,transcrib]'s ,comm5t ,9 ! orig9al text1 ! au?or s\ght1 by ! use ( diff]5t sorts ( type1 444 to introduc$ a consid]able am\nt ( detail )\t break+ ! ma9 curr5t ( ! n>rative1 or mak+ x too long4 ,9 ! text bel[1 p>agraphs 9 ! smalle/ type h be5 ind5t$4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,hi/ory ,design$ z a ,text-book & = ,private ,read+ ,by ,george ,p>k ,fi%]1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor 9 ,yale ,univ]sity ,inscrib$ by ! au?or z a tok5 ( love & ?ankfulness to 8 daught] ,c4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,preface4 ,9 writ+ ?is "w ,i h endeavor$ to provide a text-book suit$ to m advanc$ pupils4 ,my idea ( su* a "w 01 t x %\ld pres5t ! ess5tial facts ( hi/ory 9 due ord]1 & 9 con=mity to ! be/ & late/ rese>*es2 t x %\ld po9t out cle>ly ! connection ( ev5ts & ( successive eras ) "o ano!r2 t ?r\gh ! int]e/ awak5$ by ! natural1 un=c$ view ga9$ ( ?is unity ( hi/ory1 & by su* illu/rative incid5ts z ! brevity ( ! n>rative w\ld all[ to be wr\ght into x1 ! dryness ( a m]e summ>y %\ld be1 z f> z possible1 reliev$2 & t1 f9ally1 be+ a book int5d$ = pupils & read]s ( all classes1 x %\ld be free f sect>ian p>tiality1 & %\ld limit itself to well-e/abli%$ judgm5ts & conclusions on all matt]s subject to p>ty cont5tion4 ,respect+ "o ( ! po9ts j ref]r$ to1 ,i c say t1 9 compos+ ?is "w1 ,i h myself be5 m ?an ev] impress$ ) ! unity ( hi/ory1 & affect$ by ?is great & deeply mov+ drama t is /ill advanc+ into a future t is hidd5 f view4 ,i c n b hope t ?is feel+1 spontane\s & vivid 9 my own m9d1 may communicate itself to ! read] 9 8 progress ?r\gh ^! pages4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ object 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory is1 to quote ,dr4 ,arnold's words1 t :i* mo/ ne>ly t\*es ! inn] life ( civiliz$ man1 namely1 ! vicissitudes ( in/itutions1 social1 political1 & religi\s4 ,b1 z ! same s*ol> adds1 a k ( ! ext]nal is ne$$ be=e we arrive at t :i* is )94 ,we want to get a sort ( frame = our picture4444,& ?us we want to "k cle>ly ! geographical b\nd>ies ( diff]5t c\ntries1 & _! ext]nal revolutions4 ,?is leads u 9 ! fir/ in/ance to geography & milit>y hi/ory1 ev5 if our ultimate object lies beyond4 ,some?+ m is aim$ at 9 ! pres5t "w ?an ! con/ruction ( ?is frame1 )\t :i*1 to be sure1 a /ud5t w&]s ab\t vaguely1 l an ignorant man 9 an ill-arrang$ museum4 ,by ! use ( diff]5t sorts ( type1 x has be5 practicable to introduce a consid]able am\nt ( detail )\t break+ ! ma9 curr5t ( ! n>rative1 or mak+ x too long4 ,by means ( ^! additional passages1 & by app5d+ li/s ( books at ! close ( ! sev]al p]iods1 ! attempt has be5 made to aid y\ng] /ud5ts 9 c>ry+ =w>d ! /udy ( hi/ory beyond ! usual requirem5ts ( ! class-room4 ,i make no apology = ! sket*es pres5t$ ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 art1 & ( moral & mat]ial decl9e or improvem5t4 ,pr(essor ,seeley1 9 8 int]e/+ book on ,! ,expansion ( ,engl&1 is dispos$ to conf9e hi/ory to ! civil community1 & to ! "p ( human well-be+ :i* dep5ds on t4 ,t a man 9 ,engl&1 he tells u1 makes a sci5tific discov]y or pa9ts a picture1 is n 9 itself an ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 z ?is able writ] himself rem>ks1 hi/ory may assume a l>g] or a n>r[] function2 & ,i am p]suad$ t to %ut up hi/ory )9 s n>r[ b\nds1 is n exp$i5t 9 a "w design$ 9 "p to /imulate read]s to wide & cont9u$ /udies4 ,"o :o has long be5 engag$ 9 hi/orical /udy & tea*+1 if he und]takes to prep>e su* a "w z ! pres5t1 has occasion to trav]se c]ta9 p]iods :]e previ\s inve/igations h made him feel m or less at home4 ,else:]e at lea/ 8 c\rse mu/ be to collate au?orities1 foll[ su* z he deems be/ entitl$ to cr$it1 &1 on po9ts ( unc]ta9ty1 satisfy himself by recurr5ce to ! orig9al s\rces ( evid5ce4 ,among ! num]\s works f :i* ,i h d]iv$ assi/ance1 ! l>ge/ debt is due1 especially 9 ! anci5t & m$ival p]iods1 to ,web]'s ,lehrbu* d] ,weltges*i*te1 :i* 79 its n9ete5? edition1 #ahhc7 conta9s #bcbh l>ge octavo pages ( well-dige/$ matt]4 ,duruy's ,hi/oire du ,moy5 ,age 7elev5? edition1 #ahhb71 & also 8 ,hi/oire des ,temps ,mod]nes 7n9? edition71 h yield$ to me important aid4 ,f ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman ,i h con/antly d]iv$ in/ruction4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,i h made use ( 8 ,g5]al ,sket* ( ,european ,hi/ory 7:i* is publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 "u ! title1 ,outl9es ( ,hi/ory71 & ( 8 lucid1 compact1 & ?or\gh ,hi/ory ( ,european ,geography4 ,! o!r writ+s1 h[ev]1 ( ?is able & le>n$ hi/orian1 h be5 v helpful4 ,mr4 ,till+ha/'s edition ( ,ploetz's ,epitome ,i h f\nd to be a highly valuable /oreh\se ( hi/orical facts1 & h frequ5tly consult$ x ) advantage4 ,! sup]ior accuracy ( ,george's ,g5ealogical ,tables is ! reason :y ,i h freely avail$ myself ( ! aid af=d$ by !m4 ,pr(essor 7n[ ,presid5t7 ,c4 ,k4 ,adams's excell5t ,manual ( ,hi/orical ,lit]ature1 to :i* ref]5ce is repeat$ly made 9 ! foll[+ pages1 has be5 ( s]vice 9 prep>+ ! li/s ( works to be read or consult$4 ,^? li/s1 x h>dly ne$ be said1 aim at no?+ l a complete bibliography4 ,no d\bt to ea* ( !m o!r valuable works might easily be add$4 ,z a rule1 no m5tion is made ( m te*nical or ab/ruse writ+s1 collections ( docum5ts1 & s =?4 ,! titles ( b few hi/orical novels are giv54 ,useful z ! be/ ( ^! are1 works ( ?is class are (t5 inaccurate & mislead+2 s t a liv+ ma/] 9 hi/orical au?or%ip has said ev5 ( ,walt] ,scott1 :o is s /rong :5 he /&s on ,scotti% soil1 t 9 8 ,ivanhoe !re is a mi/ake 9 e l9e4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to hi/orical fiction1 includ+ poems1 z well z novels & tales1 ! /ud5t w f9d 9 ,mr4 ,ju/9 ,w9sor's v le>n$ & elaborate monograph 7=m+ a di/9ct section ( ! catalogue ( ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y71 ! mo/ full in=mation up to ! date ( its publication4 ,mo/ ( ! hi/orical maps1 to illu/rate ! text ( ! pres5t "w1 h be5 engrav$ f draw+s aft] ,sprun]1 ,putzg]1 ,freeman1 etc4 ,( ! anci5t maps1 sev]al h be5 adopt$ 79 a revis$ =m7 f a ,g5]al ,atlas4 ,t ! maps conta9 m places ?an are ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 is n a disadvantage4 ,i wi% to express my obligation to a numb] ( fri5ds :o h k9dly l5t me aid 9 ! revisal ( p>ticul> portions ( ! pro(-%eets ( ?is volume4 ,my special ?anks are due1 on acc\nt ( ?is s]vice1 to ,pr(essor ,francis ,br[n ( ! ,union ,!ological ,s*ool2 to ,pr(essors ,w4 ,d4 ,:itney1 ,tracy ,peck1 ,t4 ,d4 ,seym\r1 ,w4 ,h4 ,brew]1 & ,t4 ,r4 ,l\nsbury1 ( ,yale ,college2 to ,mr4 ,a4 ,van ,"n1 libr>ian ( ,yale ,college2 & to ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,k+sley1 to ^: hi/orical k & unfail+ k9dness ,i h1 on previ\s occasions1 be5 indebt$ = l assi/ance4 ,to o!r fri5ds besides ^? j nam$1 ,i am indebt$ = in=mation on po9ts made famili> to !m by _! special /udies4 ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,,preface ,,to ,,revis$ ,,edition4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is "w are /at$ 9 ! ,preface to ! ,fir/ ,edition1 :i* may be read on page v & ! next foll[+ pages ( ! pres5t volume4 ,! "w has be5 subject$ to a c>eful revision4 ,! aim has be5 to make :atev] am5dm5ts are call$ = by hi/orical inve/igations 9 ! int]val s9ce x 0 publi%$4 ,besides corrections1 brief /atem5ts h be5 wov5 "h & !re into ! text4 ,! revision has embrac$ ! bibliography connect$ ) ! successive p]iods or *apt]s4 ,titles ( books :i* are no long] ( s]vice h be5 eras$4 ,titles ( select rec5t publications1 z well z ( m]itori\s writ+s ( a remot] pa/1 h be5 ins]t$4 ,9 prep>+ ?is edition = ! press ,i h n be5 )\t ! advantage ( aid f fri5ds v]s$ 9 hi/orical /udies4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,e4 ,b\rne1 ( ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity1 besides p>ticul> annotations1 has prolong$ ! hi/ory s f> z to include 9 its compass1 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ev5ts z rec5t z ! close ( ! ,s\? ,african ,w> & ! accession ( ,presid5t ,roosevelt4 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,c4 ,torrey1 ,ph4,d41 ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 has plac$ 9 my h&s notes ( 8 own on ,ori5tal ,hi/ory1 a portion ( hi/ory ) :i*1 z well z ) ! ,semitic languages1 he is conv]sant4 ,x w n be = lack ( pa9/ak+ if any "p ( ! new edition fails1 )9 ! limits ( its plan1 to correspond to ! pres5t /ate ( hi/orical k4 ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,yale ,univ]sity1 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction ,,"p ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory4 ,f ! ,beg9n+ ( ,au!ntic ,hi/ory to ! ,migrations ( ! ,teutonic ,tribes 7,a4,d4 #cge7 ,,division ,i4 ,,ori5tal ,,hi/ory4 ,,introduction ,,section ,i4 ,,*9a ,,& ,,india4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,*9a ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,india ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,gr\p ,,( ,,nations4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,egypt ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,assyria ,,& ,,babylon ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,pho5icians ,,& ,,c>?ag9ians ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,! ,,hebrews ,,*apt] ,v4--,,! ,,p]sians ,,division ,,ii4 ,,europe4 ,,introduction ,,section ,i4 ,,grecian ,,hi/ory4 ,,introduction ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,greece ,,prior ,,to ,,! ,,p]sian ,,w>s4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,prehi/oric ,,age ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,/ates ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fl\ri%+ ,,era ,,( ,,greece4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,p]sian ,,w>s ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,asc5d5cy ,,( ,,a!ns ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,peloponnesian ,,w> ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,relations ,,) ,,p]sia3 ,,! ,,sp>tan ,,& ,,!ban ,,hegemony ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,! ,,mac$onian ,,era4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,philip ,,& ,,alex&] ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,successors ,,( ,,alex&] ,,section ,,ii4 ,,roman ,,hi/ory4 ,,introduction ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,rome ,,"u ,,! ,,k+s ,,& ,,! ,,patricians 7#gec-cjd ,b4,c474 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,rome ,,"u ,,! ,,k+s 7#gec-eji ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,rome ,,"u ,,! ,,patricians 7#eji-cjd ,b4,c47 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,to ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,italy 7#cjd-bfd ,b4,c474 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,lat9s ,,& ,,italians 7#cjd-bhb ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,w> ,,) ,,pyrrhus ,,& ,,union ,,) ,,italy 7#bhb-bfd ,b4,c47 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,! ,,punic ,,w>s4 ,to ! ,conque/ ( ,c>?age & ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7#bfd-adf ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,punic ,,w>s 7#bfd-bjb ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,conque/ ,,( ,,mac$onia3 ,,! ,,?ird ,,punic ,,w>3 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,cor9? 7#bjb-adf ,b4,c47 ,,p]iod ,,iv4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,revolution ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,w>s 7#adf-cl ,b4,c474 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,grac*i3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mi?ridatic ,,w>3 ,,m>ius ,,& ,,sulla 7#adf-gh ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,pompeius ,,& ,,! ,,ea/3 ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,crassus 7#gh-ec ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,pompeius ,,& ,,caes>3 ,,! ,,second ,,triumvirate4 ,,p]iod ,v4 ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,mon>*y4 ,to ! ,migrations ( ! ,teutonic ,tribes 7#cge ,a4,d47 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,augu/us ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,emp]ors ,,( ,,! ,,augu/an ,,h\se ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,flavians ,,& ,,! ,,anton9es ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,! ,,emp]ors ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,soldi]s3 ,,! ,,absolute ,,mon>*y3 ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,m$iaeval ,,hi/ory4 ,f ! ,migrations ( ! ,teutonic ,tribes to ! ,fall ( ,con/ant9ople 7,a4,d4 #cge-adec74 ,,introduction ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,to ,,! ,,c>lov+ian ,,l9e ,,( ,,frank ,,rul]s 7,a4,d4 #cge-gea74 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,empire3 ,,! ,,teutonic ,,conf$]acies ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,teutonic ,,migrations ,,& ,,k+doms ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,ea/]n ,,empire ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,mohamm$anism ,,& ,,! ,,arabic ,,conque/s ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,f ,,! ,,c>lov+ian ,,l9e ,,( ,,frank ,,k+s ,,to ,,! ,,romano-,,g]manic ,,empire 7,a4,d4 #gea-ifb74 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,c>lov+ian ,,empire ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,*>lemagne 7,a4,d4 #had7 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,dissolution ,,( ,,*>lemagne',s ,,empire3 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,k+doms ,,( ,,france1 ,,g]many1 ,,& ,,italy ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,invasions ,,( ,,! ,,nor?m5 ,,& ,,o!rs3 ,,! ,,feudal ,,sy/em ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,f ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,romano-,,g]manic ,,empire ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,crusades 7,a4,d4 #ifb-abgj74 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,empire3 ,,pr$om9ance ,,( ,,! ,,empire3 ,,to ,,! ,,crusades 7,a4,d4 #ajif7 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,empire3 ,,pr$om9ance ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*3 ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,crusades 7,a4,d4 #abgj7 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,engl& ,,& ,,france3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,( ,,_! ,,rival%ip 7,a4,d4 #ajff-abag7 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,burgh] ,,class3 ,,society ,,9 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,crusades ,,p]iod ,,iv4 ,,f ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,crusades ,,to ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,con/ant9ople 7,a4,d4 #abgj-adec73 ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,ecclesia/ical ,,au?ority3 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,_s ,,& ,,( ,,mon>*y4 ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4--,,engl& ,,& ,,france3 ,,second ,,p]iod ,,( ,,rival%ip3 ,,! ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s' ,,w> 7,a4,d4 #acci-adec7 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,g]many3 ,,italy3 ,,spa93 ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,c\ntries3 ,,pol& ,,& ,,russia3 ,,hung>y3 ,,ottoman ,,turks3 ,,! ,,greek ,,empire ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,asia ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory4 ,f ! ,fall ( ,con/ant9ople 7#adec7 to ! ,pres5t ,"t ,,introduction ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,f ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,con/ant9ople ,,to ,,! ,,re=mation 7#adec-aeag74 ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4--,,france3 ,,engl&3 ,,spa93 ,,g]many3 ,,italy3 ,,! ,,ottoman ,,turks3 ,,russia3 ,,! ,,invasions ,,( ,,italy ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,inv5tion ,,& ,,discov]y3 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation 7#aeag-afdh74 ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,g]many3 ,,to ,,! ,,treaty ,,( ,,nuremb]g 7#aeag-aecb7 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,teutonic ,,c\ntries3 ,,switz]l&1 ,,d5m>k1 ,,sw$51 ,,engl& ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,g]many1 ,,f ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,nuremb]g ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,augsburg 7#aecb-aeee7 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,calv9ism ,,9 ,,g5eva3 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,c\nt]-,,re=mation ,,*apt] ,v4--,,philip ,,ii41 ,,& ,,! ,,revolt ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,! ,,civil ,,w>s ,,9 ,,france1 ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,h5ry ,,iv4 7#afaj7 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,! ,,?irty-,,ye>s' ,,w>1 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,we/phalia 7#afah-afdh7 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,second ,,/age ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,engl&3 ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,elizabe? 7#aedg-afjc7 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,! ,,engli% ,,revolution ,,& ,,! ,,commonweal? 7#afjc-afeh7 ,,*apt] ,x4--,,colonization ,,9 ,,am]ica3 ,,asiatic ,,nations3 ,,culture ,,& ,,lit]ature 7#aeag-afdh7 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,f ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,we/phalia ,,to ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution 7#afdh-aghi74 ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,prepond]ance ,,( ,,france3 ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv4 7,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,ryswick1 #afig73 ,,! ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,/u>ts3 ,,! ,,engli% ,,revolution ,,( #afhh ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,w> ,,( ,,! ,,spani% ,,succession 7,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,utre*t1 #agac73 ,,decl9e ,,( ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,france3 ,,p[] ,,& ,,m>itime ,,supremacy ,,( ,,engl& ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,great ,,nor!rn ,,w>3 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,sw$53 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,russia ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,w> ,,( ,,! ,,au/rian ,,succession3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,prussia3 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,pol& ,,*apt] ,v4--,,conte/ ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,france ,,9 ,,am]ica3 ,,w> ,,( ,,am]ican ,,indep5d5ce3 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,lit]ature1 ,,sci5ce1 ,,& ,,religion ,,p]iod ,,iv4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution 7#aghi-ahae74 ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4--,,f ,,! ,,assembl+ ,,( ,,! ,,/ates-,,g5]al ,,to ,,! ,,execution ,,( ,,l\is ,,xvi4 7#aghi-agic7 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,f ,,! ,,execution ,,( ,,l\is ,,xvi4 ,,to ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,robespi]re 7,,jan4 #ba1 #agic-;,,july #bg1 #agid7 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,f ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,robespi]re ,,to ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,napoleon 7#agid-ahjd7 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,,to ,,! ,,russian ,,campaign 7#ahjd-ahab7 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,f ,,! ,,russian ,,campaign 7#ahab7 ,,to ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,vi5na 7#ahad-ae7 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,am]ican ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,?is ,,p]iod 7#aghi-ahae7 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,lit]ature1 ,,art1 ,,& ,,sci5ce 7#aghi-ahae7 ,,p]iod ,v4 ,,f ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,vi5na 7#ahae7 ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4 ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4--,,europe1 ,,f ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,vi5na 7#ahae7 ,,to ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,,( #ahcj ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,europe1 ,,f ,,! ,,revolution ,,( #ahcj ,,to ,,! ,,revolution>y ,,epo* ,,( #ahdh ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,europe1 ,,f ,,! ,,revolutions ,,( #ahdh ,,to ,,! ,,au/ro-,,prussian ,,w> 7#ahff7 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,europe1 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,au/ro-,,prussian ,,w> ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,franco-,,g]man ,,w> 7#ahff-ahga7 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,europe1 ,,f ,,! ,,?ird ,,fr5* ,,republic1 ,,& ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,italy 7#ahga7 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,s9ce #ahae3 ,,! ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,/ates3 ,,ea/]n ,,asia ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,! ,,la/ ,,decade ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,discov]y ,,& ,,inv5tion3 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,lit]ature3 ,,progress ,,( ,,humane ,,s5tim5t3 ,,progress ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,mank9d ,,li/ ,,( ,,maps4 ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,kn[n ,,to ,,! ,,anci5ts ,,physical ,,features ,,( ,,asia ,,anci5t ,,egypt ,,anci5t ,,pale/9e ,,physical ,,features ,,( ,,europe ,,anci5t ,,greece ,,& ,,! ,,aegean ,,isl&s ,,greek ,,& ,,pho5ician ,,colonies ,,empire ,,( ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great ,,k+doms ,,( ,,! ,,successors ,,( ,,alex&] ,,anci5t ,,italy 7,,nor!rn ,,"p7 ,,anci5t ,,italy 7,,s\!rn ,,"p7 ,,anci5t ,,roman ,,empire ,,! ,,new ,,nations ,,aft] ,,! ,,great ,,migrations 7,,ab\t ,a4,d4 #ejj7 ,,empire ,,( ,,! ,,s>ac5s 7,,ab\t ,a4,d4 #gej7 ,,empire ,,( ,,*>lemagne ,,empire ,,( ,,*>lemagne ,a4,d4 #hdc ,,empire ,,( ,,*>lemagne ,a4,d4 #hhg ,,c5tral ,,europe ,,ab\t ,a4,d4 #ihj ,,m$it]ranean ,,l&s ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,crusades ,,france ,,& ,,engl&1 ,a4,d4 #aaed-aahi ,,c5tral ,,europe1 ,a4,d4 #acfj ,,c5tral ,,europe1 ,a4,d4 #affj ,,italy ,,ab\t ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,ihe ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,europe ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,napoleon',s ,,greate/ ,,p[] 7,,ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahaj7 ,,c5tral ,,europe ,,9 #ahae ,,europe ,,aft] #ahgh ,,au/ro-,,hung>y ,,s9ce #ahgh ,,france ,,s9ce #ahga ,,g]man ,,empire ,,s9ce #ahga ,,turki% ,,empire1 ,,greece1 ,,etc41 ,,s9ce #ahgh ,,t]ritorial ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,asia ,,at ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t ,,univ]sal ,,hi/ory4 ,,introduction4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,hi/ory4--,! subject ( hi/ory is man4 ,hi/ory has = its object to record 8 do+s & exp]i5ces4 ,x may !n be concisely def9$ z a n>rative ( pa/ ev5ts 9 :i* m5 h be5 conc]n$4 ,to describe ! e>?1 ! abode ( man1 to del9eate ! diff]5t k+doms ( nature1 & to inquire into ! orig9 ( !m1 or to expla9 ! physical or m5tal con/itution ( human be+s1 is no "p ( ! (fice ( hi/ory4 ,all ?is belongs to ! dep>tm5ts ( natural & intellectual sci5ce4 ,b hi/ory1 z we n[ und]/& ! t]m1 is m ?an a b>e record ( :at m5 h done & suff]$4 ,x aims to po9t out ! connection ( ev5ts ) "o ano!r4 ,x seeks to expla9 ! causes & ! consequ5ces ( ?+s t occur4 ,x w\ld trace ! /eps t m>k ! progress ( ! race1 & ( ! diff]5t portions ( x1 ?r\gh ext5d$ p]iods4 ,x br+s to light ! ?read :i* unites ea* p>ticul> /age 9 ! c>e] ( a p1 or ( mank9d z a :ole1 ) :at w5t be=e1 & ) :at came aft]4 ,,nations4--,hi/ory has be5 call$ ! biography ( a society4 ,biography has to d ) ! c>e] ( an individual4 ,hi/ory is conc]n$ ) ! successive actions & =tunes ( a community2 9 its broade/ ext5t1 ) ! exp]i5ces ( ! human family4 ,x is only :5 m5 are connect$ by ! social bond1 & rema9 s unit$ = a great] or less p]iod1 t !re is room = hi/ory4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ) nations1 9 _! int]nal progress & 9 _! mutual relations1 t hi/ory especially deals4 ,( m]e clans1 or loosely organiz$ tribes1 x c h little to say4 ,hi/ory c g no f>!r ?an to explore _! g5ealogy1 & /ate :at 7 _! j\rney+s & habits4 ,! nation is a =m ( society t re/s on ! same basis--a basis at once natural & "p ( a div9e sy/em--z ! family4 ,by a nation is meant a p dwell+ 9 a def9ite t]ritory1 liv+ "u ! same gov]nm5t1 & b\nd toge!r by su* ties z a common language1 a common religion1 ! same in/itutions & cu/oms4 ,! elem5ts t ent] into t national _s :i* is ! bond ( unity1 are multiple4 ,!y v>y to a degree 9 diff]5t peoples4 ,z individuals are n alike1 & z ! hi/ory ( any p>ticul> community is modifi$ & mold$ by ^! individual diff]5ces1 s ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d is %ap$ by ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s nations1 & by _! int]action ^u "o ano!r4 ,9 l mann]1 gr\ps ( nations1 ea* *>act]iz$ by di/9ctive traits d]iv$ f aff9ities ( race or ( religion1 or f o!r s\rces1 act on ea* o!r1 & ?us help to det]m9e ! c\rse ( ! hi/oric /ream4 ,,scope ,,( ,,hi/ory4--,! rise & progress ( culture & civilization 9 _! v>i\s con/itu5ts is ! !me ( hi/ory4 ,x does n limit its att5tion to a p>ticul> fraction ( a p1 to ! exclusion ( ! re/4 ,gov]nm5ts & rul]s1 & ! public do+s ( /ates1--su* z =eign w>s1 & ! /ruggles ( rival dyna/ies1--naturally =m a prom95t topic 9 hi/orical writ+s4 ,b ?is is only "o dep>tm5t 9 ! records ( ! pa/4 ,m & m hi/ory int]e/s itself 9 ! "* ( society at l>ge1 & 9 ! phases ?r\gh :i* x has pass$4 ,h[ m5 liv$ f day to day1 :at _! occupations 71 _! com=ts & discom=ts1 _! ideas1 s5tim5ts1 & modes ( int]c\rse1 _! /ate z reg>ds art1 lett]s1 inv5tion1 religi\s enlight5m5t1--^! are po9ts on :i* hi/ory1 z at pres5t /udi$ & writt51 und]takes to %$ light4 ,,po9ts ,,( ,,view4--,an em95t ,g]man philosoph] ( our day1 ,h]mann ,lotze1 intimates t !re are five phases ( human developm5t1 & h5ce five po9ts ( view f :i* ! c\rse ( hi/ory is to be survey$4 ,^! are ! intellectual 7embrac+ ! progress ( tru? & k71 ! indu/rial1 ! ae/hetic 7includ+ art 9 all its high] ramifications71 ! religi\s1 & ! political4 ,an able ,engli% s*ol>1 ,goldw9 ,smi?1 resolves ! elem5ts ( human progress1 & ?us ! mo/ g5]al topics ( hi/ory1 into ?ree1 ! moral1 ! intellectual1 & ! productive2 or1 virtue1 k1 & indu/ry4 ,b ^! ?ree elem5ts1 he adds1 ?\gh di/9ct1 are n sep>ate1 b closely connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory4--,t !re is1 9 "s s5se1 a reign ( law 9 ! succession ( human ev5ts1 is a conviction w>rant$ by obs]v$ facts1 z well z inspir$ by religion4 ,ev5ts d n spr+ into be+1 disjo9$ f antec$5ts lead+ to !m4 ,ev5 turn+-po9ts 9 hi/ory1 :i* seem1 at ! fir/ glance1 abrupt1 are f\nd to be dep5d5t on previ\s conditions4 ,!y are p]ceiv$ to be ! natural issue ( ! times t h gone be=e4 ,prec$+ ev5ts h =e%ad[$ !m4 ,!re are laws ( hi/orical progress :i* h _! root 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( human nature4 ,ends are wr\ght out1 :i* be> on !m evid5t m>ks ( design4 ,hi/ory1 z a :ole1 is ! c>ry+ out ( a plan3 444 ?r\gh ! ages "o increas+ purpose runs4 ,augu/9e long ago argu$1 t he :o has n left ev5 ! entrails ( ! smalle/ & mo/ insignificant animal1 or ! fea!r ( a bird1 or ! little fl[] ( a plant1 or ! leaf ( a tree1 )\t a h>mony1 &1 z x 71 a mutual peace among all its p>ts1--t ,god c nev] be believ$ to h left ! k+doms ( m51 _! dom9ations & s]vitudes1 outside ( ! laws ( 8 provid5ce4 ,to disc]n ! plan ( hi/ory1 & ! causes or laws ?r\gh :i* x is accompli%$1 z f> z our limit$ capacity w all[1 is ! object ( :at is call$ ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,,fre$om ,,& ,,law4--,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t man is a free ag5t4 ,hi/ory1 al?\gh x is n an aimless process1 is1 nev]!less1 n subject to ! =ces & laws :i* gov]n 9 ! realm ( matt]4 ,physical analogies are n a lit]al image ( :at takes place 9 ! sph]e ( intellig5ce & fre$om4 ,moral evil1 :]ev] x is a factor 9 hi/ory1 has its orig9 9 ! w ( man4 ,9 respect to x1 ! ag5cy ( ,god is p]missive & ov]rul+4 ,?r\gh 8 provid5ce1 ord] is made to em]ge1 a wor?y goal is at la/ rea*$1 despite ! elem5ts ( disord] introduc$ by human p]v]sity4 ,nor is progress cont9u\s & unbrok54 ,x is (t51 z "o has said1 a spiral r ?an a /raight l9e4 ,x is n an unceas+ advance3 !re are backw>d movem5ts1 or :at appe> to be su*4 ,( p>ticul> nations x is frequ5tly evid5t1 t1 intellectually & morally1 z well z 9 p[] & ?rift1 !y h sunk bel[ a level once atta9$4 ,( ! inscrutable bl5d+ ( human fre$om ) a pre-orda9$ design1 ,,guizot says3 ,man advances 9 ! execution ( a plan :i* he has n conceiv$1 & ( :i* he is n ev5 aw>e4 ,he is ! free & intellig5t artific] ( a "w :i* is n 8 own4 ,conceive a great ma*9e1 ! design ( :i* is c5t]$ 9 a s+le m9d1 ?\gh its v>i\s p>ts are intru/$ to diff]5t workm51 sep>at$ f1 & /rang]s to1 ea* o!r4 ,no "o ( !m und]/&s ! "w z a :ole1 nor ! g5]al result :i* he concurs 9 produc+2 b e "o executes ) intellig5ce & fre$om1 by rational & volunt>y acts1 ! p>ticul> task assign$ to him4 7,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 ,lect4 xi47 ,,p]sonal ,,p[]4--,! progress ( society has be5 insep>ably connect$ ) ! ag5cy ( em95t p]sons4 ,signal *anges1 :e!r :olesome or mis*iev\s1 are l9k$ to ! names ( individuals :o h specially contribut$ to br+ !m to pass4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( h]oes /& out 9 z bold relief 9 au!ntic hi/ory z 9 ! obscure era ( my? & fable4 ,fruitful inv5tions1 aft] ! e>li] /eps 9 civilization are tak51 are traceable to p>ticul> au?ors1 exalt$ by _! g5ius above ! common level4 ,s x is ) ! lit]>y works :i* h ex]t$ ! deepe/ & mo/ la/+ influ5ce4 ,nations h _! pilots 9 w> & 9 peace4 ,epo*s 9 ! progress ( ! f9e arts are u%]$ 9 by individuals ( surpass+ m5tal p[]4 ,re=ms & revolutions1 :i* alt] ! direction ( ! hi/oric /ream1 emanate f individuals 9 ^: m9ds !y are conceiv$1 & by ^: en]gy !y are effect$4 ,! =ce ?us ex]t$ by ! lead]s 9 hi/ory is n acc\nt$ = by ref]5ce to g5]al laws4 ,great m5 are n puppets mov$ by ! _s ( ! "t4 ,to be sure1 !re mu/ be a prep>ation = !m1 & a gr\ndwork ( sympa?y among _! contempor>ies3 o!rwise _! activity w\ld call =? no response4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! age t gives !m bir?1 _! p[] w\ld lose its di/9ctive =m & hue3 !y w\ld be incapable ( influ5ce4 ,cromwell w\ld n h be5 ,cromwell _h he be5 born 9 any o!r p]iod ( ,engli% hi/ory4 ,nor c\ld he h play$ 8 "p1 be+ :at he 01 _h n ! religi\s & political /ruggles ( ,engl& = g5]ations fram$ a !at] adapt$ to 8 tal5ts & "*4 ,mi*ael ,angelo c\ld n h aris5 9 a half-civiliz$ tribe4 ,8 creative p[] w\ld h f\nd no field 9 a society rude1 & bl9d to ! attractions ( art4 ,nev]!less1 8 p[] 0 creative4 ,cromwell & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & su* z !y1 are n ! passive organs1 ! m]e outcome1 ( ! communities 9 :i* !y appe>4 ,)\t ! orig9al ?\ght & p]sonal en]gy ( lead]s1 mom5t\s *anges 9 ! life ( nations c\ld nev] h tak5 place4 ,a great man may be oblig$ to wait long = ! answ]+ sympa?y :i* is requir$ to give effect to 8 ?\ghts & purposes4 ,su* a m9d is said to be 9 advance ( ! age4 ,ano!r g5]ation may h to appe> be=e ! h>ve/ spr+s f ! se$ t he has s[n4 ,moreov]1 x is n true t great m51 effici5t lead]s1 come =w>d :5ev] !re is an exig5cy call+ = !m1 or an urg5t ne$4 ,r is x true t t]rible disa/]s sometimes occur1 at critical po9ts 9 hi/ory1 j = ! lack ( lead]s fit = ! em]g5cy4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,hi/ory4--,a ?\ghtful /ud5t c h>dly fail to propose to himself ! "q1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( hi/ory8 ,:y is ?is long drama ) all t is noble & joy\s 9 x1 & ) its abysses ( s9 & mis]y1 enact$ at all8 ,x is only a p>tial answ] t "o c hope to give to ?is grave inquiry1 = ! designs ( ,provid5ce c n be fully fa?om$4 ,b1 among ! ends 9 view1 ! moral tra9+ ( mank9d /&s =? ) a m>k$ prom95ce4 ,! deliv]ance ( ! race f moral evil & error1 & ! build+-up ( a purifi$ society1 enri*$ ) all ! good t belongs to ! ideal ( humanity1 & exalt$ by fell[%ip ) ,god1 is n only an end wor?y 9 itself1 b x is ! end t[>ds :i* ! onw>d movem5t ( hi/ory is se5 to be direct$4 ,h5ce1 a c5tral place 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory belongs to ! life & "w ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,no m satisfactory solution ( ?is problem ( ! significance ( hi/ory has ev] be5 (f]$ ?an t br\ght =w>d by ! ,apo/le ,paul 9 ,acts xvii4 #bg1 :]e he says t ! nations ( m5 7 assign$ to _! places on ! e>?1 & _! duration z well z b\nd>ies det]m9$1 t !y %\ld seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y might feel aft] him1 & f9d him4 ,,works ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory4-7,pr(essor ,c4 ,k4 ,,adams',s ,manual ( ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 7#ahhb7 is an excell5t guide 9 hi/orical read+4 ,brief] li/s ( works 9 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ & ,/udy+ ,hi/ory1 edit$ by ,g4 ,/anley ,hall47 ,books on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory3 ,r4 ,,fl9t1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 vol4 i41--,writ]s on ! subject 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,vol4 ii4 w treat ( ,engl& & ,italy4 ,! "w is a critical review ( ! lit]ature on ! subject4 ,s*legel1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory2 ,%$d's ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory2 ,buns5's ,god 9 ,hi/ory 7#c vols41 #ahgj72 ,,lotze1 ,mikrokosmus1 vol4 iii1 book vii42 ,montesquieu's ,_s ( ! ,laws2 ,buckle1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl& 7#b vols474 ,?is "w is bas$ on ! d5ial ( free-w1 & ! doctr9e t physical influ5ces1--climate1 soil1 food1 etc41--are ! ma9 causes ( intellectual progress4 ,drap]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe7#b vols41 #b;d edition1 #ahgf7 is 9 ! same ve94 ,oppos$ to ?is philosophy are ,,goldw9 ,,smi?',s ,lectures on ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory2 ,c4 ,k+sley1 9 8 ,miscellanies1 ,! ,limits ( ,exact ,sci5ce z appli$ to ,hi/ory2 ,fr\de1 9 ,%ort ,/udies1 vol4 i41 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,hi/ory2 ,lotze1 z above2 also1 ,fl9t1 & ,droys51 ,grundriss d] ,hi/orik4 ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory has pr(\nd obs]vations1 b connect$ ) an a priori !ory4 ,,hi/orical ,,writ+4--,! beg9n+ ( hi/orical writ+ 0 9 ! =m ( li/s ( k+s1 or b>e records ( battles1 or ! simple regi/ration ( o!r occurr5ces ( rem>kable int]e/4 ,! ,egyptians1 ,babylonians1 ,assyrians1 ,*9ese1 & o!r nations1 furni% examples ( ?is rudim5tal type ( hi/orical writ+4 ,m cont9u\s annals foll[$2 b ^! are meag] 9 cont5ts1 & make no attempt to f9d l9ks ( connection betwe5 ev5ts4 ,! anci5t ,hebrew hi/orians are on a mu* high] plane1 &1 ap>t f _! religi\s value1 f> surpass all o!r ,asiatic hi/ories4 ,x 0 9 ,greece1 ! f\nta9-head ( sci5ce1 t hi/ory1 z an art1 fir/ appe>$4 ,h]odotus1 born e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 fir/ und]took to satisfy curiosity respect+ ! pa/ by a m elaborate & ent]ta9+ n>rative4 ,he beg9s 8 "w ?us3 ,^! are ! rese>*es ( ,h]odotus ( ,halic>nassus1 :i* he publi%es1 9 ! hope ( !reby pres]v+ f decay ! remembrance ( :at m5 h done1 & ( prev5t+ ! great & m>vel\s actions ( ! ,greeks & ! b>b>ians f los+ _! due me$ ( glory1 & )al to put on record :at 7 ! gr\nds ( _! ho/ility4 ,9 ,h]odotus1 hi/ory1 ow+ to ! inquiry made into ! causes ( ev5ts1 beg9s to rise above ! level ( a m]e *ronicle1 its primitive type4 ,?ucydides1 :o di$ ab\t #djj ,b4,c41 foll[$4 ,he is f> m accurate 9 8 inve/igations1 hav+ a deep insight into ! orig9 ( ! ev5ts :i* he relates1 & is a model ( c&or4 ,he1 too1 writes to m9i/] to ! inquisitive _s ( 8 c\ntrym51 & ( ! g5]ations t 7 to foll[4 ,he began to write 8 hi/ory ( ! w> betwe5 ! ,a!nians & ! ,peloponnesians :ile x 0 /ill go+ on1 9 ! belief1 he says1 t x w\ld turn out great1 & wor?i] ( be+ record$ ?an any t _h prec$$ x4 ,! att5tion ( hi/orical writ]s 0 /ill conf9$ to a p>ticul> c\ntry1 or to insulat$ gr\ps ( ev5ts4 ,be=e !re c\ld spr+ up ! idea ( univ]sal hi/ory1 x 0 necess>y t !re %\ld be a broad] view ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,! anci5t ,/oics _h a glimpse ( ! race z a family1 & ( ! nations z =m+ "o complex unity4 ,! conque/s & ext5d$ dom9ion ( ,rome fir/ sugge/$ ! idea ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,polybius1 a ,greek 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 _h wat*$ ! progress ( ,rome1 9 its c>e] ( conque/1 until ! affairs ( ,italy & ,africa1 z he says1 jo9$ ) ^? ( ,asia & ,greece1 & all mov$ toge!r t[>ds "o fix$ & s+le po9t4 ,he tells u t p>ticul> hi/ories c n give u a k ( ! :ole1 m ?an ! survey ( ! divid$ memb]s ( a body once end[$ ) life & beauty c yield a j conception ( all ! comel9ess & vigor :i* x has receiv$ f ,nature4 ,to ,polybius belongs ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ to und]take a univ]sal hi/ory4 ,*ri/ianity1 ) its doctr9e ( ! unity ( mank9d1 & ) all ! moral & religi\s tea*+ *>act]i/ic ( ! gospel1 contribut$ effectively to ! wid5+ ( ! view ( ! (fice & scope ( hi/ory4 ,x is only 9 q rec5t times t hi/ory has direct$ its att5tion pr$om9antly to social progress1 & to its causes & conditions4 ,hi/ory1 9 its etymological s5se 7f ! ,greek1 hi/oria71 meant ! asc]ta9+ ( facts by inquiry2 !n1 ! results ( ?is inquiry1 ! k ?us obta9$4 ,! "w ( ,h]odotus 0 hi/ory 9 ! /ricte/ s5se3 he acquir$ 8 in=mation by travel & p]sonal int]rogation4 ,! ,g]man philosoph]1 ,hegel1 has divid$ hi/ories into ?ree classes3 #a4 ,orig9al hi/ories2 i4e41 works writt5 by contempor>ies ( ! ev5ts describ$1 :o %>e 9 ! _s ( ! times1 & may h p]sonally tak5 "p 9 ! transactions4 ,su* are ! works ( ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon's ,anabasis1 ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,rebellion 9 ,engl&1 ,caes>'s ,comm5t>ies4 #b4 ,reflective hi/ories1 :]e ! au?or writes at a lat] po9t ( "t1 on ! basis ( mat]ials :i* he ga!rs up1 b is n himself a p>tak] 9 ! _s ( ! age ( :i* he treats4 #c4 ,philosophical hi/ories1 :i* set =? ! rational developm5t ( hi/ory 9 its inmo/ idea4 ,ano!r classification is ! foll[+3 #a4 ,g5ealogies1 l ! records ( ,mane?o1 ! ,egyptian prie/4 #b4 ,! *ronicle1 foll[+ ! *ronological ord]1 & tell+ ! /ory 9 a simple1 popul> way4 #c4 ,! pragmatic =m ( writ+1 :i* aims to expla9 by ref]5ce to ! pa/ "s p>ticul> *>act]i/ic or phase ( ! pres5t1 & uses hi/ory to po9t a special moral lesson4 #d4 ,! =m ( hi/ory :i* traces ! rise & progress ( ideas1 t5d5cies1 or rul+ =ces1--su* z ! idea ( civil equality 9 e>ly ,rome or 9 mod]n ,france1 ! religi\s ideas ( ,mohamm$anism1 ! idea ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ! idea ( ,g]man unity1 etc4 ,a broad l9e ( di/9ction has be5 drawn betwe5 ! old or arti/ic type ( hi/ory1 & ! new or sociological type :i* belongs to ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! anci5t hi/orians repres5t$ ! =m] type4 ,!y priz$ lit]>y =m4 ,!y aim$ to int]weave moral & political reflections4 ,polybius (t5 int]rupts 8 n>rative to introduce rem>ks ( ?is sort4 ,b !y 7 n1 z a rule1 dilig5t & accurate 9 _! rese>*es4 ,&1 above all1 !y _h no j conception ( society z a :ole1 & ( ! complex =ces out ( :i* ! visible sc5e spr+s4 ,! ,greeks 7 ! ma/]s 9 ?is fir/ or arti/ic =m ( hi/ory4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 "o /imulus to a pr(\nd] & m compreh5sive me?od ( /udy+ hi/ory4 ,! me?ods & inve/igations ( natural sci5ce h _h a decid$ influ5ce 9 ! same direction4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,hi/ory4--,hi/ory mu/ dep5d = cr$5ce on cr$ible evid5ce4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify belief1 "o mu/ ei!r himself h se5 or he>d ! facts relat$1 or h ! te/imony1 direct or indirect1 ( witnesses or ( well-in=m$ contempor>ies4 ,! s\rces ( hi/oric k are ma9ly compris$ 9 oral tradition1 or 9 "s =m ( writt5 records4 ,tradition is expos$ to ! infirmities ( memory1 & to ! unconsci\s inv5tion & di/ortion :i* gr[ out ( imag9ation & feel+4 ,ord9>ily1 b>e tradition1 n v]ifi$ by corroborative pro(s1 c n be tru/$ lat] ?an ! second g5]ation f ! circum/ances n>rat$4 ,x ceases to be reliable :5 x has be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh m ?an two h&s4 ,9 ! case ( a great & />tl+ ev5t1 l a de/ructive convulsion ( nature or a protract$ w>1 ! au!ntic /ory1 ?\gh unwritt51 ( ! c5tral facts1 at lea/1 is ( mu* long] duration4 ,!re may be visible monum5ts t s]ve to p]petuate ! recollection ( ! occurr5ces :i* !y commemorate4 ,in/itutions may exi/--popul> fe/ivals & ! l--:i* keep alive ! memory ( pa/ ev5ts1 &1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 are suffici5t to v]ify !m to g5]ations f> remov$ 9 "t4 ,ev5ts ( a /irr+ "*1 :5 !y are embodi$ 9 songs ( an e>ly date1 may be transmitt$ orally1 ?\gh 9 a poetic dress4 ,songs & leg5ds1 x may be add$1 ev5 :5 !y d n suffice to v]ify ! incid5ts to :i* !y ref]1 are valuable z disclos+ ! s5tim5ts & habits ( ! times :5 !y orig9at$1 or 7 *]i%$4 ,! c5tral fact1 ! nucleus ( ! tradition1 may be hi/orical :5 all ! details belong+ ) x h be5 effac$1 or h be5 sup]s$$ by o!r details1 ! product ( imag9ation4 ,! hi/orical /ud5t is to di/+ui% betwe5 tradition>y tales :i* are untru/wor?y ?r\gh\t1 & traditions :i* h _! roots 9 fact4 ,ap>t f oral tradition1 ! s\rces ( hi/orical k are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,contempor>y regi/]s1 *ronicles1 & o!r docum5ts1 ei!r n[1 or kn[n to h be5 orig9ally1 9 a manuscript =m4 #b4 ,inscriptions on monum5ts & co9s4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! inscriptions on ! monum5ts ( ,egypt & on ! buri$ ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,su* are ! anci5t epitaphs1 hea!n & ,*ri/ian1 9 ! ,roman catacombs4 ,! /udy ( anci5t inscriptions ( v>i\s sorts has ?r[n mu* light ( late ^u ,grecian & ,roman antiquity4 #c4 ,! entire lit]ature ( a p1 9 :i* its intellectual1 moral1 & social condition1 at any p>ticul> era1 is mirror$4 #d4 ,mat]ial /ructures ( e k9d1 z alt>s1 tombs1 private dwell+s1--z ^? uncov]$ at ,pompeii1--public edifices1 civil & religi\s1 pa9t+s1 weapons1 h\sehold ut5sils4 ,^! all tell a /ory relative to ! k & ta/e1 ! occupations & dome/ic habits1 & ! religion1 ( a pa/ g5]ation or ( an ext9ct p4 #e ,language is a memorial ( ! pa/1 ( ! m value s9ce x is n ! product ( delib]ate contrivance4 ,comp>ative philology1 foll[+ languages back to _! e>li] /ages & to ! p>5t /ocks1 unveils ! condition ( society at remote epo*s4 ,x n only describes ! orig9 ( nations1 b tea*es some?+ respect+ _! primitive /ate4 #f4 ,hi/ories writt5 at =m] p]iods1 b subsequ5tly to ! ev5ts describ$ 9 !m1 are a second>y b valuable s\rce ( hi/orical k4 ,?is is especially true :5 _! au?ors _h access to traditions t 7 ne>] _! f\nta91 or to lit]>y monum5ts :i* h p]i%$4 ,,hi/orical ,,criticism4--,hi/orical s*ol>s are mu* m exact+ z reg>ds evid5ce ?an 0 =m]ly ! case4 ,! criticism ( :at purports to be pro( is m se>*+4 ,at ! same "t1 :at is call$ hi/orical div9ation c n be altoge!r exclud$4 ,le>n$ & sagaci\s s*ol>s h conjectur$ ! exi/5ce ( facts1 :]e a gap 9 record$ hi/ory--! logic ( ev5ts--seem$ to presuppose !m2 & lat] discov]ies h v]ifi$ ! guess4 ,?is is analog\s to ! success ( ,lev]ri] & ,adams 9 inf]r+ ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[n planet1 :i* ! telescope aft]w>ds discov]$4 ,an example ( hi/orical div9ation on a l>ge scale is furni%$ by ! !ories ( ! great ,g]man hi/orian1 ,niebuhr1 9 respect to e>ly ,roman hi/ory4 ,he prop\nd$ op9ions1 h[ev]1 :i* 9 _m p>ticul>s fail to obta9 g5]al ass5t at pres5t4 ,,cr$ibility ,,( ,,hi/ory4--,at ! opposite pole f cr$ulity is an unw>rantable hi/orical skepticism4 ,! /ory is told ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 t :5 he 0 a prison] 9 ! ,t[]1 & 0 engag$ 9 writ+ 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 he he>d ! s\nds ( a fracas 9 ! prison-y>d4 ,on inquiry ( ^? :o 7 conc]n$ 9 x1 & 7 on ! spot1 he f\nd s _m contradictions 9 _! /atem5ts t he c\ld n get at ! tru?4 ,:]eupon1 x occurr$ to him z a va9 ?+ to und]take to describe :at _h occurr$ on ! va/ !at] ( ! _w1 :5 he c\ld n asc]ta9 ! tru? ab\t an ev5t occurr+ )9 a b[-%ot4 ,! anecdote simply illu/rates1 h[ev]1 ! difficulty ( gett+ at ! exact tru? respect+ details1--a difficulty con/antly exemplifi$ 9 c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,! fact ( ! conflict 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,t[]1 ! g5]al cause1 ! p>ties engag$1 ! consequ5ces1--z1 = example1 :at puni%m5t 0 inflict$1--7 undisput$4 ,! great facts :i* influ5ce ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 x is n difficult to asc]ta94 ,moreov]1 z aga9/ an extravagant skepticism1 x may be said t hi/ory provides u ) a va/ am\nt ( au!ntic in=mation :i* contempor>ies1 & ev5 individual actors1 7 n possess$ (4 ,?is is ?r\gh ! br++ to light ( docum5ts f a great v>iety ( s\rces1 _m ( :i* 7 secret1 or n op5 to ! view ( all ! lead]s 9 ! transactions to :i* !y ref]4 ,! private correspond5ce ( ! ,prote/ant lead]s1--,lu!r1 ,melan*?on1 ,cranm]1 etc41--! lett]s ( ,erasmus1 ! (ficial reports ( ! ,v5etian ambassadors1 ! lett]s ( ,william ! ,sil5t & ( ,philip ,,ii41 put u 9 possession ( mu* in=mation1 :i* at ! "t 0 a secret to mo/ ( ! prom95t p>ticipants 9 ! ev5ts ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! correspond5ce ( ,wa%+ton1 ,hamilton1 ,jeff]son1 ,john ,adams1 ,wolcott1 ,pick]+1 etc41 introduces u into ! secret c\nsels ( ! ,am]ican political lead]s ( t day4 ,num]\s facts convey$ f "o to ano!r "u ! seal ( privacy1 & n kn[n to ! o!rs1 are ?us reveal$ to u4 ,on ! nature & value ( tradition1 a v valuable discussion is t ( ,,ewald1 ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ac-ch2 ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,,lewis1 ,essays on ! ,cr$ibility ( ,e>ly ,roman ,hi/ory1 9 :i* ,niebuhr's conclusions are criticis$2 ,a4 ,bisset1 ,essays on ,hi/orical ,tru?4 ,on ! s\rces ( hi/ory1 ,art4 by ,,gairdn] 9 ,! ,contempor>y ,review1 vol4 xxxviii4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,geography4--,political ,geography1 :i* describes ! e>? z inhabit$1 & z p>cel$ out among nations1 has a close relation to hi/ory4 ,)\t a di/9ct idea ( ! position ( places & ! b\nd>ies ( c\ntries1 hi/orical n>rations are envelop$ 9 a sort ( haze4 ,france1 = example1 is a "n ) v diff]5t mean+s at diff]5t dates 9 ! pa/4 ,unless ! v>y+ uses ( ! ^w ,burgundy are und]/ood1 important p>ts ( ,european hi/ory are left 9 confusion4 ,,physical ,,geography4--,ev5 m helpful is ,physical ,geography1 :i* surveys ! e>? 9 its ?ree great divisions1--l&1 sea1 & air1--)\t ref]5ce to l9es ( political dem>kation4 ,! configuration ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! globe1 ) ! v>ieties ( climate1 ! relations ( m\nta9 & pla91 ( l& & wat]1 h /rongly affect$ ! "* ( nations & ! curr5ts ( hi/ory4 ,9 regions extremely hot or extremely cold man c n ?rive1 or build up a ri* & endur+ civilization4 ,! occupations ( a p are l>gely dep5d5t on its situation1--:e!r x be m>itime or away f ! sea1--& on peculi>ities ( soil & temp]ature4 ,! "* ( ! ,nile valley1 & its p]iodical inundation1 is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! possible ext5t ( geographical influ5ces4 ,! p59sul> & m\nta9\s "* ( ,greece w5t f> to %ape ! =m ( ,greek political society4 ,! high plateau :i* =ms ! great] portion ( ,spa91 ) ! f]tile belts ( valley on ! ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean bord]1 h help$ to det]m9e ! employm5ts & ! "* ( ! ,spani% p4 ,_h ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! ,spani% p59sula be5 ess5tially diff]5t1 ! success ( ,well+ton 9 expell+ ! ,fr5*1 ) ! =ces at 8 disposal1 w\ld n h be5 possible4 ,7 !re a *a9 ( m\nta9s along our ,atlantic coa/ z ne> z are ! ,&es to ! ,pacific1 :at diff]5t results w\ld h aris5 f ! ,engli% settlem5ts 9 ,nor? ,am]ica6 ,! ,alp9e b>ri] 9 ! nor? ( ,italy 0 indisp5sable to ! build+-up & ma9t5ance ( ! dom9ion ( anci5t ,rome4 ,( ! great bas9 or pla9 betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es1 op5 to ! sea only on ! ea/1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s "o great riv]1 f$ by /reams f ! m\nta9s on ei!r side1 ,dr4 ,arnold says3 ,:o c wond] t ?is l>ge & ri*ly wat]$ pla9 %\ld be fill$ ) fl\ri%+ cities1 or t x %\ld h be5 cont5d$ = s (t5 by successful invad]s8 ,:ile ! ag5cy ( climate1 soil1 & o!r physical circum/ances may easily be exagg]at$1 t ag5cy mu/ be duly consid]$ 9 acc\nt+ = hi/orical ph5om5a4 ,! be/ hi/orical ,atlas is ! copi\s ,g]man "w ( ,,von ,,sprun]4 ,,freeman',s ,hi/orical ,geography ( ,europe is a "w ( great value4 ,,drovs5',s ,allg4 ,hi/4 ,atlas4 ,small] atlases are ^? ( ,,putzg]1 ,rhode1 ,appleton's ,hi/4 ,atlas1 ! ,int]national1 & ! ,collegiate4 ,small] /ill1 ,kei? ,john/on's ,cr[n ,atlases & ,half-,cr[n ,atlases4 ,on ,m$ival ,hi/ory1 ,labb]ton's ,atlas2 also1 ,koepp53 9 ,anci5t ,geography1 ,,smi?',s "w1 ,,kiep]t',s1 ,long's4 ,on ,physical ,geography1 ,,guyot',s text-books2 ,vaughan's ,connection betwe5 ,hi/ory & ,physical ,geography1 9 ,contemp4 ,review1 vol4 v42 ,hall's ,me?ods ( ,/udy+ ,hi/ory1 etc41 p4 #bja seq41 ,encycl4 ,brit41 ,art4 ,geography4 ,,*ronology4--,an exact me?od ( e/abli%+ dates 0 sl[ly rea*$4 ,! inv5tion ( eras 0 indisp5sable to ?is end4 ,! e>lie/ def9ite "t = ! dat+ ( ev5ts 0 e/abli%$ at ,babylon1--! era ( ,nabonass>1 #gdg ,b4,c4 ,! ,greeks1 f ab\t #cjj ,b4,c41 dat$ ev5ts f ! fir/ record$ victory at ! ,olympic games1 #ggf ,b4,c4 ,^! games occurr$ e f\r? ye>4 ,ea* ,olympiad 0 ?us a p]iod ( f\r ye>s4 ,! ,romans1 ?\gh n until "s c5turies aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,rome1 dat$ f t ev5t2 i4e41 f #gec ,b4,c4 ,! ,mohamm$an era beg9s at ! ,hegira1 or flight ( ,mohamm$ f ,mecca1 #fbb ,a4,d4 ,! me?od ( dat+ f ! bir? ( ,jesus 0 introduc$ by ,dionysius ,exiguus1 a ,roman abbot1 ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,?is epo* 0 plac$ by him ab\t f\r ye>s too late4 ,?is requires u to fix ! date ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ at #d ,b4,c4 ,! day 0 ! simple/ & e>lie/ division ( "t4 ,! week has be5 9 use = ?is purpose 9 ! ,ea/ f "t immemorial4 ,x 0 n introduc$ among ! ,romans until aft] ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,empire4 ,! mon? 0 ! e>li] unit = p]iods ( great] l5g?4 ,to make ! lun> & ! sol> ye>s correspond1 & to det]m9e ! exact l5g? ( ! sol> ye>1 0 a "w ( difficulty1 & 0 only gradually effect$4 ,julius ,cs> re=m$ ! cal5d> 9 #df ,b4,c41 ! date ( ! ,julian era4 ,?is made ! ye> elev5 m9utes too long4 ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii4 correct$ ! reckon+1 9 #aehb1 by ord]+ ,oct4 #e? to be call$ ! #ae?1 & in/itut$ ! ,gregorian cal5d>4 ,! *ange1 or ! ,new ,/yle1 0 subsequ5tly adopt$ by ,great ,brita9 79 #ageb71 & by ! o!r ,prote/ant nations4 ,! diff]5ce = ! pres5t c5tury betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,/yle is twelve days3 dur+ ! la/ c5tury x 0 elev54 ,! ,julian civil ye> began ) ,jan4 #a4 ,x 0 n until ! eighte5? c5tury t ?is became ! uni=m date = ! comm5cem5t ( ! legal ye> among ! ,lat9 ,*ri/ian nations4 ,on ! g5]al subjects ( *ronology3 ,encycl4 ,britt41 ,arts4 ,*ronology & ,cal5d>4 ,manuals ( ,ref]5ce3 ,,rosse',s ,index ( ,dates 7#aheh72 ,haydn's ,diction>y ( ,dates 7,v9c5t's edition1 #ahff72 ,,blair',s ,*ronological ,tables2 ,woodw>d & ,cates1 ,encycl4 ( ,*ronology 7#ahgb74 ,,e?nology4 ,e?nology is a new sci5ce4 ,its function is to asc]ta9 ! orig9 & filiation1 ! cu/oms & in/itutions1 ( ! v>i\s nations & tribes :i* make up1 or h made up 9 ! pa/1 ! human race4 ,9 trac+ _! relation%ip to "o ano!r1 or _! g5ealogy1 ! s\rces ( in=mation are ma9ly ?ree1--physical *>act]i/ics1 language1 & writt5 memorials ( e sort4 ,e?nology is a bran* ( ,an?ropology1 z ?is is a subdivision ( ,zology1 & ?is1 aga91 ( ,biology4 ,e?nography diff]s f ,e?nology 9 deal+ m ) details ( description1 & less ) rational exposition4 ,,races ,,( ,,mank9d4--,au?orities diff] widely f "o ano!r 9 _! classification ( races4 ,pri*>d made sev51 :i* 7 r$uc$ by ,cuvi] to ?ree2 viz41 ,caucasian1 ,mongolian1 ,e?iopic4 ,blum5ba* made five1 & ,pick]+ elev54 ,x is ! ,caucasian v>iety :i* has be5 *iefly di/+ui%$ 9 hi/ory1 & active 9 ! build+-up ( civilization4 ,none ( ! num]\s s*emes ( division1 f a zological po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 are satisfactory4 ,huxley has propos$ a f\rfold classification3 #a4 ,! ,au/raloid1 repres5t$ by ! ,au/ralians & ! indig5\s tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india4 #b4 ,! ,negroid4 #c4 ,! ,mongoloid4 #d4 ,! ,xan?o*roi1 or fair :ites1 among :om are compris$ mo/ ( ! inhabitants ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,to ^! are add$ a fif? v>iety1 ! ,melano*roi1 to :i* belong a "p ( ! ,celts1 ! ,spani>ds1 ,greeks1 ,arabs1 etc4 ,( ! v>i\s me?ods ( race-division1 ,a4 van ,humboldt says3 ,we fail to recognize any typical %>pness ( def9ition1 or any g5]al or well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 9 ! division ( ^! gr\ps4 ,! extremes ( =m & color are c]ta9ly sep>at$1 b )\t reg>d to ! races :i* c n be includ$ 9 any ( ^! classes4 7,cosmos1 i4 #cfe47 ,= example1 black sk91 woolly hair1 & a negro-l ca/ ( c\nt5ance1 are n necess>ily connect$ toge!r4 ,,monog5ism4--,zologi/s1 f ! po9t ( view ( _! own sci5ce1 n[ m g5]ally favor ! monog5i/ doctr9e1 :i* traces mank9d to a s+le pair1 ?an ! polyg5i/1 :i* assum$ diff]5t c5t]s ( orig94 ,! pres5t t5d5cies ( natural sci5ce1 especially s9ce ,d>w91 are favorable to ! monog5i/ view4 ,! op9ion ( mod]n ,zologi/s1 ^: /udy ( ! species & bre$s ( animals makes !m ! be/ judges1 is aga9/ ?is view ( ! sev]al orig9s ( man1 = two pr9cipal reasons4 ,fir/1 ,t all tribes ( m51 f ! blacke/ to ! :ite/1 ! mo/ savage to ! mo/ cultur$1 h su* g5]al lik5ess 9 ! /ructure ( _! bodies & ! work+ ( _! m9ds1 z is easie/ & be/ acc\nt$ = by _! be+ desc5d$ f a common ance/ry1 h[ev] di/ant4 ,second1 ,t all ! human races1 not)/&+ _! =m & color1 appe> capable ( freely int]m>ry+1 & =m+ cross$ races ( e comb9ation1 su* z ! millions ( mulattoes & me/izoes sprung 9 ! ,new ,_w f ! mixture ( ,europeans1 ,africans1 & native ,am]icans2 ?is aga9 po9ts to a common ance/ry ( all ! races ( man4 ,we may accept ! !ory ( ! unity ( mank9d z be/ agree+ ) ord9>y exp]i5ce & sci5tific rese>*4 7,tylor's ,an?ropology1 etc41 pp4 #e1 #f47 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,language4--,languages1 ?r\gh m>k$ aff9ities1 are gr\p$ toge!r into sev]al great families1 i4 ,! ,aryan1 or ,indo-,european1 ( :i* ! olde/ kn[n bran* is ! ,sanskrit1 ! language 9 :i* ! anci5t books ( ! ,h9dus1 ! ,v$as1 7 writt54 ,) ! ,sanskrit belong ! ,iranian or ,p]sian1 ! ,greek1 ! ,lat9 or ,italic1 ! ,celtic1 ! ,g]manic or ,teutonic 7"u :i* are includ$ ! ,sc&9avian tongues71 ! ,slavonian or ,slavo-,lettic4 #b4 ,! ,semitic1 embrac+ ! communities describ$ 9 ,g5esis z ! desc5dants ( ,%em4 ,"u ?is head are embrac$1 fir/1 ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian2 secondly1 ! ,hebrew & ,pho5ician1 ) ! ,syrian or ,aramaic2 & ?irdly1 ! ,arabic4 ,! ,pho5ician 0 spread among num]\s colonies1 ( :i* ,c>?age 0 ! *ief4 ,! ,arabic foll[$ ! c\rse ( ,mohamm$an conque/4 ,x is ! language ( ! nor!rn bord] ( ,africa1 & has /rongly affect$ v>i\s o!r languages1--! ,p]sian1 ,turki%1 etc4 #c4 ,! ,turanian or ,scy?ian4 ,?is is an ext5sive family ( languages4 ,! ,f9no-,hung>ian1 :i* includes two cultivat$ peoples1 ! ,f9s & ,hung>ians2 ! ,samoy$1 /ret*+ f ! ,nor? ,sea f> ea/w>d to ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,russia & ,*9a2 & ! ,turki% or ,t>t>1 spread+ f ,european ,turkey ov] a great "p ( ,c5tral ,asia1 are connect$ toge!r by family ties4 ,!y spr+ f "o p>5t /ock4 ,:e!r ! ,mongolian & ! ,tungusic--! la/ is ! language ( ! ,man*us--are also ?us affiliat$1 is a po9t n absolutely settl$4 ,besides ^! ?ree great divisions1 !re are o!r languages1 z ! ,*9ese1 & ! monosyllabic tongues ( s\?-ea/]n ,asia1 :i* possibly are connect$ l9eally ) x2 ! ,japanese2 ! ,malay-,polynesian1 a well-develop$ family2 ! ,hamitic 7( :i* ! ,egyptian or ,coptic is ! pr9cipal memb]72 ! ,dravidian or ,s\? ,indian2 ! ,s\? ,african2 ! ,c5tral ,african2 ! ,am]ican ,indian languages1 etc4 ,on language & ! divisions ( language1 ,w4 ,d4 ,,:itney1 ,language1 & ! ,/udy ( ,language 7#ahfg71 ,ori5tal & ,l+ui/ic ,/udies 7two s]ies1 #ahgb-gd71 ,life & ,gr[? ( ,language 7#ahge72 ,art4 ,philology1 9 ,encycl4 ,brit41 vol4 xviii42 ,max ,mll]'s ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language 7two s]ies71 & o!r writ+s by ! same au?or4 ,,e?nology ,,& ,,hi/ory4--,hi/ory is g5]ally writt5 f ! political po9t ( view4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( nations consid]$ sep>ately & 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,!re are1 also1 hi/ories ( culture4 ,hi/ory1 f a cultural po9t ( view1 )\t pay+ reg>d to national b\nd>ies1 seeks to unfold ! rise & progress ( arts & indu/ry1 ( inv5tions1 ( cu/oms1 mann]s1 & in/itutions4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( culture & civilization4 ,hi/ory1 f ! e?nological po9t ( view1 w\ld describe ! migrations & exp]i5ces ( ! diff]5t races ( m51 & ! =mation ( ! v>i\s nationalities by ^! races1 ?r\gh conque/ & int]mixture4 ,foll[+ ! divisions ( l+ui/ic sci5ce1 we %\ld h1 fir/1 ! ,egyptian race & _! hi/ory4 ,!n we %\ld h ! ,semitic race1 9 ! ?ree eras ( _! pre-em95ce1 & 9 _! v>i\s bran*es4 ,!n w\ld come ! ,aryan1 or ,indo-,european family1 ^: p[]1 except :5 int]rupt$ & p>tially brok5 by ! ,mohamm$an conque/s1 has cont9u$ to dom9ate 9 hi/ory s9ce ! rise ( ! anci5t ,p]sian ,empire4 ,!re h be5 ?ree p]iods ( ,semitic asc5d5cy1--! era ( ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian empires2 t ( ! ,pho5ician cities & ( ,c>?age 7a ,tyrian settlem5t71 ) _! colonies2 & t ( ! ,arabic-,mohamm$an ,conque/s4 ,?is la/ epo* falls )9 ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ?is c\rse ( ,semitic hi/ory w\ld be embrac$ ! n>rative ( ! ,israelites1 & ( _! disp]sion 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times4 ,! ,indo-,european1 or ,aryan family1 foll[s next 9 ord]4 ,9 record+ its hi/ory1 we %\ld consid]1 fir/1 its olde/ repres5tative ( :i* we h k1--! ,indian race1 ) its lit]ature1 its social organization1 & its religions1 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism4 ,!n come ! ,p]sians1 ) _! religion f\nd$ by ,zoroa/]1 & ! ,arm5ians4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,anci5t ,p]sian ,empire1 ! c5t] ( p[] 0 transf]r$ f ,asia to ,europe1 :]e x has s9ce cont9u$1 ?\gh /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! same ,aryan race4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks & ( ! ,romans succe$s2 !n ! hi/ory ( ! ?ree races1--! ,celtic1 ,teutonic1 & ,slavonian1--z !y pres5t !mselves at ! ?re%old ( au!ntic hi/ory4 ,! =m+ ( ! sev]al nationalities ( ,europe w\ld h to be trac$3 ! ,slavonian1 includ+ ,russia & ,pol&2 ! ,teutonic1 compris+ ,engl&1 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 & ! ,sc&9avian peoples 7viz41 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,icel&72 ! ,romanic or ,italic nations 7viz41 ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,prov5ce1 ,italy1 ,walla*ia1 ! ,grisons ( ,switz]l&71 :i* are ! nations ! basis ( ^: languages is ! ru/ic or p's ,lat9 ( ! middle ages4 ,su*1 9 brief outl9e1 is ! me?od :i* hi/ory1 f ! po9t ( view ( race aff9ities1 z ^! are indicat$ by language1 w\ld adopt4 ,,unity ,,( ,,desc5t4--,:e!r mank9d are all desc5d$ f "o pair--! ,monog5i/ view1 or spr+ f m ?an "o c5t] ( orig9--! ,polyg5i/ view1 is a "q :i* philological sci5ce c n answ]4 ,! facts ( language are reconcilable ) ei!r doctr9e4 ,:ile cauti\s philologi/s are sl[ 9 admitt+ di/9ct aff9ities betwe5 ! g5]ic families ( spee*1--z ! ,semitic & ,indo-,european1--:i* w\ld be indicative ( a common orig91 !y agree 9 ! judgm5t1 t1 on acc\nt ( ! mutability ( language1 especially :5 unwritt51 & :ile 9 its e>li] /ages1 no conclusion adv]se to ! monog5i/ doctr9e c be drawn f ! div]sities ( spee* n[ exi/+1 or t are kn[n to h exi/$ at any pa/ "t4 ,z f> z sci5ce is conc]n$1 ! decision ( ! "q mu/ be left to zology4 ,! t5d5cies ( natural sci5ce at pres5t1 z we h said above1 are /rongly t[>d ! monog5i/ view4 ,! v>iety ( physical *>act]i/ics n only af=ds no w>rant = assum+ div]sity ( species among m52 !y d n ev5 imply div]sity ( p>5tage at ! beg9n+4 ,no?+1 says ,max ,mll]1 necessitates ! admission ( diff]5t indep5d5t beg9n+s = ! mat]ial elem5ts ! vocabul>y ( ! ,turanian1 ,semitic1 & ,aryan bran*es ( spee*4 ,! same ?+ ,mll] affirms ( ! =mal elem5ts ! grammatical /ructure ( ^! gr\ps ( languages4 ,we c p]fectly und]/& h[1 ei!r ?r\gh individual influ5ces or by ! we> & te> ( spee* 9 its cont9u\s work+1 ! diff]5t sy/ems ( gramm> ( ,asia & ,europe may h be5 produc$4 7,lectures on ,language1 #a/ s]ies1 p4 #cdj47 ,! same conclusions are rea*$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,d4 ,:itney1 :o1 :ile disclaim+ = l+ui/ic sci5ce ! p[] to prove t ! human race 9 ! beg9n+ =m$ "o society1 says1 t x is ev5 f> m demon/rable t x c nev] prove ! v>iety ( human races & orig9s4 7,life & ,gr[? ( ,language1 p4 #bfi47 ,we "k t nations c le>n & unle>n a language4 ,! ,iri%1 adopt+ ! language ( _! ,engli% conqu]ors1 is "o ( _m examples ( ! same sort 9 hi/ory4 ,:at effects ^u language took place1 prior to record$ hi/ory1 f ! m+l+ ( tribes & peoples1 x is impossible to asc]ta94 ,! consequ5ces to language1 ( mixture among diff]5t =ms ( spee*1 7 l ^? :i* mu/ h be5 produc$ ^u ! physical man f ! m+l+ ( div]se physical types 9 remote ages4 ,sci5ce1 if x has no decid$ v]dict to r5d]1 does n /& 9 conflict ) ! monog5i/ doctr9e1 :i* has g5]ally be5 und]/ood to be ! tea*+ ( ! ,scriptures4 ,,my?ology4 ,! poly!i/ic religions are 9 !mselves a highly int]e/+ "p ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,9 ! multi=m "* t belongs to !m we f9d reflect$ ! peculi> traits ( ! sev]al peoples among :om !y h aris54 ,! hi/ory ( religion /&s 9 a close connection ) ! developm5t ( ! f9e arts1--ar*itecture & sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 & also poetry4 ,! e>lie/ rhy?mical utt]ance 0 9 hymns to ! gods4 ,to wor%ip1 all ! arts are l>gely indebt$ = _! bir? & gr[?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only "o ( ! ways 9 :i* religion is int]wov5 ) ! rise & progress ( civilization4 ,by my?ology2 we mean ! collective beliefs ( any tribe or nation respect+ deities or semi-div9e p]sonages4 ,rec5t /udies 9 language1 or ! sci5ce ( comp>ative philology1 h ?r[n light on ! orig9 ( my?ology1 & ^u ! aff9ities ( diff]5t poly!i/ic religions ) "o ano!r4 ,among v>i\s nations belong+ to ! same family 7z1 = example1 ! peoples ( ! ,aryan race71 names ( gods1 &1 to "s ext5t1 qualities & de$s attribut$ to !m1 h be5 id5tifi$4 ,my?s are f\nd to h travel$ 9 diff]5t guises f l& to l&4 ,at ! same "t1 ^! discov]ies h giv5 rise to mu* unv]ifi$ !ory & conjecture4 ,too mu* /ress has be5 laid1 by c]ta9 writ]s1 on mi/akes 9 language z a s\rce ( my?ology4 ,9 ! primitive /age ( language1 all n\ns _h a g5d]1 ei!r male or female2 & v]bs1 ev5 auxili>y v]bs1 x is alleg$1 express$ activity ( "s sort4 ,on ! basis ( ^! facts x has be5 inf]r$1 t1 at a lat] day1 figurative expressions1 descriptive ( natural *anges1 7 tak5 z lit]al2 z if "o %\ld int]pret ! say+1 ! sun foll[s ! dawn1 z mean+ t "o p]son pursues ano!r4 ,by ?is k9d ( misund]/&+1 x has be5 ?\ght1 a ?rong ( my?ological tales arose4 ,by "s x is held t ! names ( animals1 :i* _h be5 giv5 to ance/ors1 7 int]pret$ lit]ally by _! savage desc5dants1 or t traditions ( hav+ come f a c]ta9 m\nta9 or riv] caus$ ^! natural objects to be mi/ak5ly reg>d$ z actual prog5itors4 ,^! sugge/ions are ( v limit$ value 9 solv+ ! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! e?nic religions4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 has be5 le>n$ f obs]v+ ! rites & beliefs ( exi/+ savage nations4 ,n a few religi\s notions & c]emonies1 once 9 vogue among cultivat$ hea!n peoples1 may be plausibly consid]$ a survival f a m remote & b>b>\s condition ( society4 ,t my?ology is ! product ( a m]e exagg]ation ( actual ev5ts1 or is an allegorical picture1 ei!r ( ! op]ations ( nature or ( human traits1 is an unt5able & obsolete view4 ,we %all n err 9 def9+ ! ma9 s\rces ( ! religions to be1 fir/1 ! s5se ( dep5d5ce1 & ! ye>n+ = ! fell[%ip & favor ( p[]s n ourselves1 by :i* ! lot ( m5 is felt to be det]m9$2 secondly1 ! ef=t to expla9 ! _w ( nature above & b5ea?1 & ! occurr5ces ( life2 & ?irdly1 ! p]sonify+ in/9ct :i* belongs to ! *ildhood ( nations z ( individuals4 ,?is t5d5cy leads to ! attribut+ ( consci\s life to ?+s inanimate4 ,a l t5d5cy may impel ! savage & ! *ild to ascribe m9d to ! l[] animals4 ,! fact t language1 9 its e>li] /age1 0 *>g$ ) p]sonal life & activity1 is itself ! "w ( ! p]sonify+ in/9ct4 ,:5 nature is ?us p]sonifi$1 :]e !re is no s5se ( its unity & no capacity to rise 9 fai? to a liv+ ,god above nature1 ! result is a multitude ( div9ities ( high] & l[] rank4 ,my?s respect+ !m are ! spontane\s inv5tion ( unreflect+ & uncritical1 b imag9ative1 peoples4 ,?us !y s]ve to indicate ! range ( ideas1 & ! moral _s ( ^? :o orig9ate & give cr$5ce to !m4 ,?is is n ! place to consid] ! "q1 ,:at 0 ! primitive religion ( man8 ,! e>lie/ deities t hi/ory br+s to our notice 7 n feti*es1 b heav5ly be+s ( l(ty attributes4 ,:e!r ! religions ( savage tribes1 9 common ) _! l[ grade ( intellig5ce1 are1 or are n1 ! result ( deg5]acy1 is a "q :i* secul> hi/ory af=ds no means ( decid+ ) confid5ce1 ,x may be add$1 t1 9 hi/oric eras1 ! my?opoeic fancy is n inactive4 ,/ories ( m>vel\s adv5ture clu/]$ ab\t ! old ,celtic ,k+ ,ar?ur ( ,engl& & ! knights ( ! ,r\nd-,table1 & fill up ! *ronicles relat+ to ,*>lemagne4 ,:]ev] !re is a p]son :o k9dles popul> en?usiasm1 my?s accumulate4 ,?is is em95tly true 9 an atmosph]e l t :i* prevail$ 9 ! m$iaeval p]iod1 :5 imag9ation & emotion 7 dom9ant4 ,,prehi/oric ,,times4 ,,prehi/oric ,,relics4--,)9 ! la/ half c5tury1 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe1 & 9 o!r c\ntries1 also1 :i* h be51 e>li] or lat]1 seats ( civilization1 !re h be5 f\nd num]\s relics ( unciviliz$ races1 :i*1 at p]iods f> remote1 mu/ h inhabit$ ! same gr\nd4 ,_m ( ^! antiquities are met ) 9 connection ) rema9s ( fossil elephants1 hy5as1 be>s1 etc41--) animals :i* no long] live 9 ! regions ref]r$ to1 & "s ( :i* h become :olly ext9ct4 ,dwell+-places ( ^! f>-di/ant peoples--su* z caves & rock-%elt]s1 & ! rema9s ( ! lake-habitations t 7 built on piles1 9 ,switz]l& & else:]e--sepul*]s1 camps1 & =ts1 & an imm5se numb] ( implem5ts & ornam5ts ( /one & metal1 h be5 exam9$4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ^! monum5ts c>ry u z f> back z ! era call$ by geologi/s ! ,quat]n>y or ,drift p]iod4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,/ages4--,b !re are m>k$ di/9ctions 9 ! relative age ( ! v>i\s relics ref]r$ to4 ,!y indicate diff]5t degrees ( k & skill2 & ?is pro( ( a succession ( peoples1 or ( /ages ( developm5t1 is confirm$ by geological evid5ce4 ,! prehi/oric "t is divid$ into ! ,/one ,age1 ! ,age ( ,bronze1 & ! ,age ( ,iron1 accord+ z ! implem5ts 9 use 7 ( "o or ano!r ( ^! mat]ials4 ,b ! ,/one ,age includes an e>li] & a lat] sub-division4 ,9 ! fir/ & mo/ anci5t section1 ! weapons & ut5sils1 mo/ly ( fl9t1 7 v rude 9 _! manufacture4 ,?is 0 ! ,paleoli?ic ,age1 :]e !re are no signs ( habitations con/ruct$ by ! h&1 or ( dome/icat$ plants & animals4 ,m5 liv$ 9 caves1 & _! ve/m5ts 7 ! sk9s ( bea/s4 ,yet1 among _! implem5ts are f\nd fragm5ts ( bone1 horn1 ivory1 & /one1 on :i* are c>v$ 9 outl9e1 (t5 ) mu* skill1 repres5tations ( ! re9de]1 ! be>1 ! ox1 & ( o!r animals4 ,9 ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 !re 0 a decid$ advance4 ,implem5ts are bett] made & poli%$4 ,!re 7 dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants4 ,! lake-dwell+s 9 ,switz]l& 7 well contriv$ = %elt] & def5se4 ,e hut _h its he>?4 ,x is probable t mo/ ( !m 7 furni%$ ) a loom = weav+4 ,fragm5ts ( pott]y are f\nd1 & flax 0 gr[n & made into cord1 nett+s1 etc4 ,/alls 7 con/ruct$ ne> ! huts = ! ox1 ! goat1 ! horse1 %eep1 & pigs4 ,! lake-dwell]s cultivat$ :eat & b>ley4 ,! ,bronze ,age1 :5 implem5ts 7 made ( copp] or ( a mixture ( copp] & t91 exhibits pro( ( decid$ improvem5t 9 v>i\s directions2 & ! ,age ( ,iron1 a /ill m m>k$ advance4 ,9 ! ,swiss rema9s ref]r$ to are di/9ct traces ( a transition f ! ,/one ,age to ! ,age ( ,bronze1 & !n to ! ,age ( ,iron4 ,! kit*5-midd5s1 or %ell-m\nds1 ( ,d5m>k belong exclusively to ! ,neoli?ic p]iod4 ,:]e ! transition 0 made f ! ,/one ,age to ! ,age ( ,bronze1 x app>5tly occurr$ 9 "s cases by degrees1 & peacefully2 b sometimes by ! incom+ ( an invad+ p m advanc$4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! l9es ( division betwe5 ^! p]iods are n %>ply drawn3 implem5ts ( /one cont9u$ to be us$ aft] ! ,bronze & ev5 ! ,iron p]iods _h be5 introduc$4 ,nor 7 ^! sev]al ages 9 "o region contemporane\s ) l conditions 9 e o!r4 ,moreov]1 x is n possible to f9d 9 all c\ntries once civiliz$ pro(s ( a passage ?r\gh ^! successive eras4 ,9 ,egypt1 ! evid5ces ( a ,/one ,age are scanty4 ,! mo/ anci5t human rema9s %[ t man 9 8 physical *>act]i/ics 0 on a level ) man at pres5t4 ,dr4 ,daniel ,wilson1 speak+ ( ! age ( ! ,fl9t-folk1 says3 ,x is ( no slight importance to p]ceive t ! int]val :i* has wr\ght su* revolutions 9 ! e>? involv+ great geological *anges & mutations ( climate z are record$ 9 ! mammalif]\s drift1 %[s man ! same reason+1 t5tative1 & inv5tive me*anician1 z cle>ly di/+ui%$ !n f ! highe/ ord]s ( contempor>y life ( ! ,elephant9e or ,cave p]iods1 z he is n[ f ! mo/ intellig5t ( ! brute creation4444 ,! olde/ art-traces ( ! paleote*nic m5 ( c5tral ,france n only surpass ^? ( _m savage races1 b !y indicate an intellectual aptitude 9 no degree inf]ior to ! av]age ,fr5*man ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 7,prehi/oric ,man1 pp4 #cc1 #cd47 ,lit]ature4--,wilson1 ,prehi/oric ,man1 etc4 7#b vols41 #ahgf72 ,joly1 ,man be=e ! ,metals 7#ahhc72 ,ke>y1 ,! ,dawn ( ,hi/ory4 ,! writ+s ( ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture 7#b vols471 ,an?ropology1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d2 8 ,art4 ,an?ropology1 ,encycl4 ,britt42 ,lubbock's ,prehi/oric ,times1 & 8 ,orig9 ( ,civilization2 ,argyll1 ,! ,unity ( ,nature 7#ahhd72 ,j4 ,geikie1 ,prehi/oric ,europe 7#ahha72 ,lyell1 ,! ,antiquity ( ,man2 ,w4 ,e4 ,he>n1 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold2 ,l4 ,h4 ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society4 ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man4--,sci5ce does n furni% u ) ! means ( fix+ ! date ( ! fir/ human inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,b its v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( inve/igation concur 9 pron\nc+ ! int]val betwe5 ! creation ( man & ! pres5t to be f> long] ?an ! traditional op9ion has assum$4 ,= ! gr[? ( language & its manifold ramifications2 = ! developm5t ( ! diff]5t races ( mank9d1 physically consid]$2 = ! geological *anges s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,/one ,age 9 ! regions :]e its relics are uncov]$2 = ! rise ( ! mo/ anci5t civilization 9 ,egypt z well z 9 ,babylon & ,*9a1--x is ?\ght t p]iods ( v long duration are indisp5sable4 ,z to ! date ( ! ,neoli?ic man1 or ( ! la/ section ( ! ,/one ,age1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,geikie writes3 ,any t]m ( ye>s ,i might sugge/ w\ld be a m]e guess2 b ,i h writt5 to little purpose1 h[ev]1 if ! ph5om5a describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s h fail$ to leave ! impression ^u ! read]1 t ! adv5t ( ,neoli?ic man 9 ,europe mu/ date back f> beyond fifty or sev5ty c5turies4 7,prehi/oric ,europe1 p4 #eeh47 ,! *ronology ga!r$ f ,g5esis has be5 suppos$ to place ! date ( man's creation at a po9t f> less remote4 ,u%]'s calculation1 atta*$ to ! au?oriz$ ,engli% ,v]sion ( ! ,bible1 sets ?is date at #djjd ,b4,c4 ,! discussion ( ^! que/ions ( ,scriptural *ronology belongs to !ology & biblical criticism4 ,x may be obs]v$ "h1 h[ev]1 t ( ! ?ree =ms 9 :i* ,g5esis is h&$ d[n to u1--! ,hebrew text1 ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 & ! ,septuag9t1 or anci5t ,greek translation1--no two agree 9 ! numb]s on :i* ! e/imate is f\nd$4 ,h5ce ,hales & ,jackson1 foll[+ ! l>g] numb]s 9 ! g5ealogies ( ! ,septuag9t1 place ! date ( ! creation at a po9t ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s prior to t fix$ ^u by ,u%]4 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory4 ,! p]iods ( hi/ory are n divid$ f "o ano!r by m]ely *ronological limits1 accord+ to int]vals ( "t ( a def9ite duration4 ,su* a classification may be ( use to ! memory1 b x is arbitr>y 9 its "*4 ,! l&m>ks ( hi/ory are prop]ly plac$ at ! turn+-po9ts :]e new eras take _! />t1 :e!r ! int]vals betwe5 !m are long] or %ort]4 ,( ^! natural divisions1 ! mo/ g5]al & ! mo/ m>k$ is t betwe5 anci5t & mod]n hi/ory4 ,anci5t hi/ory n only prec$es mod]n 9 "t3 x is di/+ui%$ f ! latt] z relat+ to a by-gone /ate ( ?+s4 ,mod]n hi/ory1 on ! contr>y1 deals ) an ord] ( ?+s n[ exi/+4 ,betwe5 ! two !re is ?is l9e ( dem>kation4 ,hi/ory 7) ! exception ( ,*9a & ,india1 :i* require di/9ct consid]ation1 z /&+ ap>t7 beg9s ) ,egypt1 & fl[s d[n 9 a cont9u\s /ream1 until1 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 ! ,roman ,empire1 into :i* ! anci5t civiliz$ peoples 7 incorporat$1 0 brok5 up4 ,!n ! new nations1 especially ! tribes ( ! ,g]manic race1 took p[] into _! h&s2 ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$ among !m2 out ( ! *aos ( elem5ts !re em]g$ ! ,european nations1 ) _! (f%oots1--! peoples at pres5t on ! /age ( action4 ,anci5t hi/ory _h its c5t] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x embrac$ ! peoples :o dwelt on ! %ores ( t sea1 9 ! ?ree cont95ts1 & ! nations t 7 br\ght into relations ) !m4 ,! ,roman ,empire1 ! f9al outcome ( anci5t hi/ory1 0 ! mon>*y ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,) ! break+-up ( ! ,empire1 new races1 new c5t]s ( p[]1 a univ]sal religion 9 ! room ( national religions1 & a new type ( culture & civilization1 7 introduc$4 ,invaluable legacies 7 h&$ ov] f ! pa/1 surviv+ ! wreck ( anci5t civilization4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a unity 9 hi/ory3 ! transition f ! anci5t to ! mod]n era 0 gradual4 ,,m$iaeval ,,& ,,lat] ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory4 ,s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 !re has occurr$ no revolution to be comp>$ ) ! circum/ances & results ( t ev5t4 ,an old _w pass$ away1 & a new _w began to be4 ,yet ! /ud5t1 z he travels hi!rw>d1 arrives at ano!r epo* ( extraord9>y *ange1--a p]iod ( f]m5t1 :5 mod]n society 9 ,europe takes on a =m widely diff]5t f ! "* t _h belong$ to x previ\sly4 ,! long int]val betwe5 anci5t hi/ory & mod]n 79 ?is m re/rict$ s5se ( !s t]m7 is /yl$ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,its t]m9ation may be f\nd 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & a conv5i5t date to m>k ! b\nd>y-l9e is ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks 7#adec74 ,hi/ory ?us divides itself into ?ree p>ts3-- ,"p ,i4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 to ! migrations ( ! ,g]manic ,tribes 7#cge ,a4,d74 ,"p ,,ii4 ,m$ival ,hi/ory1 f ,a4,d4 #cge to ! ,fall ( ,con/ant9ople 7#adec74 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 f #adec until ! pres5t4 ,works on ,g5]al ,hi/ory4--,ranke1 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory2 ,ploetz1 ,epitome ( ,anci5t1 ,m$ival1 & ,mod]n ,hi/ory 7,bo/on1 #ahhd72 ,web]1 ,weitges*i*te 7#b vols472 ,assmann1 ,h&bu* d4 allgeme95 ,ges*i*te 7#e vols41 #ahec-ahfb72 by ! same1 ,abriss d4 allgem4 ,ges*4 79 #c p>ts72 ,onck51 ,allgem4 ,ges*i*te 9 ,e9zeid>/ellung5 7a s]ies ( full monographs ( high m]it74 ,copi\s works on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 9 ,g]man1 by ,web]1 ,s*loss]1 ,beck]1 ,leo4 ,laur5t1 tudes sur l',hi/oire de l',humanit 7?is is an ext5d$ s]ies ( hi/orical diss]tations71--,! ,ori5t & ,greece 7#b vols472 ,rome 7#a vol472 ,*ri/ianity 7#a vol471 etc4 ,prvo/-,p>adol1 ,essai sur l',hi/oire ,univ]selle 7#b vols43 a sugge/ive critical survey ( ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 ) ! omission ( details74 ,s4 ,will>d1 ,synopsis ( ,hi/ory4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory4 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,au!ntic ,,hi/ory ,,to ,,! ,,migrations ,,( ,,! ,,teutonic ,,tribes 7,a4,d4 #cge74 ,,divisions ,,( ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory4--,anci5t hi/ory sep>ates itself into two ma9 divisions4 ,9 ! fir/ ! ,ori5tal nations =m ! subject2 9 ! second1 :i* foll[s 9 ! ord] ( "t1 ! ,european peoples1 especially ,greece & ,rome1 h ! c5tral place4 ,! fir/ division t]m9ates1 & ! second beg9s1 ) ! rise ( ,grecian p[] & ! great conflict ( ,greece ) ! ,p]sian ,empire1 #dib ,b4,c4 ,,sections ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,hi/ory4--,b ,ori5tal hi/ory divides itself into two di/9ct sections4 ,! fir/ embraces ,*9a & ,india1 nations ap>t1 & disconnect$ f ! ,m$it]ranean & adjac5t peoples4 ,*9a & ,india h a c]ta9 bond ( connection ) "o ano!r ?r\gh ! spread 9 ,*9a ( ! ,buddhi/ic religion4 ,! second section includes ! great empires :i* prec$$1 & pav$ ! way =1 ,european hi/ory2 viz41 ,egypt1 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 & ,p]sia4 ,9 ?is section1 along ! c\rse ( ! hi/oric /ream1 o!r nations :i* ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce1 attract special att5tion1 especially ! ,pho5icians & ! ,hebrews4 ,all ^! ,ori5tal peoples are s connect$ toge!r t !y /& 9 hi/ory z ! ,e>lie/ ,gr\p ( ,nations4 ,! hi/oric n>rative mu/ be s %ap$ z to describe !m 9 "p s+ly1 b1 at ! same "t1 9 _! mutual relations4 ,anci5t hi/ory1 f an e?nographical po9t ( view1 w\ld embrace two g5]al divisions1--,ea/]n peoples & ,we/]n peoples4 ,! fir/ w\ld comprise ,egyptians 7,hamitic72 ,jews1 ,babylonians1 ,assyrians1 ,pho5icians1 ,lydians 7,semitic72 ,h9dus1 ,bactrians1 ,m$es1 ,p]sians 7,aryan72 ,p>?ians1 ,*9ese1 ,japanese4 ,! second w\ld include ,celts1 ,britons1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,teutons 7,aryan74 7,ploetz1 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 p4 #a47 ,f a geographical po9t ( view1 anci5t hi/ory w\ld fall into ?ree g5]al divisions3 ,i4 ,asia1 includ+ 7#a7 ,india1 7#b7 ,*9a 7) ,japan71 7#c7 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 7#d7 ,pho5icia1 7#e7 ,pale/9e1 7#f7 ,m$ia & ,p]sia4 ,,ii4 ,africa1 includ+ 7#a7 ,egypt1 7#b7 ,c>?age4 ,,iii4 ,europe includ+ 7#a7 ,greece1 ) its /ates & colonies2 7#b7 ,italy4 ,,division ,i4 ,,ori5tal ,,hi/ory4 ,,physical ,,geography4--,europe & ,asia toge!r =m "o va/ cont95t1 yet h a p>tial b\nd>y betwe5 !m 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s & ,riv]1 & 9 ! deep b$ ( ! ,caspian & ,black seas4 ,asia1 :i* ext5ds f ! ,ural ,m\nta9s to ! ,pacific1 & f ! ,arctic ,sea to ! ,indian ,ocean1 embraces an imm5se plateau1 /ret*+ f ! ,black ,sea to ,corea4 ,?is plateau spreads l a fan z x advances ea/w>d4 ,x is trav]s$ by *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & bord]$ also by l(ty m\nta9s1 ( :i* ! ,himalayas is ! pr9cipal range4 ,f ?is girdle ( m\nta9s desc5d slopes :i* lead d[n into ! l[l&s4 ,! great plateau is brok5 into two by ! ,h9du-,ku% range4 ,! ea/]n division1 ! ext5sive plateau ( ,c5tral ,asia1 is bord]$ on ! nor? by ! b>r5 pla9s ( ,sib]ia4 ,9 ! l[l&s on ! ea/ & s\? are includ$ ! f]tile pla9s ( ,c5tral ,*9a & ( ,h9du/an4 ,! plateau ( ea/]n ,asia has be5 ! natural abode ( nomad tribes1 ,t>t>s & ,mongols1 ^: invad+ ho/s h p\r$ ?r\gh ! passes ( ! m\nta9s into ! invit+ t]ritories bel[4 ,! plateau ( we/]n ,asia1 /ret*+ we/w>d f ! ,indus1 is n s high z t ( ! ea/4 ,x beg9s ) ! l(ty tablel&s ( ,iran1 & ext5ds1 ord9>ily at a less elevation1 to ! extremity ( ! cont95t4 ,on ! s\? lie ! pla9s ( ,mesopotamia4 ,arabia is a l[ plateau ( va/ ext5t1 connect$ by ! plateau & m\nta9s ( ,syria ) ! m\nta9 region ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,z might be expect$1 civilization sprang up 9 ! alluvial valleys ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 ! ,indus & ! ,ganges1 & on ! soil wat]$ by ! great riv]s ( ,*9a1 ! ,hoang-,ho & ! ,yang-tse-,kiang4 ,egypt 0 look$ on by ! ,anci5ts z a "p ( ,asia4 ,its language 0 di/9ct f ! languages ( ! ,african nations4 ,! seat ( its p[] & ?rift 0 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! conflicts ( ! nations settl$ 9 ! l[l&s ) ! m\nta9\s peoples1 eag] = spoil & conque/1 are a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,ori5tal ,hi/ory4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,asiatic ,,nations4--,g5]alizations cov]+ s wide a field are1 ( necessity1 inexact4 ,z a rule1 9 ! ori5tal m9d1 ! intuitive p[]s eclipse ! sev]ely rational & logical4 ,civilization--z1 = example1 9 ,egypt & ,*9a--atta9s to a c]ta9 grade1 & is !re petrifi$4 ,immobility belongs to ! ,ea/]n nations4 ,revolutions br+ a *ange ( ma/]s1 b leave "* & cu/oms un*ang$4 ,! s5se ( individuality has be5 less vivid1 & fre$om less und]/ood or valu$4 ,gov]nm5ts h tak5 ! despotic =m4 ,law has _h its seat 9 ! rul]'s sov]eign w4 ,! rul] has be5 reg>d$ z clo!d ) div9e au?ority4 ,be=e him ! subject pro/rates himself ) grovel+ s]vility4 ,,religion ,,9 ,,asia4--,asia is ! cradle ( ! pr9cipal religions ( ! _w4 ,"h mono!ism appe>s1 z 9 ! fai? ( ! ,hebrews1 & 9 ! ,mohamm$an revival ( x 9 a less pure =m4 ,"h h fl\ri%$ poly!i/ic sy/ems1 ea* ) its ?rong ( div9ities4 ,9 ! ea/1 pan!ism1 dropp+ out ( ! conception ( ! ,deity ! elem5t ( p]sonality1 has f\nd a *]i%$ home4 ,,prie/hoods4--,connect$ ) ! controll+ influ5ce ( religion h aris5 ! prie/hoods1--sometimes rul+ z an ari/ocratic ca/e or class1 sometimes divid+ p[] ) ! reign+ despot1 to :om sacr$ attributes are ascrib$4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art4--,! ,ori5tal nature has be5 mirror$ 9 ! lit]ature & art ( ! ,ea/4 ,its products lack ! measure1 ! grace & symmetry1 & ! human int]e/1 :i* *>act]ize ! creations ( ! ,european m9d4 ,9 ! me*anical arts1 inv5tion & discov]y pu% on progress to a c]ta9 po9t1 !n langui% & die out4 ,,section ,i4 ,,*9a ,,& ,,india4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,*9a4 ,*9a prop] comprises less ?an half ( ! pres5t ,*9ese ,empire4 ,x 0 call$ ! l& ( ,s9ae or ,s]es by ! anci5ts1 & 9 ! middle ages bore ! "n ( ,ca?ay4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,*9a are ! broad alluvial pla9s1 & 9 ! nor?-ea/]n portion ( ! empire1 an imm5se delta4 ,! re/ ( ! c\ntry is hilly & m\nta9\s4 ,! nucleus ( ! ,*9ese nation is ?\ght to h be5 a b& ( immigrants1 :o are suppos$ by "s to h />t$ f ! region s\?-ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & to h cross$ ! head wat]s ( ! ,oxus4 ,!y foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! ,hoang-,ho1 or ,yell[ ,riv]1 hav+ ent]$ ! c\ntry ( _! adoption f ! nor?-we/2 & !y plant$ !mselves 9 ! pres5t prov9ce ( ,%an-se4 ,al?\gh nomads1 !y _h "s k ( a/ronomy1 br\ght f _! e>li] homes2 & !y quickly made = !mselves settl$ abodes4 ,! native tribes by degrees 7 extirpat$ or driv5 out4 ,! new-com]s cultivat$ gra94 ,!y rais$ flax1 out ( :i* !y wove g>m5ts4 ,,leg5d>y ,,era1 ,,to ,,! ,,*[ ,,dyna/y 7#aabc ,b4,c474--,! e>ly annals ( ! ,*9ese1 l ^? ( o!r nations1 are made up ( my? & fable4 ,! annali/s plac$ ! date ( ! creation at a po9t m ?an two millions ( ye>s prior to ,confucius4 ,! int]v5+ p]iod !y s\ght to fill up ) l9es ( dyna/ies4 ,prec$+ ! ,*[ dyna/y1 ! *ronicl]s give t5 epo*s4 ,prior to ! eigh? ( ^!1 !re are no traces ( au!ntic hi/ory4 ,to ,yew-,*a\ ,%e 7! ,ne/-hav+7 is giv5 ! cr$it ( tea*+ ! p to make huts ( ! b\ghs ( trees4 ,fire 0 discov]$ by ,suy-j9-,%e 7! ,fire-produc]71 8 successor4 ,ano!r rul] 7,fuh-he71 ^: date is fix$ at #bheb ,b4,c41 discov]$ iron4 ,he also divid$ ! p into classes4 ,8 successor inv5t$ ! pl[4 ,^! tales1 p]haps1 reta9 vague rem9isc5ces ( ! me?ods 9 :i* useful inv5tions orig9at$1 or ( ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,) ,ya\ 7#bcef ,b4,c47 we rea* ! p]iod :]e ! n>ratives :i* 7 compil$ _m c5turies lat] by ,confucius1 beg9 _! /ory4 ,9 ! mass ( fable1 !re is a l>g] infusion ( hi/orical fact1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x is well-nigh hopeless to sep>ate f ! fiction t is m+l$ ) x4 ,9 t gold5 age1 few laws 7 requir$4 ,we are told t ! h\se-door c\ld safely be left op54 ,ya\ ext5d$ ! empire3 he e/abli%$ fairs & m>ts ov] ! l&4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,%un1 :o foll[$ him1 a trem5d\s inundation is said to h occurr$2 & ,yu1 call$ ! ,great1 0 en]getic 9 dra9+ (f ! wat]s4 ,he asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #bbje ,b4,c4 ,8 deg5]ate successors provok$ a revolt & ! introduction ( a new dyna/y1 call$ ! ,%ang dyna/y1 ^: fir/ ,emp]or1 ,tang 7#agfj ,b4,c471 _h a wise & b5efic5t reign4 ,tyranny & disa/] foll[$ "u ! lat] k+s ( ?is h\se2 until f9ally ,woo-,wang1 ! fir/ sov]eign ( ! ,*[ dyna/y1 acc$$ to ! ?rone 7#aabc ,b4,c474 ,,! ,,*[ ,,dyna/y 7#aabc-bee ,b4,c474--,! traditions n[ become decid$ly m tru/wor?y1 al?\gh /ill l>gely mix$ ) fable4 ,woo-,wang 0 brave & upright4 ,"u him a mom5t\s *ange 9 gov]nm5t took place4 ,by him ! k+dom 0 divid$ into sev5ty-two feudal /ates4 ,int]nal divisions & /ruggles result$ f ?is new political sy/em4 ,! ,t>t>s avail$ !mselves ( ! weak5$ condition ( ! nation1 to make pr$atory incursions4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( disord] & dang]1 ,confucius1 ! great tea*] ( ,*9a1 0 born 7#eea ,b4,c474 ,8 fa!r 0 a di/rict magi/rate1 & di$ :5 ! son 0 only ?ree ye>s old4 ,he 0 tra9$ & taught by 8 "m4 ,:5 %e di$1 he gave up all employm5ts to m\rn = h]1 dur+ ?ree ye>s4 ,8 only occupation dur+ ?is p]iod 0 /udy4 ,a grave & le>n$ y\?1 he at l5g? resolv$ to become an in/ructor ( 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! anci5t writ+s1 to :i* he 0 devot$4 ,he 0 regul> 9 all 8 ways1 & nev] ate or drank to excess4 ,he ga!r$ ab\t him s*ol>s2 8 fame increas$2 &1 9 #ejj ,b4,c41 he 0 made magi/rate ( ,*ung-tu by ! sov]eign1 ,duke ,t+1 an (fice :i* he ju/ly & discreetly adm9i/]$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,sometimes p]secut$1 he comp>$ himself to a dog driv5 f 8 home4 ,i h ! fidelity ( t animal1 & ,i am treat$ l x4 ,b :at matt]s ! +ratitude ( m58 ,!y c n h9d] me f do+ all ! good t has be5 appo9t$ me4 ,if my precepts are disreg>d$1 ,i h ! consolation ( kn[+ 9 my own brea/ t ,i h fai?fully p]=m$ my duty4 ,bo? by 8 lit]>y works & by ! lessons taught to 8 disciples1 he laid ! f\ndation ( a mo/ p[]ful & la/+ influ5ce ov] 8 c\ntrym54 ,he di$ 9 #dgh ,b4,c41 at ! age ( sev5ty-?ree4 ,la\-tsze1 ano!r fam\s ?9k]1 0 a few ye>s old] ?an ,confucius4 ,?ree preci\s ?+s1 he said1 ,i prize1 & hold fa/1--humility1 compassion1 & economy4 ,m5cius1 a celebrat$ tea*] & re=m]1 :o foll[$ 9 ! pa? ( ,confucius1 aft] a long life di$ 9 #bhi ,b4,c4 ,"o ( 8 doctr9es 01 t ! nature ( man is good1 & t evil is ow+ to education & circum/ances4 ,"o ( 8 maxims 01 t ! p c be l$ aright1 b c n be taught ! reasons = ! guidance to :i* !y are subject$4 ,,dyna/y ,,( ,,ts9 7#bee-bjf ,b4,c474--,rev]t+ to ! c\rse ( ,*9ese hi/ory1 ! next gr& epo* is ! en?ronem5t ( ! ,ts9 dyna/y1 9 ! p]son ( ! rul] ( "o ( ! prov9ces1 :i*1 9 ! inte/9e /rife among ! feudal pr9ces1 ga9$ ! victory4 ,?is 0 9 #bee ,b4,c4 ,9 ?is l9e belongs ! fam\s ,emp]or ,*e ,hwang-te1 :o1 9 #bdf ,b4,c41 at ! age ( ?irte5 ye>s1 succe$$ to ! cr[n4 ,8 palace 9 8 capital1 ! mod]n ,se-gan ,foo1 ! edifices :i* he built else:]e1 ! roads & canals con/ruct$ by him1 excit$ wond]4 ,he r\t$ & drove out ! ,t>t> invad]s1 & put d[n ! rebellion ( ! feudal pr9ces4 ,he enl>g$ ! k+dom ne>ly to ! limits ( mod]n ,*9a prop]4 ,= ! protection ( ! nor!rn fronti] he began ! ,great ,wall1 :i* he did n live to f9i%4 ,x 0 f9i%$ #bjd ,b4,c41 t5 ye>s aft] x 0 begun4 ,:5 f9i%$1 x 0 n less ?an fifte5 hundr$ miles 9 l5g?4 ,x w\ld rea* f ,philadelphia to ,topeka1 or f ,portugal to ,naples4 ,! innovations & maxims ( gov]nm5t ( ,*e ,hwang-te 7 (f5sive to ! s*ol>s & ! cons]vative class1 :o po9t$ ! p to ! h]oes ( ! feudal days & to ! glories ( ! pa/4 ,= ?is reason1 ! mon>* comm&$ t all books hav+ ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! empire %\ld be de/roy$4 ,he w\ld efface ! recollection ( ! old times4 ,he w\ld n all[ 8 sy/em to be und]m9$ by tradition4 ,! decree 0 obey$1 al?\gh hidd5 copies ( _m ( ! anci5t writ+s 7 und\bt$ly pres]v$4 ,num]\s s*ol>s 7 buri$ alive4 ,8 dea?1 9 #baj ,b4,c41 0 foll[$ by di/urbances1 gr[+ out ( ! disaffection ( ! high] classes4 ,9 ! civil w> t ensu$1 8 dyna/y 0 subv]t$4 ,! ?rone 0 next held by ,,! ,,han ,,rul]s 7#bjf ,b4,c4-#bbl ,a4,d474--,_! sway1 :i* la/$ = f\r hundr$ ye>s1 cov]s a brilliant p]iod 9 ! ,*9ese annals4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,m+-te1 #fe ,a4,d41 a deputation 0 s5t to ,india1 to obta9 ! sacr$ writ+s & au?oriz$ tea*]s ( ! ,buddhi/ic religion1 :i* _h begun to spread among ! ,*9ese4 ,! p[] ( ! feudal lords 0 r$uc$4 ,nor!rn ,corea 0 conqu]$1 & ! b\nds ( ! empire ext5d$ on ! we/ z f> z ,russian ,turke/an1 ,9 ?is p]iod1 !re 0 a m>k$ revival ( le>n+ & au?or%ip4 ,!n liv$ a fam\s public (fic]1 ,yang ,*n1 :o1 :5 ask$ to take a bribe1 & assur$ t no "o w\ld "k x1 answ]$1 ,h[ s8 ,heav5 w\ld "k1 ,e>? w\ld "k1 y w\ld "k1 & ,i %\ld "k4 ,"u ?is dyna/y1 a cu/om ( bury+ slaves ) ! dead 0 aboli%$4 ,,beg9n+ ,,9 #bba ,a4,d41 !re foll[$ ! era ( ! ?ree k+doms4 ,x 0 an age ( m>tial pr[ess1 civil w>1 & blood%$4 ,?is long p]iod ( division 0 int]rupt$ 9 #bfe ,a4,d4 by a re-union ( ! great] "p ( ! empire = a brief p]iod4 ,b discord soon sprang up2 & x 0 n until #eij ,a4,d4 t unity & ord] 7 re/or$ by ,yang-,kian1 :o f\nd$ ! dyna/y1 nam$ f 8 local dom9ion1 ,suy4 ,,religion ,,9 ,,*9a4--,! anci5t religion ( ,*9a 0 poly!i/ic4 ,! supreme div9ity 0 call$ ,ti5 or ,%ang-ti4 ,ti5 signifies ,heav54 ,0 ,heav51 or ,%ang-ti--or ! ,"l--! visible heav51 ! expanse above1 clo!d ) ! attribute ( p]sonality8 ,?is has be51 & /ill is1 ! prevail+ op9ion ( mission>ies & s*ol>s4 ,dr4 ,legge1 h[ev]1 holds t ,ti5 is ! "l ( ! heav5s1 a p[] above ! visible firmam5t2 & ?us f9ds mono!ism z ! basis ( ! ,*9ese religi\s cre$4 ,! prevail+ religions ( ,*9a are ?ree1--,buddhism 7:i* 9 its orig9al =m 0 br\ght 9 f ,india 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era71 ,confucianism1 & ,ta\ism4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t1 9 all ^! sy/ems1 !re is b a vague s5se ( p]sonality z inh]+ 9 ! heav5ly p[]s1 9 comp>ison ) ! cre$s 9 vogue among hea!n nations g5]ally4 ,ano!r fact to be not$ is1 t1 9 ,*9ese wor%ip1 ! v5]ation = ance/ors1 a feel+ inbr$ 9 ! ,*9ese m9d1 is a v prom95t & p]vad+ elem5t4 ,confucius did n pr(ess to reveal ?+s sup]natural4 ,8 tea*+ is made up ( moral & political maxims4 ,he builds on ! pa/1 & always inculcates rev]5ce = ! fa!rs & = :at has be54 ,!re is mu* wise c\nsel to p>5ts & to rul]s4 ,8 morality rea*es its acme 9 ! ,gold5 ,rule1 :i* he gives1 h[ev]1 only 9 its negative relation3 ,d n unto o!rs :at y w\ld n t o!rs %\ld d unto y4 ,la\-tsze is a m speculative & my/ical ?9k]4 ,9 8 moral aphorisms1 he approa*es ! !ory ( ! anci5t ,/oics4 ,,teh--i4e41 virtue--is laud$4 ,teh proce$s f ,,tao4 ,to expla9 :at ! ,*9ese sage means by ,tao1--a ^w t signifies ! way1--is a puzzle = comm5tators & inquir]s4 ,f ,tao all ?+s orig9ate3 !y con=m to ,tao1 & to ,tao !y return4 ,!re are noble maxims 9 ,la\-tsze1--precepts enjo9+ compassion1 & condemn+ ! requital ( evil ) evil4 ,ta\ism is a type ( religion :i* traces itself to ! tea*+ ( ,la\-tsze4 ,t tea*+ became mix$ ) wild speculations4 ,!n c]ta9 ,buddhi/ic rites & t5ets 7 add$ to x4 ,! result1 f9ally1 0 a comp\nd ( knav]y & sup]/ition4 ,ta\ism is at once my/ical & rationali/ic 9 its tone4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,*9a4--,! ,*9ese language 0 cry/alliz$1 9 ! writt5 =m1 9 ! monosyllabic /age ( its developm5t4 ,beg9n+ 9 hi]oglyphs1 lit]al pictures ( objects1 & hav+ no alphabet1 x has s multipli$ its *>act]s & comb9ations ( *>act]s z to put great h9drances 9 ! way ( ! acquisition ( x4 ,! utt] abs5ce ( inflection may h crippl$ ! developm5t ( poetry & ( ! drama1 = :i* ! ,*9ese h a natural ta/e4 ,9 ^! dep>tm5ts1 ,*9ese productions d n rise above m$iocrity4 ,= ?is1 h[ev]1 ! lack ( imag9ation & ( creative p[] is l>gely acc\ntable4 ,x is 9 ! prov9ce ( pure prose--z 9 hi/orical n>rations1 topographical writ+s1 su* z geographies1 & 9 ! mak+ ( encyclop$ias--t ! ,*9ese h excell$4 ,b ! yoke ( tradition has ev]y:]e weigh$ heavily4 ,9 "o s5se1 ! ,*9ese h be5 a lit]>y p4 ,! sy/em ( competitive exam9ations = public (fices has diffus$ ?r\gh ! nation a c]ta9 degree ( book-le>n+2 yet ! masses h be5 kept 9 a /ate ( ignorance4 ,at ! f\ndation ( all le>n+ are ! n9e classics1 :i* consi/ ( five works1 edit$ or writt5 by ,confucius1 ( :i* ! ,%oo ,k+1 or ,book ( ,hi/ory1 /&s at ! head1 toge!r ) ! f\r books writt5 by 8 disciples & ! disciples ( ,m5cius4 ,great z h be5 ! s]vices ( ,confucius1 8 own slavi% rev]5ce = ! pa/1 s /amp$ ^u 8 writ+s1 has _h ! effect to cramp ! developm5t ( ! ,*9ese m9d1 & to fa/5 ^u x ! fett]s ( tradition4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,civilization4--,! gov]nm5t ( ,*9a is a patri>*al despotism4 ,z fa!r ( 8 p1 ! k+ has absolute au?ority4 ,! p[] ( life & dea? is 9 8 h&4 ,yet ! "r ( revolution 0 taught by ,confucius & ,m5cius1 & ! ,*9ese h n be5 sl[ to ex]cise x4 ,! p[]s ( ! emp]or are limit$ by c]emonial regulations1 & by a body ( prec$5ts :i* are held sacr$4 ,he adm9i/]s rule ) ! help ( a privy c\ncil4 ,(fic]s ( e rank 9 ! employ ( ! gov]nm5t con/itute ! ari/ocratic class ( ,m&>9s1 :o are divid$ into diff]5t ranks4 ,,inv5tion4--,pr9t+ by wood5 blocks 0 kn[n 9 ,*9a z e>ly z ! six? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,pr9t+ did n come into g5]al use until ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! use ( movable types1 al?\gh devis$1 x is said1 _m c5turies e>li]1 did n come into vogue until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,gunp[d] 0 us$ z e>ly z #bej ,a4,d41 9 ! mak+ ( fire-crack]s2 b x 0 c]ta9ly z late z ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury t x 0 fir/ employ$ 9 w>4 ,! ,*9ese 7 e>ly acqua9t$ ) ! pol>ity ( ! load/one1 & us$ ! compass 9 j\rneys by l& long be=e t in/rum5t 0 kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,9 v>i\s bran*es ( manufactures1--z silk1 porcela91 c>v$ "w 9 ivory1 wood1 & horn1--! ,*9ese1 at lea/ until a rec5t p]iod1 h be5 pre-em95t4 ,9 ! me*anical arts _! progress has be5 sl[4 ,_! crude implem5ts ( husb&ry are 9 contra/ ) _! exhibitions ( skill 9 o!r directions4 ,al?\gh imitation long ago supplant$ ! activity ( inv5tive tal5t1 to ,*9a belongs ! di/9ction ( be+ a civiliz$ l& be=e ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ,europe _h em]g$ into be+4 ,,lit]ature4--,! ,middle ,k+dom1 by ,s4 ,,wells ,,williams 7#b vols472 ,encycl4 ,brit41 ,art4 ,*9a by ,pr(essor ,d\glas2 ,arts4 ,confucius & ,m5cius by ,dr4 ,legge2 ,legge1 ,! ,religions ( ,*9a2 ,ri*?(51 ,*9a7#c vols472 ,giles1 ,hi/oric ,*9a1 & ,o!r ,sket*es 7#ahhb72 ,legge1 ,! ,*9ese ,classics2 ,,b\lg]1 ,hi/ory ( ,*9a 7#ahha-hd72 ,?ornton1 ,hi/ory ( ,*9a4 ,,japan4--,! au!ntic hi/ory ( ,japan belongs ma9ly 9 ! mod]n p]iod1 s9ce ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! mo/ anci5t religion ( ,japan1 designat$ by a t]m :i* means ! way ( ! gods1 includ$ a v>iety ( objects ( wor%ip1--gods1 deifi$ m51 ! mikados1 or *ief rul]s1 reg>d$ z ! sons ( heav51 animals1 plants1 etc4 ,unque/ion+ ob$i5ce to ! mikado 0 ! prim>y religi\s duty4 ,x 0 a /ate-religion4 ,buddhism1 br\ght into ! c\ntry 9 #eeb ,a4,d41 spread1 & became preval5t4 ,! ,japanese are a mix$ race4 ,kito & ! adjac5t prov9ces are said to h be5 occupi$ by ! conqu]ors4 ,prior to #ffj ,b4,c4 we h no tru/wor?y hi/ory ( ! isl&4 ,?is is ! date assign$ by ! ,japanese to _! h]o1 ,jimmu ,t5no1 ! fir/ mikado1 ! f\nd] ( an unbrok5 l9e4 ,= sev]al c5turies1 h[ev]1 ! hi/ory is op5 to "q4 ,! t5? mikado1 ,suj91 is not$ z a re=m]1 & promot] ( civilization4 ,an uncr[n$ pr9cess1 ,j+u-,kogo 7#bja-bfi ,a4,d471 is fam\s = h] milit>y pr[ess4 ,%e suppress$ a rebellion1 & subdu$ ,corea4 ,oj91 a celebrat$ w>rior1 is /ill wor%ip$ z a god ( w>4 ,! introduction ( ,*9ese lit]ature & civilization at ?is p]iod1 makes a turn+-po9t 9 ,japanese hi/ory4 ,,lit]ature4--,j4 ,j4 ,,re91 ,japan3 ,travels & ,rese>*es1 vol4 ,i4 7#ahha72 ,e4 ,j4 ,re$1 ,japan 7#b vols41 #ahhj72 ,siebold1 ,nippon 7#e vols4 #daj1 & plates72 ,kampf]1 ,hi/ory ( ,japan 7#b vols4 fol41 #agbh72 ,encycl4 ,brit41 ,art4 ,japan4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,india4 ,india is ! c5tral "o ( ! ?ree great p59sulas ( ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,on ! nor? is ! m\nta9\s region ( ! ,himalayas1 bel[ :i* are ! va/ & f]tile riv] pla9s1 wat]$ by ! ,indus1 ! ,ganges1 & o!r /reams4 ,on ! s\?1 sep>at$ f ! ,ganges by ! ,v9dhy range1 is ! hilly & m\nta9\s tract call$ ! ,deccan4 ,,! ,,aryan ,,invad]s4--,! hi/ory ( ,india op5s ) glimpses ( a /ruggle on ! bord]s ( ! great riv]s1--fir/ ( ! ,indus & !n ( ! ,ganges1--betwe5 an invad+ race1 ! ,sanskrit-speak+ ,aryans f ! nor?-we/1 & ! dusky aborig9es4 ,^! rude native tribes h left few relics b _! tombs4 ,be=e !y t5ant$ ! soil1 !re dwelt ^u x /ill e>li] inhabitants1 ^: implem5ts 7 ( /one or bronze4 ,! incom+ p ref]r$ to above 7 ( t ,indo-,european /ock to :i* we belong4 ,f _! home1 p]haps 9 c5tral ,asia1 !y mov$ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,a "p built up ! ,p]sian k+dom2 ano!r portion migrat$ f>!r1 & 7 ! prog5itors ( ! ,greek nation2 & a ?ird f\nd$ ,rome4 ,! ,indian ,aryans migrat$ s\?w>d f ! headwat]s ( ! ,oxus at "s "t prior1 d\btless1 to #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,our k ( !m is d]iv$ f _! anci5t sacr$ books1 ! ,v$as2 ( ^! ! olde/1 ! ,rig-,v$a1 conta9s t5 hundr$ & sev5te5 lyrics1 *iefly address$ to ! gods4 ,its cont5ts 7 compos$ :ile ! ,aryans dwelt ^u ! ,indus1 & :ile !y 7 on _! way to ! neighborhood ( ! ,ganges4 ,! ,rig-,v$a1 !re=e1 exhibits ?is p 9 _! e>lie/ /age ( religi\s & social developm5t4 ,!y 7 h]dsm51 b ) a m>tial _s1 :i* enabl$ !m by degrees to drive out ! native tribes1 & compel !m to take refuge 9 ! m\nta9s on ! nor?1 or on ! great s\!rn plateau4 ,among !m wom5 7 held 9 respect1 & m>riage 0 sacr$4 ,!re are beautiful hymns writt5 by ladies & que5s4 ,no su* cruel cu/om z ! burn+ ( wid[s exi/$3 x 0 ( f> lat] orig94 ,!y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! metals4 ,among !m 7 blacksmi?s1 copp]smi?s1 goldsmi?s1 c>p5t]s1 & o!r artisans4 ,!y f\ght f *>iots1 b _h n come to employ elephants 9 w>4 ,!y 7 settl$ 9 villages & 9 t[ns4 ,m5tion is made ( %ips1 or riv]-boats1 z 9 use among !m4 ,!y ate beef1 & drank a sort ( f]m5t$ be] made f ! soma plant4 ,,! ,,v$ic ,,religion4--,! e>ly religion ( ! ,indian ,aryans 0 q diff]5t f ! sy/em t grew up lat] among !m4 ,we d n f9d 9 x ! dreamy pan!ism t appe>s aft]w>ds4 ,x is *e]ful 9 its tone1 q 9 contra/ ) ! gloomy asceticism :i* is /amp$ on x 9 aft] times4 ,! head ( ea* family is prie/ 9 8 own h\sehold4 ,x is only ! great tribal sacrifice :i* is (f]$ by prie/s set ap>t = ! s]vice4 ,! wor%ip is poly!i/ic1 b n )\t t5d5cies to mono!ism4 ,! pr9cipal div9ities are ! p[]s ( nature4 ,! deities 7deva7 7 ! heav5ly or ! %9+ ones4 ,x 0 ! beautiful ph5om5on ( light :i* fir/ & mo/ p[]fully sway$ ! ,aryan m9d4 ,! *ief gods 7 ! ,fa!r-heav52 ,indra1 ! god ( ?und] & ( ra91 f :om ! refre%+ %[]s desc5d$2 ,v>una1 ! encompass+ sky2 & ,agni1 ! god ( fire4 ,among ^! ,indra1 f 8 b5efic5ce1 m & m attract$ wor%ip4 ,soma1 too1 0 wor%ip$2 soma be+ orig9ally ! intoxicat+ juice ( a plant4 ,brihaspati1 ! "l ( pray]1 p]sonify+ ! omnipres5t p[] ( pray]1 0 ador$4 ,?irty-?ree gods 9 all 7 invok$4 ,! bodies ( ! dead 7 consum$ on ! fun]al-pile4 ,! s\l surviv$ ! body1 b ! lat] doctr9e ( transmigration 0 unkn[n4 ,all ! attributes ( sov]eign p[] & maje/y 7 collect$ 9 ,v>una4 ,no "o c fa?om him1 b he sees & kn[s all4 ,he is ! uphold] ( ord]2 j1 yet ! disp5s] ( grace1 & m]ciful to ! p5it5t4 ,wor%ip is made up ( oblations & pray]s4 ,x mu/ be s9c]e4 ,! gods w n tol]ate deceit4 ,!y require fai?4 ,( ! la/ ?+s & ! la/ times ! ,rig-,v$a h>dly speaks4 ,! ,v$ic hymns h mu* to say ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 b little1 except 9 ! la/ book1 ( ! f9al issues4 ,!re are f\r ,v$as1--! ,rig-,v$a1 :i* has ! body ( hymns2 ! ,yajur-,v$a1 9 :i* ! prescrib$ =mulas to be us$ 9 acts ( sacrifice are collect$2 ! ,sama-,v$a1 conta9+ ! *ants2 & ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 a collection ( hymns1 9 "p ( a lat] date4 ,besides1 ea* ,v$a conta9s1 z a second "p1 "o or m ,brhmanas1 or prose treatises on ! c]emonial sy/em4 ,9 addition1 !re are !ological works supplem5t>y1 & ( lat] orig91--! int]m$iate ,aranyakas1 & ! ,upani%ads1 :i* are ( a speculative ca/4 ,n only is nature--m\nta9s1 riv]s1 trees1 etc4--p]sonifi$ 9 ! ,v$as3 ! animals--z ! c[1 ! horse1 ! dog1 ev5 ! app>atus ( wor%ip1 ! w>-*>iot1 ! pl[1 & ! furr[--are address$ 9 pray]4 ,! sacrificial fire is deifi$ 9 ,agni1 ! sacrificial dr9k 9 ,soma4 ,indra has = 8 body-gu>ds ! ,m>uts1 gods ( ! /orm & lightn+4 ,he is a w>like god1 /&+ 9 8 *>iot1 b also a b5efic5t giv] ( all good gifts4 ,v>una is ! god ( ! va/ lum9\s heav5s1 9 _! s]5e maje/y4 ,indra1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5ts ! atmosph]e 9 its active & militant en]gy4 ,! numb] ( ! gods is v>i\sly giv54 ,9 passages1 !y are said to be _m ?\s&s4 ,,rites4--,!re is no hi]>*y among ! gods4 ,b !re is a t5d5cy to confuse ! attributes ( ! diff]5t div9ities4 ,occasionally1 = ! "t be+1 "o eclipses all ! re/1 & is address$ z if all o!rs 7 =gott54 ,!re is sometimes a t5d5cy to reg>d !m z all "o1 "u diff]5t names4 ,b ?is t5d5cy develops itself lat]4 ,(f]+s consi/$ ( rice1 cakes1 soma1 etc4 ,victims also 7 sacrific$1 ! horse especially2 also ! goat1 ! buffalo1 & o!r animals4 ,sacrifice pur*ases ! gifts & favor ( ! gods4 ,x is an expression ( gratitude & dep5d5ce4 ,x has1 moreov]1 a deep1 my/]i\s en]gy ( an almo/ magical "*4 ,,! ,,aryans ,,on ,,! ,,ganges4--,lat]1 b e>li] ?an #ajjj ,b4,c41 we f9d t ! ,aryan invad]s h mov$ onw>d 9 _! c>e] ( conque/1 & h plant$ !mselves on ! pla9s ( ! ,ganges4 ,a m>vel\s trans=mation has tak5 place 9 _! social con/itution1 _! religion1 & 9 _! g5]al _s4 ,! ca/e sy/em has sprung up1 ( :i* !re are few traces 9 ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,9 ! fir/ or l[e/ ( ^! di/9ct classes are ! ,sudras1 or despis$ s]fs1 :o are ! subjugat$ aborig9es2 ! second1 or next high]1 class is compos$ ( ! till]s ( ! soil1 :o are ( a l[] rank ?an ! ?ird1 ! w>rior ca/e4 ,^!1 9 turn1 fall bel[ ! ,brahmans1 or prie/s1 :o1 z rites ( wor%ip grew m complicat$1 & sup]/ition increas$1 ga9$1 ?\gh n )\t a /ruggle1 a complete asc5d5cy4 ,?is m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! sac]dotal era4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! f>m] ca/e 0 to decrease1 until1 9 mod]n times1 9 v>i\s prov9ces !y are h>dly f\nd4 ,! supremacy ( ! ,brahmans 0 l>gely ow+ to _! em95ce z ! great lit]>y ca/e4 ,!y arose out ( ! families by :om ! hymns _h be5 compos$1 & :o manag$ ! tribal sacrifices4 ,!y alone und]/ood ! language ( ! hymns & ! ritual4 ,brahman1 9 ! e>lie/ ,v$a1 signifies a wor%ip]4 ,,brahm9ical ,,pan!ism4--,! poly!ism ( ! e>li] type ( religion 0 conv]t$ into pan!ism4 ,brahma1 ! supreme be+1 is imp]sonal1 ! et]nal s\rce ( all ?+s1 f :i* all f9ite be+s--gods1 nature1 & m5--emanate4 ,x is by emanation1--an outfl[ analog\s to t ( a /ream f its f\nta91 9 di/9ction f creation1 imply+ w & self-consci\sness1--t all d]iv$ exi/5ces em]ge into be+4 ,) ?is doctr9e 0 connect$ ! belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,all animat$ be+s1 includ+ plants z well z animals1 p>take ( ! univ]sal life :i* has its orig9 & seat 9 ,brahma4 ,ali5ation f ,brahma1 f9ite1 individual be+1 is evil4 ,to "w ! way back to ,brahma is ! great aim & hope4 ,absorption 9 ,brahma1 return to ! primeval ess5ce1 is ! supreme good4 ,! suff]+s ( ! pres5t are ! p5alty ( s9s committ$ 9 a pre-exi/5t /ate4 ,if !y are n purg$ away1 ! s\l is condemn$ to be embodi$ aga9 & aga91--x may be1 9 "s repulsive animal4 ,?is process ( metempsy*osis might be repeat$ f> into ! indef9ite future4 ,) ! doctr9e ( ,brahma & ( transmigration 0 connect$ ! feel+ t all life is sacr$4 ,! ,brahman sp>$ ev5 trees & plants f de/ruction4 ,pollution or defilem5t might be contract$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,!re grew out ( ^! ideas ( s91 rigor\s p5ances1 mo/ pa9ful =ms ( self-torm5t4 ,x 0 only by practices ( ?is sort t !re 0 hope ( avoid+ ! retribution s mu* dread$4 ,,! ,,brahm9ical ,,codes4--,! pr9cipal ( ^! codes is ! ,laws ( ,manu4 ,manu 0 imag9$ to be ! fir/ human be+1 conceiv$ ( z a sage4 ,?is code is a dige/ compil$ by ! prie/s at a date unkn[n1 b compris+ 9 x mat]ials ( a v high antiquity4 ,h5ce1 :ile exhibit+ ,brahmanism 9 its matur] =m1 x af=ds glimpses ( society at a mu* e>li] date4 ,a second code 0 compil$ n e>li] ?an ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,^! codes pres5t ,h9du law "u ?ree heads3 7#a7 dome/ic & civil rights & duties1 7#b7 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 7#c7 purification & p5ance4 ,9 tru?1 ! codes prescribe regulations = e dep>tm5t ( life4 ,! obligations ( k+s1 ( ,brahmans1 & ( e o!r class1 are def9$ 9 detail4 ,"o motive t is kept 9 view is to set =? & =tify ! special privileges ( ! ,brahm9ical ord]4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,brahm9s4--,9 process ( "t1 comm5t>ies on ! ,v$as 7 multipli$4 ,discord arose 9 ! int]pretation ( ! sacr$ books4 ,out ( ?is debate & confusion !re em]g$1 9 ! sev5? & six? c5turies ,b4,c41 sev]al philosophical sy/ems4 ,^! aim$ to give peace to ! s\l by emancipat+ x f ! bondage ( matt]1 & by imp>t+ a s5se ( indep5d5ce ( ! body & ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,^! old philosophies are pres]v$ 9 ! ,upani%ads1 or ,in/ructions4 ,! ma9 idea 9 ^! div]se sy/ems--! ,sankhya1 ! ,v$anta1 etc4--is1 t ! s\l's notion ( itself z sep>ate f ! supreme1 imp]sonal be+1 is ! fall5 /ate4 ,?is duality mu/ be ov]come4 ,consci\s ( its id5tity ) ! ,supreme1 ! s\l ent]s into yoga1 or ! /ate ( unison ) ! ,inf9ite4 ,he :o is ?us tak5 away f ! illusions ( s5se1 or ! yog91 is free f ! p[] ( ?+s p]i%able4 ,dea? br+s a complete absorption into ! s\rce ( all be+4 ,x is ! bliss ( p]sonal ext9ction4 ,?is sort ( philosophy atta*$ great value to contemplation & self-r5unciation4 ,x l$ to a light e/eem ( ritual practices & c]emonies4 ,,buddhism4 ,! ,brahm9ical sy/em has n ceas$ to ma9ta9 its supremacy 9 ,india s9ce ! "t :5 x 0 pres5t$ to view 9 ! law-codes4 ,b x has n escap$ alt]ation & attack4 ,new movem5ts1 religi\s & political1 h appe>$ to modify its "*4 ,( ^!1 ,buddhism is by f> ! mo/ memorable4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,buddha4--,( ! life ( ,buddha we h only leg5d>y in=mation1 :]e x is impossible to sep>ate fact f romance4 ,! date ( 8 dea? 0 betwe5 #dhb & #dgb ,b4,c4 ,he 0 !n old4 ,he belong$ to ! family ( ,gautamas1 :o 7 said to be ( ! royal l9e ( ! kyas1 a clan hav+ its seat ab\t a hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 miles nor? ( ,b5>es4 ,! /ory is1 t1 br\ght up 9 luxury1 & de/9$ to reign1 he 0 s /ruck ) ! mis]ies ( mank9d1 t1 at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e1 he left 8 p>5ts1 8 "y wife1 & an only son1 & retir$ to a solit>y life to m$itate ^u ! cause ( human suff]+4 ,f ,brahm9ical tea*]s he c\ld obta9 no solution ( ! problem4 ,b aft] sev5 ye>s ( m$itation & /ruggle1 dur+ :i* sore temptations to return to a life ( s5se & ( ease 7 successfully resi/$1 he atta9$ to tru? & to peace4 ,= =ty-f\r ye>s aft] ?is he is said to h promulgat$ 8 doctr9e1 ga!r+ ab\t him disciples1 :om he *>g$ ) ! duty ( spread+ x abroad4 ,,! ,,buddhi/ic ,,doctr9e4--,buddhism 0 n a di/9ct revolt aga9/ ! reign+ sy/em ( religion4 ,buddha left !ology to ! ,brahmans4 ,indra1 ,agni1 & ! o!r div9ities1 & ! s]vices r5d]$ to !m1 he left unt\*$4 ,be+ an an*orite1 he 0 n requir$ to conc]n himself ) ! rites & obs]vances 9 :i* o!rs took "p4 ,8 aim 0 practical4 ,8 doctr9e1 ?\gh re/+ on a !oretical basis1 0 prop\nd$ simply z a way ( salvation f ! burd5s t oppress$ ! s\ls ( m54 ,nor did he und]take a w>f>e aga9/ ca/e4 ,! bless+ ( deliv]ance f ! woes ( life he op5$ to all )\t di/9ction4 ,?is 0 ! limit ( 8 opposition to ca/e4 ,,! ,,road ,,to ,,nirvana4--,buddha taught1 7#a7 t exi/5ce is always att5d$ ) mis]y2 7#b7 t all modes ( mis]y result f passion1 or desire unsatisfi$2 7#c7 t desire mu/ be qu5*$2 7#d7 t !re are f\r /eps 9 do+ ?is1 & ?us ( arriv+ at ,,nirvana1 :i* is ! /ate 9 :i* self is lo/ & absorb$1 & vani%es f be+4 ,^! f\r ways are 7#a7 ! awak5+ to a p]ception ( ! nature & cause ( evil1 z ?us def9$2 7#b7 ! consequ5t qu5*+ ( impure & rev5geful feel+s2 7#c7 ! /ifl+ ( all o!r evil desires1 also riddance f ignorance1 d\bt1 h]esy1 unk9dl9ess1 & vexation2 7#d7 ! entrance into ,nirvana1 soon] or lat]1 aft] dea?4 ,! great boon :i* ,buddha held out 0 escape f ! horrors ( transmigration4 ,he attribut$ to ! s\l no sub/antial exi/5ce4 ,x is ! ,k>ma1 or ano!r be+1 ! successor ( "o :o dies1 ! result & effect ( all t he 01 :o re-appe>s 9 case ( transmigration4 ,buddhism involv$ a!ism1 & ! d5ial ( p]sonal immortality1 or1 :]e ?is la/ t5et 0 n explicitly d5i$1 unc]ta9ty & indiff]5ce respect+ x4 ,on ! f\ndation ( ,buddha's tea*+1 !re grew up a va/ sy/em ( mona/icism1 ) ascetic usages n less burd5some ?an ! yoke ( ca/e4 ,! attractive feature ( ,buddhism 0 its moral precepts4 ,^! 7 *iefly an inculcation ( *a/ity1 pati5ce1 & compassion2 ! unresi/+ endurance ( all ills2 sympa?y & effici5t help = all m54 ,,deification ,,( ,,buddha4--,by ! pupils ( ,buddha he 0 glorifi$4 ,he 0 plac$ among ! ,brahm9ical gods1 by :om he 0 s]v$4 ,a multitude ( cloi/]s 7 erect$ 9 8 honor1 9 :i* 8 relics 7 believ$ to be pres]v$4 ,on ! basis ( ! simpl] doctr9e & precepts ( ! f\nd]1 !re accumulat$ a mass ( sup]/iti\s beliefs & obs]vances4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,buddhism4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,buddha1 x is said t 8 disciples1 to ! numb] ( five hundr$1 assembl$1 & divid$ 8 tea*+ into ?ree bran*es1--8 own words1 8 rules ( discipl9e1 & 8 sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,dur+ ! next two c5turies ,buddhism spread ov] nor!rn ,india4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ag5ts 9 its diffusion 0 ,asoka1 ! k+ ( ,beh>1 :o 0 conv]t$ to ! ,buddhi/ic fai?1 & publi%$ its t5ets ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,8 edicts1 9 :i* !y 7 set =?1 7 engrav$ on rocks & pill>s & 9 caves4 ,he organiz$ mission>y ef=ts among ! aborig9es1 us+ only peaceful means1 & comb9+ ! heal+ ( disease1 & o!r =ms ( philan?ropy1 ) prea*+4 ,he c>ri$ ! ,buddhi/ic fai? z f> z ,ceylon4 ,x spread ov] ,burmah 7#dej ,a4,d474 ,siam 0 conv]t$ 7#fch ,a4,d471 & ,java betwe5 ! fif? & sev5? c5turies ( our era4 ,?r\gh ,c5tral ,asia ! ,buddhi/ic mission>ies pass$ into ,*9a 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & ,buddhism became an e/abli%$ sy/em !re z e>ly z #fe ,a4,d4 ,at pres5t1 ?is religion numb]s among its pr(ess$ adh]5ts m ?an a ?ird ( ! human race4 ,,! ,,brahm9ical ,,re-,,action4--,9 ,india ,buddhism did n supplant ! old religion4 ,! ,brahmans modifi$ _! sy/em4 ,!y made _! !ology m pla9 to ! popul> appreh5sion4 ,!y took up ,buddhi/ic speculations into _! sy/em4 ,b !y r5d]$ _! c]emonial practices m complex & m burd5some4 ,_! ascetic rule grew to be m exact+ & oppressive4 ,9 diffus+ & mak+ popul> _! sy/em1 cu/oms1 l ! burn+ ( wid[s1 7 introduc$1 :i* 7 n kn[n 9 previ\s times4 ,! div9ities1 ,brahma1 ! au?or ( all ?+s1 ,vi%nu ! pres]v]1 & ,siva ! de/roy]1 7 br\ght into a relation to "o ano!r1 z a sort ( triad4 ,successive inc>nations ( ,vi%nu became an article ( ! cre$1 ,kri%na be+ "o ( 8 inc>nate names4 ,= c5turies ,brahmanism & ,buddhism exi/$ toge!r4 ,gradually ,buddhism decay$1 & melt$ into ! old] sy/em2 help+ to modify its "*1 & ?us to give rise to mod]n ,h9duism4 ,= t5 c5turies ,buddhism1 ) multitud9\s adh]5ts abroad1 has _h no exi/5ce 9 ! l& ( its bir?4 ,,! ,,greek-,,roman ,,p]iod4--,9 #cbg ,b4,c41 ,alex&] ! ,great advanc$ 9 8 victori\s c>e] z f> z ,india1 ent]$ ! ,punjab1 :i* 0 !n divid$ among petty k+doms1 & defeat$ "o ( ! k+s1 ,porus1 :o disput$ ! passage ( ! riv] ,jhelum4 ,! heat ( ! climate & ! reluctance ( 8 troops caus$ ! ,mac$onian invad] to turn back f 8 orig9al design ( p5etrat+ to ! ,ganges4 ,ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! five riv]s he built a t[n1 ,alex&ria4 ,he f\nd$1 also1 o!r t[ns1 e/abli%$ alliances1 & left g>risons4 ,on ! dea? ( ,alex&] 7#cbc ,b4,c47 & ! division ( 8 empire1 ,bactria & ,india fell to ! lot ( ,seleucus ,nicator1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,syrian mon>*y4 ,ab\t ?is "t a new k+dom grew up 9 ! valley ( ! ,ganges1 "u ! auspices ( ,*&ra ,gupti1 a native4 ,aft] v>i\s conflicts1 ,seleucus c$$ ! ,greek settlem5ts 9 ! ,punjab to ?is pr9ce1 to :om he gave 8 daught] 9 m>riage4 ,! successors ( ,seleucus s5t ,grco-,bactrian exp$itions into ,india4 ,?us ,greek sci5ce & ,greek art ex]t$ a p]ceptible influ5ce 9 ,h9du/an4 ,dur+ ! fir/ six c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,scy?ian hordes p\r$ d[n into nor!rn ,india4 ,!y 7 /\tly resi/$1 b effect$ settlem5ts1 & made conque/s4 ,! ev5ts z well z ! dates ( ! long /ruggle are obscure4 ,! non-,aryan races ( ,india1 bo? on ! nor? & on ! s\? ( ! ,ganges1 _m ( :om receiv$ ! ,buddhi/ic fai?1 7 n )\t a m>k$ influ5ce--! precise l9es ( :i* x is difficult to trace--^u ! hi/ory & life ( ,india dur+ ! p]iod ( ,greek & ,scy?ic occupation & w>f>e4 ,! ,dravidian p 9 s\!rn ,india1 made up ( non-,aryans1 numb] at pres5t =ty-six millions4 ,,lit]ature4--,mill's ,hi/ory ( ,india 7,wilson's edition1 #i vols472 ,,moni] ,,williams1 ,indian ,wisdom2 ,max ,mll]'s ,hi/ory ( ,sanskrit ,lit]ature2 ,,e>?',s ,! ,religions ( ,india1 #ahhb2 ,encycl4 ,brit41 ,arts4 ,india1 ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,gr\p ,,( ,,nations4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,egypt4 ,,! ,,l& ,,& ,,! ,,p4--,:5 ! curta9 t hides ! f> di/ant pa/ is lift$1 we f9d 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile a p ( a d>k color1 t+$ ) r$1 & a peculi> physiognomy1 :o _h long exi/$ !re4 ,( _! beg9n+s1 !re is no record4 ,x is n likely t !y came d[n ! riv] f ! s\?1 z "s h ?\ght2 m probably !y 7 ( ,asiatic orig94 ,_! language1 ?\gh x c]ta9ly %[s aff9ities ) ! ,semitic tongues 9 its gramm>1 is utt]ly dissimil> 9 its vocabul>y3 its mod]n desc5dant is ! ,coptic1 no long] a spok5 dialect4 ,! ,egyptians 7 ( ! ,caucasian v>iety1 b n :ite l ! ,lybians on ! we/4 ,on ! ea/ 7 tribes ( a yell[i% complexion & v>i\s l9eage1 belong+ to ! num]\s p :om ! ,egyptians designat$ z ,amu4 ,on ! s\?1 9 :at 0 call$ ,e?iopia1 0 a negro p2 &1 also beyond !m & ea/w>d1 a dusky race1 ( totally diff]5t orig91 a bran* ( ! widely diffus$ ,cu%ites4 ,,! ,,nile3 ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry4--,egypt 7/yl$ by its anci5t inhabitants1 f ! color ( ! soil deposit$ by ! ,nile1 ,kem or ! ,black ,l&1 & by ! ,hebrews call$ ,mizraim7 is ! creation ( ! great riv]4 ,egypt1 says ,h]odotus1 is ! gift ( ! ,nile2 & ?is is n only true1 z ! hi/orian meant x1 physically1 because x is ! ,nile t rescu$ ! l& f ! arid wa/e by :i* x is bord]$2 b ! c\rse ( ,egyptian hi/ory--! occupations1 habits1 & religion ( ! p--0 l>gely det]m9$ by ! *>act]i/ics ( ! riv]4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,nile h _h 9 all ages ! fasc9ation ( my/]y1 & h be5 a fruitful !me = conjecture4 ,x 0 res]v$ = mod]n explor]s to asc]ta9 t x takes its rise 9 equatorial ,africa1 9 ! two great lakes1 ! ,alb]t & ,victoria ,nyanzas4 ,f t region1 f$ by few tribut>ies1 x fl[s to ! ,m$it]ranean1 a di/ance ( two ?