,,! ,,non-,,*ri/ian ,,cross ,an ,enquiry ,into ,! ,orig9 ,& ,hi/ory ,( ,! ,symbol ,ev5tually ,adopt$ ,z ,t ,( ,our ,religion ,by ,john ,d5ham ,p>sons ,london #ahif ,o ,crux1 ,spl5didior ,cunctis ,a/ris1 ,mundo ,celebris1 ,hom9ibus ,multum ,amabilis1 ,sanctior ,univ]sis4 ,brevi>ium ,romanum1 ,fe/ival ,( ,! ,inv5tion ,( ,! ,holy ,cross4 ,,preface4 ,! hi/ory ( ! symbol ( ! cross has _h an attraction = ! au?or ev] s9ce1 z an enquir+ y\?1 he f\nd himself unable to obta9 satisfactory answ]s to f\r que/ions conc]n+ ! same :i* pres5t$ !mselves to 8 m9d4 ,! fir/ ( ^? que/ions 0 :y ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o 0 behead$ be=e ,jesus 0 execut$1 & s f> z we are told nev] _h any?+ to d ) a cross1 is repres5t$ 9 our religi\s pictures z hold+ a cross4 ,! second "q 0 :e!r ?is curi\s b p]haps 9 itself easily expla9$ practice _h 9 its inception any connection ) ! non-,mosaic initiatory rite ( baptism2 :i* ,jesus accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse at ! h&s ( 8 c\s9 ,john1 & 9 :i* ! sign ( ! cross has = ages be5 ! all-important feature4 ,& x 0 ! wond] :e!r !re 0 or 0 n "s association betwe5 ! facts t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s give no explanation :atev] ( ! orig9 ( baptism z an initiatory rite1 t ?is non-,mosaic initiatory rite 0 9 use among ,sun-,god wor%ipp]s long be=e our era1 & t ! ,fa!rs admitt$ t ! foll[]s ( ! ,p]sian conception ( ! ,sun-,god m>k$ _! initiates ^u ! =ehead l ! foll[]s ( ! ,*ri/1 :i* f9ally induc$ ! au?or to />t a sy/ematic enquiry into ! hi/ory ( ! cross z a symbol4 ,! ?ird "q 0 :y1 despite ! fact t ! in/rum5t ( execution to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ c h _h b "o %ape1 almo/ any k9d ( cross is accept$ z a symbol ( our fai?4 ,! la/ ( ! f\r que/ions 0 :y _m v>ieties ( ! cross ( f\r equal arms1 :i* c]ta9ly 0 n a repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution1 7 accept$ by ,*ri/ians z symbols ( ! ,*ri/ be=e any cross :i* c\ld possibly h be5 a repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution 0 giv5 a place among ! symbols ( ,*ri/ianity2 :ile ev5 n[adays "o v>iety ( ! cross ( f\r equal arms is ! fav\rite symbol ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & bo? x & ! o!r v>ieties ent] into ! ornam5tation ( our sacr$ prop]ties & dispute ! supremacy ) ! cross :i* has "o ( its arms long] ?an ! o!r ?ree4 ,pursu+ ^! matt]s = himself1 ! au?or ev5tually f\nd t ev5 be=e our era ! cross 0 v5]at$ by _m z ! symbol ( ,life2 ?\gh our works ( ref]5ce seldom m5tion ?is fact1 & nev] d x ju/ice4 ,he moreov] discov]$ t no "o has ev] writt5 a complete hi/ory ( ! symbol1 %[+ ! possibility t ! /auros or po/ to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ 0 n cross-%ap$1 & ! c]ta9ty t1 9 any case1 :at ev5tually became ! symbol ( our fai? ow$ "s ( its pre/ige z a ,*ri/ian symbol ( ,victory & ,life to ! position x occupi$ 9 pre-,*ri/ian days4 ,! au?or has !re=e1 9 ! hope ( draw+ att5tion to ! subject1 incorporat$ ! results ( 8 rese>*es 9 ! pres5t essay4 #ad1 ,,/4 ,,dun/an',s ,,hill1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,c ,o ,n ,t ,e ,n ,t ,s ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,0 ,,! ,,/auros ,,( ,,jesus ,,cross-,,%ap$8 #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,m9ucius ,,felix #ca ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,fa!rs#c #da ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,curi\s ,,/atem5ts ,,( ,,ir5aeus #eb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,cross #eg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,cross #fe ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,e/abli%] ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* #hb ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,cross ,,& ,,cresc5t#h #ib ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,coronation ,,orb#i #ajd ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,roman ,,co9s ,,be=e ,,con/ant9e #aai ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,co9s ,,( ,,con/ant9e #acc ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,roman ,,co9s ,,aft] ,,con/ant9e #adb ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,monogram ,,( ,,*ri/ #adg ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,cross ,,( ,,! ,,logos #afc ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,cross ,,9 ,,europe #afi ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,cross ,,9 ,,asia #agh ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,cross ,,9 ,,africa #ahc ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,troy #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,cyprus #aic ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,miscellane\s ,,evid5ce #bjd ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,summ>y #bad ,,! ,,non-,,*ri/ian ,,cross4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,0 ,,! ,,/auros ,,( ,,jesus ,,cross-,,%ap$8 ,9 ! ?\s& & "o works suppli$ = our in=mation ^u matt]s connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( our race1 we are told t ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,titus1 & v>i\s ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,ori5tal rul]s ( anci5t days1 crucifi$ ?is or t p]son2 or t !y crucifi$ s _m at once1 or dur+ _! reign4 ,& ! in/rum5t ( execution is call$ a cross4 ,! natural result is t we imag9e t all ! p said to h be5 crucifi$ 7 execut$ by be+ nail$ or o!rwise affix$ to a cross-%ap$ in/rum5t set 9 ! gr\nd1 l t to be se5 9 our fanciful illu/rations ( ! execution ( ,jesus4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 by no means necess>ily ! case4 ,= in/ance1 ! dea? spok5 (1 dea? by ! /auros1 includ$ transfixion by a po9t$ /auros or /ake1 z well z affixion to an unpo9t$ /auros or /ake2 & ! latt] puni%m5t 0 n always t ref]r$ to4 ,x is also probable t 9 mo/ ( ! _m cases :]e we h no clue z to :i* k9d ( /auros 0 us$1 ! cause ( ! condemn$ "o's dea? 0 transfixion by a po9t$ /auros4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if we c\ld prove t ?is v common mode ( capital puni%m5t 0 9 no case t ref]r$ to by ! hi/orians :o liv$ 9 bygone ages1 & t dea? 0 9 ea* in/ance caus$ by affixion to1 in/ead ( transfixion by1 a /auros1 we %\ld /ill h to prove t ea* /auros _h a cross-b> be=e we c\ld correctly describe ! dea? caus$ by x z dea? by crucifixion4 ,x is also1 ^u ! face ( x1 some:at unlikely t ! anci5ts w\ld 9 e in/ance 9 :i* !y despat*$ a man by affix+ him to a po/ set 9 ! gr\nd1 h gone out ( _! way to provide ! arti/ic b q unnecess>y cross-b> ( our imag9ations4 ,z x is1 9 any case1 well kn[n t ! ,romans v (t5 despat*$ ^? condemn$ to dea? by affix+ !m to a /ake or po/ :i* _h no cross-b>1 ! "q arises z to :at pro( we h t a cross-b> 0 us$ 9 ! case ( ,jesus4 ,nor is ! "q an unimportant "o4 ,=1 z we %all see 9 ! *apt]s to come1 !re 0 a pre-,*ri/ian cross1 :i* 01 l ours1 a symbol ( ,life4 ,& x mu/ be obvi\s to all t if ! cross 0 a symbol ( ,life be=e our era1 x is possible t x 0 orig9ally fix$ ^u z a symbol ( ! ,*ri/ because x 0 a symbol ( ,life2 ! assumption t x became a symbol ( ,life because x 0 a symbol ( ! ,*ri/1 be+ 9 t case nei!r m nor less ?an a v natural in/ance ( putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,n[ ! ,greek ^w :i* 9 ,lat9 v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is translat$ z crux1 & 9 ,engli% v]sions is r5d]$ z cross1 i4e41 ! ^w /auros1 seems to h1 at ! beg9n+ ( our era1 no m meant a cross ?an ! ,engli% ^w /ick means a crut*4 ,x is true t a /ick may be 9 ! %ape ( a crut*1 & t ! /auros to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ may h be5 9 ! %ape ( a cross4 ,b j z ! =m] is n necess>ily a crut*1 s ! latt] 0 n necess>ily a cross4 ,:at ! anci5ts us$ to signify :5 !y us$ ! ^w /auros1 c easily be se5 by ref]r+ to ei!r ! ,iliad or ! ,odyssey4#a ,x w !re be f\nd to cle>ly signify an ord9>y pole or /ake )\t any cross-b>4 ,& x is z ?us signify+ a s+le piece ( wood t ! ^w 9 "q is us$ ?r\gh\t ! old ,greek classics4#b ,! /auros us$ z an in/rum5t ( execution 0 7#a7 a small po9t$ pole or /ake us$ = ?ru/+ ?r\gh ! body1 s z to p9 ! latt] to ! e>?1 or o!rwise r5d] dea? inevitable2 7#b7 a simil> pole or /ake fix$ 9 ! gr\nd po9t upw>ds1 ^u :i* ! condemn$ "o 0 =c$ d[n till incapable ( escap+2 7#c7 a mu* long] & /\t] pole or /ake fix$ po9t upw>ds1 ^u :i* ! victim1 ) 8 h&s ti$ beh9d him1 0 lodg$ 9 su* a way t ! po9t %\ld ent] 8 brea/ & ! weight ( ! body cause e movem5t to ha/5 ! end2 & 7#d7 a /\t unpo9t$ pole or /ake set upright 9 ! e>?1 f :i* ! victim 0 susp5d$ by a rope r\nd 8 wri/s1 :i* 7 fir/ ti$ beh9d him s t ! position might become an agonis+ "o2 or to :i* ! doom$ "o 0 b\nd1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ,jesus1 nail$4 ,t ?is la/ nam$ k9d ( /auros1 :i* 0 admitt$ly t to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$1 _h 9 e case a cross-b> atta*$1 is untrue2 t x _h 9 mo/ cases1 is unlikely2 t x _h 9 ! case ( ,jesus1 is unprov54 ,ev5 z late z ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ^w /auros seems to h prim>ily signifi$ a /raight piece ( wood )\t a cross-b>4 ,= ! fam\s ,greek lexicograph]1 ,suidas1 expressly /ates1 ,/auroi2 or?a xula p]pegota1 & bo? ,eu/a?ius & ,hesy*ius affirm t x meant a /raight /ake or pole4 ,! side light ?r[n ^u ! "q by ,lucian is also wor? not+4 ,?is writ]1 ref]r+ to ,jesus1 alludes to ,t sophi/ ( !irs :o 0 fa/5$ to a skolops2 :i* ^w signifi$ a s+le piece ( wood1 & n two pieces jo9$ toge!r4 ,only a pass+ notice ne$ be giv5 to ! fact t 9 "s ( ! ,epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* seem to h be5 writt5 be=e ! ,gospels1 ?\gh1 l ! o!r ,epi/les1 mislead+ly plac$ aft] ! ,gospels1 ,jesus is said to h be5 hang$ ^u a tree4#c ,= 9 ! fir/ place ! ,greek ^w translat$ hang$ did n necess>ily ref] to hang+ by ! neck1 & simply meant susp5d$ 9 "s way or o!r4 ,& 9 ! second place ! ^w translat$ tree1 ?\gh t always us$ 9 ref]r+ to :at is translat$ z ! ,tree ( ,life1 signifi$ n only tree b also wood4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ^! five ref]5ces ( ! ,bible to ! execution ( ,jesus z hav+ be5 c>ri$ out by 8 susp5sion ^u ei!r a tree or a piece ( timb] set 9 ! gr\nd1 9 no wise convey ! impression t two pieces ( wood nail$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a cross is :at is ref]r$ to4 ,moreov]1 !re is n1 ev5 9 ! ,greek text ( ! ,gospels1 a s+le intimation 9 ! ,bible to ! effect t ! in/rum5t actually us$ 9 ! case ( ,jesus 0 cross-%ap$4 ,_h !re be5 any su* intimation 9 ! tw5ty-sev5 ,greek works ref]r+ to ,jesus1 :i* our ,*ur* select$ out ( a v l>ge numb] & call$ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,greek lett] *i1 :i* 0 cross-%ap$1 w\ld 9 ! ord9>y c\rse h be5 ref]r$ to2 & "s su* t]m z ,kata *iasmon1 l a *i1 made use (4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t ?\gh ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies c]ta9ly made use ( a transi5t sign ( ! cross 9 ! non-,mosaic initiatory rite ( baptism & at o!r times1 x is1 z w be %[n 9 ! next two *apt]s1 admitt$ t !y did n use or v5]ate x z a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t ( execution ^u :i* ,jesus di$4 ,moreov]1 if 9 reply to ! =ego+ x %\ld be argu$ t z x is well kn[n t cross-%ap$ figures ( wood1 & o!r la/+ repres5tations ( ! sign or figure ( ! cross1 7 n v5]at$ by ,*ri/ians until aft] ! fateful day :5 ,con/ant9e set out at ! head ( ! soldi]s ( ,gaul 9 8 fam\s m>* aga9/ ,rome2 & t ! ,*ri/ian crosses ( ! rema9d] ( ! f\r? c5tury 7 repres5tations ( ! in/rum5t ( execution ^u :i* ,jesus di$2 a doz5 o!r objections pres5t !mselves if we are hone/ en\gh to face ! fact t we h to %[ t !y 7 s f ! fir/4 ,= ! ,gauls1 & !re=e ! soldi]s ( ,gaul1 v5]at$ z symbols ( ! ,sun-,god & ,giv] ( ,life & ,victory ! cross ( f\r equal arms1 image plus4gif1 or image x4gif1 & ! sol> :eel1 image sol>:eel#a4;gif or image sol>:eel#b4;gif2 :ile ! s-call$ cross :i* ,con/ant9e & 8 troops are said to h se5 above ! midday sun 0 admitt$ly ! monogram ( ,*ri/1 image monogram#a4;gif or image monogram#b4;gif1 :i* 0 admitt$ly an adaptation ( ! sol> :eel1 z w be %[n fur!r on2 & x 0 z tok5s ( ! conque/ ( ,rome by 8 ,gauli% troops1 t ,con/ant9e1 z _! lead]1 erect$ "o ( ^! symbols 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,et]nal ,city1 & aft]w>ds plac$ ^u 8 co9s ! crosses image sol>:eel#a4;gif1 image sol>:eel#b4;gif1 image monogram#a4;gif1 image monogram#b4;gif1 image a/]isk4gif1 image monogram#c4;gif1 image monogram#d4;gif1 ! cross ( f\r equal arms image x4gif1 & sev]al v>iations ( t o!r cross ( f\r equal arms1 ! "r-angl$ image plus4gif4 ,& x 0 n till long aft] ^! crosses 7 accept$ z ,*ri/ian1 & ,con/ant9e 0 dead & buri$1 t ! cross ) "o ( its arms long] ?an ! o!r ?ree 7or two71 :i* alone c\ld be a repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution1 0 made use ( by ,*ri/ians4 ,ano!r po9t to be rememb]$ is t :5 ,con/ant9e1 app>5tly conceiv+ ours1 z ! only non-national religion ) ramifications ?r\gh\t 8 _w-wide dom9ions1 to be ! only "o t c\ld weld toge!r ! _m nations :i* ackn[l$g$ 8 sway1 e/abli%$ ,*ri/ianity z ! ,/ate ,religion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! ,*ur* to :i* we belong w\ld naturally h _h to accept z its own ! symbols :i* ,con/ant9e _h caus$ to be ^? ( ! ,/ate 9 "q4 ,& x %\ld be add$ t ! cross ( lat] days ) "o ( its arms long] ?an ! o!rs1 if n also ! assumption t ! /auros to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ _h a cross-b>1 may h be5 m]ely ! outcome ( a wi% to associate ) ! /ory ( ,jesus ^! ,gauli% symbols ( victory :i* _h become symbols ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 & !re=e ( its ,/ate ,*ur*4 ,anyway1 ! fir/ k9d ( cross v5]at$ by ,*ri/ians 0 n a repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution2 & ! fact t we hold sacr$ _m diff]5t k9ds ( crosses1 al?\gh ev5 if we c\ld prove t ! /auros to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ _h a cross-b> b "o k9d c\ld be a repres5tation ( t in/rum5t ( execution1 has to be acc\nt$ =4 ,our only plausible explanation ( ! fact t we hold sacr$ almo/ any species ( cross is t1 z we d n "k :at k9d ( cross ,jesus di$ ^u1 op9ions h always diff]$ z to :i* 0 ! real cross4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion among ,*ri/ians z to ! %ape ( ! in/rum5t ^u :i* ,jesus 0 execut$1 has c]ta9ly exi/$ = _m c5turies4 ,b z an explanation ( ! _m diff]5t k9ds ( crosses accept$ by u z symbols ( ! ,*ri/1 x only l&s u 9 a great] difficulty4 ,= if we did n "k :at k9d ( cross ,jesus di$ ^u :5 we accept$ ! cross z our symbol1 ! *ances obvi\sly are t we accept$ ! cross z our symbol = "s o!r reason ?an t we ass]t4 ,z a matt] ( fact our position reg>d+ ! :ole matt] is illogical & unsatisfactory1 & we ought to alt] x by hone/ly fac+ ! facts t we _c satisfactorily prove t our symbol 0 adopt$ z a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t ( execution to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$1 & t we d n ev5 "k = c]ta9 t ! in/rum5t 9 "q 0 cross-%ap$4 ,x ne$ only be add$ t !re is n a s+le s5t5ce 9 any ( ! num]\s writ+s =m+ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i*1 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 be>s ev5 indirect evid5ce to ! effect t ! /auros us$ 9 ! case ( ,jesus 0 o!r ?an an ord9>y /auros2 mu* less to ! effect t x consi/$1 n ( "o piece ( timb]1 b ( two pieces nail$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,tak+ ! :ole ( ! =ego+ facts into consid]ation1 x w be se5 t x is n a little mislead+ ^u ! "p ( our tea*]s to translate ! ^w /auros z cross :5 r5d]+ ! ,greek docum5ts ( ! ,*ur* into our native tongue1 & to support t action by putt+ cross 9 our lexicons z ! mean+ ( /auros )\t c>efully expla9+ t t 0 at any rate n ! prim>y mean+ ( ! ^w 9 ! days ( ! ,apo/les1 did n become its prim>y signification till long aft]w>ds1 & became s !n1 if at all1 only because1 despite ! abs5ce ( corroborative evid5ce1 x 0 = "s reason or o!r assum$ t ! p>ticul> /auros ^u :i* ,jesus 0 execut$ _h t p>ticul> %ape4 ,b--! read] may object--h[ ab\t ! ,greek ^w :i* 9 our ,bibles is translat$ z crucify or crucifi$8 ,does n t mean fix to a cross or fix$ to a cross8 ,& :at is ?is b ! /ronge/ possible corroboration ( our ass]tion z ,*ri/ians t ,jesus 0 execut$ ^u a cross-%ap$ in/rum5t8 ,! answ] is t no less ?an f\r diff]5t ,greek words are translat$ 9 our ,bibles z mean+ crucify or crucifi$1 & t n "o ( ! f\r meant crucify or crucifi$4 ,! f\r words 9 "q are ! words prospegnumi1 ana/auroo1 su/auroo1 & /auroo4 ,! ^w prospegnumi1 ?\gh translat$ 9 our ,bibles z crucify or crucifi$1 meant to fix to or ^u1 & meant t only4 ,x _h no special ref]5ce to ! affix+ ( condemn$ p]sons ei!r to a /ake1 pale1 or po/1 or to a tree1 or to a cross2 & _h no m ref]5ce to a cross ?an ! ,engli% ^w fix has4 ,! ^w ana/auroo 0 nev] us$ by ! old ,greek writ]s z mean+ o!r ?an to impale ^u or ) a s+le piece ( timb]4#d ,! ^w su/auroo does n occur 9 pre-,*ri/ian writ+s1 & only five times 9 ! ,bible aga9/ ! =ty-f\r times ( ! ^w next to be dealt )4 ,be+ obvi\sly d]iv$ 9 "p f ! ^w /auros1 :i* prim>ily signifi$ a /ake or pale :i* 0 a s+le piece ( wood & _h no cross-b>1 su/auroo evid5tly meant affixion to su* a /ake or pale4 ,anyh[ !re is no?+ :atev] ei!r 9 ! d]ivation ( ! ^w1 or 9 ! context 9 ei!r ( ! five in/ances 9 :i* x occurs1 to %[ t :at is ref]r$ to is affixion to some?+ t 0 cross-%ap$4 ,! ^w /auroo occurs1 z has be5 said1 =ty-f\r times2 & ( ! f\r words 9 "q by f> ! mo/ frequ5tly4 ,! mean+ ( ?is ^w is !re=e ( special importance4 ,x is consequ5tly mo/ significant to f9d1 z we d ^u due inve/igation1 t :]ev] x occurs 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian classics x is us$ z mean+ to impalisade1 or /ake1 or affix to a pale or /ake2 & has ref]5ce1 n to crosses1 b to s+le pieces ( wood4#e ,x !re=e seems tol]ably cle> 7#a7 t ! sacr$ writ+s =m+ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to ! /atem5ts ( :i*--z translat$ = u--we b[ d[n 9 rev]5ce1 d n tell u t ,jesus 0 affix$ to a cross-%ap$ in/rum5t ( execution2 7#b7 t ! balance ( evid5ce is aga9/ ! tru? ( our /atem5ts to ! effect t ! in/rum5t 9 "q 0 cross-%ap$1 & our sacr$ symbol orig9ally a repres5tation ( ! same2 & 7#c7 t we ,*ri/ians h 9 bygone days act$1 &1 alas6 /ill act1 any?+ b +5u\sly 9 reg>d to ! symbol ( ! cross4 ,?is is n all1 h[ev]4 ,= if ! un=tunate fact t we h 9 our zeal almo/ manufactur$ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! !ory t our cross or crosses _h its or _! orig9 9 ! %ape ( ! in/rum5t ( execution to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ proves any?+ at all1 x proves ! ne$ = a "w :i*1 l ! pres5t "o1 sets 9 array ! evid5ce available reg>d+ bo? ! pre-,*ri/ian cross & ! adoption 9 lat] times ( a simil> symbol z t ( ! ca?olic fai?4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity 0 due to ! fact t x 0 a ca?olic fai?1 & n1 l ! o!r fai?s foll[$ by ! subjects ( ,rome1 & l :at ,jesus seems to h int5d$ ! results ( ,8 mission to h be5 inasmu* z ,he solemnly decl>$ t he 0 s5t to ! lo/ %eep ( ! ,h\se ( ,israel & to !m alone1 ! monopoly ( a s+le nation or race4 ,= if ,paul1 tak+ 8 & o!r visions ( ,jesus z ! long-ne$$ pro(s ( a future life1 _h n disreg>d$ ! v pla9 intimations ( ,jesus to ! effect t ,8 mission 0 to ! desc5dants ( ,jacob or ,israel1 & to !m alone2 if ,paul _h n )/ood ,*ri/'s repres5tative1 ,pet]1 to ! face1 &1 ) unsurpass$ zeal1 c>ri$ out 8 gr& project ( proclaim+ a non-national & univ]sal religion f\nd$ ^u appe>ances ( ! _s-=m ( ,jesus1 :at we call ,*ri/ianity w\ld n h come into exi/5ce4 ,! fact t b = ,paul !re w\ld h be5 no ca?olic fai? ) foll[]s 9 e l& rul$ by ,con/ant9e :5 sole emp]or1 = t a/ute mon>* to e/abli% z ! ,/ate ,religion ( 8 loosely knit empire1 because1 on acc\nt ( its ca?olicity1 t be/ fitt$ to hold p[] z ! (ficial fai? ( a gov]nm5t ) _w-wide dom9ions1 is wor?y ( a la/+ place 9 our memory4 ,nor is ! notewor?y fact la/ m5tion$ unconnect$ ) ! symbol ( ! cross4 ,=1 z w be %[n1 x is cle> t x 0 because ,con/ant9e caus$ ! figure ( ! cross to become a recogniz$ symbol ( 8 ca?olic empire1 t x became recogniz$ z a symbol ( ! ca?olic fai?4 ,n till aft] ,con/ant9e & 8 ,gauli% w>riors plant$ :at ,eusebius ! ,bi%op ( ,caes>ea & o!r ,*ri/ians ( ! c5tury 9 "q describe z a cross1 )9 ! walls ( ! ,et]nal ,city z ! symbol ( _! victory1 did ,*ri/ians ev] set on high a cross-%ap$ trophy ( any description4 ,moreov]1 b = ! fact t1 z x happ5$1 ! triumph ( ,con/ant9e result$ 9 t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 we %\ld probably h deem$ ! cross1 if to our m9ds a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t ( execution to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$1 z any?+ b ! symbol ( ,victory we n[ deem x4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t ! s-call$ cross ( ,jesus admitt$ly fulfill$ ! purpose = :i* x 0 erect$ at ! reque/ ( ^? :o s\ght ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,& ev5 accord+ to our ,gospels ! d>kness ( defeat o'er%ad[$ ! sc5e at ,calv>y4 ,to put ! matt] pla9ly1 ! victory ( ,jesus 0 n a victory ov] ! cross2 = ,he did n come d[n f ! cross4 ,nor 0 x a victory ov] ,8 enemies2 = :at !y s\ght 0 to get rid ( a man :om !y deem$ an agitator1 & _! wi% 0 gratifi$1 inasmu* z1 ?anks to ! cross1 ,he tr\bl$ !m no m4 ,9 o!r words ! victory :i* we ascribe to ,jesus did n occur dur+ ! gloom :i* hung l a pall ov] 8 native l& at ! "t ( ,8 execution1 b ^u ! !n approa*+ ,sun-day ( ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox1 at ! com+ ( ! glory ( ! dawn4 ,= ! victory 9 "q1 f :atev] po9t ( view we may look at x1 0 n ! avoidance ( defeat1 b its retrieval4 ,& its /ory is an illu/ration ( ! old-_w promise1 ho>y ) antiquity & f\nd$ ^u ! com+1 u%]$ 9 e ye> by ! ,pass-ov] or cross-ov] ( ! equator by ! sun at ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox1 ( ! b\nte\s h>ve/s ( summ] aft] ! de>? ( deva/at+ w9t]2 bidd+ u ev] hope1 n inde$ = ! avoidance ( dea? & !re=e ( defeat1 b = su* victory z may happ5 to lay 9 survival or resurrection4 ,x is !re=e cle> t ev5 if we c\ld prove t ! in/rum5t ( execution to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ 0 cross-%ap$1 x w\ld n necess>ily foll[ t x 0 z ! repres5tation ( ! cause ( ,8 dea? :i* we n[ deem x1 t ! figure ( ! cross became our symbol ( ,life & ,victory4 ,9 any case hone/y dem&s t we %\ld no long] translate z cross a ^w :i* at ! "t our ,gospels 7 writt5 did n necess>ily signify some?+ cross-%ap$4 ,& x is equally incumb5t ^u u1 f a moral po9t ( view1 t we %\ld cease to r5d] z crucify or crucifi$ words :i* nev] bore any su* mean+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,m9ucius ,,felix4 ,! ,fa!rs :o wrote 9 ,lat91 us$ ! ^w crux z a translation ( ! ,greek ^w /auros4 ,x is !re=e notewor?y t ev5 ?is ,lat9 ^w crux1 f :i* we d]ive our words cross & crucify1 did n 9 anci5t days necess>ily mean some?+ cross-%ap$1 & seems to h _h q ano!r signification z its orig9al mean+4 ,a ref]5ce1 = in/ance1 to ! writ+s ( ,livy1 w %[ t 9 8 "t ! ^w crux1 :atev] else x may h meant1 signifi$ a s+le piece ( wood or timb]2 he us+ x 9 t s5se4#f ,?is h[ev] is a curi\s r ?an an important po9t1 = ev5 ! assumption t ! ^w crux always & inv>iably meant some?+ cross-%ap$1 w\ld n affect ! demon/ration already made t ! ^w /auros did n4 ,z our ,scriptures 7 writt5 9 ,greek & 7 writt5 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,c41 ! vital "q is :at ! ^w /auros !n meant1 :5 us$1 z 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 )\t any qualify+ expression or h9t t o!r ?an an ord9>y /auros 0 signifi$4 ,:at ! ,fa!rs *ose to consid] ! mean+ ( t ^w to be1 or *ose to give z its ,lat9 translation1 w\ld1 ev5 if !y _h writt5 ! same c5tury1 9 no wise affect t issue4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ev5 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,fa!rs ^: undisput$ works h come d[n to u1 did n write till ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,grant+1 h[ev]1 z all mu/1 t mo/ if n all ( ! e>li] ( ! ,fa!rs1 & c]ta9ly all ! lat] ones1 rightly or wrongly int]pret$ ! ^w /auros z mean+ some?