,,! ,,ignatian ,,epi/les ,,entirely     
,,spuri\s4  ,a ,reply to ,! ,"r ,rev4   
,dr4 ,lightfoot1 ,bi%op ( ,durham4  ,by 
,w4 ,d4 ,kill51 ,d4,d4 ,pr(essor (      
,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 & ,pr9cipal ( ! 
,presbyt]ian ,!ological ,faculty1       
,irel&4       ,z ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom (
 ,ignatius may be ju/ly      suspect$1  
s1 too1 ! lett]s :i* presuppose !       
correctness      ( ?is suspici\s leg5d d
 n we> at all a /amp ( a di/9ct         
individuality ( "*1 & ( a man ( ^! times
 address+      8 la/ words to ! ,*ur*es4
      --,,augu/us ,,ne&]4   ,,ed9burgh  
#ahhf4     ,,preface4   ,?is little     
volume is respectfully submitt$ to !    
c&id consid]ation ( all :o take an      
int]e/ 9 !ological inquiries1 "u !      
impression t x w ?r[ "s additional light
 on a subject :i* has long creat$ mu*   
discussion4 ,x has be5 call$ =? by !    
appe>ance ( a treatise entitl$1 ,!      
,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,s4         
,ignatius1 ,s4 ,polyc>p4 ,revis$ ,texts1
 ) ,introductions1 ,notes1              

,diss]tations1 & ,translations1 by ,j4  
,b4 ,lightfoot1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41      
,,ll4,d1 ,bi%op ( ,durham4 ,9 ?is       
volum9\s production ! ,"r ,rev]5d ,au?or
 has ma9ta9$1 n only t all ! sev5 lett]s
 attribut$ by ,eusebius to ,ignatius are
 g5u9e1 b also t no ,*ri/ian writ+s ( ! 
second c5tury1 & v few writ+s (         
antiquity1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or pagan1 are s
 well au!nticat$4 ,^! positions1        
advocat$ ) ! utmo/ confid5ce by ! le>n$ 
prelate1 are sure to be receiv$ )       
implicit confid5ce by a wide circle (   
read]s2 & ,i h felt impell$ "h op5ly to 
prote/ aga9/ !m1 inasmu* z ,i am        
satisfi$ t !y _c be accept$ )\t ov]turn+
 all ! legitimate l&m>ks ( hi/orical    
criticism4 ,i freely ackn[l$ge ! em95t  
s]vices :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot has r5d]$ to
 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* by 8 lab\rs z a       
,comm5tator on ,scripture1 & x is !re=e 
all ! m important t ! s]i\s errors ( a  
writ] s di/+ui%$ %\ld n be p]mitt$ to   
pass un*all5g$4 ,all :o love ! fai? once
 deliv]$ to ! sa9ts1 may be expect$ to  

reg>d ) def]5ce ! lett]s ( a m>tyr :o   
liv$ on ! bord]s ( ! apo/olic age2 b ^! 
,ignatian ,epi/les betray indications ( 
a v diff]5t orig9al1 = !y reveal a _s ( 
:i* no enlight5$ ,*ri/ian c approve1 &  
promulgate pr9ciples :i* w\ld sanction !
 bolde/ assumptions ( ecclesia/ical     
despotism4 ,9 a "w publi%$ by me _m ye>s
 ago1 ,i h po9t$ out ! m>ks ( _!        
impo/ure2 & ,i h s9ce se5 no cause to   
*ange my views4 ,reg>d+ all ^! lett]s z 
=g]ies f beg9n+ to end1 ,i h endeav\r$1 
9 ! foll[+ pages1 to expose ! fallacy ( 
! argum5ts by :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot has   
attempt$ _! v9dication4  ,,assembly     
,,college1 ,,belfa/1  ,july #ahhf4      
,,cont5ts4   ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,prelim9>y   
,,obs]vations4  ,! critical _s /imulat$ 
by ! ,re=mation--,! ,ignatian ,epi/les z
 reg>d$ by ,calv91 ,us%]1 ,vossius1     
,daill1 ,pe>son1 ,wake1 & ,cureton--,dr4
 ,lightfoot z a s*ol> & a comm5tator--,!
 valuable in=mation suppli$ 9 8 rec5t   
"w--,8 e/imate ( ! p>ties :o h pron\nc$ 
judgm5t on ! "q ( ! ,ignatian           

,epi/les--,8 v]dict unfair--,8          
introduction ( ,lucian z a witness 9 8  
fav\r--,! /ory ( ,p]egr9us--,dr4        
,lightfoot's c>d9al mi/ake 9 8 treatm5t 
( ?is "q4   ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,!          
,,te/imony ,,( ,,polyc>p ,,to ,,!       
,,ignatian ,,epi/les ,,exam9$4  ,dr4    
,lightfoot makes a mo/ ungu>d$ /atem5t z
 to ! ,ignatian ,epi/les--,! lett] (    
,polyc>p bett] au!nticat$--,! date      
assign$ = ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius--,!    
date ( ,polyc>p's ,epi/le--,writt5 9 !  
reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius--,n writt5 9 ! 
reign ( ,trajan--,! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p  
has no ref]5ce to ,ignatius (           
,antio*--,x ref]s to ano!r ,ignatius (  
ano!r age & c\ntry--,x 0 writt5 at a "t 
( p]secution--,! po/script to ! lett] ( 
,polyc>p q misund]/ood--,:at is meant by
 lett]s be+ c>ri$ to ,syria--,psyria &  
,syria1 two isl&s 9 ! ,aegaean ,sea--,! 
errors ( transcrib]s ( ! po/script--,!  
true mean+ ( ! po/script--,:at has l$ to
 ! mi/ake z to ! claims ( ! ,ignatian   
,epi/les--,! cont9u$ popul>ity ( ^!     

,epi/les among ,high ,*ur*m54   ,,*apt] 
,,iii4  ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,m>tyrdom   
,,( ,,polyc>p4  ,dr4 ,lightfoot's /range
 reason+ on ?is subject--,! te/imony (  
,eusebius1 ,j]ome1 & o!rs--,eusebius &  
,j]ome highly compet5t witnesses--,dr4  
,dll+]'s e/imate ( ,j]ome--,! basis on  
:i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot re/s ! :ole weight (
 8 *ronological argum5t--,ari/ides & 8  
,sacr$ ,disc\rses--,/atius ,quadratus1 !
 consuls & proconsuls--,ummidius        
,quadratus--,polyc>p m>tyr$ 9 ! reign ( 
,m>cus ,aurelius--,8 visit to ,rome 9 ! 
"t ( ,anicetus--,put to dea? :5 !re 0   
only "o emp]or--,age ( ,polyc>p at ! "t 
( 8 m>tyrdom--,! importance ( !         
*ronological argum5t4   ,,*apt] ,,iv4   
,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,ir5aeus ,,& ,,!    
,,g5esis ,,( ,,prelacy4  ,! te/imony (  
,ir5aeus q misund]/ood--,ref]s to ! dy+ 
words ( "o ( ! m>tyrs ( ,lyons--,!      
int]nal evid5ce aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( !    
,ignatian ,epi/les--,! contra/ betwe5 ! 
,epi/le ( ,polyc>p & ! ,ignatian        
,epi/les z exhibit$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot  

himself--,additional po9ts (            
contra/--,dr4 ,lightfoot q mi/ak5 z to !
 orig9 ( ,prelacy--,x did n orig9ate 9 !
 ,ea/1 or ,asia ,m9or1 b 9 ,rome--,!    
argum5t f ! cases ( ,timo?y & ,titus    
unt5able--,j]ome's acc\nt ( ! orig9 (   
,prelacy--,james n ! fir/ bi%op (       
,j]usalem--,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second      
c5tury ! ,*ur*es ( ,rome1 ,cor9?1 &     
,smyrna 7 ,presbyt]ian--,ir5aeus        
conceals ! orig9 ( ,prelacy--,co9s !    
doctr9e ( ! apo/olical succession--,!   
succession _c be det]m9$ ev5 9          
,rome--,te/imony ( ,/ill+fleet--,9 :at  
s5se ,polyc>p may h be5 con/itut$ a     
bi%op by ! apo/les4   ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,!  
,,=g]y ,,( ,,! ,,ignatian ,,epi/les4    
,we h no positive hi/orical in=mation z 
to ! orig9 ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les--,fir/
 saw ! light 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ?ird       
c5tury--,su* =g]ies !n common--,:at 0 !n
 ?\ght by _m z to pi\s frauds--,calli/us
 ( ,rome probably conc]n$ 9 !           
fabrication ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les--,8  
rem>kable hi/ory--,! ,epi/le to !       

,romans fir/ =g$--,x embodies !         
cr$5tials ( ! re/--,montanism /imulat$ !
 desire = m>tyrdom--,! preval5ce ( ?is  
mania e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury--,! ,ignatian
 ,epi/les pres5t x 9 its mo/ outrage\s  
=m--,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans mu/ h be5 v 
popul> at ,rome--,d\btful :e!r ,ignatius
 0 m>tyr$ at ,rome--,! ,ignatian        
,epi/les int5d$ to advance ! claims (   
,prelacy--,well fitt$ to d s at ! "t (  
_! appe>ance--,! acc\nt ( ,calli/us giv5
 by ,hippolytus--,! ,ignatian lett]s    
po9t to ,calli/us z _! au?or--,_c h be5 
writt5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury--,_!
 doctr9e t ( ! ,papacy4   ,,app5dix     
,i4--,lett] ( ,dr4 ,cureton4  ,,ii4--,! 
,ignatian ,epi/le to ! ,romans4         
,,endnotes      ,,! ,,ignatian ,,epi/les
 ,,entirely ,,spuri\s4     ,,*apt] ,i4  
,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vations4   ,! "q ( !  
g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/les attribut$ to      
,ignatius ( ,antio* has cont9u$ to awak5
 int]e/ ev] s9ce ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation4
 ,t great religi\s revolution gave an   
imm5se impetus to ! critical _s2 & :5   

br\ght "u ! light ( its exam9ation1 n a 
few docum5ts1 ! claims ( :i* _h long    
pass$ un*all5g$1 7 summ>ily pron\nc$    
spuri\s4 ,eusebius1 writ+ 9 ! f\r?      
c5tury1 names only sev5 lett]s z        
attribut$ to ,ignatius2 b long be=e !   
days ( ,lu!r1 m ?an d\ble t numb] 7 9   
circulation4 ,_m ( ^! 7 spe$ily condemn$
 by ! critics ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ev5 !
 sev5 recognis$ by ,eusebius 7 reg>d$ ) 
grave suspicion2 & ,calv9--:o !n /ood at
 ! head ( ,prote/ant !ologians--did n   
hesitate to d5\nce ! :ole ( !m z =g]ies4
 ,! "w1 long employ$ z a text-book 9    
,cambridge & ,ox=d1 0 ! ,in/itutes ( !  
,re=m] ( ,g5eva2 ,endnote #b3a & z 8    
views on ?is subject are !re proclaim$ v
 emphatically1 #b3b we may presume t !  
entire body ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature 0 at
 t "t view$ ) di/ru/ by ! lead]s ( ?\ght
 9 ! ,engli% univ]sities4 ,b :5 !       
doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,episcopacy    
began to be promulgat$1 ! sev5 lett]s   
rose 9 ! e/imation ( ! advocates ( !    
hi]>*y2 & an extreme desire 0 manife/$  

to e/abli% _! pret5sions4 ,s great 0 !  
importance atta*$ to _! evid5ce1 t 9    
#afdd--;9 ! v mid/ ( ! d9 & confusion ( 
! civil w> betwe5 ,*>les ,i4 & 8        
,p>liam5t--! pi\s & erudite ,ar*bi%op   
,us%] pres5t$ ! lit]>y _w ) a new       
edition ( ^! memorials4 ,two ye>s lat] !
 r5[n$ ,isaac ,vossius produc$ a k9dr$  
publication4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds1 ,daill1 a 
le>n$ ,fr5* ,prote/ant m9i/]1 attack$ !m
 ) great ability2 & prov$1 to !         
satisfaction ( _m read]s1 t !y are      
utt]ly unwor?y ( cr$it4 ,pe>son1        
subsequ5tly ,bi%op ( ,*e/]1 n[ ent]$ !  
ar5a1 & 9 a "w ( mu* tal5t & rese>*--!  
fruit ( six ye>s' lab\r--attempt$ to    
re/ore _! reputation4 ,?is v9dication 0 
n p]mitt$ to pass )\t an answ]2 b1      
mean:ile1 ! d>k prospects ( ! ,re=m$    
fai? 9 ,engl& & ! ,cont95t direct$      
att5tion to matt]s ( m absorb+ int]e/1 &
 ! controv]sy 0 discont9u$4 ,f "t to "t1
 h[ev]1 ^! ,epi/les 7 kept be=e ! eyes (
 ! public by ,ar*bi%op ,wake & o!r      
editors2 & m rec5tly ! appe>ance ( a    

,syriac copy ( ?ree ( !m--pr9t$ "u !    
sup]vision ( ! late ,rev4 ,dr4          
,cureton--reop5$ ! discussion4 ,dr4     
,cureton ma9ta9$ t 8 ?ree ,epi/les are !
 only g5u9e rema9s ( ! pa/or ( ,antio*4 
,9 a /ill lat] publication1 #c3a ,bi%op 
,lightfoot controv]ts ! views ( ,dr4    
,cureton1 & makes a vigor\s ef=t to     
uphold ! cr$it ( ! sev5 lett]s quot$ by 
,eusebius & support$ by ,pe>son4 ,dr4   
,lightfoot has already acquir$ a high & 
des]v$ reputation z a s*ol> & a         
comm5tator1 & ! pres5t "w furni%es      
abundant evid5ce ( 8 l+ui/ic atta9m5ts &
 8 p]sev]ance2 b x is some:at d\btful   
:e!r x w add to 8 fame z a critic & a   
!ologian4 ,9 ^! ?ree portly octavo      
volumes--ext5d+ to upw>ds ( #ahjj pages 
( closely pr9t$ matt]--he tries to      
conv9ce 8 read]s t a numb] ( ! sillie/  
productions to be f\nd among ! records (
 antiquity1 are ! rema9s ( an apo/olic  
,fa!r4 ,he tells u1 9 8 preface1 t !    
subject has be5 be=e him = ne>ly ?irty  
ye>s2 & t1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 x has engag$ 

8 att5tion (f & on 9 ! int]vals ( o!r   
lit]>y pursuits & (ficial duties4 ,_m1  
we appreh5d1 w feel t ! result is n     
equal to su* a va/ exp5diture ( "t &    
lab\r2 & w concur ) fri5ds :o1 z he     
in=ms u1 h compla9$ to him t he has ?us 
all[$ himself to be div]t$ f ! m        
cong5ial task ( comm5t+ on ,s4 ,paul's  
,epi/les4 ,!re is n1 we presume1 an     
evangelical m9i/] 9 ,*ri/5dom :o w\ld n 
prote/ aga9/ ! folly exhibit$ 9 ^!      
,ignatian lett]s2 & yet x appe>s t !    
good ,bi%op ( ,durham has sp5t a l>ge   
portion ( 8 life 9 an attempt to        
accompli% _! v9dication4  ,to ,dr4      
,lightfoot may be ju/ly aw>d$ ! praise (
 hav+ "h made ! read+ public acqua9t$ ) 
! v>i\s manuscripts & v]sions ( ^!      
,ignatian lett]s1 z well z ) ! argum5ts 
:i* may be urg$ 9 _! fav\r2 & he has ?us
 r5d]$ good s]vice to ! cause (         
hi/orical criticism4 ,pr(essor ,h>nack1 
9 a late numb] ( ! ,expositor #d3a1     
/ates no m ?an ! tru? :5 he affirms t   
?is "w is ! mo/ le>n$ & c>eful ,patri/ic

 ,monograph :i* has appe>$ 9 ! n9ete5?  
c5tury4 ,to any "o :o wi%es to /udy !   
,ignatian controv]sy1 x supplies a l>ge 
am\nt ( valuable evid5ce1 n o!rwise     
easily accessible4 ,"s1 inde$1 may ?9k  
t1 )\t any detrim5t to ecclesia/ical    
lit]ature1 "s ( ! matt] :i* has help$ to
 swell ! dim5sions ( ^! volumes might h 
be5 omitt$4 ,ev]y?+ 9 any way associat$ 
) ! "n ( ,ignatius seems to h a wond]ful
 fasc9ation = ! le>n$ prelate4 ,n cont5t
 ) publi%+ & comm5d+ :at he consid]s !  
g5u9e productions ( ! apo/olic ,fa!r1 he
 "h edits & annotates lett]s :i* h long 
s9ce be5 discr$it$ by s*ol>s ( all      
classes1 & :i* he himself confesses to  
be apocryphal4 ,! ,acts ( ,m>tyrdom (   
,ignatius--:i* he also ackn[l$ges to be 
a m]e bundle ( fables--he treats ) !    
same t5d] reg>d4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,he   
gives ^! acts1 or l>ge portions ( !m1 9 
,lat9 & ,greek1 z well z 9 ,coptic &    
,syriac2 & annotates !m 9 addition4 ,he 
supplies1 likewise1 ,engli%             
translations4 ,x may be argu$1 t !      

publication ( su* a mass ( leg5d>y      
rubbi% is necess>y to enable ! /ud5t to 
=m a correct judgm5t on ! m]its ( !     
subject 9 debate2 b surely ! "q might be
 settl$ )\t ! aid ( "s ( ^! auxili>ies4 
,dr4 ,lightfoot has long be5 kn[n z "o (
 ! mo/ c&id & pa9/ak+ ( scriptural      
comm5tators2 b x mu/ always be rememb]$ 
t he is an ,episcopalian1 & ! rul] ( an 
,engli% diocese4 ,he w\ld be some?+     
almo/ m ?an human1 7 he to hold up !    
scales ( te/imony ) /rict imp>tiality :5
 weigh+ ! claims ( 8 own ord]4 ,x /rikes
 u t1 9 ! "w be=e u1 8 prejudices &     
pr$ilections reveal _! influ5ce m       
conspicu\sly ?an 9 any ( 8 o!r          
publications4 ,he c see support = 8     
views 9 words & phrases :]e an ord9>y   
obs]v] c discov] no?+ ( ! k9d2 & he c   
close 8 eyes aga9/ evid5ce :i* o!rs may 
deem v satisfactory4 ,ev5 :5 apprais+ ! 
writ]s :o h tak5 "p 9 ?is controv]sy1 he
 has pres5t$ a v "o-sid$ e/imate4 ,he   
speaks ( ^? :o reject ! claims ( ^!     
,epi/les z =m+ a consid]able li/ (      

second & ?ird rate names2 #f3a & he     
m5tions ,us%] & ,b5tley among ^? :o     
esp\se 8 s5tim5ts4 ,accord+ to our      
au?or1 !re _c be a %ad[ ( d\bt t ! sev5 
,vossian ,epi/les repres5t ! g5u9e      
,ignatius4 #f3b ,no ,*ri/ian writ+s ( ! 
second c5tury1 says he1 & v few writ+s (
 antiquity1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or pagan1 are 
s well au!nticat$4 #f3c ,he surely _c   
imag9e t ,us%] w\ld h endors$ su*       
/atem5ts2 = he kn[s well t ! ,primate ( 
,armagh condemn$ ! ,epi/le to ,polyc>p z
 a =g]y4 ,he has /ill less reason to    
claim ,b5tley z on 8 side4 ,on au?ority 
:i* ,bi%op ,monk1 ! biograph] ( ,b5tley1
 deem$ well wor?y ( acceptance1 x is    
/at$ t 9 #agah1 on occasion ( a ,div9ity
 ,act1 ! ,ma/] ( ,tr9ity ,college1      
,cambridge1 made a spee* condemn+ !     
,epi/les ( ,s4 ,ignatius4 ,8 address    
creat$ a great f]m5t 9 ! univ]sity4 #g3a
 ,x is fur!r report$ t ,b5tley refus$ to
 he> ! ,respond5t :o attempt$ to reply4 
,we might h expect$ su* a deliv]ance f !
 pr9ce ( ,briti% critics2 =1 ) !        

intuition ( g5ius1 he saw ! absurdity ( 
recognis+ ^! productions z proce$+ f a  
,*ri/ian m9i/] :o _h be5 c>efully       
in/ruct$ by ! apo/les4 ,b5tley's refusal
 to he> ! ,respond5t :o attempt$ to     
reply to him1 0 exactly 9 keep+ ) 8     
well-kn[n dictatorial temp]4 ,does ,dr4 
,lightfoot br+ =w>d any evid5ce to      
contradict ?is piece ( collegiate       
hi/ory8 ,none :atev]4 ,he m]ely treats u
 to a few ( 8 own conjectures1 :i*      
simply prove 8 anxiety to depreciate its
 significance4 ,& yet he v5tures to     
p>ade ! "n ( ,b5tley among ^? ( ! s*ol>s
 :o cont5d = ! g5u95ess ( ^! lett]s6 ,he
 deals aft] ! same fa%ion ) ! celebrat$ 
,porson4 ,9 a lett] to ! au?or ( ?is    
review #g3b1 ,dr4 ,cureton /ates t      
,porson reject$ ^! lett]s 9 ! =m 9 :i*  
!y 7 put =? by ,us%] & ,vossius2 &      
decl>es t ?is piece ( in=mation 0       
convey$ to himself by no less compet5t  
an au?ority ?an ,bi%op ,kaye4 ,dr4      
,lightfoot meets ?is evid5ce by say+ t !
 obit] dictum ev5 ( a ,porson1 9 !      

circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 giv51 might be ( 
little value4 #g3c ,x 0 giv51 h[ev]1    
exactly 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! speak] 
0 be/ prep>$ to deliv] a s\nd v]dict1 = 
x 0 pron\nc$ aft] ! great critic _h read
 ! ,v9diciae ( ,pe>son4  ,x w\ld be     
hopeless to attempt to settle a disput$ 
"q ( criticism by enum]at+ au?orities on
 diff]5t sides1 z1 aft] all1 ! value (  
^! au?orities w\ld be v>i\sly disc\nt$4 
,we mu/ seek to arrive at tru?1 n by    
quot+ names1 b by weigh+ argum5ts4 ,n a 
few1 h[ev]1 ^: op9ion may be entitl$ to 
"s respect1 w n be prep>$ to agree )    
,bi%op ,lightfoot :5 he affirms t ^? :o 
reject ^! ,ignatian lett]s are1 ) few   
exceptions1 only to be f\nd 9 ! li/ (   
second & ?ird rate names 9 lit]ature4   
#h3a ,we h se5 t ,b5tley & ,porson      
disagree ) him--& he c po9t to no m     
em95t critics 9 ! :ole range ( mod]n    
s*ol>%ip4 ,if ,daill mu/ be plac$ 9 !   
second rank1 surely ,pe>son may well be 
relegat$ to ! same position2 = !re is   
mo/ respectable pro( t 8 ,v9diciae1 9   

reply to ! treatise ( ! ,fr5* div9e1 0  
pron\nc$ by ,porson to be a v           
unsatisfactory p]=mance4 #h3b ,! mo/    
elaborate & +5i\s portion ( ! "w is1 z  
,bi%op ,lightfoot himself confesses1 !  
lea/ satisfactory4 #h3c ,dr4 ,lightfoot1
 we believe1 w h>dly pret5d to say t    
,vossius1 ,bull1 & ,wat]l& /& high] 9 ! 
lit]>y _w ?an ,salmasius1 ,john ,milton1
 & ,augu/us ,ne&]2 & he w greatly a/oni%
 ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory & writ+s 
( "o ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,re=mation1 if he w  
cont5d t ,john ,calv9 mu/ be plac$ only 
9 ! second or ?ird class ( ,prote/ant   
!ologians4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! great doctor
 ( ,g5eva1 ,hammond1 ,grotius1 ,zahn1 & 
o!rs :om ,dr4 ,lightfoot has nam$ z 8   
support]s1 may well hide _! dim9i%$     
heads4  ,9 ! "w be=e u ! ,bi%op (       
,durham has pretty closely foll[$       
,pe>son1 quot+ 8 explanations & repeat+ 
8 argum5ts4 ,"s ( ^! are suffici5tly    
nebul\s4 ,pr(essor ,h>nack--:o has      
already review$ 8 pages 9 ! ,expositor1 
& :o1 to a great ext5t1 adh]es to !     

