,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,nature1 ,,volume ,i 7( ,,ii7 ,by ,paul ,h5ri ,?i]y 7,b>on d',holba*7 ,introduction by ,rob]t ,d4 ,ri*>dson1 ,jr4 ,,production ,,notes3 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,fr5* 9 #aggj "u ! pseudonym ( ,mirabaud4 ,?is e-book bas$ on a facsimile repr9t ( an ,engli% translation orig9ally publi%$ #ahbj-ba4 ,?is e-text cov]s ! fir/ ( ! orig9al two volumes4 ,,introduction ,paul ,h5ri ,?i]y1 ,b>on d',holba* 7#agbc-aghi71 0 ! c5t] ( ! radical w+ ( ! philosophes4 ,he 0 fri5d1 ho/1 & patron to a wide circle t includ$ ,did]ot1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,helvetius1 & ,hume4 ,holba* wrote1 translat$1 edit$1 & issu$ a /ream ( books & pamphlets1 (t5 "u o!r names1 t has made him ! despair ( bibliograph]s b has connect$ 8 "n1 by innu5do1 gossip1 & association1 ) mo/ ( :at 0 writt5 9 def5se ( a!i/ic mat]ialism 9 late eighte5?-c5tury ,france4 ,holba* is be/ kn[n = ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature 7#aggj7 & des]v$ly1 s9ce x is a cle> & reasonably sy/ematic exposition ( 8 ma9 ideas4 ,8 initial position det]m9es all ! re/ ( 8 argum5t4 ,!re is n1 !re c be no?+ out ( t ,nature :i* includes all be+s4 ,conceiv+ ( nature z /rictly limit$ to matt] & motion1 bo? ( :i* h always exi/$1 he flatly d5ies t !re is any su* ?+ z _s or a sup]natural4 ,my?ology began1 ,holba* claims1 :5 m5 7 /ill 9 a /ate ( nature & at ! po9t :5 wise1 /rong1 & = ! mo/ "p b5ign m5 7 aris+ z lead]s & lawgiv]s4 ,^! lead]s =m$ disc\rses by :i* !y spoke to ! imag9ations ( _! will+ auditors1 us+ ! m$ium ( poetry1 because x seemed be/ adapt$ to /rike ! m9d4 ,?r\gh poetry1 !n1 & by means ( its images1 its fictions1 its numb]s1 its rhyme1 its h>mony444 ! entire ( nature1 z well z all its p>ts1 0 p]sonifi$1 by its beautiful allegories4 ,?us my?ology is giv5 an ess5tially political orig94 ,^! e>ly poets are lit]ally legislators ( mank9d4 ,! fir/ in/itutors ( nations1 & _! imm$iate successors 9 au?ority1 only spoke to ! p by fables1 allegories1 enigmas1 ( :i* !y res]v$ to !mselves ! "r ( giv+ an explanation4 ,holba* is r condesc5d+ ab\t ! process1 b s9ce my?ology is a repres5tation ( nature itself1 he is f> m tol]ant ( my?ology ?an he is ( ! next /ep4 ,natural philosoph]s & poets 7 trans=m$ by leisure into metaphysicians & !ologians1 & at ?is po9t a fatal error 0 introduc$3 ! !ologians made a di/9ction betwe5 ! p[] ( nature & nature itself1 sep>at$ ! two1 made ! p[] ( nature prior to nature1 & call$ x ,god4 ,?us man 0 left ) an ab/ract & *im]ical be+ on "o side & a despoil$ in]t nature1 de/itute ( p[]1 on ! o!r4 ,9 ,holba*'s critique ! po9t at :i* !ology split (f f my?ology m>ks ! mom5t ( nature's ali5ation f itself & paves ! way = man's ali5ation f nature4 ,holba* is ?us significant = ,romantic int]e/ 9 my? 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 he provides a cle> /atem5t ( :at c be loosely call$ ! antimy?ic position1 t rationali/ condesc5sion & d]ogation ( all my? & all religion t 0 nev] f> f ! surface dur+ ! ,romantic era4 ,holba* 0 & is a rem9d] t ! ,romantic affirmation ( my? 0 nev] easy1 uncritical1 or unoppos$4 ,any new endorsem5t ( my? _h to be made 9 ! tee? ( ,holba* & ! o!r skeptics4 ,! v vigor ( ! ,holba*ian critique ( my? impell$ ! ,romantics to ?9k m deeply & def5d m c>efully any new claim = my?4 ,secondly1 al?\gh ,holba*'s argum5t g5]ally drove aga9/ my? & religion bo?1 he did make an important1 inde$ a sav+ di/9ction betwe5 my?ology & !ology4 ,my?ology is ! m or less h>mless p]sonification ( ! p[] 9 & ( nature2 !ology conc]ns itself ) :at = ,holba* 0 ! nonexi/5t p[] beyond or beh9d nature4 ,by exploit+ ?is di/9ction x w\ld become possible = a ,%elley1 = example1 to take a /rong anti!ological--ev5 an anti-,*ri/ian--position )\t hav+ to ab&on my?4 ,holba* 0 "o ( ,william ,godw9's major s\rces = 8 ideas ab\t political ju/ice1 & ,%elley1 :o discuss$ ,holba* ) ,godw91 quotes ext5sively f ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature 9 ,que5 ,mab4 ,fur!rmore1 ,volney's ,ru9s1 ano!r important book = ,%elley1 is directly desc5d$ f ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature4 ,on ! o!r side1 ,holba* 0 a /&+ *all5ge to su* writ]s z ,col]idge & ,goe! & 0 repr9t$ & retranslat$ ext5sively 9 ,am]ica1 :]e 8 "w 0 well kn[n to ! rationali/ circle ar\nd ,jeff]son & ,b>l[4 ,issu$ 9 #aggj z ?\gh by ,jean ,bapti/e de ,mirabaud 7a =m] p]petual secret>y to ! ,acadmie franaise :o _h di$ t5 ye>s be=e71 ,la ,sy/me de la nature 0 translat$ & repr9t$ frequ5tly4 ,! ,samuel ,wilk9son translation we h *os5 to repr9t 0 ! mo/ (t5 repr9t$ or pirat$ v]sion 9 ,engli%4 ,a useful />t+ po9t = ,holba*'s "w is ,j]ome ,v]cruysse1 ,bibliographie descriptive des crits du b>on d',holba* 7,p>is1 #aiga74 ,! difficult subject ( ! ess5tially cl&e/9e evolution ( biblical criticism z an anti-,*ri/ian & antimy? critique 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 be=e ! well-docum5t$ era ( ! biblical critic ,ei*horn 9 ,g]many1 is illum9at$ 9 ,ira ,wade1 ,! ,cl&e/9e ,organization & ,diffusion ( ,philosophic ,ideas 9 ,france f #agjj-agej 7,pr9ceton ,univ4 ,press1 #aich74 ,rob]t ,d4 ,ri*>dson1 ,jr4 ,univ]sity ( ,d5v] 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,p>ke sculp't ,m4 ,,de ,,mirabaud ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,nature2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,& ,,physical ,,_w4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,fr5* ,,( ,m4 ,,de ,,mirabaud ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,cont5ts ,preface ,,"p ,i--,laws ( ,nature4--,( man4--,! faculties ( ! s\l4 --,doctr9e ( immortality4--,on happ9ess4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,nature & h] laws4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( motion & its orig94 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( matt]--( its v>i\s comb9ations--( its div]sifi$ motion--or ( ! c\rse ( ,nature4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,laws ( motion common to e be+ ( ,nature--attraction & repulsion--in]t =ce-necessity4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,ord] & confusion--intellig5ce--*ance4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,moral & physical di/9ctions ( man--8 orig94 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,! s\l & ! spiritual sy/em4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,! s\l & ! spiritual sy/em4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,! intellectual faculties d]iv$ f ! faculty ( feel+4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,! div]sity ( ! intellectual faculties2 !y dep5d on physical causes1 z d _! moral qualities4--,! natural pr9ciples ( society--morals--politics4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,! s\l does n d]ive its ideas f itself--x has no innate ideas4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,( ! sy/em ( man's free-ag5cy4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,an exam9ation ( ! op9ion :i* pret5ds t ! sy/em ( fatalism is dang]\s4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,( ! immortality ( ! s\l--( ! doctr9e ( a future /ate--( ! fe> ( dea?4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ,education1 morals1 & ! laws suffice to re/ra9 man--( ! desire ( immortality--( suicide4 ,,*ap4 ,,xv4 ,( man's true int]e/1 or ( ! ideas he =ms to himself ( happ9ess4--,man _c be happy )\t virtue4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvi4 ,! errors ( man4--,^u :at con/itutes happ9ess4--,! true s\rce ( 8 evils4--,rem$ies t may be appli$4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvii4 ,^? ideas :i* are true1 or f\nd$ ^u ,nature1 are ! only rem$ies = ! evil ( man4--,recapitulation4--,conclusions ( ! ,fir/ ,"p4 ,,preface ,! s\rce ( man's unhapp9ess is 8 ignorance ( ,nature4 ,! p]t9acity ) :i* he cl+s to bl9d op9ions imbib$ 9 8 infancy1 :i* int]weave !mselves ) 8 exi/5ce1 ! consequ5t prejudice t w>ps 8 m9d1 t prev5ts its expansion1 t r5d]s him ! slave ( fiction1 appe>s to doom him to cont9ual error4 ,he resembles a *ild de/itute ( exp]i5ce1 full ( ideal notions3 a dang]\s leav5 mixes itself ) all 8 k3 x is ( necessity obscure1 x is vacillat+ & false3--,he takes ! tone ( 8 ideas on ! au?ority ( o!rs1 :o are !mselves 9 error1 or else h an int]e/ 9 deceiv+ him4 ,to remove ?is ,cimm]ian d>kness1 ^! b>ri]s to ! improvem5t ( 8 condition2 to dis5tangle him f ! cl\ds ( error t envelope him2 to guide him out ( ?is ,cretan labyr9?1 requires ! clue ( ,ariadne1 ) all ! love %e c\ld be/[ on ,!seus4 ,x exacts m ?an common ex]tion2 x ne$s a mo/ det]m9$1 a mo/ undaunt$ c\rage--x is nev] effect$ b by a p]sev]+ resolution to act1 to ?9k = himself2 to exam9e ) rig\r & imp>tiality ! op9ions he has adopt$4 ,he w f9d t ! mo/ noxi\s we$s h sprung up beside beautiful fl[]s2 entw9$ !mselves ar\nd _! /ems1 ov]%ad[$ !m ) an exub]ance ( foliage1 *oak$ ! gr\nd1 enfeebl$ _! gr[?1 dim9i%$ _! petals2 dimm$ ! brilliancy ( _! col\rs2 t deceiv$ by _! app>5t fre%ness ( _! v]dure1 by ! rapidity ( _! exfoliation1 he has giv5 !m cultivation1 wat]$ !m1 nurtur$ !m1 :5 he ought to h pluck$ out _! v roots4 ,man seeks to range out ( 8 sph]e3 not)/&+ ! reit]at$ *ecks 8 ambiti\s folly exp]i5ces1 he /ill attempts ! impossible2 /rives to c>ry 8 rese>*es beyond ! visible _w2 & hunts out mis]y 9 imag9>y regions4 ,he w\ld be a metaphysician be=e he has become a practical philosoph]4 ,he quits ! contemplation ( realities to m$itate on *im]as4 ,he neglects exp]i5ce to fe$ on conjecture1 to indulge 9 hypo!sis4 ,he d>es n cultivate 8 reason1 because f 8 e>lie/ days he has be5 taught to consid] x crim9al4 ,he pret5ds to "k 8 date 9 ! indi/9ct abodes ( ano!r life1 be=e he has consid]$ ( ! means by :i* he is to r5d] himself happy 9 ! _w he inhabits3 9 %ort1 man disda9s ! /udy ( ,nature1 except x be p>tially3 he pursues phantoms t resemble an ignis-fatuus1 :i* at once dazzle1 bewild]s1 & affright3 l ! b5ight$ travell] l$ a/ray by ^! deceptive exhalations ( a swampy soil1 he frequ5tly quits ! pla91 ! simple road ( tru?1 by pursu+ ( :i*1 he c alone ev] reasonably hope to rea* ! goal ( happ9ess4 ,! mo/ important ( our duties1 !n1 is to seek means by :i* we may de/roy delusions t c nev] d m ?an mislead u4 ,! rem$ies = ^! evils mu/ be s\ght = 9 ,nature h]self2 x is only 9 ! abundance ( h] res\rces1 t we c rationally expect to f9d antidotes to ! mis*iefs br\ght ^u u by an ill direct$1 by an ov]p[]+ en?usiasm4 ,x is "t ^! rem$ies 7 s\ght2 x is "t to look ! evil boldly 9 ! face1 to exam9e its f\ndations1 to scrut9ize its sup]/ructure3 reason1 ) its fai?ful guide exp]i5ce1 mu/ attack 9 _! entr5*m5ts ^? prejudices1 to :i* ! human race has b too long be5 ! victim4 ,= ?is purpose reason mu/ be re/or$ to its prop] rank1--x mu/ be rescu$ f ! evil company ) :i* x is associat$4 ,x has be5 too long degrad$--too long neglect$--c[>dice has r5d]$ x subs]vi5t to delirium1 ! slave to falsehood4 ,x mu/ no long] be held d[n by ! massive claims ( ignorant prejudice4 ,tru? is inv>iable--x is requisite to man--x c nev] h>m him--8 v necessities1 soon] or lat]1 make him s5sible ( ?is2 oblige him to ackn[l$ge x4 ,let u !n discov] x to mortals--let u exhibit its *>ms--let u %$ x effulg5ce ov] ! d>k5$ road2 x is ! only mode by :i* man c become disgu/$ ) t disgraceful sup]/ition :i* leads him into error1 & :i* b too (t5 usurps 8 homage by trea*]\sly cov]+ itself ) ! mask ( tru?--its lu/re c w\nd none b ^? enemies to ! human race ^: p[] is bottom$ solely on ! ignorance1 on ! d>kness 9 :i* !y h 9 almo/ e claim$ contriv$ to involve ! m9d ( man4 ,tru? speaks n to ^? p]v]se be+s3--h] voice c only be he>d by g5]\s s\ls accu/om$ to reflection1 ^: s5sibilities make !m lam5t ! numb]less calamities %[]$ on ! e>? by political & religi\s tyranny--^: enlight5$ m9ds contemplate ) horror ! imm5sity1 ! pond]osity ( t s]ies ( mis=tunes :i* error has 9 all ages ov]:elm$ mank9d4 ,to error mu/ be attribut$ ^? insupportable *a9s :i* tyrants1 :i* prie/s h =g$ = mo/ nations4 ,to error mu/ be equally attribut$ t abject slav]y into :i* ! p ( almo/ e c\ntry h fall54 ,nature design$ !y %\ld pursue _! happ9ess by ! mo/ p]fect fre$om4--,to error mu/ be attribut$ ^? religi\s t]rors :i*1 9 almo/ e climate1 h ei!r petrifi$ man ) fe>1 or caus$ him to de/roy himself = co>se or fanciful be+s4 ,to error mu/ be attribut$ ^? invet]ate hatr$s1 ^? b>b>\s p]secutions1 ^? num]\s massacres1 ^? dreadful trag$ies1 ( :i*1 "u pretext ( s]v+ ! int]e/s ( heav51 ! e>? has be5 b too frequ5tly made ! !atre4 ,x is error consecrat$ by religi\s en?usiasm1 :i* produces t ignorance1 t unc]ta9ty 9 :i* man ev] f9ds himself ) reg>d to 8 mo/ evid5t duties1 8 cle>e/ rights1 ! mo/ demon/rable tru?s4 ,9 %ort1 man is almo/ ev]y:]e a poor degrad$ captive1 devoid ( greatness ( s\l1 ( reason1 or ( virtue1 :om 8 inhuman gaol]s h nev] p]mitt$ to see ! light ( day4 ,let u !n endeav\r to disp]se ^? cl\ds ( ignorance1 ^? mi/s ( d>kness1 :i* imp$e man on 8 j\rney1 :i* obscure 8 progress1 :i* prev5t 8 m>*+ ?r\gh life ) a firm1 ) a /eady grip4 ,let u try to inspire him ) c\rage--) respect = 8 reason--) an inext+ui%able love = tru?--) a remembrance ( ,gallileo--to ! end t he may le>n to "k himself--to "k 8 legitimate rights--t he may le>n to consult 8 exp]i5ce1 & no long] be ! dupe ( an imag9ation l$ a/ray by au?ority--t he may r5\nce ! prejudices ( 8 *ildhood--t he may le>n to f\nd 8 morals on 8 nature1 on 8 wants1 on ! real advantage ( society--t he may d>e to love himself--t he may le>n to pursue 8 true happ9ess by promot+ t ( o!rs--9 %ort1 t he may no long] occupy himself ) rev]ies ei!r useless or dang]\s--t he may become a virtu\s1 a rational be+1 9 :i* case he _c fail to become happy4 ,if he mu/ h 8 *im]as1 let him at lea/ le>n to p]mit o!rs to =m !irs aft] _! own fa%ion2 s9ce no?+ c be m immat]ial ?an ! mann] ( m5's ?9k+ on subjects n accessible to reason1 provid$ ^? ?\ghts be n suff]$ to embody !mselves into actions injuri\s to o!rs3 above all1 let him be fully p]suad$ t x is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! inhabitants ( ?is _w to be ,,j1 ,,k9d1 & ,,peaceable4 ,f> f injur+ ! cause ( virtue1 an imp>tial exam9ation ( ! pr9ciples ( ?is "w w %ew t its object is to re/ore tru? to its prop] temple1 to build up an alt> ^: f\ndations %all be consolidat$ by morality1 reason1 & ju/ice3 f ?is sacr$ pane1 virtue gu>d$ by tru?1 clo!d ) exp]i5ce1 %all %$ =? h] radiance on delight$ mortals2 ^: homage fl[+ consecutively %all op5 to ! _w a new a]a1 by r5d]+ g5]al ! belief t happ9ess1 ! true end ( man's exi/5ce1 c nev] be atta9$ b ,,by ,,promot+ ,,t ,,( ,,8 ,,fell[ ,,creature4 ,9 %ort1 man %\ld le>n to "k1 t happ9ess is simply an emanative quality =m$ by reflection2 t ea* individual ought to be ! sun ( 8 own sy/em1 cont9ually %$d+ ar\nd him 8 g5ial rays2 t ^!1 re-act+1 w keep 8 own exi/5ce con/antly suppli$ ) ! requisite heat to enable him to put =? k9dly fruit4 ,,mirabaud',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,nature ,translat$ f ! ,orig9al1 ,by ,samuel ,wilk9son4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,laws ,,( ,,nature--,,( ,,man--,,! ,,faculties ,,( ,,! ,,s\l--,,doctr9e ,,( ,,immortality--,,on ,,happ9ess4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,nature & h] ,laws4 ,man has always deceiv$ himself :5 he ab&on$ exp]i5ce to foll[ imag9>y sy/ems4--,he is ! "w ( nature4--,he exi/s 9 ,nature4--,he is submitt$ to ! laws ( ,nature4--,he _c deliv] himself f !m3--_c /ep beyond !m ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,x is 9 va9 8 m9d w\ld spr+ =w>d beyond ! visible _w3 direful & imp]i\s necessity ev] compels 8 return--be+ =m$ by ,nature1 he is circumscrib$ by h] laws2 !re exi/s no?+ beyond ! great :ole ( :i* he =ms a "p1 ( :i* he exp]i5ces ! influ5ce4 ,! be+s 8 fancy pictures z above nature1 or di/+ui%$ f h]1 are always *im]as =m$ aft] t :i* he has already se51 b ( :i* x is utt]ly impossible he %\ld ev] =m any f9i%$ idea1 ei!r z to ! place !y occupy1 or _! mann] ( act+--= him !re is n1 !re c be no?+ out ( t ,nature :i* includes all be+s4 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( seek+ out ( ! _w he inhabits = be+s :o c procure him a happ9ess d5i$ to him by ,nature1 let him /udy ?is ,nature1 le>n h] laws1 contemplate h] en]gies1 obs]ve ! immutable rules by :i* %e acts4--,let him apply ^! discov]ies to 8 own felicity1 & submit 9 sil5ce to h] precepts1 :i* no?+ c alt]4--,let him *e]fully cons5t to be ignorant ( causes hid f him "u ! mo/ imp5etrable veil4--,let him yield to ! decrees ( a univ]sal p[]1 :i* c nev] be br\ght )9 8 compreh5sion1 nor ev] emancipate him f ^? laws impos$ on him by 8 ess5ce4 ,! di/9ction :i* has be5 s (t5 made betwe5 ! physical & ! moral be+1 is evid5tly an abuse ( t]ms4 ,man is a be+ purely physical3 ! moral man is no?+ m ?an ?is physical be+ consid]$ "u a c]ta9 po9t ( view2 t is to say1 ) relation to "s ( 8 modes ( action1 aris+ out ( 8 individual organization4 ,b is n ?is organization itself ! "w ( ,nature8 ,! motion or impulse to action1 ( :i* he is susceptible1 is t n physical8 ,8 visible actions1 z well z ! invisible motion int]iorly excit$ by 8 w or 8 ?\ghts1 are equally ! natural effects1 ! necess>y consequ5ces1 ( 8 peculi> con/ruction1 & ! impulse he receives f ^? be+s by :om he is always surr\nd$4 ,all t ! human m9d has successively inv5t$1 ) a view to *ange or p]fect 8 be+1 to r5d] himself happy1 0 nev] m ?an ! necess>y consequ5ce ( man's peculi> ess5ce1 & t ( ! be+s :o act ^u him4 ,! object ( all 8 in/itutions1 all 8 reflections1 all 8 k1 is only to procure t happ9ess t[>d :i* he is cont9ually impell$ by ! peculi>ity ( 8 nature4 ,all t he does1 all t he ?9ks1 all t he is1 all t he w be1 is no?+ m ?an :at ,univ]sal ,nature has made him4 ,8 ideas1 8 actions1 8 w1 are ! necess>y effects ( ^? prop]ties infus$ into him by ,nature1 & ( ^? circum/ances 9 :i* %e has plac$ him4 ,9 %ort1 art is no?+ b ,nature act+ ) ! tools %e has furni%$4 ,nature s5ds man nak$ & de/itute into ?is _w :i* is to be 8 abode3 he quickly le>ns to cov] 8 nak$ness--to %elt] himself f ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r1 fir/ ) artlessly con/ruct$ huts1 & ! sk9s ( ! bea/s ( ! =e/2 by degrees he m5ds _! appe>ance1 r5d]s !m m conv5i5t3 he e/abli%es manufactories to supply 8 imm$iate wants2 he digs clay1 gold1 & o!r fossils f ! b[els ( ! e>?2 conv]ts !m into bricks = 8 h\se1 into vessels = 8 use1 gradually improves _! %ape1 & augm5ts _! beauty4 ,to a be+ exalt$ above our t]re/rial globe1 man w\ld n appe> less subject$ to ! laws ( ,nature :5 nak$ 9 ! =e/ pa9fully seek+ 8 su/5ance1 ?an :5 liv+ 9 civiliz$ society surr\nd$ ) ease1 or enri*$ ) great] exp]i5ce1 plung$ 9 luxury1 :]e he e day inv5ts a ?\s& new wants & discov]s a ?\s& new modes ( supply+ !m4 ,all ! /eps tak5 by man to regulate 8 exi/5ce1 ought only to be consid]$ z a long succession ( causes & effects1 :i* are no?+ m ?an ! developm5t ( ! fir/ impulse giv5 him by nature4 ,! same animal1 by virtue ( 8 organization1 passes successively f ! mo/ simple to ! mo/ complicat$ wants2 x is nev]!less ! consequ5ce ( 8 nature4 ,! butt]fly ^: beauty we admire1 ^: col\rs are s ri*1 ^: appe>ance is s brilliant1 comm5ces z an inanimate unattractive egg2 f ?is1 heat produces a worm1 ?is becomes a *rysalis1 !n *anges into t beautiful insect adorn$ ) ! mo/ vivid t9ts3 arriv$ at ?is /age he reproduces1 he g5]ates2 at la/ despoil$ ( 8 ornam5ts1 he is oblig$ to disappe>1 hav+ fulfill$ ! task impos$ on him by ,nature1 hav+ p]=m$ ! circle ( trans=mation m>k$ out = be+s ( 8 ord]4 ,! same c\rse1 ! same *ange takes place 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,x is by a s]ies ( comb9ations orig9ally int]wov5 ) ! en]gies ( ! aloe1 t ?is plant is ins5sibly regulat$1 gradually exp&$1 & at ! end ( a numb] ( ye>s produces ^? fl[]s :i* ann\nce its dissolution4 ,x is equally s ) man1 :o 9 all 8 motion1 all ! *anges he und]goes1 nev] acts b accord+ to ! laws peculi> to 8 organization1 & to ! matt] ( :i* he is compos$4 ,! physical man1 is he :o acts by ! causes our faculties make u und]/&4 ,! moral man1 is he :o acts by physical causes1 ) :i* our prejudices preclude u f becom+ p]fectly acqua9t$4 ,! wild man is a *ild de/itute ( exp]i5ce1 incapable ( proce$+ 9 8 happ9ess1 because he has n le>nt h[ to oppose resi/ance to ! impulses he receives f ^? be+s by :om he is surr\nd$4 ,! civiliz$ man1 is he :om exp]i5ce & sociality h enabl$ to draw f nature ! means ( 8 own happ9ess1 because he has le>n$ to oppose resi/ance to ^? impulses he receives f ext]ior be+s1 :5 exp]i5ce has taught him !y w\ld be de/ructive to 8 welf>e4 ,! enlight5$ man is man 9 8 maturity1 9 8 p]fection2 :o is capable ( advanc+ 8 own felicity1 because he has le>n$ to exam9e1 to ?9k = himself1 & n to take t = tru? ^u ! au?ority ( o!rs1 :i* exp]i5ce has taught him a critical disquisition w frequ5tly prove errone\s4 ,! happy man is he :o kn[s h[ to enjoy ! b5efits be/[$ ^u him by nature3 9 o!r words1 he :o ?9ks = himself2 :o is ?ankful = ! good he possesses2 :o does n envy ! welf>e ( o!rs1 nor sigh aft] imag9>y b5efits always beyond 8 grasp4 ,! unhappy man is he :o is incapacitat$ to enjoy ! b5efits ( nature2 t is1 he :o suff]s o!rs to ?9k = him2 :o neglects ! absolute good he possesses1 9 a fruitless se>* aft] ideal b5efits2 :o va9ly sighs aft] t :i* ev] eludes 8 pursuit4 ,x necess>ily results1 t man 9 8 enquiry ought always to contemplate exp]i5ce1 & natural philosophy3 ,^! are :at he %\ld consult 9 8 religion1--9 8 morals1--9 8 legislation1--9 8 political gov]nm5t1--9 ! arts1--9 ! sci5ces1--9 8 pleasures1--above all1 9 8 mis=tunes4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t ,nature acts by simple1 regul>1 & inv>iable laws4 ,x is by 8 s5ses1 man is b\nd to ?is univ]sal ,nature2 x is by 8 p]ception he mu/ p5etrate h] secrets2 x is f 8 s5ses he mu/ draw exp]i5ce ( h] laws4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] he neglects to acquire exp]i5ce or quits its pa?1 he /umbles into an abyss2 8 imag9ation leads him a/ray4 ,all ! errors ( man are physical3 he nev] deceives himself b :5 he neglects to return back to nature1 to consult h] laws1 to call practical k to 8 aid4 ,x is = want ( practical k he =ms su* imp]fect ideas ( matt]1 ( its prop]ties1 ( its comb9ations1 ( its p[]1 ( its mode ( action1 & ( ! en]gies :i* spr+ f its ess5ce4 ,want+ ?is exp]i5ce1 ! :ole univ]se1 to him1 is b "o va/ sc5e ( error4 ,! mo/ ord9>y results appe> to him ! mo/ a/oni%+ ph5om5a2 he wond]s at e ?+1 und]/&s no?+1 & yields ! guidance ( 8 actions to ^? int]e/$ 9 betray+ 8 int]e/s4 ,he is ignorant ( ,nature1 & he has mi/ak5 h] laws2 he has n contemplat$ ! necess>y r\t9e :i* %e has m>k$ out = e ?+ %e holds4 ,mi/ak5 ! laws ( ,nature1 did ,i say8 ,he has mi/ak5 himself3 ! consequ5ce is1 t all 8 sy/ems1 all 8 conjectures1 all 8 reason+s1 f :i* he has bani%$ exp]i5ce1 are no?+ m ?an a tissue ( errors1 a long *a9 ( inconsi/5cies4 ,error is always prejudicial to man3 x is by deceiv+ himself1 ! human race is plung$ into mis]y4 ,he neglect$ ,nature2 he did n compreh5d h] laws2 he =m$ gods ( ! mo/ prepo/]\s & ridicul\s k9ds3 ^! became ! sole objects ( 8 hope1 & ! creatures ( 8 fe>3 he 0 unhappy1 he trembl$ "u ^! vision>y deities2 "u ! suppos$ influ5ce ( vision>y be+s creat$ by himself2 "u ! t]ror inspir$ by blocks ( /one2 by logs ( wood2 by fly+ fi%2 or ! fr[ns ( m51 mortal z himself1 :om 8 di/urb$ fancy _h elevat$ above t ,nature ( :i* alone he is capable ( =m+ any idea4 ,8 v po/]ity laughs at 8 folly1 because exp]i5ce has conv9c$ !m ( ! absurdity ( 8 gr\ndless fe>s--( 8 misplac$ wor%ip4 ,?us has pass$ away ! anci5t my?ology1 ) all ! trifl+ & nons5sical attributes atta*$ to x by ignorance4 ,n und]/&+ t ,nature1 equal 9 h] di/ributions1 entirely de/itute ( malice1 foll[s only necess>y & immutable laws1 :5 %e ei!r produces be+s or de/roys !m1 :5 %e causes ^? to suff]1 ^: con/ruction creates s5sibility2 :5 %e scatt]s among !m good & evil2 :5 %e subjects !m to incessant *ange--he did n p]ceive x 0 9 ! brea/ ( ,nature h]self1 t x 0 9 h] exub]ance he ought to seek to satisfy 8 defici5cies2 = rem$ies aga9/ 8 pa9s2 = ! means ( r5d]+ himself happy3 he expect$ to d]ive ^! b5efits f fanta/ic be+s1 :om he suppos$ to be above ,nature2 :om he mi/ak+ly imag9$ to be ! au?ors ( 8 pleasures1 & ! cause ( 8 mis=tunes4 ,f h5ce x appe>s t to 8 ignorance ( ,nature1 man owes ! creation ( ^? illusive p[]s2 "u :i* he has s long trembl$ ) fe>2 t sup]/iti\s wor%ip1 :i* has be5 ! s\rce ( all 8 mis]y1 & ! evils entail$ ^u po/]ity4 ,= want ( cle>ly compreh5d+ 8 own peculi> nature1 8 prop] c\rse1 8 wants1 & 8 rights1 man has fall5 9 society1 f ,,fre$om into ,,slav]y4 ,he _h =gott5 ! purpose ( 8 exi/5ce1 or else he believ$ himself oblig$ to suppress ! natural desires ( 8 he>t1 to sacrifice 8 welf>e to ! caprice ( *iefs1 ei!r elect$ by himself1 or submitt$ to )\t exam9ation4 ,he 0 ignorant ( ! true policy ( association--( ! object ( gov]nm5t2 he disda9$ to li/5 to ! voice ( ,nature1 :i* l\dly proclaim$ ! price ( all submission to be protection & happ9ess3 ! end ( all gov]nm5t is ! b5efit ( ! gov]n$1 n ! exclusive advantage ( ! gov]nors4 ,he gave himself up )\t enquiry to m5 l himself1 :om 8 prejudices induc$ him to contemplate z be+s ( a sup]ior ord]1 z ,gods ^u e>?1 !y pr(it$ by 8 ignorance1 took advantage ( 8 prejudices1 corrupt$ him1 r5d]$ him vici\s1 enslav$ him1 & made him mis]able4 ,?us man1 int5d$ by ,nature = ! full enjoym5t ( lib]ty1 to pati5tly se>* out h] laws1 to inve/igate h] secrets1 to cl+ to 8 exp]i5ce2 has1 f a neglect ( h] salut>y admonitions1 f an inexcusable ignorance ( 8 own peculi> ess5ce1 fall5 into s]vility3 has be5 wick$ly gov]n$4 ,hav+ mi/ak5 himself1 he has rema9$ ignorant ( ! indisp5sable aff9ity t subsi/s betwe5 him1 & ! be+s ( 8 own species3 hav+ mi/ak5 8 duty to himself1 x consequ5tly foll[s1 he has mi/ak5 8 duty to o!rs4 ,he made a calculation 9 error ( :at 8 happ9ess requir$2 he did n p]ceive1 :at he ow$ to himself1 ! excesses he ought to avoid1 ! desires he ought to resi/1 ! impulses he ought to foll[1 9 ord] to consolidate 8 felicity1 to promote 8 com=t1 & to fur!r 8 advantage4 ,9 %ort1 he 0 ignorant ( 8 true int]e/s2 h5ce 8 irregul>ities1 8 excesses1 8 %ameful extravagance1 ) t long tra9 ( vices1 to :i* he has ab&on$ himself1 at ! exp5se ( 8 pres]vation1 at ! haz>d ( 8 p]man5t prosp]ity4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ignorance ( himself t has h9d]$ man f enlight5+ 8 morals4 ,! corrupt au?orities to :i* he _h submitt$1 felt an int]e/ 9 ob/ruct+ ! practice ( 8 duties1 ev5 :5 he knew !m4 ,"t1 ) ! influ5ce ( ignorance1 aid$ by 8 corruption1 gave !m a /r5g? n to be resi/$ by 8 enfeebl$ voice4 ,8 duties cont9u$ unp]=m$1 & he fell into contempt bo? ) himself & ) o!rs4 ,! ignorance ( ,man has endur$ s long1 he has tak5 su* sl[1 su* irresolute /eps to ameliorate 8 condition1 only because he has neglect$ to /udy ,nature1 to scrut9ize h] laws1 to se>* out h] exp$i5ts1 to discov] h] prop]ties1 t 8 sluggi%ness f9ds its acc\nt1 9 p]mitt+ himself to be guid$ by example1 r ?an to foll[ exp]i5ce1 :i* dem&s activity2 to be l$ by r\t9e1 r ?an by 8 reason1 :i* enjo9s reflection2 to take t = tru? ^u ! au?ority ( o!rs1 :i* w\ld require a dilig5t & pati5t inve/igation4 ,f h5ce may be trac$ ! hatr$ man betrays = e ?+ t deviates f ^? rules to :i* he has be5 accu/om$2 h5ce 8 /upid1 8 scrupul\s respect = antiquity1 = ! mo/ silly1 ! mo/ absurd & ridicul\s in/itutions ( 8 fa!rs3 h5ce ^? fe>s t seize him1 :5 ! mo/ b5eficial *anges are propos$ to him1 or ! mo/ likely attempts are made to bett] 8 condition4 ,he dreads to exam9e1 because he has be5 taught to hold x irrev]5t ( some?+ imm$iately connect$ ) 8 welf>e2 8 cr$ulity suff]s him to believe ! int]e/$ advice1 & spurns at ^? :o wi% to %[ him ! dang] ( ! road he is travell+4 ,?is is ! reason :y nations l+] on 9 ! mo/ %ameful le?>gy1 suff]+ "u abuses h&$ d[n f c5tury to c5tury1 trembl+ at ! v idea ( t :i* alone c repair _! calamities4 ,x is = want ( en]gy1 = want ( consult+ exp]i5ce1 t m$ic9e1 natural philosophy1 agriculture1 pa9t+1 9 fact1 all ! useful sci5ces1 h s long rema9$ "u ! fett]s ( au?ority1 h progress$ s little3 ^? :o pr(ess ^! sci5ces1 pref] tread+ ! beat5 pa?s1 h[ev] imp]fect1 r ?an /rike out new ones1--!y pref] ! phr5sy ( _! imag9ation1 _! volunt>y conjectures1 to t lab\r$ exp]i5ce :i* alone c extract h] secrets f ,nature4 ,man1 9 %ort1 :e!r f slo? or f t]ror1 hav+ abnegat$ ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 has be5 guid$ 9 all 8 actions1 9 all 8 ent]prizes1 by imag9ation1 by en?usiasm1 by habit1 by preconceiv$ op9ions1 b above all1 by ! influ5ce ( au?ority1 :i* knew well h[ to deceive him1 to turn 8 ignorance to e/eem1 8 slo? to advantage4 ,?us imag9>y1 unsub/antial sy/ems1 h suppli$ ! place ( exp]i5ce--( mature reflection--( reason4 ,man1 petrifi$ ) 8 fe>s1 intoxicat$ ) ! m>vell\s1 /upifi$ ) slo?1 surr5d]$ 8 exp]i5ce3 guid$ by 8 cr$ulity1 he 0 unable to fall back ^u x2 he became consequ5tly inexp]i5c$2 f !nce he gave bir? to ! mo/ ridicul\s op9ions1 or else adopt$ all ^? vague *im]as1 all ^? idle notions (f]$ to him by m5 ^: int]e/ x 0 to cont9ue him 9 t lam5table /ate ( ignorance4 ,?us ! human race has cont9u$ s long 9 a /ate ( infancy1 because man has be5 inatt5tive to ,nature2 has neglect$ h] ways1 because he has disda9$ exp]i5ce--because he has ?r[n by 8 reason--because he has be5 enraptur$ ) ! m>vell\s & ! sup]natural1--because he has unnecess>ily ,,trembl$4 ,^! are ! reasons !re is s mu* tr\ble 9 conduct+ him f ?is /ate ( *ildhood to t ( manhood4 ,he has _h no?+ b ! mo/ trifl+ hypo!ses1 ( :i* he has nev] d>$ to exam9e ei!r ! pr9ciples or ! pro(s1 because he has be5 accu/om$ to hold !m sacr$1 to consid] !m z ! mo/ p]fect tru?s1 & :i* he is n p]mitt$ to d\bt1 ev5 = an in/ant4 ,8 ignorance made him cr$ul\s2 8 curiosity made him swall[ ! wond]ful3 "t confirm$ him 9 8 op9ions1 & he pass$ 8 conjectures f race to race = realities2 a tyrannical p[] ma9ta9$ him 9 8 notions1 because by ^? alone c\ld society be enslav$4 ,x 0 9 va9 t "s fa9t glimm]+s ( ,nature occasionally attempt$ ! recall ( 8 reason--t slight corruscations ( exp]i5ce sometimes ?rew 8 d>kness into light1 ! int]e/ ( ! few 0 f\nd$ on 8 en?usiasm2 _! pre-em95ce dep5d$ on 8 love ( ! m>vell\s2 _! v exi/5ce re/$ on ! firmness ( 8 ignorance2 !y consequ5tly suff]$ no opportunity to escape1 ( smo!r+ ev5 ! transi5t flame ( intellig5ce4 ,! _m 7 ?us fir/ deceiv$ into cr$ulity1 !n =c$ into submission4 ,at l5g? ! :ole sci5ce ( man became a confus$ mass ( d>kness1 falsehood1 & contradictions1 ) "h & !re a feeble ray ( tru?1 furni%$ by t ,nature1 ( :i* he c nev] entirely dive/ himself2 because1 )\t 8 p]ception1 8 necessities are cont9ually br++ him back to h] res\rces4 ,let u !n1 if possible1 raise ourselves above ^! cl\ds ( prepossession6 ,let u quit ! heavy atmosph]e 9 :i* we are enucleat$2 let u 9 a m unsulli$ m$ium--9 a m ela/ic curr5t1 contemplate ! op9ions ( m51 & obs]ve _! v>i\s sy/ems4 ,let u le>n to di/ru/ a disord]$ conception2 let u take t fai?ful monitor1 exp]i5ce1 = our guide2 let u consult ,nature1 exam9e h] laws1 dive into h] /ores2 let u draw f h]self1 our ideas ( ! be+s %e conta9s2 let u recov] our s5ses1 :i* int]e/$ error has taught u to suspect2 let u consult t reason1 :i*1 = ! vile/ purposes has be5 s infam\sly calumniat$1 s cruelly di%on\r$2 let u exam9e ) att5tion ! visible _w2 let u try1 if x w n enable u to =m a supportable judgm5t ( ! invisible t]ritory ( ! intellectual _w3 p]haps x may be f\nd !re has be5 no suffici5t reason = di/+ui%+ !m--t x is n )\t motives1 well wor?y our enquiry1 t two empires h be5 sep>at$1 :i* are equally ! inh]itance ( nature4 ,! univ]se1 t va/ assemblage ( e ?+ t exi/s1 pres5ts only matt] & motion3 ! :ole (f]s to our contemplation1 no?+ b an imm5se1 an un9t]rupt$ succession ( causes & effects2 "s ( ^! causes are kn[n to u1 because !y ei!r /rike imm$iately on our s5ses1 or h be5 br\ght "u _! cognizance1 by ! exam9ation ( long exp]i5ce2 o!rs are unkn[n to u1 because !y act ^u u by effects1 frequ5tly v remote f _! prim>y cause4 ,an imm5se v>iety ( matt]1 comb9$ "u an inf9ity ( =ms1 incessantly communicates1 unceas+ly receives a div]sity ( impulses4 ,! diff]5t qualities ( ?is matt]1 its innum]able comb9ations1 its v>i\s me?ods ( action1 :i* are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ^! associations1 con/itute = man :at he calls ! ,,ess5ce ( be+s3 x is f ^! v>i$ ess5ces t spr+ ! ord]s1 ! classes1 or ! sy/ems1 :i* ^! be+s respectively possess1 ( :i* ! sum total makes up t :i* is kn[n by ! t]m nature4 ,nature1 !re=e1 9 its mo/ significant mean+1 is ! great :ole t results f ! collection ( matt]1 "u its v>i\s comb9ations1 ) t contr>iety ( motion1 :i* ! univ]se pres5ts to our view4 ,nature1 9 a less ext5d$ s5se1 or consid]$ 9 ea* individual1 is ! :ole t results f its ess5ce2 t is to say1 ! peculi> qualities1 ! comb9ation1 ! impulse1 & ! v>i\s modes ( action1 by :i* x is discrim9at$ f o!r be+s4 ,x is ?us t ,,man is1 z a :ole1 or 9 8 nature1 ! result ( a c]ta9 comb9ation ( matt]1 end[$ ) peculi> prop]ties1 compet5t to give1 capable ( receiv+1 c]ta9 impulses1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* is call$ organization2 ( :i* ! ess5ce is1 to feel1 to ?9k1 to act1 to move1 aft] a mann] di/+ui%$ f o!r be+s1 ) :i* he c be comp>$4 ,man1 !re=e1 ranks 9 an ord]1 9 a sy/em1 9 a class by himself1 :i* diff]s f t ( o!r animals1 9 :om we d n p]ceive ^? prop]ties ( :i* he is possess$4 ,! diff]5t sy/ems ( be+s1 or if !y w1 _! p>ticul> natures1 dep5d on ! g5]al sy/em ( ! great :ole1 or t ,univ]sal ,nature1 ( :i* !y =m a "p2 to :i* e ?+ t exi/s is necess>ily submitt$ & atta*$4 ,hav+ describ$ ! prop] def9ition t %\ld be appli$ to ! ^w ,,nature1 ,i mu/ advise ! read]1 once = all1 t :5ev] 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w ! expression occurs1 t ,nature produces su* or su* an effect1 !re is no int5tion ( p]sonify+ t nature :i* is purely an ab/ract be+2 x m]ely indicates t ! effect spok5 ( necess>ily spr+s f ! peculi> prop]ties ( ^? be+s :i* compose ! mighty macrocosm4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is said1 ,nature dem&s t man %\ld pursue 8 own happ9ess1 x is to prev5t circumlocution--to avoid tautology2 x is to be und]/ood1 t x is ! prop]ty ( a be+ t feels1 t ?9ks1 t acts1 to lab\r to its own happ9ess2 9 %ort1 t is call$ natural1 :i* is con=mable to ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 or to ! laws1 :i* ,nature prescribes to ! be+s %e conta9s1 9 ! diff]5t ord]s !y occupy1 "u ! v>i\s circum/ances ?r\gh :i* !y are oblig$ to pass4 ,?us heal? is natural to man 9 a c]ta9 /ate2 disease is natural to him "u o!r circum/ances2 dissolution1 or if !y w1 dea?1 is a natural /ate = a body1 depriv$ ( "s ( ^? ?+s1 necess>y to ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( ! animal1 c4 ,by ,,ess5ce is to be und]/ood1 t :i* con/itutes a be+1 su* z x is2 ! :ole ( ! prop]ties or qualities by :i* x acts z x does4 ,?us1 :5 x is said1 x is ! ess5ce ( a /one to fall1 x is ! same z say+ t its desc5t is ! necess>y effect ( its gravity--( its d5sity--( ! cohesion ( its p>ts--( ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$4 ,9 %ort1 ! ess5ce ( a be+ is its p>ticul>1 its individual nature4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ,motion1 & its ,orig94 ,motion is an effect by :i* a body ei!r *anges1 or has a t5d5cy to *ange1 its position3 t is to say1 by :i* x successively corresponds ) diff]5t p>ts ( space1 or *anges its relative di/ance to o!r bodies4 ,x is motion alone t e/abli%es ! relation betwe5 our s5ses & ext]ior or int]ior be+s3 x is only by motion t ^! be+s are impress$ ^u u--t we "k _! exi/5ce--t we judge ( _! prop]ties--t we di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r--t we di/ribute !m into classes4 ,! be+s1 ! sub/ances1 or ! v>i\s bodies ( :i* ,nature is ! assemblage1 are !mselves effects ( c]ta9 comb9ations or causes :i* become causes 9 _! turn4 ,a ,,cause is a be+ :i* puts ano!r 9 motion1 or :i* produces "s *ange 9 x4 ,! ,,effect is ! *ange produc$ 9 "o body1 by ! motion or pres5ce ( ano!r4 ,ea* be+1 by its ess5ce1 by its peculi> nature1 has ! faculty ( produc+1 is capable ( receiv+1 has ! p[] ( communicat+1 a v>iety ( motion4 ,?us "s be+s are prop] to /rike our organs2 ^! organs are compet5t to receiv+ ! impression1 are adequate to und]go+ *anges by _! pres5ce4 ,^? :i* _c act on any ( our organs1 ei!r imm$iately & by !mselves1 or imm$iately by ! int]v5tion ( o!r bodies1 exi/ n = u2 s9ce !y c nei!r move u1 nor consequ5tly furni% u ) ideas3 !y c nei!r be kn[n to u1 nor ( c\rse be judg$ ( by u4 ,to "k an object1 is to h felt x2 to feel x1 x is requisite to h be5 mov$ by x4 ,to see1 is to h be5 mov$1 by some?+ act+ on ! visual organs2 to he>1 is to h be5 /ruck1 by some?+ on our auditory n]ves4 ,9 %ort1 9 :atev] mode a body may act ^u u1 :atev] impulse we may receive f x1 we c h no o!r k ( x ?an by ! *ange x produces 9 u4 ,nature1 z we h already said1 is ! assemblage ( all ! be+s1 consequ5tly ( all ! motion ( :i* we h a k1 z well z ( _m o!rs ( :i* we "k no?+1 because !y h n yet become accessible to our s5ses4 ,f ! cont9ual action & re-action ( ^! be+s1 result a s]ies ( causes & effects2 or a *a9 ( motion guid$ by ! con/ant & inv>iable laws peculi> to ea* be+2 :i* are necess>y or inh]5t to its p>ticul> nature--:i* make x always act or move aft] a det]m9ate mann]4 ,! diff]5t pr9ciples ( ?is motion are unkn[n to u1 because we are 9 _m in/ances1 if n 9 all1 ignorant ( :at con/itutes ! ess5ce ( be+s4 ,! elem5ts ( bodies escape our s5ses2 we "k !m only 9 ! mass3 we are nei!r acqua9t$ ) _! intimate comb9ation1 nor ! proportion ( ^! comb9ations2 f :5ce mu/ necess>ily result _! mode ( action1 _! impulse1 or _! diff]5t effects4 ,our s5ses br+ u g5]ally acqua9t$ ) two sorts ( motion 9 ! be+s t surr\nd u3 ! "o is ! motion ( ! mass1 by :i* an entire body is transf]r$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,( ! motion ( ?is g5us we are p]fectly s5sible4--,?us1 we see a /one fall1 a ball roll1 an arm move1 or *ange its position4 ,! o!r is an int]nal or conceal$ motion1 :i* always dep5ds on ! peculi> en]gies ( a body3 t is to say1 on its ess5ce1 or ! comb9ation1 ! action1 & re-action ( ! m9ute--( ! ins5sible p>ticles ( matt]1 ( :i* t body is compos$4 ,?is motion we d n see2 we "k x only by ! alt]ation or *ange1 :i* aft] "s "t we discov] 9 ^! bodies or mixtures4 ,( ?is g5us is t conceal$ motion :i* f]m5tation produces 9 ! p>ticles t compose fl\r1 :i*1 h[ev] scatt]$1 h[ev] sep>at$1 unite1 & =m t mass :i* we call ,,bread4 ,su* also is ! imp]ceptible motion by :i* we see a plant or animal enl>ge1 /r5g!n1 und]go *anges1 & acquire new qualities1 )\t our eyes be+ compet5t to foll[ its progression1 or to p]ceive ! causes :i* h produc$ ^! effects4 ,su* also is ! int]nal motion t takes place 9 man1 :i* is call$ 8 ,,intellectual ,,faculties1 8 ,,?\ghts1 8 ,,passions1 8 w4 ,( ^! we h no o!r mode ( judg+1 ?an by _! action2 t is1 by ^? s5sible effects :i* ei!r accompany or foll[ !m4 ,?us1 :5 we see a man run away1 we judge him to be int]iorly actuat$ by ! passion ( fe>4 ,motion1 :e!r visible or conceal$1 is /yl$ ,,acquir$1 :5 x is impress$ on "o body by ano!r2 ei!r by a cause to :i* we are a /rang]1 or by an ext]ior ag5t :i* our s5ses enable u to discov]4 ,?us we call t acquir$ motion1 :i* ! w9d gives to ! sails ( a %ip4 ,t motion :i* is excit$ 9 a body1 t conta9s )9 itself ! causes ( ^? *anges we see x und]go1 is call$ ,,spontane\s4 ,!n x is said1 ?is body acts or moves by its own peculi> en]gies4 ,( ?is k9d is ! motion ( ! man :o walks1 :o talks1 :o ?9ks4 ,nev]!less1 if we exam9e ! matt] a little clos]1 we %all be conv9c$1 t1 /rictly speak+1 !re is no su* ?+ z spontane\s motion 9 any ( ! v>i\s bodies ( ,nature2 see+ !y are p]petually act+ "o ^u ! o!r2 t all _! *anges are to be attribut$ to ! causes1 ei!r visible or conceal$1 by :i* !y are mov$4 ,! w ( man is secretly mov$ or det]m9$ by "s ext]ior cause t produces a *ange 9 him3 we believe he moves ( himself1 because we nei!r see ! cause t det]m9$ him1 ! mode 9 :i* x act$1 nor ! organ t x put 9 motion4 ,t is call$ ,,simple ,,motion1 :i* is excit$ 9 a body by a s+le cause4 ,,comp\nd ,,motion1 t :i* is produc$ by two or m diff]5t causes2 :e!r ^! causes are equal or unequal1 conspir+ diff]5tly1 act+ toge!r or 9 succession1 kn[n or unkn[n4 ,let ! motion ( be+s be ( :atsoev] nature x may1 x is always ! necess>y consequ5ce ( _! ess5ce1 or ( ! prop]ties :i* compose !m1 & ( ^? causes ( :i* !y exp]i5ce ! action4 ,ea* be+ c only move & act aft] a p>ticul> mann]2 t is to say1 con=mably to ^? laws :i* result f its peculi> ess5ce1 its p>ticul> comb9ation1 its individual nature3 9 %ort1 f its specific en]gies1 & ^? ( ! bodies f :i* x receives an impulse4 ,x is ?is t con/itutes ! inv>iable laws ( motion3 ,i say inv>iable1 because !y c nev] *ange1 )\t produc+ confusion 9 ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,x is ?us t a heavy body mu/ necess>ily fall1 if x meets ) no ob/acle suffici5t to arre/ its desc5t2 t a s5sible body mu/ naturally seek pleasure1 & avoid pa92 t fire mu/ necess>ily burn1 & diffuse light4 ,ea* be+1 !n1 has laws ( motion1 t are adapt$ to itself1 & con/antly acts or moves accord+ to ^! laws2 at lea/ :5 no sup]ior cause int]rupts its action4 ,?us1 fire ceases to burn combu/ible matt]1 z soon z suffici5t wat] is ?r[n into x1 to arre/ its progress4 ,?us1 a s5sible be+ ceases to seek pleasure1 z soon z he fe>s t pa9 w be ! result4 ,! communication ( motion1 or ! m$ium ( action1 f "o body to ano!r1 also foll[s c]ta9 & necess>y laws2 "o be+ c only communicate motion to ano!r1 by ! aff9ity1 by ! resemblance1 by ! con=mity1 by ! analogy1 or by ! po9t ( contact1 :i* x has ) t o!r be+4 ,fire c only propagate :5 x f9ds matt] analog\s to itself3 x ext+ui%es :5 x enc\nt]s bodies :i* x _c embrace2 t is to say1 t d n be> t[>ds x a c]ta9 degree ( relation or aff9ity4 ,e ?+ 9 ! univ]se is 9 motion3 ! ess5ce ( matt] is to act3 if we consid] its p>ts1 att5tively1 we %all discov] !re is n a p>ticle t enjoys absolute repose4 ,^? :i* appe> to u to be )\t motion1 are1 9 fact1 only 9 relative or app>5t re/2 !y exp]i5ce su* an imp]ceptible motion1 & expose x s little on _! surfaces1 t we _c p]ceive ! *anges !y und]go4 ,all t appe>s to u to be at re/1 does n1 h[ev]1 rema9 "o in/ant 9 ! same /ate4 ,all be+s are cont9ually bre$+1 increas+1 decreas+1 or disp]s+1 ) m or less dullness or rapidity4 ,! insect call$ ,,ephem]on1 is produc$ & p]i%es 9 ! same day2 ( consequ5ce1 x exp]i5ces ! greate/ *anges ( its be+ v rapidly1 9 our eyes4 ,^? comb9ations :i* =m ! mo/ solid bodies1 :i* appe> to enjoy ! mo/ p]fect repose1 are nev]!less decompos$1 & dissolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! h>de/ /ones1 by degrees1 give way to ! contact ( air4 ,a mass ( iron1 :i* "t1 & ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 has gnaw$ into ru/1 mu/ h be5 9 motion1 f ! mom5t ( its =mation1 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 until ! in/ant we behold x 9 ?is /ate ( dissolution4 ,natural philosoph]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 seem n to h suffici5tly reflect$ on :at !y call ! nisus2 t is to say1 ! incessant ef=ts "o body is mak+ on ano!r1 b :i*1 not)/&+ appe>1 to our sup]ficial obs]vation1 to enjoy ! mo/ p]fect repose4 ,a /one ( five hundr$ weight seems to re/ quiet on ! e>?1 nev]!less1 x nev] ceases = an in/ant1 to press ) =ce ^u ! e>?1 :i* resi/s or repulses x 9 its turn4 ,w ! ass]tion be v5tur$1 t ! /one & e>? d n act8 ,d !y wi% to be undeceiv$8 ,!y h no?+ to d b int]pose _! h& betwixt ! e>? & ! /one2 x w !n be discov]$1 t not)/&+ its seem+ repose1 ! /one has p[] adequate to bruise x2 because ! h& has n en]gies suffici5t1 )9 itself1 to resi/ effectually bo? ! /one & e>?4--,action _c exi/ 9 bodies )\t re-action4 ,a body t exp]i5ces an impulse1 an attraction1 or a pressure ( any k9d1 if x resi/s1 cle>ly demon/rates by su* resi/ance t x re-acts2 f :5ce x foll[s1 !re is a conceal$ =ce1 call$ by ^! philosoph]s vis in]tia1 t displays itself aga9/ ano!r =ce2 & ?is cle>ly demon/rates1 t ?is in]t =ce is capable ( bo? act+ & re-act+4 ,9 %ort1 x w be f\nd1 on close inve/igation1 t ^? p[]s :i* are call$ dead1 & ^? :i* are t]m$ live or mov+1 are p[]s ( ! same k9d2 :i* only display !mselves aft] a diff]5t mann]4 ,p]mit u to g a great] di/ance yet4 ,may we n say1 t 9 ^? bodies1 or masses1 ( :i* _! :ole become evid5t f appe>ances to u to be at re/1 !re is not)/&+1 a cont9ual action1 & c\nt]-action1 con/ant ef=ts1 un9t]rupt$ or communicat$ =ce1 & cont9u$ opposition8 ,9 %ort1 a nisus1 by :i* ! con/itut+ portions ( ^! bodies press "o ^u ano!r1 mutually resi/+ ea* o!r1 act+ & re-act+ incessantly8 t ?is reciprocity ( action1 ?is simultane\s re-action1 keeps !m unit$1 causes _! p>ticles to =m a mass1 a body1 & a comb9ation1 :i*1 view$ 9 its :ole1 has ! appe>ance ( complete re/1 not)/&+ no "o ( its p>ticles really ceases to be 9 motion = a s+le in/ant8 ,^! collective masses appe> to be at re/1 simply by ! equality ( ! motion--by ! responsory impulse ( ! p[]s act+ 9 !m4 ,?us x appe>s t bodies enjoy+ p]fect repose1 really receive1 :e!r ^u _! surface1 or 9 _! int]ior1 a cont9ual communicat$ =ce1 f ^? bodies by :i* !y are ei!r surr\nd$ or p5etrat$1 dilat$ or contract$1 r>ifi$ or cond5s$3 9 fact1 f ^? :i* compose !m2 :]eby _! p>ticles are incessantly act+ & re-act+1 or 9 cont9ual motion1 ! effects ( :i* are display$ by extraord9>y *anges4 ,?us heat r>ifies & dilates metals1 :i* is evid5ce d$ucible t a b> ( iron1 f ! *ange ( ! atmosph]e alone1 mu/ be 9 cont9ual motion2 t !re is n a s+le p>ticle 9 x t c be said to enjoy re/ ev5 = a s+le mom5t4 ,9 ^? h>d bodies1 inde$1 ! p>ticles ( :i* are 9 actual contact1 & :i* are closely unit$1 h[ is x possible to conceive1 t air1 cold1 or heat1 c act ^u "o ( ^! p>ticles1 ev5 ext]iorly1 )\t ! motion be+ communicat$ to ^? :i* are mo/ intimate & m9ute 9 _! union8 ,)\t motion1 h[ %\ld we be able to compreh5d ! mann] 9 :i* our s5se ( smell+ is affect$1 by emanations escap+ f ! mo/ solid bodies1 ( :i* all ! p>ticles appe> to be at p]fect re/8 ,h[ c\ld we1 ev5 by ! assi/ance ( a telescope1 see ! mo/ di/ant />s1 if !re 0 n a progressive motion ( light f ^! />s to ! ret9a ( our eye8 ,obs]vation & reflection ought to conv9ce u1 t e ?+ 9 ,nature is 9 cont9ual motion--t !re is n a s+le "p1 h[ev] small1 t enjoys repose--t ,nature acts 9 all--t %e w\ld cease to be ,nature if %e did n act4 ,practical k tea*es u1 t )\t unceas+ motion1 no?+ c\ld be pres]v$--no?+ c\ld be produc$--no?+ c\ld act 9 ?is ,nature4 ,?us ! idea ( ,nature necess>ily includes t ( motion4 ,b x w be ask$1 & n a little triumphantly1 f :5ce did %e d]ive h] motion8 ,our reply is1 we "k n1 nei!r d !y--t we nev] %all1 t !y nev] w4 ,x is a secret hidd5 f u1 conceal$ f !m1 by ! mo/ imp5etrable veil4 ,we also reply1 t x is fair to inf]1 unless !y c logically prove to ! contr>y1 t x is 9 h]self1 s9ce %e is ! great :ole1 out ( :i* no?+ c exi/4 ,we say ?is motion is a mann] ( exi/5ce1 t fl[s1 necess>ily1 out ( ! nature ( matt]2 t matt] moves by its own peculi> en]gies2 t its motion is to be attribut$ to ! =ce :i* is inh]5t 9 itself2 t ! v>iety ( motion1 & ! ph5om5a :i* result1 proce$ f ! div]sity ( ! prop]ties--( ! qualities--( ! comb9ations1 :i* are orig9ally f\nd 9 ! primitive matt]1 ( :i* ,nature is ! assemblage4 ,natural philosoph]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 h reg>d$ z inanimate1 or z depriv$ ( ! faculty ( motion1 ^? bodies :i* are only mov$ by ! int]v5tion ( "s ag5t or ext]ior cause2 !y h consid]$ !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 t ! matt] :i* =ms ^! bodies is p]fectly in]t 9 its nature4 ,!y h n =sak5 ?is error1 al?\gh !y mu/ h obs]v$1 t :5ev] a body is left to itself1 or dis5gag$ f ^? ob/ructions :i* oppose !mselves to its desc5t1 x has a t5d5cy to fall or to approa* ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 by a motion uni=mly accel]at$2 !y h r *os5 to suppose a vision>y ext]ior cause1 ( :i* !y !mselves _h b an imp]fect idea1 ?an admit t ^! bodies held _! motion f _! own peculi> nature4 ,^! philosoph]s1 also1 not)/&+ !y saw above !m an inf9ite numb] ( globes t mov$ ) great rapidity r\nd a common c5tre1 /ill adh]$ to _! fav\rite op9ions2 & nev] ceas$ to suppose "s :imsical causes = ^! movem5ts1 until ! immortal ,,newton cle>ly demon/rat$ t x 0 ! effect ( ! gravitation ( ^! cele/ial bodies t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,exp]im5tal philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 & among/ !m ! great ,newton himself1 h held ! cause ( gravitation z inexplicable4 ,not)/&+ ! great weight ( ?is au?ority1 x appe>s manife/ t x may be d$uc$ f ! motion ( matt]1 by :i* bodies are div]sely det]m9$4 ,gravitation is no?+ m ?an a mode ( mov+--a t5d5cy t[>ds a c5tre3 to speak /rictly1 all motion is relative gravitation2 s9ce t :i* falls relatively to u1 rises1 ) relation to o!r bodies4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 t e motion 9 our microcosm is ! effect ( gravitation2 see+ t !re is n 9 ! univ]se ei!r top or bottom1 nor any absolute c5tre4 ,x %\ld appe>1 t ! weight ( bodies dep5ds on _! configuration1 z well ext]nal z int]nal1 :i* gives !m t =m ( action :i* is call$ gravitation4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a piece ( lead1 sph]ically =m$1 falls quickly & direct3 r$uce ?is ball into v ?9 plates1 x w be su/a9$ 9 ! air = a mu* long] "t3 apply to x ! action ( fire1 ?is lead w rise 9 ! atmosph]e3 "h1 !n1 ! same metal1 v>i\sly modifi$1 has v diff]5t modes ( action4 ,a v simple obs]vation w\ld h suffic$ to make ! philosoph]s1 antec$5t to ,newton1 feel ! inadequat5ess ( ! causes !y admitt$ to op]ate ) su* p[]ful effect4 ,!y _h a suffici5cy to conv9ce !mselves1 9 ! collision ( two bodies1 :i* !y c\ld contemplate1 & 9 ! kn[n laws ( t motion1 :i* ^! always communicate by reason ( _! great] or less compactness2 f :5ce !y ought to h inf]r$1 t ! d5sity ( subtle or e!real matt]1 be+ consid]ably less ?an t ( ! planets1 x c\ld only communicate to !m a v feeble motion1 q insuffici5t to produce t velocity ( action1 ( :i* !y c\ld n possibly avoid be+ ! witnesses4 ,if ,nature _h be5 view$ un9flu5c$ by prejudice1 !y mu/ h be5 long s9ce conv9c$ t matt] acts by its own peculi> activity2 t x ne$s no ext]ior communicative =ce to set x 9 motion4 ,!y might h p]ceiv$ t :5ev] mix$ bodies 7 plac$ 9 a situation to act on ea* o!r1 motion 0 in/antly excit$2 & t ^! mixtures act$ ) a =ce capable ( produc+ ! mo/ surpris+ results4 ,if p>ticles ( iron1 sulphur1 & wat] be mix$ toge!r1 ^! bodies ?us capacitat$ to act on ea* o!r1 are heat$ by degrees1 & ultimately produce a viol5t combu/ion4 ,if fl\r be wett$ ) wat]1 & ! mixture clos$ up1 x w be f\nd1 aft] "s lapse ( "t1 7by ! aid ( a microscope7 to h produc$ organiz$ be+s t enjoy life1 ( :i* ! wat] & ! fl\r 7 believ$ incapable3 x is ?us t inanimate matt] c pass into life1 or animate matt]1 :i* is 9 itself only an assemblage ( motion4 ,reason+ f analogy1 :i* ! philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day d n hold incompatible1 ! production ( a man1 indep5d5t ( ! ord9>y means1 w\ld n be m a/oni%+ ?an t ( an insect ) fl\r & wat]4 ,f]m5tation & putrid sub/ances1 evid5tly produce liv+ animals4 ,we h "h ! pr9ciple2 ) prop] mat]ials1 pr9ciples c always be br\ght into action4 ,t g5]ation :i* is /yl$ unc]ta9 is only s = ^? :o d n reflect1 or :o d n p]mit !mselves1 att5tively1 to obs]ve ! op]ations ( ,nature4 ,! g5]ative ( motion1 & its developem5t1 z well z ! en]gy ( matt]1 may be se5 ev]y:]e2 m p>ticul>ly 9 ^? unitions 9 :i* fire1 air1 & wat]1 f9d !mselves comb9$4 ,^! elem5ts1 or r ^! mix$ bodies1 are ! mo/ volatile1 ! mo/ fugitive ( be+s2 nev]!less 9 ! h&s ( ,nature1 !y are ! ess5tial ag5ts employ$ to produce ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a4 ,to ^! we mu/ ascribe ! effects ( ?und]1 ! eruption ( volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 c4 ,sci5ce (f]s to our consid]ation an ag5t ( a/oni%+ =ce1 9 gunp[d]1 ! in/ant x comes 9 contact ) fire4 ,9 %ort1 ! mo/ t]rible effects result f ! comb9ation ( matt]1 :i* is g5]ally believ$ to be dead & in]t4 ,^! facts prove1 beyond a d\bt1 t motion is produc$1 is augm5t$1 is accel]at$ 9 matt]1 )\t ! help ( any ext]ior ag5t3 !re=e x is reasonable to conclude t motion is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( immutable laws1 result+ f ! ess5ce1 f ! prop]ties exi/+ 9 ! diff]5t elem5ts1 & ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! elem5ts4 ,are we n ju/ifi$1 !n1 9 conclud+1 f ^! prec$5ts1 t !re may be an inf9ity ( o!r comb9ations1 ) :i* we are unacqua9t$1 compet5t to produce a great v>iety ( motion 9 matt]1 )\t be+ "u ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse1 = ! explanation1 to ag5ts :o are m difficult to compreh5d ?an ev5 ! effects :i* are attribut$ to !m8 ,_h man b paid prop] att5tion to :at pass$ "u 8 review1 he w\ld n h s\ght out ( ,nature1 a p[] di/+ui%$ f h]self1 to set h] 9 action1 & )\t :i* he believes %e _c move4 ,if1 inde$1 by ,nature is meant a heap ( dead matt]1 de/itute ( peculi> qualities purely passive1 we mu/ unque/ionably seek out ( ?is ,nature ! pr9ciple ( h] motion4 ,b if by ,nature be und]/ood1 :at x really is1 a :ole1 ( :i* ! num]\s p>ts are end[$ ) v>i\s prop]ties1 :i* oblige !m to act accord+ to ^! prop]ties2 :i* are 9 a p]petual t]nat5ess ( action & reaction2 :i* press1 :i* gravitate t[>ds a common c5t]1 :il/ o!rs dep>t f & fly (f t[>ds ! p]iph]y1 or circumf]5ce2 :i* attract & repel2 :i* by cont9ual approximation & con/ant collision1 produce & decompose all ! bodies we behold2 !n1 ,i say1 !re is no necessity to h rec\rse to sup]natural p[]s1 to acc\nt = ! =mation ( ?+s1 & ^? extraord9>y appe>ances :i* are ! result ( motion4 ,^? :o admit a cause ext]ior to matt]1 are oblig$ to believe t ?is cause produc$ all ! motion by :i* matt] is agitat$ 9 giv+ x exi/5ce4 ,?is belief re/s on ano!r1 namely1 t matt] c\ld beg9 to exi/2 an hypo!sis t1 until ?is mom5t1 has nev] be5 satisfactorily demon/rat$4 ,to produce f no?+1 or ! ,,creation1 is a t]m t _c give u ! lea/ idea ( ! =mation ( ! univ]se2 x pres5ts no s5se1 ^u :i* ! m9d c rely4 ,9 fact1 ! human m9d is n adequate to conceive a mom5t ( non-exi/5ce1 or :5 all %all h pass$ away2 ev5 admitt+ ?is to be a tru?1 x is no tru? = u1 because by ! v nature ( our organization1 we _c admit positions z facts1 ( :i* no evid5ce c be adduc$ t has relation to our s5ses2 we may1 inde$1 cons5t to believe x1 because o!rs say x2 b w any rational be+ be satisfi$ ) su* an admission8 ,c any moral good spr+ f su* bl9d assurance8 ,is x consi/5t ) s\nd doctr9e1 ) philosophy1 or ) reason8 ,d we1 9 fact1 pay any respect to ! intellectual p[]s ( ano!r1 :5 we say to him1 ,i w believe ?is1 because 9 all ! attempts y h v5tur$1 = ! purpose ( prov+ :at y say1 y h entirely fail$2 & h be5 at la/ oblig$ to ackn[l$ge y "k no?+ ab\t ! matt]8 ,:at moral reliance ought we to h on su* p8 ,hypo!sis may succe$ hypo!sis2 sy/em may de/roy sy/em3 a new set ( ideas may ov]turn ! ideas ( a =m] day4 ,o!r ,gallileos may be condemn$ to dea?--o!r ,newtons may arise--we may reason--argue--dispute--qu>rel--puni% & de/roy3 nay1 we may ev5 ext]m9ate ^? :o diff] f u 9 op9ion2 b :5 we h done all ?is1 we %all be oblig$ to fall back ^u our orig9al d>kness--to confess1 t t :i* has no relation ) our s5ses1 t :i* _c manife/ itself to u by "s ( ! ord9>y modes by :i* o!r ?+s are manife/$1 has no exi/5ce = u--is n compreh5sible by u--c nev] entirely remove our d\bt--c nev] seize on our /$fa/ belief2 see+ x is t ( :i* we _c =m ev5 a notion2 9 %ort1 t x is t1 :i* z long z we rema9 :at we are1 mu/ be hidd5 f u by a veil1 :i* no p[]1 no faculty1 no en]gy we possess1 is able to remove4 ,all :o are n enslav$ by prejudice agree to ! tru? ( ! position1 t no?+ c be made ( no?+4 ,_m !ologians h ackn[l$g$ ,nature to be an active :ole4 ,almo/ all ! anci5t philosoph]s 7 agre$ to reg>d ! _w z et]nal4 ,,ocellus ,,lucanus1 speak+ ( ! univ]se1 says1 x has always be51 & x always w be4 ,,vatable & ,,grotius assure u1 t to r5d] ! ,hebrew phrase 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,,g5esis correctly1 we mu/ say1 :5 ,god made heav5 & e>?1 matt] 0 )\t =m4 ,if ?is be true1 & e ,hebrai/ c judge = himself1 !n ! ^w :i* has be5 r5d]$ creat$1 means only to fa%ion1 =m1 arrange4 ,we "k t ! ,greek words create & =m1 h always indicat$ ! same ?+4 ,accord+ to ,,/4 ,,j]ome1 cre>e has ! same mean+ z cond]e1 to f\nd1 to build4 ,! ,bible does n any:]e say 9 a cle> mann]1 t ! _w 0 made ( no?+4 ,,t]tullian & ! fa!r ,,petau bo? admit1 t ?is is a tru? e/abli%$ m by reason ?an by au?ority4 ,,/4 ,,ju/9 seems to h contemplat$ matt] z et]nal1 s9ce he comm5ds ,,plato = hav+ said1 t ,god1 9 ! creation ( ! _w1 only gave impulse to matt]1 & fa%ion$ x4 ,,burnet & ,,py?agoras 7 entirely ( ?is op9ion1 & ev5 our ,*ur* ,s]vice may be adduc$ 9 support2 = al?\gh x admits by implication a beg9n+1 x expressly d5ies an end3 ,z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 is n[1 & ev] %all be1 _w )\t end4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t t :i* _c cease to exi/1 mu/ h always be54 ,motion becomes /ill m obscure1 :5 creation1 or ! =mation ( matt]1 is attribut$ to a ,,spiritual be+2 t is to say1 to a be+ :i* has no analogy1 no po9t ( contact1 ) x--to a be+ :i* has nei!r ext5t or p>ts1 & _c1 !re=e1 be susceptible ( motion1 z we und]/& ! t]m2 ?is be+ only ! *ange ( "o body1 relatively to ano!r body1 9 :i* ! body mov$ pres5ts successively diff]5t p>ts to diff]5t po9ts ( space4 ,moreov]1 z all ! _w are ne>ly agre$ t matt] c nev] be totally annihilat$1 or cease to exi/2 by :at reason+1 ,i w\ld ask1 d !y compreh5d--h[ und]/&--t t :i* _c cease to be1 c\ld ev] h _h a beg9n+8 ,if1 !re=e1 x be ask$1 :5ce came matt]8 x is v reasonable to say x has always exi/$4 ,if x be inquir$1 :5ce proce$s ! motion t agitates matt]8 ! same reason+ furni%es ! answ]2 namely1 t z motion is coeval ) matt]1 x mu/ h exi/$ f all et]nity1 see+ t motion is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( its exi/5ce--( its ess5ce--( its primitive prop]ties1 su* z its ext5t1 its gravity1 its imp5etrability1 its figure1 c4 ,by virtue ( ^! ess5tial con/itu5t prop]ties1 inh]5t 9 all matt]1 & )\t :i* x is impossible to =m an idea ( x1 ! v>i\s matt] ( :i* ! univ]se is compos$ mu/ f all et]nity h press$ aga9/1 ea* o!r--h gravitat$ t[>ds a c5t]--h cla%$--h come 9 contact--h be5 attract$--h be5 repell$--h be5 comb9$--h be5 sep>at$3 9 %ort1 mu/ h act$ & mov$ accord+ to ! ess5ce & en]gy peculi> to ea* g5us1 & to ea* ( its comb9ations4 ,exi/5ce supposes prop]ties 9 ! ?+ t exi/s3 :5ev] x has prop]ties1 its mode ( action mu/ necess>ily fl[ f ^? prop]ties :i* con/itute1 its mode ( be+4 ,?us1 :5 a body is pond]\s1 x mu/ fall2 :5 x falls1 x mu/ come 9 collision ) ! bodies x meets 9 its desc5t2 :5 x is d5se1 :5 x is solid1 x mu/1 by reason ( ?is d5sity1 communicate motion to ! bodies ) :i* x cla%es2 :5 x has analogy1 :5 x has aff9ity ) ^! bodies1 x mu/ be attract$1 mu/ be unit$ ) !m2 :5 x has no po9t ( analogy ) !m1 x mu/ be repuls$4 ,f :i* x may be fairly inf]r$1 t 9 suppos+1 z we are "u ! necessity ( do+1 ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 we mu/ suppose x to h "s k9d ( prop]ties2 f :i* its motion1 or modes ( action1 mu/ necess>ily fl[4 ,to =m ! univ]se1 ,,desc>tes ask$ b matt] & motion3 a div]sity ( matt] suffic$ = him2 v>iety ( motion 0 ! consequ5ce ( its exi/5ce1 ( its ess5ce1 ( its prop]ties3 its diff]5t modes ( action w\ld be ! necess>y consequ5ce ( its diff]5t modes ( be+4 ,matt] )\t prop]ties w\ld be a m]e no?+2 !re=e1 z soon z matt] exi/s1 x mu/ act2 z soon z x is v>i\s1 x mu/ act v>i\sly2 if x _c comm5ce to exi/1 x mu/ h exi/$ f all et]nity2 if x has always exi/$1 x c nev] cease to be3 if x c nev] cease to be1 x c nev] cease to act by its own en]gy4 ,motion is a mann] ( be+1 :i* matt] d]ives f its peculi> exi/5ce4 ,! exi/5ce1 !n1 ( matt] is a fact3 ! exi/5ce ( motion is ano!r fact4 ,our visual organs po9t out to u matt] ) diff]5t ess5ces1 =m+ a v>iety ( comb9ations1 end[$ ) v>i\s prop]ties t discrim9ate !m4 ,inde$1 x is a palpable error to believe t matt] is a homog5e\s body1 ( :i* ! p>ts diff] f ea* o!r only by _! v>i\s modifications4 ,among ! individuals ( ! same species t come "u our notice1 no two resemble exactly2 & x is !re=e evid5t t ! diff]5ce ( situation alone w1 necess>ily1 c>ry a div]sity m or less s5sible1 n only 9 ! modifications1 b also 9 ! ess5ce1 9 ! prop]ties1 9 ! entire sy/em ( be+s4 ,?is tru? 0 well und]/ood by ! pr(\nd & subtle ,,leibnitz4 ,if ?is pr9ciple be prop]ly dige/$1 & exp]i5ce seems always to produce evid5ce ( its tru?1 we mu/ be conv9c$ t ! matt] or primitive elem5ts :i* ent] into ! composition ( bodies1 are n ( ! same nature1 & consequ5tly1 c nei!r h ! same prop]ties1 nor ! same modifications2 & if s1 !y _c h ! same mode ( mov+ & act+4 ,_! activity or motion1 already diff]5t1 c be div]sifi$ to inf9ity1 augm5t$ or dim9i%$1 accel]at$ or ret>d$1 accord+ to ! comb9ations1 ! proportions1 ! pressure1 ! d5sity1 ! volume ( ! matt]1 t ent]s _! composition4 ,! endless v>iety to be produc$1 w ne$ no fur!r illu/ration ?an ! commone/ book ( ari?metic furni%es u1 :]e x w be f\nd1 t to r+ all ! *anges t c be produc$ on twelve bells only1 w\ld occupy a space ( m ?an n9ety-"o ye>s4 ,! elem5t ( fire is visibly m active & m incon/ant ?an t ( e>?4 ,?is is m solid & pond]\s ?an fire1 air1 or wat]4 ,accord+ to ! quantity ( ^! elem5ts1 :i* ent] ! composition ( bodies1 ^! mu/ act div]sely1 & _! motion mu/ 9 "s measure p>take ! motion peculi> to ea* ( _! con/itu5t p>ts4 ,elem5t>y fire appe>s to be 9 ,nature ! pr9ciple ( activity2 x may be comp>$ to a fruitful leav51 t puts ! mass into f]m5tation & gives x life4 ,e>? appe>s to be ! pr9ciple ( solidity 9 bodies1 f its imp5etrability1 & by ! firm coh]5ce ( its p>ts4 ,wat] is a m$ium1 to facilitate ! comb9ation ( bodies1 into :i* x ent]s itself1 z a con/itu5t "p4 ,air is a fluid ^: bus9ess x seems to be1 to furni% ! o!r elem5ts ) ! space requisite to exp&1 to ex]cise _! motion1 & :i* is1 moreov]1 f\nd prop] to comb9e ) !m4 ,^! elem5ts1 :i* our s5ses nev] discov] 9 a pure /ate--:i* are cont9ually & reciprocally set 9 motion by ea* o!r--:i* are always act+ & re-act+1 comb9+ & sep>at+1 attract+ & repell+--are suffici5t to expla9 to u ! =mation ( all ! be+s we behold4 ,_! motion is un9t]rupt$ly & reciprocally produc$ f ea* o!r2 !y are alt]nately causes & effects4 ,?us1 !y =m a va/ circle ( g5]ation & de/ruction--( comb9ation & decomposition1 :i*1 x is q reasonable to suppose1 c\ld nev] h _h a beg9n+1 & :i*1 consequ5tly c nev] h an end4 ,9 %ort1 ,nature is b an imm5se *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* unceas+ly fl[ f ea* o!r4 ,! motion ( p>ticul> be+s dep5ds on ! g5]al motion1 :i* is itself ma9ta9$ by individual motion4 ,?is is /r5g!n$ or weak5$1 accel]at$ or ret>d$1 simplifi$ or complicat$1 procreat$ or de/roy$1 by a v>iety ( comb9ations & circum/ances1 :i* e mom5t *ange ! directions1 ! t5d5cy1 ! modes ( exi/+1 & ( act+1 ( ! diff]5t be+s t receive its impulse4 ,if x 7 true1 z has be5 ass]t$ by "s philosoph]s1 t e ?+ has a t5d5cy to =m "o unique or s+le mass1 & 9 t unique mass ! in/ant %\ld arrive :5 all 0 9 nisus1 all w\ld et]nally rema9 9 ?is /ate2 to all et]nity !re w\ld be no m ?an "o ,be+ & "o ef=t3 ?is w\ld be et]nal & univ]sal dea?4 ,if we desire to g beyond ?is1 to f9d ! pr9ciple ( action 9 matt]1 to trace ! orig9 ( ?+s1 x is = ev] to fall back ^u difficulties2 x is absolutely to abridge ! evid5ce ( our s5ses2 by :i* only we c und]/&1 by :i* alone we c judge ( ! causes act+ ^u !m1 or ! impulse by :i* !y are set 9 action4 ,let u1 !re=e1 cont5t ourselves ) say+ ,,:at is support$ by our exp]i5ce1 & by all ! evid5ce we are capable ( und]/&+2 aga9/ ! tru? ( :i* n a %ad[ ( pro(1 su* z our reason c admit1 has ev] be5 adduc$--:i* has be5 ma9ta9$ by philosoph]s 9 e age--:i* !ologians !mselves h n d5i$1 b :i* _m ( !m h upheld2 namely1 t matt] always exi/$2 t x moves by virtue ( its ess5ce2 t all ! ph5om5a ( ,nature is ascribable to ! div]sifi$ motion ( ! v>iety ( matt] %e conta9s2 & :i*1 l ! pho5ix1 is cont9ually reg5]at+ out ( its own a%es4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,matt]4--,( its v>i\s ,comb9ations4--,( its div]sifi$ ,motion1 or ( ! ,c\rse ( ,nature4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! elem5ts ( bodies1 b we "k "s ( _! prop]ties or qualities2 & we di/+ui% _! v>i\s matt] by ! effect or *ange produc$ on our s5ses2 t is to say1 by ! v>iety ( motion _! pres5ce excites 9 u4 ,9 consequ5ce1 we discov] 9 !m1 ext5t1 mobility1 divisibility1 solidity1 gravity1 & in]t =ce4 ,f ^! g5]al & primitive prop]ties fl[ a numb] ( o!rs1 su* z d5sity1 figure1 col\r1 pond]osity1 c4 ,?us1 relatively to u1 matt] is all t affects our s5ses 9 any mann] :atev]2 ! v>i\s prop]ties we attribute to matt]1 by :i* we discrim9ate its div]sity1 are f\nd$ on ! diff]5t impressions we receive on ! *anges !y produce 9 u4 ,a satisfactory def9ition ( matt] has n yet be5 giv54 ,man1 deceiv$ & l$ a/ray by 8 prejudices1 =m$ b vague1 sup]ficial1 & imp]fect notions conc]n+ x4 ,he look$ ^u x z an unique be+1 gross & passive1 incapable ( ei!r mov+ by itself1 ( =m+ comb9ations1 or ( produc+ any ?+ by its own en]gies4 ,in/ead ( ?is un9telligible j>gon1 he ought to h contemplat$ x z a g5us ( be+s1 ( :i* ! individuals1 al?\gh !y might possess "s common prop]ties1 su* z ext5t1 divisibility1 figure1 c4 %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be all rank$ 9 ! same class1 nor compris$ "u ! same g5]al d5om9ation4 ,an example w s]ve m fully to expla9 :at we h ass]t$1 ?r[ its correctness into light1 & facilitate ! application4 ,! prop]ties common to all matt]1 are ext5t1 divisibility1 imp5etrability1 figure1 mobility1 or ! prop]ty ( be+ mov$ 9 mass4 ,,fire1 beside ^! g5]al prop]ties1 common to all matt]1 enjoys also ! peculi> prop]ty ( be+ put into activity by a motion t produces on our organs ( feel+ ! s5sation ( heat2 & by ano!r1 t communicates to our visual organs ! s5sation ( light4 ,iron1 9 common ) matt] 9 g5]al1 has ext5t & figure2 is divisible1 & moveable 9 mass3 if fire be comb9$ ) x 9 a c]ta9 proportion1 ! iron acquires two new prop]ties2 namely1 ^? ( excit+ 9 u simil> s5sations ( heat & light1 :i* 7 excit$ by ! elem5t ( fire1 b :i* ! iron _h n1 be=e its comb9ation ) ! igne\s matt]4 ,^! di/+ui%+ prop]ties are insep>able f matt]1 & ! ph5om5a t result1 may1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 be said to result necess>ily4 ,if we contemplate a little ! pa?s ( ,nature--if1 = a "t1 we trace ! be+s 9 ?is ,nature1 "u ! diff]5t /ates ?r\gh :i*1 by reason ( _! prop]ties1 !y are compell$ to pass2 we %all discov]1 t x is to motion1 & motion only1 t is to be ascrib$ all ! *anges1 all ! comb9ations1 all ! =ms1 9 %ort1 all ! v>i\s modifications ( matt]4 ,t x is by motion e ?+ t exi/s is produc$1 exp]i5ces *ange1 exp&s1 & is de/roy$4 ,x is motion t alt]s ! aspect ( be+s2 t adds to1 or takes away f _! prop]ties2 :i* obliges ea* ( !m1 by a consequ5ce ( its nature1 aft] hav+ occupi$ a c]ta9 rank or ord]1 to quit x1 to occupy ano!r1 & to contribute to ! g5]ation1 ma9t5ance1 & decomposition ( o!r be+s1 totally diff]5t 9 _! bulk1 rank1 & ess5ce4 ,9 :at exp]im5tal philosoph]s h /yl$ ! ,,?ree ,,ord]s ,,( ,,nature1 t is to say1 ! m9]al1 ! vegetable1 & animal worlds1 !y h e/abli%$1 by ! aid ( motion1 a transmigration1 an ex*ange1 a cont9ual circulation 9 ! p>ticles ( matt]4 ,nature has occasion 9 "o place1 = ^? p>ticles :i*1 = a "t1 %e has plac$ 9 ano!r4 ,^! p>ticles1 aft] hav+1 by p>ticul> comb9ations1 con/itut$ be+s endu$ ) peculi> ess5ces1 ) specific prop]ties1 ) det]m9ate modes ( action1 dissolve & sep>ate ) m or less facility2 & comb9+ 9 a new mann]1 !y =m new be+s4 ,! att5tive obs]v] sees ?is law execute itself1 9 a mann] m or less prom95t1 ?r\gh all ! be+s by :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,he sees nature full ( erratic g]me1 "s ( :i* exp& !mselves1 :il/ o!rs wait until motion has plac$ !m 9 _! prop] situation1 9 suitable wombs or matrices1 9 ! necess>y circum/ances1 to unfold1 to increase1 to r5d] !m m p]ceptible by ! addition ( o!r sub/ances ( matt] analog\s to _! primitive be+4 ,9 all ?is we see no?+ b ! effect ( motion1 necess>ily guid$1 modifi$1 accel]at$ or slack5$1 /r5g!n$ or weak5$1 by reason ( ! v>i\s prop]ties t be+s successively acquire & lose2 :i*1 e mom5t1 infallibly produces alt]ations 9 bodies m or less m>k$4 ,inde$1 ^! bodies _c be1 /rictly speak+1 ! same 9 any two successive mom5ts ( _! exi/5ce2 !y mu/1 e in/ant1 ei!r acquire or lose3 9 %ort1 !y are oblig$ to und]go cont9ual v>iations 9 _! ess5ces1 9 _! prop]ties1 9 _! en]gies1 9 _! masses1 9 _! qualities1 9 _! mode ( exi/5ce4 ,animals1 aft] !y h be5 exp&$ 91 & br\ght out (1 ! wombs t are suitable to ! elem5ts ( _! ma*9e1 enl>ge1 /r5g!n1 acquire new prop]ties1 new en]gies1 new faculties2 ei!r by d]iv+ n\ri%m5t f plants analog\s to _! be+1 or by dev\r+ o!r animals ^: sub/ance is suitable to _! pres]vation2 t is to say1 to repair ! cont9ual dep]dition or loss ( "s portion ( _! own sub/ance1 t is dis5gag+ itself e in/ant4 ,^! same animals are n\ri%$1 pres]v$1 /r5g!n$1 & enl>g$1 by ! aid ( air1 wat]1 e>?1 & fire4 ,depriv$ ( air1 or ( ! fluid t surr\nds !m1 t presses on !m1 t p5etrates !m1 t gives !m _! ela/icity1 !y pres5tly cease to live4 ,wat]1 comb9$ ) ?is air1 ent]s into _! :ole me*anism ( :i* x facilitates ! motion4 ,e>? s]ves !m = a basis1 by giv+ solidity to _! texture3 x is convey$ by air & wat]1 :i* c>ry x to ^? p>ts ( ! body ) :i* x c comb9e4 ,fire itself1 disguis$ & envelop$ "u an inf9ity ( =ms1 cont9ually receiv$ into ! animal1 procures him heat1 cont9ues him 9 life1 r5d]s him capable ( ex]cis+ 8 functions4 ,! alim5ts1 *>g$ ) ^! v>i\s pr9ciples1 ent]+ into ! /oma*1 re-e/abli% ! n]v\s sy/em1 & re/ore1 by _! activity1 & ! elem5ts :i* compose !m1 ! ma*9e :i* beg9s to langui%1 to be depress$1 by ! loss x has su/a9$4 ,=?) ! animal exp]i5ces a *ange 9 8 :ole sy/em2 he has m en]gy1 m activity2 he feels m c\rage2 displays m gaiety2 he acts1 he moves1 he ?9ks1 aft] a diff]5t mann]2 all 8 faculties are ex]cis$ ) m ease4 ,?is igne\s matt]1 s cong5ial to g5]ation--s re/orative 9 its effect--s necess>y to life1 0 ! ,,jupit] ( ! anci5ts3 f all t has prec$$1 x is cle>1 t :at are call$ ! elem5ts1 or primitive p>ts ( matt]1 v>i\sly comb9$1 are1 by ! ag5cy ( motion1 cont9ually unit$ to1 & assimilat$ )1 ! sub/ance ( animals--t !y visibly modify _! be+--h an evid5t influ5ce ov] _! actions1 t is to say1 ^u ! motion !y und]go1 :e!r visible or conceal$4 ,! same elem5ts1 :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances s]ve to n\ri%1 to /r5g!n1 to ma9ta9 ! animal1 become1 "u o!rs1 ! pr9ciples ( 8 weakness1 ! in/rum5ts ( 8 dissolution--( 8 dea?3 !y "w 8 de/ruction1 :5ev] !y are n 9 t j proportion :i* r5d]s !m prop] to ma9ta9 8 exi/5ce3 ?us1 :5 wat] becomes too abundant 9 ! body ( ! animal1 x en]vates him1 x relaxes ! fibres1 & imp$es ! necess>y action ( ! o!r elem5ts3 ?us1 fire admitt$ 9 excess1 excites 9 him disord]ly motion de/ructive ( 8 ma*9e3 ?us1 air1 *>g$ ) pr9ciples n analog\s to 8 me*anism1 br+s ^u him dang]\s diseases & contagion4 ,9 f9e1 ! alim5ts modifi$ aft] c]ta9 modes1 9 ! room ( n\ri%+1 de/roy ! animal1 & conduce to 8 ru93 ! animal is pres]v$ no long] ?an ^! sub/ances are analog\s to 8 sy/em4 ,!y ru9 him :5 !y want t j equilibrium t r5d]s !m suitable to ma9ta9 8 exi/5ce4 ,plants t s]ve to n\ri% & re/ore animals are !mselves n\ri%$ by e>?2 !y exp& on its bosom1 enl>ge & /r5g!n at its exp5se1 cont9ually receiv+ into _! texture1 by _! roots & _! pores1 wat]1 air1 & igne\s matt]3 wat] visibly reanimates !m :5ev] _! vegetation or g5us ( life langui%es2 x conveys to !m ^? analog\s pr9ciples by :i* !y are enabl$ to rea* p]fection3 air is requisite to _! expansion1 & furni%es !m ) wat]1 e>?1 & ! igne\s matt] ) :i* x is *>g$4 ,by ^! means !y receive m or less ( ! inflammable matt]2 ! diff]5t proportions ( ^! pr9ciples1 _! num]\s comb9ations1 f :5ce result an inf9ity ( prop]ties1 a v>iety ( =ms1 con/itute ! v>i\s families & classes into :i* botani/s h di/ribut$ plants3 x is ?us we see ! c$> & ! hyssop develop _! gr[?2 ! "o rises to ! cl\ds1 ! o!r creep humbly on ! e>?4 ,?us1 by degrees1 f an acorn spr+s ! maje/ic oak1 accumulat+1 ) "t1 its num]\s bran*es1 & ov]%ad[+ u ) its foliage4 ,?us1 a gra9 ( corn1 aft] hav+ drawn its own n\ri%m5t f ! juices ( ! e>?1 s]ves1 9 its turn1 = ! n\ri%m5t ( man1 into ^: sy/em x conveys ! elem5ts or pr9ciples by :i* x has be5 itself exp&$1 comb9$1 & modifi$ 9 su* a mann]1 z to r5d] ?is vegetable prop] to assimilate & unite ) ! human frame2 t is to say1 ) ! fluids & solids ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! same elem5ts1 ! same pr9ciples1 are f\nd 9 ! =mation ( m9]als1 z well z 9 _! decomposition1 :e!r natural or artificial4 ,we f9d t e>?1 div]sely modifi$1 wr\ght1 & comb9$1 s]ves to increase _! bulk1 & give !m m or less d5sity & gravity4 ,air & wat] contribute to make _! p>ticles coh]e2 ! igne\s matt]1 or inflammable pr9ciple1 t+es !m ) col\r1 & sometimes pla9ly indicates its pres5ce1 by ! brilliant sc9tillation :i* motion elicits f !m4 ,^! /ones & metals1 ^! bodies1 s compact & solid1 are disunit$1 are de/roy$1 by ! ag5cy ( air1 wat]1 & fire2 :i* ! mo/ ord9>y analysis is suffici5t to prove1 z well z a multitude ( exp]i5ce1 to :i* our eyes are ! daily evid5ce4 ,animals1 plants1 & m9]als1 aft] a lapse ( "t1 give back to ,nature2 t is to say1 to ! g5]al mass ( ?+s1 to ! univ]sal magaz9e1 ! elem5ts1 or pr9ciples1 :i* !y h borr[$3 ,! e>? retakes t portion ( ! body ( :i* x =m$ ! basis & ! solidity2 ! air *>ges itself ) ^! p>ts1 t are1 analog\s to x1 & ) ^? p>ticles :i* are light & subtle2 wat] c>ries (f t :i* is suitable to liquesc5cy2 fire1 bur/+ its *a9s1 dis5gages itself1 & ru%es into new comb9ations ) o!r bodies4 ,! elem5t>y p>ticles ( ! animal1 be+ ?us dissolv$1 disunit$1 & disp]s$2 assume new activity1 & =m new comb9ations3 ?us1 !y s]ve to n\ri%1 to pres]ve1 or de/roy new be+s2 among o!rs1 plants1 :i* arriv$ at _! maturity1 n\ri% & pres]ve new animals2 ^! 9 _! turn yield+ to ! same fate z ! fir/4 ,su* is ! con/ant1 ! inv>iable c\rse1 ( ,nature2 su* is ! et]nal circle ( mutation1 :i* all t exi/s is oblig$ to describe4 ,x is ?us motion g5]ates1 pres]ves = a "t1 & successively1 de/roys1 "o "p ( ! univ]se by ! o!r2 :il/ ! sum ( exi/5ce rema9s et]nally ! same4 ,nature1 by its comb9ations1 produces suns1 :i* place !mselves 9 ! c5tre ( s _m sy/ems3 %e =ms planets1 :i*1 by _! peculi> ess5ce1 gravitate & describe _! revolutions r\nd ^! suns3 by degrees ! motion is *ang$ altoge!r1 & becomes ecc5tric3 p]haps ! day may arrive :5 ^! wondr\s masses w disp]se1 ( :i* man1 9 ! %ort space ( 8 exi/5ce1 c only h a fa9t & transi5t glimpse4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! cont9ual motion inh]5t 9 matt]1 *anges & de/roys all be+s2 e in/ant depriv+ !m ( "s ( _! prop]ties1 to sub/itute o!rs3 x is motion1 :i*1 9 ?us *ang+ _! actual ess5ce1 *anges also _! ord]1 _! direction1 _! t5d5cy1 & ! laws :i* regulate _! mode ( act+ & be+3 f ! /one =m$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 by ! intimate comb9ation & close coh]5ce ( simil> & analog\s p>ticles1 to ! sun1 t va/ res]voir ( igne\s p>ticles1 :i* %$s torr5ts ( light ov] ! firmam5t2 f ! b5umb$ oy/]1 to ! ?\ghtful & active man2 we see an un9t]rupt$ progression1 a p]petual *a9 ( motion & comb9ation2 f :i* is produc$1 be+s t only diff] f ea* o!r by ! v>iety ( _! elem5t>y matt]--by ! num]\s comb9ations ( ^! elem5ts1 f :5ce spr+s modes ( action & exi/5ce1 div]sifi$ to inf9ity4 ,9 g5]ation1 9 nutrition1 9 pres]vation1 we see no?+ m ?an matt]1 v>i\sly comb9$1 ( :i* ea* has its peculi> motion1 regulat$ by fix$ & det]m9ate laws1 :i* oblige !m to submit to necess>y *anges4 ,we %all f9d1 9 ! =mation1 9 ! gr[?1 9 ! in/antane\s life1 ( animals1 vegetables1 & m9]als1 no?