+ cross-%ap$1 let u1 rememb]+ t ?is does n dispose ( ! "q :e!r !y rightly or wrongly s int]pret$ x1 9 ?is & ! next two *apt]s pass 9 review ! ref]5ces to ! cross made by ! ,fa!rs :o liv$ be=e ,con/ant9e's m>* ^u ,rome at ! head ( 8 ,gauli% army4 ,comm5c+1 on acc\nt ( its importance1 ) ! evid5ce ( ,m9ucius ,felix1 we f9d t ?is ,fa!r wrote ,we assur$ly see ! sign ( a cross naturally1 9 ! %ip :5 x is c>ri$ along ) swell+ sails1 :5 x glides =w>d ) exp&$ o>s2 & :5 ! milit>y yoke is lift$ up x is ! sign ( a cross2 & :5 a man adores ,god ) a pure m9d1 ) arms out/ret*$4 ,?us ! sign ( ! cross ei!r is su/a9$ by a natural reason or y\r own religion is =m$ ) respect to x4#g ,v>i\s o!r pron\ncem5ts to a simil> effect are to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( o!r ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 & su* passages are (t5 quot$ z conclusive evid5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian orig9 ( :at is n[ our symbol4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 x is some:at d\btful if we c fairly claim !m z su*2 = ! "q arises :e!r1 if ! writ]s 9 _! he>ts believ$ _! cross to be a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t ( execution to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$1 !y w\ld h omitt$1 z !y did 9 e in/ance1 to m5tion t z ! "r & prop] & all-suffici5t reason = v5]at+ ! figure ( ! cross4 ,moreov] x is q cle> t :ile1 z w be %[n h]eaft]1 ! symbol ( ! cross _h = ages be5 a ,pagan symbol ( ,life1 x c1 z already /at$1 sc>cely be said to h become a ,*ri/ian symbol be=e ! days ( ,con/ant9e4 ,no cross-%ap$ symbol ( wood or ( any o!r mat]ial _h any "p 9 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! second & ?ird c5turies2 & ! only cross :i* _h any "p 9 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ^? days 0 ! immat]ial "o trac$ ^u ! =ehead 9 ! non-,mosaic & orig9ally ,pagan initiatory rite ( ,baptism1 & at o!r times also accord+ to "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 app>5tly z a *>m aga9/ ! ma*9ations ( evil spirits4 ,?is sign or signal r ?an symbol ( ! cross1 ref]r$ to z !irs by ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! second & ?ird c5turies1 is said to h _h a place be=e our era 9 ! rites ( ^? :o wor%ipp$ ,mi?ras1 if n also ( ^? :o wor%ipp$ c]ta9 o!r conceptions ( ! ,sun-,god2 & x %\ld be not$ t ! ,fa!rs insi/ ^u x t a simil> m>k is :at ! prophet ,ezekiel ref]r$ to z t to be plac$ ^u ! =eheads ( c]ta9 m5 z a sign ( life & salvation2 ! orig9al ,hebrew read+ ,set a tau ^u ! =eheads ( ! m5 7,ezek4 ix4 #d71 & ! tau hav+ be5 9 ! days ( ! prophet 9 "q--z we "k f relics ( ! pa/--! figure ( a cross4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t ,t]tullian admits t ^? admitt$ into ! rites ( ! ,sun-,god ,mi?ras 7 s m>k$1 try+ to expla9 ?is away by /at+ t ?is 0 done 9 imitation ( ! !n despis$ ,*ri/ians6#h ,t x 0 ?is immat]ial sign or signal1 r ?an any mat]ial symbol ( ! cross1 :i* ,m9ucius ,felix consid]$ ,*ri/ian1 is demon/rat$ by ! fact t ! passage already quot$ is accompani$ by ! rem>k t ,crosses1 moreov]1 we ,*ri/ians nei!r v5]ate nor wi% =4 ,y inde$ :o consecrate gods ( wood v5]ate wood5 crosses1 p]haps z p>ts ( y\r gods4 ,= y\r v /&>ds1 z well z y\r bann]s1 & flags ( y\r camps1 :at are !y b crosses gild$ & adorn$8 ,y\r victori\s trophies n only imitate ! appe>ance ( a simple cross1 b also t ( a man affix$ to x4#i ,?is rem>kable d5unciation ( ! ,cross z a ,pagan symbol by a ,*ri/ian ,fa!r :o liv$ z late z ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 is wor?y ( special att5tion2 & c sc>cely be said to be> out ! or?odox acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! cross z a ,*ri/ian symbol4 ,x is at any rate cle> t ! cross 0 n our recognis$ symbol at t date2 & t x is m likely to h be5 gradually adopt$ by u f ,sun-,god wor%ipp]s1 ?an by ! wor%ipp]s ( ,mi?ras & o!r pre-,*ri/ian conceptions ( ! ,sun-,god f u4 ,z our era 0 six or sev5 c5turies old be=e ! crucifix 0 introduc$1 & ! e>lie/ pictorial repres5tation ( ! execution ( ,jesus /ill exi/+ or ref]r$ to 9 any "w z hav+ exi/$ 0 ( ev5 lat] date1 mu* /ress has be5 laid by u ^u :at we allege to be a c>icature ( ! crucifixion ( ,jesus & ( mu* e>li] date4 ,! draw+ 9 "q 0 discov]$ 9 #ahef to be scrawl$ ^u a wall ( ! ,gelotian ,h\se "u ! ,palat9e at ,rome2 & z no ,*ri/ian repres5tations ( ! alleg$ execution ^u a cross-%ap$ in/rum5t ( ev5 a reasonably e>ly date exi/1 x w\ld ( c\rse be greatly to our int]e/ to be able to quote ?is alleg$ c>icature1 :i* is said to be z old z ! ?ird & p]haps ev5 z old z ! second c5tury1 z indep5d5t evid5ce ( ! tru? ( our /ory4 ,b c we fairly d s8 ,! draw+ 9 "q is a v r\ghly execut$ repres5tation ( a figure ) human arms1 legs1 & feet2 b ) an animal's head4 ,! arms are ext5d$1 & two l9es1 :i* are said to repres5t a cross b appe> 9 front ( ! figure in/ead ( beh9d x1 trav]se ! arms & trunk4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is a man look+ at ?is grotesque figure2 & an accompany+ inscription is to ! effect t ,alexam5os adores 8 ,god4 ,t]tullian relates t a c]ta9 ,jew c>ri$ ab\t 9 public a c>icature ( u ) ?is label1 ,an ass ( a prie/4 ,?is figure _h an ass's e>s1 & 0 dress$ 9 a toga ) a book2 hav+ a ho( on "o ( 8 feet4#aj ,x is ^u ! /r5g? ( ?is passage & ! two l9es trav]s+ ! figure1 t we1 ignor+ ! fact t ! figure is /&+1 claim ?is mu*-quot$ graffito z conclusive evid5ce ( ! hi/orical accuracy ( our /ory4 ,b x may be po9t$ out t ev5 if ?is 0 a c>icature ( ! execution ( ,jesus made at ! date m5tion$1 a c>icature1 made c]ta9ly n less ?an two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ev5t1 is n altoge!r tru/wor?y evid5ce z to ! details4 ,&1 0 x a c>icature ( ! execution ( ,jesus8 ,x w\ld appe> n4 ,to comm5ce )1 ! two l9es or scrat*es--= !y are little m--:i* we call a cross1 ne$ n necess>ily h =m$ a "p ( ! orig9al graffito2 &1 ev5 if !y did1 ( !mselves prove no?+4 ,!re is no ref]5ce to a cross 9 ! inscription1 nor is !re any?+ to %[ t an execution ( any k9d is :at is illu/rat$4 ,moreov]1 ! ho( ^u "o foot1 m5tion$ by ,t]tullian1 is n to be se52 a rem>k :i* also applies to ! toga & ! book he m5tions4 ,& ev5 :at ,t]tullian ref]r$ to 0 n a c>icature ( ! execution ( ,jesus4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t ! head ( ! figure 9 ?is fam\s graffito1 is m l t ( a jackal ?an t ( an ass2 & appe>s to h be5 a repres5tation ( ! ,egyptian god ,anubis1 :o is s (t5 to be se5 ^u relics ( ! pa/ z a figure ) a jackal's head1 ) human arms ext5d$1 & ) human legs & feet1 z 9 ?is draw+4 ,^u all po9ts1 !re=e1 our claim conc]n+ ! graffito is an ill-f\nd$ "o2 & x _c be consid]$ evid5ce reg>d+ ei!r cross or crucifixion4 ,!re ?us be+ no oppos+ evid5ce ( any weight1 x is q cle> f ! fact t z late z ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/ we f9d a ,*ri/ian ,fa!r :o v5]at$ ! sign or figure ( ! cross d5\nc+ x z a symbol1 t no mat]ial repres5tations ( t sign or figure 7 recognis$ z ,*ri/ian till an ev5 lat] date4 ,& su* a conclusion is borne out by ! /rik+ fact t :5 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury made out a li/ ( ! symbols :i* ,*ri/ians 7 p]mitt$ to use1 he m5tion$ ! ,fi% & ! ,dove b said no?+ reg>d+ ! ,cross4#aa ,z to ! sign or figure ( ! cross ref]r$ to by ! ,fa!rs ( ! second & ?ird c5turies1 ev5 s high an au?ority z ! ,dean ( ,cant]bury admits1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 t x 0 n ma9ly z rem9d+ !m ( ! dea? ( ,jesus t ! ,*ri/ians ( ! second & ?ird c5turies v5]at$ x4 ,if1 !re=e1 n 9 ! ma91 &1 x w\ld foll[1 n orig9ally z a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t ( execution ^u :i* ,jesus di$1 :at m likely ?an t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians v5]at$ ! sign & figure ( ! cross z ! age-old & widely accept$ symbol ( ,life & ( ! ,sun-,god we "k x to h be58 ,anyway ,m9ucius ,felix may be said to /& alone 9 d5\nc+ ! symbol ( ! cross z non-,*ri/ian4 ,& z ev5 he expresses v5]ation = ! figure ( ! cross1 & mu/ h approv$ ( ! sign ( ! cross 9 ! initiatory rite ( baptism1 t d5unciation evid5tly appli$ only to mat]ial repres5tations ( ! cross4 ,moreov] ! d5unciation 9 "q 0 cle>ly due to ! fe> t su* objects might deg5]ate among/ ,*ri/ians1 z !y aft]w>ds did1 into little bett] ?an idols4 ,& if ! sign or figure ( ! cross did n ma9ly rem9d ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 x mu/ h ma9ly rem9d$ !m ( some?+ else4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,fa!rs4 ,! works :i* h come d[n to u f ! ,fa!rs :o liv$ be=e ! days ( ,con/ant9e make up ov] t5 ?\s& pages ( closely pr9t$ matt]2 & ! fir/ po9t :i* /rikes ^? :o exam9e t mass ( lit]ature ) a view to see+ :at ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ?\ght & wrote conc]n+ ! execution ( ,jesus & ! symbol ( ! cross1 is t ! execution ( ,jesus 0 h>dly s mu* z m5tion$ by !m1 & no su* ?+ z a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t ( execution once ref]r$ to4 ,ano!r fact wor?y ( special note is t1 :e!r ! ,fa!rs wrote 9 ,greek & us$ ! ^w /auros1 or wrote 9 ,lat9 & translat$ t ^w z crux1 !y (t5 seem to h _h 9 _! m9d's eye a tree2 a tree :i* moreov] 0 closely connect$ 9 mean+ ) ! =bidd5 tree ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 an allegorical figure ( und\bt$ly phallic signification :i* _h its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,tree ( ! ,hesp]ides1 f :i* ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules aft] kill+ ! ,s]p5t 0 fabl$ to h pick$ ! ,gold5 ,apples ( ,love1 "o ( :i* became ! symbol ( ,v5us1 ! ,goddess ( ,love4 ,nor 0 ?is ! only su* c\nt]p>t1 = almo/ e race seems 9 days ( old to h _h an allegorical ,tree ( ,k or ,life ^: fruit 0 ,love2 ! anci5ts p]ceiv+ t x 0 love :i* produc$ life1 & t b = ! sexual passion & its indulg5ce mank9d w\ld cease to be4 ,/>t+ ^u an exam9ation ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s 9 "q1 we read 9 ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus t :5 ! ,*ief ,prie/s int]view$ c]ta9 m5 :om ,jesus _h rais$ f ! dead1 ^? m5 made ^u _! faces ! sign ( ! /auros4#ab ,! sign ( ! cross is presumably meant2 & all t ne$ be said is t if ! m5 :om ,jesus rais$ f ! dead 7 acqua9t$ ) ! sign ( ! cross1 x w\ld appe> t x mu/ h be5 z a pre-,*ri/ian sign4 ,fur!r on 9 ! same ,gospel1 ,satan is repres5t$ z be+ told t ,all t ?\ ha/ ga9$ ?r\gh ! ,tree ( ,k1 all ha/ ?\ lo/ ?r\gh ! ,tree ( ! ,/auros4#ac ,else:]e we read t ,! ,k+ ( ,glory /ret*$ out 8 "r h&1 & took hold ( our =efa!r ,adam1 & rais$ him3 !n1 turn+ also to ! re/1 he said1 ',come ) me z _m z h di$ ?r\gh ! ,tree :i* he t\*$1 = behold ,i aga9 raise y all up ?r\gh ! ,tree ( ! ,/auros4'#ad ,"s see 9 ?is peculi> pron\ncem5t a ref]5ce to ! doctr9e ( re-inc>nation4 ,9 ! ,acts & ,m>tyrdom ( ! ,holy ,apo/le ,&rew we are told t ^? :o execut$ ,&rew lift$ him up on ! /auros1 b did n sev] 8 jo9ts1 hav+ receiv$ ?is ord] f ! pro-consul1 = he wi%$ him to be 9 di/ress :ile hang+1 & 9 ! nighttime z he 0 susp5d$ to be eat5 by dogs4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t ! /auros us$ 0 o!r ?an an ord9>y /auros4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas are v>i\s ref]5ces to ! /auros2 mix$ up ) v>i\s passages f ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 quot$--)\t any ju/ification--z ref]r+ to ! initiatory rite ( baptism2 a rite1 be x not$1 t 0 admitt$ly ( ,g5tile r ?an ,israeliti% orig91 & n unconnect$ ) ! ,sun-,god wor%ip ( ! ,p]sians & o!r ,ori5tals ( non-,hebrew race4 ,! ref]5ces 9 "q comm5ce ) ! enquiry1 ,let u fur!r ask :e!r ! ,"l took any c>e to =e%ad[ ! ,wat] & ! ,/auros8 ,aft]w>ds we h a quotation ( ,psalm i4 #c-f--:i* lik5s ! good man to a tree plant$ by ! side ( a riv] & yield+ 8 fruit 9 due season--& ! pron\ncem5t1 ,m>k h[ he has describ$ at once bo? ! ,wat] & ! ,/auros4 ,= ^! words imply1 ,bless$ are !y :o1 plac+ _! tru/ 9 ! ,/auros1 h gone d[n into ! ,wat]4 ,?is fur!r ref]5ce to ! non-,mosaic initiatory rite ( baptism is foll[$ by a quotation ( ,ezekiel xlvii4 #ab1 :i* speaks ( a riv] by ^: side gr[ trees ^? :o cat ! fruit ( :i* gr[ = ev]4 ,fur!r on is a decl>ation t :5 ,moses /ret*$ out 8 h&s 79 a direction n specifi$7 t victory might re/ ) ! =ces he comm&$1 he /ret*$ !m out 9 ! figure ( a /auros1 z a prophecy t ,jesus w\ld be ! au?or ( life4 ,a ref]5ce is !n made to ! ,braz5 ,s]p5t1 & to ! pole ^u :i* x 0 plac$2 & x is /at$ t ?is lifeless imitation ( a s]p5t 0 a type ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,ignatius to ! ,ephesians we read t ! /auros ( ! ,*ri/ is inde$ a /umbl+ block to ^? :o d n believe4 ,! evid5ce ( ,ir5aeus1 z t ( "o :o 0 ?r\gh 8 acqua9tance ) ! ag$ ,polyc>p almo/ 9 t\* z x 7 ) ! apo/les1 w on acc\nt ( 8 importance z a witness be specially dealt ) 9 ! next *apt]4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 argu+ t ! figure ( ! cross is impress$ ^u ! :ole ( nature1 asks m5 to ,consid] all ?+s 9 ! _w1 :e!r )\t ?is =m !y c\ld be adm9i/]$ or h any c]ta9ty4 ,= ! sea is n trav]s$ except t trophy :i* is call$ a sail abide safe 9 ! %ip2 & ! e>? is n pl\gh$ )\t x3 digg]s & me*anics d n _! "w except ) tools :i* h ?is %ape4 ,& ! human =m diff]s f t ( ! irrational animals 9 no?+ else ?an 9 its be+ erect & hav+ ! h&s ext5d$ & hav+ on ! face ext5d+ f ! =ehead :at is call$ ! nose1 ?r\gh :i* !re is respiration = ! liv+ creature2 & ?is %[s no o!r =m ?an t ( ! cross4 ,& s x 0 said by ! prophet ,! brea? be=e our face is ! ,"l ,*ri/4 ,& ! p[] ( ?is =m is %[n by y\r own symbols on :at are call$ /&>ds & trophies2 ) :i* all y\r processions are made1 us+ ^! z insignia ( y\r p[] & gov]nm5t4#ae ,else:]e ,ju/9 ,m>tyr decl>es t ! ,*ri/ ,0 symbolis$ bo? by ! ,tree ( ,life :i* 0 said to h be5 plant$ 9 ,p>adise1 & by ^? ev5ts :i* %\ld happ5 to all ! j4 ,moses 0 s5t ) a rod to effect ! r$emption ( ! p2 & ) ?is 9 8 h&s at ! head ( ! p he divid$ ! sea4 ,by ?is he saw ! wat] gu%+ out ( ! rock2 & :5 he ca/ a tree into ! wat]s ( ,m>ah1 :i* 7 bitt]1 he made !m sweet4 ,jacob by putt+ rods into ! wat] tr\ghs caus$ ! %eep ( 8 uncle to conceive 4 4 4 4 ,a>on's rod :i* blossom$ decl>$ him to be ! ,high ,prie/4 ,isaiah prophesi$ t a rod w\ld come =? f ! root ( ,jesse1 & ?is 0 ! ,*ri/4#af ,fur!r on 9 ! same "w1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 allud+ to ! /atem5t 9 ! ,israeliti% ,law ,curs$ is e "o t hange? on a tree1 /ates t ,x 0 n )\t design t ! prophet ,moses :5 ,hur & ,a>on upheld 8 h&s1 rema9$ 9 ?is =m until ev5+4 ,= inde$ ! ,"l rema9$ ^u ! tree almo/ until ev5+4#ag ,t]tullian writes conc]n+ ! ,*ri/ ,) ! la/ enemy ,dea? did he fight1 & ?r\gh ! trophy ( ! cross he triumph$#ah2 & else:]e tells u t ,curs$ is e "o :o hange? on a tree 0 a pr$iction ( 8 dea?4#ai ,!re is also 9 exi/5ce a long essay by ,t]tullian :i* />ts by discuss+ ! efficacy ( ! sign z an antidote4 ,! sign ( ! cross z trac$ ^u ! =ehead 9 ! non-,mosaic initiatory rite ( baptism seems to be :at is ref]r$ to2 & no repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution1 or cross-%ap$ symbol ( wood or any mat]ial1 is once m5tion$4#bj ,9 ano!r ( ,t]tullian's works we come across ! passage ,9 all ! actions ( daily life we trace ^u ! =ehead ! sign4#ba ,8 fam\s ref]5ce to ! ,sun-,god ,mi?ras reads z foll[s3-- ,! devil 9 ! my/ic rites ( 8 idols competes ev5 ) ! ess5tial portions ( ! sacram5ts ( ,god4 ,he1 l ,god1 baptizes "s1 t is1 8 own believ+ & fai?ful foll[]s1 & promises ! putt+ away ( s9s by baptism2 & if ,i rememb] rightly ,mi?ras !re signs 8 soldi]s ^u _! =eheads1 celebrates ! oblation ( bread1 introduces a repres5tation ( ! resurrection1 & places ! cr[n beyond ! sword4#bb ,else:]e ,t]tullian writes3-- ,if any ( y ?9k we r5d] sup]/iti\s adoration to ! cross1 9 t adoration he is %>] ) u 4 4 ,y wor%ip victories1 = 9 y\r trophies ! cross is ! he>t ( ! trophy4 ,! camp religion ( ! ,romans is all ?r\gh a wor%ip ( ! /&>ds 4 4 4 ,i praise y\r zeal3 y w\ld n wor%ip crosses unclo!d & unadorn$4#bc ,9 ano!r ( ,t]tullian's works we read3-- ,z = him :o affirms t we are ! prie/hood ( a cross1 we %all claim him z a co-religioni/ 4 4 4 ,e piece ( timb] :i* is fix$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 an erect position is "p ( a cross1 & inde$ ! great] "p ( its mass4 ,b an entire cross is attribut$ to u 4 4 4 4 ,! tru? h[ev] is t y\r religion is all cross 4 4 4 ,y are a%am$1 ,i suppose1 to wor%ip unadorn$ & simple crosses4#bd ,9 ! ,in/ructions ( ,commodianus we read ,! fir/ law 0 9 ! tree1 & s1 too1 0 ! second4#be ,cyprian cont5ds t ,by ! sign ( ! cross1 also1 ,amalek 0 conqu]$ by ,moses4#bf ,else:]e ,cyprian tells u t ,9 ?is sign ( ! cross is salvation = all p :o are m>k$ on _! =eheads2 quot+ z pro( ( ?is1 f ! ,apocalypse1 ,!y _h 8 "n & ! "n ( 8 ,fa!r writt5 on _! =eheads1 & ,bless$ are !y t d 8 comm&m5ts t !y may h p[] ov] ! ,tree ( ,life4#bg ,me?odius tells u t ,he ov]came1 z has be5 said1 ! p[]s t enslav$ u by ! figure ( ! cross2 & %ad[$ =? man1 :o _h be5 oppress$ by corruption z by a tyrant p[]1 to be free ) unfett]$ h&s4 ,= ! cross1 if y wi% to def9e x1 is ! confirmation ( victory4#bh ,pass+ on to ,orig51 we f9d 9 "o ( 8 works ! notewor?y passage3-- ,x is possible to avoid x if we d :at ! ,apo/le sai? ',mortify y\r memb]s :i* are ^u e>?1' & if we always c>ry ab\t 9 our bodies ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,= x is c]ta9 t :]e ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is c>ri$ ab\t1 s9 _c reign4 ,= ! p[] ( ! /auros ( ,*ri/ is s great t if x be set be=e a man's eyes & kept fai?fully 9 8 m9d s t he look ) /eadfa/ eyes ( ! m9d ^u t same dea? ( ,*ri/1 no concupisc5ce1 no s5suality1 no natural passion1 & no envi\s desire1 is able to ov]come him4#bi ,:e!r h[ev] ?is ref]5ce to ! /auros ( ,*ri/ is or is n a ref]5ce to ! figure ( ! cross1 is d\btful4 ,su* is ! evid5ce reg>d+ ! cross1 :e!r consid]$ z immat]ial sign or mat]ial symbol1 obta9able f ! writ+s ( ! ,*ri/ians :o liv$ betwe5 ! days ( ! ,apo/les & ^? ( ,con/ant9e2 o!r ( c\rse ?an ! ,octavius ( ,m9ucius ,felix1 :i* 0 dealt ) 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & ! writ+s ( ,ir5aeus1 :i* w be dealt ) 9 ! next4 ,among ! notewor?y features ( ! evid5ce 9 "q prom95tly /&s out ! smallness ( its volume4 ,?is is b a negative po9t1 h[ev]2 & :at %\ld be c>efully borne 9 m9d is t ! evid5ce z a :ole leads to ! conclusion t ! ,*ri/ians ( ! second & ?ird c5turies made use ( ! sign & v5]at$ ! figure ( ! cross )\t1 z ,dean ,f>r> admits1 x only or ev5 ma9ly1 rem9d+ !m ( ! dea? ( ,jesus2 & !re=e o!rwise ?an z a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t ( execution ^u :i* ,jesus di$4#cj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,curi\s ,,/atem5ts ,,( ,,ir5aeus4 ,! special importance ( ! evid5ce ( ,ir5aeus1 is due to ! fact t ( all ! ,fa!rs ^: undisput$ works h come d[n to u he is ! only "o :o c be consid]$ to h be5 any?+ l 9 t\* ) ! ,apo/les4 ,z an acqua9tance ( ! ag$ ,polyc>p1 :o is said to h be5 9 8 y\? a pupil ( ! ag$ ,evangeli/ & ,apo/le ,/4 ,john & to h met yet o!r ,apo/les1 ,ir5aeus _h opportunities = asc]ta9+ facts conc]n+ ! life & dea? ( ,jesus :i* ! o!r ,fa!rs ^u ^: works we rely did n possess4 ,:at1 !n1 does ?is important witness h to say1 :i* be>s ^u ! po9ts at issue8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 v little4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two passages 9 ! works ( ,ir5aeus :i* x w\ld n be "r to altoge!r ignore4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! passages ,ir5aeus m5tions t "s ,*ri/ians believ$ t ,simon ( ,cyr5e 0 execut$ in/ead ( ,jesus1 ow+ to ! p[] ( ,jesus to metamorphose himself & o!rs hav+ be5 ex]cis$ ) t object 9 view4#ca ,?is p[] is ref]r$ to m ?an once 9 our ,gospels1 = in/ance 9 ! acc\nt ( ! s-call$ ,transfiguration ^u ! ,m\nt2 ! ,greek ^w r5d]$ 9 our ,bibles z transfigur$ be+ ! ^w :i* 9 translations ( ! old] ,greek classics is r5d]$ metamorphos$4 ,ev5 if we pass by ?is belief ( c]ta9 ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians t ,jesus 0 nev] execut$1 a "q "h arises :i* %\ld at lea/ be /at$1 & t is ! "q h[1 if ,jesus 0 metamorphos$ ^u ! ,m\nt1 z ! ,gospels tell u1 he c be said to h di$ z a man at ,calv>y8 ,= if ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,transfiguration1 or at any o!r "t previ\s to ! sc5e at ,calv>y1 ,jesus 0 metamorphos$1 ! =m :i* 0 ! result ( ! process ( re-metamorphosis necess>y to make him recognisable aga9 _c be said to h be5 born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & c h be5 human only 9 appe>ance4 ,! o!r passage 9 ! writ+s ( ,ir5aeus :i* des]ves our notice1 is nei!r m nor less ?an an emphatic decl>ation1 by ,ir5aeus himself1 t ,jesus 0 n execut$ :5 a little ov] ?irty ye>s ( age1 b liv$ to be an old man4 ,expla9 x away h[ we w1 ! fact rema9s2 & x c]ta9ly ought n to be ignor$4 ,at fir/ sight ?is /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus w\ld decid$ly seem to support ! !ory advanc$ by "s1 t1 z ! ,roman ,procurator ,pontius ,pilate admitt$ly did n want to c>ry out ! extreme p5alty 9 ! case ( ,jesus1 ?\gh he reluctantly cons5t$ to d s 9 ord] to pacify ! ,jews & all[$ ,jesus to be fix$ to a /auros & susp5d$ 9 public view1 he took c>e to manage ?+s s t ,jesus %\ld only appe> to die4 ,! idea ( c\rse is t if ,pilate wi%$ to pres]ve ! life ( ,jesus he c\ld easily h _h him tak5 d[n :ile 9 a drugg$ condition1 h _h ! f>ce ( burial c>ri$ out at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t1 & !n h _h him resuscitat$ & remov$ to "s region :]e he c\ld dwell 9 safety4 ,:at ,ir5aeus says conc]n+ ,jesus is t ,he pass$ ?r\gh e age1 becom+ an infant = infants4 4 4 4 ,s likewise he 0 an old man = old m51 t he might be a p]fect ,ma/] = all1 n m]ely z reg>ds ! sett+ =? ( ! tru? b also z reg>ds age1 sanctify+ at ! same "t ! ag$ also & becom+ an example to !m likewise4 ,!n1 at la/1 he came on to dea? itself4 4 4 4 ,f ! =tie? & fiftie? ye> a man beg9s to decl9e t[>ds old age1 :i* our ,"l possess$ :ile he /ill fulfill$ ! (fice ( a ,tea*]2 ev5 z ! ,gospel & all ! eld]s te/ify1 ^? :o 7 conv]sant 9 ,asia ) ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l affirm+ t ,john convey$ to !m t in=mation4 ,& he rema9$ among !m up to ! times ( ,trajan4 ,"s ( !m moreov] saw n only ,john b ! o!r apo/les also1 & he>d ! v same acc\nt f !m1 & be> te/imony z to ! /atem5t4 ,:om1 !n1 %\ld we r believe8 ,:e!r su* m5 z ^!1 or ,ptolemaeus1 :o nev] saw ! apo/les & :o nev] ev5 9 8 dreams atta9$ to ! slighte/ trace ( an apo/le8#cb ,! read] mu/ decide = himself or h]self :e!r ,ir5aeus believ$ t ,jesus 0 nev] execut$2 or t he 0 execut$ b surviv$2 or t he 0 born :5 we suppose1 b execut$ ?irty ye>s or s lat] ?an we suppose2 or t1 ?\gh execut$ :5 we suppose1 he 0 !n an old man1 & 0 born1 n at ! comm5cem5t or middle or end ( ! ye> ,a4,c4 #a1 or ,b4,c4 #d1 or :5ev] ! or?odox date is1 b ?irty ye>s or m be=e :at we call our era began4 ,anyh[ he m5tions nei!r cross nor execution1 & "h seems to assume t ,jesus di$ a natural dea?4 ,& 9 any case ! fact rema9s t1 h[ev] mi/ak5 he may h be51 ,ir5aeus /at$ t ,jesus liv$ to be an old man2 & /at$ s emphatically4 ,ev5 grant+ t ,ir5aeus mu/ h be5 mi/ak51 8 evid5ce none ! less affects "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts debat$ 9 ?is "w4 ,= x is cle> t if ev5 he knew s little ab\t ! execution ( ,jesus1 ! details ( t execution _c h be5 p>ticul>ly well kn[n2 & ! affirmation t ! /auros to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ _h a transv]se b> atta*$ may h _h no f\ndation 9 fact1 & may h aris5 f a wi% to connect ,jesus ) t well-kn[n & widely-v5]at$ ,symbol ( ,life1 ! pre-,*ri/ian cross4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,?is ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,cross4 ,hav+ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s demon/rat$ t x is possible1 if n inde$ probable1 t ! in/rum5t ( execution to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ 0 o!rwise ?an cross-%ap$2 & hav+ also %[n t x 0 n ma9ly1 if inde$ ev5 p>tially1 t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians signifi$ t in/rum5t by ! sign ( ! cross2 x is n[ desirable t1 z a prelim9>y to an enquiry into ! circum/ances "u :i* ! cross became ! symbol ( ,*ri/ianity1 we %\ld enquire into ! orig9 ( ! pre-,*ri/ian cross4 ,t !re 0 a pre-,*ri/ian cross1 & t x 01 l ours1 a ,symbol ( ,life1 is g5]ally admitt$4 ,! au?orities ^u su* subjects1 h[ev]1 un=tunately diff] z to ! reason :y ! ,cross came to be select$ by ! anci5ts z ! ,symbol ( ,life4 ,& n "o ( _! sugge/ions seems to g to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,let u !re=e 9 ?\ght g back t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & conceive ! g5us ,homo z a race gradually awak5+ to reason b z yet unfett]$ by inh]it$ traditions & cre$s4 ,let u imag9e ,man ere he began to make gods 9 8 own image4 ,let u rememb] t :at w\ld /rike him z ! greate/ ( all m>vels w\ld ( necessity be ,life itself1 & t f> & away ! next greate/ m>vel mu/ h be5 ! glori\s ,sun2 ! obvi\s s\rce ( e>? life1 & ,"l ( ! ,ho/s ( ,heav54 ,let u be> 9 m9d1 too1 t ?\gh ! ,nature ,wor%ip ( our remote ance/ors _h o!r /rik+ features1 ! facts m5tion$ w\ld lead to ! pr$om9ance ( ! phallic idea1 & to its association ) ,sun-,god wor%ip4 ,& z ,life1 ! greate/ m>vel ( all1 mu/ h _h a symbol allott$ to x at a v e>ly date1 let u ask ourselves :at ! untutor$ m9d ( ,man w\ld be mo/ likely to select z its symbol4 ,to ?is "q !re is1 s f> z ! au?or c see1 b "o reasonable answ]3--! figure ( ! cross4 ,& ! au?or conceives ?is to be ! real solution ( ! difficulty = ?is reason3--because ! figure ( ! cross is ! simple/ possible repres5tation ( t union ( two bodies or two sexes or two p[]s or two pr9ciples1 :i* alone produces life4 ,= ! anci5ts _c fail to h p]ceiv$ t all life m imm$iately proce$s f ! union ( two pr9ciples2 & ! fir/1 readie/1 simple/1 & mo/ natural symbol ( ,life1 0 consequ5tly "o /raight l9e sup]impos$ ^u ano!r at su* an angle t bo? c\ld be se52 9 o!r words1 a cross ( "s description or o!r4 ,x is evid5tly probable t ?is 0 ! real reason :y ! figure ( ! cross orig9ally came to be adopt$ z ! ,symbol ( ,life4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 :atev] ! orig9al reason1 z "t roll$ on o!r reasons = ! v5]ation ( ! cross 7 po9t$ out2 no?