views :i* !y prop\nd--admits1 not)/&+1 t
 he has ov]/ra9$ 8 case1 & has adduc$ z 
witnesses writ]s ( ! second & ?ird      
c5turies ( :om x is impossible to prove 
t !y knew any?+ ( ! lett]s attribut$ to 
,ignatius4 #i3a ,z a specim5 ( !        
depositions :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot has     
press$ into 8 s]vice1 we may ref] to !  
case ( ,lucian4 ,t au?or wrote ab\t     
sixty ye>s aft] ! alleg$ date ( !       
m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 & 8 ,lord%ip      
imag9es t 9 "o ( 8 works he c trace     
allusions to ! pa/or ( ,antio* "u !     
fictiti\s "n ( ,p]egr9us4 ,writ+1 says  
he soon aft] ,a4,d4 #afe1 ,lucian       
c>icatures ! progress ( ,ignatius ?r\gh 
,asia ,m9or 9 8 dea? ( ,p]egr9us4 #i3b  
,?is ,p]egr9us 0 c]ta9ly an odd "*4     
,e>ly 9 life he _h murd]$ 8 own fa!r1 & 
= ?is he 0 oblig$ to make 8 escape f 8  
c\ntry4 ,w&]+ ab\t f place to place1 he 
id5tifi$ himself ) ! ,*ri/ians1 ga9$ _! 
confid5ce1 & became1 z is alleg$1 a     
di/+ui%$ memb] ( _! community4 ,8 zeal 9
 _! cause soon expos$ him to p]secution1

 & he 0 ?r[n into prison4 ,8 inc>c]ation
 add$ greatly to 8 fame4 ,8             
co-religioni/s1 includ+ wom5 & *ildr51 7
 se5 f morn+ to night l+]+ ab\t ! place 
( 8 conf9em5t2 he 0 abundantly suppli$ )
 food2 & ! l>ge sums ( money1 giv5 to   
him z pres5ts1 provid$ him ) an ample   
rev5ue4 ,aft] 8 release he =feit$ !     
fav\r ( 8 ,*ri/ian fri5ds1 & became a   
,cynic philosoph]2 b he c\ld n be at    
peace4 ,he at l5g? resolv$ to           
immortalize himself by volunt>y         
m>tyrdom4 ,mean:ile he despat*$ lett]s  
to _m fam\s cities1 conta9+ laws &      
ord9ances2 & appo9t$ c]ta9 ( 8          
companions--"u ! "n ( dea?-mess5g]s--to 
scatt] abroad ^! missives4 ,f9ally1 at !
 close ( ! ,olympian games he erect$ a  
fun]al pile2 & :5 x 0 all ablaze1 he    
?rew himself into x1 & p]i%$ 9 ! flames4
 ,!re is v /rong reason = believ+ says  
,dr4 ,lightfoot1 t ,lucian has drawn 8  
picture1 at lea/ 9 "p1 f ! kn[n         
circum/ances ( ,ignatius' hi/ory4 #aj3a 
,! bi%op returns aga9 & aga9 to !       

p>allelism betwe5 ,ignatius & ,p]egr9us1
 & appe>s to ?9k x furni%es an argum5t (
 s+ul> pot5cy 9 fav\r ( ! disput$       
,epi/les4 ,second only1 says he1 to     
c]ta9 o!r v\*]s1 :i* he produces1 /&s   
?is te/imony4 #aa3a ,f su* a sample !   
judici\s read] may =m "s idea ( !       
conclusiv5ess ( ! bi%op's reason+4      
,p]egr9us beg9s life z a p>ricide1 &    
dies l a madman2 & yet we are ask$ to   
believe t ,lucian has ?us sket*$ !      
hi/ory ( an apo/olic ,fa!r6 ,:5 ,lucian 
wrote1 ,ignatius _h be5 dead ab\t sixty 
ye>s2 b ! pagan satiri/ s\ght to amuse !
 public by sket*+ ! c>e] ( an individual
 :om he _h himself he>d & se51 #aa3b &  
:o mu/ h be5 well kn[n to _m ( 8 read]s4
 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury !     
,*ur* 0 sorely tr\bl$ by false tea*]s1  
especially ( ! ,gno/ic type2 & x may h  
be5 t "s adv5tur]1 ( popul> gifts &     
pr(ess+ great zeal 9 ! ,*ri/ian cause1  
contriv$ to ga!r ar\nd him a numb] (    
delud$ foll[]s1 :o1 = a "t1 adh]$ to him
 ) wond]ful en?usiasm4 ,x may be t x is 

?is *>latan to :om ,lucian po9ts1 & ^:  
hi/ory he p]haps exagg]ates4 ,b !re is  
no?+ 9 ! life ( ,p]egr9us :i* c fairly  
be recognis$ ev5 z a c>icature ( ! c>e] 
( "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian 
m>tyrs4 ,7 we to ma9ta9 t ! pagan       
satiri/ 0 ref]r+ to ! ,apo/le ,john1 we 
might be able to %[ almo/ z _m po9ts (  
resemblance4 ,! belov$ disciple travell$
 ab\t ?r\gh v>i\s c\ntries2 acquir$ a   
high reputation among ! ,*ri/ians2 0    
imprison$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,patmos2 wrote    
lett]s to ! sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia2 & 0   
visit$ 9 8 place ( exile by angels or   
mess5g]s1 :o probably did n repair to   
him empty-h&$4 ,john di$ only a few ye>s
 be=e ,ignatius1 & 0 connect$ ) ! same  
qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 nev] yet 
he>d t ,lucian 0 suspect$ ( allud+ to ! 
au?or ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,if ,bi%op       
,lightfoot ?9ks t he c conv9ce s5sible  
m5 ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les  
by br++ =w>d su* witnesses z ,lucian & 8
 h]o ,p]egr9us1 we believe he is v mu*  
mi/ak54 ,! argum5t is n orig9al1 = x is 

press$ ) great confid5ce by 8 pr$ecessor
 ,pe>son1 & by o!rs m rec5tly4 ,b its   
weakness is transp>5t4 ,pr(essor        
,h>nack1 :il/ admitt+ ! weight ( mu* ( !
 evid5ce adduc$ 9 ^! volumes1 scornfully
 refuses to ackn[l$ge its relevancy4    
,above all1 says he1 ,lucian %\ld be    
/ruck out4 ,i confess ,i _c imag9e h[   
writ]s g on cit+ ,lucian z a witness = !
 ,epi/les4 #ab3a ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an old 
adage1 ,any port 9 a /orm3 & be=e !     
close ( ?is discussion x may p]haps be  
f\nd t ,lucian is z good a h>b\r (      
refuge z c be furni%$ = ! cr$it ( !     
,ignatian ,epi/les 9 ! :ole ( ! second  
c5tury4  ,x is obvi\s t1 ev5 accord+ to 
8 own acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( 8 pres5t "w1  
,dr4 ,lightfoot has n ent]$ on its      
prep>ation "u circum/ances likely to    
result 9 a safe & unprejudic$ v]dict4 ,i
 nev] once d\bt$1 says he 9 ! preface1  
#ac3a t we possess$ 9 "o =m or ano!r !  
g5u9e lett]s ( ,ignatius4 ,?is is1      
h[ev]1 ! v fir/ po9t to be prov$2 & !   
bi%op has be5 lab\r+ ?r\gh\t to make    

good a =egone conclusion4 ,no wond] t ! 
result %\ld be unsatisfactory4 ,if he   
has built on a false f\ndation1 no?+    
else c\ld be expect$4 ,!re is n1 we are 
satisfi$1 a p>ticle ( solid evid5ce to  
%[ t ,ignatius ( ,antio* left beh9d him 
any writ+s :atev]4 ,?is may be deem$ a v
 bold /atem5t1 b x is delib]ately       
advanc$4 ,i hope1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1  
to demon/rate t x is n made )\t due     
consid]ation4      ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,!   
,,te/imony ,,( ,,polyc>p ,,to ,,!       
,,ignatian ,,epi/les ,,exam9$4   ,!     
,bi%op ( ,durham affirms1 9 a passage   
already quot$1 t no ,*ri/ian writ+s ( ! 
second c5tury1 & v few writ+s (         
antiquity1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or pagan1 are s
 well au!nticat$ z ! ,epi/les attribut$ 
to ,ignatius4 ,?is assur$ly is an a/\nd+
 ann\ncem5t1 made delib]ately by a      
di/+ui%$ au?or1 ^: att5tion1 = ne>ly    
?irty ye>s1 has be5 direct$ to !        
subject4 ,! lett] ( ,polyc>p to !       
,philippians is a writ+ ( ! second      
c5tury1 & x is by f> ! mo/ important    

witness 9 support ( ! ,ignatian lett]s2 
b we mu/ inf]1 f ! words j quot$1 t x is
 n s well au!nticat$ z !y are4 ,x is    
difficult to und]/& by :at process (    
logic 8 ,lord%ip has arriv$ at ?is      
conclusion4 ,9 an ord9>y c\rt ( law1 !  
witness :o deposes to "* is expect$ to  
/& on at lea/ z high a moral plat=m 9   
public e/imation z ! individual 9 ^:    
fav\r he be>s te/imony2 b if ! lett] (  
,polyc>p is n s well au!nticat$ z ^!    
,ignatian lett]s1 h[ c x be br\ght =w>d 
to e/abli% _! reputation8 ,nor is ?is ! 
only p]plex+ circum/ance connect$ ) ?is 
discussion4 ,!re 0 a "t :51 accord+ to 8
 own /atem5t 9 ! pres5t "w1 ,dr4        
,lightfoot accept$ ! ,curetonian lett]s 
z repres5t+ ! g5u9e ,ignatius2 #ae3a &1 
( c\rse1 :5 he reg>d$ z =g]ies ! f\r    
o!rs :i* he n[ ackn[l$ges4 ,9 ! volumes 
be=e u1 z if to make comp5sation = !    
unfav\rable op9ion :i* he once *]i%$1 he
 advances ! :ole sev5 ( ! l>g] edition  
to a position ( especial hon\r4 ,! lett]
 ( ,polyc>p1 ! works ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 !  

treatise ( ,ir5aeus ,aga9/ ,h]esies1 &  
o!r writ+s ( ! second c5tury1 h long    
su/a9$ an hone/ "*2 b n[ !y mu/ all take
 rank bel[ ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4        
,accord+ to ! ,bi%op ( ,durham1 !y are n
 s well au!nticat$4  ,9 8 eag]ness to   
exalt ! cr$it ( ^! ,ignatian lett]s1    
,dr4 ,lightfoot1 9 8 pres5t publication1
 has obvi\sly express$ himself mo/      
incauti\sly4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! lett] (  
,polyc>p1 z a g5u9e production ( !      
second c5tury1 occupies an incomp>ably  
high] position ?an ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4
 ,! int]nal evid5ce 9 its fav\r is mo/  
satisfactory4 ,x is exactly su* a piece 
( correspond5ce z we might expect f a   
pi\s & s5sible ,*ri/ian m9i/]1 well     
acqua9t$ ) ! ,scriptures1 & liv+ on !   
conf9es ( ! apo/olic age4 ,x has1       
besides1 all ! ext]nal confirmation we  
c\ld desire4 ,ir5aeus1 :o 0 p]sonally   
well kn[n to ! au?or1 & :o has left     
beh9d him ! treatise ,aga9/ ,h]esies    
already m5tion$1 speaks !re9 ( ?is lett]
 9 t]ms ( high approval4 ,!re is1 says  

he1 a v suffici5t ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p    
writt5 to ! ,philippians1 f :i* ^? :o   
desire x1 & :o c>e = _! own salvation1 c
 le>n bo? ! "* ( 8 fai? & ! message ( ! 
tru?4 #af3a ,c\ld su* a v\*] z ?is be   
produc$ = ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to         
,ignatius1 & 7 ! ext]nal evid5ce equally
 satisfactory1 x w\ld be absurd to d\bt 
_! g5u95ess4 ,b :il/ ! int]nal evid5ce  
te/ifies aga9/ !m1 !y are n notic$ by   
any writ] = consid]ably m ?an a c5tury  
aft] !y are said to h appe>$4  ,! date  
commonly assign$ = ! m>tyrdom (         
,ignatius1 & consequ5tly = ! writ+ ( !  
lett]s ascrib$ to him1 is ! n9? ye> (   
,trajan1 correspond+ to ,a4,d4 #ajg4    
,?is date1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot tells u1 is !
 "o fix$ elem5t 9 ! common tradition4   
#af3b ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,*ronicon    
,pas*ale1 & 9 ! ,antio*5e & ! ,roman    
,acts1 z well z else:]e4 #af3c ,?is same
 date is assign$ by ! advocates ( !     
,ignatian ,epi/les = ! writ+ (          
,polyc>p's lett]4 ,only a few mon?s at !
 outside1 says ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 probably

 only a few weeks1 aft] ^! ,ignatian    
,epi/les purport to h be5 writt51 !     
,bi%op ( ,smyrna himself addresses a    
lett] to ! ,philippians4 #ag3a ,9 due   
c\rse x w be %[n t ,polyc>p 0 at ?is "t 
only ab\t f\r-&-tw5ty ye>s ( age2 & any 
intellig5t read] :o pursues 8 ,epi/le c 
judge = himself :e!r x c be reasonably  
accept$ z ! production ( s v y\?ful an  
au?or4 ,x appe>s t x 0 dictat$ 9 answ]  
to a communication f ! ,*ur* at         
,philippi1 9 :i* he 0 reque/$ to        
int]pose 8 influ5ce ) a view to !       
settlem5t ( "s grave sc&als :i* di/urb$ 
t anci5t ,*ri/ian community4 ,is x      
likely t a m9i/] ( s little exp]i5ce    
w\ld h be5 invit$ to und]take su* a     
s]vice8 ,! communication is r su* an    
outp\r+ ( fri5dly c\nsel z befitt$ an   
ag$ patri>*4 ,9 a fa!rly /yle he "h     
addresses himself to wives & wid[s1 to  
"y m5 & maid5s1 to p>5ts & *ildr51 to   
deacons & presbyt]s4 #ag3b  ,!re are o!r
 indications 9 ?is lett] t x _c h be5   
writt5 at ! date ascrib$ to x by !      

advocates ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,x    
conta9s an admonition to pray = k+s 7or 
! k+s71 au?orities1 & pr9ces4 #ah3a ,we 
are n at lib]ty to assume t ^! ?ree     
names are precisely synonym\s4 ,by k+s1 
or ! k+s1 we may app>5tly und]/& !      
imp]ial rul]s2 by au?orities1 consuls1  
proconsuls1 praetors1 & o!r magi/rates2 
& by pr9ces1 ^? petty sov]eigns & o!rs (
 royal rank to be f\nd "h & !re ?r\gh\t 
! ,roman dom9ions4 #ah3b ,dr4           
,lightfoot1 inde$1 argues t !           
translation adopt$ by "s--! k+s--is     
inadmissible1 z1 accord+ to 8 ideas1 we 
h v good gr\nd = believ+ t ! def9ite    
article _h no place 9 ! orig9al4 #ah3c  
,he has1 h[ev]1 assign$ no adequate     
reason :y ! article may n be prefix$4 ,8
 cont5tion1 t ! expression pray = k+s   
has n any?+ m ?an a g5]al ref]5ce1 #ah3d
 _c be well ma9ta9$4 ,9 a case su* z    
?is1 we mu/ be1 to a great ext5t1 guid$ 
9 our int]pretation by ! context2 & if  
s1 we may fairly admit ! article1 =     
imm$iately aft]w>ds ,polyc>p exhorts !  

,philippians to pray = _! p]secutors &  
_! enemies1--an admonition :i* obvi\sly 
has some?+ m ?an a g5]al ref]5ce4 ,su*  
an advice w\ld be inappropriate :5      
p]secution 0 asleep1 & :5 no enemy 0    
giv+ di/urbance4 ,b1 at ! date :5       
,ignatius is alleg$ to h be5 m>tyr$1    
,polyc>p c\ld n h exhort$ ! ,philippians
 to pray = ! k+s1 z !re 0 !n only "o    
sov]eign rul+ ov] ! empire4  ,t ?is     
lett] ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians 0    
writt5 at a "t :5 p]secution 0 rife1 is 
app>5t f its t5or ?r\gh\t4 ,if we except
 ! case ( ,ignatius ( ,antio*--_m ( !   
tales relat+ to :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot     
himself rejects z fabul\s #ai3a--we h no
 evid5ce t 9 ,a4,d4 #ajg ! ,*ri/ians 7  
treat$ ) sev]ity4 ,! ,roman _w 0 !n "u !
 mild gov]nm5t ( ,trajan1 & ! tr\bles   
:i* afflict$ ! disciples 9 ,bi?ynia1 "u 
,pl9y1 _h n yet comm5c$4 ,! emp]or1 s f>
 z we h tru/wor?y in=mation1 _h hi!rto 9
 no way int]f]$ ) ! infant ,*ur*4 ,b 9  
,a4,d4 #afa two sov]eigns 7 9 p[]1 & a  
reign ( t]ror 0 inaugurat$4 ,we c !re=e 

well und]/& :y ,polyc>p1 aft] exhort+ 8 
correspond5ts to pray = ! k+s1          
imm$iately foll[s up ?is advice by urg+ 
!m to pray = _! p]secutors & _! enemies4
 ,if by k+s we "h und]/& emp]ors1 z     
di/+ui%$ f pr9ces or inf]ior pot5tates1 
x mu/ be obvi\s t ,polyc>p "h ref]s to !
 two reign+ sov]eigns4 ,x s happ5$ t1 :5
 two k+s began to reign1 p]secution at  
once comm5c$2 & ! language ( ! ,epi/le  
exactly befits su* a crisis4  ,! :ole   
/ra9 ( ?is lett] po9ts1 n to ! reign (  
,trajan1 b to t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4     
,polyc>p exhorts ! ,philippians to      
practise all endurance 7 #i7 9 ! s]vice 
( ,*ri/4 ,if1 says he1 we %\ld suff] =  
,8 "n's sake1 let u glorify ,him 7 #h74 
,he speaks ( m5 encircl$ 9 sa9tly bonds2
 7 #a7 & praises ! ,philippians = !     
c\rage :i* !y _h manife/$ 9 sympa?iz+ ) 
^! confessors4 ,he rem9ds !m h[1 ) _!   
own eyes1 !y _h se5 _! suff]+s 7 #i74   
,all ^! /atem5ts sugge/ times (         
tribulation4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ?is 
lett] may conv9ce u t x conta9s no      

ref]5ce to ! ,epi/les attribut$ to      
,ignatius ( ,antio*4 ,( ! sev5 lett]s   
m5tion$ by ,eusebius1 f\r are said to h 
be5 writt5 f ,smyrna & ?ree f ,troas4 ,b
 ! lett]s ( :i* ,polyc>p speaks 7 writt5
 f nei!r ( ^! places1 b f ,philippi4 ,9 
! lett]s attribut$ to ,ignatius (       
,antio*1 ! m>tyr describes himself z a  
solit>y suff]]1 hurri$ along by t5 r\gh 
soldi]s f city to city on 8 way to      
,rome2 9 ! lett] ( ,polyc>p to !        
,philippians1 ,ignatius is only "o among
 a cr[d ( victims1 ( ^: ultimate        
de/9ation ! writ] 0 ignorant4 ,a        
consid]able "t aft] ! p>ty _h left      
,philippi1 ,polyc>p begs ! bre?r5 !re to
 tell him :at _h become ( !m4 ,conc]n+  
,ignatius himself1 & ^? :o are ) him1   
if1 says he1 ye h any sure tid+s1 c]tify
 u4 #ba3a ,9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/le        
address$ to ,polyc>p1 he is direct$ to  
write to ! ,*ur*es1 to call toge!r a    
godly c\ncil1 & to elect a mess5g] to be
 s5t to ,syria 7#g74 ,polyc>p1 9 8 lett]
 to ! ,philippians1 takes no notice ( ^!

 in/ructions4 ,he _h obvi\sly nev] he>d 
( !m4 ,x is inde$ pla9 t ! lett] ( !    
,philippians to ,polyc>p _h only a      
p>tial ref]5ce to ! case ( ,ignatius & 8
 companions4 ,x 0 l>gely occupi$ ) o!r  
matt]s2 & to ^! ,polyc>p addresses      
himself 9 8 reply4  ,! simple solution (
 all ^! difficulties is to be f\nd 9 !  
fact t ! ,ignatius m5tion$ by ,polyc>p 0
 a totally diff]5t p]son f ! pa/or (    
,antio*4 ,he liv$ 9 ano!r age & 9 ano!r 
c\ntry4 ,ignatius or ,egnatius--= ! "n  
is ?us v>i\sly writt5--0 n a v r>e      
designation2 #ba3c & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 
,philippi x seems to h be5 common4 ,!   
fam\s ,egnatian road1 #ba3d :i* pass$   
?r\gh ! place1 probably d]iv$ its title 
orig9ally f "s di/+ui%$ memb] ( !       
family4 ,we le>n f ! lett] ( ,polyc>p t 
8 ,ignatius 0 a man ( ,philippi4        
,address+ 8 bre?r5 !re1 he says1 ,i     
exhort y all1 !re=e1 to be ob$i5t unto !
 ^w ( righte\sness1 & to practise all   
endurance1 :i* also ye saw ) y\r own    
eyes 9 ! bless$ ,ignatius1 & ,zosimus1 &

