,illu/ration     ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican  
,,supplem5t ,,no4 #dag     ,,new ,,york1
 ,,decemb] #bi1 #ahhc  ,sci5tific       
,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 ,no4  
#dag4  ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$     
#ahde  ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1  
#e a ye>4  ,sci5tific ,am]ican &        
,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4          99       
99       99       99       99  ,,table  
,,( ,,cont5ts  ,i4   ,,eng9e]+ ,,&      
,,me*anics4--,ma*9e = ,mak+ ,electric   
,light ,c>bons4--#b figures       ,!    
,e>lie/ ,gas ,eng9e       ,! ,mov+ (    
,l>ge ,masses4--,) engrav+s ( ! removal 
( a belfry at ,cres5t9o 9 #aggf1 & ( !  
w+$ bulls f      ,n9eveh to ,mosul 9    
#ahed       ,sci5ce & ,eng9e]+4--,!     
relation !y be> to "o ano!r4      ,by   
,,walt] ,r4 ,,br[ne       ,hydraulic    
,plate ,press4--,) engrav+       ,fa/   
,pr9t+ ,press = ,engrav+s4--,) engrav+  
,fr5* ,cannon       ,app>atus = ,heat+  
by ,gas4--#e figures       ,improv$ ,gas
 ,burn] = ,s+e+ ,ma*9es4--#a figure     
,,ii4  ,,te*nology4--,*9a ,grass1 or    

,rhea4--,diff]5t processes &            
app>atus us$ 9 prep>+ ! fib] = comm]ce  
,,iii4 ,,ar*itecture4--,woodl&s1 ,/oke  
,pogis1 ,bucks4--,) engrav+4  ,,iv4     
,,electricity1 ,,light1 ,,etc4--,volta  
,electric ,induction z ,demon/rat$      
by ,exp]im5t4--,pap] read by ,,will\ghby
 ,,smi? be=e ! ,society      (          
,telegraph ,eng9e]s &                   
,electricians4--,num]\s figures         
,on ,telph]age4--,! ,transmission (     
vehicles by electricity to a            
di/ance4--,by ,pr(4 ,,fleem+ ,,j5k9     
,new ,electric ,batt]y ,lights       ,! 
,siem5s ,electric ,railway at ,zank]oda 
,m9es4--#c figures       ,silas'        
,*ronophore4--#c figures  ,v4           
,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,a ,new ,enemy ( ! 
,bee       ,cry/allization ( ,honey     
,an ,ext5sive ,%eep ,range  ,,vi4       
,,horticulture1 ,,etc4--,! ,zelk[as4--,)
 full description      ( ! tree1 mann] (
 id5tification1 etc41 & sev]al          
engrav+s %[+ ! tree z a :ole1 & !       
leaves1      fruit1 & fl[]s 9 detail    

,,vii4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,hygi5e1 ,,etc4-,!    
,dis9fection ( ! ,atmosph]e4            
--,extract f a lecture by ,dr4 ,r4,j4   
,,lee1 deliv]$ at !      ,p>kes ,museum 
( ,hygi5e4 ,london       ,a ,new ,me?od 
( ,/a9+ ,bacillus ,tub]culosis          
,cure = ,hemorrhoids         99       99
       99       99       99             
,,volta-,,electric ,,induction4         
,footnote3 ,a pap] read at ! ,society ( 
,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ,electricians on !
 #h? ,novemb]1 #ahhc  ,by ,,will\ghby   
,,smi?4   ,9 my presid5tial address1 :i*
 ,i _h ! pleasure ( read+ be=e ?is      
society at our fir/ meet+ ?is ye>1 ,i   
call$ att5tion1 some:at hurri$ly1 to !  
results ( a few ( my exp]im5ts on       
induction1 & at ! same "t express$ a    
hope t at a future date ,i might be able
 to br+ !m m prom95tly be=e y4 ,t date  
has n[ arriv$1 & my endeavor ?is ev5+ w 
be to demon/rate to y by actual exp]im5t
 "s ( :at ,i consid] ! mo/ important    
results obta9$4 ,my desire is t all     
pres5t %\ld see ^! results1 & ) t view  

,i w try :5 practicable to use a mirror 
reflect+ galvanomet] in/ead ( a         
telephone4 ,all :o h be5 accu/om$ to !  
use ( reflect+ galvanomet]s w readily   
und]/& ! difficulty1 on acc\nt ( its    
delicacy1 ( do+ s :]e no special        
arrangem5ts are provid$ = its use2 b    
p]haps ) a little indulg5ce on y\r "p & 
pati5ce on m9e ! exp]im5ts may be br\ght
 to a successful issue4  ,illu/ration3  
,,volta-,,electric ,,induction4         
,reliable records ext5d+ ov] hundr$s (  
ye>s %[ cle>ly ) :at en]gy & p]sev]ance 
sci5tific m5 9 e civiliz$ "p ( ! _w h   
endeavor$ to wre/ f nature ! secret (   
:at is t]m$ h] ph5om5a ( magnetism1 &1 z
 is inv>iably ! case "u simil>          
circum/ances1 ! results ( ! exp]im5ts & 
reason+ ( "s h f> surpass$ ^? ( o!rs 9  
advanc+ our k4 ,= in/ance1 ! exp]im5tal 
philosoph]s 9 _m bran*es ( sci5ce 7     
grop+ z x 7 9 d>kness until ! brilliant 
light ( ,newton's g5ius illum9$ _! pa?4 
,al?\gh1 p]haps1 ,i %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 
comp>+ ,o]/$ ) ,newton1 yet he also     

discov]$ :at are t]m$ new laws ( nature1
 9 a mann] at once precise1 pr(\nd1 &   
amaz+1 & :i* op5$ a new field ( rese>*  
to _m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ philosoph]s ( t  
"t1 :o 7 soon engag$ 9 exp]im5t+ 9 !    
same direction1 & f ^: inve/igations    
arose a new sci5ce1 :i* 0 call$         
electro-dynamics4 ,o]/$ demon/rat$ f    
inductive reason+ t e conductor (       
electricity possess$ all ! kn[n         
prop]ties ( a magnet :ile a curr5t (    
electricity 0 pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,if y      
e>ne/ly contemplate ! important adjuncts
 to appli$ sci5ce :i* h sprung f t      
app>5tly simple fact1 y w n fail to see 
! importance ( ! discov]y2 = x 0 :ile   
work+ 9 ?is new field (                 
electro-magnetism t ,/urgeon made ! fir/
 electro-magnet1 & ,f>aday _m ( 8       
discov]ies relat+ to induction4  ,soon  
aft] ! discov]y by ,o]/$ j ref]r$ to1   
,f>aday1 ) ! c>e & ability manife/ 9 all
 8 exp]im5ts1 %[$ t :5 an int]mitt5t    
curr5t ( electricity is pass+ along a   
wire x induces a curr5t 9 any wire =m+ a

 complete circuit & plac$ p>allel to x1 
& t if ! two wires 7 made into two      
helices & plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r !    
effect 0 m m>k$4 ,?is ,f>aday designat$ 
,volta-electric induction1 & x is ) ?is 
k9d ( induction ,i wi% to engage y\r    
att5tion ?is ev5+2 = x is a ph5om5on :i*
 pres5ts "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important 
facts 9 electrical sci5ce4  ,"h are two 
flat spirals ( silk-cov]$ copp] wire    
susp5d$ sep>ately1 spid]-web fa%ion1 9  
wood5 frames m>k$ respectively ,a & ,b4 
,! "o m>k$ ,a is s connect$ t rev]sals  
at any desir$ spe$ p] m9ute f a batt]y (
 "o or m cells c be pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! "o
 m>k$ ,b is s connect$ to ! galvanomet] 
& a rev]s] z to %[ ! deflection caus$ by
 ! induc$ curr5ts1 :i* are mom5t>y 9    
duration1 & 9 ! galvanomet] circuit all 
on ! same side ( z]o1 = z ! batt]y      
curr5t on mak+ contact produces an      
induc$ curr5t 9 ! rev]se direction to   
itself1 b 9 ! same direction on break+ !
 contact1 ( c\rse ! "o w\ld neutralize !
 o!r1 & ! galvanomet] w\ld n be affect$2

 ! galvanomet] connections are !re=e    
rev]s$ ) ea* rev]sal ( ! batt]y curr5t1 
& by t means ! induc$ curr5ts are1 z y  
p]ceive1 all 9 ! same direction &       
produce a /eady deflection4 ,!          
connections are z %[n on ! %eet be=e y  
m>k$ #a1 :i* ,i ?9k requires no fur!r   
explanation4  ,be=e proce$+1 please to  
be> 9 m9d ! fact t ! inductive effects  
v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance      
betwe5 ! two spirals1 :5 p>allel to ea* 
o!r2 & t ! induc$ curr5t 9 ,b is        
proportional to ! numb] ( rev]sals ( !  
batt]y curr5t pass+ ?r\gh spiral ,a1 &  
also to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t s pass+4     
,f>aday's f]tile imag9ation w\ld        
naturally sugge/ ! "q1 ,is ?is lat]al   
action1 :i* we call magnetism1 ext5d$ to
 a di/ance by ! action ( int]m$iate     
p>ticles8 ,if s1 !n x is reasonable to  
expect t all sub/ances w\ld n be affect$
 9 ! same way1 & !re=e diff]5t results  
w\ld be obta9$ if diff]5t m$ia 7        
int]pos$ betwe5 ! inductor & :at ,i w   
m]ely call1 = di/9ction1 ! inductomet]4 

,) a view to prov+ ?is exp]im5tally1    
,f>aday con/ruct$ ?ree flat helices &   
plac$ !m p>allel to ea* o!r a conv5i5t  
di/ance ap>t4 ,! middle helix 0 s       
arrang$ t a voltaic curr5t c\ld be s5t  
?r\gh x at pleasure4 ,a diff]5tial      
galvanomet] 0 connect$ ) ! o!r helices 9
 su* a mann] t :5 a voltaic curr5t 0 s5t
 ?r\gh ! middle helix its inductive     
action on ! lat]al helices %\ld cause   
curr5ts 9 !m1 hav+ contr>y directions 9 
! coils ( ! galvanomet]4 ,?is 0 a v     
prettily arrang$ electric balance1 & by 
plac+ plates ( diff]5t sub/ances betwe5 
! inductor & "o ( ! inductomet]s ,f>aday
 expect$ to see ! balance de/roy$ to an 
ext5t :i* w\ld be indicat$ by !         
deflection ( ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet]4   
,to 8 surprise he f\nd t x made n ! lea/
 diff]5ce :e!r ! int]v5+ space 0 occupi$
 by su* insulat+ bodies z air1 sulphur1 
& %ellac1 or su* conduct+ bodies z copp]
 & ! o!r non-magnetic metals4 ,^!       
results1 h[ev]1 did n satisfy him1 z he 
0 conv9c$ t ! int]position ( !          

non-magnetic metals1 especially ( copp]1
 did h an effect1 b t 8 app>atus 0 n    
suitable = mak+ x visible4 ,x is to be  
regrett$ t s s\nd a reason] & s c>eful  
an exp]im5t] _h n ! great advantage ( ! 
assi/ance ( su* suitable in/rum5ts = ?is
 class ( rese>* z ! mirror-galvanomet] &
 ! telephone4 ,b1 al?\gh he c\ld n      
practically demon/rate ! effects :i* by 
him c\ld be s cle>ly se51 x r$\nds to 8 
cr$it t1 z ! improvem5t 9 in/rum5ts =   
?is k9d ( rese>* has advanc$1 ! results 
he s\ght = h be5 f\nd 9 ! direction 9   
:i* he pr$ict$4  ,a & ,b w n[ be plac$ a
 def9ite di/ance ap>t1 & comp>atively   
sl[ rev]sals f t5 ,leclan* cells s5t    
?r\gh spiral ,a2 y w obs]ve ! am\nt ( ! 
induc$ curr5t 9 ,b1 z %[n on ! scale ( !
 galvanomet] 9 circuit ) t spiral4 ,n[  
midway betwe5 ! two spirals w be plac$ a
 plate ( iron1 z %[n 9 ,plate #b1 & at  
once y obs]ve ! deflection ( !          
galvanomet] is r$uc$ by less ?an "o     
half1 %[+ cle>ly t ! pres5ce ( ! iron   
plate is 9 "s way influ5c+ ! previ\s    

effects4 ,! iron w n[ be remov$1 b !    
spirals left 9 ! same position z be=e1 &
 by increas+ ! spe$ ( ! rev]sals y see a
 high] deflection is giv5 on !          
galvanomet]4 ,n[1 on aga9 int]pos+ !    
iron plate ! deflection falls to a      
little less ?an "o-half1 z be=e4 ,i wi% 
?is fact to be c>efully not$4  ,!       
exp]im5t w be repeat$ ) a plate ( copp] 
( precisely ! same dim5sions z ! iron   
plate1 & y obs]ve t1 al?\gh ! conditions
 are exactly alike 9 bo? cases1 !       
int]position ( ! copp] plate has        
app>5tly no effect at ! pres5t spe$ ( ! 
rev]sals1 al?\gh ! int]position ( ! iron
 plate "u ! same conditions r$uc$ !     
deflection ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ,we w n[  
remove ! copp] plate1 z we did ! iron   
"o1 & increase ! spe$ ( ! rev]sals to ! 
same z 9 ! exp]im5t ) ! iron1 & y obs]ve
 ! deflection on ! galvanomet] is ab\t !
 same z x 0 on t occasion4 ,n[1 by      
replac+ ! copp] plate to its =m]        
position y w note h[ rapidly !          
deflection falls4 ,we w n[ repeat !     

exp]im5t ) a plate ( lead2 y w see t1 l 
! copp]1 x is unaffect$ at ! l[ spe$1 b 
!re ! resemblance ceases2 = at ! high   
spe$ x has b v slight effect4 ,?us ^!   
metals1 iron1 copp]1 & lead1 appe> to   
diff] z widely 9 _! electrical z !y d 9 
_! me*anical prop]ties4 ,( c\rse x w\ld 
be impossible to obta9 accurate         
measurem5ts on an occasion l ! pres5t1 b
 c>eful & reliable measurem5ts h be5    
made1 ! results ( :i* are %[n on ! %eet 
be=e y1 m>k$ #c4  ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce
 to ^! results t ! p]c5tage ( inductive 
en]gy int]cept$ does n increase =       
diff]5t spe$s ( ! rev]s] 9 ! same rate )
 diff]5t metals1 ! increase ) iron be+ v
 slight1 :ile ) t9 x is comp>atively    
enorm\s4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t "t 0 an important
 elem5t to be tak5 into acc\nt :ile te/+
 ! above metals1 t is to say1 ! l9es (  
=ce took an appreciable "t to pol>ize ! 
p>ticles ( ! metal plac$ 9 _! pa?1 b    
hav+ accompli%$ ?is1 !y pass$ m freely  
?r\gh x4  ,n[ let u g m m9utely into !  
subject by ! aid ( ,plate ,,iv41 ,figs4 

#a & #b4 ,9 ,fig4 #a let ,a & ,b        
repres5t two flat spirals1 spiral ,a be+
 connect$ to a batt]y ) a key 9 circuit 
& spiral ,b connect$ to a galvanomet]2  
!n1 on clos+ ! batt]y circuit1 an       
in/antane\s curr5t is induc$ 9 spiral   
,b4 ,if a non-magnetic metal plate half 
an in* ?ick be plac$ midway betwe5 !    
spirals1 & ! exp]im5t repeat$1 x w be   
f\nd t ! induc$ curr5t receiv$ by ,b is 
! same 9 am\nt z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,?is    
does n prove1 z w\ld at fir/ appe>1 t ! 
metal plate fails to int]cept !         
inductive radiant en]gy2 & x c sc>cely  
be s1 = if ! plate is replac$ by a coil 
( wire1 x is f\nd t induc$ curr5ts are  
set up !re91 & !re=e inductive radiant  
en]gy mu/ h be5 int]cept$4 ,?is app>5t  
contradiction may be expla9$ z foll[s3  
,9 ,fig4 #b let ,d repres5t a s\rce (   
heat 7a vessel ( boil+ wat] = in/ance7 &
 ,e a s5sitive !rmomet] receiv+ &       
measur+ ! radiant heat4 ,n[1 if =       
in/ance a plate ( vulcanite is int]pos$1
 x cuts (f & absorbs a "p ( ! radiant   

heat emitt$ by ,d1 & ?us a fall is      
produc$ 9 ! !rmomet] read+4 ,b !        
vulcanite1 soon becom+ heat$ by !       
radiant heat cut (f & absorb$ by itself1
 radiates t heat & causes ! !rmomet]    
read+ to return to ab\t its orig9al     
am\nt4 ,! false impression is ?us       
produc$ t ! orig9al radiat$ heat 0      
unaffect$ by ! vulcanite plate2 in/ead (
 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! vulcanite     
plate _h cut (f ! radiant heat1 becom+  
heat$ itself by s do+1 & 0 consequ5tly  
!n ! radiat+ body affect+ ! !rmomet]4   
,! effect is simil> 9 ! case ( induction
 betwe5 ! two spirals4 ,spiral ,a       
induces & spiral ,b receives ! induc$   
effect4 ,! metal plate be+ !n int]pos$1 
cuts (f & absorbs ei!r all or "p ( !    
inductive radiant en]gy emitt$ by ,a4 ,!
 inductive radiant en]gy ?us cut (f1    
h[ev]1 is n lo/1 b is conv]t$ into      
electrical en]gy 9 ! metal plate1 !reby 
caus+ x to become1 z 9 ! case ( !       
vulcanite 9 ! heat exp]im5t1 a s\rce (  
radiation :i* comp5sates z f> z spiral  

,b is conc]n$ = ! orig9al inductive     
radiant en]gy cut (f4 ,! only mat]ial   
diff]5ce noticeable 9 ! two exp]im5ts is
 t 9 ! case ( heat ! "t t elapses betwe5
 ! mom5t>y fall 9 ! !rmomet] read+ 7due 
to ! int]ception by ! vulcanite plate ( 
! radiant beat7 & ! subsequ5t rise 7due 
to ! int]pos+ plate1 itself radiat+ t   
heat7 is long en\gh to r5d] ! effect    
cle>ly manife/2 :]eas 9 ! case (        
induction ! "t t elapses is s exce$+ly  
%ort t1 unless special precautions are  
tak51 ! radiant en]gy emitt$ by ! metal 
plate is liable to be mi/ak5 = ! prim>y 
en]gy emitt$ by ! induc+ spiral4  ,!    
curr5t induc$ 9 ! receiv+ spiral by !   
induc+ "o is practically in/antane\s2 b 
on ! int]position ( a metal plate !     
induc$ curr5t :i*1 z be=e describ$1 is  
set up by ! plate itself has a          
p]ceptible duration dep5d+ ^u ! nature &
 mass ( metal ?us int]pos$4 ,copp] & z9c
 produce 9 ?is mann] an induc$ curr5t ( 
great] l5g? ?an metals ( l[]            
conductivity1 ) ! exception ( iron1 :i* 

gives an induc$ curr5t ( extremely %ort 
duration4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t 9         
endeavor+ to asc]ta9 :at ,i t]m !       
specific inductive resi/ance ( diff]5t  
metals by ! means describ$1 notice mu/  
be tak5 ( & all[ance made = two po9ts4  
,fir/1 t ! metal plate n only cuts (f1 b
 itself radiates2 & secondly1 t !       
duration ( ! induc$ curr5ts radiat$ by !
 plates v>ies ) ea* diff]5t metal "u    
exp]im5t4  ,?is expla9s ! fact be=e     
po9t$ out t ! app>5t p]c5tage (         
inductive radiant en]gy int]cept$ by    
metal plates v>ies ) ! spe$ ( !         
rev]sals2 = 9 ! case ( copp] ! induc$   
curr5t set up by su* a plate has s long 
a duration t if ! spe$ ( ! rev]s] is at 
all rapid ! induc$ curr5t has n "t to   
exhau/ itself be=e ! galvanomet] is     
rev]s$1 & ?us ! curr5t be+ on ! opposite
 side ( ! galvanomet] t5ds to produce a 
l[] deflection4 ,if ! spe$ ( ! rev]s] be
 fur!r increas$1 ! great] "p ( ! induc$ 
curr5t is receiv$ on ! opposite t]m9al (
 ! galvanomet]1 s t a negative result is

 obta9$4  ,we "k t x 0 ! /rong analogies
 :i* exi/ betwe5 electricity & magnetism
 t l$ exp]im5tali/s to seek = pro(s t   
w\ld id5tify !m z "o & ! same ?+1 & x 0 
! result ( ,pr(essor ,o]/$'s exp]im5t to
 :i* ,i h already ref]r$ t fir/ id5tifi$
 !m4  ,probably ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 x
 w be possible to demon/rate cle>ly t   
heat & electricity are z closely alli$2 
!n1 kn[+ ! great analogies exi/+ betwe5 
heat & light1 may we n f9d t heat1      
light1 & electricity are modifications (
 ! same =ce or prop]ty1 susceptible "u  
v>y+ conditions ( produc+ ! ph5om5a n[  
designat$ by ^? t]ms8 ,= in/ance1       
friction w fir/ produce electricity1 !n 
heat1 & la/ly light4  ,z is well kn[n1  
heat & light are reflect$ by metals2 ,i 
0 !re=e anxi\s to le>n :e!r electricity 
c\ld be reflect$ 9 ! same way4 ,9 ord]  
to asc]ta9 ?is1 spiral ,b 0 plac$ 9 ?is 
position1 :i* y w obs]ve is p>allel to !
 l9es ( =ce emitt$ by spiral ,a4 ,9 ?is 
position no induc$ curr5t is set up     
!re91 s ! galvanomet] is n affect$2 b :5

 ?is plate ( metal is plac$ at ?is angle
 x int]cepts ! l9es ( =ce1 :i* cause x  
to radiate1 & ! second>y l9es ( =ce are 
int]cept$ & conv]t$ into induc$ curr5ts 
by spiral ,b to ! p[] indicat$ by !     
galvanomet]4 ,?us ! ph5om5on (          
reflection appe>s to be produc$ 9 a     
some:at simil> mann] to reflection (    
heat & light4 ,! :ole arrangem5t ( ?is  
exp]im5t is z %[n on ! %eet be=e y      
numb]$ #e1 :i* ,i ne$ n1 ,i ?9k1 m fully
 expla9 to y ?an by say+ t ! second>y   
l9es ( =ce are repres5t$ by ! dott$     
l9es4  ,support$ 9 ?is wood5 frame m>k$ 
,c is a spiral simil> 9 con/ruction to !
 "o m>k$ ,b1 b 9 ?is case ! copp] wire  
is #j4jdd in* 9 diamet]1 silk-cov]$1 &  
consi/s ( #cfe turns1 ) a total l5g? (  
#fje y>ds2 its resi/ance is #aj4b ohms1 
! :ole is inclos$ betwe5 two ?ick %eets 
( c>d pap]4 ,! two ends ( ! spiral are  
atta*$ to two t]m9als plac$ "o on ei!r  
side ( ! frame1 a wire f "o ( ! t]m9als 
is connect$ to "o pole ( a batt]y ( #be 
,leclan*e cells1 ! o!r pole be+ connect$

 ) "o t]m9al ( a rev]s]1 ! second t]m9al
 ( :i* is connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al ( !  
spiral4  ,n[1 if ?is v small spiral :i* 
is 9 circuit ) ! galvanomet] & a rev]s] 
be plac$ p>allel to ! c5t] ( spiral ,c1 
a v l>ge deflection w be se5 on !       
galvanomet] scale2 ?is w gradually      
dim9i% z ! small] spiral is pass$ sl[ly 
ov] ! face ( ! l>g]1 until on ne>+ !    
edge ( ! latt] ! small] spiral w cease  
to be affect$ by ! inductive l9es ( =ce 
f spiral ,c1 & consequ5tly ! galvanomet]
 indicates no deflection4 ,b if ?is     
small] spiral be plac$ at a diff]5t     
angle to ! l>g] "o1 x is1 z y obs]ve by 
! deflection ( ! galvanomet]1 aga9      
affect$4 ,?is exp]im5t is analog\s to ! 
"o illu/rat$ by diagram #f1 :i*         
repres5ts ! result ( an exp]im5t made to
 asc]ta9 ! relative /r5g? ( capability  
or produc+ inductive effects ( diff]5t  
p>ts ( a /raight electro-magnet4  ,a1   
,fig4 #a1 repres5ts ! iron core1 ,,pp ! 
prim>y coil1 connect$ at pleasure to "o 
,grove cell1 ,b1 by means ( ! key1 ,k2  