+ b matt]2 :i* comb9+1 accumulat+1 aggregat+1 & exp&+ by degrees1 =ms be+s1 :o are ei!r feel+1 liv+1 vegetat+1 or else de/itute ( ^! faculties2 :i*1 hav+ exi/$ "s "t "u "o p>ticul> =m1 are oblig$ to contribute by _! ru9 to ! production ( o!r =ms4 ,?us1 to speak /rictly1 no?+ 9 ,nature is ei!r born1 or dies1 accord+ to ! common acceptation ( ^? t]ms4 ,?is tru? 0 felt by _m ( ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,,plato says1 t accord+ to tradition1 ! liv+ 7 born ( ! dead1 ! same z ! dead did come ( ! liv+2 & t ?is is ! con/ant r\t9e ( ,nature4 ,he adds f himself1 :o kn[s1 if to live1 be n to die2 & if to die1 be n to live8 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e ( ,,py?agoras1 a man ( great tal5t & no less note4 ,,emp$ocles ass]ts1 !re is nei!r bir? nor dea?1 = any mortal2 b only a comb9ation1 & a sep>ation ( t :i* 0 comb9$1 & t ?is is :at among/ m5 !y call bir?1 & dea?4 ,aga9 he rem>ks1 ^? are infants1 or %ort-sight$ p]sons1 ) v contract$ und]/&+s1 :o imag9e any ?+ is born1 :i* did n exi/ be=e1 or t any ?+ c die or p]i% totally4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,laws ( ,motion1 common to e ,be+ ( ,nature4--,attraction & ,repulsion4--,in]t ,=ce4--,necessity4 ,man is nev] surpris$ at ^? effects1 ( :i* he ?9ks he kn[s ! cause2 he believes he does "k ! cause1 z soon z he sees !m act 9 an uni=m & det]m9ate mann]1 or :5 ! motion excit$ is simple3 ! desc5t ( a /one1 t falls by its own peculi> weight1 is an object ( contemplation to ! philosoph] only2 to :om ! mode by :i* ! mo/ imm$iate causes act1 & ! mo/ simple motion1 are no less imp5etrable my/]ies ?an ! mo/ complex motion1 & ! mann] by :i* ! mo/ complicat$ causes give impulse4 ,! un9=m$ are seldom tempt$ ei!r to exam9e ! effects :i* are famili> to !m1 or to recur to fir/ pr9ciples4 ,!y ?9k !y see no?+ 9 ! desc5t ( a /one1 :i* ought to elicit _! surprise1 or become ! object ( _! rese>*3 x requires a ,,newton to feel t ! desc5t ( heavy bodies is a ph5om5on1 wor?y 8 :ole1 8 mo/ s]i\s att5tion2 x requires ! sagacity ( a pr(\nd exp]im5tal philosoph]1 to discov] ! laws by :i* heavy bodies fall1 by :i* !y communicate to o!rs _! peculi> motion4 ,9 %ort1 ! m9d t is mo/ practis$ 9 philosophical obs]vation1 has frequ5tly ! *agr9 to f9d1 t ! mo/ simple & mo/ common effects escape all 8 rese>*es1 & rema9 inexplicable to him4 ,:5 any extraord9>y1 any unusual1 effect is produc$1 to :i* our eyes h n be5 accu/om$2 or :5 we are ignorant ( ! en]gies ( ! cause1 ! action ( :i* s =cibly /rikes our s5ses1 we are tempt$ to m$itate ^u x1 & take x into our consid]ation4 ,! ,european1 accu/om$ to ! use ( ,,gunp[d]1 passes x by1 )\t ?9k+ mu* ( its extraord9>y en]gies2 ! workman1 :o lab\rs to manufacture x1 f9ds no?+ m>vell\s 9 its prop]ties1 because he daily h&les ! matt] t =ms its composition4 ,! ,am]ican1 to :om ?is p[d] 0 a /rang]1 :o _h nev] beheld its op]ation1 look$ ^u x z a div9e p[]1 & its en]gies z sup]natural4 ,! un9=m$1 :o are ignorant ( ! true cause ( ,,?und]1 contemplate x z ! in/rum5t ( div9e v5geance4 ,! exp]im5tal philosoph] consid]s x z ! effect ( ! electric matt]1 :i*1 nev]!less1 is itself a cause :i* he is v f> f p]fectly und]/&+4--,x requir$ ! ke51 ! p5etrat+ m9d ( a ,,frankl91 to ?r[ light on ! nature ( ?is subtle fluid--to develop ! means by :i* its effects might be r5d]$ h>mless--to turn to useful purposes1 a ph5om5on t made ! ignorant tremble--t fill$ _! m9ds ) t]ror1 _! he>ts ) dismay1 z indicat+ ! ang] ( ! gods3 impress$ ) ?is idea1 !y pro/rat$ !mselves1 !y sacrific$ to ,,jupit]1 to deprecate 8 wra?4 ,be ?is z x may1 :5ev] we see a cause act1 we look ^u its effect z natural3 :5 ?is cause becomes famili> to ! sight1 :5 we are accu/om$ to x1 we ?9k we und]/& x1 & its effects surprise u no long]4 ,:5ev] any unusual effect is p]ceiv$1 )\t our discov]+ ! cause1 ! m9d sets to "w1 becomes uneasy2 ?is uneas9ess increases 9 proportion to its ext5t3 z soon z x is believ$ to ?reat5 our pres]vation1 we become completely agitat$2 we seek aft] ! cause ) an e>ne/ness proportion$ to our al>m2 our p]plexity augm5ts 9 a ratio equival5t to ! p]suasion we are "u3 h[ ess5tially requisite x is1 we %\ld become acqua9t$ ) ! cause t has affect$ u 9 s lively a mann]4 ,z x frequ5tly happ5s t our s5ses c tea* u no?+ respect+ ?is cause :i* s deeply int]e/s u--:i* we seek ) s mu* ard\r1 we h rec\rse to our imag9ation2 ?is1 di/urb$ ) al>m1 en]vat$ by fe>1 becomes a suspici\s1 a fallaci\s guide3 we create *im]as1 fictiti\s causes1 to :om we give ! cr$it1 to :om we ascribe ! hon\r ( ^? ph5om5a by :i* we h be5 s mu* al>m$4 ,x is to ?is disposition ( ! human m9d t mu/ be attribut$1 z w be se5 9 ! sequel1 ! religi\s errors ( man1 :o1 despair+ ( ! capacity to trace ! natural causes ( ^? p]plex+ ph5om5a to :i* he 0 ! witness1 & sometimes ! victim1 creat$ 9 8 bra9 7heat$ ) t]ror7 imag9>y causes1 :i* h become to him a s\rce ( ! mo/ extravagant folly4 ,9 ,nature1 h[ev]1 !re c be only natural causes & effects2 all motion excit$ 9 ?is ,nature1 foll[s con/ant & necess>y laws3 ! natural op]ations1 to ! k ( :i* we are compet5t1 ( :i* we are 9 a capacity to judge1 are ( !mselves suffici5t to enable u to discov] ^? :i* elude our sight2 we c at lea/ judge ( !m by analogy4 ,if we /udy ,nature ) att5tion1 ! modes ( action :i* %e displays to our s5ses w tea* u n to be disconc]t$ by ^? :i* %e refuses to discov]4 ,^? causes :i* are ! mo/ remote f _! effects1 unque/ionably act by int]m$iate causes2 by ! aid ( ^!1 we c frequ5tly trace out ! fir/4 ,if 9 ! *a9 ( ^! causes we sometimes meet ) ob/acles t oppose !mselves to our rese>*1 we ought to endeav\r by pati5ce & dilig5ce to ov]come !m2 :5 x s happ5s we _c surm\nt ! difficulties t occur1 we /ill are nev] ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ ! *a9 to be brok51 or t ! cause :i* acts is ,,sup]-,,natural4 ,let u1 !n1 be cont5t ) an hone/ av[al1 t ,nature conta9s res\rces ( :i* we are ignorant2 b nev] let u sub/itute phantoms1 fictions1 or imag9>y causes1 s5seless t]ms1 = ^? causes :i* escape our rese>*2 because1 by su* means we only confirm ourselves 9 ignorance1 imp$e our enquiries1 & ob/9ately rema9 9 error4 ,9 spite ( our ignorance ) respect to ! me&]+s ( ,nature1 7= ( ! ess5ce ( be+1 ( _! prop]ties1 _! elem5ts1 _! comb9ations1 _! proportions1 we yet "k ! simple & g5]al laws1 accord+ to :i* bodies move27 we see cle>ly1 t "s ( ^! laws1 common to all be+s1 nev] contradict !mselves2 al?\gh1 on "s occasions1 !y appe> to v>y1 we are frequ5tly compet5t to discov] t ! cause becom+ complex1 f comb9ation ) o!r causes1 ei!r imp$es or prev5ts its mode ( action be+ su* z 9 its primitive /ate we _h a "r to expect4 ,we "k t active1 igne\s matt]1 appli$ to gunp[d]1 mu/ necess>ily cause x to explode3 :5ev] ?is effect does n foll[ ! comb9ation ( ! igne\s matt] ) ! gunp[d]--:5ev] our s5ses d n give u evid5ce ( ! fact1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 ei!r t ! p[d] is damp1 or t x is unit$ ) "s o!r sub/ance t c\nt]acts its explosion4 ,we "k t all ! actions ( man h a t5d5cy to r5d] him happy3 :5ev]1 !re=e1 we see him lab\r+ to injure or de/roy himself1 x is j to inf] t he is mov$ by "s cause oppos$ to 8 natural t5d5cy2 t he is deceiv$ by "s prejudice2 t1 = want ( exp]i5ce1 he is bl9d to consequ5ces3 t he does n see :i!r 8 actions w lead him4 ,if ! motion excit$ 9 be+s 0 always simple2 if _! actions did n bl5d & comb9e ) ea* o!r1 x w\ld be easy to "k1 & we %\ld be assur$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ( ! effect a cause w\ld produce4 ,i "k t a /one1 :5 desc5d+1 ought to describe a p]p5dicul>3 ,i also "k1 t if x enc\nt]s any o!r body :i* *anges its c\rse1 x is oblig$ to take an oblique direction1 b if its fall be int]rupt$ by sev]al contr>y p[]s1 :i* act ^u x alt]nately1 ,i am no long] compet5t to det]m9e :at l9e x w describe4 ,x may be a p>abola1 an ellipsis1 spiral1 circul>1 c4 ?is w dep5d on ! impulse1 x receives1 & ! p[]s by :i* x is impell$4 ,! mo/ complex motion1 h[ev]1 is nev] m ?an ! result ( simple motion comb9$3 !re=e z soon z we "k ! g5]al laws ( be+s & _! action1 we h only to decompose1 to analyse !m1 9 ord] to discov] ^? ( :i* !y are comb9$2 exp]i5ce tea*es u ! effects we are to expect4 ,?us x is cle>1 ! simple/ motion causes t necess>y junction ( diff]5t matt]1 ( :i* all bodies are compos$3 t matt]1 v>i$ 9 its ess5ce1 9 its prop]ties1 9 its comb9ations1 has ea* its sev]al modes ( action or motion1 peculi> to itself2 ! :ole motion ( a body is consequ5tly ! sum total ( ea* p>ticul> motion t is comb9$4 ,among/ ! matt] we behold1 "s is con/antly dispos$ to unite1 :il/ o!r is incapable ( union2 t :i* is suitable to unite1 =ms comb9ations1 m or less intimate1 possess+ m or less durability3 t is to say1 ) m or less capacity to pres]ve _! union1 to resi/ dissolution4 ,^? bodies :i* are call$ ,,solids1 receive into _! composition a great numb] ( homog5e\s1 simil>1 & analog\s p>ticles1 dispos$ to unite !mselves ) en]gies conspir+ or t5d+ to ! same po9t4 ,! primitive be+s1 or elem5ts ( bodies1 h ne$ ( supports1 ( props2 t is to say1 ( ! pres5ce ( ea* o!r1 = ! purpose ( pres]v+ !mselves2 ( acquir+ consi/5ce or solidity3 a tru?1 :i* applies ) equal uni=mity to :at is call$ physical1 z to :at is t]m$ moral4 ,x is ^u ?is disposition 9 matt] & bodies1 ) relation to ea* o!r1 t is f\nd$ ^? modes ( action :i* natural philosoph]s designate by ! t]ms attraction1 repulsion1 sympa?y1 antipa?y1 aff9ities1 relations2 t morali/s describe "u ! names ( love1 hatr$1 fri5d%ip1 av]sion4 ,man1 l all ! be+s 9 nature1 exp]i5ces ! impulse ( attraction & repulsion2 ! motion excit$ 9 him diff]+ f t ( o!r be+s1 only1 because x is m conceal$1 & frequ5tly s hidd51 t nei!r ! causes :i* excite x1 nor _! mode ( action are kn[n4 ,?is sy/em ( attraction & repulsion is v anci5t1 al?\gh x requir$ a ,,newton to develop x4 ,t love1 to :i* ! anci5ts attribut$ ! unfold+1 or dis5tanglem5t ( *aos1 appe>s to h be5 no?+ m ?an a p]sonification ( ! pr9ciple ( attraction4 ,all _! allegories & fables ^u *aos1 evid5tly indicate no?+ m ?an ! accord or union t exi/s betwe5 analog\s & homog5e\s sub/ances2 f :5ce result$ ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]se3 :il/ discord or repulsion1 :i* !y call$ ,,sois1 0 ! cause ( dissolution1 confusion1 & disord]2 !re c sc>cely rema9 a d\bt1 b ?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,,two ,,pr9ciples4 ,accord+ to ,,diog5es ,,la]tius1 ! philosoph]1 ,,emp$ocles1 ass]t$1 t !re is a k9d ( affection by :i* ! elem5ts unite !mselves2 & a sort ( discord1 by :i* !y sep>ate or remove !mselves4 ,h[ev] x may be1 x is suffici5t = u to "k t by an inv>iable law1 c]ta9 bodies are dispos$ to unite ) m or less facility2 :il/ o!rs _c comb9e or unite !mselves3 wat] comb9es itself readily ) salt1 b w n bl5d ) oil4 ,"s comb9ations are v /rong1 coh]+ ) great =ce1 z metals2 o!rs are extremely feeble1 _! cohesion slight & easily decompos$1 z 9 fugitive col\rs4 ,"s bodies1 incapable ( unit+ by !mselves1 become susceptible ( union by ! ag5cy ( o!r bodies1 :i* s]ve = common bonds or ,,m$iums4 ,?us1 oil & wat]1 naturally het]og5e\s1 comb9e & make soap1 by ! int]v5tion ( alkal9e salt4 ,f matt] div]sely comb9$1 9 proportions v>i$ almo/ to inf9ity1 result all physical & moral bodies2 ! prop]ties & qualities ( :i* are ess5tially diff]5t1 ) modes ( action m or less complex3 :i* are ei!r und]/ood ) facility1 or difficult ( compreh5sion1 accord+ to ! elem5ts or matt] t has ent]$ into _! composition1 & ! v>i\s modifications ?is matt] has und]gone4 ,x is ?us1 f ! reciprocity ( _! attraction1 ! primitive imp]ceptible p>ticles ( matt]1 :i* con/itute bodies1 become p]ceptible1 =m comp\nd sub/ances1 aggregate masses2 by ! union ( simil> & analog\s matt]1 ^: ess5ces fit !m to coh]e4 ,! same bodies are dissolv$1 _! union brok51 :5ev] !y und]go ! action ( matt] inimical to _! junction4 ,?us by degrees are =m$1 plants1 metals1 animals1 m52 ea* gr[s1 exp&s1 & increases 9 its own sy/em or ord]2 su/a9+ itself 9 its respective exi/5ce1 by ! cont9ual attraction ( analog\s matt]2 to :i* x becomes unit$1 & by :i* x is pres]v$ & /r5g!n$4 ,?us1 c]ta9 alim5ts become fit = ! su/5ance ( man1 :il/ o!rs de/roy 8 exi/5ce3 "s are pleasant to him1 /r5g!n 8 habit2 o!rs are repugnant to him1 weak5 8 sy/em3 9 %ort1 nev] to sep>ate physical f moral laws1 x is ?us t m51 mutually attract$ to ea* o!r by _! reciprocal wants1 =m ^? unions :i* we designate by ! t]ms1 ,,m>riage1 ,,families1 ,,societies1 ,,fri5d%ips1 ,,connexions3 x is ?us t virtue /r5g!ns & consolidates !m2 t vice relaxes or totally dissolves !m4 ,( :atev] nature may be ! comb9ation ( be+s1 _! motion has always "o direction or t5d5cy3 )\t direction we c\ld n h any idea ( motion3 ?is direction is regulat$ by ! prop]ties ( ea* be+2 z soon z !y h any giv5 prop]ties1 !y necess>ily act 9 ob$i5ce to !m3 t is to say1 !y foll[ ! law inv>iably det]m9$ by ^! same prop]ties2 :i*1 ( !mselves1 con/itute ! be+ su* z he is f\nd1 & settle 8 mode ( action1 :i* is always ! consequ5ce ( 8 mann] ( exi/5ce4 ,b :at is ! g5]al direction1 or common t5d5cy1 we see 9 all be+s8 ,:at is ! visible & kn[n end ( all _! motion8 ,x is to cons]ve _! actual exi/5ce--to pres]ve !mselves--to /r5g!n _! sev]al bodies--to attract t :i* is favorable to !m--to repel t :i* is injuri\s !m--to avoid t :i* c h>m !m--to resi/ impulsions contr>y to _! mann] ( exi/5ce1 & to _! natural t5d5cy4 ,to exi/1 is to exp]i5ce ! motion peculi> to a det]m9ate ess5ce3 to cons]ve ?is exi/5ce1 is to give & receive t motion f :i* results its ma9t5ance3--x is to attract matt] suitable to corroborate its be+--to avoid t by :i* x may be ei!r endang]$ or enfeebl$4 ,?us1 all be+s ( :i* we h any k1 h a t5d5cy to cons]ve !mselves1 ea* aft] its peculi> mann]3 ! /one1 by ! firm adhesion ( its p>ticles1 opposes resi/ance to its de/ruction4 ,organiz$ be+s cons]ve !mselves by m complicat$ means1 b :i* are1 nev]!less1 calculat$ to ma9ta9 _! exi/5ce aga9/ t by :i* x may be injur$4 ,man1 bo? 9 8 physical & 9 8 moral capacity1 is a liv+1 feel+1 ?9k+1 active be+2 :o1 e in/ant ( 8 duration1 /rives equally to avoid t :i* may be injuri\s1 & to procure t :i* is pleas+ to him1 or t :i* is suitable to 8 mode ( exi/5ce2 all 8 actions t5d+ solely to cons]ve himself4 ,,/4 ,,augu/9e admits ?is t5d5cy 9 all :e!r organiz$ or n4 ,cons]vation1 !n1 is ! common po9t to :i* all ! en]gies1 all ! p[]s1 all ! faculties ( be+s1 seem cont9ually direct$4 ,natural philosoph]s call ?is direction or t5d5cy1 ,,self-,,gravitation3 ,,newton calls x ,,in]t ,,=ce3 morali/s d5om9ate x 9 man1 ,,self-,,love :i* is no?+ m ?an ! t5d5cy he has to pres]ve himself--a desire ( happ9ess--a love ( 8 own welf>e--a wi% = pleasure--a promptitude 9 seiz+ on e ?+ t appe>s fav\rable to 8 cons]vation--a m>k$ av]sion to all t ei!r di/urbs 8 happ9ess1 or m5aces 8 exi/5ce--primitive s5tim5ts1 t are common to all be+s ( ! human species2 :i* all _! faculties are cont9ually /riv+ to satisfy2 :i* all _! passions1 _! wills1 _! actions1 h et]nally = _! object & _! end4 ,?is self-gravitation1 !n1 is cle>ly a necess>y disposition 9 man1 & 9 all o!r be+s2 :i*1 by a v>iety means1 contribute to ! pres]vation ( ! exi/5ce !y h receiv$1 z long z no?+ d]anges ! ord] ( _! ma*9e1 or its primitive t5d5cy4 ,cause always produces effect2 !re c be no effect )\t cause4 ,impulse is always foll[$ by "s motion1 m or less s5sible2 by "s *ange1 m or less rem>kable 9 ! body :i* receives x4 ,b motion1 & its v>i\s modes ( display+ itself1 is1 z has be5 already %ewn1 det]m9$ by ! nature1 ! ess5ce1 ! prop]ties1 ! comb9ations ( ! be+s act+4 ,x mu/1 !n1 be conclud$ t motion1 or ! modes by :i* be+s act1 arises f "s cause2 t z ?is cause is n able to move or act1 b 9 con=mity ) ! mann] ( its be+ or its ess5tial prop]ties1 x mu/ equally be conclud$1 t all ! ph5om5a we p]ceive are necess>y2 t e be+ 9 ,nature1 "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* x is plac$1 & ) ! giv5 prop]ties x possesses1 _c act o!rwise ?an x does4 ,necessity is ! con/ant & infallible relation ( causes ) _! effects4 ,fire consumes1 ( necessity1 combu/ible matt] plat$ )9 its circuit ( action3 man1 by fatality1 desires ei!r t :i* really is1 or appe>s to be s]viceable to 8 welf>e4 ,nature1 9 all ! extraord9>y appe>ances %e exhibits1 necess>ily acts aft] h] own peculi> ess5ce3 all ! be+s %e conta9s1 necess>ily act ea* aft] its own a individual nature3 x is by motion t ! :ole has relation ) its p>ts2 & ^! p>ts ) ! :ole3 x is ?us t 9 ! g5]al sy/em e ?+ is connect$3 x is itself b an imm5se *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* fl[ )\t ceas+1 "o f ! o!r4 ,if we reflect1 we %all be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge t e ?+ we see is necess>y2 t x _c be o!rwise ?an x is2 t all ! be+s we behold1 z well z ^? :i* escape our sight1 act by inv>iable laws4 ,accord+ to ^! laws1 heavy bodies fall--light bodies asc5d--analog\s sub/ances attract ea* o!r--be+s t5d to pres]ve !mselves--man *]i%es himself2 loves t :i* he ?9ks advantage\s--dete/s t :i* he has an idea may prove unfav\rable to him4--,9 f9e1 we are oblig$ to admit1 !re c be no p]fectly indep5d5t en]gy--no sep>at$ cause--no deta*$ action1 9 a nature :]e all ! be+s are 9 a reciprocity ( action--:o1 )\t int]ruption1 mutually impel & resi/ ea* o!r--:o is h]self no?+ m ?an an et]nal circle ( motion1 giv5 & receiv$ accord+ to necess>y laws2 :i* "u ! same giv5 incid5ts1 inv>iably produce ! same effect4 ,two examples w s]ve to ?r[ ! pr9ciple "h laid d[n1 into light--"o %all be tak5 f physics1 ! o!r f morals4 ,9 a :irlw9d ( du/1 rais$ by elem5tal =ce1 confus$ z x appe>s to our eyes1 9 ! mo/ frightful tempe/ excit$ by contr>y w9ds1 :5 ! waves roll high z m\nta9s1 !re is n a s+le p>ticle ( du/1 or drop ( wat]1 t has be5 plac$ by ,,*ance1 t has n a cause = occupy+ ! place :]e x is f\nd2 t does n1 9 ! mo/ rigor\s s5se ( ! ^w1 act aft] ! mann] 9 :i* x ought to act2 t is1 accord+ to its own peculi> ess5ce1 & t ( ! be+s f :om x receives ?is communicat$ =ce4 ,a geometrician exactly knew ! diff]5t en]gies act+ 9 ea* case1 ) ! prop]ties ( ! p>ticles mov$1 c\ld demon/rate t aft] ! causes giv51 ea* p>ticle act$ precisely z x ought to act1 & t x c\ld n h act$ o!rwise ?an x did4 ,9 ^? t]rible convulsions t sometimes agitate political societies1 %ake _! f\ndations1 & frequ5tly produce ! ov]?r[ ( an empire2 !re is n a s+le action1 a s+le ^w1 a s+le ?\ght1 a s+le w1 a s+le passion 9 ! ag5ts1 :e!r !y act z de/roy]s1 or z victims1 t is n ! necess>y result ( ! causes op]at+2 t does n act1 z1 ( necessity1 x mu/ act1 f ! peculi> ess5ce ( ! be+s :o give ! impulse1 & t ( ! ag5ts :o receive x1 accord+ to ! situation ^! ag5ts fill 9 ! moral :irlw9d4 ,?is c\ld be evid5tly prov$ by an und]/&+ capacitat$ to rate all ! action & re-action1 ( ! m9ds & bodies ( ^? :o contribut$ to ! revolution4 ,9 fact1 if all be connect$ 9 ,nature1 if all motion be produc$1 ! "o f ! o!r1 not)/&+ _! secret communications frequ5tly elude our sight2 we ought to feel conv9c$ ( ?is tru?1 t !re is no cause1 h[ev] m9ute1 h[ev] remote1 t does n sometimes produce ! greate/ & mo/ imm$iate effects on man4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be 9 ! p>*$ pla9s ( ,lybia1 t are amass$ ! fir/ elem5ts ( a /orm or tempe/1 :i*1 borne by ! w9ds1 approa* our climate1 r5d] our atmosph]e d5se1 & ?us op]at+ on ! temp]am5t1 may influ5ce ! passions ( a man1 ^: circum/ances %all h capacitat$ him to influ5ce _m o!rs1 :o %all decide aft] 8 w ! fate ( _m nations4 ,man1 9 fact1 f9ds himself 9 ,nature1 & makes a "p ( x3 he acts accord+ to laws1 :i* are appropriate to him2 he receives 9 a mann] m or less di/9ct1 ! action & impulse ( ! be+s :o surr\nd him2 :o !mselves act aft] laws t are peculi> to _! ess5ce4 ,?us he is v>i\sly modifi$2 b 8 actions are always ! result ( 8 own en]gy1 & t ( ! be+s :o act ^u him1 & by :om he is modifi$4 ,?is is :at gives su* v>iety to 8 det]m9ations--:at g5]ally produces su* contradiction 9 8 ?\ghts1 8 op9ions1 8 w1 8 actions2 9 %ort1 9 t motion1 :e!r conceal$ or visible1 by :i* he is agitat$4 ,we %all h occasion1 9 ! sequel1 to place ?is tru?1 at pres5t s mu* conte/$1 9 a cle>] light3 x w be suffici5t = our purpose at pres5t to prove1 g5]ally1 t e ?+ 9 ,nature is necess>y--t no?+ to be f\nd 9 x c act o!rwise ?an x does4 ,motion1 alt]nately communicat$ & receiv$1 e/abli%es ! connection or relation betwe5 ! diff]5t ord]s ( be+s3 :5 !y are 9 ! sph]e ( reciprocal action1 attraction approximates !m2 repulsion dissolves & sep>ates !m2 ! "o /r5g!ns & pres]ves !m2 ! o!r enfeebles & de/roys !m4 ,once comb9$1 !y h a t5d5cy to cons]ve !mselves 9 t mode ( exi/5ce1 by virtue ( _! in]t =ce2 9 ?is !y _c succe$1 because !y are expos$ to ! cont9ual influ5ce ( all o!r be+s1 :o p]petually & successively act ^u !m2 _! *ange ( =m1 _! dissolution1 is requisite to ! pres]vation ( ,nature h]self3 ?is is ! sole end we are able to assign h]--to :i* we see h] t5d )\t int]mission--:i* %e foll[s )\t int]ruption1 by ! de/ruction & reproduction ( all subord9ate be+s1 :o are oblig$ to submit to h] laws--to concur1 by _! mode ( action1 to ! ma9t5ance ( h] active exi/5ce1 s ess5tially requisite to ! ,,great ,,:ole4 ,x is ?us ea* be+ is an individual1 :o1 9 ! great family1 p]=ms 8 necess>y portion ( ! g5]al lab\r--:o executes ! unavoidable task assign$ to him4 ,all bodies act accord+ to laws1 inh]5t 9 _! peculi> ess5ce1 )\t ! capability to sw]ve1 ev5 = a s+le in/ant1 f ^? accord+ to :i* ,nature h]self acts4 ,?is is ! c5tral p[]1 to :i* all o!r p[]s1 ess5ces1 & en]gies1 are submitt$3 %e regulates ! motions ( be+s1 by ! necessity ( h] own peculi> ess5ce3 %e makes !m concur by v>i\s modes to ! g5]al plan3 ?is appe>s to be no?+ m ?an ! life1 action1 & ma9t5ance ( ! :ole1 by ! cont9ual *ange ( its p>ts4 ,?is object %e obta9s1 9 remov+ !m1 "o by ! o!r2 by t :i* e/abli%es1 & by t :i* de/roys1 ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 !m2 by t :i* gives !m1 & t :i* deprives !m (1 _! =ms1 comb9ations1 proportions1 & qualities1 accord+ to :i* !y act = a "t1 aft] a giv5 mode2 ^! are aft]w>ds tak5 f !m1 to make !m act aft] a diff]5t mann]4 ,x is ?us t ,nature makes !m exp& & *ange1 gr[ & decl9e1 augm5t & dim9i%1 approximate & remove1 =ms & de/roys !m1 accord+ z %e f9ds x requisite to ma9ta9 ! :ole2 t[>ds ! cons]vation :i* ?is ,nature is h]self ess5tially necessitat$ to h a t5d5cy4 ,?is irresi/ible p[]1 ?is univ]sal necessity1 ?is g5]al en]gy1 !n1 is only a consequ5ce ( ! nature ( ?+s2 by virtue ( :i* e ?+ acts1 )\t int]mission1 aft] con/ant & immutable laws3 ^! laws n v>y+ m = ! :ole ?an = ! be+s ( :i* x is compos$4 ,nature is an active liv+ :ole1 to :i* all its p>ts necess>ily concur2 ( :i*1 )\t _! own k1 !y ma9ta9 ! activity1 ! life1 & ! exi/5ce4 ,nature acts & exi/s necess>ily3 all t %e conta9s1 necess>ily conspires to p]petuate h] active exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! decid$ op9ion ( ,,plato1 :5 he says1 matt] & necessity are ! same ?+2 ?is necessity is ! "m ( ! _w4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 we _c g beyond ?is aphorism1 ,,matt] ,,acts1 ,,because ,,x ,,exi/s2 ,,& ,,exi/s1 ,,to ,,act4 ,if x be enquir$ h[1 or = :y1 matt] exi/s8 ,we answ]1 we "k n3 b reason+ by analogy1 ( :at we d n "k by t :i* we d1 we %\ld be ( op9ion x exi/s necess>ily1 or because x conta9s )9 itself a suffici5t reason = its exi/5ce4 ,9 suppos+ x to be creat$ or produc$ by a be+ di/+ui%$ f x1 or less kn[n ?an itself1 7:i* x may be1 = any ?+ we "k to ! contr>y17 we mu/ /ill admit1 t ?is be+ is necess>y1 & includes a suffici5t reason = 8 own exi/5ce4 ,we h n !n remov$ any ( ! difficulty1 we h n ?r[n a cle>] light ^u ! subject1 we h n advanc$ a s+le /ep2 we h simply laid aside a be+1 ( :i* we "k "s few ( ! prop]ties1 b ( :i* we are /ill extremely ignorant1 to h rec\rse to a p[]1 ( :i* x is utt]ly impossible we c1 z long z we are m51 =m any di/9ct idea2 ( :i*1 not)/&+ x may be a tru?1 we _c1 by any means we possess1 demon/rate ! exi/5ce4 ,z1 !re=e1 ^! mu/ be at be/ b speculative po9ts ( belief1 :i* ea* individual1 by reason ( its obscurity1 may contemplate ) diff]5t optics1 "u v>i\s aspects1 !y surely ought to be left free = ea* to judge aft] 8 own fa%ion3 ! ,h9doo c h no j cause ( enmity aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian = 8 fai?3 ?is has no moral "r to "q ! ,mussulman ^u 82 ! num]\s sects ( ea* ( ! v>i\s p]suasions spread ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 ought to make x a cre$ to look ) an eye ( complac5cy on ! deviation ( ! o!rs2 & re/ ^u t great moral axiom1 :i* is /rictly con=mable to ,nature1 :i* conta9s ! :ole ( man's happ9ess--,d n unto ano!r1 t :i* d y n wi% ano!r %\ld d unto y2 = x is evid5t1 accord+ to _! own doctr9es1 out ( all ! v>iety ( sy/ems1 "o only c be "r4 ,we %all see 9 ! sequel1 h[ mu* man's imag9ation lab\rs to =m an idea1 ( ! en]gies ( t ,nature he has p]sonifi$1 & di/+ui%$ f h]self3 9 %ort1 we %all exam9e "s ( ! ridicul\s & p]nici\s inv5tions1 :i*1 = want ( und]/&+ ,nature1 h be5 imag9$ to imp$e h] c\rse1 to susp5d h] et]nal laws1 to place ob/acles to ! necessity ( ?+s4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,ord] & ,confusion4--,intellig5ce4--,*ance4 ,! obs]vation ( ! necess>y1 regul>1 & p]iodical motion 9 ! univ]se1 g5]at$ 9 ! m9d ( man ! idea ( ,,ord]2 ?is t]m1 9 its orig9al signification1 repres5ts no?+ m ?an a mode ( consid]+1 a facility ( p]ceiv+1 toge!r & sep>ately1 ! diff]5t relations ( a :ole2 9 :i* is discov]$1 by its mann] ( exi/+ & act+1 a c]ta9 aff9ity or con=mity ) 8 own4 ,man1 9 ext5d+ ?is idea to ! univ]se1 c>ri$ ) him ^? me?ods ( consid]+ ?+s :i* are peculi> to himself3 he has consequ5tly suppos$ !re really exi/$ 9 ,nature aff9ities & relations1 :i* he class$ "u ! "n ( ,,ord]2 & o!rs :i* appe>$ to him n to con=m to ^?1 :i* he has rank$ "u ! t]m ( ,,confusion4 ,x is easy to compreh5d1 t ?is idea ( ord] & confusion c h no absolute exi/5ce 9 ,nature1 :]e e ?+ is necess>y2 :]e ! :ole foll[s con/ant & inv>iable laws1 :i* oblige ea* be+1 9 e mom5t ( its duration1 to submit to o!r laws1 :i* fl[ f its own peculi> mode ( exi/5ce4 ,!re=e x is 9 8 imag9ation1 only1 man f9ds a model ( t :i* he t]ms ord] or confusion2 :i*1 l all 8 ab/ract1 metaphysical ideas1 supposes no?+ beyond 8 rea*4 ,ord]1 h[ev]1 is nev] m ?an ! faculty ( con=m+ himself ) ! be+s by :om he is environ$1 or ) ! :ole ( :i* he =ms a "p4 ,nev]!less1 if ! idea ( ord] be appli$ to ,nature1 x w be f\nd to be no?+ b a s]ies ( action or motion1 :i* he judges to conspire to "o common end4 ,?us1 9 a body t moves1 ord] is ! *a9 ( action1 ! s]ies ( motion1 prop] to con/itute x :at x is1 & to ma9ta9 x 9 its actual /ate4 ,ord]1 relatively to ! :ole ( ,nature1 is ! concat5ation ( causes & effects1 necess>y to h] active exi/5ce--to ma9ta9+ h] con/antly toge!r2 b1 z x has be5 prov$ 9 ! *apt] prec$+1 e individual be+ is oblig$ to concur to ?is end1 9 ! diff]5t ranks !y occupy2 f :5ce x is a necess>y d$uction1 t :at is call$ ! ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature1 c nev] be m ?an a c]ta9 mann] ( consid]+ ! necessity ( ?+s1 to :i* all1 ( :i* man has any k1 is submitt$4 ,t :i* is /yl$ ,,confusion1 is only a relative t]m1 us$ to designate t s]ies ( necess>y action1 t *a9 ( requisite motion1 by :i* an individual be+ is necess>ily *ang$ or di/urb$ 9 its mode ( exi/5ce--by :i* x is in/antane\sly oblig$ to alt] its mann] ( action2 b no "o ( ^! actions1 no "p ( ?is motion is capable1 ev5 = a s+le in/ant1 ( contradict+ or d]ang+ ! g5]al ord] ( ,nature2 f :i* all be+s d]ive _! exi/5ce1 _! prop]ties1 ! motion appropriate to ea*4 ,:at is t]m$ confusion 9 a be+1 is no?+ m ?an its passage into a new class1 a new mode ( exi/5ce2 :i* necess>ily c>ries ) x a new s]ies ( action1 a new *a9 ( motion1 diff]5t f t ( :i* ?is be+ f\nd itself susceptible 9 ! prec$+ rank x occupi$4 ,t :i* is call$ ord]1 9 ,nature1 is a mode ( exi/5ce1 or a disposition ( its p>ticles1 /rictly necess>y4 ,9 e o!r assemblage ( causes & effects1 ( worlds1 z well z 9 t :i* we inhabit1 "s sort ( arrangem5t1 "s k9d ( ord] w\ld necess>ily be e/abli%$4 ,suppose ! mo/ incongru\s1 ! mo/ het]og5e\s sub/ances 7 put into activity1 & assembl$ by a concat5ation ( extraord9>y circum/ances2 !y w\ld =m among/ !mselves1 a complete ord]1 a p]fect arrangem5t4 ,?is is ! true notion ( a prop]ty1 :i* may be def9$1 an aptitude to con/itute a be+1 su* z x is actually f\nd1 su* z x is ) respect to ! :ole ( :i* x makes a "p4 ,ord]1 !n1 is no?+ b necessity1 consid]$ relatively to ! s]ies ( actions1 or ! connect$ *a9 ( causes & effects1 t x produces 9 ! univ]se4 ,:at is ! motion 9 our planet>y sy/em2 b a s]ies ( ph5om5a1 op]at$ ^u accord+ to necess>y laws1 t regulate ! bodies ( :i* x is compos$8 ,9 con=mity to ^! laws1 ! sun occupies ! c5tre2 ! planets gravitate t[>ds x1 & revolve r\nd x1 9 regulat$ p]iods3 ! satellites ( ^! planets gravitate t[>ds ^? :i* are 9 ! c5tre ( _! sph]e ( action1 & describe r\nd !m _! p]iodical r\te4 ,"o ( ^! planets1 ! e>? :i* man inhabits1 turns on its own axis2 & by ! v>i\s aspects :i* its revolution obliges x to pres5t to ! sun1 exp]i5ces ^? regul> v>iations :i* are call$ ,,seasons4 ,by a sequ5ce ( ! sun's action ^u diff]5t p>ts ( ?is globe1 all its productions und]go vicissitudes3 plants1 animals1 m51 are 9 a sort ( morbid dr[s9ess dur+ ,w9t]3 9 ,spr+1 ^! be+s re-animate1 to come z x 7 out ( a long le?>gy4 ,9 %ort1 ! mode 9 :i* ! e>? receives ! sun's beams1 has an influ5ce on all its productions2 ^! rays1 :5 d>t$ obliquely1 d n act 9 ! same mann] z :5 !y fall p]p5dicul>ly2 _! p]iodical abs5ce1 caus$ by ! revolution ( ?is sph]e on itself1 produces night & day4 ,h[ev]1 9 all ?is1 man nev] witnesses m ?an necess>y effects1 fl[+ f ! nature ( ?+s1 :i*1 :il/ t rema9s ! same1 c nev] be oppos$ ) propriety4 ,^! effects are ow+ to gravitation1 attraction1 c5trifugal p[]1 c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is ord]1 :i* man admires z a sup]natural effect1 is sometimes di/urb$1 or *ang$ into :at he calls confusion3 ?is confusion is1 h[ev]1 always a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! laws ( ,nature2 9 :i* x is requisite to ! support ( ! :ole t "s ( h] p>ts %\ld be d]ang$ & ?r[n out ( ! ord9>y c\rse4 ,x is ?us1 ,,comets pres5t !mselves s unexpect$ly to man's wond]+ eyes2 _! ecc5tric motion di/urbs ! tranquillity ( 8 planet>y sy/em2 !y excite ! t]ror ( ! mis9/ruct$ to :om e ?+ unusual is m>vell\s4 ,! natural philosoph]1 himself1 conjectures t 9 =m] ages1 ^! comets h ov]?r[n ! surface ( ?is mundane ball1 & caus$ great revolutions on ! e>?4 ,indep5d5t ( ?is extraord9>y confusion1 he is expos$ to o!rs m famili> to him3 sometimes1 ! seasons appe> to h usurp$ ea* o!r's place2 to h quitt$ _! regul> ord]3 sometimes ! oppos+ elem5ts seem to dispute among !mselves ! dom9ion ( ! _w2 ! sea bur/s its limits2 ! solid e>? is %ak5 & r5t asund]2 m\nta9s are 9 a /ate ( conflagration2 pe/il5tial diseases de/roy bo? m5 & animals2 /]ility desolates a c\ntry3 !n affright$ man utt]s pi]c+ cries1 (f]s up 8 pray]s to recall ord]2 trembl+ly raises 8 h&s t[>ds ! ,be+ he supposes to be ! au?or ( all ^! calamities2 nev]!less1 ! :ole ( ?is afflict+ confusion are necess>y effects1 produc$ by natural causes2 :i* act accord+ to fix$ laws1 det]m9$ by _! own peculi> ess5ce1 & ! univ]sal ess5ce ( ,nature3 9 :i* e ?+ mu/ necess>ily be *ang$1 mov$1 & dissolv$2 :]e t :i* is call$ ,,ord]1 mu/ sometimes be di/urb$ & alt]$ into a new mode ( exi/5ce2 :i* to 8 delud$ m9d1 to 8 imag9ation1 l$ a/ray by ignorance & want ( reflection1 appe>s ,,confusion4 ,!re _c possibly exi/ :at is g5]ally t]m$ a confusion ( ,nature3 man f9ds ord] 9 e ?+ t is con=mable to 8 own mode ( be+2 confusion 9 e ?+ by :i* x is oppos$3 nev]!less1 9 ,nature1 all is 9 ord]2 because none ( h] p>ts are ev] able to emancipate !mselves f ^? inv>iable rules :i* fl[ f _! respective ess5ces3 !re is n1 !re _c be confusion 9 a :ole1 to ! ma9t5ance ( :i* :at is call$ confusion is absolutely requisite2 ( :i* ! g5]al c\rse c nev] be discompos$1 al?\gh individuals may be1 & necess>ily are2 :]e all ! effects produc$ are ! consequ5ce ( natural causes1 t "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$1 act only z !y infallibly are oblig$ to act4 ,x !re=e foll[s1 !re c be nei!r mon/]s nor prodigies2 wond]s nor miracles 9 ,nature3 ^? :i* are designat$ ,,mon/]s1 are c]ta9 comb9ations1 ) :i* ! eyes ( man are n famili>iz$2 b :i*1 !re=e1 are n less ! necess>y effects ( natural causes4 ,^? :i* he t]ms ,,prodigies1 ,,wond]s1 or ,,sup]natural effects1 are ph5om5a ( ,nature1 ) ^: mode ( action he is unacqua9t$2 ( :i* 8 ignorance does n p]mit him to asc]ta9 ! pr9ciples2 ^: causes he _c trace2 b :i* 8 impati5ce1 8 heat$ imag9ation1 aid$ by a desire to expla91 makes him fooli%ly attribute to imag9>y causes2 :i*1 l ! idea ( ord]1 h no exi/5ce b 9 himself2 & :i*1 t he may conceal 8 own ignorance1 t he may obta9 m respect ) ! un9=m$1 he places beyond ,nature1 out ( :i* 8 exp]i5ce is e in/ant demon/rably prov+ t none ( ^! ?+s c h exi/5ce4 ,z = ^? effects :i* are call$ ,,miracles1 t is to say1 contr>y to ! unalt]able laws ( ,nature1 x mu/ be felt su* ?+s are impossible2 because1 no?+ c1 = an in/ant1 susp5d ! necess>y c\rse ( be+s1 )\t ! :ole ( ,nature 0 arre/$2 )\t %e 0 di/urb$ 9 h] t5d5cy4 ,!re h nei!r be5 wond]s nor miracles 9 ,nature2 except = ^?1 :o h n suffici5tly /udi$ ! laws1 :o consequ5tly d n feel1 t ^? laws c nev] be contradict$1 ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute p>ts1 )\t ! :ole be+ de/roy$1 or at lea/ )\t *ang+ h] ess5ce1 h] mode ( action2 t x is ! height ( folly to recur to sup]natural causes to expla9 ! ph5om5a man beholds1 be=e he becomes fully acqua9t$ ) natural causes--) ! p[]s & capabilities :i* ,nature h]self conta9s4 ,ord] & ,confusion1 !n1 are only relative t]ms1 by :i* man designates ! /ate 9 :i* p>ticul> be+s f9d !mselves4 ,he says1 a be+ is 9 ord]1 :5 all ! motion x und]goes conspires to favor its t5d5cy to its own pres]vation2 :5 x is conducive to ! ma9t5ance ( its actual exi/5ce3 t x is 9 confusion :5 ! causes :i* move x di/urb ! h>mony ( its exi/5ce1 or h a t5d5cy to de/roy ! equilibrium necess>y to ! cons]vation ( its actual /ate4 ,nev]!less1 confusion1 z we h %[n1 is no?+ b ! passage ( a be+ into a new ord]2 ! m rapid ! progress1 ! great] ! confusion = ! be+ t is submitt$ to x3 t :i* conducts man to :at is call$ dea?1 is1 = him1 ! greate/ ( all possible confusion4 ,yet ?is dea? is no?+ m ?an a passage into a new mode ( exi/5ce3 x is ! et]nal1 ! inv>iable1 ! unconqu]able law ( ,nature1 to :i* ! individuals ( 8 ord]1 ea* 9 8 turn1 is oblig$ to submit4 ,! human body is said to be 9 ord]1 :5 its v>i\s compon5t p>ts act 9 t mode1 f :i* results ! cons]vation ( ! :ole2 f :i* emanates t :i* is ! t5d5cy ( 8 actual exi/5ce2 9 o!r words1 :5 all ! impulse he receives1 all ! motion he communicates1 t5ds to pres]ve 8 heal?1 to r5d] him happy1 by promot+ ! happ9ess ( 8 fell[ m54 ,he is said to be 9 heal? :5 ! fluids & solids ( 8 body concur to r5d] him robu/1 to keep 8 m9d 9 vig\r2 :5 ea* l5ds mutual aid t[>ds ?is end4 ,he is said to be 9 confusion1 or 9 ill heal?1 :5ev] ?is t5d5cy is di/urb$2 :5 any ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( 8 body cease to concur to 8 pres]vation1 or to fulfil its peculi> functions4 ,?is x is t happ5s 9 a /ate ( sickness1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! motion excit$ 9 ! human ma*9e is z necess>y1 is regulat$ by laws z c]ta91 z natural1 z inv>iable1 z t :i* concurs to produce heal?4 ,sickness m]ely produces 9 him a new ord] ( motion1 a new s]ies ( action1 a new *a9 ( ?+s4 ,man dies3 to him1 ?is appe>s ! greate/ confusion he c exp]i5ce2 8 body is no long] :at x 0--its p>ts no long] concur to ! same end--8 blood has lo/ its circulation--he is depriv$ ( feel+--8 ideas h vani%$--he ?9ks no m--8 desires h fl$--dea? is ! epo*1 ! cessation ( 8 human exi/5ce4--,8 frame becomes an inanimate mass1 by ! subtraction ( ^? pr9ciples by :i* x 0 animat$2 t is1 :i* made x act aft] a det]m9ate mann]3 its t5d5cy has receiv$ a new direction2 its action is *ang$2 ! motion excit$ 9 its ru9s conspires to a new end4 ,to t motion1 ! h>mony ( :i* he calls ord]1 :i* produc$ life1 s5tim5t1 ?\ght1 passions1 heal?1 succe$s a s]ies ( motion ( ano!r species2 t1 nev]!less1 foll[s laws z necess>y z ! fir/2 all ! p>ts ( ! dead man conspire to produce :at is call$ dissolution1 f]m5tation1 putrefaction3 ^! new modes ( be+1 ( act+1 are j z natural to man1 r$uc$ to ?is /ate1 z s5sibility1 ?\ght1 ! p]iodical motion ( ! blood1 c4 7 to ! liv+ man3 8 ess5ce hav+ *ang$1 8 mode ( action c no long] be ! same4 ,to t regulat$ motion1 to t necess>y action1 :i* conspir$ to ! production ( life1 succe$s t det]m9ate motion1 t s]ies ( action :i* concurs to produce ! dissolution ( ! dead c>cass2 ! disp]sion ( its p>ts2 ! =mation ( new comb9ations1 f :i* result new be+s2 & :i*1 z we h be=e se51 is ! immutable ord] ( active ,nature4 ,h[ !n c x be too (t5 repeat$1 t relatively to ! great :ole1 all ! motion ( be+s1 all _! modes ( action1 c nev] be b 9 ord]1 t is to say1 are always con=mable to ,nature2 t 9 all ! /ages ?r\gh :i* be+s are oblig$ to pass1 !y inv>iably act aft] a mode necess>ily subord9ate to ! univ]sal :ole8 ,to say m1 ea* individual be+ always acts 9 ord]2 all its actions1 ! :ole sy/em ( its motion1 are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( its peculi> mode ( exi/5ce2 :e!r t be mom5t>y or durable4 ,ord]1 9 political society1 is ! effect ( a necess>y s]ies ( ideas1 ( wills1 ( actions1 9 ^? :o compose x2 ^: movem5ts are regulat$ 9 a mann]1 ei!r calculat$ to ma9ta9 its indivisibility1 or to ha/5 its dissolution4 ,man con/itut$1 or modifi$1 9 ! mann] we t]m virtu\s1 acts necess>ily 9 t mode1 f :5ce results ! welf>e ( 8 associates3 ! man we /ile wick$1 acts necess>ily 9 t mode1 f :5ce spr+s ! mis]y ( 8 fell[s3 8 ,nature1 be+ ess5tially diff]5t1 he mu/ necess>ily act aft] a diff]5t mode3 8 individual ord] is at v>iance1 b 8 relative ord] is complete3 x is equally ! ess5ce ( ! "o1 to promote happ9ess1 z x is ( ! o!r to induce mis]y4 ,?us1 ord] & confusion 9 individual be+s1 is no?+ m ?an ! mann] ( man's consid]+ ! natural & necess>y effects1 :i* !y produce relatively to himself4 ,he fe>s ! wick$ man2 he says t he w c>ry confusion into society1 because he di/urbs its t5d5cy & places ob/acles to its happ9ess4 ,he avoids a fall+ /one1 because x w d]ange 9 him ! ord] necess>y to 8 cons]vation4 ,nev]!less1 ord] & confusion1 are always1 z we h %ewn1 consequ5ces1 equally necess>y to ei!r ! transi5t or durable /ate ( be+s4 ,x is 9 ord] t fire burns1 because x is ( its ess5ce to burn2 on ! o!r h&1 x is 9 ord]1 t an intellig5t be+ %\ld remove himself f :atev] c di/urb 8 mode ( exi/5ce4 ,a be+1 ^: organization r5d]s him s5sible1 mu/ 9 virtue ( 8 ess5ce1 fly f e ?+ t c injure 8 organs1 or t c place 8 exi/5ce 9 dang]4 ,man calls ^? be+s intellig5t1 :o are organiz$ aft] 8 own mann]2 9 :om he sees faculties prop] = _! pres]vation2 suitable to ma9ta9 _! exi/5ce 9 ! ord] t is conv5i5t to !m2 t c enable !m to take ! necess>y measures t[>ds ?is end1 ) a consci\sness ( ! motion !y und]go4 ,f h5ce1 x w be p]ceiv$1 t ! faculty call$ intellig5ce1 consi/s 9 a possess+ capacity to act com=mably to a kn[n end1 9 ! be+ to :i* x is attribut$4 ,he looks ^u ^! be+s z depriv$ ( intellig5ce1 9 :i* he f9ds no con=mity ) himself2 9 :om he discov]s nei!r ! same con/ruction1 nor ! same faculties3 ( :i* he kn[s nei!r ! ess5ce1 ! end to :i* !y t5d1 ! en]gies by :i* !y act1 nor ! ord] t is necess>y to !m4 ,! :ole _c h a di/9ct "n1 or end1 because !re is no?+ out ( itself1 to :i* x c h a t5d5cy4 ,if x be 9 himself1 t he arranges ! idea ( ord]1 x is also 9 himself1 t he draws up t ( intellig5ce4 ,he refuses to ascribe x to ^? be+s1 :o d n act aft] 8 own mann]3 he accords x to all ^? :om he supposes to act l himself3 ! latt] he calls intellig5t ag5ts3 ! =m] bl9d causes2 t is to say1 intellig5t ag5ts :o act by *ance3 ?us *ance is an empty ^w )\t s5se1 b :i* is always oppos$ to t ( intellig5ce1 )\t atta*+ any det]m9ate1 or any c]ta9 idea4 ,man1 9 fact1 attributes to *ance all ^? effects1 ( :i* ! connection !y h ) _! causes is n se54 ,?us he uses ! ^w *ance1 to cov] 8 ignorance ( ^? natural causes1 :i* produce visible effects1 by means :i* he _c =m an idea (2 or t act by a mode ( :i* he does n p]ceive ! ord]2 or ^: sy/em is n foll[$ by actions con=mable to 8 own4 ,z soon z he sees1 or believes he sees1 ! ord] ( action1 or ! mann] ( motion1 he attributes ?is ord] to an intellig5ce2 :i* is no?+ m ?an a quality borr[$ f himself--f 8 own peculi> mode ( action--f ! mann] 9 :i* he is himself affect$4 ,?us an intellig5t be+ is "o :o ?9ks1 :o wills1 & :o acts1 to compass an end4 ,if s1 he mu/ h organs1 an aim con=mable to ^? ( man3 !re=e1 to say ,nature is gov]n$ by an intellig5ce1 is to affirm t %e is gov]n$ by a be+1 furni%$ ) organs2 see+ t )\t ?is organic con/ruction1 he c nei!r h s5sations1 p]ceptions1 ideas1 ?\ght1 w1 plan1 nor action :i* he und]/&s4 ,man always makes himself ! c5t] ( ! univ]se3 x is to himself t he relates all he beholds4 ,z soon z he believes he discov]s a mode ( action t has a con=mity ) 8 own1 or "s ph5om5on t int]e/s 8 feel+s1 he attributes x to a cause t resembles himself--t acts aft] 8 mann]--t has faculties simil> to ^? he possesses--^: int]e/s are l 8 own--^: projects are 9 unison ) & h ! same t5d5cy z ^? he himself indulges3 9 %ort1 x is f himself1 or ! prop]ties :i* actuate him1 t he =ms ! model ( ?is cause4 ,x is ?us t man beholds1 out ( 8 own species1 no?+ b be+s :o act diff]5tly f himself2 yet believes t he rem>ks 9 ,nature an ord] simil> to 8 own ideas--views con=mable to ^? :i* he himself possesses4 ,he imag9es t ,nature is gov]n$ by a cause ^: intellig5ce is con=mable to 8 own1 to :om he ascribes ! honor ( ! ord] :i* he believes he witnesses--( ^? views t fall 9 ) ^? t are peculi> to himself--( an aim :i* quadrates ) t :i* is ! great end ( all 8 own actions4 ,x is true t man1 feel+ 8 incapability ( produc+ ! va/1 ! multipli$ effects ( :i* he witnesses ! op]ation1 :5 contemplat+ ! univ]se1 0 "u ! necessity ( mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 himself & ! cause :i* he suppos$ to be ! au?or ( su* /up5d\s effects2 he believ$ he remov$ e difficulty1 by amplify+ 9 ?is cause all ^? faculties ( :i* he 0 himself 9 possession2 add+ o!rs ( :i* 8 own self-love made him desir\s1 or :i* he ?\ght w\ld r5d] 8 be+ m p]fect3 ?us1 he gave ,,jupit] w+s1 ) ! faculty ( assum+ any =m he might deem conv5i5t3 x 0 ?us1 by degrees1 he arriv$ at =m+ an idea ( t intellig5t cause1 :i* he has plac$ above ,nature1 to preside ov] action--to give h] t motion ( :i* he has *os5 to believe %e 0 9 h]self incapable4 ,he ob/9ately p]si/s 9 reg>d+ ?is ,nature z a heap ( dead1 in]t matt]1 )\t =m1 :i* has n )9 itself ! p[] ( produc+ any ( ^? great effects1 ^? regul> ph5om5a1 f :i* emanates :at he /yles ! ord] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,,anaxagoras is said to h be5 ! fir/ :o suppos$ ! univ]se creat$ & gov]n$ by an intellig5ce3 ,,ari/otle reproa*es him ) hav+ made an automaton ( ?is intellig5ce2 or 9 o!r words1 ) ascrib+ to x ! production ( ?+s1 only :5 he 0 at a loss to acc\nt = _! appe>ance4 ,f :5ce x may be d$uc$1 t x is = want ( be+ acqua9t$ ) ! p[]s ( ,nature1 or ! prop]ties ( matt]1 t man has multipli$ be+s )\t necessity--t he has suppos$ ! univ]se "u ! gov]nm5t ( an intellig5t cause1 :i* he is1 & p]haps always w be1 himself ! model3 9 f9e1 ?is cause has be5 p]sonifi$ "u su* a v>iety ( %apes1 sexes1 & names1 t a li/ ( ! deities he has at v>i\s times suppos$ to guide ?is ,nature1 or to :om he has submitt$ h]1 makes a l>ge volume t occupies "s ye>s ( 8 y\?ful education to und]/&4 ,he only r5d]$ ?is cause m inconceivable1 :5 he ext5d$ 9 x 8 own faculties too mu*4 ,he ei!r annihilates1 or r5d]s x altoge!r impossible1 :5 he w\ld atta* to x incompatible qualities1 :i* he is oblig$ to d1 to enable him to acc\nt = ! contradictory & disord]ly effects he beholds 9 ! _w4 ,9 fact1 he sees confusion 9 ! _w2 yet1 not)/&+ 8 confusion contradicts ! plan1 ! p[]1 ! wisdom1 ! b\nty ( ?is intellig5ce1 & ! miracul\s ord] :i* he ascribes to x2 he says1 ! extreme beautiful arrangem5t ( ! :ole1 obliges him to suppose x to be ! "w ( a sov]eign intellig5ce3 unable1 h[ev]1 to reconcile ?is seem+ confusion ) ! b5evol5ce he atta*es to ?is cause1 he _h rec\rse to ano!r ef=t ( 8 imag9ation2 he made a new cause1 to :om he ascrib$ all ! evil1 all ! mis]y1 result+ f ?is confusion3 /ill1 8 own p]son s]v$ = ! model2 to :i* he add$ ^? de=mities :i* he _h le>n$ to hold 9 disrespect3 9 multiply+ ^! c\nt] or de/roy+ causes1 he peopl$ ,p&emonium4 ,x w no d\bt be argu$1 t z ,nature conta9s & produces intellig5t be+s1 ei!r %e mu/ be h]self intellig5t1 or else %e mu/ be gov]n$ by an intellig5t cause4 ,we reply1 intellig5ce is a faculty peculi> to organiz$ be+s1 t x is to say1 to be+s con/itut$ & comb9$ aft] a det]m9ate mann]2 f :5ce results c]ta9 modes ( action1 :i* are designat$ "u v>i\s names2 accord+ to ! diff]5t effects :i* ^! be+s produce3 w9e has n ! prop]ties call$ wit & c\rage2 nev]!less1 x is sometimes se5 t x communicates ^? qualities to m51 :o are suppos$ to be 9 !mselves entirely devoid ( !m4 ,x _c be said ,nature is intellig5t aft] ! mann] ( any ( ! be+s %e conta9s2 b %e c produce intellig5t be+s by assembl+ matt] suitable to _! p>ticul> organization1 f ^: peculi> modes ( action w result ! faculty call$ intellig5ce2 :o %all be capable ( produc+ c]ta9 effects :i* are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is prop]ty4 ,i !re=e repeat1 t to h intellig5ce1 designs & views1 x is requisite to h ideas2 to ! production ( ideas1 organs or s5ses are necess>y3 ?is is :at is nei!r said ( ,nature nor ( ! causes he has suppos$ to preside ov] h] actions4 ,9 %ort exp]i5ce w>rants ! ass]tion1 x does m1 x proves beyond a d\bt1 t matt]1 :i* is reg>d$ z in]t & dead1 assumes s5sible action1 intellig5ce1 & life1 :5 x is comb9$ & organiz$ aft] p>ticul> modes4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x mu/ rationally be conclud$ t ord] is nev] m ?an ! necess>y or uni=m connection ( causes ) _! effects2 or t s]ies ( action :i* fl[s f ! peculi> prop]ties ( be+s1 s long z !y rema9 9 a giv5 /ate2 t confusion is no?+ m ?an ! *ange ( ?is /ate2 t 9 ! univ]se1 all is necess>ily 9 ord]1 because e ?+ acts & moves accord+ to ! v>i\s prop]ties ( ! diff]5t be+s x conta9s2 t 9 ,nature !re _c be ei!r confusion or real evil1 s9ce e ?+ foll[s ! laws ( its natural exi/5ce2 t !re is nei!r *ance nor any ?+ =tuit\s 9 ?is ,nature1 :]e no effect is produc$ )\t a suffici5t1 )\t a sub/antial cause2 :]e all causes act necess>ily accord+ to fix$ & c]ta9 laws1 :i* are !mselves dep5dant on ! ess5tial prop]ties ( ^! causes or be+s1 z well z on ! comb9ation1 :i* con/itutes ei!r _! transitory or p]man5t /ate2 t intellig5ce is a mode ( act+1 a me?od ( exi/5ce natural to "s p>ticul> be+s2 t if ?is intellig5ce %\ld be attribut$ to ,nature1 x w\ld !n be no?+ m ?an ! faculty ( cons]v+ h]self 9 active exi/5ce by necess>y means4 ,9 refus+ to ,nature ! intellig5ce he himself enjoys--9 reject+ ! intellig5t cause :i* is suppos$ to be ! contriv] ( ?is ,nature1 or ! pr9ciple ( t ord] he discov]s 9 h] c\rse1 no?+ is giv5 to *ance1 no?+ to a bl9d cause1 no?+ to a p[] :i* is indi/+ui%able2 b e ?+ he beholds is attribut$ to real1 to kn[n causes2 or to ^? :i* by analogy are easy ( compreh5sion4 ,all t exi/s is ackn[l$g$ to be a consequ5ce ( ! inh]5t prop]ties ( et]nal matt]1 :i* by contact1 by bl5d+1 by comb9ation1 by *ange ( =m1 produces ord] & confusion2 ) all ^? v>ieties :i* assail 8 sight1 x is himself :o is bl9d1 :5 he imag9es bl9d causes3--man only manife/$ 8 ignorance ( ! p[]s ( motion1 ( ! laws ( ,nature1 :5 he attribut$1 any ( its effects to *ance4 ,he did n %ew a m enlight5$ feel+ :5 he ascrib$ !m to an intellig5ce1 ! idea ( :i* he borr[$ f himself1 b :i* is nev] 9 con=mity ) ! effects :i* he attributes to its int]v5tion--he only imag9$ words to supply ! place ( ?+s--he made ,,jupit]1 ,,saturn1 ,,juno1 & a ?\s& o!rs1 op]ate t :i* he f\nd himself inadequate to p]=m2 he di/+ui%$ !m f ,nature1 gave !m an amplification ( 8 own prop]ties1 & believ$ he und]/ood !m by ?us obscur+ ideas1 :i* he nev] d>$ ei!r def9e or analyze4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,moral & ,physical ,di/9ctions ( ,man4--,8 ,orig94 ,let u n[ apply ! g5]al laws we h scrut9iz$1 to ^? be+s ( ,nature :o int]e/ u ! mo/4 ,let u see 9 :at man diff]s f ! o!r be+s by :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,let u exam9e if he has n c]ta9 po9ts 9 con=mity ) !m1 t oblige him1 not)/&+ ! diff]5t prop]ties !y respectively possess1 to act 9 c]ta9 respects accord+ to ! univ]sal laws to :i* e ?+ is submitt$4 ,f9ally1 let u enquire if ! ideas he has =m$ ( himself 9 m$itat+ on 8 own peculi> mode ( exi/5ce1 be *im]ical1 or f\nd$ 9 reason4 ,man occupies a place amid/ t cr[d1 t multitude ( be+s1 ( :i* ,nature is ! assemblage4 ,8 ess5ce1 t is to say1 ! peculi> mann] ( exi/5ce1 by :i* he is di/+ui%$ f o!r be+s1 r5d]s him susceptible ( v>i\s modes ( action1 ( a v>iety ( motion1 "s ( :i* are simple & visible1 o!rs conceal$ & complicat$4 ,8 life itself is no?+ m ?an a long s]ies1 a succession ( necess>y & connect$ motion2 :i* op]ates p]petual *anges 9 8 ma*9e2 :i* has = its pr9ciple ei!r causes conta9$ )9 himself1 su* z blood1 n]ves1 fibres1 fle%1 bones2 9 %ort1 ! matt]1 z well solid z fluid1 ( :i* 8 body is compos$--or ^? ext]ior causes1 :i*1 by act+ ^u him1 modify him div]sely2 su* z ! air ) :i* he is encompass$1 ! alim5ts by :i* he is n\ri%$1 & all ^? objects f :i* he receives any impulse :atev]1 by ! impression !y make on 8 s5ses4 ,man1 l all o!r be+s 9 ,nature1 t5ds to 8 own de/ruction--he exp]i5ces in]t =ce--he gravitates ^u himself--he is attract$ by objects t are contr>y or repugnant to 8 exi/5ce--he seeks aft] "s--he flies1 or endeav\rs to remove himself f o!rs4 ,x is ?is v>iety ( action1 ?is div]sity ( modification ( :i* ! human be+ is susceptible1 t has be5 designat$ "u su* diff]5t names1 by su* v>i$ nom5clature4 ,x w be necess>y1 pres5tly1 to exam9e ^! closely & g m into detail4 ,h[ev] m>vell\s1 h[ev] hidd51 h[ev] secret1 h[ev] complicat$ may be ! modes ( action1 :i* ! human frame und]goes1 :e!r int]iorly or ext]iorly2 :atev] may be1 or appe> to be ! impulse he ei!r receives or communicates1 exam9$ closely1 x w be f\nd t all 8 motion1 all 8 op]ations1 all 8 *anges1 all 8 v>i\s /ates1 all 8 revolutions1 are con/antly regulat$ by ! same laws1 :i* ,nature has prescrib$ to all ! be+s %e br+s =?--:i* %e developes--:i* %e enri*es ) faculties--( :i* %e increases ! bulk--:i* %e cons]ves = a season--:i* %e ends by decompos+1 by de/roy+3 oblig+ !m to *ange _! =m4 ,man1 9 8 orig91 is an imp]ceptible po9t1 a speck1 ( :i* ! p>ts are )\t =m2 ( :i* ! mobility1 ! life1 escapes 8 s5ses2 9 %ort1 9 :i* he does n p]ceive any sign ( ^? qualities1 call$ ,,s5tim5t1 ,,feel+1 ,,?\ght1 ,,intellig5ce1 ,,=ce1 ,,reason1 c4 ,plac$ 9 ! womb suitable to 8 expansion1 ?is po9t unfolds1 ext5ds1 increases1 by ! cont9ual addition ( matt] he attracts1 t is analog\s to 8 be+1 :i* consequ5tly assimilates itself ) him4 ,hav+ quitt$ ?is womb1 s appropriate to cons]ve 8 exi/5ce1 to unfold 8 qualities1 to /r5g!n 8 habits2 s compet5t to give1 = a season1 consi/5ce to ! weak rudim5ts ( 8 frame2 he travels ?r\gh ! /age ( infancy2 he becomes adult3 8 body has !n acquir$ a consid]able ext5sion ( bulk1 8 motion is m>k$1 8 action is visible1 he is s5sible 9 all 8 p>ts2 he is a liv+1 an active mass2 t is to say1 a comb9ation t feels & ?9ks2 t fulfils ! functions peculi> to be+s ( 8 species4 ,b h[ has he become s5sible8 ,because he has be5 by degrees n\ri%$1 enl>g$1 repair$ by ! cont9ual attraction t takes place )9 himself1 ( t k9d ( matt] :i* is pron\nc$ in]t1 ins5sible1 inanimate2 :i* is1 nev]!less1 cont9ually comb9+ itself ) 8 ma*9e2 ( :i* x =ms an active :ole1 t is liv+1 t feels1 judges1 reasons1 wills1 delib]ates1 *ooses1 elects2 t has ! capability ( lab\r+1 m or less efficaci\sly1 to 8 own individual pres]vation2 t is to say1 to ! ma9t5ance ( ! h>mony ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,all ! motion & *anges t man exp]i5ces 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life1 :e!r x be f ext]ior objects or f ^? sub/ances conta9$ )9 himself1 are ei!r favorable or prejudicial to 8 exi/5ce2 ei!r ma9ta9 its ord]1 or ?r[ x into confusion2 are ei!r 9 con=mity )1 or repugnant to1 ! ess5tial t5d5cy ( 8 peculi> mode ( be+4 ,he is compell$ by ,nature to approve ( "s1 to disapprove ( o!rs2 "s ( necessity r5d] him happy1 o!rs contribute to 8 mis]y2 "s become ! objects ( 8 mo/ ard5t desire1 o!rs ( 8 det]m9$ av]sion3 "s elicit 8 confid5ce1 o!rs make him tremble ) fe>4 ,9 all ! ph5om5a man pres5ts1 f ! mom5t he quits ! womb ( 8 "m1 to t :]e9 he becomes ! inhabitant ( ! sil5t tomb1 he p]ceives no?+ b a succession ( necess>y causes & effects1 :i* are /rictly con=mable to ^? laws t are common to all ! be+s 9 ,nature4 ,all 8 modes ( action--all 8 s5sations--all 8 ideas--all 8 passions--e act ( 8 w--e impulse :i* he ei!r gives or receives1 are ! necess>y consequ5ces ( 8 own peculi> prop]ties1 & ^? :i* he f9ds 9 ! v>i\s be+s by :om he is mov$4 ,e ?+ he does--e ?+ t passes )9 himself--8 conceal$ motion--8 visible action1 are ! effects ( in]t =ce--( self-gravitation--! attractive or repulsive p[]s conta9$ 9 8 ma*9e--( ! t5d5cy he has1 9 common ) o!r be+s1 to 8 own individual pres]vation2 9 %ort1 ( t en]gy :i* is ! common prop]ty ( e be+ he beholds4 ,nature1 9 man1 does no?+ m ?an %ew1 9 a decid$ mann]1 :at belongs to ! peculi> nature by :i* he is di/+ui%$ f ! be+s ( a diff]5t sy/em or ord]4 ,! s\rce ( ^? errors into :i* man has fall51 :5 he has contemplat$ himself1 has its rise1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 9 ! op9ion he has ent]ta9$1 t he mov$ by himself--t he always acts by 8 own natural en]gy--t 9 8 actions1 9 ! w t gave him impulse1 he 0 indep5d5t ( ! g5]al laws ( ,nature2 & ( ^? objects :i*1 frequ5tly1 )\t 8 k1 always 9 spite ( him1 9 ob$i5ce to ^! laws1 are cont9ually act+ ^u him4 ,if he _h exam9$ himself att5tively1 he mu/ h ackn[l$g$1 t none ( ! motion he und]w5t 0 spontane\s--he mu/ h discov]$1 t ev5 8 bir? dep5d$ on causes1 :olly out ( ! rea* ( 8 own p[]s--t1 x 0 )\t 8 own cons5t he ent]$ into ! sy/em 9 :i* he occupies a place--t1 f ! mom5t 9 :i* he is born1 until t 9 :i* he dies1 he is cont9ually impell$ by causes1 :i*1 9 spite ( himself1 influ5ce 8 frame1 modify 8 exi/5ce1 dispose ( 8 conduct4 ,w\ld n ! slighte/ reflection h suffic$ to prove to him1 t ! fluids1 ! solids1 ( :i* 8 body is compos$1 z well z t conceal$ me*anism1 :i* he believes to be indep5d5t ( ext]ior causes1 are1 9 fact1 p]petually "u ! influ5ce ( ^! causes2 t )\t !m he f9ds himself 9 a total incapacity to act8 ,w\ld he n h se51 t 8 temp]am5t1 8 con/itution1 did 9 no wise dep5d on himself--t 8 passions are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is temp]am5t--t 8 w is influ5c$1 8 actions det]m9$ by ^! passions2 consequ5tly by op9ions1 :i* he has n giv5 to himself1 ( :i* he is n ! ma/]8 ,8 blood1 m or less heat$ or abundant2 8 n]ves m or less brac$1 8 fibres m or less relax$1 give him dispositions ei!r transitory or durable--are n ^!1 at e mom5t decisive ( 8 ideas2 ( 8 ?\ghts3 ( 8 desires3 ( 8 fe>s3 ( 8 motion1 :e!r visible or conceal$8 ,! /ate 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 does x n necess>ily dep5d on ! air :i* surr\nds him div]sely modifi$2 on ! v>i\s prop]ties ( ! alim5ts :i* n\ri% him2 on ! secret comb9ations t =m !mselves 9 8 ma*9e1 :i* ei!r pres]ve its ord]1 or ?r[ x into confusion8 ,9 %ort1 _h man fairly /udi$ himself1 e ?+ mu/ h conv9c$ him1 t 9 e mom5t ( 8 duration1 he 0 no?+ m ?an a passive in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( necessity4 ,?us x mu/ appe>1 t :]e all is connect$1 :]e all ! causes are l9k$ "o to ! o!r1 :]e ! :ole =ms b "o imm5se *a91 !re _c be any indep5d5t1 any isolat$ en]gy2 any deta*$ p[]4 ,x foll[s !n1 t ,nature1 always 9 action1 m>ks out to man ea* po9t ( ! l9e he is b\nd to describe2 e/abli%es ! r\te1 by :i* he mu/ travel4 ,x is ,nature t elaborates1 t comb9es ! elem5ts ( :i* he mu/ be compos$2--,x is ,nature t gives him 8 be+1 8 t5d5cy1 8 peculi> mode ( action4 ,x is ,nature t develops him1 exp&s him1 /r5g!ns him1 increases 8 bulk--pres]ves him = a season1 dur+ :i* he is oblig$ to fulfil ! task impos$ on him4 ,x is ,nature1 t 9 8 j\rney ?r\gh life1 /rews on ! road ^? objects1 ^? ev5ts2 ^? adv5tures1 t modify him 9 a v>iety ( ways1 t give him impulses :i* are sometimes agreeable & b5eficial1 at o!rs prejudicial & disagreeable4 ,x is ,nature1 t 9 giv+ him feel+1 9 supply+ him ) s5tim5t1 has end[$ him ) capacity to *oose1 ! means to elect ^? objects1 to take ^? me?ods t are mo/ conducive1 mo/ suitable1 mo/ natural1 to 8 cons]vation4 ,x is ,nature1 :o :5 he has run 8 race1 :5 he has f9i%$ 8 c>e]1 :5 he has describ$ ! circle m>k$ out = him1 conducts him 9 8 turn to 8 de/ruction2 dissolves ! union ( 8 elem5t>y p>ticles1 & obliges him to und]go ! con/ant1 ! univ]sal law2 f ! op]ation ( :i* no?+ is exempt$4 ,x is ?us1 motion places man 9 ! matrix ( 8 "m2 br+s him =? out ( h] womb2 su/a9s him = a season2 at l5g? de/roys him2 obliges him to return into ! bosom ( ,nature2 :o spe$ily reproduces him1 scatt]$ "u an inf9ity ( =ms2 9 :i* ea* ( 8 p>ticles run ov] aga91 9 ! same mann]1 ! diff]5t /ages1 z necess>y z ! :ole _h be=e run ov] ^? ( 8 prec$+ exi/5ce4 ,! be+s ( ! human species1 z well z all o!r be+s1 are susceptible ( two sorts ( motion3 ! "o1 t ( ! mass1 by :i* an entire body1 or "s ( its p>ts1 are visibly transf]r$ f "o place to ano!r2 ! o!r1 int]nal & conceal$1 ( "s ( :i* man is s5sible1 :ile "s takes place )\t 8 k1 & is n ev5 to be guess$ at1 b by ! effect x outw>dly produces4 ,9 a ma*9e s extremely complex z man1 =m$ by ! comb9ation ( su* a multiplicity ( matt]1 s div]sifi$ 9 its prop]ties1 s diff]5t 9 its proportions1 s v>i$ 9 its modes ( action1 ! motion necess>ily becomes ( ! mo/ complicat$ k9d2 its dullness1 z well z its rapidity1 frequ5tly escapes ! obs]vation ( ^? !mselves1 9 :om x takes place4 ,let u n1 !n1 be surpris$1 if1 :5 man w\ld acc\nt to himself = 8 exi/5ce1 = 8 mann] ( act+1 f9d+ s _m ob/acles to enc\nt]1 he inv5t$ su* /range hypo!ses to expla9 ! conceal$ spr+ ( 8 ma*9e--if !n ?is motion appe>$ to him1 to be diff]5t f t ( o!r bodies1 he conceiv$ an idea1 t he mov$ & act$ 9 a mann] altoge!r di/9ct f ! o!r be+s 9 ,nature4 ,he cle>ly p]ceiv$ t 8 body1 z well z diff]5t p>ts ( x1 did act2 b1 frequ5tly1 he 0 unable to discov] :at br\ght !m into action3 f :5ce he receiv$ ! impulse3 he !n conjectur$ he conta9$ )9 himself a mov+ pr9ciple di/+ui%$ f 8 ma*9e1 :i* secretly gave an impulse to ! spr+s :i* set ?is ma*9e 9 motion2 t mov$ him by its own natural en]gy2 t consequ5tly he act$ accord+ to laws totally di/9ct f ^? :i* regulat$ ! motion ( o!r be+s3 he 0 consci\s ( c]ta9 int]nal motion1 :i* he c\ld n help feel+2 b h[ c\ld he conceive1 t ?is invisible motion 0 s frequ5tly compet5t to produce su* /rik+ effects8 ,h[ c\ld he compreh5d1 t a fugitive idea1 an imp]ceptible act ( ?\ght1 0 s frequ5tly capacitat$ to br+ 8 :ole be+ into tr\ble & confusion8 ,he fell into ! belief1 t he p]ceiv$ )9 himself a sub/ance di/+ui%$ f t self1 end[$ ) a secret =ce2 9 :i* he suppos$ exi/$ qualities di/9ctly diff]+ f ^?1 ( ei!r ! visible causes t act$ on 8 organs1 or ^? organs !mselves4 ,he did n suffici5tly und]/&1 t ! primitive cause :i* makes a /one fall1 or 8 arm move1 are p]haps z difficult ( compreh5sion1 z ardu\s to be expla9$1 z ^? int]nal impulses1 ( :i* 8 ?\ght or 8 w are ! effects4 ,?us1 = want ( m$itat+ ,nature--( consid]+ h] "u h] true po9t ( view--( rem>k+ ! con=mity--( notic+ ! simultaneity1 ! unity ( ! motion ( ?is fanci$ motive-p[] ) t ( 8 body--( 8 mat]ial organs--he conjectur$ he 0 n only a di/9ct be+1 b t he 0 set ap>t1 ) diff]5t en]gies1 f all ! o!r be+s 9 ,nature2 t he 0 ( a m simple ess5ce hav+ no?+ 9 common ) any ?+ by :i* he 0 surr\nd$2 no?+ t connect$ him ) all t he beheld4 ,x is f !nce has successively sprung 8 notions ( ,,spirituality1 ,,immat]iality1 ,,immortality2 9 %ort1 all ^? vague unmean+ words he has inv5t$ by degrees1 9 ord] to subtilize & designate ! attributes ( ! unkn[n p[]1 :i* he believes he conta9s )9 himself2 :i* he conjectures to be ! conceal$ pr9ciple ( all 8 visible actions :5 man once imbibes an idea t he _c compreh5d1 he m$itates ^u x until he has giv5 x a complete p]sonification3 ,?us he saw1 or fanci$ he saw1 ! igne\s matt] p]vade e ?+2 he conjectur$ t x 0 ! only pr9ciple ( life & activity2 he proce$$ to embody x2 he gave x 8 own =m2 call$ x ,,jupit]1 & end$ by wor%ipp+ ?is image ( 8 own creation1 z ! p[] f :om he d]iv$ e good he exp]i5c$1 e evil he su/a9$4 ,to cr[n ! bold conjectures he v5tur$ to make on ?is int]nal motive-p[]1 he suppos$1 t diff]5t f all o!r be+s1 ev5 f ! body t s]v$ to envelope x1 x 0 n b\nd to und]go dissolution2 t su* 0 its p]fect simplicity1 t x c\ld n be decompos$1 nor ev5 *ange its =m2 9 %ort1 t x 0 by its ess5ce exempt$ f ^? revolutions to :i* he saw ! body subject$1 z well z all ! comp\nd be+s ) :i* ,nature is fill$4 ,?us man1 9 8 own ideas1 became d\ble2 he look$ ^u himself z a :ole1 compos$ by ! inconceivable assemblage ( two diff]5t1 two di/9ct natures1 :i* h no po9t ( analogy betwe5 !mselves3 he di/+ui%$ two sub/ances 9 himself2 "o evid5tly submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( gross be+s1 compos$ ( co>se in]t matt]3 ?is he call$ ,,body2--! o!r1 :i* he suppos$ to be simple1 ( a pur] ess5ce1 0 contemplat$ z act+ f itself3 giv+ motion to ! body1 ) :i* x f\nd itself s miracul\sly unit$3 ?is he call$ ,,s\l1 or ,,_s2 ! functions ( ! "o1 he d5om9at$ physical1 corporeal1 mat]ial2 ! functions ( ! o!r he /yl$ spiritual1 intellectual4 ,man1 consid]$ relatively to ! fir/1 0 t]m$ ! ,,physical ,,man2 view$ ) relation to ! la/1 he 0 designat$ ! ,,moral ,,man4 ,^! di/9ctions1 al?\gh adopt$ by ! great] numb] ( ! philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day1 are1 nev]!less1 only f\nd$ on gratuit\s suppositions4 ,man has always believ$ he rem$i$ 8 ignorance ( ?+s1 by inv5t+ words to :i* he c\ld nev] atta* any true s5se or mean+4 ,he imag9$ he und]/ood matt]1 its prop]ties1 its faculties1 its res\rces1 its diff]5t comb9ations1 because he _h a sup]ficial glimpse ( "s ( its qualities3 he has1 h[ev]1 9 reality1 done no?+ m ?an obscure ! fa9t ideas he has be5 capacitat$ to =m ( ?is matt]1 by associat+ x ) a sub/ance mu* less intelligible ?an itself4 ,x is ?us1 speculative man1 9 =m+ words1 9 multiply+ be+s1 has only plung$ himself into great] difficulties ?an ^? he endeav\r$ to avoid2 & !reby plac$ ob/acles to ! progress ( 8 k3 :5ev] he has be5 defici5t ( facts1 he has _h rec\rse to conjecture1 :i* he quickly *ang$ into fanci$ realities4 ,?us1 8 imag9ation1 no long] guid$ by exp]i5ce1 hurri$ on by 8 new ideas1 0 lo/1 )\t hope ( return1 9 ! labyr9? ( an ideal1 ( an intellectual _w1 to :i* he _h himself giv5 bir?2 x 0 next to impossible to )draw him f ?is delusion1 to place him 9 ! "r road1 ( :i* no?+ b exp]i5ce c furni% him ! clue4 ,nature po9ts out to man1 t 9 himself1 z well z 9 all ^? objects :i* act ^u him1 !re is nev] m ?an matt] end[$ ) v>i\s prop]ties1 div]sely modifi$1 t acts by reason ( ^! prop]ties3 t man is an organiz$ :ole1 compos$ ( a v>iety ( matt]2 t l all ! o!r productions ( ,nature1 he foll[s g5]al & kn[n laws1 z well z ^? laws or modes ( action :i* are peculi> to himself & unkn[n4 ,?us1 :5 x %all be inquir$1 :at is man8 ,we say1 he is a mat]ial be+1 organiz$ aft] a peculi> mann]2 con=m$ to a c]ta9 mode ( ?9k+--( feel+2 capable ( modification 9 c]ta9 modes peculi> to himself--to 8 organization--to t p>ticul> comb9ation ( matt] :i* is f\nd assembl$ 9 him4 ,if1 aga91 x be ask$1 :at orig9 we give to be+s ( ! human species8 ,we reply1 t1 l all o!r be+s1 man is a production ( ,nature1 :o resembles !m 9 "s respects1 & f9ds himself submitt$ to ! same laws2 :o diff]s f !m 9 o!r respects1 & foll[s p>ticul> laws1 det]m9$ by ! div]sity ( 8 con=mation4 ,if1 !n1 x be dem&$1 :5ce came man8 ,we answ]1 our exp]i5ce on ?is head does n capacitate u to resolve ! "q3 b t x _c int]e/ u1 z x suffices = u to "k t man exi/s2 t he is s con/itut$1 z to be compet5t to ! effects we witness4 ,b x w be urg$1 has man always exi/$8 ,has ! human species exi/$ f all et]nity2 or is x only an in/antane\s production ( ,nature8 ,h !re be5 always m5 l ourselves8 ,w !re always be su*8 ,h !re be51 9 all times1 males & females8 ,0 !re a fir/ man1 f :om all o!rs are desc5d$8 ,0 ! animal ant]ior to ! egg1 or did ! egg prec$e ! animal8 ,is ?is species )\t beg9n+8 ,w x also be )\t end8 ,! species itself1 is x inde/ructible1 or does x pass away l its individuals8 ,has man always be5 :at he n[ is2 or has he1 be=e he arriv$ at ! /ate 9 :i* we see him1 be5 oblig$ to pass "u an inf9ity ( successive developem5ts8 ,c man at la/ flatt] himself ) hav+ arriv$ at a fix$ be+1 or mu/ ! human species aga9 *ange8 ,if man is ! production ( ,nature1 x w p]haps be ask$1 ,is ?is ,nature compet5t to ! production ( new be+s1 to make ! old species disappe>8 ,adopt+ ?is supposition1 x may be inquir$1 :y ,nature does n produce "u our own eyes new be+s--new species8 ,x w\ld appe> on review+ ^! que/ions1 to be p]fectly indiff]5t1 z to ! /ability ( ! argum5t we h us$1 :i* side 0 tak52 t1 = want ( exp]i5ce1 hypo!sis mu/ settle a curiosity t always endeav\rs to spr+ =w>d beyond ! b\nd>ies prescrib$ to our m9d4 ,?is grant$1 ! contemplator ( ,nature w say1 t he sees no contradiction1 9 suppos+ ! human species1 su* z x is at ! pres5t day1 0 ei!r produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 or f all et]nity3 he w n p]ceive any advantage t c arise f suppos+ t x has arriv$ by diff]5t /ages1 or successive developem5ts1 to t /ate 9 :i* x is actually f\nd4 ,matt] is et]nal1 x is necess>y1 b its =ms are evanesc5t & cont+5t4 ,x may be ask$ ( man1 is he any ?+ m ?an matt] comb9$1 ( :i* ! =m] v>ies e in/ant8 ,not)/&+1 "s reflections seem to favor ! supposition1 to r5d] m probable ! hypo!sis1 t man is a production =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 :o is peculi> to ! globe he inhabits1 :o is ! result ( ! peculi> laws by :i* x is direct$2 :o1 consequ5tly1 c only date 8 =mation z coeval ) t ( 8 planet4 ,exi/5ce is ess5tial to ! univ]se1 or ! total assemblage ( matt] ess5tially v>i$ t pres5ts itself to our contemplation2 ! comb9ations1 ! =ms1 h[ev]1 are n ess5tial4 ,?is grant$1 al?\gh ! matt] ( :i* ! e>? is compos$ has always exi/$1 ?is e>? may n always h _h its pres5t =m--its actual prop]ties2 p]haps x may be a mass deta*$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t f "s o!r cele/ial body2--p]haps x is ! result ( ! spots1 or ^? encru/ations :i* a/ronom]s discov] 9 ! sun's disk1 :i* h _h ! faculty to diffuse !mselves ov] our planet>y sy/em2--p]haps ! sph]e we inhabit may be an ext+ui%$ or a displac$ comet1 :i* h]et(ore occupi$ "s o!r place 9 ! regions ( space2--:i*1 consequ5tly1 0 !n compet5t to produce be+s v diff]5t f ^? we n[ behold spread ov] its surface2 see+ t its !n position1 its nature1 mu/ h r5d]$ its productions diff]5t f ^? :i* at ?is day x (f]s to our view4 ,:atev] may be ! supposition adopt$1 plants1 animals1 m51 c only be reg>d$ z productions inh]5t 9 & natural to our globe1 9 ! position & 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* x is actually f\nd3 ^! productions x w\ld be reasonable to inf] w\ld be *ang$1 if ?is globe by any revolution %\ld happ5 to %ift its situation4 ,:at appe>s to /r5g!n ?is hypo!sis1 is1 t on our ball itself1 all ! productions v>y1 by reason ( its diff]5t climates3 m51 animals1 vegetables1 m9]als1 are n ! same on e "p ( x3 !y v>y sometimes 9 a v s5sible mann]1 at v inconsid]able di/ances4 ,! elephant is indig5\s to1 or native ( ! torrid zone3 ! re9 de] is peculi> to ! froz5 climates ( ! ,nor?2 ,indo/an is ! womb t matures ! diamond2 we d n f9d x produc$ 9 our own c\ntry3 ! p9e-apple gr[s 9 ! common atmosph]e ( ,am]ica2 9 our climate x is nev] produc$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 nev] until art has furni%$ a sun analog\s to t :i* x requires--! ,european 9 8 own climate f9ds n ?is delici\s fruit4 ,man 9 diff]5t climates v>ies 9 8 col\r1 9 8 size1 9 8 con=mation1 9 8 p[]s1 9 8 indu/ry1 9 8 c\rage1 & 9 ! faculties ( 8 m9d4 ,b1 :at is x t con/itutes climate8 ,x is ! diff]5t position ( p>ts ( ! same globe1 relatively to ! sun2 positions t suffice to make a s5sible v>iety 9 its productions4 ,!re is1 !n1 suffici5t f\ndation to conjecture t if by any accid5t our globe %\ld become displac$1 all its productions w\ld ( necessity be *ang$2 see+ t causes be+ no long] ! same1 or no long] act+ aft] ! same mann]1 ! effects w\ld necess>ily no long] be :at !y n[ are1 all productions1 t !y may be able to cons]ve !mselves1 or ma9ta9 _! actual exi/5ce1 h occasion to co-ord] !mselves ) ! :ole f :i* !y h emanat$4 ,)\t ?is !y w\ld no long] be 9 a capacity to subsi/3 x is ?is faculty ( co-ord]+ !mselves1--?is relative adaption1 :i* is call$ ! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se3 ! want ( x is call$ ,,confusion4 ,^? productions :i* are treat$ z ,,mon/r\s1 are su* z are unable to co-ord] !mselves ) ! g5]al or p>ticul> laws ( ! be+s :o surr\nd !m1 or ) ! :ole 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves plac$3 !y h _h ! faculty 9 _! =mation to accommodate !mselves to ^! laws2 b ^! v laws are oppos$ to _! p]fection3 = ?is reason !y are unable to subsi/4 ,x is ?us t by a c]ta9 analogy ( con=mation1 :i* exi/s betwe5 animals ( diff]5t species1 mules are easily produc$2 b ^! mules1 unable to co-ord] !mselves ) ! be+s t surr\nd !m1 are n able to rea* p]fection1 consequ5tly _c propagate _! species4 ,man c live only 9 air1 fi% only 9 wat]3 put ! man into ! wat]1 ! fi% into ! air1 n be+ able to co-ord] !mselves ) ! fluids :i* surr\nd !m1 ^! animals w quickly be de/roy$4 ,transport by imag9ation1 a man f our planet into ,,saturn1 8 lungs w pres5tly be r5t by an atmosph]e too r>ifi$ = 8 mode ( be+1 8 memb]s w be froz5 ) ! int5sity ( ! cold2 he w p]i% = want ( f9d+ elem5ts analog\s to 8 actual exi/5ce3 transport ano!r into ,,m]cury1 ! excess ( heat1 beyond :at 8 mode ( exi/5ce c be>1 w quickly de/roy him4 ,?us1 e ?+ seems to au?orise ! conjecture1 t ! human species is a production peculi> to our sph]e1 9 ! position 9 :i* x is f\nd3 t :5 ?is position may happ5 to *ange1 ! human species w1 ( consequ5ce1 ei!r be *ang$ or w be oblig$ to disappe>2 see+ t !re w\ld n !n be t ) :i* man c\ld co-ord] himself ) ! :ole1 or connect himself ) t :i* c enable him to subsi/4 ,x is ?is aptitude 9 man to co-ord] himself ) ! :ole1 t n only furni%es him ) ! idea ( ord]1 b also makes him exclaim :atev] is1 is "r2 :il/ e ?+ is only t :i* x c be1 z long z ! :ole is necess>ily :at x is2 :il/ x is positively nei!r good nor bad1 z we und]/& ^? t]ms3 x is only requisite to displace a man1 to make him accuse ! univ]se ( confusion4 ,^! reflections w\ld appe> to contradict ! ideas ( ^?1 :o are will+ to conjecture t ! o!r planets1 l our own1 are inhabit$ by be+s resembl+ ourselves4 ,b if ! ,,lapl&] diff]s 9 s m>k$ a mann] f ! ,,hott5tot1 :at diff]5ce ought we n rationally to suppose betwe5 an inhabitant ( our planet & "o ( ,,saturn or ( ,,v5us8 ,h[ev] x may be1 if we are oblig$ to recur by imag9ation to ! orig9 ( ?+s1 to ! infancy ( ! human species1 we may say t x is probable t man 0 a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! dis5tangl+ ( our globe2 or "o ( ! results ( ! qualities1 ( ! prop]ties1 ( ! en]gies1 ( :i* x is susceptible 9 its pres5t position--t he 0 born male & female--t 8 exi/5ce is co-ord9ate ) t ( ! globe1 "u its pres5t position--t z long z ?is co-ord9ation %all subsi/1 ! human specie w cons]ve himself1 w propagate himself1 accord+ to ! impulse1 aft] ! primitive laws1 :i* he has orig9ally receiv$--t if ?is co-ord9ation %\ld happ5 to cease2 if ! e>?1 displac$1 %\ld cease to receive ! same impulse1 ! same influ5ce1 on ! "p ( ^? causes :i* actually act ^u x1 or :i* give x en]gy2 t !n ! human species w\ld *ange1 to make place = new be+s1 suitable to co-ord] !mselves ) ! /ate t %\ld succe$ to t :i* we n[ see subsi/4 ,9 ?us suppos+ ! *anges 9 ! position ( our globe1 ! primitive man did1 p]haps1 diff] m f ! actual man1 ?an ! quadrup$ diff]s f ! insect4 ,?us man1 ! same z e ?+ else t exi/s on our planet1 z well z 9 all ! o!rs1 may be reg>d$ z 9 a /ate ( cont9ual vicissitude3 ?us ! la/ t]m ( ! exi/5ce ( man is to u z unkn[n & z indi/9ct z ! fir/3 !re is1 !re=e1 no contradiction 9 ! belief t ! species v>y incessantly--t to u x is z impossible to "k :at he w become1 z to "k :at he has be54 ,) respect to ^? :o may ask :y ,nature does n produce new be+s8 we may enquire ( !m 9 turn1 ^u :at f\ndation !y suppose ?is fact8 ,:at x is t au?orizes !m to believe ?is /]ility 9 ,nature8 ,"k !y if1 9 ! v>i\s comb9ations :i* %e is e in/ant =m+1 ,nature be n occupi$ 9 produc+ new be+s1 )\t ! cognizance ( ^! obs]v]s8 ,:o has in=m$ !m t ?is ,nature is n actually assembl+1 9 h] imm5se elaboratory1 ! elem5ts suitable to br+ to light1 g5]ations entirely new1 t w h no?+ 9 common ) ^? ( ! species at pres5t exi/+8 ,:at absurdity !n1 or :at want ( j inf]5ce w\ld !re be1 to imag9e t ! man1 ! horse1 ! fi%1 ! bird1 w be no m8 ,are ^! animals s indisp5sably requisite to ,nature1 t )\t !m %e _c cont9ue h] et]nal c\rse8 ,does n all *ange ar\nd u8 ,d we n ourselves *ange8 ,is x n evid5t t ! :ole univ]se has n be51 9 its ant]ior et]nal duration1 rigor\sly ! same t x n[ is8 t x is impossible1 9 its po/]ior et]nal duration1 x c be rigidly 9 ! same /ate t x n[ is = a s+le in/ant8 ,h[1 !n1 pret5d to div9e t1 to :i* ! inf9ite succession ( de/ruction1 ( reproduction1 ( comb9ation1 ( dissolution1 ( metamorphosis1 ( *ange1 ( transposition1 may be able ev5tually to conduct x by _! consequ5ce8 ,suns encru/ !mselves1 & are ext+ui%$2 planets p]i% & disp]se !mselves 9 ! va/ pla9s ( air2 o!r suns are k9dl$1 & illum9e _! sy/ems2 new planets =m !mselves1 ei!r to make revolutions r\nd ^! suns1 or to describe new r\tes2 & man1 an inf9itely small portion ( ! globe1 :i* is itself b an imp]ceptible po9t 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 va9ly believes x is = himself ?is univ]se is made2 fooli%ly imag9es he ought to be ! confid5t ( ,nature2 confid5tly flatt]s himself he is et]nal3 & calls himself ,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se666 ,o man6 wilt ?\ nev] conceive1 t ?\ art b an ephem]on8 ,all *anges 9 ! great macrocosm3 no?+ rema9s ! same an in/ant1 9 ! planet ?\ inhabite/3 ,nature conta9s no "o con/ant =m1 yet ?\ pret5de/ ?y species c nev] disappe>2 t ?\ %alt be exempt$ f ! univ]sal law1 t wills all %all exp]i5ce *ange6 ,alas6 ,9 ?y actual be+1 art n ?\ submitt$ to cont9ual alt]ations8 ,?\1 :o 9 ?y folly1 arrogantly assume/ to ?yself ! title ( ,,k+ ,,( ,,nature6 ,?\1 :o measure/ ! e>? & ! heav5s6 ,?\1 :o 9 ?y vanity imag9e/1 t ! :ole 0 made1 because ?\ art intellig5t6 ,!re requires b a v slight accid5t1 a s+le atom to be displac$1 to make !e p]i%2 to degrade !e2 to ravi% f !e ?is intellig5ce ( :i* ?\ appe>e/ s pr\d4 ,if all ! prec$+ conjectures be refus$ by ^? oppos$ to u2 if x be pret5d$ t ,nature acts by a c]ta9 quantum ( immutable & g5]al laws2 if x be believ$ t m51 quadrup$s1 fi%1 insects1 plants1 are f all et]nity1 & w rema9 et]nally1 :at !y n[ are3 if ,i say x be cont5d$1 t f all et]nity ! />s h %one1 9 ! imm5se regions ( space1 h illum9at$ ! firmam5t2 if x be insi/$1 we mu/ no m dem& :y man is su* z he appe>s1 !n ask :y ,nature is su* z we behold h]1 or :y ! _w exi/s8 ,we are no long] oppos$ to su* argum5ts4 ,:atev] may be ! sy/em adopt$1 x w p]haps reply equally well to ! difficulties ) :i* our oppon5ts endeav\r to emb>rass ! way3 exam9$ closely1 x w be p]ceiv$ !y make no?+ aga9/ ^? tru?s1 :i* we h ga!r$ f exp]i5ce4 ,x is n giv5 to man to "k e ?