,illu/ration     ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican  
,,supplem5t ,,no4 #che     ,,new ,,york1
 ,,may #ai1 #ahhc  ,sci5tific ,am]ican  
,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xv41 ,no4 #che4     
,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde      
,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a    
ye>4  ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 
#g a ye>4          99       99       99 
99       99  ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4  ,i4
    ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,fi%es ( ,cuban
 ,wat]s4        ,panax ,victori4--#a    
,illu/ration4        ,a ,note on ,sap4  
,by ,pr(4 ,,attfield4        ,!         
,cr[4--,illu/ration4        ,! ,pray+   
,mantis & its ,allies4--,illu/ration4   
,may ,flies4--#b illu/rations4  ,,ii4   
,,te*nology4--,a ,quick ,way to ,asc]ta9
 ! ,focus       ( a ,l5s4--#a diagram4  
,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,pian(orte4 ,by ,a4,j4   
,,hipk9s4--,diff]5t p>ts ( a pian(orte &
       _! uses4--,inv5tor ( ! in/rum5t &
 8       action4--,fir/ ,g]man          
piano-mak]4--,squ>e                     
pianos4--,pianos ( ,broadwood1 ,back]s1 
,/od>t1       & ,er>d4--,introduction ( 

metal tubes1 plates1       b>s1 &       
frames4--,improvem5ts ( ,mey]1 !        
,/e9ways1 ,*ick]+s1 & o!rs4--,upright   
pianos4--,sev]al figures4  ,,iii4       
,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,! ,poison\s    
,prop]ties (       ,nitrate ( ,silv] & a
 ,rec5t ,case ( ,poison+       ) !      
,same4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,mott1 ,jr4         
,tub]cle ,bacilli 9 ,sputa4             
,mal>ia4 ,by ,dr4 ,,james ,h4           
,,salisbury4--,,viii4 ,local            
obs]vations4--,effect ( ! sun on ague   
plants4--,inve/igations into ! cause (  
ague4--,notes on m>% miasm4--,analysis (
 mal>i a       plant4--,num]\s figures4 
,,iv4   ,,eng9e]+4--,torp$o             
,boats4--,full page illu/ration4        
,pictet's ,high ,spe$ ,boat4--,sev]al   
figures &       diagrams4               
,initial ,/ability ,indicator =         
,%ips4--#d figures4  ,v4                
,,electricity1 ,,light1 ,,&             
,,heat4--,scrivan['s ,*loride (         
,silv] ,pile4--#b figures4        ,on ! 
,lum9osity ( ,flame4  ,,vi4             

,,*emi/ry4--,new ,blea*+ ,process1 )    
,reg5]ation (       ! ,ba?s ,us$4 ,by   
,m4 ,,bonneville4        ,detection (   
,mag5ta1 ,ar*il1 & ,cudbe> 9 ,w9e4      
,,vii4  ,,ar*itecture4--,! ,pan!on at   
,rome4  ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,!     
,raphael ,celebration at                
,rome4--#c ,illu/rations4        ,great 
,int]national ,fi%]ies ,exhibition4--#a 
figure4        ,puppet ,%[s among !     
,greeks4--#c illu/rations4         99   
99       99       99       99     ,,!   
,,raphael ,,celebration ,,at ,,rome4    
,! mo/ fam\s ( ,italian pa9t]s1         
,raffaele ,sanzio1 :om ! _w commonly    
calls ,raphael1 0 born at ,urb9o1 9     
,umbria1 "p ( ! ,papal ,/ates1 f\r      
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! anniv]s>y 0         
celebrat$1 on ,m>* #bh1 #ahhc1 bo? 9 t  
t[n & 9 ,rome1 :]e he liv$ & work$1 &   
:]e he di$ 9 #aebj1 ) processions1      
orations1 poetical recitations1         
p]=mances ( music1 exhibitions (        
pictures1 /atues1 & bu/s1 visits to !   
tomb ( ! great arti/ 9 ! ,pan!on1 & )   

banquets & o!r fe/ivities4 ,! ,k+ &     
,que5 ( ,italy 7 pres5t at ! ,capitol ( 
,rome 7! ,palace ( ! ,city              
,municipality7 :]e "o "p ( ^! proce$+s  
took place4  ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton   
,,( ,,raphael ,,z ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,8 ,,tomb 
,,9 ,,! ,,pan!on1 ,,9 #ahcc4  ,at t5    
o'clock 9 ! morn+ a procession set =? f 
! ,capitol to ! ,pan!on1 to r5d] homage 
at ! tomb ( ,raphael4 ,x 0 arrang$ 9 !  
foll[+ ord]3 ,two ,f$eli1 or municipal  
u%]s1 9 picturesque co/umes ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury1 head$ ! procession1 c>ry+ two   
laurel wrea?s fa/5$ ) ribbons repres5t+ 
! colors ( ,rome1 r$ & d>k yell[2 a     
company ( ,vigili1 ! ,roman firem52 !   
municipal b&2 ! /&>d ( ,rome1 c>ri$ by  
an (fic] ( ! ,vigili2 & ! bann]s ( !    
f\rte5 qu>t]s ( ! city4 ,!n came !      
,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction & ! ,m9i/] 
( ,public ,works2 ! ,syndic ( ,rome1    
,duke ,leopoldo ,torlonia2 & ! ,prefect 
( ,rome1 ! ,m>quis ,grav9a4 ,! memb]s ( 
! communal giunta1 ! prov9cial          
deputation1 & ! communal & prov9cial    

c\ncil foll[$ ! pr9cipal au?orities4    
,next 9 ord] came ! presid5ts ( ,italian
 & =eign academies & art in/itutions1 ! 
presid5t ( ! academy ( ! ,licei1 !      
repres5tatives ( all ! =eign academies1 
! memb]s ( ! academy ( ,/4 ,luke1 !     
g5]al direction ( antiquities1 ! memb]s 
( ! ,p]man5t ,commission ( ,f9e ,arts1 !
 memb]s ( ! ,communal ,ar*ological      
,commission1 ! gu>dians ( ! ,pan!on1 !  
memb]s ( ! ,int]national ,arti/ic ,club1
 presid$ ov] by ,pr9ce ,odescal*i2 !    
memb]s ( ! art s*ools1 ! pupils ( ! ,san
 ,mi*ele & ,t]m9i s*ools ) _! b&s1 !    
pupils ( ! elem5t>y & female art s*ools4
 ,! procession 0 r5d]$ m int]e/+ by !   
pres5ce ( _m ,italian & =eign arti/s4   
,hav+ arriv$ at ! ,pan!on1 ! *ief       
p]sonages took _! place 9 front (       
,raphael's tomb4 ,e visitor to ,rome    
kn[s ?is tomb1 :i* is situat$ beh9d !   
?ird *apel on ! left ( ! visitor ent]+ !
 ,pan!on4 ,! alt> 0 end[$ by ,raphael1 &
 beh9d x is a picture ( ! ,virg9 &      
,*ild1 kn[n z ! ,madonna del ,sasso1 :i*

 0 execut$ at 8 reque/ & 0 produc$ by   
,lor5zo ,lotto1 a fri5d & pupil ( !     
great pa9t]4 ,above ! inscription       
usually hang a few small pictures1 :i* 7
 pres5t$ by v poor arti/s :o ?\ght      
!mselves cur$ by pray]s at ! %r9e4 ,?is 
is confirm$ by a crut* hang+ up close to
 ! pila/]4 ,! bones ( ,raphael are laid 
9 ?is tomb s9ce #aebj1 ) an epitaph     
record+ ! e/eem 9 :i* he 0 held by      
,popes ,julius ,,ii4 & ,leo ,x42 b !y h 
n always be5 all[$ to lie undi/urb$4 ,on
 ,sept4 #ad1 #ahcc1 ! tomb 0 op5$ to    
inspect ! m\ld]+ skeleton1 ( :i* draw+s 
7 made1 & are reproduc$ 9 two ( our     
illu/rations4 ,! proce$+s at ! tomb 9 ! 
rec5t anniv]s>y visit 7 brief & simple2 
a numb] ( laurel or floral wrea?s 7     
susp5d$ !re1 "o s5t by ! presid5t &     
memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,london2 & 
! ,syndic ( ,rome unveil$ a bronze bu/ (
 ,raphael1 :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 a ni*e at 
! side4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,anci5t     
,,roman ,,temple ,,n[ ,,kn[n ,,z ,,!    
,,pan!on1 ,,at ,,rome4  ,?is c]emony at 

! ,pan!on 0 conclud$ by all visitors    
writ+ _! names on two albums :i* _h be5 
plac$ ne> ,victor ,emmanuel's tomb &    
,raphael's tomb4 ,! commemoration 9 !   
hall ( ! ,horatii & ,curiatii 9 !       
,capitol 0 a great success1 _!          
,maje/ies1 ! ,m9i/]s1 ! memb]s ( !      
diplomatic body1 & a di/+ui%$ assembly  
be+ pres5t4 ,signor ,quir9o ,leoni read 
an admirable disc\rse on ,raphael & 8   
times4  ,! anci5t city ( ,urb9o1        
,raphael's bir?place1 has fall5 into    
decay1 b has rememb]$ its hi/oric r5[n  
^u ?is occasion4 ,! repres5tatives ( !  
,gov]nm5t & municipal au?orities1 &     
delegates ( ! lead+ ,italian cities w5t 
9 procession to visit ! h\se :]e        
,raphael 0 born4 ,commemoration spee*es 
7 pron\nc$ 9 ! great hall ( ! ducal     
palace by ,signor ,m+hetti & ,s5ator    
,mass>ani4 ,! commemoration end$ ) a    
cantata compos$ by ,signor ,rossi4 ,!   
,via ,raffaelle 0 illum9at$ 9 ! ev5+1 & 
a gala spectacle 0 giv5 at ! ,sanzio    
,!at]4 ,next day ! exhibition ( designs 

= a monum5t to ,raphael 0 inaugurat$ at 
,urb9o1 & at night a great tor*light    
procession took place4--,illu/rat$      
,london ,news4  ,illu/ration3           
,,raphael',s ,,tomb ,,9 ,,! ,,pan!on1   
,,at ,,rome4         99       99        
99       99       99     ,,! ,,pan!on   
,,at ,,rome4   ,! edifice kn[n z !      
,pan!on1 9 ,rome1 is "o ( ! be/ pres]v$ 
specim5s ( ,roman ar*itecture4 ,x 0     
erect$ 9 ! ye> #bf ,b4,c41 & is !re=e n[
 ab\t "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ ye>s old4 ,x 0 
consecrat$ z a ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ! ye>    
#fjh4 ,its rotunda is #adc ft4 9 diamet]
 & also #adc ft4 high4 ,its portico is  
rem>kable = ! elegance & numb] ( its    
,cor9?ian columns4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,seor ,felipe     
,poey1 a fam\s i*?yologi/ ( ,cuba1 has  
rec5tly br\ght out an exhau/ive "w ^u ! 
fi%es ( ,cuban wat]s1 9 :i* he describes
 & depicts no few] ?an #ghb di/9ct      
v>ieties1 al?\gh he admits "s d\bts ab\t
 #aje k9ds1 conc]n+ :i* he has yet to   
get m exact in=mation4 ,!re c be no "q1 

h[ev]1 he claims1 ab\t ! #fgg species   
rema9+1 m ?an half ( :i* he fir/        
describ$ 9 previ\s works ^u ?is subject1
 :i* has be5 ! /udy ( 8 life4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,! ,,great ,,int]national ,,fi%]ies    
,,exhibition4   ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 has 
appo9t$ ! #ab? ( ,may = ! op5+ ( !      
,int]national ,fi%]ies ,exhibition1 :i* 
an influ5tial & en]getic committee1 "u !
 active presid5cy ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1  
_h develop$ to a magnitude undreamt ( by
 ^? conc]n$ 9 its e>ly beg9n+s4  ,! idea
 ( an int]national ,fi%]ies ,exhibition 
arose out ( ! success ( ! %[ ( ,briti%  
fi%]y held at ,norwi* a %ort "t ago2 & !
 presid5t & executive ( ! latt] =m$ !   
nucleus ( ! f> m p[]ful body by :om !   
pres5t ent]prise has be5 br\ght ab\t4   
,! plan ( ! build+s embraces ! :ole ( ! 
tw5ty-two acres ( ! ,horticultural      
,g>d5s2 ! upp] half1 left 9 its usual   
/ate ( cultivation1 w =m a pleasant     
l\nge & re/+ place = visitors 9 !       
int]vals ( _! /udy ( ! collections4 ,?is

 elem5t ( g>d5 accommodation 0 "o ( !   
mo/ attractive features at ! ,p>is      
,exhibition ( #ahgh4  ,z ! plan ( !     
build+s is /raggl+ & ext5d$1 & widely   
sep>ates ! classes1 ! mo/ conv5i5t mode 
( see+ ! %[ w probably be f\nd by go+   
?r\gh ! surr\nd+ build+s fir/1 & !n tak+
 ! annexes z !y occur4  ,illu/ration3   
,,! ,,int]national ,,fi%]ies            
,,exhibition1 ,,london4  ,,block        
,,plan4--,a1 ,switz]l&2 ,b1 ,isle (     
,man2 ,c1 ,bahamas & ,w4,i4 ,isl&s2 ,d1 
,hawaii2 ,e1 ,pol&2 ,f1 ,portugal2 ,g1  
,au/ria2 ,h1 ,g]many2 ,i1 ,france2 ,j1  
,italy2 ,k1 ,greece2 ,l1 ,*9a2 ,m1      
,india & ,ceylon2 ,n1 ,/raits           
,settlem5ts2 ,o1 ,japan2 ,p1 ,tasmania2 
,q1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4--,scale #bjj feet 
to ! in*4  ,on ent]+ ! ma9 doors 9 !    
,exhibition ,road1 we pass ?r\gh !      
,ve/ibule to ! ,c\ncil ,room ( ! ,royal 
,horticultural ,society1 :i* has be5    
decorat$ = ! reception ( m>9e pa9t+s1   
riv] subjects1 & fi% pictures ( all     
sorts1 by mod]n arti/s4  ,leav+ ! ,f9e  

,arts beh9d1 ! pr9cipal build+ ( !      
,exhibition is be=e u--t devot$ to !    
deep sea fi%]ies ( ,great ,brita94 ,x is
 a h&some wood5 /ructure1 #gej feet 9   
l5g?1 #ej feet wide1 & #cj feet at its  
greate/ height4 ,! model ( ?is1 z well z
 ( ! o!r tempor>y wood5 build+s1 is !   
same z t ( ! annexes ( ! great          
,exhibition ( #ahfb4  ,on our left are !
 ,d9+ ,rooms ) ! kit*5s 9 ! re>4 ,! ?ird
 room1 set ap>t = *eap fi% d9n]s 7"o ( !
 features ( ! ,exhibition71 is to be    
decorat$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,b>oness       
,burdett ,c\tts1 & its walls are to be  
hung ) pictures l5t by ! ,fi%mong]s'    
,company1 :o h also furni%$ ! requisite 
*airs & tables1 & h made arrangem5ts = a
 daily supply ( *eap fi%1 :ile almo/    
ev]y?+ necess>y to its ma9t5ance 7=ks1  
spoons1 table-l951 etc47 w be l5t by    
v>i\s firms4  ,! apsidal build+ atta*$  
is to be devot$ to lectures on ! cook+ (
 fi%4  ,hav+ cross$ ! ,briti% ,section1 
& turn+ to ! "r & pass+ by ano!r        
entrance1 we come ^u :at w be to all "o 

( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( !            
,exhibition1 & to ! sci5tific /ud5t (   
i*?yology a collection ( p>am\nt        
importance4 ,we allude to ! ,we/]n      
,arcade1 9 :i* are plac$ ! ,aqu>ia1 :i* 
h 9 _! con/ruction giv5 rise to m       
?\ghtful c>e & delib]ation ?an any o!r  
"p ( ! works4 ,on ! "r1 9 ! bays1 are ! 
tw5ty l>ge asphalt tanks1 ab\t #ab feet 
long1 #c feet wide1 & #c feet deep4 ,^! 
are ! l>ge/ dim5sions t ! space at comm&
 w all[1 b x is fe>$ by "s t x w be f\nd
 some:at conf9$ = fa/ go+ fi%4 ,along ! 
wall on ! left are rang$ tw5ty small] or
 table tanks ( slate1 :i* v>y some:at 9 
size2 ! t5 l>ge/ are ab\t #e feet #h    
in*es long1 #b feet #i in*es wide1 & #a 
foot #i in*es deep4  ,9 ?is ,we/]n      
,arcade w be f\nd all ! new inv5tions 9 
fi% culture--models ( hat*+1 bre$+1 &   
re>+ e/abli%m5ts1 app>atus = !          
transport+ ( fi%1 ova1 models & draw+s (
 fi%-passes & ladd]s1 & repres5tations (
 ! developm5t & gr[? ( fi%4 ,! *ief     
exhibitors are speciali/s1 & are already

 well kn[n to our read]s4 ,sir ,james   
,gibson ,maitl& has tak5 an active "p 9 
! arrangem5t ( ?is bran*1 & is himself  
"o ( ! pr9cipal contributors4  ,9 ! nor?
 ( ! ,arcade1 :]e x curves t[>d !       
,cons]vatory1 w be %[n an enorm\s       
collection ( examples ( /uff$ fi%1      
contribut$ by _m prom95t angl+          
societies4 ,9 front ( ^! on ! c\nt] w be
 rang$ microscopic prep>ations (        
p>asites1 etc41 & a /& f ! ,norwi*      
,exhibition ( a fauna ( fi% & fi%-eat+  
birds4  ,pass+ beh9d ! ,cons]vatory &   
d[n ! ,ea/]n ,arcade--9 :i* w be arrang$
 alg1 sponges1 mollusca1 />-fi%1 worms  
us$ = bait1 insects :i* de/roy spawn or 
:i* s]ve z food = fi%1 etc4--on turn+ to
 ! left1 we f9d ourselves 9 ! fi% m>ket1
 :i* w probably vie ) ! aqu>ia on ! o!r 
side 9 attract+ popul> att5tion4 ,?is   
model ,bill+sgate is to be divid$ into  
two p>ts1 ! "o = ! sale ( fre%1 ! o!r ( 
dri$ & cur$ fi%4  ,next 9 ord] come !   
two long iron %$s appropriat$           
respectively to life-boats & ma*9]y 9   

motion4 ,!n pa/ ! ,royal pavilion 7!    
idea ( :i* 0 d\btless tak5 f its        
prototype at ! ,p>is ,exhibition7 to !  
s\!rn end ( ! c5tral block1 :i* is %>$  
by ! ,ne!rl&s & ,newf\ndl&2 j to ! nor? 
( ! =m] ,belgium has a place4  ,:ile !  
,committee ( ! ,ne!rl&s 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ 
=m$1 ,belgium only came 9 at ! elev5?   
h\r2 %e w1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! zeal\s       
activity ( ,mr4 ,l5d]s1 ! consul 9      
,london1 s5d an important contribution  
wor?y ( h] int]e/ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea        
fi%]ies4 ,we ought also to m5tion t     
,newf\ndl& is among ^? colonies :i* h   
%[n great en]gy1 & %e may be expect$ to 
s5d a l>ge collection4  ,pass+ nor?w>d  
we come to ,sw$5 & ,norway1 ) ,*ili     
betwe5 !m4 ,^! two c\ntries 71 l !      
,ne!rl&s1 e>ly 9 prep>+ to p>ticipate 9 
! ,exhibition4 ,ea* has _h its own      
committee1 :i* has be5 work+ h>d s9ce   
e>ly 9 #ahhb4  ,p>allel to ! ,sc&9avian 
section is t devot$ to ,canada & !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 & ea* w occupy an equal  
space--t5 ?\s& squ>e feet4  ,9 ! nor!rn 

,transept w be plac$ ! inl& fi%]ies ( ! 
,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,at ea* end ( ! build+ is
 aptly inclos$ a bas9 =m]ly /&+ 9 !     
g>d5s3 & ov] ! ea/]n "o w be erect$ !   
dais f :i* ! ,que5 w =mally decl>e !    
,exhibition op54  ,%oot+ out at "r      
angles are ! ,spani% annex1 & ! build+  
%>$ by ,india & ,ceylon4 ,*9a & ,japan &
 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 :ile correspond+ to  
^? at ! we/]n end are ! ,russian annex1 
& a %$ allott$ to sev]al c\ntries &     
colonies4 ,! ,isle ( ,man1 ! ,bahamas1  
,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,hawaii1 ,italy1 &  
,greece--all f9d _! space "u its ro(4   
,aft] all ! build+s 7 plann$1 !         
,gov]nm5ts ( ,russia & ,spa9 decl>$ _!  
int5tion ( p>ticipat+2 & accord+ly = ea*
 ( ^! c\ntries a commodi\s iron build+  
has be5 specially erect$4  ,! ,spani%   
collection w be ( peculi> int]e/2 x has 
be5 ga!r$ toge!r by a ,gov]nm5t vessel  
ord]$ r\nd ! coa/ = ! purpose1 & tak+ up
 contributions at all ! seaports z x    
pass$4  ,( ! c\ntries ^: ,gov]nm5ts =   
inscrutable reasons ( /ate %[ disfavor &

 lack ( sympa?y1 ,g]many is prom95t2    
al?\gh by ! active initiative ( !       
,london ,committee "s important         
contributions h be5 secur$ f private    
individuals2 among !m1 we are happy to  
say1 is ,mr4 ,max von dem ,borne1 :o w  
s5d 8 celebrat$ incubators1 :i* !       
,engli% ,committee h arrang$ to exhibit 
9 op]ation at _! own exp5se4  ,al?\gh ! 
,italian ,gov]nm5t1 l t ( ,g]many1 holds
 alo(1 individuals1 especially ,dr4     
,dohrn1 ( ! ,naples ,zoological ,/ation1
 w s5d contributions ( great sci5tific  
value4  ,9 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese annex1  
on ! ea/1 w be se5 a l>ge collection (  
specim5s 7includ+ ! gigantic crabs71 :i*
 h be5 collect$1 to great ext5t1 at !   
sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,gn!r1 ( ! ,briti%     
,museum4  ,x is at ! same "t =tunate &  
un=tunate t a simil> ,fi%]ies           
,exhibition is n[ be+ held at ,yokohama1
 z _m specim5s :i* h be5 collect$       
specially = _! own use w\ld o!rwise be  
want+2 & on ! o!r h&1 _m are held back =
 _! own %[4  ,*9a1 ( all =eign c\ntries1

 0 ! fir/ to s5d h] goods1 :i* arriv$ at
 ! build+ on ! #cj? ( ,m>*1 accompani$  
by native workm5 :o are prep>+ to erect 
ov] a bas9 contigu\s to _! annex models 
( ! summ] h\se & bridge ) :i* ! will[   
patt]n plate has made u famili>2 :ile on
 ! bas9 w float models ( ,*9ese junks4  
,( ,briti% colonies1 ,new ,s\? ,wales w 
contribute a v int]e/+ collection plac$ 
"u ! c>e ( ! ,curator ( ! ,sydney       
,museum2 & f ! ,indian ,empire w come a 
l>ge ga!r+ ( specim5s 9 spirits "u !    
sup]9t5d5ce ( ,dr4 ,francis ,day4  ,(   
great sci5tific int]e/ are ! exhibits1  
to be plac$ 9 two neighbor+ %$s1 ( !    
,native ,guano ,company & ! ,mill[n]s'  
,association4 ,! =m] w %[ all ! pat5ts  
us$ = ! purification ( ! riv]s f sewage1
 & ! latt] w display 9 action _! me?od (
 r5d]+ innocu\s ! *emical pollutions :i*
 factories p\r into ! riv]4  ,9 ! l>ge  
piece ( wat] 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! g>d5s1   
:i* has be5 deep5$ on purpose1 app>atus 
9 connection ) div+ w be se52 & h>d by1 
9 a %$1 ,messrs4 ,siebe1 ,gorman  ,co4 w

 %[ a selection ( beautiful m9ute %ells 
dr$g$ f ! bottom ( ! ,m$it]ranean4  ,9 !
 op5 bas9s 9 ! g>d5s w be se5 beav]s1   
seals1 sea-lions1 wad]s1 & o!r aquatic  
birds4  ,f ?is prelim9>y walk r\nd en\gh
 has1 we ?9k1 be5 se5 to %[ t ! ,great  
,int]national ,fi%]ies ,exhibition w    
prove ( int]e/ alike to ! ord9>y        
visitor1 to ^? anxi\s = ! well-be+ (    
fi%]m51 to fi%]m5 !mselves ( e degree1 &
 to ! sci5tific /ud5t ( i*?yology 9 all 
its bran*es4--,nature4         99       
99       99       99       99           
,,puppet ,,%[s ,,among ,,! ,,greeks4    
,! anci5ts1 especially ! ,greeks1 7 v   
fond ( !atrical repres5tations2 b1 z    
,mr4 ,magn9 has rem>k$ 9 8 ,orig9es du  
,?tre ,mod]ne1 public repres5tations 7 v
 exp5sive1 & = t v reason v r>e4        
,moreov]1 ^? :o 7 n 9 a condition (     
fre$om 7 exclud$ f !m2 &1 f9ally1 all   
cities c\ld n h a l>ge !at]1 & provide =
 ! exp5ses t x c>ri$ ) x4 ,x became     
necess>y1 !n1 = e day ne$s1 = all       
conditions & = all places1 t !re %\ld be

 com$ians ( an inf]ior ord]1 *>g$ ) !   
duty ( (f]+ cont9u\sly & inexp5sively ! 
emotions ( ! drama to all classes (     
inhabitants4  ,=m]ly1 z to-day1 !re 7   
se5 w&]+ f village to village m5ag]ies1 
puppet %[s1 =tune tell]s1 juggl]s1 &    
p]=m]s ( tricks ( all k9ds4 ,^!         
pre/idigitators ev5 obta9$ at times su* 
celebrity t hi/ory has pres]v$ _! names 
= u--at lea/ ( two ( !m1 ,euclides &    
,!odosius1 to :om /atues 7 erect$ by _! 
contempor>ies4 ,"o ( ^! 0 put up at     
,a!ns 9 ! ,!at] ( ,bac*us1 alongside ( t
 ( ! great writ] ( trag$y1 s*ylus1 & !  
o!r at ! ,!at] ( ! ,i/iaians1 hold+ 9 ! 
h& a small ball4 ,! gramm>ian ,a!nu1 :o 
reports ^! facts 9 8 ,banquet ( !       
,sages1 pr(its by ! occasion to deplore 
! ta/e ( ! ,a!nians1 :o pref]r$ !       
inv5tions ( me*anics to ! culture ( m9d 
& hi/rions to philosoph]s4 ,he adds )   
vexation t ,diophites ( ,locris pass$   
d[n to po/]ity simply because he came "o
 day to ,!bes we>+ ar\nd 8 body bladd]s 
fill$ ) w9e & milk1 & s arrang$ t he    

c\ld spurt at w "o ( ^! liquids 9       
app>5tly draw+ x f 8 m\?4 ,:at w\ld     
,a!nu say if he knew t x 0 ?r\gh him    
alone t ! "n ( ?is hi/rion _h come d[n  
to u8  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,!    
,,m>vel\s ,,/atue ,,( ,,cybele4  ,philo1
 ( ,byzantium1 & ,h]on1 ( ,alex&ria1 to 
:om we always h to h rec\rse :5 we      
desire accurate in=mation z to ! me*anic
 arts ( antiquity1 bo? compos$ treatises
 on puppet %[s4 ,t ( ,philo is lo/1 b   
,h]on's treatise has be5 pres]v$ to u1 &
 has rec5tly be5 translat$ 9 "p by ,mr4 
,victor ,pr\4  ,accord+ to ! ,greek     
eng9e]1 !re 7 sev]al k9ds ( puppet %[s4 
,! olde/ & simple/ consi/$ ( a small    
/ation>y case1 isolat$ on e side1 9 :i* 
! /age 0 clos$ by doors t op5$          
automatically sev]al times to exhibit ! 
diff]5t tableaux4 ,! programme ( !      
repres5tation 0 g5]ally z foll[s3 ,!    
fir/ tableau %[$ a head1 pa9t$ on ! back
 ( ! /age1 :i* mov$ its eyes1 & l[]$ &  
rais$ !m alt]nately4 ,! door hav+ be5   
clos$1 & !n op5$ aga91 !re 0 se51 in/ead

 ( ! head1 a gr\p ( p]sons4 ,f9ally1 !  
/age op5$ a ?ird "t to %[ a new gr\p1 & 
?is f9i%$ ! repres5tation4 ,!re 71 !n1  
only ?ree movem5ts to be made1 t ( !    
doors1 t ( ! eyes1 & t ( ! *ange (      
backgr\nd4  ,z su* repres5tations 7 (t5 
giv5 on ! /ages ( l>ge !at]s1 a me?od 0 
devis$ lat] on ( caus+ ! case to />t f !
 sc5es beh9d :i* x 0 bidd5 f !          
spectators1 & ( mov+ automatically to ! 
front ( ! /age1 :]e x exhibit$ 9        
succession ! diff]5t tableaux2 aft] :i* 
x return$ automatically beh9d ! sc5es4  
,"h is "o ( ! sc5es indicat$ by ,h]on1  
entitl$ ! ,triumph ( ,bac*us3  ,!       
movable case %[s1 at its upp] "p1 a     
plat=m f :i* arises a cyl9drical temple1
 ! ro( ( :i*1 support$ by six columns1  
is conical & surm\nt$ by a figure (     
,victory ) spread w+s & hold+ a cr[n 9  
h] "r h&4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! temple ,bac*us  
is se5 /&+1 hold+ a ?yrsus 9 8 left h&1 
& a cup 9 8 "r4 ,at 8 feet lies a pan!r4
 ,9 front ( & beh9d ! god1 on ! plat=m (
 ! /age1 are two alt>s provid$ )        

combu/ible mat]ial4 ,v ne> ! columns1 b 
ext]nal to !m1 !re are bac*antes plac$ 9
 any po/ure t may be desir$4 ,all be+   
?us prep>$1 says ,h]on1 ! automatic     
app>atus is set 9 motion4 ,! !at] !n    
moves ( itself to ! spot select$1 & !re 
/ops4 ,!n ! alt> 9 front ( ,jupit]      
becomes light$1 &1 at ! same "t1 milk & 
wat] spurt f 8 ?yrsus1 :ile 8 cup p\rs  
w9e ov] ! pan!r4 ,! f\r faces ( ! base  
become encircl$ ) cr[ns1 &1 to ! noise (
 drums & cymbals1 ! bac*antes dance r\nd
 ab\t ! temple4 ,soon1 ! noise hav+     
ceas$1 ,victory on ! top ( ! temple1 &  
,bac*us )9 x1 face ab\t4 ,! alt> t 0    
beh9d ! god is n[ 9 front ( him1 &      
becomes light$ 9 its turn4 ,!n occurs   
ano!r outfl[ f ! ?yrsus & cup1 & ano!r  
r\nd ( ! bac*antes to ! s\nd ( drums &  
cymbals4 ,! dance be+ f9i%$1 ! !at]     
returns to its =m] /ation4 ,?us ends !  
apo!osis4  ,i %all try to briefly       
indicate ! processes :i* p]mitt$ ( ^!   
diff]5t op]ations be+ p]=m$1 & :i* (f] a
 mu* m g5]al int]e/ ?an "o might at fir/

 sight be l$ to believe2 = almo/ all (  
!m _h be5 employ$ 9 =m] times = produc+ 
! illusions to :i* anci5t religions ow$ 
_! p[]4  ,! automatic movem5t ( ! case 0
 obta9$ by means ( c\nt]poises & two    
cords w\nd ab\t horizontal bobb9s 9 su* 
a way z to produce by _! w9d+ up a =w>d 
motion 9 a v]tical plane1 & subsequ5tly 
a backw>d movem5t to ! />t+ place4      
,suppos+ ! motive cords prop]ly w\nd    
ar\nd v]tical bobb9s1 in/ead ( a        
horizontal "o1 & we h ! half revolution 
( ,bac*us & ,victory1 z well z !        
complete revolution ( ! bac*antes4  ,!  
successive light+ ( ! two alt>s1 ! fl[ (
 milk & w9e1 & ! noise ( drums & cymbals
 7 likewise obta9$ by ! aid ( cords mov$
 by c\nt]poises1 & ! l5g?s ( :i* 7      
graduat$ 9 su* a way z to op5 & close   
orifices1 at ! prop] mom5t1 by act+     
?r\gh traction on slid+ valves :i* kept 
!m clos$4  ,small pieces ( combu/ible   
mat]ial 7 pil$ up be=eh& on ! two alt>s1
 ! bodies ( :i* 7 ( metal1 & 9 ! int]ior
 ( :i* 7 hidd5 small lamps t 7 sep>at$ f

 ! combu/ible by a metal plate :i* 0    
drawn aside at ! prop] mom5t by a small 
*a94 ,! flame1 on trav]s+ ! orifice1 ?us
 communicat$ ) ! combu/ible4  ,! milk & 
w9e :i* fl[$ out at two diff]5t times   
?r\gh ! ?yrsus & cup ( ,bac*us came f a 
d\ble res]voir hidd5 "u ! ro( ( !       
temple1 ov] ! orifices4 ,! latt]        
communicat$1 ea* ( !m1 ) "o ( ! halves (
 ! res]voir ?r\gh two tubes ins]t$ 9 !  
columns ( ! small edifice4 ,^! tubes 7  
prolong$ "u ! floor ( ! /age1 & ext5d$  
upw>d to ! h&s ( ,bac*us4 ,a key1       
maneuv]$ by cords1 alt]nately op5$ &    
clos$ ! orifices :i* gave passage to !  
two liquids4  ,z = ! noise ( ! drums &  
cymbals1 t result$ f ! fall+ ( granules 
( lead1 conta9$ 9 an invisible box      
provid$ ) an automatic slid+-valve1 ^u  
an incl9$ tamb\r9e1 :5ce !y reb\nd$     
aga9/ little cymbals 9 ! int]ior ( !    
base ( ! c>4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#b4--,,m>vel\s ,,alt> 7,accord+ to      
,h]on74  ,f9ally1 ! cr[ns & g>l&s t     
sudd5ly made _! appe>ance on ! f\r faces