\s& miles1 b breaks1 z x ne>s ! sea1 into two ma9 & sev]al m9or arms4 ,^! spread fruitfulness ov] ! broad pla9 call$1 f its %ape1 ! ,delta4 ,above ! ,delta ! fr+e ( productive l& has a wid? ( only a few miles on ei!r side ( ! /ream4 ,its f]tility is due to ! ye>ly inundation :i*1 z ! effect ( ! ra9fall ( ,abyss9ia1 beg9s e>ly 9 ,july1 & t]m9ates 9 ,novemb]1 :5 ! riv]1 hav+ sl[ly ris5 9 ! int]val to an av]age height ( tw5ty-?ree or tw5ty-f\r feet1 rea*es 9 its gradual desc5t ! ord9>y level4 ,?is n>r[ belt ( t]ritory1 annually enri*$ ) a lay] ( f]tile mud1 is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! b>r5 regions1 p>*$ by ! sun1 on ei!r side1 ) ! long *a9 ( ,arabian m\nta9s t adjo9 x on ! ea/1 & ) ! l[ hills ( ! ,lybian des]t on ! we/4 ,by dikes1 canals1 & res]voirs1 ! b5efic5t riv] f ! mo/ anci5t times has be5 made to irrigate ! l& above1 :]e are ! t[ns & dwell+s ( ! p1 & ?us to ext5d & keep up its unrival$ f]tility4 ,! c\ntry ( old 0 divid$ into two p>ts1--,upp] ,egypt1 z x is n[ call$1 ) ,!bes = its pr9cipal city1 ext5d+ f ! fir/ cat>act1 ne> ,sy5e1 to ! ,memphian di/rict2 & ,l[] ,egypt1 embrac+ ! re/ ( ! c\ntry on ! nor?1 includ+ ! ,delta4 ,! two divisions 7 m>k$ by diff]5ces ( dialect & ( cu/oms4 ,! c\ntry 0 fur!r divid$ into nomes1 or di/ricts1 ab\t =ty 9 all1 b v>y+ 9 numb] at diff]5t times4 ,!y 7 p>t$ f "o ano!r by b\nd>y /ones4 ,ea* _h its own civil organization1 a capital1 & a c5t] ( wor%ip4 ,,e>ly ,,culture4--,at a f> remote day1 !re exi/$ 9 ,l[] ,egypt an advanc$ type ( culture4 ,sepul*]s1 ) _! inscriptions & sculptures1 7 made ( s solid mat]ial t !y h rema9$ to te/ify to ?is fact4 ,:5 ! pyramids 7 built1 me*anical skill 0 highly develop$1 ,egyptian art _h rea*$ a po9t beyond :i* x sc>cely advanc$1 & ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t _h atta9$ sub/antially to ! =m 9 :i* x cont9u$ to exi/4 ,! use ( writ+1 ! division ( ! ye>1 ! beg9n+s ( ! sci5ces & ( lit]ature1 are f\nd 9 ?is e>lie/ p]iod4 ,egyptian culture1 z f> z we c det]m9e1 0 n borr[$4 ,x 0 a native product4 ,! e>lie/ p]iod 0 ! p]iod ( mo/ gr[?4 ,! prevail+ t5d5cy 0 to cry/allize all arts & cu/oms into def9ite1 e/abli%$ =ms1 & to subject e ?+ to fix$ rules4 ,! desire to pres]ve :at _h be5 ga9$ ov]ma/]$ ! impulses to progress3 individuality & ent]prise 7 blight$ by an excessive _s ( cons]vatism4 ,moreov]1 ! culture ( ! ,egyptians nev] dis5gag$ itself f its connection ) e-day practical ne$s1 or ! mat]ial _s t lay at its root4 ,!y did n1 l ! ,greeks1 so> into ! atmosph]e ( !oretical sci5ce & speculation4 ,!y did n break loose f ! fett]s ( tradition4 ,,! ,,hi]oglyphics4--,we owe our k ( anci5t ,egypt *iefly to hi]oglyphical writ+4 ,! hi]oglyphs1 except ^? d5ot+ numb]s1 7 pictures ( objects4 ,! writ+ is ( ?ree k9ds4 ,! fir/1 ! hi]oglyphical1 is compos$ ( lit]al pictures1 z a circle1 ,o1 = ! sun1 a curv$ l9e = ! moon1 a po9t$ oval = ! m\?4 ,! second sort ( *>act]s1 ! hi]atic1 & ! ?ird1 ! demotic1 are curtail$ pictures1 :i* c ?us be writt5 m rapidly4 ,!y are seldom se5 on ! monum5ts1 b are ! writ+ g5]ally f\nd on ! papyrus rolls or manuscripts4 ,!y are writt5 f "r to left4 ,! hi]oglyphs prop] may be writt5 ei!r way1 or 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e4 ,9 ! demotic1 or p's writ+1 ! *>act]s are some:at m curtail$1 or abridg$1 ?an 9 ! hi]atic1 or prie/ly1 /yle4 ,!re 7 f\r me?ods ( us+ ! hi]oglyphics 9 hi/orical times4 ,fir/1 !re 7 ! prim>y1 repres5tational *>act]s1 ! lit]al pictures4 ,secondly1 ! *>act]s 7 us$ figuratively1 z symbols4 ,?us a circle1 ,o1 meant n only ! sun1 b also day2 ! cresc5t d5ot$ n only ! moon1 b also a mon?2 a p5 & ink/& signifi$ writ+1 etc4 ,s "o object 0 sub/itut$ = ano!r analog\s to x1--z ! picture ( a boot 9 a trap1 :i* /ood = deceit4 ,a conv5tional emblem1 too1 might repres5t ! object4 ,?us1 ! hawk d5ot$ ! sun1 two wat]-plants meant ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,?irdly1 hi]oglyphics 7 us$ z det]m9atives4 ,t is1 an object w\ld be d5ot$ by lett]s 79 a way t we %all soon expla971 & a picture be add$ to det]m9e1 or make cle>1 :at 0 meant4 ,aft] prop] names1 !y designat$ ! sex2 aft] ! names ( o!r classes1 z animals1 !y specifi$ ! p>ticul> g5us4 ,f\r?ly1 ! bulk ( ! hi]oglyphs are phonetic4 ,!y /& = s\nds4 ,! picture /ood = ! initial s\nd ( ! "n ( ! object depict$4 ,?us ! picture ( an eagle1 akhm1 repres5t$ ,a4 ,un=tunately1 num]\s objects 7 employ$ = a l purpose1 to indicate ! same s\nd4 ,h5ce ! numb] ( *>act]s 0 multipli$4 ,! :ole numb] ( signs us$ 9 writ+ is n less ?an n9e hundr$ or a ?\s&4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,rosetta ,/one--a l>ge black slab ( /one--) an id5tical inscription 9 hi]oglyphics1 9 demotic & 9 ,greek1 furni%$ to ,*ampollion 7#ahaj7 & to ,"y ! clew to ! deciph]+ ( ! ,egyptian writ+1 & ?us ! key to ! s5se ( ! monum5tal inscriptions4 ,! ,egyptian manuscripts 7 made ( ! pi? ( ! byblus plant1 cut into /rips4 ,^! 7 laid side by side horizontally1 ) ano!r lay] ( /rips across !m2 ! two lay]s be+ unit$ by pa/e1 & subject$ to a heavy pressure4 ,! ,egyptians wrote ) a re$1 us+ black & r$ ink4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,k ,,( ,,egyptian ,,hi/ory4--,^! are 7#a7 ! inscriptions on ! monum5ts4 ,^!1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are commonly 9 praise ( ! dep>t$1 & ( _! a*ievem5ts4 7#b7 ,! li/ ( k+s 9 ! ,tur9 papyrus1 a v important ,egyptian manuscript1 discov]$ by ,*ampollion4 7#c7 ,mane?o4 ,an ,egyptian prie/1 he wrote1 ab\t #bej ,b4,c41 a hi/ory4 ,only 8 li/s ( dyna/ies are pres]v$ z giv5 9 an ,arm5ian v]sion ( ,eusebius1 a writ] ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & 9 ,george ,syncellus1 a writ] ( ! eigh? c5tury1 :o pr(ess$ to embody ! /atem5ts ( ,eusebius & ( ano!r au?or1 ,julius ,africanus1 probably ( ! second c5tury1 :o _h also quot$ ! li/s ( ,mane?o4 ,mane?o is ( great importance2 b we d n "k accurately :at 8 orig9al text 01 x be+ s diff]5tly report$4 ,8 details frequ5tly cla% ) ! monum5ts4 ,moreov]1 ! me?od adopt$ by him 9 mak+ 8 li/s is1 9 ess5tial po9ts1 subject to d\bt4 7#d7 ,! ,greek hi/orians4 ,h]odotus _h visit$ ,egypt 7betwe5 #dfj & #dej ,b4,c471 & conf]r$ ) ,egyptian prie/s4 ,diodorus1 also1 9 ! "t ( ,julius ,caes>1 _h visit$ ,egypt4 ,he is l>gely a copyi/ ( ,h]odotus4 7#e7 ,! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"h we h _m in/ructive ref]5ces to ,egypt4 ,b1 until ,rehoboam1 ! k+s ( ,egypt h 9 ! ,scriptures ! g5]al "n ( ,ph>aoh4 ,h5ce x is n always easy to id5tify !m ) correspond+ k+s on ! ,egyptian li/s4 ,,*ronology4--,! date ( ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,egyptian rul]s is a controv]t$ po9t2 !re are advocates ( a long] & ( a %ort] *ronology4 ,! data are n suffici5t to settle accurately ! que/ions 9 dispute4 ,"s judici\s s*ol>s put ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ dyna/y z e>ly z #ejjj ,b4,c42 o!rs h wi%$ to br+ x d[n ev5 l[] ?an #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,egyptian hi/ory1 prior to ! ,p]sian conque/ 7#ebe ,b4,c471 divides itself into ?ree sections1--! ,old ,empire1 hav+ its seat at ,memphis2 ! ,middle ,empire1 foll[+ ^u a p]iod ( /rife & division1 & embrac+ ! rule ( =eign invad]s1 ! ,hyksos2 & ! ,new ,empire1 ! era ( conque/1 by =eign p[]1 & ( d[nfall4 ,! exp$ition ( ,%i%ak1 k+ ( ,egypt1 aga9/ ,rehoboam1 is asc]ta9$1 f bo? ,egyptian & ,hebrew s\rces1 to h be5 n e>li] ?an #iga ,b4,c41 & )9 tw5ty-five ye>s ( t date4 ,! n9ete5? ,egyptian dyna/y began ab\t ! ye> #acej ,b4,c4 ,! ,middle ,empire is ?\ght by "s to h comm5c$ z e>ly z #bbjj ,b4,c42 by o!rs z late z #agbj ,b4,c4 ,:5 we g backw>d into ! ,old ,empire1 ! s\rces ( unc]ta9ty are multipli$4 ,! ma9 difficulty is to det]m9e :e!r ! li/s ( dyna/ies are consecutive ?r\gh\t1 or 9 "p contempor>y4 ,"o class ( s*ol>s place ! date ( ! fir/ hi/oric k+1 ,m5es1 two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s e>li] ?an ! po9t assign$ by ! o!r class6 ,! date ( ,m5es giv5 by ,bckh is #egjb ,b4,c42 by ,l5ormant1 #ejjd ,b4,c42 by ,brugs*1 #ddee ,b4,c42 by ,lepsius1 #cheb ,b4,c42 by ,buns51 #cfbc or #cjei ,b4,c42 ,e4 ,mey] makes #cahj ,b4,c4 ! l[e/ possible date = ,m5es2 #cbcc ,b4,c4 is ! date assign$ by ,dunck]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,r4 ,s4 ,poole gives #bgag ,b4,c42 ,wilk9son1 #bfia ,b4,c42 & ,g4 ,rawl9son1 betwe5 #bdej & #bbej ,b4,c4 ,!re are no means ( fully det]m9+ ! controv]sy1 z ,rawl9son has %[n 7,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ai74 ,x appe>s to be well asc]ta9$ t ,egyptian civilization 0 9 be+ at lea/ z f> back z ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 ,,! ,,political ,,sy/em4--,! bulk ( ! p 7 f>m]s & %eph]ds1 indispos$ to w>4 ,! l& 0 own$ 9 l>ge e/ates by ! nobles1 :o 7 possess$ ( multitudes ( s]fs & ( cattle4 ,!y _h 9 _! s]vice1 also1 artisans1 o>sm51 & traffick]s4 ,! c5t]s ( indu/ry 7 ! num]\s cities4 ,"h ! nobles _h _! mansions1 & ! gods _! temples ) ret9ues ( prie/s4 ,b ! ,nomes _h ea* its p>ticul> jurisdiction4 ,! traces ( two orig9al communities are pres]v$ 9 ! my?ological leg5ds & 9 ! titles ( ! k+s4 ,! olde/ inscriptions discov] to u a sy/ematic organization ( ! /ate4 ,! k+ is supreme3 "u him are ! rul]s ( ! two halves ( ! k+dom4 ,he creates ! army1 & appo9ts its g5]als4 ,! :ole /r5g? ( ! k+dom is giv5 to him = ! erection ( ! temples :i* he raises to ! gods1 or ( ! /up5d\s pyramid :i* is to =m 8 sepul*]4 ,! nobility make up 8 c\rt2 f !m he selects 8 *ief (fic]s ( /ate1--8 secret>y1 8 treasur]1 8 inspector ( qu>ries1 etc4 ,! pr9ces & pr9cesses are educat$ 9 connection ) ! *ildr5 ( ! highe/ nobles4 ,a body-gu>d protects ! mon>*3 he %[s himself to ! p only 9 /ately processions4 ,all :o approa* him pro/rate !mselves at 8 feet4 ,he is ! desc5dant ( ! gods4 ,! ,ph>aohs are ev5 look$ ^u z gods inc>nate4 ,!y are clo!d ) all p[] on e>?4 ,:5 !y die1 !y g to ! gods2 & rites ( wor%ip are in/itut$ = !m4 ,t !re 0 a well-ord]$ & effici5t civil adm9i/ration admits ( no d\bt4 ,:e!r !re exi/$ a ?rifty middle class or n we c n decide4 ,! t5d5cy 0 = ! *ild to foll[ ! vocation ( ! p>5t1 b !re 7 no rigid b>ri]s ( ca/e4 ,n until ! ,new ,empire1 0 !re an attempt to build up su* a wall ev5 ab\t ! prie/hood4 ,,! ,,religion4--,) ! ,egyptians1 religion 0 a matt] ( supreme & absorb+ int]e/4 ,!re 0 a popul> religion2 & !re arose e>ly1 9 connection ) x1 an esot]ic or secret doctr9e relative to ! gods & to ! leg5ds respect+ !m1--a lore t p]ta9$ especially to ! prie/hood4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! religi\s sy/em1 f ! e>lie/ date1 is poly!i/ic1 we h pro( t ! educat$ class1 soon] or lat]1 put a mono!i/ic int]pretation ^u x1 & believ$ 9 "o supreme deity1 ( :om all ! p>ticul> gods 7 s _m =ms & manife/ations1 or t "o be+ "u diff]5t names4 ,:e!r ?is m elevat$ fai? prec$$ ! reign+ sy/em1 or 0 a lat] (fspr+ ( x1 is a matt] ( dispute4 ,= a long p]iod ! two co-exi/$1 & )\t collision4 ,! great div9ities ( ,egypt are pre-em95tly gods ( light4 ,!y are associat$ ) ! ,,sun4 ,) ! ag5cy ( t lum9>y1 ) 8 ris+ & sett+1 !y /& 9 a close relation4 ,all ,egypt wor%ips ! sun "u ! names ( ,ra & ,horus4 ,horus is ! adv]s>y ( ,se? 7call$ ,typhon by ! ,greeks71 ! god ( d>kness1 & is born anew e morn+ to attack & conqu] him4 ,9 honor ( ,ra1 ! l(ty obelisks1 or symbols ( ! sun's rays1 are erect$1 ea* ( :i* has its own "n & prie/s4 ,) ! sun-gods are jo9$ ! goddesses ( ! heav5s1--,nut1 ,ha!r1 ,isis1 & o!rs4 ,b ,osiris became ! mo/ fam\s sun-god4 ,8 wor%ip 0 orig9ally at ,abydos & ,busiris4 ,at l5g? 8 cult spread ov] ! :ole l&4 ,9 ! leg5d1 he is murd]$ by ,se?2 b ,horus is 8 av5g]4 ,horus conqu]s ! p[] ( d>kness4 ,h5ce=w>d ,osiris reigns 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,we/1 ! home ( ! dead4 ,he is ! sun 9 ! realm ( ! %ades4 ,he receives ! dead1 is _! protector1 & ! judge ^: f9al aw>d is bless$ness or p]petual mis]y4 ,! dep>t$1 if _! lives h n be5 wick$1 become "o ) him4 ,!y are ea* ( !m call$ by 8 "n4 ,to ,osiris1 all sepul*ral inscriptions are address$4 ,8 c>e]1 ) ! victory ( ! p[] ( d>kness ov] him1 & 8 glori\s revival 9 ! regions ( ! ,we/1 typifies human life & de/9y4 ,! pr9cipal god at ,memphis is ,ptah1 ! primal div9ity1 ! =m] ( heav5 & e>?2 yet1 p]haps1 a god ( light1 s9ce he is /yl$ by ! ,greeks1 ,hephae/us4 ,at ,!bes1 ,ammon 0 rev]$ z ! k+ ( ! gods3 he %>$ 9 ! prop]ties ( ! sun4 ,?o? is ! *ief moon-god1 :o presides ov] ! reckon+ ( "t4 ,he is ! god ( lett]s & ( ! arts1 ! au?or ( sacr$ books4 ,! ,nile is wor%ip$ "u ! "n ( ,hapi1 be+ figur$ z a man ) p5d5t brea/s1 an emblem ( ! f]tility ( ! riv]4 ,! gods 7 (t5 connect$ 9 triads1 !re be+ 9 ea* a fa!r1 a "m1 & a son4 ,to br+ to !m ! "r (f]+s1 & to repeat ! "r =mulas1 0 a matt] ( mom5t\s conc]n4 ,homage 0 direct$ to ! mat]ial objects ) :i* ! activity ( ! god 0 ?\ght to be connect$1 & 9 :i* he 0 believ$ to be pres5t4 ,all nature 0 full ( deities4 ,!re 7 sacr$ trees1 /ones1 ut5sils4 ,above all1 animals1 9 _! my/]i\s life1 7 id5tifi$ ) ! div9ities4 ,wor%ip 0 (f]$ to ! crocodile1 ! cat1 ! bull1 etc4 ,9 ! temples ^! creatures 7 c>efully t5d$ & obsequi\sly s]v$4 ,,embalm+4--,believ+ t ! s\l survives dea?1 ! ,egyptians l9k$ its weal ) ! pres]vation ( ! body1 f :i* !y c\ld n conceive its de/9y to be :olly dissev]$4 ,?us arose ! univ]sal practice ( embalm+1 & ( pres5t+1 at int]vals1 (f]+s ( food & dr9k to ! dep>t$4 ,! tomb conta9s a room = sacr$ s]vices to ! dead4 ,! mo/ anci5t /ructures are sepul*]s4 ,!y 7 ! g]m ( ! pyramid1 9 :i* re/$ ! s>cophagus ( ! k+4 ,,religion ,,& ,,morality4--,! lead+ gods 7 held to be ! mak]s ( ! _w & ( m51 ! giv]s ( good1 ! rul]s & dispos]s ( all ?+s4 ,morality 0 n sep>at$ f religion4 ,! gods puni%$ unrighte\sness & inhumanity4 ,9 ! age ( ! pyramid-build]s1 family life 0 n want+ 9 purity2 ! wife & "m 0 held 9 respect3 monogamy prevail$4 ,ma-t 0 ! goddess ( tru?3 9 ! my? ( ,osiris1 x is 9 h] hall t ! dead are judg$4 ,,! ,,prie/s4--,! prie/s are ! gu>dians ( religi\s rites4 ,!y are acqua9t$ ) ! orig9 & import ( !m4 ,_! k is communicat$ only to select believ]s4 ,x 0 a body ( traditions1 gu>d$ z a my/]i\s treasure4 ,b ! prie/s1 c]ta9ly until a late p]iod1 d n control ! k+4 ,! civil au?ority is upp]mo/4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,sci5ce4--,! mo/ important ,egyptian book t has come d[n to u is ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,x relates1 9 a my/ical /ra91 ! adv5tures ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 & expla9s h[1 by recit+ ! names & titles ( numb]less gods1 & by means ( o!r !ological k1 ! s\l c make its way to ! hall ( ,osiris4 ,x is a monum5t ( ! p$antic & punctili\s =malism ( ! ,egyptian ritual4 ,mo/ ( ! papyri t h be5 pres]v$ are ( a religi\s "*4 ,!re are songs n void ( beauty4 ,! moral writ+s are ( a decid$ly high] grade4 ,works ( fiction are con/ruct$ ) consid]able skill1 & are sometimes n want+ 9 humor4 ,"s ( ! hymns are n de/itute ( m]it4 ,x c n be d\bt$ t !re 7 important ma!matical writ+s4 ,a/ronomical obs]vations 7 v e>ly made4 ,9 m$ic9e1 we h writ+s :i* prove t consid]able pr(ici5cy 0 atta9$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,b "h1 z 9 o!r bran*es1 ! _s 0 empirical r ?an sci5tific 9 ! high] s5se2 & ! result 0 to petrify k 9 an unalt]able =m4 ,at l5g? rules ( m$ical treatm5t1 ) specific rem$ies1 7 def9itely settl$1 f :i* x 0 a crime aga9/ ! /ate to deviate4 ,,! ,,old ,,empire 7to ab\t #bajj ,b4,c474--,s5(]u1 :o belongs to ! ?ird dyna/y1 is ! fir/ k+ :o has left beh9d him a monum5tal inscription4 ,a rock-tablet 9 ! p59sula ( ,s9ai gives him ! title ( conqu]or4 ,by "s1 ! pyramid ( ,meyd\n1 built 9 ?ree di/9ct /ages to a height ( #abe feet1 is ascrib$ to him1 & is believ$ to be 8 sepul*]4 ,at ,sacc>ah is a pyramid ( l =m1 #bjj feet 9 height4 ,khufu1 ! ,*eops ( ,h]odotus1 0 ! build] ( ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,ghizeh1 ! l>ge/ & l(tie/ build+ on e>?4 ,its orig9al p]p5dicul> height 0 n less ?an #dhj feet1 ! l5g? ( its side #gfd feet1 & ! area cov]$ by x m ?an ?irte5 acres4 ,ne> x are ! small pyramids1 :i* 7 ! sepul*]s ( 8 wives & o!r relatives4 ,! /atues ( ,khafra rema91 & ! wood5 mummy-case ( ,m5kaura1 ) ! my? ( ,osiris record$ on x4 ,^! 7 ! build]s ( ! two o!r mo/ celebrat$ pyramids1 ! second & ! ?ird4 ,) ! long reign ( ,unas closes ! fir/ era 9 ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,8 unf9i%$ pyramid1 built ( huge blocks ( lime/one1 indicates t he di$ too soon to complete x4 ,f ?is date1 back to ! epo* ( ,s5(]u1 are includ$ ne>ly ?ree c5turies4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( preval5t peace1 art _h ! opportunity to develop4 ,! _s ( progress 9 ?is dep>tm5t _h n yet be5 cramp$ by ! hi]atic canon1 ! fix$ rules set = arti/ic labor4 ,!re is evid5ce ( consid]able k 9 anatomy & m$ic9e4 ,! my? ( ,osiris exp&$1 & 8 wor%ip spread4 ,) ! six? dyna/y a new epo* beg9s4 ,! mo/ p[]ful mon>* 9 ?is s]ies is ,pepi4 ,he levi$ armies1 conqu]$ ! negroes ( ,nubia1 & wag$ w> aga9/ ! nomads ( ! ea/]n des]t4 ,! int]val f ! six? to ! t5? dyna/y 0 m>k$ by usurpations & insurrections4 ,! di/rict gov]nors s\ght to make !mselves indep5d5t4 ,mon>*s rose & fell4 ,syrian invad]s appe> to h seiz$ ! occasion to attack ! c\ntry4 ,heliopolis1 ) ,tum = its sun-god1 is ! c5t] ( ! new symbolical lore ( ! prie/hood4 ,p[] is transf]r$ to ,!bes1 & ,ammon becomes ! embodim5t ( ! mono!i/ic conception1 ! supreme deity4 ,! ,!ban rul+-h\se gradually ext5d$ its supremacy ov] ! l&4 ,! k+s ( ! twelf? dyna/y h left _! inscriptions ev]y:]e1 & ( sev]al ( !m gigantic portrait-/atues rema94 ,am5emhat ,i4 & 8 successors are prosp]\s sov]eigns4 ,!y c>ry on a lively int]c\rse ( trade ) ! small /ates ( ,syria1 rea*+ possibly to ,babylon4 ,"u ! twelf? dyna/y1 ! valley ( ! upp] ,nile 0 conqu]$4 ,usurtas5 ,,iii41 9 aft] times1 0 rev]$ z ! subdu] ( ! ,nubian l&4 ,by mon>*s ( ?is epo*1 va/ /ructures1 l ! temple ( ,ammon at ,!bes & ! temple ( ! ,sun at ,heliopolis1 7 erect$4 ,am5emhat ,,iii4 built ! imm5se artificial res]voir1 ,lake ,mo]is1 to receive & disp5se ! wat]s ( ! ,nile4 ,"u ! twelf? dyna/y is ! blossom+ p]iod ( lit]ature4 ,! c>v+ ( hi]oglyphics & ! execution ( ! details ( art rea* _! p]fection4 ,x is ! culm9at+ po9t ( ,egyptian culture4 ,,! ,,middle ,,empire 7,,f ,,ab\t #bajj ,,to #afjj ,b4,c474--,! season ( prosp]ity "u ! twelf? dyna/y 0 foll[$ by an>*y & ! d[nfall ( ! ,!ban rule4 ,accord+ to ,mane?o1 x 0 "u a k+ nam$ ,timaos t a horde ( invad]s--! ,hyksos1 or %eph]ds--came 9 f ! nor?1 deva/at$ ! c\ntry1 & made !mselves its rul]s4 ,!y 7 probably ( ,semitic desc5t1 b no?+ m is kn[n z to _! orig94 ,9 connection ) !m1 ,semitic1 & 9 p>ticul> ,canaanite1 elem5ts p5etrat$ into ,egypt1 & left _! traces 9 its language4 ,! resid5ce ( _! k+s 0 ,tanis1 on ! ea/]n ,delta1 a spl5did city1 :i* !y /ill m adorn$4 ,!y conqu]$ ,memphis1 b _! p[] 0 n p]man5tly e/abli%$ 9 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! duration ( _! control 0 a numb] ( c5turies1--h[ _m c only be conjectur$4 ,x is believ$ by "s s*ol>s t ei!r ,apepi1 or ,nub1 k+s ( ! ,hyksos l9e1 0 ! sov]eign :o made ,joseph 8 prime m9i/]1 & invit$ 8 family to settle 9 ! l& ( ,go%54 ,! elevation ( a =eign] & a ,semite to an exalt$ (fice is ?\ght to be less improbable 9 connection ) a ,semitic dyna/y4 ,! ,new ,empire 7f #afjj to #ebe ,b4,c474--,! expulsion ( ! ,hyksos 0 effect$ by ,aahmes ,i41 fir/ k+ ( ! eighte5? dyna/y4 ,x 0 accompli%$1 h[ev]1 n all at once1 b gradually4 ,f ?is ev5t ,egypt ent]s on a new /age 9 its c>e]4 ,x becomes a milit>y1 an aggressive1 & a conqu]+ /ate4 ,not)/&+ ! enorm\s sacrifice ( life t mu/ h be5 involv$ 9 ! erection ( pyramids & 9 o!r public works1 ! ,egyptians _h n be5 a cruel p3 comp>$ ) mo/ ,semitic peoples1 !y _h be5 dispos$ to peace4 ,b n[ a m>tial _s is evok$4 ,a milit>y class arises4 ,w>s = plund] & conque/ ensue4 ,! use ( horses 9 battle is a new & significant fact4 ,! "* ( ! p *anges = ! worse4 ,! prie/ly class become m compact & dom9e]+4 ,temples are ! pr9cipal edifices1 9 ! room ( massive sepul*]s4 ,"u ,?o?mes ,i4 & 8 successors1 especially ,?o?mes ,,iii41 w>s 7 successfully wag$ aga9/ ! ,syrians1 & aga9/ ! ,e?iopians on ! s\?4 ,! palaces & temples ( ,!bes1 includ+ ! gigantic /ructures at ,k>nak & ,luxor1 are witnesses to ! gr&eur ( ^! mon>*s4 ,! ,egyptian arms 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh ,syria1 & z f> ev5 z ,n9eveh4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ,am5ophis ,,iii4 & ,am5ophis ,,iv41 t is1 9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,am>na ,lett]s 7see p4 #dd7 7 writt54 ,"u ! ,ramessides1 ! conque/s ( ,egypt rea*$ _! f>!/ limit4 ,,ramses ,,ii4--,ramses ,,ii41 or ,ramses ! ,great 7#acdj-abgc ,b4,c471--:o 0 call$ by ! ,greeks ,seso/ris1 a "n ) :i* !y l9k$ _m fabul\s n>ratives1--is ! mo/ brilliant p]sonage 9 ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,he is ! fir/ ( ! r5[n$ conqu]ors1 ! =]unn] ( ! ,alex&]s & ,napoleons4 ,8 monum5ts are scatt]$ ov] all ,egypt4 ,9 8 *ildhood he 0 associat$ on ! ?rone ) 8 fa!r1 himself a magnific5t mon>*1 ,seti ,i4 ,9 ! sev5? ye> ( ! sole reign ( ! son he _h to enc\nt] a =midable conf$]acy "u ! lead ( ! ,syrian ,hittites--! ,khita--9 ! nor?-ea/1 a p[]ful nation4 ,h[ he sav$ himself by 8 p]sonal valor1 on ! field ( ,kade%1 is celebrat$ 9 ! ,egyptian ,iliad1 ! h]oic poem ( ,p5taur4 ,a subsequ5t treaty ) ?is p is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s memorials ( 8 reign4 ,,! ,,hittites4--,rec5t explorations h %[n t ! ,hittites ( ,scripture 7 families1 or small] communities1 9 ,pale/9e1 ( a p ^: prop] seat 0 9 nor!rn ,syria1 especially ! c\ntry ly+ along ! ,orontes2 _! t]ritory be+ b\nd$ on ! ea/ by ! ,euphrates1 & ext5d+ we/w>d into ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s4 ,9 "o place !y are spok5 ( z di/ant 7,judg4 i4 #bf74 ,! ,khita ( ! ,egyptians1 call$ ,khatti by ! ,assyrians1 7 a civiliz$ & p[]ful nation1 ^: sway 0 s ext5d$ t _! outpo/s 7 at times on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,!y 7 a non-,semitic p4 ,! great victory ( ,ramses 7#acbj ,b4,c47 0 ) difficulty won4 ,! ,hittites 7 also rivals ( ! ,assyrians f an e>ly p]iod4 ,at l5g? ,s>gon captur$ _! capital1 ,c>*emi% 7#gag ,b4,c471 & broke d[n _! p[]4 ,num]\s ,hittite inscriptions h be5 discov]$1 writt5 9 a hi]oglyphic script :i* has n yet 7#aijc7 be5 deciph]$4 ,subsequ5tly we f9d ,ramses 9 ,galilee1 z x 0 call$ lat]3 we f9d him /orm+ ! city ( ,askalon 9 ,phili/ia1 & 9 v>i\s milit>y exp$itions1 9 :i* he br\ght home ) him multitudes ( captives4 ,! mighty temples :i* he built at ,abydos1 ,!bes1 & ,memphis1 & ! gorge\s palace1 ! ,h\se ( ,ramses1 s\? ( ,k>nak1 7 9 keep+ ) o!r displays ( 8 en]gy & magnific5ce4 ,,! ,,bondage ,,( ,,! ,,israelites4--,ramses ,,ii4 has be5 g5]ally believ$ to be ! ,ph>aoh ( ! oppression1 "u :om ! ,hebrews suff]$2 & 8 son ,m5eph?ah1 to be ! ,ph>aoh "u :om ! exodus took place4 ,rec5t discov]ies h r5d]$ ^! conclusions v d\btful1 h[ev]4 ,x is also q unc]ta9 h[ long ! ,egyptian bondage la/$4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrew ,old ,te/am5t1 its duration 0 #dcj ye>s2 accord+ to ! ,septuag9t1 or ,greek v]sion1 half t p]iod 7z impli$ 9 ,gal4 iii4 #ag74 ,to ,,! ,,p]sian ,,conque/4--,f ab\t #aejj to #acjj ,b4,c41 ,egypt 0 ! =emo/ nation 9 culture1 arts1 & milit>y pr[ess4 ,"u ! lat] k+s be>+ ! "n ( ,ramses1 ! empire began to decay4 ,! ,e?iopians 9 ! s\? revolt$1 & set up an indep5d5t k+dom1 ,m]oe1 ( :i* ,napata 0 ! capital4 ,%i%ak 7#ifa-idj ,b4,c47 aspir$ to re/ore ! ,egyptian rule 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he m>*$ into ,juda1 & captur$ & plund]$ ,j]usalem4 ,he made ,rehoboam1 k+ ( ,judah1 a tribut>y1 & /r5g!n$ ,j]oboam1 ! ally ( ,egypt4 ,he ev5 l$ 8 =ces across ! valley ( ! ,jordan4 ,at l5g? 7#gcj ,b4,c47 ! ,e?iopians ga9$ ! upp] h& 9 ,egypt4 ,_! ?ree k+s =m ! tw5ty-fif? dyna/y4 ,z ! p[] ( ,egypt 0 on ! wane1 ! p[] ( ,assyria 0 m & m 9 ! asc5dant4 ,%abak jo9$ h&s ) ,ho%ea1 k+ ( ,israel1 b 0 defeat$ by ! ,assyrians1 "u ,s>gon ,,ii41 9 a pit*$ battle at ,raphia1 9 :i* ! sup]iority ( ! ,asiatic k+dom 0 ev9c$4 ,lat] 7#gja ,b4,c47 ,s5na*]ib defeat$ an ,egyptian army1 s5t = ! relief ( ,ekron1 & made ,hezekiah a tribut>y4 ,tirhakah1 ! ally ( ,hezekiah1 cont9u$ ! /ruggle4 ,8 army 0 sav$ f ov]?r[ by ! disa/] :i* happ5$ to ,s5na*]ib's ho/ 9 ! neighbor+ camp on ! eve ( battle4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 he 0 vanqui%$ by an invad+ army "u ! son & successor ( ,s5na*]ib1 ,es>haddon4 ,! rule ( ! ,e?iopian dyna/y 0 subv]t$4 ,! ,assyrians intru/$ ! gov]nm5t to tw5ty gov]nors1 ( :om ! mo/ 7 natives4 ,( ^! gov]nors1 "o1 !n k+ ( ,sais1 ,psammeticus ,i4 7#ffc-faf ,b4,c471 9 alliance ) ,gyges1 k+ ( ,lydia1 & ) ! aid ( ,c>ians1 ,pho5icians1 & ,lycians1 ca/ (f ! ,assyrian yoke1 & became sole rul] ( ,egypt4 ,?is epo* is m>k$ by ! introduction ( num]\s =eign]s into ! c\ntry1 & by ! ex]tion ( a p[]ful & la/+ ,greek influ5ce4 ,neku ,,ii4--! ,ne*o ( ,scripture--7#faj-eid ,b4,c471 ! son ( ,psammeticus ,i41 defeat$ ,josiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 at ,megiddo 7#fjh ,b4,c472 & ,josiah fell 9 ! battle4 ,b1 advanc+ to ,c>*emi% by ! ,euphrates1 ,neku1 9 turn1 0 vanqui%$ by ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon1 :i* _h n[ become ! =midable p[]4 ,! defeat ( ,neku end$ ,egyptian rule 9 ! ,ea/4 ,apries 7#ehh ,b4,c471 ! ,hophra ( ,scripture1 0 de?ron$ by a revolt ( 8 own soldi]s1 9 a w> ) ! ,greeks ( ,cyr5e1 & 0 succe$$ by ,aahmes1 or ,amasis 7#egj-ebf71 "u ^: auspices =eign]s1 & especially ,greeks1 acquir$ an augm5t$ influ5ce4 ,egypt _h escap$ f p]man5t subjection to ,assyria or ,babylon2 b a new empire1 ! ,p]sian ,empire ( ,cyrus1 0 advanc+ on ! pa? to univ]sal dom9ion4 ,cyrus 0 too busy ) o!r und]tak+s to attack ,egypt2 b ,cambyses1 8 successor1 l$ an army into t c\ntry2 &1 hav+ defeat$ ,psammeticus ,,iii41 at ! battle ( ,pelusium1 he made x a ,p]sian prov9ce 7#ebe ,b4,c474 ,,lit]ature4--,see ! li/ on p4 #af4 #a4 ,works on ,ori5tal ,hi/ory z a :ole3 ,,dunck]',s ,hi/ory ( ,antiquity4 ,x includes1 also1 ,greece4 ,l5ormant & ,*evali]1 ,manual ( ! ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/ 7#b vols472 ,g4 ,rawl9son1 ,! ,five ,great ,mon>*ies 7#c vols471 ,! ,six? ,great ,mon>*y 7,p>?ia71 ,! ,sev5? ,great ,mon>*y 7! ,sassanid71 ,! ,orig9 ( ,nations 7#a vol471 ,manual ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory 7#a vol471 ,egypt & ,babylon 7#a vol474 ,,l5ormant1 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,hi/ory 7#a vol472 ,p4 ,smi?1 ,! ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/ 7#a vol471 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w 7,anci5t ,hi/ory1 #c vols472 ,masp]o1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,ori5t 7#c vols472 ,d\bli]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?ums 7f ! cultural po9t ( view1 #a vol472 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?ums4 #b4 ,works on ! ,hi/ory ( ,egypt4 ,,brugs*-,,bey1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs 7#b vols472 ,g4 ,rawl9son1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,egypt 7#b vols4721 ,ap]u de l',hi/oire d',egypte 7#ahfd71 & num]\s o!r writ+s2 ,,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,egypt 7#c vols472 ,,erman1 ,egypt2 ,petrie1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt2 ,erman1 ,egyptian ,life 7#ahid72 ,bir*1 ,records ( ! ,pa/ 7translations ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian ,monum5ts1 #aa vols471 ,egypt f ! ,e>lie/ ,times2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,anci5t ,egypt 7#ahhc72 ,,f]gusson',s ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture2 ! great illu/rative works ( ! ,fr5* savans "u ,napoleon ,i42 ! great illu/rat$ works ( ,rossell9i1 & ! works ( ,lepsius2 ! novels ( ,eb]s1 ,! ,si/]s2 ,u>da2 ,! ,egyptian ,pr9cess4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,assyria ,,& ,,babylon4 ,,! ,,geography4--,assyria & ,babylonia 7 geographically connect$4 ,!y 7 inhabit$ by ! same race1 &1 = ! great] "p ( _! hi/ory1 7 "u "o gov]nm5t4 ,babylonia compris$ ! l[] bas9 ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 :ile ,assyria includ$ ! hilly region along ! upp] & middle ,tigris2 ! b\nd>y be+ :]e ! two riv]s1 9 _! long progress f _! s\rces 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 at l5g? approa* "o ano!r at a place ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty miles f _! outlet 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,bo? /reams1 9 p>ticul> ! ,euphrates1 annually flood$ ! adjac5t t]ritory1 & by canals & dams 7 made to add to its productiv5ess4 ,! %ores ( ! ,euphrates1 aft] its desc5t f ! plateau to ! pla9s1 7 f]tile beyond measure4 ,"h ! date-palm1 ^: juice z well z fruit 7 s highly priz$1 fl\ri%$4 ,ev5 n[ :eat gr[s wild ne> ! riv]'s m\?4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,inhabitants4--,! olde/ inhabitants ( ?is region ( :om we h any k 7 ! ,sum]ians1 ^: t]ritory includ$ bo? ,sum] 7,%9>71 or s\!rn ,babylonia1 & ,akkad1 or nor!rn ,babylonia4 ,on ! ea/ 7 ! ,elamites1 ) ,susa = _! capital2 to ! nor? ( ^! 7 ! w>like ,kassites4 ,! ,sum]ians1 :o prec$$ ! ,semites 9 ! occupancy ( ,babylonia1 7 ( an unkn[n /ock4 ,!y 7 ! f\nd]s ( ,babylonian culture4 ,ev5 by !m ! soil 0 skillfully cultivat$ ) ! help ( dikes & canals4 ,!y 7 ! inv5tors ( ! cunei=m writ+4 ,! cunei=m *>act]s 7 orig9ally pictures2 b ^! 7 resolv$ into w$ge-%ap$ *>act]s ( uni=m appe>ance1 ! significance ( :i* 0 det]m9$ by _! position & local relation to "o ano!r4 ,x is n kn[n h[ long ! ,sum]ian p]iod la/$1 nor ev5 :5 x clos$2 ! *ronology ( ! e>lie/ ,semitic p]iod is also v unc]ta94 ,! s\?-,babylonian k+s ,urukag9a1 ( ,%irpurla 7,laga%71 & ,en%agku%ana1 ( a di/rict :i* includ$ ,nippur1 are dat$ by mo/ ,assyriologi/s z e>ly z #djjj ,b4,c41 or ev5 e>li]4 ,:e!r !y 7 ,sum]ians1 or ,semites1 is n c]ta92 _! inscriptions d n settle ! "q4 ,x 0 probably n f> f ?is "t1 h[ev]1 t ! "o race supplant$ ! o!r4 ,a ,semitic p--com+ ei!r directly f ! ance/ral home1 ,arabia1 or f a previ\s settlem5t 9 ,mesopotamia1 nor?-we/ ( ,babylonia--invad$ ! l& & conqu]$ ! ,sum]ians4 ,!y plant$ !mselves fir/ 9 nor!rn ,babylonia1 & !n gradually ext5d$ _! p[] ov] ! di/ricts on ! s\?4 ,! conqu]ors adopt$ ! civilization ( ! conqu]$4 ,! e>lie/ ,semitic k+s all us$ ! ,sum]ian dialect 9 _! inscriptions4 ,x 0 only by sl[ degrees t ! native language 0 sup]s$$ by t ( ! new rul]s4 ,lat]1--be=e ! "t ( ,hammurabi2 see bel[1--^! ,semites c>ri$ _! settlem5ts nor?w>d1 & became ! f\nd]s ( ,assyria4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,k4--,b]osus1 a ,babylonian prie/1 wrote a hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry z e>ly z #bej ,b4,c4 ,he 0 a tru/wor?y writ]1 z f> z 8 means ( k w5t2 b x is only fragm5ts ( 8 "w t we possess1 & ^! 9 inaccurate quotations1 p>tly at second h&4 ,greek writ]s1 z ,ctesias1 drew f ,p]sian s\rces2 & _! n>ratives up to ! lat] times ( ! ,p]sian rule c n be reli$ on4 ,! great s\rce ( k is ! rapidly increas+ /ore ( records 9 ! cunei=m "*4 ,a va/ numb] ( inscriptions on /one & clay1 repres5t+ ne>ly e dep>tm5t ( lit]ature1 h be5 une>!d1 & ! mat]ial :i* !y af=d has already giv5 u an ext5sive k ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian hi/ory4 ,! site ( ,n9eveh has be5 ext5sively excavat$1 & we h1 !re=e1 especially full in=mation z to ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ,assyria4 ,babylonian monum5ts 9 consid]able numb] h m rec5tly come to light4 ,aside f ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 especially important excavations h be5 und]tak5 at ,nifpur1 ,laga% 7,telloh7--?us f> ! *ief s\rce ( ,sum]ian mat]ial--& ,susa4 ,i4 ,,! ,,old ,,k+dom ,,( ,,babylon4 ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory4--,! hi/ory ( anci5t ,babylonia is /ill v obscure1 & ! *ronology only t5tative4 ,we see at fir/ a numb] ( indep5d5t cities1 ea* rul$ by a petty k+1 :o 0 also a prie/4 ,!n appe> gr\ps ( cities1 "o ( :i* ex]cis$ sway ov] a m or less ext5d$ di/rict4 ,! c5t] ( p[] 0 n[ 9 ,ere*1 n[ 9 ,ur1 or ,babylon1 or "s o!r city1 ^: k+ rul$ supreme ov] num]\s vassal k+s4 ,among ! fir/ important names kn[n to u are ^? ( ,s>gon ,i4 7#chjj ,b4,c471 k+ ( ,agade1 a great conqu]or & build]1 & 8 son1 ,n>am-s94 ,ano!r great build] 0 ,gudea1 k+ ( ,%irpurla4 ,mo/ conspicu\s ( all is ,hammurabi 7#bbej ,b4,c471 k+ ( ,babylon1 :o is probably ! ,amraphel ( ,g54 xiv4 ,8 k+dom includ$ n only ! :ole ( ,babylonia prop]1 b also ,assyria1 & probably ev5 ! ,we/ ,l& z f> z ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! records %[ him to h be5 a truly great rul]1 bo? 9 w> & 9 peace4 ,he is kn[n to u *iefly f a collection ( 8 ,lett]s to c]ta9 (ficials ( 8 k+dom1 & f 8 elaborate ,code ( civil laws1 f\nd at ,susa 9 #ahii1 & fir/ publi%$ 9 #aijb2 p]haps ! mo/ important s+le monum5t ( e>ly civilization :i* has ?us f> come to light4 ,! laws1 writt5 9 ! ,babylonian 7,semitic7 language1 & engrav$ on a /ele ( h>d black /one1 7 ab\t two hundr$ & eighty 9 numb]1 & be> an int]e/+ g5]al resemblance to ! old ,hebrew laws1 especially ^? pres]v$ 9 ,exodus xxi4 & xxii4 ,9 ! "t ( ! k+s ,kada%man-bel & ,burnaburia% ,,ii4 7ab\t #adjj ,b4,c47 falls ! ,am>na ,correspond5ce 7see p4 #dj74 ,at ,tell el-,am>na1 9 upp] ,egypt1 7 une>!d1 9 #ahhg1 m ?an ?ree hundr$ clay tablets conta9+ diplomatic dispat*es1 writt5 9 ! cunei=m "*1 & ne>ly all 9 ! ,babylonian language4 ,!y 7 address$ to ! ,egyptian k+1 or to 8 m9i/]s1 & _h be5 s5t f v>i\s (ficials & royal p]sonages 9 ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,pale/9e 7includ+ a numb] ( lett]s f ,abdi-khiba ( ,j]usalem71 & o!r di/ricts4 ,!y furni% a l>ge am\nt ( important in=mation z to conditions 9 we/]n ,asia at t e>ly p]iod4 ,an important ,kassite dyna/y occupi$ ! ?rone ( ,babylon f ! eighte5? c5tury to ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,"u ^! ,kassite rul]s1 ! k+dom at l5g? decl9$1 :ile ! neighbor+ ,assyrian /ate _h increas$ 9 p[]4 ,lat] /ill1 app>5tly n e>li] ?an ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,*aldoeans 7( ,semitic /ock87 pu%$ nor?-we/w>d into ,babylonia f _! di/rict ab\t ! m\? ( ! ,euphrates1 & ev5tually made !mselves ma/]s ( ! l&4 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce4--,if ! ev5ts connect$ ) old ,babylon are less kn[n1 m is asc]ta9$ respect+ its civilization4 ,! gr\ndwork1 z 0 /at$1 0 laid by ! e>li] conqu]$ p4 ,! religion ( ! ,babylonians re/$ on ! basis ( ! old ,sum]ian wor%ip4 ,!re 0 homage to demons1 p[]ful = good or = evil1 :o 7 br\ght toge!r into gr\ps1 & 7 figur$ n[ z human be+s1 n[ z lions or o!r wild animals1 or z dragons & t sort ( mon/]s4 ,( ! great gods1 ,anu1 ! god ( ! sky1 0 ! fa!r & k+ ( all4 ,s91 ! moon-god1 a ,sum]ian div9ity1 at ! outset _h ! highe/ rank4 ,bel1 or ,baal1 h[ev]1 a ,semitic div9ity1 0 ! god ( ! e>?1 & p>ticul>ly ( mank9d4 ,ea 0 ! god ( ! deep1 & ( ! und]world4 ,! e>ly developm5t ( a/rology & its great influ5ce 9 old ,babylon 7 closely connect$ ) ! suppos$ association ( ! lum9>ies above ) ! gods4 ,! />s 7 ?\ght to indicate at ! bir? ( a *ild :at 8 =tunes w\ld be1 & to af=d ! means ( =etell+ o!r rem>kable ev5ts4 ,i%t>1 a goddess ( w> & ( love1 0 wor%ip$ also "u ! "n ,beltis1 ! ,greek ,mylitta4 ,?is deity embodi$ ! g5]ative pr9ciple1 ! spr+ ( f]tility1 ^: b5efic5t ag5cy 0 se5 9 ! abundant h>ve/4 ,%e 0 clo!d ) s5sual attributes1 & propitiat$ ) un*a/e rites4 ,x 0 9 ! wor%ip ( ?is div9ity t ! co>se & lic5ti\s side ( ! ,semitic nature express$ itself4 ,at ! same "t1 !re 0 an opposite ascetic side 9 ! s]vice ( ?is deity4 ,h] prie/s 7 eunu*s3 !y m9i/]$ at h] alt> 9 woman's attire4 ,on ! relation ( ! human s\l to ! gods1 & its condition aft] dea?1 !re 0 little speculation4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ,babylonians 7 m int]e/$ 9 religion & wor%ip1 ?an ! ,assyrians4 ,! =m] erect$ temples2 ! latt]1 palaces4 ,! atta9m5ts ( ! e>ly ,babylonians 9 ma!matics & a/ronomy 7 f> beyond ^? ( ! ,egyptians4 ,!y divid$ ! ye> into twelve mon?s1 & arriv$ at ! signs ( ! ecliptic or zodiac4 ,! week !y fix$ at sev5 days by ! c\rse ( ! moon4 ,!y divid$ ! day into twelve h\rs1 & ! h\r into sixty m9utes4 ,!y inv5t$ weights & measures1 ! k ( :i* w5t f !m to ! o!r ,asiatic nations4 ,ar*itecture1 z reg>ds ta/e1 0 9 a rude /ate4 ,9 pott]y1 !y %[$ mu* skill & +5uity1 & inv5t$ ! pott]'s :eel4 ,9 ! engrav+ ( gems1 & 9 ! manufacture ( delicate fabrics1--l951 musl91 & silk1--!y 7 exp]t4 ,trade & comm]ce1 favor$ by ! position ( ,babylon1 began to fl\ri%4 ,z reg>ds lit]ature1 ! libr>ies ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 at a lat] day1 conta9$ _m books translat$ f ! e>ly ,sum]ian language4 ,among !m are ! ,gilgame% leg5ds1 9 :i* is conta9$ a /ory ( ! flood t resembles 9 ess5tial features ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,assyrian ,,empire4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,its ,,p[]4--,assyria 0 ev5 great]1 z a conqu]+ p[]1 ?an ,babylon4 ,9 ! leg5ds curr5t among ! ,greeks1 ! build+-up ( ! mon>*y1 & ( ,n9eveh its capital1 z well z ( ,babylon1 is ref]r$ to ! leg5d>y h]oes1 ,n9us & 8 que5 ,semiramis4 ,! "n ( ,n9us is n record$ on ! monum5ts1 & is1 p]haps1 a k9d ( my?ical p]sonification ( ,assyrian conque/s & gr&eur2 & ! "n ( ,semiramis does n appe> until ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,%e may h be5 a pr9cess or ev5 que54 ,assyrian indep5d5ce began be=e #bcjj ,b4,c4 ,betwe5 #aejj & #adjj ,b4,c41 ,assyria 0 a weak /ate4 ,x ga9$ a brief ma/]y ov] ,babylon ?r\gh a conque/ by ,tukulti-,n9ib 7#acjj ,b4,c474 ,tigla?-,piles] ,i4 7#aajj ,b4,c47 spread 8 conque/s to ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,caspian on ! we/1 & s\? to ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,b ^! e>ly acquisitions ( ,assyria 7 transi5t4 ,!re ensu$ a long int]val1 until ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury1 :5 ! mon>*y 0 mo/ly conf9$ )9 its own prop] bord]s4 ,a new s]ies ( /rong & aggressive pr9ces arose4 ,! conflicts ( ,damascus & ( ! nations ( ,pale/9e ) "o ano!r left room = ! gr[? ( ! ,assyrian might & = ! spread ( ,assyrian dom9ion4 ,as%ur-nasir-pal 7=m]ly call$ ,s>danapalus ,i47 levi$ tribute ^u ,tyre1 & ! o!r ri* cities ( ! ,syrian coa/1 & f\nd$ ! ,assyrian rule 9 ,cilicia4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! k+dom ( ,israel1 hav+ r5\nc$ its vassalage to ,assyria1 9 league ) ,rez9 ( ,damascus1 ! rul] ( ,syria1 made w> ^u ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,ahaz1 ! ,judaean k+1 aga9/ ! prote/ ( ! prophet ,isaiah1 invok$ ! aid ( ! ,assyrian mon>*1 ,tigla?-,piles] ,,ii4 ,! call 0 answ]$4 ,! league 0 ov]?r[n by him 9 a great battle f\ght ne> ! ,euphrates1 & num]\s captives1 accord+ to ! ,assyrian practice1 7 c>ri$ away f ,sam>ia & ,damascus4 ,we are told t ,ahaz1 see+ ! (f]+s made by ,tigla?-,piles] at ,damascus1 comm&$ 8 prie/s at ,j]usalem1 despite ! remon/rance ( ,isaiah1 to make (f]+s to ! ,assyrian gods4 ,judah1 z ! result ( ^! ev5ts1 became tribut>y to ,assyria4 ,all ,syria1 toge!r ) ,babylonia1 :i* 0 !n made up ( sev]al /ates1 we/]n ,iran1 & ,arm5ia1 7 subdu$ by ?is ,assyrian conqu]or4 ,he =mally assum$ ! title ( ,k+ ( ,babylon4 ,%almanes] ,,iv4 7#gbg-gbb ,b4,c471 b5t on complet+ ! subjugation ( ,syria1 subdu$ anew ! revolt$ cities1 & conqu]$1 z x w\ld seem1 ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,tyre alone1 t is1 ! insul> city ( t "n1 )/ood a siege ( five ye>s4 ,ho%ea1 ! k+ ( ,israel 7#gcc-gbb ,b4,c471 9 ord] to ?r[ (f ! ,assyrian yoke1 s5t an embassy to ,%abak1 ! k+ ( ,egypt1 to procure 8 assi/ance4 ,he>+ ( ?is1 ,%almanes] attack$ ,israel4 ,aft] a siege ( ?ree ye>s1 ,sam>ia1 ! capital1 fell into ! h&s ( ,s>gon1 :o _h succe$$ him1 ! k+dom ( ,israel 0 subv]t$1 & a great "p ( ! p dragg$ (f into captivity4 ,9 #gbj ,b4,c41 ,s>gon enc\nt]$ ,%abak1 9 ! great battle ( ,raphia1 9 s\!rn ,pale/9e1 :om he defeat$1 & put to flight4 ,he receiv$ tribute f ,egypt1 conqu]$ a "p ( ,arabia1 & receiv$ ! homage ( ! k+ ( ,m]oe1 :o made a j\rney f ,e?iopia to b[ be=e him4 ,! reign ( ,s5na*]ib 7#gje-fha ,b4,c47 0 an ev5tful "o1 bo? = ,assyria & = ! neighbor+ c\ntries4 ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 hop$ ) ! aid ( ,egypt to a*ieve 8 indep5d5ce4 ,s5na*]ib 0 oblig$ to raise ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 aft] ,hezekiah _h va9ly s\ght to propitiate him ) l>ge (f]+s ( silv] & gold2 b ! ,assyrian 0 prev5t$ f engag+ 9 battle ) ,tirhaka ( ,egypt by a great calamity t befell 8 army4 ,aga9/ ,babylon1 :i* frequ5tly revolt$1 he 0 m successful4 ,b]oda*-baladan1 z he is call$ 9 ,scripture 7#b ,k+s1 *ap4 #bj71 :o at an e>li] day _h s5t an embassy f ,babylon to ,hezekiah1 0 ov]come1 & a new rul] en?ron$ 9 8 place4 ,es>haddon 7#fha-ffh ,b4,c47 n only re/or$ ! ,assyrian sway ov] ,syria1 ,pho5icia1 ,cyprus1 ,judah1 & a "p ( ,arabia1 c\ntries t lo/ no opportunity to %ake (f ! cruel & hateful rule ( ,n9eveh1 b also conqu]$ ,egypt1 & p>cel$ x out among tw5ty gov]nors4 ,by ,es>haddon1 or by 8 successor1 ,manasseh1 k+ ( ,judah1 0 conqu]$1 & c>ri$ (f z a captive1 b aft]w>ds re/or$ to 8 ?rone4 ,assyria 0 n[ at ! summit ( its p[]4 ,as%ur-bani-pal ,v4 7#ffh-fbf ,b4,c471 call$ ,s>danapalus1 al?\gh he lo/ ,egypt1 confirm$ ! ,assyrian p[] 9 ! o!r subject /ates1 & receiv$ tribute f ,lydia1 on ! we/]n bord] ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,"u him1 ,assyrian art made its f>!/ advance4 ,he 0 ! build] ( magnific5t palaces4 ,x is 8 libr>y1 dug up f ! grave 9 :i* x _h be5 buri$ = two & a half decades ( c5turies1 t has yield$ a va/ am\nt ( welcome in=mation conc]n+ ,assyrian & ,babylonian hi/ory f> back into ! ,sum]ian p]iod4 ,,religion ,,& ,,art4--,x has be5 /at$ t ! ,assyrian culture 0 transplant$ f ,babylon4 ,! religion 0 sub/antially ! same1 except t ,as%ur1 ! tutel>y deity ( ! c\ntry1 0 made supreme4 ,! ,assyrians f ! />t 7 devot$ to w>1 pillage1 & conque/4 ,_! unsp>+ cruelty & brutal treatm5t ( _! enemies are abundantly witness$ by _! own monum5ts4 ,!y lack$ ! productive p[] 9 lit]ature & art :i* belong$ to ! ,babylonians4 ,al?\gh !y might h built _! edifices ( /one1 !y g5]ally made use ( brick4 ,_! sculptures 9 relief 7 mu* bett] ?an ! full figures4 ,!y laid color ^u _! works 9 sculpture4 ,b _! art 0 m]ely a pictorial record ( ev5ts4 ,! s5se ( beauty & creative p[] 7 want+4 ,! m religi\s "* ( ! ,babylonians creat$ a diff]5ce 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! two peoples4 ,9 gem-cutt+ bo? 7 s+ul>ly exp]t4 ,! ,assyrians gave less att5tion to ! burial ( ! dead4 ,!y %[$ an aptitude = trade2 & ,n9eveh1 9 ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies1 0 a busy m>t4 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,assyria4--,! fir/ important bl[ at ! ,assyrian imp]ial rule 0 /ruck by ! ,m$es4 ,aft] ne>ly a c5tury ( resi/ance1 !y _h be5 subdu$ 7#gaj ,b4,c471 & 7 subject to ,assyria = a c5tury aft]4 ,9 #fdj ,b4,c41 !y rose 9 revolt1 "u ,phraortes1 "o ( _! native *iefs1 :o fell 9 battle4 ,! /ruggle 0 cont9u$ by 8 son1 ,cyax>es4 ,8 plans 7 int]rupt$1 h[ev]1 by ,,! ,,irruption ,,( ,,! ,,scy?ians 7#fbc ,b4,c474--,m ?an a c5tury be=e1 ^! w&]+ ,asiatic tribes _h begun to make pr$atory incursions into ,asia ,m9or4 ,:5 ,cyax>es 0 be=e ,n9eveh1 !y came d[n 9 great] =ce1 & a horde ( !m1 mov+ s\?w>d f ! riv] ,halys1 invad$ ,syria4 ,j]usalem & ! /rong] cities held out aga9/ !m1 b ! op5 c\ntry 0 deva/at$4 ,!y 7 met by ,psammeticus ,i41 k+ ( ,egypt1 & brib$ to turn back4 ,!y ent]$ ,babylonia2 b ,nabopolass>1 ! vic]oy ( ,as%ur-bani-pal 7,s>danapalus71 successfully def5d$ ! city ( ,babylon aga9/ _! attacks4 ,by ,cyax>es1 ei!r ^! or ano!r horde 7 defeat$2 b x 0 n until #fje ,b4,c4 t ! region s\? ( ! ,black ,sea 0 cle>$ ( !m4 ,! k+dom ( ,lydia _h n[ come to play an important "p 9 ! affairs ( we/]n ,asia4 ,our fir/ k ( ! peoples ( ,asia ,m9or is f ! ,hom]ic poems 7ab\t #ijj ,b4,c474 ,! ,*alybeans 7 9 ,pontus2 we/ ( !m1 ! ,amazonians & ,paphlagonians2 we/ ( ^!1 ! ,mysians2 on ! ,hellespont1 small tribes relat$ to ! ,trojans2 on ! gean1 ! ,d>danians & ! ,trojans 7on ! nor?71 ! ,c>ians & ! ,lycians 7on ! s\?72 on ! nor?-ea/ ( ^! la/1 ! ,phrygians4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,asia ,m9or 7 ,semitic1 & closely relat$ to ! ,syrians4 ,semitic div9ities 7 wor%ip$2 a goddess1 ,mylitta1 "u o!r names1 0 ador$ 9 ,pontus1 at ,ephesus1 9 ,phrygia1 & 9 ,lydia4 ,! ,lydians 7 ( ! ,semitic race4 ,cybele1 ! female div9ity :om !y s]v$1 0 ! same deity ^: alt>s 7 at ,babylon1 ,n9eveh1 & ,tyre4 ,! rul]s ( ! dyna/y ( ! ,m]mnad1 ,gyges & 8 successors1 spread ! ,lydian dom9ion until x ext5d$ to ! ,hellespont1 & includ$ ,mysia & ,phrygia4 ,alyattes 0 able to extirpate ! ,cimm]ian hordes f ! ,sea ( ,az(f1 :o _h ov]run ! we/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 & to make ! ,halys 8 ea/]n b\nd>y4 ,gyges _h be5 sla9 9 ! conte/ ) ^? fi]ce b>b>ians1 call$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,gom]4 ,at fir/ he _h s\ght help f ! ,assyrians1 b he broke away f ?is dep5d5ce4 ,lib]at$ f ! tr\bles ( ! ,scy?ian irruption1 ,cyax>es =m$ an alliance ) ,nabopolass>1 ! vic]oy 9 ,babylon1 :o _h revolt$1 & ga9$ 8 indep5d5ce4 ,! ,m$ian rul] _h subdu$ ,arm5ia1 & e/abli%$ 8 control z f> z ! ,halys1 mak+ a treaty ) ,lydia4 ,n[ ensu$ ! desp]ate conflict on :i* hung ! fate ( ! ,assyrian ,empire4 ,n9eveh 0 tak5 7#fjf ,b4,c47 by ! ,m$es "u ,cyax>es1 & ! ,babylonians "u ,nebu*adnezz>1 ! son ( ,nabopolass>4 ,! ,grecian /ory ( ,s>danapalus burn+ himself on a l(ty bi]1 is a my?4 ,assyria 0 divid$ by ! ,tigris betwe5 ! ,m$es & ,babylonians4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,p[]s3 ,,egypt4--,on ! fall ( ,n9eveh1 !re 7 ?ree pr9cipal p[]s left on ! /age ( action1 :i* 7 b\nd toge!r by treaty1 ,lydia1 ,m$ia1 & ,babylon4 ,egypt prov$ itself unable to cope ) ,babylonian p[]4 ,ne*o1 dur+ ! siege ( ,n9eveh1 _h attack$ ,syria1 & defeat$ ! ,jews on ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon1 :]e k+ ,josiah 0 sla94 ,he de?ron$ ,jehoahaz1 ,josiah's son1 & en?ron$ ,jehoiakim 9 8 /ead4 ,b :51 9 #fje ,b4,c41 he confront$ ,nebu*adnezz> at ,c>*emi%1 & 0 defeat$1 he 0 compell$ to give up ,syria1 & to retire )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,egypt4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,new ,,babylonian ,,empire4 ,,triumps ,,( ,,nebu*adnezz>4--,syria 0 n[ at ! m]cy ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,he captur$ ,j]usalem 7#eig ,b4,c471 despoil$ ! temple & palace1 & l$ away ,jehoiakim z a captive4 ,he plac$ on ! ?rone ( ,judah ,jehoiakim's uncle1 ,z$ekiah4 ,b ?is k+1 hav+ arrang$ an alliance betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,pho5ician cities1 revolt$ 7#eij ,b4,c471 refus+ to pay 8 tribute4 ,aga9 ,nebu*adnezz> laid siege to ,j]usalem1 b rais$ ! siege1 9 ord] to drive home ,apries ,,ii4 7,hophra71 ! ,egyptian ally ( ,z$ekiah4 ,! city 0 tak51 ! k+'s sons 7 kill$ 9 8 pres5ce1 8 own eyes 7 put out2 &1 aft] ! temple & palace _h be5 burn$ & ! city sack$1 he1 ) all ! families ( ! upp] class :o _h n escap$ to ! des]t1 0 c>ri$ away to ,babylon 7#ehf ,b4,c474 ,tyre 7! old city7 9 l mann] 0 tak5 by assault 7#ehe ,b4,c474 ,by ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,babylon 0 enl>g$1 & adorn$ on a scale ( unequal$ spl5dor4 ,! new palace1 ) its hang+ g>d5s1 ! bridge ov] ! ,euphrates1 ! ,m$ian wall connect+ ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris on 8 nor!rn b\nd>y1 & magnific5t wat]works1 are fam\s /ructures :i* belong to ?is reign4 ,weal? & luxury ab\nd$4 ,b vigor ( adm9i/ration fell away "u 8 successors2 & ,babylon1 aft] a dom9ion %ort :5 comp>$ ) ! long sway ( ,n9eveh1 0 conqu]$ by ,cyrus1 ! ,m$o-,p]sian k+1 9 #ech ,b4,c4 ,! la/ k+ 0 ,nabonetus4 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,babylon4--,babylon 0 a city ( ! highe/ antiquity4 ,! "n 7,bab-ili1 ,gate ( ,god7 is ,semitic4 ,! city is m5tion$ 9 ! e>lie/ cunei=m records1 & f ! "t ( ,hammurabi 0 ! *ief city ( ! l&4 ,de/roy$ by ,s5na*]ib 7#fij ,b4,c471 x 0 rebuilt by ,es>haddon1 b n fully re/or$ & adorn$ until ! reigns ( ,nabopolass> & ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,babylon surpass$ all anci5t cities 9 size & magnific5ce4 ,its walls 7 =ty miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,?is ext5t ( wall probably includ$ ,borsippa1 or ,babylon ! ,second1 on ! "r bank ( ! riv]4 ,babylon prop] 0 ma9ly on ! left4 ,)9 ! walls 7 inclos$ g>d5s1 or*>ds1 & fields3 ! space 0 only fill$ 9 "p by build+s2 b ! :ole area 0 laid out ) /raight /reets int]sect+ "o ano!r at "r angles1 l ! /reets ( ,philadelphia4 ,! wall 0 pi]c$ by a hundr$ gates1 probably tw5ty-five 9 ea* face4 ,! ,euphrates1 l9$ ) quays on bo? sides1 & spann$ ) drawbridges1 ran ?r\gh ! t[n1 divid+ x into two ne>ly equal p>ts4 ,! city 0 protect$ )\t by a deep & wide moat4 ,! wall 0 at lea/ sev5ty or eighty feet 9 height1 & ( va/ & unusual ?ickness4 ,on ! summit 7 two hundr$ & fifty t[]s1 plac$ along ! out] & inn] edges1 opposite to "o ano!r1 b s f> ap>t1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 t !re 0 room = a f\r-horse *>iot to pass betwe54 ,! temple ( ,bel 0 9 a squ>e inclosure1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile bo? 9 l5g? & bread?4 ,! t[] ( ! temple 0 asc5d$ on ! outside by an incl9$ plane c>ri$ ar\nd ! f\r sides4 ,an exagg]at$ /atem5t ( ,/rabo makes its height six hundr$ & six feet4 ,possibly1 ?is repres5ts ! l5g? ( ! incl9$ plane4 ,9 ! %r9e on ! top 7 a gold5 table & a c\*2 accord+ to ,diodorus1 be=e ! ,p]sian conque/ !re 7 colossal gold5 images ( ?ree div9ities1 ) two gold5 lions1 & two enorm\s s]p5ts ( silv]4 ,x is ?\ght t ,h]odotus may h describ$ ! spl5did temple ( ,nebo 7n[ ,birs ,nimrd71 & h mi/ak5 x1 by reason ( its enorm\s ru9s1 = ! temple ( ,bel1 :i* x rival$ 9 magnific5ce4 ,! great palace is repres5t$ to h be5 l>g] ?an ! temple ( ,bel1 ! out]mo/ ( its ?ree inclos+ walls be+ ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,its ext]ior 0 ( bak$ brick4 ,! ,hang+ ,g>d5s 0 a /ructure built on a squ>e1 consi/+ ( /ages or /ories1 "o above ano!r1 ea* support$ by ar*es1 & cov]$ on ! top1 at ! height ( at lea/ sev5ty-five feet1 ) a great mass ( e>? 9 :i* grew fl[]s & %rubs1 & ev5 l>ge trees4 ,! asc5t to ! top 0 by /eps4 ,on ! way up 7 /ately & elegant ap>tm5ts4 ,! small] palace 0 on ! o!r side ( ! riv]4 ,,lit]ature4--,works on ,ori5tal ,hi/ory m5tion$ on p4 #db4 ,tiele1 ,babylonis*-assyris*e ,ges*i*te 7#ahhh72 ,kaul51 ,assyri5 und ,babyloni5 7#e? ed41 #ahii72 ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7#aija72 ,goodspe$1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians 7#aijb72 ,k+1 ,articles ,assyria & ,babylonia 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,biblica2 ,sayce1 ,babylonians & ,assyrians3 ,life & ,cu/oms 7#ahii72 ,s*rad]1 ,! ,cunei=m ,inscriptions & ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7#ahih72 ,p]rot ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l'art dans l'antiquit1 vol4 ii41 ,*alde et ,assyrie4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pho5icians ,,& ,,c>?ag9ians4 ,,pho5icia4--,a n>r[ /rip ( t]ritory sep>ates ! m\nta9s ( ,syria & ,pale/9e f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,( ?is belt ! nor!rn "p1 we/ ( ,lebanon1 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty miles long1 v>ies 9 wid? f five to f\rte5 miles4 ,9 "s places ! cliffs approa* close to ! sea4 ,?is belt ( l& 0 occupi$ by ! fir/ ( ! great m>itime & comm]cial peoples ( antiquity1 ! ,pho5icians4 ,_! language 0 ,semitic1 closely ak9 to ,hebrew4 ,,comm]ce ,,& ,,prosp]ity ,,( ,,! ,,pho5icians4--,! mo/ important ( ! ,pho5ician cities 7 ,sidon--:i* 0 ! fir/ ( !m to rise to di/9ction & p[]--& ,tyre1 :i* became m fam\s z a m>t1 & compris$1 besides ! t[n on ! coa/1 ,new ,tyre1 ! city built on ! neighbor+ rocky isl&4 ,9 ,new ,tyre 0 ! sanctu>y ( ! tutel>y god1 ,melk>t4 ,! _s ( trade /imulat$ +5uity4 ,! ,pho5icians 7 not$ = _! glass1 _! purple dyes1 _! improv$ alphabet1 & k ( ! art ( writ+4 ,9 m9+ & 9 ca/+ metals1 9 ! manufacture ( clo?1 9 ar*itecture1 & 9 o!r arts1 !y 7 n less pr(ici5t4 ,f _! situation !y naturally became a seaf>+ race4 ,n only did !y transport _! c>goes ( m]*&ise to ! isl&s & %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 convey+ ?i!r n m]ely ! fruits ( _! own indu/ry & skill1 b also ! productions ( ! ,ea/3 !y v5tur$ to /e] _! vessels beyond ! ,/rait ( ,gibralt>2 &1 if !y did n procure amb] directly f ! ,nor? ,sea1 !y br\ght t9 ei!r directly f ,cornwall or f ! ,scilly ,isl&s4 ,?r\gh ! h&s ( ,pho5ician m]*ants pass$ ! gold & pe>ls ( ! ,ea/1 ! purple ( ,tyre1 slaves1 ivory1 lions' & pan!rs' sk9s f ! int]ior ( ,africa1 frank9c5se f ,arabia1 ! l95 ( ,egypt1 ! pott]y & f9e w>es ( ,greece1 ! copp] ( ,cyprus1 ! silv] ( ,spa91 t9 f ,engl&1 & iron f ,elba4 ,^! products 7 c>ri$ :]ev] a m>ket c\ld be f\nd = !m4 ,at ! in/igation ( ,ne*o1 k+ ( ,egypt 7#faj-eid ,b4,c471 !y are said to h made a ?ree ye>s' voyage r\nd ! s\!rn cape ( ,africa4 ,,colonies3 ,,opul5ce4-,! ,pho5icians 7 ! fir/ great coloniz+ nation ( antiquity4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion ( ,assyrians & o!r conqu]ors to transport to _! own l&s multitudes ( p1 :om !y c>ri$ away z captives f _! homes4 ,! ,pho5icians--9 ?is p>ticul> ! =]unn]s ( ! ,greeks & ( ! ,dut* & ! ,engli%--plant$ trad+ settlem5ts 9 ,cyprus & ,crete1 on ! isl&s ( ! gean ,sea1 9 s\!rn ,spa91 & 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,cadiz1 "o ( ! olde/ t[ns 9 ,europe1 0 f\nd$ by ^! ent]pris+ trad]s 7ab\t #aajj ,b4,c474 ,t>%i% 0 ano!r ( _! ,spani% settlem5ts4 ,%ips ( ,t>%i%1 l ! mod]n ,ea/ ,indiam51 came to signify vessels capable ( mak+ long voyages4 ,! coa/ ( mod]n ,&alusia & ,granada belong$ to ! ,pho5icians4 ,?r\gh c>avans _! int]c\rse 0 n less lively ) ! /ates on ! ,euphrates1 ) ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 z well z ) ,egypt4 ,tyre 0 a l9k betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,,hiram3 ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,c>?age4--,! ,tyrian p[] atta9$ to its height "u ,k+ ,hiram ,i41 ! contempor>y & ally ( ,solomon4 ,two ,greek hi/orians make 8 reign to ext5d f #ifi to #icf ,b4,c4 ,! alliance ) ,solomon ext5d$ ! traffic ( ,tyre1 & increas$ its weal?4 ,hiram connect$ old & ,new ,tyre by a bridge4 ,! ,tyrians adorn$ _! city ) /ately palaces & temples1 & built /rong =tifications4 ,engross$ 9 manufactures & comm]ce1 & delight+ 9 ! afflu5ce ?us eng5d]$1 ! ,pho5icians 7 n ambiti\s ( conque/4 ,al?\gh conqu]ors ^u ! sea1 !y 7 n a m>tial p3 l comm]cial /ates g5]ally1 !y pref]r$ peace4 ,( ! p ( ,lai% 7,dan71 x is said 9 ! ,book ( ,judges 7xviii4 #g71 ,!y dwelt c>eless1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,zidonians1 quiet & secure4 ,?is pacific temp] 0 c\pl$ ) a f]v5t atta*m5t to _! own l& & to _! c\ntrym5 :]ev] !y w5t4 ,b !y lack$ ! political in/9ct4 ,!y did n appreciate lib]ty1 & _! love ( traffic & ( ga9 (t5 made !m pref] to pay tribute r ?an to fight4 ,_! colonies 7 factories1 b 7 n c5t]s ( fur!r conque/1 or g]ms ( political communities4 ,:51 ! family ( ,hiram 0 ext]m9at$ 7ab\t #hej ,b4,c47 by ! high-prie/ ( ! goddess ,a/>te1 :o seiz$ on p[]1 civil /rife & disord] ensu$4 ,pygmalion1 ! great-gr&son ( ! high-prie/1 z x is relat$ by a ,grecian au?ority1 slew 8 uncle1 :o 0 to m>ry ,pygmalion's si/]1 ,elissa4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is int]nal conflict1 & f dread ( ! ,assyrian p[]1 a l>ge numb] ( ! old families emigrat$ to ,nor? ,africa1 & f\nd$ ,c>?age 7ab\t #had ,b4,c474 ,! ,pho5ician cities 7 conf$]at$ toge!r "u h]$it>y k+s1 ^: p[] 0 limit$ by ! lay & prie/ly ari/ocracy4 ,! common p1 _m ( :om 7 skill$ artisans1 made !mselves felt 9 "s degree 9 public affairs4 ,! m]cantile class 7 influ5tial4 ,?us !re 0 develop$ a g]m9ant municipal feel+ & organization4 ,! /rong city1 ,tyre1 is m5tion$ 9 ,jo%ua xix4 #bi4 ,9 ,isaiah xxiii41 ,tyre is describ$ z ! cr[n+ city1 ^: m]*ants are pr9ces1 ^: traffick]s are ! hon\rable ( ! e>?4 ,he /ret*$ out 8 h& ov] ! sea1 he %ook ! k+doms4 ,! fate ( ,babylon is po9t$ at by ! ,prophet1 to %[ :at ,tyre _h to expect f ,assyria4 ,lat]1 be=e ! conque/ by ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,ezekiel ?us speaks ( ,tyre 7*ap1 xxvii473 ,!y h tak5 c$>s f ,lebanon to make ma/s = !e4 ,( ! oaks ( ,ba%an h !y made ?9e o>s4 ,t>%i% 0 ?y m]*ant4 ,,religion ,,& ,,lett]s4--,a v prom95t feature ( ! religion ( ! ,pha5icians is ! local "* ( _! div9ities4 ,! ^w baal7"l or god7 0 n us$ 9 ,pha5icia z ! prop] "n ( any "o god4 ,b su* names z ,baal-sidon1 ,"l ( ,sidon1 ,baal-libanon1 ,god ( ,lebanon1 etc41 are common4 ,a/>te 0 ! mo/ common "n = ! local female div9ities4 ,! gods 7 (t5 ?\ght ( z dwell+ 9 /ones1 trees1 & o!r objects2 ! wor%ip ( /one-pill>s & sacr$ poles 7a%]a2 translat$ grove 9 ! ,engli% ,bible7 0 especially common 9 ,pha5icia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a god ( heav5 & a goddess ( heav5 7 wor%ip$4 ,9 ! religion ( ! ,pha5icians1 ! m elevat$ +r$i5ts ( ! ,semitic hea!nism are 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! s5sual features ( x are m prom95t1 & savage elem5ts are introduc$4 ,x 0 m adapt$ to fo/] ?an to *eck lu/ & cruelty4 ,to ,a/>te1 maid5s sacrifice _! *a/ity4 ,!re 0 ! same d\ble ritual1 made up ( gross s5suality on ! "o h&1 & ( ascetic practices by ! prie/hood on ! o!r1 t belong$ to ! s]vice ( ,mylitta at ,babylon4 ,human sacrifice by fire 0 ano!r horrible feature4 ,*ildr51 especially1 7 (f]$ to ,el 7god2 possibly also call$ ,melek 7,molo*71 ! k+1 z among ! ,hebrews74 ,to appease him at ,tyre & ,c>?age1 girls & boys1 sometimes 9 l>ge numb]s1 & ( ! highe/ families1 7 ca/ into ! flames2 :ile ! wail+ ( _! relatives1 if x 0 n /ifl$ by !mselves at ! suppos$ dem& ( piety1 0 dr[n$ by ! s\nd ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,z late z #caj ,b4,c41 :5 ,aga?ocles 0 besieg+ ,c>?age1 & _h r$uc$ ! city to ! dire/ /raits1 we are told t ! p laid two hundr$ boys ( _! noble/ families ^u ! arms ( ! braz5 image ( ! god1 :5ce !y 7 all[$ to fall into ! fire b5ea?4 ,on simil> occasions1 ev5 ! head ( ! /ate sometimes (f]$ himself z a sacrifice4 ,hamilc>1 ! ,c>?ag9ian1 son ( ,hanno1 9 ,sicily1 :5 ! tide ( battle 0 turn+ aga9/ him1 ?rew himself into ! fire 7#dhj ,b4,c474 ,juba1 k+ ( ,numidia1 prep>$ to d ! same aft] ! battle ( ,?apsus4 ,l>ge & co/ly temples 7 built1 g5]ally 9 ! ,egyptian /yle4 ,su* 7 ! temples ( ,melk>t at ,tyre & ,cadiz1 ( ,e%mun at ,sidon1 & ( ! ,lady ( ,byblos at t city4 ,nature--z dy+ 9 ! autumn1 & aga9 reviv+ 9 ! spr+--is figur$ z ! god ,adonisz1 :o is honor$ fir/ by a protract$ season ( m\rn+1 & !n by a joy\s fe/ival4 ,! ,pho5icians 7 n a lit]>y p4 ,_! alphabet 7inv5t$ by !m87 0 ! old ,semitic alphabet4 ,e "* repres5t$ a s\nd4 ,f ! ,pha5icians x spread1 & became ! "m ( mo/ ( ! graphic sy/ems n[ exi/+4 ,cadmus1 h[ev]1 by :om x 0 said to be c>ri$ to ! ,greeks1 is a fabul\s p]son4 ,! alleg$ hi/ory ( ,san*unia?on1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,greek by ,philo ( ,byblus1 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 is n[ g5]ally believ$ to be ! "w ( ,philo himself4 ,,hi/orical ,,ev5ts4--,9 ! /ruggles aga9/ ! ,mesopotamian empires1 ! ,pha5icians def5d$ !mselves ) valor & p]sev]ance4 ,:5 ,s>gon 7#gbb-gje ,b4,c47 _h subjugat$ _! cities on ! ma9l&1 insul> ,tyre = five ye>s repell$ 8 assaults1 al?\gh ! conduits br++ fre% wat] f ! %ore 7 cut (f1 & ! besieg$ 7 oblig$ to cont5t !mselves ) ! scanty supply to be ga9$ f wells dug ) great labor4 ,soon ! ,tyrian fleets rega9$ _! ma/]y on ! sea4 ,:5 ,nebu*adnezz> captur$ old ,tyre1 & a multitude ( its inhabitants %>$ ! lot ( ! ,jews1 & 7 dragg$ (f by ! conqu]or to ! ,euphrates1 ! isl& city )/ood 8 attack = ?irte5 ye>s1 & did n yield until x extort$ f him a treaty4 ,b ! p[] ( resi/ance 0 weak5$ by ! repeat$ invasions & dom9ation ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,tyre submitt$ to ,p]sia aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,babylonian mon>*y1 & add$ h] fleet to ! ,p]sian =ces2 al?\gh to ! ,pho5ician t[ns 0 left a degree ( fre$om & _! local gov]nm5t4 ,sidon1 ,tyre1 & ,arados _h a c\ncil ( _! own1 :i* met ) _! respective k+s & s5ators at ,tripolis1 = ! regulation ( matt]s ( common int]e/4 ,manufactures & comm]ce cont9u$ to fl\ri%4 ,"u ! ,p]sian supremacy1 ,sidon once m became ! *ief city4 ,9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 x revolt$ aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! =eign gov]nors4 ,! ,p]sian k+1 ,o*us1 ord]$ t ! noble/ citiz5s %\ld be put to dea?2 :]eupon ! inhabitants set ! city on fire1 & de/roy$ !mselves & _! treasures 9 ! flames4 ,tyre rema9$1 b v5tur$ to resi/ ,alex&] ! ,great1 aft] 8 conque/ ( ! ,p]sians1 & by him 0 captur$ & p>tly demoli%$ 7#ccb ,b4,c474 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 ! ,pho5icians fell "u ! sway ( ! ,seleucid at ,antio*1 &1 = a "t1 ( ! ,egyptian ,ptolemies4 ,bo? ,tyre & ,sidon 7 rebuilt1 & fl\ri%$ anew4 ,x is probably to ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 t we %\ld assign ! native ,sidonian dyna/y :i* includ$ ! ,k+s ,e%munaz> ,i41 ,s$ek-yaton1 ,tabnit1 ,boda%t>t1 & ,e%munaz> ,,ii41 ^: names are kn[n to u f inscriptions4 ,9 ! "t ( ! la/-nam$ k+1 ! cities ,dor & ,joppa1 ) ! pla9 ( ,%>on1 belong$ to ,sidon4 ,,c>?ag9ian ,,hi/ory4--,! mo/ prom95t ( all ! ,pho5ician settlem5ts 0 ,c>?age4 ,x _h rem>kable advantages ( situation4 ,its h>bor 0 suffici5t = ! an*orage ( ! l>ge/ vessels1 & x _h a f]tile t]ritory ar\nd x4 ,^! circum/ances1 9 conjunction ) ! en]gy ( its inhabitants1 plac$ x at ! head ( ! ,pho5ician colonies4 ,9 ,c>?age1 !re 0 no middle class4 ,!re 7 ! ri* l&hold]s & m]*ants1 & ! common p4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 practically an olig>*y4 ,!re 7 two k+s or judges 7,%(etes71 ) little p[]1 & a c\ncil or s5ate2 possibly a second c\ncil also4 ,b ! s5ate & magi/rates 7 subord9ate to an ari/ocratic body1 ! hundr$ judges4 ,! bulk ( ! citiz5s _h little m ?an a nom9al influ5ce 9 public affairs4 ,,asc5d5cy ,,( ,,c>?age4-,:5 ! ,greeks 7ab\t #fjj ,b4,c47 spread _! colonies1 ! rivals ( ! ,pho5ician settlem5ts1 9 ! we/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,c>?age 0 mov$ to deviate f ! policy ( ! p>5t cities1 & to make h]self ! *ampion1 protector1 & mi/ress ( ! ,pho5ician dep5d5cies 9 all t region4 ,?us %e became ! head ( a ,nor?-,african empire1 :i* ass]t$ its supremacy aga9/ its ,greek adv]s>ies 9 ,sicily & ,spa91 z well z 9 ,lybia4 ,:5 ,tyre 0 subjugat$ by ,p]sia1 ,c>?age 0 /r5g!n$ by ! immigration ( _m ( ! be/ ,tyrian families4 ,z ! ,tyrian /r5g? wan$1 ! ,c>?ag9ian p[] increas$4 ,syracuse1 9 ,sicily1 became ! fir/ ,greek naval p[]1 & ! =emo/ antagoni/ ( ! ,c>?ag9ian dom9ion4 ,9 #dhj ,b4,c41 ,c>?age made w> ^u ! ,greek cities 9 ,sicily4 ,! conte/ 0 r5ew$ f "t to "t4 ,9 ! conflicts betwe5 #dci-dji ,b4,c41 %e confirm$ h] sway ov] ! we/]n half ( ! isl&4 ,9 lat] conflicts 7#cag-bge ,b4,c471 9 :i* ,aga?ocles1 tyrant ( ,syracuse1 0 a not$ lead] ( ! ,greeks1 &1 aft] 8 dea?1 ,pyrrhus1 k+ ( ,epirus1 0 _! ally1 ,c>?age alt]nately lo/ & rega9$ h] ,sicilian cities4 ,b ! result ( ! w> 0 to e/abli% h] m>itime asc5d5cy4 ,,lit]ature4--,works m5tion$ on pp4 #af1 #db3 ,piets*mann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,phnizi] 7#ahhi72 ,rawl9son1 ,hi/ory ( ,pho5icia 7#ahhi72 ,e4 ,meycr1 ,art4 ,pho5icia 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl42 ,p]rot ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,pho5icia & ,cyprus1 #b vols42 ,r5an1 ,mission de ,ph5icie 7#ahgd72 ,meltz]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,k>?ag]2 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman's ,def5se ( ,c>?age4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,hebrews4 ,,peculi>ity ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews4--,:ile ! re/ ( ! nations wor%ip$ gods _m & lords _m1 :om !y conf\nd$ ) ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 or ) o!r aspects ( nature1 !re 0 "o p :i* atta9$ to a fai? 9 "o ,god1 ! ,creator & ,pres]v] ( ! univ]se1 :o is exalt$ above nature1 & :om x 0 deem$ impi\s to repres5t by any mat]ial image4 ,m ?an is true ( any o!r p1 religion 0 consci\sly ! "o end & aim ( _! be+4 ,to br+ ! true religion to its p]fection1 & to give x a _w-wide diffusion & sway1 0 felt by !m to be _! heav5-appo9t$ mission4 ,! peculi>ity ( _! fai? made !m /& alone1 & r5d]$ !m exclusive1 & intol]ant ( ! surr\nd+ idolatries4 ,! m\nta9\s "* ( _! l&1 sep>at$ by ,lebanon f ,pho5icia1 & by ! des]t f ! nations on ! ,ea/ & ,s\?1 0 well adapt$ to ! "w :i* !y _h to fulfill 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,,! ,,patri>*al ,,age4--,! ,israelites trac$ _! desc5t f ,abraham1 :o1 to escape ! infection ( idolatry1 left 8 home1 :i* 0 9 ,ur on ! l[] ,euphrates1 & came into ! l& ( ,canaan1 :]e he l$ a w&]+ life1 b became ! fa!r ( a gr\p ( nations4 ,accord+ to ! popul> n>rative1 ,isaac1 8 son by ,s>ah1 0 recogniz$ z ! next *ief ( ! family2 :ile ,i%mael1 ,abraham's son by ,hag>1 became ! prog5itor ( ! ,arabians4 ,( ! two sons ( ,isaac1 ,esau1 :o 0 a huntsman1 m>ri$ a daught] ( ! native p3 f him sprung ! ,edomites4 ,jacob kept up ! occupation ( a h]dsman4 ,( 8 twelve sons1 ,joseph 0 an object ( jeal\sy to ! o!r elev51 by :om he 0 sold to a c>avan ( m]*ants on _! way to ,egypt4 ,!re1 ?r\gh 8 skill 9 int]pret+ dreams1 he rose to high dignities & honors 9 ! c\rt ( ,ph>aoh2 &1 by 8 ag5cy1 ! entire family 7 all[$ to settle oh ! pa/ure-l&s ( ,go%5 9 nor!rn ,egypt 7p4 #dj74 ,"h 9 ! neighborhood ( ,heliopolis1 = sev]al c5turies1 !y f$ _! flocks4 ,f ,israel1 ! "n giv5 to ,jacob1 !y 7 commonly call$ ,israelites4 ,! "n ,hebrews 0 app>5tly d]iv$ f a ^w signify+ across ! riv] 7,euphrates72 b ! orig9al application is q unc]ta94 ,,! ,,exodus 7see p4 #da74--,! "t came :5 ! ,israelites 7 no long] well treat$4 ,a new ,egyptian dyna/y 0 on ! ?rone4 ,_! numb]s 7 an occasion ( appreh5sion4 ,an ,egyptian pr9cess sav$ ,moses f be+ a victim ( a b>b>\s edict issu$ aga9/ !m4 ,he grew to manhood 9 ,ph>aoh's c\rt1 b became ! *ampion ( 8 p4 ,compell$ to flee1 he receiv$ 9 ! lonely region ( ,m\nt ,s9ai t sublime disclosure ( ! only liv+ ,god :i* qualifi$ him to be ! lead] & deliv]] ( 8 bre?r54 ,a /rong ea/ w9d1 p>t+ ! ,r$ ,sea1 op5$ a passage = ! ,israelites1 :om a succession ( calamities1 inflict$ ^u _! oppressors by ! ,almighty1 _h driv5 ,ph>aoh 7,m5eph?ah87 to p]mit to dep>t 9 a body2 b ! return+ waves +ulf$ ! pursu+ ,egyptian army4 ,! sea cov]$ !m3 !y sank z lead 9 ! mighty wat]s4 ,= a long p]iod ,moses l$ ! p ab\t 9 ! wild]ness4 ,!y 7 tra9$ by ?is exp]i5ce to habits ( ord] & milit>y discipl9e4 ,at ,horeb1 ! ,decalogue1 ! k]nel1 s to speak1 ( ! ,hebrew codes1 ! f\ndation ( ! religi\s & social life ( ! p1 0 giv5 !m "u circum/ances fitt$ to awak5 ! deepe/ awe4 ,!y plac$ !mselves "u ,jehovah z ! ,rul] & ,protector ( ! nation 9 a special s5se4 ,! wor%ip ( o!r div9ities1 e =m ( idolatry1 0 to be a treasonable (f5se4 ,! laws ( ,jehovah 7 to be kept 9 ! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant1 9 ! ,tab]nacle1 :i* 0 ! sanctu>y1 & 0 transport$ f place to place4 ,! prie/hood 0 devolv$ on ,a>on & 8 successors1 at ! side ( :om 7 _! assi/ants1 ! ,levites4 ,! civil au?ority 9 ea* tribe 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! patri>*al *ief & ! eld]s1 ! "r ( approval or ( veto be+ left to ! :ole tribe ga!r$ 9 an assembly4 ,! heads ( ! tribes1 ) sev5ty repres5tative eld]s1 toge!r ) ,a>on & ,moses1 =m$ a supreme c\ncil or /&+ committee4 ,on p>ticul> occasions a congregation ( all ! tribes might be summon$4 ,! ritual 0 made up ( sacrifices & solemn fe/ivals4 ,! ,sabba? 0 ! great weekly commemoration1 a day ( re/ = ! slave z well z = ! ma/]1 = ! toil+ bea/ z well z = man4 ,e sev5? ye> & e fiftie? ye> 7 sabba?s1 :5 great inequalities ( condition1 :i* might spr+ up 9 ! int]vals1 respect+ ! possession ( l&1 s]vitude consequ5t on debts1 etc41 7 remov$4 ,hebrew ,laws4--,! ,israelites1 9 virtue ( _! cov5ant ) ,jehovah1 7 to be a holy p1 a nation ( prie/s4 ,!y 7 ?us to ma9ta9 frat]nal equality4 ,!re 0 to be no enslav+ ( "o ano!r1 save t :i* 0 volunt>y & = a limit$ "t4 ,only prison]s n ( _! race1 or pur*as$ =eign]s1 c\ld be held z slaves4 ,e fiftie? ye>1 l& 0 to rev]t to its orig9al possessor4 ,9 ! sabbatical ye>s ! l& 0 n to be till$4 ,:at !n grew wild might be ga!r$ by all4 ,!re 7 c>eful provisions = ! b5efit ( ! poor4 ,,heads ,,( ,,tribes4--,! prog5itors ( ! tribes1 ! sons ( ,jacob1 z giv5 9 ,exodus1 7 ,reub51 ,simeon1 ,levi1 ,judah1 ,issa*>1 ,zebulon1 ,dan1 ,naphtali1 ,gad1 ,a%]1 ,joseph1 & ,b5jam94 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,religion--,su*1 9 brief1 7 ! beg9n+s ( a religion z unique z x 0 elevat$ 9 its "*1--a religion :i* /ood f ! outset 9 mortal antagonism to ! ,egyptian wor%ip ( sun-gods1 & to ! />-wor%ip1 ! s]vice ( ,baal1 & ( s5sual or savage div9ities jo9$ ) him1--to t s]vice :i* 0 diffus$ ?r\gh ! ,semitic nations ( we/]n ,asia4 ,a p 0 con/itut$ to be ! gu>dian ( ?is light1 k9dl$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! surr\nd+ d>kness1 to c>ry x d[n to lat] ages1 & to make x f9ally1 9 its p]fect$ =m1 ! h]itage ( mank9d4 ,,! ,,prophets4--,moses 0 n only a milit>y lead] & a legislator3 he /&s at ! head ( ! prophets1 ! class ( m5 :o at diff]5t times1 especially 9 seasons ( national p]il & temptation1 along ! :ole c\rse ( ,israeliti% hi/ory1 7 rais$ up to decl>e ! w ( ,jehovah1 to utt] ! lessons prop] to ! h\r1 to w>n evil-do]s1 & to com=t ! despond+4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,canaan3 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,judges4--,moses himself did n ent] ! promis$ l&1 :]e ! patri>*s 7 buri$1 & :i* ! ,israelites 7 to conqu]4 ,accord+ to ,deut4 vii4 #b1 a w> ( ext]m9ation 0 comm&$4 ,! reason giv5 = ! comm& 0 t ! p mu/ avoid ! contagion ( idolatry1 t x 0 ! fit rew>d ( ! nation :i* !y 7 bidd5 to dispossess4 ,! ^w ,canaanite 0 us$ especially to designate ! inhabitants ( ! coa/ region ( ,pale/9e4 ,x 0 appli$1 h[ev]1 to all ! tribes1 :o 7 "u ?irty-"o k+s or *iefs1 9 ! "t ( ,jo%ua1 ,!re 7 six pr9cipal tribes1--! ,hittites1 ,hivites1 ,amorites1 ,jebusites1 ,p]izzites1 & ,girga%ites4 ,^!1 ) ! exception ( ! ,hittites1 & possibly ! ,amtorites1 7 ,semitic 9 _! language4 ,! ,canaanites _h h\ses & v9ey>ds4 ,f !m ! ,israelites le>n$ agriculture4 ,!y 7 9 possession ( =tifi$ t[ns1 treasures ( brass1 iron1 gold1 & =eign m]*&ise ,_! religi\s rites 7 brutal & debas+1--human sacrifice1 lic5ti\s orgies1 ! wor%ip ( a ho/ ( div9ities4 ,on ! dea? ( ,moses1 ,jo%ua succe$$ to ! po/ ( a lead]4 ,he defeat$ ! ,amontes & o!r tribes on ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan4 ,aft] ! fir/ victories ( ,jo%ua1 ea* tribe c>ri$ on = itself ! /ruggle ) ,canaanites1 victory ov] !m be+ (t5 foll[$ by indiscrim9ate slaught]4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 especially f ! acc\nt 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,judges1 t !re 0 a process ( assimilation z well z "o ( conque/4 ,! actual settlem5t 0 effect$ by peaceful z well z by w>like me?ods4 ,resi/ance 0 /ubborn1 & ! progress ( occupation sl[4 ,x 0 n until ,david's "t1 c5turies aft] ! invasion1 t ,jebus1 ! site ( ,j]usalem1 0 captur$4 ,?is delay 0 due l>gely to a lack ( union1 n to a lack ( valor4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,israelites 0 9 _! infantry4 ,h5ce !y pref]r$ to fight ^u ! hills1 r ?an to cope ) horsem5 & *>iots on ! pla9s bel[4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,judges4--,! era ( ! ,judges ext5ds f ab\t #acjj ,b4,c4 ov] at lea/ two c5turies4 ,p[]ful tribes--z ,moabites1 ,midianites1 ,ammonites1 ,phili/9es--7 unsubdu$4 ,! l& 0 desolat$ by con/ant w>4 ,x 0 "o sure sign ( ! prevail+ disord] & an>*y1 t ! highways 7 unoccupi$1 & ! travel]s walk$ ?r\gh byways 7,judg4 v4 #f74 ,n unfrequ5tly ! p =got ,jehovah1 & fell into idolatr\s practices4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( deg5]acy & confusion1 m5 full ( sacr$ en?usiasm & ( h]oic c\rage arose to smite ! enemies ( ,israel1 & to re/ore ! obs]vance ( ! law4 ,( ^! h]oic lead]s1 ,deborah1 ,gideon1 ,jep??a1 & ,samson 7 ! mo/ fam\s4 ,!re rema9s ! song ( ,deborah on ! defeat & dea? ( ,sis]a 7,judg4 v474 ,! ,phili/9es1 on ! we/]n coa/1 captur$ ! sacr$ ark1--an act t spread dismay among ! ,israelites4 ,!n !y pu%$ on _! conque/s z f> z ! ,jordan1 took away f ! ,israelites _! weapons1 & griev\sly oppress$ !m4 ,! ,ammonites ?reat5$ ! tribes on ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan ) a l fate4 ,at ?is juncture1 an effective lead] & re=m] appe>$1 9 ! p]son ( ,samuel1 :o _h be5 consecrat$ f 8 y\? up to ! s]vice ( ! sanctu>y1 & ^: devotion to ! law 0 m+l$ ) an ard5t patriotism4 ,he r\s$ ! c\rage ( ! p1 & recall$ !m to ! s]vice ( ,jehovah4 ,9 ! s*ools ( ! prophets he taught ! "y ! law1 tra9$ !m 9 music & song1 & ?us prep>$ a class ( inspir+ tea*]s & guides to co-op]ate ) ! prie/hood 9 uphold+ ! cause ( religion4 ,,! ,,mon>*y3 ,,samuel ,,& ,,saul4--,9 ! di/ract$ condition ( ! c\ntry1 ! p dem&$ a k+1 to unite !m1 & lead !m to victory1 & to adm9i/] ju/ice4 ,!y felt t _! lack ( compact organization & def9$ lead]%ip plac$ !m at a disadvantage 9 comp>ison ) ! tribes ab\t4 ,?is dem& ,samuel resi/$1 z spr++ out ( a di/ru/ ( ,jehovah1 & z involv+ a rejection ( ,him4 ,he depict$ ! burd5s :i* regal gov]nm5t w\ld br+ ^u !m4 ,lat] hi/ory v]ifi$ 8 pr$iction4 ,a /rong1 c5traliz$ au?ority 0 n 9 h>mony ) ! family & tribal gov]nm5t :i* 0 ! peculi>ity ( _! sy/em4 ,x br\ght 91 by ! side ( ! prophetic ord]1 ano!r au?ority less sacr$ 9 its claims to respect4 ,collisions betwe5 ! two mu/ inevitably result4 ,b1 :atev] might be ! ideal political sy/em1 ! exig5cy 0 su* t ,samuel yield$ to ! p]si/5t call ( ! p4 ,he himself *ose & ano9t$ = ! (fice a tall1 brave1 & exp]i5c$ soldi]1 ,saul4 ,successful 9 combat1 ! k+ soon fell into a conflict ) ! prophet1 by fail+ to comply ) ! div9e law1 & by sp>+1 contr>y to ! injunction laid ^u him1 prison]s & cattle t he _h captur$4 ,!reupon ,samuel secretly ano9t$ ,david1 a "y %eph]d ( ! tribe ( ,judah2 ?us designat+ him = ! ?rone4 ,! envy ( ,saul at ! a*ievem5ts ( ,david1 & at 8 gr[+ popul>ity1 c\pl$ ) secret suspicion ( :at high] honors might be 9 /ore = ! valiant y\?1 embitt]$ ! k+ aga9/ him4 ,david 0 befri5d$ & %ield$ by ,jona?an1 ,saul's son1 :o might naturally be look$ ^u z 8 suitable successor4 ,! memorials ( ! fri5d%ip ( ^! two y\?s1 9 ! annals ( t tr\bl\s "t1 are l a /> 9 ! d>ke/ night4 ,david 0 oblig$ to take refuge among ! ,phili/9es1 :]e he l$ a b& ( free lances1 :om ! ,phili/9es did n tru/ z auxili>ies1 b :o 7 inur$ by _! d>+ combats = ! /ruggles t came aft]w>ds4 ,saul & ,jona?an 7 sla91 ,saul by 8 own h&4 ,= six ye>s ,david 0 k+ 9 ,hebron1 ov] ! tribes ( ,judah & ,b5jam94 ,! o!r tribes 7 rul$ by ,saul's son1 ,i%baal 7',i%bo%e?'74 ,at l5g? ,david 0 recogniz$ z k+ by all ! tribes4 ,saul's family 7 ext]m9at$4 ,,*ronology4--,!re is mu* difficulty 9 settl+ ! *ronology 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! regal p]iod ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,ap>t f ! que/ions :i* arise 9 comp>+ ! biblical data1 ! in=mation d]iv$ f ,egyptian & especially f ,assyrian s\rces has to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,h5ce ! dates giv5 bel[ mu/ be reg>d$ z op5 to revision z our k increases4 ,assyriologi/s f9d t ,%almanes] ,,ii4 receiv$ tribute f ,ahab1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 #hed ,b4,c41 & f ,jehu1 #hdb ,b4,c42 t ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii 7#gde-gbg ,b4,c47 receiv$ tribute f ,m5ahem 9 #gch ,b4,c4 & t ,sam>ia fell 9 #gbb ,b4,c4 ,assyriology1 on ! basis ( its data1 z at pres5t asc]ta9$1 w\ld make out a *ronology some?+ l ! foll[+3 ,era ( ! judges1 #acjj-ajbj2 ,saul1 #ajbj-ajjj2 ,david1 #ajjj-ifj2 ,solomon1 #ifj-icj2 ,reho-boam1 #icj-iad 7,j]oboam ,i41 #icj-iaj72 ,jeho%aphat1 #hgj-hej 7,ahab1 #hge-hec72 ,azanah 7or ,uzziah71 #ggi-gdj 7,jehu1 #hdb-hae72 7,j]oboam ,,ii41 #ghc-gdc72 7,m5ahem1 #gdd-gch74 ,,david ,,& ,,solomon4--,david's reign 7ab\t #ajjj-igj ,b4,c47 is ! p]iod ( ,israel's greate/ p[]4 ,he ext5d$ 8 sway z f> z ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,euphrates2 he ov]came ,damascus1 & broke d[n ! p[] ( ! ,phili/9es2 he subdu$ ! ,moabites1 ,ammonites1 & ,edomites2 he conqu]$ ! ,jebusites1 & made ,j]usalem 8 capital & ! c5t] ( national wor%ip4 ,a poet himself1 he enri*$ ! religi\s s]vice1 :i* he organiz$1 by lyrics--"s ( !m compos$ by himself--( unrival$ devotional dep? & poetic beauty4 ,he organiz$ 8 milit>y =ce z well1 & e/abli%$ an ord]ly civil adm9i/ration4 ,8 favorite son1 ,absalom1 l$ away by ambition1 avail$ himself ( disaffection among ! p to head a revolt aga9/ 8 fa!r1 b p]i%$ 9 ! attempt4 ,david left 8 cr[n to ,solomon at ! close ( a *eck]$ life1 m>k$ by great victories1 & by flagrant misde$s done "u ! pressure ( temptation4 ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,solomon',s ,,reign4--,solomon's reign 7ab\t #igj-icc ,b4,c47 0 ! era ( luxury & spl5dor4 ,he s\ght to emulate ! o!r great mon>*s ( ! "t4 ,) ! help ( ,hiram1 k+ ( ,tyre1 :o furni%$ mat]ials & artisans1 he erect$ a magnific5t temple on ,m\nt ,moriah 9 ,j]usalem4 ,he built co/ly palaces4 ,he br\ght horses f ,egypt1 & organiz$ a /&+ army1 ) its cavalry & *>iots4 ,he e/abli%$ a h>em1 br++ into x wom5 f ! hea!n c\ntries1 :om he all[$ 9 _! idolatr\s rites4 ,he 0 ev5 s$uc$ to take "p 9 !m himself4 ,r5[n$ = 8 k & = 8 wisdom--:i* 0 admir$ by ! ,que5 ( ,saba 7,%eba71 :o came to visit him f ! ,arabian coa/--fam\s z ! au?or ( wise aphorisms1 he nev]!less entail$ disa/]s on 8 c\ntry4 ,he e/abli%$ a sort ( ,ori5tal despotism1 :i* exhau/$ its res\rces1 provok$ discont5t1 & t5d$ to und]m9e morality z well z religion4 ,,! ,,divid$ ,,k+dom4--,! bad effect ( ,solomon's magnific5ce soon appe>$4 ,be=e 8 dea? a revolt 0 made "u ! lead ( ,j]oboam1 :i* 0 put d[n4 ,( ,rehoboam1 ! successor ( ,solomon1 ! t5 tribes nor? ( ,judah requir$ pl$ges t _! burd5s %\ld be light5$4 ,9 ! room ( ! heads & eld]s ( ! tribes1 ! late k+'s (fic]s _h come 9 to oppress !m ) _! h>d exactions4 ,! haughty "y k+ spurn$ ! dem& = r$ress4 ,! tribes ca/ (f 8 rule1 & made ,j]oboam ,i4 _! k+ 7ab\t #icc ,b4,c474 ,! temple 0 left 9 ! h&s ( ,judah & ,b5jam94 ,! division ( ! k+dom into two1 insur$ ! d[nfall ( bo?4 ,! ris+ p[] ( ! ,mesopotamian ,empire c\ld n be met )\t union4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conc5tration ( wor%ip at ,j]usalem1 "u ! auspices ( ! two s\!rn tribes1 may h av]t$ dang]s t w\ld h aris5 f ! wid] diffusion1 & consequ5t exposure to corruption1 ( ! religi\s sy/em4 ,! developm5t & promotion ( ! true religion--! "o great hi/orical "p appo9t$ = ! ,hebrews--may h be5 p]=m$ n less effectively1 on ! :ole1 = ! sep>ation4 ,,hea!n ,,rites4--,f ?is "t ! en]getic & prolong$ conte/ ( ! prophets ) idolatry is a conspicu\s feature1 especially 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 ! nor!rn k+dom4 ,j]oboam set up gold5 calves at ,dan & ,be!l1 anci5t seats ( ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,w>s ) ,judah & ,damascus weak5$ ! /r5g? ( ,israel4 ,! ,egyptian k+1 ,%i%ak1 captur$ ,j]usalem1 & bore away ! treasures collect$ by ,solomon 7p4 #da74 ,"u ,jeho%aphat 7ab\t #hgc-hdi ,b4,c47 ! hea!n alt>s 7 demoli%$ & prosp]ity return$4 ,,/ruggle ,,) ,,idolatry3 ,,elihah ,,& ,,eli%a4--,! contempor>y ( ,jeho%aphat 9 ! nor!rn k+dom 0 ,ahab 7ab\t #hgf-hed ,b4,c474 ,he exp5d$ 8 p[] & weal? 9 ! build+ up ( ,baal-wor%ip1 at ! in/igation ( ! ,tyrian pr9cess1 ,jezebel1 :om he _h m>ri$4 ,at ,sam>ia1 8 capital1 he rais$ a temple to ,baal1 :]e f\r hundr$ & fifty ( 8 prie/s m9i/]$4 ,! prie/s ( ,jehovah :o )/ood ^! measures 7 driv5 out ( ! l&1 or into hid+-places4 ,! au/]e & intrepid prophet ,elijah f\nd refuge 9 ,m\nt ,c>mel4 ,! p1 on ! occasion ( a fam9e1 :i* he decl>$ to be a div9e judgm5t1 rose 9 _! wra?1 & slew ! prie/s ( ,baal4 ,9 a w>--! ?ird ( a s]ies--:i* ,ahab wag$ aga9/ ,syria1 he /ill f\ght 9 8 *>iot1 aft] he _h receiv$ a mortal w\nd1 until he fell dead4 ,he _h previ\sly ?r[n ! prophet ,micaiah into prison = pr$ict+ ?is result4 ,by ! m>riage ( ,a?alia1 a daught] ( ,ahab & ,jezebel1 ) ,jeho%aphat's son1 ,baal-wor%ip 0 introduc$ into ,j]usalem4 ,joram succe$$ ,ahab4 ,! prophet ,eli%a1 :o foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( ,elijah1 ano9t$ ,jehu capta9 ( ! ho/ ( ,joram4 ,he und]took1 ) fi]ce & unsp>+ en]gy1 to de/roy ,baal-wor%ip1 & to extirpate ! h\se ( ,ahab1 root & bran*4 ,! two k+s ( ,israel & ( ,judah he slew ) 8 own h&4 ,! prie/s & s]vants ( ,baal 7 put to ! sword4 ,^! conflicts r$uc$ ! /r5g? ( ,israel1 :i* fell a prey to ,syria1 until its p[] 0 reviv$ by ,j]oboam ,,ii4 7#ghc-gdc ,b4,c474 ,! dea? ( ,a?alia br\ght on ! expulsion ( ! ,pho5ician idolatry f ,j]usalem4 ,! s\!rn k+dom suff]$ f int]nal /rife1 & f w>s ) ,israel1 until ,uzziah 7#ggi-gdj ,b4,c47 re/or$ its milit>y /r5g?1 & caus$ agriculture & trade once m to fl\ri%4 ,,! ,,assyrian ,,captivity4--,! two k+doms1 9 ! n9? & eigh? c5turies1 in/ead ( /&+ toge!r aga9/ ! ?reat5+ might ( ,assyria1 s\ght hea!n alliances1 & wa/$ _! /r5g? 9 mutual cont5tion4 ,aga9/ ^! hopeless alliances1 & aga9/ ! idolatry & ! =malism :i* debas$ ! p1 ! prophets cont5d$ ) int5se e>ne/ness & unfl9*+ c\rage4 ,amos1 call$ f fe$+ 8 flocks1 inveigh$ aga9/ frivolity & vice1 misgov]nm5t & fraud1 9 ,israel4 ,hosea w>n$ ,m5ahem 7#gdc-gcg ,b4,c47 aga9/ invok+ ! help ( ,assyria aga9/ ,damascus1 b 9 va94 ,he 0 t]ribly puni%$ by :at he suff]$ f ! ,assyrians2 b ,jo?am 7#gdj-gcf ,b4,c47 & ,ahaz 7#gcf-gbh ,b4,c471 ! ,judaean k+s1 successively foll[$ 8 example4 ,tigla?-,piles] made ,judaea tribut>y4 ,! ,assyrian rites 7 br\ght into ! temple ( ,jehovah4 ,! s]vice ( ,canaaniti% deities 0 introduc$4 ,! "o incorruptible witness = ! cause ( ,jehovah 0 ! fe>less & eloqu5t prophet1 ,isaiah4 ,hosea1 k+ ( ,israel1 by 8 alliance ) ,egypt aga9/ ,s>gon1 s inc5s$ ?is mo/ w>like ( ! ,assyrian mon>*s1 t1 :5 he _h subdu$ ! ,pho5ician cities1 he laid siege to ,sam>ia2 &1 hav+ captur$ x at ! end ( a siege ( ?ree ye>s1 he l$ away ! k+ & ! l>g] "p ( 8 subjects z captives1 to ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1 & replac$ !m by subjects ( 8 own 7#gbb ,b4,c474 ,! lat] ,sam>itans 7 ! desc5dants ( ?is mix$ population4 ,! ,babylonian ,captivity4--,:5 ,s>gon1 ! object ( g5]al dread1 di$1 ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah 7#gbg-fii ,b4,c471 flatt]$ himself t x 0 safe to disreg>d ! w>n+s ( ,isaiah1 &1 9 ! hope ( ?r[+ (f ! ,assyrian yoke1 made a treaty ( alliance ) ! k+ ( ,egypt1 & =tifi$ ,j]usalem4 ,he aboli%$1 h[ev]1 ! hea!n wor%ip 9 ! high places4 ,s5na*]ib1 ,s>gon's successor1 0 compell$ to raise ! siege 7p4 #df74 ,manasseh 7#fih-fdc ,b4,c471 9 defiance ( ! prophets1 fo/]$ ! idolatr\s & s5sual wor%ip1 aga9/ :i* !y nev] ceas$ to lift _! voices4 ,josiah 7#fdj-fji ,b4,c47 0 a re=m]4 ,z a tribut>y ( ,babylon1 he s\ght to prev5t ,ne*o1 k+ ( ,egypt1 f cross+ 8 t]ritory1 b 0 vanqui%$ & sla9 at ,megiddo1 on ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon4 ,nebu*adnezz>'s victory ov] ,ne*o1 at ,c>*emi%1 enabl$ ! ,babylonian k+ to tread 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,assyrian conqu]ors4 ,! revolt ( ,z$ekiah1 :i* ! prophet ,j]emiah 0 unable to prev5t1 & 8 alliance ) ,egypt1 l$ to ! ,babylonian captivity ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( national ru91 ! prophetic _s f\nd a voice ?r\gh ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel4 ,x 0 dur+ ! era ( ,assyrian & ,babylonian invasion t ! pr$ictions ( a ,,messiah1 a great ,deliv]] & righte\s ,rul] :o 0 to come1 assum$ a m def9ite expression4 ,! spiritual "* ( ,isaiah's tea*+ has giv5 him ! "n ( ! evangelical prophet4 ,cyrus1 ! conqu]or ( ,babylon1 op5$ ! way 7#ech ,b4,c47 = ! return ( ! exiles4 ,a small "p fir/ came back "u ,z]ubbabel1 head ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 :o 0 made ,p]sian gov]nor4 ,!y began to rebuild ! temple1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #eaf ,b4,c4 ,lat] 7#deh ,b4,c47 ,ezra ! scribe & ,nehemiah l$ home a l>g] body4 ,! newly return$ ,jews 7 fir$ ) a zeal = ! obs]vance ( ! ,mosaic ritual1--a zeal :i* _h be5 %>p5$ 9 ! p]secutions & sorr[s ( exile4 ,! era ( ! hagiocracy1 ( ! supreme influ5ce ( ! prie/hood & ! rigid adh]5ce to ! law1 ) an inflexible ho/ility to hea!n cu/oms1 ensu$4 ,! _s ( :i* prophecy _h be5 ! /imulant1 & p>tially ! fruit1 decl9$4 ,! political indep5d5ce ( ! l& 0 gone = ev]4 ,! day ( fre$om "u ! ,maccabees1 aft] ! insurrection 7#afh ,b4,c47 l$ by t family aga9/ ! ,syrian successors ( ,alex&]1 0 %ort4 ,b ,israel _h be5 ?r[n into ! /ream ( nations4 ,its religi\s influ5ce 0 to exp& z its political /r5g? dw9dl$4 ,its subjugation & all its t]rible mis=tunes 7 to s]ve z a means ( spread+ ! leav5+ influ5ce ( its mono!i/ic fai?4 ,9 ! ye> #fc ,b4,c41 ,pompeius made ! ,jews tribut>y to ! ,romans4 ,9 ! ye> #dj ,b4,c41 ,h]od began to reign z a dep5d5t k+ "u ,rome4 ,hebrew ,lit]ature4--,! lit]ature ( ! ,hebrews is ess5tially religi\s 9 its :ole motive & _s4 ,?is is true ev5 ( _! hi/orical writ+s4 ,! m>ks ( ! "o def9+ *>act]i/ic ( _! national life--fai? 9 ,jehovah & 9 8 sov]eign & righte\s control--are ev]y:]e se54 ,hebrew poetry is ma9ly lyrical4 ,relics ( old songs are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! hi/orical books4 ,9 ! ,psalms1 an an?ology ( sacr$ lyrics1 ! _s ( ,hebrew poesy atta9s to its highe/ flight4 ,examples ( didactic poetry are ! ,book ( ,job1 & books l ! ,prov]bs1 compos$ ma9ly ( pi?y say+s or gnomes4 ,n[h]e1 save 9 ! ,psalms1 does ! _s ( ! ,hebrew religion & ! g5ius ( ! p f9d an expression s gr& & mov+ z 9 ! ,prophets1 ( :om ,isaiah is ! *ief4 ,,art4--,9 art ! ,hebrews did n excel4 ,! pla/ic arts 7 g5]ally develop$ 9 connection ) religion4 ,b ! religion ( ! ,hebrews exclud$ all visible repres5tations ( deity4 ,nor 7 !y pr(ici5ts 9 sci5ce4 ,israel 0 ! vessel 9 :i* ! wat] ( life 0 inclos$1 9 :i* x 0 kept cool & pure1 t x might !reaft] refre% ! _w4 ,! ,,hi/orical ,,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t comprise1 fir/1 ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* describes ! orig9 ( ! ,hebrew p1 ! exodus f ,egypt1 & ! ,s9aitic legislation4 ,que/ions p]ta9+ to ! date & au?or%ip ( ^! five books1 & ( ! mat]ials at ! basis ( !m1 are /ill debat$ among hi/orical critics4 ,x may be reg>d$ z c]ta91 h[ev]1 t mat]ials belong+ to ne>ly e p]iod ( ,hebrew lit]ature1 f ! e>lie/ times1 are "h comb9$4 ,! e>ly "p ( ,g5esis is design$ to expla9 ! g5ealogy ( ! ,hebrews1 & to %[ h[1 /ep by /ep1 !y 7 sund]$ f o!r peoples4 ,! n>ratives 9 ! fir/ t5 *apt]s--z ! /ory ( ! creation1 ! flood1 etc4--s /rik+ly resemble leg5ds ( o!r ,semitic nations1 especially ! ,babylonians& ,pho5icians1 z to make x pla9 t all ^! gr\ps ( acc\nts are hi/orically connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,b ! ,g5esis n>ratives are di/+ui%$ by _! fre$om f ! poly!i/ic +r$i5ts :i* disfigure ! correspond+ n>ratives else:]e4 ,!y are on ! elevat$ plane ( t pure !ism :i* is ! k]nel ( ! ,hebrew fai?4 ,?is :ole subject is elucidat$ by ,l5ormant1 9 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,hi/ory 7#ahhb74 ,! ,book ( ,jo%ua relates ! hi/ory ( ! conque/ ( ,canaan2 ,judges1 ! tale ( ! h]oic age ( ,israel prior to ! mon>*y2 ! ,books ( ,samuel & ( ,k+s1 ( ! mon>*y 9 its glory & its decl9e2 ! ,books ( ,*ronicles treat ( p>ts ( ! same era1 m f ! po9t ( view ( ! prie/hood2 ,ru? is an idyl ( ! n>rative type2 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,e/h] h to d ) ! return ( ! ,jews f exile1 & ! ev5ts next foll[+4 ,! ,,poetic ,,writ+s include ! ,psalt]1 by _m au?ors2 ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon & o!rs2 ,ecclesia/es1 :i* gives ! sombre reflections ( "o :o _h ta/$ to ! full ! pleasures & honors ( life2 ! ,canticles1 or ,song ( ,solomon1 :i* depicts a "y woman's love 9 its con/ancy1 & victory ov] temptation4 ,! ,,prophets are divid$ into f\r classes3 i4 ,^? ( ! e>ly p]iod f ! twelf? to ! n9? c5tury1 includ+ ,samuel1 ,elijah1 ,eliska1 etc1 :o h left no prophetical writ+s4 #b4 ,! prophets ( ! ,assyrian age 7#hjj-gjj ,b4,c471 :]e belong ,amos1 ,hosea1 ,isaiah1 ,micah1 & ,nahum4 #c4 ,! prophets ( ! ,babylonian age1 ,zephaniah1 ,j]emiah1 ,habakkuk1 ,ezekiel4 ,"h "s s*ol>s w\ld place a "p ( ,isaiah4 #d4 ,! po/-exilian prophets1 ,haggai1 ,za*>iah1 ,malackt1 ,jonah41 ,daniel1 ,joel1 ,obadiah1 & consid]able portions ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah4 ,! ,,apocryphal ,,books belong betwe5 ! clos+ ( ! ,old-,te/am5t canon & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!y are in/ructive z to t int]m$iate p]iod4 ,! fir/ ,book ( ,maccabees is specially important = its hi/orical matt]2 ! ,books ( ,wisdom & ! ,son ( ,sira* = _! moral reflections & precepts4 ,,works ,,relat+ ,,to ,,hebrew ,,hi/ory4--,,ewald1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,israeliti% ,p 7,eng4 trans41 #e vols472 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews 7#c vols472 ,/ade1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel 7#b vols41 #ahhi72 ,r5an1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel 7,eng4 trans41 #ahif72 ,wellhaus54 ,israelitis*e und judis*e ,ges*i*te 7#c;d ed41 #ahig72 ,k5t1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew ,p 7#ahih72 ,gu!1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel 7#ahii72 ! ,art4 ,israel by ,wellhaus51 9 ! ,encycl4 ,brit41 & ! "o by ,gu! 9 ! ,encycl4 ,bibl4 ,! hi/orical works ( ,jewi% s*ol>s1 ,h]zfeld1 ,jo/1 ,zunz1 ,graetz1 ,,d]5b\rg1 etc41 are valuable4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,p]sians4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ! plateau ( ,iran1 :i* ext5ds f ! ,suleiman ,m\nta9s to ! pla9s ( ,mesopotamia1 7 ! ,m$es4 ,on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! same plateau1 along ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 7 ! ,p]sians4 ,bo? 7 (f%oots ( ! ,aryan family1 & _h migrat$ we/w>d f ! region ( ! upp] ,oxus1 f ,bactria1 ! orig9al seat ( _! religion4 ,,religion4--,! anci5t religion ( ! ,iranians1 includ+ ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 0 r$uc$ to a sy/em by ! ,bactrian sage1 ,zoroa/] 7or ,z>a?u/ra71 :o1 9 ! abs5ce ( au!ntic k respect+ him1 may be conjecturally plac$ at ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,z5dave/a1 ! sacr$ book ( ! ,p>sees1 ! adh]5ts ( ?is religion1 is compos$ ( p>ts belong+ to v diff]5t dates4 ,x is ! fragm5t ( a m ext5sive lit]ature no long] extant4 ,! ,bactrian religion diff]$ f t ( _! ,sanskrit-speak+ k9dr$ on ! ,indus1 9 be+ a =m ( dualism4 ,x grew out ( a belief 9 good demons or spirits1 & 9 evil spirits1 mak+ up two ho/s p]petually 9 conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,at ! head ( ! ho/ ( good spirits1 9 ! ,zoroa/rian cre$1 0 ,ormuzd1 ! creator1 & ! god ( light2 at ! head ( ! evil ho/1 0 ,ahriman1 ! god ( d>kness4 ,! "o made ! _w good1 ! o!r laid 9 x all t is evil4 ,! "o is dispos$ to bless man1 ! o!r to d him h>m4 ,! conflict ( virtue & vice 9 man is a conte/ = control on ! "p ( ^! antagoni/ic p[]s4 ,9 ord] to keep (f ! spirits ( evil1 "o mu/ avoid :at is morally or c]emonially unclean4 ,he :o liv$ pure1 w5t up at dea? to ! spirits ( light4 ,! evil s\l dep>t$ to consort ) evil spirits 9 ! region ( d>kness4 ,mi?ra1 ! sun-god 9 ! ,zoroa/rian sy/em1 is ! equal1 ?\gh ! creature1 ( ,ormuzd4 ,mi?ra is ! conqu]or ( d>kness1 & s ! enemy ( falsehood4 ,! ,m$es & ,p]sians 7 fire-wor%ip]s4 ,to ! good spirits1 !y ascrib$ life1 ! fruitful e>?1 ! refre%+ wat]s1 f\nta9s & riv]s1 ! till$ gr\nd1 pa/ures & trees1 ! lu/r\s metals1 also tru? & ! pure de$4 ,to ! evil spirits belong$ d>kness1 disease1 dea?1 ! des]t1 cold1 fil?1 s91 & falsehood4 ,! animals 7 divid$ betwe5 ! two realms4 ,all t live 9 holes1 all t hurt ! trees & ! crops1 rats & mice1 reptiles ( all sorts1 turtles1 liz>ds1 v]m91 & noxi\s insects1 7 hateful creatures ( ,ahriman4 ,to kill any ( ^! 0 a m]it4 ,! dog 0 held sacr$2 z 0 also ! cock1 :o ann\nces ! break ( day4 ,9 ! sy/em ( wor%ip1 sacrifices 7 less prom95t ?an 9 ,india4 ,pray]s1 & ! it]ation ( pray]s1 7 ( great mom5t4 ,,! ,,magi4--,! ,zoroa/rian religion 0 n ! same at all times & 9 e place4 ,! primitive ,iranian emigrants 7 mono!i/ic 9 _! t5d5cies4 ,9 _! we/]n abodes1 !y came into contact ) wor%ip]s ( ! elem5ts1--fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat]4 ,x is ?\ght by _m s*ol>s1 t ! ,magian sy/em1 ) its m def9$ dualism & sac]dotal sway1 0 +raft$ on ! native religion ( ! ,iranians ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( tribes ) :om !y m+l$ 9 ,m$ia4 ,! ,magi1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 7 *>g$ by ,d>ius ) corrupt+ ! ,zoroa/rian fai? & wor%ip4 ,:atev] may h be5 _! orig91 !y became ! lead]s 9 wor%ip1 & privy-c\nselors to ! sov]eign4 ,!y 7 likewise a/rolog]s1 & int]pret]s ( dreams4 ,!y 7 n s di/9ct a class z ! prie/s 9 ,india4 ,a h]$it>y ord]1 !y might /ill br+ new memb]s into _! ranks4 ,f ! ,m$es1 !y 7 introduc$ among ! ,p]sians4 ,,p]sian ,,religi\s ,,cu/oms4--,peculi> cu/oms exi/$ among ! ,m$es 9 dispos+ ( ! dead4 ,!y 7 n to be ca/ into ! fire or ! wat]1 or buri$ 9 ! e>?1 = ?is w\ld br+ pollution to :at 0 sacr$2 b _! bodies 7 to be expos$ 9 ! high rocks1 :]e ! bea/s & birds c\ld dev\r !m4 ,sacrifices 7 (f]$ on hill-tops4 ,salutations ( homage 7 made to ! ris+ sun4 ,on "s occasions1 boys 7 buri$ alive1 z an (f]+ to ! div9ities4 ,9 e>ly times1 !re 7 no images ( ! gods4 ,z f> z !y 7 introduc$ 9 lat] times1 x 0 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( surr\nd+ nations4 ,9 ! supremacy & ! f9al victory1 :i*1 9 ! lat] =m ( ,zoroa/rianism1 7 accord$ to ,ormuzd1 !re 0 aga9 an approa* to mono!ism4 ,ho/ility to deception ( all sorts1 & ?us to /eal+1 0 a ,p]sian trait4 ,h]odotus says t ! ,p]sians taught _! *ildr5 to ride1 to %oot ! b[1 & to speak ! tru?4 ,to prize ! pursuits ( agriculture & horticulture1 0 a "p ( _! religion4 ,!y all[$ a plurality ( wives1 & concub9es ) !m2 b !re 0 "o wife to :om prec$5ce belong$4 ,volunt>y celibacy 9 man or woman 0 c\nt$ a flagrant s94 ,,hi/ory4--,! fir/ au!ntic notice t we h ( ! ,,m$es %[s !m "u ,assyrian p[]4 ,?is is 9 ! "t ( ,%almanes] ,,ii41 #hdj ,b4,c4 ,_! rise is co9cid5t ) ! fall ( ,assyria4 ,phraortes 7#fdg-fbe ,b4,c47 began ! ,m$ian /ruggle = indep5d5ce2 al?\gh ! "n ( ,deioces is giv5 by ,h]odotus z a previ\s k+1 & ! build] ( ,ecbatana ! capital4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,cyax>es 7#fbe-ehe ,b4,c471 hav+ deliv]$ 8 l& f ! ,scy?ian m>aud]s 7p4 #dg71 to complete1 9 conjunction ) ! ,babylonian k+1 ,nabopolass>1 ! "w ( break+ d[n ! ,assyrian empire 7p4 #dh74 ,he br\ght "u 8 rule ! ,bactrians1 & ! ,p]sians ab\t ,pas>gad & ,p]sepolis1 & made ! ,halys1 divid+ ,asia ,m9or1 ! limit ( 8 k+dom4 ,8 effem9ate son1 ,a/yages1 lo/ :at 8 fa!r _h won4 ,! ,p]sian bran* ( ! ,iranians ga9$ ! supremacy4 ,cyrus1 ! lead] ( ! ,p]sian revolt1 by :om ,a/yages 0 defeat$1 is describ$ z relat$ to him2 b ?is /ory1 z well z ! acc\nt ( 8 be+ rescu$ f dea? & br\ght up among %eph]ds1 is probably a fiction4 ,,cyrus4--,9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 ?is fam\s rul] & conqu]or became ! f\nd] ( an empire :i* compris$ ne>ly all ! civiliz$ nations ( ,asia4 ,dur+ 8 reign ( ?irty ye>s 7#eei-ecj ,b4,c471 he annex$ to 8 k+dom ! two pr9cipal /ates1 ,,lydia & ,,babylon4 ,! k+ ( ,lydia 0 ,croesus1 ^: /ory1 embelli%$ ) romantic details1 0 long famili> z a signal example ( ! mutations ( =tune4 ,doom$ to be burn$ aft] ! capture ( ,s>dis1 8 capital1 he 0 he>d1 j :5 ! fire 0 to be k9dl$1 to say some?+ ab\t ,solon4 ,9 answ] to ! inquiry ( ,cyrus1 ^: curiosity 0 excit$1 he relat$ h[ t ,grecian sage1 aft] behold+ 8 treasures1 _h refus$ to call him ! mo/ =tunate ( m51 on ! gr\nd t no man c be call$ happy be=e 8 dea?1 because none c tell :at disa/]s may befall him4 ,cyrus1 accord+ to ! n>rative1 t\*$ by ! tale1 deliv]$ ,croesus f dea?1 & !reaft] be/[$ on him honor & confid5ce4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( ! tradition1 :i* is deem$ by "s m probable4 ,croesus is said to h /ood on a pyre1 int5d+ to (f] himself 9 ! flames1 to propitiate ! god ,s&on1 t 8 p might be sav$ f de/ruction2 b he 0 prev5t$1 x is said1 by unfavorable auguries4 ,! subjection ( ! ,greek colonies on ! ,asia-,m9or coa/ foll[$ ^u ! subjugation ( ,lydia4 ,f ^! colonies1 ! ,phocoeans w5t =?1 & f\nd$ ,elea 9 ,l[] ,italy1 & ,massilia 7,m>seilles7 9 ,gaul4 ,! ,asian ,greek cities 7 ea* all[$ its own municipal rul]s1 b paid tribute to ! ,p]sian ma/]4 ,! conque/ ( ,babylon 7#ech ,b4,c471 z x op5$ ! way = ! return to ,j]usalem ( ! ,jewi% exiles1 enabl$ ,cyrus to e/abli% a fri5dly p 9 ,judaea1 z a help 9 =tify+ 8 sway 9 ,syria1 & 9 op5+ a pa? to ,egypt4 ,b 9 #ebi he lo/ 8 life 9 a w> :i* he 0 wag+ aga9/ ! ,massagetae1 a tribe on ! ,caspian1 alli$ 9 blood to ! ,scy?ians4 ,!re 0 a tradition t ! b>b>ian que51 ,tomyris1 enrag$ t ,cyrus _h ov]come h] son by deceit1 dipp$ ! sla9 k+'s head 9 a sk9-bag ( blood1 exclaim+1 ,dr9k ?y fill ( blood1 ( :i* ?\ c\ld/ n h en\gh 9 ?y lifetime6 ,,cambyses4--,! successor ( ,cyrus1 a man n less w>like ?an he1 b m viol5t 9 8 passions1 reign$ b sev5 ye>s 7#ebi-ebb ,b4,c474 ,8 mo/ conspicu\s a*ievem5t 0 ! conque/ ( ,,egypt4 ,"o gr\nd or pretext ( 8 ho/ility1 accord+ to ! tale ( ,h]odotus1 0 ! fact t ,amasis1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,psammeticus ,,iii41 n d>+ to refuse ! dem& ( 8 daught] z a wife1 to be second 9 rank to ! ,p]sian que51 _h fraudul5tly s5t1 ei!r to ,cambyses1 or1 be=e 8 "t1 to ,cyrus1 ,nitetis1 ! daught] ( ! k+ :o prec$$ him1 ,apries4 ,defeat$ at ,pelusium1 & compell$ to yield up ,memphis aft] a siege1 x is said t ,psammeticus1 ! ,psamm5itus ( ,h]odotus1 ! un=tunate successor ( ! p[]ful ,ph>aohs1 0 oblig$ to look on ! spectacle ( 8 daught]s 9 ! g>b ( work+-wom51 be>+ wat]1 & to see 8 sons1 ) ! pr9cipal "y nobles1 ord]$ to execution4 ,b ?is tale lacks confirmation4 ,8 cruelties 7 probably ( a lat] date1 & 7 provok$ by ! *agr9 he felt1 & ! satisfaction manife/$ by ! p1 at ! failure ( great exp$itions :i* he s5t s\?w>d = ! conque/ ( ,m]oe1 & we/w>d aga9/ ! ,oasis ( ,ammon4 ,8 armies p]i%$ 9 ! ,lybian des]ts4 ,ev5 ! /ory ( 8 /abb+ ! sacr$ /e] 7,apis71 aft] ^! ev5ts1 al?\gh x may be true1 is n sanction$ by ! ,egyptian inscriptions4 ,8 attack ^u ,ammon probably arose1 9 "p at lea/1 f a desire to possess himself ( :atev] lay betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,c>?ag9ian t]ritory4 ,b ! ,pho5ician sailors :o mann$ 8 fleet refus$ to sail aga9/ _! bre?r5 9 ,c>?age4 ,cambyses assum$ ! title & "* ( an ,egyptian sov]eign4 ,! /ory ( 8 madness is an inv5tion ( ! ,egyptian prie/s4 ,,d>ius 7#eba-dhe ,b4,c474--,= a %ort "t1 a pret5d]1 a ,magian1 :o call$ himself ,sm]dis1 & pr(ess$ to be ! bro!r ( ,cambyses1 usurp$ ! ?rone4 ,cambyses is said to h put an end to 8 own life4 ,aft] a reign ( sev5 mon?s1 dur+ :i* he kept himself = ! mo/ "p hidd5 f view1 ,sm]dis 0 de/roy$ by a ris+ ( ! lead+ ,p]sian families4 ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes1 ( ! royal race ( ! ,a*aem5idae1 succe$$4 ,he m>ri$ ,atossa1 ! daught] ( ,cyrus4 ,! c\ntries :i* compos$ an ,ori5tal empire 7 s loosely held toge!r t ! dea? ( a despot or ! *ange ( a dyna/y 0 v likely to call =? a g5]al insurrection4 ,d>ius %[$ 8 milit>y pr[ess 9 conqu]+ anew v>i\s c\ntries1 includ+ ,babylon1 :i* _h revolt$4 ,he made ,arabia tribut>y1 & spread ! b\nds ( 8 va/ empire z f> z ,india & 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,a mighty exp$ition :i* he organiz$ aga9/ ! ,scy?ians on ! ,l[] ,danube fail$ ( ! results t 7 hop$ f x4 ,! b>b>ians wa/$ _! own fields1 fill$ up _! wells1 drove (f _! cattle1 & fl$ z ! army ( ,d>ius advanc$4 ,he return$1 h[ev]1 ) ! bulk ( 8 army intact1 al?\gh ) a loss ( pre/ige1 & enroll$ ! ,scy?s beyond ! sea among ! subjects ( 8 empire4 ,8 armies conqu]$ ! tribes ( ,?race1 s t he pu%$ 8 b\nd>ies to ! fronti]s ( ,mac$onia4 ,! rebellion ( ! ,greek cities on ! ,asia-,m9or coa/ he suppress$1 & h>%ly av5g$4 ,( 8 fur!r conflicts ) ! ,greeks on ! ma9l&1 m is to be said h]eaft]4 ,he _h built ,p]sepolis1 b 8 pr9cipal seat ( gov]nm5t appe>s to h be5 ,susa4 ,he did a great "w 9 organiz+ 8 imp]ial sy/em4 ,! division into satrapies--l>ge di/ricts1 ea* "u a satrap1 or vic]oy--0 a "p ( ?is "w4 ,he ?us introduc$ a m effici5t & me?odical adm9i/ration into 8 empire1--an empire f\r times z l>ge z ! empire ( ,assyria1 :i* x _h swall[$ up4 ,,gov]nm5t4--,p]sia prop] correspond$ ne>ly to ! mod]n prov9ce ( ,f>si/an or ,f>s4 ,! ,p]sian ,empire /ret*$ f ea/ to we/ = a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& miles1 & 0 f five hundr$ to fifte5 hundr$ miles 9 wid?4 ,x 0 m ?an half z l>ge z mod]n ,europe4 ,x compris$ n less ?an two millions ( squ>e miles4 ,its population "u ,d>ius may h be5 sev5ty or eighty millions4 ,he br\ght 9 uni=mity ( adm9i/ration4 ,9 ea* satrapy1 besides ! satrap himself1 :o 0 a despot )9 8 own dom9ion1 !re 0 at fir/ a comm&] ( ! troops1 & a secret>y1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to make reports to ! ,,great ,,k+4 ,^! ?ree (fic]s 7 really wat*m5 ov] "o ano!r4 ,x 0 ?r\gh spies 7eyes & e>s7 ( ! k+ t he 0 kept in=m$ ( :at 0 tak+ place 9 e "p ( ! empire4 ,at l5g? x 0 f\nd necess>y to give ! satraps ! comm& ( ! troops1 :i* took away "o important *eck ^u _! p[]4 ,!re 0 a regul> sy/em ( taxation1 b to ?is 7 add$ extraord9>y & oppressive levies4 ,d>ius introduc$ a uni=m co9age4 ,! "n ( ! co91 d>ic1 is probably n d]iv$ f 8 "n1 h[ev]4 ,not)/&+ ! gov]nm5t by satraps1 local laws & usages 7 left1 to a l>ge ext5t1 undi/urb$4 ,great roads1 & po/al communication = ! exclusive use ( ! gov]nm5t1 connect$ ! capital ) ! di/ant prov9ces4 ,9 ?is po9t ! ,p]sians set an example :i* 0 foll[$ by ! ,romans4 ,f ,susa to ,s>dis1 a di/ance ( ab\t sev5te5 hundr$ ,engli% miles1 /ret*$ a road1 along :i*1 at prop] int]vals1 7 c>avans>ies1 & ov] :i* ! fleet c\ri]s ( ! k+ rode 9 six or sev5 days4 ,! k+ 0 an absolute "l & ma/]1 :o dispos$ ( ! lives & prop]ty ( 8 subjects )\t re/ra9t4 ,to him ! mo/ s]vile homage 0 paid4 ,he liv$ mo/ly 9 seclusion 9 8 palace4 ,on great occasions he sat at banquet ) 8 nobles4 ,8 ?rone 0 made ( gold1 silv]1 & ivory4 ,all :o approa*$ him kiss$ ! e>?4 ,8 ord9>y dress 0 probably ( ! ri*e/ silk4 ,he took 8 meals mo/ly by himself4 ,8 f>e 0 made up ( ! *oice/ delicacies4 ,8 s]aglio1 gu>d$ by eunu*s1 conta9$ a multitude ( inmates1 br\ght toge!r by 8 arbitr>y comm&1 ov] :om1 9 a c]ta9 way1 ! que5-"m presid$4 ,8 *ief div]sions 7 play+ at dice )9 doors1 & hunt+ )\t4 ,p>adises1 or p>ks1 wall$ 91 plant$ ) trees & %rubb]y1 & furni%$ ) refre%+ f\nta9s & /reams1 7 8 hunt+-gr\nd4 ,su* inclosures 7 ! delight ( all ,p]sians4 ,9 w> he 0 att5d$ ) v>i\s (fic]s 9 close att5dance on 8 p]son1--! /ool-be>]1 ! b[-be>]1 etc4 ,9 peace1 !re 0 ano!r set1 among :om 0 ! p>asol-be>]1--= to be %elt]$ by ! p>asol 0 an exclusive privilege ( ! k+1--! fan-be>]1 etc4 ,!re 7 c]ta9 privileg$ families1--six besides ! royal clan ( ! ,a*m5id1 ! *iefs ( all ( :i* 7 8 c\nselors1 & f :om he 0 b\nd to *oose 8 legitimate wives4 ,:5 ! mon>* travel$1 ev5 on milit>y exp$itions1 he 0 accompani$ by ! :ole v>i$ app>atus ( luxury :i* m9i/]$ to 8 pleasures 9 ! c\rt1--co/ly furniture1 a va/ ret9ue ( att5dants1 ( inmates ( ! h>em1 etc4 ,,army ,,& ,,navy4--,! arms ( ! footman 7 a sword1 a spe>1 & a b[4 ,p]sian b[m5 7 skillful4 ,p]sian cavalry1 bo? heavy & light1 7 _! mo/ effective arm4 ,! milit>y lead]s dep5d$ on ! cel]ity ( _! horsem5 & ! weight ( _! numb]s4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !y employ$ milit>y eng9es4 ,!y 7 n :olly ignorant ( /rategy4 ,_! troops 7 m>%al$ by nations1 ea* 9 its own co/ume1 ! comm&] ( ! :ole be+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! l9e ( battle4 ,! body-gu>d ( ! k+ 0 ! ,immortals1 a body ( t5 ?\s& pick$ footm51 ! numb] be+ always kept intact4 ,! enemies ( ! ,p]sians1 except 9 ! case ( rebels1 7 n treat$ ) inhumanity4 ,9 ?is reg>d ! ,p]sians are 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! ,semitic f]ocity ( ! ,assyrians4 ,_! navies 7 drawn f ! subject-peoples4 ,! trireme1 ) its project+ pr[ %od ) iron1 & its crew ( two hundr$ m51 0 ! pr9cipal1 b n ! only vessel us$ 9 sea-fights4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art4--,a ,p]sian y\? 0 ord9>ily taught to read1 b !re 0 little intellectual culture4 ,boys 7 tra9$ 9 a?letic ex]cises4 ,x 0 a discipl9e 9 h>dy & temp]ate habits4 ,etiquette1 9 all ranks ( ! p1 0 highly e/eem$4 ,! ,p]sians1 z a nation1 7 bright-m9d$1 & n defici5t 9 fancy & imag9ation4 ,b !y contribut$ little to sci5ce4 ,_! religi\s ideas 7 an heirloom f remote ance/ors4 ,! celebrat$ ,p]sian poet1 ,fird\s1 liv$ 9 ! t5? c5tury ( our era4 ,8 great poem1 ! ,%ahnameh1 or ,book ( ,k+s1 is a /oreh\se ( anci5t traditions4 ,x is probable t ! anci5t poetry ( ! ,p]sians1 l ?is production1 0 ( mod]ate m]it4 ,( ! ,p]sian ar*itecture & sculpture1 we d]ive our k f ! massive ru9s ( ,p]sepolis1 :i* 0 burn$ by ,alex&] ! ,great1 & f ! rema9s ( o!r cities4 ,!y _h le>n$ f ,assyria & ,babylon1 b !y display no high degree ( arti/ic tal5t4 ,!y 7 n an intellectual p3 !y 7 soldi]s & rul]s4 ,,lit]ature--,works m5tion$ on pp #af1 #db2 ,encycl4 ,brit41 ,art4 ,p]sia2 ,vaux1 ,p]sia f ! ,monum5ts 7#ahgf72 ,nldeke1 ,aufsdtze zur p]sis*5 ,ges*i*te 7#ahhg72 ,ju/i1 ,ges*i*te trans 7#aijj72 ,m>kham1 ,g5]al ,sket* ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia 7#ahgd74 ,,retrospect4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,asia ! ,*9ese nation 0 built up1 ! pr9cipal a*ievem5t ( ! ,mongolian race4 ,its influ5ce 0 re/rict$ to neighbor+ peoples ( k9dr$ blood4 ,its civilization1 hav+ once atta9$ to a c]ta9 /age ( progress1 rema9$ = ! mo/ "p /ation>y4 ,*9a1 9 its isolation1 ex]t$ no p[] ^u ! g5]al c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,n until a late age1 :5 ! civilization ( ! ,caucasian race %\ld be develop$1 0 ! culture ( ,*9a to produce1 9 ! m+l+ ( ! ,european & ,asiatic peoples1 its full fruits1 ev5 = ,*9a h]self4 ,india--al?\gh ! home ( a ,caucasian immigrant p1 a p ( ! ,aryan family too--0 cut (f by special causes f play+ an effective "p1 ei!r actively or passively1 9 ! g5]al hi/oric movem5t4 ,egypt1 f #aejj to #acjj ,b4,c41 0 ! lead+ community ( ! anci5t _w4 ,b civilization 9 ,egypt1 at an e>ly date1 cry/alliz$ 9 an un*ang+ =m4 ,! aim 0 to pres]ve unalt]$ :at ! pa/ _h br\ght out4 ,! b&ag$ mummy1 ! result ( ! ef=t to pres]ve ev5 ! mat]ial body ( man = all future "t1 is a type ( ! lead5 cons]vatism :i* p]vad$ ,egyptian life4 ,! pre-em95ce ( ,egypt 0 lo/ by ! rise ( ! ,semitic /ates to increas+ p[]4 ,semitic arms & culture 7 9 ! asc5dant = six c5turies 7#acjj to #gjj ,b4,c474 ,babylonia %>es ) ,egypt ! di/9ction ( be+ "o ( ! two *ief f\nta9s ( culture4 ,f ,babylonia1 a/ronomy1 writ+1 & o!r useful arts 7 dissem9at$ among ! o!r ,semitic peoples4 ,x 0 a /rong /ate ev5 be=e #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,babylon 0 a hive ( indu/ry1 & 0 active 9 trade1 a l9k ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,b ?is function ( an int]m$iate 0 dis*>g$ /ill m effectively by ! ,pho5icians1 ! fir/ great comm]cial & naval p[] ( antiquity4 ,tyre rea*$ ! acme ( its prosp]ity "u ,hiram1 ! contempor>y ( ,solomon1 ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,meantime1 among ! ,hebrew p1 ! f\ndations ( ! true religion _h be5 laid1--t religion ( mono!ism :i* 9 future ages 0 to leav5 ! nations4 ,contemporane\sly1 ! ,assyrian ,mon>*y 0 ris+ to importance on ! banks ( ! ,tigris4 ,! appe>ance1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 ( a p[] advanc+ f ! he>t ( ,asia t[>ds ! ,we/1 is an ev5t ( immeasurable importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! ,israelites 7 divid$4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 bo? ( _! k+doms lo/ _! indep5d5ce4 ,assyria 0 vigor\s 9 w>1 b _h no deep f\ndation ( national life4 ,its religion 0 n root$ 9 ! soil1 l t ( ,egypt1 nor bas$ on ! obs]vation ( ! sky & />s1 l t ( ,babylon4 ,its gods 7 gods ( w>1 manife/+ !mselves 9 ! pr[ess ( rul+ pr9ces4 ,! ma9 in/rum5t 9 effect+ ! d[nfall ( ,assyria 0 ! ,m$o-,p]sian p[]4 ,?r\gh ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 ! ,aryan race comes =w>d into conspicuity & control4 ,"o bran* ( ! ,iranians ( ,bactria1 ent]+ ,india1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( climate & o!r physical influ5ces conv]t$ _! religion into a my/ical & speculative pan!ism1 & _! social organization into a ca/e-sy/em "u ! rule ( a prie/hood4 ,! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 "u o!r circum/ances1 9 contact ) tribes ab\t !m1 turn$ _! religion into a dualism1 yet ) a mono!i/ic drift t 0 n :olly ext+ui%$4 ,! conque/ ( ,babylon by ,cyrus annihilat$ ,semitic p[]4 ,! fall ( ,lydia1 ! conque/ ( ,egypt by ,cambyses1 & ! victories ( ,d>ius1 br\ght ! _w into subjection to ,p]sian rule4 ,! dates ( "s ( ! mo/ important hi/orical ev5ts 9 ?is ,section are z foll[ ,m5es1 ! fir/ hi/oric k+ ( ,egypt4444444 ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 ,accession ( ,ramses ,,ii4 to ! ,egyptian ?rone444444 #acdj ,b4,c4 ,rise ( ! ,babylonian k+dom4444444444444444 ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 ,reign ( ,hiram at ,tyre1 & ( ,solomon44444444 ab\t #iej ,b4,c4 ,assyrian captivity3 d[nfall ( ,israel444444444444444 #gbb ,b4,c4 ,fall ( ,n9eveh444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 #fjf ,b4,c4 ,babylonian captivity3 d[nfall ( ,judah44444444444444 #ehf ,b4,c4 ,reign ( ,cyrus beg9s44444444444444444444444444444444 #eei ,b4,c4 ,fall ( ,lydia3 capture ( ,s>dis444444444444444444444 #edf ,b4,c4 ,fall ( ,babylon44444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #ech ,b4,c4 ,reign ( ,d>ius beg9s4444444444444444444444444444444 #eba ,b4,c4 ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,civilization4--,9 ! hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,asia we disc]n ! beg9n+s ( civilization & ( ! true religion4 ,9 ! room ( useless & de/ructive tribal w>f>e1 great numb]s are b&$ toge!r "u despotic rule4 ,,cities 7 built1 :]e prop]ty & life c\ld be protect$1 & )9 ^: massive walls ( va/ circumf]5ce ! useful arts & ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce c\ld spr+ up4 ,trade & comm]ce1 by l& & sea1 naturally foll[$4 ,?us nations came to "k "o ano!r4 ,aggressive w> & subjugation _h a "p 9 ! same result4 ,! p[] ( ! peoples ( we/]n ,asia1 ! gu>dians ( infant civilization1 avail$ to keep back ! hordes ( b>b>ians on ! nor?1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! great ,scy?ian invasion 7p4 #dg71 to drive !m back to _! own abodes4 ,,defects ,,( ,,asiatic ,,civilization4--,b ! civilization ( ! ,asiatic empires _h radical & fatal defects4 ,! developm5t ( human nature 0 9 "s "o direction1 to ! exclusion ( o!r =ms ( human activity4 ,z to k1 x 0 conf9$ )9 a limit beyond :i* progress 0 sl[4 ,! geometry ( ,egypt & ! a/ronomy ( ,babylon rema9$ :]e ! necessity ( ! pyramid-build]s & ! sup]/ition ( ! a/rolog]s _h c>ri$ !m4 ,ev5 ! art ( w> 0 9 a rudim5tal /age4 ,9 battle1 huge multitudes 7 precipitat$ ^u "o ano!r4 ,!re are "s evid5ces ( /rategy1 :5 we rea* ! campaigns ( ,cyrus4 ,b w> 0 full ( b>b>ities1--! de/ruction ( cities1 ! expatriation ( masses ( p1 ! pitiless treatm5t ( captives4 ,ar*itecture exhibits magnitude )\t elegance4 ,temples1 palaces1 & tombs are monum5ts ( labor r ?an creations ( art4 ,!y impress (t5] by _! size ?an by _! beauty4 ,/atu>y is in]t & massive1 & appe>s insep>able f ! build+s to :i* x is atta*$4 ,lit]ature1 ) ! exception ( ! ,hebrew1 is h>dly less monoton\s ?an art4 ,! religion ( ! ,semitic nations1 ! ,hebrews except$1 s f> f conta9+ 9 x a purify+ elem5t1 t5d$ to degrade its vot>ies by fe$+ ! flame ( s5sual & rev5geful passion4 ,:at b debasem5t c\ld come f ! wor%ip ( ,a/>te & ! ,pho5ician ,el8 ,! great empires did n assimilate ! nations :i* !y compris$4 ,!y 7 b\nd1 b n 9 ! lea/ fus$1 toge!r4 ,p]sia w5t f>!r ?an any o!r empire 9 creat+ a uni=m adm9i/ration1 b ev5 ! ,p]sian ,empire rema9$ a conglom]ate ( di/9ct peoples4 ,,ori5tal ,,gov]nm5t4--,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,ori5tal nations 0 a despotism4 ,x 0 n a gov]nm5t ( laws1 b ! w ( ! "o ma/] 0 omnipot5t4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( tyranny 9 ! rul] 0 cr++1 abject s]vility 9 ! subject4 ,humanity c\ld n ?rive1 man c\ld n gr[ to 8 full /ature1 "u su* a sy/em4 ,x 0 on ! soil ( ,europe & among ! ,greeks t a bett] type ( manhood & a true idea ( lib]ty 7 to spr+ up4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,,europe4 ,,physical ,,geography4--,! ,alps1 cont9u$ on ! we/ by ! ,pyr5ees & ! ,cantabrian m\nta9s1 & c>ri$ ea/w>d to ! ,black ,sea by ! ,balkan range1 =m an irregul> l9e1 t sep>ates ! ?ree p59sulas ( ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,greece f ! great pla9 ( c5tral ,europe4 ,on ! nor? ( ?is pla91 !re is a correspond+ sy/em ( p59sulas & isl&s1 :]e ! ,baltic answ]s 9 a measure to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is midl& sea1 :i* at once unites & sep>ates ! ?ree cont95ts1 is connect$ ) ! ,atlantic by ! n>r[ ,/rait ( ,gibralt>1 & on ! ea/ is cont9u$ 9 ! ,aegean ,sea1 or ! ,ar*ipelago1 :i* leads into ! ,hellespont1 or ! ,/rait ( ! ,d>danelles1 !nce onw>d into ! ,propontis1 or ,sea ( ,m>mora1 & ?r\gh ! ,bosphorus into ! ,black ,sea1 & ! ,sea ( ,az(f beyond4 ,f ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,indian ,ocean ! ,m$it]ranean is p>t$ by a space :i* is n[ trav]s$ by a canal4 ,! irregul>ity ( ! coa/-l9e is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,european cont95t4 ,especially are ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean ind5t$ by arms ( ! sea2 & ?is1 along ) ! num]\s isl&s1 m>ks out ! :ole region z rem>kably adapt$ to m>itime life & comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,,its ,,inhabitants4--,europe 0 e>ly inhabit$ by bran*es ( ! ,aryan race4 ,! cradle or primitive seat ( ! ,aryan family --f :i* its two ma9 divisions1 ! ,european & ! ,asiatic1 w5t =?--is n kn[n4 ,x is a matt] ( !ory & debate4 ,we f9d ! ,graeco-,lat9 peoples on ! s\?1 ! m c5tral nations ( ,celtic spee*1 ! m nor!rn ,teutons1 & 9 ! nor?-ea/ ! ,slavonians4 ,b h[ all ^! ,aryan bran*es are mutually relat$1 & ( ! ord] & pa? ( _! prehi/oric migrations1 little is def9itely kn[n4 ,! ,celts 7 evid5tly prec$$ by non-,aryan inhabitants1 ( :om ! ,basques 9 ,spa9 & ,france are a relic4 ,! ,celtib]ians 9 ,spa91 z ! "n implies1 7 a mixture ( ! ,celts ) ! native non-,aryan ,ib]ians4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,italians _h a common ance/ry1 z we "k by _! languages2 b ( t common ance/ry nei!r ,greeks nor ,lat9s 9 ! hi/oric p]iod reta9$ any recollection2 nor c we safely affirm1 t1 ( t e>li] /ock1 !y alone 7 ! (fspr+4 ,all ! kn[n ,indo-,european languages1 writes ,pr(essor ,:itney1 are desc5d$ f a s+le dialect1 :i* mu/ h be5 spok5 at "s "t 9 ! pa/ by a s+le limit$ community1 by ! spread & emigration ( :i*--n1 c]ta9ly1 )\t incorporat+ also bodies ( o!r races ?an t to :i* itself belong$ by orig9--x has rea*$ its pres5t wide di/ribution4 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld be a matt] ( ! highe/ int]e/ to det]m9e ! place & p]iod ( ?is important community1 7 !re any means ( do+ s2 b t is n ! case1 at lea/ at pres5t4 ,! condition ( ^! languages is reconcilable ) any possible !ory z to ! orig9al site ( ! family4 ,"o po9t is e/abli%$1 t '! sep>ation ( ! five ,european bran*es mu/ h be5 lat] ?an _! common sep>ation f ! two ,asiatic bran*es1' ! ,iranians & ,indians4 7,:itney's ,! ,life & ,gr[? ( ,language1 pp4 #aia1 #aic47 ,,section ,i4 ,,grecian ,,hi/ory4 ,,! ,,l&4--,greeks is n a "n :i* ! p :o bore x appli$ to !mselves4 ,x 0 a "n giv5 !m by _! k9sfolk1 ! ,romans4 ,!y call$ !mselves ,hell5es1 & _! l& !y call$ ,hellas4 ,hellas1 or ,greece prop]1 includ$ ! s\!rn portion ( ! p59sula ( :i* x is a "p1 ! portion b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,olympus & ! ,cambunian ,m\nta9s1 & ext5d+ s\? to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,its %ores 7 wa%$ on ! ea/ by ! ,aegean1 on ! we/ by ! ,adriatic1 or ,ionian ,gulf4 ,! l5g? ( ,hellas 0 ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ,engli% miles3 its greate/ wid?1 measur$ on ! nor!rn fronti]1 or f ,attica on a l9e we/w>d1 0 ab\t a hundr$ & eighty miles4 ,x is some:at small] ?an ,portugal4 ,along its coa/ are _m deep bays4 ,long & n>r[ promontories run out into ! sea4 ,?us a great l5g? is giv5 to ! sea-coa/1 :i* ab\nds 9 commodi\s h>bors4 ,! tideless wat]s are safe = navigators4 ,scatt]$ )9 easy di/ance ( ! %ore are num]\s isl&s ( great f]tility & beauty4 ,s high & rugg$ are ! m\nta9s t communication betwe5 diff]5t places is commonly easi] by wat] ?an by l&4 ,a bran* ( ! ,alps at ! =ty-second p>allel ( latitude turns to ! s\?