+--x is n giv5 him to "k 8 orig9--x is n giv5 him to p5etrate into ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 nor to recur to fir/ pr9ciples--b x is giv5 him1 to h reason1 to h hone/y1 to +5u\sly all[ he is ignorant ( t :i* he _c "k1 & n to sub/itute un9telligible words1 absurd suppositions1 = 8 unc]ta9ty4 ,?us1 we say to ^?1 :o to solve difficulties f> above _! rea*1 pret5d t ! human species desc5d$ f a fir/ man & a fir/ woman1 creat$ div]sely accord+ to diff]5t cre$s2--t we h "s ideas ( ,nature1 b t we h none ( creation2--t ! human m9d is incapable ( compreh5d+ ! p]iod :5 all 0 no?+2--t to use words we _c und]/&1 is only 9 o!r t]ms to ackn[l$ge our ignorance ( ! p[]s ( ,nature2--t we are unable to fa?om ! means by :i* %e has be5 capacitat$ to produce ! ph5om5a we behold4 ,let u !n conclude1 t man has no j1 no solid reason to believe himself a privileg$ be+ 9 ,nature2 because he is subject to ! same vicissitudes1 z all h] o!r productions4 ,8 pret5d$ pr]ogatives h _! f\ndation 9 error1 aris+ f mi/ak5 op9ions conc]n+ 8 exi/5ce4 ,let him b elevate himself by 8 ?\ghts above ! globe he inhabits1 he w look ^u 8 own species ) ! same eyes he does all o!r be+s 9 ,nature3 ,he w !n cle>ly p]ceive t 9 ! same mann] t ea* tree produces its fruit1 by reason ( its en]gies1 9 consequ5ce ( its species3 s ea* man acts by reason ( 8 p>ticul> en]gy2 t he produces fruit1 actions1 works1 equally necess>y3 he w feel t ! illusion :i* he anticipates 9 fav\r ( himself1 arises f 8 be+1 at "o & ! same "t1 a spectator & a "p ( ! univ]se4 ,he w ackn[l$ge1 t ! idea ( excell5ce :i* he atta*es to 8 be+1 has no o!r f\ndation ?an 8 own peculi> int]e/2 ?an ! pr$ilection he has 9 fav\r ( himself--t ! doctr9e he has broa*$ ) su* seem+ confid5ce1 bottoms itself on a v suspici\s f\ndation1 namely ,,ignorance & ,,self-,,love4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,! ,s\l & ! ,spiritual ,sy/em4 ,man1 aft] hav+ gratuit\sly suppos$ himself compos$ ( two di/9ct indep5d5t sub/ances1 t h no common prop]ties1 relatively ) ea* o!r2 has pret5d$1 z we h se51 t t :i* actuat$ him int]iorly1 t motion :i* is invisible1 t impulse :i* is plac$ )9 himself1 is ess5tially diff]5t f ^? :i* act ext]iorly4 ,! fir/ he designat$1 z we h already said1 by ! "n ( a ,,_s or a ,,s\l4 ,if h[ev] x be ask$1 :at is a _s8 ,! mod]ns w reply1 t ! :ole fruit ( _! metaphysical rese>*es is limit$ to le>n+ t ?is motive-p[]1 :i* !y /ate to be ! spr+ ( man's action1 is a sub/ance ( an unkn[n nature2 s simple1 s indivisible1 s depriv$ ( ext5t1 s invisible1 s impossible to be discov]$ by ! s5ses1 t its p>ts _c be sep>at$1 ev5 by ab/raction or ?\ght4 ,! "q !n arises1 h[ c we conceive su* a sub/ance1 :i* is only ! negation ( e ?+ ( :i* we h a k8 ,h[ =m to ourselves an idea ( a sub/ance1 void ( ext5t1 yet act+ on our s5ses2 t is to say1 on ^? organs :i* are mat]ial1 :i* h ext5t8 ,h[ c a be+ )\t ext5t be moveable2 h[ put matt] 9 action8 ,h[ c a sub/ance devoid ( p>ts1 correspond successively ) diff]5t p>ts ( space8 ,b a v cog5t "q pres5ts itself on ?is occasion3 if ?is di/9ct sub/ance t is said to =m "o ( ! compon5t p>ts ( man1 be really :at x is report$1 & if x be n1 x is n :at x is describ$2 if x be unkn[n1 if x be n p]vi\s to ! s5ses2 if x be invisible1 by :at means did ! metaphysicians !mselves become acqua9t$ ) x8 ,h[ did !y =m ideas ( a sub/ance1 t tak+ _! own acc\nt ( x1 is n1 "u any ( its circum/ances1 ei!r directly or by analogy1 cognizable to ! m9d ( man8 ,if !y c\ld positively a*ieve ?is1 !re w\ld no long] be any my/]y 9 ,nature3 x w\ld be z easy to conceive ! "t :5 all 0 no?+1 :5 all %all h pass$ away1 to acc\nt = ! production ( e ?+ we behold1 z to dig 9 a g>d5 or read a lecture4--,d\bt w\ld vani% f ! human species2 !re c\ld no long] be any diff]5ce ( op9ion1 s9ce all mu/ necess>ily be ( "o m9d on a subject s accessible to e enquir]4 ,b x w be repli$1 ! mat]iali/ himself admits1 ! natural philosoph]s ( all ages h admitt$1 elem5ts & atoms1 be+s simple & indivisible1 ( :i* bodies are compos$3--grant$2 !y h no m3 !y h also admitt$ t _m ( ^! atoms1 _m ( ^! elem5ts1 if n all1 are unkn[n to !m3 nev]!less1 ^! simple be+s1 ^! atoms ( ! mat]iali/1 are n ! same ?+ ) ! _s1 or ! s\l ( ! metaphysician4 ,:5 ! natural philosoph] talks ( atoms--:5 he describes !m z simple be+s1 he indicates no?+ m ?an t !y are homog5e\s1 pure1 )\t mixture3 b !n he all[s t !y h ext5t1 consequ5tly p>ts1 are sep>able by ?\ght1 al?\gh no o!r natural ag5t ) :i* he is acqua9t$ is capable ( divid+ !m3 t ! simple be+s ( ?is g5us are susceptible ( motion--c imp>t action--receive impulse--are mat]ial--are plac$ 9 ,nature--are inde/ructible2--t consequ5tly1 if he _c "k !m f !mselves1 he c =m "s idea ( !m by analogy3 ?us he has done t intelligibly1 :i* ! metaphysician w\ld d un9telligibly3 ! latt]1 ) a view to r5d] man immortal1 f9d+ difficulties to 8 wi%1 f see+ t ! body decay$--t x has submitt$ to ! great1 ! univ]sal law--has1 to solve ! difficulty1 to remove ! imp$im5t1 giv5 him a s\l1 di/9ct f ! body1 :i* he says is exempt$ f ! action ( ! g5]al law3 to acc\nt = ?is1 he has call$ x a spiritual be+1 ^: prop]ties are ! negation ( all kn[n prop]ties1 consequ5tly inconceivable3 _h he1 h[ev]1 _h rec\rse to ! atoms ( ! =m]--_h he made ?is sub/ance ! la/ possible t]m ( ! division ( matt]--x w\ld at lea/ h be5 intelligible2 x w\ld also h be5 immortal1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! reason+s ( all m51 :e!r metaphysicians1 !ologians1 or natural philosoph]s1 an atom is an inde/ructible elem5t1 t mu/ exi/ to all et]nity4 ,all m5 are agre$ 9 ?is position1 t motion is ! successive *ange ( ! relations ( "o body ) o!r bodies1 or ) ! diff]5t p>ts ( space4 ,if t :i* is call$ _s be susceptible ( communicat+ or receiv+ motion--if x acts--if x gives play to ! organs ( body--to produce ^! effects1 x necess>ily foll[s t ?is be+ *anges successively its relation1 its t5d5cy1 its correspond5ce1 ! position ( its p>ts1 ei!r relatively to ! diff]5t po9ts ( space1 or to ! diff]5t organs ( ! body :i* x puts 9 action3 b to *ange its relation ) space1 ) ! organs to :i* x gives impulse1 x foll[s ( necessity t ?is _s mo/ h ext5t1 solidity1 consequ5tly di/9ct p>ts3 :5ev] a sub/ance possesses ^! qualities1 x is :at we call ,,matt]1 x c no long] be reg>d$ z a simple pure be+1 9 ! s5se atta*$ to x by ! mod]ns1 or by !ologians4 ,?us x w be se51 t ^? :o1 to conqu] insurm\ntable difficulties1 h suppos$ 9 man an immat]ial sub/ance1 di/+ui%$ f 8 body1 h n ?or\ghly und]/ood !mselves2 inde$ !y h done no?+ m ?an imag9$ a negative quality1 ( :i* !y _c h any correct idea3 matt] alone is capable ( act+ on our s5ses2 )\t ?is action no?+ w\ld be capable ( mak+ itself kn[n to u4 ,!y h n se5 t a be+ )\t ext5t is nei!r 9 a capacity to move itself1 nor has ! capability ( communicat+ motion to ! body2 s9ce su* a be+1 hav+ no p>ts1 has n ! faculty ( *ang+ its relation1 or its di/ance1 relatively to o!r bodies1 nor ( excit+ motion 9 ! human body1 :i* is itself mat]ial4 ,t :i* is call$ our s\l moves itself ) u2 n[ motion is a prop]ty ( matt]--?is s\l gives impulse to ! arm2 ! arm1 mov$ by x1 makes an impression1 a bl[1 t foll[s ! g5]al law ( motion3 9 ?is case1 ! =ce rema9+ ! same1 if ! mass 0 two-fold1 ! bl[ %\ld be d\ble4 ,?is s\l aga9 ev9ces its mat]iality 9 ! inv9cible ob/acles x enc\nt]s on ! "p ( ! body4 ,if ! arm be mov$ by its impulse :5 no?+ opposes x1 yet ?is arm c no long] move1 :5 x is *>g$ ) a weight beyond its /r5g?4 ,"h !n is a mass ( matt] t annihilates ! impulse giv5 by a spiritual cause1 :i* spiritual cause hav+ no analogy ) matt]1 ought n to f9d m difficulty 9 mov+ ! :ole _w1 ?an 9 mov+ a s+le atom1 nor an atom1 ?an ! univ]se4 ,f ?is1 x is fair to conclude1 su* a sub/ance is a *im]a--a be+ ( ! imag9ation4 ,t x requir$ a be+ diff]5tly end[$1 diff]5tly con/itut$1 to set matt] 9 motion--to create all ! ph5om5a we behold3 nev]!less1 x is a be+ ! metaphysicians h made ! contriv]1 ! ,au?or ( ,nature4 ,z man1 9 all 8 speculations1 takes himself = ! model1 he no soon] imag9$ a _s )9 himself1 ?an giv+ x ext5t1 he made x univ]sal2 !n ascrib$ to x all ^? causes ) :i* 8 ignorance prev5ts him f becom+ acqua9t$1 ?us he id5tifi$ himself ) ! ,au?or ( ,nature--!n avail$ himself ( ! supposition to expla9 ! connection ( ! s\l ) ! body3 8 self-complac5cy prev5t$ 8 p]ceiv+ t he 0 only enl>g+ ! circle ( 8 errors1 by pret5d+ to und]/& t :i* x is m ?an possible he w nev] be p]mitt$ to "k2 8 self-love prev5t$ him f feel+1 t :5ev] he puni%$ ano!r = n ?9k+ z he did1 t he committ$ ! greate/ inju/ice1 unless he 0 satisfactorily able to prove t o!r wrong1 & himself "r3 t if he himself 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to hypo!sis--to gratuit\s suppositions1 :]eon to f\nd 8 doctr9e1 t f ! v fallibility ( 8 nature1 ^! might be errone\s3 ?us ,,gallileo 0 p]secut$1 because ! metaphysicians1 ! !ologians ( 8 day1 *ose to make o!rs believe :at x 0 evid5t !y did n !mselves und]/&4 ,z soon z ,i feel an impulse1 or exp]i5ce motion1 ,i am "u ! necessity to ackn[l$ge ext5t1 solidity1 d5sity1 imp5etrability 9 ! sub/ance ,i see move1 or f :i* ,i receive impulse3 ?us1 :5 action is attribut$ to any cause :atev]1 ,i am oblig$ to consid] x ,,mat]ial4 ,i may be ignorant ( its individual nature1 ( its mode ( action1 or ( its g5]ic prop]ties2 b ,i _c deceive myself 9 g5]al prop]ties1 :i* are common to all matt]3 ?is ignorance w only be increas$1 :5 ,i %all take t = grant$ ( a be+1 ( :i* f t mom5t ,i am preclud$ by :at ,i admit f =m+ any idea1 :i* moreov] deprives x completely ei!r ( ! faculty ( mov+ itself1 giv+ an impulse1 or act+4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! receiv$ idea ( ! t]m1 a spiritual sub/ance t moves itself1 t gives motion to matt]1 & t acts1 implies a contradiction1 t necess>ily inf]s a total impossibility4 ,! p>tizans ( spirituality believe !y answ] ! difficulties !y h accumulat$1 by ass]t+ t ! s\l is entire--is :ole "u ea* po9t ( its ext5t4 ,if an absurd answ] w solve difficulties1 !y c]ta9ly h done x4 ,b let u exam9e ?is reply3--x w be f\nd t ?is indivisible "p :i* is call$ s\l1 h[ev] ins5sible or h[ev] m9ute1 mu/ yet rema9 some?+3 !n an inf9ity ( unext5d$ sub/ances1 or ! same sub/ance hav+ no dim5sions1 repeat$ an inf9ity ( times1 w\ld con/itute a sub/ance t has ext5t3 ?is _c be :at !y mean1 because accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 ! human s\l w\ld !n be z inf9ite z ! ,au?or ( ,nature2 see+ t !y h /at$ ?is to be a be+ )\t ext5t1 :o is an inf9ity ( times :ole 9 ea* "p ( ! univ]se4 ,b :5 !re %all appe> z mu* solidity 9 ! answ] z !re is a want ( x1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t 9 :atev] mann] ! _s or ! s\l f9ds itself 9 its ext5t1 :5 ! body moves =w>d ! s\l does n rema9 beh9d2 if s1 x has a quality 9 common ) ! body1 peculi> to matt]2 s9ce x is convey$ f place to place jo9tly ) ! body4 ,?us1 :5 ev5 ! s\l %\ld be admitt$ to be immat]ial1 :at conclusion mu/ be drawn8 ,entirely submitt$ to ! motion ( ! body1 )\t ?is body x w\ld rema9 dead & in]t4 ,?is s\l w\ld only be "p ( a two-fold ma*9e1 necess>ily impell$ =w>d by a concat5ation1 or connection ) ! :ole4 ,x w\ld resemble a bird1 :i* a *ild conducts at its pleasure1 by ! /r+ ) :i* x is b\nd4 ,?us1 x is = want ( consult+ exp]i5ce1 by n att5d+ to reason1 t man has d>k5$ 8 ideas ^u ! conceal$ pr9ciple ( 8 motion4 ,if1 dis5tangl$ f prejudice--if1 de/itute ( gratuit\s suppositions--if1 ?r[+ aside error1 he w\ld contemplate 8 s\l1 or ! mov+ pr9ciple t acts )9 him1 he w\ld be conv9c$ t x =ms a "p ( its body1 t x _c be di/+ui%$ f x1 b by ab/raction2 t x is only ! body itself1 consid]$ relatively ) "s ( its functions1 or ) ^? faculties ( :i* its nature1 or its peculi> organization1 r5d]s x susceptible3--he w p]ceive t ?is s\l is oblig$ to und]go ! same *anges z ! body2 t x is born ) x2 t x exp&s itself ) x2 t l ! body1 x passes ?r\gh a /ate ( infancy1 a p]iod ( weakness1 a season ( inexp]i5ce2 t x enl>ges itself1 t x /r5g!ns itself1 9 ! same progression2 t l ! body1 x arrives at an adult age or rea*es maturity2 t x is !n1 & n till !n1 x obta9s ! faculty ( fulfill+ c]ta9 functions2 t x is 9 ?is /age1 & 9 no o!r1 t x enjoys reason2 t x displays m or less wit1 judgm5t1 & manly activity2 t l ! body1 x is subject to ^? vicissitudes :i* ext]ior causes obliges x to und]go by _! influ5ce2 t1 conjo9tly ) ! body1 x suff]s1 enjoys1 p>takes ( its pleasures1 %>es its pa9s1 is s\nd :5 ! body is heal?y1 & diseas$ :5 ! body is oppress$ ) sickness2 t l ! body1 x is cont9ually modifi$ by ! diff]5t degrees ( d5sity 9 ! atmosph]e2 by ! v>iety ( ! seasons1 & by ! v>i\s prop]ties ( ! alim5ts receiv$ into ! /oma*3 9 %ort1 he w\ld be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge t at "s p]iods x manife/s visible signs ( torpor1 /upefaction1 decrepitude1 & dea?4 ,9 despite ( ?is analogy1 or r ?is cont9ual id5tity1 ( ! s\l ) ! body1 man has be5 desir\s ( di/+ui%+ _! ess5ce2 he has !re=e made ! s\l an inconceivable be+3 b 9 ord] t he might =m to himself "s idea ( x1 he 01 not)/&+1 oblig$ to h rec\rse to mat]ial be+s1 & to _! mann] ( act+4 ,! ^w _s1 !re=e1 pres5ts to ! m9d no o!r ideas ?an ^? ( brea?+1 ( respiration1 ( w9d4 ,?us1 :5 x is said ! s\l is a _s1 x really means no?+ m ?an t its mode ( action is l t ( brea?+3 :i* ?\gh invisible 9 itself1 or act+ )\t be+ se51 nev]!less produces v visible effects4 ,b brea?1 x is ackn[l$g$1 is a mat]ial cause2 x is all[$ to be air modifi$2 x is n1 !re=e1 a simple or pure sub/ance1 su* z ! mod]ns designate "u ! "n ( ,,_s4 ,x is r s+ul> t 9 ! ,hebrew1 ! ,greek1 & ! ,lat91 ! synonymy1 or correspond+ t]m = _s %\ld signify brea?4 ,! metaphysicians !mselves c be/ say :y !y h adopt$ su* a ^w1 to designate ! sub/ance !y h di/+ui%$ f matt]3 "s ( !m1 fe>ful !y %\ld n h di/9ct be+s en\gh1 h gone f>!r1 & comp\nd$ man ( ?ree sub/ances1 ,,body1 ,,s\l1 & ,,intellect4 ,al?\gh ! ^w _s is s v anci5t among m51 ! s5se atta*$ to x by ! mod]ns is q new3 ! idea ( spirituality1 z admitt$ at ?is day1 is a rec5t production ( ! imag9ation4 ,nei!r ,,py?agoras nor ,,plato1 h[ev] heat$ _! bra91 h[ev] decid$ _! ta/e = ! m>vell\s1 appe> to h und]/ood by _s an immat]ial sub/ance1 or "o )\t ext5t1 devoid ( p>ts2 su* z t ( :i* ! mod]ns h =m$ ! human s\l1 ! conceal$ au?or ( motion4 ,! anci5ts1 by ! ^w _s1 7 desir\s to def9e matt] ( an extreme subtilty1 ( a pur] quality ?an t :i* act$ grossly on our s5ses4 ,9 consequ5ce1 "s h reg>d$ ! s\l z an e!real sub/ance2 o!rs z igne\s matt]2 o!rs aga9 h comp>$ x to light4 ,,democritus made x consi/ 9 motion1 consequ5tly gave x a mann] ( exi/5ce4 ,,ari/ox5es1 :o 0 himself a musician1 made x h>mony4 ,,ari/otle reg>d$ ! s\l z ! mov+ faculty1 ^u :i* dep5d$ ! motion ( liv+ bodies4 ,! e>lie/ doctors ( ,*ri/ianity _h no o!r idea ( ! s\l1 ?an t x 0 mat]ial4 ,,t]tullian1 ,,arnobius1 ,,clem5t ( ,,alex&ria1 ,,orig51 ,,sa9t ,,ju/91 ,,ir5aeus1 h all ( !m disc\rs$ ^u x2 b h nev] spok5 ( x o!r ?an z a corporeal sub/ance--z matt]4 ,x 0 res]v$ = _! successors at a great di/ance ( "t1 to make ! human s\l & ! s\l ( ! _w pure spirits2 t is to say1 immat]ial sub/ances1 ( :i* x is impossible !y c\ld =m any accurate idea3 by degrees ?is incompreh5sible doctr9e ( spirituality1 con=mable )\t d\bt to ! views ( ^? :o make x a pr9ciple to annihilate reason1 prevail$ ov] ! o!rs3 ,b x might be fairly ask$1 if ! pret5d$ pro(s ( ?is doctr9e owe !mselves to a man1 :o on a mu* m compreh5sible po9t has be5 prov$ 9 error2 if1 on t :i* "t has %ewn 0 accessible to man's reason1 ! great *ampion 9 support ( ?is dogma 0 deceiv$2 are we n b\nd to exam9e1 ) ! mo/ rigor\s inve/igation1 ! reason+s1 ! evid5ce1 ( "o :o 0 ! decid$1 ! prov5 *ild ( en?usiasm & error8 ,yet ,,desc>tes1 to ^: sublime errors ! _w is indebt$ = ! ,newtonian sy/em1 al?\gh be=e him ! s\l _h be5 consid]$ spiritual1 0 ! fir/ :o e/abli%$ t1 t :i* ?9ks ought to be di/+ui%$ f matt]2 f :5ce he concludes r ha/ily1 t ! s\l1 or t :i* ?9ks 9 man1 is a _s2 or a simple indivisible sub/ance4 ,p]haps x w\ld h be5 m logical1 m consi/5t ) reason1 to h said1 s9ce man1 :o is matt]1 :o has no idea b ( matt]1 enjoys ! faculty ( ?\ght1 matt] c ?9k2 t is1 x is susceptible ( t p>ticul> modification call$ ?\ght4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ?is doctr9e 0 believ$ div9e1 sup]natural1 because x 0 inconceivable to man4 ,^? :o d>$ believe ev5 t :i* 0 believ$ be=e2 namely1 t ! s\l 0 mat]ial1 7 held z ra% inconsid]ate madm51 or else treat$ z enemies to ! welf>e & happ9ess ( ! human race4 ,:5 man _h once r5\nc$ exp]i5ce2 :5 he _h abjur$ 8 reason2 :5 he _h jo9$ ! bann] ( ?is en?usia/ic novelty2 he did no?+ m1 day aft] day1 ?an subtilize ! delirium1 ! rav+s ( 8 imag9ation3 he pleas$ himself by cont9ually s9k+ deep] into ! mo/ unfa?omable dep?s ( error3 he felicitat$ himself on 8 discov]ies2 on 8 pret5d$ k2 9 an exact ratio z 8 und]/&+ became envelop$ 9 ! mi/s ( d>kness1 environ$ ) ! cl\ds ( ignorance4 ,?us1 9 consequ5ce ( man's reason+ ^u false pr9ciples2 ( hav+ rel9qui%$ ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses2 ! mov+ pr9ciple )9 him1 ! conceal$ au?or ( motion1 has be5 made a m]e *im]a1 a m]e be+ ( ! imag9ation1 because he has dive/$ x ( all kn[n prop]ties2 because he has atta*$ to x no?+ b prop]ties :i*1 f ! v nature ( 8 exi/5ce1 he is incapacitat$ to compreh5d4 ,! doctr9e ( spirituality1 su* z x n[ exi/s1 (f]s no?+ b vague ideas2 or r is ! abs5se ( all ideas4 ,:at does x pres5t to ! m9d1 b a sub/ance :i* possesses no?+ ( :i* our s5ses enable u to h a k8 ,c x be tru? t a man is able to figure to himself a be+ n mat]ial1 hav+ nei!r ext5t nor p>ts1 :i*1 nev]!less1 acts ^u matt] )\t hav+ any po9t ( contact1 any k9d ( analogy ) x2 & :i* itself receives ! impulse ( matt] by means ( mat]ial organs1 :i* ann\nce to x ! pres5ce ( o!r be+s8 ,is x possible to conceive ! union ( ! s\l ) ! body2 to compreh5d h[ ?is mat]ial body c b9d1 enclose1 con/ra91 det]m9e a fugitive be+ :i* escapes all our s5ses8 ,is x hone/1 is x pla9 deal+1 to solve ^! difficulties1 by say+ !re is a my/]y 9 !m2 t !y are ! effects ( a p[]1 m inconceivable ?an ! human s\l2 ?an its mode ( act+1 h[ev] conceal$ f our view8 ,:5 to resolve ^! problems1 man is oblig$ to h rec\rse to miracles or to make ! ,div9ity int]f]e1 does he n av[ 8 own ignorance8 ,:51 not)/&+ ! ignorance he is ?us oblig$ to av[ by avail+ himself ( ! div9e ag5cy1 he tells u1 ?is immat]ial sub/ance1 ?is s\l1 %all exp]i5ce ! action ( ! elem5t ( fire1 :i* he all[s to be mat]ial2 :5 he confid5tly says ?is s\l %all be burnt2 %all suff] 9 purgatory2 h we n a "r to believe1 t ei!r he has a design to deceive u1 or else t he does n himself und]/& t :i* he is s anxi\s we %\ld take ^u 8 ^w8 ,let u n !n be surpris$ at ^? subtile hypo!ses1 z +5i\s z !y are unsatisfactory1 to :i* !ological prejudice has oblig$ ! mo/ pr(\nd mod]n speculators to recur2 :5 !y h und]tak5 to reconcile ! spirituality ( ! s\l1 ) ! physical action ( mat]ial be+s1 on ?is incorporeal sub/ance2 its re-action ^u ^! be+s2 its union ) ! body4 ,:5 ! human m9d p]mits itself to be guid$ by au?ority )\t pro(1 to be l$ =w>d by en?usiasm2 :5 x r5\nces ! evid5ce ( its s5ses2 :at c x d m ?an s9k into error8 ,let ^? :o d\bt ?is1 read ! metaphysical romances ( ,,leibnitz1 ,,desc>tes1 ,,malebran*e1 ,,cudwor?1 & _m o!rs3 let !m coolly exam9e ! +5i\s1 b fanciful sy/ems entitl$ ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony ( occasional causes2 physical pre-motion1 c4 ,if man wi%es to =m to himself cle>1 p]spicu\s ideas ( 8 s\l1 let him ?r[ himself back on 8 exp]i5ce--let him r5\nce 8 prejudices--let him avoid !ological conjecture--let him te> ! b&ages :i* he has be5 taught to ?9k necess>y1 b ) :i* he has be5 bl9d-fold$1 only to conf\nd 8 reason4 ,if x be wi%$ to draw man to virtue1 let ! natural philosoph]1 let ! anatomi/1 let ! physician1 unite _! exp]i5ce2 let !m comp>e _! obs]vations1 9 ord] to %[ :at ought to be ?\ght ( a sub/ance1 s disguis$1 s hidd5 by absurdities1 z n easily to be kn[n4 ,_! discov]ies may p]haps tea* morali/s ! true motive-p[] t ought to influ5ce ! actions ( man--legislators1 ! true motives t %\ld actuate him1 t %\ld excite him to lab\r to ! welf>e ( society--sov]eigns1 ! means ( r5d]+ _! subjects truly happy2 ( giv+ solidity to ! p[] ( ! nations committ$ to _! *>ge4 ,physical s\ls h physical wants1 & dem& physical happ9ess4 ,^! are real1 are pref]able objects1 to t v>iety ( fanciful *im]as1 ea* 9 its turn giv+ place to ! o!r1 ) :i* ! m9d ( man has be5 f$ dur+ s _m ages4 ,let u1 !n1 lab\r to p]fect ! morality ( man2 let u make x agreeable to him2 let u excite 9 him an ard5t ?ir/ = its purity3 we %all pres5tly see 8 morals become bett]1 himself become happi]2 8 s\l become calm & s]5e2 8 w det]m9$ to virtue1 by ! natural1 by ! palpable motives held out to him4 ,by ! dilig5ce1 by ! c>e :i* legislators %all be/[ on natural philosophy1 !y w =m citiz5s ( s\nd und]/&+s2 robu/ & well con/itut$2 :o1 f9d+ !mselves happy1 w be !mselves access>y to t useful impulse s necess>y = _! s\l4 ,:5 ! body is suff]+1 :5 nations are unhappy1 ! s\l _c be 9 a prop] /ate4 ,m5s sana 9 corpore sano1 a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body1 w be always able to make a good citiz54 ,! m man reflects1 ! m he w be conv9c$ t ! s\l1 v f> f be+ di/+ui%$ f ! body1 is only ! body itself1 consid]$ relatively to "s ( its functions1 or to "s ( ! modes ( exi/+ or act+1 ( :i* x is susceptible :il/ x enjoys life4 ,?us1 ! s\l is man1 consid]$ relatively to ! faculty he has ( feel+1 ( ?9k+1 ( act+ 9 a mode result+ f 8 peculi> nature2 t is to say1 f 8 prop]ties1 f 8 p>ticul> organization3 f ! modifications1 :e!r durable or transitory1 :i* ! be+s :o act ^u him cause 8 ma*9e to und]go4 ,^? :o h di/+ui%$ ! s\l f ! body1 appe> only to h di/+ui%$ _! bra9 f !mselves4 ,inde$1 ! bra9 is ! common c5t]1 :]e all ! n]ves1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh e "p ( ! body1 meet & bl5d !mselves3 x is by ! aid ( ?is int]ior organ t all ^? op]ations are p]=m$ :i* are attribut$ to ! s\l3 x is ! impulse1 or ! motion1 communicat$ to ! n]ve1 :i* modifies ! bra93 9 consequ5ce1 x re-acts1 or gives play to ! bodily organs2 or r x acts ^u itself1 & becomes capable ( produc+ )9 itself a great v>iety ( motion1 :i* has be5 designat$ intellectual faculties4 ,f ?is x may be se5 t "s philosoph]s h be5 desir\s to make a spiritual sub/ance ( ! bra94 ,x is evid5tly no?+ b ignorance t has giv5 bir? to & accr$it$ ?is sy/em1 :i* embraces s little1 ei!r ( ! natural or ! rational4 ,x is f n hav+ /udi$ himself1 t man has suppos$ he 0 comp\nd$ ) an ag5t1 ess5tially diff]5t f 8 body3 9 exam9+ ?is body1 he w f9d t x is q useless to recur to hypo!sis = ! explanation ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a x pres5ts to 8 contemplation2 t hypo!sis c d no?+ m ?an lead him out ( ! "r road to ! in=mation aft] :i* he seeks4 ,:at obscures ?is "q1 arises f ?is1 t man _c see himself3 inde$1 = ?is purpose1 t w\ld be requisite :i* is impossible2 namely1 t he c\ld he at "o & ! same mom5t bo? )9 & )\t himself3 he may be comp>$ to an ,eolian h>p1 t issues s\nds ( itself1 & %\ld dem& :at x is t causes x to give !m =?8 ,x does n p]ceive t ! s5sitive quality ( its *ords causes ! air to brace !m2 t be+ s brac$1 x is r5d]$ sonor\s by e gu/ ( w9d ) :i* x happ5s to come 9 contact4 ,:5 a !ologian1 ob/9ately b5t on admitt+ into man two sub/ances ess5tially diff]5t1 is ask$ :y he multiplies be+s )\t necessity8 he w reply1 because ?\ght _c be a prop]ty ( matt]4 ,if1 !n1 x be enquir$ ( him1 _c ,god give to matt] ! faculty ( ?\ght8 he w answ]1 no6 see+ t ,god _c d impossible ?+s6 ,accord+ to 8 pr9ciples1 x is z impossible t _s or ?\ght c produce matt]1 z x is impossible t matt] c produce _s or ?\ght3 x might1 !re=e1 be conclud$ aga9/ him1 t ! _w 0 n made by a _s1 any m ?an a _s 0 made by ! _w4 ,b 9 ?is case1 does n ! !ologian1 accord+ to 8 own ass]tion1 ackn[l$ge himself to be ! true a!i/8 ,does he n1 9 fact1 circumscribe ! attributes ( ! ,deity1 & d5y 8 p[]1 to suit 8 own purpose8 ,yet ^! m5 dem& implicit belief 9 doctr9es1 :i* !y are oblig$ to ma9ta9 by ! mo/ contradictory ass]tions4 ,! m exp]i5ce we collect1 ! m we %all be conv9c$ t ! ^w _s1 9 its pres5t receiv$ usage1 conveys no "o s5se t is tangible1 ei!r to ourselves or to ^? t inv5t$ x2 consequ5tly _c be ( ! lea/ use1 ei!r 9 physics or morals4 ,:at mod]n metaphysicians believe & und]/& by ! ^w1 is no?+ m ?an an occult p[]1 imag9$ to expla9 occult qualities & actions1 b :i*1 9 fact1 expla9s no?+4 ,savage nations admit ( spirits1 to acc\nt to !mselves = ^? effects1 :i* to !m appe> m>vell\s1 z long z _! ignorance kn[s n ! cause to :i* !y ought to be attribut$4 ,9 attribut+ to spirits ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 z well z ^? ( ! human body1 d we1 9 fact1 d any ?+ m ?an reason l savages8 ,man has fill$ ,nature ) spirits1 because he has almo/ always be5 ignorant ( ! true causes ( ^? effects by :i* he 0 a/oni%$4 ,n be+ acqua9t$ ) ! p[]s ( ,nature1 he has suppos$ h] to be animat$ by a great _s3 n und]/&+ ! en]gy ( ! human frame1 he has 9 l mann] conjectur$ x to be animat$ by a m9or _s3 f ?is x w\ld appe>1 t :5ev] he wi%$ to indicate ! unkn[n cause ( a ph5om5a1 he knew n h[ to expla9 9 a natural mann]1 he _h rec\rse to ! ^w _s4 ,9 %ort1 _s 0 a t]m by :i* he solv$ all 8 d\bts1 & cle>$ up 8 ignorance to himself4 ,x 0 accord+ to ^! pr9ciples t :5 ! ,,am]icans fir/ beheld ! t]rible effects ( gunp[d]1 !y ascrib$ ! cause to wra?ful spirits1 to _! enrag$ div9ities3 x 0 by adopt+ ^! pr9ciples1 t our ance/ors believ$ 9 a plurality ( gods1 9 gho/s1 9 g5ii1 c4 ,pursu+ ! same track1 we ought to attribute to spirits gravitation1 electricity1 magnetism1 c4 c4 ,x is some:at s+ul>1 t prie/s h 9 all ages s /r5u\sly upheld ^? sy/ems :i* "t has explod$2 t !y h appe>$ to be ei!r ! mo/ crafty or ! mo/ ignorant ( m54 ,:]e are n[ ! prie/s ( ,apollo1 ( ,juno1 ( ! ,sun1 & a ?\s& o!rs8 ,yet ^! are ! m51 :o 9 all times h p]secut$ ^? :o h be5 ! fir/ to give natural explanations ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 z witness ,,anaxagoras1 ,,ari/otle1 ,,gallileo1 ,,desc>tes1 c4 c4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,! ,intellectual ,faculties d]iv$ f ! ,faculty ( ,feel+4 ,to conv9ce ourselves t ! faculties call$ intellectual1 are only c]ta9 modes ( exi/5ce1 or det]m9ate mann]s ( act+1 :i* result f ! peculi> organization ( ! body1 we h only to analyze !m2 we %all !n see t all ! op]ations :i* are attribut$ to ! s\l1 are no?+ m ?an c]ta9 modifications ( ! body2 ( :i* a sub/ance t is )\t ext5t1 t has no p>ts1 t is immat]ial1 is n susceptible4 ,! fir/ faculty we behold 9 ! liv+ man1 & t f :i* all 8 o!rs fl[1 is feel+3 h[ev] inexplicable ?is faculty may appe>1 on a fir/ view1 if x be exam9$ closely1 x w be f\nd to be a consequ5ce ( ! ess5ce1 or a result ( ! prop]ties ( organiz$ be+s2 ! same z gravity1 magnetism1 ela/icity1 electricity1 c4 result f ! ess5ce or nature ( "s o!rs4 ,we %all also f9d ^! la/ ph5om5a are n less inexplicable ?an t ( feel+4 ,nev]!less1 if we wi% to def9e to ourselves a cle> & precise idea ( x1 we %all f9d t feel+ is a p>ticul> mann] ( be+ mov$--a mode ( receiv+ an impulse peculi> to c]ta9 organs ( animat$ bodies1 :i* is occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( a mat]ial object t acts ^u ^! organs1 & transmit ! impulse or %ock to ! bra94 ,man only feels by ! aid ( n]ves disp]s$ ?r\gh 8 body2 :i* is itself1 to speak correctly1 no?+ m ?an a great n]ve2 or may be said to resemble a l>ge tree1 ( :i* ! bran*es exp]i5ce ! action ( ! root1 communicat$ ?r\gh ! trunk4 ,9 man ! n]ves unite & lose !mselves 9 ! bra92 t inte/9e is ! true seat ( feel+3 l ! spid] 9 ! c5tre ( 8 web1 x is quickly w>n$ ( all ! *anges t happ5 to ! body1 ev5 at ! extremities to :i* x s5ds its filam5ts & bran*es4 ,exp]i5ce enables u to asc]ta91 t man ceases to feel 9 ^? p>ts ( 8 body ( :i* ! communication ) ! bra9 is int]cept$2 he feels v little1 or n at all1 :5ev] ?is organ is itself d]ang$ or affect$ 9 too lively a mann]4 ,a pro( ( ?is is af=d$ 9 ! transactions ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is3 !y in=m u ( a man :o _h 8 scull tak5 (f1 9 ! room ( :i* 8 bra9 0 recov]$ ) sk92 9 proportion z a pressure 0 made by ! h& on 8 bra91 ! man fell into a k9d ( ins5sibility1 :i* depriv$ him ( all feel+4 ,,b>tol9 says1 ! bra9 ( a man is twice z big z t ( an ox4 ,?is obs]vation _h be5 already made by ,,ari/otle4 ,9 ! dead body ( an idiot dissect$ by ,,willis1 ! bra9 0 f\nd small] ?an ord9>y3 he says ! greate/ diff]5ce he f\nd betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! body ( ?is idiot1 & ^? ( wis] m51 01 t ! plexus ( ! int]co/al n]ves1 :i* is ! m$iator betwe5 ! bra9 & ! he>t1 0 extremely small1 accompani$ by a less numb] ( n]ves ?an usual4 ,accord+ to ,,willis1 ! ape is1 ( all animals1 t :i* has ! l>ge/ bra91 relatively to 8 size3 he is also1 aft] man1 t :i* has ! mo/ intellig5ce3 ?is is fur!r confirm$1 by ! "n he be>s 9 ! soil1 to :i* he is indig5\s1 :i* is ourang outang1 or ! man bea/4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 e reason to believe t x is entirely 9 ! bra91 t consi/s ! diff]5ce1 t is f\nd n only betwe5 man & bea/s1 b also betwe5 ! man ( wit1 & ! fool3 betwe5 ! ?9k+ man1 & he :o is ignorant2 betwe5 ! man ( s\nd und]/&+1 & ! madman3 a multitude ( exp]i5ce1 s]ves to prove1 t ^? p]sons :o are mo/ accu/om$ to use _! intellectual faculties1 h _! bra9 m ext5d$ ?an o!rs3 ! same has be5 rem>k$ ( wat]m51 t !y h arms mu* long] ?an o!r m54 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! s5sibility ( ! bra91 & all its p>ts1 is a fact3 if x be ask$1 :5ce comes ?is prop]ty8 ,we %all reply1 x is ! result ( an arrangem5t1 ( a comb9ation1 peculi> to ! animal3 x is ?us t milk1 bread1 w9e1 *ange !mselves 9 ! sub/ance ( man1 :o is a s5sible be+3 ?is ins5sible matt] becomes s5sible1 9 comb9+ itself ) a s5sible :ole4 ,"s philosoph]s ?9k t s5sibility is a univ]sal quality ( matt]3 9 ?is case1 x w\ld be useless to seek f :5ce ?is prop]ty is d]iv$1 z we "k x by its effects4 ,if ?is hypo!sis be admitt$1 9 l mann] z two k9ds ( motion are di/+ui%$ 9 ,nature1 ! "o call$ live =ce1 ! o!r dead1 or in]t =ce1 two sorts ( s5sibility w be di/+ui%$1 ! "o active or alive1 ! o!r in]t or dead4 ,!n to animalize a sub/ance1 is only to de/roy ! ob/acles t prev5t its be+ active or s5sible4 ,9 fact1 s5sibility is ei!r a quality :i* communicates itself l motion1 & :i* is acquir$ by comb9ation2 or ?is s5sibility is a prop]ty inh]5t 9 all matt]3 9 bo?1 or ei!r case1 an unext5d$ be+1 )\t p>ts1 su* z ! human s\l is said to be1 c nei!r be ! cause ( x nor submitt$ to its op]ation2 b we may fairly conclude1 t all ! p>ts ( ,nature enjoy ! capability to arrive at animation2 ! ob/acle is only 9 ! /ate1 n 9 ! quality4 ,life is ! p]fection ( ,nature3 %e has no p>ts :i* d n t5d to x--:i* d n atta9 x by ! same means4 ,life 9 an insect1 a dog1 a man1 has no o!r diff]5ce1 ?an t ?is act is m p]fect1 relatively to ourselves 9 proportion to ! /ructure ( ! organs3 if1 !re=e1 x be ask$1 :at is requisite to animate a body8 we reply1 x ne$s no =eign aid2 x is suffici5t t ! p[] ( ,nature be jo9$ to its organization4 ,! con=mation1 ! arrangem5t1 ! texture1 ! delicacy ( ! organs1 z well ext]ior z int]ior1 :i* compose m5 & animals1 r5d] _! p>ts extremely mobile1 or make _! ma*9e susceptible ( be+ mov$ ) great facility4 ,9 a body1 :i* is only a heap ( fibres1 a mass ( n]ves1 contigu\s "o to ! o!r1 unit$ 9 a common c5t]1 always ready to act2 9 a :ole1 compos$ ( fluids & solids1 ( :i* ! p>ts are 9 equilibrium1 ! smalle/ t\*+ ea* o!r1 are active 9 _! motion1 communicat+ reciprocally1 alt]nately & 9 succession1 ! impression1 oscillations1 & %ocks !y receive2 9 su* a composition1 x is n surpris+ t ! slighte/ impulse propagates itself ) cel]ity2 t ! %ocks excit$ 9 its remote/ p>ts1 make !mselves quickly felt 9 ! bra91 ^: delicate texture r5d]s x susceptible ( be+ itself v easily modifi$4 ,air1 fire1 wat]1 ag5ts ! mo/ incon/ant1 possess+ ! mo/ rapid motion1 circulate cont9ually 9 ! fibres1 incessantly p5etrate ! n]ves3 )\t d\bt ^! contribute to t incr$ible cel]ity ) :i* ! bra9 is acqua9t$ ) :at passes at ! extremities ( ! body4 ,not)/&+ ! great mobility ) :i* man's organization r5d]s him susceptible1 al?\gh ext]ior z well z int]ior causes are cont9ually act+ ^u him1 he does n always feel 9 a di/9ct1 9 a decid$ mann]1 ! impulse giv5 to 8 s5ses3 inde$1 he does n feel x1 until x has produc$ "s *ange1 or giv5 "s %ock to 8 bra94 ,?us1 al?\gh completely environ$ by air1 he does n feel its action1 until x is s modifi$1 z to /rike ) a suffici5t degree ( =ce on 8 organs2 to p5etrate 8 sk91 ?r\gh :i* 8 bra9 is w>n$ ( its pres5ce4 ,?us1 dur+ a pr(\nd & tranquil sleep1 undi/urb$ by any dream1 man ceases to feel4 ,9 %ort1 not)/&+ ! cont9u$ motion t agitates 8 frame1 man does n appe> to feel1 :5 ?is motion acts 9 a conv5i5t ord]2 he does n p]ceive a /ate ( heal?1 b he discov]s a /ate ( grief or sickness2 because1 9 ! fir/1 8 bra9 does n receive too lively an impulse1 :il/ 9 ! o!rs1 8 n]ves are contract$1 %ock$1 & agitat$1 ) viol5t1 ) disord]ly motion3 ^! communicat+ ) 8 bra91 give notice t "s cause acts /rongly ^u !m--impels !m 9 a mann] t be>s no analogy ) _! natural habit3 ?is con/itutes1 9 him1 t peculi> mode ( exi/+ :i* he calls grief4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x sometimes happ5s t ext]ior objects produce v consid]able *anges on 8 body1 )\t 8 p]ceiv+ !m at ! mom5t4 ,(t51 9 ! heat ( battle1 ! soldi] p]ceives n t he is dang]\sly w\nd$1 because1 at ! "t1 ! rapidity1 ! multiplicity ( impetu\s motion t assails 8 bra91 does n p]mit him to di/+ui% ! p>ticul> *ange a "p ( 8 body has und]gone by ! w\nd4 ,9 %ort1 :5 a great numb] ( causes are simultane\sly act+ on him ) too mu* vivacity1 he s9ks "u _! accumulat$ pressure1--he swoons--he loses 8 s5ses--he is depriv$ ( feel+4 ,9 g5]al1 feel+ only obta9s1 :5 ! bra9 c di/+ui% di/9ctly1 ! impressions made on ! organs ) :i* x has communication2 x is ! di/9ct %ock1 ! decid$ modification man und]goes1 t con/itutes consci5ce4 ,doctor ,cl>ke1 says to ?is effect3 ,consci5ce is ! act ( reflect+1 by means ( :i* ,i "k t ,i ?9k1 & t my ?\ghts1 or my actions belong to me1 & n to ano!r4 ,f ?is x w appe>1 t feel+ is a mode ( be+1 a m>k$ *ange1 produc$ on our bra91 occasion$ by ! impulse communicat$ to our organs1 :e!r by int]ior or ext]ior ag5ts1 by :i* x is modifi$ ei!r 9 a durable or transi5t mann]3 x is n always requisite t man's organs %\ld be mov$ by an ext]ior object1 to enable him to feel t he %\ld be consci\s ( ! *anges effect$ 9 him3 he c feel !m )9 himself by means ( an int]ior impulse2 8 bra9 is !n modifi$1 or r he r5ews )9 himself ! ant]ior modifications4 ,we are n to be a/oni%$ t ! bra9 %\ld be necess>ily w>n$ ( ! %ocks1 ( ! imp$im5ts1 ( ! *anges t may happ5 to s complicat$ a ma*9e z ! human body1 9 :i*1 not)/&+ all ! p>ts are contigu\s to ! bra91 & conc5trate !mselves 9 ?is bra91 & are by _! ess5ce 9 a cont9ual /ate ( action & re-action4 ,:5 a man exp]i5ces ! pa9s ( ! g\t1 he is consci\s ( !m2 9 o!r words1 he feels int]iorly1 t x has produc$ v m>k$1 v di/9ct *anges 9 him1 )\t 8 p]ceiv+1 t he has receiv$ an impulse f any ext]ior cause2 nev]!less1 if he w recur to ! true s\rce ( ^! *anges1 he w f9d t !y h be5 :olly produc$ by ext]ior ag5ts3 !y h be5 ! consequ5ce1 ei!r ( 8 temp]am5t2 ( ! organization receiv$ f 8 p>5ts2 ( ! alim5ts ) :i* 8 frame has be5 n\ri%$2 besides a ?\s& trivial1 inappreciable causes1 :i* congregat+ !mselves by degrees produce 9 him ! g\ty hum\r2 ! effect ( :i* is to make him feel 9 an acute & v lively mann]4 ,! pa9 ( ! g\t eng5d]s 9 8 bra9 an idea1 s modifies x t x acquires ! faculty ( repres5t+ to itself1 ( reit]at+ z x 71 ?is pa9 :5 ev5 he %all be no long] torm5t$ ) ! g\t3 8 bra91 by a s]ies ( motion int]iorly excit$1 is aga9 plac$ 9 a /ate analog\s to t 9 :i* x 0 :5 he really exp]i5c$ ?is pa93 b if he _h nev] felt x1 he w\ld nev] h be5 9 a capacity to =m to himself any j idea ( its excruciat+ torm5ts4 ,! visible organs ( man's body1 by ! int]v5tion ( :i* 8 bra9 is modifi$1 take ! "n ( s5ses4 ,! v>i\s modifications :i* 8 bra9 receives by ! aid ( ^! s5ses1 assumes a v>iety ( names4 ,s5sation1 p]ception1 & idea1 are t]ms t designate no?+ m ?an ! *anges produc$ 9 ?is int]ior organ1 9 consequ5ce ( impressions made on ! ext]ior organs by bodies act+ on !m3 ^! *anges consid]$ by !mselves1 are call$ s5sations2 !y adopt ! t]m p]ception :5 ! bra9 is w>n$ ( _! pres5ce2 ideas is t /ate ( !m 9 :i* ! bra9 is able to ascribe !m to ! objects by :i* !y h be5 produc$4 ,e s5sation1 !n1 is no?+ m ?an ! %ock giv5 to ! organs1 e p]ception is ?is %ock propagat$ to ! bra92 e idea is ! image ( ! object to :i* ! s5sation & ! p]ception is to be ascrib$4 ,f :5ce x w be se51 t if ! s5ses be n mov$1 !re c nei!r be s5sations1 p]ceptions1 nor ideas3 ?is w be prov$ to ^?1 :o c yet p]mit !mselves to d\bt s demon/rable & /rik+ a tru?4 ,x is ! extreme mobility ( :i* man is capable1 ow+ to 8 peculi> organization1 t di/+ui%es him f o!r be+s t are call$ ins5sible or inanimate2 ! diff]5t degrees ( ?is mobility1 ( :i* ! individuals ( 8 species are susceptible1 discrim9ate !m f ea* o!r2 make t incr$ible v>iety1 t inf9ity ( diff]5ce :i* is to be f\nd1 z well 9 _! corporeal faculties1 z 9 ^? :i* are m5tal or intellectual4 ,f ?is mobility1 m or less rem>kable 9 ea* human be+1 results wit1 s5sibility1 imag9ation1 ta/e1 c43 = ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 let u foll[ ! op]ation ( ! s5ses2 let u exam9e 9 :at mann] !y are act$ ^u1 & are modifi$ by ext]ior objects3--we w aft]w>ds scrut9ize ! re-action ( ! int]ior organ or bra94 ,! eyes are v delicate1 v movable organs1 by means ( :i* ! s5sation ( light or col\r is exp]i5c$3 ^! give to ! bra9 a di/9ct p]ception1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 man =ms an idea1 g5]at$ by ! action ( lum9\s or col\r$ bodies3 z soon z ! eyelids are op5$1 ! ret9a is affect$ 9 a peculi> mann]2 ! fluid1 ! fibres1 ! n]ves1 ( :i* !y are compos$1 are excit$ by %ocks :i* !y communicate to ! bra92 to :i* !y del9eate ! images ( ! bodies f :i* !y h receiv$ ! impulse2 by ?is means1 an idea is acquir$ ( ! col\r1 ! size1 ! =m1 ! di/ance ( ^! bodies3 x is ?us t may be expla9$ ! me*anism ( sight4 ,! mobility & ! ela/icity ( :i* ! sk9 is r5d]$ susceptible1 by ! fibres & n]ves :i* =m its texture1 acc\nts = ! rapidity ) :i* ?is envelope to ! human body is affect$ :5 appli$ to any o!r body2 by _! ag5cy1 ! bra9 has notice ( its pres5ce1 ( its ext5t1 ( its r\ghness1 ( its smoo?ness1 ( its surface1 ( its pressure ( its pond]osity1 c4 ,qualities f :i* ! bra9 d]ives di/9ct p]ceptions1 :i* bre$ 9 x a div]sity ( ideas2 x is ?is t con/itutes ! t\* or feel+4 ,! delicacy ( ! membrane by :i* ! int]ior ( ! no/rils is cov]$1 r5d]s !m easily susceptible ( irritation1 ev5 by ! invisible & impalpable corpuscles t emanate f odor\s bodies3 by ^! means s5sations are excit$1 ! bra9 has p]ceptions1 & g5]ates ideas3 x is ?is t =ms ! s5se ( smell+4 ,! m\?1 fill$ ) n]v\s1 s5sible1 movable1 irritable gl&s1 saturat$ ) juices suitable to ! dissolution ( sal9e sub/ances1 is affect$ 9 a v lively mann] by ! alim5ts :i* pass ?r\gh x = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! body2 ^! gl&s transmit to ! bra9 ! impressions receiv$3 p]ceptions are ( consequ5ce2 ideas foll[3 x is f ?is me*anism t results ta/e4 ,! e>1 ^: con=mation fits x to receive ! v>i\s impulses ( air1 div]sely modifi$1 communicates to ! bra9 ! %ocks or s5sations2 ^! bre$ ! p]ception ( s\nd1 & g5]ate ! idea ( sonor\s bodies3 x is ?is t con/itutes he>+4 ,su* are ! only means by :i* man receives s5sations1 p]ceptions1 & ideas4 ,^! successive modifications ( 8 bra9 are effects produc$ by objects t give impulse to 8 s5ses2 !y become !mselves causes1 produc+ 9 8 s\l new modifications1 :i* are d5om9at$ ?\ght1 reflection1 memory1 imag9ation1 judgm5t1 w1 action2 ! basis1 h[ev]1 ( all ^! is s5sation4 ,to =m a precise notion ( ?\ght1 x w be requisite to exam9e1 /ep by /ep1 :at passes 9 man dur+ ! pres5ce ( any object :atev]4 ,suppose = a mom5t ?is object to be a pea*3 ?is fruit makes1 at ! fir/ view1 two diff]5t impressions on 8 eyes2 t is to say1 x produces two modifications1 :i* are transmitt$ to ! bra91 :i* on ?is occasion exp]i5ces two new p]ceptions1 or has two new ideas or modes ( exi/5ce1 designat$ by ! t]ms col\r & rotundity2 9 consequ5ce1 he has an idea ( a body possess+ r\ndness & col\r3 if he places 8 h& on ?is fruit1 ! organ ( feel+ hav+ be5 set 9 action1 8 h& exp]i5ces ?ree new impressions1 :i* are call$ s(tness1 coolness1 weight1 f :5ce result ?ree new p]ceptions 9 ! bra91 he has consequ5tly ?ree new ideas3 if he approximates ?is pea* to 8 nose1 ! organ ( smell+ receives an impulse1 :i*1 communicat$ to ! bra91 a new p]ception arises1 by :i* he acquires a new idea1 call$ od\r3 if he c>ries ?is fruit to 8 m\?1 ! organ ( ta/e becomes affect$ 9 a v lively mann]3 ?is impulse communicat$ to ! bra91 is foll[$ by a p]ception t g5]ates 9 him ! idea ( flav\r4 ,9 re-unit+ all ^! impressions1 or ^! v>i\s modifications ( 8 organs1 :i* x h be5 consequ5tly transmitt$ to 8 bra92 t is to say1 9 comb9+ ! diff]5t s5sations1 p]ceptions1 & ideas1 t result f ! impulse he has receiv$1 he has an idea ( a :ole1 :i* he designates by ! "n ( a pea*1 ) :i* he c !n occupy 8 ?\ghts4 ,f ?is x is suffici5tly prov$ t ?\ght has a comm5cem5t1 a duration1 an end2 or r a g5]ation1 a succession1 a dissolution1 l all ! o!r modifications ( matt]2 l !m1 ?\ght is excit$1 is det]m9$1 is increas$1 is divid$1 is comp\nd$1 is simplifi$1 c4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! s\l1 or ! pr9ciple t ?9ks1 be indivisible2 h[ does x happ51 t ?is s\l has ! faculty ( memory1 or ( =getfulness2 is capacitat$ to ?9k successively1 to divide1 to ab/ract1 to comb9e1 to ext5d its ideas1 to reta9 !m1 or to lose !m8 ,h[ c x cease to ?9k8 ,if =ms appe> divisible 9 matt]1 x is only 9 consid]+ !m by ab/raction1 aft] ! me?od1 ( geometricians2 b ?is divisibility ( =m exi/s n 9 ,nature1 9 :i* !re is nei!r a po9t1 an atom1 nor =m p]fectly regul>2 x mu/ !re=e be conclud$1 t ! =ms ( matt] are n less indivisible ?an ?\ght4 ,:at has be5 said is suffici5t to %[ ! g5]ation ( s5sations1 ( p]ceptions1 ( ideas1 ) _! association1 or connection 9 ! bra93 x w be se5 t ^! v>i\s modifications are no?+ m ?an ! consequ5ce ( successive impulses1 :i* ! ext]ior organs transmit to ! int]ior organ1 :i* enjoys ! faculty ( ?\ght1 t is to say1 to feel 9 itself ! diff]5t modifications x has receiv$1 or to p]ceive ! v>i\s ideas :i* x has g5]at$2 to comb9e !m1 to sep>ate !m1 to ext5d !m1 to abridge !m1 to comp>e !m1 to r5ew !m1 c4 ,f :5ce x w be se51 t ?\ght is no?+ m ?an ! p]ception ( c]ta9 modifications1 :i* ! bra9 ei!r gives to itself1 or has receiv$ f ext]ior objects4 ,inde$1 n only ! int]ior organ p]ceives ! modifications x receives f )\t1 b aga9 x has ! faculty ( modify+ itself2 ( consid]+ ! *anges :i* take place 9 x1 ! motion by :i* x is agitat$ 9 its peculi> op]ations1 f :i* x imbibes new p]ceptions & new ideas4 ,x is ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] to fall back ^u itself1 t is call$ reflection4 ,f ?is x w appe>1 t = man to ?9k & to reflect1 is to feel1 or p]ceive )9 himself ! impressions1 ! s5sations1 ! ideas1 :i* h be5 furni%$ to 8 bra9 by ^? objects :i* give impulse to 8 s5ses1 ) ! v>i\s *anges :i* 8 bra9 produc$ on itself 9 consequ5ce4 ,memory is ! faculty :i* ! bra9 has ( r5ew+ 9 itself ! modifications x has receiv$1 or r1 to re/ore itself to a /ate simil> to t 9 :i* x has be5 plac$ by ! s5sations1 ! p]ceptions1 ! ideas1 produc$ by ext]ior objects1 9 ! exact ord] x receiv$ !m1 )\t any new action on ! "p ( ^! objects1 or ev5 :5 ^! objects are abs5t2 ! bra9 p]ceives t ^! modifications assimilate ) ^? x =m]ly exp]i5c$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! objects to :i* x relates1 or attributes !m4 ,memory is fai?ful1 :5 ^! modifications are precisely ! same2 x is trea*]\s1 :5 !y diff] f ^? :i* ! organs h ext]iorly exp]i5c$4 ,imag9ation 9 man is only ! faculty :i* ! bra9 has ( modify+ itself1 or ( =m+ to itself new p]ceptions1 ^u ! model ( ^? :i* x has ant]iorly receiv$ ?r\gh ! action ( ext]ior objects on ! s5ses4 ,! bra91 !n1 does no?+ m ?an comb9e ideas :i* x has already =m$1 :i* x recalls to itself1 f :i* x =ms a :ole1 or a collection ( modifications1 :i* x has n receiv$1 :i* exi/s no-:]e b 9 itself1 al?\gh ! individual ideas1 or ! p>ts ( :i* ?is ideal :ole is compos$1 h be5 previ\sly communicat$ to x1 9 consequ5ce ( ! impulse giv5 to ! s5ses by ext]ior objects3 x is ?us man =ms to himself ! idea ( c5taurs1 or a be+ compos$ ( a man & a horse1 ( hyppogriffs1 or a be+ compos$ ( a horse ) w+s & a griff91 besides a ?\s& o!r objects1 equally ridicul\s4 ,by memory1 ! bra9 r5ews 9 itself ! s5sations1 ! p]ceptions1 & ! ideas :i* x has receiv$ or g5]at$2 repres5ts to itself ! objects :i* h actually mov$ its organs4 ,by imag9ation x comb9es !m v>i\sly3 =ms objects 9 _! place :i* h n mov$ its organs1 al?\gh x is p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! elem5ts or ideas ( :i* x composes !m4 ,x is ?us t man1 by comb9+ a great numb] ( ideas borr[$ f himself1 su* z ju/ice1 wisdom1 goodness1 intellig5ce1 c4 by ! aid ( imag9ation1 has =m$ v>i\s ideal be+s1 or imag9>y :oles1 :i* he has call$ ,,jupit]1 ,,juno1 ,,bramah1 ,,saturn1 c4 ,judgm5t is ! faculty :i* ! bra9 possesses ( comp>+ ) ea* o!r ! modifications x receives1 ! ideas x eng5d]s1 or :i* x has ! p[] ( awak5+ )9 itself1 to ! end t x may discov] _! relations1 or _! effects4 ,w is a modification ( ! bra91 by :i* x is dispos$ to action1 t is to say1 to give su* an impulse to ! organs ( ! body1 z c induce to act 9 a mann]1 t w procure = itself :at is requisite to modify x 9 a mode analog\s to its own exi/5ce1 or to enable x to avoid t by :i* x c be injur$4 ,to w is to be dispos$ to action4 ,! ext]ior objects1 or ! int]ior ideas1 :i* give bir? to ?is disposition are call$ motives1 because !y are ! spr+s or movem5ts :i* det]m9e x to act1 t is to say1 :i* give play to ! organs ( ! body4 ,?us1 volunt>y actions are ! motion ( ! body1 det]m9$ by ! modification ( ! bra94 ,fruit hang+ on a tree1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! visual organs1 modifies ! bra9 9 su* a mann] z to dispose ! arm to /ret* itself =? to cull x2 aga91 x modifies x 9 ano!r mann]1 by :i* x excites ! h& to c>ry x to ! m\?4 ,all ! modifications :i* ! int]ior organ or ! bra9 receives1 all ! s5sations1 all ! p]ceptions1 all ! ideas t are g5]at$ by ! objects :i* give impulse to ! s5ses1 or :i* x r5ews )9 itself by its own peculi> faculties1 are ei!r fav\rable or prejudicial to man's mode ( exi/5ce1 :e!r t be transitory or habitual3 !y dispose ! int]ior organ to action1 :i* x ex]cises by reason ( its own peculi> en]gy3 ?is action is n1 h[ev]1 ! same 9 all ! individuals ( ! human species1 dep5d+ mu* on _! respective temp]am5ts4 ,f h5ce ! ,,passions h _! bir?3 ^! are m or less viol5t2 !y are1 h[ev]1 no?+ m ?an ! motion ( ! w1 det]m9$ by ! objects :i* give x activity2 consequ5tly compos$ ( ! analogy or ( ! discordance :i* is f\nd betwe5 ^! objects1 man's peculi> mode ( exi/5ce1 & ! =ce ( 8 temp]am5t4 ,f ?is x results1 t ! passions are modes ( exi/5ce or modifications ( ! bra92 :i* ei!r attract or repel ^? objects by :i* man is surr\nd$2 t consequ5tly !y are submitt$ 9 _! action to ! physical laws ( attraction & repulsion4 ,! faculty ( p]ceiv+ or ( be+ modifi$1 z well by itself z ext]ior objects :i* ! bra9 enjoys is sometimes designat$ by ! t]m und]/&+4 ,to ! assemblage ( ! v>i\s faculties ( :i* ?is int]ior organ is susceptible1 is appli$ ! "n ( intellig5ce4 ,to a det]m9$ mode 9 :i* ! bra9 ex]cises ! faculties peculi> to itself1 is giv5 ! appellation ( reason4 ,! dispositions or ! modifications ( ! bra91 "s ( !m con/ant1 o!rs transitory1 :i* give impulse to ! be+s ( ! human species1 caus+ !m to act1 are /yl$ wit1 wisdom1 goodness1 prud5ce1 virtue1 c4 ,9 %ort1 z !re w be an opportunity pres5tly to prove1 all ! intellectual faculties--t is to say1 all ! modes ( action attribut$ to ! s\l1 may be r$uc$ to ! modifications1 to ! qualities1 to ! modes ( exi/5ce1 to ! *anges produc$ by ! motion ( ! bra92 :i* is visibly 9 man ! seat ( feel+1 ! pr9ciple ( all 8 actions4 ,^! modifications are to be attribut$ to ! objects t /rike on 8 s5ses2 ( :i* ! impression is transmitt$ to ! bra91 or r to ! ideas1 :i* ! p]ceptions caus$ by ! action ( ^! objects on 8 s5ses h !re g5]at$1 & :i* x has ! faculty to re-produce4 ,?is bra9 moves itself 9 its turn1 re-acts ^u itself1 gives play to ! organs1 :i* conc5trate !mselves 9 x1 or :i* are r no?+ m ?an an ext5sion ( its own peculi> sub/ance4 ,x is ?us ! conceal$ motion ( ! int]ior organ1 r5d]s itself s5sible by outw>d & visible signs4 ,! bra91 affect$ by a modification :i* is call$ ,,fe>1 diffuses a pal5ess ov] ! c\nt5ance1 excites a tremul\s motion 9 ! limbs call$ trembl+4 ,! bra91 affect$ by a s5sation ( ,,grief1 causes te>s to fl[ f ! eyes1 ev5 )\t be+ mov$ by any ext]ior object2 an idea :i* x retraces ) great /r5g?1 suffices to give x v little modifications1 :i* visibly h an influ5ce on ! :ole frame4 ,9 all ?is1 no?+ m is to be p]ceiv$ ?an ! same sub/ance :i* acts div]sely on ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,if x be object$ t ?is me*anism does n suffici5tly expla9 ! pr9ciples ( ! motion or ! faculties ( ! s\l2 we reply1 t x is 9 ! same situation z all ! o!r bodies ( ,nature1 9 :i* ! mo/ simple motion1 ! mo/ ord9>y ph5om5a1 ! mo/ common modes ( action are inexplicable my/]ies1 ( :i* we %all nev] be able to fa?om ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,inde$1 h[ c we flatt] ourselves we %all ev] be enabl$ to compass ! true pr9ciple ( t gravity by :i* a /one falls8 ,are we acqua9t$ ) ! me*anism :i* produces attraction 9 "s sub/ances1 repulsion 9 o!rs8 ,are we 9 a condition to expla9 ! communication ( motion f "o body to ano!r8 ,b x may be fairly ask$1--,are ! difficulties t occur1 :5 attempt+ to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! s\l acts1 remov$ by mak+ x a spiritual be+1 a sub/ance ( :i* we h n1 nor _c =m "o idea1 :i* consequ5tly mu/ bewild] all ! notions we are capable ( =m+ to ourselves ( ?is be+8 ,let u !n be cont5t$ to "k t ! s\l moves itself1 modifies itself1 9 consequ5ce ( mat]ial causes1 :i* act ^u x :i* give x activity3 f :5ce ! conclusion may be said to fl[ consecutively1 t all its op]ations1 all its faculties1 prove t x is itself mat]ial4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,! ,div]sity ( ! ,intellectual ,faculties3 !y dep5d on ,physical ,causes1 z d _! ,moral ,qualities4--,! ,natural ,pr9ciples ( ,society4--,morals4--,politics4 ,nature is "u ! necessity ( div]sify+ all h] works4 ,elem5t>y matt]1 diff]5t 9 its ess5ce1 mu/ necess>ily =m diff]5t be+s1 v>i\s 9 _! comb9ations1 9 _! prop]ties1 9 _! modes ( action1 9 _! mann] ( exi/5ce4 ,!re is n1 nei!r c !re be1 two be+s1 two comb9ations1 :i* are ma!matically & rigor\sly ! same2 because ! place1 ! circum/ances1 ! relations2 ! proportions1 ! modifications1 nev] be+ exactly alike1 ! be+s t result c nev] be> a p]fect resemblance to ea* o!r3 _! modes ( action mu/ ( necessity v>y 9 some?+1 ev5 :5 we believe we f9d betwe5 !m ! greate/ con=mity4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple1 :i* e ?+ we see conspires to prove to be a tru?1 !re are n two individuals ( ! human species :o h precisely ! same traits--:o ?9k exactly 9 ! same mann]--:o view ?+s "u ! same id5tical po9t ( sight--:o h decid$ly ! same ideas2 consequ5tly no two ( !m h uni=mly ! same sy/em ( conduct4 ,! visible organs ( man1 z well z 8 conceal$ organs1 h inde$ "s analogy1 "s common po9ts ( resemblance1 "s g5]al con=mity2 :i* makes !m appe>1 :5 view$ 9 ! gross1 to be affect$ 9 ! same mann] by c]ta9 causes3 b ! diff]5ce is inf9ite 9 ! detail4 ,! human s\l may be comp>$ to ^? in/rum5ts1 ( :i* ! *ords1 already div]sifi$ 9 !mselves1 by ! mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 spun1 are also /rung ^u diff]5t notes3 /ruck by ! same impulse1 ea* *ord gives =? ! s\nd t is peculi> to itself2 t is to say1 t :i* dep5ds on its texture1 its t5sion1 its volume1 on ! mom5t>y /ate 9 :i* x is plac$ by ! circumambi5t air4 ,x is ?is t produces ! div]sifi$ spectacle1 ! v>i$ sc5e1 :i* ! moral _w (f]s to our view3 x is f ?is t results ! /rik+ contr>iety t is to be f\nd 9 ! m9ds1 9 ! faculties1 9 ! passions1 9 ! en]gies1 9 ! ta/e1 9 ! imag9ation1 9 ! ideas1 9 ! op9ions ( man4 ,?is div]sity is z great z t ( 8 physical p[]s3 l !m x dep5ds on 8 temp]am5t1 :i* is z mu* v>i$ z 8 physiognomy4 ,?is v>iety gives bir? to t cont9ual s]ies ( action & reaction1 :i* con/itutes ! life ( ! moral _w3 f ?is discordance results ! h>mony :i* at once ma9ta9s & pres]ves ! human race4 ,! div]sity f\nd among ! individuals ( ! human species1 causes inequalities betwe5 man & man3 ?is inequality con/itutes ! support ( society4 ,if all m5 7 equal 9 _! bodily p[]s1 9 _! m5tal tal5ts1 !y w\ld n h any occasion = ea* o!r3 x is ! v>iation ( 8 faculties1 ! inequality :i* ?is places him 91 ) reg>d to 8 fell[s1 t r5d]s morals necess>y to man3 )\t ^!1 he w\ld live by himself1 he w\ld rema9 an isolat$ be+4 ,f :5ce x may be p]ceiv$1 t ?is inequality ( :i* man s (t5 compla9s )\t cause--?is impossibility :i* ea* man f9ds :5 9 an isolat$ /ate1 :5 left to himself1 :5 unassociat$ ) 8 fell[ m51 to lab\r efficaci\sly to 8 own welf>e1 to make 8 own security1 to ensure 8 own cons]vation2 places him 9 ! happy situation ( associat+ ) 8 l1 ( dep5d+ on 8 fell[ associates1 ( m]it+ _! succ\r1 ( propitiat+ !m to 8 views1 ( attract+ _! reg>d1 ( call+ 9 _! aid to *ase away1 by common & unit$ ef=ts1 t :i* w\ld h ! p[] to tr\ble or d]ange ! ord] ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce ( man's div]sity1 ( ! inequality t results1 ! weak] is oblig$ to seek ! protection ( ! /rong]2 ?is1 9 8 turn1 recurs to ! und]/&+1 to ! tal5ts1 to ! indu/ry ( ! weak]1 :5ev] 8 judgm5t po9ts out he c be useful to him3 ?is natural inequality furni%es ! reason :y nations di/+ui% ^? citiz5s :o h r5d]$ _! c\ntry em95t s]vices4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( 8 exig5cies t man honors & recomp5ses ^? ^: und]/&+1 good de$s1 assi/ance1 or virtues1 h procur$ = him real or suppos$ advantages1 pleasures1 or agreeable s5sations ( any sort3 x is by ?is means t g5ius ga9s an asc5dancy ov] ! m9d ( man1 & obliges a :ole p to ackn[l$ge its p[]s4 ,?us1 ! div]sity & inequality ( ! faculties1 z well corporeal z m5tal or intellectual1 r5d]s man necess>y to 8 fell[ man1 makes him a social be+1 & inconte/ibly proves to him ! necessity ( morals4 ,accord+ to ?is div]sity ( faculties1 ! individuals ( ! human species are divid$ into diff]5t classes1 ea* 9 proportion to ! effects produc$1 or ! diff]5t qualities t may be rem>k$3 all ^! v>ieties 9 man fl[ f ! individual prop]ties ( 8 s\l1 or f ! p>ticul> modification ( 8 bra94 ,x is ?us1 t wit1 imag9ation1 s5sibility1 tal5ts1 c4 div]sify to inf9ity ! diff]5ces t are to be f\nd 9 man4 ,x is ?us1 t "s are call$ good1 o!rs wick$2 "s are d5om9at$ virtu\s1 o!rs vici\s2 "s are rank$ z le>n$1 o!rs z ignorant2 "s are consid]$ reasonable1 o!rs unreasonable1 c4 ,if all ! v>i\s faculties attribut$ to ! s\l are exam9$1 x w be f\nd t l ^? ( ! body !y are to be ascrib$ to physical causes1 to :i* x w be v easy to recur4 ,x w be f\nd t ! p[]s ( ! s\l are ! same z ^? ( ! body2 t !y always dep5d on ! organization ( ?is body1 on its peculi> prop]ties1 on ! p]man5t or transitory modifications t x und]goes2 9 a ^w1 on its temp]am5t4 ,temp]am5t is1 9 ea* individual1 ! habitual /ate 9 :i* he f9ds ! fluids & ! solids ( :i* 8 body is compos$4 ,?is temp]am5t v>ies1 by reason ( ! elem5ts or matt] t pr$om9ate 9 him1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5t comb9ations1 ( ! v>i\s modifications1 :i* ?is matt]1 div]sifi$ 9 itself1 und]goes 9 8 ma*9e4 ,?us1 9 "o1 ! blood is sup]abundant2 9 ano!r1 ! bile2 9 a ?ird1 phlegm1 c4 ,x is f ,nature--f 8 p>5ts--f causes1 :i* f ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce h unceas+ly modifi$ him1 t man d]ives 8 temp]am5t4 ,x is 9 8 "m's womb t he has attract$ ! matt] :i*1 dur+ 8 :ole life1 %all h an influ5ce on 8 intellectual faculties--on 8 en]gies--on 8 passions--on 8 conduct4 ,! v n\ri%m5t he takes1 ! quality ( ! air he respires1 ! climate he inhabits1 ! education he receives1 ! ideas t are pres5t$ to him1 ! op9ions he imbibes1 modify ?is temp]am5t4 ,z ^! circum/ances c nev] be rigor\sly ! same 9 e po9t = any two m51 x is by no means surpris+ t su* an amaz+ v>iety1 s great a contr>iety1 %\ld be f\nd 9 man2 or t !re %\ld exi/ z _m diff]5t temp]am5ts1 z !re are individuals 9 ! human species4 ,?us1 al?\gh man may be> a g5]al resemblance1 he diff]s ess5tially1 z well by ! texture ( 8 fibres & ! disposition ( 8 n]ves1 z by ! nature1 ! quality1 ! quantity ( matt] t gives !m play1 t sets 8 organs 9 motion4 ,man1 already diff]5t f 8 fell[1 by ! ela/icity ( 8 fibres1 ! t5sion ( 8 n]ves1 becomes /ill m di/+ui%$ by a v>iety ( o!r circum/ances3 he is m active1 m robu/1 :5 he receives n\ri%+ alim5ts1 :5 he dr9ks w9e1 :5 he takes ex]cise3 :il/ ano!r1 :o dr9ks no?+ b wat]1 :o takes less juicy n\ri%m5t1 :o langui%es 9 idl5ess1 %all be sluggi% & feeble4 ,all ^! causes h necess>ily an influ5ce on ! m9d1 on ! passions1 on ! w2 9 a ^w1 on :at are call$ ! intellectual faculties4 ,?us1 x may be obs]v$1 t a man ( a sangu9e con/itution1 is commonly lively1 +5i\s1 full ( imag9ation1 passionate1 voluptu\s1 ent]pris+2 :il/ ! phlegmatic man is dull1 ( a heavy und]/&+1 sl[ ( conception1 inactive1 difficult to be mov$1 pusillanim\s1 )\t imag9ation1 or possess+ x 9 a less lively degree1 incapable ( tak+ any /rong measures1 or ( will+ resolutely4 ,if exp]i5ce 0 consult$1 9 ! room ( prejudice1 ! physician w\ld collect f morals1 ! key to ! human he>t3 9 cur+ ! body1 he w\ld sometimes be assur$ ( cur+ ! m9d4 ,man1 9 mak+ a spiritual sub/ance ( 8 s\l1 has cont5t$ himself ) adm9i/]+ to x spiritual rem$ies1 :i* ei!r h no influ5ce ov] 8 temp]am5t1 or d x an injury4 ,! doctr9e ( ! spirituality ( ! s\l has r5d]$ morals a conjectural sci5ce1 t does n furni% a k ( ! true motives :i* ought to be put 9 activity1 9 ord] to influ5ce man to 8 welf>e4 ,if1 call+ exp]i5ce to 8 assi/ance1 man s\ght out ! elem5ts :i* =m ! basis ( 8 temp]am5t1 or ( ! great] numb] ( ! individuals compos+ a nation1 he w\ld !n discov] :at w\ld be mo/ prop] = him1--t :i* c\ld be mo/ conv5i5t to 8 mode ( exi/5ce--:i* c\ld mo/ conduce to 8 true int]e/--:at laws w\ld be necess>y to 8 happ9ess--:at in/itutions w\ld be mo/ useful = him--:at regulations w\ld be mo/ b5eficial4 ,9 %ort1 morals & politics w\ld be equally enabl$ to draw f mat]ialism1 advantages :i* ! dogma ( spirituality c nev] supply1 ( :i* x ev5 precludes ! idea4 ,man w ev] rema9 a my/]y1 to ^? :o %all ob/9ately p]si/ 9 view+ him ) eyes prepossess$ by metaphysics2 he w always be an enigma to ^? :o %all p]t9aci\sly attribute 8 actions to a pr9ciple1 ( :i* x is impossible to =m to !mselves any di/9ct idea4 ,:5 man %all be s]i\sly incl9$ to und]/& himself1 let him s$ul\sly endeav\r to discov] ! matt] t ent]s into 8 comb9ation1 :i* con/itutes 8 temp]am5t2 ^! discov]ies w furni% him ) ! clue to ! nature ( 8 desires1 to ! quality ( 8 passions1 to ! b5t ( 8 incl9ations--w enable him to =esee 8 conduct on giv5 occasions--w indicate ! rem$ies t may be successfully employ$ to correct ! defects ( a vici\s organization1 ( a temp]am5t1 z injuri\s to himself z to ! society ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,inde$1 x is n to be d\bt$ t man's temp]am5t is capable ( be+ correct$1 ( be+ modifi$1 ( be+ *ang$1 by causes z physical z ! matt] ( :i* x is con/itut$4 ,we are all 9 "s measure capable ( =m+ our own temp]am5t3 a man ( a sangu9e con/itution1 by tak+ less juicy n\ri%m5t1 by abat+ its quantity1 by ab/a9+ f /rong liquor1 c4 may a*ieve ! correction ( ! nature1 ! quality1 ! quantity1 ! t5d5cy1 ! motion ( ! fluids1 :i* pr$om9ate 9 8 ma*9e4 ,a bili\s man1 or "o :o is melan*oly1 may1 by ! aid ( c]ta9 rem$ies1 dim9i% ! mass ( ?is bili\s fluid2 he may correct ! blemi% ( 8 hum\rs1 by ! assi/ance ( ex]cise2 he may dissipate 8 gloom1 by ! gaiety :i* results f increas$ motion4 ,an ,european transplant$ into ,h9do/an1 w1 by degrees1 become q a diff]5t man 9 8 hum\rs1 9 8 ideas1 9 8 temp]am5t1 9 8 "*4 ,al?\gh b few exp]im5ts h be5 made ) a view to le>n :at con/itutes ! temp]am5t ( man1 !re are /ill en\gh if he w\ld b deign to make use ( !m--if he w\ld v\*safe to apply to useful purposes ! little exp]i5ce he has glean$4 ,x w\ld appe>1 speak+ g5]ally1 t ! igne\s pr9ciple :i* *emi/s designate "u ! "n ( phlogi/on1 or inflammable matt]1 is t :i* 9 man yields him ! mo/ active life1 furni%es him ) ! greate/ en]gy1 af=ds ! greate/ mobility to 8 frame1 supplies ! greate/ spr+ to 8 organs1 gives ! greate/ ela/icity to 8 fibres1 ! greate/ t5sion to 8 n]ves1 ! greate/ rapidity to 8 fluids4 ,f ^! causes1 :i* are entirely mat]ial1 commonly result ! dispositions or faculties call$ s5sibility1 wit1 imag9ation1 g5ius1 vivacity1 c4 :i* give ! tone to ! passions1 to ! w1 to ! moral actions ( man4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x is ) great ju/ice we apply ! expressions1 'w>m? ( s\l1' 'ard5cy ( imag9ation1' 'fire ( g5ius1' c4 ,x is ?is fi]y elem5t1 diffus$ unequally1 di/ribut$ 9 v>i\s proportions ?r\gh ! be+s ( ! human species1 t sets man 9 motion1 gives him activity1 supplies him ) animal heat1 & :i*1 if we may be all[$ ! expression1 r5d]s him m or less alive4 ,?is igne\s matt]1 s active1 s subtle1 dissipates itself ) great facility1 !n requires to be re9/at$ 9 8 sy/em by means ( alim5ts t conta9 x1 :i* !reby become prop] to re/ore 8 ma*9e1 to l5d new w>m? to ! bra91 to furni% x ) ! ela/icity requisite to ! p]=mance ( ^? functions :i* are call$ intellectual4 ,x is ?is ard5t matt] conta9$ 9 w9e1 9 /rong liquor1 t gives to ! mo/ torpid1 to ! dulle/1 to ! mo/ sluggi% man1 a vivacity ( :i*1 )\t x1 he w\ld be incapable--:i* urges ev5 ! c[>d on to battle4 ,:5 ?is fi]y elem5t is too abundant 9 man1 :il/ he is lab\r+ "u c]ta9 diseases1 x plunges him into delirium2 :5 x is 9 too weak or 9 too small a quantity1 he swoons1 he s9ks to ! e>?4 ,?is igne\s matt] dim9i%es 9 8 old age--x totally dissipates at 8 dea?4 ,x w\ld n be unreasonable to suppose1 t :at physicians call ! n]v\s fluid1 :i* s promptly gives notice to ! bra9 ( all t happ5s to ! body1 is no?+ m ?an electric matt]2 t ! v>i\s proportions ( ?is matt] diffus$ ?r\gh 8 sy/em1 is ! cause ( t great div]sity to be discov]$ 9 ! human be+1 & 9 ! faculties he possesses4 ,if ! intellectual faculties ( man1 or 8 moral qualities1 be exam9$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples "h laid d[n1 ! conviction mu/ be complete t !y are to be attribut$ to mat]ial causes1 :i* h an influ5ce m or less m>k$1 ei!r transitory or durable1 ov] 8 peculi> organization4 ,b :]e does he d]ive ?is organization1 except x be f ! p>5ts f :om he receives ! elem5ts ( a ma*9e necess>ily analog\s to _! own8 ,f :5ce does he d]ive ! great] or less quantity ( igne\s matt]1 or vivify+ heat1 t decides ^u1 t gives ! tone to 8 m5tal qualities8 ,x is f ! "m :o bore him 9 h] womb1 :o has communicat$ to him a portion ( t fire ) :i* %e 0 h]self animat$1 :i* circulat$ ?r\gh h] ve9s ) h] blood2--x is f ! alim5ts t h n\ri%$ him1--x is f ! climate he inhabits1--x is f ! atmosph]e t surr\nds3 all ^! causes h an influ5ce ov] 8 fluids1 ov] 8 solids1 & decide on 8 natural dispositions4 ,9 exam9+ ^! dispositions1 f :5ce 8 faculties dep5d1 x w ev] be f\nd1 t !y are corporeal1 t !y are mat]ial4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( ^! dispositions 9 man1 is t physical s5sibility f :i* fl[s all 8 intellectual or moral qualities4 ,to feel1 accord+ to :at has be5 said1 is to receive an impulse1 to be mov$1 to h a consci\sness ( ! *anges op]at$ on 8 sy/em4 ,to h s5sibility is no?+ m ?an to be s con/itut$ z to feel promptly1 & 9 a v lively mann]1 ! impressions ( ^? objects :i* act ^u him4 ,a s5sible s\l is only man's bra91 dispos$ 9 a mode to receive ! motion communicat$ to x ) facility1 to re-act ) promptness1 by giv+ an in/antane\s impulse to ! organs4 ,?us ! man is call$ s5sible1 :om ! sight ( ! di/ress$1 ! contemplation ( ! unhappy1 ! recital ( a melan*oly tale1 ! witness+ ( an afflict+ cata/rophe1 or ! idea ( a dreadful spectacle1 t\*es 9 s lively a mann] z to enable ! bra9 to give play to 8 la*rymal organs1 :i* cause him to %$ te>s2 a sign by :i* we recognize ! effect ( great grief1 ( extreme angui% 9 ! human be+4 ,! man 9 :om musical s\nds excite a degree ( pleasure1 or produce v rem>kable effects1 is said to h a s5sible or a f9e e>4 ,9 %ort1 :5 x is p]ceiv$ t eloqu5ce--! beauty ( ! arts--! v>i\s objects t /rike 8 s5ses1 excite 9 him v lively emotions1 he is said to possess a s\l full ( s5sibility4 ,wit1 is a consequ5ce ( ?is physical s5sibility2 inde$1 wit is no?+ m ?an ! facility :i* "s be+s1 ( ! human species possess1 ( seiz+ ) promptitude1 ( develop+ ) quickness1 a :ole1 ) its diff]5t relations to o!r objects4 ,g5ius1 is ! facility ) :i* "s m5 compreh5d ?is :ole1 & its v>i\s relations :5 !y are difficult to be kn[n1 b useful to =w>d great & mighty projects4 ,wit may be comp>$ to a pi]c+ eye :i* p]ceives ?+s quickly4 ,g5ius is an eye t compreh5ds at "o view1 all ! po9ts ( an ext5d$ horizon3 or :at ! ,fr5* t]m c\p d'oeil4 ,true wit is t :i* p]ceives objects ) _! relations su* z !y really are4 ,false wit is t :i* cat*es at relations1 :i* d n apply to ! object1 or :i* arises f "s blemi% 9 ! organization4 ,true wit resembles ! direction on a h&-po/4 ,imag9ation is ! faculty ( comb9+ ) promptitude ideas or images2 x consi/s 9 ! p[] man possesses ( re-produc+ ) ease ! modifications ( 8 bra93 ( connect+ !m1 ( atta*+ !m to ! objects to :i* !y are suitable4 ,:5 imag9ation does ?is1 x gives pleasure2 its fictions are approv$1 x embelli%es ,nature1 x is a pro( ( ! s\ndness ( ! m9d1 x aids tru?3 :5 on ! contr>y1 x comb9es ideas1 n =m$ to associate !mselves ) ea* o!r--:5 x pa9ts no?+ b disagreeable phantoms1 x disgu/s1 its fictions are c5sur$1 x di/orts ,nature1 x advocates falsehood1 x is ! pro( ( a disord]$1 ( a d]ang$ m9d3 ?us poetry1 calculat$ to r5d] ,nature m pa!tic1 m t\*+1 pleases :5 x creates ideal be+s1 b :i* move u agreeably3 we1 !re=e1 =give ! illusions x has held =?1 on acc\nt ( ! pleasure we h reap$ f !m4 ,! hide\s *im]as ( sup]/ition displease1 because !y are no?+ m ?an ! productions ( a di/emp]$ imag9ation1 t c only awak5 ! mo/ afflict+ s5sations1 fills u ) ! mo/ disagreeable ideas4 ,imag9ation1 :5 x w&]s1 produces fanaticism1 sup]/iti\s t]rors1 inconsid]ate zeal1 phr5zy1 & ! mo/ enorm\s crimes3 :5 x is well regulat$1 x gives bir? to a /rong pr$ilection = useful objects1 an en]getic passion = virtue1 an en?usia/ic love ( our c\ntry1 & ! mo/ ard5t fri5d%ip3 ! man :o is dive/$ ( imag9ation1 is commonly "o 9 ^: torpid con/itution phlegm pr$om9ates ov] ! igne\s fluid1 ov] t sacr$ fire1 :i* is ! great pr9ciple ( 8 mobility1 ( t w>m? ( s5tim5t1 :i* vivifies all 8 intellectual faculties4 ,!re mu/ be en?usiasm = transc5d5t virtues z well z = atroci\s crimes2 en?usiasm places ! s\l 9 a /ate simil> to t ( drunk5ness2 bo? ! "o & ! o!r excite 9 man t rapidity ( motion :i* is approv$1 :5 good results1 :5 its effects are b5eficial2 b :i* is c5sur$1 is call$ folly1 delirium1 crime1 fury2 :5 x produces no?+ b disord] & confusion4 ,! m9d is out ( ord]1 x is incapable ( judg+ sanely--! imag9ation is badly regulat$1 :5ev] man's organization is n s modifi$1 z to p]=m its functions ) precision4 ,at ea* mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce1 man ga!rs exp]i5ce2 e s5sation he has1 furni%es a fact t deposits 9 8 bra9 an idea :i* 8 memory recalls ) m or less fidelity3 ^! facts connect !mselves1 ^! ideas are associat$2 _! *a9 con/itutes exp]i5ce2 ?is lays ! f\ndation ( sci5ce4 ,k is t consci\sness :i* arises f reit]at$ exp]i5ce--f exp]im5ts made ) precision ( ! s5sations1 ( ! ideas1 ( ! effects :i* an object is capable ( produc+1 ei!r 9 ourselves or 9 o!rs4 ,all sci5ce1 to be j1 mu/ be f\nd$ on tru?4 ,tru? itself re/s on ! con/ant1 ! fai?ful relation ( our s5ses4 ,?us1 tru? is t con=mity1 t p]petual aff9ity1 :i* man's s5ses1 :5 well con/itut$1 :5 aid$ by exp]i5ce1 discov] to him1 betwe5 ! objects ( :i* he has a k1 & ! qualities ) :i* he clo!s !m4 ,9 %ort1 tru? is no?+ m ?an ! j1 ! precise association ( 8 ideas4 ,b h[ c he1 )\t exp]i5ce1 assure himself ( ! accuracy1 ( ! ju/ness ( ?is association8 ,h[1 if he does n reit]ate ?is exp]i5ce1 c he comp>e x8 h[ prove its tru?8 ,if 8 s5ses are vitiat$1 h[ is x possible !y c convey to him ) precision1 ! s5sations1 ! facts1 ) :i* !y /ore 8 bra98 ,x is only by multipli$1 by div]sifi$1 by repeat$ exp]i5ce1 t he is enabl$ to rectify ! errors ( 8 fir/ conceptions4 ,man is 9 error e "t 8 organs1 ei!r orig9ally defective 9 _! nature1 or vitiat$ by ! durable or transitory modifications :i* !y und]go1 r5d] him incapable ( judg+ s\ndly ( objects4 ,error consi/s 9 ! false association ( ideas1 by :i* qualities are attribut$ to objects :i* !y d n possess4 ,man is 9 error1 :5 he supposes ^? be+s really to h exi/5ce1 :i* h no local habitation b 9 8 own imag9ation3 he is 9 error1 :5 he associates ! idea ( happ9ess ) objects capable ( injur+ him1 :e!r imm$iately or by remote consequ5ces :i* he _c =esee4 ,b h[ c he =esee effects ( :i* he has n yet any k8 ,x is by ! aid ( exp]i5ce3 by ! assi/ance :i* ?is exp]i5ce af=ds1 x is kn[n t analog\s1 t l causes1 produce analog\s1 produce l effects4 ,memory1 by recall+ ^! effects1 enables him to =m a judgm5t ( ^? he may expect1 :e!r x be f ! same causes1 or f causes t be> a relation to ^? ( :i* he has already exp]i5c$ ! action4 ,f ?is x w appe>1 t prud5ce1 =esight1 are faculties t are ascribable to1 t gr[ out ( exp]i5ce4 ,if he has felt t fire excit$ 9 8 organs pa9ful s5sation1 ?is exp]i5ce suffices him to "k1 to =esee1 t fire s appli$1 w consequ5tly excite ! same s5sations4 ,if he has discov]$ t c]ta9 actions1 on 8 "p1 /irr$ up ! hatr$1 elicit$ ! contempt ( o!rs1 ?is exp]i5ce suffici5tly enables him to =esee1 t e "t he %all act 9 a simil> mann]1 he w be ei!r hat$ or despis$4 ,! faculty man has ( ga!r+ exp]i5ce1 ( recall+ x to himself1 ( =esee+ effects by :i* he is enabl$ to avoid :atev] may h ! p[] to injure him1 to procure t :i* may be useful to ! cons]vation ( 8 exi/5ce1 :i* may contribute to t :i* is ! sole end ( all 8 actions1 :e!r corporeal or m5tal1--8 felicity--con/itutes t1 :i*1 9 "o ^w1 is designat$ "u ! "n ( ,reason4 ,s5tim5t1 imag9ation1 temp]am5t1 may be capable ( lead+ him a/ray--may h ! p[] to deceive him2 b exp]i5ce & reflection w rectify 8 errors1 po9t out 8 mi/akes1 place him 9 ! "r road1 tea* him :at c really conduce to1 :at c truly conduct him to happ9ess4 ,f ?is1 x w appe>1 t reason is man's nature1 modifi$ by exp]i5ce1 m\ld$ by judgm5t1 regulat$ by reflection3 x supposes a mod]ate1 sob] temp]am5t2 a j1 a s\nd m9d2 a well-regulat$1 ord]ly imag9ation2 a k ( tru?1 gr\nd$ ^u tri$1 ^u reit]at$ exp]i5ce2 9 fact1 prud5ce & =esight3 ?is w s]ve to prove1 t al?\gh no?+ is m commonly ass]t$1 al?\gh ! phrase is repeat$ daily1 nay1 h\rly1 t man is a reasonable be+1 yet !re are b a v small numb] ( ! individuals :o compose ! human species1 ( :om x c ) tru? be said2 :o really enjoy ! faculty ( reason1 or :o comb9e ! dispositions1 ! exp]i5ce1 by :i* x is con/itut$4 ,x ought n1 !n to excite surprise1 t ! individuals ( ! human race1 :o are 9 a capacity to make true exp]i5ce1 are s few 9 numb]4 ,man1 :5 he is born1 br+s ) him into ! _w organs susceptible ( receiv+ impulse1 amass+ ideas1 ( collect+ exp]i5ce2 b :e!r x be f ! vice ( 8 sy/em1 ! imp]fection ( 8 organization1 or f ^? causes by :i* x is modifi$1 8 exp]i5ce is false1 8 ideas are confus$1 8 images are badly associat$1 8 judgm5t is errone\s1 8 bra9 is saturat$ ) vici\s1 ) wick$ sy/ems1 :i* necess>ily h an influ5ce ov] 8 conduct1 :i* are cont9ually di/urb+ 8 m9d1 & conf\nd+ 8 reason4 ,man's s5ses1 z x has be5 %ewn1 are ! only means by :i* he is enabl$ to asc]ta9 :e!r 8 op9ions are true or false1 :e!r 8 conduct is useful to himself & b5eficial to o!rs1 :e!r x is advantage\s or disadvantage\s4 ,b t 8 s5ses may be compet5t to make a fai?ful relation--t !y may be 9 a capacity to impress true ideas on 8 bra91 x is requisite !y %\ld be s\nd2 t is to say1 9 ! /ate necess>y to ma9ta9 8 exi/5ce2 9 t ord] :i* is suitable to 8 pres]vation--t condition :i* is calculat$ to ensure 8 p]man5t felicity4 ,x is also indisp5sable t 8 bra9 itself %\ld be heal?y1 or 9 ! prop] circum/ances to enable x to fulfil its functions ) precision1 to ex]cise its faculties ) vig\r4 ,x is necess>y t memory %\ld fai?fully del9eate its ant]ior s5sations1 %\ld accurately retrace its =m] ideas2 to ! end1 t he may be compet5t to judge1 to =esee ! effects he may h to hope1 ! consequ5ces he may h to fe>1 f ^? actions to :i* he may be det]m9$ by 8 w4 ,if 8 organic sy/em be vici\s1 if 8 int]ior or ext]ior organs be defective1 :e!r by _! natural con=mation or f ^? causes by :i* !y are regulat$1 he feels b imp]fectly--9 a mann] less di/9ct ?an is requisite2 8 ideas are ei!r false or suspici\s1 he judges badly1 he is 9 a delusion1 9 a /ate ( ebriety1 9 a sort ( intoxication t prev5ts 8 grasp+ ! true relation ( ?+s4 ,9 %ort1 if 8 memory is faulty1 if x is trea*]\s1 8 reflection is void1 8 imag9ation leads him a/ray1 8 m9d deceives him1 :il/ ! s5sibility ( 8 organs1 simultane\sly assail$ by a cr[d ( impressions1 %ock$ by a v>iety ( impulsions1 oppose him to prud5ce1 to =esight1 to ! ex]cise ( 8 reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! con=mation ( 8 organs1 z x happ5s ) ^? ( a phlegmatic temp]am5t1 ( a dull habit1 does n p]mit him to move1 except ) feebl5ess1 9 a sluggi% mann]1 8 exp]i5ce is sl[1 frequ5tly unpr(itable4 ,! tortoise & ! butt]fly are alike incapable ( prev5t+ _! de/ruction4 ,! /upid man1 equally ) him :o is intoxicat$1 are 9 t /ate :i* r5d]s x impossible = !m to arrive at or atta9 ! end !y h 9 view4 ,b :at is ! end8 ,:at is ! aim ( man 9 ! sph]e he occupies8 ,x is to pres]ve himself2 to r5d] 8 exi/5ce happy4 ,x becomes !n ( ! utmo/ importance1 t he %\ld und]/& ! true means :i* reason po9ts out1 :i* prud5ce tea*es him to use1 9 ord] t he may ) c]ta9ty1 t he may con/antly arrive at ! end :i* he proposes to himself4 ,^! he w f9d are 8 natural faculties--8 m9d--8 tal5ts--8 indu/ry--8 actions1 det]m9$ by ^? passions ( :i* 8 nature r5d]s him susceptible1 :i* give m or less activity to 8 w4 ,exp]i5ce & reason aga9 %ew him1 t ! m5 ) :om he is associat$ are necess>y to him1 are capable ( contribut+ to 8 happ9ess1 are 9 a capacity to adm9i/] to 8 pleasures1 are compet5t to assi/ him by ^? faculties :i* are peculi> to !m2 exp]i5ce tea*es him ! mode he mu/ adopt to induce !m to concur 9 8 designs1 to det]m9e !m to w & incl9e !m to act 9 8 fav\r4 ,?is po9ts out to him ! actions !y approve--^? :i* displease !m--! conduct :i* attracts !m--t :i* repels !m--! judgm5t by :i* !y are sway$--! advantages t occur--! prejudicial effects t result to him f _! v>i\s modes ( exi/5ce & f _! div]se mann] ( act+4 ,?is exp]i5ce furni%es him ) ! ideas ( virtue & ( vice1 ( ju/ice & ( inju/ice1 ( goodness & ( wick$ness1 ( dec5cy & ( indec5cy1 ( probity & ( knav]y3 ,9 %ort1 he le>ns to =m a judgm5t ( m5--to e/imate _! actions--to di/+ui% ! v>i\s s5tim5ts excit$ 9 !m1 accord+ to ! div]sity ( ^? effects :i* !y make him exp]i5ce4 ,x is ^u ! necess>y div]sity ( ^! effects t is f\nd$ ! discrim9ation betwe5 good & evil--betwe5 virtue & vice2 di/9ctions :i* d n re/1 z "s ?9k]s h believ$1 on ! conv5tions made betwe5 m52 /ill less1 z "s metaphysicians h ass]t$1 ^u ! *im]ical w ( sup]natural be+s3 b ^u ! solid1 ! inv>iable1 ! et]nal relations t subsi/ betwe5 be+s ( ! human species congregat$ toge!r1 & liv+ 9 society3 :i* relations w h exi/5ce z long z man %all rema91 z long z society %all cont9ue to exi/4 ,?us virtue is e ?+ t is truly b5eficial1 e ?+ t is con/antly useful to ! individuals ( ! human race1 liv+ toge!r 9 society2 vice e ?+ t is really prejudicial1 e ?+ t is p]man5tly injuri\s to !m4 ,! greate/ virtues are ^? :i* procure = man ! mo/ durable advantages1 f :i* he d]ives ! mo/ solid happ9ess1 :i* pres]ves ! greate/ degree ( ord] 9 8 association3 ! greate/ vices1 are ^? :i* mo/ di/urb 8 t5d5cy to happ9ess1 :i* p]petuate error1 :i* mo/ int]rupt ! necess>y ord] ( society4 ,! virtu\s man1 is he ^: actions t5d uni=mly to ! welf>e1 con/antly to ! happ9ess1 ( 8 fell[ creatures4 ,! vici\s man1 is he ^: conduct t5ds to ! mis]y1 ^: prop5sities =m ! unhapp9ess ( ^? ) :om he lives2 f :5ce 8 own peculi> mis]y mo/ commonly results4 ,e ?