,s1 a small second>y coil free to move  
along ! prim>y coil :ile 9 circuit ) !  
galvanomet]1 ,g4 ,! relative /r5g? ( any
 p>ticul> spot c be obta9$ by mov+ !    
coil1 ,s1 exactly ov] ! requir$         
position4 ,! small second>y coil is only
 cut at "r angles :5 x is plac$ 9 ! c5t]
 ( ! magnet1 & z x is mov$ t[>d ei!r    
pole s ! l9es ( =ce cut x m & m         
obliquely4 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t !      
results obta9$ are n purely dep5d5t ^u !
 /r5g? ( ! portion ( ! magnet ov] :i* ! 
second>y coil is plac$1 b pr9cipally ^u 
! angle at :i* ! l9es ( =ce cut ! coil s
 plac$4 ,x does n foll[1 !re=e1 t ! c5t]
 ( ! magnet is its /ronge/ "p1 z !      
results ( ! exp]im5ts at fir/ sight     
appe> to %[4  ,x 0 :ile engag$ on ^?    
exp]im5ts t ,i discov]$ t a telephone 0 
affect$ :5 n 9 any way connect$ ) !     
spiral1 b simply plac$ s t ! l9es ( =ce 
proce$+ f ! spiral imp+$ ^u ! iron      
diaphragm ( ! telephone4 ,please to be> 
9 m9d t ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce      
emitt$ f ! spiral is su* t1 />t+ f any  

po9t on "o ( its faces1 a circle is     
describ$ ext5d+ to a simil> po9t on !   
opposite side4 ,! diamet] ( ! circles   
describ$ decreases f inf9ity z ! po9ts f
 :i* !y />t rec$e f ! c5t] t[>d !       
circumf]5ce4 ,f po9ts ne> ! circumf]5ce 
^! circles or curves are v small4 ,to   
illu/rate ?is to y1 ! rev]s] n[ 9       
circuit ) spiral ,c w be replac$ by a   
simple make & break arrangem5t1 consi/+ 
on a small electro-magnet fix$ betwe5 ! 
prongs ( a tun+-=k1 & s connect$ t      
electro-magnet influ5ces ! arms ( ! =k1 
caus+ !m to vibrate to a c]ta9 pit*4 ,! 
app>atus is plac$ 9 a di/ant room to    
prev5t ! s\nd be+ he>d "h1 z ,i wi% to  
make x inductively audible to y4 ,= t   
purpose ,i h "h a light spiral :i* is 9 
circuit ) ?is telephone4 ,n[1 by plac+ !
 spiral 9 front ( spiral ,c1 ! telephone
 reproduces ! s\nd giv5 out by ! tun+-=k
 s l\dly t ,i h no d\bt all ( y c he> x4
 ,"h is ano!r spiral simil> 9 e respect 
to spiral ,c4 ,?is is 9 circuit ) a     
batt]y & an ord9>y me*anical make &     

break arrangem5t1 ! s\nd giv5 (f by :i* 
,i w n[ make audible to y 9 ! same way t
 ,i did ! s\nd ( ! tun+-=k4 ,n[ y he> x4
 ,i w *ange f ! "o spiral to ! o!r      
sev]al times1 z ,i want to make y       
acqua9t$ ) ! s\nds ( bo?1 s t y w h no  
difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ !m1 ! "o f ! o!r4 
,!re are susp5d$ 9 ?is room self-lum9\s 
bodies :i* enable u by _! rays or l9es (
 =ce to see ! non-lum9\s bodies ) :i* we
 are surr\nd$4 ,!re are also radiat+ 9  
all directions f me :ile speak+ l9es (  
=ce or s\nd waves :i* affect m or less  
ea* "o ( y4 ,b !re are also 9 addition  
to1 & q indep5d5t (1 ! l9es ( =ce j     
m5tion$1 magnetic l9es ( =ce :i* are too
 subtle to be recogniz$ by human be+s1  
consequ5tly1 figuratively1 we are bo?   
bl9d & deaf to !m4 ,h[ev]1 !y c be made 
manife/ ei!r by _! notion on a susp5d$  
magnet or on a conduct+ body mov+ across
 !m2 ! =m] %[+ its results by attraction
 & repulsion1 ! latt] by ! production ( 
an electric curr5t4 ,= in/ance1 by      
connect+ ! small flat spiral ( copp]    

wire 9 direct circuit ) ! galvanomet]1 y
 w p]ceive t ! slighte/ movem5t ( !     
spiral g5]ates a curr5t ( suffici5t     
/r5g? to v s5sibly affect ! galvanomet]2
 & z y obs]ve1 ! amplitude ( !          
deflection dep5ds ^u ! spe$ & direction 
9 :i* ! spiral is mov$4 ,we "k t by mov+
 a conductor ( electricity 9 a magnetic 
field we are able to produce an electric
 curr5t ( suffici5t int5sity to produce 
light resembl+ 9 all its phases t ( sol>
 light2 b to produce ^! /rong curr5ts1 v
 p[]ful artificial magnetic fields h to 
be g5]at$1 & ! conductor has to be mov$ 
!re9 at a great exp5diture ( heat en]gy4
 ,may n ! "t arrive :5 we %all no long] 
require ^! artificial & co/ly means1 b h
 le>n$ h[ to adopt ^? =ces ( nature :i* 
we n[ s mu* neglect8 ,"o amp]e ( curr5t 
pass+ ?r\gh an ord9>y inc&esc5t lamp w  
produce a light equal to t5 c&les1 & ,i 
h %[n t by simply mov+ ?is small flat   
spiral a curr5t is induc$ 9 x f ! e>?'s 
magnetic field equal to #j4jjjg amp]e4  
,) ^! facts be=e u1 surely x w\ld n be  

boldness to pr$ict t a "t may arrive :5 
! en]gy ( ! w9d or tide w be employ$ to 
produce f ! magnetic l9es ( =ce giv5 out
 by ! e>?'s magnetism electrical curr5ts
 f> surpass+ any?+ we h yet se5 or ( :i*
 we h he>d4 ,!re=e let u n despise !    
smallness ( ! =ce1 b r consid] x an     
elem5t ( p[] f :i* might arise          
conditions f> high] 9 degree1 & :i* we  
might n recognize z ! same z ?is        
develop$ 9 its incipi5t /age4  ,if !    
galvanomet] be replac$ by a telephone1  
no matt] h[ ! spiral be mov$1 no s\nd w 
be he>d1 simply because ! induc$ curr5ts
 produc$ consi/ ( comp>atively sl[      
undulations1 & n ( %>p v>iations        
suitable = a telephone4 ,b by plac+ 9   
circuit ?is me*anical make & break      
arrangem5t ! int]ruptions ( ! curr5t are
 at once audible1 & by regulat+ !       
movem5t ( ! spiral ,i c s5d signals1    
:i*1 if !y _h be5 pre>rang$1 might h    
enabl$ u to communicate intellig5ce to  
ea* o!r by means ( ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,i
 %[ ?is exp]im5t m ) a view to illu/rate

 ! fact t = exp]im5ts on induction bo?  
in/rum5ts are necess>y1 z ea* makes     
manife/ ^? curr5ts adapt$ to itself4  ,!
 l9es ( =ce ( light1 heat1 & s\nd c be  
artificially produc$ & int5sifi$1 & ! m 
int5se--!y are ! m we p]ceive _! effects
 on our eyes1 e>s1 or bodies4 ,b x is n 
s ) ! l9es ( magnetic =ce1 = x matt]s n 
h[ mu* _! p[] is increas$--!y appe> 9 no
 way to affect u4 ,_! pres5ce c1 h[ev]1 
be made manife/ to our eyes or e>s by   
me*anical appliances4 ,i h already %[n y
 h[ ?is c be done by means ( ei!r a     
galvanomet] or a telephone 9 circuit ) a
 spiral wire4  ,i h already /at$ t :ile 
engag$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts ,i f\nd t z f> z !
 telephone 0 conc]n$ x 0 immat]ial :e!r 
x 0 9 circuit ) a spiral or n1 z 9 ei!r 
case x accurately reproduc$ ! same      
s\nds2 !re=e1 mu* 9 ! same way z l5ses  
assi/ ! sight or tubes ! he>+1 s does ! 
telephone make manife/ ! l9es (         
int]mitt5t inductive en]gy4 ,?is 0 q a  
new ph5om5on to me1 & on fur!r          
inve/igation ( ! subject ,i f\nd t x 0 n

 necess>y to h ev5 a telephone1 = by    
simply hold+ a piece ( iron to my e> &  
plac+ x close to ! c5t] ( ! spiral ,i   
c\ld di/9ctly he> ! same s\nds z ) !    
telephone1 al?\gh n s l\d4 ,! int5sity (
 ! s\nd 0 greatly increas$ :5 ! iron 0  
plac$ 9 a magnetic field4 ,"h is a small
 disk ( iron simil> to ^? us$ 9         
telephones1 firmly secur$ 9 ?is brass   
frame2 ?is is a small p]man5t b> magnet1
 ! m>k$ end ( :i* is fix$ v closely to1 
b n t\*+1 ! c5t] ( ! iron disk4 ,n[1 by 
apply+ ! disk to my e> ,i c he> ! same  
s\nds t 7 audible to all ( y :5 !       
telephone 9 circuit ) a small spiral 0  
plac$ 9 front ( & close to ! l>ge       
spiral4 ,to me ! s\nd is q z l\d z :5 y 
he>d x2 b n[ y are "o & all totally deaf
 to x4 ,my orig9al object 9 con/ruct+   
two l>ge spirals 0 to asc]ta9 :e!r !    
inductive l9es ( =ce giv5 out f "o s\rce
 w\ld 9 any way int]f]e ) ^? proce$+ f  
ano!r s\rce4 ,by ! aid ( ?is simple iron
 disk & magnet x c be asc]ta9$ t !y d 9 
no way int]f]e ) ea* o!r2 !re=e1 !      

direction ( ! l9es proce$+ f ea* spiral 
c be di/9ctly trac$4 ,= :5 ! two spirals
 are plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r at a      
di/ance ( #c ft4 ap>t1 & connect$ to    
indep5d5t batt]ies & transmitt]s1 z %[n 
9 ,plate #g1 ea* transmitt] hav+ a s\nd 
p]fectly di/9ct f t ( ! o!r1 :5 !       
circuits are complet$ ! sep>ate s\nds   
giv5 out by ! two transmitt]s c be      
di/9ctly he>d at ! same "t by ! aid ( a 
telephone2 b1 by plac+ ! telephone 9 a  
position neutral to "o ( ! spirals1 !n  
only ! s\nd proce$+ f ! o!r c be he>d4  
,^! results occur 9 :atev] position !   
spirals are plac$ relatively to ea* o!r1
 ?us prov+ t !re is no int]f]5ce ) or   
bl5d+ ( ! sep>ate l9es ( =ce4 ,! :ole   
arrangem5t w be left 9 work+ ord] at !  
close ( ! meet+ = any g5tlem5 pres5t to 
v]ify my /atem5ts or to make :at        
exp]im5ts !y please4  ,9 conclusion1 ,i 
w\ld ask1 :at c we z practical m5 ga!r f
 ^! exp]im5ts8 ,a great deal has be5    
writt5 & said z to ! be/ means to secure
 conductors c>ry+ curr5ts ( v l[ t5sion1

 su* z telephone circuits1 f be+        
influ5c$ by induction f conductors 9 _! 
imm$iate vic9ity employ$ 9 c>ry+ curr5ts
 ( comp>atively v high t5sion1 su* z !  
ord9>y telegraph wires4 ,cov]+ !        
insulat$ wires ) "o or o!r ( ! v>i\s    
metals has n only be5 sugge/$ b said to 
h be5 actually employ$ ) m>k$ success4  
,n[1 x w f\nd t a ?9 %eet ( any kn[n    
metal w 9 no appreciable way int]rupt ! 
inductive l9es ( =ce pass+ betwe5 two   
flat spirals2 t be+ s1 x is difficult to
 und]/& h[ inductive effects are        
influ5c$ by a metal cov]+ z describ$4   
,telegraph eng9e]s & electricians h done
 mu* t[>d accompli%+ ! successful work+ 
( our pres5t railway sy/em1 b /ill !re  
is mu* scope = improvem5ts 9 ! signal+  
arrangem5ts4 ,9 foggy wea!r ! sy/em n[  
adopt$ is comp>atively useless1 &       
res\rce has to be _h at su* times to !  
dang]\s & some:at clumsy me?od ( signal+
 by means ( detonat+ *>ges plac$ ^u !   
rails4 ,n[1 x has occurr$ to me t volta 
induction might be employ$ ) advantage 9

 v>i\s ways = signal+ purposes4 ,=      
example1 "o or m wire spirals c\ld be   
fix$ betwe5 ! rails at any conv5i5t     
di/ance f ! signal+ /ation1 s t :5      
necess>y int]mitt5t curr5ts c\ld be s5t 
?r\gh ! spirals2 & ano!r spiral c\ld be 
fix$ b5ea? ! eng9e or gu>d's van1 &     
connect$ to "o or m telephones plac$ ne>
 ^? 9 *>ge ( ! tra94 ,!n z ! tra9 pass$ 
ov] ! fix$ spiral ! s\nd giv5 out by !  
transmitt] w\ld be l\dly reproduc$ by ! 
telephone & indicate by its "* ! signal 
int5d$4  ,"o ( my exp]im5ts 9 ?is       
direction w p]haps bett] illu/rate my   
mean+4 ,! l>ge spiral 0 connect$ 9      
circuit ) twelve ,leclan*e cells & ! two
 make & break transmitt]s be=e describ$4
 ,!y 7 s connect$ t ei!r transmitt] c\ld
 be swit*$ into circuit :5 requir$1 &   
?is ,i consid]$ ! signal+ /ation4 ,?is  
small spiral 0 s arrang$ t x pass$ 9    
front ( ! l>ge "o at ! di/ance ( #h 94 &
 at a spe$ ( tw5ty-eight miles p] h\r4  
,! t]m9als ( ! small spiral 7 connect$  
to a telephone fix$ 9 a di/ant room1 !  

result be+ t ! s\nd reproduc$ f ei!r    
transmitt] c\ld be cle>ly he>d &        
recogniz$ e "t ! spirals pass$ ea* o!r4 
,) a k ( ?is fact ,i ?9k x w be readily 
und]/ood n[ a *eap & effici5t adjunct to
 ! pres5t sy/em ( railway signal+ c\ld  
be obta9$ by su* means z ,i h v5tur$ to 
br+ to y\r notice ?is ev5+4  ,?us h ,i  
giv5 y "s ( ! ?\ghts & exp]im5ts :i* h  
occupi$ my att5tion dur+ my leisure4 ,i 
h be5 long "u ! impression t !re is a   
feel+ 9 ! m9ds ( _m t we are already 9 a
 position to give an answ] to almo/ e "q
 relat+ to electricity or magnetism4    
,all ,i c say is1 t ! m ,i endeavor to  
advance 9 a k ( ^! subjects1 ! m am ,i  
conv9c$ ( ! fallacy ( su* a position4   
,!re is mu* yet to be le>nt1 & if !re be
 pres5t ei!r memb]1 associate1 or /ud5t 
to :om ,i h imp>t$ ! smalle/ in/ruction1
 ,i %all feel t ,i h n unpr(itably      
occupi$ my "t ?is ev5+4         99      
99       99       99       99     ,,on  
,,telph]age4  ,footnote3 ,introductory  
address deliv]$ to ! ,class ( ,eng9e]+1 

,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 ,octob] #cj1    
#ahhc4  ,by ,pr(essor ,,fleem+ ,,j5k91  
,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4   ,! transmission ( 
vehicles by electricity to a di/ance1   
indep5d5tly ( any control ex]cis$ f !   
vehicle1 ,i w call ,telph]age4 ,^! words
 are quot$ f my fir/ pat5t relat+ to ?is
 subject4 ,! ^w %\ld1 by ! ord9>y rules 
( d]ivation1 be telphorage2 b z ?is ^w  
s\nds badly to my e>1 ,i v5tur$ to adopt
 su* a modifi$ =m z con/ant usage 9     
,engl& = a few c5turies might h produc$1
 & ,i 0 ! m ready to tru/ to my e> 9 !  
matt] because ! ^w telph] relieves u f !
 confusion :i* might arise betwe5       
telephore & telephone1 :5 writt54  ,i h 
be5 enc\rag$ to *oose ,telph]age z !    
subject ( my address by ! fact t a      
public exhibition ( a telph] l9e1 )     
tra9s runn+ on x1 w be made ?is aft]noon
 = ! fir/ "t4  ,y are1 ( c\rse1 all aw>e
 t electrical railways h be5 run1 & are 
runn+ ) success 9 sev]al places4 ,_!    
introduction has be5 *iefly due to !    
en]gy & inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,siem5s4 ,i 

d n d\bt ( _! success & great ext5sion 9
 ! future--b :5 consid]+ ! e>lie/       
examples ( ^! railways 9 ! spr+ ( la/   
ye>1 x occurr$ to me t 9 simply adapt+  
electric motors to ! old =m ( railway & 
roll+ /ock1 inv5tors _h n gone f> en\gh 
back4 ,george ,/eph5son said t ! railway
 & locomotive 7 two p>ts ( "o ma*9e1 & !
 inf]5ce seem$ to foll[ t :5 electric   
motors 7 to be employ$ a new =m ( road &
 a new type ( tra9 w\ld be desirable4   
,:5 us+ /eam1 we c produce ! p[] mo/    
economically 9 l>ge eng9es1 & we c      
control ! p[] mo/ effectually & mo/     
*eaply :5 s produc$4 ,a sep>ate /eam    
eng9e to ea* c>riage1 ) its own /ok] &  
driv]1 c\ld n compete ) ! l>ge          
locomotive & heavy tra92 b ^! imply a   
/rong & co/ly road & p]man5t way4 ,no   
me*anical me?od ( di/ribut+ p[]1 s z to 
pull tra9s along at a di/ance f a       
/ation>y eng9e1 has be5 successful on   
our railways2 b n[ t electricity has    
giv5 u new & unrival$ means = !         
di/ribution ( p[]1 ! problem requires   

reconsid]ation4  ,) ! help ( an electric
 curr5t z ! transmitt] ( p[]1 we c draw 
(f1 z x 71 "o1 two1 or ?ree horse-p[] f 
a hundr$ diff]5t po9ts ( a conductor _m 
miles long1 ) z mu* ease z we c obta9   
#ajj or #bjj horse-p[] at any "o po9t4  
,we c cut (f ! p[] f any s+le motor by !
 m]e break ( contact betwe5 two pieces (
 metal2 we c re/ore ! p[] by m]ely lett+
 ! two pieces ( metal t\*2 we c make ^! 
*anges by electro magnets ) ! rapidity (
 ?\ght1 & we c deal z we please ) ea* ( 
"o hundr$ motors )\t s5sibly affect+ !  
o!rs4 ,^! consid]ations l$ me to        
conclude1 9 ! fir/ place1 t :5 us+      
electricity we might ) advantage        
subdivide ! weight to be c>ri$1         
di/ribut+ ! load among _m light vehicles
 foll[+ ea* o!r 9 an almo/ cont9u\s     
/ream1 in/ead ( conc5trat+ ! load 9     
heavy tra9s widely spac$1 z 9 our actual
 railways4 ,! *ange 9 ! di/ribution ( ! 
load w\ld all[ u to adopt a *eap1 light 
=m ( load4 ,! wide di/ribution ( weight1
 entails _m small tra9s 9 sub/itution = 

a s+le heavy tra92 ^! small tra9s c\ld n
 be economically run if a sep>ate driv] 
7 requir$ = ea*4 ,b1 z ,i h already     
po9t$ out1 electricity n only           
facilitates ! di/ribution ( p[]1 b gives
 a ready means ( controll+ t p[]4 ,our  
light1 cont9u\s /ream ( tra9s c1 !re=e1 
be work$ automatically1 or manag$       
indep5d5tly ( any gu>d or driv]         
accompany+ ! tra9--9 o!r words1 ,i c\ld 
arrange a self-act+ block = prev5t+     
collisions4 ,next came ! "q1 :at w\ld be
 ! be/ =m ( sub/ructure = ! new mode (  
conveyance8 ,susp5d$ rods or ropes1 at a
 consid]able height1 appe>$ to me to h  
great advantages ov] any road on ! level
 ( ! gr\nd2 ! susp5d$ rods also seem$   
sup]ior to any /iff =m ( rail or gird]  
support$ at a height4 ,! insulation (   
ropes ) few supports w\ld be easy2 !y   
c\ld cross ! c\ntry ) no bridges or     
e>?-works2 !y w\ld remove ! electrical  
conductor to a safe di/ance f m5 &      
cattle2 *eap small rods employ$ z s _m  
light susp5sion bridges w\ld support 9 !

 aggregate a l>ge weight4 ,moreov]1 ,i  
consid] t a s+le rod or rail w\ld pres5t
 great advantages ov] any d\ble rail    
sy/em1 provid$ any suitable means c\ld  
be devis$ = driv+ a tra9 along a s+le   
track4 7,up to t "t two conductors _h   
inv>iably be5 us$47 ,x also seem$       
desirable t ! metal rod be>+ ! tra9 %\ld
 also convey ! curr5t driv+ x4 ,l9es su*
 z ,i contemplat$ w\ld n imp$e          
cultivation nor int]f]e ) f5c+4 ,gr\nd  
ne$ n be pur*as$ = _! erection4 ,m]e    
wayleaves w\ld be suffici5t1 z 9 ! case 
( telegraphs4 ,my ideas _h rea*$ ?is    
po9t 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhb1 & ,i _h devis$ "s
 means = c>ry+ !m into effect :5 ,i read
 ! acc\nt ( ! electrical railway        
exhibit$ by ,pr(essors ,ayrton & ,p]ry4 
,9 connection ) ?is railway !y _h       
contriv$ means r5d]+ ! control ( !      
vehicles indep5d5t ( ! action ( ! gu>d  
or driv]2 & ?is absolute block1 z !y    
call$ _! sy/em1 seem$ to me all t 0     
requir$ to enable me at once to c>ry out
 my idea ( a cont9u\s /ream ( light1    

ev5ly spac$ tra9s1 ) no driv]s or gu>ds4
 ,i saw1 moreov]1 t ! developm5t ( !    
sy/em ,i _h 9 view w\ld be a sev]e tax  
on my "t & en]gy2 also t 9 ,ed9burgh ,i 
0 n well plac$ = pu%+ su* a s*eme1 & ,i 
_h =m$ a high op9ion ( ! value ( !      
assi/ance :i* ,pr(essors ,ayrton & ,p]ry
 c\ld give 9 designs & inv5tions4  ,mov$
 by ^! consid]ations1 ,i wrote ask+     
,pr(essor ,ayrton to co-op]ate 9 !      
developm5t ( my s*eme1 & sugge/+ t he   
%\ld jo9 ) me 9 tak+ out my fir/ ,telph]
 pat5t4 ,x has be5 f\nd m conv5i5t to   
keep our sev]al pat5ts di/9ct1 b my     
lett] ultimately l$ to ! =mation ( !    
,telph]age ,company 7limit$71 9 :i*     
,pr(essor ,ayrton1 ,pr(essor ,p]ry1 & ,i
 h equal int]e/s4 ,?is company owns all 
our inv5tions 9 respect ( electric      
locomotion1 & ! l9e %[n 9 action to-day 
has be5 erect$ by ?is company on ! e/ate
 ( ! *airman--,mr4 ,m>lbor\gh ,r4       
,pryor1 ( ,we/on4 ,s9ce ! summ] ( la/   
ye>1 & m especially s9ce ! =mation ( !  
company ?is spr+1 mu* "t & ?\ght has be5

 sp5t 9 elaborat+ details4 ,we are /ill 
f> f ! end ( our "w1 & x is highly      
probable :at has be5 done w *ange       
rapidly by a natural process (          
evolution4 ,nev]!less1 ! actual l9e n[  
work+ does 9 all its ma9 features       
accurately reproduce my fir/ conception1
 & ! g5]al pr9ciples ,i h j laid d[n w1 
,i ?9k1 rema9 true1 h[ev] great ! *ange 
9 details may be4  ,! l9e at ,we/on     
consi/ ( a s]ies ( po/s1 #fj ft4 ap>t1 )
 two l9es ( rods or ropes1 support$ by  
cros%eads on ! po/s4 ,ea* ( ^! l9es     
c>ries a tra92 "o 9 fact is ! up l9e1 & 
! o!r ! d[n l9e4 ,squ>e /eel rods1 r\nd 
/eel rods1 & /eel wire ropes are all 9  
c\rse ( trial4 ,! r\nd /eel rod is my   
favorite road at pres5t4 ,! l9e is      
divid$ into sections ( #abj ft4 or two  
spans1 & ea* section is insulat$ f its  
neighbor4 ,! rod or rope is at ! po/    
support$ by ca/-iron saddles1 curv$ 9 a 
v]tical plane1 s z to facilitate !      
passage ( ! :eels ov] ! po9t ( support4 
,ea* alt]nate section is insulat$ f !   

gr\nd2 all ! insulat$ sections are 9    
electrical connection ) "o ano!r--s are 
all ! un9sulat$ sections4 ,! tra9 is    
#abj ft4 long--! same l5g? z t ( a      
section4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( sev5    
buckets & a locomotive1 ev5ly spac$ ) a%
 di/ance pieces--ea* bucket w convey1 z 
a useful load1 ab\t #b cwt41 & ! bucket 
or skep1 z x has come to be call$1      
weighs1 ) its load1 ab\t #c cwt4 ,!     
locomotive also weighs ab\t #c cwt4 ,!  
skeps hang bel[ ! l9e f "o or f two ,v  
:eels1 support$ by arms :i* project out 
sideways s z to cle> ! supports at !    
po/s2 ! motor or dynamo on ! locomotive 
is also bel[ ! l9e4 ,x is support$ on   
two broad flat :eels1 & is driv5 by two 
horizontal gripp+ :eels2 ! connection ( 
^! ) ! motor is made by a new k9d (     
frictional ge> :i* ,i h call$ ne/ ge>1 b
 :i* ,i _c describe to-day4 ,! motor on 
! locomotive z a maximum #a horse-p[] :5
 s mu* is ne$$4 ,a wire connects "o pole
 ( ! motor ) ! lead+ :eel ( ! tra91 & a 
second wire connects ! o!r pole ) !     

trail+ :eel2 ! o!r :eels are insulat$ f 
ea* o!r4 ,?us ! tra91 :]ev] x /&s1      
bridges a gap sep>at+ ! insulat$ f !    
un9sulat$ section4 ,! insulat$ sections 
are suppli$ ) electricity f a dynamo    
driv5 by a /ation>y eng9e1 & ! curr5t   
pass+ f ! insulat$ section to !         
un9sulat$ section ?r\gh ! motor drives !
 locomotive4 ,! actual l9e is q %ort1 & 
c only %[ two tra9s1 "o on ! up & "o on 
! d[n l9e2 b ) suffici5t p[] at ! /ation
 any numb] ( tra9s c\ld be driv5 9 a    
cont9u\s /ream on ea* l9e4 ,! appe>ance 
is t ( a l9e ( buckets runn+ along a    
s+le telegraph wire ( l>ge size4 ,a     
block sy/em is devis$ & p>tly made1 b is
 n yet erect$4 ,x diff]s f ! e>li]      
proposals 9 hav+ no work+ p>ts on ! l9e4
 ,?is sy/em ( propulsion is call$ by u !
 ,cross ,ov] ,p>allel ,arc4 ,o!r sy/ems 
( supply+ ! curr5ts1 devis$ bo? by      
,pr(essors ,ayrton & ,p]ry & myself1 w  
be tri$ on l9es n[ be+ erect$2 b t j    
describ$ gives good results4 ,! motors  
employ$ 9 ! locomotives 7 inv5t$ by     