-ea/1 & desc5ds to ,to5>um1 ! s\!rn promontory4 ,on ei!r side1 lat]al bran*es are s5t (f1 at %ort int]vals1 to ! ea/ & ! we/4 ,f ^! 9 turn1 bran*es1 especially on ! ea/1 are ?r[n out 9 ! same direction z ! ma9 ridge2 t is1 f nor? to s\?4 ,little room is left = pla9s ( mu* ext5t4 ,!ssaly1 ) its s+le riv]1 ! ,p5eus1 0 su* a pla94 ,!re 7 no navigable riv]s4 ,mo/ ( ! /reams 7 no?+ m ?an w9t]-torr5ts1 ^: b$s 7 ne>ly or q dry 9 ! summ]4 ,!y (t5 grop$ _! way to ! sea ?r\gh und]gr\nd *annels1 ei!r b5ea? lakes or 9 passages :i* ! /reams !mselves bor$ ?r\gh lime/one4 ,! physical features ( ! c\ntry fitt$ x = ! developm5t ( small /ates1 di/9ct f "o ano!r1 yet1 ow+ especially to ! relations ( ! l& to ! sea1 full ( life & movem5t4 ,,! ,,grecian ,,/ates4--,! t]ritory ( ,greece includ$ 7#a7 ,nor!rn ,greece1 compris+ all nor? ( ! ,malian 7,zeit\m7 & ,ambracian 7,arta7 gulfs2 7#b7 ,c5tral ,greece1 ext5d+ !nce to ! ,gulf ( ,cor9?2 7#c7 ! p59sula ( ,peloponnesus 7,morea7 to ! s\? ( ! i/hmus4 ,! c\ntry 0 occupi$1 9 ! fl\ri%+ days ( ,greece1 by n less ?an sev5te5 /ates4 ,nor!rn ,greece conta9$ two pr9cipal c\ntries1 ,!ssaly & ,epirus1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by ! ,p9dus4 ,!ssaly 0 ! l>ge/ & mo/ f]tile ( ! ,grecian /ates4 ,! ,p5eus1 into :i* p\r$ ! m\nta9 /reams1 pass$ to ! sea ?r\gh a n>r[ gorge1 ! fam\s ,vale ( ,tempe4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s region ( ,epirus 7 num]\s /reams fl[+ ?r\gh ! valleys4 ,)9 x 0 ! anci5t ,dodona1 ! seat ( ! oracle4 ,magnesia1 ea/ ( ,!ssaly1 on ! coa/1 compris$ )9 x ! two ranges ( ,ossa & ,pelion4 ,c5tral ,greece conta9$ elev5 /ates4 ,malis _h on its ea/]n edge ! pass ( ,!rmopylae4 ,9 ,phocis1 on ! s\!rn slope ( ,m\nt ,p>nassus1 0 ,delphi4 ,boeotia 0 di/+ui%$ = ! numb] & size ( its cities1 ! *ief ( :i* 0 ,!bes4 ,attica project$ f ,boeotia to ! s\?-ea/1 its l5g? be+ sev5ty miles1 & its greate/ wid? ?irty miles4 ,its area 0 only ab\t sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty squ>e miles4 ,x 0 ?us only a little m ?an half z l>ge z ! ,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl&1 :i* has an area ( ?irte5 hundr$ & six squ>e miles4 ,its only important t[n 0 ,a!ns4 ,its riv]s1 ! ,ilissus & ! two ,cephissusses1 7 no?+ m ?an torr5t c\rses4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,greece 7 elev5 c\ntries4 ,! t]ritory ( ,cor9? embrac$ mo/ ( ! i/hmus1 & a l>ge tract 9 ,peloponnesus4 ,x _h b "o consid]able city1 ,cor9?1 :i* _h two ports1--"o on ! ,cor9?ian ,gulf1 ,le*oeum1 & ! o!r on ! ,s>onic ,gulf1 ,c5*reae4 ,arcadia1 ! c5tral m\nta9 c\ntry1 has be5 call$ ! ,switz]l& ( ,peloponnesus4 ,x compris$ num]\s important t[ns1 z ,mant9ea1 ,or*om5us1 &1 9 lat] times1 ,megalopolis4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/ 0 ,laconia1 ) an area ( ab\t n9ete5 hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,x consi/$ ma9ly ( ! valley ( ! ,eurotas1 :i* lay betwe5 ! l(ty m\nta9 ranges ( ,p>non & ,taygetus4 ,holl[ ,lac$aemon 0 a phrase descriptive ( its situation4 ,sp>ta1 ! capital1 0 on ! ,eurotas1 tw5ty miles f ! sea4 ,x _h no o!r important city4 ,argolis1 project+ into ! sea1 ea/w>d ( ,arcadia1 _h )9 x ! anci5t t[ns ( ,myc5ae & ,argos4 ,,! ,,isl&s4--,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! wat]s betwe5 ,europe & ,asia 7 n a sep>at+ b>ri]1 b a close bond ( connection4 ,!re is sc>cely a s+le po9t :]e1 9 cle> wea!r1 a m>9] w\ld feel himself left 9 a solitude betwe5 sky & wat]2 ! eye rea*es f isl& to isl&1 & easy voyages ( a day lead f bay to bay4 ,greek t[ns1 includ+ v anci5t places1 7 scatt]$ along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! %ore4 ,! ,aegean 0 /udd$ ) ,greek isl&s4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! isl&s 9 ! ,ionian ,sea1 on ! we/1 =m$ a "p ( ,greek t]ritory4 ,! pr9cipal isl& ne> ,greece 0 ,euboea1 /ret*+ = a hundr$ miles along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,attica1 ,boeotia1 & ,locris4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! p59sula1 we/ ( ,epirus1 0 ! small] b yet l>ge isl& ( ,corcyra 7,corfu74 ,on ! we/1 besides1 7 ,i?aca1 ,cephall5ia1 & ,zacyn?us 7,zante72 on ! s\?1 ! ,o5ussae ,isl&s & ,cy!ra2 on ! ea/1 ,aeg9a1 ,salamis1 etc4 ,f ! s\?-ea/]n %ores ( ,euboea & ,attica1 ! ,cyclades & ,sporades ext5d$ 9 a cont9u\s s]ies1 l a set ( /epp+-/ones1 across ! ,aegean ,sea to ,asia ,m9or4 ,f ,corcyra & ! ,acroc]aunian promontory1 "o c\ld descry1 9 cle> wea!r1 ! ,italian coa/4 ,^! 7 all littoral isl&s4 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 o!r isl&s 9 ! nor!rn & c5tral ,aegean1 su* z ,lemnos1 ,samo?race1 ,delos1 ,naxos1 etc42 & 9 ! s\!rn ,aegean1 ,crete1 an isl& m\nta9\s b f]tile1 a hundr$ & fifty miles 9 l5g? f ea/ to we/1 & ab\t fifte5 9 bread?1 & conta9+ m ?an two ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,! ,greek race 0 /ill m widely diffus$ ?r\gh ! settlem5ts 9 & ab\t ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,,! ,,bond ,,( ,,race4--,! ,greeks1 or ,hell5es1 7 n s mu* a nation z a unit$ race4 ,politically divid$1 !y 7 consci\s ( a frat]nal bond t connect$ !m1 :]ev] !y might be f\nd1 & p>t$ !m f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,_! s5se ( bro!rhood is impli$ 9 ! fabul\s belief 9 a common ance/or nam$ ,hell54 ,toge!r ) a fell[%ip 9 blood1 !re 0 a community 9 language1 not)/&+ m9or diff]5ces 9 dialect4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 a common religion4 ,!y wor%ip$ ! same gods4 ,!y _h ! same ritual1 & *]i%$ 9 common ! same beliefs respect+ ?+s sup]natural4 ,9 connection ) ^! ties ( blood1 ( language1 & ( religion1 !y celebrat$ toge!r great national fe/ivals1 l ! ,olympic games1 9 :i* ,greeks f all p>ts ( ! _w might take "p1 & into :i* !y ent]$ ) a peculi> en?usiasm4 ,z ! ,jews1 foll[+ ! impulses ( a holi] fai?1 w5t up to ,j]usalem to celebrate z "o family _! sacr$ rites2 s ! ,greeks repair$ to hall[$ %r9es ( ,zeus or ,apollo1 assembl+ f af> on ! pla9 ( ,olympia & at ! foot ( ,p>nassus4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,greek ,,hi/ory4 ,greek hi/ory embraces ?ree g5]al p]iods4 ,! fir/ is ! =mative p]iod1 & ext5ds to ! ,p]sian w>s1 #ejj ,b4,c4 ,! second p]iod cov]s ! fl\ri%+ era ( ,greece1 f #ejj ,b4,c4 to #cei ,b4,c4 ,! ?ird is ! ,mac$onian p]iod1 :5 ! fre$om ( ,greece 0 lo/1--! era ( ,philip & ,alex&]1 & ( ,alex&]'s successors4 ,,p]iod ,i4 is divid$ into 7#a7 ! my?ical or prehi/oric age1 ext5d+ to #ggf ,b4,c42 7#b7 ! age ( ! =mation ( ! pr9cipal /ates4 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 includes 7#a7 ! ,p]sian w>s1 #ejb-dgi ,b4,c42 7#b7 ! p]iod ( ,a!nian supremacy1 #dgh-dca ,b4,c42 7#c7 ! ,peloponnesian w>1 #dca-djd ,b4,c41 ) ! ,sp>tan1 foll[$ by ! ,!ban asc5d5cy1 #djd-cfb ,b4,c4 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 includes 7#a7 ! reigns ( ,philip & ,alex&]1 #cei-cbc ,b4,c42 7#b7 ! k+doms into :i* ! empire ( ,alex&] 0 divid$4 ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,greece ,,prior ,,to ,,! ,,p]sian ,,w>s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,prehi/oric ,,age4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,greeks--,be=e ! ,hell5es p>t$ f _! ,aryan ance/ry1 !y _h words = fa!r1 "m1 bro!r1 son1 & daught]1 z well z = c]ta9 connections by m>riage4 ,!y liv$ 9 h\ses1 pa/ur$ flocks & h]ds1 possess$ dogs & horses4 ,!y _h = weapons1 ! sword & ! b[4 ,!y knew h[ to "w gold1 silv]1 & copp]2 !y c\ld c\nt up to a hundr$2 !y reckon$ "t by ! lun> mon?2 !y spoke ( ! sky z ! 'heav5-fa!r4' ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,greek & ! ,lat9 languages prove1 also1 t ! ,greeks & ,italians1 aft] _! common prog5itors broke (f f ! primitive ,aryan /ock1 _h long dwelt ap>t4 ,! ,greeks1 :5 !y fir/ become kn[n to u 9 hi/orical times1 consi/ ( two great bran*es1 ! ,dorians & ,ionians1 toge!r ) a less di/9ct bran*1 ! ,aeolians1 :i* diff]s less1 p]haps1 f ! p>5t ,hell5es ?an d ! two divisions j nam$4 ,x is a probable op9ion ( s*ol>s1 t ! halt+-place ( ! ,hell5es1 :5ce1 9 successive waves1 !y pass$ ov] into ,greece1 0 ,phrygia1 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,prec$+ ! ,greeks bo? 9 nor!rn ,greece & 9 ,peloponnesus1 & spread ov] ! coa/s & isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 0 a p ( :om !y _h an indi/9ct k1 :om !y call$ ,pelasgians4 ,!y 7 husb&m5 or h]dsm54 ,_! national sanctu>y 0 at ,dodona1 9 ,epirus4 ,! ,cyclopean ru9s1 compos$ ( huge polygonal blocks ( /one1 :i* !y left beh9d 9 v>i\s places1 are ! remnant ( _! walls & =tifications4 ,! ,greeks look$ back on ^! ,pelasgian pr$ecessors z diff]5t f !mselves4 ,yet no rem9isc5ces exi/$ ( any ho/ility t[>ds !m4 ,x is plausibly conjectur$ t ?is prehi/oric p 7 emigrants f ! region ( ,phrygia at a m anci5t date1 & t ! ,hell5es1 a m en]getic & gift$ bran* ( ! same /ock1 foll[$ !m1 &1 )\t =ce or conflict1 became ! f\nd]s & lead]s ( a new hi/oric movem5t1 9 :i* ! ,pelasgians disappe>$ f view4 ,9 ?is second migration1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,ionians w5t d[n f ,phrygia to ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & began ! c>e] :i* made !m a m>itime & comm]cial p4 ,! ,dorians cross$ ov] to ! highl&s ( nor!rn ,greece1 :]e !y became h>dy m\nta9e]s1 n addict$ to ! sea4 ,! "o tribe 7 to be ev5tually ! f\nd]s ( ,a!ns2 ! o!r1 ( ,sp>ta4 ,besides ^! two ma9 tribes1 ! ,aeolians occupi$ ,!ssaly1 ,boeotia1 ,aetolia1 & o!r di/ricts4 ,to !m ! ,a*aeans1 :o 7 supreme 9 ,peloponnesus 9 ! days ( ,hom]1 7 alli$4 ,,=eign ,,influ5ces4--,besides ,phrygia1 ! leg5ds ( ! ,greeks be> traces ( a =eign influ5ce f ,pho5icia & ,egypt4 ,! ,pho5icians 7 unque/ionably e>ly connect$ ) ! ,greeks1 fir/ by comm]cial visits to ,greek ports1 to :i* !y br\ght =eign m]*&ise4 ,! /ory ( ,cadmus1 :o is said to h f\nd$ ,!bes1 & to h br\ght 9 ! ,pho5ician alphabet1 is fabul\s4 ,b x is probable1 t1 z e>ly z ! close ( ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! alphabet 0 introduc$ by ,pho5icians1 & diffus$ ov] ,greece4 ,ano!r leg5d is t ( ,cecrops1 conceiv$ ( lat] z an ,egyptian1 :o is said to h built a citadel at ,a!ns1 & to h import$ ! se$s ( civilization & religion4 ,danaus1 ano!r emigrant f ,egypt1 com+ ) 8 fifty daught]s1 is said to h built ! citadel ( ,argos4 ,9 ! lat] times1 ! ,greeks 7 fond ( trac+ _! k ( ! arts to ,egyptian s\rces4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ag5ts by :om g]ms ( civilization 7 said to h be5 import$ f abroad1 ?\gh =eign1 are nev]!less depict$ z ?or\ghly ,greek 9 _! "*4 ,:atev] ! ,greeks may h ow$ to ,egypt1 x is probable 0 ma9ly d]iv$ f ,ionians :o _h previ\sly plant$ !mselves 9 t c\ntry4 ,,! ,,dorian ,,emigration4--,x 0 9 ! prehi/oric "t t ! ,dorians left _! homes 9 nor!rn ,greece1 & migrat$ into ,peloponnesus1 :]e !y prov$ !mselves /rong] ?an ! ,ionians & ! ,a*aeans dwell+ !re4 ,!y left ! ,a*aeans on ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,cor9?ian ,gulf1 9 ! di/rict call$ ,a*aia4 ,nor did !y conqu] ,arcadia4 ,b ( mo/ ( ,peloponnesus !y became ma/]s4 ,?is is ! portion ( hi/oric tru? conta9$ 9 ! my? ( ! ,return ( ! ,h]aclidae1 ! desc5dants ( ,h]cules1 to ! old k+dom ( _! ance/or4 ,,migrations ,,to ,,asia ,,m9or4--,! ,dorian conque/ is said to h be5 ! cause ( ?ree di/9ct migrations to ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,a*aeans1 ) _! ,aeolic k9sm5 on ! nor?1 e/abli%$ !mselves on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,lesbos & ,cyme be+ _! /rongholds1 & by degrees got control 9 ,mysia & ! ,troad4 ,ionic emigrants f ,attica jo9$ _! bre?r5 on ! same coa/4 ,! ,dorians settl$ on ! s\?-we/ coa/2 !y also settl$ ,cos & ,rhodes1 & at l5g? subdu$ ,crete4 ,! ,dorian conque/ ( ,peloponnesus1 & ! migrations j spok5 (1 7 sl[ 9 _! progress1 & possibly /ret*$ ov] c5turies4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,greeks4--,orig9ality is a di/+ui%+ trait ( ! ,greeks4 ,:atev] !y borr[$ f o!rs !y made _! own1 & reproduc$ 9 a =m peculi> to !mselves4 ,!y 7 nev] s]vile copyi/s4 ,all ! products ( ! ,greek m9d1 :e!r 9 gov]nm5t1 art1 lit]ature1 or 9 :atev] prov9ce ( human activity1 we> a peculi> /amp4 ,:5 we leave ,asiatic gr\nd1 & come into contact ) ! ,greeks1 we f9d ourselves 9 ano!r atmosph]e4 ,a _s ( humanity1 9 ! broad s5se ( ! t]m1 p]vades _! life4 ,a reg>d = reason1 a s5se ( ord]1 a disposition to keep e ?+ )9 measure1 is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic4 ,_! s5se ( =m--includ+ a p]ception ( beauty1 & ( h>mony & proportion--made !m 9 politics & lett]s ! lead]s ( mank9d4 ,d no?+ 9 excess1 0 _! favorite maxim4 ,!y hat$ e ?+ t 0 out ( proportion4 ,_! language1 )\t a rival 9 flexibility & symmetry & 9 p]fection ( s\nd1 is itself1 ?\gh a spontane\s creation1 a "w ( art4 ,! :ole language resembles ! body ( an arti/ically tra9$ a?lete1 9 :i* e muscle1 e s9ew1 is develop$ into full play1 :]e !re is no trace ( tumidity or ( in]t matt]1 & all is p[] & life4 ,! great v>iety ( ! spiritual gifts ( ?is p1 ! sev]e/ =mulas ( sci5ce1 ! l(tie/ flights ( imag9ation1 ! ke5e/ play ( wit & humor1 7 capable ( precise & effective expression 9 ?is language z 9 ductile play4 ,! use ( ! language1 s lucid & s nice 9 its discrim9ations1 0 itself an education = ! "y :o grew up to he> x & to speak x4 ,9 a g5ial yet invigorat+ climate1 9 a l& :]e breezes f ! m\nta9 & ! sea 7 m+l$1 ! v]satile ,greeks produc$ by physical tra9+ t vigor & grace ( body :i* !y s mu* admir$2 & !y develop$ ! civil polity1 ! arti/ic disc]nm5t1 & ! complex social life1 :i* made !m ! pr9cipal s\rce ( mod]n culture4 ,_! moral traits are n s admirable4 ,z a race !y 7 less tru?ful1 & less m>k$ = _! c\rage & loyalty1 ?an "s o!r peoples bel[ !m 9 intellect4 ,,religion4--,9 ! e>ly days1 :5 ,greece 0 op5 to =eign influ5ces1 ! simple religion ( ! ,aryan fa!rs 0 enl>g$ by new elem5ts f abroad4 ,! ,tyrian deity1 ,melk>t1 appe>s at ,cor9? z ,melic]tes4 ,a/>te becomes ,aphrodite 7,v5us71 :o spr+s f ! sea4 ,! my? ( ,dionysus & ! wor%ip ( ,demet] 7,c]es7 may be ( =eign orig94 ,poseidon 7,neptune71 ! god ( ! sea1 & ,apollo1 ! god ( light & ( heal+1 ^: wor%ip c>ri$ 9 x *e] & com=t1 ?\gh !y 7 br\ght into ,greece1 7 previ\sly kn[n to ! lonians4 ,by ,hom] & ,hesiod1 ! great poets ( ! prehi/oric age1 ! gods 9 ^! successive dyna/ies1 _! (fices & mutual relations1 7 depict$4 ,9 ,hesiod !y /& 9 a connect$ s*eme or !ogony4 #a4 ,!re are ! twelve great gods & goddesses ( ,olympus1 :o 7 nam$ by ! ,greeks1--,zeus1 ,poseidon1 ,apollo1 ,ars1 ,hphae/os1 ,h]ms1 ,hr1 ,a?n1 ,artemis1 ,aphrodite1 ,he/ia1 ,dmtr4 #b4 ,num]\s o!r div9ities1 n includ$ among ! ,olympic1 b "s n less important ?an ! twelve4 ,su* are ,_hs1 ,hlos1 ,dionysus1 ! ,*>ites1 ! ,muses1 ! ,n]eids1 ! ,nymphs1 etc4 #c4 ,deities :o p]=m special s]vice to ! great] gods1--,iris1 ,hbe1 ! ,horae21 etc4 #d4 ,deities ^: p]sonality is less di/9ct1--,at1 ,eris1 ,?anatos1 ,hypnos1 etc4 #e4 ,mon/]s1 prog5y ( ! gods1--! ,h>pies1 ! ,gorgons1 ,pegasus1 ,*ima]a1 ,c]b]us1 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 ! ,c5taurs1 ! ,sph9x4 ,bel[ ! gods are ! demigods or h]oes4 ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,h]oes4--,! space :i* prec$es ! beg9n+ ( au!ntic records1 ! ,greeks fill$ up ) my?ical tales1 9 :i* gods & h]oes are ! c5tral figures4 ,! h]oes are p>tly ( div9e p>5tage4 ,!y are 9 ne> int]c\rse ) ! deities4 ,_! de$s are sup]human1 & embody ^? ideals ( "* & ( a*ievem5t :i* ! e>ly ,greeks *]i%$4 ,! production ( a lively imag9ation1 be=e ! dawn ( ! critical faculty or ! gr[? ( reflection1 ^! tales may yet include a nucleus ( hi/orical incid5t or vague rem9isc5ces ( hi/orical relations & *anges4 ,to attempt to extract ^! f ! fictiti\s =m 9 :i* !y are embodi$1 is = ! mo/ "p hopeless4 ,! exploits ( ,h]acles 7,h]cules7 h a prom95t place 9 ! leg5ds4 ,?is h]o ( ,argos submitt$ to s]ve a cruel tyrant1 b1 by prodigi\s labors 7twelve 9 numb]71 deliv]$ m5 f dang]\s bea/s1--! ,l]naean hydra1 ! ,nemean lion1 etc41--& p]=m$ o!r miracul\s s]vices4 ,!seus1 ! national h]o ( ,attica1 cle>$ ! roads ( savage robb]s1 & deliv]$ 8 c\ntry f bondage4 ,m9os1 ! my?ical legislator ( ,crete1 cle>$ ! sea ( pirates1 & f\nd$ a m>itime /ate4 ,( ! leg5d>y /ories1 ?ree ( ! mo/ fam\s are ,! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes ,! ,argonautic ,exp$ition1 & ,! ,trojan ,w>4 ,i4 ,laius1 k+ ( ,!bes1 0 told by an oracle t he %\ld be kill$ by 8 son4 ,he expos$ him1 !re=e1 z soon z he 0 born1 on ,m\nt ,ci?a]on4 ,sav$ by a h]dsman1 ,o$ipus 0 br\ght up by ,polybus1 k+ ( ,cor9?1 z 8 own son4 ,w>n$ by ! oracle t he %\ld kill 8 fa!r1 & m>ry 8 "m1 ! son =sook ,cor9?1 & made 8 abode at ,!bes4 ,meet+ ,laius 9 a n>r[ pass1 & provok$ by 8 att5dants1 he slew !m & him4 ,at ,!bes !re 0 a female mon/]1 ! ,sph9x1 :o prop\nd$ a riddle1 & ea* day dev\r$ a man until x %\ld be solv$4 ,o$ipus won ! prize :i* ! ,que5 ,joca/e _h (f]$2 namely1 ! cr[n & h] own h& to :omsoev] %\ld free ! city4 ,:5 8 two sons & daught]s _h gr[n up1 a pe/il5ce broke out2 & ! oracle dem&$ t ! murd]] ( ,laius %\ld be bani%$4 ,o$ipus1 9 spite ( ! w>n+s ( ! bl9d prie/1 ,tiresias1 f9ds out ! tru?4 ,he puts out 8 eyes1 & is driv5 into exile by 8 sons1 :om he curses4 ,"u ! guidance ( 8 daught] ,antigone1 he f9ds a re/+-place at ,colonus1 a suburb ( ,a!ns1 9 a grove ( ! ,eum5ides1 ^: function x 0 to av5ge su* crimes z 84 ,he receiv$ expiation at ! h&s ( ,!seus1 & di$ 9 a calm & peaceful way4 ,?is leg5d 0 ! basis ( "s ( ! f9e/ ( ! ,greek dramas1 ,o$ipus ,tyrannus1 & ! ,o$ipus at ,colonus ( ,sophocles1 & ,! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes ( ,aes*ylus4 ,! curse ( ,o$ipus /ill re/$ on 8 sons4 ,! /ory ( ,antigone1 defy+ ! tyrant ,creon1 & bury+ h] sla9 bro!r1 ,polynices1 is ! f\ndation ( ! drama ( ,sophocles1 be>+ h] "n4 ,f9ally1 ! ,epigoni1 desc5dants ( ! ,sev5 :o _h f\ght ,!bes1 captur$ & de/roy$ t city4 #b4 ,argonauts 7 describ$ z a b& ( h]oes1 :o1 ?r\gh p]il\s & unkn[n seas1 sail$ f ,iolcos 9 ,!ssaly1 9 ! %ip ,argo1 to ,col*is1 :5ce !y br\ght away ! gold5 fleece :i* _h be5 /ol51 & :i* !y f\nd nail$ to an oak1 & gu>d$ by a sleepless dragon4 ,jason1 ! lead]1 0 accompani$ on 8 return by ! en*antress1 ,m$ea1 :o _h aid$ him4 ,%e1 9 ord] to delay _! pursu]s1 kill$ h] bro!r ,absyrtus1 & ?rew 8 body1 piece by piece1 into ! sea4 ,h] subsequ5t /ory involves v>i\s o!r tragic ev5ts4 #c4 ,! mo/ not$ ( ! leg5ds is ! /ory ( ! ,trojan w>4 ,! de$s ( ! h]oes ( ?is w> are ! subject ( ! ,iliad4 ,p>is1 son ( ,priam1 k+ ( ,ilios 7,troy71 9 ,asia ,m9or1 c>ri$ (f ,hel51 ! wife ( ,m5elaus1 k+ ( ,sp>ta4 ,to recov] h]1 ! ,greeks unit$ 9 an exp$ition aga9/ ,troy1 :i* !y took aft] a siege ( t5 ye>s4 ,agamemnon1 ,a*illes1 ,odysseus 7,ulysses71 ,ajax son ( ,telamon1 & ,ajax son ( ,oileus1 ,diom$es1 & ,ne/or 7 among ! *iefs on ! ,greek side4 ,troy _h its allies4 ,! ,odyssey relates to ! long j\rney ( ,odysseus on 8 return to ,i?aca1 8 home4 ,t !re 0 an anci5t city1 ,troy1 is c]ta94 ,a conflict betwe5 ! ,greeks & a k9dr$ p !re1 is probable4 ,n unlikely1 !re 0 a milit>y exp$ition ( ,grecian tribes4 ,e ?+ beyond ?is is ei!r pla9ly my?1 or incapable ( v]ification4 ,,unions ,,( ,,tribes4--,dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,greek population 0 disp]s+ itself 9 ! di/ricts :i* its diff]5t fractions occupi$ 9 ! hi/oric ages1 !re arose unions among tribes ne> "o ano!r1 = religi\s purposes4 ,!y prec$$ treaties & alliances ( ! ord9>y k9d4 ,su* tribes agre$ to celebrate1 9 common1 c]ta9 solemn fe/ivals4 ,deputies ( ^! tribes met at /at$ int]vals to look aft] ! temple & ! l&s p]ta9+ to x4 ,out ( ^! unions1 !re grew /ipulations relative to ! mode ( conduct+ w> & o!r matt]s ( common int]e/4 ,treaties ( peace & ( mutual def5se might foll[4 ,?us arose comb9ations ( /ates1 9 :i* "o /ate1 ! /ronge/1 w\ld h ! hegemony1 or lead4 ,?is became an e/abli%$ *>act]i/ic ( ,greek political life4 ,x 0 a sy/em ( f$]al unions "u ! head%ip ( ! mo/ p[]ful memb] ( ! conf$]acy4 ,:5 su* a union 0 =m$1 x e/abli%$ a common wor%ip or fe/ival4 ,,! ,,delphic ,,amphictyony4--,9 ! nor? ( ,greece1 !re 0 =m$1 9 e>ly times1 a great religi\s union4 ,x 0 compos$ ( twelve tribes b&$ toge!r = ! wor%ip ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 & to gu>d 8 temple4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,delphic ,amphictyony1 or ,league ( ,neighbors4 ,! memb]s ( ?is body agre$ n to de/roy "o ano!r's t[ns 9 w>1 & n to cut (f runn+ wat] f a t[n :i* !y 7 besieg+4 ,,! ,,delphic ,,oracle4--,! sanctu>y at ,delphi1 :]e ! ,amphictyonic ,c\ncil met1 became ! mo/ fam\s temple 9 ,greece4 ,"h ! oracle ( ,apollo gave answ]s to ^? :o came to consult t div9ity4 ,! prie/s :o manag$ ! temple kept !mselves well in=m$ 9 reg>d to occurr5ces 9 di/ant places4 ,_! answ]s 7 (t5 discreet & :olesome1 b n unfrequ5tly obscure & ambigu\s1 & ?us mislead+4 ,9 e>ly times _! moral influ5ce 9 ! nation promot$ ju/ice & frat]nal feel+4 ,9 lat] times !y lo/ _! reputation = hone/y & imp>tiality4 ,9 civil w>s ! prie/s 7 sometimes brib$ to support "o ( ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,poems4--,)9 ! la/ c5tury1 !re has be5 mu* discussion ab\t ! au?or%ip ( ! two poems1 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,! place :]e !y 7 compos$1 :e!r among ! ,ionians 9 ,greece prop] or 9 ,asia ,m9or1 is /ill a matt] ( debate4 ,x 0 probably ,asia ,m9or4 ,sev5 places cont5d$ = ! honor ( hav+ giv5 bir? to ! bl9d b>d4 ,b no?+ is kn[n ( ,hom]'s bir?place or hi/ory4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! art ( writ+ 0 mu*1 if at all1 9 use among ! ,greeks at ! "t ( ! composition ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,we "k t ! cu/om exi/$ ( repeat+ poems orally by m9/rels or rhapsodi/s at popul> fe/ivals4 ,?is may h be5 ! mode 9 :i* = a "t ! ,hom]ic poems 7 pres]v$ & transmitt$4 ,! ,odyssey has m unity ?an ! ,iliad1 & seems to be ( a some:at lat] date4 ,! nucleus ( ! ,iliad is ?\ght by "s s*ol>s to be emb$d$ 9 ! gr\p ( poems :i*1 x is suppos$1 con/itute ! "w at pres5t2 b !re is no evid5ce mak+ x possible to id5tify any portion z ! "w ( ,hom]4 ,:atev] may be ! tru? on ^! que/ions1 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey pres5t an invaluable picture ( ,greek life 9 ! p]iod :5 !y 7 compos$1 :i* 0 probably z e>ly z #ijj ,b4,c4 ,,social ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,age4--7#a7 ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic portraiture ( ,greek life1 !re are t[ns2 b ! tribe is pr$om9ant ov] ! t[n4 ,! tribe is rul$ by a k+1 :o is n l an ,ea/]n despot1 b has ab\t him a c\ncil ( *iefs1 & is b\nd by ! !mi/es1 ! traditional cu/oms4 ,!re is1 besides1 ! agora1 or popul> assembly1 :]e debates take place among ! *iefs1 & to :i* _! decisions1 or r ! decision ( ! k+1 on :om x devolves f9ally to det]m9e e ?+1 are communicat$4 ,public speak+1 x is se51 is practic$ 9 ! infancy ( ,greek society4 7#b7 ,cu/oms4 ,p live 9 hill-villages1 surr\nd$ by walls4 ,life is patri>*al1 &1 z reg>ds ! dome/ic circle1 humane4 ,polygamy1 ! plague ( ,ori5tal society1 does n exi/4 ,wom5 are held 9 high reg>d4 ,slav]y is ev]y:]e e/abli%$4 ,side by side ) piracy & con/ant w>1 & ! supreme honor giv5 to milit>y pr[ess1 !re is a f9e & b\ntiful hospitality :i* is held to be a religi\s duty4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 !re is (t5 exhibit$ a noble ref9em5t ( ?\ght & s5tim5t1 & a g5tle c\rtesy4 7#c7 ,arts & ,indu/ry4 ,9 w>1 ! *>iot is ! eng9e3 cavalry are unkn[n4 ,! useful arts are 9 a rudim5tal /age4 ,sp9n+ & weav+ are ! con/ant occupation ( wom54 ,all g>m5ts are made at home3 noble wom5 jo9 ) _! slaves 9 wa%+ !m 9 ! riv]4 ,! condition ( ! common freeman :o took "o tempor>y job aft] ano!r1 0 mis]able4 ,( ! condition ( ^? :o pursu$ special occupations1--z ! c>p5t]1 ! lea!r-dress]1 ! fi%]man1 etc41--we h no adequate in=mation4 ,! pr9cipal metals 7 9 use1 & ! art ( =g+ !m4 ,!re 0 no co9$ money3 paym5t 0 made 9 ox54 ,b !re is h]$it>y individual prop]ty 9 l&1 cultivat$ v9ey>ds1 temples ( ! gods1 & spl5did palaces ( ! *iefs4 7#d7 ,geographical ,k4 ,9 ,hom]1 !re is a k ( ,greece1 ( ! neighbor+ isl&s1 & we/]n ,asia ,m9or4 ,ref]5ces to o!r l&s are vague4 ,! e>? is a sort ( flat oval1 ) ! ,riv] ,oceanus fl[+ r\nd x4 ,hesiod is bett] in=m$ ab\t places3 he kn[s some?+ ( ! ,nile & ( ! ,scy?ians1 & ( "s places z f> we/ z ,syracuse4 ,,religion ,,9 ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,age4--,! ,hom]ic poems give u a full idea ( ! e>ly religi\s ideas & practices1 7,i7 ,! ,nature ( ! ,gods4--,! gods 9 ,hom] are human be+s ) greatly magnifi$ p[]s4 ,_! dwell+ is 9 ! sky above u3 _! special abode is ,m\nt ,olympus4 ,!y exp]i5ce hung]1 b fe$ on ambrosia & nect>4 ,!y travel ) miracul\s spe$4 ,_! prime bless+ is exemption f mortality4 ,among !mselves !y are (t5 discordant & deceitful4 7#b7 ,relation ( ! ,gods to ,m54 ,!y are ! rul]s & guides ( nations4 ,?\gh !y act (t5 f m]e caprice or favoritism1 _! sway is1 on ! :ole1 promotive ( ju/ice4 ,zeus is supreme3 none c cont5d ) him successfully4 ,! gods hold communication ) m54 ,!y also make kn[n _! w & int5tions by signs & port5ts1--su* z ?und] & lightn+1 or ! sudd5 pass+ ( a great bird ( prey4 ,!y tea* m5 ?r\gh dreams4 7#c7 ,s]vice ( ! ,gods4 ,sacrifice & supplication are ! *ief =ms ( devotion4 ,!re is no dom9ant hi]>*y4 ,! temple has its prie/1 b ! fa!r is prie/ 9 8 own h\sehold4 7#d7 ,morals & ,religion4 ,morality is int]wov5 ) religion4 ,above all1 oa?s are sacr$1 & oa?-break]s abhorr$ by gods z well z by m54 ,9 ! conduct ( ! div9ities1 !re are f\nd abundant examples ( unbridl$ ang] & savage retaliation4 ,yet g5tle s5tim5ts1 c\nsels to =be>ance & m]cy1 are n want+4 ,! wra? ( ! gods is mo/ provok$ by lawless self-ass]tion & insol5ce4 7#e7 ,propitiation3 ! ,dead4 ,! s5se ( s9 leads to ! appeas+ ( ! deities by (f]+s1 att5d$ ) pray]4 ,! (f]+s are gifts to ! god1 tok5s ( ! honor due to him4 ,! dead live z flitt+ %ad[s 9 ,hades4 ,a*illes is made to say t he w\ld r be a mis]able labor] on e>? ?an to reign ov] all ! dead 9 ! abodes bel[4 ,,greek ,,lit]ature4--,! *ief types1 bo? ( poetry & ( prose1 orig9at$ ) ! ,greeks4 ,_! writ+s are ! f\nta9head ( ! lit]ature ( ,europe4 ,!y priz$ simplicity3 !y always _h an int5se disreli% = obscurity & bomba/4 ,! e>lie/ poetry ( ! ,greeks consi/$ ( hymns to ! gods4 ,x 0 lyrical1 an outp\r+ ( p]sonal feel+4 ,! lyrical type 0 foll[$ by ! epic1 :]e h]oic de$s1 or o!r ev5ts ( ?rill+ int]e/1 are ! !me ( song1 & ! p]sonal emotion ( ! b>d is out ( sight ?r\gh 8 absorption 9 ! subject4 ,description fl[s on1 ! n>rator himself be+ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,?is epic poetry culm9ates 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey 7#ijj-gjj ,b4,c474 ,_! v]se is ! hexamet]4 ,^! poems move on 9 a swift curr5t1 yet )\t abruptness or monotony4 ,!y are m>k$ by a simplicity & a nobl5ess1 a ref9em5t & a pa?os1 :i* h *>m$ all subsequ5t ages4 ,hom]1 f> m ?an any o!r au?or1 0 ! educator ( ! ,greeks4 ,!re 0 a class call$ ,hom]idae1 9 ,*ios2 b :e!r !y 7 !mselves poets1 or recit]s ( ,hom]1 or :at else may h be5 _! peculi> "w1 is n asc]ta9$4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a class ( ,cyclic poets1 :o took up ! leg5ds ( ,troy1 & c>ri$ out f>!r ! ,hom]ic tales4 ,hesiod 0 ! f\nd] ( a m didactic sort ( poetry4 ,he is ab\t a c5tury lat] ?an ! ,iliad4 ,besides ! ,!ogony1 :i* treats ( ! orig9 ( ! gods & ( nature1 8 ,works & ,days relates to ! works :i* a f>m] has to d1 & ! lucky or unlucky days = do+ !m4 ,x conta9s doctr9es & precepts relative to agriculture1 navigation1 civil & family life4 ,hesiod 0 ! fir/ ( a ,boeotian s*ool ( poets4 ,he lacks ! poetic g5ius ( ,hom]1 & ! vivacity & *e]fulness :i* p]vade ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,/ates4 ,,ari/ocratic ,,gov]nm5t4--,! e>ly k+s 7 obey$ z mu* = _! p]sonal qualities1 su* z valor & /r5g? ( body1 z = _! h]$it>y title4 ,by degrees ! noble families ab\t ! k+ took control1 & ! k+%ip ?us gave way to ! rule ( an ari/ocracy4 ,! prie/ly (fice1 :i* requir$ special k1 rema9$ 9 p>ticul> families1 z ! ,eumolpidaee at ,a!ns1--families to :om 0 ascrib$ ! gift ( ! se]1 & to :om 7 kn[n ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,! nobles 7 l&hold]s1 ) dep5d5t f>m]s :o paid r5t4 ,! nobles held sway ov] till]s ( ! soil1 artisans & seam51 :o con/itut$ ! p 7! demos71 & :o _h no %>e 9 political p[]4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ until ! l[] class ga9$ m prop]ty & m k2 & ! example ( ! colonial settlem5ts1 :]e !re 0 great] equality1 re-act$ on ! p>5t /ate4 ,! /ruggle ( ! l[] ranks = fre$om 0 ( long cont9uance4 ,9 all ,greek cities1 !re 7 ,metoeci1 or resid5t =eign]s )\t political rights1 & also slaves f abroad4 ,free-born ,greeks busi$ !mselves ) occupations connect$ ) ! f9e arts1 or ) trade & comm]ce on an ext5d$ scale4 ,!y commonly es*ew$ all o!r employm5ts1 & especially m5ial labor4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,lycurgus4--,accord+ to ! leg5d1 disord]s 9 ,sp>ta foll[+ ! ,dorian conque/1 & /rife betwe5 ! victors & ! conqu]$1 mov$ ,lycurgus1 a man ( regal desc5t1 to retire to ,crete1 :]e ! old ,dorian cu/oms 7 /ill obs]v$4 ,on 8 return he gave to ! citiz5s a con/itution1 :i* 0 held 9 rev]5ce by ! g5]ations aft] him4 ,to him1 also1 laws & cu/oms :i* 7 really ( lat] date1 came to be ascrib$4 ,! ,sp>tan population consi/$ 7#a7 ( ! ,sp>tiat1 :o _h full rights1 & ^? ( less means1--bo? compris+ ! ,dorian conqu]ors4 ,!y 7 divid$ into ?ree ,phyl1 or tribes1 ea* compos$ ( t5 divisions 7,ob72 7#b7 ! ,p]ici1 ,a*aeans :o paid tribute on ! l& :i* !y held1 7 b\nd to milit>y s]vice1 b _h no political rights2 7#c7 ! ,helots1 s]fs ( ! ,/ate1 :o 7 divid$ among ! ,sp>tiat by lot1 & cultivat$ _! l&s1 pay+ to !m a c]ta9 fraction ( ! h>ve/4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ,lycurgus 0 an ari/ocratic republic4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,eld]s1 tw5ty-eight 9 numb]1 *os5 = life by ! ,phyl1 7 presid$ ov] by two h]$it>y k+s1 :o _h little p[] 9 "t ( peace1 b unlimit$ comm& ( ! =ces 9 w>4 ,! popul> assembly1 compos$ ( all ,sp>tiat ( ?irty ye>s ( age or upw>ds1 c\ld only decide que/ions )\t debate4 ,five ,ephors1 *os5 ye>ly by ! ,phyl1 acquir$ m & m au?ority4 ,lycurgus is said to h divid$ ! l& into n9e ?\s& equal lots = ! families ( ! ,sp>tiat1 & ?irty ?\s& = ! ,p]iceci4 ,to keep d[n ! helots requir$ con/ant vigilance1 & (t5 occasion$ measures ( extreme cruelty4 ,! ,crypteia 0 an organiz$ gu>d ( "y ,sp>tans1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to prev5t insurrection4 ,,laws ,,& ,,cu/oms4--,! ,sp>tan /ate 0 ?us ari/ocratic & milit>y4 ,x took into its own h&s ! education ( ! "y4 ,weak & de=m$ *ildr5 7 left to p]i% 9 a rav9e ( ,taygetus1 or ?ru/ d[n among ! ,p]iceci4 ,heal?y *ildr5 at ! age ( sev5 7 tak5 f _! homes1 to be re>$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate4 ,!y _h "s lit]>y in/ruction1 b _! *ief tra9+ 0 9 gymna/ics4 ,!y 7 ex]cis$ 9 hunt+ & 9 drills2 took _! meals toge!r 9 ! syssitia 7! public mess71 :]e ! f>e 0 r\gh & scanty2 slept 9 dormitories toge!r2 & by e means 7 discipl9$ = a soldi]'s life4 ,! ,sp>tan m5 likewise f$ at public tables1 & slept 9 b>racks1 only mak+ occasional visits to _! own h\ses4 ,no money 0 9 circulation except iron3 no "o 0 p]mitt$ to possess gold or silv]4 ,girls 7 sep>ately drill$ 9 gymna/ic ex]cises & made to be z h>dy z boys4 ,m>riage 0 regulat$ by ! ,/ate4 ,!re 0 m purity1 & wom5 _h a high] /&+1 9 ,sp>ta ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ,greece4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,sp>tan army 0 9 ! hoplites1 or heavy-arm$ infantry4 ,9 battle1 messmates /ood toge!r4 ,c[>dice 0 treat$ ) ! utmo/ contempt4 ,! rigor\s subord9ation ( ! "y to _! eld]s 0 ma9ta9$ 9 w> z 9 peace4 ,! leg5d held1 t aft] ?is con/itution ( ,lycurgus _h be5 approv$ by ! ,delphian oracle1 he made ! citiz5s swe> to obs]ve x until he %\ld return f a project$ j\rney4 ,he !n w5t to ,crete1 & /ay$ !re until 8 dea?4 ,,hegemony ,,( ,,sp>ta4--,hav+ ?us organiz$ ! body politic1 ,sp>ta took ! /eps :i* gave x ! hegemony 9 ,peloponnesus & ov] all ,greece4 ,fir/1 x conqu]$ ! neighbor+ /ate ( ,mess5ia 9 two great w>s1 ! fir/ end+ ab\t #gbe ,b4,c41 & ! second ab\t #fej ,b4,c4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! w>s1 ! ,mess5ians submitt$ to become tribut>y to ,sp>ta1 aft] _! citadel1 ,i?ome1 _h be5 captur$1 & _! defeat$ h]o1 ,ari/odemus1 _h sla9 himself4 ,_m ( ! vanqui%$ ,mess5ians escap$ f _! c\ntry to ,arcadia & ,argolis4 ,"s ( !m fl$ f>!r1 & f\nd$ ,rhegium 9 ,l[] ,italy4 ,9 ! second w>1 ! ,mess5ians revolt$ aga9/ ! tyrannical rule ( ,sp>ta1 & at fir/1 "u ,ari/om5es1 7 successful1 b 7 aft]w>ds defeat$ by ! ,sp>tans1 :o 7 inspirit$ = ! conflict by ! w>-songs ( ! ,a!nian poet1 ,tyrtaeus4 ,ari/om5es fl$ to ,rhodes4 ,mo/ ( 8 p 7 made helots4 ,! ,arcadians1 aft] long resi/ance1 succumb$1 & came "u ! ,sp>tan hegemony 7ab\t #fjj ,b4,c474 ,argos1 too1 0 oblig$ to r5\nce its claim to ?is position 9 favor ( its ,sp>tan antagoni/1 aft] its defeat by ,cleom5es1 ! ,lac$aemonian k+1 at ,?yrea 7#edi ,b4,c474 ,! ,argive ,league 0 dissolv$1 & ,sp>ta ga9$ ! "r to comm& 9 e w> t %\ld be wag$ 9 common by ! ,peloponnesian /ates1 ! "r1 also1 to det]m9e ! cont+5t ( troops :i* ea* %\ld furni%1 & to preside 9 ! c\ncil ( ! conf$]acy4 ,%e n[ began to spread h] p[] beyond ,peloponnesus1 ent]$ into negotiations ) ,lydia 7#eee ,b4,c471 & actually s5t an exp$ition to ! coa/ ( ,asia 7#ebe ,b4,c474 ,moreov] z e>ly z #eaj ,b4,c41 by int]f]+ 9 ! affairs ( ! /ates nor? ( ! ,cor9?ian i/hmus1 & ) ,attica 9 p>ticul>1 %e s[$ among ! ,a!nians ! se$s ( a la/+ enmity4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,a!ns3 ,,draco4--,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ,codrus1 :o di$ ab\t #ajfh ,b4,c41 0 ! la/ ( ! ,a!nian k+s4 ,! ,eupatrids1 ! noble families1 aboli%$ mon>*y1 & sub/itut$ = ! k+ an ,ar*on1 *os5 = life by !m out ( ! family ( ,codrus4 ,! ,eupatrids /ood 9 a sort ( patri>*al relation to ! common p4 ,! inhabitants 7 divid$ into f\r tribes4 ,^! 7 subdivid$1 fir/ into ,bro!rhoods & ,clans1 & secondly1 into classes bas$ on consangu9ity1 & classes arrang$ = taxation1 milit>y s]vice1 etc4 ,! entire community compris$ ! ,nobles1--9 ^: h&s ! political p[] 0 lodg$1--! ,f>m]s1 & ! ,artisans4 ,! f>m]s & ! artisans might ga!r 9 ! ,agora1 & express ass5t to public measures1 or diss5t4 ,9 process ( "t ! ar*ons came to be *os5 n f ! family ( ,codrus exclusively1 b f ! ,eupatrids g5]ally4 ,f #fhb ,b4,c4 !y 7 n9e 9 numb]1 & !y s]v$ b = "o ye>4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 9 ! h&s ( ! nobles1 :o 7 n re/ra9$ by a body ( writt5 laws4 ,! ar*on ,draco1 ab\t #fba ,b4,c41 9 ord] to *eck ?is evil1 fram$ a code :i* seem$ h>%1 ?\gh mild] ?an ! laws previ\sly en=c$4 ,lat] x 0 said ( 8 laws t !y 7 writt5 9 blood4 ,?is legislation 0 a concession to :i* ! nobles 7 driv5 by an upris+4 ,_! h>d treatm5t ( debtors1 _m ( :om 7 depriv$ ( _! lib]ty1 _h /irr$ up a s]i\s conflict betwe5 ! p & _! ma/]s4 ,a rebellion1 l$ by ,cylon1 "o ( ! ,eupatrids1 0 put d[n1 & puni%$ by means involv+ trea*]y & sacrilege4 ,! insurg5ts 7 sla9 cl++ to ! alt>s ( ! gods1 :]e !y _h tak5 refuge4 ,n long aft] x became necess>y to introduce o!r re=ms at ! advice ( ,solon1 "o ( ! sev5 wise m5 ( ,greece4 ,he _h acquir$ popul>ity by recov]+ ,salamis f ! ,meg>ians1 & 9 a sacr$ w> aga9/ t[ns :i* _h robb$ ! temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi4 ,,legislation ,,( ,,solon--,! design ( ,solon 0 to sub/itute a bett] sy/em = ! tyrannical olig>*y1 b1 at ! same "t1 to keep p[] ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ! upp] class4 ,he divid$ ! p into f\r classes1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( _! income4 ,to ! ri*e/ ( ^! ! ar*on%ip1 & admission into ! ,areopagus1 7 conf9$4 ,a new c\ncil 0 e/abli%$1 :i* _h ! "r to initiate legislation1 compos$ ( "o hundr$ f ea* ( ! f\r old tribes1 & annually elect$ by ! body ( ! citiz5s4 ,! ,ecclesia1 or assembly ( ! :ole p1 hav+ ! "r to *oose ! ar*ons & c\ncilors1 0 reviv$4 ,c\rts ( ,appeal1 ) jury trials1 7 in/itut$4 ,! old c\ncil ( ! ,areopagus 0 clo!d ) high judicial & executive p[]s4 ,!re 7 laws to relieve a portion ( ! debtors f _! burd5s1 & to aboli% s]vitude = debt4 ,e fa!r 0 requir$ to tea* 8 son a h&icraft4 ,,p>ties ,,9 ,,a!ns4--,! legislation ( ,solon 0 a measure ( compromise4 ,x satisfi$ nei!r p>ty4 ,aft] j\rneys abroad1 he pass$ 8 old age 9 ,a!ns1 & 0 a spectator ( ! ris+ conte/s betwe5 ! discordant factions1 :i* 8 con/itution 0 only able = a "t to curb4 ,!re 7 ?ree p>ties1--a re-action>y p>ty "u ,lycurgus1 a progressive p>ty l$ by ,pisi/ratus1 & a mod]ate or middle p>ty "u ,megacles4 ,,! ,,tyrants4--,at ?is "t1 9 almo/ all ( ! ,grecian /ates1 mon>*y _h giv5 place to ari/ocracy4 ,! reign ( an olig>*y1 ! unbridl$ sway ( a few1 0 commonly ! next /ep4 ,aga9/ ?is ! p 9 diff]5t /ates1--! demos1--rose 9 revolt4 ,! popul> lead]1 or demagogue1 0 "s conspicu\s & weal?y noble1 :o ?us acquir$ supreme au?ority4 ,9 ?is way1 9 ! sev5? & six? c5turies1 mo/ ( ! /ates 7 rul$ by tyrants1--a t]m signify+ absolute rul]s1 :e!r _! adm9i/ration 0 unju/ & cruel1 or fair & mild4 ,!y endeavor$ to =tify _! rule by collect+ poets1 arti/s1 & musicians ab\t !m1 = _! own pleasure & = ! div]sion ( ! populace4 ,occasionally !y gave ! p employm5t 9 ! erection ( co/ly build+s4 ,!y =m$ alliances ) "o ano!r & ) =eign k+s4 ,n unfrequ5tly !y practic$ viol5ce & extortion4 ,! olig>*ies s\ght to de?rone !m4 ,_! ov]?r[ (t5 _h = its result ! introduction ( popul> sov]eignty4 ,among ! mo/ not$ tyrants 7 ,p]i&] ( ,cor9? 7#fbe-ehe ,b4,c471 ,pittacus 9 ,lesbos 7#ehi-egi ,b4,c471 & ,polycrates 9 ,samos 7#ece-ebb ,b4,c474 ,! ,,pisi/ratids4--,! gov]nm5t ( ,a!ns1 fram$ by ,solon1 0 9 effect a timocracy1 or rule ( ! ri*4 ,at ! head ( ! popul> p>ty /ood ,pisi/ratus1 a ri* nobleman ( high desc5t4 ,he succe$$1 by means ( 8 arm$ gu>d1 9 mak+ himself ma/] ( ! citadel4 ,twice driv5 out ( ! city1 he at l5g? return$ 7#ech ,b4,c471 & ga9$ p]man5t control by =ce ( arms4 ,he manag$ 8 gov]nm5t ) %rewdness & en]gy4 ,indu/ry & trade fl\ri%$4 ,he decorat$ ,a!ns ) build+s & /atues4 ,religi\s fe/ivals he caus$ to be celebrat$ ) spl5dor4 ,he rul$ "u ! legal =ms by hav+ ar*ons *os5 to suit him4 ,he di$ #ebg ,b4,c4 ,hippias1 8 son1 gov]n$ ) mildness until 8 y\ng] bro!r & colleague 9 p[]1 ,hipp>*us1 0 sla9 by ! two fri5ds1 ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton4 ,!n he gave ! re9 to rev5geful passion1 & laid ^u ! p burd5some taxes4 ,hippias 0 driv5 out ( ! city by ! ,alcmaeonidae & o!r exil$ nobles1 assi/$ by ! ,sp>tan k+1 ,cleom5es 7#eaj ,b4,c474 ,he fl$ to ,asia ,m9or 9 ord] to secure ,p]sian help4 ,,! ,,a!nian ,,democracy4--,cli/h5es1 a brilliant man1 ! head ( ! ,alcmaeonid family1 connect$ himself ) ! popul> p>ty1 & introduc$ su* *anges 9 ! con/itution z to r5d] him ! f\nd] ( ! ,a!nian ,democracy4 ,! p[] ( ! ar*ons 0 r$uc$4 ,all ( ! free inhabitants ( ,attica 7 admitt$ to citiz5%ip4 ,new tribes1 t5 9 numb]1 ea* compris+ t5 d5es1 or hamlets1 ) _! adjac5t di/ricts1 sup]s$$ ! old tribes4 ,a c\ncil ( five hundr$1 fifty f ea* tribe1 supplant$ ,solon's c\ncil ( f\r hundr$4 ,! c\rts ( law 7 newly organiz$4 ,! ,o/racism 0 introduc$2 t is1 ! pr]ogative ( ! popul> assembly to decree by secret ballot1 )\t trial1 ! bani%m5t ( a p]son :o %\ld be deem$ to be dang]\s to ! public weal4 ,c]ta9 (fic]s 7 designat$ by lot4 ,t5 ,/rategi1 "o f ea* tribe1 by turns1 took ! place ( ! ar*on polem>*us 9 comm& ( ! army4 ,,effect ,,( ,,democracy4--,"u ?is sy/em ( free gov]nm5t1 ! en]gy ( ! ,a!nian p 0 develop$ ) amaz+ rapidity4 ,! _s ( patriotism1 ( zeal = ! honor & welf>e ( ,a!ns1 rose to a high pit*4 ,! p[] & res\rces ( ! city increas$ 9 a proportionate degree4 ,culture kept pace ) prosp]ity4 ,,lyrical ,,poetry4--,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 :5 mon>*y 0 decl9+1 & ! t5d5cy to democracy began to manife/ itself1 a new /yle ( poetry1 diff]5t f ! epic1 arose4 ,! n>rative poems ( m9/rels 7 he>d at ! great religi\s fe/ivals4 ,b !re 0 a crav+ = ! expression ( individual feel+4 ,h5ce1 lyrical poetry re-appe>$1 n 9 ! %ape ( religi\s songs1 z 9 ! old "t1 b 9 a =m to t\* all ! *ords ( s5tim5t4 ,two new types ( v]se appe>$1--! ,elegiac & ! ,iambic4 ,at fir/ ! elegy 0 probably a lam5t = ! dead4 ,x 0 accompani$ by ! s(t music ( ! ,lydian flute4 ,! in/rum5ts :i* ! ,greeks _h us$ 7 /r+-in/rum5ts4 ,! e>ly ,greek elegies relat$ to a v>iety ( !mes1--z w>1 love1 preceptive wisdom4 ,! iambic met] 0 fir/ us$ 9 satire4 ,its e>lie/ ma/] ( di/9ction 0 ,arckilo*us ( ,p>os 7#fgj ,b4,c474 ,x 0 employ$1 h[ev]1 9 fables1 & else:]e :5 po9t$ or int5se expression 0 crav$4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! ,greek elegi/s1 ,call9us & ,tyrtaus1 compos$ w>-songs4 ,mimn]mus1 ,solon1 ,!ognis1 ,simonides ( ,ceos1 are among ! mo/ fam\s elegi/s4 ,music develop$ 9 connection ) lyric poetry4 ,! ,greeks at fir/ us$ ! f\r-/r+$ lyre4 ,t]p&] made an epo* 7#ffj ,b4,c47 by add+ ?ree /r+s4 ,olympus & ,?aletas made fur!r improvem5ts4 ,greek lyric poetry fl\ri%$1 especially f #fgj to #ddj ,b4,c4 ,! ,aeolian lyri/s ( ,lesbos f\nd$ a s*ool ( _! own4 ,! two great repres5tatives are ,alcaus1 :o sang ( w> & ( love1 & ,sappho1 :o sang ( love4 ,probably no poet ev] surpass$ ,sappho z an int]pret] ( passion 9 exquisitely subtle h>monies ( =m & s\nd4 ,anacreon1 an ,ionian1 resembl$ 9 8 /yle ! ,aeolian lyri/s4 ,he 0 mo/ (t5 ref]r$ to by ! anci5ts z ! poet ( s5su\s feel+ ( e sort4 ,! ,dorian lyric poetry 0 mo/ly *oral & hi/oric 9 its topics4 ,greek lyric poetry rea*es ! climax 9 ,simonides & ,p9d>4 ,! latt] 0 a ,boeotian1 b ( ,dorian desc5t4 ,simonides 0 t5d] & poli%$2 ,p9d>1 f]vid & sublime ,! extant works ( ,p9d> are ! ,ep9icia1 or odes ( victory4 ,,hi/orical ,,writ+4--,?is age witnesses ! beg9n+s ( hi/orical writ+4 ,b ! logograph]s1 z !y 7 call$1 only wrote prose epics4 ,!y told ! /ory ( ! f\ndation ( families & cities1 reconcil+ z be/ !y c\ld ! my?s1 s f> z !y cla%$ ) "o ano!r4 ,,philosophy3 ,,! ,,ionian ,,s*ool4--,! ,greeks 7 ! fir/ to inve/igate rationally ! causes ( ?+s1 & to try to compreh5d ! _w z a complete sy/em4 ,! e>lie/ phase ( ?is movem5t 0 on ! side ( physics1 or natural philosophy4 ,hom] & ,hesiod _h acc\nt$ = ! op]ations ( nature by ref]r+ !m to ! direct p]sonal action ( diff]5t div9ities4 ,! e>lie/ philosoph]s br\ght 9 ! conception ( "s k9d ( matt] z ! f\ndation & s\rce ( all ?+s4 ,! ,ionian ,s*ool l$ ! way 9 ?is direction4 ,?ales ( ,miletus 7ab\t #fjj ,b4,c47 made ?is prim>y sub/ance to be wat]4 ,anaxim&] 7#faa-8 ,b4,c47 made all ?+s spr+ out ( a primitive /uff1 )\t def9ite qualities1 & )\t b\nds4 ,he taught t ! e>? is r\nd1 inv5t$ ! sun-dial1 engrav$ a map on a brass tablet1 & made "s a/ronomical calculations4 ,anaxim5es 7fir/ half1 #f? ,c47 d]iv$ all ?+s f air1 :i* he made to be et]nal & inf9ite4 ,,! ,,eleatic ,,s*ool4--,! ,eleatic ,s*ool conceiv$ ( ! _w z "o 9 sub/ance1 & held t ! natural ph5om5a :i* we behold1 9 all _! v>iety & *ange1 are unreal4 ,x5ophanes 7:o fl\ri%$ f #egb to #dgh ,b4,c47 ass]t$ ?is4 ,p>m5ides 7#ejd-dfj ,b4,c47 taught t succession1 *ange1 ! manifold =ms ( ?+s1 are only relative2 t is1 are only our way ( reg>d+ ! "o univ]sal ess5ce4 ,z5o s\ght to v9dicate ?is !ory logically by disprov+ ! possibility ( motion4 ,,o!r ,,philosoph]s4--,ano!r set ( philosoph]s attempt$ def9itely to expla9 ! appe>ances ( ?+s1 ! *ang+ ph5om5a1 :i* _h be5 call$ unreal4 ,h]aclitus made ! _w to be no?+ b ^!3 ,!re is no sub/ratum ( ?+s3 !re is only an endless flux1 a cycle4 ,all ?+s beg9 & end 9 fire1 ! symbol ( :at is real4 ,emp$ocles ascrib$ all ?+s to fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat]1 :i* are wr\ght into diff]5t bodies by love & hate2 or1 z we %\ld say1 attraction & repulsion4 ,democritus 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,atomi/s1 :o made all ?+s spr+ out ( ! motions & comb9ations ( primitive atoms4 ,anaxagoras br\ght 9 intellig5ce1 or reason1 z giv+ ! />t to ! developm5t ( matt]1--?is pr9ciple do+ no?+ m1 h[ev]1 & be+ inh]5t 9 matt] itself4 ,,py?agoras4--,a diff]5t _s 9 philosophy belong$ to ,py?agoras 7#ehj-ejj ,b4,c471 :o 0 born 9 ,samos1 travel$ ext5sively1 & settl$ 9 ,croton1 9 s\!rn ,italy4 ,8 !ory 01 t ! inn] sub/ance ( all ?+s is numb]4 ,discipl9e ( "* 0 a prime object4 ,py?agoras 0 sp>+ 9 8 diet1 promot$ an e>ne/ culture1 9 :i* music 0 prom95t1 & gave rise to a my/ical s*ool1 9 :i* moral re=m & religi\s fuel+ 7 connect$ ) an ascetic me?od ( liv+4 ,,colonies4--,x 0 dur+ ! era ( ! olig>*ies & tyrannies t ! coloniz+ _s 0 mo/ active among ! ,greeks4 ,mo/ ( ! colonies 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 #hjj & #eej ,b4,c4 ,_! names alone w\ld make a v long catalogue4 ,!y 7 ( two classes3 fir/1 indep5d5t communities1 connect$1 h[ev]1 ) ! p>5t city by close ties ( fri5d%ip2 & secondly1 kl]u*ies1 :i* 7 ( ! nature ( g>risons1 :]e ! settl]s reta9$ _! =m] rights z citiz5s1 & ! "m city its full au?ority ov] !m4 ,9 ,sicily1 on ! ea/]n side1 7 ! ,ionian communities1--,naxos1 ,catana1 etc4 ,syracuse 7f\nd$ by ,cor9? #gcd ,b4,c471 ,gela1 & ,agrig5tum1 :i* 7 among ! *ief ,dorian settlem5ts1 lay on ! s\?-ea/]n & s\?-we/]n coa/s4 ,! olde/ ,greek t[n 9 ,italy 0 ,cumae 7n f> f ,naples71 said to h be5 f\nd$ 9 #ajej ,b4,c4 ,t>5tum 7,dorian71 ,syb>is1 & ,croton 7,aeolic7 7 settl$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,locri 7,aeolic7 & ,rhegium 7,ionic7 7 on ! s\?4 ,! s\?-we/]n portion ( ,italy 0 t]m$ ,magna ,graecia4 ,massilia 7,m>seilles7 0 f\nd$ by ! ,phocaean ,ionians 7ab\t #fjj ,b4,c474 ,9 ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean ! ,greeks 7 h9d]$ f mak+ _! settlem5ts z num]\s z !y w\ld h done1 by ! fact t ,c>?age & h] colonies /ood 9 ! way4 ,cyr5e1 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 0 a ,dorian colony 7#fcj ,b4,c471 plant$ f ,!ra1 an e>li] ,sp>tan settlem5t4 ,cyr5e f\nd$ ,b>ca4 ,corcyra 0 coloniz$ by ,cor9? 7ab\t #gjj ,b4,c474 ,along ! coa/ ( ,epirus 7 o!r ,cor9?ian & ,corcyrasan settlem5ts4 ,*alcis plant$ t[ns 9 ! p59sula ( ,*alcidice1 & f !nce to ,selymbria 7or ,byzantium71 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ,meg>a 7#feg ,b4,c474 ,! nor!rn %ores ( ! gean & ! ,propontis1 & ! :ole coa/ ( ! ,eux9e 7 /rewn ) ,greek settlem5ts4 ,! ,greek t[ns1 especially ,miletus1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 !mselves s5t out colonies1--z ,cyzicus & ,s9ope1 s\? ( ! ,propontis & ! ,eux9e4 ,! =ego+ /atem5ts give only a g5]al idea ( ! wide ext5t ( ,greek colonization4 ,an exhau/ive /atem5t ( ! ,greek colonies is giv5 9 ,rawl9son's ,manual ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #adh seq4 ,see also ,abbott1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,i4 #ccc seq4 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fl\ri%+ ,,era ,,( ,,greece4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,p]sian ,,w>s4 ,,! ,,ionian ,,revolt4--,h>dly 7 ! ,greeks 9 possession ( lib]ty :5 !y 7 compell$ to measure _! /r5g? ) ! mighty ,p]sian ,empire4 ,! cities ( ,asia ,m9or groan$ "u ! tyranny ( _! ,p]sian rul]s1 & sigh$ = fre$om4 ,at l5g?1 "u propiti\s circum/ances1 ,miletus rose 9 revolt "u ! lead ( ,ari/agoras4 ,alone ( ! ,grecian cities1 ,a!ns1 & ,eretria on ! isl& ( ,euboea1 s5t help4 ,! insurrection 0 ext+ui%$ 9 blood3 its lead]s p]i%$4 ,miletus 0 de/roy$ by ! enemy #die ,b4,c42 & ! ,ionian t[ns 7 aga9 br\ght "u ! ,p]sian yoke1 :i* 0 made heavi] ?an be=e4 ,! ,p]sian mon>*1 ,d>ius1 swore v5geance ^u ^? :o _h aid$ ! rebellion4 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,m>a?on4--,m>donius1 ! son-9-law ( ,d>ius1 mov$ ) a fleet & an army along ! gean coa/4 ,a /orm %att]$ ! fleet ^u ! rocky promontory ( ,a?os1 & ! l& =ce 0 p>tly de/roy$ by ! ,?racians4 ,m>donius retreat$ homew>d4 ,! h]alds :o came to dem&1 accord+ to ! ,p]sian cu/om1 wat] & e>? ( ,a!ns & ,sp>ta1 7 put to dea?4 ,enrag$ at ^! ev5ts1 ,d>ius s5t a /rong] fleet "u ,datis & ,artaph]nes4 ,!y =c$ ,naxos & ! o!r ,cyclades to submission1 captur$ & de/roy$ ,eretria1 & s5t (f its inhabitants z slaves to ! int]ior ( ,asia4 ,guid$ on _! pa? ( de/ruction by ! ,a!nian refugee1 ,hippias1 ! ,p]sians l&$ on ! coa/ ( ,attica1 & encamp$ on ! %ore adjac5t to ! pla9 ( ,m>a?on4 ,! ,a!nians s5t ,philippides1 "o ( ! swifte/ ( c\ri]s1 to ,sp>ta = assi/ance1 :o rea*$ t city1 a hundr$ & ?irty-five or a hundr$ & =ty miles di/ant1 ! next day aft] he />t$4 ,he br\ght back = answ] t ! ,sp>tans 7 det]r$ by religi\s scruples f m>*+ to w> be=e ! full moon1 :i* w\ld be t5 days lat]4 ,!re 0 a ,greek1 z well z a ,judaic1 ,ph>isaism4 ,left to !mselves1 ! ,a!nians 7 =tunate 9 hav+ = _! lead] ,miltiades1 an able & exp]i5c$ soldi]1 :o _h be5 ) ! ,p]sians 9 ! ,scy?ian campaign4 ,at ! head ( ! ,a!nian infantry1 t5 ?\s& 9 numb]1 ^: he>ts 7 *e]$ be=e ! onset by ! arrival ( a re-in=cem5t ( "o ?\s& m51 compris+ ! :ole fight+ population ( ! little t[n ( ,plata1 ,miltiades attack$ ! ,p]sian army1 t5 times z l>ge z 8 own4 ,! ,a!nians ran d[n ! g5tle slope at ,m>a?on1 %\t+ _! w>-cry1 or pan1 &1 aft] a fi]ce conflict1 drove ! ,p]sians back to _! %ips1 captur+ _! camp ) all its treasures 7,sept4 #ab1 #dij ,b4,c474 ,?is brilliant victory 0 n ! end ( dang]4 ,! ,greek wat*m5 saw a trea*]\s signal1 a gli/5+ %ield1 on ,m\nt ,p5telicus1 put !re to signify to ! ,p]sians t ,a!ns 0 op5 to _! attack4 ,9 t direction1 r\nd ,cape ,sunium1 ! ,p]sian fleet sail$4 ,b ,miltiades1 by a rapid m>* ( tw5ty-?ree miles1 rea*$ ! city 9 season to prev5t ! l&+4 ,datis & ,artaph]nes sail$ away4 ,! traitor1 ,hippias1 di$ on ! return voyage4 ,! patriotic exultation ( ! ,a!nians 0 well w>rant$4 ,nev] did !y look back ^u t victory )\t a ?rill ( joyful pride4 ,x prov$ :at a unit$ free p 7 capable ( a*iev+4 ,m ?an t1 ,,m>a?on 0 "o ( ! decisive battles :i* =m turn+-po9ts 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x 0 a mortal conflict betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 betwe5 ,asia & ,europe1--! co>se despotism "u :i* individual en]gy is /ifl$1 & ! dawn+ lib]ty :i* 0 to furni% ! atmosph]e requir$ = ! full developm5t & culture ( ! human m9d4 ,,ari/ides ,,& ,,!mi/ocles4--,miltiades subsequ5tly fail$ 9 an attempt aga9/ ,p>os1 "o ( ! gean isl&s :i* _h submitt$ to ! ,p]sians1 & :i* he s\ght to conqu]4 ,accus$ ( mak+ false promises to ! p1 he 0 f9$ fifty tal5ts1 b di$ be=e ! sum c\ld be collect$ 7#dhi ,b4,c474 ,8 son ,cimon paid ! f9e4 ,! two lead+ m5 9 ,a!ns at t "t 7 ,ari/ides & ,!mi/ocles4 ,! =m]1 f 8 uprightness1 0 /yl$ ! j4 ,!mi/ocles 0 a man ( g5ius1 ( an ambiti\s _s1 :om ! laurels ( ,miltiades robb$ ( sleep4 ,devot$ to ,a!ns1 he 0 n scrupul\s 9 reg>d to ! means ( advanc+ h] prosp]ity & glory4 ,duplicity & intrigue 7 weapons 9 ! use ( :i* he 0 n less will+ ?an exp]t4 ,he aspir$ to make ,a!ns a great naval & m>itime p[]4 ,ari/ides believ$ t ! /r5g? ( ! c\ntry lay 9 ! l&hold]s & 9 ! l& =ces4 ,9 ! atta9m5t ( public ends1 he w\ld n deviate f a /raight=w>d c\rse4 ,!mi/ocles 0 by f> ! m captivat+ ( ! two m52 &1 9 #dhd ,b4,c41 ,ari/ides 0 o/racis$4 ,!mi/ocles 0 ?us left free to build up a p[]ful fleet4 ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,x]xes3 ,,!rmopyl4--,d>ius di$ :ile he 0 prep>+ ano!r gr& exp$ition aga9/ ,greece4 ,he left 8 successor1 ,x]xes 7#dhe ,b4,c471 to complete & c>ry out ! plan4 ,?is pr\d mon>* drew toge!r f 8 imm5se dom9ions an army :i* tradition1 z giv5 9 ,h]odotus1 made to numb] "o million sev5 hundr$ ?\s& m5 & a fleet ( twelve hundr$ l>ge vessels4 ,he _h = a c\nselor1 ,dem>atus1 a fugitive k+ ( ,sp>ta4 ,! va/ array ( troops 0 assembl$ ne> ,s>des1 & !nce m>*$ to ! ,hellespont4 ,sev5 days 7 sp5t by ?is mighty ga!r+ ( nations 9 pass+ ov] ! two bridges ( boats4 ,!y m>*$ ?r\gh ,?race1 ,mac$onia1 & ,!ssaly1 ! ,p]sian fleet proce$+ along ! coa/4 ,botia & sev]al small] /ates yield$ )\t resi/ance4 ,! mo/ ( ! o!r ,greek /ates1 inspir$ by ,!mi/ocles1 jo9$ h&s = def5se "u ! hegemony ( ,sp>ta4 ,9 ,july1 #dhj1 ! ,p]sian army arriv$ at ! n>r[ pass ( ,!rmopyl4 ,!re ! ,lac$emonian k+1 ,leonidas1 ) 8 ?ree hundr$ ,sp>tans & "s ?\s&s ( allies1 _h tak5 8 /&1 to /em ! va/ curr5t t 0 p\r+ d[n to ov]:elm ,greece4 ,to ! ,p]sian comm& to give up _! weapons1 ! laconic reply 0 giv5 by ,leonidas1 ,come & get !m4 ,= sev]al days ! b& ( ,sp>tans def5d$ ! pass1 beat+ back ! ,p]sians1 ?\s&s ( :om 7 sla91 & repuls+1 ev51 ! t5 ?\s& immortals1 :o con/itut$ ! royal gu>d4 ,at l5g? a trea*]\s ,greek %[$ ! enemy a by-pa?1 :i* enabl$ !m to fall on ! re> ( ! gallant troops1 e "o ( :om fell1 bravely fight+1 ) 8 weapon 9 8 h&4 ,a lion made ( iron 0 aft]w>ds plac$ on ! spot :]e ! h]oes _h di$1 ob$i5t to ! comm&s ( ,sp>ta4 ,! ,p]sians pu%$ =w>d to ,a!ns1 & burn$ ! city4 ,all citiz5s capable ( be>+ arms 7 on bo>d ! fleet3 ! wom51 *ildr51 & movable prop]ty _h be5 convey$ to ,salamis1 g9a1 & ,trzcne4 ,,salamis4--,! ,greek fleet1 "u ! ,sp>tan ,eurybiades1 _h come f victory at ,artemisium into ! ,gulf ( ,salamis4 ,by means ( a device ( ,!mi/ocles1 ! ,sp>tans 7 prev5t$ f )draw+ _! =ces to ! ,cor9?ian i/hmus1 :]e !y _h built a wall = _! own protection2 & a sea-fight 0 br\ght on1 ( :i* ! ,a!nians 9 ,salamis1 & ,x]xes himself f a hill on ! ma9l&1 7 anxi\s spectators 7,sept4 #bg1 #dhj74 ,once m ! cause ( civilization 0 /ak$ on ! issue ( a conflict4 ,! ,greeks 7 completely victori\s1 & _! l& 0 sav$4 ,x]xes ha/ily m>*$ t[>ds home1 ?\s&s ( 8 army p]i%+ on ! way f hung]1 cold1 & fatigue4 ,! ,sp>tiat gave to ,eurybiades ! prize ( valor1 to ,!mi/ocles an olive cr[n = 8 wisdom & sagacity4 ,,plat,a3 ,,mycale3 ,,eurym$on4--,x]xes left ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m5 beh9d 9 ,!ssaly1 "u ! comm& ( ,m>donius4 ,9 ! spr+1 inc5s$ at ! pr\d rejection ( 8 ov]tures1 he m>*$ to ,a!ns1 ^: p aga9 took refuge 9 ,salamis4 ,9 ! great battle ( ,plata 7#dgi ,b4,c471 ! ,greeks1 l$ by ! ,sp>tan ,pausanias1 inflict$ on him su* a defeat t only =ty ?\s& ,p]sians escap$ to ! ,hellespont4 ,on ! same day at ,mycale1 ! ,p]sian fleet 0 vanqui%$ 9 a %>p enc\nt] :]e a ,sp>tan comm&$1 b :]e ! ,a!nians 7 ! mo/ effici5t combatants4 ,se/os1 ,lemnos1 ,imbros1 & ,byzantium 7 tak5 by ! ,greeks2 & a d\ble victory ( ,cimon1 ! son ( ,miltiades1 at ! ,pamphylian riv]1 ,eurym$on1 ov] bo? ! l& & naval =ces ( ! ,p]sians1 br\ght ! w> to an end 7#dfg ,b4,c474 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,asc5d5cy ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,,pausanias ,,& ,,!mi/ocles4--,bo? ( ! g5]als by :om ! ,p]sians _h be5 ov]come1 fell "u ! displeasure ( ! /ates to :i* !y belong$4 ,pausanias 0 s f> misl$ by ambition z to engage 9 a negotiation ) ! ,p]sians = ! elevation ( himself1 by _! aid1 to supreme p[] 9 ,greece4 ,8 plots 7 discov]$1 & he 0 compell$ by 8 c\ntrym5 to />ve to dea? 9 a temple to :i* he _h fl$ = refuge4 ,!mi/ocles caus$ ,a!ns to be surr\nd$ by a wall1 & built long walls f ! city to ! ,piru4 ,?is provok$ ! hatr$ ( ! ,sp>tans1 s jeal\s 7 !y ( ! p[] ( ,a!ns4 ,9 conjunction ) 8 ,a!nian enemies1 !y contriv$ to procure 8 bani%m5t = t5 ye>s 7#dga ,b4,c474 ,!mi/ocles fl$ to ,p]sia1 :]e he 0 treat$ ) honor & favor4 ,artax]xes ,i4 gave him a pr9cely doma9 9 ,asia ,m9or :]e he di$ 7#deh ,b4,c474 ,grave z 8 faults 71 ,!mi/ocles 0 ! f\nd] ( ! hi/orical greatness ( ,a!ns4 ,,conf$]acy ,,( ,,delos4--,x 0 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,ari/ides t ! conf$]acy ( ,delos 0 =m$1 9 :i* ! ,grecian isl&s & seaports comb9$ ) ,a!ns1 & "u h] lead]%ip1 = ! fur!r prosecution ( ! w>4 ,by ?is means1 ! ,a!nians1 already s effici5t on ! sea1 7 enabl$ /ill m to /r5g!n _! fleet1 & gradually to br+ ! gean isl&s & small] m>itime /ates "u _! sway4 ,cimon r5d]$ great s]vice z a naval comm&]4 ,he drove ! ,p]sians out ( ,?race altoge!r1 & he conqu]$ ,scyros4 ,he wre/$ ! ,*]sonese f ! ,p]sians1 & fre$ ! ,greek cities on ! coa/4 ,9 ! s+le battle on ! ,eurym$on1 he sunk or captur$ two hundr$ galleys 7#dfg ,b4,c474 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,p]icles4--,"u ! lead]%ip ( su* m51 ! ,a!nian ,republic became m & m p[]ful4 g9a1 a ri* & prosp]\s isl&1 0 conqu]$1 & plant$ ) ,a!nian coloni/s4 ,meg>a became a dep5d5cy ( ,a!ns4 ,sp>ta1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( a /ruggle ) ,argos1 a /ate fri5dly to ! ,p]sians1 & /ill m on acc\nt ( an e>?quake :i* laid ! mo/ ( ! city 9 ru9s 7#dfe ,b4,c471 0 s crippl$ z n to be able to *eck ! progress ( ! rival community4 ,%e 0 ev5 oblig$ to invoke ,a!nian help aga9/ ! revolt+ ,mess5ians & helots2 b aft] ! troops ( ,a!ns _h jo9$ !m1 ! ,sp>tans1 jeal\s & afraid ( :at !y might d1 s5t !m back4 ,?is indignity l$ to ! bani%m5t ( ,cimon1 :o _h favor$ ! s5d+ ( ! =ce1 & to ! grant+ ( aid to ! ,sp>tans4 ,! ,sp>tans n[ did _! be/ to r$uce ! /r5g? & dom9ion ( ,a!ns by rais+ ,!bes to ! hegemony ov] ! ,boeotian cities4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 all ! conflicts1 ,sp>ta 0 ! *ampion ( ! ari/ocratic =m ( gov]nm5t2 ,a!ns1 ( ! democratic4 ,! ,a!nians 7 defeat$ at ,tanagra 7#deg ,b4,c474 ,?is induc$ !m to recall ,cimon1 a great g5]al & a wor?y citiz54 ,two mon?s aft] h] victory1 ,sp>ta 0 defeat$ by ,myronides2 & ! ,a!nians became ma/]s ( ,phocis1 ,locris1 & ,boeotia4 ,cimon br\ght ab\t a truce betwe5 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta4 ,he left 8 c\ntry on a high p9nacle ( p[] & dom9ion4 ,ne>ly all ! allies 9 ! conf$]acy ( ,delos _h fall5 into ! position ( tribut>ies1 ^: heavy contributions 7 c>ri$ no long] to ! sanctu>y at ,delos1 b to ! temple ( ,a!na on ! ,acropolis1 & :o _h no p[] to decide on que/ions ( peace & w>4 ,! nobles1 h[ev]1 :o 7 driv5 into exile 9 all conqu]$ places1 7 ! mortal enemies ( ,a!ns4 ,at ,coronea 7#ddg ,b4,c471 ! ,boeotian refugees & ari/ocrats 7 s /rong t ! ,a!nians exp]i5c$ a disa/r\s defeat4 ,! p]il ( ! situation mov$ ,p]icles to secure1 by a/ute managem5t1 a peace ) ,sp>ta1 ! t]ms ( :i* 7 t ea* ( ! two cities 0 to ma9ta9 its hegemony )9 its own circle1 & ! sev]al /ates 7 to atta* !mselves at _! option to ei!r conf$]acy4 ,9 m>ket & h>bor1 !re 0 to be a free int]c\rse ( trade 7#dde ,b4,c474 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,p]icles4--,p]icles belong$ to "o ( ! pr9cipal ,a!nian families1 b 0 democratic 9 8 politics1 & made himself a popul> lead]4 ,by 8 influ5ce ! ,areopagus 0 /ripp$ ( high pr]ogatives t _h belong$ to x4 ,he caus$ x to be enact$1 t e citiz51 :5 engag$ 9 ! public s]vice1 ev5 9 att5d+ ! popul> assembly1 %\ld receive a /ip5d4 ,= fifte5 ye>s1 z ! fir/ citiz5 ( ,a!ns1 ) none ( ! trapp+s ( p[]1 he virtually rul$ ! commonweal?4 ,"o ( 8 works 0 ! build+ ! ?ird ( ! long walls :i* protect$ ! ,piru & ! neighbor+ ports on ! l& side1 & connect$ !m ) ,a!ns4 ,8 patriotism 0 z s9c]e z 8 tal5ts 7 v]satile & brilliant4 ,he 0 at once a soldi]1 an orator1 a /atesman ( consummate ability1 & a man imbu$ ) ! be/ appreciation ( lett]s & ( art4 ,9 8 hospitable h\se1 :]e ,aspasia f ,miletus1 a beautiful & cultur$ woman1 0 8 companion1 m5 ( g5ius f\nd a welcome4 ,"u him1 ,a!ns became ! metropolis ( lit]ature1 philosophy1 & art = ! :ole ,hell5ic race1 &1 consid]+ ! influ5ce ( ,a!ns1 x might almo/ be said = mank9d 9 all ages4 ,magnific5t build+s--( :i* ! ,p>!non1 ! temple ( ,a!na t cr[n$ ! ,acropolis1 ^: ru9s are ! model ( ar*itectural p]fection1 0 "o--gave to ! city an unrival$ beauty4 ,sculpture vi$ ) ar*itecture 9 ?is "w ( adornm5t4 ,phidias1 :o wr\ght ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 c\nt$ among 8 wond]ful creations ! colossal sitt+ /atue ( ,zeus at ,olympia4 ,x 0 ! blossom+ season ( ! ,greek intellect1 z reg>ds lit]ature & ! f9e arts4 ,! drama rea*$ its p]fection 9 ! ma/]ly trag$ies ( ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides1 & 9 ! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,! ,a!nian community1 ?r\gh its political em95ce1 its intellectual "*1 s orig9al & div]sifi$1 its culture1--su* t almo/ e citiz5 0 qualifi$ = civil (fice1--has no p>allel 9 hi/ory4 ,x is ! elevation1 n ( a select class ( ! citiz5s1 b ( ! :ole society1 :i* gives to ,a!ns its unique di/9ction4 ,public _s & ent]prise1 :i* made h] navy dom9ant 9 ! ,aegean & ov] ! sea-coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 w5t h& 9 h& ) delight 9 eloqu5ce & 9 ! creations ( g5ius4 ,!re 0 n1 h[ev]1 z "s h affirm$1 9 ! preval5t absorption 9 ! affairs ( /ate1 a neglect ( ! labors ( agriculture & ( me*anical indu/ry4 ,,! ,,acropolis--,x 0 cu/om>y = a ,greek t[n to be built ab\t an acropolis1--an em95ce by :i* x 0 comm&$1 & on :i* /ood ! citadel4 ,on ! acropolis at ,a!ns 7 ! build+s & /atues 9 :i* ! glory ( ,a!nian art 0 impressively display$4 ,!re 7 ?ree edifices :i* excell$ all ! re/ 9 spl5dor4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! elevat$ area 0 ! ,p>!non1 built ( ,p5telic m>ble1 two hundr$ & tw5ty-eight feet 9 l5g?1 & ( faultless proportions4 ,on ! nor!rn edge 0 ! ,ere*!um1 an ,ionic temple ( extraord9>y beauty4 ,! ,propylcea1 approa*$ by sixty m>ble /eps1 0 a noble gateway3 x /ood on ! we/]n end ( ! acropolis1 :i* x magnific5tly adorn$4 ,,a!ns--,no o!r description ( ,a!ns1 9 ! age ( ,p]icles1 equals 8 own 9 ! ,fun]al ,oration 7#dca ,b4,c471 z giv5 by ,?ucydides1 = ^? :o _h fall5 9 ! w>4 ,x %[s h[ an ,a!nian look$ ^u 8 city4 ,x is true t we are call$ a democracy2 = ! adm9i/ration is 9 ! h&s ( ! _m1 & n ( ! few4 ,b :ile ! law secures equal ju/ice to all alike 9 _! private disputes1 ! claim ( excell5ce is also recogniz$2 & :5 a citiz5 is 9 any way di/+ui%$1 he is pref]r$ to ! public s]vice1 n z a matt] ( privilege1 b z ! rew>d ( m]it4 ,nei!r is pov]ty a b>2 b a man may b5efit 8 c\ntry1 :atev] be ! obscurity ( 8 condition4 ,!re is no exclusiv5ess 9 our public life2 & 9 our private int]c\rse we are n suspici\s ( "o ano!r1 nor angry ) our neighbor if he does :at he likes3 we d n put on s\r looks at him1 :i*1 ?\gh h>mless1 are n pleasant4 ,:ile we are ?us uncon/ra9$ 9 our private int]c\rse1 a _s ( rev]5ce p]vades our public acts3 we are prev5t$ f do+ wrong by respect = au?ority & ! laws1 hav+ an especial reg>d to ^? :i* are orda9$ = ! protection ( ! injur$1 z well z to ^? unwritt5 laws :i* br+ ^u ! transgressor ( !m ! reprobation ( ! g5]al s5tim5t4 ,& we h n =gott5 to provide = our we>y spirits _m relaxations f toil4 ,we h regul> games & sacrifices ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,at home ! /yle ( our life is ref9$1 & ! delight :i* we daily feel 9 all ^! ?+s helps to bani% melan*oly4 ,because ( ! greatness ( our city1 ! fruits ( ! :ole e>? fl[ 9 ^u u2 s t we enjoy ! goods ( o!r c\ntries z freely z ( our own4 ,!n1 aga91 our milit>y tra9+ is 9 _m respects sup]ior to t ( our adv]s>ies4 ,our city is ?r[n op5 to ! _w2 & we nev] expel a =eign]1 or prev5t him f see+ or le>n+ any ?+ ( :i* ! secret1 if reveal$ to an enemy1 might pr(it him4 ,we rely n ^u managem5t or trick]y1 b ^u our own he>ts & h&s4 ,& 9 ! matt] ( education1 :]eas !y f e>ly y\? are always und]go+ labori\s ex]cises :i* are to make !m brave1 we live at ease1 & yet are equally ready to face ! p]ils :i* !y face4 ,& "h is ! pro(1--! ,lac$aemonians come into ,attica1 n by !mselves1 b ) _! :ole conf$]acy foll[+2 we g alone into a neighbor's c\ntry2 &1 al?\gh our oppon5ts are fight+ = _! homes1 & we are on a =eign soil1 we h seldom any difficulty 9 ov]com+ !m4 ,our enemies h nev] yet felt our unit$ /r5g?4 ,! c>e ( a navy divides our att5tion1 & on l& we are oblig$ to s5d our own citiz5s ev]y:]e4 ,b !y1 if !y meet & defeat a "p ( our army1 are z pr\d z if !y _h r\t$ u all2 &1 :5 defeat$1 !y pret5d to h be5 vanqui%$ by u all4 ,if1 !n1 we pref] to meet dang] ) a light he>t1 b )\t labori\s tra9+1 & ) a c\rage :i* is ga9$ by habit1 & n en=c$ by law1 are we n greatly ! ga9]s8 s9ce we d n anticipate ! pa91 al?\gh1 :5 ! h\r comes1 we c be z brave z ^? :o nev] all[ !mselves to re/4 ,& ?us1 too1 our city is equally admirable 9 peace & w>2 = we are lov]s ( ! beautiful1 yet simple 9 our ta/es1 & we cultivate ! m9d )\t loss ( manl9ess4 ,weal? we employ1 n = talk & o/5tation1 b :5 !re is real use = x4 ,to av[ pov]ty ) u is no disgrace3 ! true disgrace is 9 do+ no?+ to avoid x4 ,an ,a!nian citiz5 does n neglect ! ,/ate because he takes c>e ( 8 own h\sehold1 & ev5 ^? ( u :o are engag$ 9 bus9ess h a v fair idea ( politics4 ,we alone reg>d a man :o takes no int]e/ 9 public affairs1 n z h>mless1 b z a useless "*2 &1 if few ( u are orig9ators1 we are all s\nd judges ( policy4 ,! great imp$im5t to action is1 9 our op9ion1 n discussion1 b ! want ( t k :i* is ga9$ by discussion prep>atory to action4 ,= we h a peculi> p[] ( ?9k+ be=e we act1 & ( act+ too2 :]eas o!r m5 are c\rage\s f ignorance1 b hesitate ^u reflection4 ,& !y are surely to be e/eem$ ! brave/ spirits :o1 hav+ ! cle>e/ s5se bo? ( ! pa9s & pleasures ( life1 d n on t acc\nt %r9k f dang]4 ,9 do+ good1 aga91 we are unlike o!rs3 we make our fri5ds by conf]r+1 n by receiv+1 favors4 ,n[1 he :o conf]s a favor is ! firm] fri5d1 because he w\ld fa9 by k9dness keep alive ! memory ( an obligation2 b ! recipi5t is cold] 9 8 feel+s1 because he kn[s t 9 requit+ ano!r's g5]osity he w n be w9n+ gratitude1 b only pay+ a debt4 ,we alone d good to our neighbors1 n ^u a calculation ( int]e/1 b 9 ! confid5ce ( fre$om1 & 9 a frank & fe>less _s4 ,to sum up1 ,i say t ,a!ns is ! s*ool ( ,hellas1 & t ! individual ,a!nian 9 8 own p]son seems to h ! p[] ( adapt+ himself to ! mo/ v>i$ =ms ( action ) ! utmo/ v]satility & grace4 ,?is is no pass+ & idle ^w1 b tru? & fact2 & ! ass]tion is v]ifi$ by ! position to :i* ^! qualities h rais$ ! ,/ate4 ,= 9 ! h\r ( trial ,a!ns alone among h] contempor>ies is sup]ior to ! report ( h]4 ,no enemy :o comes aga9/ h] is indignant at ! rev]ses :i* he su/a9s at ! h&s ( su* a city3 no subject compla9s t 8 ma/]s are unwor?y ( him4 ,& we %all assur$ly n be )\t witnesses2 !re are mighty monum5ts ( our p[]1 :i* w make u ! wond] ( ?is & ( succe$+ ages4 ,we %all n ne$ ! praises ( ,hom] or ( any o!r panegyri/1 ^: poetry may please = ! mom5t1 al?\gh 8 repres5tation ( ! facts w n be> ! light ( day2 = we h compell$ e l& & e sea to op5 a pa? = our valor1 & h ev]y:]e plant$ et]nal memorials ( our fri5d%ip & ( our enmity4 ,su* is ! city = ^: sake ^! m5 nobly f\ght & di$3 !y c\ld n be> ! ?\ght t %e might be tak5 f !m1 & e "o ( u :o survive %\ld gladly toil on h] behalf4 ,,religion4--,we f9d 9 ,sophocles a mu* pur] tone ( moral & religi\s feel+ ?an 9 ,hom]4 ,greek ?\ght ^u div9e ?+s is exp&$ & purifi$1 7i7 ,high] ,conception ( ! ,gods4 ,! gods are /ill conceiv$ ( z 9 bodily =m4 ,_! images abide 9 _! temples4 ,take !m away1 & ! god leaves 8 abode4 ,! div9ities ne$ n be pres5t1 z 9 ,hom]1 9 ord] to ex]t _! p[]4 ,! mono!i/ic t5d5cy is manife/4 ,! gods are ref]r$ to z if a s+le ag5cy 7 9 ! writ]'s m9d4 ,! regal sway ( ,zeus is emphasiz$4 ,he is less subject to ,fate4 7#b7 ,div9e ,gov]nm5t4 ,! gods1 especially ,zeus1 are ! f\nta9 ( law4 ,! righte\sness ( ! div9e gov]nm5t is especially ev9c$ 9 ! puni%m5t ( evil-do]s4 ,transgressors g5]ally1 & n ^? ( ! wor/ class alone1 z 9 ,hom]1 are puni%$ 9 ,hades4 ,pride & insol5ce call d[n ! v5geance ( ! gods4 ,unsleep+ ju/ice pursues ! crim9al4 ,! !ory ( ,nemesis1 :i* pursues ! prosp]\s1 if !y are pr\d1 to _! hurt & ru91 is held4 7#c7 ,numb] ( ! ,gods4 ,! numb] ( div9ities is multipli$ z "t advances4 ,! wor%ip ( ! h]oes1 *ildr5 ( ! gods or goddesses1 gr[s 9 importance4 7#d7 ,revelation4 ,!re 0 direct revelation1 x 0 believ$1 by prophecy1 utt]$ n[ 9 an ec/atic1 & n[ 9 a tranquil1 mood4 ,oracles acquir$ a new & va/ importance4 7#e7 ,rites4 ,visible objects ( devotion 7 multipli$2 religi\s c]emonies ramifi$ 9 all directions2 sacr$ processions1 fe/ivals1 amusem5ts involv+ religi\s obs]vances1 ab\nd$4 7#f7 ,morality4 ,moral excell5ce c5t]$ 9 mod]ation & self-gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh :i* ! individual keeps bo? 8 own nature z to its p>ts1 & himself 9 relation to o!rs1 )9 due limits4 ,?is _s includes temp]ance & ju/ice4 ,! /]n _s ( law prevails3 ! requital ( injuries is approv$4 ,yet feel+s ( compassion f9d a beautiful expression4 ,at ,a!ns1 !re 0 public provision = orphans & = ! help ( ! poor4 7#g7 ,dome/ic ,life3 ,patriotism4 ,! wife liv$ 9 retirem5t1 & 9 submission to h] husb&4 ,:5 he ent]ta9$ fri5ds at 8 table1 %e 0 abs5t2 yet dome/ic affection 0 evid5tly /rong4 ,e o!r duty m]g$ 9 patriotism4 ,! ,greek plac$ a great gulf betwe5 himself & ! b>b>ian4 ,he 0 consci\s ( high] intellectual gifts1 sup]ior culture1 bett] cu/oms4 7#h7 ,s94 ,! ,future ,life4 ,!re 0 a deep] s5se ( s9 ?an 9 ! ,hom]ic era4 ,!re 0 a pa!tic consci\sness ( ! tr\ble & sorr[ t beset human life4 ,hades 0 reg>d$ z a sc5e ( trial & judgm5t1 & ( rew>ds z well z suff]+s4 ,! s\l 0 n s closely id5tifi$ ) ! body4 ,dea? 0 an object ( gloomy anticipation4 ,p]icles1 9 8 fun]al oration = ! fall5 patriots1 is sil5t z to a future life4 ,9 ! tragic poets1 x is only ! select few ^: lot is bless$4 ,z conc]ns ! mass ( ! p1 x is probable t ! ,hom]ic notions respect+ ! /ate ( ! dead /ill prevail$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we are n w>rant$ 9 ascrib+ ! m elevat$ views ( religion ent]ta9$ by ! be/ m9ds to ! mass ( ! p4 ,,! ,,tragic ,,drama4--,! songs :i* 7 sung 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus 7di?yrambs7 7 accompani$ ) dance & pantomime4 ,! cu/om foll[$ ( m+l+ spee*es & dramatic action ) ^! lyrics4 ,! *ange is ascrib$ to ,!spis 7ab\t #ecf ,b4,c471 a little lat] ?an ,solon4 ,!spis is said to h br\ght 9 ! /age = ! p]=m]s4 ,! ,greek !at]s 7 l>ge1 op5 to ! sky1 & sometimes on sites :i* comm&$ f9e views4 ,!re 0 ! amphi!at]1 ) grad$ seats = spectators1 & ! /age1 toge!r ) ! or*e/ra :]e ! *oir 9 song or musical recitation reflect$ ! sympa?ies & views ( ! spectators ( ! play4 ,at fir/ !re 0 only "o actor1 &1 ( c\rse1 a monologue4 ,aes*ylus is said to h br\ght 9 a second actor1 & ,sophocles a ?ird4 ,^!1 ) ,euripides1 7 ! ?ree great dramati/s ( ,greece4 ,! *oral song1 :i* _h be5 ! *ief ?+1 0 made second>y to ! dialogue4 ,aes*ylus1 at ! age ( =ty-five1 f\ght 9 ! battle ( ,salamis2 ,sophocles1 !n fifte5 ye>s old1 took "p 9 ! fe/ival 9 honor ( ! victory2 & ,euripides 0 born1 x 0 suppos$1 on ! v day ( ! battle4 ,^! ?ree br\ght ! tragic drama to p]fection4 ,( ! productions ( ,aes*ylus 7#ebe-def ,b4,c471 sev5 rema94 ,!y are inspir$ ) ! h]oic & elevat$ mood :i* 0 eng5d]$ by ! great /ruggle aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,( ! num]\s plays ( ,sophocles 7#die-djf ,b4,c471 ! numb] ( ^? extant is also sev54 ,!y s comb9e vigor & =ce ) ref9em5t ( ?\ght & /yle t !y are surpass$1 if inde$ !y are equal$1 by ! lit]>y products ( no age or c\ntry4 ,9 ,euripides 7#dhj-djf ,b4,c471 :ile !re is an insight into ! work+s ( ! he>t1 & ! antique nobl5ess ( s5tim5t1 !re is less simplicity1 & !re is manife/ ! less e>ne/ & believ+ tone ( ! lat] day4 ,9 ! dramas1 ! unities ( "t1 place1 & action are obs]v$4 ,! acts toge!r seldom /ret* ov] a s+le day4 ,,com$y--,com$y1 9 :i* ,ari/ophanes 7#deb-chh ,b4,c471 a great poet z well z a great wit1 0 ! pr9cipal au?or1 dealt l>gely 9 satire4 ,conspicu\s m51 & ^? active 9 public affairs1 7 repres5t$ on ! /age 9 satirical pieces1 s t !y 7 at once id5tifi$4 ,! _s ( ! old com$y 0 patriotic1 al?\gh x might be unju/1 z 9 ! case ( ,socrates1 :o 0 a t>get = ! wit ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,! middle com$y 0 no?+ really di/9ct f ! new com$y4 ,! new com$y1 9 :i* ,m5&] 7#cdb-bij ,b4,c47 0 an em95t au?or1 ceas$ to pres5t actual p]sons1 & dealt ) imag9>y *>act]s alone4 ,among ! ,greeks 9 ,l[] ,italy & ,sicily1 mimes 7 mu* 9 vogue4 ,,greek ,,art3 ,,ar*itecture--,! ,greeks m & m broke away 9 a free & joy\s _s f ! /iff & conv5tional /yles ( ,egyptian & ,ori5tal art4 ,9 ! room ( ! somb]1 massive edifices ( ,egypt1 !y comb9$ symmetry & beauty ) gr&eur 9 ! temples :i* !y erect$4 ,! temples 7 orig9ally color$ )9 & )\t4 ,?ree /yles 7 develop$1--! ,doric1 ! ,ionic1 & ! ,cor9?ian4 ,9 ! ,doric1 ! column & entablature h ! mo/ solid & simple =m4 ,! column has no o!r base ?an ! common plat=m on :i* ! pill>s re/1 & ! capital t surm\nts x is a pla9 slab4 ,9 ! ,ionic /yle1 ! column has a di/9ct base1 is m tall & sl5d]1 & its capital has two volutes1 or spiral mold+s4 ,! capital ( ! ,cor9?ian column is peculi>1 repres5t+ fl[] calices & leaves1 po9t+ upw>ds1 & curv+ l natural plants4 ,! acan?us1 on acc\nt ( its graceful =m1 0 g5]ally copi$4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,doric temples1 ( a date prior to ! ,p]sian w>1 ( :i* ! ru9$ temple ( ,neptune at ,pae/um is "o1 are1 9 comp>ison ) lat] edifices1 ( a sev]e & massive /yle4 ,9 ! p]iod ext5d+ f ! ,p]sian w> to ! ,mac$onian rule1 ! /]n simplicity ( ! ,doric is modifi$ by ! s(t] & m graceful "* ( ! ,ionic4 ,! temple ( ,!seus at ,a!ns is an example4 ,! ,p>!non 0 ! mo/ beautiful specim5 ( ! ,doric1 :i* has appropriat$ ! grace ( ! ,ionic column )\t los+ its own di/9ctive "*4 ,9 ! lat] p]iod1 aft] fre$om 0 lo/1 !re 0 mu* m ornam5tation4 ,x 0 !n t ! m decorat$ ,cor9?ian /yle fl\ri%$4 ,,sculpture4--,be=e ! ,p]sian w>s1 9 ! e>lie/ sculpture ! re/ra9t ( ,egyptian & ,ori5tal /yles is p]ceptible 9 ! sculptors1 ( :om ,da$alus is ! my?ical repres5tative4 ,! olde/ /atues 7 ( wood1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly cov]$ ) gold & ivory1 or pa9t$4 ,! l(ty /yle ( ,phidias 7#dhh-dcb ,b4,c471 & ( ,polycletus ( ,argos1 became preval5t 9 ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ,greek lib]ty4 ,myron1 to :om we owe ! ,discobolus 7,disk-,?r[]71 belongs to ! s*ool ( ,aeg9a4 ,/atues 7 n[ made 9 brass & m>ble4 ,!y 7 ev]y:]e to be se54 ,! p$im5ts & friezes ( ! temples 7 cov]$ ) exquisitely wr\ght sculptures4 ,! mo/ beautiful sculptures t h come d[n f antiquity are ! m>bles ( ! ,p>!non4 ,! ,greeks appreciat$ to ! full ! beauty ( nature4 ,!y gave to _! gods ideal human =ms1 9 :i* 7 bl5d$ e attribute ( maje/y & grace :i* are conceiv$ to belong to p]fect$ humanity4 ,sculpture 9 ,greece1 z else:]e1 0 ally to religion2 b :il/ ! religion ( ! ,egyptians 0 a religion ( ! tomb1 & _! ideal _w a gloomy spot peopl$ by sleep+ lions1 dreamy sph9xes1 or weird une>?ly mon/]s1 ! my?ology ( ! ,greeks1 rightly und]/ood1 is an exquisite poem1 ! jo9t creation ( ! ma/]-m9ds ( infant ,greece2 & _! art is a translation ( t poem into visible =ms ( beauty4 ,9 ! ?ird p]iod1 :i* may be made to t]m9ate ) ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7#cbc ,b4,c471 !re 7 ma/]s 9 sculpture1 among :om ,praxiteles & ,scopas are at ! head4 ,m & m1 z we come d[n to ! ,roman p]iod1 :ile extraord9>y te*nical p]fection is /ill manife/$1 ! l(ti] qualities ( art t5d to disappe>4 ,,pa9t+4--,9 ,greece1 pa9t+ fir/ ceas$ to be subord9ate to ar*itecture1 & became indep5d5t4 ,9 e>ly days1 !re 0 skill 9 ! ornam5tation ( vases & 9 mural pa9t+4 ,yet1 ) mu* _s & feel+1 !re 0 a conv5tional treatm5t4 ,! e>lie/ arti/ ( :om we "k mu* is ,polygnotus 7ab\t #dbj ,b4,c471 ^: gr\ps ( pr(ile figures 7 describ$ z rem>kable = _! life-l "* & f9e color+4 ,apollodorus ( ,a!ns 0 di/+ui%$1 b ,zeuxis ( ,h]aclea is said to h be5 ! fir/ to pa9t movable pictures4 ,he is fam$ = 8 m>vel\s p[] ( imitation3 ! birds peck$ at a bun* ( grapes :i* he pa9t$4 ,b ev5 he 0 outdone by ,p>rhasius4 ,zeuxis1 h[ev]1 _h f> high] qualities ?an ^? ( a lit]al copyi/4 ,! mo/ successful ( ! ,greek pa9t]s 0 ,apelles4 ,among 8 ma/]pieces 0 a pa9t+ ( ,v5us ris+ f ! waves1 & a portrait ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,we h n 9 pa9t+1 z 9 sculpture1 a /ore ( monum5ts ( ,greek art2 b ! skill ( ! ,greeks 9 pa9t+ fell beh9d _! unequal$ g5ius 9 mold+ ! human =m 9 bronze & m>ble4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,peloponnesian ,,w>4 ,i4 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,nicias 7#dba ,b4,c474 ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,p]icles4--,wond]ful z 0 ! gr[? ( ,a!ns "u ,p]icles1 x is obvi\s t %e /ood expos$ to two pr9cipal s\rces ( dang]4 ,h] allies & dep5dants1 ! /ay ( t naval p[] 9 :i* h] /r5g? lay1 7 discont5t$ ) h] _s ( dom9ation & ( extortion4 ,! ,peloponnesian ,alliance1 :i* 0 l$ by ,sp>ta1 ! bulw>k ( ! ari/ocratic int]e/1 compris$1 ) ! ,dorian1 mo/ ( ! ,aeolian /ates1--z ,boeotia1 ,phocis1 ,locris1 etc4 ,its milit>y /r5g? lay ma9ly 9 its heavy-arm$ infantry4 ,?us ,sp>ta _h ! advantage ( /rong allies4 ,! motive at ! bottom ( ?is alliance 0 :at ,?ucydides tells 0 ! real cause ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1--! jeal\sy :i* ! gr[? ( ,a!ns excit$ 9 o!r /ates4 ,?is feel+ really involv$ a conviction ( ! ne$ ( ma9ta9+ 9 ,greece t :i* 9 mod]n times is call$ a balance ( p[]4 ,:5 ,greece 0 no long] "o1 z 9 ! be/ days ( ! w>s ) ,p]sia1 b 0 divid$ into two opposite camps1 wat*ful & jeal\s ( "o ano!r1 an occasion ( conflict c\ld n fail to arise4 ,x 0 compla9$ t ,a!ns gave help to ,corcyra 9 a w> ) ,cor9?1 its "m city1 made w> ^u ,potidaea 9 ,mac$onia1 a ,cor9?ian colony1 & also %ut out ,meg>a f ! h>bors ( ,attica4 ,! dem&s made by ,sp>ta1 :i* includ$ ! grant+ ( indep5d5ce to ,aeg9a1 7 reject$4 ,attica 0 ravag$ by ,sp>tan troops1 & ! coa/ ( ,peloponnesus by ! ,a!nian fleet 7#dca ,b4,c474 ,?is desolat+ w>f>e 0 kept up until a frightful pe/il5ce broke out at ,a!ns1--a plague hav+ its orig9 9 ,egypt1 & pass+ !nce ov] ,asia & ! ,greek isl&s4 ,two ( ! sons ( ,p]icles di$1 & an accumulation ( public burd5s & private sorr[s br\ght on 8 own dea? 7,sept41 #dbi74 ,,! ,,pe/il5ce4--,! horrors ( ! pe/il5ce are ?us describ$ 9 a celebrat$ passage ( ! be/ ( ! ,greek hi/orians1 ,?ucydides3 ,! cr[d+ ( ! p out ( ! c\ntry into ! city aggravat$ ! mis]y1 & ! newly arriv$ suff]$ mo/4 ,=1 hay+ no h\ses ( _! own1 b inhabit+1 9 ! height ( summ]1 /ifl+ huts1 ! mortality among !m 0 dreadful1 & !y p]i%$ 9 wild disord]4 ,! dead lay z !y _h di$1 "o ^u ano!r2 :ile o!rs1 h>dly alive1 wall[$ 9 ! /reets1 & crawl$ ab\t e f\nta91 crav+ = wat]4 ,! temples 9 :i* !y lodg$ 7 full ( ! corpses ( ^? :o di$ 9 !m2 = ! viol5ce ( ! calamity 0 su* t m51 n kn[+ :]e to turn1 grew reckless ( all law1 human & div9e4 ,! cu/oms :i* _h hi!rto be5 obs]v$ at fun]als 7 univ]sally violat$1 & !y buri$ _! dead1 ea* "o z be/ he c\ld4 ,_m1 hav+ no prop] appliances1 because ! dea?s 9 _! h\sehold _h be5 s frequ5t1 made no scruple ( us+ ! burial-place ( o!rs4 ,:5 "o man _h rais$ a fun]al-pile1 o!rs w\ld come1 &1 ?r[+ on _! dead fir/1 set fire to x2 or1 :5 "s o!r corpse 0 already burn+1 be=e !y c\ld be /opp$1 w\ld ?r[ _! own dead ^u x1 & dep>t4 ,!re 7 o!r & worse =ms ( lawlessness :i* ! plague introduc$ at ,a!ns4 ,m5 :o _h hi!rto conceal$ _! indulg5ce 9 pleasure1 n[ grew bold]4 ,=1 see+ ! sudd5 *ange1--h[ ! ri* di$ 9 a mom5t1 & ^? :o _h no?+1 imm$iately inh]it$ _! prop]ty1--!y reflect$ t life & ri*es 7 alike transitory1 & !y resolv$ to enjoy !mselves :ile !y c\ld1 & to ?9k only ( pleasure4 ,:o w\ld be will+ to sacrifice himself to ! law ( honor :5 he knew n :e!r he w\ld ev] live to be held 9 honor8 ,! pleasure ( ! mom5t1 & any sort ( ?+ :i* conduc$ to x1 took ! place bo? ( honor & ( exp$i5cy3 no fe> ( ,god or law ( man det]r$ a crim9al4 ,^? :o saw all p]i%+ alike1 ?\ght t ! wor%ip or neglect ( ! gods made no diff]5ce4 ,= (f5ses aga9/ human law1 no puni%m5t 0 to be fe>$3 no "o w\ld live long en\gh to be call$ to acc\nt4 ,already a f> heavi] s5t5ce _h be5 pass$1 & 0 hang+ ov] a man's head3 be=e t fell1 :y %\ld he n take a little pleasure8 ,,to ,,! ,,truce ,,) ,,sp>ta4--,! loss ( ,p]icles1 c\pl$ ) ! t]rible calamities :i* _h befall5 ,a!ns1 let loose ! w9ds ( p>ty passion4 ,new lead]s ( ! democracy1 ( :om ,cleon 0 ! mo/ not$1 :o lack$ ! ref9em5t & self-re/ra9t ( ,p]icles1 took 8 place4 ,! ,a!nians 7 n able to save ,plataea1 to :i* !y ow$ s mu*1 f de/ruction at ! h&s ( ! ,sp>tans & ,boeotians 7#dbg ,b4,c472 b ,lesbos !y recov]$1 & captur$ ,mytil5e1 ! bulk ( ^: citiz5s1 aga9/ ! w ( ,cleon1 !y sp>$4 ,to ! cruelties ( w>1 :i* ! rev5geful temp] ( ! ,sp>tans promot$1 !re 0 add$ ano!r plague at ,a!ns1 besides an e>?quake1 & trem5d\s ra9-/orms1 alt]nat+ ) dr\ght4 ,demo/h5es1 a brave & ent]pris+ ,a!nian g5]al1 took possession ( ,pylos 9 ,mess5ia4 ,! ,sp>tans1 "u ,brasidas1 7 on ! isl& ( ,sphact]ia opposite2 & _! retreat 0 cut (f by ! fleet "u ,nicias1 :o 0 ! lead] ( ! m ari/ocratic faction at ,a!ns4 ,cleon1 made /rategus 9 ! room ( ,nicias1 took ,sphact]ia by /orm1 contr>y to g5]al expectation1 & br\ght home ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ,sp>tan prison]s4 ,a!ns _h o!r successes2 b :5 h] =ces _h be5 defeat$ by ! ,boeotians at ,delium1 & ,brasidas _h captur$ ,amphipolis1 & :5 9 a battle !re 7#dbb ,b4,c47 ,brasidas 0 victori\s ov] ,cleon1 :o fell dur+ ! flight1 ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 :i* 0 desir\s ( peace1 ga9$ ! upp] h&4 ,nicias conclud$ a truce ) ,sp>ta = fifty ye>s4 ,ea* p>ty 0 to re/ore its conque/s & prison]s4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,alcibiades4 ,,! ,,sicilian ,,exp$ition4--,f ?is "t1 ,alcibiades1 a relative ( ,p]icles1 b lack+ 8 sobriety & dis9t]e/$ _s1 plays an active "p4 ,beautiful 9 p]son1 ri*1 a graceful & effective orator1 b re/less & ambiti\s1 he quickly acquir$ great influ5ce4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ! peace ( ,nicias1 he p]suad$ ,a!ns to jo9 a league ( disaffect$ ,peloponnesian allies ( ,sp>ta2 b 9 ! battle ( ,mant9ea 7#dah ,b4,c47 ! ,sp>tans rega9$ _! supremacy4 ,x 0 at ! sugge/ion ( ,alcibiades t ! ,a!nians und]took ! great ,sicilian ,exp$ition1 :i* result$ 9 ! wor/ disa/]s !y ev] suff]$4 ,?is exp$ition 0 aim$ at ! ,dorian city ( ,syracuse1 & ! hope 0 t all ,sicily might be conqu]$4 ,x consi/$ ( ab\t =ty ?\s& m51 besides ! sailors4 ,! comm&]s 7 ,alcibiades1 ,nicias1 & ,lama*us4 ,alcibiades 0 recall$ to answ] a *>ge ( sacrilege4 ,at ,?urii he manag$ to escape & w5t ov] to ! side ( ,sp>ta4 ,gylippus w5t ) a small ,sp>tan fleet to aid ,syracuse4 ,! ,a!nians 7 repuls$ 9 _! attack on ! city4 ,al?\gh re-in=c$ by l& & naval =ces "u a gallant & wor?y g5]al1 ,demo/h5es1 !y f\ght "u great disadvantages1 s t _! fleet 0 de/roy$ 9 ! ,syracusan h>bor4 ,_! retreat+ =ces on l& 7 cut to pieces or captur$4 ,nicias & ,demo/h5es di$ ei!r at ! h&s ( ! execution] or by a self-inflict$ dea?4 ,,naval ,,conte/s4--,no su* calamity _h ev] ov]tak5 a ,grecian army4 ,! news ( x br\ght angui% into almo/ e family 9 ,a!ns4 ,! ,sp>tans _h =tifi$ ! village ( ,decelea 9 ,attica1 & s\ght on ! sea1 ) ,p]sian help1 to annihilate ! ,a!nian navy4 ,! allies ( ,a!ns1 ,*ios1 ,miletus1 etc41 revolt$4 ,! olig>*s at ,a!ns ov]?rew ! democratic con/itution1 & plac$ ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( a ,c\ncil ( ,f\r ,hundr$4 ,! popul> assembly 0 limit$ to five ?\s& memb]s1 & 0 nev] call$ toge!r4 ,! object 0 to make peace ) ,sp>ta4 ,b ! army be=e ,samos1 ( :i* ,?rasybulus1 a patriotic man1 0 ! lead]1 refus$ to accept ?is *ange ( gov]nm5t4 ,alcibiades1 :o _h left ! ,sp>tans out ( ang] on acc\nt ( _! treatm5t ( him1 0 recall$1 & assum$ comm&4 ,! olig>*ical rule 0 ov]turn$ 9 f\r mon?s aft] its e/abli%m5t1 & ! democracy re/or$1--! assembly be+ /ill limit$1 h[ev]1 to five ?\s& citiz5s4 ,?ree brilliant naval victories1 ! la/ at ,cyzicus 7#daj ,b4,c471 7 won ov] ! ,sp>tans by ,alcibiades :o came back to ,a!ns 9 triumph 7#djh ,b4,c474 ,lys&] 0 ! comm&] ( ! ,sp>tan fleet on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & 7#djg ,b4,c47 ga9$ a victory ov] ! ,a!nian %ips dur+ a tempor>y abs5ce ( ,alcibiades4 ,alcibiades 0 n relect$ g5]al4 ,he n[ )drew1 &1 ?ree ye>s lat]1 di$4 ,! new ,sp>tan admiral1 ,callicratidas1 surr\nd$ ! ,a!nian fleet "u ,conon at ,mityl5e4 ,by v /r5u\s ex]tions ( ! ,a!nians1 a new fleet 0 dispat*$ to ! help ( ,conon2 & 9 ! battle ( ,arg9us 7#djf ,b4,c471 ! ,peloponnesians 7 completely vanqui%$4 ,! public _s ( ,a!ns & ! res\rces ( a free p 7 nev] m impressively %[n ?an 9 ! prodigi\s ef=ts made by ! ,a!nians to rise f ! effect ( ! cru%+ disa/] :i* befell ! ,sicilian exp$ition on :i* _! hopes 7 c5t]$4 ,b ^! ex]tions only avail$ to furni% to com+ g5]ations an example ( ! h]oic en]gy & love ( c\ntry :i* are possible "u free gov]nm5t4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,lys&] once m took comm& ( ! ,sp>tan fleet4 ,%rewd 9 diplomacy1 z well z skillful 9 battle1 he /r5g!n$ 8 naval =ce by ! aid ( ,cyrus ! ,y\ng]1 ! ,p]sian gov]nor 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,wat*+ 8 opportunity1 he attack$ ! ,a!nians at gospotami1 opposite ,lampsacus1 :5 soldi]s & sailors 7 (f _! gu>d 7#dje ,b4,c474 ,?ree ?\s& ( !m1 :o _h n be5 sla9 9 ! assault1 7 slaught]$ aft] !y _h be5 tak5 captive4 ,conon escap$ to ,cyprus ) only eight %ips4 ,"o fa/-sail+ trireme c>ri$ ! news ( ! ov]:elm+ defeat to ,a!ns4 ,lys&] foll[$ up 8 success cauti\sly1 b ) en]gy4 ,isl&s & seaports surr5d]$ to him1 & 9 !m he e/abli%$ ! ari/ocratic rule4 ,! ,a!nians 7 %ut 9 by l& & by sea4 ,a trea*]\s ari/ocratic faction )9 ! walls 0 work+ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,sp>tans4 ,fam9e conspir$ ) o!r ag5cies to de/roy ! multitude ( homeless & de/itute p :o _h cr[d$ into ! city4 ,/>vation compell$ a surr5d] to ! ,sp>tan g5]al4 ,! long walls & =tifications 7 demoli%$ by ! ru?less conqu]or1 ! "w ( de/ruction be+ c>ri$ on to ! s\nd ( ! flute4 ,all b twelve vessels 7 giv5 up to ! captors4 ,! democratic sy/em 0 subv]t$1 & ?irty m5--! ,?irty ,tyrants--( ! olig>*ical p>ty 7 e/abli%$ 9 p[]1 ) ,critias1 a deprav$ & passionate1 ?\gh able1 man1 at _! head 7#djd-djc ,b4,c474 ,!y put a ,sp>tan g>rison 9 ! citadel1 & s\ght to confirm _! au?ority by murd]+ or bani%+ all :om !y suspect$ ( opposition4 ,?rasybulus1 a patriot1 collect$ ! democratic fugitives at ,phyle1 defeat$ ! ,?irty1 & seiz$ ! ,piraeus4 ,critias 0 sla94 ,t5 olig>*s ( a m mod]ate temp] 7 in/all$ 9 p[]4 ,9 co-op]ation ) ! ,sp>tan k+1 ,pausanias1 ! two p>ties at ,a!ns 7 reconcil$4 ,an amne/y 0 proclaim$1 & democracy 9 a mod]ate =m 0 re/or$1 ) a revision ( ! laws1 "u ! ar*on%ip ( ,euclides 7#djc ,b4,c474 ,x 0 %ortly aft] ?is *ange t ! trial & dea? ( ,socrates occurr$1 ! wise/ & mo/ virtu\s man ( anci5t times 7#cii ,b4,c474 ,,philosophy3 ,,socrates4--,at ! head ( ! ,greek philosoph]s is ! illu/ri\s "n ( ,socrates4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,sophroniscus1 a sculptor1 & 0 born #dfi ,b4,c41 j z ,p]icles 0 assum+ ! lead]%ip at ,a!ns4 ,socrates 0 ! f\nd] ( moral philosophy4 ,he 0 orig9al1 be+ indebt$ = 8 ideas to no previ\s s*ool4 ,he 0 z s\nd 9 body z 9 m9d4 ,8 appe>ance 0 unique4 ,8 =ehead 0 massive1 b 8 flat nose gave to 8 c\nt5ance an aspect q at v>iance ) ! ,greek ideal ( beauty4 ,he look$1 x 0 said1 l a satyr4 ,he taught1 9 opposition to ! ,sophi/s1 a class ( m5 7includ+ ,gorgias1 ,protagoras1 & o!rs7 :o in/ruct$ "y m5 9 logic & gramm>1 tak+ fees1--:i* 0 contr>y to ! cu/om ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1--& cultivat+ intellectual ke5ness & dext]ity1 (t5 at ! exp5se ( dep? & s9c]ity4 ,_! "w z ?9k]s 0 negative1 be+ conf9$ ma9ly to po9t+ out fallacies 9 exi/+ sy/ems1 b provid+ no?+ positive 9 ! room ( !m4 ,socrates _h be5 call$ by ! oracle at ,delphi ! wise/ ( m54 ,he c\ld only acc\nt = ?is by ! fact1 t1 9 contra/ ) o!rs1 he did n errone\sly deem himself to be kn[+4 ,"k ?yself 0 8 maxim4 ,8 daily occupation 0 to conv]se ) diff]5t classes1 especially "y m51 on subjects ( highe/ mom5t to ! individual & to ! /ate4 ,by a me?od ( quiet cross-exam9ation1 ! ,socratic irony1 he made !m aw>e ( _! lack ( cle> ideas & t5able1 consi/5t op9ions1 & endeavor$ to guide !m aright4 ,! s\l & its moral improvem5t 0 8 pr9cipal subject4 ,he ass]t$ ,!ism & ! spiritual nature & obligations ( religion1 )\t call+ 9 "q ! exi/5ce ( ! v>i\s div9ities4 ,he taught ! doctr9e ( a univ]sal ,provid5ce4 ,absolute loyalty to consci5ce1 ! pref]5ce ( virtue to any possible advantage )\t x1 he solemnly inculcat$4 ,he believ$1 p]haps n )\t a m+l+ ( d\bt1 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,tak+ no "p 9 public affairs1 he devot$ 8 "t to ?is k9d ( famili> in/ruction1--to tea*+ by dialogue1 9 compliance ) :at he believ$ to be an inw>d call ( ,god4 ,an impulse )9 him1 :i* he call$ a div9e voice1 *eck$ him :5 he 0 ab\t to take a wrong /ep4 ,he 0 *>g$ ) corrupt+ ! y\? by 8 tea*+1 & ) h]esy 9 religion4 ,8 rebukes ( ! %all[ & ! self-seek+ _h /ung !m1 & _h made him _m enemies4 ,su* m5 z ,alcibiades & ,critias1 :o _h be5 among 8 he>]s1 b = ^: misconduct he 0 really n 9 ! lea/ responsible1 add$ to 8 unpopul>ity4 ,! ,apology1 z giv5 by ,plato1 conta9s ! sub/ance ( 8 mo/ impressive def5se be=e 8 judges4 ,he took no pa9s to placate !m or 8 accus]s1 or to escape aft] he 0 convict$4 ,conv]s+ ) 8 disciples 9 ! same g5ial1 tranquil tone :i* he _h always ma9ta9$1 he drank ! cup ( hemlock1 & expir$ 7,may1 #cii ,b4,c474 ,an acc\nt ( 8 tea*+ & ( 8 me?od ( life is giv5 by 8 lov+ s*ol>1 ,x5ophon1 9 ! ,memorabilia4 ,! dialogues ( ,plato1 9 :i* ,socrates is ! pr9cipal int]locutor1 m+le ) ! ma/]'s doctr9e ! pupil's own ?\ghts & speculations4 ,,plato4--,plato 7#dbg-cdg ,b4,c471 ! =emo/ ( ! disciples ( ,socrates1 f\nd$ ! philosophical s*ool kn[n z ! ,academy f ! place :]e 8 pupils 7 wont to meet him4 ,"o ( 8 prom95t t5ets 0 ! doctr9e ( ideas :i* he reg>d$ z spiritual realities1 int]m$iate betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 ( :i* all visible ?+s are ! manife/ation4 ,!y are ! %ad[1 s to speak1 ( :i* ideas are ! sub/ance4 ,he def9$ virtue 9 man to be resemblance to ,god accord+ to ! measure ( our ability4 ,9 ! ,republic1 he sets =? 8 political views1 & sket*es ! ideal /ate4 ,m speculative ?an ,socrates1 ,plato1 f ! wide range ( 8 discussions1 f _! poetic _s z well z _! dep? ( ?\ght1 n less ?an _! beauty ( /yle1 is "o ( ! mo/ inspir+ & in/ructive ( all au?ors4 ,no o!r hea!n writ] pres5ts s _m po9ts ( aff9ity ) ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,,ari/otle4--,ari/otle 7#chd-cbb ,b4,c47 /udi$ "u ,plato1 b elaborat$ a sy/em ( 8 own1 :i* 0 on "s po9ts dissonant f t ( 8 in/ructor4 ,8 inve/igations ext5d$ ov] ! field ( mat]ial nature1 z well z ov] ! field ( m9d & morals4 ,) less ( poetry & ( l(ty s5tim5t ?an ,plato1 he has nev] be5 excell$ 9 intellectual cle>ness & grasp4 ,he 0 possess$ ( a wond]ful p[] to obs]ve facts1 & an equally wond]ful tal5t = sy/emiz+ !m1 & reason+ ^u !m4 ,he is ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce ( ,logic4 ,8 treatises on ,rhetoric & on ,e?ics h be5 h>dly less important 9 _! influ5ce4 ,8 ,politics is a ma/]ly discussion ( political sci5ce1 bas$ on a dilig5t exam9ation ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 tru?1 9 all dep>tm5ts ( rese>* he exhibits ! same capacity = sci5tific obs]vation & discussion4 ,9 religion he 0 a !i/2 b he is less spiritual 9 8 ve9 ( ?\ght1 & m res]v$ 9 8 utt]ances on ?is !me1 ?an ,plato4 ,! names ( ^! two philosoph]s h be5 v frequ5tly c\pl$4 ,_! influ5ce1 l _! fame1 is imp]i%able4 ,,lat] ,,s*ools3 ,,! ,,cynics4--,! impulse giv5 by ,socrates gave rise to /ill o!r s*ools ( philosoph]s4 ,ari/ippus ( ,cyr5e 7ab\t #chj ,b4,c47 f\nd$ a sect :i* held t happ9ess is ! *ief end1 ! goal ( rational ef=t4 ,anti/h5es1 :o 0 born #dbb ,b4,c41 & especially ,diog5es1 w5t to ! opposite extreme1 & f\nd$ ! s*ool ( ,cynics1 :o look$ ) disda91 n only on luxuries1 b on ! ord9>y com=ts ( life1 & inur$ !mselves to d )\t !m4 ,_! mann]s 7 (t5 z savage z _! mode ( liv+4 ,,hi/orical ,,writ+s4--,! ?ree pr9cipal hi/orical writ]s 7 ,h]odotus 7c4 #dhd-j4dbe ,b4,c471 ! *>m+ b uncritical *ronicl] ( :at he he>d & saw1 by :om ! int]f]5ce ( ! gods 9 human affairs is dev\tly cr$it$2 ,?ucydides1 :o himself took "p 9 ! ,peloponnesian w>1 ! hi/ory ( :i* he wrote ) a c&or1 a pr(\nd p]ception ( "*1 an insight into ! causes ( ev5ts1 a skill 9 arrangem5t1 & a cond5sation & eloqu5ce ( /yle1 :i* are truly admirable2 & ,x5ophon1 an au?or *>act]iz$ by naturalness1 simplicity1 & a religi\s _s4 ,,greek ,,life4--,x w be conv5i5t to br+ toge!r "h "s features ( ,greek life1 7#a7 ,public ,build+s & ,dwell+s4 ,! ,greeks almo/ always pref]r$ to live 9 cities4 ,^! grew up ab\t an ,acropolis1 :i* 0 a =t on a hill1 g5]ally a /eep crag4 ,?is 0 a place ( refuge1 & ! site ( ! olde/ temple4 ,x became (t51 !re=e1 a sacr$ place f :i* private dwell+s 7 exclud$4 ,at ! ne>e/ h>bor1 !re w\ld be a seaport t[n4 ,! ,piraeus 0 m ?an f\r miles f ,a!ns1--a mile f>!r ?an ! ne>e/ %ore1 b 0 *os5 z be+ an excell5t h>bor4 ,sp>ta1 alone1 _h no citadel1--! access f ! pla9 be+ easily def5d$1--& no walls4 ,! attractive build+s 9 a ,greek t[n 7 ! public edifices4 ,private h\ses1 z to ! ext]ior1 7 v pla91 ) flat ro(s1 ) few /ories1 & l[4 ,t[>ds ! /reet ! h\se look$ l a dead wall ) a /rong door 9 x1 ,x 0 built r\nd an op5 c\rt3 9 ! case ( ! be/ h\ses1 r\nd two c\rts1--"o bord]$ by ap>tm5ts = ! m51 ! o!r ) ! rooms = wom54 ,b$rooms & sitt+-rooms 7 small1 admitt+ b little light4 ,fresco-pa9t+ on ! walls & ceil+s came to be common4 ,! furniture ( ! h\se 0 pla9 & simple1 b graceful & elegant 9 =m4 ,! poor] classes slept on sk9s2 ! ri*]1 on wool5 mattresses laid on gir?s4 ,! ,greeks liv$ s mu* 9 ! op5 air t !y took less pa9s ) _! dwell+s4 ,! public build+s 7 co/ly & sub/antially built4 7#b7 ,meals1 ,gymna/ics1 etc4 ,! ,greeks rose e>ly4 ,!re are no notices ( a morn+ ba?4 ,! fir/ meal 0 light4 ,x 0 succe$$1 z 0 ! cu/om at ,rome1 by calls on fri5ds4 ,bus9ess might foll[ until noon1 ! h\r ( ! djeun]1 or breakfa/1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! ri*1 0 a sub/antial meal4 ,lat] 9 ! day1 males w5t to ! practice ( gymna/ics1 :i* 7 foll[$1 9 lat] times1 by a w>m ba?4 ,t[>ds sunset came ! pr9cipal meal ( ! day4 ,conv]sation & music1 or ! att5d+ ( a fea/ ) fri5ds1 took up ! ev5+2 if !re 0 a fe/al company1 (t5 ! :ole night4 ,at ! d9n]-table1 ! ,greeks recl9$ on c\*es4 ,ladies1 if all[$ to be pres5t1 & *ildr51 7 requir$ to sit4 ,spoons1 sometimes knives1 b nev] =ks1 7 us$4 7#c7 ,co/ume3 ,use ( ,w9e4 ,! dress ( ! ,greeks1 bo? ( m5 & wom51 0 simple & graceful4 ,! m5 7 g5]ally b>ehead$ 9 ! /reets4 ,9 bad wea!r !y wore close-fitt+ caps1 &1 9 travel+1 broad-brimm$ hats4 ,9 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta !y always c>ri$ walk+-/icks4 ,! use ( w9e 0 univ]sal4 ,x 0 always mix$ ) wat]4 7#d7 ,slaves4 ,slaves 7 reg>d$ z *attels4 ,no "o object$ to slav]y z wrong4 ,slaves 7 bett] treat$ at ,a!ns ?an else:]e1 b ev5 at ,a!ns !y 7 tortur$ :5 _! te/imony 0 requir$4 ,!y 7 let out1 sometimes by ?\s&s1 to "w 9 pe/if]\s m9es4 7#e7 ,wom5 & ,*ildr54 ,9 ,a!ns1 ! wife _h seldom le>n$ any ?+ b to sp9 & to cook4 ,%e liv$ 9 seclusion 9 h] dwell+1 & 0 n pres5t ) h] husb& at social ent]ta9m5ts1 ei!r at home or else:]e4 ,%e _h few if any legal rights1 al?\gh at ,a!ns %e might br+ a suit aga9/ h] husb& = ill-treatm5t4 ,concub9age 0 n condemn$ by public op9ion4 ,!re 0 no law aga9/ expos+ infants :om ! p>5ts did n wi% to br+ up1--t is1 leav+ !m :]e !y w\ld p]i%4 ,:5 f\nd & br\ght up1 !y 7 ! slaves ( ! p]son f9d+ !m4 ,?is cruelty 0 frequ5t 9 ! case ( daught]s1 or ( (fspr+ weak or de=m$4 ,!re 7 toys & games = *ildr54 ,ar*ytas1 a philosoph]1 0 said to h inv5t$ ! *ild's rattle4 ,dolls1 hoops1 balls1 etc41 7 common play?+s4 ,boys & girls play$ hide & seek1 bl9d man's buff1 hunt ! slipp]1 etc4 ,old] p play$ ball1 & gambl$ ) dice4 7#f7 ,education4 ,! education ( boys 0 c>eful2 t ( girls 0 neglect$4 ,! boy w5t to or f s*ool "u ! c>e ( a slave1 call$ p$agogue1 or lead]4 ,tea*]s 7 ( diff]5t social grades1 f ! l[ class :i* taught small *ildr51 to ! pr(essors ( rhetoric & philosophy4 ,x is ne$less to say h[ mu* /ress 0 laid on gymna/ic & ae/hetic tra9+4 ,boys read ,hom] & o!r au?ors at an e>ly age1 committ+ mu* ( !m to memory4 ,!y 7 taught to play on ! h>p or ! flute1 & to s+4 ,lyric poems !y le>n$ by he>t4 ,music held a v high place 9 ! e/eem ( ! ,greeks = its g5]al influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,runn+1 wre/l+1 ?r[+ ! d>t1 etc41 ! games practic$ at ! public conte/s1 7 e>ly taught4 ,boys at sixte5 or eighte5 came ( age1 & 7 enroll$ z citiz5s4 7#g7 ,musical ,in/rum5ts3 ! ,dance4 ,in/rum5tal music 0 common among ! ,greeks at games & meals1 & 9 battle4 ,!y us$ no b[s on ! /r+$ in/rum5ts1 b ei!r ! f+]s or ! plectrum1--a /ick ( wood1 ivory1 or metal4 ,!re 7 ?ree sorts ( /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ! lyre1 ! ci?>a 7or zi!rn71 & ! h>p4 ,! w9d-in/rum5ts 7 ! pipe1 ! cl>ionet1 & ! trumpet4 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 clang+ in/rum5ts :i* 7 us$ *iefly 9 religi\s c]emonies3 su* 7 ca/anets1 ! cymbal1 & ! tamb\r9e4 ,danc+ 0 orig9ally connect$ ) religi\s wor%ip4 ,mimetic dances 7 a favorite div]sion at fea/s4 ,!re 7 w>like dances by m5 9 armor1 :o w5t ?r\gh ! movem5ts ( attack & def5se4 ,9 mimetic dances ! h&s & arms play$ a "p4 ,!re 7 peaceful dances or *oral dances1 m>k$ by rhy?mic grace4 ,sometimes ^! 7 sl[ & measur$1 & sometimes m lively4 ,specially brisk 7 ! dances at ! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus 7,bac*us74 ,symbolic dances ( a religi\s "*1 ^! ,bac*ic dances 7 ! g]m ( ! drama4 ,recitations 7 fir/ introduc$ betwe5 hymns t att5d$ ! *oric dances4 ,!n1 lat]1 foll[$ ! dialogue4 7#h7 ,w$d+s & ,fun]als4 ,m>riage 0 att5d$ by a religi\s c]emonial4 ,!re 0 a solemn sacrifice & a w$d+-fea/4 ,! bride 0 convey$ to h] husb&'s h\se1 accompani$ on ! way ) music & song4 ,:5 a p]son di$1 8 body 0 laid out = "o day1 dur+ :i* ! relatives & hir$ m\rn]s utt]$ lam5ts r\nd ! bi]4 ,burial 0 at ! dawn ( day4 ,9 lat] times1 a co9 0 put into ! m\? ( ! corpse1 ) :i* to pay 8 passage to ! _w bel[4 ,!re 0 a fun]al procession1 & at ! tomb a solemn f>ewell 0 address$ to ! deceas$ by "n4 ,!re 0 !n a fun]al-fea/4 ,m\rn+ g>m5ts 7 worn = a %ort p]iod4 ,! dead 7 buri$ 9 ! suburbs ( ! cities1 g5]ally on bo? sides ( a highway4 ,9 ! tomb _m little pres5ts1 z tr9kets & vases1 7 deposit$4 7#i7 ,c\rts ( ,law4 ,at law m5 plead$ _! own causes1 b might take advice or h _! spee*es compos$ = !m by o!rs4 ,9 "s cases1 fri5ds 7 all[$ to speak 9 behalf ( a litigant4 ,m5 l ,demo/h5es receiv$ l>ge fees = s]vices ( ?is k9d4 ,!re be+ no public prosecutor1 in=m]s 7 m num]\s4 ,!y became odi\s "u ! "n ( sycophants1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 fir/ appli$ to ^? :o in=m$ aga9/ break]s ( an old law =bidd+ ! exportation ( figs f ,a!ns4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,relations ,,) ,,p]sia4--,,! ,,sp>tan ,,& ,,!ban ,,hegemony4 ,,! ,,retreat ,,( ,,! ,,t5 ,,?\s&4--,! ,anabasis1 ! pr9cipal "w ( ,x5ophon1 describes ! retreat f ! ,tigris to ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( a body ( t5 ?\s& m]c5>y ,greek troops1--a retreat effect$ "u 8 own ma/]ly lead]%ip4 ,! ,p]sian ,empire1 n[ 9 a process ( decay1 0 torn ) civil /rife4 ,x]xes & 8 elde/ son _h be5 murd]$ 7#dfe ,b4,c474 ,! /ory ( sev]al reigns :i* foll[ is full ( tales ( treason & fratricide4 ,on ! dea? ( ,d>ius ,,ii4 7,d>ius ,no?us7 7#dbc-djd ,b4,c471 ! y\ng] ,cyrus und]took to de?rone 8 bro!r ,artax]xes ,,ii41 & = t purpose organiz$1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 a milit>y exp$ition1 made up l>gely ( hir$ ,greek troops4 ,at ,cunaxa1 n f> f ,babylon1 ,cyrus fell 9 ! combat ) 8 bro!r4 ,! ,p]sians entic$ ! ,greek g5]als to come into _! camp1 & slew !m4 ,x5ophon1 an ,a!nian volunte] :o _h accompani$ ! army1 conduct$ ! retreat ( 8 c\ntrym51 ) :om he enc\nt]$ incr$ible h>d%ips 9 ! sl[ & toilsome j\rney ?r\gh ,arm5ia to ,trapezus 7,trebizond71 & !nce to ,byzantium4 ,! /ory ( ?is m>*1 ?r\gh sn[1 ov] rugg$ m\nta9s1 & across rapid curr5ts1 is told 9 ! ,anabasis4 ,a v /rik+ passage is ! description ( ! joy ( ! ,greeks :5 f a hilltop !y fir/ descri$ ! ,black ,sea4 ,! soldi]s %\t$1 ,! sea6 ! sea6 & embrac$ "o ano!r & _! (fic]s4 ,,! ,,cor9?ian ,,w> ,,& ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,antalcidas4--,tissaph]nes1 ! antagoni/ & successor ( ! y\ng] ,cyrus1 0 ,p]sian gov]nor 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & set out to br+ "u ! yoke ! ,ionic cities :i* _h esp\s$ ! cause ( ,cyrus4 ,sp>ta came to _! aid1 & ,k+ ,agesilaus defeat$ ! ,p]sians ne> ! ,pactolus 7#cie ,b4,c474 ,! ,p]sians /irr$ up an enemy ne>] home1 by ! use ( gold1 & ! ,boeotians1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,argives1 jeal\s ( ,sp>ta1 & res5tful at ! tyranny ( h] gov]nors 7h>mo/s71 & jo9$ by ,a!ns1 took up arms aga9/ ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,lys&] fell 9 battle ) ! allies 7#cie ,b4,c474 ,! c\rse ( ! w> 9 :i* ,conon1 ! ,a!nian comm&]1 de/roy$ ! ,sp>tan fleet at ,cnidus1 made x necess>y to recall ,agesilaus4 ,8 victory at ,coronea 7#cid ,b4,c47 did n avail to turn ! tide 9 favor ( ,sp>ta4 ,conon rebuilt ! long walls at ,a!ns ) ! assi/ance ( ,p]sian money4 ,! issue ( ! conflict 0 ! ,peace ( ,antalcidas ) ,p]sia 7#chg ,b4,c474 ,! ,grecian cities ( ,asia ,m9or 7 giv5 up to ! ,p]sians1 z 7 ! isl&s ( ,clazom5ae & ,cyprus4 ,) ! exception ( ,lemnos1 ,imbros1 & ,scyros1 :i* ! ,a!nians 7 to control1 all ( ! o!r /ates & isl&s 7 to be free & indep5d5t4 ,?is 0 a great concession to ,p]sia4 ,greek union 0 brok5 up3 ea* /ate 0 left to take c>e ( itself z x be/ c\ld4 ,antalcidas c>$ little = 8 c\ntry3 8 treaty 0 ! natural result ( ,sp>tan aggressiv5ess & selfi%ness4 ,,conte/ ,,( ,,!bes ,,& ,,sp>ta4--,! ,sp>tans _h fall5 away f ! old rules ( life ascrib$ to ,lycurgus4 ,!y 7 possess$ by a gre$ = gold4 ,!re 7 extremes ( weal? & pov]ty among !m4 ,aft] ! treaty ( ,antalcidas1 !y /ill lord$ x ov] o!r /ates1 & 7 b5t on gov]n+ 9 ,peloponnesus4 ,at l5g? !y 7 involv$ 9 a conte/ ) ,!bes4 ,?is 0 caus$ by ! seizure ( ! ,cadmeia1 ! ,!ban citadel1 by ! ,sp>tan ,phoebidas act+ 9 conjunction ) an ari/ocratic p>ty 9 ,!bes 7#chc ,b4,c474 ,! ,!ban democrats1 :o1 "u ,pelopidas1 made ,a!ns _! place ( r5dezv\s1 lib]at$ ,!bes1 & expell$ ! ,sp>tans f ! ,cadmeia4 ,ho/ile attempts ( ,sp>ta aga9/ ,a!ns induc$ ! ,a!nians to =m a new conf$]acy 7or symma*y7 compos$ ( sev5ty communities 7#cgh ,b4,c472 &1 aft] !y _h ga9$ repeat$ successes on ! sea1 ! two /ates conclud$ peace4 ,a!ns _h become al>m$ at ! increas$ p[] ( ,!bes1 & 0 ready to g ov] to ! side ( ,sp>ta1 h] old enemy4 ,x 0 a feel+ 9 favor ( a balance ( p[] l t :i* _h prompt$ ,sp>ta at ! close ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 to refuse to cons5t to ! de/ruction ( ,a!ns1 :i* ,!bes & ,cor9? _h desir$4 ,cleombrotus1 k+ ( ,sp>ta1 aga9 invad$ ,boeotia4 ,! pr9cipal ,boeotian lead] 0 ,epam9ondas1 "o ( ! noble/ patriots 9 all ,grecian hi/ory1--9 8 dis9t]e/$ _s & self-gov]nm5t resembl+ ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,sp>tan k+ 0 defeat$ by him 9 ! great battle ( ,leuctra 7#cga ,b4,c471 & 0 !re sla94 ,at ?is "t ! rage ( p>ty knew no b\nds4 ,! :olesale massacre ( political antagoni/s 9 a city 0 no uncommon occurr5ce4 ,,!ban ,,hegemony4--,! victory ( ,leuctra gave ! hegemony to ,!bes4 ,?ree times ! ,boeotians invad$ ! ,sp>tan t]ritory4 ,!y f\nd$ ,megalopolis 9 ,arcadia1 to /r5g!n ! ,arcadians aga9/ _! ,lac$monian assailants 7#cgj ,b4,c474 ,!y also reviv$ ! ,mess5ian p[]1 recall$ ! ,mess5ians :o _h long be5 9 exile1 & f\nd$ ! city ( ,mess5e4 ,9 ! battle ( ,mant9ea 7#cfb ,b4,c471 ,epam9ondas1 ?\gh victori\s aga9/ ! ,sp>tans & _! allies1 0 sla94 ,peace foll[$ among ! ,grecian /ates1 ,sp>ta alone refus+ to be a p>ty to x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is inte/9e w>1 ! ,!bans _h brok5 up ! new m>itime sway ga9$ by !m4 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,! ,,mac$onian ,,era4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,philip ,,& ,,alex&]4 ,,! ,,mac$onians4--,! ,greeks1 exhau/$ by long-cont9u$ w> ) "o ano!r1 7 j 9 a condition to fall "u ! dom9ion ( ,mac$onia1 ! k+dom on ! nor? :i* _h be5 ambiti\s to ext5d its p[]4 ,! ,mac$onians 7 a mix$ race1 p>tly ,greek & p>tly ,illyrian4 ,al?\gh !y 7 n ackn[l$g$ to be ,greeks1 _! k+s claim$ to be ( ,greek desc5t1 & 7 all[$ to take "p 9 ! ,olympian games4 ,at fir/ an inl& community1 liv+ 9 ! c\ntry1 r\gh & uncultivat$1 made up mo/ly ( f>m]s & hunt]s1 !y _h be5 gr[+ m civiliz$ by ! ef=ts ( _! k+s to introduce ,greek cu/oms4 ,ar*elaus 7#dac-cii ,b4,c47 _h ev5 attract$ ,greek arti/s & poets to 8 c\rt4 ,at ! same "t !y 7 ex]t+ !mselves to ext5d _! p[] to ! sea4 ,! p 7 h>dy & brave4 ,:5 ,epam9ondas di$1 ,philip 7#cei-ccf ,b4,c47 0 on ! ,mac$onian ?rone4 ,he _h liv$ ?ree ye>s at ,!bes1 & _h le>n$ mu* f ,epam9ondas1 ! be/ /rategi/ & tactician ( 8 day4 ,! decl9e ( public _s 9 ,greece _h l$ ! /ates to rely v mu* on m]c5>y troops1 ^: trade 0 w>4 ,philip _h a well-drill$ /&+ army4 ,e ?+ 0 favorable to ! gratification ( 8 wi% to make himself ma/] ( ,greece4 ,fir/ he aim$ to get possession ( ,greek cities 9 ,*alcidice1 ( :i* ,olyn?us 0 ! *ief4 ,! ,a!nians _h t[ns 9 t region1 besides ,amphipolis1 :i* 0 =m]ly !irs4 ,philip contriv$ to make ! ,olyn?ians 8 allies2 & !n1 cross+ ! riv] ,/rymon1 he conqu]$ ! we/]n "p ( ,?race1 :]e !re 7 ri* gold m9es4 ,!re1 = purposes ( def5se1 he f\nd$ ! city ( ,philippi4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,w>4--,a pretext = int]f]+ 9 ! affairs ( ,greece1 ,philip f\nd 9 ! ,sacr$ ,w> 9 behalf ( ! temple ( ,delphi1 :i* _h be5 =c$ to loan money to ! ,phocians dur+ a w> wag$ by !m aga9/ ,!bes1 to ?r[ (f ! ,!ban supremacy4 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta jo9$ ! ,phocians4 ,! ,!ssalian nobles sid$ ) ,philip4 ,he ga9$ ! victory 9 8 "* ( *ampion ( ! ,amphictyonic ,c\ncil1 & took 8 place 9 t body1 9 ! room ( ! ,phocians 7#cdf ,b4,c474 ,b ?is 0 n accompli%$ until he _h made peace ) ! ,a!nians1 s t !re 0 no ,a!nian =ce at ! pass ( ,!rmopylae to resi/ 8 progress4 ,,demo/h5es4--,! ,a!nians _h plac$ !mselves at ! head ( an ,aegean ,league1 &1 _h !y manag$ ) m _s & prud5ce1 !y might h *eck$ ,philip4 ,!re 0 "o man1 wor?y ( ! be/ days ( ,greece1 :o p5etrat$ ! designs ( ,philip1 & ex]t$ 8 great p[]s to /imulate 8 c\ntrym5 to a timely resi/ance4 ,?is 0 ,demo/h5es 7#che-cbb ,b4,c474 ,he 0 ! pr9ce ( ! s*ool ( orators :o _h sprung up 9 ^! tr\bl\s times4 ,ov]com+ natural ob/acles1 he _h tra9$ himself ) su* assiduity t a place at ! head ( all orators1 anci5t & mod]n1 is g5]ally conc$$ to him4 ,he 0 a great /atesman1 mov$ by a patriotic _s3 8 spee*es 7 = ! welf>e & salvation ( ! /ate4 ,9 #ceh ,b4,c41 a w> broke out betwe5 ,a!ns & its m>itime allies1 9 :i* ,a!ns 0 unsuccessful4 ,x 0 on ! conque/ ( ,!ssaly by ,philip1 t ,demo/h5es made aga9/ him ! fir/ ( t s]ies ( fam\s spee*es kn[n z ,philippics 7#cea ,b4,c474 ,9 va9 he urg$ ! ,a!nians to rescue ,olyn?us4 ,! ineffici5cy ( ! aid r5d]$1 enabl$ ,philip to conqu] & de/roy t city1 & to sell its inhabitants z slaves 7#cdh ,b4,c474 ,?irty cities he de/roy$1 & annex$ all ,*alcidice to ,mac$on4 ,a ,mac$onian p>ty 0 =m$ at ,a!ns1 ! =emo/ lead] ( :i* 0 ,aes*9es1 n a good citiz51 b an orator only second 9 rank to ,demo/h5es4 ,!y cont5d$ t x 0 futile to resi/ ! advance ( ! ,mac$onian p[]4 ,demo/h5es w5t at ! head ( an embassy to ! ,peloponnesian /ates :i* _h tak5 sides ) ,philip1 b 8 ef=ts to dissuade !m f ?is suicidal policy 7 unavail+4 ,:at he want$ 0 a union ( all ,greeks aga9/ ! common enemy1 :o 0 b5t on robb+ !m ( _! lib]ty4 ,he ga!r$1 at l5g?1 a /rong p>ty ab\t him at ,a!ns4 ,! ov]tures ( peace f ,philip1 :o 0 prosecut+ 8 conque/s 9 ,?race1 7 reject$4 ,a!nian =ces oblig$ ! k+ to give up ! siege ( ,byzantium 7#cda ,b4,c474 ,! consequ5t enl>g$ influ5ce ( ,demo/h5es 0 us$ by him to secure an increase ( ! fund = c>ry+ on ! w>4 ,b ,philip _h 8 paid support]s 9 all ! ,greek /ates4 ,aes*9es at ,a!ns prov$ an effici5t help]4 ,a deputy at ! ,amphictyonic ,c\ncil1 9 #cch ,b4,c41 he contriv$ to br+ ab\t ano!r holy w> aga9/ ,amphissa 9 ,locris1 ! end be+ to give ,philip ! comm&4 ,philip seiz$ ,elatea1 9 ! ea/ ( ,phocis1 :i* comm&$ ! entrance to ,boeotia & ,attica4 ,dismay spread ?r\gh ,greece4 ,demo/h5es r\s$ ! ,a!nian assembly1 :]e all 7 sil5t ?r\gh fe>1 to confront ,philip boldly1 & himself w5t to ,!bes1 :i* he induc$ to =m an alliance ) ,a!ns4 ,b ! allies 7 defeat$ at ! fatal battle ( ,*a]onea 7,augu/1 #cch ,b4,c471 :]e ,alex&]1 ,philip's y\?ful son1 decid$ ! =tune ( ! day by vanqui%+ ! ,!ban sacr$ b&4 ,philip treat$ ! ,!bans ) great sev]ity4 ,he plac$ a g>rison 9 ! ,cadmeia4 ,to ,a!ns he grant$ favorable t]ms4 ,m>*+ into ,peloponnesus1 he took f ,sp>ta a l>ge "p ( its t]ritory1 & apportion$ x to ! ,mess5ians1 ,argives1 & ,arcadians4 ,at a national assembly at ,cor9?1 f :i* ! ,sp>tans 7 abs5t1 ,philip caus$ himself to be creat$ lead] ( ! ,grecian =ces aga9/ ,p]sia1 ) ! p[]s ( a dictator4 ,ea* ( ! ,greek /ates 0 to reta9 its autonomy2 & a congress1 to meet at ,cor9?1 0 to settle diff]5ces among !m4 ,two ye>s aft] ! battle ( ,*a]onea1 at ! m>riage fe/ival ( 8 daught] ) ! k+ ( ,epirus1 ,philip 0 assass9at$ by means ( a conspiracy1 9 :i* 8 que5 is ?\ght to h be5 a p>tn]4 ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great4--,alex&] 0 tw5ty ye>s old :5 8 fa!r di$4 ,8 bodily heal? & vigor qualifi$ him = combats & toils :i* few soldi]s 9 8 army c\ld endure4 ,8 en]gy1 rapidity1 & milit>y skill lift him to a level ) ,hannibal & ! =emo/ comm&]s ( any age4 ,he 0 n )\t a g5]\s appreciation ( art & lit]ature4 ,! great philosoph]1 ,ari/otle1 0 "o ( 8 tutors4 ,= ! em95t au?ors & arti/s ( ,greece he *]i%$ a w>m admiration4 ,b 8 temp] 0 passionate & imp]i\s4 ,hom] 0 8 delight1 & 9 ,hom] he took ,agamemnon = 8 model2 b ! dire/ act ( cruelty done by ,a*illes--t ( dragg+ ,hector aft] 8 *>iot--he exce$$ :5 he dragg$ ,batis1 a g5]al :o _h oppos$ him1 at ! tail ( 8 *>iot ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,gaza4 ,especially :5 8 passions 7 inflam$ by /rong dr9k1--z at banquets1 occasions :]e ,mac$onian pr9ces be=e him _h be5 wont to dr9k to excess1--he 0 capable ( savage de$s4 ,,alex&] ,,9 ,,greece3 ,,8 ,,army4--,at a congress 9 ,cor9?1 ,alex&] 0 recogniz$ z ! lead] & g5]al ( ,greece4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #cce ,b4,c41 he made a campaign aga9/ ! b>b>\s peoples nor? ( ,mac$onia1--! ,?racians1 ! ,getae1 & ! ,illyrians4 ,a false report ( 8 dea? l$ to an upris+ ( ! ,greeks4 ,quickly return+1 he took v5geance on ! ,!bans by raz+ _! city to ! gr\nd1 sp>+ only ! temples & ,p9d>'s h\se1 & by sell+ its ?irty ?\s& inhabitants into slav]y4 ,a!ns pray$ = p>don1 :i* 0 grant$1 ev5 ! dem& = ! surr5d] ( ,demo/h5es & o!r lead]s be+ revok$4 ,all resi/ance 9 ,greece 0 ov]4 ,alex&]'s h&s 7 free to complete 8 prep>ations = ! task ( conqu]+ ! ,p]sian ,empire4 ,8 army 0 /rong ?r\gh its valor & discipl9e r ?an its numb]s4 ,! ,mac$onian phalanx 0 ! mo/ effective =ce :i* _h hi!rto be5 us$ 9 w>4 ,x 0 made up ( foot soldi]s drawn up 9 ranks1 ?ree feet ap>t1 ) spe>s tw5ty-"o feet 9 l5g?1 held fifte5 feet f ! po9t4 ,! l5g? ( ! spe>s & ! projection ( s _m 9 front ( ! fir/ rank1 gave to ! phalanx a great advantage1 al?\gh su* a body ( troops c\ld be turn$ ar\nd ) difficulty4 ,alex&] began 8 battles ) o!r troops1 & us$ ! phalanx = ! decisive *>ge4 ,only native ,mac$onians s]v$ 9 ! phalanx4 ,?is 0 ! case1 also1 ) ! ,gu>d1 a body ( infantry1 & ) two divisions ( cavalry1 "o clad 9 heavy armor1 & "o 9 light4 ,) ^! troops 7 ,greek & b>b>ian soldi]s1 infantry & cavalry1 & a division = hurl+ /ones1 :i* 0 us$ n only 9 sieges1 b also 9 battles4 ,!re 0 a b& ( "y ,mac$onian soldi]s call$ pages1 also a body-gu>d select$ f ^! by promotion2 & out ( ?is ! k+ *ose 8 g5]als4 ,! army consi/$ ( n m ?an =ty ?\s& m51 b x 0 s organiz$ z to be completely "u ! control ( ,alex&]2 & he 0 a milit>y g5ius ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,,! ,,campaign ,,( ,,alex&]3 ,,to ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,issus4--,9 ! spr+ ( #ccd ,b4,c41 ,alex&] cross$ ! ,hellespont at ,abydos4 ,at ,ilium 7,troy7 he p]=m$ v>i\s rites 9 honor ( ! h]oes ( ! ,trojan w>1 8 romantic sympa?y ) :om 0 ! pr9cipal tie betwe5 him & ! ,greeks4 ,a ,p]sian army disput$ ! passage ( ! ,granicus4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to ent] ! riv]1 & 9 ! battle display$ ! utmo/ p]sonal valor4 ,8 decisive victory caus$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or to submit to him4 ,halic>nassus1 & ! few o!r t[ns t held out1 7 tak5 by /orm4 ,at ,t>sus he 0 cur$ by 8 physician1 ,philip1 ( a dang]\s fev]1 br\ght on by a ba? 9 ! *illy wat]s ( ! riv] ,cydnus4 ,d>ius ,,iii41 ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 ) a l>ge army1 approa*+ f ! ,euphrates1 enc\nt]$ him 9 a valley ne> ,issus1 9 ,cilicia4 ,!re 7#ccc ,b4,c47 0 f\ght ! memorable battle :i* settl$ ! fate ( ! ,p]sian ,empire4 ,! ho/ ( ,d>ius 0 defeat$ ) great slaught]2 & 8 camp1 ) 8 treasures & 8 family1 fell into ! h&s ( ! victor4 ,,to ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,arbela4--,aft] ! victory ( ,issus1 ,syria & ,pho5icia submitt$1 except ,tyre1 :i* 0 captur$ aft] a siege ( sev5 mon?s4 ,two ?\s& ( ! inhabitants 7 hung on ! walls1 & ?irty ?\s& 7 sold into slav]y4 ,gaza resi/$1 & !re ,alex&] 0 sev]ely w\nd$4 ,aft] x 0 tak51 he ent]$ ,egypt1 & f\nd$ ! city ( ,,alex&ria1 9 its consequ5ces "o ( ! mo/ memorable acts ( 8 life4 ,he m>*$ ?r\gh ,lybia to ! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon 7#cca ,b4,c474 ,hav+ ?us subdu$ ! l&s on ! we/1 he pass$ ?r\gh ,pale/9e & ,syria by way ( ,damascus1 cross$ ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1 & met ! ,p]sian army 9 ! pla9s ( ,gaugamela1 ne> ,arbela1--an army m ?an tw5ty times z l>ge z 8 own 7,octob]1 #cca ,b4,c474 ,aft] a hotly conte/$ battle1 ! ,p]sians 7 r\t$1 & _! empire de/roy$4 ,,to ,,! ,,invasion ,,( ,,india4--,babylon & ,susa ) all _! treasures1 &1 aft]w>ds1 ,p]sepolis & ,pas>gadae1 fell into ! conqu]or's h&s4 ,he set fire to ,p]sepolis1 & sold its male inhabitants into slav]y4 ,he pursu$ ,d>ius into ,m$ia1 ,hyrcania1 & ,p>?ia1 :]e ! fly+ k+ 0 murd]$ by ,bessus1 "o ( 8 own nobles1 t he might n give himself up to ,alex&]4 ,he !n m>*$ ea/ & s\? ?r\gh ,p]sia & ! mod]n ,afghani/an4 ,he t>ri$ at ,proph?asia 7,furrah7 = two mon?s4 ,"h x 0 t he *>g$ ,philotas1 "o ( 8 be/ (fic]s1 ) a conspiracy aga9/ 8 life1 & put him to dea?2 & aft] ?is he ord]$ ! murd] ( ,p>m5io1 8 be/ g5]al1 :o _h be5 a companion 9 arms ( ,k+ ,philip4 ,f\nd+ cities 9 diff]5t places z he advanc$1 he cross$ ! ,oxus1 m>*$ ?r\gh ,sogdiana1 & cross$ ! ,jax>tes 7,sir-,d>ia74 ,:ile at ,sam>c&1 9 a drunk5 revel1 he slew ,clitus1 ! fri5d :o _h sav$ 8 life 9 ! battle ( ! ,granicus4 ,9 a fit ( remorse he w5t )\t food or dr9k = ?ree days4 ,9 ,bactra1 ! capital ( ,bactria1 he m>ri$ ,roxana1 a pr9cess ( ! c\ntry4 ,by ?is "t 8 head 0 turn$ by 8 unexampl$ victories1 conque/s & p[]4 ,he began to dem& ( 8 foll[]s ! cr++ adulation t 0 paid to ,ori5tal mon>*s1 & :5 x 0 d5i$ 0 ready to inflict summ>y v5geance4 ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,alex&]4--,cross+ ! ea/]n ,caucasus 7! ,h9du-,ku%71 ,alex&] mov$ d[n ! "r bank ( ! ,indus1 subdu+ ! tribes :om he met 9 8 pa?4 ,on ! fur!r side ( ! ,hydaspes1 he met ! ,indian pr9ce ,porus1 :om he defeat$ & captur$1 & conv]t$ into an ally4 ,he cont9u$ 8 m>*es & 8 l9e ( victories z f> z ! riv] ,hyphasis4 ,"h ! ,mac$onian troops w\ld g no f>!r4 ,alex&] turn$ back 7#cbg ,b4,c471 & ) 8 army & fleet mov$ d[n ! ,hydaspes to ! ,indus1 & d[n ! ,indus to ! sea4 ,ne>*us1 8 admiral1 sail$ along ! %ore to ! we/1 :ile ,alex&] conduct$ ! re/ ( ! army amid inf9ite h>d%ips ?r\gh ! des]t1 & f9ally met him on ! coa/4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #cbe1 he rea*$ ,susa4 ,"h he pla9ly manife/$ 8 purpose ( comb9+ ,mac$onia & ,greece ) ! ,ea/ 9 "o great empire4 ,he adopt$ ! ,p]sian co/ume & c]emonial1 & m>ri$ bo? ! daught] ( ,d>ius ,,iii4 & ! si/] ( ,artax]xes ,,iii4 ,he prevail$ on eighty ( 8 ,mac$onian (fic]s & t5 ?