+ t procures = a man true & p]man5t happ9ess is reasonable2 e ?+ t di/urbs 8 individual felicity1 or t ( ! be+s necess>y to 8 happ9ess1 is fooli% & unreasonable4 ,! man :o injures o!rs1 is wick$2 ! man :o injures himself1 is an imprud5t be+1 :o nei!r has a k ( reason1 ( 8 own peculi> int]e/s1 nor ( tru?4 ,man's duties are ! means po9t$ out to him by exp]i5ce1 ! circle :i* reason describes = him1 by :i* he is to arrive at t goal he proposes to himself2 ^! duties are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 mortals1 :o equally desire happ9ess1 :o are equally anxi\s to pres]ve _! exi/5ce4 ,:5 x is said ^! duties compel him1 x signifies no?+ m ?an t1 )\t tak+ ^! means1 he c\ld n rea* ! end propos$ to him by 8 nature4 ,?us1 moral obligation is ! necessity ( employ+ ! natural means to r5d] ! be+s ) :om he lives happy2 to ! end t he may det]m9e !m 9 turn to contribute to 8 own individual happ9ess3 8 obligation t[>d himself1 is ! necessity he is "u to take ^? means1 )\t :i* he w\ld be incapable to cons]ve himself1 or r5d] 8 exi/5ce solidly & p]man5tly happy4 ,morals1 l ! univ]se1 is f\nd$ ^u necessity1 or ^u ! et]nal relation ( ?+s4 ,happ9ess is a mode ( exi/5ce ( :i* man naturally wi%es ! duration1 or 9 :i* he is will+ to cont9ue4 ,x is measur$ by its duration1 by its vivacity4 ,! greate/ happ9ess is t :i* has ! longe/ cont9uance3 transi5t happ9ess1 or t :i* has only a %ort duration1 is call$ ,pleasure2 ! m lively x is1 ! m fugitive1 because man's s5ses are only susceptible ( a c]ta9 quantum ( motion4 ,:5 pleasure exce$s ?is giv5 quantity1 x is *ang$ into angui%1 or into t pa9ful mode ( exi/5ce1 ( :i* he ard5tly desires ! cessation3 ?is is ! reason :y pleasure & pa9 frequ5tly s closely approximate ea* o!r z sc>cely to be discrim9at$4 ,immod]ate pleasure is ! =]unn] ( regret4 ,x is succe$$ by ennui1 x is foll[$ by we>9ess1 x ends 9 disgu/3 transi5t happ9ess frequ5tly conv]ts itself into durable mis=tune4 ,accord+ to ^! pr9ciples x w be se5 t man1 :o 9 ea* mom5t ( 8 duration seeks necess>ily aft] happ9ess1 ought1 :5 he is reasonable1 to manage1 to husb&1 to regulate 8 pleasures2 to refuse himself to all ^? ( :i* ! indulg5ce w\ld be succe$$ by regret2 to avoid ^? :i* c conv]t !mselves into pa92 9 ord] t he may procure = himself ! mo/ p]man5t felicity4 ,happ9ess _c be ! same = all ! be+s ( ! human species2 ! same pleasures _c equally affect m5 ^: con=mation is diff]5t1 ^: modification is div]se4 ,?is no d\bt1 is ! true reason :y ! great] numb] ( moral philosoph]s are s little 9 accord ^u ^? objects 9 :i* !y h made man's happ9ess consi/1 z well z on ! means by :i* x may be obta9$4 ,nev]!less1 9 g5]al1 happ9ess appe>s to be a /ate1 :e!r mom5t>y or durable1 9 :i* man readily acquiesces1 because he f9ds x con=mable to 8 be+4 ,?is /ate results f ! accord1 spr+s out ( ! con=mity1 :i* is f\nd betwe5 himself & ^? circum/ances 9 :i* he has be5 plac$ by ,nature2 or1 if x be pref]r$1 happ9ess is ! co-ord9ation ( man1 ) ! causes t give him impulse4 ,! ideas :i* man =ms to himself ( happ9ess dep5d n only on 8 temp]am5t1 on 8 individual con=mation1 b also ^u ! habits he has contract$4 ,habit is1 9 man1 a mode ( exi/5ce--( ?9k+--( act+1 :i* 8 organs1 z well int]ior z ext]ior1 contract1 by ! frequ5t reit]ation ( ! same motion2 f :5ce results ! faculty ( p]=m+ ^! actions ) promptitude1 ( execut+ !m ) facility4 ,if ?+s be att5tively consid]$1 x w be f\nd t almo/ ! :ole conduct ( man--! entire sy/em ( 8 actions--8 occupations--8 connexions--8 /udies--8 amusem5ts--8 mann]s--8 cu/oms--8 v g>m5ts--ev5 8 alim5ts1 are ! effect ( habit4 ,he owes equally to habit1 ! facility ) :i* he ex]cises 8 m5tal faculties ( ?\ght--( judgm5t--( wit--( reason--( ta/e1 c4 ,x is to habit he owes ! great] "p ( 8 incl9ations--( 8 desires--( 8 op9ions--( 8 prejudices--( ! ideas1 true or false1 he =ms to himself ( 8 welf>e4 ,9 %ort1 x is to habit1 consecrat$ by "t1 t he owes ^? errors into :i* ev]y?+ /rives to precipitate him2 f :i* e ?+ is calculat$ to prev5t him emancipat+ himself4 ,x is habit t atta*es him ei!r to virtue or to vice3 exp]i5ce proves ?is3 obs]vation tea*es incontrov]tibly t ! fir/ crime is always accompani$ by m pangs ( remorse ?an ! second2 ?is aga91 by m ?an ! ?ird2 s on to ^? t foll[4 ,a fir/ action is ! comm5cem5t ( a habit2 ^? :i* succe$ confirm x3 by =ce ( combatt+ ! ob/acles t prev5t ! commission ( crim9al actions1 man arrives at ! p[] ( vanqui%+ !m ) ease2 ( conqu]+ !m ) facility4 ,?us he frequ5tly becomes wick$ f habit4 ,man is s mu* modifi$ by habit1 t x is frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) 8 nature3 f h5ce results1 z w pres5tly be se51 ^? op9ions or ^? ideas1 :i* he has call$ innate3 because he has be5 unwill+ to recur back to ! s\rce f :5ce !y sprung3 :i* has1 z x 71 id5tifi$ itself ) 8 bra94 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 he adh]es ) great /r5g? ( atta*m5t to all ^? ?+s to :i* he is habituat$2 8 m9d exp]i5ces a sort ( viol5ce1 an incommodi\s revulsion1 a tr\blesome di/a/e1 :5 x is endeav\r$ to make him *ange ! c\rse ( 8 ideas3 a fatal pr$ilection frequ5tly conducts him back to ! old track 9 despite ( reason4 ,x is by a pure me*anism t may be expla9$ ! ph5om5a ( habit1 z well physical z moral2 ! s\l1 not)/&+ its spirituality1 is modifi$ exactly 9 ! same mann] z ! body4 ,habit1 9 man1 causes ! organs ( voice to le>n ! mode ( express+ quickly ! ideas consign$ to 8 bra91 by means ( c]ta9 motion1 :i*1 dur+ 8 infancy1 ! tongue acquires ! p[] ( execut+ ) facility3 8 tongue1 once habituat$ to move itself 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 f9ds mu* tr\ble1 has great pa91 to move itself aft] ano!r mode2 ! ?roat yields ) difficulty to ^? inflections :i* are exact$ by a language diff]5t f t to :i* he has1 be5 accu/om$4 ,x is ! same ) reg>d to 8 ideas2 8 bra91 8 int]ior organ1 8 s\l1 inur$ to a giv5 mann] ( modification1 accu/om$ to atta* c]ta9 ideas to c]ta9 objects1 long us$ to =m to itself a sy/em connect$ ) c]ta9 op9ions1 :e!r true or false1 exp]i5ces a pa9ful s5sation1 :5ev] he und]takes to give x a new impulse1 or alt] ! direction ( its habitual motion4 ,x is ne>ly z difficult to make him *ange 8 op9ions z 8 language4 ,"h1 !n1 )\t d\bt1 is ! cause ( t almo/ inv9cible atta*m5t :i* man displays to ^? cu/oms--^? prejudices--^? in/itutions ( :i* x is 9 va9 t reason1 exp]i5ce1 good s5se prove to him ! inutility1 or ev5 ! dang]4 ,habit opposes itself to ! cle>e/1 ! mo/ evid5t demon/rations2 ^! c avail no?+ aga9/ ^? passions1 ^? vices1 :i* "t has root$ 9 him--aga9/ ! mo/ ridicul\s sy/ems--aga9/ ! mo/ absurd notions--aga9/ ! mo/ extravagant hypo!ses--aga9/ ! /range/ cu/oms3 above all1 :5 he has le>n$ to atta* to !m ! ideas ( utility1 ( common int]e/1 ( ! welf>e ( society4 ,su* is ! s\rce ( t ob/9acy1 ( t /ubbornness1 :i* man ev9ces = 8 religion1 = anci5t usages1 = unreasonable cu/oms1 = laws s little accordant ) ju/ice1 = abuses1 :i* s frequ5tly make him suff]1 = prejudices ( :i* he sometimes ackn[l$ges ! absurdity1 yet is unwill+ to dive/ himself ( !m4 ,"h is ! reason :y nations contemplate ! mo/ useful novelties z mis*iev\s innovations--:y !y believe !y w\ld be lo/1 if !y 7 to rem$y ^? evils to :i* !y h become habituat$2 :i* !y h le>n$ to consid] z necess>y to _! repose2 :i* !y h be5 taught to consid] dang]\s to be cur$4 ,education is only ! art ( mak+ man contract1 9 e>ly life1 t is to say1 :5 8 organs are extremely flexible1 ! habits1 ! op9ions1 ! modes ( exi/5ce1 adopt$ by ! society 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,! fir/ mom5ts ( 8 infancy are employ$ 9 collect+ exp]i5ce2 ^? :o are *>g$ ) ! c>e ( re>+ him1 or :o are entru/$ to br+ him up1 tea* him h[ to apply x3 x is !y :o develope reason 9 him3 ! fir/ impulse !y give him commonly decides ^u 8 condition1 ^u 8 passions1 ^u ! ideas he =ms to himself ( happ9ess1 ^u ! means he %all employ to procure x1 ^u 8 virtues1 & ^u 8 vices4 ,"u ! eyes ( 8 ma/]s1 ! infant acquires ideas3 "u _! tuition he le>ns to associate !m1--to ?9k 9 a c]ta9 mann]1--to judge well or ill4 ,!y po9t out to him v>i\s objects1 :i* !y accu/om him ei!r to love or to hate1 to desire or to avoid1 to e/eem or to despise4 ,x is ?us op9ions are transmitt$ f fa!rs1 mo!rs1 nurses1 & ma/]s1 to man 9 8 infant9e /ate4 ,x is ?us1 t 8 m9d by degrees saturates itself ) tru?1 or fills itself ) error2 aft] :i* he regulates 8 conduct1 :i* r5d]s him ei!r happy or mis]able1 virtu\s or vici\s1 e/imable or hateful4 ,x is ?us he becomes ei!r cont5t$ or discont5t$ ) 8 de/9y1 accord+ to ! objects t[>ds :i* !y h direct$ 8 passions--t[>ds :i* !y h b5t ! en]gies ( 8 m9d2 t is to say1 9 :i* !y h %ewn him 8 int]e/1 9 :i* !y h taught him to place 8 felicity3 9 consequ5ce1 he loves & se>*es aft] t :i* !y h taught him to rev]e--t :i* !y h made ! object ( 8 rese>*2 he has ^? ta/es1 ^? incl9ations1 ^? phantasms1 :i*1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 he is =w>d to indulge1 :i* he is eag] to satisfy1 9 proportion to ! activity !y h excit$ 9 him1 & ! capacity ) :i* he has be5 provid$ by ,nature4 ,politics ought to be ! art ( regulat+ ! passions ( man--( direct+ !m to ! welf>e ( society--( div]t+ !m into a g5ial curr5t ( happ9ess--( mak+ !m fl[ g5tly to ! g5]al b5efit ( all3 b too frequ5tly x is no?+ m ?an ! dete/ible art ( arm+ ! passions ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( society aga9/ ea* o!r1--( mak+ !m ! eng9es to accompli% _! mutual de/ruction1--( conv]t+ !m into ag5ts :i* embitt] _! exi/5ce1 create jeal\sies among !m1 & fill ) rancor\s animosities t association f :i*1 if prop]ly manag$1 man ought to d]ive 8 felicity4 ,society is commonly s vici\s because x is n f\nd$ ^u ,nature1 ^u exp]i5ce1 & ^u g5]al utility2 b on ! contr>y1 ^u ! passions1 ^u ! caprices1 & ^u ! p>ticul> int]e/s ( ^? by :om x is gov]n$4 ,9 %ort1 x is = ! mo/ "p ! advantage ( ! few oppos$ to ! prosp]ity ( ! _m4 ,politics1 to be useful1 %\ld f\nd its pr9ciples ^u ,nature2 t is to say1 %\ld con=m itself to ! ess5ce ( man1 %\ld m\ld itself to ! great end ( society3 b :at is society8 & :at is its end8 ,x is a :ole1 =m$ by ! union ( a great numb] ( families1 or by a collection ( individuals1 assembl$ f a reciprocity ( int]e/1 9 ord] t !y may satisfy ) great] facility _! reciprocal wants--t !y may1 ) m c]ta9ty1 procure ! advantages !y desire--t !y may obta9 mutual succ\rs--above all1 t !y may ga9 ! faculty ( enjoy+1 9 security1 ^? b5efits ) :i* ,nature & indu/ry may furni% !m3 x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t politics1 :i* are int5d$ to ma9ta9 society1 & to consolidate ! int]e/s ( ?is congregation1 ought to ent] into its views1 to facilitate ! means ( giv+ !m effici5cy1 to remove all ^? ob/acles t h a t5d5cy to c\nt]act ! int5tion ) :i* man ent]$ into association4 ,man1 9 approximat+ to 8 fell[ man1 to live ) him 9 society1 has made1 ei!r =mally or tacitly1 a cov5ant2 by :i* he engages to r5d] mutual s]vices1 to d no?+ t c be prejudicial to 8 neighb\r4 ,b z ! nature ( ea* individual impels him ea* in/ant to seek aft] 8 own welf>e1 :i* he has mi/ak5 to consi/ 9 ! gratification ( 8 passions1 & ! indulg5ce ( 8 transitory caprices1 )\t any reg>d to ! conv5i5ce ( 8 fell[s2 !re ne$$ a p[] to conduct him back to 8 duty1 to oblige him to con=m himself to 8 obligations1 & to recall him to 8 engagem5ts1 :i* ! hurry ( 8 passions frequ5tly make him =get4 ,?is p[] is ! law2 x is1 or ought to be1 ! collection ( ! w ( society1 reunit$ to fix ! conduct ( its memb]s1 to direct _! action 9 su* a mode1 t x may concur to ! great end ( 8 association--! g5]al good4 ,b z society1 m especially :5 v num]\s1 is incapable ( assembl+ itself1 unless ) great difficulty1 z x _c ) tumult make kn[n its int5tions1 x is oblig$ to *oose citiz5s 9 :om x places a confid5ce1 :om x makes ! int]pret] ( its w1 :om x con/itutes ! deposit>ies ( ! p[] requisite to c>ry x into execution4 ,su* is ! orig9 ( all gov]nm5t1 :i* to be legitimate c only be f\nd$ on ! free cons5t ( society4 ,^? :o are *>g$ ) ! c>e ( gov]n+1 call !mselves sov]eigns1 *iefs1 legislators3 accord+ to ! =m :i* society has be5 will+ to give to its gov]nm5t3 ^! sov]eigns are /yl$ mon>*s1 magi/rates1 repres5tatives1 c4 ,gov]nm5t only borr[s its p[] f society3 be+ e/abli%$ = no o!r purpose ?an its welf>e1 x is evid5t society c revoke ?is p[] :5ev] its int]e/ %all exact x2 *ange ! =m ( its gov]nm5t2 ext5d or limit ! p[] :i* x has confid$ to its *iefs1 ov] :om1 by ! immutable laws ( ,nature1 x always cons]ves a supreme au?ority3 because ^! laws enjo91 t ! "p %all always rema9 subord9ate to ! :ole4 ,?us sov]eigns are ! m9i/]s ( society1 its int]pret]s1 ! deposit>ies ( a great] or ( a less portion ( its p[]2 b !y are n its absolute ma/]s1 nei!r are !y ! proprietors ( nations4 ,by a cov5ant1 ei!r express$ or impli$1 !y engage !mselves to wat* ov] ! ma9t5ance1 to occupy !mselves ) ! welf>e ( society2 x is only ^u ^! conditions society cons5ts to obey !m4 ,! price ( ob$i5ce is protection4 ,!re is or ought to be a reciprocity ( int]e/ betwe5 ! gov]n$ & ! gov]nor3 :5ev] ?is reciprocity is want+1 society is 9 t /ate ( confusion ( :i* we spoke 9 ! fif? *apt]3 x is v]g+ on de/ruction4 ,no society ^u e>? 0 ev] will+ or compet5t to conf] irrevocably ^u its *iefs ! p[]1 ! "r1 ( do+ x injury4 ,su* a concession1 su* a compact1 w\ld be annull$1 w\ld be r5d]$ void by ,nature2 because %e wills t ea* society1 ! same z ea* individual ( ! human species %all t5d to its own cons]vation2 x has n !re=e ! capacity to cons5t to its p]man5t unhapp9ess4 ,laws1 9 ord] t !y may be j1 ought inv>iably to h = _! end1 ! g5]al int]e/ ( society2 t is to say1 to assure to ! great] numb] ( citiz5s ^? advantages = :i* man orig9ally associat$4 ,^! advantages are lib]ty1 prop]ty1 security4 ,lib]ty1 to man1 is ! faculty ( do+1 = 8 own peculi> happ9ess1 e ?+ :i* does n injure or dim9i% ! happ9ess ( 8 associates3 9 associat+1 ea* individual r5\nc$ ! ex]cise ( t portion ( 8 natural lib]ty :i* w\ld be able to prejudice or injure ! lib]ty ( 8 fell[s4 ,! ex]cise ( t lib]ty :i* is injuri\s to society is call$ lic5ti\sness4 ,prop]ty1 to man1 is ! faculty ( enjoy+ ^? advantages :i* spr+ f lab\r2 ^? b5efits :i* indu/ry or tal5t has procur$ to ea* memb] ( society4 ,security1 to man1 is ! c]titude1 ! assurance1 t ea* individual ought to h1 ( enjoy+ 9 8 p]son1 ( f9d+ = 8 prop]ty ! protection ( ! laws1 z long z he %all fai?fully obs]ve1 z long z he %all punctually p]=m1 8 engagem5ts ) society4 ,ju/ice1 to man1 assures to all ! memb]s ( society1 ! possession ( ^! advantages1 ! enjoym5t ( ^? rights1 :i* belong to !m4 ,f ?is1 x w appe>1 t )\t ju/ice1 society is n 9 a condition to procure ! happ9ess ( any man4 ,ju/ice is also call$ equity1 because by ! assi/ance ( ! laws made to comm& ! :ole1 %e r$uces all its memb]s to a /ate ( equality2 t is to say1 %e prev5ts !m f prevail+ "o ov] ! o!r1 by ! inequality :i* ,nature or indu/ry may h made betwe5 _! respective p[]s4 ,rights1 to man1 are e ?+ :i* society1 by equitable laws1 p]mits ea* individual to d = 8 own peculi> felicity4 ,^! rights are evid5tly limit$ by ! inv>iable end ( all association3 society has1 on its "p1 rights ov] all its memb]s1 by virtue ( ! advantages :i* x procures = !m2 all its memb]s1 9 turn1 h a "r to claim1 to exact f society1 or secure f its m9i/]s ^? advantages = ! procur+ ( :i* !y congregat$1 9 fav\r ( :i* !y r5\nc$ a portion ( _! natural lib]ty4 ,a society1 ( :i* ! *iefs1 aid$ by ! laws1 d n procure any good = its memb]s1 evid5tly loses its "r ov] !m3 ^? *iefs :o injure society lose ! "r ( comm&+4 ,x is n our c\ntry1 )\t x secures ! welf>e ( its inhabitants2 a society )\t equity conta9s only enemies2 a society oppress$ is compos$ only ( tyrants & slaves2 slaves are incapable ( be+ citiz5s2 x is lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & security1 t r5d] our c\ntry de> to u2 x is ! true love ( 8 c\ntry t =ms ! citiz54 ,= want ( hav+ a prop] k ( ^! tru?s1 or = want ( apply+ !m :5 kn[n1 "s nations h become unhappy--h conta9$ no?+ b a vile heap ( slaves1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 deta*$ f society1 :i* nei!r procures = !m any good1 nor secures to !m any "o advantage4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! imprud5ce ( "s nations1 or ( ! craft1 cunn+1 & viol5ce ( ^? to :om !y h confid$ ! p[] ( mak+ laws1 & c>ry+ !m into execution1 _! sov]eigns h r5d]$ !mselves absolute ma/]s ( society4 ,^!1 mi/ak+ ! true s\rce ( _! p[]1 pret5d$ to hold x f heav51 to be acc\ntable = _! actions to ,god alone1 to owe no?+1 n to h any obligation to society1 9 a ^w1 to be gods ^u e>?1 to possess ! "r ( gov]n+ arbitr>ily4 ,f !nce politics became corrupt$3 !y 7 only a mock]y4 ,su* nations1 disgrac$ & gr[n contemptible1 did n d>e resi/ ! w ( _! *iefs2 _! laws 7 no?+ m ?an ! expression ( ! caprice ( ^! *iefs2 public welf>e 0 sacrific$ to _! peculi> int]e/s2 ! =ce ( society 0 turn$ aga9/ itself2 its memb]s )drew to atta* !mselves to its oppressors1 to its tyrants2 ^! to s$uce !m1 p]mitt$ !m to injure x ) impunity & to pr(it by its mis=tunes4 ,?us lib]ty1 ju/ice1 security1 & virtue1 7 bani%$ f _m nations2 politics 0 no long] any ?+ m ?an ! art ( avail+ itself ( ! =ces ( a p & ( ! treasure ( society2 ( divid+ x on ! subject ( its int]e/1 9 ord] to subjugate x by itself2 at l5g? a /upid1 a me*anical habit1 made !m *]i% _! oppressors1 & love _! *a9s4 ,man :5 he has no?+ to fe>1 pres5tly becomes wick$2 he :o believes he has n occasion = 8 fell[1 p]suades himself he may foll[ ! incl9ations ( 8 he>t )\t caution or discretion4 ,?us fe> is ! only ob/acle society c effectually oppose to ! passions ( its *iefs2 )\t x !y w quickly become corrupt1 & w n scruple to avail !mselves ( ! means society has plac$ 9 _! h&s1 to make !m accomplices 9 _! iniquity4 ,to prev5t ^! abuses1 x is requisite society %\ld set b\nds to its confid5ce2 %\ld limit ! p[] :i* x delegates to its *iefs2 %\ld res]ve to itself a suffici5t portion ( au?ority to prev5t !m f injur+ x2 x mu/ e/abli% prud5t *ecks3 x mu/ cauti\sly divide ! p[] x conf]s1 because re-unit$1 x w by su* reunion be infallibly oppress$4 ,! slighte/ reflection1 ! mo/ scanty review1 w make m5 feel t ! bur!n ( gov]n+ & weight ( adm9i/ration1 is too pond]\s & ov]p[]+ to be borne by an individual2 t ! scope ( 8 jurisdiction1 t ! range ( 8 surveillance1 & multiplicity ( 8 duties mu/ always r5d] him neglig5t2 t ! ext5t ( 8 p[] has ev] a t5d5cy to r5d] him mis*iev\s4 ,9 %ort1 ! exp]i5ce ( all ages w conv9ce nations t man is cont9ually tempt$ to ! abuse ( p[]3 t z an abundance ( /rong liquor intoxicates 8 bra91 s unlimit$ p[] corrupts 8 he>t2 t !re=e ! sov]eign ought to be subject to ! law1 n ! law to ! sov]eign4 ,gov]nm5t has necess>ily an equal influ5ce ov] ! philosophy1 z ov] ! morals ( nations4 ,9 ! same mann] t its c>e produces lab\r1 activity1 abundance1 salubrity & ju/ice2 its neglig5ce induces idl5ess1 slo?1 disc\ragem5t1 p5ury1 contagion1 inju/ice1 vices & crimes4 ,x dep5ds ^u gov]nm5t ei!r to fo/] indu/ry1 mature g5ius1 give a spr+ to tal5ts1 or /ifle !m4 ,inde$ gov]nm5t1 ! di/urb] ( dignities1 ( ri*es1 ( rew>ds1 & puni%m5ts2 ! ma/] ( ^? objects 9 :i* man f 8 infancy has le>n$ to place 8 felicity1 & contemplate z ! means ( 8 happ9ess2 acquires a necess>y influ5ce ov] 8 conduct3 x k9dles 8 passions2 gives !m direction2 makes him in/rum5tal to :atev] purpose x pleases2 x modifies him2 det]m9es 8 mann]s2 :i* 9 a :ole p1 z 9 ! individual1 is no?+ m ?an ! conduct1 ! g5]al sy/em ( wills1 ( actions t necess>ily result f 8 education1 gov]nm5t1 laws1 & religi\s op9ions--8 in/itutions1 :e!r rational or irrational4 ,9 %ort1 mann]s are ! habits ( a p3 ^! are good :5ev] society draws f !m true felicity & solid happ9ess2 !y are bad1 !y are dete/able 9 ! eye ( reason1 :5 ! happ9ess ( society does n spr+ f !m2 !y are un:olesome :5 !y h no?+ m 9 _! fav\r ?an ! suffrage ( "t1 & ! c\nt5ance ( prejudice :i* r>ely consults exp]i5ce1 :i* is almo/ ev] at v>iance ) good s5se3 not)/&+ !y may h ! sanction ( ! law1 cu/om1 religion1 public op9ion1 or example1 !y may be unwor?y & may be disgraceful1 provid$ society is 9 disord]2 t crime ab\nds2 t virtue %r9ks b5ea? ! basilisk eye ( triumphant vice2 !y may !n be said to resemble ! ,,upas1 ^: luxuriant yet poison\s foliage1 ! produce ( a rank soil1 becomes m baneful to ^? :o are submitt$ to its vortex1 9 proportion z x ext5ds its bran*es4 ,if exp]i5ce he consult$1 x w be f\nd !re is no action1 h[ev] abom9able1 t has n receiv$ ! applause1 t has n obta9$ ! approbation ( "s p4 ,p>ricide1 ! sacrifice ( *ildr51 robb]y1 usurpation1 cruelty1 intol]ance1 & pro/itution1 h all 9 _! turn be5 lic5s$ actions2 h be5 advocat$2 h be5 deem$ laudable & m]itori\s de$s ) "s nations ( ! e>?4 ,above all1 sup]/ition has consecrat$ ! mo/ unreasonable1 ! mo/ revolt+ cu/oms4 ,man's passions result f & dep5d on ! motion ( attraction or repulsion1 ( :i* he is r5d]$ susceptible by ,nature2 :o enables him1 by 8 peculi> ess5ce1 to be attract$ by ^? objects :i* appe> useful to him1 to be repell$ by ^? :i* he consid]s prejudicial2 x foll[s t gov]nm5t1 by hold+ ! magnet1 c put ^! passions into activity1 has ! p[] ei!r ( re/ra9+ !m1 or ( giv+ !m a favorable or an unfavorable direction4 ,all 8 passions are con/antly limit$ by ei!r lov+ or hat+1 seek+ or avoid+1 desir+ or fe>+4 ,^! passions1 s necess>y to ! cons]vation ( man1 are a consequ5ce ( 8 organization2 !y display !mselves ) m or less en]gy1 accord+ to 8 temp]am5t2 education & habit develope !m2 gov]nm5t gives !m play1 conducts !m t[>ds ^? objects1 :i* x believes itself int]e/$ 9 mak+ desirable to its subjects4 ,! v>i\s names :i* h be5 giv5 to ^! passions1 are relative to ! diff]5t objects by :i* !y are excit$1 su* z pleasure1 gr&eur1 or ri*es1 :i* produce voluptu\sness1 ambition1 vanity & av>ice4 ,if ! s\rce ( ^? passions :i* pr$om9ate 9 nations be att5tively exam9$ x w be commonly f\nd 9 _! gov]nm5ts4 ,x is ! impulse receiv$ f _! *iefs t r5d]s !m sometimes w>like1 sometimes sup]/iti\s1 sometimes aspir+ aft] glory1 sometimes gre$y aft] weal?1 sometimes rational1 & sometimes unreasonable2 if sov]eigns1 9 ord] to enlight5 & r5d] happy _! dom9ions1 7 to employ only ! t5? "p ( ! va/ exp5ditures :i* !y lavi%1 only a ty! ( ! pa9s :i* !y employ to r5d] !m bruti%1 to /upify !m1 to deceive !m1 & to afflict !m2 _! subjects w\ld pres5tly be z wise1 w\ld quickly be z happy1 z !y are n[ rem>kable = be+ bl9d1 ignorant1 & mis]able4 ,let ! va9 project ( de/roy+1 ! delusive attempt at root+ 8 passions f ! he>t ( man1 he ab&on$2 let an ef=t be made to direct !m t[>ds objects t may be useful to himself1 b5eficial to 8 associates4 ,let education1 let gov]nm5t1 let ! laws1 habituate him to re/ra9 8 passions )9 ^? j b\nds t exp]i5ce fixes & reason prescribes4 ,let ! ambiti\s h hon\rs1 titles1 di/9ctions1 & p[]1 :5 !y %all h usefully s]v$ _! c\ntry2 let ri*es be giv5 to ^? :o covet !m1 :5 !y %all h r5d]$ !mselves necess>y to _! fell[ citiz5s2 let comm5dations1 let eulogies1 enc\rage ^? :o %all be actuat$ by ! love ( glory4 ,9 %ort1 let ! passions ( man h a free1 an un9t]rupt$ c\rse1 :5ev] !re %all result f _! ex]cise1 real1 sub/antial1 & durable advantages to society4 ,let education k9dle only ^?1 :i* are truly b5eficial to ! human species2 let x fav\r ^? alone :i* are really necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( society4 ,! passions ( man are dang]\s1 only because e ?+ conspires to give !m an evil direction4 ,nature does n make man ei!r good or wick$3 %e comb9es ma*9es m or less active1 mobile1 & en]getic2 %e furni%es him ) organs & temp]am5t1 ( :i* 8 passions1 m or less impetu\s1 are ! necess>y consequ5ce2 ^! passions h always 8 happ9ess = _! object1 8 welf>e = _! end3 9 consequ5ce !y are legitimate1 !y are natural1 !y c only be call$ bad or good1 relatively1 to ! influ5ce !y h on ! be+s ( 8 species4 ,nature gives man legs prop] to su/a9 8 weight1 & necess>y to transport him f "o place to ano!r2 ! c>e ( ^? :o re> !m /r5g!ns !m1 habituates him to avail himself ( him1 accu/oms him to make ei!r a good or a bad use ( !m4 ,! arm :i* he has receiv$ f ,nature is nei!r good nor bad2 x is necess>y to a great numb] ( ! actions ( life2 nev]!less1 ! use ( ?is arm becomes crim9al1 if he has contract$ ! habit ( us+ x to rob1 to assass9ate1 ) a view to obta9 t money :i* he has be5 taught f 8 infancy to desire1 & :i* ! society 9 :i* he lives r5d]s necess>y to him1 b :i* 8 indu/ry w enable him to obta9 )\t do+ injury to 8 fell[ man4 ,! he>t ( man is a soil :i* ,nature has made equally suitable to ! production ( brambles1 or ( useful gra9--( delet]\s poison1 or ( refre%+ fruit1 by virtue ( ! se$s :i* may be s[n 9 x--by ! cultivation t may be be/[$ ^u x1 ,9 8 infancy1 ^? objects are po9t$ out to him :i* he is to e/imate or to despise1 to seek aft] or to avoid1 to love or to hate4 ,x is 8 p>5ts1 8 in/ructors1 :o r5d] him ei!r virtu\s or wick$1 wise or unreasonable1 /udi\s or dissipat$1 /eady or trifl+1 solid or va94 ,_! example1 _! disc\rse1 modify him ?r\gh 8 :ole life1 tea*+ him :at are ! ?+s he ought ei!r to desire or to avoid2 :at ! objects he ought to fe> or to love3 he desires !m1 9 consequ5ce2 & he imposes on himself ! task ( obta9+ !m1 accord+ to ! en]gy ( 8 temp]am5t1 :i* ev] decides ! =ce ( 8 passions4 ,x is ?us t education1 by inspir+ him ) op9ions1 by infus+ into him ideas1 :e!r true or false1 gives him ^? primitive impulsions aft] :i* he acts1 9 a mann] ei!r advantage\s or prejudicial bo? to himself & to o!rs4 ,man1 at 8 bir?1 br+s ) him into ! _w no?+ b ! necessity ( cons]v+ himself1 ( r5d]+ 8 exi/5ce happy3 in/ruction1 example1 ! cu/oms ( ! _w1 pres5t him ) ! means1 ei!r real or imag9>y1 ( a*iev+ x2 habit procures = him ! facility ( employ+ ^! means3 he atta*es himself /rongly to ^? he judges be/ calculat$1 mo/ prop] to secure to him ! possession ( ^? objects :i* !y h taught him1 :i* he has le>n$ to desire z ! pref]able good atta*$ to 8 exi/5ce4 ,:5ev] 8 education--:5ev] ! examples :i* h be5 af=d$ him--:5ev] ! means ) :i* he has be5 provid$1 are approv$ by reason1 are ! result ( exp]i5ce1 e ?+ concurs to r5d] him virtu\s2 habit /r5g!ns ^! dispositions 9 him2 he becomes1 9 consequ5ce1 a useful memb] ( society2 to ! int]e/s ( :i*1 e ?+ ought to prove to him 8 own p]man5t well-be+1 8 own durable felicity1 is necess>ily alli$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 8 education--8 in/itutions--! examples :i* are set be=e him--! op9ions :i* are sugge/$ to him 9 8 infancy1 are ( a nature to exhibit to 8 m9d virtue z useless & repugnant--vice z useful & cong5ial to 8 own individual happ9ess1 he w become vici\s2 he w believe himself int]e/$ 9 injur+ society1 9 r5d]+ 8 associates unhappy2 he w be c>ri$ along by ! g5]al curr5t3 he w r5\nce virtue1 :i* to him w no long] be any ?+ m ?an a va9 idol1 )\t attractions to induce him to foll[ x2 )\t *>ms to tempt 8 adoration2 because x w appe> to exact1 t he %\ld immolate at its %r9e1 t he %\ld sacrifice at its alt> all ^? objects :i* he has be5 con/antly taught to consid] ! mo/ de> to himself2 to contemplate z b5efits ! mo/ desirable4 ,9 ord] t man may become virtu\s1 x is absolutely requisite t he %\ld h an int]e/1 t he %\ld f9d advantages 9 practis+ virtue4 ,= ?is end1 x is necess>y t education %\ld implant 9 him reasonable ideas2 t public op9ion %\ld lean t[>ds virtue1 z ! mo/ desirable good2 t example %\ld po9t x out z ! object mo/ wor?y e/eem2 t gov]nm5t %\ld fai?fully recomp5se1 %\ld regul>ly rew>d x2 t honor %\ld always accompany its practice2 t vice %\ld con/antly be despis$2 t crime %\ld inv>iably be puni%$4 ,is virtue 9 ?is situation among/ m58 does ! education ( man infuse into him j1 fai?ful ideas ( happ9ess--true notions ( virtue--dispositions really fav\rable to ! be+s ) :om he is to live8 ,! examples spread be=e him1 are !y suitable to innoc5ce & mann]s8 are !y calculat$ to make him respect dec5cy--to cause him to love probity--to practice hone/y--to value good fai?--to e/eem equity--to rev]e conjugal fidelity--to obs]ve exactitude 9 fulfill+ 8 duties8 ,religion1 :i* alone pret5ds to regulate 8 mann]s1 does x r5d] him sociable--does x make him pacific--does x tea* him to be humane8 ,! arbit]s1 ! sov]eigns ( society1 are !y fai?ful 9 recomp5s+1 punctual 9 rew>d+1 ^? :o h be/ s]v$ _! c\ntry8 9 puni%+ ^? :o h pillag$1 :o h robb$1 :o h plund]$1 :o h divid$1 :o h ru9$ x8 ,ju/ice1 does %e hold h] scales ) a firm1 ) an ev5 h&1 betwe5 all ! citiz5s ( ! /ate8 ,! laws1 d !y nev] support ! /rong aga9/ ! weak--favor ! ri* aga9/ ! poor--uphold ! happy aga9/ ! mis]able8 ,9 %ort1 is x an uncommon spectacle to behold crime frequ5tly ju/ifi$1 (t5 applaud$1 sometimes cr[n$ ) success1 insol5tly triumph+1 arrogantly /rid+ ov] t m]it :i* x disda9s1 ov] t virtue :i* x outrages8 ,well !n1 9 societies ?us con/itut$1 virtue c only be he>d by a v small numb] ( peaceable citiz5s1 a few g5]\s s\ls1 :o "k h[ to e/imate its value1 :o enjoy x 9 secret4 ,= ! o!rs1 x is only a disgu/+ object2 !y see 9 x no?+ b ! suppos$ enemy to _! happ9ess1 or ! c5sor ( _! individual conduct4 ,if man1 accord+ to 8 nature1 is necessitat$ to desire 8 welf>e1 he is equally oblig$ to love & *]i% ! means by :i* he believes x is to be acquir$3 x w\ld be useless1 x w\ld p]haps be unju/1 to dem& t a man %\ld be virtu\s1 if he c\ld n be s )\t r5d]+ himself mis]able4 ,:5ev] he ?9ks vice r5d]s him happy1 he mu/ necess>ily love vice2 :5ev] he sees inutility recomp5s$1 crime rew>d$--:5ev] he witnesses ei!r or bo? ( !m honor$1--:at int]e/ w he f9d 9 occupy+ himself ) ! happ9ess ( 8 fell[-creatures8 :at advantage w he discov] 9 re/ra9+ ! fury ( 8 passions8 ,:5ev] 8 m9d is saturat$ ) false ideas1 fill$ ) dang]\s op9ions1 x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t 8 :ole conduct w become no?+ m ?an a long *a9 ( errors1 a tissue ( mi/akes1 a s]ies ( deprav$ actions4 ,we are in=m$1 t ! savages1 9 ord] to flatt5 ! heads ( _! *ildr51 squeeze !m betwe5 two bo>ds1 by t means prev5t+ !m f tak+ ! %ape design$ = !m by ,nature4 ,x is pretty ne>ly ! same ?+ ) ! in/itutions ( man2 !y commonly conspire to c\nt]act ,nature1 to con/ra9 & div]t1 to ext+ui% ! impulse ,nature has giv5 him1 to sub/itute o!rs :i* are ! s\rce ( all 8 mis=tunes4 ,9 almo/ all ! c\ntries ( ! e>?1 man is b]eft ( tru?1 is f$ ) falsehoods1 & amus$ ) m>vell\s *im]as3 he is treat$ l ^? *ildr5 ^: memb]s are1 by ! imprud5t c>e ( _! nurses1 swa!d ) little fillets1 b\nd up ) roll]s1 :i* deprive !m ( ! free use ( _! limbs1 ob/ruct _! gr[?1 prev5t _! activity1 & oppose !mselves to _! heal?4 ,mo/ ( ! sup]/iti\s op9ions ( man h = _! object only to display to him 8 supreme felicity 9 ^? illusions = :i* !y k9dle 8 passions3 b z ! phantoms :i* are pres5t$ to 8 imag9ation are incapable ( be+ consid]$ 9 ! same light by all :o contemplate !m1 he is p]petually 9 dispute conc]n+ ^! objects2 he hates 8 fell[1 he p]secutes 8 neighb\r1 8 neighb\r 9 turn p]secutes him1 & he believes t 9 do+ ?is he is do+ well3 t 9 committ+ ! greate/ crimes to su/a9 8 op9ions he is act+ "r4 ,x is ?us sup]/ition infatuates man f 8 infancy1 fills him ) vanity1 & enslaves him ) fanaticism3 if he has a heat$ imag9ation1 x drives him on to fury2 if he has activity1 x makes him a madman1 :o is frequ5tly z cruel himself1 z he is dang]\s to 8 fell[-creatures1 z he is incommodi\s to o!rs3 if1 on ! contr>y1 he be phlegmatic1 & ( a slo?ful habit1 he becomes melan*oly & useless to society4 ,public op9ion e in/ant (f]s to man's contemplation false ideas ( honor1 & wrong notions ( glory3 x atta*es 8 e/eem n only to frivol\s advantages1 b also to prejudicial int]e/s & injuri\s actions2 :i* example au?orizes1 :i* prejudice consecrates1 :i* habit precludes him f view+ ) ! disgu/ & horror :i* !y m]it4 ,inde$1 habit famili>izes 8 m9d ) ! mo/ absurd ideas1 ! mo/ unreasonable cu/oms1 ! mo/ blameable actions2 ) prejudices ! mo/ contr>y to 8 own int]e/s1 & detrim5tal to ! society 9 :i* he lives4 ,he f9ds no?+ /range1 no?+ s+ul>1 no?+ despicable1 no?+ ridicul\s1 except ^? op9ions & objects to :i* he is himself unaccu/om$4 ,!re are c\ntries 9 :i* ! mo/ laudable actions appe> v blameable & ridicul\s--:]e ! f\le/ & mo/ diabolical actions pass = v hone/ & p]fectly rational conduct4 ,9 "s nations !y kill ! old m52 9 "s ! *ildr5 /rangle _! fa!rs4 ,! ,pho5icians & ,c>?ag9ians immolat$ _! *ildr5 to _! gods4 ,europeans approve duels2 he :o refuses to cut ! ?roat ( ano!r1 or to bl[ out ! bra9s ( 8 neighb\r1 is contemplat$ by !m z di%on\r$4 ,! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese ?9k x m]itori\s to burn an h]etic4 ,9 "s c\ntries wom5 pro/itute !mselves )\t di%on\r2 9 o!rs x is ! height ( hospitality = a man to pres5t 8 wife to ! embraces ( ! /rang]3 ! refusal to accept ?is1 excites 8 scorn & calls =? 8 res5tm5t4 ,au?ority commonly believes itself int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! receiv$ op9ions3 ^? prejudices & errors :i* x consid]s requisite to ! ma9t5ance ( its p[] & ! consolidation ( its int]e/s1 are su/a9$ by =ce1 :i* is nev] rational4 ,pr9ces !mselves1 fill$ ) deceptive images ( happ9ess1 mi/ak5 notions ( p[]1 errone\s op9ions ( gr&eur1 & false ideas ( glory1 are surr\nd$ ) flatt]+ c\rti]s1 :o are int]e/$ 9 keep+ up ! delusion ( _! ma/]s3 ^! contemptible m5 h acquir$ ideas ( virtue1 only t !y may outrage x3 by degrees !y corrupt ! p1 ^! become deprav$1 l5d !mselves to _! debau*]ies1 p&] to ! vices ( ! great1 !n make a m]it ( imitat+ !m 9 _! irregul>ities4 ,a c\rt is too frequ5tly ! true focus ( ! corruption ( a p4 ,?is is ! true s\rce ( moral evil4 ,x is ?us t e ?+ conspires to r5d] man vici\s1 & give a fatal impulse to 8 s\l3 f :5ce results ! g5]al confusion ( society1 :i* becomes unhappy1 f ! mis]y ( almo/ e "o ( its memb]s4 ,! /ronge/ motive-p[]s are put 9 action to inspire man ) a passion = futile objects :i* are indiff]5t to him2 :i* make him become dang]\s to 8 fell[ man1 by ! means :i* he is compell$ to employ1 9 ord] to obta9 !m4 ,^? :o h ! *>ge ( guid+ 8 /eps1 ei!r impo/ors !mselves1 or ! dupes to _! own prejudices1 =bid him to he>k5 to reason2 !y make tru? appe> dang]\s to him2 !y exhibit error z requisite to 8 welf>e1 n only 9 ?is _w1 b 9 ! next4 ,9 %ort1 habit /rongly atta*es him to 8 irrational op9ions1 to 8 p]il\s incl9ations1 & to 8 bl9d passion = objects ei!r useless or dang]\s4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! reason :y = ! mo/ "p man f9ds himself necess>ily det]m9$ to evil2 ! reason :y ! passions1 inh]5t 9 8 ,nature & necess>y to 8 cons]vation1 become ! in/rum5ts ( 8 de/ruction1 & ! bane ( t society1 :i* prop]ly conduct$1 !y ought to pres]ve2 ! reason :y society becomes a /ate ( w>f>e2 :y x does no?+ b assemble enemies1 :o are envi\s ( ea* o!r1 & are always rivals = ! prize4 ,if "s virtu\s be+s are to be f\nd 9 ^! societies1 !y mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! v small numb] ( ^?1 :o born ) a phlegmatic temp]am5t h mod]ate passions1 :o !re=e1 ei!r d n desire at all1 or desire v feebly1 ^? objects ) :i* _! associates are cont9ually inebriat$4 ,man's nature1 div]sely cultivat$1 decides ^u 8 faculties1 z well corporeal z intellectual2 ^u 8 qualities1 z well moral z physical4 ,! man :o is ( a sangu9e1 robu/ con/itution1 mu/ necess>ily h /rong passions2 he :o is ( a bili\s1 melan*oly habit1 w z necess>ily h fanta/ical & gloomy passions2 ! man ( a gay turn1 ( a sprightly imag9ation1 w h *e]ful passions2 :ile ! man 9 :om phlegm ab\nds1 w h ^? :i* are g5tle1 or :i* h a v slight degree ( viol5ce4 ,x appe>s to be ^u ! equilibrium ( ! hum\rs1 t dep5ds ! /ate ( ! man :o is call$ virtu\s2 8 temp]am5t seems to be ! result ( a comb9ation1 9 :i* ! elem5ts or pr9ciples are balanc$ ) su* precision t no "o passion pr$om9ates ov] ano!r1 or c>ries into 8 ma*9e m disord] ?an its neighb\r4 ,habit1 z we h se51 is man's nature modifi$3 ?is latt] furni%es ! matt]2 education1 dome/ic example1 national mann]s1 give x ! =m3 ^!1 act+ on 8 temp]am5t1 make him ei!r reasonable1 or irrational--enlight5$1 or /upid--a fanatic1 or a h]o--an en?usia/ = ! public good1 or an unbridl$ crim9al--a wise man1 smitt5 ) ! advantages ( virtue1 or a lib]t9e1 plung$ into e k9d ( vice4 ,all ! v>ieties ( ! moral man1 dep5d on ! div]sity ( 8 ideas2 :i* are !mselves arrang$ & comb9$ 9 8 bra9 by ! int]v5tion ( 8 s5ses4 ,8 temp]am5t is ! produce ( physical sub/ances1 8 habits are ! effect ( physical modifications2 ! op9ions1 :e!r good or bad1 injuri\s or b5eficial1 true or false1 :i* =m !mselves 9 8 m9d1 are nev] m ?an ! effect ( ^? physical impulsions :i* ! bra9 receives by ! m$ium ( ! s5ses4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,! ,s\l does n d]ive its ideas f itself--,x has no innate ,ideas4 ,:at has prec$$ suffices to prove1 t ! int]ior organ ( man1 :i* is call$ 8 s\l1 is purely mat]ial4 ,he w be enabl$ to conv9ce himself ( ?is tru?1 by ! mann] 9 :i* he acquires 8 ideas1--f ^? impressions :i* mat]ial objects successively make on 8 organs1 :i* are !mselves ackn[l$g$ to be mat]ial4 ,x has be5 se51 t ! faculties :i* are call$ intellectual1 are to be ascrib$ to t ( feel+2 ! diff]5t qualities ( ^? faculties :i* are call$ moral1 h be5 expla9$ aft] ! necess>y laws ( a v simple me*anism3 x n[ rema9s1 to reply to ^? :o /ill ob/9ately p]si/ 9 mak+ ! s\l a sub/ance di/+ui%$ f ! body1 or :o insi/ on giv+ x an ess5ce totally di/9ct4 ,!y seem to f\nd _! di/9ction ^u ?is1 t ?is int]ior organ has ! faculty ( draw+ its ideas f )9 itself2 !y w h x1 t man1 at 8 bir?1 br+s ) him ideas into ! _w1 :i*1 accord+ to ?is wond]ful notion1 !y h call$ innate4 ,! ,jews h a simil> doctr9e :i* !y borr[$ f ! ,*aldeans3 _! rabb9s taught1 t ea* s\l1 be=e x 0 unit$ to ! se$ t mu/ =m an infant 9 ! womb ( a woman1 is confid$ to ! c>e ( an angel1 :i* causes him to behold heav51 e>?1 & hell3 ?is1 !y pret5d1 is done by ! assi/ance ( a lamp1 :i* ext+ui%es itself z soon z ! infant comes into ! _w4 ,"s anci5t philosoph]s h held1 t ! s\l orig9ally conta9s ! pr9ciples ( sev]al notions or doctr9es3 ! ,/oics designat$ ?is by ! t]m ,,prolepsis1 anticipat$ op9ions2 ! ,greek ma!maticians1 ,,ko9as ,,ennoias1 univ]sal ideas4 ,!y h believ$ t ! s\l1 by a special privilege1 9 a nature :]e e ?+ is connect$1 enjoy$ ! faculty ( mov+ itself )\t receiv+ any impulse2 ( creat+ to itself ideas1 ( ?9k+ on a subject1 )\t be+ det]m9$ to su* action1 by any ext]ior object2 :i* by mov+ its organs %\ld furni% x ) an image ( ! subject ( its ?\ghts4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! gratuit\s suppositions1 ( ^! extraord9>y pret5sions1 :i* x is only requisite to expose1 9 ord] to confute "s v able speculators1 :o 7 prepossess$ by _! sup]/iti\s prejudices2 h v5tur$ ! l5g? to ass]t1 t )\t model1 )\t prototype to act on ! s5ses1 ! s\l is compet5t to del9eate to itself1 ! :ole univ]se ) all ! be+s x conta9s4 ,,desc>tes & 8 disciples h assur$ u1 t ! body w5t absolutely = no?+1 9 ! s5sations1 9 ! p]ceptions1 9 ! ideas ( ! s\l2 t x c feel1 t x c p]ceive1 t x c und]/&1 t x c ta/e1 t x c t\*1 ev5 :5 !re %\ld exi/ no?+ t is corporeal or mat]ial ext]ior to ourselves4 ,b :at %all be said ( a ,,b]keley1 :o has endeav\r$1 :o has lab\r$ to prove to man1 t e ?+ 9 ?is _w is no?+ m ?an a *im]ical illusion2 t ! univ]se exi/s n[h]e b 9 himself2 t x has no id5tity b 9 8 imag9ation2 :o has r5d]$ ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s problematical by ! aid ( sophisms1 insolvable ev5 to ^? :o ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( ! spirituality ( ! s\l4 ,extravagant z ?is doctr9e ( ! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,cloyne may appe>1 x _c well be m s ?an t ( ,,malebran*e1 ! *ampion ( innate ideas2 :o makes ! div9ity ! common bond betwe5 ! s\l & ! body3 or ?an t ( ^? metaphysicians1 :o ma9ta9 t ! s\l is a sub/ance het]og5e\s to ! body2 :o by ascrib+ to ?is s\l ! ?\ghts ( man1 h 9 fact r5d]$ ! body sup]flu\s4 ,!y h n p]ceiv$ !y 7 liable to "o solid objection1 :i* is1 t if ! ideas ( man are innate1 if he d]ives !m f a sup]ior be+1 indep5d5t ( ext]ior causes1 if he sees e ?+ 9 ,god2 h[ comes x t s _m false ideas are afloat1 t s _m errors prevail1 ) :i* ! human m9d is saturat$8 ,f :5ce comes ^! op9ions1 :i* accord+ to ! !ologians are s displeas+ to ,god8 ,might x n be a "q to ! ,malebran*i/s1 0 x 9 ! ,div9ity t ,,sp9oza beheld 8 sy/em8 ,nev]!less1 to ju/ify su* mon/r\s op9ions1 !y ass]t t ideas are only ! objects ( ?\ght4 ,b accord+ to ! la/ analysis1 ^! ideas c only rea* man f ext]ior objects1 :i* 9 giv+ impulse to 8 s5ses modify 8 bra92 or f ! mat]ial be+s conta9$ )9 ! int]ior ( 8 ma*9e1 :o make "s p>ts ( 8 body exp]i5ce ^? s5sations :i* he p]ceives1 :i* furni% him ) ideas1 :i* he relates1 fai?fully or o!rwise1 to ! cause t moves him4 ,ea* idea is an effect1 b h[ev] difficult x may be to recur to ! cause1 c we possibly suppose x is n ascribable to a cause8 ,if we c only =m ideas ( mat]ial sub/ances1 h[ c we suppose ! cause ( our ideas c possibly be immat]ial8 ,to pret5d t man )\t ! aid ( ext]ior objects1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( 8 s5ses1 is compet5t to =m ideas ( ! univ]se1 is to ass]t1 t a bl9d man is 9 a capacity to =m a true idea ( a picture1 t repres5ts "s fact ( :i* he has nev] he>d any "o speak4 ,x is v easy to p]ceive ! s\rce ( ^? errors1 into :i* m51 o!rwise extremely pr(\nd & v enlight5$ h fall51 :5 !y h be5 desir\s to speak ( ! s\l3 to describe its op]ations4 ,oblig$ ei!r by _! own prejudices1 or by ! fe> ( combatt+ ! op9ions ( "s imp]i\s !ologian1 !y h become ! advocates ( ! pr9ciple1 t ! s\l 0 a pure _s3 an immat]ial sub/ance2 ( an ess5ce directly diff]5t f t ( ! body2 f e ?+ we behold3 ?is grant$1 !y h be5 incompet5t to conceive h[ mat]ial objects c\ld op]ate1 9 :at mann] gross & corporeal organs 7 enabl$ to act on a sub/ance1 t _h no k9d ( analogy ) !m2 h[ !y 7 9 a capacity to modify x by convey+ its ideas2 9 ! impossibility ( expla9+ ?is ph5om5on1 at ! same "t p]ceiv+ t ! s\l _h ideas1 !y conclud$ t x mu/ draw !m f itself1 & n f ^? be+s1 :i* accord+ to _! own hypo!sis1 7 incapable ( act+ on x1 or r1 ( :i* !y c\ld n conceive ! mann] ( action2 !y !re=e imag9$ t all ! modifications1 all ! actions ( ?is s\l1 sprung f its own peculi> en]gy1 7 impr9t$ on x f its fir/ =mation1 by ! ,au?or ( ,nature3 t ^! did n 9 any mann] dep5d ^u ! be+s ( :i* we h a k1 or :i* act ^u x1 by ! gross means ( our s5ses4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s ph5om5a1 :i*1 consid]$ sup]ficially1 appe> to support ! op9ion ( ^! philosoph]s2 to ann\nce a faculty 9 ! human s\l ( produc+ ideas )9 itself1 )\t any ext]ior aid2 ^! are dreams1 9 :i* ! int]ior organ ( man1 depriv$ ( objects t move x visibly1 does n1 h[ev]1 cease to h ideas--to be set 9 activity--to be modifi$ 9 a mann] t is suffici5tly s5sible--to h an influ5ce ^u 8 body4 ,b if a little reflection be call$ 91 ! solution to ?is difficulty w be f\nd3 x w be p]ceiv$ t1 ev5 dur+ sleep1 8 bra9 is suppli$ ) a multitude ( ideas1 ) :i* ! eye or "t be=e has /ock$ x2 ^! ideas 7 communicat$ to x by ext]ior or corporeal objects1 by :i* !y h be5 modifi$3 x w be f\nd t ^! modifications r5ew !mselves1 n by any spontane\s1 n by any volunt>y motion on its "p1 b by a *a9 ( involunt>y movem5ts :i* take place 9 8 ma*9e1 :i* det]m9e1 :i* excite ^? t give play to ! bra92 ^! modifications r5ew !mselves ) m or less fidelity1 ) a great] or less] degree ( con=mity to ^? :i* x has ant]iorly exp]i5c$4 ,sometimes 9 dream+1 he has memory1 !n he retraces to himself ! objects :i* h /ruck him fai?fully2--at o!r times1 ^! modifications r5ew !mselves )\t ord]1 & )\t connection1 v diff]5tly f ^?1 :i* real objects h be=e excit$ 9 8 int]ior organ4 ,if 9 a dream he believes he sees a fri5d1 8 bra9 r5ews 9 itself ! modifications or ! ideas :i* ?is fri5d _h =m]ly excit$--9 ! same ord] t !y arrang$ !mselves :5 8 eyes really beheld him--?is is no?+ m ?an an effect ( memory4 ,if 9 8 dream he fancies he sees a mon/] :i* has no model 9 nature1 8 bra9 is !n modifi$ 9 ! same mann] t x 0 by ! p>ticul>1 by ! deta*$ ideas1 ) :i* x !n does no?+ m ?an compose an ideal :ole2 by assembl+1 & associat+1 9 a ridicul\s mann]1 ! scatt]$ ideas t 7 consign$ to its keep+2 x is !n1 t 9 dream+ he has imag9ation4 ,^? dreams t are tr\blesome1 extravagant1 :imsical1 or unconnect$1 are commonly ! effect ( "s confusion 9 8 ma*9e2 su* z pa9ful indige/ion--an ov]heat$ blood--a prejudicial f]m5tation1 c4--^! mat]ial causes excite 9 8 body a disord]ly motion1 :i* precludes ! bra9 f be+ modifi$ 9 ! same mann] x 0 on ! day be=e2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is irregul> motion ! bra9 is di/urb$1 x only repres5ts to itself confus$ ideas t want connection4 ,:5 9 a dream1 he believes he sees a ,sph9x1 a be+ suppos$ by ! poets to h a head & face l a woman1 a body l a dog1 w+s l a bird1 & claws l a lion1 :o put =? riddles & kill$ ^? :o c\ld n exp\nd !m2 ei!r1 he has se5 ! repres5tation ( "o :5 he 0 awake1 or else ! disord]ly motion ( ! bra9 is su* t x causes x to comb9e ideas1 to connect p>ts1 f :i* !re results a :ole )\t model1 ( :i* ! p>ts 7 n =m$ to be unit$4 ,x is ?us1 t 8 bra9 comb9es ! head ( a woman1 ( :i* x already has ! idea1 ) ! body ( a lioness1 ( :i* x also has ! image4 ,9 ?is 8 head acts 9 ! same mann]1 z :5 by any defect 9 ! int]ior organ1 8 disord]$ imag9ation pa9ts to him "s objects1 not)/&+ he is awake4 ,he frequ5tly dreams1 )\t be+ asleep3 8 dreams nev] produce any ?+ s /range b t !y h "s resemblance1 ) ! objects :i* h ant]iorly act$ on 8 s5ses2 :i* h already communicat$ ideas to 8 bra94 ,! wat*ful !ologians h compos$1 at _! leisure1 9 _! wak+ h\rs1 ^? phantoms1 ( :i* !y avail !mselves1 to t]rify or fright5 man2 !y h done no?+ m ?an assemble ! scatt]$ traits :i* !y h f\nd 9 ! mo/ t]rible be+s ( _! own species2 by exagg]at+ ! p[]s1 by enl>g+ ! rights claim$ by tyrants1 !y h =m$ ideal be+s1 be=e :om man trembles1 & is afraid4 ,?us1 x is se51 t dreams1 f> f prov+ t ! s\l acts by its own peculi> en]gy1 t x draws its ideas f its own recesses2 prove1 on ! contr>y1 t 9 sleep x is intirely passive1 t x does n ev5 r5ew its modifications1 b accord+ to ! involunt>y confusion1 :i* physical causes produce 9 ! body1 ( :i* e ?+ t5ds to %ew ! id5tity1 ! consub/antiality ) ! s\l4 ,:at appe>s to h l$ ^? into a mi/ake1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! s\l drew its ideas f itself1 is ?is1 !y h contemplat$ ^! ideas1 z if !y 7 real be+s1 :51 9 po9t ( fact1 !y are no?+ m ?an ! modifications produc$ 9 ! bra9 ( man1 by objects to :i* ?is bra9 is a /rang]2 !y are ^! objects1 :o are ! true models1 :o are ! real ar*etypes to :i* x is necess>y to recur3 "h is ! s\rce ( all _! errors4 ,9 ! individual :o dreams1 ! s\l does n act m f itself1 ?an x does 9 ! man :o is drunk1 t is to say1 :o is modifi$ by "s spiritu\s liquor3 or ?an x does 9 ! sick man1 :5 he is deliri\s1 t is to say1 :5 he is modifi$ by ^? physical causes :i* di/urb 8 ma*9e1 :i* ob/ruct x 9 ! p]=mance ( its functions2 or ?an x1 does 9 him1 ^: bra9 is disord]$3 dreams1 l ^! v>i\s /ates1 ann\nce no?+ m ?an a physical confusion 9 ! human ma*9e1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* ! bra9 ceases to act1 aft] a precise & regul> mann]3 ?is disord] may be trac$ to physical causes1 su* z ! alim5ts--! hum\rs--! comb9ations--! f]m5tations1 :i* are b little analog\s to ! salut>y /ate ( man2 f h5ce x w appe>1 t 8 bra9 is necess>ily confus$1 :5ev] 8 body is agitat$ 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,d n let him1 !re=e1 believe t 8 s\l acts by itself1 or )\t a cause1 9 any "o mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce2 x is1 conjo9tly ) ! body1 submitt$ to ! impulse ( be+s1 :o act on him necess>ily1 accord+ to _! v>i\s prop]ties4 ,w9e tak5 9 too great a quantity1 necess>ily di/urbs 8 ideas1 causes confusion 9 8 corporeal functions1 occasions disord] 9 8 m5tal faculties4 ,if !re really exi/$ a be+ 9 ,nature1 ) ! capability ( mov+ itself by its own peculi> en]gies1 t is to say1 able to produce motion1 indep5d5t ( all o!r causes1 su* a be+ w\ld h ! p[] ( arre/+ itself1 or ( susp5d+ ! motion ( ! univ]se2 :i* is no?+ m ?an an imm5se *a9 ( causes l9k$ "o to ano!r1 act+ & re-act+ by necess>y immutable laws1 & :i* _c be *ang$1 :i* are incapable ( be+ susp5d$1 unless ! ess5ces ( e ?+ 9 x 7 *ang$1 )\t ! prop]ties ( e ?+ 7 annihilat$4 ,9 ! g5]al sy/em ( ! _w1 no?+ m c be p]ceiv$ ?an a long s]ies ( motion1 receiv$ & communicat$ 9 succession1 by be+s capacitat$ to give impulse to ea* o!r3 x is ?us1 t ea* body is mov$ by ! collision ( "s o!r body4 ,! invisible motion ( "s s\l is to be attribut$ to causes conceal$ )9 himself2 he believes t x is mov$ by itself1 because he does n see ! spr+s :i* put x 9 motion1 or because he conceives ^? p[]s are incapable ( produc+ ! effects he s mu* admires3 b1 does he m cle>ly conceive1 h[ a sp>k 9 explod+ gunp[d]1 is capable ( produc+ ! t]rible effects he witnesses8 ,! s\rce ( 8 errors arise f ?is1 t he reg>ds 8 body z gross & in]t1 :il/ ?is body is a s5sible ma*9e1 :i* has necess>ily an in/antane\s consci5ce ! mom5t x receives an impression2 :i* is consci\s ( its own exi/5ce by ! recollection ( impressions successively exp]i5c$2 memory by resuscitat+ an impression ant]iorly receiv$1 by deta9+ x1 or by caus+ an impression :i* x receives to rema91 :il/ x associates x ) ano!r1 !n ) a ?ird1 gives all ! me*anism ( reason+4 ,an idea1 :i* is only an imp]ceptible modification ( ! bra91 gives play to ! organ ( spee*1 :i* displays itself by ! motion x excites 9 ! tongue3 ?is1 9 its turn1 bre$s ideas1 ?\ghts1 & passions1 9 ^? be+s :o are provid$ ) organs susceptible ( receiv+ analag\s motion2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! wills ( a great numb] ( m5 are influ5c$1 :o1 comb9+ _! ef=ts1 produce a revolution 9 a /ate1 or ev5 h an influ5ce ov] ! entire globe4 ,x is ?us1 t an ,,alex&] decid$ ! fate ( ,asia1 x is ?us1 t a ,,mahomet *ang$ ! face ( ! e>?2 x is ?us1 t imp]ceptible causes produce ! mo/ t]rible1 ! mo/ ext5d$ effects1 by a s]ies ( necess>y motion impr9t$ on ! bra9 ( man4 ,! difficulty ( compreh5d+ ! effects produc$ on ! s\l ( man1 has made him attribute to x ^? incompreh5sible qualities :i* h be5 exam9$4 ,by ! aid ( imag9ation1 by ! p[] ( ?\ght1 ?is s\l appe>s to quit 8 body1 to c>ry itself ) ! greate/ ease1 to transport itself ) ! utmo/ facility t[>ds ! mo/ di/ant objects2 to run ov]1 to approximate 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 all ! po9ts ( ! univ]se3 he has !re=e believ$1 t a be+ :o is susceptible ( su* rapid motion1 mu/ be ( a nature v di/+ui%$ f all o!rs2 he has p]suad$ himself t ?is s\l 9 reality does travel1 t x actually spr+s ov] ! imm5se space necess>y to meet ^! v>i\s objects2 he did n p]ceive1 t to d x 9 an in/ant1 x _h only to run ov] itself to approximate ! ideas consign$ to its keep+1 by means ( ! s5ses4 ,inde$1 x is nev] by any o!r means ?an by 8 s5ses1 t be+s become kn[n to man1 or furni% him ) ideas2 x is only 9 consequ5ce ( ! impulse giv5 to 8 body1 t 8 bra9 is modifi$1 or t 8 s\l ?9ks1 wills1 & acts4 ,if1 z ,,ari/otle ass]t$ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1--no?+ ent]s ! m9d ( man b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 s5ses1--x foll[s z a consequ5ce1 t e ?+ t issues f x mu/ f9d "s s5sible object to :i* x c atta* its ideas1 :e!r imm$iately1 z a man1 a tree1 a bird1 c4 or 9 ! la/ analysis or decomposition1 su* z pleasure1 happ9ess1 vice1 virtue1 c4 ,?is pr9ciple1 s true1 s lum9\s1 s important 9 its consequ5ce1 has be5 set =? 9 all its lu/re1 by a great numb] ( philosoph]s2 among ! re/1 by ! great ,,locke4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 a ^w or its idea does n connect itself ) "s s5sible object to :i* x c be relat$1 ?is ^w or ?is idea is unmean+1 & void ( s5se2 x 7 bett] = man t ! idea 0 bani%$ f 8 m9d1 /ruck out ( 8 language3 ?is pr9ciple is only ! conv]se ( ! axiom ( ,,ari/otle1--if ! direct be evid5t1 ! inv]se mu/ be s likewise4 ,h[ has x happ5$1 t ! pr(\nd ,,locke1 :o1 to ! great mortification ( ! metaphysicians1 has plac$ ?is pr9ciple ( ,,ari/otle 9 ! cle>e/ po9t ( view8 h[ is x1 t all ^? :o1 l him1 h recogniz$ ! absurdity ( ! sy/em ( innate ideas1 h n drawn ! imm$iate1 ! necess>y consequ5ces8 ,h[ has x come to pass1 t !y h n _h suffici5t c\rage to apply s cle> a pr9ciple to all ^? fanciful *im]as ) :i* ! human m9d has = su* a l5g? ( "t be5 s va9ly occupi$8 did !y n p]ceive t _! pr9ciple sapp$ ! v f\ndations ( ^? metaphysical speculations1 :i* nev] occupy man b ) ^? objects ( :i*1 z !y are inaccessible to 8 s5ses1 he consequ5tly c nev] =m to himself any accurate idea8 ,b prejudice1 :5 x is g5]ally held sacr$1 prev5ts him f see+ ! mo/ simple application ( ! mo/ self-evid5t pr9ciples4 ,9 metaphysical rese>*es1 ! greate/ m5 are frequ5tly no?+ m ?an *ildr51 :o are incapable ( ei!r =esee+ or d$uc+ ! consequ5ce ( _! own data4 ,,locke1 z well z all ^? :o h adopt$ 8 sy/em1 :i* is s demon/rable1--or to ! axiom ( ,,ari/otle1 :i* is s cle>1 ought to h conclud$ f x t all ^? wond]ful ?+s ) :i* metaphysicians h amus$ !mselves1 are m]e *im]as2 m]e w&]+s ( ! imag9ation2 t an immat]ial _s or sub/ance1 )\t ext5t1 )\t p>ts1 is1 9 fact1 no?+ m ?an an abs5ce ( ideas2 9 %ort1 !y ought to h felt t ! ineffable intellig5ce :i* !y h suppos$ to preside at ! helm ( ! _w1 is aft] all no?+ m ?an a be+ ( _! own imag9ation1 on :i* man has nev] be5 9 accord1 :om he has pictur$ "u all ! v>iety ( =ms1 to :i* he has at diff]5t p]iods1 9 diff]5t climes1 ascrib$ e k9d ( attribute1 good or bad2 b ( :i* x is impossible 8 s5ses c ev] prove ei!r ! exi/5ce or ! qualities4 ,= ! same reason1 moral philosoph]s ought to h conclud$1 t :at is call$ moral s5tim5t1 moral in/9ct1 t is1 innate ideas ( virtue1 ant]ior to all exp]i5ce ( ! good or bad effects result+ f its practice1 are m]e *im]ical notions1 :i*1 l a great _m o!rs1 h = _! gu>antee & base only metaphysical speculation4 ,be=e man c judge1 he mu/ feel2 be=e he c di/+ui% good f evil1 he mu/ comp>e4 ,morals1 is a sci5ce ( facts3 to f\nd !m1 !re=e1 on an hypo!sis inaccessible to 8 s5ses1 ( :i* he has no means ( prov+ ! reality1 is to r5d] !m unc]ta92 x is to ca/ ! log ( discord into 8 lap1 to cause him unceas+ly to dispute ^u t :i* he c nev] und]/&4 ,to ass]t t ! ideas ( morals are innate1 or ! effect ( in/9ct1 is to pret5d t man kn[s h[ to read be=e he has le>n$ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet2 t he is acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( society be=e !y are ei!r made or promulgat$4 ,to undeceive him1 ) respect to innate ideas or modifications1 impr9t$ on 8 s\l1 at ! mom5t ( 8 bir?1 x is simply requisite to recur to _! s\rce2 he w !n see t ^? ) :i* he is famili>1 :i* h1 z x 71 id5tifi$ !mselves ) 8 exi/5ce1 h all come to him ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s ( 8 s5ses2 t !y are sometimes engrav5 on 8 bra9 ) great difficulty1--t !y h nev] be5 p]man5t1--t !y h p]petually v>i$ 9 him3 he w see t ^! pret5d$ inh]5t ideas ( 8 s\l1 are ! effect ( education1 ( example1 above all1 ( habit1 :i* by reit]at$ motion has taught 8 bra9 to associate 8 ideas ei!r 9 a confus$ or a p]spicu\s mann]2 to famili>ize itself ) sy/ems ei!r rational or absurd4 ,9 %ort1 he takes ^? = innate ideas ( :i* he has =gott5 ! orig92 he no long] recals to himself1 ei!r ! precise epo*1 or ! successive circum/ances :5 ^! ideas 7 fir/ consign$ to 8 bra93 arriv$ at a c]ta9 age he believes he has always _h ! same notions2 8 memory1 cr[d$ ) exp]i5ce1 load$ ) a multitude ( facts1 is no long] able to di/+ui% ! p>ticul> circum/ances :i* h contribut$ to give 8 bra9 its pres5t modifications2 its in/antane\s mode ( ?9k+2 its actual op9ions4 ,= example1 n "o ( 8 race1 p]haps1 recollects ! fir/ "t ! ^w ,god /ruck 8 e>s--! fir/ ideas t x =m$ 9 him--! fir/ ?\ghts t x produc$ 9 him2 nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t f !nce he has se>*$ = "s be+ ) :om to connect ! idea :i* he has ei!r =m$ to himself1 or :i* has be5 sugge/$ to him3 accu/om$ to he> ,god cont9ually spok5 (1 he has1 :5 9 o!r respects1 ! mo/ enlight5$1 reg>d$ ?is idea z if x 7 infus$ into him by ,nature2 :il/ x is visibly to be attribut$ to ^? del9eations ( x1 :i* 8 p>5ts or 8 in/ructors h made to him2 :i* he has1 9 consequ5ce1 modifi$ accord+ to 8 own p>ticul> organization1 & ! circum/ances 9 :i* he has be5 plac$2 x is ?us1 t ea* individual =ms to himself a ,god1 ( :i* he is himself ! model1 or :i* he modifies aft] 8 own fa%ion4 ,8 ideas ( morals1 al?\gh m real ?an ^? ( metaphysics1 are n h[ev] innate3 ! moral s5tim5ts he =ms on ! w1 or ! judgm5t he passes on ! actions ( man1 are f\nd$ on exp]i5ce2 :i* alone c enable him to discrim9ate ^? :i* are ei!r useful or prejudicial1 virtu\s or vici\s1 hone/ or di%one/1 wor?y 8 e/eem1 or des]v+ 8 c5sure4 ,8 moral s5tim5ts are ! fruit ( a multitude ( exp]i5ce t is frequ5tly v long & v complicat$4 ,he ga!rs x ) "t2 x is m or less fai?ful1 by reason ( 8 p>ticul> organization & ! causes by :i* he is modifi$2 he ultimately applies ?is exp]i5ce ) great] or less facility2 to ?is is to be attribut$ 8 habit ( judg+4 ,! cel]ity ) :i* he applies 8 exp]i5ce :5 he judges ( ! moral actions ( 8 fell[ man1 is :at has be5 t]m$ moral in/9ct4 ,t :i* 9 natural philosophy is call$ in/9ct1 is only ! effect ( "s want ( ! body1 ! consequ5ce ( "s attraction or "s repulsion 9 man or animals4 ,! *ild t is newly born1 sucks = ! fir/ "t2 ! nipple ( ! brea/ is put into 8 m\?3 by ! natural analogy1 t is f\nd betwe5 ! conglom]ate gl&s1 fill$ ) n]ves2 :i* l9e 8 m\?1 & ! milk :i* fl[s f ! bosom ( ! nurse1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! nipple1 causes ! *ild to press x ) 8 m\?1 9 ord] to express ! fluid appropriate to n\ri% 8 t5d] age2 f all ?is ! infant ga!rs exp]i5ce2 by degrees ! idea ( a nipple1 ( milk1 ( pleasure1 associate !mselves 9 8 bra93 e "t he sees ! nipple1 he seizes x1 promptly conveys x to 8 m\?1 & applies x to ! use = :i* x is design$4 ,:at has be5 said1 w enable u to judge ( ^? prompt & sudd5 s5tim5ts1 :i* h be5 designat$ ! =ce ( blood4 ,^? s5tim5ts ( love1 :i* fa!rs & mo!rs h = _! *ildr5--^? feel+s ( affection1 :i* *ildr51 ) good incl9ations1 be> t[>ds _! p>5ts1 are by no means innate s5tim5ts2 !y are no?+ m1 ?an ! effect ( exp]i5ce1 ( reflection1 ( habit1 9 s\ls ( s5sibility4 ,^! s5tim5ts d n ev5 exi/ 9 a great numb] ( human be+s4 ,we b too (t5 witness tyrannical p>5ts1 occupi$ ) mak+ enemies ( _! *ildr51 :o appe> to h be5 =m$1 only to be ! victims ( _! irrational caprices or _! unreasonable desires4 ,f ! in/ant 9 :i* man comm5ces1 until t 9 :i* he ceases to exi/1 he feels--he is mov$ ei!r agreeably or unpleasantly--he collects facts--he ga!rs exp]i5ce2 ^! produce ideas 9 8 bra91 t are ei!r *e]ful or gloomy4 ,n "o individual has all ?is exp]i5ce pres5t to 8 memory at ! same "t1 x does n ev] repres5t to him ! :ole clew at once3 x is1 h[ev]1 ?is exp]i5ce t me*anically directs him1 )\t 8 k1 9 all 8 actions2 x 0 to designate ! rapidity )1 :i* he appli$ ?is exp]i5ce1 ( :i* he s frequ5tly loses ! connection--( :i* he is s (t5 at a loss to r5d] himself an acc\nt1 t he imag9$ ! ^w in/9ct3 x appe>s to be ! effect ( magic1 ! op]ation ( a sup]natural p[]1 to ! great] numb] ( individuals3 x is a ^w devoid ( s5se to _m o!rs2 b to ! philosoph] x is ! effect ( a v lively feel+ to him x consi/s 9 ! faculty ( comb9+1 promptly1 a multitude ( exp]i5ce--( arrang+ ) facility--( comp>+ ) quickness1 a long & num]\s tra9 ( extremely complicat$ ideas4 ,x is want t causes ! inexplicable in/9ct we behold 9 animals :i* h be5 d5i$ s\ls )\t reason1 :il/ !y are susceptible ( an inf9ity ( actions t prove !y ?9k--judge--h memory--are capable ( exp]i5ce--c comb9e ideas--c apply !m ) m or less facility to satisfy ! wants eng5d]$ by _! p>ticul> organization2 9 %ort1 t prove !y h passions t are capable ( be+ modifi$4 ,no?+ b ! height ( folly c refuse intellectual faculties to animals2 !y feel1 *oose1 delib]ate1 express love1 %[ hatr$2 9 _m in/ances _! s5ses are mu* ke5] ?an ^? ( man4 ,fi% w return p]iodically to ! spot :]e x is ! cu/om to ?r[ !m bread4 ,x is well kn[n ! emb>rassm5ts :i* animals h ?r[n 9 ! way ( ! p>tizans ( ! doctr9e ( spirituality2 !y h be5 fe>ful1 if !y all[$ !m to h a spiritual s\l1 ( elevat+ !m to ! condition ( human creatures2 on ! o!r h&1 9 n all[+ !m to h a s\l1 !y h furni%$ _! adv]s>ies ) au?ority to d5y x 9 l mann] to man1 :o ?us f9ds himself debas$ to ! condition ( ! animal4 ,metaphysicians h nev] kn[n h[ to extricate !mselves f ?is difficulty4 ,,desc>tes fanci$ he solv$ x by say+ t bea/s h no s\ls1 b are m]e ma*9es4 ,no?+ c be ne>] ! surface1 ?an ! absurdity ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,:oev] contemplates ,nature )\t prejudice1 w readily ackn[l$ge t !re is no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! man & ! bea/1 ?an t :i* is to be attribut$ to ! div]sity ( 8 organization4 ,9 "s be+s ( ! human species1 :o appe> to be end[$ ) a great] s5sibility ( organs ?an o!rs1 may be se5 an in/9ct1 by ! assi/ance ( :i* !y v promptly judge ( ! conceal$ dispositions ( _! fell[s1 simply by inspect+ ! l9eam5ts ( _! face4 ,^? :o are d5om9at$ physiognomi/s1 are only m5 ( v acute feel+s2 :o h ga!r$ an exp]i5ce ( :i* o!rs1 :e!r f ! co>s5ess ( _! organs1 f ! little att5tion !y h paid1 or f "s defect 9 _! s5ses1 are totally incapable3 ^! la/ d n believe 9 ! sci5ce ( physiognomy1 :i* appe>s to !m p]fectly ideal4 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta91 t ! action ( ?is s\l1 :i* has be5 made spiritual1 makes impressions t are extremely m>k$ ^u ! ext]ior ( ! body2 ^! impressions1 cont9ually reit]at$1 _! image rema9s3 ?us ! habitual passions ( man pa9t !mselves on 8 c\nt5ance2 by :i* ! att5tive obs]v]1 :o is end[$ ) acute feel+1 is enabl$ to judge ) great rapidity ( 8 mode ( exi/5ce1 & ev5 to =esee 8 actions1 8 incl9ations1 8 desires1 8 pr$om9ant passions1 c4 ,al?\gh ! sci5ce ( physiognomy appe>s *im]ical to a great numb] ( p]sons1 yet !re are few :o h n a cle> idea ( a t5d] reg>d--( a cruel eye--( an au/]e aspect--( a false1 dissimulat+ look--( an op5 c\nt5ance1 c4 ,ke5 practis$ optics acquire )\t d\bt ! faculty ( p5etrat+ ! conceal$ motion ( ! s\l1 by ! visible traces x leaves ^u features t x has cont9ually modifi$4 ,above all1 ! eyes ( man v quickly und]go *anges accord+ to ! motion :i* is excit$ 9 him3 ^! delicate organs are visibly alt]$ by ! smalle/ %ock communicat$ to 8 bra94 ,s]5e eyes ann\nce a tranquil s\l2 wild eyes indicate a re/less m9d2 fi]y eyes p\rtray a *ol]ic1 sangu9e temp]am5t2 fickle or incon/ant eyes give room to suspect a s\l ei!r al>m$ or dissimulat+4 ,x is ! /udy ( ?is v>iety ( %ades t r5d]s man practis$ & acute3 ^u ! spot he comb9es a multitude ( acquir$ exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to =m 8 judgm5t ( ! p]son he beholds4 ,8 judgm5t1 ?us rapidly =m$1 p>takes 9 no?+ ( ! sup]natural1 9 no?+ ( ! wond]ful3 su* a man is only di/+ui%$ by ! f95ess ( 8 organs1 & by ! cel]ity ) :i* 8 bra9 p]=ms its functions4 ,x is ! same ) "s be+s ( ! human species1 9 :om may be discov]$ an extraord9>y sagacity1 :i*1 to ! un9=m$1 appe>s miracul\s4 ,! mo/ skilful practition]s 9 m$ic9e1 are1 no d\bt1 m5 end[$ ) v acute feel+s1 simil> to t ( ! physiognomi/s1 by ! assi/ance ( :i* !y judge ) great facility ( diseases1 & v promptly draw _! progno/ics4 ,inde$1 we see m5 :o are capable ( appreciat+ 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye a multitude ( circum/ances1 :o h sometimes ! faculty ( =esee+ ! mo/ di/ant ev5ts2 yet1 ?is species ( prophetic tal5t has no?+ 9 x ( ! sup]natural2 x indicates no?+ m ?an great exp]i5ce1 ) an extremely delicate organization1 f :i* !y d]ive ! faculty ( judg+ ) extreme faculty ( causes1 ( =esee+ _! v remote effects4 ,?is faculty1 h[ev]1 is also f\nd 9 animals1 :o =esee mu* bett] ?an man1 ! v>iations ( ! atmosph]e ) ! v>i\s *anges ( ! wea!r4 ,birds h long be5 ! prophets1 & ev5 ! guides ( sev]al nations :o pret5d to be extremely enlight5$4 ,x is1 !n1 to _! organization1 ex]cis$ aft] a p>ticul> mann]1 t mu/ be attribut$ ^? wond]\s faculties :i* di/+ui% "s be+s1 t a/oni% o!rs4 ,to h in/9ct1 only signifies to judge quickly1 )\t requir+ to make a long1 reason+ on ! subject4 ,man's ideas ^u vice & ^u virtue1 are by no means innate2 !y are1 l all o!rs1 acquir$3 ! judgm5t he =ms1 is f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce1 :e!r true or false1--?is dep5ds ^u 8 con=mation1 & ^u ! habits t h modifi$ him4 ,! infant has no ideas ei!r ( ! ,div9ity or ( virtue2 x is f ^? :o in/ruct him t he receives ^! ideas2 he makes m or less use ( !m1 accord+ to 8 natural organization1 or z 8 dispositions h be5 m or less ex]cis$4 ,nature gives man legs1 ! nurse tea*es him _! use1 8 agility dep5ds ^u _! natural con=mation1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he ex]cises !m4 ,:at is call$ ta/e1 9 ! f9e arts1 is to be attribut$1 9 ! same mann]1 only to ! acut5ess ( man's organs1 practis$ by ! habit ( see+1 ( comp>+1 ( judg+ c]ta9 objects2 f :5ce results1 to "s ( 8 species1 ! faculty ( judg+ ) great rapidity1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 ! :ole ) its v>i\s relations4 ,x is by ! =ce ( see+1 ( feel+1 ( exp]i5c+ objects1 t he atta9s to a k ( !m2 x is 9 consequ5ce ( reit]at+ ?is exp]i5ce1 t he acquires ! p[]1 t he ga9s ! habit ( judg+ ) cel]ity4 ,b ?is exp]i5ce is by no means innate1 he did n possess x be=e he 0 born2 he is nei!r able to ?9k1 to judge1 nor to h ideas1 be=e he has feel+2 he is nei!r 9 a capacity to love1 nor to hate2 to approve1 nor to blame1 be=e he has be5 mov$1 ei!r agreeably or disagreeably4 ,nev]!less1 ?is is precisely :at mu/ be suppos$ by ^? :o are desir\s to make man admit ( innate ideas1 ( op9ions2 infus$ by ,nature1 :e!r 9 morals1 metaphysics1 or any o!r sci5ce4 ,t 8 m9d %\ld h ! faculty ( ?\ght1 t x %\ld occupy itself ) an object1 x is requisite x %\ld be acqua9t$ ) its qualities2 t x may h a k ( ^! qualities1 x is necess>y "s ( 8 s5ses %\ld h be5 /ruck by !m3 ^? objects1 !re=e1 ( :i* he does n "k any ( ! qualities1 are nullities2 or at lea/ !y d n exi/ = him4 ,x w be ass]t$1 p]haps1 t ! univ]sal cons5t ( man1 ^u c]ta9 propositions1 su* z ! :ole is great] ?an its "p1 ^u all geometrical demon/rations1 appe> to w>rant ! supposition ( c]ta9 prim>y notions t are innate1 n acquir$4 ,x may be repli$1 t ^! notions are always acquir$2 t !y are ! fruit ( an exp]i5ce m or less prompt2 t x is requisite to h comp>$ ! :ole ) its "p1 be=e conviction c ensue1 t ! :ole is ! great] ( ! two4 ,man :5 he is born1 does n br+ ) him ! idea t two & two make f\r2 b he is1 nev]!less1 spe$ily conv9c$ ( its tru?4 ,be=e =m+ any judgm5t :atev]1 x is absolutely necess>y to h comp>$ facts4 ,x is evid5t1 t ^? :o h gratuit\sly suppos$ innate ideas1 or notions inh]5t 9 man1 h conf\nd$ 8 organization1 or 8 natural dispositions1 ) ! habit by :i* he is modifi$2 ) ! great] or less aptitude he has ( mak+ exp]i5ce1 & ( apply+ x 9 8 judgm5t4 ,a man :o has ta/e 9 pa9t+1 has1 )\t d\bt1 br\ght ) him into ! _w eyes m acute1 m p5etrat+ ?an ano!r2 b ^! eyes w\ld by no means enable him to judge ) promptitude1 if he _h nev] _h occasion to ex]cise !m2 mu* less1 9 "s respects1 c ^? dispositions :i* are call$ natural1 be reg>d$ z innate4 ,man is n1 at tw5ty ye>s ( age1 ! same z he 0 :5 he came into ! _w2 ! physical causes t are cont9ually act+ ^u him1 necess>ily h an influ5ce ^u 8 organization1 & s modify x1 t 8 natural dispositions !mselves are n at "o p]iod :at !y are at ano!r4 ,la ,motte ,le ,vay] says1 ,we ?9k q o!rwise ( ?+s at "o "t ?an at ano!r2 :5 "y ?an :5 old--:5 hungry ?an :5 our appetite is satisfi$--9 ! night ?an 9 ! day--:5 peevi% ?an :5 *e]ful4 ,?us1 v>y+ e h\r1 by a ?\s& o!r circum/ances1 :i* keep u 9 a /ate ( p]petual incon/ancy & in/ability4 ,e day may be se5 *ildr51 :o1 to a c]ta9 age--display a great deal ( +5uity1 a /rong aptitude = ! sci5ces1 :o f9i% by fall+ into /upidity4 ,o!rs may be obs]v$1 :o1 dur+ _! infancy1 h %[n dispositions b little fav\rable to improvem5t1 yet develope !mselves 9 ! end1 & a/oni% u by an exhibition ( ^? qualities ( :i* we h>dly ?\ght !m susceptible3 !re arrives a mom5t 9 :i* ! m9d takes a spr+1 makes use ( a multitude ( exp]i5ce :i* x has amass$1 )\t its hav+ be5 p]ceiv$2 &1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 )\t _! own k4 ,?us1 x _c be too (t5 repeat$1 all ! ideas1 all ! notions1 all ! modes ( exi/5ce1 & all ! ?\ghts ( man1 are acquir$4 ,8 m9d _c act1 _c ex]cise itself1 b ^u t ( :i* x has k2 x c und]/& ei!r well or ill1 only ^? ?+s :i* x has previ\sly felt4 ,su* ( 8 ideas t d n suppose "s ext]ior mat]ial object = _! model1 or "o to :i* he is able to relate !m1 :i* are !re=e call$ ab/ract ideas1 are only modes 9 :i* 8 int]ior organ consid]s its own peculi> modifications1 ( :i* x *ooses "s )\t respect to o!rs4 ,! words :i* he uses to designate ^! ideas1 su* z b\nty1 beauty1 ord]1 intellig5ce1 virtue1 c4 d n (f] any "o s5se1 if he does n relate !m to1 or if he does n expla9 !m by1 ^? objects :i* 8 s5ses h %ewn him to be susceptible ( ^? qualities1 or ( ^? modes ( exi/5ce1 ( t mann] ( act+1 :i* is kn[n to him4 ,:at is x t po9ts out to him ! vague idea ( beauty1 if he does n atta* x to "s object t has /ruck 8 s5ses 9 a peculi> mann]1 to :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 he attributes ?is quality8 ,:at is x t repres5ts ! ^w intellig5ce1 if he does n connect x ) a c]ta9 mode ( be+ & ( act+8 ,does ! ^w ord] signify any ?+1 if he does n relate x to a s]ies ( actions1 to a *a9 ( motion1 by :i* he is affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]8 ,is n ! ^w virtue void ( s5se1 if he does n apply x to ^? dispositions ( 8 fell[s :i* produce kn[n effects1 diff]5t f ^? :i* result f contr>y incl9ations8 ,:at d ! words pa9 & pleasure (f] to 8 m9d 9 ! mom5t :5 8 organs nei!r suff] nor enjoy1 if x be n ! modes 9 :i* he has be5 affect$1 ( :i* 8 bra9 cons]ves ! remembrance1 ( ^? impressions1 :i* exp]i5ce has %ewn him to be ei!r useful or prejudicial8 ,b :5 he be>s ! words spirituality1 immat]iality1 incorporeality1 c4 pron\nc$1 nei!r 8 s5ses nor 8 memory af=d him any assi/ance2 !y d n furni% him ) any means by :i* he c =m an idea ( _! qualities1 or ( ! objects to :i* he ought to apply !m2 9 t :i* is n matt] he c only see vacuum & empt9ess1 :i* z long z he rema9s :at he is1 _c1 to 8 m9d1 be susceptible ( any "o quality4 ,all ! errors1 all ! disputes ( m51 h _! f\ndation 9 ?is1 t !y h r5\nc$ exp]i5ce1 h surr5d]$ ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses1 to give !mselves up to ! guidance ( notions :i* !y h believ$ infus$ or innate2 al?\gh 9 reality !y are no m ?an ! effect ( a di/emp]$ imag9ation1 ( prejudices1 9 :i* !y h be5 in/ruct$ f _! infancy1 ) :i* habit has famili>iz$ !m1 :i* au?ority has oblig$ !m to cons]ve4 ,languages are fill$ ) ab/ract words1 to :i* are atta*$ confus$ & vague ideas2 ( :i*1 :5 !y come to be exam9$1 no model c be f\nd 9 ,nature2 no object to :i* !y c be relat$4 ,:5 man gives himself ! tr\ble to analyze ?+s1 he is q surpris$ to f9d1 t ^? words :i* are cont9ually 9 ! m\?s ( m51 nev] pres5t any fix$ or det]m9ate idea3 he he>s !m unceas+ly speak+ ( spirits--( ! s\l & its faculties--( duration--( space--( imm5sity--( inf9ity--( p]fection--( virtue--( reason--( s5tim5t--( in/9ct--( ta/e1 c4 )\t 8 be+ able to tell precisely1 :at !y !mselves und]/& by ^! words4 ,nev]!less1 !y d n appe> to h be5 inv5t$1 b = ! purpose ( repres5t+ ! images ( ?+s2 or to pa9t1 by ! assi/ance ( ! s5ses1 ^? kn[n objects on :i* ! m9d is able to m$itate1 :i* x is compet5t to appreciate1 to comp>e1 & to judge4 ,= man to ?9k ( t :i* has n act$ on any ( 8 s5ses1 is to ?9k on words2 x is = 8 s5ses to dream2 x is to seek 9 8 own imag9ation = objects to :i* he c atta* 8 w&]+ ideas3 to assign qualities to ^! objects is1 unque/ionably1 to r$\ble 8 extravagance1 to set no limits to 8 folly4 ,if a ^w be de/9$ to repres5t to him an object t has n ! capacity to act on any "o ( 8 organs2 ( :i*1 x is impossible = him to prove ei!r ! exi/5ce or ! qualities2 8 imag9ation1 by d9t ( rack+ itself1 w nev]!less1 9 "s measure1 supply him ) ! ideas he wants2 he composes "s k9d ( a picture1 ) ! images or col\rs he is always oblig$ to borr[1 f ! objects ( :i* he has a k3 ?us ! ,div9ity has be5 repres5t$ by "s "u ! "* ( a v5]able old man2 by o!rs1 "u t ( a puissant mon>*2 by o!rs1 z an exasp]at$1 irritat$ be+1 c4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t man1 ) "s ( 8 qualities1 has s]v$ = ! model ( ^! pictures3 b if he be in=m$ ( objects t are repres5t$ z pure spirits--t h nei!r body nor ext5t--t are n conta9$ 9 space--t are beyond nature1--"h !n he is plung$ into empt9ess2 8 m9d no long] has any ideas--x no long] kn[s ^u :at x m$itates4 ,?is1 z w be se5 9 ! sequel1 no d\bt1 is ! s\rce ( ^? un=m$ notions :i* "s m5 h =m$ ( ! ,div9ity2 !y !mselves frequ5tly annihilate him1 by assembl+ incompatible & contradictory attributes4 ,9 giv+ him morals--9 compos+ him ( kn[n qualities1--!y make him a man2--9 assign+ him ! negative attributes ( e ?+ !y "k1 !y r5d] him inaccessible to _! s5ses--!y de/roy all antec$5t ideas--!y make him a m]e no?+4 ,f ?is x w appe>1 t ^? sublime sci5ces :i* are call$ ,!ology1 ,psy*ology1 ,metaphysics1 h be5 m]e sci5ces ( words3 morals & politics1 ) :i* !y v frequ5tly mix1 h1 9 consequ5ce1 become inexplicable enigmas1 :i* !re is no?+ %ort ( ! /udy ( ,nature c enable u to exp\nd4 ,man has occasion = tru?2 x consi/s 9 a k ( ! true relations he has ) ^? be+s compet5t to h an influ5ce on 8 welf>e2 ^! relations are to be kn[n only by exp]i5ce3 )\t exp]i5ce !re c be no reason2 )\t reason man is only a bl9d creature1 :o conducts himself by *ance4 ,b1 h[ is he to acquire exp]i5ce ^u ideal objects1 :i* 8 s5ses nei!r enable him to "k nor to exam9e8 ,h[ is he to assure himself ( ! exi/5ce1 h[ asc]ta9 ! qualities ( be+s he is n able to feel8 ,h[ c he judge :e!r !re objects be favorable or prejudicial to him8 ,h[ is he to "k1 )\t ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 :at he ought to love1 :at he %\ld hate1 :at to seek aft]1 :at to %un1 :at to d1 :at to leave undone8 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ^u ?is k t 8 condition 9 ?is _w re/s2 x is ^u ?is k t morals is f\nd$4 ,f :5ce x may be se51 t1 by caus+ him to bl5d vague metaphysical notions ) morals1 or ! sci5ce ( ! c]ta9 & inv>iable relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 mank9d2 or by weakly e/abli%+ !m ^u *im]ical ideas1 :i* h no exi/5ce b 9 8 imag9ation2 ^! morals1 ^u :i* ! welf>e ( society s mu* dep5ds1 are r5d]$ unc]ta91 are made arbitr>y1 are ab&on$ to ! caprices ( fancy1 are n fix$ ^u any solid basis4 ,be+s ess5tially diff]5t by _! natural organization1 by ! modifications !y exp]i5ce1 by ! habits !y contract1 by ! op9ions !y acquire1 mu/ ( necessity ?9k diff]5tly4 ,8 temp]am5t1 z we h se51 decides ! m5tal qualities ( man3 ?is temp]am5t itself is div]sely modifi$ 9 him3 f :5ce x consecutively foll[s1 8 imag9ation _c possibly be ! same2 nei!r c x create to him ! same images4 ,ea* individual is a connect$ :ole1 ( :i* all ! p>ts h a necess>y correspond5ce4 ,diff]5t eyes mu/ see diff]5tly1 mu/ give extremely v>i$ ideas ( ! objects !y contemplate1 ev5 :5 ^! objects are real4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be ! div]sity ( ^! ideas1 if ! objects m$itat$ ^u d n act ^u ! s5ses8 ,mank9d h pretty ne>ly ! same ideas1 9 ! gross1 ( ^? sub/ances t act ^u 8 organs ) vivacity2 he is suffici5tly 9 unison ^u "s qualities :i* he contemplates v ne>ly 9 ! same mann]2 ,i say1 v ne>ly1 because ! intellig5ce1 ! notion1 ! conviction ( any "o proposition1 h[ev] simple1 h[ev] evid5t1 h[ev] cle> x may be suppos$1 is n1 nor _c be1 /rictly ! same1 9 any two m54 ,inde$1 "o man n be+ ano!r man1 ! fir/ _c1 = example1 h rigor\sly & ma!matically ! same notion ( unity z ! second2 see+ t an id5tical effect _c be ! result ( two diff]5t causes4 ,?us1 :5 m5 are 9 accord 9 _! ideas1 9 _! modes ( ?9k+1 9 _! judgm5t1 9 _! passions1 9 _! desires1 91 _! ta/es1 _! cons5t does n arise f _! see+ or feel+ ! same objects precisely 9 ! same mann]1 b pretty ne>ly2 language is n1 nor _c be1 suffici5tly copi\s to designate ! va/ v>iety ( %ades1 ! multiplicity ( imp]ceptible diff]5ces1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 _! modes ( see+ & ?9k+4 ,ea* man1 !n1 has1 to say ?us1 a language :i* is peculi> to himself alone1 & ?is language is incommunicable to o!rs4 ,:at h>mony1 :at unison1 !n1 c possibly exi/ betwe5 !m1 :5 !y disc\rse ) ea* o!r1 ^u objects only kn[n to _! imag9ation8 ,c ?is imag9ation 9 "o individual ev] be ! same z 9 ano!r8 ,h[ c !y possibly und]/& ea* o!r1 :5 !y assign to ^? objects qualities t c only be attribut$ to ! p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* _! bra9 is affect$4 ,= "o man to exact f ano!r t he %all ?9k l himself1 is to insi/ t he %all be organiz$ precisely 9 ! same mann]--t he %all h be5 modifi$ exactly ! same 9 e mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce3 t he %all h receiv$ ! same temp]am5t1 ! same n\ri%m5t1 ! same education3 9 a ^w1 t he %all require t o!r to be himself4 ,:]e=e is x n exact$ t all m5 %all h ! same features8 ,is man m ! ma/] ( 8 op9ions8 ,are n 8 op9ions ! necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 ,nature1 & ( ^? peculi> circum/ances :i*1 f 8 infancy1 h necess>ily _h an influ5ce ^u 8 mode ( ?9k+1 & 8 mann] ( act+8 ,if man be a connect$ :ole1 :5ev] a s+le feature diff]s f 8 own1 ought he n to conclude t x is n possible 8 bra9 c ei!r ?9k1 associate ideas1 imag9e1 or dream precisely 9 ! same mann] ) t o!r4 ,! div]sity 9 ! temp]am5t ( man1 is ! natural1 ! necess>y s\rce ( ! div]sity ( 8 passions1 ( 8 ta/e1 ( 8 ideas ( happ9ess1 ( 8 op9ions ( e k9d4 ,?us1 ?is same div]sity w be ! fatal s\rce ( 8 disputes1 ( 8 hatr$s1 ( 8 inju/ice1 e "t he %all reason ^u unkn[n objects1 b to :i* he %all atta* ! greate/ importance4 ,he w nev] und]/& ei!r himself or o!rs1 9 speak+ ( a spiritual s\l1 or ( immat]ial sub/ances di/+ui%$ f ,nature2 he w1 f t mom5t1 cease to speak ! same language1 & he w nev] atta* ! same ideas to ! same words4 ,:at1 !n1 %all be1 ! common /&>d t %all decide :i* is ! man t ?9ks ) ! greate/ ju/ice8 ,:at ! scale by :i* to measure :o has ! be/ regulat$ imag9ation8 ,:at balance %all be f\nd suffici5tly exact to det]m9e ^: k is mo/ c]ta91 :5 he agitates subjects1 :i* exp]i5ce _c enable him to exam9e1 t escape all 8 s5ses1 t h no model1 t are above reason8 ,ea* individual1 ea* legislator1 ea* speculator1 ea* nation1 has ev] =m$ to himself diff]5t ideas ( ^! ?