,messrs4 ,ayrton & ,p]ry4 ,!y are       
believ$ to h ! special advantage ( giv+ 
a l>g] p[] = a giv5 weight ?an any o!rs4
 ,"o weigh+ #ii lb4 gave #a horse-p[] 9 
"s te/s lately made4 ,"o weigh+ #cf lb4 
gave #j4da horse-p[]4  ,no sci5tific    
exp]im5ts h yet be5 made on ! work+ ( ! 
l9e1 & matt]s are n yet ripe = ?is--b we
 "k t we c erect a *eap & simple p]man5t
 way1 :i* w convey a useful load ( say  
#ae cwt4 on e alt]nate span ( #acj feet4
 ,?is corresponds to #af tons p] mile1  
:i*1 runn+ at five miles p] h\r1 w\ld   
convey #ib tons ( goods p] h\r4 ,?us if 
we "w = #bj h\rs1 ! l9e w convey #ahej  
tons ( goods ea* way p] diem1 :i* seems 
a v fair p]=mance = an in* rope4 ,!     
arrangem5t ( ! l9e ) only "o rod in/ead 
( two rails dim9i%es friction v greatly4
 ,! c>riages run z light z bicycles4 ,! 
same peculi>ity all[s v %>p curves to be
 tak51 b ,i am )\t exp]im5tal te/s z yet
 ( ! limit 9 ?is respect4 ,fur!r1 we n[ 
"k t we c insulate ! l9e satisfactorily1
 ev5 if v high pot5tials come to be     

employ$4 ,! grip ( ! locomotive is      
admirable & almo/ frictionless1 ! ge> is
 sil5t & runs v easily4 ,x is suit$ = ! 
highe/ spe$s1 & ?is is v necess>y1 z !  
motors may ) advantage1 run at #b1jjj   
revolutions p] m9ute4         99        
99       99       99       99           
,,ma*9e ,,= ,,mak+ ,,electric ,,light   
,,c>bons4   ,"o ( ! h9d]ances to !      
production ( a regul> & /eady light 9   
electric illum9ation is ! abs5ce (      
p]fect uni=mity 9 ! c>bons4 ,?is defect 
has m ?an once be5 po9t$ out by u1 & we 
are glad to notice any attempt to rem$y 
an admitt$ evil4 ,to ?is end we         
illu/rate above a ma*9e = manufactur+   
c>bons1 inv5t$ by ,william ,cunliffe4 ,!
 object ! inv5tor has 9 view is n only !
 bett] b ! m rapid manufacture ( c>bons1
 c&les1 or electrodes = electric light+ 
or = ! manufacture ( rods or blocks (   
c>bon or o!r compressible sub/ances =   
o!r purposes1 & 8 inv5tion consi/s 9    
automatic ma*9]y :]eby a regul> & uni=m 
pressure & compression ( ! c>bon is     

obta9$1 & ! rods or blocks are deliv]$  
?r\gh ! =m]s1 9 a /ate ( great] d5sity &
 bett] quality !n hi!rto4 ,! ma*9e      
consi/s ( two cyl9d]s1 ,a ,a'1 plac$    
longitud9ally1 z %[n at ,fig4 #a1 & 9   
rev]s$ position 9 relation to ea* o!r4  
,9 ea* cyl9d] works a pi/on or plung]1  
a1 ) a connect+ rod or rods1 b2 9 !     
latt] case ! ends ( ! rods h "r & left  
h&$ ?reads ^u :i* a sleeve1 c1 )        
correspond+ ?reads1 works4 ,?is sleeve1 
c1 is provid$ ) a h& :eel1 s t by !     
turn+ x ! /roke ( ! plung]s1 a a1 & !   
size ( ! *amb]s1 ,a ,a'1 is regulat$ s t
 ! quantity ( mat]ial to be pass$ ?r\gh 
! dies or =m]s is !reby det]m9$ & may be
 indicat$4 ,9 front ( ! *amb]s1 ,a ,a'1 
are fix$ ! dies or =m]s1 d d1 :i* may h 
any numb] ( p]=ations ( ! size or %ape (
 ! c>bon x is int5d$ to m\ld4 ,! dies   
are held 9 position by clamp pieces1 e  
e1 secur$ to ! end ( ! *amb]s ,a ,a'1 by
 screws1 & on ea* side ( ^! clamp pieces
 are guides1 ) grooves1 9 :i* moves a b>
 ) a cros%ead1 t]m$ ! guillot9e1 & :i*  

moves across ! op5+s ( ! dies1 & op5+ or
 clos+ !m4 ,ne> ! front end ( ! cyl9d]s 
are plac$ small pi/ons or valves1 f f1  
kept d[n 9 position by ! weight$ lev]s1 
g g 7see ,fig4 #b1 :i* is drawn to an   
enl>g$ scale71 :i*1 :5 ! pressure 9 !   
*amb] exce$s t ( ! weight$ lev]s        
connect$ to ! safety valve1 f1 ! latt]  
is rais$ & ! guillot9e b>1 h1 mov$      
across ! op5+s ( ! dies by ! connect+   
rods1 h'1 !reby all[+ ! c>bon to be =c$ 
?r\gh ! dies4 ,9 ! backw>d movem5t ( !  
pi/on1 a1 a fre% supply ( mat]ial is    
drawn by atmosph]ic pressure ?r\gh !    
hopp]s1 ,b ,b'1 alt]nately4 ,at ! end ( 
! /roke ! arms ( ! rock+ lev]s 7:i* are 
connect$ by t5sion rods ) ! tappet      
lev]s7 are /ruck by ! disk :eel or      
regulator1 ! guillot9e is mov$ back &   
replac$ ov] ! op5+s ( ! dies1 ready = ! 
next *>ge1 z %[n4 ,! plung]s are op]at$ 
by hydraulic1 /eam1 compress$ air1 or   
o!r p[]1 ! inlet & outlet ( su* a       
pressure be+ regulat$ by a valve1 an    
example ( :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #a1 &     

provid$ ) ! tappet lev]s1 i i1 h+$ to ! 
valve *e/1 ,c1 z %[n1 & atta*$ to       
sp9dles1 i' i'1 op]at+ ! slide valves1 &
 /ruck alt]nately at ! end ( ea* /roke1 
?us op]at+ ! valves & ! guillot9e       
connections1 i & i4 ,! front ends ( !   
cyl9d]s may be plac$ at an angle = ! m  
conv5i5t deliv]y ( ! m\ld$              
articles4--,iron4  ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9e
 ,,= ,,mak+ ,,electric ,,light ,,c>bons 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,new ,,electric ,,batt]y ,,lights4     
,!re has lately be5 held1 at ,no4 #ca   
,lomb>d ,/reet1 ,london1 a private      
exhibition ( ! ,holmes & ,burke prim>y  
galvanic batt]y4 ,! *ief object ( !     
display 0 to demon/rate its suitability 
= ! light+ ( railway tra9s1 b at ! same 
"t means 7 provid$ to %[ x 9 connection 
) ord9>y dome/ic illum9ation1 z x is    
evid5t t a batt]y w s]ve equally z well 
= ! latt] z = ! =m] purpose4 ,already ! 
great ,nor!rn express leav+ ,london at  
#e3cj ,p4,m4 is light$ by ?is means1 &  
satisfactory exp]im5ts h be5 made ^u !  

,s\?-we/]n l9e1 :ile ! inv5tors give a  
long li/ ( o!r companies to :i*         
exp]im5tal plant is to be suppli$4 ,!   
batt]y %[n1 9 ,lomb>d ,/reet consi/$ (  
fifte5 cells arrang$ 9 ?ree boxes ( five
 cells ea*4 ,ea* box measur$ ab\t #ah 94
 by #ab 94 by #aj 941 & weigh$ f #ge lb4
 to #ajj lb4 ,! electromotive =ce ( ea* 
cell 0 #a4h volts & its int]nal         
resi/ance f #a_/dj to #a_/ej ( an ohm1  
consequ5tly ! batt]y exhibit$ _h1 "u !  
mu/ favorable circum/ances1 a diff]5ce (
 pot5tial ( #bg volts at its poles1 & a 
resi/ance ( #j4c ohm4  ,:5 connect$ to a
 gr\p ( t5 ,swan lamps ( five c&le p[]1 
requir+ a diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( #bj     
volts1 x rais$ !m to vivid inc&esc5ce1  
consid]ably above _! nom9al capacity1 b 
x fail$ to supply eighte5 lamps ( ! same
 k9d satisfactorily1 %[+ t its work+    
capacity lay some:]e betwe5 ! two4 ,a m 
p[]ful lamp is us$ 9 ! railway c>riages1
 b z !re 0 only "o erect$ x 0 impossible
 to judge ( ! numb] t a batt]y ( ! size 
%[n w\ld fe$4 ,eng9e]+ says ! trial1    

h[ev]1 demon/rat$ t great quantities (  
curr5t 7 be+ cont9u\sly evolv$1 & if1 z 
we und]/ood1 ! production c be ma9ta9$  
con/ant = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs )\t       
att5tion1 ! new batt]y m>ks a di/9ct /ep
 9 ?is k9d ( electric light+4 ,( !      
con/ruction ( ! batt]y we un=tunately c 
say b little1 z ! pat5ts are n yet      
complet$1 b we may /ate t ! solid       
elem5ts are z9c & c>bon1 & t ! novelty  
lies 9 ! liquid1 & 9 ! +5i\s arrangem5t 
= supply+ & )draw+ x4  ,ord9>ily "o *>ge
 ( liquid w s]ve = tw5ty-f\r h\rs work+1
 b ?is1 ( c\rse1 is entirely det]m9$ by 
! space provid$ = x4 ,x is sold at      
sev5p5ce a gallon1 & ea* gallon is      
suffici5t1 we are in=m$1 to drive a cell
 :ile x g5]ates #hjj amp]e h\rs (       
curr5t1 or1 tak+ ! electromotive =ce at 
#a4h volts1 x repres5ts 7#hjj x #a4h7 _/
 #gdf  #a4ic horse-p[] h\rs4 ,! co/ ( ! 
z9c is /at$ to be #ce p] c5t4 ( t ( !   
fluid1 al?\gh x is difficult to see h[  
?is c be1 = "o horse-p[] requires !     
consumption ( #hie4b grammes ( z9c p]   

h\r1 or #a4if lb41 & ?is at #ahl4 p]    
ton1 w\ld co/ #a4ic p5ce p] p\nd1 or    
#c4h p5ce p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,?is add$ to
 #c4f p5ce = ! fluid1 w\ld give a total 
( #g4d p5ce p] horse-p[] p] h\r1 &      
assum+ tw5ty lamps ( t5 c&le p[] to be  
f$ p] horse-p[]1 ! co/ w\ld be ab\t     
"o-?ird ( a p5ny p] h\r p] lamp4  ,mr   
,holmes admits 8 /atem5t ( ! consumption
 ( z9c does n agree ) :at might be      
!oretically expect$ b he bases x ^u !   
result ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! ,pullman tra91 
:i* place ! co/ at "o f>?+ p] h\r p]    
light4 ,at ! same "t he does n pr(ess t 
! batt]y c compete 9 ! matt] ( co/ )    
me*anically g5]at$ curr5ts on a l>ge    
scale1 b he (f]s x z a conv5i5t means ( 
obta9+ ! electric light 9 places :]e a  
/eam eng9e or a gas eng9e is            
inadmissible1 z 9 a private h\se1 & :]e 
! co/ ( driv+ a dynamo ma*9e is rais$   
abnormally high by reason ( a special   
att5dant hav+ to be paid to look aft] x4
  ,b he has ano!r s*eme = ! r$uction ( !
 co/1 to :i* we h n yet allud$1 & ( :i* 

we c say b little1 z ! details are n at 
pres5t available = publication4 ,!      
batt]y gives (f fumes :i* c be cond5s$  
into a nitrog5\s sub/ance1 valuable1 x  
is /at$1 z a manure1 :ile ! z9c salts 9 
! sp5t liquid c be recov]$ & return$ to 
useful purposes4 ,h[ f> ?is is          
practicable x is at pres5t impossible to
 say1 b at any rate ! idea repres5ts a  
/ep 9 ! "r direction1 & if !            
electricians c foll[ ! example ( ! gas  
manufactur]s & obta9 a rev5ue f !       
residuals ( galvanic batt]ies1 !y w     
greatly improve _! comm]cial position4  
,!re is no?+ impossible 9 ! idea1 &     
nei!r is x altoge!r novel1 al?\gh ! way 
( c>ry+ x out may be4 ,9 #ahdh1 ,/aite1 
"o ( ! e>ly en?usia/s 9 electric light+1
 pat5t$ a s]ies ( batt]ies f :i* he     
propos$ to recov] sulphate1 nitrate1 &  
*loride ( z9c1 b we nev] he>d t he      
obta9$ any success4         99       99 
99       99       99     ,,new          
,,electric ,,railway4   ,! orig9al      
electric railway laid d[n by ,messrs4   

,siem5s & ,halske at ,b]l9 seems likely 
to be ! p>5t ( _m o!rs4 ,"o ( ! mo/     
rec5t is ! und]gr\nd electric l9e laid  
d[n by ! firm 9 ! m9es ( ,zank]oda9     
,saxony4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is railway has   
appe>$ 9 ,glas]'s ,annal51 toge!r )     
draw+s ( ! eng9e1 :i* we are able to    
reproduce4 ,!y are d]iv$ f a pap] by    
,h]r ,fis*]1 read on ! #ai? ,decemb]1   
#ahhb1 be=e ! ,electro-,te*nical ,union 
( ,g]many4 ,! l9e 9 "q is #gjj met]s    
long--#ggj y>ds--& has two l9es ( way4  
,x lies #bgj met]s--#cjj y>ds--bel[ !   
surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is work$ by an    
electric locomotive1 haul+ t5 wagons at 
a spe$ ( #ab kilomet]s1 or #g miles p]  
h\r4 ,! total weight drawn is eight     
tons4 ,! gauge is a n>r[ "o1 s t !      
locomotive c be made ( small dim5sions4 
,its total l5g? betwe5 ! buff] heads is 
#b4dc met]s2 its height #a4jd met]s2    
bread? #j4h met]2 diamet] ( :eels1 #j4cd
 met]4 ,f ! rail head to ! c5t] ( !     
buff]s is a height ( #j4fge met]2 & !   
total weight is only #aeej kilogrammes1 

or say #c1djj lb4 ,we give a longitud9al
 section ?r\gh ! locomotive4 ,x w be se5
 t !re is a seat at ea* end = ! driv]1 s
 t he c always look =w>ds1 :i*ev] way ! 
eng9e may be runn+4 ,! arrangem5ts =    
connection ) ! electric curr5t are v    
simple4 ,! curr5t is g5]at$ by a dynamo 
ma*9e fix$ outside ! m9e1 & run by a    
small rot>y /eam eng9e1 %[n 9 section & 
elevation1 at a spe$ ( #ijj revolutions 
p] m9ute4 ,! curr5t passes ?r\gh a cable
 d[n ! %aft to a ,t-iron fix$ to ! side 
( ! head+4 ,on ?is ,t-iron slide contact
 pieces :i* are connect$ ) ! electric   
eng9e by lead+ wires4 ,! driv] by turn+ 
a h&le c move 8 eng9e backw>d or =w>d at
 w4 ,! :ole arrangem5t has work$        
extremely well1 & x is /at$ t !         
locomotive1 if s arrang$1 c\ld easily d 
d\ble its pres5t "w2 9 o!r words1 c\ld  
haul #ae to #af tons ( tra9 load at a   
spe$ ( sev5 miles an h\r4 ,! arrangem5ts
 = ! dynamo ma*9e on ! eng9e1 & its     
connection ) ! :eels1 are mu* ! same z  
^? us$ 9 ,sir ,william ,siem5s' electric

 railway n[ work+ ne> ! ,giant's        
,causeway4--,! ,eng9e]4  ,illu/ration3  
,,! ,,siem5s ,,electric ,,railway ,,at  
,,zank]oda ,,m9es4         99       99  
99       99       99     ,,! ,,e>lie/   
,,gas-,,eng9e4   ,lebon1 9 ! c]tificate 
dat$ #ahja1 9 addition to 8 fir/ pat5t1 
describ$ & illu/rat$ a ?ree-cyl9d]      
gas-eng9e 9 :i* an explosive mixture (  
gas & air 0 to h be5 ignit$ by an       
electric sp>k4 ,?is is a curi\s         
anticipation ( ! ,l5ior sy/em1 n br\ght 
out until m ?an fifty ye>s lat]2 b !re  
is no evid5ce t ,lebon ev] con/ruct$ an 
eng9e aft] ! design ref]r$ to4 ,x is an 
in/ructive lesson to w\ld-be pat5tees1  
:o frequ5tly expect to reap imm$iate    
fame & =tune f _! prop]ty 9 "s crude    
ideas :i* !y fondly deem to be an       
inv5tion1 to obs]ve ! v wide int]val t  
sep>ates ,lebon f ,otto4 ,! idea is !   
same 9 bo? cases2 b x has requir$ long  
ye>s ( pati5t "w1 & _m failures1 to     
embody ! idea 9 a suitable =m4 ,x is    
almo/ surpris+1 to any "o :o has n      

specially /udi$ ! matt]1 to discov] !   
numb] ( devices t h be5 tri$ ) ! object 
( mak+ an explosion eng9e1 z di/+ui%$ f 
"o d]iv+ its motive p[] f ! expansion ( 
gase\s fluids4 ,a n>rative ( "s ( ^!    
attempts has be5 pres5t$ to ! ,societe  
des ,+5ieurs ,civils2 mo/ly tak5 9 !    
fir/ place f ,/u>t's "w ^u ! orig9 ( !  
/eam eng9e1 publi%$ 9 #ahbj1 & n[       
some:at sc>ce4 ,x appe>s f ?is /atem5t t
 s long ago z #agid1 ,rob]t ,/reet      
describ$ & pat5t$ an eng9e 9 w9* ! pi/on
 0 to be driv5 by ! explosion ( a gase\s
 mixture :]e( ! combu/ible elem5t 0     
furni%$ by ! vaporization ( t]eb5?9e    
7turp5t9e7 ?r[n ^u r$ hot iron4 ,9 #ahjg
 ,de ,rivaz appli$ ! same idea 9 a      
diff]5t mann]4 ,he employ$ a cyl9d] #ab 
c5timet]s 9 diamet] fitt$ ) a pi/on4 ,at
 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] !re 0 ano!r small] 
"o1 also provid$ ) a pi/on4 ,?is 0 !    
aspirat+ cyl9d]1 :i* drew hydrog5 f an  
inflat$ bag1 & mix$ x ) twice its bulk (
 air by means ( a two-way cock4 ,!      
ignition ( ! detonat+ mixture 0 effect$ 

by an electric sp>k4 ,x is said t !     
inv5tor appli$ 8 app>atus to a small    
locomotive4  ,9 #ahbj ,mr4 ,cecil1 (    
,cambridge1 propos$ ! employm5t ( a     
mixture ( air & hydrog5 z a s\rce (     
motive p[]2 he gave a detail$ acc\nt ( 8
 inv5tion 9 ! ,transactions ( !         
,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1     
toge!r ) "s int]e/+ !oretical           
consid]ations4 ,! au?or obs]ves "h t an 
explosion may be safely oppos$ by an    
ela/ic resi/ance--t ( compress$ air1 =  
example--if su* resi/ance possesses     
little or no in]tia to be br\ght into   
play2 contr>iwise1 ! smalle/ in]tia     
oppos$ to ! explosion ( a mixture       
subject$ to in/antane\s combu/ion is    
equival5t to an insurm\ntable ob/acle4  
,?us a small quantity ( gunp[d]1 or a   
detonat+ mixture ( air & hydrog51 may   
)\t dang] be ignit$ 9 a l>ge clos$      
vessel full ( air1 because ! pressure   
aga9/ ! sides ( ! vessel ex]t$ by !     
explosion is n m ?an ! pressure ( ! air 
compress$ by ! explosion4 ,if a piece ( 

c>d bo>d1 or ev5 ( pap]1 is plac$ 9 !   
middle ( ! bore ( a cannon *>g$ ) p[d]1 
! cannon w almo/ c]ta9ly bur/1 because !
 p[d] 9 detonat+ acts ^u a body 9 repose
 :i* c only be put 9 motion 9 a p]iod ( 
"t inf9itely little by ! int]v5tion ( a 
=ce inf9itely great4 ,! piece ( pap] is 
!re=e equival5t to an insurm\ntable     
ob/acle4 ,( all detonat+ mixtures1 or   
explosive mat]ials1 ! mo/ dang]\s =     
equal expansions1 & ! lea/ fitt$ = use z
 motive p[]1 are ^? :i* inflame ! mo/   
rapidly4 ,?us1 a mixture ( oxyg5 &      
hydrog51 9 :i* ! inflammation is produc$
 in/antane\sly1 is less conv5i5t = ?is  
p>ticul> usage ?an a mixture ( air &    
hydrog51 :i* inflames m sl[ly4 ,f ?is   
po9t ( view1 ord9>y gunp[d] w\ld make a 
good s\rce ( motive p[]1 because1       
not)/&+ its great p[] ( dilatation1 x is
 comp>atively sl[ ( ignition2 only x    
w\ld be necess>y to take p>ticul>       
precautions to place ! mov+ body 9 close
 contact ) ! p[d]4 ,cecil po9t$ out t   
:ile a small /eam eng9e c\ld n be />t$ 9

 "w 9 less ?an half an h\r1 or probably 
m1 a gas eng9e su* z he propos$ w\ld h !
 advantage ( be+ always ready = imm$iate
 use4 ,cecil's eng9e 0 ! fir/ 9 :i* !   
explosive mixture 0 ignit$ by a simple  
flame ( gas drawn into ! cyl9d] at ! "r 
mom5t4 ,9 ! fir/ model1 :i* 0 t ( a     
v]tical beam eng9e ) a long cyl9d] (    
comp>atively small diamet]1 ! motive p[]
 0 simply d]iv$ f ! desc5t ( ! pi/on by 
atmosph]ic pressure2 b ,mr4 ,cecil is   
c>eful to /ate t p[] may also be obta9$ 
directly f ! =ce ( ! explosion4 ,! eng9e
 0 work$ ) a cyl9d] pressure ( ab\t #ab 
atmosph]es1 & ! inv5tor seems to h      
recogniz$ t ! noise ( ! explosions might
 be an objection to ! ma*9e1 = he       
sugge/s putt+ ! end ( ! cyl9d] d[n 9 a  
well1 or inclos+ x 9 a tight vessel = ! 
purpose ( dead5+ ! %ock4  ,x is int]e/+ 
to rescue = a mom5t ! acc\nt ( ,mr4     
,cecil's inv5tion f ! obscurity into :i*
 x has fall5--obscurity :i* ! +5uity ( !
 ideas embodi$ 9 ?is ma*9e does n m]it4 
,x is probable t 9 addition to !        

imp]fections ( 8 ma*9]y1 ,mr4 ,cecil    
suff]$ f ! difficulty ( obta9+ hydrog5  
at a suffici5tly l[ price = use 9 l>ge  
quantities4 ,x does n transpire t !     
inv5tor ev] s]i\sly turn$ 8 att5tion to 
! advantages ( coal gas1 :i* ev5 at t   
"t1 al?\gh v de>1 mu/ h be5 mu* *eap]   
?an hydrog54 ,kn[+ :at we d at pres5t1  
h[ev]1 ( ! consumption ( gas by a good  
eng9e ( ! late/ patt]n1 x may be assum$ 
t a great deal ( ! tr\ble ( ! gas eng9e 
build]s ( #fj ye>s ago arose f ! simple 
fact ( _! be+ altoge!r be=e _! age4 ,(  
c\rse1 ! /eam eng9e ( #ahbj 0 a mu* m   
wa/eful ma*9e1 z well z m co/ly to build
 ?an ! /eam eng9e ( to-day2 b ! diff]5ce
 _c h be5 s great z to create an        
advantage 9 favor ( an appliance :i*    
requir$ ev5 great] nicety ( con/ruction4
 ,! be/ gas-eng9e at pres5t made w\ld h 
be5 an exp5sive ?+ to supply ) gas at ! 
prices curr5t 9 #ahbj1 ev5 if ! res\rces
 ( me*anical sci5ce at t date _h be5    
equal to its con/ruction2 :i* we "k 0 n 
! case4 ,/ill1 ?is consid]ation 0 n     

kn[n1 or 0 little valu$1 by ,mr4 ,cecil 
& 8 contempor>ies4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1  
be=e ,mr4 ,cecil _h to give way be=e a  
=midable rival2 = 9 #ahbc ,samuel ,br[n 
br\ght out 8 eng9e1 :i* 0 9 _m respects 
an improvem5t ^u ! "o already describ$4 
,x w probably be "r1 h[ev]1 to reg>d !  
,rev4 ,mr4 ,cecil1 ( ,cambridge1 z !    
fir/ to make a practicable model ( a    
gas-eng9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4--,j\rnal ( 
,gas ,light+4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,alabama has      
#b1aah factories1 work+ #h1bdh h&s1 ) a 
capital inve/$ ( #e1gad1jcb1 pay+       
annually 9 wages #b1bbg1ifh1 & yield+   
annually 9 products #ac1jdj1fdd4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,,mov+ ,,( ,,l>ge ,,masses4         
,footnote3 ,= previ\s article see       
,,supplem5t #cfg4   ,! mov+ ( a belfry 0
 effect$ 9 #aggf by a mason :o knew     
nei!r h[ to read nor write4 ,?is        
/ructure 01 & /ill is1 at ,cresc5t9o1 ^u
 ! left bank ( ! ,po1 betwe5 ,tur9 &    
,cazal4 ,! foll[+ is ! (ficial report on