 ( ! base ( ! /age 7 hidd5 !re 9 advance
 betwe5 ! two walls surr\nd+ ! base4 ,! 
space ?us made = ! cr[ns 0 clos$ b5ea?1 
along ea* face1 by a horizontal trap    
mov+ on h+es t connect$ x ) ! inn] wall 
( ! base1 b :i* 0 held tempor>ily       
/ation>y by means ( a cat*4 ,! cr[ns 7  
atta*$ to ! top ( _! comp>tm5t by cords 
t w\ld h all[$ !m to fall to ! level ( !
 p$e/al1 _h !y n be5 support$ by !      
traps4  ,at ! desir$ mom5t1 ! cat*1 :i* 
0 controll$ by a special cord1 ceas$ to 
hold ! trap1 & ! latt]1 fall+ v]tically1
 gave passage to ! fe/oons & cr[ns t    
small lead5 weights !n drew along ) all 
! quickness necess>y4  ,two po9ts "h are
 specially wor?y ( attract+ our         
att5tion1 & ^! are ! fl[ ( w9e or milk f
 ! /atue ( ,bac*us1 & ! spontane\s      
light+ ( ! alt>4 ,^!1 9 fact1 7 ! two   
illusions t 7 mo/ admir$ 9 anci5t times1
 & !re 7 sev]al processes ( p]=m+ !m4   
,fa!r ,kir*] possess$ 9 8 museum an     
app>atus :i* he describes 9 ,o$ipus     
,egyptiacus 7t4 ii41 p4 #ccc71 & :i*    

probably came f "s anci5t ,egyptian     
temple4 7,fig4 #a47  ,x consi/$ ( a     
holl[ hemisph]ical dome1 support$ by f\r
 columns1 & plac$ ov] ! /atue ( !       
goddess ( _m brea/s4 ,to two ( ^!       
columns 7 adapt$ movable brackets1 at ^:
 extremities !re 7 fix$ lamps4 ,!       
hemisph]e 0 h]metically clos$ und]nea?  
by a metal plate4 ,! small alt> :i*     
support$ ! /atue1 & :i* 0 fill$ ) milk1 
communicat$ ) ! int]ior ( ! /atue by a  
tube rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom4 ,! alt>   
likewise communicat$ ) ! holl[ dome by a
 tube hav+ a d\ble b5d4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! 
sacrifice ! two lamps 7 light$ & !      
brackets turn$ s t ! flames %\ld come 9 
contact ) & heat ! bottom ( ! dome4 ,!  
air conta9$ 9 ! latt]1 be+ dilat$1 issu$
 ?r\gh ! tube1 ,x ,m1 press$ on ! milk  
conta9$ 9 ! alt>1 & caus$ x to rise     
?r\gh ! /raight tube into ! int]ior ( ! 
/atue z high z ! brea/s4 ,a s]ies (     
small conduits1 into :i* ! pr9cipal tube
 divid$1 c>ri$ ! liquid to ! brea/s1    
:5ce x spurt$ out1 to ! great admiration

 ( ! spectators1 :o cri$ out at !       
miracle4 ,! sacrifice be+ end$1 ! lamps 
7 put out1 & ! milk ceas$ to fl[4       
,h]on1 ( ,alex&ria1 describes 9 8       
,pneumatics sev]al analog\s app>atus4   
,"h is "o ( !m4 7,we translate ! ,greek 
text lit]ally47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#c4--,,m>vel\s ,,alt> 7,accord+ to      
,h]on74  ,to con/ruct an alt> 9 su* a   
way t1 :5 a fire is light$ !reon1 !     
/atues at ! side ( x %all make          
libations4 7,fig4 #b47  ,let !re be a   
p$e/al4 ,a ,b ,gamma ,delta1 on :i* are 
plac$ /atues1 & an alt>1 ,e ,z ,h1 clos$
 on e side4 ,! p$e/al %\ld also be      
h]metically clos$1 b is communicat$ ) ! 
alt> ?r\gh a c5tral tube4 ,x is trav]s$ 
likewise by ! tube1 e ,lambda 79 !      
int]ior ( ! /atue to ! "r71 n f> f !    
bottom :i* t]m9ates 9 a cup held by !   
/atue1 e4 ,wat] is p\r$ into ! p$e/al   
?r\gh a hole1 ,m1 :i* is aft]w>d cork$  
up4  ,if1 !n1 a fire be light$ on !     
alt>1 ! int]nal air w be dilat$ & w ent]
 ! p$e/al & drive out ! wat] conta9$ 9  

x4 ,b ! latt]1 hav+ no o!r exit ?an !   
tube1 e ,lambda1 w rise into ! cup1 & s 
! /atue w make a libation4 ,?is w la/ z 
long z ! fire does4 ,on ext+ui%+ ! fire 
! libation ceases1 & occurs anew z (t5 z
 ! fire is relight$4  ,x is necess>y t !
 tube ?r\gh :i* ! heat is to introduce  
itself %all be wid] 9 ! middle2 & x is  
necess>y1 9 fact1 t ! heat1 or r t !    
draught t x produces1 %all accumulate 9 
an inflation 9 ord] to h m effect4      
,accord+ to ,fa!r ,kir*] 7l4 c471 an    
au?or :om he calls ,bi?o reports t !re 0
 at ,sais a temple ( ,m9]va 9 :i* !re 0 
an alt> on :i*1 :5 a fire 0 light$1     
,dyonysos & ,artemis 7,bac*us & ,diana7 
p\r$ milk & w9e1 :ile a dragon hiss$4   
,x is easy to conceive ( ! modification 
to be introduc$ into ! app>atus above   
describ$ by ,h]on1 9 ord] to cause !    
outfl[ ( milk f "o side & ( w9e f ! o!r4
  ,aft] hav+ indicat$ x1 ,fa!r ,kir*]   
adds3 ,x is ?us t ,bac*us & ,diana      
appe>$ to p\r1 "o ( !m w9e1 & ! o!r     
milk1 & t ! dragon seem$ to applaud _!  

action by hisses4 ,z ! p :o 7 pres5t at 
! spectacle did n see :at 0 go+ on )91 x
 is n a/oni%+ t !y believ$ x due to     
div9e int]v5tion4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t     
,osiris or ,bac*us 0 consid]$ z !       
discov]] ( ! v9e & ( milk2 t ,iris 0 !  
g5ius ( ! wat]s ( ! ,nile2 & t ! ,s]p5t1
 or good g5ius1 0 ! fir/ cause ( all ^! 
?+s4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 sacrifices _h to be
 made to ! gods 9 ord] to obta9 b5efits1
 ! fl[ ( milk1 w9e1 or wat]1 z well z ! 
hiss+ ( ! s]p5t1 :5 ! sacrificial flame 
0 light$1 appe>$ to demon/rate cle>ly ! 
exi/5ce ( ! gods4  ,9 ano!r analog\s    
app>atus ( ,h]on's1 x is /eam t p]=ms ! 
role t we h j se5 play$ by dilat$ air4  
,b ! anci5ts d n appe> to h p]ceiv$ !   
ess5tial diff]5ce1 z reg>ds motive p[]1 
t exi/s betwe5 ^! two ag5ts2 inde$1 _!  
pref]5ces 7 :olly = air1 al?\gh !       
effects produc$ 7 n v great4 ,we might  
cite sev]al small ma*9es ( ?is sort1 b  
we %all conf9e ourselves to "o example t
 has "s relation to our subject4 ,?is   
also is borr[$ f ,h]on's ,pneumatics4   

7,fig4 #c47  ,fire be+ light$ on an     
alt>1 figures w appe> to execute a r\nd 
dance4 ,! alt>s %\ld be transp>5t1 & (  
glass or horn4 ,f ! fire-place !re />ts 
a tube :i* runs to ! base ( ! alt>1 :]e 
x revolves on a pivot1 :ile its upp] "p 
revolves 9 a tube fix$ to ! fire-place4 
,to ! tube !re %\ld be adju/$ o!r tubes 
7horizontal7 9 communication ) x1 :i*   
cross ea* o!r at "r angles1 & :i* are   
b5t 9 opposite directions at _!         
extremities4 ,!re is likewise fix$ to x 
a disk ^u :i* are atta*$ figures :i* =m 
a r\nd4 ,:5 ! fire ( ! alt> is light$1 !
 air1 becom+ heat$1 w pass into ! tube2 
b be+ driv5 f ! latt]1 x w pass ?r\gh ! 
small b5t tubes & 444 cause ! tube z    
well z ! figures to revolve4  ,fa!r     
,kir*]1 :o _h at 8 disposal ei!r _m     
docum5ts t we are n acqua9t$ )1 or else 
a v lively imag9ation1 alleges 7,o$ip4  
g41 t4 ii41 p4 #cch7 t ,k+ ,m5es took   
mu* delight 9 see+ su* figures revolve4 
,nor are ! examples ( holy fire-places t
 k9dl$ spontane\sly want+ 9 antiquity4  

,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat41 ii41 #g7 & ,horace  
7,s]m41 ,sat4 v47 tell u t ?is ph5om5on 
occurr$ 9 ! temple ( ,gnatia1 & ,sol9   
7,*4 ,v47 says t x 0 obs]v$ likewise on 
an alt> ne> ,agrig5tum4 ,a!nu 7,deipn4  
i41 #ae7 says t ! celebrat$             
pre/idigitator1 ,crati/h5es1 ( ,phlius1 
pupil ( ano!r celebrat$ pre/idigitator  
nam$ ,x5ophon1 knew ! art ( prep>+ a    
fire :i* light$ spontane\sly4           
,pausanias tells u t 9 a city ( ,lydia1 
^: inhabitants1 hav+ fall5 "u ! yoke ( !
 ,p]sians1 _h embrac$ ! religion ( !    
,magi1 !re exi/s an alt> ^u :i* !re are 
a%es :i*1 9 color1 resemble no o!r4 ,!  
prie/ puts wood on ! alt>1 & invokes ,i 
"k n :at god by h>angues tak5 f a book  
writt5 9 a b>b>\s tongue unkn[n to !    
,greeks1 :5 ! wood soon lights ( itself 
)\t fire1 & ! flame f x is v cle>4  ,!  
secret1 or r "o ( ! secrets ( ! ,magi1  
has be5 reveal$ to u by "o ( ! ,fa!rs ( 
! ,*ur* 7,sa9t ,hippolytus1 x is ?\ght71
 :o has left1 9 a "w entitl$            
,philosophum5a1 :i* is design$ to refute

 ! doctr9es ( ! pagans1 a *apt] on !    
illusions ( _! prie/s4 ,accord+ to him1 
! alt>s on :i* ?is miracle took place   
conta9$1 in/ead ( a%es1 calc9$ lime & a 
l>ge quantity ( inc5se r$uc$ to p[d]2 & 
?is w\ld expla9 ! unusual color ( ! a%es
 obs]v$ by ,pausanias4 ,! process1      
moreov]1 is excell5t2 = x is only       
necess>y to ?r[ a little wat] on ! lime1
 ) c]ta9 precautions1 to develop a heat 
capable ( sett+ on fire inc5se or any   
o!r mat]ial t is m readily combu/ible1  
su* z sulphur & phosphorus4 ,! same     
au?or po9ts out /ill ano!r means1 & ?is 
consi/s 9 hid+ firebr&s 9 small bells t 
7 aft]w>d cov]$ ) %av+s1 ! latt] hav+   
previ\sly be5 cov]$ ) a composition made
 ( naph?a & bitum5 7,greek fire74 ,z may
 be se51 a v small movem5t suffic$ to   
br+ ab\t combu/ion4--,a4 ,de ,ro*as1 9  
,la ,nature4         99       99        
99       99       99     ,,torp$o       
,,boats4   ,!re are sev]al k9ds (       
torp$oes4 ,! "o :i* is mo/ us$ 9 ! ,fr5*
 navy is call$ ! c>ri$ torp$o 7torpille 

porte71 ?us nam$ because ! torp$o boat  
lit]ally c>ries x "r "u ! sides ( !     
enemy's %ip4 ,x consi/s ( a c>tridge (  
ab\t #bj kilogrammes ( gun cotton1 plac$
 at ! extremity ( an iron rod1 #ab met]s
 9 l5g?1 project+ 9 a d[nw>d direction f
 ! =e "p ( ! boat4 ,! *>ge is fir$ by an
 electric sp>k by means ( an app>atus   
plac$ 9 ! look\t comp>tm5t4 ,our engrav+
 repres5ts an attack on an ironclad by  
means ( "o ( ^! torp$oes4 ,"u cov] (    
d>kness1 ! torp$o boat has be5 enabl$ to
 approa* )\t be+ disabl$ by !           
projectiles f ! revolv+ guns ( !        
man-(-w>1 & has /opp$ sudd5ly & ignit$ !
 torp$o z soon z ! latt] came 9 contact 
) ! enemy's hull4  ,! wat] sp\t produc$ 
by ! explosion sometimes completely     
cov]s ! torp$o boat1 & ! latt] w\ld be  
sunk by x 7 n all ap]tures clos$ s z to 
make h] a true buoy4 ,:at appe>s        
extraord9>y is t ! explosion does n     
prove z dang]\s to ! assailant z to !   
adv]s>y4 ,to und]/& ?is x mu/ be        
rememb]$ t1 al?\gh ! mat]ial ) :i* !    

c>tridges are fill$ is ( an extreme     
%att]+ nature1 & makes a brea* 9 ! mo/  
resi/ant armor plate1 :5 9 contact ) x1 
yet1 at a di/ance ( a few met]s1 no o!r 
effect is felt f x ?an ! di/urbance     
caus$ by ! wat]4 ,?is is :y a space (   
#ab met]s1 repres5t$ by ! l5g? ( !      
torp$o sp>1 is suffici5t to protect !   
torp$o boat4 ,! attack ( an ironclad1   
h[ev]1 "u ! conditions t we h j         
describ$1 is1 nev]!less1 a p]il\s       
op]ation1 & "o t requires m5 ( coolness1
 c\rage1 & great exp]i5ce4              
,illu/ration3 ,,attack ,,by ,a ,,torp$o 
,,boat ,,^u ,,an ,,iron ,,clad ,,%ip ,,(
 ,,w>4  ,!re is ano!r sy/em :i* is      
likewise 9 use 9 ! ,fr5* navy1 & t is ! 
,:itehead torp$o4 ,?is consi/s ( a      
metallic cyl9d]1 tap]+ at ea* end1 &    
conta9+ n only a *>ge ( gun cotton1 b a 
compress$ air eng9e :i* actuates two    
helices4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a small subm>9e 
vessel1 :i* moves ( itself 9 ! direction
 t[>d :i* x has be5 laun*$1 & at a dep? 
t has be5 regulat$ be=eh& by a special  

app>atus :i* is a secret ) ! inv5tor4 ,!
 torp$o is plac$ 9 a tube situat$ 9 ! =e
 "p ( ! torp$o boat1 & :5ce x is driv5  
out by means ( compress$ air4 ,once     
fir$1 x makes its way "u ! surface to ! 
spot :]e ! %ock ( its po9t is to br+    
ab\t an explosion1 & ! torp$o boat is   
?us enabl$ to op]ate at a di/ance &     
avoid ! dang]s ( an imm$iate contact ) !
 enemy4 ,un=tunately ?is advantage is   
(fset by grave drawbacks2 =1 9 ! fir/   
place1 ea* ( ! ,:itehead torp$oes co/s  
ab\t t5 ?\s& francs1 )\t c\nt+ ! exp5se 
( obta9+ ! "r to use ! pat5t1 &1 9 !    
second place1 its action is v unc]ta91  
s9ce curr5ts v readily *ange its        
direction4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! inv5tor 
has realiz$ a consid]able sum by ! sale 
( 8 secret to ! diff]5t m>itime p[]s1   
mo/ ( :om h adopt$ 8 sy/em4  ,all our   
ports are provid$ ) flotillas & torp$o  
boats1 & ) s*ools 9 :i* ! (fic]s & m5   
*>g$ ) ?is s]vice are tra9$ by frequ5t  
ex]cises4 ,x 0 ne> ,l',ori5t1 at ,port  
,l\is1 t we 7 p]mitt$ to be witnesses ( 

^! maneuv]s1 & :]e we saw ! torp$o boats
 t 7 ly+ 9 ambu% beh9d ,rohellan ,isle  
glide betwe5 ! rocks1 all ( :i* appe>$  
famili> to !m1 & />t out seaw>d at !    
fir/ signal4 ,x 0 "h1 too1 t we 7       
witnesses ( ! %am attack aga9/ a        
pleasure ya*t1 %[n 9 "o ( our engrav+s4 
,a torp$o boat1 driv5 at full spe$1     
/opp$ at "o met] f ! said ya*t ) a      
precision t d5ot$ an (t-repeat$ /udy4   
,illu/ration3 ,,mode ,,( ,,fir+         
,,torp$oes4  ,be=e we close1 we mu/     
m5tion "s v rec5t exp]im5ts t h be5 made
 ) a torp$o analog\s to ,:itehead's1 t  
is to say1 "o t runs alone by means (   
helices actuat$ by compress$ air1 b hav+
 ! great advantage t x c be /e]$ at a   
di/ance f ! v place :5ce x has be5      
laun*$4 ,?is extraord9>y result is      
obta9$ by ! use ( a rudd] actuat$ by an 
electric curr5t :i* is transmitt$ by a  
small metallic cable w\nd up 9 ! int]ior
 ( ! torp$o1 & pay+ out beh9d z ! torp$o
 moves =w>d on its mission4 ,! op]ator1 
/ation$ at ! />t+ po9t1 is oblig$ to    

foll[ ! torp$o's c\rse ) 8 eyes 9 ord]  
to direct x dur+ its subm>9e voyage4 ,= 
?is reason ! torp$o c>ries a v]tical    
ma/1 t projects above ! surface1 & at ! 
top ( :i* is plac$ a lant]n1 ^: light is
 ?r[n a/]n b is invisible f ! front1 t  
is1 f ! direction ( ! enemy4 ,a trial ( 
?is +5i\s inv5tion 0 made a few weeks   
ago on ! ,bosphorus1 ) complete success1
 z x appe>s4 ,f ! %ore :]e ! torp$o 0   
put into ! wat]1 ! weapon 0 /e]$ )      
suffici5t accuracy to cause x to pass1  
at a di/ance ( two kilomet]s1 betwe5 two
 vessels plac$ 9 obs]vation at a di/ance
 ap>t ( t5 met]s4 ,aft] ?is1 x 0 made to
 turn ab\t s z to come back to its />t+ 
po9t4 ,:at makes ?is result ! m         
rem>kable is t ! wat]s ( ! ,bosphorus   
are di/urb$ by p[]ful curr5ts t run 9   
diff]5t directions1 accord+ to !        
place4--,l',illu/ration4         99     
99       99       99       99           
,,pictet',s ,,high ,,spe$ ,,boat4   ,x  
is n[ ne>ly a ye> ago s9ce we ann\nc$ to
 our read]s ! rese>*es t _h be5 und]tak5

 by ! le>n$ physici/1 ,ra\l ,pictet1 9  
ord] to demon/rate !oretically &        
practically ! =ms t are requir$ = a     
fa/-sail+ vessel1 & s9ce we po9t$ out h[
 great an int]e/ is connect$ ) ! "q1    
:ile at ! same "t promis+ to rev]t to ! 
subject at "s opportune mom5t4 ,we %all 
n[ keep our promise by mak+ kn[n a "w t 
,mr4 ,pictet has j publi%$ 9 ! ,ar*ives 
,physiques et ,naturelles1 ( ,g5eva1 9  
:i* he gives ! fir/ results ( 8 labors1 
& :i* we %all analyze rapidly1 neglect+ 
9 do+ s ! some:at dry ma!matical "p ( ! 
article4  ,= a giv5 tonnage & id5tical  
tractive /resses1 ! great] or less      
%>pness ( ! =e & aft "p ( ! keel all[s  
boats to atta9 diff]5t spe$s1 ! %>p]    
l9es correspond+ to ! highe/ spe$s1 b1 9
 practice1 consid]ably dim9i%+ ! weight 
( freight capable ( be+ c>ri$ by ! boat4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,pictet',s  
,,high ,,spe$ ,,boat4  ,a4 ,lat]al      
,view4 ,b4 ,plan4 ,c4 ,section ( ! boil]
 room4 ,d4 ,section ( ! cab94  ,mr4     
,pictet propos$ ! problem to himself 9 a

 diff]5t mann]1 & z foll[s3  ,det]m9e by
 analysis1 & v]ify exp]im5tally1 :at =m 
( keel w all[ ( ! quicke/ & mo/         
economical c>riage ( a giv5 weight (    
m]*&ise on wat]4  ,we "k t = a giv5     
transv]se or mid%ip section1 ! tractive 
/ress necess>y = ! progression ( ! %ip  
is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity2
 & ! motive p[]1 z a consequ5ce1 to !   
cube ( su* velocity4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #b4--;,diagram ( tractive /resses 
at diff]5t spe$s4  ,! friction ( wat]   
aga9/ ! poli%$ surfaces ( ! vessel's    
sides has n z yet be5 directly measur$1 
b "s indirect exp]im5ts p]mit u to      
consid] ! resi/ances due !reto z small4 
,! entire p[] exp5d$ = ! progress ( !   
vessel is1 !n1 utiliz$ solely 9 displac+
 c]ta9 masses ( wat] & 9 giv+ !m a c]ta9
 am\nt ( accel]ation4 ,! masses ( wat]  
set 9 motion dep5d ^u ! surface subm]g$1
 & _! accel]ation dep5ds ^u ! spe$ ( !  
vessel4 ,mr4 ,pictet has /udi$ a =m (   
vessel 9 :i* ! greate/ "p possible ( !  
masses ( wat] set 9 motion %all be giv5 

a v]tical accel]ation1 & ! smalle/ "p   
possible a horizontal "o2 & ?is is !    
reason :y3 ,all ^? masses ( wat] :i*    
%all receive a v]tical accel]ation f !  
keel w t5d to move d[nw>d & produce a   
v]tical reaction 9 an upw>d direction   
appli$ to ! v surface t gives rise to ! 
motion4 ,su* reaction w h ! effect (    
*ang+ ! level ( ! float+ body2 ( lift+ x
 :ile reliev+ x ( a weight exactly equal
 to ! value ( ! v]tical ?ru/2 & (       
dim9i%+ ! mid%ip section1 &1            
consequ5tly1 ! motive p[]4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,diagram (    
v>iations 9 tractive /resses & tonnage  
tak5 z a function ( ! spe$4  ,all ^?    
masses ( wat] :i* receive a horizontal  
accel]ation f ! keel run c\nt]1 on !    
contr>y1 to ! propulsive /ress1 & x     
becomes ( int]e/1 !re=e1 to br+ !m to a 
m9imum4 ,! v]tical /ress is limit$ by ! 
weight ( ! boat1 &1 !oretically1 ) an   
inf9ite degree ( spe$1 ! boat w\ld graze
 ! wat] )\t be+ able to ent] x4  ,!     
annex$ diagram 7,fig4 #a7 %[s ! =m t    

calculation has l$ ,mr4 ,pictet to4 ,!  
sides ( ! boat are two planes p>allel ) 
its axis1 & p]fectly v]tical4 ,! keel   
7prop]ly s call$7 is =m$ by ! jo9+ ( !  
two v]tical planes4 ,! surface ?us =m$  
is a p>abola ^: apex is 9 front1 !      
maximum ord9ate beh9d1 & ! concavity    
direct$ t[>d ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,! /]n  
is a v]tical plane int]sect+ at "r      
angles ! two lat]al faces & ! p>abolic  
curve1 :i* ?us t]m9ates 9 a %>p edge4 ,!
 pr[ ( ! boat is connect$ ) ! apex ( !  
p>abola by a curve ^: concavity is      
direct$ upw>d4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#d4--;,diagram ( ! v>iations 9 ! p[] z a
 function ( ! spe$4  ,:5 we trace !     
curve ( ! tractive /resses 9 a boat ?us 
con/ruct$1 by putt+ ! spe$s 9 abscisses 
& ! tractive /resses 9 ord9ates1 we     
obta9 a curve 7,fig4 #b7 :i* %[s t !    
same tractive /ress appli$ to a boat may
 give x ?ree diff]5t spe$s1 ,m1 ,m'1 &  
,m''1 only two ( :i*1 ,m & ,m''1 are    
/able4  ,exp]im5tal v]ifications ( ?is  
/udy h be5 p>tially realiz$ 7?anks to ! 

f9ancial aid ( a numb] ( p]sons :o are  
int]e/$ 9 ! "q7 ?r\gh ! con/ruction ( a 
boat 7,fig4 #a7 by ! ,g5eva ,society = !
 ,con/ruction ( ,physical ,in/rum5ts4 ,!
 vessel is #bj4be m4 9 l5g? at ! wat]   
l9e1 has an ev]y:]e equal wid? ( #c4i   
m41 & a l5g? ( #af m4 f ! /]n to ! apex 
( ! p>abola ( ! keel4 ,! bottom ( ! boat
 is ne>ly absolutely flat4 ,! keel1 :i* 
is #cj c5timet]s 9 wid?1 conta9s ! %aft 
( ! screw4 ,! boil]1 :i* is design$ =   
runn+ at twelve atmosph]es1 furni%es    
/eam to a two cyl9d] eng9e1 :i* may be  
run at w1 ei!r ! two cyl9d]s sep>ately1 
or z a comp\nd eng9e4 ,! bronze screw is
 #a4c m4 9 diamet]1 & has a pit* ( #b4e 
m4 ,! vessel has two rudd]s1 "o 9 front 
= slight spe$s1 & ! o!r at ! /]n4 ,at   
re/1 ! total displacem5t is #eb1cjj     
kilogrammes4 ,?is weight f> exce$s :at 0
 fir/ expect$1 by reason ( !            
sup]?ickness giv5 ! iron plates ( !     
v]tical sides1 ( ! supplem5t>y cross    
brac+1 & ( ! sup]position ( ! nett+     
necess>y to resi/ ! flexion ( ! :ole4   

,on ano!r h&1 ! tractive /ress ( !      
screw1 :i* %\ld rea* ab\t #d1jjj        
kilogrammes1 has nev] be5 able to exce$ 
#a1hjj1 because ( ! num]\s imp]fections 
9 ! eng9e4 ,x became necess>y1 !re=e1 to
 /eady ! vessel by hav+ h] t[$ by !     
,w9kelri$1 :i* 0 *>t]$ = su* a purpose1 
to ! ,g5]al ,navigation ,company4 ,x    
became possible to ?us c>ry on          
obs]vations on spe$s up to #bg kilomet]s
 p] h\r4  ,fig4 #c %[s h[ ! tractive    
/ress v>ies ) ea* spe$ 9 a !oretic case 
7dott$ curve7 9 :i* ! /ress is          
proportional to ! squ>e ( ! spe$1 9     
,madame ,ro?s*ild's boat1 ! ,gitana     
7curve ,e71 & 9 ! ,pictet high spe$     
vessel 7curve ,b74  ,! ,gitana 0 tri$ ) 
spe$s v>y+ betwe5 #j & #d kilomet]s4 ,! 
correspond+ tractive /resses h be5 r$uc$
 to ! same transv]se section z 9 !      
,pictet model 9 ord] to r5d] !          
obs]vations comp>able4 ,at slight spe$s1
 & up to #ai4e kilomet]s p] h\r1 !      
,gitana1 :i* is ! %>p]1 runs easi] &    
requires a slight] tractive /ress4 ,at  

su* a spe$ !re is an equality2 b1 beyond
 ?is1 ! ,pictet boat pres5ts ! great]   
advantages1 &1 at a spe$ ( #bg          
kilomet]s1 requires a /ress ab\t half   
less ?an does ! ,gitana4 ,su* results   
expla9 !mselves :5 we reflect t at ^!   
great spe$s ! ,gitana s9ks to su* a     
degree t ! aft]side planks are at !     
level ( ! wat]1 :ile ! ,pictet model    
rises simultane\sly =e & aft1 ?us       
consid]ably dim9i%+ ! subm]g$ section4  
,) l[ or mod]ate spe$s !re is a         
p]ceptible equality betwe5 ! !oretic    
curve & ! curve ( ! fa/ boat2 b1 />t+ f 
#af kilomet]s1 ! /ress dim9i%es4 ,!     
great] does ! spe$ become1 ! m          
consid]able is ! dim9ution 9 /ress2 &1  
/>t+ f a c]ta9 spe$1 ! rise ( ! boat is 
su* z to dim9i% its absolute tractive   
/ress--a fact ( prime importance        
e/abli%$ by !ory & confirm$ by exp]im5t4
  ,! curves 9 ,fig4 #d %[ ! p[] 9 horses
 necess>y to effect progression at      
diff]5t spe$s4 ,! curve1 ,a1 has ref]5ce
 to an ord9>y boat t pres]ves its wat]  

l9es con/ant1 & ! curve1 ,b1 to a swift 
boat ( ! same tonnage4 ,up to #af       
kilomet]s1 ! swift vessel pres5ts no    
advantage2 b beyond t spe$1 ! advantage 
becomes m>k$1 &1 at a spe$ ( #bg        
kilomet]s1 ! p[] to be exp5d$ is no m   
?an half t :i* corresponds to ! same    
spe$ = an ord9>y boat4  ,! wat] escapes 
9 a ?9 & ev5 %eet z soon z ! tractive   
/ress exce$s #b1jjj kilogrammes2 & !    
int5sity & size ( ! eddies f ! boat     
s5sibly dim9i% 9 measure z ! spe$       
increases4  ,! int]e/+ exp]im5ts made by
 ,mr4 ,pictet seem1 !n to cle>ly e/abli%
 ! fact t ! =ms d$uc$ by calculation are
 favorable to high spe$s1 & w p]mit (   
realiz+1 9 ! future1 important sav+ 9 ! 
p[] exp5d$1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 ! fuel    
7mu* less ( :i* w ne$ to be c>ri$71 9   
ord] to p]=m a giv5 passage )9 a giv5   
l5g? ( "t4 ,?us is expla9$ ! great      
int]e/ t atta*es to ,mr4 ,pictet's      
labors1 & ! desire t we h to soon be    
able to make kn[n ! results obta9$ ) su*
 great spe$s1 n :5 ! boat is t[$1 b :5  

its propulsion is effect$ ?r\gh its own 
helix actuat$ by its own eng9e1 :i*1 up 
to ! pres5t1 un=tunately1 has ?r\gh its 
defects be5 p[]less to furni% ! necess>y
 am\nt ( p[] = ! purpose4--,la ,nature4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,initial ,,/ability ,,indicator ,,=    
,,%ips4   ,= a vessel ) a giv5          
displacem5t1 ! metac5t] & c5t] ( gravity
 be+ kn[n1 x is easy to lay (f 9 ! =m ( 
a diagram its /ability or p[] ( right+ =
 any giv5 angle ( heel4 ,su* a diagram  
is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 9 :i* ! absciss are !
 angles ( ! heel1 & ! ord9ates ! v>i\s  
l5g?s ( ! lev]s1 at ! end ( :i* ! :ole  
weight ( ! vessel is act+ to "r itself4 
,! curve may be con/ruct$ 9 ! foll[+    
mann]3 ,hav+ f\nd by calculation !      
position ( ! transv]se metac5t]1 ,m1 = a
 giv5 displacem5t--,figs4 #a & #b--!    
metac5tric height1 ,g ,m1 is !n det]m9$ 
ei!r by calculations1 or m correctly by 
exp]im5t1 by v>y+ ! position ( weights (
 kn[n magnitude1 or by ! /ability       
indicator itself4 ,suppose1 n[1 ! vessel

 to be li/$ ov] to v>i\s angles (       
heel--say #bj deg41 #dj deg41 #fj deg41 
& #hj deg4--! wat] l9es w !n be ,a ,c1  
,d ,e1 ,f ,k1 & ,h ,j respectively1 & ! 
c5t]s ( buoyancy1 :i* mu/ be f\nd by    
calculation1 w be ,b#a1 ,b#b1 ,b#c1 &   
,b#d4 ,if l9es are drawn f ^! po9ts at  
"r angles to ! wat] levels at !         
respective heels1 ! right+ p[] ( !      
vessel 9 ea* position is f\nd by tak+ ! 
p]p5dicul> di/ances betwe5 ^! l9es & !  
c5t] ( gravity1 ,g4 ,?is me?od (        
con/ruction is %[n to an enl>g$ scale 9 
,fig4 #b1 :]e ,g is ! c5t] ( gravity1   
,b#a ,z#a1 ,b#b ,z#b1 ,b#c ,z#c1 & ,b#d 
,z#d ! l9es f c5t]s ( buoyancy to wat]  
levels2 & ,g ,n1 ,g ,o1 & ,g ,p !       
di/ances %[+ ! right+ p[] at ! angles ( 
#bj deg41 #dj deg41 & #fj deg4          
respectively1 & :i* to any conv5i5t     
scale are set (f z ! ord9ates 9 !       
/ability curve %[n 9 ,fig #c4           
,illu/ration3 ,,/ability ,,indicator ,,=
 ,,%ips4 ,fig4 #a4  ,hav+ obta9$ !      
curve1 ,a1 9 ?is mann] = a giv5         

metac5tric height1 we w suppose t on !  
next voyage1 ) ! same displacem5t1 x is 
f\nd t1 ow+ to "s diff]5ce 9 /[age1 !   
c5t] ( gravity is #f 94 high] ?an be=e4 
,! ord9ates ( ! curve w !n be ,g ,n & ,g
 ,o--,fig4#b--;& ! /ability curve w be z
 at ,c--,fig4 #c--%[+ t at ab\t #dg deg4
 all right+ p[] ceases4 ,simil>ly1 if ! 
c5t] ( gravity is l[]$ #f 94 on ! same  
displacem5t1 ! curve1 ,b1 w be f\nd1 & 9
 ?is mann] comp>ative diagrams c be     
con/ruct$ giv+ at a glance ! /ability ( 
a vessel = any giv5 draught ( wat] &    
metac5tric height4  ,illu/ration3       
,,/ability ,,indicator ,,= ,,%ips4 ,fig4
 #b4  ,illu/ration3 ,,/ability          
,,indicator ,,= ,,%ips4 ,fig4 #c4  ,!   
object ( ,mr4 ,alex&] ,taylor's         
indicator is to measure & %[ by simple  
inspection ! metac5tric height "u e     
condition ( load+1 & !re=e to make kn[n 
! /ability ( ! vessel4 ,x consi/s ( a   
small res]voir1 ,a1 ,fig4 #d1 plac$ at  
"o side ( ! %ip1 9 ! cab91 or o!r       
conv5i5t locality1 communicat+ by a tube