+ be+ m natural ?an t primitive ,man %\ld1 or m c]ta9 ?an t he did1 f9d pleasure 9 connect+ ) o!r objects ( 8 reg>d ?an ,life itself1 t :i* z ! ,symbol ( ,life 0 pre-em95tly a symbol ( good om54 ,! mo/ notable in/ance ( ?is is ! way 9 :i*1 or r ! diff]5t ways 9 :i*1 ! figure ( ! cross 0 connect$ ) ! ,sun-,god4 ,a good example ( ! la/ nam$ fact1 is ! decl>ation ( ! philosoph]s ( anci5t ,greece t ! figure ( ! cross 0 ! figure ( ! ,second ,god or ,univ]sal ,s\l1 ! ,ratio z well z ! ,oratio ( ! ,all-,fa!r1 :i* !y call$ ! ,logos ( ,god2 a t]m badly translat$ 9 our v]sions ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john z ! ,^w ( ,god1 z if x signifi$ ! ,oratio only4 ,x 0 ?is ,logos or ,second ,god :om ,philo1 :o 0 born be=e ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 describ$ z ! ,intellectual ,sun1 & ev5 z ,god's ,fir/ ,begott5 & ,belov$ (fspr+1 & ! ,light ( ! ,_w2 t]ms aft]w>ds made use ( by ! writ]s ( our ,gospels 9 describ+ ! ,*ri/4 ,&1 z w be %[n 9 a *apt] ^u ! subject1 ! reason ! philosoph]s1 among :om 0 ,plato1 gave = decl>+ ! cross to be ! figure ( ! ,logos1 0 t ! ,sun creates ?is figure by cross+ ! ,equator4 ,an ev5 bett] illu/ration c be se5 9 ! fact t 9 days ( old almo/ e civilis$ race held fea/s at ! "t ( ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox1 9 hon\r ( ! ,passov] or ,cross-ov] ( ! ,sun4 ,! fact t ! anci5ts 7 ?us at special pa9s to connect ! symbol ( ,life ) ! ,sun-,god1 & also1 z we "k1 spoke ( him z ! ,giv] ( ,life & ! only ,savi\r1 0 d\btless due to _! p]ceiv+1 n only t life is ! result ( ! union ( ! two pr9ciples di/+ui%$ by ! titles male & female1 b also t ! salvation ( life is due to ! action ( ! sun 9 pres]v+ ! body f cold & 9 produc+ & rip5+ = its use ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,z ! ,giv] ( ,life1 ! ,sun-,god 0 ( c\rse consid]$ to be bi-sexual4 ,b :5 ! two great lights ( heav51 ! ,sun & ! ,moon1 7 associat$ ) ea* o!r1 z 0 (t5 & naturally ! ease1 ! ,sun 0 consid]$ to be m especially a p]sonification ( ! ,male ,pr9ciple1 & ! wax+ & wan+ moon1 z repres5t$ by ! ,cresc5t1 a p]sonification ( ! ,female ,pr9ciple4 ,h5ce ! wor%ip ( ! ,god associat$ ) ! radiate sun1 z ( t ( ! ,goddess associat$ ) ! cresc5t moon & call$ ! ,sun-,god's "m or bride1 0 phallic 9 "*2 & _! connection is repeat$ly symbolis$ ^u ! relics :i* h come d[n to u f antiquity by ! sign ( ! cresc5t conta9+ )9 its horns ei!r a disc or :at we %\ld consid] a />-l object1 :i* latt] 0 almo/ z fav\rite a mode ) ! anci5ts ( repres5t+ ! sun z x is ) u ( repres5t+ a /> or planet1 z w be %[n fur!r on4 ,return+1 h[ev]1 to ! symbol ( ! cross1 z ! fir/ & simple/ repres5tation ( t union ( ! ,male & ,female ,pr9ciples :i* alone produces :at we mortals call life1 x is extremely curi\s t ! selection ( ! figure ( ! cross 9 comp>atively mod]n times z ! simple/ & mo/ natural symbol bo? ( addition & ( multiplication1 %\ld h l$ no "o to p]ceive t1 be+ = ^! v reasons also ! simple/ & mo/ natural symbol ( ,life1 a probable solution ( ! my/]y surr\nd+ ! orig9 ( ! pre-,*ri/ian cross z a symbol ( ,life1 z x 7 />$ !m 9 ! face4 ,z to ! cont5tion ( n a few au?orities1 app>5tly f\nd$ ^u ! mi/ak5 assumption t ! ,sva/ika 0 ! e>lie/ =m ( cross to acquire importance z a symbol1 t ! pre-,*ri/ian cross 0 orig9ally a repres5tation ( ! :eel-l motion ( ! sun or a ref]5ce to ! :eel ( ! ,sun-,god's *>iot2 x ne$ only be rem>k$ t evid5ce exi/s to %[ t ! cross 0 a symbol ( ,life f a p]iod s e>ly1 t x is d\btful if ! ,sun-,god _h !n be5 lik5$ to a *>iote]1 & n c]ta9 t ei!r *>iots or :eels _h be5 inv5t$4 ,x is true t ! ,sol> ,:eel became a recogniz$ symbol ( ! ,sun-,god1 & t additional v5]ation 0 paid to x because ! figure ( ! symbol ( ,life 0 m or less discov]able 9 ! spokes allott$ to ! ,sol> ,:eel2 b x is putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse to suppose t ! cross became ! symbol ( ,life because its =m 0 s discov]able4 ,x only rema9s to be add$ t !re und\bt$ly 0 a connection1 h[ev] slight1 betwe5 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,cross z ! ,symbol ( ,life1 ! ,sol> ,:eel z a symbol ( ! ,sun-,god1 & ! ,cross z ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/4 ,& :atev] ! date at :i* ! cross 0 fir/ adopt$ z a ,*ri/ian symbol1 or :atev] ! reason = t adoption1 !re is no d\bt t1 z w be %[n fur!r on1 our religion 0 consid]ably influ5c$ by ! facts t ! ,gauli% soldi]s ^: victories enabl$ ,con/ant9e to become ,sole ,emp]or v5]at$ ! ,sol> ,:eel1 image sol>:eel#a4;gif or image sol>:eel#b4;gif1 & t _! lead]1 :o 0 anxi\s to obta9 ! support ( ! ,*ri/ians1 all[$ a loop to be add$ to ! top ( ! v]tical spoke s t ! ,*ri/ians might be able to int]pret ! victori\s symbol z image monogram#a4;gif or image monogram#b4;gif1 image monogram#c4;gif or image monogram#d4;gif2 i4e41 ,,xp or ,,xpi1 ! fir/ two or ?ree lett]s ( ! ,greek ^w ,,xpisigma,,tosigma1 ,*ri/os1 ,*ri/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,cross4 ,z has already be5 to "s ext5t po9t$ out1 x is evid5t t our belov$ ,*ri/5dom m or less owes its exi/5ce to ! fact t ,con/ant9e ! ,great :5 only rul] ( ,gaul1 himself a ,sun-,god wor%ipp] at ! head ( an army ( ,sun-,god wor%ipp]s1 see+ h[ greatly ! small b en?usia/ic bodies ( ,*ri/ians ev]y:]e to be met ) c\ld aid him 9 8 designs ^u ! atta9m5t ( supreme p[]1 bid = _! support4 ,= to ?is politic move1 its success1 & ,con/ant9e's p]ception t only a non-national religion ^: foll[]s s\ght to conv]t ! :ole _w & make _! fai? a ca?olic "o1 c\ld really weld toge!r diff]5t races ( m51 we owe ! fact t :5 he became ,sole ,emp]or he made ,*ri/ianity ! ,/ate ,religion ( ! _w-wide ,roman ,empire4 ,?is act & its f>-rea*+ effects1 are n all we owe to ,con/ant9e1 h[ev]4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ev5 our cre$ 0 to "s ext5t decid$ by him4 ,= x 0 ?is ,sun-,god wor%ipp]--:o1 ?\gh he advis$ o!rs to ent] :at he wi%$ %\ld become a ca?olic & all-embrac+ religion1 refus$ to d s himself till he 0 dy+--:o call$ toge!r our bi%ops1 &1 presid+ ov] !m 9 c\ncil at ,nicaea1 dem&$ t !y %\ld det]m9e ! controv]sy 9 ! ranks ( ! ,*ri/ians z to :e!r ! ,*ri/ 0 or 0 n ,god1 by subscrib+ to a decl>ation ( 8 ,deity4 ,x is ev5 record$ t he =c$ ! unwill+ ones to sign "u p5alty (f deprivation & bani%m5t4 ,f ^! & o!r incid5ts 9 8 c>e] x w\ld appe> t1 ei!r f policy or conviction1 ,con/ant9e act$ z if he ?\ght ! ,sun-,god & ! ,*ri/ 7 "o & ! same deity4 ,! probability ( ?is is m or less app>5t f :at we are told conc]n+ ! "p he play$ 9 connection ) :at1 ?anks1 z we are ab\t to see1 to him1 became our recognis$ symbol4 ,our k ( ! "p play$ by ,con/ant9e 9 connection ) ! symbol ( ! cross1 except s f> z we c ga!r x f a /udy ( anci5t co9s & o!r relics1 un=tunately comes to u solely ?r\gh ,*ri/ian s\rces4 ,& ! fir/ t fam\s bi%op & ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,eusebius ( ,caes>ea1 to :om we owe s l>ge a proportion ( our real or suppos$ k ( ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 tells u ab\t ,con/ant9e & ! cross1 is t 9 ! ye> ,a4,c4 #cab--;a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e 8 admission into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*--,con/ant9e & ! ,gauli% soldi]s he 0 lead+ saw at noon ov] ! ,sun a cross ( ,light 9 ! heav5s1 be>+ ^u x or hav+ atta*$ to x ! inscription ,,en ,,toytomega ,,nika1 ,by ?is conqu]4 ,! words ( ! ,bi%op1 :o is report+ :at he /ates ! ,emp]or 9 "q to h told him p]sonally1 are3-- ,he said t at mid-day :5 ! sun 0 beg9n+ to decl9e he saw ) 8 own eyes ! trophy ( a cross ( light 9 ! heav5s1 above ! ,sun1 be>+ ! inscription ,,en ,,toytomega ,,nika2 he himself1 & 8 :ole army also1 be+ /ruck ) amazem5t at ?is sight4#cc ,?\gh ?is m>vell\s cross1 decl>$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s ( t c5tury to h be5 ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ image monogram#a4;gif or image monogram#c4;gif or image monogram#b4;gif or image monogram#d4;gif1 appe>$ to an army ( ,sun-,god wor%ipp]s1 ,con/ant9e himself--z c be se5 f 8 co9s--rema9+ "o = _m ye>s aft]w>ds if n till 8 dea?1 x is put be=e u z a ,*ri/ian cross4 ,x is also notewor?y t no mat]ial repres5tation ( a cross ( any description 0 ev] held al(t by adh]5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 until aft] ,con/ant9e is said to h _h ?is m or less sol> cross s repres5t$ z ! /&>d ( 8 ,gauli% army4 ,m5tion %\ld !re=e be made ( ! fact t1 ^u ! co9s he /ruck1 ! symbol image monogram#a4;gif is p]haps ! "o :i* occurs ! mo/ frequ5tly ^u repres5tations ( ! fam\s ,lab>um or ,milit>y ,/&>d ( ,con/ant9e2 b t ! symbol image monogram#a4;gif1 ! image monogram#c4;gif & image monogram#d4;gif )\t ! circle1 & ! image sol>:eel#a4;gif & image a/]isk4gif1 are also to be se54 ,n[ ! ,gauls l$ by ,con/ant9e specially v5]at$ ! ,sol> ,:eel4 ,?is _h sometimes six & sometimes f\r spokes1 image sol>:eel#a4;gif or image sol>:eel#b4;gif1 & ! w>riors ( _! native l& _h long be5 9 ! habit ( we>+ a repres5tation ( ! same ^u _! helmets4 ,x is !re=e n improbable t ev5 be=e ! date ( ! alleg$ vision :5 m>*+ ^u ,rome1 "s su* symbol =m$ ! /&>d ( ,con/ant9e's army4 ,anyh[1 t ! wor?y ,bi%op ,eusebius 01 l o!r en?usia/s1 liable to be at times c>ri$ by 8 en?usiasm beyond ! limits ( v]acity1 or else 0 ! victim ( imp]ial m5dacity1 is evid5t4 ,= ,eusebius tells u 9 ! ,life ( ,con/ant9e he wrote aft] ! dea? ( 8 patron1 t ! night aft] ?is miracul\s cross & motto 7 se5 9 ! sky above ! ,sun1 ! ,*ri/ appe>$ to ,con/ant9e1 &1 %[+ ! ,gauli% g5]al ! same sign t _h be5 se5 9 ! sky1 direct$ him to h a simil> symbol made1 "u :i* 8 army--an army1 be x rememb]$1 ( ,sun-,god wor%ipp]s--%\ld m>* conqu]+ & to conqu]6#cd ,all t is really likely to h happ5$ is t ,con/ant9e1 wi%+ to enc\rage 8 troops1 bade !m rally r\nd a /&>d on :i* 0 repres5t$ ! sacr$ ,sol> ,:eel v5]at$ by ! ,gauls2 & t z ) ?is z a rally+ po9t ,con/ant9e & 8 ,gauls became ma/]s ( ,rome1 ! symbol we are discuss+ became a ,roman--& !re=e1 lat] on1 ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( our fai? z ! ,/ate ,religion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 also a ,*ri/ian--symbol4 ,& a loop seems to h be5 soon] or lat] add$ to ! top ( ! v]tical spoke ( ! ,gauli% symbol1 s t ,*ri/ians c\ld accept x z a ,monogram ( ,*ri/2 z has already be5 h9t$1 & z w be demon/rat$ fur!r on4 ,a notewor?y po9t is t we h two acc\nts ( ,con/ant9e's alleg$ vision ( ! ,*ri/1 & t !y d n q agree4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,caes>ea's acc\nt is1 t ! night aft] ! ,emp]or--!n only rul] ( ,gaul--& all 8 soldi]s saw ! cross & motto above ! m]idian sun1 ! ,*ri/ appe>$ to ,con/ant9e ,) ! same sign :i* he _h se5 9 ! heav5s1 & comm&$ him to make a lik5ess ( t sign :i* he _h se5 9 ! heav5s1 & to use x z a safegu>d 9 all engagem5ts ) 8 enemies4#ce ,b ! au?or ( ,de ,mortibus ,p]secutorem1 a "w said to h be5 writt5 dur+ ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 & attribut$ to ,lactantius1 ref]s to ! alleg$ vision z foll[s3-- ,con/ant9e 0 admoni%$ 9 8 sleep to m>k ! cele/ial sign ( ,god on ! %ields1 & ?us engage 9 battle4 ,he did z he 0 comm&$1 & m>k$ ! "n ( ! ,*ri/ on ! %ields by ! lett] ,x drawn across !m ) ! top circumflex$4 ,arm$ ) ?is sign 8 troops--#cf & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two acc\nts are great] ?an w\ld at fir/ sight appe>4 ,let u h[ev] return to ! /ory ( ! ,bi%op ( ,caes>ea1 :o tells u t ! morn+ aft] ! ,*ri/ appe>$ to ,con/ant9e1 ! ,emp]or told ?is second m>vel to 8 fri5ds1 &1 s5d+ = ! work]s 9 gold & preci\s /ones :o are assum$ to h accompani$ ! ,gauli% army1 direct$ !m to ov]lay ) gold a long spe> ,on ! top ( ! :ole ( :i* 0 fix$ a wrea? ( gold & preci\s /ones1 & )9 ?is ! symbol ( ! ,savi\r's "n1 two lett]s indicat+ ! "n ( ! ,*ri/ by means ( its initial *>act]s1 ! lett] ,p be+ int]sect$ ) ! lett] ,x 9 its c5tre4#cg ,sev]al que/ions naturally arise at ?is po9t ( our enquiry1 & x is n easy--nay1 x is impossible--= u ,*ri/ians to hone/ly dispose ( all ( !m & yet reta9 our *]i%$ op9ions ^u ?is matt]4 ,only "o su* "q ne$ be /at$1 & x is ?is3 ,is x likely t ! ,inf9ite ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 ei!r at mid-day or at mid-night1 w5t out ( 8 way to induce a ,sun-,god wor%ipp] :o w\ld n ent] ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* till a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat] & ere !n 0 to become a murd]] ( innoc5t p]sons l ! boy-,caes> ,lic9ius1 to adopt a symbol :i* he w>rant$ w\ld enable ,con/ant9e to lead on ! ,gauls to victory8 ,pursu+ ! n>rative ( ,eusebius we f9d t he1 allud+ to ! symbol :i* he describes z a monogram b calls a cross1 /ates t1 sett+ ?is victori\s trophy & salut>y symbol 9 front ( 8 soldi]s1 ,con/ant9e cont9u$ 8 m>* aga9/ ,max5tius2 &1 ) 8 =ces ?us div9ely aid$1 ov]?rew ! ,emp]or j outside ! ,imp]ial ,city1 ent]$ ,rome 9 triumph1 & ?ank$ ,god t ,he _h enabl$ him to defeat & slay its rul] & assume ! purple 9 t rul]'s /ead4#ch ,eusebius !n tells u t ,con/ant9e1 :o did n dispose ( all 8 rivals & become sole emp]or till "s twelve ye>s lat]1 z victor 9 ! fight ) ,max5tius & ma/] ( ,rome ?\gh n z yet ( ! :ole empire1 at once ,by l\d proclamation & monum5tal inscriptions made kn[n to all m5 ! salut>y symbol1 sett+ up ?is great trophy ( victory ov] 8 enemies1 & expressly caus+ x to be engrav5 9 indelible *>act]s t ! salut>y symbol 0 ! safegu>d ( ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t & entire p4 ,accord+ly he imm$iately ord]$ a l(ty spe> 9 ! figure ( a cross to be plac$ b5ea? ! h& ( a /atue repres5t+ himself 9 ! mo/ frequ5t$ "p ( ,rome1 & ! foll[+ inscription engrav5 on x 9 ! ,lat9 tongue3--',by virtue ( ?is salut>y sign :i* is ! true te/ ( val\r1 ,i h pres]v$ & lib]at$ y\r city f ! yoke ( tyranny1 & ,i h also set at lib]ty ! ,roman ,s5ate & ,p1 & h re/or$ to !m _! anci5t di/9ction & spl5d\r4'#ci ,n[1 z we h already se51 :at ,eusebius ref]r$ to z ! cross obs]v$ above ! mid-day sun 7& accompani$ by a miracul\s inscription 91 presumably1 to agree ) ! monogram1 ! ,greek language2 :i* 01 well1 ,greek to ! ,gauli% soldi]s7 0 ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ image monogram#a4;gif or image monogram#c4;gif or image monogram#b4;gif or image monogram#d4;gif4 ,t1 too1 0 :at ,eusebius tells u ! ,*ri/ aft]w>ds told ! ,gauli% lead] ,con/ant9e to model 8 milit>y /&>d aft]4 ,t1 !re=e1 0 ! salut>y symbol & trophy ( victory ref]r$ to 9 ! above passage f ! same au?ority4 ,x is !re=e cle> t ?is l(ty spe> 9 ! figure ( a cross :i* ,eusebius tells u 0 plac$ "u ! h& ( ! /atue ( ,con/ant9e 9 ! c5tral place ( hon\r 9 ,rome1 0 ref]r$ to by ,eusebius z a cross because x 0 %ap$ l or 9 "s way connect$ ) "s =m or o!r ( ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,& su* a conclusion is borne out by ! fact t spe>s ) cross-b>s _h be5 9 use among bo? ,gauls & ,romans = c5turies1 :]eas ?is "o is ref]r$ to z some?+ out ( ! common4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t x 0 z a victori\s milit>y /&>d1 & n z ei!r a monogram ( ! ,*ri/ or a repres5tation ( ! /auros ^u :i* ,jesus 0 execut$1 t ,con/ant9e caus$ ?is image sol>:eel#a4;gif or image a/]isk4gif1 or image monogram#a4;gif or image monogram#c4;gif1 or image monogram#b4;gif or image monogram#d4;gif 7all :i* v>iations occur ^u ! co9s ( ,con/ant9e & 8 successors71 to become a symbol ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,fur!r on 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,emp]or1 ,eusebius tells u t :5ev] ,con/ant9e saw 8 troops h>d press$1 he gave ord]s t ! salut>y trophy %\ld be mov$ 9 t direction1 & t victory always result$4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,caes>ea !n goes on to relate t ,con/ant9e select$ fifty m5 ( 8 bodygu>d1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ = piety1 val\r1 & /r5g?1 ^: sole duty x 0 to def5d ?is fam\s /&>d2 & t1 ( ! elect fifty1 ^? :o fl$ 7 always sla91 & ^? :o /ood _! gr\nd 7 always miracul\sly pres]v$4#dj ,"o w\ld imag9e f all ?is t !re 0 only "o lab>um4 ,_m diff]5t k9ds are1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ ^u ! co9s ( ,con/ant9e2 z also almo/ e v>iety ( ord9>y cross1 except1 p]haps1 su* z might conceivably h be5 a repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution1 l t :i* has s9ce come into vogue among u4 ,eusebius also tells u t ,con/ant9e caus$ to be erect$ 9 front ( 8 palace a l(ty tablet1 on :i* 0 pa9t$ a repres5tation ( himself ) ! salut>y sign ov] 8 head & a dragon or s]p5t "u 8 feet4#da ,he also in=ms u t inside ! palace & 9 ! pr9cipal ap>tm5t1 on a va/ tablet 9 ! ceil+1 ,con/ant9e caus$ ! symbol ( our ,savi\r's passion to be fix$1 compos$ ( a v>iety ( preci\s /ones inwr\ght ) gold4#db ,:i* ( all ! salut>y signs t appe> ^u ! co9s ( ,con/ant9e ^! p>ticul> crosses 71 we d n "k2 b x is1 at any rate1 obvi\sly unlikely t a wor%ipp] ( ,apollo :o refus$ to ent] ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* till he 0 dy+1 & on 8 co9s always attribut$ 8 victories to ! ,sun-,god1 elevat$ ei!r z a repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution4 ,z to ! alleg$ f9d+ at ,j]usalem1 by ,hel5a ! "m ( ,con/ant9e1 ( ?ree /akes ) transv]se b>s atta*$1 all ( :i* 7 anci5t in/rum5ts ( execution & "o ( :i* 0 %[n by ! occurr5ce ( a miracle to h be5 a cross to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ ?ree c5turies be=e1 x is cle> t ?is is a fairy tale4 ,! /ory _c be trac$ fur!r back ?an to ,/4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem ab\t ,a4,c4 #cej2 & ,eusebius1 :o gives an acc\nt ( ,hel5a's visit to ,j]usalem1 does n m5tion any su* occurr5ce z t 9 "q2 a sure sign t x 0 an inv5tion ( lat] date4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 9 a weak mom5t v\*$ = ! tru? ( ?is ridicul\s /ory2 & :ile :at 0 suff]$ to rema9 9 ,j]usalem ( ! true cross became ! treasure ( t city & a trophy captur$ by its foes b aft]w>ds secur$ f !m & once m plac$ 9 its holie/ %r9e1 :at 0 brok5 up into relics = ! fai?ful ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom multipli$ into a ?\s& fragm5ts2 "o ( :i* =ms ! c5tre ( ! ,vatican ,cross1 & su* few o!rs ( :i* z survive w\ld n if exam9$1 'tis said1 ev5 prove to be all ( ! same k9d ( wood1 or ev5 limit$ to ! two k9ds = ! pres5ce ( :i* a suppos$ cross-b> ( ano!r k9d ( timb] might be held acc\ntable4 ,! same ,*ri/ian ,bi%op to :om ?is fairy tale c be trac$1 9 a lett] to "o ( ! ,emp]ors t succe$$ ,con/ant9e decl>$ t on ! sev5? ( ,may ,a4,c4 #cea he & all ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem saw a brilliant cross 9 ! heav5s1 /ret*+ f ,m\nt ,golgo?a to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 & %9+ l ! ,sun = sev]al h\rs4#dc ,& ?is m>vell\s vision is v\*$ = by ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,socrates1 ,mat9s1 & ! ,alex&r9e ,*ronicle1 z well z by ,/4 ,cyril2 & is /ill kept 9 memory by ! ,greek ,*ur*1 a solemn fe/ival be+ held ^u anniv]s>ies ( ! day 9 "q4 ,b :i* p>ticul> salut>y sign ?us %one 9 ! sky l ! ,sun = h\rs1 is unc]ta94 ,^! pa9fully obvi\s inv5tions _c b incl9e broad-m9d$ ,*ri/ians to ! belief t our ,*ur* w5t to great l5g?s 9 ord] to induce p to believe t ! cross 0 ess5tially a ,*ri/ian symbol2 :i* t5ds to %[ t !re 0 a dang] ( _! ?9k+ o!rwise4 ,x is also cle> f ! evid5ce already quot$ conc]n+ ! adoption by ,*ri/ians 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( a symbol !y d5\nc$ 9 ! ?ird1 t :e!r ,jesus 0 execut$ ^u a cross-%ap$ in/rum5t or n1 t 0 n ! *ief reason :y ! phallic symbol ( ,life became recognis$ z ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/4 ,! /rik+ fact t ?\gh1 z w be %[n1 ! cross ( f\r equal arms 7a cross :i*1 z we h se51 prec$$ ! ,lat9 cross z a ,*ri/ian symbol1 & "o =m ( :i* is /ill ! fav\rite symbol ( ! ,greek ,*ur*2 :ile ev5 9 ! o!r two great divisions ( ,*ri/5dom its num]\s v>iations1 :eel-l & o!rwise1 z a :ole dispute ! supremacy ) ! ,lat9 cross7 occurs _m times ^u ! co9s ( ,con/ant9e1 yet x 0 ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ or adapt$ sol> :eel ( ! ,gauls :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( ! f\r? c5tury 7 mo/ c>eful to claim z a ,*ri/ian symbol1 %\ld also be not$4 ,= ?\gh ! cross ( f\r equal arms 0 also put by ,con/ant9e ^u 8 co9s z a sol> symbol1 yet t1 be+ !n1 z = ages previ\sly1 a symbol ( ! ,sun-,god ( _w-wide acceptation1 & "o :i* z we %all see _h already appe>$ z su* ^u ,roman co9s1 x 0 n s mu* a ,gauli% symbol z ! o!r2 & x 0 evid5tly because t o!r 0 ! symbol foll[$ by ! triumphant lead] ( ! ,gauls & 8 victori\s army1 t ! ,*ri/ians wi%$ to specially id5tify x ) ! ,*ri/4 ,9 any case1 :e!r ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ 0 m or less =c$ ^u ,*ri/ianity :5 ,con/ant9e made our fai? ! ,/ate ,religion ( 8 empire1 or :e!r x 0 adopt$ by ,*ri/ians ( _! own volition1 x 0 a politic move 7?an :i* few possible moves c\ld h done m to secure ! triumph ( our fai?7 to accept z ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :at 0 at "o & ! same "t ! symbol ( ,con/ant9e1 ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 & ( ! univ]sally ador$ ,sun-,god4 ,t ! m g5]ally accept$ symbol ( ! ,sun-,god1 ! cross ( f\r equal arms1 %\ld 9 "t supplant ! m local "o1 0 ( c\rse only to be expect$2 z 0 ! adoption ( a cross ) "o arm long] ?an ! o!rs1 z be+ ! only k9d :i* c\ld possibly be connect$ ) ! /ory ( ,jesus z ! ,*ri/ inc>nate4 ,z to ! possible objection t :at has be5 dealt ) 9 ?is *apt] has be5 r ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian cu/om ( manufactur+ & v5]at+ mat]ial repres5tations ( ! sign or figure ( ! cross ?an ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian cross itself1 ! answ] is obvi\s4 ,& ! answ] is t ! fir/ cross :i* c ju/ly be call$ ,*ri/ian1 0 ! "o :i* 0 ! fir/ to be consid]$1 to use ,dean ,f>r>'s expressions1 ma9ly1 if n only1 a repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution2 :i* cross 0 und\bt$ly n a transi5t sign or ge/ure b a mat]ial repres5tation ( ! cross ) "o arm long] ?an ! o!rs & 0 introduc$ aft] su* repres5tations ( ! cross ( f\r equal arms & ( ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ _h come into vogue among ,*ri/ians z a consequ5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ,con/ant9e4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,e/abli%] ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,hav+ already %[n n a little cause = believ+ t ! adoption ( ! cross z our symbol is due to ! fact t we ,*ri/ians help$ to secure ! triumph ( ! ambiti\s rul] ( ! ,gauls1 & aft] receiv+ numb]less small] fav\rs f ,con/ant9e dur+ ! ye>s he 0 rul] ( ,rome b n z yet sole emp]or ev5tually obta9$ f him ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity z ! ,/ate ,religion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 adapt+ ! victori\s trophy ( ! ,gauls & ! v>i\s crosses v5]at$ by !m & o!r ,sun-,god wor%ipp]s to our fai? z be/ we c\ld1 x is desirable t we %\ld pause to trace ! c>e] ( ! man we hail z ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,emp]or4 ,to d ?is prop]ly we mu/ comm5ce by ref]r+ to ,con/ant9e's fa!r1 ,con/antius ,*lorus2 & to ! fav\r %[n to ,con/antius ,*lorus by 8 patron ! ,emp]or ,diocletian4 ,f9d+ ! supreme rule ( ! almo/ worldwide ,roman ,empire too mu* = "o man 9 ill-heal? to und]take successfully1 ,diocletian 9 ! ye> ,a4,c4 #bhf made ,maximian co-emp]or4 ,& 9 ,a4,c4 #bib ,diocletian foll[$ ?is up by conf]r+ ! inf]ior position & title ( ,caes> ^u ,gal]ius & ,con/antius ,*lorus4 ,9 ,a4,c4 #cje ,diocletian rel9qui%$ p[] altoge!r1 =c+ ,maximian to abdicate ) him2 ,gal]ius & ,con/antius ,*lorus ?us obta9+ ! covet$ title ( ,augu/us1 & %>+ ! supreme p[]4 ,gal]ius n[ rank$ fir/1 h[ev]2 = x 0 to ! rul] ( ,illyricum & n to t ( ,gaul t ,diocletian gave ! p[] ( appo9t+ ,caes>s to gov]n ,italy & ! ,ea/4 ,con/antius ,*lorus di$ 9 ,brita9 ,a4,c4 #cjf1 ! ye> aft] ,diocletian abdicat$2 & ,gal]ius1 :o _h m>ri$ a daught] ( ,diocletian1 naturally ?\ght t "u ! circum/ances he ought to become sole emp]or4 ,! legions ( ,gaul1 h[ev]1 proclaim$ ! son ( ,con/antius ,*lorus z ,augu/us 9 8 /ead2 & z ,con/ant9e ?us became rul] ( ,gaul & a p[] to be reckon$ )1 ,gal]ius ?\ght x be/ to give way s f> z to grant ,con/ant9e ! inf]ior title ( ,caes>4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,gal]ius conf]r$ ! title ( ,augu/us ^u ,sev]us2 & a little :ile aft] t ! ,et]nal ,city 0 lo/ to ,gal]ius ?r\gh ! revolt ( 8 son-9-law ,max5tius1 ! son ( ,maximian4 ,! ,s5ate ( ,rome !n ask$ ,maximian to re-assume ! purple1 & he & ,max5tius %>$ ! p[] betwe5 !m1 bo? tak+ ! title ( ,augu/us4 ,^u ?is ,sev]us at ! reque/ ( ,gal]ius m>*$ ^u ,rome4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 defeat$ & sla94 ,aft] be+ m or less expell$ by 8 son ,max5tius1 ,maximian 9 ! ye> ,a4,c4 #cjh m>*$ to ,gaul & m>ri$ 8 daught] ,fau/a to ,con/ant9e2 at ! same "t conf]r+ ^u him ! title ( ,augu/us4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,gal]ius made 8 fri5d ,lic9ius an ,augu/us 9 ! place ( ,sev]us2 :]eupon ,maxim91 ! ,gov]nor ( ,syria & ,egypt1 dem&$ & 0 grant$ t title also4 ,!re 7 ?us 9 ! ye> ,a4,c4 #cjh "s half-a-doz5 ,roman ,emp]ors in/ead ( "o2 !re be+ ,con/ant9e & ,maximian 9 ! we/1 ,max5tius at ,rome1 & ,gal]ius1 ,lic9ius1 & ,maxim9 else:]e2 n to m5tion ,diocletian1 :o 0 cont5t to rema9 9 retirem5t4 ,?is decid$ break-up ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 ,con/ant9e's opportunity2 & he 0 fav\rably plac$1 = he _h a w>like & fai?ful p "u him4 ,moreov] by rev]s+ s f> z lay 9 8 p[] z rul] ( ,gaul ! traditional policy ( ,rome t[>ds ,*ri/ianity1 & sett+ himself =w>d z a *ampion ( a non-national religion :i* _h be5 p]secut$ because x 0 non-national1 ,con/ant9e 0 secure ( ! en?usia/ic back+ ( all ! ,*ri/ians to be f\nd 9 ! dom9ions ( 8 v>i\s rivals4 ,9 ,a4,c4 #caj ,con/ant9e ei!r execut$ 8 fa!r-9-law ! ,emp]or ,maximian1 or caus$ him to commit suicide2 & ! fir/ ( 8 five rivals 0 dispos$ (4 ,9 ,a4,c4 #caa ! ,emp]or ,gal]ius di$ f disease1 & ,con/ant9e's mo/ =midable competitor1 & "o :o und\bt$ly _h a bett] claim ?an himself to ! position ( sole emp]or1 ?us opportunely made way = ! rul] ( ,gaul4 ,9 ,a4,c4 #cab ,con/ant9e m>*$ at ! head ( ! ,gauls aga9/ ! ,emp]or ,max5tius1 defeat$ him ne> ! ,milvian ,bridge outside ,rome1 & ent]$ ! ,et]nal ,city 9 triumph4 ,max5tius is said to h be5 dr[n$ 9 ! ,tib]2 & ! ,s5ate decre$ t ,con/ant9e %\ld rank z ! fir/ ( ! ?ree rema9+ ,augu/i4 ,9 ,a4,c4 #cac ! ,emp]or ,maxim9 f\ght ! ,emp]or ,lic9ius2 b 8 =ces 7 defeat$1 & he soon aft]w>ds di$4 ,"s t5 ye>s or s lat] ,con/ant9e w5t to w> ) 8 only rema9+ rival1 ,lic9ius1 defeat$ him1 & became sole emp]or1 ,a4,c4 #cbd4 ,t despite 8 great qualities z a rul] ! "* ( ,con/ant9e 0 n p]fect1 c be easily se5 f ! fact t1 n cont5t ) execut+ ! ,emp]or ,lic9ius aft] accept+ 8 submission1 he murd]$ ! "y ,lic9ius2 a boy c]ta9ly n ov] twelve ye>s ( age1 & accord+ to "s au?orities two or ?ree ye>s y\ng] ?an t4 ,he also put 8 own son ,crispus to dea?1 & o!r relations z well4 ,we are told t ,con/ant9e 0 s tortur$ by ! memory ( ^! & o!r crimes t he appli$ to ! prie/s ( ! ,gods ( ,rome = absolution1 b t !y bravely said t !re 0 no absolution = su* s9s1 :]eupon ?is wor%ipp] ( ! ,sun-,god turn$ to 8 fri5ds ! ,*ri/ians & !y gave him :at he desir$4#dd ,?is /atem5t seems some:at improbable1 h[ev]1 z "o w\ld imag9e t ! ,pagan prie/s1 :5 call$ ^u by "o :o 0 ,pontifex ,maximus & !re=e _! spiritual sup]ior z well z ! supreme emp]or1 w\ld n h scrupl$ to inv5t "s purify+ rite--if !y _h none su*--w>rant$ to blot out ! /a9 ( e crime & ?or\ghly appease (f5d$ heav54 ,h[ev] ?is may h be51 ^! t]rible crimes ( ,con/ant9e1 all committ$ _m ye>s aft] 8 alleg$ conv]sion to our fai?1 %[ h[ badly advis$ we are to s ne$lessly g out ( our way to claim z a ,*ri/ian "o :o refus$ to ent] ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* till he 0 dy+ & possibly no long] ma/] ( himself4 ,x is said t ?is refusal ( 8 to be baptis$ till he 0 weak & dy+ & surr\nd$ by ,*ur* (ficials :o w\ld p]haps h spread ! report t he _h be5 baptis$ ev5 if !y _h n !n at la/ be5 able to induce him to take ! decisive /ep1 0 due1 n to want ( belief1 b to excess ( belief2 ,con/ant9e's idea be+ t ! long] he put (f ! rite 9 "q1 ! m crimes w\ld x wa% out4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 t delay w\ld enable him to s9 ) impunity a little long]4 ,?is may possibly h be5 ! case1 b x %\ld at ! same "t be borne 9 m9d t :e!r ,con/ant9e call$ him ,apollo or ,*ri/1 x seems probable t x 0 ! ,sun-,god to :om he ref]r$4 ,= ev]y?