 ! op]ation3  ,9 ! ye> #aggf1 on !      
second day ( ,septemb]1 ! ord9>y c\ncil 
0 convok$1 444 z x is well kn[n t1 on ! 
#bf? ( ,may la/1 !re 0 effect$ ! removal
 ( a belfry1 #g trabucs 7#bb4e m47 or m 
9 height1 f ! *ur* call$ ,madonna del   
,palazzo1 ) ! concurr5ce & 9 ! pres5ce &
 amid ! applause ( num]\s p ( ?is city &
 ( /rang]s :o _h come 9 ord] to be      
witnesses ( ! removal ( ! said t[] ) its
 base & entire =m1 by means ( !         
processes ( our fell[-citiz5 ,s]ra1 a   
ma/] mason :o took x ^u himself to move 
! said belfry to a di/ance ( #c met]s1 &
 to annex x to a *ur* 9 c\rse (         
con/ruction4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is      
removal1 ! f\r faces ( ! brick walls 7  
fir/ cut & op5$ at ! base ( ! t[] & on a
 level ) ! e>?4 ,into ! ap]tures f nor? 
to s\?1 t is to say 9 ! direction t !   
edifice 0 to take1 !re 7 introduc$ two  
l>ge beams1 & ) ^! !re ran p>allel1     
ext]nal to ! belfry & alongside ( x1 two
 o!r r[s ( beams ( suffici5t l5g? &     
ext5t to =m = ! /ructure a b$ ov] :i* x 

might be mov$ & plac$ 9 position 9 ! new
 spot1 :]e f\ndations ( brick & lime _h 
previ\sly be5 prep>$4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #a4--,,removal ,,( ,a ,,belfry   
,,at ,,cresc5t9o ,,9 #aggf  ,^u ?is     
plane !re 7 aft]w>d plac$ roll]s #c     
in*es 9 diamet]1 &1 ^u ^! latt]1 !re 0  
plac$ a second r[ ( beams ( ! same l5g? 
z ! o!rs4 ,into ! ea/]n & we/]n ap]tures
 !re 7 ins]t$1 9 cross-=m1 two beams (  
less l5g?4  ,9 ord] to prev5t !         
oscillation ( ! t[]1 ! latt] 0 support$ 
by eight joi/s1 two ( ^! be+ plac$ on   
ea* side & jo9$ at _! bases1 ea* ) "o ( 
! f\r beams1 &1 at _! apices1 ) ! walls 
( ! t[] at ab\t two-?irds ( its height4 
,! plane ov] :i* ! edifice 0 to be roll$
 _h an incl9ation ( "o in*4 ,! belfry 0 
haul$ by ?ree cables t w\nd ar\nd ?ree  
cap/ans1 ea* ( :i* 0 actuat$ by t5 m54  
,! removal 0 effect$ 9 less ?an an h\r4 
,x %\ld be rem>k$ t dur+ ! op]ation !   
son ( ! mason ,s]ra1 /&+ 9 ! belfry1    
cont9u$ to r+ peals1 ! bells n hav+ be5 
tak5 out4  ,done at ,cresc5t9o1 9 ! ye> 

& on ! day m5tion$4  ,a note communicat$
 to ! ,academie des ,sci5ces at its     
session ( ,may #i1 #ahca1 add$ t ! base 
( ! belfry 0 #c4c m4 squ>e4 ,?is p]mits 
u to e/imate its weight at ab\t #aej    
tons4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,mov+ 
,,! ,,w+$ ,,bulls ,,f ,,n9eveh ,,to     
,,mosul ,,9 #ahed  ,fig4 #a %[s ! g5]al 
aspect ( ! belfry ) its /ays4 ,?is is   
tak5 f an engrav+ publi%$ 9 #ahdd by    
,mr4 ,de ,gregori1 :o1 dur+ 8 *ildhood1 
0 a witness ( ! op]ation1 & :o endeavor$
 to r5d] ! in=mation giv5 by ! (ficial  
acc\nt complet] )\t be+ able to make !  
process mu* cle>]4  ,9 #ahed ,mr4       
,victor ,place mov$ ov]l&1 f ,n9eveh to 
,mosul1 ! w+$ bulls t at pres5t are 9 ! 
,assyrian museum ( ! ,l\vre1 & ea* ( :i*
 weighs #cb tons4 ,aft] c>efully pack+  
^! 9 boxes 9 ord] to pres]ve !m f %ocks1
 ,place laid !m ^u _! side1 hav+ turn$  
!m ov]1 by means ( lev]s1 aga9/ a slop+ 
bank ( e>? ,t he aft]w>d dug away 9 su* 
a mann] t ! op]ation 0 p]=m$ )\t        
accid5t4 ,he _h _h con/ruct$ an enorm\s 

c> ) axles #j4be m4 9 diamet]1 & solid  
:eels #j4h m4 9 ?ickness 7,fig4 #b74    
,b5ea? ! c5t] ( ! box conta9+ ! bull a  
tr5* 0 dug t ran up to ! natural lev] ( 
! soil by an incl9e4 ,?is tr5* _h a dep?
 & wid? su* t ! c> c\ld run "u ! box    
:ile ! latt] 0 support$ at two ( its    
extremities by ! banks4 ,^! latt] 7     
aft]w>d gradually cut away until ! box  
re/$ ^u ! c> )\t %ock4 ,six hundr$ m5 !n
 mann$ ! ropes & haul$ ! c> ) its load  
up to ! level ( ! pla94 ,^! six hundr$  
m5 7 necess>y ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! entire    
r\te ov] a pla9 t 0 b slightly brok5 & 9
 :i* ! gr\nd pres5t$ b little consi/5cy4
  ,! r\te f ,khorsabad to ,mosul 0 ab\t 
#ah kilomet]s1 tak+ into acc\nt all !   
det\rs t _h to be made 9 ord] to h a    
some:at firm roadway4 ,x took f\r days  
to transport ! fir/ bull ?is di/ance1 b 
x requir$ only a day & a half to move ! 
o!r "o1 s9ce ! gr\nd _h acquir$ m       
compactness z a consequ5ce ( mov+ ! fir/
 "o ov] x1 & s9ce ! lead]s _h become m  
exp]t4 ,! six hundr$ m5 at ,mr4 ,place's

 disposal _h1 moreov]1 be5 employ$ =    
?ree mon?s back 9 prep>+ ! r\te1 9      
/r5g!n+ x ) piles 9 c]ta9 spots & 9 pav+
 o!rs ) flag/ones br\ght f ! ru9s (     
,n9eveh4 ,9 a succe$+ article ,i %all   
describe h[ ,i1 a few ye>s ago1 mov$ an 
ammunition /one h\se1 weigh+ #ej tons1  
to a di/ance ( #ce met]s )\t any o!r    
ma*9e ?an a cap/an actuat$ by two       
m54--,a4 ,de ,ro*as1 9 ,la ,nature4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,nature4     ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,eng9e]+4   
,9 ! address deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,we/macott1
 ,presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical 
,eng9e]s to ! ,engli% & ,belgian eng9e]s
 assembl$ at ,liege la/ ,augu/1 !re     
occurr$ ! foll[+ passage3 ,eng9e]+ br+s 
all o!r sci5ces into play2 *emical or   
physical discov]ies1 su* z ^? ( ,f>aday1
 w\ld be ( little practical use if      
eng9e]s 7 n ready ) me*anical appliances
 to c>ry !m out1 & make !m comm]cially  
successful 9 ! way be/ suit$ to ea*4    
,we h no objection to make to ^! words1 
spok5 at su* a "t & be=e su* an         

assembly4 ,x w\ld ( c\rse be easy to    
take ! conv]se view1 & obs]ve t eng9e]+ 
w\ld h made little progress 9 mod]n     
times1 b = ! spl5did res\rces :i* !     
discov]ies ( pure sci5ce h plac$ at h]  
disposal1 & :i* %e has only _h to adopt 
& utilize = h] own purposes4 ,b !re is  
no ne$ to qu>rel ov] two opposite modes 
( /at+ ! same fact4 ,!re is ne$ on ! o!r
 h& t ! fact itself %\ld be fairly      
recogniz$ & accept$1 namely1 t sci5ce   
may be look$ ^u z at once ! h&maid & !  
guide ( art1 art z at once ! pupil & !  
support] ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! pres5t article  
we propose to give a few illu/rations   
:i* w br+ out & emphasize ?is tru?4  ,we
 c\ld sc>cely f9d a bett] in/ance ?an is
 furni%$ to our h& 9 ! s5t5ce we h *os5 
= a text4 ,no man ev] work$ ) a m s+le  
he>t$ devotion to pure sci5ce--) a m    
absolute disreg>d ( money or fame1 z    
comp>$ ) k--?an ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,yet   
future ages w p]haps judge t no /rong]  
impulse 0 ev] giv5 to ! progress (      
indu/rial art1 or to ! advancem5t ( !   

mat]ial int]e/s ( mank9d1 ?an ! impulse 
:i* sprang f 8 discov]ies 9 electricity 
& magnetism4 ,( ^! discov]ies we are    
only n[ beg9n+ to reap ! b5efit4 ,b we h
 m]ely to consid] ! position :i* !      
dynamo-electric ma*9e already occupies 9
 ! indu/rial _w1 & ! f> high] position1 
:i*1 z almo/ all admit1 x is de/9$ to   
occupy 9 ! future1 9 ord] to see h[ mu* 
we owe to ,f>aday's e/abli%m5t ( !      
connection betwe5 magnetism &           
electricity4 ,t is "o side ( ! "q--!    
debt :i* art owes to sci5ce4 ,b let u   
look at ! o!r side also4 ,does sci5ce   
owe no?+ to art8 ,w any "o say t we %\ld
 "k z mu* z we d conc]n+ ! !ory ( !     
dynamo-electric motor1 & ! laws (       
electro-magnetic action g5]ally1 if t   
motor _h nev] ris5 7or fall51 z y *oose 
to put x7 to be some?+ besides !        
in/rum5t ( a laboratory1 or ! toy ( a   
lecture room8 ,only a %ort "t s9ce !    
illu/ri\s ,fr5* physici/1 ,m4 ,tresca1 0
 enum]at+ ! v>i\s s\rces ( loss 9 !     
transmission ( p[] by electricity along 

a fix$ wire1 z elucidat$ 9 ! c>eful &   
elaborate exp]im5ts inaugurat$ by ,m4   
,m>cel ,deprez1 & subsequ5tly cont9u$ by
 himself4 ,^! losses--! electrical no   
less ?an ! me*anical losses--are be+    
?or\ghly & m9utely exam9$ 9 ! hope (    
r$uc+ !m to ! l[e/ limit2 & ?is         
exam9ation _c fail to ?r[ mu* light on !
 exact di/ribution ( ! en]gy imp>t$ to a
 dynamo ma*9e & ! laws by :i* ?is       
di/ribution is gov]n$4 ,b w\ld ?is      
exam9ation ev] h tak5 place--w\ld !     
co/ly exp]im5ts :i* r5d] x feasible ev] 
h be5 p]=m$--if ! dynamo ma*9e 0 /ill "u
 ! undisput$ control ( pure sci5ce1 & _h
 n become subject to ! sway ( !         
capitali/ & ! eng9e]8  ,( c\rse !       
electric telegraph af=ds an e>li] &     
p]haps z good an illu/ration ( ! same   
fact4 ,! discov]y t electricity w\ld    
pass along a wire & actuate a ne$le at !
 o!r end 0 at fir/ a purely sci5tific   
"o2 & x 0 only gradually t its          
importance1 f an indu/rial po9t ( view1 
came to be recogniz$4 ,"h aga9 art owes 

to pure sci5ce ! creation ( a complete &
 important bran* ( eng9e]+1 ^: works are
 spread l a net ov] ! :ole face ( !     
globe4 ,on ! o!r h& our k ( electricity1
 & especially ( ! electro*emical        
processes :i* g on 9 ! work+ ( batt]ies1
 has be5 enorm\sly improv$ 9 consequ5ce 
( ! use ( su* batt]ies = ! purposes (   
telegraphy4  ,let u turn to ano!r       
example 9 a diff]5t bran* ( sci5ce4     
,:i*ev] ( our mod]n discov]ies we may   
consid] to be ! mo/ />tl+ & important1  
!re c ,i ?9k be no d\bt t ! mo/         
beautiful is t ( ! spectroscope4 ,x has 
enabl$ u to d t :i* b a few ye>s be=e   
its introduction 0 tak5 = ! v type ( !  
impossible1 viz41 to /udy ! *emical     
composition ( ! />s2 & x is giv+ u cle>]
 & cle>] insight e day into ! condition 
( ! great lum9>y :i* =ms ! c5t] ( our   
sy/em4 ,/ill1 h[ev] beautiful & int]e/+ 
su* results may be1 x might well be     
?\ght t !y c\ld nev] h any practical    
application1 & t ! spectroscope at lea/ 
w\ld rema9 an in/rum5t ( sci5ce1 b (    

sci5ce alone4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 
,"s ?irty ye>s s9ce1 ,mr4 ,bessem]      
conceiv$ ! idea t ! injuri\s con/itu5ts 
( raw iron--su* z silicon1 sulphur1     
etc4--might be got rid ( by simple      
oxidation4 ,! mass ( crude metal 0 heat$
 to a v high temp]ature2 atmosph]ic air 
0 =c$ ?r\gh x at a consid]able pressure2
 & ! oxyg5 unit+ ) ^! metalloids c>ri$  
!m (f 9 ! =m ( acid gases4 ,! v act (   
union g5]at$ a va/ quantity ( heat1 :i* 
itself assi/$ ! cont9uance ( ! process2 
& ! gas !re=e pass$ (f 9 a highly lum9\s
 condition4 ,b ! important po9t 0 to "k 
:]e to /op2 to seize ! exact mom5t :5   
all or practically all hurtful +r$i5ts  
_h be5 remov$1 & be=e ! oxyg5 _h turn$ f
 !m to attack ! iron itself4 ,h[ 0 ?is  
po9t to be asc]ta9$8 ,x 0 soon sugge/$ t
 ea* ( ^! gases 9 its inc&esc5t /ate    
w\ld %[ its own peculi> spectrum2 & t if
 ! flame ru%+ out ( ! ?roat ( ! conv]t] 
7 view$ ?r\gh a spectroscope1 ! mom5t :5
 any sub/ance su* z sulphur1 _h         
disappe>$ w\ld be kn[n by ! disappe>ance

 ( ! correspond+ l9es 9 ! spectrum4 ,!  
anticipation1 x is ne$less to say1 0    
v]ifi$1 & ! spectroscope1 ?\gh n[       
sup]s$$1 _h = a "t its place among !    
regul> appliances necess>y = ! c>ry+ on 
( ! ,bessem] process4  ,?is process     
itself1 ) all ! mom5t\s consequ5ces1    
me*anical1 comm]cial1 & economical1 :i* 
x has entail$1 might be br\ght =w>d z a 
witness on our side2 = x 0 almo/        
completely work$ out 9 ! laboratory be=e
 be+ submitt$ to actual practice4 ,9 ?is
 respect x /&s 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! e>li]
 processes = ! mak+ ( iron & /eel1 :i* 7
 develop$1 x is difficult to say h[1 9 !
 =ge or furnace itself1 & amid ! smoke &
 d9 ( practical "w4 ,at ! same "t !     
exp]im5ts ( ,bessem] 7 = ! mo/ "p c>ri$ 
out ) a di/9ct eye to _! future         
application 9 practice1 & _! value = our
 pres5t purpose is !re=e n s great4 ,!  
same we believe may be said ) reg>d to !
 great rival ( ! ,bessem] conv]t]1 viz41
 ! ,siem5s op5 he>?2 al?\gh ?is =ms 9   
itself a beautiful application ( !      

sci5tific doctr9e t /eel /&s midway1 z  
reg>ds proportion ( c>bon1 betwe5 wr\ght
 iron & pig iron1 & ought !re=e to be   
obta9able by a judici\s mixture ( ! two4
 ,! basic process is ! late/ developm5t1
 9 ?is direction1 ( sci5ce z appli$ to  
metallurgy4 ,"h1 by simply giv+ a       
diff]5t *emical con/itution to ! clay   
l9+ ( ! conv]t]1 x is f\nd possible to  
elim9ate phosphorus--an elem5t :i* has  
successfully )/ood ! attack ( ! ,bessem]
 sy/em4 ,n[1 to quote ! words ( a ,g]man
 eulogiz] ( ! new me?od1 phosphorus has 
be5 turn$ f an enemy into a fri5d2 & !  
ri*] a giv5 ore is 9 t sub/ance1 ! m    
readily & *eaply does x seem likely to  
be conv]t$ into /eel4  ,^! latt]        
examples h be5 tak5 f ! art (           
metallurgy2 & x may ( c\rse be said t1  
consid]+ ! intimate relations betwe5 t  
art & ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 !re c be no   
wond] if ! =m] is l>gely dep5d5t = its  
progress on ! latt]4 ,i w !re=e turn to 
:at may appe> ! mo/ concrete1 practical1
 & unsci5tific ( all arts--t1 namely1 ( 

! me*anical eng9e]2 & we %all f9d t ev5 
"h examples w n fail u ( ! boons :i*    
pure sci5ce has conf]r$ ^u ! art (      
con/ruction1 nor ev5 p]haps ( !         
reciprocal advantages :i* %e has d]iv$ f
 ! connection4  ,! address ( ,mr4       
,we/macott1 f :i* ,i h already tak5 my  
text1 supplies 9 itself m ?an "o in/ance
 ( ! k9d we seek--in/ances emphasiz$ by 
pap]s read at ! meet+ :]e ! address 0   
spok54 ,let u take1 fir/1 ! manufacture 
( sug> f beetroot4 ,?is manufacture 0   
=c$ into prom95ce 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is   
c5tury1 :5 ! ,cont95tal blockade ma9ta9$
 by ,engl& aga9/ ,napoleon prev5t$ all  
importation ( sug> f ,am]ica2 & x has n[
 atta9$ v l>ge dim5sions1 z all         
frequ5t]s ( ! ,cont95t mu/ be aw>e4 ,!  
process1 z exhau/ively describ$ by a    
,belgian eng9e]1 ,m4 ,mel91 (f]s sev]al 
in/ances ( ! application ( *emical &    
physical sci5ce to practical purposes4  
,?us1 ! fir/ op]ation 9 mak+ sug> f     
beetroot is to sep>ate ! juice f ! fle%1
 ! =m] be+ z mu* z #ie p] c5t4 ( ! :ole 

weight4 ,=m]ly ?is 0 accompli%$ by rasp+
 ! roots into a pulp1 & !n press+ ! pulp
 9 p[]ful hydraulic presses2 9 o!r      
words1 by purely me*anical means4 ,?is  
process is n[ to a l>ge ext5t sup]s$$ by
 :at is call$ ! diffusion process1      
dep5d+ on ! well kn[n physical ph5om5a (
 endosmosis & exosmosis4 ,! beetroot is 
cut up into small slices call$          
cossettes1 & ^! are plac$ 9 vessels     
fill$ ) wat]4 ,! result is t a curr5t ( 
endosmosis takes place f ! wat] t[>d !  
juice 9 ! cells1 & a curr5t ( exosmosis 
f ! juice t[>d ! wat]4 ,^! curr5ts g on 
cell by cell1 & cont9ue until a /ate (  
equilibrium is atta9$4 ,! ri*] ! wat] & 
! poor] ! juice1 ! soon] does ?is       
equilibrium take place4 ,consequ5tly !  
vessels are arrang$ 9 a s]ies1 =m+ :at  
is call$ a diffusion batt]y2 ! pure wat]
 is admitt$ to ! fir/ vessel1 9 :i* !   
slices h already be5 ne>ly exhau/$1 &   
subtracts f !m :at juice !re is left4 ,x
 !n passes z a ?9 juice to ! next       
vessel1 9 :i* ! slices are ri*]1 & !    

process beg9s aga94 ,9 ! la/ vessel !   
wat] :i* has already done its "w 9 all !
 previ\s vessels comes into contact )   
fre% slices1 & beg9s ! op]ation ^u !m4  
,! same process has be5 appli$ at ! o!r 
end ( ! manufacture ( sug>4 ,aft] !     
juice has be5 purifi$ & all !           
cry/allizable sug> has be5 sep>at$ f x  
by boil+1 !re is left a mass ( molasses1
 conta9+ s mu* ( ! salts ( potassium &  
sodium t no fur!r cry/allization ( ! yet
 rema9+ sug> is possible4 ,! object ( ! 
process call$ osmosis is to c>ry (f ^!  
salts4 ,! app>atus us$1 or osmog5e1     
consi/s ( a s]ies ( trays fill$         
alt]nately ) molasses & wat]1 ! bottoms 
be+ =m$ ( p>*m5t pap]4 ,a curr5t passes 
?r\gh ?is pap] 9 ea* direction1 "p ( !  
wat] ent]+ ! molasses1 & "p ( ! salts1  
toge!r ) a c]ta9 quantity ( sug>1 ent]+ 
! wat]4 ,! result1 ( ?us free+ !        
molasses f ! salts is t a l>ge "p ( !   
rema9+ sug> c n[ be extract$ by         
cry/allization4  ,ano!r in/ance 9 po9t  
comes f a pap] deal+ ) ! "q ( !         

con/ruction ( long tunnels4 ,9 ,engl&   
?is has be5 *iefly discuss$ ( late 9    
connection ) ! ,*annel ,tunnel1 :]e1    
h[ev]1 ! conditions are comp>atively    
simple4 ,x is ( /ill great] importance  
abroad4 ,two tunnels h already be5 pi]c$
 ?r\gh ! ,alps2 a ?ird is ne>ly         
complet$2 & a f\r?1 ! ,simplon ,tunnel1 
:i* w be ! longe/ ( any1 is at ?is mom5t
 ! subject ( a mo/ active /udy on ! "p (
 ,fr5* eng9e]s4 ,9 ,am]ica1 especially 9
 connection ) ! deep m9es ( ! ,we/]n    
,/ates1 ! problem is also ( ! highe/    
importance4 ,b ! driv+ ( su* tunnels    
w\ld be f9ancially if n physically      
impossible1 b = ! res\rces :i* sci5ce   
has plac$ 9 our h&s1 fir/1 by !         
prep>ation ( new explosives1 &1         
secondly1 by me?ods ( deal+ ) ! v high  
temp]atures :i* h to be enc\nt]$4 ,z    
reg>ds ! fir/1 ! hi/ory ( explosives is 
sc>cely any?+ else ?an a record ( !     
application ( *emical pr9ciples to      
practical purposes--a record :i* 9 great
 "p has yet to be writt51 & on :i* we _c

 "h dwell4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t b = !  
inv5tion ( nitroglyc]9e1 a purely       
*emical comp\nd1 & its developm5t 9     
v>i\s =ms1 m or less safe & conv5i5t1 ^!
 long tunnels w\ld nev] h be5 con/ruct$4
 ,z reg>ds ! second po9t1 ! "q (        
temp]ature is really ! mo/ =midable )   
:i* ! tunnel eng9e] has to cont5d4 ,9 ! 
,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel1 j be=e ! meet+ ( !  
two head+s 9 ,febru>y1 #ahhj1 !         
temp]ature rose z high z #ic ,fahr4     
,?is1 comb9$ ) ! f\lness ( ! air1       
produc$ an imm5se dim9ution 9 ! "w done 
p] p]son & p] horse employ$1 :ile sev]al
 m5 7 actually kill$ by ! dynamite      
gases1 & o!rs suff]$ f a disease :i* 0  
trac$ to a hi!rto unkn[n species (      
int]nal worm4 ,if ! ,simplon ,tunnel    
%\ld be con/ruct$1 yet high] temp]atures
 may probably h to be dealt )4 ,al?\gh  
sci5ce c h>dly be said to h completely  
ma/]$ ^! difficulties1 mu* has be5 done 
9 t direction4 ,a great deal ( me*anical
 "w has ( c\rse to be c>ri$ on at ! face
 or f> end ( su* a head+1 & !re are     

v>i\s means by :i* x might be done4 ,b  
by f> ! mo/ satisfactory solution1 9 mo/
 cases at lea/1 is obta9$ by tak+       
advantage ( ! prop]ties ( compress$ air4
 ,air c be compress$ at ! end ( ! tunnel
 ei!r by /eam-eng9es1 or1 /ill bett]1 by
 turb9es :]e wat] p[] is available4 ,?is
 compress$ air may easily be l$ 9 pipes 
to ! face ( ! head+1 & us$ !re to drive 
! small eng9es :i* "w ! rock-drill+     
ma*9es1 etc4 ,! effici5cy ( su* ma*9es  
is d\btless l[1 *iefly ow+ to ! physical
 fact t ! air is heat$ by compression1 &
 t mu* ( ?is heat is lo/ :ile x trav]ses
 ! long l9e ( pipes lead+ to ! sc5e (   
action4 ,b "h we h a great advantage f !
 po9t ( view ( v5tilation2 = z ! air    
ga9$ heat :ile be+ compress$1 s x loses 
heat :ile exp&+2 & ! result is t a      
curr5t ( cold & fre% air is cont9ually  
issu+ f ! ma*9es at ! face ( ! head+1 j 
:]e x is mo/ want$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 9 !  
,/4 ,go?>d1 z j allud$ to1 ! hotte/ p>ts
 7 always "s little di/ance beh9d ! face
 ( ! head+4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is case z mu* z  

