,,fly+ ,,ma*9e3 ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,op]ation ,by ,w4,j4 ,jackman & ,?os4 ,h4 ,russell ,a ,practical ,book ,:i* ,%[s1 9 ,illu/rations1 ,work+ ,plans & ,text1 ,h[ to ,build & ,navigate ! ,mod]n ,air%ip4 ,w4,j4 ,,jackman1 ,m4,e41 ,au?or ( ,a ,b ,c ( ! ,motorcycle1 ,facts = ,motori/s1 etc4 etc4 & ,,?os4 ,h4 ,,russell1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,e41 ,*>t] ,memb] ( ! ,a]o ,club ( ,ill9ois1 ,au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ! ,automobile1 ,motor ,boats3 ,con/ruction & ,op]ation1 etc4 etc4 ,) ,introductory ,*apt] ,by ,octave ,*anute1 ,c4,e41 ,presid5t ,a]o ,club ( ,ill9ois #aiab ,,preface4 ,?is book is writt5 = ! guidance ( ! novice 9 aviation--! man :o seeks practical in=mation z to ! !ory1 con/ruction & op]ation ( ! mod]n fly+ ma*9e4 ,) ?is object 9 view ! word+ is int5tionally pla9 & non-te*nical4 ,x conta9s "s propositions :i*1 s f> z satisfy+ ! exp]ts is conc]n$1 might d\btless be bett] /at$ 9 te*nical t]ms1 b ?is w\ld defeat ! ma9 purpose ( its prep>ation4 ,consequ5tly1 :ile fully aw>e ( its %ortcom+s 9 ?is respect1 ! au?ors h no apologies to make4 ,9 ! /at+ ( a te*nical proposition s x may be cle>ly und]/ood by p n v]s$ 9 te*nical matt]s x becomes absolutely necess>y to use language mu* diff]5t f t :i* an exp]t w\ld employ1 & ?is has be5 done 9 ?is volume4 ,no man ( ord9>y intellig5ce c read ?is book )\t obta9+ a cle>1 compreh5sive k ( fly+ ma*9e con/ruction & op]ation4 ,he w le>n1 n only h[ to build1 equip1 & manipulate an a]oplane 9 actual flight1 b w also ga9 a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! susp5sion 9 ! air ( an object mu* heavi] ?an ! air is made possible4 ,?is latt] feature %\ld make ! book ( int]e/ ev5 to ^? :o h no int5tion ( con/ruct+ or op]at+ a fly+ ma*9e4 ,x w enable !m to bett] und]/& & appreciate ! p]=mances ( ! d>+ m5 l ! ,wright bro!rs1 ,curtiss1 ,bl]iot1 ,f>man1 ,paulhan1 ,la?am1 & o!rs1 ^: bold exp]im5ts h made aviation an actuality4 ,= ^? :o wi% to engage 9 ! fasc9at+ pa/ime ( con/ruction & op]ation x is int5d$ z a reliable1 practical guide4 ,x may be well to expla9 t ! sub-head+s 9 ! articles by ,mr4 ,*anute 7 ins]t$ by ! au?ors )\t 8 k4 ,! purpose ( ?is 0 m]ely to pres]ve uni=mity 9 ! typography ( ! book4 ,?is explanation is made 9 ju/ice to ,mr4 ,*anute4 ,,! ,,au?ors4 ,,9 ,,memoriam4 ,octave ,*anute1 ! fa!r ( ! mod]n fly+ ma*9e1 di$ at 8 home 9 ,*icago on ,novemb] #bc1 #aiaj1 at ! age ( #gb ye>s4 ,8 la/ "w 9 ! int]e/ ( aviation 0 to furni% ! introductory *apt] to ! fir/ edition ( ?is volume1 & to r5d] valuable assi/ance 9 ! h&l+ ( ! v>i\s subjects4 ,he ev5 made ! trip f 8 home to ! (fice ( ! publi%]s "o inclem5t day la/ spr+1 to look ov] ! pro(s ( ! book &1 at 8 sugge/ion1 sev]al important *anges 7 made4 ,all ?is 0 a labor ( love on ,mr4 ,*anute's "p4 ,he gave ( 8 "t & tal5ts freely because he 0 en?usia/ic 9 ! cause ( aviation1 & because he knew ! au?ors ( ?is book & desir$ to give !m mat]ial aid 9 ! prep>ation ( ! "w--a favor t 0 mo/ s9c]ely appreciat$4 ,! au?ors desire to make ackn[l$gm5t ( _m c\rtesies 9 ! way ( valuable advice1 in=mation1 etc41 ext5d$ by ,mr4 ,octave ,*anute1 ,c4 ,e41 ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,jones1 ,editor ( ,a]onautics1 & ! publi%]s (1 ! ,new ,engl& ,automobile ,j\rnal & ,fly4 ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,i4 ,evolution ( ! ,two-,surface ,fly+ ,ma*9e ,introductory ,*apt] by ,octave ,*anute1 ,c4 ,e4 ,,ii4 ,!ory ,developm5t & ,use ,orig9 ( ! ,a]oplane--,developm5ts by ,*anute & ! ,wrights--,practical ,uses & ,limits4 ,,iii4 ,me*anical ,bird ,action ,:at ! ,motor ,does--,puzzle 9 ,bird ,so>+4 ,,iv4 ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,fly+ ,ma*9es ,helicopt]s1 ,orni?opt]s & ,a]oplanes-- ,monoplanes1 ,biplanes & ,triplanes4 ,v4 ,con/ruct+ a ,glid+ ,ma*9e ,plans & ,mat]ials ,requir$--,e/imate ( ,co/-- ,sizes & ,prep>ation ( ,v>i\s ,p>ts--,putt+ ! ,p>ts ,toge!r ,,vi4 ,le>n+ to ,fly ,h[ to ,use ! ,glid]--,effect ( ,body ,movem5ts --,rules = ,beg9n]s--,safe/ ,place to ,glide4 ,,vii4 ,putt+ ,on ! ,rudd] ,its ,con/ruction1 ,application & ,use4 ,,viii4 ,! ,real ,fly+ ,ma*9e ,surface ,area ,requir$--,prop] ,size ( ,frame & ,auxili>ies--,in/allation ( ,motor--,co/ ( ,con/ruct+ ,ma*9e4 ,,ix4 ,selection ( ! ,motor ,ess5tial ,features--,multiplicity ( ,cyl9d]s--,p[] ,requir$--,k9d & ,action ( ,propell]s--,plac+ ( ! ,motor ,x4 ,prop] ,dim5sions ( ,ma*9es ,figur+ ,out ! ,details--,h[ to ,e/imate ,load ,capacity--,di/ribution ( ! ,weight--,measurem5ts ( ,lead+ ,ma*9es4 ,,xi4 ,plane & ,rudd] ,control ,v>i\s ,me?ods 9 ,use--,:eels & ,h& & ,foot ,lev]s ,,xii4 ,h[ to ,use ! ,ma*9e ,rules ( ,lead+ ,aviators--,ris+ f ! ,gr\nd --,reasonable ,altitude--,pres]v+ ,equilibrium-- ,le>n+ to ,/e]4 ,,xiii4 ,peculi>ities ( ,a]oplane ,p[] ,pressure ( ! ,w9d--,h[ to ,det]m9e ,^u ,p[]--,:y ,spe$ ,is ,requir$--,bird f9d ,fly+ ,ma*9e ,areas4 ,,xiv4 ,ab\t ,w9d ,curr5ts1 ,etc4 ,unc]ta9ty ( ,direct ,=ce--,tr\ble ,) ,gu/y ,curr5ts--,:y ,bird ,action ,is ,imitat$4 ,,xv4 ,! ,elem5t ( ,dang] ,risk ,small ,"u ,prop] ,conditions--,two ,fields ( ,safety--,lessons 9 ,rec5t ,accid5ts4 ,,xvi4 ,radical ,*anges ,be+ ,made ,results ( ,rec5t ,exp]im5ts--,new ,dim5sions --,increas$ ,spe$--,! ,"o ,gov]n+ ,rule4 ,,xvii4 ,"s ( ! ,new ,designs ,automatic ,control ( ,plane ,/ability--,inv5tor ,h]r+'s ,devices--,novel ,ideas ( ,/ud5ts4 ,,xviii4 ,dem& = ,fly+ ,ma*9es ,wond]ful ,results 9 a ,ye>--,factories ,ov]- cr[d$ ) ,ord]s4 ,,xix4 ,law ( ! ,air%ip ,rights ( ,prop]ty ,own]s--,"s ,legal ,peculi>ities--,dang] ( ,trespass4 ,,xx4 ,so>+ ,flight ,,xxi4 ,fly+ ,ma*9es vs4 ,balloons ,,xxii4 ,problems ( ,a]ial ,flight ,,xxiii4 ,amateurs ,may ,use ,wright ,pat5ts ,,xxiv4 ,h9ts on ,propell] ,con/ruction ,,xxv4 ,new ,motors & ,devices ,,xxvi4 ,monoplanes1 ,triplanes1 ,multiplanes ,,xxvii4 ,records ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es3 ,,con/ruction & ,,op]ation ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,two-,,surface ,,fly+ ,,ma*9e4 ,by ,octave ,*anute4 ,i am ask$ to set =? ! developm5t ( ! two-surface type ( fly+ ma*9e :i* is n[ us$ ) modifications by ,wright ,bro!rs1 ,f>man1 #a ,delagrange1 ,h]r+ & o!rs4 ,?is type orig9at$ ) ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,w5ham1 :o pat5t$ x 9 ,engl& 9 #ahff 7,no4 #aega71 tak+ out provisional pap]s only4 ,9 ! abridgm5t ( ,briti% pat5t ,a]onautical ,specifications 7#ahic7 x is describ$ z foll[s3 ,two or m a]oplanes are arrang$ "o above ! o!r1 & support a framework or c> conta9+ ! motive p[]4 ,! a]oplanes are made ( silk or canvas /ret*$ on a frame by wood5 rods or /eel ribs4 ,:5 manual p[] is employ$ ! body is plac$ horizontally1 & o>s or propell]s are actuat$ by ! arms or legs4 ,a />t may be obta9$ by l[]+ ! legs & runn+ d[n hill or ! ma*9e may be />t$ f a mov+ c>riage4 ,"o or m screw propell]s may be appli$ = propell+ :5 /eam p[] is employ$4 ,on ,june #bg1 #ahff1 ,mr4 ,w5ham read be=e ! ,a]onautical ,society ( ,great ,brita91 !n rec5tly organiz$1 ! able/ pap] ev] pres5t$ to t society1 & !reby brea!d into x a _s :i* has cont9u$ to ?is day4 ,9 ?is pap] he describ$ 8 obs]vations ( birds1 discuss$ ! laws gov]n+ flight z to ! surfaces & p[] requir$ bo? ) w+s & screws1 & he !n gave an acc\nt ( 8 own exp]im5ts ) models & ) a]oplanes ( suffici5t size to c>ry ! weight ( a man4 ,second ,w5ham ,a]oplane4 ,8 second a]oplane 0 sixte5 feet f tip to tip4 ,a truss$ sp> at ! bottom c>ri$ six sup]pos$ b&s ( ?9 holl& fabric fifte5 in*es wide1 connect$ ) v]tical webs ( holl& two feet ap>t1 ?us virtually giv+ a l5g? ( w+ ( n9ety-six feet & "o hundr$ & tw5ty squ>e feet ( support+ surface4 ,! man 0 plac$ horizontally on a base bo>d b5ea? ! sp>4 ,?is app>atus :5 tri$ 9 ! w9d 0 f\nd to be unmanageable by reason ( ! flutt]+ motions ( ! fabric1 :i* 0 insuffici5tly /iff5$ ) cr9ol9e /eel1 b ,mr4 ,w5ham po9t$ out t ?is 9 no way invalidat$ ! pr9ciple ( ! app>atus1 :i* 0 to obta9 l>ge support+ surfaces )\t increas+ unduly ! lev]age & consequ5t weight ( sp> requir$1 by simply sup]pos+ ! surfaces4 ,?is pr9ciple is entirely s\nd & x is surpris+ t x is1 to ?is day1 n realiz$ by ^? aviators :o are hank]+ = monoplanes4 ,exp]im5ts by ,/r+fell[4 ,! next man to te/ an app>atus ) sup]pos$ surfaces 0 ,mr4 ,/r+fell[1 :o1 becom+ mu* impress$ ) ,mr4 ,w5ham's proposal1 produc$ a l>gi% model at ! exhibition ( ! ,a]onautical ,society 9 #ahfh4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree sup]pos$ surfaces aggregat+ #bh squ>e feet & a tail ( #h squ>e feet m4 ,! weight 0 "u #ab p\nds & x 0 driv5 by a c5tral propell] actuat$ by a /eam eng9e ov]e/imat$ at "o-?ird ( a horsep[]4 ,x ran susp5d$ to a wire on its trials b fail$ ( free flight1 9 consequ5ce ( defective equilibrium4 ,?is app>atus has s9ce be5 rebuilt & is n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution at ,wa%+ton4 ,l9field's ,unsuccessful ,ef=ts4 ,9 #ahgh ,mr4 ,l9field te/$ an app>atus 9 ,engl& consi/+ ( a cig>-%ap$ c>1 to :i* 0 atta*$ on ea* side frames five feet squ>e1 conta9+ ea* tw5ty-five sup]pos$ planes ( /ret*$ & v>ni%$ l95 eighte5 in*es wide1 & only two in*es ap>t1 ?us rem9d+ "o ( a ,spani% donkey ) panni]s4 ,! :ole weigh$ two hundr$ & =ty p\nds4 ,?is 0 te/$ by be+ m\nt$ on a flat c> beh9d a locomotive go+ #dj miles an h\r4 ,:5 t[$ by a l9e fifte5 feet long ! app>atus rose only a little f ! c> & exhibit$ su* un/able equilibrium t ! exp]im5t 0 n r5ew$4 ,! lift 0 only ab\t "o-?ird ( :at x w\ld h be5 _h ! planes be5 prop]ly spac$1 say _! full wid? ap>t1 in/ead ( "o-n9? z errone\sly devis$4 ,r5>d's ,dirigible ,p>a*ute4 ,9 #ahhi ,comm&ant ,r5>d1 ! em95t sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,fr5* ,a]onautical ,dep>tm5t1 exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( t ye>1 an app>atus exp]im5t$ ) "s ye>s be=e1 :i* he t]m$ a dirigible p>a*ute4 ,x consi/$ ( an ovi=m body to :i* 7 pivot$ two upright slats c>ry+ above ! body n9e long sup]pos$ flat blades spac$ ab\t "o-?ird ( _! wid? ap>t4 ,:5 ?is app>atus 0 prop]ly set at an angle to ! longitud9al axis ( ! body & dropp$ f a balloon1 x travell$ back aga9/ ! w9d = a consid]able di/ance be=e alight+4 ,! c\rse c\ld be v>i$ by a rudd]4 ,no practical application seems to h be5 made ( ?is device by ! ,fr5* ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 b ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,holl&1 ! inv5tor ( ! subm>9e boat :i* be>s 8 "n1 propos$ 9 #ahic an arrangem5t ( pivot$ framework atta*$ to ! body ( a fly+ ma*9e :i* comb9es ! pr9ciple ( ,comm&ant ,r5>d ) ! curv$ blades exp]im5t$ ) by ,mr4 ,phillips1 n[ to be notic$1 ) ! addition ( lift+ screws ins]t$ among ! blades4 ,phillips ,fails on ,/ability ,problem4 ,9 #ahic ,mr4 ,horatio ,phillips1 ( ,engl&1 aft] "s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts ) v>i\s w+ sections1 f :i* he d$uc$ conclusions z to ! %ape ( maximum lift1 te/$ an app>atus resembl+ a ,v5etian bl9d :i* consi/$ ( fifty wood5 slats ( peculi> %ape1 #bb feet long1 "o & a half in*es wide1 & two in*es ap>t1 set 9 t5 v]tical upright bo>ds4 ,all ?is 0 c>ri$ ^u a body provid$ ) ?ree :eels4 ,x weigh$ #dbj p\nds & 0 driv5 at #dj miles an h\r on a wood5 sidewalk by a /eam eng9e ( n9e horsep[] :i* actuat$ a two-blad$ screw4 ,! lift 0 satisfactory1 be+ p]haps #gj p\nds p] horsep[]1 b ! equilibrium 0 q bad & ! exp]im5ts 7 discont9u$4 ,!y 7 tak5 up aga9 9 #aijd ) a simil> app>atus l>ge en\gh to c>ry a pass5g]1 b ! longitud9al equilibrium 0 f\nd to be defective4 ,!n 9 #aijg a new ma*9e 0 te/$1 9 :i* f\r sets ( frames1 c>ry+ simil> sets ( slat su/a9]s 7 ins]t$1 & ) ?is arrangem5t ! longitud9al /ability 0 f\nd to be v satisfactory4 ,! :ole app>atus1 ) ! op]ator1 weigh$ #fej p\nds4 ,x flew ab\t #bjj y>ds :5 driv5 by a motor ( #bj to #bb h4p4 at #cj miles an h\r1 ?us exhibit+ a lift ( ab\t #cb p\nds p] h4p41 :ile x w be rememb]$ t ! a]oplane ( ,wright ,bro!rs exhibits a lift+ capacity ( #ej p\nds to ! h4p4 ,h>grave's ,kite ,exp]im5ts4 ,aft] exp]im5t+ ) v _m models & build+ no less ?an eighte5 monoplane fly+ model ma*9es1 actuat$ by rubb]1 by compress$ air & by /eam1 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,h>grave1 ( ,sydney1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 inv5t$ ! cellul> kite :i* be>s 8 "n & made x kn[n 9 a pap] contribut$ to ! ,*icago ,conf]5ce on ,a]ial ,navigation 9 #ahic1 describ+ sev]al v>ieties4 ,! mod]n con/ruction is well kn[n1 & consi/s ( two cells1 ea* ( sup]pos$ surfaces ) v]tical side f9s1 plac$ "o beh9d ! o!r & connect$ by a rod or frame4 ,?is flies ) great /ead9ess )\t a tail4 ,mr4 ,h>grave's idea 0 to use a team ( ^! kites1 bel[ :i* he propos$ to susp5d a motor & propell] f :i* a l9e w\ld be c>ri$ to an an*or 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!n by actuat+ ! propell] ! :ole app>atus w\ld move =w>d1 pick up ! an*or & fly away4 ,he said3 ,! next /ep is cle> en\gh1 namely1 t a fly+ ma*9e ) acres ( surface c be safely got "u way or an*or$ & haul$ to ! gr\nd by means ( ! /r+ ( kites4 ,! fir/ t5tative exp]im5ts did n result well & emphasiz$ ! necessity = a light motor1 s t ,mr4 ,h>grave has s9ce be5 engag$ 9 develop+ "o1 n hav+ conv5i5t access to ^? :i* h be5 produc$ by ! automobile design]s & build]s4 ,exp]im5ts ,) ,glid] ,model4 ,& "h a curi\s rem9isc5ce may be indulg$ 94 ,9 #ahhh ! pres5t writ] exp]im5t$ ) a two-cell glid+ model1 precisely simil> to a ,h>grave kite1 z w be confirm$ by ,mr4 ,h]r+4 ,x 0 frequ5tly te/$ by laun*+ f ! top ( a ?ree-/ory h\se & glid$ d[nw>d v /eadily 9 all sorts ( breezes1 b ! angle ( desc5t 0 mu* /eep] ?an t ( birds1 & ! weight su/a9$ p] squ>e foot 0 less ?an ) s+le cells1 9 consequ5ce ( ! less] support af=d$ by ! re> cell1 :i* op]at$ ^u air already set 9 motion d[nw>d by ! front cell1 s no?+ m 0 done ) x1 = x nev] occurr$ to ! writ] to try x z a kite & he ?us miss$ ! di/9ction :i* atta*es to ,h>grave's "n4 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim also introduc$ =e & aft sup]pos$ surfaces 9 8 wondr\s fly+ ma*9e ( #ahic1 b he reli$ *iefly = ! lift ^u 8 ma9 l>ge surface & ?is necessitat$ s _m guys1 to prev5t di/ortion1 z greatly to increase ! head resi/ance & ?is1 toge!r ) ! un/able equilibrium1 made x evid5t t ! design ( ! ma*9e w\ld h to be *ang$4 ,h[ ,lili5?al ,0 ,kill$4 ,9 #ahie1 ,otto ,lili5?al1 ! fa!r ( mod]n aviation1 ! man to ^: me?od ( exp]im5t+ almo/ all pres5t successes are due1 aft] mak+ some?+ l two ?\s& glides ) monoplanes1 add$ a sup]pos$ surface to 8 app>atus & f\nd ! control ( x mu* improv$4 ,! two surfaces 7 kept ap>t by two /ruts or v]tical po/s ) a few guy wires1 b ! connect+ jo9ts 7 weak & !re 0 no?+ l truss+4 ,?is ev5tually co/ 8 mo/ useful life4 ,two weeks be=e t di/ress+ loss to sci5ce1 ,h]r ,wilhelm ,kress1 ! di/+ui%$ & vet]an aviator ( ,vi5na1 witness$ a numb] ( glides by ,lili5?al ) 8 d\ble-deck$ app>atus4 ,he notic$ t x 0 mu* wrack$ & wobbly & wrote to me aft] ! accid5t3 ,! connection ( ! w+s & ! /e]+ arrangem5t 7 v bad & unreliable4 ,i w>n$ ,h]r ,lili5?al v s]i\sly4 ,he promis$ me t he w\ld soon put x 9 ord]1 b ,i fe> t he did n att5d to x imm$iately4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,lili5?al _h built a new ma*9e1 ^u a diff]5t pr9ciple1 f :i* he expect$ great results1 & int5d$ to make b v few m flights ) ! old app>atus4 ,he unwisely made "o too _m &1 l ,pil*]1 0 ! victim ( a di/ort$ app>atus4 ,probably "o ( ! jo9ts ( ! /ruts gave way1 ! upp] surface blew back & ,lili5?al1 :o 0 well =w>d on ! l[] surface1 0 pit*$ headlong to de/ruction4 ,exp]im5ts by ! ,writ]4 ,9 #ahif1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,h]r+ & ,mr4 ,av]y1 ,i exp]im5t$ ) sev]al full siz$ glid+ ma*9es1 c>ry+ a man4 ,! fir/ 0 a ,lili5?al monoplane :i* 0 deem$ s cranky t x 0 disc>d$ aft] mak+ ab\t "o hundr$ glides1 six weeks be=e ,lili5?al's accid5t4 ,! second 0 kn[n z ! multiple w+$ ma*9e & f9ally develop$ into five pairs ( pivot$ w+s1 truss$ toge!r at ! front & "o pair 9 ! re>4 ,x glid$ at angles ( desc5t ( #aj or #aa degrees or ( "o 9 five1 & ?is 0 deem$ too /eep4 ,!n ,mr4 ,h]r+ & myself made computations to analyze ! resi/ances4 ,we attribut$ mu* ( !m to ! five front sp>s ( ! w+s & on a %eet ( cross-b>r$ pap] ,i at once drew ! design = a new ?ree-deck$ ma*9e to be built by ,mr4 ,h]r+4 ,be+ a build] ( bridges1 ,i truss$ ^! surfaces toge!r1 9 ord] to obta9 /r5g? & /iffness4 ,:5 te/$ 9 glid+ flight ! l[] surface 0 f\nd too ne> ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 tak5 (f & ! rema9+ app>atus n[ consi/$ ( two surfaces connect$ toge!r by a gird] compos$ ( v]tical po/s & diagonal ties1 specifically kn[n z a ,pratt truss4 ,!n ,mr4 ,h]r+ & ,mr4 ,av]y toge!r devis$ & put on an ela/ic atta*m5t to ! tail4 ,?is ma*9e prov$ a success1 x be+ safe & manageable4 ,ov] #gjj glides 7 made ) x at angles ( desc5t ( #h to #aj degrees1 or "o 9 six to "o 9 sev54 ,fir/ ,propos$ by ,w5ham4 ,! ela/ic tail atta*m5t & ! truss+ ( ! connect+ frame ( ! sup]pos$ w+s 7 ! only novelties 9 ?is ma*9e1 = ! sup]pos+ ( ! surfaces _h fir/ be5 propos$ by ,w5ham1 b 9 accordance ) ! popul> p]ception1 :i* be/[s all ! cr$it ^u ! man :o adds ! la/ t\* mak+ = success to ! labors ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ! ma*9e has s9ce be5 kn[n by _m p]sons z ! ,*anute type ( glid]s1 mu* to my p]sonal gratification4 ,x has s9ce be5 improv$ 9 _m ways4 ,wright ,bro!rs1 disreg>d+ ! fa%ion :i* prevails among birds1 h plac$ ! tail 9 front ( _! app>atus & call$ x a front rudd]1 besides plac+ ! op]ator 9 horizontal position in/ead ( upright1 z ,i did2 & also provid+ a me?od ( w>p+ ! w+s to pres]ve equilibrium4 ,f>man & ,delagrange1 "u ! v able guidance & con/ructive "w ( ,vois9 bro!rs1 !n sub/itut$ _m details1 includ+ a box tail = ! d>t-l tail :i* ,i us$4 ,?is may h increas$ ! resi/ance1 b x adds to ! /ead9ess4 ,n[ ! t5d5cy 9 ,france seems to be to g back to ! monoplane4 ,monoplane ,idea ,wrong4 ,! advocates ( ! s+le support+ surface are probably mi/ak54 ,x is true t a s+le surface %[s a great] lift p] squ>e foot ?an sup]pos$ surfaces = a giv5 spe$1 b ! increas$ weight due to lev]age m ?an c\nt]balances ?is advantage by requir+ heavy sp>s & "s guys4 ,i believe t ! future a]oplane dynamic fli] w consi/ ( sup]pos$ surfaces1 &1 n[ t x has be5 f\nd t by imb$d+ suitably %ap$ sp>s 9 ! clo? ! head resi/ance may be mu* dim9i%$1 ,i see few objections to sup]pos+ ?ree1 f\r or ev5 five surfaces prop]ly truss$1 & ?us obta9+ a compact1 h&y1 manageable & comp>atively light app>atus4 #b ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,!ory1 ,,developm5t1 ,,& ,,use4 ,:ile e craft t navigates ! air is an air%ip1 all air%ips are n fly+ ma*9es4 ,! balloon1 = in/ance1 is an air%ip1 b x is n :at is kn[n among aviators z a fly+ ma*9e4 ,?is latt] t]m is prop]ly us$ only 9 ref]r+ to heavi]-?an-air ma*9es :i* h no gas-bag lift+ devices1 & are made to really fly by ! application ( eng9e propulsion4 ,me*anical ,birds4 ,all successful fly+ ma*9es--& !re are a numb] ( !m--are bas$ on bird action4 ,! v>i\s design]s h /udi$ bird flight & so>+1 ma/]$ its te*nique z devis$ by ,nature1 & ! mod]n fly+ ma*9e is ! result4 ,on an exagg]at$1 enl>g$ scale ! ma*9es :i* are n[ navigat+ ! air are no?+ m nor less ?an me*anical birds4 ,orig9 ( ! ,a]oplane4 ,octave ,*anute1 ( ,*icago1 may well be call$ ! develop] ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,leav+ balloons & v>i\s =ms ( gas-bags out ( consid]ation1 o!r exp]im5t]s1 notably ,langley & ,lili5?al1 ant$at$ him 9 attempt+ ! navigation ( ! air on a]oplanes1 or fly+ ma*9es1 b none ( !m 7 :olly successful1 & x rema9$ = ,*anute to demon/rate ! practicability ( :at 0 !n call$ ! glid+ ma*9e4 ,?is t]m 0 adopt$ because ! app>atus 01 z ! "n implies1 simply a glid+ ma*9e1 be+ )\t motor propulsion1 & int5d$ solely to solve ! problem ( ! be/ =m ( con/ruction4 ,! biplane1 us$ by ,*anute 9 #ahif1 is /ill ! basis ( mo/ successful fly+ ma*9es1 ! only radical diff]5ce be+ t motors1 rudd]s1 etc41 h be5 add$4 ,"* ( ,*anute's ,exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 ! privilege ( ! au?or ( ?is book to be ,mr4 ,*anute's gue/ at ,mill]s1 ,indiana1 9 #ahif1 :51 9 collaboration ) ,messrs4 ,h]r+ & ,av]y1 he 0 conduct+ ! s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* h s9ce made possible ! con/ruction ( ! mod]n fly+ ma*9e :i* su* successful aviators z ! ,wright bro!rs & o!rs are n[ us+4 ,x 0 a wild c\ntry1 mu* frequ5t$ by eagles1 hawks1 & simil> birds4 ,! en?usia/ic trio1 ,*anute1 ,h]r+ & ,av]y1 w\ld wat* = h\rs ! evolutions ( "s big bird 9 ! air1 agree+ 9 ! end on ! v]dict1 ,:5 we ma/] ! pr9ciple ( t bird's so>+ )\t w+ action1 we w h come close to solv+ ! problem ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,a]oplanes ( v>i\s =ms 7 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,*anute ) ! assi/ance ( ,messrs4 ,h]r+ & ,av]y until1 at ! "t ( ! writ]'s visit1 !y _h settl$ ^u ! biplane1 or two-surface ma*9e4 ,mr4 ,h]r+ lat] equipp$ ?is ) a rudd]1 & made o!r additions1 b ! g5]al idea is /ill ! basis ( ! ,wright1 ,curtiss1 & o!r ma*9es 9 :i*1 by ! aid ( gasol5e motors1 long flights h be5 made4 ,developm5ts by ! ,wrights4 ,9 #aijj ! ,wright bro!rs1 ,william & ,orville1 :o 7 !n 9 ! bicycle bus9ess 9 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 became int]e/$ 9 ,*anute's exp]im5ts & communicat$ ) him4 ,! result 0 t ! ,wrights took up ,*anute's ideas & develop$ !m fur!r1 mak+ _m additions ( _! own1 "o ( :i* 0 ! plac+ ( a rudd] 9 front1 & ! location ( ! op]ator horizontally on ! ma*9e1 ?us dim9i%+ by f\r-fif?s ! w9d resi/ance ( ! man's body4 ,= ?ree ye>s ! ,wrights exp]im5t$ ) ! glid] be=e v5tur+ to add a motor1 :i* 0 n done until !y _h ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! control ( _! movem5ts 9 ! air4 ,limits ( ! ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 ,9 ! op9ion ( compet5t exp]ts x is idle to look = a comm]cial future = ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,!re is1 & always w be1 a limit to its c>ry+ capacity :i* w prohibit its employm5t = pass5g] or freight purposes 9 a :olesale or g5]al way4 ,!re are "s1 ( c\rse1 :o w argue t because a ma*9e w c>ry two p ano!r may be con/ruct$ t w c>ry a doz51 b ^? :o make ?is cont5tion d n und]/& ! !ory ( weight su/5tation 9 ! air2 or t ! great] ! load ! great] mu/ be ! lift+ p[] 7motors & plane surface71 & t !re is a limit to ^!--z w be expla9$ lat] on--beyond :i* ! aviator _c g4 ,"s ,practical ,uses4 ,at ! same "t !re are fields 9 :i* ! fly+ ma*9e may be us$ to great advantage4 ,^! are3 ,sports--,fly+ ma*9e races or flights w always be popul> by reason ( ! elem5t ( dang]4 ,x is a /range1 b nev]!less a true proposition1 t x is ?is elem5t :i* adds ze/ to all sport+ ev5ts4 ,sci5tific--,= exploration ( o!rwise inaccessible regions su* z des]ts1 m\nta9 tops1 etc4 ,reconnoit]+--,9 "t ( w> fly+ ma*9es may be us$ to advantage to spy out an enemy's encampm5t1 asc]ta9 its def5ses1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,me*anical ,,bird ,,action ,9 ord] to und]/& ! !ory ( ! mod]n fly+ ma*9e "o mu/ also und]/& bird action & w9d action4 ,9 ?is connection ! foll[+ simple exp]im5t w be ( int]e/3 ,take a circul>-%ap$ bit ( c>dbo>d1 l ! lid ( a hat box1 & remove ! b5t-ov] portion s z to h a p]fectly flat surface ) a clean1 %>p edge4 ,hold+ ! c>dbo>d at arm's l5g?1 )draw y\r h&1 leav+ ! c>dbo>d )\t support4 ,:at is ! result8 ,! c>dbo>d1 be+ heavi] ?an air1 & hav+ no?+ to su/a9 x1 w fall to ! gr\nd4 ,pick x up & ?r[ x1 ) consid]able =ce1 aga9/ ! w9d edgewise4 ,:at happ5s8 ,in/ead ( fall+ to ! gr\nd1 ! c>dbo>d sails along on ! w9d1 rema9+ afloat s long z x is 9 motion4 ,x seeks ! gr\nd1 by gravity1 only z ! motion ceases1 & !n by easy /ages1 in/ead ( dropp+ abruptly z 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,"h we h a homely1 b accurate illu/ration ( ! action ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,! motor does = ! latt] :at ! =ce ( y\r arm does = ! c>dbo>d--imp>ts a motion :i* keeps x afloat4 ,! only real diff]5ce is t ! motion giv5 by ! motor is cont9u\s & mu* m p[]ful ?an t giv5 by y\r arm4 ,! action ( ! latt] is limit$ & ! end ( its propulsive =ce is rea*$ )9 a second or two aft] x is ex]t$1 :ile ! action ( ! motor is prolong$4 ,ano!r ,simple ,illu/ration4 ,ano!r simple means ( illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple ( fly+ ma*9e op]ation1 s f> z su/5tation & ! elevation & depression ( ! planes is conc]n$1 is expla9$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,a is a piece ( c>dbo>d ab\t #b by #c in*es 9 size4 ,b is a piece ( pap] ( ! same size pa/$ to "o edge ( ,a4 ,if y b5d ! pap] to a curve1 ) convex side up & bl[ across x z %[n 9 ,figure ,c1 ! pap] w rise in/ead ( be+ depress$4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ t ! air is pass+ ov] ! top ( ! curv$ pap] & yet1 no matt] h[ h>d y may bl[1 ! effect w be to elevate ! pap]1 despite ! fact t ! air is pass+ ov]1 in/ead ( "u ! curv$ surface4 ,9 ,figure ,d we h an opposite effect4 ,"h ! pap] is 9 a curve exactly ! rev]se ( t %[n 9 ,figure ,c1 br++ ! concave side up4 ,n[ if y w aga9 bl[ across ! surface ( ! c>d ! action ( ! pap] w be d[nw>d--x w be impossible to make x rise4 ,! h>d] y bl[ ! great] w be ! d[nw>d movem5t4 ,pr9ciple ,9 ,g5]al ,use4 ,?is pr9ciple is tak5 advantage ( 9 ! con/ruction ( all successful fly+ ma*9es4 ,mak]s ( monoplanes & biplanes alike adh]e to curv$ bodies1 ) ! concave surface fac+ d[nw>d4 ,/raight planes 7 tri$ = a "t1 b f\nd greatly lack+ 9 ! p[] ( su/5tation4 ,by curv+ ! planes1 & plac+ ! concave surface d[nw>d1 a sort ( inv]t$ b[l is =m$ 9 :i* ! air ga!rs & ex]ts a buoyant effect4 ,j :at ! ratio ( ! curve %\ld be is a matt] ( cont5tion4 ,9 "s in/ances "o in* to ! foot is f\nd to be satisfactory2 9 o!rs ?is is d\bl$1 & !re are a few cases 9 :i* a curve ( z mu* z #c in*es to ! foot has be5 us$4 ,"r "h x might be well to expla9 t ! ^w plane appli$ to fly+ ma*9es ( mod]n con/ruction is 9 reality a misnom]4 ,plane indicates a flat1 level surface4 ,z mo/ successful fly+ ma*9es h curv$ support+ surfaces x is cle>ly wrong to speak ( planes1 or a]oplanes4 ,usage1 h[ev]1 has made ! t]ms conv5i5t &1 z !y are g5]ally accept$ & und]/ood by ! public1 !y are us$ 9 l mann] 9 ?is volume4 ,gett+ ,"u ,headway4 ,a bird1 on fir/ ris+ f ! gr\nd1 or beg9n+ its flight f a tree1 w flap its w+s to get "u headway4 ,"h aga9 we h ano!r illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* a fly+ ma*9e gets "u headway--! motor imp>ts ! =ce necess>y to put ! ma*9e into ! air1 b "r "h ! simil>ity ceases4 ,if ! ma*9e is to be kept afloat ! motor mu/ be kept mov+4 ,a fly+ ma*9e w n su/a9 itself2 x w n rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air unless x is "u headway4 ,?is is because x is heavi] ?an air1 & gravity draws x to ! gr\nd4 ,puzzle 9 ,bird ,so>+4 ,b a bird1 :i* is also heavi] ?an air1 w rema9 susp5d$1 9 a calm1 w ev5 so> & move 9 a circle1 )\t app>5t movem5t ( its w+s4 ,?is is expla9$ on ! !ory t !re are g5]ally v]tical columns ( air 9 circulation /rong en\gh to su/a9 a bird1 b mu* too weak to ex]t any lift+ p[] on a fly+ ma*9e1 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ a bird c rema9 susp5d$ :5 ! w9d is 9 action1 b its susp5sion 9 a seem+ dead calm 0 a puzzle to sci5ti/s until ,mr4 ,*anute advanc$ ! proposition ( v]tical columns ( air4 ,model$ ,closely ,aft] ,birds4 ,s f> z possible1 build]s ( fly+ ma*9es h tak5 :at may be call$ ! ar*itecture ( birds z a model4 ,?is is readily noticeable 9 ! =m ( con/ruction4 ,:5 a bird is 9 motion its w+s 7except :5 flapp+7 are ext5d$ 9 a /raight l9e at "r angles to its body4 ,?is br+s a %>p1 ?9 edge aga9/ ! air1 (f]+ ! lea/ possible surface = resi/ance1 :ile at ! same "t a broad surface = support is af=d$ by ! flat1 "u side ( ! w+s4 ,id5tically ! same ?+ is done 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,note1 = in/ance1 ! m>k$ simil>ity 9 =m z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,"h ,a is ! bird1 & ,b ! g5]al outl9e ( ! ma*9e4 ,! ?9 edge ( ! plane 9 ! latt] is almo/ a duplicate ( t =m$ by ! out/ret*$ w+s ( ! bird1 :ile ! rudd] plane 9 ! re> s]ves ! same purpose z ! bird's tail4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct & radically diff]5t =ms ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,^! are3 ,a]oplanes1 helicopt]s & orni?op]s4 ,( ^! ! a]oplane takes prec$5ce & is us$ almo/ exclusively by successful aviators1 ! helicopt]s & orni?op]s hav+ be5 tri$ & f\nd lack+ 9 "s vital features1 :ile at ! same "t 9 "s respects ! helicopt] has advantages n f\nd 9 ! a]oplane4 ,:at ! ,helicopt] ,is4 ,! helicopt] gets its "n f be+ fitt$ ) v]tical propell]s or helices 7see illu/ration7 by ! action ( :i* ! ma*9e is rais$ directly f ! gr\nd into ! air4 ,?is does away ) ! necessity = gett+ ! ma*9e "u a glid+ headway be=e x floats1 z is ! case ) ! a]oplane1 & consequ5tly ! helicopt] c be h&l$ 9 a mu* small] space ?an is requir$ = an a]oplane4 ,?is1 9 _m in/ances1 is an important advantage1 b x is ! only "o ! helicopt] possesses1 & is m ?an ov]come by its drawbacks4 ,! mo/ s]i\s ( ^! is t ! helicopt] is defici5t 9 su/a9+ capacity1 & requires too mu* motive p[]4 ,=m ( ! ,orni?opt]4 ,! orni?opt] has h+$ planes :i* "w l ! w+s ( a bird4 ,at fir/ ?