\s& ,mac$onian soldi]s to take ,p]sian wives4 ,= himself he exact$ ! homage paid to a div9ity4 ,^! measures1 look+ to ! amalgamation ( ,mac$on & ,greece ) ! ,ea/ on t]ms ( equality1 7 mo/ (f5sive to ! old comrades & subjects ( ,alex&]4 ,he 0 oblig$ to quell a mut9y1 :i* he accompli%$ ) consummate address & c\rage 7,july1 #cbd ,b4,c474 ,9 ! m>%es ab\t ,babylon1 a place :i* he int5d$ to make 8 capital1 he contract$ a fev]1 :i* 0 aggravat$ by daily revels1 & :i* t]m9at$ 8 life 7#cbc ,b4,c471 aft] a reign ( twelve ye>s & eight mon?s4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,alex&]4--,! ,p]sian ,empire1 :5 x 0 attack$ by ,alex&]1 0 a gigantic body )\t mu* vitality4 ,yet to ov]come x1 !re 0 requisite n only ! wond]ful milit>y tal5ts ( ! conqu]or1 b ! vigilance & pa9/ak+ :i* equally *>act]iz$ him4 ,he has be5 call$ an adv5tur]4 ,to fight & to conqu]1 & to spread 8 dom9ion :]ev] !re 7 c\ntries to subdue1 seems to h be5 8 absorb+ purpose4 ,! mo/ sub/antial result ( 8 exploits1 :i* read m l fable ?an au!ntic hi/ory1 0 to spread ,hell5ism1--to diffuse at lea/ a t9cture ( ,greek civilization1 toge!r ) "s acqua9tance ) ! ,greek language1 ov] ! l&s ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is 0 a mo/ important "w 9 its be>+ on ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( antiquity1 & m remotely on ! hi/ory ( all subsequ5t times4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,successors ,,( ,,alex&]4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,empire4--,alex&] left no legitimate *ildr54 ,! *ild ( ,roxana1 ,alex&] ! ,y\ng]1 0 born aft] 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,! empire naturally fell to 8 pr9cipal g5]als1 ( :om ,p]diccas1 hav+ comm& ( ! great army ( ,asia1 _h ! *ief p[]4 ,he 0 oblig$ to cont5t 8 milit>y colleagues1 :i* he did by giv+ to !m prov9ces4 ,! pr9cipal reg5ts1 or gu>dians1 7 soon r$uc$ to ?ree1--,antipat] & ,crat]us 9 ,europe1 & ,p]diccas4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! "n ( ,roxana's son1 & ( ,arrhidaeus1 ! half-bro!r ( ,alex&]4 ,b ,p]diccas soon f\nd t ea* g5]al 0 dispos$ to be 9 fact a k+ 9 8 own dom9ion4 ,he =m$ ! plan ( seiz+ ! empire = himself4 ,?is comb9$ ! satraps aga9/ him4 ,p]diccas 0 support$ by 8 fri5d ,eum5es1 b _h aga9/ him ,antipat] & ,crat]us1 ! o!r reg5ts1 & ! p[]ful gov]nors1 ,ptolemy ,lagi 9 ,egypt1 & ,antigonus 9 ,phrygia1 ,lycia1 & ,pamphilia 7#cbb ,b4,c474 ,!re foll[$ a s]ies ( w>s la/+ = tw5ty-two ye>s1 involv+ num]\s *anges ( sov]eignty1 & fre% p>titions ( t]ritory4 ,! rebelli\s satraps triumph$ ov] ! royali/s1 ^: aim 0 to keep ! empire intact = ! family ( ,alex&]4 ,! ambition ( ,antigonus to make himself ! sole rul]1 l$ to a league aga9/ him 7#cae ,b4,c474 ,9 a treaty ( peace1 ,cass&]1 ! son ( ,antipat]1 0 to reta9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,mac$onia4 ,by him ,roxana & ! "y ,alex&] 7 put to dea?4 ,9 a second w> aga9/ ,antigonus1 9 :i*1 z be=e1 he 0 support$ by 8 son1 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 !y 7 completely defeat$ 9 ! battle ( ,ipsus1 9 ,phrygia 7#cja ,b4,c474 ,antigonus 0 sla93 ,demetrius fl$ to ,greece4 ,! result ( ?is protract$ conte/ 01 t ! ,mac$onian empire 0 brok5 into ?ree pr9cipal /ates1--,mac$onia "u ! ,antigonidae1 ! desc5dants ( ,antigonus2 ,egypt "u ! ,ptolemies2 ,syria "u ! ,seleucidae4 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 ! small] k+doms ( ,p]gamon & ( ,bi?ynia4 ,o!r /ates broke (f f ! ,syrian realm ( ! ,seleucidae4 ,i4 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,! ,,ptolemies4 ,,ptolemy ,,lagi 7#cbc-bhe ,b4,c474--,:5 ,alex&] transf]r$ ! seat ( p[] 9 ,egypt f ,memphis to ,alex&ria1 he accompli%$ results :i* he c\ld n at all =esee4 ,! ,greek elem5t became pr$om9ant 9 ,egyptian affairs4 ,a great /imulus 0 giv5 to comm]ce & to =eign int]c\rse4 ,! ,egyptians !mselves ent]$ zeal\sly into indu/rial pursuits4 ,ptolemy ,lagi 7,sot]71 ! fir/ ( ! new sov]eigns1 0 wise en\gh to gu>d 8 own t]ritory1 & ev5 to e/abli% 8 rule 9 ,pale/9e1 ,pho5icia1 & ,coele-,syria1 b to avoid ext5sive s*emes ( conque/4 ,cyr5aica1 on ! we/ ( ,egypt1 & ! int]m$iate ,lybian tribes1 he subdu$4 ,ptolemy 0 an absolute mon>*1 b he reta9$ prom95t features 9 ! old ,egyptian adm9i/rative sy/em1 gave (fices to ,egyptians1 & protect$ _! religion4 ,! mo/ important civil /ations & all milit>y (fices 7 res]v$ = ,graeco-,mac$onians3 ,alex&ria 0 a ,greek city4 ,f ! beg9n+ he fo/]$ le>n+ & sci5ce4 ,he set to "w to collect a great libr>y 9 a build+ connect$ ) 8 palace4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,museum1 :i* 0 a college ( pr(essors4 ,x attract$ a great body ( /ud5ts1 & became ! univ]sity ( ! ea/]n _w4 ,"u ! patronage ( ,ptolemy1 ma!maticians1 poets1 & critics ( high repute fl\ri%$4 ,among ! /ructures rais$ by him 7 ! ligh?\se ( va/ height on ! isl& ( ,ph>os1 :i* 0 connect$ ) ! %ore by a mole1 or causeway1 a mile 9 l5g?2 ! ,soma1 or mausoleum1 conta9+ ! body ( ,alex&]2 ! ,temple ( ,s]apis1 complet$ by 8 son2 & ! ,hippodrome4 ,,ptolemy ,,philadelphia4--,ptolemy ,,ii41 surnam$ ,philadelphus 7#bhe-bdg ,b4,c471 ) less tal5t = w> ?an 8 fa!r1 did mu* to enc\rage comm]ce1 & 0 especially active 9 8 patronage ( le>n+4 ,9 ?is la/ prov9ce he did a great] "w ?an 8 fa!r4 ,he greatly enl>g$ ! libr>y4 ,he drew le>n$ m5 to 8 c\rt f all directions4 ,9 8 "t ! ,hebrew scriptures 7 translat$ into ,greek1 9 ! v]sion call$ ! ,septuag9t4 ,"u 8 auspices ,mane?o compos$ 8 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt4 ,,ptolemy ,,eu]getes4--,ptolemy ,,iii4 7#bdg-bbb ,b4,c471 surnam$ ,eu]getes 7! b5efactor71 0 ! mo/ ent]pris+ & aggressive ( ?is l9e ( mon>*s4 ,mo/ ( 8 conque/s 7 n p]man5t1 b "s ( !m 74 ,he 0 a patron ( art & ( lit]ature4 ,he rais$ ,egypt to ! highe/ pit* ( prosp]ity t %e ev] enjoy$4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,ptolemies ^: reigns _h cov]$ a c5tury1 7 foll[$ by a s]ies ( incompet5t & deprav$ k+s1 n9e 9 numb]4 ,ptolemy ,,iv4 7,philopator7 7#bbb-bje ,b4,c47 0 a weak & dissolute pr9ce4 ,9 w> ) ,antio*us ,,iii4 7! ,great7 ( ,syria1 he sav$ 8 k+dom2 b 8 own subjects 7 rebelli\s & disaffect$4 ,ptolemy ,,vi4 7,philometor7 7#aha-adh ,b4,c47 0 a boy at 8 accession4 ,8 gu>dians engag$ 9 w> ) ,syria1 :i* w\ld h conqu]$ ,egypt b = ! int]position ( ! ,romans 9 8 behalf 7#agj ,b4,c474 ,,ii4 ,,mac$on ,,& ,,greece4 ,:5 ,alex&] 0 9 ! f> ,ea/1 ! ,sp>tan k+1 ,agis ,,iii4 7#ccj ,b4,c471 head$ a revolt aga9/ ,antipat]2 b ,agis 0 vanqui%$ & sla94 ,! dea? ( ,alex&] k9dl$ ! hope ( rega9+ lib]ty among patriotic ,greeks4 ,a!ns1 "u ,demo/h5es & ,hyp]ides1 l$ ! way4 ,a l>ge conf$]acy 0 =m$4 ,leo/h5es1 ! ,greek comm&]1 defeat$ ,antipat]1 & %ut him up )9 ! walls ( ,lamia 79 ,!ssaly74 ,b ! ,greeks 7 f9ally beat5 at ,crannon4 ,favorable t]ms 7 grant$ to _! cities1 except ,a!ns & ,aetolia4 ,tw5ty-"o ?\s& citiz5s 7 deport$ f ,a!ns to ,?race1 ,italy1 & o!r places4 ,! n9e ?\s& ri*e/ citiz5s1 ) ,phocion at _! head1 ! anti-democratic p>ty1 _h all p[] left 9 _! h&s4 ,demo/h5es1 ,hyp]ides1 & o!r democratic lead]s1 7 proscrib$4 ,demo/h5es took refuge 9 ! temple ( ,neptune1 on ! little isl& ( ,calaurea4 ,f9d+ himself pursu$ by ,ar*ias1 ! (fic] ( ,antipat]1 he took poison1 :i* he _h kept by him 9 a quill1 & di$4 ,?us clos$ ! life ( an intrepid /atesman :o _h s]v$ ! cause ( lib]ty & ( 8 c\ntry ?r\gh ! dire/ p]ils & trials ) unfalt]+ con/ancy4 ,! democracy aga9 acquir$ p[] tempor>ily1 & ,phocion 0 condemn$ to dea?4 ,cass&]1 exclud$ f ! ,mac$onian ?rone by 8 fa!r1 ,antipat]1 supplant$ ,polysp]*on1 ! reg5t 7#caf ,b4,c474 ,he plac$ ,demetrius ( ,phal]on 9 p[] at ,a!ns ov] a democracy ) re/rict$ pr]ogatives4 ,he 0 driv5 out by ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 :o 0 help$ by ,a!ns to possess himself ( ,mac$onia & ( ! mo/ ( ,greece1 b 0 compell$ 7#bhg ,b4,c47 to give up 8 ?rone1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 ga9$ by 8 son1 ,antigonus ,gonatas 7#bgg ,b4,c474 ,,! ,,a*aean ,,league4--,9 #bgi ,b4,c41 !re occurr$ an irruption ( ! ,gauls into ,greece1 "o ( ^? va/ waves ( migration :i* f "t to "t sweep ov] ! _w4 ,! ,mac$onian k+1 ,ptolemy ,c]aunus1 0 defeat$ by !m 9 a great battle1 captur$1 & put to dea?4 ,x 0 two ye>s be=e ^! m>aud]s 7 driv5 out1 & ,mac$onia acquir$ a settl$ gov]nm5t4 ,?is episode 9 hi/ory favor$ ! gr[? ( two leagues--! ,a*aean ,league & ! ,aetolian ,league4 ,9 ^! leagues ! sev]al cities gave up to ! c5tral c\ncil mu* m p[] ?an ,greek cities _h be5 9 ! habit ( grant+ 9 =m] unions4 ,! ,a*aean ,league 0 at fir/ made up ( t5 ,a*aean cities4 ,ab\t #bdj ,b4,c4 ,aratus ( ,sicyon1 :o _h br\ght ,sicyon into ! league1 deliv]$ ,cor9? f ! ,mac$onians4 ,to free ,greek cities f subjection to !m1 0 long a great object ( ! league4 ,peloponnesus1 except ,sp>ta1 ) ,a!ns & ,aeg9a1 jo9$ x4 ,,! ,,aetolian ,,league3 ,,w> ,,( ,,! ,,leagues4--,! r\gh ,aetolians nor? ( ! ,cor9?ian ,gulf1 semi-b>b>\s 9 _! mode ( life1 =m$ ano!r league1 & got comm& ( ,phocis1 ,locris1 & ,boeotia4 ,a praisewor?y attempt at re=m 0 made 9 ,sp>ta by ! k+1 ,agis ,,iv4 7#bdj ,b4,c471 :o 0 oppos$ by ! ri*1 & put to dea?4 ,cleom5es1 8 successor1 :o _h ! same _s z ,agis1 engag$ 9 conflict ) ! ,a*aean ,league1 :i* !n call$ 9 ,mac$onian help 7#bbc ,b4,c474 ,x _h to give up to ,mac$on ! ,cor9?ian citadel4 ,sp>ta 0 ov]?r[n4 ,soon a w> betwe5 ! two leagues broke out1 :5 ! ,a*aeans aga9 call$ on ! ,mac$onians = aid4 ,^! conflicts 7 foll[$ by ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,romans4 ,,! ,,evil ,,( ,,faction4--,! bane ( ,greece1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( its hi/ory1 0 ! suicidal _s ( disunion4 ,h] p[] 0 spl9t]$ at _m crises1 :51 if unit$1 x might h sav$ ! l& f =eign tyranny4 ,h] res\rces 7 dra9$1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 by ne$less local conte/s4 ,%e ow$ h] d[nfall to ! desolat+ influ5ce ( faction4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,syrian ,,k+dom4 ,seleucus ,i4 7,nicator7 7#cab-bhj ,b4,c47 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,syrian k+dom4 ,f ,babylon he ext5d$ 8 dom9ion to ! ,black ,sea1 to ! ,jax>tes1 & ev5 to ! ,ganges1 s f> z to make ! ,indian pr9ce1 ,s&racottus1 ackn[l$ge him z suz]a94 ,f ,babylon he remov$ 8 capital to ,antio* on ! ,orontes1 :i* he f\nd$1--a city de/9$ to be ! rival ( ,alex&ria among ! cities ( ! ,ea/4 ,! effect ( ?is removal1 h[ev]1 0 to loos5 8 hold ^u ! ,ea/]n prov9ces ( 8 empire4 ,seleucia1 on ! we/ bank ( ! ,tigris1 he likewise f\nd$1 :i* became a great comm]cial city1 b 0 out/ripp$ lat] by ! ,p>?ian city opposite1 ,ctesiphon4 ,! prov9ces beyond ! ,euphrates he committ$ to 8 son1 ,antio*us4 ,) him 7,antio*us ,i47 beg9s ! decl9e ( ! empire ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,ori5tal luxury & vice4 ,"u him ,syria lo/ ! ea/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or ?r\gh ! invad+ ,gauls1 :o conv]t$ nor!rn ,phrygia into ,galatia1 :ile nor?-we/]n ,lydia became ! k+dom ( ,p]gamon4 ,antio*us ,,ii4 7#bfa-bdf ,b4,c47 c\ld n hold ! prov9ces 9 subjection4 ,! ,p>?ian & ,bactrian k+doms began "u 8 reign4 ,antio*us ,,iii4 7! ,great7 7#bbc-ahgf4j47 *eck$ ! ,p>?ians & ,bactrians1 & expell$ ! ,egyptians f ,asia1 b prep>$ = ! d[nfall ( ! ,syrian ,empire by provok+ ! ho/ility ( ! ,romans4 ,,bactria1 ,,p>?ia1 ,,p]gamon1 ,,galatia4--,bactria1 aft] x broke (f f ,syria1 0 "u ,greek pr9ces until1 hav+ be5 weak5$ by ! ,p>?ians1 x 0 conqu]$ by ! ,scy?ians 7#acd ,b4,c474 ,! ,p>?ians issu$1 z m>aud]s1 f ! nor? bord] ( ,iran 7#bef ,b4,c471 "u ! ,arsacidae4 ,!y gradually acquir$ civilization f contact ) ,greek culture1 especially aft] !y e/abli%$ ! trad+-city ( ,ctesiphon4 ,ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 ! rul]s ( ,pontus made ! ,greek city ( ,s9ope _! resid5ce1 & atta9$ to a high degree ( /r5g? "u ,mi?ridates ,,vi4 7! ,great74 ,p]gamon became a fl\ri%+ /ate "u ! ,greek rule ( ,attalus ,i4 7#bda ,b4,c474 ,x 0 fam$ = its weal? & its trade4 ,eum5es ,,ii4 7#aig-aei ,b4,c47 f\nd$ ! libr>y at ,p]gamon4 ,= him p>*m5t 0 improv$1 if n inv5t$1 ! ,egyptians hav+ =bidd5 ! exportation ( papyrus4 ,galatia 0 s nam$ f ! sw>m ( ,gallic invad]s 7ab\t #bgi ,b4,c471 :o1 aft] incursions 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* 7 cont9u$ = =ty ye>s1 settl$ !re1 & by degrees yield$ to ! influ5ces ( ,greek culture4 ,,pale/9e3 ,,! ,,maccabees3 ,,! ,,idumaean ,,pr9ces4--,pale/9e f>$ comp>atively well 9 ! times :5 ! ,ptolemies _h control4 ,n s aft] x fell "u ! p]man5t sway ( ,syria4 ,! ,jews 7 surr\nd$ & invad$ by ,g5tilism4 ,on ?ree sides1 !re 7 ,greek cities4 ,! p]ils to :i* _! religion 0 expos$ by ! hea!n )\t1 & by a lukew>m p>ty )91 made e>ne/ ,jews1 ! bulk ( ! p1 m inflexible 9 _! adh]5ce to _! law & cu/oms4 ,! p>ty ( ! ,ph>isees grew out ( ! int5sity ( ! loyal & patriotic feel+ :i* 0 eng5d]$ 9 ! p]iods foll[+ ! exile4 ,! synagogues1 c5t]s ( wor%ip & ( in/ruction scatt]$ ov] ! l&1 act$ z a bulw>k aga9/ ! intrusion ( hea!n doctr9e & hea!n practices4 ,! resi/ance to ^! dread$ evils came to a head :5 ! ,syrian rul]1 ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 embitt]$ by 8 failures 9 conflict ) ,egypt1 resolv$ to break d[n religi\s b>ri]s among 8 subjects1 &1 = ?is end1 to ext]m9ate ,jewi% wor%ip4 ,9 #afh ,b4,c4 he set up an alt> to ,jupit] 9 ! temple at ,j]usalem1 & ev5 compell$ ,jewi% prie/s to immolate sw9e4 ,!n ! revolt broke out 9 :i* ! family ( ,maccabees 7 ! h]oic lead]s4 ,judas ,maccabees recov]$ ! temple1 b fell 9 battle 7#afj4 ,b4,c474 ,"u 8 bro!r ,simon1 victory 0 a*iev$1 & ! indep5d5ce ( ! nation secur$4 ,! *ief p[] rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ?is family1 ! ,asmonaean pr9ces1 until _! deg5]acy pav$ ! way = ,roman int]v5tion "u ,pompeius4 ,8 advis] 0 ! ,idumeaean1 ,antipat]1 a ,jewi% proselyte1 ^: son ,h]od 0 made k+ 7#ci ,b4,c474 ,,philosophy3 ,,! ,,/oics ,,& ,,! ,,epicureans4--,9 ! ,greek _w ! progress ( inve/igation & reflection t5d$ to produce disbelief 9 ! old my?ological sy/em4 ,social confusion & deg5]acy t5d$ to und]m9e all religi\s fai?4 ,pyrrho 7ab\t #ccj ,b4,c47 br\ght =w>d ! skeptical doctr9e1 t ! highe/ wisdom is to d\bt e ?+4 ,euhemrus 7#cae ,b4,c47 int]pret$ ! :ole my?ology z an exagg]ation1 by imag9ation & inv5tion1 ( hi/orical ev5ts :i* =m its sl5d] nucleus4 ,) ! loss ( lib]ty & ! d[nfall ( ! ,greek /ates1 philosophy became1 s to speak1 m cosmopolitan4 ,x no long] exalt$1 9 ! same n>r[ _s1 ! ,greek above ! b>b>ian4 ,x look$ at mank9d m z "o community4 ,?is 0 a feature ( ! fir/ ( ! two pr9cipal sects1 ! ,/oics1 ( :om ,z5o 7ab\t #ccj ,b4,c471 & ,*rysippus 7#bhj-bjg ,b4,c47 7 ! f\nd]s4 ,!y taught t virtue is ! only good2 t is consi/s 9 liv+ accord+ to nature2 t reason %\ld be dom9ant1 & tranquillity ( _s be ma9ta9$ by ! complete subjugation ( feel+4 ,! emotions are to be kept d[n by ! =ce ( & iron w4 ,?is is ! ,/oic apa?y4 ,! _w is wisely ord]$3 :atev] is1 is "r2 yet ! cause ( all ?+s is n p]sonal4 ,mank9d =m on great community1 "o city4 ,! ,epicureans1 ! second ( ! prom95t sects1--s call$ f ,epicurus1 _! f\nd] 7#cdb-cgj ,b4,c471--made pleasure ! *ief good1 :i* is to be secur$ by prud5ce1 or su* a regulation ( our desires z w yield1 on ! :ole1 ! l>ge/ fruit ( happ9ess4 ,!y believ$ t ! gods exi/1 b d5i$ ,provid5ce4 ,,culture4--,9 ! ,greek cities :i* 7 f\nd$ by ! ,mac$onians1 ! political life & indep5d5ce :i* ,greece _h enj\$ did n exi/4 ,! ,hell5i/ic lit]ature & culture1 z x is call$1 :i* foll[$1 lack$ ! spontane\s en]gy & orig9al _s ( ! old "t4 ,! civilization 0 t ( p n exclusively ,greek 9 blood4 ,alex&ria 0 its *ief seat4 ,poetry langui%$4 ,x 0 prose--& prose 9 ! =m ( le>n$ inquiries1 criticism1 & sci5ce--t fl\ri%$4 ,! pa? 0 ! same z t m>k$ out by ,ari/otle4 ,!ocritus1 born 9 ,syracuse1 or ,cos1 "u ,ptolemy ,i4 7ab\t #cbj ,b4,c471 _h di/9ction z a pa/oral or bucolic poet4 ,euclid1 "u ,ptolemy ,sot]1 sy/emiz$ geometry4 ,ar*im$es1 :o di$ 9 #bab ,b4,c41 is said to h inv5t$ ! screw1 & 0 skillful 9 me*anics4 ,erato/h5es f\nd$ descriptive a/ronomy & sci5tific *ronology4 ,! ,alex&rian age busi$ itself ) lit]>y or sci5tific rese>*1 & ) sett+ 9 ord] :at ! ,greek m9d _h done 9 its creative "t4 ,aft] ,greece became subject to ,rome 7#adf ,b4,c47 ! ,graeco ,roman p]iod 9 ,greek lit]ature beg9s4 ,! ,greek hi/orian ,polybius /&s on ! bord] betwe5 ! ,alex&rian age & ?is next era4 ,he 0 born ab\t #baj ,b4,c41 & di$ ab\t #abh ,b4,c4 ,,lit]ature4--,works m5tion$ on p4 #af3 ,hi/ories ( ,greece by ,,grote 7#ab vols47 7democratic 9 8 sympa?ies71 ,e4 ,,curtius 7#e vols471 ,,?irlwall 7#h vols471 ,w4 ,smi? 7#a vol471 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox4 ,busolt1 ,grie*is*e ,ges*i*te2 ,fyffe1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece 7prim]72 ,dunck]1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece sep>ately publi%$2 ,abbott 7#b vols472 ,holm 7#d vols472 ,bury2 ,oman4 ,on special p]iods3 ,! writ+s ( ! anci5t au?ors1--,h]odotus 7,rawl9son's translation1 #d vols471 ,x5ophon1 ,,?ucydides 7,j[ett's translation1 #b vols471 ,polybius1 ,plut>*'s ,lives4 ,s*f]1 ,demo/h5es und se9e ,zeit 7#c vols472 ,,droys51 ,ges*i*te des ,hell5ismus 7#c vols472 ,e4 ,a4 ,,freeman1 ,hi/ory ( ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 7vol4 i472 ,,f9lay1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece f ! ,conque/ ( ! ,romans 7#g vols472 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to ! ,end ( ! ,p]sian ,w> 7#b vols471 & ,lives ( ,greek ,/atesm5 7#a vol472 ,freeman1 ,hi/ory ( ,sicily 7#d vols474 ,on special topics3 ,,boeckh1 ,! ,public ,economy ( ,a!ns2 ,c\langes1 ,! ,anci5t ,city1 etc43 ,gll1 ,kulturbild] aus ,hellas und ,rom 7#c vols472 ,guhl & ,kon]1 ,! ,life ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 etc42 ,gre51 ,greece & ,greek ,antiquities 7prim]72 ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy1 ,social ,life 9 ,greece1 also ,rambles 9 ,greece1 ,old ,greek ,education1 & ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,lit]ature 7#b vols472 ,beck]1 ,*>icles 7a /ory illu/rative ( ,greek life72 ,f4 ,a4 ,paley1 ,greek ,wit 7#b vols472 ,*ur*1 ,/ories f ,hom]2 ,black1 ,! ,wise ,m5 ( ,greece2 ,ne>es1 ,greek ,an?ology 9 ,anci5t ,classics = ,engli% ,read]s1 ,*ief ,anci5t ,philosophies ,/oicism1 etc4 7#a vol41 #ahhj72 ,mll] & ,donaldson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,lit]ature ( ,anci5t ,greece 7#c vols472 ,mure1 ,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,language & ,lit]ature ( ,anci5t ,greece 7#e vols472 ,jebb1 ,attic ,orators 7#b vols472 ,symonds1 ,! ,greek ,poets 7#b vols472 ,g4 ,f4 ,s*mann1 ,! ,antiquities ( ,greece2 ,glad/one1 ,/udies on ! ,hom]ic ,age & ,hom]2 ,lbke1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,art2 ,,f]gusson1 ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture2 ,d',anv]s1 ,elem5t>y ,hi/ory ( ,art2 ,bots=d1 ,developm5t ( ! ,a!nian ,con/itution2 ,w4 ,w4 ,f[l]1 ,! ,city-,/ate ( ! ,greeks & ,romans2 ,gilb]t1 ,con/itutional ,antiquities ( ,sp>ta & ,a!ns2 ,gre5idge1 ,h&book ( ,greek ,con/itutional ,hi/ory2 ,h4 ,n4 ,f[l]1 ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,lit]ature2 ,m>%all1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy2 ,g>dn]1 ,h&book ( ,greek ,sculpture2 ,t>bell1 ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,art2 ,toz]1 ,prim] ( ,classical ,geography2 ,kiep]t1 ,atlas ,antiquus2 ,cunn+ham1 ,we/]n ,civilization 7vol4 #a72 ,smi? 7,wayte ,m>9d971 ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities 7#b vols41 #ahij72 ,seyff]t 7,nettle%ip & ,s&ys71 ,diction>y ( ,classical ,antiquities4 ,,mac$onian ,,royal ,,h\ses ,a4--,h\se ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 7#a7 ,,amyntas ,,ii4 --7#d7 ,,philip1 m4 #a1 ,olympias2 --,,alex&] ,,! ,,great1 m4 #a1 ,roxana2 --7#g7 ,,alex&]4 #b1 ,concub9es4 --,h]cules4 #b1 ,cleopatra2 #c1 ,concub9es4 --7#f7 ,,philip ,,arrhidaeus1 m4 ,eurydic4 --,!ssalonica1 m4 ,cass&]4 --,cynan m4 ,amyntas4 --7#b7 ,,alex&] ,,ii4 --7#c7 ,,p]diccas ,,iii4 --,amyntas1 m4 ,cynan --,eurydic1 m4 ,philip ,arrhidaeus4 ,b4--,h\se ( ,antipat]4 ,,antipat]4 --7#h7 ,,cass&]1 m4 ,!ssalonica4 --7#i7 ,,philip ,,ii4 --7#aj7 ,,antipat] ,,ii4 --7#aa7 ,,alex&]4 --,philip4 --,eurydic1 m4 ,ptolemy ,lagi1 --,phila1 m4 #a1 ,crat]us2 #b1 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes4 --,nicaea1 m4 ,p]diccas4 ,c4--,h\se ( ,antigonus4 ,antigonus ,i4 --7#ab7 ,,demetrius ,i 7,poliorcetes71 m4 ,phila1 daught] ( ,antipat]4 --7#ac7 ,antigonus ,,ii 7,gonatas71 m4 ,phila1 daught] ( ,seleucus ,nicator4 --7#ad7 ,demetrius ,,ii1 m4 #a1 ,/ratonice2 --7#af7 ,,philip ,,iii4 --7#ag7 ,,p]seus1 m4 ,laodic1 daught] ( ,seleucus ,philopator4 --,demetrius --,apama4 #b1 ,ph?ia4 --,crat]us4 --,alex&] --,demetrius ! ,h&some4 --,antigonus ,,iii 7,doson71 m4 ,ph?ia1 wid[ ( ,demetrius ,,ii --,e*ecrates1 --,antigonus4 --,/ratonice1 m4 #a1 ,seleucus ,nicator2 #b1 ,antio*us ,!us4 --,phila4 --,philip4 ,f ,rawl9son's ,manual ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,roman ,,hi/ory4 ,,introduction4 ,,place ,,( ,,rome ,,9 ,,hi/ory4--,rome is ! bridge :i* unites1 :ile x sep>ates1 ! anci5t & ! mod]n _w4 ,! hi/ory ( ,rome is ! n>rative ( ! build+ up ( a s+le ,city1 ^: dom9ion gradually spread until x compris$ all ! c\ntries ab\t ! ,m$it]ranean1 or :at 7 !n ! civiliz$ nations4 ,9 ?is great empire 0 ga!r$ up ! sum total t rema9$ ( ! religions1 laws1 cu/oms1 languages1 lett]s1 arts1 & sci5ces ( all ! nations ( antiquity :i* _h successively held sway or pr$om9ance4 ,"u ! sy/em ( ,roman gov]nm5t & ,roman law !y 7 comb9$ 9 "o ord]$ community4 ,x 0 out ( ! wreck ( ! anci5t ,roman ,empire t ! mod]n ,european nations 7 =m$4 ,_! lik5ess to "o ano!r1 _! bond ( fell[%ip1 is due to ! h]itage ( laws1 cu/oms1 lett]s1 religion1 :i* !y h receiv$ 9 common f ,rome4 ,,! ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,anci5t ,,italy4--,until a late p]iod 9 ,roman hi/ory1 ! ,ap5n9es1 & n ! ,alps1 7 ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,italy4 ,! mo/ ( ! region betwe5 ! ,alp9e range & ! ,ap5n9es1 on bo? sides ( ! ,po1 0 inhabit$ by ,gauls1 ak9 to ! ,celts ( ! same "n nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,on ! we/ ( ,gallia 7 ! ,ligurians1 a r\gh p ( unkn[n extraction4 ,p ?\ght to be ( ! same race z ! ,ligurians dwelt 9 ,s>d9ia & 9 ,corsica1 & 9 a "p ( ,sicily4 ,on ! ea/ ( ,gallia 7 ! ,v5etians1 ^: l9eage is n asc]ta9$4 ,! ,ap5n9es bran* (f f ! ,alps 9 a s\!a/]ly direction until !y ne> ! ,adriatic1 :5 !y turn to ! s\?1 & desc5d to ! extreme po9t ( ! p59sula1 ?us =m+ ! backbone ( ,italy4 ,on ! we/1 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! p59sula1 is ! hilly di/rict call$ by ! anci5ts1 ,etruria 7n[ ,tuscany71 & ! pla9s ( ,latium & ,campania4 ,:at is n[ t]m$ ,campania1 ! di/rict ab\t ,rome1 is a "p ( anci5t ,latium4 ,! ,etrurians diff]$ widely1 bo? 9 appe>ance & 9 language1 f ! ,romans4 ,!y 7 n improbably ,aryans1 b no?+ m is kn[n ( _! desc5t4 ,9 ! ea/1 9 :at is n[ ,calabria1 & 9 ,apulia1 !re 0 ano!r p1 ! ,iapygians1 ^: orig9 is n c]ta91 b :o 7 n s f> remov$ f ! ,greeks z f ! ,lat9s4 ,! s\!rn & s\?-ea/]n portions ( ! p59sula 7 ! seat ( ! ,greek settlem5ts1 & ! c\ntry 0 e>ly designat$ ,great ,greece4 ,leav+ out ! ,etrurians1 ,iapygians1 & ,greeks1 ,italy1 s\? ( ,gallia1 0 inhabit$ by nations alli$ to "o ano!r1 & m remotely ak9 to ! ,greeks4 ,^! ,italian nations 7 divid$ into an ea/]n & a we/]n /ock4 ,! we/]n /ock1 ! ,lat9s1 ^: home 0 9 ,latium1 7 mu* ne>] ( k9 to ! ,greeks ?an 7 ! ea/]n4 ,! ea/]n /ock compris$ ! ,umbrians & ! ,oscans4 ,x includ$ ! ,sab9es1 ,samnites1 & ,lucanians4 ,we are c]ta91 t1 f ! common cradle ( peoples & languages1 !re issu$ a /ock :i* embrac$ 9 common ! ance/ors ( ! ,greeks & ! ,italians2 t f ?is1 at a subsequ5t p]iod1 ! ,italians bran*$ (f2 & t ^! divid$ aga9 into ! we/]n & ea/]n /ocks1 :ile1 at a /ill lat] date1 ! ea/]n became subdivid$ into ,umbrians & ,oscans4 7,momms5's ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 vol4 i41 p4 #cf47 ,,italy ,,& ,,greece4--,9 two important po9ts1 ,italy is geographically di/+ui%$ f ,greece4 ,! sea-coa/ ( ,italy is m uni=m1 n be+ brok5 by bays & h>bors2 & x is n cut up1 l ,greece1 by *a9s ( m\nta9s1 into small cantons4 ,! ,romans _h n ! same inducem5t to become a sea-f>+ p2 !re 7 few] cities2 !re 0 an opportunity = clos] & m ext5d$ leagues4 ,x is rem>kable t ! outlets ( ,greece 7 t[>ds ! ea/2 ^? ( ,italy t[>ds ! we/4 ,! two nations 7 ?us av]t$ f "o ano!r3 !y 71 s to speak1 back to back4 ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans4--,! ,greeks & ,romans1 al?\gh sprung f a common ance/ry1 & pres]v+ common features 9 _! language1 & to "s ext5t 9 _! religion1 7 v div]se 9 _! natural traits4 ,! ,greeks _h m g5ius3 ! ,romans m /ability4 ,9 art & lett]s ! ,romans _h little orig9ality4 ,9 ^! prov9ces !y 7 copyi/s ( ! ,greeks3 !y lack$ ideality4 ,!y _h1 also1 f> less delicacy ( p]ception1 flexibility1 & native ref9em5t ( mann]s4 ,b !y _h m sobriety ( "* & m endurance4 ,!y 7 a discipl9$ p2 & 9 _! capacity = discipl9e lay ! secret ( _! supremacy 9 arms & ( _! ability to give law to ! _w4 ,if !y produc$ a mu* less numb] ( great m5 ?an ! ,greeks1 !re 0 m widely diffus$ among ,roman citiz5s a consci\s dignity & /r5g?4 ,! ,roman 0 naturally grave3 ! fault ( ! ,greek 0 levity4 ,v]satility belong$ to ! ,greek3 virility to ! ,roman4 ,above all1 ! s5se ( "r & ( ju/ice 0 /rong] among ! ,romans4 ,!y _h1 9 an em95t degree1 ! political in/9ct1 ! capacity = gov]n+1 & = build+ up a political sy/em on a firm basis4 ,?is trait 0 connect$ ) _! innate rev]5ce = au?ority1 & _! habit ( ob$i5ce4 ,! noble/ product ( ! ,lat9 m9d is ! ,roman law1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( almo/ all mod]n codes4 ,) all _! disc]nm5t ( ju/ice & love ( ord]1 ! ,romans1 h[ev]1 7 too (t5 h>d & cruel4 ,_! hi/ory is /a9$ "h & !re ) acts ( unexampl$ atrocity4 ,9 private life1 too1 :5 ! rigor ( self-control gave way1 !y sunk into extremes ( vulg> s5suality4 ,if1 comp>$ ) ! ,greeks1 !y /ood morally at a great] height1 !y might fall to a l[] dep?4 ,,! ,,roman ,,religion4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,greek & ,roman m9d 0 manife/ 9 ! sph]e ( religion4 ,be=e _! sep>ation f "o ano!r !y _h br\ght f ! common he>?/one elem5ts ( wor%ip :i* bo? reta9$4 ,jupit]1 l ,zeus1 0 ! old ,aryan god ( ! %9+ sky4 ,b ! ,greek conception1 ev5 ( ! *ief deity1 diff]$ f ! ,roman4 ,:5 ! ,romans came into int]c\rse ) ! ,greeks1 !y id5tifi$ ! ,greek div9ities ) _! own1 & m & m appropriat$ ! tales ( ! ,greek my?ology1 l9k+ !m to _! own deities4 ,( ! e>ly wor%ip peculi> to ! ,romans1 we "k b little4 ,b c]ta9 traits always belong$ to ! ,roman religion4 ,_! mood 0 too prosaic to inv5t a !ogony1 to orig9ate /ories ( ! bir?s1 loves1 & romantic adv5tures ( ! gods1 su* z ! ,greek fancy devis$4 ,! ,roman my?s 7 h]oic1 n religi\s3 !y relat$ to ! de$s ( valiant m54 ,_! deities 71 9 ! fir/ place1 mu* m ab/ract1 less vividly conceiv$1 less end[$ ) di/9ct p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,&1 secondly1 _! s]vice to ! gods 0 m punctili\s & me?odical4 ,x 0 regulat$1 d[n to ! m9uti1 by fix$ rules4 ,wor%ip 0 accord+ to law1 0 some?+ due to ! gods1 & 0 dis*>g$1 l any o!r debt1 exactly1 & at ! prop] "t4 ,! ,roman took advantage ( te*nicalities 9 deal+ ) 8 gods3 he 0 legal to ! core4 ,! ^w religion _h ! same root z obligation4 ,x d5ot$ ! bondage or s]vice ow$ by man to ! gods 9 return = _! protection & favor2 & h5ce ! anxiety1 or scrupul\s wat*fulness aga9/ ! omission ( :at is requir$ to av]t ! displeasure ( ! p[]s above4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,romans4--,! ,romans attribut$ _! orig9 to ! my?ical neas1 :o fl$1 ) a b& ( fugitives1 f ! flames ( ,troy1 & ^: son1 ,ascanius1 or ,iulus1 settl$ 9 ,alba ,longa1 9 ,latium4 ,:at is kn[n ( ! f\ndation ( ,rome is1 t x 0 a settlem5t ( ,lat9 f>m]s & trad]s on ! gr\p ( hills1 sev5 9 numb]1 ne> ! bord] ( ,latium1 on ! ,tib]4 ,x 0 ! head ( navigation = small vessels1 & ,rome 0 at fir/1 x w\ld seem1 ! trad+-village = ! ex*ange ( ! products ( ! f>m+-di/rict 9 :i* x 0 plac$4 ,su* an outpo/ w\ld be useful to gu>d ,latium aga9/ ! ,etrurians across ! riv]4 ,( ! ?ree t[n%ips1 or clans1 :i* unit$ to =m ,rome1--! ,ramnes1 ! ,tities1 & ! ,luc]es1--! fir/ & ?ird 7 ,lat94 ,! second1 :i* 0 ,sab9e1 bl5d$ ) ! ,roman elem5t1 z ! language proves4 ,! clans1 or tribes1 9 ,latium toge!r =m$ a league1 ! c5tral meet+-place ( :i* 0 at fir/ ,alba ,longa4 ,!re is "s reason to ?9k t ! ,sab9es 7 f ,cures ne> ,rome4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,rome1 ev5 at ! outset1 d]iv$ its /r5g? f a comb9ation ( tribes4 ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,rome ,,"u ,,! ,,k+s ,,& ,,! ,,patricians4 7#gec-cjd ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,rome ,,"u ,,! ,,k+s 7#gec-eji ,b4,c474 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,leg5ds4--,!re is no d\bt t ! ,romans liv$ = a "t "u ! rule ( k+s4 ,^! 7 n l ! ,greek k+s1 h]$it>y rul]s1 nor 7 !y *os5 f a s+le family4 ,b ! /ories told 9 lat] times respect+ ! k+s1 _! names & do+s1 are q unwor?y ( cr$it4 ,!y re/ ^u no contempor>y evid5ce or sure tradition4 ,to say no?+ ( ! miracul\s elem5ts t ent] into ! n>ratives1 !y are lad5 ) o!r improbabilities1 :i* prove !m to be ! fruit ( imag9ation4 ,!y conta9 impossibilities 9 *ronology4 ,!y ascribe laws1 in/itutions1 & religion1 :i* 7 ( sl[ gr[?1 to p>ticul> individuals1 apportion+ to ea* 8 own "p 9 an artificial way4 ,_m ( ! /ories are borr[$ f ! ,greeks1 & 7 orig9ally told by !m ab\t o!r matt]s4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,roman leg5ds1 includ+ dates1 su* z are record$ 9 ?is *apt]1 are fabrications to fill up a void 9 reg>d to :i* !re 0 no au!ntic in=mation1 & to acc\nt = beliefs & cu/oms ! orig9 ( :i* no "o knew4 ,!y are ( s]vice1 h[ev]1 9 help+ u to asc]ta9 ! "* ( ! ,roman con/itution1 & some?+ ab\t its gr[?1 9 ! prehi/oric age4 ,,! ,,leg5d>y ,,tales4--,romulus & ,remus1 s ! leg5d runs1 7 sons ( ! god ,m>s by ,rhea ,silvia1 a prie/ess ( ,ve/a1 ^: fa!r1 ,numitor1 _h be5 sla9 by 8 wick$ bro!r1 ,amulius1 :o !reby made himself k+ ( ,alba ,longa4 ,! tw9s1 by 8 comm&1 7 put into a basket1 & ?r[n into ! ,tib]4 ,! cradle 0 caught by ! roots ( a fig-tree3 a %e-wolf came out1 & suckl$ !m1 & ,fau/ulus1 a %eph]d1 br\ght !m up z 8 own *ildr54 ,romulus grew up1 & slew ! usurp]1 ,amulius4 ,! two bro!rs f\nd$ a city on ! banks ( ! ,tib] :]e !y _h be5 rescu$ 7#gec ,b4,c474 ,9 a qu>rel1 ! eld] kill$ ! y\ng]1 & call$ ! city aft] himself1 ,roma4 ,romulus1 to increase ! numb] ( ! p1 f\nd$ an asylum on ! ,capitol9e ,hill1 :i* gave welcome to robb]s & fugitives ( all k9ds4 ,!re 0 a lack ( wom52 b1 by a cunn+ trick1 ! ,romans seiz$ on a l>ge numb] ( ,sab9e wom51 :o _h be5 decoy$ to ,rome1 ) _! fa!rs & bro!rs1 to see ! games4 ,! angry ,sab9es invad$ ,rome4 ,t>peia1 ! daught] ( ! ,roman capta91 left op5 = !m a gate into ! ,capitol9e citadel1 & s !y won ! ,capitol4 ,9 ! w> t foll[$1 by ! int]v5tion ( ! ,sab9e wom51 ! ,romans & ,sab9es agre$ to live peaceably toge!r z citiz5s ( "o t[n1 "u ,romulus & ! ,sab9e1 ,tatius4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,tatius1 ,romulus reign$ alone1 & fram$ laws = ! two peoples4 ,dur+ a ?und]-/orm he 0 translat$ to ! skies1 & wor%ip$ z ! god ,quir9us 7#gaf ,b4,c474 ,aft] a ye> ,numa ,pompilius1 a ,sab9e1 0 elect$ k+ 7#gae-fgc ,b4,c474 ,he /ood 9 close int]c\rse ) ! gods1 0 full ( wisdom & ( ! _s ( peace4 ,he fram$ ! religi\s sy/em1 ) its v>i\s (fices & rites4 ,! gates ( ! temple ( ,janus1 clos$ only 9 peace1 7 %ut dur+ 8 mild reign4 ,he di$ ( old age1 )\t illness or pa94 ,! peaceful k+ 0 foll[$ by ! w>like k+1 ,tullus ,ho/ilius 7#fgc-fda ,b4,c474 ,w> breaks out ) ,alba4 ,! two armies face ea* o!r1 & ! conte/ is decid$ by ! s+le combat ( ! ?ree ,horatii1 *ampions ( ! ,romans1 & ! ?ree ,curiatii1 *ampions ( ,alba4 ,"o ,roman1 ! victor & sole survivor1 is l$ to ,rome 9 triumph4 ,?us ,alba became subject to ,rome4 ,aft]w>ds ,alba 0 de/roy$1 b ! ,albans became ,roman citiz5s4 ,! f\r? k+1 ,ancus ,m>cius 7#fda-faf ,b4,c471 lov$ peace1 b c\ld n avoid w>4 ,he f\ght aga9/ f\r ,lat9 t[ns1 br\ght _! inhabitants to ,rome1 & plant$ !m on ! ,av5t9e hill4 ,he =tifi$ ! hill ,janiculum1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,tib]1 & connect$ x by a wood5 bridge ) ! t[n4 ,! next k+ 0 by bir? an ,etruscan4 ,lucumo & 8 wife1 ,tanaquil1 emigrat$ to ,rome4 ,lucumo took ! "n ( ,lucius ,t>qu9ius1 0 /\t1 valiant1 & wise1 a c\nselor ( ,ancus1 & *os5 aft] him1 in/ead ( "o ( ! sons ( ,ancus1 ^: gu>dian he 04 ,t>qu9ius ,priscus 7#faf-egh ,b4,c47--= s he 0 call$--wag$ successful w>s ) ! ,sab9es1 ,lat9s1 & ,etruscans4 ,! ,etruscans own$ him = _! k+1 & s5t a cr[n ( gold1 a scept]1 an ivory *air1 an embroid]$ tunic1 a purple toga1 & twelve axes 9 z _m bundles ( rods4 ,he made a re=m ( ! laws4 ,he built ! temple ( ,jupit]1 or ! ,capitol1 laid out ! =um = a m>ket-place1 made a great sew] to dra9 ! l[] valleys ( ! city1 level$ a race-c\rse betwe5 ! ,av5t9e & ,palat9e hills1 & introduc$ games l ^? ( ! ,etruscans4 ,t>qu9ius 0 kill$ by ! sons ( ,ancus2 & ,s]vius ,tullius 7#egh-ecd ,b4,c471 ! son ( ,ocrisia1 a slave-woman1 & ( a god1 0 made k+ ?r\gh ! devices ( ,tanaquil4 ,he unit$ ! sev5 hills1 & built ! wall ( ,rome4 ,he remodel$ ! con/itution by ! c5sus & ! division ( ! c5turies4 ,"u him ,rome jo9$ ! ,lat9 league4 ,he 0 murd]$ by 8 flagiti\s son-9-law1 ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus 7#ecd-eaj ,b4,c47--,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d4 ,he rul$ z a despot1 surr\nd+ himself ) a bodygu>d1 &1 ^u false accusation1 inflict+ dea? on citiz5s ^: prop]ty he covet$4 ,by a trea*]\s s*eme1 he got possession ( ! t[n ( ,gabii4 ,he wag$ w> aga9/ ! ,volscians1 a p[]ful p on ! s\? ( ,latium4 ,he adorn$ ,rome ) _m build+s1 & liv$ 9 pomp & extravagance1 :ile ! p 7 impov]i%$ & helpless4 ,! inspir$ ,sibyl ( ,cumae (f]$ him1 ?r\gh a mess5g]1 n9e books ( prophecies4 ,! price requir$ excit$ 8 scorn1 :]eupon ! woman :o br\ght !m de/roy$ ?ree4 ,%e came back ) ! rema9+ six1 :i* %e (f]$ at ! same price4 ,on be+ refus$ 9 ! same mann]1 %e de/roy$ ano!r ?ree4 ,?is l$ ,t>qu9 to pay ! price :5 %e appe>$ ! ?ird "t ) ! books t 7 left4 ,!y 7 c>efully pres]v$ to ! end1 t 9 times ( dang] ! w ( ! gods might be le>n$4 ,ano!r /ory told ( ! haughty k+ 01 t1 :5 he _h gr[n old1 & 0 fright5$ by dreams & om5s1 he s5t 8 two sons to consult ! oracle at ,delphi4 ,) !m w5t 8 si/]'s son1 ,junius1 :o 0 call$ ,brutus on acc\nt ( 8 suppos$ sill9ess1 :i* 0 really feign$ to deceive ! tyrant4 ,! (f]+ :i* he br\ght to ! ,delphian god 0 a simple /aff4 ,8 c\s9s1 :o laugh$ at him1 did n "k t x 0 /uff$ ) gold4 ,! god1 9 answ] to a "q1 said t he w\ld reign at ,rome :o %\ld fir/ kiss 8 "m4 ,brutus div9$ ! s5se ( ! oracle1 pret5d$ to /umble1 & kiss$ ! "m e>?4 ,! cruel outrage ( ,sextus ,t>qu9ius1 ! k+'s son1 ( :i* ,lucretia1 ! wife ( _! c\s91 0 ! pure & innoc5t victim1 caus$ ! expulsion ( ! h\se ( ,t>qu91 & ! aboli%+ ( regal gov]nm5t4 ,h] fa!r & husb&1 ) ,brutus & ! noble ,publius ,val]ius ,poplicola1 to :om %e relat$ ! de$ ( %ame wr\ght by ,sextus1 swore1 at h] reque/1 to av5ge h] wrong4 ,%e h]self plung$ a dagg] into h] he>t1 & expir$4 ,brutus r\s$ ! p1 & drove out ! ,t>qu9s4 ,two consuls 7 appo9t$ 9 ! room ( ! k+1 :o %\ld rule = "o ye>4 ,brutus 0 "o4 ,:5 x 0 asc]ta9$ t 8 own sons _h tak5 "p 9 a conspiracy ( ! high] class to re/ore ,t>qu9ius1 ! /]n ,roman gave ord]s to ! lictors to sc\rge !m1 & to cut (f _! heads ) ! ax4 ,n[ ! s5ate & p decre$ t ! :ole race ( ,t>qu9ius %\ld be bani%$ = ev]4 ,t>qu9ius w5t among ! ,etruscans1 & secur$ ! aid ( ! p ( ,t>qu9ii1 & ( ,veii4 ,9 a battle1 ,aruns1 ! son ( ,t>qu9ius1 & ,brutus1 bo? m\nt$1 ran ^u "o ano!r1 & 7 sla94 ,ea* army m>*$ to its home4 ,t>qu9ius !n obta9$ ! help ( ,pors5a1 k+ ( ! ,etruscans1 ) a /rong army4 ,!y took ,janiculum2 b ,horatius ,cocles1 ) two companions1 po/$ himself at ! entrance ( ! bridge1 & kept ! place1 ,horatius rema9+ until ! bridge _h be5 torn away beh9d him4 ,he !n1 ) 8 armor on1 leap$ into ! riv]1 & swam back to ! %ore4 ,! t[n 0 h>d press$ by ! enemy & by fam9e4 ,mucius ,scaevola w5t into ,pors5a's camp1 resolv$ to kill him4 ,b he slew ano!r :om he mi/ook = ! k+4 ,:5 ?reat5$ ) dea?1 he ?ru/ 8 "r h& into ! fire1 to %[ t he _h no fe>4 ,pors5a1 admir+ 8 c\rage1 gave him 8 fre$om2 &1 on be+ in=m$ t ?ree hundr$ "y ,romans 7 sworn to und]take ! same de$ :i* ,mucius _h come to p]=m1 ,pors5a made peace )\t requir+ ! re/oration ( ,t>qu9ius4 ,t>qu9ius1 n despair+1 p]suad$ ! ,tusculans & o!r ,lat9s to beg9 w> aga9/ ,rome4 ,! ,romans appo9t$ a dictator to meet ! exig5cy1 ,m>cus ,val]ius4 ,9 a battle ne> ,lake ,regillus1 :5 ! ,romans began to give way1 ! dictator invok$ ,ca/or & ,pollux1 v[+ to d$icate a temple to !m 9 case he 0 victori\s4 ,two "y m5 on :ite *>g]s appe>$ at ! head ( ! ,roman troops1 & l$ !m to victory4 ,t>qu9ius n[ gave up 8 ef=t1 & w5t to ,cumae to ! tyrant ,ari/odemus1 :]e he liv$ until 8 dea?4 ,,tru? ,,9 ,,! ,,leg5ds4--,!re are c]ta9 facts :i* are emb$d$ 9 ! leg5ds4 ,alba 0 at "o "t ! head ( ! ,lat9 conf$]acy4 ,! ,sab9es invad$ ,latium1 settl$ on "s ( ! hills ( ,rome1 alli$ !mselves ) ! ,romans1 & ! two peoples 7 resolv$ into "o f$]al /ate4 ,?is la/ *ange 0 a v important /ep4 ,! tradition ( a d\bl+ ( ! s5ate & ( two k+s1 ,romulus & ,taiius1 al?\gh n 9 lit]al =m hi/orical1 is believ$ to be a rem9isc5ce ( ?is union4 ,x is ?\ght t ! e>lie/ royalty 0 prie/ly 9 its "*1 & t ?is 0 sup]s$$ by a milit>y k+%ip4 ,x is probable t ! ,etruscans :o _h made mu* progress 9 civilization1 9 ! arts & 9 manufactures1 ga9$ ! upp] h& 9 ,latium4 ,! insignia ( ! ,roman k+s 7 ,etruscan4 ,! ,etruscan k+s 7 driv5 out4 ,!re 7 advances 9 civilization "u !m1 ! division ( ! p into classes took place1 & at t p]iod /ructures l ! ,s]vian wall 7 built4 ,,patricians ,,& ,,plebeians4--,! ,romans f ! beg9n+ 7 divid$ into ! upp] class1 ! ,patricians1 & ! common p1 or ,plebeians1 :o 7 free1 b1 l ! p]ioeci & metoeci 9 ,greece1 _h no political rights4 ,! plebeians1 z !y includ$ ! conqu]$ class1 7 n all poor4 ,a "p ( !m1 :o 7 "u ! special protection ( citiz5s1 _! ,patrons1 7 call$ ,cli5ts4 ,! patricians 7 ! desc5dants ( ! fir/ settl]s & proprietors4 ,"u ! old con/itution1 ascrib$ 9 ! leg5ds to ,romulus1 ! patricians alone =m$ ! milit>y =ce1 & 7 /yl$ ! ,populus4 ,!y 7 divid$ into curiae 7di/ricts or w>ds71 at fir/ t5 9 numb]1 &1 aft] ! union ( ! ,romans ) ! ,tities & ,luc]es1 ?irty4 ,ea* curia 0 divid$ into t5 families1 or g5tes4 ,! assembly ( ! citiz5s 0 call$ ! ,comitia ,curiata4 ,! ,comitia *ose ! ,k+4 ,! ,s5ate 0 a c\ncil ( eld]s repres5t+ 9 "s way ! g5tes4 ,! clan1 or g5s1 0 always ( great consequ5ce among ! ,romans4 ,its "n 0 a "p ( ! prop] "n ( e citiz54 ,! p>ticul> or individual names 9 vogue 7 n num]\s4 ,! "n ( ! g5s 0 plac$ betwe5 ! p]sonal "n1 or ! pra5om51 & ! designation ( ! special family 7includ$ 9 ! g5s74 ,?us 9 ! case ( ,caius ,julius ,caes>1 ,julius 0 ! designation ( ! g5s1 ,caes>1 ( ! family1 :ile ,caius 0 ! p]sonal "n4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,con/itution4--,! ,s]vian con/itution made all l&-own]s1 :e!r patrician or plebeian1 subject to taxation1 & oblig$ to d milit>y s]vice4 ,! cavalry--! ,equites1 or knights1--0 made up1 by add+ to ! six patrician companies already exi/+1 d\ble ! numb] f bo? classes4 ,! infantry 7 organiz$ )\t ref]5ce to rank1 b 7 grad$ accord+ to _! prop]ty4 ,! :ole p 7 divid$ ?us into five classes1 &1 :5 assembl$1 =m$ ! ,comitia ,c5turiata1--z be+ made up ( ! companies call$ c5turies1 or hundr$s4 ,at fir/ ?is body 0 only consult$ by ! k+ 9 reg>d to (f5sive w>s4 ,gradually x drew away m & m p[] f ! ,comitia ,curiata1 :i* consi/$ solely ( patricians4 ,^? :o _h no l& 7 n[ di/+ui%$ f ! l&-own+ plebeians4 ,= ! purposes ( conscription1 ! city 0 divid$ into f\r ,tribes1 or w>ds4 ,e f\r ye>s a c5sus 0 to be tak54 ,,magi/rates4--,:5 ! k+%ip 0 aboli%$1 & "u ! sy/em t foll[$1 ! two ,consuls 7 to be patricians4 ,!y ex]cis$ regal p[] dur+ _! t]m ( (fice4 ,!y appo9t$ ! s5ators & ! two ,quae/ors1 :o came to h *>ge ( ! treasury1 "u consul> sup]vision4 ,! consuls 7 att5d$ by twelve ,lictors1 :o c>ri$ ! fasces--bundles ( rods fa/5$ ar\nd an ax1--:i* symboliz$ ! p[] ( ! magi/rate to flog or to behead (f5d]s4 ,! ,comitia ,c5turiata acquir$ ! "r to elect ! consuls1 to he> appeals 9 capital cases f _! v]dicts1 & to accept or reject bills laid be=e x4 ,?is 0 a great ga9 = ! plebeians4 ,yet ! patricians 7 /rong en\gh 9 ?is assembly to control its action4 ,on occasions ( extraord9>y p]il1 a ,dictator might be select$ by "o ( ! consuls1 :o 0 to h absolute au?ority = ! "t4 ,! ,s5ate commonly _h an important "p1 h[ev]1 9 ! selection ( ?is (fic]4 ,!re 0 a ,ma/] ( ,horse to comm& ! knights "u him4 ,he 0 appo9t$ by ! dictator4 ,,religion4--,wor%ip 9 families 0 conduct$ by ! head ( ! h\sehold1 ! pat]familias1 :o (f]$ ! regul> sacrifices4 ,b1 z reg>ds ! :ole p1 wor%ip 0 "u ! direction ( ! pontiffs1 ) ! *ief pontiff1 ! ,pontifex ,maximus1 at _! head1 & 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/s4 ,^! 7 all (fic]s ( ! /ate1 elect$ to _! places1 & entirely subord9ate to ! civil magi/rates4 ,! pontiffs 7 n s mu* prie/s z !y 7 gu>dians & int]pret]s ( div9e law4 ,!y 7 ma/]s ( sacr$ lore4 ,!y look$ out t ! numb]less & complex rules 9 respect to religi\s obs]vances %\ld be /rictly compli$ )4 ,at ! same "t !y _h en\gh k ( a/ronomy to enable !m to fix ! days suitable = ! transaction ( bus9ess1 public or private4 ,!y _h ! control ( ! cal5d>4 ,! ,augurs consult$ ! w ( ! gods z disclos$ 9 om5s4 ,! augur1 8 eyes rais$ to ! sky1 ) 8 /aff m>k$ (f ! heav5s into f\r qu>t]s1 & !n wat*$ = ! passage ( birds1 f :i* he took ! auspices4 ,9 e>ly times1 !re 0 an implicit fai? 9 ^! suppos$ indications ( ! w ( ! div9ities2 b ?is cr$ulity pass$ away1 & ! auguries became a political in/rum5t = help+ =w>d ! s*emes ( "s p]son or p>ty4 ,besides ! college ( pontiffs & ! college ( augurs1 !re 0 ! college ( ,fetiales1 :o 7 ! gu>dians ( ! public fai? 9 relation to o!r peoples1 & p]=m$ ! rites att5d+ ! decl>ation ( w> or ! conclusion ( peace4 ,! ,soo?say]s 7h>uspices7 7 ( ,etruscan orig94 ,!y asc]ta9$ ! w ( ! gods by inspect+ ! entrails ( ! slaught]$ victims4 ,! ,flam5s 7 ! prie/s hav+ *>ge ( ! wor%ip ( p>ticul> div9ities4 ,! ,ve/als 7 virg9 prie/esses ( ,ve/a1 :o m9i/]$ 9 h] temple1 & kept ! sacr$ fire f be+ ext+ui%$4 ,! *ief gods wor%ip$ by ! ,romans 7 ,jupit]1 god ( ! sky2 8 wife1 ,juno1 ! goddess ( mat]nity2 ,m9]va1 ! goddess ( wisdom2 ,apollo1 ! god ( augury & ! arts2 ,diana1 ! goddess ( ! *ase & ar*]y2 ,m>s1 ! god ( w>2 ,bellona1 ! goddess ( w>2 ,ve/a1 patron ( ! ,roman /ate & ( ! national he>?/one2 ,c]es1 ! goddess ( agriculture2 ,saturnus1 ! patron ( husb&ry2 ,h]cules1 ! ,greek god1 e>ly naturaliz$ 9 ,italy z ! god ( ga9 & ( m]cantile contracts2 ,m]cury1 ! god ( trade2 ,neptune god ( ! sea4 ,v5us 0 an old ,roman goddess1 :o presid$ ov] g>d5s1 b gradually 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,grecian ,aphrodite4 ,l>es & ,p5ates 7 h\sehold div9ities1 gu>dians ( ! family4 ,! ,romans assign$ a _s to almo/ e ?+4 ,ea* individual _h 8 own protect+ g5ius4 ,janus 0 ! god ( beg9n+s1 ,t]m9us 0 ! god ( ! b\nd>y1 ,silvanus ( ! =e/1 ,v]tumnus ( ! circl+ ye>4 ,! f>m]1 9 ea* "p ( 8 labor1--9 h>r[+1 pl[+1 s[+1 etc41--invok$ a _s4 ,s m>riage1 bir?1 & e natural ev5t _h ea* a sacr$ life ( its own4 ,n less ?an =ty-?ree di/9ct div9ities are spok5 ( by "n z hav+ to d ) ! actions ( a *ild4 ,?us ! numb] ( div9ities 0 c\ntless4 ,gods 7 great or small1 accord+ to ! dep>tm5t ( nature or ( life :]e !y sev]ally 7 pres5t & active4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,rome ,,"u ,,! ,,patricians 7#eji-cjd ,b4,c474 ,,rivalry ,,( ,,classes4--,! aboli%+ ( royalty left ,rome z a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,! p[] grant$ to ! ,comitia ,c5turiata did n suffice to produce cont5tm5t4 ,! patricians /ill decid$ e ?+1 & us$ _! /r5g? 9 an oppressive way4 ,besides ! /&+ conte/ betwe5 ! patricians & plebeians1 !re 0 great suff]+ on ! side ( ! poor] class ( plebeians4 ,_m 7 oblig$ to incur debts2 & _! cr$itors en=c$ ! rigor\s law aga9/ !m1 load+ !m ) *a9s1 & driv+ _! families f _! homes4 ,a great & con/ant grievance 0 ! tak+ by ! patricians ( ! public l&s :i* _h be5 obta9$ by conque/1 = a mod]ate r5t1 :i* might n be paid at all4 ,if !y grant$ a %>e 9 ?is privilege to "s ri* plebeian h\ses1 ?is af=d$ no help to ! mass ( ! p1 :o 7 m & m depriv$ ( ! opportunity to till ! small] hold+s 9 consequ5ce ( ! employm5t ( slaves4 ,yet ! plebeians _h to be> ! burd5 ( milit>y s]vice4 ,at l5g? !y rose 9 a body1 probably 9 return+ f "s victory1 & encamp$ on a hill1 ! ,sacr$ ,m\nt1 ?ree miles f ,rome1 :]e !y ?reat5$ to /ay1 & f\nd ano!r t[n4 ,?is bold movem5t l$ to an agreem5t4 ,x 0 /ipulat$ t !y %\ld elect magi/rates f _! own class1 to be call$ ,tribunes ( ! ,p1 :o %\ld h ! "r to int]pose an absolute veto ^u any legal or adm9i/rative measure4 ,?is "r ea* consul already _h 9 relation to 8 colleague4 ,to secure ! commons 9 ?is new "r1 ! tribunes 7 decl>$ to be inviolable4 ,:oev] us$ viol5ce aga9/ !m 0 to be an outlaw4 ,! p[] ( ! tribunes at fir/ 0 m]ely protective4 ,b _! p[] grew until x became controll+4 ,"o po9t :]e _! au?ority 0 apt to be ex]t$ 0 9 ! conscription1 or milit>y enrollm5t4 ,?is1 if x 7 und]tak5 9 an unfair way1 !y c\ld /op altoge!r1 & ?us compel a *ange4 ,,! ,,plebeian ,,assembly4--,n f> f ?is "t1 !re 0 in/itut$ a new assembly1 ! ,comitia ( ,tribes1 or ,comitia ,tributa4 ,!re 0 a new division ( ! p into tribes or w>ds1--fir/ tw5ty1 !n tw5ty-"o1 &1 lat]1 ?irty-five4 ,9 ?is comitia1 ! plebeians 7 at ! outset1 if n always1 ! exclusive vot]s4 ,! patricians _h _! assembly1 ! ,comitia ,curiata4 ,! ,comitia ( ! ,tribes1 :i* 0 !n controll$ by ! plebeians1 *ose ! tribunes4 ,by degrees1 bo? ! o!r assemblies lo/ _! importance4 ,! plebeian body m & m ext5d$ its pr]ogatives4 ,besides ! tribunes1 ! ,a$iles1 two 9 numb]1 :o 7 assi/ants ( ! tribunes1 & sup]9t5d$ ! bus9ess ( ! m>kets1 7 *os5 by ! ,comitia ,tributa4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,cassius4--,! anxiety ( ! plebeians to be rid ( ! re/rictions ^u ! hold+ & enjoym5t ( l&1 l$ to ! proposal ( a law = _! relief by ! consul ,spurius ,cassius 7#dhf ,b4,c474 ,( ! t]ms ( ! law1 we h no precise k4 ,we only "k1 t1 :5 he retir$ f (fice1 he 0 condemn$ & put to dea? by ! rul+ class4 ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,aequians ,,& ,,! ,,volscians4--,ab\t ?is "t ,rome conclud$ a league ) ! ,lat9s1 & soon aft] ) ano!r p1 ! ,h]nicans1 :o liv$ f>!r ea/w>d1 betwe5 !1 ,aequians & ,volscians4 ,x 0 a def5sive alliance1 9 :i* ,rome _h ! lead+ place4 ,!n foll[ ! w>s ) ! ,aequians & ,volscians1 :]e ! traditional acc\nts are m+l$ ) _m fictiti\s occurr5ces4 ,!re are two /ories ( special note1--! /ory ( ,coriolanus1 & ! /ory ( ,c9c9natus4 ,x is relat$ t a brave patrician1 ,caius ,m>cius ,coriolanus1 at a "t :5 gra9 0 sc>ce1 & 0 procur$ ) difficulty f ,etruria & ,sicily = ! relief ( ! fami%+1 propos$ t x %\ld be )held f ! plebeians unless !y w\ld give up ! tribunate4 ,! ang] ( ?is class1 & ! contempt :i* he %[$ = x1 caus$ him to be bani%$4 ,!reupon he w5t to ! ,volscians1 & l$ an army aga9/ ,rome1--an army too /rong to be resi/$4 ,"o deputation aft] ano!r w5t out ( ! city to placate him1 b 9 va94 ,at l5g? ,veturia1 8 "m1 & ,volumnia1 8 wife1 at ! head ( a company ( matrons1 w5t to 8 camp1 & entreat$ him4 ,_! pray] he c\ld n d5y1 b exclaim$1 ,o my "m6 ,rome ?\ ha/ sav$1 b ?\ ha/ lo/ ?y son4 ,he di$ among ! ,volscians 7#dia ,b4,c474 ,! tale1 c]ta9ly 9 mo/ ( its p>ts1 is fictiti\s4 ,= example1 he is said to h be5 call$ ,coriolanus1 f hav+ previ\sly conqu]$ ,corioli2 b su* designations 7 n giv5 among ! ,romans until c5turies lat]4 ,! /ory ( ,c9c9natus 9 ess5tial p>ticul>s is probably true4 ,at a "t :5 ! ,romans 7 h>d press$ by ! quians1 ! mess5g]s ( ! ,s5ate wait$ on ,lucius ,qu9ctius ,c9c9natus1 =m]ly a s5ator & a consul ( r5[n 9 peace & w>1 & ask$ him to become dictator4 ,!y f\nd him pl[+ 9 8 field4 ,he accept$ ! po/1 by 8 prud5ce & vigor deliv]$ ! /ate1 & on ! sixte5? day laid d[n 8 (fice1 & w5t back to 8 f>m4 ,! "t requir$ by ! h]o = 8 task 0 d\btless mu* long] ?an ! leg5d all[s4 ,!re is an au!ntic tradition ( a w> ) ! ,etruscans1 :o _h reta9$ c]ta9 t[ns on ! ,roman side ( ! ,tib]4 ,! ,romans e/abli%$ a =t on ! ,crem]a1 n f> f ,veii1 :i* 0 "o ( !m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is /ruggle1 x is said t all ! ,fabii1--a di/+ui%$ ,roman family1--except "o boy1 7 p]fidi\sly sla94 ,?is is an exagg]at$ tale4 ,a truce 0 conclud$ ) ,veii-9 #dgd ,b4,c4 = =ty ye>s1 :i* left ,rome free to fight h] enemies on ! ea/ & s\?4 ,,! ,,decemvirs4--,! int]nal conflict ( ! patricians aga9/ ! commons 9 ,rome w5t on4 ,9 #dga ,b4,c4 ! ,publilian ,law 0 pass$ to e/abli% fully ! "r ( ! plebeians alone to elect _! tribunes1 or to exclude ! upp] class f _! comitia4 ,! claims ( ! plebeians1 :o =m$ ! great] "p ( ! fight+ m51 rose4 ,!y dem&$ fir/1 h[ev]1 t !y %\ld h ! same private rights z ! patricians1 & t ! laws %\ld be made m effici5t = _! protection by be+ r$uc$ to a code4 ,?is 0 ! object ( ! ,t]5tilian ,law1 propos$ 9 #dfb4 ,! result 0 a great dispute4 ,"s concessions fail$ to satisfy ! plebeians4 ,f9ally x 0 agre$ t t5 m51 ,decemvirs1 %\ld be *os5 indiscrim9ately f bo? classes to frame a code1 !y1 meantime1 to sup]s$e ! consuls & tribunes 9 ! ex]cise ( ! gov]nm5t 7#dea ,b4,c474 ,!y 7 to equalize ! laws1 & to write !m d[n4 ,! /ory ( ! mission to ,a!ns = ! /udy ( ! laws ( ,solon1 is n wor?y ( cr$it4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t _m ob/acles 7 put 9 ! way ( ! project by ! cons]vative patricians1 & t "o ( _! ord]1 ,appius ,claudius1 took a prom95t "p1 probably on ! side ( ! p4 ,,virg9ius4--,"h comes 9 ! /ory ( ,virg9ia4 ,x is relat$ t ,appius ,claudius 0 an ambiti\s & bad man1 :o1 be+ "o ( ! decemvirs1 wi%$ to hold on to p[]4 ,he conceiv$ a base passion = ! daught] ( ,virg9ius1 a brave plebeian c5turion1 & claim$ h] on ! pret5se t %e 0 ! daught] ( "o ( 8 slaves4 ,/&+ at 8 judgm5t-seat1 ,virg9ius1 see+ t he c\ld d no?+ to save 8 *ild f ! clut* ( ! villa9\s judge1 plung$ 8 dagg] 9 h] he>t4 ,?is 0 ! signal = ano!r revolt ( ! p1 :i* extort$ ! cons5t ( ! upp] class to ! sacr$ laws & ! re/oration ( ! tribune%ip4 ,x is a plausible !ory t ,appius ,claudius favor$ ! plebeian claims1 & t ! tale told above is a lat] inv5tion to 8 discr$it4 ,,political ,,equality4--,! laws ( ! twelve tables lay at ! basis ( all subsequ5t legislation 9 ,rome1 & 7 always held 9 rev]5ce4 ,! plebeians soon ga9$ fur!r advantages4 ,9 #ddi ,b4,c41 x 0 orda9$1 "u ! consuls ,horatius & ,val]ius1 t ! plebeian assembly ( tribes %\ld be a sov]eign assembly1 ^: enactm5ts %\ld be b9d+ on ! :ole ,roman p4 ,9 #dde ,b4,c41 ! law ( ,canuleius legaliz$ m>riage betwe5 ! plebeians & patricians4 ,?is 0 an important /ep t[>ds ! clos] union ( ! two classes4 ,! executive p[] 0 /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! patricians4 ,b 9 #ddd a new (fice1 t ( milit>y tribunes ) consul> p[]1 to be *os5 f ! plebeians1 0 e/abli%$4 ,by way ( (fset to ?is great concession1 a new patrician (fice1 t ( ,c5sor1 0 creat$4 ,! function ( ! two c5sors1 :o 7 to be *os5 by ! ,comitia ,c5turiata1 0 to take ! c5sus at %ort int]vals1 to make out ! tax-li/s1 to appo9t s5ators & knights1 to manage ! collection ( taxes1 to sup]9t5d public build+s1 &1 f9ally1 to ex]cise an indef9ite sup]vision ov] public mann]s & morals4 ,^! 7 v great p[]s4 ,we f9d t consid]able "t elaps$ be=e ! plebeians actually realiz$ ! advantage :i* !y _h legally won 9 ?is compromise4 ,ab\t ! ye> #djj1 !y succe$$ 9 elect+ sev]al milit>y tribunes4 ,z e>ly z #daj ,b4,c4 ?ree out ( ! f\r treasur]s1 or payma/]s 7qu/ors71 7 plebeians4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s aft] 7#cfg ,b4,c471 !y obta9$1 by ! ,lic9ian ,laws1 ! political equality = :i* !y _h s long cont5d$4 ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,etruscans4--,b be=e ?is result %\ld be rea*$1 o!r ev5ts ( mu* consequ5ce 7 to occur4 ,! ,etruscans1 :o 7 n only pr(ici5ts 9 ! arts1 b 7 also active 9 trade & comm]ce1 _h be5 defeat$ at sea by ! ,greeks1 9 #dgd ,b4,c4 ,b on ! nor? !y _h a m =midable foe 9 ! ,gauls1 by :om _! p[] 0 weak5$4 ,! ,romans took advantage ( ! situation to lay siege to ,veii1 :i*1 aft] t5 ye>s1 0 captur$ by _! g5]al1 ,m>cus ,furius ,camillus4 ,! capture ( o!r t[ns foll[$4 ,x 0 told ( ,camillus t ,fal]ii surr5d]$ to him ( its own accord1 = 8 magnanimity 9 s5d+ back a trea*]\s s*oolma/] :o _h tak5 out to 8 camp ! sons ( ! *ief citiz5s4 ,camillas ti$ 8 h&s beh9d him1 & ord]$ ! boys to flog him back into ! city4 ,camillus 0 s5t into exile1 x 0 relat$1 on a *>ge ( inju/ice 9 divid+ ! booty obta9$ at ,veii4 ,,invasion ,,( ,,! ,,gauls4--,b ! ,romans jo9$ ) ! ,etruscans 9 ! attempt to drive back a dread$ enemy ( bo?1 ! ,gauls4 ,9 ! battle ( ! ,allia1 a brook elev5 miles nor? ( ,rome1 on ! #ah? ( ,july1 #cij ,b4,c41 ! ,roman army 0 r\t$ by !m1 & ,rome left )\t ! means ( def5se4 ,all ! p fl$1 except a few brave m51 :o %ut !mselves up 9 ! ,capitol1 &1 accord+ to ! tradition1 "s ag$ patricians1 :o1 9 _! robes ( /ate1 wait$ = ! enemy4 ,! ,gauls1 "u ,br5nus1 ru%$ 91 & plund]$ & burn$ ! city4 ,9 lat] times ! /ory 0 told1 t1 :5 ! ,gauls 7 climb+ up to ! ,capitol secretly by night1 ! cackl+ ( ! geese awoke ,m>cus ,manlius1 & s ! enemy 0 repuls$4 ,!re 0 ano!r /ory1 t1 :5 ! ,romans 7 pay+ ! ransom requir$ by ,br5nus1 & compla9$ ( false weight1 ! insol5t ,gaul ?rew 8 sword into ! scale1 exclaim+1 ,woe to ! conqu]$6 & t j !n ,camillus appe>$1 & drove ! ,gauls out ( ! city4 ,?is is c]ta91 t ! ,gauls retir$ ( _! own free w f _! occupation ( ! city4 ,! de/ruction ( ! temples involv$ ! loss ( e>ly *ronicles1 :i* w\ld h giv5 u bett] in=mation z to ! times prec$+4 ,! city 0 rebuilt )\t mu* delay4 ,,! ,,lic9ian ,,laws4--,! agitation = political re=m soon comm5c$ aga94 ,! ,lic9ian ,laws1 :i* make an epo* 9 ! controv]sy ( p>ties1 7 propos$ 9 #cgf1 b 7 n pass$ until #cfg4 ,besides provisions = ! relief ( debtors & = limit+ ! numb] ( acres ( public l&s to be held by an individual1 x 0 enact$ t ! milit>y tribune%ip %\ld be giv5 up1 & t at lea/ "o ( ! two consuls mu/ be *os5 f ! plebeians4 ,a new patrician (fice1 ! praetor%ip1 0 f\nd$1 ! hold]s ( :i* 7 to gov]n 9 ! abs5ce ( ! consuls4 ,! patricians did n at once cease f ! ef=t to keep ! re9s 9 _! h&s4 ,sev]al times !y broke ! law1 & put 9 two patrician consuls4 ,!y yield$ at la/1 h[ev]2 &1 z e>ly z ! ye> #cjj1 all ,roman (fices 7 op5 to all ,roman citiz5s4 ,! patrician ord] became a social1 n a legal1 di/9ction4 ,a new sort ( nobility1 made up ( bo? patricians & plebeians1 ^: families _h longe/ held public (fices1 gradually arose4 ,^! 7 ! optimates4 ,! ,s5ate became ! pr9cipal executive body4 ,x 0 recruit$ by ! c5sors1 pr9cipally f ^? :o _h held high /ations & 7 upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s old4 ,"o c5sor 0 requir$ to be a plebeian4 ,! condition ( ! p 0 improv$ by o!r enactm5ts1 "o ( :i* 79 #cbf or #cac7 secur$ to ! debtor 8 p]sonal fre$om 9 case he %\ld transf] 8 prop]ty to ! cr$itor4 ,at ab\t ?is "t1 !re 0 a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! army4 ,! sort ( arms assign$ 0 no long] to dep5d on prop]ty qualifications4 ,!re 7 to be ?ree l9es 9 battle1--! fir/ two to c>ry a %ort spe> 7pilum71 & ! ?ird ! long lance 7ha/a74 ,,inful5ce ,,( ,,p>ty ,,conflicts4--,! long conte/ ( p>ties 9 ,rome 0 an invaluable political education4 ,x 0 att5d$ ) little blood%$4 ,x involv$ discussion on que/ions ( ju/ice & "r1 & on ! be/ civil con/itution4 ,x 0 n unlike p>ty conflicts 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,x tra9$ ! ,romans 9 a habit ( judici\s compromise1 ( p]sev]ance 9 ass]t+ j claims1 & ( yield+ to j dem&s4 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,to ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,italy4 7#cjd-bfd ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,lat9s ,,& ,,italians 7#cjd-bhb ,b4,c474 ,,w>s ,,) ,,! ,,gauls4--,! increas$ vigor produc$ by ! adju/m5t ( ! conflict ( classes manife/$ itself 9 a s]ies ( m9or w>s4 ,! ,romans 7 n[ able to face ! ,gauls1 :o _h p]man5tly plant$ !mselves 9 ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,aga9/ !m !y wag$ f\r w>s 9 succession1 ! la/ ( :i* end$ 9 a signal victory = ! ,roman side 7#cfg-cdi74 ,w>s ) ! ,etruscan cities br\ght ! :ole ( ,s\!rn ,etruria "u ,roman rule 7#ceh-cea74 ,,fir/ ,,samnite ,,w>4--,! neighbor t 0 ! h>de/ = ! ,romans to conqu] 0 ! nation ( ,samnites1 :o liv$ among ! ,ap5n9es ( ,c5tral ,italy1 ea/ ( ,latium4 ,! conflict ) ?is t\gh tribe la/$1 ) int]missions1 = fifty ye>s4 ,! imm$iate occasion ( ! /ruggle 0 ! appeal ( ,capua--a ,greek city 9 ,campania 9 :i* ,samnites _h be=e settl$--= help aga9/ _! k9sm5 9 ! m\nta9s 7#cdc74 ,?is pray] ! ,romans grant$ :5 ,capua _h plac$ itself "u _! sway4 ,9 ! fir/ battle1 ! ,romans "u ,val]ius ,corvus won ! day4 ,a second ,roman army 0 rescu$ f imm95t dang] by ! h]oism ( ! eld] ,decius ,mus1 & a ,roman victory foll[$4 ,aft] a ?ird victory at ,suessula1 ! ,romans1 on acc\nt ( ! ?reat5+ attitude ( _! ,lat9 conf$]ates1 made peace4 ,! ,samnites1 too1 7 involv$ 9 a w> ) ,t>5tum1 a ,greek city on ! ea/]n coa/4 ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,lat9s4--,! ,lat9s 7 n dispos$ to recognize ,rome any long] z ! head ( ! league4 ,!y dem&$ p]fect equality & an equal %>e ( ! ,roman public (fices 7#cdj74 ,9 a battle ne> ,vesuvius1 ! plebeian consul1 ,decius ,mus1 hav+ devot$ himself to dea? = 8 c\ntry1 rode into ! ?icke/ ranks ( ! enemy1 & p]i%$1 hav+ secur$ victory = ! ,roman army4 ,be=e ! battle1 ! patrician consul1 ,titus ,manlius1 puni%$ 8 son ) dea? = presum+ to und]take1 )\t ord]s1 a milit>y exploit1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 he _h succe$$4 ,aft] a second victory ( ,manlius at ,trifanum1 ! ,lat9s 7 subdu$ 7#cdj71 ! league 0 brok5 up1 & mo/ ( ! cities 7 made subject to ,rome1 acquir+ citiz5%ip )\t ! "r ( suffrage2 b !y 7 =bidd5 to trade or to int]m>ry ) "o ano!r4 ,"s became ,roman colonies4 ,sev]al _h to c$e l&s1 :i* 7 apportion$ among ,roman citiz5s4 ,! beaks 7ro/ra7 ( ! old %ips ( ,antium ornam5t$ ! ,roman =um4 ,colonies ( ,roman citiz5s 7 settl$ 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,volscii & 9 ,campania4 ,?is 0 an example ( ! ,roman me?od ( sep>at+ vanqui%$ places f "o ano!r1 & ( inclos+ z 9 a net conqu]$ t]ritories4 ,,second ,,samnite ,,w>4--,! e/abli%m5t by ! ,romans ( ! milit>y colony ( ,fregellae1 9 connection ) o!r encroa*m5ts1 br\ght on ! second ,samnite w>1 :i* la/$ = tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,! prize ( ! conte/ 0 really ! dom9ion ov] ,italy4 ,a great mis=tune befell ! ,roman arms 9 #cba4 ,! incauti\s consuls1 ,vetur9us & ,po/umius1 all[$ !mselves to be surr\nd$ 9 ! ,caud9e ,pass1 :]e !y 7 compell$ to capitulate1 swe> to a treaty ( peace1 & give up six hundr$ ,roman knights z ho/ages4 ,! :ole ,roman army 0 compell$ to pass "u ! yoke4 ,! ,roman ,s5ate refus$ to sanction ! treaty1 & gave up ! consuls1 at _! own reque/1 9 fett]s to ! ,samnites4 ,! ,samnites refus$ to receive !m1 sp>$ ! ho/ages1 & began ! w> anew4 ,! ,roman consuls1 ,papirius ,cursor & ,fabius ,maximus1 ga9$ a victory at ,capua1 drove ! ,samnites out ( ,campania1 & reconqu]$ ,fregellae4 ,a great milit>y road1 ! ,appian ,way1 ! rema9s ( :i* may /ill be se51 0 built f ,rome to ,capua 7#cab74 ,! ,etruscan cities jo9$ 9 ! w> aga9/ ,rome4 ,all ,etruria 0 9 arms to ov]come ! advanc+ p[] ( ! ,romans4 ,! coalition 0 brok5 by ! great defeat ( ! ,etrurians at ! ,vadimonian ,lake1 9 #caj4 ,! ,samnites _h _! num]\s allies2 b ! ob/9ate valor ( ! ,romans1 :o 7 disc\rag$ by no rev]ses1 triumph$4 ,! capture ( ,bovianum1 ! capital ( ! ,samnite league 7#cje71 end$ ! w>4 ,! ,samnites su$ = peace4 ,! old treaties 7 r5ew$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is protract$ /ruggle1 v>i\s ,roman colonies 7 e/abli%$1 & milit>y roads 7 con/ruct$4 ,,?ird ,,samnite ,,w>4--,peace 0 n ( long cont9uance4 ,! ,samnites once m arm$ !mselves = a desp]ate conflict1 hav+ on _! side ! ,etruscans1 ! ,umbrians1 & ! ,gauls 7#cjj74 ,! ,italian peoples1 :i* _h be5 at w> ) "o ano!r1 jo9$ h&s 9 ?is conte/ aga9/ ! common enemy4 ,a decisive battle 0 f\ght at ,s5t9um1--:]e ,decius ,mus ! y\ng]1 foll[+ 8 fa!r's example1 devot$ himself to dea?1--result+ 9 ! defeat ( ! ,samnites1 & ( _! allies 7#bie74 ,soon aft]1 ! ,samnite g5]al1 ,pontius1 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,romans4 ,! ,samnites kept up ! conte/ = sev]al ye>s4 ,b 9 #bij !y f\nd t !y c\ld hold out no long]4 ,! ,romans secur$ !mselves by =tresses & by colonies1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 0 t ( ,v5usia1 at ! b\nd>y ( ,samnium1 ,apulia1 & ,lucania1 :]e !y plac$ tw5ty ?\s& coloni/s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,w> ,,) ,,pyrrhus ,,& ,,union ,,( ,,italy 7#bhb-bfd ,b4,c474 ,,t>5tum ,,& ,,pyrrhus4--,! ,samnites 7 ov]come4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans 7 n[ to come into clos] int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1--an int]c\rse de/9$ to be s mom5t\s 9 its effect on ea* ( ! two k9dr$ races1 &1 ?r\gh _! jo9t influ5ce1 on ! :ole subsequ5t c\rse ( ,european hi/ory4 ,alex&] ! ,great _h di$ too soon to p]mit him to engage 9 any plan ( conque/ 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 ! w>s ( 8 successors ! ,romans _h /ood alo(4 ,n[ !y 7 br\ght into conflict ) a ,greek mon>*1 ,pyrrhus1 k+ ( ,epirus1 :o 0 a relative ( ,alex&]1 & _h m>ri$ into ! royal family ( ,egypt4 ,he 0 a man ( fasc9at+ p]son & address1 a brilliant & fam\s soldi]1 b adv5tur\s1 & lack+ ! coolness & prud5ce requisite to c>ry out 8 project ( build+ up an ,hell5ic ,empire 9 ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,samnite coalition1 ! ,lucanians _h r5d]$ decisive support to ! ,romans4 ,?is 0 "o reason :y ,t>5tum1 ! ri* & prosp]\s ,dorian city on ! ,t>5t9e ,gulf1 _h be5 a spectator ( ! conte/ 9 :i* x _h abundant occasion to feel a deep int]e/4 ,rome _h giv5 up to ! ,lucanians ! non-,dorian ,greek cities 9 t region4 ,b :5 !y s\ght to subdue ,?urii1 & ! ,?ur9es bes\ght ! help ( ,rome1 (f]+ to submit !mselves to h]1 ! ,romans w>n$ ! ,lucanians to desi/4 ,?is l$ to ano!r comb9ation aga9/ ,rome1 9 :i* !y took "p4 ,a ,roman army 0 de/roy$ by ! ,s5onian ,gauls4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! ,romans slaught]$1 or drove out ( ,umbria1 ?is p1 &1 ga9+ o!r decisive victories1 put _! g>risons into ,locri1 ,crotona1 & ,?urii4 ,! ,romans 7 already ma/]s ( ,c5tral ,italy4 ,only ! ,greek cities on ! s\? rema9$ = !m to conqu]4 ,x 0 high "t = ,t>5tum to be/ir itself4 ,x 0 f ! side ( ,t>5tum t ! imm$iate provocation came4 ,! ,t>5t9es 7 li/5+ to a play 9 ! !at] z t5 ,roman %ips came into ! h>bor4 ,"u a sudd5 impulse ( wra?1 a mob attack$ !m1 & de/roy$ five ( !m4 ,ev5 !n ! ,romans 7 9 no ha/e to engage 9 ho/ilities4 ,! ,t>5t9es !mselves 7 divid$ z to ! policy be/ to be pursu$4 ,b ! w>-p>ty _h ! m voices4 ,an embassy 0 dispat*$ to solicit ! help ( ,pyrrhus4 ,at ,t>5tum an embassy f ,rome 0 treat$ ) contempt4 ,pyrrhus came ov] ) a l>ge army4 ,he oblig$ ! ,t>5t9es !mselves to arm1 & to jo9 8 =ces4 ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,! ,romans 7 fully alive to ! p]il1 & prep>$ to meet x4 ,ev5 ! prolet>ians1 :o 7 n liable to milit>y s]vice1 7 enroll$4 ,! fir/ great battle took place at ,h]aclea1 ne> ! little riv] ,siris 7#bhj ,b4,c474 ,!n ! ,roman cohort & ! ,mac$onian phalanx met = ! fir/ "t4 ,x 0 a collision ( tra9$ m]c5>y troops ) ! citiz5 soldi]y ( ,rome4 ,x 0 a /ruggle betwe5 ! ,greek & ! ,roman = ! asc5d5cy4 ,! confusion caus$ by ! elephants ( ,pyrrhus1 an enc\nt] ) :i* 0 some?+ new & /range to ! ,romans1 turn$ ! tide 9 8 favor4 ,a few m su* victories1 said ,pyrrhus1 & ,i am ru9$4 ,he desir$ peace1 & s5t ,c9eas z a mess5g] to ! ,s5ate4 ,b ,appius ,claudius1 :o _h be5 consul & c5sor1 & 0 n[ old & bl9d1 begg$ !m n to make peace z long z !re 0 an enemy 9 ,italy4 ,c9eas report$ t he f\nd ! ,s5ate an assembly ( k+s4 ,9 ! next ye>1 ! two armies1 ea* ) its allies numb]+ sev5ty ?\s& m51 met at ,asculum 7#bgi74 ,aft] a bloody conflict1 ,pyrrhus rema9$ 9 possession ( ! field1 b ) an enorm\s loss ( m54 ,! ,syracusans 9 ,sicily1 :o _h be5 h>d press$ by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 n[ call$ ^u him to aid !m4 ,he 0 n reluctant to leave ,italy4 ,! ,romans captur$ all ! cities on ! s\? coa/1 except ,t>5tum & ,rhegium4 ,aft] two ye>s' abs5ce1 ,pyrrhus return$ to ,italy4 ,8 fleet1 on ! passage f ,sicily1 0 defeat$ by ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,at ,b5ev5tum1 he 0 completely vanqui%$ by ! ,romans1 :o captur$ ?irte5 hundr$ prison]s & f\r elephants4 ,pyrrhus return$ to ,epirus2 &1 aft] 8 dea? 7#bgb71 ,milon1 :o comm&$ ! g>rison left by him 9 ,t>5tum1 surr5d]$ ! city & =tress4 ,! ,t>5t9es agre$ to deliv] up _! %ips & arms1 & to demoli% _! walls4 ,"o aft] ano!r ( ! resi/+ tribes yield$ to ! ,romans1 c$+ portions ( _! t]ritory1 & receiv+ ,roman colonies4 ,9 #bff1 ! ,roman sway 0 e/abli%$ ov] ! :ole p59sula prop]1 f ! ,rubicon & ! ,macra to ! s\!rn extremity ( ,calabria4 ,,citiz5%ip4--,9 ord] to und]/& ,roman hi/ory1 x is necess>y to h a cle> idea ( ! ,roman sy/em 9 respect to citiz5%ip4 ,all burgesses ( ,rome enjoy$ ! same rights4 ,^! 7 bo? ,public & ,private4 ,! private rights ( a ,roman citiz5 7 7#a7 ! p[] ( legal m>riage ) ! families ( all o!r citiz5s2 7#b7 ! p[] ( mak+ legal pur*ases & sales1 & ( hold+ prop]ty2 & 7#c7 ! "r to bequea? & inh]it prop]ty4 ,! public rights 71 7#a7 ! p[] ( vot+ :]ev] a citiz5 0 p]mitt$ to vote2 7#b7 ! p[] ( be+ elect$ to all (fices4 ,,conqu]$ ,,t[ns4--,! ,roman dom9ion 9 ,italy 0 a dom9ion ( a city ov] cities4 ,) reg>d to conqu]$ t[ns1 !re 71 7i7 ,municipal cities 7municipia7 ! inhabitants ( :i*1 :5 !y visit$ ,rome1 c\ld ex]cise all ! rights ( citiz5s4 7#b7 ,municipal cities :i* _h ! private1 b n ! public1 rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,"s ( !m *ose _! own municipal (fic]s1 & "s did n4 7#c7 ,lat9 ,colonies1 z !y 7 call$4 ,l&s c$$ by conqu]$ places 7 divid$ among poor ,roman citiz5s1 :o con/itut$ ! rul+ class 9 ! communities to :i* !y 7 transplant$4 ,9 ! ,lat9 colonies1 ! citiz5s _h giv5 up _! public rights z citiz5s4 7#d7 ,t[ns ( a l[] class1 call$ ,praefectures4 ,9 ^!1 ! pr9cipal magi/rate 0 ! ,prefect1 :o 0 appo9t$ by ! ,praetor 7,praet] ,urbanus7 at ,rome4 ,,! ,,allies 7,socii74--,^! 7 a m favor$ class ( cities4 ,!y _h _! relation to ,rome def9$ by treaty4 ,g5]ally !y appo9t$ _! own magi/rates1 b 7 b\nd1 z 7 all subject cities1 to furni% auxili>y troops = ,rome4 ,,! ,,lat9 ,,fran*ise4--,?is 0 ! privilege :i* 0 fir/ giv5 to ! cities ( ,latium & !n to inhabitants ( o!r places4 ,x 0 ! p[]1 on comply+ ) c]ta9 conditions1 ( ga9+ full citiz5%ip1 & ?us ( tak+ "p 9 elections at ,rome4 ,,roman ,,colonies4--,! ,roman ,colony 7:i* is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,lat9 ,colony ref]r$ to above7 0 a small body ( ,roman citiz5s1 transplant$1 ) _! families1 to a spot select$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,!y =m$ a milit>y /ation4 ,to !m l&s tak5 f ! native inhabitants 7 giv54 ,!y con/itut$ ! rul+ class 9 ! community :]e !y 7 e/abli%$4 ,_! gov]nm5t 0 model$ aft] ! gov]nm5t at ,rome4 ,!y reta9$ _! rights z ,roman burgesses1 :i* !y c\ld ex]cise :5ev] !y 7 9 t city4 ,by means ( ^! colonies1 plant$ 9 places wisely *os51 ,italy 0 kept 9 subjection4 ,! colonies 7 connect$ toge!r by roads4 ,! ,appian ,way1 f ,rome to ,capua1 0 built 9 ! mid/ ( ! conflict ) ,samnium4 ,x 0 made ( l>ge1 squ>e /ones1 laid on a plat=m ( s& & mort>4 ,9 lat] times ! ,roman ,empire 0 trav]s$ 9 all directions by simil> roads4 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,! ,,punic ,,w>s3 ,,to ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,c>?age ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,/ates4 7#bfd-adf ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,punic ,,wabs 7#bfd-bjb ,b4,c474 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,punic ,,w>4--,by d9t ( ob/9acy1 & h>d fight+ ?r\gh long c5turies1 ! ,romans _h unit$ "u !m all ,italy1 or all ( :at 0 !n kn[n z ,italy4 ,x 0 natural t !y %\ld look abroad4 ,! rival p[] 9 ! ,we/ 0 ! great comm]cial city ( ,c>?age4 ,! jeal\sy betwe5 ,rome & ,c>?age _h slumb]$ s long z !y 7 ?reat5$ by ! invasion ( ,pyrrhus1 :i* 0 dang]\s to bo?4 ,sicily1 f its situation1 c\ld h>dly fail to furni% ! occasion ( a conflict4 ,! ,mam]t9es1 a set ( ,campanian pirates1 _h captur$ ,messana4 ,!y 7 attack$ by ,hi]o ,,ii41 k+ ( ,syracuse4 ,a "p ( !m bes\ght help ( ! ,romans1 & a "p appli$ to ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,! gravity ( ! "q1 :e!r ,rome %\ld ent] on an untri$ pa?1 ! end ( :i* no man c\ld =esee1 caus$ hesitation4 ,! assemblies vot$ to grant ! reque/4 ,! ,romans _h begun z e>ly z #caa to create a fleet4 ,! %ips :i* !y n[ us$1 h[ev]1 7 mo/ly furni%$ by _! ,s\? ,italian allies4 ,!y cross$ ! *annel1 & drove out ! ,c>?ag9ian g>rison f ,messana4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians decl>$ w> 7#bfd74 ,hi]o 0 ga9$ ov] to ! side ( ! ,romans2 & aft] a bloody conflict1 ) heavy losses to bo? armies1 ! city ( ,agrig5tum 0 captur$ by ! ,romans4 ,! ,romans 7 novices on ! sea1 :]e ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 supreme4 ,successful on ! l&1 ! =m] 7 beat5 9 naval enc\nt]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic pro(s ( ! en]gy ( ! ,romans is _! creation ( a fleet1 at ?is epo*1 to mat* t ( _! sea-f>+ enemies4 ,us+1 x is said1 = a model1 a ,c>?ag9ian vessel wreck$ on ! %ore ( ,italy1 !y con/ruct$ qu9qu]emes1 vessels ) five banks ( o>s1 furni%$ ) bridges to drop on ! decks ( ! ho/ile %ips1--?us giv+ to a sea-fight a resemblance to a combat on l&4 ,at fir/1 z might be expect$1 ! ,romans 7 defeat$2 b 9 #bfj1 "u ! consul ,caius ,duilius1 !y won _! fir/ naval victory at ,mylae1 we/ ( ,messana4 ,! ,roman ,s5ate decid$ to invade ,africa4 ,a fleet ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty vessels sail$ "u ! comm& ( ! consul ,m4 ,atilius ,regulus1 :i* 0 met by a ,c>?ag9ian fleet at ,ecnomus1 on ! s\? coa/ ( ,sicily4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians 7 completely vanqui%$4 ,! ,romans l&$ at ,clupea1 to ! ea/ ( ,c>?age1 & ravag$ ! adjac5t di/rict4 ,!re ,regulus rema9$ ) half ! army1 fifte5 ?\s& m54 ,! ,c>?ag9ians su$ = peace2 b :5 he requir$ !m to surr5d] all _! %ips ( w> except "o1 & to come into a dep5d5t relation to ,rome1 !y spurn$ ! proposal4 ,re-en=c+ !mselves ) m]c5>ies f ,greece "u ! comm& ( ! ,sp>tan1 ,xan?ippus1 !y ov]p[]$ & captur$ ,regulus 9 a battle at ,tunis 7#bee74 ,a ,roman fleet1 s5t to ,clupea = ! rescue ( ! troops1 on ! return voyage lo/ ?ree-f\r?s ( its %ips 9 a /orm4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians1 "u ,hasdrubal1 resum$ ho/ilities 9 ,sicily4 ,he 0 defeat$ by ! consul ,caecilius ,metellus1 at ,panormus1 :o includ$ among 8 captures "o hundr$ elephants 7#bea74 ,! /ory ( ! embassy ( ,regulus to ,rome ) ! ,c>?ag9ian (f] ( peace1 ( 8 advis+ ! ,s5ate n to accept x1 ( 8 volunt>y return accord+ to a promise1 & ( 8 cruel dea? at ! h&s ( 8 captors1 is probably an inv5tion ( a lat] "t4 ,! hopes ( ! ,romans1 9 consequ5ce ( _! success at ,panormus1 reviv$2 b two ye>s lat]1 "u ,appius ,claudius at ,drepanum1 !y 7 defeat$ on sea & on l&4 ,once m _! naval =ce 0 pro/rat$4 ,w>f>e 0 n[ c>ri$ =w>d on l&1 :]e1 9 ! s\? ( ,sicily1 ! ,c>?ag9ian lead]1 ,hamilc> ,b>ca1 ma9ta9$ himself aga9/ ,roman attacks = six ye>s1 & s5t out private]s to h>ass ! coa/s ( ,italy4 ,f9ally1 at ,rome1 !re 0 an outbur/ ( patriotic en?usiasm4 ,ri* m5 gave lib]ally1 & treasures ( ! temples 7 devot$ to ! build+ ( a new fleet4 ,?is fleet1 "u comm& ( ,c4 ,lutatius ,catulus1 ga9$ a decisive victory ov] ! ,c>?ag9ian ,hanno1 at ! ,aegatian ,isl&s1 opposite ,lilybaeum 7#bda74 ,! ,c>?ag9ians 7 =c$ to conclude peace1 & to make l>ge concessions4 ,!y gave up all claim to ,italy & to ! neighbor+ small isl&s4 ,!y 7 to pay an indemnity1 equal to f\r million doll>s1 9 t5 ye>s4 ,! we/]n "p ( ,sicily 0 n[ con/itut$ a prov9ce1 ! fir/ ( ! ,roman prov9ces4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,cisalp9e ,,gual4--,! ,c>?ag9ians 7 = "s "t busy at home 9 putt+ d[n a revolt ( m]c5>y troops1 ^: wages !y refus$ to pay 9 full4 ,! ,romans snat*$ ! occasion to extort a cession ( ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia 7#bch71 :i* !y subsequ5tly unit$ ) ,corsica 9 "o prov9ce4 ,!y ent]$1 ab\t t5 ye>s lat] 7#bbi-bbh71 ^u an important & successful w> aga9/ ! ,illyrian pirates1 ^: depr$ations on ! coa/s ( ! ,adriatic & ,ionian seas 7 v d>+ & de/ructive4 ,! ,greek cities :i* ! pirates held 7 surr5d]$4 ,! sway ( ! ,romans 9 ! ,adriatic 0 secur$1 & _! supremacy 9 ,corcyra1 ,epidamnus1 & o!r important places4 ,! next conte/ 0 a t]rific "o ) ! ,cisalp9e ,gauls1 :o 7 /irr$ up by ! f\nd+ ( ,roman milit>y colonies on ! ,adriatic1 & by o!r proce$+s ( ,rome4 ,!y call$ 9 ! help ( transalp9e ,gauls1 & ent]$ ,etruria1 on _! way to ,rome1 ) an army ( sev5ty ?\s& m54 ,!y met ! ,roman armies ne> ,telamon1 s\? ( ! m\? ( ! ,umbro1 b 7 r\t$1 ) a loss ( =ty ?\s& m5 sla91 & t5 ?\s& m5 prison]s 7#bbe74 ,! ,romans m>*$ nor?w>d1 cross$ ! ,po1 & subdu$ ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,gallic tribes1 ! ,insubrians 7#bbc74 ,o!r victories 9 ! foll[+ ye> r$uc$ ! :ole ( upp] ,italy1 ) ,m$iolanum 7,milan7 ! capital ( ! ,insubrians1 "u ,roman rule4 ,=tresses 7 f\nd$ z usual1 & ! great ,flam9ian & ,aemilian roads connect$ t region ) ! capital4 ,lat]1 ,cisalp9e ,gaul became a ,roman prov9ce4 ,,c>?ag9ians ,,9 ,,spa94--,meantime ,c>?age endeavor$ 9 ,s\!rn ,spa9 to make up = its losses4 ,! old tribes1 ! ,celtib]ians & ,lusitanians 9 ! c5tral & we/]n di/ricts1 & ! ,cantabrians & ,basques 9 ! nor?1 brave z !y 71 7 too mu* divid$ by tribal feuds to make an effectual resi/ance4 ,! national p>ty at ,c>?age1 :i* wi%$ = w>1 _h able lead]s 9 ,hamilc> & 8 ?ree sons4 ,by ! milit>y skill ( ,hamilc>1 & ( ,hasdrubal 8 son-9-law1 ! ,c>?ag9ians built up a fl\ri%+ dom9ion on ! s\? & ea/ coa/s4 ,! ,romans wat*$ ! gr[? ( ! ,c>?ag9ian p[] !re ) discont5t1 & compell$ ,hasdrubal to decl>e 9 a treaty t ! ,ebro %\ld be ! limit ( ,c>?ag9ian conque/s 7#bbf74 ,at ! same "t ,rome made a protective alliance ) ,saguntum1 a ri* & p[]ful trad+-city on ! s\? ( t riv]4 ,hasdrubal 0 murd]$ 9 #bba2 & ! son ( ,hamilc> ,b>ca1 ,hannibal1 :o 0 !n only tw5ty-eight ye>s old1 0 *os5 by ! army to be _! g5]al4 ,he laid hold ( a pretext = beg9n+ an attack ^u ,saguntum1 :i* he took aft] a /\t resi/ance1 prolong$ = eight mon?s 7#bai74 ,! dem& ( a ,roman embassy at ,c>?age--t ,hannibal %\ld be deliv]$ up--be+ refus$1 ,rome decl>$ w>4 ,:5 ! ,c>?ag9ian ,c\ncil hesitat$ at ! proposal ( ! ,roman embassy1 _! spokesman1 ,qu9tus ,fabius1 said t he c>ri$ 9 8 bosom peace or w>3 !y might *ose ei!r4 ,!y answ]$1 ,we take :at y give u2 :]eupon ! ,roman op5$ 8 toga1 say+1 ,i give y w>6 ,! ,c>?ag9ians %\t$1 ,s let x be6 ,,! ,,second ,,punic ,,w>4--,:5 ! treaty ( ,catulus 0 made 7#bda71 all patriots at ,c>?age felt t x 0 only a truce4 ,!y mu/ h se5 t ,rome w\ld nev] be satisfi$ ) any ?+ %ort ( ! abject submission ( s dete/$ & dang]\s a rival4 ,!re 0 a peace p>ty1 an olig>*y1 at ,c>?age2 & x 0 _! selfi%ness :i* ultimately br\ght ru9 ^u ! /ate4 ,b ! p>ty :i* saw t ! only safety 0 9 aggressive action f\nd a milit>y lead] 9 ,hannibal1--a lead] n surpass$1 & p]haps n equal$1 by any o!r g5]al ( anci5t or mod]n times4 ,he comb9$ skill ) d>+1 & _h su* a comm& ov] m51 t "u ! heavie/ rev]ses 8 influ5ce 0 n brok54 ,if he 0 cruel1 x is d\btful :e!r he w5t beyond ! practices sanction$ by ! int]national law ( ! "t & by ,roman example4 ,:5 a boy n9e ye>s old1 at 8 fa!r's reque/ he _h sworn ^u ! alt> nev] to be ! fri5d ( ! ,roman p4 ,t fa!r he saw fall 9 battle at 8 side4 ,! oa? he kept1 = ,rome nev] _h a m unyield+ or a m p[]ful enemy4 ,,hannibal ,,9 ,,italy4--,9 ! summ] ( #bah1 ,hannibal cross$ ! ,ebro1 conqu]$ ! peoples betwe5 ! ,ebro & ! ,pyr5ees1 &1 leav+ 8 bro!r ,hasdrubal 9 ,spa91 pu%$ into ,gaul ) an army ( fifty ?\s& foot1 twelve ?\s& horse1 & ?irty-sev5 elephants4 ,he cross$ ! swift ,rhone 9 ! face ( ! ,gauls :o disput$ ! passage1 & !n made 8 memorable m>* ov] ! ,alps1 probably by ! way n[ kn[n z ! ,little ,/4 ,b]n>d pass4 ,?r\gh ice & sn[1 climb+ ov] crags & circl+ abysses1 amid p]petual conflicts ) ! r\gh m\nta9e]s :o roll$ /ones d[n on ! toil+ soldi]s1 ! army made its t]rible j\rney into ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,fifte5 days 7 occupi$ 9 ! passage4 ,half ! troops1 ) all ! draught-animals & bea/s ( burd51 p]i%$ on ! way4 ,! ,cisalp9e ,gauls welcom$ ,hannibal z a deliv]]4 ,no soon] _h ! valiant consul1 ,cornelius ,scipio1 be5 defeat$ 9 a cavalry battle on ! ,tic9us1 a nor!rn bran* ( ! ,po 7#bah71 &1 sev]ely w\nd$1 retreat$ to ,plac5tia1 & 8 ra% colleague1 ,sempronius1 be5 defeat$ ) great loss 9 a second battle on ! ,trebia1 ?an ! ,gauls jo9$ ,hannibal1 & re9=c$ him ) sixty ?\s& troops inur$ to w>4 ,hannibal1 by m>*+ ?r\gh ! swampy di/rict ( ! ,arno1 :]e he himself lo/ an eye1 flank$ ! def5sive position ( ! ,romans4 ,! consul ,flam9ius 0 decoy$ into a n>r[ pass2 &1 9 ! battle ( ,lake ,trasum5us 7#bag71 8 army ( ?irty ?\s& m5 0 slaught]$ or made prison]s4 ,! consul himself 0 kill$4 ,all ,etruria 0 lo/4 ,! way seem$ op5 to ,rome2 b1 support$ by ! ,lat9s & ,italians1 ! ,romans did n quail1 or l[] _! mi5 ( /]n defiance4 ,!y appo9t$ a lead+ patrician1 ,qu9tus ,fabius ,maximus1 dictator4 ,hannibal1 n be+ able to surprise & capture ! =tress ( ,spoletium1 pref]r$ to m>* t[>ds ! sea-coa/1 & !nce s\? into ,apulia4 ,8 purpose 0 to op5 communication ) ,c>?age1 & to ga9 ov] to 8 support ! ea/]n tribes ( ,italy4 ,fabius1 ! ,delay] 7,cunctator71 z he 0 call$1 foll[$ & wat*$ 8 enemy1 inflict+ :at injuries he c\ld1 b avoid+ a pit*$ battle4 ,! ,roman populace 7 impati5t ( ! cauti\s1 b wise & effective1 policy ( ,fabius4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#baf7 ! consul%ip 0 giv5 to ,l4 ,aemilius ,paulus--:o 0 *os5 by ! upp] class1 ! ,optimates--& ,c4 ,t]5tius ,v>ro1 :o 0 elect$ by ! popul> p>ty = ! purpose ( tak+ ! (f5sive4 ,v>ro precipitat$ a battle at ,cannae1 9 ,apulia1 :]e ! ,romans suff]$ ! mo/ t]rible defeat !y _h ev] exp]i5c$4 ,at ! l[e/ computation1 !y lo/ =ty ?\s& foot & ?ree ?\s& horse1 ) ! consul ,aemilius ,paulus1 & eighty m5 ( s5atorial rank4 ,no su* calamity s9ce ! capture ( ,rome by ! ,gauls _h ev] occurr$4 ,! ,roman ,s5ate did n lose he>t4 ,!y limit$ ! "t ( m\rn+ = ! dead to ?irty days4 ,!y refus$ to admit to ! city ! ambassadors ( ,hannibal1 :o came = ! ex*ange ( prison]s4 ,) l(ty resolve !y ord]$ a levy ( all :o c\ld be> arms1 includ+ boys & ev5 slaves4 ,!y put into _! h&s weapons f ! temples1 spoils ( =m] victories4 ,!y ?ank$ ,v>ro t he _h n despair$ ( ! ,republic4 ,"s ( ! ,italian allies w5t ov] to ,hannibal4 ,b all ! ,lat9 cities & all ! ,roman colonies rema9$ loyal4 ,! allies ( ,rome did n fall away z did ! allies ( ,a!ns aft] ! ,syracusan disa/]4 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 t1 if ,hannibal _h foll[$ up ! victory at ,cannae by m>*+ at once on ! capital1 ! ,roman p[] might h be5 ov]?r[n4 ,:at might !n h be5 ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ,european hi/ory8 ,ev5 ! ,roman s*ool-boys1 accord+ to ,juv5al1 discuss$ ! "q :e!r he did n make a mi/ake 9 n attack+ ,rome4 ,b x is q d\btful :e!r he c\ld h tak5 ! city1 or1 ev5 if he _h tak5 x1 :e!r 8 success w\ld !n h be5 complete4 ,he took ! wis] /ep ( gett+ into 8 h&s ,capua1 ! second city 9 ,italy4 ,he may h hop$ to seize a ,campanian port1 :]e he c\ld disemb>k re9=cem5ts :i* 8 great victories _h wrung f ! opposition at home4 ,hannibal judg$ x be/ to g into w9t]-qu>t]s at ,capua1 :]e 8 army 0 9 a measure en]vat$ by pleasure & vice4 ,c>?age made an alliance ) ,philip ,v4 ( ,mac$onia1 & ) ,hi]o ( ,syracuse4 ,b =tune turn$ 9 favor ( ! ,romans4 ,at ,nola1 ,hannibal 0 repuls$ by ,m>cellus 7#bae72 &1 s9ce he c\ld obta9 no sub/antial help f home1 he 0 oblig$ to act on ! def5sive4 ,m>cellus cross$ into ,sicily1 &1 aft] a siege ( ?ree ye>s1 captur$ ,syracuse1 :i* _h be5 aid$ 9 its def5se by ! philosoph] ,ar*im$es4 ,capua1 9 #baa1 surr5d]$ to ! ,romans1 & 0 visit$ ) a fe>ful *a/isem5t4 ,hannibal's ,italian allies =sook him1 & 8 only reliance 0 on 8 bro!r 9 ,spa94 ,= a long "t1 ! two bro!rs1 ,publius & ,cnaeus ,scipio1 ma9ta9$ !re ! ,roman cause successfully2 b !y 7 defeat$ & sla9 7#bab74 ,,scipio3 ,,zama4--,publius ,cornelius ,scipio1 son ( "o & nephew ( ! o!r ,scipio j nam$1 a "y man tw5ty-five ye>s old1 & a popul> favorite1 took ! comm&1 & ga9$ important successes2 b he c\ld n keep ,hasdrubal f go+ to 8 bro!r's assi/ance 9 ,italy4 ,! ,romans1 h[ev]1 7 able to prev5t a junction ( 8 =ce ) t ( ,hannibal2 & ,hasdrubal 0 vanqui%$ & sla9 by !m 9 ! battle ( ,s5a ,gallica1 ne> ! little riv] ,metaurus 7#bjg74 ,scipio expell$ ! ,c>?ag9ians f ,spa91 &1 hav+ return$ to ,rome1 0 made consul 7#bje74 ,8 plan 0 to invade ,africa4 ,he l&$ on ! coa/1 & 0 jo9$ by ,mas9issa1 ! k+ ( ,numidia1 :o _h be5 driv5 f 8 ?rone by ,syphax1 ! ally ( ,c>?age4 ,! defeat ( ! ,c>?ag9ians1 & ! dang] ( ,c>?age itself1 l$ to ! recall ( ,hannibal1 :o 0 defeat$1 9 #bjb1 by ,scipio 9 ! decisive battle ( ,zama4 ,c>?age made peace1 giv+ up all h] ,spani% possessions & isl&s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 h&+ ov] ! k+dom ( ,syphax to ,mas9issa1 & agree+ to pay a ye>ly tribute equal to two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& doll>s1 = fifty ye>s1 to de/roy all _! %ips ( w> b t51 & to make no w> )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,romans 7#bja74 ,scipio ,africanus1 z he 0 t]m$1 came back 9 triumph to ,rome4 ,! complete subjugation ( ,upp] ,italy foll[$ 7#bjj-aia74 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,mac$onia3 ,,! ,,?ird ,,punic ,,w>3 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,cor9? 7#bjb-adf ,b4,c474 ,,philip ,v43 ,,antio*us ,,iii4--,! ,romans 7 n[ dom9ant 9 ! ,we/4 ,!y 7 /rong on ! sea1 z on ! l&4 ,)9 fifty ye>s ,rome likewise became ! dom9ant p[] 9 ! ,ea/4 ,philip ,v4 ( ,mac$on _h made an alliance ) ,hannibal1 b _h furni%$ him no valuable aid4 ,! ,s5ate ma9ta9$ t a body ( ,mac$onian m]c5>ies _h f\ght aga9/ ! ,romans at ,zama4 ,rhodes & ,a!ns1 toge!r ) ,k+ ,attalus ( ,p]gamon1 s\ght = help aga9/ ,philip4 ,! ,romans 7 jo9$ by ! tolians1 & aft]w>ds by ! ,a*aians4 ,9 #aig1 ! consul ,t4 ,qu9tius ,flam99us defeat$ him at ! battle ( ,cynoscephal 9 ,!ssaly1 & impos$ ^u him su* conditions ( peace z left him p[]less aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ,rome4 ,at ! ,i/hmian games1 amid great rejoic+1 ,flam99us decl>$ ! ,greek /ates indep5d5t4 ,:5 !y f\nd t _! fre$om 0 m nom9al ?an real1 & involv$ a virtual subjection to ,rome1 ! tolians took up arms1 & obta9$ ! support ( ,antio*us ,,iii41 k+ ( ,syria4 ,ano!r grievance laid at ! door ( ?is k+ 0 ! reception by him ( ,hannibal1 a fugitive f ,c>?age1 ^: advice1 h[ev]1 z to ! conduct ( ! w>1 ,antio*us _h n ! wisdom to foll[4 ,9 #aij he 0 vanqui%$ by a ,roman army at ,magnesia1 "u ,l4 ,cornelius ,scipio1 ) :om 0 pres5t1 z an advis]1 ,scipio ,africanus4 ,he 0 =c$ to give up all 8 ,asiatic possessions z f> z ! ,taurus m\nta9s4 ,! t]ritory ?us obta9$1 ! ,romans divid$ among _! allies1 ,p]gamon & ,rhodes4 ,ab\t sev5 ye>s lat] 7#ahc71 ,hannibal1 :o _h tak5 refuge at ! c\rt ( ,prusias1 k+ ( ,bi?ynia1 f9d+ t he 0 to be betray$1 took poison & di$4 ,! +ratitude ( 8 c\ntry1 or ( ! rul+ p>ty 9 x1 did n move him to relax 8 ex]tions aga9/ ,rome4 ,he cont9u$ until 8 dea? to be h] mo/ =midable antagoni/1 ex]t+ 9 exile an effective influ5ce 9 ! ,ea/ to create comb9ations aga9/ h]4 ,,p]seus4--,philip ,v4 laid a plan to av5ge himself on ! ,romans1 & rega9 8 lo/ ,mac$onian t]ritory4 ,p]seus1 8 son1 foll[$ 9 ! same pa?1 hav+ sla9 8 bro!r ,demetrius1 :o 0 a fri5d ( ,rome4 ,! w> broke out 9 #aga4 ,= sev]al campaigns ! managem5t ( ! ,roman g5]als 0 ill-judg$2 b at la/ ,l4 milius ,paulus1 son ( ! consul :o fell at ,cann1 r\t$ ! ,mac$onians at ! battle ( ,pydna4 ,imm5se spoils 7 br\ght to ,rome by ! conqu]or4 ,p]seus himself1 :o _h sat on ! ?rone ( ,alex&]1 adorn$ ! consul's triumphal procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome4 ,! cantons ( ,greece1 :]e !re 0 no?+ b cont9ual /rife & endless confusion1 7 subject$ to ,roman influ5ce4 ,"o ?\s& ,a*aians ( di/9ction1 among !m ! hi/orian ,polybius1 7 c>ri$ to ,italy1 & kept "u surveillance = _m ye>s4 ,! imp]i\s _s ( ,rome1 & ! def]5ce accord$ to h]1 is illu/rat$ 9 ! int]view ( ,c4 ,popilius ,lnas1 :o deliv]$ to ,antio*us ,,iv4 ( ,syria a lett] ( ! ,s5ate1 direct+ him to retire f be=e ,alex&ria4 ,:5 t mon>* repli$ t he w\ld conf] ) 8 c\nselors on ! matt]1 ! haughty ,roman drew a circle r\nd him on ! gr\nd1 & bade him decide be=e he %\ld cross t l9e4 ,antio*us said t he w\ld d z ! ,s5ate ord]$4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,punic ,,w>4--,! treaty ) ,c>?age _h b\nd t city h& & foot4 ,aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ,mas9issa1 ! ,c>?ag9ians c\ld d no?+2 b at l5g? !y 7 driv5 to take up arms to repel !m4 ,?is act ! ,romans pron\nc$ a brea* ( ! treaty 7#adi74 ,t /]n old ,roman1 :o 9 8 y\? _h s]v$ aga9/ ,hannibal1 ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 _h be5 unceas+ 9 8 exhortation to de/roy ,c>?age4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( end+ 8 spee*es ) ! say+1 ,b ,i am ( op9ion t ,c>?age %\ld be de/roy$4 ,! ,roman armies l&$ at ,utica4 ,_! h>d dem&s1 :i* includ$ ! surr5d] ( w>-%ips & weapons1 7 compli$ )4 ,b :5 ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 requir$ to ab&on _! city1 & to make a new settlem5t t5 miles di/ant1 !y rose 9 a fury ( patriotic wra?4 ,! wom5 cut (f _! hair to make b[/r+s4 ,day & night ! p work$1 9 =g+ weapons & 9 build+ a new fleet 9 ! inn] h>bor4 ,! ,romans 7 repuls$2 b ,p4 ,scipio milianus1 ! adopt$ son ( ! fir/ ,scipio ,africanus1 %ut 9 ! city by l& & by sea1 &1 9 #adf1 captur$ & de/roy$ x4 ,its def5d]s f\ght f /reet to /reet1 & f h\se to h\se4 ,only a t5? "p ( ! inhabitants 7 left alive4 ,^! 7 sold into slav]y4 ,c>?age 0 set on fire1 & almo/ entirely consum$4 ,! fire burn$ = sev5te5 days4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,c>?ag9ian wall1 :5 excavat$ 9 rec5t times1 7 f\nd to be cov]$ ) a lay] ( a%es f f\r to five feet deep1 fill$ ) half-*>r$ pieces ( wood1 fragm5ts ( iron1 & projectiles4 ,scipio w\ld h pres]v$ ! city1 b ! ,s5ate 0 inexorable4 ,) ! hi/orian ,polybius at 8 side1 ! ,roman comm&]1 z he look$ d[n on ! horrors ( ! conflagration1 sorr[fully repeat$ ! l9es ( ,hom]1-- ,! day %all come :5 sacr$ ,troy %all be level$ ) ! pla91 ,& ,priam & ! p ( t good w>rior sla94 ,assyria1 he is said to h exclaim$1 _h fall51 & ,p]sia & ,mac$on4 ,c>?age 0 burn+3 ,rome's day might come next4 ,c>?age 0 conv]t$ into a ,roman prov9ce "u ! "n ( ,africa4 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,cor9?4--,! atroci\s crime ( ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age 0 m ?an mat*$ by ! contemporane\s de/ruction ( ,cor9?4 ,ano!r ris+ 9 ,mac$onia result$1 9 #adf1 9 ! conv]sion ( t anci5t k+dom into a ,roman prov9ce4 ,! return to ,greece ( ?ree hundr$ ,a*aian exiles :o _h be5 deta9$ 9 ,italy = sixte5 ye>s1 /r5g!n$ ! anti-,roman p>ty 9 ,greece1 & help$ to br+ on w> ) ! ,a*aian league4 ,9 #adf1 aft] ! battle ( ,leucopetra1 ,cor9? 0 occupi$ by ! consul ,l4 ,mummius4 ,! m5 7 put to ! sword2 ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 sold at auction into slav]y2 all treasures1 all pictures1 & o!r works ( art1 7 c>ri$ (f to ,rome1 & ! city 0 consign$ to ! flames4 ,! o!r ,greek cities 7 mildly treat$1 b plac$ "u ! gov]nor ( ,mac$onia1 & oblig$ to pay tribute to ,rome4 ,at a lat] date ,greece became a ,roman prov9ce "u ! "n ( ,a*aia4 ,,! ,,prov9ces4--,at ?is epo*1 !re 7 eight prov9ces1--,sicily 7#bda71 ,s>d9ia 7#bch7 & ,corsica1 two prov9ces 9 ,spa9 7#bje71 ,cisalp9e ,gaul1 ,illyricum 7#afh71 ,africa 7#adf71 ,mac$onia 7#adf71 & ,a*aia4 ,! fir/ f\r 7 gov]n$ by ,prtors4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! judicial functions ( ! praetors kept !m 9 ,rome4 ,at ! end ( ! ye>1 ! prtor1 on lay+ d[n 8 (fice at home1 w5t z proprtor to rule a prov9ce4 ,b :]e !re 0 w> or o!r grave di/urbances1 ! prov9ce 0 assign$ to a consul 9 (fice1 or to a proconsul1 :o 0 ei!r ! consul ( ! prec$+ ye>1 or an ex-consul1 or an ex-prtor :o 0 appo9t$ proconsul4 ,! prov9ces 7 g5]ally organiz$ by ! conqu]+ g5]al & a s5atorial commission4 ,"s cities reta9$ _! municipal gov]nm5t4 ,^! 7 ! free cities4 ,! taxes 7 f>m$ out to collectors call$ publicans1 :o 7 commonly ( ! eque/rian ord]4 ,! la/ milit>y dictator 0 appo9t$ 9 #baf4 ,9 times ( great dang]1 dictatorial p[] 0 giv5 to a consul4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,philosophy4--,! int]c\rse ( ! ,romans ) ! ,greeks op5$ to ! =m] a new _w ( art1 lit]ature1 & philosophy1 & a k ( o!r habits & modes ( life4 ,!re 7 ^? :o reg>d$ ! ,greek au?ors & arti/s ) sympa?y1 & %[$ an intellig5t en?usiasm = ! products ( ,greek g5ius4 ,"u ! patronage ( ! ,scipios1 ,roman poets wrote 9 imitation ( ,greek models4 ,su* 7 ,plautus 7:o di$ 9 #ahd71 & ! less orig9al1 b m ref9$1 ,t]5ce 7#ahe-aei71 :o _h be5 ! slave ( a s5ator4 ,ennius 7#bci-afi71 a ,calabrian ,greek1 wrote epics1 & also trag$ies & com$ies4 ,him ! lat] ,romans reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( _! lit]ature4 ,! beg9n+s ( hi/orical writ+--:i* g beyond m]e *ronicles & family hi/ories--appe>1 z 9 ! lo/ "w on ,roman hi/ory by ,m4 ,portias ,cato 7,cato ! ,c5sor1 #bcd-adi74 ,! great hi/orian ( ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 0 ! ,greek ,polybius4 ,! ,greek philosophy 0 introduc$1 9 spite ( ! vigor\s opposition ( su* au/]e cons]vatives z ,cato4 ,panaetius 7#ahe-aab71 ! ,/oic f ,rhodes1 _h a cordial reception at ,rome4 ,! ,/oic tea*+ 0 adapt$ to ! ,roman m9d4 ,! ,platonic philosophy 0 br\ght 9 by ,c>neades4 ,?is 0 frequ5tly m acceptable to orators & /atesm54 ,along ) ! ,/oic1 ! ,epicurean s*ool f\nd adh]5ts4 ,cato--:o1 al?\gh a hi/orian & an orator1 01 9 !ory & practice1 a rigid man1 ) ! simple ways ( ! old "t--procur$ ! bani%m5t ( ,c>neades1 toge!r ) ,critolaus ! ,p]ipatetic1 & ! ,/oic ,diog5es4 ,! s*ools ( oratory he caus$ to be %ut up4 ,he did :at he c\ld to prev5t ! introduction ( ! heal+ art1 z x 0 practic$ by ! ,greeks4 ,he pref]r$ ! old-fa%ion$ dome/ic rem$ies4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,morals4--,if ! opposition ( ! ,cons]vatives to ,greek lett]s & philosophy 0 unreasonable1 z x c]ta9ly prov$ futile1 !re 0 abundant gr\nd = al>m & regret at ! *anges t 7 go+ on 9 morals & 9 ways ( liv+4 ,! conque/ ( ,greece & ( ! ,ea/ br\ght an amaz+ increase ( weal?4 ,rome plund]$ ! c\ntries :i* %e conqu]$4 ,! optimates1 ! lead+ families1 :o held ! *ief (fices 9 ! /ate & 9 ! army1 grew v ri* f ! booty :i* !y ga9$4 ,!y left _! small dwell+s = /ately palaces1 :i* !y decorat$ ) works ( art1 ga9$ by ! pillage ( nations4 ,!y built villas 9 ! c\ntry1 ) ext5sive gr\nds & beautiful g>d5s4 ,ev5 wom51 releas$ f ! =m] /rict subord9ation ( ! wife to h] husb&1 indulg$ lavi%ly 9 f9]y1 & plung$ into gaieties inconsi/5t ) ! h\sehold virtues4 ,! optimates1 9 ord] to enri* !mselves fur!r1 (t5 resort$ to extortion ( v>i\s sorts4 ,9 ord] to curry favor ) ! p1 & !reby to get _! votes1 !y /oop$ to flatt]y1 & to demagogical arts :i* ! e>li] ,romans w\ld h despis$4 ,!y provid$ games1 at great exp5se1 = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! populace4 ,9 ! room ( ! invigorat+ & ( ! intellectual conte/s1 :i* _h be5 9 vogue among ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans acquir$ an increas+ reli% = bloody gladiatorial fights ( m5 ) wild bea/s1 & ( m5 aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,slaves multipli$ to an enorm\s ext5t3 z *eap z a ,s>d9ian 0 a prov]b4 ,! race ( pla9 f>m]s dw9dl$ away4 ,! trade 9 slaves became a fl\ri%+ bran* ( bus9ess4 ,field-h&s toil$ 9 fett]s1 & 7 (t5 br&$ to prev5t escape4 ,if slaves ran away1 & 7 caught1 !y might be crucifi$4 ,if a h\sehold] 7 kill$ by a slave1 all ! slaves 9 8 h\se might be put to dea?4 ,z at ,a!ns1 ! te/imony ( slaves 0 giv5 "u torture4 ,hatr$ to ! ma/] on ! "p ( ! slave 0 a ?+ ( c\rse4 ,z _m enemies z slaves1 0 a common say+4 ,,numantian ,,w>4--,! intol]able oppression ( ! prov9ces occasionally provok$ resi/ance4 ,x 0 9 ,spa9 t ! ,romans f\nd x mo/ difficult to quell ! _s ( fre$om4 ,! ,lusitanians 9 ! t]ritory n[ call$ ,portugal1 "u a gallant *iefta91 ,viria?us1 ma9ta9$ = n9e ye>s a w> 9 :i* !y 7 mo/ly successful1 & 7 f9ally wor/$ only 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]fidi\s assass9ation ( _! lead] 7#adi-adj74 ,! ,celtib]ians1 ^: pr9cipal city1 ,numantia1 0 on ! upp] ,d\ro1 kept up _! resi/ance ) equal valor = t5 ye>s 7#adc-acc74 ,on "o occasion a ,roman army ( tw5ty ?\s& m5 0 sav$ f de/ruction by engagem5ts :i* ! ,s5ate1 z aft] ! surr5d] at ! ,caud9e ,=ks1 repudiat$4 ,9 #acc1 aft] a siege ( eighte5 mon?s1 ,numantia 0 tak5 by ,scipio ,africanus milianus4 ,x 0 hung] t compell$ ! surr5d]2 & ! noble/ inhabitants set fire to ! t[n1 & slew !mselves1 to avoid fall+ into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,,p]gamon4--,m subs]vi5ce ! ,romans f\nd 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! same ye> t ! desp]ate resi/ance ( ! ,numantians 0 ov]come1 ,attalus ,,iii41 k+ ( ,p]gamon1 an ally ( ,rome1 ^: sov]eignty ext5d$ ov] ! great] "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 left 8 k+dom & all 8 treasures1 by w1 to ! ,roman p4 ,!re 0 a feeble /ruggle on ! "p ( ! expectant heir1 b ! ,romans =m$ ! l>g] "p ( ! k+dom into a prov9ce4 ,phrygia ,major !y deta*$1 & gave to ,mi?ridates ,,iv41 k+ ( ,pontus1 :o _h help$ !m 9 ?is la/ brief conte/4 ,,p]iod ,,iv4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,revolution ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,w>s4 7#adf-ca ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,grac*i3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mi?ridatic ,,w>3 ,,m>ius ,,& ,,sulla 7#adf-gh ,b4,c474 ,,condition ,,( ,,rome4--,we come n[ to an era ( int]nal /rife4 ,! ,romans 7 to turn _! arms aga9/ "o ano!r3 ,yet x is rem>kable t ! m>* ( =eign conque/ /ill w5t on4 ,x 0 by conque/s abroad t ! =emo/ lead]s 9 ! civil w>s rose to ! position :i* enabl$ !m to get control 9 ! gov]nm5t at home4 ,! p[] ( ! ,s5ate _h be5 m & m exalt$4 ,=eign affairs 7 ma9ly at its disposal4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( vot]s 9 ! comitia1 & _! motley "*1 made x m easy = ! ari/ocracy to manage !m4 ,elections 7 c>ri$ by ! influ5ce ( l>gesses & by ! exhibition ( games4 ,practically ! *ief (fic]s 7 limit$ to a clique1 compos$ ( ri* families ( bo? patrician & plebeian orig91 :i* 0 dim9i%+ 9 numb]1 :ile ! numb]s ( ! l[] class 7 rapidly gr[+ l>g]4 ,! gulf betwe5 ! poor & ! ri* 0 con/antly wid5+4 ,! la/ ,italian colony 0 s5t out 9 #agg ,b4,c41 & ! l&s ( ,italy 7 all tak5 up4 ,slaves furni%$ labor at ! co/ ( _! b>e subsi/5ce4 ,x 0 h>d = a poor man to ga9 a liv+4 ,_h ! ,lic9ian ,laws 7p4 #acg7 be5 c>ri$ out1 ! situation w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,! public l&s 7 occupi$ by ! memb]s ( "s =ty or fifty ari/ocratic families1 & by a c]ta9 numb] ( weal?y ,italians4 ,a great prolet>iate--a ne$y & disaffect$ l[] class--0 gr[+ up1 :i* bod$ no good to ! /ate4 ,,tib]ius ,,grac*us4--,?is condition ( ?+s mov$ ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 ! son ( ,cornelia1 :o 0 ! daught] ( ! great ,scipio ,africanus1 to br+ =w>d 8 ,agr>ian ,laws4 ,! effect ( !m w\ld h be5 to limit ! am\nt ( ! public doma9 :i* any "o man c\ld hold1 & to divide portions ( x among poor citiz5s4 ,9 spite ( ! bitt] opposition ( ! nobility1 ^! laws 7 pass$ 7#acc74 ,b ,grac*us _h be5 oblig$ to p]suade ! p to turn a tribune1 :o resi/$ _! passage1 out ( (fice1 :i* 0 an uncon/itutional act4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ! laws1 he w\ld h to be re-elect$ tribune4 ,b ! optimates1 l$ by ! consul ,scipio ,nasica1 _h be5 /ill m infuriat$ by o!r proposals ( ,grac*us4 ,!y rais$ a mob1 & slew him1 ) ?ree hundr$ ( 8 foll[]s4 ,?is gave ! democratic lead]s a tempor>y advantage2 b viol5t measures on _! own side turn$ ! curr5t aga9 ! o!r way1 & proce$+s "u ! laws 7 qua%$4 ,,caius ,,grac*us4--,! laws ( ,caius ,grac*us1 ! bro!r ( ,tib]ius1 7 ( a m sweep+ "*4 ,he caus$ measures to be pass$1 & colonies to be s5t out1 by decrees ( ! p1 )\t any action ( ! ,s5ate4 ,he r5ew$ ! agr>ian law4 ,he caus$ a law to be pass$ = sell+ corn = less ?an ! co/1 to all citiz5s :o %\ld apply = x4 ,he also caus$ x to be orda9$1 t juries %\ld be tak5 f ! knights1 ! equites1 in/ead ( ! ,s5ate4 ,^! 7 compos$ ( ri* m54 ,! t5d5cy ( ! law w\ld be to make ! eque/rian ord] di/9ct1 & ?us to divide ! ari/ocracy4 ,! proposal 7#abb71 :i* 0 n pass$1 to ext5d ! fran*ise to ! ,lat9s1 & p]haps to ! ,italians1 co/ him 8 popul>ity1 al?\gh ! measure 0 j4 ,! ,s5ate gave its support to a rival tribune1 ,m4 ,livius ,drusus1 :o outbid ,grac*us 9 ! conte/ = popul> favor4 ,9 #aba ,grac*us 0 n made tribune4 ,9 ! disord] t foll[$1 he1 ) sev]al hundr$ ( 8 foll[]s1 0 kill$ by ! optimates4 ,be=e long mo/ ( 8 enactm5ts 7 rev]s$4 ,! law = ! *eap sale ( corn1 ! mo/ unwise ( 8 measures1 cont9u$4 ,,! ,,jugur?9e ,,w>4--,an int]val ( tranquility foll[$4 ,b ! corruption ( ! rul+ class 0 illu/rat$ 9 connection ) ! ,jugur?9e w>4 ,jugur?a1 ! adopt$ son ( ! k+ ( ,numidia1 ! ally ( ,rome1 wi%+ ! :ole k+dom = himself1 kill$ "o ( ! sons ( ! late k+1 & made w> ^u ! o!r1 :o appli$ to ! ,romans = help4 ,! commission s5t out by ! ,s5ate 0 brib$ by ,jugur?a4 ,n until he took ! city ( ,cirta1 & put to dea? ! rema9+ bro!r1 ) all 8 army1 0 he summon$ to ,rome4 ,!re1 too1 8 money avail$ to secure him impunity1 al?\gh he caus$ a ,numidian pr9ce to be murd]$ 9 ,rome itself4 ,:5 ! ,romans f9ally ent]$ on ! w> ) ,jugur?a1 he brib$ ! g5]als1 s t little 0 effect$4 ,! indignation ( ! p 0 rais$ to su* a pit* t !y w\ld n leave ! direction ( ! w> 9 ! h&s ( ,qu9tus ,metellus1 :om ! ,s5ate _h s5t out1 & :o defeat$ ,jugur?a 7#ajh71 b insi/$ on giv+ ! *ief comm& to "o ( 8 subord9ate (fic]s1 ,caius ,m>ius 7#ajg71 ! son ( a peasant1 wild & r\gh 9 8 mann]s1 b ( extraord9>y tal5ts z a soldi]4 ,he br\ght ! w> to an end4 ,jugur?a 0 deliv]$ up by ! pr9ce ) :om he _h tak5 refuge to ,l4 ,cornelius ,sulla1 "o ( ! g5]als "u ,m>ius1 & 9 #aje1 ) 8 two sons1 m>*$ 9 *a9s be=e ! triumphal c> ( ,m>ius ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome4 ,m>ius 0 n[ ! lead] ( ! popul> p>ty1 & ! mo/ influ5tial man 9 ,rome4 ,,! ,,cimbri ,,& ,,teutones4--,! p[] ( ,m>ius 0 augm5t$ by 8 victories ov] ! ,cimbri & ! ,teutones4 ,^! 7 hordes ( b>b>ians :o appe>$ 9 ! ,alp9e regions1 ! ,cimbri be+ ei!r ,celts1 or1 l ! ,teutones1 ,g]mans4 ,! ,cimbri cross$ ! ,alps 9 #aac1 & defeat$ a ,roman consul4 ,!y turn$ we/w>d t[>ds ! ,rh9e1 trav]s$ ,gaul 9 diff]5t directions1 defeat+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s ! ,roman armies t 7 s5t aga9/ !m4 ,^! defeats ! democratic lead]s ascrib$1 n )\t reason1 to ! corrupt managem5t ( ! ari/ocratic p>ty4 ,9 #ajc ! ,cimbri & ! ,teutones arrang$ = a comb9$ attack on ,italy4 ,m>ius 0 made consul2 & 9 ord] to meet ?is ?reat5$ invasion1 :i* ju/ly excit$ ! greate/ anxiety1 he 0 *os5 to ?is (fice five times 9 succession 7#ajd-ajj74 ,hav+ repuls$ ! attack ( ! b>b>ians on 8 camp1 he defeat$ !m 9 two great battles1 ! fir/ at ,aquce ,sextice 7,aix 9 ,prov5ce7 9 #ajb1 & ! second at ,v]cellce1 9 ,upp] ,italy1 9 #aja4 ,^! successes1 :i* really sav$ ,rome1 made ,m>ius = ! "t ! idol ( ! popul> p>ty4 ,,! ,,army4--,at ab\t ?is "t a great *ange took place 9 ! con/itution ( ! army4 ,! occupation ( a soldi] _h become a trade4 ,besides ! levy ( citiz5s1 !re 0 e/abli%$ a recruit+ sy/em1 :i* drew into ! ranks ! idle & lazy1 & a sy/em ( re-in=cem5ts1 by :i* cavalry & light-arm$ troops 7 tak5 f subject & vassal /ates4 ,?us !re arose a milit>y class1 di/9ct1 z x _h n be5 ( old1 f ! civil ord]s1 & ready to act sep>ately :5 its own int]e/ or ! ambition ( favorite lead]s might prompt4 ,,saturn9us4--,m>ius lack$ ! judgm5t & ! firmness requir$ by a /atesman1 especially 9 tr\bl\s times4 ,:5 ,saturn9us & ,glaucia br\ght =w>d a s]ies ( measures ( a radical "* 9 behalf ( ! democratic cause1 & ! consul ,metellus1 :o oppos$ !m1 0 oblig$ to g into volunt>y exile1 ,m>ius1 gr[+ a%am$ ( ! facti\s & viol5t proce$+s ( ! popul> p>ty1 0 p>tially won ov] to ! support ( ! ,s5ate4 ,:5 ,c4 ,memmius1 c&idate = consul1 0 kill$ ) bludgeons by ! mob ( ,saturn9us & ,glaucia1 & !re 0 fight+ 9 ! =um & ! /reets1 he help$ to put d[n ^! reckless innovators 7#ii74 ,b 8 want ( he>ty coop]ation ) ei!r p>ty made him hat$ by bo?4 ,metellus 0 recall$ f bani%m5t4 ,m>ius w5t to ,asia1 & visit$ ! c\rt ( ,mi?ridates4 ,,! ,,murd] ,,( ,,drusus4--,ne>ly t5 ye>s ( comp>ative quiet ensu$4 ,! long cont9u$ compla9ts ( ! ,italians f\nd at la/ a voice 9 ! measures ( ,m4 ,livius ,drusus1 a tribune1 :o1 9 #ia1 propos$ t !y %\ld h ! "r ( citiz5%ip4 ,two o!r propositions1 "o ref]r+ to ! relations ( ! ,equites & ! ,s5ate1 & ! o!r = a new division ( l&s1 _h be5 accept$ by ! p1 b 7 by ! ,s5ate decl>$ null4 ,be=e ,drusus c\ld br+ =w>d ! law respect+ ,italian citiz5%ip1 he 0 assass9at$4 ,nei!r ,s5ate nor p 0 favorable to ?is righte\s measure4 ,,! ,,italian ,,or ,,social ,,w> 7#ij-hh ,b4,c474--,! murd] ( ,drusus 0 ! signal = an insurrection ( ! ,italian communities4 ,!y organiz$ = !mselves a f$]al republic4 ,! p]il occasion$ by ?is great revolt reconcil$ = ! mom5t ! cont5d+ p>ties at ,rome4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 :]e ,m>ius f\ght1 ! ,romans 7 g5]ally successful3 9 ! ,s\?1 ! allies 7 at fir/ sup]ior2 b 9 #hi1 9 spite ( ,sulla's bold =ays1 !y 7 wor/$4 ,b x 0 by policy1 m ?an by arms1 t ! ,romans subdu$ ?is dang]\s revolt4 ,!y promis$ full citiz5%ip to ^? :o _h n tak5 "p 9 ! w>1 & to ^? :o w\ld at once cease to take "p 9 x 7#ij74 ,f9ally1 :5 x 0 pla9 t ,rome 0 too /rong to be ov]come1 ! conflict 0 end$ by grant+ to ! allies all t !y _h ev] claim$ 7#hi74 ,rome _h n[ made ,,all ,,italy 7s\? ( ,cisalp9e ,gaul71 except ! ,samnites & ,lucanians1 ,,equal ,,) ,,h]self4 ,b ,italy _h be5 ravag$ by desolat+ w>3 ! numb] ( small proprietors 0 m ?an ev] dim9i%$1 & ! army & ! g5]als 7 becom+ ! pr$om9ant =ce 9 ! affairs ( ! /ate4 ,,w> ,,) ,,mi?ridates4--,mi?ridates1 k+ ( ,pontus1 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 0 z ard5t an enemy ( ! ,romans z ,hannibal _h be54 ,) ! help ( 8 son-9-law ,tigranes1 k+ ( ,arm5ia1 he _h subdu$ ! neighbor+ k+s 9 alliance ) ,rome4 ,! ,asiatic /ates1 :o 7 rul$ by ! ,romans1 7 impati5t ( ! oppression "u :i* !y groan$4 ,:5 *eck$ by ! ,romans1 ,mi?ridates _h paus$ = a :ile1 & !n _h resum$ aga9 8 ent]prise ( conque/4 ,9 #hh ! ,grecian cities ( ,asia jo9$ him2 &1 9 ob$i5ce to 8 brutal ord]1 all ! ,italians )9 _! walls1 n lelss ?an eighty ?\s& 9 numb]1 b possibly almo/ d\ble t numb]1 7 put to dea? 9 "o day4 ,! :ole dom9ion ( ! ,romans 9 ! ,ea/ 0 9 jeop>dy4 ,,m>ius ,,& ,,sulla4--,sulla 0 elect$ consul 9 #hh1 & 0 on ! po9t ( dep>t+ = ,asia4 ,he 0 a soldi] ( m>k$ tal5ts1 a repres5tative ( ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 & 0 m cool & consi/5t 9 8 public conduct ?an ,m>ius4 ,m>ius desir$ ! comm& aga9/ ,mi?ridates = himself4 ,p4 ,sulpicius1 "o ( 8 adh]5ts1 br\ght =w>d a revolution>y law = incorporat+ ! ,italians & fre$m5 among ! ?irty-five tribes4 ,! populace1 "u ! guidance ( ! lead]s ( ! ,m>ian faction1 vot$ to take away ! comm& f ,sulla1 & to give x to ,m>ius4 ,sulla refus$ to submit1 & m>*$ 8 army to ,rome4 ,x 0 impossible to resi/ him4 ,sulpicius 0 kill$ 9 8 flight4 ,m>ius escap$ f ,italy1 &1 int5d+ to g to ,africa1 0 l&$ at ,m9turnae4 ,to escape pursuit1 he _h to /& up to ! *9 9 a m>%4 ,he 0 put 9 prison1 & a ,gauli% slave 0 s5t to kill him4 ,b :5 he saw ! fla%+ eyes ( ! old g5]al1 & he>d him cry1 ,fell[1 d>e/ ?\ kill ,caius ,m>ius8 he dropp$ 8 sword1 & ran4 ,m>ius cross$ to ,africa4 ,mess5g]s :o 7 s5t to w>n him to g away1 f\nd him sitt+ among ! ru9s ( ,c>?age4 ,,! ,,m>ians ,,9 ,,rome4--,sulla re/or$ ! au?ority ( ! ,s5ate4 ,dur+ ,sulla's abs5ce1 ,c9na1 ! consul ( ! popul> p>ty1 s\ght to revive ! laws ( ,sulpicius by viol5t means 7#hg74 ,driv5 out ( ! city1 he came back ) an army :i* he _h ga!r$ 9 ,campania1 & ) old ,m>ius1 :o _h return$ f ,africa4 ,he n[ took v5geance on ! lead]s ( ! ,optimates4 ,= five days ! gates 7 clos$1 & e noble :o 0 specially obnoxi\s1 & _h n escap$1 0 kill$ by ,m>ius1 :o m>*$ ?r\gh ! /reets at ! head ( a body ( soldi]s4 ,9 #hf ,m>ius & ,c9na 7 made consuls4 ,sulla 0 decl>$ to be depos$4 ,m>ius1 :o 0 n[ m ?an sev5ty ye>s old1 di$ 7#hf74 ,! fev] ( rev5ge1 & ! appreh5sion ( :at might foll[ on ,sulla's return1 drove sleep f 8 eyelids4 ,a brave soldi]1 he 0 incompet5t to play ! "p ( a /atesman4 ,he w5t to 8 grave ) ! curse ( all p>ties re/+ ^u him4 ,,return ,,( ,,sulla4--,sulla refus$ to d any ?+ aga9/ 8 adv]s>ies at home1 or = ! help ( ! fugitive nobles :o appeal$ to him1 until ! cause ( ! c\ntry 0 secure abroad4 ,he captur$ ,a!ns 9 #hf1 defeat$ ,ar*elaus1 ! g5]al ( ,mi?ridates1 9 a great battle at ,*a]onea2 &1 by ?is & subsequ5t victories1 he =c$ ,mi?ridates to conclude peace1 :o agre$ to evacuate ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,asia1 to re/ore all 8 conque/s1 surr5d] eighty %ips ( w>1 & pay ?ree ?\s& tal5ts 7#hd74 ,sulla's h&s 7 n[ free4 ,9 #hc he l&$ at ,brundisium4 ,he 0 jo9$ by ,cneius ,pompeius1 !n tw5ty-?ree ye>s old1 ) a troop ( volunte]s4 ,sulla did n wi% to fight ! ,italians4 ,he issu$ a proclamation1 !re=e1 giv+ !m ! assurance t _! rights w\ld n be impair$4 ,?is pl$ge _h ! desir$ effect4 ,! army ( ! ,consuls l>gely outnumb]$ 8 own4 ,sulla l+]$ 9 ,s\? ,italy to make good 8 position !re4 ,! ,samnites jo9$ ! ,m>ians1 & mov$ ^u ,rome ) ! int5t to de/roy x4 ,!y 7 defeat$ be=e !y c\ld ent] ! city4 ,! ,m>ians 9 ,spa9 7 defeat$ aft]w>ds1 z 7 ! same p>ty 9 ,sicily & ,africa by ,pompeius4 ,,cruelty ,,( ,,sulla4--,! cruelty ( ,sulla1 aft] 8 victory1 0 m direful ?an ,rome _h ev] witness$4 ,x appe>$ to spr+ f no heat ( passion1 b 0 cold & %ameless4 ,aft] a few days1 !re 0 a massacre ( f\r ?\s& prison]s 9 ! ,circus4 ,_! %rieks & groans 7 he>d 9 ! neighbor+ ,temple ( ,bellona1 :]e ,sulla 0 9 consultation ) ! ,s5ate4 ,_m ?\s&s--n f> f ?ree ?\s& 9 ,rome alone--7 proscrib$ & murd]$1 & ! prop]ty ( all on ^! li/s ( ! condemn$ 0 confiscat$4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,sulla4--,9 8 "* z ,dictator1 ,sulla remade ! con/itution1 /rik+ out ! popul> elem5ts to a great ext5t1 & conc5trat+ au?ority 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,tribunes 7 /ripp$ ( mo/ ( _! p[]4 ,! ,s5ate alone c\ld propose laws4 ,9 ! ,s5ate1 ! places 9 ! juries 7 giv5 back 7p4 #aed74 ,besides ^! & o!r l *anges1 ! "r ( suffrage 0 be/[$ on t5 ?\s& emancipat$ slaves2 :ile ,italians & o!rs1 :o _h be5 on ! ,m>ian side1 7 depriv$ ( x4 ,9 ! ye> #hj ,b4,c41 ,sulla caus$ himself to be elect$ ,consul4 ,! next ye> he retir$ f (fice to 8 c\ntry e/ate1 & gave himself up to amusem5ts & s5sual pleasure4 ,a "p ( 8 "t--= he 0 n )\t a ta/e = lit]ature--he devot$ to ! writ+ ( 8 memoirs1 :i*1 h[ev]1 h n come d[n to u4 ,he di$ 9 #gh4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,pompeius ,,& ,,! ,,ea/3 ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,crassus 7#gh-ec ,b4,c474 ,,w> ,,) ,,s]torius4--,n _m ye>s aft] ,sulla's dea?1 8 re=ms 7 annull$4 ,?is 0 l>gely ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,cneius ,pompeius1 :o _h support$ ,sulla1 b 0 n a uni=m or consi/5t adh]5t ( ! ari/ocratic p>ty4 ,he did n belong to an old family1 b _h s di/+ui%$ himself t ,sulla gave him a triumph4 ,lat] he rose to /ill high] di/9ction by 8 conduct ( ! w> aga9/ ,s]torius 9 ,spa91 a brave & able man ( ! ,m>ian p>ty1 :o 0 support$ !re = a long "t by a union ( ,spani>ds & ,romans4 ,n until jeal\sy arose among 8 (fic]s1 & ,s]torius 0 assass9at$1 0 ! =midable rebellion put d[n 7#gb74 ,,! ,,gladiatorial ,,w>4--,pompeius _h ! opportunity /ill fur!r to di/+ui% himself on 8 way back f ,spa94 ,a gladiator1 ,sp>tacus1 />t$ a revolt among 8 companions4 ,he call$ ab\t him slaves & outlaws until ) an army ( "o hundr$ ?\s& m5 he defeat$ ! ,roman g5]als1 & ?reat5$ ,rome itself4 ,= two ye>s !y ravag$ ,italy at _! w4 ,!y 7 vanqui%$ by ,m>cus ,crassus 9 #ga1 9 two battles1 9 ! la/ ( :i* ,sp>tacus fell4 ,! remnant ( !m1 a body ( five ?\s& m51 :o _h ne>ly rea*$ ! ,alps1 7 annihilat$ by ,pompeius4 ,,pompeius3 ,,crassus3 ,,cic]o4--,crassus 0 a man ( great weal? & ( mu* %rewdness4 ,pompeius 0 bl& & dignifi$ 9 8 ways1 a valiant1 ?\gh sometimes ov]-cauti\s1 g5]al4 ,^! two m51 9 #gj ,b4,c41 became consuls4 ,!y _h resolv$ to ?r[ !mselves = support on ! middle class at ,rome4 ,pompeius1 su/a9$ by 8 colleague1 secur$ ! abrogation ( "s ( ! ess5tial *anges made by ,sulla4 ,! ,tribunes receiv$ back _! p[]s1 & ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,assembly ( ! ,tribes 0 re/or$4 ,! absolute p[] ( ! ,s5ate ov] ! law-c\rts 0 tak5 away4 ,^! measures 7 c>ri$ 9 spite ( ! resi/ance ( t body4 ,pompeius 0 aid$ by ! great advocate1 ,m>cus ,tullius ,cic]o4 ,he 0 born at ,arp9um 9 #ajf ,b4,c41 ( an eque/rian family4 ,he _h be5 a dilig5t /ud5t ( law & politics1 & also ( ! ,greek philosophy1 & aspir$ to di/9ction 9 civil life4 ,he /udi$ rhetoric "u ,molo1 fir/ at ,rome & !n at ,rhodes1 dur+ a p]iod ( abs5ce f ,italy1 :i* cont9u$ ab\t two ye>s4 ,on 8 return 79 #gg ,b4,c471 he resum$ legal practice4 ,cic]o 0 a man ( extraord9>y & v>i\s tal5ts1 & a patriot1 s9c]ely atta*$ to ! republican con/itution4 ,he 0 humane & s5sitive1 & mu* m a man ( peace ?an 8 em95t contempor>ies4 ,8 foibles1 ! *ief ( :i* 0 ! love ( praise1 7 on ! surface2 &1 if he lack$ "s ( ! robu/ qualities ( ! great ,roman lead]s ( t day1 he 0 likewise free f "s ( _! s9s4 ,! captivat+ oratory ( ,cic]o f\nd a field = its ex]cise 9 ! impea*m5t ( ,v]res1 ^: rapacity1 z ,roman gov]nor ( ,sicily1 _h fairly desolat$ t weal?y prov9ce4 ,cic]o %[$ su* vigor 9 ! prosecution t ,v]res 0 driv5 into exile4 ,?is ev5t weak5$ ! s5atorial olig>*y1 & help$ ,pompeius 9 8 conte/ ) x4 ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,pirates4--,9 #fi ,b4,c41 ,pompeius retir$ f (fice2 b1 two ye>s lat]1 he assum$ comm& 9 ! w> aga9/ ! pirates4 ,^! _h tak5 possession ( creeks & valleys 9 ,we/]n ,cilicia & ,pamphylia1 & _h num]\s fleets4 ,n conf9+ _! depr$ations to ! sea1 !y plund]$ ! coa/s ( ,italy1 & /opp$ ! gra9-%ips on :i* ,rome dep5d$ = food4 ,pompeius und]took to ext]m9ate ?is piratical community4 ,by ! ,gab9ian ,law1 he 0 clo!d ) m p[] ?an _h ev] be5 committ$ to an individual4 ,he 0 to h absolute comm& ov] ! ,m$it]ranean & its coa/s = fifty miles inl&4 ,he us$ ?is unlimit$ au?ority = w> purposes alone1 &1 9 ?ree mon?s1 completely accompli%$ ! "w assign$ him4 ,he captur$ ?ree ?\s& vessels1 & put to dea? t5 ?\s& m54 ,tw5ty ?\s& captives he settl$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,cilicia4 ,,pompeius ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4--,! success ( ,pompeius 0 ! prelude to a wid] ext5sion ( 8 p[] & 8 popul>ity4 ,aft] ! return ( ,sulla f ! ,ea/1 ano!r ,mi?ridatic ,w> 7#hc-ha71 ! second 9 ! s]ies1 _h end$ 9 ! same t]ms ( peace t _h be5 agre$ ^u be=e 7p4 #aeg74 ,9 #gd ! conte/ began anew aga9/ ,mi?ridates1 & ,tigranes ( ,arm5ia1 8 son-9-law4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ,lucullus1 ! ,roman comm&]1 0 successful2 b f9ally ,mi?ridates rega9$ :at he _h lo/1 & kept up 8 aggressive c\rse4 ,9 #ff ,b4,c41 on a motion t 0 support$ by ,cic]o1 b oppos$ by ! ari/ocratic p>ty 9 ! ,s5ate1 ,pompeius 0 made comm&] 9 ! ,ea/ = an indef9ite t]m4 ,s ext5sive p[]s _h nev] be=e be5 committ$ to a ,roman4 ,he drove ,mi?ridates out ( ,pontus into ,arm5ia4 ,tigranes laid 8 cr[n at ! feet ( ! ,roman g5]al1 & 0 p]mitt$ to reta9 ,arm5ia4 ,mi?ridates fl$ beyond ! ,caucasus1 &1 9 #fc ,b4,c41 committ$ suicide4 ,pompeius ov]?rew ! ,syrian k+dom ( ! ,seleucidae4 ,he ent]$ ,judaea1 captur$ ,j]usalem f ,ari/obulus ! reign+ pr9ce1 & plac$ 8 bro!r ,hyrcanus on ! ?rone1 :o became tribut>y to ,rome4 ,pompeius ) 8 (fic]s ent]$ ! sanctu>y ( ! temple1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d !re nei!r image nor /atue4 ,he e/abli%$ 9 ! ,roman t]ritories 9 ,asia ! two prov9ces1 ,pontus & ,syria1 & re-organiz$ ! prov9ce ( ,cilicia4 ,sev]al k+doms he all[$ to rema9 "u ,roman protection4 ,aft] ?is unexampl$ ex]cise ( p[] & responsibility z ! dispos] ( k+doms1 he sl[ly return$ to ,italy1 dismiss$ 8 army at ,brundisium1 & ent]$ ! capital z a private citiz51 :]e1 9 #fa ,b4,c41 he enjoy$ a magnific5t triumph t la/$ = two days4 ,,! ,,roman ,,triumph4--,! mo/ covet$ rew>d ( a victori\s g5]al 0 a triumph4 ,x 0 grant$ by a vote ( ! ,s5ate & accord+ to c]ta9 rules1 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 7 (t5 relax$4 ,! g5]al mu/ h held ! (fice ( dictator1 consul1 or praetor2 at lea/ five ?\s& ( ! enemy mu/ h be5 sla9 9 a s+le battle2 ! w> mu/ h be5 aga9/ public foes1 etc4 ,! g5]al1 ) 8 army1 rema9$ )\t ! city until ! triumph _h be5 decre$ by ! ,s5ate1 :i* also assembl$ )\t ! walls to delib]ate on ! "q4 ,! pageant itself1 9 lat] times1 0 ( ! mo/ spl5did "*4 ,x consi/$ ( a procession :i* ent]$ ! ,triumphal ,gate1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! ,via ,sacra1 up ! ,capitol9e ,hill to ! ,temple ( ,jupit]1 :]e sacrifices 7 (f]$4 ,9 front 7 ! ,s5ate1 head$ by ! magi/rates4 ,!n came a body ( trumpet]s1 :o imm$iately prec$$ ! long tra9s ( c>riages & frames :i* display$ ! spoils ( conque/1 includ+ /atues1 pictures1 gorge\s app>el1 gold & silv]1 & :atev] else _h be5 borne away f ! conqu]$ p4 ,pictures ( ! c\ntry trav]s$ or conqu]$1 & models ( cities & =ts1 7 exhibit$4 ,beh9d ! spoils came flute-play]s1 & ^! 7 foll[$ by elephants & o!r /range animals4 ,next 7 ! arms & insignia ( ! ho/ile lead]s2 & aft] !m m>*$ ! lead]s !mselves & _! k9dr$1 & all ! captives ( less rank1 9 fett]s4 ,! cr[ns & o!r tributes volunt>ily giv5 to ! g5]al by ,roman allies next appe>$1 & !n ! c5tral figure ( ! procession1 ! imp]ator himself1 /&+ 9 a *>iot drawn by f\r horses1 clad 9 a robe embroid]$ ) gold1 & a fl[]$ tunic1 9 8 "r h& a b\gh ( laurel & 9 8 left a scept]1 ) a wrea? ( laurel on 8 br[1 & a slave /&+ beh9d1 & hold+ a cr[n ov] 8 head4 ,beh9d him 9 ! procession 7 8 family1 !n ! m\nt$ equites & ! :ole body ( ! infantry1 _! spe>s adorn$ ) laurels1 mak+ ! air r+ ) _! %\ts & songs4 ,meantime ! temples 7 op51 & inc5se 0 burn$ to ! gods2 build+s 7 decorat$ ) fe/al g>l&s2 ! population1 9 holiday dress1 ?rong$ ! /eps ( ! public build+s & /ages erect$ to comm& a view1 & 9 e place :]e a sight ( ! pageant c\ld be obta9$4 ,z ! procession climb$ ! ,capitol9e ,hill1 "s ( ! captives ( rank 7 tak5 into ! adjo9+ ,mam]t9e prison1 & b>b>\sly put to dea?4 ,9 ! l[] *amb] ( t anci5t dungeon1 :i* ! travel] /ill visits1 ,jugur?a & _m o!r conqu]$ enemies p]i%$4 ,aft] ! sacrifices _h be5 (f]$1 ! imp]ator sat d[n to a public fea/ ) 8 fri5ds 9 ! temple1 & 0 !n escort$ home by a cr[d ( citiz5s4 ,! ovation 0 a less] triumph4 ,! g5]al ent]$ ! city on foot1 & ! c]emonies 7 ( a mu* inf]ior ca/4 ,,conspiracy ,,( ,,catil9e4--,mean:ile at ,rome1 ! /ate _h be5 endang]$ by ! comb9ation ( democrats & an>*i/s 9 ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e4 ,! well-contriv$ plot ( ?is audaci\s & pr(ligate man 0 detect$ & cru%$ by ! vigilance & en]gy ( ! consul ,cic]o1 ^: f\r spee*es on ! subject1 two to ! ,s5ate & two to ! p1 are among ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all 8 orations4 ,catil9e 0 =c$ to fly f ,rome2 & sev]al ( 8 prom95t accomplices 7 put to dea? by ! advice ( ,cato 7! y\ng]71 ! lead] ( ! ,s5atorial p>ty1 & by ! vote ( ! ,s5ate4 ,?is 0 done )\t ask+ = ! v]dict ( ! p1 & = ?is reason 0 n w>rant$ by ! law2 b x 0 decl>$ to be ne$ful = ! salvation ( ! /ate4 ,! next ye> ,catil9e 0 kill$ 9 battle1 & 8 =ce disp]s$ by ! army ( ! ,s5ate4 ,a turn ( p>ty feel+ aft]w>ds exil$ ,cic]o = dep>t+ f ! law 9 ! execution ( ! conspirators4 ,,julius ,,caes>4--,ano!r p]son /rong en\gh to be ! rival ( ,pompeius 0 n[ on ! /age ( action4 ,?is 0 ,caius ,julius ,caes>1 :o prov$ himself to be1 on ! :ole1 ! =emo/ man ( ! anci5t ,roman _w4 ,caes>'s tal5ts 7 v]satile1 b 9 no?