+s2 ea* believes1 t 8 own peculi> rev]ies ought to be pref]r$ to ^? ( 8 neighb\rs2 :i* always appe> to him an absurd1 ridicul\s1 & false z 8 own c possibly h appe>$ to 8 fell[2 ea* cl+s to 8 own op9ion1 because ea* reta9s 8 own peculi> mode ( exi/5ce2 ea* believes 8 happ9ess dep5ds ^u 8 atta*m5t to 8 prejudices1 :i* he nev] adopts b because he believes !m b5eficial to 8 welf>e4 ,propose to a man to *ange 8 religion = y\rs1 he w believe y a madman2 y w only excite 8 indignation1 elicit 8 contempt2 he w propose to y1 9 8 turn1 to adopt 8 own peculi> op9ions2 aft] mu* reason+1 y w treat ea* o!r z absurd be+s1 ridicul\sly op9iat$1 p]t9aci\sly /ubborn3 & he w display ! lea/ folly1 :o %all fir/ yield4 ,b if ! adv]s>ies become heat$ 9 ! dispute1 :i* always happ5s1 :5 !y suppose ! matt] important1 or :5 !y w\ld def5d ! cause ( _! own self-love2 f !nce _! passions %>p51 !y gr[ angry1 qu>rels are provok$1 !y hate ea* o!r1 & end by reciprocal injury4 ,x is ?us1 t = op9ions1 :i* no man c demon/rate1 we see ! ,brahm9 despis$2 ! ,mahomm$an hat$2 ! ,pagan held 9 contempt2 t !y oppress & disda9 ea* ) ! mo/ rancor\s animosity3 ! ,*ri/ian burns ! ,jew at :at is call$ an auto-de-fe1 because he cl+s to ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs3 ! ,roman ,ca?olic condemns ! ,prote/ant to ! flames1 & makes a consci5ce ( massacr+ him 9 cold blood3 ?is re-acts 9 8 turn2 sometimes ! v>i\s sects ( ,*ri/ians league toge!r aga9/ ! incr$ul\s ,turk1 & = a mom5t susp5d _! own bloody disputes t !y may *a/ise ! enemies to ! true fai?3 !n1 hav+ glutt$ _! rev5ge1 return ) r$\bl$ fury1 to wreak ov] aga9 _! infuriat$ v5geance on ea* o!r4 ,if ! imag9ations ( m5 7 ! same1 ! *im]as :i* !y br+ =? w\ld be e :]e ! same2 !re w\ld be no disputes among !m on ?is subject1 if !y all dreamt 9 ! same mann]2 great numb]s ( human be+s w\ld be sp>$1 if man occupi$ 8 m9d ) objects capable ( be+ kn[n1 ( :i* ! exi/5ce 0 prov$1 ( :i* he 0 compet5t to discov] ! true qualities1 by sure1 by reit]at$ exp]i5ce4 ,sy/ems ( ,philosophy are n subject to dispute b :5 _! pr9ciples are n suffici5tly prov$2 by degrees exp]i5ce1 9 po9t+ out ! tru? & detect+ _! errors1 t]m9ates ^! qu>rels4 ,!re is no v>iance among geometricians ^u ! pr9ciples ( _! sci5ce2 x is only rais$1 :5 _! suppositions are false1 or _! objects too mu* complicat$4 ,!ologians f9d s mu* difficulty 9 agree+ among !mselves1 simply1 because1 9 _! conte/s1 !y divide )\t ceas+1 n kn[n & exam9$ propositions1 b prejudices ) :i* !y h be5 imbu$ 9 _! y\?--9 ! s*ools--by ea* o!r's books1 c4 ,!y are p]petually reason+1 n ^u real objects1 ( :i* ! exi/5ce is demon/rat$1 b ^u imag9>y sy/ems ( :i* !y h nev] exam9$ ! reality2 !y f\nd ^! disputes1 n ^u av]r$ exp]i5ce1 or con/ant facts1 b ^u gratuiti\s suppositions1 :i* ea* endeav\rs to conv9ce ! o!r are )\t solidity4 ,f9d+ ^! ideas ( long /&+1 t few p1 refuse to admit !m1 !y take !m = inconte/ible tru?s1 t ought to be receiv$ m]ely ^u be+ ann\nc$2 :5ev] !y atta* great importance to !m1 !y irritate !mselves aga9/ ! tem]ity ( ^? :o h ! audacity to d\bt1 or ev5 to exam9e !m4 ,if prejudice _h be5 laid aside1 x w\ld p]haps h be5 discov]$ t _m ( ^? objects1 :i* h giv5 bir? to ! mo/ %ock+1 ! mo/ sangu9>y disputes among m51 7 m]e phantoms2 :i* a little exam9ation w\ld h %[n to be unwor?y _! notice3 ! prie/s ( ,apollo w\ld h be5 h>mless1 if man _h exam9$ = himself1 )\t prejudice1 ! t5ets !y held =?3 he w\ld h f\nd1 t he 0 fight+1 t he 0 cutt+ 8 neighb\r's ?roat1 = words void ( s5se2 or1 at ! lea/1 he w\ld h le>n$ to d\bt 8 "r to act 9 ! mann] he did2 he w\ld h r5\nc$ t dogmatical1 t imp]i\s tone he assum$1 by :i* he w\ld oblige 8 fell[ to unite ) him 9 op9ion4 ,! mo/ trifl+ reflection w\ld h %ewn him ! necessity ( ?is div]sity 9 8 notions1 ( ?is contr>iety 9 8 imag9ation1 :i* dep5ds ^u 8 ,natural con=mation div]sely modifi$3 :i* necess>ily has an influ5ce ov] 8 ?\ghts1 ov] 8 w1 & ov] 8 actions4 ,9 %ort1 if he _h consult$ morals1 if he _h fall5 back ^u reason1 e ?+ w\ld h conspir$ to prove to him1 t be+s :o call !mselves rational1 7 made to ?9k v>i\sly2 on t acc\nt 7 design$ to live peaceable ) ea* o!r1 to love ea* o!r1 to l5d ea* o!r mutual succ\rs :atev] may be _! op9ions ^u subjects1 ei!r impossible to be kn[n1 or to be contemplat$ "u ! same po9t ( view3 e ?+ w\ld h jo9$ 9 evid5ce to conv9ce him ( ! unreasonable tyranny1 ( ! unju/ viol5ce1 ( ! useless cruelty ( ^? m5 ( blood1 :o p]secute1 :o de/roy mank9d1 9 ord] t !y may m\ld him to _! own peculi> op9ions2 e ?+ w\ld h conduct$ mortals to mildness1 to indulg5ce1 to tol]ation2 virtues1 unque/ionably ( m real importance1 mu* m necess>y to ! welf>e ( society1 ?an ! m>vell\s speculations by :i* x is divid$1 by :i* x is frequ5tly hurri$ on to sacrifice to a maniacal fury1 ! pret5d$ enemies to ^! rev]$ flights ( ! imag9ation4 ,f ?is x mu/ be evid5t1 ( :at importance x is to morals to exam9e ! ideas1 to :i* x has be5 agre$ to atta* s mu* wor?2 to :i* man is cont9ually sacrific+ 8 own peculi> happ9ess2 to :i* he is immolat+ ! tranquillity ( nations1 at ! irrational comm& ( fanatical cruel guides4 ,let him fall back on 8 exp]i5ce2 let him return to ,nature2 let him occupy himself ) reason2 let him consult ^? objects t are real1 :i* are useful to 8 p]man5t felicity2 let him /udy ,nature's laws2 let him /udy himself2 let him consult ! bonds :i* unite him to 8 fell[ mortals2 let him exam9e ! fictiti\s bonds t en*a9 him to ! mo/ baneful prejudices4 ,if 8 imag9ation mu/ always fe$ itself ) illusions1 if he rema9s /eadfa/ 9 8 own op9ions1 if 8 prejudices are de> to him1 let him at lea/ p]mit o!rs to ramble 9 _! own mann]1 or seek aft] tru? z be/ suits _! incl9ation2 b let him always recollect1 t all ! op9ions--all ! ideas--all ! sy/ems--all ! wills--all ! actions ( man1 are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 nature1 ( 8 temp]am5t1 ( 8 organization1 & ( ^? causes1 ei!r transitory or con/ant1 :i* modify h9t3 9 %ort1 t man is n m a free ag5t to ?9k ?an to act3 a tru? t w be aga9 prov$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi ,( ! ,sy/em ( ,man's free ag5cy4 ,^? :o h pret5d$ t ! s\l is di/+ui%$ f ! body1 is immat]ial1 draws its ideas f its own peculi> s\rce1 acts by its own en]gies )\t ! aid ( any ext]ior object2 by a consequ5ce ( _! own sy/em1 h enfran*is$ x f ^? physical laws1 accord+ to :i* all be+s ( :i* we h a k are oblig$ to act4 ,!y h believ$ t ! f\l is mi/ress ( its own conduct1 is able to regulate its own peculi> op]ations2 has ! faculty to det]m9e its w by its own natural en]gy2 9 a ^w1 !y h pret5d$ man is a free ag5t4 ,x has be5 already suffici5tly prov$1 t ! s\l is no?+ m ?an ! body1 consid]$ relatively to "s ( its functions1 m conceal$ ?an o!rs3 x has be5 %ewn1 t ?is s\l1 ev5 :5 x %all be suppos$ immat]ial1 is cont9ually modifi$ conjo9tly ) ! body2 is submitt$ to all its motion2 t )\t ?is x w\ld rema9 in]t & dead3 t1 consequ5tly1 x is subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ^? mat]ial1 to ! op]ation ^? physical causes1 :i* give impulse to ! body2 ( :i* ! mode ( exi/5ce1 :e!r habitual or transitory1 dep5ds ^u ! mat]ial elem5ts by :i* x is surr\nd$2 t =m its texture2 t con/itute its temp]am5t2 t ent] into x by ! means ( ! alim5ts2 t p5etrate x by _! subtility2 ! faculties :i* are call$ intellectual1 & ^? qualities :i* are /yl$ moral1 h be5 expla9$ 9 a mann] purely physical2 entirely natural3 9 ! la/ place1 x has be5 demon/rat$1 t all ! ideas1 all ! sy/ems1 all ! affections1 all ! op9ions1 :e!r true or false1 :i* man =ms to himself1 are to be attribut$ to 8 physical p[]s2 are to be ascrib$ to 8 mat]ial s5ses4 ,?us man is a be+ purely physical2 9 :atev] mann] he is consid]$1 he is connect$ to univ]sal ,nature3 submitt$ to ! necess>y1 to ! immutable laws t %e imposes on all ! be+s %e conta9s1 accord+ to _! peculi> ess5ces2 con=mable to ! respective prop]ties ) :i*1 )\t consult+ !m1 %e end[s ea* p>ticul> species4 ,man's life is a l9e t ,nature comm&s him to describe ^u ! surface ( ! e>?3 )\t 8 ev] be+ able to sw]ve f x ev5 = an in/ant4 ,he is born )\t 8 own cons5t2 8 organizations does 9 no wise dep5d ^u himself2 8 ideas come to him involunt>ily2 8 habits are 9 ! p[] ( ^? :o cause him to contract !m2 he is unceas+ly modifi$ by causes1 :e!r visible or conceal$1 ov] :i* he has no contr\l2 give ! hue to 8 way ( ?9k+1 & det]m9e 8 mann] ( act+4 ,he is good or bad--happy or mis]able--wise or fooli%--reasonable or irrational1 )\t 8 w go+ = any?+ 9 ^! v>i\s /ates4 ,nev]!less1 9 despite ( ! %ackles by :i* he is b\nd1 x is pret5d$ he is a free ag5t1 or t indep5d5t ( ! causes by :i* he is mov$1 he det]m9es 8 own w2 regulates 8 own condition4 ,h[ev] sl5d] ! f\ndation ( ?is op9ion1 ( :i* e ?+ ought to po9t out to him ! error2 x is curr5t at ?is day = an inconte/ible tru?1 & believ$ enlight5$2 x is ! basis or religion1 :i* has be5 incapable ( imag9+ h[ man c\ld ei!r m]it rew>d or des]ve puni%m5t if he 0 n a free ag5t4 ,society has be5 believ$ int]e/$ 9 ?is sy/em1 because an idea has gone abroad1 t if all ! actions ( man 7 to be contemplat$ z necess>y1 ! "r ( puni%+ ^? :o injure _! associates w\ld no long] exi/4 ,at l5g? human vanity accommodat$ itself to an hypo!sis :i*1 unque/ionable1 appe>s to di/+ui% man f all o!r physical be+s1 by assign+ to him ! special privilege ( a total indep5d5ce ( all o!r causes2 b ( :i* a v little reflection w\ld h %ewn him ! absurdity or ev5 ! impossibility4 ,z a "p1 subord9ate to ! great :ole1 man is oblig$ to exp]i5ce its influ5ce4 ,to be a free ag5t x 7 ne$ful t ea* individual 0 ( great] /r5g? ?an ! entire ( ,nature2 or1 t he 0 out ( ?is ,nature3 :o1 always 9 action h]self1 obliges all ! be+s %e embraces1 to act1 & to concur to h] g5]al motion2 or1 z x has be5 said else:]e1 to cons]ve h] active exi/5ce1 by ! motion t all be+s produce 9 consequ5ce ( _! p>ticul> en]gies1 :i* result f _! be+ submitt$ to fix$1 et]nal1 & immutable laws4 ,9 ord] t man might be a free ag5t1 x 7 ne$ful t all be+s %\ld lose _! ess5ces2 x is equally necess>y t he himself %\ld no long] enjoy physical s5sibility2 t he %\ld nei!r "k good nor evil2 pleasure nor pa92 b if ?is 0 ! case1 f t mom5t he w\ld no long] be 9 a /ate to cons]ve himself1 or r5d] 8 exi/5ce happy2 all be+s w\ld become indiff]5t to him2 he w\ld no long] h any *oice2 he w\ld cease to "k :at he ought to love2 :at x 0 "r he %\ld fe>2 he w\ld n h any acqua9tance ) t :i* he %\ld seek aft]2 or ) t :i* x is requisite he %\ld avoid4 ,9 %ort1 man w\ld be an unnatural be+2 totally incapable ( act+ 9 ! mann] we behold4 ,x is ! actual ess5ce ( man to t5d to 8 well-be+2 to be desir\s to cons]ve 8 exi/5ce2 if all ! motion ( 8 ma*9e spr+s z a necess>y consequ5ce f ?is primitive impulse2 if pa9 w>ns him ( t :i* he ought to avoid2 if pleasure ann\nces to him t :i* he %\ld desire2 if x is 9 8 ess5ce to love t :i* ei!r excites delight1 or1 t f :i* he expects agreeable s5sations2 to hate t :i* makes him ei!r fe> contr>y impressions2 or1 t :i* afflicts him ) uneas9ess2 x mu/ necess>ily be1 t he w be attract$ by t :i* he deems advantage\s2 t 8 w %all be det]m9$ by ^? objects :i* he judges useful2 t he w be repell$ by ^? be+s :i* he believes prejudicial1 ei!r to 8 habitual1 or to 8 transitory mode ( exi/5ce2 by t :i* he consid]s disadvantage\s4 ,x is only by ! aid ( exp]i5ce1 t man acquires ! faculty ( und]/&+ :at he ought to love2 ( kn[+ :at he ought to fe>4 ,are 8 organs s\nd8 8 exp]i5ce w be true3 are !y uns\nd8 x w be false3 9 ! fir/ in/ance he w h reason1 prud5ce1 =esight2 he w frequ5tly =esee v remote effects2 he w "k1 t :at he sometimes contemplates z a good1 may possibly become an evil1 by its necess>y or probable consequ5ces3 t :at mu/ be to him a transi5t evil1 may by its result procure him a solid & durable good4 ,x is ?us exp]i5ce enables him to =esee t ! amputation ( a limb w cause him pa9ful s5sation1 he consequ5tly is oblig$ to fe> ?is op]ation1 & he endeav\rs to avoid ! pa92 b if exp]i5ce has also %ewn him1 t ! transitory pa9 ?is amputation w cause him may be ! means ( sav+ 8 life2 ! pres]vation1 ( 8 exi/5ce be+ ( necessity de> to him1 he is oblig$ to submit himself to ! mom5t>y pa9 ) a view to procur+ a p]man5t good1 by :i* x w be ov]balanc$4 ,! w1 z we h else:]e said1 is a modification ( ! bra91 by :i* x is dispos$ to action or prep>$ to give play to ! organs4 ,?is w is necess>ily det]m9$ by ! qualities1 good or bad1 agreeable or pa9ful1 ( ! object or ! motive t acts ^u 8 s5ses2 or ( :i* ! idea rema9s ) him1 & is resuscitat$ by 8 memory4 ,9 consequ5ce1 he acts necess>ily2 8 action is ! result ( ! impulse he receives ei!r f ! motive1 f ! object1 or f ! idea1 :i* has modifi$ 8 bra91 or dispos$ 8 w4 ,:5 he does n act accord+ to ?is impulse1 x is because !re comes "s new cause1 "s new motive1 "s new idea1 :i* modifies 8 bra9 9 a diff]5t mann]1 gives him a new impulse1 det]m9es 8 w 9 ano!r way2 by :i* ! action ( ! =m] impulse is susp5d$3 ?us1 ! sight ( an agreeable object1 or its idea1 det]m9es 8 w to set him 9 action to procure x2 b if a new object or a new idea m p[]fully attracts him1 x gives a new direction to 8 w1 annihilates ! effect ( ! =m]1 & prev5ts ! action by :i* x 0 to be procur$4 ,?is is ! mode 9 :i* reflection1 exp]i5ce1 reason1 necess>ily arre/s or susp5ds ! action ( man's w2 )\t ?is1 he w\ld1 ( necessity1 h foll[$ ! ant]ior impulse :i* c>ri$ him t[>ds a !n desirable object4 ,9 all ?is he always acts accord+ to necess>y laws1 f :i* he has no means ( emancipat+ himself4 ,if1 :5 torm5t$ ) viol5t ?ir/1 he figures to himself an idea1 or really p]ceives a f\nta91 ^: limpid /reams might cool 8 fev]i% habit1 is he suffici5t ma/] ( himself to desire or n to desire ! object compet5t to satisfy s lively a want8 ,x w no d\bt be conc$$1 t x is impossible he %\ld n be desir\s to satisfy x2 b x w be said1--,if at ?is mom5t x is ann\nc$ to him1 ! wat] he s ard5tly desires is poison$1 he w1 not)/&+ 8 vehem5t ?ir/1 ab/a9 f dr9k+ x2 & x has1 !re=e1 be5 falsely conclud$ t he is a free ag5t4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is1 t ! motive 9 ei!r case is exactly ! same3 8 own cons]vation4 ,! same necessity t det]m9$ him to dr9k1 be=e he knew ! wat] 0 delet]i\s1 ^u ?is new discov]y1 equally det]m9es him n to dr9k2 ! desire ( cons]v+ himself1 ei!r annihilates or susp5ds ! =m] impulse2 ! second motive becomes /rong] ?an ! prec$+2 t is1 ! fe> ( dea?1 or ! desire ( pres]v+ himself1 necess>ily prevails ov] ! pa9ful s5sation caus$ by 8 eag]ness to dr9k4 ,b1 7x w be said7 if ! ?ir/ is v p>*+1 an inconsid]ate man1 )\t reg>d+ ! dang]1 w risque swall[+ ! wat]4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by ?is rem>k3 9 ?is case1 ! ant]ior impulse only rega9s ! asc5d5cy2 he is p]suad$1 t life may possibly be long] pres]v$1 or t he %all d]ive a great] good by dr9k+ ! poison$ wat]1 ?an by endur+ ! torm5t1 :i*1 to 8 m9d1 ?reat5s in/ant dissolution3 ?us1 ! fir/ becomes ! /ronge/1 & necess>ily urges him on to action4 ,nev]!less1 9 ei!r case1 :e!r he p>takes ( ! wat]1 or :e!r he does n1 ! two actions w be equally necess>y2 !y w be ! effect ( t motive :i* f9ds itself mo/ puissant2 :i* consequ5tly acts 9 a mo/ co]cive mann] ^u 8 w4 ,?is example w s]ve to expla9 ! :ole pha5om5a ( ! human w4 ,?is w1 or r ! bra91 f9ds itself 9 ! same situation z a b[l1 :i* al?\gh x has receiv$ an impulse t drives x =w>d 9 a /raight l9e1 is d]ang$ 9 its c\rse1 :5ev] a =ce1 sup]ior to ! fir/1 obliges x to *ange its direction4 ,! man :o dr9ks ! poison$ wat]1 appe>s a madman2 b ! actions ( fools are z necess>y z ^? ( ! mo/ prud5t individuals4 ,! motives t det]m9e ! voluptu>y1 t actuate ! debau*ee to risk _! heal?1 are z p[]ful1 _! actions are z necess>y1 z ^? :i* decide ! wise man to manage 84 ,b1 x w be insi/$1 ! debau*ee may be prevail$ on to *ange 8 conduct2 ?is does n imply t he is a free ag5t2 b1 t motives may be f\nd suffici5tly p[]ful to annihilate ! effect ( ^? t previ\sly act$ ^u him2 !n ^! new motives det]m9e 8 w to ! new mode ( conduct he may adopt1 z necess>ily z ! =m] did to ! old mode4 ,man is said to delib]ate :5 ! action ( ! w is susp5d$2 ?is happ5s :5 two opposite motives act alt]nately ^u him4 ,to delib]ate1 is to hate & to love 9 succession2 x is to be alt]nately attract$ & repell$2 x is to be mov$ sometimes by "o motive1 sometimes by ano!r4 ,man only delib]ates :5 he does n di/9ctly und]/& ! quality ( ! objects f :i* he receives impulse1 or :5 exp]i5ce has n suffici5tly appris$ him ( ! effects1 m or less remote1 :i* 8 actions w produce4 ,he w\ld take ! air1 b ! wea!r is unc]ta92 he delib]ates 9 consequ5ce2 he weighs ! v>i\s motives t urge 8 w to g out or to /ay at home2 he is at l5g? det]m9$ by t motive :i* is mo/ probable2 ?is removes 8 indecision1 :i* necess>ily settles 8 w ei!r to rema9 )9 or to g abroad3 ?is motive is always ei!r ! imm$iate or ultimate advantage he f9ds or ?9ks he f9ds 9 ! action to :i* he is p]suad$4 ,man's w frequ5tly fluctuates betwe5 two objects1 ( :i* ei!r ! pres5ce or ! ideas move him alt]nately3 he waits until he has contemplat$ ! objects or ! ideas !y h left 9 8 bra92 :i* solicit him to diff]5t actions2 he !n comp>es ^! objects or ideas3 b ev5 9 ! "t ( delib]ation1 dur+ ! comp>ison1 p5d+ ^! alt]natives ( love & hatr$1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r sometimes ) ! utmo/ rapidity1 he is n a free ag5t = a s+le in/ant2 ! good or ! evil :i* he believes he f9ds successively 9 ! objects1 are ! necess>y motives ( ^! mom5t>y wills2 ( ! rapid motion ( desire or fe> t he exp]i5ces z long z 8 unc]ta9ty cont9ues4 ,f ?is x w be obvi\s1 t delib]ation is necess>y2 t unc]ta9ty is necess>y2 t :atev] "p he takes1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is delib]ation1 x w always necess>ily be t :i* he has judg$1 :e!r well or ill1 is mo/ probable to turn to 8 advantage4 ,:5 ! s\l is assail$ by two motives t act alt]nately ^u x1 or modify x successively1 x delib]ates2 ! bra9 is 9 a sort ( equilibrium1 accompani$ ) p]petual oscillations1 sometimes t[>ds "o object1 sometimes t[>ds ! o!r1 until ! mo/ =cible c>ries ! po9t1 & !reby extricates x1 f ?is /ate ( susp5se1 9 :i* consi/s ! indecision ( 8 w4 ,b :5 ! bra9 is simultane\sly assail$ by causes equally /rong1 t move x 9 opposite directions2 agreeable to ! g5]al law ( all bodies1 :5 !y are /ruck equally by contr>y p[]s1 x /ops1 x is 9 nisu2 x is nei!r capable to w nor to act2 x waits until "o ( ! two causes has obta9$ suffici5t =ce to ov]p[] ! o!r1 to det]m9e its w1 to attract x 9 su* a mann] t x may prevail ov] ! ef=ts ( ! o!r cause4 ,?is me*anism1 s simple1 s natural1 suffices to demon/rate1 :y unc]ta9ty is pa9ful2 :y susp5se is always a viol5t /ate = man4 ,! bra91 an organ s delicate1 s mobile1 exp]i5ces su* rapid modifications1 t x is fatigu$2 or :5 x is urg$ 9 contr>y directions1 by causes equally p[]ful1 x suff]s a k9d ( compression1 t prev5ts ! activity :i* is suitable to ! pres]vation ( ! :ole1 :i* is necess>y to procure :at is advantage\s to its exi/5ce4 ,?is me*anism w also expla9 ! irregul>ity1 ! indecision1 ! incon/ancy ( man2 & acc\nt = t conduct1 :i* frequ5tly appe>s an inexplicable my/]y1 :i* inde$ x is1 "u ! receiv$ sy/ems4 ,9 consult+ exp]i5ce1 x w be f\nd t ! s\l is submitt$ to precisely ! same physical laws z ! mat]ial body4 ,if ! w ( ea* individual1 dur+ a giv5 "t1 0 only mov$ by a s+le cause or passion1 no?+ w\ld be m easy ?an to =esee 8 actions2 b 8 he>t is frequ5tly assail$ by contr>y p[]s1 by adv]se motives1 :i* ei!r act on him simultane\sly or 9 succession2 !n 8 bra91 attract$ 9 opposite directions1 is ei!r fatigu$1 or else torm5t$ by a /ate ( compression1 :i* deprives x ( activity4 ,sometimes x is 9 a /ate ( incommodi\s inaction2 sometimes x is ! sport ( ! alt]nate %ocks x und]goes4 ,su*1 no d\bt1 is ! /ate 9 :i* man f9ds himself1 :5 a lively passion solicits him to ! commission ( crime1 :il/ fe> po9ts out to him ! dang] by :i* x is att5d$3 su*1 also1 is ! condition ( him :om remorse1 by ! cont9u$ lab\r ( 8 di/ract$ s\l1 prev5ts f enjoy+ ! objects he has crim9ally obta9$4 ,if ! p[]s or causes1 :e!r ext]ior or int]ior1 act+ on ! m9d ( man1 t5d t[>ds opposite po9ts1 8 s\l1 is well z all o!r bodies1 w take a mean direction betwe5 ! two2 9 consequ5ce ( ! viol5ce ) :i* 8 s\l is urg$1 8 condition becomes sometimes s pa9ful t 8 exi/5ce is tr\blesome3 he has no long] a t5d5cy to 8 own peculi> cons]vation2 he seeks aft] dea?1 z a sanctu>y aga9/ himself--z ! only rem$y to 8 despair3 x is ?us we behold m51 mis]able & discont5t$1 volunt>ily de/roy !mselves1 :5ev] life becomes insupportable4 ,man is compet5t to *]i% 8 exi/5ce1 no long] ?an life holds out *>ms to him2 :5 he is wr\ght ^u by pa9ful s5sations1 or drawn by contr>y impulsions1 8 natural t5d5cy is d]ang$1 he is "u ! necessity to foll[ a new r\te2 ?is conducts him to 8 end1 :i* x ev5 displays to him z ! mo/ desirable good4 ,9 ?is mann] may be expla9$1 ! conduct ( ^? melan*oly be+s1 ^: vici\s temp]am5ts1 ^: tortur$ consci5ces1 ^: *agr91 ^: ennui1 sometimes det]m9e !m to r5\nce life4 ,! v>i\s p[]s1 frequ5tly v complicat$1 t act ei!r successively or simultane\sly ^u ! bra9 ( man1 :i* modify him s div]sely 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( 8 exi/5ce1 are ! true causes ( t obscurity 9 morals1 ( t difficulty :i* is f\nd1 :5 x is desir$ to unravel ! conceal$ spr+s ( 8 enigmatical conduct4 ,! he>t ( man is a labyr9?1 only because x v r>ely happ5s t we possess ! necess>y gift ( judg+ x2 f :5ce x w appe>1 t 8 circum/ances1 8 indecision1 8 conduct1 :e!r ridicul\s1 or unexpect$1 are ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ! *anges op]at$ 9 him2 are no?+ b ! effect ( motives t successively det]m9e 8 w2 :i* are dep5d5t on ! frequ5t v>iations exp]i5c$ by 8 ma*9e4 ,accord+ to ^! v>iations1 ! same motives h n1 always1 ! same influ5ce ov] 8 w1 ! same objects no long] enjoy ! faculty ( pleas+ him2 8 temp]am5t has *ang$1 ei!r = ! mom5t1 or = ev]4 ,x foll[s z a consequ5ce1 t 8 ta/e1 8 desires1 8 passions1 w *ange2 !re c be no k9d ( uni=mity 9 8 conduct1 nor any c]titude 9 ! effects to be expect$4 ,*oice by no means proves ! free-ag5cy ( man2 he only delib]ates :5 he does n yet "k :i* to *oose ( ! _m objects t move him1 he is !n 9 an emb>rassm5t1 :i* does n t]m9ate1 until 8 w z decid$ by ! great] advantage he believes be %all f9d 9 ! object he *ooses1 or ! action he und]takes4 ,f :5ce x may be se5 t *oice is necess>y1 because he w\ld n det]m9e = an object1 or = an action1 if he did n believe t he %\ld f9d 9 x "s direct advantage4 ,t man %\ld h free-ag5cy1 x 7 ne$ful t he %\ld be able to w or *oose )\t motive2 or1 t he c\ld prev5t motives co]c+ 8 w4 ,action always be+ ! effect ( 8 w once det]m9$1 z 8 w _c be det]m9$ b by a motive1 :i* is n 9 8 own p[]1 x foll[s t he is nev] ! ma/] ( ! det]m9ation ( 8 own peculi> w2 t consequ5tly he nev] acts z a free ag5t4 ,x has be5 believ$ t man 0 a free ag5t1 because he _h a w ) ! p[] ( *oos+2 b att5tion has n be5 paid to ! fact1 t ev5 8 w is mov$ by causes indep5d5t ( himself1 is ow+ to t :i* is inh]5t 9 8 own organization1 or :i* belongs to ! nature ( ! be+s act+ on him4 ,inde$1 man passes a great portion ( 8 life )\t ev5 will+4 ,8 w att5ds ! motive by :i* x is det]m9$4 ,if he 0 to r5d] an exact acc\nt ( e ?+ he does 9 ! c\rse ( ea* day1 f ris+ 9 ! morn+ to ly+ d[n at night1 he w\ld f9d1 t n "o ( 8 actions h be5 9 ! lea/ volunt>y2 t !y h be5 me*anical1 habitual1 det]m9$ by causes he 0 n able to =esee1 to :i* he 0 ei!r oblig$ to1 yield1 or ) :i* he 0 allur$ to acquiesce2 he w\ld discov]1 t all ! motives ( 8 lab\rs1 ( 8 amusem5ts1 ( 8 disc\rses1 ( 8 ?\ghts1 h be5 necess>y2 t !y h evid5tly ei!r s$uc$ him or drawn him along4 ,is he ! ma/] ( will+1 n to )draw 8 h& f ! fire :5 he fe>s x w be burnt8 ,or has he ! p[] to take away f fire ! prop]ty :i* makes him fe> x8 ,is he ! ma/] ( n *oos+ a di% ( meat :i* he kn[s to be agreeable1 or analog\s to 8 palate2 ( n pref]r+ x to t :i* he kn[s to be disagreeable or dang]\s8 ,x is always accord+ to 8 s5sations1 to 8 own peculi> exp]i5ce1 or to 8 suppositions1 t he judges ( ?+s ei!r well or ill2 b :atev] way be 8 judgm5t1 x dep5ds necess>ily on 8 mode ( feel+1 :e!r habitual or accid5tal1 & ! qualities he f9ds 9 ! causes t move him1 :i* exi/ 9 despite ( himself4 ,all ! causes :i* by 8 w is actuat$1 mu/ act ^u him 9 a mann] suffici5tly m>k$1 to give him "s s5sation1 "s p]ception1 "s idea1 :e!r complete or incomplete1 true or false2 z soon z 8 w is det]m9$1 he mu/ h felt1 ei!r /rongly or feebly2 if ?is 0 n ! case he w\ld h det]m9$ )\t motive3 ?us1 to speak correctly1 !re are no causes :i* are truly indiff]5t to ! w3 h[ev] fa9t ! impulse he receives1 :e!r on ! "p ( ! objects !mselves1 or on ! "p ( _! images or ideas1 z soon z 8 w acts1 ! impulse has be5 compet5t to det]m9e him4 ,9 consequ5ce ( a slight1 ( a feeble impulse1 ! w is weak1 x is ?is weakness ( ! w t is call$ indiff]5ce4 ,8 bra9 ) difficulty p]ceives ! s5sation1 x has receiv$2 x consequ5tly acts ) less vig\r1 ei!r to obta9 or remove ! object or ! idea t has modifi$ x4 ,if ! impulse is p[]ful1 ! w is /rong1 x makes him act vigor\sly1 to obta9 or to remove ! object :i* appe>s to him ei!r v agreeable or v incommodi\s4 ,x has be5 believ$ man 0 a free ag5t1 because x has be5 imag9$ t 8 s\l c\ld at w recall ideas1 :i* sometimes suffice to *eck 8 mo/ unruly desires4 ,?us1 ! idea ( a remote evil frequ5tly prev5ts him f enjoy+ a pres5t & actual good3 ?us1 remembrance1 :i* is an almo/ ins5sible1 a slight modification ( 8 bra91 annihilates1 at ea* in/ant1 ! real objects t act ^u 8 w4 ,b he is n ma/] ( recall+ to himself 8 ideas at pleasure2 _! association is indep5d5t ( him2 !y are arrang$ 9 8 bra91 9 despite ( him1 )\t 8 own k1 :]e !y h made an impression m or less pr(\nd2 8 memory itself dep5ds ^u 8 organization2 its fidelity dep5ds ^u ! habitual or mom5t>y /ate 9 :i* he f9ds himself2 :5 8 w is vigor\sly det]m9$ to "s object or idea t excites a v lively passion 9 him1 ^? objects or ideas t w\ld be able to arre/ 8 action no long] pres5t !mselves to 8 m9d2 9 ^? mom5ts 8 eyes are %ut to ! dang]s t m5ace him1 ( :i* ! idea ought to make him =be>2 he m>*es =w>d headlong t[>ds ! object by ^: image he is hurri$ on2 reflection _c op]ate ^u him 9 any way2 he sees no?+ b ! object ( 8 desires2 ! salut>y ideas :i* might be able to arre/ 8 progress disappe>1 or else display !mselves ei!r too fa9tly or too late to prev5t 8 act+4 ,su* is ! case ) all ^? :o1 bl9d$ by "s /rong passion1 are n 9 a condition to recal to !mselves ^? motives1 ( :i* ! idea alone1 9 cool] mom5ts1 w\ld be suffici5t to det] !m f proce$+2 ! disord] 9 :i* !y are1 prev5ts _! judg+ s\ndly2 r5d] !m incapable ( =esee+ ! consequ5ce ( _! actions2 precludes !m f apply+ to _! exp]i5ce2 f mak+ use ( _! reason2 natural op]ations1 :i* suppose a ju/ness 9 ! mann] ( associat+ _! ideas2 b to :i* _! bra9 is !n n m compet5t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mom5t>y delirium x suff]s1 ?an _! h& is to write :il/ !y are tak+ viol5t ex]cise4 ,man's mode ( ?9k+ is necess>ily det]m9$ by 8 mann] ( be+2 x mu/1 !re=e1 dep5d on 8 natural organization1 & ! modification 8 sy/em receives indep5d5tly ( 8 w4 ,f ?is we are oblig$ to conclude1 t 8 ?\ghts1 8 reflections1 8 mann] ( view+ ?+s1 ( feel+1 ( judg+1 ( comb9+ ideas1 is nei!r volunt>y nor free4 ,9 a ^w1 t 8 s\l is nei!r mi/ress ( ! motion excit$ 9 x1 nor ( repres5t+ to itself1 :5 want$1 ^? images or ideas t are capable ( c\nt]balanc+ ! impulse x receives4 ,?is is ! reason :y man1 :5 9 a passion1 ceases to reason2 at t mom5t reason is z impossible to be he>d1 z x is dur+ an extacy1 or 9 a fit ( drunk5ness4 ,! wick$ are nev] m ?an m5 :o are ei!r drunk or mad3 if !y reason1 x is n until tranquillity is re-e/abli%$ 9 _! ma*9e2 !n1 & n till !n1 ! t>dy ideas t pres5t !mselves to _! m9d1 enable !m to see ! consequ5ce ( _! actions1 & give bir? to ideas1 t br+ on !m t tr\ble1 :i* is designat$ %ame1 regret1 remorse4 ,! errors ( philosoph]s on ! free-ag5cy ( man1 h aris5 f _! reg>d+ 8 w z ! primum mobile1 ! orig9al motive ( 8 actions2 = want ( recurr+ back1 !y h n p]ceiv$ ! multipli$1 ! complicat$ causes1 :i*1 indep5d5tly ( him1 give motion to ! w itself1 or :i* dispose & modify 8 bra91 :il/ he himself is purely passive 9 ! motion he receives4 ,is he ! ma/] ( desir+ or n desir+ an object t appe>s desirable to him8 ,)\t d\bt x w be answ]$1 ,no3 b he is ! ma/] ( resi/+ 8 desire1 if he reflects on ! consequ5ces4 ,b1 ,i ask1 is he capable ( reflect+ on ^! consequ5ces :5 8 s\l is hurri$ along by a v lively passion1 :i* entirely dep5ds ^u 8 natural organization1 & ! causes by :i* he is modifi$8 ,is x 9 8 p[] to add to ^! consequ5ces all ! weight necess>y to c\nt]balance 8 desire8 ,is he ! ma/] ( prev5t+ ! qualities :i* r5d] an object desirable f resid+ 9 x8 ,i %all be told1 he ought to h le>n$ to resi/ 8 passions2 to contract a habit ( putt+ a curb on 8 desires4 ,i agree to x )\t any difficulty3 b 9 reply1 ,i aga9 ask1 ,is 8 nature susceptible ( ?is modification8 ,does 8 boil+ blood1 8 unruly imag9ation1 ! igne\s fluid t circulates 9 8 ve9s1 p]mit him to make1 enable him to apply true exp]i5ce 9 ! mom5t :5 x is want$8 ,&1 ev5 :5 8 temp]am5t has capacitat$ him1 has 8 education1 ! examples set be=e him1 ! ideas ) :i* he has be5 inspir$ 9 e>ly life1 be5 suitable to make him contract ?is habit ( repress+ 8 desires8 ,h n all ^! ?+s r contribut$ to induce him to seek ) avidity1 to make him actually desire ^? objects :i* y say he ought to resi/4 ,! ambiti\s man cries out1--,y w h me resi/ my passion1 b h !y n unceas+ly repeat$ to me1 t rank1 hon\rs1 p[]1 are ! mo/ desirable advantages 9 life8 ,h ,i n se5 my fell[-citiz5s envy !m--! nobles ( my c\ntry sacrifice e ?+ to obta9 !m8 ,9 ! society 9 :i* ,i live1 am ,i n oblig$ to feel1 t if ,i am depriv$ ( ^! advantages1 ,i mu/ expect to langui% 9 contempt1 to cr+e "u ! rod ( oppression8 ,! mis] says1--,y =bid me to love money1 to seek aft] ! means ( acquir+ x3 alas6 does n e ?+ tell me1 t 9 ?is _w money is ! greate/ bless+2 t x is amply suffici5t to r5d] me happy8 ,9 ! c\ntry ,i inhabit1 d ,i n see all my fell[-citiz5s covet\s ( ri*es8 b d ,i n also witness t !y are little scrupul\s 9 ! means ( obta9+ weal?8 ,z soon z !y are enri*$ by ! means :i* y c5sure1 are !y n *]i%$1 consid]$1 & respect$8 ,by :at au?ority1 !n1 d y object to my amass+ treasure8 :at "r h y to prev5t my us+ means1 :i* al?\gh y call !m sordid & crim9al1 ,i see approv$ by ! sov]eign8 ,w y h me r5\nce my happ9ess8 ,! voluptu>y argues1--,y pret5d t ,i %\ld resi/ my desires2 b 0 ,i ! mak] ( my own temp]am5t1 :i* unceas+ly invites me to pleasure8 ,y call my pleasures disgraceful2 b 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* ,i live1 d ,i n witness ! mo/ dissipat$ m5 enjoy+ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ rank8 ,d ,i n behold1 t no "o is a%am$ ( adult]y b ! husb& x has outrag$8 d n ,i see m5 mak+ trophies ( _! debau*]ies1 boa/+ ( _! lib]t9ism1 rew>d$1 ) applause8 ,! *ol]ic man vocif]ates1--,y advise me to put a curb on my passions2 to resi/ ! desire ( av5g+ myself3 b c ,i conqu] my nature8 ,c ,i alt] ! receiv$ op9ions ( ! _w8 ,%all ,i n be = ev] disgrac$1 infallibly di%on\r$ 9 society1 if ,i d n wa% out1 9 ! blood ( my fell[-creature1 ! injuries ,i h receiv$8 ,! zeal\s en?usia/ exclaims1--,y recomm5d to me mildness1 y advise me to be tol]ant1 to be indulg5t to ! op9ions ( my fell[-m52 b is n my temp]am5t viol5t8 ,d ,i n ard5tly love my ,god8 ,d !y n assure me t zeal is pleas+ to him2 t sangu9>y inhuman p]secutors h be5 8 fri5ds8 ,t ^? :o d n ?9k z ,i d are 8 enemies8 ,i wi% to r5d] myself acceptable 9 8 sight1 ,i !re=e adopt ! means y reprobate4 ,9 %ort1 ! actions ( man are nev] free2 !y are always ! necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 temp]am5t1 ( ! receiv$ ideas1 ( ! notions1 ei!r true or false1 :i* he has =m$ to himself ( happ9ess3 ( 8 op9ions1 /r5g!n$ by example1 =feit$ by education1 consolidat$ by daily exp]i5ce4 ,s _m crimes are witness$ on ! e>?1 only because e ?+ conspires to r5d] man vici\s1 to make him crim9al2 v frequ5tly1 ! sup]/itions he has adopt$1 8 gov]nm5t1 8 education1 ! examples set be=e him1 irresi/ibly drive him on to evil3 "u ^! circum/ances morality prea*es virtue to him 9 va94 ,9 ^? societies :]e vice is e/eem$1 :]e crime is cr[n$1 :]e v5ality is con/antly recomp5c$1 :]e ! mo/ dreadful disord]s are puni%$1 only 9 ^? :o are too weak to enjoy ! privilege ( committ+ !m ) impunity2 ! practice ( virtue is consid]$ no?+ m ?an a pa9ful sacrifice ( fanci$ happ9ess4 ,su* societies *a/ise1 9 ! l[] ord]s1 ^? excesses :i* !y respect 9 ! high] ranks2 & frequ5tly h ! inju/ice to condemn ^? 9 p5alty ( dea?1 :om public prejudices1 ma9ta9$ by con/ant example1 h r5d]$ crim9al4 ,man1 !n1 is n a free ag5t 9 any "o in/ant ( 8 life2 he is necess>ily guid$ 9 ea* /ep by ^? advantages1 :e!r real or fictiti\s1 t he atta*es to ! objects by :i* 8 passions are r\s$3 ^! passions !mselves are necess>y 9 a be+ :o1 unceas+ly t5ds t[>ds 8 own happ9ess2 _! en]gy is necess>y1 s9ce t dep5ds on 8 temp]am5t2 8 temp]am5t is necess>y1 because x dep5ds on ! physical elem5ts :i* ent] into 8 composition2 ! modification ( ?is temp]am5t is necess>y1 z x is ! infallible result1 ! inevitable consequ5ce ( ! impulse he receives f ! incessant action ( moral & physical be+s4 ,9 despite ( ^! pro(s ( ! want ( free-ag5cy 9 man1 s cle> to unprejudic$ m9ds1 x w1 p]haps1 be insi/$ ^u ) no small feel+ ( triumph1 t if x be propos$ to any "o to move or n to move 8 h&1 an action 9 ! numb] ( ^? call$ indiff]5t1 he evid5tly appe>s to be ! ma/] ( *oos+2 f :i* x is conclud$1 evid5ce has be5 (f]$ ( 8 free-ag5cy4 ,! reply is1 ?is example is p]fectly simple2 man 9 p]=m+ "s action :i* he is resolv$ on do+1 does n by any means prove 8 free-ag5cy3 ! v desire ( display+ ?is quality1 excit$ by ! dispute1 becomes a necess>y motive :i* decides 8 w ei!r = ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! actions3 :at deludes him 9 ?is in/ance1 or t :i* p]suades him he is a free ag5t at ?is mom5t1 is1 t he does n disc]n ! true motive :i* sets him 9 action2 :i* is nei!r m nor less ?an ! desire ( conv9c+ 8 oppon5t3 if 9 ! heat ( ! dispute he insi/s & asks1 ,am ,i n ! ma/] ( ?r[+ myself out ( ! w9d[8 ,i %all answ] him1 no2 t :il/ he pres]ves 8 reason1 !re is n ev5 a probability t ! desire ( prov+ 8 free-ag5cy1 w become a motive suffici5tly p[]ful1 to make him sacrifice 8 life to ! attempt2 if1 not)/&+ ?is1 to prove he is a free ag5t1 he %\ld actually precipitate himself f ! w9d[1 x w\ld n be a suffici5t w>rantry to conclude he act$ freely1 b r t x 0 ! viol5ce ( 8 temp]am5t :i* spurr$ him on to ?is folly4 ,madness is a /ate t dep5ds ^u ! heat ( ! blood1 n ^u ! w4 ,a fanatic or a h]o1 braves dea? z necess>ily z a m phlegmatic man or a c[>d flies f x4 ,!re is1 9 po9t ( fact1 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! man :o is ca/ out ( ! w9d[ by ano!r1 & ! man :o ?r[s himself out ( x1 except t ! impulse 9 ! fir/ in/ance comes imm$iately f )\t1 :il/ t :i* det]m9es ! fall 9 ! second case1 spr+s f )9 8 own peculi> ma*9e1 hav+ its m remote cause also ext]ior4 ,:5 ,mutius ,scaevola held 8 h& 9 ! fire1 he 0 z mu* act+ "u ! influ5ce ( necessity1 caus$ by int]ior motives1 t urg$ him to ?is /range action1 z if 8 arm _h be5 held by /rong m52 pride1 despair1 ! desire ( brav+ 8 enemy1 a wi% to a/oni% him1 an anxiety to intimidate him1 c4 7 ! invisible *a9s t held 8 h& b\nd to ! fire4 ,! love ( glory1 en?usiasm = _! c\ntry1 9 l mann]1 caus$ ,codrus & ,decius to devote !mselves = _! fell[ citiz5s4 ,! ,indian ,calanus & ! philosoph] ,p]egr9us 7 equally oblig$ to burn !mselves1 by ! desire ( excit+ ! a/oni%m5t ( ! ,grecian assembly4 ,x is said t free-ag5cy is ! abs5ce ( ^? ob/acles compet5t to oppose !mselves to ! actions ( man1 or to ! ex]cise ( 8 faculties3 x is pret5d$ t he is a free ag5t1 :5ev]1 mak+ use ( ^! faculties1 he produces ! effect he has propos$ to himself4 ,9 reply to ?is reason+1 x is suffici5t to consid] t x 9 no wise dep5ds ^u himself to place or remove ! ob/acles t ei!r det]m9e or resi/ him2 ! motive t causes 8 action is no m 9 8 own p[] ?an ! ob/acle t imp$es him1 :e!r ?is ob/acle or motive be )9 8 own ma*9e or ext]ior ( 8 p]son3 he is n ma/] ( ! ?\ght pres5t$ to 8 m9d :i* det]m9es 8 w2 ?is ?\ght is excit$ by "s cause indep5d5t ( himself4 ,to be undeceiv$ on ! sy/em ( 8 free-ag5cy1 man has simply to recur to ! motive by :i* 8 w is det]m9$1 he w always f9d ?is motive is out ( 8 own contr\l4 ,x is said1 t 9 consequ5ce ( an idea to :i* ! m9d gives bir?1 man acts freely if he enc\nt]s no ob/acle4 ,b ! "q is1 :at gives bir? to ?is idea 9 8 bra98 has he ! p[] ei!r to prev5t x f pres5t+ itself1 or f r5ew+ itself 9 8 bra98 ,does n ?is idea dep5d ei!r ^u objects t /rike him ext]iorly & 9 despite ( himself1 or ^u causes t )\t 8 k act )9 himself & modify 8 bra98 ,c he prev5t 8 eyes1 ca/ )\t design ^u any object :atev]1 f giv+ him an idea ( ?is object1 f mov+ 8 bra98 ,he is n m ma/] ( ! ob/acles2 !y are ! necess>y effects ( ei!r int]ior or ext]ior causes1 :i* always act accord+ to _! giv5 prop]ties4 ,a man insults a c[>d1 :o is necess>ily irritat$ aga9/ 8 insult]1 b 8 w _c vanqui% ! ob/acle t c[>dice places to ! object ( 8 desire1 :i* is1 to res5t ! insult2 because 8 natural con=mation1 :i* does n dep5d ^u himself1 prev5ts 8 hav+ c\rage4 ,9 ?is case ! c[>d is insult$ 9 despite ( himself1 & aga9/ 8 w is oblig$ pati5tly to brook ! insult he has receiv$4 ,! p>tizans ( ! sy/em ( free-ag5cy appe> ev] to h conf\nd$ con/ra9t ) necessity4 ,man believes he acts z a free ag5t1 e "t he does n see any ?+ t places ob/acles to 8 actions2 he does n p]ceive t ! motive :i* causes him to w is always necess>y1 is ev] indep5d5t ( himself4 ,a prison] load$ ) *a9s is compell$ to rema9 9 prison1 b he is n a free ag5t1 he is n able to resi/ ! desire to emancipate himself2 8 *a9s prev5t him f act+1 b !y d n prev5t him f will+2 he w\ld save himself if !y w\ld loose 8 fett]s1 b he w\ld n save himself z a free ag5t1 fe> or ! idea ( puni%m5t w\ld be suffici5t motives = 8 action4 ,man may !re=e cease to be re/ra9$1 )\t1 = t reason1 becom+ a free ag5t3 9 :atev] mann] he acts1 he w act necess>ily2 accord+ to motives by :i* he %all be det]m9$4 ,he may be comp>$ to a heavy body1 t f9ds itself arre/$ 9 its desc5t by any ob/acle :atev]3 take away ?is ob/acle1 x w gravitate or cont9ue to fall2 b :o %all say ?is d5se body is free to fall or n8 ,is n its desc5t ! necess>y effect ( its own specific gravity8 ,! virtu\s ,socrates submitt$ to ! laws ( 8 c\ntry1 al?\gh !y 7 unju/2 not)/&+ ! doors ( 8 gaol 7 left op5 to him he w\ld n save himself2 b 9 ?is he did n act z a free ag5t2 ! invisible *a9s ( op9ion1 ! secret love ( decorum1 ! inw>d respect = ! laws1 ev5 :5 !y 7 iniquit\s1 ! fe> ( t>ni%+ 8 glory1 kept him 9 8 prison3 !y 7 motives suffici5tly p[]ful1 ) ?is en?usia/ = virtue1 to induce him to wait dea? ) tranquillity2 x 0 n 9 8 p[] to save himself1 because he c\ld f9d no pot5tial motive to br+ him to dep>t1 ev5 = an in/ant1 f ^? pr9ciples to :i* 8 m9d 0 accu/om$4 ,man1 says he1 frequ5tly acts aga9/ 8 incl9ation1 f :5ce he has falsely conclud$ he is a free ag5t2 :5 he appe>s to act contr>y to 8 incl9ation1 he is det]m9$ to x by "s motive suffici5tly efficaci\s to vanqui% ?is incl9ation4 ,a sick man1 ) a view to 8 cure1 arrives at conqu]+ 8 repugnance to ! mo/ disgu/+ rem$ies3 ! fe> ( pa91 ! dread ( dea?1 !n become necess>y & intellig5t motives2 consequ5tly1 ?is sick man _c be said1 ) tru?1 by any means1 to act freely4 ,:5 x is said1 t man is n a free ag5t1 x is n pret5d$ to comp>e him to a body mov$ by a simple impulsive cause3 he conta9s )9 himself causes inh]5t to 8 exi/5ce2 he is mov$ by an int]ior organ1 :i* has its own peculi> laws2 :i* is itself necess>ily det]m9$1 9 consequ5ce ( ideas =m$ f p]ceptions1 result+ f s5sations1 :i* x receives f ext]ior objects4 ,z ! me*anism ( ^! s5sations1 ( ^! p]ceptions1 & ! mann] !y engrave ideas on ! bra9 ( man1 are n kn[n to him1 because he is unable to unravel all ^! motions2 because he _c p]ceive ! *a9 ( op]ations 9 8 s\l1 or ! motive-pr9ciple t acts )9 him1 he supposes himself a free ag5t2 :i*1 lit]ally translat$1 signifies t he moves himself by himself2 t he det]m9es himself )\t cause2 :5 he r ought to say1 he is ignorant h[ or = :y he acts 9 ! mann] he does4 ,x is true ! s\l enjoys an activity peculi> to itself1 b x is equally c]ta9 t ?is activity w\ld nev] be display$ if "s motive or "s cause did n put x 9 a condition to ex]cise itself1 at lea/ x w n be pret5d$ t ! s\l is able ei!r to love or to hate )\t be+ mov$1 )\t kn[+ ! objects1 )\t hav+ "s idea ( _! qualities4 ,gunp[d] has unque/ionably a p>ticul> activity1 b ?is activity w nev] display itself1 unless fire be appli$ to x2 ?is1 h[ev]1 imm$iately sets 9 motion4 ,x is ! great complication ( motion 9 man1 x is ! v>iety ( 8 action1 x is ! multiplicity ( causes t move him1 :e!r simultane\sly or 9 cont9ual succession1 t p]suades him he is a free ag5t3 if all 8 motions 7 simple1 if ! causes t move him did n conf\nd !mselves ) ea* o!r1 if !y 7 di/9ct1 if 8 ma*9e 0 less complicat$1 he w\ld p]ceive t all 8 actions 7 necess>y1 because he w\ld be enabl$ to recur in/antly to ! cause t made him act4 ,a man :o %\ld be always oblig$ to g t[>ds ! we/ w\ld always g on t side1 b he w\ld feel extremely well1 t 9 s go+ he 0 n a free ag5t3 if he _h ano!r s5se1 z 8 actions or 8 motion augm5t$ by a six? w\ld be /ill m v>i$1 mu* m complicat$1 he w\ld believe himself /ill m a free ag5t ?an he does ) 8 five s5ses4 ,x is1 !n1 = want ( recurr+ to ! causes t move him1 = want ( be+ able to analyse1 f n be+ compet5t to decompose ! complicat$ motion ( 8 ma*9e1 t man believes himself a free ag5t2 x is only ^u 8 own ignorance t he f\nds ! pr(\nd yet deceitful notion he has ( 8 free-ag5cy1 t he builds ^? op9ions :i* he br+s =w>d z a /rik+ pro( ( 8 pret5d$ fre$om ( action4 ,if1 = a %ort "t1 ea* man 0 will+ to exam9e 8 own peculi> actions1 to se>* out _! true motives1 to discov] _! concat5ation1 he w\ld rema9 conv9c$ t ! s5tim5t he has ( 8 natural free-ag5cy is a *im]a t mu/ spe$ily be de/roy$ by exp]i5ce4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! multiplicity1 ! div]sity ( ! causes :i* cont9ually act ^u man1 frequ5tly )\t ev5 8 k1 r5d] x impossible1 or at lea/ extremely difficult1 = him to recur to ! true pr9ciples ( 8 own peculi> actions1 mu* less ! actions ( o!rs2 !y frequ5tly dep5d ^u causes s fugitive1 s remote f _! effects1 & :i*1 sup]ficially exam9$1 appe> to h s little analogy1 s sl5d] a relation ) !m1 t x requires s+ul> sagacity to br+ !m into light4 ,?is is :at r5d]s ! /udy ( ! moral man a task ( su* difficulty2 ?is is ! reason :y 8 he>t is an abyss1 ( :i* x is frequ5tly impossible = him to fa?om ! dep?4 ,he is1 !n1 oblig$ to cont5t himself ) a k ( ! g5]al & necess>y laws by :i* ! human he>t is regulat$2 = ! individuals ( 8 own species ^! laws are pretty ne>ly ! same1 !y v>y only 9 consequ5ce ( ! organization t is peculi> to ea*1 & ( ! modification x und]goes2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n1 _c be rigor\sly ! same 9 any two4 ,x suffices to "k t by 8 ess5ce man t5ds to cons]ve himself1 to r5d] 8 exi/5ce happy3 ?is grant$1 :atev] may be 8 actions1 if he recurs back to ?is fir/ pr9ciple1 to ?is g5]al1 ?is necess>y t5d5cy ( 8 w1 he nev] c be deceiv$ ) reg>d to 8 motives4 ,man1 )\t d\bt1 = want ( cultivat+ reason1 be+ de/itute ( exp]i5ce1 frequ5tly deceives himself ^u ! means ( arriv+ at ?is end2 sometimes ! means he employs are unpleasant to 8 fell[s1 because !y are prejudicial to _! int]e/s2 or else ^? ( :i* he avails himself appe> irrational1 because !y remove him f ! end to :i* he w\ld approximate3 b :atev] may be ^! means1 !y h always necess>ily & inv>iably = object1 ei!r an exi/+ or imag9>y happ9ess2 are direct$ to pres]ve himself 9 a /ate analog\s to 8 mode ( exi/5ce1 to 8 mann] ( feel+1 to 8 way ( ?9k+2 :e!r durable or transitory4 ,x is f hav+ mi/ak5 ?is tru?1 t ! great] numb] ( moral philosoph]s h made r ! romance1 ?an ! hi/ory ( ! human he>t2 !y h attribut$ ! actions ( man to fictiti\s causes2 at lea/ !y h n s\ght out ! necess>y motives ( 8 conduct4 ,politicians & legislators h be5 9 ! same /ate ( ignorance2 or else impo/ors h f\nd x mu* %ort] to employ imag9>y motive-p[]s1 ?an ^? :i* really h exi/5ce3 !y h r *os5 to make man w&] out ( 8 way1 to make him tremble "u incommodi\s phantoms1 ?an guide him to virtue by ! direct road to happ9ess2 not)/&+ ! con=mity ( ! latt] ) ! natural desires ( 8 he>t4 ,s true x is1 t error c nev] possibly be useful1 to ! human species4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 man ei!r sees or believes he sees1 mu* m di/9ctly1 ! necess>y relation ( effects ) _! causes 9 natural philosophy ?an 9 ! human he>t2 at lea/ he sees 9 ! =m] s5sible causes con/antly produce s5sible effects1 ev] ! same1 :5 ! circum/ances are alike4 ,aft] ?is1 he hesitates n to look ^u physical effects z necess>y1 :il/ he refuses to ackn[l$ge necessity 9 ! acts ( ! human w2 ^! he has1 )\t any j f\ndation1 attribut$ to a motive-p[] t acts indep5d5tly by its own peculi> en]gy1 t is capable ( modify+ itself )\t ! concurr5ce ( ext]ior causes1 & :i* is di/+ui%$ f all mat]ial or physical be+s4 ,agriculture is f\nd$ ^u ! assurance af=d$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! e>?1 cultivat$ & s[n 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 :5 x has o!rwise ! requisite qualities1 w furni% gra91 fruit1 & fl[]s1 ei!r necess>y = subsi/5ce or pleas+ to ! s5ses4 ,if ?+s 7 consid]$ )\t prejudice1 x w\ld be p]ceiv$1 t 9 morals education is no?+ m ?an ! agriculture ( ! m9d2 t l ! e>?1 by reason ( its natural disposition1 ( ! culture be/[$ ^u x1 ( ! se$s ) :i* x is s[n1 ( ! seasons1 m or less favorable1 t conduct x to maturity1 we may be assur$ t ! s\l w produce ei!r virtue or vice2 moral fruit t w be ei!r salubri\s = man or baneful to society4 ,morals is ! sci5ce ( ! relations t subsi/ betwe5 ! m9ds1 ! wills1 & ! actions ( m52 9 ! same mann] t geometry is ! sci5ce ( ! relations t are f\nd betwe5 bodies4 ,morals w\ld be a *im]a1 x w\ld h no c]ta9 pr9ciples1 if x 0 n f\nd$ ^u ! k ( ! motives :i* mu/ necess>ily h an influ5ce ^u ! human w1 & :i* mu/ necess>ily det]m9e ! actions ( human be+s4 ,if 9 ! moral z well z 9 ! physical _w1 a cause ( :i* ! action is n int]rupt$ be necess>ily foll[$ by a giv5 effect1 x fl[s consecutively t a reasonable education1 graft$ ^u tru?1 f\nd$ ^u wise laws1--t hone/ pr9ciples in/ill$ dur+ y\?1 virtu\s examples cont9ually held =?1 e/eem atta*$ solely to m]it1 recomp5se aw>d$ to none b good actions1 contempt regul>ly visit+ vice1 %ame foll[+ falsehood z its %ad[1 rigor\s *a/isem5ts appli$ )\t di/9ction to crime1 are causes t w\ld necess>ily act on ! w ( man2 t w\ld det]m9e ! great] numb] ( 8 species to exhibit virtue1 to love x = its own sake1 to seek aft] x z ! mo/ desirable good1 z ! sure/ road to ! happ9ess he s ard5tly desires4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 sup]/ition1 politics1 example1 public op9ion1 all lab\r to c\nt5ance wick$ness1 to tra9 man vici\sly2 if1 in/ead ( fann+ 8 virtues1 !y /ifle good pr9ciples2 if1 in/ead ( direct+ 8 /udies to 8 advantage1 !y r5d] 8 education ei!r useless or unpr(itable2 if ?is education itself1 in/ead ( gr\nd+ him 9 virtue1 only inoculates him ) vice2 if1 in/ead ( inculcat+ reason1 x imbues him ) prejudice2 if1 in/ead ( mak+ him enam\r$ ( tru?1 x furni%es him ) false notions2 if1 in/ead ( /or+ 8 m9d ) j ideas drawn f exp]i5ce1 x fills him ) dang]\s op9ions2 if1 in/ead ( fo/]+ mildness & =be>ance1 x k9dles 9 8 brea/ only ^? passions :i* are incommodi\s to himself & hurtful to o!rs2 x mu/ be ( necessity1 t ! w ( ! great] numb] %all det]m9e !m to evil2 %all r5d] !m unwor?y1 make !m baneful to society4 ,_m au?ors h ackn[l$g$ ! importance ( a good education1 t y\? 0 ! season to fe$ ! human he>t ) :olesome diet2 b !y h n felt1 t a good education is incompatible1 nay1 impossible1 ) ! sup]/ition ( man1 s9ce ?is comm5ces ) giv+ 8 m9d a false bias3 t x is equally inconsi/5t ) arbitr>y gov]nm5t1 because ?is always dreads le/ he %\ld become enlight5$1 & is ev] s$ul\s to r5d] him s]vile1 mean1 contemptible1 & cr++2 t x is incongru\s ) laws t are n f\nd$ 9 equity1 t are frequ5tly bottom$ on inju/ice2 t x _c obta9 ) ^? receiv$ cu/oms t are oppos$ to good s5se2 t x _c exi/ :il/ public op9ion is unfav\rable to virtue2 above all1 t x is absurd to expect x f incapable in/ructors1 f ma/]s ) weak m9ds1 :o h only ! ability to infuse into _! s*ol>s ^? false ideas ) :i* !y are !mselves infect$4 ,"h1 )\t d\bt1 is ! real s\rce f :5ce spr+s t univ]sal corruption1 t wide-spread+ depravity1 ( :i* morali/s1 ) great ju/ice1 s l\dly compla92 )\t1 h[ev]1 po9t+ out ^? causes ( ! evil1 :i* are true z !y are necess>y3 in/ead ( ?is1 !y se>* = x 9 human nature1 say x is corrupt1 blame man = lov+ himself1 & = seek+ aft] 8 own happ9ess1 insi/ t he mu/ h sup]natural assi/ance1 "s m>vell\s int]f]5ce1 to enable him to become good3 ?is is a v prejudicial doctr9e = him1 x is directly subv]sive ( 8 true happ9ess2 by tea*+ him to hold himself 9 contempt1 x t5ds necess>ily to disc\rage him2 x ei!r makes him sluggi%1 or drives him to despair :il/ wait+ = ?is grace3 is x n easy to be p]ceiv$1 t he w\ld always h x if he 0 well educat$2 if he 0 hone/ly gov]n$8 ,!re _c well exi/ a wild] or a /rang] sy/em ( morals1 ?an t ( ! !ologians :o attribute all moral evil to an orig9al s91 & all moral good to ! p>don ( x4 ,x ought n to excite surprise if su* a sy/em is ( no efficacy2 :at c reasonably be ! result ( su* an hypo!sis8 ,yet1 not)/&+ ! suppos$1 ! boa/$ free-ag5cy ( man1 x is insi/$ t no?+ less ?an ! ,au?or ( ,nature himself is necess>y to de/roy ! wick$ desires ( 8 he>t3 b1 alas6 no p[] :atev] is f\nd suffici5tly efficaci\s to resi/ ^? unhappy prop5sities1 :i*1 "u ! fatal con/itution ( ?+s1 ! mo/ vigor\s motives1 z be=e obs]v$1 are cont9ually infus+ into ! w ( man2 no ag5cy seems compet5t to turn ! c\rse ( t unhappy direction ^! are p]petually giv+ to ! /ream ( 8 natural passions4 ,he is1 inde$1 incessantly exhort$ to resi/ ^! passions1 to /ifle !m1 & to root !m out ( 8 he>t2 b is x n evid5t !y are necess>y to 8 welf>e8 ,c x n be p]ceiv$ !y are inh]5t 9 8 nature8 ,does n exp]i5ce prove !m to be useful to 8 cons]vation1 s9ce !y h = object1 only to avoid t :i* may be injuri\s to him2 to procure t :i* may be advantage\s to 8 mode ( exi/5ce8 ,9 %ort1 is x n easy to be se51 t ^! passions1 well direct$1 t is to say1 c>ri$ t[>ds objects t are truly useful1 t are really int]e/+ to himself1 :i* embrace ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 w\ld necess>ily contribute to ! sub/antial1 to ! p]man5t well-be+ ( society8 ,!ologians !mselves h felt1 !y h ackn[l$g$ ! necessity ( ! passions3 _m ( ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* h broa*$ ?is doctr9e2 among ! re/ ,fa!r ,s5ault has writt5 a book expressly on ! subject3 ! passions ( man are l fire1 at once necess>y to ! wants ( life1 suitable to ameliorate ! condition ( humanity1 & equally capable ( produc+ ! mo/ t]rible ravages1 ! mo/ frightful deva/ation4 ,e ?+ becomes an impulse to ! w2 a s+le ^w frequ5tly suffices to modify a man = ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 to decide = ev] 8 prop5sities2 an infant :o has burn$ 8 f+] by hav+ approa*$ x too ne> ! flame ( a light$ tap]1 is w>n$ f !nce1 t he ought to ab/a9 f indulg+ a simil> temptation2 a man1 once puni%$ & despis$ = hav+ committ$ a di%one/ action1 is n (t5 tempt$ to cont9ue s unfav\rable a c\rse4 ,"u :atev] po9t ( man is consid]$1 he nev] acts b aft] ! impulse giv5 to 8 w1 :e!r x be by ! w ( o!rs1 or by m p]ceptible physical causes4 ,! p>ticul> organization decides ! nature ( ! impulse2 s\ls act ^u s\ls t are analog\s2 inflam$1 fi]y imag9ations1 act ) facility ^u /rong passions2 ^u imag9ations easy to be inflam$1 ! surpris+ progress ( en?usiasm2 ! h]$it>y propagation ( sup]/ition2 ! transmission ( religi\s errors f race to race1 ! excessive ard\r ) :i* man seizes on ! m>vell\s1 are effects z necess>y z ^? :i* result f ! action & re-action ( bodies4 ,9 despite ( ! gratuit\s ideas :i* man has =m$ to himself on 8 pret5d$ free-ag5cy2 9 defiance ( ! illusions ( ?is suppose intimate s5se1 :i*1 contr>y to 8 exp]i5ce1 p]suades him t he is ma/] ( 8 w1--all 8 in/itutions are really f\nd$ ^u necessity3 on ?is1 z on a v>iety ( o!r occasions1 practice ?r[s aside speculation4 ,inde$1 if x 0 n believ$ t c]ta9 motives embrac$ ! p[] requisite to det]m9e ! w ( man1 to arre/ ! progress ( 8 passions1 to direct !m t[>ds an end1 to modify him2 ( :at use w\ld be ! faculty ( spee*8 ,:at b5efit c\ld arise f education itself8 ,:at does education a*ieve1 save give ! fir/ impulse to ! human w1 make man contract habits1 oblige him to p]si/ 9 !m1 furni% him ) motives1 :e!r true or false1 to act aft] a giv5 mann]8 ,:5 ! fa!r ei!r m5aces 8 son ) puni%m5t1 or promises him a rew>d1 is he n conv9c$ ^! ?+s w act ^u 8 w8 ,:at does legislation attempt1 except x be to pres5t to ! citiz5s ( a /ate ^? motives :i* are suppos$ necess>y to det]m9e !m to p]=m "s actions t are consid]$ wor?y2 to ab/a9 f committ+ o!rs t are look$ ^u z unwor?y8 ,:at is ! object ( morals1 if x be n to %ew man t 8 int]e/ exacts he %\ld suppress ! mom5t>y ebullition ( 8 passions1 ) a view to promote a m c]ta9 happ9ess1 a m la/+ well-be+1 ?an c possibly result f ! gratification ( 8 transitory desires8 ,does n ! religion ( all c\ntries suppose ! human race1 toge!r ) ! entire ( ,nature1 submitt$ to ! irresi/ible w ( a necess>y be+1 :o regulates _! condition aft] ! et]nal laws ( immutable wisdom8 ,is n ,god ! absolute ma/] ( _! de/9y8 ,is x n ?is div9e be+ :o *ooses & rejects8 ,! ana!mas fulm9at$ by religion1 ! promises x holds =?1 are !y n f\nd$ ^u ! idea ( ! effects !y w necess>ily produce ^u mank9d8 ,is n man br\ght into exi/5ce )\t 8 own k8 ,is he n oblig$ to play a "p aga9/ 8 w8 ,does n ei!r 8 happ9ess or 8 mis]y dep5d on ! "p he plays8 ,all religion has be5 evid5tly f\nd$ ^u ,fatalism4 ,among ! ,greeks !y suppos$ m5 7 puni%$ = _! necess>y faults1 z may be se5 9 ,ore/es1 9 ,o$ipus1 c4 :o only committ$ crimes pr$ict$ by ! oracles4 ,x is r s+ul> t ! !ological def5d]s ( ! doctr9e ( free-ag5cy1 :i* !y endeav\r to oppose to t ( pr$e/9ation1--:i* accord+ to !m is irreconcileable ) ,*ri/ianity1 inasmu* z x is a false & dang]\s sy/em1--%\ld n h be5 aw>e t ! doctr9es ( ! fall ( angels1 orig9al s91 ! small numb] ( ! elect1 ! sy/em ( grace1 c4 7 mo/ inconte/ibly support+1 by ! mo/ cog5t argum5ts1 a true sy/em ( fatalism4 ,education1 !n1 is only necessity %ewn to *ildr53 legislation is necessity %ewn to ! memb]s ( ! body politic3 morals is ! necessity ( ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 m51 %ewn to reasonable be+s3 9 %ort1 man grants necessity 9 e ?+ = :i* he believes he has c]ta91 un]r+ exp]i5ce3 t ( :i* he does n compreh5d ! necess>y connection ( causes ) _! effects he /yles probability3 he w\ld n act z he does1 if he 0 n conv9c$1 or1 at lea/1 if he did n presume he 01 t c]ta9 effects w necess>ily foll[ 8 actions4 ,! morali/ prea*es reason1 because he believes x necess>y to man3 ! philosoph] writes1 because he believes tru? mu/1 soon] or lat]1 prevail ov] falsehood3 tyrants & fanatical prie/s necess>ily hate tru?1 despise reason1 because !y believe !m prejudicial to _! int]e/s3 ! sov]eign1 :o /rives to t]rify crime by ! sev]ity ( 8 laws1 b :o nev]!less1 f motives ( /ate policy sometimes r5d]s x useful & ev5 necess>y to 8 purposes1 presumes ! motives he employs w be suffici5t to keep 8 subjects )9 b\nds4 ,all reckon equally ^u ! p[] or ^u ! necessity ( ! motives !y make use (2 ea* individual flatt]s himself1 ei!r ) or )\t reason1 t ^! motives w h an influ5ce on ! conduct ( mank9d4 ,! education ( man is commonly s defective1 s inefficaci\s1 s little calculat$ to promote ! end he has 9 view1 because x is regulat$ by prejudice3 ev5 :5 ?is education is good1 x is b too (t5 spe$ily c\nt]act$1 by almo/ e ?+ t takes place 9 society4 ,legislation & politics are v frequ5tly iniquit\s1 & s]ve no bett] purpose ?an to k9dle passions 9 ! bosom ( man1 :i* once set afloat1 !y are no long] compet5t to re/ra94 ,! great art ( ! morali/ %\ld be1 to po9t out to man1 to conv9ce ^? :o are entru/$ ) ! sacr$ (fice ( regulat+ 8 w1 t _! int]e/s are id5tifi$2 t _! reciprocal happ9ess dep5ds ^u ! h>mony ( _! passions2 t ! safety1 ! p[]1 ! duration ( empires1 necess>ily dep5d on ! good s5se diffus$ among ! individual memb]s2 on ! tru? ( ! notions inculcat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! citiz5s1 on ! moral goodness t is s[n 9 _! he>ts1 on ! virtues t are cultivat$ 9 _! brea/s2 religion %\ld n be admissible1 unless x truly =tifi$1 unless x really /r5g!n$ ^! motives4 ,b 9 ! mis]able /ate into :i* error has plung$ a consid]able portion ( ! human species1 man1 = ! mo/ "p1 is s$uc$ to be wick$3 he injures 8 fell[-creature z a matt] ( consci5ce1 because ! /ronge/ motives are held out to him to be p]secut+2 because 8 in/itutions invite him to ! commission ( evil1 "u ! lure ( promot+ 8 own imm$iate happ9ess4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries sup]/ition r5d]s him a useless be+1 makes him an abject slave1 causes him to tremble "u its t]rors1 or else turns him into a furi\s fanatic1 :o is at once cruel1 intol]ant1 & inhuman3 9 a great numb] ( /ates arbitr>y p[] cru%es him1 obliges him to become a cr++ sycophant1 r5d]s him completely vici\s3 9 ^? despotic /ates ! law r>ely visits crime ) puni%m5t1 except 9 ^? :o are too feeble to oppose its c\rse8 or :5 x has become incapable ( re/ra9+ ! viol5t excesses to :i* a bad gov]nm5t gives bir?4 ,9 %ort1 rational education is neglect$2 a prud5t culture ( ! human m9d is despis$2 x dep5ds1 b too frequ5tly1 ^u bigott$1 sup]/iti\s prie/s1 :o are int]e/$ 9 deceiv+ man1 & :o are sometimes impo/ors2 or else ^u p>5ts or ma/]s )\t und]/&+1 :o are devoid ( morals1 :o impress on ! ductile m9d ( _! s*ol>s ^? vices ) :i* !y are !mselves torm5t$2 :o transmit to !m ! false op9ions1 :i* !y believe !y h an int]e/ 9 mak+ !m adopt4 ,all ?is proves ! necessity ( fall+ back to man's orig9al errors1 & recurr+ to ! primitive s\rce ( 8 w&]+s1 if x be s]i\sly int5d$ to furni% him ) suitable rem$ies = su* enorm\s maladies3 x is useless to dream ( correct+ 8 mi/akes1 ( cur+ him ( 8 depravity1 until ! true causes t move 8 w are unravell$2 until m real1 m b5eficial1 m c]ta9 motives are sub/itut$ = ^? :i* are f\nd s inefficaci\s2 :i* prove s dang]\s bo? to society & to himself4 ,x is = ^? :o guide ! human w1 :o regulate ! condition ( nations1 :o hold ! real happ9ess ( man 9 _! grasp1 to seek aft] ^! motives1--) :i* reason w readily furni% !m--:i* exp]i5ce w enable !m to apply ) success3 ev5 a good book1 by t\*+ ! he>t ( a great pr9ce1 may become a v p[]ful cause t %all necess>ily h an influ5ce ov] ! conduct ( a :ole p1 & decide ^u ! felicity ( a portion ( ! human race4 ,f all t has be5 advanc$ 9 ?is *apt]1 x results1 t 9 no "o mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce man is a free ag5t3 he is n ! ar*itect ( 8 own con=mation2 ?is he holds f ,nature1 he has no contr\l ov] 8 own ideas1 or ov] ! modification ( 8 bra92 ^! are due to causes1 t1 9 despite ( him1 v frequ5tly )\t 8 own k1 unceas+ly act ^u him2 he is n ! ma/] ( n lov+ t :i* he f9ds amiable2 ( n covet+ t :i* appe>s to him desirable2 he is n capable ( refus+ to delib]ate1 :5 he is unc]ta9 ( ! effects c]ta9 objects w produce ^u him2 he _c avoid *oos+ t :i* he believes w be mo/ advantage\s to him3 9 ! mom5t :5 8 w is det]m9$ by 8 *oice1 he is n compet5t to act o!rwise ?an he does3 9 :at in/ance1 !n1 is he ! ma/] ( 8 own actions8 ,9 :at mom5t is he a free ag5t8 ,t :i* a man is ab\t to d is always a consequ5ce ( t :i* he has be5--( t :i* he is--( t :i* he has done up to ! mom5t ( ! action3 8 total & actual exi/5ce1 consid]$ "u all its possible circum/ances1 conta9s ! sum ( all ! motives to ! action he is ab\t to commit2 ?is is a pr9ciple1 ! tru? ( :i* no ?9k+1 be+ w be able to refuse accr$it+3 8 life is a s]ies ( necess>y mom5ts2 8 conduct1 :e!r good or bad1 virtu\s or vici\s1 useful or prejudicial1 ei!r to himself or to o!rs1 is a concat5ation ( action1 a *a9 ( causes & effects1 z necess>y z all ! mom5ts ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,to live1 is to exi/ 9 a necess>y mode dur+ ! po9ts ( its duration1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r necess>ily3 to w1 is to acquiesce or n 9 rema9+ su* z he is3 to be free1 is to yield to ! necess>y motives t he c>ries )9 himself4 ,if he und]/ood ! play ( 8 organs1 if he 0 able to recal to himself all ! impulsions !y h receiv$1 all ! modifications !y h und]gone1 all ! effects !y h produc$1 he w\ld p]ceive1 t all 8 actions are submitt$ to t fatality :i* regulates 8 own p>ticul> sy/em1 z x does ! entire sy/em ( ! univ]se3 no "o effect 9 him1 any m ?an 9 ,nature1 produce itself by *ance2 ?is1 z has be5 be=e prov$1 is a ^w void ( s5se4 ,all t passes 9 him1 all t is done by him1 z well z all t happ5s 9 ,nature1 or t is attribut$ to h]1 is d]iv$ f necess>y laws1 :i* produce necess>y effects2 f :5ce necess>ily fl[ o!rs4 ,fatality is ! et]nal1 ! immutable1 ! necess>y ord] e/abli%$ 9 ,nature1 or ! indisp5sible connection ( causes t act ) ! effects !y op]ate4 ,con=m+ to ?is ord]1 heavy bodies fall1 light bodies rise2 t :i* is analog\s 9 matt]1 reciprocally attracts2 t :i* is het]og5e\s1 mutually repels2 man congregates himself 9 society1 modifies ea* 8 fell[1 becomes ei!r virtu\s or wick$2 ei!r contributes to 8 mutual happ9ess1 or reciprocates 8 mis]y2 ei!r loves 8 neighb\r1 or hates 8 companion necess>ily2 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! "o acts ^u ! o!r4 ,f :5ce x may be se51 t ! same necessity :i* regulates ! physical1 also regulates ! moral _w3 9 :i* e ?+ is 9 consequ5ce submitt$ to fatality4 ,man1 9 runn+ ov]1 frequ5tly )\t 8 own k1 (t5 9 despite ( himself1 ! r\te :i* ,nature has m>k$ out = him1 resembles a swimm] :o is oblig$ to foll[ ! curr5t t c>ries him along2 he believes himself a free ag5t1 because he sometimes cons5ts1 sometimes does n cons5t1 to glide ) ! /ream2 :i*1 not)/&+1 always hurries him =w>d2 he believes himself ! ma/] ( 8 condition1 because he is oblig$ to use 8 arms "u ! fe> ( s9k+4 ,! false ideas he has =m$ to himself ^u free-ag5cy1 are 9 g5]al ?us f\nd$3 !re are c]ta9 ev5ts :i* he judges necess>y2 ei!r because he sees !y are effects t are con/antly1 are inv>iably l9k$ to c]ta9 causes1 :i* no?+ seems to prev5t2 or because he believes he has discov]$ ! *a9 ( causes & effects t is put 9 play to produce ^? ev5ts3 :il/ he contemplates z cont+5t1 o!r ev5ts1 ( ^: causes he is ignorant2 ! concat5ation ( :i* he does n p]ceive2 ) ^: mode ( act+ he is unacqua9t$3 b 9 ,nature1 :]e e ?+ is connect$ by "o common bond1 !re exi/s no effect )\t a cause4 ,9 ! moral z well z 9 ! physical _w1 e ?+ t happ5s is a necess>y consequ5ce ( causes1 ei!r visible or conceal$2 :i* are1 ( necessity1 oblig$ to act aft] _! peculi> ess5ces4 ,9 man1 free-ag5cy is no?+ m ?an necessity conta9$ )9 himself4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,an exam9ation ( ! ,op9ion :i* pret5ds t ! ,sy/em ( ,fatalism is dang]\s4 ,= a be+ ^: ess5ce obliges him to h a con/ant t5d5cy to 8 own cons]vation1 to cont9ually seek to r5d] himself happy1 exp]i5ce is indisp5sible3 )\t x he _c discov] tru?1 :i* is no?+ m1 z has be5 already said1 ?an a k ( ! con/ant relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 man1 & ^? objects t act ^u him2 accord+ to 8 exp]i5ce he d5om9ates ^? t contribute to 8 p]man5t welf>e useful & salut>y2 ^? t procure him pleasure1 m or less durable1 he calls agreeable4 ,tru? itself becomes ! object ( 8 desires1 only :5 he believes x is useful2 he dreads x1 :5ev] he presumes x w injure him4 ,b has tru? ! p[] to injure him8 ,is x possible t evil c result to man f a correct und]/&+ ( ! relations he has ) o!r be+s8 ,c x be true1 t he c be h>m$ by becom+ acqua9t$ ) ^? ?+s1 ( :i*1 = 8 own happ9ess1 he is int]e/$ 9 hav+ a k8 ,no3 unque/ionably n4 ,x is ^u its utility t tru? f\nds its wor?2 ^u ?is t x builds its rights2 sometimes x may be disagreeable to individuals--x may ev5 appe> contr>y to _! int]e/s--b x w ev] be b5eficial to !m 9 ! end2 x w always be useful to ! :ole human species2 x w et]nally b5efit ! great bulk ( mank9d2 ^: int]e/s mu/ = ev] rema9 di/9ct f ^? ( m51 :o1 dup$ by _! own peculi> passions1 believe _! advantage consi/s 9 plung+ o!rs into error4 ,utility1 !n1 is ! t\*/one ( 8 sy/ems1 ! te/ ( 8 op9ions1 ! crit]ion ( ! actions ( man2 x is ! /&>d ( ! e/eem1 ! measure ( ! love he owes to tru? itself3 ! mo/ useful tru?s are ! mo/ e/imable3 ^? tru?s :i* are mo/ int]e/+ = 8 species1 he /yles em95t2 ^? ( :i* ! utility limits itself to ! amusem5t ( "s individuals :o h n correspond5t ideas1 simil> modes ( feel+1 wants analog\s to 8 own1 he ei!r disda9s1 or else calls !m b>r54 ,x is accord+ to ?is /&>d1 t ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ?is "w1 ought to be judg$4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! imm5se *a9 ( mis*ief produc$ on ! e>? by errone\s sy/ems ( sup]/ition1 w ackn[l$ge ! importance ( oppos+ to !m sy/ems m accordant ) tru?1 s*emes drawn f ,nature1 sci5ces f\nd$ on exp]i5ce4 ,^? :o are1 or believe !y are1 int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! e/abli%$ errors1 w contemplate1 ) horror1 ! tru?s "h pres5t$ to !m3 9 %ort1 ^? infatuat$ mortals1 :o d n feel1 or :o only feel v fa9tly1 ! enorm\s load ( mis]y br\ght ^u mank9d by metaphysical speculation2 ! heavy yoke ( slav]y "u :i* prejudice makes him groan1 w reg>d all our pr9ciples z useless2 or1 at mo/1 z /]ile tru?s1 calculat$ to amuse ! idle h\rs ( a few speculators4 ,no a/oni%m5t1 !re=e1 ne$ be excit$ at ! v>i\s judgm5ts =m$ by man3 8 int]e/s nev] be+ ! same1 any m ?an 8 notions ( utility1 he condemns or disda9s e ?+ t does n accord ) 8 own peculi> ideas4 ,?is grant$1 let u exam9e1 if 9 ! eyes ( ! dis9t]e/$ man1 :o is n entangl$ by prejudice--:o is s5sible to ! happ9ess ( 8 species--:o delights 9 tru?--! doctr9e ( fatalism be useful or dang]\s8 ,let u see if x is a b>r5 speculation1 t 8 n any influ5ce ^u ! felicity ( ! human race8 ,at has be5 already %ewn1 t x w furni% morals ) efficaci\s argum5ts1 ) real motives to det]m9e ! w1 supply politics ) ! true lev] to raise ! prop] activity 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,x w also be se5 t x s]ves to expla9 9 a simple mann] ! me*anism ( man's actions2 to develope 9 an easy way ! arcana ( ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a ( ! human he>t3 on ! o!r h&1 if 8 ideas are only ! result ( unfruitful speculations1 !y _c int]e/ ! happ9ess ( ! human species4 ,:e!r he believes himself a free ag5t1 or :e!r he ackn[l$ges ! necessity ( ?+s1 he always equally foll[s ! desires impr9t$ on 8 s\l2 :i* are to pres]ve 8 exi/5ce & r5d] himself happy4 ,a rational education1 hone/ habits1 wise sy/ems1 equitable laws1 rew>ds uprightly di/ribut$1 puni%m5ts ju/ly inflict$1 w conduct man to happ9ess by mak+ him virtu\s2 :ile ?orny speculations1 fill$ ) difficulties1 c at mo/ only h an influ5ce ov] p]sons unaccu/om$ to ?9k4 ,aft] ^! reflections1 x w be v easy to remove ! difficulties t are unceas+ly oppos$ to ! sy/em ( fatalism1 :i* s _m p]sons1 bl9d$ by _! sup]/iti\s prejudices1 are desir\s to h consid]$ z dang]\s--z des]v+ ( puni%m5t--z calculat$ to di/urb public tranquility--z t5d+ to un*a9 ! passions--to und]m9e ! op9ions man ought to h2 & to conf\nd 8 ideas ( vice & ( virtue4 ,! oppos]s ( necessity1 say1 t if all ! actions ( man are necess>y1 no "r :atev] exi/s to puni% bad ones1 or ev5 to he angry ) ^? :o commit !m3 t no?+ ought to be imput$ to !m2 t ! laws w\ld be unju/ if !y %\ld decree puni%m5t = necess>y actions2 9 %ort1 t "u ?is sy/em man c\ld nei!r h m]it nor dem]it4 ,9 reply1 x may be argu$1 t1 to impute an action to any "o1 is to attribute t action to him2 to ackn[l$ge him = ! au?or3 ?us1 :5 ev5 an action 0 suppos$ to be ! effect ( an ag5t1 & t ag5t necessity1 ! imputation w\ld lie3 ! m]it or dem]it1 t is ascrib$ to an action are ideas orig9at+ 9 ! effects1 :e!r fav\rable or p]nici\s1 t result to ^? :o exp]i5ce its op]ation2 :51 !re=e1 x %\ld be conc$$1 t ! ag5t 0 necessity1 x is n less c]ta91 t ! action w\ld be ei!r good or bad2 e/imable or contemptible1 to ^? :o mu/ feel its influ5ce2 9 %ort t x w\ld be capable ( ei!r elicit+ _! love1 or excit+ _! ang]4 ,love & ang] are modes ( exi/5ce1 suitable to modify1 be+s ( ! human species3 :51 !re=e1 man irritates himself aga9/ 8 fell[1 he int5ds to excite 8 fe>1 or ev5 to puni% him1 9 ord] to det] him f committ+ t :i* is displeas+ to him4 ,moreov] 8 ang] is necess>y2 x is ! result ( 8 ,nature2 ! consequ5ce ( 8 temp]am5t4 ,! pa9ful s5sation produc$ by a /one t falls on ! arm1 does n displease ! less1 because x comes f a cause depriv$ ( w2 :i* acts by ! necessity ( its ,nature4 ,9 contemplat+ man z act+ necess>ily1 x is impossible to avoid di/+ui%+ t mode ( action or be+ :i* is agreeable1 :i* elicits approbation1 f t :i* is afflict+1 :i* irritates1 :i* ,nature obliges him to blame & to prev5t4 ,f ?is x w be se51 t ! sy/em ( fatalism1 does n 9 any mann] *ange ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 & is by no means calculat$ to conf\nd man's ideas ( virtue & vice4 ,man's ,nature always revolts aga9/ t :i* opposes x3 !re are m5 s *ol]ic1 t !y infuriate !mselves ev5 aga9/ ins5sible & inanimate objects2 reflection on _! own impot5ce to modify ^! objects ought to conduct !m back to reason4 ,p>5ts are frequ5tly v mu* to be blam$ = correct+ _! *ildr5 ) ang]3 !y %\ld be contemplat$ z be+s :o are n yet modifi$2 or :o h1 p]haps1 be5 v badly modifi$ by !mselves3 no?+ is m common 9 life1 ?an to see m5 puni% faults ( :i* !y are !mselves ! cause4 ,laws are made ) a view to ma9ta9 society2 to uphold its exi/5ce2 to prev5t man associat$1 f injur+ 8 neighb\r2 !y are !re=e compet5t to puni% ^? :o di/urb its h>mony1 or ^? :o commit actions t are injuri\s to _! fell[s2 :e!r ^! associates may be ! ag5ts ( necessity1 or :e!r !y are free ag5ts1 x suffices to "k !y are susceptible ( modification1 & are !re=e submitt$ to ! op]ation ( ! law4 ,p5al laws are1 or ought to be1 ^? motives :i* exp]i5ce has %ewn capable ( re/ra9+ ! inord9ate passions ( man1 or ( annihilat+ ! impulse ^! passions give to 8 w2 f :atev] necess>y cause man may d]ive ^! passions1 ! legislator proposes to arre/ _! effect1 :5 he takes suitable means1 :5 he adopts prop] me?ods1 he is c]ta9 ( success4 ,! ,judge1 9 decree+ to crime1 gibbets1 tortures1 or any o!r *a/isem5t :atev]1 does no?+ m ?an is done by ! ar*itect1 :o 9 build+ a h\se1 places gutt]s to c>ry (f ! ra91 & prev5t x f sapp+ ! f\ndation4 ,:atev] may be ! cause t obliges man to act1 society possesses ! "r to cru% ! effects1 z mu* z ! man ^: l& w\ld be ru9$ by a riv]1 has to re/ra9 its wat]s by a bank3 or ev51 if he is able1 to turn its c\rse4 ,x is by virtue ( ?is "r t society has ! p[] to intimidate1 ! faculty to puni%1 ) a view to its own cons]vation1 ^? :o may be tempt$ to injure x2 or ^? :o commit actions :i* are ackn[l$g$ really to int]rupt its repose2 to be inimical to its security2 repugnant to its happ9ess4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be argu$1 t society does n1 usually1 puni% ^? faults 9 :i* ! w has no %>e2 t1 9 fact1 x puni%es ! w alone2 t ?is x is :i* decides ! nature ( ! crime1 & ! degree ( its atrocity2 t if ?is w be n free1 x ought n to be puni%$4 ,i reply1 t society is an assemblage ( s5sible be+s1 susceptible ( reason1 :o desire _! own welf>e2 :o fe> evil1 & seek aft] good4 ,^! dispositions enable _! w to be s modifi$ or det]m9$1 t !y are capable ( hold+ su* a conduct z w conduce to ! end !y h 9 view4 ,education1 ! laws1 public op9ion1 example1 habit1 fe>1 are ! causes t mu/ modify associat$ man1 influ5ce 8 w1 regulate 8 passions1 re/ra9 ! actions ( him :o is capable ( injur+ ! end ( 8 association1 & !reby make him concur to ! g5]al happ9ess4 ,^! causes are ( a nature to make impressions on e man1 ^: organization1 ^: ess5ce1 ^: sanity1 places him 9 a capacity to contract ! habits1 to imbibe ! modes ( ?9k+1 to adopt ! mann] ( act+1 ) :i* society is will+ to inspire him4 ,all ! individuals ( ! human species are susceptible ( fe>1 f :5ce x fl[s z a natural consequ5ce1 t ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 or ! privation ( ! happ9ess he desires1 are motives t mu/ necess>ily m or less influ5ce 8 w1 & regulate 8 actions4 ,if ! man is to be f\nd :o is s badly con/itut$ z to resi/1 ^: organization is s vici\s z to be ins5sible to ^? motives :i* op]ate ^u all 8 fell[s1 he is n fit to live 9 society2 he w\ld contradict ! v end ( 8 association3 he w\ld be its enemy2 he w\ld place ob/acles to its natural t5d5cy2 8 rebelli\s disposition1 8 unsociable w1 n be+ susceptible ( t modification :i* is conv5i5t to 8 own true int]e/s & to ! int]e/s ( 8 fell[-citiz5s2 ^! w\ld unite !mselves aga9/ su* an enemy2 & ! law :i* is1 or ought to be ! expression ( ! g5]al w1 w\ld visit ) condign puni%m5t t refractory individual ^u :om ! motives pres5t$ to him by society1 _h n ! effect :i* x _h be5 induc$ to expect3 9 consequ5ce1 su* an unsociable man w\ld be *a/is$2 he w\ld be r5d]$ mis]able1 & accord+ to ! nature ( 8 crime he w\ld be exclud$ f society z a be+ b little calculat$ to concur 9 its views4 ,if society has ! "r to cons]ve itself1 x has also ! "r to take ! means3 ^! means are ! laws :i* pres5t or ought to pres5t to ! w ( man ^? motives :i* are mo/ suitable to det] him f committ+ injuri\s actions4 ,if ^! motives fail ( ! prop] effect1 if !y are unable to influ5ce him1 society1 = its own peculi> good1 is oblig$ to wre/ f him ! p[] ( do+ x fur!r injury4 ,f :atev] s\rce 8 actions may arise1 !re=e1 :e!r !y are ! result ( free-ag5cy1 or :e!r !y are ! (fspr+ ( necessity1 society co]ces him if1 aft] hav+ furni%$ him ) motives1 suffici5tly p[]ful to act ^u reasonable be+s1 x p]ceives t ^! motives h n be5 compet5t to vanqui% 8 deprav$ nature4 ,x puni%es him ) ju/ice1 :5 ! actions f :i* x dissuades him are truly injuri\s to society2 x has an unque/ionable "r to puni%1 :5 x only comm&s ^? ?