 ,rufus1 & ,,9 ,,o!rs ,,also ,,among    
,,y\rselves 7,sec4 #i74 ,^! words surely
 mean t ! individuals "h nam$ 7 m5 (    
,philippi4 ,x is admitt$ t two ( !m1    
viz4 ,zosimus & ,rufus1 answ]$ to ?is   
description2 & 9 ! ,lat9 ,m>tyrologies1 
z ,dr4 ,lightfoot himself ackn[l$ges1   
#bb3b !y are said to h be5 natives ( !  
t[n4 ,x w require ! introduction ( "s   
novel canon ( criticism to enable u to  
avoid ! conclusion t ,ignatius1 _!      
companion1 is n to be class$ 9 ! same   
category4  ,x is well kn[n t :5 ,m>cus  
,aurelius became emp]or he inaugurat$ a 
new sy/em ( p]secution4 ,in/ead ( at    
once consign+ to dea? ^? :o boldly made 
a pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 z _h h]et(ore
 be5 cu/om>y 9 times ( trial1 he employ$
 v>i\s exp$i5ts to extort f !m a        
recantation4 ,he ?rew !m into conf9em5t1
 b\nd !m ) *a9s1 kept !m 9 l+]+ susp5se1
 & subject$ !m to suff]+s ( diff]5t     
k9ds1 9 ! hope ( ov]com+ _! con/ancy4 ,x
 w\ld seem t ,ignatius1 ,zosimus1       
,rufus1 & _! companions 7 dealt ) aft]  

?is fa%ion4 ,!y 7 made prison]s1 put 9  
bonds1 pli$ ) torture "u ! eyes ( !     
,philippians1 & tak5 away f ! city1 !y  
knew n :i!r4 ,x may be t !y 7 remov$ to 
,!ssalonica1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,roman      
gov]nor1 t !y might be immur$ 9 a       
dungeon1 to await !re ! ,imp]ial        
pleasure4 ,x is pretty cle> t !y did n  
expect in/ant execution4 ,:5 ,polyc>p   
wrote1 he speaks ( !m z /ill liv+2 & he 
is anxi\s to "k :at may yet betide !m4  
,let u n[ call att5tion to ano!r passage
 9 ?is lett] ( ,polyc>p to !            
,philippians4 ,t[>ds its close ! foll[+ 
s5t5ce appe>s some:at 9 ! =m ( a        
po/script4 ,ye wrote to me1 bo? ye      
y\rselves & ,ignatius1 ask+ t if any "o 
%\ld g to ,syria1 he might c>ry ?i!r !  
lett]s f y4 ,we h "h ! read+1 &         
translation adopt$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot2 b
 x s happ5s t !re is ano!r read+ p]haps1
 on ! :ole1 q z well support$ by !      
au?ority ( v]sions & manuscripts4 ,x may
 be ?us r5d]$3 ,ye wrote to me1 bo? ye  
y\rselves & ,ignatius1 sugge/+ t if any 

"o is go+ to ,syria1 he might c>ry ?i!r 
my lett]s to y4 #bc3a ,! s5t5ce1 z      
int]pret$ by ! advocates ( ! ,ignatian  
,epi/les1 we>s a /range & suspici\s     
aspect4 ,if ,ignatius & ! ,philippians  
wi%$ _! lett]s to be c>ri$ to ,antio*1  
:y did !y n say s8 ,syria 0 an ext5sive 
prov9ce1--mu* l>g] ?an all ,irel&1--& _m
 a travell] might h be5 go+ !re :o w\ld 
h f\nd x q impracticable to deliv]      
lett]s 9 its metropolis4 ,:5 !re 0 no   
p5ny po/age1 & :5 lett]s ( fri5d%ip 7   
(t5 c>ri$ by private h&s1 if an         
individual resid+ 9 ! nor? or s\? ( !   
,em]ald ,isle _h reque/$ a correspond5t 
9 ,bri/ol to s5d 8 lett]s by any "o go+ 
ov] to ,irel&1 x w\ld n h be5           
extraord9>y if ! ,engli%man _h receiv$ !
 message ) amazem5t4 ,c\ld any "o pass+ 
ov] to ,irel& be expect$ to deliv]      
lett]s 9 ,cork or ,londond]ry8 ,!re 7 _m
 places ( note 9 ,syria f> di/ant f     
,antio*2 & x 0 prepo/]\s to propose t   
any "o travell+ to t prov9ce %\ld c>ry  
lett]s to its capital city4 ,no "o c    

pret5d to say t ! :ole1 or ev5 any      
consid]able "p ( ,syria1 0 "u !         
ecclesia/ical sup]vision ( ,ignatius2 =1
 long aft] ?is p]iod1 ! jurisdiction ( a
 bi%op did n ext5d beyond ! walls ( !   
t[n 9 :i* he dwelt4 ,if ,ignatius meant 
to h 8 lett]s tak5 to ,antio*1 :y       
vaguely say t !y 7 to be c>ri$ to       
,syria8 #bd3a ,:y n di/9ctly "n ! place 
( _! de/9ation8 ,x _h long be5 ! sc5e ( 
8 pa/oral lab\rs2 & x might h be5       
expect$ t its v designation w\ld h be5  
repeat$ by him ) peculi> int]e/4 ,no    
good reason c be giv5 :y he %\ld speak (
 ,syria1 & n ( ,antio*1 z ! place to :i*
 8 lett]s 7 to be transmitt$4 ,nor is   
?is ! only p]plex+ circum/ance associat$
 ) ! reque/ m5tion$ 9 ! po/script to ?is
 lett]4 ,if ! ,philippians1 or          
,ignatius1 _h s5t lett]s to ,polyc>p    
address$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*1 0 x      
necess>y = !m to say to him t !y %\ld be
 =w>d$8 ,w\ld n 8 own common s5se h     
direct$ him :at to d8 ,he 0 n surely su*
 a dot>d t he requir$ to be told h[ to  

dispose ( ^! ,epi/les4  ,if we are to be
 guid$ by ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,ignatian      
,epi/les1 we mu/ inf] t ! lett]s to be  
s5t to ,antio* 7 to be =w>d$ ) ! utmo/  
exp$ition4 ,a c\ncil 0 to be call$ =?)1 
& by x a mess5g] fit to be> ! "n (      
,god's c\ri] #be3a 0 to be *os5 to c>ry 
!m to ! ,syrian metropolis4 ,!re are no 
su* signs ( ha/e or urg5cy indicat$ 9 ! 
po/script to ,polyc>p's ,epi/le4 ,!     
lett]s ( :i* he speaks c\ld af=d to wait
 until "s "o happ5$ to be travell+ to   
,syria2 & !n1 x is sugge/$1 he might    
take !m along ) him4 ,if we adopt !     
read+ to be f\nd 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion1 &    
:i*1 f int]nal evid5ce1 we may judge to 
be a true r5d]+ ( ! orig9al1 we are1    
accord+ to ! int]pretation :i* mu/ be   
giv5 to x by ! advocates ( ! ,ignatian  
,epi/les1 involv$ 9 hopeless bewild]m5t4
 ,if by ,syria we und]/& ! ea/]n        
prov9ce1 :at possibly c be ! mean+ ( !  
words address$ by ,polyc>p to !         
,philippians1 ,if any "o is go+ to      
,syria1 he might c>ry ?i!r my lett]s to 

y8 #bf3a ,any "o pass+ f ,smyrna to     
,philippi turns 8 face to ! nor?-we/1 b 
a travell] f ,smyrna to ,syria proce$s  
s\?-ea/1 or 9 ! exactly opposite        
direction4 ,h[ c\ld ,polyc>p hope to    
keep up a correspond5ce ) 8 bre?r5 (    
,philippi1 if he s5t 8 lett]s to !      
di/ant ,ea/ by any "o :o might be go+   
!re8  ,x is pretty evid5t t ! ,lat9     
v]sion has pres]v$ ! true orig9al ( ?is 
po/script1 & t ! curr5t read+1 adopt$ by
 ,dr4 ,lightfoot & o!rs1 mu/ be trac$ to
 ! misappreh5sions ( transcrib]s4       
,puzzl$ by ! /atem5t t lett]s f ,polyc>p
 to ! ,philippians 7 to be s5t to       
,syria1 !y h tri$ to correct ! text by  
*ang+ ,greek3 p> haemon into ,greek3 p> 
humon--imply+ t ! lett]s 7 to be        
transmitt$1 n f ,polyc>p to !           
,philippians1 b f ! ,philippians to     
,antio*4 ,a v simple explanation may1   
h[ev]1 remove ?is :ole difficulty4 ,if  
by ,syria we und]/&1 n ! great ea/]n    
prov9ce s call$1 b a little isl& (      
simil> "n 9 ! ,aegaean ,sea1 ! real be>+

 ( ! reque/ is at once app>5t4 ,psyria  
#bg3a--;9 ! c\rse ( "t contract$ into   
,psyra--lies a few miles we/ ( ,*ios1   
#bg3b & is almo/ directly on ! way      
betwe5 ,smyrna & ,neapolis1 ! port-t[n (
 ,philippi4 ,a lett] f ,smyrna left !re 
w\ld be c>ri$ a consid]able di/ance on  
its j\rney to ,philippi4 ,"s fri5dly h& 
might convey x f !nce to its de/9ation4 
,psyria & ,syria are words s ak9 9 s\nd 
t a transcrib] ( ,polyc>p's lett]1 copy+
 f dictation1 might readily mi/ake ! "o 
= ! o!r2 & ?us an error creep+ into an  
e>ly manuscript may h l$ to all ?is     
p]plexity4 ,lett]s 9 ^? days c\ld       
commonly be s5t only by special         
mess5g]s1 or fri5ds travel+ abroad2 & ! 
,philippians _h made a sugge/ion to     
,polyc>p z to ! be/ mode ( keep+ up _!  
correspond5ce4 ,!y _h probably "s       
co-religioni/s 9 ,psyria2 & a lett] s5t 
!re to "o or o!r ( !m1 c\ld1 at ! e>lie/
 opportunity1 be =w>d$4 ,b ano!r        
explanation1 p]haps q z wor?y (         
acceptance1 may solve ?is my/]y4 ,syria 

0 ! anci5t "n ( ano!r isl& 9 ! ,aegaean 
,sea1 & "o ( ! ,cyclades4 ,?\gh x is n s
 mu* z ,psyria 9 ! direct c\rse betwe5  
,smyrna & ,philippi1 x is a place (     
great] celebrity & ( m comm]cial        
importance4 ,l ,psyria1 9 ! c\rse ( ages
 its "n has be5 contract$1 & x is n[    
kn[n z ,syra4 ,betwe5 x & ,smyrna !re   
has be5 mu* int]c\rse f "t immemorial4  
,x has be5 fam\s s9ce ! days ( ,hom]1   
#bh3a & x 0 anci5tly ! seat ( a bi%op1  
#bh3b--;an evid5ce t x mu/ soon h _h a  
,*ri/ian population4 ,x is at ! pres5t  
day ! c5tre ( an active trade2 & a late 
di/+ui%$ travell] has told u h[1 n _m   
ye>s ago1 9 an aft]noon1 he & 8 p>ty    
left ,syra1 & next morn+ an*or$ 9 front 
( ! t[n ( ,smyrna4 #bh3c ,syria is n1 z 
has be5 intimat$1 9 ! direct r\te to    
,philippi2 b ! %orte/ way is n always   
ei!r ! be/ or ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,at pres5t
 ?is place is ! pr9cipal port ( ! ,greek
 ar*ipelago2 #bi3a & probably1 9 ! days 
( ,polyc>p1 vessels 7 cont9ually leav+  
its h>b\r = t[ns on ! opposite coa/s ( !

 ,aegaean4 ,a ,*ri/ian m]*ant resid5t 9 
,syria w\ld ?us h facilities = s5d+     
lett]s left ) him ei!r to ,smyrna or    
,philippi4 ,ignatius or 8 fri5ds may h  
he>d ( an (f] f su* a qu>t] to take *>ge
 ( _! correspond5ce1 & may h accord+ly  
made ! sugge/ion notic$ at ! close (    
,polyc>p's lett]4 ,z ! isl& ( ,syria 0  
well kn[n to !m all1 ! ,smyrnaeans c\ld 
n h misund]/ood ! intimation4  ,?is     
explanation ?r[s light on ano!r "p ( ?is
 po/script :i* has long be5 emb>rass+ to
 _m read]s4 ,aft] adv]t+ to ! reque/ (  
,ignatius & ! ,philippians relative to !
 conveyance ( ! lett]s1 ,polyc>p adds1  
:i* reque/ ,i w att5d to if ,i get a fit
 opportunity1 ei!r p]sonally1 or by "o  
:om ,i %all depute to act likewise on   
y\r behalf4 #bi3b ,accord+ to ! curr5t  
int]pretation1 ,polyc>p "h sugge/s !    
probability ( a p]sonal visit to ! ea/]n
 capital1 if he c\ld f9d no "o else to  
und]take ! s]vice4 ,! occasion evid5tly 
call$ = no su* piece ( self-sacrifice on
 ! "p ( ?is apo/olic ,fa!r4 ,! ,*ur* (  

,antio*1 aft] ! removal ( its pa/or     
,ignatius1 01 we are assur$1 deliv]$ f  
f>!r tr\ble1 & 0 n[ at peace4 #cj3a ,!  
pres5ce ( ! m9i/] ( ,smyrna !re 0 utt]ly
 unnecess>y2 #cj3b ! place 0 v f>       
di/ant2 & :y !n %\ld he be call$ on to  
und]take a we>isome & exp5sive j\rney to
 ,antio* & back aga98 ,polyc>p admits t 
8 visit 0 n ess5tial1 & t a mess5g]     
might d all t 0 requir$ q z well4 ,b if 
by ,syria we und]/& "o ( ! ,sporades or 
,cyclades1 we are furni%$ ) a ready     
solution ( ?is enigma4 ,! little isl& ( 
,psyria 0 di/ant f ,smyrna only a few   
h\rs' sail2 & z x 0 p]haps ! resid5ce ( 
"s ( 8 co-religioni/s1 ,polyc>p might   
soon require to repair to x 9 ! dis*>ge 
( 8 ecclesia/ical duties4 ,he c\ld !n   
take along ) him1 s f>1 ! lett]s int5d$ 
= ,philippi4 ,or if by ,syria we "h     
und]/& ! little isl& anci5tly s call$1  
ne> ! c5tre ( ! ,cyclades1 ! explanation
 is equally satisfactory4 ,! lett] (    
,polyc>p 0 writt51 n z ,dr4 ,lightfoot  
cont5ds1 9 ,a4,d4 #ajg b1 z we h se51   

ab\t ,a4,d4 #afa1 :51 z ! :ole /ra9 ( ! 
,epi/le indicates1 he 0 f> advanc$ 9    
life4 ,!re is reason to believe t ab\t  
?is v juncture he 0 contemplat+ a j\rney
 to ,rome1 t he might h a p]sonal       
conf]5ce ) its *ief pa/or1 ,anicetus4 ,8
 appe>ance 9 ! seat ( ,empire on t      
occasion creat$ a great s5sation1 &     
seems to h produc$ v important results4 
,if he n[ w5t !re1 any "o :o looks at ! 
map may see t he mu/ pass ,syria on !   
way4 ,he c\ld ?us take ! opportunity (  
leav+ !re any lett]s = ,philippi ( :i*  
he might be ! be>]4 ,at a subsequ5t /age
 ( our discussion1 ?is visit ( ,polyc>p 
to ,rome mu/ aga9 occupy our att5tion4  
,! facts br\ght "u ! notice ( ! read] 9 
?is *apt] may help him to und]/& h[ x   
has happ5$ t s _m h be5 befool$ by !    
claims ( ^! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,a      
mi/ake z to two ( ! names m5tion$ 9 !   
lett] ( ,polyc>p1 creat$1 z w           
subsequ5tly appe>1 by ! crafty          
contrivance ( a manufactur] ( spuri\s   
docum5ts1 has l$ to a va/ am\nt (       

blund]+ & misappreh5sion4 ,ignatius1 a  
man ( ,philippi1 has be5 suppos$ to be  
,ignatius1 ! pa/or ( ,antio*2 & ,syria1 
! ea/]n prov9ce ( ! ,roman ,empire1 has 
be5 conf\nd$ ) ,psyria or ,syria--ei!r (
 ^! names repres5t+ an isl& 9 ! ,aegean 
,sea n f> f ,smyrna4 ,ignatius1 !       
confessor ( ,philippi1 :5 9 bonds wrote1
 z we f9d1 a numb] ( lett]s :i* 7 deem$ 
wor?y ( pres]vation1 b :i* h long s9ce  
p]i%$2 & "s "t aft]w>ds an adroit =g]1 )
 a view to ! advancem5t ( a fav\rite    
ecclesia/ical sy/em1 concoct$ a s]ies ( 
lett]s :i* he fa!r$ ^u ,ignatius (      
,antio*4 ,9 an uncritical age ! *eat    
succe$$2 ! lett]s 7 q to ! ta/e ( _m    
read]s2 & ev] s9ce !y h be5 ! delight ( 
,high ,*ur*m54 ,popes & ,prote/ant      
prelates alike h p]us$ !m ) dev\t       
en?usiasm2 & no wond] t ,ar*bi%op ,laud1
 ,bi%op ,j]emy ,taylor1 ,bi%op ,hall1 & 
,ar*bi%op ,wake1 h quot$ ,ignatius )    
applause4 ,! lett]s ascrib$ to him are !
 title-de$s ( _! ord]4 ,ev5 ! wor?y     
,bi%op ( ,durham1 :o has nev] p]mitt$   

himself to d\bt t we possess 9 "s =m !  
lett]s ( ! pa/or ( ,antio*1 has be5 !   
victim ( 8 own cr$ulity2 & has be5 /riv+
 (f & on = ne>ly ?irty ye>s to e/abli% !
 cr$it ( ,epi/les :i* tea*1 9 ! mo/     
b>efac$ language ! gospel ( sac]dotal   
pret5sion & passive ob$i5ce4            
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,!      
,,m>tyrdom ,,( ,,polyc>p4   ,to _m x may
 appe> t !re c be no connection betwe5 !
 date ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p & ! claims
 ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,all conv]sant 
) ! hi/ory ( ?is controv]sy mu/1 h[ev]1 
be aw>e t ! "q ( *ronology has ent]$    
l>gely into ! discussion4 ,if we def] to
 ! au?ority ( ! e>lie/ & be/ witnesses  
to :om we c appeal = guidance1 x is     
impossible to remove ! cl\d ( suspicion 
:i* at once settles d[n on ^! lett]s4   
,_! advocates are aw>e ( ! *ronological 
objection1 & !y h accord+ly exp5d$      
imm5se pa9s 9 try+ to prove t ,eusebius1
 ,j]ome1 & o!r writ]s ( ! highe/ repute 
h be5 mi/ak54 ,9 8 rec5t "w1 ! ,bi%op ( 
,durham has exhau/$ ! res\rces ( 8      

ability & erudition 9 attempt+ to       
demon/rate t ! only p>ties f :om we c   
fairly expect any?+ l evid5ce h all be5 
mis9=m$4 ,he has secur$ a v]dict 9 8    
fav\r f a numb] ( review]s1 :o h        
app>5tly at once giv5 way be=e !        
=midable array ( le>n$ lore br\ght      
toge!r 9 ^! volumes2 #cd3a b1 )al1 !    
intellig5t read] :o cauti\sly p]uses &  
pond]s ! elaborate *apt] 9 :i* he deals 
) ?is "q1 w feel r my/ifi$ ?an enlight5$
 by 8 argum5tation4 ,x may !re=e be     
prop] to /ate ! te/imony ( ! anci5t     
,*ri/ian writ]s1 & to describe ! l9e (  
reason+ pursu$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot4  ,!  
ma9 s\rce ( op9ion1 says ! bi%op1       
respect+ ! ye> ( ,polyc>p's dea?1 among 
anci5t & mod]n writ]s alike1 has be5 !  
,*ronicon ( ,eusebius 444 ,aft] ! sev5? 
ye> ( ,m4 ,aurelius1 he app5ds ! notice1
 ',a p]secution ov]tak+ ! ,*ur*1        
,polyc>p und]w5t m>tyrdom4' 444         
,eusebius is "h assum$ to date          
,polyc>p's m>tyrdom 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,m4 
,aurelius1 i4e4 ,a4,d4 #afg4 #cd3b ,dr4 

,lightfoot !n proce$s to obs]ve t ?is   
inf]5ce is unw>rantable1 inasmu* z !    
notice is n plac$ opposite to1 b aft]   
?is ye>4 ,he adds t x is associat$ ) !  
p]secutions 9 ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 :i* we "k
 to h happ5$ ,a4,d4 #agg4 #cd3c ,s f> ! 
/atem5t ( ! bi%op is unobjectionable1 &1
 accord+ to 8 own %[+1 we might conclude
 t ,polyc>p suff]$ "s "t aft] ! sev5?   
ye> ( ,m4 ,aurelius4 ,b ?is pla9 logical
 d$uction w\ld be totally ru9\s to !    
sy/em ( *ronology :i* he advocates2 & he
 is oblig$ to resort to a mo/ outl&i%   
assumption t he may get ov] !           
difficulty4 ,he cont5ds t ,eusebius did 
n "k at :at precise p]iod ^! m>tyrdoms  
occurr$4 ,we c1 says ! bi%op1 only inf] 
) safety t ,eusebius suppos$ ,polyc>p's 
m>tyrdom to h happ5$ dur+ ! reign ( ,m4 
,aurelius4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !         
,gallican p]secutions took place "s t5  
ye>s lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #afg1 & !re=e1 s f>
 z ?is notice goes1 ! m>tyrdom (        
,polyc>p might h tak5 place z _m ye>s   
e>li]4 #ce3a  ,^! extracts may give !   

read] "s idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,dr4      
,lightfoot proce$s to build up 8        
*ronological edifice4 ,eusebius places !
 m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p & ! m>tyrdoms (    
,vi5ne & ,lyons aft] ! sev5? ye> ( ,m4  
,aurelius2 & !re=e1 argues ,dr4         
,lightfoot1 he did n "k :5 !y occurr$6  
,because ! m>tyrdoms ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons  
took place t5 ye>s aft] ,a4,d4 #afg1    
!re=e ! m>tyrdom at ,smyrna may1 = any?+
 t ! fa!r ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory c\ld   
tell1 h be5 consummat$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aeg6   
,dr4 ,lightfoot himself supplies pro( t 
su* an inf]5ce is inadmissible2 = he    
ackn[l$ges t1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 !   
pa/or ( ,smyrna f9i%$ 8 c>e] 9 ! reign (
 ,m4 ,aurelius4 ,b1 9 ,a4,d4 #aeg1 ,m4  
,aurelius 0 n emp]or4 ,su* are !        
contradictions to :i* ?is writ] commits 
himself 9 attempt+ to *ange ! times & ! 
seasons4  ,x is q cle> t ,eusebius      
lab\r$ "u no su* unc]ta9ty1 z ,dr4      
,lightfoot w\ld fondly p]suade himself1 
relative to ! date ( ! m>tyrdom (       
,polyc>p4 ,he directs att5tion to !     

subject 9 8 ,hi/ory z well z 9 8        
,*ronicon1 & 9 bo? 8 te/imony is to !   
same effect4 ,9 bo? x is alleg$ t       
,polyc>p 0 m>tyr$ 9 ! reign ( ,m>cus    
,aurelius4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t   
,eusebius 0 born only ab\t a c5tury aft]
 ! ev5t2 t f 8 y\? he _h devot$ himself 
to ecclesia/ical /udies2 t he enjoy$ !  
privilege ( access to ! be/ !ological   
libr>ies 9 exi/5ce 9 8 day2 t1 f 8      
position 9 ! ,*ur* z bi%op ( !          
metropolis ( ,pale/9e1 & z ! confid5tial
 c\nselor ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 he _h 
opportunities ( com+ into p]sonal       
contact ) p]sons ( di/9ction f all      
c\ntries1 :o mu/ h be5 well acqua9t$ ) !
 traditions ( _! respective ,*ur*es2 & t
 he 0 a man ( r>e prud5ce1 intellig5ce1 
& disc]nm5t4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly n a          
philosophical hi/orian1 & 9 8 great "w  
he has omitt$ to notice _m ?+s ( mu*    
mom5t2 b x mu/ be conc$$ t1 g5]ally     
speak+1 he is an accurate record] (     
facts2 &1 9 ! case be=e u1 he 0 "u no   
temptation :atev] to make a mislead+    

