=e %e 0 a tea*]4 ,%e _h nev] se5 
a !at]1 b _h read ( ,duse ) en?usiasm2  

_h nev] se5 ! sea1 m\nta91 or ev5 a     
hill1 lake1 or l>ge city1 b %e _h read (
 !m4 ,aft] %e began to write1 fri5ds    
gave h] two dream days 9 ! city4 ,!n %e 
return$1 put on h] wood5 %oes1 & began  
to tea* h] eighty *ildr5 to spell4 ,!   
poetry %e writes is f ! he>t ( h] own   
exp]i5ce4  ,%e crav$ ! kiss ( g5ius & ( 
light2 b ! awful figure ( mis=tune ) its
 dagg] /ood by h] b$ at night4 ,%e      
writes3    ,i h no "n--my home a hovel  
damp2   ,i grew up f ! mire2   ,wret*$ &
 outca/ folk my family1   ,& yet )9 me  
burns a flame ( fire4   ,!re is always a
 pray+ angel & an evil dw>f on ei!r     
side4 ,! black abyss attracts h] yet %e 
is s(t5$ by a *ild's c>ess4 ,%e laughs  
at ! blacke/ calamities t ?reat5 h]1 b  
weeps ov] ?91 wan *ildr5 )\t bread4 ,h] 
:ole life goes into song4 ,! boy crim9al
 on ! /reet fasc9ates h] & %e w\ld kiss 
him4 ,%e writes ( jeal\sy z a gho/ (    
v5geance4 ,if dea? comes1 %e fe>s t !   
hagg>d doctor w dissect my nak$ corpse1 
& pictures h]self dy+ on ! op]at+-table 

l a /ray dog & h] well-made body        
disgrac$ by ! lu/ful kiss ( ! too eag]  
blade z1 ) s9i/] smile untir+1 !y te> my
 b[els out & /ill gloat ov] my sold     
corpse1 g on to b>e my bones1 & ve9s at 
w1 wr5* out my he>t1 probe va9ly = !    
secrets ( hung] & ! my/]y ( pa91 until f
 h] dead brea/ gurgles a gasp (         
mal$iction4 ,mu* ( h] v]se is           
imprecation4 ,a crimson ra9 ( cry+ blood
 dripp+ f riddl$ *e/s ( ^? sla9 = lib]ty
 falls1 on h] he>t2 ! sultry factories  
:]e mon/]s1 ( /eel1 huge eng9es1 snort  
all day1 & :]e ! pung5t air poisons !   
blood ( ! pale weav] girls2 ! fate ( !  
mason :o felt f a high ro( & /ruck !    
/one flagg+1 ^: fun]al %e att5ds1 all   
inspire h] to s+ occasionally ! songs ( 
enfran*is$ labor4 ,mis]y z a dre>1      
too?less gho/ visits h]1 z :5 gloomy    
p9ions _h ov]spread h] dy+ "m's b$1 to  
wr5* ) %>p nails all ! hope f h] brea/ )
 :i* %e _h defi$ x4 ,a wret*$ old man on
 ! /reet inspires h] to s+ ( :at %e     
imag9es is 8 happy ?\gh humble prime4   

,!re is ! song ( ! pickaxe br&i%$ 9     
revolution :5 mobs cry ,peace1 labor    
bread1 & 9 m9es ( indu/ry b5ea? ! e>?4  
,%e loves ! defeat$ 9 ^: h\se no fire   
gl[s1 :o live 9 caves & d5s1 & writes ( 
! mutilation ( a woman 9 ! factory      
ma*9]y4 ,at eighte5 ye>s a loom1 two    
h&some eyes t "k no te>s1 a cotton      
dress1 a love1 belong to me4 ,%e is     
inspir$ by a ma/] ( ! =ge beat+ a r$-hot
 b>1 ) 8 b>e neck swell$4 ,he is h]     
demon1 h] ,god1 & h] pride 9 him is     
ec/asy4 ,%e describes jeal\sy ( two     
rival wom51 s int5se t !y fight & bite1 
& ! pure joy ( a guileless1 intoxicat+1 
life-begett+ fir/ kiss4 ,%e longs =     
inf9ite /ret*es ( hot1 gold5 s&1 ov] :i*
 %e w\ld gallop wildly on h] /e$2       
anticipates an old age ( cap &          
spectacles2 revels 9 ! hurricane1 & w\ld
 rise 9 & fly & :irl ) x adrift f> out 9
 ! imm5sity ( space4 ,%e tells u1 ,(    
g5ius & light ,i'm a bli!1 millionaire1 
& else:]e %e longs = ! ev]la/+ ice (    
l(ty m\nta9s1 ! immortal sil5ce ( !     

,alps2 s+s ( h] sad tw5ty ye>s1 h[ all1 
all goes :5 love is gone & sp5t4 ,%e    
imag9es h]self spr++ into ! wat] :i*    
closes ov] h]1 :ile h] nak$ s\l1 gho/ly 
pale1 :irls pa/ ?r\gh ! lonely dale4 ,%e
 imprecates ! lic5ti\s _w ( crafty      
burgh]s1 coquettes1 gambl]s1 well-f$    
millionaires1 curs$ geese & s]p5ts t    
make ! c[>dly vile _w1 & :om %e w\ld    
smite 9 ! face ) h] indignant v]se4 ,?\ 
crawle/ & ,i so>4 ,%e *ants ! *ampions (
 ! spade1 hamm]1 pick1 ?\gh !y are gr\nd
 & b[$ ) toil1 disfigur$ )91 ) furr[$   
br[s4 ,%e pants = w> ) outrage & )      
wrong2 que/ions ! abyss = its secret2   
he>s moans & fly+ %udd]s2 & sees        
phantoms spr++ f putrid tombs4 ,! full  
moon is an old malici\s spy1 peep+      
/eal?ily ) evil eye4 ,%e is a bird      
caught 9 a curs$ cage1 & prays "s "o to 
unlock ! door & give h] space & light1 &
 let h] so> away 9 ec/asy & glory4 ,no?+
 less ?an inf9ite space w satisfy h]4   
,ev5 ! tempe/1 ! demon1 or a malevol5t  
_s might be> h] away on unbridl$ w+s4 ,9

 "o poem %e apo/rophizes ,m>ie          
,ba%kirtseff z w>r+ ) va/ g5ius aga9/   
unkn[n p[]s1 b :o n[ is 9 h] c(f9 among 
worms1 h] skull gr9n+ & %[+ its tee?4   
,%e w\ld be possess$ by h] & ?rill$ z by
 an electric curr5t4 ,a dw>f begg> wr+s 
h] he>t ) pity1 b %e w n be ov]:elm$4   
,?\gh a d>+ peasant1 %e w be free & s+  
out h] pan to ! sun1 ?\gh amid ! inf]nal
 gl[ ( furnaces1 =ges1 & ! r++ noise (  
hamm]s & :eels4   ,lit]>y m5 :o record  
_! exp]i5ces dur+ ?is /age seem to diff]
 f wom5 9 sev]al important respects4    
,fir/1 !y write ) less ab&on4 ,i c      
recall no male ,mac,lanes4 ,a           
,ba%kirtseff w\ld be less impossible1 & 
a ,negri ) social re=m 9 h] he>t is /ill
 less s4 ,b m5 are m prone to *>act]ize 
_! public metamorphoses lat] 9 life1 :5 
!y are a little pal$1 & p]haps feel less
 ne$ ( confessionalism = t reason4 ,x   
w\ld1 h[ev]1 be too haz>d\s to elaborate
 ?is di/9ction too f>4 ,secondly & m    
cle>ly1 m5 t5d to v5t _! ephebic        
cal5tures m 9 ! field ( action4 ,!y w\ld

 break ! old moor+s ( home & /rike out  
new c>e]s1 or v5t _! s\ls 9 ef=ts &     
dreams ( recon/ruct+ ! political1       
indu/rial1 or social _w4 ,_!            
impracticabilities are m (t5 9 ! field (
 practical life & remot] f _! own       
imm$iate surr\nd+s4 ,?is is especially  
true 9 our practical c\ntry1 :i* s f>   
lacks subjective *>act]izations ( ?is   
age ( em95t lit]>y m]it1 peculi>ly      
int5se z x is "h4 ,?irdly1 !y erupt 9 a 
great] v>iety ( ways1 & ! _m k9ds (     
g5ius & tal5t t n[ (t5 take possession (
 _! lives l fate are m v>i$ &           
individual4 ,?is af=ds _m extreme       
contra/s1 z1 e4g41 betwe5 ,trollope's   
pity =1 & ,goe!'s apo!osis ( 8 y\?2     
,mill's loss ( feel+1 & ,jeff]ies's     
unanalytic1 passionate outbur/s (       
s5tim5t2 ! e/hetic ritualism ( ,symonds1
 & ! progressive religi\s emancipation (
 ,field+ ,hall2 ! moral & religi\s      
sup]s5sitiv5ess ( ,oliphant1 :o 0 a     
re9c>nation ( m$ieval monkhood1 & !     
riot\s /orm9ess ( ,mll] & ,eb]s2 !      

abnormalities & precocity ( ,de ,qu9cey1
 & ! /eady1 heal?ful gr[? ( ,patt]son2 !
 simultaneity ( a fle%ly & spiritual    
love 9 ,kell] & ,goe!1 & ! duality (    
,pat]1 ) 8 great & tyrannical           
int5sification ( s5sation = nature & !  
sequ5t my/icity & symbolism4 ,9 "s x is 
fulm9at+ b episodic1 9 o!rs gradual &   
lifelong l ! adv5t ( et]nal spr+4 ,f\r?1
 9 _! subjective /ates wom5 outgr[ less 
9 _! consci\sness1 & m5 dep>t f>!r f _! 
y\?1 9 m manifold ways4 ,la/ly1 9 its   
religi\s aspects1 ! male /ruggles m )   
dogma1 & 8 enfran*isem5t f x is m       
intellectually belabor$4 ,yet1 despite  
all ^! diff]5ces1 ! analogies betwe5 !  
sexes are probably yet m num]\s1 m      
all-p]vasive4 ,all ^! biographic facts  
reveal no?+ n f\nd 9 que/ionnaire       
returns f m ord9>y y\?1 s t = our       
purposes !y are only ! latt]1 writ l>ge 
because sup]ior m9ds only utt] :at all m
 inw>dly feel4 ,! arrangem5t by         
nationality :i* foll[s gives no yet     
adequate basis = inf]5ce unless x be !  

above ,am]ican peculi>ity4  ,9 8        
autobiography f #aghe-ahjc1 ,de         
,qu9cey#cj rememb]$ feel+ t life 0 f9i%$
 & blight$ = him at ! age ( six1 up to  
:i* "t ! influ5ce ( 8 si/] ?ree ye>s    
old] _h brood$ ov] him4   ,8 fir/       
remembrance1 h[ev]1 is ( a dream (      
t]rific gr&eur be=e he 0 two1 :i* seem$ 
to indicate t 8 dream t5d5cies 7        
con/itutional & n due to morph9e1 b !   
*ill 0 ^u ! fir/ glimpse t ?is 0 a _w ( 
evil4 ,he _h be5 br\ght up 9 great      
seclusion f all k ( pov]ty & oppression 
9 a sil5t g>d5 ) ?ree si/]s1 b ! rumor t
 a female s]vant _h treat$ "o ( !m      
rudely j be=e h] dea? plung$ him into   
e>ly pessimism4 ,he felt t little ,jane 
w\ld come back c]ta9ly 9 ! spr+ ) !     
roses1 & he 0 glad t 8 utt] mis]y ) !   
blank an>*y confusion :i* h] dea? br\ght
 c\ld n be completely rememb]$4 ,he /ole
 into ! *amb] :]e h] corpse lay1 & z he 
/ood1 a solemn w9d1 ! sadde/ he ev]     
he>d1 t might h swept ! fields (        
mortality = a ?\s& c5turies1 blew1 & t  

same holl[ ,memnonian w9d he (t5 _h he>d
 s9ce1 & x br\ght back ! op5 summ] w9d[ 
& ! corpse4 ,a vault above op5$ into !  
sky1 & he slept & dream$ !re1 /&+ by h]1
 he knew n h[ long2 a worm t c\ld n die 
0 at 8 he>t1 = ?is 0 ! holy love betwe5 
*ildr5 t c\ld n p]i%4 ,! fun]al 0 full (
 d>kness & despair = him1 & aft] x he   
s\ght solitude1 gaz$ into ! heav5s to   
see 8 si/] till he 0 tir$1 & realiz$ t  
he 0 alone4 ,?us1 be=e ! end ( 8 six?   
ye>1 ) a m9d already adolesc5t1 al?\gh )
 a ret>d$ body1 ! m9or tone ( life      
became dom9ant & 8 awak5+ to x 0 h>d4   
,z a p5niless s*oolboy w&]+ ! /reets (  
,london at night1 he 0 on famili> &     
fri5dly t]ms ( innoc5t relation%ip ) a  
numb] ( outca/ wom54 ,9 8 mis]y !y 7 to 
him simply si/]s 9 calamity1 b he f\nd 9
 !m humanity1 dis9t]e/$ g5]osity1       
c\rage1 & fidelity4 ,"o night1 aft] he  
_h walk$ ! /reets = weeks ) "o ( ^!     
fri5dless girls :o _h n complet$ h]     
sixte5? ye>1 z !y sat on ! /eps ( a     
h\se1 he grew v ill1 & _h %e n ru%$ to  

buy f h] sl5d] purse cordials & t5d]ly  
m9i/]$ to & reviv$ him1 he w\ld h di$4  
,_m ye>s lat] he us$ to w&] pa/ ?is     
h\se1 & he recall$ ) real t5d]ness ?is  
y\?ful fri5d%ip2 he long$ aga9 to meet !
 noble-m9d$ ,ann ---- ) :om he _h s (t5 
conv]s$ famili>ly m ,socratico1 ^:      
betray] he _h va9ly s\ght to puni%1 &   
ye>n$ to he> f h] 9 ord] to convey to h]
 "s au!ntic message ( gratitude1 peace1 
& =giv5ess4  ,8 mu* old] bro!r came home
 9 8 ?irty-n9? ye> to die4 ,he _h be5   
unmanageable 9 y\? & 8 g5ius = mis*ief 0
 an inspiration1 yet he 0 ho/ile to     
ev]y?+ pusillanim\s1 haughty1 aspir+1   
ready to fa/5 a qu>rel on 8 %ad[ = runn+
 be=e1 at fir/ incl9$ to r$uce 8 boy    
bro!r to a fag1 b f9ally be=e 8 dea?    
became a great influ5ce 9 8 life4       
,prom95t 7 ! fights betwe5 ,de ,qu9cey &
 ano!r old] bro!r on ! "o h&1 & !       
factory cr[d ( boys on ! o!r1 a fight   
incessantly r5ew$ at ! close ( factory  
h\rs1 ) victory n[ on "o & n[ on ! o!r  
side2 f\ght ) /ones & /icks1 :]e ?rice  

he 0 tak5 prison]1 :]e once "o ( !      
factory wom5 kiss$ him1 to ! great      
delight ( 8 he>t4 ,he f9ally inv5t$ a   
k+dom l ,h>tley ,col]idge1 call$ ,gom   
,broon4 ,he ?\ght fir/ t x _h no        
location1 b f9ally because 8 bro!r's    
imag9>y realm 0 nor? & he want$ wide    
wat] betwe5 !m1 8 0 9 ! f> s\?4 ,x 0    
only two hundr$ & sev5ty miles 9        
circuit1 & he 0 /unn$ to be told by 8   
bro!r "o day t 8 own doma9 swept s\? =  
eighty degrees1 s t ! di/ance he _h     
reli$ on vani%$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 he cont9u$ 
to rule = well or ill1 rais+ taxes1     
keep+ an imag9>y /&+ army1 fi%+ h]r+ &  
sell+ ! product ( 8 fi%]y = manure1 &   
exp]i5c+ h[ uneasy lies ! head t we>s a 
cr[n4 ,he worri$ ov] 8 obligations to   
,gom ,broon1 & ! %ad[ froze into        
reality1 & al?\gh 8 bro!r's k+dom       
,tigrosylvania 0 l>g]1 8 0 di/+ui%$ =   
em95t m5 & a hi/ory n to be a%am$ (4 ,a 
fri5d _h read ,"l ,monboddo's view t m5 
_h sprung f apes1 & sugge/$ t !         
inhabitants ( ,gom ,broon _h tails1 s t 

! bro!r told him t 8 subjects _h n em]g$
 f ap$om & he mu/ inv5t arts to elim9ate
 ! tails4 ,!y mu/ be made to sit d[n =  
six h\rs a day z a beg9n+4 ,abdicate he 
w\ld n1 ?\gh all 8 subjects _h ?ree     
tails apiece4 ,!y _h suff]$ toge!r4 ,va9
 0 8 bro!r's sugge/ion t !y h a ,roman  
toga to conceal _! ignom9i\s app5dages4 
,he 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 two scr(ul\s    
idiots1 :o f9ally di$1 & fe>$ t 8       
subjects 7 ak9 to !m4   ,john ,/u>t     
,mill's ,autobiography pres5ts "o ( !   
mo/ rem>kable modifications ( ! lat]    
phases ( adolesc5t exp]i5ce4 ,no boy ev]
 _h m dilig5t & e>ne/ tra9+ ?an 8 fa!r  
gave him or respond$ bett]4 ,he c n     
rememb] :5 he began to le>n ,greek1 b 0 
told t x 0 at ! age ( ?ree4 ,! li/ (    
classical au?ors alone t he read 9 !    
orig9al1 to say no?+ ( hi/ory1          
political1 sci5tific1 logical1 & o!r    
works be=e he 0 twelve1 is p]haps       
unprec$5t$ 9 all hi/ory4 ,he associat$ )
 8 fa!r & all 8 _m fri5ds on _! own     
level1 b mode/ly ascribes ev]y?+ to 8   

environm5t1 insi/s t 9 natural gifts he 
is o!r bel[ ?an above p>1 & decl>es t   
ev]y?+ he did c\ld be done by e boy (   
av]age capacity & heal?y physical       
con/itution4 ,8 fa!r made ! ,greek      
virtue ( temp]ance or mod]ation c>d9al1 
& ?\ght human life a poor ?+ at be/ aft]
 ! fre%ness ( y\? & unsatisfi$ curiosity
 _h gone by4 ,he scorn$ ! int5se & _h   
only contempt = /rong emotion4   ,9 8   
te5s ,mill 0 an able debat] & writ] = ! 
qu>t]lies1 & devot$ to ! propagation ( !
 !ories ( ,b5?am1 ,ric>do1 &            
associationism4 ,f ! age ( fifte5 he _h 
an object 9 life1 viz41 to re=m ! _w4   
,?is gave him happ9ess1 deep1 p]man5t1 &
 assur$ = ! future1 & ! idea ( /ruggl+  
to promote utilit>ianism seem$ an       
inspir+ program = life4 ,b 9 ! autumn ( 
#ahbf1 :5 he 0 tw5ty ye>s ( age1 he felt
 into a dull /ate ( n]ves1 :]e he c\ld  
no long] enjoy & :at _h produc$ pleasure
 seem$ insipid2 ! /ate1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 9  
:i* conv]ts to ,me?odism usually are :5 
smitt5 by _! fir/ 'conviction ( s94' ,9 

?is frame ( m9d x occurr$ to me to put !
 "q directly to myself2 ',suppose t all 
y\r objects 9 life 7 realiz$2 t all !   
*anges 9 in/itutions & op9ions :i* y are
 look+ =w>d to c\ld be completely       
effect$ at ?is v in/ant2 w\ld ?is be a  
great joy & happ9ess to y8' ,& an       
irrepressible self-consci\sness di/9ctly
 answ]$1 ',no4' ,at ?is my he>t sank )9 
me3 ! :ole f\ndation on :i* my life 0   
con/ruct$ fell d[n4 ,all my happ9ess 0  
to h be5 f\nd 9 ! cont9ual pursuit ( ?is
 end4 ,! end _h ceas$ to *>m1 & h[ c\ld 
!re ev] aga9 be any int]e/ 9 ! means8 ,i
 seem$ to h no?+ left to live =4 ,at    
fir/ ,i hop$ t ! cl\d w\ld pass away (  
itself1 b x did n4 ,a night's sleep1 !  
sov]eign rem$y = ! small] vexations (   
life1 _h no effect on x4 ,i awoke to a  
r5ew$ consci\sness ( ! w(ul fact4 ,i    
c>ri$ x ) me into all companies1 into   
all occupations4 ,h>dly any?+ _h p[] to 
cause me ev5 a few m9utes' oblivion ( x4
 ,= "s mon?s ! cl\d seem$ to gr[ ?ick] &
 ?ick]4 ,! l9es 9 ,col]idge's           

',dejection'--,i 0 n !n acqua9t$ )      
!m--exactly describ$ my case3   ',a     
grief )\t a pang1 void1 d>k1 & dre>1    
,a dr[sy1 /ifl$1 unimpassion$ grief1    
,:i* f9ds no natural outlet or relief   
,9 ^w1 or sigh1 or te>4'   ,9 va9 ,i    
s\ght relief f my favorite books1 ^?    
memorials ( pa/ nobl5ess & greatness f  
:i* ,i _h always hi!rto drawn /r5g? &   
animation4 ,i read !m n[ )\t feel+1 or )
 ! accu/om$ feel+ m9us all its *>m2 & ,i
 became p]suad$ t my love ( mank9d1 & ( 
excell5ce = its own sake1 _h worn itself
 out4 ,i s\ght no com=t by speak+ to    
o!rs ( :at ,i felt4 ,if ,i _h lov$ any  
"o suffici5tly to make confid+ my griefs
 a necessity1 ,i %\ld n h be5 9 !       
condition ,i 04 ,i felt1 too1 t m9e 0 n 
an int]e/+ or 9 anyway respectable      
di/ress4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 x to attract     
sympa?y4 ,advice1 if ,i _h kn[n :]e to  
seek x1 w\ld h be5 mo/ preci\s4 ,! words
 ( ,macbe? to ! physician (t5 occurr$ to
 my ?\ghts4 ,b !re 0 no "o on :om ,i    
c\ld build ! fa9te/ hope ( su*          

assi/ance4 ,my fa!r1 to :om x w\ld h be5
 natural to me to h rec\rse 9 any       
practical difficulties1 0 ! la/ p]son to
 :om1 9 su* a case z ?is1 ,i look$ =    
help4 ,ev]y?+ conv9c$ me t he _h no k ( 
any su* m5tal /ate z ,i 0 suff]+ f1 & t 
ev5 if he c\ld be made to und]/& x1 he 0
 n ! physician :o c\ld heal x4 ,my      
education1 :i* 0 :olly 8 "w1 _h be5     
conduct$ )\t any reg>d to ! possibility 
( its end+ 9 ?is result1 & ,i saw no use
 9 giv+ him ! pa9 ( ?9k+ t 8 plans _h   
fail$1 :5 ! failure 0 probably          
irrem$iable1 &1 at all ev5t1 beyond !   
p[] ( 8 rem$ies4 ,( o!r fri5ds1 ,i _h at
 t "t none to :om ,i _h any hope ( mak+ 
my condition intelligible4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 
abundantly intelligible to myself1 & ! m
 ,i dwelt ^u x ! m hopeless x appe>$4   
,he n[ saw :at _h hi!rto seem$          
incr$ible1 t ! habit ( analysis t5ds to 
we> away ! feel+s4 ,he felt /r&$ at !   
comm5cem5t ( my voyage1 ) a well-equipp$
 %ip & a rudd]1 b no sail2 )\t any real 
desire = ! ends :i* ,i _h be5 s c>efully

 fitt$ out to "w =3 no delight 9 virtue1
 or ! g5]al good1 b also j z little 9   
any?+ else4 ,! f\nta9s ( vanity &       
ambition seem$ to h dri$ up )9 me z     
completely z ^? ( b5evol5ce4 ,8 vanity  
_h be5 gratifi$ at too e>ly an age1 &1 l
 all premature pleasures1 !y _h caus$   
indiff]5ce1 until he despair$ ( creat+  
any fre% association ( pleasure ) any   
objects ( human dire4 ,mean:ile1 deject$
 & melan*oly z he 0 ?r\gh ! w9t]1 he w5t
 on me*anically ) 8 tasks2 ?\ght he f\nd
 9 ,col]idge ! fir/ description ( :at he
 0 feel+2 fe>$ ! idiosyncrasies ( 8     
education _h made him a be+ unique &    
ap>t4 ,i ask$ myself if ,i c\ld or if ,i
 0 b\nd to g on liv+1 :5 life mu/ be    
pass$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,i g5]ally answ]$ to 
myself t ,i did n ?9k ,i c\ld possibly  
be> x beyond a ye>4 ,b )9 ab\t half t   
"t1 9 read+ a pa!tic page ( h[ a m]e boy
 felt t he c\ld save 8 family & take !  
place ( all !y _h lo/1 a vivid          
conception ( ! sc5e came ov] him & he 0 
mov$ to te>s4 ,f t mom5t1 8 burd5 grew  

light]4 ,he saw t 8 he>t 0 n dead & t he
 /ill _h "s /uff left ( :i* "* &        
happ9ess are made2 & al?\gh !re 7 sev]al
 lat] lapses1 "s ( :i* la/$ _m mon?s1 he
 0 nev] aga9 z mis]able z he _h be54    
,^! exp]i5ce left him *ang$ 9 two       
respects4 ,he _h a new !ory ( life1 hav+
 mu* 9 common ) ! anti-consci\sness !ory
 ( ,c>lyle4 ,he /ill held happ9ess ! end
 ( life1 b ?\ght x mu/ be aim$ at       
indirectly & tak5 incid5tally4 ,! o!r   
*ange 0 t = ! fir/ "t he gave its prop] 
place to int]nal culture ( ! individual1
 especially ! tra9+ ( ! feel+s :i*      
became n[ c>d9al4 ,he reli%$ & felt !   
p[] ( poetry & art2 0 pr(\ndly mov$ by  
music2 fell 9 love ) ,wordswor? & )     
nature1 & 8 lat] depressions 7 be/      
reliev$ by ! p[] ( rural beauty1 :i*    
wr\ght its *>m n because ( itself b by !
 /ates & feel+s x ar\s$4 ,8 ode on !    
intimations ( immortality %[$ t he also 
_h felt t ! fir/ fre%ness ( y\?ful joy 0
 n la/+1 & _h s\ght & f\nd comp5sation4 
,he _h ?us come to a v diff]5t /&po9t f 

t ( 8 fa!r1 :o _h up to ?is "t =m$ 8 m9d
 & life1 & develop$ on ?is basis 8      
unique individuality4   ,jeff]ies1 :5   
eighte51 began 8 ,/ory ( ,my ,he>t1#ca  
:i* he said 0 an absolutely true        
confession ( ! /ages ( emotion 9 a s\l f
 :i* all traces ( tradition & le>n+ 7   
eras$1 & :i* /ood face to face ) nature 
& ! unkn[n4   ,8 he>t long seem$ du/y & 
p>*$ = want ( feel+1 & he frequ5t$ a    
hill1 :]e ! pores ( 8 s\l op5$ to a new 
air4 ,ly+ d[n on ! grass1 ,i spoke 9 my 
s\l to ! e>?1 ! sun1 ! air & ! di/ant   
sea4444 ,i desir$ to h its /r5g?1 its   
my/]y & glory4 ,i address$ ! sun1 desir+
 ! sole equival5t ( 8 light &           
brilliance1 8 endurance1 & unwe>i$ race4
 ,i turn$ to ! blue heav5 ov]1 gaz+ into
 its dep?1 inhal+ its exquisite color & 
sweetness4 ,! ri* blue ( ! unobta9able  
fl[] ( ! sky drew my s\l t[>d x1 & !re x
 re/$1 = pure color is ! re/ ( ! he>t4  
,by all ^! ,i pray$4 ,i felt an emotion 
( ! s\l beyond all def9ition2 pray] is a
 puny ?+ to x4 ,he pray$ by ! ?yme2 by !

 e>?2 ! fl[]s :i* he t\*$2 ! du/ :i* he 
let fall ?r\gh 8 f+]s2 0 fill$ ) a      
rapture1 an ec/asy1 an inflatus4 ,) ?is 
inflatus ,i pray$4444 ,i hid my face 9 !
 grass2 ,i 0 :olly pro/rat$2 ,i lo/     
myself 9 ! wre/le4444 ,i see n[ t :at ,i
 labor$ = 0 s\l life1 m s\l le>n+4 ,aft]
 gaz+ upw>d he w\ld turn 8 face into !  
grass1 %utt+ out ev]y?+ ) h&s ea* side1 
till he felt d[n into ! e>? & 0 absorb$ 
9 x1 :isp]+ deep d[n to its c5t]4 ,e    
natural impression1 trees1 insects1 air1
 cl\ds1 he us$ = pray]1 t my s\l might  
be m ?an ! cosmos ( life4 ,8 ,lyra pray]
 0 to live a m exalt$ & int5se s\l life2
 enjoy m bodily pleasure & live long &  
f9d p[] to execute 8 designs4 ,he (t5   
tri$1 b fail$ = ye>s to write at lea/ a 
meag] acc\nt ( ^! exp]i5ces4 ,he felt   
himself immortal j z he felt beauty4 ,he
 0 9 et]nity already2 ! sup]natural is  
only ! natural misnam$4 ,z he lay face  
d[n on ! grass1 seiz+ x ) bo? h&s1 he   
long$ = dea?1 to be burn$ on a pyre (   
p9e wood on a high hill1 to h 8 a%es    

scatt]$ wide & broadca/1 to be ?r[n into
 ! space he long$ = :ile liv+1 b he fe>$
 t su* a luxury ( resolution into !     
elem5ts w\ld be too co/ly4 ,?us 8 nak$  
m9d1 close aga9/ nak$ "m ,nature1 wre/$ 
f h] ! conviction ( s\l1 immortality1   
deity1 "u conditions z primitive z ^? ( 
! cave man1 & 8 mo/ repeat$ pray] 0     
,give me ! deepe/ s\l life4  ,9 o!r     
moods he felt ! _w outr-human1 & 8 m9d  
c\ld by no twi/ be fitt$ to ! cosmos4   
,ugly1 designless creatures caus$ him to
 cease to look = deity 9 nature1 :]e all
 happ5s by *ance4 ,he at l5g? conclud$  
!re is some?+ high] ?an s\l & above     
deity1 & bett] ?an ,god1 = :i* he se>*$ 
& labor$4 ,he f\nd favorite ?9k+ places1
 to :i* he made pilgrimages1 :]e he felt
 out into ! dep?s ( ! e!r4 ,8 frame c\ld
 n be> ! labor 8 he>t dem&$4 ,"w ( body 
0 8 meat & dr9k4 ,nev] h ,i _h en\gh (  
x4 ,i we>i$ long be=e ,i 0 satisfi$1 &  
we>9ess did n br+ a cessation ( desire1 
! ?ir/ 0 /ill !re4 ,i rode2 ,i us$ ! ax2
 ,i split tree-trunks ) w$ges2 my arms  

tir$1 b my _s rema9$ fre% & *af$ aga9/ !
 physical we>9ess4 ,_h he be5           
indef9itely /rong]1 he w\ld h long$ = m 
/r5g?4 ,he 0 (t5 out ( doors all day &  
(t5 half ! night2 want$ m sun%9e2 wi%$ !
 day 0 sixty h\rs long2 took pleasure 9 
brav+ ! cold s t x %\ld be n life's     
de/roy] b its r5ew]4 ,yet he abhorr$    
asceticism4 ,he wre/l$ ) ! problem ( !  
orig9 ( 8 s\l & de/9y1 b c\ld f9d no    
solution2 revolt$ at ! ass]tion t all is
 design$ = ! be/2 a man ( intellect &   
humanity c\ld cause ev]y?+ to happ5 9 an
 inf9itely sup]ior mann]4 ,he discov]$ t
 no "o ev] di$ ( old age1 b only (      
disease2 t we d n ev5 "k :at old age    
w\ld be l2 f\nd t 8 s\l is inf9ite1 b   
lies 9 abeyance2 t we are murd]$ by our 
ance/ors & mu/ roll back ! tide ( dea?2 
t a hundr$? "p ( man's labor w\ld       
suffice = 8 support2 t idl5ess is no    
evil2 t 9 ! future n9e-t5?s ( ! "t w be 
leisure1 & to t end he w "w ) all 8     
he>t4 ,i 0 n m ?an eighte5 :5 an inn] & 
esot]ic mean+ began to come to me f all 

! visible univ]se1 & indef9able         
aspirations fill$ me4  ,int]e/+ z is ?is
 docum5t1 x is impossible to avoid !    
suspicion t ! sev5te5 ye>s :i* int]v5$  
betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ^! exp]i5ces & _! f9al
 record1 c\pl$ ) ! p]haps unconsci\s    
t5d5cy t[>d lit]>y effect1 detract m or 
less f _! value z docum5ts ( adolesc5t  
nature4   ,mr4 ,h4 ,field+ ,hall1 au?or 
( ,! ,s\l ( a ,p1 has s9ce writt5 a     
book#cb 9 :i*1 beg9n+ ) _m def9itions ( 
,*ri/ianity1 weigh+ ! op9ion ( ^? :o ?9k
 all our advance is made because (1     
aga9/ ^? :o ?9k x 9 spite ( ,*ri/ianity1
 he proce$s to give ! /ory ( a boy1     
probably himself1 :o till twelve 0 almo/
 entirely re>$ by wom5 & ) *ildr5 y\ng] 
?an himself4   ,he 0 sickly1 & believ$ n
 9 ! ,old b 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 9 !      
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :i* he suppos$ all   
accept$ & liv$ by2 t w> & weal? 7 bad & 
le>n+ apt to be a sn>e2 t ! ideal life 0
 t ( a poor curate1 work+ h>d & unhappy4
 ,at twelve1 he w5t to a bo>d+-s*ool1   
pass$ f a woman's _w into a man's1 out (

 ! ,new ,te/am5t into ! ,old1 out (     
dreams into reality4 ,w> 0 a glori\s    
opportunity1 & all foll[$ ! ,briti%     
victories1 :i* 7 ann\nc$ publicly4 ,big 
boys 7 go+ to ,s&hur/ or ,woolwi*2 !re 7
 p>ties2 & ! s*ool code nev] turn$ ! o!r
 *eek4 ,w>s 7 ,god's /orms1 /irr+       
/agnant natures to new life2 weal? 0    
wor%ip$2 c]ta9 lies 7 an honor2 k 0 an  
extremely desirable ?+--all ?is 0 at    
fir/ new & delightful1 b extremely      
wick$4 ,sunday 0 ! only o!r ,old        
,te/am5t rule1 b 0 !n =gott54 ,sl[ly a  
repugnance ( religion 9 all its =ms     
arose4 ,he felt 8 tea*]s hypocrites2 he 
rais$ no al>m1 = he 0 h>dly consci\s t 8
 an*or _h dragg$ or t he _h lo/ hold ( x
 =ev]4 ,at eighte51 he read ,d>w9 & f\nd
 t if he 7 "r1 ,g5esis 0 wrong2 man _h  
ris51 n fall52 if a "p 0 wrong1 ! :ole  
04 ,if ,god made ! _w1 ! devil seem$ to 
rule x2 pray] c n influ5ce him2 ! sev5  
days ( creation 7 p]iods1 ,heav5 kn[s h[
 long4 ,:y did all pr(ess & no "o       
believe religion8 ,:y is ,god s /]n &   

yet s p>tial1 & h[ ab\t ! ,tr9ity8 ,!n  
explanations 7 giv54 ,heav5 grew        
repulsive1 z a place = ! poor1 ! maim$1 
! /upid1 ! *ildi%1 & ^? unfit = e>?     
g5]ally4  ,fai?s came f ! ,ea/4 ,! ,nor?
 has orig9at$ only ,?or1 ,od91 ,bald]1  
,valkyres4 ,! gloom & cold drive man    
into himself2 d n op5 him4 ,9 ! ,ea/ "o 
c live 9 quiet solitude1 ) no ef=t1     
close to nature4 ,! repres5tatives ( all
 fai?s we> o/5tati\sly _! badges1 pray 9
 public1 & no "o sne]s at all religions4
 ,ori5tal fai?s h no organization2 !re  
is no head ( ,h9duism1 ,buddhism1 or    
h>dly ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,!re are no      
missions1 b religion gr[s rankly f a ri*
 soil1 s ! boy wrote ?ree dem&s3 a      
reasonable !ory ( ! univ]se1 a workable 
& work+ code ( conduct1 & a promise (   
some?+ desirable h]eaft]4 ,s he read    
books & tri$ to make a sy/em4  ,on a    
hill1 9 a ?und]-/orm 9 ! ,ea/1 he       
realiz$ h[ ,?or 0 born4 ,man fe>s ?und]2
 x seems ! voice ( a great] man4 ,d5y   
eyes1 legs1 & body ( ! ,deity1 & no?+ is

 left4 ,god z an ab/ract _s is          
un?9kable1 b ,buddhism (f]s u no ,god1  
only law4 ,necessity1 bl9d =ce1 law1 or 
a free p]sonal w--t is ! alt]native4    
,fre$om limits omnipot5ce2 ! two c nev] 
mix4 ,! ,g]man ,emp]or's ,god1 clank+   
r\nd ! heav5ly mansions we>+ a ,g]man   
,pickelhaube & swe>+ ,g]man oa?s1 is n  
satisfactory4 ,man's ,god is :at he     
admires mo/ 9 himself2 he c be          
propitiat$1 h5ce atonem5t2 y c n break a
 law1 b y c /udy x4 ,inquiry1 n         
submission1 is ! attitude4 ,p]haps bo?  
de/9y & fre$om are true1 b tru? is = !  
sake ( light4  ,?or _h no moral code2 ! 
,greeks 7 unmoral4 ,jehovah at fir/ ask$
 only fe>1 rev]5ce1 & wor%ip4 ,?is gives
 no guide to life4 ,mo/ codes are       
direct$ aga9/ a foe & aga9/ pa94 ,tru?1 
m]cy1 c\rtesy--^! 7 sl[ly add$ to       
rev]5ce2 !n sanit>y rules1 h5ce ca/es4  
,two codes1 ^? ( ,*ri/ & ,buddha1 t[]   
above all o!rs4 ,!y are ! same 9 prais+ 
n weal?1 greatness1 or p[]1 b purity1   
r5unciation ( ! _w1 z if "o fitt$ "o's  

self = "o by be+ unfitt$ = ! o!r _w4    
,is heav5 a bribe8 ,its ideals are ^? ( 
*ildr51 ( girl angels1 :ite w+s1 float+ 
dresses1 no %eep1 b lambs4 ,surely !re  
is no?+ 9 all ! _w s babyi%4 ,"o c h>dly
 imag9e a man ) a deep voice1 ) ! /orm (
 life beat+ 8 s\l1 amid ^? baby faces4  
,if happ9ess 9 any act or attitude is   
p]fect1 x w la/ =ev]4 ,:]e is due !     
we>9ess or satiety8 ,b if happ9ess be   
p]fect1 ?is is impossible2 s life w\ld  
be monotony ak9 to annihilation4 ,b life
 is *ange1 & *ange is mis]y4 ,!re is    
ef=t "h2 b !re w be none 9 ! great peace
 t passes und]/&+2 no defeat1 !re=e no  
victory2 no fri5ds1 because no enemies2 
no joy\s meet+s1 because no f>ewells4 ,x
 is ! %ad[s & ! d>k my/]ies t s\nd !    
dep?s ( our he>ts4 ,no man t ev] liv$1  
if told t he c\ld be "y aga9 or g to any
 heav51 w\ld *oose ! latt]4 ,m5 die = _m
 ?+s1 b all fe> ! beyond4 ,?us no       
religion gives u an intelligible ,fir/  
,cause1 a code or a heav5 t we want4 ,! 
mo/ religi\s man is ! peasant li/5+ to !

 angelus1 putt+ out a little ghi = 8    
,god2 ! woman cry+ 9 ! pagoda4 ,?us we c
 only turn to ! he>ts ( m5 = ! tru? (   
religion4   ,biographies &              
autobiographies furni% _m photographic  
glimpses ( ! /ruggles & exp]i5ces ( e>ly
 adolesc5t ye>s4   ,an?ony ,trollope's  
autobiography#cc is pitiful4 ,he 0 poor 
& dislik$ by mo/ ( 8 ma/]s & treat$ )   
ignom9y by 8 fell[ pupils4 ,he describes
 himself z always 9 disgrace4 ,at fifte5
 he walk$ ?ree miles ea* way twice a day
 to & f s*ool4 ,z a siz> he seem$ a     
wret*$ f>m]'s boy1 reek+ f ! dunghill1  
sitt+ next ! sons ( big pe]s4 ,all 7    
aga9/ him1 & he 0 all[$ to jo9 no games1
 & le>n$1 he tells u1 absolutely no?+ b 
a little ,greek & ,lat94 ,once only1    
goad$ to desp]ation1 he ralli$ & :ipp$ a
 bully4 ,! boy 0 nev] able to ov]come ! 
isolation ( 8 s*ool position1 & :ile he 
covet$ popul>ity ) an eag]ness :i* 0    
almo/ mean1 & long$ exce$+ly to excel 9 
cricket or ) ! racquet1 0 all[$ to "k   
no?+ ( !m4 ,he rememb]s at n9ete5 nev]  

to h _h a lesson 9 writ+1 ari?metic1    
,fr5*1 or ,g]man4 ,he knew 8 ma/]s by _!
 f]ules & !y him4 ,he believes t he has 
be5 flogg$ (t5] ?an any human be+ alive4
 ,x 0 j possible to obta9 five sc\rg+s 9
 "o day at ,w9*e/]1 & ,i h (t5 boa/$ t  
,i h obta9$ !m all4 ,prizes 7 di/ribut$ 
prodigally1 b he nev] got "o4 ,= twelve 
ye>s ( tuition1 he says1 ,i d n rememb] 
t ,i ev] knew a lesson4  ,at ?is age he 
describes himself z an idle1 desolate1  
hang] on 444 )\t an idea ( a c>e] or a  
pr(ession or a trade1 b he 0 tol]ably   
happy because he c\ld fancy himself 9   
love ) pretty girls & _h be5 remov$ f ! 
real mis]y ( s*ool1 b _h n a s+le       
aspiration reg>d+ 8 future4 ,?ree ( 8   
h\sehold 7 dy+ ( consumption1 & 8 "m 0  
day nurse1 night nurse1 & divid$ h] "t  
betwe5 pill-boxes & ! ink-bottle1 = :5  
%e 0 sev5ty-six %e _h writt5 "o hundr$ &
 =ty volumes1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 n writt5   
till %e 0 fifty4  ,gradually ! boy      
became alive to ! blight$ ambition ( 8  
fa!r's life & ! /ra9 8 "m 0 endur+1     

nurs+ ! dy+ h\sehold & writ+ novels to  
provide a dec5t ro( = !m to die "u4     
,an?ony got a position at ! po/-(fice   
)\t an exam9ation4 ,he knew no ,fr5* nor
 sci5ce2 0 a bad spell] & worse writ] & 
c\ld n h su/a9$ an exam9ation on any    
subject4 ,/ill he c\ld n be> idl5ess1 & 
0 always go+ ab\t ) "s ca/le 9 ! air    
f9ely built 9 8 m9d1 c>ry+ on = weeks & 
ye>s ! same cont9u\s /ory2 b9d+ himself 
d[n to c]ta9 laws1 proprieties1 &       
unities2 always 8 own h]o1 exclud+      
ev]y?+ viol5tly improbable4 ,to ?is     
practise1 :i* he calls dang]\s & :i*    
began six or sev5 ye>s be=e he w5t to ! 
po/-(fice1 he ascribes 8 p[] to ma9ta9  
an int]e/ 9 a fictiti\s /ory & to live 9
 a entirely outside imag9ative life4    
,dur+ ^! sev5 ye>s he acquir$ a "* (    
irregul>ity & grew reckless4  ,m>k      
,pattison#cd %[s u h[ 8 real life began 
9 ! middle te5s1 :5 8 en]gy 0 direct$ to
 "o end1 to improve myself2 to =m my own
 m9d2 to s\nd ?+s ?or\ghly2 to be free f
 ! bondage ( unreason & ! traditional   

prejudices :i*1 :5 ,i fir/ began to ?9k1
 con/itut$ ! :ole ( my m5tal fabric4 ,he
 ent]$ ^u life ) a hide-b\nd & contract$
 intellect1 & depicts some?+ ( ! /eps by
 :i* ,i em]g$ f t froz5 condition4 ,he  
believes t to rememb] ! dreams &        
confusions ( *ildhood & nev] to lose !  
recollection ( ! curiosity & simplicity 
( t age1 is "o ( ! great gifts ( !      
poetic "*1 al?\gh ?is1 he tells u1 0    
extraord9>ily true ( ,george ,s&1 b n ( 
himself4 ,f ! age ( twelve on1 a        
,fell[%ip at ,oriel 0 ! ideal ( 8 life1 
& al?\gh he became a common] !re at     
sev5te51 8 *ief m>vel is t he 0 s       
immature & unimpressionable4  ,william  
,hale ,:ite#ce le>n$ little at s*ool1   
save ,lat9 & good p5man%ip1 b 8 v life 0
 divid$ into halves--,sundays & week    
days--& he reflects at "s l5g? ^u !     
imm5se dang]s ( ! e>ly te5s2 !          
physiological & yet subtl] psy*ic       
p5alties ( error2 call\sness to f9e     
pleasures2 h>d5+ ( ! consci5ce2 &       
deplores ! mis]y :i* a little in/ruction

 might h sav$ him4 ,at f\rte5 he und]w5t
 conv]sion1 und]/ood 9 8 sect to be a   
trans=m+ miracle1 releas+ high] &       
imprison+ l[] p[]s4 ,he comp>es x to !  
sav+ ( a m9d f vice by fall+ 9 love ) a 
woman :o is ador$1 or ! reclamation ( a 
"y woman f idl5ess & vanity by mo!rhood4
 ,b z a boy he 0 conv9c$ ( _m ?+s :i* 7 
m]e phrases1 & att5d$ pray]-meet+s = !  
clan%ip ( be+ m>k$ (f f ! _w & ( walk+  
home ) c]ta9 girls4 ,he le>n$ to say 9  
pray] t !re 0 no?+ good 9 him1 t he 0   
rott5 & fil?y & 8 s\l a mass ( putrefy+ 
sores2 b no "o took him at 8 ^w &       
expell$ him f society1 b ?\ght ! bett] (
 him4 ,soon he began to /udy !ology1 b  
f\nd no help 9 suppress+ tempe/u\s lu/1 
9 und]/&+ ! ,bible1 or gett+ 8 d\bts    
answ]$1 & all ! lectures seem$          
irrelevant *att]+4 ,an infidel 0 a mon/]
 :om he _h r>ely ev] se54 ,at n9ete5 he 
began to prea*1 b 8 he>t 0 unt\*$ till  
he read ,wordswor?'s lyrical ballads1 & 
?is recreat$ a liv+ ,god = him1 melt$ 8 
he>t to te>s1 & made him long =         

companion%ip2 its effect 0 in/antly se5 
9 8 prea*+1 & soon made him slightly    
suspect$ z h]etical4#cf  ,john ,add+ton 
,symonds1 9 8 autobiography1 describes 8
 insect-l devotion to cre$ 9 ! gre5     
infancy ( ritualism4 ,9 8 e>ly te5s at  
bo>d+-s*ool he & 8 mates1 ) half        
s9c]ity1 foll[$ a classmate to compl9e1 
donn$ surplices1 toss$ c5s]s1 arrang$   
alt>s 9 _! /udies1 b\ght bits ( pa9t$   
glass = _! w9d[s & illum9at$ crucifixes 
) gold du/ & v]milion4 ,:5 he 0         
confirm$1 ?is 0 some:at ( an epo*4      
,prep>ation 0 l a pl[%>e1 al?\gh x turn$
 up no?+ valuable1 & /imulat$ e/hetic & 
emotional ardor4 ,9 a dim way he felt   
,god ne>1 b he did n le>n to fl+ ! arms 
( ! s\l 9 fai? ar\nd ! cross ( ,*ri/4   
,lat] ! revelation he f\nd 9 ,plato     
remov$ him f>!r f boyhood4 ,he fell 9   
love ) gray ,go?ic *ur*es1 pa9t$ glass1 
organ l(ts1 etc4  ,walt] ,pat] has      
describ$ phases ( f]m5t1 p]haps l>gely 8
 own1 9 ! "* ( ,florian ,deleal2 8      
rapture ( ! r$ haw?orn blossoms1        

absolutely ! r$de/ ( all ?+s2 8 times ( 
seem+ly exclusive pr$om9ance ( int]e/ 9 
beautiful physical ?+s1 a k9d ( tyranny 
( ! s5ses2 & 8 lat] absorb+ ef=ts to    
e/imate ! proportion ( ! s5su\s & ideal1
 assign+ mo/ importance to s5sible      
vehicles & occasions2 associat+ all     
?\ghts ) t\* & sight z a l9k betwe5     
himself & ?+s1 till he became m & m     
unable to c>e = or ?9k ( s\l b z 9 an   
actual body2 com=t$ 9 ! contemplation ( 
dea? by ! ?\ght ( fle% turn+ to violets 
& almo/ oppress$ by ! pressure ( !      
s5sible _w1 8 long+s = beauty int5sify+ 
8 fe> ( dea?4 ,he lov$ to gaze on dead  
faces 9 ! ,p>is ,morgue al?\gh ! haunt (
 !m made ! sun%9e sickly = days1 & 8    
long fancy t !y _h n really gone nor 7 q
 motionless1 b l$ a secret1 half        
fugitive life1 fre] by night1 & p]haps  
dodg+ ab\t 9 _! old haunts ) no great   
good-w t[>d ! liv+1 made him by turns   
pity & hate ! gho/s :o came back 9 !    
w9d1 beat+ at ! doors4 ,8 religi\s      
nature gradually yield$ to a my/ical    

belief 9 ,bible p]sonages 9 "s indef9ite
 place z ! reflexes & patt]ns ( our     
nobl] self1 ^: companion%ip made ! _w m 
satisfy+4 ,!re 0 a con/ant sub/itution (
 ! typical = ! actual1 & angels might be
 met any:]e4 ,a deep my/icity brood$ ov]
 real ?+s & p>t+s1 m>riages & _m acts & 
accid5ts ( life4 ,! v colors ( ?+s      
became !mselves weighty ) mean+s1 or    
full ( p5it5ce & peace4 ,= a "t he walk$
 ?r\gh ! _w 9 a su/a9$1 n unpleasurable 
awe g5]at$ by ! habitual recognition1   
beside e circum/ance & ev5t ( life1 (   
its cele/ial correspond5t4  ,9 ,d4 ,c4  
,b\lg]'s ,life ( ,g5]al ,*>les          
,gordon#cg he records h[1 l ,nelson     
,clive1 8 h]o 0 prone to boys' escapades
 & outbreaks t (t5 made him ! t]ror ( 8 
sup]iors4 ,he 0 no bookworm1 b fam\s z !
 possessor ( high spirits1 v (t5 involv$
 9 affairs t necessitat$ discipl9e1 &   
seem$ greatly out ( h>mony ) ! popul>   
idea ( ! ascetic ( ,m\nt ,c>mel4 ,z a   
s*oolboy he made wond]ful squirts t w\ld
 wet y ?r\gh 9 a m9ute4 ,"o ,sunday     

tw5ty-sev5 panes ( glass 9 a l>ge       
/oreh\se 7 brok5 ) screws %ot ?r\gh !m  
by 8 cross-b[ = v5tilation4 ,r++ bells &
 pu%+ "y boys 91 butt+ an unpopul> (fic]
 sev]ely 9 ! /oma* ) 8 head & tak+ !    
puni%m5t1 hitt+ a bully ) a clo!s-bru% &
 be+ put back six mon?s 9 ! ,royal      
,milit>y ,academy at ,woolwi*2 ^! are ! 
e>ly outcrops ( "o side ( 8 dual "*4    
,al?\gh m soldi] ?an sa9t1 he _h a v    
*e]y1 g5ial side4 ,he 0 always ready to 
take ev5 ! sev]e/ puni%m5t = all 8      
scrapes due to excessive high spirits4  
,:5 "o ( 8 sup]iors decl>$ t he w\ld    
nev] make an (fic]1 he felt 8 honor     
t\*$1 & 8 vigor\s & expressive reply 0  
to te> ! epaulets f 8 %\ld]s & ?r[ !m at
 8 sup]ior's feet4 ,he _h already       
develop$ "s ( ! r moody love ( seclusion
 t 0 m>k$ lat]1 b religion did n /rike  
him deeply en\gh to br+ him into ! *ur* 
until he 0 tw5ty-"o1 :5 he took 8 fir/  
sacram5t4 ,on "o occasion he decl9$     
promotion )9 8 rea* because he w\ld h _h
 to pass a fri5d to get x4 ,he act$     

g5]ally on 8 impulses1 :i* 7 p]haps     
bett] ?an 8 judgm5ts1 took great        
pleasure 9 correspond+ on religi\s      
topics ) 8 eld] si/]1 & e>ly =m$ ! habit
 ( excessive smok+ :i* gravely affect$ 8
 heal? lat]4 ,8 0 ! r>e comb9ation (    
inn] repose & confid5ce1 int]rupt$ by   
spells ( gaiety4  ,williamson1 9 8 ,life
 ( ,holman ,hunt1#ch tells u t at ?irte5
 he 0 remov$ f s*ool z inapt 9 /udy4 ,he
 began to sp5d 8 "t 9 draw+ 9 8         
copybooks4 ,he 0 made cl]k to an        
auctione]1 :o =tunately enc\rag$ 8      
passion1 & at sixte5 0 ) a calico pr9t]4
 ,"h he amus$ himself by draw+ flies on 
! w9d[1 :i* 8 employ] tri$ to bru% (f4  
,!re 0 ! greate/ home opposition to 8   
/udy+ art4 ,aft] be+ reject$ twice1 he 0
 admitt$ at sev5te5 to ! ,academy s*ool 
z a probation]1 & ! next ye>1 9 #ahde1 z
 a /ud5t4 ,"h he met ,millais &         
,rossetti & 0 able to relieve ! /ra9 on 
8 m9d1 :i* ! worry ( 8 fa!r conc]n+ 8   
c\rse caus$ him1 & v soon 8 c>e] began4 
,at ?irte5 ,fitzjames ,/eph5#ci r\s$    

himself to ?ra% a big boy :o _h long    
bulli$ him1 & became a fight]4 ,9 8     
sixte5? ye>1 he grew ne>ly five in*es1 b
 0 s %y & timid at ,eton t he says1 ,i 0
 l a s5sible gr[n-up woman among a cr[d 
( r\gh boys2 b 9 ! reaction to ! long   
abuse 8 m9d 0 /eel$ aga9/ oppression1   
tyranny1 & e k9d ( unfairness4 ,he read 
,pa9e's ,age ( ,reason1 & w5t ?r\gh !   
,bible z a man might g ?r\gh a wood1    
cutt+ d[n trees4 ,! prie/s c /ick !m 9  
aga91 b !y w n make !m gr[4   ,dick5s   
has giv5 u "s int]e/+ adolesc5ts4 ,miss 
,d+wall 9 ,sket*es by ,boz1 v s5tim5tal 
& romantic2 ! temp]y "y ,nickleby1 :o1  
at n9ete51 ?ra%$ ,sque]s2 ,b>naby       
,rudge1 idiotic & v muscul>2 ,joe       
,willet1 p]si/5tly treat$ z a boy till  
he ran away to jo9 ! army & m>ri$ ,dolly
 ,v>d51 p]haps ! mo/ exub]ant1          
good-humor$1 & beautiful girl 9 all !   
,dick5s gall]y2 ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit1 :o    
also ran away1 z did ,david ,copp]field1
 p]haps ! mo/ true to adolesc5ce because
 l>gely rem9isc5t ( ! au?or's own life2 

,/e]=?1 a /rang] f home1 & 8 victim1    
,little ,emily2 & to "s ext5t ,sam      
,well]1 ,dick ,swivell]1 ! ,m>*ioness1  
"y ,podsnap1 ! ,artful ,dodg]1 & ,*>ley 
,bates2 :ile ,oliv] ,twi/1 ,little      
,nell1 & ,little ,dorrit1 ,joe &        
,turveydrop 9 ,bleak ,h\se1 & ,paul     
,dombey1 "y z !y 71 %[ ! beg9n+ ( !     
pubesc5t *ange4 ,mo/ ( 8 *>act]s1 h[ev]1
 are s ov]drawn & c>icatur$ z to be     
h>dly true to life4#dj  ,9 ! ,romance ( 
,john ,+lesant1#da by ,j4 ,h4 ,%or?\se1 
we h a rem>kable picture ( an unusually 
gift$ y\?1 :o play$ an important rle 9 !
 days ( ,cromwell & ,k+ ,*>les1 & :o 0  
long pois$ 9 s\l betwe5 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 
& ! ,engli% p>ty4 ,he 0 v susceptible to
 ! fasc9ation ( sup]/ition1 romance1 &  
day-dream+1 & at elev5 absorb$ 8 ma/]'s 
,rosicrucian !ories ( spiritual exi/5ce 
:]e spirits held conv]se ) ea* o!r & )  
mank9d4 ,a my/ic ,platonism1 :i* taught 
t ,p9d>'s /ory ( ! ,argo 0 only a recipe
 = ! philosoph]'s /one1 fasc9at$ him at 
f\rte54 ,! philosophy ( ob$i5ce & ( !   

subjection ( reason to au?ority 0 e>ly  
taught him1 & he s\ght to live f )91    
he>+ only ! div9e law1 z ! wor%ip]s (   
,cybele he>d only ! flutes4 ,8 tw9 bro!r
 ,eu/ace 0 an active worldl+1 & soon he 
foll[$ him to c\rt z page to ! ,que51 b 
delight$ m & m 9 w&]+ ap>t & build+ air 
ca/les4 ,= a "t he 0 entirely sway$1 & 8
 life direct$1 by a ,jesuit ,fa!r1 :o   
taught him ! crucifix & ! ros>y4 ,at    
sixte5 ! doctr9e ( div9e illum9ation    
fasc9at$ him4 ,he /ruggl$ to f9d ! pa? (
 true devotion2 ab&on$ himself to       
extremely rituali/ic =ms ( wor%ip2      
dabbl$ a little 9 al*emy & a/rology to  
help develop ! div9e nature )9 him & to 
atta9 ! beatific vision4 ,soon he 0     
introduc$ to ! ,prote/ant nunn]y1 z x 0 
call$1 :]e ! v5]able ,mr4 ,f]ran1 a     
fri5d ( ,george ,h]b]t's1 0 greatly tak5
 by ,+lesant's accompli%m5ts & grace (  
mann]4 ,v>i\s =ms ( extremely ,high     
,*ur* yet ,prote/ant wor%ip 7 celebrat$ 
"h ea* day ) great devotion1 until he   
became disgu/$ ) ,puritanism & crav$ to 

p>ticipate 9 ! (fice ( mass4 ,at ?is    
po9t1 h[ev]1 he met ,mr4 ,hobbes1 ^:    
rude b =cible condemnation ( papacy     
re/ra9$ him f ca/+ 8 lot ) x4 ,at       
sev5te51 he saw "o night a real         
app>ition ( ! j execut$ ,/raf=d4 ,! la/ 
act ( 8 y\?1 :i* we c note "h1 0 soon   
aft] he 0 tw5ty1 :5 he fell 9 love ) !  
*>m+ & sa9tly ,m>y ,collet4 ,! r\gh     
,puritan ,?orne _h made h] proposals at 
:i* %e revolt$1 b %e & ,+lesant confess$
 love to ea* o!r2 %e saw1 h[ev]1 t !y _h
 a way ( life m>k$ out = !mselves by an 
inn] impulse & light4 ,?is call+ !y mu/ 
foll[ & ab&on love1 & n[ ,john plung$   
into ! w> on ! side ( ! ,k+4  ,w4 ,j4   
,/illman#db has writt5 ) unusual int]e/ 
& c&or ! /ory ( 8 own e>ly life4   ,z a 
boy he 0 fr5zi$ at ! fir/ sight ( ! sea2
 caught ! :ip & la%$ ! horses 9 an      
unconsci\s delirium1 & always rememb]$  
?is z "o ( ! mo/ vivid exp]i5ces ( 8    
life4 ,he _h a p]iod ( nature wor%ip4 ,8
 fir/ tr\t 0 a delirium1 & he danc$ ab\t
 wildly & furi\sly4 ,he relates 8 v     

vivid impressions ( ! religi\s or?odoxy 
9 :i* he 0 re>$1 especially revival     
s]mons2 8 occasional falsehoods to      
escape sev]e puni%m5t2 8 baptism at t5  
or elev5 9 a riv] 9 midw9t]2 ! somb]ness
 ( 8 intellectual life1 :i* 0 long v    
apa!tic2 8 ph5om5al /upidity = ye>s2 8  
sudd5 insurrections 9 :i* he ?ra%$      
bullies at s*ool2 8 fe> t he %\ld be s5t
 home 9 disgrace = bad s*ol>%ip2 & h[ at
 la/1 aft] sev5 ye>s ( dulness1 at ! age
 ( f\rte51 ! m5tal fog broke away       
sudd5ly1 & be=e ! t]m end$ ,i c\ld      
con/rue ! ,lat9 9 less "t ?an x took to 
recite x1 & ! demon/rations ( ,euclid 7 
z pla9 & cle> z a fairy /ory4 ,my memory
 came back s di/9ctly t ,i c\ld recite  
long poems aft] a s+le read+1 & no memb]
 ( ! class pass$ a m brilliant          
exam9ation at ! end ( ! t]m ?an ,i2 &1  
at ! end ( ! second t]m1 ,i c\ld recite 
! :ole ( ,leg5dre's geometry1 plane &   
sph]ical1 f beg9n+ to end )\t a "q1 & ! 
class exam9ation 0 record$ z ! mo/      
rem>kable :i* ! academy _h witness$ = _m

 ye>s4 ,i h nev] be5 able to conceive an
 explanation ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on1 :i* 
,i record only z ( possible int]e/ to "s
 "o int]e/$ 9 psy*ology4  ,a4 ,bronson  
,alcott#dc 0 ! son ( a ,connecticut     
f>m]4 ,he began a di>y at twelve2 aspir$
 va9ly to ent] ,yale1 & aft] mu*        
re/lessness at ! age ( n9ete5 left home 
) two trunks = ,virg9ia to p$dle on     
foot1 hop+ to tea* s*ool4 ,"h he _h a   
v>y+ & (t5 v h>d exp]i5ce = ye>s4       
,hornes ,bu%nell's#dd p>5ts repres5t$ ! 
,episcopal & lib]al ,congregational     
,*ur*4 ,8 e>ly life 0 sp5t on a f>m & 9 
att5d+ a c\ntry academy4 ,he became     
pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 religion 9 ! e>ly    
te5s & develop$ extreme int]e/ 9 nature4
 ,at sev5te51 :ile t5d+ a c>d+ ma*9e1 he
 wrote a pap] on ,calv9ism4 ,at n9ete5  
he unit$ ) ! *ur*1 & ent]$ ,yale :5 he 0
 tw5ty-"o1 9 #ahbc4 ,lat] he tri$ to    
tea* s*ool1 b left x1 decl>+ he w\ld r  
lay /one wall2 work$ on a j\rnal1 b     
)drew1 f9d+ x a t]rible life2 /udi$ law 
= a ye>1 became a tutor at ,yale1       

exp]i5c$ a reconv]sion & ent]$ ! m9i/ry4
   ,a well-kn[n ,am]ican1 :o wi%es 8 "n 
)held1 writes me ( 8 y\? z foll[s3      
,fir/ came ! love ( emotion & lurid     
romance read+4 ,my m9d 0 full (         
adv5ture1 dreams ( und]gr\nd passages1 &
 imprison$ beauties :om ,i rescu$4 ,i   
wrote a /ory 9 r$ ink1 :i* ,i nev] read1
 b a girl fri5d did1 & call$ x          
magnific5t4 ,! girl fev]1 too1 made me  
idealize fir/ "o five ye>s old] ?an ,i1 
lat] ano!r ?ree ye>s old]1 & /ill lat]  
"o ( my own age4 ,i w\ld h eat5 dirt =  
ea* ( !m = a ye> or two2 0 extremely    
gallant & ! h]o ( _m romances = two1 b  
all ! "t s ba%ful t ,i sc>cely d>$ speak
 to "o ( !m1 & no s*oolmate ev] suspect$
 x all4 ,music also became a craze at   
f\rte54 ,be=e1 ,i _h hat$ lessons1 n[ ,i
 0 ?rill$ & w\ld be a musician1 despite 
my p>5ts' prote/s4 ,i practis$ ! piano  
furi\sly2 wrote music & copi$ /acks ( x2
 made a li/ ( sev]al hundr$ pieces &    
tunes1 includ+ ev]y?+ musical ,i knew2  
w\ld imag9e a cr[d$ hall1 :]e ,i play$ &

 sway$ ) f9e airs4 ,! va/ assembly      
applaud$ & w\ld n let me g1 b all ! "t x
 0 a simple piece & ,i 0 a v ord9>y     
play]4 ,at fifty ye>s1 ?is is /ill a    
relic4 ,i n[ 9 h\rs ( fatigue p\nd !    
piano & dreamily imag9e daz$ & en*ant$  
audi5ces4 ,!n came oratory1 & ,i gl[$ & 
?rill$ 9 declaim+ ,web/]'s ,reply to    
,hayne1 ,?anatopsis1 ,byron's ,d>kness1 
,patrick ,h5ry1 & be/ ( all ,! ,maniac1 
:i* ,i sp\t$ 9 a f]vid way we>+ a flam+ 
r$ necktie4 ,i rememb] a f]vid sc5e )   
myself on a high solit>y hill ) a bald  
summit two miles f home1 :]e ,i once w5t
 because ,i _h be5 blam$4 ,i tri$ to sum
 myself up1 inv5tory my good & bad      
po9ts4 ,x 0 ,sunday1 & ,i 0 key$ up to a
 fr5zy ( resolve1 pray]1 idealization ( 
life2 all grew all 9 a jumble4 ,my      
resolve to g to college 0 cl9*$ !n &    
!re1 & t hill w always rema9 my ,pisgah 
& ,moriah1 ,horeb & ,s9ai all 9 "o4 ,i  
pac$ back & =? 9 ! w9d & %\t$1 ',i w    
make p "k & rev]e me2 ,i w d some?+'2 & 
call$ ev]y?+ to witness my v[ t ,i nev] 

aga9 w\ld visit ?is spot till all 0     
fulfill$4 ,alas6 he says1 ,i h nev] be5 
!re s9ce4 ,once1 to a summ] p>ty :o w5t1
 ,i made excuse = n keep+ ?is r5dezv\s4 
,x 0 too sacram5tal4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 a v   
deep & nev]-to-be-=gott5 exp]i5ce !re   
all alone1 :5 some?+ ( great mom5t to me
 c]ta9ly took place 9 my s\l4  ,9 !     
biography ( ,fr$]ick ,d\glas#de we are  
told t :5 he 0 ab\t ?irte5 he began to  
feel deeply ! moral yoke ( slav]y & to  
seek means ( escap+ x4 ,he became       
int]e/$ 9 religion1 0 conv]t$1 & dream$ 
( & pray$ = lib]ty4 ,) great +5uity he  
extract$ k ( ! alphabet & read+ f :ite  
boys ( 8 acqua9tance4 ,at sixte51 "u a  
brutal ma/] he revolt$ & 0 beat5 until  
he 0 fa9t f loss ( blood1 & at sev5te5  
he f\ght & :ipp$ ! brutal ov]se] ,covey1
 :o w\ld h invok$ ! law1 :i* made dea? !
 puni%m5t = su* an (f5se1 b = %ame (    
hav+ be5 wor/$ by a negro boy & f !     
reflection t !re 0 no pr(it f a dead    
slave4 ,only at tw5ty did he escape into
 ! new _w ( fre$om4  ,jacob ,riis#df    

fell head ov] heels 9 love ) sweet      
,elizabe? :5 he 0 fifte5 & %e ?irte54 ,8
 c\rt%ip proce$$ at a tumultu\s pace1   
:i* fir/ made ! t[n laugh1 !n put x out 
( pati5ce & made "s /aid matrons express
 ! desire to box my e>s s\ndly4 ,%e     
play$ among ! lumb] :]e he work$1 & he  
wat*$ h] s int5tly t he sc>r$ 8 %9bone )
 an adze he %\ld h be5 m9d+4 ,he cut (f 
8 =ef+] ) an ax :5 %e 0 danc+ on a beam 
ne> by1 & once fell (f a ro( :5 cran+ 8 
neck to see h] g r\nd a corn]4 ,at ano!r
 "t he ord]$ h] fa!r (f ! dance-floor1  
because he tri$ to take 8 daught] home a
 few m9utes be=e ! appo9t$ h\r (        
midnight4 ,"y z he 01 he 0 l>ge & tri$  
to run away to jo9 ! army1 b f9ally w5t 
to ,cop5hag5 to s]ve 8 appr5tice%ip ) a 
build]1 & "h _h an int]view ) ,hans     
,*ri/ian ,&]s54  ,ell]y ,s$gwick tells z
 t at ?irte5 ! m9d ( ,?omas ,pa9e ran on
 /ories ( ! sea :i* 8 tea*] _h told him1
 & t he attempt$ to enli/ on ! private] 
,t]rible4 ,he 0 re/less at home = ye>s1 
& %ipp$ on a trad+ vessel at n9ete54    