\ght ?is w\ld seem to be ! correct pr9ciple1 & mo/ ( ! e>ly exp]im5t]s conduct$ _! op]ations on ?is l9e4 ,x is n[ g5]ally und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! bird 9 so>+ is 9 reality an a]oplane1 its ext5d$ w+s s]v+ to su/a91 z well z propel1 ! body4 ,at any rate ! orni?op] has n be5 successful 9 aviation1 & has be5 int]e/+ ma9ly z an +5i\s toy4 ,attempts to con/ruct x on a scale t w\ld p]mit ( its use by man 9 actual a]ial flights h be5 f> f enc\rag+4 ,?ree ,k9ds ( ,a]oplanes4 ,!re are ?ree =ms ( a]oplanes1 ) all ( :i* m or less success has be5 atta9$4 ,^! are3 ,! monoplane1 a "o-surfac$ plane1 l t us$ by ,bl]iot4 ,! biplane1 a two-surfac$ plane1 n[ us$ by ! ,wrights1 ,curtiss1 ,f>man1 & o!rs4 ,! triplane1 a ?ree-surfac$ plane ,?is =m is b little us$1 its only prom95t advocate at pres5t be+ ,elle ,lavim]1 a ,dani% exp]im5t]1 :o has n ?us f> accompli%$ mu*4 ,:atev] ( real success has be5 accompli%$ 9 aviation may be cr$it$ to ! monoplane & biplane1 ) ! balance 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,! monoplane is ! m simple 9 con/ruction &1 :]e weight-su/a9+ capacity is n a prime requisite1 may probably be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,?is op9ion is bas$ on ! fact t ! small] ! surface ( ! plane ! less w be ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! air1 & ! great] w be ! spe$ at :i* ! ma*9e may be mov$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! biplane has a mu* great] plane surface 7d\ble t ( a monoplane ( ! same size7 & consequ5tly mu* great] weight-c>ry+ capacity4 ,diff]5ces 9 ,biplanes4 ,:ile all biplanes are ( ! same g5]al con/ruction s f> z ! ma9 planes are conc]n$1 ea* aviator has 8 own ideas z to ! rigg+4 ,wright1 = in/ance1 places a d\ble horizontal rudd] 9 front1 ) a v]tical rudd] 9 ! re>4 ,!re are no p>titions betwe5 ! ma9 planes1 & ! bicycle :eels us$ on o!r =ms are replac$ by skids4 ,vois91 on ! contr>y1 divides ! ma9 planes ) v]tical p>titions to increase /ability 9 turn+2 uses a s+le-plane horizontal rudd] 9 front1 & a big box-tail ) v]tical rudd] at ! re>2 also ! bicycle :eels4 ,curtiss atta*es horizontal /abiliz+ surfaces to ! upp] plane2 has a d\ble horizontal rudd] 9 front1 ) a v]tical rudd] & horizontal /abiliz+ surfaces 9 re>4 ,also ! bicycle :eel alight+ ge>4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,con/ruct+ ,a ,,glid+ ,,ma*9e4 ,fir/ decide ^u ! k9d ( a ma*9e y want--monoplane1 biplane1 or triplane4 ,= a novice ! biplane w1 z a rule1 be f\nd ! mo/ satisfactory z x is m compact & !re=e ! m easily h&l$4 ,?is w be easily und]/ood :5 we realize t ! surface ( a fly+ ma*9e %\ld be laid out 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( weight x w h to su/a94 ,! g5]ally accept$ rule is t #aeb squ>e feet ( surface w su/a9 ! weight ( an av]age-siz$ man1 say #agj p\nds4 ,n[ x foll[s t if ^! #aeb squ>e feet ( surface are us$ 9 "o plane1 z 9 ! monoplane1 ! l5g? & wid? ( ?is plane mu/ be great] ?an if ! same am\nt ( surface is secur$ by us+ two planes--! biplane4 ,?is results 9 ! biplane be+ m compact & !re=e m readily manipulat$ ?an ! monoplane1 :i* is an important item = a novice4 ,glid] ! ,basis ( ,success4 ,fly+ ma*9es )\t motors are call$ glid]s4 ,9 mak+ a fly+ ma*9e y fir/ con/ruct ! glid]4 ,if y use x 9 ?is =m x rema9s a glid]4 ,if y in/all a motor x becomes a fly+ ma*9e4 ,y mu/ h a good glid] z ! basis ( a successful fly+ ma*9e4 ,x w be well = ! novice1 ! man :o has nev] _h any exp]i5ce z an aviator1 to beg9 ) a glid] & ma/] its con/ruction & op]ation be=e he essays ! m pret5ti\s task ( h&l+ a fully-equipp$ fly+ ma*9e4 ,9 fact1 x is ess5tial t he %\ld d s4 ,plans = ,h&y ,glid]4 ,a glid] ) a spread 7advanc+ edge7 ( #bj feet1 & a bread? or dep? ( #d feet1 w be ab\t "r to beg9 )4 ,two planes ( ?is size w give ! #aeb squ>e y>ds ( surface necess>y to su/a9 a man's weight4 ,rememb] t 9 ref]r+ to fly+ ma*9e measurem5ts spread takes ! place ( :at w\ld ord9>ily be call$ l5g?1 & inv>iably applies to ! long or advanc+ edge ( ! ma*9e :i* cuts into ! air4 ,?us1 a glid] is spok5 ( z be+ #bj feet spread1 & #d feet 9 dep?4 ,s f> z ma/]+ ! control ( ! ma*9e is conc]n$1 le>n+ to balance "o's self 9 ! air1 guid+ ! ma*9e 9 any desir$ direction by *ang+ ! position ( ! body1 etc41 all ?is may be le>n$ j z readily1 & p]haps m s1 ) a #bj-;foot glid] ?an ) a l>g] app>atus4 ,k9d ( ,mat]ial ,requir$4 ,!re are ?ree all-important features 9 fly+ ma*9e con/ruction1 viz43 lightness1 /r5g? & extreme rigidity4 ,spruce is ! wood g5]ally us$ = glid] frames4 ,oak1 a% & hickory are all /rong]1 b !y are also consid]ably heavi]1 & :]e ! sav+ ( weight is ess5tial1 ! diff]5ce is l>gely 9 favor ( spruce4 ,?is w be se5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,weight ,t5sile ,compressive p] cubic ft4 ,/r5g? ,/r5g? ,wood 9 lbs4 lbs4 p] sq4 94 lbs4 p] sq 94 ,hickory #ec #ab1jjj #h1ejj ,oak #ej #ab1jjj #i1jjj ,a% #ch #ab1jjj #f1jjj ,walnut #ch #h1jjj #f1jjj ,spruce #be #h1jjj #e1jjj ,p9e #be #e1jjj #d1ejj ,consid]+ ! m>k$ sav+ 9 weight spruce has a great] p]c5tage ( t5sile /r5g? ?an any ( ! o!r woods4 ,x is also easi] to f9d 9 long1 /raight-gra9$ pieces free f knots1 & x is ?is k9d only t %\ld be us$ 9 fly+ ma*9e con/ruction4 ,y w next ne$ "s spools or hanks ( ,no4 #f l95 %oe ?read1 metal sockets1 a supply ( /rong piano wire1 a quantity ( closely-wov5 silk or cotton clo?1 glue1 turnbuckles1 v>ni%1 etc4 ,names ( ! ,v>i\s ,p>ts4 ,! long /rips1 f\r 9 numb]1 :i* =m ! front & re> edges ( ! upp] & l[] frames1 are call$ ! horizontal beams4 ,^! are ea* #bj feet 9 l5g?4 ,^! horizontal beams are connect$ by upright /rips1 #d feet long1 call$ /an*ions4 ,!re are usually #ab ( ^!1 six on ! front edge1 & six on ! re>4 ,!y s]ve to hold ! upp] plane away f ! l[] "o4 ,next comes ! ribs4 ,^! are #d feet 9 l5g? 7project+ = a foot ov] ! re> beam71 & :ile int5d$ pr9cipally z a support to ! clo? cov]+ ( ! planes1 also t5d to hold ! frame toge!r 9 a horizontal position j z ! /an*ions d 9 ! v]tical4 ,!re are =ty-"o ( ^! ribs1 tw5ty-"o on ! upp] & tw5ty on ! l[] plane4 ,!n come ! /ruts1 ! ma9 pieces :i* jo9 ! horizontal beams4 ,all ( ^! p>ts are %[n 9 ! illu/rations1 ref]5ce to :i* w make ! mean+ ( ! v>i\s names cle>4 ,quantity & ,co/ ( ,mat]ial4 ,= ! horizontal beams f\r pieces ( spruce1 #bj feet long1 #a #a_/b in*es wide & #c_/d in* ?ick are necess>y4 ,^! pieces mu/ be /raight-gra91 & absolutely free f knots4 ,if x is impossible to obta9 cle> pieces ( ?is l5g?1 %ort] ones may be splic$1 b ?is is n advis$ z x adds mat]ially to ! weight4 ,! twelve /an*ions %\ld be #d feet long & #g_/h in* 9 diamet] & r\nd$ 9 =m s z to (f] z little resi/ance z possible to ! w9d4 ,! /ruts1 !re are twelve ( !m1 are #c feet long by #aa_/d x #a_/b in*4 ,= a #bj-;foot biplane ab\t #bj y>ds ( /\t silk or unblea*$ musl91 ( /&>d "o y>d wid?1 w be ne$$4 ,! =ty-"o ribs are ea* #d feet long1 & #a_/b in* squ>e4 ,a roll ( ,no4 #ab piano wire1 tw5ty-f\r sockets1 a package ( small copp] tacks1 a pot ( glue1 & simil> accessories w be requir$4 ,! entire co/ ( ?is mat]ial %\ld n exce$ #bj4 ,! wood & clo? w be ! two l>ge/ items1 & ^! %\ld n co/ m ?an #aj4 ,?is leaves #aj = ! v>ni%1 wire1 tacks1 glue1 & o!r incid5tals4 ,?is e/imate is made = co/ ( mat]ials only1 x be+ tak5 = grant$ t ! exp]im5t] w con/ruct 8 own glid]4 ,%\ld ! s]vices ( a c>p5t] be requir$ ! total co/ w probably approximate #fj or #gj4 ,application ( ! ,rudd]s4 ,! figures giv5 also include ! exp5se ( rudd]s1 b ! details ( ^! h n be5 includ$ z ! glid] is really complete )\t !m4 ,"s ( ! be/ flights ! writ] ev] saw 7 made by ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,h]r+ 9 a glid] )\t a rudd]1 & yet !re c be no d\bt t a rudd]1 prop]ly proportion$ & plac$1 especially a re> rudd]1 is ( great value to ! aviator z x keeps ! ma*9e ) its head to ! w9d1 :i* is ! only safe position = a novice4 ,= initial educational purposes1 h[ev]1 a rudd] is n ess5tial z ! glides w1 or %\ld1 be made on level gr\nd1 9 mod]ate1 /eady w9d curr5ts1 & at a mode/ elevation4 ,! addition ( a rudd]1 !re=e1 may well be left until ! aviator has become reasonably exp]t 9 ! managem5t ( 8 ma*9e4 ,putt+ ! ,ma*9e ,toge!r4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! necess>y mat]ial1 ! fir/ move is to h ! rib pieces /eam$ & curv$4 ,?is curve may be slight1 ab\t #b in*es = ! #d feet4 ,:ile ?is is be+ done ! o!r p>ts %\ld be c>efully r\nd$ s ! squ>e edges w be tak5 (f4 ,?is may be done ) s& pap]4 ,next apply a coat ( %ellac1 & :5 dry rub x d[n ?or\ghly ) f9e s& pap]4 ,:5 ! ribs are curv$ treat !m 9 ! same way4 ,lay two ( ! long horizontal frame pieces on ! floor #c feet ap>t4 ,betwe5 ^! place six ( ! /rut pieces4 ,put "o at ea* end1 & ea* #d #a_/b feet put ano!r1 leav+ a #b-;foot space 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is w give y f\r /ruts #d #a_/b feet ap>t1 & two 9 ! c5t] #b feet ap>t1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,?is makes five rectangles4 ,be sure t ! po9ts ( contact are p]fect1 & t ! /ruts are exactly at "r angles ) ! horizontal frames4 ,?is is a mo/ important feature because if y\r frame skews or twi/s y _c keep x /raight 9 ! air4 ,n[ glue ! ends ( ! /ruts to ! frame pieces1 us+ pl5ty ( glue1 & nail on /rips t w hold ! frame 9 place :ile ! glue is dry+4 ,! next day la% ! jo9ts toge!r firmly ) ! %oe ?read1 w9d+ x z y w\ld to m5d a brok5 gun /ock1 & ov] ea* lay] put a coat+ ( glue4 ,?is done1 ! o!r frame pieces & /ruts may be treat$ 9 ! same way1 & y w ?us get ! f\ndations = ! two planes4 ,ano!r ,way ( ,plac+ ,/ruts4 ,9 ! ma*9es built = pr(essional use a /rong] & m c]ta9 =m ( con/ruction is desir$4 ,?is is secur$ by ! plac+ ! /ruts = ! l[] plane "u ! frame piece1 & ^? = ! upp] plane ov] x1 all[+ !m 9 ea* in/ance to come out flu% ) ! out] edges ( ! frame pieces4 ,!y are !n securely fa/5$ ) a tie plate or clamp :i* passes ov] ! end ( ! /rut & is b\nd firmly aga9/ ! surface ( ! frame piece by ! eye bolts ( ! /an*ion sockets4 ,plac+ ! ,rib ,pieces4 ,take "o ( ! frames & place on x ! ribs1 ) ! ar*$ side up1 lett+ "o end ( ! ribs come flu% ) ! front edge ( ! =w>d frame1 & ! o!r end project+ ab\t a foot beyond ! re> frame4 ,! mann] ( fa/5+ ! ribs to ! frame pieces is optional4 ,9 "s cases !y are la%$ ) %oe ?read1 & 9 o!rs clamp$ ) a metal clamp fa/5$ ) #a_/b-;in* wood screws4 ,:]e clamps & screws are us$ c>e %\ld be tak5 to make slight holes 9 ! wood ) an awl be=e />t+ ! screws s z to less5 any t5d5cy to split ! wood4 ,on ! top frame1 tw5ty-"o ribs plac$ "o foot ap>t w be requir$4 ,on ! l[] frame1 because ( ! op5+ left = ! op]ator's body1 y w ne$ only tw5ty4 ,jo9+ ! ,two ,frames4 ,! two frames mu/ n[ be jo9$ toge!r4 ,= ?is y w ne$ tw5ty-f\r alum9um or iron sockets :i* may be pur*as$ at a f\ndry or h>dw>e %op4 ,^! sockets1 z ! "n implies1 provide a receptacle 9 :i* ! end ( a /an*ion is firmly held1 & h flanges ) holes = eye-bolts :i* hold !m firmly to ! frame pieces1 & also s]ve to hold ! guy wires4 ,9 addition to ^! eye-bolt holes !re are two o!rs ?r\gh :i* screws are fa/5$ into ! frame pieces4 ,on ! front frame piece ( ! bottom plane place six sockets1 beg9n+ at ! end ( ! frame1 & locat+ !m exactly opposite ! /ruts4 ,screw ! sockets into position ) wood screws1 & !n put ! eye-bolts 9 place4 ,repeat ! op]ation on ! re> frame4 ,next put ! sockets = ! upp] plane frame 9 place4 ,y are n[ ready to br+ ! two planes toge!r4 ,beg9 by ins]t+ ! /an*ions 9 ! sockets 9 ! l[] plane4 ,! ends may ne$ a little rubb+ ) s&pap] to get !m into ! sockets1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to h !m fit snugly4 ,:5 all ! /an*ions are 9 place on ! l[] plane1 lift ! upp] plane into position1 & fit ! sockets ov] ! upp] ends ( ! /an*ions4 ,truss+ ) ,guy ,wires4 ,! next move is to tie ! frame toge!r rigidly by ! aid ( guy wires4 ,?is is :]e ! ,no4 #ab piano wire comes 94 ,ea* rectangle =m$ by ! /ruts & /an*ions ) ! exception ( ! small c5t] "o1 is to be wir$ sep>ately z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,at ea* ( ! eight corn]s =m+ ! rectangle ! r+ ( "o ( ! eye-bolts w be f\nd4 ,!re are two ways ( do+ ?is tie+1 or truss+4 ,"o is to run ! wires diagonally f eye-bolt to eye-bolt1 dep5d+ ^u ma9 /r5g? to pull !m taut en\gh1 & !n twi/ ! ends s z to hold4 ,! o!r is to fir/ make a loop ( wire at ea* eye-bolt1 & connect ^! loops to ! ma9 wires ) turn-buckles4 ,?is latt] me?od is ! be/1 z x admits ( ! t5sion be+ regulat$ by simply turn+ ! buckle s z to draw ! ends ( ! wire clos] toge!r4 ,a glance at ! illu/ration w make ?is pla91 & also %[ h[ ! wires are to be plac$4 ,! prop] degree ( t5sion may be det]m9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,aft] ! frame is wir$ place ea* end on a saw-horse s z to lift ! entire frame cle> ( ! "w-%op floor4 ,get "u x1 9 ! c5t] rectangle &1 grasp+ ! c5t] /ruts1 "o 9 ea* h&1 put y\r entire weight on ! /ructure4 ,if x is prop]ly put toge!r x w rema9 rigid & unyield+4 ,%\ld x sag ev] s slightly ! t5sion ( ! wires mu/ be increas$ until any t5d5cy to sag1 no matt] h[ slight x may be1 is ov]come4 ,putt+ on ! ,clo?4 ,we are n[ ready to put on ! clo? cov]+ :i* holds ! air & makes ! ma*9e buoyant4 ,! k9d ( mat]ial employ$ is ( small acc\nt s long z x is light1 /rong1 & w9d-pro(1 or ne>ly s4 ,"s aviators use :at is call$ rubb]iz$ silk1 o!rs pref] balloon clo?4 ,ord9>y musl9 ( good quality1 treat$ ) a coat ( light v>ni% aft] x is 9 place1 w answ] all ! purposes ( ! amateur4 ,cut ! clo? into /rips a little ov] #d feet 9 l5g?4 ,z y h #bj feet 9 wid? to cov]1 & ! clo? is "o y>d wide1 y w ne$ sev5 /rips = ea* plane1 s z to all[ = laps1 etc4 ,?is w give y f\rte5 /rips4 ,glue ! end ( ea* /rip ar\nd ! front horizontal beams ( ! planes1 & draw ea* /rip back1 ov] ! ribs1 tack+ ! edges to ! ribs z y g along1 ) small copp] or brass tacks4 ,9 do+ ?is keep ! clo? smoo? & /ret*$ tight4 ,tacks %\ld also be us$ 9 addition to ! glue1 to hold ! clo? to ! horizontal beams4 ,next1 give ! clo? a coat ( v>ni% on ! cle>1 or upp] side1 & :5 ?is is dry y\r glid] w be ready = use4 ,re9=c+ ! ,clo?4 ,:ile n absolutely necess>y = amateur purposes1 re9=cem5t ( ! clo?1 s z to avoid any t5d5cy to split or te> out f w9d-pressure1 is desirable4 ,"o way ( do+ ?is is to tack n>r[ /rips ( "s heavi] mat]ial1 l felt1 ov] ! clo? :]e x laps on ! ribs4 ,ano!r is to sew slips or pockets 9 ! clo? itself & let ! ribs run ?r\gh !m4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is to sew #b-;in* /rips 7( ! same mat]ial z ! cov]7 on ! clo?1 plac+ !m ab\t "o y>d ap>t1 b hav+ !m come 9 ! c5t] ( ea* piece ( cov]+1 & n on ! laps :]e ! v>i\s pieces are jo9$4 ,use ( ,armpieces4 ,%\ld armpieces be desir$1 aside f ^? af=d$ by ! c5t] /ruts1 take two pieces ( spruce1 #c feet long1 by #a x #a #c_/d in*es1 & bolt !m to ! front & re> beams ( ! l[] plane ab\t #ad in*es ap>t4 ,^! w be m com=table ?an us+ ! /ruts1 z ! op]ator w n h to spread 8 arms s mu*4 ,9 us+ ! /ruts ! op]ator1 z a rule1 takes hold ( !m ) 8 h&s1 :ile ) ! armpieces1 z ! "n implies1 he places 8 arms ov] !m1 "o ( ! /rips com+ "u ea* armpit4 ,frequ5tly somebody asks :y ! ribs %\ld be curv$4 ,! answ] is easy4 ,! curvature t5ds to direct ! air d[nw>d t[>d ! re> &1 z ! air is ?us =c$ d[nw>d1 !re is m or less ( an impact :i* assi/s 9 propell+ ! a]oplane upw>ds4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,fly4 ,don't be too ambiti\s at ! />t4 ,g sl[1 & avoid unnecess>y risks4 ,at its be/ !re is an elem5t ( dang] 9 aviation :i* _c be entirely elim9at$1 b x may be greatly r$uc$ & m9imiz$ by ! use ( common s5se4 ,!oretically1 ! prop] way to beg9 a glide is f ! top ( an incl9e1 fac+ aga9/ ! w9d1 s t ! ma*9e w so> until ! attraction ( gravitation draws x gradually to ! gr\nd4 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* exp]i5c$ aviators op]ate1 b x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t ^! m5 are exp]ts4 ,!y und]/& air curr5ts1 "k h[ to control ! action & direction ( _! ma*9es by %ift+ ! position ( _! bodies1 & by s do+ avoid accid5ts :i* w\ld be unavoidable by a novice4 ,beg9 on ,level ,gr\nd4 ,make y\r fir/ flights on level gr\nd1 hav+ a c\ple ( m5 to assi/ y 9 gett+ ! app>atus "u headway4 ,take y\r position 9 ! c5t] rectangle1 back f> en\gh to give ! =w>d edges ( ! glid] an incl9ation to tilt upw>d v slightly4 ,n[ />t & run =w>d at a mod]ately rapid gait1 "o man at ea* end ( ! glid] assi/+ y4 ,z ! glid] cuts into ! air ! w9d w cat* "u ! uplift$ edges ( ! curv$ planes1 & buoy x up s t x w rise 9 ! air & take y ) x4 ,?is rise w n be great1 j en\gh to keep y well cle> ( ! gr\nd4 ,n[ project y\r legs a little to ! front s z to %ift ! c5t] ( gravity a trifle & br+ ! edges ( ! glid] on an exact level ) ! atmosph]e4 ,?is1 ) ! mom5tum acquir$ 9 ! />t1 w keep ! ma*9e mov+ =w>d = "s di/ance4 ,effect ( ,body ,movem5ts4 ,:5 ! weight ( ! body is slightly back ( ! c5t] ( gravity ! edges ( ! advanc+ planes are tilt$ slightly upw>d4 ,! glid] 9 ?is position acts z a scoop1 tak+ 9 ! air :i*1 9 turn1 lifts x (f ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a c]ta9 altitude is rea*$--?is v>ies ) ! =ce ( ! w9d--! t5d5cy to a =w>d movem5t is lo/ & ! glid] comes to ! gr\nd4 ,x is to prolong ! =w>d movem5t z mu* z possible t ! op]ator %ifts ! c5t] ( gravity slightly1 br++ ! app>atus on an ev5 keel z x 7 by l[]+ ! advanc+ edges4 ,?is done1 s long z !re is mom5tum en\gh to keep ! glid] mov+1 x w rema9 afloat4 ,if y %ift y\r body well =w>d x w br+ ! front edges ( ! glid] d[n1 & elevate ! re> ones4 ,9 ?is way ! air w be spill$ out at ! re>1 &1 hav+ lo/ ! air support or buoyancy1 ! glid] comes d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,a few flights w make any ord9>y man pr(ici5t 9 ! control ( 8 app>atus by 8 body movem5ts1 n only z conc]ns ! elevat+ & depress+ ( ! advanc+ edges1 b also actual /e]+4 ,y w quickly le>n1 = in/ance1 t1 z ! %ift+ ( ! bodily weight backw>ds & =w>ds affects ! upw>d & d[nw>d tr5d ( ! planes1 s a movem5t sideways--to ! left or ! "r--affects ! direction 9 :i* ! glid] travels4 ,asc5ds at an ,angle4 ,9 asc5d+1 ! glid] & fly+ ma*9e1 l ! bird1 makes an angul>1 n a v]tical flight4 ,j :at ?is angle ( asc5sion may be is difficult to det]m9e4 ,x is probable & 9 fact altoge!r likely1 t x v>ies ) ! =ce ( ! w9d1 weight ( ! ris+ body1 p[] ( propulsion1 etc4 ,?is1 9 ! language ( physici/s1 is ! angle ( incl9ation1 &1 z a g5]al ?+1 "u normal conditions 7/ill air7 %\ld be put d[n z ab\t "o 9 t51 or #e #c_/d degrees4 ,?is w\ld be an ideal condition1 b x has n1 z vet be5 rea*$4 ,! =ce ( ! w9d affects ! angle consid]ably1 z does also ! weight & velocity ( ! app>atus4 ,9 g5]al practice ! angle v>ies f #bc to #de degrees4 ,at m ?an #de degrees ! support+ ef=t is ov]come by ! resi/ance to =w>d motion4 ,increas+ ! spe$ or propulsive =ce1 t5ds to less5 ! angle at :i* ! ma*9e may be successfully op]at$ because x r$uces ! w9d pressure4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n fly+ ma*9es are op]at$ at an angle ( #bc degrees1 or less4 ,ma9ta9+ an ,equilibrium4 ,/able equilibrium is "o ( ! ma9 ess5tials to successful flight1 & ?is _c be pres]v$ 9 an unc]ta91 gu/y w9d1 especially by an amateur4 ,! novice %\ld n attempt a glide unless ! conditions are j "r4 ,^! conditions are3 ,a cle>1 level space1 )\t ob/ructions1 su* z trees1 etc41 & a /eady w9d ( n exce$+ twelve miles an h\r4 ,always fly aga9/ ! w9d4 ,:5 a reasonable am\nt ( pr(ici5cy 9 ! h&l+ ( ! ma*9e on level gr\nd has be5 acquir$ ! field ( practice may be *ang$ to "s g5tle slope4 ,9 />t+ f a slope x w be f\nd easi] to keep ! ma*9e afloat1 b ! exp]i5ce at fir/ is likely to be v disconc]t+ to a man ( less ?an iron n]ve4 ,z ! glid] sails away f ! top ( ! slope ! di/ance betwe5 him & ! gr\nd increases rapidly until ! aviator ?9ks he is up a hundr$ miles 9 ! air4 ,if he w keep cool1 manipulate 8 app>atus s z to pres]ve its equilibrium1 & let nature take its c\rse1 he w come d[n gradually & safely to ! gr\nd at a consid]able di/ance f ! />t+ place4 ,?is is "o advantage ( />t+ f an elevation--y\r ma*9e w g fur!r4 ,b1 if ! aviator becomes rattl$2 if he loses control ( 8 ma*9e1 s]i\s results1 includ+ a bad fall ) risk ( dea?1 are almo/ c]ta94 ,& yet ?is practice is j z necess>y z ! initial lessons on level gr\nd4 ,:5 judgm5t is us$1 & ha/e made sl[ly1 !re is v little real dang]4 ,:ile exp]im5t+ ) glid]s ! ,wrights made flights innum]able "u all sorts ( conditions & nev] _h an accid5t ( any k9d4 ,effects ( ,w9d ,curr5ts4 ,! l>g] ! ma*9e ! m difficult x w be to control its movem5ts 9 ! air1 & yet enl>gem5t is absolutely necess>y z weight1 9 ! =m ( motor1 rudd]1 etc41 is add$4 ,air curr5ts ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd are div]t$ by e ob/ruction unless ! w9d is bl[+ h>d en\gh to remove ! ob/ruction entirely4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ( a tree or %rub1 9 a mod]ate w9d ( f t5 to twelve miles an h\r4 ,z ! w9d /rikes ! tree x divides1 "p go+ to "o side & "p go+ to ! o!r1 :ile /ill ano!r "p is direct$ upw>d & goes ov] ! top ( ! ob/ruction4 ,?is makes ! h&l+ ( a glid] on an ob/ruct$ field difficult & unc]ta94 ,to h&le a glid] successfully ! place ( op]ation %\ld be cle> & ! w9d mod]ate & /eady4 ,if x is gu/y po/pone y\r flight4 ,9 ?is connection x w be well to und]/& ! velocity ( ! w9d1 & :at x means z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,miles p] h\r ,feet p] second ,pressure p] sq4 foot #aj #ad4g 4#dib #be #cf4g #c4jge #ej #gc4c #ab4cjj #ajj #adf4f #di4bjj ,pressure ( w9d increases 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,?us w9d at #aj miles an h\r has f\r times ! pressure ( w9d at #e miles an h\r4 ,! great] ?is pressure ! l>ge & heavi] ! object :i* c be rais$4 ,any boy :o has _h exp]i5ce 9 fly+ kites c te/ify to ?is1 ,high w9ds1 h[ev]1 are almo/ inv>iably gu/y & unc]ta9 z to direction1 & ?is makes !m dang]\s = aviators4 ,x is also a self-evid5t fact t1 beyond a c]ta9 /age1 ! h>d] ! w9d bl[s ! m difficult x is to make headway aga9/ x4 ,laun*+ ,device = ,glid]s4 ,on page #aie w be f\nd a diagram ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( a laun*] = glid]s1 design$ & pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,octave ,*anute4 ,9 describ+ ?is inv5tion 9 ,a]onautics1 ,mr4 ,*anute says3 ,9 practic+1 ! track1 pref]ably portable1 is g5]ally laid 9 ! direction ( ! exi/+ w9d & ! c>1 pref]ably a light plat=m-c>1 is plac$ on ! track4 ,! truck c>ry+ ! w9d+-drum & its motor is plac$ to w9dw>d a suitable di/ance--say f two hundr$ to "o ?\s& feet--& is firmly block$ or an*or$ 9 l9e ) ! portable track1 :i* is pref]ably #hj or #ajj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! fly+ or glid+ ma*9e to be laun*$ ) its op]ator is plac$ on ! plat=m-c> at ! leew>d end ( ! portable track4 ,! l9e1 :i* is pref]ably a flexible comb9ation wire-&-cord cable1 is /ret*$ betwe5 ! w9d+-drum on ! track & deta*ably secur$ to ! fly+ or glid+ ma*9e1 pref]ably by means ( a trip-hoop1 or else held 9 ! h& ( ! op]ator1 s t ! op]ator may readily deta* ! same f ! fly+-ma*9e :5 ! desir$ height is atta9$4 ,h[ ,glid] ,is ,/>t$4 ,!n ^u a signal giv5 by ! op]ator ! eng9e] at ! motor puts x into op]ation1 gradually increas+ ! spe$ until ! l9e is w\nd ^u ! drum at a maximum spe$ (1 say1 ?irty miles an h\r4 ,! op]ator ( ! fly+-ma*9e1 :e!r he /&s upright & c>ries x on 8 %\ld]s1 or :e!r he sits or lies d[n prone ^u x1 adju/s ! a]oplane or c>ry+ surfaces s t ! w9d %all /rike !m on ! top & press d[nw>d in/ead ( upw>d until ! plat=m-c> "u action ( ! w9d+-drum & l9e atta9s ! requir$ spe$4 ,:5 ! op]ator judges t 8 spe$ is suffici5t1 & ?is dep5ds ^u ! velocity ( ! w9d z well z t ( ! c> mov+ aga9/ ! w9d1 he quickly causes ! front ( ! fly+-ma*9e to tip upw>d1 s t ! relative w9d /rik+ on ! "u side ( ! planes or c>ry+ surfaces %all lift ! fly+ ma*9e into ! air4 ,x !n asc5ds l a kite to su* height z may be desir$ by ! op]ator1 :o !n trips ! hook & releases ! l9e f ! ma*9e4 ,:at ! ,op]ator ,does4 ,! op]ator be+ n[ free 9 ! air has a c]ta9 initial velocity imp>t$ by ! w9d+-drum & l9e & also a pot5tial en]gy correspond+ to 8 height above ! gr\nd4 ,if ! fly+ or glid+ ma*9e is provid$ ) a motor1 he c utilize t 9 8 fur!r flight1 & if x is a simple glid+ ma*9e )\t motor he c make a desc5d+ flight ?r\gh ! air to su* di/ance z corresponds to ! velocity acquir$ & ! height ga9$1 /e]+ mean:ile by ! devices provid$ = t purpose4 ,! simple/ op]ation or maneuv] is to cont9ue ! flight /raight ahead aga9/ ! w9d2 b x is possible to v>y ?is c\rse to ! "r or left1 or ev5 to return 9 d[nw>d flight ) ! w9d to ! vic9ity ( ! />t+-po9t4 ,^u ne>+ ! gr\nd ! op]ator tips upw>d 8 c>ry+-surfaces & /ops 8 headway ^u ! cu%ion ( increas$ air resi/ance s caus$4 ,! op]ator is 9 no way p]man5tly fa/5$ to 8 ma*9e1 & ! ma*9e & ! op]ator simply re/ ^u ! light plat=m-c>1 s t ! op]ator is free to rise ) ! ma*9e f ! c> :5ev] ! requir$ initial velocity is atta9$4 ,motor ,= ! ,laun*]4 ,! motor may be ( any suitable k9d or con/ruction1 b is pref]ably an electric or gasol5e motor4 ,! w9d+-drum is furni%$ ) any suitable or cu/om>y rev]s+-guide to cause ! l9e to w9d smoo?ly & ev5ly ^u ! drum4 ,! l9e is pref]ably a cable compos$ ( flexible wire & hav+ a cotton or o!r cord core to increase its flexibility4 ,! l9e ext5ds f ! drum to ! fly+ or glid+ ma*9e4 ,its free end may1 if desir$1 be grasp$ & held by ! op]ator until ! fly+-ma*9e asc5ds to ! desir$ height1 :5 by simply lett+ g ( ! l9e ! op]ator may cont9ue 8 flight free4 ,! l9e1 h[ev]1 is pref]ably connect$ to ! fly+ or glid+ ma*9e directly by a trip-hook hav+ a h&le or trip lev] )9 rea* ( ! op]ator1 s t :5 he asc5ds to ! requir$ height he may readily deta* ! l9e f ! fly+ or glid+ ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,putt+ ,,on ,,! ,,rudd]4 ,glid]s z a rule h only "o rudd]1 & ?is is 9 ! re>4 ,x t5ds to keep ! app>atus ) its head to ! w9d4 ,unlike ! rudd] on a boat x is fix$ & immovable4 ,! real motor-propell$ fly+ ma*9e1 g5]ally has bo? front & re> rudd]s manipulat$ by wire cables at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,all[+ t ! amateur has become reasonably exp]t 9 ! manipulation ( ! glid] he %\ld1 be=e con/ruct+ an actual fly+ ma*9e1 equip 8 glid] ) a rudd]4 ,cross ,pieces = ,rudd] ,beam4 ,to d ?is he %\ld beg9 by putt+ 9 a cross piece1 #b feet long by #a_/d x #c_/d in*es betwe5 ! c5t] /ruts1 9 ! l[] plane4 ,?is may be fa/5$ to ! /ruts ) bolts or braces4 ,! =m] me?od is pref]able4 ,on ?is cross piece1 & on ! re> frame ( ! plane itself1 ! rudd] beam is clamp$ & bolt$4 ,?is rudd] beam is #h feet #aa in*es long4 ,hav+ put ^! 9 place duplicate !m 9 exactly ! same mann] & dim5sions f ! upp] frame ,! cross pieces on :i* ! ends ( ! rudd] beams are clamp$ %\ld be plac$ ab\t "o foot 9 advance ( ! re> frame beam4 ,! ,rudd] ,itself4 ,! next /ep is to con/ruct ! rudd] itself4 ,?is consi/s ( two sections1 "o horizontal1 ! o!r v]tical4 ,! latt] keeps ! a]oplane head$ into ! w9d1 :ile ! =m] keeps x /eady--pres]ves ! equilibrium4 ,! rudd] beams =m ! top & bottom frames ( ! v]tical rudd]4 ,to ^! are bolt$ & clamp$ two upright pieces1 #c feet1 #aj in*es 9 l5g?1 & #c_/d in* 9 cross section4 ,^! latt] pieces are plac$ ab\t two feet ap>t4 ,?is completes ! framework ( ! v]tical rudd]4 ,see next page 7#ei74 ,= ! horizontal rudd] y w require two /rips #f feet long1 & f\r #b feet long4 ,f9d ! exact c5t] ( ! upright pieces on ! v]tical rudd]1 & at ?is spot fa/5 ) bolts ! long pieces ( ! horizontal1 plac+ !m on ! outside ( ! v]tical /rips4 ,next jo9 ! ends ( ! horizontal /rips ) ! #b-;foot pieces1 us+ small screws & corn] braces4 ,?is done y w h two ( ! #b-;foot pieces left4 ,^! g 9 ! c5t] ( ! horizontal frame1 /raddl+ ! v]tical /rips1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! framework is to be cov]$ ) clo? 9 ! same mann] z ! planes4 ,= ?is ab\t t5 y>ds w be ne$$4 ,/r5g!n+ ! ,rudd]4 ,to ensure rigidity ! rudd] mu/ be /ay$ ) guy wires4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,no4 #ab piano wire is ! be/4 ,beg9 by runn+ two ( ^! wires f ! top eye-bolts ( /an*ions #c & #d1 page #cg1 to rudd] beam :]e x jo9s ! rudd] planes1 fa/5+ !m at ! bottom4 ,!n run two wires f ! top ( ! rudd] beam at ! same po9t1 to ! bottom eye-bolts ( ! same /an*ions4 ,?is w give y f\r diagonal wires rea*+ f ! rudd] beam to ! top & bottom planes ( ! glid]4 ,n[1 f ! out] ends ( ! rudd] frame run f\r simil> diagonal wires to ! end ( ! rudd] beam :]e x re/s on ! cross piece4 ,y w !n h eight truss wires /r5g!n+ ! connection ( ! rudd] to ! ma9 body ( ! glid]4 ,! framework ( ! rudd] planes is !n to be brac$ 9 ! same way1 :i* w take eight m wires1 f\r = ea* rudd] plane4 ,all ! wires are to be connect$ at "o end ) turn-buckles s ! t5sion may be regulat$ z desir$4 ,9 =m+ ! rudd] frame x w be well to mortise ! corn]s1 tack !m toge!r ) small nails1 & !n put 9 a corn] brace 9 ! inside ( ea* jo9t4 ,9 do+ ?is be> 9 m9d t ! mat]ial to be ?us fa/5$ is light1 & consequ5tly ! lighte/ ( nails1 screws1 bolts & corn] pieces1 etc41 is necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,real ,,fly+ ,,ma*9e4 ,we w n[ assume t y h become pr(ici5t en\gh to w>rant an attempt at ! con/ruction ( a real fly+ ma*9e--"o t w n only rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air at ! w ( ! op]ator1 b make respectable progress 9 :atev] direction he may desire to g4 ,! glid]1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is n /e]able1 except to a limit$ ext5t1 & moves only 9 "o direction--aga9/ ! w9d4 ,besides ?is its p[] ( flotation--susp5sion 9 ! air--is circumscrib$4 ,l>g] ,surface ,area ,requir$4 ,! real fly+ ma*9e is ! glid] enl>g$1 & equipp$ ) motor & propell]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to decide ^u ! size requir$4 ,:ile a glid] ( #bj foot spread is l>ge en\gh to su/a9 a man x c\ld n "u any possible conditions1 be made to rise ) ! weight ( ! motor1 propell] & simil> equipm5t add$4 ,z ! load is increas$ s mu/ ! surface area ( ! planes be increas$4 ,j :at ?is increase 9 surface area %\ld be is problematical z exp]i5c$ aviators disagree1 b z a g5]al proposition x may be plac$ at f ?ree to f\r times ! area ( a #bj-;foot glid]4 #c ,"s ,practical ,examples4 ,! ,wrights us$ a biplane #da feet 9 spread1 & #f #a_/b ft4 deep4 ,?is1 = ! two planes1 gives a total surface area ( #ech squ>e feet1 inclusive ( auxili>y planes4 ,?is su/a9s ! eng9e equipm5t1 op]ator1 etc41 a total weight (ficially ann\nc$ at #a1jgj p\nds4 ,x %[s a lift+ capacity ( ab\t two p\nds to ! squ>e foot ( plane surface1 z aga9/ a lift+ capacity ( ab\t #a_/b p\nd p] squ>e foot ( plane surface = ! #bj-;foot glid]4 ,?is same ,wright ma*9e is also report$ to h made a successful flight1 c>ry+ a total load ( #a1ajj p\nds1 :i* w\ld be ov] two p\nds = ea* squ>e foot ( surface area1 :i*1 ) auxili>y planes1 is #ech squ>e feet4 ,to atta9 ! same results 9 a monoplane1 ! s+le surface w\ld h to be #fj feet 9 spread & #i feet deep4 ,b1 :ile ?is is ! ma!matical rule1 ,bl]iot has demon/rat$ t x does n always hold good4 ,on 8 record-break+ trip across ! ,engli% *annel1 ,july #be?1 #aiji1 ! ,fr5*man 0 c>ri$ 9 a monoplane #bd #a_/b feet 9 spread1 & ) a total su/a9+ surface ( #aej #a_/b squ>e feet4 ,! total weight ( ! outfit1 includ+ ma*9e1 op]ator & fuel suffici5t = a ?ree-h\r run1 0 only #ffj p\nds4 ,) an eng9e ( 7nom9ally7 #be horsep[] ! di/ance ( #ba miles 0 cov]$ 9 #cg m9utes4 ,:i* is ! ,be/8 ,"r "h an e/abli%$ ma!matical quantity is involv$4 ,a small plane surface (f]s less resi/ance to ! air ?an a l>ge "o & consequ5tly c atta9 a high] rate ( spe$4 ,z expla9$ fur!r on 9 ?is *apt] spe$ is an important factor 9 ! matt] ( weight-su/a9+ capacity4 ,a ma*9e t travels "o-?ird fa/] ?an ano!r c get along ) "o-half ! surface area ( ! latt] )\t affect+ ! load4 ,see ! clos+ p>agraph ( ?is *apt] on ?is po9t4 ,9 !ory ! con/ruction is also ! simple/1 b ?is is n always f\nd to be s 9 practice4 ,! design+ & c>ry+ into execution ( plans = an ext5sive area l t ( a monoplane involves great skill & clev]ness 9 gett+ a framework t w be /rong en\gh to furni% ! requisite support )\t an undue excess ( weight4 ,?is proposition is greatly simplifi$ 9 ! biplane &1 :ile ! spe$ atta9$ by ! latt] may n be q s great z t ( ! monoplane1 x has mu* l>g] weight-c>ry+ capacity4 ,prop] ,sizes ,= ,frame4 ,all[+ t ! biplane =m is select$ ! con/ruction may be practically id5tical ) t ( ! #bj-;foot glid] describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v41 except z to size & elim9ation ( ! armpieces4 ,9 size ! surface planes %\ld be ab\t twice z l>ge z ^? ( ! #bj-;foot glid]1 viz3 #dj feet spread in/ead ( #bj1 & #f feet deep in/ead ( #c4 ,! horizontal beams1 /ruts1 /an*ions1 ribs1 etc41 %\ld also be increas$ 9 size proportionately4 ,:ile c>e 9 ! selection ( cle>1 /raight-gra9$ timb] is important 9 ! glid]1 x is /ill m important 9 ! con/ruction ( a motor-equipp$ fly+ ma*9e z ! /ra9 on ! v>i\s p>ts w be mu* great]4 ,h[ to ,splice ,timb]s4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t y w h to resort to splic+ ! horizontal beams z x w be difficult1 if n impossible1 to f9d #dj-;foot pieces ( timb] totally free f knots & worm holes1 & ( /raight gra94 ,if splic+ is necess>y select two good #bj-;foot pieces1 #c in*es wide & #a #a_/b in*es ?ick1 & "o #aj-;foot long1 ( ! same ?ickness & wid?4 ,plane (f ! bottom sides ( ! #aj-;foot /rip1 beg9n+ ab\t two feet back f ea* end1 & tap] !m s ! /rip w be ab\t #c_/d in* ?ick at ! extreme ends4 ,lay ! two #bj-;foot beams end to end1 & "u ! jo9t ?us made place ! #aj-;foot /rip1 ) ! plan$-(f ends d[nw>d4 ,! jo9t ( ! #bj-;foot pieces %\ld be directly 9 ! c5t] ( ! #aj-;foot piece4 ,bore t5 holes 7) a #a_/d-;in* augur7 equi-di/ant ap>t ?r\gh ! #bj-;foot /rips & ! #aj-;foot /rip "u !m4 ,?r\gh ^! holes run #a_/d-;in* /ove bolts ) r\nd1 bevel$ heads4 ,9 plac+ ^! bolts use wa%]s top & bottom1 "o betwe5 ! head & ! top beam1 & ! o!r betwe5 ! bottom beam & ! screw nut :i* holds ! bolt4 ,screw ! nuts d[n h>d s z to br+ ! two beams tightly toge!r1 & y w h a rigid #dj-;foot beam4 ,splic+ ) ,metal ,sleeves4 ,an ev5 bett] way ( mak+ a splice is by tongu+ & groov+ ! ends ( ! frame pieces & enclos+ !m 9 a metal sleeve1 b x requires m me*anical skill ?an ! me?od fir/ nam$4 ,! op]ation ( tongu+ & groov+ is especially delicate & calls = extreme nicety ( t\* 9 ! h&l+ ( tools1 b if ?is dext]ity is possess$ ! job w be mu* m satisfactory ?an "o done ) a ?ird timb]4 ,z ! frame pieces are g5]ally ab\t #a #a_/b in* 9 diamet]1 ! tongue & ! groove into :i* ! tongue fits mu/ be correspond+ly small4 ,beg9 by saw+ into "o side ( "o ( ! frame pieces ab\t #d in*es back f ! end4 ,make ! cut ab\t #a_/b in* deep4 ,!n turn ! piece ov] & duplicate ! cut4 ,next saw d[n f ! end to ^! cuts4 ,:5 ! saw$-out p>ts are remov$ y w h a tongue 9 ! end ( ! frame timb] #d in*es long & #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,! next move is to saw out a #e_/h-;in* groove 9 ! end ( ! frame piece :i* is to be jo9$4 ,y w h to use a small *isel to remove ! #e_/h-;in* bit4 ,?is w leave a groove into :i* ! tongue w fit easily4 ,jo9+ ! ,two ,pieces4 ,take a ?9 metal sleeve--?is is m]ely a holl[ tube ( alum9um or brass op5 at ea* end--#h in*es long1 & slip x ov] ei!r ! tongu$ or groov$ end ( "o ( ! frame timb]s4 ,x is well to h ! sleeve fit snugly1 & ?is may necessitate a s&-pap]+ ( ! frame pieces s ! sleeve w slip on4 ,pu% ! sleeve well back out ( ! way4 ,cov] ! tongue ?or\ghly ) glue1 & also put "s on ! inside ( ! groove4 ,use pl5ty ( glue4 ,n[ press ! tongue into ! groove1 & keep ! ends firmly toge!r until ! glue is ?or\ghly dri$4 ,rub (f ! jo9t lightly ) s&-pap] to remove any ( ! glue :i* may h ooz$ out1 & slip ! sleeve into place ov] ! jo9t4 ,tack ! sleeve 9 position ) small copp] tacks1 & y w h an ideal splice4 ,! same op]ation is to be repeat$ on ea* ( ! f\r frame pieces4 ,two #bj-;foot pieces jo9$ 9 ?is way w give a sub/antial frame1 b :5 suitable timb] ( ?is k9d c n be _h1 ?ree pieces1 ea* #f feet #aa in*es long1 may be us$4 ,?is w\ld give #bj feet #i in*es1 ( :i* #h in*es w be tak5 up 9 ! two jo9ts1 leav+ ! frame #bj feet #a in* long4 ,in/allation ( ,motor4 ,next comes ! in/allation ( ! motor4 ,! k9ds & effici5cy ( ! v>i\s types are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt] 7,,ix74 ,all we are int]e/$ 9 at ?is po9t is ! mann] ( in/allation4 ,?is v>ies accord+ to ! p]sonal ideas ( ! aviator4 ,?us "o man puts 8 motor 9 ! front ( 8 ma*9e1 ano!r places x 9 ! c5t]1 & /ill ano!r f9ds ! re> ( ! frame ! be/4 ,all get good results1 ! comp>ative advantages ( :i* x is difficult to e/imate4 ,:]e "o man1 z already expla9$1 flies fa/] ?an ano!r1 ! "o beat5 f ! spe$ /&po9t has an advantage 9 ! matt] ( c>ry+ weight1 etc4 ,! ideas ( v>i\s well-kn[n aviators z to ! correct plac+ ( motors may be _h f ! foll[+3 ,wrights--,9 re> ( ma*9e & to "o side4 ,curtiss--,well to re>1 ab\t midway betwe5 upp] & l[] planes4 ,rai*--,9 re>1 above ! c5t]4 ,braun]-,smi?