/atem5t4 ,we mu/ also recollect t 8     
te/imony is corroborat$ by ,j]ome1 :o   
liv$ 9 ! same c5tury2 :o1 at lea/ 9 two 
places 9 8 writ+s1 reports ! m>tyrdom2 &
 :o affirms t x occurr$ 9 ! sev5? ye> ( 
,m4 ,aurelius4 #cg3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot1   
inde$1 ass]ts t ,j]ome d]iv$ 8 k f      
,eusebius1 #cg3b & t1 ?\gh well v]s$ 9  
works ( ,biblical exegesis1 444 he 0    
o!rwise extremely ignorant ( e>ly       
,*ri/ian lit]ature4 #cg3c ,we h "h      
unhappily ano!r ( ^? ra% utt]ances 9 :i*
 ! ,bi%op ( ,durham indulges ?r\gh\t ^! 
volumes2 = assur$ly x is ! v            
extravagance ( folly to tax ,j]ome )    
extreme ignorance ( e>ly ,*ri/ian       
lit]ature4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) 8      
writ+s w decl9e to subscribe any su*    
depreciatory c]tificate4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly
 bigot$ & n>r[-m9d$1 b he _h a mo/      
capaci\s memory2 he _h travell$ 9 v>i\s 
c\ntries2 he _h ga!r$ a prodigi\s /ock (
 in=mation2 he 0 ! be/ ,*ri/ian s*ol> ( 
8 g5]ation2 he has pres]v$ = u ! k ( n a
 few important facts :i* ,eusebius has n

 regi/]$2 & he at "o "t contemplat$     
und]tak+ himself ! composition ( an     
ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 #cg3d ,we _c1     
!re=e1 reg>d him z ! m]e copyi/ ( !     
,bi%op ( ,caes>ea4 ,e "o acqua9t$ ) !   
lit]ature ( ! primitive ,*ur*1 says ,dr4
 ,dll+]1 kn[s t x is precisely 9 ,j]ome 
t we f9d a m exact k ( ! m anci5t tea*]s
 ( ! ,*ur*1 & t we are indebt$ to him = 
m in=mation ab\t _! tea*+ & writ+s1 ?an 
to any o!r ( ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs4 #ch3a ,dr4 
,dll+] is a ,*ur* hi/orian :om ev5 !    
,bi%op ( ,durham _c af=d to ignore1--z1 
9 8 own field ( /udy1 he has1 p]haps1 no
 pe] 9 exi/5ce1--& yet he "h /ates      
explicitly1 n c]ta9ly t ,j]ome 0        
extremely ignorant ( e>ly ,*ri/ian      
lit]ature1 b t1 9 ?is v dep>tm5t1 he 0  
specially well in=m$4 ,! le>n$ monk (   
,be?lehem mu/ h felt a deep int]e/ 9    
,polyc>p z an apo/olic ,fa!r3 he 0 q    
capable ( te/+ ! wor? ( ! evid5ce       
relative to ! "t ( ! m>tyrdom2 & 8      
endorsem5t ( ! /atem5t ( ,eusebius mu/  
be accept$ z a te/imony entitl$ to v    

grave consid]ation4 ,"s succe$+ writ]s  
assign ev5 a lat] p]iod to ! dea? (     
,polyc>p4 ,x is a weighty fact t no     
,*ri/ian au?or = ! fir/ eight c5turies (
 our era places x be=e ! reign ( ,m4    
,aurelius4 ,! fir/ writ] :o atta*es to x
 an e>li] date is ,georgius ,ham>tolus1 
:o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury4
 ,dr4 ,lightfoot confesses t :at he says
 _c be receiv$ z bas$ on any hi/orical  
tradition or critical inve/igation4     
#ch3b ,x is1 9 fact1 utt]ly wor?less4   
,! mann] 9 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot tries to 
meet ! array ( evid5ce oppos$ to him is 
some:at extraord9>y4 ,he does n attempt 
to %[ t x is improbable 9 itself1 or t  
!re are any rebutt+ depositions4 ,he    
leaves x 9 its undim9i%$ /r5g?2 b he    
raises su* a cl\d ( le>n$ du/ ar\nd x1 t
 ! read] may well lose 8 head1 & be     
unable1 = a "t1 to see ! old            
*ronological l&m>ks4 #ci3a ,he re/s 8   
case *iefly on a /atem5t to be f\nd 9 a 
po/script1 ( admitt$ly d\btful au?ority1
 app5d$ to ! lett] ( ! ,smyrnaeans      

relative to ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p4 ,he  
argues z if ! au?ority = ?is /atem5t 7  
unimpea*able2 &1 evid5tly reg>d+ x z ! v
 key ( ! position1 he endeav\rs1 by     
means ( x1 to upset ! *ronology (       
,eusebius1 ,j]ome1 ! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale1
 & o!r witnesses4 ,z ! read] p]uses 8   
*apt] on ,! ,date ( ! ,m>tyrdom1 he _c b
 feel t ! evid5ce pres5t$ to him is     
bewild]+1 indecisive1 & obscure2 & x may
 occur to him t ! au?or is v l an       
individual :o proposes to det]m9e !     
value ( two or ?ree unkn[n quantities f 
"o simple algebraic equation4 ,8        
pr9cipal witness1 ,ari/ides1 7 he n[    
liv+ & br\ght up 9 pres5ce ( a jury1    
w\ld f9d himself 9 r an odd pr$icam5t4  
,he is expect$ to settle ! date ( ! dea?
 ( ,polyc>p1 & yet he kn[s no?+ ei!r ( !
 pa/or ( ,smyrna or ( 8 tragic end4 ,x  
does n appe> t he _h ev] he>d ( ! wor?y 
apo/olic ,fa!r4 ,ari/ides 0 a           
rhetorician :o has left beh9d him c]ta9 
orations1 entitl$ ,sacr$ ,disc\rses1    
writt5 9 praise ( ! god ,aesculapius4 ,x

 might be ?\ght t su* a writ] is b      
poorly qualifi$ to decide a disput$ "q (
 *ronology4 ,our read]s may h he>d (    
,papias1--"o ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 not$ = !  
imbecility ( 8 intellect4 ,ari/ides1 x  
seems1 0 q z liable to imposition4 ,!   
cr$ulity ( a ,papias1 says ,dr4         
,lightfoot1 is m ?an mat*$ by ! cr$ulity
 ( an ,ari/ides4 #dj3a ,su* is ! bi%op's
 lead+ witness4 ,ari/ides 0 an invalid &
 a hypo*ondriac2 &1 9 ! disc\rses he has
 left beh9d him1 he describes ! c\rse ( 
a long illness1 ) an acc\nt ( 8 pa9s1   
a*es1 purgations1 dreams1 &             
visions--int]sp]s$1 f "t to "t1 ) :at   
,dr4 ,lightfoot e/imates z valuable     
*ronological notices6 #dj3b  ,! read]   
may be at a loss to und]/& h[ x happ5s t
 ?is ecc5tric "* has be5 br\ght =w>d z a
 witness to ! date ( ! m>tyrdom (       
,polyc>p4 ,he has be5 introduc$ "u !    
foll[+ circum/ances4 ,9 ! po/script to !
 ,smyrnaean lett]--an app5dage ( v      
d\btful au?ority--we are told t !       
m>tyrdom occurr$ :5 ,/atius ,quadratus 0

 proconsul ( ,asia4 ,f c]ta9 incid5tal  
allusions made by ,ari/ides 9 8         
disc\rses1 ! bi%op lab\rs h>d to prove t
 ?is ,/atius ,quadratus 0 proconsul (   
,asia some:]e ab\t ,a4,d4 #aee4 ,!      
evid5ce is n v cle> or well au!nticat$2 
& we h reason to fe> t v little reliance
 c be plac$ on ! decl>ations ( ?is      
afflict$ rhetorician4 ,8 sickness is    
said to h la/$ sev5te5 ye>s2 & x is     
possible t1 mean:ile1 8 memory z to     
dates may h be5 some:at impair$4 ,dr4   
,lightfoot _c exactly tell :5 8 sickness
 comm5c$ or :5 x t]m9at$4 ,b he has     
asc]ta9$ t ?is ,quadratus 0 consul 9    
,a4,d4 #adb2 &1 by weigh+ probabilities 
z to ! l5g? ( ! int]val :i* may h elaps$
 be=e he became proconsul1 he has arriv$
 at ! conclusion t x might h am\nt$ to  
twelve or ?irte5 ye>s4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c  
be m unsatisfactory ?an ! process by :i*
 he has rea*$ ?is result4 ,accord+ to ! 
usual r\t9e1 an individual advanc$ to ! 
consulate became1 9 a numb] ( ye>s      
aft]w>ds1 a proconsul2 & yet1 z ev]y?+  

dep5d$ on ! w ( ! emp]or1 x 0 impossible
 to tell h[ long he might h to wait = ! 
appo9tm5t4 ,he might obta9 x 9 five     
ye>s1 or p]haps soon]1 if an            
exceptionally able man2 #da3a or he     
might be kept 9 expectancy = eighte5 or 
n9ete5 ye>s4 ,! proconsul%ip commonly   
t]m9at$ 9 a ye>2 b an individual might  
be reta9$ 9 ! (fice = five or six ye>s4 
#da3b ,he might become consul a second  
"t1 & !n possibly he might aga9 be made 
proconsul4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 z we h se51 
has prov$ t ,/atius ,quadratus 0 consul 
9 ,a4,d4 #adb2 & !n1 by ! aid ( ! dream]
 ,ari/ides1 he has tri$ to %[ t he      
probably became proconsul ( ,asia ab\t  
,a4,d4 #aed or ,a4,d4 #aee4 ,8          
calculations are obvi\sly m]e guesswork4
 ,ev5 admitt+ _! correctness1 x w\ld by 
no means foll[ t ,polyc>p 0 !n consign$ 
to m>tyrdom4 ,! po/script ( ! ,smyrnaean
 lett] is1 z we h se51 ju/ly suspect$ z 
no "p ( ! orig9al docum5t4 ,dr4         
,lightfoot himself tells u1 t x is      
g5]ally treat$ z a lat] addition to !   

lett]1 & z com+ f a diff]5t h&2 #db3a &1
 :il/ dispos$ to uphold its claims z (  
high au?ority1 he admits t1 :5 te/$ z to
 ext]nal evid5ce1 ! supplem5t>y         
p>agraphs1 ( :i* ?is is "o1 d n /& on ! 
same gr\nd #db3b z ! re/ ( ! ,epi/le4 ,&
 yet 8 :ole *ronology re/s on !         
supposition t ! "n ( ! proconsul is     
correctly giv5 9 ?is probably apocryphal
 addition to ! ,smyrnaean lett]4 ,7 we  
ev5 to grant t ?is po/script belong$    
orig9ally to ! docum5t1 x w\ld supply no
 conclusive evid5ce t ,polyc>p 0 m>tyr$ 
9 ,a4,d4 #aee4 ,x is f> m probable t !  
writ] has be5 slightly inaccurate z to !
 exact designation ( ! proconsul ( ,asia
 ab\t ! "t ( ! m>tyrdom4 #dc3a ,he 0    
call$ ,quadratus--n p]haps ,/atius1 b   
possibly ,ummidius ,quadratus4 #dc3b    
,!re is no?+ m common among ourselves   
?an to make su* a mi/ake z to a "n4 ,h[ 
(t5 may we f9d ,john put = ,james1 or   
,rob]t = ,&rew8 ,quadratus 0 a patrician
 "n1 well kn[n all ov] ! empire2 & if   
,/atius ,quadratus _h1 n long be=e1 be5 

proconsul ( ,asia1 x is q possible t !  
writ] ( ?is po/script may h tak5 x =    
grant$ t ! proconsul ab\t ! "t (        
,polyc>p's dea? 0 ! same individual4 ,! 
au?or1 :oev] he may h be51 0 probably n 
v well acqua9t$ ) ^! ,roman dignit>ies1 
& may ?us h readily fall5 into ! error4 
,dr4 ,lightfoot has himself record$ a   
case 9 :i* a simil> mi/ake has be5      
made--n 9 an ord9>y communication su*   
its ?is1 b 9 an ,imp]ial ord9ance4 ,9 a 
,rescript ( ! ,emp]or ,hadrian1 ,lic9ius
 ,granianus1 ! proconsul1 is /yl$ ,s]5us
 ,granianus4 #dc3c ,if su* a blund] c\ld
 be p]petrat$ 9 an (ficial ,/ate        
docum5t1 ne$ we wond] if ! p5man ( !    
po/script ( ! ,smyrnaean lett] has      
writt5 ,/atius ,quadratus = ,ummidius   
,quadratus8 ,& yet1 if we admit ?is v   
likely ov]sight1 ! :ole *ronological    
edifice :i* ! ,bi%op ( ,durham has be5  
at su* va/ pa9s to con/ruct1 vani%es l !
 dreams & visions ( 8 lead+ witness1 !  
hypo*ondriac ,ari/ides4 #dd3a  ,ar*bi%op
 ,us%] & o!rs1 :o h c>efully inve/igat$ 

! subject1 h plac$ 9 ,a4,d4 #afi !      
m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p4 ,! foll[+ reasons  
may be assign$ :y ?is date is decid$ly  
pref]able to t cont5d$ = by ,dr4        
,lightfoot4  #a4 ,all ! surr\nd+        
circum/ances po9t to ! reign ( ,m>cus   
,aurelius z ! date ( ! m>tyrdom4        
,eusebius has pres]v$ an edict1 said to 
h be5 issu$ by ,anton9us ,pius1 9 :i* he
 ann\nces t he _h writt5 to ! gov]nors (
 prov9ces n to tr\ble ! ,*ri/ians at    
all1 unless !y appe>$ to make attempts  
aga9/ ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 #dd3b ,d\bts--x
 may be1 well f\nd$--h be5 ent]ta9$ z to
 ! g5u95ess ( ?is ord9ance2 b x has be5 
pretty g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t x fairly     
indicates ! policy ( ,anton9us ,pius4   
,?\gh c]ta9ly spuri\s1 says ,dr4        
,lightfoot1 x repres5ts ! conception (  
him ent]ta9$ by ,*ri/ians 9 ! g5]ations 
next succe$+ 8 own4 #de3a ,9 8 reign1 ! 
disciples ( our ,"l1 accord+ to !       
decl>ations ( _! own apologi/s1 7 treat$
 ) special indulg5ce4 ,melito1 =        
example1 :o wrote n long aft] ! middle (

 ! second c5tury1 be>s ?is te/imony4    
,capitol9us1 an au?or :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! 
close ( ! ?ird c5tury1 reports t        
,anton9us ,pius liv$ )\t blood%$1 ei!r (
 citiz5 or foe1 dur+ 8 reign ( tw5ty-two
 ye>s4 #de3b ,dr4 ,lightfoot /rives aga9
 & aga9 to evade ! =ce ( ?is evid5ce1 & 
absurdly quotes ! suff]+s ( ,polyc>p & 8
 companions z furni%+ a contradiction2 b
 he ?us only takes = grant$ :at he has  
else:]e fail$ to prove4 ,he admits1 at !
 same "t1 t ?is case /&s alone4 ,! only 
record$ m>tyrdoms1 says he1 9           
,proconsul> ,asia dur+ 8 reign t (      
,anton9us ,pius are ^? ( ,polyc>p & 8   
companions4 #de3c ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be     
obvi\s t he _c e/abli% ev5 ?is          
exception4 ,we h se5 t ! *ronology      
support$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,durham is at    
v>iance ) ! express /atem5ts ( all !    
e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s2 & c]ta9 facts     
m5tion$ 9 ! lett] ( ! ,smyrnaeans concur
 to demon/rate its inaccuracy4 ,!       
description !re giv5 ( ! suff]+s endur$ 
by ^? ( :om x speaks1 supplies abundant 

evid5ce t ! m>tyrdoms mu/ h happ5$ 9 !  
"t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot  
himself atte/s t p]secutions ext5d$     
?r\gh\t ?is reign2 t !y 7 fi]ce &       
delib]ate2 & t !y 7 aggravat$ by cruel  
tortures4 #df3a ,su* precisely 7 !      
b>b>ities report$ 9 ?is ,epi/le4 ,x     
/ates t ! m>tyrs 7 s torn by la%es t !  
me*anism ( _! fle% 0 visible1 ev5 z f> z
 ! inw>d ve9s & art]ies2 t1 not)/&+1 !y 
7 enabl$ to endure ! fire2 & t ^? :o 7  
f9ally condemn$ to ! wild bea/s mean:ile
 suff]$ fe>ful puni%m5ts1 be+ made to   
lie on %>p %ells1 & buffet$ ) o!r =ms ( 
manifold tortures4 #df3b ,^! words atte/
 t1 be=e ! ,*ri/ians 7 put to dea?1     
v>i\s exp$i5ts 7 employ$ to extort f !m 
a recantation4 ,su* 0 ! mode ( treatm5t 
recomm5d$ by ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,9 an    
edict issu$ aga9/ ^? :o pr(ess$ ! gospel
 by ?is emp]or1 we h ! foll[+           
directions3 ,let !m be arre/$1 & unless 
!y (f] to ! gods1 let !m be puni%$ )    
div]s tortures4 #df3c ,v>i\s means1 says
 ,ne&]1 7 employ$ to con/ra9 !m to a    

r5unciation ( _! fai?2 & only 9 ! la/   
extremity1 :5 !y c\ld n be =c$ to       
submit1 0 ! puni%m5t ( dea? to be       
inflict$4 #df3d ,?is1 und\bt$ly1 0 !    
inauguration ( a new sy/em ( p]secution4
 ,9 =m] times1 ! ,*ri/ians :o refus$ to 
apo/atize 7 summ>ily consign$ to        
execution4 ,n[1 !y 7 horribly torm5t$ 9 
v>i\s ways1 ) a view to compel !m to    
ab&on _! religion4 ,?is new policy is   
*>act]i/ic ( ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4
 ,no?+ ak9 to x1 sanction$ by ,imp]ial  
au?ority1 c be f\nd 9 ! "t ( any prec$+ 
emp]or4 ,its employm5t n[ 9 ! case (    
,polyc>p & 8 companions fixes ! date ( !
 m>tyrdom to ?is reign4  #b4 ,we h      
di/9ct pro( t ! visit ( ,polyc>p to     
,rome took place aft] ! date assign$ by 
,bi%op ,lightfoot to 8 m>tyrdom6        
,eusebius tells u t1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( !   
reign ( ,anton9us ,pius1 #dg3a          
,telesphorus ( ,rome di$1 & 0 succe$$ 9 
8 *>ge by ,hyg9us4 #dg3b ,he subsequ5tly
 in=ms u t ,hyg9us dy+ aft] ! f\r? ye> (
 8 (fice1 0 succe$$ by ,pius2 & he !n   

adds t ,pius dy+ at ,rome1 9 ! fifte5?  
ye> ( 8 episcopate1 0 succe$$ by        
,anicetus4 #dg3c ,x 0 9 ! "t ( ?is *ief 
pa/or t ,polyc>p paid 8 visit to !      
,imp]ial city4 ,x is app>5t f ! =ego+   
/atem5ts t ,anicetus c\ld n h ent]$ on 8
 (fice until at lea/ n9ete51 or p]haps  
tw5ty ye>s1 aft] ,anton9us ,pius became 
emp]or1 t is1 until ,a4,d4 #aeg1 or     
possibly until ,a4,d4 #aeh4 ,?is1 h[ev]1
 is two or ?ree ye>s aft] ! date assign$
 by ,dr4 ,lightfoot = ! m>tyrdom4       
,surely ! ,bi%op ( ,durham w\ld n h u to
 believe t ,polyc>p reappe>$ 9 ,rome two
 or ?ree ye>s aft] he expir$ on ! fun]al
 pile2 & yet x is only by "s su*        
desp]ate supposition t he c make 8      
*ronology squ>e ) ! hi/ory ( ! apo/olic 
,fa!r4  ,x is n at all probable t       
,polyc>p arriv$ 9 ,rome imm$iately aft] 
! appo9tm5t ( ,anicetus z *ief pa/or4 ,!
 acc\nt ( 8 visit1 z giv5 by ,ir5aeus1 r
 sugge/s t a consid]able "t mu/ mean:ile
 h elaps$ be=e he made 8 appe>ance !re4 
,x w\ld seem t he _h be5 di/urb$ by     

reports :i* _h rea*$ him relative to    
innovations ) :i* ,anicetus 0 id5tifi$2 
& t1 appreh5d+ mis*ief to ! :ole        
,*ri/ian community f any?+ go+ amiss 9 a
 ,*ur* ( su* importance1 he 0 prompt$1  
at 8 advanc$ age1 to und]take s =midable
 a j\rney1 9 ! hope t1 by ! weight ( 8  
p]sonal influ5ce ) 8 bre?r5 9 ! ,imp]ial
 city1 he might be able to arre/ !      
movem5t4 ,x is n necess>y n[ to inquire 
m p>ticul>ly :at l$ ! v5]able ,asiatic  
presbyt] at ?is p]iod to travel all !   
way f ,smyrna to ! seat ( empire4 ,x is 
en\gh = u to "k1 z reg>ds ! "q be=e u1 t
 x took place sometime dur+ ! pa/orate (
 ,anicetus2 t ,polyc>p effect$ mu* good 
by 8 deal+s ) errori/s :5 9 ,rome2 & t  
its *ief ,*ri/ian m9i/]1 by 8 tact &    
discretion1 succe$$ 9 quiet+ ! fe>s ( ! 
ag$ /rang]4 ,t ! visit occurr$ long aft]
 ! date assign$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot = 8  
m>tyrdom1 may n[ be evid5t2 & 9 a =m]   
*apt] pro( has be5 adduc$ to %[ t x mu/ 
be dat$1 n1 z ! ,bi%op ( ,durham argues1
 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aed1 b 9 ,a4,d4 #afa4     

,nei!r is !re any evid5ce :atev] t      
,polyc>p 0 put to dea? imm$iately aft] 8
 return to ,smyrna4 ,?is supposition is 
absolutely necess>y to give ev5 an      
appe>ance ( plausibility to ! bi%op's   
*ronology2 b he has n be5 able to furni%
 s mu* z a solit>y reason = its         
adoption4  #c4 ,we h good gr\nds =      
believ+ t ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p occurr$ 
n e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #afi4 ,?is date      
fulfils bett] ?an any o!r ! conditions  
enum]at$ 9 ! lett] ( ! ,smyrnaeans4     
,ar*bi%op ,us%] has be5 at pa9s to %[ t 
! mon? & day !re m5tion$ precisely      
correspond to & v]ify ?is reckon+4 ,x is
 unnecess>y "h to repeat 8 calculations2
 b x is "r to notice ano!r item spok5 ( 
9 ! ,smyrnaean ,epi/le1 supply+ an      
additional confirmatory pro( :i* !      
,bi%op ( ,durham _c well ignore4 ,:5    
,polyc>p 0 press$ to apo/atize by !     
(ficials :o _h him 9 cu/ody1 !y plead$ )
 him z if anxi\s to save 8 life--,:y1   
:at h>m is !re 9 say+ ,caes> is ,"l1 &  
(f]+ inc5se8 & !y urg$ him to swe> by ! 