,inde$1 mod]n lit]ature 9 our tongue    
ab\nds 9 ?is elem5t1 f ,*ilde ,h>old to 
! second & ?ird long *apt]s 9 ,mrs4     
,w>d's ,david ,grieve1 end+ ) 8         
engagem5t to ,lucy ,purcell2 ,?ack]ay's 
,ar?ur ,p5d5nis & 8 *>act]i/ic love ( ! 
f> old] & s*em+ ,fanny ,fo!r+ay2 ,david 
9 ,james ,lane ,all5's ,reign ( ,law1 :o
 read ,d>w91 0 expell$ f ! ,bible       
,college & ! *ur*1 & f9ally 0 engag$ to 
,gabriella2 & scores m might be         
enum]at$4 ,!re is ev5 ,sonny1#dg :o1    
rude z he 0 & poorly z he did 9 all 8   
/udies1 at ! same age :5 he began to    
keep company1 tall]$ 8 hair1 ti$ a b[ ( 
ribbon to ! buggy :ip1 & grew int]e/$ 9 
mann]s1 pass+ ?+s1 putt+ on 8 coat &    
tak+ (f 8 hat at table1 began to /udy 8 
m5ag]ie ( pet snakes1 toads1 liz>ds1    
wrote ,john ,burr\ghs1 help$ him & got  
help 9 return1 took to obs]v+1 & f9ally 
wrote a book ab\t ! =e/ & its occupants1
 all ( :i* is v bi5 tr\v if n hi/oric   
tru?4   ,two s+ul> reflections always   
re>ise 9 read+ ,goe!'s autobiographical 

writ+s3 fir/1 t bo? ! age & ! place1 )  
its c]emonies1 fe/ivals1 great pomp &   
/irr+ ev5ts 9 close qu>t]s 9 ! little   
prov9ce :]e he liv$1 7 especially adapt$
 to educate *ildr5 & absorb !m 9        
ext]nals2 &1 second1 t ?is wond]ful boy 
_h an extreme prop5sity = moraliz+ &    
draw+ lessons ( practical s]vice f all  
ab\t him4 ,?is is no less manife/ 9     
,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,appr5tice%ip &       
,travels1 :i* supplem5ts !              
autobiography4 ,bo? toge!r pres5t a v   
unique type ( adolesc5ce1 ! elaborate   
/ory ( :i* defies epitome4 ,f ! puppet  
craze well on into 8 precoci\s univ]sity
 life x 0 8 passion to explore ! wide/  
ranges ( exp]i5ce & !n to reflect1      
moralize1 or poetize ^u !m4 ,p]haps no  
"o ev] /udi$ ! nasc5t /ages ( 8 own life
 & elaborat$ _! e incid5t ) su* c>eful  
obs]vation & analysis4 ,8 peculi>       
dia!sis enabl$ him to cons]ve _!        
fre%ness on to full maturity1 :5 he gave
 !m lit]>y =m4 ,mo/ lack p[] to fully   
utilize _! own exp]i5ce ev5 = practical 

self-k & guidance1 b ) ,goe! no?+ 0 wa/$
 f :i* self-culture c\ld be extract$4   
,goe!'s fir/ impression ( female        
lovel9ess 0 ( a girl nam$ ,gret*51 :o   
s]v$ w9e "o ev5+1 & ^: face & =m foll[$ 
him = a long "t4 ,_! meet+s always gave 
him a ?rill ( pleasure1 & ?\gh 8 love 0 
l _m fir/ loves1 v spiritual & awak5$ by
 goodness & beauty1 x gave a new        
brightness to ! :ole _w1 & to be ne> h] 
seem$ to him an indisp5sable condition (
 8 be+4 ,h] fianc 0 g5]ally ) h]1 &     
,goe! exp]i5c$ a %ock 9 f9d+ t %e _h    
become a mill9]'s assi/ant = al?\gh1 l  
all natural boys ( ari/ocratic families1
 he lov$ common p1 ?is int]e/ 0 n favor$
 by 8 p>5ts4 ,! night foll[+ !          
coronation day sev]al 7 compell$ to sp5d
 9 *airs1 & he & 8 ,gret*51 ) o!rs1     
slept1 %e ) h] head ^u 8 %\ld]1 until   
all ! o!rs _h awak5$ 9 ! morn+4 ,at la/ 
!y p>t$ at h] door1 & = ! fir/ & la/ "t 
!y kiss$ b nev] met aga91 al?\gh he (t5 
wept 9 ?9k+ ( h]4 ,he 0 t]ribly affront$
 to fully realize t1 al?\gh only two    

ye>s old] ?an himself1 %e %\ld h reg>d$ 
him z a *ild4 ,he tri$ to /rip h] ( all 
lov+ qualities & ?9k h] odi\s1 b h]     
image hov]$ ov] him4 ,! sanity ( in/9ct 
innate 9 y\? prompt$ him to lay aside z 
*ildi% ! fooli% habit ( weep+ & rail+1 &
 8 mortification t %e reg>d$ him some:at
 z a nurse might1 gradually help$ to "w 
8 cure4  ,he 0 v fond ( 8 own "n1 &1 l  
"y & un$ucat$ p1 wrote or c>v$ x any:]e2
 lat] plac$ ne> x t ( a new love1       
,annette1 & aft]w>d on f9d+ ! tree he %$
 te>s1 melt$ t[>d h]1 & made an idyl4   
,he 0 also seiz$ ) a passion ( teas+ h] 
& dom9at+ ov] h] devot$ness ) wanton &  
tyrannical caprice1 v5t+ ^u h] ! ill    
humor ( 8 disappo9tm5ts1 & grew absurdly
 jeal\s & lo/ h] aft] %e _h borne ) him 
) incr$ible pati5ce & aft] t]rible sc5es
 ) h] by :i* he ga9$ no?+4 ,fr5zi$ by 8 
loss1 he began to abuse 8 physical      
nature & 0 only sav$ f illness by !     
heal+ p[] ( 8 poetic tal5t2 ! ,lov]'s   
,caprice 0 writt5 ) ! impetus ( a boil+ 
passion4 ,9 ! mid/ ( _m s]i\s ev5ts1 a  

reckless humor1 :i* 0 due to ! excess ( 
life1 develop$ :i* made him feel himself
 sup]ior to ! mom5t1 & ev5 to c\rt      
dang]4 ,he play$ tricks1 al?\gh r>ely ) 
prem$itation4 ,lat] he mus$ mu* ^u !    
transi5t nature ( love & ! mutability ( 
"*2 ! ext5t to :i* ! s5ses c\ld be      
indulg$ )9 ! b\nds ( morality2 he s\ght 
to rid himself ( all t tr\bl$ him by    
writ+ song or epigram ab\t x1 :i* made  
him seem frivol\s & prompt$ "o fri5d to 
seek to subdue him by means ( *ur* =ms1 
:i* he _h sev]$ on com+ to ,leipzig4 ,by
 degrees he felt an epo* approa*+ :5 all
 respect = au?ority 0 to vani%1 & he    
became suspici\s & ev5 despair+ ) reg>d 
to ! be/ individuals he _h kn[n be=e &  
grew *ummy ) a "y tutor ^: jokes &      
fool]ies 7 incessant4 ,8 disposition    
fluctuat$ betwe5 gaiety & melan*oly1 &  
,r\sseau attract$ him4 ,mean:ile 8 heal?
 decl9$ until a long illness1 :i* began 
) a hemorrhage1 caus$ him to oscillate =
 days betwe5 life & dea?2 &             
convalesc5ce1 g5]ally s delightful1 0   

m>r$ by a s]i\s tumor4 ,8 fa!r's        
disposition 0 /]n1 & he c\ld become     
passionate & bitt]1 & 8 "m's dome/icity 
made h] turn to religion1 s t on com+   
home he =m$ ! acqua9tance ( a religi\s  
circle4 ,aga9 ,goe! 0 told by a ho/ile  
*ild t he 0 n ! true son ( 8 fa!r4 ,?is 
inoculat$ him ) a disease t long lurk$ 9
 8 sy/em & prompt$ v>i\s indirect       
inve/igations to get at ! tru?1 dur+ :i*
 he comp>$ all di/+ui%$ gue/s ) 8 own   
physiognomy to detect 8 own lik5ess4    
,up to ! ,leipzig p]iod he _h great joy 
9 w&]+ unkn[n1 unconsci\s ( self2 b he  
soon began to torm5t himself ) an almo/ 
hyp]trophi$ fancy t he 0 attract+ mu*   
att5tion1 t o!rs' eyes 7 turn$ on 8     
p]son to fix x 9 _! memories1 t he 0    
scann$ & f\nd fault )2 & h5ce he        
develop$ a love ( ! c\ntry1 ( ! woods & 
solit>y places1 :]e he c\ld be h$g$ 9 & 
sep>at$ f all ! _w4 ,"h he began to ?r[ 
(f 8 =m] habit ( look+ at ?+s f ! art   
/&po9t & to take pleasure 9 natural     
objects = _! own sake4 ,8 "m _h almo/   

gr[nup to consci\sness 9 h] two olde/   
*ildr51 & 8 fir/ disappo9tm5t 9 love    
turn$ 8 ?\ght all ! m affectionately    
t[>d h] & 8 si/]1 a ye> y\ng]4 ,he 0    
long consum$ ) amazem5t ov] ! newly     
awak5+ s5se impulse t took intellectual 
=ms & ! m5tal ne$s t clo!d !mselves 9   
s5se images4 ,he fell to build+ air     
ca/les ( opposition lecture c\rses &    
gave himself up to _m dreams ( ideal    
univ]sity conditions4 ,he fir/ att5d$   
lectures dilig5tly1 b suff]$ mu* h>m f  
be+ too advanc$2 le>n$ a great deal t he
 c\ld n regulate1 & 0 !reby made        
uncom=table2 grew int]e/$ 9 ! fit ( 8   
clo!s1 ( :i* hi!rto he _h be5 c>eless4  
,he 0 9 despair at ! unc]ta9ty ( 8 own  
ta/e & judgm5t1 & almo/ fe>$ he mu/ make
 a complete *ange ( m9d1 r5\nc+ :at he  
_h hi!rto le>n$1 & s "o day 9 great     
contempt = 8 pa/ burn$ up 8 poetry1     
sket*es1 etc4  ,he _h le>n$ to value &  
love ! ,bible1 & ow$ 8 moral culture to 
x4 ,its ev5ts & symbols 7 deeply /amp$  
^u him1 s )\t be+ a pieti/ he 0 greatly 

mov$ at ! sc(f+ _s t[>d x :i* he met at 
! univ]sity4 ,f y\? he _h /ood on good  
t]ms ) ,god1 & at times he _h felt t he 
_h "s ?+s to =give ,god = n hav+ giv5   
bett] assi/ance to 8 inf9ite good-w4 ,"u
 all ?is influ5ce he turn$ to cabalism &
 became int]e/$ 9 cry/als & ! microcosm 
& macrocosm1 & fell into ! habit (      
despair ov] :at he _h be5 & believ$ j   
be=e4 ,he conceiv$ a k9d ( h]metical or 
neoplatonic godhead creat+ 9 m & m      
ecc5tric circles1 until ! la/1 :i* rose 
9 contradiction1 0 ,lucif] to :om       
creation 0 committ$4 ,he fir/ ( all     
imag9$ 9 detail an angelic ho/1 & f9ally
 a :ole !ology 0 wr\ght out 9 petto4 ,he
 us$ a gilt ornam5t$ music-/& z a k9d ( 
alt> ) fumigat+ pa/ils = inc5se1 :]e ea*
 morn+ ,god 0 approa*$ by (f]+s until "o
 day a conflagration put a sudd5 end to 
^! celebrations4  ,hans ,&]son1#dh ! son
 ( a poor %oemak]1 taught 9 a *>ity     
s*ool at ! dawn ( pub]ty2 vividly       
animat$ ,bible /ories f pictures pa9t$  
on ! wall2 0 dreamy & abs5t-m9d$2 told  

cont9u$ /ories to 8 mates2 at           
confirmation v[$ he w\ld be fam\s &     
f9ally1 at f\rte51 left home =          
,cop5hag51 :]e he 0 viol5tly /age-/ruck 
& work$ 8 way f fri5d%ip ) ! bill-po/]  
to ! /age z page1 %eph]d1 etc42 call$ on
 a fam\s danc]1 :o scorn$ him1 & !n1    
feel+ t he _h no "o b ,god to dep5d on1 
pray$ e>ne/ly & (t54 ,= ne>ly a ye>1    
until 8 voice broke1 he 0 a f9e s+]4 ,he
 wet ) 8 te>s ! eyes ( a portrait ( a   
he>tless man t he might feel = him4 ,he 
play$ ) a puppet !at] & took a *ildi%   
delight 9 deck+ ! *>act]s ) gay remnants
 t he begg$ f %ops2 wrote sev]al plays  
:i* no "o w\ld accept2 /ole into an     
empty !at] "o ,new ,ye>'s day to pray   
al\d on ! middle ( ! /age2 %\t$ ) joy2  
hugg$ & kiss$ a bee*-tree till p ?\ght  
him insane2 abhorr$ ! ?\ght (           
appr5tice%ip to ,lat9 z he did to t ( a 
trade1 :i* 0 a con/ant dang]2 & 0 "o ( !
 mo/ dreamy & s5tim5tal1 & by spells    
religi\s & pray]ful1 ( y\?4  ,george    
,eb]s#di rememb]$ z a boy ( elev5 !     

revolution ( '#dh 9 ,b]l91 soon aft] :i*
 he 0 plac$ 9 ,froebel's s*ool at       
,keilhau4 ,?is great tea*] ) 8 noble    
associates1 ,midd5dorf1 ,b>op1 &        
,langekhal1 liv$ ) ! boys2 told ! /irr+ 
/ories ( _! own lives z soldi]s 9 ! w> (
 lib]ation2 l$ _! pupils on long        
excursions 9 vacation1 (t5 la/+ = mon?s1
 & gave mu* lib]ty to ! boys1 :o 7 all[$
 to haze n only _! new mates1 b new     
tea*]s4 ,?is transf] f ! city to !      
c\ntry r\s$ a v]itable passion 9 ! boy1 
:o rema9$ "h till he 0 fifte54 ,trees & 
cliffs 7 climb$1 collections made1 !    
,saale by moonlight & ! l(ty ,/eig] at  
sunset 7 explor$4 ,!re 7 swimm+ & skat+ 
& games1 & ! maxim ( ! s*ool1 ,fri$e1   
,freude1 ,freiheit1,peace1 joy1 fre$om 0
 liv$ up to4 ,! boys hung on _! tea*]s =
 /ories4 ,! tea*]s took _! boys into _! 
confid5ce = all _! own lit]>y aims1     
loves1 & ideals4 ,"o _h se5 ! corpse (  
,krn] & ano!r knew ,prohaska4 ,! ,roman 
po/ulate t k %\ld be imp>t$ to boys     
accord+ to a ?or\ghly te/$ me?od approv$

 by ! mature human intellect & :i* seems
 mo/ useful to x = lat] life 0 ! old    
sy/em ( sacrific+ ! int]e/s ( ! *ild =  
^? ( ! man4 ,"h *ildhood 0 to live      
itself out completely & naturally into  
an ev] r5ew$ p>adise4 ,! temp]am5ts1    
dispositions1 & *>act]s ( ea* ( ! sixty 
boys 7 c>efully /udi$ & record$4 ,"s (  
^! are /ill little ma/]pieces (         
psy*ological p5etration1 & ?is 0 made ! 
basis ( developm5t4 ,! extreme          
,teutonism cultivat$ by wre/l+1 %oot+1 &
 f5c+1 giv+ ea* a spot ( l& to s[1 reap1
 & %ovel1 & all 9 an atmosph]e ( adult  
life1 made an environm5t t fitt$ !      
transition p]iod z well z any t ! hi/ory
 ( education af=ds4 ,e tramp & battle 7 
describ$ 9 a book by ea* boy4 ,:5 at    
fifte5 ,eb]s 0 transf]r$ to ! ,kottbus  
,gymnasium1 he felt l a colt l$ f gre5  
pa/ures to ! /able1 & ! p]iod (         
eff]vesc5ce made him almo/ possess$ by a
 demon1 s _m sorts ( follies did he     
commit4 ,he wrote a poem ( ! _w1 fell 9 
love ) an actress old] ?an himself1     

became kn[n z foolh>dy = 8 wild         
escapades1 & only sl[ly sob]$ d[n4  ,9  
,gottfri$ ,kelley's ,d] grne ,he9ri*1#ej
 ! au?or1 :om ,r4,m4 ,mey] calls ! mo/  
em95t lit]>y ,g]man ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 
reviews ! memories ( 8 e>ly life4 ,?is  
autobiography is a pla9 & v reali/ic    
/ory ( a normal *ild1 & n adult]at$ )   
fiction l ,goe!'s or ) psy*oses l       
,r\sseau or ,ba%kirtseff4 ,he seems a   
boy l all o!r boys1 & 8 *ildhood & y\? 7
 9 no wise extraord9>y4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is
 "w1 :i* describes 8 y\? up to ! age (  
eighte51 is ! mo/ important1 & ev]y?+ is
 giv5 ) rem>kable fidelity & m9ut5ess4  
,x is a tale ( little ?+s4 ,all !       
fri5d%ips & loves & impulses are !re1 & 
he is fundam5tally selfi% & utilit>ian2 
,god & nature 7 "o1 & only :5 8 belov$  
,army di$ did he wi% to believe 9       
immortality4 ,he1 too1 z a *ild1 f\nd   
two k9ds ( love 9 8 he>t--! idea & !    
s5sual1 v indep5d5t--! "o = a "y &      
innoc5t girl & ! o!r = a sup]b "y woman 
ye>s old] ?an he1 pure1 al?\gh !        

p]sonification ( s5se4 ,he gives a ri*  
h>ve/ ( m9ute & sagaci\s obs]vations    
ab\t 8 /range simultane\s loves2 !      
peculi> ta/es ( food2 8 day-dream p]iod2
 & 8 r prolong$ habit ( ly+1 ! latt]    
because he _h no o!r v5t = inv5tion4 ,he
 describes ) great regret 8 leav+ s*ool 
at s e>ly an age2 8 volcanic passion (  
ang]2 8 self-di/ru/2 8 p]iods ( ab&on2 8
 passion to make a success ( art ?\gh he
 did n ( life2 8 spells ( self-despair &
 cynicism2 8 p]iods ( desolation 9 8    
s+le life2 8 habit ( /ory-tell+2 8      
wre/l+ ) ! problem ( !ology & ,god2 !   
conflict betwe5 8 philosophy & 8 love ( 
! girls1 etc4  ,f a private s*ool 9     
,leipzig1 :]e he _h %[n all a boy's tact
 9 f9d+ :at 8 ma/]s ?\ght ! value ( ea* 
subject !y taught2 :]e he _h jo9$ 9 !   
v&alism ( us+ a batt]+-ram to break a   
way to ! hat$ sci5ce app>atus & to      
de/roy x2 feel+ t ! classical writ]s 7  
ov]prais$2 & :]e at ! age ( sixte5 he _h
 appe>$ sev]al times 9 public z a recit]
 ( 8 own poems1 ,max ,mll] return$ to   

,leipzig & ent]$ ^u ! fre$om ( univ]sity
 life !re at ! age ( sev5te54 ,= ye>s 8 
*ief enjoym5t 0 music4#ea ,he play$ !   
piano well1 he>d ev]y?+ he c\ld 9 conc]t
 or op]a1 0 an oratorio t5or1 & grew m &
 m absorb$ 9 music1 s t he plann$ to    
devote himself altoge!r to x & also to  
ent] a musical s*ool at ,dessau1 b no?+ 
came ( x4 ,at ! univ]sity he saw little 
( society1 0 once inc>c]at$ = we>+ a    
club ribbon1 & confesses t ) 8 boon     
companions he 0 guilty ( practises :i*  
w\ld n[ br+ culprits into collision )   
au?orities4 ,he f\ght ?ree duels1       
p>ticipat$ 9 _m pranks & freaki%        
escapades1 b nev]!less att5d$ fifty-?ree
 diff]5t c\rses ( lectures 9 ?ree ye>s4 
,:5 ,hegelism 0 ! /ate philosophy1 he   
tri$ h>d to und]/& x1 b dismiss$ x ) !  
s5tim5ts express$ by a ,fr5* (fic] to 8 
tailor1 :o refus$ to take ! tr\s]s he _h
 ord]$ to be made v tight because !y did
 n fit s closely t he c\ld n get into   
!m4 ,d>w9 attract$ him1 yet ! wildness (
 8 foll[]s repell$4 ,he says1 ,i confess

 ,i felt q bewild]$ = a "t & began to   
despair altoge!r ( my reason+ p[]s4 ,he 
wond]s h[ "y m9ds 9 ,g]man univ]sities  
survive ! /orms & fogs ?r\gh :i* !y     
pass4 ,) bat$ brea? he he>d 8 eld]s talk
 ( philosophy & tri$ to lay hold ( a ^w 
"h & !re1 b x all float$ be=e 8 m9d l   
mi/4 ,lat] he _h an ,hegelian p]iod1 b  
f\nd 9 ,h]b>t a corrective1 & at la/    
decid$ ^u ,sanskrit & o!r anci5t        
languages1 because he felt t he mu/ "k  
some?+ t no o!r knew1 & also t ! ,g]mans
 _h !n he>d only ! aft]-*ime & n ! real 
/rik+ ( ! bells ( ,indian philosophy4 ,f
 tw5ty 8 /ruggles & 8 qu]ies grew m     
def9ite1 & at la/1 at ! age ( tw5ty-two1
 he 0 fully laun*$ ^u 8 c>e] 9 ,p>is1 & 
lat] w5t to ,ox=d4  ,at ?irte5 ,wagn]#eb
 translat$ ab\t half ! ,odyssey         
volunt>ily2 at f\rte5 began ! trag$y :i*
 0 to comb9e ! gr&eur ( two (           
,%akespe>e's dramas2 at sixte5 he tri$ 8
 new-fl$g$ musical w+s by so>+ at once  
to ! highe/ peaks ( or*e/ral a*ievem5t  
)\t wa/+ any "t on ! humble foot-hills4 

,he s\ght to make a new dep>ture1 &1    
comp>$ to ! gr&eur ( 8 own composition1 
,bee?ov5's ,n9? ,symphony appe>$ l a    
simple ,pleyel ,sonata4 ,to facilitate !
 read+ ( 8 a/\nd+ score1 he wrote x 9   
?ree k9ds ( ink--r$ = /r+s1 gre5 = !    
wood-w9d1 & black = ! brass in/rum5ts4  
,he writes t ?is ov]ture 0 ! climax ( 8 
absurdities1 & al?\gh ! audi5ce be=e :i*
 an accommodat+ or*e/ra play$ x 7       
disgu/$ & ! musicians 7 convuls$ )      
laught]1 x made a deep impression ^u !  
au?or's m9d4 ,ev5 aft] matriculat+ at ! 
univ]sity he ab&on$ himself s long to ! 
dissipations common to /ud5t life be=e !
 reaction came t 8 relatives fe>$ t he 0
 a good-=-no?+4  ,9 8 ,hannele1         
,hauptmann1 ! dramati/1 describes 9 a   
k9d ( dream poem :at he suppos$ to pass 
?r\gh ! m9d ( a dy+ girl ( ?irte5 or    
f\rte51 :o does n wi% to live & is s    
absorb$ by ! ,br[nies ( h] bra9 t %e    
h>dly kn[s :e!r %e is alive on e>? or   
dead 9 heav51 & :o sees ! ,"l ,jesus 9 !
 =m ( ! s*oolma/] :om %e adores4 ,9 h]  

clos+ vision !re is a symbolic          
repres5tation ( h] own resurrection4 ,to
 ! passionate discussions 9 ,g]many1    
,engl&1 & ,france1 z to :e!r ?is "* is  
true to adolesc5ce1 we c only answ] ) an
 emphatic affirmative2 t h] heav5 ab\nds
 9 local color & 9 fairy tale items1 t x
 is v mat]ial1 & t %e is tr\bl$ by fe>s 
( s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 is answ] en\gh
 9 an ill-us$1 />v+ *ild ) a fev]$ bra91
 ^: dead "m taught h] ^! ?+s4           
,sa9t-,pi]re's ,paul & ,virg9ia is an   
attempt to describe budd+ adolesc5ce 9 a
 boy & girl born on a remote isl& & re>$
 9 a /ate ( natural simplicity ,!       
descriptions are s5tim5tal aft] ! fa%ion
 ( ! age 9 ,france1 & ! pa?os1 :i* to u 
smacks ( affectation & artificiality1   
nev]!less has a ve9 ( tru? 9 x4 ,! /ory 
really beg9s :5 ! two *ildr5 7 twelve2 &
 ! description ( ! dawn ( love &        
melan*oly 9 ,virg9ia's he>t1 = "s "t    
conceal$ f ,paul1 ( h] disquiet & piety1
 ( ! f9al frank av[al ( et]nal love by  
ea*1 set ( by ! pa!tic sep>ation1 & ( ! 

undy+ love1 & f9ally ! tragic dea? &    
burial ( ea*--all ?is owes its *>m1 =   
its _m g5]ations ( read]s1 to its m]its 
z an ess5tially true picture ( ! human  
he>t at ?is critical age4 ,?is "w &     
,r\sseau#ec h contribut$ to give ,fr5*  
lit]ature its peculi> ca/ 9 its         
description ( ?is age4   ,! fir/        
explosions ( combu/ible con/itution 9   
,r\sseau's1 precoci\s nature 7          
tr\blesome1 & he felt premature         
s5sations ( erotic voluptu\sness1 b )\t 
any s94 ,he long$ to fall at ! feet ( an
 imp]i\s mi/ress1 obey h] m&ates or     
implore p>don4 ,he only want$ a lady1 to
 become a knight errant4 ,at t5 he 0    
passionately devot$ to a ,mlle4 ,vulson1
 :om he publicly & tyrannically claim$ z
 8 own & w\ld all[ no o!r to approa*4   
,he _h v diff]5t s5su\s feel+s t[>d     
,mlle4 ,goton1 ) :om 8 relations 7 v    
passionate1 ?\gh pure4 ,absolutely "u ! 
p[] ( bo? ^! mi/resses1 ! effects !y    
produc$ ^u him 7 9 no wise relat$ to ea*
 o!r4 ,! =m] 0 a bro!r's affection ) !  

jeal\sy ( a lov] add$1 b ! latt] a      
furi\s1 tig]i%1 ,turki% rage4 ,:5 told (
 ! =m]'s m>riage1 9 8 indignation &     
h]oic fury he swore nev] m to see a     
p]fidi\s girl4 ,a slightly neurotic ve9 
( prolong$ ephebeitis p]vades mu* ( 8   
life4  ,pi]re ,loti's ,/ory ( a ,*ild#ed
 0 writt5 :5 ! au?or 0 =ty-two1 &       
conta9s h>dly a fact1 b x is "o ( ! be/ 
( inn] autobiographies1 & is n[h]e ri*] 
?an 9 ! la/ *apt]s1 :i* br+ ! au?or d[n 
to ! age ( f\rte5 & a half4 ,he vividly 
describes ! new joy at wak+1 :i* he     
began to feel at twelve or ?irte52 !    
cle> vision into ! bottomless pit (     
dea?2 ! new1 m>vel\s susceptibility to  
nature z comrade%ip ) boys ( 8 own age 0
 lack+2 ! sudd5 desires f pure bravado &
 p]v]sity to d some?+ unseemly1 e4 g41  
mak+ a fly omelet & c>ry+ x 9 a         
procession ) song2 ! melt+ ( pewt]      
plates & p\r+ !m into wat] & salt+ a    
wild tract ( l& ) !m2 organiz+ a b& (   
m9]s1 :om he l$ z if ) ke5 sc5t to ! "r 
spot & r$iscov]$ 8 nuggets1 ev]y?+ be+  

done my/]i\sly & z a tribal secret4     
,loti _h a new feel+ = ! haunt+ music ( 
,*op91 :i* he _h be5 taught to play b _h
 n be5 int]e/$ 92 8 m9d 0 inflam$1 by a 
home visit ( an eld] bro!r1 ) ! idea (  
go+ to ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 & ?is became 
a long obsession :i* f9ally l$ him to   
enli/ 9 ! navy1 dropp+1 ) a beat+ he>t1 
! mom5t\s lett] into ! po/-(fice aft]   
long misgiv+s & delays4 ,he _h a        
sup]ficial & a hidd5 self1 ! latt]      
some:at :imsical & p]haps ridicul\s1 %>$
 only ) a few intimate fri5ds = :om he  
w\ld h let himself be cut into bits4 ,he
 believes 8 transition p]iod la/$ long] 
?an ) ! majority ( m51 & dur+ x he 0    
c>ri$ f "o extreme to ano!r2 _h r       
ecc5tric & absurd mann]s1 & t\*$ moat ( 
! p]il\s rocks on ! voyage ( life4 ,he  
_h an e>ly love = an old] girl ^: "n he 
wrote 9 ciph] on 8 books1 al?\gh he felt
 x a little artificial1 b believ$ x     
might h develop$ into a great & true    
h]$it>y fri5d%ip1 cont9u+ t :i* _!      
ance/ors _h felt = _m g5]ations4 ,! bir?

 ( love 9 8 he>t 0 9 a dream aft] hav+  
read ! =bidd5 poet1 ,alfr$ de ,musset4  
,he 0 f\rte51 & 9 8 dream x 0 a s(t1    
odor\s twilight4 ,he walk$ amid fl[]s   
seek+ a nameless "s "o :om he ard5tly   
desir$1 & felt t some?+ /range &        
wond]ful1 intoxicat+ z x advanc$1 0 go+ 
to happ54 ,! twilight grew deep]1 &     
beh9d a rose-bu% he saw a "y girl ) a   
languor\s & my/]i\s smile1 al?\gh h]    
=ehead & eyes 7 hidd54 ,z x d>k5$ r     
sudd5ly1 h] eyes came out1 & !y 7 v     
p]sonal & seem$ to belong to "s "o      
already mu* belov$1 :o _h be5 f\nd )    
transports ( inf9ite joy & t5d]ness4 ,he
 woke ) a />t & s\ght to reta9 !        
phantom1 :i* fad$4 ,he c\ld n conceive t
 0 a m]e illusion1 & z he realiz$ t %e  
_h vani%$ he felt ov]:elm$ )            
hopelessness4 ,x 0 ! fir/ /irr+ ( true  
love ) all its great melan*oly & deep   
my/]y1 ) its ov]:elm+ b sad             
en*antm5t--love :i* l a p]fume end[s ) a
 fragrance all x t\*es4   ,x is1 ,i     
believe1 high "t t ephebic lit]ature    

%\ld be recogniz$ z a class by itself1 &
 h a place ( its own 9 ! hi/ory ( lett]s
 & 9 criticism4 ,mu* ( x %\ld be        
individually prescrib$ = ! read+ ( ! "y1
 = :om x has a s+ul> ze/ & is a true    
/imulus & corrective4 ,?is /age ( life  
n[ has :at might almo/ be call$ a s*ool 
( its own4 ,"h ! "y appeal to & li/5 to 
ea* o!r z !y d n to adults1 & 9 a way ! 
latt] h fail$ to appreciate4 ,aga91 no  
biography1 & especially no              
autobiography1 %\ld h5ce=? be complete  
if x does n describe ?is p]iod (        
trans=mation s all-det]m9+ = future life
 to :i* x alone c (t5 give ! key4       
,rightly to draw ! lessons ( ?is age n  
only saves u f wa/e ineffable ( ?is ri* 
b crude area ( exp]i5ce1 b makes        
maturity san] & m complete4 ,la/ly1 _m  
if n mo/ "y p %\ld be enc\rag$ to en\gh 
( ! confessional private j\rnalism to   
tea* !m self-k1 = ! art (               
self-expression usually beg9s n[ if ev]1
 :5 x has a weal? ( subjective mat]ial &
 ne$s =ms ( expression peculi> to       

itself4  ,= additional ref]5ces on !    
subject ( ?is *apt]1 see3  ,alcaf>ado1  
,m>ianna1 ,love ,lett]s ( a ,portuguese 
,nun4 ,translat$ by ,r4 ,h41 ,new ,york1
 #ahhg4 ,ri*>dson1 ,abby ,sage1 ,abel>d 
& ,hloise1 & ,lett]s ( ,hloise1         
,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 & ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,smi?1
 ,!odote ,l41 ,types ( ,adolesc5t       
,affection4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,june1 
#aijd1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #agh-bjc4         
,footnote #a3 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,june
 #aija1 vol4 #h1 pp4 #afc-bje  ,footnote
 #b3 ,be+ a ,boy4  ,footnote #c3 ,/ory (
 a ,bad ,boy4  ,footnote #d3 ,a ,boy's  
,t[n4  ,footnote #e3 ,c\rt ( ,boyville4 
,footnote #f3 ,! ,spoilt ,*ild1 by ,pe>y
 ,*&mitt]4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,d4        
,oswell4 ,?ack]1 ,sp9k & ,co41          
,calcutta1 #ahic4  ,footnote #g3 ,!     
,gold5 ,age  ,footnote #h3 ,frau ,spyri4
  ,footnote #i3 ,! ,"o ,i ,knew ! ,be/ (
 ,all4  ,footnote #aj3 ,! ,/udy ( !     
,boyhood ( ,great ,m54 ,p$agogical      
,sem9>y1 ,octob]1 #ahid1 vol4 #c1 pp4   
#acd-aef4  ,footnote #aa3 ,! ,vani%+ ,"*

 ( ,adolesc5t ,exp]i5ces4 ,nor?we/]n    
,mon?ly1 ,june1 #ahih1 vol4 #h1 p4 #fdd4
  ,footnote #ab3 ,! ,c\nt ( ,boyville1  
by ,william ,all5 ,:ite4 ,new ,york1    
#ahii1 p4 #ceh4  ,footnote #ac3 ,! ,/udy
 ( ,adolesc5ce4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1    
,june1 #ahia1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #agd-aie4    
,footnote #ad3 ,lanca/]3 ,! ,psy*ology &
 ,p$agogy ( ,adolesc5ce4 ,p$agogical    
,sem9>y1 ,july1 #ahig1 vol4 #e1 p4 #ajf4
  ,footnote #ae3 ,/&>ds ( ,effici5cy 9  
,s*ool & 9 ,life4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1  
,m>*1 #aijc1 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #c-bb4       
,footnote #af3 ,see also ,vittorio da   
,feltre & o!r ,humani/ ,educators1 by   
,w4 ,h4 ,woodw>d4 ,cambridge ,univ]sity 
,press1 #ahig4  ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,!  
,private ,life ( ,galileo2 f 8          
,correspond5ce & t ( 8 ,elde/ ,daught]4 
,anon1 ,macmillan1 ,london1 #ahgj4      
,footnote #ah3 ,see ,sir ,david         
,brew/]'s ,life ( ,newton4 ,h>p]1 ,new  
,york1 #ahgd4  ,footnote #ai3 ,l\is     
,agassiz1 ,8 ,life & ,"w1 by ,c4 ,f4    
,hold]4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new   

,york1 #ahic4  ,footnote #bj3 ,life &   
,lett]s ( ,?omas ,h4 ,huxley1 by 8 son  
,leon>d ,huxley4 ,d4 ,appleton & ,co41  
,new ,york1 #aija4  ,footnote #ba3 ,see 
also ,sully3 ,a ,girl's ,religion4      
,longman's ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #ahij1 pp4   
#hi-ii4  ,footnote #bb3 ,%eldon         
7,in/itutional ,activities ( ,am]ican   
,*ildr52 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 
,july1 #ahih1 vol4 #i1 p4 #dcd7         
describes a fa9tly analog\s case ( a    
girl ( elev51 :o organis$ ! wor%ip (    
,pallas ,a!na on two flat rocks1 9 a    
deep rav9e by a /ream :]e a "y sycamore 
grew f an old /ump1 z did ,pallas f !   
head ( h] fa!r ,zeus4 ,!re 0 a c\rt     
consi/+ ( k+1 que5 & subjects1 & prie/s 
:o (ficiat$ at sacrifices4 ,! k+ & que5 
wore gold5rod ^u _! heads & wad$ 9      
/reams att5d$ by _! subjects2 ga!r$     
fl[]s = ,a!na2 caught crayfi% :i* 7 duly
 sma%$ ^u h] alt>4 ,sometimes !re 0 a   
special celebration1 :51 9 addition to !
 slaught]$ crayfi% & beautiful fl[]     
decorations1 & pickles /ol5 f !         

d9n]-table1 !re w\ld be an elaborate    
c]emony1 :i* because ( its uncanny acts 
0 int5sely dislik$ by ! p at h&4        
,footnote #bc3 ,! ,"o ,i ,"k ,! ,be/ (  
,all4 ,a ,memory ( ! ,m9d ( a ,*ild4 ,by
 ,frances ,hodgson ,burnett4 ,scribn]'s 
,sons1 ,new ,york1 #ahic  ,footnote #bd3
 ,! ,be? ,book1 by ,s>ah ,gr&4 ,d4      
,appleton & ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahig4    
,footnote #be3 ,autobiography ( a ,*ild4
 ,hannah ,lyn*1 ,w4 ,blackwood & ,sons1 
,london1 #ahii1 p4 #bee4  ,footnote #bf3
 ,! ,/ory ( ,my ,life4 ,by ,hel5 ,kell]4
 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page & ,co41 ,new ,york1    
#aijc1 p4 #ci4  ,footnote #bg3 ,j\rnal (
 a ,"y ,arti/4 ,cassell & ,co41 ,new    
,york1 #ahhi1 p4 #dcd4  ,footnote #bh3  
,! ,/ory ( ,m>y ,mac,lane4 ,by h]self4  
,h]b]t ,s4 ,/one & ,co41 ,*icago1 #aijb1
 p4 #cbb4  ,footnote #bi3 ,fate4        
,translat$ f ! ,italian by ,a4,m4 ,von  
,blomb]g4 ,copel& & ,day1 ,bo/on1 #ahih4
  ,footnote #cj3 ,confessions ( an      
,opium ,eat]4 ,"p ,i4 ,introductory     
,n>rative4 7,cambridge ,classics7 #ahif4

  ,footnote #ca3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 & ,co4
 ,london1 #ahia1 #bnd ed4  ,footnote    
#cb3 ,! ,he>ts ( ,m54 ,macmillan1       
,london1 #ahia1 p4 #cbd4  ,footnote #cc3
 ,an ,autobiography4 ,edit$ by ,h4,m4   
,trollope4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhc4     
,footnote #cd3 ,see 8 ,memoirs4 ,london1
 #ahhe4  ,footnote #ce3 ,see            
,autobiography ( ,m>k ,ru!r=d 7pseudonym
 = ,w4,h4 ,:ite71 edit$ by ,reub5       
,%apcott4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahha4      
,footnote #cf3 ,! re/ ( ! two volumes is
 devot$ to 8 fur!r life z a diss5t+     
m9i/]1 :o lat] became some?+ ( a lit]>y 
man2 relat+ h[ he 0 sl[ly driv5 to leave
 8 little *ur*1 h[ he outgrew & broke ) 
! girl to :om he 0 engag$1 :om he       
m>vel\sly met & m>ri$ :5 bo? 7 well on 9
 ye>s1 & h[ /rangely he 0 influ5c$ by ! 
free-?9k] ,m>don & 8 rem>kable daught]4 
,all 9 all x is a r>e /udy (            
emancipation4  ,footnote #cg3 ,london1  
#ahif1 vol4 #a4  ,footnote #ch3         
,macmillan1 #aijb4  ,footnote #ci3 ,life
 ( ,sir ,j4,f4 ,/eph54 ,by 8 bro!r1     

,leslie ,/eph51 ,london1 #ahie4         
,footnote #dj3 ,see ! v impressive      
acc\nt ( ,dick5's *>act]ization (       
*ildhood & y\?1 & ( 8 great b hi!rto    
inadequately recogniz$ int]e/ & influ5ce
 z an educator4 ,dick5s z an ,educator4 
,james ,l4 ,hughes4 ,d4 ,appleton &     
,co41 ,new ,york1 #aija1 p4 #cai4       
,footnote #da3 ,john ,+lesant3 ,a       
,romance4 #f? ed4 ,macmillan1 #ahhf4    
,footnote #db3 ,! ,autobiography ( a    
,j\rnali/4 #b vols4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 & 
,co41 ,bo/on1 #aija4  ,footnote #dc3 ,a4
 ,bronson ,alcott1 ,8 ,life &           
,philosophy4 ,by ,f4 ,b4 ,sanborn & ,w4 
,t4 ,h>ris4 ,rob]ts ,bros41 ,bo/on1     
#ahic4  ,footnote #dd3 ,horace ,bu%nell1
 ,prea*] & ,!ologian4 ,by ,!odore ,f4   
,mung]4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 & ,co41       
,bo/on1 #ahii4  ,footnote #de3 ,by      
,c4,w4 ,*esnutt4 7,beacon ,biographies47
 ,small1 ,mayn>d & ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahii4 
,footnote #df3 ,! ,mak+ ( an ,am]ican4  
,macmillan1 #aija4  ,footnote #dg3      
,sonny4 ,by ,ru? ,mc,enery ,/u>t4 ,!    

,c5tury ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahif4        
,footnote #dh3 ,! ,/ory ( ,my ,life4    
,works1 vol4 #h new edition4 ,h\ghton1  
,miffl9 & ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahid4          
,footnote #di3 ,! ,/ory ( ,my ,life4    
,translat$ by ,m4 ,j4 ,saf=d4 ,d4       
,appleton & ,co41 ,new ,york #ahic4     
,footnote #ej3 ,gesammelte ,w]ke4 ,vi]t]
 ,b&4 ,wilhelm ,h]tz1 ,b]l91 #ahig4     
,footnote #ea3 ,my ,autobiography1 p4   
#ajf4 ,*as4 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,new      
,york1 #aija4  ,footnote #eb3 ,wagn] &  
,8 ,works4 ,by ,h5ry ,t4 ,f9ck4 ,*as4   
,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #ahic4    
,footnote #ec3 ,les ,confessions4       
,oeuvres ,compltes1 vols4 #h & #i4      
,ha*ette et ,cie41 ,p>is1 #aijc4        
,footnote #ed3 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by  
,c4,f4 ,smi?4 ,c4,c4 ,bir*>d & ,co41    
,bo/on1 #aija4         99     99     99 
99     99     ,,*apt] ,,ix   ,,! ,,gr[? 
,,( ,,social ,,ideals   ,*ange f *ildi% 
to adult fri5ds--,influ5ce ( favorite   
tea*]s--,:at *ildr5 wi% or plan to d or 
be--,prop]ty & ! money s5se--,social    

judgm5ts--,! only *ild--,fir/ social    
organizations--,/ud5t                   
life--,associations = y\?1 controll$ by 
adults4  ,9 a few aspects we are already
 able to trace ! normal psy*ic outgr[+ (
 ! home ( *ildhood z its int]e/s        
irradiate into an ev] enl>g+ environm5t4
 ,almo/ ! only duty ( small *ildr5 is   
habitual & prompt ob$i5ce4 ,our v       
pres5ce en=ces "o g5]al law--t ( keep+  
our good-w & avoid+ our displeasure4 ,!y
 respect all we smile at or ev5 notice1 
& gr[ to x l ! plant t[>d ! light4 ,_!  
e>ly lies are (t5 say+ :at !y ?9k w     
please4 ,at bottom1 ! mo/ re/less *ild  
admires & loves ^? :o save him f too    
great fluctuations by co]cion1 provid$ !
 means be rightly *os5 & ! asc5d5cy     
ext5d ov] he>t & m9d4 ,b ! "t comes :5  
p>5ts are (t5 %ock$ at ! lack ( respect 
sudd5ly %[n by ! *ild4 ,!y h ceas$ to be
 ! highe/ ideals4 ,! p]iod ( habituat+  
morality & mak+ x habitual is ceas+2 & !
 passion to realize fre$om1 to act on   
p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & to keep a private   

consci5ce is 9 ord]4 ,to act            
occasionally ) indep5d5ce f ! highe/    
possible ideal motives develops !       
impulse & ! joy ( pure obligation1 & ?us
 br+s "s new & orig9al =ce into ! _w &  
makes habitual guidance by ! highe/ &   
be/1 or by inn] z oppos$ to out]        
con/ra9t1 ! practical rule ( life4 ,to  
br+ ! ri*e/ /reams ( ?\ght to be> 9     
int]pret+ ! e?ical in/9cts1 s t ! y\?   
%all cease to live 9 a moral int]regnum1
 is ! real goal ( self-k4 ,?is is true  
education ( ! w & prep>es ! way = love (
 ov]com+ ob/acles ( difficulty1 p]haps  
ev5 ( conflict4 ,?is impulse is (t5 !   
secret ( ob/9acy4#a ,& yet1 at no "t 9  
life w a human be+ respond ,s he>tily if
 treat$ by old] & wis] p z if he 7 an   
equal or ev5 a sup]ior4 ,! attempt to   
treat a *ild at adolesc5ce z y w\ld     
treat an inf]ior is in/antly fatal to   
good discipl9e4#b ,p>5ts /ill ?9k ( _!  
(fspr+ z m]e *ildr51 & tight5 ! re9 :5  
!y %\ld loos5 x4 ,_m "y p feel t !y h ! 
be/ ( homes & yet t !y w g crazy if !y  

mu/ rema9 9 !m4 ,if ! tra9+ ( e>li] ye>s
 has be5 good1 guidance by comm& may n[ 
safely give way to t by ideals1 :i* are 
sure to be h]oic4 ,! "o unp>donable ?+ =
 ! adolesc5t is dullness1 /upidity1 lack
 ( life1 int]e/1 & en?usiasm 9 s*ool or 
tea*]s1 &1 p]haps above all1 too great  
/r+5cy4 ,lea/ ( all1 at ?is /age1 c !   
curriculum s*ool be an ossu>y4 ,! *ild  
mu/ n[ be tak5 into ! family c\ncils &  
f9d ! p>5ts int]e/$ 9 all t int]e/s him4
 ,:]e ?is is n done1 we h ! conditions =
 ! int]e/+ cases ( s _m y\?1 :o n[ beg9 
to suspect t fa!r1 "m1 or bo?1 are n _! 
true p>5ts4 ,n only is !re int]e/ 9     
rapidly wid5+ associations ) coevals1 b 
a new lu/ to pu% on & up to maturity4   
,"o m>k$ trait n[ is to seek fri5ds &   
companions old] ?an !mselves1 or next to
 ?is1 to seek ^? y\ng]4 ,?is is m>k$    
contra/ ) previ\s ye>s1 :5 !y seek      
associates ( _! own age4 ,possibly !    
m]ciless teas+ in/9ct1 :i* culm9ates at 
ab\t ! same "t1 may h "s influ5ce1 b    
c]ta9 x is t n[ int]e/ is transpol>iz$  

up & d[n ! age scale4 ,"o reason is !   
new hung] = in=mation1 n only conc]n+   
reproduction1 b a va/ v>iety ( o!r      
matt]s1 s t !re is (t5 an attitude (    
sil5t begg+ = k4 ,9 answ] to            
,lanca/]'s#c que/ions on ?is subject1 "s
 s\ght old] associates because !y c\ld  
le>n m f !m1 f\nd !m bett] or m /eadfa/ 
fri5ds1 crav$ sympa?y & f\nd mo/ ( x f  
old] & p]haps m>ri$ p4 ,"s 7 m int]e/$ 9
 _! p>5ts' conv]sation ) o!r adults ?an 
) !mselves1 & 7 p>ticul>ly ent]ta9$ by !
 *ance ( he>+ ?+s !y _h no bus9ess to4  
,!re is (t5 a feel+ t adults d n realize
 ?is new ne$ ( fri5d%ip ) !m & %[ want (
 sympa?y almo/ brutal4   ,/ableton1#d :o
 has made int]e/+ notes on individual   
boys ent]+ ! adolesc5t p]iod1 emphasizes
 ! importance ( sympa?y1 appreciation1 &
 respect 9 deal+ ) ?is age4 ,!y mu/ n[  
be talk$ to z equals1 & 9 ?is way _!    
habits ( indu/ry & ev5 _! dang]\s love  
affairs run be controll$4 ,he says1 ,!re
 is no m important "q be=e ! tea*+      
frat]nity today ?an h[ to deal ju/ly &  

successfully ) boys at ?is "t ( life4   
,?is is ! age :5 !y drop out ( s*ool 9  
f> too l>ge numb]s1 & he ?9ks t ! small 
p]c5tage ( male graduates f our high    
s*ools is due to ! inability ( ! av]age 
gramm> grade or high-s*ool tea*] to deal
 rightly ) boys 9 ?is critical p]iod (  
_! s*ool life4 ,mo/ tea*]s "k all _! bad
 po9ts1 b fail to discov] _! good ones4 
,! f9e discipl9>ian1 ! me*anical movem5t
 ( ^: s*ool is s admirable & :o does n  
realize ! new ne$ ( lib]ty or h[        
loose-jo9t$1 m5tally & physically1 all  
are at ?is age1 %\ld be supplant$ by "o 
:o c look into ! he>t & by a glance make
 ! boy feel t he or %e is 8 fri5d4 ,!   
weake/ "w 9 our s*ools is ! h&l+ ( boys 
ent]+ ! adolesc5t p]iod ( life1 & !re is
 no great] bless+ t c come to a boy at  
?is age1 :5 he does n und]/& himself1   
?an a good /rong tea*] t und]/&s him1   
has fai? 9 him1 & w day by day lead him 
till he c walk alone4  ,small#e f\nd !  
tea*] a focus ( imitation :5ce _m       
influ5ces1 bo? physical & m5tal1        

irradiat$ to ! pupils4 ,e acc5t1 ge/ure1
 automatism1 l & dislike is caught      
consci\sly & unconsci\sly4 ,e           
intellectual int]e/ 9 ! tea*] p]meates !
 class--li>s1 if tru/$1 became hone/2 ^?
 treat$ z ladies & g5tlem5 act s2 ^?    
told by favorite tea*]s ( ! good ?+s !y 
are capable ( feel a /rong impulsion to 
d !m2 "s old] *ildr5 are almo/ trans=m$ 
by be+ made companions to tea*]s1 by    
hav+ _! good traits recogniz$1 & by     
frank apologies by ! tea*] :5 9 error4  
,an int]e/+ & unsuspect$ illu/ration ( !
 gr[? ( indep5d5ce ) adolesc5ce 0 f\nd 9
 #b1daa pap]s f ! second to eigh? grades
 on ! *>act]i/ics ( ! be/ tea*] z se5 by
 *ildr54#f ,9 ! second & ?ird grades1   
all1 & 9 ! f\r?1 n9ety-five p] c5t      
specifi$ help 9 /udies4 ,?is falls (f   
rapidly 9 ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? grades 
to ?irty-n9e p] c5t1 :ile at ! same "t !
 quality ( pati5ce 9 ! upp] grades rises
 f a m5tion by two to tw5ty-two p] c5t4 
,san=d ,bell#g collat$ ! answ]s ( #edc  
males & #dhh females z to :o ( all _!   

pa/ tea*]s did !m mo/ good1 & :]e92 :om 
!y lov$ & dislik$ mo/1 & :y4 ,8 mo/     
/rik+ result is pres5t$ 9 :i* %[s t     
f\rte5 9 girls & sixte5 9 boys is ! age 
9 :i* mo/ good 0 felt to h be5 done1 & t
 curves culm9at+ at twelve = bo? sexes b
 n fall+ rapidly until fifte5 or sixte5 
repres5t ! p]iod :5 ! /ronge/ & mo/     
indelible dislikes 7 felt4 ,:at seems to
 be mo/ appreciat$ 9 tea*]s is ! giv+ ( 
purpose1 ar\s+ ( ideals1 k9dl+ (        
ambition to be some?+ or d some?+ & s   
giv+ an object 9 life1 enc\ragem5t to   
ov]come circum/ances1 &1 9 g5]al1       
inspir+ self-confid5ce & giv+ direction4
 ,next came p]sonal sympa?y & int]e/1   
k9dness1 confid5ce1 a little praise1 be+
 und]/ood2 & next1 special help 9       
lessons1 or timely & k9dly advice1 :ile 
/ability & poise ( "*1 purity1 ! abs5ce 
( hypocrisy1 indep5d5ce1 p]sonal beauty1
 a?leticism & vigor are prom95t4 ,x is  
s+ul> t ^? ( ea* sex h be5 mo/ help$ by 
_! own sex & t ?is prom95ce is f>       
greate/ 9 m54 ,f\r-fif?s ( ! m5 & ne>ly 

"o-half ( ! wom51 h[ev]1 got mo/ help f 
m54 ,male tea*]s1 especially ne>        
adolesc5ce1 seem mo/ helpful = bo?      
sexes4  ,! qualities t inspire mo/      
dislike are malevol5ce1 s>casm1 unju/   
puni%m5t1 suspicion1 sev]ity1 /]nness1  
abs5ce ( laugh+ & smil+1 indiff]5ce1    
?reats & brok5 v[s1 excessive scold+ &  
roa/+1 & fondness = inflict+ bl[s4 ,!   
tea*] :o does n smile is f> m liable to 
excite animosity4 ,mo/ boys dislike m5  
mo/1 & girls' dislikes are ab\t divid$4 
,! /ories ( s*ool cruelties &           
indignities are pa9ful4 ,(t5 invet]ate  
grudges are e/abli%$ by little causes1 &
 x is s+ul> h[ p]man5t & indelible /rong
 dislike1 are = ! majority ( *ildr54 ,9 
_m cases1 av]sions eng5d]$ be=e t5 h    
la/$ ) little dim9ution till maturity1 &
 !re is a sad record ( *ildr5 :o h lo/ a
 t]m1 a ye>1 or dropp$ s*ool altoge!r   
because ( ill treatm5t or p>tiality4    
,ne>ly two ?\s& *ildr5 7 ask$ :at !y    
w\ld d 9 a specific case ( conflict     
betwe5 tea*] & p>5ts4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 :ile 

= "y *ildr5 p>5tal au?ority 0 pref]r$1 a
 m>k$ decl9e began ab\t elev5 & 0 mo/   
rapid aft] f\rte5 9 girls & fifte5 9    
boys1 & t !re 0 a ne>ly correspond+     
increase 9 ! numb] ( pubesc5ts :o       
pref]r$ ! tea*]'s au?ority4 ,! reasons =
 _! *oice 7 also analyz$1 & x 0 f\nd t  
:]eas = ! "y1 uncondition$ au?ority 0   
g5]ally satisfactory1 ) pubesec5ts1     
ab/ract au?ority came into m>k$         
pr$om9ance1 until :5 ! *ildr5 h rea*$ ! 
age ( sixte5 almo/ sev5ty-five p] c5t ( 
_! reasons belong to ?is class1 & !     
*ildr5 %[ !mselves able to ext5d ! idea 
( au?ority )\t viol5ce to _! s5se (     
ju/ice4   ,on a basis ( #a1djj pap]s    
answ]+ ! "q :om1 ( anyone ev] he>d or   
read (1 !y w\ld l to resemble1 ,b>nes#h 
f\nd t girls' ideals 7 f> m (t5 f\nd 9 !
 imm$iate circle ( _! acqua9tance ?an   
boys1 & t ^? )9 t circle 7 m (t5 9 _!   
own family1 b t ! t5d5cy to g outside _!
 p]sonal k & *oose hi/orical & public   
*>act]s 0 greatly augm5t$ at pub]ty1 :5 
also ! h]oes ( philan?ropy %[$ m>k$ ga9 

9 prom95ce4 ,boys r>ely *ose wom5 z _!  
ideals2 b 9 ,am]ica1 half ! girls at    
eight & two-?irds at eighte5 *ose male  
*>act]s4 ,! range ( important wom5      
ideals among ! girls 0 surpris+ly small4
 ,b>nes fe>s t if f ! *oice ( relative z
 ideals1 ! expansion to remote or _w    
h]oes is too fa/1 x may lead to         
dis9tegration ( "* & reckless liv+4 ,if1
 on ! o!r h&1 x is exp&$ too sl[ly we   
%all h t arre/$ developm5t :i* makes    
good gr\nd 9 :i* to gr[ /upidity1       
brutality1 & drunk5ness--! fir/ fruits (
 a sluggi% & self-conta9$ m9d4 ,no "o c 
consid] ! regul>ity ) :i* local ideals  
die out & are replac$ by _w ideals )\t  
feel+ t he is 9 ! pres5ce ( law-abid+   
=ces1 & ?is emphasizes ! fact t ! tea*] 
or p>5t does n "w 9 a _w gov]n$ by      
caprice4  ,! compositions writt5 by     
?\s&s ( *ildr5 9 ,new ,york on :at !y   
want$ to d :5 !y 7 gr[n up 7 collat$ by 
,dr4 ,?urb]4#i ,! replies 7 s]i\s1 & %[$
 t poor *ildr5 look$ =w>d will+ly to    
sev]e labor & ! increas$ e>ne/ness (    

adolesc5t ye>s1 & ! bett] answ]s to ! "q
 :y 7 notewor?y4 ,all anticipat$ giv+ up
 ! ela/ic joy\sness ( *ildhood & felt ! 
ne$ ( pati5ce4 ,up to t51 !re 0 an      
increase 9 ! numb] ( ^? :o _h two or m  
desires4 ,?is numb] decl9$ rapidly at   
elev51 rose z rapidly at twelve1 & sl[ly
 fell lat]4 ,pref]5ces = a tea*]'s life 
exce$$ 9 girls up to n9e1 fell rapidly  
at elev51 increas$ slightly ! next ye>1 
& decl9$ !reaft]4 ,! ideal ( becom+ a   
dressmak] & mill9] increas$ till t51    
fell at elev51 rose rapidly to a maximum
 at ?irte51 :5 x eclips$ tea*+1 & !n    
fell p]man5tly aga94 ,! pr(essions (    
cl]k & /5ograph] %[$ a m>k$ rise f elev5
 & a half4 ,! numb] ( boys :o *ose !    
fa!r's occupation atta9$ its maximum at 
n9e & its m9imum at twelve1 ) a slight  
rise to f\rte51 :5 ! survey end$4 ,!    
ideal ( tradesman culm9at$ at eight1 ) a
 second rise at ?irte54 ,! reason to e>n
 money rea*$ its high maximum ( fifty p]
 c5t at twelve1 & fell v rapidly4 ,!    
reason because ,i l x culm9at$ at t5 &  

fell /eadily !reaft]4 ,! motive t       
influ5c$ ! *oice ( a pr(ession & :i* 0  
altrui/ic t[>d p>5ts or = _! b5efit     
culm9at$ at twelve & a half1 & !n       
decl9$4 ,! desire = "* increas$ some:at 
?r\gh\t1 b rapidly aft] twelve1 & !     
impulse to d good to ! _w1 :i* _h ris5  
sl[ly f n9e1 m\nt$ %>ply aft] ?irte54   
,?us1 at elev5 all ! ideas & t5d5cies   
are increas+ t[>d a maximum4 ,at twelve 
we f9d ! altrui/ic desires = ! welf>e ( 
p>5ts1 ! reason 'to e>n money'2 at      
?irte5 ! desire on ! "p ( ! girls to be 
dressmak]s1 also to be cl]ks &          
/5ograph]s4 ,at f\rte5 culm9ates !      
desire = a bus9ess c>e] 9 bank or (fice 
among ! boys1 ! consci\sness ( life's   
unc]ta9ties :i* appe>$ fir/ at twelve1 !
 desire = "*1 & ! hope ( do+ ! _w good4 
,:at w\ld y l to be 9 an imag9>y new    
city8 0 a "q answ]$ by #a1bcd writt5    
pap]s4#aj ,"o hundr$ & f\rte5 diff]5t   
occupations 7 giv52 t ( tea*] l$ ) !    
girls at e age except ?irte5 & f\rte51  
:5 dressmak] & mill9] took prec$5ce4 ,! 

motive ( mak+ money l$ among ! boys at e
 age except f\rte5 & sixte51 :5         
occupations *os5 because !y 7 lik$ l$4  
,! greate/ numb] ( ^? :o *ose ! p>5t's  
occupation 0 f\nd at ?irte51 b f t age x
 /eadily decl9$ & indep5d5t *oice came  
into prom95ce4 ,! maximum ( girls :o    
*ose p>5tal vocations 0 at f\rte54      
,motives ( philan?ropy rea*$ ne>ly _!   
highe/ po9t 9 girls & boys at ?irte54   
,jegi#aa obta9$ lett]s address$ to real 
or imag9>y fri5ds f #c1jjj ,g]man *ildr5
 9 ,milwaukee1 ask+ :at !y desir$ to d  
:5 !y grew up1 & :y1 & tabulat$ returns 
f #bjj boys & #bjj girls = ea* age f    
eight to f\rte5 inclusive4 ,he also f\nd
 a /eadily decreas+ influ5ce ( relatives
 to ?irte52 9 e>ly adolesc5ce1 ! p]sonal
 motive ( *oos+ an occupation because x 
0 lik$ increas$1 :ile f twelve 9 boys & 
?irte5 9 girls ! consid]ation ( f9d+    
easy vocations grew rapidly /rong4  ,l4 
,w4 ,cl9e#ab /udi$ by ! c5sus me?od     
returns f #b1eid *ildr51 :o 7 ask$ :at  
!y wi%$ to be & d4 ,he f\nd t 9 nam+ bo?