#abj1jjj cubic met]s ( air 7tak5 at     
atmosph]ic pressure7 7 daily p\r$ into !
 head+1 yet ! v5tilation 0 v            
insuffici5t4 ,moreov]1 ! high pressure  
:i* is us$ = work+ ! ma*9es is n ! be/  
adapt$ = v5tilation2 & 9 ! ,arlb]g      
tunnel sep>ate v5tilat+ pipes are       
employ$1 conta9+ air compress$ to ab\t  
"o atmosph]e1 :i* is deliv]$ 9 mu* l>g] 
quantities al?\gh n at s l[ a           
temp]ature4 ,9 connection ) ?is "q (    
v5tilation a long s]ies ( obs]vations h 
be5 tak5 at ! ,/4 ,go?>d1 bo? dur+ &    
s9ce ! con/ruction2 ^! h reveal$ !      
important physical fact 7itself ( high  
practical importance7 t ! b>omet] nev]  
/&s at ! same level on ! two sides ( a  
great m\nta9 *a92 & s h made valuable   
contributions to ! sci5ce ( meteorology4
  ,ano!r mo/ important use ( ! same     
sci5tific fact1 namely1 ! prop]ties (   
compress$ air1 is f\nd 9 ! s9k+ (       
f\ndations bel[ wat]4 ,:5 ! pi]s ( a    
bridge1 or o!r /ructure1 _h to be plac$ 
9 a deep /ream1 ! old me?od 0 to drive a

 d\ble r[ ( piles r\nd ! place & fill !m
 9 ) clay1 =m+ :at is call$ a c(f]dam4  
,! wat] 0 pump$ out f ! int]ior1 & !    
f\ndation laid 9 ! op54 ,?is is always a
 v exp5sive process1 & 9 rapid /reams is
 sc>cely practicable4 ,9 rec5t times    
l>ge bottomless cases1 call$ caissons1 h
 be5 us$1 ) tubes atta*$ to ! ro(1 by   
:i* air c be =c$ into or out ( !        
int]ior4 ,^! caissons are br\ght to !   
site ( ! propos$ pi]1 & are !re sunk4   
,:]e ! bottom is loose s&y e>?1 ! vacuum
 process1 z x is t]m$1 is (t5 employ$2 t
 is1 ! air is pump$ out f ! int]ior1 & !
 sup]9cumb5t pressure !n causes !       
caisson to s9k & ! e>? to rise )9 x4 ,b 
x is m usual to employ :at is call$ !   
pl5um process1 9 :i* air "u high        
pressure is pump$ into ! caisson &      
expels ! wat]1 z 9 a div+ bell4 ,workm5 
!n desc5d1 ent]+ ?r\gh an air lock1 &   
excavate ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( !        
caisson1 :i* s9ks gradually z !         
excavation cont9ues4 ,"u ?is sy/em a    
l5g? ( "s two miles ( quay wall is be+  

con/ruct$ at ,antw]p1 f> out 9 ! *annel 
( ! riv] ,s*eldt4 ,"h ! caissons are    
laid end to end ) ea* o!r1 along ! :ole 
curve ( ! wall1 & ! masonry is built on 
! top ( !m )9 a float+ c(f]dam ( v +5i\s
 con/ruction4  ,!re are few me*anical   
pr9ciples m widely kn[n ?an t ( s-call$ 
c5trifugal =ce2 an action :i*1 ?\gh /ill
 a puzzle to /ud5ts1 has long be5       
?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,x is1 h[ev]1        
comp>atively rec5tly t x has be5 appli$ 
9 practice4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ examples 0   
p]haps ! ord9>y gov]nor1 due to ! g5ius 
( ,watt4 ,e boy kn[s t if he takes a    
weight hang+ f a /r+ & twirls x r\nd1 ! 
weight w rise high] & revolve 9 a l>g]  
circle z he increases ! spe$4 ,watt saw 
t if he atta*$ su* an app>atus to 8 /eam
 eng9e1 ! balls or weights w\ld t5d to  
rise high] :5ev] ! eng9e begun to run   
fa/]1 t ?is action might be made p>tly  
to draw ov] ! valve :i* admitt$ ! /eam1 
& t 9 ?is way ! supply ( /eam w\ld be   
less5$1 & ! spe$ w\ld fall4 ,few ideas 9
 sci5ce h receiv$ s wide & s successful 

an application z ?is4 ,b ( late ye>s    
ano!r prop]ty ( c5trifugal =ce has be5  
br\ght into play4 ,! effect ( ?is       
s-call$ =ce is t any body revolv+ 9 a   
circle has a cont9ual t5d5cy to fly (f  
at a tang5t2 ! am\nt ( ?is t5d5cy dep5d+
 jo9tly on ! mass ( ! body & on !       
velocity ( ! rotation4 ,x is ! =m] ( ^! 
conditions :i* is n[ tak5 advantage (4  
,= if we h a numb] ( p>ticles all       
revolv+ ) ! same velocity1 b ( diff]5t  
specific gravities1 & if we all[ !m to  
foll[ _! t5d5cy ( mov+ (f at a tang5t1 x
 is evid5t t ! heavie/ p>ticles1 hav+ ! 
greate/ mass1 w move ) ! greate/ en]gy4 
,! result is t1 if we take a mass ( su* 
p>ticles & conf9e !m )9 a circul> cas+1 
we %all f9d t1 hav+ rotat$ ?is cas+ ) a 
high velocity & = a suffici5t "t1 !     
heavie/ p>ticles w h settl$ at ! outside
 & ! lighte/ at ! inside1 :ile betwe5 ! 
two !re w be a gradation f ! "o to !    
o!r4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! means ( sep>at+ two
 sub/ances1 solid or liquid1 :i* are    
intimately mix$ up toge!r1 b :i* are (  

diff]5t specific gravities4 ,?is        
physical pr9ciple has be5 tak5 advantage
 ( 9 a some:at homely b v important     
process1 viz41 ! sep>ation ( cream f    
milk4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! milk is *>g$  
into a vessel some?+ ( ! %ape & size ( a
 ,gl\ce/] *eese1 :i* /&s on a v]tical   
sp9dle & is made to rotate ) a velocity 
z high z #g1jjj revolutions p] m9ute4   
,at ?is enorm\s spe$ ! milk1 :i* is !   
heavi]1 flies to ! outside1 :ile ! cream
 rema9s beh9d & /&s up z a ?9 lay] on ! 
inside ( ! rotat+ cyl9d] ( fluid4 ,s    
completely does ?is imm5se spe$ produce 
9 ! liquid ! *>act]i/ics ( a solid1 t if
 ! rotat+ %ell ( cream be t\*$ by a     
knife x emits a h>%1 grat+ s\nd1 & gives
 ! s5sation exp]i5c$ 9 attempt+ to cut a
 /one4 ,! sep>ation is almo/ imm$iately 
complete1 b ! difficult po9t 0 to draw  
(f ! two liquids sep>ately & cont9u\sly 
)\t /opp+ ! ma*9e4 ,?is has be5 simply  
accompli%$ by tak+ advantage ( ano!r    
pr9ciple ( hydrome*anics4 ,a small pipe 
op5+ j inside ! %ell ( ! cyl9d] is      

br\ght back to ne> ! c5t]1 :]e x rises  
?r\gh a sort ( neck & op5s into an      
ext]ior cas+4 ,! pressure due to !      
velocity causes ! skim milk to rise 9   
?is pipe & fl[ cont9u\sly out at ! inn] 
end4 ,! cream is at ! same "t drawn (f  
by a simil> orifice made 9 ! same neck &
 lead+ into a diff]5t *amb]4            
,c5trifugal action is n ! only way 9 :i*
 p>ticles ( diff]5t specific gravity c  
he sep>at$ f ea* o!r by motion only4 ,if
 a rapid jigg+ or up-&-d[n motion be    
giv5 to a mixture ( su* p>ticles1 !     
t5d5cy ( ! light] to fly fur!r "u !     
action ( ! impulse causes !m gradually  
to rise to ! upp] surface2 ?is surface  
be+ free 9 ! pres5t case1 & ! result be+
 !re=e ! rev]se ( :at happ5s 9 ! rotat+ 
*amb]4 ,if su* a mixture be exam9$ aft] 
?is up-& d[n motion has gone on = a     
consid]able p]iod1 x w be f\nd t !      
p>ticles are arrang$ pretty accurately 9
 lay]s1 ! lighte/ be+ at ! top & !      
heavie/ at ! bottom4 ,?is pr9ciple has  
long be5 tak5 advantage ( 9 su* cases z 

! sep>ation ( lead ores f ! matrix 9 :i*
 !y are emb$d$4 ,! rock 9 ^! cases is   
cru%$ into small fragm5ts1 & plac$ on a 
frame hav+ a rapid up-&-d[n-motion1 :5 !
 heavy lead ore gradually collects at ! 
bottom & ! light] /one on ! top4 ,to    
sep>ate ! two ! ma*9e mu/ be /opp$ &    
cle>$ by h&4 ,9 ! case ( coal-wa%+1 :]e 
! object is to sep>ate f9e coal f !     
p>ticles ( /one mix$ ) x1 ?is process   
w\ld be v co/ly1 & inde$ impossible1    
because a curr5t ( wat] is sweep+ ?r\gh 
! :ole mass4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,coppee      
coal-wa%]1 ! desir$ end is a*iev$ 9 a   
diff]5t & v simple mann]4 ,! well kn[n  
m9]al felsp> has a specific gravity     
int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ! coal & ! %ale1  
or /one1 ) :i* x is f\nd int]mix$4 ,if1 
!n1 a quantity ( felsp> 9 small fragm5ts
 is ?r[n into ! mixture1 & ! :ole !n    
submitt$ to ! jigg+ process1 ! result w 
be t ! /one w collect on ! top1 & ! coal
 at ! bottom1 ) a lay] ( felsp> sep>at+ 
! two4 ,a curr5t ( wat] sweeps ?r\gh !  
:ole1 & is drawn (f p>tly at ! top1     

c>ry+ ) x ! /one1 & p>tly at ! bottom1  
c>ry+ ) x ! f9e coal4  ,! above are     
in/ances :]e sci5ce has come to ! aid ( 
eng9e]+4 ,"h is "o 9 :i* ! obligation is
 rev]s$4 ,! rapid /opp+ ( railroad      
tra9s1 :5 necess>y1 by means ( brakes1  
is a problem :i* has long occupi$ !     
att5tion ( _m eng9e]s2 & ! me*anical    
solutions (f]$ h be5 correspond+ly      
num]\s4 ,"s ( ^! dep5d on ! action (    
/eam1 "s ( a vacuum1 "s ( compress$ air1
 "s ( pressure-wat]2 o!rs aga9 +5i\sly  
utilize ! mom5tum ( ! :eels !mselves4 ,b
 = a long "t no ef=t 0 made by any ( ^! 
inv5tors ?or\ghly to ma/] ! !oretical   
conditions ( ! problem be=e !m4 ,at la/1
 "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s & successful among !m1
 ,mr4 ,george ,we/+h\se1 resolv$ to make
 exp]im5ts on ! subject1 & 0 =tunate    
en\gh to associate ) himself ,capt4     
,d\glas ,galton4 ,_! exp]im5ts1 c>ri$ on
 ) r>e en]gy & p]sev]ance1 & at great   
exp5se1 n only br\ght into ! cle>e/     
light ! physical conditions ( ! "q      
7conditions :i* 7 %[n to be 9 /rict     

accordance ) !ory71 b also disclos$ !   
int]e/+ sci5tific fact t ! friction     
betwe5 solid bodies at high velocities  
is n con/ant1 z ! exp]im5ts ( ,mor9 _h  
be5 suppos$ to imply1 b dim9i%es rapidly
 z ! spe$ increases--a fact :i* o!r     
obs]vations s]ve to confirm4  ,! old    
sci5tific pr9ciple kn[n z ! hydro/atic  
p>adox1 accord+ to :i* a pressure appli$
 at any po9t ( an inclos$ mass ( liquid 
is transmitt$ unalt]$ to e o!r po9t1 has
 be5 s+ul>ly fruitful 9 practical       
applications4 ,mr4 ,bramah 0 p]haps !   
fir/ to recognize its value &           
importance4 ,he appli$ x to ! well kn[n 
,bramah press1 & 9 v>i\s o!r directions1
 "s ( :i* 7 less successful4 ,"o ( ^! 0 
a hydraulic lift1 :i* ,mr4 ,bramah      
propos$ to con/ruct by means ( sev]al   
cyl9d]s slid+ )9 ea* o!r aft] ! mann] ( 
! tubes ( a telescope4 ,8 specification 
( ?is inv5tion suffici5tly expresses 8  
op9ion ( its value1 = x concludes z     
foll[s3 ,?is pat5t does n only diff] 9  
its nature & 9 its b\ndless ext5t (     

claims to novelty1 b also 9 its claims  
to m]it & sup]ior utility comp>$ ) any  
o!r pat5t ev] br\ght be=e or sanction$  
by ! legislative au?ority ( any nation4 
,! telescope lift has n come into       
practical use2 b lifts work$ on !       
hydraulic pr9ciple are becom+ m & m     
common e day4 ,! same pr9ciple has be5  
appli$ by ! g5ius ( ,sir ,william       
,arm/rong & o!rs to ! work+ ( cranes &  
o!r ma*9es = ! lift+ ( weights1 etc42 & 
"u ! =m ( ! accumulator1 ) its di/ribut+
 pipes & hydraulic eng9es1 x provides a 
/ore ( p[] always ready = application at
 any requir$ po9t 9 a l>ge sy/em1 yet   
co/+ practically no?+ :5 n actually at  
"w4 ,?is sy/em ( high pressure ma9s     
work$ f a c5tral accumulator has be5 =  
"s ye>s 9 exi/5ce at ,hull1 z a means ( 
supply+ p[] comm]cially = all ! purposes
 ne$$ 9 a l>ge t[n1 & x is at ?is mom5t 
be+ c>ri$ out on a wid] scale 9 ! ,ea/  
,end ( ,london4  ,tak+ advantage ( ?is  
sy/em1 & comb9+ ) x ano!r sci5tific     
pr9ciple ( wide applicability1 ,mr4     

,j4,h4 ,grea!ad has br\ght out an       
in/rum5t call$ ! injector hydrant1 :i*  
seems likely to play an important "p 9 !
 ext+ui%+ ( fires4 ,?is second pr9ciple 
is t ( ! lat]al induction ( fluids1 &   
may be ?us express$ 9 ! words ( ! late  
,william ,fr\de3 ,any surface :i* 9     
pass+ ?r\gh a fluid exp]i5ces resi/ance 
mu/ 9 s do+ impress on ! p>ticles :i*   
resi/ x a =ce 9 ! l9e ( motion equal to 
! resi/ance4 ,if !n ^! p>ticles are     
!mselves "p ( a fluid1 x w result t !y w
 foll[ ! direction ( ! mov+ fluid & be  
p>tly c>ri$ along ) x4 ,z appli$ 9 !    
injector hydrant1 a small quantity (    
wat] d]iv$ f ! high pressure ma9s is    
made to pass f "o pipe into ano!r1 com+ 
9 contact at ! same "t ) a res]voir (   
wat] at ord9>y pressure4 ,! result is t 
! wat] f ! res]voir is drawn into !     
second pipe ?r\gh a trumpet-%ap$ nozzle1
 & may be made to issue z a /ream to a  
consid]able height4 ,?us ! small        
quantity ( pressure-wat]1 :i*1 if us$ by
 itself1 w\ld p]haps rise to a height ( 

#ejj feet1 is made to c>ry ) x a mu*    
l>g] quantity to a mu* small] height1   
say t ( an ord9>y h\se4  ,! above are   
only a few ( ! _m in/ances :i* might be 
giv5 to prove ! g5]al tru? ( ! fact )   
:i* we />t$1 namely1 ! close &          
reciprocal connection betwe5 physical   
sci5ce & me*anical eng9e]+1 tak+ bo? 9  
_! wide/ s5se4 ,x may possibly be wor?  
:ile to return aga9 to ! subject1 z o!r 
illu/rations arise4 ,two su* h appe>$   
ev5 at ! mom5t ( writ+1 & ?\gh _!       
practical success is n yet assur$1 x may
 be wor? :ile to cite !m4 ,! fir/ is an 
application ( ! old pr9ciple ( ! siphon 
to ! purify+ ( sewage4 ,into a tank     
conta9+ ! sewage dips a siphon pipe "s  
?irty feet high1 ( :i* ! %ort] leg is _m
 times l>g] ?an ! long]4 ,:5 ?is is     
/>t$1 ! wat] rises sl[ly & /eadily 9 !  
%ort] column1 & be=e x rea*es ! top has 
left beh9d x all or almo/ all ( ! solid 
p>ticles :i* x previ\sly held 9         
susp5sion4 ,^! fall sl[ly back ?r\gh !  
column & collect at ! bottom ( ! tank1  

to be cle>$ out :5 ne$ful4 ,! efflu5t   
wat] is n ( c\rse *emically pure1 b     
suffici5tly s to be turn$ into any      
ord9>y /ream4 ,! second inv5tion re/s on
 a curi\s fact 9 *emi/ry1 namely1 t     
cau/ic soda or pota% w absorb /eam1 =m+ 
a comp\nd :i* has a mu* high] temp]ature
 ?an ! /eam absorb$4 ,if1 !re=e1        
exhau/-/eam be dis*>g$ into ! bottom ( a
 vessel conta9+ cau/ic alkali1 n only w 
x become cond5s$1 b ?is cond5sation w   
raise ! temp]ature ( ! mass s high t x  
may be employ$ 9 ! g5]ation ( fre% /eam4
 ,x is ne$less to obs]ve h[ important w 
be ! be>+ ( ?is inv5tion ^u ! work+ (   
/eam eng9es = _m purposes1 if only x c  
be e/abli%$ z a practical success4 ,& if
 x is s e/abli%$ !re c be no d\bt t !   
exp]i5ce ?us acquir$ w reveal new &     
valuable facts ) reg>d to ! conditions (
 *emical comb9ation & absorption1 9 !   
elem5ts ?us br\ght toge!r4  ,,walt] ,r4 
,,br[ne4         99       99       99   
99       99     ,,hydraulic ,,plate     
,,press4   ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable &      

int]e/+ me*anical arrangem5ts at !      
,imp]ial ,navy ,y>d at ,kiel1 ,g]many1  
is ! iron clad plate b5d+ ma*9e1 by     
means ( :i* ! heavy iron clad plates are
 b5t = ! use ( arm+ iron clad vessels4  
,?r\gh ! me*anism ( ?is rem>kable ma*9e 
x is possible to b5d ! /ronge/ & heavie/
 iron clad plates--9 cold condition--s t
 !y c be fitt$ close on to ! %ip's hull1
 z x 0 done ) ! man-(-w> %ips ,saxonia1 
,bav>ia1 ,wurtemb]g1 & ,bad51 ea* ( :i* 
hav+ an iron /r5g? ( ab\t #bej met]s4   
,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,hydraulic     
,,plate ,,press4  ,"o may make himself a
 proximate idea ( ! enorm\s p[] (       
pressure ( su* a ma*9e1 if he c imag9e  
:at a /r5g? is ne$$ to b5d an iron plate
 ( #bej met]s ?ickness1 9 cold          
condition2 be+ also #a4e met]s 9 wid?1 &
 #e4jj met]s 9 l5g?1 & weigh+ ab\t      
#ad1eee kilogrammes1 or #ad1eee tons4   
,! b5d+ ( ! plates is done z foll[s3 ,z 
x is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 connect$ h]e)1
 !re are /&+1 well secur$ into !        
f\ndation1 f\r p]p5dicul> pill>s1 made (

 heavy iron1 all ( :i* are hold+ a heavy
 iron block1 :i* by means ( female nut  
screws is lift$ & l[]$ 9 a p]p5dicul>   
direction4 ,b5ea? ! iron block1 betwe5 !
 pill>s1 is ly+ a l>ge holl[ cyl9d] 9   
:i* ! press pi/on moves up & d[n 9 a    
p]p5dicul> direction4 ,^! movem5ts are  
caus$ by a small ma*9e1 or1 bett]1 press
 pump--n noticeable 9 ! illu/ration--:i*
 presses wat] f a res]voir ?r\gh a n>r[ 
pipe into ! l>ge holl[ cyl9d]1 prev5t+  
at ! same "t ! escape or return ( ! wat]
 s =c$ 94 ,! holl[ cyl9d] up to ! press 
pi/on is n[ fill$ ) wat]1 s rema9s no   
o!r way = ! pi/on z to move on to ! top4
 ,! iron clad plate ready to und]go !   
b5d+ process is ly+ betwe5 press pi/on &
 iron block2 "u ! latt] prep>ations are 
already made = ! purpose ( giv+ ! iron  
clad plate su* a =m z x w receive ?r\gh 
! b5d+ process4 ,aft] ?is ! press pi/on 
w1 ) ! greate/ =ce1 /eadily b sl[ly move
 upw>d1 until ! iron clad plate has     
receiv$ its int5d$ b5d+4  ,lately !     
hydraulic presses are (t5 us$ z w9d+    

ma*9es1 t is1 !y are us$ z an arrangem5t
 to lift heavy loads up on elevat$      
po9ts4  ,! ess5tial contrivance ( a     
hydraulic press is z foll[s3  ,"o ?9ks (
 a p[]ful pi/on1 :i*1 ?r\gh1 human1     
/eam1 or wat] p[]1 is set 9 a mov+      
up-&-d[n motion4 ,?r\gh ! asc5t ( !     
pi/on1 is by means ( a draw+ pipe1 end+ 
into a sieve1 ! wat] absorb$ out ( a    
res]voir1 & by ! l[]+ ( ! pi/on wat] is 
driv5 out ( a cyl9d] by means ( a n>r[  
pipe 7communication pipe7 into a second 
cyl9d]1 :i* raises a l>g] pi/on1 !      
s-call$ press pi/on4 7,see illu/ration47
  ,"o on top op5+ draw+ valve1 on ! top 
end ( ! draw+ pipe prev5ts ! return ( ! 
wat] by ! go+ d[n ( ! pi/on2 & a b>r+   
valve1 :i* is lift$ by ! l[]+ ( ! pi/on1
 ob/ructs ! return ( ! wat] by ! asc5t (
 ! pi/on1 :ile ! draw+ valve is lift$ by
 means ( wat] absorb$ by ! small draw+  
pipe4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4         99 
99       99       99       99     ,,fa/ 
,,pr9t+ ,,press ,,= ,,engrav+s4   ,ub]  
,l& und ,me]1 :i* is "o ( ! f9e/        

illu/rat$ newspap]s publi%$ 9 ,g]many1  
gives ! foll[+3 ,we rec5tly gave our    
read]s an insight into ! e/abli%m5t (   
,ub] ,l& und ,me]1 & to-day we %[ !m !  
ma*9e :i* ea* week />ts our pap] on its 
j\rney ar\nd ! _w--a ma*9e :i* embodies 
! late/ & greate/ progress 9 ! art (    
pr9t+4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration repres5ts  
"o ( ! ?ree fa/ presses :i* ! h\se (    
,hallb]g] employs 9 ! pr9t+ ( its       
illu/rat$ j\rnals4  ,) ! inv5tion ( !   
cyl9d] press by ,fr$]ick ,knig 0 v]ifi$ 
! say+ t ! art ( pr9t+ _h l5t w+s to    
words4 ,ev]y:]e ! primitive h&-press _h 
to make way = ! /eam pr9t+ ma*9e2 b ev5 
?is ma*9e1 s9ce its adv5t 9 ,london 9   
#ahaj1 has itself und]gone s _m *anges t
 little else rema9s ( ,knig's inv5tion  
?an ! pr9ciple ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! dem&s (   
rec5t times = /ill m rapid ma*9es h     
result$ 9 ! production ( presses pr9t+ f
 a cont9u\s roll or web ( pap]1 f       
cyl9d]s revolv+ 9 "o giv5 direction4 ,! 
fir/ ( ?is class ( presses 7! ,bullock  
press7 0 built 9 ,am]ica4 ,!n ,engl&    

foll[$1 & !re ! fir/ newspap] to make   
use ( "o 0 ! ,times4 ,! ,augsburg ,ma*9e
 ,works 7 ! fir/ to supply ,g]many ) !m1
 & x 0 ?is e/abli%m5t :i* fir/ und]took 
to apply ! pr9ciple ( ! web p]fect+     
press 7fir/ int5d$ = newspap] "w only1  
:]e spe$ r ?an f9e "w is ! object s\ght7
 to book pr9t+1 9 :i* f> great] accuracy
 & excell5ce is requir$1 & ! result has 
be5 ! con/ruction ( a rot>y press = !   
highe/ grade ( illu/rat$ p]iodical      
publications1 :i* meets all !           
requirem5ts ) ! mo/ complete success4   
,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,fa/ ,,pr9t+   
,,press ,,= ,,engrav]s  ,! build+ (     
rot>y presses = pr9t+ illu/rat$ pap]s 0 
attempt$ z e>ly z #ahgd or #ahge 9      
,london1 by ! ,times1 b app>5tly )\t    
success1 z no public m5tion has ev] be5 
made ( any favorable result4 ,!         
proprietor ( ! ,london ,illu/rat$ ,news 
obta9$ bett] results4 ,9 #ahgg an       
illu/rat$ p5ny pap]1 an outgr[? ( 8     
great j\rnal1 0 pr9t$ ^u a rot>y press  
:i* 01 accord+ to 8 /atem5t1 con/ruct$  

by a ma*9i/ nam$ ,middleton4 ,! fir/ "o1
 h[ev]1 did n at all meet ! high] dem&s 
( illu/rat$ p]iodical pr9t+1 &1 :ile    
ano!r ma*9e con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple
 0 %[n 9 ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahgh1   
its "w 0 nei!r 9 quality nor quantity   
adequate to ! ne$s ( a l>gely circulat$ 
illu/rat$ pap]4 ,a second ma*9e1 also on
 exhibition at ! same "t1 design$ &     
built by ! celebrat$ ,fr5* ma*9i/1 ,p4  
,alauzet1 c\ld n be said to h atta9$ !  
object4 ,its con/ruction 0 und]tak5 long
 aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,exposition1 & too late
 to solve ! weighty "q4 ,b !            
half-successful attempt gave promise t !
 "t 0 at h& :5 a press c\ld be built :i*
 c\ld pr9t our illu/rat$ p]iodicals m   
rapidly1 & a conf]5ce ) ! proprietors ( 
! ,augsburg ,ma*9e ,works result$ 9 !   
production by !m ( ! ?ree presses f :i* 
,ub] ,l& und ,me] & ,die ,illu/rirte    
,welt are to-day issu$4 ,z a :ole & 9   
detail1 z well z 9 its productions1 !   
press is ! m>vel ( me*anic & layman4  ,z
 se5 9 ! illu/ration1 ! web ( pap]      

leaves ! roll at its "r1 ris+ to a po9t 
at ! top :]e x passes betwe5 two holl[  
cyl9d]s cov]$ ) felt & fill$ ) /eam1 :i*
 s]ve to damp5 ! pap] z may be necess>y1
 ! small h&-:eel se5 above ^! cyl9d]s   
regulat+ ! supply ( /eam4 ,aft] leav+ ^!
 cyl9d]s ! pap] desc5ds slop+ t[>d ! "r1
 & passes ?r\gh two highly poli%$       
cyl9d]s = ! purpose ( recal5d]+4 ,aft]  
?is x passes "u ! l[e/ ( ! ?ree l>ge    
cyl9d]s ( ! press1 w9ds itself 9 ! %ape 
( an ,s t[>d ! outside & ov] ! middle   
cyl9d]1 & leaves ! press 9 an almo/     
horizontal l9e1 aft] hav+ be5 pr9t$ on  
bo? sides1 & is !n cut into %eets4 ,!   
pr9t+ is done :ile ! pap] is pass+ ar\nd
 ! two :ite cyl9d]s4 ,! cyl9d] c>ry+ !  
fir/ =m is plac$ inside & t[>d ! c5t] ( 
! press1 only a "p ( its cog-:eel & its 
j\rnal be+ %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! second =m
 is plac$ ^u ! upp]mo/ cyl9d]1 & is !   
outside or cut =m4 ,ea* "o ( ! =m       
cyl9d]s requires a sep>ate ink+         
app>atus4 ,t ( ! upp] "o is plac$ to !  
"r at ! top1 & ! bottom "o is also at ! 