g5ius ( ,caes> #ej3a ,^! words sugge/ t1
 at ! "t ( ?is transaction1 ! ,roman _w 
_h only "o emp]or4 ,9 ,janu>y ,a4,d4    
#afi1 ,l4 ,v]us di$4 ,aft] record+ ?is  
ev5t 9 8 ,imp]ial ,fa/i1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot
 adds1 ,m4 ,aurelius is n[ sole emp]or4 
#ej3b ,:5 he is cont5d+ = ,a4,d4 #aee z 
! date ( ! m>tyrdom1 he lays mu* /ress  
on ! fact t ?r\gh\t ?is ,smyrnaean lett]
 ! s+ul> is us$ ( ! emp]or4 ,polyc>p1 he
 says1 is urg$ to decl>e ',caes> is     
,"l2' he is bidd51 & he refuses to swe> 
by ! 'g5ius ( ,caes>4' ,x is1 he adds1  
at lea/ a matt] ( surprise t ^! =ms %\ld
 be p]si/5tly us$1 if ! ev5t _h happ5$  
dur+ a divid$ sov]eignty4 #ej3c ,! bi%op
 _c1 at ?is /age ( ! discussion1 dec5tly
 refuse to recognise ! pot5cy ( 8 own   
argum5t4  ,! ?ree reasons j enum]at$ %[ 
conclusively t ,a4,d4 #aee1 = :i* !     
,bi%op ( ,durham cont5ds s /r5u\sly1 _c 
be accept$ z ! date ( ! m>tyrdom4 ,= "s 
ye>s aft] ?is1 ,anicetus 0 n plac$ at ! 
head ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,imp]ial city2 & he  
mu/ h be5 = a consid]able "t 9 t        

position1 :5 ,polyc>p paid 8 visit to   
,rome4 ,we h se5 t ! ag$ pa/or ( ,smyrna
 suff]$ 9 ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius2 & 
t ,a4,d4 #afi is ! e>lie/ p]iod to :i*  
we c ref] ! m>tyrdom1 inasmu* z t 0 !   
fir/ ye> 9 :i* ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 sole  
emp]or4 ,all ! reliable *ronological    
indications po9t to ?is z ! m correct   
reckon+4  ,x has n[1 we believe1 be5    
demon/rat$ by a s]ies ( solid & concurr+
 te/imonies1 t ,ar*bi%op ,us%] made no  
mi/ake :5 he fix$ on ,a4,d4 #afi z !    
prop] date ( ,polyc>p's m>tyrdom4 ,!    
be>+ ( ?is conclusion on ! "q ( !       
,ignatian ,epi/les mu/ at once be       
app>5t4 ,polyc>p 0 eighty-six ye>s ( age
 at ! "t ( 8 dea?2 & x foll[s t 9 ,a4,d4
 #ajg1--or sixty-two ye>s be=e1--:5 !   
,ignatian lett]s are alleg$ to h be5    
dictat$1 he 0 only f\r-&-tw5ty4 ,!      
absurdity ( believ+ t at su* an age he  
wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 or t 
ano!r apo/olic ,fa!r w\ld !n h address$ 
him 9 ! /yle employ$ 9 ! ,ignatian      
correspond5ce1 mu/ be pla9 to e read] ( 

ord9>y intellig5ce4 ,no wond] t !       
advocates ( ! g5u95ess ( ^! ,epi/les h  
call$ into requisition su* an enorm\s   
am\nt ( +5uity & erudition to p]v]t !   
*ronology4 ,pe>son1 z we h se51 sp5t six
 ye>s 9 ?is s]vice2 & ! le>n$ ,bi%op (  
,durham has be5 engag$ (f & on = ne>ly  
?irty 9 ! same lab\r4 ,at ! close ( 8   
long task he seems to h p]suad$ himself 
t he has be5 q successful2 & speak+ ( ! 
!ory ( ,dr4 ,cureton1 he adopts a tone (
 triumph1 & exclaims3 ,i v5ture to hope 
t ! discussion :i* foll[s w ext+ui% !   
la/ sp>ks ( its wan+ life4 #ea3a ,x     
rema9s = ! c&id read] to pond] !        
/atem5ts submitt$ to him 9 ?is *apt]1 & 
to det]m9e h[ _m sp>ks ( life n[ rema9 9
 ! bi%op's *ronology4      ,,*apt] ,,iv4
  ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,ir5aeus1 ,,& ,,! 
,,g5esis ,,( ,,prelacy4   #a4 ,!        
,te/imony ( ,ir5aeus4  ,! only two v\*]s
 ( ! second c5tury produc$ 9 support ( !
 claims ( ! ,epi/les attribut$ to       
,ignatius1 are ! lett] ( ,polyc>p to !  
,philippians & a s5t5ce f ! treatise (  

,ir5aeus ,aga9/ ,h]esies4 ,! evid5ce f  
,polyc>p's ,epi/le has be5 discuss$ 9 a 
prec$+ *apt]4 ,:5 exam9$1 x has         
completely brok5 d[n1 z x is bas$ on an 
entire misconception ( ! mean+ ( !      
writ]4 ,! words ( ,ir5aeus c be adduc$ )
 /ill less plausibility to uphold !     
cr$it ( ^! lett]s4 ,! foll[+ is !       
passage 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to be      
au!nticat$3 ,"o ( our p said1 :5        
condemn$ to ! bea/s on acc\nt ( 8       
te/imony t[>ds ,god--',z ,i am ! :eat ( 
,god1 ,i am also gr\nd by ! tee? (      
bea/s1 t ,i may be f\nd ! pure bread (  
,god4' #ec3a ,x is worse ?an a m]e begg+
 ( ! "q to ass]t t ,ir5aeus "h gives u a
 quotation f "o ( ! lett]s ( ,ignatius4 
,9 ! ext5sive treatise f :i* ! words are
 an extract1 he nev] once m5tions ! "n (
 ! pa/or ( ,antio*4 ,_h he be5 aw>e ( ! 
exi/5ce ( ^! ,epi/les1 he w\ld und\bt$ly
 h avail$ himself ( _! assi/ance :5     
cont5d+ aga9/ ! h]etics--z !y w\ld h    
furni%$ him ) _m passages exactly suit$ 
= _! refutation4 ,! words ( a man taught

 by ! apo/les1 occupy+ "o ( ! highe/    
positions 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & f9i%+ 8 
c>e] by a glori\s m>tyrdom 9 ! v beg9n+ 
( ! second c5tury1 w\ld h be5 by f> !   
weightie/ evid5ce he c\ld h produc$1    
next to ! tea*+ ( inspiration4 ,b ?\gh  
he br+s =w>d ,clem5s ,romanus1 ,papias1 
,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,polyc>p1 #ed3a & o!rs to 
confront ! errori/s1 he ignores a       
witness ^: antiquity & weight ( "* w\ld 
h imp>t$ peculi> significance to 8      
te/imony4 ,to say t ?\gh he nev] names  
him else:]e1 he po9ts to him 9 ?is place
 z "o ( our p1 is to make a v bold &    
improbable /atem5t4 ,ev5 ! ,apo/le ,paul
 himself w\ld n h v5tur$ to describe !  
evangeli/ ,john 9 ?is way4 ,he w\ld h   
allud$ to him m respectfully4 ,nei!r    
w\ld ! pa/or ( a comp>atively           
un9flu5tial *ur* 9 ! s\? ( ,gaul h      
express$ himself aft] ?is fa%ion :5     
speak+ ( a m9i/] :o _h be5 "o ( ! mo/   
fam\s ( ! spiritual h]oes ( ! ,*ur*4 ,n 
_m ye>s be=e1 a t]rific p]secution _h   
rag$ 9 8 own city ( ,lyons2 _m _h be5   

put 9 prison1 & "s _h be5 ?r[n to wild  
bea/s2 #ee3a & x is obvi\sly to "o ( ^! 
anonym\s suff]]s t ,ir5aeus "h directs  
att5tion4 ,! "o ( our p is n c]ta9ly an 
apo/olic ,fa!r2 b "s citiz5 ( ,lyons1   
mov+ 9 a diff]5t sph]e1 ^: "n ! au?or   
does n deem x necess>y to enrol 9 !     
record ( hi/ory4 ,nei!r is x to a writt5
 correspond5ce1 b to ! dy+ words ( !    
unkn[n m>tyr1 to :i* he adv]ts :5 we    
read1--,"o ( our p said1 ,z ,i am ! :eat
 ( ,god1 ,i am also gr\nd by ! tee? (   
bea/s1 t ,i may be f\nd ! pure bread (  
,god4  ,! two witnesses ( ! second      
c5tury :o are suppos$ to uphold ! claims
 ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les h n[ be5 exam9$1
 & x mu/ be app>5t t _! te/imony am\nts 
to no?+4 ,?us f>1 !n1 !re is no ext]nal 
evid5ce :atev] 9 fav\r ( ^! lett]s4 ,!  
result ( ?is inve/igation w>rants !     
suspicion t !y are =g]ies4 #ee3b ,!     
int]nal evid5ce abundantly confirms ?is 
impression4 ,any "o :o c>efully p]uses  
!m1 & !n reads ov] ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5s  
,romanus1 ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les1 !      

writ+s ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & ! ,epi/le (    
,polyc>p1 may see t ! works j nam$ are !
 productions ( q ano!r p]iod4 ,!        
,ignatian lett]s describe a /ate ( ?+s  
:i* !y totally ignore4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot  
himself has be5 at pa9s to po9t out !   
wond]ful diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ignatian    
correspond5ce & ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p4 ,9
 :atev] way1 says he1 we te/ ! docum5ts1
 ! contra/ is v /rik+1--m /rik+1 inde$1 
?an we %\ld h expect$ to f9d betwe5 two 
,*ri/ian writ]s :o liv$ at ! same "t & 7
 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r4 #ef3a ,he
 !n proce$s to m5tion "s ( ! po9ts (    
contra/4 ,:il/ ! s-call$ ,ignatius lays 
/ress on ,episcopacy z ! key-/one ( !   
ecclesia/ical ord]1 ,polyc>p1 9 8       
,epi/le1 f fir/ to la/ makes no m5tion (
 ! ,episcopate1 & ! bi%op is entirely   
ignor$4 ,9 reg>d to doctr9al /atem5t !  
same contr>iety is app>5t4 ,ignatius    
speaks ( ! blood ( ,god & ! passion ( my
 ,god1 :il/ no su* language is us$ by   
,polyc>p4 ,aga91 9 ! lett] ( ! pa/or (  
,smyrna1 !re is an entire abs5ce ( t    

sacram5tal language :i* confronts u aga9
 & aga9 9 ! mo/ />tl+ =ms 9 ,ignatius4  
#eg3a ,?\gh ! sev5 ,ignatian lett]s are 
_m times long] ?an ,polyc>p's ,epi/le1 !
 quotations 9 ! latt] are incomp>ably m 
num]\s z well z m precise ?an 9 ! =m]4  
,9 ! ,ignatian lett]s1 ( quotations f ! 
,new ,te/am5t1 /rictly speak+1 !re is   
none4 #eg3b ,( all ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1  
e>ly or lat]1 no "o is m incisive or m  
p]si/5t 9 advocat+ ! claims ( ! ?reefold
 m9i/ry to allegiance ?an ,ignatius4    
#eg3c ,polyc>p1 on ! o!r h&1 has writt5 
a lett] :i* has prov$ a /ronghold (     
,presbyt]ianism4 #eg3d ,& yet ,dr4      
,lightfoot w\ld h u to believe t ^!     
v>i\s lett]s 7 writt5 by two m9i/]s liv+
 at ! same "t1 taught by ! same         
in/ructors1 hold+ ! close/ int]c\rse )  
ea* o!r1 pr(ess+ ! same doctr9es1 &     
adh]+ to ! same ecclesia/ical           
arrangem5ts6  ,! features ( di/9ction   
betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,ignatian lett]s & ! 
tea*+ ( ,polyc>p1 :i* h be5 po9t$ out by
 ,dr4 ,lightfoot himself1 are           

suffici5tly /rik+2 b 8 ,lord%ip has n   
exhibit$ ne>ly ! full am\nt ( ! contra/4
 ,ignatius is describ$ z (f]+ himself   
volunt>ily t he may suff] z a m>tyr1 & z
 tell+ ^? to :om he writes t 8 supreme  
desire is to be dev\r$ by ! lions at    
,rome4 ,i desire1 says he1 to fight )   
wild bea/s4 #eg3e ,may ,i h joy ( !     
bea/s t h be5 prep>$ = me 444 ,i w      
entice !m t !y may dev\r me promptly4   
#eh3a ,?\gh ,i desire to suff]1 yet ,i  
"k n :e!r ,i am wor?y4 #eh3b ,i deliv]$ 
myself ov] to dea?4 #eh3c ,i bid all m5 
"k t ( my own free w ,i die = ,god4     
#eh3d ,! ,*ur*1 in/ruct$ by ,polyc>p1   
condemns ?is insane ambition = m>tyrdom4
 ,we praise n ^?1 say ! ,smyrnaeans1 :o 
deliv] !mselves up1 s9ce ! gospel does n
 s tea* u4 #eh3e ,9 ^! lett]s ,ignatius 
speaks z a va9 babbl]1 drunk5 )         
fanaticism2 ,polyc>p1 9 8 ,epi/le1      
expresses himself l an humble-m9d$      
,presbyt]ian m9i/] 9 8 sob] s5ses4      
,ignatius is made to address ,polyc>p z 
if he 7 a full-bl[n prelate1 & tells ! p

 "u 8 c>e1 ,he t hon\re? ! bi%op is     
hon\r$ ( ,god2 he t do? aught aga9/ ! k 
( ! bi%op1 r5d]e? s]vice to ! devil     
#eh3f ,polyc>p1 on ! o!r h&1 describes  
himself z "o ( ! eld]s1 & exhorts !     
,philippians to submit to ! presbyt]s & 
deacons1 & to be all subject "o to      
ano!r4 #eh3g ,:5 _! ,*ur* _h got into a 
/ate ( confusion1 & :5 !y appli$ to him 
= advice1 he recomm5d$ !m to walk 9 !   
comm&m5t ( ! ,"l1 & admoni%$ _!         
presbyt]s to be compassionate & m]ciful 
t[>ds all m51 #eh3h--nev] h9t+ t !      
appo9tm5t ( a bi%op w\ld help to keep !m
 9 ord]2 :]eas1 :5 ,ignatius addresses  
v>i\s ,*ur*es1--t ( ! ,smyrnaeans       
includ$1--he assumes a tone ( ,high     
,*ur*man%ip :i* ,ar*bi%op ,laud himself 
w\ld h be5 afraid1 & p]haps a%am$1 to   
emulate4 ,z _m z are ( ,god & ( ,jesus  
,*ri/1 says he1 !y are ) ! bi%op4 ,x is 
good to recognise ,god & ! bi%op6 ,give 
ye he$ to ! bi%op1 t ,god may also give 
he$ to y4 #ei3a  ,! int]nal evid5ce     
furni%$ by ! ,ignatian ,epi/les seals _!

 condemnation4 ,i d n int5d1 h[ev]1 at  
pres5t to pursue ?is subject4 ,9 a "w   
publi%$ by me six & tw5ty ye>s ago1     
#ei3b ,i h call$ att5tion to v>i\s      
circum/ances :i* betray ! impo/ure2 &   
nei!r ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 ,zahn1 nor any "o
 else1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has ev] yet   
v5tur$ to deal ) my argum5ts4 ,i might  
n[ add new evid5ces ( _! fabrication1 b 
,i deem ?is unnecess>y4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1   
pass f ?is dep>tm5t ( ! "q 9 debate1 )\t
 prote/+ aga9/ ! view pres5t$ by !      
,bi%op ( ,durham ( ! orig9 ( ,prelacy4  
,x is %[n1 says he1 ref]r+ to 8 ,essay  
on ! ,*ri/ian ,m9i/ry1 #ei3c t ?\gh !   
,new ,te/am5t itself conta9s z yet no   
direct & indisputable notices ( a       
localiz$ episcopate 9 ! ,g5tile ,*ur*es1
 z di/+ui%$ f ! moveable episcopate     
ex]cis$ by ,timo?y 9 ,ephesus & by      
,titus 9 ,crete1 yet !re is satisfactory
 evid5ce ( its developm5t 9 ! lat] ye>s 
( ! apo/olic age1 444 & t1 9 ! e>ly ye>s
 ( ! second c5tury1 ! episcopate 0      
widely spread & _h tak5 firm root1 m    

especially 9 ,asia ,m9or & 9 ,syria4 ,if
 ! evid5ce on :i* its ext5sion 9 !      
regions ea/ ( ! ,aegaean at ?is epo* be 
resi/$1 ,i am at a loss to und]/& :at   
s+le fact relat+ to ! hi/ory ( !        
,*ri/ian ,*ur* dur+ ! fir/ half ( !     
second c5tury c be reg>d$ z e/abli%$4   
#fj3a  ,9 ?is /atem5t1 z well z 9 n a   
few o!rs already submitt$ to ! read]1   
,dr4 ,lightfoot has express$ himself )  
an am\nt ( confid5ce :i* may well excite
 a/oni%m5t4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to %[
 t 8 speculations z to ! developm5t (   
,episcopacy 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,syria 9 !  
e>ly ye>s ( ! second c5tury1 z pres5t$ 9
 ! ,essay to :i* he ref]s1 are ! m]e/   
moon%9e4 ,on :at gr\nds c he ma9ta9 t   
,timo?y ex]cis$ :at he calls a moveable 
episcopate 9 ,ephesus8 ,paul bes\ght him
 to abide !re = a "t t he might )/&     
errori/s1 & he gave him in/ructions z to
 h[ he 0 to behave himself 9 ! h\se (   
,god2 #fj3b b x did n !re=e foll[ t he 0
 ei!r a bi%op or an ar*bi%op4 ,he 0 an  
able man1 s\nd 9 ! fai?1 wise &         

en]getic2 &1 z he 0 ?us a ho/ 9 himself1
 ,paul expect$ t mean:ile he w\ld be    
em95tly useful 9 help+ ! less gift$     
m9i/]s :o 7 9 ! place to repress error &
 keep ! ,*ur* 9 ord]4 ,t ,paul int5d$ to
 e/abli% nei!r a moveable nor an        
immoveable episcopate 9 ,ephesus1 is    
obvi\s f 8 own te/imony2 = :5 he        
addresses its eld]s1--z he believ$ = !  
la/ "t1--he ignor$ _! submission to any 
ecclesia/ical sup]ior1 & committ$ !     
,*ur* to _! own sup]vision4 #fa3a ,& if 
he left ,titus 9 ,crete to take *>ge ( !
 organization ( ! ,*ur* !re1 he c]ta9ly 
did n int5d t ! evangeli/ 0 to act      
alone4 ,9 ^? days !re 0 no occasion = ! 
s]vices ( a diocesan bi%op1 inasmu* z ! 
,*ri/ian community 0 gov]n$ by ! common 
c\ncil ( ! eld]s1 & ord9ation 0 p]=m$ ) 
! lay+ on ( ! h&s ( ! ,presbyt]y4 #fa3b 
,titus 0 a ma/] build]1 & ,paul believ$ 
t1 proce$+ 9 conc]t ) ! m9i/]s 9 ,crete1
 he w\ld r5d] effectual aid 9 c>ry+ =w>d
 ! erection ( ! ecclesia/ical edifice4  
,& :at pro( has ,dr4 ,lightfoot produc$ 

to %[ t ! episcopate 0 widely spread 9  
,asia ,m9or & 9 ,syria 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( !
 second c5tury8 ,if ! ,ignatian ,epi/les
 be discr$it$1 he has none at all4 ,b   
!re is v decisive evid5ce to ! contr>y4 
,! ,tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,%eph]d (     
,h]mas1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p prove ! v
 rev]se4 ,& yet ,dr4 ,lightfoot is at a 
loss to und]/& :at s+le fact relat+ to !
 hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* dur+ ! fir/  
half ( ! second c5tury c be reg>d$ z    
e/abli%$1 if we reject 8 baseless       
ass]tion6   #b4 ,! ,g5esis ( ,prelacy4  
,j]ome gives u ! true explanation ( !   
orig9 ( ! episcopate1 :5 he tells u t x 
0 set up ) a view to prev5t divisions 9 
! ,*ur*4 #fb3a ,^! divisions 7 creat$   
*iefly by ! ,gno/ics1 :o sw>m$ 9 "s ( ! 
great cities ( ! empire t[>ds ! middle (
 ! second c5tury4 ,ab\t t "t ! presid5t 
( ! ,presbyt]y 0 9 a few places arm$ )  
additional au?ority1 9 ! hope t he w\ld 
?us be ! bett] able to repress s*ism4 ,!
 new sy/em 0 inaugurat$ 9 ,rome1 & its  
,*ur* has ev] s9ce ma9ta9$ ! pr\d boa/ t

 x is ! c5tre ( ecclesia/ical unity4 ,f 
! ,imp]ial city ,episcopacy gradually   
radiat$ ov] all ,*ri/5dom4 ,! position  
assum$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot--t x comm5c$ 9
 ,j]usalem--is )\t any solid f\ndation4 
,to support x1 he is oblig$ to adopt !  
fable t ,james 0 ! fir/ bi%op ( ! "m    
,*ur*4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ignores ?is     
/ory1 & tells u explicitly t ,james 0   
only "o ( ! pill>s1 or rul+ spirits1    
among ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,jewi% capital4   
#fb3b ,! v same k9d ( argum5tation      
employ$ to e/abli% ! prelacy ( ,james1  
may be us$1 ) f> great] plausibility1 to
 demon/rate ! primacy ( ,pet]4 ,dr4     
,lightfoot himself ackn[l$ges t1 ab\t ! 
close ( ! fir/ c5tury1 we _c f9d a trace
 ( ! episcopate 9 ei!r ( ! two great    
,*ri/ian ,*ur*es ( ,rome & ,cor9?4 #fc3a
 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury1 says he1  
,clem5t writes to ,cor9?1 z at ! beg9n+ 
( ! second c5tury ,polyc>p writes to    
,philippi4 ,z 9 ! latt] ,epi/le1 s 9 !  
=m]1 !re is no allusion to ! episcopal  
(fice4 #fc3b ,he might h said t1 ev5    

aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 x did n
 exi/ ei!r 9 ,smyrna or ,philippi4 ,he  
admits also1 t z late z ! close ( !     
second c5tury1 ! bi%op ( ,alex&ria 0    
reg>d$ z di/9ct1 & yet n z di/9ct f !   
,presbyt]y4 #fc3c ,! fir/ bi%op (       
,alex&ria1 says he1 ( :om any di/9ct    
incid5t is record$ on tru/wor?y         
au?ority1 0 a contempor>y ( ,orig51     
#fc3d :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,dr4  
,lightfoot tells u 9 ! same place1 t at 
,alex&ria ! bi%op 0 nom9at$ & app>5tly  
orda9$ by ! twelve presbyt]s out ( _!   
own numb]4 #fc3e ,in/ead ( ass]t+1 z has
 be5 done1 t no s+le fact relat+ to !   
hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* dur+ ! fir/   
half ( ! second c5tury c be reg>d$ z    
e/abli%$1 if we d5y t ! episcopate 0    
widely spread 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! second  
c5tury 9 ,asia ,m9or & else:]e1 x may be
 fe>lessly affirm$ t1 at ! date "h      
m5tion$1 !re is n a p>ticle ( pro( t x 0
 e/abli%$ ,,any:]e4  ,ir5aeus c\ld h    
giv5 an acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( ,episcopacy1
 = he liv$ ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( its orig9al

 developm5t2 b he has tak5 c>e n to lift
 ! veil :i* cov]s its my/]i\s           
comm5cem5t4 ,he c\ld h told :at prompt$ 
,polyc>p to und]take a j\rney to ,rome  
:5 bur!n$ ) ! weight ( ye>s2 b he has   
left u to our own surmises4 ,x is1      
h[ev]1 significant t ! presbyt]ian sy/em
 0 kept up 9 ,smyrna long aft] ! dea? ( 
its ag$ m>tyr4 #fd3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot has
 well obs]v$ t ,ir5aeus 0 probably ! mo/
 le>n$ ,*ri/ian ( 8 "t2 #fd3b & x is    
pretty cle> t he contribut$ mu* to      
promote ! acceptance ( ! episcopal !ory4
 ,:5 argu+ ) ! h]etics1 he co9$ !       
doctr9e ( ! apo/olical succession1 &    
ma9ta9$ t ! true fai? 0 propagat$ to 8  
own age ?r\gh an unbrok5 l9e ( bi%ops f 
! days ( ! apo/les4 ,to make out 8 case1
 he 0 necessitat$ to speak ( ! presid5ts
 ( ! presbyt]ies z bi%ops1 #fd3c & to   
ignore ! *ange :i* _h mean:ile tak5     
place 9 ! ecclesia/ical ,con/itution4   
,subsequ5t writ]s foll[$ 9 8 wake1 & ?us
 x is t ! beg9n+s ( ,episcopacy h be5   
envelop$ 9 s mu* obscurity4 ,ev5 9      