+ 0 he weak or sup]ficial4 ,he 0 great z a g5]al1 a /atesman1 an orator1 & an au?or4 ,) z mu* p[] ( p]sonal comm& ov] m5 z ,hannibal _h possess$1 he 0 likewise an agreeable companion ( m5 ( lett]s & 9 g5]al society4 ,e ?+ he did he appe>$ to d ) ease4 ,by 8 family connections he 0 naturally designat$ z ! lead] ( ! popul>1 ,m>ian p>ty4 ,he 0 ! nephew ( ,m>ius & ! son-9-law ( ,c9na4 ,sulla _h sp>$ 8 life1 al?\gh he _h c\rage\sly refus$ to obey ! dictator's comm& to put away 8 wife2 b he _h be5 oblig$ to quit ,rome4 ,at ! fun]al ( ,julia1 ! wid[ ( ,m>ius1 he _h be5 bold en\gh to exhibit ! bu/ ( t h]o1--an act t involv$ risk1 b pleas$ ! multitude4 ,he 0 suspect$ ( be+ privy to ,catil9e's plot1 & 9 ! ,s5ate spoke aga9/ ! execution ( 8 conf$]ates4 ,9 #fe he 0 elect$ ,a$ile1 b 8 pr(use exp5ditures 9 provid+ games plung$ him heavily 9 debt2 s t x 0 only by advances made to him by ,crassus t he 0 able1 aft] be+ praetor1 to g to ,spa9 79 #fa71 :]e1 z propraetor1 he fir/ acquir$ milit>y di/9ction4 ,prior to 8 soj\rn 9 ,spa91 by 8 bold political conduct1 9 opposition to ! ,s5ate1 & on ! democratic side1 he _h made himself a favorite ( ! p4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,triumvirate4--,pompeius 0 di/ru/$ & fe>$ by ! ,s5ate2 b1 on see+ t he took no measures to seize on p[] at ,rome1 !y proce$$ to ?w>t 8 wi%es1 & d5i$ ! expect$ allotm5ts ( l& to 8 troops4 ,! circum/ances l$ to ! =mation ( ! fir/ ,triumvirate1 :i* 0 an in=mal alliance betwe5 ,pompeius1 ,caes>1 & ,crassus1 aga9/ ! ,s5atorial olig>*y1 & = ! protection & fur!rance ( _! own int]e/s4 ,caes> became consul 9 #ei ,b4,c4 ,he gave 8 daught] ,julia 9 m>riage to ,pompeius4 ,gaul1 bo? ,cisalp9e1 & ,transalp9e 7,gallia ,n>bon5sis71 0 giv5 to ,caes> to gov]n = five ye>s4 ,cato 0 s5t (f to take possession ( ! k+dom ( ,cyprus4 ,cic]o1 :o 0 midway betwe5 ! two p>ties1 0 exil$ on motion ( ! radical tribune1 ,clodius4 ,b ! indep5d5t & viol5t proce$+s ( ?is demagogue l$ ,pompeius to co-op]ate m ) ! ,s5ate4 ,cic]o 0 recall$ 7#eg ,b4,c474 ,a jeal\sy1 fom5t$ by ! ,s5ate1 sprang up betwe5 ,pompeius & ,crassus4 ,by ,caes>'s ef=ts1 a bett] und]/&+ 0 br\ght ab\t betwe5 ! triumvirs1 & x 0 agre$ t 8 own proconsul%ip %\ld be prolong$ = a second t]m ( five ye>s4 ,pompeius receiv$ ! ,spa9s1 & ,crassus1 :o 0 av>ici\s1 0 made proconsul ( ,syria1 & comm&] ( ! armies 9 ! ,ori5tal prov9ces4 ,9 an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,p>?ians 9 #ec1 he p]i%$4 ,,caes> ,,9 ,,gaul4--,! campaigns ( ,caes> 9 ,gaul cov]$ a p]iod ( eight ye>s4 ,an admirable n>rative ( !m is pres5t$ by himself 9 8 ,comm5t>ies4 ,,! ,,gauls4--,! ,gauls 7 ,celts4 ,! ,celts 7 spread ov] ! mo/ ( ,gaul1 ov] ,brita9 & ! nor? ( ,italy4 ,9 ,gaul1 !re 7 ?ree g5]al divisions ( p1 ea* subdivid$ into tribes4 ,^! 7 ! ,belgae1 ! ,galli1 & ! ,aquitani1 ! la/ ( :om1 h[ev]1 7 n ,celts1 b1 l ! ,ib]ians 9 ,spa91 belong$ to a pre-,celtic race4 ,! ,helvetii & ,v9delici 7 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! ,celts ( ,gaul _h atta9$ to a consid]able degree ( civilization4 ,_! gods 7 ! v>i\s objects ( nature p]sonifi$4 ,_! div9ities are describ$ by ,caes> z correspond+ 9 _! functions to ! gods ( ,rome4 ,_! prie/s 7 ! ,druids1 a close corporation1 b n h]$it>y4 ,!y n only conduct$ wor%ip3 !y 7 ! lawgiv]s1 judges1 & physicians ( ! p4 ,!y possess$ a my/]i\s doctr9e1 :i* !y taught to ! initiat$4 ,!y held a great ye>ly assembly = ! trial ( causes4 ,! ,b>ds /ood 9 connection ) ! ,druidical ord]4 ,9 wor%ip1 human sacrifices 7 (f]$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 ! victims be+ prison]s1 slaves1 crim9als1 etc4 ,!re 7 temples1 b ?ick groves 7 ! favorite seats ( wor%ip4 ,caes> says t ! ,gauls 7 /rongly addict$ to religi\s obs]vances4 ,9 _! "* !y are describ$ z brave & impetu\s 9 an onset1 b z lack+ p]si/5cy4 ,! ,celts 9 ,brita9 7 less civiliz$ ?an _! k9sfolk across ! *annel4 ,b 9 _! cu/oms & religi\s beliefs & usages1 !y 7 simil> to !m4 ,!y probably came ov] f ,gaul4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,gaul4--,! fir/ victory ( ,caes> 0 9 conflict ) ! ,helvetii1 :o _h invad$ ,gaul1 & :om he drove back to _! homes 9 ! ,alps4 ,! ,gallic tribes appli$ to him = help aga9/ ! ,g]mans1 :o _h be5 l$ ov] ! ,rh9e by ,ariovi/us1 *ief ( ! ,suevi4 ,him ,caes> =c$ to return to ! o!r side ( ! riv]4 ,! ,gallic tribes1 fe>+ ! p[] ( ,caes>1 /irr$ up ! ,belgae1 ! mo/ w>like ( all ! ,gauls4 ,^! ,cses> subdu$1 & also1 ) less difficulty1 conqu]$ ! o!r nations ( ,gaul4 ,twice1 9 conflict ) ! ,g]mans1 he cross$ ! ,rh9e ne> ,bonn & ,&]na* 7#ee & #ec ,b4,c474 ,twice1 also 7#ee & #ed ,b4,c471 he l&$ 9 ,brita94 ,on ! second exp$ition he cross$ ! ,?ames4 ,9 #eb !re 0 a g5]al insurrection ( ! ,gauls "u ,v]c+etorix1 a brave *iefta91 to conqu] :om requir$ all ( ,caes>'s /r5g? & skill4 ,! result ( eight ye>s ( h>d & successful w>f>e 0 ! subjugation ( all ,gaul f ! ,rh9e to ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! ,celts 7 subdu$1 & /eps tak5 :i* result$ 9 _! civilization4 ,a b>ri] 0 plac$ 9 ! way ( ! advance ( ! ,g]mans1 :i* avail$ = ?is end dur+ sev]al c5turies4 ,by 8 successes 9 ,gaul1 ,cses> acquir$ a fame z a g5]al1 :i* p>tly eclips$ ! glory previ\sly ga9$ by ,pompeius 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he became1 also1 ! lead] ( vet]an legions :o 7 devot$ to 8 int]e/s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,pompeius ,,& ,,caes>3 ,,! ,,second ,,triumvirate4 ,,! ,,civil ,,w>4--,! rupture betwe5 ,pompeius & ,caes> br\ght on ano!r civil w>1 & subv]t$ ! ,roman republic4 ,!y 7 virtually reg5ts4 ,! triumvirs _h arrang$ ) "o ano!r = ! p>tition ( p[]4 ,! dea? ( ,crassus took away a l9k ( connection :i* _h unit$ ! two survivors4 ,! dea? ( ,julia1 ! beautiful daught] ( ,caes>1 9 #ed ,b4,c41 _h previ\sly dissolv$ ano!r tie4 ,pompeius contriv$ to rema9 9 ,rome1 & to gov]n ,spa9 by legates4 ,ea* ( ! two rivals _h 8 active & valiant p>tisans 9 ! city4 ,! spoils ( ,gaul 7 s5t to be exp5d$ 9 ! erection ( co/ly build+s1 & 9 provid+ ent]ta9m5ts = ! populace4 ,to ,pompey1 9 turn1 ,rome ow$ ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ /one !at]1 :i* 0 d$icat$ ) unprec$5t$ %[ & spl5dor4 ,bloody conflicts betwe5 arm$ b&s ( adh]5ts ( ! two lead]s 7 ( daily occurr5ce4 ,clodius1 an adh]5t ( ,caes> & a reckless p>tisan1 0 sla9 by ,milo1 9 a conflict on ! ,appian ,way4 ,! ,s5ate & ! republicans1 ( :om ,cato 0 ! *ief1 9 ord] to curb ! populace1 & out ( enmity to ,caes>1 alli$ !mselves ) ,pompeius4 ,x 0 det]m9$ to prev5t him f /&+ z a c&idate = ! consul%ip1 unless he %\ld lay d[n 8 comm&1 & come to ,rome4 ,he (f]$ to resign 8 milit>y p[] if ,pompeius w\ld d ! same4 ,?is 0 refus$4 ,f9ally he 0 direct$ to give up 8 comm& 9 ,gaul be=e ! expiration ( ! "t :i* _h be5 set = ! t]m9ation ( x4 ,?is ord]1 if c>ri$ into effect1 w\ld h r$uc$ him to ! rank ( a private citiz51 & h left him at ! m]cy ( 8 enemies4 ,! tribunes1 includ+ 8 devot$ support]1 ,m>cus ,antonius1 9 va9 int]pos$ ! veto1 & fl$ f ! city4 ,caes> det]m9$ to disobey ! ord] ( ! ,s5ate4 ,8 legions--two _h be5 )drawn on ! false pretext ( ne$+ !m = ! ,p>?ian w>--clung to him1 ) ! exception ( "o able (fic]1 ,t4 ,labi5us4 ,caes> act$ ) great promptitude4 ,he cross$ ! ,rubicon1 ! b\nd>y ( ! ,gallic ,cisalp9e prov9ce1 be=e ,pompeius--:o _h decl>$1 t ) a /amp ( 8 foot he c\ld call up arm$ m5 f ! gr\nd--_h made adequate prep>ations to meet him4 ,! /r5g? ( ,pompeius 0 ma9ly 9 ! ,ea/1 ! sc5e ( 8 =m] glory2 & he 01 p]haps1 n unwill+ to retire to t region1 tak+ ) him ! ?rong ( ari/ocratic lead]s1 :o fl$ precipitately on le>n+ ( ! approa* ( ,caes>4 ,pompeius sail$ f ,brundisium to ,epirus4 ,cic]o1 :o _h ard5tly desir$ an accommodation betwe5 ! rivals1 0 9 an agony ( d\bt z to :at c\rse x 0 "r & be/ = him to take1 s9ce he saw reason to dread ! triumph ( ei!r side4 ,reluctantly he decid$ to ca/ 9 8 lot ) ! ,s5ate & its newly ga9$ *ampion4 ,,ph>salus3 ,,?apsus3 ,,munda4--,caes> ga9$ ! advantage ( secur+ ! /ate treasure :i* ,pompeius _h unacc\ntably left beh9d him1 & 0 able to e/abli% 8 p[] 9 ,italy4 ,be=e pursu+ ,pompeius1 he m>*$ ?r\gh ,gaul into ,spa9 7#di ,b4,c471 conqu]$ ! ,pompeian =ces at ,il]da1 & secur$ 8 hold ^u t c\ntry4 ,he !n cross$ ! ,adriatic1 ,he enc\nt]$ ,pompeius1 :o c\ld n manage 8 imprud5t (fic]s1 on ! pla9 ( ,ph>salus 7#dh ,b4,c471 :]e ! s5atorial army 0 completely ov]?r[n4 ,pompeius sail$ = ,egypt2 b1 j z he 0 l&+1 he 0 trea*]\sly assass9at$4 ,8 head 0 s5t to ,caes>1 :o wept at ! spectacle1 & puni%$ ! murd]]s4 ,caes> ga9$ fri5ds ev]y:]e by ! ex]cise ( a judici\s clem5cy1 :i* accord$ ) 8 natural disposition4 ,he next w5t to ,egypt4 ,!re he 0 met by ,cleopatra1 ^: dazzl+ beauty captivat$ him4 ,%e reign$ 9 conjunction ) h] y\ng] bro!r1 :o1 accord+ to ! ,egyptian usage1 0 nom9ally h] husb&4 ,! ,egyptians 7 r\s$ aga9/ ,caes>1 &1 on "o occasion1 he sav$ 8 life by swimm+2 b he f9ally defeat$ & de/roy$ ! ,egyptian army4 ,at ,zela1 9 ,pontus1 he met & vanqui%$ ,ph>naces1 ! revolt$ son ( ,mi?ridates1 & s5t ! laconic message1 ,v5i1 vidi1 vici 7,i came1 ,i saw1 ,i conqu]$74 ,e>ly 9 #df he l&$ 9 ,africa1 &1 at ,?apsus1 annihilat$ ! republican =ces 9 t region4 ,a mo/ p[]ful comb9ation 0 made aga9/ him 9 ,spa91 includ+ "s ( 8 old (fic]s & legion>ies1 & ! two sons ( ,pompeius4 ,b 9 ! h>d-f\ght battle at ,munda 7,m>*1 #de ,b4,c471 :5 ,caes> 0 himself 9 great p]sonal dang]1 he 01 z usual1 triumphant4 ,,caes> ,,z ,a ,,civilian4--,m>vel\s z ! c>e] ( ,caes> z a g5]al 01 8 m]it z a civilian out/rips ev5 8 di/9ction z a soldi]4 ,he saw t ! _w c\ld no long] be gov]n$ by ! ,roman rabble1 & t mon>*y 0 ! only alt]native4 ,he rul$ "u ! =ms ( ! old con/itution1 tak+ ! po/ ( dictator & c5sor = life1 & absorb+ 9 himself ! o!r pr9cipal republican (fices4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( 8 measures1 :i* 7 mo/ly ( a v :olesome "*1 0 n only to rem$y abuses ( adm9i/ration1 b to f\nd a sy/em ( ord]ly adm9i/ration 9 :i* ,rome %\ld be n ! sole mi/ress1 b simply ! capital1 ( ! _w-wide community :i* _h be5 subject$ to h] au?ority4 ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,caes>4--,caes> made ! ,s5ate an advisory body4 ,he increas$ ! numb] ( s5ators1 br++ 9 prov9cials z well z ,roman citiz5s4 ,he gave full citiz5%ip to all ! ,transpadane ,gauls1 & to num]\s communities 9 ,transalp9e ,gaul1 9 ,spa91 & else:]e4 ,he e/abli%$ a wide-spread colonization1 ?us plant+ 8 vet]ans 9 diff]5t places abroad1 & less5+ ! numb] ( prolet>ians 9 ,italy4 ,he rebuilt ,c>?age & ,cor9?4 ,he re-organiz$ ! army1 & ! civil adm9i/ration 9 ! prov9ces4 ,9 ! space ( five ye>s1 :ile he 0 busy 9 important w>s1 he orig9at$ num]\s gov]nm5tal measures ( ! utmo/ value4 ,,! ,,motives ,,( ,,caes>4--,! designs ( ,caes> & ( 8 p>ty are to be di/+ui%$ f :at !y actually accompli%$4 ,caes> 0 n impell$ by a desire to improve ! gov]nm5t ( ! prov9ces1 9 tak+ up arms aga9/ ! ,s5ate4 ,nor did he owe 8 success to ! support ( prov9cials2 al?\gh1 9 common ) ! re/ ( ! democratic p>ty at ,rome1 he 0 glad to h !m = allies4 ,! cu/om _h gr[n up ( virtually giv+ to em95t g5]als1 absolute p[] = ext5d$ int]vals4 ,?is 0 done1 = example1 9 ! case ( ,m>ius1 on ! occasion ( ! invasion ( ! ,cimbrians & ,teutones4 ,9 su* exig5cies1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to create :at 0 equival5t to a milit>y dictator%ip4 ,! idea ( milit>y rule became famili>4 ,! revolution made by ,caes> 0 a*iev$ by milit>y organization1 & 0 a measure ( p]sonal self-def5se on 8 "p4 ,be+ rais$ to ! supreme p[]1 he s\ght to rule accord+ to ! wise & lib]al ideas :i* 7 sugge/$ by ! actual condition ( ! _w1 & ! undesirabl5ess ( a cont9u$ dom9ation ( a s+le city1 ) su* a populace z t ( ,rome4 ,be=e he c\ld c>ry out 8 l>ge s*emes1 he 0 cut d[n4 ,,assass9ation ,,( ,,caes>4--,caes> 0 tir$ ( /ay+ 9 ,rome1 & 0 propos+ to und]take an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,p>?ians4 ,nei!r 8 clem5cy nor ! necessity & ! m]its ( ! gov]nm5t su/a9$ by him1 avail$ to %ield him aga9/ ! ma*9ations ( enemies4 ,! ari/ocratic p>ty dete/$ 8 policy4 ,he 0 suspect$ ( aim+ at ! title1 z well z ! p[]1 ( a k+4 ,a conspiracy made up ( num]\s s5ators :o secretly hat$ him1 ( o!r individuals influ5c$ by p]sonal spite1 & ( republican vision>ies l ,cassius & ,junius ,brutus1 :o glori$ 9 :at !y consid]$ tyrannicide1 assault$ him on ! ides ( ,m>* 7,m>* #ae1 #dd ,b4,c47 9 ! hall ( ,pompeius1 :i!r he _h come to a session ( ! ,s5ate4 ,he receiv$ tw5ty-?ree w\nds1 "o ( :i*1 at lea/1 0 fatal1 & fell1 utt]+1 a tradition said1 a ^w ( g5tle reproa* to ,brutus1 "o :o _h be5 c\nt$ a special fri5d4 ,cic]o _h acquiesc$ 9 ! new gov]nm5t1 & eulogiz$ ,caes> & 8 adm9i/ration4 ,b ev5 he express$ 8 satisfaction at ! ev5t :i* left ! republic )\t a ma/]4 ,an amne/y to ^? :o slew ,caes> 0 advocat$ by him1 & decre$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,,! ,,second ,,triumvirate4--,! ,s5ate gave to ! lead+ conspirators prov9ces2 to ,decimus ,brutus1 ,cisalp9e ,gaul4 ,b at ,rome !re 0 quickly a re-action ( popul> wra? aga9/ ! enemies ( ,cses>1 :i* 0 skillfully fom5t$ by ,m>cus ,antonius 9 ! address :i* he made to ! p ov] 8 dead body1 pi]c$ ) s _m w\nds4 ,! p vot$ to give ,cisalp9e ,gaul to ,antonius1 & he set out to take x f ,decimus ,brutus by =ce ( arms4 ,cic]o deliv]$ a fam\s s]ies ( h>angues aga9/ ,antonius1 call$ ! ,philippics4 ,antonius1 be+ defeat$1 fl$ to ,lepidus1 ! gov]nor ( ,transalp9e ,gaul4 ,octavius1 ! gr&-nephew & adopt$ son ( ,caes>1 a y\? ( eighte51 n[ became prom95t1 & at fir/ 0 support$ by ! ,s5ate 9 ! hope ( balanc+ ! p[] ( ,antonius4 ,b 9 ,octob]1 #dc1 ,octavianus 7z he 0 h5ce=w>d call$71 ,antonius1 & ,lepidus toge!r =m$ a second triumvirate1 :i* became legal1 by ! ratification ( ! p1 = ! p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,a proscription = ! de/ruction ( ! enemies ( ! ?ree contract+ p>ties 0 a "p ( ?is alliance4 ,a great numb] 7 put to dea?1 among !m ,cic]o1 a sacrifice to ! v5geance ( ,antonius4 ,w> aga9/ ! republicans 0 ! necess>y consequ5ce4 ,at ,philippi 9 ,?race1 9 ! ye> #db1 ,antonius & ,octavianus defeat$ ,brutus & ,cassius1 bo? ( :om committ$ suicide4 ,porcia1 ! wife ( ,brutus1 & ! daught] ( ,cato1 on he>+ ( h] husb&'s dea?1 put an end to h] own life4 ,_m o!r adh]5ts ( ! republic foll[$ ! example ( _! lead]s4 ,! victors divid$ ! _w betwe5 !mselves1 ,antonius tak+ ! ea/1 ,octavianus ! we/1 :ile to ! weak & av>ici\s ,lepidus1 ,africa 0 assign$2 b he 0 soon depriv$ ( 8 %>e by ,octavianus4 ,,civil ,,w>3 ,,actium4--,antonius 0 enam\r$ ( ,cleopatra1 &1 foll[+ h] to ,egypt1 gave himself up to luxury & s5sual gratification4 ,civil w> betwe5 ,octavianus & ! foll[]s ( ,antonius 9 ,italy 7#dj1 #da ,b4,c47 0 foll[$ by ! m>riage ( ,octavia1 ! si/] ( ,octavianus1 to ,antonius4 ,b aft] a succession ( disputes betwe5 ! two reg5ts1 !re 0 a f9al brea*4 ,antonius 7#ce7 w5t s f> z to give ,roman t]ritories to ! sons ( ,cleopatra1 & to s5d to ,octavia pap]s ( divorce4 ,! ,s5ate1 at ! in/igation ( ,octavianus1 depriv$ 8 unwor?y colleague ( all 8 p[]s4 ,w> 0 decl>$ aga9/ ,cleopatra4 ,ea/ & ,we/ 7 array$ 9 arms aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! conflict 0 det]m9$ by ! naval victory ( ,octavianusat ,actium 7,sept4 #b1 #ca ,b4,c474 ,be=e ! battle 0 decid$1 ,cleopatra fl$1 & 0 foll[$ by ,antonius4 ,:5 ! latt] approa*$ ,alex&ria1 ,antonius1 deceiv$ by ! false report t ,cleopatra _h de/roy$ h]self1 ?rew himself ^u 8 sword & di$4 ,cleopatra1 f9d+ h]self unable to fasc9ate ! conqu]or1 b believ+ t he meant t %e %\ld adorn 8 public triumph at ,rome1 poison$ h]self 7#cj74 ,egypt 0 made into a ,roman prov9ce4 ,! mon? ,sextilis1 on :i* ,octavianusreturn$ to ,rome1 receiv$ 9 honor ( him ! "n ( ,augu/1 f ,augu/us1 ! v5]at$ or illu/ri\s1 ! "n giv5 him 9 #bg ,b4,c4 by ! ,roman p & ,s5ate4 ,he celebrat$ ?ree triumphs2 &1 = ! ?ird "t s9ce ! city 0 f\nd$1 ! ,temple ( ,janus 0 clos$4 ,,p]iod ,v4 ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,mon>*y3 ,,to ,,! ,,migrations ,,( ,,! ,,teutonic ,,tribes 7#cge ,a4,d474 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,augu/us4 ,,augu/us ,,z ,a ,,rul]4--,! long-cont9u$1 sangu9>y civil w>s made peace welcome4 ,augu/us knew h[ to conceal 8 love ( p[] "u a mild ext]ior1 & to organize ! mon>*y ) a nom9al adh]5ce to republican =ms4 ,! controll+ magi/racies1 except ! c5sor%ip1 7 transf]r$ to him4 ,z ,imp]ator1 he _h unlimit$ comm& ov] ! milit>y =ces1 & 0 at ! head ( a /&+ army ( ?ree hundr$ & =ty ?\s& m54 ,to him x belong$ to decide on peace & w>4 ,! ,s5ate became ! real legislative body1 issu+ s5atus-consulta4 ,!re 0 also a sort ( cab9et c\ncil *os5 by him f its memb]s4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,tribunes belong$ to him1 & ?us ! popul> assemblies became m & m a nullity4 ,! ,s5ate 0 made up ( 8 creatures2 ! p 7 won by bread & games2 ! army 0 fett]$ to him by means ( booty & gifts4 ,:ile ! =ms ( a free /ate rema9$1 all ! functions ( au?ority 7 ex]cis$ by ! rul]4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,empire4--7#a7 ,its ,ext5t4 ,! ,roman ,empire ext5d$ f ! ,atlantic to ! ,euphrates1 a di/ance ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& miles1 & f ! ,danube & ! ,engli% ,*annel--lat]1 f ! fri?s ( ,scotl&--to ! cat>acts ( ! ,nile & ! ,african des]t4 ,its population 0 some:]e f eighty millions to "o hundr$ & tw5ty millions4 ,x 0 compos$ ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 a di/9ction t 0 n simply geographical1 b includ$ deep] *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 7#b7 ,! ,prov9ces4 ,! prov9ces 7 divid$ 7#bg ,b4,c47 into ! proconsul>1 rul$ by ! ,s5ate1 & ! imp]ial1 rul$ by ! legates ( ,augu/us4 ,8 au?ority1 h[ev]1 0 ev]y:]e supreme4 ,ov] all ! empire ext5d$ ! sy/em ( ,roman law1 ! rights & immunities ( :i* belong$ to ,roman citiz5s ev]y:]e4 7#c7 ,! ,two ,languages4 ,x 0 a ,romano-,hell5ic mon>*y4 ,local dialects rema9$2 b ! ,greek language 0 ! language ( comm]ce1 & ( polite int]c\rse 9 all places4 ,! ,greek tongue & ,hell5ic culture 7 ! common prop]ty ( ! nations4 ,! ,lat9 0 preval5t we/ ( ! ,adriatic4 ,x 0 adopt$ 9 ,africa1 ,spa91 ,gaul1 & 9 o!r prov9ces4 ,x 0 ! language ( c\rts & ( ! camp4 7#d7 ,j\rneys & ,trade4 ,! ,roman t]ritory 0 cov]$ ) a net-"w ( magnific5t roads4 ,j\rneys = purposes ( trade & f motives ( curiosity 7 common4 ,religi\s pilgrimages to fam\s %r9es 7 frequ5t4 ,! safety & peace :i* foll[$ ^u ! civil w>s /imulat$ traffic & int]c\rse betwe5 ! diff]5t regions unit$ "u ! imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,,lit]ature4--,! ,augu/an p]iod 0 ! gold5 age ( ,roman lit]ature4 ,lit]>y works 7 topics ( conv]sation 9 social circles4 ,libr>ies 7 collect$ by ! ri*4 ,! %ops ( booksell]s 7 places ( resort = cultivat$ p4 ,!re 7 active & lib]al patrons ( poets & ( o!r m5 ( lett]s4 ,su* patrons 7 ,maec5as1 ,horace's fri5d1 & ,augu/us himself4 ,!n favors 7 repaid by praises & flatt]y1 z we see 9 ! v]ses ( ,horace1 ,virgil1 & especially ( ,ovid4 ,! lectures ( gramm>ians & rhetoricians1 ( philosoph]s & physicians1 7 l>gely att5d$4 ,lit]>y societies 7 =m$4 ,p]iodicals & bullet9s 7 publi%$1 9 :i* ! proce$+s ( ! ,s5ate & ( ! c\rts 7 record$4 ,! bus9ess ( scribes--copyi/s ( manuscripts--engag$ a va/ numb] ( p]sons4 ,,writ+s ,,( ,,cic]o4--,cic]o 7#ajf-dc71 9 8 philosophic writ+s1 reproduces ! ?\ghts & speculations ( ! ,greek sages1 9 ! mann] ( a cultivat$ & appreciative /ud5t4 ,8 spee*es & 8 epi/les1 especially ^? to 8 fri5d1 ,atticus1 lift ! veil1 z x 71 & af=d u mo/ int]e/+ glimpses ( ! civil & social life ( ! ,romans ( t day4 ,,! ,,poets4--,"o ( ! mo/ orig9al ( ! ,lat9 poets is ,lucretius 7#ie-ea ,b4,c471 ^: poem ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s is an ef=t to dispel sup]/iti\s fe> by inculcat+ ! ,epicurean doctr9e t ! _w is self-made ?r\gh ! movem5t & concussion ( atoms1 & t ! gods leave x to c>e = itself4 ,a contempor>y ( ,lucretius1 & a poet ( equal m]it1 b 9 an altoge!r diff]5t ve91 is ,catullus4 ,he is *iefly not$ = 8 lyrics4 ,virgil 7#gj-ai ,b4,c471 9 ! ,a5eid1 has produc$ a g5u9e ,roman epic1 al?\gh 8 dep5d5ce on ,hom] is obvi\s ?r\gh\t1 & 9 ! ,bucolics1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 ! ,georgics1 :]e he %[s mo/ orig9ality1 has made himself immortal z a pa/oral poet4 ,horace 7#fe-h ,b4,c471 l mo/ ( ! ,roman au?ors1 9 _m ( 8 poems is inspir$ by 8 ,greek models1 b1 9 8 ,satires & ,poetic ,epi/les1 expresses ! "* ( 8 own g5ius4 ,8 ,odes1 = _! beauty & melody & ! v>iety ( _! topics1 rank among ! be/ ( all productions ( _! k9d4 ,ovid 7#dc ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #ah71 9 8 *ief "w1 ! ,metamorphoses1 h&l$ ! my?ical tales ( ! ,greeks1 &1 9 8 poems on ,love1 likewise introduc$ _m ,grecian tales4 ,he 0 mu* influ5c$ by ! ,alex&rian poets4 ,,! ,,hi/orians4--,9 hi/orical composition1 mo/ ( ! ,roman au?ors _h ,greek patt]ns be=e _! eyes4 ,nev]!less1 ,livy 7#ei ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #ag71 ?irty-five ( ! "o hundr$ & =ty-two books ( ^: ,annals h be5 pres]v$1 & ,sallu/1 to :om we are indebt$ = n>ratives ( ! conspiracy ( ,catal9e & ( ! ,jugur?9e w>1 are f> f be+ s]vile copyi/s4 ,! simple & lucid b graceful /yle ( ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,caes> makes ?is "w an example ( ! pure/ ,lat9 prose4 ,,law ,,writ]s4--,9 "o dep>tm5t1 t ( jurisprud5ce1 ! ,romans 7 em95tly orig9al4 ,! writ+s ( ! great juri/s 7 simple & sev]e1 & free f ! rhetorical traits :i* ,roman au?ors 9 o!r dep>tm5ts borr[$ f ! ,greeks4 ,,o!r ,,au?ors4--,among o!r em95t au?ors ( ?is p]iod are ! great ,roman antiqu>y ,v>ro 7#aaf-bg ,b4,c472 ! elegiac poets1 ,tibullus & ,prop]tius2 ,pha$rus1 ! ,roman ,aesop2 ! hi/orian1 ,cornelius ,nepos2 & ! ,greek hi/orical writ]s ( t day1 ,diodore ( ,sicily & ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus2 also ,/rabo1 ! ,greek geograph] 7#fd ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #bd74 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,! ,,jews ,,& ,,_! ,,disp]sion4--,!re 7 ?ree anci5t peoples1 ea* ( :i* fulfill$ an (fice ( its own 9 hi/ory4 ,! ,greeks 7 ! intellectual p1 ! ,romans 7 f\nd]s 9 law & politics3 f ! ,hebrews ! true religion 0 to spr+4 ,at ! epo* ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ! ,hebrews1 l ! ,greeks & ,romans1 7 scatt]$ abroad1 & m+l$ ) all o!r nations4 ,:]ev] !y w5t !y c>ri$ _! pure mono!ism1 & built _! synagogues = in/ruction 9 ! law & = common wor%ip4 ,9 ! region ( ,babylon1 a multitude ( ,jews _h rema9$ aft] ! captivity4 ,two out ( ! five sections ( ,alex&ria 7 occupi$ by !m4 ,at ,antio* 9 ,syria1 ! o!r great meet+-place ( peoples ( div]se orig9 & religion1 !y 7 v num]\s4 ,9 ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( ,greece & ,mac$onia1 9 ,illyricum & 9 ,rome1 !y 7 plant$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,jewi% m]*ants w5t :]ev] !re 0 room = pr(itable trade4 ,g5]ally reg>d$ ) av]sion on acc\nt ( _! religi\s exclusiv5ess1 !y nev]!less made s _m proselytes t ! ,roman philosoph]1 ,s5eca1 said ( !m1 ,! conqu]$ h giv5 laws to ! conqu]ors4 ,prophecy _h inspir$ ! ,jews ) an abid+ & f]v5t expectation ( ! ultimate conque/ ( hea!nism1 & preval5ce ( _! fai?4 ,if ! hope ( a temporal ,messiah to free !m f ! ,roman yoke1 & to lead !m to an ext]nal victory & dom9ion1 burn$ 9 ! he>ts ( mo/1 !re 7 "s ( a m spiritual m9d & ( deep] aspirations1 :o look$ = ,"o :o %\ld m9i/] to ! s\l1 & br+ 9 a reign ( hol9ess & peace4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,*ri/ianity ,,among ,,! ,,hea!n4--,9 ! hea!n _w1 !re 0 n want+ a prep>ation = su* a ,deliv]]4 ,! union ( all ! nations 9 ! ,roman ,empire _h less5$ ! mutual antipa?y ( peoples1 melt$ d[n b>ri]s ( feel+ z well z ( int]c\rse1 & weak5$ ! pride ( race4 ,an indi/9ct s5se ( a common humanity _h ent]$ ! brea/s ( m54 ,writ]s1 l ,cic]o1 talk$ ( a great community1 a s+le society ( gods & m54 ,! ,/oic philosophy _h made ?is idea famili>4 ,mank9d1 x 0 said1 =m$ "o city4 ,along ) ?is conception1 precepts 7 utt]$ 9 favor ( =be>ance & frat]nal k9dness betwe5 man & man4 ,9 religion1 !re 0 a drift t[>ds mono!ism4 ,! old my?ological religion 0 decay+1 & traditional beliefs z to div9e ?+s 7 dissolv+4 ,_m m9ds 7 ye>n+ = some?+ to fill ! void1--= a m sub/antial gr\nd ( re/ & ( hope4 ,!y long$ = a goal on :i* _! aspirations might c5t]1 & to :i* _! ex]tions might t5d4 ,! burd5 ( s9 & ( suff]+ t re/$ on ! common mass excit$ at lea/ a vague ye>n+ = deliv]ance4 ,! ,roman ,empire1 ) all its treasures & its glory1 fail$ to satisfy ! he>ts ( m54 ,! dreams ( philosophy c\ld n be realiz$ on ! basis ( anci5t society1 :]e ! /ate 0 e ?+1 & :]e no high]1 m compreh5sive & m endur+ k+dom c\ld spr+ into be+4 ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,! ,,apo/les4--,f\r ye>s be=e ! date assign$ = ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,jesus 0 born4 ,h]od1 a tyrannical k+1 s]vile 9 8 attitude t[>d ! ,romans1 & subject to !m1 0 !n rul+ ov] ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e4 ,b1 :5 ,jesus began 8 public m9i/ry1 ! k+%ip _h be5 aboli%$1 & ,judaea 0 gov]n$ by ! procurator1 ,pontius ,pilate 7,a4,d4 #bf74 ,jesus ann\nc$ himself z ! ,messiah1 ! f\nd] ( a k+dom n ( ?is _w2 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 to be bre?r51 hav+ ,god = _! ,fa!r4 ,he taught 9 a tone ( au?ority1 yet ) a sweet reasonabl5ess2 & 8 wond]ful tea*+ 0 accompani$ ) m>vel\s works ( p[] & m]cy1 z he w5t ab\t do+ good4 ,he atta*$ to himself twelve disciples1 among :om ,pet]1 & ! two bro!rs ,james & ,john1 7 ! m5 ( mo/ m>k4 ,^! _h li/5$ to ! prea*+ ( ,john1 ! prophet ( ! wild]ness1 by :om ,jesus _h be5 recogniz$ z ! ,*ri/ :o 0 to come4 ,! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ri/ produc$ a wide-spread excitem5t1 & a deep impression ^u humble & tru?-lov+ s\ls4 ,b 8 rebuke ( ! rul+ class1 ! ,ph>isees1 = _! =malism1 pret5d$ sanctity1 self-seek+1 & enslavem5t to tradition1 excit$ 9 !m rancor\s enmity4 ,8 disappo9tm5t ( ! popul> desire = a political ,messiah *ill$ ! en?usiasm ( ! multitude1 _m ( :om _h he>d him gladly4 ,aft] ab\t ?ree ye>s1 he 0 betray$ by "o ( 8 foll[]s1 ,judas ,isc>iot2 0 accus$ ( het]odoxy & blasphemy be=e ! ,jewi% ,sanh$rim2 ! cons5t ( ,pilate to 8 dea? 0 extort$ by a *>ge ( treason bas$ on ! title ( k+1 :i* he _h n refus$2 & he 0 crucifi$ betwe5 two malefactors4 ,n _m days elaps$ be=e 8 disciples ralli$ f _! despond5cy1 & boldly & unit$ly decl>$1 be=e magi/rates & p1 t he _h manife/$ himself to !m 9 bodily =m1 9 a s]ies ( int]views at def9ite places & times4 ,!y proclaim$ 8 cont9u$ ?\gh invisible reign1 8 p]petual pres5ce ) !m1 & 8 future adv5t 9 p[]4 ,9 8 "n1 & on ! gr\nd ( 8 dea?1 !y prea*$ ! =giv5ess ( s9s to all :o %\ld believe 9 him1 & ent] on a life ( ,*ri/ian ob$i5ce4 ,9 ! ye> #cc or #cd1 ! dea? ( ,/eph51 ! fir/ m>tyr1 at ! h&s ( a ,jewi% mob1 = a "t disp]s$ ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 & 0 "o /ep t[>ds ! admission ( ! ,g5tiles to ! privileges ( ! new fai?4 ,b ! *ief ag5t 9 effect+ ?is result1 & 9 ?us giv+ to ,*ri/ianity its univ]sal "* & mission1 0 ! ,apo/le ,paul1 a conv]t$ ,ph>isee4 ,antio* 9 ,syria became ! cradle ( ! ,g5tile bran* ( ! *ur*1 & ( ! missions to ! hea!n1 9 :i* ,paul 0 ! lead]2 :ile ,pet] 0 effici5t 9 spread+ ! gospel among ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e & beyond its bord]s4 ,by ,paul num]\s *ur*es 7 f\nd$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree ext5d$ mission>y j\rneys1 :i* l$ him beyond ,asia into ,mac$onia1 ,greece1 & ,illyricum4 ,by him ! gospel 0 prea*$ f ,j]usalem to ,rome1 :]e he di$ z a m>tyr "u ,n]o 9 #fg or #fh4 ,n f> f ! same "t1 accord+ to a cr$ible tradition1 ,pet]1 also1 0 put to dea? at ,rome4 ,! prea*]s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? pursu$ _! "w ) a fe>less & untir+ _s1 & met ! malignant p]secution ( ! ,jews & ! fanatical assaults ( ! hea!n ) pati5t endurance & ) pray] = ! p>don & enlight5m5t ( _! p]secutors4 ,,! ,,victory ,,( ,,! ,,g]mans4--,augu/us avoid$ w> :5 he c\ld4 ,8 aim 0 to def5d ! fronti]s ( ! empire r ?an to ext5d !m4 ,! ,p>?ians 7 prevail$ on to return ( _! own accord ! /&>ds & prison]s tak5 f ! army ( ,crassus4 ,b 9 ,g]many1 ,drusus1 ! brave /ep-son ( ,augu/us1 made f\r campaigns on ! ea/ ( ! ,rh9e1 z f> z ! ,wes] & ! ,elbe4 ,on 8 way back f ! ,elbe1 a fall f 8 horse t]m9at$ 8 life 7#i ,b4,c474 ,8 bro!r1 ,tib]ius1 manag$ to e/abli% ! ,roman p[] ov] a "p ( ! ,g]manic tribes on ! "r bank ( ! riv] 7#d ,b4,c47 ,long be=e 7#bg ,b4,c47 ! we/]n %ore ( ! riv] _h be5 =m$ into two prov9ces1 ,upp] & ,l[] ,g]many4 ,an incapable & incauti\s g5]al1 ,qu9tilius ,v>us1 excit$ ! fre$om-lov+ ,g]mans to revolt "u ! brave *ief ( ! ,*]usci1 ,arm9ius 7or ,h]mann74 ,?ree ,roman legions 7 annihilat$ 9 ! ,teutoburg =e/1 ,v>us tak+ 8 own life4 ,! civil & milit>y *iefs :o 7 tak5 captive1 ! ,g]mans slew z a sacrifice to _! gods4 ,! re/ ( ! prison]s 7 made slaves4 ,_m a ,roman f an eque/rian or a s5atorial h\se grew old 9 ! s]vice ( a ,g]man f>m]1 z a s]vant 9 ! h\se1 or 9 t5d+ cattle )\t4 ,!re 9 ! =e/ ( ,teutoburg ! ,g]mans practically won _! indep5d5ce4 ,on he>+ ! bad news1 ,augu/us1 = sev]al days1 c\ld only exclaim1 ,v>us6 give me back my legions6 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,augu/us1 9 8 sev5ty-six? ye>1 ! noble son ( ,drusus1 ,g]manicus1 conduct$ ?ree exp$itions aga9/ ,arm9ius 7,a4,d4 #ad-af71 obta9$ a victory ov] him1 & took 8 wife prison]1 :o di$ 9 captivity2 b ! ,romans p]man5tly held only ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,,roman ,,life4--,v>i\s p>ticul>s *>act]i/ic ( ,roman ways h be51 or w be1 incid5tally ref]r$ to4 ,a few special /atem5ts may be giv5 9 ?is place4 ,! ,romans1 l ! ,greeks1 built a t[n r\nd a height 7or capitol7 :]e 0 a /ronghold 7arx71 a place ( refuge4 ,"h temples 7 erect$4 ,! =um1 or m>ket-place1 0 ne> by1 :]e ! c\rts sat1 & :]e ! p came toge!r to transact bus9ess4 ,! dwell+s 7 on ! sides ( ! hill1 or on ! pla9 b5ea?4 ,! /reets 7 n>r[4 ,! ext]ior ( ! h\ses 0 pla94 ,!y 7 ( brick1 g5]ally cov]$ ) /ucco1 & :itewa%$4 ,glass 0 too co/ly to be mu* us$3 h5ce ! op5+s 9 ! walls 7 few4 ,:5 ! space became valuable1 z 9 ,rome1 ! h\ses 7 built high4 ,! *ief room 9 ! h\se 0 ! atrium1 :i*1 9 e>li] times1 0 n only ! common room b also ! b$room ( ! family4 ,9 ! primitive dwell+s x _h be5 ! only room4 ,a passage l$ f x ?r\gh a door-way into ! /reet4 ,9 front & on bo? sides 7 ap>tm5ts1 & 9 ! re> a wall$ c\rt1 or g>d54 ,l>ge h\ses _h sev]al inclos$ c\rts4 ,ri* m5 & nobles built magnific5t palaces4 ,! walls ( ,roman dwell+s )9 7 decorat$ ) fresco-pa9t+s1 "s ( :i* at ,pompeii are left 9 all _! fre%ness4 ,r\nd ! d9n]-table 7 c\*es1 on :i* ^? :o p>took ( ! meal recl9$4 ,9 o!r rooms *airs 7 pl5tifully suppli$4 ,lamps 7 v num]\s & ( beautiful design1 b ! wick 0 s small t !y gave b little light4 ,!re 0 little furniture 9 ! atrium4 ,/atues /ood r\nd ! walls ( ?is room1 if ! h\se 7 "o ( ! bett] sort1 & 9 op5 presses on ! walls 7 ! images or masks ( ! di/+ui%$ ance/ors ( ! family4 ,at a fun]al ( a memb] ( ! h\sehold !y 7 worn 9 ! procession by p]sons repres5t+ ! deceas$ prog5itors4 ,,dress4--,! pr9cipal mat]ial ( a ,roman's dress 0 wool5 clo?4 ,! ma9 article ( we>+ app>el = a man 0 ! toga1 ?r[n ov] ! %\ld]s1 & br\ght 9 folds r\nd ! wai/ 9 a way to leave ! "r arm free4 ,"u x 0 a tunic4 ,at ! age ( ab\t sev5te51 ! boy publicly laid aside ! toga ) a purple hem1 & put on ! :ite toga1 ! tok5 ( citiz5%ip4 ,wom5 wore a long tunic gird$ ab\t ! wai/1 ) a tunic & a close-fitt+ ve/ b5ea?4 ,except on a j\rney or 9 an op5 !at]1 z a protection f ! sun1 nei!r m5 nor wom5 wore any cov]+ on ! head4 ,wom51 :5 !y walk$ abroad1 wore veils :i* did n cov] ! face4 ,! color & =m ( ! %oes v>i$ ) ! rank ( ! individual1 & 7 significant ( x4 ,9 ! h\se1 s&als 7 us$4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,occupations4--,! int]val f sunrise to sunset 0 divid$ into twelve h\rs4 ,! sev5? h\r ( ! day began at noon4 ,at ! ?ird h\r1 !re 0 usually a light meal1 :i* 0 foll[$ by bus9ess1 or visits ( fri5d%ip4 ,! weal?y ,roman 0 foll[$ ab\t ! city by a ?rong ( cli5ts1 :o call$ on him ) _! morn+ greet+ be=e he rose1 & receiv$ _! gift ( food or money4 ,at noon came ! pr&ium1 or m sub/antial breakfa/4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a %ort sleep1 9 ! case ( ^? :o 7 at leisure to take x4 ,!n came games & physical ex]cise ( v>i\s sorts4 ,a favorite recreation1 bo? = "y & old1 0 ball-games4 ,ex]cise 0 succe$$ by ! ba?1 = :i* ! ,romans f ! lat] times ( ! republic _h a rem>kable fondness4 ,9 private h\ses ! ba?+ conv5i5ces 7 luxuri\s4 ,! emp]ors built magnific5t ba?-h\ses1 :i* includ$ gymnasia1 & sometimes libr>ies4 ,:at is n[ call$ ! ,turki% ba? 0 v mu* 9 vogue4 ,d9n]1 or ! c5a1 ! pr9cipal meal1 0 ab\t midway betwe5 noon & sunset4 ,! =k 0 n us$ at ! table1 b only 9 c>v+2 b spoons1 & sometimes1 x w\ld appe>1 knives1 7 us$ by ! ho/ & 8 gue/s4 ,! food 0 s c>v$ t x 0 usually tak5 ) ! f+]s4 ,at ! table1 ! toga 0 ex*ang$ = a light] g>m5t1 & s&als 7 laid aside4 ,! bev]age 0 w9e mix$ ) wat]4 ,at banquets ( ! ri*1 aft] ! dess]t ( fruit & cakes _h be5 tak51 !re 01 9 lat] times1 ! convivium1 or social dr9k+-b\t4 ,"u ! empire1 ?is became (t5 a sc5e ( indec5t revelry4 ,! ,roman d9n]-table 0 n s likely z a ,greek repa/ to be enliv5$ by fla%es ( intellect & ( wit1 or by music furni%$ by ! gue/s4 ,musicians 7 m commonly hir$ p]=m]s1 z 7 also ! danc]s4 ,! ,romans enjoy$ games ( *ance4 ,play+ ) dice1 & gambl+ along ) x1 became common4 ,,m>riage ,,& ,,! ,,h\sehold4--,!re 7 two k9ds ( m>riage4 ,by "o ! wife pass$ entirely out ( ! h&s 7manus7 ( ! fa!r into ! h&s ( ! husb&1 or "u 8 control4 ,!re 0 frequ5tly a religi\s rite 7conf>reatio72 b1 :5 ?is did n take place1 ! o!r cu/om>y c]emonies 7 ess5tially ! same4 ,at ! betro?al ! prospective bride 0 frequ5tly pres5t$ ) a r+1 & ) "s m valuable gift1 by ! man :om %e 0 to m>ry4 ,9 ! h\sehold1 not)/&+ ! supreme au?ority ( ! husb&1 ! wife _h an honor$ position & an active influ5ce4 ,! *ildr5 71 9 law1 ! prop]ty ( ! fa!r4 ,_! lives 7 at 8 disposal4 ,! "m _h *>ge ( _! e>ly tra9+4 ,! fa!r took ! pr9cipal *>ge ( ! "y boy1 taught him a?letic ex]cises1 & took him to ! =um ) him4 ,s*ools began to exi/ 9 ! e>ly p]iod4 ,boys & girls /udi$ toge!r4 ,! p$agogue 0 ! s]vant :o accompani$ ! *ild to s*ool1 & conduct$ him home4 ,greek 0 /udi$4 ,! law ( ! ,twelve ,tables 0 committ$ to memory4 ,virgil & ,horace became s*ool-books1 along ) ,cic]o & e>li] writ]s4 ,9 ! lat] republican p]iod1 ,greeks took ! bus9ess ( tea*+ l>gely into _! h&s4 ,!re 7 fl\ri%+ s*ools ( rhetoric manag$ bo? by ,greek & by ,lat9 tea*]s4 ,"y ,romans :o c\ld af=d to d s w5t to ,a!ns & o!r cities 9 ! ,ea/ = _! univ]sity tra9+4 ,,slaves4--,t[n-slaves 7 f\nd 9 ! ri*] families 9 great numb]s 7p4 #aeb74 ,!y 7 n only employ$ 9 m5ial occupations3 !y 7 cl]ks1 copyi/s1 sculptors1 ar*itects1 etc41 z well z actors & s+]s4 ,! "w ( ! f>m-slaves 0 h>d]4 ,!y 7 %ut up 9 ! night 9 l>ge b>racks1 made p>tly "u gr\nd1 into :i* 0 admitt$ b little light or air4 ,!y (t5 work$ 9 *a9s4 ,9 t[n & c\ntry bo?1 ! unlimit$ p[] ( ! ma/] l$ to great sev]ity & cruelty 9 ! treatm5t ( slaves4 ,wom5 z well z m5 7 (t5 guilty ( brutal h>%ness4 ,females z well z males 7 ! suff]]s4 ,! t[n-slave1 h[ev]1 might be favor$ by 8 ma/]3 he might be all[$ to save money ( 8 own1 & might1 p]haps1 buy 8 fre$om1 or receive x z a gift4 ,dur+ ! holidays ( ! ,saturnalia1 slaves 7 all[$ unusual privileges & pleasures4 ,! fre$m5 c\ld become citiz5s1 & 7 !n eligible to any (fice4 ,,magi/rates4--,a ,roman :o s\ght (fice w5t r\nd solicit+ votes4 ,?is 0 call$ ambitio 7f ambire1 to g r\nd71 :5ce is d]iv$ ! ,engli% ^w ambition4 ,he pres5t$ himself 9 public places 9 a toga specially :it5$1 & 0 h5ce call$ a c&idate 7f c&ida1 mean+ :ite74 ,he s\ght to get support by provid+ %[s & games4 ,! vot+ 0 by ballot4 ,magi/rates _h _! seats ( honor1 :i* 7 made 9 a p>ticul> %ape4 ,9 ! diff]5t =ms us$ 9 ! trial ( causes1 !re 0 "o g5]al practice1--! magi/rate laid d[n ! law1 & ref]r$ ! judgm5t z to ! facts 9 ! case to an umpire1 ei!r an individual or a special c\rt4 ,,! ,,julian ,,imp]ial ,,h\se4 ,c4 ,,julius ,c,,s>1 m4 ,aurelia4 --,c4 ,,julius ,c,,s>4 --,julia1 m4 ,m4 ,atius ,balbus4 --,atia1 m4 ,c4 ,octavius4 --,c4 ,octavius 7adopt$ z son by ! w ( ,julius7 became ,c4 ,,julius ,c,,s> ,,octavianus ,,augu/us1 m4 #b1 ,scribonia2 --,julia m4 #b1 ,m4 ,vipsanius ,agrippa4 --,agripp9a1 m4 ,g]manicus4 --,,caius 7,caligula71 m4 ,csonia1 --,julia ,drusilla4 --,agripp9a1 m4 ,cn4 ,domitius4 --,l4 ,,domitius ,,n]o1 m4 ,poppa ,sab9a4 --,claudia ,augu/a4 --,julia1 m4 milius ,paulus4 --milia ,lepida1 m4 #a1 ,,claudius2 #b1 ,junius ,silanus4 --,junia ,calv9a1 m4 ,,vitellius4 #c1 ,livia4 --,,tib]ius 7adopt$ z son by ,augu/us74 ,,! ,,claudian ,,imp]ial ,,h\se4 ,,tib]ius ,,claudius ,,n]o4 m4 ,livia ,drusilla 7aft]w>ds wife ( ,,augu/us74 --,,tib]ius ,,claudius ,,n]o4 --,drusus ,claudius ,n]o1 m4 ,antonia1 daught] ( ! ,triumvir & niece ( ,augu/us4 --,g]manicus1 m4 ,agripp9a4 --,,ti4 ,,claudius ,,drusus1 m4 #e1 ,val]ia ,messal9a4 --,octavia1 m4 ,,n]o4 --,britannicus4 --,by adoption1 ,,n]o4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,emp]ors ,,( ,,! ,,augu/an ,,h\se4 ,,tib]ius4--,dur+ ! long reign ( ! prud5t ,augu/us1 !re 0 peace )9 ! bord]s ( ! empire4 ,he said ( himself1 t he f\nd ,rome ( brick1 & left x ( m>ble4 ,?is *ange may be tak5 z a symbol ( ! gr[? ( mat]ial prosp]ity 9 ! ,roman dom9ions4 ,b 9 8 private relations1 ! emp]or 0 less =tunate4 ,8 daught] ,julia1 a woman ( brilliant tal5ts1 disgrac$ him by h] immorality1 & he 0 oblig$ to bani% h]4 ,h] two eld] sons di$ :5 !y 7 "y4 ,! empire devolv$ on 8 adopt$ /ep-son ,tib]ius 7#ad-cg71 :o endeavor$ to cont9ue ! same cons]vative policy4 ,tib]ius 0 at fir/ al>m$ by mut9ies among ! troops 9 ,pannonia & on ! ,rh9e4 ,! army ( ! ,rh9e urg$ ,g]manicus1 ! emp]or's adopt$ son & probable successor1 to lead x to ,rome1 promis+ to place him on ! ?rone1 b ,g]manicus succe$$ 9 quiet+ ! di/urbance4 ,z !re 7 dur+ ?is reign no great w>s1 ,tib]ius 0 able to devote himself m exclusively to ! civil adm9i/ration4 ,he transf]r$ f ! popul> assembly to ! ,s5ate ! "r ( *oos+ ! magi/rates1 emphasiz+ 9 ?is way ! dual sy/em t ,augu/us _h creat$4 ,! rights ( ! ,s5ate he appe>$ scrupul\sly to respect4 ,= ! m effective gov]nm5t ( ! city ( ,rome he e/abli%$ !re a p]man5t prefecture & br\ght toge!r 9 a camp be=e ! ,vim9al gate ! n9e prtorian cohorts4 ,unhappily ?is ,prtorian ,gu>d1 :i* might s]ve to ov]awe ! city mobs1 might also int]f]e 9 ! affairs ( gov]nm5t4 ,inde$1 a little lat] x _h to be c\nt$ ) 9 ! *oice ( emp]ors4 ,! notori\s ,sejanus 0 prefect dur+ a l>ge "p ( ?is reign1 & acquir$ s completely ! confid5ce ( ,tib]ius t he began to plot 8 ov]?r[4 ,he _h already caus$ ,drusus1 ! son ( ,tib]ius1 to be poison$ 9 ord] to remove "o ob/acle4 ,f9ally ! emp]or discov]$ 8 plots & caus$ him to be arre/$ & put to dea? 7#ca74 ,= sev]al ye>s ,tib]ius _h be5 liv+ 9 retirem5t on ! isl& ( ,capre4 ,!re 8 enemies repres5t$ him z giv5 ov] to debau*]y1 :ile ! lives ( ,roman citiz5s 7 nev] safe f 8 suspicions or f ! accusations ( ! delators1 m5 :o pres5t$ =mal *>ges ( crime1 !re be+ no public prosecutors4 ,e>li] 9 8 reign ,tib]ius _h %[n a s]i\s purpose to improve ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 b ) ! lapse ( ye>s he became di/ru/ful & cruel4 ,he _h1 moreov]1 *ang$ ! law ( treason s t to write or speak slight+ly ( ! emp]or 0 int]pret$ z conspiracy to br+ ! commonweal? into contempt & 0 puni%$ ) dea?4 ,al?\gh he 0 ju/ly hat$ by ! ,roman nobles1 9 ! prov9ces he 0 respect$ because he s\ght to protect !m aga9/ extortion & to fo/] _! g5]al int]e/s4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #cg at ! age ( sev5ty-eight4 ,,caligula4--,!re 0 no law = ! regulation ( ! succession4 ,b ! ,s5ate1 ! prtorians1 & ! p unit$ 9 call+ to ! ?rone ,caius1 ! son ( ,g]manicus 7#cg-da74 ,?is rul]1 call$ ,caligula1 at fir/ mild & g5]\s 9 8 do+s1 soon ru%$ into su* excesses ( savage cruelty & mon/r\s vice t he 0 ?\ght to be half-d]ang$4 ,he 0 fond ( see+ ) 8 own eyes ! infliction ( tortures4 ,8 wild extravagance 9 ! matt] ( public games & 9 build+ dra9$ ! res\rces ( ! empire4 ,aft] f\r ye>s1 ?is madman 0 cut d[n by two ( 8 gu>ds :om he _h griev\sly insult$4 ,,claudius4--,claudius1 ! uncle & successor ( ,caligula1 & ! son ( ,drusus & ,antonia1 0 n bad1 b weak4 ,he 0 a /ud5t & a recluse 9 8 habits4 ,8 favorites & ne>e/ connections 7 unpr9cipl$4 ,! depravity ( 8 wife1 ,messal9a1 0 su* t he did "r 9 sanction+ h] dea?4 ,! immoral & ambiti\s ,agripp9a1 :om he next m>ri$1 _h an influ5ce less malign4 ,b %e 0 unfai?ful to h] husb&2 & ?is fact1 toge!r ) ! fe> %e felt t ,n]o1 h] son by h] fir/ m>riage1 w\ld be exclud$ f ! ?rone1 impell$ h] to ! crime ( tak+ ! life ( ,claudius by poison4 ,,n]o4--,n]o reign$ f #ed to #fh4 ,he 0 ! gr&son ( ,g]manicus1 & _h be5 ! pupil ( ! philosoph] ,s5eca1 & ( ,burrus1 an excell5t man1 ! capta9 ( ! ,prtorian ,gu>d4 ,! fir/ five ye>s ( ,n]o's reign 7 honorably di/+ui%$ f ! portion ( x t foll[$4 ,:5 a w>rant = ! execution ( a crim9al 0 br\ght to him1 he regrett$ t he _h ev] le>n$ to write4 ,8 fir/ great crime 0 ! poison+ ( ,britannicus1 ! son ( ,claudius4 ,n]o became enamor$ ( a fi]ce & ambiti\s woman1 ,poppa ,sab9a4 ,on ! basis ( false *>ges1 he took ! life ( 8 wife1 ,octavia1 ! daught] ( ,claudius 7,a4,d4 #fb74 ,8 crim9al "m1 ,agripp9a1 aft] v>i\s previ\s attempts made by him to de/roy h]1 0 dispat*$ by 8 comm& 7,a4,d4 #ei74 ,8 unbridl$ cruelty & jeal\sy mov$ him to ord] ,s5eca1 "o ( ! m5 to :om he ow$ mo/1 to commit suicide4 ,he came =w>d z a musician1 & no?+ delight$ him s mu* z ! applause r5d]$ to 8 musical p]=mances4 ,he recit$ 8 own poems1 & 0 /ung ) jeal\sy :5 he f\nd himself outdone by ,lucan4 ,8 eag]ness to figure z a *>iote] prompt$ him1 e>ly 9 8 reign1 to con/ruct a circus 9 8 own gr\nds on ! ,vatican1 :]e he c\ld exhibit 8 skill z a coa*man to a ?rong ( delight$ spectators4 ,at l5g? he appe>$1 lyre 9 h&1 on ! /age be=e ! populace4 ,s5ators ( high desc5t1 & matrons ( noble family1 7 induc$ by 8 example & comm&s to come =w>d 9 public z danc]s & play-actors4 ,! public treasure he squ&]$ 9 exp5sive %[s1 & 9 ! lavi% di/ribution ( pres5ts 9 connection ) !m4 ,,! ,,*ri/ians4--,n]o has ! undesirable di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ ( ! emp]ors to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fd a great fire broke out at ,rome1 :i* laid a ?ird ( ! city 9 a%es4 ,he 0 suspect$ ( hav+ k9dl$ x2 &1 9 ord] to div]t suspicion f himself1 he *>g$ ! crime ^u ! ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 obnoxi\s1 ,tacitus tells u1 on acc\nt ( _! hatr$ ( ! human race4 ,_! )drawal f cu/om>y amusem5ts & fe/ivals1 :i* involv$ immorality or hea!n rites1 naturally gave rise to ?is accusation ( cynical misan?ropy4 ,a great numb] 7 put to dea?1 & 9 _! dea?s !y 7 made subjects ( sport2 = !y 7 cov]$ ) ! hides ( wild bea/s1 & worri$ to dea? by dogs1 or nail$ to crosses1 or set fire to1 &1 :5 day decl9$1 7 burn$ to s]ve = nocturnal lights4 ,at l5g? a feel+ ( compassion arose among ! p = ! victims ( ?is wanton f]ocity4 ,prior to ?is "t1 :ile ! ,*ri/ians 7 conf\nd$ ) ! ,jews z "o ( _! sects1 !y _h be5 m protect$ ?an p]secut$ by ! ,roman au?orities4 ,n[ t !y 7 recogniz$ z a di/9ct body1--! adh]5ts ( a new religion n id5tifi$ ) any p>ticul> nation1 b seek+ to spread itself ev]y:]e1--!y fell "u ! condemnation ( ,roman law1 & 7 expos$ to ! ho/ility ( magi/rates1 z well z to ! wra? ( ! fanatical populace4 ,n]o 0 a great build]4 ,! gr\nd :i* _h be5 burnt ov] 9 ! fire he laid out 9 regul> /reets1 leav+ op5 spaces1 & limit+ ! height ( ! h\ses4 ,b a l>ge area he res]v$ = 8 ,gold5 ,h\se1 :i*1 ) its lakes & %ady groves1 /ret*$ ov] ! gr\nd on :i* ! ,coliseum aft]w>ds /ood1 & z f> z ! ,esquil9e4 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,rome4--,anci5t ,rome 0 mo/ly built on ! left bank ( ! ,tib]4 ,x spread f ! ,palat9e1 ! seat ( ! orig9al settlem5t1 ov] six o!r hills2 s t x became ! city ( sev5 hills4 ,all ( !m appe>$ high] ?an !y d n[4 ,( ^! hills ! ,capitol9e 0 ! citadel & ! seat ( ! gods4 ,9 e>li] days1 f a "p ( ! summit1 ! ,t>peian ,rock1 crim9als 7 hurl$4 ,9 "t ! hill became cov]$ ) public edifices1 ( :i* ! gr&e/ 0 ! ,temple ( ,capitol9e ,jupit]4 ,on ! ,palat9e 7 ev5tually con/ruct$ ! va/ palaces ( ! emp]ors1 ! ru9s ( :i* h be5 uncov]$ 9 rec5t times4 ,! walls ( ,s]vius ,tullius encompass$ ! sev5 hills4 ,! walls con/ruct$ by ,aurelian 7#bgj-bge ,a4,d471 ,probus1 & ,honorius 7#djb ,a4,d471 inclos$ an area twelve miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! /reets 7 mo/ ( !m n>r[2 &1 to economize space1 ! h\ses 7 built v high4 ,"o ( ! f9e/1 z well z mo/ anci5t1 ?or\ghf>es 0 ! ,via ,sacra1 :i* ran pa/ ! ,coliseum1 or ! ,flavian amphi!at]1 & "u ! ,triumphal ,ar* ( ,titus1 erect$ aft] ! capture ( ,j]usalem1 along ! ea/ ( ! ,=um to ! ,capitol4 ,!re 0 a p>ticul> /reet 9 ,rome :]e %oemak]s & booksell]s 7 congregat$4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! city 0 ?rong$1 & noisy ) cries ( team/]s & ( v5d]s ( all sorts ( w>es4 ,! =a--"o ( :i*1 ! ,roman ,=um1 betwe5 ! ,capitol9e & ! ,palat9e1 0 ! great c5t] ( ,roman life--7 op5 places pav$1 & surr\nd$ ) noble build+s1--temples1 & basilicas1 or halls ( ju/ice4 ,! =a 7 ei!r places = ! transaction ( public bus9ess1 or !y s]v$ ! purpose ( mod]n m>ket-places4 ,among ! public build+s ( note 7 ! va/ colonnades1 places ( resort bo? = bus9ess & = recreation4 ,! sew]s1 & especially ! aqu$ucts1 7 /ructures ( a /up5d\s "*4 ,among ! mo/ impos+ edifices 9 anci5t ,rome 7 ! ba?s4 ,^? built by ,diocletian _h room = ?ree ?\s& ba!rs at once4 ,9 ^! e/abli%m5ts ! beauty ( ! g>d5s & f\nta9s )\t 0 on a level ) ! elegance ( ! int]ior furni%+s1 & ) ! attraction ( ! libr>ies1 pa9t+s1 & sculptures1 :i* add$ intellectual pleasure to ! physical com=t = :i*1 ma9ly1 ^! gigantic build+s 7 con/ruct$4 ,besides ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us1 !re 7 _m o!r temples1 "s ( :i* 7 b little inf]ior to t maje/ic edifice4 ,! triumphal ar*es--z t ( ,titus1 already m5tion$1 :i* 0 built ( ,p5telic m>ble--& ! commemorative columns--z ! ,column ( ,trajan1 :i* /ood 9 ! =um t be>s 8 "n--7 among ! ar*itectural wond]s ( ! anci5t capital ( ! _w4 ,! pla91 nam$ ( old ! ,campus ,m>tius1 on ! nor?-we/ side ( ! city1 & bord]+ on ! ,tib]1 conta9$1 among ! build+s & pleasure-gr\nds by :i* x 0 cov]$1 ! ,pan!on1 & ! magnific5t mausoleum ( ,augu/us4 ,on ! s\?-we/ ( ! ,coelian ,hill1 ! ,appian ,way turns to ! s\?-ea/1 & passes out ( ! ,appian ,gate4 ,x is skirt$ = miles ) sepul*ral monum5ts ( anci5t ,romans1 ( :i* ! circul> tomb ( ,metella ,ccilia is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,!re are v>y+ e/imates ( ! population ( anci5t ,rome4 ,probably ! numb] ( free inhabitants1 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! empire1 0 n f> f a million2 & ! slaves 7 probably almo/ z _m4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,n]o3 ,,galba4--,gr[+ jeal\s ( ! legates :o comm&$ armies on ! fronti]s1 ,n]o det]m9$ to de/roy !m4 ,!y consequ5tly revolt$2 & w> betwe5 ! troops ( two ( !m issu$ 9 ! dea? ( ,v9dex1 ! g5]al 9 ,gaul4 ,b ,galba 0 deput$ to c>ry on ! conte/2 & ,n]o1 be+ =sak5 ev5 by 8 creature1 ,tigell9us1 & ! prtorians1 at la/ ga9$ c\rage to call on a slave to dispat* him1 & di$ 7,a4,d4 #fh7 at ! age ( ?irty4 ,! pr9cipal ev5ts out ( ,italy1 dur+ 8 reign1 7 ! revolt ( ! ,britons "u ! brave que5 ,boadicea 7,a4,d4 #fa71 & ! suppression ( x by ,suetonius ,paul9us2 ! w> ) ! ,p>?ians & ,arm5ians1 ext5d+ slightly ! fronti] ( ! empire2 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,jewi% w>4 ,despite ! corruption at ,rome1 h] discipl9$ soldi]s /ill ma9ta9$ _! sup]iority on ! bord]s4 ,,o?o3 ,,vitellius4--,) ! dea? ( ,n]o1 ! ,augu/an family came to an end4 ,galba began ! s]ies ( milit>y emp]ors4 ,a ,roman ( ! old type1 simple1 sev]e1 & p>simoni\s1 he pleas$ nobody4 ,! prtorians kill$ him1 & elevat$ ,o?o1 a pr(ligate noble1 to ! ?rone2 b he 0 oblig$ to cont5d ) a rival aspirant1 ,vitellius1 comm&] ( ! ,g]man legions1 :o defeat$ him1 & became emp]or ,a4,d4 #fi4 ,vitellius 0 n only vici\s1 l 8 pr$ecessor1 b 0 c[>dly & ineffici5t4 ,! ,syrian & ,egyptian legions refus$ to obey s wor?less a rul]1 & proclaim$ _! comm&]1 ,flavius ,vespasian1 z emp]or4 ,z ,vespasian's g5]al1 ,antonius1 approa*$ ,rome1 ,vitellius r5\nc$ ! ?rone1 & decl>$ 8 read9ess to retire to private life4 ,8 adh]5ts )/ood him2 &1 9 ! /ruggle t foll[$ betwe5 ! two p>ties 9 ! city1 ! ,capitol9e ,temple 0 burn$4 ,! ,flavian army took ,rome1 & ,vitellius 0 put to an ignom9i\s dea? 7,a4,d4 #fi74 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,flavians ,,& ,,! ,,anton9es4 ,,vespasian3 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,w>4--,vespasian1 ! fir/ 9 ! li/ ( good emp]ors1 re/or$ discipl9e 9 ! army & among ! prtorians1 in/itut$ a re=m 9 ! f9ances1 & erect$ ! imm5se amphi!at] n[ call$ ! ,coliseum1 = ! gladiatorial games4 ,by 8 g5]al1 ,c]ealis1 he put d[n ! revolt 9 ,g]many & ,ea/]n ,gaul1 & ?us sav$ sev]al prov9ces to ! empire4 ,civilis1 ! lead] ( ! rebellion1 _h aim$ to e/abli% an indep5d5t ,g]man pr9cipality on ! we/ ( ! ,rh9e4 ,vespasian _h begun ! w> ) ! ,jews :ile ,n]o reign$ 7,a4,d4 #ff74 ,! ,romans _h to face a mo/ en]getic resi/ance4 ,among ! captives tak5 by !m 9 ,galilee 0 ! ,jewi% hi/orian1 ,josephus4 ,at ! end ( ,a4,d4 #fg1 all ,galilee 0 subdu$4 ,! fanatical1 or popul>1 p>ty1 ! ,zealots1 got ! upp] h& at ,j]usalem4 ,! city 0 torn ) ! /rife ( viol5t factions4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gj comm5c$ ! memorable siege by ,titus1 ! son ( ,vespasian1 ! details ( :i* are giv5 by ,josephus4 ,! fall ( ! city 0 att5d$ ) ! conflagration ( ! temple4 ,al?\gh ! e/imate giv5 by ,josephus ( ! numb] t p]i%$ dur+ ! siege1 :i* he places at elev5 hundr$ ?\s&1 is exagg]at$1 x is true t ! de/ruction ( life 0 imm5se4 ,! inhabitants ( ! city :o 7 n kill$ 7 sold z slaves4 ,9 ,brita9 a mo/ compet5t (fic]--,agricola1 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,tacitus--0 made gov]nor 9 ,a4,d4 #gh4 ,he conqu]$ ! c\ntry z f> nor? z ! ,tyne & ! ,solway1 & built a l9e ( =ts across ! i/hmus betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,,titus 7,a4,d4 #gi-ha74--,vespasian's firm & b5efic5t reign 0 foll[$ by ! accession ( ,titus1 :o _h be5 previ\sly associat$ by 8 fa!r ) himself 9 ! imp]ial (fice4 ,titus 0 mild 9 temp]1 b voluptu\s 9 8 ta/es1 & prodigal 9 exp5ditures4 ,"o ( ! m>k$ ev5ts ( 8 %ort reign 0 ! de/ruction ( ! cities ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum by a great eruption ( ,vesuvius 7,a4,d4 #gi74 ,! uncov]+ ( ! /reets & build+s ( ,pompeii 9 rec5t times has add$ mu* to our k ( anci5t arts & cu/oms4 ,a t]rible fire & de/ructive pe/il5ce at ,rome 7 reg>d$ z s5t by ! gods1 n on acc\nt ( ! s9s ( ! emp]or1 b ( ! nation4 ,,domitian 7,a4,d4 #ha-if74--;,domitian1 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,titus1 succe$$ him4 ,by nature autocratic1 he refus$ to %>e ! gov]nm5t ) ! s5ate1 z ,augu/us _h plann$4 ,9 ord] ! m completely to control ?is body he assum$ ! c5sor%ip = life4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( 8 reign ,domitian1 l ,tib]ius1 0 gloomy & suspici\s1 & committ$ _m acts ( tyranny4 ,he 0 kill$ by ! fre$m5 ( 8 own palace 7,a4,d4 #if74 ,8 w> ) ! ,dacians on ! ,danube _h be5 conclud$ by ! dubi\s /ipulation to pay !m an annual tribute z a rew>d = ab/a9+ f pr$atory incursions into ,moesia 7,a4,d4 #ij74 ,= ! fir/ "t1 ,rome pur*as$ peace ( h] enemies4 ,domitian 0 guilty ( p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians1 among :om1 x is n[ kn[n1 0 includ$ at lea/ "o memb] ( 8 own family1 8 niece1 ,flavia ,domatilla1 :o 0 also alli$ to him by m>riage4 ,! epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ! olde/ extant ,*ri/ian writ+ aft] ! ,apo/les1 ref]s to ! b>b>ities inflict$ ^u ,*ri/ian disciples by ?is tyrant4 ,,n]va 7,a4,d4 #if-ih74--,! ,s5ate n[ took ! initiative1 & plac$ on ! ?rone "o ( _! own numb]1 ,n]va1 an old man ( mild & virtu\s "*4 ,! adm9i/ration 0 9 e po9t 9 contra/ ) ! prec$+4 ,b ! be/ ?+ ,n]va did 0 to provide = ! curb+ ( ! prtorians by appo9t+1 ) ! concurr5ce ( ! ,s5ate1 a mo/ compet5t man to be 8 colleague & successor4 ,,trajan 7,a4,d4 #ih-aag74--,trajan 0 a native ( ,spa91 & _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! camp4 ,he belongs among ! v be/ ( ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,he upheld ! anci5t laws & in/itutions ( ! /ate4 ,he provid$ = ! imp>tial adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,he re/or$ fre$om ( spee* 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,he f\nd$ s*ools1 & e/abli%m5ts = ! c>e ( orphans1 facilitat$ comm]ce by build+ new roads1 bridges1 & hav5s1 & adorn$ ,rome ) a public libr>y1 & ) a new & magnific5t =um1 or m>ket-place1 :]e ,trajan's ,column 0 plac$ by ,s5ate & p z a monum5t ( 8 victories & s]vices4 ,he reli%$ ! society ( lit]>y m5 l ! hi/orian ,tacitus4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,pl9y 7! y\ng]71 ^: correspond5ce :ile he 0 gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia ?r[s mu* light ^u ! emp]or's "* & policy4 ,trajan's own mann] ( life 0 simple1 & free f luxury4 ,to ! p he furni%$ lavi%ly ! div]sions :i* !y covet$4 ,he made an aggressive w> aga9/ ! ,dacians on ! ,danube1 & con/itut$ a new prov9ce ( ,dacia4 ,he c>ri$ 8 arms into ! ,p>?ian t]ritory2 & ?ree new prov9ces--,arm5ia1 ,mesopotamia1 & ,assyria--7 ! fruit ( 8 campaign 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 a lett] to ,pl9y1 he def9$ ! policy to be pursu$ t[>ds ,*ri/ians1 :o _h become v num]\s 9 ! region :]e ,pl9y gov]n$4 ,! effect ( ! emp]or's rescript 0 to place ,*ri/ianity among ! religions "u ! ban ( ! law4 ,?is decision 0 long 9 =ce1 & guid$ ! policy ( future emp]ors t[>ds ! new fai?4 ,,hadrian 7,a4,d4 #aag-ach74--,trajan 0 succe$$ by ,hadrian1 a lov] ( peace1--a cultivat$ man1 ) extraord9>y ta/e 9 ! f9e arts1 & _! g5]\s patron4 ,he 0 dilig5t & full ( vigor 9 ! transaction ( public bus9ess4 ,al?\gh g5ial & affable1 8 temp] 0 n s ev5 z t ( ,trajan2 & he 0 guilty ( occasional acts ( cruelty4 ,he sp5t ! l>g] portion ( 8 reign 9 travel+ ?r\gh 8 dom9ions1 p]sonally att5d+ to ! wants & condition ( 8 subjects4 ,he con/ruct$ great works 9 diff]5t portions ( ! empire3 9 ,rome1 8 ,mausoleum 7n[ ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo71 & 8 gr& temple ( ,rome & ,v5us4 ,he began ! wall connect+ ! ,scotti% fri?s4 ,a fre% revolt broke out among ! ,jews 7,a4,d4 #aca71 "u a fanatic nam$ ,b>-,cocaba1 :i* 0 suppress$ 9 #ace4 ,j]usalem 0 raz$ to ! gr\nd2 & ! ,jewi% rites 7 =bidd5 )9 ! new city ( lia ,capitol9a1 :i* ! emp]or f\nd$ on its site4 ,?is gave a f9i%+ bl[ to ! ,jewi% & ,judaiz+ types ( ,*ri/ianity )9 ! limits ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,anton9us ,,pius 7,a4,d4 #ach-afa74--;,anton9us ,pius 0 ! adopt$ son & successor ( ,hadrian4 ,he 0 "o ( ! noble/ ( pr9ces1 a man ( almo/ blameless life4 ,8 reign 0 an era ( peace1 ! gold5 age 9 ! imp]ial hi/ory4 ,he fo/]$ le>n+1 0 g5]\s )\t be+ prodigal1 0 firm yet pati5t & indulg5t1 & wat*$ ov] ! int]e/s ( 8 subjects ) ! c>e ( a fa!r4 ,x is a sign ( ! happ9ess ( 8 reign t x does n af=d />tl+ occurr5ces to ! n>rator4 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius 7,a4,d4 #afa-ahj74--;,h>dly less em95t = 8 virtues 0 ! next 9 ! succession ( sov]eigns1 ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#afa-ahj74 ,a sage ^u ! ?rone1 he comb9$ a love ( le>n+ ) ! moral vigor & en]gy ( ! old ,roman "*1 & ) ! self-gov]nm5t & s]5ity ( ! ,/oic s*ool1 ( ! t5ets ( :i* he 0 a noble exempl> z well z a deeply int]e/+ exp\nd]4 ,a philosoph] 0 n[ on ! ?rone2 & 8 reign gives "s c\nt5ance to ! doctr9e ( ,plato1 t ! _w c\ld be well gov]n$ only :5 philosoph]s %\ld be k+s1 or k+s philosoph]s4 ,he endur$ ) pati5ce ! griev\s faults ( 8 wife ,fau/9a1 & ( 8 bro!r by adoption1 & co-reg5t1 ,lucius ,v]us4 ,he protect$ ! ea/]n fronti] aga9/ ,p>?ia4 ,9 ! w> ) ! ,m>comanni1 he drove ! ,g]man tribes back ov] ! ,danube1 & ga9$ a signal victory ov] ! ,quadi 9 _! own l&4 ,8 great object 0 to /rike t]ror into ! b>b>ian enemies ( ! empire on ! nor?1 & prev5t future incursions4 ,al?\gh victori\s 9 _m ( 8 battles1 he fail$ to accompli% ?is result4 ,! dang] f b>b>ian invasion increas$ ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,be=e 8 "w 0 f9i%$1 ,m>cus ,aurelius di$ at ,v9dobona 7,vi5na71 9 ,m>*1 #ahj4 ,dur+ 8 reign1 !re 0 p]secution ( ,*ri/ians4 ,especially ! *ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne h left a record ( _! suff]+s4 ,! virtu\s emp]ors1 :o 7 /r5u\s 9 _! ex]tions to ma9ta9 ! old laws & cu/oms1 7 apt to be m sev]e 9 _! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ians1 :om !y ignorantly reg>d$ z a mis*iev\s sect1 ?an 7 ^? emp]ors :o 7 m5 ( loos] pr9ciples4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,morals4--,! ,roman ,empire1 9 ! decl9+ days ( hea!nism1 pres5t$ ! spectacle ( a fl\ri%+ civilization 9 contra/ ) extreme moral deg5]acy4 ,ri* & popul\s cities2 /ately palaces2 beautiful works ( art--z vases1 /atues1 c>v$ alt>s--on e h&2 bridges & aqu$ucts1 & noble highways1 b9d+ l& to l&2 in/itutions ( education 9 ! prov9cial cities z well z 9 ,rome2 a ?riv+ trade & comm]ce2 a rapid spread ( ! ,roman language1 ( ! ,roman legal sy/em1 & ,roman culture & mann]s ov] ! subject c\ntries1--^! are among ! signs & fruits ( civilization4 ,b ) all ?is outw>d prosp]ity & elegance1 !re 0 a gr[+ s5suality1 a decay ( manly feel+1 a disreg>d ( ! sanctity ( ! m>riage tie1 an insatiable hung] = weal? & = ! pleasures ( s5se4 ,"o ( ! mo/ corrupt+ features 9 ! social condition 0 slav]y4 ,e ,roman ( mod]ate means aspir$ to own at lea/ a few slaves4 ,"s own$ f t5 to tw5ty ?\s&1 mo/ly field-h&s4 ,_m h\sehold]s possess$ z _m z five hundr$4 ,horace gives x z a sign ( ! simplicity ( 8 life z a ba*elor1 t he is wait$ on at table by only ?ree slaves4 ,slave-hold+ among ! ,romans br\ght 9 temptations to all sorts ( brutality & vice4 ,x br\ght a poison\s atmosph]e into e h\sehold4 ,no?+ m cle>ly illu/rates ! moral degradation ( ?is p]iod ?an ! "* ( ! sports 9 :i* p ( all ranks delight$4 ,! mo/ attractive !atrical p]=mances came to be com$ies1 f ! ,greek & ,lat9 plays ( ! same ord]1 :]e sc5es 7 introduc$ f ! lic5ti\s /ories ( ! ,greek my?ology4 ,b ! ,pantomime1 :i* 0 (t5 ( an un*a/e & ev5 obsc5e "*1 gradually usurp$ ! place ( e o!r exhibition on ! /age4 ,! *ief amusem5ts ( ! p ( all classes 7 ! ,circus & ! ,ar5a4 ,9 ! ,circus1 be=e hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( spectators1 nobles ( anci5t l9eage compet$ 9 ! *>iot race4 ,gladiatorial games1 :i* _h fir/ tak5 place at fun]als1 & 9 honor ( deceas$ fri5ds1 acquir$ an almo/ incr$ible popul>ity4 ,at ! games in/itut$ by ,augu/us1 t5 ?\s& m5 jo9$ 9 ^! bloody combats4 ,9 ! fe/ivals "u ! auspices ( ,trajan1 9 ,a4,d4 #ajf1 elev5 ?\s& tame & wild animals 7 sla94 ,n satisfi$ ) see+ pairs ( m5 engage 9 mortal conflict1 ! ,romans 7 eag] to witness blood%$ on a l>g] scale4 ,! emp]ors provid$ actual battles betwe5 hundr$s &1 9 "s cases1 ?\s&s ( m51 :i* 7 beheld by c\ntless spectators4 ,on an artificial lake 9 ,cs>'s g>d51 ,augu/us gave a sea-fight 9 :i* ?ree ?\s& soldi]s 7 engag$4 ,! effect ( ^! brutal spectacles ( agony & dea? 0 inevitably to h>d5 ! he>t4 ,,lit]ature4--,if ! sangu9>y fights 9 ! ar5a excit$ little or no condemnation1 ! preval5ce ( v>i\s o!r sorts ( immorality1 at v>iance ) ! practice ( bett] days1 c\ld n fail to call out diff]5t =ms ( c5sure4 ,"o ( ^! =ms ( prote/ 0 ?r\gh ! satirical poets4 ,( ^! cau/ic writ]s1 ,p]sius 7#cd-fb7 is obscure & ( a mod]ate degree ( m]it4 ,juv5al 7ab\t #ee-ace71 on ! contr>y1 is spirit$ & full ( =ce4 ,m>tial 7#dc-aja71 a ,spani>d by bir?1 0 ! au?or ( num]\s %ort poems ( a pi?y & po9t$ "*1 call$ epigrammata4 ,all ^! poets1 if we make prop] disc\nt = ! exagg]ation ( satire1 are v in/ructive z to ! mann]s & morals ( _! "t4 ,lucian 7#abj-bjj71 :o wrote 9 ,greek1 ! be/ kn[n ( ^: works are 8 ,dialogues1 t\*$ ) 8 broad humor a great _m ( ! sup]/itions & follies ( ! day4 ,! popul> tea*]s 9 ! imp]ial "t 7 ! rhetoricians1 analog\s to ! ,greek ,sophi/s1--tea*]s ( rhetoric & eloqu5ce1--"o ( :om1 ,qu9tilian 7:o 0 born ab\t #dj1 & di$ ab\t #aah71 0 ! fir/ to receive f ! public treasury a regul> sal>y1 & _h among 8 pupils ! y\ng] ,pl9y & ! two gr&-nephews ( ,domitian4 ,! influ5ce ( ! mania = rhetoric 0 m & m to imp>t an artificial "* to lit]ature & art4 ,! epic poems ( su* writ]s z ,lucan & ,/atitis are to a l>ge ext5t imitations2 al?\gh ,lucan's pr9cipal poem1 ,ph>salia1 gives evid5ce ( poetic tal5t4 ,:]e !re 0 s little productive g5ius1 x 0 natural t gramm>ians & comm5tators %\ld ab\nd4 ,!re 0 "o great writ]1 ! hi/orian ,tacitus 7ab\t #ed-aag71 :o t[]s above 8 contempor>ies1 & 9 vigor & concis5ess has seldom be5 equal$4 ,! eld] ,pl9y 7#bc-gi71 ^: curiosity to witness ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #gi co/ him 8 life1 0 a fam\s obs]v] & au?or 9 natural hi/ory4 ,8 nephew1 ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 ! fri5d ( ,trajan1 has left to u t5 books ( ,epi/les1 :i* pres5t an agreeable picture ( ! life & ?\ghts ( a cultivat$ ,roman g5tleman4 ,! philosoph] ,s5eca1 ) ! exception ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ! mo/ em95t expositor ( ! ,roman ,/oic s*ool1 0 a volum9\s au?or4 ,no anci5t hea!n writ] has utt]$ s _m ?\ghts & precepts :i* be> a resemblance to tea*+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! /udy t n\ri%$ mo/ 9 ?is p]iod is ,jurisprud5ce4 ,x is ! classic era ( ! juri/s4 ,p]sons v]s$ 9 ! law 7 pref]r$ by ! emp]ors = high (fices4 ,m5 :o w\ld h be5 /atesm5 "u ! ,republic1 f\nd a solace & delight 9 legal /udies4 ,among ! mo/ le>n$ juri/s ( ?is era1 7 ,caius ,pap9ian1 & ,ulpian4 ,( ! ,greek writ]s1 "o ( ! mo/ important is ,plut>* 7ab\t #ej-abj71 ^: ,lives1 & ,essays 7or ,moralia71 are among ! mo/ delightful & in/ructive ( all ! works ( antiquity4 ,"o ( ! noble/ philosophical writ]s ( t or ( any o!r p]iod is ! ,/oic ,epictetus 7#ej-;c4#abj74 ,! two mo/ popul> sy/ems ( philosophy 9 ! clos+ days ( ! ,republic & ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ,empire1 7 ! ,/oic & ! ,epicurean4 ,! sev]ity ( ! ,/oic doctr9e 0 some:at s(t5$ by its ,roman tea*]s2 b ! rigor\s self-control1 ! sup]iority to mis=tune1 & ! contempt ( dea?1 :i* x recomm5d$1 f\nd favor ) noble ,romans 9 d>k days4 ,cato & o!r *ampions ( ! fall+ ,republic 7 disciples ( ?is s*ool4 ,lat]1 ,new ,platonism1 ( a my/ical & contemplative type1 secur$ _m adh]5ts4 ,,skepticism4--,long be=e ! fall ( ! ,republic1 fai? 9 ! old my?ology _h begun to decl9e4 ,?is *ange foll[$ ^u an intimate contact ( ! ,romans ) ! ,greek religion4 ,x 0 ha/5$ by ! famili>ity acquir$ by ! ,romans ) s great a v>iety ( hea!n sy/ems4 ,! decay ( morality 0 att5d$ ) a spread ( skepticism z reg>ds ! sup]natural _w altoge!r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! debate 9 ! ,roman ,s5ate on ! puni%m5t ( ! conf$]ates ( ,catil9e1 ,julius ,caes> oppos$ _! execution1 on ! gr\nd t dea? puts an end to consci\sness1 & ?us to all suff]+4 ,x does n appe> t 9 t body1 :]e ,cic]o & ,cato 7 pres5t1 any "o disput$ ?is t5et4 ,cic]o 9 8 philosophical essays advocates ! doctr9e ( immortality by argum5ts1 mo/ly ga!r$ f ,greek s\rces1--argum5ts "s ( :i* are ( m & "s ( less weight4 ,8 correspond5ce1 on ! contr>y1 ev5 9 times ( b]eavem5t1 af=ds no pro( t ?is consol+ tru? _h any practical hold ^u 8 convictions4 ,,sup]/ition4--,! spread ( skepticism 0 att5d$1 z "t w5t on1 ) a re-action to ! o!r extreme ( sup]/ition4 ,magic & sorc]y came into vogue4 ,!re 0 an eag]ness to become acqua9t$ ) ,ori5tal religi\s rites1 & to pay homage to deities wor%ip$ 9 ! ,ea/ ) my/]i\s c]emonies4 ,ano!r t5d5cy /rongly manife/ 0 t[>ds :at is call$ syncretism1 or a m+l+ ( diff]5t religi\s sy/ems4 ,x 0 hop$ t ! tru? might be f\nd by comb9+ beliefs drawn f _m diff]5t qu>t]s4 ,?is eclectic drift 0 signally manife/ 9 religion z well z 9 philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,emp]ors ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,soldi]s3 ,,! ,,absolute ,,mon>*y4 ,,commodus4--,rome _h enjoy$ good gov]nm5t = eighty-f\r ye>s4 ,?is 0 ow+ to ! fact t h] sov]eigns _h be5 nom9at$ to _! (fice1 in/ead ( inh]it+ x4 ,none ( ! emp]ors dur+ ?is int]val _h male *ildr54 ,m>cus ,aurelius made ! mi/ake ( associat+ ) him 9 p[] 8 son ,commodus1 :o 0 eighte5 ye>s old :5 8 fa!r di$1 & reign$ alone f #ahj to #aib4 ,he began 8 despicable c>e] z sole rul] by buy+ peace ( ! ,m>comanni & ! ,quadi4 ,he turn$ out to be a dete/able tyrant1 :o 0 likewise guilty ( ! wor/ p]sonal vices4 ,he 0 /rangl$ 9 8 b$room by "o ( 8 concub9es1 ,m>cia1 ) ! assi/ance ( o!rs1 all ( :om he 0 int5d+ to kill4 ,at ?is "t ! army1 :]e !re _h be5 m en]gy & virtue ?an 9 any o!r class1 began to decl9e 9 discipl9e4 ,society 0 gr[+ m & m corrupt4 ,x proves ! inh]5t /r5g? ( ! organization ( ! ,roman ,empire1 t1 amid all ! causes ( dis9tegration & decay1 x la/$ = two c5turies long]4 ,i4 ,,emp]ors ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,soldi]s4 ,we n[ ent] ^u a p]iod ( milit>y lic5se4 ,! emp]ors are appo9t$ by ! soldi]s4 ,! rul]s1 :5 ! soldi]s fall out ) !m1 are sla94 ,9 ! c\rse ( n9ety-two ye>s1 f #aib to #bhd1 tw5ty-five emp]ors1 ) an av]age reign ( less ?an f\r ye>s = ea*1 sat on ! ?rone4 ,only two reigns exce$$ t5 ye>s4 ,t5 emp]ors p]i%$ by viol5ce at ! h&s ( ! soldi]s4 ,a real advantage 9 ?is way ( mak+ emp]ors1 01 t supreme p[] might ?us devolve on able g5]als2 b ano!r1 & a fatal result1 0 ! demoraliz+ ( ! armies1 by ^: favor ! rul]s ( ! /ate 7 set up & pull$ d[n4 ,,to ,,alex&] ,,sev]us 7,a4,d4 #bbb74--,! assass9s ( ,commodus1 ) ! ass5t ( ! praetorians1 made a wor?y s5ator1 ,p]t9ax1 emp]or2 b 8 hone/y & frugality1 & 8 disposition to ma9ta9 discipl9e among ! soldi]s1 caus$ !m to murd] him ?ree mon?s aft] 8 accession 7#aic74 ,x is said t !y !n sold ! imp]ial (fice at auction to a ri* s5ator1 b ! lead]s ( ! armies 9 diff]5t regions refus$ _! cons5t4 ,( ^!1 ,septimius ,sev]us 7#aic-baa7 made 8 way to ! ?rone1 & put d[n 8 rivals4 ,! empire became a milit>y despotism4 ,a g>rison ( =ty ?\s& troops1 ! prefect ( :om 0 9 p[] second only to ! sov]eign1 took ! place ( ! old prtorians4 ,sev]us 0 a good g5]al4 ,9 a w> aga9/ ! ,p>?ians1 he captur$ ,ctesiphon1 _! capital4 ,c>acalla1 8 son 7#baa-bag71 0 a base tyrant4 ,he 0 murd]$ by ! prtorian prefect1 ,macr9us1 :o reign$ = a %ort "t 7#bag-bah71 b p]i%$ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 attempts to re=m ! discipl9e ( ! army4 ,heliogabalus 7#bah-bbb7 0 n m cruel ?an o!rs _h be51 b 8 gross & %ameless debau*]y 0 )\t a prec$5t4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,prov9ces3 ,,discord4--,9 ! reign ( ,c>acalla is plac$ ! ,edict :i* gave ! rights ( citiz5%ip to all ! free inhabitants ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! prov9ces _h be5 /eadily ris+ 9 p[] & influ5ce4 ,at ,rome1 among (ficials ( ! highe/ grade1 z well z 9 ! high] pr(essions1 !re 0 a ?rong ( prov9cials4 ,! prov9ces 7 dispos$ to nom9ate emp]ors ( _! own4 ,x 0 h>d = ! c5tral au?ority to keep "u control ! fronti] armies4 ,to add to ^! s\rces ( division1 !re 0 a gr[+ jeal\sy betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 ow+ to a diff]5ce 9 language1 ideas1 & int]e/s4 ,p]sia 0 soon to ?reat5 ! empire on ! ,ea/1 & ,go?ic b>b>ians to invade its t]ritories4 ,,alex&] ,,sev]us3 ,,p]sia4--,alex&] ,sev]us 7#bbb-bce7 0 a man ( pure morals1 & s9c]ely dispos$ to rem$y abuses & to gov]n well4 ,b ! evils 7 too great = ! mod]ate degree ( vigor ) :i* he 0 end[$4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! ,p>?ian k+dom1 9 #bbf1 creat$1 9 ! ,new ,p]sian ,mon>*y1 a =midable enemy to ,rome4 ,alex&] did little m ?an *eck ! advance ( ,p]sia4 ,9 a w> aga9/ ! ,g]mans1 he 0 sla9 by 8 own soldi]s4 ,,to ,,decius 7,a4,d4 #bdi74--,! fi]ce & brutal ,maxim91 :o _h excit$ ! soldi]s ( ,alex&] ,sev]us to mut9y1 reign$ f #bce to #bch4 ,! ,s5ate r\s$ itself to resi/ 8 advance into ,italy2 & he1 & 8 son ) him1 7 kill$ 9 8 t5t by 8 soldi]s4 ,gordian 7#bch-bdd7 at lea/ held ! fronti] aga9/ ! attacks ( ! ,p]sians4 ,philip1 an ,arabian1 probably a ,roman coloni/1 aft] reign+ f #bdd to #bdi1 0 supplant$ by ,decius1 :om 8 rebelli\s ,moesian & ,pannonian soldi]s rais$ to p[]4 ,,decius ,,to ,,claudius 7,a4,d4 #bej-bfh74--,! %ort reign ( ,decius 0 m>k$ by ! fir/ g5]al p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,dur+ 8 reign1 ! ,go?s 7,a4,d4 #bej7 invad$ ! empire4 ,!y trav]s$ ,dacia1 & cross$ ! ,danube4 ,!y ravag$ ,moesia1 & ev5 made _! way into ,?race4 ,decius 0 defeat$ by !m 9 ,moesia1 & sla94 ,! p]il ( ! empire cont9ually increas$4 ,! ,g]man tribes on ! nor?1 ! ,go?s on ! ,l[] ,danube & ! ,eux9e1 & ,p]sia 9 ! ea/1 array$ !mselves 9 ho/ility4 ,! reigns ( ,val]ian 7#bec-bfj7 & ( 8 associate & successor1 ,galli5us 7#bfj-bfh71 7 m>k$ by cont9u\s disa/]4 ,num]\s indep5d5t rul]s--! ?irty tyrants--e/abli%$ !mselves1 g5]ally = a v %ort "t1 9 diff]5t regions4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 "o k+dom1 ! capital ( :i* 0 ,palmyra1 & :i* _h = a rul] ,z5obia1 ! wid[ ( its f\nd]1 la/$ = t5 ye>s 7#bfd-bgc74 ,! ,go?s occupi$ ,dacia1 & f ! ,cimm]ian ,bosphorus s5t out _! pr$atory exp$itions 9 all directions1 plund]+ cities1 includ+ ,a!ns & ,cor9?1 & c>ry+ (f imm5se booty to _! homes s\? ( ! ,danube4 ,! ,p]sians conqu]$ ,arm5ia1 took ,val]ian prison]1 advanc$ into ,syria1 & burn$ ,antio*4 ,,to ,,diocletian 7,a4,d4 #bhd74--;,x w\ld seem z if ! ,roman empire 0 on ! v]ge ( dissolution4 ,b a s]ies ( vigor\s emp]ors--among !m ,claudius 7#bfh-bgj7 & ,aurelian 7#bgj-bge7--quell$ rebellion )9 its bord]s1 & re-e/abli%$ its b\nd>ies2 al?\gh ,aurelian gave up to ! ,go?s ,dacia1 :i* _h be5 ( no b5efit to ! empire4 ,probus 7#bgf-bhb7 0 a prud5t z well z valiant rul]4 ,c>us 7#bhb-bhc7 invad$ ,p]sia1 captur$ ,seleucia & ,ctesiphon1 & might1 p]haps1 h complet$ ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry1 b = 8 dea?4 ,num]ianus 7#bhc-bhd7 0 ! la/ 9 ! succession ( rul]s dur+ ?is p]iod ( milit>y control1 ( :i* ! corruption ( ! army 0 ! wor/ result4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,absolute ,,mon>*y 7,,to ,a4,d4 #cge74 ,,diocletian4--,once m ! gigantic & weak5$ frame ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 invigorat$ by a *ange 9 ! "* ( ! *ief rul]s & 9 ! me?od ( gov]nm5t4 ,diocletian 7#bhd-cje71 "o ( a numb] ( en]getic emp]ors :o 7 ( ,illyrian bir?1 fir/ /ripp$ ! imp]ial (fice ( its limitations1 & conv]t$ x into an absolute mon>*y4 ,?is new sy/em 0 c>ri$ to its completion by ,con/ant9e4 ,diocletian took f ! ,s5ate :at political jurisdiction 0 left to x4 ,he aboli%$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! treasury ( ! /ate & ! private c(f]s ( ! pr9ce4 ,! prec$5ce ( ,rome 0 tak5 away by mak+ o!r great cities to be seats ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re 7 to be two emp]ors "u ! title ( ,augu/us1 ) two ,caes>s "u !m2 & ?us ! empire 0 divid$1 = adm9i/rative purposes1 into f\r p>ts4 ,maximian1 ! second ,augu/us1 0 to rule ov] ,italy1 ,africa1 & ! isl&s1 ) ,milan = 8 resid5ce4 ,con/antius ,*lorus _h ! we/]n prov9ces1 --,spa91 ,gaul1 & ,brita94 ,at ,nicom$ia1 ,diocletian1 a man ( impos+ pres5ce & ( great tal5ts z a /atesman1 ex]cis$ rule = tw5ty ye>s ) effici5cy & success4 ,! new sy/em1 if x involv$ ! p]il ( /rife among ! reg5ts1 l$ to a m vigilant & effici5t gov]nm5t 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces1 & provid$ = a peaceful succession to ! ?rone4 ,b ! gov]nm5t came to resemble1 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ! emp]or1 9 ! obsequi\s homage paid to him1 & 9 ! cr++ mann]s ( ! c\rt1 an ,ori5tal despotism4 ,! old hea!n religion 0 consid]$ by cons]vative ,romans to be an ess5tial "p ( ! imp]ial sy/em1 & indisp5sable to ! unity ( ! empire4 ,x 0 ?is view1 9 connection ) o!r influ5ces1 :i* mov$ ,diocletian1 ne> ! close ( 8 reign1 9 #cjc1 to set on foot a sy/ematic p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 by a s]ies ( extremely sev]e & well-contriv$ measures1 ?r\gh :i* x 0 design$ to extirpate ! new religion4 ,! la/ great p]secution1 9 ! reign ( ,decius1 cruel ?\gh x _h be51 did n approa* 9 sev]ity ?is f9al ef=t to ext]m9ate ! disciples ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :o _h n[ become v num]\s4 ,t]rible suff]+s 7 inflict$1 b )\t avail4 ,9 #cje ,diocletian1 p>tly on acc\nt ( a s]i\s illness1 =mally abdicat$1 & oblig$ ,maximian to d ! same4 ,civil w>s foll[$1 until ,con/ant9e1 ! son ( ,con/antius1 ga9$ ! supremacy1 fir/ z jo9t rul] ) ,lic9ius1 :o gov]n$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & !n1 aft] a bloody /ruggle :i* began 9 ,a4,d4 #cad1 z sole ma/] ( ! empire 7,a4,d4 #cbc74 ,,con/ant9e 7,a4,d4 #cjf-ccg74--,! c>e] ( ,con/ant9e 0 /a9$ by acts ( cruelty t[>ds memb]s ( 8 own family4 ,9 ! clos+ p]iod ( 8 life1 he 0 less j & humane ?an 9 e>li] days4 ,! *ange :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! imp]ial sy/em 0 signally manife/ 9 8 removal ( ! seat ( gov]nm5t to ,,con/ant9ople1 :i* 0 built up by him1 & nam$ 9 8 honor4 ,plac$ betwe5 ,europe & ,asia1 on a tongue ( l& :]e x 0 protect$ f assault1 x 0 admirably suit$ = a metropolis4 ,b ! *ange ( capital involv$ dang]s = ! we/]n portions ( ! empire1 expos$ z !y 7 to ! assaults ( ! b>b>ians4 ,! *anges 9 ! gov]nm5t begun by ,diocletian 7 complet$ by ,con/ant9e4 ,! empire 0 divid$1 = purposes ( gov]nm5t1 into f\r prefectures1 ea* ( :i* 0 subdivid$ into dioceses4 ,con/ant9e e/abli%$1 likewise1 diff]5t classes ( nobles1 ! type ( mod]n sy/ems ( nobility4 ,he organiz$ ! army afre%1 "u ! ,ma/] ( ! ,horse & ,ma/] ( ! ,foot1 ea*1 h[ev]1 comm&+1 9 action1 bo? infantry & cavalry1 & ea* hav+ "u him dukes & c\nts4 ,9 %ort1 ! sy/em ( c5tral & despotic adm9i/ration1 ) subord9ate rul]s1 :i* ,diocletian began1 0 p]fect$ by ,con/ant9e4 ,diocletian1 9 ord] to =tify ! imp]ial p[] aga9/ ! army1 _h %>$ 8 p[] ) a cab9et ( emp]ors1 :i* 8 g5ius enabl$ him to control4 ,to prev5t ! break+ up ( ! empire ?r\gh ! sy/em ( vic]oys ?us creat$ to pres]ve x1 ,con/ant9e sep>at$ ! civil au?ority f ! milit>y z reg>ds ! subord9ate rul]s1 :ile bo? functions 7 unit$ 9 himself4 ,he /ill fur!r exalt$ 8 ?rone by giv+ x ev5 m ( an ,ori5tal "*1 by creat+ a multitude ( (ficials1 :o 7 satellites ( ! sov]eign1 & by becom+ ! secul> head & gu>dian ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! arrangem5ts ( 8 c\rt1 ) its grades ( (ficials1 f ! *amb]la9 d[nw>ds1 7 aft] ! ,ori5tal patt]n4 ,,! ,,d[nfall ,,( ,,hea!nism4 ,,progress ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4--,! failure ( ! gr& attempt ( ,diocletian to ext]m9ate ,*ri/ianity 0 an indication ( its com+ triumph4 ,its progress _h be5 gradual yet rapid1 &1 9 its e>li] /ages especially1 obscure4 ,( ! labors ( mo/ ( ! apo/les we "k little4 ,on ! approa* ( ! ,jewi% w> 7p4 #ahj71 ! ,apo/le ,john1 & o!r ,*ri/ians ) him1 _h repair$ to ,asia ,m9or4 ,!re1 at ,ephesus1 ?is apo/le liv$ until ! reign ( ,trajan1 & f t c5t] ex]t$ a wide influ5ce1 ! traces ( :i* are m>k$ & v>i\s4 ,! cities 7 ! pr9cipal sc5es ( e>ly mission>y "w4 ,!y 7 ! /rategic po9ts4 ,9 !m x 0 easi] = ,*ri/ian prea*]s to ga9 a he>+1 & 9 !m !y 7 exempt f ! h9drance creat$ by /range dialects4 ,:]ev] ,*ri/ians w5t1 ev5 = purposes ( trade or me*anical indu/ry1 !y c>ri$ ! se$s ( ! new doctr9e4 ,ev5 ) reg>d to ! *ur*es ( ,alex&ria & ,c>?age1 :i* became s fl\ri%+1 & 9 ! case ( ! *ur* at ,rome itself1 we c n say h[ !y 7 fir/ plant$4 ,! exultant t]ms 9 :i* ! ecclesia/ical writ]s at ! end1 & ev5 z e>ly z ! middle1 ( ! second c5tury speak ( ! increas+ numb] ( ! conv]ts1 proves t ! ,*ri/ian cause 0 fa/ ga9+ gr\nd4 ,its adh]5ts 7 sometimes ( ! high] class1 b mo/ly f ! ranks ( ! poor4 ,,p]secutions4--,p]secution f ! side ( ! hea!n began among ! populace4 ,always :5 fire1 tempe/1 or plague occurr$1 !y 7 ascrib$ to ! wra? ( ! hea!n gods at ! des]tion ( _! alt>s1 & ! cry 0 = ,*ri/ian blood4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 f ! "t ( ,trajan1 0 an illegal religion4 ,magi/rates might at any "t require ,*ri/ians to d homage to ! emp]or's bu/1 or to burn inc5se to ! old div9ities4 ,to make a proselyte ( a ,roman citiz51 or to meet 9 private companies = wor%ip1 0 unlawful4 ,! p]secutions by public au?ority h be5 said to be t52 b ?is numb] is too small if all ( !m are reckon$1 & too l>ge if only ^? ( wide ext5t are includ$4 ,! con/ancy ) :i* ev5 "y wom5 & *ildr5 sometimes endur$ ! torture1 excit$ wond] 9 ! behold]s4 ,among ! m not$ m>tyrs are ,ignatius1 bi%op ( ,antio* 7#aaf72 ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 :o _h be5 a pupil ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 & 0 put to dea? 9 #aee2 & ,cyprian1 ! ag$ bi%op ( ,c>?age1 "o ( ! lead+ ecclesia/ics ( ! "t1 :o suff]$ "u ,val]ian 9 #beh4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,"u ,,con/ant9e4--,! accession ( ,con/ant9e made ,*ri/ianity ! pr$om9ant religion 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,8 conv]sion 0 gradual4 ,m & m he came to rely = support 9 8 conflicts ) 8 rivals ^u ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! sign ( ! cross1 :i* he said t he beheld 9 ! sky1 & :i* l$ him to make ! cross 8 /&>d1 may h be5 an optical illusion occasion$ p>tly by 8 own m5tal /ate at ! mom5t1 :51 aft] pray]1 he 0 /&+ at noon-day 9 ! door ( 8 t5t4 ,he rema9$1 l _m o!rs 9 t day1 n )\t relics ( ! old beliefs1 z is se5 f inscriptions on 8 co9s1 & o!r evid5ces4 ,8 own baptism he def]r$ until he 0 ne> 8 end1 on acc\nt ( ! preval5t idea t all previ\s guilt is effac$ 9 ! baptismal wat]4 ,! edict ( unre/rict$ tol]ation 0 issu$ f ,milan 9 #cab4 ,con/ant9e did n proscribe hea!nism4 ,he =bade immoral rites1 & rites connect$ ) magic & sorc]y4 ,b1 ) ?is exception1 hea!n wor%ip]s 7 n mole/$4 ,b ! emp]or gave 8 zeal\s p]sonal c\nt5ance to ! ,*ri/ian cause1 & m>ks ( 8 favor to its adh]5ts4 ,by ! privileges & immunities :i* he grant$ to ! ,*ur* & its m9i/]s1 he did m ?an he w\ld h be5 likely to effect by ! use ( sev]ity aga9/ its adv]s>ies4 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,! e>ly ,*ri/ian societies 7 little republics1 at fir/ "u ! sup]vision ( ! apo/les4 ,_! organization %ap$ itself p>tly aft] ! model ( ! synagogue1 & p>tly f ! patt]n ( ! civil communities & ! volunt>y associations ab\t !m4 ,9 ! apo/olic age a body ( eld]s or bi%ops & a body ( deacons 9 ea* *ur* guid$ its affairs1 :ile ! memb]s took an active "p 9 ! *oice ( _! (fic]s1 & 9 ! g5]al direction ( ecclesia/ical proce$+s4 ,9 ! second c5tury1 :5 we get a di/9ct view ( ! *ur*es aft] ! obscure int]val t foll[s ! age ( ! apo/les1 we f9d t ov] ! eld]s is a bi%op1 ^: (fice gr[s 9 importance z ! *ur*es become l>g]1 z ! ne$ ( m compact organization is felt1 & z ! cl]gy become m & m di/9ct f ! laity4 ,! bi%op ( ! city *ur* acquires jurisdiction ov] ! adjac5t c\ntry *ur*es4 ,! bi%op 9 ! capital ( ea* prov9ce comes to ex]cise a c]ta9 sup]9t5d5ce )9 ! prov9ce4 ,?is is ! metropolitan sy/em4 ,m & m ! bi%ops ( ! great cities1 especially ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 & ,antio*1 ex]cise a p>allel sup]vision 9 l>g] divisions ( ! empire4 ,?is is ! patri>*al sy/em4 ,z e>ly z ! clos+ "p ( ! second c5tury1 ! ca?olic or univ]sal *ur* pres5ts itself be=e u1 conceiv$ ( z a unity :i* is made su* by ! hi]>*y ( bi%ops1 & by connection ) ! apo/olic sees1--! *ur*es f\nd$ by ! apo/les 9 p]son4 ,z ! apo/les 7 ?\ght ( z hav+ a head 9 ,pet]1 ! bi%ops ( ,rome1 :o 7 look$ on z 8 successors1 _h accord$ to !m a prec$5ce ov] o!r bi%ops4 ,! gr&eur ( ,rome1 ! /r5g? ( ! *ur* !re1 its s]vices to o!r *ur*es 9 ! empire1 especially 9 ! ,we/1 toge!r ) _m o!r consid]ations additional to its alleg$ hi/oric relation to ,pet] & to ,paul1 gave to ! ,roman ,see1 z "t w5t on1 a gr[+ & ackn[l$g$ pre-em95ce4 ,! cu/om ( hold+ synods help$ to build up ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 & to give p[] & dignity to its (ficials4 ,,sects3 ,,!ology4--,! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+ _h to cont5d ) oppos+ sects4 ,!re 0 a desire to amalgamate ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ) o!r sy/ems4 ,on ! ,jewi% side1 ! ,ebionites clung to ! ,old ,te/am5t ritual obs]vances1 a "p ( !m be+ bitt]ly ho/ile to ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & ano!r "p1 ! ,naz>eans1 n %>+ ?is fanatical feel+1 b /ill adh]+ to ! ,jewi% c]emonies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,gno/ics introduc$ a dualism1 & ascrib$ to ! ,demiurge--a second deity1 ei!r subord9ate to ! supreme ,god1 or antagoni/ic to him--! orig9ation ( ?is _w & ( ! ,old ,te/am5t religion4 ,!y made a comp\nd ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,judaism1 & hea!n religion & speculation1 ea* ,gno/ic sect giv+ to "o or ! o!r ( ^! +r$i5ts ! prepond]ance 9 ! /range & (t5 fanta/ic m$ley4 ,! controv]sy ) hea!nism 0 prosecut$ ) ! p54 ,( ! num]\s def5ses ( ,*ri/ianity1 n[ address$ to hea!n rul]s & n[ to its oppon5ts 9 private /ations1 ! mo/ rem>kable "w 9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies 0 ! writ+ ( ,orig5--:o 0 ! mo/ em95t ( ! tea*]s ( !ology at ,alex&ria--9 reply to ,celsus4 ,orig51 aft] s*ol>ly labors s va/ z to e>n = him ! title ( ! ,adamant9e1 di$ 9 #bed1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 suff]+s 9 ! ,diocletian p]secution4 ,two def5ses ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 compos$ ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 are specially in/ructive z to ! /ate ( ,*ri/ian op9ion & ! cu/oms ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! fir/ great c5t] ( !ological activity 0 ,alex&ria1 :]e philosophy 0 /udi$ 9 a lib]al _s4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! que/ions relative to ! div9ity ( ,jesus & ! relation ( ! div9e to ! human nature1 engross$ att5tion4 ,9 ! ,we/1 x 0 ! practical aspects ( !ology1 ! doctr9e ( s9 & ( ! deliv]ance ( ! w by grace1 :i* 7 *iefly discuss$4 ,! ,arian controv]sy grew out ( ! ass]tion by ,arius1 a presbyt] ( ,alex&ria1 t ,jesus 0 ! fir/-made ( all be+s1 ! in/rum5t ( ! creation ( all o!r be+s1 b himself a creature4 ,! lead] ( ! or?odox opposition to ?is op9ion 0 ! fam\s ,alex&rian ar*deacon1 aft]w>ds bi%op1 ,a?anasius4 ,?is debate x 0 :i* l$ to ! assembl+1 "u ! auspices ( ,con/ant9e1 ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea 7,a4,d4 #cbe71 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( ,g5]al ,c\ncils1 = ! adjudication ( doctr9al disputes1 t 7 held 9 ?is & ! foll[+ c5turies4 ,! ,arian doctr9e 0 condemn$ at ,nicaea1 &1 aft] a long conte/ 9 ! p]iod subsequ5t1 0 f9ally det]m9$ to be h]etical4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ! ma9 controv]sy 0 t rais$ by ,pelagius1 respect+ ! p[] ( ! w1 ! native "* ( m51 & ! ag5cy ( ,god 9 _! conv]sion4 ,9 ?is debate1 ,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj71 ! mo/ em95t !ologian ( ! ,we/1 bi%op ( ,hippo 9 ,nor? ,africa1 0 ! r5[n$ *ampion ( ! doctr9e ( grace aga9/ :at he consid]$ an exagg]at$ ass]tion ( free-w4 ,pelagianism 0 condemn$ 9 ! ,we/1 & nom9ally 9 ! ,ea/ :]e views int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,pelagians & ,augu/9ians commonly prevail$4 ,! mo/ em95t s*ol> contempor>y ) ,augu/9e 0 ,j]ome1 :o di$ 9 #dbj1 ! au?or ( ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,scriptures1 call$ ! ,vulgate4 ,prec$+ ,augu/9e 9 ,nor? ,africa1 e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 0 ,t]tullian1 a vigor\s & f]vid writ]1 :o fir/ made ,lat9 ! vehicle ( !ological discussion2 &1 a little lat]1 ,cyprian1 ^: works relate *iefly to *ur* unity & hi]>*ical gov]nm5t1 ( :i* he 0 a devot$ *ampion4 ,late 9 ! second c5tury1 ,ir5aeus1 bi%op ( ,lyons 9 ,gaul1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ecclesia/ics ( t day1 compos$ an elaborate "w aga9/ ! ,gno/ic h]esies4 ,ir5aeus _h kn[n ,polyc>p1 a disciple ( ,john ! apo/le4 ,,*ri/ian ,,life4--,pass+ )9 ! sph]e ( ,*ri/ian life1 !re c be no d\bt t ,*ri/ianity ex]t$ a p[]1 ( :i* !re _h be5 no exp]i5ce be=e1 9 re=m+ ! "* & conduct ( ^? ev5 :o _h be5 addict$ to crime & vice4 ,! frat]nal feel+ ( ,*ri/ians = "o ano!r impress$ ! hea!n ab\t !m z some?+ new & s+ul>ly attractive4 ,x express$ itself 9 un/9t$ *>ity = ^? 9 pov]ty1 & 9 helpfulness = all sorts ( di/ress4 ,! *ur* 0 a home = ! we>y & fri5dless4 ,9 ! /rong reaction aga9/ ! s5suality ( a dissolute society1 ascetic t5d5cies appe>$1 :i*1 9 process ( "t1 issu$ 9 mona/icism4 ,an?ony ( ,!bes1 born ab\t #bej1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ celebrat$ ( ! ,an*orites1 :o *ose a h]mit life1 & abjur$ all ! luxuries ( life & mo/ ( ! com=ts :i* belong to social exi/5ce4 ,to ! ,an*orites succe$$ ! ,ca5obites1 societies ( monks :o dwelt 9 a common habitation "u fix$ rules2 & ^! 7 naturally foll[$ by conf$]acies ( su* communities "u "o organization4 ,! mona/ic v[s 7 pov]ty1 or ! r5unciation ( prop]ty2 celibacy1 or ab/95ce f m>riage2 & ob$i5ce to ! conv5tual sup]ior4 ,sometimes 9 ! e>ly c5turies great evils & abuses sprang up 9 connection ) mona/ic life4 ,= example1 monks might become fanatical & viol5t4 ,b !y furni%$ num]\s examples ( s9c]e piety1 & ( unselfi% & intrepid self-sacrifice = ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,wor%ip4--,z ! ,*ur* grew 9 numb]s & weal?1 co/ly edifices 7 con/ruct$ = wor%ip4 ,! s]vices )9 !m became m elaborate4 ,at l5g? art 0 call$ 9 to adorn ! ,*ri/ian sanctu>ies4 ,sculpture & pa9t+ 7 enli/$ 9 ! "w ( provid+ aids to devotion4 ,relics ( sa9ts & m>tyrs 7 *]i%$ z sacr$ possessions4 ,religi\s obs]vances 7 multipli$2 & ! ,*ur*1 "u ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 ) its array ( cl]gy & ( impos+ c]emonies1 assum$ mu* ( ! /atel9ess & visible spl5dor t _h belong$ to ! hea!n sy/em :i* x _h supplant$4 ,,la/ ,,days ,,( ,,hea!nism4--,:5 ,*ri/ianity _h become p[]ful1 its disciples =got ! precepts ( _! ,ma/]1 & sometimes p]secut$ ! hea!n4 ,*ri/ian mobs demoli%$ ! old temples4 ,! great temple ( ,s]apis 9 ,alex&ria 0 de/roy$1 & ! /atue ( ! god 0 brok5 9 pieces4 ,!odosius ,i4 7#cgi-cie7 made ! celebration ( hea!n rites a capital (f5se1 & confiscat$ ! prop]ty by :i* hea!n wor%ip _h be5 support$4 ,arians1 too1 he p]secut$1 b ) less h>%ness4 ,! ,ea/]n emp]or1 ,ju/9ian1 suppress$ ! s*ool ( ,new ,platonic philosoph]s at ,a!ns1 & bani%$ ! tea*]s 7#ebi74 ,hea!nism l+]$ 9 remote di/ricts1 & 0 h5ce call$ paganism1 or ! religion ( ru/ics4 ,! la/ adh]5ts ( ! anci5t religion inhabit$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury remote valleys ( ! ,italian isl&s4 ,! oracles 7 = ev] dumb4 ,! old div9ities 7 nev] m to be invok$4 ,b x 0 n by =ce t hea!nism 0 extirpat$4 ,if x _h n lo/ its vitality1 x w\ld h surviv$ ! p5al laws aga9/ x4 ,x p]i%$ by ! expulsive en]gy ( a bett] fai?4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4--,! causes ( ! spread & triumph ( ,*ri/ianity lie ultimately 9 ! ne$ :i* m5 feel ( religion1 especially 9 times ( dread & di/ress1 & 9 ! intr9sic excell5ce :i* 0 felt to belong to ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! fir/ & second c5turies ! dre>y feel+ eng5d]$ by ! holl[ skepticism t prevail$ 0 favorable to ! ,*ri/ian cause4 ,!re 0 a void to be fill$1 & ! gospel came to fill x4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity 0 specially rapid1 !re 0 a p]ceptible revival ( religi\s feel+ among ! hea!n2 & ?is1 too1 op]at$ to ! advantage ( ! gospel4 ,at lea/ x mu/ h done s 9 num]\s in/ances4 ,9 t c5tury ! t]rible plagues :i* desolat$ ! empire1 ) ! suff]+s t sprung f wild an>*y & misgov]nm5t1 made ! *ur* a welcome asylum = ! afflict$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,*ri/ianity 0 a religion4 ,x 0 nei!r a m]ely speculative nor a m]ely moral sy/em4 ,x took hold ( ! sup]natural4 ,secondly1 x pres5t$ to a corrupt society a moral ideal ( spotless p]fection4 ,?irdly1 x (f]$1 9 ! doctr9e ( ! cross1 a welcome solace1--consolation 9 life1 ) a s5se ( reconciliation1 & ! hope ( ev]la/+ good4 ,o!r causes1 su* z ,gibbon enum]ates1 7 op]ative4 ,b ^! are !mselves mo/ly effects or aspects ( ! gospel2 or !y 7 auxili>y1 n pr9cipal1 causes4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,lib]ty4--,! f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity _h no ?\ght ( becom+ ! au?ors ( a political revolution4 ,!y _h a v diff]5t purpose 9 view4 ,to ov]?r[ ! exi/+ ord] ( society w\ld h be5 equally unwise & impracticable4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 a new _s ( ju/ice & ( love4 ,! virtues t 7 call$ = !n 7 ! passive virtues1--g5tl5ess1 =be>ance1 ! calm endurance ( ills ( :i* !re 0 no pres5t rem$y4 ,! ,*ri/ian _s1 !re=e1 did n evoke 9 ! disciples ( ! new fai? s5tim5ts ( lib]ty ak9 to ^? :i* _h belong$ to ,greek & ,roman h]oes4 ,indirectly1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ianity br\ght into human society ! g]ms ( lib]ty4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :ile x enjo9$ absolute submission to rul]s1 x made an exception :5ev] _! comm&s %\ld require disob$i5ce to ,god's law4 ,?is position involv$ ! d5ial to ! /ate ( t absolute supremacy accord$ to x by ! anci5ts4 ,! allegiance to ! /ate became a qualifi$ allegiance4 ,secondly1 !re arose )9 ! /ate ano!r community1 :i* took into its h&s1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ! regulation ( social life4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! two au?orities might be indi/9ct1 b !re 0 a real division ( control betwe5 !m4 ,x is true t tyranny might arise )9 ! ,*ri/ian organization itself3 /ill1 its v exi/5ce plant$ on ! e>? a pr9ciple ( lib]ty1 :i* 0 de/9$ ultimately to "w out ! de/ruction ( all tyranny1 :e!r civil or religi\s4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! rul]s ( ! ,roman _w 7 fac$ by an opposition1 meek yet too inflexible = all _! p[] to ov]come4 ,?is is ! fir/ /age 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n lib]ty4 ,! h]oic & inv9cible ,a?anasius z ,milton /yles him1 boldly confront$ ,con/ant9e & 8 successors1 & *ose to sp5d tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 9 volunt>y or en=c$ exile r ?an b[ to _! tyrannical decrees4 ,ambrose1 ! great ar*bi%op ( ,milan1 compell$ ! ,emp]or ,!odosius--:o1 9 a fit ( ang] _h ord]$ a massacre at ,!ssalonica--to d p5ance be=e he c\ld be admitt$ to ! communion4 ,su* occurr5ces indicate t ! days ( imp]ial omnipot5ce1 ev5 ov] un>m$ subjects1 7 pa/4 ,,successors ,,( ,,con/ant9e4--,con/ant9e left 8 empire to 8 ?ree unwor?y sons4 ,con/ant9e1 ! elde/1 _h ! ,we/]n prov9ces = 8 %>e4 ,he endeavor$ to wre/ ,italy f 8 bro!r ,con/ans1 b 0 sla9 at ,aquileia 7#cdj74 ,?is ev5t left ,con/ans ! ma/] ( ! entire ,we/4 ,he took up 8 abode 9 ,gaul1 :]e he 0 sla9 by ,magn5tius1 ! lead] ( a mut9\s body ( soldi]s 7#cej74 ,con/antius 0 at ,edessa1 engag$ 9 w> aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,he m>*$ we/w>d1 & r\t$ ,magn5tius at ,mursia1 9 ,pannonia4 ,?is rival fl$ to ,gaul1 & 0 !re attack$ & de/roy$4 ,gallus1 ! c\s9 ( ,con/antius1 0 put to dea? = ! murd] ( "o ( ! emp]or's (fic]s 7#ced74 ,julian1 ! bro!r ( ,gallus1 0 ! sole rema9+ survivor ( ! family f :i* ! emp]or sprung4 ,con/antius1 "u :om ! :ole empire 0 n[ = a few ye>s 7#ceg-cfa7 unit$1 made a triumphal visit to ,rome4 ,he 0 ! def5d] ( ! ,arians1 b he f\nd x impossible to co]ce ! ,roman ,*ri/ians into ! adoption ( 8 op9ion4 ,! or?odox bi%op :om he _h bani%$1 0 re/or$4 ,con/antius 0 succe$$ by 8 c\s9 ,julian 7#cfa-cfc71 commonly call$ ! ,apo/ate4 ,fasc9at$ by ! hea!n philosophy1 & a secret conv]t to ! old religion1 he ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,h\se ,,( ,,con/ant9e4 ,,con/antius ,,*lorus1 m4 #a1 ,hel5a2 --,,con/ant9e ,i 7! ,great7 m4 #a1 ,m9]v9a2 #b1 ,fau/a --,,con/ant9e ,,ii4 --,,con/antius ,,ii4 --,con/antia1 m4 ,,gratian4 --,,con/ans4 --,,con/antia1 m4 #a1 ,hannibalianus2 #b1 ,,gallus4 --,,hel5a1 m4 ,,julian4 #b1 ,!odora4 --,con/antius1 m4 #a1 ,galla2 #b1 ,basil9a4 --,,gallus m4 ,con/antia1 wid[ ( ,hannibalianus4 --,,julian m4 ,hel5a1 daught] ( ,con/ant9e ,i4 --,con/antia1 m4 ,,lic9ius4 prov$ t its vitality 0 gone1 by 8 ineffectual ex]tions to rescue x1 & re/ore its pr$om9ance4 ,he 0 n )\t m]its z a rul]4 ,he look$ out = ! imp>tial adm9i/ration ( ju/ice3 he reviv$ discipl9e & a milit>y _s 9 ! army1 & s\ght to infuse a bett] _s into ! civil adm9i/ration4 ,:ile he avoid$ cruel p]secution1 he direct$ all 8 p]sonal ef=ts to ! weak5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian cause4 ,julian l$ an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,he sail$ d[n ! ,euphrates to ,circesium1 & !nce proce$$ into ! int]ior ( ,p]sia4 ,he repuls$ ! enemy1 b 0 sla9 :ile engag$ 9 ! pursuit4 ,! soldi]s on ! field ( battle *ose "o ( 8 (fic]s1 ,jovian 7#cfc-cfd71 :o 0 a ,*ri/ian1 to be 8 successor4 ,he conduct$ ! retreat ( ! army4 ,8 reign la/$ = only sev5 mon?s4 ,he %[$ no intol]ance ei!r t[>ds ,pagans or ,arians1 b he gave back to ,*ri/ianity its =m] position4 ,! army next *ose ,val5t9ian ,i4 7#cfd-cge71 ! son ( a ,pannonian w>rior1 :o associat$ ) him1 z emp]or 9 ! ,ea/1 8 bro!r ,val5s 7#cfd-cgh74 ,val5s rul$ f ,con/ant9ople4 ,val5t9ian fix$ 8 c\rt at ,milan1 & sometimes at ,treves4 ,he 0 an unlett]$ soldi]1 b /rict & en]getic 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate1 z well z ( ! army4 ,8 "t 0 mo/ly sp5t 9 conflict ) ! b>b>ians on ! nor!rn fronti]s4 ,he c>ri$ =w>d ?is conte/ ) vigor on ! ,rh9e & on ! ,danube4 ,he tra9$ up 8 son ,gratian to be 8 successor4 ,! great ev5t ( ! reign ( ,val5s 0 ! irruption ( ! ,huns into ,europe1 & ! consequ5t invasion ( ! ,go?s1 by :om ,val5s 0 defeat$ & sla9 9 #cgh4 ,sev]al emp]ors foll[$1 until1 on ! dea? ( ,!odosius ,i41 7! ,great7 7#cie71 ! ,roman ,empire 0 divid$4 ,9 #dgf1 aft] successive invasions ( b>b>ians _h disorganiz$ ! we/]n "p ( ! ,empire1 ! l9e ( phantom emp]ors at ,rome came to an end4 ,! f\r? c5tury1 9 :i* ^! invasions--:i* ov]?rew ! ,we/]n ,empire1 & transf]r$ p[] to new races--occurr$1 =ms ! era ( transition f anci5t to m$iaeval hi/ory4 ,,lit]ature4--,! g5]al works on ,anci5t ,hi/ory 7p4 #af74 ,on ,roman ,hi/ory z a :ole3 ,,m]ivale',s ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,rome 7f #gec ,b4,c4 to ,a4,d4 #dgf3 #a vol472 ,,duruy1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 etc4 7#h vols41 #daj72 ,wgn]1 ,rom1 etc4 7#c vols472 ,all51 ,a ,%ort ,/ory ( ! ,roman ,p2 ,,freeman1 ,outl9es ( ,roman ,hi/ory4 ,on ! ,roman ,republic3 ,,momms51 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,rome 7#d vols472 ,,liddell1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 etc4 7#a vol472 ,,ihne1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,rome 7,eng4 trans41 #c vols472 ,mi*elet1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,republic 7#a vol41 #abmo72 ,s*wegl]1 ,rmi%ce ,ges*i*te 7#d vols72 ,h[ & ,leigh1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,rome2 ,%uckburgh1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,on ! ,roman ,empire3 ,,m]ivale1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans "u ! ,empire 7#g vols 72 ,seeley1 ,roman ,imp]ialism ?ree ,lectures2 ,,momms51 ,! ,prov9ces 7#e? volume ( 8 ,hi/ory1 #ahhe72 ,bury1 ,/ud5ts' ,roman ,empire2 ,bury1 ,lat] ,roman ,empire 7#b vols474 ,on special p]iods3 ,,ihne1 ,e>ly ,rome 7#a vol472 ,t4 ,arnold1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome 7#c vols2 rea*es into ! second ,punic w>72 ,long1 ,! ,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,republic 7#e vols472 ,r4 ,b4 ,smi?1 ,rome & ,c>?age2 ,,m]ivale1 ,! ,roman ,triumvirates2 ,t ,arnold1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,lat] ,roman ,commonweal? 7#b vols472 ,,gibbon1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 7,smi?'s edition72 ,,f9lay1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greece f ! ,conque/ ( ! ,romans to ! ,pres5t ,"t 7#g vols472 ,dill1 ,roman ,society 7#e? c5tury74 ,trollope1 ,life ( ,cic]o 7#b vols472 ,,=sy?1 ,life ( ,cic]o 7#b vols472 ,middleton's ,life ( ,cic]o2 ,fr\de1 ,life ( ,caes> 7#a vol472 ,boissi]1 ,cic]on et ses ,amis 7#a vol41 #abmo74 ,treatises3 ,taylor1 ,con/1 & ,polit4 ,hi/ory ( ,rome2 ,,kuhn1 ,v]fassung d4 ,rmis*5 ,/dte2 ,,guhl ,,& ,k,,n]1 ,life ( ! ,greeks & ,romans2 ,m>qu>dt1 ,h&bu* d4 ,rmis*5 ,alt]?m] 7#g vols472 ,,beck]1 ,gallus 7an ar*aeological novel72 ,abbott1 ,roman ,political ,in/itutions2 ,gre5idge1 ,roman ,public ,life2 ,pre/on & ,dodge1 ,private ,life ( ! ,romans2 ,madvig1 ,v]fassung und ,v]waltung des ,rm ,/aates 7#b vols472 ,lanciani 7,anci5t ,rome1 & o!rs72 ,burn1 ,rome & ! ,campagna2 ,,ziegl]1 ,das alte ,rom2 ,smi? & ,wace's ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography2 ,smi? & ,*ea?am's ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities2 ,,fri$l,,nd]1 ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms 7#b vols472 ,hi/ories ( ,roman ,lit]ature by ,simcox4 ,cruttwell1 ,,s*mitz1 ,teuffel4 ,mac-,kail1 ,f[l]4 ,on ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity3 ,! ,lives ( ,jesus1 by ,,ne&]1 ,,weiss1 ,f>r>1 ,ed]%eim1 ,&rews4 ,ne&]'s ,plant+ & ,tra9+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,works on ! ,life ( ,/4 ,paul1 by ,,conybe>e ,,& ,,h[son1 by ,lew9s1 by ,f>r>4 ,fi%]'s ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,press5s1 ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ur* ,hi/ories ( ,,ne&]1 ,,giesel]1 ,,s*aff1 ,rob]tson1 ,,hase1 ,kurtz1 ,,alzog4 ,,uhlhorn1 ,*ri/ian ,*>ity 9 ! ,anci5t ,*ur*2 ,ramsay1 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,roman ,empire1 be=e #agj ,a4,d4 ,reb]1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art2 ,wick(f1 ,roman ,art2 see ,diction>ies1 p4 #abb4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,m$i,,val ,,hi/ory4 ,,introduction4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4--,! middle ages include ! long int]val betwe5 ! fir/ g5]al irruption ( ! ,teutonic nations t[>ds ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! mod]n era1 ) a di/9ctive "* ( its own1 began4 ,two /rik+ features are obs]v$ 9 ! m$ival era4 ,fir/1 !re 0 a m+l+ ( ! conqu]+ ,g]manic nations ) ! peoples previ\sly mak+ up ! ,roman ,empire1 & a consequ5t effect produc$ ^u bo?4 ,! ,teutonic tribes modifi$ ess5tially ! old society4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a reaction ( ,roman civilization ^u !m4 ,! conqu]$ became ! tea*]s & civiliz]s ( ! conqu]ors4 ,secondly1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* outliv$ ! wreck ( ! empire1 & 0 almo/ ! sole rema9+ bond ( social unity1 n only educat$ ! new nations1 b regulat$ & guid$ !m1 to a l>ge ext5t1 9 secul> z well z religi\s affairs4 ,?us out ( *aos1 ,*ri/5dom arose1 a s+le homog5e\s society ( peoples4 ,x 0 9 ! middle ages t ! pontifical au?ority rea*$ its full /ature4 ,! ,holy ,see ex]cis$ ! l(ty function ( arbit] among cont5d+ nations1 & ( lead]%ip 9 great public movem5ts1 l ! ,crusades4 ,civil au?ority & ecclesia/ical au?ority1 emp]ors & popes1 7 engag$ 9 a long conflict = pr$om9ance4 ,?us !re are ?ree elem5ts :i* =m ! ess5tial factors 9 ,m$ival ,hi/ory1-! ,b>b>ian elem5t1 ! ,roman elem5t1 ) its law & civil polity1 & ) :at 0 left ( anci5t arts & culture1 & ! ,*ri/ian1 or ,ecclesia/ical1 elem5t4 ,z we approa* ! close ( ! m$ival era1 a signal *ange occurs4 ,! nations beg9 to acquire a m def9$ individuality2 ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! *ur* 9 civil affairs is m & m r5\nc$ or rel9qui%$2 !re dawns a new era ( inv5tion & discov]y1 ( culture & re=m4 ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,f ,,! ,,migrations ,,( ,,! ,,teutonic ,,tribes ,,to ,,! ,,c>lov+ian ,,l9e ,,( ,,frank ,,rul]s4 7,a4,d4 #cge-gea47 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,empire3 ,,! ,,teutonic ,,conf$]acies4 ,,gradual ,,ov]?r[ ,,( ,,! ,,empire4--,:5 we speak ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,empire by ! b>b>ians1 we mu/ n imag9e t x 0 sudd51 z by an e>?quake4 ,x 0 gradual4 ,_h ! empire n be5 und]m9$ f )91 x w\ld n h be5 ov]?r[n f )\t4 ,! ,roman armies 7 recruit$ by br++ num]\s b>b>ians into ! ranks4 ,at l5g? :ole tribes 7 suff]$ to =m p]man5t settlem5ts )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! empire4 ,a k+ ) 8 entire tribe w\ld engage to d milit>y s]vice 9 ex*ange = l&s4 ,m & m bo? ! weal? & ! weakness ( ,rome 7 expos$ to ! gaze ( ! ,g]manic nations4 ,_! cupidity 0 ar\s$ z _! p[] increas$4 ,meantime ! b>b>ians 7 le>n+ f _! employ]s ! art ( w>1 & 7 ga9+ soldi]ly discipl9e4 ,_! brave w>riors rose to places ( comm&4 ,!y made & unmade ! rul]s1 & f9ally became rul]s !mselves4 ,ano!r important circum/ance is1 t mo/ ( ! ,g]manic tribes 7 conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity be=e !y made _! attacks & subv]t$ ! ?rone ( ! ,cs>s4 ,9 f9e1 !re 0 a long prep>ation = ! great onset ( ! b>b>ian peoples 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,empire4--,b ! success ( ! b>b>ian invasions presupposes an int]nal decay 9 ! empire4 ,x 0 "o symptom ( a consci\s decl9e1 t ! conqu]+ _s 0 *ill$1 & ! policy 0 adopt$ ( fix+ ! limits ( ! ,roman dom9ion at ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube4 ,rome n[ /ood on ! def5sive4 ,! great s]vice ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 = :i* x 0 mo/ valu$1 0 to protect ! fronti]s4 ,?is p>tly acc\nts = ! con/]nation ( ,augu/us1 :51 9 ! =e/s ( ,g]many1 ! legions ( ,v>us 7 de/roy$ 7p4 #agb74 ,! ess5tial fact is1 t ,rome became unable to keep up ! /r5g? ( its armies4 ,fir/1 !re 7 lack+ ! m5 to fill up ! legions4 ,! civil w>s _h r$uc$ ! population 9 ,italy & 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ef=ts ( ,augu/us to enc\rage m>riage by b\nties prov$ ( little avail4 ,secondly1 ! class ( indep5d5t ,italian yeom51 :i* _h made up ! bone & s9ew ( ! ,roman armies1 pass$ away4 ,slav]y supplant$ free labor4 ,?irdly1 9 ! ?ird c5tury t]rible plagues swept ov] ! empire4 ,9 #aff a frightful pe/il5ce broke out1 f :i*1 accord+ to ,niebuhr1 ! anci5t _w nev] recov]$4 ,x 0 only ! fir/ 9 a s]ies ( l appall+ visitations4 ,f\r?ly1 ! dea? ( lib]ty c>ri$ aft] x a loss ( ! virtue1 ! virile en]gy1 by :i* ,rome _h won h] supremacy4 ,fif?ly1 ! new imp]ial sy/em1 aft] ,diocletian1 effective z x 0 = ma9ta9+ an ord]ly adm9i/ration1 dra9$ ! res\rces ( ! p4 ,! municipal gov]nm5t 9 ea* t[n 0 put into ! h&s ( curiales1 or ! own]s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( acres4 ,!y 7 made responsible = ! taxes1 :i* 7 levi$ 9 a gross am\nt ^u ! t[n4 ,! fiscus1 or f9ancial adm9i/ration ( ! empire1 0 s manag$ t ! civil (fices became an intol]able burd5 to ^? :o held !m4 ,yet x 0 a burd5 f :i* !re 0 no escape4 ,"o result 01 t1 :ile slaves 7 (t5 made coloni1--t is1 till]s or t5ants1 %>+ ) ! own] ! pr(its ( tillage1--& ?us _h _! condition improv$1 _m freehold]s sank to ! same grade1 :i* 0 a k9d ( s]fdom4 ,:5 to ! exhau/+ taxation by gov]nm5t1 !re 7 add$ ! disposition ( l>ge proprietors to despoil ! poor] class ( l&hold]s1 & f "t to "t ! pr$atory incursions ( b>b>ians1 ! small supply ( ,roman legion>ies is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,,?ree ,,races ,,( ,,b>b>ians4--,:ile ! empire1 z reg>ds ! p[] ( self-def5se1 0 s9k+1 ! b>b>ians 7 n only pr(it+ by ! milit>y skill & exp]i5ce ( ! ,romans1 b 7 =m+ milit>y unions among _! sev]al tribes4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 !re 0 "o civiliz$ k+dom1 ,p]sia1 ! successor ( ! ,p>?ian k+dom1 b n p[]ful en\gh to be a rival1--c]ta9ly n 9 an aggressive conte/4 ,b nor?w>d & nor!a/ ( ! ,roman b\nd>ies1 !re /ret*$ a vague & unexplor$ wa/e ( b>b>ism1 a va/1 dimly-kn[n *aos ( numb]less b>b>\s tongues & savage races4 ,a commotion among ^! num]\s tribes1 ! unc\nt$ multitudes spread+ f> into ! pla9 ( ,c5tral ,asia1 _h begun z e>ly z ! days ( ,julius ,caes>4 ,!y 7 made up ( ?ree races1--! ,teutons1 or ,g]manic peoples2 ea/w>d ( !m1 ! ,slavonians2 &1 f>!r beyond1 ! ,asiatic ,scy?ians4 ,! ,slavonians1 an ,aryan bran*1 l ! ,teutons1 _h _! abodes 9 ! space betwe5 ,g]many & ! ,volga4 ,!y 7 a pa/oral & an agricultural race1 ( ^: religion little is kn[n4 ,_! incursions & settlem5ts belong to ! six? & sev5? c5turies1 & to ! hi/ory ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,,teutonic ,,conf$]acies4--,( ! conf$]acies ( ,g]man tribes1 ! ,go?s are fir/ to be m5tion$4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury !y _h spread ov] ! imm5se t]ritory betwe5 ! ,baltic & ! ,black seas4 ,!y 7 divid$ into ! ,we/ ,go?s 7,visigo?s7 & ,ea/ ,go?s 7,o/rogo?s74 ,_! =ce 0 augm5t$ by ! junction ( k9dr$ tribes4 ,to ! ea/ ( !m1 t[>ds ! ,don1 0 a tribe ( mix$ race1 ! ,alani4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ! ,go?s _h made _! t]rible inroads into ,msia & ,?race1 & ! brave emp]or ,decius _h p]i%$ 9 ! combat ) !m4 ,!y _h pu%$ _! m>aud+ excursions z f> z ! coa/s ( ,greece & ,ionia4 ,9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury !y 7 unit$1 ) _! alli$ tribes1 "u ! sov]eignty ( ! ,ea/ ,go?ic *iefta91 ,h]manric4 ,a second league ( ,g]manic peoples 0 ! ,alemanni1 :i* includ$ ! =midable tribes call$ by ,cs> ! ,suevi1 & :o1 aft] v>i\s incursions1 _h e/abli%$ !mselves on ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 9 :at is n[ ,bad51 ,wrtemb]g1 & nor?-ea/ 9 ,switz]l&1 & 9 ! region s\?w>d to ! summits ( ! ,alps4 ,_! invasion ( ,italy 9 #bee1 :5 !y p\r$ ?r\gh ! passes ( ! ,rhetian ,alps1 & p5etrat$ z f> z ,rav5na1 0 repell$ by ,aurelian1 aft]w>ds emp]or4 ,a ?ird conf$]acy 0 t ( ! ,franks 7or ,freem57 on ! ,l[] ,rh9e & ! ,wes]4 ,9 ,nor? ,g]many1 betwe5 ! ,elbe & ! ,rh9e1 7 ! ,saxons4 ,! ,burgundians1 betwe5 ! ,saxons & ! ,alemanni1 made _! way to ! same riv] ne> ,worms4 ,ea/ ( ! ,franks & ,saxons1 7 ! valiant ,lomb>ds1 :o made _! way s\?w>ds to ! c5t] ( ,europe1 & f9ally to ! ,danube4 ,! ,frisians 7 situat$ on ! %ore ( ! ,nor? ,sea & 9 ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,nor? ( ! ,saxons 7 ! ,danes & o!r peoples ( ,sc&9avia1--,teutons all1 b a sep>ate bran* ( ! ,teutonic h\sehold4 ,to bold & w>like tribes1 n[ b&$ toge!r1 su* z 7 ! ,franks & ! ,alemanni1 ! ,rh9e1 ) its l9e ( ,roman cities & =tresses1 c\ld =m no p]man5t b>ri]4 ,:5 !y cross$ x1 !y might be driv5 back2 b ?is 0 only to r5ew _! exp$itions at ! fir/ favorable mom5t4 ,! prey :i* !y saw ne> by1 & ( :i* !y dream$ 9 ! di/ance1 0 too entic+4 ,no m c\ld ! ,danube f5ce (f ! ?rong+ nations2 all ( :om _h he>d1 & "s ( :om _h beheld1 ! weal? & luxury ( ! civiliz$ l&s4 ,beg9n+ at ! ,eux9e1 & mov+ we/w>d along ! l9e ( ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e1 we f9d1 at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 t ! six mo/ prom95t names ( ,teutonic tribes are ! ,go?s1 ,v&als1 ,burgundians1 ,franks1 ,saxons1 & ,lomb>ds4 ,ov] ! va/ pla9s to ! s\? & we/ ( ! ,caspian are spread ! ,huns1 :o belong to "o bran* ( ! ,scy?ian or ,turanian gr\p ( nations4 ,,habits ,,( ,,! ,,g]mans4--,we h notices ( ! ,g]mans f ,julius ,caes>1 ! mo/ full description ( !m 9 ! ,g]mania ( ,tacitus4 ,!y 7 tall & robu/1 & seem$ to ! ,romans1 :o 7 ( small] /ature1 z giants4 ,tacitus speaks ( _! fi]cely blue eyes4 ,!y liv$ 9 huts made ( wood1 & conta9+ ! cattle z well z ! family4 ,!y till$ ! soil1 b _! favorite employm5ts 7 w> & ! *ase4 ,capable ( cruelty1 !y 7 /ill ( a k9dly temp]1 & fond ( fea/s & social ga!r+s1 :]e !y 7 apt to indulge 9 excessive dr9k+ & 9 gambl+4 ,!y 7 brave1 & n )\t a delicate s5se ( honor4 ,family ties 7 sacr$4 ,! wom5 7 *a/e1 & 7 companions ( _! husb&s1 al?\gh subject to !m4 ,mo/ ( ! p 7 freem51 :o 7 l&-own]s1 & c>ri$ arms4 ,! nobles 7 ^? ( high] bir?1 b ) no special privileges4 ,! freem5 own$ slaves1 :o 7 ei!r crim9als or p]sons :o _h lo/ _! fre$om 9 gam+ or prison]s ( w>4 ,!re 7 also fre$m5 or leti1 :o held l& ( a sup]ior4 ,_m fre$m5 liv$ ap>t1 b _m 7 ga!r$ 9 villages4 ,! l& ab\t a village 0 orig9ally held 9 common4 ,ea* village _h a *ief1 & ea* collection ( villages1 or hundr$1 possess$ a *ief ( high rank2 & !re 0 a k+1 or head ( ! tribe4 ,all ^! *iefta9s 7 elect$ by ! freem5 at assemblies p]iodically held4 ,:5 ! duke or g5]al 0 *os51 he 0 rais$ on a %ield on ! %\ld]s ( ! m54 ,! judges 9 ! trial ( causes sat1 ) assessors or jurym5 ar\nd !m1 9 ! op5 air4 ,b private injuries 7 av5g$ by ! individual or by 8 family4 ,"o m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,g]mans 0 ! habit ( devot+ !mselves to ! s]vice ( a milit>y lead]4 ,!y paid to him p]sonal allegiance1 & foll[$ him 9 w>4 ,! ,g]mans 71 above all1 di/+ui%$ by a /rong s5se ( p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,if _! mode ( liv+ resembl$ outw>dly t ( o!r savage races1 yet 9 _! free political life1 & 9 ! noble promise ( _! language ev5 9 its rudim5ts1 ! comp>ison does n hold4 ,9 _! fai?fulness1 c\rage1 & p]sonal purity1 !y are emphatically contra/$ ) ! g5]ality ( b>b>\s peoples4 ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,g]mans4--,we "k m ( ! ,sc&9avian religion ?r\gh ! ,eddas1 ! ,iliad ( ! ,nor?m51 ?an ( ! religion ( ! ,g]mans2 b ! two religions 7 closely alli$4 ,among ! *ief gods wor%ip$ by ! ,g]mans 7 ,wod51 call$ ,od9 9 ! ,nor?1 ! highe/ div9ity1 ! god ( ! air & ( ! sky1 ! giv] ( fruits & delight+ 9 battle2 ,don> 7,?or71 ! god ( ?und] & ( ! wea!r1 arm$ ) a hamm] or ?und]bolt2 ,?iu 7,tyr71 a god ( w>1 answ]+ to ,m>s2 ,fro 7,freyr71 god ( love2 & ,frauwa 7,freya71 8 si/]4 ,p>ticul> days 7 set ap>t = _! wor%ip4 ,_! names appe> 9 ! names ( ! days ( ! week1--,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1 ,?ursday1 & ,friday4 ,sunday is ! day ( ! sun1 & ,monday ! day ( ! moon4 ,saturday alone is a "n ( ,lat9 orig94 ,among ! m9or be+s 9 ! ,g]man my?ology 7 fairies1 elves1 giants1 & dw>fs4 ,!re 7 fe/ivals to ! gods4 ,_! images 7 pres]v$ 9 groves4 ,l(ty trees 7 held sacr$ to div9ities4 ,! oak & ! r$ a% 7 consecrat$ to ,don>4 ,sacrifices1 & among !m human sacrifices1 7 (f]$ to ! gods4 ,_! w 0 asc]ta9$ by means ( ! lot1 ! neigh+ ( wild horses1 & ! flight ( birds4 ,prie/s 7 n )\t influ5ce1 b 7 n a pr(essional class1 & 7 nev] dom9ant4 ,valiant w>riors at dea? 7 admitt$ into ,walhalla 7! hall ( ! sla971 :]e !y sat at banquet ) ! gods4 ,,! ,,!odosian ,,imp]ial ,,h\se ,,!odosius --,,!odosius ,i 7! ,great71 m41 #a1 ,flaccilla2 #b1 ,galla si/] ( ,val5t9ian ,,ii --,grantianus --,pul*]ia --,,arcadius m4 ,eudoxia --,,!odosius ,,ii m4 ,eudocia --,eudoxia m4 ,,val5t9ian ,,iii --,flaccilla --,pul*]ia m4 ,,m>cian --,?ree o!r daught]s --,,honorius m4 ,m>ia1 daught] ( ,/ili*o --,placidia m4 #a1 ,adolphus2 #b1 ,,con/antius --,,val5t9ian ,,iii1 m4 ,eudoxia4 --,eudoxia1 m4 #a1 ,palladius1 son ( ,,maximus2 #b1 ,hun]ic1 son ( ,,g5s]ic4 --,id]ic --,placidia m4 ,,olybrius --,honoria --,honorius --,s]5a1 m4 ,/ili*o --,m>ia --,!rmantia ,f ,rawl9son's ,manual ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,teutonic ,,migrations ,,& ,,k+doms4 ,,! ,,go?s3 ,,!odosius ,i4--,t[>ds ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ,val5s 7#cfd-cgh7 0 reign+ 9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,huns mov$ f _! settlem5ts nor? ( ! ,caspian1 defeat$ ! ,alans1 a p[]ful nation1 &1 compell+ !m to ent] _! s]vice1 invad$ ! empire ( ! ,o/rogo?s1 !n rul$ by ,h]manric4 ,! ,huns belong$ to "o bran* ( ! ,scy?ian race4 ,!y _h migrat$ 9 va/ numb]s f ,c5tral ,asia4 ,repulsive 9 =m & visage1 ) %ort1 ?ick bodies1 & small1 fi]ce eyes1 liv+ mo/ly on horseback or 9 _! wagons1 ^! t]rible w>riors1 ) _! sl+s & bone-po9t$ arr[s1 /ruck t]ror into ! nations :om !y approa*$4 ,! ,go?ic ,empire fell4 ,! ,o/rogo?s submitt$1 & ,h]manric di$1 x is ?\ght by 8 own h&4 ,! ,visigo?s cr[d$ d[n to ! ,danube1 & implor$ ,val5s to give !m an asylum ^u ,roman t]ritory4 ,!y _h previ\sly be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 ma9ly by ! labors ( ,ulphilas1 :o _h fram$ = !m an alphabet1 & translat$ ne>ly ! :ole ,bible into _! tongue4 ,fragm5ts ( ?is ,moeso-,go?ic v]sion are ! olde/ writt5 monum5t 9 ! ,teutonic languages4 ,*ri/ianity 0 taught to !m by ,ulphilas 9 ! ,arian type2 & ?is circum/ance 0 v important1 s9ce x 0 ! occasion ( ! spread ( ,arianism among _m o!r ,teutonic peoples4 ,val5s grant$ _! reque/ to cross ! ,danube1 &1 "u ,fritig]n & ,alavivus1 to settle 9 ,moesia 7#cgf74 ,by ! connivance ( ! (fic]s ( ,val5s1 !y 7 all[$ to reta9 _! arms4 ,! av>ice ( corrupt imp]ial gov]nors provok$ !m to revolt2 &1 9 ! battle ( ,adrianople1 ,val5s 0 defeat$4 ,! h\se into :i* ! w\nd$ emp]or 0 c>ri$ 0 set on fire1 & he p]i%$4 ,gratian1 :o1 s9ce ! dea? ( ,val5t9ian ,i4 7#cge71 _h be5 ! rul] ( ! ,we/1 summon$ ! valiant ,!odosius f 8 e/ate 9 ,spa91 to :i* he _h be5 bani%$1 to su/a9 ! tott]+ empire4 ,gratian made him reg5t 9 ! ,ea/4 ,8 fa!r _h cle>$ ,brita9 ( ! ,picts & ,scots1 & re/or$ x to ! empire4 ,"u him ! son _h le>n$ to be a soldi]4 ,he _h be5 driv5 into retirem5t by c\rt intrigues4 ,he n[ accompli%$1 z well z x c\ld be done1 ! mighty task laid ^u him4 ,he *eck$ ! progress ( ! ,go?s1 divid$ !m1 incorporat$ "s ( !m 9 ! army1 & disp]s$ ! re/ 9 ,?race1 ,moesia1 & ,asia ,m9or 7#chb74 ,f\r ye>s lat] =ty-?\s& ,o/rogo?s 7 receiv$ into ! imp]ial s]vice4 ,once ,rome _h conqu]$ ! b>b>ians1 & plant$ its colonies among !m2 n[1 aft] !y _h prov$ _! p[]1 & ga9$ boldness by victory1 x receiv$ !m )9 its own bord]s4 ,! indol5ce & vice ( ,gratian produc$ a revolution 9 ! ,we/4 ,maximus 0 proclaim$ imp]ator by ! legions ( ,brita91 & ,gratian 0 put to dea? by 8 cavalry 7#chc74 ,aft] sangu9>y conflicts1 ,!odosius obta9$1 also1 supreme p[] 9 ! ,we/4 ,he gave to or?odoxy1 9 ! /rife ) ,arianism1 ! supremacy 9 ! ,ea/2 &1 "u 8 auspices1 ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople re-affirm$ ! ,nic5e doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 7#cha74 ,9 ! anci5t *ur* he _h a glory second only to t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,) ! exception ( 8 h>% & inquisitorial laws = ! =cible suppression ( ,arianism & paganism1 8 legislation 0 g5]ally wise & b5efic5t4 ,,arcadius3 ,,honorius4--,!odosius left ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,ea/ to 8 son ,arcadius1 !n eighte5 ye>s ( age1 & t ( ! ,we/ to a y\ng] son1 ,honorius4 ,! empire ( ! ,ea/ cont9u$ t5 hundr$ & fifty-eight ye>s aft] ?is division2 t ( ! ,we/1 only eighty-"o ye>s4 ,! ,ea/]n ,empire 0 def5d$ by ! b>ri]s ( ! ,danube & ! ,balkan m\nta9s1 by ! /r5g? ( ,con/ant9ople1 toge!r ) ! c>e tak5 to protect x1 & by ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! b>b>ian invasions we/w>d4 ,rome1 9 ! c\rse ( a half-c5tury1 0 ! object ( f\r t]rible attacks1--t ( ,al>ic & ! ,visigo?s2 ( ,radagaisus ) ! ,suevi1 ,v&als1 & ,alans2 ( ,g5s]ic ) ! ,v&als2 ( ,attila ) ! ,huns4 ,,al>ic ,,9 ,,italy4--,! ,visigo?s made ,al>ic--! head ( _! mo/ illu/ri\s family1 ! ,balti--_! lead]4 ,honorius 0 controll$ by ! influ5ce ( ,/ili*o1 a brave soldi]1 by bir? a ,v&al2 ,arcadius 0 rul$ by a ,go?1 ,ruf9us1 a cunn+ & fai?less diplomati/4 ,al>ic & 8 foll[]s 7 enrag$ at ! )hold+ ( ! pay :i* 0 due to !m ye>ly f ,arcadius4 ,ruf9us1 9 ord] to keep up 8 sway1 & out ( ho/ility to ,/ili*o1 arrang$ t !y %\ld invade ,ea/]n ,illyricum1 a prov9ce on :i* ea* ( ! emp]ors _h claims1 & :i* he fe>$ t ,/ili*o w\ld seize4 ,!y ravag$ ,?race & ,mac$onia1 pass$ ?r\gh ! undef5d$ /rait ( ,!rmopylae1 sp>$ ,a!ns1 b deva/at$ ! re/ ( ,greece4 ,! only protector ( ! empire n[ 0 ,/ili*o1 to :om ,!odosius _h committ$ ! c>e ( 8 two sons1 & ^: p[] 0 ex]cis$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,he caus$ ! p]fidi\s ,ruf9us to be put to dea? by ,ga9as1 "o ( ! ,go?ic allies ( ,arcadius4 ,! place ( ! m9i/] 0 tak5 by ,eutropius1 an ,arm5ian :o _h be5 a slave4 ,/ili*o f\ght ! ,go?s 9 two campaigns1 b1 p]haps f policy1 suff]$ !m to escape by ! ,/rait ( ,naupactus 7,lepanto74 ,to prev5t fur!r ravages1 ,arcadius _h no alt]native b to appo9t ,al>ic ma/]-g5]al or duke ( ,illyricum4 ,?is oblig$ ,/ili*o to retire4 ,rais$ ^u ! %ield1 & ?us made k+ by 8 foll[]s1 ,al>ic l$ !m to ! conque/ ( ,italy4 ,honorius fl$ = refuge f ,milan to ! impregnable =tress ( ,rav5na4 ,/ili*o came to 8 relief1 & defeat$ ! ,visigo?s at ,poll5tia 7#djb74 ,b ,honorius copi$ ! example ( ,arcadius1 made ,al>ic a g5]al1 & gave him ! commission to conqu] ,illyricum = ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,aft] 8 defeat1 he 0 mov+ aga9/ ,rome ) 8 cavalry1 :5 8 retreat 0 pur*as$ by a p5sion4 ,x 0 :5 ,honorius 0 celebrat+ 8 triumph at ,rome t a monk nam$ ,telema*us leap$ into ! ar5a to sep>ate ! gladiators4 ,he 0 /on$ to dea? by ! spectators1 b ! result ( 8 self-devotion 0 an edict putt+ a f9al /op to ! gladiatorial %[s4 ,! emp]or n[ fix$ 8 resid5ce1 :i* _h be5 at ,milan1 at ,rav5na1 a city t 0 cov]$ on ! l& side by a wide & impassable morass1 ov] :i* 0 an artificial causeway1 easily de/roy$ 9 case x c\ld n be def5d$4 ,x _h s]v$ him z an asylum dur+ ! invasion ( ,al>ic4 ,,radagaisus4--,! empire 0 n long left 9 peace4 ,al>ic 0 a ,*ri/ian1 & p>tially civiliz$4 ,radagaisus 0 a ,go?1 b a hea!n & a b>b>ian4 ,! ,suevi "u 8 comm&1 took _! c\rse s\?w>d f ! neighborhood ( ! ,baltic1 &1 draw+ aft] !m ! ,burgundians1 ,v&als1 & ,alans1--tribes :i* began to be al>m$ by ! hordes ( ,huns t 7 ga!r+ beh9d !m1--advanc$ to ! pillage ( ! empire4 ,leav+ ! bulk ( _! companions on ! bord]s ( ! ,rh9e1 two hundr$ ?