 ) ! glass gauge1 ,b1 secur$ at !       
opposite side1 ! :ole be+ half fill$ )  
glyc]9e1 :i* is ! fluid recomm5d$ by    
,mr4 ,wm4 ,d5ny1 ?\gh wat] or any o!r   
liquid w answ] ! purpose4 ,at "o side ( 
! gauge is ! circul> scale1 ,c1 capable 
( be+ revolv$ r\nd its v]tical axis1 z  
well z adju/$ up & d[n1 s z to br+ ! z]o
 po9t] exactly to ! top ( ! fluid :5 !  
vessel is )\t li/4 ,r\nd ! top ( !      
scale1 at ,d1 are engrav$ f\r diff]5t   
draughts1 & "u ^! are ! metac5tric      
heights4 ,te/ tanks ( kn[n capacity are 
plac$ at ea* side ( ! vessel1 b 9 no way
 connect$ ) ! res]voir or gauge4 ,!     
metac5tric height is f\nd z foll[s3 ,!  
%ip be+ fre$ f bilge wat]1 ! roll] scale
 is turn$ r\nd to br+ to ! front ! m>k  
correspond+ ) ! mean draught ( ! vessel 
at ! "t1 & ! z]o po9t] is plac$ opposite
 ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! gauge4 ,"o ( !
 te/ tanks be+ fill$ ) a kn[n weight (  
wat]1 ! vessel is caus$ to li/1 & 9     
consequ5ce ! liquid 9 ! tube takes a new
 position correspond+ ) ! degree ( heel1

 ! di/urbance be+ great] accord+ z !    
vessel has be5 m or less ov]balanc$4 ,! 
scale hav+ previ\sly be5 prop]ly        
graduat$1 ! metac5tric height = !       
draught & /ate ( load+ c be at once read
 (f 9 in*es1 :ile z a *eck ! wat] c be  
transf]r$ f ! "o te/ tank to ! o!r1 & ! 
metac5tric height read (f z be=e1 b on !
 opposite side ( ! z]o po9t]4 ,at ! same
 "t ! angle ( heel is %[n on a second   
graduat$ scale1 ,e4 ,hav+ obta9$ !      
metac5tric height1 ref]5ce to a diagram 
w at once %[ ! :ole range ( /ability2 & 
?is be+ asc]ta9$ at ea* load+1 ! /[age (
 ! c>go c be s adju/$ z to avoid        
excessive /iffness 9 ! "o h& & dang]\s  
t5d]ness on ! o!r4 ,x w ?us be se5 t    
,mr4 ,taylor's inv5tion promises to be (
 great practical value bo? 9 ! h&s ( !  
%ip-build] & %ip-own]1 :o h n[ an       
in/rum5t plac$ be=e !m1 by ! prop] use (
 :i* all dang] f unskillful load+ c be  
entirely avoid$4--,! ,eng9e]4           
,illu/ration3 ,,/ability ,,indicator ,,=
 ,,%ips4 ,fig4 #d4         99       99  

99       99       99     ,,scrivan[',s  
,,*loride ,,( ,,silv] ,,pile4           
,consid]able att5tion has be5 attract$  
lately at ,p>is among ^? :o are int]e/$ 
9 electrical novelties to a *loride (   
silv] pile inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,scrivan[4 ,! 
exp]im5ts to :i* x has be5 submitt$ are1
 9 "s respects1 suffici5tly extraord9>y 
to cause u to make !m kn[n to our       
read]s1 along ) ! inv5tor's description 
( ! app>atus4  ,mr4 ,scrivan['s int5tion
 appe>s to be to apply ?is pile to !    
light+ ( ap>tm5ts1 & ev5 to ! runn+ (   
small motors1 &1 = ! purpose ( actuat+  
sew+ ma*9es1 he has already con/ruct$ a 
small model ^: ext]nal dim5sions are    
#afj x #ajj x #ij millimet]s4  ,my      
inv5tion1 says ! inv5tor1 is int5d$ z an
 electric pile capable ( reg5]ation4 ,! 
annex$ ,fig4 #a %[s a v]tical arrangem5t
 ( ! app>atus1 & ,fig4 #b a horizontal  
"o4 ,9 ! latt]1 two elem5ts are         
repres5t$ sup]pos$4  ,my pile consi/s ( 
a prism ( retort c>bon 7a7 cov]$ on e   
side ) pure *loride ( silv] 7b74 ,!     

c>bon ?us prep>$ is imm]s$ 9 a solution 
( hydrate ( potassium 7,,kho7 or (      
hydrate ( sodium 7,na,h,o71 m>k+ #a4cj  
to #a4de by ! ,baum areomet]1 ! solv5t  
be+ wat]4  ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! c>bon is    
arrang$ ! plate to be attack$--a plate (
 z9c 7c7 ( good quality4 ,! surface ( ! 
electrodes1 & _! di/ance ap>t1 dep5ds ^u
 ! effects t x is desir$ to obta91 & is 
det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ! well kn[n      
pr9ciples ( electro-k9etics4  ,! *emical
 reactions t take place 9 ?is c\ple are 
multiple4 ,9 contact ) a suffici5tly    
conc5trat$ solution ( hydrate (         
potassium or sodium1 ! *loride ( silv]1 
especially if x has be5 rec5tly prep>$1 
passes p>tially into ! /ate ( br[n or   
black oxide1 s t ! c>bon becomes cov]$1 
aft] rema9+ suffici5tly long 9 ! excit+ 
liquid1 ) a mixture ( *loride & oxide ( 
silv]4 ,:5 ! circuit is clos$1 ! *loride
 becomes r$uc$ to a spongy metallic /ate
 & adh]es to ! surface ( ! c>bon4 ,at ! 
same "t ! z9c passes1 9 ! alkal9e       
solution1 into a /ate ( *loride & (     

soluble comb9ation ( z9c oxide & (      
alkali4  ,to avoid all loss ( silv] ,i  
cov] ! c>bon ) asbe/os pap]1 or ) clo? (
 ! same mat]ial1 d4 ,my piles are       
arrang$ 9 ebonite vessels1 ,a1 :i* are  
flat1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 or r\nd1 z 9 ,fig4  
#b4  ,9 ,fig #a !re is se51 at e1       
gutta-p]*a sep>at+ ! z9c f ! c>bon at ! 
base4  ,"u su* conditions1 we obta9 a   
p[]ful c\ple t possesses an             
electro-motive p[] ( #a4e to #a4h volts1
 accord+ to ! conc5tration ( ! excit+   
liquid4 ,! int]nal resi/ance is         
extremely feeble4 ,i h obta9$ ) piles   
arrang$ l ^? %[n 9 ! figures ne>ly #j4jf
 ohm1 ! measurem5ts hav+ be5 tak5 f a   
newly *>g$ pile4  ,:5 ! elem5t is us$   
up1 &1 notably1 :5 all ! *loride ( silv]
 is r$uc$1 x is only necess>y to plunge 
! c>bon ) its asbe/os cov]+ 7aft] wa%+ x
 9 wat]7 into a *loridiz+ ba?1 9 ord] to
 br+ back ! metallic silv] t inve/s !   
c>bon to a /ate ( *loride1 & ?us re/ore 
! pile to its primitive en]gy4 ,aft] ?is
 ! c>bon is wa%$ & put back into !      

excit+ liquid4  ,^! r$uctions ( !       
*loride ( silv] dur+ ! op]ation ( ! pile
 c be reproduc$ ad inf9itum1 s9ce !y are
 accompani$ by no loss ( metal4 ,!      
alkal9e liquid is suffici5t 9 quantity =
 two successive *>ges ( ! c\ple4  ,!    
*loridiz+ ba? consi/s ( #ajj p>ts (     
acetic acid1 #e to #f p>ts1 by weight1 (
 hydro*loric acid1 & ab\t #cj p>ts (    
wat]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4             
#a4--,,scrivan[',s ,,*loride ,,( ,,silv]
 ,,pile4  ,o!r acids may be employ$     
equally z well4 ,a ba? compos$ (        
*loro*romate ( potassium & nitric or    
sulphuric acid makes an excell5t        
reg5]ator4  ,to sum up1 ,i claim z !    
di/9ctive *>act]s ( my pile3  #a4 ,! use
 ( ! potassic or sodic alkal9e liquid   
conjo9tly ) *loride ( silv]1 & ! oxide (
 ! same1 t =ms ?r\gh ! imm]sion ( !     
c>bon 9 a *loridiz+ ba?4  #b4 ,! use (  
retort or o!r c>bon cov]$ ) ! salt (    
silv] above specifi$4  #c4 ,! arrangem5t
 & con/ruction ( my pile z ,i h         
describ$4  ,9 ! exp]im5ts rec5tly tri$ )

 ,mr4 ,scrivan['s pile1 a l>ge siz$     
batt]y 0 made use (1 ^: dim5sions 7 #cjj
 x #ade x #abe millimet]s1 & ^: weight 0
 f #e to #f kilogrammes4 ,! results 73  
int5sity1 #a amp]e2 electro-motive p[]1 
#be volts1 correspond+ to an en]gy ( #be
 volt-amp]es1 or ab\t #b4e kilogrammet]s
 p] second4 ,! pile 0 cov]$ ) a copp]   
jacket ^: upp] p>ts support$ two ,swan  
lamps4 ,^u putt+ on ! cov] a contact 0  
=m$ ) ! electrodes1 & x 0 possible by   
means ( a commutator key ) ?ree         
ecc5trics to light or ext+ui% "o ( !    
lamps or bo? at once4 ,a s+le elem5t    
w\ld h suffic$ to keep "o ,swan lamp (  
feeble resi/ance light$ = #bj h\rs4     
,accept+ ! data giv5 above & ! #bj h\rs'
 un9t]rupt$ duration ( ! pile's op]ation
 ! p[] furni%$ by ?is l>ge model is     
equal to #b4e x #bj x #c1fjj  #ahj1jjj  
kilogrammet]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#a4--,,scrivan[',s ,,*loride ,,( ,,silv]
 ,,pile4  ,9 our op9ion1 ,mr4           
,scrivan['s pile is n adapt$ = indu/rial
 use because ( ! exp5se ( ! silv] & !   

frequ5t manipulations x requires1 b x   
has ! advantage1 h[ev]1 ( possess+1     
along ) its small size & little weight1 
a disposable en]gy ( f #aej1jjj to      
#bjj1jjj kilogrammet]s utilizable at ! w
 ( ! consum] & secur+ to him a c]ta9    
numb] ( applications1 ei!r = light+ or !
 production ( p[]4 ,x appe>s to u to be 
specially de/9$ to become a rival to !  
bi*romate ( pota% pile = actuat+        
electric motors appli$ to ! direct+ (   
balloons4--,revue ,indu/rielle4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,on ,,! ,,lum9osity ,,( ,,flame4   ,!  
light emitt$ f burn+ gases :i* burn )   
bright flame is kn[n to be a second>y   
ph5om5on4 ,x is ! solid1 or ev5 liquid1 
con/itu5ts sep>at$ out by ! high        
temp]ature ( combu/ion1 & r5d]$         
inc&esc5t1 t emit ! light rays4 ,gases1 
on ! o!r h&1 :i* produce no gl[+ solid  
or liquid p>ticles dur+ combu/ion burn  
?r\gh\t ) a weakly lum9\s flame ( blui% 
or o!r color1 accord+ to ! k9d ( gas4   
,n[1 x is common to say1 m]ely1 9       

explanation ( ?is lum9osity1 t ! gas    
highly heat$ 9 combu/ion is             
self-inc&esc5t4 ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1
 has n be5 exp]im5tally confirm$4 ,dr   
,w]n] ,siem5s 01 !re=e1 l$ rec5tly to   
inve/igate :e!r highly-heat$ pure gases 
really emit light4  ,! temp]ature       
employ$ 9 su* exp]im5ts %\ld1 to be     
decisive1 be high] ?an ^? produc$ by    
lum9\s combu/ion4 ,! au?or _h rec\rse to
 ! reg5]ative furnace us$ by 8 bro!r1   
,fri$ri*1 9 ,dresd51 9 manufacture ( h>d
 glass4 ,?is /&s 9 a sep>ate room :i* at
 night c be made p]fectly d>k4 ,!       
furnace has1 9 ! middle ( its long]     
sides1 two opposite ap]tures1 all[+ free
 vision ?r\gh4 ,x c be easily heat$ to !
 melt+ temp]ature ( /eel1 :i* is betwe5 
#a1ejj & #b1jjj ,c4 ,be=e ! furnace     
ap]tures 7 plac$ a s]ies ( smoke black5$
 scre5s ) c5tral op5+s1 :i* enabl$ "o to
 look ?r\gh )\t receiv+1 on ! eye1 rays 
f ! furnace walls4 ,if1 n[1 all air     
ex*ange 0 prev5t$ 9 ! furnace1 & all    
light exclud$ f ! room1 x 0 f\nd t n !  

lea/ light came to ! eye f !            
highly-heat$ air 9 ! furnace4 ,= success
 ( ! exp]im5t1 x 0 necess>y to avoid any
 combu/ion 9 ! furnace1 & to wait until 
! furnace-air 0 z free f du/ z possible4
 ,any flame 9 ! furnace 7ev5 :5 x did n 
rea* into ! l9e ( sight71 & ! lea/      
quantity ( du/ 9 x1 illum9at$ ! field ( 
vision4  ,z a result ( ^! exp]im5ts1    
,dr4 ,siem5s consid]s t ! view hi!rto   
held1 t highly-heat$ gases are          
self-lum9\s1 is n correct4 ,9 ! furnace 
7 ! products ( ! previ\s combu/ion &    
atmosph]ic air3 consequ5tly oxyg51      
nitrog51 c>bonic acid1 & aque\s vapor4  
,if ev5 "o ( ^! gases 0 self-lum9\s1 !  
field ( vision mu/ h be5 always         
illum9at$4 ,! weak light giv5 by ! flame
 ( burn+ gases t sep>ate out no solid   
nor liquid con/itu5ts _c1 !re=e1 be     
expla9$ z a ph5om5on ( gl[ ( ! gase\s   
products4  ,x appeal$ to ! au?or        
probable1 t heat$ gases did n1 ei!r1    
emit heat rays2 & he set himself to te/ 
?is idea1 exp]im5t+1 9 company ) ,h]r   

,frhli*1 9 ,dresd54 ,!y fir/ conv9c$    
!mselves 9 ?is case t ! light emission (
 pure heat$ gases sunk to z]o1 ev5 :5 ! 
field ( vision 0 n always q d>k1 & x 0  
only possible to obs]ve ?is a %ort "t2 b
 ! repeat$ly obs]v$ p]fect d>kness ( !  
field ( vision 0 demon/rative4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 exp]im5ts made ) s5sitive          
!rmopiles1 9 ord] to settle ! "q (      
emission ( heat-rays f highly-heat$     
gases1 fail$4  ,aft]w>d1 h[ev]1 ,dr4    
,siem5s 0 conv9c$1 by a q simple        
exp]im5t ( a diff]5t k9d1 t 8           
supposition 0 errone\s4 ,an ord9>y lamp1
 ) circul> wick1 & %ort glass cyl9d]1 0 
:olly scre5$ ) a bo>d1 & a !rmopile 0 s 
plac$ t its axis lay some:at high] ?an !
 edge ( ! bo>d4 ,z ! room-walls _h      
pretty mu* a uni=m temp]ature1 !        
deflection ( ! galvanomet] 0 b slight1  
:5 ! tube-axis ( ! !rmopile 0 direct$   
any:]e outside ( ! hot-air curr5t ris+ f
 ! flame4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! axis 0 direct$  
to ?is curr5t1 a deflection occurr$1 :i*
 0 z great z t f ! lum9\s flame itself4 

,t ! heat radiation f hot gases is b v  
small 9 comp>ison ) t f equally hot     
solid bodies1 0 %[n by ! l>ge deflection
 produc$ :5 a piece ( f9e wire 0 held 9 
! hot-air curr5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 x
 0 f> too consid]able to admit ( be+    
attribut$ to du/ p>ticles susp5d$ 9 !   
air curr5t4  ,x mu/ be conc$$ to be     
possible 7! au?or says7 t ! light       
radiation ( hot gases1 z also ! heat    
radiation1 is only exce$+ly weak1 &     
!re=e may escape obs]vation4 ,x is1     
!re=e1 mu* to be desir$ t ! exp]im5ts   
%\ld be repeat$ at /ill high]           
temp]atures & ) m exact in/rum5ts1 9    
ord] to det]m9e ! limit ( temp]ature at 
:i* heat$ gases und\bt$ly become        
self-inc&esc5t4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t gases1
 at a temp]ature ( m ?an #a1ejj ,c1 are 
n yet lum9\s1 proves t ! inc&esc5ce ( ! 
flame is n to be expla9$ z a            
self-inc&esc5ce ( ! products (          
combu/ion4 ,?is is confirm$ by !        
circum/ance t1 ) rapid mixture ( ! burn+
 gases1 ! flame becomes %ort] because ! 

combu/ion process goes on m quickly1 &  
hott] because less cold air has access4 
,fur!r1 ! flame also becomes %ort] &    
hott] if ! gases are /rongly heat$      
previ\s to combu/ion4 ,z ! ris+ products
 ( combu/ion /ill reta9 = a "t !        
temp]ature ( ! flame1 ! rev]se mu/ occur
 if ! gases 7 self-lum9\s4 ,! lum9osity 
( ! flame1 h[ev]1 ceases at a %>p l9e ( 
dem>kation1 & evid5tly co9cides )       
completion ( ! *emical action4 ,! latt]1
 itself1 !re=e1 & n ! heat+ ( !         
combu/ion products1 :i* is due to x1 mu/
 be ! cause ( ! lum9osity4 ,if we       
suppose t ! gas-molecules are surr\nd$  
by an e!r-envelope1 !n1 9 *emical       
comb9ation ( two or sev]al su*          
molecules1 !re mu/ occur a *ang$        
position ( ! e!r-envelopes4 ,! motion ( 
e!r-p>ticles ?us caus$ may be repres5t$ 
by vibrations1 :i* =m ! />t+-po9t (     
light & heat-waves4  ,9 q a simil> mann]
 we may also1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,siem5s1  
repres5t ! light-ph5om5on occurr+ :5 an 
electric curr5t is s5t ?r\gh gases1 :i* 

always takes place :5 ! maximum (       
pol>ization belong+ to !m is exce$$4 ,z 
! passage ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! gas seems  
to be always connect$ ) *emical action1 
! ph5om5on ( gl[ may be expla9$ 9 ! same
 way z 9 flame1 by oscillat+            
transposition ( ! e!r envelopes1 by :i* 
! passage ( electricity is effect$4 ,9 t
 case ! light ( flame may be call$      
electric light by ! same light z ! light
 ( ! ozone tube or ! ,geissl] tube1 :i* 
is ma9ly to be di/+ui%$ f ! =m] 9 t x   
conta9s a dielectric ( an extremely     
small maximum ( pol>ization4 ,?is       
correspond5ce 9 ! causes ( lum9osity (  
flame1 & ( gases trav]s$ by electric    
curr5ts1 is support$ by ! simil>ity ( ! 
flame-ph5om5a 9 /r5g? & color ( light4  
,^! rese>*es 7 lately describ$ by ,dr4  
,w]n] ,siem5s to ! ,b]l9 ,academy4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,quick ,,way ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,!     
,,focus ,,( ,a ,,l5s4   ,x is well kn[n 
t if ! size ( an object be asc]ta9$1 !  
di/ance ( a l5s f t object1 & ! size ( !

 image depict$ 9 a cam]a by t l5s1 a v  
simple calculation w give ! focus ( !   
l5s4 ,9 comp\nd l5ses ! matt] is        
complicat$ by ! relative foci ( its     
con/itu5ts & _! di/ance ap>t2 b ^!      
items1 9 an ord9>y photographic         
objective1 w\ld s slightly affect !     
result t = all practical purposes !y may
 be ignor$4  ,:at we propose to d--:at  
we h inde$ done--is to make two ( ^!    
t]ms con/ant 9 connection ) a diagram1  
"h giv51 s t a m]e inspection may       
indicate1 ) its aid1 ! focus ( a l5s4   
,all t is requir$ 9 mak+ use ( x is to  
plant ! cam]a p]fectly upright1 & place 
9 front ( x1 at exactly fifte5 feet f ! 
c5t] ( ! l5s1 a two foot rule1 also     
p]fectly upright & ) its c5t] ! same    
height f ! floor z ! l5s1 & !n1 aft]    
focus+ accurately ) z l>ge a diaphragm z
 w give %>pness1 to note ! size ( !     
image & ref] x to ! diagram4 ,! focus ( 
! l5s employ$ w be m>k$ "u ! l9e        
correspond+ to ! size ( ! image ( ! rule
 on ! gr\nd glass4  ,z our object is to 

m9imize "t & tr\ble to ! utmo/1 we may  
make a sugge/ion or two z to c>ry+ out !
 measur+4 ,x w be obvi\s t any object   
exactly two feet 9 l5g?1 rightly plac$1 
w answ] q z well z a two-foot1 :i* we   
select$ z be+ ab\t z common a /&>d (    
l5g? & z likely to be h&y = use z any4  
,! patt]n 9 a wall pap]1 a m>k 9 a brick
 wall1 a /udio backgr\nd1 or a c\ple (  
draw+ p9s press$ into a door1 s long z  
two feet exactly are indicat$1 w answ]  
equally well4  ,&1 fur!r1 z to ! actual 
mode ( measur+ ! image on ! gr\nd glass 
7we may say t !re is n ! slighte/ ne$ to
 take a negative71 x w p]haps be f\nd ! 
readie/ me?od to turn ! glass ! gr\nd   
side outw>d1 :5 two p5cil m>ks may be   
made ) complete accuracy to regi/] !    
l5g? ( ! image1 :i* c !n be comp>$ ) !  
diagram4 ,:atev] plan is adopt$1 if !   
di/ance be measur$ exactly betwe5 l5s & 
rule1 ! result w give ! focus )         
exactitude suffici5t = any practical    
purpose4--,br4 ,j\r4 ( ,photo4          
,illu/ration         99       99        

99       99       99     ,,! ,,hi/ory   
,,( ,,! ,,pian(orte4  ,footnote3 ,a pap]
 rec5tly read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1  
,london4  ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,hipk9s4   ,z ?is
 pap] is compos$ f a te*nical po9t (    
view1 "s elucidation ( facts1 =m+ !     
basis ( x1 is desirable be=e we proce$  
to ! *ronological /atem5t ( ! subject4  
,^! facts are ! /r+s1 & _! /ra9 or      
t5sion2 ! s\nd-bo>d1 :i* is ! resonance 
factor2 & ! bridge1 connect+ x ) ! /r+s4
 ,! /r+s1 s\nd-bo>d1 & bridge are       
indisp5sable1 & common to all /r+$      
in/rum5ts4 ,! special fact app]ta9+ to  
keybo>d in/rum5ts is ! me*anical action 
int]pos$ betwe5 ! play] & ! in/rum5t    
itself4 ,! /r+s1 ow+ to ! sl5d] surface 
!y pres5t to ! air1 are1 h[ev] p[]fully 
excit$1 sc>cely audible4 ,to make !m    
suffici5tly audible1 _! pulsations h to 
be communicat$ to a wid] ela/ic surface1
 ! s\nd-bo>d1 :i*1 by accumulat$ en]gy &
 broad] contact ) ! air1 re-en=ces !    
/r+s' feeble s\nd4 ,! prop]ties ( a /r+ 
set 9 p]iodic vibration are ! be/ kn[n (

 ! ph5om5a app]ta9+ to ac\/ics4 ,!      
molecules compos+ ! /r+ are di/urb$ 9 ! 
/r+'s vibrat+ l5g? by ! means us$ to    
excite ! s\nd1 & run (f into sections1 !
 comp>ative l5g? & numb] ( :i* dep5d    
p>tly ^u ! place 9 ! /r+ ! excitem5t    
/>ts f2 p>tly ^u ! =ce & ! =m ( =ce t is
 employ$2 & p>tly ^u ! l5g?1 ?ickness1  
weight1 /ra91 & ela/icity ( ! /r+1 ) "s 
small all[ance = gravitation4 ,! vibrat+
 sections are ( wave-l cont\r2 ! nodes  
or po9ts ( app>5t re/ be+ really knots (
 ! greate/ pressure f cross+ /reams (   
molecules4 ,:]e ! pressure slack5s1 !   
sections rise into loops1 ! curves ( :i*
 %[ ! po9ts ( lea/ pressure4 ,n[1 if !  
/r+ be /ruck ^u a loop1 less en]gy is   
communicat$ to ! /r+1 & ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! 
s\nd proportionately fails4 ,if ! /r+ be
 /ruck ^u a node1 great] en]gy ensues1 &
 ! c>ry+ p[] proportionately ga9s4 ,by  
?is we recognize ! importance ( ! place 
( contact1 or /rik+-place ( ! hamm]     
aga9/ ! /r+2 & ! necessity1 9 ord] to   
obta9 good fundam5tal tone1 :i* %all    

c>ry1 ( ! note be+ />t$ f a node4  ,if !
 hamm] is h>d1 & impell$ ) =ce1 ! /r+   
breaks into %ort] sections1 & !         
discordant upp] p>tials ( ! /r+1 ?us    
br\ght into prom95ce1 make ! tone h>%4  
,if ! hamm] is s(t1 & ! =ce employ$ is  
mod]at$1 ! h>moni\s p>tials ( ! long]   
sections /rike ! e>1 & ! tone is full & 
r\nd4 ,by ! frequ5cy ( vibration1 t is  
to say1 ! numb] ( times a /r+ runs ?r\gh
 its complete *anges "o way & ! o!r1    
say1 = measurem5t1 9 a second ( "t1 we  
det]m9e ! pit*1 or relative acut5ess ( !
 tone z di/+ui%$ by ! e>4  ,we "k1 )    
less exactness1 t ! s\nd-bo>d foll[s    
simil> laws4 ,! =mation ( nodes is help$
 by ! b>r+ ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 a ribb+       
crosswise to ! gra9 ( ! wood1 :i*       
promotes ! ela/icity1 & has be5 call$ ! 
s\l ( /r+$ musical in/rum5ts4 ,!        
s\nd-bo>d itself is made ( mo/ c>efully 
*os5 p9e2 9 ,europe ( ! ,abies excelsa1 
! spruce fir1 :i*1 :5 well gr[n1 & (    
light1 ev5 gra91 is ! be/ ( all woods = 
resonance4 ,! pulsations ( ! /r+s are   

communicat$ to ! s\nd-bo>d by ! bridge1 
a ?ick rail ( close-gra9$ bee*1 curv$ s 
z to det]m9e _! vibrat+ l5g?s1 & atta*$ 
to ! s\nd-bo>d by d[els4 ,! bridge is   
d\bly p9n$1 s z to cut (f ! vibration at
 ! edge ( ! be>+ ! /r+s ex]t ^u !       
bridge4 ,! %ock ( ea* sep>ate pulsation1
 9 its complex =m1 is receiv$ by !      
bridge1 & communicat$ to su* undamp$    
/r+s z may1 by _! l5g?s1 be s5sitive to 
!m2 ?us produc+ ! olian tone commonly   
kn[n z sympa!tic1 an em95tly attractive 
*>m 9 ! tone ( a pian(orte4  ,we h "h   
/r+s1 bridge1 & s\nd-bo>d1 or belly1 z x
 is te*nically call$1 indisp5sable = !  
production ( ! tone1 & indivisible 9 !  
g5]al effect4 ,! proportionate weight ( 
/r++ has to be met by a proportionate   
?ickness & b>r+ ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 & a      
proportionate ?ickness & elevation ( !  
bridge4  ,! t5sion ( ! /r+s is met by a 
fram+1 :i* has become m rigid z ! draw+ 
p[] ( ! /r+s has be5 gradually increas$4
 ,9 ! pres5t conc]t gr&s ( ,messrs4     
,broadwood1 t draw+ p[] may be /at$ z   

/>t+ f #aej lb4 = ea* s+le /r+ 9 !      
treble1 & gradually increas+ to ab\t    
#cjj lb4 = ea* ( ! s+le /r+s 9 ! bass4  
,i w res]ve = ! hi/orical description ( 
my subject "s notice ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( 
fram+ t h be5 introduc$4 ,x w suffice1  
at ?is /age1 to say t x 0 at fir/ (     
wood1 & became1 by degrees1 ( wood &    
iron2 9 ! pres5t day ! iron v mu*       
prepond]at+4 ,x w be at once evid5t t ! 
object ( ! fram+ is to keep ! ends ( !  
/r+s ap>t4 ,! ne> ends are w\nd r\nd !  
wre/-p9s1 :i* are ins]t$ 9 ! wood5 b$1  
call$ ! wre/-plank1 ! /r5g? & effici5cy 
( :i* are mo/ important = ! tone &      
durability ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x is compos$ (
 lay]s ( wa9scot oak & bee*1 ! direction
 ( ! gra9 be+ alt]nately longitud9al &  
lat]al4 ,"s mak]s cov] ! wre/-plank ) a 
plate ( brass2 9 ,broadwood's gr&s1 x is
 a plate ( iron1 into :i*1 z well z !   
wood1 ! wre/-p9s are screw$4 ,! tun]'s  
bus9ess is to regulate ! t5sion1 by     
turn+ ! wre/-p9s1 9 :i* he is *iefly    
guid$ by ! beats :i* become audible f   

diff]+ numb]s ( vibrations4 ,!          
wre/-plank is bridg$1 & has its be>+ l !
 s\ndbo>d2 b ! wre/-plank has no        
vibrations to transf]1 & %\ld1 z f> z   
possible1 (f] p]fect ins5sibility to !m4
  ,i w close ?is introductory           
explanation ) two rem>ks1 made by !     
di/+ui%$ musician1 me*anician1 &        
inv5tor1 ,!obald ,boehm1 ( ,muni*1 ^:   
inv5tions 7 n limit$ to ! flute :i* be>s
 8 "n1 b include ! initiation ( an      
important *ange 9 ! mod]n pian(orte1 z  
made 9 ,am]ica & ,g]many4 ,( priority ( 
inv5tion he says1 9 a lett] to an       
,engli% fri5d1 ,if x 7 desirable to     
analyze all ! inv5tions :i* h be5 br\ght
 =w>d1 we %\ld f9d t 9 sc>cely any      
in/ance 7 !y ! (fspr+ ( ! bra9 ( a s+le 
individual1 b t all progress is gradual 
only2 ea* work] foll[s 9 ! track ( 8    
pr$ecessor1 & ev5tually1 p]haps1        
advances a /ep beyond him4 ,& conc]n+ ! 
relative value ( inv5tions 9 musical    
in/rum5ts1 x appe>s1 f an essay ( 8 :i* 
has be5 rec5tly publi%$1 t he consid]s  

improvem5t 9 ac\/ical proportions ! *ief
 f\ndation ( ! high] or l[] degree (    
p]fection 9 all in/rum5ts1 _! me*anism  
be+ b ( second>y value4  ,i w n[ proce$ 
to rec\nt briefly ! hi/ory ( ! pian(orte
 f ! e>lie/ m5tion ( t "n1 cont9u+ x to 
our contempor>y in/rum5ts1 z f> z !y c  
be said to h ent]$ into ! hi/orical     
doma94 ,x has be5 my privilege to assi/ 
9 prov+ t ,b>tolommeo ,cri/(ori 01 9 !  
fir/ ye>s ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ! real       
inv5tor ( ! pian(orte1 b ) a wide k &   
exp]i5ce ( h[ long x has tak5 to make   
any inv5tion 9 key$ in/rum5ts           
practicable & successful1 ,i _c believe 
t ,cri/(ori 0 ! fir/ to attempt to      
contrive "o4 ,i %\ld r accept 8 good &  
complete in/rum5t z ! sum ( 8 own       
lifelong /udies & exp]im5ts1 add$ to ^? 
( g5]ations be=e him1 :i* h left no     
record = u z yet discov]$4  ,! e>lie/   
m5tion ( ! "n pian(orte 7piano e =te71  
appli$ to a musical in/rum5t1 has be5   
rec5tly discov]$ by ,c\nt ,valdrighi 9  
docum5ts pres]v$ 9 ! ,e/5se ,libr>y1 at 