"r1 b inside4 ,ea* "o has a f\nta9 !    
:ole bread? ( ! press1 9 :i* ! ink is   
kept1 & connect$ ) :i*1 by appropriate  
me*anism1 is a sy/em ( roll]s = ! ?or\gh
 di/ribution ( ! ink & deposit+ x ^u !  
=ms4  ,! rapidity ) :i* ! impressions   
foll[ ea* o!r does n all[ any "t = !    
pr9t+ on ! fir/ side to dry1 & z a      
consequ5ce ! fre%ly pr9t$ %eet com+ 9   
contact ) ! pack+ ( ! second cyl9d] w\ld
 s soil x z to r5d] clean pr9t+         
absolutely impossible4 ,to avoid ?is1 a 
second roll ( pap] is introduc$ into !  
ma*9e1 & is drawn ar\nd ! middle cyl9d] 
b5ea? ! pap] :i* has already be5 pr9t$  
^u "o side1 & receives ^u its surface   
all (fset1 ?us protect+ & keep+ p]fectly
 clean bo? ! pr9t$ pap] & ! impression  
cyl9d]4 ,?is (fset web1 z x leaves !    
press1 is w\nd ^u a second roll]1 :i* :5
 full is ex*ang$ = ! new empty roll]--a 
v simple op]ation4  ,! ma*9es pr9t f    
#c1ejj to #d1jjj %eets p] h\r ^u bo?    
sides1 a rate ( production f tw5ty-eight
 to ?irty-two times z great z 0 possible

 ^u ! old-fa%ion$ h&-press1 :i* 0       
capable ( pr9t+ n m ?an #bej copies ^u  
"o side 9 ! same "t4  ,! device above   
describ$ = prev5t+ (fset is1 we believe1
 ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,h4,j4 ,hewitt1 a    
well kn[n ,new ,york pr9t]1 #bg ,rose   
,/reet4         99       99       99    
99       99     ,,fr5* ,,cannon4   ,five
 new cannons1 ! l>ge/ yet manufactur$ 9 
,france1 h be5 successfully ca/ 9 !     
f\ndry ( ,ruelle ne> ,ang\leme4 ,!y are 
made ( /eel1 & are bree* load+4 ,!      
weight ( ea* is #ig tons1 )\t ! c>riage4
 ,! projectile weighs #a1gaf p\nds1 & ! 
*>ge or p[d] is #faf p\nds4 ,to remove  
!m a special wagon ) sixte5 :eels has _h
 to be con/ruct$1 & ! bridges ^u ! road 
f ,ruelle to ,ang\leme n be+ solid en\gh
 to be> ! weight ( s heavy a load1 a    
special roadway w be con/ruct$ = !      
transport ( ^! weapons1 :i* are de/9$ = 
coa/ def5ces & ironclads4         99    
99       99       99       99           
,,woodl&s1 ,,/oke ,,pogis1 ,,bucks4   ,!
 illu/ration repres5ts a h\se rec5tly   

recon/ruct$4 ,! d9+-room w+ 0 alone left
 9 ! demolition ( ! old premises1 & ?is 
"p has be5 decorat$ ) tile fac+s1 &     
o!rwise alt]$ to be 9 accordance ) ! new
 portion4 ,! h\se is pleasantly situat$ 
ab\t a mile f ,/oke ,*ur* ( hi/oric     
fame1 9 ab\t #ae acres ( g>d51 %rubb]y1 
& mead[ l&4 ,! hall & /aircase h be5    
treat$ 9 wa9scot oak1 & ! :ole ( ! "w   
has be5 satisfactorily c>ri$ out by ,mr4
 ,g4 ,almond1 build]1 ( ,burnham1 "u !  
sup]9t5d5ce ( ,messrs4 ,?url[  ,cross1  
ar*itects4--,! ,ar*itect4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,woodl&s1 ,,/oke ,,poges1 ,,bucks     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,*9a ,,grass4   ,! foll[+ article      
appe>$ 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,london      
,times3  ,! subject ( ! cultivation &   
comm]cial utilization ( ! ,*9a grass    
plant1 or rhea1 has = _m ye>s occupi$   
att5tion1 ! "q be+ "o ( national        
importance1 p>ticul>ly z affect+ ,india4
 ,rhea :i* is also kn[n "u ! "n ( ramie1
 is a textile plant :i* 0 indig5\s to   
,*9a & ,india4 ,x is p]5nial1 easy (    

cultivation1 & produces a rem>kably     
/rong fib]4 ,! problem ( its cultivation
 has long be+ solv$1 = )9 c]ta9 limits  
rhea c be gr[n 9 any climate4 ,india & !
 ,briti% colonies (f] unusual           
facilities1 & pres5t va/ & appropriate  
fields = t ent]prise1 :ile x c be1 & is1
 gr[n 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries4 ,all ?is
 has long be5 demon/rat$2 n s1 h[ev]1 ! 
comm]cial utilization ( ! fib]1 :i* up  
to ! pres5t "t w\ld appe> to be a       
problem only p>tially solv$1 al?\gh _m  
e>ne/ work]s h be5 engag$ 9 ! attempt$  
solution4  ,!re h be5 difficulties 9 !  
way ( decorticat+ ! /ems ( ?is plant1 & 
! ,indian ,gov]nm5t1 9 #ahfi1 (f]$ a    
rew>d ( #e1jjj = ! be/ ma*9e = sep>at+ !
 fib] f ! /ems & b>k ( rhea 9 its gre5  
or fre%ly cut /ate4 ,! ,indian ,gov]nm5t
 0 l$ to ?is /ep by ! /rong conviction1 
bas$ ^u ample evid5ce1 t ! only ob/acle 
to ! developm5t ( an ext5sive trade 9   
?is product 0 ! want ( suitable means = 
decorticat+ ! plant4 ,?is 0 ! ?ird "t )9
 ! pres5t c5tury t rhea _h become !     

subject ( (ficial action on ! "p ( !    
,gov]nm5t1 ! fir/ ef=t = utiliz+ ! plant
 dat+ f #ahjc1 :5 ,dr4 ,roxburg />t$ !  
"q1 & ! second f #ahdj1 :5 att5tion 0   
aga9 direct$ to x by ,colonel ,j5k9s4   
,! (f] ( #e1jjj1 9 #ahfi1 l$ to only "o 
ma*9e be+ submitt$ = trial1 al?\gh      
sev]al competitors _h ent]$ _! names4   
,?is ma*9e 0 t ( ,mr4 ,greig1 (         
,ed9burgh1 b aft] c>eful trial by ,g5]al
 7!n ,lieut5ant ,colonel7 ,hyde x 0 f\nd
 t x did n fulfill ! conditions laid d[n
 by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & !re=e ! full prize ( 
#e1jjj 0 n aw>d$4 ,9 consid]ation1      
h[ev]1 ( ! inv5tor hav+ made a bona fide
 & m]itori\s attempt to solve ! "q1 he 0
 aw>d$ a donation ( #a1ejj4 ,o!r        
unsuccessful attempts 7 subsequ5tly     
made1 & ev5tually ! (f] ( #e1jjj 0      
)drawn by ! ,gov]nm5t4  ,b al?\gh !     
prize 0 )drawn1 inv5tion did n cease1 & 
! ,gov]nm5t1 9 #ahha1 re(f]$ ! prize (  
#e1ejj4 ,ano!r competition took place1  
at :i* sev]al ma*9es 7 tri$1 b ! trials1
 z be=e1 prov$ b>r5 ( any practical     

results1 & up to ! pres5t "t no ma*9e   
has be5 f\nd capable ( deal+            
successfully ) ?is plant 9 ! gre5 /ate4 
,! "q ( ! prep>ation ( ! fib]1 h[ev]1   
cont9u$ to be pursu$ 9 _m directions4   
,nor is ?is to be wond]$ at :5 x is     
rememb]$ t ! /r5g? ( "s rhea fib] f     
,assam exp]im5t$ ) 9 #aheb by ,dr4 ,=bes
 ,royle1 z comp>$ ) ,/4 ,pet]sburg hemp1
 0 9 ! ratio ( #bhj to #afj1 :ile ! wild
 rhea f ,assam 0 z high z #cdc4 ,b1     
above & beyond ?is1 rhea has ! wide/    
range ( possible applications ( any     
fib]1 z %[n by an exhau/ive report on ! 
prep>ation & use ( rhea fib] by ,dr4    
,=bes ,watson1 publi%$ 9 #ahge1 at :i*  
date ,dr4 ,watson 0 ! report] on !      
products ( ,india to ! ,secret>y (      
,/ate1 at ! ,india ,(fice4 ,la/ ye>1    
h[ev]1 witness$ ! solution ( ! "q (     
decortication 9 ! gre5 /ate 9 a         
satisfactory mann] by ,m4,a4 ,favi]'s   
process1 z report$ by u at ! "t4  ,?is  
process consi/s 9 subject+ ! plant to ! 
action ( /eam = a p]iod v>y+ f #aj to   

#be m9utes1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t !    
plant _h be5 cut4 ,aft] /eam+1 ! fib] & 
its adjuncts 7 easily /ripp$ f ! wood4  
,! importance & value ( ?is inv5tion w  
be realiz$1 :5 x is rememb]$ t ! plant  
is cultivat$ at long di/ances f !       
localities :]e ! fib] is prep>$ = !     
m>ket4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t = e          
hundr$weight ( fib] ab\t a ton ( woody  
mat]ial has to be transport$4 ,nor is   
?is ! only evil1 = ! gummy matt] 9 :i* !
 fib] is emb$d$ becomes dri$ up dur+    
transport1 & ! sep>ation ( ! fib] is ?us
 r5d]$ difficult1 & ev5 impossible1     
inasmu* z "s ( ! fib] is left adh]+ to !
 wood4  ,m4 ,favi]'s process greatly    
simplifies ! comm]cial production ( !   
fib] up to a c]ta9 po9t1 =1 at a v small
 co/1 x gives ! manufactur] ! :ole ( !  
fib] 9 ! plant treat$4 ,b x /ill /ops   
%ort ( :at is requir$1 9 t x deliv]s !  
fib] 9 ribbons1 ) its cem5titi\s matt] &
 out] sk9 atta*$4 ,to remove ?is1 v>i\s 
me?ods h be5 tri$1 b1 z f> z we are     
aw>e1 )\t g5]al success--t is to say1 ! 

fib] _c always be obta9$ ( su* a uni=mly
 good quality z to con/itute a          
comm]cially reliable article4 ,su* 0 !  
position ( ! "q :51 ab\t a ye> ago1 !   
:ole case 0 submitt$ to ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5*
 *emi/1 ,pr(essor ,fremy1 memb] ( !     
,in/itute ( ,france1 :o is well-kn[n = 8
 rese>*es into ! nature ( fibr\s plants1
 & ! "q ( _! prep>ation = ! m>ket4      
,pr(essor ,fremy ?or\ghly inve/igat$ !  
matt] f a *emical po9t ( view1 & at l5g?
 br\ght x to a successful &1 app>5tly1 a
 practical issue4  ,"o great b> to      
previ\s success w\ld appe> to h be5 !   
abs5ce ( exact k z to ! nature ( !      
con/itu5ts ( t portion ( ! plant :i*    
conta9s ! fib]1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! cas+ 
or b>k surr\nd+ ! woody /em ( ! rhea4 ,z
 det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,fremy1 ?is       
consi/s ( ! cutose1 or out] sk91 )9 :i* 
is ! vasculose conta9+ ! fib] & o!r     
conjo9$ matt]1 kn[n z cellulose1 betwe5 
:i* & ! woody /em is ! pectose1 or gum1 
:i* causes ! sk9 or b>k1 z a :ole1 fib] 
includ$1 to adh]e to ! wood4 ,!         

,pr(essor1 !re=e1 proce$$ to c>efully   
inve/igate ! nature ( ^! v>i\s          
sub/ances1 & 9 ! result he f\nd t !     
vasculose & pectose 7 soluble 9 an      
alkali "u c]ta9 conditions1 & t !       
cellulose 0 insoluble4 ,he !re=e        
dissolves out ! cutose1 vasculose1 &    
pectose by a v simple process1 obta9+ ! 
fib] clean1 & free f all extrane\s      
adh]5t matt]1 ready = ! sp9n]4  ,9 ord]1
 h[ev]1 to insure z a result a p]fectly 
uni=m & m>ketable article1 ! ,pr(essor  
uses v>i\s *emicals at ! sev]al /ages ( 
! process4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n adm9i/]$   
haphaz>d1 or by rule ( ?umb1 z has be5 !
 case 9 "s processes be>+ 9 ! same      
direction1 & :i* h consequ5tly fail$1 9 
! s5se t !y h n yet tak5 _! places z    
comm]cial successes4 ,! ,pr(essor1      
!re=e1 c>efully exam9es ! article :i* he
 has to treat1 &1 accord+ to its nature 
& ! "* ( its compon5ts1 he det]m9es !   
proportions ( ! v>i\s *emicals :i* he   
introduces at ! sev]al /ages4 ,all *ance
 ( failure ?us appe>s to be elim9at$1 & 

! production ( a fib] ( uni=m & reliable
 quality remov$ f ! region ( d\bt into t
 ( c]ta9ty4 ,! two processes ( ,m4      
,favi] & ,m4 ,fremy h1 !re=e1 be5       
comb9$1 & ma*9]y has be5 put up 9       
,france on a scale suffici5tly l>ge to  
fairly approximate to practical work+1 &
 to demon/rate ! practicability ( !     
comb9$ inv5tions4  ,! exp]im5tal works  
are situat$ 9 ! ,r\te d',orleans1 ,gr&  
,montr\ge1 j outside ,p>is1 & a few days
 ago a s]ies ( demon/rations 7 giv5 !re 
by ,messrs4 ,g4,w4,h4 ,brogd5 & ,co41 ( 
,gre%am-h\se1 ,london4 ,! trials 7 c>ri$
 out by ,m4 ,alb]t ,alroy1 "u !         
sup]vision ( ,m4 ,urba91 :o is ,pr(essor
 ,fremy's *ief assi/ant & copat5tee1 & 7
 att5d$ by ,dr4 ,=bes ,watson1 ,mr4 ,m4 
,colly]1 ,mr4 ,c4,j4 ,taylor1 late memb]
 ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,m4 
,b>be1 ,m4 ,favi]1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,brogd51    
,mr4 ,casp>1 & a numb] ( o!r g5tlem5    
repres5t+ ^? int]e/$ 9 ! "q at issue4 ,!
 process1 z c>ri$ out1 consi/s 9 fir/   
treat+ ! rhea accord+ to ,m4 ,favi]'s   

inv5tion4 ,! app>atus employ$ = ?is     
purpose is v simple & inexp5sive1       
consi/+ m]ely ( a /\t deal tr\gh or box1
 ab\t #h ft4 long1 #b ft4 wide1 & #a ft4
 #h 94 deep4 ,! box has a h+$ lid & a   
false op5 bottom1 "u :i* /eam is admitt$
 by a p]=at$ pipe1 !re be+ an outlet = !
 cond5s$ wat] at "o end ( ! box4 ,into  
?is box ! bundles ( rhea 7 plac$1 ! lid 
clos$1 /eam turn$ on1 & 9 ab\t tw5ty    
m9utes x 0 inv>iably f\nd t ! b>k _h be5
 suffici5tly s(t5$ to all[ ( its be+    
readily & rapidly /ripp$ (f by h&1      
toge!r ) ! :ole ( ! fib]1 9 :at may be  
call$ ribbons4 ,?us ! process (         
decortication is effectively accompli%$ 
9 a few m9utes1 in/ead ( requir+1 z x   
sometimes does 9 ! rett+ process1 days1 
& ev5 weeks1 & be+ at ! be/ att5d$ )    
unc]ta9ty z to results1 z is also ! case
 :5 decortication is effect$ by ma*9]y4 
,moreov]1 ! rett+ process1 :i* is simply
 /eep+ ! cut plants 9 wat]1 is a        
delicate op]ation1 requir+ con/ant      
wat*+1 to say no?+ ( its s]i\s          

inconv5i5ce f a sanit>y po9t ( view1 on 
acc\nt ( ! pe/il5tial emanations f !    
rett]ies4 ,decortication by /eam hav+   
be5 effect$1 ! "w ( ,m4 ,favi] ceases1 &
 ! process is c>ri$ =w>d by ,m4 ,fremy4 
,! ribbons hav+ be5 produc$1 ! fib] 9 !m
 has to be fre$ f ! mucilag9\s          
secretions4 ,to ?is end1 aft] exam9ation
 9 ! laboratory1 !y are laid on metal   
trays1 :i* are plac$ "o above ! o!r 9 a 
v]tical p]=at$ metal cyl9d]4 ,:5 *>g$1  
?is cyl9d] is plac$ )9 a /rong iron     
cyl9d]1 conta9+ a kn[n quantity ( wat]1 
to :i* an alkali is add$ 9 c]ta9        
proportions4 ,)9 ! cyl9d] is a /eam coil
 = heat+ ! wat]1 &1 /eam hav+ be5 turn$ 
on1 ! temp]ature is rais$ to a c]ta9    
po9t1 :5 ! cyl9d] is clos$ & made       
/eam-tight4 ,! process ( boil+ is       
cont9u$ "u pressure until !             
temp]ature--& consequ5tly ! /eam        
pressure--)9 ! cyl9d] has atta9$ a high 
degree4  ,on ! completion ( ?is "p ( !  
process1 :i* occupies ab\t f\r h\rs1 &  
^u :i* ! success ( ! :ole ma9ly dep5ds1 

! cem5titi\s matt] surr\nd+ ! fib] is   
f\nd to h be5 trans=m$ into a sub/ance  
easily dissolv$4 ,! fibr\s mass is !n   
remov$ to a c5trifugal ma*9e1 9 :i* x is
 quickly depriv$ ( its surplus alkal9e  
moi/ure1 & x is !n plac$ 9 a weak       
solution ( hydro*loric acid = a %ort "t4
 ,x is !n transf]r$ to a ba? ( pure cold
 wat]1 9 :i* x rema9s = ab\t an h\r1 & x
 is subsequ5tly plac$ = a %ort "t 9 a   
weak acid ba?1 aft] :i* x is aga9 wa%$ 9
 cold wat]1 & dri$ = ! m>ket4 ,su* are !
 processes by :i* ,*9a grass may become 
a s\rce ( pr(it alike to ! cultivator & 
! sp9n]4 ,a factory situate at ,l\vi]s  
has be5 acquir$1 :]e !re is ma*9]y      
already erect$ = prep>+ ! fib] accord+  
to ! processes we h describ$1 at ! rate 
( "o ton p] day4 ,!re is also ma*9]y =  
sp9n+ ! fib] into y>ns4 ,^! works 7 also
 visit$ by ^? g5tlem5 :o 7 at !         
exp]im5tal works at ,montr\ge1 & :o also
 visit$ ! ,gov]nm5t laboratory 9 ,p>is1 
( :i* ,pr(essor ,fremy is *ief & ,m4    
,urba9 s\s-*ef1 & :]e ^? g5tlem5 expla9$

 ! details ( _! process & made _!       
visitors famili> ) ! progressive /eps ( 
_! inve/igations4  ,) reg>d to ! rhea   
treat$ at ,montr\ge1 we may obs]ve t x 0
 gr[n at ,la ,reolle1 ne> ,bordeaux4 ,"s
 special exp]im5ts 7 also c>ri$ out by  
,dr4 ,=bes ,watson ) "s rhea gr[n by !  
,duke ( ,well+ton at ,/ratfield-saye1 8 
,grace hav+ tak5 an active int]e/ 9 ! "q
 = "s ye>s pa/4 ,9 all cases ! rhea 0   
us$ gre5 & comp>atively fre%ly cut4 ,"o 
( ! objects ( ,dr4 ,watson's exp]im5ts  
01 by treat+ rhea cut at c]ta9 /ages (  
gr[?1 to asc]ta9 at :i* /age ! plant    
yields ! be/ fib]1 & consequ5tly h[ _m  
crops c be rais$ 9 ! ye> ) ! be/        
advantage4  ,?is "q has (t5 pres5t$     
itself z "o ( ! po9ts to be det]m9$1 &  
advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! pres5t       
opportunity ) a view to ! solution ( !  
"q4 ,mr4 ,c4,j4 ,taylor also took ) him 
a sample ( ,new ,zeal& flax1 :i* 0      
successfully treat$ by ! process4 ,on ! 
:ole1 ! conclusion is t ! results ( !   
comb9$ processes1 s f> z !y h gone1 are 

em95tly satisfactory1 & ju/ify !        
expectation t a l>ge ent]prise 9 !      
cultivation & utilization ( ,*9a grass  
is on ! eve ( be+ op5$ up1 n only 9     
,india & our colonies1 b possibly also  
mu* ne>] home4         99       99      
99       99       99     ,,app>atus ,,= 
,,heat+ ,,by ,,gas4   ,?is new heat+    
app>atus consi/s ( a ca/ iron box1 ,e1  
provid$ ) an incl9$ cov]1 ,f1 into :i*  
are fix$ #ajj copp] tubes t are arrang$ 
9 sev]al l9es1 & =m a semi-cyl9drical   
heat+ surface4 ,! box1 ,e1 is divid$    
into two comp>tm5ts 7,fig4 #e71 s t !   
air & gas may ent] simultane\sly ei!r "o
 or bo? ( ! comp>tm5ts1 accord+ to !    
quantity ( heat x is desir$ to h4       
,regulation is effect$ by means ( !     
keys1 ,g & ,g'1 :i* op5 ! gas conduits (
 ! solid & movable disk1 ,h1 :i* s]ves z
 a regulator = di/ribut+ air ?r\gh ! two
 comp>tm5ts4 ,?is disk revolves by h& & 
may be clos$ or op5$ by means ( a screw 
to :i* x is fix$4  ,b5ea? ! tubes t s]ve
 to burn ! mixture ( air & gas1 !re is  

plac$ a metallic gauze1 ,i1 ! object (  
:i* is to prev5t ! flames f ent]+ ! fire
 place box4 ,^! tubes trav]se a %eet    
iron piece1 ,j1 :i* =ms ! surface ( !   
fire place1 & are cov]$ ) a lay] (      
asbe/os filam5ts t s]ve to increase !   
calorific p[] ( ! app>atus4             
,illu/ration3 ,,gomez',s ,,app>atus ,,= 
,,heat+ ,,by ,,gas4  ,,fig4 #a4--;,front
 ,view4 ,scale ( #j4be to #a4 ,,fig4    
#b4--,section ?r\gh ,,ab4               
,,fig4#c4--,plan ,view4 ,,fig4          
#d4--,section ?r\gh ,,cd4 ,,fig4        
#e4--,transv]se ,section ?r\gh !        
,fireplace4 ,scale ( #j4ej to #a4  ,!   
ca/ iron box1 ,e1 is inclos$ )9 a base (
 refractory clay1 ,l1 :i* is surm\nt$ by
 a reflector1 ,m1 ( ! same mat]ial1 t is
 design$ to conc5trate ! heat & increase
 its radiation4 ,?is reflector t]m9ates 
above 9 a dome1 9 ^: c5t] is plac$ a    
refractory clay box4 ,?is latt]1 :i* is 
r\nd1 is provid$ 9 ! c5t] ) a cyl9d] t  
is clos$ above4 ,! box conta9s a l>ge   
numb] ( ap]tures1 :i* give passage to ! 

products ( combu/ion c>ri$ along by !   
hot air4 ,! c>bonic acid :i* su*        
products conta9 is absorb$ by a lay] (  
quick-lime t has previ\sly be5 introduc$
 into ! box1 ,n4  ,?is heat+ app>atus1  
:i* is inclos$ )9 a ca/ iron cas+ simil>
 to t ( an ord9>y gas /ove1 is employ$  
)\t a *imney1 ?us p]mitt+ ( its be+     
plac$ aga9/ ! wall or at any o!r po9t   
:atev] 9 ! room to be heat$4--,annales  
,indu/rielles4         99       99      
99       99       99     ,,improv$ ,,gas
 ,,burn] ,,= ,,s+e+ ,,ma*9es4   ,s9ce ! 
introduction ( ! process ( gas-s+e+ 9   
f9i%+ textiles1 _m improvem5ts h be5    
made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9es = ?is   
purpose z well z 9 t ( ! burn]s1 = !    
object ( ! latt] mu/ be to effect ! s+e+
 n only ev5ly & ?or\ghly1 b at ! same "t
 ) a complete combu/ion ( ! gas &       
avoidance ( sooty deposits ^u ! clo?4 ,!
 latt] object is atta9$ by :at are call$
 atmosph]ic or ,buns5 burn]s1 & 9 :i* ! 
coal gas be=e burn+ is mix$ ) ! necess>y
 am\nt ( atmosph]ic air4 ,! arrangem5t  