--,9 exact c5t] ( ma*9e4 ,van ,&5--,9 c5t]4 ,h]r+-,burgess--,directly beh9d op]ator4 ,vois9--,9 re>1 & on l[] plane4 ,bl]iot--,9 front4 ,r4 ,e4 ,p4--,9 front4 ,! ,"o ,*ief ,object4 ,an ev5 di/ribution ( ! load s z to assi/ 9 ma9ta9+ ! equilibrium ( ! ma*9e1 %\ld be ! "o *ief object 9 decid+ ^u ! location ( ! motor4 ,x matt]s little :at p>ticul> spot is select$ s long z ! weight does n t5d to ov]balance ! ma*9e1 or to ?r[ x (f an ev5 keel4 ,x is j l load+ a vessel1 an op]ation 9 :i* ! exp]t seeks to s di/ribute ! weight ( ! c>go z to keep ! vessel 9 a p]fectly upright position1 & prev5t a li/ or lean+ to "o side4 ,! m ev5ly ! c>go is di/ribut$ ! m p]fect w be ! equilibrium ( ! vessel & ! bett] x c be h&l$4 ,sometimes1 :5 n prop]ly /[$1 ! c>go %ifts1 & ?is at once affects ! position ( ! craft4 ,:5 a %ip li/s to />bo>d or port a prepond]at+ weight ( ! c>go has %ift$ sideways2 if b[ or /]n is unduly depress$ x is a sure indication t ! c>go has %ift$ accord+ly4 ,9 ei!r ev5t ! h&l+ ( ! craft becomes n only difficult1 b extremely haz>d\s4 ,exactly ! same conditions prevail 9 ! h&l+ ( a fly+ ma*9e4 ,%ape ( ,ma*9e a ,factor4 ,9 plac+ ! motor y mu/ be gov]n$ l>gely by ! %ape & con/ruction ( ! fly+ ma*9e frame4 ,if ! bulk ( ! weight ( ! ma*9e & auxili>ies is t[>d ! re>1 !n ! natural location = ! motor w be well to ! front s z to c\nt]balance ! excess 9 re> weight4 ,9 ! same way if ! prepond]ance ( ! weight is =w>d1 !n ! motor %\ld be plac$ back ( ! c5t]4 ,z ! propell] blade is really an integral "p ( ! motor1 ! latt] be+ useless )\t x1 its plac+ naturally dep5ds ^u ! location select$ = ! motor4 ,rudd]s & ,auxili>y ,planes4 ,"h aga9 !re is great div]sity ( op9ion among aviators z to size1 location & =m4 ,! /rik+ diff]5ce ( ideas 9 ?is respect is well illu/rat$ 9 ! *oice made by prom95t mak]s z foll[s3 ,vois9--horizontal rudd]1 ) two w+-l planes1 9 front2 box-l longitud9al /ability plane 9 re>1 inside ( :i* is a v]tical rudd]4 ,wright--l>ge biplane horizontal rudd] 9 front at consid]able di/ance--ab\t #aj feet--f ! ma9 planes2 v]tical biplane rudd] 9 re>2 ends ( upp] & l[] ma9 planes made flexible s !y may be mov$4 ,curtiss--horizontal biplane rudd]1 ) v]tical damp+ plane betwe5 ! rudd] planes ab\t #aj feet 9 front ( ma9 planes2 v]tical rudd] 9 re>2 /abiliz+ planes at ea* end ( upp] ma9 plane4 ,bl]iot--,v-%ap$ /abiliz+ f91 project+ f re> ( plane1 ) broad end outw>d2 to ! broad end ( ?is f9 is h+$ a v]tical rudd]2 horizontal biplane rudd]1 also 9 re>1 "u ! f94 ,^! in/ances %[ =cefully ! wide div]sity ( op9ion exi/+ among exp]i5c$ aviators z to ! be/ mann] ( plac+ ! rudd]s & /abiliz+1 or auxili>y planes1 & make manife/ h[ hopeless w\ld be ! task ( attempt+ to select any "o =m & advise its exclusive use4 ,rudd] & ,auxili>y ,con/ruction4 ,! mat]ial us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! rudd]s & auxili>y planes is ! same z t us$ 9 ! ma9 planes--spruce = ! framework & "s k9d ( rubb]iz$ or v>ni%$ clo? = ! cov]+4 ,! frames are jo9$ & wir$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! frames ( ! ma9 planes1 ! purpose be+ to secure ! same /r5g? & rigidity4 ,dim5sions ( ! v>i\s p>ts dep5d ^u ! plan adopt$ & ! size ( ! ma9 plane4 ,no details z to exact dim5sions ( ^! rudd]s & auxili>y planes are obta9able4 ,! v>i\s build]s1 :ile will+ en\gh to supply data z to ! g5]al measurem5ts1 weight1 p[]1 etc41 ( _! ma*9es1 appe> to h ov]look$ ! details ( ! auxili>y p>ts1 ?9k+1 p]haps1 t ^! 7 ( no p>ticul> import to ! g5]al public4 ,9 ! ,wright ma*9e1 ! re> horizontal & front v]tical rudd]s may be set d[n z be+ ab\t "o-qu>t] 7probably a little less7 ! size ( ! ma9 support+ planes4 ,arrangem5t ( ,alight+ ,ge>4 ,mo/ mod]n ma*9es are equipp$ ) an alight+ ge>1 :i* n only s]ves to protect ! ma*9e & aviator f %ock or injury 9 t\*+ ! gr\nd1 b also aids 9 gett+ "u headway4 ,all ! lead+ makes1 ) ! exception ( ! ,wright1 are furni%$ ) a frame c>ry+ f two to five pneumatic rubb]-tir$ bicycle :eels4 ,9 ! ,curtiss & ,vois9 ma*9es "o :eel is plac$ 9 front & two 9 ! re>4 ,9 ! ,bl]iot & o!r prom95t ma*9es ! rev]se is ! rule--two :eels 9 front & "o 9 ! re>4 ,f>man makes use ( five :eels1 "o 9 ! extreme re>1 & f\r1 arrang$ 9 pairs1 a little to ! front ( ! c5t] ( ! ma9 l[] plane4 ,9 place ( :eels ! ,wright ma*9e is equipp$ ) a skid-l device consi/+ ( two long beams atta*$ to ! l[] plane by /an*ions & curv+ up f> 9 front1 s z to act z supports to ! horizontal rudd]4 ,:y ,wood ,is ,favor$4 ,a frequ5tly ask$ "q is3 ,:y is n alum9um1 or "s simil> metal1 sub/itut$ = wood4 ,wood1 p>ticul>ly spruce1 is pref]r$ because1 weight consid]$1 x is mu* /rong] ?an alum9um1 & ?is is ! lighte/ ( all metals4 ,9 ?is connection ! foll[+ table w be ( int]e/3 ,compressive ,weight ,t5sile ,/r5g? ,/r5g? p] cubic foot p] sq4 in* p] sq4 in* ,mat]ial 9 lbs4 9 lbs4 9 lbs4 ,spruce4444 #be #h1jjj #e1jjj ,alum9um #afb #af1jjj 444444 ,brass 7%eet7 #eaj #bc1jjj #ab1jjj ,/eel 7tool7 #dij #ajj1jjj #dj1jjj ,copp] 7%eet7 #edh #cj1jjj #dj1jjj ,z extreme lightness1 comb9$ ) /r5g?1 especially t5sile /r5g?1 is ! great ess5tial 9 fly+-ma*9e con/ruction1 x c be readily se5 t ! use ( metal1 ev5 alum9um1 = ! framework1 is prohibit$ by its weight4 ,:ile alum9um has d\ble ! /r5g? ( spruce wood x is va/ly heavi]1 & ?us ! advantage x has 9 /r5g? is ov]balanc$ _m times by its weight4 ,! specific gravity ( alum9um is #b4ej2 t ( spruce is only #j4djc4 ,?+s to ,be ,consid]$4 ,9 lay+ out plans = a fly+ ma*9e !re are five important po9ts :i* %\ld be settl$ ^u be=e ! actual "w ( con/ruction is />t$4 ,^! are3 ,fir/--,approximate weight ( ! ma*9e :5 f9i%$ & equipp$4 ,second--,area ( ! support+ surface requir$4 ,?ird--,am\nt ( p[] t w be necess>y to secure ! desir$ spe$ & lift+ capacity4 ,f\r?--,exact dim5sions ( ! ma9 framework & ( ! auxili>y p>ts4 ,fif?--,size1 spe$ & "* ( ! propell]4 ,9 decid+ ^u ^! x w be well to take into consid]ation ! exp]i5ce ( exp]t aviators reg>d+ ^! features z giv5 else:]e4 7,see ,*apt] ,x47 ,e/imat+ ! ,weights ,involv$4 ,9 fix+ ^u ! probable approximate weight 9 advance ( con/ruction mu*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be assum$4 ,?is means t x w be a matt] ( advance e/imat+4 ,if a two-pass5g] ma*9e is to be built we w />t by assum+ ! maximum comb9$ weight ( ! two p to be #cej p\nds4 ,mo/ ( ! pr(essional aviators are light] ?an ?is4 ,tak+ ! m$ium betwe5 ! weights ( ! ,curtiss & ,wright ma*9es we h a net av]age ( #hej p\nds = ! framework1 motor1 propell]1 etc4 ,?is1 ) ! two pass5g]s1 am\nts to #a1aij p\nds4 ,z ! ma*9es quot$ are 9 successful op]ation x w be reasonable to assume t ?is w be a safe basis to op]ate on4 ,:at ! ,novice ,mu/ ,avoid4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t x w be safe to foll[ ^! weights exactly 9 con/ruction1 b t !y w s]ve m]ely z a basis to />t f4 ,because an exp]t c turn out a ma*9e1 ?or\ghly equipp$1 ( #hej p\nds weight1 x does n foll[ t a novice c d ! same ?+4 ,! exp]t's "w is ! result ( ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 & he has le>n$ h[ to con/ruct frames & motor plants ( ! utmo/ lightness & /r5g?4 ,x w be saf] = ! novice to assume t he c n duplicate ! "w ( su* m5 z ,wright & ,curtiss )\t add+ mat]ially to ! gross weight ( ! framework & equipm5t m9us pass5g]s4 ,h[ to ,di/ribute ! ,weight4 ,let u take #a1jcj p\nds z ! net weight ( ! ma*9e z aga9/ ! same av]age 9 ! ,wright & ,curtiss ma*9es4 ,n[ comes ! "q ( di/ribut+ ?is weight betwe5 ! framework1 motor1 & o!r equipm5t4 ,z a g5]al proposition ! framework %\ld weigh ab\t twice z mu* z ! complete p[] plant 7?is is = amateur "w74 ,! ^w framework indicates n only ! wood5 frames ( ! ma9 planes1 auxili>y planes1 rudd]s1 etc41 b ! clo? cov]+s z well--ev]y?+ 9 fact except ! eng9e & propell]4 ,on ! basis nam$ ! framework w\ld weigh #fhf p\nds1 & ! p[] plant #cdd4 ,^! figures are lib]al1 & ! results desir$ may be obta9$ well )9 !m z ! novice w le>n z he makes progress 9 ! "w4 ,figur+ on ,surface ,area4 ,x 0 ,pr(4 ,langley :o fir/ br\ght into prom95ce 9 connection ) fly+ ma*9e con/ruction ! ma!matical pr9ciple t ! l>g] ! object ! small] may be ! relative area ( support4 ,z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii1 !re are me*anical limits z to size :i* x is n practical to exce$1 b ! ma9 pr9ciple rema9s 9 effect4 ,take two a]oplanes ( m>k$ diff]5ce 9 area ( surface4 ,! l>g] w1 z a rule1 su/a9 a great] weight 9 relative proportion to its area ?an ! small] "o1 & d ! "w ) less relative horsep[]4 ,z a g5]al ?+ well-con/ruct$ ma*9es w av]age a support+ capacity ( "o p\nd = e "o-half squ>e foot ( surface area4 ,accept+ ?is z a work+ rule we f9d t to su/a9 a weight ( #a1bjj p\nds--ma*9e & two pass5g]s--we %\ld h #fjj squ>e feet ( surface4 ,di/ribut+ ! ,surface ,area4 ,! l>ge/ surfaces n[ 9 use are ^? ( ! ,wright1 ,vois9 & ,anto9ette ma*9es--#ech squ>e feet 9 ea*4 ,! actual su/a9+ p[] ( ^! ma*9es1 s f> z kn[n1 has nev] be5 te/$ to ! limit2 x is probable t ! maximum is consid]ably 9 excess ( :at !y h be5 call$ ^u to %[4 ,9 actual practice ! av]age is a little ov] "o p\nd = ea* "o-half squ>e foot ( surface area4 ,all[+ t #fjj squ>e feet ( surface w be us$1 ! next "q is h[ to di/ribute x to ! be/ advantage4 ,?is is ano!r important matt] 9 :i* individual pref]5ce mu/ rule4 ,we h se5 h[ ! pr(essionals disagree on ?is po9t1 "s us+ auxili>y planes ( l>ge size1 & o!rs dep5d+ ^u small] auxili>ies ) an increase 9 numb] s z to secure on a diff]5t plan virtually ! same am\nt ( surface4 ,9 decid+ ^u ?is feature ! be/ ?+ to d is to foll[ ! plans ( "s successful aviator1 increas+ ! area ( ! auxili>ies 9 proportion to ! increase 9 ! area ( ! ma9 planes4 ,?us1 if y use #fjj squ>e feet ( surface :]e ! man ^: plans y are foll[+ uses #ejj1 x is simply a matt] ( mak+ y\r planes "o-fif? l>g] all ar\nd4 ,! ,co/ ( ,production4 ,co/ ( production w be ( int]e/ to ! amateur :o essays to con/ruct a fly+ ma*9e4 ,assum+ t ! size decid$ ^u is d\ble t ( ! glid] ! mat]ial = ! framework1 timb]1 clo?1 wire1 etc41 w co/ a little m ?an d\ble4 ,?is is because x mu/ be heavi] 9 proportion to ! increas$ size ( ! framework1 & heavy mat]ial br+s a l>g] price ?an ! light] goods4 ,if we all[ #bj z ! co/ ( ! glid] mat]ial x w be safe to put d[n ! co/ ( t requir$ = a real fly+ ma*9e framework at #fj1 provid$ ! own] builds x himself4 ,z reg>ds ! co/ ( motor & simil> equipm5t x c only be said t ?is dep5ds ^u ! selection made4 ,!re are "s reliable aviation motors :i* may be _h z l[ z #ejj1 & !re are o!rs :i* co/ z mu* z #b1jjj4 ,s]vices ( ,exp]t ,necess>y4 ,no matt] :at k9d ( a motor may be select$ ! s]vices ( an exp]t w be necess>y 9 its prop] in/allation unless ! amateur has consid]able g5ius 9 ?is l9e himself4 ,z a g5]al ?+ #be %\ld be a lib]al all[ance = ?is "w4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully ! eng9e may be plac$ & connect$ x w be l>gely a matt] ( luck if x is in/all$ 9 exactly ! prop] mann] at ! fir/ attempt4 ,! *ances are t sev]al alt]ations1 prompt$ by ! results ( trials1 w h to be made4 ,if ?is is ! case ! exp]t's bill may readily run up to #ej4 ,if ! amateur is compet5t to d ?is "p ( ! "w ! entire item ( #ej may1 ( c\rse1 be cut out4 ,z a g5]al proposition a fairly satisfactory fly+ ma*9e1 "o t w actually fly & c>ry ! op]ator ) x1 may be con/ruct$ = #gej1 b x w lack ! bett] qualities :i* m>k ! high] pric$ ma*9es4 ,?is computation is made on ! basis ( #fj = mat]ial1 #ej = s]vices ( exp]t1 #fjj = motor1 etc41 & an all[ance ( #dj = extras4 ,no man :o has ! fly+ ma*9e g]m 9 8 sy/em w be long satisfi$ ) 8 fir/ mod]ate price ma*9e1 no matt] h[ well x may "w4 ,x's ! old /ory ( ! automobile bug ov] aga94 ,! man :o />ts 9 ) a mode/ #a1jjj automobile inv>iably progresses by easy /ages to ! #d1jjj or #e1jjj class4 ,! natural t5d5cy is to want ! bigge/ & be/ atta9able )9 ! f9ancial rea* ( ! own]4 ,x's exactly ! same way ) ! fly+ ma*9e conv]t4 ,! m pr(ici5t he becomes 9 ! manipulation ( 8 c>1 ! /rong] becomes ! desire to fly fur!r & /ay 9 ! air long] ?an ! re/ ( 8 bre?r54 ,?is necessitates l>g]1 m p[]ful1 & m exp5sive ma*9es z ! "w ( ! g]m progresses4 ,spe$ ,affects ,weight ,capacity4 ,don't ov]look ! fact t ! great] spe$ y c atta9 ! small] w be ! surface area y c get along )4 ,if a ma*9e ) #ejj squ>e feet ( su/a9+ surface1 travel+ at a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r1 w c>ry a weight ( #a1bjj p\nds1 we c cut ! su/a9+ surface 9 half & get along ) #bej squ>e feet1 provid$ a spe$ ( #fj miles an h\r c be obta9$4 ,at #ajj miles an h\r only #hj squ>e feet ( surface area w\ld be requir$4 ,9 bo? in/ances ! weight su/a9+ capacity w rema9 ! same z ) ! #ejj squ>e feet ( surface area--#a1bjj p\nds4 ,"o ( ^! days "s ma!matical g5ius w figure out ?is problem ) exactitude & we w h a dep5dable table giv+ ! maximum c>ry+ capacity ( v>i\s surface areas at v>i\s /at$ spe$s1 bas$ on ! dim5sions ( ! advanc+ edges4 ,at pres5t x is l>gely a matt] ( guesswork s f> z mak+ accurate computation goes4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! %ape ( ! ma*9e1 & ! am\nt ( surface (f]+ resi/ance to ! w9d1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,motor4 ,motors = fly+ ma*9es mu/ be light 9 weight1 ( great /r5g?1 productive ( extreme spe$1 & positively dep5dable 9 action4 ,x matt]s little z to ! p>ticul> =m1 or :e!r air or wat] cool$1 s long z ! f\r features nam$ are secur$4 ,!re are at lea/ a doz5 su* motors or eng9es n[ 9 use4 ,all are ( ! gasol5e type1 & all possess 9 great] or less] degree ! desir$ qualities4 ,"s ( ^! motors are3 ,r5ault--#h-;cyl9d]1 air-cool$2 #ej horse p[]2 weight #cgd p\nds4 ,fiat--#h-;cyl9d]1 air-cool$2 #ej horse p[]2 weight #aej p\nds4 ,f>cot--#h-;cyl9d]1 air-cool$2 f #cj to #ajj horse p[]1 accord+ to bore ( cyl9d]s2 weight ( smalle/1 #hd p\nds4 ,r4 ,e4 ,p4--#aj-;cyl9d]1 air-cool$2 #aej horse p[]2 weight #bae p\nds4 ,gnome--#g & #ad cyl9d]s1 revolv+ type1 air-cool$2 #ej & #ajj horse p[]2 weight #aej & #cjj p\nds4 ,d>racq--#b to #ad cyl9d]s1 wat] cool$2 #cj to #bjj horse p[]2 weight ( smalle/ #ajj p\nds4 ,wright--#d-;cyl9d]1 wat]-cool$2 #be horse p[]2 weight #bjj p\nds4 ,anto9ette--#h & #af-;cyl9d]1 wat]-cool$2 #ej & #ajj horse p[]2 weight #bej & #ejj p\nds4 ,e4 ,n4 ,v4--#h-;cyl9d]1 wat]-cool$2 f #cj to #hj horse p[]1 accord+ to bore ( cyl9d]2 weight #aej to #djj p\nds4 ,curtiss--#h-;cyl9d]1 wat]-cool$2 #fj horse p[]2 weight #cjj p\nds4 ,av]age ,weight ,p] ,horse ,p[]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,gnome motor is unusually light1 be+ ab\t ?ree p\nds to ! horse p[] produc$1 z oppos$ to an av]age ( #d #a_/b p\nds p] horse p[] 9 o!r makes4 ,?is result is secur$ by ! elim9ation ( ! fly-:eel1 ! eng9e itself revolv+1 ?us obta9+ ! same effect t w\ld be produc$ by a fly-:eel4 ,! ,f>cot is ev5 light]1 be+ consid]ably less ?an ?ree p\nds p] horse p[]1 :i* is ! ne>e/ approa* to ! long-s\ght eng9e equipm5t t w make possible a complete fly+ ma*9e ! total weight ( :i* w n exce$ "o p\nd p] squ>e foot ( area4 ,h[ ,lightness ,is ,secur$4 ,?us f> =eign manufactur]s are ahead ( ,am]icans 9 ! production ( light-weight a]ial motors1 z is evid5c$ by ! ,gnome & ,f>cot eng9es1 bo? ( :i* are ( ,fr5* make4 ,extreme lightness is made possible by ! use ( f9e1 specially prep>$ /eel = ! cyl9d]s1 ?us p]mitt+ !m to be mu* ?9n] ?an if ord9>y =ms ( /eel 7 us$4 ,ano!r big sav+ 9 weight is made by sub/itut+ :at are kn[n z auto lubricat+ alloys = be>+s4 ,^! alloys are made ( a comb9ation ( alum9um & magnesium4 ,/ill fur!r ga9s are made 9 ! use ( alloy /eel tub+ in/ead ( solid rods1 & also by ! p>+ away ( mat]ial :]ev] x c be done )\t sacrific+ /r5g?4 ,?is plan1 ) ! exclusive use ( ! be/ grades ( /eel1 reg>dless ( co/1 makes possible a m>k$ r$uction 9 weight4 ,multiplicity ( ,cyl9d]s4 ,/range z x may seem1 multiplicity ( cyl9d]s does n always add proportionate weight4 ,because a #d-;cyl9d] motor weighs say #ajj p\nds1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t an #h-;cyl9d] equipm5t w weigh #bjj p\nds4 ,! reason ( ?is w be pla9 :5 x is und]/ood t _m ( ! p>ts ess5tial to a #d-;cyl9d] motor w fill ! requirem5ts ( an #h-;cyl9d] motor )\t enl>gem5t or addition4 ,nei!r does multiply+ ! cyl9d]s always increase ! horsep[] proportionately4 ,if a #d-;cyl9d] motor is rat$ at #be horsep[] x is n safe to take x = grant$ t d\ble ! numb] ( cyl9d]s w give #ej horsep[]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 eight cyl9d]s1 ! bore1 /roke & spe$ be+ ! same1 w give d\ble ! p[] t c be obta9$ f f\r1 b ?is does n always hold good4 ,j :y ?is exception %\ld occur is n expla9able by any accept$ rule4 ,horse ,p[] & ,spe$4 ,spe$ is an important requisite 9 a fly+-ma*9e motor1 z ! velocity ( ! a]oplane is a vital factor 9 flotation4 ,at fir/ ?\ght1 ! propell] & simil> adjuncts be+ equal1 ! inexp]i5c$ m9d w\ld naturally argue t a #ej-;horsep[] eng9e %\ld produce j d\ble ! spe$ ( "o ( #be-;horsep[]4 ,t ?is is a fallacy is %[n by actual p]=mances4 ,! ,wrights1 us+ a #be-;horsep[] motor1 h made #dd miles an h\r1 :ile ,bl]iot1 ) a #ej-;horsep[] motor1 has a record ( a %ort-di/ance flight at ! rate ( #eb miles an h\r4 ,! fact is t1 s f> z spe$ is conc]n$1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! velocity ( ! w9d1 ! size & %ape ( ! a]oplane itself1 & ! size1 %ape & ge>+ ( ! propell]4 ,! /rong] ! w9d is bl[+ ! easi] x w be = ! a]oplane to asc5d1 b at ! same "t ! m difficult x w be to make headway aga9/ ! w9d 9 a horizontal direction4 ,) a /rong head w9d1 & prop] eng9e =ce1 y\r ma*9e w progress to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b x w be at an angle4 ,if ! aviator desir$ to keep on go+ upw>d ?is w\ld be all "r1 b !re is a limit to ! altitude :i* x is desirable to rea*--f #ajj to #ejj feet = exp]ts--& aft] t x becomes a "q ( go+ /raight ahead4 ,great ,wa/e ( ,p[]4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta9--ev5 9 ! mo/ effici5t ( mod]n a]ial motors !re is a great loss ( p[] betwe5 ! two po9ts ( production & effect4 ,! ,wright outfit1 :i* is admitt$ly "o ( ! mo/ effective 9 use1 takes "o horsep[] ( =ce = ! rais+ & propulsion ( ea* #ej p\nds ( weight4 ,?is1 = a #be-;horsep[] eng9e1 w\ld give a maximum lift+ capacity ( #abej p\nds4 ,x is d\btful if any ( ! high] rat$ motors h great] effici5cy4 ,z an #h-;cyl9d] motor requires m fuel to op]ate ?an a #d-;cyl9d]1 x naturally foll[s t x is m exp5sive to run ?an ! small] motor1 & a normal increase 9 capacity1 tak+ actual p]=mances z a crit]ion1 is lack+4 ,9 o!r words1 :at is ! s5se ( us+ an #h-;cyl9d] motor :5 "o ( #d cyl9d]s is suffici5t8 ,:at ! ,propell] ,does4 ,mu* ( ! effici5cy ( ! motor is due to ! =m & ge>+ ( ! propell]4 ,"h aga91 z 9 o!r vital p>ts ( fly+-ma*9e me*anism1 we h a wide div]g5ce ( op9ion z to ! be/ =m4 ,a fi% makes progress ?r\gh ! wat] by us+ its f9s & tail2 a bird makes its way ?r\gh ! air 9 a simil> mann] by ! use ( its w+s & tail4 ,9 bo? in/ances ! motive p[] comes f ! body ( ! fi% or bird4 ,9 place ( f9s or w+s ! fly+ ma*9e is equipp$ ) a propell]1 ! action ( :i* is furni%$ by ! eng9e4 ,f9s & w+s h be5 tri$1 b !y don't "w4 ,:ile op]at+ on ! same g5]al pr9ciple1 a]ial propell]s are mu* l>g] ?an ^? us$ on boats4 ,?is is because ! boat propell] has a d5s]1 m sub/antial m$ium to "w 9 7wat]71 & consequ5tly c get a bett] hold1 & produce m propulsive =ce ?an "o ( ! same size revolv+ 9 ! air4 ,?is necessitates ! a]ial propell]s be+ mu* l>g] ?an ^? employ$ = m>9e purposes4 ,up to ?is po9t all aviators agree1 b z to ! be/ =m mo/ ( !m diff]4 ,k9ds ( ,propell]s ,us$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ simple is t us$ by ,curtiss4 ,x consi/s ( two pe>-%ap$ blades ( lam9at$ wood1 ea* blade be+ #e in*es wide at its extreme po9t1 tap]+ slightly to ! %aft connection4 ,^! blades are jo9$ at ! eng9e %aft1 9 a direct l9e4 ,! propell] has a pit* ( #e feet1 & weighs1 complete1 less ?an #aj p\nds4 ,! l5g? f end to end ( ! two blades is #f #a_/b feet4 ,wright uses two wood5 propell]s1 9 ! re> ( 8 biplane1 revolv+ 9 opposite directions4 ,ea* propell] is two-blad$4 ,bl]iot also uses a two-blade wood5 propell]1 b x is plac$ 9 front ( 8 ma*9e4 ,! blades are ea* ab\t #c #a_/b feet long & h an acute twi/4 ,santos-,dumont uses a two-blade wood5 propell]1 /rik+ly simil> to ! ,bl]iot4 ,on ! ,anto9ette monoplane1 ) :i* good records h be5 made1 ! propell] consi/s ( two spoon-%ap$ pieces ( metal1 jo9$ at ! eng9e %aft 9 front1 & ) ! concave surfaces fac+ ! ma*9e4 ,! propell] on ! ,vois9 biplane is also ( metal1 consi/+ ( two alum9um blades connect$ by a =g$ /eel arm4 ,maximum ?ru/1 or /ress--ex]cise ( ! greate/ air-displac+ =ce--is ! object s\ght4 ,?is1 accord+ to exp]ts1 is be/ obta9$ ) a l>ge propell] diamet] & reasonably l[ spe$4 ,! diamet] is ! di/ance f end to end ( ! blades1 :i* on ! l>ge/ propell]s ranges f #f to #h feet4 ,! l>g] ! blade surface ! great] w be ! volume ( air displac$1 &1 foll[+ ?is1 ! great] w be ! impulse :i* =ces ! a]oplane ahead4 ,9 all c5trifugal motion !re is m or less t5d5cy to dis9tegration 9 ! =m ( fly+ (f f ! c5t]1 & ! l>g] ! revolv+ object is ! /rong] is ?is t5d5cy4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! _m in/ances 9 :i* big gr9d/ones & fly-:eels h bur/ f be+ revolv$ too fa/4 ,to h a propell] break ap>t 9 ! air w\ld jeop>dize ! life ( ! aviator1 & to gu>d aga9/ ?is x has be5 f\nd be/ to make its revolv+ action comp>atively sl[4 ,besides ?is ! sl[ motion 7x is only comp>atively sl[7 gives ! atmosph]e a *ance to refill ! area di/urb$ by "o propell] blade1 & ?us h a new surface = ! next blade to act ^u4 ,plac+ ( ! ,motor4 ,z on o!r po9ts1 aviators diff] widely 9 _! ideas z to ! prop] position = ! motor4 ,wright locates 8 on ! l[] plane1 midway betwe5 ! front & re> edges1 b consid]ably to "o side ( ! exact c5t]4 ,he !n c\nt]-balances ! eng9e weight by plac+ 8 seat f> en\gh away 9 ! opposite direction to pres]ve ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,?is leaves a space 9 ! c5t] betwe5 ! motor & ! op]ator 9 :i* a pass5g] may be c>ri$ )\t di/urb+ ! equilibrium4 ,bl]iot1 on ! contr>y1 has 8 motor directly 9 front & pres]ves ! c5t] ( gravity by tak+ 8 seat well back1 ?is1 ) ! weight ( ! a]oplane1 act+ z a c\nt]-balance4 ,on ! ,curtiss ma*9e ! motor is 9 ! re>1 ! =w>d seat ( ! op]ator1 & weight ( ! horizontal rudd] & damp+ plane 9 front equaliz+ ! eng9e weight4 ,no ,p]fect ,motor z ,yet4 ,eng9e mak]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many are all seek+ to produce an ideal motor = aviation purposes4 ,_m ( ! productions are highly cr$itable1 b x may be tru?fully said t none ( !m q fill ! bill z reg>ds a comb9ation ( ! m9imum ( weight ) ! maximum ( reliable ma9ta9$ p[]4 ,!y are all1 9 "s respects1 improvem5ts ^u ^? previ\sly 9 use1 b ! great end s\ght = has n be5 fully atta9$4 ,"o ( ! motors ?us produc$ 0 made by ! ,fr5* firm ( ,d>racq at ! sugge/ion ( ,santos ,dumont1 & on l9es laid d[n by him4 ,santos ,dumont want$ a #b-;cyl9d] horizontal motor capable ( develop+ #cj horsep[]1 & n exce$+ #d #a_/b p\nds p] horsep[] 9 weight4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! ability & skill ( ! ,d>racq p1 or ( _! desire to produce a motor t w\ld br+ new cr$it & prom95ce to ! firm4 ,nei!r c\ld any?+ radically wrong be detect$ 9 ! plans4 ,b ! motor1 9 at lea/ "o important requirem5t1 fell %ort ( expectations4 ,x c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u to deliv] an en]gy ( #cj horsep[] cont9u\sly = any l5g? ( "t4 ,its maximum p[] c\ld be secur$ only 9 spurts4 ,?is t5ds to %[ h[ h>d x is to produce an ideal motor = aviation purposes4 ,santos ,dumont1 ( und\bt$ skill & exp]i5ce z an aviator1 outl9$ def9itely :at he want$2 "o ( ! greate/ design]s 9 ! bus9ess drew ! plans1 & ! fam\s h\se ( ,d>racq b5t its be/ en]gies to ! production4 ,b ! desir$ end 0 n fully atta9$4 ,features ( ,d>racq ,motor4 ,horizontal motors 7 practically ab&on$ "s "t ago 9 favor ( ! v]tical type1 b ,santos ,dumont _h a logical reason = rev]t+ to !m4 ,he want$ to secure a l[] c5t] ( gravity ?an w\ld be possible ) a v]tical eng9e4 ,!oretically 8 idea 0 correct z ! horizontal motor lies flat1 & !re=e (f]s less resi/ance to ! w9d1 b x did n "w out z desir$4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is ,d>racq motor is a m>vel ( +5uity & exquisite workman%ip4 ,! two cyl9d]s1 hav+ a bore ( #e #a-aj in*es & a /roke ( #d #g-aj in*es1 are ma*9$ out ( a solid b> ( /eel until _! weight is only #h #d-e p\nds complete4 ,! head is sep>ate1 c>ry+ ! seat+s = ! inlet & exhau/ valves1 is screw$ onto ! cyl9d]1 & !n weld$ 9 position4 ,a copp] wat]-jacket is fitt$1 & x is 9 ?is condition t ! weight ( #h #d-e p\nds is obta9$4 ,on long trips1 especially 9 regions :]e gasol5e is h>d to get1 ! weight ( ! fuel supply is an important feature 9 aviation4 ,z a natural consequ5ce fly+ ma*9e op]ators favor ! motor ( greate/ economy 9 gasol5e consumption1 provid$ x gives ! necess>y p[]4 ,an ,am]ican inv5tor1 ,ramsey by "n1 is work+ on a motor :i* is said to possess great possibilities 9 ?is l9e4 ,its di/9ctive features include a connect+ rod mu* %ort] ?an usual1 & a crank %aft locat$ ! l5g? ( ! crank f ! c5tral axis ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is has ! effect ( increas+ ! pi/on /roke1 & also ( increas+ ! proportion ( ! crank circle dur+ :i* effective pressure is appli$ to ! crank4 ,mak+ ! connect+ rod %ort] & leav+ ! crank me*anism ! same w\ld introduce excessive cyl9d] friction4 ,?is ,ramsey ov]comes by ! location ( 8 crank %aft4 ,! effect ( ! long pi/on /roke ?us secur$1 is to increase ! expansion ( ! gases1 :i* 9 turn increases ! p[] ( ! eng9e )\t increas+ ! am\nt ( fuel us$4 ,propell] ,?ru/ ,important4 ,!re is "o great pr9ciple 9 fly+ ma*9e propulsion :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,no matt] h[ p[]ful ! eng9e may be unless ! propell] ?ru/ m ?an ov]comes ! w9d pressure !re c be no progress =w>d4 ,%\ld ! =ce ( ?is propell] ?ru/ & t ( ! w9d pressure be equal ! result is obvi\s4 ,! ma*9e is at a /&-/ill s f> z =w>d progress is conc]n$ & is depriv$ ( ! ess5tial advanc+ movem5t4 ,spe$ n only furni%es su/5tation = ! air%ip1 b adds to ! /ability ( ! ma*9e4 ,an a]oplane :i* may be j]ky & unc]ta9 9 its movem5ts1 s f> z equilibrium is conc]n$1 :5 mov+ at a sl[ gait1 w readily ma9ta9 an ev5 keel :5 ! spe$ is increas$4 ,designs = ,propell] ,blades4 ,x is ! object ( all m5 :o design propell]s to obta9 ! maximum ( ?ru/ ) ! m9imum exp5diture ( eng9e en]gy4 ,) ?is purpose 9 view _m peculi> =ms ( propell] blades h be5 evolv$4 ,9 !ory x w\ld seem t ! be/ effects c\ld be secur$ ) blades s %ap$ z to pres5t a ?9 7or cutt+7 edge :5 !y come out ( ! w9d1 & !n at ! climax ( displacem5t af=d a maximum ( surface s z to displace z mu* air z possible4 ,:ile ?is is ! =m mo/ g5]ally favor$ !re are o!rs 9 successful op]ation4 ,!re is also wide diff]5ce 9 op9ion z to ! equipm5t ( ! propell] %aft ) two or m blades4 ,"s aviators use two & "s f\r4 ,all h m or less success4 ,z a ma!matical proposition x w\ld seem t f\r blades %\ld give m propulsive =ce ?an two1 b "h aga9 comes 9 "o ( ! puzzles ( aviation1 z ?is result is n always obta9$4 ,diff]5ce 9 ,propell] ,effici5cy4 ,t !re is a great diff]5ce 9 propell] effici5cy is made readily app>5t by ! comp>ison ( effects produc$ 9 two lead+ makes ( ma*9es--! ,wright & ! ,vois94 ,9 ! =m] a weight ( f #a1ajj to #a1bjj p\nds is su/a9$ & advance progress made at ! rate ( #dj miles an h\r & m1 ) half ! eng9e spe$ ( a #be horse-p[] motor4 ,?is w\ld be a su/a9+ capacity ( #dh p\nds p] horsep[]4 ,b ! actual capacity ( ! ,wright ma*9e1 z already /at$1 is #ej p\nds p] horsep[]4 ,! ,vois9 ma*9e1 ) aviator1 weighs ab\t #a1cgj p\nds1 & is op]at$ ) a s-horsep[] motor4 ,all[+ x ! same spe$ z ! ,wright we f9d t1 ) d\ble ! eng9e en]gy1 ! lift+ capacity is only #bg #a_/b p\nds p] horsep[]4 ,to :at %all we *>ge ?is rem>kable diff]5ce8 ,! surface ( ! planes is exactly ! same 9 bo? ma*9es s !re is no advantage 9 ! matt] ( support+ area4 ,comp>ison ( ,two ,designs4 ,on ! ,wright ma*9e two wood5 propell]s ( two blades ea* 7ea* blade hav+ a decid$ twi/7 are us$4 ,z "o #be horsep[] motor drives bo? propell]s ! eng9e en]gy am\nts to j "o-half ( ?is = ea*1 or #ab #a_/b horsep[]4 ,& ?is en]gy is utiliz$ at "o-half ! normal eng9e spe$4 ,on ! ,vois9 a radically diff]5t sy/em is employ$4 ,"h we h "o metal two-blad$ propell] ) a v slight twi/ to ! blade surfaces4 ,! full en]gy ( a #ej-;horsep[] motor is utiliz$4 ,exp]ts ,fail to ,agree4 ,:y %\ld !re be su* a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! results obta9$8 ,:o kn[s8 ,"s exp]ts ma9ta9 t x is because !re are two propell]s on ! ,wright ma*9e & only "o on ! ,vois91 & consequ5tly d\ble ! propulsive p[] is ex]t$4 ,b ?is is n a fair d$uction1 unless bo? propell]s are ( ! same size4 ,propulsive p[] dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( air displac$1 & ! en]gy put into ! ?ru/ :i* displaces ! air4 ,o!r exp]ts argue t ! diff]5ce 9 results may be trac$ to ! diff]5ce 9 blade design1 especially 9 ! matt] ( twi/4 ,! fact is t propell] results dep5d l>gely ^u ! nature ( ! a]oplanes on :i* !y are us$4 ,a propell]1 = in/ance1 :i* gives excell5t results on "o type ( a]oplane1 w n "w satisfactorily on ano!r4 ,!re are "s features1 h[ev]1 :i* may be safely adopt$ 9 propell] selection4 ,^! are3 ,z ext5sive a diamet] z possible2 blade area #aj to #ae p] c5t ( ! area swept2 pit* f\r-fif?s ( ! diamet]2 rotation sl[4 ,! maximum ( ?ru/ ef=t w be ?us obta9$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,prop] ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,ma*9es4 ,9 lay+ out plans = a fly+ ma*9e ! fir/ ?+ to decide ^u is ! size ( ! plane surfaces4 ,! proportions ( ^! mu/ be bas$ ^u ! load to be c>ri$4 ,?is includes ! total weight ( ! ma*9e & equipm5t1 & also ! op]ator4 ,?is w be a r difficult problem to figure out exactly1 b practical approximate figures may be rea*$4 ,x is easy to get at ! weight ( ! op]ator1 motor & propell]1 b ! matt] ( det]m9+1 be=e !y are con/ruct$1 :at ! planes1 rudd]s1 auxili>ies1 etc41 w weigh :5 complet$ is an intricate proposition4 ,! be/ way is to take ! dim5sions ( "s successful ma*9e & use !m1 mak+ su* alt]ations 9 a m9or way z y may desire4 ,dim5sions ( ,lead+ ,ma*9es4 ,9 ! foll[+ tables w be f\nd ! details z to surface area1 weight1 p[]1 etc41 ( ! n9e pr9cipal types ( fly+ ma*9es :i* are n[ prom95tly be=e ! public3 ,,monoplanes4 ,surface area ,spread 9 ,dep? 9 ,make ,pass5g]s sq4 feet l9e> feet l9e> feet ,santos-,dumont44 #a #aaj #af4j #bf4j ,bl]iot44444 #a #aej4f #bd4f #bb4j ,r4 ,e4 ,p44444 #a #bae #cd4a #bh4i ,bl]iot44444 #b #bcf #cb4i #bc4j ,anto9ette4444 #b #ech #da4b #cg4i ,no4 ( ,weight ,)\t ,propell] ,make ,cyl9d]s ,horse ,p[] ,op]ator ,diamet] ,santos-,dumont44 #b #cj #bej #e4j ,bl]iot44444 #c #be #fhj #f4i ,r4 ,e4 ,p44444 #g #ce #ijj #f4f ,bl]iot44444 #g #ej #a1bdj #h4a ,anto9ette444 #h #ej #a1jdj #g4b ,,biplanes4 ,surface ,area ,spread 9 ,dep? 9 ,make ,pass5g]s sq4 feet l9e> feet l9e> feet ,curtiss444 #b #beh #bi4j #bh4g ,wright4444 #b #ech #da4j #cj4g ,f>man4444 #b #dcj #cb4i #ci4f ,vois94444 #b #ech #cg4i #ci4f ,no4 ( ,weight ,)\t ,propell] ,make ,cyl9d]s ,horse ,p[] ,op]ator ,diamet] ,curtiss444 #h #ej #fjj #f4j ,wright4444 #d #be #a1ajj #h4a ,f>man4444 #g #ej #a1bjj #h4i ,vois94444 #h #ej #a1bjj #f4f ,9 giv+ ! dep? dim5sions ! l5g? ov] all--f ! extreme edge ( ! front auxili>y plane to ! extreme tip ( ! re> is /at$4 ,?us :ile ! dim5sions ( ! ma9 planes ( ! ,wright ma*9e are #da feet spread by #f #a_/b feet 9 dep?1 ! dep? ov] all is #cj4g4 ,figur+ ,out ! ,details4 ,) ?is data z a guide x %\ld be comp>atively easy to decide ^u ! dim5sions ( ! ma*9e requir$4 ,9 arriv+ at ! maximum lift+ capacity ! weight ( ! op]ator mu/ be add$4 ,assum+ ?is to av]age #agj p\nds ! me?od ( proc$ure w\ld be z foll[s3 ,add ! weight ( ! op]ator to ! weight ( ! complete ma*9e4 ,! new ,wright ma*9e complete weighs #ijj p\nds4 ,?is1 plus #agj1 ! weight ( ! op]ator1 gives a total ( #a1jgj p\nds4 ,!re are #ech squ>e feet ( support+ surface1 or practically "o squ>e foot ( surface area to ea* two p\nds ( load4 ,!re are "s ma*9es1 notably ! ,bl]iot1 9 :i* ! support+ p[] is mu* great]4 ,9 ?is latt] in/ance we f9d a surface area ( #aej #a_/b squ>e feet c>ry+ a load ( #fhj plus #agj1 or an aggregate ( #hej p\nds4 ,?is is ! equival5t ( five p\nds to ! squ>e foot4 ,?is ratio is ph5om5ally l>ge1 & %\ld n be tak5 z a guide by amateurs4 ,! ,matt] ( ,pass5g]s4 ,^! d$uctions are bas$ on ea* ma*9e c>ry+ "o pass5g]1 :i* is admitt$ly ! limit at pres5t ( ! monoplanes l ^? op]at$ = record-mak+ purposes by ,santos-,dumont & ,bl]iot4 ,! biplanes1 h[ev]1 h a two-pass5g] capacity1 & ?is adds mat]ially to ! proportion ( _! weight-su/a9+ p[] z comp>$ ) ! surface area4 ,9 ! foll[+ /atem5t all ! ma*9es are figur$ on ! "o-pass5g] basis4 ,curtiss & ,wright h c>ri$ two pass5g]s on num]\s occasions1 & an extra #agj p\nds %\ld !re=e be add$ to ! total weight c>ri$1 :i* w\ld mat]ially increase ! capacity4 ,ev5 ) ! two-pass5g] load ! limit is by no means rea*$1 b z exp]im5ts h gone no fur!r x is impossible to make m accurate figures4 ,av]age ,proportions ( ,load4 ,x w be int]e/+1 be=e proce$+ to lay out ! dim5sion details1 to make a comp>ison ( ! proportion ( load effect ) ! support+ surfaces ( v>i\s well-kn[n ma*9es4 ,"h are ! figures3 ,santos-,dumont--,a trifle "u f\r p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,bl]iot--,five p\nds4 ,r4 ,e4 ,p4--,five p\nds4 ,anto9ette--,ab\t two & "o-qu>t] p\nds4 ,curtiss--,ab\t two & "o-half p\nds4 ,wright--,two & "o-qu>t] p\nds4 ,f>man--,a trifle ov] ?ree p\nds4 ,vois9--,a little "u two & "o-half p\nds4 ,importance ( ,eng9e ,p[]4 ,:ile ^! figures are au!ntic1 !y are 9 a way mislead+1 z ! important factor ( eng9e p[] is n tak5 into consid]ation4 ,let u recall ! fact t x is ! eng9e p[] :i* keeps ! ma*9e 9 motion1 & t x is only :ile 9 motion t ! ma*9e w rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,h5ce1 to attribute ! support solely to ! surface area is errone\s4 ,true1 t once "u headway ! planes contribute l>gely to ! su/a9+ effect1 & are absolutely ess5tial 9 a]ial navigation--! motor c\ld n rise )\t !m--/ill1 :5 x comes to a "q ( weight-su/a9+ p[]1 we mu/ also figure on ! eng9e capacity4 ,9 ! ,wright ma*9e1 9 :i* !re is a lift+ capacity ( approximately #b #a_/d p\nds to ! squ>e foot ( surface area1 an eng9e ( only #be horsep[] is us$4 ,9 ! ,curtiss1 :i* has a lift+ capacity ( #b #a_/b p\nds p] squ>e foot1 ! eng9e is ( #ej horsep[]4 ,?is is ano!r ( ! peculi>ities ( a]ial con/ruction & navigation4 ,"h we h a ga9 ( #a_/d p\nd 9 weight-lift+ capacity ) an exp5diture ( d\ble ! horsep[]4 ,x is ?is feature :i* enables ,curtiss to get along ) a small] surface area ( support+ planes at ! exp5se ( a big increase 9 eng9e p[]4 ,prop] ,weight ( ,ma*9e4 ,z a g5]al proposition ! mo/ satisfactory ma*9e = amateur purposes w be f\nd to be "o ) a total weight-su/a9+ p[] ( ab\t #a1bjj p\nds4 ,d$uct+ #agj p\nds z ! weight ( ! op]ator1 ?is w leave #a1jcj p\nds = ! complete motor-equipp$ ma*9e1 & x %\ld be easy to con/ruct "o )9 ?is limit4 ,?is implies1 ( c\rse1 t due c>e w be tak5 to elim9ate all sup]flu\s weight by us+ ! lighte/ mat]ial compatible ) /r5g? & safety4 ,?is plan w admit ( #fhf p\nds weight 9 ! frame "w1 cov]+s1 etc41 & #cdd = ! motor1 propell]1 etc41 :i* w be ample4 ,j h[ to di/ribute ! weight ( ! planes is a matt] :i* mu/ be left to ! +5uity ( ! build]4 ,comp>ison ( ,bird ,p[]4 ,!re is an int]e/+ /udy 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,note t ! surface area ( ! albatross is mu* small] ?an t ( ! vulture1 al?