,mod5a4 ,x is dat$ ,a4,d4 #aeih1 & !    
ref]5ce is evid5tly to an in/rum5t ( !  
sp9et or cembalo k9d2 b h[ ! tone 0     
produc$ !re is no /atem5t1 no ^w to base
 an inf]5ce ^u4 ,! "n has n be5 met )   
aga9 betwe5 ! ,e/5se docum5t & ,scipione
 ,maffei's well-kn[n description1 writt5
 9 #agaa1 ( ,cri/(ori's gravecembalo col
 piano e =te4 ,my view ( ,cri/(ori's    
inv5tion all[s me to ?9k t ! ,e/5se     
piano e =te may h be5 a hamm] cembalo1 a
 v imp]fect "o1 ( c\rse4 ,b ,i admit t !
 opposite view ( =te & piano1 contriv$  
by regi/]s ( sp9et-jacks1 is equally    
t5able4  ,b>tolommeo ,cri/(ori 0 a      
,paduan h>psi*ord mak]1 :o 0 invit$ by  
,pr9ce ,f]d9& dei ,m$ici to ,flor5ce1 to
 take *>ge ( ! l>ge collection ( musical
 in/rum5ts ! ,pr9ce possess$4 ,at       
,flor5ce he produc$ ! inv5tion ( !      
pian(orte1 9 :i* he 0 assi/$ & enc\rag$ 
by ?is high-m9d$1 ri*ly-cultivat$1 & v  
musical pr9ce4 ,scipione ,maffei tells u
 t 9 #agji ,cri/(ori _h complet$ f\r ( !
 new in/rum5ts1 ?ree ( !m be+ ( ! usual 

h>psi*ord =m1 & "o ( ano!r =m1 :i* he   
leaves undescrib$4 ,x is int]e/+ to     
suppose t ,h&el may h tri$ "o or m ( ^! 
f\r in/rum5ts dur+ ! /ay he made at     
,flor5ce 9 #agjh4 ,b x is n likely t he 
0 at all impress$ ) ! pot5tialities ( ! 
inv5tion any m ?an ,john ,seba/ian ,ba* 
0 9 aft] ye>s :5 he tri$ ! pian(ortes ( 
,silb]mann4  ,! sket* ( ,cri/(ori's     
action 9 ,maffei's essay1 f :i* ,i h _h 
a work+ model accurately made1 %[s t 9 !
 fir/ in/rum5ts ! action 0 n complete1 &
 x may n h be5 p]fect$ :5 ,pr9ce ,f]d9& 
di$ 9 #agac4 ,b !re are ,cri/(ori gr&   
pianos pres]v$ at ,flor5ce1 dat$        
respectively #agbj & #agbf1 9 :i* an    
improv$ con/ruction ( action is f\nd1 & 
( ?is ,i also exhibit a model4 ,!re is  
mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,9 ! second1 
,cri/(ori _h obta9$ 8 escapem5t ) an    
undivid$ key1 reconcil+ 8 dep? ( t\*1 or
 keyfall1 ) t ( ! contempor>y h>psi*ord1
 by driv+ ! escapem5t lev] ?r\gh ! key4 
,he _h contriv$ means = regulat+ !      
escapem5t di/ance1 & _h also inv5t$ !   

la/ ess5tial ( a good pian(orte action1 
! *eck4 ,i w expla9 :at is meant by     
escapem5t & *eck4 ,:51 by a key be+ put 
d[n1 ! hamm] is impell$ t[>d ! /r+s1 x  
is necess>y = _! su/a9$ vibration t1    
aft] impact1 ! hamm] %\ld reb\nd or     
escape2 or x w\ld1 z pian(orte mak]s    
say1 block1 damp+ ! /r+s at ! mom5t !y  
%\ld s\nd4  ,a dulcim] play] ga9s 8     
ela/ic bl[ by ! free movem5t ( ! wri/4  
,to ga9 a simil>ly ela/ic bl[           
me*anically 9 8 fir/ action1 ,cri/(ori  
cut a not* 9 ! butt ( 8 hamm] f :i* !   
escapem5t lev]1 l+uetta mobile z he     
call$ x--hopp]1 z we call x--be+ c5t]$  
at ! base1 mov$ =w>d1 :5 ! key 0 put    
d[n1 to ! ext5t ( its radius1 & aft] !  
deliv]y ( ! bl[ return$ to its re/+     
place by ! pressure ( a spr+4 ,! fir/   
action gave ! bl[ ) m direct =ce ?an !  
second1 :i* _h ! not* ^u :at is call$ ! 
und]hamm]1 b 0 defective 9 ! abs5ce (   
any means to regulate ! di/ance ( !     
g-(f1 or escapem5t f ! /r+4 ,9 ! second 
action1 a small *eck be=e ! hopp] is    

int5d$ to regulate x1 b does s          
imp]fectly4 ,! pian(orte _h to wait =   
fifty ye>s = satisfactory regulation ( !
 escapem5t4  ,9 ! fir/ action1 ! hamm]  
re/s 9 a silk5 =k1 dropp+ ! :ole di/ance
 ( ! rise ( e bl[4 ,! *eck 9 ! second   
action1 ! p>am>tello1 is next 9         
importance to ! escapem5t4 ,x cat*es !  
back "p ( ! hamm] at diff]5t po9ts ( !  
radius1 respond+ to ! am\nt ( =ce !     
play] has us$ ^u ! key4 ,s t 9 repeat$  
bl[s1 ! rise ( ! hamm] is modifi$1 & !  
not* is ne>] to ! return+ hopp] 9       
proportionate degree4  ,i h giv5 ! fir/ 
place 9 description to ,cri/(ori's      
actions1 in/ead ( to ! cembalo or       
in/rum5t to :i* !y 7 appli$1 because    
piano & =te1 f t\*1 became possible     
?r\gh !m1 & :at else 0 accompli%$ by    
,cri/(ori 0 due1 prim>ily1 to ! dynamic 
idea4 ,he /r5g!n$ 8 h>psi*ord s\nd-bo>d 
aga9/ a ?ick] /r++1 r5\nc+ ! *]i%$      
s\nd-holes4 ,yet ! s\nd-box notion clung
 to him1 = he made op5+s 9 8 s\nd-bo>d  
rail = air to escape4 ,he ran a         

/r+-block r\nd ! case1 entirely         
indep5d5t ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 & 8 wre/-plank1
 :i* also became a sep>ate /ructure1    
remov$ f ! s\nd-bo>d by ! gap = !       
hamm]s1 0 n[ a /\t oak5 plank :i*1 to   
ga9 an upw>d be>+ = ! /r+s1 he inv]t$1  
driv+ 8 wre/-p9s ?r\gh 9 ! mann] ( a    
h>p1 & turn+ !m 9 l fa%ion to ! h>p4 ,he
 _h two /r+s to a note1 b x did n occur 
to him to space !m into pairs ( unisons4
 ,he reta9$ ! equidi/ant h>psi*ord      
scale1 & _h1 at fir/1 "u-damp]s1 lat]   
ov]-damp]s1 :i* fell betwe5 ! unisons   
?us equally sep>at$4 ,cri/(ori di$ 9    
#agca4 ,he _h pupils1 "o ( :om made1 9  
#agcj1 !1 ,rafael d',urb9o1 ! favorite  
in/rum5t ( ! great s+] ,f>9elli4 ,! /ory
 ( inv5tive ,italian pian(orte mak+ ends
 ?us e>ly1 b to ,italy ! inv5tion       
indisputably belongs4  ,! fir/ to make  
pian(ortes 9 ,g]many 0 ! fam\s ,freib]g 
organ-build] & clavi*ord mak]1 ,gottfri$
 ,silb]mann4 ,he submitt$ two pian(ortes
 to ! judgm5t ( ,john ,seba/ian ,ba* 9  
#agbf1 :i* judgm5t 01 h[ev]1            

unfavorable2 ! trebles be+ f\nd too     
weak1 & ! t\* too heavy4 ,silb]mann1    
accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,ba*'s pupil1     
,agricola1 be+ mu* mortifi$1 put !m     
aside1 resolv+ n to %[ !m aga9 unless he
 c\ld improve !m4 ,we d n "k :at ^!     
in/rum5ts 71 b x may be inf]r$ t !y 7   
copies ( ,cri/(ori1 or 7 made aft] !    
description ( 8 inv5tion by ,maffei1 :i*
 _h already be5 translat$ f ,italian    
into ,g]man1 by ,ko5ig1 ! c\rt poet at  
,dresd51 :o 0 a p]sonal fri5d (         
,silb]mann4 ,) ! next anecdote1 :i*     
n>rates ! pur*ase ( all ! pian(ortes    
,silb]mann _h made1 by ,fr$]ick !       
,great1 we are ^u sur] gr\nd4 ,?is well 
accr$it$ occurr5ce took place 9 #agdf4  
,9 ! foll[+ ye> occurr$ ,ba*'s celebrat$
 visit to ,potsdam1 :5 he play$ ^u "o or
 m ( ^! in/rum5ts4 ,burney saw &        
describ$ "o 9 #aggb4 ,i _h ?is "o1 :i* 0
 kn[n to h rema9$ 9 ! new palace at     
,potsdam until ! pres5t "t unalt]$1     
exam9$1 &1 by a draw+ ( ! action1 f\nd x
 0 id5tical ) ,cri/(ori's4 ,n1 h[ev]1   

be+ satisfi$ ) "o example1 ,i resolv$ to
 g myself to ,potsdam2 &1 be+ furni%$ ) 
p]mission f ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,cr[n ,pr9cess (
 ,prussia1 ,i 0 enabl$ 9 ,septemb]1     
#ahha1 to set ! "q at re/ ( h[ _m gr&   
pian(ortes by ,gottfri$ ,silb]mann !re 7
 /ill 9 exi/5ce at ,potsdam1 & :at !y 7 
l4 ,at ,b]l9 !re are none1 b at         
,potsdam1 9 ! music-rooms ( ,fr$]ick !  
,great1 :i* are 9 ! t[n palace1 ! new   
palace1 & ,sans ,s\ci--left1 x is       
und]/ood1 f ! "t ( ,fr$]ick's dea?      
undi/urb$--!re are ?ree ( ^! ,silb]mann 
pian(ortes4 ,all ?ree are ) unimportant 
diff]5ces hav+ no?+ to d ) /ructure1    
,cri/(ori in/rum5ts1 wre/ plank1        
s\nd-bo>d1 /r+-block1 & action2 !       
h>psi*ord scale ( /r++ be+ /ill reta9$4 
,! "w 9 !m is und\bt$ly good2 !         
s\nd-bo>ds h giv5 9 ! trebles1 z is     
usual ) old in/rum5ts1 f ! /ra92 b ,i   
%\ld say all ?ree might be              
satisfactorily re/or$4 ,"s o!r          
pian(ortes seem to h be5 made 9 ,nor?   
,g]many ab\t ?is "t1 z our own poet     

,gray b\ght "o 9 ,hamburg 9 #agee1 9 !  
description ( :i* we notice ! desire to 
comb9e a hamm] action ) ! h>psi*ord :i* 
s long ex]cis$ m5's m9ds4  ,! ,sev5     
,ye>s' ,w> put an end to pian(orte mak+ 
on ! l9es ,silb]mann _h adopt$ 9        
,saxony4 ,a fre% />t _h to be made a few
 ye>s lat]1 & x took place              
contemporane\sly 9 ,s\? ,g]many &       
,engl&4 ,! results h be5 s important t !
 gr& pian(ortes ( ! ,augsburg ,/e9 & !  
,london ,back]s may be reg>d$1          
practically1 z re9v5tions ( ! in/rum5t4 
,! decade #aggj-hj m>ks ! emancipation (
 ! pian(orte f ! h>psi*ord1 ( :i* be=e x
 _h only be5 deem$ a v>iety4            
,compositions appe> writt5 expressly =  
x1 & a man ( g5ius1 ,muzio ,clem5ti1 :o 
subsequ5tly became ! head ( ! pian(orte 
bus9ess n[ conduct$ by ,messrs4 ,coll>d1
 came =w>d to indicate ! special "* ( ! 
in/rum5t1 & f\nd an indep5d5t te*nique =
 x4  ,a few ye>s be=e1 ! famili> dome/ic
 squ>e piano _h be5 inv5t$4 ,i d n ?9k  
clavi*ords c\ld h be5 alt]$ to squ>e    

pianos1 z !y 7 want+ 9 suffici5t dep? ( 
case2 b t ! sugge/ion 0 f ! clavi*ord is
 c]ta91 ! same k9d ( case & key-bo>d be+
 us$4 ,g]man au?orities attribute !     
inv5tion to an organ build]1 ,fri$]ici (
 ,g]a1 & give ! date ab\t #ageh or      
#agfj4 ,i h adv]tis$ 9 public pap]s1 & h
 _h p]sonal inquiry made = "o (         
,fri$]ici's ,=t ,bi5s1 z he is said to h
 call$ 8 in/rum5t4 ,i h only succe$$ 9  
le>n+ ?is mu*--t ,fri$]ici is consid]$  
to h be5 ( lat] date ?an has be5 ass]t$ 
9 ! text-books4 ,until m conclusive     
in=mation c be obta9$1 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$
 to reg>d a ,london mak]1 b a ,g]man by 
bir?1 ,johannes ,zumpe1 z ! inv5tor ( ! 
in/rum5t4 ,x is c]ta9 t he introduc$ t  
model ( squ>e piano :i* spe$ily became !
 fa%ion1 & 0 *os5 = g5]al adoption      
ev]y:]e4 ,zumpe began to make 8         
in/rum5ts ab\t #agfe4 ,8 little squ>e1  
at fir/ ( ne>ly five octaves1 ) ! old   
man's head to raise ! hamm]1 & mop/ick  
damp]1 0 9 great vogue1 ) b little      
alt]ation1 = =ty ye>s2 & t 9 spite ( !  

manife/ improvem5ts ( ,john ,broadwood's
 wre/-plank & ,john ,geib's gras%opp]4  
,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 ! squ>e    
piano became mu* enl>g$ & improv$ by    
,coll>d & ,broadwood1 9 ,london1 & by   
,petzold1 9 ,p>is4 ,x 0 ov]done 9 !     
attempt to ga9 undue p[] = x1 &1 ab\t   
tw5ty ye>s ago1 sank 9 ! competition1 ) 
! lat] cottage pian(orte1 :i* 0 always  
be+ improv$4  ,to return to ! gr&       
pian(orte4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,vi5nese gr& is 
rightly accr$it$ to ,/e91 ! organ       
build]1 ( ,augsburg4 ,i w call x !      
,g]man gr&1 = ,i f9d x 0 z e>ly made 9  
,b]l9 z ,vi5na4 ,accord+ to ,moz>t's    
correspond5ce1 ,/e9 _h made "s gr&      
pianos 9 #aggg1 ) a special escapem5t1  
:i* did n block l ! pianos he _h play$  
^u be=e4 ,:5 ,i wrote ! article         
,pian(orte 9 ,dr4 ,grove's ,diction>y1  
no ,/e9 in/rum5t 0 =?com+1 b ! result ( 
! inquiries ,i _h in/itut$ at t "t      
ultimately br\ght "o =w>d1 :i* has be5  
secur$ by ! curator ( ! ,brussels       
,museum1 ,m4 ,victor ,mahillon4 ,?is    

in/rum5t1 ) ,/e9's action & two unison  
scale1 is dat$ #aghj4 ,moz>t's gr&      
piano1 pres]v$ at ,salzburg1 made by    
,wal!r1 is a ne>ly contempor>y copy (   
,/e91 & s also are ! gr&s by ,huhn1 (   
,b]l91 :i* ,i took notes ( at ,b]l9 &   
,potsdam2 ! late/ ( ^! is dat$ #agij4   
,an advance %[n by ^! in/rum5ts ( ,/e9 &
 ,/e9's foll[]s is 9 ! spac+ ( !        
unisons2 ! ,huhn gr&s hav+ two /r+s to a
 note 9 ! l[] "p ( ! scale1 & ?ree 9 !  
upp]4 ,! ,cri/(ori ,silb]mann inv]t$    
wre/-plank has rev]t$ to ! usual =m2 !  
tun+ p9s & d[nw>d be>+ be+ ! same z 9 ! 
h>psi*ord4 ,!re are no /eel ar*es z yet 
betwe5 ! wre/-plank & ! belly-rail 9 ^! 
,g]man in/rum5ts4 ,z to ,/e9's          
escapem5t1 8 hopp] 0 fix$ beh9d ! key2 !
 axis ( ! hamm] ris+ on a pr9ciple :i*  
,i ?9k is old] ?an ,/e91 b h n be5 able 
to trace to its s\rce1 & ! position ( 8 
hamm] is rev]s$4 ,/e9's light & facile  
movem5t ) %all[ key-fall1 resembl+      
,cri/(ori's 9 be>+ little weight1 0     
gratefully accept$ by ! ,g]man clavi*ord

 play]s1 &1 react+1 became "o ( !       
det]m9+ ag5ts ( ! piano music & /yle (  
play+ ( ! ,vi5na s*ool4 ,?us arose a    
flu5t execution ( a ri* figuration &    
brilliant passage play+1 ) b little     
incl9ation to sonor\sness ( effect1 la/+
 f ! "t ( ,moz>t's imm$iate foll[]s to t
 ( ,h5ri ,h]z2 a p]iod ( half a c5tury4 
,knee-p$als1 z we translate geu\illres1 
7 probably 9 vogue be=e ,/e91 & 7 lev]s 
press$ ) ! knees1 to raise ! damp]s1 &  
leave ! pian(orte undamp$1 a regi/]     
approv$ ( by ,c>l ,philip ,emmanuel     
,ba*1 :o reg>d$ ! undamp$ pian(orte z ! 
m agreeable = improvis+44 ,he appe>s1   
h[ev]1 to h kn[n b little ( !           
capabilities ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* seem$ to 
him co>se & inexpressive beside 8       
favorite clavi*ord4 ,/e9 appe>s to h    
made use ( ! una corda %ift4 ,probably  
by knee-p$als1 subsequ5tly by           
foot-p$als1 ! foll[+ effects 7 add$ to !
 ,/e9 pianos4  ,! h>psi*ord h>p-/op1 :i*
 mut$ "o /r+ ( ea* note by a piece (    
lea!r1 became1 by ! int]position ( a    

piece ( clo? betwe5 ! hamm] & ! /r+s1 ! 
piano1 h>p1 or cele/e4 ,! m complete    
s\rd9e1 :i* mut$ all ! /r+s by contact (
 a long /rip ( lea!r1 act$ z ! /accato1 
pizzicato1 or pianissimo4 ,! ,g]mans    
fur!r display$ t +5uity 9 fancy /ops    
,m]s5ne _h attribut$ to !m 9 h>psi*ords 
m ?an a hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e1 by a  
bassoon p$al1 a c>d :i* by a rotatory   
half-cyl9d] j imp++ ^u ! /r+s produc$ a 
re$y twang2 also by p$als = triangle1   
cymbals1 bells1 & tamb\r9e1 ! la/ drumm+
 on ! s\nd-bo>d itself4  ,sev]al ( ^!   
contrivances may be se5 9 a six-p$al gr&
 pian(orte belong+ to ,h] ,maje/y !     
,que51 at ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 be>+ ! "n z   
mak] ( ,/e9's daught]1 ,nannette1 :o 0 a
 fri5d ( ,bee?ov54 ,! diagram repres5ts 
! wood5 fram+ ( su* an in/rum5t4  ,we   
ga!r f ,burney's contributions to       
,rees's ,cyclopa$ia1 t aft] ! arrival ( 
,john ,*ri/ian ,ba* 9 ,london1 ,a4,d4   
#agei1 a few gr& pian(ortes 7 attempt$1 
by ! second-rate h>psi*ord mak]s1 b ) no
 p>ticul> success4 ,if ! work%op        

tradition c be reli$ ^u t sev]al (      
,silb]mann's workm5 _h come to ,london  
ab\t t "t1 ! s-call$ twelve apo/les1 m  
?an likely ow+ to ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 we
 %\ld h "h m5 acqua9t$ ) ! ,cri/(ori    
model1 :i* ,silb]mann _h tak5 up1 & !   
e>ly gr& pianos ref]r$ to by ,burney    
w\ld be on t model4 ,i %\ld say ! new   
in/rum5t ( ,messrs4 ,broadwood's        
play-bill ( #agfg 0 su* a gr& piano2 b  
!re is small *ance ( ev] f9d+ "o n[1 &  
if an in/rum5t 7 f\nd1 x w\ld h>dly     
reta9 ! orig9al action1 z ,messrs4      
,broadwood's books ( ! la/ c5tury %[ !  
practice ( ref9i%+ in/rum5ts :i* _h be5 
made ) ! old movem5t4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #a4  ,burney di/+ui%es ,am]icus   
,back]s by special m5tion4 ,he is said  
to h be5 a ,dut*man4 ,betwe5 #aggb &    
#aggf1 ,back]s produc$ ! well-kn[n      
,engli% action1 :i* has rema9$ ! mo/    
durable & "o ( ! be/ up to ! pres5t day4
 ,x ref]s 9 direct lev]age to           
,cri/(ori's fir/ action4 ,x is opposite 
to ,/e9's contempor>y inv5tion1 :i* has 

! hopp] fix$4 ,9 ! ,engli% action1 z 9 !
 ,flor5t9e1 ! hopp] rises ) ! key4 ,to !
 direct lev]age ( ,cri/(ori's fir/      
action1 ,back]s comb9$ ! *eck ( !       
second1 & !n add$ an important inv5tion 
( 8 own1 a regulat+ screw & button = !  
escapem5t4 ,back]s di$ 9 #aggf4 ,x is   
un=tunate we c ref] to no pian(orte made
 by him4 ,i %\ld reg>d x z treasure     
trove if "o 7 =?com+ 9 ! same way t     
br\ght to light ! au!ntic "o ( ,/e9's4  
,z1 h[ev]1 ,back]s' intimate fri5ds1 & 8
 assi/ants 9 c>ry+ out ! inv5tion1 7    
,john ,broadwood & ,rob]t ,/od>t1 we h1 
9 _! e>ly in/rum5ts1 ! pr9ciple & all ! 
lead+ features ( ! ,back]s gr&4 ,!      
increas$ weight ( /r++ 0 met by /eel    
ar*es plac$ at int]vals betwe5 !        
wre/-plank & ! belly-rail1 b !          
belly-rail 0 /ill free f ! ?ru/ ( !     
wood5 brac+1 ! direction ( :i* 0 conf9$ 
to ! sides ( ! case1 z x _h be5 9 !     
h>psi*ord4  ,/od>t appe>s to h prec$$   
,broadwood 9 tak+ up ! manufacture ( !  
gr& piano by f\r or five ye>s4 ,9 #aggg 

he pat5t$ an alt]nate pian(orte &       
h>psi*ord1 ! draw+ ( :i* pat5t %[s !    
,back]s action4 ,! p$als he employ$ 7 to
 %ift ! h>psi*ord regi/] & to br+ on !  
octave /op4 ,! pres5t p$als 7 introduc$ 
9 ,engli% & gr& pianos by #aghe1 & are  
attribut$ to ,john ,broadwood1 :o appe>s
 to h giv5 8 att5tion at once to !      
improvem5t ( ,back]s' in/rum5t4 ,hi!rto 
! gr& piano _h be5 made ) an undivid$   
belly-bridge1 ! same z ! h>psi*ord _h   
be52 ! bass /r+s 9 ?ree unisons1 to !   
l[e/ note1 be+ ( brass4 ,!ory w\ld      
require t ! notes ( diff]5t octaves %\ld
 be multiples ( ea* o!r & t ! t5sion    
%\ld be ! same = ea* /r+4 ,! l[e/ bass  
/r+s1 :i* at t "t 7 ! note ,f1 w\ld ?us 
require a vibrat+ l5g? ( ab\t twelve    
feet4 ,z only half ?is l5g? c\ld be     
af=d$1 ! diff]5ce _h to be made up 9 !  
weight ( ! /r+s & _! t5sion1 :i* l$1 9  
^! e>ly gr&s1 to _m inequalities4 ,!    
?ree octaves t[>d ! treble c\ld1 ) c>e1 
be adju/$1 ! l5g?s be+ practically !    
ideal l5g?s4 ,x 0 9 ! bass octaves      

7pianos 7 !n ( five octaves7 !          
inequalities 7 m conspicu\s4 ,to make a 
m p]fect scale & equalize ! t5sion 0 !  
m]it & a*ievem5t ( ,john ,broadwood1 :o 
jo9$ to 8 own practical k & s\nd        
intuitions ! aid ( pr(ess$ m5 ( sci5ce4 
,! result 0 ! divid$ bridge1 ! bass /r+s
 be+ c>ri$ ov] ! %ort] division1 & ! mo/
 beautiful gr& pian(orte 9 its l9es &   
curves t has ev] be5 made 0 !n          
manufactur$4 ,9 #agia he c>ri$ 8 scale  
up to ,c1 five & a half octaves2 9 #agid
 d[n to ,c1 six octaves1 always ) c>e = 
! arti/ic1 =m4 ,! p$als 7 atta*$ to !   
front legs ( ! /& on :i* ! in/rum5t     
re/$4 ,! "r foot-p$al act$ fir/ z !     
piano regi/]1 %ift+ ! impact ( ea* hamm]
 to two unisons in/ead ( ?ree2 a wood5  
/op 9 ! "r h& key-block p]mitt$ ! action
 to be %ift$ yet fur!r to ! "r1 & r$uc+ 
! bl[ to "o /r+ only1 produc$ !         
pianissimo regi/] or una corda (        
indescribable attractiv5ess ( s\nd4 ,!  
cause ( ?is 0 9 ! reflect$ vibration    
?r\gh ! bridge to ! unt\*$ /r+s4 ,!     

pres5t s*ool ( pian(orte play+ rejects  
?is effect altoge!r1 b ,bee?ov5 valu$ x1
 & indicat$ its use 9 "s ( 8 great      
works4 ,/eib]t call$ ! una corda !      
cele/e1 :i* is m appropriate to x ?an   
,adam's application ( ?is "n to !       
h>p-/op1 by :i* ! latt] has gone ev]    
s9ce4  ,up to q ! end ( ! la/ c5tury !  
damp]s 7 cont9u$ to ! highe/ note 9 !   
treble4 ,!y 7 l h>psi*ord damp]s rais$  
by wood5 jacks1 ) a rail or /ret*] to   
regulate _! rise1 :i* s]v$ also z a back
 t\* to ! keys4 ,i h n discov]$ ! exact 
ye> :51 or by :om1 ! treble damp]s 7    
fir/ omitt$1 ?us leav+ t "p ( ! scale   
undamp$4 ,?is bold act gave ! in/rum5t  
_m sympa!tic /r+s free to vibrate f !   
bridge :5 ! re/ ( ! in/rum5t 0 play$1   
ea* /r+1 accord+ to its l5g?1 be+ an    
aliquot division ( a l[] /r+4 ,?is gave 
! in/rum5t a c]ta9 brightness or life   
?r\gh\t1 an advantage :i* has secur$ its
 univ]sal adoption4 ,! exp$i5ts ( an    
unt\*$ octave /r+ & ( utiliz+ ^? l5g?s (
 wire t lie beyond ! bridges h be5      

br\ght into notice ( late ye>s1 b !     
latt] 0 e>ly 9 ! c5tury essay$ by ,w4   
,f4 ,coll>d4  ,f difficulties ( tun+1   
ow+ to friction & o!r causes1 ! real ga9
 ( ^! exp$i5ts is small1 & :5 we comp>e 
!m ) ! natural res\rces we h always at  
comm& 9 ! normal scale ( ! in/rum5t1 is 
n wor? ! co/4 ,! inv5tor ( ! damp]      
regi/] op5$ a floodgate to su* aliquot  
re-en=cem5t z c be got 9 no o!r way4    
,ea* l[] note /ruck ( ! undamp$         
in/rum5t1 by excitem5t f ! s\nd-bo>d    
c>ri$ ?r\gh ! bridge1 sets vibrat+ high]
 /r+s1 :i*1 by measurem5t1 are primes to
 its p>tials2 & ea* high] /r+ /ruck     
calls out equival5t p>tials 9 ! l[]     
/r+s4 ,ev5 p>tials above ! primes w     
excite _! equival5ts up to ! twelf? &   
d\ble octave4 ,:at a gl[ ( tone-color   
!re is 9 all ?is h>monic re-en=cem5t1 & 
:o w\ld n[ say t ! p$als %\ld nev] be   
us$8 ,by _! prop] use1 ! /ud5t's e> is  
educat$ to a ref9$ s5se ( di/9ction (   
consonance & dissonance1 & ! int5tion & 
beauty ( ,*op9's p$al "w becomes        

reveal$4  ,! next decade1 #agij-ahjj1   
br+s u to ,fr5* gr& pian(orte-mak+1 :i* 
0 !n tak5 up by ,seba/ian ,er>d4 ,?is   
+5i\s me*anic & inv5tor travel$ ! long &
 dre>y road along :i* ne>ly all :o h    
tri$ to improve ! pian(orte h _h to     
j\rney4 ,he appe>s1 at fir/1 to h adopt$
 ! exi/+ model ( ! ,engli% in/rum5t 9   
resonance1 t5sion1 & action1 & to h     
subsequ5tly turn$ 8 att5tion to !       
action1 mo/ likely ) ! idea ( comb9+ !  
,engli% p[] ( gradation ) ! ,g]man      
lightness ( t\*4 ,er>d claim$1 9 !      
specification to a pat5t = an action1   
dat$ #ahjh1 ! p[] ( giv+ repeat$ /rokes1
 )\t miss+ or failure1 by v small angul>
 motions ( ! key itself4  ,once fairly  
/>t$1 ! notion ( repetition became !    
dom9ant idea ) pian(orte-mak]s1 & to ?is
 day1 al?\gh less insi/$ ^u1 engrosses  
"t & att5tion t might be m usefully     
direct$4 ,"s great play]s1 f _! po9t (  
view ( t\*1 h be5 d[nright oppos$ to    
repetition actions4 ,i w "n ,kalkbr5n]1 
,*op91 &1 9 our own day1 ,dr4 ,hans von 

,bl[4 ,yet ! ,er>d's repetition1 9 ! =m 
( ,h]tz's r$uction1 is at pres5t 9      
great] favor 9 ,am]ica & ,g]many1 & is m
 ext5sively us$1 ?an at any previ\s     
p]iod4  ,! good qualities ( ,er>d's     
action1 complet$ 9 #ahba1 ! g]m ( :i* w 
be f\nd 9 ! lat] ,cri/(ori1 are n1      
h[ev]1 due to repetition capability1 b  
to o!r causes1 *iefly1 ,i w say1 to     
c\nt]poise4 ,! radical defect (         
repetition is t ! repeat$ note c nev] h 
! tone-value ( ! fir/2 x dep5ds ^u !    
me*anical contrivance1 r ?an ! f9d] ( ! 
play]1 :i* is directly indisp5sable to !
 production ( satisfactory tone4 ,:5 !  
s5sibility ( ! play]'s t\* is lo/ 9 !   
me*anical action1 ! correspond+         
s5sibility ( ! tone suff]s2 ! resonance 
is n1 someh[ or o!r1 sympa!tically      
excit$4  ,er>d r$iscov]$ an upw>d be>+1 
:i* _h be5 accompli%$ by ,cri/(ori a    
hundr$ ye>s be=e1 9 #ahjh4 ,a d[n-be>+  
bridge to ! wre/-plank1 ) hamm]s /rik+  
upw>d1 are cle>ly n 9 relation2 ! t5d5cy
 ( ! hamm] mu/ be1 if !re is mu* =ce    

us$1 to lift ! /r+ f its be>+1 to !     
detrim5t ( ! tone4 ,er>d rev]s$ !       
direction ( ! be>+ ( ! front bridge1    
sub/itut+ = a long1 p9n$1 wood5 bridge1 
z _m little brass bridges z !re 7 notes4
 ,! /r+s pass+ ?r\gh holes bor$ ?r\gh ! 
little bridges1 call$ agraffes1 or /uds1
 turn$ upw>d t[>d ! wre/-p94 ,by ?is !  
/r+ 0 =c$ aga9/ its re/ in/ead ( (f x4  
,x is obvi\s t ! m]it ( ?is inv5tion    
w\ld 9 "t make its use g5]al4 ,a v>iety 
( x 0 ! long brass bridge1 specially us$
 9 ! treble on acc\nt ( ! pleasant      
musical-box l tone its vibration        
enc\rag$4 ,( late ye>s ano!r upw>d be>+ 
has f\nd favor 9 ,am]ica & on !         
,cont95t1 ! ,capo d',a/ro b> ( ,m4      
,bord1 :i* ex]ts a pressure ^u ! /r+s at
 ! be>+ po9t4  ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbj1 great 
*anges & improvem5ts 7 made 9 ! gr&     
pian(orte bo? ext]nally & 9 ! in/rum5t4 
,! h>psi*ord box$ up front gave way to !
 cyl9d] front1 inv5t$ by ,h5ry ,pape1 a 
clev] ,g]man pian(orte-mak] :o bad      
settl$ 9 ,p>is4 ,:o put ! p$als ^u !    

famili> lyre ,i h n be5 able to le>n4 ,x
 w\ld be 9 ! ,empire "t1 :5 a classical 
ta/e 0 pr$om9ant4 ,b ! greate/ *ange 0 f
 a wood5 resi/+ /ructure to "o 9 :i*    
iron %\ld play an important "p4 ,!      
inv5tion belongs to ?is c\ntry1 & is due
 to a tun] nam$ ,william ,all51 a "y    
,scot*man1 :o 0 9 ,/od>t's employ4 ,) ! 
assi/ance ( ! =eman1 ,?om1 ! inv5tion 0 
complet$1 & a pat5t 0 tak5 out1 dat$ !  
#ae? ( ,janu>y1 #ahbj1 9 :i* ,?om 0 a   
p>tn]4 ,! pat5t 01 h[ev]1 at once secur$
 by ! ,/od>ts1 _! employ]s4 ,! object ( 
! pat5t 0 a comb9ation ( metal tubes )  
metal plates1 ! metallic tubes ext5d+ f 
! plates :i* 7 atta*$ to ! /r+-block to 
! wre/-plank4 ,! metal plates n[ held ! 
hit*-p9s1 to :i* ! f>!r ends ( ! /r+s 7 
fix$1 & ! =ce ( ! t5sion 01 9 a great   
measure1 ?r[n ^u ! tubes4 ,! tubes 7 a  
mi/ake2 !y 7 ( iron ov] ! /eel /r+s1 &  
brass ov] ! brass & spun /r+s1 ! idea   
be+ t ( ! comp5sation ( tun+ :5 affect$ 
by atmosph]ic *ange1 also a mi/ake4     
,h[ev]1 ! tubes 7 gu>ante$ by /\t wood5 

b>s cross+ !m at "r angles4 ,at once a  
great advance 0 made 9 ! possibility (  
us+ heavi] /r+s1 & ! great m]it ( !     
inv5tion 0 ev]y:]e recogniz$4  ,james   
,broadwood 0 "o ( ! fir/ to see !       
importance ( ! inv5tion1 if x 7 trans=m$
 into a /able pr9ciple4 ,he _h tri$ iron
 t5sion b>s 9 pa/ ye>s1 b )\t success4  
,x 0 n[ due to 8 firm to introduce a    
fix$ /r+$ plate1 in/ead ( plates int5d$ 
to %ift1 & 9 a few ye>s to comb9e ?is   
plate ) f\r solid t5sion b>s1 = :i*     
comb9ation he1 9 #ahbg1 took out a      
pat5t1 claim+ z ! motive = ! pat5t !    
/r+-plate2 ! mann] ( fix+ ! hit*-p9s ^u 
x1 ! f\r? t5sion b>1 :i* cross$ !       
in/rum5t ab\t ! middle ( ! scale1 & !   
fa/5+ ( t b> to ! wood5 brace bel[1 n[  
abutt+ aga9/ ! belly-rail1 ! atta*m5t   
be+ effect$ by a bolt pass+ ?r\gh a hole
 cut 9 ! s\nd-bo>d4  ,?is con/ruction ( 
gr& pian(orte soon became g5]ally adopt$
 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,messrs4 ,er>d1 :o 
appe> to h _h _! own adaptation ( t5sion
 b>s1 introduc$ ! h>monic b> 9 #ahch4   