 ideals & occupations girls 7 m         
cons]vative ?an boys1 b m likely to give
 a reason = _! *oice4 ,9 ?is respect    
c\ntry *ildr5 resembl$ boys m ?an city  
*ildr54 ,c\ntry boys 7 prone to         
inatt5tion1 7 m indep5d5t & able to c>e 
= !mselves1 sugge/+ t ! home life ( !   
c\ntry *ild is m effective 9 %ap+ ideals
 & "* ?an t ( ! city *ild4 ,indu/rial   
occupations are pref]r$ by ! y\ng]      
*ildr51 ! pr(essional & te*nical        
pursuits increas+ ) age4 ,judgm5ts (    
rights & ju/ice ) ! "y are m prone to   
issue f emotional r ?an f intellectual  
processes4 ,c\ntry *ildr5 seem m        
altrui/ic ?an ^? 9 ! city1 & :ile girls 
are m sympa!tic ?an boys1 !y are also m 
easily prejudic$4 ,_m ( ^! returns be>  
unmi/akable m>ks t 9 "s homes & s*ools  
moralization has be5 excessive & has    
produc$ a s5tim5tal type ( morality &   
(t5 a fev]i% desire to express e?ical   
views in/ead ( tru/+ to sugge/ion4      
,*ildr5 are v prone to h "o code (      
ideals = !mselves & ano!r = o!rs4 ,boys1

 too1 are m orig9al ?an girls1 & c\ntry 
*ildr5 m ?an city *ildr54  ,fri$ri*#ac  
ask$ ,g]man s*ool *ildr5 :at p]son !y   
*ose z _! patt]n4 ,! result %[$         
diff]5ces ( age1 sex1 & cre$4 ,fir/ (   
all came *>act]s 9 hi/ory1 :i* seem$ to 
%[ t ?is /udy = *ildr5 ( ! six? & sev5? 
grades 0 ess5tially e?ical or a tra9+ ( 
mood & disposition 7,ges9nungsunt]ri*t71
 & ?is writ] sugge/s re=m 9 ?is respect4
 ,he seems to ?9k t ! *ief purpose (    
hi/ory = ?is age %\ld be e?ical4 ,next  
came ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible1 al?\gh x 0  
pla9 t ?is 0 r 9 spite ( ! cate*ism & ! 
me?od ( memorit] "w4 ,"h1 too1 !        
imm$iate environm5t at ?is age furni%$  
few ideals 7f\r & "o-fif? p] c5t71 =    
*ildr5 seem to h ke5] eyes = ! faults   
?an = ! virtues ( ^? ne> !m4 ,religion1 
!re=e1 %\ld *iefly be direct$ to !      
emotions & n to ! und]/&+4 ,?is c5sus   
also sugge/$ m c>e t ! read+ ( *ildr5   
%\ld conta9 good examples 9 _!          
environm5t1 & also t ! matt] (          
in/ruction %\ld be m fully adapt$ to !  

conditions ( sex4  ,fri$ri* f\nd z 8    
*ief age result t *ildr5 ( ! sev5? or   
old] class 9 ! ,g]man s*ools laid       
di/9ctly great] /ress ^u *>act]s        
di/+ui%$ by brav]y & c\rage ?an did !   
*ildr5 ( ! six? grade1 :ile ! latt] m   
frequ5tly select$ *>act]s illu/rat+     
piety & hol9ess4 ,! au?or divid$ 8      
*>act]s into ?irty-five classes1        
illu/rat+ qualities1 & f\nd t national  
activity l$1 ) piety a close second2 t  
!n came 9 ord] ^? illu/rat+ firmness (  
fai?1 brav]y1 mode/y1 & *a/ity2 !n pity 
& sympa?y1 indu/ry1 goodness1 pati5ce1  
etc4  ,taylor1 ,"y1 ,hamilton1 ,*amb]s1 
& o!rs1 h also collect$ int]e/+ data on 
:at *ildr5 & "y p hope to be1 d1 :om !y 
w\ld l to be1 or resemble1 etc4 ,only a 
few at adolesc5ce feel !mselves s good  
or happy t !y are cont5t to be !mselves4
 ,mo/ %[ m or less discont5t at _! lot4 
,f six to elev5 or twelve1 ! numb] :o   
f9d _! ideals among _! acqua9tances     
falls (f rapidly1 & hi/orical *>act]s   
rise to a maximum at or be=e ! e>lie/   

te5s4 ,f elev5 or twelve on into !      
middle te5s contempor>y ideals increase 
/eadily4 ,london *ildr5 are m backw>d 9 
?is expansion ( ideals ?an ,am]icans1   
:ile girls *oose m acqua9tance ideals at
 all ages ?an d boys4 ,! expansion1 ^!  
au?ors also trace l>gely to ! /udy (    
hi/ory4 ,! ,george ,wa%+ton ideal1 :i*  
leads all ! re/ by f> & is greatly      
ov]work$1 9 contra/ ) ! _m h]oes ( equal
 rank f\nd 9 ,engl&1 pales soon1 z      
imp]fections are se5 & ^? n[ mak+ hi/ory
 loom up4 ,?is is ! normal age to free f
 bondage to ! imm$iate pres5t1 & ?is    
fre$om is "o measure ( education4 ,bible
 h]oes are *os5 z ideals by only a v    
small p]c5tage1 mo/ly girls1 f> m       
*>act]s be+ f fiction & my?ology2 :]e   
,jesus is *os51 ,8 human is pref]r$ to  
,8 div9e side4 ,aga91 x w\ld seem t     
tea*]s w\ld be ideals1 especially z _m  
girls int5d to tea*1 b !y are g5]ally   
unpopul> z *oices4 ,9 an ideal sy/em !y 
w\ld be ! fir/ /ep 9 expansion f home   
ideals4 ,milit>y h]oes & inv5tors play  

lead+ rles 9 ! *oices ( pubesc5t boys4  
,girls at all s*ool ages & increas+ly up
 ! grades pref] =eign ideals1 to be !   
wife ( a man ( title1 z ari/ocracies (f]
 special opportunities = woman to %9e1 &
 life ne> ! s\rce ( fa%ion is v         
attractive1 at lea/ up to sixte54 ,!    
sadde/ fact 9 ^! /udies is t ne>ly half 
our ,am]ican pubesc5t girls1 or ne>ly   
?ree times z _m z 9 ,engl&1 *oose male  
ideals1 or w\ld be m54 ,girls1 too1 h f 
six to fifte5 times z _m ideals z boys4 
,9 ?is significant fact we realize h[   
mod]n woman has cut loose f all old     
moor+s & is drift+ ) no de/9ation & no  
an*or abo>d4 ,:ile h] sex has multipli$ 
9 all l[] & high s*ool grades1 its      
ideals are /ill too mascul9e4           
,text-books tea* little ab\t wom54 ,:5 a
 woman's ,bible1 hi/ory1 c\rse ( /udy1  
etc41 is propos$1 h] sex fe>s x may     
r$uce h] to ! old s]vitude4 ,:ile boys  
r>ely1 & !n only :5 v "y1 *oose female  
ideals1 girls' pref]5ce = ! life ( ! o!r
 sex sometimes rea*es sixty & sev5ty p] 

c5t4 ,! divorce betwe5 ! life pref]r$ & 
t dem&$ by ! int]e/s ( ! race is (t5    
absolute4 ,sadde/ & mo/ unnatural ( all 
is ! fact t ?is /ate ( ?+s increases mo/
 rapidly dur+ j ^? ye>s :5 ideals (     
womanhood %\ld be develop$ & become mo/ 
dom9ant1 till x seems z if ! female "* 0
 ?reat5$ ) dis9tegration4 ,:ile /ati/ics
 are n yet suffici5t to be reliable on !
 subject1 !re is "s indication t woman  
lat] sl[ly rev]ts t[>d ideals n only f  
h] own sex b also f ! circle ( h] own   
acqua9tances4  ,! reasons = ! *oice (   
ideals are v>i\s & n yet well det]m9$4  
,civic virtues c]ta9ly rise2 mat]ial &  
utilit>ian consid]ations d n seem to    
mu*1 if at all1 at adolesc5ce1 & 9 "s   
data decl9e4 ,position1 fame1 honor1 &  
g5]al greatness increase rapidly1 b     
moral qualities rise highe/ & also fa/e/
 j be=e & ne> pub]ty & cont9ue to       
increase lat] yet4 ,by ^! *oices bo?    
sexes1 b girls f> mo/1 %[ increas+      
admiration ( e?ical & social qualities4 
,arti/ic & intellectual traits also rise

 q /eadily f t5 or elev5 onw>d1 b ) no  
su* rapidity1 & rea* no su* height z    
milit>y ability & a*ievem5t = boys4     
,/rik+ 9 ^! /udies is ! rapid increase1 
especially f eight to f\rte51 ( ! s5se (
 hi/oric "t = hi/oric p]sons4 ,^! long  
s9ce dead are no long] spok5 ( z n[     
liv+4 ,mo/ ( ^! *oices are direct       
expressions ( real diff]5ces ( ta/e &   
"*4  ,prop]ty1 ,kl9e & ,france#ad h     
def9$ z any?+ t ! individual may acquire
 :i* su/a9s & prolongs life1 favors     
survival1 & gives an advantage ov]      
oppos+ =ces4 ,_m animals & ev5 insects  
/ore up food bo? = !mselves & = _! "y4  
,v e>ly 9 life *ildr5 ev9ce signs (     
own]%ip4 ,let\rneau#ae says t ! notion (
 private prop]ty1 :i* seems to u s      
natural1 dawn$ late & sl[ly1 & t common 
own]%ip 0 ! rule among primitive p4     
,value is sometimes measur$ by use &    
sometimes by ! "w requir$ to produce x4 
,be=e pub]ty1 !re is great eag]ness to  
possess ?+s t are ( imm$iate s]vice2 b  
aft] its dawn1 ! desire ( possession    

takes ano!r =m1 & money = its own sake1 
:i* is at fir/ r an ab/raction1 comes to
 be respect$ or reg>d$ z an object (    
extreme desire1 because x is se5 to be !
 embodim5t ( all values4  ,! money s5se1
 z x is n[ (t5 call$1 is v complex & has
 n yet be5 satisfactorily analyz$ by    
psy*ology4 ,ribot & o!rs trace its orig9
 to provision :i* !y ?9k animals t ho>d 
food feel4 ,monroe#af has tabulat$      
returns f #igg boys & #a1jij girls f six
 to sixte5 9 answ] to ! "q z to :at !y  
w\ld d ) a small mon?ly all[ance4 ,!    
foll[+ table %[s ! m>k$ increase at !   
dawn ( adolesc5ce ( ! numb] :o w\ld save
 x3   ,age4  ,boys4         ,girls4     
,age4  ,boys4         ,girls4  #g4444dc 
p] c5t   #cf p] c5t  #ab4444hb p] c5t   
#fd p] c5t  #h4444de           #cd      
#ac4444hh           #gh      #i4444dh   
#ce          #ad4444he           #hj    
#aj4444eh           #ej                 
#ae4444hc           #gh     #aa4444ga   
#eh          #af4444he           #hb    
,?is t5d5cy to ?rift is /ronge/ 9 boys1 

& bo? sexes (t5 %[ ! t5d5cy to moralize1
 t is s /rong 9 ! e>ly te5s4 ,mu* ( our 
s*ool "w 9 ari?metic is dom9at$ by !    
money s5se2 & s*ool sav+s-banks1 at fir/
 = ! poor1 are n[ ext5d+ to *ildr5 ( all
 classes4 ,?is s5se t5ds to prev5t      
paup]ism1 prodigality1 is an imm5se     
/imulus to ! imag9ation & develops      
purpose to pursue a di/ant object = a   
long "t4 ,to see all ?+s & values 9 t]ms
 ( money has1 ( c\rse1 its p$agogic &   
e?ical limitations2 b !re is a /age :5 x
 is a great educational advance1 & x1   
too1 is full ( phylog5etic sugge/ions4  
,social judgem5t1 cronies1 solitude--,! 
two foll[+ obs]vations af=d a glimpse ( 
! developm5t ( moral judgm5ts4 ,f #a1jjj
 boys & #a1jjj girls ( ea* age f six to 
sixte5 :o answ]$ ! "q z to :at %\ld be  
done to a girl ) a new box ( pa9ts :o   
beautifi$ ! p>lor *airs ) !m ) a wi% to 
please h] "m1 ! foll[+ conclusion 0     
drawn4#ag ,mo/ ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 w\ld :ip
 ! girl1 b f f\rte5 on ! numb] decl9es v
 rapidly4 ,few ( ! "y *ildr5 sugge/     

expla9+ :y x 0 wrong2 :ile at twelve1   
#aha1 & at sixte51 #gea w\ld expla94 ,! 
motive ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 9 puni%m5t is   
rev5ge2 ) ! old] ones t ( prev5t+ a     
repetition ( ! act comes 92 & high] &   
lat] comes ! purpose ( re=m4 ,) age     
comes also a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! act
 & its motive & a s5se ( ! girl's       
ignorance4 ,only ! old] *ildr5 w\ld     
sugge/ extract+ a promise n to (f5d     
aga94 ,?us ) pub]ty comes a *ange (     
view-po9t f judg+ actions by results to 
judg+ by motives1 & only ! old] ones see
 t wrong c be done if !re are no bad    
consequ5ces4 ,!re is also ) increas$    
ye>s a great developm5t ( ! quality (   
m]cy4   ,"o hundr$ *ildr5 ( ea* sex &   
age betwe5 six & sixte5 ask$ :at !y w\ld
 d ) a burgl>1 ! "q /at+ t ! p5alty 0   
five ye>s 9 prison4#ah ,( ! y\ng] *ildr5
 ne>ly n9e-t5?s ignor$ ! law & fix$ ^u  
"s o!r p5alty1 b f twelve ye>s !re is a 
/eady advance 9 ^? :o w\ld inflict !    
legal p5alty1 :ile at sixte51 sev5ty-f\r
 p] c5t w\ld h ! crim9al puni%$ accord+ 

to law4 ,?us ) ! dawn ( adolesc5ce at ! 
age ( twelve or %ortly aft] comes !     
recognition ( a l>g] life1 a life to be 
liv$ 9 common ) o!rs1 & ) ?is           
recognition ! desire to su/a9 ! social  
code made = ! common welf>e1 & puni%m5t 
is no long] reg>d$ z an individual &    
arbitr>y matt]4  ,f ano!r "q answ]$ by  
#a1iad *ildr5#ai x 0 f\nd t ) !         
developm5t ( ! psy*ic faculties 9 y\?1  
!re 0 an increas+ appreciation (        
puni%m5t z prev5tive2 an increas+ s5se (
 ! value ( individuality & ( ! t5d5cy to
 dem& protection ( p]sonal rights2 a    
*ange f a s5se ( ju/ice bas$ on feel+ & 
on fai? 9 au?ority to t bas$ on reason &
 und]/&+4 ,*ildr5's attitude t[>d       
puni%m5t = weak "t s5se1 te/$ by #b1ecf 
*ildr5 f six to sixte51#bj %[$ also a   
m>k$ pubesc5t increase 9 ! s5se ( ! ne$ 
( ! rem$ial function ( puni%m5t z di/9ct
 f ! view ( x z v9dictive1 or gett+ ev51
 common 9 e>li] ye>s4 ,!re is also a    
m>k$ increase 9 discrim9at+ ! k9ds &    
degrees ( (f5ses2 9 tak+ acc\nt (       

mitigat+ circum/ances1 ! inconv5i5ce    
caus$ o!rs1 ! involunt>y nature ( !     
(f5se & ! purpose ( ! culprit4 ,all ?is 
cont9ues to increase up to sixte51 :]e  
^! /udies leave ! *ild4  ,an int]e/+    
effect ( ! social in/9ct appe>s 9 ,augu/
 ,may]'s#ba elaborate /udy made up on   
f\rte5 boys 9 ! fif? & six? grade ( a   
,wrzburg s*ool to det]m9e :e!r !y c\ld  
"w bett] toge!r or alone4 ,! te/s 7 9   
dictation1 m5tal & writt5 ari?metic1    
memory1 & ,ebb+haus's comb9ation        
ex]cises & all 7 giv5 ) e practicable   
precaution to make ! o!r conditions     
uni=m4 ,! conclusions demon/rate !      
advantages ( collective ov] individual  
in/ruction4 ,"u ! =m] condition1        
emulation is /rong] & "w m rapid & bett]
 9 quality4 ,f ?is x is inf]r$ t pupils 
%\ld n be gr\p$ accord+ to ability1 = ! 
dull are mo/ /imulat$ by ! pres5ce ( !  
bright1 ! bad by ! good1 etc4 ,?us "w at
 home is prone to det]iorate1 &         
exp]im5tal p$agogy %[s t ! social       
impulse is on ! :ole a /rong] spur =    

boys ( elev5 or twelve ?an ! abs5ce (   
di/raction :i* solitude br+s4  ,f !     
answ]s ( #a1jfh boys & #a1bfh girls f   
sev5 to sixte5 on ! k9d ( *um !y lik$   
be/1#bb x appe>s t ) ! te5s *ildr5 are m
 anxi\s = *ums t c keep secrets & dress 
neatly1 & !re is an increas$ numb] :o   
are lik$ = qualities t supplem5t r ?an  
duplicate ^? ( ! *oos]4 ,!re is an      
app>5t /ruggle betwe5 ! real actual self
 & ! ideal self2 a pretty /rong desire  
to h a *um t embodies ! traits y\? mo/  
desire b :i* !y are consci\s ( lack+4 ,!
 /rong l ! weak2 ^? full ( fun ! s]i\s2 
! timid ! bold2 ! small ! l>ge1 etc4    
,only *ildr5#bc illu/rate diff]+ effects
 ( isolation1 :ile ma%es & cru%es &     
ultra-crony-ism ) selfi%ness = two %[ ! 
results ( abnormal re/riction ( !       
irradiation ( ! social in/9ct :i* %\ld  
n[ occur4#bd  ,m4 ,h4 ,small1#be aft]   
po9t+ out t communal animals are m      
intellig5t ?an ^? ) solit>y habits1 & t 
ev5 to "n all ! irradiations ( ! social 
in/9ct w\ld be write a hi/ory ( ! human 

race1 /udi$ ne>ly five hundr$ cases (   
em95t m5 :o develop$ proclivities to    
solitude4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve 9 h[  
_m ( ^! cases ?is 0 develop$ 9          
adolesc5ce :51 ) ! horror ( m$iocrity1  
comes introspection1 apa?y1             
irresolution1 & subjectivism4 ,! gr\nds 
( repulsion f society at ?is age may be 
disappo9t$ hung] = praise1 w\nd$ vanity1
 ! reaction f ov]-ass]tion1 or ! nurs+ (
 "s high ideals1 z x is sl[ly realiz$ t 
9 society ! individual _c be absolute4  
,! motives to self-isolation may be     
because y\? feels its lack ( physical or
 moral =ce to compete ) m51 or !y may be
 due to ! failure ( o!rs to conc$e to ! 
exactions ( inord9ate egotism & are     
directly proportional to ! impulse to   
magnify self1 or to ! remot5ess ( common
 social int]e/s f imm$iate p]sonal      
desire or ne$1 & inv]sely z ! numb] &   
range ( int]e/s se5 to be common & !    
cle>ness ) :i* social relations are     
realiz$4 ,:ile maturity ( "* ne$s "s    
solitude1 too mu* dw>fs x1 & m or less (

 ! same p>alysis ( association foll[s   
:i* is describ$ 9 ! no/algia ( arctic   
j\rneys1 des]ts1 be+ lo/ 9 ! jungle1    
solit>y conf9em5t1 & 9 ! int]e/+ /ories 
( f]al m54#bf ,9 "s ( ^! cases ! m9d is 
sav$ f entire /ultification by pets1    
imag9>y companions1 tasks1 etc4         
,normally ! t5d5cy to solitude at       
adolesc5ce indicates n fulness b want2 &
 a judici\s balance betwe5 re/ & "w1    
pursuit ( favorite l9es1 g5u9e sympa?y1 
& wise companion%ip w g5]ally normalize 
! social relation4   ,fir/ =ms (        
spontane\s social organizations4--      
,gulick has /udi$ ! prop5sity ( boys f  
?irte5 on to consort 9 gangs1 d dawsies 
& /umps1 get into scrapes toge!r1 &     
fight & suff] = "o ano!r4 ,! mann]s &   
cu/oms ( ! gang are to build %anties or 
hunkies1 hunt ) sl+ %ots1 build fires   
be=e huts 9 ! woods1 cook _! squirrels &
 o!r game1 play ,indian1 build          
tree-plat=ms1 :]e !y smoke or troop ab\t
 "s lead]1 :o may h an old revolv]4 ,!y 
f9d or excavate caves1 or p]haps ro( !m 

ov]2 ! b>n is a blockh\se or a          
battle%ip4 ,9 ! e>ly te5s boys beg9 to  
use froz5 sn[balls or put pebbles 9 !m1 
or p]haps h /one-fights betwe5 gangs ?an
 :i* no contigu\s ,african tribes c\ld  
be m ho/ile4 ,!y become t\ghs &         
tantalize policem5 & p$dl]s2 lick e     
enemy or ev5 /rang] f\nd alone on _!    
gr\nds2 (t5 sma% w9d[s2 beg9 to use     
/icks & brass knuckles 9 _! fights2 pelt
 ea* o!r ) gre5 apples2 c>ry %illalahs1 
or p]haps air-rifles4 ,! m plucky       
arrange fights be=eh&2 rifle unoccupi$  
h\ses2 set ambu%es = gangs ) :i* !y are 
at feud2 p]haps h secrets & initiations 
:]e new boys are tric$ up by ! legs &   
butt$ aga9/ trees & rocks4 ,:5 pa9t$ =  
_! ,indian fights1 !y may gr[ s excit$ z
 to p]haps ru% into ! wat] or into !    
s*ool-room yell+2 mimic ! viol5ce (     
/rikes2 k9dle dang]\s bonfires2 pelt    
policem51 & %\t vile nicknames4  ,!     
spontane\s t5d5cy to develop social &   
political organizations among boys 9    
pubesc5t ye>s 0 well se5 9 a s*ool ne>  

,baltimore 9 ! mid/ ( an                
eight-hundr$-acre f>m ri*ly div]sifi$ ) 
swamp & =e/ & ab\nd+ ) birds1 squirrels1
 rabbits1 etc4 ,soon aft] ! op5+ ( ?is  
s*ool#bg ! boys ga!r$ nuts 9 p>ties4 ,:5
 a tree 0 rea*$ :i* o!rs _h %ak51 an    
unwritt5 law soon requir$ ^? :o wi%$ to 
%ake x fur!r fir/ to pile up all nuts "u
 ! tree1 :ile ^? :o fail$ to d s 7      
univ]sally reg>d$ z di%one/ & e boy's h&
 0 aga9/ !m4 ,to pile !m involv$ mu*    
labor1 s t ! second p>ty usually s\ght  
fre% trees1 & p>tial %ak+ practically   
gave possession ( all ! fruits on a     
tree4 ,!y took birds' eggs freely1 &    
:5ev] a bird 0 f\nd 9 build+1 or a      
squirrel's hole 0 discov]$1 ! f9d] tack$
 8 "n on ! tree & !reby confirm$ 8      
own]%ip1 z he did if he plac$ a box 9   
:i* a ne/ 0 built4 ,! ticket mu/ n bl[  
(f1 & ! "r at fir/ la/$ only "o season4 
,9 ! rabbit-l& e trap t 0 set prempt$   
gr\nd = a fix$ numb] ( y>ds ab\t x4 ,"s 
grasp+ boys soon made _m traps & set !m 
all ov] a valuable di/rict1 s t ! common

 l& fell into a few h&s4 ,traps 7 left  
out all w9t] & simply set ! next spr+4  
,all ^! rights f9ally came into !       
own]%ip ( two or ?ree boys1 :o sl[ly    
acquir$ ! "r & bequea!d _! claims to    
o!rs = a consid]ation1 :5 !y left s*ool4
 ,! monopoli/s (t5 _h a l>ge surplus (  
rabbits :i* !y b>t]$ = butt]s1 ! unit   
be+ ! ounce ( daily all[ance4 ,^! c\ld  
be repres5t$ by tickets transf]r$1 s t  
debts 7 paid ) butt]s t _h nev] be5 se54
 ,an agr>ian p>ty arose & dem&$ a       
r$i/ribution ( l& f ! monopoli/s1 z ,sir
 ,h5ry ,ma9e %[s (t5 happ5$ 9 ! old     
village community4 ,legislation &       
judicial proc$ure 7 develop$ & qu>rels  
settl$ by arbitration1 ordeal1 & wag]1 &
 puni%m5t by bump+ (t5 foll[$ ! decision
 ( ! boy folk-mote4 ,scales ( prices =  
commodities 9 butt]s or 9 pie-curr5cy 7 
evolv$1 s t we "h h an almo/ entirely   
spontane\s b amaz+ly rapid              
recapitulation ( ! social developm5t ( !
 race by ^! boys4  ,f a /udy ( #a1aff   
*ildr5's organizations describ$ z a     

language lesson 9 s*ool composition1    
,mr4 ,%eldon#bh arrives at "s int]e/+   
results4 ,am]ican *ildr5 t5d /rongly to 
in/itutional activities1 only ab\t ?irty
 p] c5t ( all n hav+ belong$ to "s su*  
organization4 ,imitation plays a v      
important rle1 & girls take f> m k9dly  
?an boys to societies organiz$ by adults
 = _! b5efit4 ,!y are also m gov]n$ by  
adult & altrui/ic motives 9 =m+ _!      
organizations1 :ile boys are ne>] to    
primitive man4 ,be=e t5 comes ! p]iod ( 
free spontane\s imitation ( e =m ( adult
 in/itution4 ,! *ild reproduces         
sympa!tically m9iature copies ( ! life  
ar\nd him4 ,on a f>m1 8 play is rak+1   
?re%+1 build+ b>ns1 or on ! sea%ore he  
makes %ips & h>bors4 ,9 g5]al1 he plays 
family1 /ore1 *ur*1 & *ooses (fic]s     
simply because adults d4 ,! feel+ (     
ca/e1 almo/ abs5t 9 ! "y1 culm9ates ab\t
 t5 & decl9es !reaft]4 ,f t5 to f\rte51 
h[ev]1 associations assume a new "*2    
boys especially cease to imitate adult  
organizations & t5d to =m social units  

*>act]i/ic ( l[] /ages ( human          
evolution--pirates1 robb]s1 soldi]s1    
lodges1 & o!r savage rev]sion>y         
comb9ations1 :]e ! /ronge/ & bolde/ is !
 lead]4 ,!y build huts1 we> fea!rs &    
tomahawks z badges1 c>ry knives &       
toy-pi/ols1 make raids & sell ! loot4   
,c[>ds alone1 toge!r !y fe> no?+4 ,_!   
imag9ation is p]haps inflam$ by fla%    
lit]ature & p5ny-dreadfuls4 ,su*        
associations (t5 break out 9 decad5t    
c\ntry communities :]e1 ) few] & feebl] 
(fspr+1 lax notions ( family discipl9e  
prevail & hoodlumism is ! direct result 
( ! pass+ ( ! rod4 ,^! b>b>ic societies 
h _! place & give vigor2 b if unr$uc$   
lat]1 z 9 _m unsettl$ portions ( ?is    
c\ntry1 a semisavage /ate ( society     
results4 ,at twelve ! pr$atory function 
is normally subord9at$1 & if x is n x   
becomes dang]\s1 because ! memb]s are no
 long] satisfi$ ) m]e play1 b are /rong]
 & abl] to d h>m1 & ! spice ( dang] &   
its fasc9ation may issue 9 crime4       
,a?leticism is n[ ! =m into :i* ^! wild]

 in/9cts c be be/ transmut$1 & :]e !y   
f9d h>mless & ev5 :olesome v5t4 ,ano!r  
*ange e>ly 9 adolesc5ce is ! increas$   
numb] ( social1 lit]>y1 & ev5           
philan?ropic organizations & in/itutions
 = mutual help--p]haps aga9/ vice1 =    
hav+ a good "t1 or = hold+ picnics &    
p>ties4 ,altruism n[ beg9s to make      
itself felt z a motive4  ,/ud5t life &  
organizations4 ,/ud5t life is p]haps !  
be/ ( all fields1 unwork$ ?\gh x is1 =  
/udy+ ! natural hi/ory ( adolesc5ce4    
,its mod]n record is ov] eight hundr$   
ye>s old & x is m>k$ ) ! signatures ( e 
age1 yet has ess5tial features t d n    
v>y4 ,cloi/] & g>rison rules h nev] be5 
en=c$ ev5 9 ! hospice1 bursa1 inn1 h\se1
 hall1 or dormitory1 & 9 loco p>5tis ,9 
place ( a p>5t practises are impossible1
 especially ) l>ge numb]s4 ,! v ^w s*ool
 means leisure1 & 9 a _w ( toil & moil  
sugge/s p>adise4 ,"s h urg$ t lite y\?1 
exempt f ! /ruggle to live & left to !  
fre$om ( _! own incl9ations1 might s]ve 
z a biological & e?nic compass to po9t  

out ! goal ( human de/9y4 ,b !          
spontane\s expressions ( ?is be/ age &  
condition ( life1 ) no o!r occupation   
?an _! own developm5t1 h %[n rev]sions z
 (t5 z progress4 ,! rupture ( home ties 
/imulates e wid] vic>i\s expression ( ! 
social in/9ct4 ,ea* ta/e & trait c f9d  
cong5ial companion%ip 9 o!rs & ?us be   
/imulat$ to m int5sity &                
self-consci\sness4 ,v mu* t has be5     
hi!rto repress$ 9 ! adolesc5t s\l is n[ 
ren=c$ by association & may become      
excessive & ev5 aggressive4 ,:ile _m ( !
 race-correlates ( *ildhood are lo/1 ^? 
( ?is /age are m accessible 9 savage &  
sub-savage life4 ,fre$om is ! native air
 & vital brea? ( /ud5t life4 ,! s5se (  
p]sonal lib]ty is absolutely            
indisp5sable = moral maturity2 & j z    
tru? c n be f\nd )\t ! possibility (    
error1 s ! posse non pecc>e ,ability n  
to s9 prec$es ! non posse pecc>e1       
,inability to s9 & pr(essors mu/ make   
abroad application ( ! rule abusus non  
tollit usum ,abuse does n d away ) use4 

,! /ud5t mu/ h mu* fre$om to be lazy1   
make 8 own m9or morals1 v5t 8 disrespect
 = :at he c see no use 91 be among      
/rang]s to act himself out & =m a       
p]sonality ( 8 own1 be baptiz$ ) !      
revolution>y & skeptical _s1 & g to     
extremes at ! age :5 excesses tea*      
wisdom ) amaz+ rapidity1 if he is to    
become a true knight ( ! _s & 8 own     
ma/]4 ,ziegl]#bi frankly told ,g]man    
/ud5ts t ab\t "o-t5? ( !m w\ld be       
morally lo/ 9 ?is process1 b insi/$ t on
 ! :ole m good 0 done ?an by re/ra9t2 =1
 he said1 y\? is n[ 9 ! /age ( ,s*ill]'s
 bell :5 x 0 molt5 metal4  ,( all       
safegu>ds ,i believe a rightly cultivat$
 s5se ( honor is ! mo/ effective at ?is 
age4 ,sadly z ! writt5 code ( /ud5t     
honor 9 all l&s ne$s revision1 & p>tial1
 freaky1 & utt]ly p]v]t$1 ta9t$ & c[>dly
 z x (t5 is1 x really means :at ,kant   
express$ 9 ! sublime precept1 ,?\ can/  
because ?\ oughte/4 ,fi*te said t       
,faulheit1 ,feigheit1 & ,fals*heit      
,laz9ess1 c[>dice1 falsehood 7 ! ?ree   

di%onorable ?+s = /ud5ts4 ,if !y w\ld   
/udy ! hi/ory & ent] into ! _s ( _! own 
frat]nities1 !y w\ld (t5 h ke5] & broad]
 ideas ( honor to :i* !y are happily s  
s5sitive4 ,if pr(essors made x always a 
po9t ( honor to confess & nev] to       
conceal ! limitation ( _! k1 w\ld scorn 
all pret5se ( x1 place cr$it =          
orig9ality frankly :]e x belongs1 tea*  
no cre$s !y d n pr(\ndly believe1 or    
topics 9 :i* !y are n int]e/$1 & )hold  
no?+ f ^? :o want ! tru?1 !y c\ld f ?is 
vantage ) m effect br+ /ud5ts to feel t 
! laz9ess t1 :ile outw>dly con=m+1 does 
no real inn] "w2 t gett+ a diploma1 z a 
pr(essor lately said1 an av]age /ud5t   
c\ld d1 on "o h\r's /udy a day2 liv+    
beyond "o's means1 & ?us impos+ a h>d%ip
 on p>5ts great] ?an ! tal5t ( ! son    
ju/ifies2 accept+ /ip5ds n ne$$1        
especially to ! deprivation ( ^? m ne$y2
 us+ di%one/ ways ( secur+ rank 9 /udies
 or positions on teams1 or social /&+1  
are1 "o & all1 n only ung5tlemanly b    
c[>dly & mean1 & ! axe w\ld be laid at !

 root ( ! tree4 ,honor %\ld impel /ud5ts
 to g n[h]e :]e !y conceal _! college1  
_! frat]nity1 or ev5 _! "n2 to keep     
!mselves immaculate f all contact ) t   
class ( wom5 :i*1 ,ziegl] /ates1 br\ght 
tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! /ud5ts ( !        
,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 9 a s+le ye> to      
physicians2 to rememb] t o!r's si/]s are
 z *]i%$ z _! own2 to avoid ^? s9s aga9/
 confid+ innoc5ce :i* cry = v5geance1 z 
did ,val5t9e aga9/ ,fau/1 & :i* /r5g!n !
 hate ( social classes & make mo!rs &   
si/]s seem t$i\s because l[ ideas (     
womanhood h be5 implant$1 & :i* give a  
ta/e = mucky au?ors t reek )            
sugge/iv5ess2 & to avoid ! wa/e ( n]ve  
sub/ance & n]ve weakness 9 ways :i*     
,ibs5 & ,tol/oi h describ$4 ,^! ?+s are 
! d>ke/ blot on ! honor ( y\?4          
,associations = y\?1 devis$ or guid$ by 
adults4 ,"h we ent] a v diff]5t realm4  
,=bu%#cj und]takes an analysis ( _m su* 
clubs :i* he divides accord+ to _!      
purpose into n9e *ief classes3 physical 
tra9+1 h&icraft1 lit]>y1 social1 civic &

 patriotic1 sci5ce-/udy1 h]o-love1      
e?ical1 religi\s4 ,^! he classifies z to
 age ( ! boys1 8 purview g5]ally end+ at
 sev5te52 discusses & tabulates ! mo/   
favorable numb]1 ! in/9cts *iefly       
utiliz$1 ! k9ds ( education ga9$ 9 ea* &
 its p]c5tage ( int]e/1 & ! qualities   
develop$4 ,he comm5ds ,riis's mode (    
pull+ ! safety-valve ( a r dang]\s      
boy-gang by becom+ an adult honor>y     
memb]1 & int]pret+ ! impulsions ( ?is   
age 9 ! direction ( adv5ture in/ead ( 9 
t ( mis*ief4 ,he rem9ds u t ne>ly       
"o-?ird ( ! inhabitants ( ,am]ica are   
adolesc5ts1 t #c1jjj1jjj are boys betwe5
 twelve & sixte51 t ! d-call$ hea!n p   
are1 :atev] _! age1 all 9 ! adolesc5t   
/age ( life4  ,a few ,am]ican societies 
( ?is class we may briefly *>act]ize z  
foll[s3   7a7 ,typical ( a l>ge class ( 
local juv5ile clubs is ! ,capta9s ( ,t51
 orig9ally = boys ( f eight to f\rte51 &
 ) a lat] graduate squad ( ^? ov]       
fifte54 ,! ,t5 are ! f+]s2 & :ittl+1    
scrap-book mak+1 mat-weav+1 etc41 are   

taught4 ,! motto is1 ,! h& ( ! dilig5t  
%all be> rule2 its wat*word is ,loyalty2
 & ! prime objects are to promote a _s (
 loyalty to ,*ri/ among ! boys ( ! club1
 & to le>n ab\t & "w = ,*ri/'s k+dom4 ,!
 memb]s we> a silv] badge2 h an annual  
photograph2 elect _! lead]s2 vote _!    
money to missions 7on :i* topic !y hold 
meet+s72 act ,bible /ories 9 co/ume2 he>
 /ories & see sci5tific exp]im5ts2 enact
 a ,*9ese s*ool2 write articles = !     
*ildr5's dep>tm5t ( religi\s j\rnals2   
develop comrade%ip1 & h a good "t4  7b7 
,! ,agassiz ,association1 f\nd$ 9 #ahge 
to enc\rage p]sonal "w 9 natural sci5ce1
 n[ numb]s "s #be1jjj memb]s1 ) *apt]s  
di/ribut$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 & 0 said by 
! late ,pr(essor ,hyatt to include !    
l>ge/ numb] ( p]sons ev] b\nd toge!r = !
 purpose ( mutual help 9 ! /udy (       
nature4 ,x furni%es practical c\rses (  
/udy 9 ! sci5ces2 has local *apt]s 9    
?\s&s ( t[ns & cities 9 ?is & o!r       
c\ntries2 publi%es a mon?ly organ1 ,!   
,swiss ,cross1 to facilitate            

correspond5ce & ex*ange ( specim5s2 has 
a small end[m5t1 a badge1 is            
incorporat$1 & is animat$ by a _s ak9 to
 t ( ,univ]sity ,ext5sion2 &1 al?\gh n  
exclusively = "y p1 is *iefly su/a9$ by 
!m4  7c7 ,! ,ca?olic ,total ,ab/95ce    
,union is a /rong1 well-organiz$1 &     
widely ext5d$ society1 mo/ly compos$ (  
"y m54 ,! pl$ge requir$ ( all memb]s    
expla9s its object3 ,i promise ) !      
,div9e assi/ance & 9 honor ( ! ,sacr$   
,?ir/ & ! ,agony ( our ,savi\r1 to ab/a9
 f all intoxicat+ dr9ks & to prev5t z   
mu* z possible by advice & example ! s9 
( intemp]ance 9 o!rs & to disc\nt5ance !
 dr9k+ cu/oms ( society4 ,a g5]al       
conv5tion ( ! ,union has be5 held       
annually s9ce #ahgg4  7d7 ,! ,pr9cely   
,knights ( ,"* ,ca/le is an organization
 f\nd$ 9 #ahie = boys f twelve to       
eighte5 to inculcate1 dissem9ate1 &     
practise ! pr9ciples (                  
h]oism--endurance--love1 purity1 &      
patriotism4 ,! c5tral incorporat$ ca/le 
grants *>t]s to local ca/les1 directs ! 

ritual & secret "w4 ,its (fic]s are     
supreme pr9ce1 patri>*1 scribes1        
treasur]1 director1 ) capta9 ( ! gu>d1  
wat*man1 port]1 keep] ( ! dungeon1      
musician1 h]ald1 & favorite son4 ,!     
degrees ( ! secret "w are %eph]d lad1   
captive1 vic]oy1 bro!r1 son1 pr9ce1     
knight1 & royal knight4 ,!re are jewels1
 regalia1 p>aph]nalia1 & initiations4 ,!
 pl$ge = ! fir/ degree is1 ,i h]eby     
promise & pl$ge t ,i w ab/a9 f ! use (  
intoxicat+ liquor 9 any =m z a bev]age2 
t ,i w n use pr(ane or improp] language2
 t ,i w disc\rage ! use ( tobacco 9 any 
=m2 t ,i w /rive to live pure 9 body &  
m9d2 t ,i w obey all rules & regulations
 ( ! ord] & n reveal any ( ! secrets 9  
any way4 ,!re are b5efits1 reliefs1     
passwords1 a li/ ( (f5ses & p5alties4   
7e7 ,"s #ce1jjj ,b&s ( ,m]cy are n[     
organiz$ "u ! direction ( ! ,am]ican    
,humane ,education ,society4 ,! object (
 ! organization is to cultivate k9dness 
to animals & sympa?y ) ! poor &         
oppress$4 ,! prev5tion ( cruelty 9      

driv+1 cattle transportation1 humane    
me?ods ( kill+1 c>e = ! sick & ab&on$ or
 ov]work$ animals1 are ! !mes ( mo/ (   
its volum9\s lit]ature4 ,x has badges1  
hymnbooks1 c>ds1 & c]tificates (        
memb]%ip1 & a motto1 ,k9dness1 ,ju/ice1 
& ,m]cy to ,all4 ,its pl$ge is1 ,i w try
 to be k9d to all h>mless liv+          
creatures1 & try to protect !m f cruel  
usage1 & is int5d$ to include human z   
well z dumb creatures4 ,! f\nd] &       
secret>y1 ) great & comm5dable en]gy1   
has in/itut$ prize conte/s = speak+ on  
humane subjects 9 s*ools1 & has pr9t$ & 
circulat$ prize /ories2 s9ce !          
incorporation ( ! society 9 #ahfh1 he   
has be5 indefatigable 9 collect+ funds1 
speak+ be=e s*ools & colleges1 & pr9ts  
fifty to sixty ?\s& copies ( ! mon?ly   
organ4 ,9 addition to its mission (     
s5tim5t1 & to make x m effective1 ?is   
organization cle>ly ne$s to make m      
provision = ! intellectual elem5t by    
well-select$ or con/ruct$ c\rses1 or at 
lea/ ref]5ces on ! life1 hi/ory1 habits1

 & in/9cts ( animals1 & x also ne$s m   
recognition t mod]n *>ity is a sci5ce z 
well z a virtue4  7f7 ,! ,com+ ,m5 (    
,am]ica1 al?\gh organiz$ only 9 #ahid1  
n[ claims to be ! greate/ *>t]$ secret  
society = boys & "y m5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x   
began two ye>s e>li] 9 a lodge />t$ by a
 n9ete5-ye>-old boy 9 ,*icago 9         
imitation ( su* ideas ( ,masons1        
,odd-,fell[s1 etc41 z its f\nd] c\ld get
 f 8 old] bro!r1 & its meet+s 7 fir/    
held 9 a basem5t4 ,on ?is basis old]    
heads aid$ 9 its developm5t1 s t x is a 
good example ( ! boy-imitative help$ out
 by p>5ts4 ,! organization is n[        
repres5t$ 9 e ,/ate & ,t]ritory1 & boys 
travel on its badge4 ,!re is an (ficial 
organ1 ,! ,/>1 a badge1 sign1 & a secret
 sign language call$ be/ography4 ,its   
secret ritual "w is highly prais$4 ,its 
memb]%ip is limit$ to :ite boys "u      
tw5ty-"o4  7g7 ,! fir/ ,h>ry ,wadswor?  
,club 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahga z a result (   
,e4,e4 ,hale's ,t5 ,times ,"o1 publi%$ !
 ye> be=e4 ,its motto is1 ,look up1 & n 

d[n2 look =w>d1 & n back2 look out1 & n 
92 l5d a h&1 or ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity4 
,its organ is ! ,t5 ,times ,"o ,record2 
its badge is a silv] ,maltese cross4    
,ea* club may organize z x w1 & *oose   
its own "n1 provid$ x accepts ! above   
motto4 ,its wat*word is1 ,9 ,8 ,"n4 ,x  
di/ributes *>ities1 conducts a ,noonday 
,re/1 out+s 9 ! c\ntry1 & devotes itself
 to do+ good4#ca    ,footnote #a3 ,t>de3
 ,l',opposition ,univ]selle4 ,alcan1    
,p>is1 #ahig1 p4 #dfa4  ,footnote #b3 ,!
 ,adolesc5t at ,home & 9 ,s*ool4 ,by ,e4
 ,g4 ,lanca/]4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,national  
,educational ,association1 #ahii1 p4    
#ajci4  ,footnote #c3 ,! ,psy*ology &   
,p$agogy ( ,adolesc5ce4 ,p$agogical     
,sem9>y1 ,july1 #ahig1 vol4 #e1 p4 #hg4 
,footnote #d3 ,/udy ( ,boys ,ent]+ !    
,adolesc5t ,p]iod ( ,life4 ,nor? ,we/]n 
,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #ahig1 vol4 #h1 pp4  
#bdh-bej1 & a s]ies !reaft]4  ,footnote 
#e3 ,! ,sugge/ibility ( ,*ildr54        
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,decemb]1 #ahif1   
vol4 #d1 p4 #baa  ,footnote #f3         

,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,be/ ,tea*] z          
,recogniz$ by ,*ildr54 ,by ,h4,e4       
,kratz4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,june1     
#ahif1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #dac-dah4 ,see also 
,! ,high ,s*ool ,tea*] f ! ,pupil's     
,po9t ( ,view1 by ,w4,f4 ,book4         
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,septemb]1 #aije1  
vol4 #ab1 pp4 #bci-bhh4  ,footnote #g3  
,a ,/udy ( ! ,tea*]'s ,influ5ce4        
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,decemb]1 #aijj1   
vol4 #g1 pp4 #dib-ebe4  ,footnote #h3   
,*ildr5's ,ideals4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 
,april1 #aijj1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #c-ab       
,footnote #i3 ,transactions ( ! ,ill9ois
 ,society = ,*ild ,/udy1 vol4 #b1 ,no4  
#b1 #ahif1 pp4 #da-df4  ,footnote #aj3  
,*ildr5's ,ambitions4 ,by ,h4,m4        
,will>d4 ,b>nes's ,/udies 9 ,education1 
vol4 #b1 pp4 #bdc-beh4 7,privately pr9t$
 by ,e>l ,b>nes1 #ddja ,sansom ,/reet1  
,philadelphia47  ,footnote #aa3         
,transactions ( ! ,ill9ois ,society =   
,*ild ,/udy1 ,octob]1 #ahih1 vol4 #c1   
,no4 #c1 pp4 #aca-add4  ,footnote #ab3  
,a ,/udy 9 ,juv5ile ,e?ics4 ,p$agogical 

,sem9>y1 ,june1 #aijc1 vol4 #aj1 pp4    
#bci-bff  ,footnote #ac3 ,die ,ideale d]
 ,k9d]4 ,zeits*rift fr pdagogis*e       
,psy*ologie1 ,pa?ologie und ,hygi5e1    
,jahrgang #c1 ,heft #a1 pp4 #ch-fd4     
,footnote #ad3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,own]%ip1
 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,decemb]1 #ahii1  
vol4 #f1 pp4 #dba-dgj4  ,footnote #ae3  
,prop]ty3 ,its ,orig9 & ,developm5t4    
,*as4 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahib4          
,footnote #af3 ,money-,s5se ( ,*ildr54  
,w ,s4 ,monroe4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1    
,m>*1 #ahii1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #aeb-aef      
,footnote #ag3 ,a ,/udy ( ,*ildr5's     
,rights1 z ,se5 by ,!mselves4 ,by ,m4,e4
 ,s*all5b]g]4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1      
,octob]1 #ahid1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #hg-if4    
,footnote #ah3 ,*ildr5's ,attitude t[>d 
,law4 ,by ,e4 ,m ,d>rah4 ,b>nes's       
,/udies 9 ,education1 vol4 #a1 pp4      
#bac-baf4 7,/an=d ,univ]sity1 #ahig47   
,g4 ,e4 ,/e*]t & ,co41 ,new ,york4      
,footnote #ai3 ,class ,puni%m5t4 ,by    
,c>ol9e ,fre>4 ,b>nes's ,/udies 9       
,education1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #ccb-ccg4      

,footnote #bj3 ,*ildr5's ,attitude t[>d 
,puni%m5t = ,weak ,"t ,s5se4 ,by ,d4,s4 
,sn$d54 ,b>nes's ,/udies 9 ,education1  
vol4 #a1 pp4 #cdd-cea  ,footnote #ba3   
,ueb] ,e9zel- und ,gesamtlei/ung des    
,s*ulk9des4 ,ar*iv fr die gesamte       
,psy*ologie1 #a ,b&1 #b & #c ,heft1     
#aijc1 pp4 #bgf-daf  ,footnote #bb3     
,developm5t ( ! ,social ,consci\sness ( 
,*ildr54 ,by ,w ,s4 ,monroe4            
,nor?-,we/]n ,mon?ly1 ,septemb]1 #ahih1 
vol4 #i1 pp4 #ca-cf4  ,footnote #bc3    
,bohannon3 ,! ,only ,*ild 9 a ,family4  
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,april1 #ahih1 vol4
 #e1 pp4 #dge-dif4  ,footnote #bd3 ,j4  
,delits*3 b] ,s*l]freunds*aft5 9 e9]    
,volkss*ulklasse1 ,die ,k9d]fehl]4      
,fnft] ,jahrgang1 ,mai1 #aijj1 pp4      
#aej-afc4  ,footnote #be3 ,on ,"s       
,psy*ical ,relations ( ,society &       
,solitude4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,april  
#aijj1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #ac-fi  ,footnote   
#bf3 ,a4 ,raub]3 ,homo ,sapi5s ,f]us4   
,j4 ,brehse1 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,see also 
my ,social ,aspects ( ,education2       

,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,m>*1 #aijb1 vol4  
#i1 pp4 #ha-ia4 ,also ,kropotk93 ,mutual
 ,aid a ,factor ( ,evolution4 ,w4       
,he9emann1 ,london1 #aijb4  ,footnote   
#bg3 ,rudim5t>y ,society among ,boys1 by
 ,john ,h4 ,johnson1 ,mc,donogh1 ,md4   
,mc,donogh ,s*ool1 #aihc1 repr9t$ f     
,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity ,/udies ,s]ies
 #b 7,hi/orical & ,political ,/udies1   
vol4 #b1 ,no4 #aa74  ,footnote #bh3 ,!  
,in/itutional ,activities ( ,am]ican    
,*ildr54 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 
,july1 #ahih1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #dbe-ddh4    
,footnote #bi3 ,d] deuts*e ,/ud5t am    
,ende des #ai4 ,jahrhund]ts4 #f? ,ed4   
,gs*51 ,leipzig1 #ahif4  ,footnote #cj3 
,! ,social ,p$agogy ( ,boyhood4         
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,octob]1 #aijj1    
vol4 #g1 pp4 #cjg-cdf4 ,see also 8 ,!   
,boy ,problem1 ) an introduction by ,g4 
,/anley ,hall1 ,! ,pilgrim ,press1      
,bo/on1 #aija1 p4 #aid4 ,also ,w9ifr$   
,buck 7,boys' ,self-gov]n+ ,clubs1      
,macmillan1 ,new ,york1 #aijc71 :o ?9ks 
t5 million doll>s c\ld be us$ 9 tra9+   

club advis]s :o %\ld h ! use ( s*ools & 
gr\nds aft] h\rs & ev5+s1 conduct       
excursions1 organize games1 etc41 b     
avoid all direct tea*+ & book "w        
g5]ally4 ,?is writ] ?9ks su* an         
in/itution w\ld soon result 9 a m>k$    
increase ( public morality & an augm5t$ 
dem& = te*nical in/ruction1 & t = !     
advis]s !mselves ! "w w\ld be ! be/     
tra9+ = high positions 9 politics &     
re=m4 ,clubs ( boys f eight to sixte5 or
 eighte5 mu/ n admit age disp>ities ( m 
?an two ye>s4  ,footnote #ca3 ,see ,"y  
,p's ,societies1 by ,l4,w4 ,bacon4 ,d4  
,appleton & ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijj1 p4 
#bfe4 ,also1 ,f4,g4 ,cressey3 ,! ,*ur* &
 ,"y ,m54 ,flem+ ,h4 ,revell ,co41 ,new 
,york1 #aijc1 p4 #bcc4         99     99
     99     99     99     ,,*apt] ,x    
,,intellectual ,,education ,,& ,,s*ool  
,,"w   ,! g5]al *ange & pla/icity at    
pub]ty--,engli% tea*+--,causes ( its    
failure3 7#a7 too mu* "t to o!r         
languages1 7#b7 subord9ation ( lit]>y   
cont5t to =m1 7#c7 too e>ly /ress on eye

 & h& in/ead ( e> & m\?1 7#d7 excessive 
use ( concrete words--,*ildr5's int]e/ 9
 words--,_! favorites--,slang--,/ory    
tell+--,age ( read+ crazes--,:at to     
read--,! hi/oric s5se--,gr[? ( memory   
span4  ,j z ab\t ! only duty ( "y *ildr5
 is implicit ob$i5ce1 s ! *ief m5tal    
tra9+ f ab\t eight to twelve is arbitr>y
 memorization1 drill1 habituation1 )    
only limit$ appeal to ! und]/&+4 ,aft] !
 critical transition age ( six or sev51 
:5 ! bra9 has a*iev$ its adult size &   
weight1 & tee?+ has r$uc$ ! *ew+ surface
 to its lea/ ext5t1 beg9s a unique /age 
( life m>k$ by r$uc$ gr[? & increas$    
activity & p[] to resi/ bo? disease &   
fatigue1 :i* sugge/s :at 01 9 "s j      
po/-simian age ( our race1 its p]iod (  
maturity4 ,"h belong discipl9e 9 writ+1 
read+1 spell+1 v]bal memory1 manual     
tra9+1 practise ( in/rum5tal te*nic1    
prop] names1 draw+1 drill 9 ari?metic1  
=eign languages by oral me?ods1 !       
correct pronunciation ( :i* is f> h>d]  
if acquir$ lat]1 etc4 ,! h& is nev] s   

ne> ! bra94 ,mo/ ( ! cont5t ( ! m9d has 
ent]$ x ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & ! eye-&        
e>-gates %\ld be op5 at _! wide/4       
,au?ority %\ld n[ take prec$5ce (       
reason4 ,*ildr5 compreh5d mu* & v       
rapidly if we c only refra9 f expla9+1 b
 ?is sl[s d[n intuition1 t5ds to make   
casui/s & prigs & to enfeeble ! ultimate
 vigor ( reason4 ,x is ! age ( little   
me?od & mu* matt]4 ,! good tea*] is n[ a
 p$otrieb1 or boy-driv]4 ,boys ( ?is age
 at n[ n v affectionate4 ,!y take       
pleasure 9 oblig+ & imitat+ ^? !y l &   
p]haps 9 disoblig+ ^? !y dislike4 ,!y h 
mu* selfi%ness & little s5tim5t4 ,z ?is 
p]iod draws to a close & ! te5s beg91 ! 
av]age normal *ild w n be booki% b %\ld 
read & write well1 "k a few doz5        
well-*os5 books1 play sev]al doz5 games1
 be well />t$ 9 "o or m anci5t & mod]n  
languages--if ^! mu/ be /udi$ at all1   
%\ld "k some?+ ( sev]al indu/ries & h[  
to make _m ?+s he is int]e/$ 91 belong  
to a few teams & societies1 "k mu* ab\t 
nature 9 8 environm5t1 be able to s+ &  

draw1 %\ld h memoriz$ mu* m ?an he n[   
does1 & be acqua9t$1 at lea/ 9 /ory =m1 
) ! outl9es ( _m ( ! be/ works 9        
lit]ature & ! epo*s & p]sons 9 hi/ory4#a
 ,morally he %\ld h be5 ?r\gh _m if n   
mo/ =ms ( :at p>5ts & tea*]s commonly   
call badness1 & ,pr(essor ,yod] ev5     
calls meanness4 ,he %\ld h f\ght1 :ipp$ 
& be5 :ipp$1 us$ language (f5sive to !  
prude & to ! prim precisian1 be5 9 "s   
scrapes1 _h some?+ to d ) bad1 if m )   
good1 associates1 & be5 expos$ to &     
already recov]+ f z _m =ms ( e?ical     
mumps & measles z1 by hav+ 9 mild =m n[ 
he c be r5d]$ immune to lat] :5 !y      
become f> m dang]\s1 because 8 moral &  
religi\s z well z 8 rational nature is  
normally rudim5t>y4 ,he is n deprav$1 b 
only 9 a savage or half-animal /age1    
al?\gh to a l>ge-bra9$1 l>ge-he>t$ &    
truly p>5tal s\l t does n call :at      
causes x inconv5i5ce by opprobri\s      
names1 an altoge!r lovable & ev5        
fasc9at+ /age4 ,! m we "k ( boyhood ! m 
n>r[ & (t5 selfi% d adult ideals ( x    

appe>4 ,some?+ is amiss ) ! lad ( t5 :o 
is v good1 /udi\s1 indu/ri\s1 ?\ghtful1 
altrui/ic1 quiet1 polite1 respectful1   
ob$i5t1 g5tlemanly1 ord]ly1 always 9    
good toilet1 docile to reason1 :o turns 
away f /ories t reek ) gore1 pref]s     
adult companion%ip to t ( 8 mates1      
refuses all l[ associates1 speaks /&>d  
,engli%1 or is z pi\s & deeply 9 love ) 
religi\s s]vices z ! typical maid5 tea*]
 or !  la mode p>5t wi%es4 ,su* a boy is
 ei!r "u-vitaliz$ & anemic & precoci\s  
by nature1 a repress$1 ov]tra9$1        
conv5tionaliz$ manik91 a hypocrite1 z "s
 c become "u pressure ?us e>ly 9 life1  
or else a g5ius ( "s k9d ) a little (   
all ^!4  ,b ) ! te5s all ?is beg9s to be
 *ang$ & _m ( ^! precepts mu/ be        
gradually rev]s$4 ,!re is an outbur/ (  
gr[? t ne$s a l>ge "p ( ! total k9etic  
en]gy ( ! body4 ,!re is a new int]e/ 9  
adults1 a passion to be treat$ l "o's   
eld]s1 to make plans = ! future1 a new  
s5sitiv5ess to adult praise or blame4 ,!
 l>ge muscles h _! inn+s & !re is a new 

clums9ess ( body & m9d4 ,! blood-vessels
 exp& & blu%+ is increas$1 new s5sations
 & feel+s arise1 ! imag9ation blossoms1 
love ( nature is born1 music is felt 9 a
 new1 m inw>d way1 fatigue comes easi] &
 soon]2 & if h]$ity & environm5t enable 
! individual to cross ?is bridge        
successfully !re is sometimes almo/ a   
break ( cont9uity1 & a new be+ em]ges4  
,! drill me?ods ( ! prec$+ p]iod mu/ be 
sl[ly relax$ & new appeals made to      
fre$om & int]e/4 ,we c no long] co]ce a 
break1 b mu/ lead & inspire if we w\ld  
avoid arre/4 ,individuality mu/ h a     
long] te!r4 ,nev] is ! p[] to appreciate
 s f> ahead ( ! p[] to express1 & nev]  
does und]/&+ s out/rip ability to       
expla94 ,ov]accuracy is atrophy4 ,bo?   
m5tal & moral acquisition s9k at once   
too deep to be reproduc$ by exam9ation  
)\t injury bo? to intellect & w4 ,!re is
 no?+ 9 ! environm5t to :i* ! adolesc5t 
nature does n ke5ly respond4 ,) p$agogic
 tact we c tea* ab\t ev]y?+ we "k t is  
really wor? kn[+2 b if we amplify &     

morselize in/ead ( giv+ great :oles1 if 
we let ! hamm] t /rikes ! bell re/ too  
long aga9/ x & dead5 ! s\nd1 & if we    
wait be=e ea* me?odic /ep till ! pupil  
has reproduc$ all ! la/1 we />ve & ret>d
 ! s\l1 :i* is n[ all insight &         
receptivity4 ,pla/icity is at its       
maximum1 utt]ance at its m9imum4 ,!     
inw>d traffic ob/ructs ! out] curr5ts4  
,boys especially are (t5 dumb-b\nd1     
monophra/ic1 in>ticulate1 & semi-aphasic
 save 9 _! own vigor\s & inelegant way4 
,nature prompts to a mode/ retic5ce =   
:i* ! defl[]]s ( all ephebic naivet %\ld
 h "s respect4 ,deep int]e/s arise :i*  
are almo/ z sacr$ z is ! h\r (          
visitation ( ! ,holy ,gho/ to ! religi\s
 tea*]4 ,! m9d at times gr[s 9 leaps &  
b\nds 9 a way t seems to defy ! great   
enemy1 fatigue2 & yet :5 ! tea*] gr[s a 
little tiresome ! pupil is tir$ 9 a     
mom5t4 ,?us we h ! conv]se dang] ( =c+ k
 ^u unwill+ & unripe m9ds t h no love = 
x1 :i* is 9 _m ways psy*ologically ak9  
to a nameless crime t 9 "s p>ts ( !     

c\ntry meets summ>y v5geance4  7,a7 ,!  
he>t ( education z well z its phyletic  
root is ! v]nacul> lit]ature & language4
 ,^! are ! *ief in/rum5ts ( ! social z  
well z ( ! e?nic & patriotic in/9ct4 ,! 
prime place ( ! =m] we saw 9 ! la/      
*apt]1 & we n[ pass to ! latt]1 !       
uniqu5ess ( :i* %\ld fir/ be consid]$4  
,! ,c5tury1 ! l>ge/ complete diction>y (
 ,engli%1 claims to h #bej1jjj words1 z 
aga9/ #ee1jjj 9 ! old ,web/]'s          
,unabridg$4 ,worce/]'s ,unabridg$ (     
#ahfj has #aje1jjj2 ,murray's1 n[ 9 ,l1 
x is said1 w conta9 #bdj1jjj pr9cipal & 
#adj1jjj comp\nd words1 or #chj1jjj     
words 9 all4 ,! diction>y ( ! ,fr5*     
,academy has #cc1jjj2 t ( ! ,royal      
,spani% ,academy1 #ej1jjj2 ! ,dut*      
diction>y ( ,van ,dale1 #hf1jjj2 !      
,italian & ,portuguese1 ea* ab\t #ej1jjj
 lit]>y1 or #aej1jjj encyclop$ic words4 
,( c\rse1 words c really be c\nt$ h>dly 
m ?an ideas or impressions1 & comp\nds1 
dialects1 obsolete t]ms1 localisms1 &   
especially te*nical t]ms1 swell ! numb] 

indef9itely4 ,a compet5t philologi/#b   
says1 if giv5 l>ge lib]ty1 he w und]take
 to supply #a1jjj1jjj ,engli% words =   
#a1jjj1jjj ,am]ican doll>s4 ,*amb]la9#c 
e/imates t our language conta9s m ?an   
two score z _m words z all ^? left u f !
 ,lat94 ,_m savage languages conta9 only
 a v few ?\s&1 & "s b a few hundr$1     
words4 ,our tongue is ess5tially ,saxon 
9 its vocabul>y & its _s &1 f ! "t :5 x 
0 despis$ & vulg>1 has foll[$ an        
expansion policy1 swall[+ ) little      
modification t]ms n only f classical    
antiquity1 b f all mod]n                
languages--,indian1 ,african1 ,*9ese1   
,mongolian--accord+ to its ne$s1 its    
adopt$ *ildr5 f> outnumb]+ ^? ( its own 
blood4 ,x absorbs at its w ! slang ( !  
/reet gam91 ! cant ( ?ieves & begg>s2 is
 actually creative 9 ! baby talk ( mo!rs
 & nurses2 drops1 =gets1 & actually     
inv5ts new words ) no p$igree l ^? (    
,le>1 ,c>rol1 & _m o!rs4#d  ,9 ?is va/  
field ! m9d ( ! *ild e>ly beg9s to take 
flight4 ,"h 8 s\l f9ds its native brea? 