+s t are con=mable to ! end propos$ by man 9 8 association2 or def5ds ! commission ( ^? acts1 :i* are contr>y to ?is end2 :i* are ho/ile to ! nature ( be+s associat$ = _! reciprocal advantage4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! law has n acquir$ ! "r to puni% him3 if x has fail$ to pres5t to him ! motives necess>y to h an influ5ce ov] 8 w1 x has n ! "r to co]ce him if ! neglig5ce ( society has depriv$ him ( ! means ( subsi/+2 ( ex]cis+ 8 tal5ts2 ( ex]t+ 8 indu/ry2 ( lab\r+ = its welf>e4 ,x is unju/1 :5 x puni%es ^? to :om x has1 nei!r giv5 an education1 nor hone/ pr9ciples2 :om x has n enabl$ to contract habits necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( society3 x is unju/ :5 x puni%es !m = faults :i* ! wants ( _! nature1 or ! con/itution ( society has r5d]$ necess>y to !m3 x is unju/1 x is irrational1 :5ev] x *a/ises !m = hav+ foll[$ ^? prop5sities1 :i* example1 :i* public op9ion1 :i* ! in/itutions1 :i* society itself conspires to give !m4 ,9 %ort1 ! law is defective :5 x does n proportion ! puni%m5t to ! real evil :i* society has su/a9$4 ,! la/ degree ( inju/ice1 ! acme ( folly is1 :5 society is s bl9d$ z to inflict puni%m5t on ^? citiz5s :o h s]v$ x usefully4 ,! p5al laws1 9 exhibit+ t]rify+ objects to man1 :o mu/ be suppos$ susceptible ( fe>1 pres5ts him ) motives calculat$ to h an influ5ce ov] 8 w4 ,! idea ( pa91 ! privation ( lib]ty1 ! fe> ( dea?1 are1 to a be+ well con/itut$1 9 ! full enjoym5t ( 8 faculties1 v puissant ob/acles1 t /rongly oppose !mselves to ! impulse ( 8 unruly desires3 :5 ^! d n co]ce 8 w1 :5 !y fail to arre/ 8 progress1 he is an irrational be+2 a madman2 a be+ badly organiz$2 aga9/ :om society has ! "r to gu>antee itself2 aga9/ :om x has a "r to take measures = its own security4 ,madness is1 )\t d\bt1 an involunt>y1 a necess>y /ate2 nev]!less1 no "o feels x unju/ to deprive ! insane ( _! lib]ty1 al?\gh _! actions c only be imput$ to ! d]angem5t ( _! bra94 ,! wick$ are m5 ^: bra9 is ei!r con/antly or transitorily di/urb$2 /ill !y mu/ be puni%$ by reason ( ! evil !y commit2 !y mu/ always be plac$ 9 ! impossibility ( injur+ society3 if no hope rema9s ( br++ !m back to a reasonable conduct--if e prospect ( recall+ !m to _! duty has vani%$--if !y _c be made to adopt a mode ( action con=mable to ! great end ( association--!y mu/ be = ev] exclud$ its b5efits4 ,x w n be requisite to exam9e "h1 h[ f> ! puni%m5ts :i* society inflicts ^u ^? :o (f5d aga9/ x1 may be reasonably c>ri$4 ,reason %\ld seem to indicate t ! law ought to %ew to ! necess>y crimes ( man1 all ! indulg5ce t is compatible ) ! cons]vation ( society4 ,! sy/em ( fatalism1 z we h se51 does n leave crime unpuni%$2 b x is1 at lea/1 calculat$ to mod]ate ! b>b>ity ) :i* a numb] ( nations puni% ! victims to _! ang]4 ,?is cruelty becomes /ill m absurd1 :5 exp]i5ce has %ewn its inutility3 ! habit ( witness+ f]oci\s puni%m5ts famili>izes crim9als ) ! idea4 ,if x be true t society possesses ! "r ( tak+ away ! life ( its memb]s--if x be really a fact1 t ! dea? ( a crim9al1 !nce=? useless1 c be advantage\s = society1 :i* x w be necess>y to exam9e1 humanity1 at lea/1 exacts t ?is dea? %\ld n be accompani$ ) useless tortures2 ) :i* laws1 p]haps 9 ?is in/ance too rigor\s1 frequ5tly seem to delight 9 ov]:elm+ _! victim4 ,?is cruelty seems to defeat its own end1 x only s]ves to make ! culprit1 :o is immolat$ to ! public v5geance1 suff] )\t any advantage to society2 x moves ! compassion ( ! spectator1 int]e/s him 9 favor ( ! mis]able (f5d] :o groans "u its weight2 x impresses no?+ ^u ! wick$1 b ! sight ( ^? cruelties de/9$ = himself2 :i* b too frequ5tly r5d]s him m f]oci\s1 m cruel1 m ! enemy ( 8 associates3 if ! example ( dea? 0 less frequ5t1 ev5 )\t be+ accompani$ ) tortures1 x w\ld be m efficaci\s4 ,if exp]i5ce 0 consult$1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! great] numb] ( crim9als only look ^u dea? z a bad qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,x is an unque/ionable fact1 t a ?ief see+ "o ( 8 comrades1 display a want ( firmness "u ! puni%m5t1 said to him3 ,is n ?is :at ,i h (t5 told y1 t 9 our bus9ess1 we h "o evil m ?an ! re/ ( mank9d8 ,robb]ies are daily committ$1 ev5 at ! foot ( ! scaffolds :]e crim9als are puni%$4 ,9 ^? nations1 :]e ! p5alty ( dea? is s lightly inflict$1 has suffici5t att5tion be5 paid to ! fact1 t society is ye>ly depriv$ ( a great numb] ( individuals :o w\ld be able to r5d] x v useful s]vice1 if made to "w1 & ?us indemnify ! community = ! injuries !y h committ$8 ,! facility ) :i* ! lives ( m5 are tak5 away1 proves ! incapacity ( c\nsellors2 is an evid5ce ( ! neglig5ce ( legislators3 !y f9d x a mu* %ort] road1 t x gives !m less tr\ble to de/roy ! citiz5s ?an to seek aft] ! means to r5d] !m bett]4 ,:at %all be said = ! unju/ cruelty ( "s nations1 9 :i* ! law1 t ought to h = its object ! advantage ( ! :ole1 appe>s to be made only = ! security ( ! mo/ p[]ful8 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ! inhumanity ( ^? societies1 9 :i* puni%m5ts ! mo/ disproportionate to ! crime1 unm]cifully take away ! lives ( m51 :om ! mo/ urg5t necessity1 ! dreadful alt]native ( fami%+ 9 a l& ( pl5ty1 has oblig$ to become crim9al8 ,x is ?us t 9 a great numb] ( civiliz$ nations1 ! life ( ! citiz5 is plac$ 9 ! same scales ) money2 t ! unhappy wret* :o is p]i%+ f hung]1 :o is wri?+ "u ! mo/ abject mis]y1 is put to dea? = hav+ tak5 a pitiful portion ( ! sup]fluity ( ano!r :om he beholds roll+ 9 abundance6 ,x is ?is t1 9 _m o!rwise v enlight5$ societies1 is call$ ju/ice1 or mak+ ! puni%m5t comm5surate ) ! crime4 ,let ! man ( humanity1 ^: t5d] feel+s are alive to ! welf>e ( 8 species--let ! morali/1 :o prea*es virtue1 :o holds out =be>ance to man--let ! philosoph]1 :o dives into ! secrets ( ,nature--let ! !ologian himself say1 if ?is dreadful iniquity1 ?is he9\s s91 does n become yet m cry+1 :5 ! laws decree ! mo/ cruel tortures = crimes to :i* ! mo/ irrational cu/oms gave bir?--:i* bad in/itutions eng5d]--:i* evil examples multiply8 ,is n ?is some?+ l build+ a sorry1 inconv5i5t hovel1 & !n puni%+ ! inhabitant1 because he does n f9d all ! conv5i5ces ( ! mo/ complete mansion1 ( ! mo/ f9i%$ /ructure8 ,man1 z at _c be too frequ5tly repeat$1 is s prone to evil1 only because e ?+ appe>s to urge him on to ! commission ( x1 by too frequ5tly %ew+ him vice triumphant3 8 education is void 9 a great numb] ( /ates1 p]haps defective 9 ne>ly all2 9 _m places he receives f society no o!r pr9ciples1 save ^? ( an un9telligible sup]/ition2 :i* make b a feeble b>ri] aga9/ ^? prop5sities t are excit$ by dissolute mann]s2 :i* are enc\rag$ by corrupt examples3 9 va9 ! law cries out to him3 ab/a9 f ! goods ( ?y neighb\r2 8 wants1 m p[]ful1 l\dly decl>e to him t he mu/ live3 unaccu/om$ to reason1 hav+ nev] be5 submitt$ to a :olesome discipl9e1 he conceives he mu/ d x at ! exp5ce ( a society :o has done no?+ = him3 :o condemns him to groan 9 mis]y1 to langui% 9 indig5ce3 frequ5tly depriv$ ( ! common necess>ies requisite to support 8 exi/5ce1 :i* 8 ess5ce1 ( :i* he is n ! ma/]1 compels him to cons]ve4 ,he comp5sates himself by !ft1 he rev5ges himself by assass9ation1 he becomes a plund]] by pr(ession1 a murd]] by trade2 he plunges into crime1 & seeks at ! risque ( 8 life1 to satisfy ^? wants1 :e!r real or imag9>y1 to :i* e ?+ ar\nd him conspires to give bir?4 ,depriv$ ( education1 he has n be5 taught to re/ra9 ! fury ( 8 temp]am5t--to guide 8 passions ) discretion--to curb 8 incl9ations4 ,)\t ideas ( dec5cy1 de/itute ( ! true pr9ciples ( hon\r1 he engages 9 crim9al pursuits t injure 8 c\ntry3 :i* at ! same "t has be5 to him no?+ m ?an a /ep-"m4 ,9 ! p>oxysm ( 8 rage1 9 ! exac]bation ( 8 m9d1 he loses sight ( 8 neighb\r's rights1 he ov]looks ! gibbet1 he =gets ! torture2 8 unruly desires h become too pot5t--!y h completely absorb$ 8 m9d2 by a crim9al indulg5ce !y h giv5 an invet]acy to 8 habits :i* preclude him f *ang+ !m2 laz9ess has made him torpid3 remorse has gnaw$ 8 peace2 despair has r5d]$ him bl9d2 he ru%es on to dea?2 & society is compell$ to puni% him rigor\sly1 = ^? fatal1 ^? necess>y dispositions1 :i* x has p]haps itself eng5d]$ 9 8 he>t by evil example3 or :i* at lea/1 x has n tak5 ! pa9s seasonably to root out2 :i* x has neglect$ to oppose by suitable motives--by ^? calculat$ to give him hone/ pr9ciples--to excite him to indu/ri\s habits1 to imbue him ) virtu\s incl9ations4 ,?us1 society frequ5tly puni%es ^? prop5sities ( :i* x is itself ! au?or1 or :i* its neglig5ce has suff]$ to spr+ up 9 ! m9d ( man3 x acts l ^? unju/ fa!rs1 :o *a/ise _! *ildr5 = vices :i* !y h !mselves made !m contract4 ,h[ev] unju/1 h[ev] unreasonable ?is conduct may be1 or appe> to be1 x is n ! less necess>y3 society1 su* z x is1 :atev] may be its corruption1 :atev] vices may p]vade its in/itutions1 l e ?+ else 9 ,nature1 is will+ to subsi/2 t5ds to cons]ve itself3 9 consequ5ce1 x is oblig$ to puni% ^? excesses :i* its own vici\s con/itution has produc$3 9 despite ( its peculi> prejudices1 not)/&+ its vices1 x feels cog5tly t its own imm$iate security dem&s t x %\ld de/roy ! conspiracies ( ^? :o make w> aga9/ its tranquillity3 if ^!1 hurri$ on by ! f\l curr5t ( _! necess>y prop5sities1 di/urb its repose--if1 borne on ! /ream ( _! ill-direct$ desires1 !y injure its int]e/s1 ?is foll[+ ! natural law1 :i* obliges x to lab\r to its own peculi> cons]vation1 removes !m out ( its road2 puni%es !m ) m or less rigor1 accord+ to ! objects to :i* x atta*es ! greate/ importance1 or :i* x supposes be/ suit$ to fur!r its own peculi> welf>e3 )\t d\bt1 x deceives itself frequ5tly1 bo? ^u ^! objects & ! means2 b x deceives itself necess>ily1 = want ( ! k calculat$ to enlight5 x1 ) reg>d to its true int]e/s2 = want ( ^?1 :o regulate its movem5ts possess+ prop] vigilance--suitable tal5ts--! requisite virtue4 ,f ?is x w appe>1 t ! inju/ice ( a society badly con/itut$1 & bl9d$ by its prejudices1 is z necess>y1 z ! crimes ( ^? by :om x is ho/ilely attack$--by ^: vices x is di/ract$4 ,! body politic1 :5 9 a /ate ( insanity1 _c act m consi/5tly ) reason1 ?an "o ( its memb]s ^: bra9 is di/urb$ by madness4 ,x w /ill be said t ^! maxims1 by submitt+ e ?+ to necessity1 mu/ conf\nd1 or ev5 de/roy ! notions man =ms ( ju/ice & inju/ice2 ( good & evil2 ( m]it & dem]it3 ,i d5y x4 ,al?\gh man1 9 e ?+ he does1 acts necess>ily1 8 actions are good1 !y are j1 !y are m]itori\s1 e "t !y t5d to ! real utility ( 8 fell[s2 ( ! society ( :i* he makes a "p3 !y are1 ( necessity1 di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* are really prejudicial to ! welf>e ( 8 associates4 ,society is j1 x is good1 x is wor?y our rev]5ce1 :5 x procures = all its memb]s1 _! physical wants1 :5 x af=ds !m protection1 :5 x secures _! lib]ty1 :5 x puts !m 9 possession ( _! natural rights4 ,x is ill ?is t consi/s all ! happ9ess ( :i* ! social compact is susceptible3 society is unju/1 x is bad1 x is unwor?y our e/eem1 :5 x is p>tial to a few1 :5 x is cruel to ! great] numb]3 x is !n t x multiplies its enemies1 obliges !m to rev5ge !mselves by crim9al actions :i* x is "u ! necessity to puni%4 ,x is n ^u ! caprices ( political society t dep5d ! true notions ( ju/ice & inju/ice--! "r ideas ( moral good & evil--a j appreciation ( m]it & dem]it2 x is ^u utility1 ^u ! necessity ( ?+s1 :i* always =ces man to feel t !re exi/s a mode ( act+ on :i* he implicitly relies1 :i* he is oblig$ to v5]ate1 :i* he _c help approv+ ei!r 9 8 fell[s1 9 himself1 or 9 society3 :il/ !re is ano!r mode to :i* he _c l5d 8 confid5ce1 :i* 8 nature makes him to hate1 :i* 8 feel+s compel him to condemn4 ,x is ^u 8 own peculi> ess5ce t man f\nds 8 ideas ( pleasure & ( pa9--( "r & ( wrong--( vice & ( virtue3 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ^! is1 t pleasure & pa9 make !m in/antane\sly felt 9 8 bra92 he becomes consci\s ( _! exi/5ce ^u ! spot2 9 ! place ( :i*1 ! advantages t accrue to him f ju/ice1 ! b5efit t he d]ives f virtue1 frequ5tly d n display !mselves b aft] a long tra9 ( reflections--aft] multipli$ exp]i5ce & complicat$ att5tion2 :i* _m1 ei!r f a defect 9 _! con=mation1 or f ! peculi>ity ( ! circum/ances "u :i* !y are plac$1 are prev5t$ f mak+1 or at lea/ f mak+ correctly4 ,by a necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is truism1 ! sy/em ( fatalism1 al?\gh x has frequ5tly be5 s accus$1 does n t5d to enc\rage man 9 crime1 to make remorse vani% f 8 m9d4 ,8 prop5sities are to be ascrib$ to 8 nature2 ! use he makes ( 8 passions dep5ds ^u 8 habits1 ^u 8 op9ions1 ^u ! ideas he has receiv$ 9 8 education2 ^u ! examples held =? by ! society 9 :i* he lives4 ,^! ?+s are :at necess>ily decide 8 conduct4 ,?us1 :5 8 temp]am5t r5d]s him susceptible ( /rong passions1 he is viol5t 9 8 desires1 :atev] may be 8 speculations4 ,remorse is ! pa9ful s5tim5t excit$ 9 him by grief1 caus$ ei!r by ! imm$iate or probable future effect ( 8 indulg$ passions3 if ^! effects 7 always useful to him1 he w\ld n exp]i5ce remorse2 b1 z soon z he is assur$ t 8 actions r5d] him hateful1 t 8 passions make him contemptible2 or1 z soon z he fe>s he %all be puni%$ 9 "s mode or o!r1 he becomes re/less1 discont5t$ ) himself--he reproa*es himself ) 8 own conduct--he feels a%am$--he fe>s ! judgem5t ( ^? be+s ^: affection he has le>n$ to e/eem--9 ^: good-w he f9ds 8 own com=t deeply int]e/$4 ,8 exp]i5ce proves to him t ! wick$ man is odi\s to all ^? ^u :om 8 actions h any influ5ce3 if ^! actions are conceal$ at ! mom5t ( commission1 he kn[s x v r>ely happ5s !y rema9 s = ev]4 ,! smalle/ reflection conv9ces him t !re is no wick$ man :o is n a%am$ ( 8 own conduct--:o is truly cont5t$ ) himself--:o does n envy ! condition ( ! good man--:o is n oblig$ to ackn[l$ge t he has paid v de>ly = ^? advantages he is nev] able to enjoy1 )\t exp]i5c+ ! mo/ tr\blesome s5sations1 )\t mak+ ! mo/ bitt] reproa*es aga9/ himself2 !n he feels a%am$1 despises himself1 hates himself1 8 consci5ce becomes al>m$1 remorse foll[s 9 x tra94 ,to be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple x is only requisite to ca/ our eyes on ! extreme precautions t tyrants & villa9s1 :o are o!rwise suffici5tly p[]ful n to dread ! puni%m5t ( man1 take to prev5t exposure2--to :at l5g?s !y pu% _! cruelties aga9/ "s1 to :at meannesses !y /oop to o!rs ( ^? :o are able to hold !m up to public scorn4 ,h !y n1 !n1 a consci\sness ( _! own iniquities8 ,d !y n "k t !y are hateful & contemptible8 ,h !y n remorse8 ,is _! condition happy8 ,p]sons well br\ght up acquire ^! s5tim5ts 9 _! education2 :i* are ei!r /r5g!n$ or enfeebl$ by public op9ion1 by habit1 or by ! examples set be=e !m4 ,9 a deprav$ society1 remorse ei!r does n exi/1 or pres5tly disappe>s2 because1 9 all 8 actions1 x is ev] ! judgm5t ( 8 fell[-man t man is oblig$ necess>ily to reg>d4 ,he nev] feels ei!r %ame or remorse = actions he sees approv$1 t are practis$ by ! _w4 ,"u corrupt gov]nm5ts1 v5al s\ls1 av>ici\s be+1 m]c5>y individuals1 d n blu% ei!r at meanness1 robb]y1 or rap9e1 :5 x is au?oriz$ by example2 9 lic5ti\s nations1 no "o blu%es at adult]y except ! husb&1 at ^: exp5ce x is committ$2 9 sup]/iti\s c\ntries1 man does n blu% to assass9ate 8 fell[ = 8 op9ions4 ,x w be obvi\s1 !re=e1 t 8 remorse1 z well z ! ideas1 :e!r "r or wrong1 :i* man has ( dec5cy1 virtue1 ju/ice1 c4 are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 temp]am5t1 modifi$ by ! society 9 :i* he lives3 assass9s & ?ieves1 :5 !y live only among !mselves1 h nei!r %ame nor remorse4 ,?us1 ,i repeat1 all ! actions ( man are necess>y ^? :i* are always useful1 :i* con/antly contribute to ! real1 t5d to ! p]man5t happ9ess ( 8 species1 are call$ virtues1 & are necess>ily pleas+ to all :o exp]i5ce _! influ5ce2 at lea/1 if _! passions or false op9ions d n oblige !m to judge 9 t mann] :i* is b little accordant ) ! nature ( ?+s3 ea* man acts1 ea* individual judges1 necess>ily1 accord+ to 8 own peculi> mode ( exi/5ce--aft] ! ideas1 :e!r true or false1 :i* he has =m$ ) reg>d to 8 happ9ess4 ,!re are necess>y actions :i* man is oblig$ to approve2 !re are o!rs1 t1 9 despite ( himself1 he is compell$ to c5sure2 ( :i* ! idea g5]ates %ame :5 8 reflection p]mits him to contemplate !m "u ! same po9t ( view t !y are reg>d$ by 8 associates4 ,! virtu\s man & ! wick$ man act f motives equally necess>y3 !y diff] simply 9 _! organization--9 ! ideas !y =m to !mselves ( happ9ess3 we love ! "o necess>ily--we dete/ ! o!r f ! same necessity4 ,! law ( 8 nature1 :i* wills t a s5sible be+ %all con/antly lab\r to pres]ve himself1 has n left to man ! p[] to *oose1 or ! free-ag5cy to pref] pa9 to pleasure--vice to utility--crime to virtue4 ,x is1 !n1 ! ess5ce ( man himself t obliges him to discrim9ate ^? actions :i* are advantage\s to him1 =m ^? :i* are prejudicial to 8 int]e/1 f ^? :i* are baneful to 8 felicity4 ,?is di/9ction subsi/s ev5 9 ! mo/ corrupt societies1 9 :i* ! ideas ( virtue1 al?\gh completely effac$ f _! conduct1 rema9 ! same 9 _! m9d4 ,let u suppose a matt1 :o _h decid$ly det]m9$ = villa9y1 :o %\ld say to himself--,x is folly to be virtu\s 9 a society t is deprav$1 9 a community t is debau*$4 ,let u suppose also1 t he has suffici5t address1 ! unlook$-= good =tune to escape c5sure or puni%m5t1 dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s2 ,i say1 t 9 despite ( all ^! circum/ances1 app>5tly s advantage\s = himself1 su* a man has nei!r be5 happy nor cont5t$ ) 8 own conduct1 ,he has be5 9 cont9ual agonies--ev] at w> ) 8 own actions--9 a /ate ( con/ant agitation4 ,h[ mu* pa91 h[ mu* anxiety1 has he n endur$ 9 ?is p]petual conflict ) himself8 ,h[ _m precautions1 :at excessive lab\r1 :at endless solicitude1 has he n be5 compell$ to employ 9 ?is cont9u$ /ruggle2 h[ _m emb>rassm5ts1 h[ _m c>es1 has he n exp]i5c$ 9 ?is et]nal wre/l+ ) 8 associates1 ^: p5etration he dreads1 ^: scorn he fe>s w foll[ a true k ( 8 pursuits4 ,dem& ( him :at he ?9ks ( himself1 he w %r9k f ! "q4 ,approa* ! b$side ( ?is villa9 at ! mom5t he is dy+2 ask him if he w\ld be will+ to recomm5ce1 at ! same price1 a life ( simil> agitation8 ,if he is +5u\s1 he w av[ t he has ta/$ nei!r repose nor happ9ess2 t ea* crime fill$ him ) inquietude--t reflection prev5t$ him f sleep+--t ! _w has be5 to him only "o cont9u$ sc5e ( al>m--an un9t]rupt$ concat5ation ( t]ror--an ev]la/+1 anxiety ( m9d2--t to live peaceably ^u bread & wat]1 appe>s to him to be a mu* happi]1 a m easy condition1 ?an to possess ri*es1 cr$it1 reputation1 hon\rs1 on ! same t]ms t he has himself acquir$ !m4 ,if ?is villa91 not)/&+ all 8 success1 f9ds 8 condition s deplorable1 :at mu/ be ?\ght ( ! feel+s ( ^? :o h nei!r ! same res\rces nor ! same advantages to succe$ 9 _! crim9al projects4 ,?us1 ! sy/em ( necessity is a tru? n only f\nd$ ^u c]ta9 exp]i5ce1 b1 aga91 x e/abli%es morals ^u an immoveable basis4 ,f> f sapp+ ! f\ndations ( virtue1 x po9ts out its necessity2 x cle>ly %[s ! inv>iable s5tim5ts x mu/ excite--s5tim5ts s necess>y1 s /rong1 s cong5ial to 8 exi/5ce1 t all ! prejudices ( man--all ! vices ( 8 in/itutions--all ! effect ( evil example1 h nev] be5 able entirely to eradicate !m f 8 m9d4 ,:5 he mi/akes ! advantages ( virtue1 x ought to be ascrib$ to ! errors t are infus$ into him--to ! irrationality ( 8 in/itutions3 all 8 w&]+s are ! fatal consequ5ces ( error1--! necess>y result ( prejudices :i* h id5tifi$ !mselves ) 8 exi/5ce4 ,let x n1 !re=e1 any long] be imput$ to 8 nature t he has become wick$1 b to ^? baneful op9ions :i* he has imbib$ ) 8 "m's milk1--t h r5d]$ him ambiti\s1 av>ici\s1 envi\s1 haughty1 arrogant1 debau*$1 intol]ant1 ob/9ate1 prejudic$1 incommodi\s to 8 fell[s1 mis*iev\s to himself4 ,x is education t c>ries into 8 sy/em ! g]m ( ^? vices :i* necess>ily torm5t him dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life4 ,fatalism is reproa*$ ) disc\rag+ man--) damp+ ! ard\r ( 8 s\l--) plung+ him into apa?y--) de/roy+ ! bonds t %\ld connect him ) society4 ,its oppon5ts say1 ,if e ?+ is necess>y1 we mu/ let ?+s g on1 & n be di/urb$ by any ?+4 ,b does x dep5d on man to be s5sible or n8 ,is he ma/] ( feel+ or n feel+ pa98 ,if ,nature has end[$ him ) a humane1 ) a t5d] s\l1 is x possible he %\ld n int]e/ himself 9 a v lively mann]1 9 ! welf>e ( be+s :om he kn[s are necess>y to 8 own peculi> happ9ess8 ,8 feel+s are necess>y3 !y dep5d on 8 own peculi> nature1 cultivat$ by education4 ,8 imag9ation1 prompt to conc]n itself ) ! felicity ( 8 race1 causes 8 he>t to be oppress$ at ! sight ( ^? evils 8 fell[-creature is oblig$ to endure1--makes 8 s\l tremble 9 ! contemplation ( ! mis]y aris+ f ! despotism t cru%es him--f ! sup]/ition t leads him a/ray--f ! passions t di/ract him 9 a /ate ( w>f>e aga9/ 8 neighb\r4 ,al?\gh he kn[s t dea? is ! fatal1 ! necess>y p]iod to ! =m ( all be+s1 8 s\l is n affect$ 9 a less lively mann] at ! loss ( a belov$ wife1--at ! demise ( a *ild calculat$ to console 8 old age1--at ! f9al sep>ation f an e/eem$ fri5d :o _h become de> to 8 he>t4 ,al?\gh he is n ignorant t x is ! ess5ce ( fire to burn1 he does n believe he is disp5s$ f us+ 8 utmo/ ef=ts to arre/ ! progress ( a conflagration4 ,al?\gh he is intimately conv9c$ t ! evils to :i* he is a witness1 are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( primitive errors ) :i* 8 fell[-citiz5s are imbu$1 he feels he ought to display tru? to !m1 if ,nature has giv5 him ! necess>y c\rage2 "u ! conviction1 t if !y li/5 to x1 x w1 by degrees1 become a c]ta9 rem$y = _! suff]+s1 t x w produce ^? necess>y effects :i* x is ( its ess5ce to op]ate4 ,if ! speculations ( man modify 8 conduct1 if !y *ange 8 temp]am5t1 he ought n to d\bt t ! sy/em ( necessity w\ld h ! mo/ advantage\s influ5ce ov] him2 n only is x suitable to calm ! great] "p ( 8 inquietude1 b x w also contribute to inspire him ) a useful submission1 a rational resignation1 to ! decrees ( a de/9y ) :i* 8 too great s5sibility frequ5tly causes him to be ov]:elm$4 ,?is happy apa?y1 )\t d\bt1 w\ld be1 desirable to ^? ^: s\ls1 too t5d] to brook ! inequalities ( life1 frequ5tly r5d] !m ! deplorable sport ( _! fate2 or ^: organs1 too weak to make resi/ance to ! buffett+s ( =tune1 incessantly expose !m to be da%$ 9 pieces "u ! rude bl[s ( adv]sity4 ,b1 ( all ! important advantages ! human race w\ld be enabl$ to d]ive f ! doctr9e ( fatalism1 if man 0 to apply x to 8 conduct1 none w\ld be ( great] magnitude1 none ( m happy consequ5ce1 none t w\ld m efficaci\sly corroborate 8 happ9ess1 ?an t g5]al indulg5ce1 t univ]sal tol]ation1 t mu/ necess>ily spr+ f ! op9ion1 t all is necess>y4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ( ! adoption ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! fatali/1 if he _h a s5sible s\l1 w\ld commiss]ate ! prejudices ( 8 fell[-man--w\ld lam5t ov] 8 w&]+s--w\ld seek to undeceive him--w\ld try by g5tl5ess to lead him into ! "r pa?1 )\t ev] irritat+ himself aga9/ 8 weakness1 )\t ev] insult+ 8 mis]y4 ,inde$1 :at "r h we to hate or despise man = 8 op9ions8 ,8 ignorance1 8 prejudices1 8 imbecility1 8 vices1 8 passions1 8 weakness1 are !y n ! inevitable consequ5ce ( vici\s in/itutions8 ,is he n suffici5tly puni%$ by ! multitude ( evils t afflict him on e side8 ,^? despots :o cru% him ) an iron sceptre1 are !y n cont9ual victims to _! own peculi> re/lessness--mancipat$ to _! p]petual diffid5ce--et]nal slaves to _! suspicions8 ,is !re "o wick$ individual :o enjoys a pure1 an unmix$1 a real happ9ess8 ,d n nations unceas+ly suff] f _! follies8 ,are !y n ! incessant dupes to _! prejudices8 ,is n ! ignorance ( *iefs1 ! ill-w !y be> to reason1 ! hatr$ !y h = tru?1 puni%$ by ! imbecility ( _! citiz5s1 by ! ru9 ( ! /ates !y gov]n8 ,9 %ort1 ! fatali/ w\ld grieve to witness necessity ea* mom5t ex]cis+ its sev]e decrees ^u mortals :o are ignorant ( its p[]1 or :o feel its ca/igation1 )\t be+ will+ to ackn[l$ge ! h& f :5ce x proce$s2 he w p]ceive t ignorance is necess>y1 t cr$ulity is ! necess>y result ( ignorance--t slav]y & bondage are necess>y consequ5ces ( ignorant cr$ulity--t corruption ( mann]s spr+s necess>ily f slav]y--t ! mis]ies ( society1 ! unhapp9ess ( its memb]s1 are ! necess>y (fspr+ ( ?is corruption4 ,! fatali/1 9 consequ5ce1 ( ^! ideas1 w nei!r be a gloomy misan?rope1 nor a dang]\s citiz52 he w p>don 9 8 bre?r5 ^? w&]+s1 he w =give !m ^? errors--:i* _! vitiat$ nature1 by a ?\s& causes1 has r5d]$ necess>y--he w (f] !m consolation--he w endeav\r to inspire !m ) c\rage--he w be s$ul\s to undeceive !m 9 _! idle notions1 9 _! *im]ical ideas2 b he w nev] display aga9/ !m bitt]ness ( s\l--he w nev] %[ !m t rancor\s animosity :i* is m suitable1 to make !m revolt f 8 doctr9es1 ?an to attract !m to reason2--he w n di/urb ! repose ( society--he w n raise ! p to insurrection aga9/ ! sov]eign au?ority2 on ! contr>y1 he w feel t ! mis]able bl9dness ( ! great1 & ! wret*$ p]v]s5ess1 ! fatal ob/9acy ( s _m conductors ( ! p1 are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( t flatt]y t is adm9i/]$ to !m 9 _! infancy--t fe$s _! hopes ) allusive falsehoods--( ! deprav$ malice ( ^? :o surr\nd !m--:o wick$ly corrupt !m1 t !y may pr(it by _! folly--t !y may take advantage ( _! weakness3 9 %ort1 t ^! ?+s are ! inevitable effect ( t pr(\nd ignorance ( _! true int]e/1 9 :i* e ?+ /rives to keep !m4 ,! fatali/ has no "r to be va9 ( 8 peculi> tal5ts2 no privilege to be pr\d ( 8 virtues2 he kn[s t ^! qualities are only ! consequ5ce ( 8 natural organization1 modifi$ by circum/ances t h 9 no wise dep5d$ ^u himself4 ,he w nei!r h hatr$ nor feel contempt = ^? :om ,nature & circum/ances h n fav\r$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x is ! fatali/ :o ought to be humble1 :o %\ld be mode/ f pr9ciple3 is he n oblig$ to ackn[l$ge1 t he possesses no?+ t he has n previ\sly receiv$8 ,9 fact1 w n e ?+ conduct to indulg5ce ! fatali/ :om exp]i5ce has conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( ?+s8 ,w he n see ) pa91 t x is ! ess5ce ( a society badly con/itut$1 unwisely gov]n$1 enslav$ to prejudice1 atta*$ to unreasonable cu/oms1 submitt$ to irrational laws1 degrad$ "u despotism1 corrupt$ by luxury1 inebriat$ by false op9ions1 to be fill$ ) trifl+ memb]s2 to be compos$ ( vici\s citiz5s2 to be made up ( cr++ slaves1 :o are pr\d ( _! *a9s2 ( ambiti\s m51 )\t idea ( true glory2 ( mis]s & prodigals2 ( fanatics & lib]t9es6 ,conv9c$ ( ! necess>y connection ( ?+s1 he w n be surpris$ to see t ! sup95ess ( _! *iefs c>ries disc\ragem5t into _! c\ntry1 or t ! influ5ce ( _! gov]nors /irs up bloody w>s by :i* x is depopulat$1 & causes useless exp5ditures t impov]i% x2 t all ^! excesses unit$1 is ! reason :y s _m nations conta9 only m5 want+ happ9ess1 )\t und]/&+ to atta9 x2 :o are devoid ( morals1 de/itute ( virtue4 ,9 all ?is he w contemplate no?+ m ?an ! necess>y action & re-action ( physics ^u morals1 ( morals ^u physics4 ,9 %ort1 all :o ackn[l$ge fatality1 w rema9 p]suad$ t a nation badly gov]n$ is a soil v fruitful 9 v5om\s reptiles--v abundant 9 poison\s plants2 t ^! h su* a pl5tiful gr[? z to cr[d ea* o!r & *oak !mselves4 ,x is 9 a c\ntry cultivat$ by ! h&s ( a ,lycurgus1 t he w witness ! production ( intrepid citiz5s1 ( noble-m9d$ individuals1 ( dis9t]e/$ m51 :o are /rang]s to irregul> pleasures4 ,9 a c\ntry cultivat$ by a ,tib]ius1 he w f9d no?+ b villa9s ) deprav$ he>ts1 m5 ) mean contemptible s\ls1 despicable in=m]s1 execrable traitors4 ,x is ! soil1 x is ! circum/ances 9 :i* man f9ds himself plac$1 t r5d]s him ei!r a useful object or a prejudicial be+3 ! wise man avoids ! "o1 z he w\ld ^? dang]\s reptiles ^: nature x is to /+ & communicate _! deadly v5om2 he atta*es himself to ! o!r1 e/eems him1 loves him1 z he does ^? delici\s fruits ) ^: ri* maturity 8 palate is pleasantly gratifi$1 ) ^: cool+ juices he f9ds himself agreeably refre%$3 he sees ! wick$ )\t ang]--he *]i%es ! good ) pleasure--he delights 9 ! b\ntiful3 he kn[s full well t ! tree :i* is langui%+ )\t culture 9 ! arid1 s&y des]t1 t is /unt$ = want ( att5tion1 leafless = want ( moi/ure1 t has gr[n crook$ f neglect1 become b>r5 f want ( loam1 ^: t5d] b>k is gnaw$ by rapaci\s bea/s ( prey1 pi]c$ by innum]able insects1 w\ld p]haps h exp&$ f> & wide its v]dant b\ghs f a /raight & /ately /em1 h br\ght =? delectable fruit1 h af=d$ f its luxuriant foliage "u its lamb5t leaves an umbrage\s refre%+ retreat f ! scor*+ rays ( a m]idian sun1 h (f]$ b5ea? its swell+ bran*es1 "u its matt$ tufts a %elt] f ! pitiless /orm1 x its se$ _h be5 =tunately s[n 9 a m f]tile soil1 plac$ 9 a m cong5ial climate1 _h exp]i5c$ ! fo/]+ c>es ( a skilful cultivator4 ,let x n !n be said1 t x is degrad+ man r$uce 8 functions to a pure me*anism2 t x is %amefully to und]value him1 sc&al\sly to abuse him1 to comp>e him to a tree2 to an abject vegetation4 ,! philosoph] devoid ( prejudice does n und]/& ?is language1 inv5t$ by ^? :o are ignorant ( :at con/itutes ! true dignity ( man4 ,a tree is an object :i*1 9 its /ation1 jo9s ! useful ) ! agreeable2 x m]its our approbation :5 x produces sweet & pleasant fruit2 :5 x af=ds a fav\rable %ade4 ,all ma*9es are preci\s1 :5 !y are truly useful1 :5 !y fai?fully p]=m ! functions = :i* !y are design$4 ,yes1 ,i speak x ) c\rage1 reit]ate x ) pleasure1 ! hone/ man1 :5 he has tal5ts1 :5 he possesses virtue1 is1 = ! be+s ( 8 species1 a tree t furni%es !m ) delici\s fruit1 t af=ds !m refre%+ %elt]3 ! hone/ man is a ma*9e ( :i* ! spr+s are adapt$ to fulfil its functions 9 a mann] t mu/ gratify ! expectation ( all 8 fell[s4 ,no1 ,i %\ld n blu%1 ,i %\ld n feel degrad$1 to be a ma*9e ( ?is sort2 & my he>t w\ld leap ) joy1 if ,i c\ld =esee t ! fruit ( my reflections w\ld "o day be useful to my race1 consol+ to my fell[-man4 ,is n ,nature h]self a va/ ma*9e1 ( :i* ! human species is b a v feeble spr+8 ,i see no?+ contemptible ei!r 9 h] or h] productions2 all ! be+s :o come out ( h] h&s are good1 are noble1 are sublime1 :5ev] !y co-op]ate to ! production ( ano!r1 to ! ma9t5ance ( h>mony 9 ! sph]e :]e !y mu/ act4 ,( :atev] nature ! s\l may be1 :e!r x is made mortal1 or :e!r x be suppos$ immortal2 :e!r x is reg>d$ z a _s1 or :e!r x be look$ ^u z a portion ( ! body2 x w be f\nd noble1 x w be e/imat$ great1 x w be rank$ good1 x w be consid]$ sublime1 9 a ,socrates1 9 an ,ari/ides1 9 a ,cato3 x w be ?\ght abject1 x w be view$ z despicable1 x w be call$ corrupt1 9 a ,claudius1 9 a ,sejanus1 9 a ,n]o3 its en]gies w be admir$1 we %all be delight$ ) its mann]1 fasc9at$ ) its ef=ts1 9 a ,%akespe>e1 9 a ,corneille1 9 a ,newton1 9 a ,montesquieu3 its bas5ess w be lam5t$1 :5 we behold mean1 contemptible m51 :o flatt] tyranny1 or :o s]vilely cr+e at ! foot ( sup]/ition4 ,all t has be5 said 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 proves cle>ly t e ?+ is necess>y2 t e ?+ is always 9 ord]1 relatively to ,nature2 :]e all be+s d no?+ m ?an foll[ ! laws t are impos$ on _! respective classes4 ,x is "p ( h] plan1 t c]ta9 portions ( ! e>? %all br+ =? delici\s fruits1 %all blossom beaute\s fl[]s2 :il/ o!rs %all only furni% brambles1 %all yield no?+ b noxi\s vegetables3 %e has be5 will+ t "s societies %\ld produce wise m51 great h]oes2 t o!rs %\ld only give bir? to abject s\ls1 contemptible m51 )\t en]gy1 de/itute ( virtue4 ,passions1 w9ds1 tempe/s1 hurricanes1 volcanoes1 w>s1 plagues1 fam9es1 diseases1 dea?1 are z necess>y to h] et]nal m>* z ! b5efic5t heat ( ! sun1 ! s]5ity ( ! atmosph]e1 ! g5tle %[]s ( spr+1 pl5tiful ye>s1 peace1 heal?1 h>mony1 life3 vice & virtue1 d>kness & light1 & sci5ce are equally necess>y2 ! "o are n b5efits1 ! o!r are n evils1 except = ^? be+s ^: happ9ess !y influ5ce by ei!r fav\r+ or d]ang+ _! peculi> mode ( exi/5ce4 ,! :ole _c be mis]able1 b x may conta9 unhappy individuals4 ,nature1 !n1 di/ributes ) ! same h& t :i* is call$ ord]1 & t :i* is call$ disord]2 t :i* is call$ pleasure1 & t :i* is call$ pa93 9 %ort1 %e diffuses by ! necessity ( h] exi/5ce1 good & evil 9 ! _w we inhabit4 ,let n man1 !re=e1 ei!r arraign h] b\nty1 or tax h] ) malice2 let him n imag9e t 8 feeble cries1 8 weak supplications1 c nev] arre/ h] colossal p[]1 always act+ aft] immutable laws2 let him submit sil5tly to 8 condition2 & :5 he suff]s1 let him n seek a rem$y by recurr+ to *im]as t 8 own di/emp]$ imag9ation has creat$2 let him draw f ! /ores ( ,nature h]self1 ! rem$ies :i* %e (f]s = ! evil %e br+s ^u him3 if %e s5ds him diseases1 let him se>* 9 h] bosom = ^? salut>y productions to :i* %e has giv5 bir?1 :i* w cure !m3 if %e gives him errors1 %e also furni%es him ) exp]i5ce to c\nt]act !m2 9 tru?1 %e supplies him ) an antidote suitable to de/roy _! fatal effects4 ,if %e p]mits man to groan "u ! pressure ( 8 vices1 b5ea? ! load ( 8 follies1 %e also %ews him 9 virtue1 a sure rem$y = 8 infirmities3 if ! evils t "s societies exp]i5ce are necess>y1 :5 !y %all h become too incommodi\s !y w be irresi/ibly oblig$ to se>* = ^? rem$ies :i* ,nature w always po9t out to !m4 ,if ?is ,nature has r5d]$ exi/5ce insupportable1 to "s un=tunate be+s1 :om %e appe>s to h select$ = h] victims1 /ill dea?1 is a door t w surely be op5$ to !m--t w deliv] !m f _! mis=tunes1 al?\gh 9 _! puny1 imbecile1 wayw>d judgm5t1 !y may be deem$ impossible ( cure4 ,let n man1 !n1 accuse ,nature ) be+ inexorable to him1 s9ce !re does n exi/ 9 h] :ole circle an evil = :i* %e has n furni%$ ! rem$y1 to ^? :o h ! c\rage to seek x1 :o h ! =titude to apply x4 ,nature foll[s g5]al & necess>y laws 9 all h] op]ations2 physical calamity & moral evil are n to be ascrib$ to h] want ( k9dness1 b to ! necessity ( ?+s4 ,physical calamity is ! d]angem5t produc$ 9 man's organs by physical causes :i* he sees act3 moral evil is ! d]angem5t produc$ 9 him by physical causes ( :i* ! action is to him a secret4 ,^! causes always t]m9ate by produc+ s5sible effects1 :i* are capable ( /rik+ 8 s5ses2 nei!r ! ?\ghts nor ! w ( man ev] %ew !mselves1 b by ! m>k$ effects !y produce ei!r 9 himself or ^u ^? be+s :om ,nature has r5d]$ susceptible ( feel+ _! impulse4 ,he suff]s1 because x is ( ! ess5ce ( "s be+s to d]ange ! economy ( 8 ma*9e2 he enjoys1 because ! prop]ties ( "s be+s are analog\s to 8 own mode ( exi/5ce2 he is born1 because x is ( ! nature ( "s matt] to comb9e itself "u a det]m9ate =m2 he lives1 he acts1 he ?9ks1 because x is ( ! ess5ce ( c]ta9 comb9ations to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 exi/5ce by giv5 means = a season2 at l5g? he dies1 because a necess>y law prescribes t all ! comb9ations :i* are =m$1 %all ei!r be de/roy$ or dissolve !mselves4 ,f all ?is x results1 t ,nature is imp>tial to all its productions2 %e submits man1 l all o!r be+s1 to ^? et]nal laws f :i* %e has n ev5 exempt$ h]self2 if %e 0 to susp5d ^! laws1 ev5 = an in/ant1 f t mom5t disord] w\ld reign 9 h]1 sy/em2 h] h>mony w\ld be di/urb$4 ,^? :o wi% to /udy ,nature1 mu/ take exp]i5ce = _! guide2 ?is1 & ?is only1 c enable !m to dive into h] secrets1 to unravel by degrees1 ! frequ5tly imp]ceptible wo( ( ^? sl5d] causes1 ( :i* %e avails h]self to op]ate ! greate/ ph5om5a3 by ! aid ( exp]i5ce1 man (t5 discov]s 9 h] prop]ties1 p]ceives modes ( action entirely unkn[n to ! ages :i* h prec$$ him2 ^? effects :i* 8 gr&fa!rs contemplat$ z m>vell\s1 :i* !y reg>d$ z sup]natural ef=ts1 look$ ^u z miracles1 h become famili> to him 9 ! pres5t day1 & are at ?is mom5t contemplat$ z simple & natural consequ5ces1 ( :i* he compreh5ds ! me*anism--( :i* he und]/&s ! cause--( :i* he c unfold ! mann] ( action4 ,man1 9 fa?om+ ,nature1 has arriv$ at discov]+ ! true causes ( e>?quakes2 ( ! p]iodical motion ( ! sea2 ( subt]rane\s conflagrations2 ( meteors2 ( ! electrical fluid1 ! :ole ( :i* 7 consid]$ by 8 ance/ors1 & are /ill s by ! ignorant1 by ! un9=m$1 z indubitable signs ( heav5's wra?4 ,8 po/]ity1 9 foll[+ up1 9 rectify+ ! exp]i5ce already made1 w p]haps g fur!r1 & discov] ^? causes :i* are totally veil$ f pres5t eyes4 ,! unit$ ef=ts ( ! human species w "o day p]haps p5etrate ev5 into ! sanctu>y ( ,nature1 & ?r[ into light _m ( ^? my/]ies :i* up to ! pres5t "t %e seems to h refus$ to all 8 rese>*es4 ,9 contemplat+ man "u 8 true aspect2 9 quitt+ au?ority to foll[ exp]i5ce2 9 lay+ aside error to consult reason2 9 submitt+ e ?+ to physical laws1 f :i* 8 imag9ation has va9ly ex]t$ its utmo/ p[] to )draw !m2 x w be f\nd t ! ph5om5a ( ! moral _w foll[ exactly ! same g5]al rules z ^? ( ! physical2 t ! great] "p ( ^? a/oni%+ effects1 :i* ignorance1 aid$ by 8 prejudices1 make him consid] z inexplicable1 & reg>d z wond]ful1 are natural consequ5ces fl[+ f simple causes4 ,he w f9d t ! eruption ( a volcano & ! bir? ( a ,tam]lane are to ,nature ! same ?+2 9 recurr+ to ! primitive causes ( ^? /rik+ ev5ts :i* he beholds ) con/]nation1 :i* he contemplates ) fe>ful al>m1 9 fall+ back to ! s\rces ( ^? t]rible revolutions1 ^? frightful convulsions1 ^? dreadful explosions t di/ract mank9d1 lay wa/e ! faire/ works ( ,nature1 ravage nations1 & te> up society by ! roots2 he w f9d ! wills t compass$ ! mo/ surpris+ *anges1 t op]at$ ! mo/ ext5sive alt]ations 9 ! /ate ( ?+s1 t br\ght ab\t ! mo/ unlook$-= ev5ts1 7 mov$ by physical causes1 ^: exility made him treat !m z contemptible2 ^: want ( consequ5ce 9 8 own purbl9d eyes l$ him to believe !m utt]ly incapable to give bir? to ! ph5om5a ^: magnitude /rikes him ) su* awe1 ^: /up5d\s range fills him ) su* amazem5t4 ,if man 0 to judge ( causes by _! effects1 !re w\ld be no small causes 9 ! univ]se4 ,9 a ,nature :]e e ?+ is connect$1 :]e e ?+ acts & re-acts1 moves & *anges1 composes & decomposes1 =ms & de/roys1 !re is n an atom :i* does n play an important "p--t does n occupy a necess>y /ation2 !re is n an imp]ceptible p>ticle1 h[ev] m9ute1 :i*1 plac$ 9 conv5i5t circum/ances1 does n op]ate ! mo/ prodigi\s effects4 ,if man 0 9 a capacity to foll[ ! et]nal *a91 to pursue ! concat5at$ l9ks1 t connect ) _! causes all ! effects he witnesses1 )\t los+ sight ( any "o ( its r+s1--if he c\ld unravel ! ends ( ^? ins5sible ?reads t give impulse to ! ?\ghts1 decision to ! w1 direction to ! passions ( ^? m5 :o are call$ mighty1 accord+ to _! actions1 he w\ld f9d1 !y are true atoms :i* ,nature employs to move ! moral _w2 t x is ! unexpect$ b necess>y function ( ^! indisc]nible p>ticles ( matt]1 x is _! aggregation1 _! comb9ation1 _! proportion1 _! f]m5tation1 :i* modify+ ! individual by degrees1 9 despite ( himself1 frequ5tly )\t 8 own k1 make him ?9k1 w1 & act1 9 a det]m9ate1 b necess>y mode4 ,if1 !n1 ! w & ! actions ( ?is individual h an influ5ce ov] a great numb] ( o!r m51 "h is ! moral _w 9 a /ate ( ! greate/ combu/ion1 & ^? consequ5ces ensue :i* man contemplates ) fe>ful wond]4 ,too mu* acrimony 9 ! bile ( a fanatic--blood too mu* inflam$ 9 ! he>t ( a conqu]or--a pa9ful indige/ion 9 ! /oma* ( a mon>*--a :im t passes 9 ! m9d ( a woman--are sometimes causes suffici5t to br+ on w>--to s5d millions ( m5 to ! slaught]--to root out an entire p--to ov]?r[ walls--to r$uce cities into a%es--to plunge nations into slav]y--to put a :ole p into m\rn+--to bre$ fam9e 9 a l&--to eng5d] pe/il5ce--to propagate calamity--to ext5d mis]y--to spread desolation f> & wide ^u ! surface ( our globe1 ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ages4 ,! dom9ant passion ( an individual ( ! human species1 :5 x disposes ( ! passions ( _m o!rs1 arrives at comb9+ _! w1 at unit+ _! ef=ts1 & ?us decides ! condition ( man4 ,x is aft] ?is mann] t an ambiti\s1 crafty1 & voluptu\s ,arab1 gave to 8 c\ntrym5 an impulse ( :i* ! effect 0 ! subjugation & desolation ( va/ c\ntries 9 ,asia1 9 ,africa1 & 9 ,europe2 ^: consequ5ces 7 suffici5tly pot5tial to erect a new1 ext5sive1 b slavi% empire2 to give a novel sy/em ( religion to millions ( human be+s2 to ov]turn ! alt>s ( _! =m] gods2 9 %ort1 to alt] ! op9ions1 to *ange ! cu/oms ( a consid]able portion ( ! population ( ! e>?4 ,b 9 exam9+ ! primitive s\rces ( ?is /range revolution1 :at 7 ! conceal$ causes t _h an influ5ce ov] ?is man--t excit$ 8 peculi> passions1 & modifi$ 8 temp]am5t8 ,:at 0 ! matt] f ! comb9ation ( :i* result$ a crafty1 ambiti\s1 en?usia/ic1 & eloqu5t man2 9 %ort1 a p]sonage compet5t to impose on 8 fell[-creatures--capable ( mak+ !m concur 9 8 mo/ extravagant views4 ,!y 71 und\bt$ly1 ! ins5sible p>ticles ( 8 blood2 ! imp]ceptible texture ( 8 fibres2 ! salts1 m or less acrid1 t /imulat$ 8 n]ves2 ! proportion ( igne\s fluid t circulat$ 9 8 sy/em4 ,f :5ce came ^! elem5ts8 ,x 0 f ! womb ( 8 "m2 f ! alim5ts :i* n\ri%$ him2 f ! climate 9 :i* he _h 8 bir?2 f ! ideas he receiv$2 f ! air :i* he respir$2 )\t reckon+ a ?\s& inappreciable1 a ?\s& transitory causes1 t 9 ! in/ance giv5 _h modifi$1 _h det]m9$ ! passions ( ?is import5t be+1 :o _h !reby acquir$ ! capacity to *ange ! face ( ?is mundane sph]e4 ,to causes s weak 9 _! pr9ciples1 if 9 ! orig9 ! slighte/ ob/acle _h be5 oppos$1 ^! wond]ful ev5ts1 :i* h a/\nd$ man1 w\ld nev] h be5 produc$4 ,! fit ( an ague1 ! consequ5ce ( bile a little too mu* inflam$1 _h suffic$1 p]haps1 to h r5d]$ abortive all ! va/ projects1 ( ! legislator ( ! ,mussulm54 ,sp>e diet1 a glass ( wat]1 a sangu9>y evacuation1 w\ld sometimes h be5 suffici5t to h sav$ k+doms4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t ! condition ( ! human species1 z well z t ( ea* ( its individuals1 e in/ant dep5ds on ins5sible causes1 to :i* circum/ances1 frequ5tly fugitive1 give bir?2 t opportunity developes1 t conv5i5ce puts 9 action3 man attributes _! effects to *ance1 :il/ ^! causes op]ate necess>ily1 act accord+ to fix$ rules3 he has frequ5tly nei!r ! sagacity nor ! hone/y to recur to _! true pr9ciples2 he reg>ds su* feeble motives ) contempt1 because he has be5 taught to consid] !m z incapable ( produc+ su* /up5d\s ev5ts4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ^! motives1 weak z !y may appe> to be1 ^! spr+s1 s pitiful 9 8 eyes1 is :i* accord+ to h] necess>y laws1 suffice 9 ! h&s ( ,nature to move ! univ]se4 ,! conque/s ( a ,g5gis-,khan h no?+ 9 !m t is m /range to ! eye ( a philosoph] ?an ! explosion ( a m9e1 caus$ 9 its pr9ciple by a feeble sp>k1 :i* comm5ces ) sett+ fire to a s+le gra9 ( p[d]2 ?is pres5tly communicates itself to _m millions ( o!r contigu\s gra9s1 ( :i* ! unit$ =ce1 ! multipli$ p[]s1 t]m9ate by bl[+ up m\nta9s1 ov]?r[+ =tifications1 or conv]t+ popul\s1 well-built cities1 into heaps ( ru9s4 ,?us1 imp]ceptible causes1 conceal$ 9 ! bosom ( ,nature1 until ! mom5t _! action is display$1 frequ5tly decide ! fate ( man4 ,! happ9ess or ! wret*$ness1 ! prosp]ity or ! mis]y ( ea* individual1 z well z t ( :ole nations1 are atta*$ to p[]s :i* x is impossible = him to =esee1 :i* he _c appreciate1 ( :i* he is incapable to arre/ ! action4 ,p]haps at ?is mom5t atoms are amass+1 ins5sible p>ticles are comb9+1 ( :i* ! assemblage %all =m a sov]eign1 :o w be ei!r ! sc\rge or ! savi\r ( a mighty empire4 ,man _c answ] = 8 own de/9y "o s+le in/ant2 he has no cognizance ( :at is pass+ )9 himself2 he is ignorant ( ! causes :i* act 9 ! int]ior ( 8 ma*9e2 he kn[s no?+ ( ! circum/ances t w give !m activity3 he is unacqua9t$ ) :at may develope _! en]gy2 x is1 nev]!less1 on ^! causes1 impossible to be unravell$ by him1 t dep5ds 8 condition 9 life4 ,frequ5tly1 an un=ese5 r5contre gives bir? to a passion 9 8 s\l1 ( :i* ! consequ5ces %all1 necess>ily1 h an influ5ce ov] 8 felicity4 ,x is ?us t ! mo/ virtu\s man1 by a :imsical comb9ation ( unlook$-= circum/ances1 may become 9 an in/ant ! mo/ crim9al ( 8 species4 ,?is tru?1 )\t d\bt1 w be f\nd frightful--?is fact w unque/ionably appe> t]rible3 b at bottom1 :at has x m revolt+ ?an t :i* tea*es him t an inf9ity ( accid5ts1 z irrem$iable z !y are un=ese51 may e in/ant wre/ f him t life to :i* he is s /rongly atta*$8 ,fatalism reconciles ! good man easily to dea?3 x makes him contemplate x z a c]ta9 means ( )draw+ himself f wick$ness2 ?is sy/em %ews dea?1 ev5 to ! happy man himself1 z a m$ium betwe5 him & ^? mis=tunes :i* frequ5tly t]m9ate by poison+ 8 happ9ess2 t end ) embitt]+ ! mo/ =tunate exi/5ce4 ,let man1 !n1 submit to necessity3 9 despite ( himself x w always hurry him =w>d3 let him resign himself to ,nature1 let him accept ! good ) :i* %e pres5ts him3 let him oppose to ! necess>y evil :i* %e makes him exp]i5ce1 ^? necess>y rem$ies :i* %e cons5ts to af=d him2 let him n di/urb 8 m9d ) useless inquietude2 let him enjoy ) mod]ation1 because he w f9d t pa9 is ! necess>y companion ( excess3 let him foll[ ! pa?s ( virtue1 because e ?+ w prove to him1 ev5 9 ?is _w ( p]v]s5ess1 t x is absolutely necess>y to r5d] him e/imable 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 to make him cont5t$ ) himself4 ,feeble1 va9 mortal1 ?\ pret5de/ to be a free ag5t4 ,alas6 do/ ?\ n see all ! ?reads :i* en*a9 !e8 ,do/ ?\ n p]ceive t !y are atoms :i* =m !e2 t !y are atoms :i* move !e2 t !y are circum/ances indep5d5t ( ?yself1 t modify ?y be+2 t !y are circum/ances ov] :i* ?\ ha/ n any contr\l1 t rule ?y de/9y8 ,9 ! puissant ,nature t environs !e1 %alt ?\ pret5d to be ! only be+ :o is able to resi/ h] p[]8 ,do/ ?\ really believe t ?y weak pray]s w induce h] to /op 9 h] et]nal m>*2 t ?y sickly desires c oblige h] to *ange h] ev]la/+ c\rse8 ,,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l2--( ! ,doctr9e ( a future ,/ate2--( ! ,fe> ( ,dea?4 ,! reflections pres5t$ to ! read] 9 ?is "w1 t5d to %ew :at ought to be ?\ght ( ! human s\l1 z well z ( its op]ations & faculties3 e ?+ proves1 9 ! mo/ conv9c+ mann]1 t x acts1 t x moves accord+ to laws simil> to ^? prescrib$ to ! o!r be+s ( ,nature2 t x _c be di/+ui%$ f ! body2 t x is born ) x2 t x gr[s up ) x2 t x is modifi$ 9 ! same progression2 9 %ort1 e ?+ ought to make man conclude t x p]i%es ) x4 ,?is s\l1 z well z ! body1 passes ?r\gh a /ate ( weakness & infancy2 x is 9 ?is /age ( its exi/5ce1 t x is assail$ by a multitude ( modifications2 t x is /or$ ) an inf9ity ( ideas1 :i* x receives f ext]ior objects ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! organs2 t x amasses facts1 t x collects exp]i5ce1 :e!r true or false1 t x =ms to itself a sy/em ( conduct1 accord+ to :i* x ?9ks1 9 con=mity ) :i* x acts1 f :5ce results ei!r its happ9ess or its mis]y1 its reason or its delirium1 its virtues or its vices2 arriv$ ) ! body at its full p[]s1 hav+ 9 conjunction ) x rea*$ maturity1 x does n cease = a s+le in/ant to p>take 9 common ( its s5sations1 :e!r ^! are agreeable or disagreeable2 x p>ticipates 9 all its pleasures2 x %>es 9 all its pa9s2 9 consequ5ce x conjo9tly approves or disapproves its /ate2 l x1 x is ei!r s\nd or diseas$2 active or langui%+2 awake or asleep4 ,9 old age man ext+ui%es entirely1 8 fibres become rigid1 8 n]ves loose _! ela/icity1 8 s5ses are obtund$1 8 sight gr[s dim1 8 e>s lose _! quickness1 8 ideas become unconnect$1 8 memory fails1 8 imag9ation cools3 :at !n becomes ( 8 s\l8 ,alas6 x s9ks d[n ) ! body2 x gets b5umb$ z ?is loses its feel+2 becomes sluggi% z ?is decays 9 activity2 l x1 :5 enfeebl$ by ye>s x fulfils its functions ) pa92 ?is sub/ance1 :i* is deem$ spiritual1 :i* is consid]$ immat]ial1 :i* x is endeav\r$ to di/+ui% f matt]1 und]goes ! same revolutions1 exp]i5ces ! same vicissitudes1 submits to ! same modifications1 z does ! body itself4 ,9 despite ( ?is pro( ( ! mat]iality ( ! s\l1 ( its id5tity ) ! body1 s conv9c+ to ! unprejudic$1 "s ?9k]s h suppos$1 t al?\gh ! latt] is p]i%able1 ! =m] does n p]i%3 t ?is portion ( man enjoys ! especial privilege ( immortality2 t x is exempt f dissolution3 free f ^? *anges ( =m all ! be+s 9 ,nature und]go3 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 man has p]suad$ himself1 t ?is privileg$ s\l does n die3 its immortality1 above all1 appe>s indubitable to ^? :o suppose x spiritual3 aft] hav+ made x a simple be+1 )\t ext5t1 devoid ( p>ts1 totally diff]5t f any ?+ ( :i* he has a k1 he pret5d$ t x 0 n subject$ to ! laws ( decomposition common to all be+s1 ( :i* exp]i5ce %ews him ! cont9ual op]ation4 ,man1 feel+ )9 himself a conceal$ =ce1 t ins5sibly produc$ action1 t imp]ceptibly gave direction to ! motion ( 8 ma*9e1 believ$ t ! entire ( ,nature1 ( ^: en]gies he is ignorant1 ) ^: modes ( act+ he is unacqua9t$1 ow$ its motion to an ag5t analog\s to 8 own s\l2 :o act$ ^u ! great macrocosm1 9 ! same mann] t ?is s\l act$ ^u 8 body4 ,man1 hav+ suppos$ himself d\ble1 made ,nature d\ble also3 he di/+ui%$ h] f h] own peculi> en]gy2 he sep>at$ h] f h] mov]1 :i* by degrees he made spiritual4 ,?us ,nature1 di/+ui%$ f h]self1 0 reg>d$ z ! s\l ( ! _w2 & ! s\l ( man 0 consid]$ z op9ions emanat+ f ?is univ]sal s\l4 ,?is notion ^u ! orig9 ( ! s\l is ( v remote antiquity4 ,x 0 t ( ! ,egyptians1 ( ! ,*aldeans1 ( ! ,hebrews1 ( ! great] numb] ( ! wise m5 ( ! ea/4 ,x %\ld appe> t ,moses believ$ ) ! ,egyptians ! div9e emanation ( s\ls3 accord+ to him1 ,god =m$ man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life2 & man became a liv+ s\l3 nev]!less1 ! ,ca?olic1 at ?is day1 rejects ?is sy/em ( div9e emanation1 see+ t x supposes ! ,div9ity divisible3 :i* w\ld h1 be5 inconv5i5t to ! ,romi% idea ( purgatory1 or to ! sy/em ( ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,al?\gh ,moses1 9 ! above quotation1 seems to indicate t ! s\l 0 a portion ( ! ,div9ity1 x does n appe> t ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 e/abli%$ 9 any "o ( ! books attribut$ to him4 ,x 0 dur+ ! ,babyloni% captivity1 t ! ,jews le>n$ ! doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 taught by ,zoroa/] to ! ,p]sians1 b :i* ! ,hebrew legislator did n und]/&1 or1 at lea/1 he left 8 p ignorant on ! subject4 ,x 0 9 ^? s*ools1 t ,ph]ecydes1 ,py?agoras1 & ,plato1 drew up a doctr9e s flatt]+ to ! vanity ( human nature--s gratify+ to ! imag9ation ( mortals4 ,man ?us believ$ himself a portion ( ! ,div9ity2 immortal1 l ! ,godhead1 9 "o "p ( himself3 nev]!less1 subsequ5t religions h r5\nc$ ^! advantages1 :i* !y judg$ incompatible ) ! o!r p>ts ( _! sy/ems2 !y held =? t ! ,sov]eign ( ,nature1 or h] contriv] 0 n ! s\l ( man1 b1 t1 9 virtue ( 8 omnipot5ce1 he creat$ human s\ls1 9 proportion z he produc$ ! bodies :i* !y mu/ animate2 & !y taught1 t ^! s\ls once produc$1 by an effect ( ! same omnipot5ce1 enjoy$ immortality4 ,h[ev] x may be ) ^! v>iations ^u ! orig9 ( s\ls1 ^? :o suppos$ !m emanat+ f ! ,div9ity1 believ$ t aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 :i* s]v$ !m = an envelope1 !y return$1 by refund+ to _! fir/ s\rce4 ,^? :o1 )\t adopt+ ! op9ion ( div9e emanation1 admir$ ! spirituality1 believ$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 7 "u ! necessity to suppose a region1 to f9d out an abode = ^! s\ls1 :i* _! imag9ation pa9t$ to !m1 ea* accord+ to 8 fe>s1 8 hopes1 8 desires1 & 8 prejudices4 ,no?+ is m popul> ?an ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l2 no?+ is m univ]sally diffus$ ?an ! expectation ( ano!r life4 ,nature hav+ inspir$ man ) ! mo/ ard5t love = 8 exi/5ce1 ! desire ( pres]v+ himself = ev] 0 a necess>y consequ5ce2 ?is desire 0 pres5tly conv]t$ into c]ta9ty3 f t desire ( exi/+ et]nally :i* ,nature has implant$ 9 him1 he made an argum5t1 to prove t man w\ld nev] cease to exi/4 ,abady says1 our s\l has no useless desires1 x naturally desires an et]nal life2 & by a v /range logic1 he concludes t ?is desire c\ld n fail to be fulfill$4 ,cic]o1 be=e ,abady1 _h decl>$ ! immortality ( ! s\l to be an innate idea 9 man2 yet1 /range to tell1 9 ano!r "p ( 8 works he consid]s ,ph]ecydes z ! inv5tor ( ! doctr9e4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 man1 ?us dispos$1 li/5$ ) avidity to ^? :o ann\nc$ to him sy/ems s con=mable to 8 wi%es4 ,nev]!less1 he ought n to reg>d z sup]natural ! desire ( exi/+1 :i* always 01 & always w be1 ( ! ess5ce man2 x ought n to excite surprise1 if he receiv$ ) eag]ness an hypo!sis t flatt]$ 8 hopes1 by promis+ t 8 desire w\ld "o day be gratifi$2 b let him bew>e h[ he concludes t ?is desire itself is an indubitable pro( ( ! reality ( ?is future life1 ) :i* at pres5t he seems to be s mu* occupi$4 ,! passion = exi/5ce is 9 man only a natural consequ5ce ( ! t5d5cy ( a s5sible be+1 ^: ess5ce x is to be will+ to cons]ve himself3 9 ! human be+ x foll[s ! en]gy ( 8 s\l--keeps pace ) ! =ce ( 8 imag9ation--always ready to realize t :i* he /rongly desires4 ,he desires ! life ( ! body1 nev]!less ?is desire is fru/rat$2 :]e=e %\ld n ! desire = ! life ( ! s\l be fru/rat$ l ! o!r8 ,! p>tizans ( ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l reason ?us3 ,all m5 desire to live = ev]1 !re=e !y w live = ev]4 ,suppose ! argum5t retort$ on !m2 w\ld x be believ$8 ,if x 0 ass]t$1 ,all m5 naturally desire to be ri*2 !re=e all m5 w "o day be ri*1 h[ _m p>tizans w\ld ?is doctr9e f9d8 ,! mo/ simple reflection ^u ! nature ( 8 s\l1 ought to conv9ce man t ! idea ( its immortality is only an illusion ( ! bra94 ,inde$ :at is 8 s\l1 save ! pr9ciple ( s5sibility8 ,:at is x1 to ?9k1 to enjoy1 to suff]2 is x n to feel8 ,:at is life1 except x be ! assemblage ( modifications1 ! congregation ( motion1 peculi> to an organiz$ be+8 ,?us1 z soon z ! body ceases to live1 its s5sibility c no long] ex]cise itself2 :5 its s5sibility is no m1 x c no long] h ideas1 nor 9 consequ5ce ?\ghts4 ,ideas1 z we h prov$1 c only rea* man ?r\gh 8 s5ses2 n[1 h[ w !y h x1 t once depriv$ ( 8 s5ses1 he is yet capable ( receiv+ s5sations1 ( hav+ p]ceptions1 ( =m+ ideas8 ,z !y h made ! s\l ( man a be+ sep>at$ f ! animat$ body1 :]e=e h !y n made life a be+ di/+ui%$ f ! liv+ body8 ,life 9 a body is ! totality ( ?is motion2 feel+ & ?\ght make a "p ( ?is motion3 ?us x is reasonable to suppose1 t 9 ! dead man ^! motions w cease1 l all ! o!rs4 ,inde$1 by :at reason+ w x be prov$1 t ?is s\l1 :i* _c feel1 ?9k1 w1 or act1 b by aid ( man's organs1 c suff] pa91 be susceptible ( pleasure1 or ev5 h a consci\sness ( its own exi/5ce1 :5 ! organs :i* %\ld w>n x ( _! pres5ce are decompos$ or de/roy$8 ,is x n evid5t1 t ! s\l dep5ds on ! arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body2 on ! ord] ) :i* ^! p>ts conspire to p]=m _! functions2 on ! comb9$ motion ( ! :ole8 ,?us ! organic /ructure once de/roy$1 c x be reasonably d\bt$ ! s\l w be de/roy$ also8 ,is x n se51 t dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( human life ?is s\l is /imulat$1 *ang$1 d]ang$1 di/urb$1 by all ! *anges man's organs exp]i5ce8 ,& yet x w be insi/$1 t ?is s\l acts1 ?9ks1 subsi/s1 :5 ^! same organs h entirely disappe>$6 ,an organiz$ be+ may be comp>$ to a clock1 :i* once brok51 is no long] suitable to ! use = :i* x 0 design$4 ,to say1 t ! s\l %all feel1 %all ?9k1 %all enjoy1 %all suff] aft] ! dea? ( ! body2 is to pret5d t a clock1 %iv]$ into a ?\s& pieces1 w cont9ue to /rike ! h\r2 %all yet h ! faculty ( m>k+ ! progress ( "t4 ,^? :o say1 t ! s\l ( man is able to subsi/1 not)/&+ ! de/ruction ( ! body1 evid5tly support ! position1 t ! modification ( a body w be enabl$ to cons]ve itself aft] ! subject is de/roy$3 ?is on any o!r occasion w\ld be consid]$ z completely absurd4 ,x w be said t ! cons]vation ( ! s\l aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 is an effect ( ! ,div9e ,omnipot5ce3 b ?is is support+ an absurdity by a gratuit\s hypo!sis4 ,x surely is n meant by ,div9e ,omnipot5ce1 ( :atev] nature x may be suppos$1 t a ?+ %all exi/ & n exi/ at ! same "t3 unless ?is be grant$1 x w be r difficult to prove1 t a s\l %all feel & ?9k )\t ! int]m$iates necess>y to ?\ght4 ,let !m !n1 at lea/1 =be> ass]t+1 t reason is n w\nd$ by ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l2 or by ! expectation ( a future life4 ,^! notions1 =m$ to flatt] man1 to di/urb ! imag9ation ( ! un9=m$1 :o d n reason1 _c appe> ei!r conv9c+ or probable to enlight5$ m9ds4 ,reason1 exempt$ f ! illusions ( prejudice1 is1 )\t d\bt1 w\nd$ by ! supposition ( a s\l1 t feels1 t ?9ks1 t is afflict$1 t rejoices1 t has ideas1 )\t hav+ organs2 t is to say1 de/itute ( ! only kn[n m$ium1 want+ all ! natural means1 by :i*1 accord+ to :at we c und]/&1 x is possible = x to feel s5sations1 h p]ceptions1 or =m ideas4 ,if x be repli$1 o!r means are able to exi/1 :i* are sup]natural or unkn[n1 x may be answ]$1 t ^! means ( transmitt+ ideas to ! s\l1 sep>at$ f ! body1 are n bett] kn[n to1 or m )9 ! rea* (1 ^? :o suppose x1 t !y are ( o!r m54 ,x is1 at lea/1 v c]ta91 x _c admit ev5 ( a controv]sy1 t all ^? :o reject ! sy/em ( innate ideas1 _c1 )\t contradict+ _! own pr9ciples1 admit ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,9 defiance ( ! consolation t s _m p]sons pret5d to f9d 9 ! notion ( an et]nal exi/5ce2 9 despite ( t firm p]suasion :i* su* numb]s ( m5 assure u !y h1 t _! s\ls w survive _! bodies1 !y seem s v mu* al>m$ at ! dissolution ( ?is body1 t !y d n contemplate _! end1 :i* !y ought to desire z ! p]iod ( s _m mis]ies1 b ) ! greate/ inquietude2 s true x is1 t ! real1 ! pres5t1 ev5 accompani$ ) pa91 has mu* m influ5ce ov] mank9d1 ?an ! mo/ beautiful *im]as ( ! future2 :i* he nev] views b ?r\gh ! cl\ds ( unc]ta9ty4 ,inde$ ! mo/ religi\s m51 not)/&+ ! conviction !y express ( a bless$ et]nity1 d n f9d ^! flatt]+ hopes suffici5tly consol+ to repress _! fe>s2 to prev5t _! trembl+1 :5 !y ?9k on ! necess>y dissolution ( _! bodies4 ,dea? 0 always1 = mortals1 ! mo/ frightful po9t ( view2 !y reg>d x z a /range ph5om5on1 contr>y to ! ord] ( ?+s1 oppos$ to ,nature2 9 a ^w1 z an effect ( ! cele/ial v5geance1 z ! wages ( s94 ,al?\gh e ?+ proves to man t dea? is inevitable1 he is nev] able to famili>ize himself ) its idea2 he nev] ?9ks on x )\t %udd]+2 ! assurance ( possess+ an immortal s\l b feebly indemnifies him = ! grief he feels 9 ! deprivation ( 8 p]i%able body4 ,two causes contribute to /r5g!n 8 fe>s1 to n\ri% 8 al>m2 ! "o is1 t ?is dea?1 commonly accompani$ ) pa91 wre/s f him an exi/5ce t pleases him--) :i* he is acqua9t$--to :i* he is accu/om$2 ! o!r is ! unc]ta9ty ( ! /ate t mu/ succe$ 8 actual exi/5ce4 ,! illu/ri\s ,bacon has said1 t m5 fe> dea? = ! same reason t *ildr5 dread be+ alone 9 d>kness4 ,man naturally *all5ges e ?+ ) :i* he is unacqua9t$2 he is desir\s to see cle>ly to ! end1 t he may gu>antee himself aga9/ ^? objects :i* may m5ace 8 safety2 t he may also be enabl$ to procure = himself ^? :i* may be useful to him2 ! man :o exi/s _c =m to himself any idea ( non-exi/5ce2 z ?is circum/ance di/urbs him1 = want ( exp]i5ce1 8 imag9ation sets to "w2 ?is po9ts out to him1 ei!r well or ill1 ?is unc]ta9 /ate3 accu/om$ to ?9k1 to feel1 to be /imulat$ into activity1 to enjoy society1 he contemplates z ! greate/ mis=tune1 a dissolution t w /rip him ( ^! objects1 t w deprive him ( ^? s5sations :i* 8 pres5t nature has r5d]$ necess>y to him2 he views ) dismay a situation t w prev5t 8 be+ w>n$ ( 8 own exi/5ce--t %all b]eave him ( 8 pleasures--to plunge him into no?+4 ,9 suppos+ x ev5 exempt f pa91 he always looks ^u ?is no?+ z an afflict+ solitude--z an heap ( pr(\nd d>kness2 he sees himself 9 a /ate ( g5]al desolation2 de/itute ( all assi/ance2 & he feels ke5ly all ! rig\r ( ?is frightful situation4 ,b does n a pr(\nd sleep help to give him a true idea ( ?is no?+8 ,does n t deprive him ( e ?+8 ,does x n appe> to annihilate ! univ]se to him1 & him to ! univ]se8 ,is dea? any ?+ m ?an a pr(\nd1 a p]man5t /eep8 ,x is = want ( be+ able to =m an idea ( dea? t man dreads x2 if he c\ld figure to himself a true image ( ?is /ate ( annihilation1 he w\ld f !nce cease to fe> x2 b he is n able to conceive a /ate 9 :i* !re is no feel+2 he !re=e believes1 t :5 he %all no long] exi/1 he w h ! same feel+s1 ! same consci\sness ( ?+s1 :i*1 dur+ 8 exi/5ce1 appe> s sad to 8 m9d2 :i* 8 fancy pa9ts 9 su* gloomy col\rs4 ,imag9ation pictures to him 8 fun]al pomp--! grave !y are digg+ = him--! lam5tations t w accompany him to 8 la/ abode-! epic$ium t surviv+ fri5d%ip may dictate2 he p]suades himself t ^! melan*oly objects w affect him z pa9fully ev5 aft] 8 decease1 z !y d 9 8 pres5t condition1 9 :i* he is 9 full possession ( 8 s5ses4 ,mortal1 l$ a/ray by fe>6 aft] ?y dea? ?9e eyes w see no m2 ?9e e>s w he> no long]2 9 ! dep? ( ?y grave ?\ wilt no m be witness to ?is sc5e1 :i* ?9e imag9ation1 at pres5t1 repres5ts to !e "u su* dismal col\rs2 ?\ wilt no long] take "p 9 :at %all be done 9 ! _w2 ?\ wilt no m be occupi$ ) :at may befal ?9e inanimate rema9s1 ?an ?\ wa/ able to be ! day previ\s to t :i* rank$ !e among ! be+s ( ?y species4 ,to die is to cease to ?9k2 to lack feel+2 no long] to enjoy2 to f9d a p]iod to suff]+2 ?9e ideas w p]i% ) !e2 ?y sorr[s w n foll[ !e to ! sil5t tomb4 ,?9k ( dea?1 n to fe$ ?y fe>s--n to n\ri% ?y melan*oly--b to accu/om ?yself to look ^u x ) a peaceable eye2 to *e] !e up aga9/ ^? false t]rors ) :i* ! enemies to ?y repose lab\r to inspire !e6 ,! fe>s ( dea? are va9 illusions1 t mu/ disappe> z soon z we le>n to contemplate ?is necess>y ev5t "u its true po9t ( view4 ,a great man has def9$ philosophy to be a m$itation on dea?2 he is n desir\s by t to h x und]/ood t man ought to occupy himself sorr[fully ) 8 end1 ) a view to n\ri% 8 fe>s2 on ! contr>y1 he wi%es to invite him to famili>ize himself ) an object t ,nature has r5d]$ necess>y to him2 to accu/om himself to expect x ) a s]5e c\nt5ance4 ,if life is a b5efit1 if x be necess>y to love x1 x is no less necess>y to quit x2 reason ought to tea* him a calm resignation to ! decrees ( fate3 8 welf>e exacts t he %\ld contract ! habit ( contemplat+ ) placidity1 ( view+ )\t al>m1 an ev5t t 8 ess5ce has r5d]$ inevitable3 8 int]e/ dem&s t he %\ld n brood gloomily ov] 8 mis=tune2 t he %\ld n1 by cont9ual dread1 embitt] 8 life2 ! *>ms ( :i* he mu/ inevitably de/roy1 if he c nev] view its t]m9ation b ) trepidation4 ,reason & 8 int]e/ !n1 concur to assure him aga9/ ^? vague t]rors ) :i* 8 imag9ation inspires him1 9 ?is respect4 ,if he 0 to call !m to 8 assi/ance1 !y w\ld reconcile him to an object t only />tles him1 because he has no k ( x2 because x is only %ewn to him ) ^? hide\s accompanim5ts ) :i* x is clo!d by sup]/ition4 ,let him !n1 endeav\r to despoil dea? ( ^! va9 illusions1 & he w p]ceive t x is only ! sleep ( life2 t ?is sleep w n be di/urb$ ) disagreeable dreams2 t an unpleasant awak5+ is nev] likely to foll[ x4 ,to die is to sleep2 x is to ent] into t /ate ( ins5sibility 9 :i* he 0 previ\s to 8 bir?2 be=e he _h s5ses2 be=e he 0 consci\s ( 8 actual exi/5ce4 ,laws1 z necess>y z ^? :i* gave him bir?1 w make him return into ! bosom ( ,nature1 f :5ce he 0 drawn1 9 ord] to reproduce him aft]w>ds "u "s new =m1 :i* x w\ld be useless = him to "k3 )\t consult+ him1 ,nature places him = a season 9 ! ord] ( organiz$ be+s2 )\t 8 cons5t1 %e w oblige him to quit x1 to occupy "s o!r ord]4 ,let him n compla9 !n1 t ,nature is call\s2 %e only makes him und]go a law f :i* %e does n exempt any "o be+ %e conta9s4 ,man compla9s ( ! %ort duration ( life--( ! rapidity ) :i* "t flies away2 yet ! great] numb] ( m5 d n "k h[ to employ ei!r "t or life4 ,if all are born & p]i%--if e ?+ is *ang$ & de/roy$--if ! bir? ( a be+ is nev] m ?an ! fir/ /ep t[>ds its end2 h[ is x possible to expect t man1 ^: ma*9e is s frail1 ( :i* ! p>ts are s complicat$1 ! :ole ( :i* possesses su* extreme mobility1 %\ld be exempt$ f ! common law2 :i* decrees1 t ev5 ! solid e>? he inhabits %all exp]i5ce *ange--%all und]go alt]ation--p]haps be de/roy$6 ,feeble1 frail mortal6 ,?\ pret5de/ to exi/ = ev]2 :it ?\1 !n1 t = !e alone et]nal ,nature %all *ange h] undeviat+ c\rse8 ,do/ ?\ n behold 9 ^? ecc5tric comets ) :i* ?9e eyes are sometimes a/oni%$1 t ! planets !mselves are subject to dea?8 ,live !n 9 peace = ! season t ,nature p]mits !e2 if ?y m9d be enlight5$ by reason ?\ wilt die )\t t]ror6 ,not)/&+ ! simplicity ( ^! reflections2 no?+ is m r>e ?an ! sight ( m5 truly =tifi$ aga9/ ! fe>s ( dea?3 ! wise man himself turns pale at its approa*2 he has occasion to collect ! :ole =ce ( 8 m9d1 to expect x ) s]5ity4 ,x _c !n1 furni% matt] = surprise1 if ! idea ( dea? is s revolt+ to ! g5]ality ( mortals2 x t]rifies ! "y--x r$\bles ! *agr9 ( ! middle-ag$--x ev5 augm5ts ! sorr[ ( ! old1 :o are worn d[n ) infirmity3 inde$ ! ag$1 al?\gh enfeebl$ by "t1 dread x mu* m ?an ! "y1 :o are 9 ! full vig\r ( life2 ! man ( _m lu/res is m accu/om$ to live ye>s z !y roll ov] 8 head1 confirm 8 atta*m5t to exi/5ce2 nev]!less1 long unwe>i$ ex]tions weak5 ! p[]s ( 8 m9d2 lab\r1 sickness1 & pa91 wa/e 8 animal /r5g?2 he has less en]gy2 8 volition becomes fa9t1 sup]/iti\s t]rors easily appal him2 at l5g? disease consumes him2 sometimes ) excruciat+ tortures3 ! unhappy wret*1 ?us plung$ into mis=tune1 has1 not)/&+1 sc>cely ev] d>$ to contemplate dea?2 :i* he ought to consid] z ! p]iod to all 8 angui%4 ,if ! s\rce ( ?is pusillanimity be s\ght1 x w be f\nd 9 8 nature1 :i* atta*es him to life2 9 t defici5cy ( en]gy 9 8 s\l1 :i* h>dly any ?+ t5ds to corroborate1 b :i* e ?+ /rives to enfeeble3 :i* sup]/ition1 in/ead ( /r5g!n+1 contributes to bruise4 ,almo/ all human in/itutions1 ne>ly all ! op9ions ( man1 conspire to augm5t 8 fe>s2 to r5d] 8 ideas ( dea? m t]rible2 to make !m m revolt+ to 8 feel+s4 ,inde$1 sup]/ition pleases itself ) exhibit+ dea? "u ! mo/ frightful traits3 x repres5ts x to man "u ! mo/ disgu/+ col\rs2 z a dreadful mom5t1 :i* n only puts an end to 8 pleasures1 b gives him up )\t def5ce to ! /range rig\r ( a pitiless decree1 :i* no?+ c s(t54 ,accord+ to ?is sup]/ition1 ! mo/ virtu\s man has reason to tremble = ! sev]ity ( 8 fate2 is nev] c]ta9 ( be+ happy2 ! mo/ dreadful torm5ts1 endless puni%m5ts1 await ! victim to involunt>y weakness2 to ! necess>y faults ( a %ort-liv$ exi/5ce2 8 infirmities1 8 mom5t>y (f5ces1 ! prop5sities t h be5 plant$ 9 8 he>t1 ! errors ( 8 m9d1 ! op9ions he has imbib$1 ev5 9 ! society 9 :i* he 0 born )\t 8 own cons5t1 ! ideas he has =m$1 ! passions he has indulg$ above all1 8 n be+ able to compreh5d all ! extravagant dogmas (f]$ to 8 acceptance1 are to be implacably av5g$ ) ! mo/ sev]e & nev]-end+ p5alties4 ,ixion is = ev] fa/5$ to 8 :eel2 ,sisyphus mu/ to all et]nity roll 8 /one )\t ev] be+ able to rea* ! apex ( 8 m\nta92 ! vulture mu/ p]petually prey on ! liv] ( ! un=tunate ,prome!us3 ^? :o d>e to ?9k = !mselves--^? :o h refus$ to li/5 to _! en?usia/ic guides--^? :o h n rev]5c$ ! oracles--^? :o h _h ! audacity to consult _! reason--^? :o h boldly v5tur$ to detect impo/ors--^? :o h d\bt$ ! div9e mission ( ! ,phy?onissa--^? :o believe t ,jupit] violat$ dec5cy 9 8 visit to ,danae--^? :o look ^u ,apollo z no bett] ?an a /roll+ musician--^? :o ?9k t ,mahomet 0 an ar* knave--are to sm>t ev]la/+ly 9 flam+ oceans ( burn+ sulph]2 are to float to all et]nity 9 ! mo/ excruciat+ agonies on seas ( liquid brim/one1 wail+ & gna%+ _! tee?3 :at wond]1 !n1 if man dreads to be ca/ into ^! hide\s gulfs2 if 8 m9d loa!s ! horrific picture2 if he wi%es to def] = a season ^! dreadful puni%m5ts2 if he cl+s to an exi/5ce1 pa9ful z x may be1 r ?an enc\nt] su* revolt+ cruelties4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! afflict+ objects ) :i* sup]/ition occupies its unhappy1 its cr$ul\s disciples2 su* are ! fe>s :i* ! tyrant ( human ?\ghts po9ts out to !m z salut>y4 ,9 defiance ,( ! exility ( ! effect :i* ^! notions produce oil ! great] numb]1 ev5 ( ^? :o say !y are1 or :o believe !mselves p]suad$1 !y are held =? z ! mo/ p[]ful ramp>t t c be oppos$ to ! irregul>ities ( man4 ,nev]!less1 z w be se5 pres5tly1 x w be f\nd t ^! sy/ems1 or r ^! *im]as1 s t]rible to behold1 op]ate little or no?+ on ! l>g] portion ( mank9d1 :o dream ( !m b seldom1 nev] 9 ! mom5t t passion1 int]e/1 pleasure1 or example1 hurries !m along4 ,if ^! fe>s act1 x is commonly on ^?1 :o h b little occasion to ab/a9 f evil2 !y make hone/ he>ts tremble1 b fail ( effect on ! p]v]se4 ,!y torm5t s5sible s\ls1 b leave ^? t are h>d5$ 9 repose2 !y di/urb tractable1 g5tle m9ds1 b cause no tr\ble to rebelli\s spirits3 ?us !y al>m none b ^? :o are already suffici5tly al>m$2 !y co]ce only ^? :o are already re/ra9$4 ,^! notions1 !n1 impress no?+ on ! wick$2 :5 by accid5t !y d act on !m1 x is only to r$\ble ! wick$ness ( _! natural "*--to ju/ify !m 9 _! own eyes--to furni% !m ) pretexts to ex]cise x )\t fe>--to foll[ x )\t scruple4 ,inde$1 ! exp]i5ce ( a great numb] ( ages has %ewn to :at excess ( wick$ness1 to :at l5g?s1 ! passions ( man h c>ri$ him1 :5 !y h be5 au?oriz$ by ! prie/hood--:5 !y h be5 un*a9$ by sup]/ition--or1 at lea/1 :5 he has be5 enabl$ to cov] himself ) its mantle4 ,man has nev] be5 m ambiti\s1 nev] m covet\s1 nev] m crafty1 nev] m cruel1 nev] m s$iti\s1 ?an :5 he has p]suad$ himself t sup]/ition p]mitt$ or comm&$ him to be s3 ?us1 sup]/ition did no?+ m ?an l5d an inv9cible =ce to 8 natural passions1 :i* "u its sacr$ auspices he c\ld ex]cise ) impunity1 indulge )\t remorse2 /ill m1 ! greate/ villa9s1 9 giv+ free v5t to ! dete/able prop5sities ( _! natural wick$ness1 h "u its influ5ce believ$1 t1 by display+ an ov]-heat$ zeal1 !y m]it$ well ( heav52 t !y exempt$ !mselves by new crimes1 f t *a/isem5t :i* !y ?\ght _! ant]ior conduct _h ri*ly m]it$4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! effects :i* :at are call$ ! salut>y notions ( sup]/ition1 produce on mortals4 ,^! reflections w furni% an answ] to ^? :o say t1 ,if heav5 0 promis$ equally to ! wick$ z to ! righte\s1 !re w\ld be f\nd none incr$ul\s ( ano!r life4 ,we reply1 t1 9 po9t ( fact1 sup]/ition does accord heav5 to ! wick$1 s9ce x frequ5tly places 9 ?is happy abode ! mo/ useless1 ! mo/ deprav$ ( m54 ,is n ,mahomet himself en?ron$ 9 ! empyrean by ?is sup]/ition8 ,if ! cal5d> ( ! ,romi% sa9ts 0 exam9$1 w\ld x be f\nd to conta9 none b righte\s1 none b good m58 ,does n ,mahometanism cut (f f all *ance ( future exi/5ce1 consequ5tly f all hope ( rea*+ heav51 ! female "p ( mank9d8 ,h ! ,jews exalt$ no "o to ! cele/ial regions1 save ! virtu\s8 ,:5 ! ,jew is condemn$ to ! dev\r+ flames1 d n ! m5 :o ?us torture an unhappy wret*1 ^: only crime is adh]5ce to ! religion ( 8 =efa!rs1 expect to be rew>d$ = ! de$ ) ev]la/+ happ9ess8 ,are !y n promis$ et]nal salvation = _! or?odoxy8 ,0 ,con/ant9e1 0 ,/4 ,cyril1 0 ,/4 ,a?anasius1 0 ,/4 ,dom9ic1 wor?y beatification8 ,7 ,jupit]1 ,?or1 ,m]cury1 ,wod51 & a ?\s& o!rs1 des]v+ ( cele/ial diadems8 ,is err+1 feeble man1 ) all 8 imbecilities1 compet5t to =m a judgm5t ( ! heav5ly des]ts ( 8 fell[s8 ,c be1 ) 8 dim optics1 ) 8 limit$ vision1 fa?om ! human he>t8 ,c he s\nd its dep?s1 trace its me&]+s1 dive into its recesses1 ) suffici5t precision1 to det]m9e :o among/ 8 race is or is n possess$ ( ! requisite m]it to enjoy a bless$ et]nity8 ,?us wick$ m5 are held up z models by sup]/ition1 :i* z we %all see1 %>p5s ! passions ( evil-dispos$ m51 by legitimat+ ^? crimes1 at :i*1 )\t ?is sanction1 !y w\ld %udd]2 :i* !y w\ld fe> to commit2 or = :i*1 at lea/1 !y w\ld feel %ame2 = :i* !y w\ld exp]i5ce remorse4 ,9 %ort1 ! m9i/]s ( sup]/ition furni% to ! mo/ pr(ligate m5 ! p[] ( indulg+ _! inflam$ passions1 & !n hold =? to !m means ( div]t+ f _! own heads ! ?und]bolt t %\ld /rike _! crimes1 by spread+ be=e !m fre% inc5tives to intol]ant p]secution1 ) ! promise ( a nev]-fad+ happ9ess4 ,) respect to ! incr$ul\s1 )\t d\bt1 !re may be among/ !m wick$ m51 z well z among/ ! mo/ cr$ul\s2 b incr$ulity no m supposes wick$ness1 ?an cr$ulity supposes righte\sness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! man :o ?9ks1 :o m$itates1 kn[s f> bett] ! true motives to goodness1 ?an he :o suff]s himself to be bl9dly guid$ by unc]ta9 motives1 or by ! int]e/ ( o!rs4 ,s5sible m5 h ! greate/ advantage 9 exam9+ op9ions1 :i* x is pret5d$ mu/ h an influ5ce ov] _! et]nal happ9ess3 if ^! are f\nd false1 if !y appe> injuri\s to _! pres5t life1 !y w n !re=e conclude1 t !y h n ano!r life ei!r to fe> or to hope2 t !y are p]mitt$ to deliv] !mselves up ) impunity to vice1 :i* w\ld d an injury to !mselves1 t w\ld draw ^u !m ! contempt ( _! neighb\r1 :i* w\ld subject !m to ! ang] ( society3 ! man :o does n expect ano!r life1 is only m int]e/$ 9 prolong+ 8 exi/5ce 9 ?is2 9 r5d]+ himself de> to 8 fell[s1 by cultivat+ virtue2 by p]=m+ all 8 duties ) m /rictness1 9 ! only life ( :i* he has any k3 he has made a great /ride t[>ds felicity1 9 dis5gag+ himself f ^? t]rors :i* afflict o!rs1 :i* frequ5tly prev5t _! act+4 ,su* a man has no?+ to fe>1 b e ?+ to hope2 if1 contr>y to :at he is able to judge1 !re %\ld be an h]eaft] exi/5ce1 w n 8 actions h be5 s regulat$ by virtue1 w he n h s comport$ himself 9 8 pres5t exi/5ce1 z to /& a fair *ance ( enjoy+ 9 _! fulle/ ext5t ^? felicities prep>$ = 8 species8 ,sup]/ition1 9 fact1 takes a pride 9 r5d]+ man slo?ful1 9 m\ld+ him to cr$ulity1 9 mak+ him pusillanim\s4 ,x is its pr9ciple to afflict him )\t int]mission2 to r$\ble 9 him ! horrors ( dea?3 ev] +5i\s 9 torm5t+ him1 x has ext5d$ 8 inquietudes beyond ev5 8 own exi/5ce2 its m9i/]s1 ! m securely to dispose ( him 9 ?is _w1 inv5t$1 9 future regions1 a v>iety ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 res]v+ to !mselves ! privilege ( aw>d+ ^! heav5ly recomp5ces to ^? :o yield$ mo/ implicitly to _! arbitr>y laws2 ( decree+ puni%m5t to ^? refractory be+s :o rebell$ aga9/ _! p[]3 ?us1 accord+ to !m1 ,tantalus = divulg+ _! secrets1 mu/ et]nally fe>1 engulph$ 9 burn+ sulphur1 ! /one ready to fall on 8 devot$ head2 :il/ ,romulus 0 beatifi$ & wor%ipp$ z a god "u ! "n ( ,quir9us4 ,! same sy/em ( sup]/ition caus$ ! philosoph] ,calli/h5es to be put to dea?1 = oppos+ ! wor%ip ( ,alex&]2 & elevat$ ! monk ,a?anasius to be a sa9t 9 heav54 ,f> f hold+ =? consolation to mortals1 f> f cultivat+ man's reason1 f> f tea*+ him to yield "u ! h&s ( necessity1 sup]/ition1 9 a great _m c\ntries1 /rives to r5d] dea? /ill m bitt] to him2 to make its yoke sit heavy2 to fill up its ret9ue ) a multitude ( hide\s phantoms2 to pa9t x 9 ! mo/ frightful col\rs2 to r5d] its approa* t]rible3 by ?is means x has cr[d$ ! _w ) en?usia/s1 :om x s$uces by vague promises2 ) contemptible slaves1 :om x co]ces ) ! fe> ( imag9>y evils3 x has at l5g? p]suad$ man1 t 8 actual exi/5ce is only a j\rney1 by :i* he w arrive at a m important life3 ?is doctr9e1 :e!r x be rational or irrational1 prev5ts him f occupy+ himself ) 8 true happ9ess2 f ev5 dream+ ( ameliorat+ 8 in/itutions1 ( improv+ 8 laws1 ( advanc+ ! progress ( sci5ce1 ( p]fection+ 8 morals4 ,va9 & gloomy ideas h absorb$ 8 att5tion3 he cons5ts to groan "u fanatical tyranny--to wri! "u political inflictions--to live 9 error--to langui% 9 mis=tune--9 ! hope1 :5 he %all be no m1 ( be+ "o day happi]2 9 ! firm confid5ce1 t aft] he has disappe>$1 8 calamities1 8 pati5ce1 w conduct him to a nev]-end+ felicity3 he has believ$ himself submitt$ to cruel prie/s1 :o are will+ to make him pur*ase 8 future welf>e at ! exp5ce ( e ?