,?is1 a %ort b> ( gun metal1 0 plac$ ^u 
! wre/-plank imm$iately above ! be>+s ( 
! treble1 & consolidat$ ! plank by      
screws tapp$ into x ( alt]nate pressure 
& draw+ p[]4 ,9 ! orig9al inv5tion a    
?ird screw press$ ^u ! bridge4 ,by ?is  
b> a v light1 r++ treble tone 0 ga9$4   
,?is 0 foll[$ by a long h>monic b>      
ext5d+ above ! :ole l5g? ( ! wre/-plank1
 :i* x def5ds f any t5d5cy to rise1 by  
d[nw>d pressure obta9$ by screws4 ,dur+ 
#ahdj-ej1 z _m z five & ev5 six t5sion  
b>s 7 us$ 9 gr& pian(ortes1 to meet !   
ev] increas+ /ra9 ( ?ick] /r++4 ,! b>s 7
 /rutt$ aga9/ a metal edg+ to !         
wre/-plank1 :ile ! ends 7 prolong$ =w>d 
until !y abutt$ aga9/ its solid mass on 
! key-bo>d side ( ! tun+-p9s4 ,! space  
requir$ = fix+ !m cramp$ ! scale1 :ile !
 /r+s 7 divid$ into sep>ate bat*es      
betwe5 !m4 ,x 0 also difficult to s     
adju/ ea* b> t x %\ld be> its           
proportionate %>e ( ! t5sion2 an obvi\s 
cause ( inequality4  ,t[>d ! end ( ?is  
p]iod a new direction 0 tak5 by ,mr4    

,h5ry ,f[l] ,broadwood1 by !            
introduction ( an iron-fram$ pian(orte1 
9 :i* ! b>s %\ld be r$uc$ 9 numb]1 & ) !
 b>s ! /eel ar*es1 z !y 7 /ill call$1   
al?\gh !y 7 no long] ar*es b /ruts4  ,9 
a gr& pian(orte1 made 9 #ahdg1 ,mr4     
,broadwood succe$$ 9 produc+ an in/rum5t
 ( ! l>ge/ size1 practically dep5d+ ^u  
iron alone4 ,two t5sion b>s suffic$1    
nei!r ( !m break+ into ! scale3 ! fir/1 
ne>ly /raight1 be+ almo/ p>allel ) !    
l[e/ bass /r+2 ! second1 pres5t+ ! new  
feature ( a diagonal b> cross$ f ! bass 
corn] to ! /r+-plate1 ) its ?ru/ at an  
angle to ! /r+s4  ,!re 7 reasons :i*    
induc$ ,mr4 ,broadwood to some:at modify
 & improve ?is fram+1 b ) ! ret5tion (  
its lead+ feature1 ! diagonal b>1 :i* 0 
f\nd to be ( supreme importance 9 be>+ !
 t5sion :]e x is mo/ conc5trat$4 ,f     
#aheb1 8 conc]t gr&s h _h1 9 all1 "o    
bass b>1 "o diagonal b>1 a middle b> )  
ar* b5ea?1 & ! treble *eek b>4 ,! middle
 b> is ! only "o directly cross+ !      
scale1 & break+ x4 ,x is /r5g!n$ by     

fea!r$ ribs1 & is fa/5$ by screws to !  
wood5 brace bel[4 ,! ?ree b>s & diagonal
 b>1 :i* is also fea!r$1 abut firmly on 
! /r+ plate1 :i* is fa/5$ d[n to ! wood5
 fram+ by screws4 ,s9ce #ahfb1 ! wood5  
wre/-plank has be5 cov]$ ) a plate (    
iron1 ! iron screw-p9 plate b5t at a "r 
angle 9 front4 ,! wre/-p9s are screw$   
into ?is plate1 & aga9 9 ! wood bel[4 ,!
 agraffes1 :i* take ! upw>d be>+s ( !   
/r+s1 are firmly screw$ into ?is plate4 
,! long h>monic b> ( gun metal lies     
imm$iately above ! agraffes1 & cross+ ! 
wre/-plank 9 its entire wid?1 s]ves to  
keep x1 at ! be>+ l9e1 9 position4 ,?is 
con/ruction is ! f>!/ advance ( !       
,engli% pian(orte4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #b4--,,william ,,all54  ,almo/         
simultane\sly ) x has aris5 a new       
developm5t 9 ,am]ica1 :i*1 beg9n+ )     
,conrad ,mey]1 ab\t #ahcc1 has be5      
advanc$ by ! ,*ick]+s & ,/e9ways to !   
well kn[n ,am]ican & ,g]man gr&         
pian(orte ( ! pres5t day4 ,x 0 p]fect$ 9
 ,am]ica ab\t 9 #ahei1 & has be5 tak5 up

 s9ce by ! ,g]mans almo/ univ]sally1 & )
 v little alt]ation4 ,two di/9ct        
pr9ciples h be5 develop$ & comb9$--!    
iron fram+ 9 a s+le ca/+1 & ! cross or  
ov]/r++4 ,i w deal ) ! la/ fir/1 because
 x orig9at$ 9 ,engl& & 0 ! inv5tion (   
,!obald ,boehm1 ! fam\s improv] ( !     
flute4 ,9 ,grove's ,diction>y1 ,i h giv5
 an approximate date to 8 ov]/r++ z     
#ahce1 b ref]5ce to ,boehm's            
correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,walt] ,broadwood  
%[s me t #ahca 0 really ! "t1 & t ,boehm
 employ$ ,g]ock & ,wolf1 ( #gi          
,cornhill1 ,london1 musical in/rum5t    
mak]s1 to c>ry out 8 exp]im5t4 ,g]ock   
be+ oppos$ to an oblique direction ( !  
/r+s & hamm]s1 ,boehm f\nd a m will+    
coadjutor 9 ,wolf4 ,z f> z ,i c le>n1 a 
piccolo1 a cab9et1 & a squ>e piano 7 ?us
 made ov]/rung4 ,boehm's argum5t 0 t a  
diagonal 0 long] )9 a squ>e ?an a       
v]tical1 :i*1 z he said1 e s*oolboy     
knew4 ,! fir/ ov]/rung gr& pianos se5 9 
,london 7 made by ,li*t5?al1 ( ,/4      
,pet]sburg2 n s mu* = tone z = symmetry 

( ! case2 two in/rum5ts s made 7 among !
 curiosities ( ! ,great ,exhibition (   
#ahea4 ,"s ye>s be=e ?is1 ,h5ry ,pape _h
 made exp]im5ts 9 cross /r++1 ) !       
int5tion to economize space4 ,8 ideas 7 
adopt$ & cont9u$ by ! ,london mak]1     
,tomkisson1 :o acquir$ ,pape's rights = 
?is c\ntry4 ,! iron fram+ 9 a s+le ca/+ 
is a di/9ctly ,am]ican inv5tion1 b      
proce$+1 l ! ov]/r++1 f a ,g]man by     
bir?4 ,! iron ca/+ = a squ>e piano ( !  
,am]ican ,alpheus ,babcock1 may h       
sugge/$ ,mey]'s inv5tion2 x 01 h[ev]1   
,conrad ,mey]1 :o1 9 ,philadelphia1 & 9 
#ahcc1 fir/ made a real iron frame squ>e
 pian(orte4 ,! gradual improvem5t ^u    
,mey]'s inv5tion1 dur+ ! next qu>t] ( a 
c5tury1 are fir/ due to ! ,*ick]+s & !n 
! ,/e9ways4 ,! =m] ov]/rung an iron     
frame squ>e1 ! latt] ov]/rung an iron   
frame gr&1 ! culm9ation ( ?is special   
make s9ce ( g5]al ,am]ican & ,g]man     
adoption4 ,x w be se5 t1 9 ! ,am]ican   
make1 ! numb] ( t5sion b>s has n be5    
r$uc$1 b a diagonal support has1 to a   

c]ta9 ext5t1 be5 accept$ & adopt$4 ,!   
s\nd-bo>d bridges are mu* fur!r ap>t ?an
 obta9s ) ! ,engli% gr&1 or ) !         
,anglo-,fr5* ,er>d4 ,! advocates ( !    
,am]ican pr9ciple po9t out ! advantages 
( a m op5 scale1 & m equal pressure on !
 s\nd-bo>d4 ,!y likewise claim1 z a ga91
 a great] t5sion4 ,i h no q accurate    
in=mation z to :at ! sum ( ! t5sion may 
be ( an ,am]ican gr& piano4 ,"o (       
,broadwood's1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 _h a /ra9 
( sixte5 & "o-half tons2 ! /ra9 has     
some:at increas$ s9ce !n4 ,! rem>kable  
improvem5t 9 wir$raw+ :i* has be5 made 9
 ,birm+ham1 ,vi5na1 & ,nuremb]g1 ( late 
ye>s1 has r5d]$ ^! high t5sions ( f>    
easi] atta9m5t ?an !y w\ld h be5 e>li] 9
 ! c5tury4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#c4--;,,broadwood4  ,= me ! great       
drawback to "o unbrok5 ca/+ is 9 !      
vibratory r+ insep>able f any metal     
sy/em t has no re/+ places to break !   
uni=m rev]b]ation proce$+ f metal4 ,we h
 already se5 h[ readily ! /r+s take up  
vibrations :i* are only pure :51 z      

second>y vibrations1 !y arise by        
rev]sion f ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,if vibration   
arises f imp]fectly ela/ic wood1 we he> 
a dull wood5 ?ud2 if x comes f metal1   
p>tials ( ! /r+s are re-en=c$ t %\ld be 
left undevelop$1 :i* give a false r+ to 
! tone1 & an aft] r+ t blurs legato     
play+1 & nullifies ! /accato4 ,i d n    
pose z ! ob/9ate advocate ( p>allel     
/r++1 al?\gh ,i believe t1 s f>1 x is ! 
mo/ logical & ! be/2 ! be/1 because !   
left h& division ( ! in/rum5t is free f 
a prepond]ance ( dissonant high p>tials1
 & we he> ! light & %ade1 z well z !    
cantabile ( t "p1 bett] ?an by any      
ov]/rung scale t ,i h yet met )4 ,i w n1
 ,i say1 (f] a f9al judgm5t1 because !re
 may come a possible improvem5t ( !     
ov]/rung or d\ble diagonal scale1 if t  
scale is p]si/$ 91 & inv5tive p[] is    
br\ght to be> ^u x1 z valuable z t :i*  
has c>ri$ ! idea ?us f>4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #d4--;,,broadwood4  ,i h n _h "t 
to ref] o!r ?an incid5tally to ! squ>e  
pian(orte1 :i* has become obsolete4 ,i  

mu/1 h[ev]1 give a sep>ate hi/orical    
sket* ( ! upright pian(orte1 :i* has    
ris5 into great favor & importance1 & 9 
its developm5t--,i may say its          
inv5tion--belongs to ?is pres5t #ai?    
c5tury4 ,! =m has always recomm5d$ !    
upright on ! score ( conv5i5ce1 b x 0   
long be=e x occurr$ to any "o to make an
 upright key bo>d in/rum5t reasonably4  
,upright h>psi*ords 7 made ne>ly f\r    
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,a v int]e/+ #ag?      
c5tury "o 0 sold lately 9 ! great       
,hamilton sale--sold1 ,i grieve to say1 
to be demoli%$ = its pa9t+s4 ,b all     
v]tical h>psi*ords 7 horizontal ones1   
put on end on a frame2 & ! book-case    
upright gr& pianos1 :i*1 f ! eighties1 7
 made "r into ! pres5t c5tury1 7        
horizontal gr&s simil>ly elevat$4 ,!    
real inv5tor ( ! upright piano1 9 its   
mod]n & useful =m1 0 t rem>kable        
,engli%man1 ,john ,isaac ,hawk9s1 !     
inv5tor ( ev]-po9t$ p5cils2 a civil     
eng9e]1 poet1 prea*]1 & phr5ologi/4     
,:ile liv+ at ,bord] ,t[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 

,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,hawk9s inv5t$ ! cottage   
piano--portable gr&1 he call$ x--& 8    
fa!r1 ,isaac ,hawk9s1 to :om1 9 ,grove's
 ,diction>y1 ,i h attribut$ ! inv5tion1 
took out1 9 ! ye> #ahjja1 ! ,engli%     
pat5t = x4 ,i c =tunately %[ y "o ( ^!  
orig9al pian9os1 :i* belongs to ,messrs4
 ,broadwood4 ,x is a wreck1 b y w disc]n
 t ! /r+s desc5d ne>ly to ! floor1 :ile 
! key-bo>d1 a fold+ "o1 is rais$ to a   
conv5i5t height betwe5 ! floor & ! upp] 
extremities ( ! /r+s4 ,hawk9s _h an iron
 frame & t5sion rods1 )9 :i* ! belly 0  
entirely susp5d$2 a sy/em ( tun+ by     
me*anical screws2 an upp] metal bridge2 
equal l5g? ( /r+ ?r\gh\t2 metal supports
 to ! action1 9 :i* a lat] help to !    
repetition 0 anticipat$--! :ole in/rum5t
 be+ indep5d5t ( ! case4 ,hawk9s tri$   
also a lately reviv$ notion ( coil$ /r+s
 9 ! bass1 do+ away ) t5sion4 ,la/ly1 he
 s\ght = a so/95te1 :i* has be5 tri$ = f
 g5]ation to g5]ation1 always to fail1 b
 :i*1 ev5 if x does succe$1 w produce   
ano!r k9d ( in/rum5t1 n a pian(orte1 :i*

 owes s mu* ( its *>m to its unsatiat+1 
evanesc5t tone4  ,transcrib]s note #a3  
#crd digit illegible1 be/ guess f       
context4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#e4--,,mey]4  ,once introduc$ into      
,hawk9s' native c\ntry1 ,engl&1 ! rise (
 ! upright piano became rapid4 ,9 #ahjg1
 at late/1 ! n[ obsolete high cab9et    
piano 0 fairly laun*$4 ,9 #ahaa1 ,wornum
 produc$ a diagonal4 ,9 #ahac1 a v]tical
 cottage piano4 ,previ\sly1 essays _h   
be5 made to place a squ>e piano upright 
on its side1 = :i* ,s\?well1 an ,iri%   
mak]1 took out a pat5t 9 #agih2 & ,i c  
=tunately %[ y "o ( ^! in/rum5ts1 k9dly 
l5t = ?is pap] by ,mr4 ,walt] ,gilbey4  
,i h also be5 favor$ ) photographs by   
,mr4 ,simpson1 ( ,dundee1 ( a precisely 
simil> upright squ>e4 ,i %[ 8 draw+ ( ! 
action--! ,s\?well /ick] action4 ,w4 ,f4
 ,coll>d pat5t$ ano!r simil> exp]im5t 9 
#ahaa4 ,at fir/ ! /ick] action ) a lea!r
 h+e to ! hamm]-butt 0 ! favorite1 &    
la/$ long 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,fr5*1 h[ev]1 7  
quick to recognize ! great] m]it (      

,wornum's pr9ciple ( ! crank action1    
:i*1 & /rangely en\gh ?r\gh ,france1 has
 become v g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 z    
well z ,g]many & else:]e4 ,i regret ,i  
am unable to %[ a model ( ! orig9al     
crank action1 b ,mr4 ,wornum has favor$ 
me ) an e>ly engrav+ ( 8 fa!r's         
inv5tion4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ = ! high
 cab9et piano1 & a pat5t 0 tak5 out = x 
9 #ahbf4 ,b _m difficulties arose1 & x 0
 n until #ahbi t ! fir/ cab9et 0 s      
f9i%$4 ,wornum !n appli$ x 9 ! same ye> 
to ! small upright--! piccolo1 z he     
call$ x--! pr9ciple ( :i* 01 ?r\gh      
,pleyel & ,pape1 adopt$ = ! piano       
manufacture 9 ,p>is4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s 
we h se5 ! g5]al introduction ( ,bord's 
little pian9o1 call$ 9 ,engl&1          
ungrammatically en\gh1 pianette1 9 !    
action ( :i* t mak] clev]ly introduc$ ! 
spiral spr+4 ,&1 also1 ( ^? l>ge ,g]man 
ov]/rung & d\ble ov]/rung upright       
pianos1 :i*1 orig9ally d]iv$ f ,am]ica1 
h s f> met ) favor & sale 9 ?is c\ntry z
 to induce "s ,engli% mak]s1 at lea/ 9 !

 pr9ciple1 to copy !m4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #f4--,,/e9way4  ,i w conclude ?is 
hi/orical sket* by rem>k+1 & z a        
rem>kable hi/orical fact1 t ! ,engli%   
firms :i* 9 ! la/ c5tury introduc$ !    
pian(orte1 to ^: honorable ex]tions we  
owe a debt ( gratitude1 ) ! exception ( 
,/od>t1 /ill exi/1 & are 9 ! front rank 
( ! _w's competition4 ,i w "n ,broadwood
 7^: flag ,i s]ve "u71 ,coll>d 79 ! la/ 
ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury kn[n z ,longman &   
,clem5ti71 ,er>d 7! ,london bran*71     
,kirkman1 &1 ,i believe1 ,wornum4 ,on ! 
,cont95t !re is ! ,p>is ,er>d h\se2 &1  
at ,vi5na1 ,/rei*]1 a firm :i* desc5ds  
directly f ,/e9 ( ,augsburg1 ! inv5tor (
 ! ,g]man pian(orte1 ! favorite (       
,moz>t1 & ( ,bee?ov5 9 8 virtuoso p]iod1
 = he us$ ,/e9's gr&s at ,bonn4         
,di/+ui%$ names h ris5 9 ! pres5t       
c5tury1 "s ( :om h be5 ref]r$ to4 ,to ^?
 already m5tion$1 ,i %\ld l to add !    
names ( ,hopk9son & ,br9smead 9 ,engl&2 
,be*/e9 & ,blu?n] 9 ,g]many2 all        
well-kn[n mak]s4         99       99    

99       99       99     ,,! ,,poison\s 
,,prop]ties ,,( ,,nitrate ,,( ,,silv]1  
,,& ,a ,,rec5t ,,case ,,( ,,poison+ ,,) 
,,! ,,same4  ,footnote3 ,read be=e !    
,m$ico ,legal ,society1 ,april #e1      
#ahhc4  ,by ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,mott1 ,,jr41   
,ph4,d41 etc4   ,( ! v>i\s salts (      
silv]1 ! nitrate1 bo? cry/alliz$ & 9    
/icks 7lun> cau/ic1 ,lapis inf]nalis71  
is ! only "o int]e/+ to ! toxicologi/4  
,?is salt is an article ( comm]ce1 & is 
us$ te*nically & m$ic9ally4  ,its       
ext5sive employm5t = m>k+ l951 9 !      
prep>ation ( v>i\s hair dyes 7,eau de   
,p]se1 d',egypte1 de ,*i5e1 d',afrique71
 9 ! photograph]'s laboratory1 etc41    
af=ds ample opportunity to use ! same = 
poison+ purposes4  ,nitrate ( silv]     
possesses an acrid metallic ta/e & acts 
z a viol5t poison4  ,:5 inject$ into a  
ve9 ( an animal1 ev5 9 small quantities1
 ! symptoms produc$ are dyspnoea1#a     
*ok+1 spasms ( ! limbs & !n ( ! trunk1  
signs ( v]tigo1 consi/+ ( inability to  
/& erect or walk /eadily1 &1 f9ally     

ret*+ & vomit+1 & dea? by asphyxia4 ,^! 
symptoms1 :i* h usually be5 attribut$ to
 ! coagulat+ action ( ! salt ^u ! blood1
 h be5 %[n n to dep5d ^u t *ange1 :i*1  
inde$1 does n occur1 b ^u a direct      
p>alyz+ op]ation ^u ! c]ebro-sp9al c5t]s
 & ^u ! he>t2 b ! latt] action is       
subord9ate & second>y1 & ! =m] is fatal 
?r\gh asphyxia4  ,footnote #a3 ,nat4    
,disp5satory4 ,alf4 ,/ille  ,john ,m4   
,mais*1 ,phila41 #ahgi1 p4 #bcb4        
,"o-?ird ( a gra9 inject$ into ! jugul> 
ve9 kill$ a dog 9 f\r & "o-half h\rs1 ) 
viol5t tetanic spasms4#a  ,footnote #a3 
,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce4 ,?omas ,s4       
,traill1 #aheg1 p #aag4  ,dev]gie /ates 
t acute poison+ ) nitrate ( silv]1      
adm9i/]$ 9 ! %ape ( pills1 is m frequ5t 
?an "o w\ld suppose4 ,yet ,dr4 ,p[ell#a 
/ates t x %\ld always be giv5 9 pills1 z
 ! sy/em be>s a dose ?ree times z l>ge z
 :5 giv5 9 solution4 ,! usual dose is f 
"o-qu>t] ( a gra9 to "o gra9 ?ree times 
a day :5 adm9i/]$ z a m$ic9e4 ,9 cases (
 epilepsy ,dr4 ,p[ell recomm5ds "o gra9 

at fir/1 to be gradually increas$ to    
six4 ,clocquet#b has giv5 z mu* z fifte5
 gra9s 9 a day1 & ,ricord has giv5      
sixte5 gra9s ( arg5tum *loratum         
ammoniacale4  ,footnote #a3 ,u4,s4      
,disp5satory1 #ah? ed41 p4 #ajdi4 ,wood 
,ba*e4  ,footnote #b3 ,h&bu* d]         
,giftlehre1 von ,a4 ,w4 ,m4 ,von        
,hasselt4 #ahfb1 p4 #caf4  ,cases (     
poison+ h result$ f /icks ( lun> cau/ic 
gett+ into ! /oma* 9 ! process ( t\*+ ! 
?roat 7,bo]have7#a2 9 "o case1 accord+  
to ,alb]s1 a /ick ( lun> cau/ic got into
 ! tra*ea4  ,footnote #a3 ,vir*['s      
,ar*iv1 ,bd4 xvii41 s4 #ace4 #ahei4     
,von ,hasselt !re=e urges ! utmo/       
caution 9 us+ lun> cau/ic2 ! /icks &    
hold] %\ld always be c>efully exam9$    
be=e use4 ,an appr5tice#a to an apo!c>y 
attempt$ to commit suicide by tak+ ne>ly
 "o ounce ( a solution ( nitrate ( silv]
 )\t fatal result4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1    
h[ev]1 t ! /r5g? ( ! solution 0 n /at$4 
,footnote #a3 ,h&bu* d] ,giftlehre1 von 
,a4 ,w4 ,m4 ,von ,hasselt4 ,zweit] ,!il1

 #ahfb4 p4 #caf4  ,9 #ahfa1 a woman1    
fifty-"o ye>s old1 di$ 9 ?ree days f !  
effects ( tak+ a six-ounce mixture      
conta9+ fifty gra9s ( nitrate ( silv]   
giv5 9 divid$ doses4#a ,%e vomit$ a     
br[ni% yell[ fluid be=e dea?4 ,! /oma* &
 inte/9es 7 f\nd inflam$4 ,x is /at$ t  
silv] 0 f\nd 9 ! sub/ance ( ! /oma* &   
liv]4  ,footnote #a3 ,treatise on       
,poison4 ,taylor1 #ahge1 p4 #dge4  ,x is
 evid5t t ! poison\s dose1 :5 tak5      
int]nally1 is n s v small1 b /ill x w\ld
 n be safe to adm9i/] mu* ov] ! am\nts  
prescrib$ by ,ricord1 = 9 ! case ( ! dog
 m5tion$ "o ?ird ( a gra9 inject$ into !
 jugul> ve9 produc$ dea? 9 f\r & "o-half
 h\rs4  ,! circum/ance t m c be tak5    
int]nally is expla9$ by ! rapid         
decomposition to :i* ?is silv] salt is  
liable 9 ! body by ! prote9e sub/ance & 
*lor9e comb9ations 9 ! /oma*1 !         
hydro*loric acid 9 ! ga/ric juice1 &    
salt f food4  ,! fir/ reaction produc$  
by tak+ nitrate ( silv] int]nally is a  
comb9ation ( ?is salt ) ! prote9ace\s   

tissues ) :i* x comes 9 contact1 z also 
a precipitation ( *loride ( silv]4      
,accord+ to ,mits*]li*1 ! comb9ation ) !
 prote9e or album9\s sub/ance is n a    
p]man5t "o1 b suff]s a decomposition by 
v>i\s acids1 z dilute acetic & lactic   
acid4  ,! absorption ( ! silv] into !   
sy/em is sl[1 z ! album9oid & *lor9e    
comb9ations =m$ 9 ! inte/9al canal _c be
 imm$iately dissolv$ aga94  ,9 ! tissues
 ! absorb$ silv] salt is decompos$ by ! 
tissues1 & ! oxide & metallic silv]     
sep>ate4  ,p>tly = ?is reason & p>tly on
 acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ! solid           
album9ates1 etc41 ! elim9ation ( ! silv]
 f ! body takes place v sl[ly4 ,"s ( !  
silv]1 h[ev]1 pass$ out 9 ! fces1 &1    
accord+ to ,laud]]1 ,orfila1 & ,panizza1
 "s c be detect$ 9 ! ur9e4  ,bogol[sky#a
 has also %[n t 9 rabbits poison$ )     
prep>ations ( silv]1 ! 7(t5 album9\s7   
ur9e & ! cont5ts ( ! 7v full7 gall      
bladd] conta9$ silv]4  ,footnote #a3    
,ar*4 f4 ,pa?4 ,anatomie1 xlvi41 p4     
#dji4 ,gaz4 ,m$ de ,p>is1 #ahfh1 ,no4   

#ci4 ,also ,j\rn4 de l',anatomie et de  
la ,physiologie1 #ahgc1 p4 #cih4        
,may5con & ,b]g]et h also %[n t 9 m5 &  
rabbits ! silv] salt adm9i/]$ is quickly
 di/ribut$ 9 ! body1 & is b sl[ly       
excret$ by ! ur9e & fces4  ,*ronic      
poison+ %[s itself 9 a peculi> color+ ( 
! sk9 7,argyria ,fu*s71 especially 9 !  
face1 beg9n+ fir/ on ! scl]otic4 ,! sk9 
does n always take ! same color2 x      
becomes 9 mo/ cases grayi% blue1 slaty  
sometimes1 ?\gh1 a gre5i% br[n or olive 
color4  ,von ,hasselt ?9ks t probably   
*loride ( silv] is deposit$ 9 ! rete    
malpighii1 :i* is black5$ by ! action ( 
light1 or t sulphide ( silv] is =m$ by  
direct union ( ! silv] ) ! sulphur ( !  
epid]mis4 ,t ! action ( light is n      
absolutely necess>y1 ,patt]son /ates1   
foll[s f ! (t5 simultane\s appe>ance (  
?is color+ ^u ! muc\s membrane1         
especially t ( ! m\? & ^u ! gums2 & ,dr4
 ,frommann ,h]mann#a & o!rs h %[n t a   
simil> color+ is also f\nd 9 ! int]nal  
p>ts4  ,footnote #a3 ,leh d] ,exp]im5t4 

,tox4 ,dr4 ,h]mann1 ,b]l91 #ahgd1 p4    
#baa4  ,v]smann f\nd #ad4a grms4 ( dri$ 
liv] to conta9 #j4jji grm4 *loride (    
silv]1 or #j4jdg p] c5t4 ( metallic     
silv]4 ,9 ! kidneys he f\nd #j4jjg grm4 
*loride ( silv]1 or #j4jfa p] c5t4 (    
metallic silv]2 ?is 0 9 a case ( *ronic 
poison+1 ! p]c5tage w be se5 to be v    
small4 ,orfila ,jun4 f\nd silv] 9 ! liv]
 five mon?s aft] ! poison+4             
,lionville#a f\nd a deposit ( silv] 9 ! 
kidneys1 supr>5al gl&1 & plexus         
*oroideus ( a woman :o _h gone ?r\gh a  
cure ) lun> cau/ic five ye>s be=e dea?4 
,footnote #a3 ,gaz4 ,m$41 #ahfh4 ,no4   
#ci4  ,sydney ,jones#a /ates t 9 ! case 
( an old epileptic :o _h be5 accu/om$ to
 take nitrate ( silv] z a rem$y1 !      
*oroid plexuses 7 rem>kably d>k1 & f _! 
surface c\ld be scrap$ a br[ni% black1  
soot-l mat]ial1 & a simil> sub/ance 0   
f\nd ly+ q free 9 ! cavity ( ! f\r?     
v5tricle1 app>5tly deta*$ f ! *oroid    
plexus4  ,footnote #a3 ,trans4 ,pa?4    
,soc41 xi4 vol4  ,attempts at poison+ = 

suicidal purposes ) nitrate ( silv] are 
9 mo/ cases prev5t$ f ! fact t ?is salt 
has su* a disagreeable metallic ta/e z  
to be repulsive2 cases !re=e ( poison+  
are only liable to occur by accid5t or  
by ! willful adm9i/ration ( ! poison by 
ano!r p]son4  ,su* a case occurr$ q     
rec5tly1 to a v valuable m>e belong+ to 
,augu/ ,belmont4  ,i receiv$ on ,dec4   
#f1 #ahhb1 a seal$ box f ,dr4 ,wm4 ,j4  
,provo/1 conta9+ ! /oma*1 he>t1 kidney1 
portion ( liv]1 sple51 & portion (      
rectum ( ?is m>e = analysis4  ,dr4      
,provo/ report$ to me t ! animal di$ q  
sudd5ly1 & t !re 0 complete p>alysis ( !
 h9d qu>t]s1 includ+ rectum & bladd]4   
,! total weight ( ! /oma* & cont5ts 0   
#ah lb41 ! /oma* itself weigh+ #c lb4 & 
#h oz4  ,portions 7 tak5 f ea* organ1   
weigh$1 & put 9 alcohol = analysis4  ,! 
cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7 ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r
 & measur$1 & a weigh$ portion pres]v$ =
 analysis4  ,! /oma*1 :5 cut op51 0     
p]fectly :ite on its inn] surface1 &    
pres5t$ a highly corrod$ appe>ance4  ,! 

cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7 fir/ submitt$ to    
qualitative analysis1 & ! pres5ce ( a   
consid]able quantity ( nitrate ( silv] 0
 detect$4  ,! o!r organs 7 next exam9$1 
& ! pres5ce ( silv] 0 readily detect$1 )
 ! exception ( ! he>t6  ,! liv] _h a v  
d>k br[n color4 ,a quantitative analysis
 ( ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* gave #ei4h gra9s 
( nitrate ( silv]4 ,9 ! liv] #cj4e gra9s
 ( silv]1 calculat$ z nitrate1 7 f\nd   
7av]age weight1 #aa lb474 ,f ! analysis 
made !re 0 reason to believe t at lea/  
"o-half an ounce ( nitrate ( silv] 0    
giv5 to ! animal4 ,"s naturally pass$   
out 9 ! fces & ur9e4  ,i 0 able to      
prep>e sev]al globules ( metallic silv]1
 z also all ! well kn[n *emical         
comb9ations1 su* z sulphide1 *loride1   
oxide1 iodide1 bromide1 bi*romate (     
silv]1 etc4  ,f ! result ( my           
inve/igation ,i 0 l$ to ! conclusion t !
 animal came to dea? by ! willful       
adm9i/]+ ( nitrate ( silv]1 probably    
mix$ ) ! food4  ,! p>alysis ( ! h9d     
qu>t]s1 m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,provo/1 accords

 p]fectly ) ! action ( ?is poison1 z x  
acts on ! n]ve c5t]s1 especially !      
c]ebro-sp9al c5t]s1 & produces spasms ( 
! limbs1 !n ( ! trunk1 & f9ally         
p>alysis4  ,i might also /ate 9 ?is     
connection t1 only two weeks previ\s to 
my receiv+ news ( ! poison+ ( ! m>e1 ,i 
exam9$ = ,mr4 ,belmont ! cont5ts ( !    
/oma* ( a colt :i* di$ v my/]i\sly1 &   
f\nd l>ge quantities ( corrosive        
sublimate to be pres5t4  ,calomel is (t5
 giv5 z a m$ic9e1 b n s ) corrosive     
sublimate1 :i* is usually employ$ 9 !   
arts z a poison4  ,x is to be regrett$ t
 up to ! pres5t mom5t1 ev5 ) ! be/      
detectives1 ! p]petrator ( ?is outrage  
has be5 at l>ge4 ,surely ! v limit ( !  
law %\ld be ex]cis$ aga9/ any man :o    
w\ld willfully poison an innoc5t animal 
= rev5ge ^u an individual4 ,cases h be5 
report$ 9 ,engl& :]e "o groom w\ld      
poison ! colts "u ! c>e ( ano!r groom1 s
 t ! own] w\ld dis*>ge _! keep] &       
promote ! o!r groom to 8 place4  ,a few 
good examples1 9 cases :]e puni%m5t 0   

lib]ally met$ out1 w\ld probably *eck   
su* unfeel+ outrages4         99        
99       99       99       99           
,,tub]cle ,,bacilli ,,9 ,,sputa4   ,pr(4
 ,baumg>t5 has j publi%$ 9 ! ,ctbl4 f4  
d4 ,m$4 ,wiss41 #be1 #ahhb1 ! foll[+    
easy me?od to detect 9 ! expectorat$    
matt] ( ph?isical p]sons ! pa?og5ic     
tub]cle bacilli3  ,ph?isical sputa are  
dri$ & made moi/ ) v mu* dilut$ pota%   
lye 7#a to #b drops ( a #cc p] c5t4     
pota% lye 9 a wat* glass ( di/ill$      
wat]74 ,! tub]cle bacilli are !n easily 
recogniz$ ) a magnify+ p[] ( #djj to    
#ejj4 ,by light pressure ^u ! cov] glass
 ! bacilli are easily press$ out ( !    
masses ( detritus & secretion4 ,to      
prev5t1 h[ev]1 ! possibility ( mi/ak+ ! 
tub]cle bacilli = o!r septic bact]ia1 or
 vice v]sa1 ! foll[+ proc$ure is        
necess>y3 ,aft] ! exam9ation j m5tion$1 
! cov] glass is lift$ up & ! little     
fluid /ick+ to its "u side all[$ to dry1
 :i* is done )9 "o or two m9utes4 ,n[ ! 
cov] glass is drawn two or ?ree times   

rapidly ?r\gh a gas flame2 "o drop ( a  
dilut$ 7b n too light7 common wat]y     
anil9e solution 7spl5did = ?is purpose  
is ! wat]y extract ( a common anil9e ink
 pap]7 is plac$ ^u ! glass4 ,:5 n[      
br\ght "u ! microscope1 all ! septic    
bact]ia appe> color$ int5sely blue1 :ile
 ! tub]cle bacilli are absolutely       
colorless1 & c be se5 z cle>ly z 9 !    
pure pota% lye4 ,we may add1 h[ev]1 t   
,klebs consid]s 8 own me?od pref]able4  
,z ! :ole proc$ure does n take long] ?an
 t5 m9utes1 x is to be recomm5d$ 9 g5]al
 practice4 ,! consequ5ces ( ,ko*'s      
important discov]y become daily m       
app>5t1 & _! application m practicable4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,conclud$ f ,,supplem5t ,no4 #chd1 page 
#facb4     ,,mal>ia4  ,by ,,james ,h4   
,,salisbury1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4  ,,prize    
,,essay ,,( ,,! ,,albany ,,m$ical       
,,college ,,alumni ,,association1       
,,feb41 #ahhb4  ,,viii4   ,obs]vations 9
 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,septemb] #e1 #ahgi1
 #h3ce ,a4,m41 ,bo/on "t1 ne>           