& vital air4 ,he may live z a peasant1  
us+1 z ,max ,mll] says _m d1 b a few    
hundr$ words dur+ 8 lifetime2 or he may 
ne$ #h1jjj1 l ,milton1 #ae1jjj1 l       
,%akespe>e1 #bj1jjj or #cj1jjj1 l       
,huxley1 :o comm&$ bo? lit]>y & te*nical
 t]ms2 :ile 9 und]/&+1 :i* f> out/rips1 
use1 a philologi/ may ma/] p]haps       
#ajj1jjj or #bjj1jjj words4 ,! cont5t ( 
a tongue may conta9 only folk-lore &    
t]ms = imm$iate practical life1 or ?is  
cont5t may be indef9itely elaborat$ 9 a 
ri* lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,! =m] is       
g5]ally well on 9 its developm5t be=e   
spee* itself becomes an abject ( /udy4  
,greek lit]ature 0 fully gr[n :5 !      
,sophi/s1 & f9ally ,ari/otle1 develop$ !
 rudim5ts ( gramm>1 ! p>ts ( spee* be+  
at fir/ closely relat$ ) 8 t5           
metaphysical categories4 ,our mod]n     
tongue _h ! =tune1 unkn[n to ^? (       
antiquity1 :5 x 0 crude & despis$1 to be
 patroniz$ & regulat$ by ,lat9          
gramm>ians1 & has _h a long exp]i5ce1   
bo? = good & evil1 ) _! cons]v+ &       

uni=mitiz+ in/9cts4 ,x has1 too1 a long 
hi/ory ( resi/ance to ?is control4 ,once
 spell+ 0 a matt] ( fa%ion or ev5       
individual ta/e2 & z ! con/ra9t grew1   
two p$agogues 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury f\ght a
 duel = ! "r spell+ ( ! ^w1 & t ma9ta9$ 
by ! survivor prevail$4 ,phonic &       
economic influ5ces are n[ aga9 mak+ "s  
headway aga9/ or?ographic or?odoxy "h2 s
 ) def9itions4 ,9 ! days ( ,johnson's   
diction>y1 individuality /ill _h wide   
range 9 det]m9+ mean+s4 ,9              
pronunciation1 too3 we may n[ pron\nce !
 ^w tomato 9 six ways1 all sanction$ by 
diction>ies4 ,( our tongue 9 p>ticul> x 
is true1 z ,tylor says 9 g5]al1 cond5s+ 
a long] passage1 take language all 9    
all1 x is ! product ( a r\gh-&-ready    
+5uity & ( ! great rule ( ?umb4 ,x is an
 old b>b>ic eng9e1 :i* 9 its highe/     
developm5t is alt]$1 pat*$1 & t9k]$ into
 capability4 ,x is orig9ally & naturally
 a product ( l[ culture1 develop$ by    
ages ( consci\s & unconsci\s improvem5t 
to answ] m or less p]fectly !           

requirem5ts ( mod]n civilization4   ,x  
is pla91 !re=e1 t no gramm>1 & lea/ (   
all t d]iv$ f ! prim1 meag] ,lat9       
cont+5t ( x1 is adequate to legislate = 
! free _s ( our magnific5t tongue4      
,aga91 if ?is is ev] done & ,engli% ev] 
has a gramm> t is to x :at ,lat9 gramm> 
is to t language1 x w only be :5 !      
psy*ology ( spee* repres5t$1 e4g41 9    
,wundt's ,psy*ologie d] ,spra*e1#e :i*  
is n[ compil+ & organiz+ ! be/ elem5ts f
 all gramm>s1 is complete4 ,! reason :y 
,engli% speak]s f9d su* difficulty 9    
le>n+ o!r languages is because ours has 
s f> outgr[n !m by ?r[+ (f n only       
inflections b _m old rules ( syntax1 t  
we h _h to g backw>d to an e>li] & m    
obsolesc5t /age ( human developm5t4 ,9  
#adad1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 :5     
,emp]or ,sigismund 0 rebuk$ = a wrong   
g5d]1 he repli$1 ,i am ,k+ ( ! ,romans &
 above gramm>4 ,?omas ,jeff]son lat]    
wrote1 ,:]e /rictures ( gramm> does n   
weak5 expression x %\ld be att5d$ to2 b 
:]e by a small grammatical neglig5ce !  

en]gy ( an idea is cond5s$ or a ^w /&s =
 a s5t5ce1 ,i hold grammatical rigor 9  
contempt4 ,br[n+1 ,:itman1 & ,kipl+     
delib]ately violate gramm> & secure     
!reby unique effects nei!r ask+ nor ne$+
 excuse4  ,by g5]al cons5t bo? high     
s*ool & college y\? 9 ?is c\ntry are 9  
an advanc$ /age ( deg5]ation 9 ! comm& (
 ?is ! _w's greate/ organ ( ! intellect2
 & t1 despite ! fact t ! /udy ( ,engli% 
(t5 cont9ues f prim>y into college      
grades1 t no topic c\nts = m1 & t m>k$  
defici5cy "h (t5 deb>s f all o!r c\rses4
 ,e c>eful /udy ( ! subject = ne>ly     
tw5ty ye>s %[s det]ioration1 & ,pr(essor
 ,%urman1 ( ,nebraska1 ?9ks x n[ worse  
?an at any "t = =ty ye>s4 ,we are 9 !   
case ( _m ,*ri/ians describ$ by ,dante1 
:o /rove by pray]s to get ne>] to ,god  
:5 9 fact ) e petition !y 7 dep>t+ f>!r 
f him4 ,su* a compreh5sive fact mu/ h _m
 causes4  ,i4 ,"o ( ^! is ! excessive "t
 giv5 to o!r languages j at !           
psy*ological p]iod ( greate/ l+ui/ic    
pla/icity & capacity = gr[?4 ,s*ool     

inv5tion & tradition is s invet]ate t x 
is h>d = u to und]/& t !re is little    
educational value--& p]haps x is        
deducational--to le>n to tell ! "t ( day
 or "n a spade 9 sev]al diff]5t tongues 
or to le>n to say ! ,"l's ,pray] 9 _m   
diff]5t languages1 any "o ( :i* ! ,"l   
only c und]/&4 ,! polyglot p t "o meets 
on great int]national highways ( travel 
are l+ui/s only 9 ! s5se t ! moke on !  
v>iety /age :o plays a doz5 in/rum5ts   
equally badly is a musician4 ,x is a    
psy*ological impossibility to pass ?r\gh
 ! appr5tice%ip /age ( le>n+ =eign      
languages at ! age :5 ! v]nacul> is     
sett+ )\t crippl+ x4 ,! extremes are !  
y\? 9 anci5t ,greece /udy+ 8 own        
language only & ! mod]n high s*ool boy &
 girl dabbl+ 9 ?ree or p]haps f\r       
languages4 ,lat91 :i* 9 ! eight ye>s    
prec$+ #ahih increas$ "o hundr$ &       
sev5ty-f\r p] c5t4 9 ,am]ican high      
s*ools1 :ile ! proportion ent]+ college 
9 ! c\ntry & ev5 9 ,massa*usetts /eadily
 decl9$1 is ! *ief (f5d]4 ,9 ! day ( its

 p$agogical glory ,lat9 0 ! univ]sal    
tongue ( ! le>n$4 ,/urm's idea 0 to tra9
 boys s t if sudd5ly transport$ to      
anci5t ,rome or ,greece !y w\ld be at   
home !re4 ,language1 x 0 said1 0 ! *ief 
in/rum5t ( culture2 ,lat91 ! *ief       
language & !re=e a bett] drill 9 !      
v]nacul> ?an ! v]nacul> itself4 ,its    
rules 7 :olesome swa?+ b&s = ! mod]n    
languages :5 9 _! infancy4 ,boys mu/    
speak only ,lat9 on ! playgr\nd4 ,!y    
?\ght1 felt1 & develop$ an intellectual 
life 9 & ) t tongue4#f ,b h[ *ang$ all  
?is is n[4 ,/ati/ical /udies %[ t five  
h\rs a week = a ye> gives comm& ( b a   
few hundr$ words1 t two ye>s does n     
d\ble ?is numb]1 & t comm& ( ! language 
& its res\rces 9 ! orig9al is almo/ nev]
 atta9$1 b t x is ab&on$ n only by !    
increas+ p]c5tage t d n g to college b  
also by ! increas+ p]c5tage :o drop x   
=ev] at ! college door4 ,its enorm\s    
num]ical increase due to high s*ool     
requirem5ts1 ! increas+ p]c5tage ( girl 
pupils m ready to foll[ ! tea*]'s       

advice1 9 connection ) ! det]iorat+     
quality ( ! girls--inevitable ) _!      
increas+ numb]s1 ! s5se t ,lat9 means   
ent]+ ^u a high] education1 ! special   
rev]5ce = x by ,ca?olic *ildr51 !       
ov]cr[d$ m>ket = ,lat9 tea*]s :om a     
rec5t writ] says c be procur$ by ! score
 at less rates ?an 9 almo/ any o!r      
subject1 ! mod]n me?ods ( tea*+ x :i* "w
 well ) less k ( x by ! tea*] ?an 9 !   
case ( o!r s*ool topics1 h be5 att5d$   
p]haps inevitably by /eady p$agogic     
decl9e despite ! vaunt$ new me?ods2     
until n[ ! baby ,lat9 9 ! av]age high   
s*ool class is a k9d ( sanctifi$ relic1 
a gho/ ( a gho/1 sugge/+ ,swift's       
,/ruldbrugs1 doom$ to physical          
immortality b %rivel+ & ) increas+      
horror ( all ?+s new4 ,9 #ahib ! ,g]man 
emp]or decl>$ x a %ame = a boy to excel 
9 ,lat9 composition1 & 9 ! high s*ools (
 ,sw$5 & ,norway x has be5 practically  
ab&on$4 ,9 ! pres5t /age ( its          
educational decad5ce ! p[] ( ! dead h&  
is /rongly illu/rat$ by ! new           

in/allation ( ! old ,roman pronunciation
 ) :i* our tongue has only remote       
analogies1 :i* makes havoc ) prop] names
 :i* is unkn[n & unrecogniz$ 9 ! s*ools 
( ! ,european cont95t1 & :i* makes a    
p$antic affectation out ( m vocalism4 ,i
 d n "k nor c>e :e!r ! old ,romans      
pron\nc$ ?us or n1 b if hi/oric fidelity
 9 ?is s5se has p$agogic ju/ification1  
:y /ill tea* a text l ! ,viri ,romae1   
:i* is n a classic b a mod]n p$agogue's 
composition8   ,i believe pr(\ndly 9 !  
,lat9 bo? z a univ]sity specialty & =   
all /ud5ts :o ev5 approa* ma/]y1 b = !  
va/ numb]s :o /op 9 ! e>ly /ages (      
pr(ici5cy x is disa/r\s to ! v]nacul>4  
,comp>e ! evils ( translation ,engli%1  
:i* n ev5 ! mo/ compet5t & labori\s     
tea*+ c :olly prev5t & :i* c>eless      
me*anical in/ruction directly fo/]s1 ) !
 vigor\s fre% productions ( a boy or    
girl writ+ or speak+ ( some?+ ( vital   
pres5t int]e/4 ,! psy*ology (           
translation %[s t x gives ! novice a    
consci\sness ( etymologies :i* r imp$es 

?an helps ! free movem5t ( ! m9d4 ,j[ett
 said 9 sub/ance t x is almo/ impossible
 to r5d] ei!r ( ! great dead languages  
into ,engli% )\t compromise1 & ?is t5ds 
to injure ! idiomatic ma/]y ( "o's own  
tongue1 :i* c be got only by mu* h>d    
exp]i5ce 9 utt]+ our own ?\ghts be=e    
try+ to %ape ! dead ?\ghts ( o!rs into  
our language4 ,we conf\nd ! little k (  
^w-hi/ories :i* ,lat9 gives ) ! f> high]
 & subtl] s5t5ce-s5se :i* makes ! s\l ( 
"o language s diff]5t f t ( ano!r1 &    
tra9+ 9 :i* ought n to end until "o has 
become m or less ( a /yli/ & kn[s h[ to 
hew out modes ( express+ 8 own          
individuality 9 great language4 ,!re is 
a s5se 9 :i* ,macaulay 0 n an ,engli%man
 at all1 b a ,cic]onian ,lat9i/ :o foi/$
 an ali5 /yle ^u our tongue2 & ev5      
,addison is a =eign] comp>$ to ! virile 
,kipl+4 ,! nature & ne$s ( ! adolesc5t  
m9d dem& bread & meat1 :ile ,lat9       
rudim5ts are husks4 ,9 8 autobiography1 
,book] ,wa%+ton says t = t5 ye>s aft] _!
 emancipation1 ! two *ief ambitions ( ! 

"y negro ( ! ,s\? 7 to hold (fice & to  
/udy ,lat91 & he adds t ! *ief endeavor 
( 8 life has be5 aga9/ ^! t5d5cies4 ,= !
 ,am]ican boy & girl1 high s*ool too (t5
 means ,lat94 ,?is gives at fir/ a      
pleas+ s5se ( exaltation to a high] /age
 ( life1 b aft] f "o to ?ree ye>s !     
great majority :o ent] ! high s*ool drop
 out limp & disc\rag$ = _m reasons1     
l>gely1 h[ev]1 because !y are n f$4     
,defective nutrition ( ! m9d also causes
 a re/lessness1 :i* enhances all !      
influ5ces :i* make boys & girls leave   
s*ool4   ,,ii4 ,! second cause ( ?is    
deg5]ation is ! subord9ation ( lit]ature
 & cont5t to language /udy4 ,gramm>     
arises 9 ! old age ( language4 ,z once  
appli$ to our relatively gramm>less     
tongue x always 0 m or less ( a         
s*ool-made artifact & an ali5 yoke1 &   
has become increas+ly s z ,engli% has   
gr[n great & free4 ,its gho/1 9 ! _m    
textbooks devot$ to x1 lacks j ! quality
 ( logic :i* made & bes\l$ x4           
,philology1 too1 ) all its magnific5ce1 

is n a product ( ! nasc5t /ages ( spee*4
 ,9 ! college1 :i* is its /ronghold1 x  
has s inspir$ pr(essors ( ,engli% t _!  
ideal is to be critical r ?an creative  
till !y pref] ! m9ute read+ ( a few     
ma/]pieces to a wide g5]al k1 & a       
typical univ]sity ann\nces t 9 e case ! 
exam9]s w treat m]e k ( books z less    
important ?an ! ability to write good   
,engli% t w p>se & t is spell$1         
punctuat$1 capitaliz$1 & p>agraph$      
aright4 ,good pr(essors ( ,engli%       
lit]ature are h>d to f9d1 & ^u !m       
philologi/s1 :o are pl5tiful1 look ) a  
c]ta9 condesc5sion4 ,_m academic *airs (
 ,engli% are fill$ by m5 ^: acqua9tance 
( our lit]ature is v n>r[1 :o wi% to be 
l+ui/ic & n lit]>y1 & ?is is true ev5 9 
anci5t tongues4   ,at a brilliant       
exam9ation1 a c&idate = ! doctor's      
degree :o _h answ]$ _m que/ions conc]n+ 
! =ms ( ,lucretius1 :5 ask$ :e!r he 0 a 
dramati/1 hi/orian1 poet1 or philosoph]1
 did n "k1 & 8 pr(essor deem$ ! "q      
improp]4 ,i visit$ ! elev5? recitation 9

 ,o!llo 9 a high s*ool class ( n9ete5   
pupils1 n "o ( :om knew h[ ! /ory end$1 
s int5t _h !y be5 kept on its v]biage4  
,h5ce1 too1 has come ! twelve feet (    
text-books on ,engli% on my %elves ) _m 
/&>d works1 edit$ = s*ools1 ) m notes   
?an text4 ,fa%ion t works f above d[n ! 
grades & college entrance requirem5ts   
are 9 l>ge measure responsible = ?is1   
p]haps n[ ! wor/ case ( ! pro/itution ( 
cont5t to =m4  ,long exposure to ?is    
me?od ( l+ui/ic manicur+ t5ds to make   
/ud5ts :o try to write ultra-fa/idi\sly1
 seek+ an ov]-ref9$ elaboration ( petty 
trifles1 z if ! less ! cont5t ! great] !
 triumph ( =m alone c\ld be4 ,^! petty b
 pretty no?+s are l ,g]man confection]y1
 t appeals to ! eye b has little = ta/e 
& is worse ?an no?+ = ! dige/ion4 ,x is 
l /ra9+ "w on an empty /oma*4 ,= y\? ?is
 embroid]y ( details is ! precoci\s     
s5esc5ce t ,nordau has s copi\sly       
illu/rat$ z lit]>y decad5ce4 ,language  
is va/ly l>g] ?an all its cont5t1 & !   
way to tea* x is to focus ! m9d ^u /ory1

 hi/ory1 oratory1 drama1 ,bible1 = _!   
e/hetic1 m5tal1 & above all1 moral      
cont5t1 z %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,! m       
unconsci\s processes t reflect          
imitatively ! l+ui/ic environm5t & t    
/rike out intuitively oral & writt5 v5ts
 = int]e/s s int5se t !y mu/ be told &  
%>$1 are :at tea* u h[ to comm& !       
res\rces ( our "m tongue4 ,^!           
prescriptions & corrections &           
consci\sness ( ! manifold ways ( error  
are nev] s peculi>ly liable to h9d] r   
?an to help z 9 e>ly adolesc5ce1 :5 !   
s\l has a new cont5t & a new s5se = x1 &
 s abhors & is s incapable ( precision &
 propriety ( diction4 ,to hold up !     
flights ( exub]ant y\? by =ev] be+ on ! 
hunt = errors is1 to borr[ ! language ( 
! gridiron1 l[ tackle1 & ,i w\ld r be   
convict$ ( _m errors by su* me?ods ?an  
use !m4 ,( c\rse ?is has its place1 b x 
mu/ always be subord9at$ to a l>g] view1
 z 9 "o ( ! newly discov]$ logia ascrib$
 to ,jesus1 :o1 :5 he f\nd a man ga!r+  
/icks on ,sunday1 said to him1 ,if y    

und]/& :at y are do+1 x is well1 b if n1
 ?\ %alt be damn$4 ,! great tea*] :o1 :5
 ask$ h[ he obta9$ su* r>e results 9    
expression1 answ]$1 ,by c>efully        
neglect+ x & seek+ utt] absorption 9    
subject-matt]1 0 also a good practical  
psy*ologi/4 ,?is is ! invet]ate t5d5cy t
 9 o!r ages has made p$agogic scribes1  
,talmudi/s1 epigoni1 & sophi/s1 :o h    
magnifi$ ! lett] & lo/ ! _s4 ,b !re are 
yet o!r seats ( difficulty4   ,,iii4 ,x 
is h>d &1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 a late   
*ange1 to receive language ?r\gh ! eye  
:i* reads in/ead ( ?r\gh ! e> :i* he>s4 
,n only is p]ception measurably q       
di/9ctly sl[]1 b book language is relat$
 to oral spee* some:at z an h]b>ium is  
to a g>d51 or a museum ( /uff$ specim5s 
to a m5ag]ie4 ,! inv5tion ( lett]s is a 
novelty 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race t spoke =   
c\ntless ages be=e x wrote4 ,! w+$ ^w ( 
m\? is saturat$ ) color1 p]haps hot )   
feel+1 musical ) inflection1 is !       
utt]ance ( a liv+ pres5t p]sonality1 !  
consummation ( man's greg>i\s in/9cts4  

,! book is dead & m or less imp]sonal1  
be/ appreh5d$ 9 solitude1 its matt] m   
intellectualiz$2 x deals 9 remot]       
second-h& k s t ,plato reproa*$         
,ari/otle z be+ a read]1 "o remove f !  
fir/ spontane\s s\rce ( orig9al         
impressions & ideas1 & ! d\ghty m$ieval 
knights scorn$ read+ z a m]e cl]k's     
trick1 n wi%+ to muddle _! wits ) o!r   
p's ideas :5 _! own 7 good en\gh = !m4  
,b al?\gh "s ( ! great m5 9 hi/ory c\ld 
n read1 & ?\gh "s ( ! illit]ate 7 (t5   
morally & intellectually above "s ( !   
lit]ate1 ! argum5t "h is t ! pr9t$ page 
mu/ n be too sudd5ly or too e>ly ?ru/   
betwe5 ! *ild & life4 ,! plea is = moral
 & objective "w1 m /ories1 n>ratives1 & 
ev5 vivid read+s1 z is n[ done /at$ly 9 
m ?an a doz5 ( ! public libr>ies ( !    
c\ntry1 n s (t5 by tea*]s z by          
libr>ians1 all to ! end t ! e>1 ! *ief  
receptacle ( language1 be ma9ta9$ 9 its 
dom9ance1 t ! f9e s5se ( s\nd1 rhy?m1   
cad5ce1 pronunciation1 & spee*-music    
g5]ally be n atrophi$1 t ! eye :i*      

normally ranges freely f f> to ne> be n 
injur$ by ! conf9$ treadmill & zigzag ( 
! pr9t$ page4  ,closely connect$ ) ?is1 
& p]haps psy*ologically worse1 is !     
sub/itution ( ! p5 & ! scribbl+ f+]s = !
 m\? & tongue4 ,spee* is directly to & f
 ! s\l4 ,writ+1 ! delib]ation ( :i* fits
 age bett] ?an y\?1 sl[s d[n its        
impetuosity _m fold1 & is 9 e way f>!r  
remov$ f vocal utt]ance ?an is ! eye f !
 e>4 ,nev] h !re be5 s _m p\nds ( pap]1 
s _m p5cils1 & su* excessive scribbl+ z 
9 ! calamopapyrus ,p5-pap] p$agogy (    
to-day & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,n only has !    
daily !me spread z infection1 b ! daily 
lesson is n[ extract$ ?r\gh ! po9t ( a  
p5cil in/ead ( f ! m\?4 ,! tongue re/s &
 ! curve ( writ]'s cramp takes a %>p    
turn upw>d1 z if we 7 mak+ scribes1     
report]s1 & pro(-read]s4 ,9 "s s*ools1  
tea*]s seem to be conduct+ correspond5ce
 classes ) _! own pupils4 ,x all makes  
excell5t busy "w1 keeps ! pupils quiet &
 ord]ly1 & all[s ! s*ool output to be   
quantifi$1 & "s ( x gives "t = m c>e 9 !

 *oice ( words4 ,b is x a ga9 to        
sub/itute a lett] = a visit1 to try to  
give writt5 prec$5ce ov] spok5 =ms8 ,"h 
aga9 we violate ! great law t ! *ild    
repeats ! hi/ory ( ! race1 & t1 f ! l>g]
 hi/oric /&po9t1 writ+ z a mode (       
utt]ance is only ! late/ fa%ion4   ,(   
c\rse ! pupils mu/ write1 & write well1 
j z !y mu/ read1 & read mu*2 b t ,engli%
 suff]s f insi/+ ^u ?is d\ble long      
circuit too e>ly & cultivates x to      
excess1 devitalizes s*ool language &    
makes x a little unreal1 l o!r          
affectations ( adult ways1 s t on escap+
 f its ?raldom ! *ild & y\? slump back  
to ! language ( ! /reet z nev] be=e4    
,?is is a false application ( ! pr9ciple
 ( le>n+ to d by do+4 ,! "y d n le>n to 
write by writ+1 b by read+ & he>+4 ,to  
become a good writ] "o mu/ read1 feel1  
?9k1 exp]i5ce1 until he has some?+ to   
say t o!rs want to he>4 ,! gold5 age (  
,fr5* lit]ature1 z ,ga/on ,des*amps &   
,brunetire h lately told u1 0 t ( !     
salon1 :5 conv]sation dom9at$ lett]s1   

set fa%ions1 & made ! *>m ( ,fr5* /yle4 
,its l[e/ ebb 0 :5 booki%ness l$ & p    
began to talk z !y wrote4   ,,iv4 ,!    
f\r? cause ( deg5]ation ( s*ool ,engli% 
is ! gr[+ prepond]ance ( concrete words 
= designat+ ?+s ( s5se & physical acts1 
ov] ! high] elem5t ( language t names & 
deals ) concepts1 ideas1 & non-mat]ial  
?+s4 ,! object-lesson came 9 z a        
reaction aga9/ ! dang] ( m]ely v]bal &  
def9ition k & ^w memory4 ,n[ x has gone 
s f> t n only ?+s b ev5 languages1      
v]nacul> & =eign1 are taught by appeals 
to ! eye4 ,m lately1 elem5t>y sci5ce has
 introduc$ ano!r area ( pictures & ?+s  
:ile indu/rial education has /ill fur!r 
greatly enl>g$ ! mat]ial s5sori-motor   
elem5t ( tra9+4 ,geography is taught )  
artifacts1 globes1 maps1 s& boxes1      
draw+4 ,miss ,m>g>et ,smi?#g c\nt$ two  
hundr$ & eighty objects t mu/ be        
di/ribut$ & ga!r$ = =ty pupils 9 a s+le 
art lesson4 ,in/ruction1 moreov]1 is m &
 m busi$ ^u p>ts & details r ?an :oles1 
^u analysis r ?an syn!sis4 ,?us 9 mod]n 

p$agogy !re is an increas$ tyranny (    
?+s1 a gr[+ neglect or exclusion ( all t
 is unse54  ,! fir/ result ( ?is is t ! 
mod]n s*ool *ild is m & m m5tally       
helpless )\t objects ( s5se4            
,conv]sation is increas+ly concrete1 if 
n ( mat]ial ?+s & p]sons pres5t 9 "t &  
ev5 place4 ,in/ead ( deal+ ) ?\ghts &   
ideas1 spee* & writ+ is close to s5se & 
! words us$ are names = images & acts4  
,b !re is ano!r high] "p ( language t is
 n s abjectly ti$ d[n to p]ception1 b t 
lives1 moves1 & has its be+ 9 ! field ( 
concepts r ?an p]cepts1 :i*1 to use     
,e>le's di/9ction1 is symbolic & n      
pres5tative1 t describes ?9k+ t is n m]e
 contiguity 9 space or sequ5ce 9 "t b t 
is be/ 9 ! f> high] & m m5tal           
associations ( lik5ess1 t is m remote f 
activity1 t1 to use logical t]m9ology1  
is connotative & n m]ely d5otative1 t   
has ext5sion z well z int5sion1 t       
requires ab/raction & g5]alization4 ,)\t
 ?is latt] elem5t high] m5tal developm5t
 is lack+ because ?is means m ?an       

^w-pa9t+ ! mat]ial _w4  ,our s*ool y\?  
today suff] f j ?is defect4 ,if _!      
psy*ic op]ations c be call$ ?\ght x is (
 t elem5t>y & half animal k9d t consi/s 
imag]y4 ,_! talk ) ea* o!r is ( ?+s (   
pres5t & imm$iate int]e/4 ,!y lack ev5 !
 elem5ts ( imag9ation1 :i* makes new    
comb9ations & is creative1 because !y   
are dom9at$ by m5tal pictures ( !       
s5sory4 ,l>ge views t take !m afield    
away f ! p]sons & ?+s & acts !y "k d n  
appeal to !m4 ,attempts to ?9k rigor\sly
 are too h>d4 ,! tea*] feels t all !    
cont5t ( m9d mu/ come 9 ?r\gh ! s5ses1 &
 t if ^! are well f$1 inf]5ces &        
g5]alizations w come ( !mselves lat]4   
,_m pupils h nev] 9 _! lives talk$ five 
m9utes be=e o!rs on any subject :atev] t
 c prop]ly be call$ intellectual4 ,x    
irks !m to occupy !mselves ) purely     
m5tal processes1 s enslav$ are !y by :at
 is ne> & p]sonal1 & ?us !y are         
impov]i%$ 9 ! be/ elem5ts ( language4 ,x
 is z if :at are sometimes call$ !      
associative fib]s1 bo? ends ( :i* are 9 

! bra91 7 dw>f$ 9 comp>ison ) ! aff]5t &
 eff]5t fib]s t m$iate s5se & motion4   
,t ! s\l ( language z an in/rum5t (     
?\ght consi/s 9 ?is non-pres5tative     
elem5t1 s (t5 lack+1 is conclusively %[n
 9 ! facts ( spee* diseases4 ,9 ! sl[ly 
progressive aphasias1 ( late s c>efully 
/udi$1 ! words fir/ lo/ are ^? ( ?+s &  
acts mo/ famili> to ! pati5t1 :ile !    
words t p]si/ longe/ 9 ! wreckage ( !   
spee*-c5t]s are g5]ally words t d n     
designate ! ?+s ( s5se4 ,a tailor loses 
! p[] to "n 8 *alk1 measure1 %e>s1      
al?\gh he c long talk flu5tly ( :at     
little he may *ance to "k ( ,god1       
beauty1 tru?1 virtue1 happ9ess1         
prosp]ity1 etc4 ,! f>m] is unable to "n 
! cattle 9 8 y>d or 8 own occupations1  
al?\gh he c reason z well z ev] ab\t    
politics2 c n discuss co9 or bills1 b c 
talk ( f9ancial policies & securities1  
or ab\t heal? & weal? g5]ally4 ,! reason
 obvi\s4 ,x is because concrete ?9k+ has
 two =ms1 ! ^w & ! image1 & ! latt] s   
t5ds to take ! place ( ! =m] t x c be   

lo/ to bo? s5se & articulation )\t great
 impairm5t1 :]eas conceptual ?9k+ lacks 
imag]y & dep5ds ^u words alone1 & h5ce  
^! mu/ p]si/ because !y h no alt]nate =m
 :i* vic>iates = !m4  ,9 its l[] /ages1 
spee* is necess>ily closely b\nd up ) ! 
concrete _w2 b its real glory appe>s 9  
its lat] /ages & its high] =ms1 because 
!re ! s\l takes flight 9 ! intellectual 
_w1 le>ns to live amid/ its m spiritual 
realities1 to put names to ?\ghts1 :i*  
is f> high] ?an to put names to ?+s4 ,x 
is 9 ?is _w t ! be/ ?+s 9 ! be/ books   
live2 & ! mod]n s*ool-br$ di/a/e = !m1 !
 l[-rang$ m5tal action t hov]s ne> !    
coa/l9e ( matt] & c n laun* out ) ze/   
into ! op5 sea ( ?\ghts1 hold+ communion
 ) ! great dead ( ! pa/ or ! great liv+ 
( ! di/ant pres5t1 seems almo/ l a sl[  
progressive ab&onm5t ( ! high attribute 
( spee* & ! lapse t[>d infantile or     
animal picture-?9k+4 ,if ! s*ool is     
sl[ly becom+ spee*less 9 ?is s5se1 if x 
is laps+ 9 all dep>tm5ts t[>d busy "w & 
los+ sil5ce1 repose1 ! p[] ( logical    

?\ght1 & ev5 t ( m$itation1 :i* is !    
muse ( orig9ality1 ?is is p]haps !      
grave/ ( all ^! types ( decay4 ,if !    
*ild has no res\rces 9 solitude1 c n ?9k
 )\t ! visual provocation1 is los+      
subjective life1 en?usiasm = public1    
social1 e?ical que/ions1 is crippl$ =   
intellectual pursuits1 c>es only 9 a    
languid way = lit]>y prose & poetry1    
responds only to s5su\s /imuli & ev5ts  
at %ort range1 & is indiff]5t to all    
wide relations & moral responsibility1  
c>es only = comm]cial self-int]e/1 !    
tactics ( field sport1 laboratory       
occupations & ?+s :i* call be illu/rat$ 
f a p$agogic museum1 !n ! s*ool is      
dw>f+1 9 dawn+ maturity1 ! high] p[]s t 
belong to ?is /age ( developm5t & is    
responsible = m5tal arre/4  ,9 ?is      
deplorable condition1 if we turn to !   
*ild /udy ( spee* = help1 we f9d t1     
al?\gh x has be5 *iefly occupi$ ) infant
 vocabul>ies1 !re are already a v few & 
confess$ly crude & feeble beg9n+s1 b ev5
 ^! %$ m light on ! lo/ pa?way ?an all  

o!r s\rces comb9$4 ,! *ild once set 9 _!
 mid/ aga9 corrects ! wise m54 ,we w    
fir/ briefly recapitulate ^! & !n /ate &
 apply _! lessons4   ,miss ,williams#h  
f\nd t out ( #bec "y ladies only #acc   
did n h favorite s\nds1 long a & a lead+
 among ! v[els1 & l1 r & m among !      
con/ants4 ,eighty-five _h favorite words
 (t5 lugg$ 91 #cbi be+ good4 ,two hundr$
 & tw5ty-"o1 z *ildr51 _h favorite prop]
 names 9 geography1 & also = boys1 b    
especially = girls4 ,! ord] ( a few ( ! 
latt] is z foll[s3 ,hel51 #cf2 ,bessie1 
#be2 ,violet & ,lilly1 #bj2 ,elsie &    
,beatrice1 #ah2 ,doro?y & ,alice1 #ag2  
,e!l1 #ae2 ,myrtle1 #ad2 ,mabel1        
,m>gu]ite1 ,pe>l1 & ,rose1 #ac2 ,may1   
#ab2 ,m>g>et1 ,daisy1 & ,grace1 #aa2    
,ru? & ,flor5ce1 #i2 ,gladys1 #h2 ,maud1
 ,nellie1 & ,g]trude1 #g2 ,blan*e &     
,m>y1 #f2 ,evel9e & ,pansy1 #e2 ,belle1 
,beulah1 ,con/ance1 ,eleanor1 ,elizabe?1
 ,eve1 ,laura1 ,lulu1 ,paul9e1 ,virg9ia1
 & ,vivian1 #d ea*1 etc4  ,( t5 words   
f\nd int]e/+ to adolesc5ts1 murmur 0 !  

favorite1 mo/ enjoy+ its s\nd4 ,lullaby1
 supreme1 annannamannannah>\mlemay1     
immemorial1 lillibul]o1 burbl$1 &       
inc>nad9e 7 lik$ by mo/1 :ile zigzag &  
%igsback 7 n lik$4 ,?is writ] says t    
adolesc5ce is m>k$ by "s increas$ love (
 words = motor activity & 9 int]e/ 9    
words z ?+s 9 !mselves1 b %[s a /ill    
great] rise ( int]e/ 9 new words &      
pronunciations2 above all1 !re is a     
trem5d\s rise 9 int]e/ 9 words z        
in/rum5ts ( ?\ght4 ,! flood ( new       
exp]i5ces1 feel+s1 & views f9ds ! old   
vocabul>y inadequate1 h5ce ! dumb1 b\nd 
feel+ ( :i* mo/ adolesc5ts at "o "t or  
ano!r compla9 & also ,i suspect f ?is   
/udy 9 ! case ( girls1 we h an          
explanation ( ! rise ( int]e/ 9 slang4  
,! second idea sugge/$ by our /udy is ! 
trem5d\s importance ( he>+ 9 ! affective
 side ( language4  ,conradi#i f\nd t (  
#bgc returns conc]n+ *ildr5's pleasure 9
 kn[+ or us+ new words1 n9ety-two p] c5t
 7 affirmative1 eight p] c5t negative1 &
 fifty p] c5t gave words especially     

lik$4 ,"s 7 p>tial to big words1 "s = ^?
 ) z 9 !m4 ,"s f\nd mo/ pleasure 9 say+ 
!m to !mselves & "s 9 us+ !m ) o!rs4 ,9 
all !re 7 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ su* words1 v
 few ( :i* 7 artificial4 ,z to words    
pretty or que] 9 =m or s\nd1 8 li/ 0    
ne>ly z l>ge1 b ! great] "p ( ! words 7 
diff]5t4 ,sixty p] c5t ( all _h _h      
p]iods ( spontane\sly try+ to select _! 
vocabul>y by mak+ li/s1 /udy+ !         
diction>y1 etc4 ,! age ( ^? :o did s    
w\ld seem to av]age n f> f e>ly pub]ty1 
b ! data are too meag] = conclusion4 ,a 
few />t$ to g ?r\gh ! diction>y1 "s wi%$
 to a/oni% _! companions or us$ l>ge new
 words to !mselves or _! dolls4 ,sev5ty 
p]c5t _h _h a passion = affect+ =eign   
words :5 ,engli% w\ld d z well4 ,conradi
 says ! age v>ies f twelve to eighte51  
mo/ be+ f\rte5 to sixte54 ,"s indulge   
?is t5d5cy 9 lett]s1 & w\ld l to d s 9  
conv]sation1 b fe> ridicule4 ,fifty-six 
p] c5t report$ cases ( sup]f9e elegance 
or affect$ primness or precision 9 ! use
 ( words4 ,"s _h spells ( ef=t 9 ?is    

direction1 "s belabor compositions to   
get a /yle t suits !m1 "s memorise f9e  
passages to ?is end1 or modulate _!     
voices to aid !m1 affect elegance ) a   
*os5 mate by agreem5t soliloquize be=e a
 glass ) poses4 ,accord+ to 8 curve ?is 
t5d5cy culm9ates at f\rte54             
,adjectivism1 adv]bism1 & n\nism1 or    
m>k$ disposition to multiply "o or m ( !
 above classes ( words1 & 9 ! above     
ord]1 also occur ne> ! e>ly te5s4       
,adjectives are (t5 us$ z adv]bial      
prefixes to o!r adjectives1 & "h        
favorite words are m>k$4 ,ne>ly half (  
,conradi's reports %[ x1 b ! li/ ( words
 s us$ is small4  ,illu/ration3 ,graph  
%[+ ,slang1 ,read+ ,craze1 & ,precision 
by ,age4  ,miss ,williams pres5ts on    
int]e/+ curve ( slang confess$ z be+ bo?
 attractive & us$ by #bbf out ( #bea4 ,f
 ?is x appe>s t e>ly adolesc5ce is !    
curve ( greate/ pleasure 9 its use1     
f\rte5 be+ ! culm9at+ ye>4 ,!re is v    
little until elev51 :5 ! curve = girls  
rises v rapidly1 to fall ne>ly u rapidly

 f fifte5 to sev5te54 ,n9ety-?ree out ( 
#ajd :o us$ x did s despite criticism4  
,conradi1 :o collect$ & pr9ts a long li/
 ( curr5t slang words & phrases1 f\nd t 
( #bie "y boys & girls n "o fail$ to    
confess _! use1 & eighty-five p] c5t (  
all gave ! age at :i* !y ?\ght x mo/    
common4 ,on ?is basis he con/ructs !    
above curve1 comp>+ ) ?is ! curve ( a   
craze = read+ & = precision 9 spee*4  ,!
 reasons giv5 are1 9 ord] ( frequ5cy1 t 
slang 0 m emphatic1 m exact1 m concise1 
conv5i5t1 s\nd$ pretty1 reliev$ =mality1
 0 natural1 manly1 appropriate1 etc4    
,only a v few ?\ght x 0 vulg>1 limit$ ! 
vocabul>y1 l$ to or 0 a sub/itute =     
swe>+1 de/roy$ exactness1 etc4 ,?is     
writ] attempts a provisional            
classification ( slang expressions "u ! 
sugge/ive heads ( rebukes to pride1     
boa/+ & loquacity1 hypocrisy1 qua9t &   
emphatic negatives1 exagg]ations1       
exclamations1 mild oa?s1 att5d+ to "o's 
own bus9ess & n m$dl+ or int]f]+1 names 
= money1 absurdity1 neurotic effects (  

surprise or %ock1 hone/y & ly+1 gett+   
confus$1 f9e appe>ance & dress1 words = 
intoxication :i* ,p>tridge has          
collect$1#aj;= ang] collat$ by          
,*amb]la91#aa crud5ess or innoc5t navet1
 love & s5tim5tality1 etc4 ,slang is    
also ri* 9 describ+ conflicts ( all     
k9ds1 prais+ c\rage1 c5sur+             
inquisitiv5ess1 & z a s*ool ( moral     
discipl9e1 b he f9ds1 h[ev]1 a v l>ge   
numb] unclassifi$2 & :ile he ma9ta9s    
?r\gh\t a di/9ction betwe5 t us$ by boys
 & by girls1 sex diff]5ces are n v m>k$4
 ,! great majority ( t]ms are m5tion$ b 
once1 & a few "u ne>ly all ( ! above    
heads h great num]ical prec$5ce4 ,a     
some:at /rik+ fact is ! manifold        
v>iations ( a pet typical =m4           
,tw5ty-?ree %ock expletives1 e4g41 are1 
,w\ldn't t ---- y8 ! blank be+ fill$ by 
j>1 *oke1 cook1 rattle1 scor*1 get1 />t1
 etc41 or in/ead ( y adjectives are     
devis$4 ,feel+ is s int5se & massive1 & 
psy*ic processes are s rapid1 =cible1 & 
undevelop$ t ! pi?9ess ( "s ( ^?        

expressions makes !m brilliant &        
creative works ( g5ius1 & aft] secur+ an
 appr5tice%ip are sure ( adoption4 ,_! v
 lawlessness helps to keep spee* f      
rigidity & desiccation1 & !y hit (f     
ne>ly e ess5tial phrase ( adolesc5t life
 & exp]i5ce4  ,conv5tional modes ( spee*
 d n satisfy ! adolesc5t1 s t he is (t5 
ei!r retic5t or slangy4 ,walt ,:itman#ab
 says t slang is an attempt ( common    
humanity to escape f bald lit]alism & to
 express itself illimitably1 :i* 9 !    
highe/ walks produces poets & poems2 &  
aga91 ,d>+ z x is to say s1 9 ! gr[? (  
language x is c]ta9 t ! retrospect (    
slang f ! />t w\ld be ! recall+ f _!    
nebul\s condition ( all t is poetical 9 
! /ores ( human utt]ance4 ,l[ell#ac     
says1 ,!re is dea? 9 ! diction>y1 & :]e 
language is too /rictly limit$ by       
conv5tion1 ! gr\nd = expression to gr[ 9
 is limit$ also1 & we get a pott$       
lit]ature1 ,*9ese dw>fs in/ead ( heal?y 
trees4 ,l\nsbury ass]ts t slang is an   
ef=t on ! "p ( ! us]s ( language to say 

some?+ m vividly1 /rongly1 concisely ?an
 ! language exi/+ p]mits x to be said4  
,x is ! s\rce f :i* ! decay+ en]gies (  
spee* are con/antly refre%$4 ,conradi   
adds 9 sub/ance t weak or vici\s slang  
is too feeble to survive1 & :at is vital
 en\gh to live fills a ne$4 ,! f9al     
au?ority is ! p1 & x is bett] to tea*   
y\? to discrim9ate betwe5 good & bad    
slang r ?an to =bid x entirely4 ,em]son 
calls x language 9 ! mak+1 its crude1   
vital1 mat]ial4 ,x is (t5 an effective  
s*ool ( moral description1 a palliative 
= pr(anity1 & expresses ! natural crav+ 
= sup]latives4 ,faults are hit (f &     
condemn$ ) ! curtness s5t5ti\sness (    
prov]bs devis$ by y\? to sanctify itself
 & correct its own faults4 ,! p$agogue  
objects t x violates good =m & e/abli%$ 
usage1 b :y %\ld ! habits ( hundr$s (   
ye>s ago control :5 !y c n satisfy !    
ne$s ( y\?1 :i* requires a l+ua franca (
 its own1 (t5 call$ slanguage8 ,mo/ high
 s*ool & college y\? ( bo? sexes h two  
di/9ct /yles1 t ( ! classroom :i* is z  

unnatural z ! etiquette ( a royal       
draw+-room reception or a =mal call1 & !
 o!r1 t ( _! own breezy1 free1 natural  
life4 ,(t5 ^! two h no relation to or   
effect ^u ea* o!r1 & (t5 ! latt] is at  
times put by ) good resolves to speak z 
purely & !re=e z self-consci\sly z !y   
knew1 ) petty f9es = e slang expression4
 ,b v few1 & ^! g5]ally husky boys1     
boldly try to ass]t _! own rude b       
vigor\s v]nacul> 9 ! field ( s*ool      
requirem5ts4   ,^! simple /udies 9 ?is  
va/ field demon/rate little or no?+1 b  
!y sugge/ v mu*4 ,slang commonly        
expresses a moral judgm5t & falls into  
e?ical categories4 ,x usually conc]ns   
ideas1 s5tim5t1 & w1 has a psy*ic       
cont5t1 & is nev]1 l ! language ( !     
s*ool1 a m]e picture ( objects ( s5se or
 a description ( acts4 ,to re/ate x 9   
correct ,engli% w\ld be a c\rse 9 e?ics1
 c\rtesy1 ta/e1 logical pr$ication &    
opposition1 hone/y1 self-possession1    
mode/y1 & j ! ideal & non-pres5tative   
m5tal cont5t t y\? mo/ ne$s1 & :i* !    

s5su\s pres5tation me?ods ( tea*+ h     
neglect$4 ,^? :o see 9 spee* no?+ b =m  
condemn x because x is vulg>4 ,y\? has  
be5 left to meet ^! high ne$s alone1 & !
 preval5ce ( ^! crude =ms is an         
indictm5t ( ! del9qu5cy ( p$agogues 9 n 
tea*+ _! pupils to develop & use _!     
intellect prop]ly4 ,_! pi? & meat9ess   
are a /&+ illu/ration ( ! ne$ (         
cond5sation = intellectual objects t    
lat] gr[? analyzes4 ,^! expressions also
 illu/rate ! law t ! high] & l>g] !     
spiritual cont5t1 ! gross] mu/ be !     
illu/ration 9 :i* x is fir/ c\*$4 ,fur!r
 /udies n[ 9 progress w1 ,i believe1    
make ?is /ill cle>]4  ,aga91 we see 9 ! 
above1 outcrops ( ! /rong pubesc5t      
in/9ct to enl>ge ! vocabul>y 9 two ways4
 ,"o is to affect =eign equival5ts4 ,?is
 at fir/ sugge/s an appet5cy = ano!r    
language l ! dog-,lat9 gibb]i% ( *ildr54
 ,x is "o ( ! motives t prompts _m to   
/udy ,lat9 or ,fr5*1 b x has little     
dep?1 = x turns out1 on clos] /udy1 to  
be only ! affectation ( sup]iority & !  

love ( my/ify+ o!rs4 ,! o!r is a v      
diff]5t impulse to wid5 ! v]nacul>4 ,to 
pause to le>n sev]al =eign equival5ts ( 
?+s ( s5se may be anti-educational if x 
limits ! expansion ( ?\ght 9 our own    
tongue4 ,! two are1 9 fact1 (t5 inv]sely
 relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,9 giv+ a =eign     
synonym :5 ! m9d seeks a new native ^w1 
! p$agogue does n deal fairly4 ,9 ?is   
irradiation into ! "m tongue1 sometimes 
exp]i5ce ) ! s5tim5t or feel+1 act1     
fact1 or object prec$es1 & !n a "n = x  
is dem&$1 or conv]sely ! s\nd1 size1    
oddness or j+le ( ! ^w is fir/          
attractive & ! mean+ comes lat]4 ,!     
latt] ne$s ! recognition & utilization  
:i* ! =m] already has4 ,li/s ( favorite 
words %\ld be wr\ght out = spell+ &     
writ+ & _! mean+s illu/rat$1 = ^! h (t5 
! *>m ( novelty z on ! fronti] ( k &    
enl>ge ! m5tal horizon l new discov]ies4
 ,we mu/ n />ve ?is voraci\s new        
appetite = words z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght4   
,int]e/ 9 /ory-tell+ rises till twelve  
or ?irte51 & !reaft] falls (f p]haps r  

sudd5ly1 p>tly because y\? is n[ m      
int]e/$ 9 receiv+ ?an 9 giv+4 ,z 9 !    
draw+ curve we saw a *>act]i/ic age :5 !
 *ild loses pleasure 9 creat+ z its p[] 
( appreciat+ pictures rapidly arises1 s 
n[1 z ! read+ curve rises1 auditory     
receptivity makes way = ! visual me?od  
%[n 9 ! rise ( ! read+ curve ) augm5t$  
ze/ = book-me?od ( acquisition4 ,d>kness
 or twilight enhances ! /ory int]e/ 9   
*ildr51 = x elim9ates ! di/raction (    
s5se & enc\rages ! imag9ation to unfold 
its p9ions1 b ! y\?ful fancy is less    
bat-l & c take its bolde/ flights 9     
broad daylight4 ,a camp-fire1 or an op5 
he>? ) tales ( animals1 gho/s1 h]oism1 &
 adv5ture c tea* virtue1 & vocabul>y1   
/yle1 & sub/ance 9 _! native unity4  ,! 
pubesc5t read+ passion is p>tly ! cause 
& p>tly an effect ( ! new ze/ 9 &       
docility to ! adult _w & also ( ! fact t
 ! receptive are n[ & "h s immeasurably 
9 advance ( ! creative p[]s4 ,n[ !      
individual transc5ds 8 own exp]i5ce &   
le>ns to pr(it by t ( o!rs4 ,!re is n[  

evolv$ a p5umbral region 9 ! s\l m or   
less beyond ! rea* ( all s*ool me?ods1 a
 _w ( glimpses & h9ts1 & ! "w "h is t ( 
! prospector & n ( ! c>eful m9]4 ,x is !
 age ( skipp+ & sampl+1 ( press+ ! keys 
lightly4 ,:at is acquir$ is n exam9able 
b only sugge/ive4 ,p]haps no?+ read n[  
fails to leave its m>k4 ,x c n be orally
 reproduc$ at call1 b on em]g5cy x is at
 h& = use4 ,z ,augu/9e said ( ,god1 s ! 
*ild might say ( mo/ ( 8 m5tal cont5t 9 
^! psy*ic areas1 ,if y ask me1 ,i d n   
"k2 b if y d n ask me1 ,i "k v well--a  
case analog\s to ! typical girl :o      
exclaim$ to h] tea*]1 ,i c d & und]/&   
?is p]fectly if y only won't expla9 x4  
,t is :y exam9ations 9 ,engli%1 if n    
impossible1 z ,goldw9 ,smi? & ,ox=d     
hold1 are v liable to be h>mful1 &      
recitations & critical notes an         
imp]t95ce1 & always 9 dang] ( caus+     
arre/ ( ?is exquisite romantic function 
9 :i* lit]ature comes 9 ! close/        
relation to life1 keep+ ! he>t w>m1     
ren=c+ all its good motives1 pre=m+     

*oices1 & univ]saliz+ its sympa?ies4    
,r4 ,w4 ,bullock#ad classifi$ & tabulat$
 #b1jjj returns f s*ool-*ildr5 f ! ?ird 
to ! twelf? grade1 bo? inclusive1       
conc]n+ _! read+4 ,f ?is x appe>$ t !   
av]age boy ( ! ?ird grade read #d4i     
books 9 six mon?s2 t ! av]age falls to  
#c4f 9 ! f\r? & fif? grades & rises to a
 maximum ( #f4e at ! sev5? grade1 !n    
drops q regul>ly to #c 9 ! twelf? grade 
at ! end ( ! high s*ool c\rse4 ,!       
indep5d5t tabulation ( returns f o!r    
cities %[$ little v>iation4 ,grade =    
grade1 ! girls read m ?an ! boys1 & z a 
rule !y rea* _! maximum a ye> soon]1 & f
 a g5]al maximum ( #e4i books !re is a  
drop to #c4c at ! end ( ! c\rse4 ,! age 
( read+ may be po/pon$ or accel]at$     
p]haps ne>ly a ye> by ! abs5ce or       
pres5ce ( libr>y facilities4 ,tabulat+ !
 %ort /ories read p] week1 x 0 f\nd t ^!
 av]ag$ #b4a 9 ! ?ird grade1 rose to    
#g4g p] week 9 ! sev5? grade1 & 9 !     
twelf? _h fall5 to #b4c1 %[+ ! same     
g5]al t5d5cy4  ,! p]c5tage tables =     

boys' pref]5ce = eight classes ( /ories 
are "h only sugge/ive4 ,w> /ories seem  
popul> ) ?ird grade boys1 & t lik+ seems
 well m>k$ ?r\gh ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? 
grades4 ,/ories ( adv5ture are popul>   
all ?r\gh ! h]oic p]iod1 rea*+ _!       
maximum 9 ! eigh? & n9? grades4 ,! lik+ 
= biography & travel or exploration gr[s
 gradually to a climax 9 ! n9? grade1 & 
rema9s well up ?r\gh ! c\rse4 ,! t5d]   
s5tim5t has little *>m = ! av]age grade 
boy1 & only 9 ! high s*ool c\rse does he
 ackn[l$ge any consid]able use ( love   
/ories4 ,9 ! six? grade he is fond (    
detective /ories1 b !y lose _! *>m = him
 z he gr[s old]4 ,= girls1 /ories (     
adv5ture are popul> 9 ! six? grade1 &   
/ories ( travel are always enjoy$4 ,!   
girl likes biography1 b 9 ! high s*ool1 
true to h] sex1 %e pref]s /ories ( great
 wom5 r ?an great m51 b because %e c n  
get !m reads ^? ( m54 ,pity x is t !    
biographies ( s few ( ! _w's _m great   
wom5 are writt54 ,! ta/e = love /ories  
increases /eadily to ! end ( ! high     

s*ool c\rse4 ,beyond t we h no record4  
,?us ! maximum am\nt ( read+ is done 9 e
 in/ance betwe5 ! six? & eigh? grades1 !
 av]age be+ 9 ! sev5? grade at an av]age
 age ( f\rte5 & "o-t5? ye>s4            
,sev5ty-five p] c5t ( all discuss _!    
read+ ) "s "o1 & ! writ] urges t :5     
n9ety-five p] c5t ( ! boys pref]        
adv5ture or sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! girls
 pref] love /ories1 t is :at !y are go+ 
to read1 & ! duty ( ! tea*] or libr>ian 
is to see t !y h bo? 9 ! highe/1 pure/  
=m4  ,h5d]son#ae f\nd t ( #b1ihi *ildr5 
f n9e to fifte51 lea/ books 7 read at ! 
age ( n9e & mo/ at ! age ( fifte51 & t  
!re 0 a gradual rise 9 am\nt ?r\gh\t1 ! 
only break be+ 9 ! case ( girls at ! age
 ( f\rte5 & ! boys at ! age ( twelve4 ,=
 fiction ! high-wat] m>k 0 rea*$ = bo?  
sexes at elev51 & ! subsequ5t fall is f>
 less rapid = girls ?an = boys4 ,at !   
age ( ?irte5 ! record = travel &        
adv5ture /&s highe/ 9 ! case ( ! boys1  
ph5om5ally s4 ,!re is a gradual rise 9  
hi/ory ) age1 & a correspond+ decl9e 9  

fiction4  ,kirkpatrick#af classifi$     
returns f #e1jjj *ildr5 f ! f\r? to !   
n9? grade 9 answ] to que/ions t conc]n$ 
_! read+4 ,he f\nd a sudd5 increase 9 ! 
six? grade1 :5 *ildr5 are ab\t twelve1  
:5 !re is (t5 a v]itable1 read+ craze4  
,dolls are ab&on$ & plays1 games1 &     
companion%ip ( o!rs are less attractive1
 & ! read+ hung] 9 _m *ildr5 becomes    
insatiable & is (t5 q indiscrim9ate4 ,x 
seems to mo/ frequ5tly beg9 at ab\t     
twelve ye>s ( age & cont9ue at lea/ ?ree
 or f\r ye>s1 aft] :i* increas$ home    
duties1 social responsibilities1 & s*ool
 requirem5ts r$uce x & make x m         
discrim9at+ 9 quality4 ,! fact t boys   
read ab\t twice1 z mu* hi/ory & travel z
 girls & only ab\t two-?irds z mu*      
poetry & /ories %[s beyond "q t !       
emotional & intellectual wants ( boys & 
girls are ess5tially diff]5t be=e sexual
 maturity4  ,miss ,vo/rovsky#ag f\nd t  
among #a1bfi *ildr5 !re 0 a great       
increase ( ta/e = read+ z %[n by ! numb]
 ( books tak5 f ! libr>y1 :i* began ) a 

%>p rise at elev5 & increas$ /eadily to 
n9ete51 :5 h] survey end$2 t boys read  
mo/ till sev5te51 & !n girls took !     
prec$5ce4 ,! ta/e = juv5ile /ories 0    
decl9+ & t = fiction & g5]al lit]ature 0
 rapidly increas$4 ,at ab\t ! sixte5?   
ye> a *ange took place 9 bo? sexes1 %[+ 
!n ! beg9n+ ( a great] int]e/ 9 works ( 
a m g5]al "*4 ,girls read m fiction ?an 
boys at e age1 b ! int]e/ 9 x beg9s to  
be v decid$ at adolesc5ce4 ,) girls x   
appe>s to come a little e>li] & ) great]
 sudd5ness1 :ile ! juv5ile /ory ma9ta9s 
a /rong hold ^u boys ev5 aft] ! fifte5? 
ye>4 ,! curve ( decl9e 9 juv5ile /ories 
is mu* m pron\nc$ 9 bo? sexes ?an ! rise
 ( fiction4 ,?r\gh ! te5s !re is a great
 increase 9 ! def9it5ess ( answ]s to !  
que/ions :y books 7 *os54 ,in/ead ( be+ 
read because !y 7 good or nice1 !y 7    
read because recomm5d$1 & lat] because (
 "s special int]e/4 ,girls reli$ on     
recomm5dations m ?an boys4 ,! latt] 7 m 
guid$ by reason ! =m] by s5tim5t4 ,ne>ly
 ?ree times z _m boys 9 ! e>ly te5s *ose

 books because !y 7 excit+ or           
v5turesome4 ,ev5 ! /ories :i* girls     
call$ excit+ 7 tame comp>$ ) ^? *os5 by 
boys4 ,girls *ose books m ?an f\r times 
z (t5 because ( *ildr5 9 !m1 & m (t5    
because !y w>e funny4 ,boys c>e v little
 = /yle1 b mu/ h incid5ts & h]oes4 ,!   
au?or says ! special int]e/ t girls h 9 
fiction beg9s ab\t ! age ( adolesc5ce4  
,aft] ! sixte5? ye> ! extreme delight 9 
/ories fades1 or s*ool dem&s become m   
imp]ative & uni=m4 ,girls pref] dome/ic 
/ories & ^? ) *>act]s l !mselves & sc5es
 l ^? ) :i* !y are famili>4 ,no boy     
confesses to a purely girl's /ory1 :ile 
girls frankly d to an int]e/+ /ory ab\t 
boys4 ,wom5 writ]s seem to appeal m to  
girls1 m5 writ]s to boys4 ,h5ce1 !      
au?ors nam$ by ea* sex are almo/        
entirely diff]5t4 ,9 fiction m /&>d     
works1 7 drawn by boys ?an by girls4 ,:5
 left to develop accord+ to *ance1 !    
t5d5cy is (t5 t[>d a selection ( books  
:i* unfit "o = e-day liv+1 ei!r by      
pres5t+1 on ! "o h&1 too _m sc5es (     

delici\s excitem5t or1 on ! o!r1 by     
n>r[+ ! vision to ! wid] possibilities (
 life4  ,out ( #ebc full answ]s1        
,lanca/] f\nd t #dec _h :at might be    
call$ a craze = read+ at "s "t 9 !      
adolesc5t p]iod1 & ?9ks p>5ts little    
realize ! int5sity ( ! desire to read or
 h[ ?is nasc5t p]iod is ! gold5 age to  
cultivate ta/e & inoculate aga9/ read+  
:at is bad4 ,! curve rises rapidly f    
elev5 to f\rte51 culm9ates at fifte51   
aft] :i* x falls rapidly4 ,"s become    
omnivor\s read]s ( ev]y?+ 9 _! way2 o!rs
 are pr(\ndly1 & p]haps = life1 impress$
 ) "s s+le book2 o!rs h n[ crazes =     
hi/ory1 n[ = novels1 n[ = dramas or =   
poetry2 "s dev\r encyclop$ias2 "s imag9e
 !mselves de/9$ to be great noveli/s &  
compose long romances2 "s c give ! dates
 ) accuracy ( ! diff]5t p]iods ( !      
developm5t ( _! ta/es f ! fairy tales ( 
e>ly *ildhood to ! travels & adv5tures (
 boyhood & !n to romance1 poetry1       
hi/ory1 etc2 & "s give ! ord] ( _!      
developm5t ( ta/e = ! great poets4  ,!  

c>eful /ati/ics ( ,dr4 ,rey] %[ t !     
greate/ gre$ ( read+ is f ! age ( fifte5
 to tw5ty-two1 & is on ! av]age greate/ 
( all at tw5ty4 ,he f9ds t t5 p] c5t ( !
 "y p ( ?is age d =ty p] c5t ( all !    
read+4 ,be=e tw5ty ! curve asc5ds v     
rapidly1 to fall aft]w>d yet m rapidly z
 ! ne$ ( bread-w9n+ becomes imp]ative4  
,aft] ?irty-five ! great public reads b 
little4 ,e y\? %\ld h 8 or h] own       
libr>y1 :i*1 h[ev] small1 %\ld be       
select4 ,to seal "s k ( _! cont5t ) !   
delightful s5se ( own]%ip helps to      
pres]ve ! app>atus ( culture1 keeps gre5
 e>ly memories1 or makes "o ( ! be/     
tangible mem5toes ( p>5tal c>e & love4  
,= ! "y especially1 ! only ark ( safety 
9 ! d>k & rapidly ris+ flood ( pr9t]'s  
ink is to turn resolutely away f ! ideal
 ( quantity to t ( quality4 ,:ile       
lit]ature rescues y\? f individual      
limitations & enables x to act & ?9k m z
 spectators ( all "t1 & %>]s ( all      
exi/5ce1 ! passion = read+ may be       
excessive1 & books :i* f ! sil5t alcoves

 ( our ne>ly #e1ejj ,am]ican libr>ies   
rule ! _w m n[ ?an ev] be=e1 may cause !
 "y to neglect ! oracles )91 weak5 !m by
 too wide read+1 make conv]sation       
booki%1 & ov]:elm spontaneity &         
orig9ality ) a sup]fetation ( ali5      
ideas4   ,! read+ passion may rage )    
great int5sity :5 ! s\l takes its fir/  
long flight 9 ! _w ( books1 & n9ety p]  
c5t ( all ,conradi's cases %[$ x4 ,( ^!1
 ?irty-two p] c5t read to h ! feel+s    
/irr$ & ! desire ( k 0 a f> less frequ5t
 motive4 ,"s read to pass idle "t1 o!rs 
to appe> le>n$ or to acquire a /yle or a
 vocabul>y4 ,romance l$4 ,"s specializ$1
 & ) "s ! appetite 0 omnivor\s4 ,"s     
pref]r$ books ab\t or address$ to       
*ildr51 "s fairy tales1 & "s s\ght only 
^? = adults4 ,! night is (t5 invad$ & "s
 become p]fectly wild ov] excit+        
adv5tures or ! dang]s & h>d%ips ( true  
lov]s1 laugh+ & cry+ z ! /ory turns f   
grave to gay1 & a few read sev]al books 
a week4 ,"s 7 =bidd5 & read by /eal?    
alone1 or ) books hidd5 9 _! desks or "u

 s*ool books4 ,"s few live ?us = ye>s 9 
an atmosph]e highly *>g$ ) romance1 &   
burn out _! fires wick$ly e>ly ) a sudd5
 & extreme expansiv5ess t makes life    
ab\t !m un9t]e/+ & unreal1 & t reacts to
 commonplace lat]4 ,conradi pr9ts "s two
 or ?ree hundr$ favorite books & au?ors 
( e>ly & ( lat] adolesc5ce4 ,! natural  
read+ ( e>ly y\? is n classic nor       
blight$ by compulsion or uni=mity = all4
 ,?is age seeks to express orig9ality & 
p]sonality 9 individual *oices & ta/es4 
,sugge/ive & briefly descriptive li/s ( 
be/ books & au?ors by au?orities 9      
diff]5t fields on :i* "s "t is sp5t 9   
mak+ selection1 talks ab\t books1 pool+ 
k ( !m1 ) no c\rse ( read+ ev5 advis$ & 
mu* less prescrib$1 is ! be/ guidance = 
develop+ ! habit ( rapid cursory read+4 
,o!rs be=e pr(essor ,de ,long1 (        
,colorado1 h held t ! p[] ( read+ a page
 9 mom5t1 z a ma!matician sums up a     
column ( figures & z ! arti/ ,dor 0 able
 to read a book by turn+ ! leaves1 c be 
atta9$ by tra9+ & practise4 ,s*ool      

pressure %\ld n suppress ?is in/9ct (   
omnivor\s read+1 :i* at ?is age         
sometimes prompts ! resolve to read     
encyclop$ias1 & ev5 libr>ies1 or to     
sample ev]y?+ to be f\nd 9 books at     
home4 ,along )1 b nev] suppress+1 x !re 
%\ld be "s /at$ read+1 b ?is %\ld lay   
d[n only k9ds ( read+ l ! f\r emphasiz$ 
9 ! la/ *apt] or (f] a goodly numb] (   
l>ge alt]native gr\ps ( books & au?ors1 
l ! five ( ! ,lel& ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 & 
p]mit wide lib]ty ( *oice to bo? tea*] &
 pupil4 ,few triumphs ( ! uni=mit>ians1 
:o sacrifice individual ne$s to         
me*anical conv5i5ce 9 deal+ ) y\? 9     
masses1 h be5 s sad z m>k+ (f & /&>diz+ 
a def9ite quantum ( requirem5ts "h4     
,in/ead ( irrigat+ a wide field1 !      
well-spr+s ( lit]>y int]e/ are =c$ to   
cut a deep canyon & leave wide des]t    
pla9s ( ignorance on ei!r side4 ,besides
 imitation1 :i* reads :at o!rs d1 is !  
desire to read some?+ no "o else does1 &
 ?is is a palladium ( individuality4    
,bad z is ! pr9ciple1 ! selections are  

worse1 includ+ ! sac*>9ity ineffable (  
,t5nyson's ,pr9cess 7a /range expression
 ( ! progressive fem9ization ( ! high   
s*ool & yet satiriz+ ! s*ola/ic         
aspiration ( girls7 :i* ! virile boy    
abhors1 books ab\t books :i* are two    
removes f life1 & pond]\s ,lat9ity      
au?ors :i* = ! ,saxon boy sugge/ ,david 
fight+ 9 ,saul's armor1 & :i* w>p &     
p]v]t ! nasc5t s5t5ce-s5se on a =eign   
model4 ,wor/ ( all1 ! prime moral       
purpose ( y\?ful read+ is ignor$ 9      
*oices bas$ on =m & /yle2 & a gr[+      
pr(usion ( notes t di/ract f cont5t to  
language1 ! /udy ( :i* belongs 9 !      
college if n 9 ! univ]sity1 develops !  
t5d5cies ( criticism be=e ! high] p[]s (
 sympa!tic appreciation h done _! "w4#ah
  7,b7 ,o!r new m5tal p[]s & aptitudes  
are z yet too little /udi$4 ,v slight   
are ! obs]vations s f> made1 ( *ildr5's 
hi/oric1 :i* is s cle>ly ak9 to lit]>y1 
int]e/ & capacity4 ,) reg>d to ?is &    
sev]al o!r subjects 9 ! curriculum we   
are 9 ! /ate ( ,watts :5 he gaz$ at !   