+ t5ds to %[ t ?is a/ute emp]or1 :o s naturally wi%$ to e/abli% & m\ld a religion :i* all 8 subjects ( :atev] race or nationality might be reasonably expect$ to become 9 "t will+ to accept1 act$ dur+ 8 reign z supreme rul] ( ! ,roman ,_w1 if n f fir/ to la/1 z if ! ,*ri/ 7 b ano!r conception ( ! ,sun-,god he 0 br\ght up to wor%ip z ,apollo & all c\ntries v5]at$ "u "s "n or o!r4 ,?is po9t is n only demon/rat$ by ! fact t ^u 8 co9s ,con/ant9e repeat$ly decl>$ t ! ,sun-,god 0 8 inv9cible guide & protector & ! giv] ev5 ( ! victory =e%ad[$ by ! alleg$ vision ( ! cross or ,monogram ( ,*ri/ above ! m]idian sun1 b is also cle>ly %[n by c]ta9 incid5ts connect$ ) ! f\nd+ t[>ds ! end ( 8 life ( ! new metropolis :i* 9 less ?an a c5tury equall$ ,rome 9 all save antiquity4 ,new ,rome1 or1 z we n[ call x1 ,con/ant9ople1 ! city ( ,con/ant9e1 0 built on ! site (1 & (t5 call$ by ! "n (1 ,byzantium4 ,x 0 n design$ till ,a4,c4 #cbd1 & 0 n d$icat$ till ,a4,c4 #ccj1 or1 z "s ?9k1 an ev5 lat] date3 ,con/ant9e dy+ 9 ! ye> ,a4,c4 #ccg4 ,we are told t ,con/ant9ople 0 d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,"m ( ,god4#de ,?is %\ld rem9d u ( ! fact t long be=e our era1 & "r d[n to ! "t :5 ,con/ant9e select$ ,byzantium z ! site ( a new capital1 t place 0 consid]$ d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,n[ 9 ! c5tral place ( hon\r 9 8 new metropolis1 "o w\ld naturally expect ,con/ant9e to erect some?+ or o!r to ! hon\r ( ! ,god to :om he attribut$ 8 victories4 ,^:1 !n1 0 ! /atue ,con/ant9e t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 & ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 alleg$ conv]sion to our fai?1 erect$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,=um ( ,new ,rome8 ,x 0 a /atue ( ! ,sun-,god ,apollo2 or1 z "s expla9 x1 a /atue ( himself adorn$ ) ! attributes ( ! ,sun-,god4 ,9 fact1 tak+ ! c>e] ( ,con/ant9e z a :ole1 !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! supposition t he 0 a ,*ri/ian only 9 s f> z1 out ( policy or conviction1 he act$ z if he consid]$ ! ,*ri/ to be "o ( _m conceptions ( ! ,sun-,god4 ,= al?\gh1 z has be5 m5tion$ & w be %[n 9 a lat] *apt]1 ,con/ant9e1 ^u ! _m v>ieties ( co9s he issu$1 repeat$ly acclaim$ ! ,sun-,god z 8 companion & ! au?or ( 8 triumphs1 he nev] once1 except 9 s f> z he may h consid]$ ! ,god we ,*ri/ians wor%ip to be ! ,sun-,god1 s attribut$ 8 victories to ! ,*ri/4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,cross ,,& ,,cresc5t4 ,be=e pass+ 9 review ! evid5ce reg>d+ ! symbol ( ! cross d]ivable f ,roman co9s & o!r relics ( antiquity1 a few introductory rem>ks are necess>y reg>d+ ! too (t5 =gott5 fact t ! anci5ts naturally look$ ^u ! ,giv] ( ,life z bi-sexual2 no life be+ kn[n to !m :i* 0 n a result ( ! conjunction ( ! ,male & ,female ,pr9ciples4 ,! necess>ily bi-sexual "* ( ! creator ( bo? ! ,male & ,female ,pr9ciples1 01 x %\ld be rememb]$1 borne 9 m9d by ! ?9k]s ( old all ! :ile !y accommodat+ly spoke ( ! ,sun-,god or ,giv] ( ,life z be+ a p]sonification ( ! ,male ,pr9ciple & gave him a ,bride or ,virg9 ,"m to repres5t ! ,female ,pr9ciple4 ,moreov]1 j z ! disc ( ! ,sun1 or ! />-l =m :i* ! anci5ts (t5 us$ to signify ! radiate or impregnat+ ,sun1 naturally came to be recognis$ z ! symbol ( ! ,male ,pr9ciple1 s ! ,cresc5t1 z signify+ ! increas+ ,moon & ! less] ( ! two great lights ( heav51 9 l mann] came to be adopt$ z ! natural symbol ( ! ,female ,pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is connection x w n be amiss to draw att5tion to ! symbol ( ! conqu]ors ( ! city f\nd$ by ,con/ant9e4 ,= ?\gh mislead+ly call$ ! ,cresc5t1 t symbol is1 z ! read] _c v well fail to be aw>e1 n a m]e cresc5t2 b "o :i* has )9 its horns :at we consid] to be a />-l =m & !re=e call a />4 ,& ?\gh x is possible t x 0 n kn[+ly adopt$ z su* by ! ,moslems1 ?is dual symbol 0 a comb9ation ( ! anci5t symbols ( ! ,male & ,female ,pr9ciples4 ,an errone\s acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?is symbol z a ,moslem symbol is giv5 9 all our works ( ref]5ce :i* deal ) ! matt]1 z if _! compil]s copi$ "o f ano!r )\t tr\bl+ to consid] ! evid5ce = !mselves4 ,! incorrect b widely accept$ explanation 9 "q1 is to ! effect t ! s-call$ /> & cresc5t _h its orig9 z a ,moslem symbol 9 ! capture ( ,byzantium or ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks 9 ,a4,c4 #adec2 our works ( ref]5ce /at+ t x 0 !n adopt$ by ,mahomet ,,ii41 z ! symbol ( ! fam\s city he _h tak5 f ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b 0 ! /> & cresc5t ! symbol ( ! ,city ( ,con/ant9e8 ,x w\ld appe> n4 ,anci5t ,byzantium 01 z /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 consid]$1 long be=e our era & "r up to ! days ( ,con/ant9e1 z d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,que5 ( ,heav52 ^: symbol 0 a cresc5t4 ,& :5 ,con/ant9e rebuilt & r5am$ ,byzantium1 he d$icat$ ,new ,rome--or1 z we n[ call x1 ,con/ant9ople--to ! ,virg9 ,"m ( ,god & ,que5 ( ,heav52 ^: symbol1 z c be se5 ^u ref]5ce to bo? anci5t & mod]n repres5tations ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 is also a cresc5t4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t ! symbol ( ! city is m likely to h be5 a simple cresc5t ?an ! s-call$ /> & cresc5t4 ,su* a conclusion is entirely borne out by ! evid5ce4 ,= ?\gh ! s-call$ /> & cresc5t c be se5 ^u ?ree or f\r co9s /ruck at ,byzantium be=e su* a place z ,new ,rome 0 ?\ght (1 ?is proves little if any?+2 inasmu* z ! symbol 9 "q 0 a v common "o 9 days ( old1 & occurs frequ5tly ^u co9s /ruck else:]e4 ,moreov] ! "q is :at ! symbol ( ,con/ant9ople 0 at ! "t x 0 captur$ by ! ,turks4 ,& an inspection ( ! co9s issu$ by ! ,*ri/ian rul]s ( t city dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s & m x 0 9 _! h&s1 w reveal to ! enquir] t ?\gh ! cresc5t ) a cross )9 its horns appe>s occasionally ^u ! co9s ( ! ,emp]ors ( ! ,ea/1 & 9 "o or two in/ances we see a cross ( f\r equal arms ) ea* extremity pi]c+ a cresc5t1 x is d\btful if a s+le example ( ! s-call$ /> & cresc5t symbol c be f\nd ^u !m4 ,we le>n f o!r s\rces also t ! symbol ( ! imp]ial ,*ri/ian ,metropolis captur$ by ! ,turks ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s ago & ev] s9ce reta9$ by !m1 0 a simple cresc5t4 ,& !re is no d\bt :atev] t ! dual symbol ( ! ,moslems 0 adopt$ by !m1 n :5 !y br\ght ab\t ! d[nfall ( ,con/ant9ople z a ,*ri/ian city1 b c5turies be=e1 z a result ( ! conque/ ( ,p]sia4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> ,a4,c4 #fda t ! battle ( ,nehav5d1 ev] aft] call$ by ! ,moslems ! ,victory ( ,victories1 laid at ! feet ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet ! k+dom ( ,iran or ,p]sia1 & br\ght to an end ! ,sassanian ,mon>*y4 ,n[ ! co9s ( ! ,sassanian k+s !n & = ! previ\s two c5turies bore ^u !m1 ) sc>cely an exception1 ! s-call$ /> & cresc5t2 & x 0 z ! symbol ( ?is ,zoroa/rian dyna/y & ( ! fair l& ( ,iran1 t ! ,moslems adopt$ x z _! own4 ,:at ! />-l object 7/>-l1 t is1 9 our op9ion7 repres5t$ ^u ! co9s ( ,iran or ,p]sia :5 plac$ )9 ! horns ( a cresc5t1 01 ( c\rse1 ! ,sun4 ,! supposition ( c]ta9 writ]s t ! dual symbol repres5t$ ! two cresc5t-pres5t+ orbs1 ,v5us & ! ,moon1 is entirely mi/ak54 ,= ?\gh ! conjunction ( ! two cresc5t-%ap$ & fem99e lights ( heav51 0 ( old1 l ! comb9ation ( ! symbol ( ! ,sun--z repres5t+ ! ,male ,pr9ciple--) t ev] fem99e symbol ! ,cresc5t1 held to signify ,increase & ,life1 we are deal+ ) :at 0 admitt$ly a ,mi?raic symbol4 ,& n only 0 ! />-l object 9 "q ! symbol ( ! ,sun-,god ,mi?ras1 b x 01 z any /ud5t ( ! co9s ( ! ,sassanian dyna/y c see1 sub/itut$ = ! disc4 ,^u ! ,sassanian co9s ! s-call$ />1 9 reality a repres5tation nei!r ( a /> nor ( a planet b ( ! radiate ,sun1 seems to h be5 fir/ sub/itut$ = ! r\nd disc z a repres5tation ( ! ,sun1 by ,p]ozes1 ab\t ,a4,c4 #deg2 ! disc 9 ! horns ( a cresc5t be+ ! symbol on ! co9s ( 8 fa!r ,isdig]d ,,ii4 & o!r pr$ecessors4 ,b ! dual symbol miscall$ ! /> & cresc5t 0 "o ev5 !n ( great antiquity1 z w be %[n 9 a lat] *apt] deal+ ) ,pho5ician relics discov]$ 9 ,cyprus & else:]e4 ,! prim>y signification ( ! dual symbol 9 "q1 (t5 accompani$ on ! ,sassanian co9s by a pray] t ! mon>* might increase1 or fl\ri% g5]ally1 0 und\bt$ly ,life4 ,& x is cle> t ! conjunction ( ! ,cresc5t z ! symbol ( ! ,female ,pr9ciple ( ,life ) ! />-l figure :i* repres5t$ ! radiate1 life-giv+1 or impregnat+ ,sun1 mu/ h n only signifi$ ,life1 b also ! necess>ily bi-sexual ,giv] ( ,life4 ,we are ?us br\ght to ! conclusion t ! ,cross & ! s-call$ ,cresc5t are m or less alli$ 9 signification4 ,nor is ?is notewor?y fact to be wond]$ at4 ,= only words & =ms divide ! fai?s ( ,mank9d1 & at he>t ! "o object ( our desires is ,life4 ,ev5 ^? :o pi\sly lay d[n _! lives = o!rs "h1 d s 9 ! hope ( be+ rew>d$ ) long] life & m blissful life h]eaft]4 ,ano!r po9t :i* is too (t5 ov]look$1 is t if ! foll[]s ( ! s-call$ ,cresc5t h1 z w\ld appe> to be ! case1 =gott5 ! mean+ ( _! symbol & ! fact t x alludes to ! bi-sexual nature ( ! ,creator1 we foll[]s ( ! ,cross may all unconsci\sly be 9 a v simil> position reg>d+ our symbol4 ,& z ! ,cross z ! recognis$ symbol ( ! ,*ri/ is n ( old] date ?an ! conque/ ( ,rome by ! ,gauls1 & m or less result$ !refrom1 x is cle> t ! same rem>k applies if we consid] ! ,moslems to h adopt$ _! symbol z t ( ! l& !y conqu]$ f ! ,sassanian k+s1 r ?an z "o ) ! primal & natural int]pretation ( :i* !y 7 cont5t4 ,anyway ! cross z well z ! /> & cresc5t is m or less a bi-sexual symbol1 z w be cle> to ^? :o und]/& h[ ! cross came to be recognis$ ages be=e our era z ! natural symbol ( ,life4 ,& a good illu/ration ( ! fact 9 "q /ill exi/s 9 ! ,c>occio crucifix ( ,milan2 9 :i* relic we see1 "u ! usual inscription1 an &rogyn\s ,*ri/ ^u a cross1 ) a man's head b half ! body ( female =m1 & )1 in/ead ( a clo? or fig-leaf1 ! phallic crux ansata1 or ,egyptian cross or symbol ( ,life1 plac$ sideways1 & z if ! oval repres5t$ ! female organ ( reproduction1 & ! tau or incomplete cross t ( ! o!r sex4 ,l ! ,r$ ,cross ( to-day1 ! ,c>occo bi-sexual crucifix1 once s common 9 ,italy1 0 a symbol ( ,life & ,salvation 9 two s5ses2 x n only be+ consid]$ s 9 itself1 b be+ also us$ on ! battlefield z a rally+ po9t = w\nd$ soldi]s1 signall+ to !m t b&ages1 drugs1 & surgical aid1 c\ld be obta9$ :]e x t[]$ al(t4 ,^! ref]5ces to ! fact t 9 days ( old _m v naturally came to ! conclusion t ! ,creator & ,giv] ( ,life & only ,savi\r mu/ be bi-sexual1 %\ld rem9d u ,*ri/ians t our ass]tion t ! ,inf9ite ,_s is ,our ,fa!r is n f all po9ts ( view an improvem5t ^u ! ideas ( ! anci5ts4 ,= !y also1 & rightly1 conceiv$ :at we wrongly ignore1 viz41 t ! ,inf9ite ,au?or ( all exi/5ce mu/ also be ,our ,"m4 ,9 ?is respect ,prote/ants h if possible gone ev5 fur!r a/ray ?an memb]s ( ! ,greek & ,roman ,*ur*es4 ,= 9 ! v5]ation paid by ! latt] to ,m>y ( ,naz>e? z ! ,bride ( ,god1 ! ,"m ( ,god1 ! ,/> ( ! ,sea1 & ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 c be se5 a survival1 h[ev] ton$ d[n or di/ort$1 ( ! old idea t ! ,deity mu/ necess>ily be ( bo? sexes4 ,ev5 ! pla9ly evid5t fact t1 :ile 9 pre-,*ri/ian days ! symbol ( ! cross repres5t$ ! two sexual p[]s 9 conjunction1 x has 9 ,*ri/ian times come to be consid]$ ! symbol ( ,life z be+ ! symbol ( ! ,,son ( ,god1 %\ld1 moreov]1 lead u to note t our religion sc>cely does ju/ice to ! "p play$ 9 ! economy ( ,nature by ! fair sex4 ,?is is d\btless due to ! fact t ! m\ld+ ( our cre$ & ! int]pretation ( ?+s h>d to be und]/ood has = ! mo/ "p be5 9 ! h&s ( ! sex :i*1 z ! au?or belongs to x1 may by way ( contra/ be call$ unfair4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 c be m unfair ?an ! assumption t ,god1 if inc>nat$ z "o ( ! g5us ,homo1 mu/ h be5 born a male8 ,yet t assumption is at ! v basis ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,moreov]1 ev5 grant+ t ! ,deity 0 specially inc>nat$ 9 ,jesus ! ,naz>5e & !re=e z a male1 :y %\ld we1 z if suppos+ t a pass+ =m c\ld /amp its sex ^u an ,inf9ite ,_s1 speak ( ,god ! ,son yet nev] ( ,god ! ,daught]8 ,! fact is t ! natural disabilities & disadvantages ( ! *ildbe>+ sex h f ! fir/ result$ 9 ! p[] ( ! male sex to rule ! roa/1 & "o result ( ! pr$om9ance ?us ensur$ to ! male sex by ! laws ( ,nature has ( c\rse be5 a simil> pr$om9ance = ! op9ion t ! ,creator is ( ! male sex4 ,"s en?usia/ic *ampion ( h] sex1 allud+ to ! fact t ! oppos+ sex n[ has a monopoly ( ! prie/hood1 may ev5 g s f> z to ask ) a special mean+1 ,has n ,man f ! beg9n+ made ,god 9 8 own image8 ,! male sex did n always h a monopoly ( ! prie/hood1 h[ev]2 & 9 few if any in/ances did ! prie/s ( old g s f> z to tea* t ! ,creator1 :om out ( complim5t to ! ,deity--or !mselves--!y naturally spoke ( z belong+ to ! /rong] sex1 0 a male & only a male4 ,nor did !y ev5 assume su* a ?+4 ,?\gh ! diff]5t gods & goddesses 7 spok5 ( z belong+ to ?is or t sex1 m ?an "o 7 reg>d$ z 9 reality &rogyn\s2 & ! fact t ! ,creator & ,giv] ( ,life mu/ ( necessity be s 0 v g5]ally recognis$4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is by no means c]ta9 t ! ,creator is n repres5t$ z be+ &rogyn\s ev5 9 our ,bible4 ,= 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation :i* ! ,jews br\ght ) !m f ,babylon1 ! ,creator is repres5t$ z say+ ,let u make man 9 our image2 & a race :i* l ! ,jews solemnly decl>$ t !re 0 b "o ,god1 c\ld only1 x w\ld seem1 h accept$ su* a decl>ation z a div9e revelation if !y conceiv$ ! ,god suppos$ to be speak+ to be &rogyn\s1 & address+ ! o!r "p ( himself4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! emphasis laid ^u ! /atem5t t man 0 creat$ male & female1 l1 or 9 ! image (1 ! ,creator4 ,9 any case x is cle> t if ,god be n female z well z male1 ,man 0 n creat$ 9 ! lik5ess ( ,god4 ,! !ory ( ! anci5ts t ,man himself 0 creat$ an &rogyn\s be+1 capable1 l ! ,creator1 ( creat+ life 9 himself1 b 0 aft]w>ds divid$ into halves1 "o ( :i* is ev] seek+ to f9d ! o!r1 ne$ only be m5tion$4 ,suffice x to add t x c sc>cely be said to h be5 altoge!r progress 9 ! "r direction1 :i* has l$ u mortals to call ! ,au?or ( all ,life ,our ,fa!r1 to ! utt] obscuration ( ! equally important fact t ! ,deity 9 :om we live & move & h our be+ mu/ also be ,our ,"m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,coronation ,,orb4 ,! fact t ?\gh we ,*ri/ians fail to d ! matt] ju/ice1 ! anci5ts ^u ! contr>y recognis$ t ! ,creator & ! ,giv] ( ,life _c be rightly spok5 ( z belong+ to "o sex & "o alone1 is n ! only fact :i* ^? :o exam9e relics ( antiquity1 su* z ! co9s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ) a view to asc]ta9+ :at evid5ce is d]ivable f !m t be>s ^u ! hi/ory ( ! symbol ( ! cross1 %\ld ev] be> 9 m9d4 ,ano!r po9t to be kept 9 view is ! evolution ( ! ,*ri/ian symbol n[ kn[n z ! ,coronation ,orb4 ,?is comp\nd symbol1 :i* plays s prom95t a "p 9 ! regalia ( a ,*ri/ian ,mon>*1 also cr[ns ! topmo/ height ( _m a ,*ri/ian ,temple includ+ bo? ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome & ,/4 ,paul's at ,london4 ,& x is notewor?y t x be>s a c]ta9 resemblance to ! repres5tation ( ! ,apex1 once worn by ! ,salian prie/s & aft]w>ds by ! ,pontifex ,maximus & ! ,flam5s g5]ally1 :i* appe>s ^u anci5t co9s ( ! ,fabia g5s2 ! (fice ( ,flam5 ,quir9alis hav+ be5 h]$it>y 9 ! ,fabia family4 ,^u o!r co9s also1 :at is said to be meant = ! pontifical apex occurs z a r\nd ball surm\nt$ by some?+ v l a cross1 9 ! h& ( a female figure repres5t+ ,rome2 exactly z ! s-call$ ,coronation ,orb is to be se5 ^u co9s ( lat] date 9 ! h& ( ?is or t ,*ri/ian ,emp]or4 ,! evid5ce z a :ole1 h[ev]1 fav\rs ! supposition t ! ,coronation ,orb1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! ,apex ( ! ,pagan prie/s & ?us signify+ ! claim to prie/hood or head%ip ( ! *ur* s (t5 made by mon>*s1 is a developm5t ( ! r\nd object1 frequ5tly unsurm\nt$ by any?+1 s cont9ually to be met ) ^u anci5t co9s ( ,rome 9 ! h& ( ?is or t ,god1 ,goddess1 or ,rul]4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is a matt] ( v consid]able importance t we %\ld be q sure :at ! r\nd object 9 "q us$ to signify1 & %\ld base our assurance ^u ! results ( p]sonal inve/igation r ?an ^u ! assumption t ! popul> explanation is necess>ily ! correct "o4 ,?\gh ! r\nd object 9 "q 01 z /at$1 9 days ( old (t5 us$ z a symbol by itself1 x 0 sometimes1 &1 z "t roll$ on1 m & m frequ5tly1 surm\nt$ by a small female figure ) w+s2 :i* figure 0 a repres5tation ( ,victory4 ,?is figure 01 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity z ! ,/ate ,religion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 gradually1 & only gradually1 supplant$ by ! figure ( ! cross4 ,al?\gh sev]al writ]s ( note assume t ! initiative 9 ?is direction 0 tak5 by ,con/ant9e himself1 ! fir/ /ep seems to h be5 tak5 ^u ! dea? ( ,con/ant9e1 :5 a co9 or m$al 0 issu$ on :i* ! deceas$ mon>* is call$ a ,god & is repres5t$ z hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/2 a symbol cont9ually ref]r$ to by ,eusebius & o!r writ]s ( ! f\r? c5tury z a cross4 ,lat] on an in/ance occurs ( ! ,monogram surm\nt+ a r\nd object held by a female figure repres5t+ ,rome4 ,?is is ^u a co9 issu$ by ,nepotianus1 a nephew ( ,con/ant9e4 ,pass+ on to ! reign ( ,val5t9ianus ,,ii41 we f9d t t ,emp]or issu$ a co9 ^u :i* a r\nd object surm\nt$ by a cross is to be se5 9 ! h& ( ,victory h]self4 ,?is w\ld appe> to h be5 ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* :at we %\ld call a cross1 supplant$ ! repres5tation ( ,victory z a small female figure ) w+s1 z a symbol surm\nt+ ! r\nd object :i* we are consid]+4 ,a simil> co9 0 issu$ by ,!odosius ,i41 surnam$ ! ,great2 ! la/ ( ! ,emp]ors ( ,rome ^: rule ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,roman _w4 ,! in/ances nam$ are1 x w be und]/ood1 ! exceptions to ! g5]al rule dur+ a consid]able p]iod4 ,& ^u _m ( ! co9s ( ! ,emp]ors m5tion$1 z well z ^u ^? ( ! int]v5+ ,emp]ors1 ! r\nd object held by ^? rul]s is surm\nt$ by ei!r a ,victory or a ,pho5ix2 usually by ! =m]1 b 9 sev]al in/ances by ! latt]4 ,! fir/ rul] :o caus$ himself to be repres5t$ z hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by an ord9>y cross1 0 ,!odosius ,,ii41 ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/4 ,! fact t = a long "t ! ,victory1 ! ,pho5ix1 & ! ,cross1 7 made use ( z symbols :i* might be sub/itut$ "o = ano!r1 is wor?y ( special note4 ,= ! facts t ! r\nd object held by ,!odosius ,,ii4 is z (t5 surm\nt$ by a ,victory z by a ,cross1 & t a ,victory in/ead ( a ,cross 0 (t5 us$ by succe$+ ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors1 t5d to %[ t ! ,victory1 ! ,pho5ix1 & ! ,cross 7 alli$ 9 signification1 & equally connect$ ) ! r\nd object ! nature & mean+ ( :i* we are ab\t to enquire into4 ,! read] may possibly object t no case has be5 made out = su* enquiry1 inasmu* z n only did ! cross 9 c\rse ( "t entirely supplant ! ,victory1 b ! r\nd object f fir/ to la/1 & :e!r unsurm\nt$ by any?+ or surm\nt$ by a ,victory or a ,pho5ix or a ,cross1 signifi$ ! _w ^u :i* we dwell1 ! r\nd _w1 & no?+ b ! _w4 ,su* is1 ( c\rse1 ! popul> assumption2 bas$ ^u :at we are taught 9 s*ool books & 9 /&>d works ( ref]5ce4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 _m cases ! r\nd object admitt$ly signifi$ an apple2 ! ,gold5 ,apple ( ! ,hesp]ides3 a well kn[n phallic symbol4 ,:5ev] a r\nd object unsurm\nt$ by any?+ is to be se5 9 ! h& ( ei!r ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules or ,v5us ! ,goddess ( ,love1 x admitt$ly may h be51 = x admitt$ly (t5 01 a repres5tation1 n ( ! _w1 b ( ! ,gold5 ,apple4 ,& n only does x s occur ^u a v l>ge numb] ( co9s1 b 9 "s in/ances we see ! ,victory surm\nt+ x2 recall+ to our m9ds ! fact t victory1 z signify+ ! triumph ( ,life ov] ,dea?1 _h a phallic z well z a m>tial mean+1 & is a*iev$ e "t t a man is born into ! _w z a result ( ! ta/+ ( ! fruit ( ! ,tree ( ,life or ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh ! fact is n[ = "s reason or o!r ignor$1 ! s-call$ ,coronation ,orb ( ,*ri/ian ,mon>*s 0 itself once kn[n z ! ,gold5 ,apple4 ,x is s ref]r$ to 9 important ,lat9 docum5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages2 = in/ance 9 ! fam\s ,bull ( ,*>les ,,iv4 reg>d+ ! ,imp]ial elections1 :]e9 we read ( ! "r ( ! ,c\nts ,palat9e ( ! ,rh9e to c>ry ! symbol 9 "q at ! coronation ( _! ,emp]or4 ,& to ?is v day ! s-call$ ,coronation ,orb is kn[n ?r\gh\t ,g]many & ,au/ria z ,rei*sapfel1 ! ,imp]ial ,apple4 ,x is !re=e by no means c]ta9 t ! r\nd portion ( ! ,coronation ,orb :i* ?us caus$ ! "n ( ! ,gold5 ,apple to be giv5 to ?is comp\nd ,*ri/ian symbol1 is n1 l ! cross above x1 to "s ext5t a phallic symbol4 ,e "o %\ld "k ! classic /ory ( ! ,gold5 ,apple2 h[ ! tree :i* bore ! ,gold5 ,apples grew up 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides 9 hon\r ( ! w$d+ ( ,h]a1 a goddess :o m or less p]sonifi$ ! female sex2 h[ ! ,gold5 ,apples are v>i\sly said to h be5 d$icat$ to ! ,sun 7,hellos71 to ! ,sun-,god 7,dionysos71 & to ! ,goddess ( ,love 7,aphrodite72 h[ ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules z "o ( ! twelve lab\rs :i* repres5t$ ! mon?s1 slew ! ,s]p5t :i* gu>d$ ! tree1 & pluck$ ! fruit2 & h[ ! ,goddess ,eris1 :o alone ( all ! deities 0 n invit$ to ! nuptials ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 rev5g$ h]self by ?r[+ among ! gue/s a ,gold5 ,apple inscrib$ ,to ! faire/1 & ,p>is aw>d$ x to ! ,goddess ( ,love1 ,aphrodite or ,v5us4 ,! /ory ( ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides is at he>t "o ) t ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed52 = x is obvi\s t ! same phallic mean+ und]lies ea*1 & t !y are b diff]5t v]sions ( ! same allegory4 ,x may "h be call$ to m9d t x has ?is c5tury be5 discov]$ f ! cunei=m inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 t ,ed5 0 ! "n giv5 by ,babylonians 9 days ( old to ! pla9 outside ,babylon1 :]eupon1 accord+ to ! leg5ds ( t city1 ! creation ( liv+ be+s took place4 ,also t mu* evid5ce has accru$ :i*1 imp>tially weigh$ 9 ! balance1 leads cle>ly to ! conclusion t ! all-important comm5cem5t ( ,g5esis1 :i* =ms z x 7 ! v basis ( bo? ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 0 borr[$ by ! ,jews f ,babylon4 ,& t x 0 9 reality a ,babylonian tradition or s]ies ( traditions ( f> old] date ?an any writ+ ( purely ,jewi% orig91 has n only be5 amply prov$ by rec5t discov]ies1 b might inde$ h be5 guess$ f its ref]5ce to ! ,t[] ( ,babel or ,babylon4 ,nor is ?is all1 = among ! age-old relics discov]$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia is a pictorial repres5tation ( ! allegorical ,temptation & ,fall4 ,^u ?is notewor?y piece ( evid5ce ! ,tree ( ,k or ,life1 ) :i* ! figure ( ! cross 0 id5tifi$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians2 ! ,s]p5t1 :i* 9 all c\ntries & e age has be5 m or less id5tifi$ ) ! sexual p[]s2 ! ,man2 ! ,woman2 & ! ,apple2 are all repres5t$4 ,& x is important to note t1 accord+ to ! cunei=m inscription ^u ano!r "t-worn relic 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,babylonians ( old1 at a "t :5 ! desc5dants ( ,jacob or ,israel 7 )\t scriptures ( _! own1 _h a tradition to ! effect t ! fate ( our fir/ p>5ts--:o1 ?anks to a wick$ ,s]p5t ( ,d>kness1 ta/$ ( ! =bidd5 fruit :i* grew 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods--0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( _! ,r$eem]4 ,x %\ld also be po9t$ out t ?is voice f ! dim & di/ant pa/ di/9ctly /ates t ! ,r$eem] 9 "q 0--! ,sun-,god4 ,9 anci5t days ! s-call$ =bidd5 fruit or apple seems to h borne some:at ! same symbolic mean+ t ! egg did4 ,b :ile ! apple n only repres5t$ ,life1 b also1 & prim>ily1 t union betwe5 two sexes or pr9ciples :i* produces life1 ! egg m or less lack$ ! latt] mean+1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 signifi$ ,exi/5ce 9 a wid] s5se ?an ! apple did4 ,! ,cosmos itself 0 an egg accord+ to ! conceptions ( _m ( ! anci5ts2 & few ideas 7 m widely spread1 or c be trac$ fur!r back1 ?an ! "o t ! :ole visible creation em]g$ f ! orig9al ,*aos or ,d>kness 9 ! %ape ( an egg4 ,! egg also1 & above all1 signifi$ ! ,sun-,god1 z ! ackn[l$g$ ,giv] ( ,life & ,savi\r ( ,life4 ,h5ce ! prom95t "p :i* x play$ 9 ! v>i\s religi\s my/]ies ( ! anci5ts1 & also ! fact t ! ,egyptians repres5t$ ! ,sun-,god ,ra z giv+ =? su* utt]ances z ,i am ! ,creative ,s\l ( ! cele/ial abyss4 ,none sees my ne/1 & none c break my egg4 ,! egg ref]r$ to1 0 ( c\rse ! ,sun itself4 ,ev5 our ,*ri/ian cu/om ( ex*ang+ eggs at ,ea/] is m or less d]iv$ f ,sun-,god wor%ip1 be+ a survival f cu/oms practis$ long be=e our era at t p>ticul> p]iod ( ! ye>1 ! "t ( ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox or ,pass-ov] ( ! ,sun1 :5 ! ,ori5t ,light crosses ! ,equator to rise once m 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,nor are ^! ! only facts connect+ ! egg ) ,sun-,god wor%ip1 = ! ,sun-,god ,apollo 0 ( old repres5t$ z born f ! egg ( ,l$a1 & ! ,sun-,god ,osiris 0 also said to h be5 born f an egg4 ,moreov] ! ,*9ese believe t ! fir/ man 0 born f an egg1 ! ,orphic hymns speak ( ! ,fir/-,begott5 ,"o z egg-born1 & ! ,greeks fabl$ t _! ,sun-,god ,dionysos sprang f ! cosmic egg4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! ,coronation ,orb1 x is notewor?y t no f9] or m natural symbol ( ,p[] c\ld h be5 fix$ ^u ?an a repres5tation ( t ball ( fire :i* 0 s frequ5tly spok5 ( 9 bygone ages z ! ,orb1 & f :i* all e>?ly life & p[] may be said to proce$4 ,h[ev] ! available evid5ce c]ta9ly seems to %[ t ! r\nd object we are consid]+ is m likely to h signifi$ ! cosmic egg ?an ! sol> orb4 ,9 any case ! object 9 "q _c be %[n to h repres5t$ ! _w ^u :i* we dwell & t alone2 & no?+ is m likely ?an t s fam\s a symbol %\ld1 l ! cross :i* n[ adorns x1 h m or less signifi$ ,life4 ,x %\ld also be po9t$ out t ?is symbol ( ,p[] may h signifi$1 n s mu* t ! ,rul] :o us$ x laid claim to _w-wide dom9ion1 z t he held 9 8 h& p[] ov] ! lives ( o!rs2 &1 possibly1 also t he claim$ to be1 z ! viceg]5t ( ! ,sun-,god & ,giv] ( ,life1 ! only legitimate ,savi\r ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! facts t ! symbol 0 us$ 9 clays ( old by o!rs ?an ! ,emp]ors ^: sway ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & is n[adays consid]$ ! rightful symbol ( e ,*ri/ian ,mon>* h[ev] limit$ ! area ov] :i* 8 p[] is felt1 %\ld also be borne 9 m9d2 ?\gh n ( mu* value z evid5ce1 z ev5 petty rul]s h be5 kn[n to boa/ t !y held ! _w 9 _! grasp4 ,x %\ld h[ev] be rememb]$ t ?