,congressional ,cemet]y4  #a4 ,seiz$ )  
sneez+ on my way to cemet]y4 ,exam9$    
nasal excretions & f\nd no ,palmell4    
#b4 ,pool ne> cemet]y4 ,exam9$ a spot "o
 in* 9 diamet]1 rais$ 9 c5t]1 gre51 f\nd
 ,o$egonium abundant4 ,"s desmids1      
,cosm>ium b9oculatum pl5ty4 ,"o or two  
r$ ,gemiasmas1 />*1 ,protub]ans lamella1
 ,poll54  #c4 ,specim5 s(t magma ( !    
pool m>g94 ,o$ogonium abundant1 spores1 
yea/ plants1 dirt4  #d4 ,s& scrap$4 ,no 
organiz$ =ms b poll51 & mobile spores ( 
"s cryptogams4  #e4 ,dew on grass4 ,"o  
/ellate comp\nd plant hair1 "o ,gemiasma
 v]dans1 two poll54  #f4 ,grass fl[]    
dew4 ,"s l>ge :ite sporangia fill$ )    
spores4  #g4 ,grass blade dew1 n any?+ (
 acc\nt4 ,"o pale ,gemiasma1 ?ree blue  
,gemiasmas1 ,cosm>ium1 ,clo/]ium4       
,diatoms1 poll51 f\nd 9 gre5i% e>? & wet
 ) ! dew4 ,rem>ks3 ,obs]vations made at 
! pool ) cl9ical microscope1 "o-qu>t]   
in* objective4 ,day cl\dy1 foggy1 hot4  
#h4 ,gre5 e>? 9 wat] way f pump ne>     
cemet]y4 ,anaba9a pl5tiful4 ,diatoms1   

,oscillatoriace4 ,polycoccus species4   
,poll51 ,cosm>ium1 ,lepto?rix1          
,gemiasma1 old sporangia1 spores _m4    
,fungi belong+ to fruit4 ,pucc9ia4      
,anguillula fluviatilis4  #i4 ,mr4      
,smi?'s blood4 ,spores1 enl>g$ :ite     
corpuscles4 ,two sporangia8 ,gemiasma   
d>k br[n1 black4 ,mr4 ,smi? is          
sup]9t5d5t ,congressional ,cemet]y4     
,liv$ "h = sev5 ye>s4 ,be5 a great      
suff]] ) ague4 ,says ! doctors told him 
t !y c\ld d no m = him ?an he c\ld =    
himself4 ,s he us$ ,ay]'s ague cure )   
good effect = six mon?s4 ,!n he f\nd !  
be/ effect f ! use ( ! ,holman liv] ague
 pad 9 8 own case & t ( 8 *ildr54 ,f 8  
acc\nt "o w\ld inf] t1 not)/&+ !        
excell5ce ( ! ague pad1 :5 he is        
attack$1 he uses blue mass1 foll[$ )    
purgatives1 !n #bj gra9s ( qu99e4 ,also 
has us$ ars5ic1 b x did n agree ) him4  
,also us$ ,capsicum ) good results4 ,_h 
enl>g$ sple52 n s n[4  #b;d specim5 (   
,mr4 ,smi?'s blood4 ,/ell9e1 no         
,gemiasma4 #c;d specim51 d4 ,"o         

,gemiasma4 #d? specim54 ,none4 #e?      
specim54 ,sk9 scrap$ %[$ no plants4 #f? 
specim54 ,ur9e2 amyloid bodies2 spores2 
no sporangia4  ,unit$ ,/ates ,magaz9e   
/ore gr\nds4 ,obs]vation #a4 ,m>g9 (    
,ea/]n ,bran* ,riv]4 ,sub/ance f decay+ 
"p ( a wat] plant4 ,oscillatoriace4     
,diatoms4 ,anguillula4 ,*ytridium4      
,dirt4 ,no ,gemiasma4  ,obs]vation #b4  
,moi/ soil4 ,ne> by1 amid mu* rubbi%1 "o
 or two s-call$ ,gemiasmas2 :ite1 cle>1 
p]iph]al m>g94  ,obs]vation #c4 ,gre5   
deposit on decay+ wood4 ,oscillatoriace4
 ,protub]ans lamella1 ,gemiasma alba4   
,mu* =eign matt]4  ,mr4 ,russell1 ,mrs4 
,r41 ,miss ,r41 resid5ts ( ,magaz9e     
,gr\nds pres5t$ no ague plants 9 _!     
blood4 ,s]geant ,mc,grath1 ,mrs4 ,m41   
,miss ,m41 pres5t$ ?ree or f\r          
sporangias 9 _! blood4 ,dr4 ,hodgk9s1 "s
 9 ur9e4 ,dr4 ,h4's fri5d ) *ills1 n    
positive z to ague4 ,no plants f\nd4    
,obs]vations 9 ,ea/ ,gre5wi*1 ,r4,i41   
,aug4 #af1 #ahgg4  #a4 ,at e>ly morn ,i 
exam9$ gre5i% e>?1 nor?we/ ( ! t[n along

 ! m>g9 ( a beautiful brook4 ,f\nd !    
,protub]ans lamella1 ! ,gemiasma alba & 
rubra4 ,obs]vation #b4 ,f\nd ! same4    
,obs]vation #c4 ,f\nd ! same4           
,obs]vation #d4 ,salt m>% bel[ !        
railroad bridge ov] ! riv]4  ,! scrap+s 
( ! soil %[$ beautiful yell[ & transp>5t
 ,protub]ans1 beautiful gre5 sporangias 
( ! ,gemiasma v]dans4  ,obs]vation #e4  
,ne> ! brook nam$ 0 a good specim5 ( !  
,gemiasma plumba4 ,:ile ,i c\ld n f9d   
out f ! lay p ,i ask$ t any ague 0 !re1 
,i n[ und]/& x is all ?r\gh t locality4 
,obs]vation at ,wellesley1 ,mass41 ,aug4
 #bj1 #ahgg4  ,no incru/ation f\nd4     
,exam9$ ! vegetation f\nd on ! m>g9 ( ! 
,ridge ,hills ,f>m pond4 ,among o!r ?+s 
,i f\nd an ,anguillula fluviatilis4     
,abundance ( microspores1 bact]ia4 ,"s (
 ! ,protococci4 ,gelat9\s masses1 alli$ 
to ! protub]ans1 ( a light yell[ color  
scatt]$ all ov] ) well develop$ spores1 
l>g] ?an ^? f\nd 9 ! ,protub]ans4 ,"o or
 two oval sporanges ) d\ble outl9es4    
,?is obs]vation 0 repeat$1 b ! specim5s 

7 n s ri*4 ,ano!r specim5 f ! same      
locality 0 %[n to be made up ( mosses by
 ! v5ation ( leaves4  ,m9e ho/ ) :om ,i 
lodg$ _h a microscopical m\nt ( !       
,protococcus nivalis 9 excell5t /ate (  
pres]vation4 ,! sporangia 7 v r$ &      
beautiful1 b !y %[$ no d\ble cell wall4 
,9 ?is locality ague is unkn[n2 inde$1 !
 place is "o ( unusual salubrity4 ,x is 
int]e/+ to note "h to %[ h[ "s ( ! alg  
are diffus$4 ,i f\nd "h an artificial   
pond f$ by a spr+1 & subject to ov]fl[ f
 ano!r pond 9 spr+ & w9t]4 ,a /ream (   
liv+ wat] z l>ge z "o's arm 7adult7 fe$s
 ?is artificial pond1 /ill x 0 cr[d$ ) !
 ,cla?rocyotis rug9osa ( "s writ]s & !  
,polycoccus ( ,re9s*4 ,h[ x got !re has 
n yet be5 expla9$4  ,! migration ( !    
ague ea/w>d is a matt] ( great int]e/2 x
 is to be hop$ t ! localities may be    
se>*$ c>efully = y\r plants1 z ,i did 9 
,new ,hav54  ,9 ?is connection ,i desire
 to say some?+ ab\t ! pres5ce ( !       
,gemiasmas 9 ! ,croton wat]4 ,! record  
,i h giv5 ( f9d+ ! ,gemiasma v]dans is n

 a solit>y in/ance4 ,i did n f9d !      
gemiasmas 9 ! ,co*ituate1 nor g5]ally 9 
! dr9k+ wat]s ( ov] ?irty diff]5t       
municipalities or t[ns ,i h exam9$ dur+ 
sev]al ye>s pa/4 ,i h no difficulty 9   
acc\nt+ = ! pres5ce ( ! ,gemiasmas 9 !  
,croton1 z dur+ ! la/ summ] ,i made     
/udies ( ! ,gemiasma at ,wa%+ton        
,heights1 ne> #afe? ,/4 & #aj? ,ave41   
,n4,y4  ,plate ,,viii4 is a photograph (
 a draw+ ( "s ( ! ,gemiasmas project$ by
 ! sun on ! wall & sket*$ by ! arti/ on 
! wall1 putt+ ! details 9 f             
microscopical specim5s1 view$ 9 ! ord9>y
 way4 ,?is %\ld make ! subject ( ano!r  
obs]vation4  ,i visit$ ?is locality     
sev]al times dur+ ,augu/ & ,octob]1     
#ahha4 ,i f\nd an abundance ( ! sal9e   
incru/ation ( :i* y h spok51 & at ! "t (
 my fir/ visit !re 0 a little pond hole 
j ea/ ( ! po9t nam$ t 0 9 ! act ( dry+  
up4 ,f9ally x dri$ completely up1 & !n !
 sal9e & gre5 incru/ations bo? 7        
abundant en\gh4 ,! only species1 h[ev]1 
,i f\nd ( ! ague plants 0 ! ,gemiasma   

v]dans4 ,on two occasions ( a visit ) my
 pupils ,i demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( !     
plants 9 ! nasal excretions f my        
no/rils4 ,i _h be5 sneez+ some:at4  ,!re
 is "o circum/ance ,i w\ld l to m5tion  
"h3 t 01 t :51 = conv5i5ce' sake1 my    
visits 7 made late 9 ! day1 ,i did n f9d
 ! plants abundant1 /ill c\ld always get
 en\gh to demon/rate _! pres5ce2 b :5 my
 visits 7 tim$ s z to come 9 ! e>ly     
morn+1 :5 ! dew 0 on1 !re 0 no          
difficulty :atev] 9 f9d+ multitudes (   
beautiful & well develop$ plants4  ,to  
my m9d ?is is a conclusive corroboration
 ( y\r own /atem5ts 9 :i* y speak ( !   
plants bur/+1 & be+ dissipat$ by ! heat 
( ! summ] sun1 & ! dissem9at$ spores    
accumulat+ 9 aggregations s z to =m !   
:ite incru/ation 9 connection ) sal9e   
bodies :i* y h s (t5 po9t$ out4  ,i also
 h repeat$ y\r exp]im5ts 9 relation to !
 collection ( ! mud1 turf1 sods1 etc41 &
 h kn[n !m to be c>ri$ _m hundr$ miles  
(f & id5tifi$4 ,i h also f\nd ! little  
depressions caus$ by ! tread ( cattle   

af=d+ a f9e nidus = ! plants4 ,y h only 
to scrape ! m9ute/ po9t (f ) a ne$le or 
too? pick to f9d an abundance by        
exam9ation4 ,i h n be5 able to explore  
_m o!r sites1 nor d ,i c>e1 z ,i f\nd   
all ! mat]ials ,i s\ght 9 ! vic9ity (   
,new ,york4  ,to ?is ,i mu/ make "o     
exception2 ,i visit$ ! ,palisades la/   
summ] & exam9$ ! localities ab\t        
,t>ryt[n4 ,?is is an elevat$ location1 b
 ,i f\nd no ,gemiasmas4 ,?is is n       
equival5t to say+ !re 7 none !re4       
,inde$1 ,i h only giv5 y a m]e outl9e ( 
my "w 9 ?is direction1 z ,i h made x a  
practice to exam9e ! soil :]ev] ,i w5t1 
b z mo/ ( my obs]vations h be5 conduct$ 
on non-mal>i\s soils1 & ,i did n f9d !  
plants1 ,i h n ?\ght x wor? :ile to     
record all my obs]vations ( a negative  
"*4  ,i n[ come to an important "p ( !  
corroborative obs]vations1 to wit1 !    
blood4  ,i h f\nd x z y pr$ict$ a matt] 
( consid]able difficulty to f9d ! mature
 =ms ( ! ,gemiasmas 9 ! blood1 b ! spore
 =ms ( ! vegetation ,i h no difficulty 9

 f9d+4 ,! spores h appe>$ to me to be   
l>g] ?an ! spores ( o!r vegetations t   
gr[ 9 ! blood4 ,!y are n capable (      
complete id5tification unless !y are    
cultivat$ to ! full =m4 ,!y are !       
s-call$ bact]ia ( ! writ]s ( ! day4 ,!y 
c be comp>$ ) ! spores ( ! vegetation   
f\nd outside ( ! body 9 ! swamps & bogs4
  ,y said t ! plants are only f\nd z a  
g5]al rule 9 ! blood ( old cases1 or 9 !
 acute1 well m>k$ cases4 ,! plants are s
 few1 y said1 t x 0 difficult to enc\nt]
 !m sometimes4 ,s also ( ^? :o h _h !   
ague badly & got well4  ,obs]vation at  
,naval ,hospital1 ,n4,y41 ,aug41 #ahgg4 
,exam9$ ) great c>e ! blood ( ,donovan1 
:o _h _h int]mitt5t fev] badly4         
,negative result4  ,! same 0 ! result ( 
exam9+ ano!r case ( typho-mal>ial       
7convalesc5t72 ?\gh 9 ?is man's blood   
!re 7 f\nd "s oval & sometimes r\nd     
bodies l empty ,gemiasmas1 #a_/ajjj in* 
9 diamet]4 ,b !y _h no well m>k$ d\ble  
outl9e4 ,!re 7 no =ms f\nd 9 ! ur9e (   
?is pati5t4 ,9 ano!r case 7,donovan17 :o

 six mon?s previ\s _h _h ,panama fev]1 &
 _h well nigh recov]$1 ,i f\nd no spores
 or sporangia4  ,obs]vations made at    
,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,sept41 #ahgi4 ,at ?is
 "t ,i exam9$ ) cl9ical microscope !    
blood ( eight to t5 p]sons liv+ ne> !   
,congressional ,cemet]y & 9 ! ,ars5al   
gr\nds4 ,i 0 successful 9 f9d+ ! plants 
9 ! blood ( five or m p]sons :o 7 or _h 
be5 suff]+ f ! int]mitt5t fev]4  ,9     
#ahgg1 at ! ,naval ,hospital1 ,*elsea1  
,i accid5tally came across ?ree well    
m>k$ & well def9$ ,gemiasmas 9 ! blood (
 a m>9e :om ,i 0 /udy+ = ano!r disease4 
,i le>n$ t he _h _h int]mitt5t fev] n   
long be=e4  ,ano!r positive case came to
 my notice 9 connection ) micrographic  
"w ! pa/ summ]4 ,! arti/ 0 a physician  
resid+ 9 "o ( ! suburban cities ( ,new  
,york4 ,i _h demon/rat$ to him ,gemiasma
 v]dans1 %[$ h[ to collect !m f ! soil 9
 my boxes4 ,& he _h made outl9e draw+s  
also1 = ! purposes ( m p]fectly complet+
 8 draw+s4 ,i gave him "s ( ! ,gemiasmas
 betwe5 a slide & cov]1 & also "s ( !   

e>? conta9+ ! soil4 ,he c>ri$ !m home4  
,x s happ5$ t a bro!r physician came to 
8 h\se :ile he 0 at "w ^u ! draw+s4 ,my 
arti/ %[$ 8 fri5d ! plants ,i _h        
collect$1 !n ! plants he collect$       
himself f ! e>?1 & !n he call$ 8        
daught]1 a "y lady1 & took a drop (     
blood f h] f+]4 ,! fir/ specim5 conta9$ 
sev]al ( ! ,gemiasmas4 ,! demon/ration1 
com+ aft] ! previ\s demon/rations1 c>ri$
 a conviction t x o!rwise w\ld n h _h4  
,,ague ,,plants ,,9 ,,! ,,ur9e4  ,i h   
f\nd !m 9 ! ur9e ( p]sons suff]+ or hav+
 suff]$ f int]mitt5t fev]4  ,:5 ,i 0 at 
! ,naval ,hospital 9 ,brooklyn "o ( !   
accompli%$ assi/ant surgeons1 aft] ,i _h
 %[$ him "s plants 9 ! ur9e1 said he _h 
(t5 enc\nt]$ !m 9 ! ur9e ( ague cases1 b
 did n "k _! significance4 ,i might     
multiply evid5ce1 b ?9k x unnecess>y4 ,i
 am n c]ta9 t my te/imony w conv9ce any 
"o save myself1 b ,i "k t ,i _h r h my  
pres5t def9ite1 positive belief bas$ on 
?is evid5ce1 ?an to be fl\nd]+ on d\bts 
& unc]ta9ties4 ,!re is no d\bt t !      

pr(ession believe t int]mitt5ts h a     
cause2 b ?is belief has a vagu5ess :i*  
_c be repres5t$ by draw+s or photograph4
 ,s9ce ,i h photograph$ ! ,gemiasma1 &  
/udi$ _! biology1 ,i feel l hold+ on to 
y\r dicta until upset by some?+ m ?an   
words4  ,9 relation to ! belief t no    
,alg are p>asitic1 ,i w\ld /ate on ,feb4
 #i1 #ahgh1 ,i exam9$ ! sple5 ( a       
decapitat$ speckl$ turtle ) ,pr(essor   
,re9s*4 ,we f\nd v>i\s siz$ r$          
corpuscles 9 ! blood 9 v>i\s /ages (    
=mation2 also filam5ts ( a gre5 ,alga   
trav]s+ ! sple51 :i* my associate1 a    
speciali/ 9 ,algology1 pron\nc$ "o ( !  
,oscillatoriace4 ,^! 7 demon/rat$ 9 y\r 
own obs]vations made ye>s ago4 ,!y %[ t 
,alg are p>asitic 9 ! liv+ sple5 (      
heal?y turtles4  ,?is leads to ! rem>k t
 all p>asitic gr[?s are n noc5t4 ,i     
und]/& y take ! same position4 ,pr(4    
,re9s* has publi%$ a "w 9 ,lat91        
,contributiones ad ,algologiam1         
,leipsic1 #ahgd1 9 :i* he gives a l>ge  
numb] ( draw+s & descriptions ( ,alg1 _m

 ( !m entophytic p>asites on o!r animals
 or ,alg4 ,_m ( ^! he said 7 innoc5t    
gue/s ( _! ho/1 b _m gue/ plants 7 dea? 
to _! ho/4 ,?is is = ! b5efit ( ^? :o   
say t ! ,gemiasmas are innoc5t plants & 
d no h>m4 ,all plants1 phan]ogams or    
cryptogams1 c be divid$ into noc5t or   
innoc5t1 etc41 etc4 ,i am will+ to *ange
 my position on bett] evid5ce ?an y\rs  
be+ submitt$1 b till !n call me an      
indors] ( y\r "w z to ! cause & treatm5t
 ( ague4  ,respectfully1 y\rs1 ------   
,!re are q a numb] ( o!rs :o h be5 ov]  
my gr\nd1 b ! above mu/ suffice "h4     
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4--,,explanation
 ,,( ,,figures4--#a1 ,spore ) ?ick      
lam9at$ cov]+1 con/ant colorless        
cont5ts1 & d>k nucleus4 ,b1 ,"p ( ! wall
 ( cell highly magnifi$1 #j4jbb         
millimet] 9 ?ickness4 #b1 ,small] spore 
) v]rucul\s cov]+4 #c1 ,spore )         
punctulat$ cov]+4 #d1 ,! same4 #e1      
,m9ute spores ) blue-gre5i% color$      
cont5ts1 #j4jjba millimet] 9 diamet]4   
#f1 ,l>g] =m ( #e4 #g1 ,transp>5t       

sph]ical spore1 cont5ts di/9ctly        
refract+ ! light1 #j4jbb millimet] 9    
diamet]4 #h1 ,*roococcoid m9ute cells1 )
 transp>5t1 colorless cov]+1 #j4jjda    
millimet] 9 diamet]4 #i1 ,biciliat$     
zoospore4 #aj1 ,plant ( ! ,gemiasma     
rubra1 ?allus on bo? ends att5uat$1     
compos$ ( sev5 cells ( unequal size4    
#aa1 ,ano!r complete plant ( rectangul> 
%ape compos$ ( regul>ly atta*$ cells4   
#ab1 ,ano!r complete1 irregul>ly %ap$ & 
arrang$ plant4 #ac1 ,ano!r plant1 "o end
 ) incrassat$ & regul>ly arrang$ cells4 
#ad1 ,ano!r elliptical %ap$ plant1 !    
cov]+ on "o end att5uat$ into a long    
app5dix4 #ae1 ,?ree cell$ plant4 #af1   
,five cell$ plant4 #aj-af magnifi$      
#ddj_/a4  ,i wi% to conclude ?is pap] by
 allud+ to "s publi%$ inve/igations into
 ! cause ( ague1 :i* are int]e/+1 & :i* 
,i welcome & am ?ankful =1 because all  
,i ask is inve/igations--n words )\t    
inve/igations4  ,! fir/ ! ,b>tlett      
foll[+3  ,dr4 ,john ,b>tlett is a       
g5tleman ( ,*icago1 ( good /&+ 9 !      

pr(ession4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahgd1 he publi%$
 9 ! ,*icago ,m$ical ,j\rnal a pap] on a
 m>% plant f ! ,mississippi ague        
bottoms1 suppos$ to be k9dr$ to !       
,gemiasmas4 ,9 a consid]ation ( its     
g5etic relations to mal>i\s disease1 he 
/ates t at ,keokuk1 ,i[a1 9 #ahga1 ne> !
 great ague bottoms ( ! ,mississippi1 ) 
,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,saf=d1 he procur$ a sod   
conta9+ plants t 7 z l>ge z rape se$s4  
,he s5t specim5s ( ! plants to di/+ui%$ 
botani/s1 among !m ,m4 ,c4 ,cook1 (     
,london1 ,engl&4 ,no?+ came ( ^! ef=ts4 
#b4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahgc1 ,dr4 ,b4 visit$   
,riv]side1 ne> ,*icago1 to hunt up !    
ague plants4 ,f\nd none1 & also t ! ague
 _h exi/$ !re f #ahga4  #c4 ,lamonot1 a 
t[n on ! ,ill9ois & ,mi*igan ,canal1 0  
next visit$4 ,a not$ ague di/rict4 ,no  
plants 7 f\nd1 & only two cases ( ague1 
"o ( =eign orig94 ,dr4 ,b4 "h speaks (  
^! plants ( ,dr4 ,saf=d's z caus+ ague &
 be+ diff]5t f ! ,gemiasmas4 ,b he gives
 no evid5ce t ,saf=d's plants h be5     
detect$ 9 ! human habitat4 ,9 ju/ice to 

myself ,i w\ld l to see ?is evid5ce be=e
 giv+ him ! place ( prec$5ce4  #d4 ,dr4 
,b41 ,sept4 #a1 #ahgc1 reque/$ ,dr4     
,saf=d to se>* = 8 plants at ,ea/       
,keokuk4 ,v few plants & no ague 7 f\nd 
:]e !y bo? 7 rife 9 #ahga4  #e4 ,lat]1  
,sept4 #ae1 #ahgc1 ague 0 extremely     
preval5t at ,ea/ ,keokuk1 ,i[a1 :]e two 
weeks be=e no plants 7 f\nd2 !y exi/$ m 
num]\sly ?an 9 #ahga4  #f4 ,dr4 ,b4     
trac$ five cases ( ague1 9 connection ) 
,dr4 ,saf=d's plants f\nd 9 a cesspool (
 wat] 9 a cell> #ajj feet di/ant4 ,x is 
describ$ z a plant to be /udi$ ) a p[] (
 #bjj diamet]s1 & consi/+ ( a body &    
root4 ,! root is a globe ) a c5tral     
cavity l9$ ) a :ite lay]1 & outside ( ^!
 a lay] ( gre5 cells4 ,diamet] ( l>ge/  
plant1 "o-qu>t] in*4 ,cavity ( plant    
fill$ ) molecul> liquid4 ,root is above 
six in*es 9 l5g?1 ,dr4 ,b4 f\nd ! :ite  
incru/ation2 he secur$ ! spores by      
expos+ slides at night ov] ! mal>i\s    
soil resembl+ ! ,gemiasmas4 ,he speaks (
 f9d+ ague plants 9 ! blood1            

"o-fifte5-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ( 
ague pati5ts4 ,he f\nd !m also 9 8 own  
blood associat$ ) ! symptoms ( remitt5t 
fev]1 qu99e always dim9i%+ or remov+ !  
?reat5+ symptoms4 ,pr(essors ,babcock & 
,munroe1 ( ,*icago1 call ! plants ei!r !
 ,hydroga/rum ( ,rab5hor/1 or !         
,botrydium ( ! ,micrographic ,diction>y1
 ! cry/all9e acicul> bodies be+ deem$   
p>asitic4 ,dr4 ,b4 des]ves great cr$it =
 8 hone/ & c>eful "w & = 8 valuable     
pap]4 ,su* ef=ts are ev] wor?y (        
respect4  ,!re is no report ( ! full    
developm5t f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 sputa1 &      
sweat4 ,aga91 ,dr4 ,b4 or ,dr4 ,saf=d   
did n communicate ! disease to          
unprotect$ p]sons by exposure4 ,:ile !n 
,i feel satisfi$ t ! ,gemiasmas produce 
ague1 x is by no means prov$ t no o!r   
cryptogam may n produce mal>ia4 ,i      
obs]v$ ! plants ,dr4 ,b4 describ$1 b    
elim9at$ !m f my acc\nt4 ,i hope ,dr4   
,b4 w pursue ?is subject f>!r1 z ! field
 is v l>ge & ! obs]v]s are few4  ,:5 my 
facts are upset1 ,i !n surr5d]4         

,,notes ,,on ,,m>% ,,miasm              
7,,limnophysalis ,,hyal9a74 ,,by ,,abr4 
,,fr$rik ,,eklund1 ,m4,d41 ,,/ockholm1  
,,sw$51 ,,physician ,,( ,,! ,,fir/      
,,class ,,9 ,,! ,,sw$i% ,,royal ,,navy4 
,footnote3 ,translat$ f ! ,ar*ives de la
 ,m$ec9e ,navale1 vol4 xxx41 no4 #g1    
,july1 #ahgh1 by ,a4 ,sibley ,campbell1 
,m4,d41 ,augu/a1 ,ga4  ,be=e giv+ a     
succ9ct acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( paludal   
miasma & ( its natural hi/ory1 ,i ought 
9 ! fir/ place to /ate t ,i h n _h !    
opportunity ( read+ or /udy+ ! great    
orig9al treatise ( ,pr(essor ,salisbury4
 ,i am acqua9t$ ) x only ?r\gh a resume 
publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical
 ,sci5ces = ! ye> #ahff1 new s]ies1 vol4
 li4 p4 #ea4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( my          
inve/igations ,i 0 engag$ 9 a           
microscopic exam9ation ( ! wat] & mud ( 
swampy %ores & ( ! m>%es1 also ) a      
comp>ison ( _! microphytes ) ^? :i*     
might exi/ 9 ! ur9e ( pati5ts affect$ ) 
int]mitt5t fev]s4 ,ne>ly ?ree mon?s     
pass$ )\t my be+ able to f9d ! lea/     

agreem5t1 ! lea/ connection4 ,hav+ lo/  
ne>ly all hope ( be+ able to atta9 ! end
 :i* ,i _h propos$1 ,i took "s ( ! slime
 f ! m>%es & f ! masses ( kelp & ,conf]v
 f ! sea %ores1 :]e int]mitt5t fev]s are
 endemic1 & plac$ !m 9 sauc]s "u !      
ord9>y glass desiccators expos$ on a    
balcony1 op5 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! mo/ ( !
 "t "u ! action ( ! burn+ rays ( ! sun4 
,) ! evaporat$ wat] deposit$ )9 !       
desiccators1 ,i proce$$ to an           
exam9ation1 drop by drop4 ,i at l5g?    
f\nd t :i* ,i _h s\ght s long1 b always 
9 va94  ,! p>asite ( int]mitt5t fev]1   
:i* ,i h t]m$ ,limnophysalis hyal9a1 &  
:i* has be5 obs]v$ be=e me by ,drs4 ,j4 
,lemaire & ,gratiolet 7,comptes ,r5dus  
,hebdomadaires de l',academie des       
,sci5ces1 ,p>is1 #ahfg1 pp4 #cag & #cah7
 & ,b4 ,cauvet 7,ar*ives de ,m$ec9e     
,navale1 ,novemb]1 #ahgf71 is a fungus  
:i* is develop$ directly f ! mycelium1  
ea* individual ( :i* possesses "o or    
sev]al filam5ts1 :i* are simple or      
di*otom\s1 ) d\ble outl9es1 extremely   

f9e1 pla9ly m>k$1 hyal9e1 & po9t$4 ,"u  
favorable conditions1 t is1 ) moi/ure1  
heat1 & ! pres5ce ( vegetable matt] 9   
decomposition1 ! filam5ts ( mycelium    
increase 9 l5g?4 ,f ^! long filam5ts    
spr+s ! fungus4 ,! sporangia1 or m      
exactly ! conidia1 are compos$ (        
unilocul> vesicles1 p]fectly colorless &
 transp>5t1 :i* g5]ally rise f "o or bo?
 sides ( ! filam5ts ( ! mycelium1 beg9n+
 z f little buds or eyes2 v (t5 sev]al  
7two to ?ree7 sporangia occur plac$ "o  
^u ! o!r1 at lea/ on "o side ( !        
mycelium4  ,) a l9e> magnitude ( #dhj1 !
 sporangia h a transv]se diamet] ( "o to
 five millimet]s1 or a little m 9 ! l>g]
 specim5s4 ,! filam5ts ( mycelium1 "u ! 
same magnitude1 appe> exce$+ly ?9 & f9] 
?an a hair4 ,! %ape ( ! conidia1 ?\gh   
pres5t+ "s v>ieties1 is1 not)/&+1 always
 p]fectly *>act]i/ic4 ,sometimes !y     
resemble 9 appe>ance ! segm5ts ( a      
semicircle m or less great1 sometimes ! 
w+s ( butt]flies1 d\ble or s+le4 ,x is  
only exceptionally t _! =m is s         

irregul>4  ,aga91 :5 "y1 !y are p]fectly
 colorless & transp>5t2 sometimes !y are
 ( a beautiful violet or blue color     
7mykian?99 mykocyan974 ,^u ?is v>iety ( 
! ,limnophysalis hyal9a dep5ds ! vomit+ 
( blue matt]s obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,john      
,sullivan1 at ,havana1 9 pati5ts affect$
 ) p]nici\s int]mitt5t fev] 7algid &    
comatose =m74 ,9 ! p]fectly mature      
sporangia1 ! sporidia h a d>k br[n color
 7mykophae974 ,f ! sporidia1 ! ,italian 
physicians1 ,lanzi & ,p]rigi1 9 ! c\rse 
( _! attempts at its cultivation1 h se5 
produc$ ! ,monilia p5ic9ata friesii1 :i*
 is1 consequ5tly1 ! second g5]ation ( ! 
,limnophysalis hyal9a1 9 :i* alt]nate   
g5]ation takes place1 admitt+ t _!      
obs]vations may be v]ifi$4 ,! sporangia 
are nev] sph]ical1 b always flat4 ,:5 !y
 are p]fectly develop$1 !y are di/9ctly 
sep>at$ f _! filam5t ( mycelium by a    
septum--t is to say1 by limit+ l9es     
pla9ly m>k$4 ,x is n r>e1 h[ev]1 to see 
! individual sporangia p]fectly isolat$ 
& disemb>rass$ ( _! filam5t ( mycelium  