tea-kettle & began to dream ( !         
/eam-eng9e2 we are j recogniz+ a new p[]
 & me?od de/9$ to recon/ruct & increase 
! effici5cy ( education1 b only aft] a  
long & toilsome p]iod ( limit$          
successes4   ,mrs4 ,b>nes#ai1 told a    
/ory )\t date1 place1 "n1 or moral &    
comp>$ ! que/ions :i* #a1bej *ildr5 w\ld
 l to h answ]$ ab\t x4 ,%e f\nd t !     
int]e/ ( girls 9 p]sons1 or ! numb] :o  
ask$ ! "q :o1 culm9at$ at twelve1 :5 x  
co9cid$ ) t ( boys1 b t ! latt] cont9u$ 
to rise to fifte54 ,! int]e/ to "k place
 :]e ev5ts occurr$ culm9at$ at elev5 )  
girls1 & at fifte51 & at a f> high]     
po9t1 ) boys4 ,! que/ions h[ & :y1 call+
 = ! me?od & reason1 bo? culm9at$ at    
twelve = girls & fifte5 = boys1 b 7 m   
infrequ5t & %[$ less age diff]5ces ?an !
 prec$+ "q4 ,int]e/ 9 ! results ( !     
action 0 mo/ pron\nc$ ( all1 culm9at+ at
 twelve 9 girls & fifte5 9 boys4        
,details & "t excit$ f> less int]e/1 !  
=m] jo9tly culm9at+ = bo? sexes at      
elev54 ,int]e/ 9 ! tru? ( ! n>rative 0  

extremely slight1 al?\gh x became       
manife/ at fifte51 & 0 gr[+ at sixte54  
,! numb] ( inf]5ces drawn /eadily       
increas$ ) age1 al?\gh ! increase 0 v   
slight aft] ?irte54 ,bo? legitimate &   
critical inf]5ces increas$ aft] elev51  
:ile imag9ative inf]5ces at t age _h    
ne>ly rea*$ _! maximum4 ,int]e/ 9 names 
0 v /rong ?r\gh\t1 z 9 primitive p4     
,boys 7 m curi\s conc]n+ :o1 :]e1 & h[2 
girls z to :y4 ,9 g5]al1 ! hi/oric      
curiosity ( boys 0 great] ?an t ( girls1
 & culm9at$ lat]4 ,! inf]5ces drawn f an
 imag9$ f9d+ ( a log-h\se1 boat1 & arr[s
 on a lonely isl& indicate t ! p[] (    
inf]5ce1 bo? legitimate & imag9ative1   
develops /rongly at twelve & ?irte51    
aft] :i* d\bt & ! critical faculties are
 app>5t2 :i* co9cides ) ,mr4 ,m4,a4     
,tuck]'s conclusion1 t d\bt develops at 
?irte5 & t p]sonal inf]5ce dim9i%es ab\t
 t age4  ,! *ildr5 7 giv5 two acc\nts ( 
! fall ( ,=t ,sumt]1 "o 9 ! t]ms ( a    
s*ool hi/ory & ! o!r a despat* ( equal  
l5g? f ,major ,&]son1 & ask$ :i* 0 be/1 

%\ld be kept1 & :y4 ,*oice ( ! n>rative 
/eadily decl9$ aft] elev5 & t ( !       
despat* increas$1 ! =m] rea*+ its l[e/1 
! latt] its highe/1 po9t at fifte51     
indicat+ a pref]5ce = ! fir/-h& record4 
,! numb] ( ^? ^: *oice 0 affect$ by /yle
 %[$ no great *ange1 f twelve to fifte51
 b rose v rapidly = ! ne/ two ye>s4 ,^? 
:o *ose ! despat* because x 0 true1     
sign$1 etc41 increas$ rapidly 9 girls & 
boys ?r\gh\t ! te5s1 & ! pref]5ce = !   
telegram z a m direct s\rce increas$ v  
rapidly f ?irte5 to sev5te54  ,o!r      
/udies ( ?is k9d l$ ,mrs4 ,b>nes to     
conclude t *ildr5 rememb]$ items by     
gr\ps2 t :ole gr\ps 7 (t5 omitt$2 t ^?  
conta9+ mo/ action 7 be/ rememb]$2 t :at
 is rememb]$ is rememb]$ ) great        
accuracy2 t g5]alities are (t5 made m   
specific2 t ! numb] ( details a *ild    
c>ries away f a connect$ n>rative is n  
mu* above fifty1 s t _! numb]s %\ld be  
limit$2 & f x all 0 inf]r$ ! necessity (
 accuracy1 ( mass+ details ab\t c5tral  
*>act]s or incid5ts1 lett+ action       

dom9ate1 omitt+ all t is aside f ! ma9  
l9e ( ! /ory1 ( br++ out cause & effect 
& dramatiz+ :]e possible4  ,miss        
,patt]son#bj collat$ ! answ]s ( #b1bcg  
*ildr5 to ! "q ,:at does #ahie mean8 ,! 
blanks ,don't "k decreas$ v rapidly f   
six to eight1 & !reaft] ma9ta9$ a slight
 b con/ant p]c5tage4 ,^? :o exp&$ !     
phase a little )\t intellig5ce 7 mo/    
num]\s f eight to t51 :ile ! proportion 
:o gave a correct explanation rose q    
/eadily = bo? sexes & culm9at$ at f\rte5
 = girls & fifte5 = boys4 ,! latt] only 
indicates ! pupils ( real hi/oric k4 ,! 
writ] concludes t ! s5se ( hi/orical "t 
is altoge!r lack+ ) *ildr5 ( sev51 & may
 be describ$ z slight up to ! age (     
twelve4 ,hi/ory1 x is ?\ght1 %\ld be    
introduc$ e>ly ) no diff]5ce betwe5 boys
 & girls1 b up to ! age ( twelve or     
?irte5 x %\ld be pres5t$ 9 a s]ies (    
/rik+ biographies & ev5ts1 appe>+ if    
possible 9 contempor>y ballads &        
*ronicles1 & illu/rat$ by maps1         
*ronological *>ts1 & z ri*ly z possible 

by pictures ( contempor>y objects1      
build+s1 & p4 ,at ! age ( f\rte5 or     
fifte51 ano!r sort ( "w %\ld appe>4     
,orig9al s\rces %\ld /ill be us$1 b !y  
%\ld illu/rate n ! picture ( human      
society mov+ be=e u 9 a long panorama1 b
 %\ld give u ! opportunity to /udy !    
organization1 ?\ght1 feel+1 ( a "t z se5
 9 its concrete embodim5ts1 its         
docum5ts1 monum5ts1 m51 & books4 ,!     
/atesm51 ?9k]s1 poets1 %\ld n[ exce$    
explor]s & fight]s2 reflection &        
int]pretation1 discrim9ation ( ! true f 
! false1 comp>ison1 etc41 are n[ fir/ 9 
ord]2 :ile lat] yet1 p]haps 9 college1  
%\ld come sev]] me?ods & special        
monographic /udy4   ,/udies ( m5tality1 
s well advanc$ = infants & s well begun 
= l[] grades1 are /ill v meag] =        
adolesc5t /ages s f> z !y be> on gr[? 9 
! p[] to deal ) ari?metic1 draw+ &      
pictures1 puzzles1 sup]/itions1         
collections1 att5tion1 reason1 etc4     
,en\gh has be5 done to %[ t ) au?ority  
to collect data on plans & by me?ods t c

 n[ be op]at$ & ) aid :i* %\ld n[ be    
appropriat$ by s*ool bo>ds & tea*]s'    
associations1 incalculable p$agogic     
economy c\ld be secur$ & ! sci5tific &  
pr(essional "* ( tea*+ e topic 9 upp]   
gramm> & high s*ool & ev5 9 ! e>ly      
college grades be greatly enhanc$4 ,to  
ent] ^u ?is labori\s task 9 e bran* (   
/udy is p]haps our *ief pres5t ne$ &    
duty to our y\? 9 s*ool1 al?\gh         
individual /udies l t ( ,b9et#ba belong 
else:]e4  7,c7 ,! /udies ( memory up !  
grades %[ *>act]i/ic adolesc5t *anges1 &
 "s ( ^! results are directly usable 9  
s*ool4   ,bolton#bb te/$ ! p[] ( #a1ejj 
*ildr5 to rememb] & write dictat$       
digits1 & f\nd1 ( c\rse1 increas+       
accuracy ) ! old] pupils4 ,he also f\nd 
t ! memory span increas$ ) age r ?an ) !
 gr[? ( intellig5ce z det]m9$ by grade4 
,! pupils dep5d$ l>gely ^u              
visualisation1 & ?is & conc5trat$       
att5tion sugge/$ t gr[? ( memory did n  
necess>ily accompany intellectual       
advancem5t4 ,girls g5]ally surpass$     

boys1 & z ) clicks too rapid to be      
c\nt$1 x 0 f\nd t :5 ! pupils rea*$ !   
limits ( _! span1 ! numb] ( digits 0    
ov]e/imat$4 ,! p[] ( conc5trat$ &       
prolong$ att5tion 0 te/$4 ,! probability
 ( error = ! l>g] numb] ( digits1 #g &  
#h1 decreas$ 9 a m>k$ way ) ! developm5t
 ( pubesc5ce1 at lea/ up to f\rte5 ye>s1
 ) ! sugge/ion ( a slight rise aga9 at  
fifte54  ,9 compreh5sive te/s ( !       
ability ( ,*icago *ildr5 to rememb]     
figures se51 he>d1 or repeat$ by !m1 x 0
 f\nd t1 f sev5 to n9e1 auditory 7      
slightly bett] rememb]$ ?an visual      
impressions4 ,f t age ! latt] /eadily   
increas$ ov] ! =m]4 ,aft] ?irte51       
auditory memory increas$ b little1 & 0  
already ab\t t5 p] c5t beh9d visual1 :i*
 cont9u$ to increase at lea/ till       
sev5te54 ,audiovisual memory 0 bett] ?an
 ei!r alone1 & ! span ( ev5 ?is 0       
improv$ :5 articulatory memory 0 add$4  
,:5 ! te/s 7 made ^u pupils ( ! same age
 9 diff]5t grades x 0 f\nd 9 ,*icago t  
memory p[]1 :e!r te/$ by sight1 he>+1 or

 articulation1 0 be/ 9 ^? pupils ^:     
s*ool /&+ 0 highe/1 & lea/ :]e /&+ 0    
l[e/4  ,:5 a s]ies ( digits 0 imm$iately
 repeat$ orally & a record made1 x 0    
f\nd#bc t :ile f ! age ( eight to twelve
 ! memory span increas$ only eight      
po9ts1 f f\rte5 to eighte5 x increas$   
?irte5 po9ts4 ,! numb] ( correct        
reproductions ( numb]s ( sev5 places    
increas$ dur+ ! te5s1 al?\gh ?is class (
 *ildr5 rema9 ab\t "o digit beh9d normal
 *ildr5 ( correspond+ age4 ,9 g5]al1    
?\gh n )\t exceptions1 x 0 f\nd t       
intellig5ce grew ) memory span1 al?\gh !
 =m] is f> m inf]ior to t ( ! normal    
*ild ?an ! latt]1 & also t weakness (   
?is k9d ( memory is n an especially     
prom95t factor ( weak-m9d$ness4  ,%aw#bd
 te/$ memory 9 #gjj s*ool *ildr5 by     
divid+ a /ory ( #cbd words into #aeb    
phrases1 hav+ x read & imm$iately       
reproduc$ by !m1 & select+ alt]nate     
grades f ! ?ird gramm> to ! end ( ! high
 s*ool1 ) a few college /ud5ts4 ,!      
maximum p[] ( ?is k9d ( memory 0 atta9$ 

by boys 9 ! high s*ool p]iod4 ,girls    
rememb]$ =ty-?ree p] c5t 9 ! sev5?      
grade1 & 9 ! high s*ool =ty-sev5 p] c5t4
 ,! increase by two-ye> p]iods 0 mo/    
rapid betwe5 ! ?ird & fif? grades4 ,f\r 
t]ms 7 rememb]$ on ! av]age by at lea/  
n9ety p] c5t ( ! pupils1 #da by fifty p]
 c5t1 & #acj by t5 p] c5t4 ,! /ory      
writt5 out 9 ! t]ms rememb]$ by ea*     
p]c5tage f t5 to n9ety af=ds a mo/      
int]e/+ picture ( ! gr[? ( memory1 & ev5
 its errors ( omission1 ins]tion1       
sub/itution & displacem5t4 ,! gr[? (    
memory is m rapid 9 ! case ( girls ?an  
boys1 & ! figures sugge/ a co9cid5ce ) !
 g5]al law1 t ! rapid developm5t incid5t
 to pub]ty occurs e>li] 9 girls ?an 9   
boys4  ,9 a c>eful /udy ( *ildr5's      
memory1 ,kemsies#be concludes t !       
quality ( memory improves ) age m       
rapidly ?an ! quantity4  ,w4,g4 ,monroe 
te/$ #bge boys & #bic girls1 well       
di/ribut$1 f sev5 to sev5te5 ye>s ( age1
 & f\nd a m>k$ rise = bo? visual &      
auditory memory at fifte5 = bo? sexes4  

,= bo? sexes1 also1 auditory memory 0   
be/ at sixte5 & visual at fifte54  ,:5  
accuracy 9 rememb]+ ! l5g? ( tone 0 us$ 
z a te/1 x 0 f\nd !re 0 loss f six to   
sev5 & ga9 f sev5 to eight = bo? sexes4 
,f eight to n9e girls lo/ rapidly = "o &
 ga9$ rapidly = ! foll[+ ye>1 :ile boys 
7 ne>ly /ation>y till t51 aft] :i* bo?  
sexes ga9$ to _! maximum at f\rte5 ye>s 
( age & decl9$ = ! two subsequ5t ye>s1  
bo? ga9+ p[] f sixte5 to sev5te51 b     
nei!r atta9+ ! accuracy !y _h at        
f\rte54#bf  ,illu/ration3 ,girls & ,boys
 at ,memory ,reproductions comp>$4      
,nets*ajeff#bg subject$ #fcg s*ool      
*ildr51 well di/ribut$ betwe5 ! ages (  
n9e & eighte51 to ! foll[+ te/s4 ,twelve
 v di/9ct objects 7 %[n !m1 ea* = two   
seconds1 :i* mu/ !m be imm$iately writt5
 d[n4 ,twelve v di/9ct noises 7 made out
 ( sight2 numb]s ( two figures ea* 7    
read2 ?ree-syllable words1 :i* 7 names (
 famili> objects1 objects t sugge/$     
noises1 words designat+ t\*1 temp]ature1
 & muscle s5sations1 words describ+     

/ates ( feel+1 & names ( ab/ract ideas  
also 7 giv5 !m4 ,! above eight s]ies (  
twelve ea* 7 all reproduc$ 9 writ+1 &   
%[$ t ea* k9d ( memory "h te/$ increas$ 
) age1 ) "s slight t5d5cy to decl9e at  
or j be=e pub]ty1 !n to rise & to       
slightly decl9e aft] ! sixte5? or       
sev5te5? ye>4 ,memory = objects %[$ !   
greate/ am\nt ( increase dur+ ! ye>     
/udi$1 & works = feel+ next1 al?\gh at  
all ages ! latt] 0 consid]ably bel[ !   
=m]4 ,boys %[$ /rong] memory = real     
impressions1 & girls excell$ = numb]s & 
words4 ,! diff]5ce ( ^! two k9ds (      
memory 0 less ) girls ?an ) boys4 ,!    
greate/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! sexes lay     
betwe5 elev5 & f\rte5 ye>s4 ,?is seems1 
at eighte5 or n9ete51 to be slightly    
increas$4 ,?is is especially great at ! 
age ( pub]ty4 ,*ildr5 f n9e to elev5 h b
 slight p[] ( reproduc+ emotions1 b ?is 
increases 9 ! next few ye>s v rapidly1 z
 does t ( ! ab/ract words4 ,girls f n9e 
to elev5 deal bett] ) words ?an )       
objects2 boys slightly excel ) objects4 

,illusions 9 reproduc+ words :i* mi/ake 
s5se1 s\nd1 & rhy?m1 :i* is n infrequ5t 
) y\ng] *ildr51 decl9e ) age especially 
at pub]ty4 ,up to ?is p]iod girls are   
mo/ subject to ^! illusions1 & aft]w>d  
boys4 ,! prec$+ tables1 9 :i* ! ord9ates
 repres5t ! numb] ( correct             
reproductions & ! abscissas ! age1 are  
int]e/+4  ,lobsi5 made te/s simil> to ^?
 ( ,nets*ajeff1#bh ) modifications =    
great] accuracy1 ^u #bch boys & #bbd    
girls f n9e to f\rte5 & a half ye>s (   
age4 ,! prec$+ tables %[ ! developm5t ( 
! v>i\s k9ds ( memory = boys & girls3   
,,boys4  ,age4      ,objects ,noises    
,numb] ,visual ,ac\/ic ,t\* ,feel+      
,s\nds                                  
,concepts ,concepts ,concepts ,concepts 
#ac-ad-a_/b #ib4ef   #ga4hi  #hj4fg     
#gc4jj   #gd4gh   #ge4cc   #ge4dd       
#dj4ef #ab-ac     #gf4de   #eg4ch       
#gb4cc  #fi4fg   #fd4hi   #gc4fg        
#eh4fg  #cg4hg #aa-ab     #hi4gh        
#eg4ai  #gj4bb  #ei4fg   #fc4jj   #gc4cc
   #ee4cc  #ai4ii #aj-aa     #hg4ab     

#ee4cc  #di4cc  #ee4aa   #dh4dd   #eg4aa
   #ch4cc  #ab4dd #i-aj      #fd4jj     
#ec4cc  #di4ji  #df4eh   #dc4gh   #dc4fg
   #bg4bb   #g4bb  ,normal    #hb4b     
#ei4jb  #fd4h   #fj4f    #ei4d    #fd4b 
#ca4b   #bd4j value4  ,,girls4          
#ac-ad-a_/b #ii4ef   #hb4fg  #hg4bb     
#if4fg   #ga4dd   #hb4jj   #gj4bb       
#da4cc #ab-ac     #ib4hi   #ge4ef       
#gd4hi  #gg4bb   #fc4aa   #gd4fg        
#fg4cc  #cd4hi #aa-ab     #id4jj        
#ef4jj  #gc4ef  #gb4gh   #gb4aa   #gj4hi
   #gc4cc  #bh4bb #aj-aa     #ge4gh     
#df4bb  #fb4dd  #ef4bb   #ed4gh   #eh4gh
   #dc4bb  #aj4dd #i-aj      #hi4cc     
#df4bb  #ej4dd  #ed4bb   #ch4bb   #ea4aa
   #cb4hi   #f4hi  ,normal    #ia4d     
#fb4b   #ga4h   #ga4j    #fj4b    #fg4b 
#ei4d   #bc4h value4   ,! table = boys  
%[s 9 ! f\rte5? ye> a m>k$ increase (   
memory = objects1 noises1 & feel+s1     
especially z comp>$ ) ! m>k$ relative   
decl9e ! prec$+ ye>1 :5 !re 0 a decid$  
increase 9 visual concepts & s5seless   
s\nds4 ,! twelf? ye> %[s ! greate/      

increase 9 numb] memory1 ac\/ic         
impressions1 t\*1 & feel+4 ,! t5? &     
elev5? ye>s %[ m>k$ increase ( memory = 
objects & _! names4 ,?us ! increase 9 ! 
/r5g? ( memory is by no means ! same ye>
 by ye>1 b progress focuses on "s =ms & 
o!rs are neglect$4 ,h5ce ea* type (     
memory %[s an almo/ regul> increase &   
decrease 9 relative /r5g?4  ,! table =  
girls %[n m>k$ increase ( all memory =ms
 ab\t ! twelf? ye>4 ,?is relative       
increase is exce$$ only 9 ! f\rte5? ye> 
= visual concepts4 ,! ?irte5? ye> %[s ! 
greate/ increase = s\nds & a rem>kable  
regression = objects 9 pass+ f ! l[e/ to
 ! next grade above4  ,9 ! accuracy (   
reproduc+ ! ord] ( impressions1 girls   
mu* exce$$ boys at all ages4 ,= se5     
object1 _! accuracy 0 twice t ( boys1 ! 
boys excell+ 9 ord] only 9 numb]4 ,9    
g5]al1 ability to reproduce a s]ies (   
impressions increases & decreases ) !   
p[] to reproduce 9 any ord]1 b by no    
means 9 direct proportion to x4 ,!      
effect ( ! la/ memb] 9 a s]ies by a     

purely me*anical reproduction is be/ 9  
boys4 ,! range & en]gy ( reproduction is
 f> high] ?an ord]$ sequ5ce4 ,9 g5]al   
girls slightly exce$ boys 9 recall+     
numb]s1 t\* concepts1 & s\nds1 & l>gely 
exce$ 9 recall+ feel+ concepts1 real ?+s
 & visual concept4  ,colegrove#bi       
tabulat$ returns f ! e>ly memories (    
#a1feh correspond5ts ) #f1jfi memories1 
f :i* he rea*$ ! conclusions1 repres5t$ 
9 ! foll[+ curves1 = ! e>lie/ ?ree      
memories ( :ite males & females4  ,9 !  
cuts on ! foll[+ page1 ! heavy l9e      
repres5ts ! fir/ memory1 ! brok5 !      
second1 & ! dott$ ! ?ird4 ,age at ! "t (
 report+ is repres5t$ 9 di/ance to ! "r1
 & ! age ( ! p]son at ! "t ( ! occurr5ce
 rememb]$ is repres5t$ by ! di/ance     
upw>d4 ,!re is a rise 9 all ! curves at 
adolesc5ce4 ,?is %[s t1 f ! age ( twelve
 to fifte51 boys d n recall s e>ly      
memories z !y d bo? be=e & aft] ?is     
p]iod4 ,?is ,colegrove ascribes to !    
fact t ! pres5t seems s l>ge & ri*4 ,at 
any rate1 ! e>lie/ memories ( boys at ! 

age ( f\rte5 av]age almo/ f\r ye>s4 ,8  
curves = girls %[ t ! age ( all ! fir/  
?ree memories :i* !y are able to recall 
is high] at f\rte5 ?an at any p]iod be=e
 or aft]2 t at sev5 & eight ! av]age age
 ( ! fir/ ?+s recall$ is ne>ly a ye>    
e>li] ?an x is at f\rte54 ,?is means t  
at pub]ty !re is a m>k$ & *>act]i/ic    
oblit]ation ( infantile memories :i*    
lapse to oblivion ) augm5t$ absorption 9
 ! pres5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,untitl$      
,graph4  ,x 0 f\nd t males h ! greate/  
numb] ( memories = protract$ or repeat$ 
occurr5ces1 = p1 & clo?+1 topographical 
& logical matt]s2 t females h bett]     
memories = novel occurr5ces or s+le     
impressions4 ,already at t5 & elev5     
motor memories beg9 to decrease =       
females & increase = males4 ,at f\rte5 &
 fifte51 motor memories ne>ly culm9ate =
 males1 b /ill fur!r decl9e = females4  
,! =m] %[ a m>k$ decrease 9 memory =    
relatives & playmates & an increase =   
o!r p]sons4 ,sickness & accid5ts to self
 are rememb]$ less by males & bett] by  

females1 z are memories ( fe>s4 ,at     
eighte5 & n9ete5 !re is a m>k$ & cont9u$
 increase 9 ! visual memories ( ea* sex 
& ! auditory memory ( females4 ,memory =
 ! activity ( o!rs increases = bo?1 b f>
 m /rongly = males4 ,colegrove concludes
 f 8 data t ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce is "o (
 great psy*ical awak+4 ,a wide range (  
memories is f\nd at ?is "t4 ,f ! f\rte5?
 ye> ) girls & ! fifte5? ) boys !       
auditory memories are /rongly develop$4 
,at ! dawn ( adolesc5ce ! motor memory (
 voice ne>ly culm9ates1 & !y h few]     
memories ( sickness & accid5ts to self4 
,dur+ ?is "t ! memory ( o!r p]sons & !  
activity ( o!rs is emphasiz$ 9 case (   
bo? boys & girls4 ,9 g5]al1 at ?is p]iod
 ! special s5sory memories are num]\s1 &
 x is ! gold5 age = motor memories4 ,n[1
 too1 ! memories ( high ideals1         
self-sacrifice1 & self-=getfulness are  
*]i%$4 ,wid] int]e/s ?an self & imm$iate
 fri5ds become ! objects ( reflection & 
recollection4  ,aft] tw5ty !re is m>k$  
*ange 9 ! memory cont5t4 ,! male        

acquires m & ! female less visual &     
auditory memories4 ,! memories ( !      
female are m logical1 & topographical   
features increase4 ,memories ( sickness 
& accid5ts to self decrease ) ! males & 
increase ) ! females1 :ile 9 ! case (   
bo? !re is relative decl9e 9 ! memories 
( sickness & accid5t to o!rs4 ,f all ?is
 x w\ld appe> t diff]5t memories        
culm9ate at diff]5t p]iods1 & be>       
imm$iate relation to ! :ole m5tal life (
 ! p]iod4 ,:ile p]haps "s ( ! f9]       
analyses ( ,colegrove may invite fur!r  
confirmation1 8 ma9 results giv5 above  
are n only sugge/ive1 b r5d]$ v         
plausible by 8 evid5ce4  ,/ati/ics bas$ 
^u replies to ! "q z to :e!r pleasant or
 unpleasant exp]i5ces 7 be/ rememb]$1 %[
 t ! =m] increase at elev51 rise rapidly
 at f\rte51 & culm9ate at eighte5 =     
males1 & t ! curve ( pa9ful memories    
foll[s ! same c\rse1 al?\gh = bo? !re is
 a drop at fifte54 ,= females1 !        
pleasant memories increase rapidly f    
elev5 to ?irte51 decl9e a little at     

f\rte51 rise aga9 at sixte51 & culm9ate 
at sev5te51 & ! pa9ful memories foll[   
ne>ly ! same c\rse1 only ) a slight drop
 at fifte54 ,?us1 up to tw5ty-two =     
males1 !re is a m>k$ prepond]ance (     
pleasant ov] pa9ful memories1 al?\gh !  
two rise & fall toge!r4 ,aft] ?irty1    
unpleasant memories are b little        
recall$4 ,= ! ,indians & negroes 9 ?is  
c5sus1 unpleasant memories play a f> m &
 (t5 prepond]at+ rle sugge/+ p]secution 
& sad exp]i5ces4 ,diff]5t elem5ts ( !   
total cont5t ( memory come to prom95ce  
at diff]5t ages4 ,he also f\nd t ! be/  
rememb]$ ye>s ( life are sixte5 to      
sev5te5 = males & fifte5 = females1 & t 
9 g5]al ! adolesc5t p]iod has m to d ?an
 any o!r 9 =m+ & furni%+ ! memory       
plexus1 :ile ! sev5? & eigh? ye> are mo/
 poorly rememb]$4  ,x is also kn[n t _m 
false memories ins]t !mselves into !    
texture ( rememb]$ exp]i5ces4 ,"o dreams
 a fri5d is dead & ?9ks %e is till %e is
 met "o day 9 ! /reet2 or dreams ( a    
fire & inquires ab\t x 9 ! morn+2 dreams

 ( a pres5t & se>*es ! h\se = x next    
day2 delays breakfa/ = a fri5d1 :o      
arriv$ ! night be=e 9 a dream1 to come  
d[n to breakfa/2 a *ild hunts = a bu%el 
( p5nies dream$ (1 etc4 ,^! phantoms    
falsify our memory mo/ (t51 accord+ to  
,dr4 ,colegrove1 betwe5 sixte5 & n9ete54
  ,mnemonic devices prompt *ildr5 to    
*ange r+s to keep appo9tm5ts1 tie knots 
9 ! h&k]*ief1 put %oes on !             
dress+-table1 hide g>m5ts1 associate    
faces ) hoods1 names ) acts1 ?+s1 or    
qualities !y sugge/2 visualize1 connect 
figures1 lett]s ) colors1 etc4 ,f a     
scrut9y ( ! orig9al mat]ial1 :i* ,i 0   
k9dly all[$ to make1 ?is appe>s to rise 
rapidly at pub]ty4   ,footnote #a3 ,see 
my ,ideal ,s*ool z ,bas$ on ,*ild ,/udy4
 ,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,educational   
,association1 #aija1 pp4 #dgj-dij4      
,footnote #b3 ,*>les ,p4,g4 ,scott3 ,!  
,numb] ( ,words 9 ! ,engli% & ,o!r      
,languages4 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity        
,bullet91 ,may1 #aijb1 vol4 #ac1 pp4    
#ajf-aaa4  ,footnote #c3 ,! ,tea*+ (    

,engli%4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,june1    
#aijb1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #afa-afh4  ,footnote
 #d3 ,see my ,"s ,aspects ( ! ,e>ly     
,s5se ( ,self4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal (       
,psy*ology1 ,april1 #ahih1 vol4 #i1 pp4 
#cea-cie4  ,footnote #e3 ,spra*ges*i*te 
und ,spra*psy*ologie1 mit ,rucksi*t auf 
,b4 ,delbrck's ,grundfrag5 d]           
,spra*=s*ung4 ,leipzig1 ,w4 ,engelmann1 
#aija  ,footnote #f3 ,lat9 9 ! ,high    
,s*ool4 ,by ,edw>d ,conradi4 ,p$agogical
 ,sem9>y1 ,m>*1 #aije1 vol4 #ab1 pp4    
#a-bf4  ,footnote #g3 ,! ,psy*ological &
 ,p$agogical ,aspect ( ,language4       
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,decemb]1 #aijc1   
vol4 #aj1 pp4 #dch-deh4  ,footnote #h3  
,*ildr5's ,int]e/ 9 ,words4 ,p$agogical 
,sem9>y1 ,septemb]1 #aijb1 vol4 #i1 pp4 
#bgd-bie4  ,footnote #i3 ,*ildr5's      
,int]e/s 9 ,words1 ,slang1 ,/ories1 etc4
 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,octob]1 #aijc1   
vol4 #aj1 pp4 #cei-djd4  ,footnote #aj3 
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,april1  
#aijj1 vol4 #aa1 p4 #cde et seq4        
,footnote #aa3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal (       

,psy*ology1 ,janu>y1 #ahie1 vol4 #f1 pp4
 #ehe-eib4 ,see also vol4 #aj1 p4 #eag  
et seq4  ,footnote #ab3 ,nor? ,am]ican  
,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahhe1 vol4 #ada1 pp4
 #dca-dce4  ,footnote #ac3 ,introduction
 to ! ,bigl[ ,pap]s1 s]ies ii4          
,footnote #ad3 ,"s ,obs]vations on      
,*ildr5's ,read+4 ,proce$+s ( !         
,national ,educational ,association1    
#ahig1 pp4 #ajae-ajbl4  ,footnote #ae3  
,report on ,*ild ,read+4 ,new ,york     
,report ( ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t1 #ahig1 vol4
 #b1 p4 #igi4  ,footnote #af3 ,*ildr5's 
read+4 ,nor?-,we/]n ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1  
#ahih1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #ahh-aia1 & ,janu>y1
 #ahii1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #bbi-bcc4          
,footnote #ag3 ,a /udy ( ,*ildr5's      
,read+ ,ta/es4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1     
,decemb]1 #ahii1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #ebc-ece4 
,footnote #ah3 ,p]haps ! be/ & mo/      
notable s*ool read] is ,das ,deuts*e    
,lesebu*1 begun ne>ly fifty ye>s ago by 
,hopf & ,paulsiek1 & lately supplem5t$  
by a corps ( writ]s head$ by ,dbeln1 all
 9 t5 volumes ( ov] #c1ejj pages &      

conta9+ ne>ly six times z mu* matt] z ! 
l>ge/ ,am]ican s]ies4 ,_m m5 = ye>s w5t 
ov] ! hi/ory ( ,g]man lit]ature1 f !    
,eddas & ,nibelung5li$ d[n1 includ+ a   
few liv+ writ]s1 c>efully select+ saga1 
leg5ds1 ,mr*51 fables1 prov]bs1 hymns1 a
 few pray]s1 ,bible tales1 conundrums1  
je/s1 & humor\s tales1 ) _m dige/s1     
epitomes & cond5sation ( great /&>ds1   
quotations1 epic1 lyric1 dramatic       
poetry1 adv5ture1 exploration1          
biography1 ) sket*es ( ! life ( ea*     
writ] quot$1 ) a l>ge f9al volume on !  
hi/ory ( ,g]man lit]ature4 ,all ?is1 x  
is expla9$1 is /at>ic or requir$ to be  
read betwe5 ,octava,a & ,ob]secunda4 ,x 
is no aimless an?ology or *re/oma?y l   
,*amb]s's ,encyclop$ia1 b x is p]haps ! 
be/ product ( prolong$ conc]t$ /udy to  
select f a va/ field ! be/ to fe$ ea*   
nasc5t /age ( lat] *ildhood & e>ly y\?1 
& to secure ! maximum ( pleasure &      
pr(it4 ,! e?ical end is dom9ant ?r\gh\t 
?is p$agogic canon4  ,footnote ,a3 ,!   
,prussian gymnasium1 ^: c\rse is        

classical & fits = ! ,univ]sity1 has n9e
 classes 9 ?ree divisions ( ?ree classes
 ea*4 ,! l[] classes are ,octava1       
,septa1 ,sexta1 ,qu9ta1 & ,qu>ta2 !     
middle classes1 ,unt]t]tia1 ,ob]t]tia1 &
 ,unt]secunda2 ! high] classes1         
,ob]secunda1 ,unt]prima1 & ,ob]prima4   
,pupils mu/ be at lea/ n9e ye>s ( age & 
h done ?ree ye>s prep>atory "w be=e     
entrance4  ,footnote #ai3 ,! ,hi/oric   
,s5se among ,*ildr54 ,9 h] ,/udies 9    
,hi/orical ,me?od4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? & ,co41
 ,bo/on1 #ahif1 p4 #eg4  ,footnote #bj3 
,special ,/udy on ,*ildr5's ,s5se (     
,hi/orical ,"t4 ,mrs4 ,b>nes's ,/udies 9
 ,hi/orical ,me?od1 ,d4,c4 ,hea? & ,co41
 ,bo/on1 #ahif1 p4 #id4  ,footnote #ba3 
,l',etude exprim5tale de l'intellig5ce4 
,s*lei*] ,frres1 ,p>is1 #aijc4          
,footnote #bb3 ,! ,gr[? ( ,memory 9     
,s*ool ,*ildr54 ,am]ican ,j\rnal (      
,psy*ology1 ,april1 #ahib1 vol4 #i1 pp4 
#cfb-chj4  ,footnote #bc3 ,contribution 
to ! ,psy*ology & ,p$agogy (            
,feeble-m9d$ ,*ildr54 ,by ,g4,e4        

,johnson4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,octob]1 
#ahie1 vol4 #c1 p4 #bgj4  ,footnote #bd3
 ,a ,te/ ( ,memory 9 ,s*ool ,*ildr54    
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,octob]1 #ahih1    
vol4 #d1 pp4 #fa-gh4  ,footnote #be3    
,zeits*rift fr pdagogis*e ,psy*ologie1  
,pa?ologie und ,hygi5e4 ,febru>y1 #aijj4
 ,jahrgang ,,ii1 ,heft #a1 pp4 #ba-cj4  
,footnote #bf3 ,see ,scripture3         
,sci5tific ,*ild ,/udy4 ,transactions ( 
! ,ill9ois ,society = ,*ild ,/udy1 ,may1
 #ahie1 vol4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #cb-cg4   
,footnote #bg3 ,exp]im5telle            
,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,g$*tniss5twickelung
 bei ,s*ulk9d]n4 ,zeits4 f4 ,psy*ologie1
 u4 ,physiologie d] ,s9nes-organe1      
,novemb]1 #aijj4 ,bd4 #bd4 ,heft #e1 pp4
 #cba-cea4  ,footnote #bh3 ,see ,note   
#d1 p4 #bgj4  ,footnote #bi3 ,memory3   
,an ,inductive ,/udy4 ,by ,f4,w4        
,colegrove4 ,h5ry ,holt & ,co41 ,new    
,york1 #aijj1 p4 #bbi4 ,see also        
,individual ,memories4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal 
( ,psy*ology1 ,janu>y1 #ahii1 vol4 #aj1 
pp #bbh-bee4         99     99     99   

99     99     ,,*apt] ,,xi   ,,!        
,,education ,,( ,,girls   ,equal        
opportunities ( high] education n[      
op5--,br+s new dang]s to                
wom5--,in]adicable sex diff]5ces beg9 at
 pub]ty1 :5 ! sexes %\ld & d            
div]ge--,diff]5t int]e/s--,sex          
t5sion--,girls m mature ?an boys at !   
same age--,radical psy*ic &             
physiological diff]5ces betwe5 !        
sexes--,! ba*elor wom5--,ne$$           
recon/ruction--,food--,sleep--,regim5--,
mann]s--,religion--,regul>ity--,! topics
 = a girls' curriculum--,! et]nal       
womanly4  ,! long battle ( woman & h]   
fri5ds = equal educational & o!r        
opportunities is ess5tially won all     
along ! l9e4 ,h] academic a*ievem5ts h  
=c$ cons]vative m9ds to admit t h]      
intellect is n inf]ior to t ( man4 ,!   
old cloi/ral seclusion & exclusion is   
=ev] gone & new ideals are aris+4 ,x has
 be5 a noble movem5t & is a necess>y    
fir/ /age ( woman's emancipation4 ,!    
c>icatur$ maid5s z beautiful z an angel 

b z silly z a goose :o come f ! kit*5 to
 ! husb&'s /udy to ask h[ mu* is two    
times two1 & are told x is f\r = a man &
 ?ree = a woman1 & g back ) a happy     
,?ank y1 my de>2 ^? :o love to be call$ 
baby1 & appeal to in/9cts half p>5tal 9 
_! lov]s & husb&s2 ^? :o f9d all ! sph]e
 !y desire 9 a doll's h\se1 l ,nora's1 &
 are cont5t to be m5's pets2 ^: ideal is
 ! cl++ v9e1 & :o take no int]e/ 9 !    
field :]e _! husb&s /ruggle1 w p]haps   
soon survive only z a dim9i%+ rema9d]4  
,m>riages d /ill occur :]e woman's      
ignorance & helplessness seem to be !   
*ief *>m to m51 & may be happy1 b su*   
cases are no f>!r f ! pres5t ideal &    
t5d5cy on ! "o h& ?an on ! o!r are ^?   
:i* consi/ 9 intellectual p>tn]%ips1 9  
:i* !re is no segregation ( int]e/s b   
:i* are devot$ ?r\gh\t to jo9t "w or    
enjoym5t4  ,a typical contempor>y       
writ]#a ?9ks ! "q :e!r a girl %all      
receive a college education is v l !    
same "q = boys4 ,ev5 if ! f\r ,k's1     
,kir*e1 ,k9d]1 ,ku*51 & ,kleid] 7:i* may

 be translat$ by ! f\r ,c's1 ,*ur*1     
,*ildr51 ,cook+1 & ,clo!s71 are h]      
vocation1 college may help h]4 ,! be/   
tra9+ = a "y woman is n ! old college   
c\rse t has prov5 unfit = "y m54 ,mo/   
college m5 look =w>d to a pr(essional   
tra9+ z few wom5 d4 ,! latt] h (t5      
great] sympa?y1 read9ess ( memory1      
pati5ce ) te*nic1 skill 9 lit]ature &   
language1 b lack orig9ality1 are n      
attract$ by unsolv$ problems1 are less  
motor-m9d$2 b _! tra9+ is j z s]i\s &   
important z t ( m54 ,! be/ results are  
:]e ! sexes are br\ght clos] toge!r1    
because _! sep>ation g5]ally emphasizes 
= girls ! te*nical tra9+ = ! pr(ession (
 womanhood4 ,) girls1 lit]ature &       
language take prec$5ce ov] sci5ce2      
expression /&s high] ?an action2 !      
s*ol>%ip may be sup]ior1 b is n         
effective2 ! educat$ woman is likely to 
ma/] te*nic r ?an art2 me?od1 r ?an     
sub/ance4 ,%e may "k a good deal1 b %e c
 d no?+4 ,9 mo/ sep>ate colleges = wom51
 old traditions are m preval5t ?an 9    

colleges = m54 ,9 ! annex sy/em1 %e does
 n get ! be/ ( ! in/itution4 ,by !      
co$ucation me?od1 "y m5 are m e>ne/1    
bett] 9 mann]s & morals1 & 9 all ways m 
civiliz$ ?an "u mona/ic conditions4 ,!  
wom5 d m "w 9 a m natural way1 ) bett]  
p]spective & ) san] inc5tives ?an :5    
isolat$ f ! influ5ce ( ! society ( m54  
,!re is less sill9ess & folly :]e a man 
is n a novelty4 ,9 co$ucational         
in/itutions ( high /&>ds1 frivol\s      
conduct or sc&als ( any =m are r>ely    
kn[n4 ,! responsibility = decorum is    
?r[n f ! s*ool to ! woman1 & ! woman    
rises to ! responsibility4 ,! "* (      
college "w has n be5 l[]$ b rais$ by    
co$ucation1 despite ! fact t mo/ ( !    
new1 small1 weak colleges are           
co$ucational4 ,social /ra91 ,jordan     
?9ks1 is easily regulat$1 & ! dormitory 
sy/em is on ! :ole be/1 because !       
college atmosph]e is highly priz$4 ,!   
reasons = ! pres5t reaction aga9/       
co$ucation are ascrib$ p>tly to !       
dislike ( ! idle boy to h girls excel   

him & see 8 failures1 or because r[dyi% 
t5d5cies are *eck$ by ! pres5ce ( wom54 
,"s ?9k t girls d n help a?letics2 t m5 
c\nt = mo/ because !y are m apt to be   
he>d f lat]2 b ! mo/ s]i\s new argum5t  
is ! fe> t woman's /&>ds & amateuri%ness
 w take ! place ( specialization4 ,wom5 
take up high] education because !y l x2 
m5 because _! c>e]s dep5d ^u x4 ,h5ce _!
 /udies are m objective & face ! _w z x 
is4 ,9 college ! wom5 d z well z m51 b n
 9 ! univ]sity4 ,! half-educat$ woman z 
a social factor has produc$ _m s(t      
lecture c\rses & *eap books4 ,?is is an 
argum5t = ! high] education ( ! sex4    
,f9ally1 ,jordan insi/s t co$ucation    
leads to m>riage1 & he believes t its   
be/ basis is common int]e/ &            
intellectual fri5d%ip4  ,f ! available  
data x seems1 h[ev]1 t ! m s*ola/ic !   
education ( wom51 ! few] *ildr5 & !     
h>d]1 m dang]\s1 & m dread$ is          
p>turition1 & ! less ! ability to nurse 
*ildr54 ,n intellig5ce1 b education by  
pres5t man-made ways1 is inv]sely z     

fecundity4 ,! soon] & ! m cle>ly ?is is 
recogniz$ z a univ]sal rule1 n1 ( c\rse1
 )\t _m notable & mu* vaunt$ exceptions1
 ! bett] = our civilization4 ,= "o1 ,i  
plead ) no :it less e>ne/ness &         
conviction ?an any ( ! fem9i/s1 & inde$ 
) m f]vor because on ne>ly all _! gr\nds
 & also on o!rs1 = ! high] education (  
wom51 & w\ld welcome !m to e opportunity
 available to m5 if !y c n d bett]2 b ,i
 w\ld op5 to _! election ano!r          
education1 :i* e compet5t judge w\ld    
pron\nce m favorable to mo!rhood1 "u !  
influ5ce ( female pr9cipals :o d n      
publicly say t x is n desirable t wom5  
/ud5ts %\ld /udy mo!rhood1 because !y d 
n "k :e!r !y w m>ry2 :o enc\rage !m to  
elect no special subjects because !y are
 wom51 & :o ?9k infant psy*ology fooli%4
  ,v>i\s int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 co$ucation 
are n[ be+ made 9 ,engl&4#b ,"s are     
:ole-he>t$ & enc\rage ! girls to d almo/
 ev]y?+ t ! boys d 9 bo? /udy & play4   
,!re are girl prefects2 cricket teams   
are =m$ sometimes ( bo? sexes1 b (t5 !  

sexes mat*$ aga9/ ea* o!r2 "o play-y>d1 
a dual /aff ( tea*]s1 & fri5d%ips betwe5
 ! boys & girls are n taboo$1 etc4 ,9   
o!r s*ools ! sexes meet p]haps 9        
recitation only1 h sep>ate rooms = /udy1
 entrances1 play-gr\nds1 & _! relations 
are o!rwise re/rict$4 ,! op9ion (       
,engli% writ]s g5]ally favors co$ucation
 up to ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! te5s1 & f !re  
on views are m divid$4 ,x is admitt$ t1 
if !re is a v great prepond]ance ( ei!r 
sex ov] ! o!r1 ! latt] is likely to lose
 its *>act]i/ic qualities1 & some?+ (   
?is occurs :]e ! av]age age ( "o sex is 
di/9ctly great] ?an t ( ! o!r4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 sev]al urge t1 :]e age & numb]s are
 equal1 ea* sex is m incl9$ to develop !
 be/ qualities peculi> to itself 9 !    
pres5ce ( ! o!r4  ,"s girls are no d\bt 
f> fitt] = boys' /udies & m5's c>e]s ?an
 o!rs4 ,co$ucation1 too1 g5]ally means  
f> m assimilation ( girls' to boys' ways
 & "w ?an conv]sely4 ,_m p believe t    
girls ei!r ga9 or are m affect$ by      
co$ucation1 especially 9 ! upp] grades1 

?an boys4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to      
obs]ve ! diff]5ces t /ill p]si/4 ,c]ta9 
games1 l football & box+1 girls c n     
play2 !y d n fight2 !y are n flogg$ or  
can$ z ,engli% boys are :5 _! bad m>ks  
foot up beyond a c]ta9 aggregate2 girls 
are m prone to cliques2 _! puni%m5ts mu/
 be 9 appeals to s*ool s5tim5t1 to :i*  
!y are exce$+ly s5sitive2 x is h>d = !m 
to be> defeat 9 games ) ! same dignity &
 unruffl$ temp] z boys2 x is h>d] = !m  
to accept ! s*ool /&>ds ( honor t       
condemn ! tell-tale z a sneak1 al?\gh !y
 soon le>n ?is4 ,!y may be a little 9   
dang] ( be+ r\gh5$ by boyi% ways &      
especially by ! crude & unique language1
 almo/ a dialect 9 itself1 preval5t     
among s*oolboys4 ,girls are f> m prone  
to ov]do2 boys are p]si/+ly lazy & idle4
 ,girls are cont5t to sit & h !         
subject-matt] pump$ into !m by          
recitations1 etc41 & to m]ely accept1   
:ile boys are m inspir$ by be+ told to d
 ?+s & make te/s & exp]im5ts4 ,9 ?is1   
girls are (t5 q at sea4 ,"o writ] speaks

 ( a c]ta9 fem99e obliquity1 b ha/5s to 
say t girls 9 ^! s*ools soon accept its 
code ( honor4 ,x is urg$1 too1 t s++    
classes ! voices ( ea* sex are bett] 9  
quality = ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,9 _m      
topics ( all k9ds boys & girls are      
int]e/$ 9 diff]5t aspects ( ! same !me1 
& !re=e ! "w is broad5$4 ,9 manual      
tra9+1 girls excel 9 all arti/ic "w2    
boys1 9 c>p5try4 ,girls c be made n only
 less noxi\sly s5tim5tal & impulsive1 b 
_! conduct t5ds to become m ?\ghtful2 !y
 c be made to feel responsibility =     
be/[+ _! praise aright & ?us influ5c+ ! 
tone ( ! s*ool4 ,calamit\s z x _w be = !
 education ( boys beyond a c]ta9 age to 
be entru/$ entirely or *iefly to wom51 x
 w\ld be less s = t ( girls to be giv5  
entirely to m54 ,p]haps ! great wom5    
tea*]s1 ^: life & "w h made !m a p[] )  
girls comp>able to t ( ,arnold & ,?r+ ) 
boys1 are dy+ out4 ,v likely economic   
motives are too dom9ant = ?is problem to
 be settl$ on its m]its only4 ,f9ally1  
sev]al writ]s m5tion ! increas$         

heal?fulness ( moral tone4 ,! vices t   
infe/ boys' s*ools1 :i* ,arnold ?\ght a 
quantity con/antly *ang+ ) e class1 are 
dim9i%$4 ,heal?ful ?\ghts ( sex1 less   
subt]ranean & base imag9+s on ! "o h&1 &
 less gu%y s5tim5tality on ! o!r1 are   
favor$4 ,= ei!r sex to be a copy ( ! o!r
 is to be weak5$1 & ea* comes normally  
to respect m & to pref] its own sex4  ,n
 to pursue ?is subject fur!r "h1 x is   
probable t _m ( ! causes = ! facts set  
=? are v diff]5t & "s ( !m almo/        
diametrically opposite 9 ! two sexes4   
,h>d z x is p] se1 x is aft] all a      
comp>atively easy matt] to educate boys4
 ,!y are less peculi>ly responsive 9    
m5tal tone to ! physical & psy*ic       
environm5t1 t5d m /rongly & e>ly to     
special int]e/s1 & react m vigor\sly    
aga9/ ! obnoxi\s elem5ts ( _! surr\nd+s4
 ,?is is true/ ( ! high] education1 & m 
s 9 proportion z ! t5d5cies ( ! age are 
t[>d special & vocational tra9+4 ,woman1
 z we saw1 9 e fib] ( h] s\l & body is a
 m g5]ic creature ?an man1 ne>] to !    

race1 & dem&s m & m ) advanc+ age an    
education t is ess5tially lib]al &      
humani/ic4 ,?is is progressively h>d :5 
! sexes diff]5tiate 9 ! high] grades4   
,moreov]1 nature decrees t ) advanc+    
civilization ! sexes %all n approximate1
 b diff]5tiate1 & we %all probably be   
oblig$ to c>ry sex di/9ctions1 at lea/ (
 me?od1 into _m if n mo/ ( ! topics ( ! 
high] education4 ,n[ t woman has by     
g5]al cons5t atta9$ ! "r to ! be/ t man 
has1 %e mu/ seek a tra9+ t fits h] own  
nature z well or bett]4 ,s long z %e    
/rives to be manlike %e w be inf]ior & a
 p9*beck imitation1 b %e mu/ develop a  
new sph]e t %all be l ! ri* field ( !   
clo? ( gold = ! be/ in/9cts ( h] nature4
  ,div]g5ce is mo/ m>k$ & sudd5 9 !     
pubesc5t p]iod--9 ! e>ly te5s4 ,at ?is  
age1 by almo/ _w-wide cons5t1 boys &    
girls sep>ate = a "t1 & lead _! lives   
dur+ ?is mo/ critical p]iod m or less   
ap>t1 at lea/ = a few ye>s1 until !     
f]m5t ( m9d & body :i* results 9        
maturity ( functions !n born & culm9at+ 

9 nubility1 has done its "w4 ,! family &
 ! home abundantly recognize ?is t5d5cy4
 ,at twelve or f\rte51 bro!rs & si/]s   
develop a life m indep5d5t ( ea* o!r ?an
 be=e4 ,_! home occupations diff] z d _!
 plays1 games1 ta/es4 ,hi/ory1          
an?ropology1 & sociology1 a well z home 
life1 abundantly illu/rate ?is4 ,?is is 
normal & biological4 ,:at our s*ools &  
o!r in/itutions %\ld d1 is n to         
oblit]ate ^! diff]5ces b to make boys m 
manly & girls m womanly4 ,we %\ld       
respect ! law ( sexual diff]5ces1 & n   
=get t mo!rhood is a v diff]5t ?+ f     
fa!rhood4 ,nei!r sex %\ld copy nor set  
patt]ns to ! o!r1 b all p>ts %\ld be    
play$ h>moni\sly & cle>ly 9 ! great sex 
symphony4  ,i h "h less to say aga9/    
co$ucation 9 college1 /ill less 9       
univ]sity grades aft] ! maturity :i*    
comes at eighte5 or tw5ty has be5       
a*iev$2 b x is high "t to ask ourselves 
:e!r ! !ory & practise ( id5tical       
co$ucation1 especially 9 ! high s*ool1  
:i* has lately be5 c>ri$ to a great]    

extreme 9 ?is c\ntry ?an ! re/ ( ! _w   
recognizes1 has n br\ght c]ta9 grave    
dang]s1 & :e!r x does n int]f]e ) !     
natural diff]5tiations se5 ev]y:]e else4
 ,i recognize1 ( c\rse1 ! great argum5t 
( economy4 ,inde$1 we %\ld save money & 
ef=t c\ld we unite *ur*es ( n too div]se
 cre$s4 ,we c\ld ?us give bett] prea*+1 
music1 improve ! edifice1 etc4 ,i am by 
no means ready to advocate ! radical    
abolition ( co$ucation1 b we c already  
sum up 9 a r\gh1 brief way our acc\nt ( 
pr(it & loss ) x4 ,on ! "o h&1 no d\bt  
ea* sex develops "s ( its own be/       
qualities be/ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r1 b !  
"q /ill rema9s1 h[ mu*1 :51 & 9 :at way1
 id5tical co$ucation secures ?is end8   
,z has be5 said1 girls & boys are (t5   
int]e/$ 9 diff]5t aspects ( ! same      
topic1 & ?is may h a t5d5cy to broad5 ! 
view-po9t ( bo? & br+ x into sympa?y ) t
 ( ! o!r1 b ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r "o be 
n too mu* attract$ to ! sph]e ( ! o!r1  
especially girls to t ( boys4 ,no d\bt  
"s girls become a little less gu%y1 _!  

conduct m ?\ghtful1 & _! s5se (         
responsibility great]2 = "o ( woman's   
great functions1 :i* is t ( be/[+ praise
 aright1 is increas$4 ,!re is also mu*  
evid5ce t c]ta9 boys' vices are         
mitigat$2 !y are made m urbane & _!     
?\ghts ( sex made m heal?ful4 ,9 "s     
respects boys are /imulat$ to good      
s*ol>%ip by girls1 :o 9 _m s*ools &     
topics excel !m4 ,we %\ld ask1 h[ev]1   
,:at is nature's way at ?is /age ( life8
 ,:e!r boys1 9 ord] to be well virifi$  
lat]1 ought n to be s boi/]\s & ev5 r\gh
 z to be at times unfit companions =    
girls2 or :e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 girls to be
 be/ matur$ ought n to h _! s5tim5tal   
p]iods ( in/ability1 especially :5 we   
v5ture to raise ! "q1 :e!r = a girl 9 ! 
e>ly te5s1 :5 h] heal? = h] :ole life   
dep5ds ^u normaliz+ ! lun> mon?1 !re is 
n some?+ unhygi5ic1 unnatural1 n to say 
a little mon/r\s1 9 s*ool associations )
 boys :5 %e mu/ suppress & conceal h]   
feel+s & in/9ctive prompt+s at ^? times 
:i* sugge/ )draw+1 to let nature d its  

beautiful "w ( infloresc5ce4 ,x is a    
sacr$ "t ( rev]5t exemption f ! h>d     
/ruggle ( exi/5ce 9 ! _w & f m5tal ef=t 
9 ! s*ool4 ,m$ical speciali/s1 _m ( !   
be/ ( :om n[ insi/ t ?r\gh ?is p]iod %e 
%\ld be1 z x 71 turn$ out to grass1 or  
%\ld lie fall[1 s f> z intellectual     
ef=ts g1 "o-f\r? ! "t1 no d\bt (t5 g too
 f>1 b _! unanim\s voice %\ld n entirely
 be disreg>d$4  ,x is n ?is1 h[ev]1 t ,i
 h *iefly 9 m9d "h1 b ! effects ( too   
famili> relations &1 especially1 ( !    
id5tical "w1 treatm5t1 & environm5t ( ! 
mod]n s*ool4  ,we h n[ at lea/ eight    
good & indep5d5t /ati/ical /udies :i* %[
 t ! ideals ( boys f t5 ye>s on are     
almo/ always ^? ( _! own sex1 :ile      
girls' ideals are increas+ly ( !        
opposite sex1 or ^? ( m54 ,t ! ideals ( 
pubesc5t girls are n f\nd 9 ! great &   
noble wom5 ( ! _w or 9 _! lit]ature1 b m
 & m 9 m51 sugge/s a divorce betwe5 !   
ideals adopt$ & ! l9e ( life be/ suit$  
to ! int]e/s ( ! race4 ,we are n furni%$
 9 our public s*ools ) adequate womanly 

ideals 9 hi/ory or lit]ature4 ,! new    
love ( fre$om :i* wom5 h lately felt    
incl9es girls to ab&on ! home = ! (fice4
 ,x surely c h>dly be call$ an ideal    
education = wom5 t p]mits eighte5 out ( 
"o hundr$ college girls to /ate boldly t
 !y w\ld r be m5 ?an wom54 ,m ?an       
"o-half ( ! s*oolgirls 9 ^! c5suses     
*oose male ideals1 z if ^? ( fem99ity   
are dis9tegrat+4 ,a rec5t writ]1#c 9    
view ( ?is fact1 /ates t unless !re is a
 *ange ( tr5d1 we %all soon h a female  
sex )\t a female "*4 ,9 ! progressive   
num]ical fem9ization ( our s*ools mo/   
tea*]s1 p]haps naturally & necess>ily1 h
 m or less mascul9e ideals1 & ?is does n
 enc\rage ! developm5t ( ^? t con/itute 
! glory ( womanhood4 ,at e age f eight  
to sixte51 girls nam$ f ?ree to tw5ty m 
ideals ?an boys4 ,^! facts indicate a   
condition ( diffus$ int]e/s & lack (    
cle>-cut purposes & a ne$ ( integration4
  ,:5 we turn to boys ! case is diff]5t4
 ,9 mo/ public high s*ools girls        
prepond]ate1 especially 9 ! upp]        

classes1 & 9 _m ( !m ! boys t rema9 are 
practically 9 a girls' s*ool1 sometimes 
taught *iefly1 if n solely1 by wom5     
tea*]s at an age :5 /rong m5 %\ld be 9  
control m ?an at any o!r p]iod ( life4  
,boys ne$ a diff]5t discipl9e & moral   
regim5 & atmosph]e4 ,!y also ne$ a      
diff]5t me?od ( "w4 ,girls excel !m 9   
le>n+ & memorization1 accept+ /udies ^u 
sugge/ion or au?ority1 b are (t5 q at   
sea :5 set to make te/s & exp]im5ts t   
give individuality & a *ance =          
self-expression1 :i* is "o ( ! be/ ?+s 9
 boyhood4 ,girls prepond]ate 9 our      
ov]gr[n high s*ool ,lat9 & algebra1     
because cu/om & tradition &1 p]haps1    
advice incl9e !m to x4 ,!y prepond]ate 9
 ,engli% & hi/ory classes m (t51 let u  
hope1 f inn] incl9ation4 ,! boy soon]   
gr[s re/less 9 a curriculum :]e =m takes
 prec$5ce ov] cont5t4 ,he revolts at mu*
 me?od ) meag] matt]4 ,he craves        
utility1 & :5 all ^! in/9cts are d5i$1  
)\t kn[+ :at is ! matt]1 he drops out ( 
s*ool1 :5 ) robu/ tone & ) a truly boy  

life1 su* z prevails at ,h>r[1 ,eton1 & 
,rugby1 he w\ld h f\ght x ?r\gh & h done
 well4 ,?is fem9ization ( ! s*ool _s1   
discipl9e1 & p]sonnel is bad = boys4 ,( 
c\rse1 on ! :ole1 p]haps1 !y are made m 
g5tlemanly1 m at ease1 _! mann]s        
improv$1 & all ?is to a woman tea*]     
seems excell5t1 b some?+ is ! matt] ) ! 
boy 9 e>ly te5s :o c be truly call$ a   
p]fect g5tleman4 ,t %\ld come lat]1 :5 !
 brute & animal elem5t h _h opportunity 
to "w !mselves (f 9 a heal?ful normal   
way4 ,!y /ill h football to !mselves1 & 
are ! majority p]haps 9 *emi/ry1 &      
sometimes 9 physics1 b !re is dang] ( a 
settl$ eviration4 ,! segregation1 :i*   
ev5 "s ( our s*ools are n[ attempt+1 is 
always 9 "s degree necess>y = full &    
complete developm5t4 ,j z ! boys'       
language is apt to creep into t ( !     
girl1 s girls' int]e/s1 ways1 /&>ds &   
ta/es1 :i* are crude at ?is age1        
sometimes attract boys out ( _! orbit4  
,:ile "s diff]5ces are emphasiz$ by     
contact1 o!rs are compromis$4 ,boys t5d 

to gr[ cont5t ) me*anical1 memoriz$ "w  
&1 excell+ on ! l9es ( girls' qualities1
 fail to develop ^? ( _! own4 ,!re is a 
little *>m & bloom rubb$ (f ! ideal (   
girlhood by close contact1 & boyhood    
seems less ideal to girls at close      
range4 ,9 place ( ! my/ic attraction ( !
 o!r sex t has inspir$ s mu* t is be/ 9 
! _w1 famili> comrade%ip br+s a little  
dis5*antm5t4 ,! impulse to be at "o's   
be/ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r sex pr[s lax &  
sex t5sion remits1 & ea* comes to feel  
itself se5 ?r\gh1 s t !re is less motive
 to indulge 9 ! ideal conduct :i* su*   
motives inspire1 because ! call = x is  
incessant4 ,?is disillusion+ weak5s !   
motivation to m>riage sometimes on bo?  
sides1 :5 girls gr[ c>eless 9 _! dress &
 too neglig5t 9 _! mann]s1 "o ( ! be/   
s*ools ( woman's morals2 & :5 boys lose 
all re/ra9ts :i* ! pres5ce ( girls      
usually en=ces1 !re is a subtle         
det]ioration4 ,?us1 ,i believe1 al?\gh (
 c\rse x is impossible to prove1 t ?is  
is "o ( ! factors ( a decreas+ p]c5tage 

( m>riage among educat$ "y m5 & wom54   
,at eighte5 or tw5ty ! girl normally    
rea*es a /age ( fir/ maturity :5 h]     
ideas ( life are amaz+ly ke5 & true2 :51
 if h] body is develop$1 %e c endure a  
great deal2 :5 %e is ne>e/1 p]haps1 !   
ideal ( fem99e beauty & p]fection4 ,(   
?is we saw illu/rations 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4
 ,9 our environm5t1 h[ev]1 !re is a     
little dang] t ?is age once well pa/ !re
 w sl[ly arise a slight s5se (          
aimlessness or lassitude1 unre/1        
uneas9ess1 z if "o 7 almo/ unconsci\sly 
feel+ along ! wall = a door to :i* ! key
 0 n at h&4 ,?us "s lose _! bloom &1    
yield+ to ! great dang] ( "y womanhood1 
sl[ly lapse to a anxi\s /ate (          
expectancy1 or desire some?+ n )9 _!    
rea*1 & s ! dia!sis ( re/lessness sl[ly 
sup]v5es4 ,! be/ ?+ ab\t college life = 
girls is1 p]haps1 t x po/pones ?is      
incipi5t disappo9tm5t2 b x is a little  
pa!tic to me to read1 z ,i h lately     
done1 ! class lett]s ( hundr$s ( girl   
graduates1 out ( college "o1 two1 or    