,rome1 ! seat ( ! mo/ prom95t ,*ur* 9   
,*ri/5dom1 x is impossible to settle !  
ord] 9 :i* its e>ly presid+ pa/ors 7    
arrang$4 ,come we to ,rome1 says        
,/ill+fleet1 & "h ! succession is z     
muddy z ! ,tib] itself2 = "h ,t]tullian1
 ,ruf9us1 & sev]al o!rs1 place ,clem5t  
next to ,pet]4 ,ir5aeus & ,eusebius set 
,anacletus be=e him2 ,epiphanius &      
,optatus1 bo? ,anacletus & ,cletus2     
,augu/9us & ,damasus1 ) o!rs1 make      
,anacletus1 ,cletus1 & ,l9us all to     
prec$e him4 ,:at way %all we f9d to     
extricate ourselves out ( ?is labyr9?8  
#fe3a ,! diff]5t li/s pres]v$ atte/ t   
!re 0 no su* cont9u\s & homog5e\s l9e ( 
bi%ops z ! doctr9e ( ! apo/olical       
succession implies4 ,:5 ,ir5aeus speaks 
( ,polyc>p z hav+ receiv$ 8 appo9tm5t 9 
,asia f apo/les z bi%op 9 ! ,*ur* (     
,smyrna1 #fe3b he makes a /atem5t :i*1  
lit]ally und]/ood1 ev5 ,dr4 ,lightfoot  
hesitates to endorse4 #fe3c ,! ,apo/le  
,john may h se5 ,polyc>p 9 8 boyhood1 & 
may h pr$ict$ 8 future em95ce z a       

,*ri/ian m9i/]1--j z ,timo?y 0 po9t$ out
 by prophecy #ff3a z de/9$ to be a      
*ampion ( ! fai?4 ,:5 ,episcopacy 0     
introduc$1 its abettors tri$ to         
manufacture a little lit]>y capital out 
( "s su* incid5t2 b ! allegation t      
,polyc>p 0 orda9$ to ! episcopal (fice  
by ! apo/les1 is a fable t does n       
require refutation4 ,almo/ all ( !m 7   
dead be=e he 0 born4 #ff3b      ,,*apt] 
,v4  ,,! ,,=g]y ,,( ,,! ,,ignatian      
,,epi/les4   ,if1 z !re is e reason to  
believe1 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les are =g]ies
 f beg9n+ to end1 v>i\s que/ions arise z
 to ! "t ( _! appe>ance1 & !            
circum/ances :i* prompt$ _! fabrication4
 ,_! orig91 l t ( _m o!r writ+s ( ! same
 description1 _c be satisfactorily      
explor$2 & we mu/ 9 va9 attempt a       
solution ( all ! objections :i* may be  
urg$ aga9/ almo/ any hypo!sis fram$ to  
elucidate _! hi/ory4 ,x is1 h[ev]1      
pretty cle> t1 9 _! orig9al =m1 !y fir/ 
saw ! light 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ?ird c5tury4
 ,ab\t t "t !re 0 evid5tly some?+ l a   

mania = ! composition ( su* works1--z   
v>i\s spuri\s writ+s1 attribut$ to      
,clem5s ,romanus & o!rs1 abundantly     
te/ify4 ,_! au?ors d n seem to h be5    
aw>e ( ! impropriety ( committ+ ^! pi\s 
frauds1 & may ev5 h imag9$ t !y 7 ?us   
do+ ,god s]vice4 #fg3a ,sev]al          
circum/ances sugge/ t ,calli/us--:o     
became ,bi%op ( ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4       
#bai--may1 be=e 8 advancem5t to !       
episcopal *air1 h _h a h& 9 ! prep>ation
 ( ^! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,8 hi/ory is  
rem>kable4 ,he 0 orig9ally a slave1 & 9 
e>ly life he is report$ to h be5 ! *ild 
( mis=tune4 ,he _h at "o "t ! c>e ( a   
bank1 9 ! managem5t ( :i* he did n      
prosp]4 ,he 0 at l5g? bani%$ to ,s>d9ia1
 to lab\r !re z a convict 9 ! m9es2 & :5
 releas$ f s]vitude 9 t unheal?y isl&1  
he 0 br\ght "u ! notice ( ,victor1 !    
,roman bi%op4 ,to 8 b\nty he 01 ab\t ?is
 "t1 indebt$ = 8 support4 #fh3a ,on !   
dea? ( ,victor1 ,calli/us became a prime
 fav\rite ) ,zephyr9us1 ! succe$+ bi%op4
 ,by him he 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! cemet]y ( !

 ,*ri/ians connect$ ) ! ,catacombs2 & he
 soon atta9$ ! mo/ influ5tial position  
among ! ,roman cl]gy4 ,s great 0 8      
popul>ity1 t1 on ! demise ( 8 patron1 he
 0 himself unanim\sly *os5 to !         
episcopal (fice 9 ! *ief city ( !       
empire4 ,calli/us 0 no ord9>y man4 ,he 0
 a k9d ( orig9al 9 8 way4 ,he possess$ a
 consid]able am\nt ( lit]>y culture4 ,he
 took a prom95t "p 9 ! curr5t !ological 
controv]sies1--& yet1 if we are to      
believe ,hippolytus1 he c\ld accommodate
 himself to ! views ( diff]5t s*ools (  
doctr9e4 ,he _h great v]satility (      
tal5t1 re/less activity1 deep cunn+1 &  
mu* =ce ( "*4 ,hippolytus tells u t he 0
 sadly giv5 to intrigue1 & s slipp]y 9 8
 movem5ts t x 0 no easy matt] to        
entangle him 9 a dilemma4 ,x may h      
occurr$ to him t1 9 ! peculi> position (
 ! ,*ur*1 ! concoction ( a s]ies (      
lett]s1 writt5 9 ! "n ( an apo/olic     
,fa!r1 & vigor\sly ass]t+ ! claims ( !  
bi%ops1 w\ld help mu* to /r5g!n ! h&s ( 
! hi]>*y4 ,he might ?us manage at ! same

 "t quietly to comm5d c]ta9 fav\rite    
views ( doctr9e1 & aid ! pret5sions ( ! 
,roman *ief pa/or4 ,b ! bus9ess mu/ be  
kept a pr(\nd secret2 & ! lett]s mu/1 if
 possible1 be s fram$ z n at once to    
awak5 suspicion4 ,if we c>efully exam9e 
!m1 we %all f9d t !y 7 well fitt$ to    
escape detection at ! "t :5 !y 7 writt54
  ,! int]nal evid5ce w>rants !          
conclusion t ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 0 ! 
fir/ produc$4 ,x came =? alone2 &1 if x 
crept into circulation orig9ally 9 !    
,imp]ial city1 x 0 n likely to provoke  
!re any ho/ile criticism4 ,x is occupi$ 
*iefly ) giv+ expression to ! p]sonal   
feel+s ( ! suppos$ writ] 9 ! prospect ( 
m>tyrdom4 ,x sc>cely t\*es on ! "q (    
ecclesia/ical regim52 & x closes by     
solicit+ ! pray]s ( ! ,roman bre?r5 = ! 
,*ur* :i* is 9 ,syria4 #fi3a ,if1 says  
,dr4 ,lightfoot1 ,ignatius _h n         
incid5tally m5tion$ himself z ! ,bi%op  
'(' or 'f ,syria1' ! lett] to ! ,romans 
w\ld h conta9$ no indication ( ! exi/5ce
 ( ! episcopal (fice #gj3a ,:il/ obs]v+ 

?is /udi$ sil5ce on ! subject :i* above 
all o!rs occupi$ 8 ?\ghts1 ! writ] 0    
craftily prep>+ ! way = ! m ready       
reception ( ! lett]s :i* 7 to foll[4 ,! 
,epi/le to ! ,romans tacitly embodies _!
 cr$5tials4 ,x slyly takes advantage ( !
 connection ( ! "n ( ,ignatius ) ,syria 
9 ! lett] ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians2 
assumes t ,syria is ! ea/]n prov9ce2 &  
repres5ts ,ignatius z a bi%op f t "p ( !
 empire on 8 way to die at ,rome4 ,x    
does n v5ture to say t ! ,we/]n capital 
_h !n a bi%op ( its own1--= ! ,epi/le ( 
,clem5s1 :i* 0 probably 9 _m h&s1 & :i* 
ignor$ ! episcopal (fice !re--might ?us 
h sugge/$ d\bts z to its g5u95ess2 b x  
tells ! s5sational /ory ( ! j\rney (    
,ignatius 9 *a9s1 f ea/ to we/1 9 !     
cu/ody ( :at are call$ t5 leop>ds4 ,?is 
tale at ! "t 0 likely to be exce$+ly    
popul>4 ,ev] s9ce ! rise (              
,montanism--:i* made its appe>ance ab\t 
! "t ( ! dea? ( ,polyc>p--!re _h be5 an 
increas+ t5d5cy all ov] ! ,*ur* to      
exagg]ate ! m]its ( m>tyrdom4 ,?is      

t5d5cy rea*$ its fulle/ developm5t 9 !  
e>ly "p ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! lett] (     
,ignatius to ! ,romans exhibits x 9 !   
height ( its folly4 ,ignatius proclaims 
8 mo/ e>ne/ desire to be torn to pieces 
by ! lions1 & entreats ! ,romans n to   
int]f]e & deprive him ( a privilege :i* 
he covet$ s ard5tly4 ,! words report$ by
 ,ir5aeus z utt]$ by "o ( ! m>tyrs (    
,lyons are adroitly appropriat$ by !    
pseudo-,ignatius z if spok5 by himself2 
&1 9 an uncritical age1 :5 !            
subject-matt] ( ! communication 0       
o!rwise s mu* to ! ta/e ( ! read]1 !    
quotation help$ to e/abli% ! cr$it ( !  
,ignatian correspond5ce4 ,ano!r portion 
( ! lett] 0 sure to be extremely        
acceptable to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome--= "h !   
writ] is mo/ lavi% 9 8 complim5t>y      
ackn[l$gem5ts4 ,t ,*ur* is describ$ z   
hav+ ! presid5cy 9 ! c\ntry ( ! region (
 ! ,romans1 be+ wor?y ( ,god1 wor?y (   
hon\r1 wor?y ( felicitation1 wor?y (    
praise1 wor?y ( success1 wor?y 9 purity1
 & hav+ ! presid5cy ( love1 fill$ ) !   

grace ( ,god1 )\t wav]+1 & filt]$ cle> f
 e =eign /a94  ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 
says ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 _h a wid]         
popul>ity ?an ! o!r lett]s ( ,ignatius1 
bo? e>ly & late4 ,x appe>s to h be5     
circulat$ ap>t f !m1 sometimes alone4   
#ga3a ,x 0 put =? z a feel]1 to discov] 
h[ ! public w\ld be dispos$ to ent]ta9  
su* a correspond5ce2 &1 9 case ( its    
fav\rable reception1 x 0 int5d$ to op5 !
 way = additional ,epi/les4 ,x 0 clev]ly
 contriv$4 ,x employ$ ! ,epi/le (       
,polyc>p to ! ,philippians z a k9d (    
v\*] = its au!nticity1 inasmu* z x is   
!re /at$ t ,ignatius _h writt5 a numb] (
 lett]s2 & x conta9$ little or no?+ :i* 
any "o 9 t age w\ld h be5 dispos$ to    
controv]t4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,rome _h long 
enjoy$ ! reputation ( a community       
ennobl$ by ! blood ( m>tyrs1 & !y w\ld  
be q will+ to believe t ,ignatius _h    
contribut$ to _! celebrity by dy+ = !   
fai? )9 _! bord]s4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r 
he really f9i%$ 8 c>e] !re3 "s anci5t   
au?orities atte/ t he suff]$ at ,antio*2

 #gb3a & ! fact t1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 8   
grave 0 po9t$ out 9 t locality1 app>5tly
 supports _! te/imony4 #gb3b ,! acc\nt (
 8 hurri$ removal z a prison] f ,antio* 
to ,rome1 9 ! cu/ody ( t5 fi]ce         
soldi]s--:il/ he 0 p]mitt$1 z he pass$  
along1 to hold some?+ l a levee ( 8     
co-religioni/s at e /age ( 8            
j\rney--we>s v mu* ! appe>ance ( an     
ill-con/ruct$ fiction4 ,b ! disciples at
 ,rome ab\t ?is p]iod 7 will+ to be     
cr$ul\s 9 su* matt]s2 & ?us x 0 t ?is   
tale ( m>tyrdom 0 p]mitt$ to pass       
un*all5g$4 ,9 due "t ! au?or ( ! lett]s1
 z !y appe>$ "o aft] ano!r1 accompli%$ !
 design ( _! composition4 ,! "q ( !     
con/itution ( ! ,*ur* _h rec5tly awak5$ 
mu* att5tion2 & ! ?reat ( ,victor to    
excommunicate ! ,*ri/ians ( ,asia ,m9or1
 because !y v5tur$ to diff] f him z to !
 mode ( celebrat+ ! ,pas*al fe/ival1 _h1
 no d\bt1 l$ to discussions relative to 
! claims ( episcopal au?ority :i*1 at   
,rome especially1 7 felt to be v        
inconv5i5t & uncom=table4 ,no "o c\ld   

well ma9ta9 t x _h a scriptural w>rant4 
,! few :o 7 acqua9t$ ) its hi/ory 7 aw>e
 t x 0 only a human arrangem5t (        
comp>atively rec5t introduction2 & yet a
 bi%op :o ?reat5$ ) excommunication su* 
z refus$ to submit to 8 m&ates1 c\ld    
sc>cely be expect$ to make su* a        
confession4 ,ir5aeus _h sanction$ its   
e/abli%m5t2 b1 :5 ,victor became s      
ov]be>+1 he took ! al>m1 & told him     
pla9ly t ^? :o presid$ ov] ! ,*ur* (    
,rome be=e him 7 no?+ b presbyt]s4 #gc3a
 ,?is 0 r an awkw>d disclosure2 & x 0   
felt by ! fri5ds ( ! new ord] t "s v\*] 
0 requir$ to help x 9 its h\r ( ne$1 &  
to =tify its pret5sions4 ,! lett]s ( an 
apo/olic ,fa!r /rongly ass]t+ its claims
 c\ld n fail to give x enc\ragem5t4 ,we 
c ?us und]/& h[ at ?is crisis ^!        
,epi/les 7 =?com+4 ,!y 7 admirably      
calculat$ to quiet ! public m9d4 ,!y 7  
comp>atively %ort1 s t !y c\ld be easily
 read2 & !y 7 q to ! po9t1 = !y taught t
 we are to reg>d ! bi%op z ! ,"l        
,himself1 & t he presides aft] ! lik5ess

 ( ,god4 #gd3a ,:o aft] all ?is c\ld    
d\bt ! claims ( ,episcopacy8 ,%\ld n !  
words ( an apo/olic ,fa!r put an end to 
all f>!r que/ion+s8  ,hippolytus1 :o 0 8
 contempor>y1 has giv5 u mu* in=mation 9
 relation to ,calli/us4 ,he writes1     
inde$1 9 an unfri5dly _s2 b he speaks1  
not)/&+1 z an hone/ man2 & we _c well   
reject 8 /atem5ts z de/itute (          
f\ndation4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! g5]al facts 9 !
 c>e] ( ?is ,roman bi%op obvi\sly re/ on
 a sub/ratum ( tru?4 ,z we read ^!      
,ignatian lett]s1 x may occur to u t !  
real au?or sometimes betrays 8 id5tity4 
,calli/us _h be5 orig9ally a slave1 & he
 "h repres5ts ,ignatius z say+ (        
himself1 ,i am a slave4 #gd3b ,calli/us 
_h be5 a convict1 & m ?an once ?is      
,ignatius decl>es1 ,i am a convict4     
#gd3c ,may he n ?us int5d to rem9d 8    
co-religioni/s at ,rome t an illu/ri\s  
bi%op & m>tyr _h once be5 a slave & a   
convict l himself8 ,calli/us1 :5 lab\r+ 
9 ! m9es ( ,s>d9ia1 mu/ h be5 well      
acqua9t$ ) ropes & hoi/s2 & "h ,ignatius

 describes ! ,ephesians z hoi/$ up to ! 
heights ?r\gh ! eng9e ( ,jesus ,*ri/1   
hav+ fai? z _! w9dlass1 & z us+ = a rope
 ! ,holy ,_s4 #gd3d ,calli/us _h at "o  
"t be5 9 *>ge ( a bank2 & ,ignatius1 9  
"o ( ^! ,epi/les1 is made to say1 ,let  
y\r works be y\r deposits1 t y may      
receive y\r assets due to y4 #ge3a      
,calli/us also _h *>ge ( ! ,*ri/ian     
cemet]y 9 ! ,roman ,catacombs2 &        
,ignatius "h expresses himself z "o     
famili> ) graves & fun]als4 ,he speaks (
 a h]etic z be+ himself a be>] ( a      
corpse1 & ( ^? incl9$ to ,judaism z     
tomb/ones & graves ( ! dead4 #ge3b ,x is
 r s+ul> t1 9 ^! few %ort lett]s1 we f9d
 s _m expressions :i* po9t to ,calli/us 
z ! writ]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r matt]s  
:i* w>rant equally /rong suspicions4    
,hippolytus tells u t ,calli/us 0 a     
,patripassian4 ,! ,fa!r1 said he1 hav+  
tak5 human nature1 deifi$ x by unit+ x  
to ,himself1 444 & s he said t ! ,fa!r  
_h suff]$ ) ! ,son4 #ge3c ,h5ce         
,ignatius1 9 ^! ,epi/les1 />tles u by   

su* expressions z ! blood ( ,god1 #ge3d 
& ! passion ( my ,god4 #ge3e ,calli/us  
is accus$ by ,hippolytus z a trimm]     
prep>$1 z occasion s]v$1 to conciliate  
diff]5t p>ties 9 ! ,*ur* by appe>+ to   
adopt _! views4 ,sometimes he sid$ )    
,hippolytus1 & sometimes ) ^? oppos$ to 
him2 h5ce x is t ! !ology taught 9 ^!   
lett]s is ( a v equivocal "*4 ,dr4      
,lightfoot has seiz$ ^u ?is fact z a    
reason t !y are nev] quot$ by ,ir5aeus4 
,! language approa*+ dang]\sly ne> to   
h]esy might1 says he1 h l$ him to avoid 
directly quot+ ! doctr9al tea*+4 #gf3a  
,a mu* bett] reason 0 t he _h nev] he>d 
( ^! lett]s2 & yet _! !ology is exactly 
su* a piebald production z might h be5  
expect$ f ,calli/us4  ,x is n easy to   
und]/& h[ ,dr4 ,lightfoot has br\ght    
himself to believe t ^! ,ignatian       
,epi/les 7 writt5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second 
c5tury4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( ,*ri/ian
 lit]ature1 says he1 no m uncompromis+  
advocacy ( ! episcopate c be f\nd ?an   
appe>s 9 ^! writ+s 444 ,x is :5 ass]t+ !

 claims ( ! episcopal (fice to ob$i5ce &
 respect t ! language is /ra9$ to !     
utmo/4 ,! bi%ops e/abli%$ 9 ! f>!/ "p ( 
! _w are 9 ! c\nsels ( ,jesus ,*ri/4    
#gf3b ,x is simply incr$ible t su* a    
/ate ( ?+s c\ld h exi/$ six or sev5 ye>s
 aft] ! dea? ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,all !  
extant writ+s = sixty ye>s aft] ! alleg$
 date ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius          
demon/rate ! utt] falsehood ( ^! lett]s4
 ,x is c]ta9 t !y employ a t]m9ology1 & 
develop ,*ur* pr9ciples unkn[n be=e !   
beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & :i* 7 n curr5t
 ev5 !n4 ,! =g]1 :oev] he may h be51 has
 display$ no little art & address 9 _!  
fabrication4 ,f all t we "k ( ,calli/us1
 he 0 q equal to ! task4 ,l ! false     
,decretals1 ^! lett]s ex]t$ mu* influ5ce
 on ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4       
,cyprian1 ?\gh he nev] m5tions !m1 #gg3a
 spe$ily caught _! _s4 ,8 ass]tion (    
episcopal au?ority is q 9 ! same /yle4  
,orig5 visit$ ,rome %ortly aft] !y      
appe>$2 he is ! fir/ writ] :o recognises
 !m2 & x is wor?y ( note t1 ( ! ?ree    

quotations f !m f\nd 9 8 works1 two are 
f ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,x is q )9 !  
range ( possibility t evid5ce may yet be
 =?com+ to prove t !y emanat$ f "o ( !  
e>ly popes4 ,!y are wor?y ( su* an      
orig94 ,!y recomm5d t bl9d & slavi%     
submission to ecclesia/ical dictation   
:i* ! s-call$ successors ( ,pet] h ev]  
s9ce inculcat$4 ,x ne$ h>dly be rem>k$1 
says ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 h[ subv]sive ( !  
true _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! negation (   
individual fre$om & ! consequ5t         
suppression ( direct responsibility to  
,god 9 ,*ri/1 is ! cru%+ despotism ) :i*
 ! language ( ^! lett]s1 if tak5        
lit]ally1 w\ld inve/ ! episcopal (fice4 
#gg3b ,& yet1 hav+ devot$ ne>ly ?irty   
ye>s (f & on to ! /udy ( ^! ,epi/les1 ! 
,bi%op ( ,durham ma9ta9s t we h "h !    
g5u9e writ+s ( an apo/olic ,fa!r :o 0   
in/ruct$ by ! inspir$ f\nd]s ( !        
,*ri/ian ,*ur*66  ,9 ?is ,review no     
notice is tak5 ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ^!       
,epi/les4 ,if !y are all =g]ies1 x is n 
wor? :ile to sp5d "t 9 discuss+ ! m]its 