float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,x seems to me v       
probable t ^! isolat$ sporangia are     
id5tical ) ! hyal9e coagula s accurately
 describ$ by ,fr]i*s1 :o has obs]v$ !m 9
 ! blood ( pati5ts dy+ ( int]mitt5t     
fev]s4 ,b if two sporangia are obs]v$ ) 
_! bases coh]5t )\t int]m$i>y filam5ts (
 mycelium1 x seems to me probable t !   
reproduction has tak5 place ?r\gh !     
union1 :i* happ5s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two
 filam5ts ( mycelium become juxtapos$2  
aft] :i* ! filam5ts ( mycelium disappe> 
9 ! sporangia newly =m$1 :i* by ?is same
 metamorphosis are depriv$ ( ! faculty (
 reproduc+ !mselves ?r\gh ! filam5ts (  
myclium ( :i* !y are depriv$4 ,! smalle/
 portion ( a filam5t ( mycelium evid5tly
 possesses ! faculty ( produc+ ! new    
individuals4  ,x is unque/ionable t !   
,limnophysalis hyal9a ent] into ! blood 
ei!r by ! bron*ial muc\s membrane1 by ! 
surface ( ! pulmon>y vesicles1 or by !  
muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9al canal1 mo/  
(t51 no d\bt1 by ! la/1 ) ! +e/$ wat]2  
?is introduction is aid$ by ! =ce (     

suction & pressure1 :i* facilitates _!  
absorption4 ,x develops 9 ! gl&s (      
,lieb]kuhn1 & multiplies itself2 aft]   
:i* ! individuals1 z soon z !y are =m$1 
are drawn out & c>ri$ away 9 ! blood ( !
 circulation4  ,! ,limnophysalis hyal9a 
is1 9 %ort1 a solid body1 ( an extreme  
levity1 & end[$ ) a mo/ delicate        
organization4 ,x is n a miasm1 9 !      
common signification ( ! t]m2 x does n  
c>ry ) x any poison2 x is n vegetable   
matt] 9 decomposition1 b x fl\ri%es by  
pref]5ce amid ! la/4  ,9 reg>d to o!r   
circum/ances relative to ! pres5ce ( ?is
 fungus1 !re are1 above all1 two        
rem>kable facts1 namely1 its prop]ty (  
adh]+ to surfaces z p]fectly poli%$ z t 
( a mirror1 & its p[] ( resi/ance aga9/ 
! reag5ts1 if we except ! cau/ic        
alkalies & ! conc5trat$ m9]al acids4    
,?is p[] ( resi/+ ! ord9>y reag5ts      
expla9s 9 a plausible mann] :y ! fungus 
is n de/roy$ by ! dige/ive process 9 !  
/oma*1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! acid reaction ( !  
ga/ric juice probably arre/s its        

developm5t--is t ( ! s*i/omycetes 9     
g5]al--& keeps x 9 a /ate ( tempor>y    
inactivity4 ,?is prop]ty ( adh]+ to     
smoo? surfaces expla9s p]haps ! p[] ( ! 
,eucalyptus globulus 9 arre/+ ! progress
 ( paludal miasm 7874 ,b x is evid5t t  
o!r trees1 %rubs1 & plants ( res9\s or  
balsamic foliage1 z1 = example1 !       
,populus balsamif]a1 ,cannabis sativa1  
,p9us silve/ris1 ,p9us abies1 ,junip]us 
communis1 h equally1 ) u1 ! same        
faculty2 !y are favorable also = ! dry+ 
( ! soil1 & ! m completely1 z _! roots  
are spread+1 m ext5d$1 & m ramifi$4  ,9 
ord] to demon/rate ! pres5ce ( !        
limnophysalis 9 ! blood ( pati5ts       
affect$ ) int]mitt5t fev] dur+ ! febrile
 /age1 prop]ly speak+1 x appe>$ necess>y
 = me to dilute ! blood ( pati5ts ) a   
solution ( nitrate ( potassa1 hav+ at   
#cg4e;,c4 ! same specific gravity z !   
s]um ( ! blood4 ,) capill>y tubes (     
glass1 a little dilat$ t[>d ! middle1 ( 
! same %ape & size z ^? :i* are us$ 9   
collect+ vacc9e lymph1 ,i took up a     

little ( ! solution ( nitrate ( potassa 
above indicat$4 ,aft] ?is ,i introduc$ !
 po9t ( an ord9>y inoculat+ ne$le "u !  
sk91 especially 9 ! spl5ic region1 :]e  
,i ruptur$ "s ( ! smalle/ blood-vessels 
( ! subcutane\s cellul> tissue4 ,i      
collect$ "s ( ! blood :i* fl[$ out or 0 
=c$ out by pressure1 9 ! capill>y tubes 
j describ$1 conta9+ a solution (        
potassa2 aft] :i* ,i melt$ ! ends ) !   
flame ( a c&le4 ,) all ! int]mitt5t fev]
 pati5ts ^: blood ,i h collect$ & dilut$
 dur+ ! febrile /age1 prop]ly speak+1 ,i
 h con/antly succe$$ 9 f9d+ !           
,limnophysalis hyal9a 9 ! blood by      
microscopic exam9ation4  ,x is only     
necess>y = me to m5tion "h t x is ( !   
highe/ importance to be able to         
demon/rate ! pres5ce ( fungus 9 ! blood 
( ! circulation & 9 ! ur9e ( pati5ts 9  
:om ! diagnosis is d\btful4 ,! pres5ce (
 ! ,limnophysalis hyal9a 9 ! ur9e       
indicates t ! pati5t is liable to a     
relapse1 & t 8 int]mitt5t fev] is n     
cur$1 :i* is important 9 a progno/ic &  

!rapeutic po9t ( view4  ,:5 ! "q is to  
prev5t ! propagation ( int]mitt5t fev]s1
 x is evid5t t x %\ld be rememb]$ t !   
,limnophysalis hyal9a ent]s into ! blood
 by ! muc\s membrane ( ! organs (       
respiration1 ( dige/ion1 & ! surface ( !
 pulmon>y vesicles4 ,we h also to       
consid] ! soil1 & ! wat] t is us$ =     
dr9k+4  ,9 reg>d to ! soil1 sev]al      
circum/ances are v wor?y ( att5tion4 ,x 
is desirable1 n only to l[] z mu* z     
possible ! level ( ! subt]ranean wat]   
7grunawass57 by pipes ( deep dra9age1 ! 
cleans+1 & if !re is reason1 ! enl>gem5t
 7,j4 ,ory7 ( ! capacity ( ! wat]       
collectors1 besides cov]+ & keep+ 9     
p]fect repair ! pr9cipal dit*es 9 all ! 
second>y valleys to r5d] ! l&s :olesome1
 b also to completely dra9 ! gr\nd1     
div]t+ ! ra9 wat] & cultivat+ ! l&1 9 ! 
cultivation ( :i* ^? trees1 %rubs1 &    
plants %\ld be select$ :i* ?rive ! mo/  
on m>%y gr\nds & on ! %ores & paludal   
coa/s ( ! sea1 & :i* h _! roots mo/     
spead+ & mo/ ramifi$4 ,"s ( ! ord9>y    

grasses are also q appropriate1 b crops 
( ! c]eals1 :i* are obta9$ aft] a       
suitable re=mation ( m>%y l&s1 yield a  
mu* bett] return4 ,aft] ! soil 9 !      
neighborhood ( ! dwell+s has be5 dra9$ &
 cultivat$ ) c>e1 & 9 a m sy/ematic     
mann] ?an at pres5t1 ! bottoms ( !      
cell>s %\ld be purifi$ z well z !       
f\ndations ( ! walls & ( ! h\ses4  ,!   
wat] int5d$ = dr9k+1 :i* conta9s !      
,limnophysalis hyal9a1 %\ld be fre$ f ! 
fungus by a vigor\s filtration4 ,b1 z x 
is kn[n1 ! filt]+ b$s ( ! bas9s 9 ! wat]
 conduits are soon cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ 
( conf]v1 & ! ,limnophysalis hyal9a !n  
ext5ds f ! deepe/ portions ( ! filt]+   
b$s into ! filt]$ wat] subjac5t4 ,x is =
 ?is reason t x is absolutely necess>y  
to r5ew s (t5 ! filt]+ b$s ( ! wat]     
conduits1 &1 at all ev5ts1 be=e !y h    
become coat$ ) a ?ick lay] ( conf]v4 ,! 
disappe>ance ( int]mitt5t fev]s w te/ify
 to ! utility ( ^! measures4 ,x is = a  
simil> reason t wood5 b>rels are s      
injuri\s = equipages4 ,:5 ! wood has    

begun to decay by ! contact ( ! impure  
wat]1 ! filam5ts ( mycelium ( !         
,limnophysalis hyal9a p5etrate into !   
decay$ wood1 :i* becomes a f]tile soil =
 ! int]mitt5t fev] fungi4  ,! employm5t 
= ! prep>ation ( mort> ( wat] n filt]$1 
or ( f\l1 muddy s& :i* conta9s !        
,limnophysalis hyal9a1 expla9s h[       
int]mitt5t fev]s may proce$ f ! walls ( 
h\ses4 ,?is arises also f ! pa/+ (      
wall-pap] ) fl\r pa/e prep>$ ) wat] :i* 
conta9s an abundance ( ! fungi (        
int]mitt5t fev]4  ,! miasm 9 ! latt]    
case is !re=e endoecic1 or m exactly    
entoi*ic4 ,) u ! propagation (          
int]mitt5t fev] has be5 obs]v$ 9 p]sons 
occupy+ rooms sc\r$ ) unfilt]$ wat]     
conta9+ ! ,limnophysalis hyal9a 9 great 
quantity4  ,! foll[+ imp]ial ord9ance 0 
publi%$ on ! #be? ( ,m>*1 #ahgg1 by !   
*ief ( admiralty ( ! ,g]man m>9e4 ,x has
 = its object ! prev5tion & eradication 
( infecti\s diseases3  ,9 ^? places :]e 
infecti\s diseases1 accord+ to exp]i5ce1
 are preval5t & unusually sev]e &       

frequ5t1 x is necess>y to ab/a9 z mu* z 
possible f ! employm5t ( wat] tak5 f )\t
 ! %ip = cleans+ said vessel1 & also =  
wa%+ out ! hold :5 ! wat] ( ! sea or ( a
 riv]1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! comm&] ( a       
vessel1 confirm$ by ! /atem5t ( !       
physician1 is %[n to be sur*>g$ )       
organic matt] liable to putrefaction4 ,)
 ?is end 9 view1 if y are unable to s5d 
else:]e = suitable wat]1 y mu/ make use 
( good & fre% wat]1 b ) ! greate/       
economy4 ,9 t ev5t ! purification ( !   
hold mu/ be accompli%$ by me*anical     
means or by dis9fectants4  ,z ,i h      
demon/rat$ by my inve/igations t 9 !    
di/illation ( paludal wat]1 & t f ! m>%y
 %ores ( ! sea1 ! ,limnophysalis hyal9a1
 :i* is impalpable1 is c>ri$ away & may 
be detect$ aga9 aft] ! di/illation1 x   
mu/ be insi/$ t ! wat] int5d$ to be us$ 
= dr9k+ on %ipbo>d %all be c>efully     
filt]$ be=e & aft] its di/illation4  ,! 
,klebs-,tommasi & ,dr4 ,/]nb]g's report1
 z summ>iz$ 9 ! ,supplem5t ,no4 #ad1    
,national ,bo>d ( ,heal? ,bullet91      

,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,july #ah1 ,i w\ld    
cordially recomm5d to all /ud5ts ( ?is  
subject4  ,i welcome ^! obs]v]s into !  
field4 ,no?+ b good c come f su* c>eful 
& accurate obs]vations into ! cause (   
disease4 ,= myself ,i am ready to say t 
x may be t ! ,roman g5tlem5 h bit on !  
cause ( ! ,roman fev]1 :i* is ( su* a   
p]nici\s type4 ,i d n see h[ ,i c judge1
 z ,i nev] inve/igat$ ! ,roman fev]2    
/ill1 :ile giv+ !m all due cr$it1 &     
treat+ !m ) respect1 9 ord] to put      
myself "r ,i may say t ,i h long ago    
ceas$ to reg>d all ! bacilli1           
micrococci1 & bact]ia1 etc41 z ultimate 
=ms ( animal or vegetable life4 ,i look 
^u !m z simply ! embryos ( mature =ms1  
:i* are capable ( propagat+ !mselves 9  
?is embryonal /ate4 ,i h obs]v$ ^! =ms 9
 _m diseas$ conditions2 _m ( !m 9 "o    
disease are no?+ b ! v9eg> yea/         
develop+1 away f ! air1 9 ! blood :]e ! 
full developm5t ( ! plant is n apt to be
 f\nd4 ,9 diph!ria ,i develop$ ! bact]ia
 to ! full =m--! ,mucor malignans4 ,s 9 

! /udy ( ague1 = ! vegetation :i* seems 
to me to be connect$ ) ague1 ,i look to 
! fully develop$ sporangias z ! true    
plant4  ,aga91 ,i ?9k t crucial         
exp]im5ts %\ld be made on man = 8       
diseases z f> z x is possible4 ,rabbits1
 on :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made1 = example1  
are ( a diff]5t organization & food ?an 
man1 & be> te/s diff]5tly4 ,:ile !re are
 s _m human be+s subject to ague1 x     
seems to me !y %\ld be ! subjects on :om
 ! crucial te/s are to be made1 z ,i did
 9 my labors4  ,z f> z ,i c see1 ,dr4   
,/]nb]g's inquiries t5d to disprove !   
,roman exp]im5ts1 & z he does n (f]     
any?+ positive z a cause ( ague1 ,i c   
only express ! hope t he w cont9ue 8    
inve/igations ) zeal & e>ne/ness1 & t he
 w produce some?+ positive & tangible 9 
8 labors 9 s int]e/+ & important a      
field4  ,i w\ld !n t all w\ld jo9 h&s 9 
settl+ ! cause ( ?is disease2 & :ile ,i 
d n expect t all w agree ) me1 /ill1 ,i 
%all respect o!rs' op9ions1 & s long z  
,i keep close to my facts ,i %all hope  

my views1 bas$ on my facts1 w n be      
treat$ ) disrespect4   ,,app5dix4       
,gemiasma v]dans & ,gemiasma rubra      
collect$ ,sept4 #aj1 #ahhb1 on ,wa%+ton 
,heights1 ne> ,high ,bridge4 ,!         
illu/rations %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! mature  
plants dis*>ge _! cont5ts4  ,plate      
,,viii4 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c repres5t v l>ge    
plants ( ! ,gemiasma v]dans4 ,a         
repres5ts a mature plant4 ,b repres5ts !
 same plant1 dis*>g+ its spores &       
sp]matia ?r\gh a small op5+ 9 ! cell    
walls4 ,! dis*>ge is q rapid b n        
cont9u\s1 be+ spasmodic1 z if caus$ by  
int]mitt5t contractions 9 ! cell walls4 
,! dis*>ge beg9s sudd5ly & ) consid]able
 =ce--a sort ( explosion :i* projects a 
portion ( ! cont5ts rapidly & to q a    
little di/ance4 ,?is goes on = a few    
seconds1 & !n ! cell is at re/ = a few  
seconds1 :5 ! contractions & explosions 
beg9 aga9 & g on z be=e4 ,"u ord9>y     
conditions x takes a plant f half an h\r
 to an h\r to deliv] itself4 ,x is ab\t 
two-?irds empti$4 ,c repres5ts ! mature 

plant1 entirely empti$ ( its spore      
cont5ts1 !re rema9+ inside only a few   
actively mov+ sp]matia1 :i* are sl[ly   
escap+4 ,! sp]matia diff] f ! spores &  
"y plants 9 be+ small]1 & ( possess+ !  
p[] ( mov+ & tumbl+ ab\t rapidly1 :ile !
 spores ( "y plants are l>g] & quiesc5t4
 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 & ,g repres5t mature plants
 belong+ to ! ,gemiasma rubra4 ,d       
repres5ts a ripe plant1 fill$ ) spores1 
embryonic plants1 & sp]matia4 ,e        
repres5ts a ripe plant 9 ! act ( dis*>g+
 its cont5ts1 x be+ ab\t half empti$4 ,f
 repres5ts a ripe plant aft] its spore &
 embryonic plant cont5ts are all        
dis*>g$1 leav+ beh9d only a few actively
 mov+ sp]matia1 :i* are sl[ly escap+4 ,g
 repres5ts ! empti$ plant 9 a quiesc5t  
/ate4  ,figs4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c repres5t an    
unusually l>ge v>iety ( ! ,gemiasma     
v]dans4 ,?is species is usually ab\t !  
size ( ! rubra4 ,?is l>ge v>iety 0 f\nd 
on ! upp] "p ( ,new ,york ,isl&1 ne>    
,high ,bridge1 9 a natural depression   
:]e ! wat] /&s mo/ ( ! ye>1 except 9    

,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 :5 x becomes
 an area ( dry+1 crack$ mud two hundr$  
feet across4 ,z ! mud dries ^! plants   
develop 9 great pr(usion1 giv+ an       
appe>ance to ! surface z if cov]$ ?ickly
 ) brick du/4  ,^! depressions & swaily 
places1 hold+ wat] "p ( ! ye>1 & becom+ 
dry dur+ ! mal>ial season1 c be easily  
dri$ by means ( cov]$ dra9s1 & grass$ or
 sodd$ ov]1 :5 !y w cease to gr[2 ?is   
vegetation & ague 9 su* localities w    
disappe>4  ,! mal>ial vegetations beg9  
to develop mod]ately 9 ,july1 b d n spr+
 =? abundantly en\gh to d mu* damage    
till ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/1 :5 !y 9    
ague localities spr+ into exi/5ce 9 va/ 
multitudes1 & cont9ue to develop 9 great
 pr(usion till fro/ comes4         99   
99       99       99       99           
,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,mal>ia ,,plant     
7,,gemiasma ,,rubra74  ,by ,pr( ,paulus 
,f4 ,re9s*4   ,au?or ,alg ( ,france1    
#ahff2 ,late/ ,obs]vations on ,algology1
 #ahfg2 ,*emical ,inve/igation ( !      
,connections ( ! ,lias & ,jura          

,=mations1 #ahei2 ,*emical ,inve/igation
 ( ! ,viscum ,album1 #ahfj2             
,contributions to ,algology &           
,fungology1 #ahgd-ge1 vol4 i42 ,new     
,inve/igation ( ! ,microscopic ,/ructure
 ( ,pit ,coal1 #ahha2 ,micrographic     
,photographs ( ! ,/ructure &            
,composition ( ,pit ,coal1 #ahhh4  ,dr4 
,cutt] writes me ,septemb] #bh1 #ahhb3  
,my de> ,pr(essor3 ,by ?is mail ,i s5d y
 a specim5 ( ! ,gemiasma rubra (        
,salisbury1 describ$ 9 #ahfb1 z f\nd 9  
bogs1 mud holes1 & m>%es ( ague         
di/ricts1 9 ! air susp5d$ at night1 9 ! 
sputa1 blood1 & ur9e1 & on ! sk9 (      
p]sons suff]+ ) ague4 ,x is reg>d$ z "o 
( ! ,palmellace4 ,?is rubra is f\nd 9 ! 
m malignant & fatal types ( ! disease4  
,i h f\nd x 9 all ! habitats describ$ by
 ,dr4 ,salisbury4 ,bo? he & myself w\ld 
l y to exam9e & he> :at y h to say ab\t 
x4  ,! sub/ance ( clayi% soil conta9s1  
besides fragm5ts ( %ells ( l>g] diatoms 
7,suriella synh$ra71 %ells ( ,navicula  
m9utissima1 ,p9nul>ia viridis4 ,spores  

belong+ to v>i\s cryptogams4  #a4       
,sph]ical transp>5t spores ) lam9at$    
cov]+ & d>k nucleus--#j4jbb millimet] 9 
diamet]4  #b4 ,sph]ical spores ) ?ick   
cov]+ ( granulat$ surface4  #c4         
,sph]ical spores ) punctulat$           
surface--#j4jjg millimet] 9 diamet]4    
#d4 ,v m9ute1 transp>5t1 blui%-gre5i%   
color$ spores1 ) ?9 cov]+ & f9ely       
granulat$ cont5ts--#j4jjf millimet] 9   
diamet]4  #e4 ,*roococcoid cells ) two  
l>g] nuclei--#j4jjca millimet] 9        
diamet]4 ,sometimes biciliat$ m9ute     
cells are f\nd2 )\t any d\bt !y are     
zoospores d]iv$ f any algoid or fungoid 
species4  ,i _c say :e!r !re exi/s any  
g5etic connection betwe5 ^! v>i\s sorts 
( spores4 ,x seems to me t probably     
numb]s #a-d repres5t re/+ /ates ( !     
hyphomycetes4  ,no4 #e repres5ts "o &   
two cell$ /ates ( *roococcus species    
belong to ,*roococcus m9utus4  ,! cru/ (
 ! clayi% e>? is cov]$ ) a r$di% br[n   
cov]+ ( ab\t half a millimet] 9         
?ickness4 ,?is cov]+ proves to be       

compos$1 "u ! microscope1 ( cellul>     
filam5ts & v>i\s %ap$ bodies ( v>i\s    
composition4 ,!y are made up ( cells )  
d5sely & co>sely granulat$ r$di% color$ 
cont5ts--%ape1 size1 & composition are v
 v>iable1 z %[n 9 ! figures4 ,! cellul> 
bodies make up ! ess5tial organic "p ( !
 clayi% sub/ance1 &1 )\t any d\bt1 if   
any?+ ( ! organic comp\nds ( ! sub/ance 
is 9 g5etical connection ) ! disease1 ^!
 bodies w\ld h ?is role4 ,! /ructure &  
coloration ( cell cont5ts exhibit !     
close/ alliance to ! *>act]i/ics ( !    
division ( ,*roolepide & ( ?is small    
division ( ,*lorophyllace\s ,alg1 ne>e/ 
to ,gongrosira--a g5us ^: five to six   
species are inhabitants ( fre% wat]1    
mo/ly atta*$ to v>i\s m9ute aquatic ,alg
 & mosses4 ,ea* cell ( all ! plants (   
?is g5us produces a l>ge numb] ( mobile 
cells--zoospores4  ,fig4 #i repres5ts v 
probably "o zoospore develop$ f ^!      
plants z figur$ f #aj to #af4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,c>bon4   ,m4 ,b]!lot1 9 ! ,j\rnal de  

,ph>macie et de ,*imie = ,m>*1 /ates t f
 peculi> physical relations he is l$ to 
suspect t ! true elem5t c>bon is unkn[n1
 & t diamond & graphite are sub/ances ( 
a diff]5t ord]4 ,elem5t>y c>bon ought to
 be gase\s at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & !  
v>i\s k9ds ( c>bon :i* occur 9 nature   
are 9 reality polym]iz$ products ( !    
true elem5t c>bon4 ,spectrum analysis is
 ?\ght to confirm ?is view2 & x is      
suppos$ ! second spectrum se5 9 a       
,geissl] tube belongs to gase\s c>bon4  
,?is spectrum1 :i* has be5 recogniz$    
along ) t ( hydrog5 9 ! light ( ! tails 
( comets1 indicates a c>bide1 probably  
acetyl5e4         99       99       99  
99       99     ,,cann$ ,,meats4  ,by   
,p4 ,,c>les4   ,:5 t9n$ iron s]ves =    
conta9+ alim5t>y matt]s1 x is ess5tial t
 ! t9 employ$ %\ld be free f lead4 ,!   
latt] metal is rapidly oxidiz$ on !     
surface & is dissolv$ 9 ?is =m 9 !      
neutral acids ( vegetables1 meat1 etc4  
,! mo/ exact me?od ( demon/rat+ !       
pres5ce ( lead consi/s 9 treat+ !       

alloy--s-call$ t9--) aqua regia conta9+ 
relatively little nitric acid4 ,! :ole  
dissolves2 ! excess ( acid is driv5 (f  
by evaporation at a boil+ heat1 & !     
residue1 dilut$ ) wat]1 is saturat$ )   
hydrog5 sulphide4 ,! iron rema9s 9      
solution1 :ile ! mix$ lead & t9         
sulphides precipitat$ are all[$ to dige/
 = a long "t 9 an alkal9e sulphide4 ,!  
t9 sulphide only dissolves2 x is filt]$ 
(f & conv]t$ into /annic acid1 :ile !   
lead sulphide is trans=m$ into sulphate 
& weigh$ z su*4         99       99     
99       99       99     ,,new ,,blea*+ 
,,process1 ,,) ,,reg5]ation ,,( ,,!     
,,ba?s ,,us$4  ,by ,,mr4 ,,bonneville4  
,to a cold solution conta9+ #a p] c5t4 (
 brom9e1 #a p] c5t4 ( cau/ic soda at #cf
 ,b4 is add$1 !n ! mat]ial1 to be blea*$
 is fir/ wet & !n imm]s$ 9 ?is ba? until
 completely decoloriz$4 ,x is pass$ into
 a newly-acidulat$ ba?1 r9s$1 & dri$4   
,aft] ! brom9e ba? has be5 us$ up1 x is 
reg5]at$ by add+ #a p] c5t4 ( sulphuric 
acid1 :i* lib]ates ! brom9e4 ,to ! same 

ba? cau/ic soda is add$1 :i* reg5]ates !
 hypobromite ( soda4 ,! hydr(luosilicic 
acid c be us$1 in/ead ( ! sulphuric     
acid1 ) great] advantage4 ,a ba? us$ up 
c also be reg5]at$ by means ( ! electric
 curr5t4         99       99       99   
99       99     ,,detection ,,(         
,,mag5ta1 ,,ar*il1 ,,& ,,cudbe> ,,9     
,,w9e4   ,^! colors are n suitable =    
conv]t+ :ite w9e into r$1 b !y c be us$ 
= giv+ w9es a fa9t r$ t9t1 = d>k5+ pale 
r$ w9es1 & 9 mak+ up a factiti\s b\quet 
ess5ce1 :i* is add$ to r$ w9es4 ,! mo/  
suitable me?ods = ! detection ( mag5ta  
are ^? giv5 by ,romei & ,fali]es-,ritt]4
 ,if a w9e color$ ) ar*il & "o color$ ) 
cudbe> are treat$ treat$ accord+ to     
,romei's me?od1 ! =m] gives1 ) basic    
lead acetate1 a blue1 & ! latt] a f9e   
violet precipitate4 ,! filtrate1 if %ak5
 up ) amylic alcohol1 gives x 9 ei!r    
case a r$ color4 ,a k ( ?is fact is     
important1 or x may be mi/ak5 = mag5ta4 
,! behavior ( ! amylic alcohol1 ?us     
color$ r$1 ) hydro*loric acid & ammonia 

is *>act]i/ic4 ,if ! r$ color is due to 
mag5ta1 x is de/roy$ by bo? ^! reag5ts1 
:ile hydro*oloric acid does n decolorize
 ! solutions ( ar*il & cudbe>1 & ammonia
 turns _! r$ color to a purple violet4  
,if ! w9e is exam9$ accord+ to !        
,fali]es-,ritt] me?od 9 pres5ce (       
mag5ta1 e!r1 :5 %ak5 up ) ! w9e1        
previ\sly r5d]$ ammoniacal1 rema9s      
colorless1 :ile if ar*il or cudbe> is   
pres5t ! e!r is color$ r$4 ,w>?a has    
made a conv5i5t modification 9 !        
,fali]es-,ritt] me?od by add+ ammonia & 
e!r to ! conc5trat$ w9e :ile /ill w>m4  
,if ! r$ color ( ! wool is due to ar*il 
or cudbe>1 x is extract$ by hydro*loric 
acid1 :i* is color$ r$4 ,ammonia turns !
 color to a purple violet4 ,knig mix$   
#ej c4c4 w9e ) ammonia 9 slight excess1 
& places 9 ! mixture ab\t "o-half grm4  
clean :ite wool5 y>n4 ,! :ole is !n     
boil$ 9 a flask until all ! alcohol & ! 
excess ( ammonia are driv5 (f4 ,! wool  
tak5 out ( ! liquid & purifi$ by wa%+ 9 
wat] & wr++ is moi/5$ 9 a te/-tube )    

pure potassa lye at #aj p] c5t4 ,x is   
c>efully heat$ till ! wool is completely
 dissolv$1 & ! solution1 :5 cold1 is    
mix$ fir/ ) half its volume ( pure      
alcohol1 ^u :i* is c>efully p\r$ ! same 
volume ( e!r1 & ! :ole is %ak54 ,!      
/ratum ( e!r decant$ (f is mix$ 9 a     
te/-tube ) a drop ( acetic acid4 ,a r$  
color appe>s if ! slighte/ trace (      
mag5ta is pres5t4 ,! %ak+ mu/ n be too  
viol5t1 le/ an emulsion %\ld be =m$4 ,if
 ! w9e is color$ ) ar*il1 on prolong$   
heat+1 aft] ! addition ( ammonia1 x is  
decoloriz$4 ,if x is !n let cool & %ak5 
a little1 ! r$ color returns4 ,if ! wool
 is tak5 out ( ! hot liquid aft] ! r$   
color has disappe>$1 & expos$ to ! air1 
x takes a r$ color4 ,b if x is quickly  
tak5 out ( ! liquid & at once wa%$1 !re 
rema9s m]ely a trace ( color 9 ! wool4  
,if ^! precautions are obs]v$1 mag5ta c 
be di/+ui%$ f ar*il ) c]ta9ty accord+ to
 ,knig's me?od4 ,z ! color+-matt] (     
ar*il is n precipitat$ by b>yta &       
magnesia1 b *ang$ to a purple1 ! b>yta  

me?od1 recomm5d$ by ,pa/eur1 ,bal>d1 &  
,wurtz1 & ! magnesia te/1 are useless4  
,mag5ta may 9 c\rse ( "t be remov$ by ! 
precipitates =m$ 9 ! w9e4 ,x is !re=e   
necess>y to te/ n m]ely ! cle> liquid1 b
 ! s$im5t1 if any4--,dr4 ,b4 ,haas1 9   
,bud]mann's ,c5tralblatt4--,analy/4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,panax ,,victori4   ,panax ,victori is 
a compact & *>m+ plant1 :i* s5ds up     
numb]s ( /ems f ! bottom 9 place (      
cont9ually gr[+ upw>d & ?us becom+      
unga9ly2 x be>s a pr(usion ( elegantly  
curl$1 tassel$1 & v>iegat$ foliage1 v   
cat*+ to ! eye1 & unlike any ( its      
pr$ecessors4 ,! o!r1 ,p4 dumosum1 is (  
simil> habit1 ! foliage be+ cre/$ & fr+$
 aft] ! mann] ( "s ( our r>e cre/$      
f]ns4--,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4           
,illu/ration3 ,,panax ,,victori4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,note ,,on ,,sap4  ,footnote3 ,read 
at an ev5+ meet+ ( ! ,ph>maceutical     
,society1 ,london1 ,april #d1 #ahhc4    
,by ,pr(essor ,,attfield1 ,f4,r4,s4     

,b5ea? a :ite bir* tree gr[+ 9 my g>d5  
,i notic$1 ye/]day ev5+1 a v wet place  
on ! gravel pa?1 ! wat] ( :i* 0 obvi\sly
 be+ f$ by ! cut extremity ( a bran* ( !
 bir* ab\t an in* 9 diamet] & "s t5 feet
 f ! gr\nd4 ,i aft]w>d f\nd t exactly   
fifte5 days ago circum/ances r5d]$      
necess>y ! removal ( ! portion ( ! bran*
 :i* hung ov] ! pa?1 #d or #e feet be+  
/ill left on ! tree4 ,! wat] or sap 0   
dropp+ fa/ f ! bran*1 at ! rate ( sixte5
 l>ge drops p] m9ute1 ea* drop twice or 
?rice ! size ( a m9im1 & nei!r catk9s   
nor leaves _h yet exp&$4 ,i decid$ t "s 
int]e/ w\ld atta* to a det]m9ation bo? (
 ! rate ( fl[ ( ! fluid & ( its *emical 
composition1 especially at su* a /age ( 
! tree's life4  ,a bottle 0 at once s   
susp5d$ b5ea? ! w\nd z to cat* ! :ole ( 
! exud+ sap4 ,x caught ne>ly #e fluid   
ounces betwe5 eight & n9e o'clock4 ,dur+
 ! succe$+ elev5 h\rs ( ! night #dd     
fluid ounces 7 collect$1 an av]age ( #d 
ounces p] h\r4 ,f #h3ae to #i3ae ?is    
morn+1 v ne>ly #g ounces 7 obta9$4 ,f   