\gh ! w+ spread is ab\t ! same4 ,despite ?is ! albatross accompli%es fully z mu* 9 ! way ( flight & so>+ z ! vulture4 ,:y8 ,because ! albaboss is quick] & m p[]ful 9 action4 ,x is ! application ( ?is same pr9ciple 9 fly+ ma*9es :i* enables ^? ( great spe$ & p[] to get along ) less support+ surface ?an ^? ( sl[] movem5t4 ,measurem5ts ( ,curtiss ,ma*9e4 ,"s idea ( framework proportion may be _h f ! foll[+ description ( ! ,curtiss ma*9e4 ,! ma9 planes h a spread 7wid?7 ( #bi feet1 & are #d #a_/b feet deep4 ,! front d\ble surface horizontal rudd] is #fx#b feet1 ) an area ( #bd squ>e feet4 ,to ! re> ( ! ma9 planes is a s+le surface horizontal plane #fx#b feet1 ) an area ( #ab squ>e feet4 ,9 connection ) ?is is a v]tical rudd] #b #a_/b feet squ>e4 ,two movable ail]ons1 or balanc+ planes1 are plac$ at ! extreme ends ( ! upp] planes4 ,^! are #fx#b feet1 & h a comb9$ area ( #bd squ>e feet4 ,!re is also a triangul> %ap$ v]tical /eady+ surface 9 connection ) ! front rudd]4 ,?us we h a total ( #aie squ>e feet1 b z ! (ficial figures are #beh1 & ! size ( ! triangul>-%ap$ /eady+ surface is unkn[n1 we mu/ take x = grant$ t ?is makes up ! diff]5ce4 ,9 ! matt] ( proportion ! horizontal d\ble-plane rudd] is ab\t "o-t5? ! size ( ! ma9 plane1 c\nt+ ! surface area ( only "o plane1 ! v]tical rudd] "o-=tie?1 & ! ail]ons "o-tw5tie?4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,plane ,,& ,,rudd] ,,control4 ,hav+ con/ruct$ & equipp$ y\r ma*9e1 ! next ?+ is to decide ^u ! me?od ( controll+ ! v>i\s rudd]s & auxili>y planes by :i* ! direction & equilibrium & asc5d+ & desc5d+ ( ! ma*9e are gov]n$4 ,! op]ator mu/ be 9 position to %ift in/antane\sly ! position ( rudd]s & planes1 & also to control ! action ( ! motor4 ,?is latt] is suppos$ to "w automatically & z a g5]al ?+ does s ) entire satisfaction1 b !re are times :5 ! supply ( gasol5e mu/ be regulat$1 & simil> ?+s done4 ,air%ip navigation calls = quick action1 & = ?is reason ! matt] ( control is an important "o--x is m ?an important2 x is vital4 ,sev]al ,me?ods ( ,control4 ,"s aviators use a /e]+ :eel some:at aft] ! /yle ( t us$ 9 automobiles1 & by ?is n only manipulate ! rudd] planes1 b also ! fl[ ( gasol5e4 ,o!rs employ foot lev]s1 & /ill o!rs1 l ! ,wrights1 dep5d ^u h& lev]s4 ,curtiss /e]s 8 a]oplane by means ( a :eel1 b secures ! desir$ /abiliz+ effect ) an +5i\s jo9t$ *air-back4 ,?is is s arrang$ t by lean+ t[>d ! high po9t ( 8 w+ planes ! a]oplane is re/or$ to an ev5 keel4 ,! /e]+ po/ ( ! :eel is movable backw>d & =w>d1 & by ?is motion elevation is obta9$4 ,! ,wrights = "s "t us$ two h& lev]s1 "o to /e] by & w>p ! flexible tips ( ! planes1 ! o!r to secure elevation4 ,!y h n[ consolidat$ all ! functions 9 "o lev]4 ,bl]iot also uses ! s+le lev] control4 ,f>man employs a lev] to actuate ! rudd]s1 b manipulates ! balanc+ planes by foot lev]s4 ,santos-,dumont uses two h& lev]s ) :i* to /e] & elevate1 b manipulates ! planes by means ( an atta*m5t to ! back ( 8 out] coat4 ,connection ,) ! ,lev]s4 ,no matt] :i* p>ticul> me?od is employ$1 ! connection betwe5 ! lev]s & ! object to be manipulat$ is almo/ inv>iably by wire4 ,= in/ance1 f ! /e]+ lev]s 7or lev]7 two wires connect ) opposite sides ( ! rudd]4 ,z a lev] is mov$ s z to draw 9 ! "r-h& wire ! rudd] is drawn to ! "r & vice v]sa4 ,! op]ation is exactly ! same z 9 /e]+ a boat4 ,x is ! same way 9 *ang+ ! position ( ! balanc+ planes4 ,a movem5t ( ! h&s or feet & ! ma*9e has *ang$ its c\rse1 or1 if ! equilibrium is ?reat5$1 is back on an ev5 keel4 ,simple z ?is seems x calls = a cool head1 quick eye1 & /eady h&4 ,! lea/ hesitation or a false movem5t1 & bo? aviator & craft are 9 dang]4 ,:i* ,me?od is ,be/8 ,x w\ld be a bold man :o w\ld attempt to pick out any "o ( ^! me?ods ( control & say x 0 bett] ?an ! o!rs4 ,z 9 o!r sections ( a]oplane me*anism ea* me?od has its advocates :o dwell le>n$ly ^u its advantages1 b ! fact rema9s t all ! v>i\s plans "w well & give satisfaction4 ,:at ! novice is int]e/$ 9 kn[+ is h[ ! control is effect$1 & :e!r he has become pr(ici5t en\gh 9 8 manipulation ( x to be absolutely dep5dable 9 "t ( em]g5cy4 ,no amateur %\ld attempt a flight alone1 until he has ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! /e]+ & plane control4 ,if ! s]vices & advice ( an exp]i5c$ aviator are n to be _h ! novice %\ld m\nt 8 ma*9e on "s suitable supports s x w be well cle> ( ! gr\nd1 &1 gett+ into ! op]ator's seat1 proce$ to make himself well acqua9t$ ) ! op]ation ( ! /e]+ :eel & lev]s4 ,"s ,?+s to ,be ,le>n$4 ,he w soon le>n t c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! /e]+ ge> produce c]ta9 effects on ! rudd]s4 ,if1 = in/ance1 8 ma*9e is equipp$ ) a /e]+ :eel1 he w f9d t turn+ ! :eel to ! "r turns ! a]oplane 9 ! same direction1 because ! till] is br\ght ar\nd to ! left4 ,9 ! same way he w le>n t a giv5 movem5t ( ! lev] ?r[s ! =w>d edge ( ! ma9 plane upw>d1 & t ! ma*9e1 gett+ ! impetus ( ! w9d "u ! concave surfaces ( ! planes1 w asc5d4 ,9 ! same way x w quickly become app>5t to him t an opposite movem5t ( ! lev] w produce an opposite effect--! =w>d edges ( ! planes w be l[]$1 ! air w be spill$ out to ! re>1 & ! ma*9e w desc5d4 ,! "t exp5d$ 9 ^! prelim9>y lessons w be well sp5t4 ,x w\ld be an act ( folly to attempt to actually sail ! craft )\t !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,ma*9e4 ,x is a mi/ak5 idea t fly+ ma*9es mu/ be op]at$ at extreme altitudes4 ,true1 "u ! impetus ( h&some prizes1 & ! inc5tive to advance sci5tific k1 pr(essional aviators h asc5d$ to consid]able heights1 flights at f #ejj to #a1ejj feet be+ n[ common ) su* exp]ts z ,f>man1 ,bl]iot1 ,la?am1 ,paulhan1 ,wright & ,curtiss4 ,! altitude record at ?is "t is ab\t #d1afe feet1 held by ,paulhan4 ,"o ( ! in/ructions giv5 by exp]i5c$ aviators to pupils1 & = :i* !y insi/ ^u implicit obeyance1 is3 ,if y\r ma*9e gets m ?an #cj feet high1 or comes clos] to ! gr\nd ?an #f feet1 desc5d at once4 ,su* m5 z ,wright & ,curtiss w n tol]ate a violation ( ?is rule4 ,if _! in/ructions are n /rictly compli$ ) !y decl9e to give ! (f5d] fur!r lessons4 ,:y ,?is ,rule ,prevails4 ,!re is good reason = ?is precaution4 ,! high] ! altitude ! m r>efi$ 7?9n]7 becomes ! air1 & ! less su/a9+ p[] x has4 ,consequ5tly ! m difficult x becomes to keep 9 susp5sion a giv5 weight4 ,:5 sail+ )9 #cj feet ( ! gr\nd su/5tation is comp>atively easy &1 %\ld a fall occur1 ! results are n likely to be s]i\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sail+ too ne> ! gr\nd is almo/ z objectionable 9 _m ways z gett+ up too high4 ,if ! craft is navigat$ too close to ! gr\nd trees1 %rubs1 f5ces & o!r ob/ructions are liable to be enc\nt]$4 ,!re is also ! h&icap ( contr>y air curr5ts div]t$ by ! ob/ructions ref]r$ to1 & :i* w be expla9$ m fully fur!r on4 ,h[ to ,make a ,/>t4 ,tak+ x = grant$ t ! beg9n] has famili>iz$ himself ) ! manipulation ( ! ma*9e1 & especially ! control me*anism1 ! next ?+ 9 ord] is an actual flight4 ,x is probable t 8 ma*9e w be equipp$ ) a :eel$ alight+ ge>1 z ! skids us$ by ! ,wrights necessitate ! use ( a special />t+ track4 ,9 ?is respect ! :eel$ ma*9e is mu* easi] to h&le s f> z novices are conc]n$ z x may be easily roll$ to ! trial gr\nds4 ,?is1 z 9 ! case ( ! initial exp]im5ts1 %\ld be a cle>1 reasonably level place1 free f trees1 f5ces1 rocks & simil> ob/ructions ) :i* !re may be dang] ( collid+4 ,! beg9n] w ne$ ! assi/ance ( ?ree m54 ,"o ( ^! %\ld take 8 position 9 ! re> ( ! ma*9e1 & "o at ea* end4 ,on rea*+ ! trial gr\nd ! aviator takes 8 seat 9 ! ma*9e &1 :ile ! m5 at ! ends hold x /eady ! "o 9 ! re> assi/s 9 reta9+ x until ! op]ator is ready4 ,9 ! meantime ! aviator has />t$ 8 motor4 ,l ! glid] ! fly+ ma*9e1 9 ord] to accompli% ! desir$ results1 %\ld be head$ into ! w9d4 ,:5 ! ,ma*9e ,rises4 ,"u ! impulse ( ! pu%+ movem5t1 & assi/$ by ! motor action1 ! ma*9e w gradually rise f ! gr\nd--provid$ x has be5 prop]ly proportion$ & put toge!r1 & ev]y?+ is 9 work+ ord]4 ,?is is ! "t :5 ! aviator requires a cool head1 ,at a mode/ di/ance f ! gr\nd use ! control lev] to br+ ! ma*9e on a horizontal level & ov]come ! t5d5cy to rise4 ,! exact manipulation ( ?is lev] dep5ds ^u ! me?od ( control adopt$1 & ) ?is ! aviator is suppos$ to h ?or\ghly famili>iz$ himself z previ\sly advis$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,x is at ?is juncture t ! op]ator mu/ act promptly1 b ) ! p]fect composure begott5 ( confid5ce4 ,"o ( ! great drawbacks 9 aviation by novices is ! t5d5cy to become rattl$1 & ?is is mu* m preval5t ?an "o might suppose1 ev5 among m5 :o1 "u o!r conditions1 are cool & confid5t 9 _! actions4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! s5sation ( be+ sudd5ly lift$ f ! gr\nd1 & susp5d$ 9 ! air t is disconc]t+ at ! />t1 b ?is w soon we> (f if ! exp]im5t] w keep cool4 ,a few successful flights no matt] h[ %ort !y may be1 w put a lot ( confid5ce into him4 ,make ,y\r ,flights ,%ort4 ,be mode/ 9 y\r initial flights4 ,don't attempt to mat* ! records ( exp]i5c$ m5 :o h devot$ ye>s to ma/]+ ! details ( aviation4 ,paulhan1 ,f>man1 ,bl]iot1 ,wright1 ,curtiss1 & all ! re/ ( !m began1 & practic$ = ye>s1 9 ! mann] "h describ$1 be+ cont5t to make j a little advancem5t at ea* attempt4 ,a flight ( #aej feet1 cleanly & safely made1 is bett] z a beg9n+ ?an "o ( #djj y>ds full ( bungl+ mi%aps4 ,& yet ^! latt] h _! uses1 provid$ ! op]ator is ( a disc]n+ m9d & c take advantage ( !m z object lessons4 ,b1 x is n well to invite !m4 ,!y w occur frequ5tly en\gh "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 & x is be/ to h !m come lat] :5 ! feel+ ( trepidation & unc]ta9ty z to :at to d has worn (f4 ,above all1 don't attempt to fly too high4 ,keep )9 a reasonable di/ance f ! gr\nd--ab\t #be or #cj feet4 ,?is advice is n giv5 solely to less5 ! risk ( s]i\s accid5t 9 case ( collapse1 b ma9ly because x w assi/ to in/ill confid5ce 9 ! op]ator4 ,x is comp>atively easy to le>n to swim 9 %all[ wat]1 b ! k t "o is tempt+ dea? 9 deep wat] begets timidity4 ,pres]v+ ! ,equilibrium4 ,aft] le>n+ h[ to />t & /op1 to asc5d & desc5d1 ! next ?+ to ma/] is ! art ( pres]v+ equilibrium1 ! knack ( keep+ ! ma*9e p]fectly level 9 ! air--on an ev5 keel1 z a sailor w\ld say4 ,?is simile is p>ticul>ly appropriate z all aviators are 9 reality sailors1 & mu* m d>+ ones ?an ^? :o c\rse ! seas4 ,! latt] are 9 craft :i* are kept afloat by ! buoyancy ( ! wat]1 :e!r 9 motion or o!rwise &1 s long z normal conditions prevail1 w n s9k4 ,aviators sail ! air 9 craft 9 :i* con/ant motion mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ord] to ensure flotation4 ,! man :o has ridd5 a bicycle or motorcycle ar\nd curves at any?+ l high spe$1 w h a v good idea z to ! pr9ciple ( ma9ta9+ equilibrium 9 an air%ip4 ,he kn[s t 9 r\nd+ curves rapidly !re is a m>k$ t5d5cy to *ange ! direction ( ! motion :i* w result 9 an upset unless he ov]comes x by an incl9ation ( 8 body 9 an opposite direction4 ,?is is :y we see rac]s lean well ov] :5 tak+ ! curves4 ,x simply mu/ be done to pres]ve ! equilibrium & avoid a spill4 ,h[ ,x ,works ,9 ! ,air4 ,if ! equilibrium ( an air%ip is di/urb$ to an ext5t :i* completely ov]comes ! c5t] ( gravity x falls accord+ to ! location ( ! displacem5t4 ,if ?is displacem5t1 = in/ance1 is at ei!r end ! app>atus falls endways2 if x is to ! front or re>1 ! fall is 9 ! correspond+ direction4 ,ow+ to unc]ta9 air curr5ts--! air is cont9ually %ift+ & eddy+1 especially )9 a hundr$ feet or s ( ! e>?--! equilibrium ( an air%ip is almo/ con/antly be+ di/urb$ to "s ext5t4 ,ev5 if ?is di/urbance is n s]i\s en\gh to br+ on a fall x int]f]es ) ! progress ( ! ma*9e1 & %\ld be ov]come at once4 ,?is is "o ( ! ?+s connect$ ) a]ial navigation :i* calls = prompt1 intellig5t action4 ,frequ5tly1 :5 ! displacem5t is v slight1 x may be ov]come1 & ! craft imm$iately right$ by a m]e %ift+ ( ! op]ator's body4 ,take1 = illu/ration1 a case 9 :i* ! extreme "r end ( ! ma*9e becomes l[]$ a trifle f ! normal level4 ,x is possible to br+ x back into prop] position by lean+ ov] to ! left f> en\gh to %ift ! weight to ! c\nt]-balanc+ po9t4 ,! same holds good z to m9or front or re> displacem5ts4 ,:5 ,planes ,mu/ ,be ,us$4 ,!re are o!r displacem5ts1 h[ev]1 & ^! are ! mo/ frequ5t1 :i* c be only ov]come by manipulation ( ! /abiliz+ planes4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure dep5ds ^u ! =m ( ma*9e 9 use4 ,! ,wright ma*9e1 z previ\sly expla9$1 is equipp$ ) plane ends :i* are s contriv$ z to admit ( _! be+ w>p$ 7position *ang$7 by means ( ! lev] control4 ,^! flexible tip planes move simultane\sly1 b 9 opposite directions4 ,z ^? on "o end rise1 ^? on ! o!r end fall bel[ ! level ( ! ma9 plane4 ,by ?is means air is displac$ at "o po9t1 & an increas$ am\nt secur$ 9 ano!r4 ,?is may seem l a complicat$ sy/em1 b its work+s are simple :5 once und]/ood4 ,x is by ! manipulation or w>p+ ( ^! flexible tips t transv]se /ability is ma9ta9$1 & any t5d5cy to displacem5t endways is ov]come4 ,longitud9al /ability is gov]n$ by means ( ! front rudd]4 ,/abiliz+ planes ( "s =m are a feature1 & a necess>y feature1 on all fly+ ma*9es1 b ! me?ods ( application & manipulation v>y accord+ to ! individual ideas ( ! inv5tors4 ,!y all t5d1 h[ev]1 t[>d ! same end--! keep+ ( ! ma*9e p]fectly level :5 be+ navigat$ 9 ! air4 ,:5 to ,make a ,flight4 ,a beg9n] %\ld nev] attempt to make a flight :5 a /rong w9d is bl[+4 ,! fi]c] ! w9d1 ! m likely x is to be gu/y & unc]ta91 & ! m difficult x w be to control ! ma*9e4 ,ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ & d>+ ( aviators f9d !re is a limit to w9d spe$ aga9/ :i* !y d>e n compete4 ,?is is n because !y lack c\rage1 b h ! s5se to realize t x w\ld be silly & useless4 ,! novice w f9d a comp>atively /ill day1 or "o :5 ! w9d is bl[+ at n to exce$ #ae miles an h\r1 ! be/ = 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! ma*9e w be m easily controll$1 ! trip w be saf]1 & also *eap] z ! consumption ( fuel increases ) ! spe$ ( ! w9d aga9/ :i* ! a]oplane is =c$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,air%ip ,,p[]4 ,z a g5]al proposition x takes mu* m p[] to propel an air%ip a giv5 numb] ( miles 9 a c]ta9 "t ?an x does an automobile c>ry+ a f> heavi] load4 ,automobiles ) a gross load ( #d1jjj p\nds1 & equipp$ ) eng9es ( #cj horsep[]1 h travell$ consid]able di/ances at ! rate ( #ej miles an h\r4 ,?is is an equival5t ( ab\t #acd p\nds p] horsep[]4 ,= an av]age mod]n fly+ ma*9e1 ) a total load1 ma*9e & pass5g]s1 ( #a1bjj p\nds1 & equipp$ ) a #ej-;horsep[] eng9e1 #ej miles an h\r is ! maximum4 ,"h we h ! equival5t ( exactly #bd p\nds p] horsep[]4 ,:y ?is great diff]5ce8 ,no less an au?ority ?an ,mr4 ,octave ,*anute answ]s ! "q 9 a pla91 easily und]/ood mann]4 ,he says3 ,9 ! case ( an automobile ! gr\nd furni%es a /able support2 9 ! case ( a fly+ ma*9e ! eng9e mu/ furni% ! support & also velocity by :i* ! app>atus is su/a9$ 9 ! air4 ,pressure ( ! ,w9d4 ,air pressure is a big factor 9 ! matt] ( a]oplane horsep[]4 ,all[+ t a dead calm exi/s1 a body mov+ 9 ! atmosph]e creates m or less resi/ance4 ,! fa/] x moves1 ! great] is ?is resi/ance4 ,mov+ at ! rate ( #fj miles an h\r ! resi/ance1 or w9d pressure1 is approximately #ej p\nds to ! squ>e foot ( surface pres5t$4 ,if ! mov+ object is advanc+ at a "r angle to ! w9d ! foll[+ table w give ! horsep[] effect ( ! resi/ance p] squ>e foot ( surface at v>i\s spe$s4 ,horse ,p[] ,miles p] ,h\r p] sq4 foot #aj #j4jac #ae #j #jdd #bj #j4aje #be #j4bje #cj #j4ced #dj #j4hd #ej #a4fd #fj #b4hc #hj #f4gb #ajj #ac4ab ,:ile ! pressure p] squ>e foot at #fj miles an h\r1 is only #a4fd horsep[]1 at #ajj miles1 less ?an d\ble ! spe$1 x has increas$ to #ac4ab horsep[]1 or exactly eight times z mu*4 ,9 o!r words ! pressure ( ! w9d increases ) ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,w9d at #aj miles an h\r has f\r times m pressure ?an w9d at #e miles an h\r4 ,h[ to ,det]m9e ,^u ,p[]4 ,?is elem5t ( air resi/ance mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 det]m9+ ! eng9e horsep[] requir$4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is "u headway suffici5t to raise x f ! gr\nd 7ab\t #bj miles an h\r71 ea* squ>e foot ( surface resi/ance1 w require ne>ly n9e-t5?s ( a horsep[] to ov]come ! w9d pressure1 & propel ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air4 ,z %[n 9 ! table ! ratio ( p[] requir$ increases rapidly z ! spe$ increases until at #fj miles an h\r approximately #c horsep[] is ne$$4 ,9 a ma*9e l ! ,curtiss ! area ( w9d-expos$ surface is ab\t #ae squ>e feet4 ,on ! basis ( ?is resi/ance mov+ ! ma*9e at #dj miles an h\r w\ld require #ab horsep[]4 ,?is computation cov]s only ! ma*9e's p[] to ov]come resi/ance4 ,x does n cov] ! p[] ex]t$ 9 propell+ ! ma*9e =w>d aft] ! air pressure is ov]come4 ,to meet ?is important requirem5t ,mr4 ,curtiss f9ds x necess>y to use a #ej-;horsep[] eng9e4 ,( ?is p[]1 z has be5 already /at$1 #ab horsep[] is consum$ 9 meet+ ! w9d pressure1 leav+ #ch horsep[] = ! purpose ( mak+ progress4 ,! fly+ ma*9e mu/ move fa/] ?an ! air to :i* x is oppos$4 ,unless x does ?is !re c be no direct progress4 ,if ! two =ces are equal !re is no /raight-ahead advancem5t4 ,take1 = sake ( illu/ration1 a case 9 :i* an a]oplane1 :i* has develop$ a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r1 meets a w9d velocity ( equal =ce mov+ 9 an opposite direction4 ,:at is ! result8 ,!re c be no advance because x is a conte/ betwe5 two ev5ly mat*$ =ces4 ,! a]oplane /&s /ill4 ,! only way to get out ( ! difficulty is = ! op]ator to wait = m favorable conditions1 or br+ 8 ma*9e to ! gr\nd 9 ! usual mann] by manipulation ( ! control sy/em4 ,take ano!r case4 ,an a]oplane1 capable ( mak+ #ej miles an h\r 9 a calm1 is met by a head w9d ( #be miles an h\r4 ,h[ mu* progress does ! a]oplane make8 ,obvi\sly x is #be miles an h\r ov] ! gr\nd4 ,put ! proposition 9 /ill ano!r way4 ,if ! w9d is bl[+ h>d] ?an x is possible = ! eng9e p[] to ov]come1 ! ma*9e w be =c$ backw>d4 ,w9d ,pressure a ,necessity4 ,:ile all ?is is true1 ! fact rema9s t w9d pressure1 up to a c]ta9 /age1 is an absolute necessity 9 a]ial navigation4 ,! atmosph]e itself has v little real support+ p[]1 especially if inactive4 ,if a body heavi] ?an air is to rema9 afloat x mu/ move rapidly :ile 9 susp5sion4 ,"o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 skat+ ov] ?9 ice4 ,e s*ool boy kn[s t if he moves ) spe$ he may skate or glide 9 safety across a ?9 %eet ( ice t w\ld n beg9 to be> 8 weight if he 7 /&+ /ill4 ,exactly ! same proposition obta9s 9 ! case ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,! non-te*nical reason :y ! support ( ! ma*9e becomes easi] z ! spe$ increases is t ! su/a9+ p[] ( ! atmosph]e increases ) ! resi/ance1 & ! spe$ ) :i* ! object is mov+ increases ?is resi/ance4 ,) a velocity ( #ab miles an h\r ! weight ( ! ma*9e is practically r$uc$ by #bcj p\nds4 ,?us1 if "u a condition ( absolute calm x 7 possible to su/a9 a weight ( #ggj p\nds1 ! same atmosph]e w\ld su/a9 a weight ( #a1jjj p\nds mov+ at a spe$ ( #ab miles an h\r4 ,?is su/a9+ p[] increases rapidly z ! spe$ increases4 ,:ile at #ab miles ! su/a9+ p[] is figur$ at #bcj p\nds1 at #bd miles x is f\r times z great1 or #ibj p\nds4 ,support+ ,area ( ,birds4 ,"o ( ! ?+s :i* all produc+ aviators seek to copy is ! motive p[] ( birds1 p>ticul>ly 9 _! relation to ! area ( support4 ,close inve/igation has e/abli%$ ! fact t ! l>g] ! bird ! less is ! relative area ( support requir$ to secure a giv5 result4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,support+ ,weight ,surface ,horse area ,bird 9 lbs4 9 sq4 feet p[] p] lb4 ,pigeon #a4jj #j4g #j4jab #j4g ,wild ,goose #i4jj #b4fe #j4jbf #j4bhcc ,buzz>d #e4jj #e4jc #j4jae #a4jf ,condor #ag4jj #i4he #j4jdc #j4eg ,s f> z kn[n ! condor is ! l>ge/ ( mod]n birds4 ,x has a w+ /ret* ( #aj feet f tip to tip1 a support+ area ( ab\t #aj squ>e feet1 & weighs #ag p\nds4 ,x4 is capable ( ex]t+ p]haps #a-cj horsep[]4 7,^! figures are1 ( c\rse1 approximate47 ,comp>+ ! condor ) ! buzz>d ) a w+ /ret* ( #f feet1 support+ area ( #e squ>e feet1 & a little ov] #a-ajj horsep[]1 x may be se5 t1 broadly speak+1 ! l>g] ! bird ! less surface area 7relatively7 is ne$$ = its support 9 ! air4 ,comp>ison ,) ,a]oplanes4 ,if we comp>e ! bird figures ) ^? made possible by ! developm5t ( ! a]oplane x w be readily se5 t man has made a wond]ful advance 9 imitat+ ! results produc$ by nature4 ,"h are ! figures3 ,support+ ,weight ,surface ,horse area ,ma*9e 9 lbs4 9 sq4 feet p[] p] lb4 ,santos-,dumont44 #cej #aaj4jj #cj #j4cad ,bl]iot44444 #gjj #aej4jj #be #j4bad ,anto9ette4444 #a1bjj #ech4jj #ej #j4ddh ,curtiss44444 #gjj #beh4jj #fj #j4cfh ,wright44444#d #a1ajj #ech4jj #be #j4dhi ,f>man444444 #a1bjj #dcj4jj #ej #j4ceh ,vois9444444 #a1bjj #ech4jj #ej #j4ddh ,:ile ! av]age support+ surface is 9 favor ( ! a]oplane1 ?is is m ?an ov]balanc$ by ! great] am\nt ( horsep[] requir$ = ! weight lift$4 ,! av]age support+ surface 9 birds is ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a squ>e foot p] p\nd4 ,9 ! av]age a]oplane x is ab\t "o-half squ>e foot p] p\nd4 ,on ! o!r h& ! av]age a]oplane has a lift+ capacity ( #bd p\nds p] horsep[]1 :ile ! buzz>d1 = in/ance1 lifts #e p\nds ) #ae-ajj ( a horsep[]4 ,if ! ,wright ma*9e--:i* has a lift+ p[] ( #ej p\nds p] horsep[]--%\ld be alone consid]$ ! %[+ w\ld be mu* m favorable to ! a]oplane1 b x w\ld n be a fair comp>ison4 ,m ,surface1 ,less ,p[]4 ,broadly speak+1 ! l>g] ! support+ area ! less w be ! p[] requir$4 ,wright1 by ! use ( #ech squ>e feet ( support+ surface1 gets along ) an eng9e ( #be horsep[]4 ,curtiss1 :o uses only #beh squ>e feet ( surface1 f9ds an eng9e ( #ej horsep[] is ne$$4 ,o!r ?+s1 su* z frame1 etc41 be+ equal1 x /&s to reason t a r$uction 9 ! area ( support+ surface w correspond+ly r$uce ! weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,?us we h ! ,curtiss ma*9e ) its #beh squ>e feet ( surface1 weigh+ only #fjj p\nds 7)\t op]ator71 b requir+ d\ble ! horsep[] ( ! ,wright ma*9e ) #ech squ>e feet ( surface & weigh+ #a1ajj p\nds4 ,?is demon/rates 9 a =ceful way ! proposition t ! l>g] ! surface ! less p[] w be ne$$4 ,b !re is a limit1 on acc\nt ( its bulk & awkw>dness 9 h&l+1 beyond :i* ! surface area _c be enl>g$4 ,o!rwise x might be possible to equip & op]ate a]oplanes satisfactorily ) eng9es ( #ae horsep[]1 or ev5 less4 ,! ,fuel ,consumption ,problem4 ,fuel consumption is a prime factor 9 ! production ( eng9e p[]4 ,! v]ie/ me*anical tyro kn[s 9 a g5]al way t ! m p[] is secur$ ! m fuel mu/ be consum$1 all[+ t !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! p[]-produc+ qualities ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,b few ( u und]/& j :at ! ratio ( increase is1 or h[ x is caus$4 ,?is proposition is "o ( ke5 int]e/ 9 connection ) aviation4 ,let u cite a problem :i* w illu/rate ! po9t quot$3 ,all[+ t x takes a giv5 am\nt ( gasol5e to propel a fly+ ma*9e a giv5 di/ance1 half ! way ) ! w9d1 & half aga9/ x1 ! w9d bl[+ at "o-half ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e1 :at w be ! increase 9 fuel consumption8 ,increase ( ,?irty ,p] ,c5t4 ,on ! face ( x !re w\ld seem to be no call = an increase z ! resi/ance met :5 go+ aga9/ ! w9d is app>5tly (fset by ! propulsive =ce ( ! w9d :5 ! ma*9e is travell+ ) x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is call$ faulty reason+4 ,! increase 9 fuel consumption1 z figur$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,lan*e/]1 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,arts1 w be fully #cj p] c5t ov] ! am\nt requir$ = a simil> op]ation ( ! ma*9e 9 /ill air4 ,if ! j\rney %\ld be made at "r angles to ! w9d "u ! same conditions ! increase w\ld be #ae p] c5t4 ,9 o!r words ,mr4 ,lan*e/] ma9ta9s t ! "w done by ! motor 9 mak+ headway aga9/ ! w9d = a c]ta9 di/ance calls = m eng9e en]gy1 & consequ5tly m fuel by #cj p] c5t1 ?an is sav$ by ! help+ =ce ( ! w9d on ! return j\rney4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,ab\t ,,w9d ,,curr5ts1 ,,etc4 ,"o ( ! fir/ difficulties :i* ! novice w enc\nt] is ! unc]ta9ty ( ! w9d curr5ts4 ,) a l[ velocity ! w9d1 "s di/ance away f ! gr\nd1 is ord9>ily /eady4 ,z ! velocity increases1 h[ev]1 ! w9d g5]ally becomes gu/y & fitful 9 its action4 ,?is1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 does n ref] to ! velocity ( ! ma*9e1 b to t ( ! air itself4 ,9 ?is connection ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,t4 ,a!rholt1 presid5t ( ! ,a]o ,club ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 address+ ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,sci5tific ,rese>*1 said3 ,probably ! :irlpools ( ,niag>a conta9 no m erratic curr5ts ?an ! /rata ( air :i* is n[ imm$iately above u1 a fact h>d to realize on acc\nt ( its invisibility4 ,*anges ,9 ,w9d ,curr5ts4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,a!rholt's exp]i5ce has be5 ma9ly ) balloons x is all ! m valuable on ?is acc\nt1 z ! balloons 7 at ! m]cy ( ! w9d & _! v>y+ directions af=d$ an indisputable guide z to ! *ang+ c\rse ( ! air curr5ts4 ,9 speak+ ( ?is he said3 ,9 ! _m trips tak51 v>y+ 9 di/ance trav]s$ f tw5ty-five to #ijj miles1 x 0 nev] possible except 9 "o in/ance to ma9ta9 a /raight c\rse4 ,^! unc]ta9 curr5ts 7 mo/ noticeable 9 ! ,gordon-,b5nett race f ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aijg4 ,( ! n9e a]o/ats compet+ 9 t ev5t1 eight cov]$ a m or less direct c\rse due ea/ & s\!a/1 :]eas ! writ]1 ) ,major ,h5ry ,b4 ,h]sey1 fir/ />t$ nor?we/1 !n nor?1 nor!a/1 ea/1 ea/ by s\?1 & :5 ov] ! c5t] ( ,lake ,erie 7 aga9 bl[n nor?we/ not)/&+ t m favorable w9ds 7 s\ght = at altitudes v>y+ f #ajj to #c1jjj met]s1 necessitat+ a f9i% 9 ,canada ne>ly nor!a/ ( ! />t+ po9t4 ,^! n9e balloons1 mak+ l&+s ext5d+ f ,lake ,ont>io1 ,canada1 to ,virg9ia1 all />t$ f "o po9t )9 ! same h\r4 ,! s+le exception to ^! rov+ curr5ts occurr$ on ,octob] #ba/1 ( la/ ye> 7#aiji7 :51 />t+ f ,philadelphia1 ! w9d %ift$ m ?an eight degrees1 ! greate/ v>iation be+ at ! l[e/ altitudes1 yet at no "t 0 a height ( ov] a mile rea*$4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire day ! sky 0 ov]ca/1 ) a !rmomet] v>y+ f fifty-sev5 degrees at #cjj feet to =ty-f\r degrees1 ,fahr5heit at #e1jjj feet1 at :i* altitude ! w9d _h a velocity ( #dc miles an h\r1 9 cl\ds ( a cirro-cumulus nature1 a l&+ f9ally be+ made ne> ,tann]sville1 ,new ,york1 9 ! ,catskill m\nta9s1 aft] a voyage ( five & "o-half h\rs4 ,i h no k ( a record$ trip ( ?is di/ance & duration1 ma9ta9$ 9 practically a /raight l9e f />t to f9i%4 ,?is w9d di/urbance is m noticeable & m difficult to cont5d ) 9 a balloon ?an 9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ow+ to ! bulk & unwieldy "* ( ! =m]4 ,at ! same "t x is n conducive to pleasant1 safe or satisfactory sky-sail+ 9 an a]oplane4 ,?is is n /at$ ) ! purpose ( disc\rag+ aviation1 b m]ely t ! op]ator may "k :at to expect & be prep>$ to meet x4 ,n only does ! w9d *ange its horizontal c\rse abruptly & )\t notice1 b x also %ifts 9 a v]tical direction1 "o second bl[+ up1 & ano!r d[n4 ,no man has z yet fa?om$ ! :y & :]e=e ( ?is erratic action2 x is only kn[n t x exi/s4 ,! mo/ /able curr5ts w be f\nd f #ej to #ajj feet f ! e>?1 provid$ ! w9d is n div]t$ by su* objects z trees1 rocks1 etc4 ,t !re are equally /able curr5ts high] up is true1 b !y are g5]ally to be f\nd at excessive altitudes4 ,h[ a ,bird ,meets ,curr5ts4 ,obs]ve a bird 9 action on a w9dy day & y w f9d x cont9ually *ang+ ! position ( its w+s4 ,?is is done to meet ! v>y+ gu/s & eddies ( ! air s t su/5tation may be ma9ta9$ & headway made4 ,"o second ! bird is b5d+ its w+s1 alt]+ ! angle ( incid5ce2 ! next x is lift+ or depress+ "o w+ at a "t4 ,/ill aga9 x w ext5d "o w+ tip 9 advance ( ! o!r1 or be spread+ or fold+1 l[]+ or rais+ its tail4 ,all ^! motions h a mean+1 a purpose4 ,!y assi/ ! bird 9 pres]v+ its equilibrium4 ,)\t !m ! bird w\ld be j z helpless 9 ! air z a human be+ & c\ld n rema9 afloat4 ,:5 ! w9d is /ill1 or comp>atively s1 a bird1 hav+ secur$ ! desir$ altitude by flight at an angle1 may sail or so> ) no w+ action beyond an occasional /roke :5 x desires to advance4 ,b1 9 a gu/y1 unc]ta9 w9d x mu/ use its w+s or alight some:]e4 ,try+ to ,imitate ! ,bird4 ,writ+ 9 ,fly1 ,mr4 ,william ,e4 ,:ite says3 ,! bird's flight sugge/s a numb] ( ways 9 :i* ! equilibrium ( a me*anical bird may be controll$4 ,ea* ( ^! me?ods ( control may be effect$ by sev]al diff]5t =ms ( me*anism4 ,plac+ ! two w+s ( an a]oplane at an angle ( ?ree to five degrees to ea* o!r is p]haps ! olde/ way ( secur+ lat]al balance4 ,?is way readily occurs to anyone :o wat*es a sea gull so>+4 ,! !ory ( ! dih$ral angle is t :5 "o w+ is lift$ by a gu/ ( w9d1 ! air is spill$ f "u x2 :ile ! o!r w+1 be+ correspond+ly depress$1 pres5ts a great] resi/ance to ! gu/ & is lift$ re/or+ ! balance4 ,a fix$ angle ( ?ree to five degrees1 h[ev]1 w only be suffici5t = v light puffs ( w9d & to m\nt ! w+s s t ! :ole w+ may be mov$ to *ange ! dih$ral angle pres5ts me*anical difficulties :i* w\ld be bett] avoid$4 ,! objection ( me*anical impracticability applies to any plan to pres]ve ! balance by %ift+ weight or balla/4 ,! c5t] ( gravity %\ld be l[] ?an ! c5t] ( ! support+ surfaces1 b _c be made mu* l[]4 ,x is a common mi/ake to assume t complete /ability w be secur$ by hang+ ! c5t] ( gravity v l[ on ! pr9ciple ( ! p>a*ute4 ,an a]oplane dep5ds ^u rapid horizontal motion = its support1 & if ! c5t] ( gravity be f> bel[ ! c5t] ( support1 e *ange ( spe$ or w9d pressure w cause ! ma*9e to turn ab\t its c5t] ( gravity1 pit*+ =w>d & backw>d dang]\sly4 ,pres]v+ ,longitud9al ,balance4 ,! birds ma9ta9 longitud9al1 or =e & aft balance1 by elevat+ or depress+ _! tails4 ,:e!r ?is action is secur$ 9 an a]oplane by means ( a horizontal rudd] plac$ 9 ! re>1 or by deflect+ planes plac$ 9 front ( ! ma9 planes1 ! pr9ciple is evid5tly ! same4 ,a horizontal rudd] plac$ well to ! re> z 9 ! ,anto9ette1 ,bl]iot or ,santos-,dumont monoplanes1 w be v mu* saf] & /eadi] ?an ! deflect+ planes 9 front1 z 9 ! ,wright or ,curtiss biplanes1 b n s s5sitive or prompt 9 action4 ,! natural =e & aft /ability is v mu* /r5g!n$ by plac+ ! load well =w>d4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ne> ! front & a tail or rudd] /ream+ to ! re> secures /ability z an arr[ is balanc$ by ! head & fea!r+4 ,! adoption ( ?is pr9ciple makes x almo/ impossible = ! a]oplane to turn ov]4 ,! ,matt] ( ,lat]al ,balance4 ,all successful a]oplanes ?us f> h ma9ta9$ lat]al balance by ! pr9ciple ( *ang+ ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! w+s4 ,o!r ways ( ma9ta9+ ! lat]al balance1 sugge/$ by obs]vation ( ! flight ( birds are--ext5d+ ! w+ tips & spill+ ! air ?r\gh ! p9ions2 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 v>y+ ! area ( ! w+s at _! extremities4 ,ext5d+ ! w+ tips seems to be a simple & effective solution ( ! problem4 ,! tips may be made to sw+ outw>d ^u a v]tical axis plac$ at ! front edge ( ! ma9 planes2 or !y may be h+$ to ! ends ( ! ma9 plane s z to be elevat$ or depress$ ?r\gh suitable connections by ! aviator2 or !y may be support$ f a horizontal axis p>allel ) ! ends ( ! ma9 planes s t !y may sw+ outw>d1 ! aviator controll+ bo? tips ?r\gh "o lev] s t z "o tip is ext5d$ ! o!r is retract$4 ,! ela/ic w+ p9ions ( a bird b5d easily be=e ! w9d1 p]mitt+ ! gu/s to glance (f1 b pres5t+ always an ev5 & effici5t curvature to ! /eady curr5ts ( ! air4 ,high ,w9ds ,?reat5 ,/ability4 ,to ensure p]fect /ability1 )\t control1 ei!r human or automatic1 x is ass]t$ t ! a]oplane mu/ move fa/] ?an ! w9d is bl[+4 ,s long z ! w9d is bl[+ at ! rate ( #cj miles an h\r1 & ! ma*9e is travel+ #dj or m1 !re w be little tr\ble z reg>ds equilibrium s f> z w9d di/urbance goes1 provid$ ! w9d bl[s ev5ly & does n come 9 gu/s or eddy+ curr5ts4 ,b :5 conditions are rev]s$--:5 ! ma*9e travels only #cj miles an h\r & ! w9d bl[s at ! rate ( #ej1 look out = loss ( equilibrium4 ,"o ( ! ma9 reasons = ?is is t high w9ds are r>ely /eady2 !y seldom bl[ = any l5g? ( "t at ! same spe$4 ,!y are usually gu/y1 ! gu/s be+ a mom5t>y movem5t at a high] spe$4 ,tornadic gu/s are also =m$ by ! meet+ ( two oppos+ curr5ts1 caus+ a :irl+ motion1 :i* makes /ability unc]ta94 ,besides1 x is n unusual = w9d ( high spe$ to sudd5ly *ange its direction )\t w>n+4 ,tr\ble ,) ,v]tical ,columns4 ,v]tical curr5ts--columns ( asc5d+ air--are frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 unexpect$ places & h m or less t5d5cy1 accord+ to _! /r5g?1 to make x difficult to keep ! ma*9e )9 a reasonable di/ance f ! gr\nd4 ,^! v]tical curr5ts are mo/ g5]ally noticeable 9 ! vic9ity ( /eep cliffs1 or deep rav9es4 ,9 su* in/ances !y are usually ( consid]able /r5g?1 be+ caus$ by ! deflection ( /rong w9ds bl[+ aga9/ ! face ( ! cliffs4 ,?is deflection ex]ts a back pressure :i* is felt q a di/ance away f ! po9t ( orig91 s t ! v]tical curr5t ex]ts an influ5ce 9 =c+ ! ma*9e upw>d long be=e ! cliff is rea*$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,elem5t ,,( ,,dang]4 ,t !re is an elem5t ( dang] 9 aviation is und5iable1 b x is n[h]e s great z ! public imag9es4 ,m5 are kill$ & injur$ 9 ! op]ation ( fly+ ma*9es j z !y are kill$ & injur$ 9 ! op]ation ( railways4 ,consid]+ ! "* ( aviation ! p]c5tage ( casualties is surpris+ly small4 ,?is is because ! results foll[+ a collapse 9 ! air are v mu* diff]5t f :at might be imag9$4 ,in/ead ( dropp+ to ! gr\nd l a bullet an a]oplane1 "u ord9>y conditions w1 :5 any?