?ree ye>s1 turn+ a little to art1 music1
 travel1 tea*+1 *>ity "w1 "o aft] ! o!r1
 or try+ to f9d some?+ to :i* !y c      
devote !mselves1 "s cause1 movem5t1     
occupation1 :]e _! capacity = altruism &
 self-sacrifice c f9d a field4 ,! t5sion
 is almo/ imp]ceptible1 p]haps q        
unconsci\s4 ,x is ev]y:]e ov]borne by a 
ke5 int]e/ 9 life1 by a desire to "k !  
_w at fir/ h&1 :ile susceptibilities are
 at _! height4 ,! apple ( intellig5ce   
has be5 pluck$ at p]haps a little too   
great co/ ( heal?4 ,! purely m5tal has n
 be5 q suffici5tly kept back4 ,! girl   
wi%es to "k a good deal m ( ! _w &      
p]fect h] own p]sonality1 & w\ld n m>ry1
 al?\gh e cell ( h] body & e unconsci\s 
impulse po9ts to j t end4 ,soon1 x may  
be 9 five or t5 ye>s or m1 ! complexion 
( ill heal? is 9 ^! notes1 or else life 
has be5 adju/$ to indep5d5ce &          
self-support4 ,_m ( ^! ba*elor wom5 are 
magnific5t 9 m9d & body1 b !y lack      
wifehood & yet m--mo!rhood4  ,9 f9e1 we 
%\ld use ^! facts z a /imulus to ask m  

se>*+ly ! "q :e!r ! pres5t sy/em ( high]
 education = bo? sexes is n lack+ 9 "s v
 ess5tial elem5ts1 & if s :at ^! are4   
,inde$1 consid]+ ! facts t 9 our social 
sy/em man makes ! advances & t woman is 
by nature m prone ?an man to dome/icity 
& p>5?ood1 x is n impossible t m5's     
colleges d m to unfit = ^! ?an d ^? =   
wom54 ,"o cause may be moral4 ,e?ics us$
 to be taught z a practical p[] = life &
 ren=c$ by religi\s motives4 ,n[ x is   
!oretical & speculative & too (t5 l$    
captive by metaphysical & epi/emological
 speculations4 ,sometimes girls "w or   
worry m ov] /udies & ideals ?an is good 
= _! con/itution1 & boys gr[ idle &     
indiff]5t1 & ?is prov]bially t5ds to bad
 habits4 ,p]haps fitt+ = college has be5
 too h>d at ! critical age ( ab\t       
eighte51 & requirem5ts ( hone/1 p]sev]+ 
"w dur+ college ye>s too little en=c$1  
or gr[n irksome by physiological        
reaction ( lassitude f ! /ra9 ( fitt+ & 
ent]+4 ,aga91 girls mature e>li] ?an    
boys2 & ! latt] :o h be5 educat$ ) !m   

t5d to c]ta9 elem5ts ( maturity &       
complet5ess too e>ly 9 life1 & _! gr[?  
p]iod is %ort5$ or its mom5tum less5$ by
 an atmosph]e ( fem99ity4 ,some?+ is    
cle>ly wrong1 & m s "h ?an we h at      
pres5t any reason to ?9k is ! case among
 ! academic male or female y\? ( o!r    
l&s4 ,to see & admit t !re is an evil v 
real1 deep1 exce$+ly difficult & complex
 9 its causes1 b grave & dem&+ a c>eful 
reconsid]ation ( curr5t educational     
ideas & practises1 is ! fir/ /ep2 & ?is 
e ?\ghtful & well-in=m$ m9d1 ,i believe1
 mu/ n[ take4  ,x is utt]ly impossible  
)\t injury to hold girls to ! same /&>ds
 ( conduct1 regul>ity1 sev]e moral      
acc\ntability1 & /r5u\s m5tal "w t boys 
ne$4 ,! privileges & immunities ( h] sex
 are invet]ate1 & ) ^! ! ,am]ican girl 9
 ! middle te5s fairly t+les ) a new-born
 consci\sness4 ,already %e occasionally 
ass]ts h]self 9 ! public high s*ool     
aga9/ a male tea*] or pr9cipal :o seeks 
to en=ce discipl9e by me?ods boys       
respect1 9 a way t sugge/s t ! "t is at 

h& :5 popul>ity ) h] sex w be z necess>y
 9 a successful tea*] z x is 9 ! pulpit4
 ,9 ^! int]e/+ oases :]e girl s5tim5t   
has made itself felt 9 s*ool x has      
g5]ally c>ri$ p>5ts1 committeem51 !     
press1 & public s5tim5t be=e x1 & has   
already made a preci\s little li/ (     
m>tyrs :om1 7 ,i an educational pope1 ,i
 w\ld promptly canonize4 ,! progressive 
fem9ization ( second>y education works  
its subtle demoralization on ! male     
tea*]s :o rema94 ,public s5tim5t w\ld   
su/a9 !m 9 _m p>5tal exactions ) boys   
:i* x disall[s 9 mix$ classes4 ,x is    
h>d1 too1 = male pr9cipals ( s*ools )   
only female tea*]s n to suff] "s        
det]ioration 9 ! moral tone ( _!        
virility & to lose 9 ! p[] to cope      
successfully ) m54 ,n only is ?is (t5   
confess$ & deplor$1 b ! incessant       
compromises ! be/ male tea*]s ( mix$    
classes mu/ make ) _! p$agogic          
convictions 9 bo? tea*+ & discipl9e make
 ! pr(ession less attractive to manly m5
 ( l>ge calib] & ( s\nd fib]4 ,aga91 !  

rec5t rapid increase ( girls1 ! p]c5tage
 ( :i* to population 9 high s*ools has 9
 _m communities d\bl$ 9 b little m ?an a
 decade1 almo/ necess>ily involves a    
decl9e 9 ! av]age quality ( girls1      
p]haps z mu* great] = !m z comp>$ ) boys
 z _! increase has be5 great]4 ,:5 b few
 7 f\nd 9 ^! in/itutions !y 7 usually   
pick$ girls ) sup]ior ta/es & ability1 b
 n[ ! av]age girl ( ! rank & file is1   
despite advanc$ /&>d1 ( admission1 ( an 
ord] natively l[]4 ,f ?is det]ioration  
bo? boys & tea*]s suff]1 ev5 ?\gh !     
greate/ good = ! greate/ numb] may be   
enhanc$4 ,once m1 x is g5]ally admitt$ t
 girls 9 good bo>d+-s*ools1 :]e ev5+s1  
food1 & regim5 are controll$1 are 9     
bett] heal? ?an day pupils ) social1    
*ur*1 & dome/ic duties & p]haps worries 
to :i* boys are less subject4 ,?is is ! 
nasc5t /age ( p]iodicity to ! sl[       
normalization ( :i*1 dur+ ^! few        
critical ye>s1 ev]y?+ t int]f]es %\ld   
yield4 ,"s k9d ( tacit recognition ( ?is
 is indisp5sable1 b 9 mix$ classes e =m 

( su* concession is baffl+ & demoraliz+ 
to boys4  ,! wom5 :o really a*ieve !    
high] culture %\ld make x _! cause or   
mission to "w out ! new humani/ic or    
lib]al education :i* ! old college      
claim$ to /& = & :i* n[ ne$s radical    
recon/ruction to meet ! dem&s ( mod]n   
life4 ,9 sci5ce !y %\ld aim to re/ore ! 
humani/ic elem5ts ( its hi/ory1         
biography1 its popul> features at _!    
be/1 & its applications 9 all ! m       
non-te*nical fields1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt]
 ,,xii1 & feel responsibility n to let !
 moral1 religi\s1 & poetic aspects (    
nature be lo/ 9 utilities4 ,woman %\ld  
be true to h] g5]ic nature & take h] /& 
aga9/ all premature specialization1 & :5
 ! ,zeitgei/ ,_s ( ! ,times insi/s on   
specializ$ tra9+ = occupative pursuits  
)\t wait+ = broad f\ndations to be laid1
 %e %\ld resi/ all ^! influ5ces t make =
 psy*ological precocity4 ,das           
,ewig-,weibli*e ,! et]nal womanly is no 
iridesc5t fiction b a v def9able        
reality1 & means p]5nial y\?4 ,x means t

 woman at h] be/ nev] outgr[s adolesc5ce
 z man does1 b l+]s 91 magnifies &      
glorifies ?is culm9at+ /age ( life ) its
 all-sid$ int]e/s1 its conv]tibility (  
emotions1 its en?usiasm1 & ze/ = all t  
is good1 beautiful1 true1 & h]oic4 ,?is 
con/itutes h] fre%ness & *>m1 ev5 9 age1
 & makes h] by nature m humani/ic ?an   
man1 m sympa!tic & appreciative4 ,x is n
 *iefly ! #gj1jjj sup]flu\s             
,massa*usetts wom5 ( ! la/ c5sus1 b     
repres5tatives ( e class & age 9 !      
#d1jjj wom5's clubs ( ?is c\ntry t n[   
f9d "s leisure = g5]al culture 9 all    
fields1 & 9 :i* mo/ ( !m no d\bt surpass
 _! husb&s4 ,^? :o /ill say t m5 d n l  
wom5 to be _! m5tal sup]iors & t no man 
0 ev] won by ! attraction ( intellect1  
on ! "o h&1 & ^? :o urge t wom5 really  
want husb&s to be _! intellectual       
sup]iors1 bo? misappreh5d4 ,! male 9 all
 ! ord]s ( life is ! ag5t ( v>iation &  
t5ds by nature to exp]tness &           
specialisation1 )\t :i* 8 individuality 
is incomplete4 ,9 8 *os5 l9e he w\ld    

lead & be au?oritative1 & he r>ely seeks
 p>tn]%ip 9 x 9 m>riage4 ,?is is no     
subjection1 b woman in/9ctively respects
 & ev5 rev]es1 & p]haps educat$ woman   
com+ to dem&1 x 9 ! man ( h] :ole-he>t$ 
*oice4 ,?is grant$1 man 0 nev] m pla/ic 
to woman's great "w ( creat+ 9 him all !
 wide range ( second>y sex qualities :i*
 con/itute 8 ess5tial manhood4 ,9 all   
?is1 ! p$agogic fa!rs we tea* 9 ! hi/ory
 ( education are mo/ ( !m ab\t z lum9\s 
& obsolete z is patri/ics = ! religi\s  
tea*]1 or z me?ods ( o!r c\ntries are   
com+ to be 9 solv+ our own peculi>      
p$agogic problems4 ,! relation ( !      
academically tra9$ sexes is fa9tly      
typifi$ by t ( ! ideal college to !     
ideal univ]sity1 pr(essional or te*nical
 s*ool4 ,?is is ! h>mony ( c\nt]p>ts &  
con/itutes ! be/ basis ( psy*ic         
amphimixis4 ,= ! re9/allation ( !       
humani/ic college1 ! "t has come :5     
cultivat$ woman ought to come =w>d &    
r5d] vital aid4 ,if %e does s & helps to
 evolve a high s*ool & an ,a4,b4 c\rse t

 is truly lib]al1 x w n only fit h]     
nature & ne$s f> bett] ?an any?+ n[     
exi/+1 b "y m5 at ! humani/ic /age ( _! 
own education w seek to pr(it by x1 & %e
 w ?us repay h] debt to man 9 ! pa/ by  
aid+ him to de-univ]sitize ! college &  
to rescue second>y education f its      
grave/ dang]s4  ,b ev5 %\ld all ?is be  
done1 co$ucation w\ld by means be ?us   
ju/ifi$4 ,if adolesc5t boys normally    
pass ?r\gh a g5]aliz$ or ev5 fem9iz$    
/age ( psy*ic developm5t 9 :i* !y are   
peculi>ly pla/ic to ! guidance ( old]   
wom5 :o h su* r>e insight into _!       
nature1 su* inf9ite sympa?y & pati5ce ) 
all ! symptoms ( _! /orm & /ress        
metamorphosis1 :5 !y seek ev]y?+ by     
turns & no?+ long1 & if "y m5 w =ev]    
aft]w>d und]/& woman's nature bett] =   
liv+ out m fully ?is /age ( _! lives & w
 fail to d s if x is abridg$ or dw>f$1 x
 by no means foll[s t intimate daily &  
class-room association ) girls ( _! own 
age is necess>y or be/4 ,! dang] ( ?is  
is t ! boy's in/9ct to ass]t 8 own      

manhood w ?us be made premature &       
excessive1 t he w react aga9/ g5]al     
culture1 9 ! capacity = :i* girls1 :o   
are old] ?an boys at ! same age1        
naturally excel !m4 ,companion%ip &     
comp>isons incl9e him to take premature 
refuge 9 "s "o tal5t t emphasizes 8     
psy*o-sexual diff]5ce too soon4 ,aga91  
he is f>!r f nubile maturity ?an ! girl 
classmate ( 8 own age1 & co$ucation &   
m>riage betwe5 !m are prone to violate !
 important physiological law ( disp>ity 
t requires ! husb& to be "s ye>s !      
wife's s5ior1 bo? 9 _! own int]e/s1 z   
maturity beg9s to decl9e to age1 & 9 ^? 
( _! (fspr+4 ,?us ! "y man ) 8 ye>s (   
re/ra9t & probation ahead1 & 8          
inflammable desires1 is be/ remov$ f !  
half-consci\s c]ebrations ab\t w$lock1  
inevitably m insi/5t ) con/ant girl     
companion%ip4 ,if he resi/s ?is dur+ all
 ! ye>s ( 8 appr5tice%ip1 he gr[s m     
immune & inhibitive ( x :5 its prop] h\r
 arrives1 & p]haps becomes 9 s\l a      
ba*elor be=e 8 "t4 ,9 ?is side ( 8      

nature he is =ev] incomm5surate ) &     
un9telligible to woman1 be %e ev5 tea*]1
 si/]1 or "m4 ,bett] "s risk ( gross    
?\ghts & ev5 acts1 to :i* phylog5y &    
recapitulation s /rongly incl9e him1 ?an
 ?is subtle eviration4 ,b if ! boy is   
unduly repell$ f ! sph]e ( girls'       
int]e/s1 ! girl is 9 "s dang] ( be+     
unduly drawn to 81 &1 z we saw above1 ( 
=gett+ "s ( ! ideals ( h] own sex4 ,rip]
 9 m9d & body ?an h] male classmate1 &  
(t5 excell+ him 9 ! capacity (          
acquisition1 ne>] ! age ( h] full       
maturity ?an he to 81 he seems a little 
too crude & call[ to fulfil ! ideals (  
manhood normal to h] age :i* po9t to    
old] & rip] m54 ,9 all t makes sexual   
attraction be/1 a classmate ( h] own age
 is too undevelop$1 & s %e (t5 suff]s   
mute dis5*antm5t1 & ev5 if engagem5t be 
dream$ (1 x w\ld be1 on h] "p1 )        
unconsci\s res]vations if n ) "s        
consci\s r5unciation ( ideals4 ,?us !   
boy is correct 9 feel+ himself und]/ood 
& se5 ?r\gh by 8 girl classmates to a   

degree t is sometimes q di/a/eful to    
him1 :ile ! girl f9ds h]self misund]/ood
 by & disappo9t$ 9 m54 ,boys arrive at !
 humani/ic /age ( culture lat] ?an girls
 & pass x soon]2 & to f9d !m already !re
 & ) _! great] aptitude excell+ him1 is 
n an invit+ situation1 & s he is tempt$ 
to abridge or cut x out & to ha/5 on &  
be mature & pr(essional be=e 8 "t1 = ?us
 he gravitates t[>d 8 normal relation to
 h] sex ( exp]t ma/]%ip on "s bread- or 
fame-w9n+ l9e4 ,( c\rse1 ^! influ5ces   
are n pat5t1 demon/rable by exp]im5t1 or
 measurable by /ati/ics2 b ,i h come to 
believe t1 l _m o!r facts & laws1 !y h a
 reality & a dom9ance t is all-p]vasive 
& inescapable1 & t !y w ultimately      
prevail ov] economic motives &          
traditions4  ,to be a true woman means  
to be yet m "m ?an wife4 ,! madonna     
conception expresses man's highe/       
compreh5sion ( woman's real nature4     
,sexual relations are brief1 b love &   
c>e ( (fspr+ are long4 ,! elim9ation (  
mat]nity is "o ( ! great calamities1 if 

n diseases1 ( our age4 ,m>holm#d po9ts  
out at l5g? h[ art aga9 to-day gives    
woman a waspi% wai/ ) no abdom51 z if to
 c>efully score away e trace ( h]       
mission2 usually ) no *ild 9 h] arms or 
ev5 9 sight2 a m]e figur9e1 calculat$   
p]haps to entice1 b n to be>2           
incid5tally degrad+ ! arti/ :o depicts  
h] to a fa%ion-plate pa9t]1 p]haps )    
sugge/ions ( ! arts ( toilet1 cosmetics1
 & coquetry1 z if to promote decad5t    
reaction to decad5t /imuli4 ,z 9 !      
,mun*aus5 tale1 ! wolf sl[ly ate ! runn+
 nag f beh9d until he f\nd himself 9 !  
h>ness1 s 9 ! disori5t$ woman ! mi/ress1
 virtu\s & o!rwise1 is sl[ly supplant+ !
 "m4 ,please %e mu/1 ev5 ?\gh %e c n    
admire1 & c s easily despise m5 :o c n  
lead h]1 al?\gh %e become !reby lax &   
vapid4  ,! m exhau/$ m5 become1 :e!r by 
ov]work1 unnatural city life1 alcohol1  
recrudesc5t polygamic incl9ations1      
exclusive devotion to gre$ & pelf2 :e!r 
!y become weak1 /oop+1 ble>-ey$1        
bald-head$1 b[-legg$1 ?9-%ank$1 or      

gross1 co>se1 b>b>ic1 & be/ial1 ! m !y  
lose ! p[] to lead woman or to ar\se h] 
nature1 :i* is ess5tially passive4 ,?us 
h] p]v]sions are 8 fault4 ,man1 be=e he 
lo/ ! soil & piety1 0 n only h]         
protector & provid]1 b h] prie/4 ,he n  
only support$ & def5d$1 b inspir$ ! s\ls
 ( wom51 s admirably calculat$ to       
receive & elaborate sugge/ions1 b n to  
orig9ate !m4 ,9 _! inmo/ s\ls ev5 "y    
girls (t5 exp]i5ce dis5*antm5t1 f9d m5  
little & no h]oes1 & s cease to rev]e & 
beg9 to ?9k /upidly ( !m z !y ?9k       
co>sely ( h]4 ,sometimes ! girli%       
conceptions ( m5 are too romantic &     
exalt$2 (t5 ! intimacy ( s*ool & college
 we> (f a *>m1 :ile man mu/ n =get t    
to-day he too (t5 fails to realize ! j &
 legitimate expectations & ideals (     
wom54 ,if wom5 confide !mselves1 body & 
s\l1 less to him ?an he desires1 x is n 
%e1 b he1 :o is (t5 *iefly to blame4    
,inde$1 9 "s psy*ic respects1 x seems z 
if 9 human society ! processes (        
subord9at+ ! male to ! female1 c>ri$ s  

f> 9 "s ( ! animal species1 _h already  
begun4 ,if he is n wor%ip$ z =m]ly1 x is
 because he is less wor%ipful or m      
effem9ate1 less vigor\s & less able to  
excite & reta9 ! great love ( true1 n to
 say great1 wom54 ,:]e m>riage &        
mat]nity are ( less supreme int]e/ to an
 increas+ numb] ( wom51 !re are v>i\s   
results1 ! *ief ( :i* are z foll[s3  #a4
 ,wom5 gr[ dolli%2 s9k m or less        
consci\sly to man's level2 gratify 8    
desires & ev5 8 selfi% caprices1 b exact
 9 return luxury & display1 gr[+ va9 z  
he gr[s sordid2 ?us1 :ile submitt+1     
conqu]+1 & tyranniz+ ov] him1 cont5t )  
pres5t worldly pleasure1 unm9dful ( !   
pa/1 ! future1 or ! above4 ,?is may     
react to int]sexual antagonism until man
 comes to hate woman z a wit*1 or1 z 9 !
 days ( celibacy1 consid] sex a wile ( !
 devil4 ,along ^! l9es ev5 ! /age is    
beg9n+ to repres5t ! trag$ies ( life4   
#b4 ,! disappo9t$ woman 9 :om some?+ is 
dy+ comes to ass]t h] own ego & m or    
less consci\sly to make x an end1 aim+  

to possess & realize h]self fully r ?an 
to transmit4 ,despair+ ( h]self z a     
woman1 %e ass]ts h] l[] rights 9 ! place
 ( h] "o great "r to be lov$4 ,! desire 
= love may be transmut$ into ! desire = 
k1 or outw>d a*ievem5t become a         
sub/itute = inn] cont5t4 ,fail+ to      
respect h]self z a productive organism1 
%e gives v5t to p]sonal solutions2 seeks
 indep5d5ce2 comes to "k v pla9ly :at %e
 wants2 p]haps becomes intellectually   
emancipat$1 & sub/itutes sci5ce =       
religion1 or ! doctor = ! prie/1 ) !    
all-sid$ impressionability *>act]i/ic ( 
h] sex :i*1 :5 cultivat$1 is s l an     
awak5$ *ild4 ,%e p]haps ev5 affects     
manni% ways1 unconsci\sly copy+ f ^? n  
mo/ manly1 or comes to feel t %e has be5
 robb$ ( some?+2 competes ) m51 b       
sometimes :]e !y are mo/ sordid1 bruti%1
 & /ronge/2 always expect+1 b nev] f9d+1
 %e turns successively to art1 sci5ce1  
lit]ature1 & re=ms2 craves especially "w
 t %e c n d2 & seeks /imuli = feel+s :i*
 h nev] f\nd _! legitimate expression4  

#c4 ,ano!r type1 tru] to woman's nature1
 subord9ates self2 goes beyond p]sonal  
happ9ess2 adopts ! motto (              
self-immolation2 ent]s a life ( s]vice1 
d5ial1 & p]haps mortification1 l !      
,c\ntess ,s*immelmann2 & p]haps becomes 
a devotee1 a sa9t1 &1 if ne$ be1 a      
m>tyr1 b all ) mode/y1 humility1 & ) a  
%r9k+ f publicity4  ,9 our civilization1
 ,i believe t bright girls ( good       
environm5t ( eighte5 or n9ete51 or ev5  
sev5te51 h already rea*$ ! above-m5tion$
 peculi> /age ( fir/ maturity1 :5 !y see
 ! _w at fir/ h&1 :5 ! s5ses are at _! v
 be/1 _! susceptibilities & _! insights 
! ke5e/1 t5sion at its highe/1 pla/icity
 & all-sid$ int]e/s mo/ develop$1 & _!  
:ole psy*ic soil ri*e/ & ranke/ & spr\t+
 ev]y:]e ) ! t5d] %oots ( ev]y?+ bo?    
good & bad4 ,"s su*--,/ella ,klive1 ,m>y
 ,mac,lane1 ,hilma ,/r&b]g1 ,m>ie       
,ba%kirtseff--h be5 v]itable epics ^u   
woman's nature2 h reveal$ !             
*>act]lessness normal to ! pr5ubile     
p]iod 9 :i* ev]y?+ is kept t5tative &   

pla/ic1 & :]e life seems to h lea/      
unity1 aim1 or purpose4 ,by & by p]haps 
!y w see 9 all _! scrappy pa/1 if n ord]
 & coh]5ce1 a ju/ification1 & !n alone w
 !y realize t life is gov]n$ by motives 
deep] ?an ^? :i* are consci\s or ev5    
p]sonal4 ,?is is ! age :51 if ev]1 no   
girl %\ld be compell$4 ,x is ! exp]i5ces
 ( ?is age1 nev] entirely oblit]at$ 9   
wom51 t enable !m to take adolesc5t boys
 s]i\sly1 z m5 c r>ely d1 9 :om ^!      
exp]i5ces are m limit$ 9 range ?\gh no  
less int5se4 ,x is ?is /age 9 woman :i* 
is mo/ un9telligible to man & ev5       
unrealiz$ to h]self4 ,x is ! e*oes f x t
 make va/ numb]s ( mo!rs pursue ! v>i\s 
bran*es ( culture1 (t5 half secretly1 to
 ma9ta9 _! position ) _! college sons & 
daught]s1 ) _! husb&s1 or ) society4  ,b
 9 a v few ye>s1 ,i believe ev5 9 ! e>ly
 tw5ties ) ,am]ican girls1 along )      
rapidly 9 creas+ developm5t ( capacity  
!re is also obs]vable ! beg9n+s ( loss &
 det]ioration4 ,unless m>riage comes !re
 is lassitude1 subtle symptoms (        

invalidism1 ! g]ms ( a r aimless        
dissatisfaction ) life1 a little less   
int]e/1 curiosity1 & c\rage1 c]ta9 =ms (
 self-pamp]+1 ! resolution to be happy1 
?\gh at too great co/2 & ?us ! cle> air 
( morn+ beg9s to haze ov] & unconsci\sly
 %e beg9s to grope4 ,by ?irty1 %e is    
p]haps goad$ into m or less s\rness2 has
 develop$ m petty self-indulg5ces2 has  
come to feel a "r to happ9ess almo/ z   
passionately z ! m5 ( ! ,fr5*           
,revolution & z ! wom5 9 _! late movem5t
 = enfran*isem5t felt = lib]ty4 ,v      
likely %e has turn$ to o!r wom5 & ent]$ 
into innoc5t ,platonic pair+-(f         
relations ) "s "o4 ,!re is a little m   
affectation1 play+ a rle1 & int]e/ 9    
dress & appe>ance is ei!r less or m     
specializ$ & def9ite4 ,p]haps %e has    
already begun to be a seek] :o w p]haps 
f9d1 lose1 & seek aga94 ,h] temp] is    
modifi$2 !re is a slight /agnation (    
s\l2 a crav+ = "w or travel2 a love (   
*ildr5 ) flitt+ ?\ghts ( adopt+ "o1 or  
else av]sion to !m2 an analysis ( psy*ic

 processes until !y are weak5$ & insight
 becomes too cle>2 s5se ( responsibility
 )\t an object2 a slight g5]al malaise &
 a s5se t society is a false m>g>9e     
affair2 revolt aga9/ ^? t insi/ t 9 h]  
*ild ! real value ( a woman is reveal$4 
,!re are alt]nations betwe5 excessive   
self-respect :i* dem&s some?+ almo/ l   
adoration ( ! o!r sex & self-di/ru/1 )1 
x may be1 _m dream]ies ab\t =bidd5      
subjects & ab\t ! relations ( ! sexes   
g5]ally4  ,a new dang]1 ! greate/ 9 !   
hi/ory ( h] sex1 n[ imp5ds1 viz41 arre/1
 complac5cy1 & a s5se ( f9ality 9 ! mo/ 
p]il\s fir/ /age ( high] education =    
girls1 :51 aft] all1 little has actually
 yet be5 won save only ! "r &           
opportunity to beg9 recon/ructions1 s t 
n[1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 me?ods & matt]
 c\ld be radically trans=m$ to fit !    
nature & ne$s ( girls4 ,n[ mo/ female   
faculties1 tru/ees1 & /ud5ts are cont5t 
to ape ! newe/ dep>tures 9 "s "o or m   
male in/itutions z f> z _! means or     
obvi\s limitations make possible ) a    

s]vility :i* is (t5 abject & ) r>ely ev]
 a ?\ght ( any adju/m5t1 save ! mo/     
sup]ficial1 to sex4 ,x is ! easie/1 &   
!re=e ! mo/ common1 view typically      
express$ by ! female head ( a v         
successful in/itution1#e :o 0 e>ly      
conv9c$ 9 my tea*+ exp]i5ce t ! me?ods =
 m5tal developm5t = boys & girls appli$ 
equally )\t reg>d to sex1 & ,i h c>ri$ !
 same ?\ght :5 ,i began to develop !    
physical1 & fill$ my gymnasium ) !      
ord9>y appliances us$ 9 m5's gymnasia4  
,!re is no sex 9 m9d or 9 sci5ce1 x is  
said1 b x might z well be urg$ t !re is 
no age1 & h5ce t all me?ods adapt$ to   
tea*+ at diff]5t /ages ( developm5t may 
be ignor$4 ,t woman c d _m ?+s z well z 
man does n prove t %e ought to d ! same 
?+s1 or t man-made ways are ! be/ = h]4 
,mrs4 ,alice ,freeman ,palm]#f 0 "r 9   
say+ t woman's education has all !      
p]plexities ( t ( man1 & _m m1 /ill m   
difficult & intricate1 ( its own4       
,h5ce1 we mu/ conclude t1 :ile wom5's   
colleges h to a great ext5t solv$ !     

problem ( special te*nical tra9+1 !y h  
done z yet v little to solve ! l>g] "o (
 ! prop] education ( woman4 ,to assume t
 ! latt] "q is settl$1 z is s (t5 done1 
is disa/r\s4 ,i h =c$ myself to g ?r\gh 
_m elaborate reports ( meet+s :]e female
 education 0 discuss$ by ^? suppos$ to  
be compet5t2 b z a rule1 n )\t r>e1     
/rik+ exceptions1 ^! proce$+s are smitt5
 ) ! same /]ile & complac5t             
artificiality t 0 s long ! curse (      
woman's life4 ,i deem x almo/           
repreh5sible t1 save a few g5]al        
/ati/ics1 ! wom5's colleges h n only    
made no /udy !mselves ( ! l>g] problems 
t imp5d1 b h (t5 ma9ta9$ a repell5t     
attitude t[>d o!rs :o wi%$ to d s4 ,no  
"o t ,i "k ( connect$ ) any ( ^!        
in/itutions1 :]e ! ri*e/ mat]ial is go+ 
to wa/e1 is mak+ any s]i\s & compet5t   
rese>* on l9es calculat$ to br+ out !   
psy*o-physiological diff]5ces betwe5 !  
sexes & ^? 9 au?ority are ei!r          
cons]vative by con/itution or else      
intimidat$ because public op9ion is /ill

 liable to panics if discussion "h      
becomes sci5tific & fundam5tal1 & s t5d 
to keep prud]y & ! old habit ( ignor+   
ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to sex 9 c\nt5ance4     
,aga91 :ile ,i sympa?ize pr(\ndly ) !   
claim ( woman = e opportunity :i* %e c  
fill1 & yield to none 9 appreciation (  
h] ability1 ,i insi/ t ! c>d9al defect 9
 ! woman's college is t x is bas$ ^u !  
assumption1 impli$ & (t5 express$1 if n 
almo/ univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 t girls %\ld
 prim>ily be tra9$ to indep5d5ce &      
self-support1 & t matrimony & mo!rhood1 
if x come1 w take c>e ( itself1 or1 z "s
 ev5 urge1 is ?us be/ provid$ =4 ,if ^! 
colleges are1 z ! above /ati/ics        
indicate1 *iefly devot$ to ! tra9+ ( ^? 
:o d n m>ry1 or if !y are to educate =  
celibacy1 ?is is "r4 ,^! in/itutions may
 p]haps come to be tra9+ /ations ( a    
new-old type1 ! agamic or ev5 ag5ic     
woman1 be %e nut1 maid--old or "y--nun1 
s*ool-tea*]1 or ba*elor woman4 ,i       
recognize ! v great debt ! _w owes to   
memb]s ( ?is v div]se class 9 ! pa/4 ,"s

 ( !m h illu/rat$ ! v highe/ ideals (   
self-sacrifice1 s]vice1 & devotion 9    
giv+ to mank9d :at 0 meant = husb& &    
*ildr54 ,"s ( !m belong to ! class (    
sup]flu\s wom51 & o!rs illu/rate !      
noble/ type ( altruism & h impov]i%$ !  
h]$ity ( ! _w to its loss1 z did !      
monks1 :o ,leslie ,/eph5s ?9ks          
contribut$ to br+ ab\t ! ,d>k ,ages1    
because !y 7 ! be/ & mo/ highly select$ 
m5 ( _! age &1 by )draw+ f ! function ( 
h]$ity & leav+ no po/]ity1 caus$ ,europe
 to deg5]ate4 ,mod]n ideas & tra9+ are  
n[ do+ ?is1 :e!r = racial weal or woe1 c
 n yet be det]m9$1 = _m :om nature      
design$ = model mo!rs4  ,! ba*elor woman
 is an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ,sp5c]'s   
law ( ! inv]se relation ( individuation 
& g5esis4 ,! completely develop$        
individual is always a t]m9al           
repres5tative 9 h] l9e ( desc5t4 ,%e has
 tak5 up & utiliz$ 9 h] own life all t 0
 meant = h] desc5dants1 & has s ov]drawn
 h] acc\nt ) h]$ity t1 l e p]fectly &   
completely develop$ individual1 %e is   

also completely /]ile4 ,?is is ! v      
apo!osis ( selfi%ness f ! /&po9t ( e    
biological e?ics4 ,:ile ! complete man c
 d & sometimes does ?is1 woman has a f> 
great] & v peculi> p[] ( ov]draw+ h]    
res]ves4 ,fir/ %e loses mamm>y          
functions1 s t %\ld %e und]take mat]nity
 its functions are incompletely p]=m$   
because %e c n nurse1 & ?is implies     
defective mo!rhood & leaves love ( !    
*ild itself defective & maim$1 = ! "m :o
 has nev] nurs$ c n love or be lov$     
aright by h] *ild4 ,x crops out aga9 9 !
 abnormal or especially incomplete      
developm5t ( h] (fspr+1 9 ! critical    
ye>s ( adolesc5ce1 al?\gh !y may h be5  
heal?ful be=e1 & a less degree ( x      
p]haps is se5 9 ! dim9i%+ families (    
cultivat$ mo!rs 9 ! "o-*ild sy/em4 ,^!  
wom5 are ! intellectual equals & (t5 !  
sup]iors ( ! m5 !y meet2 !y are v       
attractive z companions1 l ,miss ,mehr1 
! univ]sity /ud5t1 9 ,hauptmann's       
,lonely ,lives1 :o ali5at$ ! "y husb& f 
8 noble wife2 !y enjoy all ! ke5        

pleasures ( intellectual activity2 _! v 
look1 /ep1 & be>+ is free2 _! m5tality  
makes !m good fell[s & companionable 9  
all ! broad intellectual sph]es2 to     
conv]se ) !m is z *>m+ & attractive = ! 
be/ m5 z 0 ,socrates's disc\rse ) !     
accompli%$ heta]ae2 !y are at home ) !  
racquet & on ! golf l9ks2 !y are spl5did
 fri5ds2 _! m9ds1 9 all _! wid5+ areas (
 contact1 are z attractive z _! bodies2 
& ! _w owes mu* & is likely to owe f> m 
to high ,platonic fri5d%ips ( ?is k9d4  
,^! wom5 are (t5 9 e way magnific5t1    
only !y are n mo!rs1 & sometimes h v    
little wifehood 9 !m1 & to attempt to   
m>ry !m to develop ^! functions is "o ( 
! unique & too frequ5t trag$ies ( mod]n 
life & lit]ature4 ,"s1 ?\gh by no means 
all1 ( !m are functionally ca/rat$2 "s  
actively deplore ! necessity (          
*ild-be>+1 & p]haps are p>turition      
phobiacs1 & abhor ! limitations ( m>ri$ 
life2 !y are inc5s$ :5ev] att5tion is   
call$ to ! functions peculi> to _! sex1 
& ! c>eful consid]ation ( problems ( !  

mon?ly re/ are ?\ght n fit = cultivat$  
wom54  ,! sl[ evolution ( ?is type is   
probably inevitable z civilization      
advances1 & _! tra9+ is a noble         
function4 ,already x has produc$ m9ds ( 
! greate/ acum5 :o h made v valuable    
contributions to sci5ce1 & f> m is to be
 expect$ ( !m 9 ! future4 ,inde$1 x may 
be _! noble function to lead _! sex out 
into ! high]1 l>g] life1 & ! deep] s5se 
( its true position & function1 = :i* ,i
 plead4 ,hi!rto woman has n be5 able to 
solve h] own problems4 ,:ile %e has be5 
m religi\s ?an man1 !re h be5 few great 
wom5 prea*]s2 :ile %e has excell$ 9     
tea*+ "y *ildr51 !re h be5 few          
,pe/alozzis1 or ev5 ,froebels2 :ile h]  
invalidism is a complex problem1 %e has 
turn$ to man 9 h] diseases4 ,?is is due 
to ! v intuitiv5ess & navet ( h] nature4
 ,b n[ t h] _w is s rapidly wid5+1 %e is
 9 dang] ( los+ h] cue4 ,%e mu/ be /udi$
 objectively & labori\sly z we /udy     
*ildr51 & p>tly by m51 because _! sex   
mu/ ( necessity always rema9 objective &

 incomm5surate ) reg>d to woman1 & !re=e
 m or less !oretical4 ,aga91 9 ^! days (
 int5se new int]e/ 9 feel+s1 emotions1 &
 s5tim5ts1 :5 _m a psy*ologi/ n[ envies 
&1 l ,s*lei]ma*]1 dev\tly wi%es he c\ld 
become a woman1 he c nev] really und]/& 
das ,ewig-,weibli*e1 ,! et]nal womanly  
"o ( ! two supreme oracles ( guidance 9 
life1 because he is a man2 & "h !       
cultivat$ woman mu/ explore ! nature (  
h] sex z man c n1 & become its m\?piece4
 ,9 _m ( ! new fields op5+ 9 biology    
s9ce ,d>w91 9 embryology1 botany1 ! /udy
 ( *ildr51 animals1 savages 7witness    
,miss ,flet*]71 sociological            
inve/igation1 to say no?+ ( all ! va/   
body ( "w t requires pa9/ak+ detail1    
p]sev]ance1 & consci5ce1 woman has      
sup]ior ability1 or h] v sex gives h]   
peculi> advantages :]e %e is to lead &  
a*ieve great ?+s 9 enl>g+ ! k+dom ( man4
 ,p]haps1 too1 ! pres5t tra9+ ( wom5 may
 9 ! end develop ^? :o %all "o day atta9
 a true self-k & lead n ! next /ep (    
devis+ a s*eme t %all fit woman's nature

 & ne$s4  ,= ! sl[ evolution ( su* a    
s*eme1 we mu/ fir/ ( all di/9ctly &     
o/5sively inv]t ! pres5t maxim1 &       
educate prim>ily & *iefly = mo!rhood1   
assum+ t1 if t does n come1 s+le life c 
be/ take c>e ( itself1 because x is less
 intricate & l[] & its ne$s f> m easily 
met4 ,:ile girls may be tra9$ ) boys1   
co$ucation %\ld cease at ! dawn (       
adolesc5ce1 at lea/ = a season4 ,great  
daily intimacy betwe5 ! sexes 9 high    
s*ool1 if n 9 college1 t5ds to rub ( !  
bloom & delicacy :i* c develop 9 ea*1 & 
girls suff] 9 ?is respect1 let u repeat1
 f> m ?an boys4 ,! famili> comrade%ip t 
ignores sex %\ld be left to ! ag5ic     
class4 ,to ! c>e ( _! in/itutions1 we   
leave ) pi\s & rev]5t h&s ! ideals      
inspir$ by *>act]s l ,hypatia1 ,madame  
de ,/al1 ! ,misses ,cobb1 ,m>t9eau1     
,full]1 ,bront1 by ,george ,eliot1      
,george ,s&1 & ,mrs4 ,br[n+2 & :ile     
accept+ & pr(it+ by :at !y h done1 &    
ackn[l$g+ e claim = _! abilities &      
a*ievem5ts1 prospective mo!rs mu/ n be  

all[$ to =get a /ill l>g] class ( ideal 
wom51 bo? 9 hi/ory & lit]ature1 f !     
,holy ,"m to ,beatrice ,clotilda de     
,vaux1 & all ^? :o h inspir$ m5 to great
 de$s1 & ! *oice & f> ri*] an?ology (   
noble mo!rs4  ,we mu/ premise1 too1 t %e
 mu/ n be pett$ or pamp]$ ) regim5 or   
diet unsuit$ to h] ne$s2 left to f9d out
 z be/ %e c1 f surreptiti\s or wor?y    
s\rces1 :at %e mo/ ( all ne$s to "k2 mu/
 recognize t our pres5t civilization is 
h>d on woman & t %e is n yet adju/$ to  
h] social environm5t2 t z %e 0 ( old    
accus$ ( hav+ giv5 man ! apple ( k (    
good & evil1 s he n[ is liable to a     
p]haps no less s]i\s indictm5t ( hav+   
giv5 h] ! apple ( intellectualism &     
enc\rag$ h] to assume 8 /&>ds at !      
exp5se ( heal?4 ,we mu/ recognize t     
ri*es are probably h>d] on h]1 on !     
:ole1 ?an pov]ty1 & t poor p>5ts %\ld n 
labor too h>d to exempt h] f its        
:olesome discipl9e4 ,! expectancy (     
*ange s /amp$ ^u h] sex by h]$ity z %e  
advances into maturity mu/ n be p]v]t$  

into uneas9ess or h] s\l s[n ) ! t>es ( 
ambition or fir$ by int]sexual          
competition & driv5 on1 to quote ,dr4   
,r4,t4 ,edes1 by a tireless sort ( en]gy
 :i* is a comp\nd ( consci5ce1 ambition1
 & desire to please1 plus a peculi>     
female ob/9acy4 ,if %e is bright1 %e mu/
 n be ov]work$ 9 ! s*ool factory1 /udy+ 
9 a way :i* p>odies ,hood's ,song ( !   
,%irt2 & if dull or feeble1 %e %\ld n be
 worri$ by preceptresses l a em95t lady 
pr9cipal1#g :o ?\ght girls' weakness is 
usually imag9>y or laz9ess1 & t doctors 
are to blame = sugge/+ illness & =      
intimat+ t m5 w h to *oose betwe5 a     
heal?y animal & an educat$ invalid = a  
wife4  ,)\t specify+ "h details or      
curricula1 ! ideals t %\ld be /riv5 t[>d
 9 ! int]m$iate & collegiate education (
 adolesc5t girls ) ! prop]              
presupposition ( mo!rhood1 & :i* are    
already j z practicable z ,abbot%olme#h 
or ,l',ecole des ,ro*es1#i may be rudely
 indicat$ some:at z foll[s4  ,fir/1 !   
ideal in/itution = ! tra9+ ( girls f    

twelve or ?irte5 on into ! tw5ties1 :5 !
 p]iod mo/ favorable to mo!rhood beg9s1 
%\ld be 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! mid/ ( hills1 !  
climb+ ( :i* is ! be/ /imulus = he>t &  
lungs1 & t5ds to m5tal elevation &      
bread? ( view4 ,!re %\ld be wat] =      
boat+1 ba?+1 & skat+1 aqu>ia & aquatic  
life2 g>d5s bo? = kit*5 vegetables &    
horticulture2 =e/s = _! seclusion &     
religi\s awe2 good roads1 walks1 & pa?s 
t tempt to walk+ & :eel+3 playgr\nds &  
space = golf & t5nis1 ) l>ge cov]$ b    
unheat$ space favorable = recreations 9 
wea!r really too bad = out-(-door life &
 = ^? indispos$2 & pl5ty ( nooks t p]mit
 ea* to be alone ) nature1 = ?is        
develops inw>dness1 poise1 & "*1 yet n  
too great remot5ess f ! city = a wise   
utilization ( its advantages at         
int]vals4 ,all t c be call$ environm5t  
is ev5 m important = girls ?an boys1    
significant z x is = ! latt]4  ,! fir/  
aim1 :i* %\ld dom9ate e item1 p$agogic  
me?od & matt]1 %\ld be heal?--a mom5t\s 
^w t looms up beside hol9ess1 to :i* x  

is etymologically ak94 ,! new hygi5e ( !
 la/ few ye>s %\ld be supreme & make ^! 
academic areas so>$ to ! cult ( !       
goddess ,hygeia4 ,only ^? :o realize :at
 advances h be5 made 9 heal? culture &  
"k some?+ ( its va/ new lit]ature c     
realize all t ?is means4 ,! heal? (     
woman is1 z we h se51 if possible ev5 m 
important = ! welf>e ( ! race ?an t (   
man2 & ! influ5ce ( h] body ^u h] m9d   
is1 9 a s5se1 great]1 s t its ne$s %\ld 
be supreme & prim>y4 ,foods %\ld favor !
 complete/ dige/ion1 s t metabolism be  
on ! highe/ plane4 ,! diet>y %\ld be    
abundant1 pla91 & v>i$1 & cook$ ) all ! 
ref9em5ts possible 9 ! mod]n            
cook+-s*ool1 :i* %\ld be "o ( its       
dep>tm5ts1 ) limit$ use ( ri* foods or  
dess]ts & /imulat+ dr9ks1 b ) :olesome  
proximity to dairy & f>m4 ,nutrition is 
! fir/ law ( heal? & happ9ess1 ! prime  
condition & creator ( euphoria2 & !     
appetite %\ld be1 z x always is if      
unp]v]t$1 l a k9d ( somatic consci5ce   
/eadfa/ly po9t+ t[>d ! true pole ( ne$s4

  ,sleep %\ld be regul>1 ) a fix$ retir+
 h\r & curfew1 on pla9 b$s 9 rooms (    
scrupul\s neatness res]v$ *iefly = x ) e
 precaution = quiet1 &1 if possible1 )  
w9d[s m or less op5 ! ye> r\nd1 &1 l o!r
 rooms1 nev] ov]heat$4 ,ba?+ 9          
mod]ation1 & especially dress & toilet  
%\ld be almo/ rais$ to f9e arts &       
objects ( con/ant sugge/ion4 ,ea* /ud5t 
%\ld h ?ree rooms1 = ba?1 sleep1 & /udy1
 respectively1 & be responsible = _!    
c>e1 ) e enc\ragem5t = express+         
individual ta/es2 b w1 an all-dom9ant   
idea ( simplicity1 conv5i5ce1 ref9em5t1 
& elegance1 )\t luxury4 ,girls ne$ to g 
away f home a good "p ( e ye> to escape 
! indiscretion & (t5 ! coddl+ ( p>5ts & 
to le>n self-reliance2 & a family       
dormitory sy/em1 ) b few1 twelve to     
tw5ty1 9 ea* build+1 to escape n]v\s we>
 & di/raction1 to secure intimacy &     
acqua9tance ) "o or m matrons or tea*]s 
& to ensure ! mo/ p$agogic dietetics1 is
 sugge/$4  ,ex]cise comes aft] regim51 (
 :i* x is a special re=m4 ,sw$i%        

gymna/ics %\ld be ab&on$ or r$uc$ to a  
m9imum ( be/ po9ts1 because x is too    
sev]e &1 9 =bidd+ music1 lays too little
 /ress ^u ! rhy?m elem5t4 ,out-(-door   
walks & games %\ld h prec$5ce ov] all   
else4 ,! pr9ciple sometimes advocat$1 t 
me?ods ( physical tra9+ %\ld apply to   
bo? boys & girls )\t reg>d to sex1 & )  
all ! ord9>y appliances f\nd 9 ! m5's   
gymnasia introduc$1 %\ld be rev]s$ & e  
possible adju/m5t made to sex4 ,free    
plays & games %\ld always h prec$5ce ov]
 indoor or uni=m comm&o ex]cises4 ,boat+
 & basket-ball %\ld be all[$1 b ) !     
competition elem5t s$ul\sly r$uc$1 & )  
danc+ ( _m k9ds & =ms ! mo/ prom95t (   
indoor ex]cises4 ,! dance cad5ces ! s\l2
 ! /ately m9uet gives poise2 ! figure   
dances tra9 ! m9d2 & pantomime &        
dramatic features %\ld be introduc$ &   
ev5 specialties1 if !re are /rong       
individual pr$ispositions4 ,! hi/ory ( !
 dance1 :i* has (t5 be5 a mode ( wor%ip1
 a s*ool ( morals1 & :i* is ! root ( !  
be/ t is 9 ! drama1 ! be/ ( all ex]cises

 & t c\ld be aga9 ! he>t ( our :ole     
educational sy/em1 %\ld be exploit$1 & !
 danc+ s*ool & class rescu$ f its pres5t
 degradation4 ,no girl is educat$ :o c n
 dance1 al?\gh %e ne$ n "k ! ballroom 9 
its mod]n =m4#aj  ,mann]s1 a ^w too (t5 
relegat$ to ! pa/ z savor+ ( ! primness 
( ! anci5t dame s*ool or female sem9>y1 
are really m9or or sometimes major      
morals4 ,!y c express ev]y?+ 9 ! :ole   
range ( ! impulsive or emotional life4  
,n[ t we und]/& ! primacy ( movem5t ov] 
feel+1 we c appreciate :at a s*ool (    
be>+ & repose 9 daily conv]se ) o!rs    
means4 ,i w\ld revive "s ( ! anci5t     
casui/ry ( details1 b less ! rules ( !  
draw+-room1 call & p>ty1 al?\gh ^! %\ld 
n be neglect$1 ?an ! deep] expressions (
 true ladyhood se5 9 an exquisite1 t5d] 
& unselfi% reg>d = ! feel+s ( o!rs4     
,wom5's ideal ( compell+ e "o :om !y    
meet to l !m is a noble "o1 & ! control 
( e automatism is n only a "p ( good    
bre$+1 b n]v\s heal?4  ,regul>ity %\ld  
be ano!r all-p]vad+ norm4 ,9 ! ma91 ev5 

?\gh he may h play$ 8 sex symphony too  
h>%ly1 ,e4,h4 ,cl>k 0 "r4 ,p]iodicity1  
p]haps ! deepe/ law ( ! cosmos1         
celebrates its highe/ triumphs 9 woman's
 life4 ,= ye>s ev]y?+ mu/ give way to   
its ?or\gh & settl$ e/abli%m5t4 ,9 !    
mon?ly ,sabba?s ( re/1 ! ideal s*ool    
%\ld rev]t to ! mean+ ( ! ^w leisure4 ,!
 p>adise ( /at$ re/ %\ld be revisit$1   
idl5ess be actively cultivat$2 rev]ie1 9
 :i* ! s\l1 :i* ne$s ^! seasons (       
)drawal = its own developm5t1 expatiates
 ov] ! :ole life ( ! race1 %\ld be      
provid$ = & enc\rag$ 9 e legitimate way1
 =1 9 re/1 ! :ole mom5tum ( h]$ity is   
felt 9 ways mo/ favorable to full &     
complete developm5t4 ,!n woman %\ld     
realize t to be is great] ?an to d2 %\ld
 /ep rev]5tly aside f h] daily r\t9e &  
let ,"l ,nature "w4 ,9 ?is "t (         
s5sitiv5ess & p]turbation1 :5 anemia &  
*lorosis are s peculi>ly imman5t to h]  
sex1 remission ( toil %\ld n only be    
p]mitt$1 b requir$2 & yet ! greate/     
individual lib]ty %\ld be all[$ to adju/

 itself to ! va/ div]sities ( individual
 con/itutional ne$s4 7,see ,*apt] ,,vii 
on ?is po9t47 ,! cottage home1 :i* %\ld 
take ! place ( ! dormitory1 %\ld always 
h special int]e/ & attractions = ^!     
seasons4  ,!re %\ld always be "s p]sonal
 in/ruction at ^! seasons dur+ e>li]    
adolesc5t ye>s4 ,i h glanc$ ov] ne>ly a 
score ( books & pamphlets t are         
especially writt5 = girls2 :ile all are 
well meant & f> bett] ?an ! ord9>y modes
 by :i* girls acquire k ( _! own nature 
if left to !mselves1 !y are1 l books =  
boys1 f> too prolix1 & mo/ are too      
sci5tific & pla9 & direct4 ,moreov]1 no 
two girls ne$ j ! same in/ruction1 & to 
leave x to read+ is too indirect &      
causes ! m9d to dwell on x = too long   
p]iods4 ,be/ ( all is individual        
in/ruction at ! "t1 concise1 practical1 
& nev]1 especially 9 ! e>ly ye>s1 )\t a 
c]ta9 my/ic & religi\s tone :i* %\ld    
p]vade all & make ev]y?+ sacr$4 ,?is    
%\ld n be giv5 by male physicians--&    
inde$ mo/ female doctors w\ld make x too

 pr(essional1 & ! maid5 tea*] mu/ =ev]  
lack rev]5ce = x--b x %\ld come f "o ^: 
s\l & body are full ( wifehood &        
mo!rhood & :o is old en\gh to "k & is n 
)\t ! necess>y te*nical k4  ,ano!r      
pr9ciple %\ld be to broad5 by ret>d+2 to
 keep ! purely m5tal back & by e me?od  
to br+ ! intuitions to ! front2 appeals 
to tact & ta/e %\ld be incessant2 a     
purely intellectual man is no d\bt      
biologically a de=mity1 b a purely      
intellectual woman is f> m s4           
,booki%ness is probably a bad sign 9 a  
girl2 x sugge/s artificiality1 p$antry1 
! lugg+ ( dead k4 ,m]e le>n+ is n !     
ideal1 & prodigies ( s*ol>%ip are always
 morbid4 ,! rule %\ld be to keep no?+ t 
is n to become practical2 to op5 no bra9
 tracts :i* are n to be highways = !    
daily traffic ( ?\ght & conduct2 n to   
ov]burd5 ! s\l ) ! imp$im5ta ( libr>ies 
& records ( :at is af> (f 9 "t or ze/1 &
 always to foll[ truly ! guidance (     
normal & spontane\s int]e/s wisely      
int]pret$4  ,religion w always bold z   

prom95t a place 9 woman's life z        
politics does 9 man's1 & adolesc5ce is  
/ill m its se$time ) girls ?an ) boys4  
,its roots are ! s5tim5t ( awe &        
rev]5ce1 & x is ! great ag5t 9 ! _w =   
trans=m+ life f its e>li] selfi% to its 
only really mature =m ( altruism4 ,!    
tales ( ! h]oes ( virtue1 duty1         
devotion1 & self-sacrifice f ! ,old     
,te/am5t come naturally fir/2 !n p]haps 
! prophets p>aphras$ z 9 ! p$agogic     
triumph ( ,k5t & ,saund]s's little      
s]ies2 & :5 adolesc5ce is at its height 
!n ! *ief /ress ( religi\s in/ruction   
%\ld be laid ^u ,jesus's life & "w4 ,he 
%\ld be taught fir/ humanly1 & only lat]
 :5 ! limitations ( manhood seem exhau/$
 %\ld ,8 ,deity be adduc$ z welcome     
surplusage4 ,! sup]natural is a reflex (
 ! he>t2 ea* su/a9s & nei!r c exi/ )\t !
 o!r4 ,if ! transc5d5t & sup]nal _h no  
objective exi/5ce1 we %\ld h to inv5t & 
tea* x or dw>f ! life ( feel+ & s5tim5t4
 ,:atev] else religion is1 !re=e1 x is !
 supreme/ poetry ( ! s\l1 reflect+ l    

no?+ else all t is deepe/1 mo/ g5]ic &  
racial 9 x4 ,!ology %\ld be r$uc$ to a  
m9imum1 b no?+ d5i$ :]e want$4 ,paul & 8
 works & ways %\ld be = ! mo/ "p def]r$ 
until aft] eighte54 ,! juv5ile well z ! 
cyclone revivali/ %\ld be v c>efully    
exclud$2 & yet 9 e spr+time1 :5 nature  
is recreat$1 s]vice & tea*+ %\ld g5tly  
enc\rage ! revival & ev5 ! reg5]ation ( 
all ! religi\s in/9cts4 ,! mission      
recruit] %\ld be all[$ to d 8 "w outside
 ^! halls1 & ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( infection 
& all t br+s religion into conflict )   
good ta/e & good s5se %\ld be exclud$1  
:ile e/hetics %\ld supplem5t1 ren=ce1 & 
g h& 9 h& ) piety4 ,religion is 9 its   
infancy2 & woman1 :o has su/a9$ x 9 !   
pa/1 mu/ be ! *ief ag5t 9 its fur!r &   
high] developm5t4 ,or?odoxies & all     
n>r[ness %\ld =ev] give place to cordial
 hospitality t[>d e s]i\s view1 :i* %\ld
 be met by ! me?od ( great] sympa?y r   
?an by t ( criticism4  ,nature 9 h] _m  
phases %\ld1 ( c\rse1 make up a l>ge "p 
( ! entire curriculum1 b "h aga9 !      

me?ods ( ! sexes %\ld diff] some:at aft]
 pub]ty4 ,! poetic & my?ic factors & "s 
glimpses ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce %\ld be    
giv5 m prom95ce2 ! field naturali/ r ?an
 ! laboratory man ( te*nic %\ld be !    
ideal especially at fir/2 nature %\ld be
 taught z ,god's fir/ revelation1 z an  
,old ,te/am5t relat$ to ! ,bible z a    
primordial disp5sation to a lat] & cle>]
 & m special "o4 ,rev]5ce & love %\ld be
 ! motive p[]s1 & no aspect %\ld be     
/udi$ )\t beg9n+ & culm9at+ 9 int]e/s   
ak9 to devotion4 ,ma!matics %\ld be     
taught only 9 its rudim5ts1 & ^? )      
special tal5ts or ta/es = x %\ld g to   
agamic s*ools4 ,*emi/ry1 too1 al?\gh n  
exclud$1 %\ld h a subord9ate place4 ,!  
av]age girl has little love ( sozzl+ &  
muss+ ) ! elem5ts1 & cook+ involves     
problems 9 organic *emi/ry too complex  
to be und]/ood v pr(\ndly1 b ! rudim5ts 
( h\sehold *emi/ry %\ld be taught4      
,physics1 too1 %\ld be kept to elem5t>y 
/ages4 ,meteorology %\ld h a l>g]1 &    
geology & a/ronomy increas+ly l>g]      

places1 & are especially valuable       
because1 & l>gely 9 proportion z1 !y are
 taught out ( doors1 b ! g5]al pr9ciples
 & ! unte*nical & practical aspects %\ld
 be kept 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,) botany m s]i\s 
"w %\ld be done4 ,plant-lore & ! poetic 
aspect1 z 9 a/ronomy1 %\ld h att5tion   
?r\gh\t1 :ile ,lat9 nom5clature &       
microscopic te*nic %\ld come late if at 
all1 & vulg> names %\ld h prec$5ce ov]  
,lat9 t]m9ology4 ,fl[]s1 g>d5+1 &       
excursions %\ld nev] be want+4 ,economic
 & ev5 m$ical aspects %\ld appe>1 &     
prom95t & e>ly %\ld come ! :ole matt] ( 
self cross-f]tilization & t by insects4 
,! moral value ( ?is subject w nev] be  
fully und]/ood till we h :at might almo/
 be call$ a woman's botany1 con/ruct$ on
 l9es diff]5t f any ( ! text-books ,i h 
glanc$ at4 ,"h mu* k int]e/+ 9 itself c 
be e>ly taught1 :i* w spr+ up into a _w 
( s]viceable insights z adolesc5ce      
develops & ! great law ( sex unfolds4   
,zoology %\ld always be taught ) pl5ty (
 pets1 m5ag]ie res\rces1 & ) aqu>ia1    

avi>ies1 api>ies1 =mic>ies1 etc41 z     
adjuncts4 ,x %\ld />t 9 ! environm5t l  
ev]y?+ else4 ,bird & animal lore1 books1
 & pictures %\ld ab\nd 9 ! e>ly /ages1 &
 ! v prolific *apt] ( in/9cts %\ld h    
ample illu/ration1 :ile ! morphological 
nom5clature & details ( /ructure %\ld be
 less ess5tial4 ,woman has dome/icat$   
ne>ly all ! animals1 & is s sup]ior to  
man 9 insight into _! modes ( life &    
psy*oses t _m ( !m are almo/            
exemplifications ( moral qualities to h]
 ev5 m ?an to man4 ,! peacock is an     
embodi$ expression ( pride2 ! pig1 (    
fil?2 ! fox1 ( cunn+2 ! s]p5t1 ( subtle 
dang]2 ! eagle1 ( sublimity2 ! goose1 ( 
/upidity2 & s on ?r\gh all ! range (    
human qualities1 z we h se54 ,at bottom1
 h[ev]1 ! /udy ( animal life is com+ to 
be m & m a problem ( h]$ity1 & its      
problems %\ld h dom9ant position & to !m
 ! o!r matt] %\ld grade up4  ,?is %ades 
ov] into & prep>es = ! /udy ( !         
primitive man & *ild s closely relat$ to
 ea* o!r4 ,! my?1 cu/om1 belief1 dome/ic

 practises ( savages1 vegetative &      
animal traits 9 infancy & *ildhood1 !   
developm5t ( :i* is a priceless boon = !
 high] education ( wom51 op5 ( !mselves 
a great field ( human int]e/ :]e %e ne$s
 to "k ! great results1 ! /rik+ details1
 ! sali5t illu/rations1 ! basal         
pr9ciples r ?an to be entangl$ 9 !      
details ( an?ropometry1 craniometry1    
philology1 etc4  ,all ?is lays ! basis =
 a l>g] /udy ( mod]n man--hi/ory1 ) !   
biographical elem5t v prom95t ?r\gh\t1 )
 pl5ty ( /ories ( h]oes ( virtue1 acts (
 valor1 tales ( sa9tly lives & ! p]sonal
 elem5t m prom95t1 & specialization 9 ! 
/udy ( dyna/ies1 w>s1 au?orities1 &     
controv]sies relegat$ to a v subord9ate 
place4 ,sociology1 undevelop$1          
rudim5t>y1 & 9 "s places suspect$ z x   
is1 %\ld h 9 ! curriculum ( h] high]    
education a place above political       
economy4 ,! /ories ( ! great re=ms1 &   
acc\nts ( ! con/itution ( society1 ( !  
home1 *ur*1 /ate1 & s*ool1 &            
philan?ropies & ideals1 %\ld to ! =e4   

,art 9 all its =ms %\ld be op5$ at lea/ 
9 a propdeutic way & individual ta/es   
amply & judici\sly f$1 b !re %\ld be no 
special tra9+ 9 music )\t "s ta/e &     
gift1 & ! aim %\ld be to develop        
critical & discrim9ative appreciation & 
! good ta/e t sees ! va/ sup]iority (   
all t is good & classic ov] :at is *eap 
& fu/ian4  ,9 lit]ature1 my?1 poetry1 & 
drama %\ld p]haps lead1 & ! k ( ! great 
au?ors 9 ! v]nacul> be fo/]$4 ,greek1   
,hebrew1 & p]haps ,lat9 languages %\ld  
be entirely exclud$1 n b t !y are (     
great value & h _! place1 b because a   
smatt]+ k is b\ght at too high a price (
 ignorance ( m valuable ?+s4 ,g]man1    
,fr5*1 & ,italian %\ld be all[$ &       
provid$ = by native tea*]s & by         
conv]sational me?ods if desir$1 & 9 _!  
prop] season4  ,9 ! /udies ( ! s\l (    
man1 g5]ally call$ ! philosophic        
bran*es1 metaphysics & epi/emology %\ld 
h ! smalle/1 & logic ! next lea/ place4 
,psy*ology %\ld be taught on ! g5etic   
basis ( animals & *ildr51 & "o ( its    

tap-roots %\ld be develop$ f ! love (   
infancy & y\?1 ?an :i* no?+ 9 all ! _w  
is m wor?y4 ,if a woman ,desc>tes ev]   
arises1 %e w put life be=e !ory1 & h]   
wat*word w be n cogito1 ergo sum1 ,i    
?9k1 !re=e ,i am b sum1 ergo cogito ,i  
am1 !re=e ,i ?9k4 ,! psy*ology (        
s5tim5ts & feel+s & intuitions w take   
prec$5ce ( t ( pure intellect2 e?ics w  
be taught on ! basis ( ! :ole s]ies (   
practical duties & problems1 & ! !ories 
( ! ultimate nature ( "r or !           
con/itution ( consci5ce w h small place4
  ,dome/icity w be taught by example 9  
"s ideal home build+ by a k9d (         
laboratory me?od4 ,a nurs]y ) all       
c>efully select$ appliances & adjuncts1 
a d9+-room1 a kit*51 b$room1 closets1   
cell>s1 ou?\ses1 build+1 its mat]ial1 ! 
gr\nds1 lawn1 %rubb]y1 ho?\se1 libr>y1 &
 all ! o!r adjuncts ( ! he>? w be bo?   
exemplifi$ & taught4 ,a g5]al c\rse 9   
p$agogy1 especially its hi/ory & ideals1
 ano!r 9 *ild /udy1 & f9ally a c\rse 9  
mat]nity ! la/ ye> taught broadly1 & n  

)\t practical details ( nurs+1 %\ld be  
compreh5sive & culm9at+4 ,9 its l>ge/   
s5se mat]nity might be ! he>t ( all !   
high] tra9+ ( "y wom54  ,appli$ k w ?us 
be br\ght to a focus 9 a dep>tm5t (     
tea*+ z "o ( ! specialties ( mo!rhood & 
n z a vocation ap>t4 ,! tra9+ %\ld aim  
to develop p[] ( mat]nity 9 s\l z well z
 9 body1 s t home influ5ce may ext5d on 
& up ?r\gh ! pla/ic ye>s ( pubesc5ce1 & 
future g5]ations %all n rebel aga9/ ^!  
influ5ces until !y h wr\ght _! p]fect   
"w4  ,! me?ods ?r\gh\t %\ld be          
objective1 ) copi\s illu/rations by way 
( object-lessons1 app>atus1 *>ts1       
pictures1 diagrams1 & lectures1 f> less 
book "w & recitation1 only a limit$     
am\nt ( room /udy1 ! function (         
exam9ation r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ev]y?+ z
 sugge/ive & g]m9al z possible4 ,h9ts t 
are n foll[$ up2 in=mation n elaborat$  
into a ?9 p$agogic sillabub or fro?2 se$
 t is s[n on ! wat]s ) no ?\ght ( reap+2
 fai? 9 a ,god :o does n pay at ! end ( 
ea* week1 mon?1 or ye>1 b :o always pays

 abundantly "s "t2 tra9+ :i* does n     
develop hyp]trophi$ memory-p\*es t c>ry1
 or creative p[]s t discov] &           
produce--^! are l9es on :i* su* an      
in/itution %\ld develop4 ,specialization
 has its place1 b x always hurts a      
woman's s\l m ?an a man's1 %\ld always  
come lat]1 & if !re is special capacity 
x %\ld be tra9$ else:]e4 ,unconsci\s    
education is a p[] ( :i* we h yet to    
le>n ! full ranges4  ,9 mo/ gr\ps 9 ?is 
s]ies ( ideal dep>tm5ts !re %\ld be at  
lea/ "o heal?ful1 wise1 l>ge-s\l$1      
honorable1 m>ri$ & attractive man1 &1 if
 possible1 sev]al ( !m4 ,8 v pres5ce 9  
an in/itution = "y wom5 gives poise1    
pol>izes ! s\l1 & gives :olesome b      
long-circuit$ t5sion at root no d\bt    
sexual1 b all unconsci\sly s4 ,?is m5tor
 %\ld n be m fa!r ?an bro!r1 ?\gh he    
%\ld comb9e ! be/ ( ea*1 b %\ld add     
ano!r elem5t4 ,he ne$ n be a doctor1 a  
cl]gyman1 or ev5 a great s*ol>1 b %\ld  
be accessible = confid5tial conf]5ces   
ev5 ?\gh intimate4 ,he %\ld "k ! s\l ( !