+ mo/ de> to 8 peace1 mo/ valuable to 8 exi/5ce "h bel[3 !y h pictur$ heav5 z irritat$ aga9/ him1 z dispos$ to appease itself by puni%+ him et]nally1 = any ef=ts he %\ld make to )draw himself f1 _! p[]4 ,x is ?us ! doctr9e ( a future life has be5 made fatal to ! human species3 x plung$ :ole nations into slo?1 made !m languid1 fill$ !m ) indiff]5ce to _! pres5t welf>e1 or else precipitat$ !m1 into ! mo/ furi\s en?usiasm1 :i* hurri$ !m on to su* l5g?s t !y tore ea* o!r 9 pieces 9 ord] to m]it ! promis$ heav54 ,x w be ask$1 p]haps1 by :at road has man be5 conduct$ to =m to himself ^! gratuit\s ideas ( ano!r _w8 ,i reply1 t x is a tru? man has no idea ( a future life1 !y are ! ideas ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t t furni% 8 imag9ation ) ! mat]ials ( :i* he con/ructs ! edifice ( ! regions ( futurity4 ,hobbes says1 ,we believe t1 t :i* is w always be1 & t ! same causes w h ! same effects4 ,man 9 8 actual /ate1 has two modes ( feel+1 "o t he approves1 ano!r t he disapproves3 ?us1 p]suad$ t ^! two modes ( feel+ mu/ accompany him1 ev5 beyond 8 pres5t exi/5ce1 he plac$ 9 ! regions ( et]nity two di/+ui%$ abodes1 "o de/9$ to felicity1 ! o!r to mis]y3 ! "o mu/ conta9 ^? :o obey ! calls ( sup]/ition1 :o believe 9 its dogmas2 ! o!r is a prison1 de/9$ to av5ge ! cause ( heav51 on all ^? :o %all n fai?fully believe ! doctr9es promulgat$ by ! m9i/]s ( a va/ v>iety ( sup]/itions4 ,has suffici5t att5tion be5 paid to ! fact t results z a necess>y consequ5ce f ?is reason+2 :i* on exam9ation w be f\nd to h r5d]$ ! fir/ place entirely useless1 see+1 t by ! numb] & contradiction ( ^! v>i\s sy/ems1 let man believe :i* ev] he may1 let him foll[ x 9 ! mo/ fai?ful mann]1 /ill he mu/ be rank$ z an infidel1 z a rebel to ! ,div9ity1 because he _c believe 9 all2 & ^? f :i* he diss5ts1 by a consequ5ce ( _! own cre$1 condemn him to ! prison-h\se8 ,su* is ! orig9 ( ! ideas ^u a future life1 s diffus$ among mank9d4 ,e :]e may be se5 an ,elysium & a ,t>t>us2 a ,p>adise & a ,hell2 9 a ^w1 two di/+ui%$ abodes1 con/ruct$ accord+ to ! imag9ation ( ! en?usia/s :o h inv5t$ !m1 :o h accommodat$ !m to _! own peculi> prejudices1 to ! hopes1 to ! fe>s1 ( ! p :o believe 9 !m4 ,! ,indian figures ! fir/ ( ^! abodes z "o ( 9-action1 ( p]man5t repose1 because1 be+ ! inhabitant ( a hot climate1 he has le>n$ to contemplate re/ z ! extreme ( felicity3 ! ,mussulman promises himself corporeal pleasures1 simil> to ^? t actually con/itute ! object ( 8 rese>* 9 ?is life3 ea* figures to himself1 t on :i* he has le>n$ to set ! greate/ value4 ,( :atev] nature ^! pleasures may be1 man appreh5d$ t a body 0 ne$ful1 9 ord] t 8 s\l might be enabl$ to enjoy ! pleasures1 or to exp]i5ce ! pa9s 9 res]ve = him3 f h5ce ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection2 b z he beheld ?is body putrify1 z he saw x dissolve1 z he witness$ its decomposition1 aft] dea?1 he 0 at a loss h[ to =m anew :at he conceiv$ s necess>y to 8 sy/em he !re=e _h rec\rse to ! ,div9e ,omnipot5ce1 by ^: int]position he n[ believes x w be effect$4 ,?is op9ion1 s incompreh5sible1 is said to h orig9at$ 9 ,p]sia1 among ! ,magi1 & f9ds a great numb] ( adh]5ts1 :o h nev] giv5 x a s]i\s exam9ation3 b ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection appe>s p]fectly useless to all ^?1 :o believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a s\l t feels1 ?9ks1 suff]s1 & enjoys1 aft] a sep>ation f ! body3 inde$1 !re are already sects :o beg9 to ma9ta91 t ! body is n necess>y2 t !re=e x w n be resurrect$4 ,l ,b]keley1 !y conceive t ! s\l has ne$ nei!r ( body nor any ext]ior be+1 ei!r to exp]i5ce s5sations1 or to h ideas3 ! ,malebran*i/s1 9 p>ticul>1 mu/ suppose t ! reject$ s\ls w see e ?+ 9 ! ,div9ity2 w feel !mselves burn1 )\t hav+ occasion = bodies = t purpose4 ,o!rs1 incapable ( elevat+ !mselves to ^! sublime notions1 believ$1 t "u div]s =ms1 man animat$ successively diff]5t animals ( v>i\s species2 t he nev] ceas$ to be an inhabitant ( ! e>?2 su* 0 ! op9ion ( ^? :o adopt$ ! doctr9e ( ,metempsy*osis4 ,z = ! mis]able abode ( s\ls1 ! imag9ation ( fanatics1 :o 7 desir\s ( gov]n+ ! p1 /rove to assemble ! mo/ frightful images1 to r5d] x /ill m t]rible3 fire is ( all be+s t :i* produces 9 man ! mo/ pung5t s5sation2 n f9d+ any ?+ m cruel1 ! enemies to ! sev]al dogmas 7 to be ev]la/+ly puni%$ ) ?is tortur+ elem5t3 fire1 !re=e1 0 ! po9t at :i* _! imag9ation 0 oblig$ to /op4 ,! m9i/]s ( ! v>i\s sy/ems agre$ pretty g5]ally1 t fire w\ld "o day av5ge _! (f5d$ div9ities3 ?us !y pa9t$ ! victims to ! ang] ( ! gods1 or r ^? :o que/ion$ _! own cre$s1 z conf9$ 9 fi]y dungeons1 z p]petually roll+ 9 a vortex ( bitum9\s flames1 z plung$ 9 unfa?omable gulphs ( liquid sulphur1 mak+ ! inf]nal cav]ns res\nd ) _! useless groan+s1 ) _! unavail+ gna%+ ( tee?4 ,b x w1 p]haps1 be enquir$1 h[ c\ld man reconcile himself to ! belief ( an exi/5ce accompani$ ) et]nal torm5ts2 above all1 z _m accord+ to _! own sup]/itions _h reason to fe> x = !mselves8 ,_m causes h concurr$ to make him adopt s revolt+ an op9ion3 9 ! fir/ place1 v few ?9k+ m5 h ev] believ$ su* an absurdity1 :5 !y h deign$ to make use ( _! reason2 or1 :5 !y h accr$it$ x1 ?is notion 0 always c\nt]balanc$ by ! idea ( ! goodness1 by a reliance on ! m]cy1 :i* !y attribut$ to _! respective div9ities3 9 ! second place1 ^? :o 7 bl9d$ by _! fe>s1 nev] r5d]$ to !mselves any acc\nt ( ^! /range doctr9es1 :i* !y ei!r receiv$ ) awe f _! legislators1 or :i* 7 transmitt$ to !m by _! fa!rs3 9 ! ?ird place1 ea* sees ! object ( 8 t]rors only at a fav\rable di/ance3 moreov]1 sup]/ition promises him ! means ( escap+ ! tortures he believes he has m]it$4 ,at l5g?1 l ^? sick p :om we see cl+ ) fondness1 ev5 to ! mo/ pa9ful life1 man pref]r$ ! idea ( an unhappy1 ?\gh unkn[n exi/5ce1 to t ( non-exi/5ce1 :i* he look$ ^u z ! mo/ frightful evil t c\ld befal him2 ei!r because he c\ld =m no idea ( x1 or because 8 imag9ation pa9t$ to him ?is non-exi/5ce ?is no?+1 z ! confus$ assemblage ( all evils4 ,a kn[n evil1 ( :atev] magnitude1 al>m$ him less 7above all1 :5 !re rema9$ ! hope ( be+ able to avoid x71 ?an an evil ( :i* he knew no?+1 ^u :i*1 consequ5tly1 8 imag9ation 0 pa9fully employ$1 b to :i* he knew n h[ to oppose a rem$y4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t sup]/ition1 f> f consol+ man ^u ! necessity ( dea?1 only r$\bles 8 t]rors1 by ! evils ) :i* x pret5ds 8 decease w be foll[$2 ^! t]rors are s /rong1 t ! mis]able wret*es :o believe /rictly 9 ^! =midable doctr9es1 pass _! days 9 affliction1 ba!d 9 ! mo/ bitt] te>s4 ,:at %all be said ( an op9ion s de/ructive to society1 yet adopt$ by s _m nations1 :i* ann\nces to !m1 t a sev]e fate may at ea* in/ant take !m unprovid$2 t at ea* mom5t !y are liable to pass "u ! mo/ rigor\s judgm5t8 ,:at idea c be bett] suit$ to t]rify man--:at m likely to disc\rage him--:at m calculat$ to damp ! desire ( ameliorat+ 8 condition--?an ! afflict+ prospect ( a _w always on ! br9k ( dissolution2 ( a ,div9ity seat$ ^u ! ru9s ( ,nature1 ready to pass judgm5t on ! human species8 ,su* are1 nev]!less1 ! fatal op9ions ) :i* ! m9d ( nations has be5 f$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s3 !y are s dang]\s1 t if by a happy want ( j inf]5ce1 he did n d]ogate 9 8 conduct f ^! afflict+ ideas1 he w\ld fall into ! mo/ abject /upidity4 ,h[ c\ld man occupy himself ) a p]i%able _w1 ready e mom5t to crumble into atoms8 ,h[ dream ( r5d]+ himself happy on e>?1 :5 x is only ! por* to an et]nal k+dom8 ,is x !n1 surpris+1 t ! sup]/itions to :i* simil> doctr9es s]ve = a basis1 h prescrib$ to _! disciples a total deta*m5t f ?+s bel[--an entire r5unciation ( ! mo/ innoc5t pleasures2 h giv5 bir? to a sluggi%ness1 to a pusillanimity1 to an abjection ( s\l1 to an insociability1 t r5d]s him useless to himself1 dang]\s to o!rs8 ,if necessity did n oblige man to dep>t 9 8 practice f ^! irrational sy/ems--if 8 wants did n br+ him back to reason1 9 despite ( ^! sup]/iti\s doctr9es--! :ole _w w\ld pres5tly become a va/ des]t1 inhabit$ by "s few isolat$ savages1 :o w\ld n ev5 h c\rage to multiply !mselves4 ,:at are ^!1 b notions :i* he mu/ necess>ily put aside1 9 ord] t human association may subsi/8 ,nev]!less1 ! doctr9e ( a future life1 accompani$ ) rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 has be5 reg>d$ = a great numb] ( ages z ! mo/ p[]ful1 or ev5 z ! only motive capable ( co]c+ ! passions ( man2 z ! sole means t c oblige him to be virtu\s3 by degrees1 ?is doctr9e has become ! basis ( almo/ all religions & political sy/ems1 s mu* s1 t at ?is day x is said1 ?is prejudice _c be attack$ )\t absolutely r5d+ asund] ! bonds ( society4 ,! f\nd]s ( sup]/ition h made use ( x to atta* _! cr$ul\s disciples2 legislators h look$ ^u x z ! curb be/ calculat$ to keep mank9d "u discipl9e2 religion consid]s x necess>y to 8 happ9ess2 _m philosoph]s !mselves h believ$ ) s9c]ity1 t ?is doctr9e 0 requisite to t]rify man1 0 ! only means to div]t him f crime3 not)/&+1 :5 ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l fir/ came out ( ! s*ool ( ,plato2 :5 x fir/ diffus$ itself among ! ,greeks1 x caus$ ! greate/ ravages2 x det]m9$ a multitude ( m51 :o 7 discont5t$ ) _! condition1 to t]m9ate _! exi/5ce3 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 k+ ( ,egypt1 see+ ! effect ?is doctr9e1 :i* at ! pres5t day is look$ ^u z s salut>y1 produc$ on ! bra9s ( 8 subjects1 prohibit$ ! tea*+ ( x "u ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,x mu/1 inde$1 be all[$ t ?is doctr9e has be5 ( ! greate/ utility to ^? :o h giv5 sup]/itions to nations1 :o at ! same "t made !mselves its m9i/]s2 x 0 ! f\ndation ( _! p[]1 ! s\rce ( _! weal?1 ! p]man5t cause ( t bl9dness1 ! solid basis ( ^? t]rors1 :i* x 0 _! int]e/ to n\ri% 9 ! human race4 ,x 0 by ?is doctr9e ! prie/ became fir/ ! rival1 !n ! ma/] ( k+s3 x is by ?is dogma t nations are fill$ ) en?usia/s inebriat$ ) sup]/ition1 always m dispos$ to li/5 to its m5aces1 ?an to ! c\nsels ( reasons1 to ! ord]s ( ! sov]eign1 to ! cries ( ,nature1 or to ! laws ( society4 ,politics itself 0 enslav$ to ! caprice ( ! prie/2 ! temporal mon>* 0 oblig$ to b5d "u ! yoke ( ! mon>* ( sup]/ition2 ! "o only dispos$ ( ?is p]i%able _w1 ! o!r ext5d$ 8 p[] into ! _w to come2 mu* m important = man ?an ! e>?1 on :i* he is only a pilgrim1 a m]e pass5g]4 ,?us ! doctr9e ( ano!r life plac$ ! gov]nm5t itself 9 a /ate ( dep5dance ^u ! prie/2 ! mon>* 0 no?+ m ?an 8 fir/ subject2 he 0 nev] obey$1 b :5 ! two 7 9 accord4 ,nature 9 va9 cri$ out to man1 to be c>eful ( 8 pres5t happ9ess2 ! prie/ ord]$ him to be unhappy1 9 ! expectation ( future felicity2 reason 9 va9 exhort$ him to be peaceable2 ! prie/ brea!d =? fanaticism1 fulm9at$ fury1 oblig$ him to di/urb ! public tranquillity1 e "t !re 0 a "q ( ! suppos$ int]e/s ( ! invisible mon>* ( ano!r life1 & ! real int]e/s ( 8 m9i/]s 9 ?is4 ,su* is ! fruit t politics has ga!r$ f ! doctr9e ( a future life2 ! regions ( ! _w to come h enabl$ ! prie/hood to conqu] ! pres5t _w4 ,! expectation ( cele/ial happ9ess1 & ! dread ( future tortures1 only s]v$ to prev5t man f seek+ aft] ! means to r5d] himself happy "h bel[4 ,?us error1 "u :atev] aspect x is consid]$1 w nev] be m ?an a s\rce ( evil = mank9d4 ,! doctr9e ( ano!r life1 9 pres5t+ to mortals an ideal happ9ess1 w r5d] !m en?usia/s2 9 ov]:elm+ !m ) fe>s1 x w make useless be+s2 g5]ate c[>ds2 =m atrabil>i\s or furi\s m52 :o w lose sight ( _! pres5t abode1 to occupy !mselves ) ! pictur$ regions ( a _w to come1 ) ^? dreadful evils :i* !y mu/ fe> aft] _! dea?4 ,if x be insi/$ t ! doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts is ! mo/ p[]ful curb to re/ra9 ! passions ( man1 we %all reply by call+ 9 daily exp]i5ce4 ,if we only ca/ our eyes ar\nd1 if = a mom5t we exam9e :at passes 9 review be=e u1 we %all see ?is ass]tion contradict$2 we %all f9d t ^! m>vell\s speculations d n 9 any mann] dim9i% ! numb] ( ! wick$1 because !y are incapable ( *ang+ ! temp]am5t ( man1 ( annihilat+ ^? passions :i* ! vices ( society eng5d] 9 8 he>t4 ,9 ^? nations :o appe> ! mo/ ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ?is future puni%m5t1 may be se5 assass9s1 ?ieves1 crafty knaves1 oppressors1 adult]]s1 voluptu>ies2 all ^! pret5d !y are firmly p]suad$ ( ! reality ( an h]eaft]2 yet 9 ! :irlw9d ( dissipation1 9 ! vortex ( pleasure1 9 ! fury ( _! passions1 !y no long] behold ?is =midable future exi/5ce1 :i* 9 ^? mom5ts has no k9d ( influ5ce ov] _! e>?ly conduct4 ,9 %ort1 9 _m ( ^? c\ntries :]e ! doctr9e ( ano!r life is s firmly e/abli%$1 t ea* individual irritates himself aga9/ :oev] may h ! tem]ity to combat ! op9ion1 or ev5 to d\bt x1 we see t x is utt]ly incapable ( impress+ any ?+ on rul]s :o are unju/1 :o are neglig5t ( ! welf>e ( _! p1 :o are1 debau*$1 on c\rtezans :o are lewd 9 _! habits1 on covet\s mis]s1 on fl9ty extortion]s :o fatt5 on ! sub/ance ( a nation1 on wom5 )\t mode/y1 on a va/ multitude ( drunk51 intemp]ate1 vici\s m51 on great numb]s ev5 among/ ^? prie/s1 ^: function x is to prea* ?is future /ate1 :o are paid to ann\nce ! v5geance ( heav51 aga9/ vices :i* !y !mselves enc\rage by _! example4 ,if x be enquir$ ( !m1 h[ !y d>e to give !mselves up to su* sc&al\s actions1 :i* !y ought to "k are c]ta9 to draw ^u !m et]nal puni%m5t8 ,!y w reply1 t ! madness ( _! passions1 ! =ce ( _! habits1 ! contagion ( example1 or ev5 ! p[] ( circum/ances1 h hurri$ !m along2 h made !m =get ! dreadful consequ5ces 9 :i* _! conduct is likely to involve !m2 besides1 !y w say1 t ! treasures ( ! div9e m]cy are inf9ite2 t rep5tance suffices to efface ! f\le/ transgressions2 to cleanse ! blacke/ guilt2 to blot out ! mo/ enorm\s crimes3 9 ?is multitude ( wret*$ be+s1 :o ea* aft] 8 own mann] desolates society ) 8 crim9al pursuits1 y w f9d only a small numb] :o are suffici5tly intimidat$ by ! fe>s ( ! mis]able h]eaft]1 to resi/ _! evil prop5sities4 ,:at did ,i say8 ,^! prop5sities are 9 !mselves too weak to c>ry !m =w>d )\t ! aid ( ! doctr9e ( ano!r life2 )\t ?is1 ! law & ! fe> ( c5sure w\ld h be5 motives suffici5t to prev5t !m f r5d]+ !mselves crim9al4 ,x is inde$1 fe>ful1 timor\s s\ls1 ^u :om ! t]rors ( ano!r life make a pr(\nd impression2 human be+s ( ?is sort come into ! _w ) mod]ate passions1 are ( a weakly organization1 possess a cool imag9ation2 x is n !re=e surpris+1 t 9 su* m51 :o are already re/ra9$ by _! nature1 ! fe> ( future puni%m5t c\nt]balances ! weak ef=ts ( _! feeble passions2 b x is by no means ! same ) ^? det]m9$ s9n]s1 ) ^? h>d5$ crim9als1 ) ^? m5 :o are habitually vici\s1 ^: unseemly excesses no?+ c arre/1 :o 9 _! viol5ce %ut _! eyes to ! fe> ( ! laws ( ?is _w1 despis+ /ill m ^? ( ! o!r4 ,nev]!less1 h[ _m p]sons say !y are1 & ev5 believe !mselves1 re/ra9$ by ! fe>s ( ! life to come8 ,b1 ei!r !y deceive u1 or !y impose ^u !mselves1 by attribut+ to ^! fe>s1 t :i* is only ! effect ( motives mu* ne>] at h&2 su* z ! feebl5ess ( _! ma*9e1 ! mildness ( _! temp]am5t1 ! sl5d] en]gy ( _! s\ls1 _! natural timidity1 ! ideas imbib$ 9 _! education1 ! fe> ( consequ5ces imm$iately result+ f crim9al actions1 ! physical evils att5dant on unbridl$ irregul>ities3 ^! are ! true motives t re/ra9 !m2 n ! notions ( a future life3 :i* m51 :o say !y are mo/ firmly p]suad$ ( its exi/5ce1 =get :5ev] a p[]ful int]e/ solicits !m to s94 ,if = a "t man w\ld pay att5tion to :at passes be=e 8 eyes1 he w\ld p]ceive t he ascribes to ! fe> ( ! gods t :i* is 9 reality only ! effect ( peculi> weakness1 ( pusillanimity1 ( ! small int]e/ f\nd to commit evil3 ^! m5 w\ld n act o!rwise ?an !y d1 if !y _h n ?is fe> be=e !m2 if1 !re=e he reflect$1 he w\ld feel t x is always necessity t makes m5 act z !y d4 ,man _c be re/ra9$1 :5 he does n f9d )9 himself motives suffici5tly p[]ful to conduct him back to reason4 ,!re is no?+1 ei!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ! o!r1 t c r5d] him virtu\s1 :5 an unt[>d organization--a m9d badly cultivat$--a viol5t imag9ation--invet]ate habits--fatal examples--p[]ful int]e/s--invite him f e qu>t] to ! commission ( crime4 ,no speculations are capable ( re/ra9+ ! man :o braves public op9ion1 :o despises ! law1 :o is c>eless ( its c5sure1 :o turns a deaf e> to ! cries ( consci5ce1 ^: p[] 9 ?is _w places him out ( ! rea* ( puni%m5t2 9 ! viol5ce ( 8 transports1 he w fe> /ill less a di/ant futurity1 ( :i* ! idea always rec$es be=e t :i* he believes necess>y to 8 imm$iate int]e/s1 consi/5t ) 8 pres5t happ9ess4 ,all lively passions bl9d man to e ?+ t is n its imm$iate object2 ! t]rors ( a future life1 ( :i* 8 passions always possess ! secret to dim9i% to him ! probability1 c effect no?+ ^u ! wick$ man1 :o does n fe> ev5 ! mu* ne>] puni%m5t ( ! law2 :o sets at n\ght ! assur$ hatr$ ( ^? by :om he is surr\nd$4 ,man1 :5 he deliv]s himself up to crime1 sees no?+ c]ta9 except ! suppos$ advantage :i* att5ds x2 ! re/ always appe> to him ei!r false or problematical4 ,if man w\ld b op5 8 eyes1 ev5 = a mom5t1 he w\ld cle>ly p]ceive1 t to effect any ?+ ^u he>ts h>d5$ by crime1 he mu/ n reckon ^u ! *a/isem5t ( an av5g+ ,div9ity1 :i* ! self-love natural to man always %ews him z pacifi$ 9 ! long run4 ,he :o has arriv$ at p]suad+ himself he _c be happy )\t crime1 w always readily deliv] himself up to x1 not)/&+ ! m5aces ( religion4 ,:oev] is suffici5tly bl9d n to read 8 infamy 9 8 own he>t1 to see 8 own vil5ess 9 ! c\nt5ances ( 8 associates1 8 own condemnation 9 ! ang] ( 8 fell[-m51 8 own unwor?9ess 9 ! indignation ( ! judges e/abli%$ to puni% ! (f5ces he may commit3 su* a man1 ,i say1 w nev] feel ! impression 8 crimes %all make on ! features ( a judge1 t is ei!r hidd5 f 8 view1 or t he only contemplates at a di/ance4 ,! tyrant :o ) dry eyes c he> ! cries ( ! di/ress$1 :o ) call\s he>t c behold ! te>s ( a :ole p1 ( ^: mis]y he is ! cause1 w n see ! angry c\nt5ance ( a m p[]ful ma/]3 l ano!r ,m5ippus1 he may inde$ de/roy himself f desp]ation1 to avoid reit]at$ reproa*2 :i* only proves1 t :5 a haughty1 arrogant despot pret5ds to be acc\ntable = 8 actions to ! ,div9ity alone1 x is because he fe>s 8 nation m ?an he does 8 ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 does n sup]/ition itself1 does n ev5 religion1 annihilate ! effects ( ^? fe>s :i* x ann\nces z salut>y8 ,does x n furni% its disciples ) ! means ( extricat+ !mselves f ! puni%m5ts ) :i* x has s frequ5tly m5ac$ !m8 ,does x n tell !m1 t a /]il rep5tance w1 ev5 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 dis>m ! cele/ial wra?2 t x w purify ! fil?y s\ls ( s9n]s8 ,d n ev5 ! prie/s1 9 "s sup]/itions1 arrogate to !mselves ! "r ( remitt+ to ! dy+ ! puni%m5t due to ! crimes committ$ dur+ ! c\rse ( a disord]ly life8 ,9 %ort1 d n ! mo/ p]v]se m51 enc\rag$ 9 iniquity1 c\nt5anc$ 9 debau*]y1 upheld 9 crime1 reckon1 ev5 to ! la/ mom5t1 ei!r ^u ! assi/ance ( sup]/ition1 or ^u ! aid ( religion1 t promises !m ! infallible means ( reconcil+ !mselves to ! ,div9ity1 :om !y h irritat$2 ( avoid+ ! rigor\s puni%m5ts pron\nc$ aga9/ _! enormities8 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! notions1 s fav\rable to ! wick$1 s suitable to tranquillize _! fe>s1 we see t ! hope ( an easy expiation1 f> f correct+ man1 engages him to p]si/1 until dea?1 9 ! mo/ cry+ disord]s4 ,inde$1 9 despite ( ! numb]less advantages :i* he is assur$ fl[s f ! doctr9e ( a life to come1 9 defiance ( its pret5d$ efficacy to repress ! passions ( m51 d n ! prie/s !mselves1 al?\gh s int]e/$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ?is sy/em1 e day compla9 ( its insuffici5cy8 ,!y ackn[l$ge1 t mortals1 :o f _! infancy !y h imbu$ ) ^! ideas1 are n less hurri$ =w>d by _! evil prop5sities--less sunk 9 ! vortex ( dissipation--less ! slaves to _! pleasures--less captivat$ by bad habits--less driv5 along by ! torr5t ( ! _w--less s$uc$ by _! pres5t int]e/--:i* make !m =get equally ! recomp5se & ! *a/isem5t ( a future exi/5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 ! int]pret]s ( sup]/ition1 ! m9i/]s ( religion !mselves1 all[ t _! disciples1 = ! great] "p1 conduct !mselves 9 ?is _w z if !y _h no?+ ei!r to hope or fe> 9 ano!r4 ,9 %ort1 let x be suppos$ = a mom5t1 t ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5ts 0 ( "s utility2 t x really re/ra9$ a small numb] ( individuals2 :at are ^! feeble advantages comp>$ to ! numb]less evils t fl[ f x8 ,aga9/ "o timid man :om ?is idea re/ra9s1 !re are ?\s&s ^u :om x op]ates no?+2 !re are ?\s&s :om x makes irrational2 :om x r5d]s savage p]secutors2 :om x conv]ts into fanatics2 !re are ?\s&s ^: m9d x di/urbs2 :om x div]ts f _! duties t[>ds society2 !re are an inf9ity :om x griev\sly afflicts1 :om x tr\bles )\t produc+ any real good = _! associates4 ,not)/&+ s _m are incl9$ to consid] ^? :o d n fall 9 ) ?is doctr9e z ! enemies ( society2 x w be f\nd on exam9ation t ! wise/ ! mo/ enlight5$ m5 ( antiquity1 z well z _m ( ! mod]ns1 h believ$ n only t ! s\l is mat]ial & p]i%es ) ! body1 b also t !y h attack$ )\t subt]fuge ! op9ion ( future ev]la/+ puni%m5ts2 x w also be f\nd t _m ( ! sy/ems1 set up to e/abli% ! immortality ( ! s\l1 are 9 !mselves ! be/ evid5ce t c be adduc$ ( ! futility ( ?is doctr9e2 if = a mom5t we only foll[ up ! natural ! j inf]5ces t are to be drawn f !m4 ,?is s5tim5t 0 f> f be+1 z "s h suppos$1 peculi> to ! ,epicureans1 x has be5 adopt$ by philosoph]s ( all sects1 by ,py?agoreans1 by ,/oics1 by ,p]ipatetics1 by ,academics2 9 %ort by ! mo/ godly ! mo/ virtu\s m5 ( ,greece & ( ,rome4 ,py?agoras1 accord+ to ,ovid1 speaks /rongly to ! fact4 ,timaeus ( ,locris1 :o 0 a ,py?agorean1 admits t ! doctr9e ( future puni%m5ts 0 fabul\s1 solely de/9$ = ! imbecility ( ! un9=m$2 b little calculat$ = ^? :o cultivate _! reason4 ,ari/otle expressly says1 t man has nei!r good to hope nor evil to fe> aft] dea?4 ,z5o1 accord+ to ,cic]o1 suppos$ ! s\l to be an igne\s sub/ance1 f :5ce he conclud$ x de/roy$ itself4 ,cic]o1 ! philosophical orator1 :o 0 ( ! sect ( ,academics1 al?\gh he is n on all occasions1 9 accord ) himself1 treats op5ly z fables ! torm5ts ( ,hell2 & looks ^u dea? z ! end ( e ?+ = man4 ,s5eca1 ! philosoph]1 is fill$ ) passages :i* contemplate dea? z a /ate ( total annihilation1 p>ticul>ly 9 speak+ ( x to 8 bro!r3 & no?+ c be m decisive ( 8 hold+ ?is op9ion1 ?an :at he writes to ,m>cia1 to console him4 ,s5eca1 ! trag$ian1 expla9s himself 9 ! same mann] z ! philosoph]4 ,! ,platoni/s1 :o made ! s\l immortal1 c\ld n h an idea ( future puni%m5ts1 because ! s\l accord+ to !m 0 a portion ( ! div9ity :i* aft] ! dissolution ( ! body x return$ to rejo94 ,epictetus has ! same idea4 ,9 a passage report$ by ,arrian1 he says1 b :]e are y go+8 ,x _c be to a place ( suff]+3 y w only return to ! place f :5ce y came2 y are ab\t to be aga9 peaceably associat$ ) ! elem5ts f :i* y are d]iv$4 ,t :i* 9 y\r composition1 is ( ! nature ( fire1 w return to ! elem5t ( fire2 t :i* is ( ! nature ( e>?1 w rejo9 itself to ! e>?2 t :i* is air1 w re-unite itself ) air2 t :i* is wat]1 w resolve itself into wat]2 !re is no ,hell1 no ,a*]on1 no ,cocytus1 no ,phlege?on4 ,9 ano!r place he says1 ! h\r ( dea? approa*es2 b d n aggravate y\r evil1 nor r5d] ?+s worse ?an !y are3 repres5t !m to y\rself "u _! true po9t ( view4 ,! "t is come :5 ! mat]ials ( :i* y are compos$1 g to resolve !mselves into ! elem5ts f :5ce !y 7 orig9ally borr[$4 ,:at is !re t is t]rible or griev\s 9 t8 ,is !re any ?+ 9 ! _w t p]i%es totally8 ,! sage & pi\s ,anton9us says1 he :o fe>s dea?1 ei!r fe>s to be depriv$ ( all feel+1 or dreads to exp]i5ce diff]5t s5sations4 ,if y lose all feel+1 y w no long] be subject ei!r to pa9 or to mis]y4 ,if y are provid$ ) o!r s5ses ( a diff]5t nature1 y w become a creature ( a diff]5t species4 ,?is great emp]or fur!r says1 t we mu/ expect dea? ) tranquillity1 see+1 t x is only a dissolution ( ! elem5ts ( :i* ea* animal is compos$4 ,to ! evid5ce ( s _m great m5 ( ,pagan antiquity1 may be jo9$1 t ( ! au?or ( ,ecclesia/es1 :o speaks ( dea?1 & ( ! condition ( ! human s\l1 l an epicurean2 he says1 = t :i* befalle? ! sons ( m51 befalle? bea/s2 ev5 "o ?+ befalle? !m3 z ! "o die?1 s die? ! o!r2 yea1 !y h all "o brea?3 s t a man ha? no pre-em95ce above a bea/2 = all is vanity4 ,all g unto "o place2 all are ( ! du/1 & all turn to du/ aga94 ,& fur!r1 :]e=e ,i p]ceive t !re is no?+ bett] ?an t a man %\ld rejoice 9 8 own works2 = t is 8 portion3 = :o %all br+ him to see :at %all be aft] him4 ,9 %ort1 h[ c ! utility or ! necessity ( ?is doctr9e be reconcil$ ) ! fact1 t ! great legislator ( ! ,jews2 :o is suppos$ to h be5 inspir$ by ! ,div9ity1 %\ld h rema9$ sil5t on a subject1 t is said to be ( s mu* importance8 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis x1 is said1 ,9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat bread1 till ?\ return unto ! gr\nd2 = out ( x wa/ ?\ tak53 = du/ ?\ art1 & unto du/ %alt ?\ return4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ,education1 ,morals1 & ! ,laws suffice to re/ra9 ,man4--,( ! desire ( ,immortality4--,( ,suicide4 ,x is n !n 9 an ideal _w1 exi/+ no :]e p]haps1 b 9 ! imag9ation ( man1 t he mu/ seek to collect motives calculat$ to make him act prop]ly 9 ?is2 x is 9 ! visible _w t w be f\nd incitem5ts to div]t him f crime2 to r\se him to virtue4 ,x is 9 ,nature1--9 exp]i5ce1--9 tru?1 t he mu/ se>* out rem$ies = ! evils ( 8 species2 = motives suitable to infuse into ! human he>t1 prop5sities truely useful to society2 calculat$ to promote its advantage2 to conduce to ! end = :i* x 0 design$4 ,if att5tion has be5 paid to :at has be5 said ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 x w be se5 t above all x is education t w be/ furni% ! true means ( rectify+ ! errors1 ( recall+ ! w&]+s ( mank9d4 ,x is ?is t %\ld scatt] ! ,se$s 9 8 he>t2 cultivate ! t5d] %oots2 make a pr(itable use ( 8 dispositions2 turn to acc\nt ^? faculties1 :i* dep5d on 8 organization3 :i* %\ld *]i% ! fire ( 8 imag9ation1 k9dle x = useful objects2 damp x1 or ext+ui% x = o!rs2 9 %ort1 x is ?is :i* %\ld make s5sible s\ls contract habits :i* are advantage\s = society & b5eficial to ! individual4 ,br\ght up 9 ?is mann]1 man w\ld n h occasion = cele/ial puni%m5ts1 to tea* him ! value ( virtue2 he w\ld n ne$ to behold burn+ gulphs ( brim/one "u 8 feet1 to induce him to feel horror = crime2 ,nature )\t ^! fables1 w\ld tea* mu* bett] :at he owes to himself2 ! law w\ld po9t out :at he owes to ! body politic1 ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,x is ?us1 t education gr\nd$ ^u utility1 w\ld =m valuable citiz5s to ! /ate2 ! deposit>ies ( p[] w\ld di/+ui% ^? :om education %\ld h ?us =m$1 by reason ( ! advantages :i* !y w\ld procure = _! c\ntry2 !y w\ld puni% ^? :o %\ld be f\nd injuri\s to x2 x w\ld make ! citiz5s see1 t ! promises ( rew>d :i* education held =?1 ! puni%m5ts d5\nc$ by morals1 are by no means va92 t 9 a /ate well con/itut$1 virtue is ! true1 ! only road to happ9ess2 tal5ts ! way to ga9 respect2 t inutility conducts to mis=tune3 t crime leads to contempt4 ,a j1 enlight5$1 virtu\s1 & vigilant gov]nm5t1 :o %\ld hone/ly propose ! public good1 w\ld h no occasion ei!r = fables or = falsehoods1 to gov]n reasonable subjects2 x w\ld blu% to make use ( impo/ure1 to deceive its citiz5s2 :o1 in/ruct$ 9 _! duties1 w\ld f9d _! int]e/ 9 submitt+ to equitable laws2 :o w\ld be capable ( feel+ ! b5efit ^! h ! p[] ( conf]r+ on !m2 x w\ld feel1 t habit is suffici5t to inspire !m ) horror1 ev5 = ^? conceal$ crimes t escape ! eyes ( society2 x w\ld und]/& t ! visible puni%m5ts ( ?is _w impose mu* m on ! g5]ality ( m51 ?an ^? ( an unc]ta9 & di/ant futurity3 9 %ort1 x w\ld asc]ta9 t ! s5sible b5efits )9 ! compass ( ! sov]eign p[] to di/ribute1 t\* ! imag9ation ( mortals m ke5ly1 ?an ^? vague recomp5ces :i* are held =? to !m 9 a future exi/5ce3 above all1 x w\ld discov] t ^? on :om ^! di/ant advantages d op]ate1 w\ld be /ill m atta*$ to virtue by receiv+ _! rew>d bo? "h & h]eaft]4 ,man is almo/ e :]e s wick$1 s corrupt1 s rebelli\s to reason1 only because he is n gov]n$ accord+ to 8 ,nature1 nor prop]ly in/ruct$ 9 h] necess>y laws3 he is almo/ 9 e climate f$ ) sup]/iti\s *im]as2 submitt$ to ma/]s :o neglect 8 in/ruction or :o seek to deceive him4 ,on ! face ( ?is globe1 may be frequ5tly witness$ unju/ sov]eigns1 :o1 en]vat$ by luxury1 corrupt$ by flatt]y1 deprav$ by lic5ti\sness1 made wick$ by impunity1 devoid ( tal5ts1 )\t morals1 de/itute ( virtue1 are incapable ( ex]t+ any en]gy = ! b5efit ( ! /ates !y gov]n2 !y are consequ5tly b little occupi$ ) ! welf>e ( _! p2 indiff]5t to _! duties2 ( :i* inde$ !y are (t5 ignorant4 ,su* gov]nors suff] _! :ole att5tion to be absorb$ by frivol\s amusem5t2 /imulat$ by ! desire ( cont9ually f9d+ means to fe$ _! insatiable ambition !y engage 9 useless depopulat+ w>s2 & nev] occupy _! m9d ) ^? objects :i* are ! mo/ important to ! happ9ess ( _! nation3 yet ^! weak m5 feel int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! receiv$ prejudices1 & visit ) sev]ity ^? :o consid] ! means ( cur+ !m3 9 %ort !mselves depriv$ ( t und]/&+1 :i* tea*es man t x is 8 int]e/ to be k9d1 j1 & virtu\s2 !y ord9>ily rew>d only ^? crimes :i* _! imbecility makes !m imag9e z useful to !m2 !y g5]ally puni% ^? virtues :i* are oppos$ to _! own imprud5t passions1 b :i* reason w\ld po9t out z truly b5eficial to _! int]e/s4 ,"u su* ma/]s is x surpris+ t society %\ld be ravag$2 t weak be+s %\ld be will+ to imitate !m2 t p]v]se m5 %\ld emulate ea* o!r 9 oppress+ its memb]s2 9 sacrific+ its de>e/ int]e/s2 9 despoil+ its happ9ess8 ,! /ate ( society 9 su* c\ntries1 is a /ate ( ho/ility ( ! sov]eign aga9/ ! :ole1 ( ea* ( its memb]s ! "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,man is wick$1 n because he is born s1 b because he is r5d]$ s2 ! great1 ! p[]ful1 cru% ) impunity ! indig5t & ! unhappy2 ^!1 at ! risk ( _! lives seek to retaliate1 to r5d] back ! evil !y h receiv$3 !y attack ei!r op5ly or 9 secret a c\ntry1 :o to !m is a /ep-"m1 :o gives all to "s ( h] *ildr51 & deprives ! o!rs ( e ?+3 !y puni% x = its p>tiality1 & cle>ly %ew t ! motives borr[$ f a life h]eaft] are impot5t aga9/ ! fury ( ^? passions to :i* a corrupt adm9i/ration has giv5 bir?2 t ! t]ror ( ! puni%m5ts 9 ?is _w are too feeble aga9/ necessity2 aga9/ crim9al habits2 aga9/ dang]\s organization uncorrect$ by education4 ,9 _m c\ntries ! morals ( ! p are neglect$2 ! gov]nm5t is occupi$ only ) r5d]+ !m timid2 ) mak+ !m mis]able4 ,man is almo/ e :]e a slave2 x mu/ !n foll[ ( necessity1 t he is base1 int]e/$1 dissimulat+1 )\t hon\r1 9 a ^w t he has ! vices ( ! /ate ( :i* he is a citiz54 ,almo/ e :]e he is deceiv$2 enc\rag$ 9 ignorance2 prev5t$ f cultivat+ 8 reason2 ( c\rse he mu/ be /upid1 irrational1 & wick$ almo/ e :]e he sees vice applaud$1 & crime hon\r$2 !nce he concludes vice to be a good2 virtue1 only a useless sacrifice ( himself3 almo/ e :]e he is mis]able1 !re=e he injures 8 fell[-m5 9 a fruitless attempt to relieve 8 own angui%3 x is 9 va9 to %ew him heav5 9 ord] to re/ra9 him2 8 views pres5tly desc5d aga9 to e>?2 he is will+ to be happy at any price2 !re=e1 ! laws :i* h nei!r provid$ = 8 in/ruction1 = 8 morals1 nor 8 happ9ess1 m5ace him uselessly2 he plunges on 9 8 pursuits1 & ^! ultimately puni% him1 = ! unju/ neglig5ce ( 8 legislators4 ,if politics m enlight5$1 did s]i\sly occupy itself ) ! in/ruction1 ) ! welf>e ( ! p2 if laws 7 m equitable2 if ea* society1 less p>tial1 be/[$ on its memb]s ! c>e1 ! education1 & ! assi/ance :i* !y h a "r to expect2 if gov]nm5ts less covet\s1 & m vigilant1 7 s$ul\s to r5d] _! subjects m happy1 !re w\ld n be se5 su* numb]s ( malefactors1 ( robb]s1 ( murd]]s1 :o e :]e infe/ society2 !y w\ld n be oblig$ to de/roy life1 9 ord] to puni% wick$ness2 :i* is commonly ascribable to ! vices ( _! own in/itutions3 x w\ld be unnecess>y to seek 9 ano!r life = fanciful *im]as1 :i* always prove abortive aga9/ ! infuriate passions2 aga9/ ! real wants ( man4 ,9 %ort1 if ! p 7 in/ruct$1 !y w\ld be m happy2 politics w\ld no long] be r$uc$ to ! exig5cy ( deceiv+ !m1 9 ord] to re/ra9 !m2 nor to de/roy s _m un=tunates1 = hav+ procur$ necess>ies1 at ! exp5ce ( _! h>d-he>t$ fell[-citiz5s4 ,:5 x %all be desir$ to enlight5 man1 let him always h tru? laid be=e him4 ,in/ead ( k9dl+ 8 imag9ation by ! idea ( ^? puni%m5ts t a future /ate has 9 res]ve = him1 let him be solac$--let him be succ\r$2 or1 at lea/1 let him be p]mitt$ to enjoy ! fruit ( 8 lab\r--let n 8 sub/ance be ravi%$ f him by cruel impo/s--let him n be disc\rag$ f "w1 by f9d+ all 8 lab\r inadequate to support 8 exi/5ce2 let him n be driv5 into t idl5ess1 t w surely lead him on to crime3 let him consid] 8 pres5t exi/5ce1 )\t c>ry+ 8 views to t :i* may att5d him aft] 8 dea?2 let 8 indu/ry be excit$--let 8 tal5ts be rew>d$--let him be r5d]$ active1 labori\s1 b5efic5t1 & virtu\s1 9 ! _w he inhabits2 let x be %ewn to him1 t 8 actions are capable ( hav+ an influ5ce ov] 8 fell[-m54 ,let him n be m5ac$ ) ! tortures ( a future exi/5ce :5 he %all be no m2 let him behold society arm$ aga9/ ^? :o di/urb its repose2 let him see ! consequ5ce ( ! hatr$ ( 8 associates2 let him le>n to feel ! value ( _! affection2 let him be taught to e/eem himself2 let him und]/&1 t to obta9 x1 he mu/ h virtue2 above all1 t ! virtu\s man 9 society has no?+ to fe>1 b e ?+ to hope4 ,if x be desir$ to =m hone/1 c\rage\s1 indu/ri\s citiz5s1 :o may be useful to _! c\ntry1 let !m bew>e ( inspir+ man f 8 infancy ) an ill-f\nd$ dread ( dea?2 ( amus+ 8 imag9ation ) m>vell\s fables2 ( occupy+ 8 m9d ) 8 de/9y 9 a future life1 q useless to be kn[n1 :i* has no?+ 9 common ) 8 real felicity4 ,let !m speak ( immortality to intrepid1 noble s\ls2 let !m %ew x z ! price ( _! lab\rs to en]getic m9ds1 :o are solely occupi$ ) virtue2 :o spr++ =w>d beyond ! b\nd>ies ( _! actual exi/5ce--:o1 little satisfi$ ) elicit+ ! admiration1 ) ga9+ ! love ( _! contempor>ies1 are w also to wre/ ! homage1 to secure ! affection ( future races4 ,inde$1 ?is is an immortality to :i* g5ius1 tal5ts1 above all virtue1 has a j "r to pret5d2 d n !re=e let !m c5sure--d n let !m endeav\r to /ifle s noble a passion 9 man2 :i* is f\nd$ ^u 8 nature2 :i* is s calculat$ to r5d] him happy2 f :i* society ga!r ! mo/ advantage\s fruits4 ,! idea ( be+ buri$ 9 total oblivion1 ( hav+ no?+ 9 common aft] 8 dea? ) ! be+s ( 8 species2 ( los+ all possibility ( aga9 hav+ any influ5ce ov] !m1 is a ?\ght extremely pa9ful to man2 x is above all afflict+ to ^? :o possess an ard5t imag9ation4 ,! desire ( immortality1 or ( liv+ 9 ! memory ( 8 fell[ m51 0 always ! passion ( great s\ls2 x 0 ! motive to ! actions ( all ^? :o h play$ a great "p on ! e>?4 ,h]oes :e!r virtu\s or crim9al1 philosoph]s z well z conqu]ors1 m5 ( g5ius & m5 ( tal5ts1 ^? sublime p]sonages :o h done honor to _! species1 z well z ^? illu/ri\s villa9s :o h debas$ & ravag$ x1 h _h an eye to po/]ity 9 all _! ent]prises2 h flatt]$ !mselves ) ! hope ( act+ ^u ! s\ls ( m51 ev5 :5 !y !mselves %\ld no long] exi/4 ,if man 9 g5]al does n c>ry 8 views s f>1 he is at lea/ s5sible to ! idea ( see+ himself reg5]at$ 9 8 *ildr52 :om he kn[s are de/9$ to survive him2 to transmit 8 "n2 to pres]ve 8 memory2 to repres5t him 9 society2 x is = !m t he rebuilds 8 cottage2 x is = !m t he plants ! tree :i* 8 eyes w nev] behold 9 its vig\r2 x is t !y may be happy t he lab\rs4 ,! sorr[ :i* embitt]s ! life ( ^? ri* m51 frequ5tly s useless to ! _w1 :5 !y h lo/ ! hope ( cont9u+ _! race1 has its s\rce 9 ! fe> ( be+ entirely =gott53 !y feel t ! useless man dies entirely4 ,! idea t 8 "n w be 9 ! m\?s ( m51 ! ?\ght t x w be pron\nc$ ) t5d]ness1 t x w be recollect$ ) k9dness1 t x w excite 9 _! he>ts fav\rable s5tim5ts1 is an illusion t is useful2 is a vision suitable to flatt] ev5 ^? :o "k t no?+ w result f x4 ,man pleases himself ) dream+ t he %all h p[]1 t he %all pass = some?+ 9 ! univ]se1 ev5 aft] ! t]m ( 8 human exi/5ce2 he p>takes by imag9ation 9 ! projects1 9 ! actions1 9 ! discussions ( future ages1 & w\ld be extremely unhappy if he believ$ himself entirely exclud$ f _! society4 ,! laws 9 all c\ntries h ent]$ into ^! views2 !y h s f> be5 will+ to console _! citiz5s = ! necessity ( dy+1 by giv+ !m ! means ( ex]cis+ _! w1 ev5 = a long "t aft] _! dea?3 ?is condesc5sion goes to t l5g?1 t ! dead frequ5tly regulate ! condition ( ! liv+ dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,e ?+ s]ves to prove ! desire 9 man ( surviv+ himself4 ,pyramids1 mausoleums1 monum5ts1 epitaphs1 all %ew t he is will+ to prolong 8 exi/5ce ev5 beyond 8 decease4 ,he1 is n ins5sible to ! judgm5t ( po/]ity2 x is = him ! philosoph] writes2 x is to a/oni% him t ! mon>* erects sumptu\s edifices1 gorge\s palaces2 x is 8 praises1 x is 8 comm5dations1 t ! great man already he>s e*o 9 8 e>s2 x is to him t ! virtu\s citiz5 appeals f unju/ laws2 f prejudic$ contempor>ies--happy *im]a6 g5]\s illusion6 mild vision6 its p[] is s consol+1 s bl&1 t x realizes itself to ard5t imag9ations2 x is calculat$ to give bir?1 to su/a91 to nurture1 to mature en?usiasm ( g5ius1 con/ancy ( c\rage1 gr&eur ( s\l1 transc5d5cy ( tal5t2 its =ce is s g5tle1 its influ5ce s pleas+1 t x is sometimes able to repress ! vices1 to re/ra9 ! excesses ( ! mo/ p[]ful m52 :o are1 z exp]i5ce has %ewn1 frequ5tly v mu* disquiet$ = ! judgm5t ( _! po/]ity2 f a conviction t ?is w soon] or lat] av5ge ! liv+ ( ! f\l inju/ice :i* !y may be incl9$ to make !m suff]4 ,no man1 !re=e1 c cons5t to be entirely effac$ f ! remembrance ( 8 fell[s2 "s m5 h n ! tem]ity to place !mselves above ! judgm5t ( ! future human species1 to degrade !mselves 9 8 eyes4 ,:]e is ! be+ :o is ins5sible to ! pleasure ( excit+ ! te>s ( ^? :o %all survive him2 ( aga9 act+ ^u _! s\ls2 ( once m occupy+ _! ?\ghts2 ( ex]cis+ ^u !m 8 p[] ev5 f ! bottom ( 8 grave8 ,let !n et]nal sil5ce be impos$ ^u ^? sup]/iti\s be+s1 ^u ^? melan*oly m51 ^u ^? furi\s bigots1 :o c5sure a s5tim5t f :i* society d]ives s _m real advantages2 let n mank9d li/5 to ^? passionless philosoph]s :o are will+ to smo!r ?is great1 ?is noble spr+ ( 8 s\l2 let him n be s$uc$ by ! s>casms ( ^? voluptu>ies1 :o pret5d to despise an immortality1 t[>ds :i* !y lack ! p[] to set =w>d2 ! desire ( pleas+ po/]ity1 ( r5d]+ 8 "n agreeable to g5]ations yet to come1 is a respectable1 a laudable motive1 :5 x causes him to und]take ^? ?+s1 ( :i* ! utility may be felt1 ( :i* ! advantages may h an influ5ce n only ov] 8 contempor>ies1 b also ov] nations :o h n yet an exi/5ce4 ,let him n treat z irrational1 ! en?usiasm ( ^? b5efic5t be+s1 ( ^? mighty g5iuses1 ( ^? /up5d\s tal5ts1 ^: ke51 ^: p5etrat+ reg>ds1 h =ese5 him ev5 9 _! day2 :o h occupi$ !mselves = him2 = 8 welf>e2 = 8 happ9ess2 :o h desir$ 8 suffrage2 :o h writt5 = him2 :o h enri*$ him by _! discov]ies2 :o h cur$ him ( "s ( 8 errors4 ,let him r5d] !m ! homage :i* !y h expect$ at 8 h&s2 let him1 at lea/1 rev]5ce _! memory = ! b5efits he has d]iv$ f !m2 let him treat _! m\ld]+ rema9s ) respect1 = ! pleasure he receives f _! lab\rs2 let him pay to _! a%es a tribute ( grateful recollection1 = ! happ9ess !y h be5 s$ul\s to procure = him4 ,let him spr9kle ) 8 te>s1 let him hall[ ) 8 remembrance1 let him consecrate ) 8 f9e/ s5sibilities1 ! urns ( ,socrates1 ( ,phocion2 ( ,ar*im$es2 ( ,anax>*us2 let him wa% out ! /a9 t _! puni%m5t has made on ! human species2 let him expiate by 8 regret ! ,a!nian +ratitude1 ! savage b>b>ity ( ,nicocreon2 let him le>n by _! example to dread sup]/iti\s fanaticism2 to hold political intol]ance 9 abhorr5ce2 let him fe> to h>rass m]it2 let him be cauti\s h[ he insults virtue1 9 p]secut+ ^? :o may happ5 to diff] f him 9 8 prejudices4 ,let him /rew fl[]s ov] ! tombs ( an ,hom]--( a ,tasso--( a ,%akespe>e--( a ,milton--( a ,goldsmi?2 let him rev]e ! immortal %ades ( ^? happy g5iuses1 ^: songs yet vibrate on 8 e>s2 ^: h>moni\s lays excite 9 8 s\l ! mo/ t5d] s5tim5ts2 let him bless ! memory ( all ^? b5efactors to ! p1 :o 7 ! delight ( ! human race2 let him adore ! virtues ,( a ,titus--( a ,trajan--( an ,anton9us--( a ,julian3 let him m]it 9 8 sph]e1 ! eulogies ( future ages2 let him always rememb]1 t to c>ry ) him to ! grave ! regret ( 8 fell[ man1 he mu/ display tal5ts2 ev9ce integrity2 practice virtue4 ,! fun]al c]emonies ( ! mo/ p[]ful mon>*s1 h r>ely be5 wett$ ) ! te>s ( ! p1 !y h commonly dra9$ !m :ile liv+4 ,! names ( tyrants excite ! horror ( ^? :o be> !m pron\nc$4 ,tremble !n cruel k+s6 ye :o plunge y\r subjects into mis]y2 :o ba! !m ) bitt] te>s--:o ravage nations--:o deluge ! l& ) ! vital /ream--:o *ange ! fruitful e>? into a b>r5 cemet]y2 tremble = ! sangu9>y traits "u :i* ! future hi/orian w pa9t y1 to g5]ations yet unborn3 nei!r y\r spl5did monum5ts--y\r impos+ victories--y\r innum]able armies1 nor y\r sycophant c\rti]s1 c prev5t po/]ity f av5g+ _! gr&fa!rs2 f insult+ y\r odi\s manes2 f treat+ y\r execrable memories ) scorn2 f %[]+ _! contempt on y\r transc5dant crimes4 ,n only man sees 8 dissolution ) pa91 b aga91 he wi%es 8 dea? may be an int]e/+ ev5t = o!rs4 ,b1 z we h already said1 he mu/ h tal5ts--he mu/ h b5efic5ce--he mu/ h virtue1 9 ord]1 t ^? :o surr\nd him1 may int]e/ !mselves 9 8 condition2 t ^? :o survive him1 may give regret to 8 a%es4 ,is x1 !n1 surpris+ if ! great] numb] ( m51 occupi$ entirely ) !mselves1 completely absorb$ by _! own vanity1 devot$ to _! own pu]ile objects1 = ev] busi$ ) ! c>e ( gratify+ _! vile passions1 at ! exp5ce1 p]haps1 ( _! family happ9ess1 unhe$ful ( ! wants ( a wife1 unm9dful ( ! necessity ( _! *ildr51 c>eless ( ! calls ( fri5d%ip1 reg>dless ( _! duty to society1 d n by _! dea? excite ! s5sibilities ( _! survivors2 or t !y %\ld be pres5tly =gott58 ,!re is an inf9ity ( mon>*s ( :i* hi/ory does n tell u any ?+1 save t !y h liv$4 ,9 despite ( ! inutility 9 :i* m5 = ! mo/ "p pass _! exi/5ce1 maugre ! little c>e !y be/[1 to r5d] !mselves de> to ! be+s :o environ !m2 not)/&+ ! num]\s actions !y commit to displease _! associates2 ! self love ( ea* individual1 p]suades him1 t 8 dea? mu/ be an int]e/+ occurr5ce3 few m5 b ?9k !mselves an ,euryalus 9 fri5d%ip1 all expect to f9d a ,nisus1 ?us man's ov]-we5+ philauty %ews him to say ?us ! ord] ( ?+s are ov]turn$ at 8 decease4 ,o mortal6 feeble & va96 ,do/ ?\ n "k ! ,seso/ris's1 ! ,alex&]s1 ! ,caes>s are dead8 ,yet ! c\rse ( ! univ]se is n arre/$2 ! demise ( ^? fam\s conqu]ors1 afflict+ to "s few fav\r$ slaves1 0 a subject ( delight = ! :ole human race4 ,do/ ?\ !n fooli%ly believe t ?y tal5ts ought to int]e/ ?y species1 t !y are ( suffici5t ext5t to put x into m\rn+ at ?y decease8 ,alas6 ,! ,corneilles1 ! ,lockes1 ! ,newtons1 ! ,boyles1 ! ,h>veys1 ! ,montesquieus1 ! ,%]idans are no m6 ,regrett$ by a small numb] ( fri5ds1 :o h pres5tly consol$ !mselves by _! necess>y avocations1 _! dea? 0 indiff]5t to ! great] numb] ( _! fell[ citiz5s4 ,d>e/ ?\ !n flatt] ?yself1 t ?y reputation1 ?y titles1 ?y ri*es1 ?y sumptu\s repa/s1 ?y div]sifi$ pleasures1 w make ?y fun]al a melan*oly ev5t6 ,x w be spok5 ( by "s few = two days1 & d n be at all surpris$3 le>n t !re h di$ 9 =m] ages1 9 ,babylon1 9 ,s>dis1 9 ,c>?age1 9 ,a!ns1 9 ,rome1 millions ( citiz5s m illu/ri\s1 m p[]ful1 m opul5t1 m voluptu\s1 ?an ?\ art2 ( :om1 h[ev]1 no "o has tak5 c>e to transmit to !e ev5 ! names4 ,be !n virtu\s1 ,o man6 9 :atev] /ation ?y de/9y assigns !e1 & ?\ %alt be happy 9 ?y life "t2 d ?\ good & ?\ %alt be *]i%$2 acquire tal5ts & ?\ %alt be respect$2 po/]ity %all admire !e1 if ^? tal5ts1 by becom+ b5eficial to _! int]e/s1 %all br+ !m acqua9t$ ) ! "n "u :i* !y =m]ly designat$ ?y annihilat$ be+4 ,b ! univ]se w n be di/urb$ by ?y loss2 & :5 ?\ come/ to die1 :il/ ?y wife1 ?y *ildr51 ?y fri5ds1 fondly lean+ ov] ?y sickly c\*1 %all be occupi$ ) ! melan*oly task ( clos+ ?9e eyes1 ?y ne>e/ neighb\r %all p]haps be exult+ ) joy6 ,let n !n man occupy himself ) 8 condition t may be to come1 b let him s$ul\sly endeav\r to make himself useful1 to ^? ) :om he lives2 let him = 8 own peculi> happ9ess r5d] himself dutiful to 8 p>5ts--fai?ful to 8 wife--att5tive to 8 *ildr5--k9d to 8 relations---true to 8 fri5ds--l5i5t to 8 s]vants2 let him /rive to become e/imable 9 ! eyes ( 8 fell[ citiz5s2 let him fai?fully s]ve a c\ntry :i* assures to him 8 welf>e2 let ! desire ( pleas+ po/]ity1 ( m]it+ its applause1 excite him to ^? lab\rs t %all elicit _! eulogies3 let a legitimate self-love1 :5 he %all be wor?y ( x1 make him ta/e 9 advance ^? comm5dations :i* he is will+ to des]ve2 let him le>n to love himself--to e/eem himself2 b nev] let him cons5t t conceal$ vices1 t sacr$ crimes1 %all degrade him 9 8 own eyes2 %all oblige him to be a%am$ ( 8 own conduct4 ,?us dispos$1 let him contemplate 8 own decease ) ! same indiff]5ce1 t x w be look$ ^u by ! great] numb] ( 8 fell[s2 let him expect dea? ) con/ancy2 wait = x ) calm resignation2 let him le>n to %ake (f ^? va9 t]rors ) :i* sup]/ition1 w\ld ov]:elm him2 let him leave to ! en?usia/ 8 vague hopes2 to ! fanatic 8 mad-bra9$ speculations2 to ! bigot ^? fe>s ) :i* he m9i/]s to 8 own melan*oly2 b let 8 he>t1 =tifi$ by reason1 corroborat$ by a love ( virtue1 no long] dread a dissolution t w de/roy all feel+4 ,:atev] may be ! atta*m5t man has to life1 :atev] may be 8 fe> ( dea?1 x is e day witness$1 t habit1 t op9ion1 t prejudice1 are motives suffici5tly p[]ful to annihilate ^! passions 9 8 brea/2 to make him brave dang]2 to cause him to haz>d 8 exi/5ce4 ,ambition1 pride1 jeal\sy1 love1 vanity1 av>ice1 ! desire ( glory1 t def]5ce ( op9ion :i* is decorat$ ) ! s\nd+ title ( a po9t ( hon\r1 h ! efficacy to make him %ut 8 eyes to dang]2 to laugh at p]il2 to pu% him on to dea?3 vexation1 anxiety ( m9d1 disgrace1 want ( success1 s(t5s to him its h>d features2 makes him reg>d x z a door t w af=d him %elt] f ! inju/ice ( mank9d3 indig5ce1 tr\ble1 adv]sity1 famili>izes him ) ?is dea?1 s t]rible to ! happy4 ,! poor man1 condemn$ to lab\r1 inur$ to privations1 depriv$ ( ! com=ts ( life1 views its approa* ) indiff]5ce3 ! un=tunate1 :5 he is unhappy1 :5 he is )\t res\rce1 embraces x 9 despair2 ! wret*$ accel]ates its m>* z soon z he sees t happ9ess is no long] )9 8 grasp4 ,man 9 diff]5t ages1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 has =m$ op9ions extremely v>i\s ^u ! conduct ( ^?1 :o h _h ! tem]ity to put an end to _! own exi/5ce4 ,8 ideas ^u ?is subject1 z ^u all o!rs1 h tak5 _! tone f 8 religion1 h be5 gov]n$ by 8 sup]/iti\s sy/ems1 h be5 modifi$ by 8 political in/itutions4 ,! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & o!r nations1 :i* e ?+ conspir$ to make intrepid1 to r5d] c\rage\s1 to lead to magnanimity1 reg>d$ z h]oes1 contemplat$ z ,gods1 ^? :o volunt>ily cut ! ?read ( life4 ,9 ,h9doo/an1 ! ,brahm9 yet kn[s h[ to inspire ev5 wom5 ) suffici5t =titude to burn !mselves ^u ! dead bodies ( _! husb&s4 ,! ,japanese1 ^u ! mo/ trifl+ occasion1 takes no k9d ( difficulty 9 plung+ a dagg] into 8 bosom4 ,among ! p ( our own c\ntry1 religion r5d]s man less prodigal ( life2 x tea*es t x is (f5sive to ! ,deity t he %\ld de/roy himself4 ,"s morali/s1 ab/ract+ ! height ( religi\s ideas1 h held t x is nev] p]mitt$ to man to break ! conditions ( ! cov5ant t he has made ) society4 ,o!rs h look$ ^u suicide z c[>dice2 !y h ?\ght t x 0 weakness1 t x display$ pusillanimity1 to suff]1 himself to be ov]:elm$ ) ! %afts ( 8 de/9y2 & h held t !re w\ld be mu* m c\rage1 m elevation ( s\l1 9 support+ 8 afflictions1 9 resi/+ ! bl[s ( fate4 ,if nature be consult$ ^u ?is po9t1 x w be f\nd t all ! actions ( man1 t feeble play?+ 9 ! h&s ( necessity1 are indisp5sable2 t !y dep5d on causes :i* move him 9 despite ( himself--t )\t 8 k1 make him accompli% at ea* mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce "s "o ( its decrees4 ,if ! same p[] t obliges all intellig5t be+s to *]i% _! exi/5ce1 r5d]s t ( man s pa9ful1 s cruel1 t he f9ds x insupportable he quits 8 species2 ord] is de/roy$ = him1 he accompli%es a decree ( ,nature1 t wills he %all no long] exi/4 ,?is ,nature has lab\r$ dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 to =m 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? ! iron t mu/ numb] 8 days4 ,if ! relation ( man ) ,nature be exam9$1 x w be f\nd t 8 engagem5t 0 nei!r volunt>y on 8 "p1 nor reciprocal on ! "p ( ,nature4 ,! volition ( 8 w _h no %>e 9 8 bir?2 x is commonly aga9/ 8 w t he is oblig$ to f9i% life2 8 actions are1 z we h prov$1 only ! necess>y effects ( unkn[n causes :i* det]m9e 8 w4 ,he is1 9 ! h&s ( ,nature1 t :i* a sword is 9 8 own h&s2 he c fall ^u x )\t its be+ able to accuse him ) break+ 8 engagem5ts2 or ( /amp+ ) +ratitude ! h& t holds x3 man c only love 8 exi/5ce on condition ( be+ happy2 z soon z ! entire ( nature refuses him ?is happ9ess2 z soon z all t surr\nds him becomes incommodi\s to him1 z soon z 8 melan*oly ideas (f] no?+ b afflict+ pictures to 8 imag9ation2 he already exi/s no long]2 he is susp5d$ 9 ! void2 he quits a rank :i* no long] suits him2 9 :i* he f9ds no "o int]e/2 :i* (f]s him no protection2 :i* ov]:elms him ) calamity2 9 :i* he c no m be useful ei!r to himself or to o!rs4 ,if ! cov5ant :i* unites man to society be consid]$1 x w be obvi\s t e contract is conditional1 mu/ be reciprocal2 t is to say1 supposes mutual advantages betwe5 ! contract+ p>ties4 ,! citiz5 _c be b\nd to 8 c\ntry1 to 8 associates1 b by ! bonds ( happ9ess4 ,are ^! bonds cut asund]8 ,he is re/or$ to lib]ty4 ,society1 or ^? :o repres5t x1 d !y use him ) h>%ness1 d !y treat him ) inju/ice1 d !y r5d] 8 exi/5ce pa9ful8 ,does disgrace hold him out to ! f+] ( scorn2 does indig5ce m5ace him 9 an obdurate _w8 ,p]fidi\s fri5ds1 d !y =sake him 9 adv]sity8 ,an unfai?ful wife1 does %e outrage 8 he>t8 ,rebelli\s1 ungrateful *ildr51 d !y afflict 8 old age8 ,has he plac$ 8 happ9ess exclusively on "s object :i* x is impossible = him to procure8 ,*agr91 remorse1 melan*oly1 & despair1 h !y disfigur$ to him ! spectacle ( ! univ]se8 ,9 %ort1 = :atev] cause x may be3 if he is n able to support 8 evils1 he quits a _w1 :i* f h5ce=?1 is = him only a frightful des]t he removes himself = ev] f a c\ntry he ?9ks no long] will+ to reckon him among/ ! numb] ( h] *ildr5--he quits a h\se t to 8 m9d is ready to bury him "u its ru9s--he r5\nces a society1 to ! happ9ess ( :i* he c no long] contribute2 :i* 8 own peculi> felicity alone c r5d] de> to him3 & c\ld ! man be blam$1 :o1 f9d+ himself useless2 :o be+ )\t res\rces1 9 ! t[n :]e de/9y gave him bir?1 %\ld quit x 9 *agr91 to plunge himself 9 solitude8 ,dea? appe>s to ! wret*$ ! only rem$y = despair2 x is !n ! sword seems ! only fri5d1 ! only com=t t is left to ! unhappy3 z long z hope rema9s ! t5ant ( 8 bosom--z long z 8 evils appe> to him at all supportable--z long z he flatt]s himself ) see+ !m br\ght to a t]m9ation--z long z he f9ds "s com=t 9 exi/5ce1 h[ev] sl5d]1 he w n cons5t to deprive himself ( life3 b :5 no?+ any long] su/a9s 9 him ! love ( ?is exi/5ce1 !n to live1 is to him ! greate/ ( evils2 to die1 ! only mode by :i* he c avoid ! excess ( despair4 ,?is has be5 ! op9ion ( _m great m53 ,s5eca1 ! morali/1 :om ,lactantius calls ! div9e ,pagan1 :o has be5 prais$ equally by ,/4 ,au/9 & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 endeav\rs by e k9d ( argum5t to make dea? a matt] ( indiff]5ce to man4 ,cato has always be5 comm5d$1 because he w\ld n survive ! cause ( lib]ty2 = t he w\ld n live a slave4 ,curtius1 :o rode volunt>ily into ! gap1 to save 8 c\ntry1 has always be5 held =? z a model ( h]oic virtue4 ,is x n evid5t1 t ^? m>tyrs :o h deliv]$ !mselves up to puni%m5t1 h pref]r$ quitt+ ! _w to liv+ 9 x contr>y to _! own ideals ( happ9ess8 ,:5 ,samson wi%$ to be rev5g$ on ! ,phili/9es1 did he n cons5t to die ) !m z ! only means8 ,if our c\ntry is attack$1 d we n volunt>ily sacrifice our lives 9 its def5ce8 ,t society :o has n ! ability1 or :o is n will+ to procure man any "o b5efit1 loses all its rights ov] him2 ,nature1 :5 x has r5d]$ 8 exi/5ce completely mis]able1 has 9 fact1 ord]$ him to quit x3 9 dy+ he does no m ?an fulfil "o ( h] decrees1 z he did :5 he fir/ drew 8 brea?4 ,to him :o is fe>less ( dea?1 !re is no evil )\t a rem$y2 = him :o refuses to die1 !re yet exi/s b5efits :i* atta* him to ! _w2 9 ?is case let him rally 8 p[]s--let him oppose c\rage to a de/9y t oppresses him--let him call =? ^? res\rces ) :i* ,nature yet furni%es him2 %e _c h totally ab&on$ him1 :ile %e yet leaves him ! s5sation ( pleasure2 ! hopes ( see+ a p]iod to 8 pa9s4 ,man regulates 8 judgm5t on 8 fell[s1 only by 8 own peculi> mode ( feel+2 he deems z folly1 he calls delirium all ^? viol5t actions :i* he believes b little comm5surate ) _! causes2 or :i* appe> to him calculat$ to deprive him ( t happ9ess1 t[>ds :i* he supposes a be+ 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 s5ses1 _c cease to h a t5d5cy3 he treats 8 associate z a weak creature1 :5 he sees him affect$ ) t :i* t\*es him b lightly2 or :5 he is incapable ( support+ ^? evils1 :i* 8 self-love flatt]s him1 he w\ld himself be able to endure ) m =titude4 ,he accuses ) madness :oev] deprives himself ( life1 = objects t he ?9ks unwor?y s de> a sacrifice2 he taxes him ) phr5zy1 because he has himself le>n$ to reg>d ?is life z ! greate/ bless+4 ,x is ?us t he always erects himself into a judge ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs--( _! mode ( see+--( _! mann] ( feel+3 a mis] :o de/roys himself aft] ! loss ( 8 treasure1 appe>s a fool 9 ! eyes ( him :o is less atta*$ to ri*es2 he does n feel1 t )\t money1 life to ?is mis] is only a cont9u$ torture2 t no?+ 9 ! _w is capable ( div]t+ him f 8 pa9ful s5sations3 he w pr\dly tell y1 t 9 8 place he _h n done s mu*2 b to be exactly 9 ! place ( ano!r man1 x is ne$ful to h 8 organization--8 temp]am5t--8 passions--8 ideas2 x is 9 fact ne$ful to be t o!r2 to be plac$ exactly 9 ! same circum/ances2 to be mov$ by ! same causes2 & 9 ?is case all m51 l ! mis]1 w\ld sacrifice _! life1 aft] be+ depriv$ ( ! only s\rce ( _! happ9ess4 ,he :o deprives himself ( 8 exi/5ce1 does n adopt ?is extremity1 s repugnant to 8 natural t5d5cy2 b :5 no?+ 9 ?is _w has ! faculty ( rejoic+ him2 :5 no means are left ( div]t+ 8 affliction2 :5 reason no long] acts2 8 mis=tune :atev] x may be1 = him is real2 8 organization1 be x /rong1 or be x weak1 is 8 own1 n t ( ano!r3 a man :o is sick only 9 imag9ation1 really suff]s consid]ably2 ev5 tr\blesome dreams place him 9 a v uncom=table situation4 ,?us :5 a man kills himself1 x ought to be conclud$1 t life1 9 ! room ( be+ a b5efit1 _h become a v great evil to him2 t exi/5ce _h lo/ all its *>ms 9 8 eyes2 t ! entire ( nature 0 to him de/itute ( attraction2 t x no long] conta9$ any ?+ t c\ld s$uce him2 t aft] ! comp>ison :i* 8 di/urb$ imag9ation _h made ( exi/5ce ) non-exi/5ce1 ! latt] appe>$ to him pref]able to ! fir/4 ,_m w consid] ^! maxims z dang]\s2 !y c]ta9ly acc\nt :y ! unhappy cut ! ?read ( life1 9 a mann] n correspond+ ) ! receiv$ prejudices2 b1 nev]!less1 x is a temp]am5t s\r$ by *agr91 a bili\s con/itution1 a melan*oly habit1 a defect 9 ! organization1 a d]angem5t 9 ! m9d2 x is 9 fact necessity & n reasonable speculations1 t bre$ 9 man ! design ( de/roy+ himself4 ,no?+ invites him to ?is /ep s long z reason rema9s ) him2 or :il/ he yet possesses hope1 t sov]eign balm = e evil3 z = ! un=tunate1 :o _c lose sight ( 8 sorr[s--:o _c =get 8 pa9s--:o has 8 evils always pres5t to 8 m9d2 he is oblig$ to take c\nsel f ^! alone3 besides1 :at assi/ance1 :at advantage c society promise to himself1 f a mis]able wret* r$uc$ to despair2 f a misan?rope ov]:elm$ ) grief2 f a wret* torm5t$ ) remorse1 :o has no long] any motive to r5d] himself useful to o!rs--:o has ab&on$ himself--:o f9ds no m int]e/ 9 pres]v+ 8 life8 ,frequ5tly1 ^? :o de/roy !mselves are su*1 t _h !y liv$1 ! (f5d$ laws mu/ h ultimately be5 oblig$ to remove !m f a society :i* !y disgrac$2 f a c\ntry :i* !y _h injur$4 ,z life is commonly ! greate/ bless+ = man1 x is to be presum$ t he :o deprives himself ( x1 is compell$ to x by an inv9cible =ce4 ,x is ! excess ( mis]y1 ! height ( despair1 ! d]angem5t ( 8 bra91 caus$ by melan*oly1 t urges man on to de/roy himself4 ,agitat$ by contr>y impulsions1 he is1 z we h be=e said1 oblig$ to foll[ a middle c\rse t conducts him to 8 dea?2 if man be n a free-ag5t1 9 any "o in/ant ( 8 life1 he is aga9 mu* less s 9 ! act by :i* x is t]m9at$4 ,x w be se5 !n1 t he :o kills himself1 does n1 z x is pret5d$1 commit an outrage on nature4 ,he foll[s an impulse :i* has depriv$ him ( reason2 adopts ! only means left him to quit 8 angui%2 he goes out ( a door :i* %e leaves op5 to him2 he _c (f5d 9 accompli%+ a law ( necessity3 ! iron h& ( ?is hav+ brok5 ! spr+ t r5d]s life desirable to him2 :i* urg$ him to self-cons]vation1 %ews him he ought to quit a rank or sy/em :]e he f9ds himself too mis]able to h ! desire ( rema9+4 ,8 c\ntry or 8 family h no "r to compla9 ( a memb]1 :om x has no means ( r5d]+ happy2 f :om consequ5tly !y h no?+ m to hope3 to be useful to ei!r1 x is necess>y he %\ld *]i% 8 own peculi> exi/5ce2 t he %\ld h an int]e/ 9 cons]v+ himself--t he %\ld love ! bonds by :i* he is unit$ to o!rs--t he %\ld be capable ( occupy+ himself ) _! felicity--t he %\ld h a s\nd m9d4 ,t ! suicide %\ld rep5t ( 8 precipitancy1 he %\ld outlive himself1 he %\ld c>ry ) him into 8 future resid5ce1 8 organs1 8 s5ses1 8 memory1 8 ideas1 8 actual mode ( exi/+1 8 det]m9ate mann] ( ?9k+4 ,9 %ort1 no?+ is m useful = society1 ?an to inspire man ) a contempt = dea?2 to bani% f 8 m9d ! false ideas he has ( its consequ5ces4 ,! fe> ( dea? c nev] d m ?an make c[>ds2 ! fe> ( its consequ5ces w make no?+ b fanatics or melan*oly be+s1 :o are useless to !mselves1 unpr(itable to o!rs4 ,dea? is a res\rce t ought n by any means to be tak5 away f oppress$ virtue2 :i* ! inju/ice ( man frequ5tly r$uces to despair4 ,if man fe>$ dea? less1 he w\ld nei!r be a slave nor sup]/iti\s2 tru? w\ld f9d def5d]s m zeal\s2 ! rights ( mank9d w\ld be m h>dily su/a9$2 virtue w\ld be intrepidly upheld3 error w\ld be m p[]fully oppos$2 tyranny w\ld be bani%$ f nations3 c[>dice n\ri%es x1 fe> p]petuates x4 ,9 fact1 man c nei!r be cont5t$ nor happy :il/ 8 op9ions %all oblige him to tremble4 ,,*ap4 ,,xv4 ,( ,man's true ,int]e/1 or ( ! ,ideas he =ms to himself ( ,happ9ess4--,man _c be happy )\t ,virtue4 ,utility1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$1 ought to be ! only /&>d ( ! judgm5t ( man4 ,to be useful1 is to contribute to ! happ9ess ( 8 fell[ creatures2 to be prejudicial1 is to fur!r _! mis]y4 ,?is grant$1 let u exam9e if ! pr9ciples we h hi!rto e/abli%$ be prejudicial or advantage\s1 useful or useless1 to ! human race4 ,if man unceas+ly seeks aft] 8 happ9ess1 he c only approve ( t :i* procures = him 8 object1 or furni%es him ! means by :i* x is to be obta9$4 ,:at has be5 already said w s]ve 9 fix+ our ideas ^u :at con/itutes ?is happ9ess3 x has be5 already %ewn t x is only cont9u$ pleasure3 b 9 ord] t an object may please1 x is necess>y t ! impressions x makes1 ! p]ceptions x gives1 ! ideas :i* x leaves1 9 %ort1 t ! motion x excites 9 man %\ld be analog\s to 8 organization2 con=mable to 8 temp]am5t2 assimilat$ to 8 individual nature3--modifi$ z x is by habit1 det]m9$ z x is by an inf9ity ( circum/ances1 x is necess>y t ! action ( ! object by :i* he is mov$1 or ( :i* ! idea rema9s ) him1 f> f enfeebl+ him1 f> f annihilat+ 8 feel+s1 %\ld t5d to /r5g!n him2 x is necess>y1 t )\t fatigu+ 8 m9d1 exhau/+ 8 faculties1 or d]ang+ 8 organs1 ?is object %\ld imp>t to 8 ma*9e t degree ( activity = :i* x cont9ually has occasion4 ,:at is ! object t unites all ^! qualities8 ,:]e is ! man ^: organs are susceptible ( cont9ual agitation )\t be+ fatigu$2 )\t exp]i5c+ a pa9ful s5sation2 )\t s9k+8 ,man is always will+ to be w>n$ ( 8 exi/5ce 9 ! mo/ lively mann]1 z long z he c be s )\t pa94 ,:at d ,i say8 ,he cons5ts frequ5tly to suff]1 r ?an n feel4 ,he accu/oms himself to a ?\s& ?+s :i* at fir/ mu/ h affect$ him 9 a disagreeable mann]2 b :i* frequ5tly end ei!r by conv]t+ !mselves into wants1 or by no long] affect+ him any way3 ( ?is tru? tobacco1 c(fee1 & above all br&y furni% examples3 ?is is ! reason he runs to see trag$ies2 t he witnesses ! execution ( crim9als4 ,9 %ort1 ! desire ( feel+1 ( be+ p[]fully mov$1 appe>s to be ! pr9ciple ( curiosity2 ( t avidity ) :i* man seizes on ! m>vell\s2 ( t e>ne/ness ) :i* he cl+s to ! sup]natural2 ( ! disposition he ev9ces = ! incompreh5sible4 ,:]e1 inde$1 c he always f9d objects 9 nature capable ( cont9ually supply+ ! /imulus requisite to keep him 9 activity1 t %all be ev] proportion$ to ! /ate ( 8 own organization2 :i* 8 extreme mobility r5d]s subject to p]petual v>iation8 ,! mo/ lively pleasures are always ! lea/ durable1 see+ !y are ^? :i* exhau/ him mo/4 ,t man %\ld be un9t]rupt$ly happy1 x w\ld be requisite t 8 p[]s 7 inf9ite2 x w\ld require t to 8 mobility he jo9$ a vigor1 atta*$ a solidity1 :i* no?+ c\ld *ange2 or else x is necess>y t ! objects f :i* he receives impulse1 %\ld ei!r acquire or lose prop]ties1 accord+ to ! diff]5t /ates ?r\gh :i* 8 ma*9e is successively oblig$ to pass2 x w\ld ne$ t ! ess5ces ( be+s %\ld be *ang$ 9 ! same proportion z 8 dispositions2 %\ld be submitt$ to ! cont9ual influ5ce ( a ?\s& causes1 :i* modify him )\t 8 k1 & 9 despite ( himself4 ,if1 at ea* mom5t1 8 ma*9e und]goes *anges m or less m>k$1 :i* are ascribable to ! diff]5t degrees ( ela/icity1 ( d5sity1 ( s]5ity ( ! atmosph]e2 to ! portion ( igne\s fluid circulat+ ?r\gh 8 blood2 to ! h>mony ( 8 organs2 to ! ord] t exi/s betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( 8 body2 if1 at e p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce1 8 n]ves h n ! same t5sions1 8 fibres ! same ela/icity1 8 m9d ! same activity1 8 imag9ation ! same ard\r1 c4 x is evid5t t ! same causes 9 pres]v+ to him only ! same qualities1 _c always affect him 9 ! same mann]4 ,"h is ! reason :y ^? objects t please him 9 "o season displease him 9 ano!r3 ^! objects h n !mselves s5sibly *ang$2 b 8 organs1 8 dispositions1 8 ideas1 8 mode ( see+1 8 mann] ( feel+1 h *ang$3--su* is ! s\rce ( man's incon/ancy4 ,if ! same objects are n con/antly 9 t /ate compet5t to =m ! happ9ess ( ! same individual1 x is easy to p]ceive t !y are yet less 9 a capacity to please all m52 or t ! same happ9ess _c be suitable to all4 ,be+s already v>i\s by _! temp]am5t1 unlike 9 _! faculties1 div]sifi$ 9 _! organization1 diff]5t 9 _! imag9ation1 dissimil> 9 _! ideas1 ( di/9ct op9ions1 ( contr>y habits1 :i* an inf9ity ( circum/ances1 :e!r physical or moral1 h v>i\sly modifi$1 mu/ necess>ily =m v diff]5t notions ( happ9ess4 ,^? ( a ,,mis] _c be ! same z ^? ( a ,,prodigal2 ^? ( a ,,voluptu>y1 ! same z ^? ( "o :o is ,,phlegmatic2 ^? ( an intemp]ate1 ! same z ^? ( a rational man1 :o husb&s 8 heal?4 ,! happ9ess ( ea*1 is 9 consequ5ce compos$ ( 8 natural organization1 & ( ^? circum/ances1 ( ^? habits1 ( ^? ideas1 :e!r true or false1 t h modifi$ him3 ?is organization & ^! circum/ances1 nev] be+ ! same 9 any two m51 x foll[s1 t :at is ! object ( "o man's views1 mu/ be indiff]5t1 or ev5 displeas+ to ano!r2 ?us1 z we h be=e said1 no "o c be capable ( judg+ ( t :i* may contribute to ! felicity ( 8 fell[ man4 ,int]e/ is ! object to :i* ea* individual accord+ to 8 temp]am5t & 8 own peculi> ideas1 atta*es 8 welf>e2 f :i* x w be p]ceiv$ t ?is int]e/ is nev] m ?an t :i* ea* contemplates z necess>y to 8 happ9ess4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be conclud$1 t no man is totally )\t int]e/4 ,t ( ! mis] to amass weal?2 t ( ! prodigal to dissipate x3 ! int]e/ ( ! ambiti\s is to obta9 p[]2 t ( ! mode/ philosoph] to enjoy tranquillity2 ! int]e/ ( ! debau*ee is to give himself up1 )\t res]ve1 to all sorts ( pleasure2 t ( ! prud5t man1 to ab/a9 f ^? :i* may injure him3 ! int]e/ ( ! wick$ is to gratify 8 passions at any price3 t ( ! virtu\s to m]it by 8 conduct ! love1 to elicit by 8 actions ! approbation ( o!rs2 to d no?+ t c degrade himself 9 8 own eyes4 ,?us1 :5 x is said t ,int]e/ is ! only motive ( human actions2 x is meant to indicate t ea* man lab\rs aft] 8 own mann]1 to 8 own peculi> happ9ess2 t he places x 9 "s object ei!r visible or conceal$2 ei!r real or imag9>y2 t ! :ole sy/em ( 8 conduct is direct$ to its atta9m5t4 ,?is grant$1 no man c be call$ dis9t]e/$2 ?is appellation is only appli$ to ^? ( ^: motives we are ignorant2 or ^: int]e/ we approve4 ,?us ! man :o f9ds a great] pleasure 9 assi/+ 8 fri5ds 9 mis=tune ?an pres]v+ 9 8 c(f]s useless treasure1 is call$ g5]\s1 fai?ful1 & dis9t]e/$2 9 l mann] all m5 are d5om9at$ dis9t]e/$1 :o feel _! glory f> m preci\s ?an _! =tune4 ,9 %ort1 all m5 are designat$ dis9t]e/$ :o place _! happ9ess 9 mak+ sacrifices :i* man consid]s co/ly1 because he does n atta* ! same value to ! object = :i* ! sacrifice is made4 ,man frequ5tly judges v errone\sly ( ! int]e/ ( o!rs1 ei!r because ! motives t animate !m are too complicat$ = him to unravel2 or because to be enabl$ to judge ( !m fairly1 x is ne$ful to h ! same eyes1 ! same organs ! same passions1 ! same op9ions3 nev]!less1 oblig$ to =m 8 judgm5t ( ! actions ( mank9d1 by _! effect on himself1 he approves ! int]e/ t actuates !m :5ev] ! result is advantage\s = 8 species3 ?us1 he admires val\r1 g5]osity1 ! love ( lib]ty1 great tal5ts1 virtue1 c4 he !n only approves ( ! objects 9 :i* ! be+s he applauds h plac$ _! happ9ess2 he approves ^! dispositions ev5 :5 he is n 9 a capacity to feel _! effects2 b 9 ?is judgm5t he is n himself dis9t]e/$2 exp]i5ce1 reflection1 habit1 reason1 h giv5 him a ta/e = morals1 & he f9ds z mu* pleasure 9 be+ witness to a great & g5]\s action1 z ! man ( virtu f9ds 9 ! sight ( a f9e picture ( :i* he is n ! proprietor4 ,he :o has =m$ to himself a habit ( practis+ virtue1 is a man :o has unceas+ly be=e 8 eyes ! int]e/ t he has 9 m]it+ ! affection1 9 des]v+ ! e/eem1 9 secur+ ! assi/ance ( o!rs1 z well z to love & e/eem himself3 impress$ ) ^! ideas :i* h become habitual to him1 he ab/a9s ev5 f conceal$ crimes1 s9ce ^! w\ld degrade him 9 8 own eyes3 he resembles a man :o hav+ f 8 infancy contract$ ! habit ( cleanl9ess1 w\ld be pa9fully affect$ at see+ himself dirty1 ev5 :5 no "o %\ld witness x4 ,! hone/ man is he to :om tru? has %ewn 8 int]e/ or 8 happ9ess 9 a mode ( act+ t o!rs are oblig$ to love1 are "u ! necessity to approve = _! own peculi> int]e/4 ,^! pr9ciples1 duly develop$1 are ! true basis ( morals2 no?+ is m *im]ical ?an ^? :i* are f\nd$ ^u imag9>y motives plac$ out ( nature2 or ^u innate s5tim5ts2 :i* "s speculators h reg>d$ z ant]ior to man's exp]i5ce2 z :olly indep5dant ( ^? advantages :i* result to him f its use3 x is ! ess5ce ( man to love himself2 to t5d to 8 own cons]vation2 to seek to r5d] 8 exi/5ce happy3 ?us int]e/1 or ! desire ( happ9ess1 is ! only real motive ( all 8 actions2 ?is int]e/ dep5ds ^u 8 natural organization1 re/s itself ^u 8 wants1 is bottom$ ^u 8 acquir$ ideas1 spr+s f ! habits he has contract$3 he is )\t d\bt 9 error1 :5 ei!r a vitiat$ organization or false op9ions %ew him 8 welf>e 9 objects ei!r useless or injuri\s to himself1 z well z to o!rs2 he m>*es /eadily 9 ! pa?s ( virtue :5 true ideas h made him re/ 8 happ9ess on a conduct useful to 8 species2 9 t :i* is approv$ by o!rs2 :i* r5d]s him an int]e/+ object to 8 associates4 ,morals w\ld be a va9 sci5ce if x did n inconte/ibly prove to man t 8 int]e/ consi/s 9 be+ virtu\s4 ,obligation ( :atev] k9d1 c only be f\nd$ ^u ! probability or ! c]titude ( ei!r obta9+ a good or avoid+ an evil4 ,inde$1 9 no "o in/ant ( 8 duration1 c a s5sible1 an intellig5t be+1 ei!r lose sight ( 8 own pres]vation or =get 8 own welf>e2 he owes happ9ess to himself2 b exp]i5ce quickly proves to him1 t b]eav$ ( assi/ance1 q alone1 left entirely to himself1 he _c procure all ^? objects :i* are requisite to 8 felicity3 he lives ) s5sible1 ) intellig5t be+s1 occupi$ l himself ) _! own peculi> happ9ess2 b capable ( assi/+ him1 9 obta9+ ^? objects he mo/ desires2 he discov]s t ^! be+s w n be favorable to 8 views1 b :5 !y f9d _! int]e/ involv$2 f :i* he concludes1 t 8 own happ9ess dem&s1 t 8 own wants r5d] x necess>y he %\ld conduct himself at all times 9 a mann] suitable to conciliate ! atta*m5t1 to obta9 ! approbation1 to elicit ! e/eem1 to secure ! assi/ance ( ^? be+s :o are mo/ capacitat$ to fur!r 8 designs4 ,he p]ceives1 t x is man :o is mo/ necess>y to ! welf>e ( man3 t to induce him to jo9 9 8 int]e/s1 he ought to make him f9d real advantages 9 record+ 8 projects3 b to procure real advantages to ! be+s ( ! human species1 is to h virtue2 ! reasonable man1 !re=e1 is oblig$ to feel t x is 8 int]e/ to be virtu\s4 ,virtue is only ! art ( r5d]+ himself happy1 by ! felicity ( o!rs4 ,! virtu\s man is he :o communicates happ9ess to ^? be+s :o are capable ( r5d]+ 8 own condition happy2 :o are necess>y to 8 cons]vation2 :o h ! ability to procure him a felicit\s exi/5ce4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! true f\ndation ( all morals2 m]it & virtue are f\nd$ ^u ! nature ( man2 h _! dep5dance ^u 8 wants4 ,x is virtue alone t c r5d] him truly happy3 )\t virtue society c nei!r be useful nor inde$ subsi/2 x c only h real utility :5 x assembles be+s animat$ ) ! desire ( pleas+ ea* o!r1 & dispos$ to lab\r to _! reciprocal advantage3 !re exi/s no com=t 9 ^? families ^: memb]s are n 9 ! happy disposition to l5d ea* o!r mutual succ\rs2 :o h n a reciprocity ( feel+ t /imulates !m to assi/ "o ano!r2 t induces !m to cl+ to ea* o!r1 to support ! sorr[s ( life2 to unite _! ef=ts1 to put away ^? evils to :i* nature has subject$ !m2 ! conjugal bonds1 are sweet only 9 proportion z !y id5tify ! int]e/ ( two be+s1 unit$ by ! want ( legitimate pleasure2 f :5ce results ! ma9t5ance ( political society1 & ! means ( furni%+ x ) citiz5s4 ,fri5d%ip has *>ms only :5 x m p>ticul>ly associates two virtu\s be+s2 t is to say1 animat$ ) ! s9c]e desire ( conspir+ to _! reciprocal happ9ess4 ,9 %ort1 x is only by display+ virtue1 t man c m]it ! b5evol5ce1 c w9 ! confid5ce1 c ga9 ! e/eem1 ( all ^? ) :om he has relation2 9 a ^w1 no man c be indep5d5tly happy4 ,inde$1 ! happ9ess ( ea* human individual dep5ds on ^? s5tim5ts to :i* he gives bir?1 on ^? feel+s :i* he n\ri%es 9 ! be+s among/ :om 8 de/9y has plac$ him2 gr&eur may dazzle !m2 p[] may wre/ f !m an involunt>y homage2 =ce may compel an unwill+ ob$i5ce2 opul5ce may s$uce mean1 may attract v5al s\ls2 b x is humanity1 x is b5evol5ce1 x is compassion1 x is equity1 t unassi/$ by ^!1 c )\t ef=ts obta9 = him1 f ^? by :om he is surr\nd$1 ^? delici\s s5tim5ts ( atta*m5ts1 ^? soo?+ feel+s ( t5d]ness1 ^? sweet ideas ( e/eem1 ( :i* all reasonable m5 feel ! necessity4 ,to be virtu\s !n1 is to place 8 int]e/ 9 t :i* accords ) ! int]e/ ( o!rs2 x is to enjoy ^? b5efits1 to p>take ( t pleasure :i* he himself diffuses ov] 8 fell[s4 ,he :om1 8 nature1 8 education1 8 reflections1 8 habits1 h r5d]$ susceptible ( ^! dispositions1 & to :om 8 circum/ances h giv5 him ! faculty ( gratify+ !m1 becomes an int]e/+ object to all ^? :o approa* him3 he enjoys e in/ant1 he reads ) satisfaction ! cont5tm5t1 he contemplates ) pleasure ! joy :i* he has diffus$ ov] all c\nt5ances3 8 wife1 8 *ildr51 8 fri5ds1 8 s]vants greet him ) gay1 s]5e faces1 indicative ( t cont5t1 h>b+]s ( t peace1 :i* he recognizes = 8 own "w3 e ?+ t environs him is ready to p>take 8 pleasures2 to %>e 8 pa9s2 *]i%$1 respect$1 look$ up to by o!rs1 e ?+ conducts him to agreeable reflections2 he kn[s ! rights he has acquir$ ov] _! he>ts2 he applauds himself = be+ ! s\rce ( a felicity t captivates all ! _w2 8 own condition1 8 s5tim5ts ( self-love1 become an hundr$ times m delici\s :5 he sees !m p>ticipat$ by all ^? ) :om 8 de/9y has connect$ him4 ,! habit ( virtue creates = him no wants b ^? :i* virtue itself suffices to satisfy2 x is ?us t virtue is always its own peculi> rew>d1 t x remun]ates itself ) all ! advantages :i* x incessantly procures = o!rs4 ,x w be said1 & p]haps ev5 prov$1 t "u ! pres5t con/itution ( ?+s1 virtue f> f procur+ ! welf>e ( ^? :o practice x frequ5tly plunges man into mis=tune2 (t5 places cont9ual ob/acles to 8 felicity2 t almo/ e :]e x is )\t recomp5ce4 ,:at d ,i say8 ,a ?\s& examples c\ld be adduc$ z evid5ce1 t 9 almo/ e c\ntry x is hat$1 p]secut$1 oblig$ to lam5t ! +ratitude ( human nature4 ,i reply ) av[+1 t by a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! errors ( 8 race1 virtue r>ely conducts man to ^? objects 9 :i* ! un9=m$ make _! happ9ess consi/4 ,! great] numb] ( societies1 too frequ5tly rul$ by ^? ^: ignorance makes !m abuse _! p[]1--^: prejudices r5d] !m enemies ( virtue1--:o flatt]$ by sycophants1 secure 9 ! impunity _! actions enjoy1 commonly lavi% _! e/eem1 be/[ _! k9dness1 on none b ! mo/ unwor?y objects2 rew>d only ! mo/ frivol\s1 recomp5ce none b ! mo/ prejudicial qualities2 & h>dly ev] accord t ju/ice to m]it :i* is unque/ionably its due4 ,b ! truly hone/ man1 is nei!r ambiti\s ( r5um]ation1 nor s$ul\s ( ! suffrages ( a society ?us badly con/itut$3 cont5t$ ) dome/ic happ9ess1 he seeks n to augm5t relations1 :i* w\ld d no m ?an increase 8 dang]2 he kn[s t a vitiat$ community is a :irlw9d1 ) :i* an hone/ man _c co-ord] himself3 he !re=e /eps aside2 quits ! beat5 pa?1 by cont9u+ 9 :i* he w\ld infallibly be cru%$4 ,he does all ! good ( :i* he is capable 9 8 sph]e2 he leaves ! road free to ! wick$1 :o are will+ to wade ?r\gh its mire2 he lam5ts ! heavy /rokes !y inflict on !mselves2 he applauds m$iocrity t af=ds him security3 he pities ^? nations made mis]able by _! errors1--r5d]$ unhappy by ^? passions :i* are ! fatal b necess>y consequ5ce2 he sees !y conta9 no?+ b wret*$ citiz5s1 :o f> f cultivat+ _! true int]e/1 f> f lab\r+ to _! mutual felicity1 f> f feel+ ! real value ( virtue1 unconsci\s h[ de> x ought to be to !m1 d no?+ b ei!r op5ly attack1 or secretly injure x2 9 %ort1 :o dete/s a quality :i* w\ld re/ra9 _! disord]ly prop5sities4 ,9 say+ t virtue is its own peculi> rew>d1 x is simply meant to ann\nce1 t 9 a society ^: views 7 guid$ by tru?1 tra9$ by exp]i5ce1 conduct$ by reason1 ea* individual w\ld be acqua9t$ ) 8 real int]e/s2 w\ld und]/& ! true end ( association2 w\ld h s\nd motives to p]=m 8 duties2 f9d real advantages 9 fulfill+ !m2 9 fact1 x w\ld be conv9c$1 t to r5d] himself solidly happy1 he %\ld occupy 8 actions ) ! welf>e ( 8 fell[s2 by _! utility m]it _! e/eem1 elicit _! k9dness1 & secure _! assi/ance4 ,9 a well-con/itut$ society1 ! gov]nm5t1 ! laws1 education1 example1 w\ld all conspire to prove to ! citiz51 t ! nation ( :i* he =ms a "p1 is a :ole t _c be happy1 t _c subsi/ )\t virtue2 exp]i5ce w\ld1 at ea* /ep1 conv9ce him t ! welf>e ( its p>ts c only result f t ( ! :ole body corporate2 ju/ice w\ld make him feel1 t no society1 c be advantage\s to its memb]s1 :]e ! volition ( wills 9 ^? :o act1 is n s con=mable to ! int]e/s ( ! :ole1 z to produce an advantage\s re-action4 ,b1 alas6 by ! confusion :i* ! errors ( man h c>ri$ into 8 ideas3 virtue disgrac$1 bani%$1 & p]secut$1 f9ds n "o ( ^? advantages x has a "r to expect3 man is inde$ %ewn ^? rew>ds = x 9 a future life1 ( :i* he is almo/ always depriv$ 9 8 actual exi/5ce4 ,x is ?\ght necess>y to deceive1 consid]$ prop] to s$uce1 "r to intimidate him1 9 ord] to induce him to foll[ t virtue :i* e ?+ r5d]s incommodi\s to him2 he is f$ ) di/ant hopes1 9 ord] to solicit him to practice virtue1 :ile contemplation ( ! _w makes x hateful to him2 he is al>m$ by remote t]rors1 to det] him f committ+ evil1 :i* 8 associates pa9t z amiable2 :i* all conspires to r5d] necess>y4 ,x is ?us t politics1 ?us t sup]/ition1 by ! =mation ( *im]as1 by ! creation ( fictiti\s int]e/s pret5d to supply ^? true1 ^? real motives :i* nature furni%es1--:i* exp]i5ce w\ld po9t out1--:i* an enlight5$ gov]nm5t %\ld hold =?1--:i* ! law ought to en=ce1--:i* in/ruction %\ld sanction1--:i* example %\ld enc\rage1-:i* rational op9ions w\ld r5d] pleasant4 ,man1 bl9d$ by 8 passions1 n less dang]\s ?an necess>y1 l$ away by prec$5t1 au?oris$ by cu/om1 enslav$ by habit1 pays no att5tion to ^! unc]ta9 promises1 is reg>dless ( ! m5aces held out2 ! actual int]e/s ( 8 imm$iate pleasures1 ! =ce ( 8 passions1 ! invet]acy ( 8 habits1 always rise sup]ior to ! di/ant int]e/s po9t$ out 9 8 future welf>e1 or ! remote evils ) :i* he is ?reat5$2 :i* always appe> d\btful1 :5ev] he comp>es !m ) pres5t advantages4 ,?us sup]/ition1 f> f mak+ man virtu\s by pr9ciple1 does no?+ m ?an impose ^u him a yoke z sev]e z x is useless2 x is borne by none b en?usia/s1 or by ! pusillanim\s2 :o1 )\t becom+ bett]1 trembl+ly *amp ! feeble bit put into _! m\?2 :o are ei!r r5d]$ unhappy by _! op9ions1 or dang]\s by _! t5ets2 inde$1 exp]i5ce1 t fai?ful monitor1 inconte/ibly proves1 t sup]/ition is a dyke inadequate to resi/ ! torr5t ( corruption1 to :i* s _m accumulat$ causes give an irresi/ible =ce3 nay m1 does n ?is sup]/ition itself augm5t ! public disord]1 by ! dang]\s passions :i* x lets loose1 by ! conduct :i* x sanctions1 by ! actions :i* x consecrates8 ,virtue1 9 almo/ e climate1 is conf9$ to "s few rational s\ls1 :o h suffici5t /r5g? ( m9d to resi/ ! /ream ( prejudice2 :o are cont5t$ by remun]at+ !mselves ) ! b5efits !y difuse ov] society3 ^: temp]ate dispositions are gratifi$ ) ! suffrages ( a small numb] ( virtu\s approv]s2 9 %ort1 :o are deta*$ f ^? frivol\s advantages :i* ! inju/ice ( society b too commonly accords only to bas5ess1 :i* x r>ely be/[s1 except to intrigue1 ) :i* 9 g5]al x rew>ds no?+ b crime4 ,9 despite ( ! inju/ice t reigns 9 ! _w1 !re are1 h[ev]1 "s virtu\s m5 9 ! bosom ev5 ( ! mo/ deg5]ate nations2 not)/&+ ! g5]al depravity1 !re are "s b5evol5t be+s1 /ill enam\r$ ( virtue2 :o are fully acqua9t$ ) its true value2 :o are suffici5tly enlight5$ to "k t x exacts homage ev5 f its enemies2 :o to use ! language ( ,,ecclesia/es1 rejoice 9 _! own works2 :o are1 at lea/1 happy 9 possess+ cont5t$ m9ds1 :o are satisfi$ ) conceal$ pleasures1 ^? int]nal recomp5ces ( :i* no e>?ly p[] is compet5t to deprive !m4 ,! hone/ man acquires a "r to ! e/eem1 has a j claim to ! v5]ation1 w9s ! confid5ce1 ga9s ! love1 ev5 ( ^? ^: conduct is expos$ by a contra/ ) 8 own4 ,9 %ort1 vice is oblig$ to c$e to virtue2 ( :i* x blu%+ly1 ?