"u consid]ation1 pat5t$ abroad1 has ?is 
object specially 9 view4 ,! ma9 gas pipe
 ( ! ma*9e is %[n at ,a1 be+ a copp]    
pipe clos$ at "o end & hav+ a tap at !  
o!r4 ,on ?is pipe ! v]tical pipes1 ,c1  
are screw$ at /at$ int]vals1 ea* be+ 9  
its turn provid$ ) a tap ne> its base4  
,on ! top ( ea* v]tical table ! burn]1  
,,ij1 is plac$1 ^: upp] end spreads 9 ! 
%ape ( a fan1 & all[s ! gas to escape   
?r\gh a slit or a numb] ( m9ute holes4  
,ov] ! tube1 ,c1 a mantle1 ,e1 is       
slipp$1 :i* conta9s two holes1 ,,hg1 on 
opposite sides1 & made ne>ly at ! height
 ( ! outlet ( ! gas4 ,:5 ! gas passes   
out ( ?is & upw>d into ! burn]1 x       
induces a curr5t ( air up ?r\gh ! holes1
 ,,hg1 & c>ries x along ) x4 ,by cov]+  
^! holes ) a loose adju/able coll>1 !   
am\nt ( admissible air c be regulat$ s t
 ! flame is p]fectly non-lum9\s1 & !re=e
 conta9+ no free p>ticles ( c>bon or    
soot4 ,! di/ance ( ! v]tical tubes1 ,c2 
& ( ! fan-%ap$ burn]s is calculat$ s t !
 latt] t\* ea* o!r1 & ?us a cont9u\s    

flame is =m$1 :i* is f\nd to be ! mo/   
effective = s+e+ clo?4 ,%\ld x be deem$ 
advisable to s+e only "p ( ! clo?1 or a 
n>r[ piece1 ! arrangem5t admits ( !     
taps1 ,d1 be+ turn$ (f z                
desir$4--,textile ,manufactur]4         
,illu/ration         99       99        
99       99       99     ,,silas'       
,,*ronophore4   ,9 _m indu/ries !re are 
op]ations t h to be repeat$ at regul>   
int]vals1 &1 = ?is reason1 ! con/ruction
 ( an app>atus = giv+ a signal1 n only  
at ! h\r fix$1 b also at equal int]vals1
 is a matt] ( int]e/4 ,! "q ( do+ ?is   
has be5 solv$ 9 a v elegant way by ,mr4 
,silas 9 ! inv5tion ( ! app>atus :i* we 
repres5t 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x consi/s ( a     
clock ^: dial is provid$ ) a s]ies (    
small p9s4 ,! h&s are insulat$ f ! case 
& communicate ) "o ( ! poles ( a pile   
conta9$ 9 ! box4 ,! case is connect$ ) !
 o!r pole4 ,a small vibrat+ bell is     
int]pos$ 9 ! circuit4 ,if x be desir$ to
 obta9 a signal at a c]ta9 h\r1 !       
correspond+ p9 is ins]t$1 & ! h& ^u t\*+

 ?is closes ! circuit1 & ! bell r+s4 ,! 
bell is likewise inclos$ )9 ! box4 ,!re 
are two r[s ( p9s--"o ( !m = h\rs1 & !  
o!r = m9utes4 ,!y are spac$ accord+ to  
requirem5ts4 ,9 ! model exhibit$ by !   
h\se ,breguet1 at ! ,vi5na ,exhibition1 
!re 7 #bd p9s = m9utes & #ab = h\rs4    
,fig4 #b gives a section ( ! dial4 ,x w 
be se5 t ! h&s are provid$ at !         
extremity ) a small spr+1 r1 :i* is     
itself provid$ ) a small plat9um        
contact1 p4 ,! p9s also c>ry a small    
plat9um or silv] po9t1 a4 ,9 front ( !  
box !re w be obs]v$ a small commutator1 
,m1 7,fig4 #a74 ,! use ( ?is is indicat$
 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #c74 ,x w be se5 t1 
accord+ z ! plug1 ,b1 is introduc$ into 
! ap]ture to ! left or "r1 ! bell4 ,s1 w
 op]ate z an ord9>y vibrator1 or give b 
a s+le /roke4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#a4--,,silas' ,,*ronophore4  ,p is !    
pile2 ,c is ! dial2 & ,a is !           
commutator4  ,x is evid5t t ?is app>atus
 w likewise be able to r5d] s]vices 9   
sci5tific rese>*es & laboratory         

op]ations1 by sp>+ ! op]ator ! tr\ble ( 
cont9ually consult+ 8 wat*4--,la ,lumi]e
 ,electrique4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,,!      
,,g>d54     ,,! ,,zelk[as4   ,two ( !   
?ree species :i* =m ! subject ( ?is     
article are n only highly ornam5tal1 b  
also valuable timb] trees4 ,until       
rec5tly !y 7 consid]$ to belong to !    
g5us ,plan]a1 :i*1 h[ev]1 consi/s ( b a 
s+le ,new ,_w species2 n[1 !y prop]ly   
con/itute a di/9ct g5us1 viz41 ,zelkova1
 :i* diff]s mat]ially f ! true ,plan]   
tree 9 ! /ructure ( ! fruit1 etc4 ,z4   
cr5ata1 f ! ,caucasus1 & ,z4 acum9ata1 f
 ,japan1 are quick gr[+1 h&some trees1 )
 smoo? b>k n unlike t ( bee* or         
hornbeam2 x is only :5 ! trees are old t
 ! b>k is ca/ (f 9 r l>ge siz$ plates1 z
 is ! case ) ! planes4 ,! habit ( bo? is
 some:at peculi>2 9 ,z4 cr5ata          
especially !re is a decid$ t5d5cy = all 
! ma9 bran*es to be giv5 (f f "o po9t2  
^!1 too1 d n spread1 z = in/ance d ^? ( 

! elm or bee*1 b ea* =ms an acute angle 
) ! c5t] ( ! tree4 ,! trunks are m      
column> ?an ^? ( almo/ all o!r h>dy     
trees4 ,_! di/9ct & graceful habit r5d]s
 !m wond]fully well adapt$ = plant+ =   
effect1 ei!r s+ly or 9 gr\ps4 ,! fl[]s1 
l ^? ( ! elm1 are produc$ be=e ! leaves 
are develop$2 9 color !y are gre5i%     
br[n1 & smell l ^? ( ! eld]4 ,x does n  
appe> t fruits h yet be5 rip5$ 9 ,engl&4
 ,all ! ,zelk[as are easily propagat$ by
 lay]s or by graft+ on ! common elm4    
,illu/ration3 ,,"y ,,zelk[a ,,tree 7#ba 
,,feet ,,high7  ,zelkcova cr5ata--,!    
,caucasian ,zelk[a is a native ( !      
c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! ,black & ! ,caspian 
,sea betwe5 latitudes #ce & #dg ( ! nor?
 ( ,p]sia & ,georgia4 ,accord+ to       
,l\don1 x 0 introduc$ to ?is c\ntry 9   
#agfj1 & x appe>s to h be5 plant$ bo? at
 ,kew & ,syon at ab\t t date4 ,a v full 
acc\nt ( ! hi/ory1 etc41 ( ! ,zelk[a1 f 
:i* ,l\don l>gely quotes1 0 pres5t$ to !
 ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce by ,mi*aux !  
y\ng]1 :o speaks highly ( ! value ( !   

tree4 ,9 ?is he is fully corroborat$ by 
,mirbel & ,desfonta9e1 on :om devolv$ ! 
duty ( report+ on ?is memoir4 ,!y say t 
x atta9s a size equal to t ( ! l>ge/    
trees ( ,fr5* =e/s1 & recomm5d its be+  
l>gely plant$4 ,!y p>ticul>ly m5tion its
 suitability = roadside av5ues1 & affirm
 t its leaves are nev] dev\r$ by        
cat]pill>s1 & t ! /ems are n subject1 to
 ! cank] :i* frequ5tly ru9s ! elm4 ,! "n
 ,orme de ,sib]ie1 :i* is or 0 commonly 
appli$ to ,zelkova cr5ata 9 ,fr5* books 
& g>d5s1 is d\bly wrong1 = ! tree is    
nei!r an elm nor is x native ( ,sib]ia4 
,9 #aghb ,mi*aux1 ! fa!r ( ! au?or ( !  
pap] above m5tion$1 und]took1 "u !      
auspices1 ( a ,monsieur 7aft]w>d ,l\is  
,,xviii471 a j\rney into ,p]sia1 9 ord] 
to make botanical rese>*es4             
,illu/ration3 ,,foliage ,,( ,a ,,"y     
,,zelk[a ,,tree1 ,,) ,,fl[]s ,,&        
,,fruit4  ,hav+ left ,ispahan1 9 ord] to
 explore ! prov9ce ( ,ghilan1 he f\nd   
?is tree 9 ! =e/s :i* he trav]s$ be=e   
arriv+ at ,re*t1 a t[n situat$ on !     

,caspian ,sea4 ,9 ?is t[n he _h         
opportunities ( rem>k+ ! use made ( !   
wood1 & ( judg+ h[ highly x 0 appreciat$
 by ! inhabitants4 ,! fir/ tree         
introduc$ into ,europe appe>s to h be5  
plant$ by ,m4 ,lemonni]1 ,pr(essor (    
,botany 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plautes1 etc41 9 
8 g>d5 ne> ,v]sailles4 ,?is g>d5 0      
de/roy$ 9 #ahbj1 & ! dim5sions ( ! tree 
:5 x 0 cut d[n 7 z foll[s3 ,height #gj  
feet1 trunk #g feet 9 circumf]5ce at #e 
feet f ! gr\nd4 ,! bole ( ! trunk 0 #bj 
feet 9 l5g? & ( ne>ly uni=m ?ickness2 & 
! proportion ( he>t-wood to sap-wood 0  
ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( its diamet]4 ,?is    
tree 0 ab\t fifty ye>s old1 b 0 /ill 9 a
 gr[+ /ate & 9 vigor\s heal?4 ,! olde/  
tree exi/+ 9 ,france at ! "t ( !        
publication ( ,l\don's great "w1 0 "o 9 
! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 :i* 9 #ahca 0 ab\t
 #fj feet high4 ,x 0 plant$ 9 #aghf 7:5 
a suck] ( f\r ye>s old71 ab\t ! same "t 
z ! limes :i* =m ! gr& av5ue call$ !    
,allee de ,buffon4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a mu*
 l>g] ,zelk[a on an e/ate ( ,m4 le      

,comte de ,dijon1 an en?usia/ic plant] (
 exotic trees1 at ,pod5as1 ne> ,n]ac1 9 
! dep>tm5t ( ! ,lot et ,g>onne4 ,?is f9e
 tree 0 plant$ 9 #aghi1 & on ! #bj? (   
,janu>y1 #ahca4 x measur$ ne>ly #hj feet
 high1 & ! trunk 0 ne>ly #c feet 9      
diamet] at #c feet f ! gr\nd4 ,a draw+ (
 ?is tree1 made by ! c\nt 9 ! autumn ( t
 ye>1 0 l5t to ,l\don by ,mi*aux1 & !   
engrav+ prep>$ f t sket* 7on a scale (  
#a in* to #ab feet7 is h]e) reproduc$4  
,at ,kew ! l>ge/ tree is "o ne> !       
h]b>ium 7a l>g] "o _h to be cut d[n :5 !
 h]b>ium 0 enl>g$ "s ye>s ago1 & a      
section ( ! trunk is exhibit$ 9 ,museum 
,no4 #c74 ,its pres5t dim5sions are3    
height1 #fb feet2 circumf]5ce ( /em at  
#a foot f ! gr\nd1 #i feet #h in*es2    
ditto at gr\nd level1 #aj feet2 ,height 
( /em f gr\nd to bran*es1 #g feet2      
diamet] ( head1 #df feet4 ,! g5]al habit
 ( ! tree is q t z repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+
 ( ! specim5 at ,pod5as4 ,! measurem5ts 
( ! l>ge tree at ,syon ,h\se 71 9 #ahcd1
 accord+ to ,l\don3 ,height1 #ed feet2  

circumf]5ce ( ( /em1 #f feet #i in*es2 &
 diamet] ( head1 #cd feet2 ! pres5t     
dim5sions1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4  
,woodbridge1 are3 ,height1 #gf feet2    
gir? ( trunk at #b feet f gr\nd1 #aj    
feet2 spread ( bran*es1 #cf feet4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,fruit ,,(   
,,zelkova ,,cr5ata 7,plan]a ,ri*>di74   
,,id5tification4--,zelkova cr5ata1 ,spa*
 9 ,ann4 des ,sc4 nat4 #b;d s]4 #ae1 p4 
#ceh4 ,d4 ,c4 ,prodromus1 xvii41 #afe   
,rhamnus ulmoides1 ,gld5/4 ,x41 p4 #cac4
 ,r c>p9ifolius1 ,pall4 ,fl ,rossica1 #b
 p4 #bd1 tab4 #aj4 ,ulmus polygama1 ,l  
,c4 ,ri*>d 9 ,mem4 ,acad4 des ,sci5ces  
de ,p>is1 ann4 #agha4 ,plan]a ,ri*>di1  
,mi*x4 ,fl4 bor4 ,am]4 #b1 p4 #bdh2     
,c4,a4 ,mey]1 ,enum]4 ,causas4 ,casp41  
n4 #ced2 ,dunal 9 ,bullet9 ,soc4 c5t    
d',agricult4 de l',h]ault4 ann4 #ahda1  
#bii1 #cjc1 et ann4 #ahdc1 #bbe1 #bcf4  
,l\don1 ,arbor1 et ,frut4 ,brit41 vol4  
#c1 p4 #adji4 ,plan]a cr5ata1 ,desf4    
,cat4 ,hort4 ,p>is et hortul1 f]e       
omnium4 ,mi*aux fil4 ,mem4 sur le       

,zelk[a1 #ahca4 ,plan]a c>p9ifolia1     
,watson1 ,d5d4 ,brit41 t4 #ajf4 ,ko*    
,d5drologie1 zweit !il1 sweit4 ,ab!il4  
p4 #dbe4  ,illu/ration3 ,,zelk[a ,,tree 
,,at ,,pod5as  ,%[+ peculi> habit (     
bran*+4 ,9 old trees ! effect is v      
rem>kable 9 w9t] z at ,ox=d1 ,v]sailles 
7,petit ,trianon7 & ,syon4  ,v> p5dula  
7! weep+ ,zelk[a74--,?is is a =m ( :i*  
,i d n "k ! orig9 or hi/ory4 ,x is      
simply a weep+ v>iety ( ! common        
,zelk[a4 ,i fir/ saw x 9 ! ,islewor?    
,nurs]ies ( ,messrs4 ,c4 ,lee  ,son1 & a
 specim5 pres5t$ by !m to ,kew = !      
aboretum is n[ gr[+ freely4 ,i suspect t
 ! ,zelkova cr5ata v>4 rep5s ( ,m4      
,lavallee's ,aboretum ,segrezianum & !  
,plan]a rep5s ( =eign catalogues g5]ally
 are id5tical ) ! v>iety n[ m5tion$ "u !
 "n x be>s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,messrs4    
,lee  ,son4  ,illu/ration3 ,,foliage ,,(
 ,a ,,full-,,gr[n ,,zelk[a ,,tree4  ,z4 
acum9ata is "o ( ! mo/ useful & valuable
 ( ,japanese timb] trees4 ,x 0 f\nd ne> 
,y$do by ! late ,mr4 ,john ,g\ld ,veit*1

 & 0 s5t out by ! firm ( ,messrs4 ,j4   
,veit*  ,sons4 ,maxim[icz also f\nd !   
tree 9 ,japan1 & introduc$ x to !       
,imp]ial ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ,/4          
,pet]sburg1 f :5ce bo? se$s & plants 7  
lib]ally di/ribut$4 ,9 ! ,g>d5]s'       
,*ronicle = #ahfb ,dr4 ,l9dley writes z 
foll[s3 ,a noble decidu\s tree1 discov]$
 ne> ,y$do by ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,veit*1 #ij  
feet to #ajj feet 9 height1 ) a         
rem>kably /raight /em4 ,9 aspect x      
resembles an elm4 ,we und]/& t a plank 9
 ! ,exotic ,nurs]y1 :]e x has be5 rais$1
 measures #c feet #c in*es across4 ,mr4 
,veit* in=ms u t x is "o ( ! mo/ useful 
timb] trees 9 ,japan4 ,its long1        
tap]-po9t$ leaves1 ) co>se1 v %>p       
s]ratures1 appe> to di/+ui% x           
satisfactorily f ! ,p4 ,ri*>di ( !      
nor?we/ ( ,asia4 ,!re seems to be no    
d\bt z to ! p]fect h>d9ess ( ! ,japanese
 ,zelk[a 9 ,brita91 & x is decid$ly well
 wor? gr[+ z an ornam5tal tree ap>t f   
its probable value z a timb] produc]4 ,a
 correspond5t 9 ! p]iodical j m5tion$   

writes1 9 #ahgc1 p4 #aadb1 "u !         
signature ( ,c4,p43 ,at ,/ewkley ,grange
 x does fairly well2 bett] ?an mo/ o!r  
trees4 ,9 a v expos$ situation x grew #c
 feet #e in*es la/ ye>1 & 0 #ad feet #e 
in*es high :5 ,i measur$ x 9 ,novemb]2  
gir? at gr\nd1 #h in*es2 at #c feet1 #e 
in*es4 ,! leaves v>y 9 size a good deal 
on ! %ort twiggy bran*es1 be+ f #c in*es
 to #c in*es 9 l5g? & #a in*es to #a    
in*es 9 wid?1 :ile ^? on vigor\s %oots  
atta9 a l5g? ( #e in*es1 ) a wid? ( ab\t
 half ! l5g?4 ,!y are slightly hairy on 
bo? surfaces4 ,! long acum9ate po9ts1 ! 
%>p] s]ratures1 ! m num]\s n]ves 7n9e to
 f\rte5 9 numb]71 & ! m pap]y texture   
di/+ui% ,z4 acum9ata easily f its       
,caucasian relative1 ,z4 cr5ata4 ,!     
foliage1 too1 seems to be reta9$ on !   
trees 9 autumn long] ?an t ( ! species j
 nam$2 9 color x is a dull gre5 above & 
a bright] glossy gre5 b5ea?4 ,! timb] is
 v valuable1 be+ exce$+ly h>d & capable 
( a v f9e poli%4 ,9 ,japan x is us$ 9 ! 
con/ruction ( h\ses1 %ips1 & 9 high     

class cab9et "w4 ,9 case #ii1 ,museum   
,no4 #a at ,kew1 !re is a selection (   
small useful & ornam5tal articles made 9
 ,japan ( ,keyaki wood4 ,^? manufactur$ 
f ornam5tal ,keyaki 7:i* is simply gn>l$
 /ems or roots1 or pieces cut           
tang5tially71 & coat$ ) ! transp>5t     
lacqu] = :i* ! ,japanese an s fam\s1 are
 p>ticul>ly h&some4 ,9 ! museum libr>y  
is also a book1 ! ,japanese title ( :i* 
is giv5 bel[--,h&book ( ,useful ,woods1 
by ,e4 ,k9*4 ,pr(essor at ! ,imp]ial    
,college ( ,agriculture1 at ,tokio1     
,japan4 ,?is "w conta9s transv]se &     
longitud9al sections ( "o hundr$        
,japanese woods1 & numb]s #de & #df     
repres5t ,z4 acum9ata4 ,x w\ld be wor? !
 :ile ( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 !           
introduction & cultivation ( timb] trees
 9 temp]ate climates to procure ,k9*'s  
h&book4  ,,id5tification4--,zelkova     
acum9ata1 ,d4,c4 ,prodr41 xvii41 #aff2  
,z4 ,keaki1 ,maxim4 ,mel4 biol4 vol4 ix1
 p4 #ba4 ,plan]a acum9ata1 ,l9dl4 9     
,g>d4 ,*ron4 #ahfb1 #dbh2 ,regel1       

,g>t5flora #ahfc1 p4 #ef4 ,p ,japonica1 
,miq4 ann4 ,mus4 ,ludg ,bat iii41 #ff2  
,k9*4 ,yuyo ,mokuzai ,%oran1 #de1 #df4  
,p4 ,keaki1 ,ko* ,d5drol4 zweit4 !il    
zweit ,ab!il1 #dbg4 ,p4 d5tata japonica1
 ,hort4 ,p4 ,kaki1 ,hort4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fl[]+ ,,twig ,,( ,,plan]a ,,gmel9i4  
,z4 cretica is a pretty1 small foliag$  
tree1 f #ae to #bj feet 9 height4 ,!    
ovate cr5ate leaves1 :i* measure f an   
in* or ev5 less1 to "o in* & a half 9   
l5g? by ab\t half ! l5g? 9 bread?1 are  
lea!ry1 d>k gre5 above1 grayi% above4   
,!y are hairy on bo? surfaces1 !        
und]side be+ mo/ d5sely clo!d1 & !      
twigs1 too1 are ?ickly cov]$ ) %ort     
grayi% hairs4 ,?is species1 :i* is a    
native ( ,crete1 is n at pres5t 9 ! ,kew
 collection2 its "n1 h[ev]1 if giv5 9   
,m4 ,lavallee's catalogue1 ,enum]ation  
des ,arbres et ,arbris ,cultives        
,segrez 7,se9e-et-,oise74  ,illu/ration3
 ,,old ,,specim5 ,,( ,,zelk[a ,,tree ,,9
 ,,summ] ,,foliage1 ,,conceal+ ,,=m ,,( 
,,bran*+4  ,,id5tification4--,zelkova   

cretica4 ,spa* 9 ,suit  ,buff1 ii1 p4   
#aba4 ,ulmus ,abelicea1 ,sib?  ,sm4     
,prod4 ,fl41 ,graeca1 i41 p4 #agb4      
,plan]a ,abelicea ,roem4  ,s*ltz4 ,sy/41
 vi4 p4 #cjd2 ,plan*1 9 ,ann4 des ,sc4  
,nat4 #ahdh1 p4 #bhb4 ,abelicea cretica1
 ,smi? 9 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,sov41 ix41 #abf4
  ,i h se5 no specim5s ( ! ,zelkova     
/ipulacea ( ,fran*et & ,savati]'s       
,enum]atio ,plant>um ,japonic>um1 vol4  
ii41 p4 #dhi1 & z t seems to h be5      
describ$ f some:at insuffici5t mat]ial1 
&1 moreov]1 does n appe> to be 9        
cultivation1 ,i pass$ x ov] z a d\btful 
plant4  ,,george ,,ni*olson4  ,royal    
,g>d5s1 ,kew4         99       99       
99       99       99     ,a ,,new       
,,enemy ,,( ,,! ,,bee4   ,pr(4 ,a4,j4   
,cook1 ! em95t api>i/1 calls att5tion to
 a new pe/ :i* has made its appe>ance 9 
_m api>ies4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! fact t    
p\ltry & all o!r dome/ic animals ( t5   
suff] s]i\s injury f ! attacks (        
p>asitic mites1 & t ev5 su* h\sehold    
/ores z sug>1 fl\r1 & *eese are n f _!  

ravages1 he tells ( ! discov]y ( a      
p>asitic pe/ among bees4 ,he says3      
,dur+ ! la/ spr+ a lady bee-keep] (     
,connecticut discov]$ ^! mites 9 h]     
hives :ile inve/igat+ to le>n ! cause ( 
_! rapid depletion4 ,%e _h notic$ t !   
colonies 7 greatly r$uc$ 9 numb] ( bees1
 & ^u close obs]vation f\nd t ! diseas$ 
or fail+ colonies 7 cov]$ ) ! mites4 ,s 
small are ^! pe/s t a score ( !m c take 
possession ( a s+le bee & n be cr[d$ =  
room ei!r4 ,! lady /ates t ! bees roll &
 scrat* 9 _! va9 attempts to rid        
!mselves ( ^! annoy+ /ick-tights1 &     
f9ally1 worri$ out1 fall to ! bottom ( !
 hive1 or g =? to die on ! outside4     
,mites are n true insects1 b are ! mo/  
degrad$ ( spid]s4 ,! sub-class ,ara*nida
 are at once recogniz$ by _! eight legs4
 ,! ord] ( mites 7,accor9a71 :i*        
includes ! wood-tick1 cattle-tick1 etc41
 & mites1 are quickly told f ! high]    
ord]s--true spid]s & scorpions--by _!   
r\nd$ bodies1 :i* appe> l m]e sacks1 )  
little appe>ance ( segm5tation1 & _!    

small1 obscure heads4 ,! mites alone1 ( 
all ! ,ara*9ida1 pass ?r\gh a m>k$      
metamorphosis4 ,?us ! "y mite has only  
six legs1 :ile ! mature =m has eight4 ,!
 bee mite is v small1 n m ?an "o-fiftie?
 ( an in* long4 ,! female is slightly   
long] ?an ! male1 & some:at transp>5t4  
,! color is black1 ?\gh ! legs & m      
transp>5t areas ( ! female appe>        
yell[i%4 ,all ! legs are f9e jo9t$1     
slightly hairy1 & ea* tipp$ ) two hooks 
or claws4  ,z to rem$ies1 ! ,pr(essor   
says t z :at w\ld kill ! mites w\ld     
d\btless kill ! bees1 makes ! "q a      
difficult "o4 ,he sugge/s1 h[ev]1 !     
frequ5t *ang+ ( ! bees f "o hive to     
ano!r1 aft] :i* ! empti$ hives %\ld be  
?or\ghly scald$4 ,he ?9ks ?is c\rse (   
treatm5t1 p]si/$ 91 w\ld effectually    
clean !m out4         99       99       
99       99       99                    
,,cry/allization ,,( ,,honey4   ,to !   
,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3  ,see+ 
9 y\r issue ( ,octob] #ac1 #ahhc1 an    
article on ,cry/allization 9 ,extract$  

,honey1 ,i beg leave to diff] a little )
 ! g5tleman4 ,i h h&l$ honey z an api>i/
 & deal] = t5 ye>s1 & f9d by actual     
exp]i5ce t x has no t5d5cy to cry/allize
 9 w>m wea!r2 b on ! contr>y x w        
cry/allize 9 cold wea!r1 & ! cold] !    
wea!r ! h>d] ! honey w get4 ,i h _h     
colonies ( bees />ve :5 !re 0 pl5ty (   
honey 9 ! hives2 x 0 9 extreme cold     
wea!r1 !re 0 n en\gh animal heat 9 !    
bees to keep ! honey f solidify+1 h5ce !
 />vation ( ! colonies4  ,to-day ,i     
remov$ ) a ?9 paddle sixty p\nds ( honey
 f a l>ge /one j> :]e x _h rema9$ ov] "o
 ye>4 ,la/ w9t] x 0 s solid f           
cry/allization1 x c\ld n be cut ) a     
knife2 9 fact1 ,i broke a l>ge1 heavy   
knife 9 attempt+ to remove a small      
quantity4  ,z to honey becom+ wor?less f
 c&y+ is a new idea to me1 z ,i h1 :5ev]
 ,i want$ our cry/alliz$ honey 9 liquid 
=m1 treat$ x to wat] ba?1 !reby br++ x  
to its natural /ate1 9 :i* condition x  
w\ld rema9 = an indef9ite "t1 especially
 if h]metically seal$4 ,i nev] _h any   

recry/allize aft] once hav+ be5 treat$  
to ! wat] ba?2 & ! flavor ( ! honey 0 9 
no way injur$4 ,i ?9k ! add+ ( glyc]9e  
to be entirely sup]flu\s4  ,w4,r4       
,,mill]4  ,polo1 ,octob] #ae4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,an ,,ext5sive ,,%eep ,,range4   ,!    
little s*oon] ,santa ,rosa arriv$ 9 port
 f ,santa ,b>b>a a few days ago4 ,%e    
comes up to ?is city twice a ye> to     
secure provisions1 clo?+1 lumb]1 etc41 =
 use on ,santa ,rosa ,isl&1 be+ own$ by 
! great %eep rais] ,a4,p4 ,moore1 :o    
owns ! isl& & ! #hj1jjj %eep t exi/ ^u  
x4 ,! isl& is ab\t #cj miles s\? (      
,santa ,b>b>a1 & is #bd miles 9 l5g? &  
#af 9 bread?1 & conta9s ab\t #gd1jjj    
acres ( l&1 :i* are admirably adapt$ to 
%eep rais+4 ,la/ ,june1 ,moore clipp$   
#a1jad sacks ( wool f ^! %eep1 ea* sack 
conta9+ an av]age ( #daj p\nds ( wool1  
mak+ a total ( #dae1gdj p\nds1 :i* he   
sold at #bg c5ts a p\nd1 br++ him 9     
#aab1cdi4hj1 or a cle> pr(it ( ov]      
#hj1jjj4 ,?is is said to be a l[ yield1 

s x is evid5t t %eep rais+ !re1 :5 tak+ 
into consid]ation t %e>+ takes place    
twice a ye>1 & t a pr(it is made (f !   
sale ( mutton1 etc41 is v pr(itable4 ,! 
isl& is divid$ into f\r qu>t]s by f5ces 
runn+ cle> across at "r angles1 & ! %eep
 d n h to be h]d$ l ^? rang+ ab\t !     
foo?ills4  ,f\r m5 are employ$ regul>ly 
! ye> r\nd to keep ! ran* 9 ord]1 & to  
look aft] ! %eep1 & dur+ ! %e>+ "t fifty
 or m %e>]s are employ$4 ,^! m5 secure  
=ty or fifty days' "w1 & ! av]age numb] 
( %eep %e>$ 9 a day is ab\t n9ety1 = :i*
 five c5ts a clip is paid1 ?us #d4ej a  
day be+ made by ea* man1 or some?+ ov]  
#bjj = ! season1 or ov] #djj = n9ety    
days out ( ! ye>4 ,al?\gh ! %e>+ ( n9ety
 %eep 9 a day is ! av]age1 a great _m w 
g z high z #aaj1 & "o man has be5 kn[n  
to %e> #abe4  ,( c\rse1 e man tries to  
%e> z _m z he c1 &1 ow+ to ha/e1        
frequ5tly ! animals are sev]ely cut by !
 %>p %e>s4 ,if ! w\nd is s]i\s1 ! %eep  
imm$iately has its ?roat cut & is turn$ 
into mutton & dispos$ ( to ! but*]s1 & !