 adolesc5t girl & h[ to prescribe2 he   
%\ld be wise & fruitful 9 advice1 b     
especially %\ld be to all a s\rce (     
contagion & inspiration = poise & c\rage
 ev5 ?\gh religi\s or m$ical problems be
 involv$4 ,b ev5 if he lack all ^! latt]
 qualities1 ?\gh he s pois$ t impulsive 
girls c turn _! he>ts inside out 9 8    
pres5ce & p]haps ev5 weep on 8 %\ld]1 ! 
pres5ce ( su* a be+1 ?\gh a complete    
realization ( ?is ideal c\ld be only    
remotely approximat$1 w\ld be ! c5t] (  
an atmosph]e mo/ :olesomely tonic4  ,9  
^! all too meag] outl9es ,i h sket*$ a  
humani/ic & lib]al education & h refra9$
 f all details & special                
curriculization4 ,_m ( ! above features 
,i believe w\ld be z helpful = boys z = 
girls1 b woman has "h an opportunity to 
resume h] exalt$ & supreme position1 to 
be ! fir/ 9 ?is high] field1 to lead man
 & pay h] debt to 8 educational         
in/itutions1 by resum+ h] cr[n4 ,! ideal
 in/itutions1 h[ev]1 = ! two w always be
 radically & probably always increas+ly 

div]g5t4  ,z a psy*ologi/1 p5etrat$ ) ! 
gr[+ s5se ( ! pr$om9ance ( ! he>t ov] ! 
m]e intellect1 ,i believe myself n alone
 9 desir+ to make a t5d] decl>ation (   
be+ m & m passionately 9 love ) woman z 
,i conceive %e came f ! h& ( ,god4 ,i   
ke5ly envy my ,ca?olic fri5ds _!        
,m>yolatry4 ,:o ev] ask$ if ! ,holy ,"m1
 :om ! wise m5 ador$1 knew ! a/ronomy ( 
! ,*aldees or _h /udi$ ,egyptian or     
,babylonian1 or ev5 :e!r %e knew h[ to  
read or write h] own tongue1 & :o has   
ev] ?\ght ( c>+8 ,we c n conceive t %e  
bemoan$ any limitations ( h] sex1 b %e  
has be5 an object ( adoration all ^!    
c5turies because %e glorifi$ womanhood  
by be+ m g5]ic1 ne>] ! race1 & ri*] 9   
love1 pity1 unselfi% devotion &         
intuition ?an man4 ,! glorifi$ madonna  
ideal %[s u h[ mu* m :ole & holy x is to
 be a woman ?an to be arti/1 orator1    
pr(essor1 or exp]t1 & sugge/s to our own
 sex t to be a man is l>g] ?an to be    
g5tleman1 philosoph]1 g5]al1 presid5t1  
or millionaire4  ,b ) all ?is love &    

hung] 9 my he>t1 ,i c n help %>+ 9 !    
gr[+ fe> t mod]n woman1 at lea/ 9 m ways
 & places ?an "o1 is 9 dang] ( decl9+ f 
h] orbit2 t %e is com+ to lack j        
confid5ce & pride 9 h] sex z su*1 & is j
 n[ 9 dang] ( laps+ to manni% ways1     
me?ods1 & ideals1 until h] orig9al      
div9ity may become obscur$4 ,b1 if our  
wor%ip at h] %r9e is ) a love &         
adoration a little qualifi$ & un/eady1  
we h a fix$ & abid+ fai? )\t :i* we %\ld
 h no res\rce aga9/ pessimism = ! future
 ( our race1 t %e w ere long evolve a   
sph]e ( life & ev5 education :i* fits h]
 ne$s z well z1 if n bett] ?an ^? ( man 
fit 84  ,mean:ile1 if ! et]nally womanly
 seems some:at less div9e1 we c turn )  
unabat$ fai? to ! et]nally *ildi%1 ! be/
 ( :i* 9 ea* are s closely relat$4 ,!   
oracles ( infancy & *ildhood w nev]     
fail4 ,di/ract$ z we are 9 ! maze ( new 
sci5ces1 skills1 ideals1 kn[l$ges t we c
 n fully cord9ate by our logic or       
curriculize by our p$agogy2 confus$     
betwe5 ! claims ( old & new me?ods2 ne$+

 desp]ately1 = survival z a nation & a  
race1 "s clue to ?rid ! mazes ( !       
manifold mod]n cultures1 we h n[ at lea/
 "o s\rce to :i* we c turn--we h f\nd ! 
only magnet 9 all ! univ]se t po9ts     
/eadfa/ly to ! undiscov]$ pole ( human  
de/9y4 ,we "k :at c & w ultimately      
cord9ate 9 ! g5]ic1 :i* is l>g] ?an !   
logical ord]1 all t is wor? kn[+1 tea*+1
 or do+ by ! be/ me?ods1 t w save u f   
misfits & ! wa/e ineffable ( premature &
 belat$ k1 & t is 9 ! int]e/s & l9e (   
normal developm5t 9 ! *ild 9 our mid/ t 
mu/ h5ce=? ev] lead u :i* epitomizes 9  
its developm5t all ! /ages1 human &     
prehuman2 t is ! prop] object ( all t   
/range new love ( ev]y?+ t is naive1    
spontane\s1 & unsophi/icat$ 9 human     
nature4 ,! he>t & s\l ( gr[+ *ildhood is
 ! crit]ion by :i* we judge ! l>g] he>t 
& s\l ( mature womanhood2 & ^! are      
ultimately ! only guide into ! he>t ( ! 
new education :i* is to be1 :5 ! s*ool  
becomes :at ,melan*?on said x mu/ be--a 
true work%op ( ! ,holy ,gho/--& :at !   

new psy*ology1 :5 x rises to ! heights (
 prophecy1 =esees z ! true p>adise (    
re/or$ intuitive human nature4          
,footnote #a3 ,david ,/>r ,jordan3 ,!   
,high] ,education ( ,wom54 ,popul>      
,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #aijb1 vol4  
#fb1 pp4 #ig-ajg4 ,see also my article  
on ?is subject 9 ,munsey's ,magaz9e1    
,febru>y1 #aijf1 & ,presid5t ,jordan's  
reply 9 ! ,m>* numb]1 #aijf4  ,footnote 
#b3 ,co$ucation4 ,a s]ies ( essays by   
v>i\s au?ors1 edit$ by ,alice ,woods1 ) 
an introduction by ,m4,e4 ,sadl]4       
,longmans1 ,gre5 & ,co41 ,london #aijc1 
p4 #adh et seq4  ,footnote #c3 ,!       
,evolution ( ,ideals4 ,w4,g4 ,*amb]s1   
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,m>*1 #aijc1 vol4  
#aj1 pp4 #aja-adc4 ,also1 ,b4,e4 ,w>n]3 
,! ,"y ,woman 9 ,mod]n ,life4 ,dodd1    
,mead  ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 p4 #bah4
  ,footnote #d3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,woman4 
,translat$ by ,g4,a4 ,et*ison4 ,ri*>ds1 
,london1 #ahii4  ,footnote #e3 ,physical
 ,developm5t ( ,wom5 & ,*ildr54 ,by     
,miss ,m4,e4 ,all54 ,am]ican            

,association = ,physical ,education41   
,april1 #ahij4  ,footnote #f3 ,a ,review
 ( ! ,high] ,education ( ,wom54 ,=um1   
,septemb]1 #ahia1 vol4 #ab1 pp #be-dj4  
,see also ,g4 von ,bunge3 ,die zunehm5de
 ,unfhigkeit d] ,frau5 ihre ,k9d] zu    
/ill54 ,mn*5 ,re9h>dt1 #aijc1 #c;d ed4  
,also ,presid5t ,h>p]'s ,dec5nial       
,report1 pp4 xciv-cxi4  ,footnote #g3   
,physical ,h9drances to ,tea*+ ,girls1  
by ,*>lotte ,w4 ,port]4 ,=um1 ,septemb]1
 #ahia1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #da-di4  ,footnote
 #h3 ,abbot%olme1 #ahhi-ahii3 or ,t5    
,ye>s' ,"w 9 an ,educational            
,laboratory1 by ,cecil ,r$die1 ,g4 ,all5
 ,london1 #aijj4  ,footnote #i3 ,see    
,l',ecole des ,ro*es1 a s*ool ( !       
,tw5tie? ,c5tury1 by ,t4,r4 ,croswell4  
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,decemb]1 #aijj1   
vol4 #g1 pp4 #dgi-dia4  ,footnote #aj3  
,see ,*apt] ,,vi4         99     99     
99     99     99     ,,*apt] ,,xii      
,,moral ,,& ,,religi\s ,,tra9+   ,dang]s
 ( muscul> deg5]ation & ov]/imulus (    
bra9--,difficulties 9 tea*+             

morals--,me?ods 9 ,europe--,ob$i5ce to  
comm&s--,good habits %\ld be            
me*aniz$--,value ( scold+--,h[ to flog  
aright--,its dang]s--,moral precepts &  
prov]bs--,habituation--,tra9+ w ?r\gh   
intellect--,exam9ations--,conc5tration--
,orig9ality--,froebel & ! naive--,fir/  
ideas ( ,god--,consci5ce--,importance ( 
,old & ,new ,te/am5ts--,sex             
dang]s--,love & religion--,conv]sion4   
,f its nature z well z f its c5tral     
importance x might be easily %[n t ! w  
is no less dep5d5t on ! culture x       
receives ?an is ! m9d4 ,x is fa/ becom+ 
z absurd to suppose t m5 c survive 9 !  
great practical /ra9 to :i* ,am]ican    
life subjects all :o w\ld succe$1 if ! w
 is left to take its d\btful *ances (   
tra9+ & discipl9e1 z to suppose t ! m9d 
develops 9 neglect4 ,our *ang$          
conditions make ?is *ance ( w-culture m 
d\btful ?an =m]ly4 ,a g5]ation or two   
ago#a mo/ s*ool-boys _h ei!r f>m "w1    
*ores1 err&s1 jobs self-impos$1 or      
requir$ by less t5d] p>5ts2 !y made ?+s1

 ei!r toys or tools1 out ( s*ool4 ,mo/  
s*ool-girls did h\se-"w1 m or less ( :i*
 is1 l f>m-"w1 p]haps ! mo/ v>i$ & mo/  
salut>y z well z mo/ v5]able ( all      
s*ools = ! y\?ful body & m9d4 ,!y       
und]took ext5sive works ( embroid]y1    
b$-quilt+1 knitt+1 sew+1 m5d+1 if n     
clean+1 & ev5 sp9n+ & weav+ _! own or   
o!rs' clo?+1 & c>$ = ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,! 
weal?i] devis$ or impos$ tasks =        
w-culture1 z ! ,g]man ,kais] has 8      
*ildr5 taught a trade z "p ( _!         
education4 ,t5 days at ! hoe-h&le1 axe1 
or pit*=k1 said an em95t educator lately
 9 sub/ance1 ) no new impression f )\t1 
& "o con/ant & only duty1 is a s*ool+ 9 
p]sev]ance & su/a9$ ef=t su* z few boys 
n[ get 9 any %ape2 :ile city in/ead (   
c\ntry life br+s s _m new1 het]og5e\s & 
di/ract+ impressions ( motion r ?an re/1
 & s _m privileges ) s few correspond+  
duties1 t ) artificial life & bad air ! 
w is weak5$1 & eupeptic m9ds & /oma*s1  
on :i* its vigor s dep5ds1 are r>e4     
,ma*9es sup]s$e muscles1 & p]haps our   

a?leticism gives skill too great        
prepond]ance ov] /r5g?1 or favors int5se
 r ?an con/ant1 long-su/a9$1 un9t]mitt5t
 en]gy4 ,p]haps too _m ( our c\rses (   
/udy are bett] fitt$ to turn out _m-sid$
 b sup]ficial p>agraphi/s1 ?an m5 :o c  
lay deep plans1 & subord9ate _m complex 
means to "o remote end4 ,mean:ile1 if   
!re is any "o ?+ ( :i* our indu/ries &  
practical arts are 9 m cry+ ne$ ?an     
ano!r1 x is ! old-fa%ion$ virtue (      
?or\ghness1 ( a k9d & degree :i* does n 
address m]ely ! eye1 is n limit$ by !   
lett] ( a contract1 b :i* has "s reg>d =
 its products = _! own sake1 & "s s5se =
 ! future4 ,:e!r 9 sci5ce1 philosophy1  
morals1 or bus9ess1 ! fields =          
long-rang$ cumulative ef=ts are wid]1 m 
num]\s1 & f> m ne$y ?an 9 ! days :5 x 0 
! fa%ion = m5 cont5t$ly to conc5trate   
!mselves to "o vocation1 life-"w1 or    
mission1 or :5 ca!drals or o!r yet va/] 
public works 7 transmitt$1 unf9i%$ b ev]
 advanc+1 f "o g5]ation ( m5 to ano!r4  
,x is because ! bra9 is develop$1 :ile !

 muscles are all[$ to gr[ flabby &      
atrophi$1 t ! deplor$ *asm betwe5 kn[+ &
 do+ is s (t5 fatal to ! practical      
effectiv5ess ( m5tal & moral culture4 ,!
 great increase ( city & s$5t>y life has
 be5 f> too sudd5 = ! human body--:i* 0 
develop$ by hunt+1 w>1 agriculture1 &   
manifold indu/ries n[ giv5 ov] to /eam &
 ma*9]y--to adapt itself heal?fully or  
naturally to its new environm5t4 ,let   
any ( u take d[n an anatomical *>t ( !  
human muscles1 & reflect :at movem5ts we
 habitually make ea* day1 & realize h[  
disproportionately our activities are   
di/ribut$ comp>$ ) ! size or importance 
( ! muscles1 & h[ greatly mod]n         
specialization ( "w has de=m$ our       
bodies4 ,! muscles t move ! scribbl+ p5 
are insignificant fraction ( ^? 9 ! :ole
 body1 & ^? t wag ! tongue & adju/ !    
l>ynx are also comp>atively few & small4
 ,_! importance is1 ( c\rse1 n und]rat$1
 b x is disa/r\s to conc5trate education
 ^u !m too exclusively or too e>ly 9    
life4 ,! tr\ble is t few realize :at    

physical vigor is 9 man or woman1 or h[ 
dang]\sly ne> weakness (t5 is to        
wick$ness1 h[ impossible heal?ful en]gy 
( w is )\t /rong muscles :i* are its    
organ1 or h[ endurance & self-control1  
no less ?an great a*ievem5t1 dep5d on   
muscle-habits4 ,bo? 9 ,g]many & ,greece1
 a gold5 age ( lett]s 0 prec$$1 by ab\t 
a g5]ation1 by a gold5 age ( national   
gymna/ic en?usiasm :i* con/itutes1      
especially 9 ! =m] c\ntry1 "o ( ! mo/   
unique & sugge/ive *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory (  
p$agogy4 ,symmetry & grace1 h>dihood &  
c\rage1 ! p[] to d ev]y?+ t ! human body
 c d ) & )\t all conceivable app>atus1  
in/rum5ts1 & ev5 tools1 are culture     
ideals t 9 ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,g]many    
respectively h influ5c$1 z !y might aga9
 influ5ce1 "y m51 z intellectual ideals 
nev] c d save 9 a select few4 ,we d n   
want w-virtuosos1 :o p]=m feats h>d to  
le>n1 b !n easy to d & good = %[2 nor   
spurt9ess ( any sort :i* develops an    
ere?ic habit ( "w1 temp]1 & circulation1
 & is favor$ by "s ( our popul> sports b

 too soon reacts into fatigue4 ,ev5     
w-tra9+ does n rea* its end till x leads
 ! "y up to tak+ a intellig5t1 s]i\s &  
life-long int]e/ 9 _! own physical      
culture & developm5t4 ,?is is high] ?an 
int]e/ 9 success 9 s*ool or college     
sport2 &1 ?\gh naturally lat] ?an ^!1 is
 "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( w-culture 9 :i* x  
is safe & wise to attempt to int]e/ ! "y
 = its own sake alone4 ,9 our excit+    
life & try+ climate1 9 :i* ! exp]im5t ( 
civilization has nev] be5 tri$ be=e1 ^! 
?\ghts are m]ely ex]cises4  ,b ?is is1 (
 c\rse1 prelim9>y4 ,great z is ! ne$1 ! 
practical difficulties 9 ! way are v    
great4 ,fir/1 !re are n only no good    
text-books 9 e?ics1 b no good manual to 
guide tea*]s4 ,"s give s _m virtues or  
good habits to be taught p] t]m1 ignor+ 
! unity ( virtue z well z ! ord] 9 :i* !
 *ild's capacities = real virtue unfold4
 ,advanc$ text-books discuss ! gr\nds ( 
obligation1 ! nature ( *oice or fre$om1 
or ! h$oni/ic calculus1 z if pleasures &
 pa9s c\ld be balanc$ z measurable      

quantities1 etc41 s t philosophic       
morality is cle>ly n = *ildr5 or tea*]s4
 ,secondly1 evolution enc\rages too (t5 
! d\bt :e!r virtue c be taught1 :5 x    
%\ld h ! opposite effect4 ,p]v]sity &   
vici\sness ( w are too (t5 treat$ z     
con/itutional disease2 & insubord9ation 
or ob/9acy1 especially 9 s*ool1 are     
secretly admir$ z /r5g?1 in/ead ( be+   
vigor\sly treat$ z crampy disord]s ( w1 
& ! *ild is coddl$ into flaccidity4     
,becomes ! l[e/ develops fir/1 !re is   
dang] t x w int]f]e ) ! developm5t ( !  
high]1 & ?us1 if left to 8 own1 ! *ild  
may come to h no w4 ,! ?ird & greate/   
difficulty is1 t ) ! be/ ef=t to d s1 s 
few tea*]s c sep>ate morality f religi\s
 cre$4 ,s vital is ! religions s5tim5t  
"h t x is h>d to divorce ! end (        
education f ! end ( life1 proximate f   
ultimate gr\nds ( obligation1 or f9ite f
 inf9ite duties4 ,^? ^: tra9+ has be5 m 
religi\s ?an e?ical c h>dly tea*        
morality p] se satisfactorily to ! noli 
me tang]e ,t\* me n _s ( d5om9ational   

fre$om s wisely jeal\s ( conflict+ /&>ds
 & sanctions = ! "y4  ,h[ !n c we ev]   
hope to secure prop] tra9+ = ! w8  ,m   
?an a g5]ation ago ,g]many develop$ !   
foll[+ me?od3 ,*ildr5 ( ,lu!ran1        
,ca?olic & ,jewi% p>5tage1 :i* include  
mo/ ,g]man *ildr51 7 all[$ "o aft]noon a
 week = sev]al ye>s1 & two aft]noons a  
week = a few mon?s prec$+ confirmation1 
to sp5d half ( a s*ool day ) in/ructors 
( ^! respective pr(essions1 :o 7 nom9at$
 by ! *ur*1 b exam9$ by ! /ate z to _!  
compet5ce4 ,^! tea*]s are z pr(essional1
 !re=e1 z ^? 9 ! regul> class "w4 ,ea*  
religion is all[$ to det]m9e its own    
c\rse ( religi\s in/ruction1 subject    
only to ! approval ( ! cultus m9i/] or !
 local au?orities4 ,9 ?is way a rupture 
betwe5 ! religi\s s5tim5ts & tea*+ (    
successive g5]ations is avoid$ & x is   
s\ght to br+ religi\s tra9+ to be> ^u   
morals4 ,^! classes le>n ,scripture1    
hymns1 *ur* s]vice1--! ,ca?olics 9 ,lat9
 & ! ,jewi% 9 ,hebrew1--! hi/ory ( _!   
*ur* & p1 & sometimes a little sy/ematic

 !ology4 ,9 "s ( ^! s*ools1 !re are     
prizes & diplomas1 & ! _s ( competition 
is appeal$ to4 ,a criticism sometimes   
made aga9/ !m1 especially aga9/ !       
,lu!ran religi\s p$agogy1 is t x is too 
intellectual4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 f> m      
sy/ematic & effective f ?is po9t ( view 
?an ! ,am]ican ,sunday ,s*ool1 s t      
:atev] may be said ( its edify+ effects1
 ! ,g]man *ild kn[s ^! topics f> bett]  
?an ! ,am]ican4 ,?is sy/em1 )           
modifications1 has be5 adopt$ 9 "s      
places 9 ,france1 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica1 m 
(t5 9 private ?an 9 public s*ools1      
h[ev]4  ,! o!r sy/em orig9at$ 9 ,france 
"s ye>s aft] ! ,franco-,prussian ,w> :5 
! cl]ical influ5ce 9 ,fr5* education    
gave way to ! lay & secul> _s4 ,9 ^!    
classes1 = :i* also /at$ times are set  
ap>t & :i* are cont9u$ ?r\gh all !      
requir$ grades "u ! "n ( moral & civic  
in/ruction1 ! religi\s elem5t is        
entirely abs5t1 except t !re are a few  
hymns1 ,bible passages & /ories :i* all 
agree ^u z valuable4 ,mo/ ( ! c\rse is  

made up ( c>efully select$ maxims &     
especially /ories ( virtue1 records (   
h]oic a*ievem5ts 9 ,fr5* hi/ory & ev5 9 
lit]ature & ! drama4 ,ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 has
 a di/9ct moral lesson1 al?\gh t lesson 
is n made (f5sively prom95t4 ,we h "h   
ne>ly a score ( ^! textbooks1 l>ge &    
small4 ,x w\ld se5 z ?\gh ! res\rces ( !
 ,fr5* records & lit]ature _h be5       
ransack$1 & inde$ _m de$s ( h]oism are  
cull$ f ! daily press4 ,! matt] is (t5  
arrang$ "u head+s su* z cleanl9ess1 acts
 ( k9dness1 c\rage1 tru?fulness v]sus   
ly+1 respect = age1 good mann]s1 etc4   
,ea* virtue is ?us taught 9 a way       
appropriate to ea* /age ( *ildhood1 & q 
(t5 b&s ( m]cy1 rescue leagues & o!r    
societies are ! outgr[? ( ?is           
in/ruction4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 expos$ to   
mu* criticism f ! cl]gy on ! cog5t gr\nd
 t morality ne$s ! support ( religion1  
at ! v lea/1 9 *ildhood4 ,?is sy/em has 
_h mu* influ5ce 9 ,engl& :]e sev]al     
simil> c\rses h be5 evolv$1 & 9 ?is     
c\ntry we h at lea/ "o v praisewor?y    

ef=t 9 ?is direction1 address$ ma9ly1   
h[ev]1 to old] *ildr54  ,besides ?is1   
two ways sugge/ !mselves4 ,fir/1 we may 
try to assume1 or t$i\sly enucleate a   
cons5sus ( religi\s tru? z a basis ( w  
tra9+1 e4g41 ,god & immortality1 &1     
ignor+ ! m9ority :o d\bt ^!1 vote !m    
into ! public s*ool4 ,p$agogy ne$ h no?+
 :atev] to say respect+ ! absolute tru? 
or falsity ( ^! ideas1 b !re is little  
d\bt t !y h an influ5ce on ! w1 at a    
c]ta9 /age ( av]age developm5t1 great] &
 m ess5tial ?an any o!r2 s great t ev5 7
 _! vitality to decay l ! fai? 9 !      
,greek or ,g]man my?ology1 we %\ld /ill 
h to tea* ,god & a future life z ! mo/  
imp]ative ( all hypo!ses 9 a field :]e1 
z 9 morals1 no?+ is s practical z a good
 !ory2 & we %\ld h to fall to tea*+ !   
,bible z a moral classic1 & cultivate a 
critical sympa?y = its view ( life4 ,b  
?is way ignores revelation & sup]natural
 claims1 :ile "s h o!r objections to    
emancipat+ or rescu+ ! ,bible f !ology j
 yet4 ,inde$1 ! problem h[ to tea* any?+

 t ! m9d c\ld n h f\nd out = itself1 b t
 _h to be reveal$1 has n be5 solv$ by   
mod]n p$agogy1 :i*1 s9ce ,pe/alozzi1 has
 be5 m & m devot$ to natural & develop+ 
me?ods4 ,! latt] tea*es t !re mu/ n be  
too mu* se$ s[n1 too mu* or too high    
precept1 or too mu* it]ation1 & t1 9    
,jean ,paul's phrase1 ! hamm] mu/ n re/ 
on bell1 b only tap & reb\nd1 to br+ out
 a cle> tone4 ,aga91 a cons5sus ( ?is   
cont5t w\ld ei!r h to be c>efully def9$ 
& w\ld be too g5]ic & ab/ract = s*ool   
uses1 or else diff]5ces ( int]pretation1
 :i* s p]vade & are modifi$ by "*1      
culture1 temp]am5t1 & feel+1 w\ld make !
 cons5sus itself nugatory4 ,religi\s    
tra9+ mu/ be specific at fir/1 &1 omitt+
 qualifications1 ! m explicit !         
d5om9ational fai? ! e>li] may religi\s  
motives affect ! w4  ,?is is ! way ( our
 hopes1 to ! clos] consid]ation ( :i* we
 int5d to return 9 ! future1 ?\gh x mu/ 
be expect$ t ! happie/ cons5sus w be    
long qu>ant9$ f mo/ s*ools4 ,mean:ile a 
second way1 h[ev] unpromis+1 is /ill    

op54 ,noble types ( "* may re/ on only !
 native in/9cts ( ! s\l or ev5 on       
broadly int]pret$ utilit>ian            
consid]ations4 ,b if morality )\t       
religion 7 only a bloodless corpse or a 
plank 9 a %ipwreck1 !re is n[ ne$ en\gh 
= tea*]s to /udy its =m1 drift1 & uses  
by itself alone4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is our  
purpose 9 consid]+ ! w1 & ?is only4  ,! 
w1 purpose1 & ev5 mood ( small *ildr5 :5
 alone1 are fickle1 fluctuat+1          
contradictory4 ,our v pres5ce imposes "o
 g5]al law on !m1 viz41 t ( keep+ our   
good w & avoid+ our displeasure4 ,z !   
plant gr[s t[>ds ! light1 s !y unfold 9 
! direction ( our wi%es1 felt z by      
div9ation4 ,!y respect all y smile at1  
ev5 buffoon]y2 look up 9 _! play to call
 y\r notice1 to /udy ! l9es ( y\r       
sympa?y1 z if _! *ief vocation 0 to le>n
 y\r desires4 ,_! e>ly lies are (t5 say+
 :at !y ?9k w please u1 kn[+ no high]   
t\*/ones ( tru?4 ,if we are c>eful to be
 wisely & )\t excess happy &            
affectionate :5 !y are good1 & sadd5$ & 

slightly cool$ 9 manife/ations ( love if
 !y d wrong1 ! p[] ( association 9 !    
normal1 eupeptic *ild w e>ly *oose "r z 
surely z pleasure increases vitality4   
,if our love is deep1 ob$i5ce is an     
in/9ct if n a religion4 ,! *ild le>ns t 
:ile x c n excite our fe>1 res5tm5t or  
admiration1 etc41 x c act on our love1 &
 ?is %\ld be ! fir/ s5se ( its own      
effici5cy4 ,?us1 too1 x fir/ le>ns t !  
way ( passion & impulse is n ! only rule
 ( life1 & t some?+ is ga9$ by resi/+   
!m4 ,x imitates our acts long be=e x c  
und]/& our words4 ,z if x felt its      
insignificance1 & dread$ to be arre/$ 9 
"s l[] phase ( its developm5t1 its      
in/9ct = ob$i5ce becomes almo/ a        
passion4 ,z ! v9e mu/ tw9e or grovel1 s 
! *ild comes unconsci\sly to wor%ip     
idols1 & imitates bad patt]ns & examples
 9 ! abs5ce ( wor?y ones4 ,he obeys z ) 
a deep s5se ( be+ our *attel1 &1 at     
bottom1 admires ^? :o co]ce him1 if !   
means be wisely *os54 ,! au?ority mu/1 (
 c\rse1 be asc5dancy ov] he>t & m9d4 ,! 

m absolute su* au?ority ! m ! w is sav$ 
f caprice & feels ! p[] ( /ead9ess4 ,su*
 au?ority excites ! unique1 unfa?omable 
s5se ( rev]5ce1 :i* measures ! capacity 
= w-culture1 & is ! /ronge/ & s\nde/ (  
all moral motives4 ,x is also ! mo/     
compreh5sive1 = x is fir/ felt only     
t[>ds p]sons1 & p]sonality is a bond1   
enabl+ any numb] ( complex elem5ts to   
act or be treat$ z :ole1 z ev]y?+ does &
 is 9 ! *ild's s\l1 in/ead ( 9 isolation
 & detail4 ,9 ! feel+ ( respect culm9at+
 9 wor%ip almo/ all educational motives 
are involv$1 b especially ^? :i* alone c
 br+ ! w to maturity2 & happy ! *ild :o 
is b\nd by ! my/]i\s & con/ra9+ sympa?y 
( dep5d5ce1 by :i*1 if unblight$ by     
cynicism1 a wor?y m5tor directs & lifts 
! w4 ,?is unconsci\s reflection ( our "*
 & wi%es is ! div9] side ( *ildhood1 by 
:i* x is quick & responsive to ev]y?+ 9 
its moral environm5t4 ,! *ild may n be  
able to tell :e!r its tea*] (t5 smiles1 
dresses 9 ?is way or t1 speaks l\d or   
l[1 has _m rules or n1 ?\gh e elem5t (  

h] p]sonality affects him pr(\ndly4 ,8  
acts ( w h n be5 *oices1 b a mass (     
psy*ic causes f> great] ?an consci\sness
 c e/imate h laid a basis ( "*1 ?an :i* 
h]$ity alone is deep]1 be=e ! *ild kn[s 
he has a w4 ,^! influ5ces are n transi5t
 b life-long1 = if ! consci\s &         
int5tional may any:]e be said to be only
 a sup]ficial wave ov] ! dep?s ( !      
unconsci\s1 x is 9 ! sph]e ( w-culture4 
,b comm& & ob$i5ce mu/ also be specific 
to supplant nature4 ,"h beg9s !         
difficulty4 ,a "y *ild c "k no g5]al    
comm&s4 ,sit 9 y\r *air1 means sit a    
mom5t1 a sort ( trick1 ) no prohibition 
to /& ! next in/ant4 ,any j-=bidd5 act  
may be done 9 ! next room4 ,all is "h & 
n[1 & pati5t reit]ation1 till habit is  
=m$1 & no havoc-mak+ rules :i* x _c     
und]/& or rememb]1 is our cue4 ,ob$i5ce 
c1 h[ev]1 be in/9ct ev5 "h1 & is its    
*ief virtue1 & !re is no m fe> ( weak5+ 
! w by x ?an 9 ! case ( soldi]s4 ,z !   
*ild gr[s old]1 h[ev]1 & z ! acts comm&$
 are repugnant1 or unusual1 !re %\ld be 

increas+ c>e1 le/ au?ority be           
compromis$1 sympa?y ruptur$1 or le/     
mutual timidity & indecision1 if n      
mutual ins9c]ity & dissimulation1 z well
 z p>odi$ disob$i5ce1 etc41 to te/ u1   
result4 ,we %\ld1 ( c\rse1 wat* =       
favorable moods1 assume no unwont$ or   
pret]natural dignity or owli% air (     
wisdom1 & comm& 9 a l[ voice :i* does n 
too rudely break 9 ^u ! *ild's tra9 (   
impressions4 ,! acts we comm& or =bid   
%\ld be v few at fir/1 b inexorable4 ,we
 %\ld be c>eful n to =bid :]e we _c     
foll[ a untru/y *ild1 or :at we c n     
prev5t4 ,our own w %\ld be a rock & n a 
wave4 ,our requirem5ts %\ld be uni=m1 ) 
no :im1 mood1 or p]iodicity ( any sort  
ab\t !m4 ,if we alt]nate f c>esses to   
sev]ity1 are fields & caprici\s in/ead (
 comm&+ by a fix$ & settl$ plan1 if we  
only n[ & !n take ! *ild 9 h&1 s he does
 n "k precisely :at to expect1 we really
 require ! *ild to *ange its nature ) e 
*ange 9 u1 & well = ! *ild :o c defy su*
 a *angeable au?ority1 :i* n only       

unsettles b breaks up "* anew :5 x is j 
at ! beg9n+ ( ! =mative p]iod4 ,neglect 
is bett] ?an ?is1 & fe> ( inconsi/5cy ( 
au?ority makes ! be/ p>5ts (t5 jeal\s ( 
arbitr>9ess 9 tea*]s4 ,only ?us c we    
develop g5]al habits ( w & br+ ! *ild to
 "k g5]al maxims ( conduct inductively1 
& only ?us by judici\s boldness &       
h>dihood 9 comm& c we br+ ! *ild to feel
 ! consci\s /r5g? t comes only f do+    
unpleasant ?+s4 ,ev5 if in/ant ob$i5ce  
be only ext]nal at fir/1 x w "w inw>d1 =
 moods are controll$ by "w1 & x is only 
w :i* enl>ges ! b\nds ( p]sonality4     
,yet we mu/ n =get t ev5 morality is    
relative1 & is "o ?+ = adults & (t5 q   
ano!r = *ildr54 ,! *ild kn[s no?+ (     
absolute tru?1 ju/ice1 or virtues4 ,!   
v>i\s /imuli ( discipl9e are to en=ce ! 
high] ?\gh weak] insights :i* ! *ild has
 already unfold$1 r ?an to engraft      
entirely un9tuit$ good4 ,! comm& mu/ f9d
 "s ally1 feeble ?\gh x be1 9 ! *ild's  
own s\l4 ,we %\ld /rive to fill ea*     
mom5t ) z little sacrifice or           

subord9ation1 z m]e means or conditions 
to ! future1 z possible1 = fe> (        
affectation & ins9c]ity4 ,b yet ! h>di] 
& s\nd] ! nature1 ! m we may address    
tra9+ to b>ely nasc5t intuitions1 ) a   
less +r$i5t ( imm$iate satisfaction1 & !
 deep] ! high] elem5t ,( int]e/ w be    
gr\nd$ 9 ! end4 ,! *ild mu/ f9d z he    
advances t[>ds maturity1 t e new        
insight1 or realization ( 8 own reveals 
! fact t y h be5 !re be=e ) comm&s1     
cultivat+ s5tim5ts & habits1 & n t he 0 
l$ to mi/ake y\r conv5i5ce or hobby =   
duty1 or fail$ to temp] ! w by temporiz+
 ) x4 ,! "y are apt to be mo/ s9c]e at  
an age :5 !y are also mo/ mi/ak51 b if  
s9c]ity be kept at its deepe/ & be/1 w  
be lea/ h>mful & easie/ ov]come4 ,if    
au?ority supplem5t r ?an sup]s$e good   
motives1 ! *ild w s love au?ority z to  
ov]come y\r reluctance to apply x       
directly1 & z a f9al result w *oose !   
/ate & act y h pre-=m$ 9 its sl[ly-wid5+
 m>g9 ( fre$om1 & w be all ! less liable
 to undue subs]vi5ce to prie/ or boss1  

or fa%ion or tradition lat]1 z ob$i5ce  
gives place to normal1 manly indep5d5ce4
  ,9 ^! & _m o!r ways ev]y?+ 9 conduct  
%\ld be me*aniz$ z e>ly & completely z  
possible4 ,! *ild's notion ( :at is "r  
is :at is habitual1 & ! simple1 to :i*  
all else is r$uc$ 9 ?\ght1 is id5tifi$ )
 ! famili>4 ,x is ?is primitive /ratum (
 habits :i* pr9cipally det]m9es our     
deepe/ belief :i* all mu/ h ov] & above 
k--to :i* m5 rev]t 9 mature ye>s f      
y\?ful vag>ies4 ,if good acts are a diet
 & n a m$ic9e1 are repeat$ ov] & ov]    
aga91 z e new beat ( ! loom p\nds 9 "o  
new ?read1 & s5se ( ju/ice & "r is      
wr\ght into ! v n]ve-cells & fib]s2 if  
?is gr\nd texture ( ! s\l1 ?is memory & 
habit-plexus1 ?is sph]e ( ?\ghts we     
(t5e/ ?9k & acts we (t5e/ d1 is e>ly1   
rightly & indisc]ptibly wr\ght1 n only  
does x become a web ( de/9y = u1 s      
all-det]m9+ is x1 b we h some?+         
p]durable to fall back on if moral %ock 
or crisis or *ange or calamity %all h   
rudely brok5 up ! :ole /ructure ( lat]  

associations4 ,n only ! m we me*anize   
?us1 ! m =ce ( s\l is fre$ = high] "w1 b
 we are insur$ aga9/ em]g5cies 9 :i* !  
*oice & de$ is likely to foll[ ! ne>e/  
motive1 or t :i* acts quicke/1 r ?an to 
pause & be influ5c$ by high] & p]haps   
intr9sically /rong] motives4 ,reflection
 always br+s 9 a new set ( lat]-acquir$ 
motives & consid]ations1 & if ^! are    
bett] ?an habit-me*anism1 !n pause is   
good2 if n1 he :o delib]ates is lo/4    
,our purposive volitions are v few      
comp>$ ) ! long s]ies ( desires1 acts & 
reactions1 (t5 contradictory1 _m ( :i* 7
 nev] consci\s1 & _m once will$ b n[    
laps$ to reflexes1 ! traces ( :i* cr[d+ 
! unkn[n m>g9s ( ! s\l1 con/itute !     
organ ( ! consci\s w4  ,x is only s f> z
 ?is primitive w is wrong by nature or  
tra9+1 t dra/ic recon/ructions ( any    
sort are ne$$4 ,only ^? :o mi/ake       
weakness = innoc5ce1 or simplicity =    
c&or1 or =get t *ildi% faults are no    
less s]i\s because univ]sal1 d5y !1 at  
lea/1 occasional depravity ( all *ildr51

 or fail to see t fe> & pa9 are among ! 
indisp5sables ( education1 :ile a p>5t1 
tea*]1 or ev5 a ,god1 all love1 weak5s &
 relaxes ! w4 ,*ildr5 d n cry = !       
alphabet2 ! multiplication table is m l 
m$ic9e ?an confection]y1 & x is only    
affect$ ?or\ghness t omits all t is h>d4
 ,! fruits ( le>n+ may be sweet1 b its  
roots are always bitt]1 & x is ?is alone
 t makes x possible to /r5g!n ! w :ile  
in/ruct+ ! m9d4 ,! well-s*ool$ w comes1 
l ,h]d]1 to scorn ! luxury ( kn[+ )\t ! 
labor ( le>n+4 ,we mu/ anticipate !     
future p5alties ( slo? z well z (       
badness4 ,! w especially is a tru/ we   
are to adm9i/] = ! *ild1 n z he may n[  
wi%1 b z he w wi% :5 m mature4 ,we mu/  
n[ compel :at he w lat] wi% to compel   
himself to d4 ,to f9d 8 habits already  
=m$ to ! same law t 8 mature w & ! _w   
lat] enjo91 cem5ts ! /ronge/ ( all bonds
 betwe5 m5tor & *ild4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 mu/ 
be s individual z puni%m5t4 ,= "s1 a    
?reat at r>e int]vals is en\gh2 :ile =  
o!rs1 h[ev] om9\s ?reats may be1 !y     

become at once l sc>ecr[s1 on :i* !     
f\le/ birds soone/ le>n to p]*4 ,to     
scold well & wisely is an art by itself4
 ,= "s *ildr51 p>don is ! wor/ puni%m5t2
 = o!rs1 ignor+ or neglect2 = o!rs1     
isolation f fri5ds1 susp5sion f duties2 
= o!rs1 seclusion--:i* la/1 h[ev]1 is = 
c]ta9 ages beset ) extreme dang]--& =   
/ill o!rs1 %ame f be+ made conspicu\s4  
,mr4 ,sp5c]'s natural p5alties c be     
appli$ to b few k9ds ( wrong1 & ^? n !  
wor/4 ,bas$[ ti$ boys :o fell into      
temptation to a /rong pill> to brace !m 
up2 if /upid & c>eless1 put on a fool's 
cap & bells2 if !y 7 pr\d1 !y 7 susp5d$ 
ne> ! ceil+ 9 a basket1 z ,ari/ophanes  
repres5t$ ,socrates4 ,two boys :o       
qu>rel$1 7 made to look into ea* o!r's  
eyes be=e ! :ole s*ool till _! angry    
expressions gave way be=e ! g5]al s5se (
 ! ridicul\s4 ,?is is m +5i\s ?an wise4 
,! object ( discipl9e is to avoid       
puni%m5t1 b ev5 flogg+ %\ld nev] be     
=bidd54 ,x maybe res]v$1 l a sword 9 its
 scabb>d1 b %\ld n get s ru/$ 9 t x c n 

be drawn on occasion4 ,! law might ev5  
limit ! size & l5g? ( ! rod1 & place (  
application1 z 9 ,g]many1 b x %\ld be ( 
no less lib]al dim5sions "h ?an !re4    
puni%m5t %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be m9atory &    
re=matory1 & n v9dictive1 & we %\ld n   
=get t c]ta9ty is m effective ?an       
sev]ity1 nor t x is apt to make motives 
s5su\s1 & delay ! psy*ic re/ra9t :i*    
%\ld e>ly prepond]ate ov] ! physical4 ,b
 w-culture = boys is r>ely z ?or\gh z x 
%\ld be )\t m or less flogg+4 ,i w\ld n1
 ( c\rse1 urge ! extremes ( ! pa/4 ,!   
,sp>tan beat+ z a gymna/ic drill to     
t\gh51 ! sev]ity :i* prevail$ 9 ,g]many 
= a long "t aft] its ,?irty ,ye>s'      
,w>s1#b ! =m] fa%ion 9 _m ,engli% s*ools
 ( walk+ up n infrequ5tly to take a     
flogg+ z a plucky ?+ to d1 & ) no notion
 ( disgrace atta*+ to x1 %[s at lea/ an 
admirable /r5g? ( w4 ,sev]e con/ra9t    
gives poise1 inw>dness1 self-control1   
inhibition1 & n-will+ness1 if n         
will+ness1 :ile ! n[ too common habit ( 
coquett+ = ! *ild's favor1 & tickl+ its 

ego ) praises & prizes1 & p$agogic      
pettifogg+ = its good-w1 & s5tim5tal fe>
 ( a judici\s slap to r\se a spoil$ *ild
 ) no w to break1 to make x keep /ep ) !
 re/ 9 conduct1 in/ead ( delay+ a :ole  
s*ool-room to apply a subtle psy*ology (
 motives on x1 is bad4 ,?is rem9ds "o ( 
! ,ja9 :o sweeps ! gr\nd be=e him le/ he
 unconsci\sly tread on a worm4 ,possibly
 x may be well1 z ,s*lei]ma*] sugge/s1 n
 to repress "s "o nasc5t bad act 9 "s   
natures1 b let x & ! puni%m5t ensue = ! 
sake ( ,dr4 ,spank/]'s tonic4 ,d]mal pa9
 is n ! wor/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 & by a judici\s 
k ( h[ x feels at bo? ends ( ! rod1 by  
flogg+ & be+ flogg$1 f> deep] pa9s may  
be =ef5d$4 ,insult+ defiance1           
delib]ative disob$i5ce1 o/5tati\s       
c>elessness & bravado1 are diseases ( ! 
w1 &1 9 v r>e cases ( ,prome!an ob/9acy1
 ! sev]e process ( break+ ! w is ne$ful1
 j z 9 surg]y x is occasionally ne$ful  
to rebreak a limb wrongly set1 or de=m$1
 to set x ov] bett]4 ,x is a cruel      
process1 b a crampy w 9 *ildhood means  

moral traumatism ( "s sort 9 ! adult4   
,few p>5ts h ! n]ve to d ?is1 or !      
insight to see j :5 x is ne$$4 ,x is1 z 
"s "o has said1 l knock+ a man d[n to   
save him f /epp+ (f a precipice4 ,ev5 ! 
wor/ puni%m5ts are b v fa9t types ( :at 
nature has 9 /ore 9 lat] life = "s =ms (
 p]v]sity ( w1 & are bett] ?an s>casm1  
ridicule1 or tasks1 z p5alties4 ,! /r5g?
 ( ob/9acy is admirable1 & e "o ought to
 h 8 own w2 b a false direction1 ?\gh   
almo/ always ! result ( faulty previ\s  
tra9+ :5 ! s\l m fluid & mobile1 is all 
! m fatal4 ,:ile s few intellig5t p>5ts 
are able to refra9 f ! self-indulg5ce ( 
too mu* rew>d+ or giv+1 ev5 ?\gh x      
injures ! *ild1 x is p]haps too mu* to  
expect ! h>dihood :i* c be ju/ly cold to
 ! c>esses ( a *ild :o seeks1 by        
display+ all its /ock ( goodness & arts 
( ende>m5t1 to buy back good-w aft]     
puni%m5t has be5 des]v$4 ,if we wait too
 long1 & puni% 9 cold blood1 a "y *ild  
may hate u2 :ile1 if we puni% on !      
in/ant1 & ) passion1 a little ( :i* is  

always salut>y1 on ! pr9ciple1 ohne     
,affekt ke9 ,effekt1 ,)\t passion1 no   
effect an old] *ild may fail ( ! natural
 reactions ( consci5ce1 :i* %\ld always 
be secur$4 ,! maxim1 summum jus summa   
injuria1 ,! rigor ( ! law may be !      
greate/ wrong we are (t5 told1 is       
peculi>ly true 9 s*ool1 & s x is2 b to  
=ego all puni%m5t is no less inju/ice to
 ! av]age *ild1 = x is to ab&on "o ( !  
mo/ effective means ( w-culture4 ,we    
nev] puni% b a "p1 z x 71 ( ! *ild's    
nature2 he has li$1 b is n !re=e a li>1 
& we deal only ) ! specific act1 & mu/  
love all ! re/ ( him4  ,& yet1 aft] all1
 indiscrim9ate flogg+ is s bad1 & !     
av]age tea*] is s inadequate to t h>de/ 
& mo/ tactful ( all 8 v>i$ duties1 viz41
 select+ ! "r outcrop ( ! "r fault ( !  
"r *ild at ! "r "t & place1 mood1 etc41 
= be/ effect1 t ! bold /atem5t ( su*    
pr9ciples z above is p]haps n entirely  
)\t practical dang]1 especially 9 two   
cases :i* ,madame ,neck] & ,sigismund h 
po9t$ out1 & 9 sev]al cases ( :i* !     

pres5t writ] has notes4 ,fir/1 an       
habitually good *ild sometimes has a    
saturnalia ( defiance & disob$i5ce2 a   
s]ies ( insubord9ate acts are sudd5ly   
committ$ :i* really m>k ! fir/ sudd5    
epo*ful & belat$ bir? ( ! in/9ct (      
indep5d5ce & self-regulation1 on :i* 8  
future manl9ess w dep5d4 ,he is q       
irresponsible1 ! acts are nev] repeat$1 
& v l5i5t treatm5t causes him1 aft] !   
conflict ( tumultu\s feel+s has exp&$ 8 
s\l1 to react heal?fully into habitual  
docility aga91 if "s small field =      
indep5d5t action be at once op5$ him4 ,!
 o!r case is t ( ennui1 ( :i* *ildr5    
suff] su* nameless qualms4 ,:5 ,i %\ld  
op5 half a doz5 books1 />t = a walk1 &  
!n turn back1 w&] ab\t 9 m9d or body1   
seek+ b n f9d+ cont5t 9 any?+1 a *ild 9 
my mood w wi% = a toy1 an amusem5t1     
food1 a r>e indulg5ce1 only to neglect  
or ev5 reject x petulantly :5 grant$4   
,^! flitt+ w-spectres are physical1 are 
a mild =m ( ! _m fatal dang]s ( fatigue2
 & puni%m5t is ! wor/ ( treatm5t4 ,re/  

or div]sion is ! only cure1 & ! tea*]'s 
m9d mu/ be fruitful ( purposes to t end4
 ,p]haps a ?ird case = palliative       
treatm5t is1 ^? lies :i* att5d ! fir/   
s5se ( badness4 ,! desire to conceal x  
occasionally accompanies ! nasc5t ef=t  
to re=m & make ! lie true4 ,^! cases are
 probably r>e1 :ile ! temptation to lie 
is f> great] = "o :o does ill ?an = "o  
:o does well1 = fe> is ! *ief motive1 & 
a successful lie :i* conceal$ w\ld weak5
 ! desire to cure a fault4  ,we h ?us f>
 spok5 ( ob$i5ce1 & come n[ to ! lat]   
necessity ( self-guidance1 :i*1 if      
ob$i5ce has wr\ght its p]fect "w1 w be  
natural & inevitable4 ,x is v h>d to    
comb9e reason & co]cion1 yet x is ne$ful
 t *ildr5 ?9k !mselves free long be=e we
 cease to det]m9e !m4 ,z we sl[ly cease 
to prescribe & beg9 to inspire1 a v few 
well-*os5 mottoes1 prov]bs1 maxims1 %\ld
 be taught v simply1 s t !y w s9k deep4 
,education has be5 def9$ z work+ aga9/ !
 *ance influ5ces ( life1 & x is c]ta9 t 
)\t "s precepts & rules ! w w n ex]t    

itself4 ,if reasons are giv51 & en]gy is
 mu* absorb$ 9 und]/&+1 ! *ild w ass5t b
 w n d4 ,if ! m9d is n /rong1 _m wide   
ideas are v dang]\s4 ,/rong wills are n 
fond ( argum5ts1 & if a "y p]son falls  
to talk+ or ?9k+ beyond 8 exp]i5ce1     
subjective or objective1 bo? conduct &  
?\ght are soon confus$ by *aotic &      
incongru\s op9ions & beliefs2 & false   
expectations1 :i* are ! v s$uc]s ( ! w1 
arise4 ,!re c be little w-tra9+ by      
words1 & ! und]/&+ c n realize ! ideals 
( ! w4 ,all great ?+s are dang]\s1 z    
,plato said1 & ! tru? itself is n only  
false b actually immoral to unexp&$     
m9ds4 ,w-culture is int5sive1 n         
ext5sive1 & ! writ] kn[s a case 9 :i*   
ev5 a vacation ramble ) a moraliz+      
fabuli/ has und]m9$ ! "w ( ye>s4 ,our   
precepts mu/ be made v famili>1 copi\sly
 illu/rat$1 well wr\ght toge!r by habit 
& att5tive ?\ght1 & above all cle> cut1 
t ! pa9 ( violat+ !m may be %>p &       
poignant4 ,vague & too g5]al precepts   
beyond ! horizon ( ! *ild's real        

exp]i5ce d n haunt him if !y are        
outrag$4 ,n[ ! *ild mu/ obey ^!1 & w1 if
 he has le>n$ to obey well ! comm& (    
o!rs4  ,"o ( ! be/ sureties t he w d s  
is muscle-culture1 = if ! latt] are     
weak] ?an ! n]ves & bra91 ! gap betwe5  
kn[+ & do+ appe>s & ! w /agnates4       
,gutsmu?s1 ! fa!r ( gymna/ics 9 ,g]many 
be=e ,jahn1 us$ to w>n m5 n to fancy t !
 few t9y muscles t mov$ ! p5 or tongue  
_h p[] to elevate m54 ,!y might         
titillate ! s\l ) words & ideas2 b      
rigor\s1 symmetrical muscle-culture     
alone1 he & 8 ,turn] societies believ$1 
c\ld reg5]ate ! ,fa!rl&1 = x 0 "o ?+ to 
pa9t ! conflict ( life1 & q ano!r to be>
 arms 9 x4 ,!y said1 ,! weak] ! body ! m
 x comm&s2 ! /rong] x is ! m x obeys4   
,9 ?is way we %all h a /rong1 well-knit 
s\l-texture1 made up ( volitions & ideas
 l w>p & wo(4 ,m9d & w w be s compactly 
organiz$ t all _! =ces c be br\ght to a 
s+le po9t4 ,ea* concept or purpose w    
call up ^? relat$ to x1 & once /rongly  
set t[>d its object1 ! s\l w f9d itself 

borne along by unexpect$ =ces4 ,?is p[] 
( totaliz+1 r ?an any transc5d5t        
relation ( elem5ts1 con/itutes at lea/ !
 practical unity ( ! s\l1 & ?is unimp$$ 
association ( its elem5ts is true or    
inn] fre$om ( w4 ,no?+ is want+ or lo/  
:5 ! p[]s ( ! s\l are mobiliz$ = a great
 task1 & its sub/ance is imp]vi\s to    
passion4 ,) ?is organization1 m5 (      
really little p[] accompli% wond]s4 ,)\t
 x great m9ds are confus$ & lo/4 ,!y h  
only velleity or caprice4 ,! w makes a  
s]ies ( vigor\s1 p]haps almo/           
convulsive1 b %ort1 inconsi/5t ef=ts4 ,z
 ,jean ,paul says1 !re is sulphur1      
*>coal1 & saltpetre 9 ! s\l1 b p[d] is n
 made1 = !y nev] f9d ea* o!r4 ,to und]/&
 ?is w-plexus is preem95t among ! new   
dem&s n[ laid on educators4  ,b1 al?\gh 
?is focaliz+ p[] ( act+ ) ! :ole r ?an )
 a "p ( ! s\l1 gives indep5d5ce ( _m    
ext]nal1 conv5tional1 proximate /&>ds ( 
conduct1 deep5+ our int]e/s 9 life1 &   
secur+ u aga9/ disappo9tm5t by def9+ our
 expectations1 :ile su* a s\nd & simple 

w-philosophy is pro( aga9/ consid]able  
%ock & has firmness ( texture en\gh to  
be> mu* responsibility1 !re is1 ( c\rse1
 some?+ deep]1 )\t :i* all our good     
conduct is m or less holl[4 ,?is is t   
bett] purity e/abli%$ by mo!rs 9 !      
pla/ic he>t1 be=e ! sup]foetation (     
precept is possible1 or ev5 be=e ! s\l  
takes flight 9 language2 x is p]haps    
pre-natal or h]$it>y4 ,mu* e way dep5ds 
on h[ aborig9al our goodness is1 :e!r ! 
w acts ) ef=t1 z we solve an intricate  
problem1 9 solitude1 or z we say !      
multiplication table1 :i* only mu*      
di/raction c confuse1 or z we repeat !  
alphabet1 :i* ! d9 ( battle c\ld n h9d]4
 ,lat] & e>li] tra9+ %\ld h>monize ) ea*
 o!r & ) nature4 ,?rice happy he :o is s
 wisely tra9$ t he comes to believe he  
believes :at 8 s\l deeply does believe1 
to say :at he feels & feel :at he really
 does feel1 & *iefly ^: express         
volitions squ>e ) ! pr(\nd] drift ( 8 w 
z ! resultant ( all he has desir$ or    
wi%$1 expect$1 att5d$ to1 or /riv5 =4   

,:5 su* an "o comes to 8 moral majority 
by /&+ = ! fir/ "t ^u 8 own c>eful      
conviction1 aga9/ ! popul> cry1 or aga9/
 8 own mat]ial int]e/s or pr$ace\s      
passions1 & feels ! con/ra9t & joy (    
pure obligation :i* comes up f ?is deep 
s\rce1 a new1 orig9al =ce is br\ght into
 ! _w ( wills4 ,call x inspiration1 or  
,kant's transc5d5tal impulse above &    
outside ( exp]i5ce1 or ,sp5c]'s deep    
rev]b]ations f a va/ & my/]i\s pa/ (    
compact$ ance/ral exp]i5ces1 ! mo/      
conc5trat$1 di/ill$ & in/9ctive ( all   
psy*ic products1 & z old z ,mr4         
,tyndall's fi]y cl\d--! "n or ev5 s\rce 
is little4 ,we w\ld call x ! pure/1     
free/1 mo/ prevail+1 because mo/ inw>d1 
w or consci5ce4  ,?is free1 habitual    
guidance by ! highe/ & be/1 by          
conviction ) no s5se ( compulsion or    
obligation1 impractical if n dang]\s    
ideal1 = x c be actually realiz$ only by
 ! r>e/ moral g5ius4 ,= mo/ ( u1 ! be/  
education is t :i* makes u ! be/ & mo/  
ob$i5t s]vants4 ,?is is ! way ( peace & 

! way ( nature1 = ev5 if we s]i\sly try 
to keep up a private consci5ce at all1  
ap>t f feel+1 faction1 p>ty or class _s1
 or ev5 habit1 :i* are our habitual     
guides1 ! difficulties are s great t mo/
 ha/51 m or less consci\sly &           
volunt>ily1 to put !mselves "u au?ority 
aga91 s]v+ only ! smalle/ m>g9 (        
indep5d5ce 9 mat]ial int]e/s1 *oice (   
ma/]s1 etc1 & yield+ to ! pleas+ & easy 
illusion t inflates ! m9imum to seem !  
maximum ( fre$om1 & uses ! noble/ ideal 
( hi/ory1 viz41 t ( pure autonom\s      
oughtness1 z a p$e/al = idols (         
selfi%ness1 caprice & conceit4 ,! tr\ble
 is 9 int]pret+ ^! moral in/9cts1 = ev5 
! au?orities lack ! requisite self-k 9  
:i* all wisdom culm9ates4 ,! moral      
int]regnum :i* ! ,aufklrung ,enlight5m5t
 has br\ght w n end till ^! in/9cts are 
rightly int]pret$ by 9 intellig5ce4 ,!  
ri*e/ /reams ( ?\ght mu/ fl[ ab\t !m1 ! 
be/ me?ods mu/ peep & pry till _!       
secrets are f\nd & put into !           
idea-pictures 9 :i* mo/ m5 ?9k4  ,?is   

br+s u1 f9ally1 to ! highe/ & also      
imm$iately practical me?od ( moral      
education1 viz41 tra9+ ! w by & =       
intellectual "w4 ,y\? & *ildhood mu/ n  
be subord9at$ z means to maturity4      
,le>n+ is m useful ?an kn[+4 ,x is ! way
 & n ! goal1 ! "w & n ! product1 !      
acquir+ & n ! acquisition1 t educates w 
& "*4 ,to tea* only results1 :i* are s  
simple1 )\t me?ods by :i* !y 7 obta9$1  
:i* are s complex & h>d1 to develop !   
s5se ( possession )\t ! /ra9 ( activity1
 to tea* great matt]s too easily or ev5 
z play1 always to w9d along ! l9es (    
lea/ resi/ance into ! *ild's m9d1 is    
imply to add ano!r & mo/ en]vat+ luxury 
to *ild-life4 ,only ! s5se & p[] ( ef=t1
 :i* made ,less+ pref] ! se>* to !      
possession ( tru?1 :i* tra9s ! w 9 !    
intellectual field1 :i* is becom+ m & m 
! field ( its activity1 c\nts = "* &    
makes in/ruction really educat+4 ,?is   
makes m5tal "w a s]ies ( acts1 or liv+  
?\ghts1 & n m]ely words4 ,real          
education1 t we c really tea*1 & t :i*  

is really mo/ exam9able1 is :at we d1   
:ile ^? :o acquire )\t ef=t may be      
extremely in/ruct$ )\t be+ truly        
educat$4  ,x is ^? :o h be5 tra9$ to put
 =? m5tal p[] t come to ! front lat]1   
:ile x is only ^? ^: acquisitions are n 
transpeciat$ into p[] :o are 9 dang] (  
e>ly collapse4  ,x is because ( ?is     
imp]fect appropriation ?r\gh lack (     
volitional reaction t m5tal tra9+ is s  
(t5 dang]\s1 especially 9 its high]     
grades4 ,especially :]ev] good precepts 
are all[$ to re/ peacefully beside      
undisc>d$ bad habits1 moral weakness is 
directly cultivat$4 ,volitional         
recollection1 or =c+ ! m9d to reproduce 
a tra9 ( impressions1 /r5g!ns :at we may
 call ! m5tal w2 :ile if multif>i\s     
impressions :i* excite at ! "t are left 
to take _! *ances1 at be/1 fragm5t>y    
reproduction1 incipi5t amnesia1 !       
prelude ( m5tal decay1 may be soon      
detect$4 ,few c endure ! long work+ ov] 
( ideas1 especially if at all           
fundam5tal1 :i* is ne$ful to full       

maturity ( m9d1 )\t grave moral dang]4  
,new /&po9ts & ideas require new        
comb9ations ( ! m5tal elem5ts1 ) con/ant
 risk t dur+ ! process1 :at 0 already   
secur$ w fall back into its l[]         
compon5ts4 ,ev5 o> immigrants suff]     
morally f ! *ange ( mann]s & cu/oms &   
ideas1 & yet education m5us *ange2 ! m  
tra9+ ! m *ange1 z a rule1 & ! m dang]  
dur+ ! critical transition p]iod :ile we
 oscillate betwe5 control by old habits1
 or association )9 ! old circle ( ?\ght1
 & by ! new insights1 z a m$ical /ud5t  
(t5 suff]s f try+ to br+ ! regulation ( 
8 physical functions "u new & imp]fect  
hygi5ic insights4 ,?us mo/ especially if
 old que/ions1 conc]n+ :i* we h long    
s9ce ceas$ to tru/ ourselves to give    
reasons1 ne$ to be reop5$1 !re is       
especial dang] t ! new equilibrium ab\t 
:i* ! dynamic is to be re-resolv$ into  
/atic p[] w be e/abli%$1 if at all1 )   
loss in/ead ( ) ga94 ,inde$1 x is a "q n
 ( s*ools b ( civilization1 :e!r m5tal  
tra9+1 f ! ?ree ,r's to sci5ce &        

philosophy1 %all really make m5 bett]1 z
 ! !ory ( popul> education assumes1 &   
:e!r ! g5ius & tal5t ( ! few :o c       
receive & be> x c be br\ght to ! full   
maturity ( a k fully facultiz$--a "q    
p>am\nt1 ev5 9 a republic1 to ! g5]al   
education ( ! _m4  ,! illusion is t     
beg9n+s are h>d4 ,!y are easy4 ,almo/   
any m9d c advance a little way into     
almo/ any subject4 ,! feeble/ y\? c pu% 
on briskly 9 ! beg9n+ ( a new subject1 b
 he =gets1 & s does ! exam9] :o m>ks    
him1 t difficulties increase n 9        
ari?metical b 9 almo/ geometrical ratio 
z he advances4 ,! fact1 too1 t all      
topics are taught by all tea*]s & t we h
 no specializ$ tea*+ 9 elem5t>y bran*es1
 & t exam9ations are plac$ 9 ! mo/      
debilitat+ "p ( our peculi>ly debilitat+
 spr+1 ^! help u to solve ! problem :i* 
,*9a has solv$ s well1 viz41 h[ to      
in/ruct & n to educate4 ,a pass m>k1 say
 ( fifty1 %\ld be giv5 n = ma/]y ( !    
fir/ half ( ! book1 or = k ( half !     
matt] 9 x1 b = t ( ?ree-f\r?s or m4     