\s& ( !m cross$ ! ,alps1 & made _! way z f> z ,flor5ce4 ,/ili*o once m sav$ ,rome & ! empire by =c+ !m back into ! ,ap5n9es1 :]e mo/ ( !m p]i%$ f fam9e4 ,radagaisus surr5d]$1 & 0 behead$4 ,! news ( ?is disa/] mov$ ! ho/ :i* _h be5 left beh9d1 jo9$ by ! rema9d] ( ! army ( ,radagaisus1 to make an attack ^u ,gaul4 ,despite ! resi/ance ( ! ,ripu>ian ,franks1 to :om ,rome _h committ$ ! def5se ( ! ,rh9e1 !y cross$ t riv] on ! la/ day ( ! ye> #djf4 ,= two ye>s ,gaul 0 a prey to _! ravages1 until ! ,suevi1 ! ,alans1 & ! ,v&als1 s\ght = fre% booty on ! s\? ( ! ,pyr5ees 7#dji74 ,9 ,gaul !y de/roy$ ! cities1 ravag$ ! fields1 & drove be=e !m 9 a promiscu\s cr[d1 ! bi%op1 ! s5ator1 & ! virg91 lad5 ) ! spoils ( _! h\ses & alt>s4 ,brief z 0 ?is p]iod ( deva/ation1 x m>ks ! sev]ance ( ,gaul f ! empire4 ,,al>ic ,,aga9 ,,9 ,,italy4--,/ili*o _h kept up fri5dly relations ) ,al>ic1 & _h reta9$ 9 ,italy ?irty ?\s& b>b>ians 9 ! pay ( ! empire4 ,! brave g5]al became an object ( suspicion to ,honorius1 :o caus$ him to be assass9at$1 & ! wives & *ildr5 ( ! b>b>ian troops to be massacr$4 ,! m5 fl$ to ,al>ic4 ,he came back ) !m to av5ge !m4 ,he appe>$ "u ! walls ( ,rome4 ,x 0 m ?an six hundr$ ye>s s9ce a =eign enemy _h be5 !re1 & ,hannibal _h advanc$ s f>1 only to retreat4 ,:5 ! envoys ( ! ,s5ate repres5t$ to ,al>ic h[ num]\s 0 ! population1 he answ]$1 ,! ?ick] ! hay1 ! easi] x is m[$4 ,b he cons5t$ to accept an enorm\s ransom1 & retir$ to w9t] qu>t]s 9 ,tuscany4 ,! c\rt at ,rav5na refus$ to assign l&s to ! ,visigo?s = a p]man5t settlem5t 9 ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,al>ic dem&$ ! po/ ( ma/]-g5]al ( ! ,we/]n armies4 ,once m he advanc$ to ,rome1 seiz$ ! ,port ( ,o/ia1 & compell$ ! ,s5ate to appo9t ,attalus1 ! prefect ( ! city1 emp]or4 ,he besieg$ ,rav5na )\t effect1 qu>rel$ ) ,attalus1 & depos$ him1 & = ! ?ird "t m>*$ ^u ,rome4 ,slaves )9 ! city op5$ ! ,sal>ian gate to _! c\ntrym51 & on ! #bd? ( ,augu/1 #daj1 ! sack ( ! city began4 ,to add to ! horrors ( ! sc5e1 a t]rific ?und]/orm 0 rag+4 ,= ?ree days ,rome 0 giv5 up to pillage4 ,only ! ,*ri/ian temples 7 respect$1 :i* 7 cr[d$ by ^? :o s\ght )9 !m an asylum4 ,rome _h be5 ! c5t] ( ,paganism4 ,! scatt]+ & de/ruction ( its patrician families 0 ! ru9 ( ! old religion4 ,al>ic did n long survive 8 victory4 ,he di$ at ,cons5tia 9 ,bruttium4 ,he 0 buri$ "u ! little riv] ,bas5tius1 :i* 0 turn$ out ( its c\rse :ile ! sepul*] 0 con/ruct+1 & !n re/or$ to its =m] *annel4 ,! slaves employ$ 9 ! "w 7 put to dea?1 t ! place ( 8 burial might rema9 a secret 7#daj74 ,,a?aulf3 ,,wallia4--,a?aulf 7call$ ,adolphus71 ! bro!r & successor ( ,al>ic1 0 an admir] ( ! empire4 ,he enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,honorius1 & m>ri$ 8 si/]1 ,placidia1 :o 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,go?s1 ei!r z a captive or z a ho/age4 ,he put d[n usurp]s 9 ! s\? ( ,gaul :o _h set !mselves up z emp]ors1 & ent]$ ,spa91 9 ord] to drive out ! b>b>ians f t c\ntry4 ,b he 0 assass9at$ 7#dae74 ,8 successor1 ,wallia1 c>ri$ =w>d 8 plans1 9 ! "n ( ,honorius1 aga9/ ! ,alans1 ! ,suevi1 & ! ,v&als4 ,he p>tly ext]m9at$ ! ,alans1 *as$ ! ,suevi into ! m\nta9s on ! nor?-we/1 & ! ,v&als into ! di/rict call$ aft] !m1 ,&alusia4 ,,?ree ,,b>b>ian ,,k+doms4--,! k+dom ( ! ,suevi ?us e/abli%$ 7#dai71 "u ! k+s reign+ f #dch to #dee conqu]$ ,lusitania1 & w\ld h subdu$ all ,spa9 _h !y n be5 *eck$ by ! ,visigo?s4 ,z a rew>d = _! s]vices1 ! latt] receiv$ f ,honorius1 ,aquita9e 9 ,gaul1 z f> z ! ,loire & ! ,rhone1 ) ,t\l\se = _! capital4 ,!y conqu]$ ! ,suevi 9 #def1 & 9 #ehe subjugat$ !m2 9 #ejg ! ,franks _h driv5 !m out ( ,gaul4 ,e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury ! ,burgundian k+dom grew up 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,gaul4 ,at ! end ( t c5tury ! ,rhone 0 a ,burgundian riv]4 ,lyons & ,vi5ne 7 ,burgundian cities4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! fif? c5tury !re arose ?ree b>b>ian k+doms4 ,( ^!1 t ( ! ,suevi soon vani%$ 7#ehe71 be+ absorb$ by ! ,visigo?s2 t ( ! ,burgundians cont9u$ until #ecd2 :ile t ( ! ,visigo?s 9 ,spa9 la/$ until ! conque/ by ! ,arabs 9 #gaa4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,africa ,,by ,,! ,,v&als4--,honorius di$ 9 #dbc4 ,he _h %[n himself a zeal\s def5d] ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ h]esy1 & 0 ! au?or ( edicts = ! suppression ( hea!nism1 & = ! de/ruction ( hea!n temples & idols4 ,b he _h prov$ himself ineffici5t 9 ! def5se ( ! empire4 ,8 nephew ,val5t9ian ,,iii41 ! son ( ,placidia & ( ! g5]al ,con/antius1 :om %e _h m>ri$ 9 #dag1 succe$$ him2 b he 0 only six ye>s old1 & = tw5ty-five ye>s ! gov]nm5t 0 c>ri$ on 9 8 "n by 8 unwor?y "m4 ,%e _h two able g5]als1 ,atius & ,boniface1 ^: discord 0 fatal 9 its effects4 ,at ! same "t 9 ! ,ea/1 ! gov]nm5t 0 manag$ by ,pul*]ia = h] bro!r1 ,!odosius ,,ii41 :o _h succe$$ ,arcadias 9 #djh4 ,atius1 :o 0 a ,hun1 by insidi\s arts p]suad$ ,placidia to recall ,boniface1 :o 0 gov]nor ( ,africa1 at ! same "t t he advis$ ,boniface to disobey ! ord] :i* he repres5t$ z a s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,boniface s5t to ,gond]ic1 k+ ( ! ,v&als 9 ,spa91--:o1 aft] ! retreat ( ! ,visigo?s1 7 /rong 9 t c\ntry1--an (f] ( an alliance4 ,g5s]ic1 ! ,v&al lead]1 ! bro!r & successor ( ,gond]ic1 l&$ 9 ,africa 9 #dbi ) fifty ?\s& m54 ,too late ! trea*]y ( ,atius 0 expla9$ to ,boniface4 ,g5s]ic1 ) 8 allies1 tribes ( nomad ,moors1 defeat$ him 9 a bloody battle1 & besieg$ ,hippo = f\rte5 mon?s4 ,augu/9e1 ! bi%op ( ,hippo1 animat$ ! c\rage ( its def5d]s until 8 dea? 9 #dcj1 9 ! sev5ty-six? ye> ( 8 age4 ,boniface 0 aga9 defeat$1 & ,hippo 0 tak54 ,! ,v&als pu%$ on _! conque/1 b eight ye>s pass$ be=e ,c>?age 0 r$uc$ 7#dci74 ,val5t9ian _h recogniz$ by treaty ! k+dom ( ! ,v&als4 ,g5s]ic 0 *>act]iz$ by g5ius & en]gy z well z by cruelty & av>ice4 ,he built up a navy1 & made himself ma/] ( ,sicily1 ,corsica1 ,s>d9ia1 & ! ,bale>ic ,isles4 ,he 0 able to defy ,con/ant9ople1 on acc\nt ( 8 control ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,at ! same "t he ent]$ into relations ) ! b>b>ians 9 ! nor?1 9 ord] t ,atius1 :o endeavor$ to br+ 9 "s degree ( ord] & ob$i5ce 9 ! empire1 might be *eck$ & re/ra9$ on all sides4 ,! ,v&als 7 ,arians1 & made full use ( ! diff]5ce 9 fai? z a motive = plund]+ & maltreat+ ! or?odox ,*ri/ians 9 ,africa1 :om _! arms _h subdu$4 ,,attila3 ,,*alons4--,! enemy :om ,g5s]ic invok$ to make a div]sion 9 8 favor aga9/ ! comb9$ rul]s ( ! ,ea/ & ( ! ,we/1 0 ,attila4 ,= a half-c5tury ! ,huns _h halt$1 9 _! migration1 9 ! c5t] ( ,europe1 & held "u _! sway ! ,o/rogo?s1 ! ,gepids1 ! ,m>comanni1 & o!r tribes4 ,! empire ( ,attila ext5d$ f ! ,baltic to ! nor? ( ! ,danube1 & z f> ea/ z ! ,volga4 ,8 "n inspir$ t]ror :]ev] x 0 he>d4 ,he 0 /yl$ ! sc\rge ( ,god4 ,! sword ( ,m>s--! po9t ( an anci5t sword :i*1 x 0 said1 0 discov]$ by sup]natural means1 & 0 pres5t$ to him--0 deem$ ! symbol ( 8 "r to ! dom9ion ( ! _w4 ,yet1 not)/&+ 8 fi]ce visage & haughty mi51 he 0 an indulg5t rul] ( 8 own p1 & n )\t pity & o!r g5]\s traits4 ,su* 0 ! dread ( him t x 0 said t no blade ( grass grew on ! pa? :i* 8 armies _h trav]s$4 ,fir/1 he attack$ ,!odosius ,,ii4 9 ! ,ea/1 to =ce him to recall ! troops :i* he _h s5t aga9/ ,g5s]ic4 ,he cross$ ! ,danube1 de/roy$ sev5ty cities1 & =c$ ! ,ea/]n emp]or n only to pay a tribute heavi] ?an he _h paid be=e1 b also to c$e to ! ,huns ! "r bank ( ! riv]4 ,!odosius fail$ 9 a trea*]\s attempt to assass9ate him ?r\gh ,attila's ambassador1 ,edecon1 :om he _h brib$4 ,attila discov]$ ! plot1 b p>don$ ) disda9 ! ambassadors ( ! emp]or :o w5t to him 9 8 wood5 palace 9 ,pannonia4 ,he cont5t$ himself ) reproa*+ ,!odosius ) conspir+1 l a p]fidi\s slave1 aga9/ ! life ( 8 ma/]4 ,reg>d+ ,con/ant9ople z impregnable1 he turn$ to ! ,we/4 ,he dem&$ ( ! ,we/]n emp]or ! half ( 8 /ates2 &1 mov+ to ! ,rh9e ) six hundr$ ?\s& b>b>ians1 he cross$ t riv] & ! ,moselle1 advanc$ on 8 deva/at+ pa? into ! he>t ( ,gaul1 cross$ ! ,se9e1 & laid siege to ,orleans4 ,ev]y:]e ! inhabitants fl$ be=e him4 ,! c\rage ( ! p 9 ,orleans 0 su/a9$ by _! bi%op1 :o at l5g?1 z ! city 0 j fall+ into ! h&s ( ! assailants1 saw a cl\d ( du/1 & cri$1 ,x is ! help ( ,god4 ,x 0 ,atius1 :o1 on ! dea? ( ,boniface1 _h ?\ght x prud5t to fly to ! ,huns1 _h come back to ,italy at ! head ( sixty ?\s& m51 obta9$ =giv5ess ( ,placidia1 & be5 made ma/]-g5]al ( h] =ces4 ,he _h unit$ to ! ,roman troops ! b>b>ians :o _h occupi$ ,gaul1 ! ,visigo?s "u ,!odoric1 ! ,saxons1 ! ,burgundians1 ! ,ripu>ian & ! ,salian ,franks4 ,on ! ,catalaunian fields1 a va/ pla9 ne> ,*alons1 :i!r ,attila n[ retreat$ to f9d room = ! effective use ( 8 cavalry1 ! two multitud9\s armies1 ea* compos$ ( a motley collection ( nations1 met4 ,x 01 l ! conflict at ,m>a?on1 "o ( ! decisive battles ( hi/ory4 ,x 0 to det]m9e :e!r ! ,aryan or ! ,scy?ian 0 to be supreme 9 ,europe4 ,! battle-field 0 /rewn1 x 0 said1 ) ! bodies ( a hundr$ & sixty ?\s& m51--an exagg]ation indicat+ t ! c>nage 0 too great to be e/imat$4 ,attila 0 wor/$4 ,he encircl$ 8 camp ) a ramp>t ( wagons2 & 9 ! morn+ ! victors saw him /&+ on ! top ( a m\nd compos$ ( ! trapp+s ( horsem51 :i* 0 to s]ve z 8 fun]al-pile1 ) tor*-be>]s at h& ready to light x 9 case ( defeat4 ,atius 0 weak5$ by ! )drawal ( ! ,visigo?s3 ! allies did n v5ture to attack ! lion /&+ ?us at bay1 b suff]$ him to return to ,g]many 7#dea74 ,,attila ,,9 ,,italy4--,! next ye> ,attila invad$ ,upp] ,italy4 ,he de/roy$ ,aquileia1 ! inhabitants ( :i* fl$ to ! lagoons ( ! ,adriatic1 :]e _! desc5dants f\nd$ ,v5ice4 ,padua1 ,v]ona1 & o!r cities 7 r$uc$ to a%es4 ,at ,milan he saw a pa9t+ :i* repres5t$ ! emp]or on 8 ?rone1 & ! *iefs ( ! ,huns pro/rate be=e him4 ,he ord]$ a picture to be pa9t$ 9 :i* ! k+ ( ! ,huns sat on ! ?rone1 & ! emp]or 0 at 8 feet4 ,! ,italians 7 )\t ! means ( def5se4 ,leo ,i4 7,leo ! ,great71 bi%op ( ,rome1 at ! risk ( 8 life accompani$ ! emp]or's ambassadors to ,attila's camp4 ,_! p]suasions1 ) ri* gifts & ! promise ( a tribute1 avail$4 ,! army ( ,attila 0 weak5$ by sickness1 & ,atius 0 approa*+4 ,! k+ ( ! ,huns decid$ to retire to 8 =e/s4 ,! app>ition ( ! two apo/les1 ,pet] & ,paul1 ?reat5+ ! b>b>ian ) in/ant dea? if he did n comply ) ! pray] ( _! successor1 is ! subject ( "o ( ! pa9t+s ( ,raphael4 ,"s mon?s aft] he left ,italy ,attila di$ at ! royal village ne> ! ,danube1 probably f ! bur/+ ( an art]y dur+ ! night 7#dec74 ,! nations :i* he _h subjugat$ rega9$ _! fre$om4 ,! *iefs ( ! ,huns cont5d$ = ! cr[n 9 conflicts :i* dissipat$ _! /r5g?4 ,! exp$itions ( ,attila 7 l a viol5t tempe/1-- de/ructive = ! mom5t1 ! traces ( :i* soon disappe>4 ,ab\t ! "n ( ,attila1 !re ga!r$ cycles ( traditions1 ,gallo-,roman or ,italian1 ,ea/ ,g]man or ,go?ic1 ,we/ ,g]man & ,sc&9avian1 & ,hung>ian4 ,su* traditions 9 ,g]many =m$1 lat]1 ! g]m ( ! national epic1 ! ,nibelung5-li$4 ,!y te/ify to ! p[]ful impression :i* ! h]o ( ! ,huns made on ! memory & imag9ation ( ! diff]5t nations4 ,,g5s]ic4--,attila did n see ,rome2 b ,g5s]ic1 8 ally1 visit$ x ) fire & sword 7#dee74 ,! emp]or 0 ,petronius ,maximus1 a s5ator1 :o _h sla9 ,val5t9ian ,,iii4 z ! p5alty = a mortal (f5se4 ,! weakness ( ,maximus z a rul] caus$ him to be de/roy$ by ! populace4 ,eudoxia1 ! wid[ ( ,val5t9ian1 :om ,maximus _h compell$ to m>ry ! au?or ( h] husb&'s dea?1 _h secretly implor$ ! aid ( ! k+ ( ! ,v&als4 ,once m ,leo %[$ 8 fe>less _s by go+ into ! camp ( ! ,v&al k+1 & int]c$+ = ,rome4 ,he only succe$$1 h[ev]1 9 mitigat+ to a limit$ ext5t ! horrors t att5d$ ! pillage ( ! city by ! fi]ce & gre$y soldi]s1 ! ,v&als & ,moors1 :o foll[$ ,g5s]ic1 ,= f\rte5 days 7,june #ae-bi1 #dee7 ,rome 0 giv5 up to c>nage & robb]y4 ,! conqu]or c>ri$ (f e ?+ ( value t 0 capable ( be+ transport$4 ,eudoxia 0 rudely /ripp$ ( h] jewels1 & ) h] two daught]s1 desc5dants ( ! great ,!odosius1 0 convey$ away ) ! conqu]or to ,c>?age4 ,= tw5ty ye>s long] ,g5s]ic rul$ ov] ! ,m$it]ranean 9 spite ( ! ho/ility ( bo? empires4 ,an exp$ition s5t aga9/ him at ! in/igation ( ,ricim]1 ! ,sueve1 by ! ,ea/]n emp]or ,leo1 0 ill comm&$ by ,basiliscus1 & fail$4 ,b aft] ! ,v&al k+ di$ 7#dgg71 8 k+dom 0 torn by civil & religi\s disord]s1 & by ! revolts ( ! ,moors1 &1 fifty-sev5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( its f\nd]1 0 conqu]$ by ! g5]al ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,,fall ,,( ,,rome3 ,,odoac]4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,maximus1 ,avitus 0 appo9t$ emp]or by ! k+ ( ! ,visigo?s 9 ,gaul4 ,! b>b>ians hesitat$ to assume ! purple !mselves1 b !y det]m9$ on :om x %\ld be be/[$4 ,( ! emp]ors t succe$$1 ,majorian 7#deg-dfa7--:o 0 rais$ to ! ?rone by ,ricim]1 milit>y lead] ( ! ,g]man m]c5>ies 9 ! ,roman army--pres5ts an in/ance ( a wor?y "* 9 a corrupt "t4 ,at la/ ano!r lead] ( m]c5>ies 7,ore/es1 a ,pannonian7 made 8 son emp]or1--a boy six ye>s old1 call$ ,romulus ,augu/ulus 7#dge74 ,odoac]1 :o comm&$ ! ,h]uli1 ,rugii1 & o!r f$]at$ tribes1--m]c5>ies to :om ,ore/es refus$ to grant a ?ird "p ( ! l&s ( ,italy1--made himself rul] ( t c\ntry4 ,! ,s5ate ( ,rome1 9 pursuance ( 8 wi%es1 9 an address to ! ,ea/]n emp]or ,z5o1 decl>$ t an emp]or 9 ! ,we/ 0 no long] necess>y1 & ask$ him to make ,odoac] patrician1 & prefect ( ! diocese ( ,italy4 ,x 0 9 ?is "*--n z k+1 b 9 nom9al subord9ation to ,z5o1 ! head ( ! unit$ ,roman ,empire--t ,odoac] gov]n$ 7#dgf74 ,= m ?an a half-c5tury p _h be5 accu/om$ to see ! b>b>ians ex]cise supreme control1 s t ! ext+ui%m5t ( ! ,we/]n ,empire 0 an ev5t less m>k$ 9 _! eyes ?an x seem$ to ! view ( subsequ5t ages4 ,,o/rogo?ic ,,k+dom ,,( ,,!odoric4--,:5 ,odoac] _h reign$ twelve ye>s1 ,!odoric1 k+ ( ! ,o/rogo?s 9 ,moesia1--:o 9 8 y\? _h liv$ at ! c\rt ( ,con/ant9ople1 _h def5d$ ! ,ea/]n emp]or1 b _h be5 provok$ to ho/ility to him1--0 au?oriz$ by ,z5o to move ^u ,italy4 ,a ho/ consi/+ ( two hundr$ ?\s& fight+-m51 toge!r ) _! families & goods1 foll[$ ! ,go?ic lead]4 ,defeat$ at ,v]ona 7#dhi71 ,odoac] 0 =c$ to make a treaty = a division ( p[]1 & to surr5d] ,rav5na1 :]e he _h tak5 refuge2 b v soon1 9 ! tumult ( a banquet1 he 0 sla9 by ,!odoric's own h&1 ei!r f fe> ( a rival1 or because he suspect$ t ,odoac] 0 plott+ aga9/ him4 ,f ?is "t ! long reign ( ,!odoric 0 "o ( ju/ice & ( peace4 ,m by negotiation ?an by w>1 he ext5d$ 8 dom9ion s t x embrac$ ,illyricum1 ,pannonia1 ,noricum1 & ,rhoetia1 &1 9 ! ,we/1 ,s\!a/]n ,gaul 7,prov5ce74 ,! ,bav>ians paid him tribute2 ! ,alemanni invok$ 8 assi/ance aga9/ ! ,franks1 aga9/ :om he af=d$ succor to ! ,go?s ( ,aquita9e4 ,9 8 adm9i/ration he %[$ rev]5ce = ! old imp]ial sy/em1 & = its laws & in/itutions4 ,he fo/]$ agriculture1 manufactures1 & trade4 ,al?\gh he c\ld n write1 he enc\rag$ le>n+2 & a le>n$ ,roman1 ,cassiodorus1 he appo9t$ to high (fices4 ,he p]mitt$ ! ,go?s alone to be> arms4 ,he caus$ to be compil$ f ! ,roman law a collection ( /atutes = ! ,go?s & = 8 new subjects1 & e/abli%$ mix$ tribunals = causes 9 :i* bo? 7 p>ties4 ,cassiodorus ascribes to ,!odoric ! words1 ,let o!r k+s seek to procure booty1 or ! d[nfall ( conqu]$ cities3 our purpose is1 ) ,god's help1 s to conqu] t our subjects %all lam5t t !y h too late come "u our rule4 ,he did :at he c\ld to promote peace among o!r b>b>ian nations4 ,! prosp]ity ( ,italy1 & ! increase ( its population1 7 a pro( ( ! good gov]nm5t :i* x enjoy$4 ,an ,arian1 he respect$ ! ,ca?olics1 confirm$ ! immunities enjoy$ by ! *ur*es1 & g5]ally all[$ ! ,romans to elect _! own bi%op4 ,he also protect$ ! ,jews4 ,! p]secution ( ! ,arians 9 ! ,ea/ 7#ebd7 by ,ju/9 ,i41 awak5$ 9 8 m9d ! belief t a conspiracy 0 =m+ aga9/ him4 ,he accus$ ,boe?ius ( be+ a p>tn] 9 x1 & adjudg$ him to dea? 7#ebd74 ,:ile 9 prison at ,pavia1 ?is cultivat$ man1 :om ,!odoric _h highly e/eem$1 compos$ a "w on ! ,consolations ( ,philosophy1 :i* has made 8 "n immortal 9 lit]ature4 ,! c\rse ( ,!odoric at ?is "t drew ^u him ! sev]e displeasure ( 8 or?odox subjects4 ,soon aft] 8 dea? 7#ebf7 8 a%es 7 tak5 out ( ! tomb1 & scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,h5ce no?+ rema9s ( 8 sepul*] at ,rav5na b 8 empty mausoleum4 ,be=e ! close ( ! c5tury1 z we %all see1 ano!r ,g]man tribe1 ! ,lomb>ds1 f\nd$ a p[]ful /ate 9 ,italy1 :i* cont9u$ = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s 7#efh-ggd74 ,,! ,,franks3 ,,clovis4--,:5 ,clovis 7#dha-eaa71 a w>like & ambiti\s *ief ( ! ,m]ov+ian family ( pr9ces1 became k+ ( ! ,franks1 !y numb]$ b a few ?\s& w>riors4 ,! remnant ( ! ,roman dom9ion on ! ,se9e & ! ,loire he annex$1 aft] hav+ put to dea? ,syagrius1 ! ,roman gov]nor1 :o 0 deliv]$ up to him by ! ,visigo?s4 ,he made ,soissons1 & !n ,p>is1 ! seat ( 8 au?ority4 ,a ,salian ,frank himself1 he jo9$ to himself ! ,ripu>ian ,franks on ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 & made w> on ! ,alemanni1 :o 7 plant$ on bo? sides ( ! riv]4 ,be=e a battle 7=m]ly ?\ght to h be5 at ,tolbiac71 he v[$1 t1 if ! victory 7 giv5 him1 he w\ld wor%ip ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ( :om 8 wife ,clotilde 0 "o4 ,clotilde 0 ! niece ( ! ,burgundian k+1 :o 0 an ,arian2 b %e 0 or?odox4 ,! victory 0 won4 ,clovis1 ) ?ree ?\s& ( 8 nobles1 0 baptiz$ by ,remigius 7,/4 ,remi71 ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims4 ,he>+ a s]mon on ! crucifixion1 ,clovis exclaim$1 t1 if he & 8 fai?ful ,franks _h be5 !re1 v5geance w\ld h be5 tak5 on ! ,jews4 ,he 0 a b>b>ian /ill1 & ! new fai? impos$ little re/ra9t on 8 ambition & cruelty4 ,b 8 conv]sion 0 an ev5t ( ! highe/ importance4 ,! ,gallic *ur* & cl]gy l5t him _! devot$ support4 ,! ,franks 7 de/9$ to become ! dom9ant b>b>ian p4 ,x 0 n[ settl$ t p[] 0 to be 9 ! h&s ( ,ca?olic--z di/+ui%$ f h]etical ,arian--,*ri/ianity4 ,clovis =c$ ,gundobald1 ! ,burgundian k+1 to become tribut>y1 & to embrace ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,he ext5d$ 8 k+dom to ! ,rhone on ! ea/1 & on ! s\? 7#ejg-eaa71 conf9$ ! ,visigo?s 9 ,gaul to ! /rip ( t]ritory call$ ,septimania1 :i* !y held = ?ree c5turies long]4 ,brittany alone rema9$ indep5d5t "u its k+4 ,clovis 0 hail$ z ! mo/ ,*ri/ian k+ & ! second ,con/ant9e1 & 0 made patrician & consul by ! ,ea/]n emp]or ,ana/asius1 9 :i* titles1 ) _! insignia1 he rejoic$4 ,9 ! clos+ "p ( 8 life he took c>e to de/roy o!r ,frank *iefta9s :o might possibly und]take to dispute or divide ) him 8 sov]eignty4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,tribes4--,if we look at ! map at ! close ( ! fif? c5tury1 we f9d t all ! we/]n dom9ions ( ,rome are subject to ,teutonic k+s4 ,! ,franks1 /ill reta9+ ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,g]many1 rule 9 ,nor!rn ,gaul1 & are soon to ext5d _! sway to ! ,pyr5ees1 & to conqu] ,burgundy4 ,! ,we/ ,go?s are ! ma/]s 9 ,spa91 & /ill hold ,aquita9e1 ! mo/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is soon to be lo/ to ! ,franks4 ,italy & ! l&s nor? ( ! ,alps & ! ,adriatic =m ! ,ea/ ,go?ic k+dom ( ,!odoric4 ,africa is gov]n$ by ! ,arian ,v&als4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,franks1 ! tribes ( ,g]many1 :i* 7 nev] subject to ,rome1 h already begun _! conque/s 9 ,brita94 ,) ! exception ( ,brita91 :i* is fall+ "u ! p[] ( ! ,saxons1 & ,africa1 ^! c\ntries are /ill nom9ally p>ts ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ( :i* ,con/ant9ople is ! capital4 ,9 ! ea/1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! empire1 not)/&+ ! aggressions & insults :i* x has suff]$1 are b little alt]$4 ,,! ,,m]ov+ians4--,! dom9ion ( ,clovis 0 p>tition$ among 8 f\r sons 7#eaa74 ,!odoric1 ! elde/1 9 ,rheims1 rul$ ! ,ea/]n ,franks1 9 :at soon aft] ?is "t began to be call$ ,au/rasia1 on bo? banks ( ! ,rh9e4 ,neu/ria1 or ! re/ ( ! k+dom nor? ( ! ,loire1 0 gov]n$ 9 p>ts by ! o!r ?ree4 ,!odoric ga9$ by conque/ ! l& ( ! ,?ur+ians1 ^: k+1 ,h]manfrid1 he trea*]\sly de/roy$4 ,a "p ( ?is l& 0 giv5 to ! ,saxons4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,franks = half a c5tury lacks unity4 ,! sev]al rul]s r>ely act$ 9 conc]t4 ,!y made exp$itions aga9/ ! ,burgundians1 ! ,visigo?s1 & ! ,o/rogo?s4 ,twice !y attack$ ! ,burgundians4 ,! la/ "t1 9 #ecd1 !y conqu]$ !m1 depriv$ !m ( _! national k+s1 & =c$ !m to become ,ca?olic4 ,9 #eca !y made w> on ! ,visigo?s to av5ge ! wrongs inflict$ on ,clotilde1 a pr9cess ( _! family :o suff]$ indignities at ! h&s ( ! ,arian k+ ,amal>ic4 ,!y cross$ ! ,pyr5ees1 & br\ght away ,clotilde4 ,a second division ( ! k+dom 0 made 9 #efa among ! gr&sons ( ,clovis1 & consummat$ 9 #efg4 ,au/rasia1 hav+ ,rheims = its capital1 _h a population *iefly ,g]man4 ,neu/ria1 :]e ! ,gallo-,roman mann]s 7 adopt$1 _h ,soissons = its capital2 & ,burgundy _h its capital at ,orleans4 ,! population 9 bo? ^! la/ dom9ions 0 m pr$om9antly ,romano-,celtic1 or ,romance4 ,family conte/s1 & w>s full ( horrors1--9 :i* ! tragic feud ( two wom51 ,brunhilde ( ,au/rasia1 a daught] ( ,a?anagild1 k+ ( ! ,visigo?s1 & ,fr$egunde ( ,neu/ria1 play$ a prom95t "p1--ensu$4 ,9 #fac ,clotaire ,,ii4 ( ,neu/ria unit$ ! entire k+dom4 ,brunhilde 0 captur$1 & put to dea? 9 a b>b>\s mann]4 ,! son ( ,clotaire1 ,dagob]t1 0 a wor?less k+4 ,! ,frank sov]eigns ( ! royal l9e are ineffici5t1 & ! virtual sov]eignty is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,mayors ( ! ,palace1 ! (fic]s ^: function x 0 to sup]9t5d ! royal h\sehold1 & :o aft]w>ds 7 lead]s ( ! feudal reta9]s4 ,! family ( ! ,pip9s1 :o 7 ( pure ,g]man extraction1 acquir$ ! h]$it>y "r to ?is (fice1 fir/ 9 ,au/rasia & lat] 9 ,neu/ria4 ,! desc5dants ( ,pip9 ( ,h]i/al1 z dukes ( ! ,franks1 _h regal p[]1 :ile ! title ( k+ 0 left to ! ,m]ov+ian pr9ces4 ,! race ( ,pip9 0 aft]w>ds call$ ,c>ol+ians1 or ,k>l+s4 ,! prepond]ance ( p[] at fir/ _h be5 ) ,neu/ria1 b x %ift$ to ! rud] & m en]getic ,au/rasians4 ,! battle ( ,te/ry1 9 :i* ,pip9 ( ,h]i/al at _! head ov]came ! ,neu/rians1 det]m9$ ! supremacy ( ,g]many ov] ,france 7#fhg74 ,8 son & successor1 ,*>les ,m>tel 7#gae-gda71 made himself sole ,duke ( ! ,franks2 & ,pip9 ! ,%ort 7#gda-gfh71 ! son ( ,*>les ,m>tel1 became k+1 supplant+ ! ,m]ov+ian l9e 7#geb74 ,,saxon ,,conque/ ,,( ,,engl&4--,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ! p[] ( ,rome 0 decl9+1 ! ,picts & ,scots f ! ,nor? began to make incursions into ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,brita94 ,at ! same "t ,teutonic tribes f ! m\?s ( ! ,wes] & ! ,elbe1 began to l& z m>aud]s ^u ! coa/4 ,honorius )drew ! ,roman troops f ! isl& 9 #daa2 & x 0 conqu]$ by ^! invad+ tribes1 especially ! ,angles1 ,saxons1 & ,jutes4 ,!y became "o p1 call$ ,anglo-,saxons1 ,angles or ,engli%4 ,!y 7 fi]ce b>b>ians1 :o drove ! ,celts :om !y did n kill or enslave--& :om !y call$ ,wel%1 or /rang]s--into ,wales & ,cornwall4 ,!y =m$ k+doms1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 ,k5t1 0 ! result ( ! com+ ( ,h5gi/ & ,horsa1 :om ,vortig]n1 ! native pr9ce1 _h invit$ to help him aga9/ ! ,picts 7#ddi74 ,!re 7 sev5 ( ^! ,saxon k+doms 7! ,hept>*y71 n all ( :i* 7 at any "o "t regul> communities4 ,!y 7 almo/ con/antly at w> ) "o ano!r & ) ! natives4 ,!y _h a k+ elect$ f ! royal family4 ,freem5 7 ei!r ,e>ls or ,*urls1 ! g5tle or ! simple4 ,! *url 0 atta*$ to "s "o "l :om he foll[$ 9 w>4 ,! ?anes 7 ^? :o devot$ !mselves to ! s]vice ( ! k+ or "s o!r great man4 ,! ?anes ( ! k+ became g5tlem5 & nobles4 ,!re 7 ?ralls1 or slaves1 ei!r prison]s 9 w>1 or made slaves = debt or = crime4 ,connect$ ) ! k+ 0 a sort ( ,p>liam5t1 call$ ! ,wit5agemt1 or ,meet+ ( ! ,wise1 compos$ orig9ally ( all freem51 & !n ( ! great m51 ! ,ealdorm51 ! k+'s ?anes4 ,aft] ! ,saxons 7 conv]t$1 ! bi%ops & abbots belong$ to x4 ,9 m9or affairs1 ! m>k1 or t[n%ip1 gov]n$ itself4 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,saxons--,! sev5 k+doms1 9 ! n9? c5tury 7#hbh71 7 unit$ "u ,egb]t1 :o became k+ ( ,wessex 9 #hjb4 ,he 0 call$ ! k+ ( ,engl&4 ,t[>ds ! ,celtic ,*ri/ians ! hea!n ,saxons 7 ho/ile4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ,saxons 0 due to ! labors ( ,augu/9e & =ty monks1 :om ,gregory ! ,great 7,gregory ,i47 s5t to ! isl& z mission>ies 9 #eig4 ,_! fir/ conv]sions 7 9 ,k5t1 ^: k+1 ,e!lb]t1 _h m>ri$ ,b]?a1 ! daught] ( a ,franki% k+4 ,augu/9e1 :o _h great success1 became ! fir/ ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & he consecrat$ a bi%op ( ,london4 ,dur+ ! sev5? c5tury ! o!r ,saxon k+doms 7 gradually conv]t$4 ,york became a seat ( a second ar*bi%opric4 ,:ile ,brita9 _h be5 cut (f f close relations ) ! cont95t1 ! ,celtic ,*ur* !re _h fail$ to keep pace ) ! *anges ( rite & polity :i* _h tak5 place among ,*ri/ians beyond ! *annel4 ,! consequ5ce 0 a /rife on ^! po9ts betwe5 ! conv]t$ ,saxons1 :o 7 devot$ to ! holy see1 & ! ,culdees or ,old ,briti% ,*ri/ians4 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,iri%4--,ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ! gospel _h be5 plant$ 9 ,irel&1 ma9ly by ! labors ( ,patrick1 :o _h be5 c>ri$ to t c\ntry f ,scotl& by pirates :5 he 0 a boy1 & _h return$ to x z a mission>y4 ,! cloi/]s1 & ! s*ools connect$ ) !m1 :i* he f\nd$1 fl\ri%$1 became nurs]ies ( /udy z well z ( piety1 & s5t out mission>ies to o!r c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,teutonic ,,k+doms4--,! ,teutonic tribe 0 made up ( freem5 & ( _! dep5d5ts4 ,! rights ( freem51 su* z ! "r to vote1 cont9u$2 b ^! 7 modifi$ z diff]5ces ( rank & weal? arose4 ,_! lead]s 9 peace & w> 7 ! duke 7dux71 ! c\nt 7comes1 or graf71 & ! h]zog 7duke ( high] grade7 ov] l>g] prov9ces4 ,! companions ( ! k+ & ! local *iefs grew into a nobility4 ,once or twice 9 ! ye> !re 0 a ga!r+ ( ! freem5 9 assemblies1 to decree w> or to sanction laws4 ,l& 0 p>tly held 9 common1 p>tly by individuals ei!r z t5ants ( ! community1 or z individual own]s4 ,! soil 0 %>$ 9 proportions by ! conqu]ors & ! conqu]$4 ,,! ,,*ur*4--,! ,g]manic tribes 7 g5]ally m or less acqua9t$ ) ! ,romans1 & 7 ,*ri/ians by pr(ession4 ,!y 7 subject to ! influ5ces ( religion1 ( law1 & ( language1 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y settl$4 ,p[] pass$ f ! ,empire to ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* 0 /rong 9 its moral =ce4 ,its bi%ops comm&$ ! respect ( ! b>b>ians4 ,!y 7 moral & social lead]s4 ,9 ! p]iod ( d>kness & ( tempe/1 ! voices ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy 7 he>d 9 acc5ts ( fe>less rebuke & ( t5d] consolation4 ,9 ! cities ( ,italy & ,gaul1 ! bi%ops1 at ! call ( ! p1 in=mally took ! fir/ place 9 civil affairs4 ,rem>kable m5 arose 9 ! ,*ur*1 :o 7 conspicu\s z ambassadors & peace-mak]s1 z int]cessors = ! suff]+1 & c\rage\s protectors ( ! injur$4 ,su* a man 0 ,leo ! ,great4 ,! b>b>ians 7 aw$ by ! k+dom ( righte\sness1 :i*1 )\t ex]t+ =ce1 oppos$ to =ce & passion an undaunt$ front4 ,!re 0 (t5 a conflict betwe5 _! love ( p[] & passionate impati5ce ( control1 & _! rev]5ce = ! prie/ & = ! gospel4 ,!y c\ld n avoid feel+ 9 "s measure ! s(t5+ & re/ra9+ influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 & le>n+ ! lessons ( ! cross4 ,socially1 ! ,*ur*1 z su*1 0 always on ! side ( peace1 on ! side ( indu/ry1 on ! side ( purity1 on ! side ( lib]ty = ! slave1 & protection = ! oppress$4 ,! mona/]ies 7 ! only keep]s ( lit]>y tradition3 !y 71 /ill m1 great agricultural colonies1 cle>+ ! wa/es1 & sett+ ! example ( improvem5t4 ,!y 7 ! only seats ( human labor :i* c\ld hope to be sp>$ 9 ^? l&s ( p]petual w>4 ,nev]!less1 ! religi\s condition ( ! ,we/1 ! condition ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! cl]gy1 c\ld n fail to be p[]fully affect$ = ! worse by ! influx ( b>b>ism1 & ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( ! b>b>ian rul]s4 ,a great det]ioration 9 ! ,*ur* & 9 its m9i/ry ensu$ aft] ! fir/ g5]ation foll[+ ! ,g]manic conque/s pass$ away4 ,?is demoralization 0 m among ! secul> cl]gy ?an ! mona/ic4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,franks1 by ,gregory ( ,t\rs 7#edj-eid71 is an in/ructive memorial ( ! times4 ,he 0 himself an intrepid prelate1 :o did n quail be=e ,*ilp]ic ,i4 & ,fr$egunde1 b brav$ _! wra?4 ,*ilp]ic propos$ to e/abli% by 8 au?ority a new view ( ! ,tr9ity ( 8 own devis+1 b 0 resi/$ by ,gregory1 :o told him t no "o b a lunatic w\ld embrace su* an op9ion4 ,a /ill m crude re=m ( ! alphabet1 :i* ! ,franki% k+ contriv$1 & propos$ to put 9 =ce by hav+ exi/+ books rewritt51 ,gregory effectually resi/$4 ,,roman ,,law4--,! b>b>ians 7 pr(\ndly impress$ by ! sy/em ( ,roman law4 ,?is !y recogniz$ z ! rule = ! ,roman population 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,m & m !y incorporat$ its exact provisions into _! own codes4 ,among ! ,we/ ,go?s 9 ,spa9 ! two elem5ts 7 ultimately fus$ into "o body ( laws 7#fdb-gja74 ,"u ! ,franks1 ! ,roman municipal sy/em 0 n ext+ui%$2 ! ,teutonic c\nt or bi%op /&+ 9 ! room ( ! ,roman presid5t or consul>1 & a m popul> body tak+ ! place ( ! re/rict$ municipality4 ,! ,roman civil polity1 ) its def9ite enactm5ts = e relation 9 life & e exig5cy1 0 always at h&1 & ex]cis$ an increas+ control4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,le>n+4--,! ,lat9 language--! ru/ic ,lat9 ( ! l[] classes--0 spok5 by ! conqu]$ peoples4 ,lat9 0 ! language ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! ,law4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ! two languages1 ! tongue ( ! conqu]ors & ( ! ,roman subjects1 exi/$ side by side 9 an unconsci\s /ruggle ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! we/ & s\? ( ,europe1 ! victory 0 on ! side ( ! ,lat94 ,! languages ( ^! c\ntries1 ! ,lat9 nations1 grew out ( ! ru/ic dialects spok5 9 ,roman times4 ,9 ^! nations ! result ( ! mixture ( ! races 0 ! f9al pr$om9ance ( ! ,lat9 elem5t 9 ! civilization4 ,9 ,gaul1 ! ,franks yield$ to ,lat9 influ5ces3 ,france 0 ! product4 ,) ! fall ( ! empire1 classical culture di$ out4 ,! ca!dral & cloi/] s*ools pres]v$ ! records ( lit]ature4 ,! /udy ( language1 & ! m5tal discrim9ation & ref9em5t :i* spr+ f x & f lit]>y discipl9e1 pass$ away4 ,c5turies ( comp>ative illit]acy--d>k c5turies--foll[$4 ,yet ! monks 7 (t5 active 9 _! own rude /yle ( composition2 & among !m 7 n only good m51 b m5 ( em95t natural abilities1 :o 7 unconsci\sly pav+ ! way = a bett] "t4 ,,saxon ,,engl&4--,9 ,engl&1 by ! ,saxon conque/1 a purely ,teutonic k+dom 0 built up4 ,! ,saxons 7 hea!n1 :o _h nev] felt ! civiliz+ influ5ce ( ,rome4 ,! traces ( ! e>li] /ate ( ?+s 9 ! prov9ce :i* _h long be5 sund]$ f ! empire1 !y swept away 9 ! progress ( _! conque/4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,empire4 ,,religi\s ,,disputes4--,:ile ! ,we/ 0 beg9n+ to recov] f ! %ock ( ! b>b>ian invasions1 society 9 ! ,ea/]n ,empire 0 gr[+ m en]vat$ & corrupt4 ,= a consid]able p]iod ! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t 0 manag$ by ! influ5ce ( wom54 ,?us ,!odosius ,,ii41 ! successor ( ,arcadius 7#djh-dej71 0 gov]n$ dur+ 8 :ole reign by 8 si/] ,pul*]ia4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 !re 0 an int5se int]e/ felt 9 ! ab/ruse que/ions ( metaphysical !ology4 ,! ,greek m9d 0 speculative2 & eag] & (t5 acrimoni\s debate on su* que/ions z 7 rais$ by ,ne/orius respect+ ! two natures ( ! ,savi\r1 0 he>d ev5 9 ! %ops & m>kets4 ,! c\rt m$dl$ actively 9 ^! heat$ controv]sies1 & 0 sway$ to "o p>ty or ! o!r by ! !ologians :om1 = ! "t1 x took into its favor4 ,! emp]ors assum$ ! high pr]ogative ( p]sonally decid+ 9 doctr9al disputes1 & ( dictat+ op9ions to ! cl]gy1 :o gradually lo/ _! indep5d5ce1 & became abjectly subs]vi5t to ! imp]ial w4 ,,! ,,hippodrome4--,! rage = doctr9al dispute 9 ! six? c5tury 0 only exce$$ by ! passions k9dl$ 9 connection ) ! circus1 or hippodrome1 at ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 old ,rome ! competitors 9 ! *>iot-races 7 organiz$1 ! driv]s wore _! respective badges1--r$1 :ite1 blue1 or gre51--& emp]ors ( ! bas] sort1 l ,caligula & ,c>acalla1 visit$ ! /ables1 & 7 enroll$ on ! li/s ( ! rival factions4 ,b 9 ,con/ant9ople ! factions ( ! blue & ! gre51 n cont5t ) ! conte/ ( ! race-c\rse1 7 viol5t political p>ties 9 :i* c\rti]s & ! emp]or himself took sides4 ,! animosity ( ! blues & ! gre5s broke out 9 frequ5t bloody conflicts 9 ! /reets4 ,_! respective adh]5ts spread into ! prov9ces4 ,on "o occasion1 "u ,ju/9ian1 !y rais$ a s$ition call$ ,nika 7f ! wat*word us$ by ! combatants71 :i* well-nigh subv]t$ ! ?rone4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! body-gu>d ( ! emp]or play$ a "p resembl+ t ( ! old praetorians at ,rome4 ,,ju/9ian4--,a new dyna/y began ) ,ju/9 ,i41 :o succe$$ ,ana/asius 9 #eah4 ,a peasant f ,d>dania 7,bulg>ia71 :o to ! end ( life 0 oblig$ to sign 8 "n by means ( an engrav$ tablet1 b1 f be+ prefect ( ! ,gu>d1 became emp]or1 ,ju/9 0 /ill n )\t m]it z a rul]4 ,he educat$ 8 nephew1 ,ju/9ian ,i4 7#ebg-efe71 & made him 8 successor4 ,ju/9ian m>ri$ ,!odora1 :o _h be5 a com$ian & a c\rtesan1 & 0 fam\s = h] beauty4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,acacius1 :o _h _h ! c>e ( ! wild bea/s ma9ta9$ by "o ( ! factions ( ! circus4 ,%e jo9$ ! blues1 & x 0 h] brave _s t prev5t$ ,ju/9ian f tak+ flight :5 he 0 9 imm95t dang] f ! revolt ( ! ,nika4 ,! mo/ important proce$+s & decisions 9 affairs ( /ate 7 det]m9$ by h] w4 ,outw>dly correct 9 h] life1 & zeal\s = or?odoxy1 h] vigor ( m9d & clev]ness 7 n )\t s]vice to ! gov]nm5t2 b h] v9dictive passions _h full indulg5ce4 ,ju/9ian's reign 0 ! mo/ brilliant p]iod 9 ! ,byzant9e hi/ory aft] ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,"u 8 despotic rule ! la/ ve/iges ( republican adm9i/ration 7 oblit]at$4 ,8 love ( pomp & ( extravagant exp5diture1 9 connection ) 8 co/ly w>s1 subject$ ! p to a cru%+ weight ( taxation4 ,,w> ,,) ,,p]sia4--,! brilliant a*ievem5ts 9 w> dur+ ,ju/9ian's reign 7 ow+ to ! skill & valor ( 8 g5]als1 especially ( ! h]o ,belis>ius4 ,aft] a hundr$ ye>s ( amity ) ,p]sia1 w> ) t k+dom broke out once m "u ,ana/asius & ,ju/94 ,belis>ius sav$ ! ,asiatic prov9ces1 & def5d$ ! empire on ! ea/ aga9/ ,cobad1 & aga9/ 8 successor1 ,*osroes ,i4 7#eca-egi71 :o 01 p]haps1 ! greate/ ( ! ,p]sian k+s ( ! ,sassanid dyna/y4 ,! endless peace made ) him 9 #ecc la/$ b sev5 ye>s4 ,*osroes captur$ ,antio* 9 #edj4 ,! wor/ consequ5ces ( ?is success 7 aga9 av]t$ by ,belis>ius1 :o 0 recall$ f ,italy 9 all ha/e4 ,9 ! treaty ( #efb1 ,ju/9ian +lori\sly agre$ to pay = ! honor ( be+ ! protector ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,p]sia ! annual tribute ( ?irty ?\s& pieces ( gold4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,africa--,f a milit>y po9t ( view ! conque/s ( ,ju/9ian 9 ,africa1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,spa91 7 ! signal ev5ts ( 8 reign4 ,victory prov$ fatal to ! b>b>ian conqu]ors 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,!y 7 weak5$ by ! s\!rn climate1 by s5sual indulg5ce1 & by /rife among !mselves4 ,ju/9ian 0 ready to pr(it by ?is dim9i%$ capacity ( resi/ance4 ,gelim]1 k+ ( ! ,v&als1 _h put to dea? ,hild]ic1 a k9sman ( ,!odosius ,i4 ,! emp]or made ?is an occasion ( attack+ ! ,v&al k+dom1 :i* 0 di/ract$ by religi\s diff]5ces & cont5tion4 ,belis>ius sail$ to ,africa ) a fleet ( six hundr$ vessels1 mann$ ) tw5ty ?\s& sailors & fifte5 ?\s& troops4 ,?ree mon?s aft] l&+ he ga9$ a decisive victory1 & took possession ( ,africa1 ,s>d9ia1 & ! ,bale>ic ,isles 7#ecd74 ,he c>ri$ ,gelim] z a captive to ,con/ant9ople1 & pres5t$ him to ,ju/9ian & ,!odora1 seat$ side by side 9 ! hippodrome to receive ! triumphal procession 9 honor ( ! victor4 ,! captive rul] c\ld only exclaim1 ,vanity1 vanity6 ,all is vanity6 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,italy4--,pr(ess$ly to av5ge ! wrongs ( ,amalason?a1 ! ambiti\s & intrigu+ daught] ( ,!odoric1 :o _h be5 kill$ z a consequ5ce ( ! disaffection ( ! ,go?s1 ,belis>ius 0 s5t to ,italy4 ,sicily 0 conqu]$ 7#ece71 & ,naples & ,rome 7 tak5 7#ecf74 ,vitiges1 ! new k+ ( ! ,go?s1 unit$ ! =ces ( ! nation2 b he 0 driv5 to %ut himself up 9 ,rav5na1 & ,rav5na surr5d]$ 7#edj74 ,! ,go?s _h (f]$ ! sov]eignty ( ! c\ntry to ,belis>ius4 ,! jeal\sy ( ,ju/9ian1 & w> ) ,p]sia1 l$ to ! recall ( ,belis>ius be=e he c\ld complete ! "w ( conque/4 ,! ,go?s "u ,totila1 a nephew ( ! late k+1 rega9$ ! great] "p ( ,italy4 ,belis>ius 7#edd-edi7 0 s5t = ! second "t to conqu] t c\ntry4 ,he ga9$ important successes1 & recaptur$ ,rome2 b he 0 feebly support$ by ! suspici\s & envi\s rul] at ,con/ant9ople1 & 0 at l5g? call$ home4 ,n>ses1 a eunu*1 insignificant 9 p]son1 b z crafty z he 0 brave1 0 commission$ to accompli% :at ,belis>ius _h n be5 all[$ to effect4 ,he ent]$ ,italy at ! head ( an army1 made up mo/ly ( ,huns1 ,h]uli1 & o!r b>b>ians1 & defeat$ ,totila1 :o di$ ( 8 w\nds 7#eeb74 ,! ,o/rogo?ic k+dom fell4 ,! ,go?ic w>riors :o surviv$ _h leave to quit ! c\ntry ) _! prop]ty1 !y hav+ tak5 an oa? nev] to return4 ,! ,o/rogo?s1 z a nation1 vani% f hi/ory4 ,! ,,ex>*ate1 or vice-royalty ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 0 e/abli%$1 ) its seat at ,rav5na4 ,9 ,spa91 ,ju/9ian obta9$ ,corduba1 ,assidona1 ,segontia 7#eed71 9 rew>d ( ! assi/ance :i* he _h r5d]$ to ,a?anagild aga9/ a competitor = ! ?rone4 ,con/ant9ople 0 sav$ by ,belis>ius f a ?reat5$ attack ( ! ,bulg>ians1 :o _h cross$ ! ,danube on ! ice 7#eei74 ,?is great g5]al1 ^: =m & /ature & b5ign mann]s attract$ ! admiration ( ! p1 z 8 noble b poorly requit$ s]vices gave him a "r to ! gratitude ( ! sov]eign1 0 accus$1 9 #efc1 ( conspiracy aga9/ ! life ( ,ju/9ian4 ,8 prop]ty 0 confiscat$1 b 8 innoc5ce 0 f9ally decl>$4 ,! /ory t he 0 depriv$ ( 8 eyes1 & compell$ to beg 8 bread1 is n cr$it$4 ,he di$ 9 #efe4 ,a few mon?s lat] ,ju/9ian himself di$ at ! age ( eighty-?ree4 ,he has be5 aptly comp>$1 z to 8 p]sonal "* & ! "* ( 8 reign1 to ,l\is ,,xiv4 ( ,france4 ,among ! _m /ructures :i* he re>$ 0 ! temple ( ,/4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople1 & c\ntless =tresses = ! def5se ( ! capital1 ( ! ,danube1 & ( o!r p>ts ( ! expos$ fronti]4 ,,! ,,civil ,,law4--,ju/9ian's pr9cipal di/9ction 9 hi/ory gr[s out ( 8 relation to legislation1 & to ! /udy ( ! law4 ,he caus$ a fam\s lawy]1 ,tribonian1 ) ! aid ( a body ( juri/s1 to make ^? collections ( anci5t law :i* are /ill 9 =ce 9 _m c\ntries4 ,! ,code includ$ ! imp]ial con/itutions & edicts 9 twelve books 7#ebg1 #ebh74 ,?is 0 foll[$ 7#ecc7 by ! ,in/itutes1 embrac+ ! pr9ciples ( ,roman jurisprud5ce1 :i* 0 to be /udi$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,b]ytus1 & ,rome2 & ! ,dige/1 or ,p&ects1 compris+ ! mo/ valuable passages f ! writ+s ( ! old juri/s1 t 7 deem$ ( au?ority4 ,9 ?is la/ "w ?ree million l9es 7 r$uc$ to a hundr$ & fifty ?\s&4 ,f9ally a f\r? "w1 ,! ,novels1 embrac$ ! laws ( ,ju/9ian aft] ! publication ( ! code 7#ecd-efe74 ,^! works1 tak5 toge!r1 =m ! ,civil ,law1--! ,corpus ,juris ,civilis4 ,!y are ! legacy ( ,rome to lat] times4 ,humane pr9ciples are incorporat$ into ! civil law1 b1 likewise1 ! despotic sy/em ( imp]ialism4 ,,! ,,lomb>ds ,,9 ,,italy4--,9 ! great ,w&]+ ( ! ,nations1 ! ,g]man tribe ( ,lomb>ds1 or ,langob>ds1 _h made _! way into ,pannonia4 ,to ! ea/ ( !m1 9 ,dacia1 !re _h aris5 ! k+dom ( ! ,gepidae1 a p ak9 to ! ,go?s4 ,9 t region1 also1 7 ! ,turanian ,av>s1 ) :om ! ,lomb>ds alli$ !mselves1 & ov]?rew ! k+dom ( ! ,gepid4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,italy1 ,n>ses _h e/abli%$ !re ! ,byzant9e sy/em ( rule & ( gr9d+ taxation4 ,discont5t 0 ! natural result4 ,! enemies ( ,n>ses at ,con/ant9ople p]suad$ ,ju/9 ,,ii4 & 8 que5 ,sophia1 :o _h great influ5ce ov] him1 t prud5ce dem&$ ! recall ( ! able1 b av>ici\s & obnoxi\s1 gov]nor4 ,! que5 0 report$ to h said1 t he %\ld leave to m5 ! ex]cise ( arms1 & return to 8 prop] /ation among ! wom5 ( ! palace1 :]e a di/aff %\ld be plac$ 9 ! eunu*'s h&4 ,i w sp9 h] su* a ?read1 ,n>ses is said to h repli$1 z %e %all n unravel h] life long4 ,he =?) invit$ ! ,lomb>ds into ,italy1 an invitation :i* !y 7 n bo? to accept4 ,albo9 0 _! lead]1 :o _h m>ri$ ! beautiful ,rosamond1 daught] ( ! ,gepid k+ :om he _h sla94 ,n>ses rep5t$ ( 8 ra% proce$+1 b he di$ be=e he c\ld organize a resi/ance to ! invad]s4 ,^! f\nd$ ! great ,lomb>d k+dom 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 & ! small] ,lomb>d /ates ( ,spoleto & ,b5ev5tum4 ,rav5na1--! resid5ce ( ! ,ex>*s1--,rome1 ,naples1 & ! isl& city ( ,v5ice1 7 c5t]s ( di/ricts /ill rema9+ subject to ! ,greek emp]or1 z 7 also ! s\!rn po9ts ( ! two p59sulas ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 &1 = ! "t1 ! ?ree ma9 isl&s4 ,albo9 0 kill$ 9 #egd at ! in/igation ( ,rosamond1 to :om1 x 0 said1 at a revel he _h s5t w9e to dr9k 9 ! skull ( ,cunimund1 h] fa!r4 ,! ,lomb>ds 7 n l ! ,go?s4 ,!y =m$ no treaties1 b seiz$ on :atev] l&s !y want$1 res]v+ to !mselves all political rights4 ,! new-com]s 7 ,arian 9 religion1 & p>tly hea!n4 ,!re 0 little int]mixture by m>riage betwe5 ! two classes ( inhabitants4 ,lomb>d & ,roman 0 ea* gov]n$ by 8 own sy/em ( law4 ,lat]1 especially "u ! k+s ,liutpr&1 ,ra*is1 & ,ai/ulf 7#gdi-gef71 ?is antagonism 0 mu* less5$1 & ! ,roman law ga9$ a prepond]at+ influ5ce 9 ! ,lomb>d codes4 ,gradually ! p[] ( ! indep5d5t ,lomb>d du*ies increas$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,lomb>d k+dom 0 ?us r$uc$4 ,! ,lomb>ds m & m le>n$ ! arts ( civiliz$ life f ! ,romans1 & %>$ 9 ! trad+ & indu/rial pursuits ( ! cities4 ,_! gradual conv]sion to ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity br\ght ! two peoples /ill ne>] toge!r4 ,x 0 )9 half a c5tury ( ! ,lomb>d conque/ t ,gregory ,i4 7,gregory ! ,great7 held ! papal (fice 7#eij-fjd74 ,,aft] ,,ju/9ian4--,dur+ ! c5tury & a half t foll[$ ! dea? ( ,ju/9ian1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,byzant9e c\rt & empire is an almo/ unbrok5 tale ( crime & deg5]acy4 ,! cruelty ( su* emp]ors z ,phocas 7#fjb-faj7 & ,ju/9ian ,,ii4 surpasses ! brutality ( ,n]o & ,domitian4 ,! reign ( ,h]aclius is ! only refre%+ passage 9 ?is dre>y & repulsive record4 ,he l$ 8 armies 9 p]son 9 a s]ies ( campaigns aga9/ ,*osroes ,,ii41 ! ,p]sian k+4 ,at ! v "t :5 ,con/ant9ople 0 besieg$ 9 va9 by a ho/ ( ,p]sians & ,av>s1 he conduct$ 8 =ces into ! he>t ( ! ,p]sian ,empire2 & 9 a great battle ne> ,n9eveh 9 #fbg1 he won a decisive victory4 ,) ! reign ( ,h]aclius1 ! transi5t prosp]ity ( ! ,greek ,empire comes to an end4 ,x 0 exhau/$1 ev5 by its victories4 ,ov]:elm$ ) taxation1 x 0 ru9$ 9 its trade & indu/ry4 ,despotism 9 ! rul]s1 s5suality & bas5ess 9 rul]s & subjects1 und]m9$ public & private virtue4 ,9 addition to o!r enemies on e side1 x 0 attack$ by ! ,arabians2 & ,h]aclius liv$ to see ! loss ( ,syria & ( ,egypt1 & ! capture ( ,alex&ria1 by ^! new assailants4 ,,controv]sy ,,on ,,image ,,wor%ip4--,! p]iod ( !ological debate1 :5 at its height 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 :atev] extravagances ( doctr9al zeal att5d$ x1 dealt ) !mes ( grave importance2 & controv]sy 0 (t5 wag$ by m5 ( high ability & moral wor?4 ,aft] t "t1 !re succe$$ to ! tempe/ an intellectual /agnation1 "u ! blight+ brea? ( despotism1 c\pl$ ) ! effect ( a lassitude1 ! natural sequel ( ! long-cont9u$ disputation4 ,b1 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1 a new controv]sy took place1 :i* convuls$ ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 & ext5d$ to ! ,we/4 ,! matt] 9 dispute 0 ! use ( images 9 wor%ip4 ,pictorial repres5tations _h be5 gradually introduc$ 9 ! e>li] c5turies1 b _h be5 oppos$1 especially 9 ,egypt & 9 ! ,african ,*ur*4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 !y came by degrees into univ]sal use4 ,?is =m$ a gr\nd ( reproa* on ! "p ( ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,! w>f>e ^u images 0 begun by ,leo ,,iii41 ! ,isaurian 7#gag-gda71 a r\gh soldi] ) no appreciation ( art1 :o issu$ an edict aga9/ !m4 ,! p>ty ( image-break]s1 or iconocla/s1 _h num]\s adh]5ts2 & ! opposite p>ty ( image-wor%ip]s1 :o _h a p[]ful support f ! monks 9 ! conv5ts1 7 ard5t & inflexible 9 )/&+ ! imp]ial measures4 ,nei!r ! remon/rances ( ,john ( ,damascus1 ! la/ ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs1 nor ( ! ,roman bi%op1 made an impression on ,leo4 ,! agitation spread f> & wide4 ,subsequ5t emp]ors foll[$ 9 8 pa?4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! ,empress ,ir5e 7#ghj-hjb7 re/or$ image-wor%ip2 &1 9 #hdb1 ! ,empress ,!odora f9ally confirm$ ?is act4 ,9 ! controv]sy1 religi\s motives 7 active1 b !y 7 m+l$ on bo? sides ) political consid]ations4 ,! ali5ation ( feel+ on ! "p ( ! ,roman bi%ops 0 "o cause ( ! sep>ation ( ,italy f ! ,greek ,empire4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,culture4--,:ile !re 0 a preval5ce ( illit]acy 9 ! ,we/1 !re cont9u$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,empire an int]e/ 9 lett]s1 & a respect = classical lit]ature4 ,devot$ ,greek monks taught ! ,gospel to ! ,bulg>ians & to ! ,slavonian tribes on its bord]s4 ,cyril & ,me?odius1 fai?ful mission>ies1 gave ! ,bible to ! ,moravians 9 _! own tongue4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ,john ( ,damascus compil$ f ! ,greek ,fa!rs a celebrat$ treatise on !ology4 ,b ! p]iod ( orig9al ?\ght 9 !ology1 z else:]e1 _h pass$ by4 ,?is "w ( ! ,damasc5e 0 made up *iefly ( exc]pts f ! ,fa!rs be=e him4 ,9 e>li] days ! *ur* 9 ! ,ea/ _h be5 s]v$ by erudite !ologians ( great tal5ts & ( great excell5ce1 su* z ,basil ! ,great 7#cbh-cgi71 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 ,gregory ( ,nazianzum 7#cbf-cij72 all ( :om 7 lib]al-m9d$ m51 /r5u\s def5d]s ( or?odox doctr9e1 & yet n unfri5dly to philosophical /udy4 ,( ev5 wid] fame 0 ,john ,*ryso/om 7#cdg-djg71 a prea*] ( captivat+ eloqu5ce & ( an e>ne/ ,*ri/ian _s1 ^: c5sure ( ! vices ( ! ,byzant9e c\rt provok$ ! wra? ( ! ,empress ,eudoxia1 & twice drove him into bani%m5t4 ,9 ! decl9+ days ( ! empire1 lit]>y ef=t 0 ma9ly conf9$ to compilations & comm5ts4 ,eusebius1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 _h writt5 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 & a ,*ronicle1 or ,g5]al ,hi/ory2 &1 a c5tury lat] 7ab\t #dcb71 ,zosimus compos$ a ,hi/ory 9 a _s ( antipa?y to ,*ri/ianity & ( sympa?y ) ! old religion4 ,to ,procopius 7:o di$ ab\t #efe7 we owe an int]e/+ hi/ory ( ! times ( ,ju/9ian4 ,aft] ! sev5? c5tury1 all traces ( life & _s vani% f ! pages ( ! ,byzant9e hi/orians4 ,9 ma!matics & a/ronomy1 9 ar*itecture & me*anics1 ! ,byzant9e ,greeks 7 ! tea*]s ( ! ,arabians & ( ! new peoples ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,byzant9e /yle ( ar*itecture 0 ( a di/9ct type1 & 0 widely diffus$4 ,,! ,,slavonic ,,tribes4--,9 ! six? c5tury ! ,slavonian tribes come into view4 ,! ,av>s /irr$ up su* a commotion among ^? tribes z ! ,huns _h creat$ among ! ,g]mans4 ,! ,slaves 7 driv5 to ! nor?we/1 :]e lat] !y came into relations ) ,g]many2 & to ! s\?we/1 :]e1 z conqu]ors & z le>n]s1 !y /ood1 9 "s degree1 9 relation to ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 9 ! same position z t ( ! ,g]mans 9 ref]5ce to ! ,we/]n4 ,nor? & ,ea/ ( ! ,adriatic arose ,slavonian ,/ates1 z ,s]via1 ,croatia1 ,c>9?ia4 ,i/ria & ,dalmatia1 except ! cities on ! coa/1 became ,slavonic4 ,! ,slaves displac$ ! old ,illyrian race4 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies1 ,mac$onia & ,greece 7 l>gely occupi$ by ,slavonians4 ,! ,bulg>ians 7 a ,turanian p1 :o mix$ ) ! ,slavonians1 & adopt$ _! language4 ,9 #hie ! ,magy>s1 a ,turanian p1 cr[d$ into ,dacia & ,pannonia2 & ?us ! ,bulg>ians 7 conf9$ to ! l&s s\? ( ! ,danube4 ,! ,magy>s =m$ ! k+dom ( ,hung>y4 ,! ,slavonian ,russians 7 cut (f f ! ,s\!rn tribes ( ! same race4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,mohamm$anism ,,& ,,! ,,arabic ,,conque/s4 ,,condition ,,( ,,arabia4--,9 ! six? c5tury ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek & ( ! ,p]sian ,empires1 especially ( ! ,p]sian1 0 preval5t 9 ,arabia4 ,x 0 !n inhabit$ mo/ly by tribes ei!r di/9ct or loosely b\nd toge!r1 & conta9$ no indep5d5t /ate ( any consid]able importance4 ,! ,arabs ( t day _h all ! virtues & vices ( ! half-savage /ate1 its rev5ge & its rapacity1 its hospitality & its b\nty4 ,9 ! ,hejaz di/rict--situat$ betwe5 f]tile & m civiliz$ ,yem51 or ,arabia ,felix1 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ! p59sula & ! ,s9aitic region1--& 9 ,nejd to ! ea/ ( ,hejaz1 :i* 7 ! two di/ricts 9 :i* ,islam & ! ,arabian ,empire took _! rise1 dwelt tribes ^: common sanctu>y 0 ! ,kaaba at ,mecca1 9 ! wall ( :i* 0 ! quadrangul> black /one kiss$ by all devotees1 & suppos$ to h be5 receiv$ f ! angel ,gabriel4 ,! religion ( ! ,arabs 0 poly!ism 9 _m diff]5t =ms1 9 :i* idol-wor%ip 0 prom95t2 b all agre$ 9 ackn[l$g+ "o supreme ,god1 ,allah1 9 ^: "n solemn oa?s 7 tak54 ,once 9 ! ye> ! tribes ga!r$ 9 ,mecca = _! devotions2 & a great fair 9 ! vic9ity1 att5d$ by a poetical conte/1 made ! city prosp]\s4 ,! t[n 0 made up ( sep>ate ,septs1 or patri>*al families1 ea* "u its own head1 ( :i* septs ! ,omayyads 7 ( pr9cipal importance1 & _h *>ge ( ! ,kaaba4 ,mohamm$ belong$ to ! ,ha%imites1 ano!r & poor] bran* ( ! lead+ tribe ( ,korei%4 ,! ,korei%ites1 by _! trad+-j\rneys to ,syria1 _h acquir$ m culture !n o!rs1 :e!r ,b$\9s1 or resid5ts ( ,m$9a4 ,at ! "t :5 ,mohamm$ 0 born1 :i* 0 probably 9 #egb1 ! religion ( ! ,arabs _h sunk into idolatry or indiff]5ce4 ,!re 7 ?ree hundr$ & sixty images 9 ! ,kaaba4 ,b !re 7 "s :o 7 call$ hanifs1 :o 7 s]i\s & e>ne/1 & turn$ away f idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,besides ! ,sabian religion ( ! ,p]sian sun-wor%ip]s1 ! lead+ t5ets & rites ( ,*ri/ianity & ( ,judaism1 bo? 9 ! deg5]ate types :i* !y assum$ on ! ,syrian bord]s1 7 n unfamili> to ,arabs dwell+ 9 ! c>avan r\tes on ! bord]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,,c>e] ,,( ,,mohamm$4--,mohamm$ 0 e>ly left an orphan "u ! c>e ( 8 uncle ,abu ,talib4 ,9 8 y\? he t5d$ %eep1 & ga!r$ wild b]ries 9 ! des]t4 ,9 8 tw5ty-fif? ye> he became ! comm]cial ag5t ( a weal?y wid[1 ,khadija1 made j\rneys = h] into ,pale/9e & ,syria1--:]e he may h receiv$ religi\s k & impressions f ,*ri/ian monks & ,jewi% rabbis1--&1 aft] a "t1 m>ri$ h]4 ,he is describ$ z hav+ a comm&+ pres5ce1 ) pi]c+ eyes1 flu5t 9 spee*1 & ) pleas+ ways4 ,ev5tually he came into close contact ) ! hanifs4 ,he foll[$ ! cu/om ( retir+ = m$itation & pray] to ! lonely & desolate ,m\nt ,hira4 ,a vivid s5se ( ! be+ ( "o ,almighty ,god & ( 8 own responsibility to ,god1 ent]$ into 8 s\l4 ,a t5d5cy to hy/]ia 9 ! ,ea/ a disease ( m5 z well z ( wom5--& to epilepsy helps to acc\nt = extraord9>y /ates ( body & m9d ( :i* he 0 ! subject4 ,at fir/ he ascrib$ 8 /range ec/asies1 or halluc9ations1 to evil spirits1 especially on ! occasion :5 an angel direct$ him to beg9 ! "w ( prophesy+4 ,b he 0 p]suad$ by ,khadija t _! s\rce 0 f above4 ,he became conv9c$ t he 0 a prophet inspir$ ) a holy tru? & *>g$ ) a sacr$ commission4 ,8 wife 0 8 fir/ conv]t4 ,8 fai? he call$ ,islam1 :i* signifies resignation to ! div9e w4 ,8 c\s9 ,ali1 8 fri5d ,abubekr1 & a few o!rs1 believ$ 9 him4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! mat]ials ( ,mohamm$'s cre$ 7 drawn f ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian s\rces3 ,abraham 0 ! hanif1 ^: pure mono!ism he claim$ to re-ass]t2 b ! animat+ _s 0 f )94 ,! sum ( 8 doctr9e 01 t !re is only "o ,god1 & t ,mohamm$ is ! apo/le ( ,god4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,hegira4--,! ,korei%ites1 ! rul]s & ! eld]s1 p]secut$ him4 ,!y flung out ! reproa*1 t 8 adh]5ts 7 f ! poor or f ! rank ( slaves4 ,?is provok$ him to d5\nce !m1 & to ?reat5 !m ) ! ,div9e judgm5t & ) p]dition4 ,he lo/ 8 uncle 9 #fai3 8 wife _h di$ be=e4 ,he _h f\nd sympa?y ) 8 claims f pi\s m5 f ,m$9a4 ,!y (f]$ him an asylum4 ,?i!r he w5t 9 #fbb1 ! date ( 8 ,hijira1 or flight f ,mecca1 f :i* ! ,mohamm$an cal5d> is reckon$4 ,at ,m$9a he won influ5ce3 he 0 frequ5tly resort$ to z an advis]1 & z a judge to settle disputes4 ,8 activity 9 ?is direction 0 b5efic5t4 ,8 injunctions respect+ ! rights ( prop]ty1 & ! protection due to wom51 71 9 ! ma91 discreet & :olesome4 ,naturally & spe$ily he became a political lead] z well z a religi\s re=m]4 ,?is new c\rse on :i* he ent]$ made a brea* betwe5 him & ! ,jews1 :om he _h hop$ to conciliate4 ,he drew (f f fell[%ip ) !m1 made ,friday ! pr9cipal day ( public wor%ip1 & ,mecca its pr9cipal seat4 ,= ! ,jewi% fa/ he sub/itut$ ! mon? ( ,ramadan4 ,8 plan 0 to cem5t toge!r ! ,arab tribes1 sup]s$+ ! old tie ( blood by ! new bond ( fell[%ip 9 adh]5ce to him4 ,! project ( a holy w> to conqu] & to cru% ! idolat]s1 & to e/abli% 8 own au?ority1 0 ! means to ?is end4 ,mecca 0 ! fir/ object ( assault4 ,he attack$ & plund]$ a ,meccan c>avan 9 #fbc4 ,! next ye> he defeat$ ! ,korei%ites 9 ! battle ( ,b$r4 ,9 ! battle ( ,ohod 7#fbe7 8 foll[]s 7 wor/$4 ,o!r conflicts ensu$1 ) attacks on ! ,jews 9 ! int]vals1 until1 9 #fcj1 he ent]$ ,mecca at ! head ( t5 ?\s& m51 & de/roy$ all ! idols4 ,?is ev5t secur$ ! adhesion ( ! ,arabian tribes1 toge!r ) ! *iefs ( ,yem5 & ( ! o!r m civiliz$ di/ricts4 ,he>+ t ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius 0 propos+ to attack him1 he w5t =? to meet him1 b f\nd t ! rumor 0 false4 ,he 0 prep>+ a new exp$ition aga9/ ! ,greeks :5 he di$1 9 #fcb4 ,,"* ,,( ,,mohamm$4--,f ! "t ( ! flight ( ,mohamm$ to ,m$9a1 ! prophet turn$ m & m into ! politician4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 ?is 01 p]haps1 an almo/ inevitable *ange4 ,b "o consequ5ce 0 ! br++ out ( 8 natural v9dictiv5ess1 & ! trans=mation ( ! en?usia/ into ! fanatic4 ,beg9n+ z ! prophet ( ,arabia1 he came to ?9k t he 0 ! prophet ( ! :ole _w4 ,!re 0 a call to a wid] w>f>e aga9/ idolatry4 ,a crusade1 p>tly political & p>tly religi\s1 involv$ a mixture ( craft & cruelty :i* exhibit 8 "* 9 a new light4 ,yet x is probable t he always s9c]ely felt t 8 "w 9 g5]al 0 "o to :i* he 0 call$ ( ,god4 ,ev5 ! prosaic regulations & ord]s ( ! day1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! ,koran1 if n ! reproduction1 9 cataleptic visions1 ( 8 previ\s ?\ghts1 may h be5 reg>d$ by him z hav+ a div9e sanction4 ,! ext5t ( possible self-deception 9 s extraord9>y a comb9ation ( qualities1 x is n easy to def9e4 ,8 conduct 01 = ! mo/ "p1 on a level ) 8 precepts4 ,!re 0 "o exception2 he all[$ n m ?an f\r wives to a disciple3 he himself1 at "o "t1 _h elev54 ,:ile ,khadija liv$ he 0 w$d$ to h] alone4 ,,! ,,koran4--,! ,koran is reg>d$ z ! ^w ( ,god by a hundr$ millions ( disciples4 ,x is v unequal 9 /yle4 ,9 p>ts x is vigor\s1 & "h & !re imag9ative1 b g5]ally its tone is prosaic4 ,its n>rative portions are *iefly ab\t scriptural p]sons1 especially ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,mohamm$'s acqua9tance ) ^! mu/ h be5 indirect1 f rabb9ical & apocryphal s\rces4 ,adam1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 & ,*ri/ are ackn[l$g$ z prophets4 ,! deity ( ,*ri/ & ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity are repudiat$4 ,! miracles ( ,jesus are ackn[l$g$4 ,mohamm$ does n claim = himself miracul\s p[]4 ,pr$e/9ation is taught1 b ?is became a conspicu\s t5et ( ,moslems aft] ! dea? ( ! f\nd]4 ,! immortality ( ! s\l is admitt$1 ! pa9s ( hell are ?reat5$ to ! wick$ & to infidels2 & a s5sual p>adise is promis$ to ! fai?ful1 al?\gh x is decl>$ t high] spiritual joys are ! lot ( ! mo/ favor$4 ,! fai? ( ,mohamm$ 01 9 sub/ance1 ,judaism1 ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 p[] be+ set be=e hol9ess1 h[ev]1 9 ! conception ( ,god1 & ! sup]natural mission ( ,mohamm$ sub/itut$ = ! future ,messianic reign ( righte\sness & peace1 & c\pl$ ) ! emphatic proclamation ( ! la/ judgm5t4 ,! law 9 ! ,koran is a civil z well z a moral code4 ,not)/&+ 8 c\nt5ance ( s5suality by 8 own practice1 z well z by 8 legaliz+ ( polygamy1 & 8 notion ( p>adise1 ,mohamm$ elevat$ ! condition ( woman among ! ,arabs4 ,be=e !re 0 unbridl$ pr(ligacy3 n[ !re 0 a regulat$ polygamy4 ,sev]e prohibitions are utt]$ aga9/ ?iev+1 usury1 fraud1 false witness2 & alms-giv+ is emphatically enjo9$4 ,/rong dr9k & gambl+ 7 prohibit$4 ,! gem ( ! ,koran is ,! ,"l's ,pray] ( ! ,moslems3 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! compassionate ,compassion]1 ! ,sov]eign ( ! day ( judgm5t4 ,!e d we wor%ip1 & ( ,!e d we beg assi/ance4 ,direct u 9 ! "r way2 9 ! way ( ^? to :om ,?\ ha/ be5 graci\s1 9 :om !re is no wra?1 & :o g n a/ray4 ,,! ,,arabic ,,conque/s3 ,,syria1 ,,p]sia1 ,,egypt4--,mohamm$ made no provision = ! succession4 ,! ,caliphs1 or successors1 comb9$ 9 !mselves civil1 milit>y & religi\s au?ority4 ,!y unit$ ! functions ( emp]or & pope4 ,ali1 ! husb& ( ,fatima1 ,mohamm$'s favorite daught]1 _h hop$ to succe$ him4 ,b1 by ! old] companions ( ! prophet1 ,abubekr1 ,mohamm$'s fa!r-9-law 0 appo9t$4 ,! ,%iites 7 support]s ( ,ali1 :ile ! ,sunnites1 :o adh]$ to ! traditions ( ! eld]s1 7 aga9/ him4 ,^! two p>ties h cont9u$ until ! pres5t day2 ! ,p]sians be+ ,%iites1 & ! ,turks1 ,sunnites4 ,mohamm$1 be=e he di$1 0 inflam$ ) ! _s ( conque/4 ,full ( ! fire ( fanaticism1 m+l$ ) a ?ir/ = dom9ion & plund]1 ! ,arabians rapidly ext5d$ _! sway4 ,^! w>riors1 to _! cr$it be x said1 if t]rible 9 attack1 7 mild 9 victory4 ,_! two pr9cipal adv]s>ies 7 ! ,ea/]n ,empire & ,p]sia4 ,mohamm$anism snat*$ f ! empire ^? prov9ces 9 :i* ! ,greek civilization _h n tak5 deep root1 & x made its way into ,europe4 ,x conqu]$ ,p]sia1 & became ! pr9cipal religion ( ^? ,asiatic nations ) :i* hi/ory ma9ly has to d4 ,mohamm$ _h made a diff]5ce 9 8 injunctions betwe5 hea!n1 apo/ates1 & s*ismatics1 all ( :om 7 to embrace ,islam or to p]i%1 & ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 to bo? ( :om 0 giv5 ! *oice ( ! ,koran1 tribute1 or dea?4 ,!y mu/ buy ! "r to ex]cise _! religion1 if !y refus$ to say t ,allah is ,god1 & ,mohamm$ is ,8 prophet4 ,om> 7#fcd-fdd71 ! next caliph aft] ,abubekr1 & a lead] di/+ui%$ alike = 8 milit>y en]gy & 8 simplicity ( mann]s & life1 fir/ br\ght all ,arabia1 :i* 0 impell$ z mu* by a crav+ = booty z by religi\s zeal1 into a cordial union "u 8 bann]4 ,!n he c>ri$ ! w> beyond ! ,arabian bord]s4 ,pale/9e & ,syria 7 wre/$ f ! ,greek ,empire2 ! old cities ( ,j]usalem1 ,antio*1 & ,damascus fell into ! h&s ( ! impetu\s ,s>ac5s4 ,a mosque 0 erect$ on ! site ( ,solomon's ,temple4 ,! ,p]sian ,empire 0 invad$1 &1 aft] a s]ies ( sangu9>y battles1 especially ! battle ( ,cadesia 7#fcf71 foll[$ by ! battle ( ,nehav5d 7#fda71 0 de/roy$4 ,ctesiphon1 ) all its ri*es1 0 captur$1 & ,p]sepolis 0 sack$4 ,! la/ k+ ( ! l9e ( ,sassanids1 ,yezdeg]d ,,iii41 hav+ liv$ = _m ye>s z a fugitive1 p]i%$ by ! h& ( an assass9 7#feb74 ,meantime ,egypt _h submitt$ to ! irresi/ible invad]s "u ,amr1 :o 0 aid$ by ! ,*ri/ian sect ( ! ,copts1 out ( ho/ility to ! ,greek ,or?odox ,*ur*4 ,aft] a siege ( f\rte5 mon?s1 ,alex&ria 0 tak52 b x is probably n true t ! libr>y 0 burn$ by ,om>'s ord]4 ,9 ! disord]s ( ! times1 ! great collections ( books _h probably1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 disp]s$ & de/roy$4 ,six fri5ds ( ,mohamm$1 select$ by ,om>1 *ose ,o?man 7#fdd-fef7 = 8 successor1 :o /irr$ up enmity by 8 pride & av>ice4 ,"u him ! ,*ri/ian ,b]b]s 9 ,africa 7 won ov] to ! fai? ( ,islam1 & pav$ ! way = its fur!r advance4 ,,! ,,omayyads3 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,africa ,,& ,,spa94--,o?man 0 assass9at$ by ?ree fanatics1 & ,ali 0 !n rais$ to ! caliphate2 b ,muawiyah1 repres5t+ ! family ( ! ,omayyads1 made himself ! head ( an oppos+ p>ty1 &1 aft] ! assass9ation ( ,ali1 became sole caliph 7#ffa74 ,he remov$ ! seat ( ! caliphate to ,damascus4 ,he c>ri$ ! ,arabian conque/s z f> z ! ,indus & ,bokh>a4 ,he creat$ a fleet on ! ,m$it]ranean1 "u an ,admiral1 t is1 a comm&] on ! sea4 ,9 sev5 successive ye>s he m5ac$ ,con/ant9ople ) 8 navy4 ,at a lat] "t1 9 #gag1 "u ! caliph ,soliman1 ano!r great attempt 0 made on ! capital ( ! ,greek ,empire4 ,) an army ( a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m51 he trav]s$ ,asia ,m9or & ! ,hellespont1 & 0 support$ 9 8 attack by a fleet ( eighte5 hundr$ sail4 ,b ! en]getic def5se1 :i* 0 aid$ by ! use ( ! ,greek fire1--an artificial comp\nd :i* explod$ & burn$ ) an unqu5*able flame1--caus$ ! gr& exp$ition to fail2 & ! ,ea/]n ,empire _h ano!r long lease ( life4 ,! successors ( ,muawiyah accompli%$ ! subjugation ( ,africa4 ,!y 7 invit$ by ! native inhabitants1 :o groan$ "u ! burd5s ( taxation laid on !m by ! ,greek emp]ors4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #gjj ! ,arab gov]nor1 ,musa1 complet$ ! conque/ ( ! ,african dom9ion ( ! ,greeks z f> z ! ,atlantic4 ,! amalgamation ( ! ,b]b]s ) ! o!r inhabitants ( t region1 & ) ! ,arabs1 result$ 9 ! race call$ ,moors4 ,at ?is "t ! ,spani% ,visigo?ic k+dom1 :i* _h become ,ca?olic 7#ehf-fja71 0 mu* enfeebl$1 & a prey to discord4 ,"u ,t>ik--f :om ,gibralt>1 or ! m\nta9 ( ,t>ik ne> :i* he l&$1 is nam$--! ,arabs cross$ into ,spa91 & = ! fir/ "t f\nd !mselves face to face ) ! b>b>ians ( ! ,nor?4 ,9 ! great battle ( ,x]es de la ,front]a1 ne> ! ,guadalquivir1 9 #gaa1 :i* la/$ = ?ree days1 ! fate ( ! ,visigo?ic k+dom 0 decid$4 ,eight ye>s 7 occupi$ 9 conqu]+ ,spa94 ,9 #gbj ! ,s>ac5s occupi$ ,septimania nor? ( ! ,pyr5ees1 a dep5d5cy ( ! ,go?ic k+dom4 ,gaul n[ lay op5 be=e !m4 ,! ,mohamm$an p[] ?reat5$ to encircle ,*ri/5dom1 & to de/roy ! ,*ur* & ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,9 ! pla9s betwe5 ,t\rs & ,poiti]s1 ! ,s>ac5s 7 met by ! ,au/rasian ,franks "u ,*>les ,m>tel 7#gcb74 ,! impetu\s *>ges ( ! ,s>ac5 cavalry 7 met & beat5 back by ! infantry ( ! ,franks1 :i* confront$ !m l an iron wall4 ,! ,mohamm$an defeat sav$ ,*ri/ian ,europe f be+ trampl$ "u foot by ! ,mussulman2 x sav$ ! ,*ri/ian p ( ! ,aryan nations f be+ subjugat$ by ! ,semitic disciples ( ! ,koran4 ,at ! same "t t ,spa9 0 ov]run1 ! ,turki% l&s on ! ea/ ( ! ,caspian 7 subdu$4 ,! old antipa?y betwe5 ! ,iranians & ,turanians1 ! ,s*iite ,p]sians & ! ,sunnite ,turks1 0 aft]w>ds c>ri$ into ,europe by ! ,ottoman ,moslems4 ,,! ,,abbassides3 ,,bagdad4--,misgov]nm5t embitt]$ ! fai?ful aga9/ ! rule ( ! ,omayyads 9 ,damascus1 al?\gh ,syria _h become a s\rce ( high] culture = ! ,arabians3 !re !y became acqua9t$ ) ,greek le>n+4 ,! adh]5ts ( ,ali f\nd vigor\s *ampions 9 ! ,abbassides1 :o1 z ,ha%imites1 laid claim to ! caliphate4 ,"o ( !m1 ,abul ,abbas1 0 made caliph by ! soldi]s 9 #gej4 ,! fi]ce cruelty ( 8 p>ty aga9/ ! ,omayyads l$ to ! murd] ( all ( !m except ,abd]rahman1 :o fl$ to ,africa1 &1 9 #gee1 f\nd$ an indep5d5t caliphate at ,cordova4 ,! ,abbassides atta*$ !mselves to ! ,sunnite cre$4 ,"u ,almansor1 ! bro!r & successor ( ,abbas1 ,bagdad1 a city f\nd$ by ,almansor 7#ged-gge7 on ! banks ( ! ,tigris1 0 made ! seat ( ! caliphate1 & s cont9u$ until ! great ,mongolian invasion 9 #abeh4 ,bagdad 0 built on ! we/ bank ( ! ,tigris1 b1 by means ( bridges1 /ret*$ ov] to ! o!r %ore4 ,x 0 protect$ by /rong1 d\ble walls4 ,x 0 n only ! pr\d capital ( ! caliphate3 x 01 besides1 ! great m>ket = ! trade ( ! ,ea/1 ! meet+-place ( _m nations1 :]e c>avans f ,*9a & ,?ibet1 f ,india1 & f ,f]ghana 9 ! mod]n ,turke/an1 met ?rongs ( m]*ants f ,arm5ia & ,con/ant9ople1 f ,egypt & ,arabia4 ,!re trad+-fleets ga!r$ :i* c>ri$ ! products ( ! ,nor? & ,we/ d[n ! great riv]s to ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,bagdad 0 to ! caliphs :at ,byzantium 0 to ,con/ant9e1 or ,alex&ria to ! ,ptolemies4 ,x became ! gr&e/ city 9 ! _w4 ,canals to ! numb] ( six hundr$ ran ?r\gh x1 & a hundr$ & five bridges b\nd its two p>ts toge!r4 ,x 0 furni%$ ) _m ?\s& mosques & z _m ba?s4 ,! palace ( ! caliphs compris$ 9 itself all ! spl5dor :i* ,asiatic ta/e & extravagance c\ld collect & comb9e 9 "o edifice4 ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,caliphate4--,depriv$ ( ! we/]n extremity ( _! empire1 ! ,abbassides /ill rul$ ov] ,asia & ,africa4 ,9 _! luxuri\s & spl5did c\rt1 ! caliphs1 s]v$ by a va/ ret9ue ( (fic]s ) ! ,vizi] at _! head1 copi$ ! magnific5ce ( ! anci5t ,p]sians4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! caliphs ( ,bagdad is ,h>un-al-,ra%id1 or ,a>on ! ,j 7#ghf-hji74 ,8 "n is famili> ev5 to *ildr5 z ! wond]ful h]o ( ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,8 reign1 l t ( ,solomon 9 anci5t ,juda1 0 consid]$ 9 aft] times ! gold5 age ( ! caliph dom9ion4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,*>lemagne1 poetry & romance inve/$ 8 "* & reign ) all t c give glory & honor to a k+ & a sage4 ,brilliant pictures 7 drawn ( ! b\ndless weal? & luxury ( 8 c\rt1 & ( 8 admirable piety & wisdom4 ,ab\t him !re 0 assembl$ a ho/ ( juri/s1 l+ui/s1 & poets4 ,?ree hundr$ s*ol>s travel$ at 8 exp5se ?r\gh diff]5t l&s4 ,righte\s judgm5ts 7 ascrib$ to him1 & oracul> say+s4 ,he 0 made ! ideal rul] ( ,ori5tal fancy4 ,8 real "* fell mu* bel[ ! lat] popul> conception4 ,he behav$ l an ,ea/]n despot t[>ds all 8 k9dr$ :o /ood 9 8 way4 ,! ,p]sian family ( ,b>mecides he ext]m9at$1 :5 8 passionate atta*m5t to "o ( !m turn$ to hatr$ on acc\nt ( an obscure affair connect$ ) ! h>em4 ,/ories told by ,we/]n *ronicl]s ( 8 relations ) ,*>lemagne require to be sift$4 ,! ,greek emp]or ,nicephorus1 :o _h ra%ly defi$ him1 he address$ z ! ,roman dog4 ,n9e times ,h>un invad$ ! ,greek ,empire1 left its prov9ces wa/$ z by a hurricane1 & extort$ f x a tribute :i* he oblig$ ! emp]ors1 :o rep5t$ ( _! d>+1 to pay 9 co9 /amp$ ) 8 image4 ,8 be/ di/9ction is 9 ! lib]al patronage :i* he1 no d\bt1 ext5d$ to le>n+4 ,9 ?is he 0 imitat$ by 8 son ,al ,mamun 7#hac-hcc71 :o f\nd$ num]\s s*ools1 & exp5d$ va/ sums 9 behalf ( sci5ce & lett]s4 ,! caliphate 0 weak5$ by ! introduction ( ! ,turks1 some:at z ! ,roman ,empire f>$ f its relations ) ! ,g]mans4 ,motasem 7#hcc-hdb71 ! eigh? ( ! ,abbassides1 br\ght 9 a ,turki% gu>d ( =ty ?\s& slaves1 pur*as$ 9 ,t>t>y4 ,^! soldi]s1 in/ead ( rema9+ s]vants1 became lawless ma/]s1 & dispos$ ( ! ?rone z ! prtorians at ,rome _h done4 ,! palace ( ! caliphs 0 fill$ ) viol5ce4 ,revolution & an>*y1 kept up dur+ two c5turies1 broke ! caliphate into fragm5ts4 ,conspiracies & insurrections 7 ! ord] ( ! day4 ,africa _h deta*$ itself 9 ! "t ( ,h>un-al-,ra%id4 ,9 ,asia v>i\s indep5d5t dyna/ies arose1 =m$ mo/ly by ,turki% gov]nors ( prov9ces4 ,,! ,,turki% ,,emirs4--,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ! ,seljukian ,turks despoil$ ! ,arabs ( _! sov]eignty 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! caliph at ,bagdad gave up all 8 temporal p[] to ,togrul ,bey 7#ajeh71 & reta9$ simply ! spiritual head%ip ov] or?odox ,mussulmans4 ,to ! ,turk :o bore ! title ,emir al ,omra1 0 giv5 ! milit>y comm&4 ,he 0 :at ! ,mayor ( ! ,palace _h be5 among ! ,franks4 ,9 #ajgb 8 son1 ,malek ,%ah1 made ,ispahan 8 capital1 & gov]n$ ,asia f ,*9a to ! vic9ity ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,,! ,,fatimite ,,caliphate4--,9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies ! ,aglabites 7#hjj-iji71 ^: capital 0 ,cairoan 79 ,tunis71 7 dom9ant 9 ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean1 e/abli%$ !mselves1 9 _! m>aud+ exp$itions1 9 ,corsica1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,sicily1 & sev]al times attack$ ,italy4 ,9 #iji !y1 ) ! ,edrisites1 adh]5ts ( ,ali1 9 ,fez1 =m$1 "u a ,fatimite *ief1 ,moez1 ) ,egypt1 ! ,african ,caliphate1 ! seat ( :i* 0 at ,cairo 7#ifh74 ,! ,fatimite caliphs ext5d$ _! p[] ov] ,syria4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! caliphs ( ,cairo 0 ,hakem 7#iif-ajbj71 a mon/] ( cruelty1 :o claim$ to be ! inc>nation ( ,deity4 ,^! caliphs claim$ to be ! desc5dants ( ,ali & ( ,fatima4 ,_! dyna/y 0 ext+ui%$ by ,salad9 9 #aaga4 ,,! ,,caliphs ,,( ,,cordova4--,9 ,spa9 ! caliphs ( ,cordova all[$ to ! ,*ri/ians fre$om ( wor%ip & _! own laws & judges4 ,! m+l+ ( ! conqu]ors ) ! conqu]$ gave rise to a mix$ ,moz>abic population4 ,! ,franks conqu]$ ! c\ntry z f> z ! ,ebro 7#hab74 ,"u ,mohamm$ ,i4 7#heb71 ! ,s>ac5 gov]nors ( ! prov9ces s\ght to make !mselves indep5d5t2 b ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ! caliphate ( ,cordova foll[$1 "u ,abd]rahman ,,iii4 7#iab-ifa74 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury !re 0 an>*y1 produc$ by ! ,african gu>d ( ! caliphs1 :i* play$ a "p l t ( ! ,turki% gu>d at ,bagdad1 & by reason ( ! rebellion ( ! gov]nors4 ,9 #ajca ! la/ desc5dant ( ! ,omayyads 0 depos$1 & 9 #ajfj ! v title ( caliph vani%$4 ,! caliphate gave place to num]\s petty ,moslem k+doms4 ,! ,african ,mussulmans came to _! help1 & ?us gave ! "n ( ,moors to ! ,spani% ,mohamm$ans4 ,_! language & culture1 h[ev]1 rema9$ ,arabic4 ,! ,arabian conque/s _h mov$ l a deluge to ! ,indus1 to ! bord]s ( ,asia ,m9or1 & to ! ,pyr5ees4 ,9 ,syria !y 7 n g5]ally resi/$ by ! p4 ,egypt1 = ! same reason1 0 an easy conque/4 ,x took ! ,moslems sixty ye>s to conqu] ,africa4 ,9 ?ree ye>s ne>ly all ,spa9 0 !irs2 & x 0 n until sev5 hundr$ ye>s aft] ?is "t t !y 7 utt]ly driv5 out ( t c\ntry4 ,,! ,,moslem ,,gov]nm5t--,! ,moslem civilization re/$ on ! ,koran4 ,gramm>1 lexicography1 !ology1 & law /ood connect$ at fir/ ) ! /udy & und]/&+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,book4 ,! ,caliph 0 ! f\nta9 ( au?ority4 ,!re 0 a fix$ sy/em ( taxation1 ! poll-tax & l&-tax be+ impos$ only on non-,moslem subjects4 ,all ,moslems receiv$ a ye>ly p5sion1 a def9ite sum det]m9$ by _! rank4 ,! empire 0 divid$ into prov9ces1 ea* gov]n$ by a ,prefect1 :o 0 a petty sov]eign1 subject only to ! ,caliph4 ,! ,g5]als 7 appo9t$ by ! caliph1 by ! prefects1 or by ! ,vizi]1 :o 0 ! prime m9i/]4 ,! ,judges 7cadis7 7 appo9t$ by ! same (fic]s4 ,!re 0 a c\rt ( appeal ov] :i* ! caliph presid$4 ,!re 7 inspectors ( ! m>kets1 :o 7 also c5sors ( morals4 ,! ,imam _h = 8 function to recite ! public pray]s 9 ! mosque4 ,! lead] ( ! ye>ly pilgrimage to ,mecca 0 an (fic] ( ! highe/ dignity4 ,,!ology3 ,,law3 ,,lit]ature4--,! ,mohamm$ans ent]$ into discussions ( !ology1 :i* gave rise to diff]5ces1 & to s*ools & sects4 ,! nature ( ! ,deity1 pr$e/9ation1 ! future life1 7 subjects ( pr(\nd & subtle inquiry4 ,m ?an once1 pan!i/ic doctr9e 0 broa*$ by speculative m9ds1 su* z ,avic5na & ,av]rhoes4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ,sfism1 a =m ( my/icism1 made great progress4 ,x extoll$ ! unselfi% love ( ,god1 & a contemplative & ascetic life4 ,law 0 /udi$2 & on ! basis ( ! ,koran1 & ( reason+s ^u x1 sy/ems ( jurisprud5ce 7 creat$4 ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature kept pace ) legal /udies4 ,poetry fl\ri%$ ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,ea/]n caliphate4 ,!re 71 also1 ,p]sian poets :o hold an important place 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 ( :om ,fird\si 7ab\t #idj to #ajbj7 & ,saadi 7:o di$ 9 #abia7 are ! mo/ em95t4 ,"u ! ,abbassides 9 ,syria1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ian s*ol>s & by translations1 ! ,arabians became acqua9t$ ) ! ,greek au?ors4 ,!y cultivat$ geography4 ,! ,moslems 7 /ud5ts ( a/ronomy1 & c>ri$ ! /udy ( ma!matics1 :i* !y le>n$ f ! ,greeks & ,h9dus1 v f>4 ,b !y app>5tly felt no int]e/ 9 ! poets1 orators1 & hi/orians ( antiquity4 ,9 ! /udy ( ,ari/otle1 & 9 metaphysical philosophy1 !y 7 pr(ici5ts4 ,m$ic9e1 also1 !y cultivat$ ) success4 ,!y delv$ 9 ,al*emy 9 ! se>* = ! transmutation ( metals4 ,,comm]ce ,,& ,,! ,,arts4--,! ,moslems engag$ actively 9 comm]ce4 ,!y acquir$ mu* skill 9 v>i\s bran*es ( me*anical art4 ,! weapons ( ,damascus & ( ,tol$o1 ! silks ( ,granada1 ! saddles ( ,cordova1 ! musl9s1 silks1 & c>pets ( ! ,moslem dom9ions 9 ! ,ea/1 7 highly priz$ 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries4 ,!y manufactur$ pap]4 ,=bidd5 to repres5t ! human =m 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 _! di/9ction 9 ! f9e arts is conf9$ to ar*itecture4 ,peculi> to !m is ! ,arabesque ornam5tation f\nd 9 _! edifices3 ! idea ( ! ar* 0 borr[$ f ! ,byzant9e /yle4 ,"o ( _! mo/ fam\s monum5ts is ! mosque at ,cordova4 ,! ru9s ( ! ,alhambra1 9 ,spa91 a palace & a =tress1 illu/rate ! ri*ness & elegance ( ! ,s>ac5ic /yle ( build+4 ,,! ,,arabian ,,m9d4--,nei!r 9 ar*itecture1 nor 9 any o!r dep>tm5t1 7 ! ,arabs 9 a m>k$ degree orig9al4 ,!y inv5t$ no?+4 ,!y 7 quick to le>n1 & to assimilate :at !y le>n$4 ,!y 7 apt int]pret]s & critics1 b !y produc$ no works m>k$ by creative g5ius4 ,_m ( ! s*ol>s at ! c\rt ( ! caliphs 7 ,*ri/ians & ,jews4 ,yet ,bagdad1 ,sam>c&1 ,cairo1 ,gr5ada1 ,cordova1 7 c5t]s ( intellectual activity & ( le>n+ :5 ! nations ( ,we/]n ,europe _h n escap$ f ! b>b>ism result+ f ! ,teutonic invasions4 ,,lit]ature4--,lives ( ,mohamm$ by ,,muir1 ,,spr5g] 7,g]man71 ,irv+3 ,encycl4 ,brit41 ,art4 ,mohamm$anism2 ,ku551 ,national ,religions & ,univ]sal ,religions2 ,nldeke1 ,ges*4 d4 ,quorans 7#ahfj72 ,muir1 ,! ,corn 7#ahgh72 ,r4 ,b4 ,smi?1 ,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism 7#ahge72 ,/ob>t1 ,islam & its ,f\nd]2 ,ockley1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,s>ac5s 7six? edition1 #aheg72 ,,freeman1 ,hi/ory & ,conque/s ( ! ,s>ac5s 7#ahgj74 ,,! ,,c>lov+ian ,,h\se ,,pip9 ( ,h]i/al1 d4 #gad4 --,*>les ,m>tel1 d4 #gda4 --,,pip9 ! ,%ort1 k+ #geb-gfh4 --,,*>lemange1 #gfh-had 7emp]or #hjj74 --,pip91 ,k+ ( ,italy1 d4 #haj4 --,,b]n>d1 d4 #hah4 --,*>les1 ,k+ ( ,franconia4 --,,l\is ! ,pi\s1 #had-hdj4 ,,lo?>+ia --,,lo?> ,i1 #hdc-hee4 --,,l\is ,,ii1 #hee-hge --,h]m+>de1 m4 ,,boso ,i1 ,k+ ( ,prov5ce1 #hgi-hhg --,,l\is1 #hhg-ije 7emp]or #ija7 m4 ,eadgifu1 daught] ( ,edw>d ! ,eld] --,lo?> ,,ii1 d4 #hfi4 --,*>les1 d4 #hfc ,,g]many --,,l\is ! ,g]man1 #hdc-hgf4 --,,c>loman1 d4 #hhj4 --,,arnulf1 ,k+ ( ,g]many1 #hhg-hii 7emp]or #hif74 --,,l\is ! ,*ild1 #ijj-iaa4 --,,l\is ! ,y\ng]4 d #hhj4 --,,*>les ! ,fat 7emp]or #hha-hhg71 d4 #hhh4 ,,france --,,*>les ! ,bald1 #hdc-hgg 7emp]or #hge74 --,,l\is ,,ii1 #hgg-hgi4 --,,l\is ,,iii1 #hgi-hhb --,c>loman1 #hgi-hhd --,,*>les ! ,simple1 m4 ,eadgifu1 daught] ( ,edw>d ! ,eld] --,,l\is ,,iv 7,d',outrem]71 #icf-ied4 --,matilda1 m4 ,,conrad ! ,peaceful4 --,,rudolph ,,iii1 #iic-ajcb --,,lo?>1 #ied-ihf4 --,,l\is ,v1 #ihf-ihg4 --,*>les1 ,duke ( ,l[] ,lorra9e1 d4 #iid4 --,c>loman1 #gfh-gga4 ,,rival ,,k+s ,,( ,,france ,,n ,,( ,,! ,,c>lov+ian ,,l9e4 ,rob]t ! ,/rong1 d4 #hff4 --,,eudes1 k+ #hhg-hic4 --,,rob]t1 k+ #ibb-ibc4 --,emma1 m4 ,,rudolph ( ,burgundy2 k+ #ibc-ibf4 --,hugh ! ,great 7fa!r ( ,hugh ,capet74 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,f ,,! ,,c>lov+ian ,,l9e ,,( ,,frank ,,k+s ,,to ,,! ,,romano-,,g]manic ,,empire4 7,a4,d4 #gea-ifb47 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,c>lov+ian ,,empire ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,*>lemagne 7,a4,d4 #had74 ,,pip9 ,,! ,,%ort4--,! great ev5t ( ! eigh? c5tury 0 ! organization & spread ( ! dom9ion ( ! ,franks1 & ! transf] to !m ( ! ,roman ,empire ( ! ,we/4 ,?ree ,frank pr9ces--,*>les ,m>tel1 ,pip9 ! ,%ort1 & ,*>lemagne1 or ,k>l ! ,great--7 ! ma9 in/rum5ts 9 br++ 9 ?is new epo* 9 ,european hi/ory4 ,!y foll[$ a simil> c\rse1 z reg>ds ! w>s :i* !y und]took1 & _! g5]al policy4 ,*>les ,m>tel1 ! conqu]or ( ! ,s>ac5s at ,poiti]s1 r5d]$ great s]vices to ! ,*ur*2 b he provok$ ! la/+ displeasure ( ! ecclesia/ics by 8 seizures ( *ur* prop]ty4 ,he rew>d$ 8 soldi]s ) ar*bi%oprics4 ,pip91 h[ev]1 0 e>ne/ly support$ by ! cl]gy4 ,he _h ! confid5ce & favor ( ! ,franks1 & 9 #gea1 ) ! concurr5ce ( ,pope ,za*>ias1 depos$ ,*ild]ic ,,iii41 & assum$ ! title ( k+4 ,! long hair ( ,*ild]ic1 ! badge ( ! ,frank k+s1 0 %orn1 & he 0 plac$ 9 a mona/]y4 ,9 #geb ,pip9 0 ano9t$ & cr[n$ at ,soissons by ,boniface1 ! bi%op ( ,m5tz1 :o ex]t$ himself to re/ore ord] & discipl9e 9 ! ,frank ,*ur*1 :i* _h fall5 into disord] 9 ! times ( ,*>les ,m>tel4 ,,pip9 ,,9 ,,italy4--,! controv]sy ) ! ,greeks ab\t ! use ( images _h ali5at$ ! popes f ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,! encroa*m5ts ( ! ,lomb>ds ?reat5$ ,rome itself1 & 7 a con/ant m5ace to ! indep5d5ce ( its bi%ops4 ,pope ,/eph5 ,,iii4 resort$ to ,pip9 = help aga9/ ^! aggressive neighbors2 &1 9 #ged1 ,/eph5 solemnly repeat$1 9 ! ca!dral ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ! c]emony ( 8 coronation4 ,! ,c>lov+ian usurpation 0 ?us hall[$ 9 ! eyes ( ! p by ! sanction ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! alliance betwe5 ! ,papacy & ! ,franks1 s ess5tial to bo?1 0 cem5t$4 ,pip9 cross$ ! ,alps 9 #ged1 & humbl$ ,ai/ulf1 ! ,lomb>d k+2 b1 z ,ai/ulf /ill kept up 8 ho/ility to ! ,pope1 ,pip9 once m l$ 8 =ces into ,italy1 & compell$ him to become tribut>y to ! ,frank k+dom1 & to c$e to him ! t]ritory :i* he _h won f ! ,greek ,empire1--! ex>*ate ( ,rav5na & ! ,p5tapolis1 or ! l&s & cities betwe5 ! ,ap5n9es & ! ,adriatic1 f ,f]r>a to ,ancona4 ,?is t]ritory ! ,frank k+ =mally pres5t$ to ,/4 ,pet]4 ,?us !re 0 f\nd$ ! temporal k+dom ( ! popes 9 ,italy4 ,pip9 0 call$ ,patricius ( ,rome1 :i* made him its virtual sov]eign1 al?\gh ! (fice & title impli$ ! cont9u$ supremacy ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,he unit$ "u him all ! conque/s :i* _h be5 made by ,clovis & 8 successors4 ,8 sway ext5d$ ov] ,aquita9e & z f> z ! ,pyr5ees4 ,x 0 ! rule ( ! ,teutonic ,nor? ov] ! m ,lat9 ,s\?1 :i* _h no lik+ = ! ,frank sov]eignty4 ,,*>lemagne3 ,,! ,,saxons ,,& ,,s>ac5s4--,pip9 di$ 9 #gfh4 ,by ! dea? ( 8 y\ng] son1 ,c>loman1 8 old] son1 ,*>les1 9 #gga became ! sole k+ ( ! ,franks4 ,*>lemagne is m prop]ly designat$ ,k>l ! ,great1 = he 0 a ,g]man 9 blood & spee*1 & 9 all 8 ways4 ,he /&s 9 ! =emo/ rank ( conqu]ors & rul]s4 ,8 prodigi\s en]gy & activity z a w>rior may be judg$ by ! numb] ( 8 campaigns1 9 :i* he 0 uni=mly successful4 ,! ea/]n fronti] ( 8 dom9ions 0 ?reat5$ by ! ,saxons1 ! ,danes1 ! ,slaves1 ! ,bav>ians1 ! ,av>s4 ,he made eighte5 exp$itions aga9/ ! ,saxons1 ?ree aga9/ ! ,danes1 "o aga9/ ! ,bav>ians1 f\r aga9/ ! ,slaves1 f\r aga9/ ! ,av>s4 ,add+ to ^! 8 campaigns aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s1 ,lomb>ds1 & o!r peoples1 ! numb] ( 8 milit>y exp$itions is n less ?an fifty-?ree4 ,9 all b two ( 8 m>*es aga9/ ! ,saxons1 h[ev]1 he accompli%$ 8 purpose )\t a battle4 ,t he 0 ambiti\s ( conque/ & ( fame1 is evid5t4 ,t he _h ! r\gh ways ( 8 ,g]man ance/ors1 & 0 unsp>+ 9 w>1 is equally c]ta94 ,yet he 0 n less em95t 9 wisdom ?an 9 vigor2 & 8 reign1 on ! :ole1 0 righte\s z well z glori\s4 ,! two mo/ =midable enemies ( ,*>lemagne 7 ! ,saxons & ! ,s>ac5s4 ,! ,saxon w> 0 *eck]$ by grave disa/]s1 & pursu$ ) undismay$ & unrel5t+ det]m9ation1 9 :i* he sp>$ nei!r himself nor o!rs4 ,x la/$ cont9u\sly--) its /ubborn & ev]-recurr+ resi/ance1 its cruel deva/ations1 its w9t] campaigns1 its m]ciless acts ( v5geance--z ! ef=t :i* call$ =? all ,*>les's en]gy = ?irty-two ye>s 7#ggb-hjd74 ,! ,saxons 7 hea!n4 ,! conque/ ( !m 0 ! m difficult because x involv$ ! =c$ introduction ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! room ( _! old religion4 ,m ?an once1 :5 !y seem$ to be subdu$1 !y broke out 9 passionate & unit$ revolt4 ,_! fi]ce/ lead] 9 insurrection 0 ,witik9d4 ,a la/ & t]rible upris+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! slaught] ( =ty-five hundr$ ,saxons on ! ,all] z a puni%m5t = brea* ( treaty1 0 put d[n 9 #ghe1 :5 ,witik9d submitt$1 & cons5t$ to receive ,*ri/ian baptism4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! ,saxon w>1 at ! call ( ! ,arab gov]nor ( ,s>agossa = aid aga9/ ! caliph ,abd]rahman1 ,*>les m>*$ into ,spa91 & conqu]$ ,s>agossa & ! :ole l& z f> z ! ,ebro4 ,on 8 return1 9 ! valley ( ,ronceveaux1 ! ,frank re> gu>d 0 surpris$ & de/roy$ by ! ,basques4 ,!re fell ! ,frank h]o ,rol&1 ^: gallant de$s 7 a favorite subject ( m$ival romances4 ,! du*y ( ,bav>ia 0 aboli%$ aft] a second revolt ( its duke1 ,tassilo 7#ghh74 ,"o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( ,*>lemagne's w>s 0 t aga9/ ! ,hunnic ,av>s 7#gia74 ,_! l& betwe5 ! ,ems & ,raab he annex$ to 8 empire4 ,bav>ian coloni/s 7 plant$ 9 x4 ,enorm\s treasures :i* !y _h ga!r$1 9 _! incursions1 f all ,europe1 7 captur$1 ) _! ,r+1 or palace-camp4 ,! ,slavonic tribes 7 kept 9 awe4 ,brittany 0 subjugat$ 9 #haa4 ,9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ,*>les's reign1 ! ,danes became m & m aggressive & =midable4 ,he visit$ ! nor!rn coa/s1 made ,b\logne & ,gh5t 8 h>bors & ars5als1 & built fleets = def5se aga9/ ! audaci\s invad]s4 ,,*>lemagne ,,9 ,,italy4--,"s ( ! mo/ memorable incid5ts 9 ,*>lemagne's c>e] are connect$ ) ,italy4 ,:ile he 0 busy 9 ! ,saxon w>1 he _h be5 summon$ to protect ,pope ,hadrian ,i4 7#ggb-gie7 f ! attack ( ! ,lomb>ds4 ,to please 8 "m1 ,*>les _h m>ri$1 b he _h aft]w>ds divorc$1 ! daught] ( ! ,lomb>d k+ ,desid]ius4 ,%e 0 ! fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( ,*>lemagne's wives1 :o1 x is said1 7 n9e 9 numb]4 ,by ! divorce he incurr$ ! res5tm5t ( ,desid]ius1 :o requir$ ! ,pope to ano9t ! sons ( ,c>loman z k+s ( ! ,franks4 ,9 #ggb ,*>lemagne cross$ ! ,alps by ! ,mont ,c5is & ! ,/4 ,b]n>d1 captur$ ,pavia1 & %ut up ,desid]ius 9 a ,frank mona/]y4 ,! k+ ( ! ,franks became k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds1 & "l ( all ,italy1 except ! ,v5etian ,isl&s & ! s\!rn extremity ( ,calabria1 :i* rema9$ subject to ! ,greeks4 ,! ,g]man k+ & ! ,pope 7 n[1 9 po9t ( fact1 dom9ant 9 ! ,we/4 ,a woman1 ,ir5e1 :o _h put out ! eyes ( h] son t %e h]self might reign1 sat on ! ?rone at ,con/ant9ople4 ,?is 0 a fair pretext = ?r[+ (f ! ,byzant9e rule1 :i* af=d$ no protection to ,italians4 ,once m ,*>les visit$ ,italy1 to re/ore to ! papal *air ,leo ,,iii41 :o _h be5 expell$ by an adv]se p>ty1 &1 at ,*>les's camp at ,pad]born1 _h implor$ 8 assi/ance4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,day 9 ! ye> #hjj1 dur+ ! celebration ( mass 9 ! old ,basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ,leo ,,iii4 advanc$ to ,*>lemagne1 & plac$ a cr[n on 8 head1 salut+ him1 amid ! acclamations ( ! p1 z ,roman emp]or4 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,*>les',s ,,coronation4--,! coronation ( ,*>lemagne made him ! successor ( ,augu/us & ( ,con/ant9e4 ,x 0 n imag9$ t ! empire _h ev] ceas$ to be4 ,! ,byzant9e emp]ors _h be5 ackn[l$g$ 9 =m z ! rul]s ( ! ,we/3 n ev5 n[ 0 x conceiv$ t ! empire 0 divid$4 ,9 ! imag9ation & feel+ ( m51 ! creation ( ! ,caes>s rema9$ an indivisible unity4 ,! new emp]or 9 ! ,we/ c\ld !re=e only be reg>d$ z a rival & usurp] by ! ,byzant9e rul]s2 b ,*>lemagne pr(ess$ a fri5dly feel+1 & address$ !m z 8 bro!rs1--z if !y & he 7 ex]cis+ a jo9t sov]eignty4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !re _h come to be a new c5t] ( wide-spread dom9ion 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! div]sity 9 beliefs & rites betwe5 ,roman ,*ri/ianity & t ( ! ,greeks _h be5 gr[+4 ,! popes & ,*>lemagne 7 unit$ by mutual sympa?y & common int]e/s4 ,! assumption by him ( ! imp]ial title at _! in/ance1 & by ! call ( ! ,roman p1 0 ! natural issue ( all ! circum/ances4 ,,*>les',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4--,*>lemagne %[$ himself a /atesman b5t on organization & social improvem5t4 ,!re 0 a sy/em ( local (fic]s4 ,! bord] di/ricts ( ! k+dom 7 made into ,m>ks1 "u ,m>graves or ,m>quesses1 = def5se aga9/ ! outly+ tribes4 ,"o ( !m1 to ! ea/ ( ,bav>ia1 0 aft]w>ds call$ ,au/ria4 ,dukes gov]n$ prov9ces1 "s ( :i* aft]w>ds became k+doms4 ,_! p[] ! emp]or tri$ to r$uce4 ,! empire 0 divid$ into di/ricts1 9 ea* ( :i* a ,c\nt 7,graf7 rul$1 ) inf]ior (fic]s1 ei!r t]ritorial or 9 cities4 ,bi%ops _h l>ge doma9s1 & great privileges & immunities4 ,! (fic]s held _! places at ! k+'s pleasure3 !y became possess$ ( l&$ e/ates1 & ! t5d5cy 01 = ! (fices to become h]$it>y4 ,! old ,g]man ^w ,graf is ( unc]ta9 d]ivation1 b means ! same z c\nt 7f ! ,lat9 comes74 ,m>k is a ^w f\nd 9 all ! ,teutonic languages4 ,f ! signification ( b\nd>y1 x came to be appli$1 l its synonym m>*1 to a fronti] di/rict4 ,a m>grave 7,m>k-,graf7 0 a m>k-c\nt1 or an (fic] rul+ = ! k+ 9 su* a di/rict4 ,a visc\nt 7vicecomes7 0 an (fic] subord9ate to a c\nt4 ,pfalz1 mean+ orig9ally palace 7f ! ,lat9 palatium71 0 ! t]m = any "o ( ! k+'s e/ates4 ,! palsgrave 7,pfalz-,graf7 0 fir/ 8 repres5tative 9 *>ge ( "o ( ^! doma9s4 ,! /allgrave 7,/all-,graf7 correspond$ to ! con/able 7comes /abuli7 9 ,engli% & ,fr5*4 ,x signifies ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! k+'s /ables1 ! groom4 ,he _h a milit>y comm&4 ,a lat] designation ( ! same (fice is m>%al 7f two old ,g]man words1 "o ( :i* means a horse1 z se5 9 our ^w m>e1 hav+ ! same etymology1 & ! o!r means a s]vant74 ,imp]ial deputies1 or missi1 lay & ecclesia/ical toge!r1 visit$ all p>ts ( ! k+dom to exam9e & report z to _! condition1 to hold c\rts1 & to r$ress wrongs4 ,!re 7 appeals f !m to ! imp]ial tribunal1 ov] :i* ! ,palsgrave presid$4 ,twice 9 ! ye> great ,assemblies 7 held ( ! *iefs & p1 to give advice z to ! fram+ ( laws4 ,! enactm5ts ( ^! assemblies are collect$ 9 ! ,capitul>ies ( ! ,frank k+s4 ,9 ! ,*ur*1 ,*>lemagne tri$ to secure ord]1 :i* _h sadly fall5 away1 & _h giv5 place to confusion & worldl9ess4 ,he himself ex]cis$ high ecclesia/ical pr]ogatives1 especially aft] he became emp]or4 ,,le>n+ ,,& ,,culture4--,"o ( ! *ief di/9ctions ( ,*>lemagne is ! enc\ragem5t :i* he gave to le>n+4 ,9 8 own palace at ,aa*5 7,aix71 he collect$ s*ol>s f diff]5t qu>t]s4 ,( ^! ! mo/ em95t is ,alcu91 f ! s*ool ( ,york 9 ,engl&4 ,he 0 famili> ) _m ( ! ,lat9 writ]s1 & :ile at ! head ( ! s*ool 9 ! palace1 & lat]1 :5 abbot ( ,/4 ,m>t9 9 ,t\rs1 ex]t$ a /rong influ5ce 9 promot+ /udy4 ,*>lemagne himself spoke ,lat9 ) facility1 b n until late 9 life did he try to le>n to write4 ,x 0 8 cu/om to be read to :ile he sat at meals4 ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god 0 "o ( ! books ( :i* he 0 fond4 ,9 ! great sees & mona/]ies1 s*ools 7 f\nd$1 ! b5efits ( :i* 7 v soon felt4 ,,*>les',s ,,p]sonal ,,traits4--,*>lemagne 0 sev5 feet 9 height1 & ( noble pres5ce4 ,8 eyes 7 l>ge & animat$1 & 8 voice cle>1 b n s /rong z 8 frame w\ld h l$ "o to expect4 ,8 be>+ 0 manly & dignifi$4 ,he 0 exce$+ly fond ( rid+1 hunt+1 & ( swimm+4 ,eg9h>d1 8 fri5d & biograph]1 says ( him1 ,9 all 8 und]tak+s & ent]prises1 !re 0 no?+ he %rank f because ( ! toil1 & no?+ t he fe>$ because ( ! dang]4 ,he di$1 at ! age ( sev5ty1 on ,jan4 #bh1 #had4 ,he _h built at ,aix la ,*apelle a /ately *ur*1 ! columns & m>bles ( :i* 7 br\ght f ,rav5na & ,rome4 ,b5ea? its floor1 "u ! dome1 0 8 tomb4 ,!re he 0 plac$ 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 9 8 royal robes1 ) ! cr[n on 8 head1 & 8 horn1 sword1 & book ( ! ,gospels on 8 knee4 ,9 ?is po/ure 8 maje/ic figure 0 f\nd :5 8 tomb 0 op5$ by ,otto ,,iii41 ne> ! end ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,! m>ble *air 9 :i* ! dead mon>* sat is /ill 9 ! ca!dral at ,aix3 ! o!r relics are at ,vi5na4 ,! spl5dor ( ,*>lemagne's reign made x a favorite !me ( romance among ! poets ( ,italy3 a mass ( poetic leg5ds ga!r$ ab\t x4 ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,empire4--,*>lemagne's empire compris$ all ,gaul1 & ,spa9 to ! ,ebro1 all t 0 !n ,g]many1 & ! great] "p ( ,italy4 ,slavonic nations along ! ,elbe 7 8 allies4 ,pannonia1 ,dacia1 ,i/ria1 ,liburnia1 ,dalmatia1--except ! sea-coa/ t[ns1 :i* 7 held by ! ,greeks1--7 subject to him4 ,he _h num]\s o!r allies & fri5ds4 ,ev5 ,h>unal-,ra%id1 ! fam\s ,caliph ( ,bagdad1 held him 9 high honor4 ,among ! mo/ valu$ pres5ts :i* 7 said to h come f ! ,caliph 7 an elephant1 & a curi\s wat]-clock1 :i* 0 s made1 t1 at ! end ( ! h\rs1 twelve horsem5 came out ( twelve w9d[s1 & clos$ up twelve o!r w9d[s4 ,?is gift fill$ ! inmates ( ! palace at ,aix ) wond]4 ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,p4--,! numb] ( free ,franks dim9i%$ "u ,*>lemagne4 ,!y 7 ?9n$ out 9 ! w>s1 or sunk into vassalage4 ,! w>n+s & rebukes 9 ! ,capitul>ies1 or body ( laws1 %[ t ! upp] cl]gy 7 (t5 s5sual & gre$y ( ga94 ,! bi%ops w\ld (t5 lead 9 p]son _! cont+5t ( troops1 until !y 7 =bidd5 to d s by law4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! population ( ,gaul 7 slaves4 ,*>lemagne made ,alcu9 ! pres5t ( an e/ate on :i* !re 7 tw5ty ?\s& slaves4 ,especially 9 times ( sc>city1 z 9 #hje & #hjf1 _! lot 0 a mis]able "o4 ,at su* times1 !y fl$ 9 cr[ds to ! mona/]ies4 ,! social /ate 0 t ( feudalism 9 all b ! developm5t ( t indep5d5ce 9 ! great] lords1 :i* 0 delay$ by ! /r5g? ( ,k>l1 b fo/]$1 at ! same "t1 by 8 w>s & 8 policy t[>ds ! high] cl]gy4 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,g]many3 ,,boniface4--,! mo/ active mission>ies 9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies 71 f ! ,briti% isl&s4 ,at fir/ !y 7 f ,irel& & ,scotl&4 ,columban1 :o di$ 9 #fae1 & 8 pupil ,gallus1 labor$1 n )\t success1 among ! ,alemanni4 ,gallus e/abli%$ himself z a h]mit ne> ,lake ,con/ance4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,gall4 ,! ,saxon mission>ies f ,engl& 7 /ill m effective4 ,! mo/ em95t ( ^! 0 ,w9frid1 :o receiv$ f ,rome ! "n ( ,bonifacius 7#fhj-gee74 ,he conv]t$ ! ,hessians1 & f\nd$ mona/]ies1 among !m ! great mona/]y ( ,fulda4 ,!re 8 disciple1 ,/urm1 ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s1 direct$ ! en]gies ( f\r ?\s& monks1 by ^: unsp>+ labors ! wild]ness 0 gradually reclaim$1 & br\ght into a /ate ( cultivation4 ,boniface _h prov$ ! impot5ce ( ! hea!n gods by fell+ ) ! axe an ag$ oak at ,geism>1 :i* 0 held sacr$ by _! wor%ip]s4 ,among ! ,?ur+ians1 ,bav>ians1 & o!r tribes1 he extirpat$ paganism by peaceful means4 ,he organiz$ ! ,g]man ,*ur* "u ! guidance ( ! popes1 &1 9 #gdc1 0 made ar*bi%op ( ,m5iz1 & primate4 ,b 8 ,*ri/ian ardor mov$ him to c>ry ! gospel 9 p]son to ! savage ,frisians1 by :om he 0 sla94 ,he ?us cr[n$ 8 long c>e] ) m>tyrdom4 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,sc&9avians4--,! apo/le ( ! ,sc&9avians 0 ,ansg> 7#hja-hfe74 ,! ar*bi%opric ( ,hamburg 0 f\nd$ = him by ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 ) ! papal cons5t2 b1 z ,hamburg 0 soon plund]$ by pirates1 he became bi%op ( ,brem5 7#hdi74 ,9 t region he prea*$ ) success4 ,two visits he made to ,sw$51 ! fir/ ) little p]man5t result2 b1 at ! second visit 7#hee71 ! new fai? 0 tol]at$1 & took root4 ,! triumph ( ! religion ( ! cross1 :i* ,ansg> _h plant$ 9 ,d5m>k1 0 secur$ !re :5 ,canute became k+ ( ,engl&4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian k+ 9 ,sw$5 0 ,olaf ,s*ooskonig 7#ajjh74 ,9 ,norway1 ,*ri/ianity 0 mu* resi/$2 b :5 ,olaf ! ,?ick1 :o 0 a devot$ adh]5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 _h p]i%$ 9 battle 7#ajcc71 8 p1 :o held him 9 honor1 fell 9 ) ! *ur* arrangem5ts :i* he _h orda9$2 & he became ,/4 ,olaf1 ! patron sa9t ( ,norway4 ,,! ,,b5$ict9es4--,b5$ict1 born at ,nursia1 9 ,umbria1 9 #dhj1 ! f\nd] ( ! mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o1 nor?-we/ ( ,naples1 0 ! mo/ influ5tial ag5t 9 organiz+ mona/icism 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,he 0 too wise to adopt ! extreme asceticism t _h (t5 prevail$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & 8 judici\s regulations comb9$ manual labor ) /udy & devotion4 ,!y n only came to be ! law = ! multitude ( mona/]ies ( 8 own ord]1 b also s]v$ z ! g5]al patt]n1 on ! basis ( :i* num]\s o!r ord]s 9 lat] times 7 con/itut$4 ,8 societies ( monks 7 at fir/ made up ( laics1 b aft]w>ds ( prie/s4 ,! ?ree v[s ( ! monk 7 *a/ity1 includ+ ab/95ce f m>riage2 pov]ty1 or ! r5unciation ( p]sonal possessions2 & ob$i5ce to sup]iors4 ,! ,b5$ict9e cloi/]s long cont9u$ to be asylums = ! di/ress$1 s*ools ( education = ! cl]gy1 & tea*]s ( agriculture & ! useful arts to ! p 9 ! regions :]e !y 7 plant$4 ,_! abbots rose to great dignity & influ5ce1 & /ood on a level ) ! highe/ ecclesia/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,dissolution ,,op ,,*>lemagne',s ,,empire3 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,k+doms ,,( ,,france1 ,,g]many1 ,,& ,,italy4 ,,divisions ,,9 ,,! ,,empire4--,! influ5ce ( ,*>lemagne 0 p]man5t2 n s 8 empire4 ,x _h "o religion & "o gov]nm5t1 b x 0 discordant 9 language & 9 laws4 ,! ,gallo-,romans & ! ,italians spoke ! ,romance language1 ) v>iations ( dialect4 ,! ,g]mans us$ ! ,teutonic tongue4 ,*>lemagne left to ! ,lomb>ds1 to ! ,saxons1 & to o!r peoples1 _! own special laws4 ,! great bond ( unity _h be5 ! =ce ( 8 own "* & ! vigor ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,8 dea? 01 !re=e1 ! signal = confusion & division4 ,! t5d5cy to dismemb]m5t 0 aid$ by ! ambition ( ! pr9ces ( ! imp]ial family4 ,! ,au/rasian ,franks1 to :om ,*>lemagne belong$1 crav$ unity4 ,! ,gallo-,romans 9 ! ,we/1 ! ,teutons 9 ! ,ea/1 aspir$ aft] indep5d5ce4 ,l\is ! ,pi\s 7#had-hdj71 ,*>lemagne's y\nge/ son1--:o1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dea? ( 8 eld] bro!rs1 0 ! sole successor ( 8 fa!r1--lack$ ! en]gy requisite = s difficult a place4 ,he 0 bett] adapt$ to a cloi/] ?an to a ?rone4 ,he _h be5 cr[n$ at ,aix be=e 8 fa!r's dea?2 b he cons5t$ to be cr[n$ anew by ,pope ,/eph5 ,,iv4 at ,rheims1 9 #haf4 ,8 tr\bles began ) a premature division ( 8 /ates betwe5 8 sons1 ,lo?>1 ,pip91 & ,l\is4 ,8 nephew1 ,b]nh>d1 :o 0 to reign 9 ,italy 9 subord9ation to 8 uncle1 rebell$1 b 0 captur$ & kill$ 7#hah74 ,9 ord] to provide = 8 son ,*>les ! ,bald1 ^: "m ,judi? he _h m>ri$ = 8 second wife1 he made a new division 9 #hbi4 ,! eld] sons at once revolt$ aga9/ _! fa!r1 & ,judi? & h] son 7 %ut up 9 a cloi/] 7#hcj74 ,l\is ! son rep5t$1 ! ,saxons & ,ea/ ,franks support$ ! emp]or1 & he 0 re/or$4 ,9 #hcc he took away ,aquita9e f ,pip91 & gave x to ,*>les4 ,! rebelli\s sons aga9 rose up aga9/ him4 ,9 company ) ,pope ,gregory ,,iv41 :o jo9$ !m1 !y took _! fa!r prison] on ! pla9s ( ,alsace1 8 troops hav+ des]t$ him4 ,! place 0 long kn[n z ! ,field ( ,lies4 ,he 0 compell$ by ! bi%ops to confess 8 s9s 9 ! ca!dral at ,soissons1 read+ ! li/ al\d4 ,once m ,l\is 0 releas$1 & =gave 8 sons2 b p>tition aft] p>tition ( t]ritory1 ) cont9u$ discord1 foll[$ until 8 dea?4 ,! qu>rels ( 8 surviv+ sons1 ,lo?>1 ,l\is ! ,g]man1 & ,*>les ! ,bald1 br\ght on1 9 #hda1 ! great battle ( ,font5ailles4 ,! conte/ 0 occasion$ by ! ambition ( ,lo?>1 ! elde/1 :o claim$ = himself ! :ole imp]ial inh]itance4 ,!re 0 great c>nage1 & ,lo?> 0 defeat$4 ,! bi%ops pres5t saw 9 ! result a v]dict ( ,god 9 favor ( 8 two adv]s>ies4 ,! result 0 ! ,treaty ( ,v]dun = ! division ( ! empire4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,! ,,treaty ,,( ,,v]dun4--,l\is ! ,g]man took ! ,ea/]n & ,g]man ,franks1 & ,*>les ! ,bald ! ,we/]n & ,lat9iz$ ,franks4 ,lo?>1 :o reta9$ ! imp]ial title1 receiv$ ! middle portion ( ! ,frank t]ritory1 includ+ ,italy & a long1 n>r[ /rip ( t]ritory betwe5 ! dom9ions ( 8 bro!rs1 & ext5d+ to ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,?is l& took lat] ! "n ( ,lo?>+ia1 or ,lorra9e4 ,x always _h ! "* ( a bord]-l&4 ,:ile ,l\is's %>e compris$ only ,g]man-speak+ peoples1 ,*>les's k+dom 0 made up almo/ exclusively ( ,gallo-,roman inhabitants2 :ile "u ,lo?> ! two races 7 m+l$4 ,?is division m>ks ! bir? ( ! ,g]man & ,fr5* nations z su*4 ,! ,g]man-speak+ peoples 9 ! ,ea/1 :o 7 affiliat$ 9 language1 cu/oms1 & _s1 m & m grew toge!r into a nation4 ,9 l mann]1 ! subjects ( ! ,we/]n k+dom m & m 7 resolv$ into a ,franco-,roman nationality4 ,lo?> rul$ at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & 0 /yl$ emp]or2 b ea* ( ! o!r k+doms 0 indep5d5t1 & ! empire ( ,*>lemagne 0 dissolv$4 ,only = a %ort "t1 "u ,*>les ! ,fat 7#hha-hhg71 ne>ly ! :ole mon>*y ( ,*>lemagne 0 unit$ "u "o scept]4 ,:5 he 0 depos$ x 0 aga9 brok5 9 pieces2 & f\r di/9ct k+doms em]g$1--^? ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,franks1 ! =]unn]s ( ,g]many & ,france1 & ! k+doms ( ,italy & ( ,burgundy1 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,gaul1 :i* 7 sometimes unit$ & sometimes sep>ate4 ,lo?>+ia 0 atta*$ n[ to ! ,ea/]n & n[ to ! ,we/]n ,frank k+dom4 ,9 !ory !re 0 n a sev]ance1 b a %>+1 ( ! common possession :i* _h be5 ! object ( cont5tion4 ,,ea/]n ,,c>lov+ians4--,*>les ! ,fat 0 a weak & sluggi% pr9ce4 ,he (f]$ no effectual resi/ance to ! de/ructive ravages ( ! ,normans1 or ,sc&9avian ,nor?m54 ,he 0 depos$ 9 #hhg1 & di$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> on an isl& 9 ! ,lake ( ,con/ance4 ,8 successor1 ! gr&son ( ,l\is ! ,g]man1 ,arnulf1 duke ( ,c>9?ia1 became k+ ( ! ,g]mans1 7#hhg-hii7 & emp]or2 &1 aft] 8 %ort reign1 ! l9e ( ,l\is di$ out 9 ,l\is ! ,*ild1 ! weak son ( ,arnulf 7#ijj-iaa74 ,! h\se ( ,*>lemagne surviv$ only among ! ,we/]n ,franks4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ! ,*ild1 ,hatto 7,i471 ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz & primate ( ,g]many1 0 reg5t & gu>dian ( ! k+4 ,he 0 a bold def5d] ( ! unity ( ! empire4 ,he 0 *>g$1 truly or falsely1 ) tak+ ! life ( ,adalb]t1 a ,frank nobleman :om he _h entic$ into 8 ca/le4 ,!re 0 a popul> tradition t ! devil seiz$ ,hatto's corpse1 & ?rew x into ! crat] ( ,m\nt tna4 ,! mi/ake is (t5 made ( connect+ ! popul> leg5d ( ! ,m\se-t[] at ,b+5 on ! ,rh9e1 ) him4 ,x 0 told ( a lat] ,hatto 7,hatto ,,ii471 :o 0 likewise ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz 7#ifh74 ,he 0 *>g$ ) %utt+ up ! poor 9 a b>n1 9 a "t ( fam9e1 & ( burn+ !m !re4 ,z ! /ory runs1 he call$ !m rats :o ate ! corn4 ,numb]less mice swam to ! t[] :i* he _h built 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ream1 & dev\r$ him4 ,s\!y has put ! tale into a ballad1--,god's ,judgm5t on a ,wick$ ,bi%op4 ,,k+dom ,,( ,,france4--,9 #hda ,r\5 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,normans1 & ,p>is lay op5 to _! attacks4 ,9 #hfa ,*>les ! ,bald inve/$ a brave soldi]1 ,rob]t ! ,/rong1 ^: desc5t is n kn[n1 ) ! c\nty ( ,p>is1 t he might resi/ ! invad]s4 ,he held ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,se9e & ! ,loire1 "u ! "n ( ! ,du*y ( ,france4 ,! o!r ,francia1 ea/ ( ! ,rh9e1 cont9u$ to be an important "p ( ,g]many1 ! di/rict call$ ,franconia4 ,rob]t 0 ! greatgr&fa!r ( ,hugh ,capet1 ! f\nd] ( ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,"u ! imbecile ,*>les ! ,fat1 ! audaci\s ,nor?m5 7#hhe-hhf7 laid siege to ,p>is4 ,x 0 ,odo1 or ,eudes1 c\nt ( ,p>is1 :o l$ ! citiz5s 9 _! h]oic & successful resi/ance4 ,him ! nobles ( ,france *ose to be _! k+4 ,8 family 7 call$ ,dukes ( ! ,fr5*4 ,_! du*y--,we/]n or ,lat9 ,francia--0 ! /ronge/ /ate nor? ( ! ,loire4 ,! feudal lords 7 gr[+ mighti]1 & ! imp]ial or royal p[] 0 becom+ weak]4 ,aft] ,odo ( ,p>is 0 elect$ to ! ,we/]n k+dom1 !re foll[$ a p]iod ( ab\t a hundr$ ye>s dur+ :i* !re 0 a k+ sometimes f 8 h\se & sometimes f ! family ( ! ,c>lov+ians4 ,! latt] /ill spoke ,g]man1 &1 :5 !y _h ! p[]1 reign$ at ,laon 9 ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ! k+dom4 ,odo rul$ f #hhh until #hih4 ,he _h to leave ! s\!rn "p ( ,france indep5d5t4 ,dur+ ! la/ five ye>s ( 8 life he 0 oblig$ to cont5d ) ,*>les ! ,simple 7#hic-ibi71 :o 0 elect$ k+ by ! ,c>lov+ian p>ty ( ! nor?4 ,! mo/ not$ ( ! ,c>lov+ian k+s at ,laon 0 ,l\is f beyond seas 7#icf-ied71 ,*>les's son1 :o _h be5 c>ri$ to ,engl& = safety4 ,8 reign 0 a con/ant /ruggle ) ,hugh ! ,great1 duke ( ! ,fr5*1 ! nephew ( ,k+ ,odo4 ,hugh w\ld n accept ! cr[n himself4 ,on ! dea? ( ,l\is ,v4 7#ihf-ihg71 ! direct l9e ( ,*>lemagne became ext9ct4 ,! only ,c>lov+ian heir 0 8 uncle1 ,*>les1 duke ( ,lorra9e4 ,8 claim ! b>ons w\ld n recognize1 b elect$ ,hugh ,capet1 duke ( ,france1 to be k+1 :o1 on ! #a/ 7or ! #c;d7 ( ,july1 #ihg1 0 solemnly cr[n$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,noyon1 by ! ar*bi%op ( ,rheims4 ,j at ?is juncture1 :5 ! conte/ 0 betwe5 ! dukes ( ! ,fr5* & ,*>les ( ,lorra9e1 ! ,c>lov+ian claimant to ! sov]eignty1 ! adhesion & support ( ,duke ,ri*>d ( ,norm&y 7#idc-iif7 0 ( decisive effect4 ,! ,normans _h be5 on ! side ( ,laon2 n[ !y turn$ ! scale 9 favor ( ! elevation ( ! ,duke ( ,france4 ,! ,g]man p>ty at ,laon c\ld n )/& ! comb9$ p[] ( ,r\5 & ,p>is4 ,?us ) ,hugh ,capet1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,capetian l9e1 ! k+dom ( ,france began1 hav+ ,p>is = its capital2 & ! "n ( ,france came gradually to be appli$ to ! great] "p ( ,gaul4 ,b :5 ,hugh ,capet became k+1 ! great feudal /ates 7 almo/ indep5d5t ( ! royal control4 ,eight 7 above ! re/ 9 p[] & ext5t4 ,! c\nts ( ,fl&]s1 ,*ampagne1 & ,v]m&ois1 & ! dukes ( ,norm&y1 ,brittany1 ,burgundy1 & ,aquita9e1 reg>d$ !mselves z ! new k+'s pe]s or equals4 ,lorra9e1 ,arles1 & ,fran*e ,comt--p>ts ( mod]n ,france--held ( ! emp]or1 & 71 9 fact1 ,g]man4 ,hugh ,capet's duk$om 0 divid$ by ! ,se9e4 ,he 0 lay abbot ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ! mo/ important *ur* 9 ,france4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,k+dom4--,) ! dea? ( ,l\is ! ,*ild 7#iaa7 ! ,g]man bran* ( ! ,c>lov+ian l9e 0 ext+ui%$4 ,! ,g]mans _h to *oose a k+ f ano!r family4 ,g]many1 l ,france1 0 n[ compos$ ( great fiefs4 ,b !re 7 two p>ties1 diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 _! "* & mann]s4 ,! "o consi/$ ( ! old] ,alemannic & ,au/rasian unions1 :]e ! traces ( ,roman influ5ce cont9u$1 :]e ! l>ge cities 7 situat$1 & ! pr9cipal sees4 ,"h 7 =m$ ! du*ies ( ,swabia & ,bav>ia1 & ,franconia 7,au/rasian ,france74 ,to ! o!r1 consi/+ *iefly ( ! du*y ( ,saxony1 7 atta*$ ,?ur+ia & a "p ( ,frisia4 ,9 ,france ! royal p[]1 at ! />t1 0 s weak1 t1 n be+ dread$1 x 0 suff]$ to gr[4 ,9 ,g]many ! royal p[] 0 s /rong t !re 0 a con/ant ef=t to r$uce x4 ,h5ce 9 ,france ! result 0 c5tralization2 9 ,g]many ! t5d5cy 0 to division4 ,9 ,france ! long cont9uance ( ! family ( ,hugh ,capet made ! mon>*y h]$it>y4 ,9 ,g]many ! frequ5t *anges ( dyna/y help$ to make x elective4 ,,conrad ,i4--,:5 ,l\is di$1 ,conrad ( ,franconia 7#iaa-iah7 0 *os5 k+ by ! cl]ical & secul> nobles ( ! five du*ies1 9 :i* ! c\nts elevat$ !mselves to ! rank ( dukes1--,franconia1 ,saxony1 ,lorra9e1 ,swabia1 & ,bav>ia4 ,g]many ?us became an elective k+dom2 b s9ce1 z a rule1 ! sov]eignty 0 cont9u$ 9 "o family1 ! electoral pr9ciple 0 qualifi$ by an h]$it>y elem5t4 ,conrad began ! /ruggle aga9/ ! great feudatories1 :i* w5t on ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! dukes always *af$ "u ! rule ( a k+2 yet1 = ! glory ( ! nation & = _! own safety aga9/ attacks f abroad1 !y 7 anxi\s to pres]ve x f ext9ction4 ,! ,hung>ians1 to :om ,l\is ! ,*ild _h cons5t$ to pay tribute1 r5ew$ _! incursions4 ,!y m>*$ 9 =ce z f> z ,brem54 ,conrad _h wi%$ to r$uce ! p[] ( ,saxony1 & to deta* f x ,?ur+ia4 ,he 0 con/antly at w> ) 8 own subjects4 ,yet on 8 dea?-b$ he %[$ 8 dis9t]e/$ reg>d to ! int]e/s ( ! k+dom4 ,he call$ to him 8 bro!r ,eb]h>d1 & *>g$ him to c>ry 8 cr[n & cr[n jewels to 8 enemy ,h5ry1 duke ( ! ,saxons1 :o 0 mo/ capable ( def5d+ ! c\ntry aga9/ ! ,hung>ian invad]s4 ,,italy4--,aft] ! empire ( ,*>les ! ,fat 0 brok5 up1 a /rong anti-,g]man feel+ 0 manife/ 9 ,italy4 ,! p want$ ! k+ ( ,italy1 &1 if possible1 ! emp]or ( ! ,romans1 to be ( _! own nation4 ,b !y c\ld n agree3 !re 0 a viol5t conte/ betwe5 ! support]s ( ,b]5g> ( ,friuli & ! support]s ( ,guido ( ,spoleto4 ,arnulf came twice into ,italy to quell ! di/urbance1 & on 8 second visit1 9 #hif1 0 cr[n$ emp]or4 ,civil w> soon broke out aga94 ,)9 tw5ty ye>s ! cr[n _h be5 giv5 to five diff]5t aspirants4 ,!y 7 ,g]mans1 or 7 ,italians only 9 "n4 ,b]5g> ,i4 7#hhh-ibd7 0 cr[n$ emp]or by ! ,pope1 b _h to fight aga9/ a competitor1 ,rudolph1 k+ ( ,burgundy1 :om ! turbul5t nobles set up 9 8 place4 ,b]5g> 0 f9ally defeat$ & assass9at$4 ,8 gr&son1 ,b]5g> ,,ii4 7( ,ivrea7 7#iej-ifa71 _h to fly to ,g]many 7#idc7 to escape a competitor = ! ?rone1 ,hugh1 c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 bro!r ( ,erm5g>de1 ,b]5g>'s /ep-"m1 to :om %e _h giv5 ! cr[n4 ,8 relations ) ,otto ,i4 7! ,great7 l$ to v important consequ5ces1 to be n>rat$ h]eaft]4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,9 ,,! ,,t5? ,,c5tury4--,"u ,*>les ! ,bald1 !re 7 n want+ signs ( intellectual activity4 ,john ,scotus ,erig5a1--or ,john ,scot1 ,er9born1--:o 0 at ! head ( 8 palace-s*ool1 0 an acute philosoph]1 :o1 9 8 speculations 9 ! ve9 ( ,new ,platonism1 t5d$ to pan!i/ic doctr9e4 ,8 op9ions 7 condemn$ at ! in/ance ( ,h9cm>1 ! em95t ar*bi%op ( ,rheims4 ,b aft] ! deposition ( ,*>les ! ,fat 7#hhg71 !re foll[$ a p]iod ( d>kness ?r\gh\t ! ,we/4 ,! univ]sal political disord] 0 en\gh to acc\nt = ?is preval5t ignorance4 ,b1 9 addition1 ! ,lat9 language ceas$ to be spok5 by ! p1 :ile ! new v]nacul> tongues 7 n r$uc$ to writ+4 ,lat9 c\ld only be le>n$ 9 ! s*ools2 & ^! fell m & m into decay1 9 ! confusion ( ! times4 ,! m5tal /imulus :i* ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 _h communicat$1 !re 0 no?+1 z yet1 9 ! new languages to replace4 ,,! ,,papacy ,,9 ,,! ,,n9? ,,& ,,t5? ,,c5turies4--,:ile ,italy 0 "u ! rule ( ,ju/9ian & 8 successors1 ! popes 7 subject to ! tyranny ( ! ,ea/]n emp]ors4 ,aft] ! ,lomb>d conque/1 _! position1 difficult z x 0 on acc\nt ( ! small protection af=d$ !m f ,con/ant9ople1 0 favorable to ! gr[? ( _! influ5ce & au?ority4 ,by _! connection ) ,pip9 & ,*>lemagne1 !y 7 recogniz$ z hav+ a spiritual head%ip1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! secul> supremacy ( ! emp]or4 ,! election ( ! ,pope 0 to be sanction$ by ! emp]or1 & t ( ! emp]or by ! ,pope4 ,b ,*>lemagne 0 supreme rul] ov] all classes & p]sons 9 ,italy1 z 9 8 own imm$iate dom9ions4 ,9 ! disord] t ensu$ ^u 8 dea?1 ! imp]ial au?ority 9 all directions 0 r$uc$4 ,! ,frank bi%ops 7 frequ5tly appeal$ to z umpires among ! cont5d+ ,c>ol+ian pr9ces4 ,! gr[? ( ! p[] ( ! great bi%ops c>ri$ 9 x ! exaltation ( ! highe/ bi%op ( all1 ! ,roman pontiff4 ,a pallium1 or mantle1 0 s5t by ! ,pope to all ar*bi%ops on _! accession1 & 0 consid]$ to be a badge ( ! papal au?ority4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9? c5tury1 !re appe>$ :at are call$ ! pseudo-,isidorian decretals1 consi/+ ( =g$ ecclesia/ical docum5ts purport+ to belong to ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies1 :i* af=d$ a sanction to ! highe/ claims ( ! *ief rul]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,^! are univ]sally kn[n to be an inv5tion2 b1 9 t uncritical day1 ?is 0 n suspect$4 ,!y conta9$ n mu* 9 behalf ( hi]>*ical claims :i* _h n1 at "o "t or ano!r1 be5 actually ass]t$ & ma9ta9$4 ,9 ! _s ( ! decretals ,pope ,ni*olas ,i4 7#heh-hfg7 act$1 :5 ?is en]getic pontiff ov]rul$ ! iniquit\s decision ( two ,g]man synods1 & oblig$ ,lo?>1 k+ ( ,lo?>+ia1 to take back 8 lawful wife1 ,!utb]ga1 :om he _h divorc$ out ( reg>d to a mi/ress1 ,waldrada4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury 7#ijd-ifb71 :5 ,italy1 9 ! abs5ce ( imp]ial re/ra9t1 0 torn by viol5t factions1 ! ,papacy 0 = half a c5tury dispos$ ( by ! ,tuscan p>ty1 & especially by two deprav$ wom5 belong+ to x1 ,!odora1 & h] daught] ,m>ia 7or ,m>ozia74 ,! sc&als belong+ to ?is dismal p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! papal in/itution are to be ascrib$ to ! an>*y prevail+ 9 ,italy1 & to ! vil5ess ( ! individuals :o usurp$ p[] at ,rome4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,invasions ,,( ,,! ,,nor?m5 ,,& ,,o!rs3 ,,! ,,feudal ,,sy/em4 ,,incursions ,,( ,,! ,,nor?m54--,! ,sc&9avians1 or ,nor?m51 7 a ,teutonic p1 by :om 7 gradually =m$ ! k+doms ( ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,sw$54 ,_! incursions1 prior to ,*>lemagne1 7 t[>ds ! ,rh9e1 b at l5g? assum$ m ! "* ( piracy4 ,!y coa/$ along ! %ores 9 _! little fleets1 & lay 9 wait = _! enemies 9 creeks & bays2 :5ce !y 7 call$ vik+s1 or *ildr5 ( ! bays4 ,by degrees !y v5tur$ out f>!r on ! sea1 & became bold] 9 _! depr$ations4 ,!y s5t _! light vessels along ! riv]s ( ,france1 & e/abli%$ !mselves 9 b&s ( five or six hundr$ at conv5i5t /ations1 :5ce !y salli$ out to plund] ! neighbor+ cities & c\ntry places4 ,!y did n cause1 b !y ha/5$1 ! fall ( ! ,frank ,empire4 ,9 #hda !y burn$ ,r\52 9 #hdc !y plund]$ ,nantes1 ,sa9tes1 & ,bordeaux4 ,ha/+s1 a fam\s lead] ( ^! h>dy sea-robb]s1 sail$ along ! coa/ ( ! ,spani% p59sula1 took ,lisbon & pillag$ x1 & burn$ ,seville4 ,mak+ a desc5t ^u ,tuscany1 he captur$1 by /ratagem1 & plund]$ ! city ( ,luna1 :i* he at fir/ mi/ook = ,rome4 ,9 #hec ! d>+ rov]s captur$ ,t\rs1 & burn$ ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,m>t92 &1 ?ree ye>s lat]1 !y appe>$ at ,orleans4 ,9 #heg !y burn$ ! *ur*es ( ,p>is1 & c>ri$ away z captive ! abbot ( ,/4 ,d5is4 ,z pagans !y _h no scruple ab\t attack+ *ur*es & abbeys1 to :i* fugitives resort$ = safety & = ! hid+ ( _! treasures4 ,rob]t ! ,/rong fell 9 fight+ ^! m>aud]s 7#hff74 ,_! deva/ations cont9u$ d[n to ! ye> #iaa1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,simple2 !n ! same arrangem5t 0 made :i* ! ,romans _h adopt$ 9 relation to ! ,g]manic invad]s4 ,by ! advice ( 8 nobles1 ,*>les decid$ to ab&on to ! ,nor?m51 t]ritory :]e !y c\ld settle1 & :i* !y c\ld cultivate z _! own4 ,rolf1 or ,rollo1 "o ( _! mo/ =midable *iefs1 accept$ ! (f]2 & ! ,nor?m5 e/abli%$ !mselves 7#iaa7 9 ! di/rict kn[n aft]w>ds z ,norm&y4 ,rollo receiv$ baptism1 wore ! title ( duke1 & ?us became ! liege ( ,k+ ,*>les1 :o reign$ at ,laon1 & :om he loyally s]v$4 ,lat] ! ,normans jo9$ h&s ) ducal ,france1 & help$ ,p>is to ?r[ (f its dep5d5ce on royal ,france & ! h\se ( ,*>lemagne :i* _h rul$ at ,laon4 ,x 0 by ,norman help t ! du*y ( ,france 0 rais$ to ! rank ( a k+dom1 & ,hugh ,capet1 9 ! room ( be+ a vassal ( k+s ( ,g]man l9eage1 became ! f\nd] ( ,fr5* sov]eigns4 ,"u ! ,normans1 tillage fl\ri%$2 & ! feudal sy/em 0 e/abli%$ ) great] regul>ity ?an else:]e4 ,,! ,,danes ,,9 ,,engl&4--,:51 9 #hbg1 ,egb]t1 ! k+ ( ,wessex1 unit$ all ! ,saxons 9 ,engl& "u 8 rule1 ! ,dani% attacks _h already begun4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s ^! ravages increas$4 ,alfr$ 7#hga-ija7 0 r$uc$ to su* /raits 9 #hgh1 t1 ) a few foll[]s1 he hid himself among ! swamps & woods ( ,som]set%ire4 ,x 0 !n1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 t he 0 scold$ by ! woman1 :o1 n kn[+ him1 _h set him to wat* h] cakes1 b f\nd t he1 absorb$ 9 o!r ?\ghts1 _h all[$ !m to burn4 ,lat]1 ,alfr$ ga9$ advantages ov] ! ,danes2 b1 9 ! treaty t 0 made ) !m1 !y receiv$1 z vassals ( ! ,we/ ,saxon k+1 ,ea/ ,anglia1 & "p ( ,essex & ,m]cia4 ,already !y _h a lodgm5t 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 s t ! l>g] "p ( ,engl& _h fall5 into ,dani% h&s4 ,! names ( t[ns end+ 9 by1 z ,:itby1 are ( ,dani% orig94 ,alfr$ compil$ a body ( laws call$ dooms1 f\nd$ mona/]ies1 & fo/]$ le>n+4 ,he himself translat$ _m books f ! ,lat94 ,8 brav]y 9 conflict ) ! ,danes enabl$ him to sp5d 8 la/ ye>s 9 quiet4 ,a!l/an1 ! gr&son ( ,alfr$ 7#ibe-idj71 0 victori\s ov] ! ,danes1 & ov] ! ,scot* & ,wel% ( ! ,nor?4 ,"u ,edg> 7#iei-ige71 ! p[] ( ,engl& 0 at its height4 ,he kept up a /rong fleet2 b1 9 ! "t ( ,ae!lr$ ,,ii4 7! ,unready71 ! ,dani% invasions 7 r5ew$4 ,he & 8 bad advis]s adopt$ ! practice ( buy+ (f ! invad]s at a l>ge price4 ,9 #iid ,sweg5 invad$ ! c\ntry4 ,he _h be5 baptiz$1 b _h gone back to hea!nism4 ,9 #ajac ,engl& 0 completely conqu]$ by him4 ,ae!lr$ fl$ to ,duke ,ri*>d ! ,good ( ,norm&y4 ,,canute4--,! son ( ,ae!lr$1 ,edmund1 surnam$ ,ironside1 aft] ! dea? ( ,sweg51 kept up ! w> ) 8 son ,cnut1 or ,canute4 ,aft] fight+ six pit*$ battles ) him1 ,edmund cons5t$ to divide ! k+dom ) him2 b 9 ! same ye> 7#ajaf7 ! ,engli% k+ di$4 ,canute 7#ajag-ajce7 n[ became k+ ( all ,engl&4 ,he _h pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity1 & unexpect$ly prov$ himself1 aft] 8 accession1 to be a good rul]4 ,"o ( ! leg5ds ab\t him is1 t he once _h a seat plac$ = himself by ! sea%ore1 & ord]$ ! ris+ tide n to d>e to wet 8 feet4 ,n be+ obey$ by ! da%+ waves1 he said1 ,let all m5 "k h[ empty & wor?less is ! p[] ( k+s1 = !re is none wor?y ( ! "n b ,he :om heav51 e>?1 & sea obey by et]nal laws4 ,aft] t he nev] wore 8 cr[n1 b left x on ! image ( ,jesus on ! cross4 ,canute inh]it$ ! cr[n ( ,d5m>k1 & won ,norway & "p ( ,sw$52 s t he 0 ! mo/ p[]ful pr9ce ( 8 "t4 ,8 sons1 h[ev]1 did n rule well2 & 9 #ajdb ! ,engli% *ose = k+ "o ( _! own p1 ,edw>d1 call$ ! ,confessor1 ! son ( ,ae!lr$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,canute1 ! p[] ( ! ,danes1 & ( ! ,nor?m5 g5]ally1 0 at its height4 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,engl& 7 rul$ by !m2 & ,sc&9avian pr9ces by desc5t gov]n$ 9 ,norm&y & 9 ,russia4 ,al?\gh a mo/ vigor\s race1 ! ,nor?m5 %[$ a wond]ful facility 9 adopt+ ! language & mann]s ( ! p among :om !y settl$4 ,! effect ( _! migrations 0 to dim9i% ! /r5g? & importance ( _! native c\ntries :i* !y _h left4 ,,o!r ,,settlem5ts ,,( ,,nor?m54--,! ,nor?m5 made _m o!r voyages :i* h n yet be5 m5tion$4 ,z e>ly z #heb !re 0 a ,sc&9avian k+ 9 ,dubl94 ,!y e>ly conqu]$ ! ,%etl& ,isles1 ! ,orkneys1 & ! ,hebrides4 ,on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,scotl&1 !y f\nd$ ! k+dom ( ,cai?ness1 :i* !y held to ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,icel& 0 discov]$ by ! ,nor?m51 & 0 settl$ by !m 9 #hgd4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,gre5l& 0 discov]$1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! t5? c5tury a colony 0 plant$ !re4 ,?is l$ to ! discov]y ( ! ma9l& ( ,am]ica1 & to ! occupation1 = a "t1 ( ,v9l&1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ,russia1 :]e ! ,nor?m5 7 call$ ,v>angians1 ,rurik1 "o ( _! lead]s1 occupi$ ,novgorod 9 #hfb1 & f\nd$ a l9e ( sov]eigns1 :i* cont9u$ until #aeih4 ,,incursions ,,( ,,s>ac5s4--,! ,s>ac5s 7 m>aud]s 9 ,italy1 z ! ,nor?m5 7 9 ,france4 ,f ,cairoan 79 ,tunis71 z we h se51 !y s5t out _! piratical fleets1 :i* ravag$ ,malta1 ,sicily1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,^! corsairs1 *eck$ = ! mom5t by ! fleets ( ,*>lemagne1 aft]w>ds began anew _! conque/s4 ,f ,sicily1 ( :i* !y made !mselves ma/]s 9 #hca1 !y pass$ ov] to ! ,italian ma9l&4 ,among _! de$s are includ$ ! burn+ ( ,o/ia1 ,civita ,vec*ia1 & ! weal?y abbey ( ,monte ,cass9o1 ,!y l&$ on ! %ores ( ,prov5ce1 e/abli%$ a milit>y colony !re1 pillag$ ,arles & ,m>seilles1 & cont9u$ _! depr$ations 9 ,s\!rn ,france & ,switz]l&4 ,,incursions ,,( ,,hung>ians4--,! ,magy>s1 call$ by ! ,greeks ,hung>ians1 a w>like p ( ! ,turanian gr\p ( nations1 cross$ ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s ab\t #hhi4 ,!y ov]ran ! :ole ( ,hung>y & ,transylvania4 ,9 #ijj1 9 ! c\rse ( _! pr$atory invasions1 !y p5etrat$ into ,bav>ia1 & ! k+ ( ,g]many paid !m tribute4 ,!y c>ri$ _! incursions into ,lomb>dy & into ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,!y ev5 cross$ ! ,rh9e1 & deva/at$ ,alsace1 ,lorra9e1 & ,burgundy4 ,su* t]ror did !y excite t _! "n rema9$ 9 ,france a synonym ( dete/able f]ocity4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,lat] ,,invasions4--,! incursions 9 ! n9? c5tury diff]$ f ! great ,g]manic invasions :i* _h subv]t$ ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! ,nor?m5 & ! ,s>ac5s mov$ 9 small b&s1 ^: ma9 object 0 plund]1 & n ei!r p]man5t conque/1 or1 z 0 ! aim ( ! ,arabians1 ! spread ( a religion by ! sword4 ,! ,hung>ians alone e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! valley ( ! ,!iss & ! ,danube1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,franks1 ! ,burgundians1 & ! ,go?s2 & !re !y rema9$4 ,! great effect ( ! la/ invasion 0 to accel]ate ! break+ up ( political unity1 & ! introduction ( feudal organization1 or ! prepond]ance ( local rule z oppos$ to c5traliz$ p[]4 ,,! ,,nor?m5 ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,italy4 ,lat] ?an ! ev5ts n>rat$ above1 !re 7 two great a*ievem5ts ( ! ,nor?m51 :i* x is mo/ conv5i5t to describe "h1 al?