 %e>]1 if 9 ! habit ( frequ5tly inflict+
 su* w\nds1 is dis*>g$4 ,9 ! %e>+ ( ^!  
#hj1jjj %eep1 a hundr$ or m are injur$  
to su* an ext5t z to necessitate _! be+ 
kill$1 b ! wool & meat are ( c\rse turn$
 into pr(it4  ,al?\gh no h]d+ is        
necess>y1 ab\t #bjj or m tra9$ goats are
 kept on ! isl& cont9ually1 :i* to all  
int5ts & purposes take ! place ( !      
%eph]d dogs s necess>y 9 m\nta9\s       
di/ricts :]e %eep are rais$4 ,:5ev] !   
animals are remov$ f "o qu>t] to ano!r1 
! man 9 *>ge takes out ) him sev]al ( ! 
goats1 exclaims 9 ,spani%1 ,*eva 7mean+ 
%eep74 ,! goat1 ?r\gh its tra9+1 und]/&s
 :at is want$1 & imm$iately runs to !   
b&1 & ! %eep accept x z _! lead]1 foll[+
 :]ev] x goes4 ,! goat1 9 turn1 foll[s !
 man to :atev] po9t he wi%es to take !  
b&4  ,to prev5t ! %eep f contract+      
disease1 x is necess>y to give !m a wa%+
 twice a ye>4 ,moore1 hav+ s _m on h&1  
f\nd x necess>y to inv5t "s way to      
accompli% ?is :]eby n s mu* exp5se w\ld 
be incurr$ & "t wa/$4 ,aft] exp]im5t+ = 

"s "t1 he _h a dit* dug #h feet 9 dep?1 
a little ov] #a foot 9 wid?1 & #ajj feet
 long4 ,9 ?is he put #fjj gallons (     
wat]1 #bjj p\nds ( sulphur1 #ajj p\nds (
 lime1 & #f p\nds ( soda1 all ( :i* is  
heat$ to #ach4 ,! goats lead ! %eep into
 a corral or trap at "o end1 & ! animals
 are compell$ to swim ?r\gh to ! fur!r  
end1 ?us secur+ a ba? & tak+ _! m$ic9e  
at "o & ! same "t4  ,! own] ( ! isl& &  
%eep1 ,a4,p4 ,moore1 a few ye>s ago     
pur*as$ ! prop]ty f ! wid[ ( 8 deceas$  
bro!r ,h5ry1 = #fjj1jjj4 ,ow+ to ill    
heal?1 he has r5t$ x to 8 bro!r ,lawr5ce
 = #adj1jjj a ye>1 & soon />ts = ,bo/on1
 :]e he w settle d[n = ! re/ ( 8 life4  
,he /ill reta9s an int]e/ 9 ! ,santa    
,cruz ,isl& ran*1 :i* is ab\t #be miles 
s\!a/ ( ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,?is isl& conta9s
 ab\t #fd1jjj acres1 & on x are #be1jjj 
%eep4 ,on ,catal9a ,isl&1 #fj miles ea/ 
( ,santa ,b>b>a1 are #ae1jjj %eep1 & on 
,clem5ta ,isl&1 #hj miles ea/ ( t city1 
are #aj1jjj %eep4 ,=ty miles we/ ( !    
same city is ,san ,miguel1 on :i* are   

#b1jjj %eep4 ,ea* "o ( ^! ran*es has a  
sail+ vessel to c>ry freight1 etc41 to &
 fro betwe5 ! isl&s & ! ma9l&1 & !y are 
kept busy ! great] "p ( ! "t4--,san     
,francisco ,call4         99       99   
99       99       99     ,,!            
,,dis9fection ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e4   ,at
 ! ,p>kes ,museum ( ,hygi5e1 ,london1   
,dr4 ,rob]t ,j4 ,lee rec5tly deliv]$ a  
lecture on ! above subject1 illu/rat$ by
 exp]im5ts4  ,! au?or rem>k$ t he c\ld n
 bett] op5 up 8 !me ?an by expla9+ :at 0
 meant by dis9fection4 ,he w\ld d s by  
an illu/ration f ,greek lit]ature4 ,:5  
,a*illes _h sla9 ,hector1 ! body /ill   
lay on ! pla9 ( ,troy = twelve days     
aft]2 ! god ,h]mes f\nd x !re & w5t &   
told ( x--,?is1 ! twelf? ev5+ s9ce he   
re/$1 unt\*$ by worms1 unta9t$ by ! air4
 ,! ,greek ^w = ta9t 9 ?is s5se 0       
sepsis1 :i* meant putrefaction1 & f ?is 
we _h ! t]m antiseptic1 or t :i* 0      
oppos$ to or prev5t$ putrefaction4 ,!   
lectur] cont9u$3  ,i h "h 9 a te/ tube  
"s wat] 9 :i* a small piece ( meat 0    

plac$ a few days ago4 ,! te/ tube has   
be5 9 r a w>m room1 & ! meat has begun  
to decompose4 ,:at has "h tak5 place is 
! fir/ /ep 9 ?is inquiry4 ,?is has be5 !
 "q at :i* sci5tific m5 h be5 work+1 & f
 ! /udy ( :i* has come a valuable       
addition to surgical k associat$ ) ! "n 
( ,pr(essor ,li/]1 & kn[n z antiseptic4 
,:at happ5s to ?is meat1 & :at is go+ on
 9 ! wat] :i* surr\nds x8 ,h[ long w x  
be be=e all ! smell ( putrefaction has  
gone & ! wat] is cle> aga98 ,= x does 9 
"t become cle>1 & in/ead ( ! meat we f9d
 a f9e p[d]y sub/ance at ! bottom ( !   
te/ tube4 ,x may take weeks be=e ?is    
process is complet$1 dep5d+ on ! rate at
 :i* x goes on4 ,n[1 if we take a drop (
 ?is wat] & exam9e x ) ! microscope1 we 
f9d t x conta9s va/ numb]s ( v small    
liv+ creatures or organisms4 ,!y belong 
to ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 & are ( v simple  
%ape1 ei!r v delicate n>r[ ?reads or    
rods or globul> bodies4 ,! =m] are call$
 bact]ia1 or /aff-l bodies2 ! latt]1    
micrococci4 ,!y live ^u ! meat1 & only  

disappe> :5 ! meat is consum$4 ,!n1 z !y
 die & fall to ! bottom ( ! te/ tube1 ! 
wat] cle>s aga94  ,suppos+ n[1 :5 ! meat
 is fir/ put into wat]1 ! wat] is made  
to boil1 & :ile boil+ a piece ( cotton  
wool is put into ! m\? ( ! tube4 ,! tube
 may be kept 9 ! same room1 at ! same   
temp]ature z ! unboil$ "o1 b no signs ( 
decomposition w be f\nd1 h[ev] long we  
keep x4 ,! cotton wool prev5ts x2 = we  
may boil ! wat] ) ! meat 9 x1 b x w\ld n
 be long be=e bact]ia & micrococci are  
pres5t if ! wool is n put 9 ! m\? ( !   
te/ tube4 ,! conclusion y w\ld naturally
 draw f ?is simple b v important        
exp]im5t is t ! wool mu/ h "s effect ^u 
! air1 = we "k well t if we keep ! air  
out we c pres]ve meat f decompos+4 ,t is
 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* pres]v$ meats &      
fruits are prep>$4 ,we %\ld at once     
conclude t ! bact]ia & micrococci mu/   
exi/ 9 ! air1 p]haps n 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we
 f9d !m 9 ! wat]1 b t _! g]ms or eggs   
are float+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,h[ full ! air
 may be ( ^! g]ms 0 fir/ %[n by         

,pr(essor ,tyndall1 :5 he s5t a ray (   
electric light ?r\gh a d>k *amb]1 & z if
 by a magician's w& reveal$ !           
multitud9\s atomic be+s :i* p ! air4 ,x 
is a beautiful ?+ to contemplate h[ "o  
bran* ( sci5tific k may assi/ ano!r2 &  
we w\ld h>dly h imag9$ t ! beam ( !     
electric light c\ld ?us h be5 br\ght 9  
to illum9e ! pa? ( ! surgeon1 = x is on 
! exclusion ( ^! bact]ia t x is f\nd !  
success ( "s great op]ation may dep5d4  
,x is ?us easy to und]/& h[ great an    
importance is to be atta*$ to ! purity (
 air 9 :i* we live4 ,?is is ! practical 
use ( ! rese>*es to :i* ! art ( surg]y  
is s mu* indebt$2 & n surg]y alone1 b   
all mank9d 9 great] or less degree4     
,pr(essor ,tyndall has gone fur!r ?an   
?is1 & has %[n u t on ! tops ( l(ty     
m\nta9s ! air is s pure1 s free f       
organisms1 t decomposition is           
impossible4  ,n[1 suppos+ we make ano!r 
exp]im5t ) ! te/ tube1 & in/ead ( boil+ 
we add to its cont5ts a few drops (     
c>bolic acid2 we f9d t decomposition is 

prev5t$ almo/ z effectually z by ! use (
 ! cotton wool4 ,!re are _m o!r         
sub/ances :i* act l c>bolic acid1 & !y  
are kn[n by ! common "n ( antiseptics or
 antiseptic ag5ts4 ,!y all act 9 ! same 
way2 & 9 su* cases z ! dress+ ( w\nds x 
is m easy to use ?is me?od ( exclud+    
bact]ia ?an by ! exclusion ( ! air or by
 ! use ( cotton wool4 ,we h "h ano!r    
object = inquiry--viz41 ! p>ticul>      
prop]ty ( ^! diff]5t antiseptics1 !     
prop]ty :i* !y possess ( prev5t+        
decomposition4 ,?is k is v anci5t inde$4
 ,we h ! be/ evid5ce 9 ! skill ( !      
,egyptians 9 embalm+ ! dead4 ,^!        
sub/ances are obta9$ f wood or coal1 :i*
 once 0 wood4 ,^? woods :i* d n conta9  
"s antiseptic sub/ance1 su* z a gum or a
 res91 w rot & decay4 ,i am n sure t we 
c give a satisfactory reason = ?is1 b x 
is c]ta9 t all ^! sub/ances act z       
antiseptics by de/roy+ ! liv+ organisms 
:i* are ! cause ( putrefaction4 ,"s are 
fragrant oils1 z1 = example1 clove1     
santal1 & ?yme2 o!rs are fragrant gums1 

su* z gum bezo9 & myrrh4 ,a l>ge class  
are ! v>i\s k9ds ( turp5t9e obta9$ f p9e
 trees4 ,we obta9 c>bolic acid f ! coal 
t> l>gely produc$ 9 ! manufacture ( gas4
 ,bo? wood t>1 well kn[n "u ! "n (      
creosote1 & coal t> are p[]ful          
antiseptics4 ,x is easy to und]/& by :at
 means meat & fi% are pres]v$ f         
decomposition :5 !y h be5 kept 9 ! smoke
 ( a wood fire4 ,! smoke conta9s        
creosote 9 ! =m ( vapor1 & ! same effect
 is produc$ on ! meat or fi% by ! smoke 
z if !y _h be5 dipp$ 9 a solution (     
t>--) ?is diff]5ce1 t !y are dri$ by !  
smoke1 :]eas moi/ure favors             
decomposition v greatly4  ,i c %[ :y a  
fire f :i* !re is mu* smoke is bett] ?an
 "o :i* burns ) a cle> flame1 by a      
simple exp]im5t4 ,"h is a piece ( gum   
b5zo91 ! sub/ance f :i* ,fri>'s balsam  
is made4 ,?is w burn1 if we light x1 j z
 t> burns1 & )\t mu* smoke or smell4    
,if1 in/ead ( burn+ x1 we put "s on a   
spoon & heat x g5tly1 mu* m smoke is    
produc$1 & a fragrant sc5t is giv5 (f4  

,9 ! same way we c burn _s ( lav5d] or  
eau de ,cologne1 b we get no sc5t f !m 9
 ?is way1 = ! burn+ de/roys ! sc5t4 ,?is
 is a v important fact 9 ! dis9fection (
 ! air4 ,! less ! flame & ! l>g] !      
quantity ( smoke1 ! great] ! effect     
produc$1 s f> z dis9fection is conc]n$4 
,z air is a vapor1 we mu/ use our       
dis9fectants 9 ! =m ( vapor1 s t ! "o   
may mix ) ! o!r1 j z :5 we are deal+ )  
fluids we mu/ use a fluid dis9fectant4  
,! "q t pres5ts itself is ?is3 ,c we s  
diffuse ! vapor ( an antiseptic l       
c>bolic acid ?r\gh ! air z to de/roy !  
g]ms :i* are float+ 9 x1 & ?us purify x1
 mak+ x l air :i* has be5 filt]$ ?r\gh  
wool1 or l t on ! top ( a l(ty m\nta98  
,if ! smoke ( a wood fire seems to act z
 an antiseptic1 & putrefaction is       
prev5t$1 x seems reasonable to conclude 
t air c\ld be purifi$ & made antiseptic 
by "s prop] & conv5i5t arrangem5t4 ,let 
u endeavor to te/ ?is by a few          
exp]im5ts4  ,"h is a l>ge tube #f in*es 
across & #b feet long1 fix$ j above a   

small t9 vessel 9 :i* we c boil wat] &  
keep x boil+ z long z we please4 ,if we 
fill ! vessel ) c>bolic acid & wat] &   
boil x v g5tly1 ! /eam :i* rises w asc5d
 & fill ! tube ) a vapor :i* is /rong or
 weak 9 c>bolic acid1 accord+ z we put m
 or less acid 9 ! wat]4 ,t is to say1 we
 h practically a *imney conta9+ an      
antiseptic vapor1 v mu* ! same ?+ z !   
smoke ( a wood fire4 ,we mu/ be able to 
keep ! wat] boil+1 = ! exp]im5t may h to
 be cont9u$ dur+ sev]al days1 & dur+ ?is
 "t mu/ be nei!r /rong] nor weak] 9     
c>bolic acid1 nei!r w>m] nor cold] ?an a
 c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,?is *imney mu/ be   
always at ! same heat1 & ! fire mu/     
!re=e be kept con/antly burn+4 ,?is is  
easily accompli%$ by means ( a jet (    
gas1 & by refill+ ! vessel e #bd h\rs ) 
! same proportions ( c>bolic acid &     
wat]4  ,! "q arises1 h[ /rong mu/ ?is   
vapor be 9 c>bolic acid to act z an     
antiseptic8 ,x is f\nd t #a "p acid to  
#ej ( wat] is q suffici5t to prev5t     
putrefaction4 ,if we keep ?is j bel[    

boil+ po9t !re w be a g5tle & con/ant   
ris+ ( /eam into ! cyl9d]1 & we c exam9e
 ?is vapor to see if x is antiseptic4   
,we w take two te/ tubes half fill$ )   
wat] & put a small piece ( beef into ea*
 ( !m & boil ea* = half a m9ute4 ,"o te/
 tube we w hang up inside ! cyl9d]1 s t 
x is surr\nd$ by c>bolic acid vapor4 ,! 
o!r we /& up 9 ! air4 ,if ! latt] is    
hung 9 a w>m room1 decomposition w soon 
take place 9 x2 w ! same ?+ happ5 to !  
o!r cyl9d]8 ,= conv5i5ce sake we _h be/ 
put six tubes inside ! cyl9d]1 s t we c 
take "o out e day = a week & exam9e !   
cont5ts on ! field ( a microscope4 ,x w 
be necess>y to be v p>ticul> z to !     
temp]ature to :i* ! tubes are expos$1 & 
! rates ( evaporation b5ea? ! cyl9d]4 ,i
 may m5tion t on "s ( ! hotte/ days (   
la/ summ] ,i made "s exp]im5ts1 :5 !    
temp]ature bo? ( ! laboratory & inside !
 cyl9d] 0 #ge;,f4 ,i us$ te/ tubes      
conta9+ boil$ potatoes in/ead ( meat1 & 
f\nd t ! tube 9 ! air1 aft] #dh h\rs1   
ab\nd$ n simply ) bact]ia & o!r small   

bodies pres5t 9 decomposition1 b ) !    
l>ge & v>i$ =ms ( protozoa1 :ile ! tube 
inside ! cyl9d] conta9$ no signs (      
decomposition :atev]4 ,:5 ! room 0 cold 
! exp]im5ts 7 n s satisfactory1 because 
9 ! =m] case !re 0 v little if any      
curr5t ( air 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,?is leads u to
 ! "q1 :y %\ld we n make ! solution (   
c>bolic acid & wat]1 & heat x1 lett+ !  
/eam escape by a small hole1 s z to     
produce a jet8 ,x is a s+ul> fact t =   
all practical purposes su* a /eam jet w 
conta9 ! same proportion ( acid to wat] 
z did ! orig9al solution4 ,! solution c 
( c\rse be made /rong] or weak] till we 
asc]ta9 ! exact proportion :i* w prev5t 
decomposition4  ,f ?is arises naturally 
! "q1 :at quantity ( vapor mu/ be       
produc$ 9 a room 9 ord] to kill !       
bact]ia 9 its atmosph]e8 ,if we "k !    
size ( ! room1 %all we be able tell8 ,^!
 que/ions h n yet be5 answ]$1 b !       
exp]im5ts :i* w settle !m w be soon     
made1 ,i h no d\bt1 & ,i h indicat$ !   
l9es ^u :i* !y w be made4 ,i h "h a     

boil] ( copp] into :i* we c put a       
mixture1 & c get f x a small jet ( /eam 
= "s h\rs4 ,a simple exp]im5t w %[ t no 
bact]ia w exi/ 9 t vapor4 ,if ,i take a 
te/ tube conta9+ meat1 & boil x :ile    
hold+ ! m\? ( x 9 ?is vapor1 aft] x has 
cool$ we close ! m\? ) cotton wool1 &   
set x aside 9 a w>m place2 aft] "s days 
we %all f9d no trace ( decomposition1 b 
if ! exp]im5t is repeat$ ) wat]1        
decomposition w soon %[ itself4 ,(      
c\rse1 any /r5g? ( c>bolic acid c be us$
 at w1 & w af=d a s]ies ( te/s4  ,!re   
are o!r me?ods ( dis9fect+ ! atmosph]e  
:i* we _c consid] ?is ev5+1 su* z ! v   
pot5t "o ( burn+ sulphur4  ,9           
conclusion1 ! lectur] rem>k$ t 8 lecture
 _h be5 ca/ into a sugge/ive =m1 s z to 
set 8 audi5ce ?9k+ ov] ! causes :i* make
 ! air impure1 & h[ ^! impurities are to
 be prev5t$ f becom+ delet]i\s to heal?4
         99       99       99       99  
99     ,a ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,/a9+      
,,bacillus ,,tub]culosis4  ,by ,t4,j4   
,,burrill1 ,m4,d41 ,*ampaign1 ,ill4     

,hav+ _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( 
! alcoholic solutions ( anil9e dyes =   
/a9+ bact]ia1 & hav+ = "s mon?s us$     
solutions 9 glyc]9e in/ead1 ,i h come to
 mu* pref] ! latt]4 ,evaporation ( !    
solv5t is avoid$1 & 9 consequ5ce a      
fre$om f vexati\s precipitations is     
secur$1 & m uni=m & reliable results are
 obta9$4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 ) ! alcoholic
 mixtures a t5d5cy to creep1 or run1 by 
:i* "o is liable to h /a9$ m ?an he     
wi%es--f+]s1 in/rum5ts1 table1 etc4  ,f 
^! ?+s ! glyc]9e mixtures are           
practically free1 & !re are no comp5sat+
 drawbacks4 ,= /a9+ ,bacillus           
tub]culosis ! foll[+ is confid5tly      
comm5d$ z pref]able to ! mat]ials &     
me?ods h]et(ore 9 use4 ,take glyc]9e1   
#bj p>ts2 fu*s91 #c p>ts2 anil9e oil1 #b
 p>ts2 c>bolic acid1 #b p>ts4  ,!       
solution is readily & spe$ily effect$1 )
 no dang] ( precipitation1 & c be kept 9
 /ock )\t risk ( det]ioration4 ,:5 want$
 = use1 put ab\t two drops into a wat*  
glass 7a small pomatum pot is bett]7    

full ( wat] & g5tly %ake or /ir4 ,j "h  
!re is "s dang] ( precipitat+ ! color+  
matt]1 b ! difficulty is easily avoid$  
by g5tle in/ead ( vigor\s /irr+4 ,aft] !
 /a9 is once dissolv$ 9 ! wat] no fur!r 
tr\ble occurs2 if any evaporation takes 
place by be+ left too long1 x is ! wat] 
t goes1 n ! ma9 solv5t4 ,! color %\ld n[
 be a light1 transluc5t r$1 mu* too     
diffuse = writ+ ink4 ,put 9 ! sme>$ cov]
 glass1 aft] pass+ x a few times ?r\gh a
 flame1 & leave x1 at ! ord9>y          
temp]ature ( a com=table room1 half an  
h\r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 quick] results are     
desir$1 boil a little wat] 9 a te/ tube 
& put 9 ab\t d\ble ! above indicat$     
am\nt ( ! glyc]9e mixture1 lett+ x run  
d[n ! side ( ! tube1 g5tly %ake until   
absorb$1 & p\r out ! hot liquid into a  
conv5i5t di%1 & at once put 9 ! cov] )  
sputum4 ,)\t fur!r att5tion to !        
temp]ature ! /a9 w be effect$ )9 two    
m9utes2 b ! result is n q s good1       
especially = p]man5t m\nts1 z by ! sl[] 
process4  ,aft] /a9+ put ! cov] into    

nitric 7or hydro*loric7 acid & wat]1 "o 
"p to f\r1 until decoloriz$1 say "o     
m9ute2 wa% 9 wat] & exam9e1 or dry &    
m\nt 9 balsam4  ,if x is desir$ to color
 ! gr\nd mat]ial1 :i* is n necess>y1 put
 on ! decoloriz$ & wa%$ glass a drop (  
anil9e blue 9 glyc]9e2 aft] "o m9ute wa%
 aga9 9 wat] & proce$ z be=e4  ,almo/   
any objective1 f "o-f\r? in* up w %[ !  
bacilli if suffici5t att5tion is paid to
 ! illum9ation4--,m$4 ,record4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,cure ,,= ,,hemorrhoids4   ,! c>bolic  
acid treatm5t ( hemorrhoids is n[       
receiv+ consid]able att5tion4 ,h5ce !   
repr9t f ! ,pittsburgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 
,novemb]1 #ahhc1 ( an article on !      
subject by ,dr4 ,george ,b4 ,fund5b]g is
 bo? timely & int]e/+4 ,aft] relat+ six 
cases1 ! au?or says3 ,x w\ld s]ve no    
useful purpose to increase ?is li/ (    
cases4 ,! l>ge numb] ,i h on record all 
prove t ?is treatm5t is safe &          
effectual4 ,i believe t ! great majority
 ( cases c be cur$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,:oev]  

d\bts ?is %\ld give ! me?od a fair      
trial1 = x is only ^? :o h done s1 t are
 entitl$ to speak ^u ! "q4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,a       
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