( ! sev]al editions4      ,,app5dices4  
,i4  ,,lett] ,,( ,,! ,,late ,,dr4       
,,cureton4   ,imm$iately aft] !         
appe>ance ( ! second edition ( ,!       
,anci5t ,*ur*1 a copy ( x 0 s5t to !    
late ,rev4 ,w4 ,cureton1 ,d4,d41 ,canon 
( ,we/m9/]--! well-kn[n au?or ( v>i\s   
publications relat+ to ! ,ignatian      
,epi/les4 ,x 0 consid]$ only due to t   
di/+ui%$ s*ol> to call 8 att5tion to a  
"w 9 :i* he 0 s prom95tly notic$1 & 9   
:i* v>i\s argum5ts 7 adduc$ to prove t  
all ! lett]s he _h edit$ are utt]ly     
spuri\s4 ,9 a %ort "t t g5tleman        
ackn[l$g$ ! pres5tation ( ! volume 9 a  
mo/ k9d & c\rte\s communication1 :i* w  
be read ) special int]e/ by all :o h    
/udi$ ! ,ignatian controv]sy4 ,i give ! 
lett] entire--j z x rea*$ me4 ,x 0      
publi%$ sev]al ye>s ago1 app5d$ to my   
,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*4   ,,deans ,,y>d1   
,,we/m9/]1 ,sept4 #bd1 #ahfa4  ,,de>    
,,sir1--,i beg to ?ank y v mu* = y\r    
k9dness 9 s5d+ me a valuable            
contribution to ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory 9

 y\r book1 ,! ,anci5t ,*ur*1 :i* ,i f\nd
 "h ^u my return to ,london two or ?ree 
days ago4 ,h[ mu* w\ld x contribute to !
 promotion ( *>ity & ! advancem5t ( !   
tru? 7 all :o combat$ ! op9ions & views 
( ano!r to give him ! means ( see+ :at 0
 writt5 fairly & op5ly1 & n to endeav\r 
to ov]?r[ 8 argum5ts )\t 8 k4 ,?is w    
inde$ ev] be ! case :5 tru? is s\ght =  
itself1 & no p]sonal feel+s ent] into ! 
matt]4  ,i h read y\r *apt]s on         
,ignatius1 & y w p]haps h>dly expect t  
,i %\ld subscribe to y\r views4 ,x is n[
 ab\t tw5ty ye>s s9ce ,i fir/ und]took  
?is inquiry1 & con/antly h ,i be5       
endeav\r+ to add "s new light ev] s9ce4 
,i once answ]$ an oppon5t 9 my pres5t   
bro!r canon1 ,dr4 ,wordswor?1 b s9ce t  
"t ,i h nev] repli$ to any adv]se       
views--b h only look$ to see if ,i c\ld 
f9d any?+ ei!r to %[ t ,i 0 wrong or to 
/r5g!n my convictions t ,i 0 "r4 ,& ,i h
 f\nd ! wisdom ( ?is1 & h _h !          
satisfaction ( kn[+ t my able/ oppon5ts1
 aft] hav+ _h m "t to inquire & to make 

great] rese>*1 h ( _! own accord con=m$ 
to my views & writt5 9 _! support4  ,i  
atta* no v great importance to !        
,epi/les ( ,ignatius4 ,i %all n draw f  
!m any dogma4 ,i only look ^u !m z      
evid5ce ( ! "t to c]ta9 facts1 :i* inde$
 7 amply e/abli%$ ev5 )\t su* evid5ce4  
,i ?9k t 9 su* cases1 we mu/ look *iefly
 to ! hi/orical te/imony ( facts2 & y w 
=give me = say+ t ,i ?9k y\r argum5ts   
are bas$ ^u presumptive evid5ce1        
negative evid5ce1 & ! evid5ce (         
appropriat5ess--all ( :i*1 h[ev]        
valuable1 mu/ tumble to ! gr\nd be=e "o 
s+le fact4 ,y notice t ,ar*bi%op ,us%]  
d\bt$ ! ,epi/le to ,polyc>p4 ,b :y8     
simply because its /yle 7n hav+ be5     
alt]$ by ! =g]7 0 diff]5t f ! re/4 ,b y 
"k he says !re 0 m hi/orical evid5ce 9  
its fav\r ?an = any ( ! re/4 ,x ?us     
becomes an argum5t 9 support ( ! ,syriac
 text in/ead ( aga9/ x4 ,c y expla9 h[ x
 happ5s t ! ,syriac text1 f\nd 9 ! v    
language ( ,ignatius himself1 &         
transcrib$ _m hundr$s ( ye>s be=e !     

,ignatian controv]sy 0 ?\ght (1 n[ x is 
discov]$1 %\ld conta9 only ! ?ree       
,epi/les ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* !re is any   
hi/orical evid5ce be=e ! "t ( ,eusebius1
 & t1 al?\gh x may conta9 "s ?+s :i* y d
 n approve1 /ill has reject$ all !      
passages :i* ! critics ( ! ,ignatian    
controv]sy prote/$ aga9/8 ,y g too f> to
 say t ,b5tley reject$ ! ,ignatian      
,epi/les--he only reject$ !m 9 ! =m 9   
:i* !y 7 put =? by ,us%] & ,vossius1 & n
 9 ! =m ( ! ,syriac4 ,s did ,porson1 z  
,bi%op ,kaye in=m$ me--b he nev] d5i$ t 
,ignatius _h writt5 lett]s--inde$1 ! v  
=g]ies 7 a pro( ( true patt]ns :i* 7    
falsifi$4  ,a great _m ( ! able/ s*ol>s 
9 ,europe1 :o _h refus$ to accept !     
,greek lett]s1 are conv9c$ ( ! g5u95ess 
( ! ,syriac4 ,b "t w op54 ,believe me1  
y\rs fai?fully1  ,,william ,,cureton4   
,,! ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,kill54  ,"s "t aft]  
?is lett] 0 writt51 ecclesia/ical       
lit]ature su/a9$ a sev]e loss 9 ! dea? (
 its amiable & accompli%$ au?or4 ,?\gh  
,dr4 ,cureton "h express$ himself ) due 

caution1 8 language is c]ta9ly n        
calculat$ to reassure ! advocates ( !   
,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,"o ( _! mo/ le>n$  
editors 9 rec5t times--s f> f speak+ 9 a
 tone ( confid5ce respect+ !m--"h admits
 t he atta*$ to !m no v great           
importance4 ,?\gh he _h sp5t tw5ty ye>s 
*iefly 9 _! illu/ration1 he ackn[l$ges t
 he 0 con/antly endeav\r+ to add "s new 
light = 8 guidance4 ,to him1 !re=e1 !   
subject mu/ h be5 /ill involv$ 9 mu*    
my/]y4  ,x is notewor?y t1 9 ! prec$+   
lett]1 he has n be5 able to po9t out a  
solit>y error 9 ! /atem5t ( ! claims (  
^! ,epi/les z pres5t$ 9 ,! ,anci5t      
,*ur*4 ,he alleges1 inde$1 t ! argum5ts 
employ$ are bas$ ^u presumptive evid5ce1
 negative evid5ce1 & ! evid5ce (        
appropriat5ess2 he confesses t ^! pro(s 
are valuable2 b1 ?\gh he cont5ds t !y   
mu/ all tumble to ! ar\nd be=e "o s+le  
fact1 he has fail$ to produce ! "o s+le 
fact requir$ = _! ov]?r[4  ,dr4 ,cureton
 _h obvi\sly n be5 previ\sly aw>e t ,dr4
 ,b5tley1 ! highe/ au?ority among       

,briti% critics1 _h reject$ ! ,ignatian 
,epi/les4 ,_h he be5 cognisant ( t fact 
:5 he wrote ! ,corpus ,ignatianum1 he   
w\ld h c&idly ann\nc$ x to 8 read]s4 ,! 
mann] 9 :i* he "h attempts to dispose ( 
x is c]ta9ly n v satisfactory4 ,he      
pleads t1 ?\gh ,b5tley condemn$ z       
spuri\s ! lett]s edit$ by ,us%] &       
,vossius1 he w\ld n h pron\nc$ ! same   
decision on ! ,syriac v]sion rec5tly    
discov]$4 ,:y n8 ,?is ,syriac v]sion is 
an edition ( ! same ,epi/les 9 an       
abbreviat$ =m4 ,if ,b5tley d5\nc$ ! :ole
 z a =g]y1 x seems to foll[1 by logical 
inf]5ce1 t he w\ld h pron\nc$ ! same    
v]dict on ! half or ! ?ird "p4 ,dr4     
,cureton is mi/ak5 :5 he affirms 9 !    
prec$+ communication t 8 ,syriac v]sion 
has reject$ all ! passages aga9/ :i* !  
critics ( ! ,ignatian controv]sy _h     
prote/$4 ,! v contr>y has be5 demon/rat$
 9 ,! ,anci5t ,*ur*4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !  
s5t5ces :i* _h provok$ ! mo/ unsp>+     
criticism are reta9$ 9 ! ,curetonian    
edition4 ,x is "r to add t ,ar*bi%op    

,us%] m ?an d\bt$ ! ,epi/le to ,polyc>p4
 ,he disc>d$ x altoge!r4 ,)\t hesitation
 he set x aside z spuri\s4 ,:il/ he     
dislik$ its /yle1 he felt t x want$ o!r 
m>ks ( g5u95ess4 ,:5 writ+ ,! ,anci5t   
,*ur*--n[ ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago--,i 0    
dispos$ to ?9k t ! ,ignatian ,epi/les _h
 be5 manufactur$ at ,antio*2 b m mature 
consid]ation has l$ me to adopt !       
conclusion t !y 7 concoct$ at ,rome4 ,!y
 be> a /rong resemblance to sev]al o!r  
spuri\s works :i* appe>$ !re2 & ! s]vile
 submission to episcopal au?ority :i* !y
 s /r5u\sly inculcate 0 fir/ mo/        
(f5sively *all5g$ by ! *ief pa/or ( !   
great ,we/]n bi%opric4 ,^! ,epi/les t5d$
 mu* to promote ! progress (            
ecclesia/ical despotism4  ,any "o :o    
/udies ! two *apt]s on ! ,ignatian      
,epi/les 9 ,! ,anci5t ,*ur*1 mu/ see t  
:at is !re urg$ aga9/ !m is some?+ m ?an
 presumptive evid5ce1 negative evid5ce1 
& ! evid5ce ( appropriat5ess4 ,x is %[n 
t _! ana*ronisms1 hi/orical blund]+1 &  
false doctr9e cle>ly convict !m ( =g]y4 

,,ii4  ,x has be5 deem$ "r to subjo9 "h 
a copy ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/le to !       
,romans1 z "s read]s may n h x at h& =  
consultation4 ,v>i\s translations ( ?is 
,epi/le h be5 publi%$4 ,! foll[+ adh]es 
pretty closely to t giv5 by ! ,bi%op (  
,durham3--  ,ignatius1 :o is also       
,!ophorus1 to h] t has obta9$ m]cy ?r\gh
 ! might ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,fa!r1 & (      
,jesus ,*ri/ ,8 only ,son1 to ! ,*ur*   
:i* is belov$ & enlight5$ ?r\gh ! w (   
,him :o wille? all ?+s t are accord+ to 
! love ( ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,god1 to h] t 
has ! presid5cy 9 ! c\ntry ( ! region ( 
! ,romans2 be+ wor?y ( ,god1 wor?y (    
hon\r1 wor?y ( felicitation1 wor?y (    
praise1 wor?y ( success1 wor?y 9 purity1
 & hav+ ! presid5cy ( love1 walk+ 9 !   
law ( ,*ri/1 & be>+ ! ,fa!r's "n1 :i* ,i
 also salute 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 !   
,son ( ! ,fa!r1 to ^? t are unit$ bo?   
accord+ to ! fle% & _s to e "o ( ,8     
comm&m5ts1 be+ fill$ insep>ably ) !     
grace ( ,god1 & filt]$ cle> f e =eign   
/a92 abundance ( happ9ess unblameably 9 

,jesus ,*ri/ our ,god4  #a4 ,?r\gh pray]
 to ,god ,i h obta9$ ! privilege ( see+ 
y\r mo/ wor?y faces1 & h ev5 be5 grant$ 
m ?an ,i reque/$1 = ,i hope z a prison] 
9 ,jesus ,*ri/ to salute y1 if inde$ x  
be ! w ( ,god t ,i be ?\ght wor?y (     
atta9+ unto ! end4 ,= ! beg9n+ has be5  
well ord]$1 if s be ,i %all atta9 unto !
 goal1 t ,i may receive my inh]itance   
)\t h9drance4 ,= ,i am afraid ( y\r     
love1 le/ x %\ld be to me an injury2 = x
 is easy = y to accompli% :at y please1 
b x is difficult = me to atta9 to ,god1 
if ye sp>e me4  #b4 ,= ,i w\ld n h y to 
be m5-pleas]s1 b to please ,god1 z ye d 
please ,him4 ,= nei!r %all ,i ev] h su* 
an opportunity ( atta9+ to ,god1 nor c  
ye1 if ye be sil5t1 ev] be entitl$ to ! 
hon\r ( a bett] "w4 ,= if ye are sil5t  
conc]n+ me1 ,i %all become ,god's2 b if 
ye love my body1 ,i %all h my c\rse aga9
 to run4 ,pray1 !n1 d n seek to conf]   
any great] fav\r ^u me ?an t ,i be p\r$ 
out a libation to ,god1 :ile !re is /ill
 an alt> ready2 t be+ ga!r$ toge!r 9    

love ye may s+ praise to ! ,fa!r ?r\gh  
,jesus ,*ri/1 t ,god has deem$ me1 !    
bi%op ( ,syria1 wor?y to be s5t = f !   
ea/ to ! we/4 ,x is good to set f ! _w  
to ,god1 t ,i may rise aga9 to ,him4    
#c4 ,ye h nev] envi$ any "o4 ,ye h      
taught o!rs1 & my desire is t ^? lessons
 %all hold good1 :i* z tea*]s ye enjo94 
,only reque/ 9 my behalf bo? inw>d &    
outw>d /r5g?1 s t ,i may n only say x1 b
 also desire x2 t ,i may n only be call$
 a ,*ri/ian1 b really be f\nd "o4 ,= if 
,i %all be f\nd s1 !n c ,i also be call$
 "o1 & be fai?ful !n1 :5 ,i %all no     
long] appe> to ! _w4 ,no?+ visible is   
good3 = our ,god1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 n[ t ,he
 is ) ! ,fa!r1 is all ! m reveal$4 ,! "w
 is n ( p]suasiv5ess1 b ( greatness1    
:5soev] x is hat$ by ! _w4  #d4 ,i write
 to all ! ,*ur*es1 & ,i bid all m5 "k t 
( my own free w ,i die = ,god1 unless ye
 %\ld h9d] me4 ,i exhort y n to %[ an   
unseasonable good-w t[>ds me4 ,suff] me 
to become food = ! wild bea/s1 t ?r\gh  
!m ,i %all atta9 to ,god4 ,i am ! :eat (

 ,god1 & ,i am gr\nd by ! tee? ( wild   
bea/s t ,i may be f\nd ! pure bread (   
,*ri/4 ,r entice ! wild bea/s t !y may  
become my sepul*re1 & may leave no "p ( 
my body beh9d1 s t ,i may n1 :5 ,i am   
fall5 asleep1 be burd5some to any "o4   
,!n %all ,i be truly a disciple ( ,jesus
 ,*ri/1 :5 ! _w %all n s mu* z see my   
body4 ,supplicate ! ,"l = me1 t ?r\gh ^!
 in/rum5ts ,i may be f\nd a sacrifice to
 ,god4 ,i d n enjo9 y z ,pet] & ,paul   
did4 ,!y 7 apo/les1 ,i am a convict2 !y 
7 free1 ,i am a slave to ?is v h\r4 ,b1 
:5 ,i suff]1 ,i %all be a fre$-man (    
,jesus ,*ri/1 & %all rise free 9 ,him4  
,n[ ,i am le>n+ 9 my bonds to put away e
 desire4  #e4 ,f ,syria ev5 to ,rome ,i 
fight ) wild bea/s2 by l& & sea1 by     
night & by day1 be+ b\nd amid/ t5       
leop>ds1 ev5 a company ( soldi]s1 :o    
only become worse :5 !y are k9dly       
treat$4 ,h[beit ?r\gh _! wrong-do+s ,i  
am become m completely a disciple1 yet  
am ,i n h]eby ju/ifi$4 ,may ,i h joy ( !
 bea/s t h be5 prep>$ = me2 & ,i pray t 

,i may f9d !m prompt2 nay1 ,i w entice  
!m t !y may dev\r me promptly1 n z !y h 
done to "s1 refus+ to t\* !m ?r\gh fe>4 
,yea1 ?\gh ( !mselves !y %\ld n be will+
 :ile ,i am ready1 ,i myself w =ce !m to
 x4 ,be> ) me1 ,i "k :at is exp$i5t =   
me4 ,n[ am ,i beg9n+ to be a disciple4  
,may n\ght ( ?+s visible & ?+s invisible
 envy me1 t ,i may atta9 unto ,jesus    
,*ri/4 ,come fire & cross1 & grappl+s ) 
wild bea/s1 cutt+s & mangl+s1 wr5*+ (   
bones1 hack+ ( limbs1 cru%+s ( my :ole  
body1 come cruel tortures ( ! devil to  
assail me1 only be x m9e to atta9 to    
,jesus ,*ri/4  #f4 ,! f>!/ b\nds ( !    
univ]se %all pr(it me no?+1 nei!r !     
k+doms ( ?is _w4 ,x is good = me to die 
= ,jesus ,*ri/1 r ?an to reign ov] !    
f>!/ b\nds ( ! e>?4 ,i seek ,him :o di$ 
on our behalf1 ,i desire ,him :o rose   
aga9 = our sake4 ,my bir?-pangs are at  
h&4 ,p>don me1 bre?r51 d n h9d] me f    
liv+4 ,d n wi% to keep me 9 a /ate (    
dea?1 :ile ,i desire to belong to ,god2 
d n give me ov] to ! _w1 nei!r allure me

 ) mat]ial ?+s4 ,suff] me to obta9 pure 
light2 :5 ,i h gone ?i!r1 !n %all ,i be 
a man4 ,p]mit me to be an imitator ( !  
passion ( my ,god4 ,if any man has ,him 
)9 himself1 let him consid] :at ,i      
desire1 & let him h sympa?y ) me1 z kn[+
 h[ ,i am /rait5$4  #g4 ,! pr9ce ( ?is  
_w w\ld fa9 seize me1 & corrupt my      
disposition t[>ds ,god4 ,let n any ( y1 
!re=e1 t are ne> abet him4 ,r be ye on  
my side1 t is1 on ,god's side4 ,d n     
speak ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & set y\r desires  
on ! _w4 ,let n envy dwell among y4 ,ev5
 ?\gh ,i myself1 :5 ,i am ) y1 %\ld     
besee* y1 obey me n1 b r give cr$it to  
^? ?+s :i* ,i n[ write4 ,my e>?ly       
passion has be5 crucifi$1 & !re is no   
fire ( mat]ial long+ 9 me2 b !re is )9  
me a wat] t lives & speaks1 say+ to me  
inw>dly1 ',come to ! ,fa!r4' ,i h no    
delight 9 ! food ( corruption1 or 9 !   
delights ( ?is life4 ,i desire ! bread (
 ,god1 :i* is ! fle% ( ,*ri/1 :o 0 ( !  
se$ ( ,david2 & = a draught ,i desire ,8
 blood1 :i* is love incorruptible4  #h4 

,i desire no long] to live aft] ! mann] 
( m52 & ?is %all be1 if ye desire x4 ,be
 ye will+1 !n1 t ye also may be desir$4 
,9 a brief lett] ,i besee* y1 d ye give 
cr$it to me4 ,jesus ,*ri/ w reveal ^!   
?+s to y1 s t ye %all "k t ,i speak !   
tru?--,jesus ,*ri/ ! un]r+ m\? by :i* ! 
,fa!r has spok5 truly4 ,pray = me t ,i  
may atta9 ! object ( my desire4 ,i write
 n unto y aft] ! fle%1 b aft] ! m9d (   
,god4 ,if ,i %all suff]1 x 0 y\r desire2
 b if ,i am reject$1 ye h hat$ me4  #i4 
,rememb] 9 y\r pray]s ! ,*ur* :i* is 9  
,syria1 :i* has ,god = its %eph]d 9 my  
/ead4 ,jesus ,*ri/ alone %all be its    
bi%op1 ,he & y\r love2 b = myself1 ,i am
 a%am$ to be call$ "o ( !m2 = nei!r am  
,i wor?y1 be+ ! v la/ ( !m & an untimely
 bir?2 b ,i h f\nd m]cy t ,i %\ld be "s 
"o1 if s ,i %all atta9 unto ,god4 ,my _s
 salutes y1 & ! love ( ! ,*ur*es :i*    
receiv$ me 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 n z a 
m]e wayf>]2 = ev5 ^? ,*ur*es :i* did n  
lie on my r\te aft] ! fle%1 w5t be=e me 
f city to city4  #aj4 ,n[ ,i write ^!   