\gh unwill+ly1 ackn[l$ges ! sup]iority4 ,indep5d5t ( ?is asc5dancy s g5tle1 ( ?is sup]iority s gr&1 ( ?is pre-em95ce s infallible1 :5 ev5 ! :ole univ]se %\ld be unju/ to him1 :5 ev5 e tongue %\ld cov] him ) v5om1 :5 ev5 e arm %\ld m5ace him ) ho/ility1 !re yet rema9s to ! hone/ man ! sublime advantage ( lov+ 8 own conduct2 ! ineffable pleasure ( e/eem+ himself2 ! unalloy$ gratification ( div+ ) satisfaction into ! recesses ( 8 own he>t2 ! tranquil delight ( contemplat+ 8 own actions ) t delici\s complac5cy t o!rs ought to d1 if !y 7 n hood-w9k$1 ,no p[] is adequate to ravi% f him ! m]it$ e/eem ( himself2 no au?ority is suffici5tly pot5t to give x to him :5 he des]ves x n2 ! mightie/ mon>* _c l5d /ability to ?is e/eem1 :5 x is n well f\nd$2 x is !n a ridicul\s s5tim5t3 x ought to be consid]$1 x really is vanity & vexation ( _s1 x is n wisdom1 b folly 9 ! extreme2 x ought to be c5sur$ :5 x displays itself 9 a mode t is mortify+ to its neighb\r1 9 a mann] t is tr\blesome to o!rs2 x is !n call$ ,,arrogance2 x is call$ ,,vanity2 b :5 x _c be condemn$1 :5 x is kn[n = legitimate :5 x is discov]$ to h a solid f\ndation1 :5 x bottoms itself ^u tal5ts1 :5 x rises ^u great actions t are useful to ! community1 :5 x erects its edifice ^u virtue2 ev5 ?\gh society %\ld n set ^! m]its at _! j price1 x is ,,noble ,,pride1 ,,elevation ,,( ,,m9d1 & ,,gr&eur ,,( ,,s\l4 ,( :at consequ5ce !n1 is x to li/5 to ^? sup]/iti\s be+s1 ^? enemies to man's happ9ess1 :o h be5 desir\s ( de/roy+ x1 ev5 9 ! inmo/ recesses ( 8 he>t2 :o h prescrib$ to him hatr$ ( 8 foll[]2 :o h fill$ him ) contempt = himself2 :o pret5d to wre/ f ! hone/ man t self-respect :i* is frequ5tly ! only rew>d t rema9s to virtue1 9 a p]v]se _w4 ,to annihilate 9 him ?is s5tim5t1 s full 9 ju/ice1 ?is love ( himself1 is to break ! mo/ p[]ful spr+1 to weak5 ! mo/ efficaci\s /imulus1 t urges him to act "r2 t spurs him on to d good to 8 fell[ mortals4 ,:at motive1 inde$1 except x be ?is1 rema9s = him 9 ! great] "p ( human societies8 ,is n virtue disc\rag$8 ,is n hone/y contemn$8 ,is n audaci\s crime enc\rag$8 ,is n subtle intrigue eulogiz$8 ,is n cunn+ vice rew>d$8 ,is n love ( ! public weal tax$ z folly2 exactitude 9 fulfill+ duties look$ ^u z a bubble8 ,is n compassion laugh$ to scorn8 ,,are ,,n ,,traitors ,,di/+ui%$ ,,by ,,public ,,honors8 ,is n neglig5ce ( morals applaud$1--s5sibility d]id$1--t5d]ness sc(f$1--conjugal fidelity je]$1--s9c]ity despis$1--enviolable fri5d%ip treat$ ) ridicule3 :ile s$uction1 adult]y1 h>d-he>t$ness1 punic fai?1 av>ice1 & fraud1 /alk =? unaba%$1 deck$ 9 gorge\s array1 laud$ by ! _w8 ,man mu/ h motives = action3 he nei!r acts well nor ill1 b ) a view to 8 own happ9ess3 t :i* he judges w conduce to ?is consummation s dev\tly to be wi%$1 he ?9ks 8 int]e/2 he does no?+ gratuit\sly2 :5 rew>d = useful actions is )held f him1 he is r$uc$ ei!r to become z ab&on$ z o!rs1 or else to remun]ate himself ) 8 own applause4 ,?is grant$2 ! hone/ man c nev] be completely unhappy2 he c nev] be entirely depriv$ ( ! recomp5ce :i* is 8 due2 virtue is compet5t to repay him = all ! b5efits he may be/[ on o!rs2 c amply make up to him all ! happ9ess d5i$ him by public op9ion2 b no?+ c comp5sate to him ! want ( virtue4 ,x does n foll[ t ! hone/ man w be exempt$ f afflictions3 l1 ! wick$1 he is subject to physical evils2 he may p9e 9 indig5ce2 he may be depriv$ ( fri5d%ip2 he may be worn d[n ) disease2 he may frequ5tly be ! subject ( calumny2 he may be ! victim to inju/ice2 he may be treat$ ) +ratitude2 he may be expos$ to hatr$2 b 9 ! mid/ ( all 8 mis=tunes1 9 ! v bosom ( 8 sorr[s1 9 ! extremity ( 8 vexation1 he f9ds support 9 himself2 he is cont5t$ ) 8 own conduct2 he respects himself2 he feels 8 own dignity2 he kn[s ! equity ( 8 rights2 he consoles himself ) ! confid5ce inspir$ by ! ju/ness ( 8 cause2 he *e]s himself amid/ ! mo/ sull5 circum/ances4 ,^! supports are n calculat$ = ! wick$2 !y avail him no?+3 equally liable ) ! hone/ man to infirmities1 equally submitt$ to ! caprices ( 8 de/9y1 equally ! sport ( a fluctuat+ _w1 he f9ds ! recesses ( 8 own he>t fill$ ) dreadful al>ms2 diseas$ ) c>e2 cank]$ ) solitude2 corrod$ ) regret2 gnaw$ by remorse2 he dies )9 himself2 8 consci5ce su/a9s him n b loads him ) reproa*2 8 m9d1 ov]:elm$1 s9ks b5ea? its own turpitude2 8 reflection is ! bitt] dregs ( hemlock2 madd5+ angui% holds him to ! mirror t %ews him 8 own de=mity2 t recalls unhall[$ de$s2 gloomy ?\ghts ru% on 8 too fai?ful memory2 despond5ce b5umbs him2 8 body1 simultane\sly assail$ on all sides1 b5ds "u ! /orm (--8 own unruly passions2 at la/ despair grapples him to h] fil?y bosom1 he flies f himself4 ,! hone/ man is n an ins5sible ,/oic2 virtue does n procure impassibility2 hone/y gives no exemption f mis=tune1 b x enables him to be> *e]ly up aga9/ x2 to ca/ (f despair1 to keep 8 own company3 if he is infirm1 if he is worn ) disease1 he has less to compla9 ( ?an ! vici\s be+ :o is oppress$ ) sickness1 :o is enfeebl$ by ye>s2 if he is indig5t1 he is less unhappy 9 8 pov]ty2 if he is 9 disgrace1 he c endure x ) =titude1 he is n ov]:elm$ by its pressure1 l ! wret*$ slave to crime4 ,?us ! happ9ess ( ea* individual dep5ds on ! cultivation ( 8 temp]am5t2 nature makes bo? ! happy & ! unhappy2 x is culture t gives value to ! soil nature has =m$2 x is in/ruction t makes ! fruit x produces palatable2 ,x is reflection t makes x useful4 ,= man to be happily born1 is to h receiv$ f nature a s\nd body1 organs t act ) precision--a j m9d1 a he>t ^: passions are analog\s1 ^: desires are con=mable to ! circum/ances 9 :i* 8 de/9y has plac$ him3 nature1 !n1 has done e ?+ = him1 :5 %e has jo9$ to ^! faculties ! quantum ( vig\r1 ! portion ( en]gy1 suffici5t to enable him to obta9 ^? ,prop] ?+s1 :i* 8 /ation1 8 mode ( ?9k+1 8 temp]am5t1 h r5d]$ desirable4 ,nature has made him a fatal pres5t1 :5 %e has fill$ 8 sangu9>y vessels ) an ov]-heat$ fluid2 :5 %e has giv5 him an imag9ation too active2 :5 %e has infus$ into him desires too impetu\s2 :5 he has a hank]+ aft] objects ei!r impossible or improp] to be obta9$ "u 8 circum/ances2 or :i* at lea/ he _c procure )\t ^? incr$ible ef=ts1 t ei!r place 8 own welf>e 9 dang] or di/urb ! repose ( society4 ,! mo/ happy man1 is commonly he :o possesses a peaceful s\l2 :o only desires ^? ?+s :i* he c procure by lab\r1 suitable to ma9ta9 8 activity2 :i* he c obta9 )\t caus+ ^? %ocks1 t are ei!r too viol5t = society1 or tr\blesome to 8 associates4 ,a philosoph] ^: wants are easily satisfi$1 :o is a /rang]1 to ambition1 :o is cont5t$ ) ! limit$ circle ( a small numb] ( fri5ds1 is1 )\t d\bt a be+ mu* m happily con/itut$ ?an an ambiti\s conqu]or1 ^: gre$y imag9ation is r$uc$ to despair by hav+ only "o _w to ravage4 ,he :o is happily born1 or :om nature has r5d]$ susceptible ( be+ conv5i5tly modifi$1 is n a be+ injuri\s to society3 x is g5]ally di/urb$ by m5 :o are unhappily born1 ^: organization r5d]s !m turbul5t2 :o are discont5t$ ) _! de/9y2 :o are inebriat$ ) _! own lic5ti\s passions2 :o are infatuat$ ) _! own vile s*emes2 :o are smitt5 ) difficult ent]prises2 :o set ! _w 9 combu/ion1 to ga!r imag9>y b5efits 9 ord] to atta9 :i* !y mu/ inflict he heavie/ curses on mank9d1 b 9 :i* !y make _! own happ9ess consi/4 ,an ,,alex&] requires ! de/ruction ( empires1 nations to be delug$ ) blood1 cities to be laid 9 a%es1 its inhabitants to be ext]m9at$1 to cont5t t passion = glory1 ( :i* he has =m$ to himself a false idea2 b :i* 8 too ard5t imag9ation1 8 too vehem5t m9d anxi\sly ?ir/s aft]3 = a ,,diog5es !re ne$s only a tub ) ! lib]ty ( appe>+ :imsical2 a ,,socrates wants no?+ b ! pleasure ( =m+ disciples to virtue4 ,man by 8 organization is a be+ to :om motion is always necess>y2 he mu/ !re=e always desire x3 ?is is ! reason :y too mu* facility ,9 procur+ ! objects ( 8 se>*1 r5d]s !m quickly insipid4 ,to feel happ9ess1 x is necess>y to make ef=ts to obta9 x2 to f9d *>ms 9 its enjoym5t1 x is necess>y t ! desire %\ld be :ett$ by ob/acles2 he is pres5tly disgu/$ ) ^? b5efits :i* h co/ him b little pa9s4 ,! expectation ( happ9ess1 ! lab\r requisite to procure x1 ! v>i$ prospects x holds =?1 ! multipli$ pictures :i* 8 imag9ation =ms to him1 supply 8 bra9 ) t motion = :i* x has occasion2 ?is gives impulse to 8 organs1 puts 8 :ole ma*9e into activity1 ex]cises 8 faculties1 sets all 8 spr+s 9 play1 9 a ^w1 puts him into t agreeable activity1 = ! want ( :i* ! enjoym5t ( happ9ess itself _c comp5sate him4 ,action is ! true elem5t ( ! human m9d2 z soon z x ceases to act1 x falls into disgu/1 s9ks into lassitude4 ,8 s\l has ! same occasion = ideas1 8 /oma* has = alim5t4 ,?us ! impulse giv5 him by desire1 is itself a great b5efit2 x is to ! m9d :at ex]cise is to ! body2 )\t x he w\ld n d]ive any pleasure 9 ! alim5ts pres5t$ to him2 x is ?ir/ t r5d]s ! pleasure ( dr9k+ s agreeable2 life is a p]petual circle ( reg5]at$ desires & wants satisfi$3 repose is only a pleasure to him :o lab\rs2 x is a s\rce ( we>9ess1 ! cause ( sorr[1 ! spr+ ( vice to him :o has no?+ to d4 ,to enjoy )\t int]ruption is n to enjoy any ?+3 ! man :o has no?+ to desire is c]ta9ly m unhappy ?an he :o suff]s4 ,^! reflections1 gr\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce1 drawn f ! f\nta9 ( tru?1 ought to prove to man1 t good z well z evil dep5ds on ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,happ9ess to be felt _c be cont9u$4 ,lab\r is necess>y1 to make int]vals betwe5 8 pleasures2 8 body has occasion = ex]cise1 to co-ord] him ) ! be+s :o surr\nd him2 8 he>t mu/ h desires2 tr\ble alone c give him ! "r reli% ( 8 welf>e2 x is ?is :i* puts 9 ! %ad[s1 ?is :i* furni%es ! true p]spective to ! picture ( human life4 ,by an irrevocable law ( 8 de/9y1 man is oblig$ to be discont5t$ ) 8 pres5t condition2 to make ef=ts to *ange x2 to reciprocally envy t felicity :i* no individual enjoys p]fectly4 ,?us ! poor man envies ! opul5ce ( 8 ri*] neighb\r1 al?\gh ?is is frequ5tly m unhappy ?an 8 ne$y malign]2 ?us ! ri* man views ) pa9 ! advantages ( a pov]ty1 :i* he sees active1 heal?y1 & frequ5tly jocund1 ev5 9 ! bosom ( p5ury4 ,if man 0 p]fectly cont5t$1 !re w\ld no long] be any activity 9 ! _w2 x is necess>y t he %\ld desire2 x is requisite t he %\ld act2 x is incumb5t he %\ld lab\r1 9 ord] t he may be happy3 su* is ! c\rse ( nature ( :i* ! life consi/s 9 action4 ,human societies c only subsi/1 by ! cont9ual ex*ange ( ^? ?+s 9 :i* man places 8 happ9ess4 ,! poor man is oblig$ to desire1 he is necessitat$ to lab\r1 t he may procure :at he kn[s is requisite to ! pres]vation ( 8 exi/5ce2 ! prim>y wants giv5 to him by nature1 are to n\ri% himself1 clo! himself1 lodge himself1 & propagate 8 species2 has he satisfi$ ^!8 ,he is quickly oblig$ to create o!rs entirely new2 or r1 8 imag9ation only ref9es ^u ! fir/2 he seeks to div]sify !m2 he is will+ to give !m fre% ze/2 arriv$ at opul5ce1 :5 he has run ov] ! :ole circle ( wants1 :5 he has completely exhau/$ _! comb9ations1 he falls into disgu/4 ,disp5s$ f lab\r1 8 body amasses hum\rs2 de/itute ( desires1 8 he>t feels a languor2 depriv$ ( activity1 he is oblig$ to p>ticipate 8 ri*es1 ) be+s m active1 m labori\s ?an himself3 ^!1 foll[+ _! own peculi> int]e/s1 take ^u !mselves ! task ( lab\r+ = 8 advantage2 ( procur+ = him means to satisfy 8 want2 ( m9i/]+ to 8 caprices1 9 ord] to remove ! languor t oppresses him4 ,x is ?us ! great1 ! ri* excite ! en]gies1 give play to ! activity1 r\se ! faculties1 spur on ! indu/ry ( ! indig5t2 ^! lab\r to _! own peculi> welf>e by work+ = o!rs3 ?us ! desire ( ameliorat+ 8 condition1 r5d]s man necess>y to 8 fell[ man2 ?us wants1 always reg5]at+1 nev] satisfi$1 are ! pr9ciples ( life1--! s\l ( activity1--! s\rce ( heal?1--! basis ( society4 ,if ea* individual 0 compet5t to ! supply ( 8 own exig5cies1 !re w\ld be no occasion = him to congregate 9 society2 b x is 8 wants1 8 desires1 8 :ims1 t place him 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce on o!rs3 ^! are ! causes t ea* individual1 9 ord] to fur!r 8 own peculi> int]e/1 is oblig$ to be useful to ^?1 :o h ! capability ( procur+ = him ! objects :i* he himself has n4 ,a nation is no?+ m ?an ! union ( a great numb] ( individuals1 connect$ ) ea* o!r by ! reciprocity ( _! wants2 by _! mutual desire ( pleasure4 ,! mo/ happy man is he :o has ! fewe/ wants1 & :o has ! mo/ num]\s means ( satisfy+ !m4 ,! man :o w\ld be truly ri*1 has no ne$ to increase 8 =tune1 x suffices he %\ld dim9i% 8 wants4 ,9 ! individuals ( ! human species1 z well z 9 political society1 ! progression ( wants1 is a ?+ absolutely necess>y2 x is f\nd$ ^u ! ess5ce ( man1 x is requisite t ! natural wants once satisfi$1 %\ld be replac$ by ^? :i* he calls ,imag9>y1 or wants ( ! ,fancy3 ^! become z necess>y to 8 happ9ess z ! fir/4 ,cu/om1 :i* p]mits ! native ,am]ican to g q nak$1 obliges ! m civiliz$ inhabitant ( ,europe to clo! himself2 ! poor man cont5ts himself ) v simple attire1 :i* equally s]ve him = w9t] & = summ]1 = autumn & = spr+2 ! ri* man desires to h g>m5ts suitable to ea* mutation ( ^! seasons2 he w\ld exp]i5ce pa9 if he _h n ! conv5i5ce ( *ang+ 8 raim5t ) e v>iation ( 8 climate2 he w\ld be wret*$ if he 0 oblig$ to we> ! same habilim5ts 9 ! heat ( summ]1 :i* he uses 9 ! w9t]2 9 %ort1 he w\ld be unhappy if ! exp5ce & v>iety ( 8 co/ume did n display to ! surr\nd+ multitude 8 opul5ce1 m>k 8 rank1 ann\nce 8 sup]iority4 ,x is ?us habit multiplies1 ! wants ( ! weal?y2 x is ?us t vanity itself becomes a want :i* sets a ?\s& h&s 91 motion1 a ?\s& heads to "w1 :o are all eag] to gratify its crav+s2 9 %ort1 ?is v vanity procures = ! necessit\s man1 ! means ( subsi/+ at ! exp5se ( 8 opul5t neighb\rs ,he :o is accu/om$ to pomp1 :o is us$ to o/5tati\s spl5d\r1 ^: habits are luxuri\s1 :5ev] he is depriv$ ( ^! insignia ( opul5ce1 to :i* he has atta*$ ! idea ( happ9ess1 f9ds himself j z unhappy z ! ne$y wret* :o has n :]e) to cov] 8 nak$ness4 ,! civiliz$ nations ( ! pres5t day 7 9 _! orig9 savages compos$ ( erratic tribes1--m]e w&]]s :o 7 occupi$ ) w>2 employ$ 91 ! *ace2 pa9fully oblig$ to seek prec>i\s subsi/5ce by hunt+ 9 ^? woods :i* ! indu/ry ( _! successors has cle>$2 :i* _! lab\r has cov]$ ) yell[ wav+ e>s ( nutriti\s corn2 9 "t !y h become /ation>y3 !y fir/ appli$ !mselves to ,agriculture1 aft]w>ds to comm]ce3 by degrees !y h ref9$ on _! primitive wants1 ext5d$ _! sph]e ( action1 giv5 bir? to a ?\s& new wants1 imag9$ a ?\s& new means to satisfy !m2 ?is is ! natural c\rse1 ! necess>y progression1 ! regul> m>* ( active be+s1 :o _c live )\t feel+2 :o to be happy1 mu/ ( necessity div]sify _! s5sations4 ,9 proportion z man's wants multiply ! means to satisfy !m becomes m difficult1 he is oblig$ to dep5d on a great] numb] ( 8 fell[ creatures2 8 int]e/ obliges him to r\se _! activity2 to engage !m to concur ) 8 views2 consequ5tly he is oblig$ to procure = !m ^? objects by :i* !y c be excit$2 he is "u ! necessity ( cont5t+ _! desires1 :i* increase l 8 own1 by ! v food t satisfies !m4 ,! savage ne$s only put =? 8 h& to ga!r ! fruit t (f]s itself spontane\sly to 8 rea*3 ?is he f9ds suffici5t = 8 n\ri%m5t4 ,! opul5t citiz5 ( a fl\ri%+ society is oblig$ to set innum]able h&s to "w to produce ! sumptu\s repa/2 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe are ransack$ to procure ! f>-fet*$ vi&s become necess>y to revive 8 languid appetite2 ! m]*ant1 ! sailor1 ! me*anic1 leave no?+ unattempt$ to flatt] 8 inord9ate vanity4 ,f ?is x w appe>1 t 9 ! same proportion ! wants ( man are multipli$1 he is oblig$ to augm5t ! means to satisfy !m4 ,ri*es are no?+ m ?an ! measure ( a conv5tion1 by ! assi/ance ( :i* man is enabl$ to make a great numb] ( 8 fell[s concur 9 ! gratification ( 8 desires2 by :i* he is capacitat$ to invite !m1 = _! own peculi> int]e/s1 to contribute to 8 pleasures4 ,:at1 9 fact1 does ! ri* man d1 except ann\nce to ! ne$y1 t he c furni% him ) ! means ( subsi/5ce if he cons5ts to l5d himself to 8 w8 ,:at does ! man 9 p[]1 except %ew to o!rs1 t he is 9 a /ate to supply ! requisites to r5d] !m happy8 ,sov]eigns1 nobles1 m5 ( weal?1 appe> to be happy1 only because !y possess ! ability1 are ma/]s ( ! motives suffici5t to det]m9e a great numb] ( individuals to occupy !mselves ) _! respective felicity4 ,! m ?+s are consid]$ ! m man w be conv9c$ t 8 false op9ion are ! true s\rce ( 8 mis]y2 ! cle>] x w appe> to him t happ9ess is s r>e1 only because he atta*es x to objects ei!r indiff]5t or useless to 8 welf>e2 :i*1 :5 enjoy$1 conv]t !mselves into real evils2 :i* afflict him2 :i* become ! cause ( 8 mis=tune4 ,ri*es are indiff]5t 9 !mselves1 x is only by _! application1 by ! purposes !y compass1 t !y ei!r become objects ( utility to man1 or are r5d]$ prejudicial to 8 welf>e4 ,money1 useless to ! savage :o und]/&s n its value1 is amass$ by ! mis]1 = fe> x %\ld be employ$ uselessly2 le/ x %\ld be squ&]$ by ! prodigal2 or dissipat$ by ! voluptu>y2 :o make no o!r use ( x ?an to pur*ase infirmities2 to buy regret4 ,pleasures are no?+ = ! man :o is incapable ( feel+ !m2 !y become real evils :5 !y are too freely indulg$1 :5 !y are de/ructive to 8 heal?1--:5 !y d]ange ! economy ( 8 ma*9e1--:5 !y entail diseases on himself & on 8 po/]ity1--:5 !y make him neglect 8 duties1--:5 !y r5d] him despicable 9 ! eyes ( o!rs4 ,p[] is no?+ 9 itself1 x is useless to man if he does n avail himself ( x to promote 8 own peculi> felicity1 by augm5t+ ! happ9ess ( 8 species2 x becomes fatal to him z soon z he abuses x2 x becomes odi\s :5ev] he employs x to r5d] o!rs mis]able2 x is always ! cause ( 8 own mis]y :5ev] he /ret*es x beyond ! due b\nds prescrib$ by nature4 ,= want ( be+ enlight5$ on 8 true int]e/1 ! man :o enjoys all ! means ( r5d]+ himself completely happy1 sc>cely ev] discov]s ! secret ( mak+ ^? means truly subs]vi5t to 8 own peculi> felicity3 ! art ( enjoy+1 is t :i* ( all o!rs is lea/ und]/ood2 man %\ld le>n ?is art be=e he beg9s to desire2 ! e>? is cov]$ ) individuals :o only occupy !mselves ) ! c>e ( procur+ ! means )\t ev] be+ acqua9t$ ) ! end4 ,all ! _w desire =tune1 solicit p[]1 seek aft] pleasure1 yet v few1 inde$1 are ^? :om objects r5d] truly happy4 ,x is q natural 9 man1 x is extremely reasonable1 x is absolutely necess>y1 to desire ^? ?+s :i* c contribute to augm5t ! sum ( 8 felicity4 ,pleasure1 ri*es1 p[]1 are objects wor?y 8 ambition1 des]v+ 8 mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts1 :5 he has le>n$ h[ to employ !m2 :5 he has acquir$ ! faculty ( mak+ !m r5d] 8 exi/5ce really m agreeable4 ,x is impossible to c5sure him :o desires !m1 to despise him :o comm&s !m1 b :5 to obta9 !m he employs odi\s means2 or :5 aft] he has obta9$ !m he makes a p]nici\s use ( !m1 injuri\s to himself1 prejudicial to o!rs2 let him wi% = p[]1 let him seek aft] gr&eur1 let him be ambiti\s ( reputation1 :5 he c %ew j pret5sions to !m2 :5 he c obta9 !m1 )\t mak+ ! pur*ase at ! exp5ce ( 8 own repose1 or t ( ! be+s ) :om he lives3 let him desire ri*es1 :5 he kn[s h[ to make a use ( !m t is truly advantage\s = himself1 really b5eficial = o!rs2 b nev] let him employ ^? means to procure !m ( :i* he may be a%am$2 ) :i* he may be oblig$ to reproa* himself2 :i* may draw ^u him ! hatr$ ( 8 associates2 or :i* may r5d] him obnoxi\s to ! ca/igation ( society3 let him always recollect1 t 8 solid happ9ess %\ld re/ its f\ndations ^u its own e/eem1--^u ! advantages he procures = o!rs2 above all1 nev] let him = a mom5t =get1 t ( all ! objects to :i* 8 ambition may po9t1 ! mo/ impracticable = a be+ :o lives 9 society1 is t ( attempt+ to r5d] himself exclusively happy4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvi ,! ,errors ( ,man1--^u :at con/itutes ,happ9ess4--! true ,s\rce ( 8 ,evil4--,rem$ies t may be appli$4 ,reason by no means =bids man f =m+ capaci\s desires2 ambition is a passion useful to 8 species :5 x has =1 its object ! happ9ess ( 8 race4 ,great m9ds1 elevat$ s\ls1 are desir\s ( act+ on an ext5d$ sph]e2 g5iuses :o are p[]ful1 be+s :o are enlight5$1 m5 :o are b5efic5t1 di/ribute v widely _! b5ign influ5ce2 !y mu/ necess>ily1 9 ord] to promote _! own peculi> felicity1 r5d] great numb]s happy4 ,s _m pr9ces fail to enjoy true happ9ess only1 because _! feeble1 n>r[ s\ls1 are oblig$ to act 9 a sph]e too ext5sive = _! en]gies3 x is ?us t by ! sup95ess1 ! indol5ce1 ! incapacity ( _! *iefs1 nations frequ5tly p9e 9 mis]y2 are (t5 submitt$ to ma/]s1 ^: exility ( m9d is z little calculat$ to promote _! own imm$iate happ9ess1 z x is to fur!r t ( _! mis]able subjects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s\ls too vehem5t1 too mu* inflam$1 too active1 are !mselves torm5t$ by ! n>r[ sph]e t conf9es !m2 _! ard\r misplac$1 becomes ! sc\rge ( ! human race4 ,alex&] 0 a mon>* :o 0 equally injuri\s to ! e>?1 equally discont5t$ ) 8 condition1 z ! indol5t despot :om he de?ron$4 ,! s\ls ( nei!r 7 by any means comm5surate ) _! sph]e ( action4 ,! happ9ess ( man w nev] be m ?an ! result ( ! h>mony t subsi/s betwe5 8 desires & 8 circum/ances4 ,! sov]eign p[] to him :o kn[s n h[ to apply x to ! advantage ( 8 citiz5s1 is z no?+2 x _c ev5 conduce to 8 own peculi> happ9ess4 ,if x r5d]s him mis]able1 x is a real evil2 if x produces ! mis=tune ( a portion ( ! human race1 x is a dete/able abuse4 ,! mo/ p[]ful pr9ces are ord9>ily su* /rang]s to happ9ess1 _! subjects are commonly s un=tunate1 only because ! fir/ possess all ! means ( r5d]+ !mselves happy )\t ev] giv+ !m activity2 or because ! only k !y h ( !m1 is _! abuse4 ,a wise man seat$ on a ?rone1 w\ld be ! mo/ happy ( mortals4 ,a mon>* is a man = :om 8 p[]1 let x be ( :atev] ext5t1 _c procure o!r organs1 o!r modes ( feel+1 ?an ! meane/ ( 8 subjects2 if he has an advantage ov] !m1 x is by ! gr&eur1 ! v>iety1 ! multiplicity ( ! objects ) :i* he c occupy himself2 :i* by giv+ p]petual activity to 8 m9d1 c prev5t x f decay2 f fall+ into slo?4 ,if 8 s\l is virtu\s1 if 8 m9d is expansive1 8 ambition f9ds cont9ual food 9 ! contemplation ( ! p[] he possesses1 to unite by g5tl5ess1 to consolidate by k9dness1 ! w ( 8 subjects ) 8 own2 to int]e/ !m 9 8 own cons]vation1 to m]it _! affections1--to draw =? ! respect ( /rang]s1--to r5d] lum9\s ! page ( hi/ory--to elicit ! eulogies ( all nations--to clo! ! orphan1--to dry ! wid['s te>s4 ,su* are ! conque/s t reason proposes to all ^? ^: de/9y x is to gov]n ! fate ( empires2 !y are suffici5tly gr& to satisfy ! mo/ ard5t imag9ation1 ( a sublimity to gratify ! mo/ capaci\s ambition3 = a mon>* !y are p>am\nt duties4--,,k+s are ! mo/ happy ( m51 only because !y h ! p[] ( mak+ o!rs happy2 because !y possess ! means ( multiply+ ! causes ( legitimate cont5t ) !mselves4 ,! advantages ( ! sov]eign p[] are p>ticipat$ by all ^? :o contribute to ! gov]nm5t ( /ates4 ,?us gr&eur1 rank1 reputation1 are desirable1 are legitimate objects = all :o are acqua9t$ ) ! means ( r5d]+ !m subs]vi5t to _! own peculi> felicity2 !y are useless1 !y are illegitimate to ^? ord9>y m5 :o h nei!r ! en]gy nor ! capacity to employ !m 9 a mode advantage\s to !mselves2 !y are dete/able :5ev] to obta9 !m man compromises 8 own happ9ess1 :5 he implicates ! welf>e ( society3 ?is society itself is 9 an error e "t x respects m5 :o only employ to its de/ruction1 a p[]1 ! ex]cise ( :i* x ought nev] to approve b :5 x reaps f x sub/antial b5efits4 ,ri*es1 useless to ! mis]1 :o is no m ?an _! mis]able gaol]2 prejudicial to ! debau*ee1 = :om !y only procure infirmities2 injuri\s to ! voluptu>y1 to :om !y only br+ disgu/--:om !y oppress ) satiety2 c 9 ! h&s ( ! hone/ man produce unnumb]$ means ( augm5t+ ! sum ( 8 happ9ess2 b be=e man covets weal? x is prop] he %\ld "k h[ to employ x2 money is only a tok51 a repres5tative ( happ9ess2 to enjoy x is s to use x z to make o!rs happy3 ?is is ! great secret1 ?is is ! talisman1 ?is is ! reality4 ,money1 accord+ to ! compact ( man1 procures = him all ^? b5efits he c desire2 !re is only "o1 :i* x w n procure1 t is1 ! k h[ to apply x prop]ly4 ,= man to h money1 )\t ! true secret h[ to enjoy x1 is to possess ! key ( a commodi\s palace to :i* he is int]dict$ entrance2 to lavi% x1 prodigally1 is to ?r[ ! key into ! riv]2 to make a bad use ( x1 is only to make x ! means ( w\nd+ himself4 ,give ! mo/ ample treasures to ! enlight5$ man1 he w n be ov]:elm$ ) !m2 if he has a capaci\s m9d1 if he has a noble s\l1 he w only ext5d m widely 8 b5evol5ce2 he w des]ve ! affection ( a great] numb] ( 8 fell[ m52 he w attract ! love1 he w secure ! homage1 ( all ^? :o surr\nd him2 he w re/ra9 himself 9 8 pleasures1 9 ord] t he may be enabl$ truly to enjoy !m2 he w "k t money _c re-e/abli% a s\l worn out ) enjoym5t2 _c give fre% ela/icity to organs enfeebl$ by excess2 _c give fre% t5sion to n]ves gr[n flaccid by abuse2 _c invigorate a body en]vat$ by debau*]y2 _c corroborate a ma*9e1 f !nce=? become incapable ( su/a9+ him1 except by ! necessity ( privations2 he w "k t ! lic5ti\sness ( ! voluptu>y /ifles pleasure 9 its s\rce2 t all ! treasure 9 ! _w _c r5ew 8 s5ses4 ,f ?is1 x w be obvi\s1 t no?+ is m frivol\s ?an ! declamations ( a gloomy philosophy aga9/ ! desire ( p[]2 no?+ m absurd ?an ! rant ( sup]/ition aga9/ ! pursuit ( gr&eur2 no?+ m inconsi/5t ?an homilies aga9/ ! acquisition ( ri*es2 no?+ m unreasonable ?an dogmas t =bid ! enjoym5t ( pleasure4 ,^! objects are desirable = man1 :5ev] 8 situation all[s him to make pret5sions to !m2 !y are useful to society1 conducive to public happ9ess1 :5ev] he has acquir$ ! k ( mak+ !m turn to 8 own real advantage2 reason _c c5sure him1 virtue _c despise him1 :5 9 ord] to obta9 !m1 he nev] travels out ( ! road ( tru?2 :5 9 _! acquisition1 he w\nds no "o's int]e/2 :5 he pursues only legitimate means3 8 associates w applaud him2 8 contempor>ies w e/eem him3 he w respect himself1 :5 he only employs _! ag5cy to secure 8 own happ9ess1 & t ( 8 fell[s4 ,pleasure is a b5efit1 x is ( ! ess5ce ( man to love1 x is ev5 rational :5 x r5d]s 8 exi/5ce really valuable to himself--:5 x does n injure him 9 8 own e/eem2 :5 its consequ5ces are n griev\s to o!rs4 ,ri*es are ! symbols ( ! great majority ( ! b5efits ( ?is life2 !y become a reality 9 ! h&s ( ! man :o has ! clew to _! j application4 ,p[] is ! mo/ /]l+ ( all b5efits1 :5 he :o is its deposit>y has receiv$ f nature a s\l suffici5tly noble1 a m9d suffici5tly elevat$1 a he>t suffici5tly b5evol5t1 faculties suffici5tly en]getic1 above all1 :5 he has d]iv$ f education a true reg>d = virtue1 t sacr$ love = tru? :i* enables him to ext5d 8 happy influ5ce ov] :ole nations2 :i* by ?is means he places 91 a /ate ( legitimate dep5d5ce on 8 w2 man only acquires ! "r ( comm&+ m51 :5 he r5d]s !m happy4 ,! "r ( man ov] 8 fell[ man c only be f\nd$ ei!r ^u ! actual happ9ess he secures to him1 or t :i* he gives him reason to hope he w procure = him2 )\t ?is1 ! p[] he ex]cises w\ld be viol5ce1 usurpation1 manife/ tyranny2 x is only ^u ! faculty ( r5d]+ him happy1 t legitimate au?ority builds its /ructure2 )\t ?is x is ! baseless fabric ( a vision4 ,no man d]ives f nature ! "r ( comm&+ ano!r2 b x is volunt>ily accord$ to ^?1 f :om he expects 8 welf>e4 ,gov]nm5t is ! "r ( comm&+1 conf]r$ on ! sov]eign only = ! advantage ( ^? :o are gov]n$4 ,sov]eigns are ! def5d]s ( ! p]sons1 ! gu>dians ( ! prop]ty1 ! protectors ( ! lib]ty ( _! subjects3 ?is is ! price ( _! ob$i5ce2 x is only on ?is condition ^! cons5t to obey2 gov]nm5t w\ld n be bett] ?an a robb]y :5ev] x avail$ itself ( ! p[]s confid$ to x1 to r5d] society unhappy4 ,! empire ( religion is f\nd$ on ! op9ion man ent]ta9s ( its hav+ p[] to r5d] nations happy2 gov]nm5t & religion are reasonable in/itutions2 b only s1 inasmu* z !y equally contribute to ! felicity ( man3 x w\ld be folly 9 him to submit himself to a yoke f :i* !re result$ no?+ b evil4 ,x w\ld be folly to expect t man %\ld b9d himself to mis]y2 x w\ld be rank inju/ice to oblige him to r5\nce 8 rights )\t "s correspond+ advantage6 ,! au?ority :i* a fa!r ex]cises ov] 8 family is only f\nd$ on ! advantages :i* he is suppos$ to procure = x4 ,rank1 9 political society1 has only = its basis ! real or imag9>y utility ( "s citiz5s = :i* ! o!rs are will+ to di/+ui% !m--agree to respect !m--cons5t to obey !m4 ,! ri* acquire rights ov] ! indig5t1 ! weal?y claim ! homage ( ! ne$y1 only by virtue ( ! welf>e !y are condition$ to procure !m4 ,g5ius1 tal5ts1 sci5ce1 arts1 h rights ov] man1 only 9 consequ5ce ( _! utility2 ( ! delight !y conf]2 ( ! advantages !y procure = society4 ,9 a ^w1 x is happ9ess1 x is ! expectation ( happ9ess1 x is its image t man *]i%es--t he e/eems--t he unceas+ly adores4 ,mon>*s1 ! ri*1 ! great1 may easily impose on him1 may dazzle him1 may intimidate him1 b !y w nev] be able to obta9 ! volunt>y submission ( 8 he>t1 :i* alone c conf] ^u !m legitimate rights1 )\t !y make him exp]i5ce real b5efits--)\t !y display virtue4 ,utility is no?+ m ?an true happ9ess2 to be useful is to be virtu\s2 to be virtu\s is to make o!rs happy4 ,! happ9ess :i* man d]ives f !m is ! inv>iable1 ! necess>y /&>d ( 8 s5tim5ts1 = ! be+s ( 8 species2 = ! objects he desires2 = ! op9ions he embrases2 = ^? actions on :i* he decides4 ,he is ! dupe ( 8 prejudices e "t he ceases to avail himself ( ?is /&>d to regulate 8 judgm5t4 ,he w nev] run ! risk ( deceiv+ himself1 :5 he %all exam9e /rictly :at is ! real utility result+ to 8 species f ! religion1 f ! sup]/ition1 f ! laws1 f ! in/itutions1 f ! inv5tions1 f ! v>i\s actions ( all mank9d4 ,a sup]ficial view may sometimes s$uce him2 b exp]i5ce1 aid$ by reflection1 w reconduct him to reason1 :i* is incapable ( deceiv+ him4 ,?is tea*es him t pleasure is a mom5t>y happ9ess1 :i* frequ5tly becomes an evil2 t evil is a fleet+ tr\ble t frequ5tly becomes a good3 x makes him und]/& ! true nature ( objects1 enables him to =esee ! effects he may expect2 x makes him di/+ui% ^? desires to :i* 8 welf>e p]mits him to l5d himself1 f ^? to ^: s$uction he ought to make resi/ance4 ,9 %ort1 x w always conv9ce him t ! true int]e/ ( intellig5t be+s1 :o love happ9ess1 :o desire to r5d] _! own exi/5ce felicit\s1 dem&s t !y %\ld root out all ^? phantoms1 aboli% all ^? *im]ical ideas1 de/roy all ^? prejudices1 :i* by traduc+ virtue1 ob/ruct _! felicity 9 ?is _w4 ,if he consults exp]i5ce1 he w p]ceive t x is 9 illusions1 9 false op9ions1 r5d]$ sacr$ by "t1 t he ought to se>* out ! s\rce ( t multitude ( evils :i* almo/ e :]e ov]:elms mank9d4 ,f ignorance ( natural causes1 man has creat$ imag9>y causes2 n kn[+ to :at cause to attribute ?und]1 he ascrib$ x to an imag9>y be+ :om he call$ ,,jupit]2 impo/ure avail+ itself ( ?is disposition1 r5d]$ ^! causes t]rible to him2 ^! fatal ideas haunt$ him )\t r5d]+ him bett]2 made him tremble )\t ei!r b5efit to himself or to o!rs2 fill$ 8 m9d ) *im]as t oppos$ !mselves to ! progress ( 8 reason2 t prev5t$ him f really seek+ aft] 8 happ9ess4 ,8 va9 fe>s r5d]$ him ! slave ( ^? :o deceiv$ him1 "u pret5ce ( consult+ 8 welf>e2 he committ$ evil1 because !y p]suad$ him 8 gods dem&$ sacrifices2 he liv$ 9 mis=tune1 because !y made him believe ^! gods condemn$ him to be mis]able2 ! slave ( be+s1 to :i* 8 own imag9ation _h giv5 bir?1 he nev] d>$ to dis5tangle himself f 8 *a9s2 ! artful m9i/]s ( ^! div9ities gave him to und]/& t /upidity1 ! r5unciation ( reason1 slo? ( m9d1 abjection ( s\l1 7 ! sure means ( obta9+ et]nal felicity4 ,prejudices1 n less dang]\s1 h bl9d$ man ^u ! true nature ( gov]nm5t4 ,nations 9 g5]al are ignorant ( ! true f\ndations ( au?ority2 !y d>e n dem& happ9ess f ^? k+s :o are *>g$ ) ! c>e ( procur+ x = !m3 "s h believ$ _! sov]eigns 7 gods disguis$1 :o receiv$ ) _! bir? ! "r ( comm&+ ! re/ ( mank9d2 t !y c\ld at _! pleasure dispose ( ! felicity ( ! p2 t !y 7 n acc\ntable = ! mis]y !y eng5d]$4 ,by a necess>y consequ5ce ( ^! errone\s op9ions1 politics h almo/ e :]e deg5]at$ into ! fatal art ( sacrific+ ! int]e/s ( ! _m1 ei!r to ! caprice ( an individual1 or to "s few privileg$ irrational be+s4 ,9 despite ( ! evils :i* assail$ !m1 nations fell d[n 9 adoration be=e ! idols !y !mselves _h made3 fooli%ly respect$ ! in/rum5ts ( _! mis]y2 _h a /upid v5]ation = ^? :o possess$ ! sov]eign p[] ( injur+ !m2 obey$ _! unju/ w2 lavi%$ _! blood2 exhau/$ _! treasure2 sacrific$ _! lives1 to glut ! ambition1 to fe$ ! cupidity to m9i/] to ! reg5]at$ phantasms1 to gratify ! nev]-end+ caprices ( ^! m52 !y b5d ! knee to e/abli%$ op9ion1 b[$ to rank1 yield$ to title1 to opul5ce1 to pageantry1 to o/5tation3 at l5g? victims to _! prejudices1 !y 9 va9 expect$ _! welf>e at ! h&s ( m5 :o 7 !mselves unhappy f _! own vices2 ^: neglect ( virtue1 _h r5d]$ !m incapable ( enjoy+ true felicity2 :o are b little dispos$ to occupy !mselves ) _! prosp]ity3 "u su* *iefs _! physical & moral happ9ess 7 equally neglect$ or ev5 annihilat$4 ,! same bl9dness may be p]ceiv$ 9 ! sci5ce ( morals4 ,sup]/ition1 :i* nev] _h any ?+ b ignorance = its basis1 :i* nev] _h m ?an a disord]$ imag9ation = its guide1 did n f\nd e?ics ^u man's nature2 ^u 8 relations ) 8 fell[s2 ^u ^? duties :i* necess>ily fl[ f ^! relations2 x pref]r$1 z m 9 unison ) itself1 f\nd+ !m ^u imag9>y relations :i* x pret5d$ subsi/$ betwe5 him & ^? invisible p[]s x _h s gratuit\sly imag9$2 t 7 deliv]$ by oracles :i* _! prie/s _h ! address to make him believe spoke ! w ( ! ,div9ity3 ?us1 ,,trophonius1 f 8 cave made affright5$ mortals tremble2 %ook ! /\te/ n]ves2 made !m turn pale ) fe>2 8 mis]able1 delud$ supplicants1 :o 7 oblig$ to sacrifice to him1 ano9t$ _! bodies ) oil1 ba!d 9 c]ta9 riv]s1 & aft] !y _h (f]$ _! cake ( honey & receiv$ _! de/9y1 became s deject$1 s wret*$ly =lorn1 t to ?is day _! desc5dants1 :5 !y behold a mal5*oly man1 exclaim1 ,he has consult$ ! oracle ( ,trophonius4 ,x 0 ^! invisible gods1 :i* sup]/ition always pa9ts z furi\s tyrants1 :o 7 decl>$ ! arbit]s ( man's de/9y2 ! models ( 8 conduct3 :5 he 0 will+ to imitate !m1 :5 he 0 will+ to con=m himself to ! lessons ( _! int]pret]s1 he became wick$1 0 an unsociable creature1 an useless be+ or else a turbul5t maniac--a zeal\s fanatic4 ,x 0 ^! alone :o pr(it$ by sup]/ition1 :o advantag$ !mselves by ! d>kness 9 :i* !y contriv$ to involve ! human m9d2 nations 7 ignorant ( nature2 !y knew no?+ ( reason2 !y und]/ood n tru?2 !y _h only a gloomy sup]/ition1 )\t "o c]ta9 idea ( ei!r morals or virtue4 ,:5 man committ$ evil aga9/ 8 fell[ creature1 he believ$ he _h (f5d$ ^! gods2 b he also believ$ himself =giv51 z soon z he _h pro/rat$ himself be=e !m2 z soon z he _h by co/ly pres5ts ga9$ ov] ! prie/ to 8 int]e/4 ,?us sup]/ition1 f> f giv+ a sure1 f> f af=d+ a natural1 f> f introduc+ a kn[n basis to morals1 only re/$ x on an un/eady f\ndation2 made x consi/ 9 ideal duties impossible to be accurately und]/ood4 ,:at did ,i say8 ,x fir/ corrupt$ him1 & 8 expiations f9i%$ by ru9+ him4 ,?us :5 sup]/ition 0 desir\s to combat ! unruly passions ( man x attempt$ x 9 va92 always en?usia/ic1 ev] depriv$ ( exp]i5ce1 x knew no?+ ( ! true rem$ies3 ^? :i* x appli$ 7 disgu/+1 only suitable to make ! sick revolt aga9/ !m2 x made !m pass = div9e1 because !y 7 n made ( man2 !y 7 inefficaci\s1 because *im]as c\ld effectuate no?+ aga9/ ^? sub/antive passions to :i* motives m real1 impulsions m p[]ful1 concurr$ to give bir?1 :i* e ?+ conspir$1 to fl\ri% 9 8 he>t4 ,! voice ( sup]/ition or ( ! gods1 c\ld n make itself he>d amid/ ! tumult ( society--:]e all 0 9 confusion--:]e ! prie/ cri$ out to man1 t he c\ld n r5d] himself happy )\t injur+ 8 fell[ creatures1 :o happ5$ to diff] f him 9 op9ion3 ^! va9 clam\rs only made virtue hateful to him1 because !y always repres5t$ x z ! enemy to 8 happ9ess2 z ! bane ( human pleasures3 he consequ5tly fail$ 9 ! obs]vation ( 8 duties1 because real motives 7 nev] held =? to induce him to make ! requisite sacrifice2 ! pres5t prevail$ ov] ! future2 ! visible ov] ! invisible2 ! kn[n ov] ! unkn[n3 man became wick$ because e ?+ in=m$ him he mu/ be s1 9 ord] to obta9 ! happ9ess aft] :i* he sigh$4 ,?us ! sum ( human mis]y 0 nev] dim9i%$2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 accumulat+ ei!r by 8 sup]/ition1 by 8 gov]nm5t1 by 8 education1 by 8 op9ions or by ! in/itutions he adopt$ "u ! idea ( r5d]+ 8 condition m pleasant3 x n unfrequ5tly happ5$ t ! :ole ( ^! act$ ^u him simultane\sly2 he 0 !n completely wret*$4 ,x _c be too (t5 repeat$1 x is 9 error t man w f9d ! true spr+ ( ^? evils ) :i* ! human race is afflict$2 x is n nature t r5d]s him mis]able2 x is n nature t makes him unhappy2 x is n an irritat$ ,div9ity :o is desir\s he %\ld live 9 te>s2 x is n h]$it>y depravation t has caus$ him to be wick$2 x is to error1 to long *]i%$1 consecrat$ error1 to error id5tifi$ ) 8 v exi/5ce1 t ^! deplorable effects are to be ascrib$4 ,! sov]eign good1 s mu* s\ght aft] by "s philosoph]s1 ann\nc$ ) s mu* emphasis by o!rs1 may be consid]$ z a *im]a1 l unto t m>vell\s panacea :i* "s adepts h be5 will+ to pass ^u mank9d = an univ]sal rem$y4 ,all m5 are diseas$2 ! mom5t ( _! bir? deliv]s !m ov] to ! contagion ( error2 b individuals are v>i\sly affect$ by x by a consequ5ce ( _! natural organization2 ( _! peculi> circum/ances4 ,if !re is a sov]eign rem$y1 :i* c be indiscrim9ately appli$ to ! diseases ( man1 !re is )\t d\bt only ,,"o1 ?is ca?olic balsam is ,,tru?1 ,:i* he mu/ draw f nature4 ,at ! afflict+ sight ( ^? errors :i* bl9d ! great] numb] ( mortals--( ^? delusions :i* man is doom$ to suck 9 ) 8 "m's milk2 view+ ) pa9ful s5sations ^? irregul> desires1 ^? disgu/+ prop5sities1 by :i* he is p]petually agitat$2 see+ ! t]rible effect ( ^? lic5ti\s passions :i* torm5t him2 ( ^? la/+ inquietudes :i* gnaw 8 repose2 ( ^? /up5d\s evils1 z well physical z moral1 :i* assail him on e side3 ! contemplator ( humanity w\ld be tempt$ to believe t happ9ess 0 n made = ?is _w2 t any ef=t to cure ^? m9ds :i* e ?+ unites to poison1 w\ld be a va9 ent]prize2 t x 0 an ,augean /able1 requir+ ! /r5g? ( ano!r ,h]cules4 ,:5 he consid]s ^? num]\s sup]/itions by :i* man is kept 9 a cont9ual /ate ( al>m--t divide him f 8 fell[--t r5d] him v9dictive1 p]secut+1 & irrational2 :5 he beholds ! _m despotic gov]nm5ts t oppress him2 :5 he exam9es ^? multitud9\s1 un9telligible1 contradictory laws t torture him2 ! manifold inju/ice "u :i* he groans2 :5 he turns 8 m9d to ! b>b>\s ignorance 9 :i* he is /eep$1 almo/ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?2 :5 he witnesses ^? enorm\s crimes t debase society2 :5 he unmasks ^? root$ vices t r5d] x s hateful to almo/ e individual2 he has great difficulty to prev5t 8 m9d f embrac+ ! idea t mis=tune is ! only app5dage ( ! human species2 t ?is _w is made solely to assemble ! unhappy2 t human felicity is a *im]a1 or at lea/ a po9t s fugitive1 t x is impossible x c be fix$4 ,?us sup]/iti\s mortals1 atrabili\s m51 be+s n\ri%$ 9 melan*oly1 unceas+ly see ei!r nature or its au?or exasp]at$ aga9/ ! human race2 !y suppose t man is ! con/ant object ( heav5's wra?2 t he irritates x ev5 by 8 desires3 t he r5d]s himself crim9al by seek+ a felicity :i* is n made = him3 /ruck ) behold+ t ^? objects :i* he covets 9 ! mo/ lively mann]1 are nev] compet5t to cont5t 8 he>t1 !y h decri$ !m z abom9ations1 z ?+s prejudicial to 8 int]e/1 z odi\s to 8 gods2 !y prescribe him ab/95ce f all se>* aft] !m2 t he %\ld entirely %un !m2 !y h endeav\r$ to put to ! r\t all 8 passions1 )\t any di/9ction ev5 ( ^? :i* are ! mo/ useful to himself1 ! mo/ b5eficial to ^? be+s ) :om he lives3 !y h be5 will+ t man %\ld r5d] himself ins5sible2 %\ld become 8 own enemy2 t he %\ld sep>ate himself f 8 fell[ creatures2 t he %\ld r5\nce all pleasure2 t he %\ld refuse happ9ess2 9 %ort1 t he %\ld cease to be a man1 t he %\ld become unnatural4 ,mortals6 h !y said1 ye 7 born to be unhappy2 ! au?or ( y\r exi/5ce has de/9$ ye = mis=tune2 ent] !n into 8 views1 & r5d] y\rselves mis]able4 ,combat ^? rebelli\s desires :i* h felicity = _! object2 r5\nce ^? pleasures :i* x is y\r ess5ce to love2 atta* y\rselves to no?+ 9 ?is _w2 by a society t only s]ves to inflame y\r imag9ation1 to make y sigh aft] b5efits y ought n to enjoy2 break up ! spr+ ( y\r s\ls2 repress t activity t seeks to put a p]iod to y\r suff]+s2 suff]1 afflict y\rselves1 groan1 be wret*$2 su* is = y ! true road to happ9ess4 ,bl9d physicians6 :o h mi/ak5 = a disease ! natural /ate ( man6 !y h n se5 t 8 desires 7 necess>y2 t 8 passions 7 ess5tial to him2 t to def5d him f lov+ legitimate pleasures2 to int]dict him f desir+ !m1 is to deprive him ( t activity :i* is ! vital pr9ciple ( society2 t to tell him to hate1 to desire him to despise himself1 is to take f him ! mo/ sub/antive motive1 t c conduct him to virtue4 ,x is ?us1 by its sup]natural rem$ies1 by its wret*$ panacea1 sup]/ition1 f> f cur+ ^? evils :i* r5d] man decrepid1 :i* b5d him almo/ to ! e>?1 has only increas$ !m2 made !m m desp]ate2 9 ! room ( calm+ 8 passions1 x gives !m invet]acy2 makes !m m dang]\s2 r5d]s !m m v5om\s2 turns t into a curse :i* nature has giv5 him = 8 pres]vation2 to be ! means ( 8 own happ9ess4 ,x is n by ext+ui%+ ! passions ( man t he is to be r5d]$ happi]2 x is by turn+ !m into prop] *annels1 by direct+ !m t[>ds useful objects1 :i* by be+ truly advantage\s to himself1 mu/ ( necessity be b5eficial to o!rs4 ,9 despite ( ! errors :i* bl9d ! human race1 9 despite ( ! extravagance ( man's sup]/ition1 maugre ! imbecility ( 8 political in/itutions1 not)/&+ ! compla9ts1 9 defiance ( ! murmurs he is cont9ually brea?+ =? aga9/ 8 de/9y1 !re are yet happy individuals on ! e>?4 ,man has sometimes ! felicity to behold sov]eigns animat$ by ! noble passion to r5d] nations fl\ri%+2 full ( ! laudable ambition to make _! p happy2 n[ & !n he enc\nt]s an ,,anton9us1 a ,,trajan1 a ,,julian1 an ,,alfr$1 a ,,wa%+ton2 he meets ) elevat$ m9ds :o place _! glory 9 enc\rag+ m]it--:o re/ _! happ9ess 9 succ\r+ indig5ce--:o ?9k x hon\rable to l5d a help+ h& to oppress$ virtue3 he sees g5ius occupi$ ) ! desire ( m]it+ ! eulogies ( po/]ity2 ( elicit+ ! admiration ( 8 fell[-citiz5s by s]v+ !m usefully1 satisfi$ ) enjoy+ t happ9ess he procures = o!rs4 ,let x n be believ$ t ! man ( pov]ty himself is exclud$ f happ9ess3 m$iocrity & indig5ce frequ5tly procure = him advantages t opul5ce & gr&eur are oblig$ to ackn[l$ge2 :i* title & weal? are con/ra9$ to envy3 ! s\l ( ! ne$y man1 always 9 action1 nev] ceases to =m desires :i* 8 activity places )9 8 rea*2 :il/ ! ri*1 ! p[]ful1 are frequ5tly 9 ! afflict+ emb>rassm5t1 ( ei!r n kn[+ :at to wi% =1 or else ( desir+ ^? objects :i* _! li/lessness r5d]s x impossible = !m to obta94 ,! poor man's body1 habituat$ to lab\r1 kn[s ! sweets ( repose2 ?is repose ( ! body1 is ! mo/ tr\blesome fatigue to him :o is we>i$ ) 8 idl5ess2 ex]cise1 & frugality1 procure = ! "o vig\r1 heal?1 & cont5tm5t2 ! intemp]ance & slo? ( ! o!r1 furni% him only ) disgu/--load him ) infirmities4 ,indig5ce sets all ! spr+s ( ! s\l to "w2 x is ! "m ( indu/ry2 f its bosom arises g5ius2 x is ! p>5t ( tal5ts1 ! hot-b$ ( t m]it to :i* opul5ce is oblig$ to pay tribute2 to :i* gr&eur b[s its homage4 ,9 %ort ! bl[s ( fate f9d 9 ! poor man a flexible re$1 :o b5ds )\t break+1 :il/ ! /orms ( adv]sity te> ! ri* man l ! /urdy oak 9 ! =e/1 up by ! v roots4 ,?us ,nature is n a /ep-"m to ! great] numb] ( h] *ildr54 ,he :om =tune has plac$ 9 an obscure /ation is ignorant ( t ambition :i* dev\rs ! c\rti]2 kn[s no?+ ( ! inquietude :i* deprives ! intrigu] ( 8 re/2 is a /rang] to ! remorse1 an ali5 to ! disgu/1 is unconsci\s ( ! we>9ess ( ! man1 :o1 enri*$ ) ! spoils ( a nation1 does n "k h[ to turn !m to 8 pr(it4 ,! m ! body lab\rs1 ! m ! imag9ation reposes itself2 x is ! div]sity ( ! objects man runs ov] t k9dles x2 x is ! satiety ( ^? objects t causes him disgu/2 ! imag9ation ( ! indig5t is circumscrib$ by necessity3 he receives b few ideas3 he is acqua9t$ ) b few objects3 9 consequ5ce1 he has b little to desire2 he cont5ts himself ) t little3 :il/ ! entire ( nature ) difficulty suffices to satisfy ! insatiable desires1 to gratify ! imag9>y wants ( ! man1 plung$ 9 luxury1 :o has run ov] & exhau/$ all common objects4 ,^?1 :om prejudice contemplates2 z ! mo/ unhappy ( m51 frequ5tly enjoy advantages m real1 happ9ess mu* great]1 ?an ^? :o oppress !m--:o despise !m--b :o are nev]!less (t5 r$uc$ to ! mis]y ( envy+ !m4 ,limit$ desires are a real b5efit3 ! man ( mean] condition1 9 8 humble =tune1 desires only bread3 he obta9s x by ! sweat ( 8 br[2 he w\ld eat x ) pleasure if inju/ice did n sometimes r5d] x bitt] to him4 ,by ! delirium ( "s gov]nm5ts1 ^? :o roll 9 abundance1 )\t = t reason be+ m happy1 dispute ) ! cultivator ev5 ! fruits :i* ! e>? yields to ! lab\r ( 8 h&s4 ,pr9ces sometimes sacrifice _! true happ9ess1 z well z t ( _! /ates1 to ^! passions--to ^? caprices :i* disc\rage ! p2 :i* plunge _! prov9ces 9 mis]y3 :i* make millions unhappy1 )\t any advantage to !mselves4 ,tyrants oblige ! subjects to curse _! exi/5ce2 to ab&on lab\r2 take f !m ! c\rage ( propagat+ a prog5y :o w\ld be z unhappy z _! fa!rs3 ! excess ( oppression sometimes obliges !m to revolt2 makes !m av5ge !mselves by wick$ outrages ( ! inju/ice x has heap$ on _! devot$ heads3 inju/ice1 by r$uc+ indig5ce to despair1 obliges x to seek 9 crime1 res\rces1 aga9/ its mis]y4 ,an unju/ gov]nm5t1 produces disc\ragem5t 9 ! s\l3 its vexations depopulate a c\ntry2 "u its influ5ce1 ! e>? rema9s )\t culture2 f !nce is br$ frightful fam9e1 :i* gives bir? to contagion & plague4 ,! mis]y ( a p produce revolutions2 s\r$ by mis=tunes1 _! m9ds get into a /ate ( f]m5tation2 ! ov]?r[ ( an empire1 is ! necess>y effect4 ,x is ?us t physics & morals are always connect$1 or r are ! same ?+4 ,if ! bad morals ( *iefs d n always produce su* m>k$ effects1 at lea/ !y g5]ate slo?fulness1 ( :i* _! effect is to fill society ) m5dicants2 to cr[d x ) malefactors2 ^: vici\s c\rse nei!r sup]/ition nor ! t]ror ( ! laws c arre/2 :i* no?+ c induce to rema9 ! unhappy spectators ( a welf>e !y are n p]mitt$ to p>ticipate4 ,!y seek a fleet+ happ9ess at ! exp5ce ev5 ( _! lives1 :5 inju/ice has %ut up to !m ! road ( lab\r1 ^? pa?s ( indu/ry :i* w\ld h r5d]$ !m bo? useful & hone/4 ,let x n !n be said t no gov]nm5t c r5d] all its subjects happy2 )\t d\bt x _c flatt] itself ) cont5t+ ! caprici\s hum\rs ( "s idle citiz5s :o are oblig$ to rack _! imag9ation1 to appease ! disgu/ aris+ f lassitude3 b x c1 & x ought to occupy itself ) m9i/]+ to ! real wants ( ! multitude1 ) giv+ a useful activity to ! :ole body politic4 ,a society enjoys all ! happ9ess ( :i* x is susceptible :5ev] ! great] numb] ( its memb]s are :olesomely f$1 dec5tly cloa!d1 com=tably lodg$--9 %ort :5 !y c )\t an excess ( toil beyond _! /r5g?1 procure :]e) to satisfy ^? wants :i* nature has made necess>y to _! exi/5ce4 ,_! m9d re/s cont5t$ z soon z !y are conv9c$ no p[] c ravi% f !m ! fruits ( _! indu/ry2 t !y lab\r = !mselves2 t ! sweat ( _! br[ is = ! imm$iate com=t ( _! own families4 ,by a consequ5ce ( human folly 9 "s regions1 :ole nations are oblig$ to toil incessantly1 to wa/e _! /r5g?1 to sweat "u _! burd5s to undulate ! air ) _! sighs1 to dr5* ! e>? ) _! te>s1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! luxury1 to gratify ! :ims1 to support ! corruption ( a small numb] ( irrational be+s2 ( "s few useless m5 to :om happ9ess has become impossible1 because _! bewild]$ imag9ations no long] "k any b\nds4 ,x is ?us t sup]/iti\s1 ?us t political errors h *ang$ ! fair face ( nature into a valley ( te>s4 ,= want ( consult+ reason1 = want ( kn[+ ! value ( virtue1 = want ( be+ in/ruct$ 9 _! true int]e/1 = want ( be+ acqua9t$ ) :at con/itutes solid happ9ess1 9 :at consi/s real felicity1 ! pr9ce & ! p1 ! ri* & ! poor1 ! great & ! little1 are unque/ionably1 frequ5tly v f> remov$ f cont5t2 nev]!less if an imp>tial eye be glanc$ ov] ! human race1 x w be f\nd to comprise a great] numb] ( b5efits ?an ( evils4 ,no man is entirely happy1 b he is s 9 detail2 ^? :o make ! mo/ bitt] compla9ts ( ! rig\r ( _! fate1 are h[ev]1 held 9 exi/5ce by ?reads frequ5tly imp]ceptible2 are prev5t$ f ! desire ( quitt+ x by circum/ances ( :i* !y are n aw>e4 ,9 %ort1 habit light5s to man ! burd5 ( 8 tr\bles2 grief susp5d$ becomes true enjoym5t2 e want is a pleasure 9 ! mom5t :5 x is satisfi$2 fre$om f *agr91 ! abs5ce ( disease1 is a happy /ate :i* he enjoys secretly1 )\t ev5 p]ceiv+ x2 hope1 :i* r>ely ab&ons him entirely1 helps him to support ! mo/ cruel disa/]s4 ,! ,,prison] laughs 9 8 irons4 ,! we>i$ ,,villag] returns s++ to 8 cottage4 ,9 %ort1 ! man :o calls himself ! mo/ un=tunate1 nev] sees dea? approa* )\t dismay1 at lea/1 if despair has n totally disfigur$ nature 9 8 eyes4 ,z long z man desires ! cont9uation ( 8 be+1 he has no "r to call himself completely unhappy2 :il/ hope su/a9s him1 he /ill enjoys a great b5efit4 ,if man 0 m j1 9 r5d]+ to himself an acc\nt ( 8 pleasures1 9 e/imat+ 8 pa9s1 he w\ld ackn[l$ge t ! sum ( ! fir/ exce$s by mu* ! am\nt ( ! la/2 he w\ld p]ceive t he keeps a v exact l$g] ( ! evil1 b a v unfai?ful j\rnal ( ! good3 inde$ he w\ld av[1 t !re are b few days entirely unhappy dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,8 p]iodical wants procure = him ! pleasure ( satisfy+ !m2 8 s\l is p]petually mov$ by a ?\s& objects1 ( :i*1 ! v>iety1 ! multiplicity1 ! novelty1 rejoices him1 susp5ds 8 sorr[s1 div]ts 8 *agr94 ,8 physical evils1 are !y viol5t8 ,!y are n ( long duration2 !y conduct him quickly to 8 end3 ! sorr[s ( 8 m9d1 :5 too p[]ful1 conduct him to x equally4 ,at ! same "t nature refuses him e happ9ess1 %e op5s to him a door by :i* he quits life2 does he refuse to ent] x8 ,x is t he yet f9ds pleasure 9 exi/5ce4 ,are nations r$uc$ to despair8 ,are !y completely mis]able8 ,!y h rec\rse to arms2 at ! risque ( p]i%+1 !y make ! mo/ viol5t ef=ts to t]m9ate !re suff]+s4 ,?us because he sees s _m ( 8 fell[s cl+ to life1 man ought to conclude !y are n s unhappy z he ?9ks4 ,!n let him n exagg]ate ! evils ( ! human race1 b let him impose sil5ce on t gloomy hum\r t p]suades him ^! evils are )\t rem$y2 let him only dim9i% by degrees ! numb] ( 8 errors1 8 calamities w vani% 9 ! same proportion2 he is n to conclude himself infelicit\s because 8 he>t nev] ceases to =m new desires1 :i* he f9ds x difficult1 sometimes impossible to gratify4 ,s9ce 8 body daily requires n\ri%m5t1 let him inf] t x is s\nd1 t x fulfils its functions4 ,z long z he has desires1 ! prop] d$uction ought to be1 t 8 m9d is kept 9 ! necess>y activity2 he %\ld ga!r f all ?is t passions are ess5tial to him1 t !y con/itute ! happ9ess ( a be+ :o feels2 are indisp5sable to a man :o ?9ks2 are requisite to furni% him ) ideas2 t !y are a vital pr9ciple ) a creature :o mu/ necess>ily love t :i* procures him com=t1 :o mu/ equally desire t :i* promises him a mode ( exi/5ce analog\s to 8 natural en]gies4 ,z long z he exi/s1 z long z ! spr+ ( 8 s\l ma9ta9s its ela/icity1 ?is s\l desires2 z long z x desires1 he exp]i5ces ! activity :i* is necess>y to him2 z long z he acts1 s long he lives4 ,human life may be comp>$ to a riv]1 ( :i* ! wat]s succe$ ea* o!r1 drive ea* o!r =w>d1 & fl[ on )\t int]ruption2 ^! wat]s1 oblig$ to roll ov] an unequal b$1 enc\nt] at int]vals ^? ob/acles :i* prev5t _! /agnation2 !y nev] cease to undulate2 sometimes !y recoil1 !n aga9 ru% =w>d1 ?us cont9u+ to run ) m or less velocity1 until !y are re/or$ to ! ocean ( nature4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvii4 ,^? ,ideas :i* are true1 or f\nd$ ^u ,nature1 are ! only ,rem$ies = ! ,evils ( ,man4--,recapitulation4--,conclusion ( ! fir/ ,"p4 ,:5ev] man ceases to take exp]i5ce = 8 guide1 he falls into error4 ,8 errors become yet m dang]\s1 assume a m det]m9$ invet]acy1 :5 !y are clo!d ) ! sanction ( sup]/ition2 x is !n t he h>dly ev] cons5ts to return into ! pa?s ( tru?2 he believes himself deeply int]e/$ 9 no long] see+ cle>ly t :i* lies be=e him2 he fancies he has an ess5tial advantage 9 no long] und]/&+ himself2 he supposes 8 happ9ess exacts t he %\ld %ut 8 eyes to tru?4 ,if ! majority ( moral philosoph]s h mi/ak5 ! human he>t--if !y h deceiv$ !mselves ^u its diseases--if !y h miscalculat$ ! rem$ies t are suitable--if ! rem$ies !y h adm9i/]$ h be5 inefficaci\s or ev5 dang]\s--x is because !y h ab&on$ nature--because !y h resi/$ exp]i5ce--because !y h n _h suffici5t /ead9ess to consult _! reason--because !y h r5\nc$ ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses--because !y h only foll[$ ! caprices ( an imag9ation ei!r dazzl$ by en?usiasm or di/urb$ by fe>2 because !y h pref]r$ ! illusions x has held =? to ! realities ( nature1 :o nev] deceives4 ,x is = want ( hav+ felt t an intellig5t be+ _c = an in/ant lose sight ( 8 own peculi> cons]vation--( 8 p>ticul> int]e/s1 ei!r real or fictiti\s--( 8 own welf>e1 :e!r p]man5t or transitory2 9 %ort1 ( 8 happ9ess1 ei!r true or false4 ,x is = want ( hav+ consid]$ t desires are natural1 t passions are ess5tial1 t bo? ! "o & ! o!r are motions necess>y to ! s\l ( man1--t ! physicians ( !1 human m9d h suppos$ sup]natural causes = 8 w&]+s2 h only appli$ to 8 evils topical rem$ies1 ei!r useless or dang]\s4 ,inde$1 9 desir+ him to /ifle 8 desires1 to combat 8 prop5sities1 to annihilate 8 passions1 !y h done no m ?an give him /]ile precepts1 at once vague & impracticable2 ^! va9 lessons h influ5c$ no "o2 !y h at mo/ re/ra9$ "s few mortals :om a quiet imag9ation b feebly solicit$ to evil2 ! t]rors ) :i* !y h accompani$ !m h di/urb$ ! tranquillity ( ^? p]sons :o 7 mod]ate by _! nature1 )\t ev] arre/+ ! ungov]nable temp]am5t ( ^? :o 7 inebriat$ by _! passions1 or hurri$ along2 by ! torr5t ( habit4 ,9 %ort1 ! promises ( sup]/ition1 z well z ! m5aces x holds =?1 h only =m$ fanatics1 giv5 bir? to en?usia/s1 :o are ei!r dang]\s or useless to society1 )\t ev] mak+ man truly virtu\s2 t is to say1 useful to 8 fell[ creatures4 ,^!1 empirics guid$ by a bl9d r\t9e h1 n se5 t man z long z he exi/s1 is oblig$ to feel1 to desire1 to h passions1 to satisfy !m 9 proportion to ! en]gy :i* 8 organization has giv5 him2 !y h n p]ceiv$ t education plant$ ^! desires 9 8 he>t--t habit root$ !m--t 8 gov]nm5t1 frequ5tly vici\s1 corroborat$ _! gr[?--t public op9ion /amp$ !m ) its approbation--t--exp]i5ce r5d] !m necess>y--t to tell m5 ?us con/itut$ to de/roy _! passions1 0 ei!r to plunge !m into despair or else to ord] !m rem$ies too revolt+ = _! temp]am5t4 ,9 ! actual /ate ( opul5t societies1 to say to a man :o kn[s by exp]i5ce t ri*es procure e pleasure1 t he mu/ n desire !m2 t he mu/ n make any ef=ts to obta9 !m2 t he ought to deta* himself f !m3 is to p]suade him to r5d] himself mis]able4 ,to tell an ambiti\s man n to desire gr&eur1 n to covet p[]1 :i* e ?+ conspires to po9t out to him z ! height ( felicity1 is to ord] him to ov]turn at "o bl[ ! habitual sy/em ( 8 ideas2 x is to speak1 to a deaf man4 ,to tell a lov] ( an impetu\s temp]am5t to /ifle 8 passions = ! object t en*ants him1 is to make him und]/&1 t he ought to r5\nce 8 happ9ess4 ,to oppose sup]/ition to su* sub/antive1 su* puissant int]e/s is to combat realities by *im]ical speculations4 ,inde$1 if ?+s 7 exam9$ )\t prepossession1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! great] "p ( ! precepts inculcat$ by sup]/ition1 :i* fanatical dogmas hold =?1 :i*1 sup]natural mortals give to man1 are z ridicul\s z !y are impossible to be put into practice4 ,to int]dict passion to man1 is to desire ( him n to be a human creature2 to c\nsel an individual ( a viol5t imag9ation to mod]ate 8 desires1 is to advise him to *ange 8 temp]am5t--is to reque/ 8 blood to fl[ m sluggi%ly4 ,to tell a man to r5\nce 8 habits1 is to be will+ t a citiz51 accu/om$ to clo! himself1 %\ld cons5t to walk q nak$2 x w\ld avail z mu*1 to desire him to *ange ! l9eam5t ( 8 face1 to de/roy 8 configuration1 to ext+ui% 8 imag9ation1 to alt] ! c\rse ( 8 fluids1 z to comm& him n to h passions :i* excite an activity analog\s ) 8 natural en]gy2 or to lay aside ^? :i* confirm$ habit has made him contract2 :i* 8 circum/ances1 by a long succession ( causes & effects1 h conv]t$ into wants4 ,su* are1 h[ev]1 ! s mu* boa/$ rem$ies :i* ! great] numb] ( moral philosoph]s apply to human depravity4 ,is x1 !n surpris+ !y d n produce ! desir$ effect1 or t !y only r$uce man to a /ate ( despair by ! eff]vesc5ce t results f ! cont9ual conflict :i* !y excite betwe5 ! passions ( 8 he>t & ^! fanciful doctr9es2 betwe5 8 vices & 8 virtues2 betwe5 8 habits & ^? *im]ical fe>s ) :i* sup]/ition is at all times ready to ov]:elm him8 ,! vices ( society1 aid$ by ! objects ( :i* x avails itself to :at ! desires ( man1 ! pleasures1 ! ri*es1 ! gr&eur :i* 8 gov]nm5t holds =? to him z s _m s$uctive magnets1 ! advantage :i* education1 ! b5efits :i* example1 ! int]e/s :i* public op9ion r5d] de> to him1 attract him on "o side2 :il/ a gloomy morality1 f\nd$ ^u sup]/iti\s illusions1 va9ly solicit him on ! o!r2 ?us1 sup]/ition plunges him into mis]y2 holds a viol5t /ruggle ) 8 he>t1 )\t sc>cely ev] ga9+ ! victory2 :5 by accid5t x does prevail aga9/ s _m unit$ =ces1 x r5d]s him unhappy2 x completely de/roys ! spr+ ( 8 s\l4 ,passions are ! true c\nt]poise to passions2 !n let him n seek to de/roy !m2 b let him endeav\r to direct !m2 let him balance ^? :i* are prejudicial1 by ^? :i* are useful to society4 ,reason1 ! fruit ( exp]i5ce1 is only ! art ( *oos+ ^? passions to :i* = 8 own peculi> happ9ess he ought to li/54 ,education is ! true art ( dissem9at+ ! prop] me?od ( cultivat+ advantage\s passions 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,legislation is ! art ( re/ra9+ dang]\s passions2 ( excit+ ^? :i* may be conducive to ! public welf>e4 ,sup]/ition is only ! mis]able art ( plant+ ! unproductive lab\r--( n\ri%+ 9 ! s\l ( man ^? *im]as1 ^? illusions1 ^? impo/ures1 ^? inc]titudes f :5ce spr+ passions fatal to himself z well z to o!rs3 x is only by be>+ up ) =titude aga9/ ^! t he c securely place himself on ! road to happ9ess4 ,true religion is ! art ( advocat+ tru?--( r5\nc+ error--( contemplat+ reality--( draw+ wisdom f exp]i5ce--( cultivat+ man's nature to 8 own felicity1 by tea*+ him to contribute to t ( 8 associates2 9 %ort x is reason1 education1 & legislation1 unit$ to fur!r ! great end ( human exi/5ce1 by caus+ ! passions ( man to fl[ 9 a curr5t g5ial to 8 own happ9ess4 ,reason & morals _c effect any ?+ on mank9d if !y d n po9t out to ea* individual t 8 true int]e/ is atta*$ to a conduct t is ei!r useful to o!rs or b5eficial to himself2 ?is conduct to be useful mu/ conciliate = him ! b5evol5ce1 ga9 = him ! favor ( ^! be+s :o are necess>y to 8 happ9ess3 x is !n = ! int]e/ ( mank9d1 = ! happ9ess ( ! human race1 x is = ! e/eem ( himself1 = ! love ( 8 fell[s1 = ! advantages :i* ensue1 t education 9 e>ly life %\ld k9dle ! imag9ation ( ! citiz52 ?is is ! true means ( obta9+ ^? happy results ) :i* habit %\ld famili>ize him2 :i* public op9ion %\ld r5d] de> to 8 he>t2 = :i* example ought cont9ually to r\se 8 faculties2 aft] :i* he %\ld be taught to se>* ) unceas+ att5tion4 ,gov]nm5t by ! aid ( recomp5ces1 ought to enc\rage him to foll[ ?is plan2 by visit+ crime ) puni%m5t x ought to det] ^? :o are will+ to int]rupt x4 ,?us ! hope ( a true welf>e1 ! fe> ( real evil1 w be passions suitable to c\nt]vail ^? :i* by _! impetuosity w\ld injure society2 ^! la/ w at lea/ become v r>e1 if in/ead ( fe$+ man's m9d ) un9telligible speculations1 9 lieu ( vibrat+ on 8 e>s words void ( s5se1 he is only spok5 to ( realities1 only %ewn ^? int]e/s :i* are 9 unison ) tru?4 ,man is frequ5tly s wick$1 only1 because he almo/ always feels himself int]e/$ 9 be+ s2 let him be m enlight5$1 m famili>iz$ ) tru?1 m accu/om$ to virtue1 he w be made m happy2 he w necess>ily become bett]4 ,an equitable gov]nm5t1 a vigilant adm9i/ration1 w pres5tly fill ! /ate ) hone/ citiz5s2 x w hold =? to !m pres5t reasons = b5evol5ce2 real advantages 9 tru?2 palpable motives to be virtu\s2 x w in/ruct !m 9 _! duties2 x w fo/] !m ) its c>es2 x w allure !m by ! assurance ( _! own peculi> happ9ess2 its promises fai?fully fulfill$--its m5aces regul>ly execut$1 w unque/ionably h mu* m weight ?an ^? ( a gloomy sup]/ition1 :i* nev] exhibits to _! view o!r ?an illusory b5efits1 fallaci\s puni%m5ts1 :i* ! man h>d5$ 9 wick$ness w d\bt e "t he f9ds an int]e/ 9 que/ion+ !m3 pres5t motives w tell m home to 8 he>t ?an ^? :i* are di/ant & at be/ unc]ta94 ,! vici\s & ! wick$ are s common ^u ! e>?1 s p]t9aci\s 9 _! evil c\rses1 s atta*$ to _! irregul>ities1 only because !re are b few gov]nm5ts t make man feel ! advantage ( be+ j1 ! pleasure ( be+ hone/1 ! happ9ess ( be+ b5evol5t on ! contr>y1 !re is h>dly any place :]e ! mo/ p[]ful int]e/s d n solicit him to crime1 by fav\r+ ! prop5sities ( a vici\s organization2 by c\nt5anc+ ^? appet5cies :i* no?+ has attempt$ to rectify or lead t[>ds virtue4 ,a savage1 :o 9 8 horde kn[s n ! value ( money1 c]ta9ly w\ld n commit a crime1 if :5 transplant$ into civiliz$ society1 he %\ld pres5tly le>n to desire x1 %\ld make ef=ts to obta9 x1 & if he c\ld )\t dang] f9i% by /eal+ x2 above all1 if he _h n be5 taught to respect ! prop]ty ( ! be+s :o environ him4 ,! savages & ! *ild are precisely 9 ! same /ate2 x is ! neglig5ce ( society1 ( ^? entru/$ ) _! education1 t r5d]s bo? ! "o & ! o!r wick$4 ,! son ( a noble1 f 8 infancy le>ns to desire p[]1 at a rip] age he becomes ambiti\s2 if he has ! address to ins9uate himself into favor1 he p]haps becomes wick$1 because 9 "s societies he has be5 taught to "k he may be s ) impunity :5 he c comm& ! e> ( 8 sov]eign4 ,x is n !re=e nature t makes man wick$1 !y are 8 in/itutions :i* det]m9e him to vice4 ,! infant br\ght up among/ robb]s1 c g5]ally become no?+ b a malefactor2 if he _h be5 re>$ ) hone/ p1 ! *ance is he w\ld h be5 a virtu\s man4 ,if ! s\rce be trac$ ( t pr(\nd ignorance 9 :i* man is ) respect to 8 morals1 to ! motives t c give volition to 8 w1 x w be f\nd 9 ^? false ideas :i* ! great] numb] ( speculators h =m$ to !mselves1 ( human nature4 ,! sci5ce ( morals has become an enigma :i* x is impossible to unrevel2 because man has made himself d\ble2 has di/+ui%$ 8 s\l f 8 body2 suppos$ x ( a nature diff]5t f all kn[n be+s1 ) modes ( action1 ) prop]ties di/9ct f all o!r bodies1 because he has emancipat$ ?is s\l f physical laws1 9 ord] to submit x to caprici\s laws emanat+ f m5 :o h pret5d$ !y are d]iv$ f imag9>y regions1 plac$ at v remote di/ances3 metaphysicians seiz$ ^u ^! gratuit\s suppositions1 & by d9t ( subtiliz+ !m1 h r5d]$ !m completely un9telligible4 ,^! morali/s h n p]ceiv$ t motion is ess5tial to ! s\l z well z to ! liv+ body2 t bo? ! "o & ! o!r are nev] mov$ b by mat]ial1 by physical objects2 t ! want ( ea* reg5]ate !mselves unceas+ly2 t ! wants ( ! s\l1 z well z ^? ( ! body are purely physical2 t ! mo/ intimate1 ! mo/ con/ant connection subsi/s betwe5 ! s\l & ! body2 or r !y h be5 unwill+ to all[ t !y ate only ! same ?+ consid]$ "u diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,ob/9ate 9 _! sup]natural1 un9telligible op9ions1 !y h refus$ to op5 _! eyes1 :i* w\ld h conv9c$ !m t ! body 9 suff]+ r5d]$ ! s\l mis]able2 t ! s\l afflict$ und]m9$ ! body & br\ght x to decay2 t bo? ! pleasures & agonies ( ! m9d h an influ5ce ov] ! body1 ei!r plunge x into slo? or give x activity3 !y h r *os5 to believe1 t ! s\l draws its ?\ghts1 :e!r pleasant or gloomy1 f its own peculi> s\rces1 :ile ! fact is1 t x d]ives its ideas only f mat]ial objects t /rike on ! physical organs2 t x is nei!r det]m9$ to gaiety nor l$ on to sorr[1 b by ! actual /ate1 :e!r p]man5t or transitory1 9 :i* ! fluids & solids ( ! body are f\nd4 ,9 %ort1 !y h be5 loa? to ackn[l$ge t ! s\l1 purely passive1 und]goes ! same *anges :i* ! body exp]i5ces2 is only mov$ by its int]v5tion2 acts only by its assi/ance1 receives its s5sations1 its p]ceptions1 =ms its ideas1 d]ives ei!r its happ9ess or its mis]y f physical objects1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! organs ( :i* ! body is compos$2 frequ5tly )\t its own cognizance1 (t5 9 despite ( itself4 ,by a consequ5ce ( ^! op9ions1 connect$ ) m>vell\s sy/ems1 or sy/ems inv5t$ to ju/ify !m1 !y h suppos$ ! human s\l to be a free ag5t2 t is to say1 t x has ! faculty ( mov+ itself2 t x enjoys ! privilege ( act+ indep5d5t ( ! impulse receiv$ f ext]ior objects1 ?r\gh ! organs ( ! body2 t reg>dless ( ^! impulsions x c ev5 resi/ !m1 & foll[ its own directions by its own en]gies2 t x is n only diff]5t 9 its nature f all o!r be+s1 b has a sep>ate mode ( action2 9 o!r words1 t x is an insolat$ po9t :i* is1 n submitt$ to t un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( motion :i* bodies communicate to ea* o!r 9 a nature1 ^: p>ts are always 9 action4 ,smitt5 ) _! sublime notions1 ^! speculators 7 n aw>e t 9 ?us di/+ui%+ ! s\l f ! body & f all kn[n be+s1 !y r5d]$ x an impossibility to =m any true ideas ( x1 ei!r to !mselves or to o!rs3 !y 7 unwill+ to p]ceive ! p]fect analogy :i* is f\nd betwe5 ! mann] ( ! s\l's action & t by :i* ! body is afflict$2 !y %ut _! eyes to ! necess>y & cont9ual correspond5ce :i* is f\nd betwe5 ! s\l & ! body2 !y p]haps did n p]ceive t l ! body x is subject$ to ! motion ( attraction & repulsion2 has an aptitude to be attract$1 a disposition to repel1 :i* is ascribable to qualities inh]5t 9 ^? physical subsi/ances1 :i* give play to ! organs ( ! body2 t ! volition ( its w1 ! activity ( its passions1 ! cont9ual reg5]ation ( its desires1 are nev] m ?an consequ5ces ( t activity :i* is produc$ 9 ! body by mat]ial objects :i* are n "u its contr\l2 t ^! objects r5d] x ei!r happy or mis]able1 active or langui%+1 cont5t$ or discont5t$1 9 despite ( itself1--9 defiance ( all ! ef=ts x is capable ( mak+ to r5d] x o!rwise2 !y h r *os5 to seek 9 ! heav5s = unkn[n p[]s to set x 9 motion2 !y h held =? to man di/ant1 imag9>y int]e/s3 "u ! pretext ( procur+ = him future happ9ess1 he has be5 prev5t$ f lab\r+ to 8 pres5t felicity1 :i* has be5 /udi\sly )held f 8 k3 8 reg>ds h be5 fix$ ^u ! heav5s1 t he might lose sight ( ! e>?3 tru? has be5 conceal$ f him2 & x has be5 pret5d$ he w\ld be r5d]$ happy by d9t ( t]rors1 always at an imm5se di/ance2 by means ( %ad[s1 ) ^: sub/ances he c\ld nev] come 9 contact2 ( *im]as =m$ by 8 own bewild]$ imag9ation1 :i* *ang$ ne>ly z (t5 z ! gov]nm5ts to :i* he 0 submitt$4 ,9 %ort1 hoodw9k$ by 8 fe>s1 bl9d$ by 8 own cr$ulity1 he 0 only guid$ ?r\gh ! flexu\s pa?s ( life1 by m5 bl9d z himself1 :]e bo? ! "o & ! o!r 7 frequ5tly lo/ 9 ! maze4 ,,conclusion4 ,f e ?+ :i* has be5 hi!rto said1 x evid5tly results t all ! errors ( mank9d1 ( :atev] nature !y may be1 arise f man's hav+ r5\nc$ reason1 quitt$ exp]i5ce1 & refus$ ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses t he might be guid$ by imag9ation1 frequ5tly deceitful2 by au?ority1 always suspici\s4 ,man w ev] mi/ake 8 true happ9ess z long z he neglects to /udy nature1 to inve/igate h] laws1 to seek 9 h] alone ! rem$ies = ^? evils :i* are ! consequ5ce ( 8 errors3 he w be an enigma to himself1 z long z he %all believe himself d\ble2 t he is mov$ by an inconceivable spiritual p[]1 ( ! laws & nature ( :i* he is ignorant2 8 intellectual1 z well z 8 moral faculties1 w rema9 un9telligible to him if he does n contemplate !m ) ! same eyes z he does 8 corporeal qualities2 if he does n view !m z submitt$ 9 e ?+ to ! same impulse1 z gov]n$ by ! same regulations4 ,! sy/em ( 8 pret5d$ free ag5cy is )\t support2 exp]i5ce contradicts x e in/ant1 & proves t he nev] ceases to be "u ! influ5ce ( necessity 9 all 8 actions2 ?is tru?1 f> f be+ dang]\s to man1 f> f be+ de/ructive ( 8 morals1 furni%es him ) _! true basis by mak+ him feel ! necessity ( ^? relations :i* subsi/s betwe5 s5sible be+s unit$ 9 society3 :o h congregat$ ) a view ( unit+ _! common ef=ts = _! reciprocal felicity4 ,f ! necessity ( ^! relations1 spr+ ! necessity ( 8 duties2 ^! po9t out to him ! s5tim5ts ( love1 :i* he %\ld accord to virtu\s conduct2 t av]sion he %\ld h = :at is vici\s2 ! horror he %\ld feel = e ?+ crim9al4 ,f h5ce ! true f\ndation ( ,moral ,obligation w be obvi\s1 :i* is only ! necessity ( talk+ means to obta9 ! end man proposes to himself by unit+ 9 society2 9 :i* ea* individual = 8 own peculi> int]e/1 8 own p>ticul> happ9ess1 8 own p]sonal security1 is oblig$ to display dispositions requisite to conciliate ! affections ( 8 associates2 to hold a conduct suitable to ! pres]vation ( ! community2 to contribute by 8 actions to ! happ9ess ( ! :ole4 ,9 a ^w1 x is ^u ! necess>y action & re-action ( ! human w ^u ! necess>y attraction & repulsion ( man's s\l1 t all 8 morals are bottom$3 x is ! unison ( 8 w1 ! conc]t ( 8 actions1 t ma9ta9s society2 x is r5d]$ mis]able by 8 discordance2 x is dissolv$ by 8 want ( union4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x may be conclud$ t ! names "u :i* man has designat$ ! conceal$ causes act+ 9 nature1 & _! v>i\s effects1 are nev] m ?an necessity consid]$ "u diff]5t po9ts ( view1 ) ! orig9al cause ( :i*--! great cause ( causes--he mu/ ev] rema9 ignorant4 ,x w be f\nd t :at he calls ord]1 is a necess>y consequ5ce ( causes & effects1 ( :i* he sees1 or believes he sees1 ! entire connection1 ! complete r\t9e1 :i* pleases him z a :ole1 :5 he f9ds x con=mable to 8 exi/5ce4 ,9 l mann] x w be se5 t :at he calls confusion1 is a consequ5ce ( l necess>y causes & effects1 ( :i* he loses ! concat5ation1 :i* he !re=e ?9ks unfav\rable to himself1 or b little suitable to 8 be+4 ,t he has designat$ by ! names (-- ,intellig5ce1 ^? necess>y causes t necess>ily op]ate ! *a9 ( ev5ts :i* he comprises "u ! t]m ord]3 ,div9ity1 ^? necess>y b invisible causes :i* give play to nature1 9 :i* e ?+ acts accord+ to immutable & necess>y laws3 ,de/9y or fatality1 ! necess>y connection ( ^? unkn[n causes &1 effects :i* he beholds 9 ! _w3 ,*ance1 ^? effects :i* he is n able to =esee1 or ( :i* he is ignorant ( ! necess>y connection1 ) _! causes3 ,intellectual & moral faculties1 ^? effects & ^? modifications necess>y to an organiz$ be+1 :om he has suppos$ to be mov$ by an inconceivable ag5t2 :o he has believ$ di/+ui%$ f 8 body1 ( a nature totally diff]5t f x1 & :i* he has designat$ by ! ^w ,,s\l4 ,9 consequ5ce1 he has believ$ ?is ag5t immortal2 n dissoluble l ! body4 ,x has be5 %ewn t ! m>vell\s doctr9e ( ano!r life1 is f\nd$ ^u gratuit\s suppositions1 contradict$ by reflections1 unsupport$ by exp]i5ce1 t may or may n be1 )\t man's kn[+ any ?+ on ! subject4 ,x has be5 prov$1 t ! hypo!sis is n only useless to man's morals1 b aga91 t x is calculat$ to palsy 8 ex]tions2 to div]t him f actively pursu+ ! true road to 8 own happ9ess2 to fill him ) romantic caprices2 to inebriate him ) op9ions prejudicial to 8 tranquillity2 9 %ort1 to lull to slumb] ! vigilance ( legislators2 by disp5s+ !m f giv+ to education1 to ! in/itutions1 to ! laws ( society1 all t att5tion1 :i* x is ! duty & = 8 int]e/ !y %\ld be/[4 ,x mu/ h be5 felt1 t politics has unacc\ntably re/$ itself ^u wrong op9ions2 ^u ideas little capable ( satisfy+ ^? passions1 :i* e ?+ conspires to k9dle 9 ! he>t ( man2 :o ceases to view ! future1 :ile ! pres5t s$uces & hurries him along4 ,x has be5 %ewn1 t contempt ( dea? is an advantage\s s5tim5t1 calculat$ to inspire man's m9d ) c\rage2 to r5d] him intrepid2 to induce him to und]take t :i* may be truly useful to society2 9 %ort1 f :at has prec$$1 x w be obvi\s1 :at is compet5t to conduct man to happ9ess1 & also :at are ! ob/acles t error opposes to 8 felicity4 ,let u n !n1 be accus$ ( demoli%+ prejudice1 )\t edify+ ! m9d2 ) combat+ error )\t sub/itut+ tru?2 ) und]rat+ ! p[] ( ! great cause ( causes2 ) sapp+ at "o & ! same "t ! f\ndations ( sup]/ition & ( s\nd morals4 ,! la/ is necess>y to man2 x is f\nd$ ^u 8 nature2 its duties are c]ta91 !y mu/ la/ z long z ! human race rema9s2 x imposes obligations on him1 because1 )\t x1 nei!r individuals nor society c\ld be able to subsi/1 ei!r obta9 or enjoy ^? advantages :i* nature obliges !m to desire4 ,li/5 !n1 ,o man6 to ^? morals :i* are e/abli%$ ^u1 exp]i5ce2 :i* are gr\nd$ ^u ! necessity ( ?+s2 d n l5d ?9e e> to ^? sup]/itions f\nd$ ^u rev]ies2 re/$ ^u impo/ure2 built ^u ! caprici\s :ims ( a disord]$ imag9ation4 ,foll[ ! lessons ( ^? humane1 ^? g5tle morals1 :i* conduct man to virtue1 by ! voice ( happ9ess3 turn a deaf e> to ! inefficaci\s cries ( sup]/ition1 :i* r5d]s man really unhappy2 :i* c nev] make him rev]5ce ,,virtue2 :i* r5d]s tru? hateful2 :i* pa9ts v]acity 9 hide\s col\rs2 9 %ort1 let him see if ,,reason1 )\t ! assi/ance ( a rival1 :o prohibits its use1 w n m surely conduct him t[>ds t great end1 :i* is ! object ( 8 rese>*1 :i* is ! natural t5d5cy ( all 8 views4 ,inde$1 :at b5efit has ! human race hi!rto drawn f ^? sublime1 ^? sup]natural notions ) :i* sup]/ition has f$ mortals dur+ s _m ages8 ,all ^? phantoms conjur$--up by ignorance--brood$ by imag9ation2 all ^? hypo!sis1 subtile z !y are irrational2 f :i* exp]i5ce is bani%$1 all ^? words devoid ( mean+ ) :i* languages are cr[d$2 all ^? fanta/ical hopes2 ^? panic t]rors :i* h be5 br\ght to op]ate on ! w ( man2 :at h !y done8 ,has any or ! :ole ( !m r5d]$ him bett]1 m enlight5$ to 8 duties1 m fai?ful 9 _! p]=mance8 ,h ^? m>vell\s sy/ems1 or ^? sophi/ical inv5tions1 by :i* !y h be5 support$1 c>ri$ conviction to 8 m9d1 reason into 8 conduct1 virtue into 8 he>t8 ,h !y l$ him to ! lea/ acqua9tance ) ! great ,cause ( ,causes8 ,alas6 x is a lam5table fact1 t _c be too (t5 expos$1 t all ^! ?+s h done no?+ m ?an plunge ! human und]/&+ into t d>kness f :i* x is difficult to be )drawn2 s[n 9 man's he>t ! mo/ dang]\s errors2 ( :i* x is sc>cely possible to dive/ him2 giv5 bir? to ^? fatal passions1 9 :i* may be f\nd ! true s\rce ( ^? evils1 ) :i* 8 species is afflict$3 b h nev] enlight5$ 8 m9d ) tru?1 nor l$ him to t "r heal?y wor%ip1 :i* man be/ pays by a rational enjoym5t ( ! faculties ) :i* he is gift$4 ,cease !n1 ,o mortal6 to let ?yself he di/urb$ ) *im]as1 to let ?y m9d be tr\bl$ ) phantoms :i* ?9e own imag9ation has creat$1 or to :i* ar* impo/ure has giv5 bir?4 ,r5\nce ?y vague hopes1 dis5gage ?yself f ?9e ov]:elm+ fe>s1 foll[ )\t inquietude ! necess>y r\t9e :i* nature has m>k$ out = !e2 /rew ! road ) fl[]s if ?y de/9y p]mits2 remove1 if ?\ art able1 ! ?orns scatt]$ ov] x4 ,d n attempt to plunge ?y views into an imp5etrable futurity2 its obscurity ought to be suffici5t to prove to !e1 t x is ei!r useless or dang]\s to fa?om4 ,?9k ( mak+ ?yself happy 9 t exi/5ce :i* is kn[n to !e3 if ?\ w\ld/ pres]ve ?yself1 be temp]ate1 be mod]ate1 be reasonable3 if ?\ seeke/ to r5d] ?y exi/5ce durable1 be n prodigal ( pleasure2 ab/a9 f e ?+ t c be hurtful to ?yself1 injuri\s to o!rs3 be truly intellig5t2 t is to say1 le>n to e/eem ?yself1 to pres]ve ?y be+1 to fulfil t end :i* at ea* mom5t ?\ propose/ to ?yself4 ,be virtu\s1 to ! end t ?\ maye/ r5d] ?yself solidly happy1 t ?\ maye/ enjoy ! affections1 secure ! e/eem1 p>take ( ! assi/ance ( ^? by :om ?\ art surr\nd$2 ( ^? be+s :om nature has made necess>y to ?9e own peculi> felicity4 ,ev5 :5 !y %\ld be unju/1 r5d] ?yself wor?y ( _! applause1 ( ?9e own love1 & ?\ %alt live cont5t1 ?y s]5ity %all n be di/urb$1 ! end ( ?y c>e] %all n sl&] ?y life2 :i* w be exempt$ f remorse3 dea? w be to !e ! door to a new exi/5ce1 a new ord]1 9 :i* ?\ wilt be submitt$1 z ?\ art at pres5t1 to ! et]nal laws ( nature1 :i* orda9s1 t to ,,live ,,happy ,,"h ,,bel[1 ,,?\ ,,mu/ ,,make ,,o!rs ,,happy4 ,suff] ?yself !n1 to be drawn g5tly along ?y j\rney1 until ?\ %alt sleep peaceable on t bosom :i* has giv5 !e bir?3 if contr>y to ?9e expectation1 !re %\ld be ano!r life ( et]nal felicity1 ?\ can/ n fail be+ a p>tak]4 ,= ?\1 wick$ un=tunate6 :o art f\nd 9 cont9ual contradiction ) ?yself2 ?\ ^: disord]ly ma*9e c nei!r accord ) ?9e own peculi> nature1 nor ) t ( ?9e associates1 :atev] may be ?y crimes1 :atev] may be ?y fe>s ( puni%m5t 9 ano!r life1 ?\ art at lea/ already cruelly puni%$ 9 ?is8 ,d n ?y follies1 ?y %ameful habits1 ?y debau*]ies1 damage ?9e heal?8 ,do/ ?\ n l+] out life 9 disgu/1 fatigu$ ) ?9e own excesses8 ,does n li/lessness puni% !e = ?y satiat$ passions8 ,has n ?y vig\r1 ?y gaiety1 ?y cont5t1 already yield$ to feebl5ess1 cr\*$ "u infirmities1 giv5 place to regret8 ,d n ?y vices e day dig ?y grave8 ,e "t ?\ ha/ /a9$ ?yself ) crime1 ha/ ?\ d>$ )\t horror to return into ?yself1 to exam9e ?9e own consci5ce8 ,ha/ ?\ n f\nd remorse1 error1 %ame1 e/abli%$ 9 ?9e he>t8 ,ha/ ?\ n dread$ ! scrut9y ( ?y fell[ man8 ,ha/ ?\ n trembl$ :5 alone2 unceas+ly fe>$1 t tru?1 s t]rible = !e1 %\ld unveil ?y d>k transgressions1 ?r[ into light ?9e enorm\s iniquities8 ,d n !n any long] fe> to "p ) ?9e exi/5ce1 x w at lea/ put an end to ^? ri*ly m]it$ torm5ts ?\ ha/ inflict$ on ?yself2 ,dea?1 9 deliv]+ ! e>? f an incommodi\s bur!n1 w also deliv] !e f ?y mo/ cruel enemy1 ?yself4 ,,end ,,( ,,"p ,i4