+ goes wrong1 sail g5tly d[nw>d l a p>a*ute1 p>ticul>ly if ! op]ator is cool-head$ & n]vy en\gh to s manipulate ! app>atus z to pres]ve its equilibrium & keep ! ma*9e on an ev5 keel4 ,two ,fields ( ,safety4 ,at lea/ "o prom95t aviator has decl>$ t !re are two fields ( safety--"o close to ! gr\nd1 & ! o!r well up 9 ! air4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ ! fall w be a slight "o ) little *ance ( ! op]ator be+ s]i\sly hurt4 ,f ! field ( high altitude ! ! desc5t w be gradual1 z a rule1 ! planes ( ! ma*9e s]v+ to break ! =ce ( ! fall4 ,) a cool-head$ op]ator 9 control ! a]oplane may be ev5 guid$ at an angle 7ab\t #a to #h7 9 its desc5t s z to t\* ! gr\nd ) a glid+ motion & ) a m9imum ( impact4 ,su* an exp]i5ce1 ( c\rse1 is f> f pleasant1 b x is by no means s dang]\s z might appe>4 ,!re is m real dang] 9 fall+ f an elevation ( #ge or #ajj feet ?an !re is f #a1jjj feet1 z 9 ! =m] case !re is no *ance = ! ma*9e to s]ve z a p>a*ute--its contact ) ! gr\nd comes too quickly4 ,lesson 9 ,rec5t ,accid5ts4 ,among ! m rec5t fatalities 9 aviation are ! dea?s ( ,antonio ,f]n&ez & ,leon ,delagrange4 ,! =m] 0 ?r[n to ! gr\nd by a sudd5 /oppage ( 8 motor1 ! entire ma*9e seem+ to collapse4 ,x is evid5t !re 7 radical defects1 n only 9 ! motor1 b 9 ! a]oplane framework z well4 ,at ! "t ( ! /oppage x is e/imat$ t ,f]n&ez 0 up ab\t #a1ejj feet1 b ! ma*9e got no opportunity to ex]t a p>a*ute effect1 z x broke up imm$iately4 ,?is w\ld indicate a fatal weakness 9 ! /ructure :i*1 "u prop] te/+1 c\ld probably h be5 detect$ be=e x 0 us$ 9 flight4 ,x is h>d to say x1 b ,delagrange appe>s to h be5 culpable to great degree 9 ov]load+ 8 ma*9e ) a motor equipm5t mu* heavi] ?an x 0 design$ to su/a94 ,he 0 #fe feet up 9 ! air :5 ! collapse occurr$1 result+ 9 8 dea?4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,f]n&ez common-s5se precaution w\ld d\btless h prev5t$ ! fatality4 ,aviation ,n ,extra ,haz>d\s4 ,all told !re h be51 up to ! "t ( ?is writ+ 7,april1 #aiaj71 j five fatalities 9 ! hi/ory ( p[]-driv5 aviation4 ,?is is surpris+ly l[ :5 ! nature ( ! exp]im5ts1 & ! fact t mo/ ( ! op]ators 7 f> f hav+ ext5d$ exp]i5ce1 is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,m5 l ! ,wrights1 ,curtiss1 ,bl]iot1 ,f>man1 ,paulhan & o!rs1 are n[ exp]ts1 b !re 0 a "t1 & x 0 n long ago1 :5 !y 7 unskill$4 ,t !y1 ) num]\s o!rs less widely kn[n1 %\ld h come safely ?r\gh _! _m exp]im5ts w\ld seem to disprove ! prevail+ idea t aviation is an extra haz>d\s pursuit4 ,9 ! h&s ( c>eful1 quick-witt$1 n]vy m5 ! sail+ ( an air%ip %\ld be no m haz>d\s ?an ! sail+ ( a ya*t4 ,a vessel capta9 ) common s5se w n g to sea 9 a /orm1 or navigate a weak1 unseawor?y craft4 ,nei!r %\ld an aviator attempt to sail :5 ! w9d is high & gu/y1 nor ) a ma*9e :i* has n be5 ?or\ghly te/$ & f\nd to be /rong & safe4 ,saf] ,?an ,railroad+4 ,/ati/ics %[ t "s #ab1jjj p are kill$ & #gb1jjj injur$ e ye> on ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,come to ?9k x ov] x is small wond] t ! li/ ( fatalities is s l>ge4 ,tra9s are run at high spe$s1 da%+ ov] cross+s at :i* collisions are liable to occur1 & ov] bridges :i* (t5 collapse or are swept away by floods4 ,/ill1 :ile ! numb] ( casualties is l>ge1 ! actual p]c5tage is small consid]+ ! imm5se numb] ( p involv$4 ,x is s 9 aviation4 ,! numb] ( casualties is rem>kably small 9 comp>ison ) ! numb] ( flights made4 ,9 ! h&s ( compet5t m5 ! sail+ ( an air%ip %\ld be1 & is1 fre] f risk ( accid5t ?an ! runn+ ( a railway tra94 ,!re are no rails to spread or break1 no bridges to collapse1 no cross+s at :i* collisions may occur1 no *ance = "s sleepy or ov]work$ employee to misund]/& ! dispat*]'s ord]s & cause a wreck4 ,two ,ma9 ,causes ( ,tr\ble4 ,! two ma9 causes ( tr\ble 9 an air%ip lead+ to disa/] may be attribut$ to ! /oppage ( ! motor1 & ! aviator becom+ rattl$ s t he loses control ( 8 ma*9e4 ,mod]n +5uity is fa/ develop+ motors t almo/ daily become m & m reliable1 & exp]i5ce is mak+ aviators m & m self-confid5t 9 _! ability to act wisely & promptly 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,besides ?is a satisfactory sy/em ( automatic control is 9 a fair way ( be+ p]fect$4 ,occasionally ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ & compet5t ( m5 9 all call+s become c>eless & by fooli% action invite disa/]4 ,?is is true ( aviators ! same z x is ( railroad]s1 m5 :o "w 9 dynamite mills1 etc4 ,b 9 ne>ly e in/ance ! responsibility re/s ) ! individual2 n ) ! sy/em4 ,!re are "s m5 unfitt$ by nature = aviation1 j z !re are o!rs unfitt$ to be railway eng9e]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,radical ,,*anges ,,be+ ,,made4 ,*anges1 _m ( !m extremely radical 9 _! nature1 are cont9ually be+ made by prom95t aviators1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :o h won ! greate/ am\nt ( success4 ,wond]ful z ! results h be5 few ( ! aviators are really satisfi$4 ,_! successes h m]ely spurr$ !m on to new endeavors1 ! ultimate end be+ ! developm5t ( an absolutely p]fect aircraft4 ,among ! m5 :o h be5 ?us exp]im5t+ are ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 :o la/ ye> 7#aiji7 br\ght out a craft totally diff]5t z reg>ds proportions & weight f ! "o us$ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,"o m>k$ result 0 a ga9 ( ab\t #c #a_/b miles an h\r 9 spe$4 ,dim5sions ( #aijh ,ma*9e4 ,! #aijh model a]oplane 0 #dj by #bi feet ov] all4 ,! c>ry+ surfaces1 t is1 ! two a]ocurves1 7 #dj by #f feet1 hav+ a p>abolical curve ( "o 9 twelve4 ,) ab\t #gj squ>e feet ( surface 9 ! rudd]s1 ! total surface giv5 0 ab\t #eej squ>e feet4 ,! eng9e1 :i* is ! inv5tion ( ! ,wright bro!rs1 weigh$1 approximately1 #bjj p\nds1 & gave ab\t #be horsep[] at #a1djj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! total weight ( ! a]oplane1 exclusive ( pass5g]1 b inclusive ( eng9e1 0 ab\t #a1aej p\nds4 ,?is result %[$ a lift ( a fraction ov] #b #a_/d p\nds to ! squ>e foot ( c>ry+ surface4 ,! spe$ desir$ 0 #dj miles an h\r1 b ! ma*9e 0 f\nd to make only a scant #ci miles an h\r4 ,! upright /ruts 7 ab\t #g_/h-;in* ?ick1 ! skids1 #b #a_/b by #a #a_/d in*es ?ick4 ,dim5sions ( #aiji ,ma*9e4 ,! #aiji a]oplane 0 built prim>ily = great] spe$1 & relatively heavi]2 to be less at ! m]cy ( ! w9d4 ,?is result 0 obta9$ z foll[s3 ,! a]ocurves1 or c>ry+ surfaces1 7 r$uc$ 9 dim5sions f #dj by #f feet to #cf by #e #a_/b feet1 ! curve rema9+ ! same1 "o 9 twelve4 ,! upright /ruts 7 cut f sev5-eigh?s in* to five-eigh?s in*1 & ! skids f two & "o-half by "o & "o-qu>t] to two & "o-qu>t] by "o & ?ree-eigh?s in*es4 ,?is result %[s t !re 7 "s #ha squ>e feet ( c>ry+ surface miss+ ov] t ( la/ ye>'s model4 & "s #be p\nds loss ( weight4 ,relatively1 ?\gh1 ! #aiji model a]oplane1 :ile actually #be p\nds light]1 is really "s #aej p\nds heavi] 9 ! air ?an ! #aijh model1 ow+ to ! less] squ>e feet ( c>ry+ surface4 ,"s ( ! ,results ,obta9$4 ,r$uc+ ! c>ry+ surfaces f #f to #e #a_/b feet gave two results--fir/1 less c>ry+ capacity2 &1 second1 less head-on resi/ance1 ow+ to ! fact t ! ext5t ( ! p>abolic curve 9 ! c>ry+ surfaces 0 %ort5$4 ,! head-on resi/ance is ! ret>dance ! a]oplane meets 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air1 & is c\nt$ 9 squ>e feet4 ,9 ! #aijh model ! curve be+ "o 9 twelve & #f feet deep1 gave #f in*es ( head-on resi/ance4 ,! plane be+ #dj feet spread1 gave #f in*es by #dj feet1 or #bj squ>e feet ( head-on resi/ance4 ,increas+ ?is figure by a l am\nt = ea* plane1 & add+ approximately #aj squ>e feet = /ruts1 skids & wir+1 we h a total ( approximately1 #ej squ>e feet ( surface = head-on resi/ance4 ,9 ! #aiji a]oplane1 %ort5+ ! curve #f in*es at ! p>abolic end ( ! curve took (f #a in* ( head-on resi/ance4 ,%ort5+ ! spread ( ! planes took (f betwe5 #c & #d squ>e feet ( head-on resi/ance4 ,add to ?is ! total ( #g squ>e feet1 less curve surface & ab\t #a squ>e foot1 less wire & woodwork resi/ance1 & we h a gr& total (1 approximately1 #ab squ>e feet ( less head-on resi/ance ov] ! #aijh model4 ,*anges 9 ,eng9e ,action4 ,! eng9e us$ 9 #aiji 0 ! same "o us$ 9 #aijh1 ?\gh "s m9or *anges 7 made z improvem5ts2 = in/ance1 a make & break sp>k 0 us$1 & a n9e-too?1 in/ead ( a t5-too? magneto ge>-:eel 0 us$4 ,?is increas$ ! eng9e revolutions p] m9ute f #a1bjj to #a1djj1 & ! propell] revolutions p] m9ute f #cej to #cga1 giv+ a propell] ?ru/ (1 approximately1 #agj foot p\nds in/ead ( #aec1 z 0 _h la/ ye>4 ,m ,spe$ & ,same ,capacity4 ,"o unsatisfactory feature ( ! #aiji model ov] t ( #aijh1 app>5tly1 0 ! lack ( inh]5t lat]al /ability4 ,?is 0 caus$ by ! less] surface & less] ext5t ( curvatures at ! portions ( ! a]oplane :i* 7 w>p$4 ,?is defect did n %[ s pla9ly aft] ,mr4 ,orville ,wright _h become fully pr(ici5t 9 ! h&l+ ( ! new ma*9e1 & ) skillful managem5t1 ! #aiji model a]oplane w be j z safe & secure z ! o!r ?\gh x w take a little m practice to get t same degree ( skill4 ,to sum up3 ,! a]oplane us$ 9 #aiji 0 #be p\nds light]1 b really ab\t #aej p\nds heavi] 9 ! air1 _h less head-on resi/ance1 & great] propell] ?ru/4 ,! spe$ 0 increas$ f ab\t #ci miles p] h\r to #db #a_/b miles p] h\r4 ,! lift+ capacity rema9$ ab\t ! same1 ab\t #dej p\nds capacity pass5g]-weight1 ) ! #aijh ma*9e4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! loss ( c>ry+ surface 0 comp5sat$ = by ! increas$ spe$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few flights x 0 pla9ly demon/rat$ t x w\ld ne$ ! highe/ skill to prop]ly h&le ! a]oplane1 z fir/ "o end & !n ! o!r w\ld dip & /rike ! gr\nd1 & ei!r te> ! canvas or slew ! a]oplane ar\nd & break a skid4 ,wrights ,adopt ,:eel$ ,ge>s4 ,9 /ill ano!r important respect ! ,wrights1 s f> z ! output ( "o ( _! companies goes1 h made a radical *ange4 ,all ! a]oplanes turn$ out by ! ,deuts* ,wright ,gesells*aft1 accord+ to ! ,g]man publication1 ,automobil-,welt1 w h]eaft] be equipp$ ) :eel$ runn+ ge>s & tails4 ,! plan ( ?is new ma*9e is %[n 9 ! illu/ration on page #ade4 ,! :eels are ?ree 9 numb]1 & are atta*$ "o to ea* ( ! two skids1 j "u ! front edge ( ! planes1 & "o =w>d ( ^!1 atta*$ to a cross-memb]4 ,x is ass]t$ t ) ^! :eels ! tea*+ ( pur*as]s to op]ate ! ma*9es is mu* simplifi$1 z ! beg9n]s c make %ort flights on _! own acc\nt )\t us+ ! />t+ d]rick4 ,?is is a big concession = ! ,wrights to make1 z !y h hi!rto adh]$ /\tly to ! skid ge>4 ,:ile x is true !y d n control ! ,g]man company produc+ _! a]oplanes1 yet ! nature ( _! connection ) ! ent]prise is su* t x may be tak5 = grant$ no radical *anges 9 con/ruction w\ld be made )\t _! approval & cons5t4 ,only ,?ree ,dang]\s ,rivals4 ,(ficial trials ) ! #aiji model sma%$ _m records & leave ! ,wright bro!rs ) only ?ree dang]\s rivals 9 ! field1 & ) basic pat5ts :i* cov] ! curve1 w>p & w+-tip devices f\nd on all ! o!r makes ( a]oplanes4 ,^! ?ree rivals are ! ,curtiss & ,vois9 biplane type & ! ,bl]iot monoplane patt]n4 ,! ,bl]iot monoplane is probably ! mo/ dang]\s rival1 z ?is make ( ma*9e has a record ( #ed miles p] h\r1 has cross$ ! ,engli% *annel1 & has lift$ two pass5g]s besides ! op]ator4 ,! late/ type ( ?is ma*9e only weighs #gga4fa p\nds complete1 )\t pass5g]s1 & w lift a total pass5g] weight ( #dfb4ig p\nds1 :i* is a lift ( #e4ba p\nds to ! squ>e foot4 ,?is is a bett] result ?an ^? publi%$ by ! ,wright bro!rs1 ! be/ not$ be+ #d4be p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,o!r ,aviators at ,"w4 ,! ,wrights1 h[ev]1 are n alone 9 _! ef=ts to promote ! effici5cy ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,o!r compet5t inv5tive aviators1 notably ,curtiss1 ,vois91 ,bl]iot & ,f>man1 are close aft] !m4 ,! ,wrights1 z /at$1 h a m>k$ advantage 9 ! possession ( pat5ts cov]+ surface plane devices :i* h ?us f> be5 f\nd indisp5sable 9 fly+ ma*9e con/ruction4 ,num]\s law suits gr[+ out ( alleg$ infr+em5ts ( ^! pat5ts h be5 />t$1 & o!rs are ?reat5$4 ,:at effect ^! actions w h 9 det]r+ aviators 9 g5]al f proce$+ ) _! exp]im5ts rema9s to be se54 ,9 ! meantime ! f\r m5 nam$--,curtiss1 ,vois91 ,bl]iot & ,f>man--are go+ ahead reg>dless ( consequ5ces1 & ! inv5tive g5ius ( ea* is s /rong t x is reasonable to expect "s rem>kable developm5ts 9 ! ne> future4 ,smalle/ ( ,fly+ ,ma*9es4 ,to ,santos ,dumont mu/ be giv5 ! cr$it ( produc+ ! smalle/ practical fly+ ma*9e yet con/ruct$4 ,true1 he has done no?+ rem>kable ) x 9 ! l9e ( spe$1 b he has demon/rat$ ! fact t a l>ge support+ surface is n an ess5tial feature4 ,?is ma*9e is nam$ ,la ,demoiselle4 ,x is a monoplane ( ! dih$ral type1 ) a ma9 plane on ea* side ( ! c5t]4 ,^! ma9 planes are ( #ah foot spread1 & ne>ly #f #a_/b feet 9 dep?1 giv+ approximately #aae feet ( surface area4 ,! total weight is #bdb p\nds1 :i* is #ceh p\nds less ?an any o!r ma*9e :i* has be5 successfully us$4 ,! total dep? f front to re> is #bf feet4 ,! framework is ( bamboo1 /r5g!n$ & held taut ) wire guys4 ,h ,"o ,rule 9 ,m9d4 ,9 ?is /ruggle = ma/]y 9 fly+ ma*9e effici5cy all ! conte/ants keep "o rule 9 m9d1 & ?is is3 ,! c>ry+ capacity ( an a]oplane is gov]n$ by ! p]iph]al curve ( its c>ry+ surfaces1 plus ! spe$2 & ! spe$ is gov]n$ by ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s1 less ! 'head-on' resi/ance4 ,_! ideas z to ! prop] means ( approa*+ ! proposition may1 & und\bt$ly are1 at v>iance1 b ! "o rule 9 solv+ ! problem ( obta9+ ! greate/ c>ry+ capacity comb9$ ) ! greate/ spe$1 obta9s 9 all in/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,designs4 ,spurr$ on by ! success atta9$ by ! m exp]i5c$ & bett] kn[n aviators num]\s inv5tors ( less] fame are almo/ daily produc+ practical fly+ ma*9es v>y+ radically 9 con/ruction f ^? n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,"o ( ^! comp>atively new designs is ! ,van ,&5 biplane1 made by ,frank ,van ,&5 ( ,islip1 ,long ,isl&1 a memb] ( ! ,new ,york ,a]onautic ,society4 ,:ile 8 ma*9e is :olly exp]im5tal1 _m successful %ort flights 7 made ) x la/ fall 7#aiji74 ,"o flight1 made ,octob] #ai?1 #aiji1 is ( p>ticul> int]e/ z %[+ ! practicability ( an automatic /abiliz+ device in/all$ by ! inv5tor4 ,! ma*9e 0 caught 9 a sudd5 sev]e gu/ ( w9d & keel$ ov]1 b almo/ imm$iately right$ itself1 ?us demon/rat+ 9 a mo/ satisfactory mann] ! value ( "o new atta*m5t4 ,features ( ,van ,&5 ,model4 ,9 size ! surfaces ( ! ma9 biplane are #bf feet 9 spread1 & #d feet 9 dep? f front to re>4 ,! upp] & l[] planes are #d feet ap>t4 ,silkol5e coat$ ) v>ni% is us$ = ! cov]+s4 ,ribs 7spruce7 are curv$ "o in* to ! foot1 ! deepe/ "p ( ! curve 7#d in*es7 be+ "o foot back f ! front edge ( ! horizontal beam4 ,/ruts 7also ( spruce1 z is all ! framework7 are elliptical 9 %ape4 ,! ma9 beams are 9 ?ree sections1 ne>ly half r\nd 9 =m1 & jo9$ by metal sleeves4 ,!re is a two-surface horizontal rudd]1 #bx#bx#d feet1 9 front4 ,?is is pivot$ at its lat]al c5t] #h feet f ! front edge ( ! ma9 planes4 ,9 ! re> is ano!r two-surface horizontal rudd] #bx#bx#b #a_/b feet1 pivot$ 9 ! same mann] z ! front "o1 #ae feet f ! re> edges ( ! ma9 planes4 ,h+$ to ! re> c5tral /rut ( ! re> rudd] is a v]tical rudd] #b feet high by #c feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ,me?od ( ,control4 ,9 ! op]ation ( ^! rudd]s--bo? front & re>--& ! elevation & depression ( ! ma9 planes1 ! ,curtiss sy/em is employ$4 ,pu%+ ! /e]+-:eel po/ outw>d depresses ! front edges ( ! planes1 & br+s ! ma*9e d[nw>d2 pull+ ! /e]+-:eel po/ inw>d elevates ! front edges ( ! planes & causes ! ma*9e to asc5d4 ,turn+ ! /e]+ :eel itself to ! "r sw+s ! tail rudd] to ! left1 & ! ma*9e1 obey+ ?is l a boat1 turns 9 ! same direction z ! :eel is turn$4 ,by l cause turn+ ! :eel to ! left turns ! ma*9e to ! left4 ,automatic ,control ( ,w+s4 ,!re are two w+ tips1 ea* ( #f feet spread 7l5g?7 & #b feet f front to re>4 ,^! are h+$ half way betwe5 ! ma9 surfaces to ! two out]mo/ re> /ruts4 ,cables run f ^! to an automatic device work+ ) p[] f ! eng9e1 :i* automatically op]ates ! tips ) ! tilt+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,normally ! w+ tips are held horizontal by /iff spr+s introduc$ 9 ! cables outside ( ! device4 ,x 0 ! successful work+ ( ?is device :i* right$ ! ,van ,&5 craft :5 x 0 ov]turn$ 9 ! squall ( ,octob] #ai?1 #aiji4 ,previ\s to t occurr5ce ,mr4 ,van ,&5 _h look$ ^u ! device z purely exp]im5tal1 & _h admitt$ t he _h grave unc]ta9ty z to h[ x w\ld op]ate 9 "t ( em]g5cy4 ,he is n[ quot$ z be+ ?or\ghly satisfi$ ) its practicability4 ,x is ?is automatic device :i* gives ! ,van ,&5 ma*9e at lea/ "o di/9ctively new feature4 ,:ile on ?is subject x w n be amiss to add t ,mr4 ,curtiss does n look k9dly on automatic control4 ,i w\ld r tru/ to my own action ?an t ( a ma*9e1 he says4 ,?is is und\bt$ly good logic s f> z ,mr4 ,curtiss is conc]n$1 b all aviators are n s cool-head$ & res\rceful4 ,motive ,p[] ( ,van ,&54 ,a #ej-;horsep[] ,h-,f wat] cool$ motor drives a lam9at$ wood propell] #f feet 9 diamet]1 ) a #ag degree pit* at ! extremities1 increas+ t[>d ! hub4 ,! re> end ( ! motor is ab\t #f in*es back f ! re> transv]se beam & ! eng9e %aft is 9 a direct l9e ) ! axes ( ! two horizontal rudd]s4 ,an ,r4 ,i4 ,v4 ball be>+ c>ries ! %aft at ?is po9t4 ,fly+1 ! motor turns at ab\t #hjj revolutions p] m9ute1 deliv]+ #ahj p\nds pull4 ,a te/ ( ! motor runn+ at #a1bjj %[$ a pull ( #bej p\nds on ! scales4 ,/ill ,ano!r ,new ,a]oplane4 ,ano!r new a]oplane is t produc$ by ,a4 ,m4 ,h]r+ 7an old-tim]7 & ,w4 ,s4 ,burgess1 "u ! "n ( ! ,h]r+-,burgess4 ,?is is also equipp$ ) an automatic /ability device = ma9ta9+ ! balance transv]sely4 ,! curvature ( ! planes is also laid out on new l9es4 ,t ?is new plan is effective is evid5c$ by ! fact t ! ma*9e has be5 elevat$ to an altitude ( #dj feet by us+ "o-half ! p[] ( ! #cj-;horsep[] motor4 ,! sy/em ( rudd] & elevation control is v simple4 ,! aviator sits 9 front ( ! l[] plane1 & ext5d+ 8 arms1 grasps two supports :i* ext5d d[n diagonally 9 front4 ,on ! "u side ( ^! supports j b5ea? 8 f+]s are ! controls :i* op]ate ! v]tical rudd]1 9 ! re>4 ,?us1 if he wi%es to turn to ! "r1 he presses ! control "u ! f+]s ( 8 "r h&2 if to ! left1 t "u ! f+]s ( 8 left h&4 ,! elevat+ rudd] is op]at$ by ! aviator's "r foot1 ! control be+ plac$ on a foot-re/4 ,motor ,is ,extremely ,light4 ,n ! lea/ notable feature ( ! craft is its motor4 ,al?\gh develop+1 "u load1 #cj-;horsep[]1 or t ( an ord9>y automobile1 x weighs1 complete1 h>dly #ajj p\nds4 ,hav+ occasion to move x a little di/ance = inspection1 ,mr4 ,burgess pick$ x up & walk$ (f ) x--cyl9d]s1 pi/ons1 crankcase & all1 ev5 ! magneto1 be+ atta*$4 ,!re are n _m #cj-;horsep[] eng9es :i* c be s h&l$4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t x is r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms ( simplicity1 & h5ce1 ( weight4 ,a s+le cam%aft op]ates n only all ( ! inlet & exhau/ valves1 b ! magneto & ge> wat] pump1 z well4 ,! motor is plac$ directly beh9d ! op]ator1 & ! propell] is directly m\nt$ on ! crank%aft4 ,?is weight ( less ?an #ajj p\nds1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is n = ! motor alone2 x includes ! entire p[] plant equipm5t4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! propell] is also extraord9>y1 be+ betwe5 #bej & #bfj p\nds4 ,! =ce ( ! w9d displacem5t is /rong en\gh to knock d[n a good-siz$ boy z "o y\ng/] asc]ta9$ :5 he got beh9d ! propell] z x 0 be+ te/$4 ,he 0 n only knock$ d[n b driv5 = "s di/ance away f ! ma*9e4 ,! propell] has f\r blades :i* are b little wid] ?an a la?4 ,ma*9e ,built by ,/ud5ts4 ,/ud5ts at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 head$ by ,laur5ce ,j4 ,le%1 a protege ( ,octave ,*anute1 h con/ruct$ a practical a]oplane ( ord9>y maximum size1 9 :i* is incorporat$ _m new ideas4 ,! mo/ unique ( ^! is to be f\nd 9 ! /e]+ ge>1 & ! provision made = ! accommodation ( a pupil :ile tak+ lessons "u an exp]i5c$ aviator4 ,imm$iately back ( ! aviator is an extra seat & an extra /e]+ :eel :i* works 9 t&em /yle ) ! front :eel4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a beg9n] may be easily & quickly taught to h p]fect control ( ! ma*9e4 ,^! t&em :eels are also h&y = pass5g]s :o may wi% to op]ate ! c> indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 x be+ und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t !re w be no conflict ( action4 ,frame ,size & ,eng9e ,p[]4 ,! frame has #cf feet spread & measures #ce feet f ! front edge to ! end ( ! tail 9 ! re>4 ,x is equipp$ ) two re> propell]s op]at$ by a ,ramsey #h-;cyl9d] motor ( #ej horsep[]1 plac$ horizontally across ! l[] plane1 ) ! crank %aft runn+ cle> ?r\gh ! eng9e4 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,i is ! fir/ two-propell] biplane *a9less c>1 ?is s*eme hav+ be5 adopt$ 9 ord] to avoid ! cross+ ( *a9s4 ,! lat]al control is by a new inv5tion by ,octave ,*anute & ,laur5ce ,j4 ,le%1 = :i* ,le% is n[ apply+ = a pat5t4 ,! device 0 work$ out be=e ! ,wright bro!rs' suit 0 begun1 & is said to be sup]ior to ! ,wright w>p+ or ! ,curtiss ail]ons4 ,! l&+ device is also new 9 design4 ,?is a]oplane w weigh ab\t #a1ejj p\nds1 & w c>ry fuel = a flight ( #aej miles1 & x is expect$ to atta9 a spe$ ( at lea/ #de miles an h\r4 ,!re are o!rs1 lots ( !m1 too num]\s 9 fact to admit ( m5tion 9 a book ( ?is size4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,dem& ,,= ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es4 ,z a comm]cial proposition ! manufacture & sale ( motor-equipp$ a]oplanes is mak+ mu* m rapid advance ?an at fir/ obta9$ 9 ! simil> h&l+ ( ! automobile4 ,great1 & ev5 ph5om5al1 z 0 ! comm]cial developm5t ( ! motor c>1 t ( ! fly+ ma*9e is ev5 great]4 ,?is is a />tl+ /atem5t1 b x is fully w>rant$ by ! facts4 ,x is b>ely m ?an a ye> ago 7#aiji7 t att5tion 0 s]i\sly attract$ to ! motor-equipp$ a]oplane z a vehicle possible ( manipulation by o!rs ?an pr(essional aviators4 ,up to t "t su* actual flights z 7 made 7 almo/ exclusively ) ! sole purpose ( demon/rat+ ! practicability ( ! ma*9e1 & ! m]its ( ! ideas z to %ape1 eng9e p[]1 etc41 ( ! v>i\s produc]s4 ,results ( ,bl]iot's ,d>+4 ,x 0 n until ,bl]iot flew across ! /raits ( ,dov] on ,july #be?1 #aiji1 t ! g5]al public awoke to a full realization ( ! fact t x 0 possible = o!rs ?an pr(essional aviators to indulge 9 aviation4 ,bl]iot's feat 0 accept$ z pro( t at la/ an absolutely new means ( sport1 pleasure & rese>*1 _h be5 practically develop$1 & 0 )9 ! rea* ( all :o _h ! incl9ation1 n]ve & f9ancial means to adopt x4 ,f ?is ev5t may be dat$ ! bir? ( ! mod]n fly+ ma*9e into ! _w ( bus9ess4 ,! automobile 0 tak5 up by ! g5]al public f ! v />t because x 0 a proposition comp>atively easy ( demon/ration4 ,!re 0 no?+ my/]i\s or uncanny 9 ! fact t a :eel$ vehicle c\ld be propell$ on solid1 sub/antial roads by means ( eng9e p[]4 ,& yet x took 7comp>atively speak+7 a long "t to really popul>ize ! motor c>4 ,wond]ful ,results 9 a ,ye>4 ,m5 ( l>ge f9ancial means engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( automobiles1 & exp5d$ =tunes 9 attract+ public att5tion to !m ?r\gh ! m$ium ( adv]tisem5ts1 spe$ & road conte/s1 etc4 ,by ^! means a mammo? bus9ess has be5 built up1 b br++ ?is bus9ess to its pres5t proportions requir$ ye>s ( pati5t indu/ry & indomitable pluck4 ,at ?is writ+1 less ?an a ye> f ! day :5 ,bl]iot cross$ ! *annel1 ! actual sales ( fly+ ma*9es outnumb] ! actual sales ( automobiles 9 ! fir/ ye> ( _! comm]cial developm5t4 ,?is may appe> incr$ible1 b x is a fact z /ati/ics w %[4 ,9 ?is connection we %\ld take into consid]ation ! fact t up to a ye> ago !re 0 no s]i\s int5tion ( putt+ fly+ ma*9es on ! m>ket2 no prep>ations _h be5 made to produce !m on a comm]cial scale2 no money _h be5 exp5d$ 9 adv]tisem5ts ) a view to sell+ !m4 ,"s ( ! ,actual ,results4 ,today fly+ ma*9es are be+ produc$ on a comm]cial basis1 & !re is a big dem& = !m4 ,! p mak+ !m are ov]cr[d$ ) ord]s4 ,"s ( ! produc]s are already mak+ arrangem5ts to enl>ge _! plants & adv]tise _! product = sale ! same z is be+ done ) automobiles1 :ile a numb] ( fly+ ma*9e motor mak]s are already promot+ ! sale ( _! w>es 9 ?is way4 ,"h are a few actual figures ( fly+ ma*9e sales made by ! m prom95t produc]s s9ce ,july #be?1 #aiji4 ,santos ,dumont1 #ij ma*9es2 ,bl]iot1 #bjj2 ,f>man1 #acj2 ,clem5ceau-,wright1 #hj2 ,vois91 #ajj2 ,anto9ette1 #ajj4 ,_m ( ^! ord]s h be5 fill$ by deliv]y ( ! ma*9es1 & 9 o!rs ! con/ruction "w is "u way4 ,! =ego+ are all ( =eign make4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ,curtiss & ! ,wrights are engag$ 9 simil> "w1 b no actual figures ( _! output are obta9able4 ,l>g] ,plants ,are ,necess>y4 ,& ?is situation exi/s despite ! fact t none ( ! produc]s are really equipp$ ) adequate plants = turn+ out _! ma*9es on a mod]n1 bus9ess-l basis4 ,! dem& 0 s sudd5 & unexpect$ t x f\nd !m poorly prep>$ to meet x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n[ be+ rem$i$ by ! erection ( special plants1 ! enl>gem5t ( o!rs1 & ! introduction ( new ma*9]y & o!r labor-sav+ conv5i5ces4 ,companies1 ) l>ge capitalization1 to engage 9 ! exclusive production ( air%ips are be+ organiz$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"o notable in/ance ( ?is nature is wor? quot+ z illu/rative ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! production ( fly+ ma*9es is be+ comm]cializ$4 ,?is is ! =mation at ,frank=t1 ,g]many1 ( ! ,flugmas*9e ,wright1 ,g4 m4 b4 ,h41 ) a capital ( #aai1jjj1 ! ,krupps1 ( ,ess51 be+ int]e/$4 ,prices at ,:i* ,ma*9es ,sell4 ,?is wond]ful dem& f ! public has come not)/&+ ! fact t ! ma*9es1 ow+ to lack ( facilities = :olesale production1 are f> f be+ *eap4 ,su* def9ite quotations z are made are on ! foll[+ basis3 ,santos ,dumont--,li/ price #a1jjj1 b ow+ to ! ru% ( ord]s ag5ts are readily gett+ f #a1cjj to #a1ejj4 ,?is is ! smalle/ ma*9e made4 ,bl]iot--,li/ price #b1ejj4 ,?is is = ! cross-*annel type1 ) ,anzani motor4 ,anto9ette--,li/ price f #d1jjj to #e1jjj1 accord+ to size4 ,wright--,li/ price #e1fjj4 ,curtiss--,li/ price #e1jjj4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no /ability 9 prices z pur*as]s are almo/ inv>iably ready to pay a consid]able premium to facilitate deliv]y4 ,! motor is ! mo/ exp5sive "p ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,motor prices range f #ejj to #b1jjj1 ?is latt] am\nt be+ ask$ = ! ,curtiss eng9e4 ,sy/ematic ,in/ruction ( ,amateurs4 ,9 addition to ! production ( fly+ ma*9es _m ( ! exp]i5c$ aviators are mak+ a bus9ess ( ! in/ruction ( amateurs4 ,curtiss & ! ,wrights 9 ?is c\ntry h a numb] ( pupils1 z h also ! prom95t =eign]s4 ,s*ools ( in/ruction are be+ op5$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 n alone z private money-mak+ v5tures1 b 9 connection ) public educational in/itutions4 ,"o ( ^! latt] is to be f\nd at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b>celona1 ,spa94 ,! fly+ ma*9e ag5t1 ! man :o h&les ! ma*9es on a commission1 has also become a kn[n quantity1 & w soon be z num]\s z 8 bro!r ( ! automobile4 ,! sign ,john ,bird1 ag5t = ,skimm]'s ,fly+ ,ma*9e1 is no long] a curiosity4 ,yes1 ! ,air%ip ,is ,"h4 ,f all ( :i* we may well inf] t ! fly+ ma*9e 9 practical =m has arriv$1 & t x is "h to /ay4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ! "t is close at h& :5 p w keep fly+ ma*9es j z !y n[ keep automobiles1 & t pleasure jaunts w be fully z num]\s & popul>4 ,) ! important item ( practicability fully demon/rat$1 ,come1 take a trip 9 my air%ip1 w h m real significance ?an n[ atta*es to ! vapid w>bl+s ( ! vaudeville vocali/4 ,z a fur!r evid5ce t ! air%ip is really "h1 & t its pres5ce is recogniz$ 9 a bus9ess way1 ! action ( life & accid5t insurance companies is int]e/+4 ,"s ( !m are recon/ruct+ _! policies s z to include a special waiv] ( insurance by aviators4 ,any?+ :i* compels ^! great corporations to modify _! policies _c be look$ ^u z a m]e curiosity or toy4 ,x is "s consolation to "k t ! movem5t 9 ?is direction is n ?us f> widespread4 ,moreov] x is m ?an probable t ! competition = bus9ess w ev5tually induce ! companies to act m lib]ally t[>d aviators1 especially z ! art ( aviation advances4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,air%ip4 ,successful aviation has evok$ "s peculi> ?+s 9 ! way ( legal action & int]pretation ( ! law4 ,x is well und]/ood t a man's prop]ty _c be us$ )\t 8 cons5t4 ,?is is an old e/abli%$ pr9ciple 9 common law :i* holds good today4 ,! limits ( a man's prop]ty l9es1 h[ev]1 h n be5 s well und]/ood by laym54 ,accord+ to em95t legal au?orities su* z ,black/one1 ,littleton & ,coke1 ! fa!rs ( ! law1 ! own] ( realty also holds title above & bel[ ! surface1 & ?is !ory is g5]ally accept$ )\t "q by ! c\rts4 ,rights ( ,prop]ty ,own]s4 ,9 o!r words ! own] ( realty also owns ! sky above x )\t limit z to di/ance4 ,he c dig z deep into 8 l&1 or g z high into ! air z he desires1 provid$ he does n trespass ^u or injure simil> rights ( o!rs4 ,! own] ( realty may resi/ by =ce1 all o!r means hav+ fail$1 any trespass ^u1 or invasion ( 8 prop]ty4 ,o!r p1 = in/ance1 may n ent] ^u x1 or ov] or "u x1 )\t 8 express p]mission & cons5t4 ,!re is only "o exception1 & ?is is 9 ! case ( public utility corporations su* z railways :i*1 "u ! law ( em95t doma91 may condemn a "r ( way across ! prop]ty ( an ob/9ate own] :o decl9es to accept a fair price = ! privilege4 ,privilege ,%>ply ,conf9$4 ,! law ( em95t doma9 may be tak5 advantage ( only by corporations :i* are engag$ 9 s]v+ ! public4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t ! advancem5t & improvem5t ( a community is ( m importance & c>ries ) x m rights ?an ! int]e/s ( ! individual own]4 ,b ev5 9 cases :]e ! "r ( em95t doma9 is ex]cis$ !re c be no confiscation ( ! individual's prop]ty4 ,ex]cis+ ! "r ( em95t doma9 is m]ely obta9+ by public pur*ase :at is held to be ess5tial to ! public good1 & :i* _c be secur$ by private pur*ase4 ,:5 em95t doma9 proce$+s are resort$ to ! c\rt appo9ts apprais]s :o det]m9e ^u ! value ( ! prop]ty want$1 & ?is value 79 money7 is paid to ! own]4 ,h[ ,x ,affects ,aviation4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 m9d t ?is privilege ( ! "r ( em95t doma9 is accord$ only to corporations :i* are engag$ 9 s]v+ ! public4 ,individuals _c take advantage ( x4 ,?us f> all aviation has be5 conduct$ by individuals2 !re are no fly+ ma*9e or air%ip corporations regul>ly engag$ 9 ! transportation ( pass5g]s1 mails or freight4 ,?is leads up to ! "q ,:at w\ld happ5 if realty own]s g5]ally1 or 9 any consid]able numb]s1 %\ld prohibit ! navigation ( ! air above _! hold+s8 ,x is idle to say su* a possibility is ridicul\s--x is already an actuality 9 a few individual in/ances4 ,"o prop]ty own] 9 ,new ,j]sey1 a ju/ice ( ! peace1 ma9ta9s a l>ge sign on ! ro( ( 8 h\se w>n+ aviators t !y mu/ n trespass ^u 8 doma94 ,t he is act+ well )9 8 rights 9 do+ ?is is conc$$ by legal au?orities4 ,h>d to ,cat* ,(f5d]s4 ,b1 suppose ! alleg$ trespass is committ$1 :at is ! prop]ty own] go+ to d ab\t x8 ,he mu/ fir/ cat* ! trespass] & ?is w\ld be a pretty h>d job4 ,he c]ta9ly c\ld n ov]take him1 unless he kept a rac+ a]oplane = ?is special purpose4 ,x w\ld be equally difficult to id5tify ! (f5d] aft] ! (f5se _h be5 committ$1 ev5 if he 7 locat$1 z a]oplanes c>ry no lic5se numb]s4 ,all[+ t ! (f5d] %\ld be caught ! only rec\rse ( ! realty own] is an action = damages4 ,he may prev5t ! commission ( ! (f5se by =ce if necess>y1 b aft] x is committ$ he c only sue = damages4 ,& 9 do+ ?is he w\ld h a lot ( tr\ble4 ,po9ts to ,be ,prov54 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s ! pla9tiff w\ld be call$ ^u to prove w\ld be ! elevation ( ! ma*9e4 ,if x 7 reasonably close to ! gr\nd !re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be grave risk ( damage to f5ces1 %rubb]y1 & o!r prop]ty1 & ! c\rt w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ x to be a nuisance t %\ld be suppress$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&2 ! ma*9e 0 well up 9 ! air1 b go+ sl[ly1 or hov]+ ov] ! pla9tiff's prop]ty1 ! c\rt might be incl9$ to rule t x c\ld n possibly be a nuisance1 b "r "h ! c\rt w\ld be 9 s]i\s emb>rassm5t4 ,by decid+ t x 0 n a nuisance he w\ld virtually ov]ride ! law aga9/ invasion ( a man's prop]ty )\t 8 cons5t reg>dless ( ! nature ( ! invasion4 ,by ! same decision he w\ld also say 9 effect t1 if "o fly+ ma*9e c\ld d ?is a doz5 or m w\ld h equal "r to d ! same ?