\gh ! anci5ts1 /ruck by ! dome-l appe>ance ( ! sky & ! circul> movem5ts ( ! con/ellations1 conceiv$ ! cosmos or univ]se to be sph]ical1 & 9 "s in/ances ev5 con/ruct$ cele/ial globes ^u :i* to record ! movem5ts ( ,sun1 ,moon1 ,planets1 & ,/>s1 x is d\btful if a s+le "o ( !m consid]$ ! _w ^u :i* we dwell to be sph]ical4 ,also1 t _m a ,*ri/ian ,mon>* has us$ ! ,coronation ,orb z a symbol ( p[]1 & yet believ$ ! e>? to be o!rwise ?an a globe 9 %ape4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! r\nd object :i* ! anci5ts repres5t$ ,atlas z support+ ^u 8 %\ld]s1 usually 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jupit]1 0 n z is vulg>ly suppos$ ! e>?1 b ! heav5s2 ,hesiod tell+ u t ,atlas bore heav5 ) 8 head & h&s1 ,ovid t ^u ,atlas re/$ heav5 & all ! />s1 & o!r writ]s ( bygone ages t ,atlas 0 a k+ :o fir/ taught m5 t heav5 _h ! %ape ( a globe4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t ! anci5ts may h conceiv$ ! e>? to be o!rwise ?an sph]ical1 & yet1 because ! horizon :i* appe>s to limit its ext5t seems to be circul>1 or = "s o!r reason1 h consid]$ a r\nd object to be a repres5tation ( x4 ,ev5 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! ball-l symbol we are consid]+ may h repres5t$ some?+ o!r ?an ! ,gold5 ,apple1 ! probability is t x seldom if ev] repres5t$ ! e>?4 ,= z1 ?\gh ! anci5ts may h conceiv$ & spok5 ( ! _w we live ^u z be+ r\nd 9 ! same s5se z a circul> co9 is r\nd1 !y did n ?9k ( x z be+ a globe1 x is obvi\s t ! ball-l symbol 9 "q is mu* less likely to h signifi$ !--9 _! belief--non-globul> e>?1 ?an x is to h be5 a repres5tation ( some?+ :i* !y did consid] to be globul>4 ,su* is ! nature ( ! evid5ce :i* t5ds to %[ t we ,*ri/ians may be mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t our fam\s symbol ! ,coronation ,orb repres5ts ! r\nd _w ^u :i* we dwell1 surm\nt$ by ! in/rum5t ( execution ^u :i* ,jesus di$4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 mo/ po9ts h n[ be5 t\*$ ^u1 includ+ ! important fact t ! s-call$ ,coronation ,orb ( ,*ri/ian ,mon>*s us$ to be call$1 ev5 by ,*ri/ians1 ! ,gold5 ,apple1 ! idea t x may h be5 ! crux ansata1 or ,egyptian symbol ( ,life 7an upright oval1 p]haps signify+ ! female pr9ciple1 set ^u ! top ( ! tau1 or image t4gif cross1 & ?us turn+ into a complete cross :at is really an incomplete "o1 & may be suppos$ to h signifi$ ! male pr9ciple71 rev]s$ 7e4g41 ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal xlii4 #afd71 %\ld at lea/ be m5tion$4 ,x ought1 h[ev] to be po9t$ out t ! ,orb is ev5 m l ! anci5t symbol ( ! planet sacr$ to ,v5us1 ! ,goddess ( ,love1 rev]s$4 ,ev5 ?is po9t does n exhau/ ! subject 9 h&2 = ! fact t 9 days ( old we us$ to repres5t ! ,*ri/ z ! ,pagans repres5t$ ! ,sun-,god1 viz41 z /&+ by ! ,tree ( ,life & hold+ a r\nd object meant = ! phallic apple1 has n yet be5 dealt ) 9 any way4 ,x is h[ev] desirable t be=e discuss+ ! matt] fur!r we %\ld asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! evid5ce1 reg>d+ ?is & k9dr$ subjects1 d]ivable f ! co9s ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,roman ,,co9s ,,be=e ,,con/ant9e4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! matt]s m5tion$ 9 ! two la/ *apt]s1 let u n[ pass 9 review ! co9s /ruck by ! ,romans1 & make a note ( su* features z may1 directly or indirectly1 be> ^u ! hi/ory ( ! cross4 ,! fir/ cross we meet ) on ! co9s 9 "q1 is ^u "o ( ,julius ,caes>2 :o 0 appo9t$ ,flam5 ,dialis ,b4,c4 #hg1 ,pontiff ,b4,c4 #gd1 ,milit>y ,tribune ,b4,c4 #gc1 ,quae/or ,b4,c4 #fh1 ,pontifex ,maximus ,b4,c4 #fc1 & ,dictator ,b4,c4 #di4 ,! cross 9 "q consi/s ( ! "n ,c4 ,cossutius ,m>idianus arrang$ z a cross ( f\r equal arms4 ,& x %\ld be not$ t x is admitt$1 ev5 by su* well-kn[n au?orities z ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,m4,a41 t ! "n 0 s arrang$ out ( complim5t to ! (ficial 9 "q because 8 "n _h ref]5ce to ! m]idian sun4#df ,^u a co9 /ruck by ,caes>'s heir1 ! almo/ equally fam\s ,augu/us 7,consul ,b4,c4 #dc1 ,emp]or ,b4,c4 #bi--;,a4,c4 #ad71 ab\t tw5ty ye>s be=e our era1 we see a head ( ! ,sun-,god ,bac*us ^u "o side2 & on ! rev]se a man pres5t+ a milit>y /&>d1 ! bann] ( :i* is ornam5t$ ) a ,/4 ,&rew's cross4 ,two o!r co9s ( ! same reign & ab\t ! same date1 h ^u !m repres5tations ( milit>y /&>ds be>+ ! same symbol4 ,^u ano!r co9 /ruck by ,augu/us we see a cresc5t ) a /> or radiate sun )9 its horns1 ! anci5t phallic symbol adopt$ by ! foll[]s ( ! prophet ,muhammad c5turies lat]4 ,a simil> symbol occurs ^u ! co9s ( ,hadrian 7,a4,c4 #aag-ach74 ,^u two co9s ( ,anton9us ,pius 7,a4,c4 #ach-afa7 we see ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules pluck+ ! ,gold5 ,apple f a tree ar\nd :i* ! traditional s]p5t is coil$4 ,on ano!r co9 ( ! same reign ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules c be se5 hold+ a r\nd object :i* admitt$ly repres5ts ! ,gold5 ,apple2 t symbol bo? ( ! ,sun-,god z 7#a7 ! bi-sexual ,giv] ( ,life & 7#b7 ! p]sonification ( ! ,male ,pr9ciple1 & ( ! ,goddess :o repres5t$ 7#a7 ! ,love ( ! two sexes & 7#b7 ! ,female ,pr9ciple4 ,^u ano!r co9 ,jove holds a simil> look+ object4 ,_m co9s issu$ 9 ! "n ( ,annia ,gal]ia ,fau/9a ! wife ( ,anton9us ,pius1 & by ,m>cus ,aurelius 7,a4,c4 #afa-ahj71 & 9 ! "n ( 8 wife ,annia ,fau/9a1 h ^u !m repres5tations ( ,v5us ! ,goddess ( ,love hold+ a r\nd object :i* is admitt$ly meant = ! ,gold5 ,apple4 ,! fav\rite leg5ds are ,v5us ,victrix1 ,v5us ,felix1 & ,v5us ,g5etrix1 & ( phallic import2 & 9 "o in/ance ! ,goddess ( ,love holds an infant wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s z well z ! phallic apple4 ,o!r co9s ( ,m>cus ,aurelius or 8 wife h ^u !m repres5tations ( ,et]nity z a female figure hold+ a r\nd object4 ,9 "s cases ! r\nd object is surm\nt$ by a ,pho5ix4 ,^u a co9 /ruck by ,lucius ,aurelius ,v]us 7,a4,c4 #afj-afi7 t rul] is to be se5 hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,victory4 ,on ! co9s ( ,commodus 7,a4,c4 #ahj-aib7 sometimes ,jove & sometimes ! ,emp]or holds a small r\nd object4 ,a ,victory 9 "s cases surm\nts x4 ,v5us hold+ ! ,gold5 ,apple--t is1 a r\nd object :i* 9 su* in/ances is admitt$ to h repres5t$ ! ,gold5 ,apple--is to be se5 ^u _m co9s issu$ 9 ! "n ( ,lucilla1 ! si/] ( ,commodus4 ,^u co9s issu$ by ,caius ,pesc5nius ,nig] a small r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,victory is to be se5 9 ! h& ( ,jove4 ,on a co9 /ruck by ,septimus ,sev]us 7,a4,c4 #aic-baa7 we see ,rome repres5t$ z a female figure ) a %ield at h] side m>k$ ) a cross4 ,^u ano!r co9 we see ! ,goddess ( ,love hold+ a r\nd object admitt$ly meant = ! ,gold5 ,apple1 :ile a *ild is /ation$ at h] feet4 ,! leg5d is ,v5us ,g5etrix4 ,among ! co9s issu$ 9 ! "n ( ,julia ,domna1 ! wife ( ! la/ nam$ ,emp]or1 are ne>ly a doz5 v>ieties ^u :i* ,v5us is repres5t$ z hold+ a r\nd object4 ,a cresc5t occurs ^u ! rev]se 9 "s in/ances4 ,^u sev]al co9s ( ,c>acalla 7,a4,c4 #baa-bag7 we see t ,emp]or hold+ a small r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,victory2 ^u o!rs he is to be se5 hold+ a ,victory only4 ,v>i\s co9s issu$ 9 ! "n ( ,fulvia ,plantilla ! wife ( ,c>acalla1 %[ u ! ,goddess ( ,love hold+ a r\nd object4 ,! leg5ds are ,v5us ,felix & ,v5us ,victrix4 ,9 ! reign ( ,elagabalus or ,heliogabalus 7,a4,c4 #bah-bbb7 a co9 0 /ruck on :i* we see ! ,goddess ,a/>te1 ,a%tore?1 ,i%t>1 or ,v5us1 hold+ a cross4 ,v5us hold+ a r\nd object is to be se5 ^u _m co9s issu$ 9 ! names ( ,soaemias ! "m ( ,elagabalus1 8 wife ,julia ,aquilia ,sev]a1 ,julia ,mamma ! "m ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 & 8 wife ,orbiana4 ,on a co9 ( ! ,emp]or ,decius 7,a4,c4 #bdi-bea7 /ruck at ,maeonia1 we meet ) ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ ^u a ,roman co9 9 ! =m image monogram#c4;gif = ! fir/ "t4 ,^u a co9 ( ,trebonianus ,gallus 7,a4,c4 #bea-bed7 ,et]nity is repres5t$ z a female hold+ a small r\nd object4 ,on ano!r co9 ( ?is reign we see a ,pho5ix in/ead ( a ,victory ^u ! r\nd object held by ! ,emp]or4 ,_m ( ! co9s ( anci5t ,rome acclaim ! ,sun-,god z ! ,savi\r1 & ^u a co9 issu$ by ,galli5us 7,a4,c4 #bed-bfh7 we see ! ,sun-,god ,apollo hold+ a cross4 ,^u a co9 issu$ by ! y\ng] ,val]ian we see ! ,sun-,god hold+ a small r\nd object4 ,a co9 /ruck by ,tetricus 7,a4,c4 #bfg-bfd7 has ^u its rev]se a repres5tation ( ! ,sun-,god hold+ a r\nd object1 :ile 9 ! field ne> ! ,sun-,god is a cross4 ,on a co9 issu$ by ,claudius ,,ii4 we see ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules hold+ a r\nd object admitt$ly meant = ! ,gold5 ,apple4 ,^u a co9 issu$ by ,aurelianus we see ! ,sun-,god hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by a cresc5t4 ,on a co9 issu$ by ,vabala?us we see ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules hold+ a r\nd object admitt$ly repres5t+ ! ,gold5 ,apple4 ,^u a co9 ( ,num]ianus 7,a4,c4 #bhc-bhd7 we see ! ,goddess ( ,love hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,victory4 ,su* in/ances z ?is %\ld be specially not$1 z no?+ di/+ui%es ! r\nd objects s surm\nt$ f ^? held by ,v5us :i* admitt$ly repres5t ! ,gold5 ,apple1 & ! pres5t fa%ion ( our symbol ! ,coronation ,orb or ,imp]ial ,apple is due to ! fact t a c5tury lat] ,!odosius ,,ii4 ,emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople />t$ ! idea ( sub/itut+ a cross = ! ,victory4 ,^u sev]al co9s ( ,c>9us 7,a4,c4 #bhb-bhd7 we see ! ,sun-,god hold+ a small r\nd object4 ,on o!r co9s ( ?is reign ,et]nity appe>s z a female hold+ a small r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,pho5ix4 ,^u ! co9s issu$ 9 ! "n ( ,magnia ,urbica1 wife ( ,c>9us1 on :i* we see ,v5us hold+ a small r\nd object :i* admitt$ly repres5t$ ! ,gold5 ,apple1 ! ,cresc5t frequ5tly accompanies ! repres5tations ( ! ,goddess ( ,love4 ,on co9s issu$ by ,diocletian 7,a4,c4 #bhd-cje7 we see bo? ,jove & ! ,sun-,god hold+ a small r\nd object2 l ! ,emp]or himself4 ,a ,victory 9 "s cases surm\nts x4 ,! ,sun-,god ,h]cules hold+ a r\nd object :i* admitt$ly signifi$ ! ,gold5 ,apple is to be se5 on o!r co9s issu$ dur+ ?is reign4 ,among ! co9s issu$ by ,diocletian's co-,emp]or ,maximian1 is "o be>+ a repres5tation ( ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides ne> ! ,tree encircl$ by ! ,s]p5t he slew4 ,! ,sun-,god holds a r\nd object repres5t+ a ,gold5 ,apple pluck$ f ! ,tree 9 "q4 ,on ! rev]se ( ano!r co9 be>+ ! names bo? ( ,jove ! ,all-,fa!r & ,h]cules ! ,sun-,god1 we see ! latt] repres5t$ z hold+ a r\nd object1 admitt$ly meant = ! ,gold5 ,apple4 ,9 "s cases :]e ,h]cules holds ! ,gold5 ,apple-= in/ance1 ^u a co9 be>+ ! leg5d ,h]culi invicto ,aug4--! ,gold5 ,apple is surm\nt$ by a ,victory4 ,a co9 issu$ by ,con/antius ,*lorus1 ! rul] ( ,gaul & fa!r ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 repres5ts ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules 9 ! act ( pluck+ a ,gold5 ,apple f ! fam\s ,tree4 ,a co9 issu$ 9 ! jo9t names ( ,gal]ius & ,con/antius ,*lorus1 be>+ ! leg5d ,g5io ,populi ,romani1 has 9 ! field on ! rev]se side a cross1 :i* takes ! place occupi$ ^u o!rwise simil> co9s by a />-l object n improbably repres5t+ ! sun4 ,su* are ! m /rik+ features ( ! evid5ce :i* c be obta9$ f ! ,roman co9s issu$ prior to ! accession ( ,con/ant9e to ! ?rone ( ,gaul4 ,! read] w h se5 t ! symbol ( ! cross occurs sev]al times ^u ! co9s 9 "q1 & 9 almo/ if n q e in/ance 9 connection ) ! ,sun-,god4 ,! fact t ^u a co9 ( ,julius ,caes>1 & !re=e be=e our era1 a cross admitt$ly occurs z a symbol ( ! sun1 w also h be5 rem>k$4 ,x w also h be5 notic$ 9 h[ v l>ge a numb] ( cases ! r\nd symbol :i* 0 a precursor ( our ,coronation ,orb admitt$ly signifi$ ! ,gold5 ,apple1 & !re=e 0 ( phallic import4 ,ano!r po9t :i* ! read] _c v well fail to be> 9 m9d1 is t :]e ! ,goddess ( ,love1 z ! repres5tative ( ! sex ^: felicity lies 9 mo!rhood or ! victori\s production ( life1 is se5 c>ry+ ! symbol 9 "q1 ! surr\nd+ leg5d is ,v5us ,g5etrix1 or ,victrix1 or ,felix1 or "s v>iation or o!r ( ! same2 & t ! said leg5ds are obvi\sly phallic 9 signification4 ,if we also keep be=e u ! fact t ! ,gold5 ,apple :e!r held by ! ,sun-,god or 8 complem5t ! ,goddess ( ,love1 0 at times surm\nt$ by ! figure ( ,victory = :i* ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors gradually & only gradually sub/itut$ ! figure ( ! cross1 x is curi\s to note t 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian repres5tations ( ! ,*ri/ he is (t5 to be se5 ) ! ,apple or =bidd5 fruit ( ! ,tree ( ,life or ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ is 9 su* cases depict$ z a y\?1 ! phallic apple is usually to be se5 ly+ ne> him2 b :5 ! ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z a man1 x is plac$ 9 8 h&4 ,= in/ance a good example ( ! ,*ri/ hold+ ! fruit ( ! ,tree ( ,life is reproduc$ = u 9 ! well kn[n "w on ! lik5ess ( ,jesus by ! late ,?omas ,heaphy4#dg ,"h we see1 9 a picture :i* occurs ^u a glass ornam5t f\nd 9 ! ,catacombs ( ,rome 9 ! tomb ( a ,*ri/ian nam$ ,euty*ia1 an illu/ration ( ! ,*ri/ /&+ by ! side ( ! ,tree ( ,life4 ,! rays ( ! ,sun surr\nd ! head ( ! ,*ri/1 & 9 8 h& is ! phallic ,apple4 ,x w h be5 rem>k$ t ! r\nd object to be se5 ^u innum]able ,roman co9s 9 ! h& ( ?is or t rul] or deity1 & popul>ly suppos$ to h always repres5t$ ! r\nd _w ^u :i* we dwell al?\gh x is at ! same "t believ$ t ! _w 0 n !n consid]$ to be r\nd1 frequ5tly occurs 9 ! h& ( a female figure repres5t+ ,et]nity4 ,x is self-evid5t t a repres5tation ( ! _w we live on is less likely to h be5 s plac$ ?an a symbol ( ,life4 ,a /ill m /rik+ fact1 :i* _c fail to h be5 notic$ by ! read] ( ! evid5ce f ! co9s ( anci5t ,rome quot$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is *apt]1 is t 9 sev]al in/ances a ,pho5ix & n a ,victory surm\nts ! s-call$ orb4 ,= ! /ory ( ! ,pho5ix 0 d]iv$ f ! ,egyptian ,city ( ! ,sun4#dh ,& ! fabul\s bird 9 "q 01 accord+ to ,tacitus z well z ,h]odotus1 specially connect$ ) ! temple ( ! ,sun-,god at ,heliopolis4 ,^u ?is po9t x may be add$ t ! fam\s /ory ( ! ,pho5ix seems to h be5 kn[n to ! writ] ( ,job2 ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ,job xxix4 #ah1 be+ ,i %all die 9 my ne/ & %all multiply my days z ! ,pho5ix accord+ to "s ( ! be/ au?orities4 ,! v>i\s ages allott$ to ?is allegorical bird _h ref]5ce to ! cal5d>2 z inde$ we le>n f ,pl9y1 :o tells u t ,! revolution ( ! ,great ,ye> 9 :i* ! seasons & />s return to _! =m] places1 agrees ) ! life ( ?is bird4#di ,?is is borne out by ! p]iods spok5 ( z ! lifetime ( ! ,pho5ix2 z among !m are "o ( #fjj ye>s1 ! ,great ,ye> ref]r$ to by ,josephus & o!rs1 & "o ( #a1dfa ye>s1 :i* 0 ! ,so?ic p]iod ( ! ,egyptians4 ,x is also cle> t1 l ! ,victory & ! ,gold5 ,apple x surm\nt$1 ! ,pho5ix & its wond]ful egg 7 n only connect$ ) ! ,sun-,god1 b also _h a phallic signification4 ,! problem z to :e!r bird or egg fir/ exi/$ sc>cely applies to ! fabul\s ,pho5ix & its equally fabul\s egg1 & ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,suffice x to say t ! r\nd object f :i* t ,*ri/ian symbol ! ,coronation ,orb is desc5d$1 ?\gh x may at times h m or less repres5t$ ! _w ^u :i* we dwell1 seems to h prim>ily signifi$1 z associat$ ) ea* o!r 9 idea1 bo? ! ,gold5 ,apple ( ,love & ! ,pho5ix-l life pr9ciple en%r9$ 9 ! ,egg1 bo? ! egg-l ,cosmos or ,univ]se & ,et]nity2 b 9 all1 & ?r\gh all1 & above all1 ! basis ( all p[] :e!r f9ite or inf9ite1 viz41 ,life4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ to f9d t ! mon>*s ( anci5t days claim$ to rule by div9e "r z vice-g]5ts ( ! ,sun-,god1 to ^: fav\r+ influ5ce all e>?ly life is traceable2 & caus$ !mselves to be repres5t$1 ^u ,roman co9s z receiv+ ! ,gold5 ,apple1 & ^u ,egyptian monum5ts z receiv+ ! ,cross1 f ! ,sun-,god1 z ! symbol ( _! au?ority4 ,yet ano!r po9t to be borne 9 m9d1 is t we ,*ri/ians are expressly taught t ,god ! ,fa!r & ,god ! ,son are z ne>ly id5tical z ! anci5ts consid]$ ! ,c5tral ,fire1 :i* !y deem$ ! ,p>5t ( all ?+s1 & ! ,w>m? & ,light issu+ !refrom to be2 or ! ,sun's disc & ! emanations !refrom2 ! ,*ri/ be+ repres5t$ z say+ ,i & ,my ,fa!r are "o & ,he t ha? se5 ,me ha? se5 ! ,fa!r4 ,= ?\gh we describe ours z a co-equal ,tr9ity1 no su* id5tity ) ei!r ,god ! ,fa!r or ,god ! ,son is affirm$ ( ,god ! ,holy ,gho/1 & x is rem>kable t 9 our anci5t illu/rations ( ! ,?ree ,p]sons1 bo? ! ,fir/ & ! ,second are repres5t$ z hold+ ! s-call$ globe & ,cross1 :ile ! ,?ird1 ev5 :]e depict$ z ( human %ape l ! o!r two1 is n4 ,! fact is t ! co-equality ( ! ,holy ,_s ( a ,god :o is ,himself1 z ,jesus decl>$1 a ,_s1 is an idea :i* did n f9d mu* acceptance among ,*ri/ians till a comp>atively late date & is ! outcome ( confus$ ?\ght4 ,& ! sep>ate p]sonality ( ?is ,_s ( a ,_s be+ entirely a ,*ri/ian conception1 & )\t a c\nt]p>t 9 ! !ology ( ! anci5ts1 few if any ,pagan symbols su* z ! s-call$ globe & ! cross w\ld h be5 associat$ ) x 9 any case4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,co9s ,,( ,,con/ant9e4 ,we are m or less 9 ! habit ( assum+ t j z ,paul1 ! f\nd] ( ! ca?olic fai?1 0 conv]t$1 n altoge!r by reason b z x 7 by =ce & ) ! rapidity ( a fla% ( lightn+1 "u ! rays ( a m]idian sun 7,ab\t noon sudd5ly !re %one f heav5 a great light r\nd ab\t me1 ,acts xxii4 #f2 ,at mid-day1 ,acts xxvi4 #ac71 s ,con/ant9e1 ! e/abli%] ( t fai? z ! ,/ate ,religion ( ! empire 9 :i* ,paul 0 s pr\d ( 8 rights z a citiz51 0 9 simil>ly rapid fa%ion conv]t$ by ! appe>ance ( a miracul\s cross ( light & an accompany+ leg5d above a m]idian sun 7,at mid-day1 ,eusebius1 ,vit4 ,con/4 ,i474 ,b1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ?is alleg$ vision ( ,con/ant9e is said to h tak5 place dur+ 8 m>* ^u ,rome 9 ! ye> ,a4,c4 #cab2 & dur+ ! rema9+ tw5ty-five ye>s ( 8 life he act$ r z if he 7 conv]t+ ,*ri/ianity into :at he ?\ght mo/ likely to be accept$ by 8 subjects z a ca?olic religion1 ?an z if he _h be5 conv]t$ to ! tea*+s ( ,jesus ! ,naz>5e4 ,! fact is t ,con/ant9e 0 fav\rable to our religion out ( policy r ?an conviction2 & if aft] refus+ s long he did inde$1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ! alleg$ vision1 cons5t to be baptis$ :5 ill & dy+1 policy d\btless sway$ him ev5 !n4 ,anyway1 z has already be5 /at$ & w n[ be se51 ! evid5ce ( 8 co9s conclusively %[s t ! ,god to :om ,con/ant9e f fir/ to la/ attribut$ 8 victories1 0--! ,sun-,god4 ,^u "o co9 issu$ by ,con/ant9e we see ^u ! rev]se a nude figure cr[n$ ) rays1 ) ! "r h& elevat$ t[>d ! ea/1 & a r\nd object 9 ! left h&4 ,9 ! field is a cross wid5$ at ! extremities1 & ! surr\nd+ leg5d is a significant "o1 ,soli ,invicto ,comiti4 ,?is co9 0 /ruck ye>s aft] ! alleg$ conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 & ! comb9$ ref]5ce to ! ,sun-,god & use ( ! cross are wor?y ( special notice4 ,^u two some:at simil> co9s ( ,con/ant9e ! cross is plac$ )9 a circul> wrea? ( bay or laurel4 ,on ano!r co9 ) ! same leg5d we see ! same nude figure cr[n$ ) rays1 repres5t+ ! ,sun-,god & c>ry+ a r\nd object2 :ile 9 ! field we see ! ,gauli% symbol1 sometimes call$ a cross1 :i* by ! addition ( a loop 01 z we %all see lat] on1 turn$ into ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,^u a co9 ) ! any?+ b ,*ri/ian leg5d ,m>ti ,cons]vatori1 is a cross ) f\r equal arms4 ,on a some:at simil> co9 ) ! same leg5d1 ! helmet on ! rev]se is ornam5t$ ) ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,^u ano!r co9 we see ,m>s lean+ on a %ield adorn$ ) ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/1 ! leg5d be+ ,m>ti ,patri ,cons]vator4 ,on a co9 issu$ 9 ! "n ( 8 son ,crispus dur+ ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 we see two ,victories hold+ a %ield ^u a p$e/al m>k$ ) a cross ( f\r equal arms4 ,a simil> cross appe>s ^u a co9 issu$ dur+ ?is reign 9 ! "n ( ano!r son ( ,con/ant9e4 ,^u a co9 be>+ ! inscription ,con/ant9us ,max4 ,aug4 we see ^u ! rev]se a cross ( f\r equal arms4 ,on an o!rwise simil> co9 a comp\nd tau cross ( f\r equal arms1 image taucross4gif1 appe>s4 ,^u a well-kn[n engrav+ ( a co9 9 ! ,annales ,ecclesia/ici ( ,b>onius1 ! image monogram#c4;gif =m ( ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ appe>s ^u ! helmet ( ,con/ant9e4 ,"s au?orities1 h[ev]1 /ate t ?is is copi$ z ! famili> image monogram#c4;gif 9 error2 :at appe>$ on ! helmet be+ ! ,gauli% symbol image a/]isk4gif ) a dot repres5t+ a /> ne> ! top ( ! v]tical b>4 ,su* a dot c be se5 9 a simil> place ^u two or ?ree co9s be>+ ! leg5d ,virtus ,ex]cit4 ,on ano!r co9 ! leg5d ,gloria ,ex]citus surr\nds two soldi]s hold+ milit>y /&>ds1 betwe5 :i* is ! symbol ( ! cross4 ,on a some:at simil> co9 ! comp\nd tan cross1 ( :i* we h already not$ an example1 occurs betwe5 ! /&>ds4 ,a cross ( f\r equal arms appe>s ^u a co9 be>+ ! leg5d ,pax ,publica4 ,a co9 issu$ dur+ ! reign ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great 9 ! "n ( 8 son ,con/ant9e1 has ^u its rev]se a cross ( f\r equal arms1 ! extremities ( :i* are r\nd$4 ,on an o!rwise simil> co9 ! comp\nd tau cross appe>s4 ,^u a co9 be>+ ! inscription ,con/ant9us ,max4 ,aug4 a cross ( f\r equal arms occurs ne> a soldi] arm$ ) spe> & %ield4 ,on ! rev]se ( "o co9 we see two soldi]s hold+ milit>y /&>ds1 & betwe5 ! /&>ds ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ appe>s4 ,a co9 ( simil> type 0 issu$ dur+ ! reign ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great 9 ! "n ( 8 son ,con/ant9e4 ,^u a co9 :i* on ! obv]se be>s ! inscription ,con/ant9us ,max4 ,aug41 we see ^u ! rev]se ,victory c>ry+ a palm4 ,9 ! field is ! symbol image monogram#d4;gif4 ,! surr\nd+ motto is ,victoria con/ant9i ,aug4 ,sev]al co9s ) ! leg5d ,gloria ,ex]citus h ^u ! same side two soldi]s ) a lab>um or milit>y /&>d betwe5 !m1 ^u ! bann] ( :i* is ! symbol image monogram#d4;gif4 ,on a co9 ) ! leg5d ,victoria ,caes> ,,nn we see ,victory c>ry+ a palm4 ,9 ! field is ! ,gauli% symbol image a/]isk4gif4 ,! rev]se ( ano!r co9 has ! leg5d ,con/ant9us ,aug41 & repres5ts ,con/ant9e z hold+ a lab>um or milit>y /&>d t]m9at+ 9 a r\nd object4 ,^u ! bann] is ! symbol image monogram#d4;gif4 ,on a co9 be>+ ^u its obv]se ! inscription ,con/ant9opolis1 we see ^u ! o!r side a figure ( ,victory & a cross ( f\r equal arms4 ,on ano!r co9 be>+ ! same leg5d we see ^u ! rev]se ,victory /&+ ^u a %ip1 & to ! left ! s-call$ monogram4 ,^u ano!r co9 we see ! same symbol above ! wolf & tw9s ( ! city ( ,rome4 ,a r>e co9 be>s ^u ! obv]se ! inscription ,con/ant9us ,max4 ,aug41 & on ! rev]se1 surr\nd$ by ! leg5d ,spes ,publica1 a lab>um or milit>y /&>d ! h&le or base ( :i* transfixes a s]p5t4 ,^u ! bann] ?ree globules are embroid]$1 & ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif appe>s above ! cross-b> f :i* ! bann] hangs4 ,^u "o m$al or co9 ( ,con/ant9e we see ! significant leg5d ,soli ,invicto ,aet]no ,aug4 inscrib$ ar\nd ! quadriga ( ! ,sun-,god ,phoebus4 ,on ano!r piece /ruck by ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 ! ,sun-,god is giv5 ! title ,comes ,aug42 ,companion1 ,gu>dian1 or ,savi\r1 ( ! ,emp]or4 ,^u sev]al co9s we see ! leg5d ,comiti ,aug4 ,,nn1 &1 surr\nd$ by ! same1 ! ,sun-,god hold+ a small r\nd object4 ,on num]\s o!r co9s also1 ! ,sun-,god is repres5t$ z hold+ a small r\nd object4 ,o!r significant ,sun-,god leg5ds to be met ^u ! co9s ( ?is alleg$ ,*ri/ian ,emp]or1 are ,comis ,con/ant9i ,aug41 ,soli ,invicto1 ,soli ,comiti ,augg4 ,,nn1 ,soli ,invicto ,com4 ,d4,n4 & ! l4 ,^u a co9 be>+ ! leg5d ,soli ,comiti ,aug4 ,n4 we see ! ,sun-,god pres5t+ ,con/ant9e ) a small r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,victory4 ,on a co9 ) ! leg5d ,pax ,augu/orum1 ,con/ant9e holds a /&>d ornam5t$ ) a cross4 ,^u ano!r co9 ,con/ant9e is to be se5 hold+ :at is said to be a repres5tation ( ! ,zodiac4 ,on a co9 issu$ 9 8 own "n1 z ^u o!rs already m5tion$ z issu$ 9 ! names ( 8 sons1 we see two ,victories support+ a %ield ^u an alt> ornam5t$ ) a cross4 ,^u a some:at simil> co9 ! alt> is ornam5t$ ) ! />-l object :i* 9 days ( old s (t5 /ood = ! radiate sun4 ,a co9 ) ! inscription ,divo ,con/ant9o1 & on ! rev]se ! leg5d ,aet]na ,pietas & a repres5tation ( ,con/ant9e hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by ! symbol image monogram#d4;gif1 ?\gh usually includ$ 9 ! co9s ( t ,emp]or 0 evid5tly /ruck aft] 8 dea? & deification4 ,! same rem>k applies to a some:at simil> co91 :i* has an additional symbol 9 a pla9 cross 9 ! field to ! "r ( ! ,emp]or-,god4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! "q "h arises z to h[ f> x is fair ( u to claim ?is cross & s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ z ,*ri/ian & at ! same "t d5\nce z ,pagan ! deification ( ,con/ant9e ref]r$ to ^u ! same co9s4 ,z to ! co9s ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great z a :ole1 x ne$ only be rem>k$ once m t :ile ^u _m ( ! pieces /ruck by him ,con/ant9e attribut$ 8 victories to ! ,sun-,god1 n ^u a s+le "o ( !m did he attribute !m to ! ,*ri/2 :ile x 0 ev] ! ,sun-,god & nev] ! ,*ri/ :om he allud$ to on 8 co9s z 8 ,companion1 ,p>tn]1 ,gu>dian1 or ,savi\r4 ,?is be+ s1 h[ c we hone/ly claim t ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/1 & o!r =ms ( ! cross1 7 ev] plac$ ^u 8 co9s by ,con/ant9e z symbols ( ! ,*ri/1 yet nev] z symbols ( ! ,sun-,god8 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,roman ,,co9s ,,aft] ,,con/ant9e4 ,pass+ on to ! ,*ri/ian successors ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 we are at once met ) ! significant fact t ,con/ant9e ! ,second issu$ _m diff]5t co9s be>+ a repres5tation ( ! ,sun-,god hold+ a small r\nd object2 &1 z ! surr\nd+ leg5d1 ,cl>itas ,reipublicae4 ,ano!r co9 ( ?is son ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 & "o :i* des]ves special att5tion1 has ^u its rev]se a ,cross & a ,cresc5t 9 juxtaposition1 z if ! cross signifi$ ! sun4 ,a v simil> co9 has ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif betwe5 ! milit>y /&>ds4 ,^u ano!r co9 we see on ! rev]se bo? ?is ,*ri/ian ,emp]or & ! ,sun-,god2 ! =m] hold+ a small r\nd object1 & ! latt] cr[n+ him4 ,! surr\nd+ leg5d is ,soli ,invicto ,comiti4 ,! rev]se ( ano!r co9 be>s ! same ,sun-,god leg5d1 & repres5ts ! ,sun-,god z hold+ a small r\nd object4 ,^u ano!r co9 we see ,con/ant9e hold+ a small r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,victory4 ,on ! rev]se is ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif4 ,con/ans ,i41 ano!r son ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 issu$ a co9 on :i* he is repres5t$ z hold+ 9 "o h& a simply =m$ lab>um or milit>y /&>d consi/+ ( a /raight pole t]m9at+ at ! top 9 a crossb>1 f :i* hangs a bann] be>+ ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif2 :ile 9 ! o!r h& he holds a small r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,pho5ix4 ,con/antius ,,ii41 yet ano!r son ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 issu$ a co9 on :i* is ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif betwe5 ! lett]s alpha & omega 78 ,,apxomega72 ! leg5d be+ ,salus ,aug ,no/ri4 ,on ano!r co9 is ,con/antius ,,ii4 z ! ,sun1 ^u "o side2 & ^u ! o!r ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif betwe5 ! lett]s alpha & omega once aga94 ,nepotianus1 a nephew ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great :o took ,rome 9 ,a4,c4 #cej b 0 kill$ z an usurp] ! same ye>1 issu$ a co9 on ! rev]se ( :i*1 surr\nd$ by ! leg5d ,urbs ,roma1 is a female figure repres5t+ ,rome & hold+ 9 h] h& a r\nd object surm\nt$ by ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif4 ,! symbol image monogram#d4;gif frequ5tly occurs ^u ! co9s ( ,valeus 7,a4,c4 #cfd-cgh74 ,& ^u "o co9 ( ?is ,emp]or we see ! lett] ,p surm\nt+ a cross2 surr\nd$ by ! leg5d ,gloria ,romanorum4 ,^u a co9 ( ,val5t9ianus ,,ii4 we see ,victory hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by a cross1 ! leg5d be+ ,victoria ,augu/orum4 ,on ! co9s ( ,!odosius ,i4 7,a4,c4 #cgh-cie7 we f9d repres5tations ( ! ,emp]or hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,pho5ix1 & ( ! ,emp]or hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by a ,victory2 z also ( ,victory hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by a cross4 ,?is ,emp]or ,!odosius ,i41 bett] kn[n z ,!odosius ! ,great1 aft] secur+ sole control ( ! ,roman ,empire br\ght ab\t ! f9al disruption ( ! _w-wide dom9ions ( ,rome by bequea?