\gh !y occurr$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,!y are ! conque/ ( ,engl&1 & ! f\nd+ ( ! k+dom ( ,naples & ,sicily4 ,i4 ,,! ,,norman ,,conque/ ,,( ,,engl&4 ,! ,,norman ,,invasion4--,! du*y ( ,norm&y _h become v /rong & prosp]\s1 &1 "u ! ,fr5*-speak+ ,nor?m51 or ,normans1 _h gr[n to be "o ( ! pr9cipal /ates 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,edw>d1 k+ ( ,engl&1 surnam$ ! ,confessor1 or ,sa9t 7#ajdb-ajff7 _h be5 br\ght up 9 ,norm&y1 & favor$ 8 own ,norman fri5ds by lavi% gifts ( honors & (fices4 ,! p>ty oppos$ to ! =eign]s 0 l$ by ,godw91 e>l ( ! ,we/ ,saxons4 ,aft] be+ once bani%$1 he return$ 9 arms2 & ,norman knights & prie/s 7 glad to escape f ! c\ntry4 ,edw>d's wife 0 ,edi?1 daught] ( ,godw94 ,!y _h no *ildr52 & on 8 dea?-b$ he recomm5d$ t ,e>l ,h>old1 ! son ( ,godw91 %\ld be 8 successor4 ,! ,normans claim$ t he _h promis$ t _! duke1 ,william1 %\ld reign aft] him4 ,x 0 said t ,h>old himself1 on a visit to ,william1 _h1 ei!r will+ly or unwill+ly1 sworn to give him 8 support4 ,edw>d1 :o 0 dev\t 9 8 ways1 ?\gh a neglig5t rul]1 0 buri$ 9 ! mona/]y call$ ,we/m9/]1 :i* he _h built1 & :i* 0 ! precursor ( ! magnific5t *ur* be>+ ! same "n t 0 built aft]w>ds by ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,h>old 0 n[ cr[n$4 ,duke ,william1 full ( wra?1 appeal$ to ! sword2 &1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ar*deacon ,hildebr&1 ,pope ,alex&] ,,ii4 took 8 side1 & sanction$ 8 ent]prise ( conque/4 ,at ! same "t ! nor? ( ,engl& 0 invad$ by ! k+ ( ! ,norwegians1 a man ( gigantic /ature1 nam$ ,h>drada4 ,! ,norman invad]s l&$ )\t resi/ance on ! %ore ( ,sussex1 on ! #bh? ( ,septemb]1 #ajff1 & occupi$ ,ha/+s4 ,h>old encamp$ on ! heights ( ,s5lac4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,octob] ! great battle took place 9 :i* ! ,normans 7 completely victori\s4 ,! ,engli% /ood on a hill 9 a compact mass1 ) _! %ields 9 front & a palisade be=e !m4 ,!y repuls$ ! ,norman *>ges4 ,b ! ,normans pret5d$ to retreat4 ,?is mov$ ! ,saxons to break _! array 9 ord] to pursue4 ,! ,normans !n turn$ back1 & ru%$ ?r\gh ! palisade 9 a fi]ce onset4 ,an arr[ pi]c$ ! eye ( ,h>old1 & he 0 cut to pieces by f\r ,fr5* knights4 ,! ,norman duke1 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 0 cr[n$ k+ on ,*ri/mas ,day2 b x 0 f\r ye>s be=e he ov]came all resi/ance1 & got full control ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! l>ge/ e/ates & pr9cipal (fices 9 ,engl& he allott$ to ,normans & o!r =eign]s4 ,! cr[n ( ,william 0 h&$ d[n to 8 desc5dants1 & gradually ! conqu]ors & ! conqu]$ became m+l$ toge!r z "o p4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,norman ,,conque/4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,saxons4--,! ,saxons at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ 7 a /rong & h>dy race1 hospitable1 & fond ( good *e]1 :i* 0 apt to run into gluttony & revels4 ,_! dwell+s 7 poor1 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! bett] class ( ,normans4 ,!y 7 en?usia/ic 9 out-door sports1 su* z wre/l+ & hunt+4 ,!y f\ght on foot1 arm$ ) ! %ield & axe4 ,! common soldi]1 h[ev]1 (t5 _h no bett] weapon ?an a =k or a %>p5$ /ick4 ,! ordeals 9 vogue1 z a te/ ( guilt & innoc5ce :5 "o 0 accus$ ( a crime1 71 plung+ ! arm into boil+ wat]1 or hold+ a hot iron 9 ! h& = ?ree paces4 ,london 0 fa/ gr[+ to be ! *ief t[n1 & eclips+ ,w9*e/]1 ! old ,saxon capital4 ,a k+ l ,alfr$1 & s*ol>s l ,b$e & ,alcu91 n to speak ( old *ronicles & ballads1 %[ t lit]ature 0 valu$2 b ! ,dani% invasions 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 :]e s*ools & lett]s _h fl\ri%$1 did mu* to blight ! beg9n+s ( lit]>y progress4 ,,! ,,norman ,,_s ,,& ,,influ5ce4--,! tape/ry at ,bayeux repres5ts 9 a s]ies ( pictures ! c\rse ( ! ,norman conque/4 ,!re we see ! co/ume ( ! combatants4 ,! ,norman g5tlem5 7 m\nt$1 & f\ght ) lance & sword4 ,( _! brav]y & milit>y skill1 _! success af=ds abundant pro(4 ,al?\gh ! ,normans 7 victors & ma/]s 9 ,engl&1 n only 0 ! conque/ gradual1 b ! result ( x 0 ! amalgamation ( ! "o p ) ! o!r4 ,! v title ( conqu]or1 atta*$ to ,william1 0 a legal t]m 7conquae/or71 & meant pur*as] or acquir]4 ,!re 0 an obs]vance ( legal =ms 9 ! e/abli%m5t & adm9i/ration ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,! folkl&1 or ! public l&1 0 appropriat$ by him1 & became cr[n-l&4 ,s all ! l& ( ! ,engli% 0 consid]$ to be =feit$1 & e/ates 7 giv5 out lib]ally to ,norman g5tlem54 ,! nobility became ma9ly ,norman1 & ! same 0 true ( ! ecclesia/ics & o!r great (fic]s4 ,all ! l& 0 held z a grant f ! k+4 ,9 #ajhe ! mak+ ( ,domesday 0 decre$1 :i* 0 a complete /ati/ical survey ( all ! e/ates & prop]ty 9 ,engl&4 ,! object 0 to furni% a basis = taxation4 ,! ,domesday ,book is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & valuable monum5ts ( ,engli% hi/ory4 ,among ! *anges 9 law made by ,william 0 ! introduction ( ! ,norman wag] ( battle1 or ! duel1 by ! side ( ! ,saxon me?ods ( ordeal describ$ above4 ,9 mo/ ( ! *anges1 !re 0 n s mu* an uproot+ z a great trans=mation ( =m] rules & cu/oms4 ,,engl& ,,& ,,! ,,cont95t4--,"o ( ! mo/ important results ( ! ,norman ,conque/ 0 ! br++ ( ,engl& into mu* m intimate relations ) ! cont95t4 ,! horizon ( ,engli% ?\ght & life 0 wid5$4 ,"o incid5tal consequ5ce 0 ! clos] connection ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* ) ! ,papacy4 ,=eign ecclesia/ics1 "s ( !m m5 ( em95ce & ( le>n+1 7 br\ght 94 ,x 0 ?is connection ) ! cont95t t l$ ,engl& to take s important a "p 9 ! ,crusades4 ,,!n ,,norman ,,gov]nm5t4--,z reg>ds feudalism1 "o vital feature ( x--! hold+ ( l& by a milit>y t5ure1 or on condition ( milit>y s]vice--0 r$uc$ to a sy/em by ! conque/4 ,b ,william took c>e n to be ov]%ad[$ or endang]$ by 8 great vassals4 ,he levi$ taxes on all1 & ma9ta9$ ! place ( "l ( all 8 subjects4 ,he 0 k+ ( ! ,engli%1 & sov]eign "l ( ! ,norman nobles4 ,he summon$ to ! ,witan1 or ,great ,assembly1 ^? :om he *ose to call4 ,?is summons1 & ! "r to receive x1 became ! f\ndation ( ! ,pe]age4 ,out ( ! old ,saxon ,witan1 !re grew 9 ?is way ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,! l[] ord]s1 :5 summon$ at all1 7 summon$ 9 a mass2 aft]w>ds we %all f9d t !y 7 call$ by repres5tatives2 &1 9--! end1 :5 ! privilege ( appe>+ 9 ?is way 0 conv]t$ into a "r1 ! ,h\se ( ,commons came into be+4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,k+'s ,c\rt gradually came to be1 9 ! room ( ! ,assembly itself1 a judicial & gov]n+ ,committee ( ! ,assembly4 ,f ?is body ( ! k+'s imm$iate c\nselors em]g$ 9 "t ! ,privy ,c\ncil & ! ,c\rts ( ,law4 ,out ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil grew1 9 mod]n times1 ! ,cab9et1 compos$ ( :at are really ^? privy c\ncilors :o are specially summon$4 ,committees ( ! ,national ,assembly1 9 ! c\rse ( ,engli% hi/ory1 acquir$ sep>ate be+ & sep>ate p[]s1 z ! legislative1 judicial1 & executive bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?us ! ,engli% ,con/itution is ! product ( a /eady gr[?4 ,,m+l+ ,,( ,,blood ,,& ,,languages4--,a multitude ( ,normans emigrat$ into ,engl&1 especially to ,london4 ,! ,normans became ,engli%m51 z a natural consequ5ce4 ,b !y affect$ ! _s & mann]s ( ! p by :om !y 7 absorb$4 ,by op5+ av5ues = ,fr5* influ5ce1 *ivalry1 ) its peculi> ideas & ways1 0 br\ght into ,engl&4 ,b x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t ! ,normans 7 k9sfolk ( ! ,saxons4 ,bo? conqu]ors & conqu]$ 7 ,teutons4 ,! conque/ 0 v diff]5t1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 f :at ! conque/ ( ,g]many by ,france1 or ( ,france by ,g]many1 w\ld be4 ,! ,fr5* language :i* ! ,normans spoke _h be5 acquir$ by !m 9 _! adopt$ home across ! *annel4 ,to ?is s\rce ! ,lat9 elem5t1 or words ( ,lat9 etymology1 9 our ,engli% tongue is ma9ly due4 ,! loss ( ! old ,saxon inflections is ano!r m>k$ *ange2 b ?is is n due1 to s l>ge an ext5t1 solely to ! influ5ce ( ,norman spee*4 ,b ! ,engli% language cont9u$ to be ess5tially ,teutonic 9 its /ructure4 ,= a long "t ! two tongues liv$ side by side4 ,at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 if ,fr5* 0 ! language ( polite int]c\rse1 ,engli% 0 ! language ( common conv]sation & ( popul> writ+s4 ,le>n$ m5 spoke1 or c\ld speak1 & !y wrote1 9 ,lat94 ,,norman ,,build+s4--,! ,normans built ! ca!drals & ca/les4 ,d[n to ! elev5? c5tury1 ! ,romanesque1 or r\nd-ar*$ ar*itecture1 d]iv$ f ,italy1 _h be5 ! "o preval5t /yle 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! modification ( x1 call$ ! ,norman /yle1 we f9d ! r\nd ar* associat$ ) massive pi]s & n>r[ w9d[s4 ,durham ca!dral is an example ( ! ,norman ,romanesque type ( build+4 ,! ,norman conqu]ors cov]$ ,engl& ) ca/les1 ( :i* ! ,:ite ,t[] ( ,london1 built by ,william1 is a not$ specim54 ,sometimes !y 7 squ>e1 & sometimes polygonal2 b1 except 9 ! palaces ( ! k+s1 !y af=d$ little room = arti/ic beauty ( =m or decoration4 ,!y 7 erect$ z =tresses1 & 7 reg>d$ by ! p ) execration z /rongholds ( oppression4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,normans ,,9 ,,italy ,,& ,,sicily4 ,,! ,,norman ,,k+dom ,,( ,,naples ,,& ,,sicily4--,e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 knights f ,norm&y w&]$ into ,s\!rn ,italy1 & gave _! aid to diff]5t /ates 9 battle aga9/ ! ,greeks & ,s>ac5s4 ,9 #ajbg ! rul] ( ,naples gave !m a f]tile di/rict1 :]e !y built ! city ( ,av]sa4 ,by ! reports ( _! victories & good =tune1 troops ( pilgrims & w>riors 7 attract$ to jo9 !m4 ,! valiant sons ( ! old c\nt1 ,tancr$ ( ,hauteville1 7 among ! numb]4 ,!y support$ ! ,greek vic]oy 9 an attack on ! ,arabs 9 ,sicily2 b1 on 8 fail+ duly to rew>d !m1 !y turn$ aga9/ him1 & conqu]$ ,apulia = !mselves4 ,"u ,rob]t ,guisc>d 7#ajeg-ajhe71 !y made !mselves ma/]s ( all ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,!y _h already defeat$ ,pope ,leo ,,ix4 at ,civitella1 & receiv$ f him z fiefs _! pres5t & anticipat$ conque/s 9 ,apulia1 ,calabria1 & ,sicily4 ,twelve ye>s aft]1 ,rob]t1 ) ! help ( 8 bro!r ,rog]1 wre/$ ,sicily1 ) its capital1 ,pal]mo1 f ! ,s>ac5s1 :o 7 divid$ among !mselves 7#ajgb74 ,! seaports ( ,otranto & ,b>i 7 also tak5 by ,rob]t4 ,he ev5 ent]$ on ! gr& s*eme ( conqu]+ ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 b 8 dea? fru/rat$ ?is endeavor4 ,8 nephew ,rog] ,,ii4 7#aacj-aaed7 took ! rema9+ possessions ( ! ,greeks 9 ,s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily1 unit$ !m 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples & ,sicily1 & receiv$ f ! ,pope ! title ( k+4 ,9 ?is k+dom ! feudal sy/em 0 e/abli%$1 & trade & indu/ry fl\ri%$4 ,9 culture & prosp]ity x surpass$ all ! o!r ,italian communities4 ,at ,sal]no 0 a fam\s s*ool ( m$ic9e & natural sci5ce2 at ,amalfi & ,naples 7 s*ools ( law4 ,b ! ,norman nobility 0 corrupt$ & en]vat$ by ! luxury ( ! ,s\?1 & by ! influ5ce ( ,mohamm$an cu/oms1 & modes ( ?\ght4 ,dur+ fifty-six ye>s ,rog] & 8 two successors1 ,william ! ,bad 7#aaed-aaff7 & ,william ! ,good 7#aaff-aahi71 rul$ ?is fl\ri%+ k+dom1 :i* !n fell by inh]itance to ! ,hoh5/auf5 ,g]man pr9ces4 ,on ! ma9l& & 9 ,sicily1 num]\s /ately build+s & ru9$ ca/les & t[]s po9t back to ! romantic p]iod ( ,norman rule4 ,,norman ,,traits4--,x is a rem>kable fact1 t ! ,normans1 al?\gh s di/+ui%$ z rov]s & conqu]ors1 h vani%$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,!y 7 lo/ 9 ! k+doms :i* !y f\nd$4 ,!y adopt$ ! languages ( ! nations :i* !y subdu$4 ,b :ile 9 ,engl& !y 7 m]g$ 9 ! ,engli%1 & modifi$ ! national "*1 ?is effect 0 n produc$ 9 ,italy & ,sicily4 ,9 ,sicily !y f\nd ,greek-speak+ ,*ri/ians & ,arabic-speak+ ,mussulmans2 & ,italians came into ! isl& 9 ! track ( ! conqu]ors4 ,! ,normans did n f9d !re a nation z 9 ,engl&2 & !y creat$ n a nation1 b a k+dom ( a composite sort1 b5efic5t :ile x la/$1 b leav+ no p]man5t traces beh9d4 ,! ,normans 9 ,sicily1 says ,mr4 ,freeman1 s f> z !y did n die out1 7 m]g$1 n 9 a ,sicilian nation1 = t did n exi/1 b 9 ! common mass ( settl]s ( ,lat9 spee* & rite1 z di/+ui%$ f ! old] inhabitants1 ,greek & ,s>ac54 ,indep5d5t1 ent]pris+1 impati5t ( re/ra9t1 gift$ ) a r>e imitative p[] :i* imp>t$ a peculi> t+e & a peculi> grace to :atev] !y adopt$ f o!rs1 !y lack$ orig9ality1 & ! p[] to ma9ta9 _! own di/9ctive type ( "* & ( spee*4 ,mr4 ,freeman has eloqu5tly describ$ ! spread ( ! ,normans1 ! ,s>ac5s ( ,*ri/5dom1 9 all corn]s ( ! _w4 ,!y f\ght 9 ! ,ea/ aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 ! ,norman lances 7 lift$4 ,! ,norman ransack$ ,europe = s*ol>s1 poets1 !ologians1 & arti/s4 ,at ,r\51 at ,pal]mo1 & at ,w9*e/] he welcom$ m]it 9 m5 ( e race & e language4 ,& yet t race1 z a race1 has vani%$4 ,! ,scotti% ,brace or ! ,iri% ,g]ald9e pass$ f ,sc&9avia to ,gaul1 f ,gaul to ,engl&1 f ,engl& to 8 own portion ( our isl&s2 b at ea* migration1 he ceas$ to be ,sc&9avian1 ,fr5*1 or ,engli%3 8 patriotism 0 9 ea* case transf]r$ to 8 new c\ntry1 & 8 hi/oric be+ belongs to 8 la/ acquir$ home4 ,norman blood 0 9 ! ve9s ( ! ,crusad]s :o fir/ /ood on ! battlem5ts ( ,j]usalem1 & ( ! great ,g]man emp]or1 ,fr$]ic ,,ii4 ,,! ,,normans4 ,,tancr$ ,,( ,,hauteville4 --,rob]t ,guisc>d1 ,duke ( ,apulia1 d4 #ajhe4 ,,sicily --,,rog]1 ! ,great ,c\nt1 d4 #aaja --,rog] 7( ,apulia1 #aabg2 k+1 #aacj71 #aaja-aaed4 --,,william ,i ! ,bad1 #aaed-aaff1 m4 ,m>g>et1 daught] ( ,g>cia ,,iv ( ,nav>re4 --,,william ,,ii ! ,good1 #aaff-aahi1 m4 ,joanna1 daught] ( ,h5ry ,,ii ( ,engl&4 --,,con/ance 7d4 #aaih71 m4 ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,,! ,,feudal ,,sy/em4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,feudalism4--,:5 ! ,franks conqu]$ ,gaul1 !y divid$ ! l& among !mselves4 ,?is e/ate ea* free ,g]man held z allodial prop]ty1 or z a free-hold4 ,! k+ took ! l>ge/ %>e4 ,8 palaces 7 dwell+s connect$ ) l>ge f>ms or hunt+-gr\nds1 & he w5t ) 8 c\rti]s f "o to ano!r4 ,to 8 p]sonal foll[]s & (fic]s he allott$ l&s4 ,^! b5efices1 x seems1 7 grant$ at fir/ ) ! und]/&+ t he might resume !m at w4 ,z hold]s ( !m1 ! recipi5ts ow$ to him p]sonal support4 ,o!r *iefs1 & l&-own]s ( a m9or grade1 took ! same c\rse4 ,?is 0 ! g]m ( feudalism4 ,m & m x grew to be ! *>act]i/ic me?od ( liv+ & ( gov]nm5t 9 ,we/]n ,europe aft] ! fall ( ,*>lemagne's empire4 ,! inh]itors ( 8 dom9ion 7 n ! k+s ( ,france1 ( ,g]many1 or ( ,italy1 b ! num]\s feudal lords4 ,aga9/ ! invasions ( ! ,norman1 ,s>ac51 & ,hung>ian plund]]s1 ! k+s & ! c\nts prov$ !mselves incapable ( def5d+ t]ritory or p4 ,meantime1 ! pr9ciple ( h]$ity--! pr9ciple t b5efices %\ld g d[n f fa!r to son1 or to ! next heir--_h ga9$ a firm foot+4 ,ano!r fact 0 t ! royal (fices became h]$it>y1 & 7 transmitt$ to ! heirs ( allodial prop]ty4 ,?us ! ex]cise ( gov]nm5t & ! possession ( l& 7 l9k$ toge!r4 ,9 times ( dang]1 small proprietors m & m put !mselves "u ! protection ( ! ri*] & /rong]3 t is1 allodial prop]ty became feudal4 ,?is cu/om _h begun long be=e1 9 ! decad5ce ( ! ,roman empire1 :5 n only poor freem51 b also m5 ( mod]ate means1 ru9$ by taxation1 put !mselves "u ! protection ( ! great1 & settl$ on _! l&s4 ,!y became ?us colons 7coloni74 ,9 ! lat] times ( disord] ( :i* we are n[ speak+1 f>mh\ses 9 ! c\ntry gave place to =tifi$ ca/les on hill-tops or o!r def5sible sites1 ab\t :i* clu/]$ 9 villages ! dep5d5ts ( ! "l1 :o till$ 8 l&1 f\ght = him1 &1 9 turn1 7 protect$ by him4 ,,! ,,sub/ance ,,( ,,feudalism4--,feudality recognizes two pr9ciples1 ! l& & ! sword1 ri*es & =ce1--two pr9ciples on :i* e ?+ dep5ds1 to :i* e ?+ is relat$1 & :i* are unit$ & id5tifi$ ) "o ano!r2 s9ce x is necess>y to possess l& 9 ord] to h ! "r to use ! sword 9 "o's own "n 7t is to say1 to h ! "r ( private w>71 & s9ce ! possession ( l& imposes ! duty ( draw+ ! sword = ! suz]a91 & 9 ! "n ( ! suz]a9 ( :om ! l& is held4 ,feudalism is a social sy/em 9 :i* !re is a k9d ( hi]>*y ( l&s 9 ! h&s ( w>riors1 :o hold ( "o ano!r 9 a gradation4 ,!re is a *a9 rea*+ up f ! t[] ( ! simple g5tleman to ! royal *ateau1 or ca/le4 ,9 ?is social organization1 !re are ! two gr& classes ( ! seigneurs & ! s]fs2 b ! seigneur1 ev5 if he be a k+1 may also hold fiefs z a vassal4 ,,suz]a9 ,,& ,,vassal4--,! suz]a9 & ! vassal1 or liege1 7 b\nd toge!r by reciprocal obligations4 ,! vassal ow$ 7#a7 milit>y s]vice on ! dem& ( ! "l2 7#b7 su* aid z ! suz]a9 call$ = 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice )9 8 jurisdiction2 7#c7 o!r aids1 su* z1 :5 he 0 a prison]1 to pay ! ransom = 8 release2 & pecuni>y contributions :5 he arm$ 8 elde/ son1 & :5 he m>ri$ 8 elde/ daught]4 ,^! 7 legal or requir$ aids4 ,!y took ! place ( taxation 9 mod]n /ates4 ,!re 7 o!r ?+s t ! vassal 0 expect$ to d :i* 7 graci\s or volunt>y4 ,if ! liege di$ )\t heirs1 or =feit$ ! fief by a violation ( ! conditions on :i* x 0 held1 x rev]t$ to ! "l4 ,! liege 0 inve/$ ) ! fief4 ,he knelt be=e ! suz]a91 put 8 h&s )9 ! h&s ( ! suz]a91 & took an oa? to be 8 man4 ,?is 0 homage1--f homo 9 ! ,lat91 & homme 9 ,fr5*1 signify+ man4 ,! suz]a9 might at any "t require its r5ewal4 ,"u ! feudal sy/em1 e ?+ 0 turn$ into a fief4 ,! "r to hunt 9 a =e/1 or to fi% 9 a riv]1 or to h an escort on ! roads1 might be grant$ z a fief1 on ! condition ( loyalty1 & ( ! homage j describ$4 ,,private ,,w>4--,! vassal _h ! "r to be tri$ by 8 pe]s2 t is1 by vassals on ! same level z himself4 ,he might1 if treat$ ) inju/ice1 g to ! sup]ior3 he might appeal to ! suz]a9 ( 8 imm$iate "l4 ,b suz]a9s pref]r$ to take ju/ice into _! own h&s4 ,h5ce ! cu/om ( private w> prevail$1 & ( judicial combats1 or duels1 s common 9 ! middle ages4 ,,entanglem5ts ,,( ,,feudalism4--,_m suz]a9s 7 mutually vassals1 ea* hold+ c]ta9 l&s ( ! o!r4 ,! same b>on (t5 held l&s ( diff]5t suz]a9s1 :o might be at w> ) ea* o!r1 s t ea* requir$ 8 s]vice4 ,! sov]eign pr9ce might be b\nd to d homage to a petty feudal "l on acc\nt ( l&s :i* ! pr9ce _h inh]it$ or o!rwise acquir$4 ,! p[] ( ! suz]a9 dep5d$ on a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,! k+ might be weak1 s9ce feudalism grew out ( ! ov]?r[ ( royal p[]4 ,! k+ ( ,france1 ) ! exception ( titul> pr]ogatives & "s rights ) reg>d to *ur*es1 :i* 7 (t5 disput$1 _h no means ( attack or def5se beyond :at ! du*y ( ,france furni%$ him4 ,yet logically & by a natural t5d5cy1 ! k+ 0 ! supreme suz]a94 ,feudalism c>ri$ hid 9 its bosom ! arms by :i* x 0 "o day to be /ruck d[n4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,feudalism4--,! cl]gy 7 includ$ 9 ! feudal sy/em4 ,! bi%op 0 (t5 made ! c\nt1 &1 z su*1 0 ! suz]a9 ( all ! nobles 9 8 diocese4 ,cities 7 (t5 "u ! suz]a9ty ( bi%ops4 ,besides _! ti!s1 ! cl]gy _h imm5se l&$ possessions4 ,! abbots & bi%ops (t5 avail$ !mselves ( ! protection ( p[]ful vassals1 ( :om !y 7 ! suz]a9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bi%ops1 :o 7 also !mselves dukes or c\nts1 sometimes did homage = _! temporalities to lay suz]a9s1 especially to ! k+4 ,9 ,france & 9 ,engl&1 9 ! middle ages1 ! feudal cl]gy possess$ a fif? ( all ! l&2 9 ,g]many1 a ?ird4 ,! *ur*1 ?r\gh beque/s ( ! dy+ & donations f ! liv+1 con/antly increas$ its possessions4 ,x might be despoil$1 b x c\ld def5d itself by ! t]rible weapon ( excommunication4 ,,s]fs ,,& ,,villa9s4--,9 ! elev5? c5tury ,europe 0 ?us cov]$ ) a multitude ( petty sov]eigns4 ,bel[ ! body ( rul]s1 or ! hold]s ( fiefs1 0 ! mass ( ! p4 ,^! 7 ! s]fs1--! till]s ( ! gr\nd1 :o enjoy$ "s ( ! privileges ( freem51 & :o1 s9ce !y 7 atta*$ to ! seigneurie1 c\ld n be sold z slaves4 ,! villa9s 7 a grade above ! s]fs4 ,! t]m 7f vill7 orig9ally meant villag]s4 ,!y paid r5t = ! l& :i* ! proprietor all[$ !m to till2 b !y 7 subject1 l ! s]fs1 to ! w ( ! suz]a92 & ! con/ant t5d5cy 0 = !m to s9k into ! inf]ior condition4 ,slav]y1 z di/+ui%$ f s]fdom1 gradually pass$ away "u ! emancipat+ _s fo/]$ by ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ur*4 ,,! ,,inh]itance ,,( ,,fiefs4--,at fir/ ! ,salic pr9ciple1 :i* exclud$ females f inh]it+ fiefs1 prevail$4 ,b t gave way1 & daught]s 7 pref]r$ 9 law to collat]al male relatives4 ,:5 a female inh]it$1 ! fief 0 occupi$ by ! suz]a9 up to ! "t ( h] m>riage4 ,x nev] ceas$ to be "u ! protection ( ! sword4 ,9 ,france1 ! "r ( primog5iture 0 e/abli%$1 b ) important qualifications1 :i* v>i$ 9 diff]5t portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,! elde/1 h[ev]1 always _h ! l>ge/ portion4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! t5d5cy to ! division ( fiefs 0 m preval5t4 ,among ! ,normans 9 ,engl&1 & "u _! influ5ce 9 ,pale/9e1 ! law ( inh]itance by ! elde/ 0 e/abli%$ 9 its full rigor4 ,,_s ,,( ,,feudalism4--,feudalism _h m vitality ?an ! sy/em ( absorb+ all ! l& by a few great proprietors1 :i* exi/$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,individuality1 c\rage1 ! pr\d s5se ( belong+ to an ari/ocratic ord]1 7 widely diffus$ among ! num]\s feudal l&[n]s4 ,! feel+ ( loyalty among !m 0 a great advance ^u ! bl9d subjection ( ! slave to 8 ma/]4 ,b ! weight ( feudalism 0 heavy on ! l[] /rata ( society4 ,! "l 0 an autocrat1 ^: w !re 0 nei!r ! p[] nor ! "r to resi/1 & :o c\ld lay hold ( z mu* ( ! labor & ! e>n+s ( ! subject z he might *oose to exact4 ,! petty suz]a91 because 8 ne$s 7 great]1 0 (t5 m oppressive ?an ! pr9ce4 ,! s]f c\ld n *ange 8 abode1 he c\ld n m>ry1 he c\ld n bequea? 8 goods1 )\t ! p]mission ( 8 "l4 ,,! ,,saxon1 ,,franconian1 ,,& ,,hoh5/auf5 ,,imp]ial ,,h\ses4 ,,h5ry ,i #a #iah-icf4 --,,otto ,i1 #icf-igc1 ,emp]or1 #ifb1 m4 #a1 ,eadgy?1 d4 ( ,edw>d ! ,eld]2 --,liutg>de4 #b1 ,adelheid1 #b d4 ( ,rudolph ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,burgundy4 --,,otto ,,ii1 #igc-ihc1 m4 ,!ophania1 daught] ( ,romanus ,,ii1 ,ea/]n ,emp]or4 --,,otto ,,iii1 #ihc-ajjb4 --,h5ry ! ,wrangl]1 ,duke ( ,bav>ia4 --,h5ry ! ,wrangl]4 --7,/47 ,,h5ry ,,ii1 #ajjb-ajbd1 m4 ,cunigunda ( ,luxemburg4 ,,conrad ,i1 #a #iaa-iah4 --,c4 ,w]n] 787 m4 daught]4 --,conrad ! ,r$1 7kill$ at ! ,le*feld1 #iee7 m4 ,liutg>de1 daught] ( ,eadgy? & ,otto ,i4 --,otto4 --,h5ry4 --,,conrad ,,ii1 ! ,salic1 #ajbd-ajci1 m4 ,gisela1 d4 ( ,h]mann ,,ii1 ,duke ( ,swabia4 --,,h5ry ,,iii1 #ajci-ajef1 m4 #a1 ,gunhilda1 daught] ( ,cnut2 #b1 ,agnes1 daught] ( ,william1 ,c\nt ( ,poiti]s4 --,,h5ry ,,iv1 #ajef-aajf1 m4 #a1 ,b]?a1 daught] ( ,otto1 ,m>quis ( ,susa2 --,,h5ry ,v1 #aajf-aabe1 m4 ,matilda1 d4 ( ,h5ry ,i ( ,engl&4 --,agnes1 m4 #a1 ,fr$]ick ( ,hoh5/auf51 ,duke ( ,swabia1 #ajhj-aaje2 --,fr$]ick ! ,"o-ey$1 ,duke ( ,swabia1 d4 #aadg1 m4 #a1 ,judi?1 daught] ( ,h5ry ! ,black4 --,,fr$]ick ,i1 ,b>b>ossa1 #aaeb-aaij4 --,,h5ry ,,vi1 #aaij-aaig1 m4 ,con/ance ( ,sicily1 d4 #aaih4 --,,fr$]ick ,,ii1 #abad-abej1 m4 #a1 ,con/ance1 d4 ( ,alfonso ,,ii ( ,aragon2 --,,conrad ,,iv1 #abej-abed1 m4 ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,otto ,,ii ( ,bav>ia4 --,conrad91 d4 #abfh4 --,manfr$1#e d4 #abff4 #b1 ,iol&e de ,bri5ne2 #c1 ,isabella1 d4 ( ,john ( ,engl&4 --,,philip1 #aaih-abjh1 m4 ,ir5e1 d4 ( ,isaac ,,ii1 ,angelus1 ,ea/]n ,emp]or4 --,beatrix1 m4 ,,otto ,,iv1#d #abjh-abad1 d4 #abah4 --,,conrad ,,iii1#c #aacg-aaeb4 #b1 ,leopold ,,iii1 ,m>quis ( ,au/ria1 d4 #aacf4 #b1 ,adelaide1 a ,russian pr9cess4 #a ,conrad ,i & ,h5ry ,i seem to h be5 relat$4 ,by "o acc\nt _! mo!rs 7 ! daught]s ( ,emp]or ,arnulf4 #b ,wid[ ( ,lo?>1 ,k+ ( ,italy4 #c ,elect$ #aabg 9 opposition to ,lo?>l accept$ z 8 successor4 #d ,elect$ 9 opposition to ,philip2 accept$ z 8 successor1 #abjh2 ru9$ by battle ( ,b\v9es4 #e ,k+ ( ,naples & ,sicily aft] ,conrad ,,iv2 kill$ 9 battle at ,b5ev5to aga9/ ,*>les ( ,anj\4 ,manfr$'s "m 0 ,bianca ,langia1 daught] ( a ,lomb>d noble4 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,f ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,romano-,,g]manic ,,empire ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,crusades4 7,a4,d4 #ifb-abgj47 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,empire3 ,,pr$om9ance ,,( ,,! ,,empire3 ,,to ,,! ,,crusades1 ,a4,d4 #ajif4 ,i4 ,,k+s ,,& ,,emp]ors ,,( ,,! ,,saxon ,,h\se 7#iah-ajbd74 ,,h5ry ,,! ,,f[l] 7#iah-icf74--,! envoys :o c>ri$ to ,duke ,h5ry ( ,saxony ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 election z k+ ( ,g]many are said to h f\nd him 9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s ) a falcon on 8 wri/3 h5ce he 0 call$ ,h5ry ! ,f[l]4 ,he is a great figure 9 m$ival hi/ory1 & did mu* to make ,g]many a nation4 ,he won back ,lorra9e1 :i* _h brok5 (f f ! k+dom4 ,) x ! ,ne!rl&s--,holl&1 ,fl&]s1 etc4--came to ,g]many4 ,he unit$ all ! five great duk$oms1 & gov]n$ ) wisdom & mod]ation4 ,at ! end ( five ye>s1 ! ,hung>ians p\r$ 9 ) irresi/ible =ce4 ,!re 0 no alt]native b to conclude ) !m a truce = n9e ye>s1 dur+ :i* he 0 to pay tribute4 ,he set to "w at once1 h[ev]1 to /r5g!n ! def5ses ( 8 k+dom4 ,he built wall$ t[ns & =tresses 9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ,saxony & ,?ur+ia1 & draft$ "o out ( n9e ( ! m5 f ! population 9 ! m>*es = milit>y s]vice4 ,! =tresses 7 to be kept /or$ ) provisions4 ,! olde/ t[ns ( ,saxony & ( ,?ur+ia are ( ?is date4 ,!n he discipl9$ 8 soldi]s1 & tra9$ !m to fight1 l ! ,hung>ians1 on horseback4 ,he conqu]$ ! ,slavonian ,w5ds :o dwelt ea/ ( ! ,elbe & ! ,saale1 & e/abli%$ ! m>graviate ( ,meiss5 to repel _! attacks4 ,8 victory ov] ! ,slaves at ,l5z5 7#ibi7 made ! nor?-ea/]n fronti]s ( ,g]many secure4 ,eadgy?1 ! daught] ( ,edw>d1 k+ ( ,engl&1 0 giv5 9 m>riage to 8 elde/ son1 ,otto4 ,h5ry n[ felt himself /rong en\gh to ?r[ (f ! ,hung>ian yoke1 & answ]$ ) defiance _! dem& = ! annual tribute4 ,! /ruggle ) !m 0 h>d2 b !y 7 completely vanqui%$ at ,m]seburg 9 #icc1 & _! camp tak54 ,h5ry f\nd$ ! m>k ( ,s*leswig z a def5se aga9/ ! ,danes4 ,?is wise & vigor\s mon>* laid ! f\ndations ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,he 0 n only a mighty w>rior3 he built up indu/ry & trade4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,qu$l9burg 9 ! abbey :i* he _h f\nd$4 ,,otto ,i43 ,,! ,,palsgraves4--,otto ,i4 7#icf-igc7 c>ri$ =w>d ) equal en]gy ! "w :i* 8 fa!r _h begun4 ,hav+ be5 *os5 k+ by ! ,g]man pr9ces & *iefs at ,aix1 he 0 pres5t$ to ! p 9 ! *ur* by ! ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz2 & !y gave _! ass5t to ! election by rais+ ! h&4 ,otto _h a conte/ be=e him to ma9ta9 ! unity ( ! k+dom4 ,he aim$ to make ! (fice ( duke an (fice to be allott$ by ! k+1 & ?us to sap ! p[] ( 8 turbul5t lieges4 ,! dukes ( ,bav>ia & ,franconia1 ) ,lorra9e1 & ) ! support ( ,l\is ,,iv41 k+ ( ,france1 rose 9 arms aga9/ him4 ,he subdu$ !m2 & ! great du*ies :i* _h revolt$ aga9/ him becom+ vacant1 he plac$ 9 !m memb]s ( 8 own family4 ,he confirm$ 8 au?ority by ext5d+ ! p[] ( ! palsgraves1 or c\nts palat9e1--royal (fic]s :o sup]9t5d$ ! doma9s ( ! k+ 9 ! sev]al du*ies1 & disp5s$ ju/ice 9 8 "n4 ,he favor$ ! great ecclesia/ics z a *eck to ! aspir+ lay lords4 ,he inve/$ ! bi%ops & abbots ) r+ & /aff1 & !y took ! oa? ( fealty to him4 ,,w>s ,,( ,,otto ,i--,aga9/ ! ,hung>ians1 ,otto a*iev$ a triumph4 ,he ga9$ a victory ov] !m at ,augsburg 9 #iee1 9 :i* !y 7 said to h lo/ a hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,?is put an end to _! incursions into ,g]many4 ,he 0 likewise ! victor 9 conflict ) ,slavonians4 ,he subdu$ ,boleslav ,i4 ( ,bohemia1 :o _h ?r[n (f ! ,g]man suz]a9ty1 & oblig$ him to pay a tribute4 ,"u ! pi\s ,boleslav ,,ii41 ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$ !re1 & a bi%opric f\nd$ at ,prague 7#ifg74 ,! ,duke ( ,pol& 0 =c$ to d homage to him1 & to p]mit ! f\nd+ ( ! bi%opric ( ,pos54 ,aga9/ ! ,dani% k+1 ,h>old ! ,blue-too!d1 he c>ri$ 8 arms to ! sea1 ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,jutl&4 ,he erect$ ?ree new bi%oprics among ! ,danes1 & f\nd$ ! ar*bi%opric ( ,magdeburg1 ) subord9ate sees 9 ! valleys ( ! ,elbe & ! ,od]4 ,^! a*ievem5ts gave ,otto great r5[n 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! k+s s5t ambassadors to him1 & pres5ts came f ! sov]eigns at ,con/ant9ople & ,cordova4 ,,otto ,i4 ,,9 ,,italy4--,otto n[ turn$ 8 eyes to ,italy4 ,aft] ,arnulf1 ! ,c>lov+ian emp]or1 left ,italy 79 #hif71 t c\ntry _h be5 left to sixty ye>s ( an>*y4 ,! demoralization & disord] ( ,italy1 ! pr(ligacy ( ! ,romans & ( ! pontiffs1-- e ?+ be+ !n subject to ! riot\s ari/ocratic factions1 --r5d]$ unity impossible4 ,= a "t 7#ibf-ide7 ,hugh ( ,prov5ce 0 call$ k+3 !n foll[$ 8 son ,lo?> 7#ide-iej74 ,! next ,italian k+1 ,b]5g> ,,ii4 ( ,ivrea 7#iej71 :o1 l 8 two pr$ecessors1 0 an (f%oot ( ! ,c>lov+ian h\se1 tri$ to =ce ,adelheid1 ! beautiful "y wid[ ( ,lo?>1 into a m>riage ) 8 son ,adalb]t4 ,%e 7be+ !n n9ete5 ye>s ( age7 escap$ ) great difficulty f ! prison :]e %e 0 conf9$1 took refuge 9 ! ca/le ( ,canossa1 & appeal$ to ! great ,otto1 k+ ( ! ,g]mans1 = help1--to ,otto1 t model ( knightly virtue :i* 0 beg9n+ to %[ itself aft] ! fi]ce brutality ( ! la/ age4 ,he desc5d$ into ,italy1 m>ri$ ! injur$ que51 & oblig$ ,b]5g> to own him z suz]a9 7#iea74 ,b]5g> prov$ fai?less & rebelli\s4 ,once m ,otto ent]$ ,italy ) an ov]p[]+ =ce1 & 0 proclaim$ k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds at ,pavia4 ,pope ,john ,,xii4 _h propos$ to him to assume ! imp]ial (fice4 ,he 0 cr[n$1 ) 8 que51 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 9 #ifb4 ,he _h engag$ to confirm ! gifts ( previ\s emp]ors to ! popes4 ,:5 ,john ,,xii4 rev]s$ 8 /eps1 alli$ himself ) ,b]5g>1 & tri$ to /ir up ! ,greeks1 & ev5 ! ,hung>ians1 aga9/ ! emp]or1 ,otto came d[n f ,lomb>dy1 & captur$ ,rome4 ,he caus$ ,john to be depos$ by a synod = 8 crimes1 & ,leo ,,viii4 to be appo9t$ 9 8 place 7#ifc74 ,b1 :ile ,otto 0 aga9 abs5t1 ,leo 0 driv5 out by ! ,romans1 & ,john return$2 b1 soon aft]1 he di$4 ,! ,romans !n elect$ ,b5$ict pope4 ,otto captur$ ,rome once m1 depos$ him1 & re/or$ ,leo4 ,b5$ict 0 held 9 cu/ody1 & di$ 9 ,hamburg4 ,on a ?ird j\rney to ,italy1 9 #iff1 ,otto cru%$ ! factions :i* _h s long degrad$ ,rome & ! ,*ur*4 ,on ?is occasion1 he negotiat$ a m>riage betwe5 ,!ophano1 a ,greek pr9cess1 & 8 son1 also nam$ ,otto4 ,?us he acquir$ ! s\!rn extremity ( ,italy4 ,,! ,,holy ,,roman ,,empire4--,otto _h tak5 ,*>lemagne = 8 model4 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire ( ! ,g]man nation1 ! great political in/itution ( ! middle ages1 0 n[ e/abli%$4 ,9 !ory x 0 ! union ( ! _w-/ate & ! _w-*ur*1--an undivid$ community "u ,emp]or & ,pope1 its heav5-appo9t$ secul> & spiritual heads4 ,z an actual political fact1 x 0 ! political union ( ,g]many & ,italy1 9 "o sov]eignty1 :i* 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,g]man k+4 ,! junction ( ! two peoples 0 n )\t its advantages to bo?4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 fruitful ( evils4 ,! /r5g? ( ,g]many 0 sp5t 9 endless /ruggles abroad1 :i* /ood 9 ! way ( ! build+ up ( a compact k+dom at home4 ,= ,italy x 0 ! rule ( =eign]s1 ( :i* %e might feel ! ne$1 b to :i* %e 0 nev] reconcil$4 ,,otto ,,ii43 ,,otto ,,iii43 ,,h5ry ,,ii4--,otto ,,ii4 7#igc-ihc7 0 highly gift$ intellectually1 b lack$ 8 fa!r's en]gy & decision4 ,h5ry ! ,qu>relsome1 duke ( ,bav>ia1 revolt$1 b 0 put d[n1 & depriv$ ( 8 du*y4 ,otto oblig$ ,lo?>1 ! ,we/ ,franki% k+1 to give up 8 claim to ,lo?>+ia1 :i* he attempt$ to seize4 ,otto1 9 #ihj1 w5t to ,italy1 &1 9 ! ef=t to conqu] ,s\!rn ,italy f ! ,greeks & ,s>ac5s1 b>ely escap$ ) 8 life4 ,?is 0 9 #ihb4 ,he nev] return$ to ,g]many4 ,:ile ,otto ,,iii4 7#ihc-ajjb7 0 a *ild1 8 "m1 ,!ophano1 0 reg5t = a "t 9 ,g]many1 & 8 gr&mo!r1 ,adelheid1 9 ,italy4 ,"o ( ,otto's tutors 0 ,g]b]t1 an em95t s*ol> & !ologian4 ,! pr(ici5cy ( ! "y pr9ce caus$ him to be /yl$ ! ,wond] ( ! ,_w4 ,he 0 cr[n$ emp]or 9 ,rome 9 #iif1 :5 he 0 only sixte5 ye>s old4 ,he dream$ ( mak+ ,rome once m ! c5t] ( ! _w1 = 8 int]e/ 0 *iefly 9 ,italy4 ,b 8 s*emes 7 end$ by 8 e>ly dea?4 ,at ?is "t & aft]w>d1 !re 0 deep agitation manife/$ 9 ,europe1 ow+ to ! g5]al expectation t be=e long ! _w w\ld come to an end4 ,on ?is acc\nt pilgrims flock$ to ,rome4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 7#ajjb-ajbd71 z ne>e/ ( k9 to ! ,saxon h\se1 0 ! next emp]or4 ,besides wag+ w> ) 8 own insurg5t lieges1 he _h to c>ry on a conte/ = f\rte5 ye>s ) ,bokslav1 k+ ( ,pol&1 :o _h to give up ,bohemia & ,meiss54 ,he f\nd$ ! bi%opric ( ,bamb]g 7#ajjg74 ,f ?is "t ! ,g]man k+s1 be=e _! coronation z emp]ors1 took ! title ( ,k+ ( ! ,romans4 ,! highe/ nobles 7 /yl$ ,pr9ces4 ,! nobles liv$ 9 ! ca/les1 :i* 7 built = /rongholds1 z ! p[] ( ! lords grew1 & private w>s became m common4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,franconian ,,or ,,salian ,,emp]ors 7#ajbd-aabe74 ,,conrad ,,ii43 ,,burgundy3 ! ,,poles4--,at a great assembly ( dukes1 c\nts1 & prelates at ,opp5heim on ! ,rh9e1 ,conrad1 a ,franconian nobleman 7,conrad ,,ii471 0 elect$ emp]or 7#ajbd-ajci74 ,he 0 9 ! prime ( life1 & w5t to "w vigor\sly to repress disord] 9 8 k+dom4 ,he _h ! support ( ! cities1 :i* 7 n[ increas+ 9 importance4 ,at 8 coronation 9 ,rome1 9 #ajbg1 !re 7 two k+s pres5t1 ,canute ( ,engl& & ,d5m>k1 & ,rudolph ,,iii4 ( ,burgundy 7or ,arles1 z ! k+dom 0 call$ :i* _h be5 =m$ by ,rudolph ,,ii41 by unit+ ,burgundy ) a great "p ( ,prov5ce74 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,rudolph1 :o _h appo9t$ ,conrad 8 successor1 ! emp]or 0 cr[n$ k+ ( ,arles1 :i* rema9$ ?us atta*$ to ,g]many4 ,b at a lat] "t ! ,romance1 or non-,g]man portions1 7 absorb$ by ,france4 ,! ,du*y ( ,burgundy1 a fief ( ! ,fr5* k+1 0 n includ$ 9 ! k+dom4 ,! ,poles invad$ ,g]many 9 great =ce4 ,miesko1 _! lead]1 0 repell$1 & oblig$ to d homage = 8 cr[n1 & to give up ,lusatia1 :i* _h be5 receiv$ by ,boleslav f ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,9 ,italy1 ,conrad issu$ an edict mak+ ! small] fiefs !re h]$it>y4 ,he seems to h design$ to d away ) dukes1 & to make ! allegiance ( all vassals to ! k+ imm$iate4 ,,h5ry ,,iii43 ,,! ,,truce ,,( ,,god4--,) ,h5ry ,,iii4 7#ajci-ajef7 ! imp]ial p[] rea*$ its height4 ,he 0 = a "t duke ( ,bav>ia1 ,swabia1 & ,franconia1 z well z emp]or4 ,9 ,hung>y he conqu]$ ! enemies ( ,pet] ! k+1 & re/or$ him to ! ?rone1 receiv+ 8 homage z vassal ( ! empire4 ,he _h great success 9 putt+ d[n private w>4 ,9 #ajdc he proclaim$ a g5]al peace 9 8 k+dom4 ,he favor$ ! attempt to br+ 9 ! ,truce ( ,god4 ,?is orig9at$ 9 ,aquita9e1 :]e ! bi%ops1 9 #ajda1 ord]$ t no private feuds %\ld be prosecut$ betwe5 ! sunset ( ,w$nesday & ! sunrise ( ,monday1 ! p]iod cov]$ by ! mo/ sacr$ ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus4 ,?is truce1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds ext5d$ to embrace c]ta9 o!r holy seasons & fe/ivals1 spread f l& to l&4 ,x %[s ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ^? d>k & tr\bl\s times4 ,al?\gh x 0 imp]fectly c>ri$ out1 x 0 mo/ b5efic5t 9 its influ5ce1 & specially welcome to ! classes n capable ( def5d+ !mselves aga9/ viol5ce4 ,,synod ,,( ,,sutri4--,9 #ajdf ,h5ry 0 call$ into ,italy by ! well-dispos$ ( all p>ties1 to put an end to ! reign ( vice & disord] at ,rome4 ,he caus$ ! ?ree rival popes to be depos$ by a synod at ,sutri1 & a ,g]man prelate1 ,suidg]1 bi%op ( ,bamb]g1 to be appo9t$ "u ! "n ( ,clem5t ,,ii41 by :om he 0 cr[n$ emp]or4 ,aft] ,clem5t di$1 ,h5ry rais$ to ! ,papacy ?ree ,g]man popes 9 succession4 ,:ile 9 ! full ex]cise ( 8 great au?ority1 & :5 he 0 n q =ty ye>s ( age1 he di$4 ,,h5ry ,,iv43 ,,8 ,,conte/s ,,9 ,,g]many4--,h5ry ,,iv4 7#ajef-aajf71 at 8 fa!r's dea?1 0 b six ye>s old4 ,he _h be5 cr[n$ k+ at ! age ( f\r4 ,agnes ( ,poit\1 8 "m1 ! reg5t1 _h no ability to curb ! pr9ces1 :o 7 n[ releas$ f re/ra9t1 & eag] = indep5d5ce4 ,by a bold /ratagem1 an ambiti\s prelate1 ,hanno1 ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 c>ri$ (f ! "y k+1 & assum$ ! gu>dian%ip ov] him4 ,he _h a rival 9 ! p]son ( ,adalb]t1 ar*bi%op ( ,brem51 :om ,h5ry lik$ be/1 z be+ m indulg5t & complaisant1 & :o at l5g? became 8 *os5 guide4 ,b 9 #ajff ! pr9ces caus$ ,adalb]t to be bani%$ f c\rt4 ,!y oblig$ ,h5ry to m>ry ,b]?a1 ! daught] ( ! m>grave ( ,tur91 to :om he _h be5 betro!d by 8 fa!r4 ,! union 0 repugnant to him1 & he s\ght a divorce2 al?\gh h] pati5ce ev5tually won ! victory1 & %e became a *]i%$ wife4 ,h5ry1 arriv$ at man's e/ate1 0 involv$ 9 a conte/ ) ?ree ( ! great dukes4 ,x 0 evid5t t he meant to tread 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fa!r1 & to r$uce ! pr9ces to submission4 ,ho/ility arose1 especially betwe5 ! "y k+ & ! ,saxons1 :o did n reli% ! transf] ( ! imp]ial (fice to ! ,franconian l9e4 ,! passionate & wilful disposition ( ,h5ry1 & 8 s5sual prop5sities1 7 8 wor/ enemies4 ,! /rongholds :i* he erect$ among ! ,saxons1 9 !mselves a m5ace1 7 made haunts ( 8 boon companions & comrades 9 ! *ase4 ,! extortion & depr$ations to :i* ! ,saxons 7 a prey provok$ a great insurrection1 :i* at fir/ prevail$2 b ! excesses ( ! elat$ insurg5ts--z se51 = example1 9 ! plund]+ & burn+ ( *ur*es--caus$ a reaction4 ,h5ry suppress$ ! revolt1 & dealt ) ! ,saxons ) ! utmo/ h>%ness1 treat+ _! duk$om z conqu]$ t]ritory4 ,! ,saxon *iefs 7 n[ 9 durance3 8 enemies on e side _h will+ly yield$1 or 7 pro/rate4 ,! h\r seem$ to h come = ,h5ry to ex]cise t sov]eignty z ,roman emp]or ov] ,*ur* & ,/ate :i* 8 fa!r _h wield$2 b he f\nd himself confront$ by a new & p[]ful antagoni/ 9 ! celebrat$ ,pope ,hilde-br&1 or ,gregory ,,vii4 7#ajgc-ajhe74 ,,hildebr&3 ,,inve/itures4--,! /ate ( affairs 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* _h call$ into exi/5ce a p>ty ( re=m1 ! life & s\l ( :i* 0 ,hildebr&4 ,he 0 ! son ( a c>p5t] ( ,soano1 a small t[n 9 ,tuscany1 & 0 born 9 #ajah4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 a mona/]y 9 ,rome1 & sp5t "s "t 9 ,france1 9 ! great mona/]y ( ,cluny4 ,he became ! influ5tial advis] ( ! popes :o imm$iately prec$$ him4 ,! great aim ( ,hildebr& & ( 8 support]s--"o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( :om 0 ! zeal\s ,pet] ,damiani1 bi%op ( ,o/ia--0 to aboli% simony & ! m>riage ( prie/s4 ,by simony 0 meant ! pur*ase & sale ( b5efices1 :i* _h come to prevail 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! old *ur* laws requir+ celibacy _h be5 disreg>d$1 & great numb]s ( ! inf]ior cl]gy 7 liv+ ) _! wives4 ,9 ,hildebr&'s view1 !re c\ld be no purity & no j discipl9e 9 ! ,*ur* )\t a /rict en=cem5t ( ! neglect$ rule4 ,! prie/s mu/ put away _! wives4 ,connect$ ) ^! re=ms 0 ! broad] design ( :olly emancipat+ ! ,*ur* f ! control ( ! secul> p[]1 & ( subord9at+ ! ,/ate to ! ,*ur*4 ,= ?is end !re mu/ be an abolition ( inve/iture by lay h&s4 ,?is dem& x 0 t k9dl$ a prolong$ & t]rible controv]sy betwe5 ! emp]ors & ! popes4 ,! great ecclesia/ics _h temporal e/ates & a temporal jurisdiction1 :i* plac$ !m 9 a feudal relation1 & made !m p[]ful subjects4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! k+s to inve/ !m ) ^! temporalities by giv+ to !m ! r+ & ! /aff4 ,?is enabl$ ! k+s to keep out ( ! b5efices p]sons n acceptable to !m1 :o might be elect$ by ! cl]gy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 compla9$ t ?is cu/om put ! bi%ops & o!r high ecclesia/ics into a relation ( dep5d5ce on ! lay au?ority2 &1 moreov]1 t1 ! r+ & /aff be+ badges ( a spiritual function1 x 0 sacrilegi\s = a layman to be/[ !m4 ,,conte/ ,,( ,,hildebr& ,,& ,,h5ry ,,iv4--,9 ! p]iod ( lawlessness at ,rome1 ,hildebr& _h welcom$ ! int]v5tion ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 & ev5 ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign4 ,b ?is he reg>d$ z only a provisional rem$y made necess>y by a desp]ate disord]4 ,on acc$+ to ! ,papacy1 he began to put 9 =ce 8 lead+ ideas4 ,! attempt to aboli% ! m>riage ( prie/s 0 resi/$1 & /irr$ up great commotion 9 all ! c\ntries4 ,! legates ( ! ,pope set !mselves to /em ! tide ( opposition by inveigh+1 9 addresses to ! common p1 aga9/ ! m>ri$ cl]gy1 z unfit to m9i/] at ! alt>4 ,by ?is means1 a popul> p>ty 9 favor ( ! re=m 0 creat$4 ,9 #ajge1 9 a synod at ,rome1 ,hildebr& pron\nc$ ! ban aga9/ five c\ncilors ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 = simony4 ,at ! same "t he ?reat5$ ,philip ( ,france ) a simil> p5alty4 ,he =bade pr9ces to inve/ ) any spiritual (fice4 ,to oa?s ( allegiance he did n object1 b to any inve/iture ( a spiritual k9d4 ,gregory select$ ,h5ry ,,iv4 z ! antagoni/ ) :om to fight out ! battle4 ,h5ry's ecclesia/ical appo9tm5ts 7 n simoniacal 9 fact1 al?\gh !y violat$ ! papal decrees aga9/ simony4 ,8 real (f5se 0 8 det]m9ation to make ! appo9tm5ts himself4 ,moreov]1 9 #ajge1 he v5tur$ to "n ,g]mans to ! sees ( ,f]no & ,spoleto4 ,un=tunately he 0 weak5$ by ! disaffection ( ! ,g]man pr9ces1 &1 mo/ ( all1 ( ! ,saxons4 ,! fire ( rebellion 9 ,saxony _h n be5 qu5*$3 x 0 /ill sm\ld]+4 ,gregory summon$ ,h5ry to ,rome to answ] to ! *>ges made aga9/ him4 ,9 ?ree ,g]man synods held 9 #ajgf1 ! inc5s$ emp]or caus$ empty accusations to be br\ght aga9/ ! ,pope1 & a decl>ation to be pass$ depos+ him4 ,he s5t to ! pontiff a lett] fill$ ) d5unciation1 & address$ to ! false monk1 ,hildebr&4 ,gregory issu$ decrees excommunicat+ ,h5ry1 depos+ him1 & decl>+ 8 subjects free f _! obligation ( allegiance4 ,x 0 ! receiv$ doctr9e1 t a h]etic or a hea!n c\ld n reign ov] ,*ri/ian p4 ,! discont5t$ ,g]man pr9ces took sides ) ,gregory4 ,9 an assembly at ,tribur 9 #ajgf1 !y invit$ ! ,pope to come to ,augsburg1 & to judge 9 ! case ( ,h5ry3 he 0 to live z a private man2 &1 if he rema9$ excommunicate = a ye>1 he 0 to cease to be k+ altoge!r4 ,,humiliation ,,( ,,h5ry ,,iv4--,h5ry 0 n[ z anxi\s = reconciliation ) ! ,pope z be=e he _h be5 bold 9 8 defiance4 ,9 ! mid/ ( w9t]1 ) 8 wife & *ild & a few att5dants1 he cross$ ! ,mt4 ,c5is pass1 und]go+ extreme difficulty & h>d%ip1 & pres5t$ himself z a p5it5t be=e ,gregory1 :o _h arriv$1 on 8 way to ,augsburg1 at ! /rongly =tifi$ ca/le ( ,canossa4 ,! ,pope kept him wait+ long1 x is said1 b>efoot & b>ehead$ 9 ! c\rt-y>d ( ! ca/le4 ,f9ally he 0 admitt$ & absolv$1 b only on ! condition t ,gregory 0 to adju/ ! matt]s 9 dispute betwe5 ! emp]or & 8 subjects4 ,,cont9u$ ,,conflict4--,:5 ,h5ry f\nd t 8 imp]ial rights 7 /ill )held1 8 fi]y _s reb\nd$ f ?is dep? ( humiliation4 ,! ,lomb>ds1 ) :om ,gregory 0 unpopul>1 jo9$ him4 ,a majority ( ! ,g]man pr9ces1 adh]+ to ! ,pope1 9 #ajgg elect$ ,rudolph1 duke ( ,swabia1 emp]or4 ,! ,pope took up 8 cause1 & 9 #ajhj once m excommunicat$ & depos$ ,h5ry4 ,! emp]or proclaim$ anew1 ?r\gh synods1 ! ,pope's deposition1 & ?+s 7 back 9 ! =m] /ate4 ,! emp]or's p>ty appo9t$ a c\nt]-pope1 ,guib]t1 ar*bi%op ( ,rav5na1 "u ! "n ( ,clem5t ,,iii4 ,rudolph 0 kill$ 9 battle 7#ajhj74 ,h5ry's p[] n[ va/ly increas$4 ,he invad$ ,italy 7#ajha71 & laid wa/e ! t]ritory ( ,matilda1 c\ntess ( ,tuscany1 a fa/ fri5d ( ,gregory4 ,9 #ajhd he captur$ ,rome4 ,! ,pope _h f\nd a def5d] 9 ,rob]t ,guisc>d1 ! ,norman duke ( ,l[] ,italy1 :om he _h excommunicat$1 b :om 79 #ajhj7 he =gave1 & took into 8 s]vice4 ,rob]t releas$ ,gregory1 :o _h be5 besieg$ 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 ,hildebr& di$ at ,sal]no1 ,may #be1 #ajhe4 ,:5 ne> 8 end he utt]$ ! words :i* are inscrib$ on 8 tomb3 ,i h lov$ righte\sness1 & hat$ iniquity2 !re=e d ,i die 9 exile4 ,( ! rectitude ( 8 int5tions1 !re is no room = d\bt1 :atev] view is tak5 ( ! exp$i5cy ( 8 measures4 ,he unit$ ) an unb5d+ w ! p[] ( accommodat+ himself to circum/ances1 z is witness$ 9 8 treatm5t ( ,rob]t ,guisc>d1 & 9 8 =be>ance t[>ds ,william ! ,conqu]or1 k+ ( ,engl&1 ) :om he did n wi% to break4 ,( ?is great pontiff1 ,sir ,james ,/eph5 says3 ,he f\nd ! ,papacy dep5d5t on ! empire3 he su/a9$ x by alliances almo/ comm5surate ) ! ,italian p59sula4 ,he f\nd ! ,papacy electoral by ! ,roman p & cl]gy3 he left x electoral by a college ( papal nom9ation4 ,he f\nd ! emp]or ! virtual patron ( ! holy see3 he wre/$ t p[] f 8 h&s4 ,he f\nd ! secul> cl]gy ! allies & dep5dants ( ! secul> p[]3 he conv]t$ !m into ! inali5able auxili>ies ( 8 own4 ,he f\nd ! high] ecclesia/ics 9 s]vitude to ! temporal sov]eigns3 he deliv]$ !m f t yoke to subjugate !m to ! ,roman ti>a4 ,he f\nd ! patronage ( ! ,*ur* ! m]e desecrat$ spoil & m]*&ise ( pr9ces3 he r$uc$ x )9 ! dom9ion ( ! supreme pontiff4 ,he is celebrat$ z ! re=m] ( ! impure & pr(ane abuses ( 8 age3 he is m ju/ly entitl$ to ! praise ( hav+ left ! impress ( 8 own gigantic "* on ! hi/ory ( all ! ages :i* h succe$$ him4 ,,la/ ,,days ,,( ,,h5ry ,,iv4--,9 #ajhe ,h5ry ,,iv4 return$ to ,g]many1 hav+ be5 cr[n$ emp]or by 8 ,pope1 ,clem5t ,,iii4 ,! ,saxons 7 tir$ ( /rife2 &1 on ! assurance t _! anci5t privileges %\ld be re/or$1 !y 7 pacifi$4 ,h]mann ( ,luxemburg1 :om !y _h recogniz$ z _! k+1 _h resign$ ! cr[n 7#ajhh74 ,! la/ days ( ,h5ry 7 cl\d$ by ! rebellion ( 8 sons1 fir/ ( ,conrad 7#ajic71 & !n ( ,h5ry 7#aajd71 :o 0 support$ by ! ,pope1 ,pas*al ,,ii4 ,! emp]or 0 tak5 prison]1 & oblig$ to sign 8 own abdication at ,+elheim 9 #aaje4 ,! duke ( ,lo?>+ia & o!rs came to 8 support1 & a civil w> 0 ?reat5$2 b ,h5ry di$ at ,ltti* 9 #aajf4 ,8 body 0 plac$ 9 a /one c(f91 :]e x lay 9 an unconsecrat$ *apel1 at ,spires1 until ! removal ( ! excommunication 7#aaaa74 ,,concordat ,,( ,,worms4--,h5ry ,v4 7#aajf-aabe7 0 n 9 ! lea/ dispos$ to yield up ! "r ( inve/iture4 ,h5ce he 0 soon engag$ 9 a controv]sy ) ,pas*al ,,ii4 ,h5ry w5t to ,rome ) an army 9 #aaaj1 & oblig$ ! ,pope to cr[n him emp]or1 & to conc$e to him ! "r 9 "q4 ,:5 he w5t back to ,g]many1 ! ,pope revok$ ! concession1 & excommunicat$ him4 ,! ,g]man pr9ces1 z might be expect$1 sid$ ) ! pontiff4 ,! conflict 9 ,g]many w5t on4 ,! emp]or's au?ority1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,s\? by means ( 8 p[]ful support]s1 0 n secur$ 9 ! ,nor?2 b1 dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( 8 life1 he 0 at peace ) ! ,*ur*4 ,by ! ,concordat ( ,worms 9 #aabb1 x 0 agre$ t inve/iture %\ld take place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! emp]or or ( 8 deputies2 t ! emp]or %\ld fir/ inve/ ) ! scept]1 & !n consecration %\ld take place by ! ,*ur*1 ) ! be/[al ( ! r+ & ! /aff4 ,all hold]s ( secul> b5efices 7 to p]=m feudal obligations4 ,,lo?> ,,( ,,saxony4--,! pr9ces ov] :om ,h5ry ,v4 _h ex]cis$ a sev]e control oppos$ ! elevation ( ,fr$]ick ( ,hoh5/auf51 ! son ( 8 si/] ,agnes4 ,at a brilliant assembly at ,m5tz1 ,lo?> ( ,saxony 0 *os5 emp]or 7#aabe-aacg74 ,he all[$ all ! ,pope's claims1 & 0 cr[n$ at ,rome by ,innoc5t ,,ii41 accept+ ! allodial possessions ( ,matilda ( ,tuscany1 z a fief f ! pontiff4 ,he c>ri$ on a w> ) ! ,hoh5/auf5 pr9ces1 ,fr$]ick ( ,swabia1 & 8 bro!r ,conrad1 :o f9ally yield$4 ,lo?> 0 help$ 9 ! conflict by ,h5ry ! ,pr\d1 ! duke ( ,bav>ia1 :o also became duke ( ,saxony4 ,g]many "u ,lo?> ext5d$ its influ5ce 9 ! nor? & ea/4 ,,culture ,,9 ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5tury4--,! t5? c5tury1 ow+ to causes :i* h be5 expla9$1 0 a d>k age4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury circum/ances 7 m favorable = culture4 ,"u ! ,saxon emp]ors1 int]c\rse 0 r5ew$ ) ! ,greek ,empire4 ,!re 0 "s int]c\rse ) ! ,arabs 9 ,spa91 among :om sev]al ( ! sci5ces 7 cultivat$1 especially ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 & m$ic9e 7p4 #bcb74 ,! /udy ( ! ,roman law 0 reviv$ 9 ! ,lomb>d cities1 & ?is _h a discipl9>y value4 ,! re/oration ( ord] 9 ! ,*ur*1 aft] ! synod ( ,sutri 7#ajdf71 _h likewise a :olesome influ5ce 9 respect to culture4 ,!re 7 sev]al s*ools ( high repute 9 ,france1 especially ^? at ,rheims1 ,*>tres1 ,t\rs1 & 9 ! mona/]y ( ,bec1 9 ,norm&y1 :]e ,lanfranc1 an ,italian by bir?1 a man ( wisdom & piety1 0 ! abbot4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,empire3 ,,pr$om9ance ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*3 ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,crusades1 ,a4,d4 #abgj4 ,,! ,,two ,,religions4--,! ,crusades 7 a new *apt] 9 ! long w>f>e ( ,*ri/5dom ) ,mohamm$anism4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 !re 7 two worlds utt]ly di/9ct1--t ( ! ,gospel & t ( ! ,koran4 ,9 ,europe1 ) ! exception ( ,spa91 ! ,gospel _h sway2 f ! ,pyr5ees to ! m\?s ( ! ,ganges1 ! ,koran4 ,! bord] conte/s betwe5 ! two ho/ile p>ties on ! ea/]n & we/]n fronti]s ( ,*ri/5dom 7 n[ to give place to conflict on a l>g] scale dur+ c5turies ( invasion & w>4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,empire4--,! ,greek ,*ri/ian ,empire lay betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian peoples ( ! ,we/ & ! dom9ion ( ! ,arabs4 ,t empire liv$ on1 a spiritless body4 ,aft] ,ju/9ian1 !re is an endless recurr5ce ( w>s ) ! ,arabs1 & ) ! b>b>ians on ! ,nor?1 & ( !ological disputes1 ei!r )9 ! empire itself1 or ) ! ,*ur* ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,greeks compla9$ t a phrase tea*+ ! procession ( ! ,_s f ! ,son _h be5 add$ 9 ! ,we/ to ! ,nic5e ,cre$4 ,! ,lat9s compla9$ ( ! use ( leav5$ bread 9 ! sacram5t1 ( ! m>riage ( prie/s1 & ( "s o!r ,greek peculi>ities4 ,! sep>ation ( ! two *ur*es 0 consummat$ :51 9 #ajed1 ! legate ( ! ,pope laid on ! alt> ( ,/4 ,sophia1 at ,con/ant9ople1 an ana!ma aga9/ ! sev5 mortal h]esies ( ! ,greeks4 ,,attacks ,,( ,,russians ,,& ,,bulg>ians4--,left to itself1 ! empire %[$ "s en]gy 9 repell+ ! attacks ( ! ,russians & ,bulg>ians4 ,a numb] ( capable rul]s arose4 ,! ,russians1 ( ! same race ( ,nor?m5 :o _h ravag$ ,we/]n ,europe1 kept up _! assaults until _! *ief1 ,vladimir1 made peace1 accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 & m>ri$ ! si/] ( ! emp]or1 ,basil ,,ii4 7#ihh74 ,! empire betwe5 #ihh & #ajad 0 invad$ tw5ty-six times by ,k+ ,samuel ( ,bulg>ia4 ,b ! ,bulg>ian k+dom 0 ov]?r[n1 9 #ajai1 by ,basil ,,ii4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury x rega9$ its indep5d5ce4 ,,! ,,greek ,,emp]ors4--,9 ! n9? c5tury ! ,greeks made head aga9/ ! ,arabs1 especially by means ( _! navy4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ,john ,i4 7,zimisces7 cross$ ! ,euphrates1 & creat$ al>m 9 ,bagdad4 ,! t5acity ( life 9 ! ,greek ,empire 0 surpris+ 9 view ( ! langui%+ sort ( exi/5ce t x l$4 ,aft] ,h]aclius1 !re 7 ?ree dyna/ies1 ! la/ ( :i*1 ! ,mac$onian 7#hfg-ajef71 produc$ ?ree rem>kable m51 ,nicephorus ,phocas1 ,zimisces1 & ,basil ,,ii4 ,b ! dyna/y ( ,comn5i1 :i*1 9 ! p]son ( ,isaac ,i41 asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #ajeg1 _h to combat a new & vigor\s enemy1 ! ,turks1 :o _h n[ made !mselves ma/]s ( ,asia4 ,"o ( ?is l9e ( emp]ors1 ,alexius ,i41 appeal$ to ! ,g]mans = help4 ,?is _h "s influ5ce 9 giv+ rise to ! fir/ ( ! ,crusades4 ,9 ^! conflicts ! ,lat9s bore ! brunt4 ,! exhau/$ ,greek ,empire play$ a m9or "p4 ,,conque/s ,,( ,,! ,,turks4--,! ,mussulman dom9ion ( ! ,arabs _h become enfeebl$4 ,! ,ommiad dyna/y at ,cordova _h disappe>$ "u ! assaults ( ,*ri/ians1 & ( ! ,moors ( ,africa4 ,! ,fatimite caliphs 7 conf9$ to ,egypt4 ,! rule ( ! ,abassids ( ,bagdad _h be5 well-nigh demoli%$ by ! ,seljukian ,turks 9 #ajeh4 ,!y f\nd$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury an ext5sive empire4 ,! sultan1 ,alp ,arslan1 took ! emp]or1 ,romanus ,,iv4 ,diog5es1 prison] 7#ajga71 & conqu]$ ,arm5ia4 ,malek ,%ah invad$ ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 ,j]usalem1 & c>ri$ 8 arms z f> z ,egypt1 :ile a memb] ( ! ,turki% family ( ,seljuk wre/$ ,asia ,m9or f ! ,greeks1 & e/abli%$ ! k+dom ( ,iconium1 :i* 0 call$ ,r\m1 ext5d+ f ,m\nt ,taurus to ! ,bosphorus4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,malek ,%ah1 !re 7 ?ree di/9ct sultanates1 ,p]sia1 ,syria1 & ,k]man1--! la/ be+ on ! %ores ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,,! ,,pilgrims ,,to ,,j]usalem4--,! imm$iate occasion ( ! ,crusades 0 ! h>d treatm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian pilgrims :o visit$ ! sepul*] ( ,*ri/ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,!re ! ,empress ,hel5a1 ! "m ( ,con/ant9e1 _h erect$ a /ately *ur*4 ,pilgrimages--:i* _h become m & m a cu/om s9ce ! f\r? c5tury--naturally t5d$ to ! sacr$ places 9 ,pale/9e4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 piety _h be5 quick5$ by ! ,cluny movem5t4 ,9 #ajfd a great pilgrimage1 9 :i* sev5 ?\s& p]sons1 prie/s & laity1 ( all nations1 7 includ$1 "u ,siegfri$1 ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 made its way ?r\gh ,hung>y to ,syria4 ,n m ?an a ?ird ( !m liv$ to return4 ,! reports ( return+ pilgrims 7 li/5$ to ) absorb+ int]e/1 z !y told ( ! spots to :i* ! imag9ation ( ! p 0 con/antly direct$4 ,:at indignation !n 0 k9dl$ by ! pa!tic n>rative ( ! insults & bl[s :i* !y _h endur$ f ! infidels :o pr(an$ ! holy places ) _! hateful dom9ation6 ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 "u caliphs ( ! temp] ( ,h>\n ,al-,ras*id1 ,*ri/ians _h be5 well treat$4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury ! ,fatimite caliphs ( ,egypt 7 ! rul]s at ,j]usalem4 ,hakem 0 fi]ce 9 8 p]secution1 b 8 successors 7 m tol]ant4 ,:5 ! ,seljukian ,turks got control !re1 ! h>ass$ pilgrims _h con/ant occasion to compla9 ( insult & inhumanity4 ,,! ,,call ,,( ,,! ,,greeks4--,! ,greek emp]or1 ,alexius ,comn5us1 ?reat5$ by ! ,mussulmans on ! opposite bank ( ! ,bosphorus1 s5t 8 call = succor to all ,*ri/ian c\rts4 ,two popes1 ,sylve/] ,,ii4 & ,gregory ,,vii41 _h 9 va9 exhort$ ! pr9ces to rise 9 _! might1 to d away ) ! wrong & ! %ame :i* ! disciples ( ,jesus 7 suff]+ at ! h&s ( 8 enemies4 ,,motives ,,to ,,! ,,crusades4--,aft] ?is1 only a sp>k 0 ne$$ to k9dle 9 ! ,we/]n nations a flame ( en?usiasm4 ,! summons to a crusade appeal$ to ! two mo/ p[]ful s5tim5ts !n preval5t1--! s5tim5t ( religion & t ( *ivalry4 ,! response made by fai? & rev]5ce 0 re9=c$ by t ?ir/ = a m>tial c>e] & = knightly exploits :i* burn$ z a passion 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,! peoples 9 ! c\ntries =m$ by ! ,g]manic conque/s 7 full ( vigor & life4 ,outside ( ! ,*ur*1 !re 0 no employm5t to attract aspir+ y\? b ! employm5t ( a soldi]4 ,we/]n ,europe 0 cov]$ ) a net-"w ( petty sov]eignties4 ,feudal conflicts1 :ile !y 7 a discipl9e ( /r5g? & valor1 7 a n>r[ field = all ?is p5t-up en]gy4 ,!re 0 a lat5t ye>n+ = a wid] horizon1 a broad] !at] ( action4 ,?us ! ,crusades pr(\ndly int]e/$ all classes4 ,! ,*ur* & ! cl]gy1 ! l[] ord]s1 ! wom5 & ! *ildr51 %>$ to ! full 9 ! religi\s en?usiasm1 :i*1 9 ! case ( pr9ces & nobles1 took ! =m ( an int5se desire to engage p]sonally 9 ! holy w>1 9 ord] to cru% ! infidels1 & at ! same "t to signalize !mselves by gallant feats ( arms4 ,!re 0 no sur] road to salvation4 ,!re 01 moreov]1 a hope1 ( :i* all 9 di/ress$ circum/ances p>took1 ( improv+ _! temporal lot4 ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,cl]mont4--,! prime au?or ( ! fir/ ,crusade 0 ,pope ,urban ,,ii4 ,he au?oriz$ an en?usia/1 ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 ( ,ami5s1 to travel on an ass ?r\gh ,italy & ,s\!rn ,france1 & to /ir up ! p to ! great und]tak+ ( deliv]+ ! ,holy ,sepul*]4 ,) an emaciat$ c\nt5ance & fla%+ eye1 8 head b>e1 & feet nak$1 & we>+ a co>se g>m5t b\nd ) a girdle ( cords1 he told 8 burn+ tale ( ! inflictions endur$ by ! pilgrims4 ,at ! great c\ncil ( ,cl]mont1 9 #ajie1 :]e a ?rong ( bi%ops & nobles1 & a multitude ( common p :o spoke ! ,romanic tongue1 7 assembl$1 ,urban himself address$ ! assembly 9 a /ra9 ( impassion$ f]vor4 ,he call$ ^u ev]yone to d5y himself1 & take up 8 cross1 t he might w9 ,*ri/4 ,:oev] w\ld enli/ 9 ! w> 0 to h a complete remission ( p5ances1--a pl5>y indulg5ce4 ,! answ] 0 ?und]$ =?1 ,god wills x4 ,?\s&s knelt1 & begg$ to be enroll$ 9 ! sacr$ b&s4 ,! r$ cross ( clo? or silk1 fa/5$ to ! "r %\ld]1 0 ! badge ( all :o took up arms4 ,h5ce !y 7 call$ crusad]s 7f an old ,fr5* ^w d]iv$ f crucem1 ,lat4 acc4 ( crux1 a cross74 ,,! ,,undiscipl9$ ,,b&s4--,! f>m] left 8 pl[1 & ! %eph]d 8 flock4 ,bo? sexes & all ages 7 inspir$ ) a common passion4 ,be=e a milit>y organization c\ld be made1 a disord]ly ho/1 poorly arm$ & ill-provid$1 l$ by ,pet] ! ,h]mit & ,walt] ! ,p5niless1 a ,fr5* knight1 />t$ = ,con/ant9ople by way ( ,g]many & ,hung>y4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to sep>ate2 &1 ( two hundr$ ?\s&1 x is said t only sev5 ?\s& rea*$ t capital4 ,^! p]i%$ 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,!y left _! bones on ! pla9 ( ,nicoea1 :]e !y 7 f\nd by ! next crusad+ exp$ition4 ,,fir/ ,,crusade 7#ajif-ajii74--,! ,crusades 7 prim>ily a ,gauli% movem5t3 9 ,fr5*-speak+ l&s1 ! fire ( *ivalric devotion 0 mo/ int5se4 ,! fir/ regul> army ( soldi]s ( ! cross dep>t$ by diff]5t r\tes "u sep>ate *iefs4 ,fir/ ( ^! 0 ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 duke ( ,l[] ,lorra9e1 ! brave/ & noble/ ( !m all4 ,) him 7 8 bro!rs1 ,baldw91 & ,eu/ace1 c\nt ( ,b\logne4 ,prom95t among ! o!r *iefs 7 ,hugh1 c\nt ( ,v]m&ois2 ,rob]t1 duke ( ,norm&y1 :o _h pawn$ 8 du*y to 8 bro!r1 ,william ,,ii41 ! k+ ( ,engl&2 ,rob]t1 c\nt ( ,fl&]s2 ,raymond1 c\nt ( ,t\l\se2 ,bohemond ( ,t>5tum1 son ( ,rob]t ,guisc>d2 & ,tancr$1 ,rob]t ,guisc>d's nephew4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 tak5 up ) _! own crusade aga9/ ! ,moors4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! late absorb+ /ruggles betwe5 emp]ors & popes1 ! ,g]mans & ,italians did n n[ emb>k 9 ! ent]prise4 ,! relation ( ! ,norman dyna/y 9 ,engl& to ! conqu]$ ,saxons prev5t$ ! fir/ crusad+ ho/ f receiv+ sub/antial aid f t c\ntry4 ,! lead]s ( ! army f9ally cons5t$ to become ! feudal dep5d5ts ( ! emp]or ,alexius :ile !y %\ld be )9 8 bord]s1 & to re/ore to him su* ( _! conque/s z _h be5 lately wre/$ by ! ,turks f ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,alexius 0 m al>m$ ?an gratifi$ on see+ ! sw>m ( w>riors :i* he _h br\ght into 8 l&4 ,aft] a siege ( sev5 weeks1 ,nicea 0 surr5d]$1 n1 h[ev]1 into ! h&s ( ! ,european soldi]s :o _h conduct$ ! siege1 b to ! %rewd ,alexius4 ,at ,doryleum1 9 a desp]ate battle ! ,turks 7 defeat$2 b1 on _! m>* ea/w>d1 !y wa/$ ! l&s :i* !y left beh9d !m4 ,! crusad]s suff]$ sev]ely f disease consequ5t on ! heat4 ,a private qu>rel broke out betwe5 ,tancr$ & ,baldw94 ,baldw91 invit$ to ,edessa by ! ,greek or ,arm5ian rul]1 f\nd$ !re a ,lat9 pr9cipality4 ,aft] besieg+ ,antio* = sev]al mon?s1 by ! trea*]y ( a r5egade ,*ri/ian1 ,bohemond1 ) a few foll[]s1 0 admitt$ into ! city4 ,! ,*ri/ians slew t5 ?\s& ( its def5d]s2 b1 ?ree days aft]1 ,antio* 0 %ut 9 by a great army ( ,turks "u ! sultan ,k]boga4 ,! crusad]s 7 /imulat$ by ! suppos$ discov]y ( ! holy lance1 or ! /eel head ( ! spe> :i* _h pi]c$ ! side ( ,jesus4 ,! ,turks 7 vanqui%$1 & ! citadel ( ,antio* 0 possess$ by ,bohemond4 ,! wrangl+ *iefta9s 7 n[ compell$ by ! army to set out = ,j]usalem4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ! heights :]e !y fir/ caught a glimpse ( ! holy city1 ! crusad]s fell on _! knees1 & ) te>s ( joy broke out 9 hymns ( praise to ,god4 ,b1 n accu/om$ to siege op]ations1 & de/itute ( ! ma*9es & ladd]s requisite = ! purpose1 !y f\nd !mselves balk$ 9 ! fir/ attempts to capture ! city4 ,yet aft] ?irty days1 _! ne$s hav+ be5 meantime 9 a measure suppli$1 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by /orm 7,july #ae1 #ajii74 ,! infuriat$ conqu]ors gave ! re9 to _! v9dictive passions4 ,t5 ?\s& ,s>ac5s 7 slaught]$4 ,! ,jews 7 burn$ 9 ! synagogues1 to :i* !y _h fl$4 ,:5 ! ?ir/ = blood & = plund] 0 sat$1 feel+s ( p5it5ce & humility took possession ( ! victors4 ,! lead]s1 ca/+ aside _! arms1 ) b>$ heads & b>efoot1 ent]$ into ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*]1 & on _! b5d$ knees ?ank$ ,god = _! success4 ,aft] debate1 ! pr9ces unit$ 9 *oos+ ,godfrey ( ,b\illon z rul] ( ! city4 ,he w\ld n we> a royal cr[n 9 ! place :]e ! ,savi\r ( ! _w _h worn on 8 ble$+ =ehead a cr[n ( ?orns4 ,he designat$ himself ,protector ( ! ,holy ,sepul*]4 ,%ortly aft]1 at ,ascalon1 he won a great victory aga9/ ! va/ly sup]ior =ces ( ! ,egyptian sultan4 ,godfrey di$ ! next ye> 7#aajj71 & 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,baldw91 :o fir/ took ! title ( ,k+ ( ,j]usalem4 ,! =ce ( ! ,moslems1 & ! almo/ incessant /rife & division among ! crusad]s !mselves1 made ! k+dom h>d to def5d4 ,,! ,,new ,,k+dom4--,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 & ,pisa _h ! mo/ to d ) ! def5se & enl>gem5t ( ! new k+dom4 ,x 0 organiz$ accord+ to ! me?od ( feudalism4 ,x cont9u$ until ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ,salad9 9 #aahg4 ,,! ,,milit>y ,,ord]s4--,! pr9cipal support]s ( ! new k+dom at ,j]usalem 7 ! ord]s ( knights1 9 :i* 7 unit$ ! _s ( *ivalry & ! _s ( mona/icism4 ,to ! mona/ic v[s ( *a/ity1 pov]ty1 & ob$i5ce1 !y add$ a f\r? v[1 :i* b\nd !m to fight ! infidels1 & to protect ! pilgrims4 ,^! milit>y ord]s acquir$ great privileges & great weal?4 ,ea* ( !m _h its own peculi> app>el1 /amp$ ) a cross4 ,! two pr9cipal ord]s 7 ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john1 or ! ,hospitall]s1 & ! ,knights ,templ>4 ,! ,hospitall]s grew out ( a hospital e/abli%$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury ne> ! ,holy ,sepul*]1 = ! c>e ( sick or w\nd$ pilgrims4 ,! ord]1 :5 fully con/itut$1 conta9$ ?ree classes ( memb]s1--knights1 :o 7 all ( noble bir?1 prie/s & *apla9s1 & s]v+ bro!rs4 ,aft] ! loss ( ! ,holy ,l&1 ! isl& ( ,rhodes 0 giv5 up to !m4 ,?is !y held until #aebb1 :5 !y 7 driv5 out by ! ,turks1 & receiv$ f ! emp]or1 ,*>les ,v41 ! isl& ( ,malta4 ,! ,templ>s ga9$ high r5[n = _! valor1 &1 by pres5ts & legacies1 acquir$ imm5se weal?4 ,aft] ! loss ( _! possessions 9 ,pale/9e1 mo/ ( _! memb]s took up _! abode 9 ,cyprus3 f !re _m ( !m w5t to ,france4 ,n a few ( !m became addict$ to viol5t & pr(ligate ways4 ,!y 7 *>g$1 :e!r truly or falsely1 ) unbelief1 & ,ori5tal sup]/itions caught up 9 ! ,ea/ f _! enemies4 ,^! accusations1 c\pl$ ) a desire to get _! prop]ty1 l$ to _! suppression by ,philip ,v4 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,a ?ird ord] 0 t ( ,teutonic ,knights1 f\nd$ at ,j]usalem ab\t #aabh4 ,9 ! next c5tury !y subjugat$ ! hea!n ,w5ds 9 ,prussia 7#abbf-abhc74 ,,welfs ,,& ,,waibl+s4--,! emp]or ,lo?> di$ on a j\rney back f ,italy 9 #aacg4 ,h5ry ! ,pr\d1 ( ! h\se ( ,welf1 to :om he _h giv5 ! imp]ial insignia1 hop$ to be 8 successor1 & hesitat$ to recognize ,conrad ,,iii4 7#aacg-aaeb7 ( ! h\se ( ,hoh5/auf51 :o 0 *os54 ,conrad requir$ him to give up ,saxony1 = ! reason t "o pr9ce c\ld n gov]n two du*ies4 ,:5 he refus$1 ,bav>ia1 also1 0 tak5 f him1 & giv5 to ,leopold1 m>grave ( ,au/ria4 ,?is l$ to w>1 9 :i* ! k+1 z usual1 0 /rongly support$ by ! cities4 ,h5ry ! ,pr\d left a "y son1 kn[n lat] z ,h5ry ! ,lion4 ,c\nt ,welf1 ! bro!r ( ,h5ry ! ,pr\d1 kept up ! w> 9 ,bav>ia4 ,he 0 besieg$ 9 ,we9sb]g4 ,dur+ ! siege1 x is said t 8 foll[]s %\t$ ,welf z a w>-cry1 :ile ! besieg]s %\t$ ,waibl+s1--,waibl+5 be+ ! bir?place ( ,fr$]ick1 duke ( ,swabia1 bro!r ( ,conrad4 ,^! names1 corrupt$ into ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es by ! ,italians1 7 aft]w>ds atta*$ to ! two great p>ties1--! support]s1 respectively1 ( ! popes & ! emp]ors4 ,h5ry ! ,lion aft]w>ds receiv$ ,saxony2 & ! m>k ( ,br&5burg 0 giv5 9 lieu ( x to ,alb]t ! ,be>4 ,welf ,i4 0 a p[]ful nobleman1 :o receiv$ f ,h5ry ,,iv4 ! fief ( ,bav>ia4 ,:5 ,h5ry ,v di$1 ! natural heirs ( ! ext9ct ,franconian l9e 7 8 nephews1 ,fr$]ick ( ,hoh5/auf51 duke ( ,swabia1 & ,conrad4 ,b ! ,saxons support$ ! weal?y ,lo?>1 :o 0 *os5 emp]or1 & won ov] to 8 side ,h5ry ! ,pr\d1 gr&son ( ,welf ,i41 to :om ,lo?> gave 8 daught] 9 m>riage1 & gave1 also1 ! duk$om ( ,saxony1 9 addition to 8 duk$om ( ,bav>ia4 ,9 ^! ev5ts lay ! roots ( ! long rival%ip betwe5 ! ,welfs & ! ,hoh5/auf5s4 ,h5ry ! ,lion1 z /at$ above1 0 ! son ( ,h5ry ! ,pr\d4 ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,! ,,welfs4 ,,welf1 ,duke ( ,bav>ia1 #ajgj-aaja4 --,,h5ry ! ,black1 ,duke ( ,bav>ia1 #aabj-aabf4 --,judi?1 m4 to ,fr$]ic1 ,duke ( ,swabia 7d4 #aadg71 ! son ( ,agnes1 :o 0 ! daught] ( ,,h5ry ,,iv4 ,,fr$]ic ,i 7,b>b>ossa7 0 ! son ( ,judi?1 & ?is ,fr$]ic ( ,swabia4 ,! ,swabian dukes 7 call$ ,hoh5/auf5s1 f a ca/le on ,m\nt ,/auf5 9 ,wurtemb]g4 --,,h5ry ! ,pr\d1 ,duke ( ,bav>ia #aabf1 ( ,saxony #aacg2 depriv$1 #aach4 --,,h5ry ! ,lion1 m4 ,matilda1 daught] ( ,h5ry ,,ii ( ,engl&4 --,,h5ry ! ,"y1 d4 #abbg4 --,,otto ,,iv1 d4 #abah4 ,,second ,,crusade 7#aadg-aadi74--,! prea*] ( ! second ,crusade 0 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ^: sa9tly life & mov+ eloqu5ce produc$ a great effect4 ,l\is ,,vii4 ( ,france & ,conrad ,,iii4 7 ! lead]s4 ,! exp$ition 0 att5d$ by a s]ies ( calamities4 ,! design ( recaptur+ ,edessa f ,n\r$d91 ! sultan ( ,aleppo1 0 giv5 up4 ,! siege ( ,damascus fail$ 7#aadh74 ,conrad return$ home ) brok5 heal?4 ,soon aft]1 ,damascus fell into ! h&s ( ,n\r$d91 :o 0 a brave & upright lead]4 ,?r\gh "o ( 8 lieut5ants1 he conqu]$ ,egypt4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ,salad91 :o sprung f "o ( ! tribes ( ,kurds1 & 0 9 8 s]vice1 rose to p[] !re1 & set aside ! ,fatimite caliphate 7#aaga74 ,he 0 n less r5[n$ = 8 culture & magnanimity ?an = 8 valor4 ,salad9 unit$ "u 8 scept] all ! l&s f ,cairo to ,aleppo4 ,9 ! battle at ,ramla1 n f> f ,ascalon 7#aagh71 ! crusad]s ga9$ _! la/ notable victory ov] ?is antagoni/1 :i* s]v$ to prolong = "s ye>s ! exi/5ce ( ! k+dom ( ,j]usalem4 ,aft]w>ds victory 0 on 8 side3 ! crusad]s 7 ov]?r[n 9 ! fatal battle ( ,tib]ias1 & ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by him 7#aahg74 ,?us ! ,lat9 k+dom fell4 ,! ,s>ac5 conqu]or 0 mu* m humane aft] success ?an ! ,*ri/ian w>riors _h be5 9 l circum/ances4 ,,fr$]ick ,,b>b>ossa4--,fr$]ick ,i4--,b>b>ossa1 or ,r$be>d1 he 0 call$ 9 ,italy--7#aaeb-aaij7 0 "o ( ! gr& figures ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he 0 ?irty-"o ye>s ( age at 8 election z emp]or1 & _h already be5 ) ! crusad]s to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,9 him great /r5g? ( und]/&+ & a capacity = l>ge und]tak+s 7 comb9$ ) a ta/e = lett]s & art4 ,8 aim 0 to br+ back to ! empire ! /r5g? & dignity :i* _h belong$ to x "u ! ,saxon & ,franconian emp]ors4 ,! rul]s ( ,bohemia & ,pol& he oblig$ to swe> fealty z vassals4 ,he put d[n private w>1 & re/or$ ord] 9 ,g]many4 ,! palat9ate on ! ,rh9e1 =m]ly a "p ( ,franconia1 he gave to 8 half-bro!r ,conrad1 :o f\nd$ ,heidelb]g 7#aaee74 ,,/ruggle ,,) ,,! ,,lomab>d ,,cities4--,! pr9cipal conflict ( ,fr$]ick ,i4 0 9 ,italy1 :]e he endeavor$ to re/ore ! imp]ial supremacy ov] ! ,lomb>d cities1 :i* _h gr[n prosp]\s & fre$om-lov+1 & 7 b5t on manag+ _! own municipal affairs4 ,!y _h ?r[n (f ! rule ( bi%ops & c\nts4 ,! burgh]s ( ,milan1 ! pr9cipal t[n1 _h oblig$ ! neighbor+ nobles & cities to =m a league ) !m4 ,! small] cities1 z ,como & ,lodi1 pref]r$ ! emp]or's control to be+ subject to ,milan4 ,pavia clung to ! empire4 ,b mo/ ( ! cities priz$ _! indep5d5ce & republican adm9i/ration4 ,! ,pope & ! emp]or 7 soon at v>iance1 & ! cities naturally look$ to ! pontiff = sympa?y & lead]%ip4 ,9 #aaeh ,fr$]ick aga9 cross$ ! ,alps1 b5t on e/abli%+ ! imp]ial jurisdiction z x _h /ood 9 ! days ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! /udy ( ! ,roman law 0 n[ pursu$ ) en?usiasm at ,bologna & ,padua4 ,at a great assembly 9 ! ,roncalian ,fields1 ,fr$]ick caus$ ! pr]ogatives ( ! empire to be def9$ accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! civil law4 ,! emp]or 0 proclaim$ z "l ( ! _w1--dom9us mundi4 ,9 ! room ( ! consuls1 a ,pode/a 0 appo9t$ z ! *ief (fic] 9 ea* city1 to repres5t 8 au?ority4 ,milan1 :i* _h submitt$1 revolt$1 b1 aft] a siege ( two ye>s1 0 =c$ to surr5d]1 & 0 de/roy$1 at ! emp]or's comm&1 by ! inhabitants ( ! neighbor+ cities 7#aafb74 ,9 #aaei ,alex&] ,,iii4 0 elect$ ,pope by a majority ( ! c>d9als4 ,victor ,,iv4 0 *os5 by ! imp]ial p>ty1 & 0 recogniz$ at a c\ncil conv5$ by ,fr$]ick at ,pavia4 ,on ! dea? ( ,victor1 ano!r anti-pope1 ,pas*al ,,iii41 0 elect$ 9 8 place2 &1 on ! f\r? visit ( ,fr$]ick to ,italy 7#aaff-aafh71 he conduct$ ,pas*al to ,rome4 ,9 #aafg ! cities ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 :i* ma9ta9$ _! cause ) inv9cible _s1 unit$ 9 ! ,lomb>d ,league4 ,!y built ! /rongly =tifi$ place1 ,aless&ria1--nam$ aft] ! ,pope1--& took possession ( ! passes ( ! ,alps4 ,! emp]or1 ^: army 0 ne>ly de/roy$ by a pe/il5ce at ,rome1 escap$1 ) no little difficulty & dang]1 to ,g]many4 ,,fr$]ick ,i4 ,,& ,,pope ,,alex&] ,,iii4--,= ne>ly sev5 ye>s ,fr$]ick rema9$ 9 ,g]many4 ,he put an end to a viol5t feud :i* _h be5 rag+ betwe5 ,h5ry ! ,lion & 8 enemies 7#aafh74 ,9 #aagd he 0 ready to resume 8 great ,italian ent]prise4 ,b he did n succe$ 9 tak+ ,aless&ria4 ,all 8 ef=ts to induce ,h5ry ! ,lion to come to 8 support fail$4 ,he 0 consequ5tly defeat$ 9 ! battle ( ,legnano 7#aagf74 ,! extraord9>y abilities & indefatigable en]gy ( ! great emp]or _h be5 ex]t$ 9 ! va9 ef=t1 z he himself n[ p]ceiv$ x to be1 to break d[n ! resi/ance ( a free p to a sy/em :i* !y felt to be an obsolete despotism4 ,a reconciliation took place at ,v5ice 9 #aagg betwe5 ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii4 & ,fr$]ick1 9 :i* ! latt] virtually gave up ! plan :i* he _h s long /ruggl$ to realize4 ,x 0 a day ( triumph = ! ,papacy4 ,at ,con/ance1 9 #aahc1 a treaty 0 made ) ! ,lomb>d cities1 9 :i* _! self-gov]nm5t 0 sub/antially conc$$1 ) ! "r to =tify !mselves1 & to levy armies1 & to ext5d ! b\nds ( _! conf$]acy4 ,! ov]lord%ip ( ! emp]or 0 recogniz$4 ,!re 0 to be an imp]ial judge 9 ea* t[n1 to :om appeals 9 ! mo/ important causes might be made4 ,! regalian rights to =age1 food1 & lodg+ = ! emp]or's army1 :5 )9 _! t]ritory1 7 r$uc$ to a def9ite =m4 ,! cities grew /rong] f _! newly ga9$ fre$om2 yet ! loss ( imp]ial re/ra9t 01 on "s occasions1 an evil4 ,,fr$]ick ,,9 ,,g]many4--,aft] 8 return to ,g]many1 ,fr$]ick depriv$ ,h5ry ! ,lion ( 8 l&s2 & :5 ,h5ry crav$ 8 =giv5ess at ! ,diet ( ,erfurt 9 #aaha1 he 0 all[$ to reta9 ,brunswick & ,lneburg4 ,he 0 to live = ?ree ye>s1 ) 8 wife & *ild1 at ! c\rt ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,h5ry ,,ii41 k+ ( ,engl&4 ,8 son ,william1 born !re1 is ! ance/or ( ! pres5t royal family 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #aahd ! emp]or1 9 honor ( 8 sons1 ,k+ ,h5ry1 & ,fr$]ick1 duke ( ,swabia1 :o 7 ( age to become knights1 celebrat$ at ,m5tz a magnific5t fe/ival1 :]e a great ?rong ( att5dants 0 ga!r$ f f> & ne>4 ,9 a la/ & peaceful visit to ,italy1 8 son ,h5ry 0 m>ri$ to ,con/ance1 ! daught] ( ,rog] ,,ii41 & ! heiress ( ! ,norman k+dom ( ,l[] ,italy & ,sicily4 ,,?ird ,,crusade 7#aahi-aaib74--,! old emp]or n[ und]took ano!r ,crusade 7#aahi71 9 :i* he 0 support$ by ,philip ,,ii4 7,philip ,augu/us71 k+ ( ,france1 & ,ri*>d ! ,lion-,he>t$ 7,cur-de-,lion71 k+ ( ,engl&1 b ( ,fr5* desc5t4 ,hav+ sp5t ! w9t] at ,adrianople1 ,fr$]ick cross$ into ,asia ,m9or1 & conqu]$ ,iconium4 ,9 8 advance he %[$ a milit>y skill & a valor :i* made ! exp$ition a memorable "o2 b at ! riv] ,calycadnus 9 ,cilicia1 ei!r :ile ba?+ or attempt+ to cross on horseback1 ! old w>rior 0 swept away by ! /ream1 & dr[n$ 7#aaij74 ,8 son ,fr$]ick di$ dur+ ! siege ( ,acre4 ,ri*>d & ,philip qu>rel$1 be=e & aft] rea*+ ,acre1 :i* surr5d]$ 9 #aaia4 ,philip return$ to ,france4 ,ri*>d1 ) all 8 valor1 0 twice compell$ to turn back f ,j]usalem4 ,no?+ 0 accompli%$ except ! e/abli%m5t ( a truce ) ,salad91 by :i* a /rip ( l& on ! coa/1 f ,joppa to ,acre1 0 giv5 to ! ,*ri/ians1 & pilgrimages to ! holy places 7 all[$4 ,ri*>d 0 di/+ui%$ bo? = 8 de$s ( arms & = 8 cruelty4 ,on 8 return1 he 0 kept z a prison] by ,leopold1 duke ( ,au/ria1 by ! direction ( ! emp]or1 ,h5ry ,,vi41 = ?irte5 mon?s1 & releas$ on ! paym5t ( a ransom1 & r5d]+ homage4 ,he 0 *>g$ ) tread+ ! ,g]man bann] 9 ! fil? at ,acre4 ,8 alliance ) ! ,welfs 9 ,g]many is en\gh to expla9 ! ho/ility felt t[>ds him by ! imp]ial p>ty4 ,,h5ry ,,vi43 ,,pope ,,innoc5t ,,iii4--,h5ry ,,vi4 7#aaij-aaig7 _h ! prud5ce & vigor ( 8 fa!r1 b lack$ 8 magnanimity4 ,he 0 h>d & /]n 9 8 temp]4 ,twice he visit$ ,italy to conqu] ! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies1 ! inh]itance ( 8 wife4 ,he wag$ a new w> ) ,h5ry ! ,lion 7#aaib-aaid71 :i* end$ 9 a m>riage ( ,agnes1 ! emp]or's c\s91 ) ,h5ry1 ! son ( ,h5ry4 ,x 0 a project ( ! emp]or to conv]t ,g]many & ,italy1 ) ,sicily1 into a h]$it>y mon>*y2 b ! pr9ces w\ld n cons5t4 ,he aspir$ to incorporate ! ,ea/]n ,empire 9 ! same dom9ion4 ,:ile engag$ 9 /rife ) ! ag$ ,pope1 ,coele/9 ,,ii41 respect+ ! ,tuscan l&s ( ,matilda1 :i* %e _h bequea!d to ! ,*ur*1 ! emp]or sudd5ly di$4 ,8 son ,fr$]ick 0 a boy only ?ree ye>s old4 ,on ! dea? ( ,coele/9 ,,ii41 e>ly 9 #aaih1 ,innoc5t ,,iii41 ! able/ & mo/ p[]ful ( all ! popes1 acc$$ to ! pontifical *air4 ,innoc5t 0 a /atesman ( unsurpass$ sagacity & en]gy4 ,he 0 imbu$ ) ! highe/ idea ( ! pontifical dignity4 ,he made 8 au?ority felt & fe>$ 9 all p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,he exact$ submission f all rul]s1 civil & ecclesia/ical4 ,! ,empress ,con/ance1 9 ord] to secure ,italy = ,fr$]ick1 accept$ ! papal inve/m5t on conditions dictat$ by ! ,pope4 ,aft] h] dea? ,innoc5t rul$ ,italy 9 ! "* ( gu>dian ( h] son4 ,he dislodg$ ! imp]ial vassals f ! ,tuscan t]ritory ( ,matilda1 & ?us became a second f\nd] ( ! papal /ate4 ,,f\r? ,,crusade 7#abjb-abjd74--,"u ! auspices ( ,innoc5t ,,iii41 a ,crusade 0 und]tak5 by ,fr5* b>ons1 ) :om 7 associat$ ,baldw91 c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 & ,boniface1 m>quis ( ,montf]rat4 ,arriv$ at ,v5ice1 ! crusad]s 7 n able to furni% to ! ,v5etians ! sum agre$ to be paid = _! transportation4 ,! ,v5etians1 ^: devotion 0 /rongly temp]$ ) ! m]cantile _s1 "u ! old doge1 ,h5ry ,d&olo1 greatly to ! displeasure ( ! ,pope1 p]suad$ !m to assi/ 9 ! capture ( ,z>a1 :i* ! k+ ( ,hung>y _h wre/$ f ,v5ice4 ,!n1 at ! call ( ,alexius1 son ( ! ,ea/]n emp]or1 ,isaac ,angelus1 !y w5t ) ! ,v5etian fleet to ,con/ant9ople1 & re/or$ ^! pr9ces to ! ?rone4 ,! result ( ! cont5tions t foll[$ ) ! ,greeks 0 ! pillage ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,lat9 ,empire "u ,baldw94 ,pr9cipalities 7 c>v$ out = diff]5t *iefs2 ! ,v5etians tak+ sev]al ,greek coa/ t[ns1 & aft]w>ds ,c&ia 7,crete74 ,! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople _h to take 8 pallium f ,rome4 ,! ,lat9 s]vice 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! *ur*es4 ,!re 0 no real union betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! invad]s1 b con/ant /rife1 until1 9 #abfa1 ,mi*ael ,paloeologus1 ! head ( a ,greek empire :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ at ,nicoea1 put an end to ! ,lat9 k+dom4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,crusade4--,! failure ( ! /up5d\s und]tak+s = ! conque/ ( ! infidels 0 attribut$ to ! wick$ wrangles1 & /ill m to ! vici\s lives1 ( ! crusad]s1 ^: defeat 0 reg>d$ z indicative ( ! fr[n ( ,heav5 on _! evil c\rses4 ,?is feel+ gave occasion to ! ,*ildr5's ,crusade1 9 #abab4 ,_m ?\s&s ( ,fr5* & ,g]man boys made _! way1 9 two di/9ct exp$itions1 to ,m>seilles & ! seaports ( ,italy1 9 ord] to be convey$ !nce to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,b few return$3 ne>ly all p]i%$ by ! way1 or 7 seiz$1 & c>ri$ (f to slave-m>kets4 ,! ent]prise grew out ( a wild con/ruction ( ! injunction ( ,jesus to let little *ildr5 come to him4 ,,otto ,,iv43 ,,civil ,,w> ,,9 ,,g]many4--,fr$]ick _h be5 elect$ k+2 b1 on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 8 claims 7 disreg>d$4 ,! ,hoh5/auf5s *ose ,philip1 bro!r ( ,h5ry ,,vi43 ! ,welfs appo9t$ ,otto1 ! second son ( ,h5ry ! ,lion4 ,innoc5t claim$ ! "r1 n to appo9t ! emp]or1 b to decide betwe5 ! rival claimants4 ,he decid$1 9 #abja1 9 favor ( ,otto ,,iv4 7#aaih-abad74 ,philip's p>ty1 h[ev]1 seem$ likely to succe$2 b1 9 #abjh1 he 0 murd]$4 ,otto1 hav+ made l>ge promises ( submission to ! ,pope's requirem5ts1 0 cr[n$ emp]or1 & univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,:5 he fail$ to fulfill 8 pl$ges1 & began to ass]t ! old imp]ial pr]ogatives 9 ,italy1 he 0 excommunicat$ & depos$ by ,innoc5t 7#abaj74 ,,fr$]ick 7,,ii47 ,,made ,,k+4--,innoc5t 0 n[ l$ to take up ! cause ( "y ,fr$]ick 7#abab74 ,! latt] won ,g]many ov] to 8 side1 & receiv$ ! ,g]man cr[n at ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #abae4 ,otto 0 re/rict$ to 8 ance/ral t]ritory 9 ,brunswick4 ,,"* ,,( ,,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#abad-abej74--;,fr$]ick ,,ii41 on acc\nt ( 8 extraord9>y natural gifts & 8 accompli%m5ts1 0 call$ ! wond] ( ! _w4 ,he knew sev]al languages1 &1 9 int]c\rse ) ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,sicily1 _h acquir$ a famili>ity ) ! sci5ces4 ,9 _m ( 8 ideas ( gov]nm5t he 0 9 advance ( 8 "t4 ,b 8 reign 0 l>gely sp5t 9 a conte/ ) ! ,lomb>d cities & ) ! popes4 ,he is /yl$ by an em95t mod]n hi/orian1 ! gay1 ! brave1 ! wise1 ! rel5tless1 & ! godless ,fr$]ick4 ,he 0 (t5 *>g$ ) skepticism 9 relation to ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ma9 gr\nd ( ?is imputation seems to h be5 a temp] ( m9d at v>iance ) ! habit ( ! age1--a v mod]ate degree ( rev]5ce = ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & ! abs5ce ( ! usual antipa?y to h]esy & religi\s diss5t4 ,,fif? ,,crusade 7#abbh-abbi74--;,hav+ caus$ 8 son ,h5ry to be elect$ k+ ( ,rome1 ,fr$]ick1 9 #abbj1 left ,g]many = fifte5 ye>s4 ,x 0 ! policy ( ! popes to keep ! ,sicilian cr[n f be+ unit$ ) ! empire1 & ! emp]or f ga9+ ! supremacy 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,fr$]ick1 at 8 coronation at ,aix1 & aft]w>ds1 _h engag$ to und]take a crusade4 ,b he _h po/pon$ x f "t to "t4 ,pope ,honorius ,,iii4 _h pati5tly borne ) ?is delay4 ,b :5 ,fr$]ick1 9 #abbg1 0 ab\t to />t1 & 0 prev5t$1 z he pr(ess$1 by ! contagi\s disease 9 8 army1 f :i* he himself 0 suff]+1 ,gregory ,,ix41 ! next pope1 plac$ him "u ! ban ( ! ,*ur*4 ,nev]!less1 ! emp]or1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 emb>k$ on 8 crusade4 ,8 vigor z a soldi]1 &1 /ill m1 8 tact 9 conciliat+ ! ,s>ac5s1 enabl$ him to get possession ( ,j]usalem4 ,no bi%op w\ld cr[n an excommunicate1 & he _h to put ! cr[n on 8 own head4 ,t he left a mosque unmole/$ 0 a fre% gr\nd ( reproa*4 ,he negotiat$ an armi/ice ) ! sultan1 ,kameel 7,el ,kmil71 :o c$$ ,naz>e? & a /rip ( t]ritory rea*+ to ! coa/1 toge!r ) ,sidon4 ,fifte5 ye>s lat] 79 #abdd7 ,j]usalem 0 f9ally lo/ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,,conte/ ,,( ,,fr$]ick ,,) ,,! ,,popes4--,on 8 return to ,italy1 ,fr$]ick drove ! papal troops out ( ,apulia4 ,9 a p]sonal int]view ) ,gregory ,,ix4 at ,san ,g]mane1 a treaty 0 made betwe5 !m1 ! ban 0 remov$1 & ! treaty ( ,fr$]ick ) ! ,sultan 0 sanction$ by ! ,pope4 ,fr$]ick n[ display$ 8 tal5t = organization 9 all p>ts ( 8 empire4 ,8 con/itution = ! ,sicilian k+dom1 bas$ on ! ru9s ( ! old feudalism1 is t+$ ) ! mod]n political _s4 ,8 c\rt1 :]ev] he soj\rn$1 m+l$ an almo/ ,ori5tal luxury & spl5dor ) ! attractions ( poetry & song4 ,a sore trial 0 ! revolt ( 8 son ,h5ry 7#abcd71 :om he conqu]$1 & conf9$ 9 a prison1 :]e he di$ 9 #abdb4 ,! ef=ts ( ,fr$]ick to en=ce ! imp]ial supremacy ov] ! ,lomb>d cities 7 met ) ! same /ubborn resi/ance f ! ,guelfs :i* 8 gr&fa!r _h enc\nt]$4 ,9 #abcg he ga9$ a brilliant victory ov] !m at ,cort5uova4 ,b ! h>d t]ms on :i* ,fr$]ick insi/$1 9 connection ) o!r transactions (f5sive to ! ,pope1 call$ out ano!r excommunication f ,gregory ,,ix4 7#abci74 ,! ,g5oese fleet1 :i* 0 convey+ ecclesia/ics to a c\ncil call$ by ! ,pope at ,rome1 0 captur$ by direction ( ,fr$]ick2 & ! prelates 7 ?r[n into prison4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv4 7#abdc-abed7 fl$ to ,lyons1 & !re publi%$ anew ! ban aga9/ ! emp]or1 decl>$ him depos$1 & summon$ ! ,g]mans to elect ano!r emp]or 9 8 place4 ,! ecclesia/ical pr9ces 9 ,g]many *ose ,h5ry ,raspe 7#abdf-abdg71 l&grave ( ,?ur+ia1 :o 0 defeat$ by ,conrad1 ,h5ry's son4 ,! next emp]or ?us *os51 ,william ( ,holl& 7#abdg71 made no headway 9 ,g]many4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( civil w>1 _m ,g]man cities ga9$ _! fre$om f episcopal rule1 atta9$ to great privileges1 & came into an imm$iate relation to ! emp]or4 ,a fe>ful w> rag$ 9 ,italy betwe5 ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ,fr$]ick di$1 9 ! fifty-six? ye> ( 8 age4 ,_h he be5 z consci5ti\s & z capable ( curb+ 8 passions & appetites z he 0 highly end[$ 9 o!r respects1 he might h be5 a model rul]4 ,z x 02 al?\gh 8 c>e] 0 spl5did1 8 private life1 z well z 8 public conduct1 0 /a9$ ) flagrant faults4 ,,! ,,sicilian ,,k+dom4--,! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies 0 bravely def5d$ by ,manfr$1 son ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 9 behalf ( "y ,conrad91 ! son ( ! new emp]or1 ,conrad ,,iv4 ,! ,pope gave ! cr[n to ,*>les ( ,anj\1 bro!r ( ,l\is ,,ix4 ( ,france4 ,*>les1 aft] ! fall ( ,manfr$ at ,b5ev5tum 7#abff71 ga9$ ! k+dom4 ,conrad9 w5t to ,italy1 b 0 defeat$ & captur$ 9 #abfh1 & 0 execut$ at ,naples4 ,su* 0 ! tragic end ( ! la/ ( ! ,hoh5/auf5s4 ,! unbe>able tyranny ( ! ,fr5* l$ to a conspiracy call$ ! ,sicilian ,vesp]s 7#abhb72 &1 at ,ea/] ,monday1 at vesp] "t1 ! ris+ took place4 ,all ! ,fr5* 9 ,sicily 7 massacr$4 ,pet] ( ,aragon1 :o _h m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,manfr$1 became k+ ( ,sicily4 ,! dom9ion ( ,*>les ( ,anj\ 0 re/rict$ to ,naples4 ,,spa94--,! ,spani>ds _h a crusade to c>ry =w>d 9 _! own l&1 :i* la/$ = eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 especially "u ,abd]rahman ,,iii4 7#iab-ifa71 ! ,moori% civilization 0 mo/ brilliant4 ,9 ,cordova1 !re 7 six hundr$ mosques4 ,!re 7 said to be sev5te5 univ]sities & sev5ty l>ge libr>ies 9 ,spa94 ,! caliph's fleets 7 dom9ant 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,he 0 mild 9 8 policy t[>ds ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury ! caliphs gave !mselves up to luxury1 & ! control ( _! =ces 0 9 ! h&s ( ! vizi]s4 ,( ^!1 ,almanzor1 ! g5]al ( ,hakem ,,ii 7#igf-ajac71 0 ! mo/ fam\s4 ,he took ! city ( ,leon1 & plund]$ ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,james ( ,compo/ella1 ! patron sa9t ( ,spa94 ,aft] ?is "t ! caliphate ( ,cordova broke up into num]\s k+doms4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,visigo?s 9 ! nor?-we/ _h built up ! little k+dom ( ,ovi$o1 :i* lat] took ! "n ( ,leon4 ,! re/ ( ,*ri/ian ,spa9 0 unit$ "u ,san*o ! ,great 7#igj-ajce74 ,to "o ( 8 sons1 ,f]d9& ,i1 he left ,ca/ile1 to :i* ,leon & ! ,a/urias 7 unit$2 to ano!r1 ,aragon2 &1 to a ?ird1 ,nav>re & ,biscay4 ,x 0 "u ,f]d9& t ! exploits ( ! ,spani% h]o1 ! ,cid 7,rodrigo ,diaz ( ,biv>71 9 conflict ) ! infidels1 began4 ,! complete conque/ ( ! ,moors 0 prev5t$ by ! /rife ( ! ,*ri/ian k+doms ) "o ano!r4 ,"u ,alfonso ,,vi 7#ajgb-aaji71 !y 7 all once m unit$4 ,,great ,,defeat ,,( ,,! ,,moors4--,! invasion ( ! ,almoravids1 invit$ ov] f ,africa by ! ,mussulman pr9ces 7#ajhf71 *eck$ ! progress ( ! ,*ri/ian conque/4 ,^! allies ( ! ,arabs built up a k+dom = !mselves1 reconqu]$ ,val5cia1 & tax$ to ! utmo/ ! p[] ( ! ,*ri/ians to resi/ _! progress4 ,new sects ( fanatical ,moslems1 ! ,almohads1 hav+ conqu]$ ,morocco1 pass$ ov] into ,spa94 ,! ,mohamm$ans 7 ?us at w> among !mselves1 & 7 divid$ into ?ree p>ties4 ,milit>y ord]s 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,spa92 & ! k+s ( ,ca/ile1 ,leon1 & ,nav>re1 aid$ by sixty ?\s& crusad]s f ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,italy1 defeat$ ,mohamm$1 ! *ief ( ! ,almohads1 ) great slaught]1 9 a decisive battle ne> ,tolosa 7#abab74 ,! ,spani% crusade built up ! little k+dom ( ,portugal1 & ! /ates ( ,ca/ile & ( ,aragon4 ,!y 7 de/9$ to play an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( comm]ce & discov]y4 ,! ,spani% "* ow$ "s ( its m>k$ traits to ?is prolong$ /ruggle ) ! ,moslems4 ,,! ,,mongolian ,,invasions4--,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,g5ghis ,khan1 ! lead] ( ,mongolian hordes :i* roam$ ov] ! ,asiatic plateau betwe5 ,*9a & ,sib]ia1 conqu]$ ,*9a1 & ov]?rew ! rul+ dyna/y4 ,he subdu$ ,h9du/an & ! empire ( ! ,*[>es1 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ by a ,seljukian slave1 & spread 8 p[] f ! ,caspian ,sea ?r\gh ,p]sia to ,india 7#abah74 ,bokh>a & ,sam>c& 7 among ! popul\s cities :i* 7 burn$ ) all _! treasures by ^! ru?less invad]s4 ,libr>ies 7 conv]t$ into /alls = ! horses ( ! brutal conqu]ors4 ,! sons & successors ( ,g5ghis ,khan swept ov] ! c\ntries nor? ( ! ,black ,sea1 captur$ ,mosc[ & ,kiev1 burn$ ,crac[1 & pursu$ _! murd]\s & deva/at+ pa? ov] ,pol& & ,hung>y1 ,at ! battle ( ,wahl/att 7#abda71 ! ,g]mans "u ,h5ry ! ,pi\s1 duke ( ,liegnitz1 7 defeat$4 ,! victories ( ! ,t>t>s 7 frightful massacres4 ,x 0 a cu/om ( ! ,mongols to cut (f an e> ( ! slaught]$ enemy4 ,x 0 said t at ,liegnitz ^! trophies fill$ n9e sacks4 ,! ,mongol ho/s retir$ f ,europe4 ,!y attack$ ! caliphate ( ,bagdad1 a city :i* !y took by /orm1 & plund]$ = =ty days4 ,!y de/roy$ ! dyna/y ( ! ,abassids4 ,!y m>*$ into ,syria1 /orm$ & sack$ ,aleppo1 & captur$ ,damascus4 ,= a "t ! c5tral po9t ( ! ,t>t> conque/s 0 ! city or camp+-gr\nd ( ,k>akorum 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,aft] a few g5]ations _! empire 0 brok5 9 pieces4 ,! ,gold5 ,horde1 :i* !y _h plant$ 9 ,russia1 on ! ea/ ( ! ,volga1 rema9$ !re = two c5turies4 ,bagdad 0 held by ! ,mongols until #adjj1 :5 x 0 conqu]$1 & kept = a %ort "t1 by ,tam]lane4 ,! religion ( ! ,t>t>s 0 ei!r ,lamaism--a corrupt$ =m ( ,buddhi/ic belief & wor%ip1--or ,mohamm$anism4 ,9 ,*9a & ,mongolia !y 7 ,lamai/s3 else:]e !y g5]ally adopt$ ! fai? ( ,islam4 ,_! orig9al religion 0 ,%amaism1 a wor%ip ( spirits1 ak9 to feti*ism4 ,! lat] ,mongol sov]eigns1 especially ,kublai ,khan1 7 ready to promote peaceful int]c\rse ) ,europe4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,m>co ,polo resid$ at _! c\rt4 ,,six? ,,crusade 7#abdh-abed73 ,,sev5? ,,crusade 7#abgj74-,two additional ,crusades 7 und]tak5 "u ! lead]%ip ( t upright & dev\t k+1 ,l\is ,,ix4 ( ,france4 ,! fir/ 7#abdh-abed7 result$ 9 ! tak+ ( ,damietta 9 ,egypt 7#abdi72 b ! next ye> ,l\is1 ) 8 :ole army1 0 captur$1 & obta9$ 8 release aft] mu* delay1 by ! surr5d] ( 8 conque/s1 & 9 return = a l>ge ransom4 ,n di%e>t5$ by ?is failure1 ! pi\s mon>*1 9 #abgj1 sail$ to ,tunis1 :]e he & mo/ ( 8 army p]i%$ f sickness4 ,9 #abia ,acre1 ! la/ t[n held by ! ,*ri/ians1 0 tak5 by ! ,egyptian ,mamelukes2 & ! ,crusades came to an end4 ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,crusades4--,! ,crusades 7 a spontane\s movem5t ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,x 0 a great tide1 :i* bore away all classes ( p4 ,x l5ds to ! ,middle ,ages an ideal & h]oic "*4 ,an ov]p[]+ s5tim5t1 subm]g+ calculation & self-int]e/1 swept ov] society4 ,!re 0 inf9ite suff]+3 c\ntless lives 7 ! =feit4 ,! results1 h[ev]1 7 b5efic5t1 #a4 ,x is true t ! conque/s made 9 ! ,ea/ 7 all surr5d]$4 ,! holy places 7 giv5 up4 ,yet ! ,turks _h receiv$ a *eck :i* 0 a protection to ,europe dur+ ! p]iod :5 its mon>*ies 7 =m+1 & 7 ga9+ ! =ce to enc\nt] !m anew1 & repel _! dang]\s aggressions4 #b4 ,! ,feudal ,sy/em 9 ,europe 0 smitt5 ) a mortal bl[4 ,small] fiefs1 ei!r by sale or by ! dea? ( ! hold]s1 7 swall[$ up 9 ! l>g]4 ,! an>*ical _s 0 c\nt]act$4 ,political unity 0 promot$4 #c4 ,!re 0 a less5+ ( ! social di/ance betwe5 suz]a9 & s]f4 ,!y f\ght side by side1 & aid$ "o ano!r 9 common p]ils4 ,! consequ5ce 0 an increase ( sympa?y4 #d4 ,!re 0 an expansion ( k4 ,!re 0 a wid5+ ( geographical k4 ,an acqua9tance 0 ga9$ ) o!r peoples & c\ntries4 ,to ! m civiliz$ ,s>ac5s1 ! crusad]s seem$ brutal & b>b>\s4 ,! crusad]s 9 turn 7 impress$ ) ! sup]ior advancem5t & elegance ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,x 0 n ! "l only :o beheld di/ant l&s3 ! s]f 0 tak5 f ! soil to :i* he _h be5 ti$4 ,he drew /imulus & in=mation f soj\rn+ "u o!r skies4 #e4 ,a great impulse 0 giv5 to trade & comm]ce4 ,an acqua9tance 0 ga9$ ) new products1 natural & artificial4 ,new wants 7 creat$4 #f4 ,! cities advanc$ 9 /r5g? & weal?4 ,important social consequ5ces result$ f _! gr[?4 ,,:y ,,! ,,crusades ,,t]m9at$4--,aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury x 0 impossible to rek9dle ! crusad+ en?usiasm4 ,! fire _h burn$ out4 ,x seem$ z if ! idea _h exhau/$ itself 9 action4 ,?is effect 0 due1 7#a7 to ! abs5ce ( novelty 9 su* und]tak+s2 7#b7 to ! long exp]i5ce ( ! h>d%ips belong+ to !m1 :i* t5d$ to damp5 ! romantic zeal t _h =m$ a "p ( ! motive2 7#c7 to ! disappo9tm5ts foll[+ ^u ! practical failure ( s prodigi\s & co/ly ex]tions2 7#d7 to an alt]$ condition ( public feel+ ( a m g5]al "*4 ,antipa?y to ! infidel1 ! m exclusive sway ( religi\s s5tim5t1 7 giv+ way to a m+l+ ( secul> aims & int]e/s4 ,!re 7 new & wid] fields ( activity at home4 ,! mood ( m5's m9ds 0 no long] ! same4 ,,luxuries ,,introduc$ ,,by ,,! ,,crusades4--,! effect ( ! ,crusades 9 br++ 9 new com=ts & luxuries1 & 9 ?us alt]+ ! /yle ( liv+1 0 rem>kable4 ,at ! v outset1 a great deal ( money1 obta9$ by ! sale or pawn+ ( e/ates1 0 sp5t 9 ! outfit ( ! hundr$ ?\s& nobles1 :o1 at ! beg9n+1 took ! cross4 ,co/ly furs1 embroid]$ cu%ions1 curta9s ( purple dye1 pavilions work$ ) gold1 bann]s ( purple or ( clo?-(-gold1 %[y co/umes1 & %9+ armor1--su* 0 ! spl5dor t met ! eyes ( ?\s&s :o _h nev] be=e beheld su* a spectacle4 ,! j\rney to ! ,ea/ br\ght "u ! obs]vation ( ! crusad]s1 arts & fa%ions to :i* !y _h be5 /rang]s1 ,!y saw ! gild$ domes & m>ble palaces ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ! treasures ( anci5t art :i* _h be5 ga!r$ )9 ! walls ( t anci5t capital4 ,antio*1 ) all its weal?1 fell into _! h&s4 ,lat]1 ! m]*ants ( bo? religions foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! armies1 & met "o ano!r4 ,! sup]b fabrics ( ! ,ea/ 7 c>ri$ to ! ,we/ by r\tes :i* n[ became safe & famili>4 ,! preci\s ores & tissues ( ,damascus1 & ! beautiful glassw>e ( ,tyre1 7 convey$ to ,v5ice1 & !nce to places m di/ant4 ,silk /uffs ( exquisite beauty 7 br\ght f ,mosul & ,alex&ria4 ,! elegance ( ! ,ea/1 ) its ri* fabrics1 its jewels & pe>ls1 0 s en*ant+ t an en?usia/ic crusad] t]m$ x ! ve/ibule ( ,p>adise4 ,x 0 n ! nobles alone 9 ! ,we/ :o acquir$ ^! attractive products ( skill & indu/ry4 ,! cities %>$ 9 !m4 ,ev5 ! l[] classes p>took ( ! *ange 9 ! way ( liv+4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,ca/le4--,ev5 9 ! e>li] days ( feudalism1 ! seclusion ( ! ca/le 0 n )\t an influ5ce 9 promot+ dome/ic int]c\rse & affection4 ,a new s5tim5t respect+ woman sprang up 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & 0 fo/]$ by ! honor :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* r5d]$ to sa9tly wom54 ,a _s ( gallantry & devotion to woman1 p>tly natural to ! ,g]manic race1 & p>tly aris+ f causes l t j nam$1 sprang up 9 ! mid/ ( prevail+ ignorance & p]petual /rife4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies life 9 ! ca/le is f\nd to be v mu* improv$4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury x lack$ com=t1 to say no?+ ( luxury4 ,! lights 7 tor*es ( dry wood3 ev5 c&les 7 n 9 g5]al use4 ,h\ses 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many commonly _h ?at*$ ro(s4 ,!y 7 made ( logs cov]$ ) a sort ( clay or mud4 ,!y 7 built ) l[ & n>r[ doors1 & ) small w9d[s :i* admitt$ b little light4 ,9 ! middle ( ! smoky hall 0 a l>ge1 r\nd fireplace4 ,!re 0 no *imney1 b only a funnel1 :i* pi]c$ ! ceil+4 ,! seats 7 b5*es & /ools4 ,! feet ( ! family & gue/s 7 kept w>m by hay spread b5ea? !m4 ,9 ! lat] p]iod ! sub/itution ( dry ru%es & /raw 0 ?\ght to be a m>vel\s ga94 ,b$s ( /raw 7 introduc$ into all ! ap>tm5ts ( nobles1 & ev5 ( k+s4 ,to sleep on a /raw c\* 0 deem$ a regal luxury4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ! ,crusades 0 to introduce c>pets & hang+s into ! dwell+s ( ! great4 ,improv$ timepieces took ! place ( ! wat]-clocks1 :i* 7 a wond] 9 ! days ( ,*>lemagne4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! ca/le beg9s to look less l a dungeon4 ,)9 & )\t1 x ceases to we> s exclusively ! aspect ( a =tress4 ,! furniture has m beauty4 ,9 ! great hall are ! l>ge tables atta*$ to ! floor1 ! sidebo>ds1 ! cupbo>ds1 ! /ately *air ( ! "l1 ! c\* ) its canopy1 ! *e/s = ! we>+-app>el1 ! armor on ! walls4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,france 0 cov]$ ) *ateaux1 :i*1 9 ! case ( pr9ces & nobles ( highe/ rank1 _h _! spaci\s c\rts1 _! /ables1 _! lodg+s = ! s]vants4 ,all ^! 7 )9 ! prec9cts ( ! palace4 ,9 ! great hall 7 held ! assemblies ( vassals1 banquets1 judicial trials4 ,9 ! weal?ie/ mansions1 !re 0 a ma9 saloon on ! floor above1 rea*$ by a spiral /airway1 & s]v+ also = ! pr9cipal b$-*amb]4 ,!re ! /one floor gave place to m>ble ( v>i$ colors4 ,mosaics & o!r ornam5ts 7 introduc$4 ,sculptures1 c>v+s1 & mural pa9t+s decorat$ ! ap>tm5ts4 ,glass mirrors1 import$ by way ( ,v5ice1 began to sup]s$e ! mirrors ( poli%$ metal4 ,l>g] w9d[s1 ( pa9t$ glass1 became common among ! ri*1 9 ! room ( ! small pieces ( glass1 or ( alaba/]1 :i* _h be=e s]v$ to let 9 a few rays ( light4 ,tall[ c&les came into vogue4 ,lamps 7 n unkn[n4 ,on great occasions1 lant]ns & wax c&les 7 us$ = a fe/ive illum9ation4 ,*imneys 7 9 use1 & ab\t ! va/ fire-place ! family gr\p c\ld ga!r4 ,! hospitality ( ! ca/le 0 (t5 b\ntiful4 ,! *ase1 ! favorite amusem5t1 gave life & animation to ! sc5e1 & prep>$ ! inmates = ! fea/ t foll[$4 ,m9/rels enliv5$ ! social ga!r+4 ,troops ( m\ntebanks & buffoons furni%$ amusem5t1 & 7 sometimes lavi%ly rew>d$4 ,!re 7 s+]s & buffoons :o 7 atta*$ p]man5tly to ! h\sehold4 ,!re 7 o!rs :o travel$ f place to place1 & 7 ev5 organiz$ into corporations or guilds4 ,! fool1 or je/]1 to :om a l>ge lic5se 0 all[$1 0 long deem$ a necess>y adjunct ( ! ca/le-hall4 ,c>riages 7 little us$2 rank 0 indicat$ by ! acc\t]m5ts ( ! w>-horse or ( ! palfrey4 ,f ! twelf? c5tury onw>d1 ! improvem5t 9 ! com=ts ( liv+ 0 n conf9$ to ! nobles & to ri* burgh]s 9 cities4 ,x 0 %>$ by ! rural classes1 not)/&+ ! mis]ies--su* z insecurity1 & dang]s ( fam9e--t belong$ to _! condition4 ,,pov]ty ,,& ,,disease4--,a ,fr5* writ] on ! hi/ory ( luxury1 speak+ ( ,france 9 ?is p]iod1 says1 ,9 ! cities1 we meet at once luxury1 c]ta9 beg9n+s ( prosp]ity1 & frightful mis]y4 ,begg>y exi/s 9 a =m ! mo/ hide\s3 !re is an organization ( x ) grades1 & a sort ( hi]>*y4 ,9 ! face ( sumptu\s co/umes1 ( *ateaux bett] adorn$1 ( ! nasc5t weal? ( indu/ry1 ,france includ$ m ?an two ?\s& lep]s1 & knew n h[ to treat maladies born ( ! mo/ imp]fect hygi5e & ! mo/ sordid fil?4 ,su* 7 ! extremes4 ,! c\rse ( g5]al progress w5t =w>d betwe5 !m4 ,! condition ( ! poore/ class 9 ,engl& 0 no bett]4 ,! abs5ce ( vegetable food = ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 ! p]sonal dirt ( ! p1 ! sleep+ at night 9 ! clo!s worn 9 ! day1 & o!r causes1 made sk9-diseases frightfully common4 ,at ! outskirts ( e t[n 9 ,engl&1 !re 7 crawl+ ab\t emaciat$ creatures cov]$ ) loa?some sores1 liv+ ,heav5 kn[s h[4 ,!y 7 call$ by ! common "n ( lep]s2 & probably ! leprosy1 /rictly s call$1 0 awfully common4 ,su* be+ ! life ( ! poor 9 villages1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( dra9age & o!r mod]n safegu>ds ( heal?1 9 l>ge t[ns1 x is no wond] t 9 ! ,middle ,ages !re 7 t]rible pe/il5ces1 & t ! av]age l5g? ( life 0 mu* less ?an at pres5t4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,*ivalry4--,x 0 9 ! p]iod ( ! crusades t ! m$iaeval in/itution ( *ivalry 0 ennobl$ by receiv+ a religi\s consecration4 ,*ivalry is a compreh5sive t]m1 d5ot+ a sy/em ( ideas & cu/oms t prevail$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,9 ! we/]n k+doms ( ,europe !re 0 gradually =m$ a di/9ct class ( w>riors ( sup]ior rank1 :o f\ght on horseback1 & 7 recogniz$ z knights by a c]emony ( equipm5t ) arms4 ,among ! cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 :i* are notic$ by ,tacitus1 & 9 :i* may be discov]$ ! g]ms ( *ivalry1 are ! rem>kable def]5ce paid to wom51 att5dance ( ! aspir+ y\? on a milit>y sup]ior1--out ( :i* vassal%ip arose1--& ! =mal receiv+ ( arms on rea*+ manhood4 ,at ! outset1 knigh?ood 0 l9k$ to feudal s]vice3 ! knights 7 l&hold]s4 ,9 ! age ( ,*>lemagne1 ! w>riors on horseback--! caball>ii--7 ! precursors1 bo? 9 "n & function1 ( ! *evali]s ( lat] times4 ,! ^w knight1 mean+ a y\? or s]vant1 & !n a milit>y att5dant1 came to be a t]m ( equival5t mean+4 ,! necess>y connection ( knigh?ood ) ! possession ( fiefs 0 brok5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?r\gh *anges 9 ! circum/ances ( w>f>e4 ,knigh?ood became indep5d5t ( feudalism4 ,x 0 a p]sonal di/9ction1 frequ5tly be/[$ z a rew>d = brave de$s1 & (t5 conf]r$ ) elaborate c]emonies1 p>tly ( a religi\s "*4 ,:5 ! boy ( g5tle bir? pass$ f "u ! c>e ( females1 he fir/ s]v$ z a page or valet at ! c\rt ( a pr9ce or ! ca/le ( a ri* noble4 ,hav+ be5 ?us tra9$ 9 habits ( c\rtesy & ob$i5ce1 he 0 advanc$1 n e>li] ?an ! age ( f\rte51 to ! rank ( squire1 & in/ruct$ 9 horseman%ip & 9 ! use ( weapons4 ,he foll[$ 8 ma/] to ! t\rnam5t & 9 battle1 until f9ally he 0 himself dubb$ a knight1 0 clo!d 9 armor ( /eel1 & took on him all ! obligations & privileges ( 8 ord]4 ,! introduction ( h]$it>y surnames & ( armorial be>+s s]v$ to di/+ui% ! memb]s ( ?is ord]4 ,he :o 0 a knight 9 "o place 0 a knight ev]y:]e4 ,!re 7 diff]5t classes ( knights4 ,! ba*elor1 :o bore a =k$ p5non1 0 bel[ ! knight-bann]et1 :o alone _h ! "r to c>ry ! squ>e bann]4 ,! bann]et 0 requir$ to h a c]ta9 e/ate1 & to be able to br+ into ! field a c]ta9 numb] ( lances1 i4e41 inf]ior knights ) _! m5-at-arms & foot-soldi]s4 ,ea* knight 0 accompani$ by 8 squire & p]sonal att5dants4 ,n seldom two knights jo9$ toge!r 9 a bro!rhood 9 arms1 pl$g+ !mselves to su/a9 ea* o!r 9 e p]il4 ,,! ,,virtues ,,( ,,knigh?ood4--,!re 7 *>act]i/ic obligations ( knigh?ood4 ,"o 0 loyalty1 :i* includ$ a /rict fidelity to all pl$ges1 embrac+ promises made to an enemy4 ,ano!r knightly virtue 0 c\rtesy1 :i* 0 ex]cis$ ev5 t[>ds a foe4 ,! _s ( gallantry1 inspir+ devotion to woman1 especially ! *os5 object ( love1 & protection to womanly weakness1 0 always a c>d9al trait ( ! *ivalric temp]4 ,c\rage1 :i* delight$ 9 d>+ exploits1 & s\ght fields = ! ex]cise ( p]sonal pr[ess1 0 an indisp5sable quality ( ! knights4 ,! ideal ( *ivalry 0 honor r ?an b5evol5ce4 ,! influ5ce ( *ivalry 9 ref9+ mann]s 0 v great2 b1 especially 9 its p]iod ( decl9e1 x all[$ or br\ght 9 mu* cruelty & pr(ligacy4 ,its di/9ctive _s c\ld f9d room = ex]cise only amid conflict & blood%$1 :i* x naturally t5d$ to promote4 ,,c]emonies ,,( ,,inve/iture4--,:5 ! knight 0 creat$ accord+ to ! complete =m1 he ent]$ into a ba? on ! ev5+ previ\s1 0 in/ruct$ by old knights 9 ! ord] & feats ( *ivalry1 0 !n clad 9 :ite & russet1 l a h]mit1 pass$ ! night 9 ! *apel 9 orisons & pray]s1 & at daybreak confess$ to ! prie/1 & receiv$ ! sacram5t4 ,he !n return$ to 8 *amb]4 ,at ! appo9t$ h\r he 0 conduct$ to ! hall1 :]e he receiv$ ! spurs & 0 gird$ ) ! sword by ! pr9ce or o!r "l :o 0 to conf] ! di/9ction1 by :om he 0 smitt5 on ! %\ld] & *>g$ to be a good knight4 ,!nce he 0 escort$ to ! *apel1 :]e he swore on ! alt> to def5d ! *ur*1 & 8 sword 0 consecrat$4 ,,judicial ,,combats4--,! disposition to resort to s+le combats z a judicial te/ ( guilt or innoc5ce 0 /imulat$ by ! developm5t ( *ivalry4 ,!re 7 o!r ordeals long 9 vogue1 by :i* x 0 ?\ght t ,heav5 w\ld int]pose miracul\sly to %ield1 & ?us to v9dicate1 ! innoc5t1 & to expose ! crim9al4 ,su* 7 ! plung+ ( ! h& into boil+ wat]1 ! contact ( ! fle% ) r$-hot iron or ) fire1 ! lot1 ! oa? tak5 on holy relics1 ! reception ( ! ,eu*>i/1 :i* w\ld *oke ! p]jur]1 & s5d 8 s\l to p]dition4 ,! ordeals 7 regulat$ & manag$ by ! cl]gy4 ,among ! ,g]man1 & also ! ,celtic tribes1 !re are traces ( ! duel betwe5 combatants1 = purposes ( div9ation1 or ( det]m9+ on :i* side 9 a controv]sy ! "r lay4 ,! judicial combat 9 m$iaeval ,europe became g5]al4 ,*ampions1 9 cases :]e ! rights ( wom5 7 9 debate1 & 9 o!r in/ances :]e ! wag] ( battle betwe5 ! direct antagoni/s 9 a dispute 0 impracticable1 7 select$1 or volunte]$1 to try ! issue 9 an arm$ conflict4 ,sometimes pr(essional *ampions1 hir$ = ! occasion1 7 employ$4 ,! cu/om ( judicial combats by degrees decl9$4 ,! municipalities & ! _s ( comm]ce 7 av]se to x4 ,x 0 oppos$ by ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ic ,,ii4 & by ,l\is ,,ix4 ( ,france4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,roman law help$ to und]m9e x2 b ! opposition ( ! ,*ur* 0 ! mo/ effectual ag5cy 9 do+ away ) x4 ,! mod]n duel1 :i* surviv$ ! judicial combat1 is a relic ( ! anci5t cu/om ( av5g+ private injuries1 & ( prov+ ! c\rage ( ! combatants betwe5 :om a qu>rel _h aris54 ,9 ! op5+ ( ,%akespe>e's play ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 9 ! qu>rel ( ,m[bray & ,bol+broke1 ! idea ( ! judicial combat m+les ) ! motives & feel+s *>act]i/ic ( ! duel :5 /ripp$ ( its religi\s aspect4 ,,france4--,,desc5dants ,,( ,,hugh ,,capet ,,hugh ,,! ,,great 7d4 #ief71 m4 #c1 ,h$wiga1 daught] ( ,h5ry ,i ( ,g]many4 --,,hugh ,,capet1 #ihg-iif4 --,,rob]t1 #iif-ajca4 --,,h5ry ,i1#ajca-ajfj4 --,,philip ,i1 #ajfj-aajh1 m4 ,b]?a1 daught] ( ,flor5ce ,i1 ,c\nt ( ,holl&4 --,,l\is ,,vi1 #aajh-aacg4 --,,l\is ,,vii1 #aacg-aahj1 m4 #c1 ,alice1 daught] ( ,!obold ,,ii1 ,c\nt ( ,*ampagne4 --,,philip ,,ii 7,augu/us71 #aahj-abbc1 m4 #a1 ,isabella1 daught] ( ,baldw9 ,v1 ,c\nt ( ,ha9ault4 --,,l\is ,,viii1 #abbc-abbf1 m4 ,blan*e1 daught] ( ,alfonso ,,ix ( ,ca/ile4 --7,/47 ,l\is ,,ix1 #abbf-abgj1 m4 ,m>g>et1 daught] ( ,raimond ,b]5g> ,,iv1 ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce4 --#b1 ,,philip ,,iii1 #abgj-abhe1 m4 #a1 ,isabella1 daught] ( ,james ,i ( ,aragon4 --,,philip ,,iv1 #abhe-acad1 m4 ,jeanne1 heiress ( ,*ampagne & ,nav>re4 --,,l\is ,x1 #acad-acaf4 --,,philip ,v1 #acaf-acbb4 --,,*>les ,,iv1 #acbb-acbh4 --,*>les1 ,c\nt ( ,valois 7d4 #acbe71 f\nd] ( ! h\se ( ,valois1 m4 ,m>g>et1 daught] ( ,*>les ,,ii ( ,naples4 --,,philip ,,vi1 succe$$ #acbh4 --,rob]t1 ,c\nt ( ,cl]mont1 f\nd] ( ! h\se ( ,b\rbon4 ,,engl&4--,,f ,,! ,,conque/ ,,to ,,edw>d ,i4 ,,william ,i1 #ajff-ajhg1 m4 ,matilda1 daught] ( ,baldw9 ,v ( ,fl&]s --,,william ,,ii 7,rufus71 #ajhg-aajj4 7,malcolm ,canmore m4 ,/4 ,m>g>et7 --,m>y m4 ,eu/ace1 ,c\nt ( ,b\logne --,maud --,matilda4 m4 --,,h5ry ,i1 #aajj-aace --,,matilda 7d4 #aafg7 m4 #a1 ,emp]or ,h5ry ,v2 #b1 ,ge(frey ,plantag5et1 ,c\nt ( ,anj\ --,,h5ry ,,ii1 #aaed-aahi m4 ,eleanor ( ,aquita9e1 etc41 wife ( ,l\is ,,vii ( ,france4 --#c1 ,,ri*>d ,i1 #aahi-aaii4 --#e1 ,,john1 #aaii-abaf1 m4 ,isabella ( ,ang\leme --,,h5ry ,,iii1 #abaf-abgb1 m4 ,eleanor1 daught] ( ,raymond ,b]5g> ,,iv ( ,prov5ce4 --,,edw>d ,i1 succe$$ #abgb4 --,adela1 m4 ,/eph51 ,c\nt ( ,blois4 --,,/eph51 #aace-aaed4 m4 ,maud1 daught] ( ,malcolm ,canmore & ,/4 ,m>g>et4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,engl& ,,& ,,france3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,( ,,_! ,,rival%ip 7#ajff-abag74 ,! emp]ors1 ! heads ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 7 ! *ief secul> rul]s 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & 7 9 !ory ! sov]eigns ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,b 9 ! era ( ! ,crusades1 ! k+doms ( ,engl& & ,france began to be prom95t4 ,9 !m1 moreov]1 we see beg9n+s ( an ord] ( ?+s n embrac$ 9 ! m$iaeval sy/em4 ,9 ,france1 /eps are tak5 t[>ds a compact mon>*y4 ,9 ,engl&1 !re are laid ! f\ndations ( free repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,,connection ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,france4--,= a long "t ! =tunes ( ,engl& & ( ,france are l9k$ toge!r4 ,! k+s ( ! ,fr5*1 ) _! capital at ,p>is1 _h be5 (t5 oblig$ to cont5d ) _! p[]ful liegem51 ! dukes ( ,norm&y1 at ,r\54 ,:5 ! ,norman duke became k+ ( ,engl&1 he _h an indep5d5t dom9ion add$ to ! great fief on ! o!r side ( ! *annel4 ,x sometimes look$ z if ,engl& & ,france w\ld be unit$ "u "o sov]eignty1 s close did _! relations become4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,william ,,! ,,conqu]or4--,x 0 :ile ,william ! ,conqu]or1 angry ) ! k+ ( ! ,fr5*1 0 burn+ ,mantes1 9 ! bord]-l& betwe5 ,norm&y & ,france1 t1 by ! /umbl+ ( 8 horse 9 ! a%es1 he 0 ?r[n =w>d ^u ! iron pommel ( 8 saddle1 & receiv$ ! hurt :i* end$1 9 ! next mon?1 9 8 dea? 7,sept41 #ajhg74 ,on 8 dea?-b$ he 0 smitt5 ) remorse = 8 unju/ conque/ ( ,engl&1 & = 8 bloody de$s !re4 ,he w\ld n d>e to appo9t a successor3 x belong$1 he said1 to ! ,almighty to d t2 b he hop$ t 8 son ,william might succe$ him4 ,! burial s]vice at ,ca51 9 ! *ur* :i* he _h built1 0 int]rupt$ by ,ascel91 a knight1 :o rais$ 8 voice to prote/ aga9/ ! int]m5t1 = ! reason t ! duke _h wrongfully seiz$ f 8 fa!r ! gr\nd on :i* ! *ur* /ood4 ,! family ( ,william made a settlem5t ) ,ascel9 on ! spot by pay+ a sum ( money1 & ! s]vice proce$$4 ,! :ole gr\nd 0 aft]w>ds paid =4 ,william _h left money = ! rebuild+ ( ! *ur*es :i* he _h burn$ at ,mantes4 ,he gave 8 treasures to ! poor & to ! *ur*es 9 8 dom9ions4 ,^! circum/ances illu/rate 9 a /rik+ way h[1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ru?less viol5ce 0 m+l$ ) p[] ( consci5ce & a s5se ( righte\s obligation4 ,,william ,,rufus4--,william ! ,conqu]or 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,william ,rufus 7#ajhg-aajj71 :o 0 z able a man z 8 fa!r4 ,he promis$ to be lib]al1 & to lay no unju/ taxes2 b he prov$ to be--especially aft] ! dea? ( ! good ,lanfranc1 ! ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury--a vici\s & irreligi\s k+4 ,! ,norman nobles w\ld h pref]r$ to h 8 bro!r ,rob]t1 :o 0 duke ( ,norm&y1 = _! k+2 b ! ,engli% /ood by ,william4 ,he left bi%oprics & abbacies vacant t he might seize ! rev5ues4 ,"o ( 8 good de$s 0 ! appo9tm5t ( ! holy & le>n$ ,anselm to succe$ ,lanfranc2 b he qu>rel$ ) ,anselm1 :o )drew f ! k+dom4 ,norm&y1 :i* he _h tri$ to wre/ f 8 eld] bro!r ,rob]t1 0 mortgag$ to him by ! latt]1 9 ord] t he might set out ^u ! fir/ ,crusade4 ,t du*y came ?us into ! k+'s possession4 ,william1 :ile hunt+ 9 ! ,new ,=e/1 0 kill$1 if n accid5tally1 !n ei!r1 z x 0 *>g$1 by ,walt] ,tyrrel1 "o ( ! p>ty1 or by "s "o :o _h be5 robb$ ( 8 home :5 ! ,new ,=e/ 0 made4 ,he 0 f\nd 9 ! agonies ( dea?1 pi]c$ by an arr[ %ot f a cross-b[4 ,,h5ry ,i4 ,,( ,,engl& 7#aajj-aace73 ,,l\is ,,vi4 7! ,,fat7 ,,( ,,france 7#aajh-aacg73 ,,l\is ,,vii4 7#aacg-aahj74--;,h5ry 0 ! y\nge/ son ( ! ,conqu]or4 ,8 wife 0 ,engli%1 & 0 a great-gr&daught] ( ,edmund ,ironside4 ,h] "n 0 ,edi?1 b %e assum$ ! ,norman "n ( ,matilda4 ,h] "m ,m>g>et1 wife ( ,malcolm ( ,scotl&1 0 ( ! /ock ( ! ,we/ ,saxon k+s4 ,?us ! blood ( ,alfr$1 z well z ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 fl[$ 9 ! ve9s ( ! lat] ,engli% k+s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( 8 old] bro!r ,rob]t1 :o 0 9 ,j]usalem1 he took ! cr[n1 & put =? a ,*>t] ( ,lib]ties1 promis+ ! ,*ur* to respect its rights1 & giv+ privileges to 8 vassals :i* !y 9 turn 7 to ext5d to _! own vassals4 ,rob]t came back f ! ,holy ,l&1 & tri$ to wre/ ,engl& f 8 bro!r4 ,he fail$ 9 ! attempt4 ,aft] ?is1 ,h5ry got possession ( ,norm&y by ! victory ( ,t9*ebrai 9 #aajf1 & kept ,rob]t a prison] 9 ,c>diff ,ca/le until 8 dea? 7#aace74 ,l\is ! ,fat1 k+ ( ,france1 esp\s$ ! cause ( ,william ( ,clito1 son ( ,rob]t1 b 0 beat5 9 #aaai at ,br5neville4 ,peace 0 made betwe5 ! two k+s2 b 9 #aabd ,h5ry ( ,engl& comb9$ ) 8 son-9-law1 ,h5ry ,v4 ( ,g]many1 = ! invasion ( ,france4 ,l\is call$ ^u 8 vassals1 :o ga!r$ 9 su* =ce t ! emp]or ab&on$ ! s*eme4 ,l\is !n und]took to *a/ise ^? great vassals :o _h n respond$ to 8 summons4 ,william1 ! duke ( ,aquitane1 see+ ! p[] ( ! suz]a91 came into 8 camp1 & (f]$ him 8 homage4 ,l\is inflict$ a brutal puni%m5t 9 ,fl&]s1 :]e ! c\nt1 ,*>les ! ,good1 _h be5 assass9at$ 9 #aabg1 & :i* _h fail$ to furni% its cont+5t 9 #aabd4 ,he oblig$ ! ,flemi% lords to elect z _! c\nt1 ,william ,clito1 ^: rule1 h[ev]1 !y pres5tly ca/ (f4 ,l\is ! ,fat unit$ 8 son ,l\is 9 m>riage ) ,eleanor1 ! only daught] ( ,william 7,x471 ! duke ( ,aquita9e1 & ?us pav$ ! way = a direct control ov] ! ,s\?4 ,! du*y ( ,aquita9e includ$ ,gascony & o!r di/ricts1 & ! suz]a9ty ov] ,auv]gne1 ,prigord1 etc4 ,l\is ! ,,vii4 7#aacg-aahj7 0 n able to pres]ve ! dom9ion1 ext5d+ f ! nor? to ! s\? ( ,france1 :i* he inh]it$4 ,he plung$ into a dispute ) ,pope ,innoc5t ,,ii4 9 relation to ! *ur* ( ,b\rges1 :]e he claim$ ! "r to "n ! ar*bi%op4 ,/4 ,b]n>d took ! side ( ! ,pope4 ,sug]1 abbot ( ,/4 ,d5is1 an able m9i/]1 ! c\nselor ( ! la/ k+1 support$ ,l\is4 ,! k+ attack$ ! l&s ( ,!obald ( ,*ampagne1 :o sid$ ) ! ,pope1 & 9 8 wra? burn$ ! p>i% *ur* ( ,vitry1 ) hundr$s ( poor p :o _h tak5 refuge 9 x4 ,8 own remorse & ! excommunication ( ! ,pope mov$ him to d p5ance by dep>t+ on a ,crusade4 ,sug]1 n lik+ ! risk :i* ! mon>*y incurr$ ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( ! k+1 oppos$ ! project4 ,/4 ,b]n>d enc\rag$ x4 ,! ,crusade fail$ ( any important result2 b x help$ to infuse a national _s into ! ,fr5* soldi]s1 :o f\ght side by side ) ! army ( ! emp]or1 ,conrad ,,iii4 ,on 8 return1 on ! alleg$ gr\nd t ,eleanor 0 too ne> ( k91 he divorc$ h]1 & r5d]$ back h] d[ry 7#aaeb74 ,,l\is ,,vii4 ,,( ,,france 7#aacg-aahj73 ,,/eph5 7#aace-aaed7 ,,& ,,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,,engl& 7#aaed-aahi74--,! k+ ( ,engl&1 ,h5ry ,i41 aft] ! dea? ( 8 son by %ipwreck1 decl>$ 8 daught] ,matilda 8 heir4 ,%e 0 ! wid[ ( ,h5ry ,v41 ! emp]or ( ,g]many4 ,9 #aabg %e m>ri$ ,ge(frey1 c\nt ( ,anj\1 surnam$ ,plantag5et on acc\nt ( 8 habit ( we>+ a sprig ( broom 7g5et7 9 8 bonnet4 ,h5ry left ,matilda1 :om he call$ ! ,empress1 "u ! *>ge ( 8 nephew1 ,/eph5 ( ,blois1 :o got himself elect$ k+ by ! b>ons or great l&[n]s1--z !re 0 no law regulat+ ! succession ( ! cr[n1--& 0 cr[n$ at ,we/m9/]4 ,!y _h sworn1 h[ev]1 to support ,matilda4 ,h] uncle ,david1 k+ ( ,scots1 took up h] cause2 b ! ,scots 7 defeat$ at ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d 9 #aach4 ,engl& 0 ?r[n into utt] disord] by ^! circum/ances3 "s ( ! b>ons f\ght on "o side1 & "s on ! o!r4 ,!re 7 ?ieves along ! highways1 & ! b>ons 9 _! ca/les 7 no bett] ?an ! ?ieves4 ,! empress l&$ 9 ,engl& 9 #aaci1 to recov] h] rights4 ,9 ! civil w> t ensu$1 ,/eph5 0 tak5 prison] 7#aada72 b ,matilda1 ^: imp]i\s temp] made h] unpopul> 9 ,london1 0 driv5 out ( ! city4 ,/eph5 0 releas$ 9 ex*ange = ! ,e>l ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,matilda 0 at "o "t 9 great p]il1 b contriv$ to escape 9 a w9t] night f ,ox=d ,ca/le 7#aadb74 ,9 #aaec peace 0 made1 by :i* ,/eph5 0 to reta9 ! k+dom1 b 0 to be succe$$ by ,matilda's elde/ son4 ,,cruelty ,,( ,,! ,,nobles4--,9 ! "t ( ,/eph5 & ,matilda1 ! b>ons1 releas$ f ! /rong h& ( 8 pr$ecessor1 7 guilty ( atrocities :i* made ! p m\rn ! loss ( ,h5ry4 ,!y built /rong ca/les1 & fill$ !m ) arm$ m54 ,f ^! !y rode out z robb]s1 z a wild bea/ goes =? f its d54 ',!y f\ght among !mselves ) deadly hatr$1 !y spoil$ ! faire/ l&s ) fire & rap9e2 9 :at _h be5 ! mo/ f]tile ( c\nties !y de/roy$ almo/ all ! provision ( bread4' ,:atev] money or valuable goods !y f\nd1 !y c>ri$ (f4 ,!y burnt h\ses & sack$ t[ns1 ,if !y suspect$ any "o ( conceal+ 8 weal?1 !y c>ri$ him (f to _! ca/le2 & !re !y tortur$ him1 to make him confess :]e 8 money 04 ',!y hang$ up m5 by _! feet1 & smok$ !m ) f\l smoke4 ,"s 7 hang$ up by _! ?umbs1 o!rs by ! head1 & burn+ ?+s 7 hung on to _! feet4 ,!y put knott$ /r+s ab\t m5's heads1 & twi/$ !m till !y w5t to ! bra94 ,!y put m5 into prisons :]e add]s & snakes & toads 7 crawl+1 & s !y torm5t$ !m4 ,"s !y put into a *e/ %ort & n>r[1 & n deep1 & t _h %>p /ones )91 & =c$ m5 !re9 s t !y broke all _! limbs4 ,9 _m ( ! ca/les 7 hateful & grim ?+s call$ ra*5teges1 :i* two or ?ree m5 _h en\gh to d to c>ry4 ,x 0 ?us made3 x 0 fa/5$ to a beam1 & _h a %>p iron to g ab\t a man's neck & ?roat1 s t he might n[ays sit or lie or sleep2 b he bore all ! iron4 ,_m ?\s&s !y />v$ ) hung]4' ,! unhappy suff]]s _h no "o to help !m4 ,/eph5 & ,matilda 7 too busy ) _! own qu>rel to d ju/ice to _! subjects4 ,poor m5 cri$ to ,heav51 b !y got no answ]4 ',m5 said op5ly t ,*ri/ & 8 sa9ts 7 asleep4' ,,dom9ions ,,( ,,h5ry ,,ii4--,h5ry1 ! son ( ! empress & ( ,c\nt ,ge(frey ( ,anj\1 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,angev9 k+s ( ,engl&4 ,!y _h ,saxon blood 9 _! ve9s1 b 7 nei!r ,norman nor ,saxon1 except 9 ! female l9e4 ,x 0 eighty-eight ye>s s9ce ! ,conque/2 &1 al?\gh ! high] classes talk$ ,fr5*1 almo/ e "o ( _! numb] 0 ( mix$ desc5t4 ,! l9e betwe5 ,saxon & ,norman 0 becom+ effac$4 ,a vassal ( ! k+ ( ,france1 ,h5ry held s _m fiefs t he 0 /rong] ?an ! k+ himself1 & all ! o!r cr[n vassals tak5 toge!r4 ,f 8 fa!r he _h ,anj\2 f 8 "m1 ,norm&y & ,ma9e2 ! c\nty ( ,poit\ & ! du*y ( ,aquita9e he receiv$ by ,eleanor1 ! divorc$ wife ( ,l\is ,,vii41 :om he m>ri$4 ,lat]1 by m>ry+ "o ( 8 sons to ! heiress ( ,brittany1 t di/rict1 ! nom9al fief ( ,norm&y1 came practically "u 8 dom9ion4 ,he 0 a /rong-will$ man1 :o r$uc$ ! b>ons to subjection1 & pull$ d[n ! ca/les :i* _h be5 built )\t ! k+'s leave4 ,x might seem probable t ! possessor ( s great p[] w\ld absorb ! little mon>*y ( ,france4 ,b ?is 0 prev5t$ by long-cont9u$ discord 9 ,engl&1--discord 9 ! royal family1 betwe5 ! k+ & ! cl]gy1 &1 lat]1 betwe5 ! k+ & ! b>ons4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 ! k+ ( ,engl& requir$ a great & unit$ =ce to break ! feudal bonds :i* grew /rong] betwe5 ! k+ ( ,france & ! ,fr5* prov9ces ( ,engl&4 ,we %all soon see h[ ,france enl>g$ h] t]ritory1 & h[ ! ,engli% dom9ion on ! ,cont95t 0 greatly r$uc$4 ,,re=ms ,,( ,,h5ry4--,9 ord] to control ! b>ons1 he arrang$ ) !m to pay money 9 lieu ( milit>y s]vice4 ,9 ?is way !y 7 weak5$4 ,at ! same "t1 he enc\rag$ ! small l&[n]s to ex]cise !mselves 9 arms1 :i* w\ld prep>e !m = self-def5se & to assi/ ! k+4 ,moreov]1 he s5t judges ?r\gh ! l& to he> causes4 ,!y 7 to ask a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 9 ! c\nty z to ! m]its ( ! cases com+ be=e !m4 ,^! m5 took an oa? to tell ! tru?4 ,!y gradually adopt$ ! cu/om ( he>+ ! evid5ce ( o!rs be=e giv+ to ! judges _! v]dict1--t is1 _! decl>ation ( ! tru? 7f v]e dictum74 ,out ( ?is cu/om grew ! jury sy/em4 ,,becket3 ,,con/itutions ,,( ,,cl>5don4--,! ,conqu]or _h grant$ to ecclesia/ical c\rts ! privilege ( try+ cases 9 :i* ! cl]gy 7 conc]n$4 ,on ?is privilege ! cl]gy _h be5 dispos$ to insi/ ev] s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,"u ,/eph5 ! en]getic re/ra9t ex]cis$ ^u !m 0 remov$4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 !re 7 great disord]s among ! ,norman cl]gy1 & crimes 7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,^! 7 (t5 puni%$ m lightly ?an ! same (f5ses :5 committ$ by a layman1 z *ur* c\rts c\ld n inflict capital puni%m5t4 ,h5ry und]took to br+ ! cl]gy "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ord9>y c\rts4 ,9 ?is attempt he 0 resi/$ by ,?omas ,becket1 :o _h be5 8 *ancelor1 & :om he rais$ to ! ar*bi%opric ( ,cant]bury 7#aafb71 9 ! full expectation ( hav+ 8 support4 ,he _h be5 gay & extravagant 9 8 ways1 & zeal\s 9 behalf ( :atev] ! k+ wi%$4 ,b ! brilliant *ancelor became a /rict & au/]e prelate1 ! *ampion ( ! cl]gy1 ) a w z inflexible z t ( ,h5ry4 ,! only bi%op t vot$ aga9/ him at 8 election1 rem>k$ t ! k+ _h work$ a miracle 9 hav+ t day turn$ a layman into an ar*bi%op1 & a soldi] into a sa9t4 ,9 ?is controv]sy1 ! cl]gy _h reason to fe> t ,h5ry1 if he got ! p[]1 w\ld use x to puni% & plund] ! innoc5t4 ,at a great c\ncil ( prelates & b>ons1 ! ,con/itutions ( ,cl>5don 7 adopt$ 7#aafd71 :i* w5t f> t[>ds ! subject+ ( ! ecclesia/ics1 z to _! appo9tm5t & conduct1 to ! royal w4 ,becket1 ) ! o!r prelates1 swore to obs]ve ^! /atutes2 b he rep5t$ ( ! act1 0 absolv$ by ! ,pope f 8 oa?1 & fl$ to ,france4 ,lat] a reconciliation took place betwe5 him & ! k+4 ,becket return$ to ,engl&1 b ) a temp] unalt]$4 ,a ha/y expression ( ,h5ry1 utt]$ 9 wra?1 & indicat+ a desire to be rid ( him1 0 tak5 up by f\r knights1 :o attack$ ! ar*bi%op1 & slew him1 ne> ! great alt> 9 ! ca!dral at ,cant]bury 7,dec4 #bi1 #aagj74 ,! high] nobles welcom$ ! occasion to revolt4 ,h5ry 0 reg>d$ z ! in/igator ( ! bloody de$1 & 0 mov$ to make important concessions to ! ,pope1 ,alex&] ,,iii4 ,8 life 0 d>k5$ by qu>rels ) 8 sons4 ,9 #aagc ! k+s ( ,france & ,scotl&1 & _m nobles ( ,norm&y & ,engl&1 jo9$ h&s ) !m4 ,h5ry1 afflict$ ) remorse1 did p5ance1 all[+ himself to be sc\rg$ by ! monks at ! tomb ( ,becket1 or ,/4 ,?omas1--= he 0 canoniz$4 ,! p ralli$ to him1 & ! nobles 7 defeat$4 ,! rebellion came to an end4 ,! k+ ( ,scotl& became m completely ! vassal ( ,engl&4 ,9 ano!r rebellion ! k+'s sons rebell$ aga9/ him3 9 #aahi ,john1 ! y\nge/ ( !m1 jo9$ ) 8 bro!r ,ri*>d4 ,!n ,h5ry's he>t 0 brok51 & he di$4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,irel&4--,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,h5ry's reign1 he 0 au?oriz$ by ,pope ,hadrian ,,iv4 to invade ,irel&4 ,9 #aafi ,d]mot ( ,le9/]1 a fugitive ,iri% k+1 und]took to enli/ adv5tur]s = ?is s]vice4 ,he 0 aid$ by ,ri*>d ( ,cl>e1 e>l ( ,pembroke1 call$ ,/rongb[1 & o!rs4 ,!y 7 successful2 & 9 #aaga ,h5ry cross$ ov] to ,irel&1 & 0 ackn[l$g$ z sov]eign by all ! *iefs ( ! ,s\?4 ,a synod br\ght ! ,iri% ,*ur* into subjection to ! see ( ,cant]bury4 ,b !re 0 con/ant w>f>e1 & ! ,nor? & ,ea/ ( ! isl& 7 n subdu$4 ,! :ole c\ntry 0 n conqu]$ until ,elizabe?'s "t1 f\r c5turies lat]4 ,,weak5+ ,,( ,,great ,,vassals ,,9 ,,france4--,! weak5+ ( ,h5ry's p[] 0 ! salvation ( ,l\is ,,vii41 :o _h m ! _s ( a monk ?an ( an active & resolute mon>*4 ,at 8 dea? a new epo* is se5 to beg94 ,! dom9ion ( ! great vassals decl9es1 & ! truly mon>*ical p]iod comm5ces4 ,x 0 ! *ange :i* end$ 9 mak+ ! k+ ! sole judge1 legislator1 & executive ( ! c\ntry4 ,l\is ! ,fat1 ,philip ,augu/us1 & ,/4 ,l\is 7,l\is ,,ix47 are ! e>ly =]unn]s ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 "u :om ! absolute mon>*y 0 made complete4 ,,philip ,,augu/us ,,( ,,france 7#aahj-abbc73 ,,ri*>d ,,! ,,lionhe>t$ ,,( ,,engl& 7#aahi-aaii74--,philip ,augu/us 0 ! la/ k+ ( ,france to be cr[n$ be=e 8 accession4 ,! cu/om _h help$ to give /ability to ! regal sy/em4 ,n[ x 0 no long] ne$ful4 ,philip 0 only fifte5 ye>s old :5 he began to reign alone4 ,= =ty-?ree ye>s he labor$ ) %rewdness & p]sev]ance1 & ) few scruples z to ! means employ$1 to build up ! k+ly au?ority4 ,8 fir/ act 0 a viol5t attack on ! ,jews1 :om he despoil$ & bani%$4 ,?is 0 c\nt$ an act ( piety4 ,he acquir$ ,v]m&ois1 ,valois1 & ,ami5s2 refus+ to r5d] homage to ! ,bi%op ( ,ami5s1 :o claim$ to be its suz]a94 ,dur+ ! life ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 ,philip _h alli$ himself closely ) 8 son ,ri*>d 7! ,lion-he>t$71 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r4 ,ri*>d 0 passionate & qu>relsome1 yet g5]\s4 ,he 0 tr\bad\r z well z k+4 ,aft] 8 coronation 7#aahi71 ! two k+s made ready = a ,crusade toge!r4 ,to raise money1 ,ri*>d sold e>ldoms & cr[n l&s1 & exclaim$ t he w\ld sell ,london if he c\ld f9d a buy]4 ,! two k+s set out toge!r 9 #aaij4 ,!y soon qu>rel$4 ,philip came home fir/1 &1 :ile ,ri*>d 0 a prison] 9 ,au/ria1 did 8 be/ to pr(it by 8 mis=tunes1 & to weak5 ! ,engli% reign+ h\se4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ,ri*>d1 ,john1 8 ambiti\s & unfai?ful bro!r1 0 made reg5t by ! lords & ! ,london citiz5s4 ,z no?