+4 ,:ile "o ma*9e hov]+ ov] a c]ta9 piece ( prop]ty may be no actual nuisance a doz5 or m 9 ! same position c\ld h>dly be excus$4 ,difficult to ,fix ,damages4 ,su* a condition w\ld t5d to greatly increase ! risk ( accid5t1 ei!r ?r\gh collision1 or by ! c>elessness ( ! aviators 9 dropp+ articles :i* might cause damages to ! p or prop]ty bel[4 ,9 su* a case x w\ld und\bt$ly be a nuisance1 & 9 addition to a f9e1 ! (f5d] w\ld also be liable = ! damages4 ,tak+ x = grant$ t no actual damage is done1 & ! own] m]ely sues on acc\nt ( ! invasion ( 8 prop]ty1 h[ is ! am\nt ( comp5sation to be fix$ ^u8 ,! own] has lo/ no?+2 no "p ( 8 possessions has be5 tak5 away2 no?+ has be5 injur$ or de/roy$2 ev]y?+ is left 9 exactly ! same condition z be=e ! invasion4 ,& yet1 if ! law is /rictly int]pret$1 ! (f5d] is liable4 ,"r ( ,way = ,air%ips4 ,somebody has sugge/$ ! organization ( fly+-ma*9e corporations z common c>ri]s1 :i* w\ld give !m ! "r ( em95t doma9 ) p[] to condemn a "r ( way4 ,b :at w\ld !y condemn8 ,!re is no?+ tangible 9 ! air4 ,railways 9 condemn+ a "r ( way specify tangible prop]ty 7realty7 )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,h[ w\ld an aviator designate any p>ticul> "r ( way ?r\gh ! air a c]ta9 numb] ( feet 9 wid?1 & a c]ta9 di/ance f ! gr\nd8 ,& yet1 %\ld ! high] c\rts hold to ! lett] ( ! law & decide t aviators h no "r to navigate _! craft ov] private prop]ty1 some?+ w h to be done to get !m out ( ! dilemma1 z aviation is too f> advanc$ to be disc>d$4 ,=tunately !re is little prospect ( any widespread antagonism among prop]ty own]s s long z aviators refra9 f mak+ nuisances ( !mselves4 ,possible ,solution ,(f]$4 ,"o possible solution is (f]$ & t is to conf9e ! pa? ( air%ips to ! public highways s t nobody's prop]ty rights w\ld be invad$4 ,9 addition1 z a matt] ( promot+ safety = bo? op]ators & ^? :o may happ5 to be b5ea? ! air%ips z !y pass ov] a c\rse1 adoption ( ! ,fr5* rules are sugge/$4 ,^! are z foll[s3 ,a]oplanes1 :5 pass+1 mu/ keep to ! "r1 & pass at a di/ance ( at lea/ #aej feet4 ,!y are free f ?is rule :5 fly+ at altitudes ( m ?an #ajj feet4 ,e ma*9e :5 fly+ at night or dur+ foggy wea!r mu/ c>ry a gre5 light on ! "r1 & a r$ light on ! left1 & a :ite headlight on ! front4 ,^! are s5sible rules1 b may be improv$ ^u by ! addition ( a signal sy/em ( "s k9d1 ei!r horn1 :i/le or bell4 ,responsibility ( ,aviators4 ,mr4 ,jay ,c>v] ,boss>d1 9 rec5t numb]s ( ,fly1 br+s out "s curi\s & int]e/+ legal po9ts 9 connection ) aviation1 among :i* are ! foll[+3 ,private p>ties :o possess a]ial craft1 & desire to op]ate ! same 9 a]ial t]ritory o!r ?an _! own1 mu/ obta9 f l& own]s special p]mission to d s1 su* p]mission to be grant$ only by agreem5t1 f\nd$ ^u a valid consid]ation4 ,o!rwise1 pass+ ov] ano!r's l& w 9 ea* in/ance am\nt to a trespass4 ,leav+ ?is highly te*nical side ( ! "q1 let u turn to ano!r view3 ! crim9al & tort liability ( own]s & op]ators to air%ip pass5g]s4 ,if ,a invites ,b to make an asc5sion ) him 9 8 ma*9e1 & ,b1 kn[+ t ,a is m]ely an en?usia/ic amateur & f> f be+ an exp]t1 accepts & is ?r\gh ,a's innoc5t neglig5ce injur$1 he has no gr\nds = recov]y4 ,b if ,a contracts ) ,b1 to transport him f "o place to ano!r1 = a consid]ation1 & ,b is injur$ by ! poor pilot+ ( ,a1 ,a w\ld be liable to ,b = damages :i* w\ld result4 ,n[ 9 ord] to safegu>d su* p z ,b1 curi\s to ! po9t ( recklessness1 ! law w h to require all air%ip op]ators to h a lic5se1 & to secure ?is lic5se air%ip pilots w h to meet c]ta9 requirem5ts4 ,"h aga9 is a "q4 ,:o is go+ to say :e!r an applicant is compet5t to pilot a balloon or air%ip8 ,f9e = an ,a]onaut4 ,an a]oplane :ile maneuv]+ is sudd5ly caught by a trea*]\s gale & swept to ! gr\nd4 ,a cr[d ( p ha/5 ov] to see if ! a]onaut is injur$1 & 9 do+ s trample ov] ,tax-pay] ,smi?'s g>d51 mu* to ! detrim5t ( 8 gr[+ vegetables & fl[]s4 ,:o is liable = ! damages8 ,que] z x may seem1 a case v simil> to ?is 0 decid$ 9 #ahbc1 9 ! ,new ,york supreme c\rt1 & x 0 held t ! a]onaut 0 liable ^u ! foll[+ gr\nds3 ',to r5d] "o man liable 9 trespass = ! acts ( o!rs1 x mu/ appe> ei!r t !y act$ 9 conc]t1 or t ! act ( ! "o1 ord9>ily & naturally produc$ ! acts ( ! o!rs1 ,asc5d+ 9 a balloon is n an unlawful act1 b x is c]ta9 t ! a]onaut has no control ov] its motion horizontally1 b is at ! sport ( ! w9d1 & is to desc5d :5 & h[ he c4 ,8 rea*+ ! e>? is a matt] ( haz>d4 ,if 8 desc5t w\ld accord+ to ! circum/ances draw a cr[d ( p ar\nd him1 ei!r out ( curiosity1 or = ! purpose ( rescu+ him f a p]il\s situation1 all ?is he ought to h =ese51 & mu/ be responsible =4' ,air ,n ,really ,free4 ,! g5]al belief among p is1 t ! air is free4 ,n only free to brea! & enjoy1 b free to travel 91 & t no "o has any def9ite jurisdiction ov]1 or 9 any "p ( x4 ,n[ suppose ?is 7 made a legal doctr9e4 ,w\ld a murd] p]petrat$ above ! cl\ds h to g unpuni%$8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,= felonies committ$ ^u ! high seas ample provision is made = _! puni%m5t1 b new provisions w h to be made = crimes committ$ 9 ! air4 ,relations ( ,own] & ,employee4 ,x is a g5]al rule ( law t a ma/] is b\nd to provide reasonably safe tools1 appliances & ma*9es = 8 s]vant4 ,h[ ?is rule is go+ to be appli$ 9 cases ( a]oplanes1 rema9s to be se54 ,! a]oplane own] :o hires a pr(essional a]onaut1 t is1 "o :o has qualifi$ z an exp]t1 owes him v little legal duty to supply him ) a p]fect a]oplane4 ,! exp]t is suppos$ to "k z mu* reg>d+ ! ma*9e z ! own]1 if n m1 & 8 acceptance ( 8 position relieves ! own] f liability4 ,:5 ! own] hires an amateur a]onaut to run ! a]oplane1 & tea*es him h[ to manipulate x1 ev5 ?\gh ! prescrib$ mann] ( manipulation w make flight safe1 nev]!less if ! ma*9e is visibly defective1 or kn[n to be s1 any injury :i* results to ! a]onaut ! own] is liable =4 ,z to ,a]oplane ,contracts4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are _m ord]s be+ plac$ ) a]oplane manufactur+ companies4 ,!re are "s unique que/ions to be rais$ "h "u ! law ( contract4 ,x is an elem5t>y pr9ciple ( law t no "o c be compell$ to complete a contract :i* 9 itself is impossible to p]=m4 ,= in/ance1 a contract to r[ a boat across ! ,atlantic 9 two weeks1 = a consid]ation1 c\ld nev] be en=c$ because x is )9 judicial k t su* an und]tak+ is beyond human p[]4 ,aga91 contracts =m$ = ! do+ ( acts contr>y to nature are nev] en=cible1 & "h is :]e our difficulty comes 94 ,is x possible to build a ma*9e or species ( craft :i* w transport a p]son or goods ?r\gh ! air8 ,! c\rts "k t balloons are practical2 t is1 !y "k t a bag fill$ ) gas has a lift+ p[] & c move ?r\gh ! air at an appreciable height4 ,!re=e1 a contract to transport a p]son 9 su* mann] is a good contract1 & ! conditions be+ favorable c\ld und\bt$ly be en=c$4 ,b ! pass5g]s' "r ( action = injury w\ld be v limit$4 ,no ,r$ress = ,pur*as]s4 ,9 ! case ( giv+ w>ranties on a]oplanes1 we h yet to see j :at a c\rt is go+ to say4 ,x is easy en\gh = a manufactur] to gu>antee to build a ma*9e ( c]ta9 dim5sions & accord+ to c]ta9 specifications1 b :5 he ins]ts a clause 9 ! contract to ! effect t ! ma*9e w raise itself f ! surface ( ! e>?1 defy ! laws ( gravity1 & so> 9 ! heav5s at ! w ( ! aviator1 he is to say ! lea/ contract+ to p]=m a miracle4 ,until a]oplanes h be5 made & accept$ z practical1 no c\rt w =ce a manufactur] to turn out a ma*9e gu>ante$ to fly4 ,s pur*as]s c well rememb] t if _! ma*9es refuse to fly !y h no r$ress aga9/ ! mak]1 = he c always say1 ',! indu/ry is /ill 9 its exp]im5tal /age4' ,9 contract+ = an eng9e no build] w gu>antee t ! p>ticul> eng9e w successfully op]ate ! a]oplane4 ,9 fact he c\ld nev] be =c$ to live up to su* an agreem5t1 %\ld he agree to a /ipulation ( t sort4 ,! be/ any eng9e mak] w gu>antee is to build an eng9e accord+ to specifications4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,so>+ ,,flight4 ,by ,octave ,*anute4 #e ,!re is a wond]ful p]=mance daily exhibit$ 9 s\!rn climes & occasionally se5 9 nor!rly latitudes 9 summ]1 :i* has nev] be5 ?or\ghly expla9$4 ,x is ! so>+ or sail+ flight ( c]ta9 v>ieties ( l>ge birds :o transport !mselves on rigid1 unflapp+ w+s 9 any desir$ direction2 :o 9 w9ds ( #f to #bj miles p] h\r1 circle1 rise1 advance1 return & rema9 al(t = h\rs )\t a beat ( w+1 save = gett+ "u way or conv5i5ce 9 v>i\s maneuv]s4 ,!y appe> to obta9 f ! w9d alone all ! necess>y en]gy1 ev5 to advanc+ dead aga9/ t w9d4 ,?is feat is s mu* oppos$ to our g5]al ideas ( physics t ^? :o h n se5 x sometimes d5y its actuality1 & ^? :o h only occasionally witness$ x subsequ5tly d\bt ! evid5ce ( _! own eyes4 ,o!rs1 :o h se5 ! exceptional p]=mances1 speculate on v>i\s explanations1 b ! majority give x up z a sort ( negative gravity4 ,so>+ ,p[] ( ,birds4 ,! writ] ( ?is pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,a]onautical ,annual = #ahif & #ahig an article ^u ! sail+ flight ( birds1 9 :i* he gave a li/ ( ! au?ors :o _h describ$ su* flight or _h advanc$ !ories = its explanation1 & he pass$ ^! 9 review4 ,he also describ$ 8 own obs]vations & submitt$ "s computations to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ facts4 ,^! computations 7 correct z f> z !y w5t1 b !y 7 scanty4 ,x 01 = in/ance1 %[n conv9c+ly by analysis t a gull weigh+ #b4ahh p\nds1 ) a total support+ surface ( #b4jae squ>e feet1 a maximum body cross-section ( #j4abf squ>e feet & a maximum cross-section ( w+ edges ( #j4jih squ>e feet1 patroll+ on rigid w+s 7so>+7 on ! wea!r side ( a /eam] & ma9ta9+ an upw>d angle or attitude ( #e degrees to #g degrees above ! horizon1 9 a w9d bl[+ #ab4gh miles an h\r1 :i* 0 deflect$ upw>d #aj degrees to #bj degrees by ! side ( ! /eam] 7^! all be+ c>efully obs]v$ facts71 0 p]fectly su/a9$ at its own relative spe$ ( #ag4hh miles p] h\r & extract$ f ! upw>d tr5d ( ! w9d suffici5t en]gy to ov]come all ! resi/ances1 ?is en]gy am\nt+ to #f4dd foot-p\nds p] second4 ,great ,p[] ( ,gulls4 ,x 0 %[n t ! same bird 9 flapp+ flight 9 calm air1 ) an attitude or incid5ce ( #c degrees to #e degrees above ! horizon & a spe$ ( #bj4d miles an h\r 0 well su/a9$ & exp5d$ #e4hh foot-p\nds p] second1 ?is be+ at ! rate ( #bjd p\nds su/a9$ p] horsep[]4 ,x 0 /at$ also t a gull 9 its obs]v$ maneuv]s1 ris+ up f a pile head on unflapp+ w+s1 !n plung+ =w>d aga9/ ! w9d & subsequ5tly ris+ high] ?an 8 />t+ po9t1 mu/ ei!r "t 8 asc5ts & desc5ts exactly ) ! v>iations 9 w9d velocities1 or mu/ meet a w9d bill[ rotat+ on a horizontal axis & come to a poise on its cre/1 ?us avail+ ( an asc5d+ tr5d4 ,b ! obs]vations fail$ to demon/rate t ! v>iations ( ! w9d gu/s & ! movem5ts ( ! bird 7 absolutely syn*ron\s1 & x 0 conjectur$ t ! peculi> %ape ( ! so>+ w+ ( c]ta9 birds1 z diff]5tiat$ f ! flapp+ w+1 might1 :5 exp]im5t$ ^u1 h]eaft] acc\nt = ! p]=mance4 ,my/]y to be ,expla9$4 ,^! computations1 h[ev] satisfactory !y 7 = ! spe$ ( w9ds obs]v$1 fail$ to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ spiral so>+ ( buzz>ds 9 v light w9ds & ! writ] 0 compell$ to confess3 ,n[1 ?is spiral so>+ 9 /eady breezes ( #e to #aj miles p] h\r :i* are app>5tly horizontal1 & ?r\gh :i* ! bird ma9ta9s an av]age spe$ ( ab\t #bj miles an h\r1 is ! my/]y to be expla9$4 ,x is n acc\nt$ =1 quantitatively1 by any ( ! !ories :i* h be5 advanc$1 & x is ! "o p]=mance :i* has l$ "s obs]v]s to claim t x 0 done ?r\gh 'aspiration4' i1 e41 t a bird act$ ^u by a curr5t1 actually drew =w>d into t curr5t aga9/ its exact direction ( motion4 ,buzz>ds ,so> 9 ,dead ,calm4 ,a /ill great] my/]y 0 prop\nd$ by ! few obs]v]s :o ass]t$ t !y _h se5 buzz>ds so>+ 9 a dead calm1 ma9ta9+ _! elevation & _! spe$4 ,among ^! obs]v]s 0 ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,huffak]1 at "o "t assi/ant exp]im5t] = ,pr(essor ,langley4 ,! writ] believ$ & said !n t he mu/ 9 "s way h be5 mi/ak51 yet1 to satisfy himself1 he paid sev]al visits to ,mr4 ,huffak]1 9 ,ea/]n ,t5nessee & took along 8 anemomet]4 ,he saw q a numb] ( buzz>ds sail+ at a height ( #ge to #ajj feet 9 breezes measur+ #e or #f miles an h\r at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & once he saw "o buzz>d so>+ app>5tly 9 a dead calm4 ,! writ] 0 fairly baffl$4 ,! bird 0 n simply glid+1 utiliz+ gravity or acquir$ mom5tum1 he 0 actually circl+ horizontally 9 defiance ( physics & ma!matics4 ,x took two ye>s & a :ole s]ies ( fur!r obs]vations to br+ ^? two sci5ces into accord ) ! facts4 ,results ( ,close ,obs]vations4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! key to ! p]=mance ( circl+ 9 a light w9d or a dead calm 0 n f\nd ?r\gh ! usual way ( ga!r+ human k1 i4 e41 ?r\gh obs]vations & exp]im5t4 ,^! _h fail$ because ,i did n "k :at to look =4 ,! my/]y 01 9 fact1 solv$ by an eclectic process ( conjecture & computation1 b once ^! computations indicat$ :at obs]vations %\ld be made1 ! results gave at once ! reasons = ! circl+ ( ! birds1 = _! !n obs]v$ attitude1 & = ! necessity ( an indep5d5t initial su/a9+ spe$ be=e so>+ began4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,huffak] & myself v]ifi$ ! data _m times & ,i made ! computations4 ,^! obs]vations disclos$ sev]al facts3 #a/4--,t w9ds bl[+ five to sev5te5 miles p] h\r frequ5tly _h ris+ tr5ds ( #aj degrees to #ae degrees1 & t ^u occasions :5 !re seem$ to be absolutely no w9d1 !re 0 (t5 nev]!less a local ris+ ( ! air e/imat$ at a rate ( f\r to eight miles or m p] h\r4 ,?is 0 asc]ta9$ by wat*+ ?i/l$[n1 & ris+ fogs alongside ( trees or hills ( kn[n height4 ,ev]yone w readily realize t :5 walk+ at ! rate ( f\r to eight miles an h\r 9 a dead calm ! relative w9d is q inappreciable to ! s5ses & t su* a ris+ air w\ld n be notic$4 #bnd4--,t ! buzz>d1 sail+ 9 an app>5tly dead horizontal calm1 progress$ at spe$s ( fifte5 to eighte5 miles p] h\r1 z measur$ by 8 %ad[ on ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! air 0 !n possibly ris+ #h4h feet p] second1 or six miles p] h\r4 #crd4--,t :5 so>+ 9 v light w9ds ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! buzz>ds 0 negative to ! horizon--i4 e41 t :5 se5 com+ t[>d ! eye1 ! aft]noon light %one on ! back in/ead ( on ! brea/1 z w\ld h be5 ! case _h ! angle be5 incl9$ above ! horizon4 #d?4--,t ! sail+ p]=mance only occurr$ aft] ! bird _h acquir$ an initial velocity ( at lea/ fifte5 or eighte5 miles p] h\r1 ei!r by indu/ri\s flapp+ or by desc5d+ f a p]*4 ,an ,int]e/+ ,exp]im5t4 #e?4--,t ! :ole resi/ance ( a /uff$ buzz>d1 at a negative angle ( #c degrees 9 a curr5t ( air ( #ae4eb miles p] h\r1 0 #j4bg p\nds4 ,?is te/ 0 k9dly made = ! writ] by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,f4 ,zahm 9 ! w9d tunnel ( ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 :o1 moreov]1 /at$ t ! resi/ance ( a live bird might be less1 z ! dri$ plumage c\ld n be made to lie smoo?4 ,?is p>ticul> buzz>d weigh$ 9 life #d4be p\nds1 ! area ( 8 w+s & body 0 #d4eg squ>e feet1 ! maximum cross-section ( 8 body 0 #j4aaj squ>e feet1 & t ( 8 w+ edges :5 fully ext5d$ 0 #j4bdd squ>e feet4 ,) ^! data1 x became surpris+ly easy to compute ! p]=mance ) ! coeffici5ts ( ,lili5?al = v>i\s angles ( incid5ce & to demon/rate h[ ?is buzz>d c\ld so> horizontally 9 a dead horizontal calm1 provid$ t x 0 n a v]tical calm1 & t ! air 0 ris+ at ! rate ( f\r or six miles p] h\r1 ! l[e/ obs]v$1 & q inappreciable )\t actual measur+4 ,"s ,data on ,bird ,p[]4 ,! mo/ difficult case is purposely select$4 ,= if we assume t ! bird has previ\sly acquir$ an initial m9imum spe$ ( sev5te5 miles an h\r 7#bd4ic feet p] second1 ne>ly ! l[e/ measur$71 & t ! air 0 ris+ v]tically six miles an h\r 7#h4hj feet p] second71 !n we h z ! tr5d ( ! relative w9d enc\nt]$3 #f -- #j4cec1 or ! tang5t ( #ai degrees #bf'4 #ag :i* br+s ! case into ! category ( ris+ w9d effects4 ,b ! bird 0 obs]v$ to h a negative angle to ! horizon ( ab\t #c degrees1 z ne> z c\ld be guess$1 s t 8 angle ( incid5ce to ! relative w9d 0 r$uc$ to #af degrees #bf'4 ,! relative spe$ ( 8 so>+ 0 !re=e3 ,velocity squ>e root ( 7#ag squ>$ #f squ>$7 #ah4jc miles p] h\r4 ,at ?is spe$1 us+ ! ,langley co-effici5t rec5tly practically confirm$ by ! accurate exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,eiffel1 ! air pressure w\ld be3 #ah4jc squ>$ ,x #j4jjcbg #a4jfc p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,if we apply ,lili5?al's co-effici5ts = an angle ( #f degrees #bf'1 we h = ! =ce 9 action3 ,normal3 #d4eg ,x #a4jfc ,x #j4iab #d4db p\nds4 ,tang5tial3 #d4eg ,x #a4jfc ,x #j4jgd - #j4cei p\nds1 :i* latt]1 be+ negative1 is a propell+ =ce4 ,results ,a/oni% ,sci5ti/s4 ,?us we h a bird weigh+ #d4be p\nds n only ?or\ghly support$1 b impell$ =w>d by a =ce ( #j4cei p\nds1 at sev5te5 miles p] h\r1 :ile ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,a4 ,f4 ,zahm %[$ t ! resi/ance at #ae4eb miles p] h\r 0 only #j4bg p\nds1 #ag squ>$ or #j4bg ,x ------- #j4cbd p\nds1 at sev5te5 miles an #ae4eb squ>$ h\r4 ,^! are a/oni%+ results f ! data obta9$1 & !y lead to ! inquiry :e!r ! en]gy ( ! ris+ air is suffici5t to make up ! losses :i* occur by reason ( ! resi/ance & friction ( ! bird's body & w+s1 :i*1 be+ r\nd$1 d n enc\nt] air pressures 9 proportion to _! maximum cross-section4 ,we h no accurate data ^u ! co-effici5ts to apply & e/imates made by myself prov$ to be mu* small] ?an ! #j4bg p\nds resi/ance measur$ by ,pr(essor ,zahm1 s t we w figure ) ! latt] z modifi$4 ,z ! spe$ is sev5te5 miles p] h\r1 or #bd4ic feet p] second1 we h = ! "w3 ,"w done1 #j4cbd ,x #bd4ic #h4jg foot p\nds p] second4 ,endors$ by ,pr(4 ,m>v94 ,correspond+ en]gy ( ris+ air is n suffici5t at f\r miles p] h\r4 ,?is am\nts to b #b4aj foot p\nds p] second1 b if we assume t ! air 0 ris+ at ! rate ( sev5 miles p] h\r 7#aj4bf feet p] second71 at :i* ! pressure ) ! ,langley coeffici5t w\ld be #j4af p\nds p] squ>e foot1 we h on #d4eg squ>e feet = en]gy ( ris+ air3 #d4eg ,x #j4af ,x #aj4bf #g4ej foot p\nds p] second1 :i* is se5 to be /ill a little too small1 b well )9 ! limits ( error1 9 view ( ! holl[ %ape ( ! bird's w+s1 :i* receive great] pressure ?an ! flat planes exp]im5t$ ^u by ,langley4 ,^! computations 7 *iefly made 9 ,janu>y1 #ahii1 & 7 communicat$ to a few fri5ds1 :o f\nd no fallacy 9 !m1 b ?\ght t few aviators w\ld und]/& !m if publi%$4 ,!y 7 !n submitt$ to ,pr(essor ,c4 ,f4 ,m>v9 ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 :o is well kn[n z a skillful physici/ & ma!matician4 ,he wrote t !y 71 !oretically1 entirely s\nd & quantitatively1 probably1 z accurate z ! pres5t /ate ( ! measurem5ts ( w9d pressures p]mitt$4 ,! writ] det]m9$1 h[ev]1 to )hold publication until ! feat ( so>+ flight _h be5 p]=m$ by man1 p>tly because he believ$ t1 to ensure safety1 x w\ld be necess>y t ! ma*9e %\ld be equipp$ ) a motor 9 ord] to supplem5t any defici5cy 9 w9d =ce4 ,conditions ,unfavorable = ,wrights4 ,! feat w\ld h be5 attempt$ 9 #aijb by ,wright bro!rs if ! local circum/ances _h be5 m favorable4 ,!y 7 exp]im5t+ on ,kill ,devil ,hill1 ne> ,kitty ,hawk1 ,n4 ,c4 ,?is s& hill1 ab\t #ajj feet high1 is bord]$ by a smoo? bea* on ! side :5ce come ! sea breezes1 b has m>%y gr\nd at ! back4 ,wright bro!rs 7 appreh5sive t if !y rose on ! asc5d+ curr5t ( air at ! front & began to circle l ! birds1 !y might be c>ri$ by ! desc5d+ curr5t pa/ ! back ( ! hill & l& 9 ! m>%4 ,_! glid+ ma*9e (f]$ no great] head resi/ance 9 proportion ?an ! buzz>d1 & _! glid+ angles ( desc5t are practically z favorable1 b ! birds p]=m$ high] up 9 ! air ?an !y4 ,langley's ,idea ( ,aviation4 ,pr(essor ,langley said 9 conclud+ 8 pap] ^u ,! ,int]nal ,"w ( ! ,w9d3 ,! f9al application ( ^! pr9ciples to ! art ( a]odromics seems1 !n1 to be1 t :ile x is n likely t ! p]fect$ a]odrome w ev] be able to disp5se altoge!r ) ! ability to rely at int]vals on "s int]nal s\rce ( p[]1 x w n be indisp5sable t ?is a]odrome ( ! future %all1 9 ord] to g any di/ance--ev5 to circumnavigate ! globe )\t alight+--ne$ to c>ry a weight ( fuel :i* w\ld enable x to p]=m ?is j\rney "u conditions analog\s to ^? ( a /eam%ip1 b t ! fuel & weight ne$ only be su* z to enable x to take c>e ( itself 9 exceptional mom5ts ( calm4 ,n[ t dynamic fly+ ma*9es h be5 evolv$ & are be+ br\ght "u control1 x seems to be wor? :ile to make ^! computations & ! succe$+ explanations kn[n1 s t "s bold man w attempt ! feat ( so>+ l a bird4 ,! !ory und]ly+ ! p]=mance 9 a ris+ w9d is n new1 x has be5 sugge/$ by ,p5aud & o!rs1 b x has attract$ little att5tion because ! exact data & ! maneuv]s requir$ 7 n kn[n & ! feat _h n yet be5 p]=m$ by a man4 ,! puzzle has always be5 to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ act 9 v light w9ds1 & x is hop$ t by ! pres5t selection ( ! mo/ difficult case to expla9--i4 e41 ! so>+ 9 a dead horizontal calm--somebody w attempt ! exploit4 ,requisites = ,so>+ ,flights4 ,! foll[+ are deem$ to be ! requisites & maneuv]s to ma/] ! secrets ( so>+ flight3 #a/--,develop a dynamic fly+ ma*9e weigh+ ab\t "o p\nd p] squ>e foot ( area1 ) /able equilibrium & "u p]fect control1 capable ( glid+ by gravity at angles ( "o 9 t5 7#e #c_/d degrees7 9 /ill air4 #bnd4--,select locations :]e so>+ birds ab\nd & occasions :]e ris+ tr5ds ( g5tle w9ds are frequ5t & to be reli$ on4 #crd4--,obta9 an initial velocity ( at lea/ #be feet p] second be=e attempt+ to so>4 #d?4--,s locate ! c5t] ( gravity t ! app>atus %all assume a negative angle1 =e & aft1 ( ab\t #c degrees4 ,calculations %[1 h[ev]1 t suffici5t propell+ =ce may /ill exi/ at #j degrees1 b disappe>s entirely at #d degrees4 #e?4--,circle l ! bird4 ,simultane\sly ) ! /e]+1 incl9e ! app>atus to ! side t[>d :i* x is desir$ to turn1 s t ! c5trifugal =ce %all be balanc$ by ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,! am\nt ( ! requir$ incl9ation dep5ds ^u ! spe$ & on ! radius ( ! circle swept ov]4 #f?4--,rise spirally l ! bird4 ,/e] ) ! horizontal rudd]1 s z to desc5d slightly :5 go+ ) ! w9d & to asc5d :5 go+ aga9/ ! w9d4 ,! bird circles ov] "o spot because ! ris+ tr5ds ( w9d are g5]ally conf9$ to small areas or local *imneys1 z po9t$ out by ,sir ,h4 ,maxim & o!rs4 #g?4--,once altitude is ga9$1 progress may be made 9 any direction by glid+ d[nw>d by gravity4 ,! bird's fly+ app>atus & skill are z yet inf9itely sup]ior to ^? ( man1 b !re are indications t )9 a few ye>s ! latt] may evolve m accurately proportion$ app>atus & obta9 absolute control ov] x4 ,x is hop$1 !re=e1 t if !re be f\nd no radical error 9 ! above computations1 !y w c>ry ! conviction t so>+ flight is n inaccessible to man1 z x promises great economies ( motive p[] 9 favorable localities ( ris+ w9ds4 ,! writ] w be grateful to exp]ts :o may po9t out any mi/ake committ$ 9 data or calculations1 & w furni% additional in=mation to any aviator :o may wi% to attempt ! feat ( so>+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,,vs4 ,,balloons4 ,:ile wond]ful success has att5d$ ! developm5t ( ! dirigible 7/e]able7 balloon ! mo/ ard5t advocates ( ?is =m ( a]ial navigation admit t x has s]i\s drawbacks4 ,"s ( ^! may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,exp5se & ,o!r ,items4 ,great ,initial ,exp5se4--,! mod]n dirigible balloon co/s a =tune4 ,! ,zeppel91 = in/ance1 co/s m ?an #ajj1jjj 7^! are (ficial figures74 ,exp5se ( ,inflation4--,gas evaporates rapidly1 & a balloon mu/ be re-inflat$1 or p>tially re-inflat$1 e "t x is us$4 ,! ,zeppel9 holds #dfj1jjj cubic feet ( gas :i*1 ev5 at #a p] ?\s&1 w\ld co/ #dfj4 ,difficulty ( ,obta9+ ,gas4--,if a balloon sudd5ly becomes deflat$1 by accid5t or atmosph]ic conditions1 f> f a s\rce ( gas supply1 x is practically wor?less4 ,gas mu/ be pip$ to x1 or ! balloon c>t$ to ! gas h\se--an exp5sive proce$+ 9 ei!r ev5t4 ,lack ( ,spe$ & ,control4 ,lack ( ,spe$4--,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions ! maximum spe$ ( a balloon is #cj miles an h\r4 ,its great bulk makes ! high spe$ atta9$ by fly+ ma*9es impossible4 ,difficulty ( ,control4--,:ile ! mod]n dirigible balloon is readily h&l$ 9 calm or light w9ds1 its bulk makes x difficult to control 9 heavy w9ds4 ,! ,elem5t ( ,dang]4--,num]\s balloons h be5 de/roy$ by lightn+ & simil> causes4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ,zeppel9s 0 ?us lo/ at ,/uttg>t 9 #aijh4 ,"s ,balloon ,p]=mances4 ,x is only a matt] ( fairness to /ate t1 "u favorable conditions1 "s v cr$itable records h be5 made ) mod]n balloons1 viz3 ,novemb] #bc;d1 #aijg1 ! ,fr5* dirigible ,patrie1 travell$ #ahg miles 9 #f h\rs & #de m9utes aga9/ a light w9d4 ,?is 0 a little ov] #bh miles an h\r4 ,! ,clem5t-,bay>d1 ano!r ,fr5* ma*9e1 sold to ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 made a trip ( #abe miles at a rate ( #bg miles an h\r4 ,zeppel9 ,no4 #c1 c>ry+ eight pass5g]s1 & hav+ a total lift+ capacity ( #e1ejj p\nds ( balla/ 9 addition to pass5g]s1 weight ( equipm5t1 etc41 0 te/$ 9 ,octob]1 #aijf1 & made #fg miles 9 #b h\rs & #ag m9utes1 ab\t #cj miles an h\r4 ,^! are ! be/ balloon trips on record1 & %[ =cefully ! limitations ( spe$1 ! greate/ be+ n ov] #cj miles an h\r4 ,spe$ ( ,fly+ ,ma*9es4 ,oppos$ to ! balloon p]=mances we h fly+ ma*9e trips 7( au!ntic records7 z foll[s3 ,bl]iot--monoplane--9 #aijh--eb miles an h\r4 ,delagrange--,june #bb1 #aijh--aj #a_/b miles 9 #af m9utes1 approximately #db miles an h\r4 ,wrights--,octob]1 #aije--! ma*9e 0 !n 9 its infancy--#bd miles 9 #ch m9utes1 approximately #dd miles an h\r4 ,on ,decemb] #ca1 #aijh1 ! ,wrights made #gg miles 9 #b h\rs & #bj m9utes4 ,lamb]t1 a pupil ( ! ,wrights1 & us+ a ,wright biplane1 on ,octob] #ah1 #aiji1 cov]$ #bi4hb miles 9 #di m9utes & #ci seconds1 be+ at ! rate ( #cf miles an h\r4 ,?is flight 0 made at a height ( #a1cab feet4 ,la?am--,octob] #ba1 #aiji--made a %ort flight1 ab\t #aa m9utes1 9 ! tee? ( a #dj mile gale1 at ,blackpool1 ,eng4 ,he us$ an ,antoniette monoplane1 & ! (ficial report says3 ,?is exhibition ( n]ve1 d>+ & ability is unp>all$ 9 ! hi/ory ( aviation4 ,f>man--,octob] #bj1 #aiji--0 9 ! air = #a h\r1 #cb m941 #af seconds1 travell+ #dg miles1 #a1ahd y>ds1 a duration record = ,engl&4 ,paulhan--,janu>y #ah1 #aija--dg #a_/b miles at ! rate ( #de miles an h\r1 ma9ta9+ an altitude ( f #a1jjj to #b1jjj feet4 ,exp5se ( ,produc+ ,gas4 ,gas is indisp5sable 9 ! op]ation ( dirigible balloons1 & gas is exp5sive4 ,besides ?is x is n always possible to obta9 x 9 suffici5t quantities ev5 9 l>ge cities1 z ! supply on h& is g5]ally ne$$ = regul> cu/om]s4 ,su* z c be _h is ei!r wat] or coal gas1 nei!r ( :i* is z effici5t 9 lift+ p[] z hydrog54 ,hydrog5 is ! lighte/ & consequ5tly ! mo/ buoyant ( all kn[n gases4 ,x is secur$ comm]cially by treat+ z9c or iron ) dilute sulphuric or hydro*loric acid4 ,! av]age co/ may be safely plac$ at #aj p] #a1jjj feet s t1 to inflate a balloon ( ! size ( ! ,zeppel91 hold+ #dfj1jjj cubic feet1 w\ld co/ #d1fjj4 ,proportions ( ,mat]ials ,requir$4 ,9 mak+ hydrog5 gas x is cu/om>y to all[ #bj p] c5t = loss betwe5 ! g5]ation & ! introduction ( ! gas into ! balloon4 ,?us1 :ile ! =mula calls = iron #bh times heavi] ?an ! weight ( ! hydrog5 requir$1 & acid #di times heavi]1 ! real quantities are #bj p] c5t great]4 ,hydrog5 weighs ab\t #j4ji ounce to ! cubic foot4 ,consequ5tly if we ne$ say #dej1jjj cubic feet ( gas we mu/ h #b1eca4be p\nds 9 weight4 ,to produce ?is1 all[+ = ! #bj p]c5t loss1 we mu/ h #ce times its weight 9 iron1 or ov] #dd tons4 ,( acid x w\ld take #fj times ! weight ( ! gas1 or ne>ly #gf tons4 ,9 ,"t ( ,em]g5cy4 ,^! figures are appall+1 & "u ord9>y conditions w\ld be prohibitive1 b !re are times :5 ! balloon op]ator1 unable to obta9 wat] or coal gas1 mu/ foot ! bills4 ,9 milit>y maneuv]s1 :]e ! field ( op]ation is fix$1 x is possible to furni% supplies ( hydrog5 gas 9 portable cyl9d]s1 b on long trips :]e sudd5 leakage or o!r cause makes desc5t 9 an unexpect$ spot unavoidable1 x becomes a "q ( mak+ y\r own hydrog5 gas or des]t+ ! balloon4 ,& :5 ?is occurs ! ballooni/ is up aga9/ ano!r s]i\s proposition--c he f9d ! necess>y z9c or iron8 ,c he get ! acid8 ,balloons = ,comm]cial ,use4 ,despite all ?is ! balloon has its uses4 ,if !re is to be su* a ?+ z a]ial navigation 9 a comm]cial way--! c>ry+ ( freight & pass5g]s--x w come ?r\gh ! employm5t ( su* mon/] balloons z ,c\nt ,zeppel9 is build+4 ,b ev5 !n ! c>ry+ capacity mu/ ( necessity be limit$4 ,! late/ ,zeppel9 creation1 a mon/] 9 size1 is #dej feet long1 & #db #a_/b feet 9 diamet]4 ,! dim5sions are su* z to make all o!r balloons look l pigmies2 ev5 _m ocean-go+ /eam]s are mu* small]1 & yet its pass5g] capacity is v small4 ,on its #cf-;h\r flight 9 ,may1 #aiji1 ! ,zeppel91 c>ri$ only eight pass5g]s4 ,! spe$1 h[ev]1 0 q respectable1 #hej miles be+ cov]$ 9 ! #cf h\rs1 a trifle ov] #bc miles an h\r4 ,! res]ve buoyancy1 t is ! total lift+ capacity aside f ! weight ( ! air%ip & its equipm5t1 is e/imat$ at ?ree tons4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,problems ,,( ,,a]ial ,,flight4 ,9 a lecture be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,arts1 report$ 9 ,eng9e]+1 ,f4 ,w4 ,lan*e/] took ! position t practical flight 0 n ! ab/ract "q :i* "s app>5tly consid]$ x to be1 b a problem 9 locomotive eng9e]+4 ,! fly+ ma*9e 0 a locomotive appliance1 design$ n m]ely to lift a weight1 b to transport x else:]e1 a fact :i* %\ld be suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,nev]!less "o ( ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ! day advocat$ a type 9 :i* ?is1 ! ma9 function ( ! fly+ ma*9e1 0 ov]look$4 ,:5 ! ma*9e 0 consid]$ z a me?od ( transport1 ! v]tical screw type1 or helicopt]1 became at once ridicul\s4 ,x _h1 nev]!less1 _m advocates :o _h "s vague & ill-def9$ notion ( subsequ5t motion ?r\gh ! air aft] ! weight 0 rais$4 ,helicopt] ,type ,useless4 ,:5 effici5cy ( transport 0 dem&$1 ! helicopt] type 0 entirely out ( c\rt4 ,almo/ all ( its advocates neglect$ ! effect ( ! motion ( ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air on ! effici5cy ( ! v]tical screws4 ,!y ei!r assum$ t ! motion 0 s sl[ z n to matt]1 or t a pat* ( /ill air accompani$ ! ma*9e 9 its flight4 ,only "o =m ( ?is type _h any possibility ( success4 ,9 ?is !re 7 two screws runn+ on incl9$ axles--"o on ea* side ( ! weight to be lift$4 ,! action ( su* incl9$ screw 0 curi\s1 & 9 a previ\s lecture he _h po9t$ out t x 0 almo/ exactly ! same z t ( a bird's w+4 ,9 high-spe$ rac+ craft su* incl9$ screws 7 ( necessity (t5 us$1 b x 0 at a sacrifice ( _! effici5cy4 ,9 any case ! effici5cy ( ! incl9$-screw helicopt] c\ld n comp>e ) t ( an a]oplane1 & t type might be dismiss$ f consid]ation s soon z effici5cy became ! rul+ factor ( ! design4 ,mu/ ,compete ,) ,locomotive4 ,to ju/ify itself ! a]oplane mu/ compete1 9 "s reg>d or o!r1 ) o!r locomotive appliances1 p]=m+ "o or m ( ! purposes ( locomotion m effici5tly ?an exi/+ sy/ems4 ,x w\ld be no use unless able to /em air curr5ts1 s t its velocity mu/ be great] ?an t ( ! wor/ w9ds liable to be enc\nt]$4 ,to illu/rate ! limitations impos$ on ! motion ( an a]oplane by w9d velocity1 ,mr4 ,lan*e/] gave ! diagrams %[n 9 ,figs4 #a to #d4 ,! circle 9 ea* case 01 he said1 describ$ ) a radius equal to ! spe$ ( ! a]oplane 9 /ill air1 f a c5t] plac$ d[n-w9d f ! a]oplane by an am\nt equal to ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,fig4 #a !re=e repres5t$ ! case 9 :i* ! air 0 /ill1 & 9 ?is case ! a]oplane repres5t$ by ,a _h p]fect lib]ty ( movem5t 9 any direction ,9 ,fig4 #b ! velocity ( ! w9d 0 half t ( ! a]oplane1 & ! latt] c\ld /ill navigate 9 any direction1 b its spe$ aga9/ ! w9d 0 only "o-?ird ( its spe$ ) ! w9d4 ,9 ,fig4 #c ! velocity ( ! w9d 0 equal to t ( ! a]oplane1 & !n motion aga9/ ! w9d 0 impossible2 b x c\ld move to any po9t ( ! circle1 b n to any po9t ly+ to ! left ( ! tang5t ,a ,b4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! w9d _h a great] spe$ ?an ! a]oplane1 z 9 ,fig4 #d1 ! ma*9e c\ld move only 9 directions limit$ by ! tang5ts ,a ,c & ,a ,d4 ,matt] ( ,fuel ,consumption4 ,tak+ ! case 9 :i* ! w9d _h a spe$ equal to half t ( ! a]oplane1 ,mr4 ,lan*e/] said t = a giv5 j\rney out & home1 d[n w9d & back1 ! a]oplane w\ld require #cj p] c5t m fuel ?an if ! trip 7 made 9 /ill air2 :ile if ! j\rney 0 made at "r angles to ! direction ( ! w9d ! fuel ne$$ w\ld be #ae p] c5t m ?an 9 a calm4 ,?is #cj p] c5t extra 0 q a heavy en\gh addition to ! fuel2 & to secure ev5 ?is figure x 0 necess>y t ! a]oplane %\ld h a spe$ ( twice t ( ! maximum w9d 9 :i* x 0 desir$ to op]ate ! ma*9e4 ,aga91 z /at$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 to insure ! automatic /ability ( ! ma*9e x 0 necess>y t ! a]oplane spe$ %\ld be l>gely 9 excess ( t ( ! gu/s ( w9d liable to be enc\nt]$4 ,ecc5tricities ( ! ,w9d4 ,!re 01 ,mr4 ,lan*e/] said1 a loose connection betwe5 ! av]age velocity ( ! w9d & ! maximum spe$ ( ! gu/s4 ,:5 ! av]age spe$ ( ! w9d 0 #dj miles p] h\r1 t ( ! gu/s might be equal or m4 ,at "o mom5t !re might be a calm or ! direction ( ! w9d ev5 rev]s$1 foll[$1 ! next mom5t1 by a viol5t gu/4 ,ab\t ! same m9imum spe$ 0 desirable = security aga9/ gu/s z 0 dem&$ by o!r consid]ations4 ,sixty miles an h\r 0 ! lea/ figure desirable 9 an a]oplane1 & ?is %\ld be exce$$ z mu* z possible4 ,actually1 ! ,wright ma*9e _h a spe$ ( #ch miles p] h\r1 :ile ,f>man's ,vois9 ma*9e flew at #de miles p] h\r4 ,bo? ma*9es 7 extremely s5sitive to high w9ds1 & ! speak]1 9 spite ( newspap] reports to ! contr>y1 _h nev] se5 ei!r fl[n 9 m ?an a g5tle breeze4 ,! damp+ out ( ! oscillations ( ! flight pa?1 discuss$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 increas$ ) ! f\r? p[] ( ! natural velocity ( flight1 & rapid damp+ =m$ ! easie/1 & sometimes ! only1 def5se aga9/ dang]\s oscillations4 ,a ma*9e j /able at #ce miles p] h\r w\ld h reasonably rapid damp+ if its spe$ 7 increas$ to #fj miles p] h\r4 ,?9ks ,use ,is ,limit$4 ,x 01 ! lectur] proce$$1 inconceivable t any v ext5d$ use %\ld be made ( ! a]oplane unless ! spe$ 0 mu* great] ?an t ( ! motor c>4 ,x might 9 special cases be ( s]vice1 ap>t f ?is increase ( spe$1 z 9 ! exploration ( c\ntries de/itute ( roads1 b x w\ld h no g5]al utility4 ,) an automobile av]ag+ #be to #ce miles p] h\r1 almo/ any "p ( ,europe1 ,russia except$1 0 atta9able 9 a day's j\rney4 ,a fly+ ma*9e ( b equal spe$ w\ld h no advantages1 b if ! spe$ c\ld be rais$ to #ij or #ajj miles p] h\r1 ! :ole cont95t ( ,europe w\ld become a playgr\nd1 e "p be+ )9 a daylight flight ( ,b]l94 ,fur!r1 "s m>9e craft n[ _h spe$s ( #dj miles p] h\r1 & effici5tly to foll[ up & report movem5ts ( su* vessels an a]oplane %\ld travel at #fj miles p] h\r at lea/4 ,h5ce f all po9ts ( view appe>$ ! imp]ative desirability ( v high velocities ( flight4 ,! difficulties ( a*ievem5t 71 h[ev]1 great4 ,weight ( ,lighte/ ,motors4 ,z %[n 9 ! fir/ lecture ( 8 c\rse1 ! resi/ance to motion 0 ne>ly indep5d5t ( ! velocity1 s t ! total "w done 9 transport+ a giv5 weight 0 ne>ly con/ant4 ,h5ce ! "q ( fuel economy 0 n a b> to high velocities ( flight1 ?