+ !m 9 two portions to 8 sons ,arcadius & ,honorius2 ! eld]1 ,arcadius1 becom+ ,emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople & ! ,ea/1 :ile ! y\ng]1 ,honorius1 became ,emp]or ( ,rome & ! ,we/3 ,a4,c4 #cie4 ,less ?an a c5tury lat]1 viz41 betwe5 ! ye>s ,a4,c4 #dge & #dhj1 ! ,we/]n ,empire 0 f9ally ext+ui%$ by ,odoac]2 ! ,ea/]n ,empire surviv+ x ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s1 la/+ z ! latt] did f ! p>tition 9 ,a4,c4 #cie to ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ,mahomet ,,ii4 9 ,a4,c4 #adec4 ,x 01 z /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ^u ! co9s ( an ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 viz41 ,!odosius ,,ii41 t ! fir/ example occurs ( a repres5tation ( an ,emp]or hold+ a r\nd object surm\nt$ by a cross2 ?\gh1 z has be5 not$1 in/ances ( ,victory c>ry+ an object s surm\nt$ _h previ\sly occurr$4 ,& x ne$ only be add$ t ! symbols image monogram#c4;gif & image monogram#d4;gif1 (t5 ! c5tre ( a circle or surr\nd$ by a circul> wrea? ( bay or laurel1 cont9ually occur ^u ! co9s ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 ! symbol image a/]isk4gif frequ5tly1 & ! undisguis$ sol> :eel1 image sol>:eel#a4;gif ^u ! co9s ( ,eudoxia1 ,!odosius ,,ii41 ,leo ,i41 & o!rs4 ,! evid5ce ( ! co9s ( ! ,roman ,empire giv5 9 ?is & ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 c\pl$ ) ! too-(t5 =gott5 fact t ! only =m ( cross :i* c\ld possibly be a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t ( execution to :i* ,jesus 0 affix$ 0 ! v la/ =m ( cross to be adopt$ z a ,*ri/ian symbol1 _c1 x w be se51 lead ! unprejudic$ enquir] to any o!r conclusion ?an t ! cross became ! symbol ( ,*ri/5dom because ! adv5t ( ,con/ant9e & 8 ,gauls made x a prom95t symbol ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,& t ! symbol 9 "q 0 n altoge!r unconnect$ ) ,sun-,god wor%ip1 %\ld be equally cle> to ! read]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,monogram ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ --a t]m :i* has at "o "t or ano!r be5 appli$ to ea* ( ! symbols image sol>:eel#a4;gif or image a/]isk4gif1 image monogram#a4;gif or image monogram#c4;gif1 & image monogram#b4;gif or image monogram#d4;gif1 z b v>iations ( "o & ! same symbol--des]ves a *apt] to itself4 ,?\gh n fir/ plac$ ^u ! co9s ( ! ,roman ,empire by ,con/ant9e any m ?an 0 ! "r-angl$ cross ( f\r equal arms or ! s-call$ ,/4 ,&rew's cross1 ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif 01 l ! image x4gif cross & ! _m v>ieties ( "r-angl$ crosses ( f\r equal arms1 fir/ br\ght into prom95ce z a ,roman symbol by ! ,emp]or 9 "q4 ,f ! evid5ce at our disposal x w\ld appe> t ,decius 0 ! fir/ ,roman rul] to make use ( ?is =m ( ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,anyh[1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 ?is symbol image monogram#c4;gif occurs ^u a co9 ( ! ,emp]or ,decius /ruck at ,maeonia ab\t ,a4,c4 #bej2 & !re=e m ?an half a c5tury be=e ! days ( ,con/ant9e4 ,& x is notewor?y t x 0 z a ,pagan symbol t ! image monogram#c4;gif ?us fir/ appe>$ ^u ! ,roman co9age4 ,! co9 9 "q is a bronze "o1 & ! ,monogram ( ,*ri/ occurs 9 ! c5tre ( a ,greek inscription surr\nd+ a repres5tation ( ! ,sun-,god ,bac*us2 &1 app>5tly1 z an amalgamation or contraction ( ! two ,greek lett]s equival5t to our ,r & ,,*1 viz43 ! ,greek lett]s ,p & ,x4#ej ,:y ^! p>ticul> lett]s %\ld h be5 contract$1 is1 h[ev]1 unc]ta92 & ! "q arises z to :e!r ! image monogram#c4;gif fir/ arose z a contraction ( su* ,greek lett]s1 or z an amalgamation ( ! ,roman lett]s ,p & ,x1 or z ! cross image x4gif plus ! ,greek ,p 7our ,r7 z ! initial lett] ( ! ,greek "n = ,rome4 ,moreov] if x be decid$ t ! symbol fir/ arose z a contraction ( c]ta9 lett]s1 yet fur!r que/ions arise2 viz42 9 :at ord] ^? lett]s 7 fir/ read1 & :at ^w !y fir/ repres5t$4 ,be=e go+ into su* matt]s z ^!1 h[ev]1 x is important t we %\ld fully realise h[ c]ta9 x is t ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ 0 orig9ally a ,pagan symbol4 ,= ev5 if ?is be n consid]$ demon/rat$ by its occurr5ce ^u a ,roman co9 long be=e1 accord+ to our ,*ur*1 ! ,*ri/ caus$ ,con/ant9e to use x z ! milit>y /&>d ( ! ,gauls1 x is cle>ly %[n by its occurr5ce ^u _m relics ( pre-,*ri/ian date4 ,! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ c be se51 = in/ance1 ^u a monum5t ( ,isis1 ! ,virg9 ,"m ( ! ,sun-,god1 :i* dates f ! second c5tury be=e our era4#ea ,also ^u ! co9s ( ,ptolemaeus2 on "o ( :i* is a head ( ,zeus ,ammon ^u "o side1 & an eagle be>+ ! image monogram#c4;gif 9 its claws ^u ! o!r4#eb ,! symbol 9 "q also appe>s ^u ,greek money /ruck long be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus2 = in/ance ^u c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! ,attic tetradra*ma4 ,& ! image monogram#d4;gif occurs ^u _m diff]5t co9s ( ! fir/ ,h]od1 /ruck ?irty ye>s or m ,b4,c4 ,:e!r ! ,pagan image monogram#c4;gif & ! ,pagan image monogram#d4;gif orig9ally _h ! same signification or n1 is unc]ta94 ,almo/ equally unc]ta9 is ! date at :i* we ,*ri/ians fir/ adopt$ ^! ,pagan symbols z ,*ri/ian symbols because !y c\ld be int]pret$ z =m$ ( ! two fir/ lett]s ( ! ,greek ^w ,,xpisigma,,tosigma1 ,*ri/os1 ,*ri/4 ,! probability is t ,*ri/ians _h at lea/ drawn att5tion to ?is possible int]pretation ( ! symbols 9 "q be=e ! days ( ,con/ant9e4 ,b ?is sc>cely r5d]s less notewor?y ! fact1 %[n fur!r on1 t ! fav\rite symbol ( ! ,gauli% w>riors1 ! sol> :eel image sol>:eel#a4;gif or image sol>:eel#b4;gif1 0 soon] or lat] alt]$ by _! lead] into image monogram#a4;gif or image monogram#b4;gif to please ! ,*ri/ians2 :ile ! symbols image monogram#c4;gif & image monogram#d4;gif 7 also made use ( by ,con/ant9e4 ,:i* =m ( sol> :eel1 monogram1 or cross1 0 t actually c>ri$ by ! ,gauls 9 triumph )9 ! walls ( ,rome & set up by _! lead] 9 ! he>t ( ! ,et]nal ,city1 is n q c]ta94 ,b x is cle> t z bo? ! image monogram#c4;gif & ! image monogram#d4;gif appe>$ ^u co9s /ruck be=e our era1 ,con/ant9e _c v well h be5 ignorant ( ! fact t ^! 7 orig9ally ,pagan symbols1 :5 he fav\r$ ! addition ( a loop to ! top ( ! v]tical b> ( ! ,gauli% sol> symbols image sol>:eel#a4;gif or image a/]isk4gif & image sol>:eel#b4;gif or image plus4gif 9 ord] t :at 8 ,gauli% army v5]at$ z triumphal tok5s might be accept$ z symbols ( victory by 8 ,*ri/ian support]s also4 ,t ?is ,gauli% mon>* did s alt]1 & = ! reason nam$1 ! symbol or symbols v5]at$ by 8 troops1 is admitt$ by1 among/ o!rs1 t well kn[n writ] ! ,rev]5d ,s4 ,b>+ ,g\ld1 ,m4,a4 ,=1 ref]r+ to ! sol> :eel z a symbol ( ! ,sun-,god v5]at$ by ! anci5t ,gauls1 ?is au?or tells u t ,con/ant9e ,adopt$ & adapt$ ! sign = 8 /&>ds1 & ! ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e became a common ,*ri/ian symbol4 ,t !re 0 policy 9 8 conduct we c h>dly d\bt2 ! symbol he set up gratifi$ ! ,*ri/ians 9 8 army on "o side & ! ,gauls on ! o!r4 ,= ! =m] x 0 a sign comp\nd$ ( ! initial lett]s ( ,*ri/1 to ! latt] x 0 ! tok5 ( ! fav\r ( ! sol> deity4#ec ,z ! fact t bo? ! image monogram#c4;gif & image monogram#d4;gif 7 9 use z symbols be=e ! comm5cem5t ( our era ?or\ghly disposes ( our cont5tion z ,*ri/ians t ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ _h its orig9 9 ! =mation ( a monogram out ( ! two fir/ lett]s ( ! ,greek ^w ,,xpisigma,,tosigma 7,*ri/os1 ,*ri/71 x is cle> t ^! symbols mu/ h _h "s o!r orig94 ,assum+ t ! symbols image monogram#c4;gif & image monogram#d4;gif _h ! same orig91 & ! same signification1 & t if ! image monogram#d4;gif 0 a comb9ation ( two lett]s ! ,greek or ,lat9 ,t 7in/ead ( ,x7 0 n "o ( !m2 or r1 z ^! w\ld be v consid]able assumptions1 m or less conf9+ our att5tion to ! image monogram#c4;gif z ! m likely ( ! two to h aris5 z a comb9ation ( ! ,greek lett]s ,p & ,x2 let u 9 pass+ briefly enquire into ! orig9 ( ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ z a ,pagan symbol4 ,if we seek = t orig9 z a comb9ation ( ! fir/ two lett]s ( "s o!r ,greek ^w ?an ,*ri/os1 ,*ri/1 & = ! mom5t assume ! lett]s ,p & ,x to h occurr$ 9 ! same ord] z 9 t ^w1 we see at once t ! monogram may h be5 d]iv$ ei!r f ! ^w ,*re/os1 ,good1 or ! ^w ,*ronos1 ,"t1 or ! ^w ,*rusos1 ,gold4 ,!re is1 by ! way1 ano!r curi\s connection betwe5 ! ?ree ,greek words 9 "q4 ,= ! "n ( ! fam\s god ,kronos or ,cronos 0 (t5 spelt ,,xponosigma i4e41 ,*ronos4#ed ,& ?is god ,*ronos--! fa!r ( ,zeus2 & m or less a p]sonification ( ,"t1 ! ,old ,fa!r f :om we are all desc5d$--0 id5tical ) ,saturn1 :ile ! ,saturnian ,age 01 z 9 ,virgil's f\r? eclogue1 ev] t spok5 ( z ! ,gold5 age :5 ! anci5ts 7 ref]r+ to :at !y pictur$ z ! good old times4 ,x w n d1 h[ev]1 to assume t if ! symbol we are consid]+ fir/ arose z a comb9ation ( ! ,greek lett]s ,p & ,x1 !y 7 ( necessity tak5 f1 & repres5tative (1 a ^w 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! same ord] z 9 ,*ri/os4 ,& ! fact t 9 ! image monogram#d4;gif1 if n also 9 ! image monogram#c4;gif1 ! ,p is ! lead+ feature1 gives emphasis to ! po9t 9 "q4 ,if we suppose t ! s-call$ monogram arose z a comb9ation ( ! ,greek lett]s 9 "q occurr+ 9 ! ord] ,p ,x1 ! /ud5t ( su* matt]s c sc>cely fail to note t ! lett]s 9 "q occur 9 t ord] z ! c5tre bo? ( ! ^w ,,apxh1 ! ,head1 ,*ief1 or ,fir/2 & also z ! c5tre ( ! k9dr$ ^w ,,apxomega1 to be fir/1 ! only rema9+ lett]s ( :i*1 & !re=e ! fir/ & ! la/ ( ?is ^w z ( ! old ,greek alphabet1 are1 z w be se51 ,alpha & ,omega1 ! lett]s s cont9ually plac$ on ei!r side ( ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif 9 ,*ri/ian times4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be po9t$ out t accord+ to "s ( ! be/ au?orities ! fir/ image monogram#c4;gif :i* occurs ^u any ,roman co91 com+ z x does aft] ! lett] alpha 9 a ,greek inscription1 %\ld be tak5 ) t lett] z =m+ ! ,,px ( ,,apx1 ! latt] be+ an abbreviation ( "s =m or o!r ( ! title ,ar*on4 ,?is title 0 t giv5 to ! dignit>y :o 0 at "o & ! same "t ! *ief magi/rate ( ! /ate & its *ief prie/1 & x may be wor? rem>k t z ,bac*us 0 ! deity wor%ipp$ 9 ,lydia1 ! ,ar*on 9 "q w\ld !re=e h be5 ! *ief prie/ ( ! ,sun-,god4 ,sev]al writ]s h1 9 _! zeal = our religion1 outrun _! discretion1 & gone s f> z to assume t ! exi/5ce ( ! s-call$ monogram ( ,*ri/ ^u ?is co9 ( ! ,emp]or ,decius is due to "s ,*ri/ian hav+ be5 employ$ 9 turn+ out ! co9 9 "q1 & hav+ 9 8 zeal surreptiti\sly introduc$ a symbol ( 8 fai?4 ,b ?\gh gravely support$ by m ?an "o great au?ority1 ?is is obvi\sly an absurd position to take up4 ,& 9 any case ! facts rema9 t x 0 9 ?is in/ance plac$ ov] a repres5tation ( ! ,sun-,god1 & _h = c5turies be5 9 use z a ,pagan symbol4 ,pass+ on1 h[ev]1 we h next to note t1 z be=e h9t$1 ev5 if ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif arose z a comb9ation ( two lett]s1 ?\gh we "k t symbol to h be5 (t5 us$ z a contraction ( ! ,greek lett]s ,p & ,x 7our ,r & ,,*71 !re is no pro( t x arose z a comb9ation ( two ,greek lett]s2 & ! symbol may h aris5 z a comb9ation ( ! ,roman lett]s ,p & ,x4 ,x %\ld !re=e be po9t$ out t 9 ! inscriptions :i* h come d[n to u f ! ,gauli% ,*ri/ians ( ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 ! symbols image monogram#c4;gif & image monogram#d4;gif are cont9ually us$ z contractions ( ! ,lat9 ^w ,,pax1 ,peace4 ,= ?\gh ! fact t ! ,monogram 0 (t5 s int]pret$ by ,*ri/ians c5turies ,a4,c4 c by no means be consid]$ evid5ce t x 0 ?us t x fir/ arose z a ,pagan symbol c5turies ,b4,c41 su* a possibility %\ld be kept be=e u4 ,b did ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ fir/ come into be+ z a comb9ation ( two lett]s2 ,greek1 ,roman1 or o!rwise8 ,ev5 ?is is n c]ta91 = ?is pre-,*ri/ian symbol may orig9ally h be5 a cross1 z a symbol ( ,life & ( ! ,sun-,god1 plus ! ,greek lett] ,p z ! initial "* ( ! ^w ,rome 9 :at may be call$ ! c\rt language ( ! "t4 ,su* an explanation w\ld m or less acc\nt = ! v>iations image monogram#c4;gif & image monogram#d4;gif2 ^! be+ obvi\sly ! natural ways ( add+ ! lett] ,p1 signify+ ,rome1 to ! crosses image x4gif & image plus4gif respectively4 ,all ! =ego+ ref]5ces to ! orig9 ( ! s-call$ monogram z a ,pagan symbol ( pre-,*ri/ian date1 are b speculations h[ev]4 ,its orig9 _c be asc]ta9$ = c]ta94 ,! revival ( ?is pre-,*ri/ian symbol1 & ! prom95ce giv5 to x ^u ! co9s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 are1 h[ev]1 traceable4 ,&1 z has be5 %[n1 !y are traceable to ,con/ant9e2 :o induc$ ! ,*ri/ians to accept z ! ,monogram ( ! ,*ri/1 & !re=e z a ,*ri/ian z well z a ,gauli% symbol ( victory1 ! ,sol> ,:eel v5]at$ by ! ,gauli% conqu]ors ( ,rome4 ,n[adays ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ is almo/ always reproduc$ = u z image monogram#c4;gif or image monogram#d4;gif2 b ! fact t ,con/ant9e sometimes s us$ x %\ld n bl9d u to ! facts t x 0 at fir/ usually ! c5tre ( a circle1 l ! spokes ( a :eel2 & t ! undisguis$ sol> :eel image sol>:eel#a4;gif appe>s ^u n a few ( ! co9s issu$ by ! ,*ri/ian successors ( ,con/ant9e1 :ile s9ce 8 reign ! sol> :eel image sol>:eel#b4;gif & _m an arti/ic v>iation ( ! same h be5 ,*ri/ian symbols1 & :5 9 our ornam5tation ( ecclesia/ical prop]ties we omit ! circle we z (t5 z n make ! cross itself :eel-l by r\nd+ ! extremities & wid5+ !m till !y ne>ly meet4 ,moreov] x %\ld n be =gott5 t x 0 evid5tly "o =m or o!r ( ! sol> :eel ( ! ,gauls1 plus ! politic loop to "o ( its spokes1 :i* ,con/ant9e & 8 ,gauli% w>riors are said to h se5 above ! m]idian sun1 ) ! div9ely writt5 leg5d ,,en ,,toytomega ,,nika1 ,by ?is conqu]1 atta*$4 ,= ?\gh t miracul\s symbol is ref]r$ to z a cross1 ! ,monogram itself 0 s ref]r$ to2 & ,eusebius1 aft] tell+ u t ! ,*ri/ appe>$ to ,con/ant9e & comm&$ him to make a milit>y /&>d = ! ,sun-,god wor%ipp+ ,gauls1 ,) ! same sign :i* he _h se5 9 ! heav5s1 expressly describes ?is z compos$ ( ,two lett]s indicat+ ! "n ( ! ,*ri/1 ! lett] ,p be+ int]sect$ ) ,x at ! c5tre4 ,& on ?is p>ticul> ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e1 z on ! majority ( ! ,lab>a repres5t$ ^u 8 co9s1 ! image monogram#c4;gif 0 ! c5tre ( a circle or circul> wrea?1 l ! spokes ( a :eel4#ee ,9 any case ! fact t ! symbol image monogram#c4;gif 0 a ,pagan "o c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ is said to h made x a ,*ri/ian "o = ! ,sun-,god wor%ipp+ ,gauls to foll[ on to victory1 c\pl$ ) ! facts t !y are said to h se5 x above ! mid-day sun1 & t x 0 admitt$ly a politic adaptation ( ! ,sol> ,:eel1 %[ u h[ mu* ,eusebius & o!r ,*ri/ian *ronicl]s bo? inv5t$ & suppress$1 & also h[ l>gely ! influ5ce ( ,sun-,god wor%ip p]meat$ & m\ld$ our religion4 ,9 ?is connection x may be not$1 z a curi\s fact r ?an z evid5ce1 t accord+ to "s au?orities ! s-call$ ,monograms ( ,*ri/ 7 9 e>li] ages ,monograms ( ! ,sun-,god ,osiris4#ef ,also t bo? ,socrates & ,sozom5 tell u t :5 ! temple ( ! ,sun-,god ,s]apis at ,alex&ria 0 pull$ d[n1 ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/ 0 discov]$ ^u its f\ndations & ! ,*ri/ians made _m conv]ts 9 consequ5ce a some:at significant /atem5t4 ,moreov] we are told t ^u e ,dies ,solis1 or 9 o!r words ^u t day ( ! week :i* ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire 0 held sacr$ to ! ,sun-,god & ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom is call$ ,sun-day1 ,con/ant9e made 8 troops1 assembl$ "u :at 0 admitt$ly a sol> symbol1 recite at a giv5 "t1 :i* 0 probably dawn or mid-day1 a pray] comm5c+ ,we ackn[l$ge !e to be ,god alone1 & own t our victories are due to ?y fav\r4#eg ,:o c\ld ?is ,god h be5 b ! ,sun-,god1 see+ t x 0 to ! ,sun-,god t ,con/ant9e ^u 8 co9s ev] attribut$ 8 victories8 ,& :at is m likely ?an t1 wi%+ to take a fri5dly view ( ! deity wor%ipp$ by _! support]s ! ,*ri/ians1 x 0 z conceiv+ ! ,*ri/ to be b ! late/ addition to ! _m conceptions ( ! ,sun-,god1 t ,con/ant9e alt]$ ! sol> symbols ( 8 troops into ! s-call$ ,monograms ( ,*ri/1 & t 8 troops accept$ ! alt]ations8 ,&1 pass+ f ! symbol to ! deity repres5t$1 let u rememb] t x is record$ t v>i\s ,*ri/ian pa9t+s ( anci5t times bore ^u !m ! d$icatory words ,,deo ,,soli4 ,= ?is rem>kable leg5d means bo? ,to ,god alone & ,to ! ,sun-,god1 bo? ,to ! ,sole ,god & ,to ! ,god ,sol2 & =cibly rem9ds u1 n only ( ! pray] :i* ,con/ant9e caus$ 8 troops to repeat1 b also ( t f9e address to ! univ]sally ador$ ,sun-,god comm5c+ ,latium calls !e ,sol because 9 hon\r ?\ art ,solit>y1 ,aft] ! ,fa!r4#eh ,n[1 z w be %[n fur!r on1 a cross ( "s description or o!r 0 9 e l& accept$ z ! symbol ( ! univ]sally ador$ ,sun-,god4 ,& :ile n a s+le "o ( ! _m books =m+ ! ,new ,te/am5t /ates t ,jesus 0 execut$ ^u a cross-%ap$ in/rum5t1 & ! fir/ crosses ,*ri/ians us$ z signs or symbols bore e =m b t :i* a cross-%ap$ in/rum5t ( execution w\ld h borne1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! f\r? c5tury1 z we h se51 w5t out ( _! way to claim ev5 ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ z a cross2 ,eusebius s c>efully speak+ ( x z su* ev5 :]e he relates t ,con/ant9e & 8 soldi]s saw x above ! m]idian sun1 t "o might n unreasonably imag9e him to be claim+ x z ,*ri/ian because x 0 m or less cruci=m & !re=e m or less l ! _w-wide symbol ( ! ,sun-,god4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,cross ,,( ,,! ,,logos4 ,hav+ made cle> ! "p play$ by ,con/ant9e 9 ! prom95ce giv5 9 8 lifetime to ! cross z a symbol ( ! ,roman ,empire & !re=e ( :at he made its ,/ate ,religion1 & hav+ also %[n t :ile ! ,*ri/ian *ronicl]s ( ^? days are sil5t conc]n+ ! v>i\s =ms ( crosses plac$ by ,con/ant9e ^u 8 co9s !y w5t out ( _! way to allude to ! s-call$ ,monogram ( ,*ri/ z a cross1 to claim x z su*1 & ev5 to associate x ) ! sun1 let u n[ turn our att5tion aga9 to ! pre-,*ri/ian cross4 ,s great 0 ! v5]ation 9 :i* t phallic & sol> symbol ! cross 0 held 9 ! ages :i* prec$$ ! bir? & dea? ( ,jesus1 t ! philosoph]s ( ^? days ev5 w5t s f> z to decl>e t ! cross 0 ! figure ( ! ,life or ,s\l ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?\gh x is a matt] ( v consid]able importance1 we ,*ri/ians = "s reason or o!r ignore ! fact t long be=e our era comm5c$ philosoph]s ?us conceiv$ ! figure ( ! cross to be ! symbol ( ! ,logos ( ,god4 ,n[ al?\gh1 foll[+ ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 we h made x a ma9 article ( our belief t ! ,logos1 really ! ,?\ght plus ,spee*1 ( ,god1 became ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #d specially inc>nate 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ! ,naz>5e1 we ought n to =get t1 be+ ! "o ,p[] by :i* all t ev] came into exi/5ce 0 creat$ & all t exi/s is su/a9$1 ! ,logos 9 any case ev] 01 is1 & w be1 inc>nate 9 e s5ti5t be+4 ,z ! ,logos ( ,god 7or1 z ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ! ,bible into ,engli% mo/ inadequately r5d]s x 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 ! ,^w ( ,god7 0 by ! philosoph]s call$ ! ,intellectual ,sun & ! ,light ( ! ,_w1#ei be+1 z a p]sonification ( ! ,?\ght & ,spee* ( ! ,all-,fa!r1 a p]sonification ( ,wisdom & ,reason 7:i*1 9 an ev5 m real s5se ?an ! emanations ( ! physical sun1 =m ! ,light ( ! ,_w1 or1 z ! orig9al text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t puts x1 ! ,light ( ! ,cosmos71 ! fact t pre-,*ri/ian philosoph]s affirm$ t ! cross 0 ! symbol ( ! said ,light ( ! ,cosmos1 is obvi\sly "o :i* e writ] conc]n+ ! cross z a ,*ri/ian symbol ought 9 common hone/y to deal )4 ,t pre-,*ri/ian philosoph]s did s affirm1 c be se5 by turn+ to ! ,timaeus ( ,plato1 :]e1 ref]r+ to ! begett+ ( ! ,univ]sal ,s\l 7:om ,philo1 ano!r pre-,*ri/ian philosoph]1 speaks ( z ! ,second ,god2 & z ,god's ,belov$ ,son1 ,image1 ,ambassador1 ,m$iator1 & ,fir/-,begott571 ,plato says ,su* 0 ! :ole plan ( ! ,et]nal ,god ab\t ! ,god t 0 to be3--& 9 ! c5tre he put ! s\l :i* he diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! body3--& he made ! ,univ]se a circle mov+ 9 a circle4 ,hav+ ^! purposes 9 view he creat$ ! _w a bless$ ,god3--he made ! s\l on ?is wise--jo9$--at ! c5tre l ! lett] ,x4#fj ,conc]n+ ?is pron\ncem5t ( ! great ,tea*] he s rev]$1 ,proclus wrote z foll[s ,two circles w be =m$1 ( :i* "o is int]ior b ! o!r is ext]ior4 ,"o ( ^! is call$ ! circle ( ! ,same & "o ! circle ( ! ,diff]5t1 or ( ! ,fix$ & ( ! ,v>iable1 or r ( ! ,equ9octial ,circle & ( ! ,zodiac4 ,! circle ( ! ,diff]5t revolves ab\t ! ,zodiac1 b ! circle ( ! ,same ab\t ! ,equ9octial4 ,h5ce we conceive t ! "r l9es are n to be appli$ to ea* o!r at "r angles b l ! lett] ,x1 z ,plato says1 s z to cause ! angles to be equal only at ! summit b ^? on ea* side & ! successive angles to be unequal4 ,= ! ,equ9octial ,circle does n cut ! ,zodiac at "r angles4 ,su* !re=e 9 %ort is ! ma!matical discussion ( ! figure ( ! 7,univ]sal7 ,s\l4#fa ,ev5 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* admitt$ t _! ideas ( ! ,son ( ,god & ( ! cross be+ 8 symbol1 7 m or less d]iv$ f pre-,*ri/ian philosoph]s4 ,= we f9d ,ju/9 ,m>tyr rem>k+ t ,plato decl>$ t ,! ,p[] next to ! ,supreme ,god 0 figur$ 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,x ^u ! univ]se4#fb ,& 9 ano!r place ?is fam\s ,fa!r /ates t ,:]eas ,plato1 philosophis+ ab\t ! ,son ( ,god1 says ,god express$ him ^u ! univ]se 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,x1 he evid5tly took ! h9t f ,moses1 :o took brass & made ! sign ( ! cross & plac$ x by ! holy tab]nacle1 & decl>$ t if p w\ld look ^u t cross & believe !y w\ld be sav$4#fc ,! value ( all ?is evid5ce is s obvi\s t its m]e p>ade is almo/ suffici5t4 ,x %\ld h[ev] be po9t$ out t ?is cross image x4gif1 be+ av[$ly adopt$ by ! pre-,*ri/ian philosoph]s z ! symbol ( ! ,logos or ,fir/-begott5 ( ,god 9 pref]5ce to ! image plus4gif because ! zodiac or pa?way ( ! ,sun does n cross ! equator at "r angles1 0 cle>ly a sol> symbol4 ,& x may be add$ t ?\gh ,ju/9 ,m>tyr is c>eful to claim ?is p>ticul> sol> cross z a symbol ( ! ,*ri/1 no "o claims t ,jesus 0 execut$ ^u an in/rum5t s %ap$2 :ile ! /ory t ,/4 ,&rew 0 affix$ to an in/rum5t ( execution s %ap$1 is admitt$ly a wor?less leg5d4 ,?is claim ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr t ! sol> cross ( ! philosoph]s 0 a pre-,*ri/ian symbol ( ! ,*ri/1 is1 :5 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! fact t ne>ly all ! ,fa!rs allude to ! figure ( ! cross1 any k9d ( cross1 z a life-giv+ symbol f "t immemorial1 significant ( mu*4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,cross ,,9 ,,europe4 ,t ! symbol ( ! cross 0 widely v5]at$ 9 ,europe long be=e our era1 is well kn[n to ar*aeologi/s4 ,( ,brita9 9 ^? days we "k next to no?+1 hi/ory be+ almo/ sil5t ^u ! subject & relics conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 ,! cross is h[ev] a conspicu\s feature ^u c]ta9 fun]al urns :i* are said to date back to ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,& x is notewor?y t bo? x & ! sol> :eel occur ^u sev]al ( ! e>lie/ ,briti% co9s2 :i* :e!r issu$ z "s say be=e1 or z o!rs av] aft]1 ! adv5t ( ,julius ,caes>1 7 admitt$ly ( pre-,*ri/ian date4 ,evid5ces ( ! v5]ation ( ! cross 9 ,france be=e our era are s num]\s & easily asc]ta9able1 t x w only be necess>y to ref] ! read] to ! ,collection ,r\j\1 ! pages ( ! ,revue de ,numismatique1 & ! writ+s ( ,messieurs ,de la ,saussaye1 ,l5ormant1 ,de ,saulcy1 ,e4 ,lamb]t1 & o!r ,fr5* au?orities4 ,if1 cont9u+ our j\rney ea/w>ds1 we pass ov] ! bord] into ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,italy1 we f9d equally /rik+ evid5ce ( ! pre-,*ri/ian v5]ation ( ! symbol 9 "q4 ,let u take = example ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! rem>kable discov]ies made 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian cemet]y une>!d at ,gola-,secca4 ,= ^u a v l>ge proportion ( ! articles discov]$ 9 ! anci5t tombs ( ! cemet]y 9 "q1 a cross ( "s k9d is ! prom95t feature4 ,p>ticul>s ( ^! articles c be f\nd record$ 9 ! lit]>y & sci5tific j\rnals ( ,france4 ,& ! conclusion arriv$ at by ! au?orities ^u su* matt]s _c be bett] put ?an 9 ! revis$ edition 9 book =m ( an article 9 ! ,revue ,ar*eologque by ,monsieur ,g4 de ,mortillet4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! relics ( s mu* ( anci5t ,gaul z is compris$ 9 mod]n ,france1 a subject he takes leave ( 9 ! words-- ,b ! pre-,*ri/ian cult ( ! cross 0 n conf9$ to ,savoy & ! environs ( ,lyons4 ,a glance at ! co9s ( anci5t ,gaul is suffici5t to %[ t x exi/$ 9 ne>ly e "p-- ,m4 de ,mortillet1 cross+ ! fronti] & deal+ ) ! said tombs ( ,gola-,secca ne> ,milan 9 ,italy1 sums up z foll[s ,"o sees t !re c be no d\bt :atev] conc]n+ ! use ( ! cross z a religi\s sign = a v long "t be=e ,*ri/ianity4 ,! cult ( ! cross 0 well spread ov] ,gaul be=e its conque/ & already exi/$ 9 ,emilia 9 ! ,bronze ,age1 m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,let u pass on to yet ano!r c\ntry1 ,switz]l&4 ,"h also we f9d unexceptional evid5ce ( ! g5]al recognition ( ! cross be=e our era z a symbol :i* %\ld above all o!rs be v5]at$4 ,! ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,switz]l& may be said to h be5 br\ght to light by ! extraord9>y dr\ght exp]i5c$ 9 ! ye>s ,a4,c4 #ahec-d2 = ?