,suppose "o *oose ! easi] me?od (       
tattoo+ 8 m9d by atta9+ ! easy e>ly     
/ages ( pr(ici5cy 9 _m subjects1 z is   
possible & ev5 enc\rag$ 9 too _m ( our  
s*ool & college curricula1 he weak5s !  
w-quality ( 8 m9d4 ,smatt]+ is          
dissipation ( en]gy4 ,only great1       
conc5trat$ & prolong$ ef=ts 9 "o        
direction really tra9 ! m9d1 because    
only !y tra9 ! w b5ea? x4 ,_m little1   
het]og5e\s ef=ts ( diff]5t sorts leave !
 m9d 9 a muddle ( het]og5e\s            
impressions1 & ! w l a rubb] b& is      
/ret*$ to flaccidity ar\nd "o aft] ano!r
 bundle ( objects too l>ge = x to clasp 
into unity4 ,"h aga91 9 d] ,bes*rnkung  
zeigt si* d] ,mei/] ,! ma/] %[s himself 
9 self-limitation2 all-sid$ness ?r\gh   
"o-sid$ness2 by /alk+ ! horse or c[ out 
9 ! spr+ "t1 till he gnaws 8 small      
allott$ circle ( grass to ! gr\nd1 & n  
by rov+ & cropp+ at w1 c he be taught t 
! sweete/ jo9t is ne>e/ ! root1 are     
conv5i5t symbols ( w-culture 9 !        
intellectual field4 ,ev5 a long cram1 if

 only on "o subject1 :i* br+s out !     
relations ( ! p>ts1 or a "o-/udy        
college1 z is already devis$ 9 ! ,we/1  
or ! comb9ation ( sev]al subjects ev5 9 
prim>y s*ool grades into a conc5tration 
s]ies1 z devis$ by ,zill] & ,re91 !     
univ]sity purpose z def9$ by ,zill] ( s 
comb9+ /udies t ea* %all /& 9 ! c\rse   
next to t ) :i* x is inh]5tly close/    
connect$ by matt] & me?od1 or !         
requirem5ts ( "o c5tral & two collat]al 
bran*es = ! doctorate exam9ation--all ^!
 devices no d\bt t5d to give a s5se (   
effici5cy1 :i* is "o ( ! deepe/ & pr\de/
 joys ( life1 9 ! place ( a s5se (      
possession s (t5 att5d$ by ! exquisite  
mis]y ( consci\s weakness4 ,! unity (   
almo/ any ev5 ideal purpose is bett] ?an
 none1 if x t5d to *eck ! sup]ficial "o 
( le>n+ to repeat aga9 or ( box+ ! :ole 
compass ( sci5ces & lib]al arts1 z s _m 
( our high s*ools or colleges attempt4  
,f9ally1 9 ! sph]e ( m5tal productivity 
& orig9ality1 a j prepond]ance ( !      
w-elem5t makes m5 di/ru/ new insights1  

quick me?ods1 & %ort cuts1 & tru/ *iefly
 to ! g5ius ( hone/ & su/a9$ "w1 9 p[] (
 :i* p]haps lies ! greate/ intellectual 
diff]5ce betwe5 m54 ,:5 ideas are ripe =
 promulgation !y h be5 cond5s$ &        
conc5trat$1 ?\ght trav]ses !m quickly & 
easily--9 a ^w1 !y h become practical1 &
 ! w t waits ov] a new idea pati5tly &  
sil5tly1 )\t anxiety1 ev5 ?\gh ) a      
deep5+ s5se ( responsibility1 till all  
sides h be5 se51 all au?orities         
consult$1 all its lat5t m5tal res]ves   
he>d f1 is ! man :o talks ) ! rifle & n 
) ! wat]-hose1 or1 9 a r\gh f>m]'s      
phrase1 boils 8 words till he c give 8  
he>]s sug> & n sap4 ,sev]al ( ! m       
important discov]ies ( ! pres5t         
g5]ation1 :i* co/ _m we>y mon?s ( toil1 
h be5 enum]at$ 9 a score or two ( l9es1 
s t e exp]im5t] c\ld set up 8 app>atus &
 get ! results 9 a few m9utes4 ,let u n 
=get t1 9 mo/ dep>tm5ts ( m5tal "w1 ! m 
we revise & recon/ruct our ?\ght1 !     
long] we inhibit its f9al expression1   
:ile ! (t5] we return to x refre%$ f o!r

 int]e/s1 ! cle>] & m p]meable = o!r    
m9ds x becomes1 because ! m x t5ds to   
express itself 9 t]ms ( will$ action1   
:i* is ! language ( complete m54  ,s    
closely b\nd toge!r are moral & religi\s
 tra9+ t a discussion ( "o )\t ! o!r    
w\ld be incomplete4 ,9 a ^w1 religion is
 ! mo/ g5]ic k9d ( culture z oppos$ to  
all sy/ems or dep>tm5ts :i* are "o sid$4
 ,all education culm9ates 9 x because x 
is *ief among human int]e/s1 & because x
 gives inn] unity to ! m9d1 he>t1 & w4  
,h[ n[ %\ld ?is common elem5t ( union be
 taught8  ,to be really effective &     
la/+1 moral & religi\s tra9+ mu/ beg9 9 
! cradle4 ,x 0 a pr(\nd rem>k ( ,froebel
 t ! unconsci\sness ( a *ild is re/ 9   
,god4 ,?is ne$ n be und]/ood 9 guy      
pan!i/ic s5se4 ,f ?is re/ 9 ,god !      
*ildi% s\l %\ld n be abruptly or        
prematurely ar\s$4 ,ev5 ! primeval /ages
 ( psy*ic gr[? are r>ely s all-sid$1 s  
purely unsolicit$1 spontane\s1 &        
unprecoci\s1 z n to be 9 a s5se a fall f
 ,froebel's unconsci\sness or re/ 9     

,god4 ,! s5se ( t\*1 ! "m ( all ! o!r   
s5ses1 is ! only "o :i* ! *ild br+s into
 ! _w already exp]i5c$2 b by ! pats1    
c>esses1 hugs1 etc41 s in/9ctive ) "y   
mo!rs1 v>i$ feel+s & s5tim5ts are       
communicat$ to ! *ild long be=e x       
recognizes its own body z di/9ct f ?+s  
ab\t x4 ,! "m's face & voice are ! fir/ 
consci\s objects z ! infant s\l unfolds1
 & %e soon comes to /& 9 ! v place (    
,god to h] *ild4 ,all ! religion ( :i* !
 *ild is capable dur+ ?is by no means   
brief /age ( its developm5t consi/s ( ^?
 s5tim5ts--gratitude1 tru/1 dep5d5ce1   
love1 etc41 n[ felt only = h]--:i* are  
lat] direct$ t[>d ,god4 ,! less ^! are  
n[ cultivat$ t[>d ! "m1 :o is n[ _! only
 fitt+ if n _! only possible object1 ! m
 feebly !y w lat] be felt t[>d ,god4    
,?is1 too1 adds greatly to ! sacr$ness &
 ! responsibilities ( mo!rhood4 ,froebel
 p]haps is "r t ?us fundam5tal religi\s 
s5tim5ts c be cultivat$ 9 ! e>lie/ mon?s
 ( infancy4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible n  
to seem1 p]haps ev5 n to be1 s5tim5tal  

^u ?is !me1 = ! infant s\l has no o!r   
cont5t ?an s5tim5ts1 & because ^u ^!    
re/s ! :ole sup]/ructure ( religion 9   
*ild or adult4 ,! "m's emotions1 &      
physical & m5tal /ates1 inde$1 imp>t$ & 
reproduc$ 9 ! infant s imm$iately1      
unconsci\sly1 & ?r\gh s _m av5ues1 t x  
is no wond] t ^! relations see my/ic4   
,:e!r ! "m is habitually "u ! influ5ce (
 calm & tranquil emotions1 or h] temp]  
is fluctuat+ or viol5t1 or h] movem5ts  
are habitually en]getic or s(t & c>ess+1
 or %e be regul> or irregul> 9 h]       
m9i/rations to ! infant 9 h] arms1 all  
^! *>act]i/ics & habits are regi/]$ 9 ! 
primeval language ( t\* ^u ! n]v\s sy/em
 ( ! *ild4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 poise &  
calmness1 ! abs5ce ( all int5se annuli &
 ( s5sations or transitions :i* are     
abrupt or sudd51 & an atmosph]e ( quiet+
 influ5ces1 l ev]y?+ :i* ret>ds by      
broad5+1 is 9 ! g5]al l9e ( religi\s    
culture4 ,! s\l ( an infant is well     
comp>$ to a se$ plant$ 9 a g>d54 ,x is n
 press$ or mov$ by ! breezes :i* ru/le !

 leaves ov]head4 ,! sunlight does n fall
 ^u x1 & ev5 dew & ev5+ coolness sc>cely
 rea* x2 b yet !re is n a brea? ( air or
 a ray ( sun%9e1 nor a drop ( moi/ure to
 :i* x is responsive1 & :i* does n /ir  
all its g]m9ant =ces4 ,! *ild is a      
plant1 mu/ live out ( doors 9 prop]     
season1 & !re mu/ be no =c+4 ,religion1 
!n1 at ?is important /age1 at lea/1 is  
naturalism pure & simple1 & religi\s    
tra9+ is ! supreme art ( /&+ out (      
nature's way4 ,s implicit is ! unity (  
s\l & body at ?is =mative age t c>e ( ! 
body is ! mo/ effective e?ico-religi\s  
culture4  ,next to be consid]$ are !    
s5tim5ts :i* unfold "u ! influ5ce ( t   
fre% & naive curiosity :i* att5ds ! fir/
 impressions ( natural objects f :i* bo?
 religion & sci5ce spr+ z f "o common   
root4 ,! awe & sublimity ( a ?und]/orm1 
! sights & s\nds ( a spr+ morn+1 objects
 :i* lead ! *ild's ?\ghts to :at is     
remote 9 "t & space1 old trees1 ru9s1 ! 
rocks1 &1 above all1 ! heav5ly bodies--!
 utilization ( ^! lessons is ! mo/      

important task ( ! religi\s tea*] dur+ !
 k9d]g>t5 /age ( *ildhood4 ,/ill m ?an !
 undev\t a/ronom]1 ! undev\t *ild "u su*
 influ5ces is abnormal4 ,9 ^! directions
 ! m9d ( ! *ild is z op5 & pla/ic z t ( 
! anci5t prophet to ! prompt+s ( !      
inspir+ ,_s4 ,! *ild c recognize no     
ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 nature & !     
sup]natural1 & ! products ( my?opoeic   
fancy :i* h be5 spun ab\t natural       
objects1 & :i* h la9 s long & s w>m ab\t
 ! he>ts ( g5]ations & races ( m51 are  
n[ ! be/ ( all nutrim5ts = ! s\l4 ,to   
tea* sci5tific rudim5ts only ab\t       
nature1 on ! %all[ pr9ciple t no?+ %\ld 
be taught :i* mu/ be unle>n$1 or to     
enc\rage ! *ild to assume ! critical    
attitude ( m9d1 is dw>f+ ! he>t &       
prematurely =c+ ! head4 ,x has be5 said 
t c\ntry life is religion = *ildr5 at   
?is /age4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is cle> t
 natural religion is root$ 9 su*        
exp]i5ces1 & prec$es reveal$ religion 9 
! ord] ( gr[? & education1 :atev] its   
logical ord] 9 sy/ems ( ?\ght may be4 ,a

 little lat]1 habits ( tru?fulness#c are
 be/ cultivat$ by ! use ( ! s5ses 9     
exact obs]vation4 ,to see a simple      
ph5om5on 9 nature & report x fully &    
correctly is no easy matt]1 b ! habit ( 
try+ to d s tea*es :at tru?fulness is & 
leaves ! impress ( tru? ^u ! :ole life &
 "*4 ,i d n hesitate to say1 !re=e1 t   
elem5ts ( sci5ce %\ld be taught to      
*ildr5 = ! moral effects ( its          
influ5ces4 ,at ! same "t all tru? is n  
s5su\s1 & ?is tra9+ alone at ?is age    
t5ds to make ! m9d pragmatic1 dry1 &    
ins5sitive or unresponsive to t o!r k9d 
( tru? ! value ( :i* is n measur$ by its
 c]ta9ty s mu* z by its effect ^u u4 ,we
 mu/ le>n to int]pret ! he>t & our      
native in/9cts z tru?fully z we d       
ext]nal nature1 = our happ9ess 9 life   
dep5ds q z l>gely ^u br++ our beliefs   
into h>mony ) ! deep] feel+s ( our      
nature z x does ^u ! ability to adapt   
ourselves to our physical environm5t4   
,?us n only all religi\s beliefs & moral
 acts w /r5g!n if !y truly express ! "* 

in/ead ( cultivat+ affectation &        
ins9c]ity 9 op9ion1 ^w1 & de$1 z )      
mi/ak5 p$agogic me?ods !y may d4 ,?is   
latt] c be avoid$ only by leav+ all to  
naturalism & spontaneity at fir/1 & fe$+
 ! s\l only accord+ to its appetites &  
/age ( gr[?4 ,no religi\s tru? mu/ be   
taught z fundam5tal--especially z       
fundam5tal to morality--:i* c be s]i\sly
 d\bt$ or ev5 misund]/ood4 ,yet x mu/ be
 expect$ t convictions w be trans=m$ &  
work$ ov] & ov] aga91 & only late1 if at
 all1 w an equilibrium betwe5 ! he>t & !
 tru? x cl+s to z f9ally satisfy+ be    
atta9$4 ,h5ce mo/ positive religi\s     
in/ruction1 or public piety1 if taught  
at all1 %\ld be taught briefly z mo/    
s]i\s b too high = ! *ild yet1 or z     
rew>ds to /imulate curiosity = !m lat]1 
b sacr$ ?+s %\ld n become too famili> or
 be conv5tionaliz$ be=e !y c be felt or 
und]/ood4  ,! *ild's conception ( ,god  
%\ld n be p]sonal or too famili> at     
fir/1 b ,he %\ld appe> di/ant & vague1  
inspir+ awe & rev]5ce f> m ?an love2 9 a

 ^w1 z ! ,god ( nature r ?an z devot$ to
 s]viceable m9i/rations to ! *ild's     
individual wants4 ,! latt] %\ld be      
taught to be a fai?ful s]vant r ?an a   
favorite ( ,god4 ,! ine/imable p$agogic 
value ( ! ,god-idea consi/s 9 t x wid5s 
! *ild's glimpse ( ! :ole1 & gives !    
fir/ pres5tm5t ( ! univ]sality ( laws1  
su* z are obs]v$ 9 its exp]i5ces & t (  
o!rs1 s t all ?+s seem compreh5d$ "u "o 
/able sy/em or gov]nm5t4 ,! sl[         
realization t ,god's laws are n l ^? (  
p>5ts & tea*]s1 evadible1 susp5sible1 b 
*angeless1 & _! p5alties sure z ! laws (
 nature1 is mo/ important factor ( moral
 tra9+4 ,fir/ ! law1 ! s*oolma/]1 !n !  
,gospel2 fir/ nature1 !n grace1 is !    
ord] ( gr[?4  ,! pa9s or pleasures :i*  
foll[ _m acts are imm$iate1 :ile !      
results t foll[ o!rs are s remote or s  
s]i\s t ! *ild mu/ utilize ! exp]i5ce ( 
o!rs4 ,artificial rew>ds & puni%m5ts mu/
 be cunn+ly devis$ s z to simulate &    
typify z closely z possible ! real      
natural p5alty1 & !y mu/ be adm9i/]$    

uni=mly & imp>tially l laws ( nature4 ,z
 comm&s are j1 & z !y are gradually     
p]ceiv$ to spr+ f sup]ior wisdom1       
respect arises1 :i* ,kant call$ ! bottom
 motive ( duty1 & def9$ z ! imm$iate    
det]m9ation ( ! w by law1 ?w>t+         
self-love4 ,"h ! *ild rev]5ces :at is n 
und]/ood z au?ority1 & to ! *ildi% ,:y8 
:i* always implies imp]fect respect = ! 
au?ority1 h[ev] displeas+ its behe/1 !  
tea*] or p>5t %\ld always reply1 ,y _c  
und]/& :y yet1 unless q sure t a conv9c+
 & controll+ insight c be giv51 su* z   
%all make all future ex]cise ( outw>d   
au?ority 9 ?is p>ticul> unnecess>y4 ,f  
?is /&po9t ! great importance ( ! "* &  
native dignity ( ! tea*] is be/ se54    
,daily contact ) "s tea*]s is itself    
all-sid$ e?ical education = ! *ild )\t a
 spok5 precept4 ,"h1 too1 ! real        
advantage ( male ov] female tea*]s1     
especially = boys1 is se5 9 _! sup]ior  
physical /r5g?1 :i* (t51 if highly      
e/imat$1 gives real dignity & comm&s    
real respect1 & especially 9 !          

unque/ionably great] uni=mity ( _! moods
 & _! discipl9e4  ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s (   
s*ool life1 a po9t ( prime importance 9 
e?ico-religi\s tra9+ is ! education (   
consci5ce4 ,?is latt] is ! mo/ complex &
 p]haps ! mo/ educable ( all our s-call$
 faculties4 ,a sy/em ( c>efully arrang$ 
talks1 ) copi\s illu/rations f hi/ory & 
lit]ature1 ab\t su* topics z fair play1 
slang1 cronies1 dress1 teas+1 gett+ mad1
 prompt+ 9 class1 :ite lies1            
affectation1 cleanl9ess1 ord]1 honor1   
ta/e1 self-respect1 treatm5t ( animals1 
read+1 vacation pursuits1 etc41 c be    
br\ght q )9 ! range ( boy-&-girl int]e/s
 by a sympa!tic & tactful tea*]1 & be   
made imm$iately & obvi\sly practical4   
,all ?is is no?+ m or less ?an          
consci5ce-build+4 ,! old sup]/ition t   
*ildr5 h innate faculties ( su* a f9i%$ 
sort t !y fla% up & grasp ! pr9ciple (  
?+s by a rapid sort ( fir/ intellection1
 an error t made all dep>tm5ts (        
education s trivial1 assumptive &       
dogmatic = c5turies be=e ,com5ius1      

,bas$[ & ,pe/alozzi1 has be5 bani%$     
ev]y:]e save f moral & religi\s tra9+1  
:]e x /ill p]si/s 9 full =ce4 ,! s5ses  
develop fir/1 & all ! high] intuitions  
call$ by ! collective "n ( consci5ce    
gradually & lat] 9 life4 ,!y fir/ take !
 =m ( s5tim5ts )\t mu* insight1 & are   
h5ce liable to be unconsci\s            
affectation1 & are caught ins5sibly f ! 
environm5t ) ! aid ( inh]it$            
pr$isposition1 & only made m def9ite by 
su* talks z ! above4 ,b p>5ts are prone 
to =get t heal?ful & correct s5tim5ts   
conc]n+ matt]s ( conduct are1 at fir/1 v
 feeble1 & t ! s5se ( obligation ne$s ! 
long & c>eful gu>dian%ip ( ext]nal      
au?ority4 ,j z a "y m$ical /ud5t ) a    
rudim5t>y notion ( physiology & hygi5e  
is sometimes dispos$ to und]take a m or 
less complete re=m ( 8 diet1 regim51    
etc41 to make x sci5tific 9 a way t an  
old] & a m le>n$ physician w\ld %r9k f1 
s ! half-insights ( boys into matt]s (  
moral regim5 are f> too apt1 9 !        
,am]ican temp]am5t1 to exp5d1 9         

precoci\s emancipation & crude attempts 
at practical realization1 ! =ce :i* is  
ne$$ to br+ _! insights to maturity4    
,au?ority %\ld be relax$ gradually1     
explicitly1 & provisionally ov] "o      
def9ite dep>tm5t ( conduct at a "t4 ,to 
di/+ui% "r & wrong 9 _! own nature is ! 
highe/ & mo/ complex ( intellectual     
processes4 ,mo/ m5 & all *ildr5 are     
guid$ only by associations ( great] or  
less subtlety4 ,p]haps ! :ole r\nd (    
human duties might be be/ taught by     
ga!r+ illu/rations ( selfi%ness & trac+ 
x 9 its c\ntless disguises &            
ramifications ?r\gh e /age ( life4      
,selfi%ness is oppos$ to a s5se ( !     
inf9ite & is inv]sely z real religion1 &
 ! /udy ( x is n1 l sy/ematic e?ics1 apt
 to be confus$ & made unpractical by    
conflict+ !ories4  ,! ,bible1 ! great   
in/rum5t 9 ! education ( consci5ce1 is  
f> less juv5ile ?an x is n[ ! fa%ion to 
suppose4 ,at ! v lea/1 x expresses !    
result ( ! ripe/ human exp]i5ce1 !      
noble/ traditions ( humanity4 ,old      

,te/am5t hi/ory1 ev5 m ?an mo/ v anci5t 
hi/ory1 is di/ill$ to an almo/ purely   
e?ical cont5t4 ,= c5turies ,scripture 0 
)held f ! masses = ! same reason t      
,plato refus$ at fir/ to put 8 ?\ghts   
into writ+1 because x w\ld be sure to be
 misund]/ood by v _m & lead to t wor/ ( 
errors & fanaticism caus$ by half-tru?s4
 ,*ildr5 %\ld n approa* x too lightly4  
,! ,old ,te/am5t1 p]haps be=e or m ?an !
 ,new1 is ! ,bible = *ildhood4 ,a good1 
protract$ c\rse ( ! law p$agogically    
prep>es ! way = ! appreh5sion ( !       
,gospel4 ,!n ! /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t   
%\ld beg9 ) select$ tales1 told1 z 9 !  
,g]man s*ools1 impressively1 9 ! tea*]'s
 language1 b objectively1 & )\t         
exegetical or hortatory comm5t4 ,!      
appeal is directly to ! und]/&+ only at 
fir/1 b ! moral lesson is br\ght cle>ly 
& surely )9 ! *ild's rea*1 b n p]sonally
 appli$ aft] ! mann] common ) u4        
,probably ! mo/ important *anges = !    
educator to /udy are ^? :i* beg9 betwe5 
! ages ( twelve & sixte5 & are complet$ 

only "s ye>s lat]1 :5 ! "y adolesc5t    
receives f nature a new capital ( en]gy 
& altrui/ic feel+4 ,x is physiological  
second bir?1 & success 9 life dep5ds ^u 
! c>e & wisdom ) :i* ?is new & f9al     
invoice ( en]gy is husb&$4 ,^! *anges   
con/itute a natural pr$isposition to a  
*ange ( he>t1 & may p]haps be call$1 9  
,kantian phrase1 its s*ema4 ,ev5 f !    
psy*ophysic /&po9t x is a correct in/9ct
 :i* has sl[ly l$ *ur*es to c5t] s mu* (
 _! cultus ^u reg5]ation4 ,9 ?is ,i1 (  
c\rse1 only ass]t "h ! neurophysical    
side1 :i* is ev]y:]e pres5t1 ev5 if     
ev]y:]e subord9ate to ! spiritual side4 
,z ev]y:]e1 s "h1 too1 ! physical may be
 call$ 9 a s5se regulative r ?an        
con/itutive4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t   
/ati/ics %[ t f> m conv]sions1          
proportionately1 take place dur+ !      
adolesc5t p]iod1 :i* does n normally end
 be=e ! age ( tw5ty-f\r or five1 ?an    
dur+ any o!r p]iod ( equal l5g?4 ,at ?is
 age mo/ *ur*es confirm4  ,be=e ?is age 
! *ild lives 9 ! pres5t1 is normally    

selfi%1 defici5t 9 sympa?y1 b frank &   
confid5tial1 ob$i5t to au?ority1 & )\t  
affectation save ! supreme affectation (
 *ildhood1 viz41 assum+ ! words1 mann]s1
 habits1 etc41 ( ^? old] ?an itself4 ,b 
n[ /ature sudd5ly increases1 & ! p[] (  
physical & m5tal endurance & ef=t       
dim9i%es = a "t2 l>ynx1 nose1 *9 *ange1 
& normal & morbid ance/ral traits &     
features appe>4 ,f> great] & m          
protract$1 ?\gh unse51 are ! *anges :i* 
take place 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 bo? 9 !     
developm5t ( ! cortex & expansion ( !   
convolutions & ! gr[? (                 
association-fib]s by :i* ! elem5ts %oot 
toge!r & relation ( ?+s are se51 :i*    
hi!rto seem$ indep5d5t1 to :i* x seems z
 if = a few ye>s ! en]gies ( gr[? 7     
*iefly direct$4 ,h5ce ?is p]iod is s    
critical & *anges 9 "* are s rapid4 ,no 
matt] h[ confid5tial ! relations ) !    
p>5t may h be51 an important doma9 ( !  
s\l n[ decl>es its indep5d5ce4          
,confid5ces are %>$ ) ^? ( equal age &  
)held f p>5ts1 especially by boys1 to an

 ext5t probably little suspect$ by mo/  
p>5ts4 ,education mu/ be address$ to    
fre$om1 :i* recognizes only self-made   
law1 & spontaneity ( op9ion & conduct is
 manife/$1 (t5 9 extravagant & grotesque
 =ms4 ,!re is n[ a long+ = t k9d ( close
 sympa?y & fri5d%ip :i* makes cronies & 
intimates2 !re is a crav+ = /rong       
emotions :i* gives pleasure 9           
exagg]ations2 & !re are nameless long+s 
= :at is f>1 remote1 /range1 :i*        
emphasizes ! self-e/rangem5t :i* ,hegel 
s well describes1 & :i* m>ks ! normal   
rise ( ! pres5tim5t ( some?+ high] ?an  
self4 ,in/9cts ( rivalry & competition  
n[ gr[ /rong 9 boys1 & girls gr[ m      
consci5ti\s & inw>d1 & beg9 to feel _!  
music1 read+1 religion1 pa9t+1 etc41 &  
to realize ! be>+ ( ^! ^u _! future     
adult life4 ,!re is (t5 a /rong in/9ct (
 devotion & self-sacrifice t[>d "s1     
p]haps almo/ any1 object1 or 9 almo/ any
 cause :i* circum/ances may pres5t4     
,mood9ess & p]haps a love ( solitude are
 develop$4 ,gr[+ fits make h>d & sev]e  

labor ( body & m9d impossible )\t dw>f+ 
or arre/+ ! developm5t1 by robb+ ( its  
nutrition "s "p ( ! organism--/oma*1    
lungs1 *e/1 he>t1 back1 bra91 etc4--:i* 
is peculi>ly liable to disease lat]4 ,x 
is nev] s h>d to tell ! tru? pla9ly &   
objectively & )\t any subjective twi/4  
,! life ( ! m]e individual ceases & t ( 
p]son1 or bett]1 ( ! race1 beg9s4 ,x is 
a p]iod ( realization1 & h5ce (t5 (     
introspection4 ,9 heal?y natures x is ! 
gold5 age ( life1 9 :i* en?usiasm1      
sympa?y1 g5]osity1 & curiosity are at _!
 /ronge/ & be/1 & :5 gr[? is s rapid t1 
e4g41 ea* college class is consci\s ( a 
va/ int]val ( developm5t :i* sep>ates x 
f ! class bel[2 b x is also a p]iod     
subject to ,w]!rian crises1 su* z ,hume1
 ,ri*t]1 ,j4,s4 ,mill1 & o!rs pass$     
?r\gh1 & all dep5ds on ! direction giv5 
to ^! new =ces4  ,! dang]s ( ?is p]iod  
are great & manife/4 ,! *ief ( ^!1 f>   
great] ev5 ?an ! dang]s ( intemp]ance1  
is t ! sexual elem5ts ( s\l & body w be 
develop$ prematurely &                  

disproportionately4 ,inde$1 e>ly        
maturity 9 ?is respect is itself bad4   
,if x occurs be=e o!r comp5sat+ &       
controll+ p[]s are unfold$1 ?is elem5t  
is hyp]trophi$ & absorbs & dw>fs _!     
en]gy & x is !n m likely to be un9/ruct$
 & to suck up all t is vile 9 !         
environm5t4 ,f> m ?an we realize1 !     
?\ghts & feel+s ( y\? c5t] ab\t ?is     
factor ( 8 nature4 ,q ap>t1 !re=e1 f its
 intr9sic value1 education %\ld s]ve !  
purpose ( preoccupation1 & %\ld div]t   
att5tion f an elem5t ( our nature !     
premature or excessive developm5t ( :i* 
dw>fs e "p ( s\l & body4 ,intellectual  
int]e/s1 a?leticism1 social & e/hetic   
ta/es1 %\ld be cultivat$4 ,!re %\ld be  
"s *ange 9 ext]nal life4 ,previ\s r\t9e 
& drill-"w mu/ be brok5 ?r\gh & new     
occupations resort$ to1 t ! m9d may n be
 left idle :ile ! h&s are me*anically   
employ$4 ,attractive home-life1         
fri5d%ips well *os5 & on a high plane1 &
 regul> habits1 %\ld ( c\rse be         
cultivat$4 ,n[1 too1 ?\gh ! intellect is

 n frequ5tly judg$ insane1 s t pubesc5t 
insanity is comp>atively r>e1 ! feel+s1 
:i* are yet m fundam5tal to m5tal       
sanity1 are mo/ (t5 p]v]t$1 & lack (    
emotional /ead9ess1 viol5t & dang]\s    
impulses1 unreasonable conduct1 lack (  
en?usiasm & sympa?y1 are v commonly     
caus$ by abnormalities "h4 ,neurotic    
di/urbances1 su* z hy/]ia1 *orea1 &1 9 !
 op9ion ( "s physicians1 sick-heada*e & 
e>ly dem5tia are peculi>ly liable to    
appe> & become seat$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 
%ort1 ! previ\s selfhood is brok5 up l !
 regulation copy h&writ+ ( e>ly s*ool   
ye>s1 & a new individual is 9 process ( 
cry/allization4 ,all is solv5t1 pla/ic1 
peculi>ly susceptible to ext]nal        
influ5ces4  ,betwe5 love & religion1    
,god & nature h wr\ght a /rong &        
indissoluble bond4 ,flagellations1 fa/s1
 exposure1 excessive p5ances ( _m k9ds1 
! ,h9doo cultus ( quietude1 & m5tal     
absorption 9 vacuity & ev5 "o p$agogic  
motive ( a cultus ( ! spiritual &       
sup]natural1 e4 g4 9 ! symposium (      

,plato1 are all design$ z palliatives & 
alt]atives ( degrad$ love4 ,*ange ( he>t
 be=e pubesc5t ye>s1 !re are sev]al     
sci5tific reasons = ?9k+ means precocity
 & =c+4 ,! age signaliz$ by ! anci5t    
,greeks z t at :i* ! /udy ( :at 0       
compreh5sively call$ music %\ld beg91 ! 
age at :i* ,roman gu>dian%ip end$1 z    
expla9$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 at :i* boys
 are confirm$ 9 ! mod]n ,greek1         
,ca?olic1 ,lu!ran & ,episcopal *ur*es1 &
 at :i* ! *ild ,jesus ent]$ ! temple1 is
 z e>ly z any *ild ought consci\sly to g
 ab\t 8 heav5ly ,fa!r's bus9ess4 ,if    
*ildr5 are in/ruct$ 9 ! language ( ^!   
s5tim5ts too e>ly1 ! all-sid$ deep5+ &  
broad5+ ( s\l & ( consci5ce :i* %\ld    
come ) adolesc5t ye>s w be incomplete4  
,revival s]mon :i* ! writ] has he>d     
prea*$ to v "y *ildr5 are analog\s to   
exhort+ !m to imag9e !mselves m>ri$ p & 
inculcat+ ! duties ( t relation4 ,x is  
because ?is precept is violat$ 9 !      
intemp]ate ha/e = imm$iate results t we 
may s (t5 he> *ildi% s5tim5ts & pu]ile  

expressions s /rangely m+l$ 9 ! religi\s
 exp]i5ce ( o!rwise app>5tly mature     
adults1 :i* rem9d "o ( a male voice     
con/antly modulat+ f manly tones into   
boyi% falsetto4 ,"s "o has said ( v e>ly
 ris]s t !y 7 apt to be conceit$ all !  
=5oon1 & /upid & un9t]e/+ all ! aft]noon
 & ev5+4 ,s1 too1 precoci\s infant      
,*ri/ians are apt to be conceit$ & full 
( pi\s affectations all ! =5oon ( life1 
& !reaft] commonplace en\gh 9 _!        
religi\s life4 ,"o is rem9d$ (          
,ari/otle's !ory ( ,ca?>sis1 accord+ to 
:i* ! s\l 0 purg$ ( /rong or bad        
passions by li/5+ to vivid              
repres5tations ( !m on ! /age4 ,s1 by ! 
=c+ me?od we deprecate1 ! s\l is giv5 j 
en\gh religi\s /imulus to act z an      
inoculation aga9/ deep] & m s]i\s int]e/
 lat]4 ,at ?is age ! prescription ( a   
s]ies ( /rong feel+s is v apt to cause  
att5tion to conc5trate on physical /ates
 9 a way :i* may culm9ate 9 ! increas$  
activity ( ! passional nature1 or may   
induce t sort ( self-flirtation :i* is  

express$ 9 morbid love ( autobiographic 
confessional outp\r+s1 or may issue 9 ! 
supreme selfi%ness ( incipi5t & (t5     
unsuspect$ hy/]ia4 ,^? :o are l$ to     
,*ri/ normally by obey+ consci5ce are n 
apt to endang] ! f\ndation ( _! moral "*
 if !y %\ld lat] *ance to d\bt ! doctr9e
 ( v]bal inspiration or "s ( ! miracles1
 or ev5 get confus$ ab\t ! ,tr9ity1     
because _! religi\s nature is n built on
 ! s&4 ,! art ( lead+ "y m5 ?r\gh       
college )\t ennobl+ or enl>g+ any ( !   
religi\s notions ( *ildhood is          
anti-p$agogic & unwor?y philosophy1 & is
 to leave m5 pu]ile 9 ! highe/ dep>tm5t 
( _! nature4  ,at ! age we h indicat$1  
:5 ! "y man in/9ctively takes ! control 
( himself into 8 own h&s1 previ\s       
e?ico-religi\s tra9+ %\ld be br\ght to a
 focus & giv5 a p]sonal application1    
:i*1 to be mo/ effective1 %\ld probably1
 9 mo/ cases1 be accord+ to ! cre$ ( !  
p>5t4 ,x is a s]i\s & solemn epo*1 &    
ought to be fitt+ly signalis$4 ,morality
 n[ ne$s religion1 :i* _c h affect$ life

 mu* be=e4 ,n[ duties %\ld be recognis$ 
z div9e comm&s1 = ! /ronge/ motives1    
natural & sup]natural1 are ne$$ = !     
regulation ( ! new impulses1 passions1  
desires1 half insights1 ambitions1 etc41
 :i* come to ! ,am]ican temp]am5t s     
sudd5ly be=e ! me?ods ( self-regulation 
c become e/abli%$ & op]ative4 ,n[ a deep
 p]sonal s5se ( purity & impurity are   
fir/ possible1 & inde$ inevitable1 & ?is
 natural moral t5sion is a great        
opportunity to ! religi\s tea*]4 ,a     
s]i\s s5se ( ,god )91 & (               
responsibilities :i* transc5d ?is life z
 !y d ! adolesc5t's p[] ( compreh5sion2 
a feel+ = duties deep5$ by a realization
 & exp]i5ce ( _! conflict su* z "s h    
?\ght to be ! orig9 ( religion itself 9 
! s\l--^!1 too1 are elem5ts ( ! !ology (
 ! he>t reveal$ at ?is age to e s]i\s   
y\?1 b to ! judici\s emphasis &         
utilization ( :i*1 ! tea*] %\ld l5d 8   
consummate skill4 ,:ile special l9es (  
int]e/ lead+ to a c>e] mu/ be n[ well   
gr\nd$1 !re mu/ also be a culture ( !   

ideal & an absorption 9 g5]al views &   
remote & univ]sal ends4 ,if all t is    
pure & discipl9+ 9 :at is transc5d5t1   
:e!r to ! ,*ri/ian believ]s1 ! poet or !
 philosoph]1 _h ev5 be5 devis$ only = ! 
bett] regulation ( human en]gies set    
free at ?is age1 b n yet fully def9$ or 
realiz$1 !y w\ld /ill h a mo/ pot5t     
ju/ification on ?is gr\nd alone4 ,at any
 rate1 :at is (t5 wa/$ 9 excess "h1 if  
husb&$1 rip5s into philosophy1 ! l>g]   
love to ! _w1 ! true & ! good1 9 a s5se 
n unlike t 9 ! symposium ( ,plato4      
,f9ally1 !re is dang] le/ ?is *ange1 z  
prescrib$ & =mulat$ by ! *ur*1 be too   
sudd5 & viol5t1 & ! capital ( moral =ce 
:i* %\ld la/ a lifetime be consum$ 9 a  
brief1 convulsive ef=t1 l ! sudd5 runn+ 
d[n ( a wat* if its spr+ be brok54      
,piety is naturally ! sl[e/ because !   
mo/ compreh5sive k9d ( gr[?4 ,quetelet  
says t ! measure ( ! /ate ( civilization
 9 a nation is ! way 9 :i* x a*ieves its
 revolutions4 ,z x becomes truly        
civiliz$1 revolutions cease to be sudd5 

& viol5t1 & become gradually transitory 
& )\t abrupt *ange4 ,! same is true ( t 
individual crisis :i* psy*o-physiology  
describes z adolesc5ce1 & ( :i* !ology  
=mulates a high] spiritual pot5cy z     
conv]sion4 ,! adolesc5t p]iod la/s t5   
ye>s or m1 dur+ all ( :i* developm5t ( e
 sort is v rapid & con/ant1 & x is1 z   
already rem>k$1 intemp]ate ha/e =       
imm$iate results1 ( reap+ )\t s[+1 :i*  
has made s _m reg>d *ange ( he>t z an   
in/antane\s conque/ r ?an z a gr[?1 &   
p]si/5tly to =get t !re is some?+ (     
importance be=e & aft] x 9 heal?ful     
religi\s exp]i5ce4   ,footnote #a3 ,see 
au?or's ,boy ,life1 9 ,massa*usetts     
,c\ntry ,t[n ,=ty ,ye>s ,ago4           
,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,june1 #aijf1 vol4 
#ac1 pp4 #aib-bjg4  ,footnote #b3 ,^?   
int]e/$ 9 s*ool /ati/ics may value !    
record kept by a ,swabian s*oolma/] nam$
 ,haub]le1 ext5d+ ov] fifty-"o ye>s &   
sev5 mon?s' exp]i5ce z a tea*]1 z       
foll[s3 #iaa1ebg bl[s ) a cane2 #abd1jaj
 ) a rod2 #bj1ici ) a rul]2 #acf1gae ) !

 h&2 #ai1bie ov] ! m\?2 #g1ije boxes on 
! e>2 #a1aae1hjj snaps on ! head2       
#bb1gfc nota b5es ) ,bible1 cate*ism1   
hymnbook & gramm>2 #ggg times boys _h to
 kneel on peas2 #fac times on triangul> 
blocks ( w&2 #e1jja _h to c>ry a timb]  
m>e2 &1 #g1gja hold ! rod high2 ! la/   
two be+ puni%m5ts ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,( !
 bl[s ) ! cane #hjj1jjj 7 = ,lat9 v[els1
 & #gf1jjj ( ^? ) ! rod = ,bible v]ses &
 hymns4 ,he us$ a scold+ vocabul>y ( ov]
 #c1jjj t]ms1 ( :i* "o-?ird 7 ( 8 own   
inv5tion4  ,footnote #c3 ,= mo/ rec5t & 
elaborate /udy ( *ildr5's lies see      
,zeits*rift fr pdagogis*e ,psy*ologie1  
,pa?ologie und ,hygi5e1 ,juli1 #aije4   
,jahrgang #g1 ,heft #c1 pp4 #agg-bje4   
99     99     99     99     99          
,,gloss>y   ,,agamic4 ,unm>ri$2         
unm>riageable1 sometimes non-sex$4      
,,ag5ic4 ,lack+ 9 reproductive p[]2     
/]ile4  ,,amphimixis4 ,t =m (           
reproduction :i* involves ! m+l+ (      
sub/ance f two individuals s z to effect
 a mixture ( h]$it>y *>act]i/ics4 ,x    

includes ! ph5om5a ( conjugation &      
f]tilization among bo? unicellul> &     
multicellul> organisms4  ,,anabolism4   
,see ,,metabolism4  ,,anamnesic4 ,p]ta9+
 to or aid+ recollection4  ,,anemic4    
,defici5t 9 blood2 bloodless4           
,,an?ropomorphism4 ,! attribut+ ( human 
*>act]i/ics to natural1 sup]natural1 or 
div9e be+s4  ,,an?ropometry4 ,sci5ce (  
measurem5t ( ! human body4  ,,artifact4 
,any artificial product4  ,,aphasia4    
,impairm5t or lose ( ! ability to und]/&
 or use spee*4  ,,associationism4 ,!    
psy*ological !ory :i* reg>ds ! laws (   
association z ! fundam5tal laws ( m5tal 
action & developm5t4  ,,atavi/ic4       
,p]ta9+ to rev]sion ?r\gh ! influ5ce (  
h]$ity to remote ance/ral *>act]i/ics4  
,,ataxic4 ,p]ta9+ to inability to       
cord9ate volunt>y movem5ts2 irregul>4   
,,calamo-,,papyrus4 ,re$ papyrus or     
p5-pap]4  ,,catabolism4 ,see            
,,metabolism4  ,,ca?>sis4 ,purgation or 
cleans+4 ,ari/otle's e/hetic !ory t     
little r5d]s immune = mu*4              

,,c]ebration4 ,bra9 action1 consci\s or 
unconsci\s4  ,,*orea4 ,/4 ,vitus's      
dance2 a n]v\s disease m>k$ by irregul> 
& involunt>y movem5ts ( ! limbs & face4 
,,*re/oma?y4 ,a collection ( extracts & 
*oice pieces4  ,,*ri/5?um4 ,! ,*ri/ian  
belief2 ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,,comm&o   
,,ex]cises4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises ^: ord]  
is dep5d5t ^u ! spok5 comm& ( !         
director4  ,,cortex4 ,! gray matt] ( !  
bra91 mo/ly on its surface4  ,,cortical4
 ,p]ta9+ to ! cortex4  ,,craniometry4 ,!
 measurem5t ( skulls4  ,,cryptogam\s4   
,hav+ an obscure mode ( f]tilization2   
or1 ( plants t d n blossom4  ,,cultus4  
,a sy/em ( religi\s belief & wor%ip4    
,,deuts*5?um4 ,! _s ( ! ,g]man p4       
,,dia!sis4 ,a con/itutional             
pr$isposition4  ,,ephebic4 ,p]ta9+ to ! 
,greek sy/em ( in/ruction giv5 to "y m5 
to fit !m = citiz5%ip2 adolesc5t4       
,,epigoni4 ,successors2 foll[]s :o only 
foll[4  ,,epi/emology4 ,! !ory ( k2 t   
bran* ( logic :i* und]takes to expla9 h[
 k is possible & to def9e its           

limitations1 mean+1 & wor?4  ,,eupeptic4
 ,hav+ good dige/ion4  ,,euphoria4 ,!   
s5se ( well-be+2 ( fullness ( life4     
,,eviration4 ,emasculation2 loss ( manly
 *>act]i/ics4  ,,f]al4 ,wild by nature2 
untam$2 undome/icat$4  ,,=mic>y4 ,an    
artificial ants' ne/4  ,,gem,,?4        
,disposition2 ! entire affective s\l &  
its habitual /ate4  ,,hebetude4         
,dullness2 /upidity4  ,,h$oni/ic4       
,relat+ to h$onism1 t =m ( ,greek       
philosophy :i* taught t pleasure is !   
*ief end ( exi/5ce4  ,,heta]a4 ,a ,greek
 c\rtesan4 ,?is class 0 (t5 highly tra9$
 9 music & social art1 & repres5t$ !    
highe/ grade ( culture among ,greek     
wom54  ,,het]og5y4 7#a7 ,! spontane\s   
g5]ation ( animals & vegetables1 l[ 9 ! 
scale ( organization1 f inorganic       
elem5ts4 7#b7 ,t k9d ( g5]ation 9 :i* ! 
p>5t1 :e!r plant or animal1 produces    
(fspr+ diff]+ 9 /ructure or habit f     
itself1 b 9 :i* aft] "o or m g5]ations !
 orig9al =m reappe>s4  ,,het]onom\s4    
,hav+ a diff]5t "n4  ,,horology4 ,!     

sci5ce ( measur+ "t & ( con/ruct+       
in/rum5ts = t purpose4  ,,hygeia4 ,!    
,greek goddess ( heal?2 heal?4          
,,hyp]me?odic4 ,me?odic to excess2      
ov]me?odic4  ,,hyp]trophy4 ,excessive   
gr[?4  ,,indisc]ptible4 ,incapable ( be+
 de/roy$ by sep>ation ( p>ts4           
,,inhibition4 ,int]f]5ce ) ! normal     
result ( a n]v\s excitem5t by an oppos+ 
=ce4  ,,irradiation4 ,! diffusion (     
n]v\s /imuli out ( ! pa? ( normal       
dis*>ge :i*1 z a result ( ! excitation (
 a p]iph]al end organ may excite o!r    
c5tral organs ?an ^? directly connect$ )
 x4  ,,k9esological4 ,p]ta9+ to ! sci5ce
 ( te/s & measurem5ts ( bodily /r5g?4   
,,k9esomet]4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+     
muscul> /r5g?4  ,,m$ullation4 ,!        
inve/m5t ( n]ve fib]s ) a protective    
cov]+ or m$ull>y %ea?1 consi/+ ( :ite1  
fat-l matt]4  ,,m]i/ic4 ,p]ta9+ to !    
levels or sp9al & c]ebral segm5ts ( !   
body4  ,,metabolism4 ,! act or process  
by :i*1 on ! "o h&1 dead food is built  
up into liv+ matt]--anabolism1 & by :i*1

 on ! o!r1 ! liv+ matt] is brok5 d[n    
into simpl] products )9 a cell or       
organism--catabolism4  ,,metamorphosis4 
,*ange ( =m or /ructure2 trans=mation4  
,,metempsy*osis4 ,! doctr9e ( !         
transmigration ( ! s\l f "o body to     
ano!r4  ,,monophra/ic4 ,p]ta9+ to or    
consi/+ ( a s+le phrase4  ,,monote*nic4 
,p]ta9+ to a s+le art or craft4         
,,morphology4 ,! sci5ce ( =m & /ructure 
( plants & animals )\t reg>d to         
function4  ,,myology4 ,! sci5tific k ( !
 muscul> sy/em4  ,,my?opoeic4 ,produc+  
or hav+ a t5d5cy to produce my?s4       
,,noetic4 ,(1 p]ta9+ to1 or conceiv$ by1
 m9d4  ,,nuance4 ,slight %ade2 diff]5ce2
 di/9ction2 degree4  ,,or?og5ic4 ,p]ta9+
 to "r beg9n+ & developm5t4  ,,or?op$ic4
 ,relat+ to ! art ( cur+ de=mities4     
,,ossu>y4 ,a depository ( dry bones4    
,,paleopsy*ic4 ,p]ta9+ to ! antiquity ( 
! s\l4  ,,pan!i/ic4 ,relat+ to t doctr9e
 :i* holds t ! entire ph5om5al univ]se1 
includ+ man & nature1 is ! ev]-*ang+    
manife/ation ( ,god1 :o rises to        

self-consci\sness & p]sonality only 9   
man4  ,,patri/ics4 ,t dep>tm5t ( /udy   
occupi$ ) ! doctr9es & writ+s ( ! fa!rs 
( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4  ,,phobia4          
,excessive or morbid fe> ( any?+4       
,,phyletically4 ,9 accordance ) ! phylum
 or race2 racially4  ,,phyletic4 ,p]ta9+
 to a race or clan4  ,,phylog5y4 ,!     
hi/ory ( ! evolution ( a species or     
gr\p2 tribal hi/ory2 ance/ral developm5t
 z oppos$ to ontog5y or ! developm5t ( !
 individual4  ,,phylum4 ,a t]m introduc$
 by ,haeckel to designate ! great       
bran*es ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms4  
,ea* phylum may include sev]al classes4 
,,pickelhaube4 ,! spik$ helmet ( !      
,g]man army4  ,,plankton4 ,sea animals &
 plants collectively2 di/+ui%$ f coa/ or
 bottom =ms & float+ 9 a great mass4    
,,polygamic 7,,love74 ,p]ta9+ to ! habit
 ( hav+ m ?an "o mate ( ! opposite sex4 
,,polyphra/ic4 ,hav+ _m phrases2 p]ta9+ 
to rambl+1 incoh]5t spee*4              
,,po/-,,simian4 ,p]ta9+ to an age lat]  
?an t 9 :i* simian or monkey-l =ms      

prevail$4  ,,pr5ubile4 ,p]ta9+ to ! age 
be=e sexual maturity or m>riageability  
is rea*$4  ,,prie ,,dieu4 ,a pray+ desk4
  ,,prop$eutic4 ,prelim9>y2             
introductory4  ,,prophylactic4 ,any     
m$ic9e or measure efficaci\s 9 prev5t+  
disease4  ,,pseudophobiac4 ,p]ta9+ to a 
morbid condition 9 :i* ! subject is     
cont9ually 9 fe> ( hav+ said some?+ n   
/rictly true4  ,,psy*og5esis4 ,! orig9 &
 developm5t ( s\l4  ,,psy*onomic4       
,p]ta9+ to ! laws ( m9d4  ,,psy*osis4   
,m5tal con/itution or condition2 any    
*ange 9 consci\sness1 especially if     
abnormal4  ,,pub]ty4 ,! age ( sexual    
maturity4  ,,pubesc5t4 ,relat+ to !     
dawn+ ( pub]ty4  ,,pygmoid4 ,( pygmy    
size & =m4  ,,rabuli/4 ,a *ronic        
wrangl]2 "o :o argues ab\t ev]y?+4      
,,s*ema4 ,a synopsis2 a summ>y4 ,9 !    
,kantian s5se1 a g5]al type4            
,,s*ematism4 ,an outl9e ( any sy/ematic 
arrangem5t2 an outl9e4  ,,sup]foetation4
 ,a second conception "s "t aft] a prior
 "o1 by :i* two foetuses ( diff]5t age  

exi/ toge!r 9 ! same female4 ,(t5 us$   
figuratively4  ,,temibility4 7,f        
,italian temibile1 to be fe>$47 ,!      
pr9ciple ( adju/m5t ( p5alty to crime 9 
j t degree necess>y to prev5t a         
repetition ( ! crim9al act4  ,,tic4 ,a  
n]v\s affection ( ! muscles2 a twit*+4  
,,transc5d5tal4 ,9 ! ,kantian sy/em hav+
 an a priori "*1 transc5d+ exp]i5ce1    
presuppos$ 9 & necess>y to exp]i5ce4    
,,traumata4 ,w\nds4  ,,traumatism4 ,a   
w\nd2 any morbid condition produc$ by   
w\nds or o!r ext]nal viol5ce4           
,,v]big]ation4 ,! cont9ual utt]ance (   
c]ta9 words or phrases at %ort int]vals1
 )\t ref]5ce to _! mean+1 z se5 9 insane
 ,g$ank5flu*t or rapid flight ( ?\ght4  
,,index         99     99     99     99 
99  ,ab/ract words1 ne$ ( ,accessory &  
fundam5tal movem5t ,accuracy ( memory   
ov]done ,activity ( *ildr51 motor       
,adolesc5ce   biography & lit]ature (   
*>act]iz$ ,agriculture ,alt]nations (   
physical & psy*ic /ates ,altruism (     
c\ntry *ildr5   ( woman1 cutlet =       

,amphimixis1 psy*ic1 basis ( ,ang]      
,an?ropometry & ideal ( gymna/ics       
,arboreal life & ! h& ,art /udy ,arts & 
crafts movem5t ,associations devis$ or  
guid$ by adults ,a/ronomy ,a?letic      
fe/ivals 9 ,greece ,a?letics z a        
conv]sation topic   dang]s & defects (  
records 9 ,att5tion   fo/]$ by comm&o   
ex]cises   rhy?m 9   spontane\s         
,au?ority & adolesc5ce ,autobiographies 
( boyhood ,automatisms   motor1 causes &
 k9ds (   control & s]ialization (      
dang] ( premature control (   desirable 
,ba*elor wom5 ,basal muscles1 developm5t
 ( ,basal p[]s1 developm5t ( ,ba?+      
,beauty1 age ( fem99e ,belief1 habit &  
muscle det]m9+ ,bible1 !   influ5ce (1 9
 adolesc5ce   me?ods ( tea*+   /udy (1 =
 girls   /udy (1 9 ,g]man me?od ( w     
tra9+   /udy (1 ord] 9   /udy (1 po/pon$
   /udy (1 prep>ation = ,biography &    
adolesc5ce ,blood vessels1 expansion at 
pub]ty ,blu%+1 *>act]i/ic ( pub]ty ,body
 tra9+1 ,greek ,botany ,box+ ,boys   age
 ( little affection 9   dang]s (        

co$ucation =   diff]5ces betwe51 & girls
   latitude 9 conduct & /udies (1 be=e  
pub]ty   pub]ty 91 *>act]i/ics ( ,bra9  
action1 unity 9 ,bully+ ,bu%ido         
,cakewalk ,ca/ration1 functional 9 wom5 
,ca?>sis1 ,ari/otle's !ory ( ,"* &      
muscles ,*ildr5   faults & crimes (     
motor activity (   motor defects (      
selfi%ness ( ,*ivalry1 m$ieval ,*orea   
,*ri/ianity1 muscul> ,*ums & cronies    
,*ur*1 fem9ity 9 ! ,city *ildr5 vs4     
c\ntry *ildr5 ,civiliz$ m51 savages     
physically sup]ior to ,climb+   hill    
muscles1 age = ex]cise ( ,co$ucation1   
dang]s 9 ,college   co$ucation 9        
,engli% requirem5ts (   woman's ideal   
s*ool & ,combat1 p]sonal1 z ex]cise     
,comm&o ex]cises   re/rict$ = girls     
,conc5tration ,concret5ess 9 mod]n      
language /udy1 criticiz$ ,conduct       
me*aniz$   ( ,italian s*oolboys tabulat$
   wea!r & ,confessionalism   ( "y wom5 
passional inducem5t to ,conflict1 see   
,combat ,control   n]v\s1 ?r\gh danc+   
( ang]   ( brute in/9cts   ( *ildr5's   

movem5ts ,conv]sation1 a?letics 9       
deg5]ation 91 causes ( ,conv]sion       
,cord9ation loos5$ at adolesc5ce        
inh]it$ t5d5cies ( muscul> ,corporal    
puni%m5t ,c\ntry *ildr5 vs4 city *ildr5 
,crime1 juv5ile   causes (   education &
   read+ & ,cruelty1 a juv5ile fault    
,culture h]oes  ,danc+ ,deadly s9s1 !   
sev51 vs4 mod]n juv5ile faults ,debate &
 w-tra9+ ,doll curve ,dome/icity        
,dramatic in/9ct ( pub]ty ,draw+1 curve 
( /ages ( ,duel+  ,education   art 9    
crime &   indu/rial   intellectual      
manual   moral & religi\s   ( boys   (  
girls   physical ,ef=t1 z a develop+ =ce
 ,emotions   danc+ complete/ language ( 
!   religion direct$ to ,endurance      
,en]gy & laz9ess ,engli%   language &   
lit]ature1 p$agogy (   p$agogic         
deg5]ation 91 causes (   requirem5ts (  
college   s5se language1 dang]s ( ,ennui
 ,erect position & true life ,e?ics1    
/udy (1 criticiz$ ,e?ical judgm5ts (    
*ildr5 ,euphoria & ex]cise ,evolution1  
movem5t z a measure ( ,ex]cise   heal? &

   measurem5ts &   music &   nasc5t     
p]iods &   rhy?m &  ,f>m "w ,fatigue    
at pub]ty   *ores &   n a cause =       
puni%m5t   play &   re/lessness         
expressive (   result ( labor )         
defective psy*ic impulsion   rhy?m (    
activity &   w-culture & ,faults (      
*ildr5 ,favorite s\nds & words          
,fecundity ( college wom5 ,fem99ity 9 ! 
*ur*   9 ! s*ool & college ,fem9i/s     
,fight+ ,flogg+ ,=eign languages1 dang]s
 ( ,france1 religi\s tra9+ 9 ,fri5d%ips 
( adolesc5ce ,fundam5tal & accessory    
,future life1 z a s*ool tea*+  ,games   
gr\ps   ,panhell5ic ,gangs1 organiz$    
juv5ile ,g5ius1 e>ly developm5t (       
,g]many1 w-tra9+ 9 ,girl graduates      
av]sion to m>riage (   fecundity (      
/]ility ( ,girls   & boys1 diff]5ces    
betwe5   co$ucation =1 dang]s (         
education (   education (1 humani/ic    
education (1 mann]s 9   education (1 m  
difficult ?an ( boys   education (1     
nature 9   education (1 regul>ity 9     
education (1 religion 9   ideal s*ool & 

curriculum =   ov]draw+ _! en]gy        
,gramm>1 place ( ,greece1 a?letic       
fe/ivals 9 ,greek body tra9+ ,gr\p games
 ,gr[?   at pub]ty   gymna/ics & its    
effect on   ( muscle /ructure &         
function1 measure (   p]iods   rhy?mic  
,gymna/ics   effect on gr[?1 its   ideal
 (1 & an?ropometry   ideals1 its f\r    
unh>moniz$1 &   milit>y ideals &        
nasc5t p]iods &   patriotism &          
proportion & measurem5t =1 criticiz$    
,sw$i%  ,habits & muscle ,h& & arboreal 
life ,heal?1 ex]cise &   ( girls        
,h]$ity1 a factor 9 developm5t ,high    
,s*ool1 ! co$ucation 9   language /udy &
 ,hill-climb+ ,hi/oric int]e/1 gr[? (   
,home1 re/ra9t (1 detrim5tal ,honor1    
among hoodlums   9 sports ,hoodlums     
,hy/]ia  ,imag9ation1 at pub]ty   (     
*ildr5   play & ,individuality1 gr[? (1 
at pub]ty ,indu/rial education ,indu/ry 
& movem5t ,inhibition ,intellect1       
adolesc5ce 9 ,intemp]ance  ,knightly    
ideas ( y\? ,kn[+ & do+  ,language1     
concret5ess 91 deg5]ation ?r\gh   dang]s

 (1 ?r\gh eye & h&   precision curve (  
vs4 lit]ature ,lat91 dang] ( ,laught]   
,laz9ess & en]gy ,lies ,lit]>y m51 y\? (
   wom51 y\? ( ,lit]ature & adolesc5ce  
language vs4  ,ma*9]y & movem5t ,mammae1
 loss ( function ( ,mann]s   9 girls'   
education ,manual tra9+   defects &     
criticisms (   difficulties ( ,m>riage1 
dang]s 9 delay (   influ5c$ by          
co$ucation   influ5c$ by college tra9+  
,ma/]y 9 art-craft1 equipm5t =          
,mat]nity1 dang]s ( def]r$ ,measurem5ts 
& ex]cise ,memory1 accuracy1 age1 & k9ds
 (   sex curve ( types ( ,milit>y drill 
ideals & gymna/ics ,m9d & motility      
,money s5se ,mon?ly p]iod & ,sabba?     
,mo!rhood1 tra9+ = ,motor1 activity1    
primitive   automatisms   defects (     
*ildr5   defects1 g5]al   economies     
p[]s1 g5]al gr[? (   precocity          
psy*oses1 muscles &   recaptulation     
regul>ity ,movem5t & indu/ry ,movem5ts1 
passive   precocity ( ,muscle t5sion &  
?\ght ,muscles1 p] c5t by weight ( body 
"* &   motor psy*oses &   small1 & ?\ght

   w & ,muscul> ,*ri/ianity ,music &    
ex]cise ,my?s1 /udy (  ,nasc5t p]iods & 
ex]cises ,nature 9 girls' education     
,ob$i5ce  ,panhell5ic games ,passive    
movem5ts ,patriotism & gymna/ics ,peace1
 man's normal /ate ,p]iodicity 9 gr[?   
9 wom5 ,philology1 dang]s ( ,pla/icity (
 gr[? at pub]ty ,play   c\rse ( /udy    
imag9ation &   prehi/oric activity &    
problem   sex &   /ages & ages (   "w & 
,plays & games1 codification (          
,precocity1 motor   9 ! motor sph]e     
,pr$atory organizations ,primitive motor
 activity ,puni%m5ts   9 s*ool1 causes (
  ,read+ age   crime &   curve ,reason1 
developm5t ( ,recapitulation & motor    
h]$ity ,records 9 a?letics ,regul>ity 9 
education ( girls ,religi\s tra9+1 age =
   = girls   9 ,europe   premature   two
 me?ods ( ,ret>dation z a means (       
broad5+ ,revivali/s ,rhy?m1 ex]cise &   
9 primitive activities   ( "w & re/     
,savages physically sup]ior to civiliz$ 
m5 ,s*ool1 language /udy 9   ne$ (      
en?usiasm 9   puni%m5ts 91 causes (     

read+ 9 ,sci5tific m51 y\? ( ,s$5t>y    
life ,selfi%ness ( *ildr5 ,sex1 play &  
sports & ,slang curve   value ( ,sleep1 
9 education ( girls ,sloyd1 orig91 aims1
 criticism ( ,social activities         
organizations ( y\? ,solitude ,s\nds1   
favorite1 & words ,sports1 values (     
diff]5t   codification (   sexual       
influ5ce 9   team "w 9 ,spurt9ess       
,/]ility ( girl graduates ,/ory-tell+1  
int]e/ 9 ,/ruggle-=-lifeurs ,/ud5ts'    
associations ,/utt]+ & /amm]+ ,sw$i%    
gymna/ics ,swimm+  ,tal5t1 e>ly         
developm5t ( ,tea*]s1 av]sions to ,team 
_s ,te*nical c\rses1 ne$ ( ,telegraphic 
skill ,temibility ,!ft1 juv5ile ,?\ght &
 muscle t5sion ,transitory nature (     
y\?ful exp]i5ces ,tree life & erect     
po/ure ,truancy ,tru?-tell+ ,turn]      
movem5t  ,unm>ri$ wom51 dang]s to       
,vagabondage ,vagrancy ,virility 9 !    
,*ur*  ,wea!r & conduct ,w1 muscles &   
tra9+ ,womanly1 ! et]nal ,wom51 ba*elors
   dang]s to1 9 n m>ry+   education (1  
ideal   "y1 confessionalism ( ,"w at its

 be/1 play   play &   re/ &1 rhy?m (    
,wre/l+  ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association
           99     99     99     99      
99  ,,int]national ,,education ,,s]ies4 
99     99     99     99     99  ,,an    
,,ideal ,,s*ool2 ,,or1 ,,look+ ,,=w>d4  
,by ,pre/on ,w4 ,se>*1 ,honor>y ,fell[ 9
 ,cl>k ,univ]sity4 ,) an ,introduction  
by ,pres4 ,g4 ,/anley ,hall4 ,vol4 #eb4 
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4bj net4  ,i am n       
conc]n$ t ! ?+s pres5t$ 9 ?is little    
con/ructive endeavor w n f9d bodily     
incorporation 9 s*ools2 = x is          
cross-f]tilization & n graft+ t has giv5
 u our ri*e/ v>ieties ( fruits & fl[]s4 
,?is "w is an attempt at _s1 n lett]2 at
 pr9ciple1 n me?od4--,f ! ,au?or's      
,preface4  ,a book ,i wi% ,i c\ld h     
writt5 myself2 & ,i c ?9k ( no s+le     
educational volume 9 ! _w-wide range (  
lit]ature 9 ?is field t ,i believe s    
well calculat$ to d s mu* good at !     
pres5t "t1 & :i* ,i c\ld s he>tily      
advise e tea*] 9 ! l&1 ( :atev] grade1  
to read & pond]4--,pres4 ,g4 ,/anley    

,hall1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity4  ,x is to my   
m9d ! mo/ /imulat+ book t has appe>$ = a
 long "t4 ,! conception "h set =? ( !   
function ( ! s*ool is1 ,i believe1 !    
broade/ & be/ t has be5 =mulat$4 ,!     
*apt] on ,illu/rative ,me?ods is wor? m 
?an all ! books on ',me?od' t ,i "k (4  
,! diagrams & tables are v conv9c+4 ,i  
am satisfi$ t ! au?or has giv5 u an     
epo*-mak+ book4--,h5ry ,h4 ,godd>d1     
,ph4,d41 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,we/     
,*e/]1 ,pa4  ,i receiv$ a copy ( ',an   
,ideal ,s*ool1' & ,i am satisfi$ t ,i   
made no mi/ake :5 ,i1 ) ! o!r two memb]s
 ( ! book committee1 recomm5d$ ! book to
 ! #caj tea*]s 9 our c\nty4--,j4,g4     
,dundore1 ,lycom+ ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 
,c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ notable books on    
education publi%$ 9 _m ye>s--,p4,p4     
,claxton1 ,editor ,atlantic ,educational
 ,j\rnal4  ,y h done ! cause ( real     
education an important s]vice4 ,?is book
 is1 9 my op9ion1 "o ( ! mo/ useful 9 ! 
,int]national ,education ,s]ies4--,alb]t
 ,leon>d1 ,editor ( ! ,j\rnals (        

,p$agogy4         99     99     99      
99     99  ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1
 ,,new ,,york4    ,,dick5s ,,z ,,an     
,,educator4  ,by ,,james ,i4 ,,hughes1  
,inspector ( ,s*ools1 ,toronto4 ,vol4   
#di4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4  ,,adopt$ ,,by
 ,,sev]al ,,/ate ,,tea*]s' ,,read+      
,,circles4  ,all tea*]s h read ,dick5s's
 novels ) pleasure4 ,probably few1 h[ev]
 h presumably ?\ght def9itely ( him z a 
great educational re=m]4 ,b ,inspector  
,hughes demon/rates t su* is 8 j title4 
,william ,t4 ,h>ris says ( ,dick5s z an 
,educator3 ,?is book is suffici5t to    
e/abli% ! claim = ,dick5s z an          
educational re=m]4 ,he has done m ?an   
any "o else to secure = ! *ild          
consid]ate treatm5t ( 8 t5d] age4       
,dick5s /&s ap>t & alone z "o ( ! mo/   
pot5t influ5ces ( social re=m 9 !       
n9ete5? c5tury1 & !re=e des]ves to be   
read & /udi$ by all :o h to d ) s*ools1 
& by all p>5ts ev]y:]e 9 our day &      
g5]ation4 ,pr(essor ,hughes ass]ts t    
,dick5s 0 ! mo/ pr(\nd expon5t ( !      

k9d]g>t5 & ! mo/ compreh5sive /ud5t (   
*ildhood t ,engl& has yet produc$4 ,!   
book br+s into connect$ =m1 "u prop]    
head+s1 ! educational pr9ciples ( ?is   
mo/ sympa!tic fri5d ( *ildr54  ,mr4     
,james ,l4 ,hughes has j publi%$ a book 
t w rank z "o ( ! f9e/ appreciations (  
,dick5s ev] writt54--,colorado ,s*ool   
,j\rnal4  ,mr4 ,hughes has br\ght toge!r
 9 an int]e/+ & mo/ effective mann] !   
*ief tea*+s ( ,dick5s on educational    
subjects4 ,8 extracts make ! read] feel 
aga9 ! reality ( ,dick5s's descriptions 
& ! p[] ( ! appeal t he made = a san]1  
k9dli]1 m inspir+ p$agogy1 & ?us became1
 ?r\gh 8 imm5se vogue1 "o ( ! *ief      
in/rum5talities work+ = ! new           
education4--,wiscons9 ,j\rnal (         
,education4