\gh %\ld ^! become excessive1 ! body resi/ance might con/itute a l>ge proportion ( ! total4 ,! horsep[] requir$ v>i$ z ! velocity1 s ! factor gov]n+ ! maximum velocity ( flight 0 ! horsep[] t c\ld be develop$ on a giv5 weight4 ,at pres5t ! weight p] horsep[] ( fea!r-weight motors appe>$ to range f #b #a_/d p\nds up to #g p\nds p] brake horsep[]1 "s actual figures be+ z foll[s3 ,anto9ette44444444 #e lbs4 ,fiat44444444444444 #c lbs4 ,gnome4444444 ,"u #c lbs4 ,metallurgic4444444 #h lbs4 ,r5ault44444444444 #g lbs4 ,wright4444444444444#f lbs4 ,automobile eng9es1 on ! o!r h&1 commonly weigh$ #ab p\nds to #ac p\nds p] brake horsep[]4 ,= %ort flights fuel economy 0 ( less importance ?an a sav+ 9 ! weight ( ! eng9e4 ,= long flights1 h[ev]1 ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,?us1 if ! gasol5e consumption 0 #a_/b p\nd p] horsep[] h\r1 & ! eng9e weigh$ #c p\nds p] brake horsep[]1 ! fuel ne$$ = a six-h\r flight w\ld weigh z mu* z ! eng9e1 b = half an h\r's flight its weight w\ld be unimportant4 ,be/ ,means ( ,propulsion4 ,! be/ me?od ( propulsion 0 by ! screw1 :i* act+ 9 air 0 subject to mu* ! same conditions z obta9$ 9 m>9e "w4 ,its effici5cy dep5d$ on its diamet] & pit* & on its position1 :e!r 9 front ( or beh9d ! body propell$4 ,f ?is !ory ( dynamic support1 ,mr4 ,lan*e/] proce$$1 ! effici5cy ( ea* elem5t ( a screw propell] c\ld be repres5t$ by curves su* z 7 giv5 9 8 fir/ lecture be=e ! society1 & f ^! curves ! ov]-all effici5cy ( any propos$ propell] c\ld be comput$1 by m]e inspection1 ) a fair degree ( accuracy4 ,^! curves %[$ t ! tips ( long-blad$ propell]s 7 ineffici5t1 z 0 also ! portion ( ! blade ne> ! root4 ,9 actual m>9e practice ! blade f boss to tip 0 commonly ( su* a l5g? t ! ov]-all effici5cy 0 #ie p] c5t ( t ( ! mo/ effici5t elem5t ( x4 ,advocates ,propell]s 9 ,re>4 ,f ^! curves ! diamet] & appropriate pit* ( a screw c\ld be calculat$1 & ! numb] ( revolutions 0 !n fix$4 ,?us1 = a spe$ ( #hj feet p] second ! pit* might come out z #h feet1 9 :i* case ! revolutions w\ld be #fjj p] m9ute1 :i* might1 h[ev]1 be too l[ = ! motor4 ,x 0 !n necess>y ei!r to ge> d[n ! propell]1 z 0 done 9 ! ,wright ma*9e1 or1 if x 0 decid$ to drive x direct1 to sacrifice "s ( ! effici5cy ( ! propell]4 ,an analog\s case arose 9 ! application ( ! /eam turb9e to ! propulsion ( c>go boats1 a problem z yet unsolv$4 ,! propell] %\ld always be aft1 s t x c\ld ab/ract en]gy f ! wake curr5t1 & also s t its wa% 0 cle> ( ! body propell$4 ,! be/ possible effici5cy 0 ab\t #gj p] c5t1 & x 0 safe to rely ^u #ff p] c5t4 ,b5efits ( ,so>+ ,flight4 ,!re 01 ,mr4 ,lan*e/] proce$$1 "s possibility ( ! a]onaut r$uc+ ! p[] ne$$ = transport by 8 adopt+ ! pr9ciple ( so>+ flight1 z exemplifi$ by "s birds4 ,!re 71 he cont9u$1 two diff]5t modes ( so>+ flight4 ,9 ! "o ! bird made use ( ! upw>d curr5t ( air (t5 to be f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( /eep v]tical cliffs4 ,^! cliffs deflect$ ! air upw>d long be=e x actually rea*$ ! cliff1 a :ole region bel[ be+ ?us ! seat ( an upw>d curr5t4 ,d>w9 has not$ t ! condor 0 only to be f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( su* cliffs4 ,along ! s\? coa/ also ! gulls made frequ5t use ( ! up curr5ts due to ! ne>ly p]p5dicul> *alk cliffs along ! %ore4 ,9 ! tropics up curr5ts 7 also caus$ by temp]ature diff]5ces4 ,cumulus cl\ds1 moreov]1 7 ne>ly always ! t]m9ations ( su* up curr5ts ( heat$ air1 :i*1 on cool+ by expansion 9 ! upp] regions1 deposit$ _! moi/ure z fog4 ,^! cl\ds might1 p]haps1 prove useful 9 ! future 9 %[+ ! a]onaut :]e up curr5ts 7 to be f\nd4 ,ano!r mode ( so>+ flight 0 t adopt$ by ! albatross1 :i* took advantage ( ! fact t ! air mov$ 9 pulsations1 into :i* ! bird fitt$ itself1 be+ ?us able to extract en]gy f ! w9d4 ,:e!r x w\ld be possible = ! a]onaut to employ a simil> me?od mu/ be left to ! future to decide4 ,ma9 ,difficulties 9 ,aviation4 ,9 practical flight difficulties arose 9 />t+ & 9 alight+4 ,!re 0 a l[] limit to ! spe$ at :i* ! ma*9e 0 /able1 & x 0 inadvisable to leave ! gr\nd till ?is limit 0 atta9$4 ,simil>ly1 9 alight+ x 0 inexp$i5t to r$uce ! spe$ bel[ ! limit ( /ability4 ,?is fact con/itut$ a difficulty 9 ! adoption ( high spe$s1 s9ce ! l5g? ( run ne$$ increas$ 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,?is drawback c\ld1 h[ev]1 be surm\nt$ by =m+ />t+ & alight+ gr\nds ( ample size4 ,he ?\ght x q likely 9 ! future t su* gr\nds w\ld be consid]$ z ess5tial to ! fly+ ma*9e z a seaport 0 to an ocean-go+ /eam] or z a road 0 to ! automobile4 ,requisites ( ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 ,fly+ ma*9es 7 commonly divid$ into monoplanes & biplanes1 accord+ z !y _h "o or two support+ surfaces4 ,! di/9ction 0 n1 h[ev]1 fundam5tal4 ,to get ! requisite /r5g? "s =m ( gird] framework 0 necess>y1 & x 0 a m]e "q ( conv5i5ce :e!r ! support+ surface 0 arrang$ along bo? ! top & ! bottom ( ?is gird]1 or along ! bottom only4 ,! framework adopt$ univ]sally 0 ( wood brac$ by ties ( pian(orte wire1 an arrangem5t giv+ ! /iffness desir$ ) ! lea/ possible weight4 ,"s k9d ( *assis 0 also necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,amateurs ,,may ,,use ,,wright ,,pat5ts4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! ,wright bro!rs h enjo9$ a numb] ( pr(essional aviators f us+ _! sy/em ( control1 amateurs h be5 sl[ to adopt x4 ,!y recognize its m]its1 & w\ld l to use ! sy/em1 b h be5 appreh5sive t x might involve !m 9 litigation4 ,!re is no dang] ( ?is1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ /atem5t made by ! ,wrights3 ,:at ,wright ,bro!rs ,say4 ,any amateur1 any pr(essional :o is n exhibit+ = money1 is at lib]ty to use our pat5t$ devices4 ,we %all be glad to h !m d s1 & !re w be no int]f]5ce on our "p1 by legal action1 or o!rwise4 ,! only m5 we proce$ aga9/ are ^? :o1 )\t our p]mission1 )\t ev5 ask+ our cons5t1 coolly appropriate ! results ( our labors & use !m = ! purpose ( mak+ money4 ,curtiss1 ,delagrange1 ,vois91 & all ! re/ ( !m :o h us$ our devices h done s 9 money-mak+ exhibitions4 ,s long z !re is any money to be made by ! use ( ! products ( our bra9s1 we propose to h x ourselves4 ,x is ! only way 9 :i* we c get any return = ! ye>s ( pati5t "w we h giv5 to ! problem ( aviation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any man :o wants to use ^! devices = ! purpose ( pleasure1 or ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 is welcome to d s1 )\t money & )\t price4 ,?is is fair en\gh1 is x n8 ,basis ( ! ,wright ,pat5ts4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e a normally flat a]oplane hav+ lat]al m>g9al portions capable ( movem5t to diff]5t positions above or bel[ ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 su* movem5t be+ ab\t an axis transv]se to ! l9e ( flight1 :]eby said lat]al m>g9al portions may be mov$ to diff]5t angles relatively to ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 s z to pres5t to ! atmosph]e diff]5t angles ( incid5ce1 & means = s mov+ said lat]al m>g9al portions1 sub/antially z describ$4 ,application ( v]tical /ruts ne> ! ends hav+ flexible jo9ts4 ,means = simultane\sly imp>t+ su* movem5t to said lat]al portions to diff]5t angles relatively to ea* o!r4 ,ref]s to ! movem5t ( ! lat]al portions on ! same side to ! same angle4 ,means = simultane\sly mov+ v]tical rudd] s z to pres5t to ! w9d t side !re( ne>e/ ! side ( ! a]oplane hav+ ! smalle/ angle ( incid5ce4 ,lat]al /ability is obta9$ by w>p+ ! end w+s by mov+ ! lev] at ! "r h& ( ! op]ator1 connection be+ made by wires f ! lev] to ! w+ tips4 ,! rudd] may also be curv$ or w>p$ 9 simil> mann] by lev] action4 ,wrights ,obta9 an ,injunction4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiaj1 ,judge ,hazel1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,c\rt1 grant$ a prelim9>y injunction re/ra9+ ! ,h]r+-,curtiss ,co41 & ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss1 f manufactur+1 sell+1 or us+ = exhibition purposes ! ma*9e kn[n z ! ,curtiss a]oplane4 ,! injunction 0 obta9$ on ! gr\nd t ! ,curtiss ma*9e is an infr+em5t ^u ! ,wright pat5ts 9 ! matt] ( w+ w>p+ & rudd] control4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ! au?ors to discuss ! subject pro or con4 ,su* discussion w\ld h no prop] place 9 a volume ( ?is k9d4 ,x is en\gh to say t ,curtiss /\tly insi/s t 8 ma*9e is n an infr+em5t ( ! ,wright pat5ts1 al?\gh ,judge ,hazel evid5tly ?9ks diff]5tly4 ,:at ! ,judge ,said4 ,9 grant+ ! prelim9>y injunction ! judge said3 ,def5dants claim g5]ally t ! diff]5ce 9 con/ruction ( _! app>atus causes ! equilibrium or lat]al balance to be ma9ta9$ & its a]ial movem5t secur$ ^u an entirely diff]5t pr9ciple f t ( compla9ant2 ! def5dants' a]oplanes are curv$1 firmly atta*$ to ! /an*ions & h5ce are incapable ( twi/+ or turn+ 9 any direction2 t ! supplem5t>y planes or s-call$ rudd]s are secur$ to ! =w>d /an*ion at ! extreme lat]al ends ( ! planes & are adju/$ midway betwe5 ! upp] & l[] planes ) ! m>g9s ext5d+ beyond ! edges2 t 9 mov+ ! supplem5t>y planes equal & uni=m angles ( incid5ce are pres5t$ z di/+ui%$ f fluctuat+ angles ( incid5ce4 ,su* claim$ functional effects1 h[ev]1 are /rongly contradict$ by ! exp]t witness = compla9ant4 ,simil> to ,plan ( ,wrights4 ,^u ?is cont5tion x is suffici5t to say t ! affidavits = ! compla9ant s cle>ly def9e ! pr9ciple ( op]ation ( ! fly+ ma*9es 9 "q t ,i am reasonably satisfi$ t !re is a v>iabl5ess ( ! angle ( incid5ce 9 ! ma*9e ( def5dants :i* is produc$ :5 a supplem5t>y plane on "o side is tilt$ or rais$ & ! o!r /imultane\sly tilt$ or l[]$4 ,i am also satisfi$ t ! re> rudd] is turn$ by ! op]ator to ! side hav+ ! lea/ angle ( incid5ce & t su* turn+ is done at ! "t ! supplem5t>y planes are rais$ or depress$ to prev5t tilt+ or upsett+ ! ma*9e4 ,on ! pap]s pres5t$ ,i incl9e to ! view1 z already indicat$1 t ! claims ( ! pat5t 9 suit %\ld be broadly con/ru$2 & :5 giv5 su* con/ruction1 ! elem5ts ( ! ,wright ma*9e are f\nd 9 def5dants' ma*9e p]=m+ ! same functional result4 ,!re are dissimil>ities 9 ! def5dants' /ructure--*anges ( =m & /r5g!n+ ( p>ts--:i* may be improvem5ts1 b su* dissimil>ities seem to me to h no be>+ ^u ! means adopt$ to pres]ve ! equilibrium1 :i* means are ! equival5t ( ! claims 9 suit & atta9 an id5tical result4 ,v>iance ,f ,pat5t ,immat]ial4 ,def5dants fur!r cont5d t ! curv$ or ar*$ surfaces ( ! ,wright a]oplanes 9 comm]cial use are dep>tures f ! pat5t1 :i* describes 'sub/antially flat surfaces1' & t su* a con/ruction w\ld be :olly impracticable4 ,! draw+1 ,fig4 #c1 h[ev]1 atta*$ to ! specification1 %[s a curv$ l9e inw>d ( ! a]oplane ) /raight lat]al edges1 & consid]+ su* draw+ ) ! t]m9ology ( ! specification1 ! slight ar*+ ( ! surface is n ?\ght a mat]ial dep>ture2 at any rate1 ! pat5t 9 issue does n belong to ! class ( pat5ts :i* requires n>r[+ to ! details ( con/ruction4 ,june ,bug ,fir/ ,infr+em5t4 ,ref]r+ to ! matt] ( priority1 ! judge said3 ,inde$1 no "o int]f]$ ) ! rights ( ! pat5tees by con/ruct+ ma*9es simil> to !irs until 9 ,july1 #aijh1 :5 ,curtiss exhibit$ a fly+ ma*9e :i* he call$ ! ',june ,bug4' ,he 0 imm$iately notifi$ by ! pat5tees t su* ma*9e ) its movable surfaces at ! tips ( w+s infr+$ ! pat5t 9 suit1 & he repli$ t he did n int5d to publicly exhibit ! ma*9e = pr(it1 b m]ely 0 engag$ 9 exhibit+ x = sci5tific purposes z a memb] ( ! ,a]ial ,exp]im5t ,association4 ,to ?is ! pat5tees did n object4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! ma*9e1 ) supplem5t>y planes plac$ midway betwe5 ! upp] & l[] a]oplanes1 0 publicly exhibit$ by ! def5dant corporation & us$ by ,curtiss 9 a]ial flights = prizes & emolum5ts4 ,x fur!r appe>s t ! def5dants n[ ?reat5 to cont9ue su* use = ga9 & pr(it1 & to engage 9 ! manufacture & sale ( su* infr++ ma*9es1 !reby becom+ an active rival ( compla9ant 9 ! bus9ess ( con/ruct+ fly+ ma*9es embody+ ! claims 9 suit1 b su* use ( ! infr++ ma*9es x is ! duty ( ?is c\rt1 on ! pap]s pres5t$1 to enjo94 ,! requirem5ts 9 pat5t causes = ! issuance ( an injunction p5d5te lite--! validity ( ! pat5t1 g5]al acquiesc5ce by ! public & infr+em5t by ! def5dants--are s reasonably cle> t ,i believe if n probable ! compla9ant may succe$ at f9al he>+1 & !re=e1 /atus quo %\ld be pres]v$ & a prelim9>y injunction grant$4 ,s ord]$4 ,po9ts ,claim$ ,by ,curtiss4 ,t ! ,h]r+-,curtiss ,co4 w appeal is a c]ta9ty4 ,mr4 ,em]son ,r4 ,newell1 c\nsel = ! company1 /ates its case z foll[s3 ,! ,curtiss ma*9e has two ma9 support+ surfaces1 bo? ( :i* are curv$ 99 99 99 & are absolutely rigid at all times & _c be mov$1 w>p$ or di/ort$ 9 any mann]4 ,! front horizontal rudd] is us$ = ! /e]+ up or d[n1 & ! re> v]tical rudd] is us$ only = /e]+ to ! "r or left1 9 ! same mann] z a boat is /e]$ by its rudd]4 ,! ma*9e is provid$ at ! re> ) a fix$ horizontal surface1 :i* is n pres5t 9 ! ma*9e ( ! pat5t1 & :i* has a di/9ct advantage 9 ! op]ation ( def5dants' ma*9e1 z w be h]eaft] discuss$4 ,does ,n ,w>p ,ma9 ,surface4 ,def5dants' ma*9e does n use ! w>p+ ( ! ma9 support+ surfaces 9 re/or+ ! lat]al equilibrium1 b has two comp>atively small pivot$ balanc+ surfaces or rudd]s4 ,:5 "o end ( ! ma*9e is tipp$ up or d[n f ! normal1 ^! planes may be ?r[n 9 opposite directions by ! op]ator1 & s /e] ea* end ( ! ma*9e up or d[n to its normal level1 at :i* "t t5sion ^u !m is releas$ & !y are mov$ back by ! pressure ( ! w9d to _! normal position4 ,rudd] ,us$ ,only ,= ,/e]+4 ,:5 def5dants' balanc+ surfaces are mov$ !y pres5t equal angles ( incid5ce to ! normal ru% ( air & equal resi/ances1 at ea* side ( ! ma*9e1 & !re is !re=e no t5d5cy to turn ar\nd a v]tical axis z is ! case ( ! ma*9e ( ! pat5t1 consequ5tly no reason or necessity = turn+ ! v]tical re> rudd] 9 def5dants' ma*9e to c\nt]act any su* turn+ t5d5cy4 ,at any rate1 :atev] may be ! !ories 9 reg>d to ?is matt]1 ! fact is t ! op]ator ( def5dants' ma*9e does n at any "t turn 8 v]tical rudd] to c\nt]act any turn+ t5d5cy clue to ! side balanc+ surfaces1 b only uses x to /e] ! ma*9e ! same z a boat is /e]$4 ,a]o ,club ,recognizes ,wrights4 ,! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica has (ficially recogniz$ ! ,wright pat5ts4 ,?is c\rse 0 tak5 foll[+ a conf]5ce held ,april #i?1 #aiaj1 p>ticipat$ 9 by ,william ,wright & ,&rew ,fre$man1 repres5t+ ! ,wright ,co41 & ! ,a]o ,club's committee1 ( ,philip ,t4 ,dodge1 ,w4 ,w4 ,mill]1 ,l4 ,l4 ,gillespie1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,page & ,cortl&t ,f4 ,bi%op4 ,at ?is meet+ arrangem5ts 7 made by :i* ! ,a]o ,club recognizes ! ,wright pat5ts & w n give its section to any op5 meet :]e ! promot]s !re( h n secur$ a lic5se f ! ,wright ,company4 ,! sub/ance ( ! agreem5t 0 t ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica recognizes ! rights ( ! own]s ( ! ,wright pat5ts "u ! decisions ( ! ,f$]al c\rts & refuses to c\nt5ance ! infr+em5t ( ^? pat5ts z long z ^! decisions rema9 9 =ce4 ,9 ! meantime1 9 ord] to enc\rage aviation1 bo? at home & abroad1 & 9 ord] to p]mit =eign aviators to take "p 9 aviation conte/s 9 ?is c\ntry x 0 agre$ t ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica1 z ! ,am]ican repres5tative ( ! ,int]national ,a]onautic ,f$]ation1 %\ld approve only su* public conte/s z may be lic5s$ by ! ,wright ,company & t ! ,wright ,company1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld enc\rage ! hold+ ( op5 meets or conte/s :]e ev] approv$ z a=esaid by ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica by grant+ lic5ses to promot]s :o make satisfactory arrangem5ts ) ! company = its comp5sation = ! use ( its pat5ts4 ,at su* lic5s$ meet any ma*9e ( any make may p>ticipate freely )\t secur+ any fur!r lic5se or p]mit4 ,! details & t]ms ( all meets w be arrang$ by ! committee hav+ 9 *>ge ! int]e/s ( bo? organizations4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,propell] ,,con/ruction4 ,e pr(essional aviator has 8 own ideas z to ! design ( ! propell]1 "o ( ! mo/ important features ( fly+-ma*9e con/ruction4 ,:ile 9 _m in/ances ! propell]1 at a casual glance1 may appe> to be id5tical1 close inspection w develop ! fact t 9 ne>ly e case "s individual idea ( ! design] has be5 incorporat$4 ,?us1 two propell]s ( ! two-blad$ v>iety1 :ile ( ! same g5]al size z to l5g? & wid? ( blade1 w v>y greatly z to pit* & twi/ or curvature4 ,:at ! ,design]s ,seek4 ,e design] is seek+ = ! same result--! secur+ ( ! greate/ possible ?ru/1 or air displacem5t1 ) ! lea/ possible en]gy4 ,! angles ( any screw propell] blade hav+ a uni=m or true pit* *ange gradually = e increas$ diamet]4 ,9 ord] to give a reasonably cle> explanation1 x w be well to review 9 a prim>y way "s ( ! def9itions or t]ms us$ 9 connection ) & appli$ to screw propell]s4 ,t]ms 9 ,g5]al ,use4 ,pit*4--,! t]m pit*1 z appli$ to a screw propell]1 is ! !oretical di/ance ?r\gh :i* x w\ld travel )\t slip 9 "o revolution1 & z appli$ to a propell] blade x is ! angle at :i* ! blades are set s z to enable !m to travel 9 a spiral pa? ?r\gh a fix$ di/ance !oretically )\t slip 9 "o revolution4 ,pit* spe$4--,! t]m pit* spe$ ( a screw propell] is ! spe$ 9 feet multipli$ by ! numb] ( revolutions x is caus$ to make 9 "o m9ute ( "t4 ,if a screw propell] is revolv$ #fjj times p] m9ute1 & if its pit* is #g ft41 !n ! pit* spe$ ( su* a propell] w\ld be #gx#fjj revolutions1 or #dbjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,uni=m pit*4--,a true pit* screw propell] is "o hav+ its blades =m$ 9 su* a mann] z to enable all ( its useful portions1 f ! portion ne>e/ ! hub to its out] portion1 to travel at a uni=m pit* spe$4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! pit* is uni=m :5 ! project$ area ( ! blade is p>allel along its full l5g? & at ! same "t repres5t+ a true sector ( a circle4 ,all screw propell]s hav+ a pit* equal to _! diamet]s h ! same angle = _! blades at _! l>ge/ diamet]4 ,:5 ,pit* ,is ,n ,uni=m4 ,a screw propell] n hav+ a uni=m pit*1 b hav+ ! same angle = all portions ( its blades1 or "s arbitr>y angle n a true pit*1 is di/+ui%$ f "o hav+ a true pit* 9 ! v>iation ( ! pit* spe$s t ! v>i\s portions ( its blades are =c$ to travel ?r\gh :ile travel+ at its maximum pit* spe$4 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,jamieson says 9 ,a]onautics3 ,take = example an #h-;foot screw propell] hav+ an #h-;foot pit* at its l>ge/ diamet]4 ,if ! angle is ! same ?r\gh\t its entire blade l5g?1 !n all ! porions ( its blades approa*+ ! hub f its out] portion w\ld h a gradually decreas+ pit*4 ,! #b-;foot portion w\ld h a #b-;foot pit*2 ! #c-;foot portion a #c-;foot pit*1 & s on to ! #h-;foot portion :i* w\ld h an #h-;foot pit*4 ,:5 ?is =m ( propell] is caus$ to revolve1 say #ejj r4p4m41 ! #h-;foot portion w\ld h a calculat$ pit* spe$ ( #h feet by #ejj revolutions1 or #d1jjj feet p] m942 :ile ! #b-;foot portion w\ld h a calculat$ pit* spe$ ( #ejj revolutions by #b feet1 or #a1jjj feet p] m9ute4 ,effect ( ,non-,uni=mity4 ,n[1 z all ( ! portions ( ?is type ( screw propell] mu/ travel at "s pit* spe$1 :i* mu/ h = its maximum a pit* spe$ 9 feet bel[ ! calculat$ pit* spe$ ( ! l>ge/ diamet]1 x foll[s t "s portions ( its blades w\ld p]=m useful "w :ile ! action ( ! o!r portions w\ld be negative--resi/+ ! =w>d motion ( ! portions hav+ a great] pit* spe$4 ,! portions hav+ a pit* spe$ bel[ t at :i* ! screw is travel+ cease to p]=m useful "w aft] _! pit* spe$ has be5 exce$$ by ! portions hav+ a l>g] diamet] & a great] pit* spe$4 ,we might comp>e ! l>g] & small] diamet] portions ( ?is =m ( screw propell]1 to two p[]-driv5 vessels connect$ ) a l9e1 "o capable ( travel+ #bj miles p] h\r1 ! o!r #aj miles p] h\r4 ,x c be readily und]/ood t ! boat capable ( travel+ #aj miles p] h\r w\ld h no useful effect to help ! "o travel+ #bj miles p] h\r1 z its action w\ld be su* z to impose a dead load ^u ! latt]'s progress4 ,! t]m slip1 z appli$ to a screw propell]1 is ! di/ance betwe5 its calculat$ pit* spe$ & ! actual di/ance x travels ?r\gh "u load1 dep5d+ ^u ! effici5cy & proportion ( its blades & ! am\nt ( load x has to c>ry4 ,! action ( a screw propell] :ile p]=m+ useful "w might be comp>$ to a nut travel+ on a ?read$ bolt2 little resi/ance is (f]$ to its =w>d motion :ile x sp9s freely )\t load1 b give x a load to c>ry2 !n x w take m p[] to keep up its spe$2 if too great a load is appli$ ! ?read w /rip1 & s x is ) a screw propell] glid+ spirally on ! air4 ,a propell] travel+ )\t load on to new air might be comp>$ to ! nut travel+ freely on ! bolt4 ,x w\ld consume b little p[] & x w\ld travel at ne>ly its calculat$ pit* spe$1 b give x "w to d & !n x w take p[] to drive x4 ,!re is a reaction caus$ f ! propell] project+ air backw>d :5 x slips1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! support+ effect ( ! blades1 comb9e to produce useful "w or pull on ! object to be c>ri$4 ,a screw propell] work+ "u load approa*es m closely to its maximum effici5cy z x c>ries its load ) a m9imum am\nt ( slip1 or ne>+ its calculat$ pit* spe$4 ,:y ,blades ,are ,curv$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by exp]im5t t c]ta9 =ms ( curv$ surfaces z appli$ to a]oplanes w lift m p] horse p[]1 p] unit ( squ>e foot1 :ile on ! o!r h& x has be5 %[n t a flat surface w lift m p] horse p[]1 b requires m area ( surface to d x4 ,z a true pit* screw propell] is virtually a rotat+ a]oplane1 a curv$ surface may be advantage\sly employ$ :5 ! limit ( size prev5ts us+ l>ge plane surfaces = ! blades4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 keep+ ! *ord ( any curve to be us$ = ! blades at ! prop] pit* angle1 & 9 all cases propell] blades %\ld be made rigid s z to pres]ve ! true angle & n be di/ort$ by c5trifugal =ce or f any o!r cause1 z flexibility w s]i\sly affect _! pit* spe$ & o!rwise affect _! effici5cy4 ,h[ to ,det]m9e ,angle4 ,to f9d ! angle = ! prop] pit* at any po9t 9 ! diamet] ( a propell]1 det]m9e ! circumf]5ce by multiply+ ! diamet] by #c4adaf1 :i* repres5t by draw+ a l9e to scale 9 feet4 ,at ! end ( ?is l9e draw ano!r l9e to repres5t ! desir$ pit* 9 feet4 ,!n draw a l9e f ! po9t repres5t+ ! desir$ pit* 9 feet to ! beg9n+ ( ! circumf]5ce l9e4 ,= example3 ,if ! propell] to be laid out is #g feet 9 diamet]1 & is to h a #g-;foot pit*1 ! circumf]5ce w be #ba4ii feet4 ,draw a diagram repres5t+ ! circumf]5ce l9e & pit* 9 feet4 ,if ?is diagram is wrapp$ ar\nd a cyl9d] ! angle l9e w repres5t a true ?read #g feet 9 diamet] & #g feet long1 & ! angle ( ! ?read w be #ag #c_/d degrees4 ,relation ( ,diamet] to ,circumf]5ce4 ,s9ce ! areas ( circles decrease z ! diamet] less5s1 x foll[s t if a propell] is to travel at a uni=m pit* spe$1 ! volume ( its blade displacem5t %\ld decrease z its diamet] becomes less1 s z to occupy a correspond+ relation to ! circumf]5ces ( l>g] diamet]s1 & at ! same "t ! project$ area ( ! blade mu/ be p>allel along its full l5g? & %\ld repres5t a true sector ( a circle4 ,let u suppose a #g-;foot circle to be divid$ into #bj sectors1 "o ( :i* repres5ts a propell] blade4 ,if ! pit* is to be #g feet1 !n ! greate/ dep? ( ! angle w\ld be #a_/bj "p ( ! pit*1 or #d #b_/aj in*4 ,if ! l9e repres5t+ ! greate/ dep? ( ! angle is kept ! same wid? z x approa*es ! hub1 ! pit* w be uni=m4 ,if ! blade is set at an angle s its project$ area is #a_/bj "p ( ! pit*1 & if x is mov$ ?r\gh #bj divisions = "o revolution1 x w\ld h a travel ( #g feet4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,new ,,motors ,,& ,,devices4 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is book 0 pr9t$1 e>ly 9 #aiaj1 !re has be5 a rem>kable advance 9 ! con/ruction ( a]oplane motors1 :i* has result$ 9 a wond]ful decrease 9 ! am\nt ( surface area f t =m]ly requir$4 ,m>k$ ga9 9 lightness & spe$ ( ! motor has enabl$ aviators to get along1 9 "s in/ances1 ) "o-qu>t] ( ! plane support+ area previ\sly us$4 ,! fir/ ,wright biplane1 propell$ by a motor ( #be h4p41 productive ( a fair av]age spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r1 _h a plane surface ( #ech squ>e feet4 ,n[1 by us+ a specially design$ motor ( #fe h4 p41 capable ( develop+ a spe$ ( f #gj to #hj miles an h\r1 ! ,wrights are enabl$ to successfully navigate a ma*9e ! plane area ( :i* is ab\t #acj squ>e feet4 ,?is app>atus is int5d$ to c>ry only "o p]son 7! op]ator74 ,at ,belmont ,p>k1 ,n4 ,y41 ! ,wrights demon/rat$ t ! small-surfac$ biplane is mu* fa/]1 easi] to manage 9 ! h&s ( a skill$ manipulator1 & a bett] altitude climb] ?an ! l>ge & cumb]some ma*9es ) #ech squ>e feet ( surface h]et(ore us$ by !m4 ,9 ?is may be f\nd a practical illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple t increas$ spe$ p]mits ( a r$uction 9 plane area 9 ma!matical ratio to ! ga9 9 spe$4 ,! fa/] any object c be made to move ?r\gh ! air1 ! less w be ! support+ surface requir$ to su/a9 a giv5 weight4 ,b1 !re is a limit beyond :i* ! plane surface _c be r$uc$ ) safety4 ,reg>d mu/ always be _h to ! secur+ ( an ample su/a9+ surface s t 9 case ( motor /oppage !re w be suffici5t buoyancy to enable ! op]ator to desc5d safely4 ,! baby ,wright us$ at ! ,belmont ,p>k 7,n4 ,y47 aviation meet 9 ! fall ( #aiaj1 _h a plane l5g? ( #ai feet #f in*es1 & an extreme bread? ( #ba feet #f in*es1 ) a total surface area ( #adf squ>e feet4 ,x 0 equipp$ ) a new ,wright #h-;cyl9d] motor ( #fj h4 p41 & two ,wright propell]s ( #h feet #f in*es diamet] & #ejj r4 p4 m4 ,x 0 easily ! fa/e/ ma*9e at ! meet4 ,aft] ! te/s1 ,wilbur ,wright said3 ,x is our int5tion to put toge!r a ma*9e ) specially design$ propell]s1 specially design$ ge>s & a motor :i* w give u #fe horsep[] at lea/4 ,we w !n be able1 aft] "s exp]im5tal "w we are do+ n[1 to s5d =? a ma*9e t w make a new spe$ record4 ,9 ! new ,wright ma*9es ! front elevat+ planes = up-&-d[n control h be5 elim9at$1 & ! movem5ts ( ! app>atus are n[ regulat$ solely by ! re>1 or tail control4 ,a ,p[]ful ,light ,motor4 ,ano!r successful ,am]ican aviation motor is ! a]omotor1 manufactur$ by ! ,detroit ,a]onautic ,con/ruction4 ,a]omotors are made 9 f\r models z foll[s3 ,model #a4--d-;cyl9d]1 #cj-dj h4 p41 weight #bjj p\nds4 ,model #b4--d-;cyl9d]1 7l>g] /roke & bore7 #dj-ej h4 p41 weight #bbe p\nds4 ,model #c4--f-;cyl9d]4 #ej-fj h4 p41 weight #baj p\nds4 ,model #d4--f-;cyl9d]1 #fj-ge h4 p41 weight #bge p\nds4 ,?is motor is ( ! #d-;cycle1 v]tical1 wat]-cool$ type4 ,rob]ts ,aviation ,motor4 ,"o ( ! successful aviation motors ( ,am]ican make1 is t produc$ by ! ,rob]ts ,motor ,co41 ( ,s&usky1 ,ohio4 ,x is design$ by ,e4 ,w4 ,rob]ts1 ,m4 ,e41 :o 0 =m]ly *ief assi/ant & design] = ,sir ,hiram ,maxim1 :5 ! latt] 0 mak+ 8 celebrat$ a]onautical exp]im5ts 9 ,engl& 9 #ahid-ie4 ,?is motor is made 9 bo? ! #d- & #f-;cyl9d] =ms4 ,! #d-;cyl9d] motor weighs complete ) ,bos* magneto & c>buret] #afe p\nds1 & w develop #dj actual brake h4 p4 at #a1jjj r4 p4 m41 #df h4 p4 at #a1bjj & #eb h4 p4 at #a1djj4 ,! #f-;cyl9d] weighs #bbj p\nds & w develop #fj actual brake h4 p4 at #a1jjj r4 p4 m41 #fi h4 p4 at #a1bjj & #gh h4 p4 at #a1ejj4 ,extreme lightness has be5 secur$ by do+ away ) all sup]flu\s p>ts1 r ?an by a %av+ d[n ( mat]ials to a dang]\s ?9ness4 ,= example1 !re is nei!r an intake or exhau/ manifold on ! motor4 ,! di/ribut+ valve =ms a "p ( ! crankcase z does ! wat] intake1 & ! ge> pump4 ,magnalium takes ! place ( alum9um 9 ! crankcase1 because x is n only light] b /rong] & c be ca/ v ?94 ,! crank%aft is #b #a_/b-;in* diamet] ) a #b #a_/d-;in* hole1 & :ile x w\ld be /rong en\gh 9 ord9>y #dj p] c5t c>bon /eel x is made ( /eel twice ! /r5g? ( t cu/om>ily employ$4 ,simil> c>e has be5 ex]cis$ on o!r p>ts & ! result is a motor weigh+ #d p\nds p] h4 p4 ,! ,r9ek ,motor4 ,! ,r9ek aviation motor1 con/ruct$ by ! ,r9ek ,a]o ,mfg4 ,co41 ( ,ea/on1 ,pa41 is ano!r t is meet+ ) favor among aviators4 ,type ,b-#h is an #h-;cyl9d] motor1 ! cyl9d]s be+ set at "r angles1 on a ,v-%ap$ crank case4 ,x is wat] cool$1 develops #ej-fj h4 p41 ! m9imum at #a1bbj r4 p4 m41 & weighs #bhj p\nds ) all accessories4 ,type ,b-#d1 a #d-;cyl9d] motor1 develops #cj h4 p4 at #a1hjj r4 p4 m41 & weighs #acj p\nds complete4 ,! cyl9d]s 9 bo? motors are made ( ca/ iron ) copp] wat] jackets4 ,! ,ov]head ,cam%aft ,b\lev>d4 ,! ov]head cam%aft ,b\lev>d is /ill ano!r =m ( aviation motor :i* has be5 favorably receiv$4 ,?is is ! product ( ! ,b\lev>d ,eng9e ,co41 ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,x is made ) #d & #h cyl9d]s4 ,! =m] develops #cj-ce h4 p4 at #a1bjj r4 p4 m41 & weighs #acj p\nds4 ,! #h-;cyl9d] motor gives #fj-gj h4 p4 at #a1bjj r4 p4 m41 & weighs #bjj p\nds4 ,simplicity ( con/ruction is ! ma9 feature ( ?is motor1 especially 9 ! manipulation ( ! valves4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,monoplanes1 ,,triplanes1 ,,multiplanes4 ,until rec5tly1 ,am]ican aviators _h n giv5 s]i\s att5tion to any =m ( fly+ ma*9es aside f biplanes4 ,( ! tw5ty-"o monoplanes compet+ at ! ,int]national meet at ,belmont ,p>k1 ,n4 ,y41 9 ,novemb]1 #aiaj1 only ?ree makes 7 h&l$ by ,am]icans4 ,moissant & ,drexel navigat$ ,bl]iot ma*9es1 ,h>kness an ,anto9ette1 & ,gl5n ,curtiss a s+le deck] ( 8 own con/ruction4 ,on ! o!r h& ! v>i\s =eign aviators :o took "p 9 ! meet unhesitat+ly gave pref]5ce to monoplanes4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! cause ( ?is seem+ prejudice aga9/ ! monoplane on ! "p ( ,am]ican air sailors1 x is sl[ly be+ ov]come4 ,:5 a man l ,curtiss1 :o has atta9$ great success ) biplanes1 gives s]i\s att5tion to ! monoplane =m ( con/ruction & goes s f> z to build & successfully op]ate a s+le surface ma*9e1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! monoplane is a fixture 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,dim5sions ( ,monoplanes4 ,! makes1 dim5sions & equipm5t ( ! v>i\s monoplanes us$ at ,belmont ,p>k are z foll[s3 ,bl]iot--7,moissant1 op]ator7--plane l5g? #bc feet1 extreme bread? #bh feet1 surface area #afj squ>e feet1 #g-;cyl9d]1 #ej h4 p4 ,gnome eng9e1 ,*auvi]e propell]1 #g feet #f in*es diamet]1 #a1bjj r4 p4 m4 ,bl]iot--7,drexel1 op]ator7--exactly ! same z ,moissant's ma*9e4 ,anto9ette--7,h>kness1 op]ator7--plane l5g? #db feet1 extreme bread? #df feet1 surface area #cgg squ>e feet1 ,em]son #f-;cyl9d]1 #ej h4 p4 motor1 ,anto9ette propell]1 #g feet #f in*es diamet]1 #a1bjj r4 p4 m4 ,curtiss--7,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss1 op]ator7--plane l5g? #be feet1 extreme bread? #bf feet1 surface area #acj squ>e feet1 ,curtiss #h-;cyl9d]1 #fj h4 p4 motor1 ,p>agon propell]1 #g feet 9 diamet]1 #a1bjj r4 p4 m4 ,) "o exception ,curtiss _h ! smalle/ ma*9e ( any ( ^? ent]+ into competition4 ,! smalle/ 0 ,la ,demoiselle1 made by ,santos-,dumont1 ! proportions ( :i* 73 plane l5g? #bj feet1 extreme bread? #ah feet1 surface area #ajj squ>e feet1 ,clem5t-,bay>d #b-;cyl9d]1 #cj h4 p4 motor1 ,*auvi]e propell]1 #f feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 #a1ajj r4 p4 m4 ,w9n+s ,made ) ,monoplanes4 ,op]ators ( monoplanes won a fair %>e ( ! ca% prizes4 ,!y won #cj1bhc out ( a total ( #fc1bej1 to say no?