\gh piles & anci5t rema9s 7 f\nd ^u ! %ores ( v>i\s lakes be=e t date1 no great he$ 0 paid to !m till ! dr\ght 9 "q l[]$ ! wat]s ( ! lake ( ,zuri* & ( o!r lakes to an unprec$5t$ ext5t1 & c]ta9 discov]ies due !reto l$ to ! matt] be+ ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by antiqu>ians4 ,! result 0 t _m relics ( ! ,lake ,dwell]s 7 f\nd4 ,&1 plac$ ^u ^? relics by ?is =gott5 race ( ho>y antiquity z ! sign !y v5]at$1 0 ! symbol ( ! cross4 ,^! relics1 pres]v$ = u by ! s$im5t c>ri$ into ! lakes by v>i\s riv]s1 _c be less ?an #c1jjj ye>s old1 are n improbably #d1jjj ye>s old1 & may q possibly be #e1jjj ye>s old2 "s au?orities--,monsieur ,morlot = in/ance--e/imat+ _! age at f #f1jjj to #g1jjj ye>s4 ,suffice x to record ! fact t ^! relics are admitt$ly pre-,*ri/ian4 ,^u ! articles 9 "q1 z on ^? discov]$ 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian tombs ( ,gola-,secca1 ! cross is /amp$ z a symbol ( life1 ( good om51 & ( salvation4 ,ev5 dies = /amp+ articles ) ! cross h be5 discov]$ among ! rema9s ( ! ,lake ,dwell]s4 ,& ! crosses are ( ?ree k9ds2 7#a7 ! "r-angl$ cross ( f\r equal arms1 ( :i* s _m v>iations1 "s enclos$ 9 circles & "s ) ! extremities wid5$ & r\nd$1 are us$ z ,*ri/ian symbols2 7#b7 ! o!r cross ( f\r equal arms1 kn[n z ! ,/4 ,&rew's cross or ,*i cross2 & 7#c7 ! ,fylfot or ,sva/ika cross4 ,! la/ nam$ cross is a peculi> "o ( q unmi/akeable design2 & !re are two v>ieties1 image sva/ika#a4;gif1 & image sva/ika#b4;gif1 ( :i* "o is obvi\sly an impression or rev]se view ( ! o!r4 ,! names ,fylfot & ,sva/ika are v g5]ally appli$ to bo? ^! symbols4 ,! t]m ,sva/ika1 an ,indian "o1 is h[ev] appli$ by ! inhabitants ( ,h9do/an to "o only2 !y call+ ! o!r ,sauva/ika4 ,& x is curi\s to note t ! mean+s atta*$ to ^! names1 ?\gh1 l ! symbols alli$ 9 nature1 are1 also l !m1 ! rev]se or negative or complem5t ( ea* o!r4 ,= in/ance we are told by ,sir ,g4 ,birdwood t ! "r h&$ ,sva/ika signifies ! ,male ,pr9ciple1 ! ,sun on its daily j\rney f ,ea/ to ,we/1 ,light & ,life2 & t ! left-h&$ ,sva/ika signifies ! ,female ,pr9ciple1 ! ,sun 9 ,hades or ! ,und]world on its j\rney f ,we/ to ,ea/1 ,d>kness & ,dea?4#fd ,?is m or less (ficial pron\ncem5t may be tak5 z a fairly accurate "o1 al?\gh x is obvi\s t ! annual z well z ! diurnal movem5t ( ! ,sun %\ld h be5 ref]r$ to2 ! half ye> betwe5 ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox & ,autumnal ,equ9ox repres5t+ ,light & ,life1 & t betwe5 ! ,autumnal ,equ9ox & ,v]nal ,equ9ox ,d>kness & ,dea?1 j z cle>ly z d ! half days betwe5 sunrise & sunset1 sunset & sunrise4 ,b x is to be fe>$ t ev5 ^? :o rememb] h[ (t5 ,dea? & ,d>kness are ref]r$ to z p]iods ( ,ge/ation1 w h "s difficulty 9 see+ h[ a sign or symbol ( ! ,female ,p[] ( ,g5]ation c h signifi$ ,dea?4 ,! fact ( c\rse is t ! symbol 9 "q repres5t$ bo? ,life & ,dea?1 & repres5t$ ! latt] only 9 a m9or s5se & ow+ to ! fact t ! ,female ,pr9ciple ( ,life 0 reg>d$ z ! necess>y rev]se1 negative1 or complem5t ( ! ,male ,pr9ciple2 :i* latt]1 hav+ ( ! two ! bett] claim to be consid]$ ! />t] ( life1 0 ! "o m p>ticul>ly id5tifi$ ) ,life & !re=e ) ! v]nal ,sun-,god4 ,x w\ld also appe> t ! two symbols 9 "q to "s ext5t signifi$ ,fire & ,wat]2 ,fire be+ ( c\rse ! ,male ,pr9ciple1 ,day1 ,summ]1 ,light1 & ,life2 & ,wat] ! ,female ,pr9ciple4 ,?is /ill fur!r illu/rates ! po9t dealt ) above2 = ?\gh ,wat] is ! negative ( ,fire1 yet ,fire _c produce ,life )\t ! aid ( ,wat]4 ,return+ h[ev] to our consid]ation ( ! cross z a symbol ( ,life ( pre-,*ri/ian date & orig91 & hav+ already dealt ) ! l&s n[ kn[n z ,brita91 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,switz]l&1 let u n[ consid] ! evid5ce ( ,greece4 ,at ,myc5ae & else:]e ,dr4 ,s*liemann discov]$1 among o!r relics ( a bygone age1 n only articles m>k$ ) ! ,sva/ika cross & ! cross ( f\r equal arms1 b ev5 seals & dies giv+ impressions ( su* crosses2 ?us demon/rat+ h[ l>ge & prom95t a "p ! symbol ( ! cross play$ 9 pre-,*ri/ian times among ^? 9 ^: classic tongue ! e>lie/ kn[n copies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures 7 writt5 c5turies lat]4 ,x is also rem>kable t ,dr4 ,s*liemann f\nd gold5 crosses 9 ! previ\sly unop5$ tombs he discov]$ & explor$ at ,myc5ae2 z _m z five su* crosses hav+ 9 "s in/ances be5 plac$ ) a s+le body by ^? :o seal$ up ! vaults 9 "q ?\s&s ( ye>s ago & _m c5turies be=e ! comm5cem5t ( our era4 ,z few if any unrifl$ tombs ( s anci5t a date h be5 discov]$ 9 ,greece & fir/ explor$ by a tru/wor?y inve/igator1 & z1 moreov]1 x w\ld only h be5 ) ! bodies ( important p]sonages t crosses ( s valuable a mat]ial z gold w\ld h be5 buri$1 ^! discov]ies1 c\pl$ ) ! self-evid5t fact t crosses ( m p]i%able mat]ial may h be5 buri$ ) ! bodies ( less di/+ui%$ p1 & by ?is "t1 l bo? ! bodies & ! tombs :i* enclos$ !m1 h gone to du/1 are mo/ rem>kable4 ,& !y entirely corroborate ! te/imony borne by ! co9s ( anci5t ,gaul1 ! cont5ts ( ! tombs ( ,gola-,secca1 & ! rema9s ( ! ,lake ,dwell]s ( ,switz]l&1 to ! v5]ation paid long be=e our era by ! inhabitants ( ,europe to ! cross z ! recognis$ symbol ( ,life4 ,nor z ! symbol only ( ! life :i* ends 9 ! grave1 b also ( ! glori\s hope t z ! ,sun1 f :om we d]ive t life1 :e!r consid]$ f a daily or ye>ly po9t ( view s9ks b to rise aga91 ev5 s we :o owe our brief lives to ! ,sun-,god1 may1 l ! ,giv] ( ,life & only ,savi\r1 rise f "o life to ano!r4 ,= :e!r ! anci5ts 7 or 7 n unphilosophic en\gh to believe 9 ! resurrection ( bodies ^: con/itu5t atoms are cont9ually *ang+ & 9 "t =m "p ( o!r bodies1 x is absurd to assume t !y did n at times l ourselves conceive & dwell ^u a hop$-=1 if unexpect$ & improbable1 ,life-to-come4 ,moreov] x is ) u1 z x 0 ) !m1 a hope2 & x is dis+5u\s to label z ,*ri/ian :at 0 pre-,*ri/ian1 & to claim z ours :at has be5 common to ! reason+ m9ds ( suff]+ m5 & wom5 ( all eras4 ,x is equally dis+5u\s on ! "p ( u ,*ri/ians to keep 9 ! backgr\nd ! notewor?y fact t ev5 9 pre-,*ri/ian ages ! symbol ( t hope 0--! cross4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,cross ,,9 ,,asia4 ,if1 leav+ ,europe1 we pass on into ,asia1 we f9d t n only h ! two v>ieties ( ,sva/ika crosses = ?\s&s ( ye>s play$ a prom95t "p z a religi\s symbol 9 ,h9do/an1 ,?ibet1 & ,*9a1 b t o!r k9ds ( crosses also 7 9 bygone ages v5]at$ by _! inhabitants4 ,= in/ance our ,ea/]n ,empire is /rewn ) ! rema9s ( anci5t temples built1 l ^? ( ,*ri/5dom 9 lat] days1 9 ! %ape ( a cross2 & we are told t ! olde/ ( its rock-hewn caves 7 plann$ aft] ! same figure4 ,x is also well-kn[n t isolat$ /one crosses ( pre-hi/oric date are to be se5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india4 ,! evid5ce ( ,h9do/an is h[ev] outweigh$ by t obta9able f ! antiquities ( ,we/]n ,asia1 conc]n+ "s ( :i* ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d wrote3 ,! crux ansata1 ! tau or sign ( life1 is f\nd 9 ! sculptures ( ,khorsabad1 on ! ivories ( ,nimr\d--:i* z ,i h %[n are ( ! same age--c>ri$ too by an ,assyrian ,k+4#fe ,we h also to note ! equally significant facts t ! recognis$ symbol ( ! ,pho5ician ,goddess ( ,love--,a/>te1 ,a%tore?1 or ,i%t>1 ! ,bride ( ! ,sun-,god--0 a cross2 t a cross 0 also associat$ ) ! ,pho5ician ,baal or ,sun-,god2 & t ! circle & cross1 n[ ! symbol ( ! planet held sacr$ to ! ,goddess ( ,love1 frequ5tly occurs ^u ! anci5t co9s ( ,we/]n ,asia & 0 n improbably m or less ak9 9 signification to ! crux ansata ( ,egypt4 ,! fact t ^u v anci5t rema9s /ill exi/+ ! ,baal is repres5t$ z cr[n$ ) a :eel-l nimbus ( rays %\ld also be m5tion$4 ,! cross m especially connect$ ) ! ,pho5ician ,bride ( ! ,sun-,god 9 anci5t days1 01 z c easily be se5 ^u ref]5ce to anci5t co9s1 :]e x occurs 9 ! h& ( ! goddess 9 "q1 a long h&l$ cross su* z is frequ5tly to be se5 9 our pictorial repres5tations ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,z ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 an ,asiatic & to "s ext5t a pre-,*ri/ian ,asiatic1 we c "h1 )\t w&]+ v f> f ! matt] 9 h&1 pause to consid] ! "q :y we ,*ri/ians repres5t ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o _h no?+ to d ) a cross1 z hold+ a cross2 if x be n t :ile ,jesus 0 suppos$ to repres5t ! ,sun 9 its annual asc5sion1 ,john 0 suppos$ to repres5t ! ,sun 9 its annual decl5sion8 ,:at o!r rational explanation h we ( ! facts1 7#a7 t ,john is repres5t$ z say+ t he baptis$ ) wat] b t ,jesus w\ld baptise ) fire 7:]e ! ra9s ( w9t] & ! heat ( summ] may be ref]r$ to72 & 7#b7 t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 fram+ its cal5d> fix$ ^u :at we call ,midsumm] day z ! bir?day ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ^u ! clay :i* be>s ! same relation to ! o!r sol/ice z ! bir?day ( ,*ri/1 z if wi%+ to illu/rate t o!r rem>kable pron\ncem5t ( ,john1 ?us plac$ at ! po9t :]e ! days beg9 to %ort51 conc]n+ ,jesus1 ?us plac$ :]e ! days beg9 to l5g!n1 ,he mu/ increase b ,i mu/ decrease8 ,! probability t to its orig9al signification ( ,life1 t ( ,salvation 0 add$ to ! cross z a recognition ( ! fact t ! salvation ( ,e>?-,life 9 g5]al & ( ,mank9d 9 p>ticul> is due to ! fact t at ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox ! ,sun-,god crosses to save1 summ] & ! fruits ( ! e>? & !re=e salvation & increase be+ due to ! fact t ! ,sun !n crosses ! ,equator1 is support$ by evid5ce f all qu>t]s4 ,& if we refuse to admit t ,*ri/ianity is p]meat$ ) ! ideas ( ,sun-,god wor%ip1 we n only h no rational explanation to (f] ( ! prophecies put by ! ,evangeli/s 9 ! m\? ( ,john ! ,bapti/ to ! effect t ,jesus w\ld baptise ) fire & w\ld increase1 b also none to (f] ( _m ano!r prom95t feature ( our religion2 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! fact t :ile pret5d+ to rev]5ce all ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts we delib]ately make a po9t ( break+ "o ( !m 9 ord] to keep z a day ( re/ n ! sev5? day b ! fir/1 ! day :i* f "t immemorial 0 held sacr$ ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire z ,dies ,solis1 ! ,day ( ! ,sun4 ,= to av] z we d t ,jesus 0 n made ! subject ( a ,sun-,god allegory1 b purposely rose f ! und]world on ! ,day ( ! ,sun1 at ! "t ( ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox1 9 ord] to annul a comm&m5t previ\sly laid d[n by ,god & sub/itute a new "o 9 sil5ce1 is only to make ourselves ridicul\s4 ,return+ h[ev] to ! matt] m p>ticul>ly 9 h&1 x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! crux ansata m5tion$ by ,lay>d is n ! only k9d ( cross to be f\nd ^u ! relics ( anci5t ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,= ! cross ( f\r equal arms & ! sol> :eel are also to be met )4 ,moreov]1 z all visitors to our museums %\ld be aw>e1 ! mon>*s are repres5t$ z we>+ 9 ! place ( hon\r r\nd _! neck & on _! brea/1 a ,maltese cross4 ,& ?is cross1 worn by ! k+s c5turies be=e our era z ! symbol :i* %\ld above all o!rs be v5]at$1 or z be/ signify+ _! p[] ov] ! lives ( _! subjects & _! position z vice-g]5ts ( ! ,sun-,god1 is admitt$ by all ! be/ au?orities to h be5 ! sign & symbol ( ! ,sun-,god4#ff ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,pre-,,*ri/ian ,,cross ,,9 ,,africa4 ,pass+ on to ,africa & a consid]ation ( ! crux ansata or s-call$ ',key ( ! ,nile1' we f9d t ?is v>iety ( cross _h mu* ! same significance atta*$ to x by ! anci5ts z _h ! m widely accept$ v>ieties4 ,z a matt] ( fact no "o acqua9t$ ) ,egyptian antiquities :o enquires into ! matt] 9 ?or\gh go+ fa%ion1 c 9 ! end fail to be conv9c$ t ! ,egyptian cross 0 a phallic symbol hav+ ref]5ce to ! sexual p[]s ( g5]ation & to ! ,sun1 & be+ !re=e a symbol bo? ( ,life & ( ! ,giv] ( ,life4 ,! connection betwe5 ! crux ansata & ! ,sun-,god 9 ! m9ds ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,l& ( ! ,nile 9 pre-,*ri/ian days1 is v cle>ly set =? by an illu/ration ( ,khu5at5 9 ! act ( di/ribut+ gifts to 8 c\rti]s :i* faces page #dj1 volume ,i41 ( ,sir ,j4 ,g>dn] ,wilk9son's ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians4 ,= ?is mon>*--also kn[n z ,am5ophis ,,iv4--& 8 wife are bo? repres5t$ z receiv+ ! crux ansata f ! ,sun-,god1 & ! ,sun is m>k$ ) ! crux ansata z its peculi> symbol4 ,^u ,plate ,,iv4 fac+ page #dc ( ! same fam\s "w1 we see ,seti ,i4 surm\nt$ by ! ,sun2 two crosses adorn+ ! latt]4 ,! crosses are1 moreov]1 atta*$ to two s]p5ts issu+ f ! sun2 & ^! 7 9 anci5t days phallic signs repres5t+ ! sexual p[]s4 ,on page #dje is a repres5tation ( ! ,egyptian god ,khem1 or ,am5-,ra ,g5]ator2 ! ,egyptian ,priapus1 or god ( ,g5]ation4 ,! names ( ?is phallic deity %[ 8 connection ) ! ,sun4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is p>ticul> conception ( ! ,sun-,god is accompani$ by emblems ( ! sexual organs ( reproduction1 & t he be>s a ,/4 ,&rew's cross ^u 8 brea/4 ,^u page #bd ( volume ,,iii4 ( ! same "w is ano!r repres5tation ( ,khem1 or ,am5-,ra ,g5]ator4 ,9 ?is case also he is accompani$ by phallic & sol> emblems & we>s a ,/4 ,&rew's cross ^u 8 brea/4 ,on page #bf ,sir ,j4 ,g>dn] ,wilk9son tells u t ,khem 0 consid]$ ! g5]at+ influ5ce ( ! sun1 :5ce p]haps ! reason ( 8 be+ connect$ ) ,am5-,ra3 & 9 "o ( ! hi]oglyphic leg5ds accompany+ 8 "n he is /yl$ ! sun2 t is ! pro-creat+ p[] ( ! only s\rce ( w>m?1 :i* assi/s 9 ! cont9uation ( ! v>i\s creat$ species4 ,^u ,plate ,,xxii41 fac+ page #dd ( volume ,,iii41 are ?ree diff]5t in/ances ( ! crux ansata be+ atta*$ to ! sun z ! symbol ( ! ,sun-,god4 ,^u page #df is ano!r in/ance ( ! crux ansata be+ atta*$ to ! sol> s]p5t issu+ f ! sun's disc4 ,on ,plate ,,xxiii41 fac+ page #eb1 is ano!r illu/ration ( ! reception ( ! crux ansata f ! ,sun-,god4 ,^u page #hb ,sir ,j4 ,g>dn] ,wilk9son rightly obs]ves t x is absurd to speak ( ! crux ansata or ,egyptian cross z ! ,key ( ! ,nile1 inasmu* z ?is cross is less frequ5tly se5 9 ! h& ( ! ,god ,nilus ?an any deity ( ! ,egyptian pan!on4 ,^u ! rem>kable ,plate ,,xxxi41 fac+ page #acf1 we see inscriptions describ+ ! reign+ ,ph>aoh z ! ,vice-g]5t ( ! ,giv] ( ,et]nal ,life2 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! ,sun-,god4 ,o!r expressions appli$ to ! ,ph>aoh are ,giv] ( ,life & ,/r5g? l ! ,sun2 ,:o gives all ,life1 ,/ability1 & ,heal? l ! ,sun2 & ,approv$ ( ! ,sun & ,giv] ( ,life l ! ,sun4 ,x is ?us cle> t ages be=e our era ! cross 0 v5]at$ 9 ,egypt z 9 o!r l&s z ! symbol bo? ( ,life & ( ! ,giv] ( ,life2 & t ! deity wor%ipp$ z ! ,giv] ( ,life1 & ev] associat$ ) t salut>y symbol ! cross1 0 ! ,sun-,god4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,troy4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann has told u t 9 8 rese>*es ^u ! site ( ,troy he f\nd t 9 pre-,*ri/ian if n inde$ pre-hi/oric times ! cross 01 9 t classic locality z else:]e1 a phallic emblem & ! symbol ( life2 z well z a sol> emblem & ! symbol ( ! holy fire ) :i* life 0 m or less id5tifi$4 ,= in/ance on page #ccg ( 8 ,ilios 7#ahhj edition7 ,dr4 ,s*liemann describes a lead5 idol discov]$ by him & ( great antiquity4 ,he tells u t x 0 female 9 "* & _h ! vulva m>k$ ) ! triangle1 a symbol ( ! ,fem99e ,pr9ciple4 ,& he po9ts out t )9 ! triangle 0 ! ,sva/ika cross4 ,on page #eba ,dr4 ,s*liemann describes an anci5t t]ra cotta vase1 ) ! *>act]i/ics ( a woman ^u x1 & on ! vulva a ,/4 ,&rew's cross4 ,^u page #ebc is a ref]5ce to ano!r vase ( simil> design4 ,"h also a cross appe>s to m>k ! vulva4 ,on page #cec ,dr4 ,s*liemann admits t ! ,sva/ika cross drawn )9 ! triangle m>k+ ! vulva1 %[s t ?is cross 0 a sign ( g5]ation 9 anci5t & pre-hi/oric times4 ,?is rem>k %\ld evid5tly h be5 appli$ by him to ! ,/4 ,&rew's cross z well1 = he %[s t also to h be5 us$ z a sign ( ! organ ( g5]ation1 z has be5 %[n above4 ,we are "h rem9d$ ( ! fact1 already not$1 t ! ,egyptians repres5t$ _! ,god ( ,g5]ation1 ,khem1 or ,am5-,ra ,g5]ator1 z we>+ a conspicu\s ,/4 ,&rew's cross4 ,& z ,khem 0 ! ,egyptian ,priapus x ought also to be po9t$ out t x 0 9 anci5t times ! practice to erect wood5 crosses to ?is conception ( ! ,sun-,god4 ,an illu/ration ( "o example ( ! crosses erect$ to ,priapus c be se5 9 figure ,,xi4 ( plate ,,xxix4 ( t well-kn[n "w1 ,antique ,gems & ,r+s4#fg ,& ! phallic nature ( su* crosses _c be d5i$4 ,return+1 h[ev]1 to ! discov]ies ( ,dr4 ,s*liemann ^u ! site ( ,troy1 we f9d on page #cej ( ,ilios t bo? v>ieties ( ! ,sva/ika cross are extraord9>ily common ^u ! articles he discov]$4 ,z an ,indian symbol ! ,sva/ika cross c only be trac$ back z f> z ! f\r? or fif? c5tury ,b4,c42 & its occurr5ce ^u ^! & o!r relics ( e>li] ages & o!r l&s1 %[s u t x is inaccurate & mislead+ to speak ( x z ,indian4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,sva/ika cross1 :e!r ! image sva/ika#a4;gif1 or ! image sva/ika#b4;gif1 is unkn[n2 b ,dr4 ,s*liemann quotes ) approval ,pr(essor ,max ,mull]'s rem>ks to ! effect t ,mr4 ,?omas our di/+ui%$ ,ori5tal numismati/ ,has cle>ly prov$ t on "s ( ! ,&ra co9s & likewise on "s pun*$ co9s depict$ on ,sir ,w4 ,elliot's plate ix4 ,madras ,j\r4 ,lit4 & ,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,iii41 ! place ( ! m def9ite figure ( ! sun is (t5 tak5 by ! ,sva/ika1 & t ! ,sva/ika has be5 ins]t$ )9 ! r+s or normal circles repres5t+ ! f\r suns ( ! ,ujja9 patt]n on co9s4 ,he has also call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! long li/ ( ! recognis$ devices ( ! tw5ty-f\r ,ja9a ,tir?ank>as ! sun is abs5t2 b t :ile ! eigh? ,tir?ank>a has ! sign ( ! half-moon ! sev5? ,tir?ank>a is m>k$ ) ! ,sva/ika1 i4e41 ! sun4 ,"h !n1 ,i ?9k1 we h v cle> indications t ! ,sva/ika1 ) ! h&s po9t+ 9 ! "r direction1 0 orig9ally a symbol ( ! ,sun1 p]haps ( ! v]nal sun z oppos$ to ! autumnal sun1 ! ,sauva/ika1 & !re=e a natural symbol ( light1 life1 heal?1 & weal?4 ,t 9 anci5t my?ology ! sun 0 frequ5tly repres5t$ z a :eel is well kn[n4 ,grimm id5tifies ! ,old ,norse hjol or hvel1 ! ,a4-,s4 hvehol1 ,engli% ':eel1' ) kappaupsilon ) tonoskappalambdaomicronrho1 ,sk4 ,kakra1 :eel2 & d]ives jol1 'yule-tide1' ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 f hjol1 '! 7sol>7 :eel4' ,bo? ! image sva/ika#a4;gif & ! image sva/ika#b4;gif occur ^u ! fam\s footpr9ts ( ,buddha c>v$ ^u ! ,am>avati ,tope1 & ,dr4 ,s*liemann rem>ks t we f9d ! ,sva/ika or ,sauva/ika cross ,9 ,ezekiel ix4 #d1 #f1 :]e--9 ! =m ( ! old ,hebrew lett] ,tau--x is writt5 z ! sign ( life on ! =ehead1 l ! correspond+ ,indian symbol4 ,we f9d x twice on a l>ge piece ( ornam5tal lea!r conta9$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,corneto treasure pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,museum at ,b]l92 also on anci5t pott]y f\nd at ,konigsb]g 9 ! ,neum>k & pres]v$ 9 ! ,m>kis*es ,museum 9 ,b]l92 & on a ,b[l f ,yucatan 9 ! ,b]l9 ,e?nological ,museum4 ,we also see x on co9s ( ,gaza1 z well z on an ,imp]ial co9 ( ,asido2 also on ! drums ( ! ,lapl& prie/s4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,troy1 z 9 ,cyprus & o!r places1 a cross ( f\r equal arms1 l our sign ( addition1 9 days ( old %>$ ) ! ,sva/ika crosses ! v5]ation ( ! p & 0 evid5tly m or less ak9 to ^? crosses 9 signification4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann tells u t ?is cross ( f\r equal arms occurs innum]able times on ! :orls ( ! ?ree upp] pre-hi/oric cities ( ,hiss>lik1 & t if1 z ,burn\f & o!rs sugge/1 ! image sva/ika#b4;gif & image sva/ika#a4;gif repres5t$ primitive fire ma*9es1 ?is o!r cross might also claim ! hon\r ( repres5t+ ! two pieces ( wood = produc+ ! holy fire by friction4 ,else:]e 9 ! same "w ,dr4 ,s*liemann quotes ) approval ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,sayce t ! ,sva/ika cross1 image sva/ika#b4;gif or image sva/ika#a4;gif1 0 a symbol ( g5]ation4 ,z phallic wor%ip & ,sun-,god wor%ip 7 admitt$ly always closely connect$1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ,dr4 ,s*liemann also v highly comm5ds a diss]tation on ! image sva/ika#b4;gif & image sva/ika#a4;gif by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,?omas1 ^: conclusion is t ,z f> z ,i h be5 able to trace or connect ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ?is emblem1 !y "o & all resolve !mselves into ! primitive conception ( sol> motion1 :i* 0 intuitively associat$ ) ! roll+ or :eel-l projection ( ! sun ?r\gh ! upp] or visible arc ( ! heav5s4 ,x may !re=e be consid]$ prov5 t ! inhabitants ( classic ,troy l ^? ( ! ,l& ( ! ,nile & o!r c\ntries1 recognis$ a close aff9ity betwe5 ! productive =ces & ! sun1 & 7 "o 9 accept+ a cross ( "s description z ! natural symbol :e!r ( ,life or ( ! ,giv] ( ,life4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,cyprus4 ,al?\gh n[1 ow+ to ! m>* ( ev5ts1 ! isl& ( ,cyprus is out ( ! way & seldom visit$1 x 0 once o!rwise4 ,= 9 days ( old x occupi$ a fav\r$ position betwe5 ! c\ntries !n =emo/ 9 ! arts ( civilisation4 ,9 ^? days ,cyprus 0 a c5tre ( ,pho5ician ent]prise4 ,&1 z we are told 9 t f9e "w ',kypros1 ! ,bible1 & ,hom]3 ,ori5tal ,civilisation1 ,art & ,religion 9 anci5t times1' ,! olde/ extant ,pho5ician inscriptions1 !mselves ! e>lie/ examples ( lett]s prop]ly s call$1 come f ,cyprus4 ,z1 moreov]1 :5 face to face ) ! relics ( ! ,pho5icians we are1 z ,dr4 ,max ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] also rem>ks1 ,9 ! v mid/ ( anci5t ,canaaniti% civilisation z depict$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x w be se5 t a /udy ( ! antiquities ( ,cyprus %\ld h a special int]e/ = u ,*ri/ians4 ,let u !re=e see :at ! anci5t rema9s f\nd 9 ! isl& 9 "q1 & o!rs ref]r$ to 9 ! "w m5tion$ z illu/rative ( ! same1 c tell u reg>d+ phallic wor%ip 9 g5]al & ! pre-,*ri/ian cross 9 p>ticul>4 ,"o ( ! fir/ po9ts to be not$ 9 ! illu/rations suppli$ by ,dr4 ,max ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] is 9 a cut ( an anci5t ,cyprian co9 on ,plate ,x42 ^u :i* co9 we see ov] a temple gateway ! phallic symbol s9ce adopt$ by ! ,moslems1 & commonly spok5 ( z ! '/> & cresc5t' al?\gh1 z already %[n1 x orig9ality repres5t$ ! radiate ,sun or ,male ,pr9ciple 9 conjunction ) ! ,cresc5t moon or ,female ,pr9ciple4 ,^u ,plate ,,xix4 we see sev]al examples ( ! ,sva/ika cross occurr+ ^u an anci5t ,cyprian vase4 ,on ,plate ,,xxv4 we are %[n a gold leaf tak5 f an anci5t grave1 ^u :i* ! ,sva/ika cross occurs4 ,figure #aj ^u ! same plate %[s u a gold leaf discov]$ at ,ama?us ^u :i* we see ! ,sun & ,moon 9 conjunction1 ! ,sun 9 ?is in/ance be+ repres5t$ z a disc 9 ! horns ( ! cresc5t4 ,^u ,plate ,,xxvi4 we h repres5tations ( /one pill>s at ,a!niaon1 ^u ! capitals ( :i* are phallic emblems1 includ+ t ( ! ,sun z a disc )9 ! horns ( ! ,cresc5t moon4 ,on ,plate ,,xxx4 we h 9 figure #g a cut ( an important cyl9d] n[ /or$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ^u :i* are repres5t$ bo? ! ,sacr$ ,tree & ! ,a%]a4 ,! w+$ ,sun-disc appe>s ov] ! =m] & ! ,cresc5t moon ov] ! latt]4 ,figure #aa ^u ! same plate %[s u a ,masseba repres5t+ ! ,male ,pr9ciple1 surm\nt$ by ! />-l =m :i* repres5t$ ! radiate ,sun2 & an ,a%]a1 repres5t+ ! ,female ,pr9ciple1 surm\nt$ by ! ,cresc5t moon4 ,j z 9 mod]n ,*ri/ianity we make a di/9ction )\t alleg+ mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 ev5 s 9 anci5t times a di/9ction ( a simil>ly vague k9d 0 made betwe5 ! ,all-,fa!r ,fire & ,8 ,image & ,fir/-begott5 ,son ,light4 ,! disc ( ! ,sun seems to h repres5t$ ! =m] & ! ,sun-/> or radiate ,sun ! latt] :]e bo? 7 repres5t$ 9 "o illu/ration1 z = in/ance 9 figure #ab on ! plate la/ m5tion$4 ,! illu/ration 9 "q is an important "o4 ,on ! left is an ,a%]a "u a ,cresc5t moon2 9 ! c5tre is a ,masseba "u ! ,sun-/> or radiate ,sun2 & on ! "r is an alt> "u a sun disc4 ,! phallic mean+ ( all ?is is evid5t2 & a k9d ( ,tr9ity is pres5t$ to u1 viz4 7#a7 ,! ,female ,pr9ciple & p]haps ! primeval ,d>kness1 ne$+ impregnation or illum9ation ere ! same c cause aught to be2 7#b7 ! ,male ,pr9ciple & ,light1 ! ,fir/-born ,son ( ,fire2 & 7#c7 ,fire itself1 ! "o orig9 ( all ?