#i3ae to #aj3ae1 ) bright sun%9e1 #h    
ounces4 ,f #aj3ae until #h3ae ?is ev5+ !
 h\rly record kept by my son ,h>vey %[s 
t ! am\nt dur+ t "t has sl[ly dim9i%$ f 
#h to a little bel[ #g ounces p] h\r4   
,app>5tly ! fl[ is fa/] 9 sun%9e ?an 9  
%ade1 & by day ?an by night4  ,x w\ld   
seem1 !re=e1 t ?is sl5d] tree1 ) a /em  
:i* at ! gr\nd is only #g in*es 9       
diamet]1 hav+ a height ( #ci feet1 &    
be=e x has any exp&$ leaves f ^: unit$  
surfaces l>ge am\nts ( wat] might       
evaporate1 is able to draw f ! gr\nd    
ab\t #d lit]s1 or sev5-eigh?s ( a gallon
 ( fluid e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,t at all    
ev5ts 0 ! am\nt fl[+ f ?is op5 tap 9 its
 wat] sy/em4 ,ev5 ! topmo/ bran*es ( !  
tree _h n become1 dur+ ! fifte5 days1   
abnormally flaccid1 s t1 app>5tly1 no   
dra9age ( fluid f ! upp] portion ( !    
tree _h be5 tak+ place4 ,= a =tnight !  
tree app>5tly _h be5 draw+1 pump+1      
suck+--,i "k n :at ^w to use--ne>ly a   
gallon ( fluid daily f ! soil 9 !       
neigborhood ( its roots4 ,?is soil _h   

only an ord9>y degree ( dampness4 ,x 0 n
 wet1 /ill less 0 !re any actually fluid
 wat] to be se54 ,inde$1 usually all !  
adjac5t soil is ( a dry k9d1 = we are on
 ! plateau ( a hill #bfe feet above !   
sea1 & ! level ( ! local wat] res]voir  
into :i* our wells dip is ab\t #hj feet 
bel[ ! surface4 ,my g>d5] tells me t !  
tree has be5 ble$+ at ab\t ! same rate =
 f\rte5 ( ! fifte5 days1 ! fir/ day !   
bran* becom+ only some:at damp4 ,dur+ ! 
e>li] "p ( t "t we _h fro/s at night1 & 
sun%9e1 b ) extremely cold w9ds1 dur+ ! 
days4 ,at "o "t ! exud+ sap gave1 ,i am 
told by two diff]5t obs]v]s1 icicles a  
foot long4 ,a mu* w>m]1 almo/ summ]1    
temp]ature has prevail$ dur+ ! pa/ ?ree 
days1 & no w9d4 ,?is morn+ ! temp]ature 
( ! sap z x escap$ 0 con/ant at #eb ,f41
 :ile t ( ! surr\nd+ air 0 v>y+         
consid]ably4  ,! collect$ sap 0 a cle>1 
bright1 wat]-l fluid4 ,aft] a p9t _h    
/ood aside = twelve h\rs1 !re 0 ! m]e/  
trace ( a s$im5t at ! bottom ( ! vessel4
 ,! microscope %[$ ?is to consi/ (      

p>5*ymat\s cells1 ) "h & !re a gr\p ( ! 
:eel-l or radiat+ cells :i* botani/s1 ,i
 ?9k1 t]m sph]e-cry/als4 ,! sap 0       
slightly heavi] ?an wat]1 9 ! proportion
 ( #a1jje to #a1jjj4 ,x _h a fa9tly     
sweet ta/e & a v slight aromatic odor4  
,*emical analysis %[$ t ?is sap consi/$ 
( #ii p>ts ( pure wat] ) #a "p (        
dissolv$ solid matt]4 ,elev5-twelf?s ( !
 latt] 7 sug>4  ,t ! bir* readily yields
 its sap :5 ! wood is w\nd$ is well     
kn[n4 ,philipps1 quot$ by ,s[]by1 says3 
,ev5 afflictive bir*1   ,curs$ by       
unlett]$ y\?1 di/ills1   ,a limpid      
curr5t f h] w\nd$ b>k1   ,pr(use ( nurs+
 sap4  ,& t bir* sap conta9s sug> is    
kn[n1 ! peasants ( _m c\ntries1         
especially ,russia1 be+ well acqua9t$ ) 
! art ( mak+ bir* w9e by f]m5t+ its     
sac*>9e juice4  ,b ,i f9d no h\rly or   
daily record ( ! am\nt ( sug>-be>+ sap  
:i* c be drawn f ! bir*1 or f any tree1 
be=e x has acquir$ its great dige/+ or r
 develop+ & transpir+ app>atus--its leaf
 sy/em4 ,& ,i d n "k ( any ext5d$       

*emical analysis ( sap ei!r ( ! bir*1 or
 o!r tree4  ,besides sug>1 :i* is pres5t
 9 ?is sap to ! ext5t ( #faf            
gra9s--ne>ly an ounce & a half--p]      
gallon1 !re are pres5t a m]e trace (    
mucilage2 no />*2 no tann92 #c gra9s p] 
gallon ( ammoniacal salts yield+ #aj p] 
c5t4 ( nitrog52 #c gra9s ( album9oid    
matt] yield+ #aj p] c5t4 ( nitrog52 a   
di/9ct trace ( nitrites2 #g4d gra9s (   
nitrates conta9+ #ag p] c5t4 ( nitrog52 
no *lorides1 or ! m]e/ trace2 no        
sulphates2 no sodium salts2 a little (  
potassium salts2 mu* phosphate & organic
 salts ( calcium2 & "s simil> magnesian 
comp\nds4 ,^! calc>e\s & magnesian      
sub/ances yield an a% :5 ! sap is       
evaporat$ to dryness & ! sug> & o!r     
organic matt] burnt away1 ! am\nt ( ?is 
residual matt] be+ exactly #ej gra9s p] 
gallon4 ,! sap conta9$ no p]oxide (     
hydrog54 ,x 0 fa9tly if at all acid4 ,x 
held 9 solution a f]m5t capable (       
conv]t+ />* into sug>4 ,expos$ to ! air 
x soon sw>m$ ) bact]ia1 its sug> be+    

*ang$ to alcohol4  ,a teaspoonful or two
 (1 say1 apple juice1 & a tablespoonful 
( sug> put into a gallon ( su* r h>d    
well-wat] z we h 9 our *alky di/rict1   
w\ld v fairly repres5t ?is specim5 ( !  
sap ( ! silv] bir*4 ,inde$1 9 !         
phraseology ( a wat]-analy/1 ,i may say 
t ! sap itself has #be degrees ( total1 
p]man5t h>dness4  ,h[ long ! tree w\ld  
cont9ue to yield su* a fl[ ( sap ,i _c  
say2 probably until ! /ore ( sug> x     
manufactur$ la/ summ] to fe$ its "y buds
 ?is spr+ 0 exhau/$4 ,ev5 )9 tw5ty-f\r  
h\rs ! sug> has slightly dim9i%$ 9      
proportion 9 ! fluid4  ,:e!r or n ?is   
little note ?r[s a s+le ray ( light on !
 mu* debat$ "q ( ! cause ( ! rise ( sap 
9 plants ,i mu/ leave to botani/s to    
decide4 ,i _c hope t x does1 = ,julius  
,sa*s1 ?an :om no "o appe>s to h m      
c>efully consid]$ ! subject1 says1 at   
page #fgg ( ! rec5tly publi%$ ,engli%   
translation ( 8 textbook ( botany1 t    
al?\gh ! movem5ts ( wat] 9 plants h be5 
copi\sly inve/igat$ & discuss$ = ne>ly  

two hundr$ ye>s1 x is nev]!less /ill    
impossible to give a satisfactory &     
d$uctive acc\nt ( ! mode ( op]ation ( ^!
 movem5ts 9 detail4 ,z a *emi/ &        
physici/ myself1 kn[+ some?+ ab\t       
capill>y attraction1 exosmose1          
endosmose1 atmosph]ic pressure1 &       
gravitation g5]ally1 & ! movem5ts caus$ 
by *emical attraction1 ,i am afraid ,i  
mu/ concur 9 ! op9ion t we d n yet "k ! 
real ultimate cause or causes ( ! rise (
 sap 9 plants4  ,a%l&s1 ,wat=d1 ,h]ts4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,,cr[4  ,footnote3 ,ab/ract ( a     
rec5t discussion be=e ! ,connecticut    
,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4   ,pr(4 ,w4 
,a4 ,/e>ns1 9 a lecture ^u ! utility (  
birds 9 agriculture1 /at$ t ! few facts 
we d "k reg>d+ ! matt] h be5 obta9$ m   
?r\gh ! direct exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h /umbl$
 on ! facts !y relate ?an ^? :o h made  
any special /udy ( ! matt]4 ,"o great   
difficulty has be5 t p look$ too f> &   
/udi$ too deeply = facts :i* 7 "r be=e  
!m4 ,= in/ance1 p are well acqua9t$ ) ! 

fact t hawks1 becom+ bold1 p\nce d[n ^u 
& c>ry (f *ick5s f ! h5-y>ds & eat !m4  
,h[ _m are acqua9t$ ) ! fact t 9 h>d    
w9t]s1 :5 press$ = food1 cr[s d ?is     
likewise8 ,b :at does ?is signify8      
,simply t ! cr[ regulates its food f    
necessity1 n f *oice4  ,n[1 c>ry ?is    
fact into op]ation 9 ! spr+ into !      
cornfield4 ,d y suppose t ! cr[1 be+    
hungry1 & dropp+ into a field ( corn    
:]e9 is abundance to satisfy 8 desires1 
/ops1 z _m affirm1 to pick out only ^?  
k]nels :i* are affect$ ) mildew1 l>va1  
or weevil8 ,does he in/9ctively "k :at  
corns1 :5 ?ree or f\r in*es b5ea? !     
gr\nd1 are ?us affect$8 ,n a bit ( x4   
,to him1 a /rictly gra9-fe$+ & n an     
insect-eat+ bird1 ! necessity takes !   
place ( ! *oice4 ,he is hungry2 ! means 
( satisfy+ 8 hung] are at h&4 ,he       
naturally drops d[n 9 ! fir/ cornfield  
he sees1 calls all 8 neighbors to !     
fea/1 & !n roots up & swall[s all !     
k]nels until he c hold no m4 ,!re is no 
d\bt ! cr[ is a damage to !             

agriculturi/4 ,he preys ^u ! cornfield &
 eats ! corn indiscrim9ately1 :e!r !re  
are any insects or n4 ,t has be5 prov$  
by dissection ( /oma* & crop4  ,if corn 
c be protect$ by t>r+1 s t ! cr[s w n   
eat x1 !y w prove a b5efit by leav+ !   
corn & pick+ up grubs 9 ! field4 ,:]e   
corn has be5 t>r$1 ,i h nev] kn[n ! cr[s
 to t\* x4  ,mr4 ,s$gwick rem>k$ t1 9   
addition to de/roy+ ! corn crop1 ! cr[ 0
 also v de/ructive ( ! eggs ( o!r birds4
 ,la/ spr+ ,i wat*$ a pair ( cr[s fly+  
?r\gh an or*>d1 & 9 sev]al in/ances saw 
!m fly into birds' ne/s1 take out !     
eggs1 & !n g on ar\nd ! field4  ,9 answ]
 to ,mr4 ,hubb>d1 :o claim$ ! cr[ w\ld  
eat animal food 9 any =m1 & might n be  
rightly classifi$ z a gra9-eat+ bird1   
,pr(4 ,/e>ns said ! cr[ 0 ?us classifi$ 
by reason ( ! /ructure ( its crop be+   
simil> to t ( ! f9*es1 ! blackbird1 !   
sp>r[s1 & o!r se$-eat+ birds4           
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,cr[4  ,mr4
 ,we!rell said3 ,cr[s are gre$y dev\r]s 
( ! :ite worm1 :i* sometimes de/roys    

acres ( grass4 ,z a grub eat]1 ! cr[    
des]ves mu* praise4 ,! cr[ is ! scav5g] 
( ! bird family1 eat+ any?+ & ev]y?+1   
:e!r x is sweet or c>rion4 ,! only      
qu>rel ,i h ) ! cr[ is because x de/roys
 ! eggs & "y birds4  ,mr4 ,lockwood     
describ$ ! exp]i5ce ( a neighbor :o     
plant$ corn aft] t>r+ x4 ,?is seem$ to  
prev5t ! ravages ( ! cr[s until ! second
 hoe+1 :5 ! corn 0 up "s eighte5 in*es1 
at :i* "t ! cr[s came 9 & pull$ ne>ly an
 acre clean4  ,cr[s1 said ,dr4 ,riggs1 h
 no crop1 l a great _m c>nivor\s birds4 
,! passage lead+ f ! m\? goes directly  
to ! gizz>d1 some?+ l ! duck4 ,! duck   
has no crop1 yet ! passage lead+ f ! m\?
 to ! gizz>d 9 ! duck becomes           
consid]ably enl>g$4 ,9 ! cr[ !re is no  
enl>gem5t ( ?is passage1 & ev]y?+ passes
 directly into ! gizz>d1 :]e x is       
dige/$4  ,dr4 ,riggs _h rais$ corn &    
wat*$ ! op]ations ( ! cr[s4 ,go+ ^u !   
field 9 less ?an a m9ute aft] ! cr[s _h 
left x1 he f\nd !y _h pull$ ! corn1 hill
 aft] hill1 m>*+ f "o hill to ! o!r4 ,n 

until ! corn _h become s(t5$ & _h come  
up w\ld !y mole/ x4 ,9 ! fall !y w\ld   
come 9 droves on to a field ( corn1 :]e 
x is 9 /acks1 pick out ! corn f ! husks1
 & put x into _! gizz>ds4 ,!y raid      
robb9s' ne/s & swall[s' ne/s1 dev\r+    
eggs & "y birds4 ,yet cr[s are great    
scav5g]s4 ,9 ! spr+ !y get a great _m   
insects & mo?s f ! gr\nd1 & d good "w 9 
pick+ up ^? l>ge :ite grubs ) r$ heads t
 "w su* de/ruction 9 "s ( our m[+       
fields4  ,mr4 ,pratt /at$ t he _h us$   
coal t> on 8 se$ corn = five or six     
ye>s1 & _h nev] a spe> pull$ by ! cr[s4 
,dr4 ,riggs nev] _h kn[n a cr[ to t\*   
corn aft] x got to ! second ti] (       
leaves4 ,mr4 ,lockwood said cr[s w\ld   
sample a :ole field ( corn to f9d corn n
 t>r$4 ,mr4 ,pratt recomm5d$ to p\r     
boil+ wat] on ! corn be=e apply+ ! t>4  
,a l>ge tablespoonful ( t> w color a    
pail ( wat]4  ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,riggs1 !
 hot mixture ) ! corn mu/ be /irr$      
cont9ually2 if n1 ! life ( ! corn w be  
kill$ & g]m9ation prev5t$4 ,x may be    

p\r$ on v hot1 if ! /irr+ is kept up &  
too mu* t> is n us$4 ,if ! wat] is hot x
 w dissolve ! t>1 & z x is p\r$ on x w  
coat e k]nel ( corn4 ,if ! wat] is all[$
 to /& ^u ! corn any great l5g? ( "t1 ! 
*it ( ! corn w be damag$4 ,! liquid %\ld
 be p\r$ (f & ! corn all[$ to cool      
imm$iately aft] a good /irr+4  ,mr4     
,gold _h kn[n ( cr[s pull+ corn aft] !  
second hoe+1 :5 ! sc>e-cr[s _h be5      
remov$ f ! field4 ,! corn ?us pull$ _h  
rea*$ pretty good size4 ,?is pull+ mu/ h
 be5 done f %e] malice on ! "p ( ! cr[s4
  ,mr4 ,ay] 0 incl9$ to befri5d ! cr[4  
,= five ye>s he _h plant$ f eight to    
twelve acres ( corn ea* ye> & _h n lo/  
tw5ty hills by cr[s4 ,he does n use t>1 
b does n all[ himself to g out ( a      
newly-plant$ cornfield )\t fir/ /ret*+ a
 /r+ ar\nd x on high poles & also       
provid+ a w9d-mill ) a little rattle box
 on x to make a noise4 ,) him ?is       
practice keeps ! cr[s away4  ,mr4       
,goodw9 ?\ght cr[s 7 scav5g]s ( ! =e/s &
 did good s]vice 9 de/roy+ ! worms1     

grubs1 & insects t prey$ ^u our trees4  
,he _h rais$ "s =ty crops ( corn1 &     
:5ev] he _h ?or\ghly tw9$ x at ! "t (   
plant+1 cr[s did n pull x up4 ,9 damp   
spots1 dur+ ! wet "t & aft] 8 tw9e 0    
d[n1 he _h kn[n cr[s to pull up corn t 0
 sev5 or eight in*es high4  ,respect+   
cr[s z insect eat]s1 ,pr(4 ,/e>ns       
admitt$ t !y did dev\r insects2 he _h   
se5 !m eat insects on pe> trees4 ,tame  
cr[s at 8 home _h be5 wat*$ :ile eat+   
insects1 yet a cr[ w eat corn a great   
deal quick] ?an he w eat                
insects4--,bo/on ,cultivator4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,! ,,pray+ ,,mantis ,,& ,,its ,,allies4
   ,on exam9+ ! /range =ms %[n 9 !      
accompany+ engrav+1 _m p]sons w\ld      
suppose !y 7 look+ at exotic insects4   
,al?\gh ?is is true = _m species ( ?is  
gr\p1 :i* are indig5\s to w>m c\ntries1 
& rea* at ! mo/ only ! s\!rn temp]ate   
zone1 yet !re are c]ta9 ( ^! insects t  
are beg9n+ to be f\nd 9 ,france1 to !   
s\? ( ! ,loire1 & t are always too r>e1 

s9ce1 be+ exclusively fe$]s on liv+     
prey1 !y prove useful aids to u4  ,^!   
insects belong among ! or?opt]a--an ord]
 includ+ species ^: trans=mations are   
less complete ?an 9 o!r gr\ps1 & ^:     
l>val & pupal =ms are v active1 &       
closely resemble ! imago4 ,two pairs (  
l>ge w+s *>act]ize ! adult /ate1 ! fir/ 
pair ( :i* are some:at ?ick5$ to protect
 ! broad1 net-ve9$ h9d] pair1 :i* fold  
up l a fan ^u ! abdom54 ,! h9d legs are 
l>ge & adapt$ = leap+4  ,! raptorial    
gr\p call$ ,mantid1 :i* =ms ! subject ( 
?is article1 includes species t maybe   
easily recogniz$ by _! l>ge size1 _!    
enorm\s1 sp9\s =e legs1 :i* are adapt$ =
 seiz+ o!r insects1 & f _! devotional   
attitude :5 wat*+ _! prey4  ,^! insects 
exhibit 9 g5]al ! ph5om5on ( mimicry1 or
 adaptation = protection1 ?r\gh _! color
 & =m1 "s be+ gre51 l ! plants ^u :i* !y
 live1 o!rs yell[i% or grayi%1 & o!rs   
br[ni% l dead leaves4  ,9 ! be/ kn[n    
species1 ,mantis religiosa1 ! head is   
triangul>1 ! eyes l>ge1 ! pro?orax v    

long1 & ! body n>r[$ & l5g!n$2 ! ant]ior
 feet are arm$ ) hooks & sp9es1 & !     
%anks are capable ( be+ d\bl$ up on ! "u
 side ( ! ?ighs4 ,:5 at re/ x sits ^u ! 
f\r po/]ior legs1 ) ! head & pro?orax   
ne>ly erect1 & ! ant]ior feet fold$     
backw>d4 ,! female insect atta9s a l5g? 
( #ed millimet]s1 & ! male only #dj4  ,!
 color is ( a h&some gre51 sometimes    
yell[1 or ( a yell[i% r$4 ,! insects are
 sl[ 9 _! motions1 wait+ on ! bran*es ( 
trees & %rubs = "s o!r insect to pass )9
 _! rea*1 :5 !y seize & hold x ) !      
ant]ior feet1 & te> x to pieces4 ,!y are
 v voraci\s1 & sometimes prey ^u ea*    
o!r4 ,_! eggs are deposit$ 9 two long   
r[s1 protect$ by a p>*m5t-l envelope1 & 
atta*$ to ! /alk ( a plant4 ,! nymph is 
z voraci\s z ! p]fect insect1 f :i* x   
diff]s pr9cipally 9 ! less develop$ w+s4
  ,! devotional attitude ( ^! insects :5
 wat*+ = _! prey--_! =e legs be+ elevat$
 & jo9$ 9 a supplicat+ mann]--has giv5  
!m 9 ,engli% ! popul> names ( soo?say]1 
prophet1 & pray+ mantis1 9 ,fr5*1       

prie-,dieu1 9 ,portuguese1 l\va-,deos1  
etc4 ,accord+ to ,sp>mann1 ! ,nubians & 
,hott5tots reg>d mantides z tutel>y     
div9ities1 & wor%ip !m z su*4 ,a monki% 
leg5d tells u t ,sa9t ,francis ,xavi]1  
hav+ p]ceiv$ a mantis hold+ its legs    
t[>d heav51 ord]$ x to s+ ! praises (   
,god1 :5 imm$iately ! insect /ruck up "o
 ( ! mo/ exempl>y ( canticles6 ,pison1 9
 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1   
makes use ( ! ^w ,vates 7div9e7 to      
designate ^! insects1 & speaks ( t      
sup]/ition1 common to bo? ,*ri/ians &   
hea!ns1 t assigns to !m ! gifts (       
prophecy & div9ation4 ,! habit t !      
mantis has ( fir/ /ret*+ out "o =e leg1 
& !n ! o!r1 & ( pres]v+ su* a position =
 "s little "t1 has also l$ to ! belief  
among ! illit]ate t x is 9 ! act1 9 su* 
cases1 ( po9t+ out ! road to ! pass] by4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,mantides ,,& ,,empus  
,! old naturali/1 ,m\fet1 9 8 ,!atrum   
,insectorum 7,london1 #afcd71 says ( !  
pray+ mantis 7,m4 religiosa7 t x is     
report$ s div9e t if a *ild asks 8 way (

 x1 x w %[ him ! "r road by /ret*+ out  
its leg1 & t x w r>ely or nev] deceive  
him4  ,?is gr\p ( insects is mo/        
abundant 9 ! tropical regions ( ,africa1
 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,india1 b "s species   
are f\nd 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 
,europe1 & ,au/ralia4 ,! ,am]ican       
species is ! race-horse 7,m4 c>ol9a71 & 
occurs 9 ! ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates4      
,burmei/] says t ,m4 arg5t9a1 ( ,bu5os  
,ayres1 seizes & eats small birds4  ,!  
g5]a alli$ to ,mantis--,vates1 ,empusa1 
,h>pax1 & ,s*izocephala--occur 9 !      
tropics4 ,! g5us ,eremophila inhabits ! 
des]ts ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 :]e x         
resembles ! s& 9 color4  ,! species %[n 
9 ! engrav+ 7:i* we borr[ f ,la ,nature7
 inhabit ,france4         99       99   
99       99       99     ,,may-,,flies4 
,!re are usually f\nd 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 
especially ne> wat]1 c]ta9 insects t are
 call$ ,ephem]a1 & :i* long ago acquir$ 
true celebrity1 & furni%$ mat]ial =     
comp>ison to poets & philosoph]s4       
,inde$1 9 ! adult /ate !y live b "o day1

 a fact t has giv5 !m _! "n4 ,!y appe> =
 a few h\rs1 flutt]+ ab\t 9 ! rays ( a  
sun ^: sett+ !y are n to see1 z !y live 
dur+ ! space ( a s+le twilight only4 ,^!
 insects h v %ort ant5n1 an imp]fect m\?
 incapable ( tak+ food1 & delicate1     
gauze l w+s1 ! po/]ior ones ( :i* are   
always small1 or ev5 rudim5t>y or want+4
 ,_! legs are v delicate--! ant]ior ones
 v long--& _! abdom5 t]m9ates 9 two or  
?ree long articulat$ filam5ts4 ,"o "*1  
:i* is unique among insects1 is peculi> 
to ,ephem]ids2 ! adults issu+ f ! pupal 
envelope und]go /ill ano!r m\lt 9 dive/+
 !mselves ( a ?9 pellicle t cov]s !     
body1 w+s1 & o!r app5dages4 ,?is is :at 
is call$ ! subimago1 & prec$es ! imago  
or p]fect /ate ( ! insect4 ,! %ort life 
( adult ,may-flies is1 ) mo/ ( !m1 pass$
 9 a cont9ual /ate ( agitation4 ,!y are 
se5 ris+ v]tically 9 a /raight l9e1 _!  
long =e-legs /ret*$ out l ant5n1 & s]v+ 
to balance ! po/]ior "p ( ! body & !    
filam5ts ( ! abdom5 dur+ flight4 ,on    
rea*+ a c]ta9 height !y all[ !mselves to

 desc5d1 /ret*+ out :ile do+ s _! long  
w+s & tail1 :i* !n s]ve z a p>a*ute4 ,!n
 a rapid work+ ( ^! organs sudd5ly      
*anges ! direction ( ! motion1 & !y beg9
 to asc5d aga94 ,c\pl+ takes place dur+ 
^! a]ial dances4 ,soon aft]w>d ! females
 approa* ! surface ( ! wat] & lay !re9  
_! eggs1 spread+ !m out ! :ile ) !      
caudal filam5ts1 or else deposit+ !m all
 toge!r 9 "o mass t falls to ! bottom4  
,^! insects seek ! light1 & are attract$
 by an artificial "o1 describ+ conc5tric
 circles ar\nd x & f9ally fall+ into x &
 be+ burnt up4 ,_! bodies on fall+ into 
! wat] con/itute a food :i* is eag]ly   
s\ght by fi%es1 & :i* is made use ( by  
fi%]m5 z a bait4  ,b ! above is n ! only
 /ate ( ,ephem]ids1 = _! entire exi/5ce 
really la/s a ye>4 ,l9nu has ?us summ$  
up ! total life ( ^! little creatures3  
,! l>v swim 9 wat]2 &1 9 becom+ w+$     
insects1 h only ! %orte/ k9d ( joy1 = !y
 (t5 celebrate 9 a s+le day _! w$d+1    
p>turition1 & fun]al obsequies4 ,! eggs1
 9 fact1 give bir? to m or less elongat$

 l>v1 :i* are always provid$ ) ?ree     
filam5ts at ! end ( ! abdom51 & :i*     
brea! ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] by      
tra*eo-bran*i along ! sides ( ! body4   
,!y are c>nivor\s1 & live on small      
animal prey4 ,! mo/ rec5t au?ors :o h   
/udi$ !m are ,mr4 ,eaton1 9 ,engl&1 &   
,mr4 ,vayssi]e1 ( ! ,faculte des        
,sci5ces1 at ,m>seilles4  ,a propos ( ! 
l>v ( ,ephem]a or ,may-flies1 we mu/    
speak ( "o ( ! entomological r>ities (  
,france1 ! nature & zoological place (  
:i* x has tak5 m ?an a c5tury to        
demon/rate4 ,ge(froy1 ! old hi/orian ( !
 insects ( ! vic9ity ( ,p>is1 0 ! fir/  
to f9d 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,se9e a small      
animal resembl+ "o ( ! ,daphnids4 ,?is  
animal has six %ort & sl5d] ?oracic     
legs1 :i* t]m9ate 9 a hook & are borne  
on ! "u side ( ! cephalic %ield4 ,?is   
latt] is provid$ above ) two sl5d]      
six-jo9t$ ant5n1 two v l>ge facet$ eyes 
at ! side1 & ?ree ocelli =m+ a triangle4
 ,! l>ge ?oraceo-abdom9al %ield is      
holl[$ out beh9d into two movable valves

 :i* cov] ! fir/ five segm5ts ( ! abdom5
 7,fig4 #a74 ,! la/ f\r segm5ts1 (      
decreas+ bread?1 are retractile b5ea? ! 
c>apax1 z is also ! broad plume t       
t]m9ates !m1 & :i* is =m$ ( ?ree %ort1  
transp>5t1 & elegantly ciliat$ bri/les4 
,^! are ! locomotive organs ( ! animal1 
^: total l5g?1 ) ! segm5ts ( ! tail     
exp&$1 does n exce$ sev5 to eight       
millimet]s4 ,! animal is f\nd 9 runn+   
wat]s1 at a dep? ( f half a met] to a   
met] & a half4 ,x hides "u /ones ( all  
sizes1 &1 z soon z x is t\*$1 its fir/  
c>e is to fix itself by ! brea/ to _!   
r\gh surface1 & !n to swim (f to a m    
quiet place4 ,x fa/5s itself s firmly to
 ! /one t x is necess>y to pass a ?9    
knife-blade "u x 9 ord] to deta* x4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,l>va ,,(    
,,may ,,fly4 7,magnifi$ #ab times47     
,ge(froy1 because ( ! two l>ge eyes1 &  
)\t pay+ att5tion to ! ocelli1 nam$ ?is 
l>va ! fea!r-tail$ b9ocle4 ,c4 ,dum]il1 
9 #ahgf1 f\nd x aga9 9 pools t =m$ aft] 
ra9s1 & nam$ ! creature 7:i* is ( a     

blui% color pass+ to r$7 ! pisci=m      
b9ocle4 ,s9ce !n1 ?is l>va has be5 f\nd 
9 ! ,se9e at ,po9t-du-,j\r1             
,bas-,meudon1 & betwe5 ,epone & ,mantes4
 ,latreille1 9 #ahcb1 decid$ x to be a  
cru/acean1 & nam$ x ,prosopi/oma        
foliaceum4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahfh1 ! animal
 0 f\nd at ,t\l\se by ,dr4 ,e4 ,joly 9 !
 ne>ly dry ,g>onne4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahhj1   
,mr4 ,vayssi]e met ) x 9 abundance 9 !  
,rhone1 ne> ,avignon4  ,! abnormal      
exi/5ce ( a six-legg$ cru/acean occupi$ 
! att5tion ( naturali/s consid]ably4 ,9 
#ahfi1 ,messrs4 ,n4 & ,e4 ,joly         
demon/rat$ t ! fam\s fea!r-tail$ b9ocle 
0 ! l>va ( an insect4 ,!y f\nd 9 its m\?
 ! buccal pieces ( ! ,neuropt]a1 &1 "u !
 c>apax1 five pairs ( bran*ial tufts    
atta*$ to ! segm5ts t are invisible     
outw>dly4 ,inside ! animal 7 f\nd tra*e1
 ! dige/ic tube ( an insect1 &          
malpighian canals4 ,f9ally1 9 ,june1    
#ahhj1 ,mr4 ,vayssire 0 enabl$ to       
e/abli% ! fact def9itely t ! insect     
belong$ among ! ,ephem]ids4 ,two ( !    

l>vae t he rais$ 9 wat] became1 f       
yell[i%1 gradually br[n4 ,!n !y crawl$  
up a /one p>tially out ( wat]1 ! c>apax 
gradually split1 & ! adults readily     
issu$ !refrom--! head fir/1 !n ! legs1 &
 f9ally ! abdom54 ,at ! same "t1 ! w+s1 
:i* 7 9 ?ree folds 9 ! direction ( _!   
l5g?1 spread out 9 _! def9ite =m 7,fig4 
#b74 ,! insects f9ally flew away to     
alight at a di/ance f ! wat]4 ,! w+s ( !
 insect1 :i* are ( an iron gray1 are    
cov]$ ) a d[n ( f9e hairs4 ,! po/]ior   
ones soon disappe>4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #b4--,,may-,,fly 7adult magnifi$ 
#ad times74  ,p]haps ! subimago 9 ?is   
g5us ( ,ephem]ids1 z 9 c]ta9 o!rs1 is ! 
p]man5t a]ial /ate ( ! female4--,la     
,nature4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,connecticut is rapidly    
advanc+ 9 ! cultivation ( oy/]s4 ,ab\t  
#ij1jjj acres are n[ plant$1 & ?irty    
/eam]s & _m sail+ vessels are engag$ 9 !
 trade4         99       99       99    
99       99     ,,! ,,color ,,( ,,wat]4 
,x is well kn[n t ! wat] ( diff]5t lakes

 & riv]s diff]s 9 color4 ,! ,m$it]ranean
 ,sea is indigo blue1 ! ocean sky blue1 
,lake ,g5eva is azure1 :ile ! ,lake ( ! 
,f\r ,=e/ ,cantons & ,lake ,con/ance1 9 
,switz]l&1 z well z ! riv] ,rh9e1 are   
*rome gre51 & ,klo5?al] ,lake is grass  
gre54  ,tyndall ?\ght t ! blue color (  
wat] _h a simil> cause z ! blue color ( 
! air1 be+ blue by reflect$ light & r$  
by transmitt$ light4 ,w4 ,spr+ has      
rec5tly communicat$ to ! ,belgian       
,academy ! results ( 8 inve/igations ^u 
! color ( wat]4 ,he prov$ t p]fectly    
pure wat] 9 a tube #aj met]s long _h a  
di/9ctly blue color1 :ile x ought1      
accord+ to ,tyndall1 to look r$4 ,spr+  
also %[$ t wat] 9 :i* c>bonate ( lime1  
silica1 clay1 & salts 7 susp5d$ 9 a f9e 
/ate ( division (f]$ a resi/ance to !   
passage ( light t 0 n inconsid]able4    
,s9ce ! r$ & violet light ( ! spectrum  
are mu* m feeble ?an ! yell[1 ! =m] w be
 completely absorb$1 :ile ! latt] passes
 ?r\gh1 produc+1 ) ! blue ( ! wat]      
itself1 diff]5t %ades ( gre54         99

       99       99       99       99    
,!re is to be held 9 ,p>is ?is ye>1 f ! 
#a/ to ! #bb;d ( ,july1 an insect       
exhibition1 organiz$ by ! ,c5tral       
,society ( ,agriculture & ,insectology4 
,x w include 7#a7 useful insects2 7#b7  
_! products1 raw1 & 9 ! fir/            
trans=mations2 7#c7 app>atus & in/rum5ts
 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! products2 7#d7 
injuri\s insects & ! v>i\s processes =  
de/roy+ !m2 7#e7 ev]y?+ relat+ to       
insectology4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,a catalogue1     
conta9+ brief notices ( _m important    
sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 !    
,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is    
(fice4         99       99       99     
99       99     ,,! ,,sci5tific         
,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4  ,,publi%$       
,,weekly4  ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e
 ,a ,,ye>4   ,s5t by mail1 po/age       
prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a 
ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 
,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f 

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_h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4  ,all ! back  
volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be 
suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4  
,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9     
pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4      
,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific
 ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific      
,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 
#g4jj4  ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1
 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4  ,,munn       
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,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4         99        
99       99       99       99           
,,pat5ts4   ,9 connection ) !           
,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn  
,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign
 ,pat5ts1 h _h #ch ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ 
h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are
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notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican
 ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is      
,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 
,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51      
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