?+s to y f ,smyrna1 by ! h& ( !         
,ephesians1 :o are wor?y ( all          
felicitation4 ,& ,crocus also1 a "n v   
de> to me1 is ) me1 ) _m o!rs besides4  
#aa4 ,z t\*+ ^? :o w5t be=e me f ,syria 
to ,rome1 to ! glory ( ,god1 ,i believe 
t ye h receiv$ in/ructions2 :om also    
apprize t ,i am ne>1 = !y all are wor?y 
( ,god & ( y1 & x becomes y to refre% !m
 9 all ?+s4 ,^! ?+s ,i write to y on !  
#i? be=e ! ,kal5ds ( ,septemb]4         
,f>e-ye-well unto ! end 9 ! pati5t wait+
 = ,jesus ,*ri/4   ,?is lett] is a      
/range mixture ( silly babblem5t1       
my/icism1 & fanaticism2 b ?r\gh\t x     
wants ! true r+ ( an hone/              
correspond5ce4 ,:y does ! writ] describe
 himself z ! ,bi%op ( ,syria1 & :y does 
he nev] once m5tion ,antio* f beg9n+ to 
end8 ,:5 an apo/le 0 imprison$1 8 bre?r5
 pray$ = 8 release 7,acts xii4 #e72 b   
?is ,ignatius =bade ! ,*ri/ians at ,rome
 to make any attempt to save him f      
m>tyrdom4 ,paul taught t he might give 8
 body to be burn$1 & yet aft] all be a  

reprobate 7#a ,cor4 xiii4 #c72 b ?is    
,ignatius indicates t all w\ld be well )
 him1 if he _h ! good =tune to be eat5  
by ! lions4 ,8 lett] is p]vad$1 n by !  
enlight5$ & *e]ful piety ( ! ,new       
,te/am5t1 b by ! gloomy & repulsive _s (
 ,montanism4 ,bi%op ,lightfoot tells u t
 x _h a wid] popul>ity ?an ! o!r lett]s 
( ,ignatius 7vol4 ii1  i4 p4 #ahf74 ,x 0
 accommodat$ to ! ta/e ( an age (       
det]iorat$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,polyc>p w\ld h 
/]nly condemn$ its extravagance4 ,b1 9 !
 e>ly "p ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ! tone (      
public s5tim5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0     
greatly *ang$1 & ! writ+s ( ,t]tullian  
contribut$ mu* to give enc\ragem5t to   
su* productions z ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 
,t]tullian1 h[ev]1 9 8 num]\s writ+s1   
nev] once names ,ignatius4 ,x w\ld appe>
 t he _h nev] he>d ( ^! lett]s4         
,,endnotes   #b3a ,c>)51 ,hi/4 ,*4 (    
,engl&1 i4 #eed1 #bnd ed4  #b3b ,in/it4 
,i4 c4 xiii4  #bi4 ,!re is1 says ,calv91
 no?+ m abom9able ?an t tra% :i* is 9   
circulation "u ! "n ( ,ignatius4  #c3a  

,! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,s4     
,ignatius1 ,s4 ,polyc>p4 ,revis$ texts1 
) ,introductions1 ,notes1 ,diss]tations1
 & ,translations4 ,by ,j4 ,b4           
,lightfoot1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41
 ,bi%op ( ,durham4 ,london #ahhe4  #d3a 
,expositor = ,dec4 #ahhe1 p4 #dja4      
,london1 ,hodd]  ,/\ghton4  #f3a ,vol4  
i4 p4 #caf4  #f3b ,pref4 ,i4 vii4  #f3c 
,vol4 i4 p4 #ajg4  #g3a ,monk's ,life ( 
,b5tley1 ii4 p4 #dd1 ed4 #ahcc4 ,monk   
adds1 t ! affair 0 ! talk ( ! ,long     
,vacation--a cle> pro( t ! tru? ( !     
/atem5t 0 indisputable4  #g3b ,see my   
,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 p4 #cih1 ,ed9burgh 
#ahga2 & ,app5dix ,no4 #a to ?is ,reply4
  #g3c ,vol4 i4 p4 #cba1 note4  #h3a    
,vol4 i4 p4 #caf4  #h3b ,vol4 i4 p4     
#cba4  #h3c ,vol4 i4 p4 #cbj4  #i3a ,see
 ,expositor = ,dec4 #ahhe1 p4 #djc4     
#i3b ,vol4 ii4 sec4 i4 p4 #dcf4  #aj3a  
,vol4 i4 p4#cde4  #aa3a ,vol4 i4 p4     
#cca4  #aa3b ,see ,lightfoot1 vol4 i4 p4
 #aca4  #ab3a ,see ,expositor = ,dec4   
#ahhe1 p4 #djd4  #ac3a ,page v4  #ae3a  

,preface1 p4 vi4  #af3a ,contra ,ha]4   
iii4 #c4 #d4  #af3b ,vol4 ii4 sec4 i4 p4
 #ddf4  #af3c ,ibid4  #ag3a ,vol4 i4 p4 
#chj4 ,he says else:]e almo/            
simultane\sly1 vol4 i4 p4 #chb4  #ag3b  
#d1 #e1 #f4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t       
,eusebius notices ! lett] ( ,polyc>p1 n 
along ) ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 b 9       
connection ) ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,m>cus
 ,aurelius4 ,see ,eusebius1 ,book ,,iv4 
*ap4 xiv4  #ah3a ,! words = k+s ( ?is "p
 ( ! lett] are extant only 9 a ,lat9    
v]sion4 ,! passage 9 ! ,lat9 /&s ?us3   
,orate etiam1 pro regibus et pote/atibus
 et pr9cipibus4  #ah3b ,z ! great mon>* 
( ,assyria survey$ ! pot5tates "u 8     
dom9ion1 he 0 tempt$ to exclaim         
va+lori\sly1 ,are n my pr9ces all ( !m  
k+s8 ,isa4 x4 #h1 ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,!   
emp]or ( ,rome might h utt]$ ! same pr\d
 boa/4  #ah3c ,vol4 i4 p4 #egf4  #ah3d  
,ibid4 ,9 support ( ?is view ,dr4       
,lightfoot appeals to #a ,tim ii4 #b1   
:]e ! apo/le says t supplications1      
pray]s1 int]cessions1 & giv+ ( ?anks1 z 

circum/ances requir$1 %\ld be made = k+s
 & all t are 9 au?ority4 ,paul is "h    
giv+ g5]al directions suit$ to all "t2 b
 ,polyc>p is address+ himself to !      
,philippians1 & furni%+ !m ) in/ructions
 adapt$ to _! exi/+ condition4  #ai3a   
,vol4 i4 p4 #djg  #ba3a  #ac4 ,?is "p ( 
! lett] is only extant 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion4
 ,its words are3 ,de ipso ,ignatio1 et  
de 8 qui cum eo sunt1 quod c]tius       
agnov]itis1 significate4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot
 admits t x 0 made f an old] =m ( !     
,greek ?an any ( ! exi/+ ,greek ,,mss41 
vol4 ii4  ii4 p4 #bja4 ,he va9ly tries  
to prove t ! words qui cum eo sunt mu/  
be a mi/ranslation4 ,!y d n suit 8 !ory4
 ,!y imply t ,ignatius & 8 p>ty 7 /ill  
liv+ :5 ! lett] 0 writt54  #ba3c ,see   
,dr4 ,lightfoot1 vol4 i4 p4 #bc1 &      
,zahn1 ,ignatius von ,antio*i51 pp4 #bh 
& #dja4  #ba3d ,?is road 0 sev]al hundr$
 miles 9 l5g?4  #bb3b ,vol4 ii4 sec4 ii4
 p4 #iba1 note4  #bc3a ,si quis vadit ad
 ,syriam1 def]at lit]as meas1 quas fec]o
 ad vos4 ,?is is ! read+ ( ! old ,lat9  

v]sion1 :i*1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot tells u1 
is sometimes useful = correct+ ! text ( 
! extant ,greek ,,mss4 ,vol4 ii4 sec4   
ii4 p4 #ija4 ,ev5 "s ( ! ,greek ,,mss4  
read1 n ,greek3 p> humon b ,greek3 p>   
haemon4 ,?is read+ is f\nd 9 "s copies (
 ,eusebius & 9 ,nicephorus1 & is foll[$ 
by ,ruf9us4 ,see ,jacobson1 ,pat4 ,apo/4
 ii4 #dhh1 note4  #bd3a ,! apo/les &    
eld]s assembl$ at ,j]usalem direct$ _!  
lett]s to ! bre?r5 9 ,antio*1 & ,syria1 
& ,cilicia1 ,acts xv4 #bc2 b1 accord+ to
 ,dr4 ,lightfoot & 8 support]s1         
,ignatius ignores 8 own city1 ?\gh "o ( 
! greate/ 9 ! empire1 & rememb]s only ! 
prov9ce to :i* x belong$6  #be3a ,epi/le
 to ,polyc>p1  #g4  #bf3a ,! words may  
be lit]ally translat$1 ,if any "o is go+
 to ,syria1 he might convey to y my     
lett]s :i* ,i %all h f9i%$1 t is1 :i* ,i
 h ready4 ,fri5dly lett]s 7 !n g5]ally  
mu* long] ?an 9 our day1 z !            
opportunities ( transmitt+ !m 7 few2 &  
mu* long] "t 0 occupi$ 9 _! prep>ation4 
#bg3a ,greek3 ,psuria--see ! ,iliad &   

,odyssey1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,fri$rei*1 p4 #fd4 
,erlang5 #ahef4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,hom] 9
 ! ,odyssey1 lib4 iii4 #aga4 ,see also  
,dunb>'s ,greek ,lexicon1 art4 ,greek3  
,psuria4  #bg3b ,mr4 ,glad/one has      
rem>k$ t ! ,greek3 ,suriae naesos1 or   
,syros1 has ! same be>+ 9 respect to    
,delos z ,greek3 ,psuriae 9 respect to  
,*ios4--,/udies on ,hom]1 vol4 iii4     
#ccc1 note4  #bh3a ,see ,hom]1 ,odyssey1
 xv4 #djb4 ,see ! note 9 ! ,odyssey1 by 
,f4 ,h4 ,ro!1 pp4 #bcc-cd4 ,leipsic     
#ahcd4 ,9 ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ,/rabo we h  
^! words3 ,videtur sub-,syriae nom9e    
m5tionem fac]e ,hom]us 8 quidem v]bis3--
     ',ortygiam supra ,syria e/ qua$am  
insula4'  ,/rabo1 ,r]4 ,geog4 lib4 x4 p4
 #gaa4 ,ox=d #ahjg4 ,! passage 9 ,hom]  
is ?us r5d]$ by ,*apman3--    ,!re is an
 isle above ,ortygia1    ,if ?\ ha/     
he>d1 !y call x ,syria4  ,! pres5t      
inhabitants ( ?is isl& call !mselves    
,greek3 ,surianoi or ,syrians4 ,see     
,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman    
,geography1 art4 ,syros4  #bh3b ,b+ham's

 ,orig9es ,ecclesia/icae1 iii4 #aif4    
,london #ahdj4  #bh3c ,smi?'s ,assyrian 
,discov]ies1 p4 #bb4 ,london #ahge4     
#bi3a ,smi?1 p4 #ba4  #bi3b ,dr4        
,lightfoot imag9es t he has discov]$ a  
wond]ful confirmation ( 8 views 9 ! ^w  
likewise :i* "h occurs 7vol4 i4 p4      
#egd74 ,x is n easy to see ! =ce ( 8    
argum5t2 b1 ) ! explanations giv5 9 !   
text1 ! ^w has peculi> significance4 ,x 
implies t :il/ ! mess5g] 0 to c>ry !    
lett]s f ,smyrna to ,syria1 he 0 also1  
or likewise1 to br+ back ,smyrna !      
lett]s s5t to ,syria f ,philippi4  #cj3a
 ,ignatius to ! ,smyrnaeans1  #aa4      
#cj3b ,zahn speaks ( ! mission to       
,antio* z s5seless1 ev5 consid]+ ! "t ( 
! ye>4--,ignatius von ,antio*i51 p4     
#bhg4  #cd3a ,i 0 myself s mu* impress$ 
at "o "t by ,dr4 ,lightfoot's reason+ 9 
! ,contempor>y ,review 7,may #ahge71 t  
,i actually adopt$ 8 reckon+ z to ! date
 ( ,polyc>p's dea? 9 a late edition ( my
 ,anci5t ,*ur*2 b1 on m mature          
consid]ation1 ,i h f\nd x to be q       

unt5able4  #cd3b ,vol4 i4 p4 #fbi4      
#cd3c ,vol4 i4 pp4 #fbi1 #fcj4  #ce3a   
,vol4 i4 p4 #fcj4  #cg3a ,lightfoot1    
vol4 i4 p4 #fcb4  #cg3b ,ibid4  #cg3c   
,vol4 i4 p4 #adh4  #cg3d ,vita ,mal*i1  
,op]a iv4 pp4 #ij1 #ia4 ,p>is #agjf4    
#ch3a ,dll+]'s ,hippolytus & ,calli/us1 
by ,plumm]1 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 ,ed9burgh     
#ahgf4  #ch3b ,vol4 i4 p4 #fcc4  #ci3a  
,dr4 ,lightfoot is n support$ 9 8       
*ronology by 8 fav\rite ,zahn1 :o places
 ! date ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p aft] !  
dea? ( ,p]egr9us1 9 ,a4,d4              
#afe4--;,ignatius von ,antio*i51 p4     
#eag4  #dj3a ,vol4 i4 p4 #dea4  #dj3b   
,vol4 i4 p4 #fce4  #da3a ,vol4 i4 p4    
#fdj4  #da3b ,vol4 i4 pp4 #fci1 #fdj4   
#db3a ,vol4 i4 #faj4  #db3b ,ibid4 ,ev5 
! manuscript au?orities ( ?is po/script 
diff] z to ! "n4 ,accord+ to "s1 !      
pr5om5 0 ,/atius2 accord+ to o!rs1      
,/ratius2 accord+ to ano!r1 ,tatius2    
:il/ 9 ano!r ! "n is omitt$ altoge!r4   
,see ,lightfoot1 vol4 i4 p4 #fef1 note2 
vol4 ii4 sec4 ii4 p4 #ihd2 see also     

,jacobson1 ii4 p4 #eic4  #dc3a ,x is    
probable t ! po/script 0 writt5 _m ye>s 
aft] ! ev5t2 &1 "u ^! circum/ances1 !   
writ] may h mi/ak5 ! "n ( ! proconsul at
 ! "t4 ,eusebius seems to h kn[n no?+ ( 
?is po/script1 & x is n[ impossible to  
tell :5 x 0 add$4  #dc3b ,ummidius      
,quadratus1 9 ,a4,d4 #afg1 0 associat$ )
 ! ,emp]or ,lucius ,v]us 9 ! consul%ip2 
& x w\ld appe> t ab\t ,a4,d4 #afi--on ! 
gr\nd ( exceptional ability &           
influ5ce--he 0 appo9t$ to ! proconsul%ip
 ( ,asia4  #dc3c ,vol4 i4 pp4 #dfj1     
#dfc4 ,9 ano!r case we f9d ! proconsul  
,s]gius ,paulus /yl$ incorrectly        
,s]villius ,paullus1 vol4 i4 p4 #did4   
,see also i4 p4 #ejh4  #dd3a ,x is /at$ 
9 ?is same po/script1 t ,philip (       
,tralles 0 high prie/1 or ,asi>*1 at !  
"t ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p4 ,f ?is fact 
,dr4 ,lightfoot has endeav\r$ to d]ive  
support = 8 *ronology4 ,8 argum5t is1   
h[ev]1 q inconclusive4 ,! dignity (     
,asi>* c\ld be enjoy$ only by ! v ri*1 z
 none o!rs c\ld su/a9 ! exp5se ( x2 & ! 

same individual might hold x = ye>s     
toge!r1 z well z aga9 & aga94 ,! ,philip
 ( :om ,dr4 ,lightfoot speaks1 _h a son 
( ! same "n1 :o may also h be5 high     
prie/ or ,asi>*4 ,see ,lightfoot1 vol4  
i4 pp4 #fab1 #fac1 #fae1 #faf4  #dd3b   
,euseb4 iv4  #de3a ,vol4 i4 p4 #ddc4    
#de3b ,vol4 i4 p4 #cdc4  #de3c ,vol4 i4 
pp4 #ddc-dd4  #df3a ,vol4 i4 p4 #eaj4   
#df3b  #b4  #df3c ,see ,ne&]1 i4 p4     
#adg4 ,ed9burgh #ahdg4  #df3d ,ne&]1 i4 
p4 #adf4  #dg3a ,anton9us ,pius became  
emp]or 9 ,a4,d4 #ach4--,lightfoot1 i4 p4
 #gjc4 ,hadrian di$ on ! #aj? ( ,july ( 
t ye>4--,ibid4  #dg3b ,book iv4 #aj4    
#dg3c ,book iv4 #aa4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot    
/ates t ,eusebius _h li/s ( ,roman &    
,alex&rian bi%ops1 giv+ ! l5g?s ( _!    
respective t]ms ( (fice1 vol4 ii4 sec4  
i4 p4 #dea4 ,x is said t ,hippolytus 0 !
 fir/ :o ev] made a *ronological li/ ( !
 ,bi%ops ( ,rome4--,dll+]'s ,hippolytus 
& ,calli/us1 p4 #ccg4  #ej3a  #h1 #i4   
#ej3b ,vol4 i4 p4 #gjc4  #ej3c ,vol4 i4 
p4 #fej4  #ea3a ,vol4 i4 p4 #bgc4  #ec3a

 ,contra ,ha]4 lib4 v4 c4 #bh4 #d4      
#ed3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot seems to h be5 9 a
 condition ( /range =getfulness :5 he   
asks1 ,:y does n ,ir5aeus quote         
,polyc>p's ,epi/le8--vol4 i4 p4 #cbh4 ,!
 simple answ] is t he m5tions ! ,epi/le1
 & quotes ,polyc>p by "n z a witness    
aga9/ ! h]etics4 ,contra ,ha]4 book iii4
 c4 #c4  #d4  #ee3a ,eusebius1 v4 c4 i4 
,! writ] "h m5tions a numb] (           
individuals by "n1 :o 7 at ?is "t l$    
into ! amphi!atre to ! wild bea/s4      
#ee3b ,pr(essor ,h>nack says3 ,if we d n
 reta9 ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 !n we mu/  
all[ t ! ext]nal evid5ce on behalf ( !  
,ignatian ,epi/les is exce$+ly weak1 &  
h5ce is highly fav\rable to ! suspicion 
t !y are spuri\s4--,expositor = ,jan4   
#ahhf1 p4 #aa4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t !    
,epi/le ( ,polyc>p furni%es no evid5ce 9
 _! fav\r4 ,see ,*ap4 ,,ii4  #ef3a ,vol4
 i4 p4 #egh4  #eg3a ,vol4 i4 p4 #egi4   
#eg3b ,vol4 i4 p4 #ehj4  #eg3c ,vol4 i4 
p4 #ci4  #eg3d ,vol4 i4 p4 #ehc4  #eg3e 
,to ! ,trallians1  #aj4  #eh3a ,to !    

,romans1  #e4  #eh3b ,to ! ,trallians1  
#d4  #eh3c ,to ! ,smyrnaeans1  #d4      
#eh3d ,to ! ,romans1  #d4  #eh3e ,lett] 
( ! ,smyrnaeans relat+ to ! dea? (      
,polyc>p1  #d4  #eh3f ,to ! ,smyrnaeans1
  #i4  #eh3g ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians1
 ,section  #a1 #e1 #aj4  #eh3h  #d1 #f4 
#ei3a ,to ! ,philad4  #c4 ,to !         
,smyrnaeans1  #i4 ,to ,polyc>p1  #f4    
#ei3b ,! ,anci5t ,*ur*1 ,p]iod ,,ii4    
sec4 ii4 *ap4 ii41 iii4  #ei3c ,epi/le  
to ! ,philippians1 pp4 #aha-bfi4  #fj3a 
,vol4 i4 p4 #cgg4  #fj3b #a ,tim4 i4 #c1
 iii4 #e4  #fa3a ,acts xx4 #bh1 #ca4    
#fa3b #a ,tim4 iv4 #ad4  #fb3a ,comm5t4 
9 ,titum4  #fb3b ,gal4 ii4 #i4  #fc3a   
,philippians4 ,essay1 pp4 #baf1 #bah4   
#fc3b ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 z we h se51 "h   
completely mi/akes ! date ( ! ,epi/le ( 
,polyc>p4  #fc3c ,philippians1 p4 #bbf4 
#fc3d ,ibid4 p4 #bbg4  #fc3e ,ibid4 p4  
#bbf4  #fd3a ,see my ,anci5t ,*ur*1 #d? 
edition1 pp4 #dgj-ga4 ,new ,york #ahhc4 
#fd3b ,vol4 i4 p4 #cgg4  #fd3c ,x is q  
cle> t ! bi%ops ( :om ,ir5aeus speaks 7 

n a di/9ct ord] f presbyt]s4 ,?us he    
says1 ,x is incumb5t to obey ! presbyt]s
 :o are 9 ! ,*ur*1 ^? :o possess !      
succession f ! apo/les1 & :o toge!r ) ! 
succession ( ! episcopate h receiv$ !   
c]ta9 gift ( tru?4 444 ,x behoves u 444 
to adh]e to ^? :o 444 hold ! doctr9e ( !
 apo/les1 & :o1 toge!r ) ! ord] ( !     
presbyt]y1 display s\nd spee* &         
blameless conduct4--,contra ,ha]4 lib4  
iv4 c4 #bf1  #b1 #d4  #fe3a ,ir5icum1 "p
 ii4 *ap4 #g4  #fe3b ,contra ,ha]4 iii4 
#c1 #d4  #fe3c ,x is1 says he1 at all   
ev5ts n likely1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbe4  #ff3a 
#a ,tim4 i4 #ah4  #ff3b ,if he 0        
eighty-six ye>s ( age at ! "t ( 8       
m>tyrdom 9 ,a4,d4 #afi1 he 0 born ,a4,d4
 #hc4  #fg3a ,ev5 ,eusebius has giv5 "s 
c\nt5ance to ?is practice4 ,see 8       
,evangelical ,prep>ation1 xii4 c4 #ca4  
#fh3a ,dll+]'s ,hippolytus & ,calli/us1 
p4 #aac4  #fi3a  #i4 ,see ?is lett] 9   
,app5dix ,,ii4  #gj3a ,vol4 i4 p4 #chc4 
,x is wor?y ( note t1 9 ?is ,epi/le to !
 ,romans1 ,antio* is n nam$4 ,ignatius  

speaks ( himself z ! bi%op f ,syria1    
#b4 ,he ?us seeks to id5tify himself ) !
 ,ignatius m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/le (        
,polyc>p1 :o speaks ( s5d+ lett]s to    
,syria4  #ga3a ,vol4 ii4 sec4 i4 p4     
#ahf4  #gb3a ,lightfoot1 vol4 ii4 sec4  
i4 pp4 #dce1 #dde4  #gb3b ,vol4 i4 p4   
#df4  #gc3a ,euseb4 v4 c4 #bd4  #gd3a   
,eph4  #f2 ,magn4  #f4  #gd3b ,rom4  #d4
  #gd3c ,eph4  #ab2 ,rom4  #d2          
,trallians1  #c4  #gd3d ,eph4  #i4      
#ge3a ,polyc>p1  #f4  #ge3b ,smyrnaeans1
  #e2 ,philad4  #f4  #ge3c              
,philosophum5a1 ,book ,,ix4  #ge3d ,eph4
  #a4  #ge3e ,rom4  #f4  #gf3a ,vol4 i4 
p4 #cbi4  #gf3b ,philippians1 p4 #bcf4  
#gg3a ,cyprian c\ld n sympa?ize ) ?is   
,ignatius 9 8 passion = m>tyrdom4 ,!    
,bi%op ( ,c>?age incurr$ "s odium by    
retir+ to a place ( safety 9 a "t (     
p]secution4  #gg3b ,philippians1 ,essay 
#bcg4