+s & ,fa!r ( ,spirits1 made manife/ unto mortals by ,8 ,fir/-born ,son1 & be/ symboll$1 z is ,light1 by ! ,sol> ,orb4 ,on ,plate ,,xxxi4 we h 9 figure #d a repres5tation ( ! goddess ,i%t>1 ! bride ( ! ,sun-,god4 ,ov] h] we see ! phallic symbol ( ! radiate ,sun & ,cresc5t moon 9 conjunction4 ,on ,plate ,,xxxii4 we see 9 figure #bc ! ,sva/ika cross "u a tree1 9 a repres5tation ( a sc>ab f ,ialysos4 ,?is cross c\pl$ ) ! pres5ce ( two bulls1 "o on ei!r side ( ! tree1 seem to %[ t ! ,male ,pr9ciple is ref]r$ to4 ,on ,plate ,,xl4 we h a cut ( a votive arm1 hold+ 9 its h& t phallic symbol ! apple1 & obta9$ f ! sanctu>y ( ,apollo at ,voni4 ,on ,plate ,,lviii4 9 repres5tations ( ! /one capitals ( two votive pill>s f ! %r9e ( ,aphrodite at ,idalion1 we see v>i\s phallic emblems2 includ+ ! famili> ,sun disc & ,cresc5t moon 9 conjunction4 ,! same rem>k applies to ,plate ,,lix41 :]e two m su* pill>s are illu/rat$4 ,^u ,plate ,,lxix4 are giv5 no less ?an #acd illu/rations ( anci5t religi\s symbols1 & ! phallic "* ( ne>ly if n q all is pla9ly app>5t4 ,9 twelve ( ^! ! pres5ce ( ! ,sun or ! ,cresc5t ,moon z ! case may be1 po9ts out t 9 ! =m] ev5t ! ,male ,pr9ciple ( ,life1 & 9 ! latt] ! ,female ,pr9ciple ( ,life1 is ref]r$ to4 ,9 six o!r cases ! pres5ce ( ! ,sun & ,cresc5t moon 9 juxtaposition %[s t bo? ^? ,pr9ciples are ref]r$ to4 ,& 9 f\r o!r examples ! pres5ce ( ! ,sun & ,cresc5t moon 9 conjunction %[s t ! union ( ^? ,pr9ciples is ref]r$ to4 ,besides ! num]\s ,massebo? & ,a%]o?1 respectively repres5t+ ! ,male & ,female ,pr9ciples1 we see num]\s examples ( ! triangle :i* repres5t$ ! female vulva & ( ! diamond %ap$ symbol :i* repres5t$ ! female pud5dum4 ,among ! rema9+ symbols is ! cross ( f\r equal arms4 ,^u ,plate ,,lxxv4 is an illu/ration ( a vase pa9t+ 9 r$ figures f a ,/amnos f ,vulci ,pan(ka4 ,! repres5tation is "o ( ! ,sun-,god ,dionysos ^u a cross4 ,! said cross1 :i* l v>i\s ,*ri/ian crosses ( ! ,d>k & ,middle ,ages has project+ bran*es & foliage1 seems to h be5 m or less connect$ ) ! ,tree wor%ip ( anci5t times4 ,on ,plate ,,lxxvi4 we are giv5 ?irte5 examples ( ,sacr$ ,trees discov]$ 9 ! groves ( ,a/>te-,aphrodite & ,tanit-,artemis-,cybele1 be+ clay copies ( ! ,sacr$ ,trees erect$ at ! entrances to ! temples4 ,z ,dr4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] /ates1 ^! evid5tly phallic symbols und\bt$ly play$ a "p 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun-,god ,tammuz-,adonis & 8 bride ,a/>te-,aphrodite4 ,^u ,plate ,,lxxvii4 we h a cut ( an important ,pho5ician seal1 :]e we see 7#a7 a man kneel+ 9 adoration to a ,div9e ,tr9ity connect$ ) ! w+$ disc ( ! sun1 & 7#b7 a prie/ wor%ipp+ ?ree symbols4 ,! ?ree sacr$ symbols 9 "q are 7#a7 ! ,a%]a or symbol ( ! ,female ,life ,pr9ciple2 7#b7 ! ,masseba or symbol ( ! ,male ,life ,pr9ciple2 & 7#c7 a comb9ation ( ! ,a%]a & ,masseba symbols repres5t+ ! two ,life ,pr9ciples 9 conjunction4 ,on ,plate ,,lxxix4 we h 9 figure #ad a repres5tation bo? ( ! ,sacr$ ,tree & ( ! comb9$ ,a%]a & ,masseba4 ,ov] ! latt] we naturally see ! radiate ,sun & ,cresc5t moon 9 conjunction4 ,9 figure #af on ! same plate are repres5tations ( an ,a%]a & a ,masseba1 respectively surm\nt$ by a ,cresc5t moon & a radiate ,sun4 ,a simil> rem>k applies to figure #ag4 ,a sacrific+ prie/ c be se5 9 ?is & ! la/ nam$ in/ances4 ,on ,plate ,,lxxx4 we h 9 figure #a a repres5tation ( a holy pill>1 ! volute capital ( :i* has on x a ,cresc5t moon )9 ! horns ( :i* is a disc pla9ly m>k$ ) a cross4 ,?is is tak5 f an anci5t cyl9d] ( ,hittite orig94 ,on ! same plate we see 9 figure #g a ,sun column f ,tyre1 ^u :i* we see ! ,cresc5t & disc 9 conjunction z 9 ! la/ case1 b )\t ! cross4 ,on ,plate ,,cxviii4 we h 9 figure #h a cut ( a f9e vase f ,melos ornam5t$ ) a ,sva/ika cross4 ,^u ,plate ,,cxxxiii4 we h1 9 figures ,i to #d1 repres5tations ( a sacr$ ,boeotian *e/ or ark4 ,on ! front are sev5 ,sva/ika crosses 7"s ( ea* v>iety7 & "o ord9>y cross l our sign ( addition4 ,on ! lid we see two s]p5ts surr\nd$ by eight ,sva/ika crosses 7"s ( ea* v>iety7 & eight crosses =m$ ( tau crosses1 image taucross4gif2 besides two o!r crosses4 ,on ! back are eight ,sva/ika crosses 7"s ( ea* v>iety7 & eight o!r crosses4 ,9 figure #f we h a cut ( a *e/ f ,a?ia5on ^u :i* two ,sva/ika crosses w be notic$4 ,9 figure #h ( ! same plate is an illu/ration ( "o side ( ano!r sacr$ *e/ or ark f ,a?ia5on1 on :i* two ,sva/ika crosses ( ! o!r v>iety c be se54 ,^u ,plate ,,clv4 we h 9 figure #i a cut ( an important ,cyprian ,graeco-,pho5ician ,amphora discov]$ 9 an anci5t grave at ,kition & n[ /or$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! object repres5t$ ^u x is a ,sacr$ ,tree m>k$ at ! bottom ) a ,/4 ,&rew's cross & surr\nd$ ) ,sva/ika crosses4 ,on ,plate ,,clxxiii4 we see 9 gr\p #ai v>i\s objects discov]$ 9 anci5t graves2 "o be>+ sev]al ord9>y crosses & also sev]al ,sva/ika crosses1 "o be>+ a ,sva/ika cross ( ! o!r v>iety1 & a ?ird be>+ ,sva/ika crosses ( bo? k9ds4 ,^u ,plate ,,cxcii4 are cuts ( v>i\s ,cyprian co9s1 ! phallic symbol ( ! circle & cross occurr+ ^u ,nos4 #a1 #i1 & #aj4 ,leav+ ! ,book ( ,plates & turn+ to ! illu/rations giv5 ) ! ,text ( ! valuable "w we are consid]+1 we discov] ^u page #fb a cut %[+ ! impression ( a *alc$ony cyl9d] f ! collection ( ! ,due de ,luynes1 :]e ! ,sun is repres5t$ by a ,cross ( f\r equal arms4 ,^u page #he we h 9 figure #aag an illu/ration ( an inscrib$ cyl9d]1 n[ belong+ to ! ,biblio!que ,nationale ( ,france1 9 :i*1 z ,dr4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] rem>ks1 ! prie/ or k+ repres5t$ is rais+ 8 arm ,9 adoration 9 ! direction ( ! ,cross susp5d$ 9 ! air be=e him1 a holy object we (t5 meet on ,assyrian & ,babylonian monum5ts4 ,?is cross1 l t la/ nam$1 is m l a ,greek cross ?an a ,maltese cross4 ,on page #adh we h 9 figure #aej an illu/ration ( a col\r$ image ( ,aphrodite or ,a/>te discov]$ 9 an e>ly ,graeco-,pho5ician tomb at ,kurion4 ,?is repres5tation ( ! ,goddess ( ,love & ,bride ( ! ,sun-,god is m>k$ ) sev]al ,sva/ika crosses1 & is yet fur!r evid5ce ( ! phallic & sol> "* ( t symbol4 ,su* is ! evid5ce ( ! phallic wor%ip & ,sun-,god wor%ip ( ! ,pho5icians & _! neighb\rs1 ( ! close relation%ip betwe5 su* phallic wor%ip & ,sun-,god wor%ip1 & ( ! "p play$ 9 connection ) ! same by ! pre-,*ri/ian cross1 borne by a "w ( rese>* s free f bias aga9/ ! views ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* t x has prefix$ to x a lett] ( w>m comm5dation f t vet]an /atesman & !ologian1 ! au?or ( ! ultra-or?odox ,impregnable ,rock ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,miscellane\s ,,evid5ce4 ,! mo/ notewor?y features ( ! available evid5ce illu/rative ( ! real orig9 & hi/ory ( ! symbol ( ! cross h n[ be5 plac$ be=e ! read]1 b a numb] ( m or less miscellane\s facts directly or indirectly ?r[+ additional light ^u ! subject h /ill to be drawn att5tion to4 ,= in/ance1 no m5tion has yet be5 made ( ! ,h]mae ( bygone ages4 ,& al?\gh _! orig9 may h _h no connection ) ! symbol 9 "q1 x is notewor?y t "s at lea/ ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians discov]$ 9 ! m or less cruci=m outl9e ( ! ,h]mae a reason or excuse = pay+ !m homage1 :ile v simil> figures are to be se5 illu/rat$ ^u ,*ri/ian antiquities1 su* z ! mosaic ( :i* ! great cross ( ! ,lat]an =ms ! pr9cipal feature4 ,! ,h]mae v5]at$ by ! anci5t ,greeks 7 pill>s1 usually ( /one & quadrangul>1 surm\nt$ 9 mo/ in/ances ) a head ( ei!r ,h]mes or ,dionysos2 & ) a peculi> transv]se rail j bel[ ! head1 mu* us$ = hang+ g>l&s ^u1 :i* made ! :ole look m or less l a cross4 ,^! pill>s 7 erect$ 9 front ( temples1 tombs1 & h\ses2 b m especially z sign po/s at cross roads2 & :e!r ! head at ! top 0 t ( ,h]mes ! ,mess5g] ( ! ,gods1 or1 z 0 v (t5 ! case1 t ( ,dionysos ! ,sun-,god1 a phallus 0 always a prom95t feature4 ,moreov] ^! phallic & (t5 sol> erections call$ ,h]mae1 und\bt$ly m or less cross-%ap$ ow+ to ! transv]se rail1 7 wor%ipp$ z conducive to fecundity4 ,x is also wor?y ( notice t ! cross is well kn[n to h be5 v5]at$ 9 ,am]ica be=e ev5 ! ,norsem5 :o prec$$ ,columbus set foot ^u t aft]w>ds r$iscov]$ cont95t4 ,= in/ance a cross surr\nd$ by a circle 0 9 use among ! anci5t ,mexicans z a sol> sign1 ano!r cross 0 a sol> symbol ( ! natives ( ,p]u f "t immemorial1 & we are also told by ! au?orities t a cross ( f\r equal arms ) a disc or circle at ! c5tre 0 ! age-old ,moqui symbol ( ! ,sun4#fh ,o!r notewor?y po9ts are t ! cross occurs ^u ,runic monum5ts 9 ,europe long be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ into ! regions conta9+ !m2 t anci5t alt>s to ! ,sun-,god ,mi?ras be>+ ! sacr$ symbol ( ! cross h be5 discov]$ ev5 9 ,engl&2 & t ! ,lapl&]s ( old :5 sacrific+ m>k$ _! idols ) ! symbol ( ! cross1 us+ ! life blood ( _! victims = t purpose4#fi ,x %\ld also be po9t$ out t on a co9 ( ,?asos be>+ repres5tations ( a phallic "* connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,?racian ,bac*us1 a ,sva/ika cross is a prom95t symbol2 t ^u anci5t vases ! headge> ( ,bac*us is sometimes ornam5t$ ) ! cross ( f\r equal arms2 t ^u a ,greek vase at ,l5t9i1 ,sicily1 an anci5t repres5tation ( ! ,sun-,god ,h]cules is accompani$ by no less ?an ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( crosses z symbols2 & t ^u an ar*aic ,greek vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,sva/ika cross1 ! ,/4 ,&rew's cross1 & ! o!r & "r angl$ cross ( f\r equal arms1 appe> "u ! rays ( ! ,sun4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t ?\gh ! ,sva/ika cross has almo/ di$ out z a ,*ri/ian symbol & 0 p]haps nev] ?or\ghly acclimatis$ z su*1 x (t5 appe>$ ^u ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ical prop]ties ( ! ,middle ,ages1 &1 ei!r z a ,pagan or ,*ri/ian symbol1 cont9ually occurs 9 ! catacombs ( ,rome4 ,we are told t circul> waf]s or cakes 7 us$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! ,sun-,god ,bac*us1 &1 be+ m>k$ ) a cross1 resembl$ ! disc-l waf]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,mass4 ,:e!r ?is 0 s or n1 x is notewor?y t a cross is said to appe> ^u ! repres5tation ( a circul> waf] us$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras :i* occurs ^u an anci5t fresco at ,rome4 ,9 ?is connection x may be m5tion$1 z a s]ies ( curi\s co9cid5ces1 t 9 ! ,zoroa/rian religion long be=e our era ! ,sun-,god ,mi?ras bore mu* ! same relation to ! ,all-,fa!r t ! ,*ri/ does 9 ours1 & is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,z5d ,ave/a z ! ,inc>nate ,^w2 t ,mi?ras is said1 l ! ,*ri/1 to h be5 born 9 a cave2 t ! ,fa!rs admitt$ t ! new-born ,sun _h be5 wor%ipp$ 9 ! cave at ,be?lehem to :i* ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,jesus ref]r$2 & t 9 fram+ its cal5d> our ,*ur* fix$ ^u ! recognis$ bir?day ( ,mi?ras1 ! ,natalis ,invicti ( ! ,roman ,brumalia1 z ! bir?day ( ! ,*ri/4 ,x is also notewor?y t ! ,*ri/ is ?us said to h be5 born z well z to h ris5 aga9 ! ?ird or f\r? 7,aft] ?ree days1 ,matt1 xxvii4 #fc2 aft] ,?ree days & ?ree nights1 ,matt1 xii4 #dj7 day4 ,= ! bir?day ( ,mi?ras & aft]w>ds ( ! ,*ri/1 kn[n to u z ,*ri/mas day1 seems to h be5 fix$ ^u z ! ?ird or f\r? day aft] ! w9t] sol/ice1 & z t ^u :i* ! sun's resurrection f ! s\? 0 fir/ disc]nible aft] its app>5t cessation ( movem5t or dea?4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be add$ t ,lucian records ! fact t ! ,sun-,god ref]r$ to by ! ,fa!rs z wor%ipp$ at ,be?lehem 0 lam5t$ z dead once a ye> & always acclaim$ z alive aga9 ! ?ird day2 t 9 sev]al places 9 ! ,z5d ,ave/a we meet ) passages :i* %[ t ! ,mi?ras wor%ipp]s ( old believ$ t at ! dea? ( a man 8 _s sits at ! head ( ! corpse = ?ree days & ?ree nights1 & !n1 at dawn1 rises free f all e>?ly atta*m5ts2 & t we say t ! execution ( ,jesus took place at ! "t ( ! ,passov] or ,v]nal ,equ9ox1 :ile in/ead ( ! prophesi$ ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! he>t ( ! e>? 7,matt4 xii4 #dj7 ! p]iod betwe5 ! dea? & burial on ,good ,friday ev5+ & ! resurrection be=e dawn on ,ea/] ,sunday is j ab\t t dur+ :i* ! ,sun's disc is at ! ,v]nal ,equ9ox transfix$ by ! ,equator1 viz41 #cb #b_/c h\rs4 ,! "q :y ! ,cock s (t51 l ! ,cross1 surm\nts ! /eeples :]e) we adorn our ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 is br\ght be=e u by ! fact t x 0 9 anci5t days a well-kn[n symbol bo? ( ! g5]ative p[]s & ( ! ,sun-,god2 (t5 appe>+ z su* ^u ! top ( a sacr$ pill> 9 ,assyrian & ,babylonian repres5tations ( prie/s 9 ! act ( sacrific+ or wor%ipp+4 ,x 0 probably z ! h]ald ( ! dawn t ?is bird became a symbol ( ! ,sun-,god1 & x w\ld seem t we place its effigy al(t ) ! same idea 9 view4 ,ano!r po9t to be not$ is t 9 ! ,kun?i/oris*es ,museum at ,vi5na is an anci5t vase ^u :i* is a repres5tation ( ! ,sun-,god ,apollo be>+ ^u 8 brea/ z 8 "o ornam5t & symbol a ,sva/ika cross4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! facts t we ,*ri/ians 7 once 9 ! habit ( allud+ to ! cross z ! ,tree ( ,life1 & t ! anci5ts dress$ up ! trunks ( trees & wor%ipp$ !m z symbols ( life & gr[?1 by an ,attic vase ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,^u ?is is a r$ col\r$ pa9t+ ( a tree s dress$1 on :i* is to be se5 ne> ! top a head ( ! ,sun-,god ,dionysos1 & surr\nd+ ! trunk a %irt or g>m5t cov]$ ) crosses4 ,z to ! evid5ce obta9$ f ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 x is said t mu* :i* is ( a phallic "* has be51 f q wor?y motives1 kept 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,an important fact has h[ev] be5 m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,m4,a41 9 8 well kn[n "w on ! ,gno/ics &1 _! ,rema9s1 & ?is at lea/ c be comm5t$ ^u4 ,he tells u t ! ,cross & ! ,phallus 7 f\nd plac$ 9 juxtaposition ^u ! walls z mean+ "o & ! same ?+1 & he goes on to add t ,?is cross seems to be ! ,egyptian ,tau1 t anci5t symbol ( ! g5]ative p[] & !re=e transf]r$ into ! ,bac*ic my/]ies4 ,! =ego+ are ! la/ ( ! evid5ces ?r[+ light ^u ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! symbol adopt$ by our religion z its own1 :i* ! au?or ?9ks x necess>y to br+ =w>d 9 support ( 8 cont5tion4 ,& h[ev] mu* ( ! evid5ce s\ght out by ! au?or & 9 ?is "w m>%all$ by him into some?+ l ord] may seem by itself to be untru/wor?y or wor?less1 no read] c reasonably d5y t x has be5 prov$ t ! cross 0 a well kn[n symbol ( ,life long be=e our era1 & t z a :ole ! evid5ce t5ds to %[ t x became su* z a phallic symbol1 & !re=e z a symbol ( ! ,sun-,god4 ,& :at is ! moral ( ! real1 z di/+ui%$ f ! imag9>y1 hi/ory ( ! symbol ( ! cross b ?is3 t f ! beg9n+ n\ght has caus$ ! beliefs ( m5 to assume an appe>ance ( radical diff]5ce1 save ! diff]5ce 9 ! "n or dress ) :i* ?is or t set ( m5 h clo!d simil> ideas8 ,=1 z has already be5 h9t$1 ,humanity has ev] _h b "o ,god & b "o ,religion4 ,& z f "o po9t ( view ,life is b ano!r t]m = ! ,real ,pres5ce1 & ,dea? b ano!r t]m = ! )drawal ( ,deity1 x may be said t t ,god is ,life1 & t ,religion ! desire = ,life1 m ,life1 & full] ,life4 ,moreov]1 z has be5 said be=e1 ?is univ]sal wor%ip ( ,life is disc]nible ev5 9 ! will+ness ( "s to sacrifice :at rema9s to !m ( mortal life 9 ! hope ( ?us be+ enabl$ to lay hold ( a life immortal :i* is n = all4 ,! wor%ip ( ,life is natural1 & mu/ ( necessity cont9ue4 ,let u h[ev] r5d] x nobl] by recognis+ its ca?olicity2 & by contemptu\sly refus+ to ei!r seek or accept a life ( bliss h]eaft] :i* any ( our bro!rs & si/]s are1 ei!r 9 our imag9ation or 9 reality1 to be deb>r$ f %>+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,summ>y4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is "w x 0 %[n t1 z ! ,greek text ( ! writ+s =m+ ! ,new ,te/am5t te/ifies1 n "o ( ! ,apo/les or ,evangeli/s ev] /at$ t ,jesus 0 execut$ ^u a cross-%ap$ in/rum5t ( execution4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ! figure ( ! cross became ! symbol ( our religion1 7 !n made cle>4 ,&1 hav+ s9ce demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce 9 pre-,*ri/ian ages ( a widespread v5]ation ( ! figure ( ! cross z ! symbol ( ,life & ( ! ,sun-,god1 :i* may h giv5 rise to ! desire to associate ,jesus !re)1 little rema9s = ! au?or to d save draw ! notice ( ! read] to ! admissions ( o!r writ]s conc]n+ ! rise ( ! cross z ! symbol ( ,*ri/ianity2 = ! sake ( brevity m or less conf9+ 8 att5tion to two well kn[n works ^u ! hi/ory ( religi\s art4 ,x %\ld fir/ h[ev] be po9t$ out t ?\gh we ,*ri/ians affirm t crucifixion 0 a =m ( capital puni%m5t made use ( 9 days ( old1 & aboli%$ ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/ by ,con/ant9e because ,jesus 0 s execut$1 we _c exactly prove t ! /aurosis ?us aboli%$ 0 crucifixion1 or ev5 t x includ$ crucifixion4 ,= v>i\s z are ! diff]5t =ms ( 'dea? by ! /auros' ( :i* descriptions h come d[n to u f pre-,*ri/ian ages & ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( our era1 no relic ( t date be>s a repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution su* z we cause to appe> 9 our sacr$ pictures1 & ev5 if1 reg>dless ( ! m exact mean+ ( ! ^w /auros1 we suppose ! t]m /aurosis to h includ$ e =m ( c>ry+ out ! extreme p5alty by means ( affixion or susp5sion1 we meet ) no description ( su* an in/rum5t ( execution z we picture4 ,!re=e ev5 if we 7 to exclude f ! /aurosis aboli%$ by ,con/ant9e all =ms ( transfixion by a /auros1 we c\ld n1 ^u ! evid5ce be=e u1 fairly say t :at t a/ute ,emp]or aboli%$ 0 :at is usually und]/ood by ! t]m crucifixion4 ,x w n be necess>y to quote aga9 ! admission ( ! ,rev]5d ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,m4,a41 to ! effect t ! s-call$ ,cross ( ,con/ant9e or monogram ( ,*ri/ 0 b ! symbol ( ! ,sun-,god ( ! ,gauls ) a loop add$ by _! crafty lead] to please ! ,*ri/ians1 b x may be po9t$ out t ?is fact is also admitt$ 9 ,*amb]s's ,encyclopa$ia2 :]e we read t ,! s-call$ cross ( ,con/ant9e 0 n really a cross b a circle conta9+ ! ,x ,p ,i1 ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! "n ( ,*ri/ 9 ,greek2 & 0 m]ely an adaptation ( a symbol ( a ,gauli% sol> deity4 ,& x may be add$ t ! fact t ! ,monogram ( ,*ri/ & ! ord9>y cross s frequ5tly us$ z symbols by ,con/ant9e ^u 8 co9s & else:]e1 & ?us made symbols ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\r? c5tury1 7 at fir/ ,pagan r ?an ,*ri/ian symbols1 also seems to be borne out by ,dean ,burgon 9 8 ,lett]s f ,rome1 :]e he /ates ,i "q :e!r a cross occurs on any ,*ri/ian monum5t ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies4#gj ,pass+ on h[ev] to ! repres5tative works on ,*ri/ian ,art already ref]r$ to1 we fir/ come to ,mrs4 ,jameson's fam\s ,hi/ory ( ,our ,"l z exemplifi$ 9 works ( art4 ,^u page #cae ( ,volume ,,ii4 ! gift$ au?oress1 aft] confess+ t ! cross 0 v5]at$ by ! hea!n z a symbol ( ,life be=e ! p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity & ref]r+ to ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 :o fl\ri%$ half a c5tury aft] ,con/ant9e1 admits t ,x mu/ be own$ t anci5t objects ( ,art1 z f> z hi!rto kn[n1 af=d no corroboration ( ! use ( ! cross 9 ! simple transv]se =m famili> to u at any p]iod prec$+ or ev5 closely succe$+ ! words ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om4 ,t is to say1 al?\gh ,con/ant9e introduc$ ! ,monogram ( ,*ri/ & ! cross ( f\r equal arms be=e ,/4 ,*ryso/om 0 born1 &1 mak+ !m symbols ( ! ,roman ,empire1 w\ld1 :e!r a ,sun-,god wor%ipp] or a ,*ri/ian1 9 any case h impos$ !m ^u :at he e/abli%$ z 8 ,/ate ,religion1 x 0 n till aft] ^! sol> symbols ( ! ,gauls 7 accept$ z ,*ri/ian t su* a cross z c\ld possibly h be5 a repres5tation ( an in/rum5t ( execution 0 introduc$4 ,z to ! crucifix1 we are told t ?\gh ?is is said by "s to be ref]r$ to 9 ! works ( ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa--a ,bi%op ( ,t\rs :o liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury1 & also 9 ! injunctions ( ! (t5 quot$ c\ncil ( ,greek bi%ops ,a4,c4 #fib call$ ! ,qu9i-sextum or 9 ,trullo1 ! evid5ce is ,insuffici5t to conv9ce mo/ mod]n ar*aeologi/s t a crucifix 9 any s5se n[ accept$ 0 meant4 ,9 o!r words1 n only is x cle> t ! cross z a repres5tation ( ! in/rum5t ( execution ^u :i* ,jesus di$ 0 n introduc$ till aft] ! days ( ,con/ant9e1 b x is also evid5t t ! crucifix1 ! e>lie/ kn[n repres5tation ( t execution1 0 n introduc$ till c5turies lat]4 ,o!r notewor?y admissions are made 9 ! "w above quot$ f1 b we mu/ pass on to ! ,dean ( ,cant]bury's comp>atively rec5t "w ^u ! same subject4 ,dean ,f>r> /ates ^u page #aa ( 8 ,life ( ,*ri/ z repres5t$ 9 ,art t ,( all e>ly ,*ri/ian symbols ! ,fi% 0 ! mo/ frequ5t & ! fav\rite4 ,! ,fi%2 & n ! ,cross4 ,moreov] ! ,dean significantly adds ^u ! next page1 t ! ,fi% ,cont9u$ to be a common symbol d[n to ! days ( ,con/ant9e4 ,& ! significance lies 9 ! fact t ! introduction by ,con/ant9e ( ! sol> symbols v5]at$ by ! ,gauls1 may acc\nt = ! displacem5t ( ! symbol ( ! ,fi% f fav\r4 ,^u page #ai ,dr4 ,f>r> goes on to say t ,two symbols cont9u$ = ages to be especially common1 ( :i* ,i h n yet spok54 ,!y 7 n g5]ally adopt$1 ev5 if !y appe>$ at all1 until aft] ! ,peace ( ! ,*ur* at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,i mean ! cross & ! monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,"h aga91 x w be se51 ! ,dean admits t ! cross1 z ! symbol ( our religion1 came 9 ) ,con/ant9e4 ,directly aft] ! passage la/ quot$ ,dean ,f>r> v mislead+ly rem>ks3 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! cross 0 9 itself an object ( utt] horror ev5 to ! ,pagans4 ,= ! exact rev]se is ! tru?1 inasmu* z 9 almo/ e l& a cross ( "s description _h be5 = ages v5]at$ z a symbol ( ,life4 ,! fact ( c\rse is t ! ,dean "h & else:]e1 l o!r ,*ri/ian writ]s1 does n take ! tr\ble to di/+ui% betwe5 ! symbol ( ! cross & ! dea? caus$ by execution ^u a /auros2 :i* in/rum5t1 by ! way1 01 z has be5 %[n1 n necess>ily 9 ! %ape ( a cross1 & appe>s to h be5 9 mo/ cases a /ake )\t a transv]se rail4 ,:at ! ,pagans held 9 utt] horror 0 ! awful dea? caus$ by transfixion by or affixion to a /auros1 :atev] its %ape2 ! symbol ( ! cross 01 ^u ! contr>y1 an object ( v5]ation among !m f "t immemorial4 ,on page #bc ,dr4 ,f>r>1 allud+ to ! use ( ! transi5t sign ( ! cross by ! ,*ri/ians ( e>ly days1 makes ! admission ,t x did n rem9d !m ( ! ,crucifixion only or ev5 ma9ly is prov$ alike by _! lit]ature & o!r relics4 ,exactly s3 = ! non-mat]ial sign trac$ by !m 7& by u7 ^u ! =ehead 9 ! non-,mosaic initiatory rite ( baptism & p]haps also ^u ! brea/ or 9 ! air at o!r times1 seems to h be5 ! survival ( a ,pagan & pre-,*ri/ian cu/om4 ,^u page #bd ,dean ,f>r> admits t ,! cross 0 only introduc$ among ! ,*ri/ian symbols t5tatively & timidly4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r x once occurs till aft] ! vision ( ,con/ant9e 9 #cab & 8 accession to ! ,empire ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ 9 #cbd4 ,fur!r on ^u ! same page ! ,dean ( ,cant]bury1 pass+ )\t notice f symbols to in/rum5ts ( execution & mak+ no di/9ction :atev]1 /ates t ,crosses 7 ( two k9ds4 ,! ,crux ,simplex1 '( "o s+le piece )\t transom1' 0 a m]e /ake1 us$ sometimes to impale1 sometimes to hang ! victim by ! h&s4 ,exactly s4 ,b1 to br+ ?is "w to a conclusion ) :at is ! crux ( ! :ole matt]1 is x n dis+5u\s 9 ! extreme ^u ! "p ( ^? ( u ,*ri/ians :o "k bett]1 to hide ! fact t x may h be5 ^u "s su* cross z ! ,dean "h ref]s to1 t is1 ^u no cross at all1 t ,jesus 0 execut$8 ,is x n di%one/ ( u to place be=e ! masses ,bibles & ,lexicons :]e9 we ev] c>efully translate z cross a ^w :i* at ! "t ! anci5t classics & our sacr$ writ+s 7 p5n$ did n necess>ily1 if inde$ ev]1 signify some?+ cross-%ap$8 ,is x n gross disloyalty to ,tru? to insi/1 z we d 9 our v]sions ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 ^u translat+ z crucify or crucifi$ f\r diff]5t words1 n "o ( :i* ref]r$ to any?+ necess>ily 9 ! %ape ( a cross8 ,ano!r po9t :i* %\ld be m5tion$1 ?\gh su* matt]s _c be discuss$ "h1 is t ! que/ions :e!r ,jesus did n prophesy t ! f9al ,day ( judgm5t w\ld come be=e ^? :om he address$ %\ld die1 & did n solemnly decl>e t 8 mission 0 to ! desc5dants ( ,jacob or ,israel & to !m alone1 und\bt$ly affect our /ory4 ,z to ! ,gospel ( ! ,cross1 h n we ,*ri/ians by1 9 our imag9ations1 limit+ its sav+ effects to ! few :o are able to believe 9 x1 all ! c5turies t we h re-e*o$ ! cry ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h& =c$ ^u ! same ! unutt]ably selfi% mean+ t ! k+dom at h& = ! _m :o simply _c believe is t ( ,hell8 ,0 t :at ,jesus meant1 & all t ! s-call$ cross effect$8 ,moreov]1 :e!r ! message ( ,jesus :i* we proclaim & v>i\sly int]pret 0 or 0 n a gospel--t is1 glad tid+s --to all m51 & f an unselfi% po9t ( view1 :at possible good purpose c be s]v$ by insi/+ ^u supplem5t+ ! simple /ory ( 8 /ressful life1 8 magnific5t love = ! afflict$ & suff]+1 8 equally magnific5t hatr$ ( qualities n altoge!r dissimil> f t :i* enables "s ( u to claim to be n only admir]s b also g5u9e foll[]s ( a ,communi/ :o decl>$ t ^? :o w\ld foll[ him mu/ fir/ sell all _! possessions & give ! proce$s to ! poor2--:at good purpose c be s]v$ by supplem5t+ ?is1 & ! acc\nt ( ! f9al conflict ( ,jesus ) ! (ficials ( 8 native l& & 8 subsequ5t execution ^u a /auros or /ake n /at$ to h _h a cross-b> atta*$1 by ! adoption & culture ( a p>tisan & mislead+ fiction reg>d+ ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! symbol ( ! cross8 ,,! ,,end4 --------------------- ,,footnotes #a e4g41 ,iliad1 xxiv4 #dec2 ,odyssey1 xiv4 #aa #b e4g41 ,?uc4 iv4 #ij2 ,x54 ,an4 v4 #b1 #ba4 #c ,gal4 iii4 #ac2 ,i ,pet4 ii4 #bd2 ,acts v4 #cj2 ,acts x4 #ci2 ,acts xiii4 #bi4 #d e4g41 ,hdt4 iii4 #abe4 #e e4g41 ,?uc4 vii4 #be4 #f ,livy1 xxviii4 #bi4 #g ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,oct4 xxix4 #h ,de ,praescrip4 xl4 #i ,oct4 xxix4 #aj ,ad ,nationes1 xiv4 #aa ,po$ iii4 ,,ii1 #ei4 #ab ,nicodemus i4 #ac ,nicodemus vii4 #ad ,nicodemus viii4 #ae ,apol1 i4 #ee4 #af ,dial4 cum ,trypho1 lxxxvi4 #ag ,dial4 cum ,trypho1 xcvii4 #ah ,aga9/ ,m>cion1 iv4 #bj4 #ai ,aga9/ ,m>cion1 iii4 #ah4 #bj ,scorpiace1 i4 #ba ,de ,corolla1 iii4 #bb ,de ,proescrip1 xl4 #bc ,apologiticus1 xvi4 #bd ,ad ,nationes1 xii4 #be xxxvi4 #bf ,te/imonies aga9/ ! ,jews1 ii4 #ba4 #bg ,te/imonies aga9/ ! ,jews1 ii4 #bb4 #bh ,apud ,grets]um1 ii4 #bi ,epi/4 ad ,romanos1 ,lib4 vi4 #cj ,*ri/ 9 ,art1 p4 #bc4 #ca ,aga9/ ,h]esies1 i4 xxiv4 #cb ,aga9/ ,h]esies1 ,,ii41 xxii4 #d-e4 #cc ,vit4 ,con/4 ,i4 #cd ,vit4 ,con/4 ,i41 #bh1 #bi1 #cj4 #ce ,vit4 ,con/4 ,i41 #bi4 #cf ,de ,m>t4 ,p]s41 c4 #dd4 #cg ,vit4 ,con/4 ,i41 #ca4 #ch ,vit4 ,con/4 ,i41 #cg4 #ci ,vit4 ,con/4 ,i41 #dj4 #dj ,vit4 ,con/4 ,,ii4 #g-i4 #da ,vit4 ,con/4 ,,iii4 #c4 #db ,vit4 ,con/4 ,,iii4 #di4 #dc ,op]a ,s4 ,cyrilli cura ,ant4 ,t\ttee #cea ,m5aeum ,graecum ad diem #g ,maii4 #dd zosimus ii4 #de ,bo? ,zon>as & ,c$r5us be> te/imony to ?is effect4 #df ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,numismatics4 #dg ,! ,lik5ess ( ,*ri/1 p4 #bj4 #dh ,h]odotus ,,ii41 #gc4 #di ,pl9y1 x41 #b4 #b ,tacitus1 ,annal4 ,vi41 #bh4 ,editorial note3 ,!re is no ref]5ce 9 ! text to ?is footnote #b at ! bottom ( page #acj #ej ,an engrav+ ( ! co9 c be se5 9 ,duruy's ,hi/oire des ,roma9s1 ,torn4 vii4 #ea ,bockh1 ,c4,i4,g4 n4 #dgac b4 #eb ,b]l9 ,collection #dbh4 #ec ,/range ,survivals1 #bhf4 #ed e4g41 ,ari/4 ,mundi4 #ee ,b>4 ,ann4 ,a4,c4 #cab4 #ef ,basnage1 iii41 #bc4 #eg ,eusebius1 ,vit4 ,con/4 iv4 #eh ,m>tianus ,capella4 #ei e4g4 ,philo1 ,de ,somniis1 i4 #fj ,timaeus1 #cd-cf4 #fa ,!ol4 ,plat4 #fb ,apol4 #fc ,apol4 #fd ,report on ! ,old ,records ( ! ,india ,(fice1 ,london1 #ahia1 x41 xi4 #fe ,n9eveh1 ii4 #bac4 #ff e4g41 ,c4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,m4,a4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,numismatics2 ,pr(essor ,rawl9son2 c41 c4 #fg ,c4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,m4,a4 #fh ,fir/ ,annual ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 #fi ,ol4 ,v>elli1 ,sc&age ,runic2 ,ans4 ,rudbeck9s1 ,atlant43 e4g4 an alt> discov]$ ac ,rud*e/]1 ,nor?umb]l&3 ,%eff]1 ,lapponic4 #gj ,lett]s f ,rome1 #ahfb1 p4 #baj4 ------ ,= ^? :o d n h access to ! images us$ 9 ! above text1 "h are "s crude repres5tations ( !m4--7,editor7 x4gif ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x t4gif ,,xxxxxxxxxxxxx ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x plus4gif ,x ,x ,x ,,xxxxxxxxxxxxx ,x ,x ,x a/]isk4gif ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x sol>:eel#a4;gif o ooooo o o ,x o o ,x ,x ,x o o ,x ,x ,x o o ,x ,x ,x o o ,x o o ,x ,x ,x o o ,x ,x ,x o o ,x o o ooooo o sol>:eel#b4;gif o ooooo o o ,x o o ,x o o ,x o o ,x o o,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,xo o ,x o o ,x o o ,x o o ooooo o monogram#a4;gif o ooooo o o ,,xxx o o ,x ,x ,x ,x o o ,x ,,xxx ,x o o ,x ,x ,x o o ,x o o ,x ,x ,x o o ,x ,x ,x o o ,x o o ooooo o monogram#b4;gif o ooooo o o ,,xxx o o ,x ,x o o ,,xxx o o ,x o o,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,xo o ,x o o ,x o o ,x o o ooooo o monogram#c4;gif xxx ,x x x ,x ,x xxx ,x ,x x ,x x ,x x ,x ,x x ,x ,x x ,x monogram#d4;gif ,,xxx ,x ,x ,,xxx ,x ,,xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ,x ,x ,x sva/ika#a4;gif ,x ,,xxxxxxxxxx ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,,xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,,xxxxxxxxx ,x sva/ika#b4;gif ,,xxxxxxxxx ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,,xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,,xxxxxxxxxx taucross4gif ,,xxxxxxx ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,,xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,,xxxxxxx