+ ab\t ,grahame-,:ite's w9n+s4 ,! latt] won #ac1fjj1 b "p ( 8 w9n+ flights 7 made 9 a ,bl]iot monoplane1 & "p 9 a ,f>man ma*9e4 ,aside f ,grahame-,:ite ! w9n+s 7 divid$ z foll[s3 ,moissant 7,bl]iot7 #ac1cej2 ,la?am 7,anto9ette7 #h1ahc2 ,aubrun 7,bl]iot7 #b1djj2 ,de ,lesseps 7,bl]iot7 #b1cjj2 ,drexel 7,bl]iot7 #a1gjj2 ,radley 7,bl]iot7 #a1cjj2 ,simon 7,bl]iot7 #gej2 ,&em>s 7,clem5t-,bay>d7 #ajj2 ,b>ri] 7,bl]iot7 #ajj4 ,out ( a total ( #cj1bhc1 op]ators ( ,bl]iot ma*9es won #ba1ijj1 aga9 omitt+ ,grahame-,:ite's %>e4 ,if ! w9n+s ) monoplane & biplane c\ld be divid$ s z to %[ ! am\nt won ) ea* type ( ma*9e ! cr$it side ( ! ,bl]iot acc\nt w\ld be mat]ially enl>g$4 ,! ,mo/ ,popul> ,monoplanes4 ,:ile ! numb] ( successful monoplanes is increas+ rapidly1 & !re is "s feature ( advantage 9 ne>ly all ! new makes1 int]e/ c5t]s *iefly 9 ! ,santos-,dumont1 ,anto9ette & ,bl]iot ma*9es4 ,?is is because m has be5 accompli%$ ) !m ?an ) any ( ! o!rs1 possibly because !y h _h great] opportunities4 ,= ! guidance ( ^? :o may wi% to build a ma*9e ( ! monoplane type aft] ! ,santos-,dumont or ,bl]iot models1 ! foll[+ details w be f\nd useful4 ,santos-,dumont--,! late/ production ( ?is mak] is call$ ! ,no4 #bj ,baby4 ,x is ( #ah feet spread1 & #bj feet ov] all 9 dep?4 ,x /&s #d feet #b in*es 9 height1 n c\nt+ ! propell]4 ,:5 ?is latt] is 9 a v]tical position ! extreme height ( ! ma*9e is #g feet #e in*es4 ,x is /rictly a "o-man app>atus4 ,! total surface area is #aae squ>e feet4 ,! total weight ( ! monoplane ) eng9e & propell] is #ceb p\nds4 ,santos-,dumont weighs #aaj p\nds1 s ! entire weight c>ri$ :ile 9 flight is #dfb p\nds1 or ab\t #c4f p\nds p] squ>e foot ( surface4 ,bamboo is us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! body frame1 & also = ! frame ( ! tail4 ,! body frame consi/s ( ?ree bamboo poles ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet] at ! =w>d end & tap]+ to ab\t #a in* at ! re>4 ,^! poles are jo9t$ ) brass sockets ne> ! re> ( ! ma9 plane s !y may be tak5 ap>t easily = conv5i5ce 9 h\s+ or transportation4 ,! ma9 plane is built ^u f\r transv]se sp>s ( a%1 set at a slight dih$ral angle1 two be+ plac$ on ea* side ( ! c5tral bamboo4 ,^! sp>s are ab\t #b in*es wide by #a #a_/h-;in* deep = a few feet ea* side ( ! c5t] ( ! ma*9e1 & f !re tap] d[n to an in* 9 dep? at ! c5t] bamboo1 & at _! out] ends1 b ! wid? rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g?4 ,! planes are d\ble surfac$ ) silk & lac$ above & bel[ ! bamboo ribs :i* run =e & aft "u ! ma9 sp>s & t]m9ate 9 a =k$ clip ?r\gh :i* a wire is /rung = lac+ on ! silk4 ,! tail consi/s ( a horizontal & v]tical surface plac$ on a univ]sal jo9t ab\t #aj feet back ( ! re> edge ( ! ma9 plane4 ,bo? ( ^! surfaces are flat & consi/ ( a silk cov]+ /ret*$ ^u bamboo ribs4 ,! horizontal surface is #f feet #e in*es across1 & #d feet #i in*es f front to back4 ,! v]tical surface is ( ! same wid? 7#f feet #e in*es7 b is only #c feet #g in*es f front to back4 ,all ! details ( con/ruction are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,p[] is furni%$ by a v light 7#aaj p\nds7 ,d>racq motor1 ( ! d\ble-oppos$-cyl9d] type4 ,x has a bore ( #d4aah in*es1 & /roke ( #d4gbd in*es1 runs at #a1hjj r4 p4 m41 & ) a #f #a_/b-;foot propell] develops a ?ru/ ( #bdb #a_/b p\nds :5 ! monoplane is held /eady4 ,bl]iot--,no4 ,,xi1 ! late/ ( ! ,bl]iot productions1 & ! greate/ record mak] ( ! lot1 is #bh feet 9 spread ( ma9 plane1 & dep? ( #f feet 9 l>ge/ "p4 ,?is w\ld give a ma9 surface ( #afh squ>e feet1 b z ! ends ( ! plane are %>ply tap]$ f ! re>1 ! actual surface is r$uc$ to #aej squ>e feet4 ,project+ f ! ma9 frame is an elongat$ tail 7%[n 9 ! illu/ration7 :i* c>ries ! horizontal & v]tical rudd]s4 ,! =m] is made 9 ?ree sections4 ,! c5t] piece is #f feet #a in* 9 spread1 & #b feet #aj in*es 9 dep?1 conta9+ #ag squ>e feet ( surface4 ,! end sections1 :i* are made movable = w>p+ purposes1 are ea* #b feet #aj in*es squ>e1 ! comb9$ surface area 9 ! entire horizontal rudd] be+ #cc squ>e feet4 ,! v]tical rudd] conta9s #d #a_/b squ>e feet ( surface1 mak+ ! entire support+ area #ahg #a_/b squ>e feet4 ,f ! out] end ( ! propell] %aft 9 front to ! extreme re> edge ( ! v]tical rudd]1 ! ma*9e is #be feet deep4 ,d$uct+ ! #f-;foot dep? ( ! ma9 plane leaves #ai feet z ! l5g? ( ! rudd] beam & rudd]s4 ,! motor equipm5t consi/s ( a #c-;cyl9d]1 air-cool$ eng9e ( ab\t #cj h4 p4 plac$ at ! front end ( ! body frame1 & c>ry+ on its crank%aft a two-blad$ propell] #f feet #h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! eng9e spe$ is ab\t #a1bej r4 p4 m4 at :i* ! propell] develops a ?ru/ ( ov] #bjj p\nds4 ,! ,bl]iot ,,xi complete weighs #dhd p\nds1 & ) op]ator & fuel supply ready = a #be- or #cj-mile flight1 #gae p\nds4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! ,bl]iot con/ruction is t1 :ile ! ribs ( ! ma9 plane are curv$1 !re is no prelim9>y b5d+ ( ! pieces z 9 o!r =ms ( con/ruction4 ,bl]iot has 8 rib pieces cut a little long] ?an requir$ &1 by spr++ !m into place1 secures ! necess>y curvature4 ,a good view ( ! ,bl]iot plane framework is giv5 on page #fc4 ,comb9$ ,triplane & ,biplane4 ,at ,norwi*1 ,conn41 ! ,/ebb9s-,geynet ,co41 aft] sev]al ye>s ( exp]im5t1 has begun ! manufacture ( a comb9ation triplane & biplane ma*9e4 ,! c5t] plane1 :i* is locat$ ab\t midway betwe5 ! upp] & l[] surfaces1 is made removable4 ,! *ange f triplane to biplane1 or vice v]sa1 may be readily made 9 a few m9utes4 ,! con/ructors claim = ?is type ( air craft a l>ge support+ surface area ) ! m9imum ( dim5sions 9 planes4 ,al?\gh ?is ma*9e has only #bd-;foot spread & is only #bf feet ov] all1 its total am\nt ( support+ area is #djj squ>e feet2 weight1 #fjj p\nds 9 fly+ ord]1 & lift+ capacity approximately #gjj p\nds m4 ,! frame is made entirely ( a select$ grade ( ,oregon spruce1 f9i%$ d[n to a smoo? surface & v>ni%$4 ,all /ruts are fi%-%ap$ & set 9 alum9um sockets1 :i* are bolt$ to top & l[] beams ) special /rong bolts ( small diamet]4 ,! middle plane is set inside ! six uprights & held 9 place by alum9um ca/+s4 ,a flexible twi/$ sev5-/r& wire cable & ,/ebb9s-,geynet turnbuckles are us$ = truss+4 ,! top plane is 9 ?ree sections1 lac$ toge!r4 ,x has a #bd-;foot spread & is #g feet 9 dep?4 ,! middle plane is 9 two sections ea* ( #g #a_/b feet spread & #f feet 9 dep?4 ,! c5t] ends ( ! middle plane sections d n come )9 #e feet ( jo9+1 ?is op5 space be+ left = ! eng9e4 ,! bottom plane is ( #af feet spread & #e feet 9 dep?4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! planes ov]hang "o ano!r 9 dep?1 ! bottom "o be+ ! smalle/ 9 ?is respect4 ,! planes are set at an angle ( #i degrees1 & !re is a cle> space ( #c #a_/b feet betwe5 ea*1 mak+ ! total di/ance f ! bottom to ! top plane a trifle ov] #g feet4 ,! total support+ surface 9 ! ma9 planes is #cej squ>e feet4 ,by arrang+ ! ?ree plane surfaces at an angle z describ$ & v>y+ _! size1 ! greate/ am\nt ( lift+ area is secur$ above ! c5t] ( gravity1 & ! greate/ weight c>ri$ bel[4 ,! ribs are made ( lam9at$ spruce1 f9i%$ d[n to #a_/bx#c_/d-;in* cross section dim5sions1 ) a curvature ( ab\t #a 9 #bj1 & fa/5$ to ! beams ) special alum9um ca/+s4 ,numb] #b ,naiad a]oplane clo? is us$ 9 cov]+ ! planes1 ) pockets sewn 9 = ! ribs4 ,two comb9ation elevat+ rudd]s are set up well 9 front1 ea* hav+ #ah squ>e feet ( support+ area4 ,^! rudd]s are arrang$ to "w 9 unison1 indep5d5tly1 or 9 opposite directions4 ,9 ! ,model ,b ma*9e1 !re are also two small re> elevat+ rudd]s1 :i* "w 9 unison ) ! front rudd]s4 ,"o v]tical rudd] ( #aj squ>e feet is susp5d$ 9 ! re> ( a small /ation>y horizontal plane 9 ,model ,a1 :ile ! v]tical rudd] on ,model ,b is only #f squ>e feet 9 size4 ,! elevat+ rudd]s are arrang$ s z to act z /abiliz+ planes :5 ! ma*9e is 9 flight4 ,! w+ tips are held 9 place ) a special two-piece ca/+ :i* =ms a h+e1 & makes a quick deta*able jo9t4 ,w+ tips are also us$ 9 balanc+4 ,model ,a is equipp$ ) a ,cam]on #be-cj h4 p41 #d-;cyl9d]1 air-cool$ motor4 ,on ,model ,b a ,holmes rot>y #g-;cyl9d] motor ( #dx#d-;in* bore & /roke is us$4 ,positive control is secur$ by use ( ! ,/ebb9s-,geynet auto-control sy/em4 ,a pull or pu% movem5t op]ates ! elevat+ rudd]s1 :ile ! balanc+ is done by means ( side movem5ts or slight turns4 ,! re> v]tical rudd] is manipulat$ by means ( a foot lev]4 ,new ,cody ,biplane4 ,among ! comp>atively new biplanes is "o con/ruct$ by ,will>d ,f4 ,cody1 ( ,london1 ,eng41 ! pr9cipal di/9ctive feature ( :i* is an automatic control :i* works indep5d5tly ( ! h& lev]s4 ,= ! o!r control a long lev] c>ry+ a /e]+ :eel furni%es all ! necess>y control movem5ts1 !re be+ no footwork at all4 ,! lev] is univ]sally jo9t$ & :5 mov$ =e & aft op]ates ! two ail]ons z if !y 7 "o2 :5 ! %aft is rotat$ x moves ! tail z a :ole4 ,! horizontal tail compon5t is immovable4 ,:5 ! lev] is mov$ f side to side x works n only ! ail]ons & ! indep5d5t elevators1 b also ?r\gh a peculi> arrangem5t1 ! v]tical re> rudd] z well4 ,! spread ( ! planes is #df feet #f in*es & ! wid? #f feet #f in*es4 ,! ail]ons jut out #a foot #f in*es on ea* side ( ! ma*9e & are #ac feet #f in*es long4 ,! cross-%ap$ tail is support$ by an outrigg] compos$ ( two long bamboos & ( ?is ! v]tical plane is #i feet by #d feet1 :ile ! horizontal plane is #h feet by #d feet4 ,! ov]-all l5g? ( ! ma*9e is #cf feet4 ,! lift+ surface is #heg squ>e feet4 ,x w weigh1 ) a pilot1 #a1dej p\nds4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! ma9 planes is #h feet #f in*es1 :i* is a r notable feature 9 ?is fly]4 ,! propell] has a diamet] ( #aa feet & #b in*es ) a #ac-;foot #f-;in* pit*2 x is driv5 at #efj revolutions by a *a91 & ! ge> r$uction betwe5 ! *a9 & propell] %aft is two to "o4 ,! ma*9e f elevator to tail plane bri/les 9 orig9al po9ts4 ,! hump 9 ! ribs has be5 cut away entirely1 s t al?\gh ! plane is d\ble surfac$1 ! surfaces are close/ toge!r at a po9t :i* approximates ! c5t] ( pressure4 ,! plane is practically ( two /ream-l9e =ms1 ( :i* "o is ! cont9uation ( ! o!r4 ,?is con/ruction1 claims ! inv5tor1 w give increas$ lift1 & decreas$ head resi/ance4 ,! trials sub/antiate ?is1 z ! angle ( incid5ce 9 fly+ is only ab\t "o 9 tw5ty-six4 ,! ribs 9 ! ma9 planes are made ( /rips ( silv] spruce "o-half by "o-half in*1 :ile ^? 9 ! ail]ons are solid & "o-f\r? in* ?ick4 ,9 ! ma9 planes ! fabric is held d[n ) ?9 wood5 fillets4 ,cody's planes are not$ = _! neatness1 rigidity & smoo?ness4 ,pegamoid fabric is us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,pressey ,automatic ,control4 ,ano!r +5i\s sy/em ( automatic control has be5 p]fect$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,pressey1 ( ,newport ,news1 ,va4 ,! a]oplane is equipp$ ) a manually op]at$1 v]tical rudd]1 7#c71 at ! /]n1 & a horizontal1 manually op]at$1 front control1 7#d71 9 front4 ,at ! ends ( ! ma9 plane1 & ab\t midway betwe5 ! upp] & l[] sections !re(1 !re are supplem5tal planes1 7#e74 ,9 connection ) ^! supplem5tal planes 7#e71 !re is employ$ a gravity influ5c$ weight1 ! aviator 9 8 seat1 = hold+ !m 9 a horizontal1 or sub/antially horizontal1 position :5 ! ma9 plane is travel+ on an ev5 keel2 & = caus+ !m to tip :5 ! ma9 plane dips lat]ally1 to port or />bo>d1 ! planes 7#e7 hav+ a lift+ effect ^u ! depress$ end ( ! ma9 plane1 & a depress+ effect ^u ! lift$ end ( ! ma9 plane1 s z to correct su* lat]al dip ( ! ma9 plane1 & re/ore x to an ev5 keel4 ,to ! =w>d1 upp] edge ( planes 7#e7 connection is made by means ( rod 7#ac7 to "o arm ( a bellcrank lev]1 7#ad7 ! latt] be+ pivotally m\nt$ ^u a =e & aft p9 7#ae71 support$ f ! ma9 plane2 & ! o!r arms ( ! port & />bo>d bellcrank lev]s 7#af71 are connect$ by rod 7#ag71 :i* has an eye 7#ah71 = receiv+ ! segm5tal rod 7#ai71 secur$ to & project+ f cross b> on seat support+ yoke 7#g74 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ma9 plane tips d[nw>dly on ! />bo>d side1 ! rod 7#ag7 w be mov$ bodily to />bo>d1 & ! />bo>d balanc+ plane 7#e7 w be incl9$ s z to raise its =w>d edge & depress its re> edge1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! port balanc+ plane 7#e71 w be incl9$ s z to depress its =w>d edge1 & raise its re> edge1 !reby caus+ ! />bo>d balanc+ plane to ex]t a lift+ effect1 & ! port balanc+ plane to ex]t a depress+ effect ^u ! ma9 plane1 ) ! result ( re/or+ ! ma9 plane to an ev5 keel1 at :i* "t ! balanc+ planes 7#e71 w h resum$ _! normal1 horizontal position4 ,:5 ! ma9 plane dips d[nw>dly on ! port side1 a rev]se action takes place1 ) ! l result ( re/or+ ! ma9 plane to an ev5 keel4 ,9 ord] to correct =w>d & aft dip ( ! ma9 plane1 =e & aft balanc+ planes 7#bj7 & 7#bc7 are provid$4 ,^! planes are c>ri$ by transv]se rock %afts1 :i* may be pivotally m\nt$ 9 any suitable way1 ^u /ructures c>ri$ by ma9 plane4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! =w>d balanc+ plane is pivotally m\nt$ 9 ext5sions 7#ba7 ( ! frame 7#bb7 :i* c>ries ! =w>d1 manually op]at$1 horizontal asc5d+ & desc5d+ plane ,x is absolutely necess>y1 9 mak+ a turn ) an a]oplane1 if t turn is to be made 9 safety1 t ! ma9 plane %all be incl9$1 or bank$1 to a degree proportional to ! radius ( ! curve & to ! spe$ ( ! a]oplane4 ,ea* diff]5t curve1 at ! same spe$1 dem&s a diff]5t incl9ation1 z is also dem&$ by ea* v>iation 9 spe$ 9 r\nd+ l curves4 ,?is inv5tion gives ! desir$ result ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,! ,sell]s' ,multiplane4 ,ano!r innovation is a multiplane1 or f\r-surfac$ ma*9e1 built & op]at$ by ,m4 ,b4 ,sell]s1 =m]ly ( ,grahn1 ,ky41 b n[ locat$ at ,norwood1 ,ga4 ,aside f ! use ( f\r su/a9+ surfaces1 ! novelty 9 ! ,sell]s ma*9e lies 9 ! fact t x is op]at$ successfully ) an #h h4 p4 motor1 :i* is ! smalle/ yet us$ 9 actual flight4 ,9 describ+ 8 "w1 ,mr4 ,sell]s says 8 purpose has be5 to develop ! effici5cy ( ! surfaces to a po9t :]e flight may be obta9$ ) ! m9imum ( p[] &1 judg+ by ! results accompli%$1 he has succe$$4 ,9 a lett] writt5 to ! au?ors ( ?is book1 ,mr4 ,sell]s says3 ,i dislike hav+ my ma*9e call$ a quadruplane1 because ! numb] ( planes is immat]ial2 ! di/9ctive feature be+ ! arrangem5t ( ! planes 9 /eps2 a bett] "n w\ld be /ep a]oplane1 or /ep plane4 ,! ma*9e z pat5t$1 comprises two or m planes arrang$ 9 /ep =m1 ! highe/ be+ 9 front4 ,! ma*9e ,i am n[ us+ has f\r planes #c ft4 x #ah ft42 total ab\t #bjj squ>e feet2 camb] 7ar*7 #a 9 #af4 ,! v]tical keel is = lat]al /ability2 ! rudd] = direction4 ,?is is ! fir/ ma*9e 7s f> z ,i "k7 to h a comb9ation ( :eels & runn]s or skids 7,oct4 #aijh74 ,! :eels rise up automatically :5 ! ma*9e leaves ! gr\nd1 s t x may alight on ! runn]s4 ,a ,du?irt ,*alm]s #b-;cyl9d] oppos$1 #c #a_/h-;in* eng9e 0 us$ fir/1 & sev]al hundr$ %ort flights 7 made4 ,! eng9e gave f\r brake h4 p41 :i* 0 b>ely suffici5t = cont9u$ flight4 ,! a]oplane complete ) ?is eng9e weigh$ #gh p\nds4 ,! eng9e n[ us$ is a ,bates #c #e_/h-;in*1 #b-;cyl9d] oppos$1 %[+ #h h4 p41 & app>5tly giv+ pl5ty ( p[]4 ,! weight ( a]oplane ) ?is eng9e is n[ #aaj p\nds4 ,ow+ to poor gr\nds only %ort flights h be5 made1 ! longe/ to date 7,dec4 #ca1 #aiaj7 be+ ab\t #a1jjj feet4 ,9 build+ ! pres5t ma*9e1 my object 0 to produce a safe1 sl[1 light1 & small h4 p4 a]oplane1 a purpose :i* ,i h accompli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 #aiaa ,,a]oplane ,,records4 ,,! ,,_w ,,at ,,l>ge4 ,greate/ ,spe$ ,p] ,h\r1 ,:atev] ,l5g? ( ,flight1 ,aviator ,alone--,e4 ,nieuport1 ,m\rmelon1 ,france1 ,june #ba1 ,nieuport ,ma*9e1 #hb4gb miles2 ) "o pass5g]1 ,e4 ,nieuport1 ,m\mlelon1 ,france1 ,june #ab1 ,nieuport ,ma*9e1 #fg4aa miles2 ) two pass5g]s1 ,e4 ,nieuport1 ,m\rmelon1 ,france1 ,m>* #i1 ,nieuport ,ma*9e1 #fc4ia miles2 ) ?ree pass5g]s1 ,g4 ,busson1 ,rheims1 ,france1 ,m>* #aj1 ,dep]duss9 ,ma*9e1 #ei4hd miles2 ) f\r pass5g]s1 ,g4 ,busson1 ,rheims1 ,france1 ,m>* #aj1 ,dep]duss9 ,ma*9e1 #ed4ba miles4 ,greate/ ,di/ance ,aviator ,alone--,g4 ,f\rny1 no /ops1 ,buc1 ,france1 ,septemb] #b1 ,m4 ,f>man ,ma*9e1 #ddg4ja miles2 ,e4 ,hel51 ?ree /ops1 ,etampes1 ,france1 ,septemb] #h1 ,nieuport ,ma*9e1 #ggh4de miles2 ) "o pass5g]1 ,lieut4 ,bi]1 ,au/ria1 ,octob] #b1 ,etri* ,ma*9e1 #aee4cd miles2 ) two pass5g]s1 ,lieut4 ,bi]1 ,au/ria1 ,octob] #d1 ,etri* ,ma*9e1 #fi4ei miles2 ) ?ree pass5g]s1 ,g4 ,busson1 ,rheims1 ,france1 ,m>* #aj1 ,dep]duss9 ,ma*9e1 #ca4jf miles2 ) f\r pass5g]s1 ,g4 ,busson1 ,rheims1 ,france1 ,m>* #aj1 ,dep]duss9 ,ma*9e1 #ae4ii miles4 ,greate/ ,duration ,aviator ,alone--,g4 ,f\rny1 no /ops1 ,buc1 ,france1 ,septemb] #b1 ,m4 ,f>man ,ma*9e1 #aa h\rs1 #a m9ute1 #bi seconds1 ,e4 ,hel51 ?ree /ops1 ,etampes1 ,france1 ,septemb] #h1 ,nieuport ,ma*9e1 #ad h\rs1 #g m9utes1 #ej seconds1 #ac h\rs1 #ag m9utes net "t2 ) "o pass5g]1 ,suvelack1 ,johanni/hal1 ,g]many1 ,decemb] #h1 #d h\rs1 #bc m9utes2 ) two pass5g]s1 ,t4 de ,w4 ,mill+1 ,nassau ,b\lev>d1 ,new ,york1 ,septemb] #bf1 ,burgess-,wright ,ma*9e1 #a h\r1 #ed m9utes1 #db #c-e seconds2 ) ?ree pass5g]s1 ,w>*al[ski1 ,wi5]-,neu/adt1 ,au/41 ,octob] #cj1 #de m9utes1 #df seconds2 ) f\r pass5g]s1 ,g4 ,busson1 ,rheims1 ,france1 ,m>* #aj1 ,dep]duss9 ,ma*9e1 #ag m9utes1 #bh #a-e seconds4 ,greate/ ,altitude ,aviator ,alone--,g>ros1 ,/4 ,malo1 ,france1 ,septemb] #d1 ,bl]iot ,ma*9e1 #ac1cfb feet2 ) "o pass5g]1 ,prevo/1 ,c\rcy1 ,france1 ,decemb] #b1 #i1hdj feet2 ) two pass5g]s1 ,lieut4 ,bi]1 ,au/ria1 ,etri* ,ma*9e1 #d1jaj feet4 ,,am]ican ,,records4 ,greate/ ,spe$ ,p] ,h\r1 ,:atev] ,l5g? ( ,flight1 ,aviator ,alone--,a4 ,leblanc1 ,belmont ,p>k1 ,n4 ,y41 ,octob] #bi1 ,bl]iot ,ma*9e1 #fg4hg miles2 ) "o pass5g]1 ,c4 ,grahame-,:ite1 ,squantum1 ,mass41 ,septemb] #d1 ,nieuport ,ma*9e1 #fc4bc miles2 ) two pass5g]s1 ,t4 ,o4 ,m4 ,sop)1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,augu/ #ae1 ,wright ,ma*9e1 #cd4if miles4 ,greate/ ,di/ance ,aviator ,alone--,/4 ,croix ,john/one1 ,m9eola1 ,n4 ,y41 ,july #bg1 ,moisant 7,bl]iot ,type7 ,ma*9e1 #agf4bc miles4 ,greate/ ,duration ,aviator ,alone--,h[>d ,w4 ,gill1 ,k9lo*1 ,mo41 ,octob] #ai1 ,wright ,ma*9e1 #d h\rs1 #af m9utes1 #ce seconds2 ) "o pass5g]1 ,g4 ,w4 ,beatty1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,augu/ #ai1 ,wright ,ma*9e1 #c h\rs1 #db m9utes1 #bb #a-e seconds2 ) two pass5g]s1 ,t4 de ,w4 ,mill+1 ,nassau ,b\lev>d1 ,n4 ,y41 ,septemb] #bf1 ,burgess-,wright ,ma*9e1 #a h\r1 #ed m9utes1 #db #c-e seconds4 ,greate/ ,altitude ,aviator ,alone--,l4 ,bea*y1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,augu/ #bj1 ,curtiss ,ma*9e1 #aa1fdb feet2 ) "o pass5g]1 ,c4 ,grahame-,:ite1 ,nassau ,b\lev>d1 ,n4 ,y41 ,septemb] #cj1 ,nieuport ,ma*9e1 #c1cdg feet4 ,weight ,c>ry+--,p4 ,o4 ,p>melee1 ,*icago1 ,,iii41 ,augu/ #ai1 ,wright ,ma*9e1 #deh lbs4 ,,aviation ,,developm5t4 ,! wond]ful progress made 9 ! sci5ce ( aviation dur+ ! ye> #aiaa f> surpasses any twelve mon?s' advancem5t record$4 ,! advancem5t has n be5 conf9$ to any c\ntry or cont95t1 s9ce e "p ( ! _w is tak+ its "p 9 aviation hi/ory mak+4 ,! rapidly increas+ int]e/ 9 aviation has br\ght =? s*ools = ! in/ruction ( fly+ 9 bo? ! old & new _w1 & lic5s$ air pilots be=e !y receive _! sanctions f ! gov]n+ a]o clubs ( _! c\ntry are requir$ to pass an extremely try+ exam9ation 9 actual flights4 ,exhibition flights & races 7 common 9 all p>ts ( ! _w dur+ #aiaa1 & t\r+ aviators visit$ ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 giv+ exhibitions & in/ruction4 ,europe 0 ! sc5e ( a numb] ( cross-c\ntry races 9 :i* entries rang+ f t5 to tw5ty aviators flew f city to city ar\nd a giv5 circuit1 :i* 9 "s in/ances exce$$ #a1jjj miles 9 di/ance4 ,cross-c\ntry flights ) & )\t pass5g]s became s common t ^? ( less ?an two h\rs' duration attract$ little att5tion4 ,!re 7 few] attempts at high altitude so>+1 al?\gh ! _w's record 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( aviation 0 bett]$ sev]al times4 ,9 place ( ^! high flights1 ! aviators devot$ m att5tion to spe$1 duration & spectacul> manoeuvres1 :i* appe>$ to satisfy ! spectators4 ,! prize money won dur+ #aiaa exce$$ #a1jjj1jjj1 b ow+ to ! increas$ numb] ( aviators ! individual w9n+s 7 n z l>ge z 9 #aiaj4 ,x is e/imat$ t )9 ! pa/ twelve mon?s m ?an #cjj1jjj miles h be5 cov]$ 9 a]oplane flights & m ?an sev5 ?\s& p]sons1 class$ ei!r z aviators or pass5g]s1 tak5 up into ! air4 ,! a]oplane ( today ranges ?r\gh monoplane1 biplane1 triplane & ev5 quadraplane1 & m ?an two hundr$ types ( ^! ma*9es are 9 use4 ,a]oplanes are becom+ a factor ( int]national comm]ce4 ,! records ( ! ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics %[ t m ?an #ej1jjj wor? ( a]oplanes 7 import$ into1 & export$ f1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #aiaa4 ,! ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics only began ! ma9t5ance ( a sep>ate record ( ?is comp>atively new article ( comm]ce ) ! op5+ ( ! fiscal ye> #aiaa-ab4 ,two ( ! prom95t developm5ts ( #aiaa 7 ! introduction ( ! hydro-a]oplane & ! motorless glid] exp]im5ts ( ! ,wright bro!rs at ,killdevil ,hills1 ,n4 ,c41 :]e dur+ ! two weeks' exp]im5ts num]\s flights ) & aga9/ ! w9d 7 made1 culm9at+ 9 ! e/abli%+ ( a record by ,orville ,wright on ,octob] #be1 #aiaa1 :5 9 a #eb-mile p] h\r bl[ he rea*$ an elevation ( #bbe feet & rema9$ 9 ! air #aj m9utes & #cd seconds4 ,! se>* = ! secret ( automatic /ability /ill cont9ues1 & ?\gh "s rem>kable progress has be5 made ! solution has n yet be5 rea*$4 ,,notable ,,cross-,,c\ntry ,,flights ,,( #aiaa4 ,"o ( ! important features ( #aiaa 9 aviation 0 ! rapid increase 9 ! numb] & di/ance ( cross-c\ntry flights made ei!r = ! purpose ( exhibition1 te/+1 in/ruction or pleasure4 ,flights betwe5 cities 9 almo/ e c\ntry ( ! _w became common occurr5ces4 ,s great 0 ! numb] t only ^? ( m ?an ord9>y importance because ( spe$1 di/ance or duration are record$4 ,! flights ( ,h>ry ,n4 ,atwood f ,bo/on to ,wa%+ton & f ,/4 ,l\is to ,new ,york1 & ,c4 ,p4 ,rodg]s f ,new ,york to ,los ,angeles 7 ! mo/ important ev5ts ( ! k9d 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,/ ,l\is to ,new ,york flight 0 a di/ance by air r\te1 #a1bff miles4 ,duration ( flight1 #ab days4 ,net fly+ "t1 #bh h\rs #ec m9utes4 ,av]age daily flight1 #aje4e miles4 ,av]age spe$1 #dc4i miles p] h\r4 ,transcont95tal ,flight ( ,calbrai? ,p4 ,rodg]s4--,all _w records = cross-c\ntry fly+ 7 brok5 dur+ ! ,new ,york to ,los ,angeles flight ( ,calbrai? ,p4 ,rodg]s1 :o left ,%eep%ead ,bay1 ,n4 ,y41 on ,sunday1 ,septemb] #ag1 #aiaa1 & complet$ 8 flight to ! ,pacific ,coa/ on ,sunday1 ,novemb] #e1 at ,pasad5a1 ,cal4 ,rodg]s flew a ,wright biplane1 & dur+ 8 long trip ! ma*9e 0 repeat$ly repair$1 s great 0 ! /ra9 ( ! long j\rney 9 ! air4 ,rodg]s is e/imat$ to h cov]$ #d1bca miles1 al?\gh ! actual r\te z mapp$ out 0 b #d1jag miles4 ,elaps$ "t to ,pasad5a1 ,cal41 #di days2 actual "t 9 ! air1 #d1ibd m9utes1 equival5t to #c days #aj h\rs #d m9utes2 av]age spe$ approximat+ #ea miles p] h\r4 ,rodg]s' longe/ flight 9 "o day 0 f ,s&]son to ,si]ra ,blanca1 ,texas1 on ,octob] #bh1 :5 he cov]$ #bca miles4 ,on ,novemb] #ab1 ,rodg]s fell at ,compton1 ,cal41 & 0 badly injur$1 caus+ a delay ( #bh days4 ,european ,circuit ,race4--,/>t$ f ,p>is on ,june #ah1 #aiaa4 ,di/ance1 #a1jgc miles1 via ,p>is to ,liege2 ,liege to ,spa to ,liege2 ,liege to ,utre*t1 ,holl&2 ,utre*t to ,brussels1 ,belgium2 ,brussels to ,r\baix2 ,r\baix to ,calais2 ,calais to ,london2 ,london to ,calais & ,calais to ,p>is4 ,?ree a]onauts 7 kill$ ei!r at ! />t or %ortly aft] ! race 0 9 progress4 ,!y 7 ,capt4 ,pr9cetau1 ,m4 ,le ,m>t9 & ,m4 ,l5dron4 ,?ree o!rs 7 injur$ by falls4 ,sev5 hundr$ ?\s& spectators witness$ ! />t f ! aviation field at ,v9c5nes1 ne> ,p>is4 ,!re 7 m ?an =ty />t]s1 ( :i* eight f9i%$4 ,! w9n]1 ,lieut4 ,jean ,conneau1 :o flies "u ! "n ( ,&re ,beaumont1 complet$ ! circuit on ,july #g2 8 actual net fly+ "t = ! di/ance be+ #eh;h4 #chm4 #d-es4 ,circuit ( ,engl& ,race--#a1jaj ,miles 9 ,five ,sections4-- ,/>t1 ,july #bb4 ,f9i%1 ,july #bf4 ,prize1 #ej1jjj4 ,tw5ty-eight entries & eighte5 />t]s4 ,sev5te5 f9i%$ ! fir/ section f ,brookl&s to ,h5don1 a di/ance ( tw5ty miles4 ,five rea*$ ,ed9burgh1 ! second section1 a di/ance ( #cdc miles1 & f\r complet$ ! entire circuit4 ,p>is to ,madrid ,race4--,?is race 0 />t$ at ! ,p>is aviation held at ,issy-les-,m\l9eaux on ,sunday1 ,may #ba4 ,!re 7 tw5ty-"o entrants1 & fully #cjj1jjj spectators ga!r$ to witness ! initial flight ( ! a]ial races4 ,! race 0 divid$ into ?ree /ages z foll[s3 ,p>is to ,ang\leme1 #bdh miles2 ,ang\leme to ,/4 ,seba/ian1 #bjh miles1 & f ,/4 ,seba/ian to ,madrid1 #chf miles1 a total di/ance ( #hdb miles4 ,aft] ?ree ( ! entrants _h safely left ! field1 ,aviator ,tra9 lo/ control ( 8 plane1 & 9 fall+ /ruck & kill$ ,m4 ,b]teaux1 ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 & s]i\sly injur$ ,premi] ,monis4 ,! accid5t caus$ ! )drawal ( all b six ( ! orig9al entrants1 & ( ^! b "o f9i%$4 ,! race call$ = a flight ov] ! ,pyr5ees ,m\nta9s1 & ,v$r9es1 ! w9n]1 _h to rise to a height ( m ?an #g1jjj feet to pass ! m\nta9 b>ri] ne> ,somosi]ra ,pass4 ,bo? ,v$r9es & ,gib]t1 ano!r competitor1 7 attack$ by eagles dur+ ! latt] /ages ( ! flight4 ,v$r9es1 :o />t$ f ,p>is on ,monday1 ,may #bb1 f9i%$ ! long & p]il\s race at #h3jf a4 m4 ,friday1 ,may #bf4 ,v$r9es net fly+ "t1 all controls & en=c$ /ops subtract$1 0 #ad;h4 #eem4 #ahs4 ,! v>i\s prizes to ! w9n] aggregat$ #cj1jjj4 ,! ,p>is-,rome-,tur9 ,race4--,! conditions ( ?is race call$ = a flight betwe5 ! cities ( ,p>is1 ,rome & ,tur91 cov]+ a di/ance ( #a1cjj miles4 ,! aviators 7 p]mitt$ by ! rules to alight :5ev] & :]ev] !y desir$ & ! "t limit 0 set f ,may #bh to ,june #ae4 ,a prize ( #ajj1jjj 0 (f]$ ! w9n]1 b ! conte/ 0 nev] f9i%$1 z "o aft] ano!r ! aviators dropp$ out until ,frey fell ne> ,roncigilione1 ,france1 break+ bo? arms & legs & un(ficially end+ ! conte/4 ,!re 7 tw5ty-"o entries & twelve actual />t]s4 ,int]national ,spe$ ,cup ,race4--,! ?ird annual int]national ,james ,gordon ,b5nett spe$ cup race 0 held at ,ea/*ur*1 ,engl&1 on ,july #a1 #aiaa1 & = ! second "t 0 won by an ,am]ican aviator1 ,c4 ,t4 ,weymann1 9 a ,fr5* rac+ a]oplane4 ,! di/ance 0 #aej kilometres equival5t to #id miles1 & ! w9n]'s "t ( #a;h4 #aam4 #cfs4 %[$ an av]age spe$ ( #gh4gg miles p] h\r4 ,! fir/ race 0 held 9 #aiji & 0 won by ,gl5n ,curtiss1 :o flew ! tw5ty kilometres 7#ab4d miles7 9 #ae m9utes #ej #b-e seconds at an av]age spe$ ( #dg miles p] h\r4 ,9 #aiaj ! w9n] 0 ,grahame-,:ite1 :o cov]$ #ajj kilometres 7#fb miles7 at ,belmont ,p>k1 ,l4 ,i41 9 #fj m9utes #dg #c-e seconds1 an av]age spe$ ( #fa4c miles p] h\r4 ,9 ! #aiaa race !re 7 six />t]s3 ?ree f ,france1 two f ,great ,brita9 & "o f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,milan to ,tur9 to ,milan ,race4--,?is race :i* 0 />t$ f ,milan1 ,italy1 on ,octob] #bi1 0 re/rict$ to ,italian aviators & _h six />t]s4 ,! di/ance 0 approximately #agg miles & won by ,maniss]o 9 a ,bl]iot ma*9e 9 #c;h4 #afm4 #b #d-es4 ,new ,york to ,philadelphia ,race4--,! fir/ int]city a]oplane race ev] held 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 />t$ f ,new ,york ,city on ,augu/ #e1 & f9i%$ 9 ,philadelphia ! same day4 ,! prize ( #e1jjj 0 (f]$ by a comm]cial conc]n ) /ores 9 ! two cities3 ,?ree entrants compet$ f ! ,curtiss ,exhibition ,company4 ,! di/ance 0 approximately #hc miles & won by ,l4 ,bea*ey 9 a ,curtiss ma*9e 9 #a;h4 #ejm4 at an av]age spe$ ( #de miles p] h\r4 ,tri-,/ate ,race4--,! tri-/ate race 0 ! feature ev5t ( ! ,h>v>d ,aviation ,society meet held at ,squantum1 ,mass41 ,augu/ #bf to ,septemb] #f4 ,x 0 held ,labor ,day1 ,septemb] #d1 ov] a c\rse ( #agd miles1 f ,bo/on to ,na%ua to ,worce/] to ,provid5ce to ,bo/on4 ,f\r competitors />t$1 ( :i* two f9i%$1 ! w9n]1 ,e4 ,ov+ton1 9 a ,bl]iot ma*9e4 ,ov+ton's net fly+ "t1 #c;h4 #fm4 #bb #a-es4 ,w9n]'s prize1 #aj1jjj4 ,,a]oplanes ,,& ,,dirigible ,,balloons ,,9 ,,w>f>e4 ,wond]ful progress has be5 made 9 ! developm5t ( ! a]oplane 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe s9ce #aijc1 & )9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s ! lead+ p[]s ( ! _w h ent]$ ^u ext5sive te/s & exp]im5ts to det]m9e its availability & usefulness 9 l& & naval w>f>e4 ,at ! pres5t "t all ! great p[]s are build+ or pur*as+ a]oplanes on an ext5sive scale4 ,!y h e/abli%$ gov]nm5t s*ools = ! in/ruction ( _! army & navy (fic]s & = exp]im5tal "w4 ,s-call$ ,air%ip ,fleets h be5 con/ruct$ & plac$ 9 commission z auxili>ies to ! armies & navies4 ,! fleets ( ,france & ,g]many are ab\t equal & are l>g] by f> ?an ^? ( any ( ! o!r p[]s4 ,! l5g? ( ! dirigibles compos+ ^! fleets runs f #aej to #ejj feet2 !y are equipp$ ) eng9es ( f #ej to #ejj horse-p[]1 ) a rate ( spe$ rang+ f #bj to #cj miles p] h\r4 ,_! approximate range is f #bjj to #ijj miles2 ! longe/ actual run 7made by ! ,zeppel9 ,,ii1 ,g]many7 is #hjj miles4 ,a ,briti% naval air%ip1 "o ( ! l>ge/ yet built1 0 complet$ la/ summ]4 ,x has co/ ov] #bjj1jjj1 & x 0 9 c\rse ( design+ & con/ruction two ye>s4 ,x is #eaj feet long2 c c>ry #bb p]sons1 & has a lift ( #ba tons4 ,! relative value ( ! dirigible balloon & ! a]oplane 9 actual w> is yet to be det]m9$4 ,! dirigible is consid]$ to be ! saf]1 yet sev]al l>ge balloons ( ?is class 9 ,g]many & ,france h met ) disa/]1 involv+ loss ( lives4 ,! capacity ( ! dirigible = long] flights & its sup]ior facilities = c>ry+ app>atus & op]ators = wireless telegraphy are di/9ct advantages4 ,!re has n yet be5 mu* opportunity to te/ ! air%ip 9 actual w>f>e4 ,! a]oplane has be5 us$ by ! ,italians 9 ,tripoli = sc\t+ & reconnoit]+ & is said to h ju/ifi$ expectations4 ,on sev]al occasions ! ,italian milit>y aviators foll[$ ! movem5ts ( ! enemy1 9 "o in/ance z f> z =ty miles inl&4 ,at ! "t ( ! attack by ! ,turks a skillful a]oplane reconnaissance reveal$ ! approa* ( a l>ge ,turki% =ce1 believ$ to be at ! "t sixty miles away 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,a]oplanes & air%ips1 z !y exi/ today1 w\ld d\btless r5d] v valuable s]vice 9 a "t ( w>1 bo? ov] l& & wat]1 9 sc\t+1 reconnoit]+1 c>ry+ dispat*es1 & z "s exp]ts believe1 9 locat+ subm>9es & m9es plac$ by ! enemy 9 *annels ( exits f ports4 ,a coa/ a]oplane c\ld fly out #cj or #dj miles f l&1 & ris+ to a great height1 descry any ho/ile %ips on ! di/ant horizon1 obs]ve _! numb]1 /r5g?1 =mation & direction1 & return )9 two h\rs ) a report to obta9 :i* w\ld require sev]al swift torp$o-boat de/roy]s & a mu* great] "t4 ,! "q z to :e!r x w\ld be practicable to bomb>d an enemy on l& or sea ) explosive bombs dropp$ or dis*>g$ f fly+ ma*9es or air%ips1 is "o :i* is mu* discuss$ b h>dly yet det]m9$4 ,a]oplanes h be5 con/ruct$ ) floats 9 ! place ( runn]s & sev]al attempts h be5 made1 9 "s cases successfully1 to light ) !m on & to rise f ! wat]4 ,mr4 ,curtiss did ?is at ,san ,francisco1 9 ,janu>y1 #aiaa4 ,attempts h also be5 made ) ! a]oplane to alight on & to take flight f ! deck ( a w>%ip4 ,t[>d ! end ( #aiaj ,aviator ,ely flew to l& f ! cruis] ,birm+ham1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #aiaa1 he flew f l& & alight$ on ! cruis] ,p5nsylvania4 ,b 9 ^! cases special arrangem5ts 7 made :i* w\ld be h>dly practicable 9 a "t ( actual w>4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiaa1 a te/ 0 made at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 by ,lieut4 ,rodg]s1 ( ! navy1 ( a hydro-areoplane z an auxili>y to a battle%ip4 ,! idea ( ! te/ 0 to alight alongside ( ! %ip1 hoi/ ! ma*9e abo>d1 put out to sea & laun* ! ma*9e aga9 ) ! use ( a crane4 ,lieut4 ,rodg]s came d[n smoo?ly alongside ! ,ohio1 8 ma*9e 0 easily drawn abo>d ) a crane1 & ! ,ohio /eam$ d[n to ! op5 sea1 :]e x 0 bl[+ half a gale4 ,b1 ow+ to ! misjudgm5t ( ! %ip's headway1 "o ( ! w+s ( ! ma*9e :5 x /ruck ! wat] aft] be+ releas$ f ! crane1 w5t "u ! wat] & 0 snapp$ (f4 ,lieut4 ,rodg]s 0 conv9c$ t ?is me?od 0 too risky & t "s o!r mu/ be devis$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,a]onautical ,,t]ms4 ,a]odrome4--,lit]ally a ma*9e t runs 9 ! air4 ,a](oil4--,! advanc+ transv]se section ( an a]oplane4 ,a]oplane4--,a fly+ ma*9e ( ! glid] patt]n1 us$ 9 contra-di/9ction to a dirigible balloon4 ,a]onaut4--,a p]son :o travels 9 ! air4 ,a]o/at4--,a ma*9e su/a9+ weight 9 ! air4 ,a balloon is an a]o/at4 ,a]o/atic4--,p]ta9+ to susp5sion 9 ! air2 ! art ( a]ial navigation4 ,ail]ons4--,small /abiliz+ planes atta*$ to ! ma9 planes to assi/ 9 pres]v+ equilibrium4 ,angle ( ,incid5ce4--,angle =m$ by mak+ comp>ison ) a p]p5dicul> l9e or body4 ,angle ( ,incl9ation4--,angle at :i* a fly+ ma*9e rises4 ,?is angle1 l t ( incid5ce1 is obta9$ by comp>ison ) an upright1 or p]p5dicul> l9e4 ,auxili>y ,planes4--,m9or plane surfaces1 us$ 9 conjunction ) ! ma9 planes = /abiliz+ purposes4 ,biplane4--,a fly+-ma*9e ( ! glid] type ) two surface planes4 ,blade ,twi/4--,! angle ( twi/ or curvature on a propell] blade4 ,camb]$4--,curve or ar* 9 plane1 or w+ f port to />bo>d4 ,*assis4--,! "u framework ( a fly+ ma*9e2 ! framework ( ! l[] plane4 ,control4--,sy/em by :i* ! rudd]s & /abiliz+ planes are manipulat$4 ,dih$ral4--,hav+ two sides & set at an angle1 l dih$ral planes1 or dih$ral propell] blades4 ,dirigible4--,ob$i5t to a rudd]2 some?+ t may be /e]$ or direct$4 ,helicopt]4--,fly+ ma*9e ! lift+ p[] ( :i* is furni%$ by v]tical propell]s4 ,lat]al ,curvature4--,p>abolic =m 9 a transv]se direction4 ,lat]al ,equilibrium or ,/ability4--,ma9t5ance ( ! ma*9e on an ev5 keel transv]sely4 ,if ! lat]al equilibrium is p]fect ! extreme ends ( ! ma*9e w be on a dead level4 ,longitud9al ,equilibrium or ,/ability4--,ma9t5ance ( ! ma*9e on an ev5 keel f front to re>4 ,monoplane4--,fly+ ma*9e ) "o support+1 or surface plane4 ,multiplane4--,fly+ ma*9e ) m ?an ?ree surface planes4 ,orni?opt]4--,fly+ ma*9e ) movable bird-l w+s4 ,p>abolic ,curves4--,hav+ ! =m ( a p>abola--a conic section4 ,pit* ( ,propell] ,blade4--,see ,twi/4 ,ribs4--,! pieces ov] :i* ! clo? cov]+ is /ret*$4 ,spread4--,! di/ance f end to end ( ! ma9 surface2 ! transv]se dim5sion4 ,/an*ions4--,upright pieces connect+ ! upp] & l[] frames4 ,/ruts4--,! pieces :i* hold toge!r longitud9ally ! ma9 frame beams4 ,sup]pos$4--,plac$ "o ov] ano!r4 ,surface ,area4--,! am\nt ( clo?-cov]$ support+ surface :i* furni%es ! su/a9+ quality4 ,su/5tation4--,susp5sion 9 ! air4 ,p[] ( su/5tation2 ! quality ( su/a9+ a weight 9 ! air4 ,triplane4--,fly+ ma*9e ) ?ree surface planes4 ,?ru/ ( ,propell]4--,p[] ) :i* ! blades displace ! air4 ,wid?4--,! di/ance f ! front to ! re> edge ( a fly+ ma*9e4 ,w9d ,pressure4--,! =ce ex]t$ by ! w9d :5 a body is mov+ aga9/ x4 ,!re is always m or less w9d pressure1 ev5 9 a calm4 ,w+ ,tips4--,! extreme ends ( ! ma9 surface planes4 ,sometimes ^! are movable p>ts ( ! ma9 planes1 & sometimes sep>ate auxili>y planes4 ,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,n[ dead4 ,footnote #b3 ,a]onautics4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,wrights' new ma*9e weighs only #ijj p\nds4 ,footnote #e3 ,a]onautics4