+ 0 he>d ( ! k+1 ,john claim$ ! cr[n4 ,he>+ ( ! release ( ,ri*>d1 ,philip wrote to ,john 7#aaid71 ,take c>e ( y\rself1 = ! devil is let loose4 ,ri*>d made w> on ,philip 9 ,norm&y1 b ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 oblig$ ! two k+s to make a truce = five ye>s 7#aaii74 ,two mon?s aft]1 ,ri*>d 0 mortally w\nd$ :ile besieg+ a ca/le ne> ,limoges1 :]e x 0 said t a treasure _h be5 f\nd1 :i* he z ! suz]a9 claim$4 ,he _h nev] visit$ ,engl& b twice2 &1 al?\gh he always _h ! fame ( a h]o1 ! c\ntry _h no real cause to regret 8 dea?4 ,,john ,,( ,,engl& 7#aaii-abaf74--;,john 7surnam$ ,san/]re1 or ,lackl&1 a "n giv5 to ! y\ng] sons1 ^: fa!rs _h di$ be=e !y 7 old en\gh to hold fiefs7 0 *os5 k+4 ,anj\1 ,poit\1 & ,t\ra9e desir$ to h = _! duke "y ,ar?ur1 duke ( ,brittany1 ! son ( ,ge(frey1 ,john's eld] bro!r4 ,philip ,augu/us took up ! cause ( ,ar?ur1 b des]t$ him :5 he _h ga9$ = himself :at he wi%$4 ,:5 ,philip wi%$ to reop5 ! w> he took advantage ( a compla9t f "o ( ,john's vassals1 ,hugh ( ,lusignan1 ^: affianc$ bride ,john _h /ol5 away4 ,z suz]a9 ,philip summon$ ,john to answ] at ,p>is1 & :5 he did n appe> ! c\rt decl>$ 8 fiefs =feit$4 ,x 0 9 ?is w> t ,ar?ur 0 captur$ by 8 uncle & 0 murd]$4 ,?is crime s]v$ only to /r5g!n ,philip's cause4 ,he seiz$ on ,norm&y1 :i* !nce=w>d 0 ,fr5*1 & ,brittany1 :i* became an imm$iate fief ( ! k+ 7#abjd74 ,he took ! o!r possessions ( ,engl& 9 ,nor!rn ,gaul4 ,!re 7 left to ! ,engli% ! du*y ( ,aquita9e1 ) ,gascony & ! ,*annel ,isl&s4 ,! l&s s\? ( ! ,loire ,john _h inh]it$ f 8 "m4 ,,tyranny ,,( ,,john4--,john robb$ 8 subjects1 high & l[1 "u ! "n ( taxation4 ,n cont5t ) =c+ money out ( ! ,jews1 "o ( :om he 0 said to h co]c$ by pull+ out a too? e day1 he treat$ ri* l&-own]s ) h>dly less cruelty4 ,he _h n1 l ,h5ry ,,ii41 ! support ( ! p1 & add$ to 8 unpopul>ity by hir+ soldi]s f abroad to help him 9 8 oppression4 ,,john',s ,,qu>rel ,,) ,,! ,,pope3 ,,magna ,,*>ta4--,z ra% z he 0 tyrannical1 ,john engag$ 9 a qu>rel ) ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 ,! monks ( ,cant]bury appo9t$ z ar*bi%op1 n ! k+'s treasur]1 :om he bade !m *oose1 b ano!r4 ,! ,pope nei!r he$$ ! k+ nor confirm$ _! *oice1 b made !m elect a religi\s & le>n$ ,engli%man1 ,/eph5 ,langton4 ,john1 9 a rage1 drove ! monks out ( ,cant]bury1 & refus$ to recognize ! election4 ,! ,pope excommunicat$ him1 & laid ,engl& "u an int]dict2 t is1 he =bade s]vices 9 ! *ur*es1 & sacram5ts except = infants & ! dy+2 m>riages 7 to take place 9 ! *ur* por*1 & ! dead 7 to be buri$ )\t pray] & 9 unconsecrat$ gr\nd4 ,z ,john paid no reg>d to ?is measure ( co]cion1 ,innoc5t decl>$ him depos$1 & *>g$ ! k+ ( ,france to c>ry ! s5t5ce into effect 7#abac74 ,resi/$ at home1 & ?reat5$ f abroad1 ,john n[ made an abject submission1 lay+ 8 cr[n at ! feet ( ,p&ulph1 ! ,pope's legate4 ,he made himself ! vassal ( ! ,pope1 receiv+ back f him ! k+doms ( ,engl& & ,irel&1 :i* he _h deliv]$ to ,innoc5t1 & engag+ t a ye>ly r5t %\ld be paid to ,rome by ! k+ ( ,engl& & 8 heirs4 ,philip _h to give up 8 plan ( invad+ ,engl&4 ,john's tyranny & lic5ti\sness _h become intol]able4 ,langton1 a man ( l>ge views1 & ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 unit$ ) ! b>ons 9 extort+ f him1 9 ! mead[ ( ,runnym$e1--an isl& 9 ! ,?ames1 ne> ,w9dsor1--! ,magna ,*>ta1 ! f\ndation ( ,engli% con/itutional lib]ty4 ,x secur$ two great pr9ciples3 fir/1 t ! k+ c\ld take ! money ( 8 subjects only :5 x 0 vot$ to him = public objects2 & secondly1 t he c\ld n puni% or imprison !m at 8 w1 b c\ld only puni% !m aft] conviction1 accord+ to law1 by _! c\ntrym54 ,! ,great ,*>t] is bas$ on ! *>t] ( ,h5ry ,i4 ,x precisely def9es & secures old cu/oms1 #a4 ,x recognizes ! rights ( ! ,*ur*4 #b4 ,x secures p]son & prop]ty f seizure & spoliation )\t ! judgm5t ( pe]s or ! law ( ! l&4 #c4 ,!re are regulations = c\rts ( law4 #d4 ,exactions by ! "l are limit$ to ! ?ree cu/om>y feudal aids4 ,! b5efits grant$ to ! vassal are to be ext5d$ to ! l[] t5ants4 #e1 ,h[ ! ,great ,c\ncil is to be compos$1 & h[ conv5$1 is def9$4 #f4 ,! lib]ties & free cu/oms ( ,london & ( o!r t[ns are secur$4 #g4 ,protection is giv5 aga9/ c]ta9 oppressive exactions ( ! ,cr[n4 #h4 ,! safety ( m]*ants aga9/ exactions 9 com+ into ,engl&1 & 9 go+ out1 & 9 travel+ ?r\gh x1 is gu>ante$4 #i4 ,!re is "s provision 9 favor ( ! villa94 ,,w> ,,) ,,france4--,john jo9$ 9 a great coalition aga9/ ,philip ,augu/us4 ,he 0 to attack ,france 9 ! s\?-we/2 :ile ! emp]or1 ,otto ,,iv41 & ! c\nts ( ,fl&]s & ,b\logne1 ) all ! pr9ces ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 7 to make _! attack on ! nor?4 ,x 0 a w> ( ! feudal ari/ocracy aga9/ ! k+ ( ! ,fr5*4 ,at ! great battle ( ,b\v9es 7#abad7 ! ,fr5* 7 victori\s4 ,! success1 9 ! glory ( :i* ! communes %>$1 add$ no t]ritory to ,france2 b x awak5$ a national _s4 ,john 0 beat5 9 ,poit\1 & w5t home4 ,,deposition ,,( ,,john4--,9 ,engl&1 ,john f\nd t all 8 ex]tions aga9/ ! ,*>t]1 ev5 ) ! aid ( ,rome1 7 unavail+4 ,9 a _s ( v5geance1 he br\ght 9 m]c5>y freeboot]s1 & m>*$ into ,scotl&1 robb+ & burn+ z he w5t4 ,e morn+ he burn$ ! h\se 9 :i* he _h lodg$ = ! night4 ,at l5g? ! ,engli% b>ons (f]$ ! cr[n to ,l\is1 ! elde/ son ( ,philip ,augu/us2 b ,john di$ 9 #abaf1 & ,l\is f\nd himself des]t$4 ,he _h %[n a disposition to give l&s to ! ,fr5*4 ,,! ,,albig5sian ,,w>4--,! w> aga9/ ! ,albig5ses began 9 ! reign ( ,philip2 b he plead$ t 8 h&s 7 full1 & left x to be wag$ by ! nobles4 ,t sect _h its seat 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & d]iv$ its "n f ! city ( ,albi4 ,x held c]ta9 het]odox t5ets1 & reject$ ! au?ority ( ! prie/hood4 ,9 #abjh1 "u ,innoc5t ,,iii41 a crusade 0 prea*$ aga9/ ,raymond ,,vi41 c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 9 ^: t]ritory mo/ ( !m 7 f\nd4 ,?is 0 fir/ conduct$ by ,simon de ,mont=t1 & !n by ,philip's son1 ,l\is ,,viii41 ! c\nty ( ,t\l\se be+ a fief ( ,france4 ,! result ( ! desolat+ conflict 01 t "p ( ! c\nt's fiefs 7 9 #abbi transf]r$ to ! cr[n1 & ! c\ntry itself 9 #abgj4 ,9 t ye>1 at ! c\ncil ( ,t\l\se1 ! ,inquisition1 a special ecclesia/ical tribunal1 0 organiz$ to complete ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,albig5sians :o _h escap$ ! sword4 ,! advantages result+ f ! cru%+ ( ! sov]eignties ( ! s\? 7 sure to come to ! ,fr5* mon>*y4 ,b ,philip left x to ! nobles & to 8 successors to w9 ! entic+ prize4 ,! fir/ p]iod ( rivalry betwe5 ,engl& & ,france ends ) ,john & ,philip ,augu/us4 ,= "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 ea* c\ntry pursues its c\rse sep>ately4 ,mon>*y gr[s /rong] 9 ,france3 con/itutional gov]nm5t advances 9 ,engl&4 ,,l\is ,,ix4 ,,( ,,france 7#abbf-abgj74--;,9 ,l\is ,,ix4 7,/4 ,l\is7 ,france _h a k+ s noble & j t ! mon>*y 0 sanctifi$ 9 ! eyes ( ! p4 ,at 8 accession he 0 b elev5 ye>s old1 & ) 8 "m1 ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 _h to enc\nt] = sixte5 ye>s a comb9ation ( great b>ons det]m9$ to uphold feudalism4 ,mo/ ( !m /aid away f 8 coronation4 ,:5 ! "y k+ & 8 "m approa*$ ,p>is1 !y f\nd ! way b>r$2 b x 0 op5$ by ! devot$ burgh]s1 :o came =? ) arms 9 _! h&s to br+ !m 94 ,! magi/rates ( ! communes swore to def5d ! k+ & 8 fri5ds 7#abbh74 ,!y 7 support$ by ! ,papacy4 ,9 #abca ! w> end$ 9 a way favorable to royalty4 ,! treaty ( #abbi ) ,raymond ,,vii41 c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 l$ to ! gradual absorption ( ! ,s\?4 ,!obald ( ,*ampagne became k+ ( ,nav>re1 & sold to ! cr[n ,*>tres & o!r valuable fiefs4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ( 8 reign ,l\is 0 guid$ by 8 wise1 ev5 if imp]i\s1 "m1 :o held ! reg5cy4 ,,engl& ,,& ,,france4--,9 #abdc ,l\is defeat$ ,h5ry ,,iii4 ( ,engl&1 :o _h come ov] to help ! c\nt ( ,la ,m>*e & o!r rebelli\s nobles4 ,9 #abde ,*>les ( ,anj\1 ! k+'s bro!r1 m>ri$ ,beatrice1 ?r\gh :om ,prov5ce pass$ to ! h\se ( ,anj\4 ,! k+'s long abs5ce 7#abdh-abed71 dur+ ! six? ,crusade1 _h no o!r result b to %[ to all t he comb9$ 9 himself ! qualities ( a h]o & ( a sa9t4 ,aft] 8 return1 8 gov]nm5t 0 wise & j1 & m>k$ by sympa?y ) 8 p4 ,9 #abei he made a treaty ) ,h5ry ,,iii41 yield+ to him ! ,lim\s91 ,prigord1 & p>ts ( ,sa9tonge1 = :i* ,h5ry rel9qui%$ all claims on ! re/ ( ,france4 ,l\is fo/]$ le>n+4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is fl\ri%$ "u 8 c>e4 ,9 8 reign ,rob]t ( ,sorbon 7#abeb7 f\nd$ ! ,sorbonne1 ! fam\s college = ecclesia/ics :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,,civil ,,policy ,,( ,,l\is4--,9 8 civil policy ,l\is avail$ himself ( ! ,roman law to und]m9e feudal privileges4 ,! legi/s enl>g$ ! numb] ( cases res]v$ = ! k+ himself to adjudicate4 ,he e/abli%$ new c\rts ( ju/ice1 high] ?an ! feudal c\rts1 & ! "r ( f9al appeal to himself4 ,he made ! k+'s ,p>liam5t a great judicial body4 ,he aboli%$ 9 8 doma9s ! judicial combat1 or duel1--! old ,g]man me?od ( decid+ betwe5 ! accus$ & ! accus]4 ,he lib]at$ _m s]fs4 ,b1 mild z he 01 he _h no m]cy = ,jews & h]etics4 ,9 8 int]c\rse ) o!r nations1 he bl5d$ firmness & c\rage ) a fair & unselfi% _s4 ,he refus$ to comply ) ! reque/ ( ! ,pope to take up arms aga9/ ! emp]or1 ,fr$]ic ,,ii42 b he ?reat5$ to make w> ^u him if he did n release ! prelates :om he _h captur$ on _! way to ,rome4 ,! ,pragmatic ,sanction ( ,/4 ,l\is is ( d\btful g5u95ess4 ,x is an ass]tion ( ! lib]ties ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*4 ,) loyalty to ! ,holy ,see1 & an exalt$ piety1 ,l\is def5d$ ! rights ( all1 & did n all[ ! cl]gy to atta9 to an unju/ control4 ,voltaire said ( him1 ,x is n giv5 to man to c>ry virtue to a high] po9t4 ,he /&s 9 ! scale ( m]it on a level ) ,alfr$ ( ,engl&4 ,,p>liam5ts ,,9 ,,france4--,! ^w p>liam5t 9 ,fr5* hi/ory has a v diff]5t mean+ f t :i* x be>s :5 appli$ to ! ,engli% in/itution ( ! same "n4 ,!re 7 ?irte5 p>liam5ts 9 ,france1 ea* hav+ a jurisdiction ( its own4 ,!y 7 e/abli%$ at diff]5t times4 ,( ^! ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is 0 ! olde/ & by f> ! mo/ important4 ,! k+ & o!r suz]a9s adm9i/]$ ju/ice1 ea* 9 8 own doma94 ,! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is 0 orig9ally a portion ( ! k+'s c\ncil t 0 set ap>t to he> causes among ! fiefs4 ,x consid]$ all appeals & judicial que/ions4 ,b 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,ix41 commission]s1 or baillis1 ( ! k+1 held prov9cial c\rts ( appeal 9 8 "n4 ,! great suz]a9s e/abli%$1 ea* 9 8 own fief1 l tribunals1 b ( m re/rict$ au?ority4 ,l\is ,,ix4 made x optional ) ! vassal to be tri$ by 8 imm$iate suz]a91 or 9 ! k+'s c\rts1 :i* 7 subord9ate to 8 c\ncil4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! au?ority ( ! royal tribunals increas$1 z t ( ! feudal c\rts grew weak]4 ,9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is1 a corps ( legi/s :o und]/ood ! ,roman law 7 admitt$ ) ! lords1 knights1 & prelates4 ,m & m ^! c\nsellors 7 left to !mselves4 ,lat] !re 0 a division into ,*amb]s1 ( :i* ! ,gr& ,*amb] = ! f9al he>+ & decision ( appeals 0 ( pr9cipal importance4 ,philip ! ,fair 7#acjc7 gave a m complete organization to ,p>liam5t4 ,he provid$ t x %\ld hold two annual sitt+s at ,p>is4 ,?us !re grew up a judicial ari/ocracy4 ,aft] #acfh ! memb]s 7 appo9t$ = life4 ,at l5g?1 "u ,h5ry ,,iv41 ! seats 9 ,p>liam5t became h]$it>y4 ,! great magi/rates ?us con/itut$ wore robes ( erm9e1 or ( sc>let adorn$ ) velvet4 ,! ,palace ( ,ju/ice 7,palais de ,ju/ice71 on an isl& 9 ! ,se9e1 0 giv5 to ,p>liam5t = its sessions by ,*>les ,v4 ,9 its hall sc5es ( tragic int]e/1 includ+1 9 mod]n times1 ! condemnation ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette & ( ,robespi]re1 h tak5 place4 ,! cr[n 0 repres5t$ by a great (fic]1 a public prosecutor or attorney-g5]al 7procureur gnral74 ,he & 8 assi/ants 7 t]m$ ! k+'s p 7g5s du roi74 ,!y _h ! privilege ( speak+ ) _! hats on4 ,x 0 an anci5t cu/om to enroll ! royal ord9ances 9 ! p>liam5t>y records4 ,gradually x came to be consid]$ t no /atute or decree _h ! =ce ( law unless x 0 ent]$ on ! regi/]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,great conflicts occurr$ ) ! k+s :5 ,p>liam5t refus$ to regi/] _! edicts or treaties4 ,!n ! k+ w\ld hold a b$ ( ju/ice1--s call$ f ! cu%ions ( ! seat :]e he sat 9 ! hall ( ,p>liam5t1 :i!r he came 9 p]son to comm& !m to regi/] ! obnoxi\s enactm5t4 ,?is royal int]v5tion c\ld n be resi/$3 commonly ! enrollm5t w\ld be made1 b sometimes "u a prote/4 ,ea* ( ! local p>liam5ts claim$ to be supreme 9 its own prov9ce3 !y 7 held to con/itute toge!r "o in/itution1 & all ! judges 7 on a level4 ,attempts at political int]f]5ce by ,p>liam5ts1 ! k+s resi/$4 ,at ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 #agij1 ! ,p>liam5ts 7 f9ally aboli%$4 ,,h5ry ,,iii4 7#abaf-abgb74--;,john's elde/ son1 ,h5ry1 :5 he 0 cr[n$ by ! royali/s1 0 only n9e ye>s old4 ,= a %ort "t he _h a wise gu>dian 9 ,william1 ,e>l ( ,pembroke4 ,9 two battles1 "o on ! l& & "o on ! sea1 ,l\is ,,viii4 7#abbc-abbf71 son ( ,philip ,augu/us ( ,france1 0 defeat$4 ,he made peace1 & return$ to ,france4 ,h5ry m>ri$ ,eleanor1 ! daught] ( ,raymond1 c\nt ( ,prov5ce1--a beautiful & accompli%$ woman1 b %e 0 unpopul> 9 ,engl&4 ,! k+1 z well z 8 wife1 lavi%$ (fices1 honors1 & l&s ^u =eign]s4 ,he 0 a weak pr9ce1 & unwisely accept$ = 8 second son1 ,edmund1 ! cr[n ( ! ,two ,sicilies1 :i* c\ld be won only at ! exp5se ( ,engl&4 ,?is measure induc$ ! b>ons to compel ,h5ry to a measure equival5t to ! plac+ ( au?ority 9 ! h&s ( a c\ncil4 ,?is br\ght on a w> betwe5 ! k+ & ! b>ons4 ,! latt] 7 l$ by ,simon de ,mont=t 7! second ( ! "n71 :o _h inh]it$ ! e>ldom ( ,leice/] ?r\gh 8 "m4 ,?r\gh him ,,p>liam5t assum$ ! =m :i* x has s9ce reta9$4 ,! great] b>ons1 ! lords or pe]s1 ) ! bi%ops & pr9cipal abbots1 came toge!r 9 p]son1 & grew into ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,! freehold]s ( ea* c\nty _h s5t "s ( ! knights to repres5t !m4 ,! att5dance ( ^! knights n[ began to be regul>2 b besides ! two knights f ea* c\nty1 :o 7 l ! c\nty memb]s ( our own "t1 ,simon caus$ ea* city & bor\gh to s5d two ( _! citiz5s1 or burgesses4 ,?us ! ,h\se ( ,commons arose4 ,simon defeat$ ,h5ry at ,lewes 7#abfd73 b ! b>ons flock$ to ! /&>d ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d1 :o escap$ f cu/ody2 & ,simon 0 defeat$ & sla9 at ! battle ( ,eve%am 9 #abfe4 ,h5ry 0 re/or$ to p[]4 ,he di$ 9 #abgb1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :i* he _h begun to rebuild4 ,"u ,h5ry1 ! ,great ,*>t]1 ) "s alt]ations1 0 ?ree times confirm$4 ,a ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/ 0 add$1 provid+ t no man %\ld lose life or limb = tak+ ! k+'s game4 ,cruel laws = ! protection ( game 9 ! =e/s or uncultivat$ l&s _h be5 a /&+ grievance f ! days ( ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,! confirm+ ( ! ,great ,*>t] 9 #abbe 0 made ! condition ( a grant ( money f ! ,national ,c\ncil to ! k+4 ,:5 ! bi%ops1 9 #abcf1 desir$ to h ! laws ( inh]itance con=m$ to ! rules ( ! ,*ur*1 ! b>ons made ! laconic answ]1 ,we w n *ange ! laws ( ,engl& 7,nolumus leges ,anglice mut>e74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,burgh] ,,class3 ,,society ,,9 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,crusades4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,cities4--,"u feudalism1 only two classes pres5t !mselves to view1--! nobility & ! cl]gy on ! "o h&1 & ! s]fs on ! o!r4 ,?is 0 ! "* ( society 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury we see ! beg9n+s ( an int]m$iate class1 ! g]m ( ! ?ird e/ate4 ,?is *ange appe>s 9 ! cities1 :]e ! burgh]s beg9 to increase 9 intellig5ce1 & to manife/ a _s ( indep5d5ce4 ,f ?is "t1 = sev]al c5turies1 _! p[] & privileges cont9u$ to gr[4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,cities4--,! same ne$ ( def5se t l$ to ! build+ ( t[]s & ca/les 9 ! c\ntry drove m5 )9 ! walls ( t[ns4 ,indu/ry & trade develop$ intellig5ce1 & produc$ weal?4 ,b burgh]s "u ! feudal rule 7 oblig$ to pay heavy tolls & taxes4 ,= example1 = protection on a j\rney ?r\gh any pat* ( t]ritory1 !y 7 requir$ to make a paym5t4 ,besides ! regul> exactions1 !y 7 expos$ to mo/ vexati\s depr$ations ( a lawless k9d4 ,z !y advanc$ 9 ?rift & weal?1 communities t 7 made up l>gely ( artisans & tradesm5 arm$ !mselves = _! own def5se4 ,f self-def5se !y proce$$ f>!r1 & extort$ exemptions & privileges f ! suz]a91 ! effect ( :i* 0 to give !m a high ?\gh limit$ degree ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,municipal ,,fre$om4--,x has be5 suppos$ t municipal gov]nm5t 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 a revival ( old ,roman rights & cu/oms1 & ?us an heirloom f antiquity4 ,! cities--^? on ! ,rh9e & 9 ,gaul1 = example--7 ( ,roman orig94 ,b ! view ( s*ol>s at pres5t is1 t municipal lib]ty1 su* z exi/$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 0 a native product ( ! ,g]manic peoples4 ,! cities 7 incorporat$ into ! feudal sy/em4 ,!y 7 subject to a lay "l or to a bi%op4 ,9 ,italy1 h[ev]1 !y /ruggl$ aft] a m complete republican sy/em4 ,,cities ,,& ,,suz]a9s4--,9 ! conflicts :i* 7 wag$ by ! cities1 !y 7 sometimes help$ by ! suz]a9 aga9/ ! k+1 & sometimes by ! k+ aga9/ ! ne>] suz]a94 ,9 ,engl& ! cities 7 apt to ally !mselves ) ! nobility aga9/ ! k+3 9 ,g]many & ,france ! rev]se 0 ! fact4 ,b 9 ,g]many ! cities :i* came into an imm$iate relation to ! sov]eign 7 less closely dep5d5t on him ?an 7 ! cities 9 ,france on ! ,fr5* k+4 ,,two ,,classes ,,( ,,cities4--,n only did ! cities wre/ f ! lords a l>ge measure ( fre$om3 x 0 (t5 freely conc$$ to !m4 ,nobles1 9 ord] to br+ toge!r artisans1 & to build up a community 9 _! own neighborhood1 grant$ extraord9>y privileges4 ,*>t]s 7 giv5 to cities by ! k+4 ,communities ?us =m$ diff]$ f ! o!r class ( cities 9 n hav+ ! same privilege ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice )9 _! limits4 ,,g]man ,,cities4--,! cities 9 ,g]many increas$ 9 numb] on ! fall ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 family4 ,!y made ! inclosure ( _! walls a place ( refuge1 z ! nobles did ! vic9ity ( _! ca/les4 ,!y ev5tually ga9$ admittance to ! ,diets ( ! empire4 ,!y =m$ leagues among !mselves1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n become political bodies1 any m ?an ! ,italian leagues4 ,,! ,,roman ,,law4--,! revis$ /udy ( ! ,roman law br\ght 9 a code at v>iance ) feudal pr9ciples4 ,! middle class1 t 0 gr[+ up 9 ! great comm]cial cities1 avail$ !mselves1 z f> z !y c\ld1 ( its pr9ciples 9 reg>d to ! inh]itance ( prop]ty4 ,! legi/s help$ 9 a ?\s& ways to emancipate !m f ! yoke ( feudal traditions4 ,,municipal ,,gov]nm5t4--,! cities !mselves (t5 _h vassals1 & became suz]a9s4 ,gov]nm5t re/$ 9 ! h&s ( ! magi/rates4 ,!y 7 *os5 by ! g5]al assembly ( ! inhabitants1 :o 7 call$ toge!r by ! toll+ ( ! bell4 ,! magi/rates gov]n$ )\t mu* re/ra9t until ano!r election1 unless !re 7 popul> outbreaks1 :i* 7 at ?is "t1 z ,guizot rem>ks1 ! great gu>antee = good gov]nm5t4 ,:]e ! c\rage & _s ( burgh]s 7 display$ 0 9 ! ma9t5ance ( _! own privileges1 or purely 9 self-def5se4 ,9 all o!r relations !y %[$ ! utmo/ humility2 & 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 _! emancipation is commonly dat$1 !y did n pret5d to int]f]e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,,travel]s ,,& ,,trade4--,! ,ea/1 especially ,india1 0 conceiv$ ( z a region ( b\ndless ri*es2 b comm]ce ) ! ,ea/ 0 h9d]$ by a ?\s& difficulties & dang]s4 ,curiosity l$ travel]s to p5etrate into ! c\ntries ( ,asia4 ,among !m ! ,polo family ( ,v5ice1 ( :om ,m>co 0 ! mo/ fam\s1 7 specially di/+ui%$4 ,m>co ,polo liv$ 9 ,*9a1 ) 8 fa!r & 8 uncle1 tw5ty-six ye>s4 ,aft] 8 return1 & dur+ 8 captivity at ,g5oa1 he wrote ! celebrat$ acc\nts ( 8 travels4 ,he di$ ab\t #acbd4 ,sir ,john ,m&eville also wrote ( 8 travels1 b mo/ ( 8 descriptions 7 tak5 f ! "w ( ,fri> ,odoric1 ( ,pord5one1 :o _h visit$ ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,m]*ants did n v5ture s f> z did bold explor]s ( a sci5tific turn4 ,comm]ce 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 ma9ly 9 two di/ricts1--! bord]s ( ! ,nor? ,sea & ( ! ,baltic1 & ! c\ntries ^u ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,trade 9 ! cities on ! ,african coa/1 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 0 fl\ri%+2 & ! ,arabs ( ,spa9 7 indu/ri\s & ri*4 ,arles1 ,m>seilles1 ,nice1 ,g5oa1 ,flor5ce1 ,amalfi1 ,v5ice1 vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 traffic ) ! ,ea/4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 & ! nor? ( ,europe1 7 fl\ri%+ m>ts1 among :i* ,/rasburg & o!r cities on ! ,rh9e--,augsburg1 ,ulm1 ,ratisbon1 ,vi5na1 & ,nuremb]g--7 among ! mo/ prom95t4 ,?r\gh ^! cities fl[$ ! curr5ts ( trade f ! ,nor? to ! ,s\?1 & f ! ,s\? to ! ,nor?4 ,,! ,,hanseatic ,,league4--,to protect !mselves aga9/ ! feudal lords & aga9/ pirates1 ! cities ( ,nor!rn ,g]many =m$ 7ab\t #abda7 ! ,hanseatic ,league1 :i*1 at ! height ( its p[]1 includ$ eighty-five cities1 besides _m o!r cities m or less closely affiliat$ ) x4 ,?is league 0 dom9ant1 z reg>ds trade & comm]ce1 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 & unit$ "u x ! cities on ! ,baltic & ! ,rh9e1 z well z ! l>ge cities ( ,fl&]s4 ,its m]*ants _h control ( ! fi%]ies1 ! m9es1 ! agriculture1 & manufactures ( ,g]many4 ,lbeck1 ,cologne1 ,brunswick1 & ,dantzic 7 its pr9cipal places4 ,lbeck 0 its *ief c5t]4 ,9 all ! pr9cipal t[ns on ! highways ( comm]ce1 ! flag ( ! ,hansa float$ ov] its c\nt+-h\ses4 ,:]ev] ! influ5ce ( ! league rea*$1 its regulations 7 9 =ce4 ,x almo/ succe$$ 9 monopoliz+ ! trade ( ,europe nor? ( ,italy4 ,,fl&]s3 ,,engl&3 ,,france4--,! num]\s cities ( ,fl&]s--( :i* ,gh5t1 ,ypres1 & ,bruges 7 be/ kn[n--became hives ( indu/ry & ( ?rift4 ,gh5t1 at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 surpass$ ,p>is 9 ri*es & p[]4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! numb] ( its fight+ m5 0 e/imat$ at eighty ?\s&4 ,! developm5t ( ,holl& 0 m sl[4 ,am/]dam 0 con/itut$ a t[n 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,engl& began to ex*ange products ) ,spa94 ,x s5t its %eep1 & br\ght back ! horses ( ! ,arabians4 ,! cities ( ,france--,r\51 ,orleans1 ,rheims1 ,lyons1 ,m>seilles1 etc4--7 alive ) manufactures & trade4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! ye>ly fairs at ,troyes1 ,/4 ,d5is1 & ,beaucaire 7 fam\s all ov] ,europe4 ,,new ,,indu/ries4--,x has be5 already /at$ t ! crusad]s br\ght back to ,europe ! k z well z ! products ( v>i\s bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,su* 7 ! clo?s ( ,damascus1 ! glass ( ,tyre1 ! use ( w9dmills1 ( l951 & ( silk1 ! plum-trees ( ,damascus1 ! sug>-cane1 ! mulb]ry-tree4 ,cotton /uffs came into use at ?is "t4 ,pap] made f cotton 0 us$ by ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,spa9 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,pap] 0 made f l95 at a some:at lat] date4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many x 0 fir/ manufactur$ e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,jews4--,! ,jews 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 (t5 treat$ ) extreme h>%ness4 ,an outbur/ ( ! crusad+ _s 0 frequ5tly att5d$ ) cruel assaults ^u !m4 ,z ,*ri/ians w\ld n take int]e/1 money-l5d+ 0 a bus9ess ma9ly left to ! ,hebrews4 ,by !m1 bills ( ex*ange 7 fir/ employ$4 ,,ob/acles ,,to ,,trade4--,! great ob/acle to comm]ce 0 ! insecurity ( travel4 ,:5ev] a %ipwreck took place1 :atev] 0 ca/ ^u ! %ore 0 seiz$ by ! neighbor+ "l4 ,a noble at ,leon1 9 ,brittany1 po9t+ out a rock on :i* _m vessels _h be5 wreck$1 said1 ,i h a rock !re m preci\s ?an ! diamonds on ! cr[n ( a k+4 ,x 0 long be=e prop]ty on ! sea 0 respect$1 ev5 9 ! same degree z prop]ty on ! l&4 ,n ev5 at ! pres5t day has ?is po9t be5 rea*$4 ,! inf9ite div]sity ( co9s 0 ano!r emb>rassm5t to trade4 ,9 e fief1 "o _h to ex*ange 8 money1 always at a loss4 ,l\is ,,ix4 orda9$ t ! money ( eighty lords1 :o _h ! "r to co91 %\ld be curr5t only 9 _! own t]ritories1 :ile ! co9age ( ! k+ %\ld be receiv$ ev]y:]e4 ,,guilds4--,a v important feature ( m$ival society 0 ! guilds4 ,societies m or less resembl+ ^! exi/$ among ! ,romans1 & 7 call$ collegia1--"s be+ = good fell[%ip or = religi\s rites1 & o!rs be+ trade-corporations4 ,!re 71 also1 simil> frat]nities among ! ,greeks 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies ,b4,c4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 !re 7 two g5]al classes ( guilds3 ,fir/1 !re 7 ! peace-guilds1 = mutual protection aga9/ ?ieves1 etc41 & = mutual aid 9 sickness1 old age1 or impov]i%m5t f o!r causes4 ,!y 7 num]\s 9 ,engl&1 & spread ov] ! ,cont95t4 ,secondly1 !re 7 ! trade-guilds1 :i* embrac$ ! guilds-m]*ant1 & ! craft-guilds4 ,! latt] 7 associations ( workm51 = ma9ta9+ ! cu/oms ( _! craft1 ea* ) a ma/]1 or ald]man1 & o!r (fic]s4 ,!y _h _! provisions = mutual help = !mselves & = _! wid[s & orphans1 & !y _h _! religi\s obs]vances4 ,ea* _h its patron sa9t1 its fe/ivals1 its treasury4 ,!y kept 9 _! h&s ! monopoly ( ! bran* ( indu/ry :i* belong$ to !m4 ,!y _h _! rules 9 respect to appr5tice%ip1 etc4 ,almo/ all pr(essions & occupations 7 f5c$ 9 by guilds4 ,,mona/icism4--,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages pres5t$ /rik+ & picturesque contra/s4 ,?is 0 n[h]e m app>5t ?an 9 ! sph]e ( religion4 ,along ) ! passion = w> & ! consequ5t reign ( viol5ce1 !re 0 a p>allel self-consecration to a life ( peace & devotion4 ,) ! /ronge/ reli% = pageantry & = a brilliant c]emonial 9 social life & 9 wor%ip1 !re 0 associat$ a ye>n+ = an ascetic c\rse "u ! mona/ic v[s4 ,z exi/+ ord]s grew ri*1 & gave up ! rigid discipl9e ( e>li] days1 new ord]s 7 =m$ by m5 ( deep] religi\s e>ne/ness4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 !re arose1 among o!r ord]s1 ! ,c>?usian & ,ci/]cian2 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,premon/rants & ! ,c>melites1 & ! ord] ( ,tr9it>ians = ! lib]ation ( ,*ri/ian captives tak5 by ! ,moslems4 ,! old] ord]s1 especially t ( ! ,b5$ict9es 9 its diff]5t bran*es1 became v weal?y & p[]ful4 ,! ,ci/]cian ,ord]1 "u its second f\nd]1 ,/4 ,b]n>d 7:o di$ 9 #aaec71 spread ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,,! ,,m5dicant ,,ord]s4--,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ! papal au?ority 0 at its height1 ! m5dicant ord]s arose4 ,! ord] ( ,/4 ,francis 0 fully e/abli%$ 9 #abbc1 & ! ord] ( ,/4 ,dom9ic 9 #abaf4 ,!y comb9$ ) mona/ic v[s ! utmo/ activity 9 prea*+ & 9 o!r cl]ical "w4 ,^! ord]s attract$ "y m5 ( tal5ts & ( a dev\t _s 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! m5dicant fri>s 7 frequ5tly 9 conflict ) ! secul> cl]gy1--! ord9>y prie/hood1--& ) ! o!r ord]s4 ,b !y ga9$ a va/ influ5ce1 & 7 devot$ly loyal to ! popes4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! mona/ic ord]s g5]ally 7 made up ( ! weak or ! disappo9t$ :o s\ght 9 cloi/]s a quiet asylum4 ,disgu/ ) ! _w1 f :atev] cause1 l$ _m to become memb]s ( !m2 b !y 7 l>gely compos$ ( vigor\s m9ds1 :i*1 ( _! own free *oice1 took on !m ! mona/ic v[s4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sities4--,! ,crusades 7 accompani$ by a signal revival ( intellectual activity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 ! rise ( ! univ]sities4 ,! s*ools connect$ ) ! abbeys & ! ca!drals 9 ,france began to improve 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 p>tly f an impulse caught by individuals f ! ,arabic s*ools 9 ,spa94 ,aft] ! s*ola/ic !ology 0 introduc$1 tea*]s 9 ?is bran* began to give in/ruction ne> ^? s*ools 9 ,p>is4 ,num]\s pupils ga!r$ ar\nd not$ lectur]s4 ,an organization foll[$ :i* 0 call$ a univ]sity1--a sort ( guild1--made up ( f\r faculties1--!ology1 canon law1 m$ic9e1 & ! arts4 ,! arts includ$ ! ?ree /udies 7trivium7 ( gramm>1 rhetoric1 & philosophy1 ) f\r additional bran*es 7! quadrivium71--ari?metic1 geometry1 music1 a/ronomy4 ,p>is became ! "m ( _m o!r univ]sities4 ,next to ,p>is1 ,ox=d 0 fam\s z a seat ( education4 ,( all ! univ]sities1 ,bologna 9 ,italy 0 mo/ r5[n$ z a s*ool = ! /udy ( ! civil law4 ,,s*ola/ic ,,!ology4--,! s*ola/ic !ology dates f ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ! "w ( num]\s tea*]s1 _m ( !m ( unsurpass$ acut5ess1 :o1 at a "t :5 le>n+ & s*ol>%ip 7 at a l[ ebb1 made x _! aim to sy/emize1 elucidate1 & prove on philosophical gr\nds1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ari/otle 0 ! au?or ^: philosophical writ+s 7 mo/ au?oritative ) ! s*oolm54 ,9 !ology1 ,augu/9e 0 ! mo/ rev]$ ma/]4 ,! ma9 "q 9 philosophy :i* ! s*oolm5 debat$ 0 t ( ,nom9alism & ,realism4 ,! "q 01 :e!r a g5]al t]m1 z man1 /&s = a real be+ designat$ by x 7z man1 9 ! example giv51 = humanity71 or is simply ! "n ( div]s di/9ct individuals4 ,,! ,,lead+ ,,s*oolm54--,9 ! elev5? c5tury ,anselm ( ,cant]bury 0 a noble example ( ! s*ola/ic _s4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,abel>d 0 a bold & brilliant tea*]1 b ) less dep? & discretion4 ,he1 l o!r em95t s*oolm51 attract$ multitudes ( pupils4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury 0 ! gold5 age ( s*ola/icism4 ,!n fl\ri%$ ,alb]t ! ,great1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 & o!rs v influ5tial 9 _! day4 ,!re 7 two s*ools ( op9ion1--t ( ! ,?omi/s1 ! adh]5ts ( ,aqu9as1 ! great !ologian ( ! ,dom9ican ord]2 & t ( ! ,scoti/s1 ! adh]5ts ( ,duns ,scotus1 a great light ( ! ,franciscans4 ,!y diff]$ on v>i\s !ological po9ts n involv$ 9 ! common fai?4 ,! discussions ( ! s*oolm5 7 (t5 c>ri$ into di/9ctions bewild]+ f _! subtlety4 ,!re 7 individuals :o 7 m dispos$ to ! inductive me?od ( inve/igation1 & :o gave att5tion to natural z well z metaphysical sci5ce4 ,p]haps ! mo/ em95t ( ^! is ,rog] ,bacon4 ,he 0 an ,engli%man1 0 born 9 #abai1 & di$ ab\t #abid4 ,he 0 imprison$ = a "t on acc\nt ( ! jeal\sy ) :i* /udies 9 natural sci5ce & new discov]ies 9 t bran* 7 reg>d$ by reason ( _! imag9$ conflict ) religion4 ,a/rology 0 cultivat$ by ! ,moors 9 ,spa9 9 connection ) a/ronomy4 ,x spread among ! ,*ri/ian nations4 ,al*emy1 ! se>* = ! transmutation ( metals1 _h its curi\s vot>ies4 ,b su* pursuits 7 popul>ly id5tifi$ ) diabolic ag5cy4 ,,! ,,v]nacul> ,,lit]atures3 ,,! ,,tr\bad\rs4--,intellectual activity 0 = a long "t exclusively conf9$ to !ology4 ,! e>lie/ lit]ature ( a secul> ca/ 9 ,france belongs to ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 & to ! dialect ( ,prov5ce4 ,! /udy ( ?is language1 & ! poetry compos$ 9 x1 became ! recreation ( knights & noble ladies4 ,?\s&s ( poets1 :o 7 call$ ,tr\bad\rs 7f trob>1 to f9d or inv5t71 appe>$ almo/ simultane\sly1 & became well kn[n 9 ,spa9 & 9 ,italy z well z 9 ,france4 ,at ! same "t ! p]iod ( *ivalry began4 ,! !me ( _! t5d] & passionate poems 0 love4 ,!y indulg$ 9 a lic5se :i* 0 n (f5sive1 ow+ to ! laxity ( mann]s & morals 9 ,s\!rn ,france at t day1 b w\ld be intol]able 9 a diff]5t /ate ( society4 ,k+s1 z well z b>ons & knights1 adopt$ ! ,prov5al language1 & figur$ z tr\bad\rs4 ,9 connection ) j\/s & t\rnam5ts1 !re w\ld be a conte/ = poetical honors4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,love1 made up ( g5tle ladies1 ) ! lady ( ! ca/le at _! head1 gave ! v]dict4 ,besides ! songs ( love1 ano!r class ( ,prov5al poems treat$ ( w> or politics1 or 7 ( a satirical ca/4 ,f ! ,moors ( ,spa91 rhyme1 :i* belong$ to ,arabian poetry1 0 introduc$1 & spread !nce ov] ,europe4 ,aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury ! tr\bad\rs 7 he>d ( no m1 & ! ,prov5al tongue became a m]e dialect4 ,,! ,,norman ,,writ]s4--,! fir/ writ]s & poets 9 ! ,fr5* language prop] appe>$ 9 ,norm&y4 ,!y call$ !mselves ,tr\vres4 ,!y 7 ! tr\bad\rs ( ! ,nor?4 ,!y compos$ romances ( *ivalry1 & ,fabliaux1 or amus+ tales4 ,!y sang 9 a m w>like & virile /ra9 ?an ! poets ( ! ,s\?4 ,_! fir/ romances 7 writt5 late 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,ab\t t "t ,villeh>d\9 wrote 9 ,fr5* a hi/ory ( ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,f ! poem entitl$ ,alex&]1 ! "n ( ,alex&r9e v]se came to be appli$ to ! measure 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,a favorite !me ( ! romances ( *ivalry 0 ! my?ical exploits ( ,ar?ur1 ! la/ ,celtic k+ ( ,brita91 & ( ! knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table4 ,ano!r class ( romances ( *ivalry relat$ to ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! ,fabliaux 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 7 l>gely compos$ ( tales ( ludicr\s adv5tures4 ,,g]man1 ,,engli%1 ,,& ,,spani% ,,writ]s4--,9 ,g]many1 9 ! age ( ! ,hoh5/auf5s1 ! poets call$ ,m9nes+]s ab\nd$4 ,!y 7 conspicu\s at ! spl5did t\rnam5ts & fe/ivals4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury num]\s lays ( love1 satirical fables1 & metrical romances 7 compos$ or translat$4 ,( ! ,r\nd ,table leg5ds1 t ( ! ,san ,graal 7! holy vessel7 0 ! mo/ popul>4 ,x treat$ ( ! se>* = ! preci\s blood ( ,*ri/1 :i* 0 said to h be5 br\ght 9 a cup or *>g] into ,nor!rn ,europe by ,joseph ( ,arima!a4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! old ballads 7 ?r[n into an epic =m2 among !m1 ! ,nibelung5li$1 ! ,iliad ( ,g]many4 ,! religi\s fai? & loyalty ( ! ,spani% "*1 ! fruit ( _! long conte/ ) ! ,moors1 are reflect$ 9 ! poem ( ! ,cid1 :i* 0 compos$ ab\t ! ye> #abjj4 ,x is "o ( ! olde/ epics 9 ! ,romance languages4 ,9 ,engl& dur+ ?is p]iod1 we h ! *ronicles kept 9 ! mona/]ies4 ,among _! au?ors are ,william ( ,malmesbury1 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 & ,mat!w ,p>is1 a ,b5$ict9e monk ( ,/4 ,albans4 ,,dante4--,dante1 ! *ief poet ( ,italy1 & ! fa!r ( its v]nacul> lit]ature1 0 born 9 ,flor5ce 9 #abfe4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y is univ]sally reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ products ( poetical g5ius4 ,! family ( ,alighi]i1 to :i* ,dante belong$1 0 noble1 b n ( ! highe/ rank4 ,he 0 plac$ "u ! be/ ma/]s1 & became n only an accompli%$ /ud5t ( ,virgil & o!r ,lat9 poets1 b also an adept 9 !ology & 9 v>i\s o!r bran*es ( k4 ,8 tra9+ 0 ! be/ t ! "t af=d$4 ,8 family belong$ to ! anti-imp]ial p>ty ( ,guelfs4 ,! _s ( faction rag$ at ,flor5ce4 ,dante 0 atta*$ to ! p>ty ( ,:ites 7,bian*i71 &1 hav+ held ! high (fice ( prior 9 ,flor5ce1 0 bani%$1 ) _m o!rs1 :5 ! ,blacks 7,n]i7 got ! upp] h& 7#acjb74 ,until 8 dea?1 n9ete5 ye>s lat]1 he w&]$ f place to place 9 ,italy z an exile4 ,circum/ances1 especially ! di/ract$ condition ( ! c\ntry1 l$ him to ally himself ) ! ,ghibell9es1 & to favor ! imp]ial cause4 ,all t he saw & suff]$ until he brea!d 8 la/1 away f 8 native city1 at ,rav5na1 comb9$ to /ir )9 him ! ?\ghts & passions :i* f9d expression 9 8 v]se4 ,no poet be=e ,dante ev] equal$ him 9 dep? ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,x is an allegorical vision ( hell1 purgatory1 & heav54 ,?r\gh ! fir/ two ( ^! regions1 ! poet is conduct$ by ,virgil4 ,9 ! ?ird1 ,beatrice is 8 guide4 ,:5 he 0 a boy ( n9e ye>s ( age1 he _h met1 at a ,may-day fe/ival1 ,beatrice1 :o 0 ( ! same age2 & !nce=w>d he *]i%$ t[>ds h] a pure & romantic affection4 ,be=e 8 tw5ty-fif? ye> %e di$2 b1 aft] h] dea?1 8 ?\ghts dwelt ^u h] ) a ref9$ b n less passionate reg>d4 ,%e is 8 imag9>y guide ?r\gh ! abodes ( ! ble/4 ,8 ,"y ,life 7,vita ,nuova7 gives ! hi/ory ( 8 love4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y--s call$ because ! au?or w\ld mode/ly place x bel[ ! rank ( trag$y1--besides ! l(ty g5ius :i* x exhibits1 besides ! mat*less =ce & beauty ( its diction1 sums up1 s to speak1 :at is be/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ! :ole intellectual & religi\s life ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 ,dante's au?ority 9 !ology ,! s*ola/ic sy/em taught by ! ,*ur* is br\ght to view 9 8 pictures ( ! sup]natural _w1 & 9 ! comm5ts connect$ ) !m4 ,,pa9t+4--,aft] ! ,lomb>d conque/ ( ,italy1 art bran*$ (f into two s*ools4 ,! "o 0 ! ,byzant9e1 & ! o!r ! ,late ,roman4 ,9 ! ,byzant9e pa9t+s1 ! human figures are /iff1 & conv5tional =ms prevail4 ,! ,byzant9e s*ool conceiv$ ( ,jesus z )\t beauty ( p]son1--lit]ally )\t =m or comel9ess4 ,! ,romans _h a directly opposite conception4 ,byzant9e ta/e _h a /rong influ5ce 9 ,italy1 especially at ,v5ice4 ,?is is se5 9 ! mosaics ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,ca!dral4 ,! fir/ pa9t] to break loose f ,byzant9e influ5ce1 & to introduce a m free /yle :i* fl\ri%$ "u ! patronage ( ! ,*ur*1 0 ,cimabue 7#abdj-acjb71 :o is g5]ally consid]$ ! f\nd] ( mod]n ,italian pa9t+4 ,! fir/ /eps 7 n[ tak5 t[>ds a direct obs]vation & imitation ( nature4 ,! arti/ is no long] a slavi% copyi/ ( o!rs4 ,cimabue says ,m4 ,ta9e1 already belongs to ! new ord] ( ?+s2 = he inv5ts & expresses4 ,b ,cimabue 0 f> outdone by ,giotto 7#abgf-accg71 :o ca/ (f :olly ! ,byzant9e fett]s1 /udi$ nature e>ne/ly1 & abjur$ t :i* is false & artificial4 ,not)/&+ 8 te*nical defects1 8 =ce1 & 8 feel+ = grace ( action & h>mony ( color1 7 su* z to make him1 ev5 m ?an ,cimabue1 ! f\nd] ( ! true ideal /yle ( ,*ri/ian art1 & ! re/or] ( portraiture4 ,81 above all1 0 a v>i$1 f]tile1 facile1 & ri*ly creative nature4 ,! contempor>y ( ,dante1 8 portrait ( ! poet has be5 discov]$ 9 rec5t times on a wall 9 ! ,pode/a at ,flor5ce4 ,he /&s at ! head ( ! s*ool ( allegorical pa9t+1 z ! latt] ( t ( poetry4 ,! mo/ fam\s pupil ( ,giotto 0 ,taddeo ,gaddi 7ab\t #acjj-acfg74 ,,sculpture4--,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! era ( ! revival ( art 9 ,italy1 a new s*ool ( sculpture arose "u ! auspices especially ( two arti/s1 ,niccolo ( ,pisa & 8 son ,giovanni4 ,!y br\ght to _! art ! same _s :i* belong$ to ,giotto 9 pa9t+ & to ,dante 9 poetry4 ,! same c\rage t mov$ ! great poet to write 9 8 own v]nacul> tongue1 in/ead ( 9 ,lat91 embold5$ ! arti/s to look away f ! receiv$ /&>ds1 & to foll[ nature4 ,9 ! same p]iod a new & improv$ /yle ( sculpture appe>s 9 o!r c\ntries1 especially 9 ! ,go?ic ca!drals ( ,g]many & ,france4 ,,ar*itecture4--,! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 copies ( ! ,roman basilica1--a civil build+ oblong 9 %ape1 sometimes ) & sometimes )\t r[s ( columns divid+ ! nave f ! aisles3 at "o end1 !re 0 usually a semicircul> apse4 ,mo/ ( ! *ur*es ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies 7 built aft] ?is /yle4 ,!n *anges 7 introduc$1 :i* 9 "s measure pav$ ! way = ! ,go?ic1 ! peculi> type ( m$ival ar*itecture4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ?is /yle is ! po9t$ ar*4 ,?is may h be5 introduc$ by ! return+ crusad]s f build+s :i* !y _h obs]v$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,its use & developm5t 9 ! *ur*es & o!r edifices ( ,europe 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 7 )\t previ\s example4 ,! ,go?ic /yle 0 c>ri$ to its p]fection 9 ,france1 & spread ov] ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,! ca!drals erect$ 9 ?is =m are /ill ! noble/ & mo/ attractive build+s to be se5 9 ! old ,european t[ns4 ,! ca!dral 9 ,rheimes 0 comm5c$ 9 #abaa3 ! *oir 0 d$icat$ 9 #abda1 & ! edifice 0 complet$ 9 #adcj4 ,! ca!dral ( ,ami5s 0 begun 9 #abbj2 t ( ,*>tres 0 begun ab\t #ajbj1 & 0 d$icat$ 9 #abfj2 t ( ,salisbury 0 begun 9 #abbj2 t ( ,cologne1 9 #abdh2 ! ca!dral ( ,/rasburg 0 only half f9i%$ 9 #acah1 :5 ! ar*itect1 ,erw9 ( ,/e9ba*1 di$2 t ( ,notre ,dame 9 ,p>is 0 begun 9 #aafc2 t ( ,tol$o1 9 #abeh4 ,^! noble build+s 7 built gradually3 c5turies pass$ be=e ! completion ( !m4 ,sev]al ( !m to ?is day rema9 unf9i%$4 ,,france4--,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,valois4 ,,philip ,,vi1 #acbh-acej1 m4 ,jeanne1 daught] ( ,rob]t ,,ii1 ,duke ( ,burgundy4 --,,john1 #acej-acfd1 m4 ,bona1 daught] ( ,john1 ,k+ ( ,bohemia4 --,,*>les ,v1 #acfd-achj1 m4 ,jeanne1 daught] ( ,pet] ,i1 ,duke ( ,b\rbon4 --,,*>les ,,vi1 #achj-adbb1 m4 ,isabella1 daught] ( ,/eph51 ,duke ( ,bav>ia4 --,,*>les ,,vii1 #adbb-adfa1 m4 ,m>y1 daught] ( ,l\is ,,ii ( ,anj\4 --,,l\is ,,xi1 #adfa-adhc1 m4 7#b71 ,*>lotte1 daught] ( ,l\is1 ,duke ( ,savoy4 --#c1 ,,*>les ,,viii1 #adhc-adih1 m4 ,anne ( ,bretagne4 --,l\is1 ,duke ( ,orleans 7d4 #adjg7 m4 ,val5t9a1 daught] ( ,gian ,galeazzi1 ,duke ( ,milan4 --,*>les1 ,duke ( ,orleans 7d4 #adfg71 m4 ,m>y ( ,cleves4 --#b1 ,anne ( ,bretagne1 m4 ,,l\is ,,xii1 #adih-aeae4 --,claude1 m4 ,,francis ,i1 #aeae-aedg4 --,john1 ,c\nt ( ,ang\lme 7d4 #adfg74 --,*>les1 c\nt 7d4 #adif71 m4 ,l\isa1 daught] ( ,philip ,,ii1 ,duke ( ,savoy4 --,,francis ,i1 #aeae-aedg4 --,,h5ry ,,ii4 #aedg-aeei1 m44 ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici1 d44 #aehi4 --,,francis ,,ii1 #aeei-aefj1 m4 ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots4 --,,*>les ,,ix1 #aefj-aegd1 m4 ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,emp]or ,maximilian ,,ii4 --,,h5ry ,,iii4 #aegd-aehi1 m4 ,l\is1 daught] ( ,ni*olas1 ,duke ( ,m]coeur4 --,m>g>et1 m4 --,,h5ry ,,iv1 succe$$ #aehi4 --,jeanne1 m4 ,an?ony ( ,b\rbon4 --,,m>g>et1 m4 7#b71 ,,h5ry ,,ii ,,( ,,nav>re4 ,,engl&4--,,desc5dants ,,( ,,edw>d ,i ,,edw>d ,i1 #abgb-acjg1 m44 #a1 ,eleanor1 daught] ( ,f]d9& ,,iii ( ,ca/ile2 --#d1 ,,edw>d ,,ii1 #acjg-acbg1 m44 ,isabel1 daught] ( ,philip ,,iv ( ,france4 --,,edw>d ,,iii1 #acbg-acgg1 m4 ,philippa1 daught] ( ,william ,,iii ( ,ha9ault4 --,edw>d1 ! ,black ,pr9ce1 m4 ,joan ( ,k5t4 --,,ri*>d ,,ii1 #acgg-acii1 m4 ,anne1 daught] ( ,emp]or ,*>les ,,iv4 --,lionel1 ,duke ( ,cl>5ce4 --,philippa1 m4 ,edmund ,mortim]4 --,rog] ,mortim]4 --,edmund ,mortim]4 --,anne ,mortim]1 m4 ,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,cambridge4 --,ri*>d1 ,duke ( ,york4 --,,edw>d ,,iv1 #adfa-adhc4 --,,edw>d ,v 7d4 #adhc74 --,,ri*>d ,,iii1 #adhc-adhe4 --,john ( ,gaunt1 ,duke ( ,lanca/]4 --,,h5ry ,,iv1 #acii-adac4 --,,h5ry ,v1 #adac-adbb4 --,,h5ry ,,vi1 #adbb-adfa4 --,edmund1 ,duke ( ,york4 --,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,cambridge m4 ,anne ,mortim] 7:4 see74 #b1 ,m>g>et1 daught] ( ,philip ,,iii ( ,france4 ,,p]iod ,,iv4 ,,f ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,crusades ,,to ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,con/ant9ople4 7,a4,d4 #abgj-adec47 ,,! ,,decl9e ,,op ,,ecclesia/ical ,,au?ority3 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,_s ,,& ,,( ,,mon>*y4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,era4--,! ,*ur* 0 supreme 9 ! era ( ! ,crusades4 ,^! _h be5 great movem5ts ( a society ( :i* ! ,pope 0 ! head1--movem5ts 9 :i* ! pontiffs 7 ! natural lead]s4 ,we come n[ to an era :5 ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,*ur* decl9es1 & ! ,papacy loses gr\nd4 ,m+l$ ) religion1 !re is diffus$ a m secul> _s4 ,! nations gr[ to be m di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,political relations come to be p>am\nt4 ,! national _s gr[s /rong1--too /rong = outside ecclesia/ical control4 ,)9 ea* nation ! laity is incl9$ to put limits to ! p[] & privileges ( ! cl]gy4 ,9 sev]al ( ! c\ntries1 mon>*y 9 ! mod]n ,european =m gets a firm foo?old4 ,! enfran*isem5t ( ! t[ns1 ! rise ( comm]ce1 ! influ5ce ga9$ by ! legi/s & by ! ,roman law1 ( :i* !y 7 ! exp\nd]s1 _h betok5$ ! dawn ( a new era4 ,! developm5t ( ! national languages & lit]atures signifi$ its com+4 ,g]many & ! ,holy ,roman ,empire no long] absorb att5tion4 ,:at is tak+ place 9 ,france & ,engl& is1 to say ! lea/1 ( equal mom5t4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,engl& ,,& ,,france3 ,,second ,,p]iod ,,op ,,rival%ip3 ,,! ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s' ,,w> 7,a4,d4 #acci-adec74 ,,philip ,,iii4 ,,( ,,france 7#abgj-abhe74--;,9 ,france royalty made a /eady progress d[n to ! long ,w> ( a ,hundr$ ,ye>s4 ,philip ,,iii4 7#abgj-abhe7 m>ri$ 8 son to ! heiress ( ,nav>re4 ,8 sway ext5d$ to ! ,pyr5ees4 ,he fail$ 9 an exp$ition aga9/ ,pet]1 k+ ( ,aragon1 :o _h support$ ! ,sicilians aga9/ ,*>les ( ,anj\2 b ! "t = =eign conque/s _h n come4 ,,philip ,,iv4 ,,( ,,france 7#abhe-acad73 ,,w> ,,) ,,edw>d ,i4 ,,( ,,engl&4-- ,philip ,,iv4 7! ,fair7 has be5 /yl$ ! ,k+ ( ! ,legi/s4 ,he surr\nd$ himself ) lawy]s1 :o furni%$ him1 f _! /oreh\se ( ,roman legislation1 weapons ) :i* to face b>on & pope4 ,9 #abib conflicts broke out betwe5 ,engli% & ,fr5* sailors4 ,philip1 9 8 "* z suz]a91 und]took to take peaceful possession ( ,gui5ne1 b 0 prev5t$ by ! ,engli% g>risons4 ,!reupon he summon$ ,edw>d ,i4 ( ,engl&1 z ! hold] ( ! fiefs1 be=e 8 c\rt4 ,edw>d s5t 8 bro!r z a deputy1 b ! ,fr5* k+ decl>$ t ! fiefs 7 =feit$ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 n appe>+ 9 p]son4 ,9 ! w> t result$ 7#abid-abig71 ea* p>ty _h 8 natural allies4 ,philip _h = 8 allies ! ,wel% & ! ,scots1 :ile ,edw>d 0 support$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s & by ,adolphus ( ,nassau1 k+ ( ! ,romans4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ,william ,wallace )/ood ,edw>d4 ,philip 0 successful 9 ,fl&]s & 9 ,gui5ne4 ,edw>d1 :o 0 kept 9 ,engl& by 8 w> ) ! ,scots1 secur$ a truce ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 ,philip !n took possession ( ,fl&]s1 ) ! exception ( ,gh5t4 ,fl&]s 0 at t "t ! ri*e/ c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,its cities 7 num]\s1 & ! :ole l& 0 popul\s & indu/ri\s4 ,f ,engl& x receiv$ ! wool us$ 9 its ?riv+ manufactures4 ,to ,engl& its p 7 atta*$4 ,philip load$ ! ,flemi% p ) impo/s4 ,!y rose 9 revolt1 & ,rob]t d',artois1 ,philip's bro!r1 met ) a disa/r\s defeat 9 a battle ) ! ,flemi% troops at ,c\rtrai1 9 #acjb4 ,! ,flemi% burgh]s prov$ !mselves too /rong = ! royal troops4 ,fl&]s 0 re/or$ to its c\nt1 f\r t[ns be+ reta9$ by ,france4 ,,conflict ,,( ,,philip ,,iv4 ,,& ,,boniface ,,viii4--,! exp5ses ( ,philip1 9 ! support ( 8 army & = o!r purposes1 7 enorm\s4 ,! old feudal rev5ues 7 :olly insuffici5t = ! new me?ods ( gov]nm5t4 ,to supply himself ) money1 he n only levi$ on]\s taxes on 8 subjects1 & practic$ +5i\s extortion ^u ! ,jews1 b he resort$ aga9 & aga9 to ! device ( debas+ ! co94 ,8 resolution to tax ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* br\ght him into a controv]sy1 mom5t\s 9 its results1 ) ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 ,boniface's idea ( papal pr]ogative 0 fully z exalt$ z t =m]ly held by ,hildebr& & ,innoc5t ,,iii4 ,b he _h less prud5ce & self-re/ra9t1 & ! temp] ( ! times 0 n[ alt]$4 ,if ,philip 0 su/a9$ by ! ,roman law & its int]pret]s1 ^: c\nsels he gladly foll[$1 ,boniface1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld lean ^u ! sy/em ( ecclesia/ical or canon law1 :i* _h long be5 gr[+ up 9 ,europe1 & ( :i* ! ,canoni/s 7 ! pr(essional exp\nd]s4 ,! va/ weal? ( ! cl]gy _h l$ to enactm5ts = keep+ x )9 b\nds1 l ! /atute ( mortma9 9 ,engl& 7#abgi7 =bidd+ ! giv+ ( l& to religi\s bodies )\t lic5se f ! k+4 ,! ^w mortma9 meant dead h&1 & 0 appli$ to possessors ( l&1 especially ecclesia/ical corporations1 t c\ld n ali5ate x4 ,! jurisdiction ( ecclesia/ical c\rts1 :i* k+s1 because !y happ5$ to h a less lik+ = feudal law1 _h (t5 favor$1 _h n[ come to be ano!r great matt] ( cont5tion4 ,9 #abif ,boniface ,,viii41 9 ! bull cl]icis laicos1--s nam$1 l o!r papal edicts1 f ! op5+ words1--=bade ! imposition ( extraord9>y taxes ^u ! cl]gy )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,holy ,see4 ,philip respond$ by =bidd+ =eign]s to soj\rn 9 ,france1 :i* 0 equival5t to driv+ out ( ! c\ntry ! ,roman prie/s & ^? :o br\ght 9 ! obnoxi\s bull4 ,at ! same "t he =bade money to be c>ri$ out ( ,france4 ,?is la/ prohibition cut (f contributions to ,rome4 ,! k+ ass]t$ ! importance ( ! laity 9 ! ,*ur*1 z well z ( ! cl]gy1 & ! "r ( ! k+ ( ,france to take *>ge ( 8 own realm4 ,!re 0 a seem+ reconciliation = a "t1 ?r\gh concessions on ! side ( ! ,pope2 b ! /rife broke out afre% 9 #acja4 ,philip arre/$ ,b]n>d ,saisset1 a bold legate ( ! ,pope4 ,boniface p\r$ =? a /ream ( compla9ts aga9/ ,philip 7#acja71 & w5t s f> z to summon ! ,fr5* cl]gy to a c\ncil at ,rome = ! settlem5t ( all disord]s 9 ,france4 ,! k+ !n appeal$ to ! ,fr5* nation4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,april1 #acjb1 he assembl$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame1 at ,p>is1 a body :i*1 = ! fir/ "t1 conta9$ ! deputies ( ! univ]sities & ( ! t[ns1 & = ?is reason is consid]$ to h be5 ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,/ates ,g5]al1 ,! cl]gy1 ! b>ons1 ! burgh]s1 sid$ cordially ) ! k+4 ,! ,pope !n publi%$ ! fam\s bull1 ,unam ,sanctam1 9 :i* ! subjection ( ! temporal p[] to ! spiritual is proclaim$ ) ! /ronge/ emphasis4 ,boniface !n excommunicat$ ,philip1 & 0 prep>+ to depose him1 & to h& ov] 8 k+dom to ! emp]or1 ,alb]t ,i4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,boniface ,,viii4--,meantime ,philip _h assembl$ anew ! ,/ates ,g5]al 7#acjc74 ,! legi/s l5t _! c\nsel & active support4 ,x 0 propos$ to ! k+ to convoke a g5]al c\ncil ( ! ,*ur*1 & to summon ! ,pope be=e x4 ,william ( ,nog>et1 a great lawy] 9 ! s]vice ( ,philip1 0 direct$ to lodge ) ,boniface ?is appeal to a c\ncil1 & to publi% x at ,rome4 ,) ,sci>ra ,colonna1 betwe5 ^: family & ! ,pope !re 0 a mortal feud1 ,nog>et1 att5d$ also by sev]al hundr$ hir$ soldi]s1 ent]$ ,anagni1 :]e ,boniface 0 !n /ay+4 ,! two mess5g]s heap$ ^u him ! sev]e/ reproa*es1 & ,colonna is said to h /ruck ! old pontiff 9 ! face ) 8 mail$ h&4 ,! ,fr5* 7 driv5 out ( ! t[n by ! p2 b f ! indignities :i* he _h suff]$1 & ! ang] & %ame consequ5t ^u !m1 ,boniface %ortly aft]w>ds di$4 ,,! ,,babylonian ,,captivity 7#acji-acgi74--;,f ! date ( ! ev5ts j n>rat$1 ! pontifical au?ority sank1 & ! secul> au?ority ( sov]eigns & nations 0 9 ! asc5dant4 ,aft] ! %ort pontificate ( ,b5$ict ,,xl1 :o did :at he c\ld to reconcile ! anci5t b e/rang$ allies1 ,france & ! ,papacy1 a ,fr5* prelate1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,bordeaux1 0 made pope "u ! "n ( ,clem5t ,v41 he hav+ previ\sly engag$ to comply ) ! wi%es ( ,philip4 ,:ile ! ,papacy cont9u$ subord9ate to ! ,fr5* k+1 its moral influ5ce 9 o!r p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom 0 ( necessity r$uc$4 ,clem5t ,v1 0 cr[n$ at ,lyons 9 #acje1 & 9 #acji e/abli%$ himself at ,avignon1 a possession ( ! ,holy ,see on ! bord]s ( ,france4 ,aft] him !re foll[$ at ,avignon sev5 popes :o 7 subject to ,fr5* influ5ce 7#acji-acgf74 ,x is ! p]iod 9 ! annals ( ! ,papacy :i* is call$ ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,philip rema9$ implacable4 ,he 0 det]m9$ to secure ! condemnation ( ,boniface ,,viii41 ev5 aft] 8 dea?4 ,clem5t ,v4 _h no alt]native b to summon a c\ncil1 :i* 0 held at ,vi5ne 9 #acaa1 :5 ,boniface 0 decl>$ to h be5 or?odox1 at ! same "t t ,philip 0 %ield$ f ecclesia/ical c5sure or reproa*4 ,,suppression ,,( ,,! ,,knights ,,templ>s4--,"o ( ! dem&s :i* ,philip _h made ( ,clem5t ,v41 & a dem& :i* ! c\ncil _h to grant1 0 ! condemnation ( ! ord] ( ,knights ,templ>s1 ^: va/ weal? ,philip covet$4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,octob]1 #acjg1 ! ,templ>s 7 arre/$ ov]all ,france1--an act :i* ev9ces bo? ! p[] ( ,philip1 & 8 inju/ice4 ,!y 7 *>g$ ) secret immoralities1 & ) practices involv+ impiety4 ,prov9cial c\ncils 7 call$ toge!r to decree ! judgm5t preorda9$ by ! k+4 ,! ,templ>s 7 exam9$ "u torture1 & _m ( !m 7 burn$ at ! /ake4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^? :o 7 put to dea? revok$ ! confessions :i* _h be5 extort$ f !m by bodily suff]+4 ,individuals may h be5 guilty ( "s ( ! *>ges1 b !re is no w>rant = su* a v]dict aga9/ ! entire ord]4 ,! ord] 0 aboli%$ by ,clem5t ,v4 ,,law ,,/udies3 ,,m]c5>y ,,troops4--,dur+ ! reign ( ,philip ! ,fair1 x 0 orda9$ t ,p>liam5t %\ld sit twice e ye> at ,p>is 7#acjc74 ,a univ]sity = ! /udy ( law 0 f\nd$ at ,orleans4 ,! k+ ne$$ soldi]s z well z lawy]s4 ,m]c5>y troops 7 beg9n+ to take ! place ( feudal b&s4 ,philip br\ght ! ,g5oese galleys aga9/ ! %ips ( ,fl&]s4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,sons ,,( ,,philip3 ,,! ,,salic ,,law4--,?ree sons ( ,philip reign$ aft] him4 ,l\is ,x4 7#acad-acaf7 0 induc$ to take "p 9 an ari/ocratic reaction1 9 behalf ( ! good old cu/oms1 aga9/ ! legi/s2 b he cont9u$ to emancipate ! s]fs4 ,he 0 n succe$$ by 8 daught]1 b by 8 bro!r4 ,?is prec$5t 0 soon trans=m$ into ! ,salic law t only heirs 9 ! male l9e c\ld succe$ to ! ?rone4 ,! rule 0 really ! result ( ! g5ealogical accid5t t = ?ree hundr$ & =ty-"o ye>s1 or s9ce ! election ( ,hugh ,capet1 e ,fr5* k+ _h be5 succe$$ by 8 son4 ,9 sev]al cases ! son _h be5 cr[n$ 9 ! lifetime ( ! fa!r4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( h]$ity1 & ( h]$ity 9 ! male l9e1 _h tak5 root4 ,"u ,philip ,v4 & 8 successor1 ,*>les ,,iv4 7#acbb-acbh71 !re 0 cruel p]secution ( ! ,jews1 & _m p suff]$ dea? on ! *>ge ( sorc]y4 ,,edw>d ,i4 ,,( ,,engl& 7#abgb-acjg73 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,wales3 ,,william ,,wallace4--,edw>d1 :o 0 9 ! ,holy ,l& :5 8 fa!r di$1 0 a gallant knight & an able rul]1--! mo/ brilliant mon>* ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,llywelyn1 pr9ce ( ,wales1 hav+ refus$ to r5d] ! oa? due f a vassal1 0 =c$ to yield4 ,:5 a rebellion broke out sev]al ye>s lat]1 ,wales 0 conqu]$1 & ! lead] ( ! rebellion 0 execut$ 7#abhc74 ,?us ,wales 0 jo9$ to ,engl&2 & ! k+ gave to 8 son ! title ( ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :i* ! elde/ son ( ! sov]eign ( ,engl& has s9ce worn4 ,edw>d 0 = _m ye>s at w> ) ,scotl&1 :i* n[ includ$ ! ,gaelic-speak+ p ( ! ,highl&s1 & ! ,engli%-speak+ p ( ! ,l[l&s4 ,! k+ ( ,engl& _h "s claim to be _! suz]a91 a claim :i* ! ,scots 7 sl[ to ackn[l$ge4 ,! old l9e ( ,scotti% pr9ces ( ! ,celtic race di$ out4 ,alex&] ,,iii4 fell ) 8 horse ov] a cliff on ! coa/ ( ,fife4 ,two competitors = ! ?rone arose1 bo? ( !m ( ,norman desc5t1--,john ,baliol & ,rob]t ,bruce4 ,! ,scots made ,edw>d an umpire1 to decide :i* ( !m %\ld reign4 ,he decid$ = ,baliol 7#abib71 /ipulat+ t ! suz]a9ty %\ld re/ ) himself4 ,:5 he call$ ^u ,baliol to aid him aga9/ ,france1 ! latt] r5\nc$ 8 allegiance1 & decl>$ w>4 ,he 0 conqu]$ at ,dunb> 7#abif71 & made prison]4 ,! /rongholds 9 ,scotl& fell into ! h&s ( ! ,engli%4 ,! c\ntry appe>$ to be subjugat$1 b ! ,scots 7 ill-treat$ by ! ,engli%4 ,william ,wallace put himself at ! head ( a b& ( foll[]s1 defeat$ !m ne> ,/irl+ 9 #abib1 & kept up ! conte/ = sev]al ye>s ) h]oic en]gy4 ,at l5g? ,edw>d1 ?r\gh ! skill acquir$ by ! ,engli% 9 ! use ( ! b[1 0 ! victor at ,falkirk 9 #abih4 ,wallace1 hav+ be5 betray$ into 8 h&s1 0 brutally execut$ 9 ,london 7#acje74 ,edw>d c>ri$ (f f ,scone ! /one on :i* ! ,scotti% k+s _h always be5 cr[n$4 ,x is n[ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 "u ! coronation *air ( ! sov]eign ( ,great ,brita94 ,!re 0 a leg5d1 t on ?is same /one ! patri>* ,jacob laid 8 head :5 he beheld angels asc5d+ & desc5d+ at ,be!l4 ,:]e t /one 01 x 0 believ$ t ,scotti% k+s w\ld reign4 ,?is 0 held to be v]ifi$ :5 ,engli% k+s ( ,scotti% desc5t inh]it$ ! cr[n4 ,,rob]t ,,bruce4--,! /ruggle = ,scotti% indep5d5ce 0 tak5 up by ,rob]t ,bruce1 gr&son ( ! ,bruce :o _h claim$ ! cr[n4 ,8 plan to ga9 ! ?rone 0 disclos$ by ,john ,comyn1 nephew ( ,baliol3 ?is ,comyn "y ,bruce /abb$ 9 a *ur* at ,dumfries4 ,he 0 !n cr[n$ k+ at ,scone1 & summon$ ! ,scots to 8 /&>d4 ,! ,engli% k+ s5t 8 son ,edw>d to conqu] him2 b ! k+ himself1 be=e he c\ld rea* ,scotl&1 di$4 ,,p>liam5t3 ,,! ,,jews4--,"u ,edw>d1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t by k+1 lords1 & commons 0 firmly e/abli%$4 ,p>liam5t met 9 two di/9ct h\ses4 ,aga9/ 8 incl9ation he swore to ! ,confirmation ( ! ,*>t]s1 by :i* he engag$ n to impose taxes )\t ! cons5t ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! /atute ( mortma9 has be5 ref]r$ to already4 ,! cl]gy paid _! taxes to ! k+ :5 !y f\nd1 t1 unless !y did s1 ! judges w\ld n protect !m4 ,edw>d _h protect$ ! ,jews1 :o1 9 ,engl& z else:]e1 7 (t5 falsely accus$ ( horrible crimes1 & aga9/ :om !re exi/$1 on acc\nt ( _! religion1 a viol5t prejudice4 ,at l5g? he yield$ to ! popul> hatr$1 & bani%$ !m f ! k+dom1 p]mitt+ !m1 h[ev]1 to take ) !m _! prop]ty4 ,edw>d ,,ii4 7#acjg-acbg74--;,edw>d ,,ii41 a weak & despicable sov]eign1 c>$ = no?+ b pleasure4 ,he 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! son ( a ,gascon g5tleman1 ,pet] ( ,gave/on1 :om1 contr>y to ! injunction ( 8 fa!r1 he recall$ f bani%m5t4 ,gave/on 0 made reg5t :ile ! k+ 0 9 ,france1 :i!r he w5t1 9 #acjh1 to m>ry ,isabel1 daught] ( ,philip ! ,fair4 ,aft] 8 return1 ! disgu/ ( ! b>ons at ! conduct ( ,gave/on1 & at ! c\rses into :i* ,edw>d 0 l$ by him1 0 su*1 t 9 #acaj !y =c$ ! k+ to give ! gov]nm5t = a ye> to a committee ( pe]s1 by :om ,gave/on 0 once m bani%$4 ,:5 he came back1 he 0 captur$ by ! b>ons1 & behead$ 9 #acab4 ,,bruce3 ,,bannockburn3 ,,deposition ,,( ,,edw>d ,,ii4--,aft] v>i\s successes1 ,rob]t ,bruce laid siege to ,/irl+ 9 #acad4 ,?is l$ to a tempor>y reconciliation betwe5 ! k+ & ! b>ons4 ,edw>d set out = ,scotl& ) an army ( a hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,a great battle took place at ,bannockburn1 :]e ,bruce1 ) a greatly inf]ior =ce ( foot-soldi]s1 totally defeat$ ! ,engli%4 ,he _h dug pits 9 front ( 8 army1 :i* he _h cov]$ ) turf re/+ on /icks4 ,! effect 0 to ?r[ ! ,engli% cavalry into confusion4 ,aga9/ ! ,desp5c]s1 fa!r & son1 ! next favorites ( ,edw>d1 ! b>ons 7 n at fir/ successful2 b 9 #acbf ,edw>d's que51 ,isabel1 :o _h jo9$ 8 enemies1 return$ f ,france ) "y ,edw>d1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & at ! head ( =eign soldi]s & exiles4 ,! b>ons jo9$ h]3 ! ,desp5c]s 7 tak5 & execut$4 ,! k+ 0 driv5 to resign ! cr[n4 ,he 0 c>ri$ f "o ca/le to ano!r1 & f9ally 0 secretly murd]$ at ,b]keley ,ca/le1 by ,rog] ,mortim]1 9 ^: cu/ody he _h be5 plac$4 ,on ! suppression ( ! ,knights ,templ>s by ,pope ,clem5t ,v41 _! prop]ty 9 ,engl& 0 confiscat$4 ,! ,temple1 :i* 0 _! abode 9 ,london1 became aft]w>ds ! possession ( two societies ( lawy]s1 ! ,inn] & ,middle ,temple4 ,,! ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s' ,,w>3 ,,p]iod ,i4 7,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,br,,tigny4 #acfj74 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,w>3 ,,edw>d ,,iii4 ,,( ,,engl& 7#acbg-acgg74--;,engl& & ,france ent]$ on "o ( ! longe/ w>s ( :i* !re is any record 9 hi/ory4 ,x la/$1 ) only a few %ort p]iods ( int]mission1 = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,at ! outset1 !re 7 two ma9 causes ( /rife4 ,fir/1 ! k+ ( ,france naturally covet$ ! ,engli% t]ritory ar\nd ,bordeaux1--,gui5ne1 ^: p 7 ,fr5*4 ,secondly1 ! ,engli% w\ld n all[ ,fl&]s --^: manufactur+ t[ns1 z ,gh5t & ,bruges1 7 ! be/ cu/om]s = _! wool--to pass "u ,fr5* control4 ,indep5d5tly ( ^! gr\nds ( dispute1 ,edw>d ,,iii4 laid claim to ! ,fr5* cr[n1 = ! reason t 8 "m 0 ! si/] ( ! la/ k+1 :ile ,philip ,,vi4 7#acbh-acej71 !n reign+1 0 only 8 c\s94 ,! ,fr5* /ood by ! ,salic law1 b a mu* /rong] feel+ 0 _! det]m9ation n to be rul$ by an ,engli%man4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 claim$ ! ?rone ( ,france 9 "r ( 8 "m1 ,isabel1 ! daught] ( ,philip ,,iv4 ,! pe]s & b>ons ( ,france1 on ! :ole1 = political reasons1 decid$ t ! cr[n %\ld be giv5 to ,philip 7,,vi474 8 nephew1 ( ! h\se ( ,valois1 a y\ng] l9e ( ! ,capets4 ,edw>d r5d]$ to him1 9 #acbh1 feudal homage = ! du*y ( ,gui5ne1 b took ! fir/ favorable occasion to re-ass]t 8 claim to ! ?rone4 ,rob]t ,,ii41 ,c\nt ( ,artois1 0 oblig$ to fly f ,france on a *>ge ( hav+ poison$ 8 aunt & h] daught]s1 z a "p ( 8 unsuccessful attempt to get possession ( ! fiefs left to !m by 8 gr&sire4 ,he w5t ov] to ,engl& f ,brussels1 & /irr$ up ! "y ,engli% k+ to attack ,philip 7#accd74 ,david ,bruce1 :om ,edw>d s\ght to drive out ( ,scotl&1 receiv$ aid f ,france4 ,philip ord]$ ,l\is1 ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 betwe5 :om & ! burgh]s !re 0 no affection1 to expel ! ,engli% f 8 /ates4 ,james ,van ,arteveld1 a brew] ( ,gh5t1 conv9c$ ! p t x 0 bett] to get rid ( ! c\nt1 & ally !mselves ) ! ,engli%4 ,edw>d ev5 !n hesitat$ ab\t ent]+ into ! conflict1 b ! dem&s & measures ( ,philip %[$ t he 0 b5t on w>4 ,! pr9ces 9 ! neighborhood ( ,fl&]s1 & ! emp]or ,l\is ,v41 to :om ! ,pope at ,avignon 0 ho/ile1 decl>$ on ! side ( ,edw>d4 ,! foll[+ tables 79 "p repeat$1 9 a modifi$ =m1 f previ\s tables1 & "h connect$7 w illu/rate ! n>rative3-- ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,valois4 ,,*>les1 ,c\nt ( ,valois 7d4 #acbe71 y\ng] son ( ,,philip ,,iii1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,france4 7,see bel[47 --,,philip ,,vi1 #acbh-acej4 --,,john ! ,good1 #acej-acfd4 --,,*>les ,v ! ,wise1 #acfd-achj4 --,,*>les ,,vi1 #achj-adbb4 --,,*>les ,,vii1 #adbb-adfa4 --,,l\is ,,xi1 #adfa-adhc4 --,,*>les ,,viii1 #adhc-adih4 --,jeanne1 m --,duke ( ,orleans1 aft]w>ds ,,l\is ,,xii1 #adih-aeae4 --,*>les1 ,duke ( ,orleans1 7d4 #adfg7 --,l\is1 ,duke ( ,orleans 7assass9at$ #adjg71 f\nd] ( ! ,h\se ( ,valois-,orleans4 --,l\is1 ,duke ( ,anj\1 f\nd] ( ! second ,royal ,h\se ( ,naples4 --,john1 ,duke ( ,b]ry4 --,philip1 ,duke ( ,burgundy 7d4 #adjd74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philip ,,iii1 #abgj-abhe4 --,,philip ,,iv1 #abhe-acad4 --,isabel1 m4 ,edw>d ,,ii ( ,engl& --,edw>d ,,ii ( ,engl&4 --,edw>d ,,iii ( ,engl&4 --,,philip ,v1 #acaf-acbb4 --,,*>les ,,iv1 #acbb-acbh4 --,*>les1 ,c\nt ( ,valois 7d4 #acbe71 m4 7#a71 ,m>g>et ( ,naples4 --,,philip ,,vi1 #acbh-acej4 ,,e>ly ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,ho/ilities began 9 #accg4 ,edw>d ent]$ ,france1 & !n = ! fir/ "t publicly set up 8 claim to be k+ ( ,france1 qu>t]+ ! lilies on 8 %ield2 & he 0 accept$ by ! ,flemi% z _! suz]a94 ,! fir/ battle 0 on ! sea ne> ,=t ,sluys 7#acdj71 :]e ,edw>d won a victory1 & ?irty ?\s& ,fr5*m5 7 sla9 or dr[n$4 ,?is e/abli%$ ! supremacy ( ! ,engli% on ! wat]4 ,! fleet ( ! ,fr5* 0 made up ( hir$ ,ca/ilian & ,g5oese vessels4 ,9 #acda ! conflict 0 r5ew$ on acc\nt ( a disput$ succession 9 ,brittany1 9 :i* ! ,salic law 0 ?is "t on ! ,engli% side4 ,jane ( ,p5?ievre 0 support$ by ,philip2 :ile ,jane ( ,mont=t1 an intrepid woman :o 0 protect$ by ,edw>d1 cont5d$ = ! rights ( h] husb&4 ,?is w>1 consi/+ ( ! sieges ( =tresses & t[ns1 0 kept up = tw5ty-f\r ye>s4 ,,battle ,,( ,,cr,,cy3 ,,calais3 ,,brittany4--,9 #acdf ! ,e>l ( ,d]by made an attack 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 :ile ,edw>d1 ) 8 "y son ,edw>d1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 l&$ 9 ,norm&y1 :i* he deva/at$4 ,k+ ,edw>d advanc$ to ! neighborhood ( ,p>is2 b ! want ( provisions caus$ him to *ange 8 c\rse1 & to m>* 9 ! direction ( ,fl&]s4 ,8 situation n[ became p]il\s4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,philip at ! head ( a p[]ful army2 &1 _h !re be5 m en]gy & promptitude on ! side ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,engli% =ces might h be5 de/roy$4 ,edw>d 0 b>ely able1 by tak+ advantage ( a =d at l[ tide1 to cross ! ,somme1 & to take up an advantage\s position at ,crcy4 ,!re he 0 attack$ ) imprud5t ha/e by ! army ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! *ivalry ( ,france w5t d[n be=e ! solid array ( ,engli% ar*]s1 & ,edw>d ga9$ an ov]:elm+ victory4 ,philip's bro!r ,*>les1 c\nt ( ,al5on1 fell1 ) num]\s o!r pr9ces & nobles1 & ?irty ?\s& soldi]s 7#acdf74 ,9 ! battle1 ! ,engli% k+'s elde/ son --,edw>d1 ! ,black ,pr9ce z he 0 call$ f ! color ( 8 armor--0 h>d press$2 b ! fa!r w\ld s5d no aid1 say+1 ,let ! boy w9 8 spurs4 ,x 0 ! cu/om to give ! spurs to ! full-fl$g$ knight4 ,aft] a siege1 ,calais1 ! port s important to ! ,engli%1 0 captur$ by !m4 ,! deputies ( ! citiz5s1 almo/ />v$1 came out ) cords 9 _! h&s1 to signify _! will+ness to be hang$4 ,! ,fr5* 7 driv5 out1 & ,calais 0 an ,engli% t[n = m ?an two c5turies4 ,france 0 defeat$ on all sides4 ,! ,scots1 too1 7 vanqui%$2 & ,david ,bruce 0 made prison] 7#acdf74 ,9 ,brittany ! ,fr5* p>ty 0 pro/rate4 ,a truce betwe5 ! k+s 0 conclud$ = t5 mon?s4 ,,! ,,black ,,dea?4--,9 ! mid/ ( ^! calamities1 ! fe>ful pe/il5ce swept ov] ,france1 call$ ! ,black ,dea?4 ,x came f ,egypt1 possibly f f>!r ea/4 ,9 ,flor5ce ?ree-fif?s ( ! inhabitants p]i%$ by x4 ,f ,italy x pass$ ov] to ,prov5ce1 & !nce mov$ nor?w>d to ,p>is1 spread+ de/ruction 9 its pa?4 ,x rea*$ ,engl&1 & !re x is ?\ght by "s t "o-half ( ! population p]i%$ 7#acdh-acdi74 ,,engli% ,,& ,,fr5* ,,armies4--,at ?is "t1 :5 ! p[] ( ,france 0 s r$uc$1 ! k+ acquir$ ,montpelli] f ,james ( ,aragon1 & ! ,dauph9 ( ,vi5ne by pur*ase f ! la/ ,dauph91 ,humb]t ,,ii41 :o ent]$ a mona/]y4 ,dauph9 became ! title ( ! heir ( ! ,fr5* cr[n4 ,x 0 con/antly evid5t h[ deep a root ! royal p[] _h /ruck into ! soil ( ,france4 ,at times1 :5 ! k+dom 0 almo/ gone1 ! k+%ip surviv$4 ,b1 unhappily1 !re 0 no union ( ord]s & classes4 ,*ivalry look$ ) disda9 ^u ! common p4 ,! poor ,g5oese ar*]s :o _h f\ght ) ! ,fr5* at ,crcy1 & ^: b[-/r+s 7 wet by a %[]1 7 despis$ by ! g5tlem5 on horseback4 ,9 ! ,fr5* armies1 !re 0 no effective =ce b ! cavalry1 & !re 0 a fatal lack ( subord9ation & discipl9e4 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! contr>y1 "u k+s ) m control ov] ! feudal ari/ocracy1 & f ! comb9ation ( lords & common p 9 resi/ance to k+s1 ! ,engli% armies _h acquir$ union & discipl9e4 ,! b[ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli% yeoman 0 a mo/ effective weapon4 ,! ,engli% infantry 7 m ?an a mat* = ! brave & impetu\s cavali]s ( ,france4 ,at ,crcy ! entire ,engli% =ce f\ght on foot4 ,cannon 7 j beg9n+ to come into use4 ,?is br\ght a new advantage to ! foot-soldi]4 ,b x seems probable t cannon 7 employ$ at ,crcy4 ,,battle ,,( ,,poiti]s3 ,,insurrection ,,9 ,,p>is4--,philip left 8 cr[n to 8 son1 ,john 7,,ii47 ( ,norm&y1 call$ ! ,good 7#acej-acfd72 b ! epi!t 7le ,bon7 signifies n ! morally wor?y1 b r1 ! prodigal1 gay & extravagant4 ,he 0 a passionate1 ra%1 & cruel k+4 ,8 relations ) ,*>les ! ,bad1 k+ ( ,nav>re1--:o1 h[ev]1 0 ! bett] man ( ! two1--br\ght disa/]s ^u ,france4 ,?is ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,nav>re 7#acdi-achg7 0 ! gr&son1 on 8 "m's side1 ( ,l\is ,x4 ( ,france4 ,john _h )held f him promis$ fiefs4 ,lat] he _h ?r[n him into prison4 ,philip ( ,nav>re1 ! bro!r ( ,*>les1 help$ ! ,engli% aga9/ ,john 9 ,norm&y4 ,mean:ile ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 7! ,black ,pr9ce7 ravag$ ! prov9ces ne> ,gui5ne4 ,! national _s 9 ,france 0 r\s$ by ! p]il4 ,! ,/ates ,g5]al grant$ l>ge supplies ( m5 & money1 b only on ! condition t ! treasure %\ld be disp5s$ "u _! sup]9t5d5ce1 & t !y %\ld be assembl$ e ye>4 ,! army ( ! ,black ,pr9ce 0 small1 & he advanc$ s f> t he 0 9 imm95t dang]2 b ! attack on him at ,poiti]s 7#acef71 by ! va/ly sup]ior =ce ( ,k+ ,john1 0 made ) s mu* impetuosity & s little prud5ce t ! ,fr5*1 z at ,crecy1 7 completely defeat$4 ,_! cavalry *>g$ up a lane1 n kn[+ t ! ,engli% ar*]s 7 beh9d ! h$ges on ei!r side4 ,_! dead to ! numb] ( elev5 ?\s& lay on ! field4 ,! k+1 & ) him a l>ge "p ( ! nobility1 7 tak5 prison]s4 ,john 0 tak5 to ,engl& 7#aceg74 ,f ! mom5t ( 8 capture he 0 treat$ ) ! utmo/ c\rtesy4 ,! ,fr5* peasantry1 h[ev]1 suff]$ greatly2 & 9 ,france ! "n ( ,engli%man = c5turies aft]w>ds 0 held 9 abhorr5ce4 ,,insurrection ,,9 ,,p>is4--,! incapacity ( ! nobles to save ! k+dom call$ out ! en]gies ( ! class c\nt$ z plebeian1--! middle class betwe5 ! nobles & s]fs4 ,x 0 n )\t compet5t lead]s1 *ief ( :om 7 ,rob]t le ,coq1 bi%op ( ,laon1 & c\ncilor ( ,p>liam5t2 & ,eti5ne ,m>cel1 an able man1 provo/ ( ! trad]s1 or head ( ! municipality ( ,p>is4 ,! ,/ates ,g5]al at ,p>is1 at ! in/igation ( su* z ^!1 requir$ ( ! ,dauph9 ! puni%m5t ( ! pr9cipal (fic]s ( ! k+1 ! release ( ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a c\ncil made up f ! ?ree ord]s1 = ! direction ( all ! important affairs ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,/ates ,g5]al1 repres5t+ ! ,s\?1 at ,t\l\se vot$ a levy ( m5 & means )\t conditions2 b ! ,dauph9 ,*>les 0 oblig$1 at ! next meet+ ( ! ,/ates ,g5]al ( ,p>is 7#aceg71 to yield to ^! & o!r additional dem&s4 ,! k+1 h[ev]1 a prison] 9 ,engl&1 at ! ,dauph9's reque/ refus$ to ratify ! compact4 ,! agitators at ,p>is set ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re free1 & urg$ him to ass]t 8 "r to ! ?rone4 ,m>cel & ! ,p>isian multitude wore ! p>ty-color$ hood ( r$ & blue1 ! civic colors ( ,p>is4 ,!y kill$ two ( ! ,dauph9's confid5tial advis]s1 ! m>%als ( ,*ampagne & ,norm&y4 ,a reaction set 9 aga9/ ,m>cel1 & 9 favor ( ! royal cause4 ,a civil w> 0 ! result4 ,,revolt ,,( ,,! ,,jacqu]ie4--,at ?is "t1 !re bur/ =? an insurrection1 call$ ! ,jacqu]ie1 ( ! peasants ( ! prov9ces1--,jacques ,bonhomme be+ a famili> nickname ( ! peasantry4 ,x 0 att5d$ ) frightful cruelties3 _m ( ! feudal *ateaux 7 de/roy$1 & all ( _! inmates kill$4 ,! l& 0 giv5 ov] to an>*y & blood%$4 ,m>cel made diff]5t attempts to effect a comb9ation ) ,*>les ( ,nav>re2 b ! revolution>y lead] 0 assass9at$1 & ! ,dauph9 ,*>les1 hav+ de/roy$ opposition 9 ,p>is1 made peace ) ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 :o _h kept up 9 ! prov9ces ! w>f>e aga9/ him4 ,! movem5t ( ,m>cel1 ) :atev] crimes & errors belong$ to x1 0 a brave & loyal ef=t to /em an>*y1 & to re/ore good gov]nm5t4 ,by its failure1 ! hope ( a free p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t 9 ,france 0 da%$ 9 pieces4 ,,treaty ,,( ,,br,,tigny 7#acfj74--,! captive k+1 ,john1 made a treaty ) ,edw>d1 by :i* he c$$ to ! ,engli% at lea/ "o-half ( 8 dom9ions4 ,! ,dauph9 assembl$ ! ,/ates ,g5]al1 & repudiat$ ! compact4 ,edw>d ,,iii41 9 #acei1 aga9 invad$ ,france ) an imm5se =ce4 ,b ,*>les prud5tly avoid$ a g5]al engagem5t1 & ,edw>d f\nd x difficult to get food = 8 troops4 ,he conclud$ ) ,france1 9 #acfj1 ! treaty ( ,brtigny1 by :i* ! :ole prov9ce ( ,aquita9e1 ) sev]al o!r lord%ips1 0 c$$ to ,edw>d1 cle> ( all feudal obligations4 ,edw>d1 9 turn1 r5\nc$ 8 claim to ! ,fr5* cr[n1 z well z to ,norm&y1 & to all o!r =m] possessions ( ! ,plantag5ets nor? ( ! ,loire4 ,! ,k+ 0 to be set at lib]ty on ! paym5t ( ! fir/ in/allm5t ( 8 ransom4 ,,! ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s' ,,w>3 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 7,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,troyes1 #adbj74 ,,du*y ,,( ,,burgundy4--,!re 0 an opportunity to repair a "p ( ^! losses4 ,9 #acfa ! ducal h\se ( ,burgundy became ext9ct1 & ! fief rev]t$ to ! cr[n4 ,b ,john gave x to 8 son1 ,philip ! ,bold1 :o became ! f\nd] ( ! ,burgundian bran* ( ! h\se ( ,valois4 ,philip m>ri$ ! heiress ( ,fl&]s1 & ?us f\nd$ ! p[] ( ! h\se ( ,burgundy 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,,du ,,guescl93 ,,conte/ ,,9 ,,spa94--,! prov9ces ( ,france 7 ov]run & plund]$ by soldi]s ( bo? p>ties1 "u ! names ( r\ti]s 7m5 ( ! road7 & great companies4 ,k+ ,john return$ to ,engl&1 because "o ( 8 sons1 left z a ho/age1 _h fl$4 ,!re 8 captivity 0 made pleasant to him1 b he di$ soon aft]4 ,*>les ,v41 or ,*>les ! ,wise 7#acfd-achj71 und]took to re/ore prosp]ity to ! ,fr5* k+dom4 ,he re=m$ ! co91 ! debasem5t ( :i* 0 a dire grievance to ! burgh]s4 ,aga9/ ! free lances 9 ! s]vice ( ,*>les ( ,nav>re1 ! k+ s5t b&s ( m]c5>y soldi]s "u ,du ,guescl91 a valiant g5tleman ( ,brittany1 :o became "o ( ! pr9cipal h]oes ( ! "t4 ,! w> la/$ = a ye>1 & ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re made peace4 ,9 ,brittany1 ,du ,guescl9 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,engli% p>ty & ! adv5tur]s :o f\ght ) !m4 ,! k+ secur$ 8 release by pay+ 8 ransom2 & he l$ ! companies into ,spa9 to help ! cause ( ,h5ry ( ,tran/am>e1 :o _h a dispute = ! ?rone ( ,ca/ile ) ,pet] ! ,cruel4 ,! ,black ,pr9ce support$ ,pet]1 &1 = a "t1 ) success4 ,9 #acfi ,h5ry 0 e/abli%$ on ! ?rone1 & ) him ! ,fr5* p>ty4 ,! pr9cipal b5efit ( ?is ,spani% conte/ 0 ! deliv]ance ( ,france f ! companies ( freeboot]s4 ,,advantages ,,ga9$ ,,by ,,! ,,fr5*4--,k+ ,*>les re=m$ ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( 8 k+dom1 & at l5g? felt himself ready to beg9 aga9 ! conflict ) ,engl&4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 0 old4 ,! ,black ,pr9ce 0 ill & gloomy1 & 8 ,aquitanian subjects dislik$ ! sup]cili\s ways ( ! ,engli%4 ,*>les decl>$ w> 7#acfi74 ,! ,engli% l&$ at ,calais4 ,b ! cities 7 def5d$ by _! /rong walls2 & ! ,fr5* army1 "u ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 9 pursuance ( ! settl$ policy ( ! k+1 refus$ to meet ! enemy 9 a pit*$ battle4 ,! next ye> 7#acgj7 !y appe>$ aga91 & once m1 9 #acgc1 bo? times ) ! same result4 ,! ,duke ( ,anj\ reconqu]$ ! l>g] "p ( ,aquita9e4 ,du ,guescl9 0 made con/able ( ! ,fr5* army1 & ?us plac$ above ! nobles by bir?4 ,! ,engli% fleet 0 de/roy$ by ! ,ca/ilian vessels be=e ,ro*elle 7#acgb74 ,du ,guescl9 drove ! ,duke ( ,mont=t1 :o 0 protect$ by ! ,engli%1 out ( ,brittany4 ,9 #acge a truce 0 made1 :i* cont9u$ until ! dea? ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 7#acgg74 ,!n ,*>les r5ew$ ! w>1 & 0 successful on e side4 ,mo/ ( ! ,engli% possessions 9 ,france 7 won back4 ,! la/ exploit ( ! ,black ,pr9ce _h be5 ! sack+ ( ,limoges 7#acgj74 ,aft] ?is cruel proce$+1 brok5 9 heal?1 he return$ to ,engl&4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,engl&4--,! ,black ,pr9ce1 aft] 8 return1 :5 8 fa!r 0 old & feeble1 did mu* to save ! c\ntry f misrule1 s t 8 dea? 0 deplor$4 ,! ,p>liam5t at ?is "t 0 call$ ! ,good4 ,x turn$ out ( (fice fri5ds ( ,john ( ,gaunt1--or ( ,gh5t 7! place :]e he 0 born71--! ?ird son ( ,edw>d4 ,!y 7 unwor?y m51 :om ,john _h caus$ to be appo9t$4 ,at ?is "t occurr$ ! fir/ in/ance ( impea*m5t ( ! k+'s m9i/]s by ! ,commons4 ,:5 ! ,black ,pr9ce di$1 8 bro!r rega9$ ! *ief p[]1 & 8 influ5ce 0 mis*iev\s4 ,dur+ ,edw>d's reign1 ,flemi% weav]s 7 br\ght ov] to ,engl&1 & ! manufacture ( f9e wool5 clo?s 0 ?us introduc$4 ,,john ,,wickliffe4--,9 ?is reign ! ,engli% %[$ a /rong disposition to curtail ! p[] ( ! popes 9 ,engl&4 ,:5 ,pope ,urban ,v41 9 #acff1 call$ = ! paym5t ( ! arre>s ( ,k+ ,john's tribute1 ,p>liam5t refus$ to grant x1 on ! gr\nd t no "o _h ! "r to subject ! k+dom to a =eign]4 ,x 0 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 t ,john ,wickliffe became prom95t4 ,he took ! side ( ! secul> or ! p>i% cl]gy 9 _! conflict ) ! m5dicant ord]s1--! ,begg+ ,fri>s1 z !y 7 /yl$4 ,he also advocat$ ! cause ( ! k+ aga9/ ! dem&s ( ! ,pope4 ,he cont5d$ t ! cl]gy _h too mu* weal? & p[]4 ,he adopt$ doctr9es1 at t "t new1 :i* 7 n beh9d ! lat] ,prote/ant1 or ev5 ,puritan1 op9ions4 ,he translat$ ! ,bible into ,engli%4 ,he 0 protect$ by ,edw>d ,,iii4 & by p[]ful nobles1 & he di$ 9 peace 9 8 p>i% at ,lutt]wor?1 9 #achd2 b1 aft] 8 dea?1 8 bones 7 tak5 up1 & burn$4 ,8 foll[]s bore ! nickname ( ,loll>ds1 :i* is probably d]iv$ f a ^w t means to s+1 & ?us 0 equival5t to psalm-s+]s4 ,,ri*>d ,,ii4 7#acgg-acii73 ,,! ,,peasant ,,insurrection3 ,,deposition ,,( ,,ri*>d4--,ri*>d1 ! "y son ( ! ,black ,pr9ce1 _h an unhappy reign4 ,at fir/ he 0 rul$ by 8 uncles1 especially by ,john ( ,gaunt1 ,duke ( ,lanca/]4 ,f\r ye>s aft] 8 accession1 a great insurrection ( ! peasants broke out1 f discont5t "u ! yoke ( villanage1 & ! pressure ( taxes4 ,! fir/ lead] 9 ,essex 0 a prie/1 :o took ! "n ( ,jack ,/raw4 ,9 ! previ\s reign1 ! poor _h f\nd reason to compla9 bitt]ly ( ! l&lords2 b _! lot 0 n[ ev5 h>d]4 ,:5 ! insurg5ts rea*$ ,blackhea?1 !y numb]$ a hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,!re a prie/ nam$ ,john ,ball h>angu$ !m on ! equality ( rights1 f ! text1-- ,:5 ,adam delv$1 & ,eve span1 ,:o 0 !n a g5tleman8 ,"y ,ri*>d manag$ !m ) s mu* tact1 & gave !m su* fair promises1 t !y disp]s$4 ,"o ( _! mo/ fi]ce lead]s1 ,wat ,tyl]1 ^: daught] _h be5 insult$ by a tax-ga!r]1 0 /abb$ dur+ a p>ley :i* he 0 hold+ ) ! k+4 ,!re 0 a ,gl\ce/] p>ty--a p>ty l$ by 8 y\nge/ uncle1 ! ,duke ( ,gl\ce/]--:i* gave ,ri*>d mu* tr\ble2 b he became /rong en\gh to s5d ! duke to ,calais1 :]e1 x 0 ?\ght1 he 0 put to dea?4 ,9 #acih he bani%$ two noblem5 :o _h giv5 him1 at a =m] day1 dire (f5se4 ,"o ( !m 0 ,?omas ,m[bray1 ,duke ( ,norfolk2 ! o!r 0 ,h5ry ( ,bol+broke1 ,duke ( ,h]e=d1 aft]w>ds call$ ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 son ( ,john ( ,gaunt4 ,:5 ,john ( ,gaunt di$1 ,ri*>d seiz$ 8 l&s4 ,9 #acii1 :5 ,ri*>d 0 9 ,irel&1 ,bol+broke l&$1 ) a few m5-at-arms & ) ,ar*bi%op ,arundel2 &1 be+ jo9$ by ! great family ( ,p]cy 9 ! ,nor?1 he oblig$ ,ri*>d to resign ! cr[n4 ,he 0 depos$ by ,p>liam5t = misgov]nm5t4 ,n long aft]1 he 0 murd]$4 ,lanca/] 0 made k+ "u ! "n ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,x 0 "u ,ri*>d t ! /atute ( prmunire 7( #acec7 0 r5ew$1 & sev]e p5alties 7 impos$ on all :o %\ld procure excommunications or s5t5ces aga9/ ! k+ or ! realm4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,,& ,,lit]ature4--,9 ! c\rse ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ! ,fr5* language1 :i* _h come 9 ) ! ,normans1 ceas$ to be ! spee* ( fa%ion2 & ! ,engli%1 z alt]$ by ! loss ( inflections & by ! introduction ( =eign words1 came into g5]al use4 ,! ,engli% ceas$ to speak ! language ( ^? :o 7 n[ held to be national enemies4 ,9 #acfb ! use ( ,engli% 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! c\rts ( law4 ,! ,old ,engli% ceas$ to be writt5 or spok5 correctly4 ,! ,lat9 /ill cont9u$ to be famili> to ! cl]gy & to ! le>n$4 ,william ,langl& wrote a poem entitl$ ! ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man 7#acfb74 ,pi]ce ! ,pl[man's ,cr$e is a poem by ano!r au?or4 ,! two pr9cipal poets are ,*auc] & ,g[]1 bo? ( :om wrote ! new ,engli% 9 use at ! c\rt4 ,*auc]'s great poem1 ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 is ! late/ & mo/ rem>kable ( 8 works4 ,,h5ry ,,iv4 7#acii-adac73 ,,two ,,rebellions3 ,,! ,,loll>ds4-,by "r ( bir?1 ! cr[n w\ld h fall5 to ,rog] ,mortim]1 ,e>l ( ,m>*1 ! gr&son ( ,lionel1 ,duke ( ,cl>5ce1 ,lionel hav+ be5 a son ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 old] ?an ,john ( ,gaunt4 ,b !re 0 no law compell+ ,p>liam5t to give ! ?rone to ! ne>e/ ( k94 ,s x fell to ! h\se ( ,lanca/]4 ,h5ry _h to confront two rebellions4 ,"o 0 t ( ! ,wel%1 "u ,ow5 ,gl5d[]1 :i* he long tri$ to put d[n1 & :i* 0 gradually ov]come by ,h5ry1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! /ory ( ^: wild c\rses 9 8 y\? 0 p]haps exagg]at$4 ,! o!r rebellion 0 t ( ! p[]ful ,nor?umb]l& family ( ! ,p]cys1 und]tak5 9 behalf ( ,ri*>d if he 0 alive1--= x 0 disput$ :e!r or n he _h really di$1--& if n alive1 9 behalf ( ! ,e>l ( ,m>*4 ,! ,p]cys jo9$ ,gl5d[]4 ,!y 7 beat5 9 a bloody battle ne> ,%rewsbury1 9 #adjc1 :]e ,nor?umb]l&'s son ,hotspur 7,h>ry ,p]cy7 0 sla94 ,:ile pray+ at ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,edw>d 9 ,we/m9/]1 ! k+ 0 seiz$ ) a fit1 & di$ 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*amb] ( ! ,abbot4 ,"u ,h5ry ! proce$+s aga9/ h]etics 7 %>p5$2 b ! ,commons at l5g?1 f _! jeal\sy ( ! cl]gy1 s\ght1 al?\gh 9 va91 a mitigation ( ! /atute4 ,9 ! next reign1 ! ,loll>ds1 :o 7 num]\s1 _h a lead] 9 ,sir ,john ,oldca/le1 call$ ,"l ,cobham1 :o once escap$ f ! ,t[]1 b 0 captur$1 aft] "s ye>s1 & put to dea? z a traitor & h]etic4 ,:e!r he aim$ at a ,loll>d revolution or n1 is unc]ta94 ,! ,loll>ds 7 p]secut$1 n only z h]etics1 b also z desir+ to free ! s]fs f _! bondage to ! l&lords4 ,,! ,,burgundians ,,& ,,armagnacs4--,9 ! la/ days ( ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france1 he tri$ 9 va9 to absorb ,brittany4 ,fl&]s & ,langu$oc revolt$ aga9/ him4 ,! aspect ( public affairs 0 cl\d$ :5 ,*>les ,,vi4 7#achj-adbb71 :o 0 n twelve ye>s old1 became ! successor to ! ?rone4 ,8 uncles1 ! ,dukes ( ,anj\1 ,b]ri1 & ,burgundy1 cont5d$ = ! reg5cy4 ,_! qu>rels di/ract$ ! k+dom4 ,a conte/ arose ) ! ,flemi% cities "u ! lead]%ip ( ,philip ,van ,artevelde2 b !y 7 defeat$ by ! ,fr5* nobles at ,roosebeke1 & ,art]ielde 0 sla94 ,?is victory ( ! nobles ov] ! cities 0 foll[$ by ! repression ( ! municipal lead]s & lawy]s 9 ,france4 ,two factions sprang up1--! ,burgundians & ! ,armagnacs4 ,m>g>et1 ! wife ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 receiv$ ,fl&]s by inh]itance1 on ! dea? ( h] fa!r ! ,c\nt 7#achd74 ,! k+ 0 beg9n+ to free himself f ! control ( ! factions :5 he sudd5ly w5t mad4 ,!nce=? !re 0 a /ruggle 9 ,france = supremacy betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ! dukes ( ,burgundy & ! adh]5ts ( ! h\se ( ,orleans4 ,! latt] came to be call$ ,armagnacs 7#adaj71 aft] ! ,c\nt d',armagnac1 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,*>les1 ,duke ( ,orleans4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,burgundians 0 9 ! ,nor? & 9 ! cities4 ,!y adh]$ to ,urban ,,vi41 ! pope at ,rome1 9 opposition to ! ,avignon pope1 ,clem5t ,,vii42 = ^! 7 ! days ( ! papal s*ism4 ,!y 7 also fri5ds ( ! h\se ( ,lanca/] 9 ,engl&1--( ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,h5ry ,v4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,armagnacs 0 9 ! ,s\?4 ,at ! outset1 x 0 a p>ty ( ! c\rt & ( ! nobles3 lat] x became a national p>ty4 ,l\is1 ,duke ( ,orleans1 0 trea*]\sly assass9at$ by a p>tisan ( ! ,burgundians 7#adjg74 ,?is act fom5t$ ! /rife4 ,,battle ,,( ,,ag9c\rt3 ,,treaty ,,( ,,troyes 7#adbj74--;,x 0 9 #acib t ! k+ p>tially lo/ 8 reason4 ,= ! re/ ( 8 life1 except at r>e int]vals1 he 0 ei!r imbecile or fr5zi$4 ,by ! division ( c\nsels & a s]ies ( fatalities1 gigantic prep>ations = ! invasion ( ,engl& _h come to naught 7#achf-achh74 ,h5ry ,v4 ( ,engl& 7#adac-adbb7 conclud$ t ! be/ way to div]t 8 nobles f s*emes ( rebellion 0 to make w> across ! ,*annel4 ,accord+ly he dem&$ 8 inh]itance accord+ to ! treaty ( ,brtigny1 toge!r ) ,norm&y4 ,on ! refusal ( ?is dem&1 he r5ew$ ! claim ( 8 greatgr&fa!r to ! cr[n ( ,france1 al?\gh he 0 n ! elde/ desc5dant ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,h5ry invad$ ,france at ! head ( fifty ?\s& m54 ,by 8 artill]y & m9es he took ,h>fleur1 b n until aft] a t]rible siege 9 :i* ?\s&s ( 8 troops p]i%$ by sickness4 ,on 8 way t[>ds ,calais1 ) n m ?an n9e ?\s& m51 he f\nd 8 way b>r$ at ,ag9c\rt by ! ,armagnac =ces1 m ?an fifty ?\s& 9 numb]1 compris+ ! *ivalry ( ,france 7#adae74 ,9 ! great battle t ensu$1 ! horses ( ! ,fr5* fl\nd]$ 9 ! mud1 & horse & rid] 7 de/roy$ by ! ,engli% b[m54 ,! ,fr5* suff]$ ano!r defeat l ! defeats ( ,crcy & ,poiti]s4 ,!y lo/ elev5 ?\s& m51 & among !m "s ( ! noble/ m5 9 ,france4 ,france 0 fall+ to pieces4 ,r\5 0 besieg$ by ,h5ry1 & compell$ by />vation to surr5d] 7#adai74 ,! fury ( factions cont9u$ to rage4 ,!re 7 dreadful massacres by ! mob 9 ,p>is4 ,! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 ,john ! ,fe>less 7,jean sans ,peur71 0 murd]$ 9 #adai by ! opposite faction4 ,! "y ,duke ,philip1 & ev5 ! ,que5 ( ,france1 ,isabella1 7 n[ f\nd on ! ,anglo-,burgundian side4 ,by ! ,treaty ( ,troyes1 9 #adbj1 ,ca!r9e1 ! daught] ( ,*>les ,,vi41 0 giv5 9 m>riage to ,h5ry ,v41 & he 0 made ! heir ( ! cr[n ( ,france :5 ! insane k+1 ,*>les ,,vi41 %\ld die4 ,h5ry 0 made reg5t ( ,france4 ,! :ole c\ntry nor? ( ! ,loire 0 9 8 h&s4 ,! ,dauph9 ,*>les retir$ to ! prov9ces beyond t riv]4 ,,! ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s' ,,w>3 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 7,,to ,,! ,,end1 #adfc74 ,,france ,,9 #adbb4--;,bo? ,h5ry & ,*>les ,,vi4 di$ 9 #adbb4 ,! ,duke ( ,b$=d 0 made reg5t 9 ,france1 rul+ 9 ! "n ( 8 infant nephew 7,h5ry ,,vi474 ,*>les ,,vii4 7#adbb-adfa7 0 proclaim$ k+ by ! ,armagnacs s\? ( ! ,loire4 ,8 situation 0 desp]ate1 b he repres5t$ ! national cause4 ,b$=d laid siege to ,orleans1 ! la/ bulw>k ( ! royal p>ty4 ,! ,engli% 7 weak5$1 h[ev]1 by ! )drawal ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy & 8 =ces4 ,,joan ,,( ,,arc4--,:5 ! national cause 0 at ?is l[ po9t1 ,provid5ce rais$ up a deliv]] 9 ! p]son ( a pure1 simple-he>t$1 & pi\s maid5 ( ,domrmy 9 ,lorra9e1 sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 ,jeanne ,d>e by "n 7! "n ,joan ( ,arc be+ m]ely a mi/ake 9 or?ography74 ,! tales ( suff]+ t %e _h he>d deeply mov$ h]4 ,%e felt h]self call$ ( ,heav5 to lib]ate ,france4 ,%e fanci$ t angels' voices bade h] und]take ?is holy mission4 ,h] own und\bt+ fai? ar\s$ fai? 9 o!rs4 ,commission$ by ! k+1 %e m\nt$ a horse1 &1 ) a bann] 9 h] h&1 jo9$ ! ,fr5* soldi]s1 :om %e inspir$ ) fre% c\rage4 ,!y =c$ ! ,engli% to give up ! siege ( ,orleans1 & to m>* away4 ,o!r defeats ( ! ,engli% foll[$4 ,! ,maid ( ,orleans took ,*>les to ,rheims1 & /ood by him at 8 coronation4 ,! ,engli% & ,burgundians ralli$ _! /r5g?4 ,joan ( ,arc 0 ill support$1 & 0 made prison] at ,compigne by ! ,burgundians4 ,!y deliv]$ h] to ! ,engli%4 ,%e 0 subject$ to griev\s indignities1 0 condemn$ z a wit*1 & f9ally burn$ z a relaps$ h]etic at ,r\5 7#adca74 ,! la/ ^w %e utt]$ 0 ,jesus4 ,h] "* 0 )\t a ta9t4 ,9 h] s\l1 ! _s ( religion & ( patriotism burn$ ) a pure flame4 ,a h]o9e & a sa9t comb9$1 %e di$ a victim to ! +ratitude ( h] fri5ds1 & ! brutality ( h] foes4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,driv5 ,,out--,9 #adce ! ,duke ( ,burgundy 0 reconcil$ to ,*>les ,,vii41 & jo9$ ! cause ( ,france4 ,! g5]als ( ,*>les ga9$ possession ( "o aft] ano!r ( ! prov9ces4 ,dur+ a truce ( two ye>s1 ,h5ry ,,vi4 ( ,engl& 7#adbb-adfa7 m>ri$ ,m>g>et ( ,anj\1 ! daught] ( ,k+ ,r54 ,h5ry 0 ( a g5tle temp]1 b lack$ prud5ce & vigor4 ,! k+ ( ,france & ! dauph9 began ! organization ( a /&+ army1 :i* greatly increas$ ! milit>y /r5g? ( ! c\ntry 7#adci74 ,9 #addi ! w> ) ,engl& 0 r5ew$4 ,) ! defeat ( ! ,engli%1 & ! dea? ( _! comm&]1 ,talbot1 9 #adec1 ! conte/ ( a c5tury came to an end4 ,all t ,engl& reta9$ across ! ,*annel 0 ,calais ) ,havre & ,gu9es ,ca/le4 ,france 0 desolat$ by all ?is fruitless /rife4 ,"s ( ! mo/ f]tile portions ( its t]ritory 7 r$uc$ to a des]t1 giv5 up to wolves1 & trav]s$ only by ! robb] & ! free-lance4 ,,rebellion ( ,,jack ,,cade4--,! peasants 9 ,engl& 7 n[ free f s]fdom4 ,"u ,h5ry ,,vi4 occurr$ a =midable insurrection ( ! m5 ( ,k5t1 :o m>*$ to ,london l$ by ,john ,cade1 :o call$ himself ,john ,mortim]4 ,!y compla9$ ( bad gov]nm5t & extortionate taxes4 ,"o ma9 cause ( ! ris+ 0 ! successes ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! condition ( ! labor+ class _h mu* improv$4 ,! insurg5ts 7 defeat$ by ! citiz5s1 & _! lead] 0 sla94 ,9 ?is reign began ! long ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 or ! conte/ ( ! h\ses ( ,york & ,lanca/] = ! ?rone4 ,,milan4--,,! ,,visconti ,,& ,,s=za4 ,matteo ,i1 ,,visconti 7nephew ( ,ar*bi%op ,otto71 ,"l ( ,milan1 #abie-accb4 --,/efano 7d4 #acbg74 --,matteo ,,ii1#a #aced-acee4 --,b]nabo1#a #aced-ache4 --,ca?>9e1 m4 7#b71 --,,gian ,,galeazzo1 #acgh-adjb 7fir/ duke1 #acif74 --,,giovanni ,,m>ia1 #adjb-adab4 --,,filippo ,,m>ia1 #adab-addg4 --,bianca ,m>ia4 m4 --,,francesco ,,s=za1 #adej-adff --,,galeazzo ,,m>ia1 #adff-adgf1 m4 ,bona1 daught] ( ,l\is1 ,duke ( ,savoy4 --,,gian ,,galeazzo1 #adgf-adid4 --,,ludovico ,il ,moro1 #adid-aejj1 #c1 7d4 #aeaj7 m4 ,beatrice d',e/e4 --,,massamillano1#d #aeab-aeae 7d4 #aecj7 --,,francesco ,,m>ia1 #d1 #aeba-aece4 m4 ,*ri/9a1 daught] ( ,*ri/ian ,,ii ( ,d5m>k 7#a7 ,jacopo 7,muzio7 ,att5dolo di ,cotignola1 call$ ,s=za4 --,val5t9a1 #b m4 ,l\is1 ,duke ( ,orleans4 --,*>les1 ,duke ( ,orleans4 --,,l\is ,,xii ( ,france1 ,duke ( ,milan #aejj-aeab4 --,galeazzo ,,ii1#a #aced-acgh4 #a ,! ,milanese t]ritory 0 divid$ betwe5 ! ?ree bro!rs1 & unit$ on ! dea? ( ,b]nabo4 #b ,h5ce ! ,fr5* claim to ,milan4 #c ,l\is ,,xii ( ,france took ,ludovico prison]1 & held ,milan #aejj-aeab4 #d ,puppet dukes4 ,milan be+1 9 fact1 ! subject ( cont5tion betwe5 ,france & ! ,hapsburgs4 ,abridg$ f ,george's ,g5ealogical ,tables4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,nor!rn ,,k+doms ,,be=e ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,calm>4 ,d4 means ,k+ ( ,d5m>k2 ,n41 ,k+ ( ,norway2 ,s41 ,k+ ( ,sw$54 ,,haco ,,iv1 ,n4 7d4 #abfc74 --,,magnus ,,vi1 ,n41 #abfc-abha4 --,,eric ,,ii1 ,n41 #abha-abii4 --,,haco ,v1 ,n41 #abii-acbj4 ,,magnus ,i1 ,s41 #abgi-abij4 --,,b]g]1 ,s41 #abij-acbj 7depos$2 d4 #acbf7 m4 --,m>?a4 --,,*ri/oph] ,,ii1 ,d41 #acbj-acdj4 --,,waldem> ,,iii1 ,d41 #acdf-acge4 --,m>g>et1#b ,d4 ,n41 #achg1 ,s41 #achh 7d4 #adab74 m4 ,,haco ,,vi1 ,n4 7d4 #achj7 --,,olaf ,,vi1 ,d4 #acgf1 ,n4 #achj 7d4 #achg74 --,,eric ,,vi1 ,d41 #abhf-acbj4 ,,eric ,v1 ,d41 #abej-abhf4 --,eric4 m4 --,+eburga --,magnus ,,vii 7,,ii71 ,n4 ,s41 #acbj-acfe 7depos$74 --,euphemia4 m4 ,alb]t1 ,duke ( ,meckl5burg1 --,alb]t1#a ,s41 #acfe-achh 7depos$74 --,h5ry1 m4 ,+eburga1 daught] ( ,waldem> ,,iii1 ,d4 --,m>y1 m4 ,wratislas ( ,pom]ania4 --,,eric1 ,d4 ,n4 ,s41 #adab-adci 7depos$2 d4 #adei74 --,ca?>9e1 m4 ,john1 son ( ,emp]or ,rob]t4 --,,*ri/oph]1 ,d4 ,n4 ,s4 7d4 #addh74 m4 7#a7 ,doro!a1 daught] ( ,john ,al*ymi/a1 ,m>grave ( ,br&5burg m4 7#b7 ,,*ri/ian ,i1#c ,d4 ,n4 ,s4 --,,haco ,,vi1 ,n4 7d4 #achj7 #a ,elect$ to ,sw$5 9 opposition to ,haco ,,vi2 depos$ by ,m>g>et4 #b ,hav+ unit$ all ?ree k+doms 9 h] own p]son1 fram$ =mal ,union ( ,calm>1 #acig4 #c ,elect$ k+ on dea? ( ,*ri/oph]1 ^: wid[ he m>ri$2 said to be desc5d$ f ,eric ,v ( ,d5m>k4 ,abridg$ f ,george's ,g5ealogical ,tables4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g]many3 ,,italy3 ,,spa93 ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,c\ntries3 ,,pol& ,,& ,,russia3 ,,hung>y3 ,,ottoman ,,turks3 ,,! ,,greek ,,empire4 ,i4 ,,g]many4 ,,! ,,great ,,int]regnum4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#abej71 ,g]many & ,italy1 ! two c\ntries ov] :i* ! imp]ial au?ority ext5d$1 7 left free f its control4 ,italy 0 ab&on$ to itself1 & ?us to int]nal division4 ,! case ( ,g]many 0 analog\s4 ,dur+ ! great int]regnum1 la/+ = tw5ty-?ree ye>s1 ! ,g]man cities1 by _! indu/ry & trade1 grew /rong1 z did ! burgh]s 9 ,france1 & 9 ! t[ns 9 ,engl&1 9 ?is p]iod4 ,b 9 ,g]many ! feudal control 0 less relax$4 ,?is int]val 0 a p]iod ( an>*y & tr\ble4 ,william ( ,holl& wore ! title ( emp]or until #abef4 ,!n ! electors 7 brib$1 & ,alfonso ,x4 ( ,ca/ile1 great-gr&son ( ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 & ,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,cornwall1 y\ng] son ( ,k+ ,john ( ,engl&1 7 *os5 by ! sev]al factions2 b _! p[] 0 nom9al4 ,! f\r electors on ! ,rh9e1 & ! dukes & c\nts1 divid$ among !mselves ! imp]ial doma9s4 ,! dismemb]m5t ( ! du*ies ( ,swabia & ,franconia 7#abfh71 & at an e>li] day 7#aahj7 ( ,saxony1 creat$ a multitude ( petty sov]eignties4 ,! great vassals ( ! empire1 ! k+s ( ,d5m>k1 ( ,pol&1 ( ,hung>y1 etc41 broke away f its suz]a9ty4 ,!re 0 a reign ( viol5ce4 ,! b>ons salli$ out ( _! /rongholds to rob m]*ants & travel]s4 ,! pr9ces1 & ! nobles 9 imm$iate relation to ! empire1 gov]n$1 ea* 9 8 own t]ritory1 z !y pleas$4 ,new means ( protection 7 creat$1 z ! ,league ( ! ,rh9e1 compris+ sixty cities & ! ?ree ,rh5i% ar*bi%ops1 & hav+ its own assemblies2 & ! ,hanseatic ,league1 :i* has be5 describ$ 7p4 #cjc74 ,moreov]1 corporations ( m]*ants & artisans 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! cities4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 :]e ! ,crusades1 & w> ) ! ,slaves1 _h ?9n$ ! population1 colonies ( ,flem+s1 ,holl&]s1 & ,frisians came 9 to cultivate ! soil4 ,dur+ ! long-cont9u$ di/urbances aft] ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ! desire ( local indep5d5ce und]m9$ mon>*y4 ,! empire nev] rega9$ ! vigor ( :i* x 0 robb$ by ! int]regnum4 ,,h\se ,,( ,,hapsburg4--,rudolph1 ,c\nt ( ,hapsburg 7#abgc-abia71 0 elect$ emp]or = ! reason1 t1 :ile he 0 a brave man1 he 0 n p[]ful en\gh to be fe>$ by ! ari/ocracy4 ,he wisely made no attempt to gov]n 9 ,italy4 ,he 0 support$ by ! ,*ur*1 to :i* he 0 submissive4 ,he devot$ himself to ! task ( putt+ d[n disord]s 9 ,g]many4 ,aga9/ ,ottoc> ,,ii41 k+ ( ,bohemia1 :o n[ held also ,au/ria1 ,/yria1 ,c>9?ia1 & ,c>niola1 & :o refus$ to ackn[l$ge ,rudolph1 ! emp]or twice made w> successfully4 ,9 a fi]ce battle at ! ,m>*field1 9 #abgh1 ,ottoc> 0 sla94 ,au/ria1 ,/yria1 & ,c>niola fell into ! h&s ( ! emp]or4 ,!y 7 giv5 z fiefs to ,rudolph's son ,alb]t2 & ,c>9?ia to ,alb]t's son-9-law1 ! ,c\nt ( ,tyrol4 ,?is 0 ! f\ndation ( ! p[] ( ! h\se ( ,hapsburg4 ,rudolph /rove ) p>tial success to recov] ! cr[n l&s1 & did :at he c\ld to put a /op to private w> & to robb]y4 ,num]\s /rongholds ( robb]s he raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,8 practical ab&onm5t ( ,italy1 8 p>tial re/oration ( ord] 9 ,g]many1 & 8 s]vice to ! h\se ( ,hapsburg1 are ! pr9cipal features ( ,rudolph's reign4 ,,h5ry ,,vii4 7#acjh-acac73 ,,italy4--,adolphus ( ,nassau 7#abib-abih7 0 hir$ by ,edw>d ,i4 to decl>e w> aga9/ ,france4 ,8 do+s 9 ,?ur+ia4 :i* he tri$ to buy f ! ,l&grave ,alb]t1 l$ ! electors to de?rone him1 & to *oose ,alb]t ,i4 7#abih-acjh71 ,duke ( ,au/ria1 son ( ,rudolph4 ,8 nephew ,john1 :om he tri$ to keep out ( 8 inh]itance1 murd]$ him4 ,h5ry ,,vii4 7#acjh-acac71 :o 0 ,c\nt ( ,luxemburg1 ! next emp]or1 did little m ?an build up 8 family by m>ry+ 8 son ,john to ! gr&daught] ( ,k+ ,ottoc>4 ,john 0 ?us made k+ ( ,bohemia4 ,9 ^! times1 :5 ! emp]ors 7 weak1 !y 7 anxi\s to /r5g!n & enri* _! own h\ses4 ,h5ry w5t to ,italy to try 8 =tunes beyond ! ,alps4 ,he 0 cr[n$ 9 ,pavia k+ ( ,italy1 & 9 ,rome emp]or 7#acab74 ,b ! rival p>ties quickly rose up aga9/ him3 he 0 excommunicat$ by ,clem5t ,v41 an ally ( ,france1 & di$--x 0 *>g$1 by poison mix$ 9 ! sacram5tal cup--9 #acac4 ,he 0 a man ( pure & noble "*1 b ! "t _h pass$ = ,italy to be gov]n$ by a ,g]man sov]eign4 ,,civil ,,w>3 ,,electors ,,at ,,r5se4--,"o p>ty ( ! electors *ose ,fr$]ick ( ,au/ria 7#acad-accj71 & ! o!r ,l\is ( ,bav>ia 7#acad-acdg74 ,a t]rible civil w>1 la/+ = t5 ye>s1 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,9 a great battle ne> ,mhldorf1 ! ,au/rians 7 defeat$1 & ,fr$]ick 0 captur$4 ,l\is _h n[ to enc\nt] ! ho/ility ( ,pope ,john ,,xxii4 7at ,avignon71 :o wi%$ to give ! imp]ial cr[n to ,philip ! ,fair ( ,france4 ,l\is ma9ta9$ t he receiv$ ! ?rone1 n f ! popes1 b f ! electors4 ,he 0 excommunicat$ by ,john1 :o refus$ to sanction ! agreem5t ( ,l\is & ( ,fr$]ick1 n[ set at lib]ty1 to ex]cise a jo9t sov]eignty4 ,l\is 0 9 ,italy f #acbg to #accj1 :]e he 0 cr[n$ emp]or by a pope ( 8 own creation4 ,all ef=ts ( ,l\is to make peace ) ,pope ,john & 8 successor1 ,b5$ict ,,xii41 7 foil$ by ! opposition ( ,france4 ,! /rife :i* _h be5 occasion$ 9 ,g]many by ?is int]f]5ce f abroad creat$ su* disaffection among ! ,g]mans1 t ! electors met at ,r5se1 9 #acch1 & decl>$ t ! elect$ k+ ( ! ,g]mans receiv$ 8 au?ority f ! *oice ( ! electoral pr9ces exclusively1 & 0 ,roman emp]or ev5 )\t be+ cr[n$ by a pope4 ,,deposition ,,( ,,l\is ,,( ,,bav>ia4--,! imprud5ce ( ,l\is 9 aggr&iz+ 8 family1 & 8 assumption ( an ackn[l$g$ papal "r 9 dissolv+ ! m>riage ( ! heiress ( ,tyrol ) a son ( ,k+ ,john ( ,bohemia1 turn$ ! electors aga9/ him4 ,9 #acdf ,pope ,clem5t ,,vi4 decl>$ him depos$4 ,! electors *ose 9 8 place ,*>les1 ! ,m>grave ( ,moravia1 ! son ( ,k+ ,john ( ,bohemia4 ,l\is did n give up 8 title1 b he di$ soon aft]4 ,,*>les ,,iv4 7#acdg-acgh74--;,*>les ,,iv4 visit$ ,italy1 & 0 cr[n$ emp]or 7#acee72 b1 accord+ to a promise made to ! ,pope1 he t>ri$ 9 ,rome only a "p ( "o day4 ,he 0 cr[n$ k+ ( ,burgundy at ,arles 7#acfe74 ,9 ,italy he sold :at 0 left ( ! rights ( ! empire1 sometimes to cities1 sometimes to tyrants4 ,8 pr9cipal c>e 0 = build+ up 8 own h]$it>y dom9ion1 :i* he s enl>g$ t x ext5d$1 at 8 dea?1 f ! ,baltic almo/ to ! ,danube4 ,he =tifi$ & adorn$ ,prague1 & e/abli%$ !re1 9 #acdh1 ! fir/ ,g]man univ]sity4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,bull4--,! great s]vice ( ,*>les ,,iv4 to ,g]many 0 9 ! grant ( ! *>t] call$ ! ,gold5 ,bull 7#acef74 ,?is expressly conf]r$ ! "r ( elect+ ! emp]or on ! ,,sev5 ,,electors1 :o _h1 9 fact1 long ex]cis$ x4 ,^! 7 ! ar*bi%ops ( ,m5tz1 ( ,tri]1 & ( ,cologne1 & ! f\r secul> pr9ces1 ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia1 ! ,c\nt ,palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,duke ( ,saxony1 & ! ,m>grave ( ,br&5burg4 ,! electoral /ates 7 made indivisible & inali5able1 & h]$it>y 9 ! male l9e4 ,! electors 7 to be sov]eign )9 _! respective t]ritories1 & _! p]sons 7 decl>$ sacr$4 ,,! ,,black ,,dea?4--,g]many1 l ! o!r c\ntries1 0 t]ribly afflict$ dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les by ! de/ructive pe/il5ce t swept ov] ! mo/ ( ,europe 7p4 #cai74 ,"o effect 0 an outbreak+ ( religi\s f]vor4 ,at ?is "t ! movem5t ( ! ,flagellants1 :i* />t$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 rea*$ its height 9 ,g]many & else:]e4 ,!y sc\rg$ & lac]at$ !mselves = _! s9s1 m>*+ 9 processions1 & inflict+ _! bl[s to ! s\nd ( music4 ,ano!r result ( ! plague 0 a savage p]secution ( ! ,jews1 :o 7 falsely suspect$ ( poison+ wells4 ,_m ?\s&s ( !m 7 tortur$ & kill$4 ,,an>*y ,,9 ,,g]many4--,! son ( ,*>les ,,iv4 7#acgh-adjj71 ,w5ceslaus1 or ,w5zel1 0 a co>se & cruel k+4 ,"u him ! old disord]s ( ! ,int]regnum sprang up anew4 ,! t[ns _h to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! robb] b>ons1 & =m$ conf$]acies = ?is purpose4 ,private w> rag$ all ov] ,g]many4 ,,accession ,,( ,,sigismund4--,w5ceslaus 0 depos$ by ! electors 9 #adjj4 ,b ,rup]t1 ! ,c\nt ,palat9e1 8 successor 7#adjj-adaj71 0 able to accompli% little1 9 consequ5ce ( ! /rife ( p>ties4 ,sigismund 7#adaj-adcg71 bro!r ( ,w5ceslaus1 m>grave ( ,br&5burg1 &1 9 "r ( 8 wife1 k+ ( ,hung>y1 0 *os5 emp]or1 fir/ by a "p1 & !n by all1 ( ! electors4 ,! mo/ important ev5ts ( ?is p]iod 7 ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance 7#adad-adah7 & ! w> ) ! ,hussites4 ,,john ,,huss4--,! pr9cipal end = :i* ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance 0 call$ 0 ! heal+ ( ! s*ism 9 ! ,*ur*1--9 consequ5ce ( :i* !re 7 ?ree rival popes1--& ! secur+ ( ecclesia/ical re=ms4 ,b at ?is c\ncil ,john ,huss1 an em95t ,bohemian prea*]1 0 tri$ = h]esy4 ,! doctr9es ( ,wickliffe _h p5etrat$ into ,bohemia2 & a /rong p>ty1 ( :i* ,huss 0 ! pr9cipal lead]1 _h sprung up 9 favor ( innovations1 doctr9al & practical1 "o ( :i* 0 ! giv+ ( ! cup 9 ! sacram5t to ! laity4 ,huss made a great /ir by 8 attack ^u abuses 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,"u a safe-conduct f ,sigismund1 he j\rney$ to ,con/ance4 ,!re he 0 tri$1 condemn$ z a h]etic1 & burnt at ! /ake 7#adae74 ,j]ome ( ,prague1 ano!r re=m]1 0 dealt ) 9 ! same way by ! c\ncil 7#adaf74 ,,hussite ,,w>4--,! indignation ( ! foll[]s ( ,huss 0 su* t a great revolt broke out 9 ,bohemia4 ,! lead] 0 a brave man1 ,ziska4 ,! imp]ial troops1 aft] ! coronation ( ,sigismund z k+ ( ,bohemia1 7 defeat$1 & driv5 out4 ,! ,hussite soldi]s ravag$ ! neighbor+ c\ntries4 ,! c\ncil ( ,basel 7#adca-addi7 conclud$ a treaty ) ! m mod]ate portion ( ! ,hussites1 9 :i* concessions 7 made to !m4 ,! ,taborites1 ! m fanatical portion1 7 at l5g? defeat$ & cru%$4 ,,switz]l&4--,switz]l&1 orig9ally a "p ( ! k+dom ( ,arles1 _h be5 c$$1 ) ?is k+dom1 to ! ,g]man ,empire 9 #ajcc4 ,)9 x1 0 e/abli%$ a lay & ecclesia/ical feudalism4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! cities--,zri*1 ,basel1 ,b]ne1 & ,freiburg--began to be c5t]s ( trade1 & ga9$ municipal privileges4 ,! ?ree m\nta9 cantons--,uri1 ,s*weitz1 & ,unt]wald5--*]i%$ ! _s ( fre$om4 ,! c\nts ( ,hapsburg1 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ex]cis$ a c]ta9 indef9ite jurisdiction 9 ! l&4 ,!y endeavor$ to trans=m ?is into an actual sov]eignty4 ,two ( ! cantons receiv$ *>t]s plac+ !m 9 an imm$iate relation to ! empire4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,rudolph ,i41 ! ?ree cantons above nam$ unit$ 9 a league4 ,out ( ?is ! ,swiss ,conf$]acy gradually grew up4 ,!re 7 /ruggles to ca/ (f =eign control2 b ! /ory ( ,william ,tell1 & o!r leg5ds ( ! sort1 are c]ta9ly fabul\s4 ,alb]t ( ,au/ria left to 8 successor 9 ! du*y ! task ( subdu+ ! rebellion4 ,! ,au/rians 7 completely defeat$ at ,morg>t51 ! ,m>a?on ( ,switz]l& 7#acae74 ,! ,swiss ,conf$]acy 0 enl>g$ by ! addition ( ,luc]ne 7#accb71 ,zri* & ,gl>us 7#acea71 ,zug 7#aceb71 & ( ! city ( ,b]ne 9 #acec4 ,! battle ( ,sempa* 7#achf7 br\ght ano!r great defeat ^u ! ,au/rians4 ,!re1 if we may believe an anci5t song1 a ,swiss h]o1 ,arnold ( ,w9kelri$1 grasp$ z _m ( ! spe>-po9ts z he c\ld rea*1 z a %eaf 9 8 arms1 & devot$ himself to dea?1 op5+ ?us a pa? 9 :i* 8 foll[]s ru%$ to victory4 ,once m ! ,swiss triumph$ at ,nfels 7#achh74 ,f t "t !y 7 left to ! enjoym5t ( _! fre$om4 ,,ii4 ,,italy4 ,,guelfs ,,& ,,ghibell9es3 ,,fre$om ,,9 ,,! ,,cities4--,! invet]ate foes ( ,italy 7 =eign int]f]5ce & dome/ic faction4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ! w> ( ! popes aga9/ 8 successors la/$ = sev5te5 ye>s4 ,aft] ! defeat ( ,manfr$ 7#abff71 ,conrad91 ! la/ ( ! ,hoh5/auf5s1 di$ on ! scaffold at ,naples4 ,*>les ( ,anj\ lo/ ,sicily ?r\gh ! rebellion ( ! ,sicilian ,vesp]s 7#abhb72 & dom9ion 9 t isl&1 sep>at$ f ,naples1 pass$ to ! h\se ( ,aragon4 ,! papal /ates1 aft] ! election ( ,rudolph ( ,hapsburg1 became a di/9ct sov]eignty ( ! pontiffs4 ,! bitt] /rife ( ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es w5t on 9 ! ,italian cities4 ,! ,g5oese1 :o 7 ,guelfic1 defeat$ ! ,pisans 9 #abhd2 & ,pisa1 :i* _h ru9$ ,amalfi1 0 n[ ru9$ by ,g5oa4 ,flor5ce1 :i* 0 ,guelfic1 grew 9 /r5g?4 ,g5oa & ,v5ice became rivals 9 ! conte/ = ! control ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 new factions1 ! ,n]i & ,bian*i 7,blacks & ,:ites71 appe>$2 ! ,n]i be+ viol5t ,guelfs1 & ! ,bian*i be+ at fir/ mod]ate ,guelfs & !n ,ghibell9es4 ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 invit$ into ,italy ,*>les ( ,valois4 ,he 0 admitt$ to ,flor5ce 7#acja71 & gave ! supremacy !re to ! ,guelfic side4 ,! com+ ( ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,vii4 into ,italy 7#acaj7 0 m>k$ by a tempor>y1 b ! la/1 revival ( imp]ial feel+4 ,! connection ( ! popes ) ! ,fr5* h\ses ( ,anj\ & ,valois l$ to ! ,babylonian ,exile at ,avignon1 dur+ :i* ,italy 0 comp>atively free1 bo? f imp]ial & papal control4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! civil w>s1 :ile !re 0 nom9ally a conflict betwe5 ! p>ty ( ! pope & ! p>ty ( ! emp]or1 ! ,guelfs 7 devot$ to ! de/ruction ( feudalism1 & to ! build+-up ( comm]ce & republican in/itutions2 :ile ! ,ghibell9es1 dread+ an>*y1 resi/$ ! incom+ ( ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,x 0 9 ?is p]iod t ,dante produc$ 8 immortal poem1 :i* sprang out ( ! mid/ ( ! conte/ ( ,guelf & ,ghibell9e 7p4 #cjg74 ,dante 0 himself a ,ghibell9e & an imp]iali/4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! conflicts1 ! plebeian class1 be=e )\t p[]1 is advanc$4 ,old] families ( nobility die out1 or are r$uc$ 9 influ5ce4 ,new families rise to prom95ce & p[]4 ,! burgh]s b& toge!r 9 arts or guilds2 & out ( ^!1 9 _! corporate "*1 ! gov]nm5ts ( ! cities are =m$4 ,anci5ts1 & priors1 ! heads ( ! arts1 sup]s$e ! consuls4 ,! pode/a is m & m limit$ to a judicial function4 ,9 "s ( ! ,guelf cities1 !re is a gonfaloni] ( ju/ice1 to curb ! nobility4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 !re 7 also tw5ty subord9ate gonfaloni]s4 ,! f9al triumph ( ,guelfs & ( republicanism 9 ,flor5ce 0 9 #abec4 ,! body ( ! citiz5s e/abli%$ _! sov]eignty4 ,:51 9 #abff1 citiz5%ip 0 conf9$ to ^? :o 7 enroll$ 9 ! guilds1 ! nobles1 or ,gr&i1 7 :olly exclud$ f ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is l$ !m to drop _! titles & dignities 9 ord] to enroll !mselves 9 ^! indu/rial societies4 ,! feuds ( factions1 especially ( ! ,:ites & ,blacks1 sprang up next4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 /rife arose betwe5 ! ,less] ,arts1 or craftsm5 ^: trades 7 subord9ate to ! ,great] ,arts1 & ^! la/4 ,! mob 9 ,flor5ce drove ! ,signory1 or *ief magi/rates1 out ( ! public palace4 ,?is 0 ! ,tumult ( ! ,ciompi1--,ciompi signify+ wool-c>d]s1 :o gave _! "n to ! :ole faction4 ,aft]w>ds1 ( _! own accord1 !y gave back ! gov]nm5t to ! priors ( ! ,great] ,arts4 ,! effect ( ^! di/urbances 0 to r$uce all classes to a level4 ,! way 0 op5 = families1 l ! ,albizzi & ,m$ici1 to build up a virtual control by weal? & p]sonal qualities4 ,,! ,,g5]als ,,9 ,,! ,,cities4--,9 ! cities1 !re 7 capta9s ( ! p1 :o c>ri$ on w>1--lead]s ( ! ,guelfs or ,ghibell9es1 z ei!r might be upp]mo/4 ,!y 7 p]sons :o 7 skill$ 9 arms3 ^! 7 (t5 nobles :o _h be5 m]g$ 9 ! body ( citiz5s4 ,9 ?is way1 !re arose 9 ! cities ( ,nor!rn ,italy rul+ h\ses or dyna/ies2 z ! ,della ,scala 9 ,v]ona1 ! ,pol5ta at ,rav5na1 etc4 ,9 ,tuscany1 :]e ! comm]cial p[] ( ,flor5ce 0 s great1 ! communes z yet kept !mselves free f h]$it>y rul]s2 yet1 f "t to "t1 _! lib]ties 7 expos$ to attack f successful g5]als4 ,,! ,,tyrants4--,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z ! fury ( ! civil w>s decl9$1 ! cities 7 left m & m "u ! rule ( ma/]s call$ tyrants4 ,tyranny1 z ( old1 0 a t]m = absolute au?ority1 h[ev] x might be wield$4 ,! visits ( ! emp]ors ,h5ry ,,vii41 & ,l\is ,,iv4 ( ,bav>ia1 & ( ,john ( ,bohemia1 son ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 _h no important political effect1 except to br+ increas$ p[] to ! ,ghibell9e despots4 ,?us1 aft] ! int]f]5ce ( ,l\is ,,iv4 7#acbg71 ! ,visconti e/abli%$ _! p[] 9 ,milan4 ,b ! *anges 9 ,italy aft] ?is epo* gave to ! ,ghibell9es no p]man5t advantage ov] _! adv]s>ies4 ,! lead] ( ! ,guelfs = a long "t 0 ,rob]t1 k+ ( ,naples 7#acji-acdc74 ,,! ,,classes ,,( ,,despots4--,! me?ods by :i* ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ic ,,ii4 gov]n$ 9 ,italy1 & :i* he _h p>tly le>n$ f ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,sicily1 furni%$ an example :i* ! ,italian despots foll[$ lat]4 ,he 0 imitat$ 9 8 sy/em ( taxation1 9 8 creation ( monopolies1 9 ! luxury & magnific5ce ( 8 c\rt1 & 9 8 patronage ( polite culture4 ,8 vic> 9 ! ,nor? ( ,italy1 ,ezzel9o da ,romano 7#aaid-abei71 :o 0 capta91 9 ! ,ghibell9e int]e/1 9 ,v]ona1 ,padua1 & o!r cities1 0 guilty ( massacres & all sorts ( cruelties1 ! /ory ( :i* ex]cis$ a horrible fasc9ation ov] o!rs :o came aft]4 ,at la/ he 0 'hunt$ d[n' by ,v5ice & a league ( cities1 & captur$2 b he refus$ to take food1 tore 8 b&ages f 8 w\nds1 & di$ "u ! ban ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! despots ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies h be5 divid$ by ,mr4 ,symonds into six classes4 ,! fir/ class _h a c]ta9 h]$it>y "r f ! previ\s ex]cise ( lord%ip1 z ! h\se ( ,e/e 9 ,f]r>a4 ,! second class1 z ! ,visconti family 9 ,milan1 _h be5 vic>s ( ! empire4 ,! ?ird class 7 capta9s1 or pode/as1 *os5 by ! burgh]s to _! (fice1 b abus+ x to enslave ! cities4 ,mo/ ( ! tyrants ( ,lomb>dy got _! p[] 9 ?is way4 ,! f\r? class is made up ( ! ,condotti]i1 l ,francesco ,s=za at ,milan4 ,! fif? class includes ! nephews or sons ( popes1 & is ( lat] orig91 l ! ,borgia ( ,romagna4 ,_! gov]nm5ts _h less /ability4 ,! six? class is t ( em95t citiz5s1 l ! ,m$ici at ,flor5ce & ! ,b5tivogli ( ,bologna4 ,^! acquir$ undue au?ority by weal?1 sometimes by p]sonal qualities & noble desc5t4 ,among ^? :o are call$ despots 7 individuals ( wor?1 mod]ation1 & culture4 ,! records ( _m ( !m are fill$ ) tragic sc5es ( viol5ce & crime4 ,to ma9ta9 _! hat$ rule1 !y 7 impell$ to ! practice ( b>b>ities h>dly ev] surpass$4 7,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 vol4 i4 *ap1 ii47 ,,condotti]i4--,) ! end ( ! civil w>s1 !re appe> ! companies ( adv5ture1 or m]c5>y troops4 ,! burgh]s1 hav+ put d[n ! nobility & a*iev$ _! indep5d5ce1 lay aside _! arms4 ,!y are busy 9 manufactures & trade4 ,! despots & ! republics pref] to hire =eign adv5tur]s1 ! free companies1 :o 7 a curse to ,italy4 ,_! occupation1 :i* 0 a pr(itable "o1 0 tak5 up by natives4 ,^! 7 ! condotti]i4 ,_! lead]s introduc$ cavalry & m skillful me?ods ( fight+4 ,b ! battles 7 bloodless games ( /rategy1 & milit>y en]gy decl9$4 ,at ! same "t intrigue & /ate-craft 7 ! in/rum5ts ( political aggr&izem5t4 ,"o ( ^! new lead]s 0 ,s=za ,att5dolo1 ^: son became ,duke ( ,milan4 ,,five ,,/ates ,,9 ,,italy4--,9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we f9d1 z ! political result ( ! *anges ( ! prec$+ c5tury & a half1 five pr9cipal communities 9 ,italy4 ,^! p[]s are ! k+dom ( ,naples1 ! du*y ( ,milan1 ! republic ( ,flor5ce1 ! republic ( ,v5ice1 & ! pr9cipality ( ! ,pope4 ,a brief sket* w be giv5 ( ea* ( ^! /ates d[n to #addg1 :5 ,ni*olas ,v4 re/abli%$ ! papacy 9 its /r5g? at ,rome1 aft] ! exile at ,avignon 7#acje71 & ! ecclesia/ical convulsions t foll[$ x4 ,,l[] ,,italy4--,rob]t ! ,wise 7( ,anj\7 7#acji-acdc71 ! successor ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,naples & ! *ampion ( ! ,guelfs1 c\ld n ext5d 8 p[] ov] ,sicily1 :]e ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#abif-accg71 ! son ( ,pet] ( ,aragon1 reign$4 ,rob]t's gr&daught]1 ,joan ,i41 aft] a c>e] ( crime & mis=tune1 0 /rangl$ 9 prison by ,*>les ,durazzo1 ! la/ male desc5dant ( ! h\se ( ,anj\ 9 ,l[] ,italy 7#achb71 :o seiz$ on ! gov]nm5t4 ,joan ,,ii41 ! la/ heir ( ,durazzo 7#adad-adce71 fir/ adopt$ ,alfonso ,v4 ( ,aragon1 & !n ,l\is ,,iii4 ( ,anj\ & 8 bro!r ,r5e4 ,alfonso1 :o inh]it$ ! cr[n ( ,sicily1 unit$ bo? k+doms 7#adce71 aft] a w> ) ,r5e & ! ,visconti ( ,milan4 ,by ?is conte/1 ,italy 0 divid$ into two p>ties1 compos$ ( ! respective adh]5ts ( ! h\ses ( ,anj\ & ,aragon1 ,! rights ( ,r5e 7 to rev]t lat] to ! cr[n ( ,france1 & to s]ve z a gr\nd = new w>s4 ,= tw5ty-?ree ye>s ,alfonso reign$ wisely & prosp]\sly 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,he 0 a patron ( lett]s1 & promot$ peace among ! ,italian /ates4 ,,! ,,milanese3 ,,s=za4--,ano!r great p[] 0 gr[+ up 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! greatness ( ! ,visconti family dates f ,john1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,milan1 :o reign$ !re1 & di$ 9 #aced4 ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti became sole ma/] ( ,milan 9 #ache1 & ext5d$ 8 dom9ion ov] ,lomb>dy4 ,he b\ght ( ! ,emp]or ,w5ceslaus ! ducal title4 ,tw5ty-six cities1 ) _! t]ritories1 7 subject to him4 ,b at ,galeazzo's dea?1 8 /ate fell to pieces4 ,! condotti]i1 :om he _h kept "u1 broke loose f control2 & 9 #adej1 "o ( !m1 ,francesco ,s=za1 ) ! help ( ! ,v5etians1 seiz$ on ! supreme p[]1 :i* 8 family cont9u$ to hold = fifty ye>s4 ,,v5ice4--,v5ice1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 0 z /rong z any ,italian /ate4 ,its con/itution 0 ( gradual gr[?4 ,! doge1 elect$ by ! p1 divid$ p[] 9 #ajcb ) a s5ate2 & 9 #aagb ! ,gr& ,c\ncil 0 organiz$4 ,?is c\ncil by degrees absorb$ ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t1 :i* ?us became an ari/ocracy4 ,9 #abig ! ,s5ate became h]$it>y 9 a few families4 ,9 #acaa ! p[]ful ,c\ncil ( ,t5 0 con/itut$4 ,= a long p]iod ,v5ice 0 n ambiti\s ( p[] 9 ,italy1 b 0 satisfi$ ) h] comm]ce ) ! ,ea/4 ,h] conte/ ) ,g5oa began 9 #aceb1 & la/$ = ?irty ye>s4 ,9 ! w> ( ,*ioggia1--s call$ f a t[n tw5ty-five miles s\? ( ,v5ice1--! ,v5etians 7 defeat$ by ,luciano ,doria 9 a sea-fight on ! ,adriatic4 ,he blockad$ ,v5ice2 b ,doria1 9 turn1 0 blockad$ 9 ,*ioggia by ! ,v5etians1 & =c$ to surr5d]4 ,aft] r$uc+ ! naval p[] ( ,g5oa1 !y add$ ,v]ona1 ,vic5za1 & ,padua to _! t]ritories 7#adaj74 ,"u ,francesco ,fosc>i1 :o 0 doge f #adbc to #adeg1 ,v5ice took an active "p 9 ,italian affairs4 ,,flor5ce3 ,,! ,,m$ici4--,9 ,flor5ce1 ! ,m$ici family ga9$ an influ5ce :i* gave !m a practical control ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 #acgh ,salve/ro de ,m$ici signaliz$ himself by a successful resi/ance to an olig>*ical faction compos$ p>tly ( ! old nobility4 ,! brilliant p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce beg9s ) ?is triumph ( ! democracy4 ,pisa 0 b\ght f ! ,duke ( ,milan1 & =c$ to submit to ,flor5t9e rule 7#adjf74 ,john de ,m$ici1 a v successful m]*ant1 0 twice *os5 gonfaloni] 7#adba74 ,8 son ,cosmo ,i41 :o 0 born 9 #achi1 0 also a m]*ant1 possess$ ( great weal?4 ,he atta9$ to ! lead+ (fices 9 ! /ate1 hav+ ov]come ! ,albizzi family1 at ^: in/igation he 0 = a :ile bani%$4 ,cosmo rul$ "u ! republican =ms1 b ) n less au?ority on t acc\nt4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 patronage ( art & lett]s4 ,by 8 v>i$ s]vices to ,flor5ce1 he e>n$ ! title ( ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry1 :i* 0 giv5 him by a public decree4 ,,! ,,roman ,,pr9cipality3 ,,ri5zi4--,aft] ! popes took up _! abode 9 ,avignon1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,rome 0 di/ract$ by ! feuds ( lead+ families :o built = !mselves /rongholds 9 ! city4 ,9 #acdg ! ,romans1 fir$ by ! en?usia/ ,ri5zi1 :o s\ght to re/ore ! old ,roman lib]ty1 und]took to set up a gov]nm5t aft] ! anci5t model4 ,ri5zi 0 *os5 tribune4 ,he f\nd mu* favor 9 o!r cities ( ,italy4 ,b 8 head 0 turn$ by ! seem+ realization ( 8 dreams4 ,he 0 driv5 out ( ,italy by ! c>d9als & ! nobles4 ,he return$ aft]w>ds1 s5t by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,vi41 to aid 9 w9n+ back ,rome to subjection to ! ,holy ,see4 ,b 8 p[] 0 gone4 ,he disgu/$ ! p ) 8 pomps & %[s1 &1 :ile try+ to escape 9 disguise1 0 put to dea? 7#aced74 ,c>d9al ,albornoz succe$$ 9 reunit+ ! dissev]$ p>ts ( ! papal k+dom4 ,b 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,s*ism 7#acgh-adag71 9 ! cities old dyna/ies 7 reviv$1 & new ones arose2 t[ns & t]ritories 7 c$$ to nobles z fiefs2 & a degree ( fre$om almo/ am\nt+ to indep5d5ce 0 conc$$ to old republics1 z ,rome1 ,p]ugia1 & ,bologna4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ,pope ,ni*olas ,v4 & 8 successors 7f #adgg7 to rega9 & cem5t anew ! fragm5ts ( ! papal pr9cipality4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art4--,9 ?is p]iod1 9 ! mid/ ( political agitation 9 ,italy1 !re 0 a brilliant developm5t 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( lit]ature & art4 ,! major "p ( ,dante's life 7#abfe-acba7 falls )9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,petr>* 7#acjd-acgd71 ,boccaccio 7#acac-acge71 a ma/] 9 ,italian prose1 & ,dante1 are ! f\nd]s ( ,italian lit]ature4 ,!y are foll[$ by an era ( /udy & culture1 r ?an ( orig9al production4 ,9 ! arts1 ,v5ice & ,pisa fir/ became em95t4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>k 0 built at ,v5ice1 9 ! ,byzant9e /yle1 9 #ajga4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! fam\s ca!dral at ,pisa 0 begun2 :i* 0 foll[$1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 by ! ,bapti/]y & ! ,lean+ ,t[]4 ,! ,campo ,santo1 or cemet]y1 0 built 9 #abgh4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ar*itectural indu/ry 0 s active1 num]\s high brick t[]s 7 built 9 ,flor5ce = purposes ( def5se4 ,"s ( !m rema9 to recall ! bloody feuds ( ! irreconcilable factions ( ! nobility4 ,9 ^! conflicts1 ! /rife 0 c>ri$ on f t[] to t[]1 f h\se to h\se3 /reets 7 b>ricad$ ) heavy *a9s1 & homes made desolate ) fire & sword4 ,*ur*es & great public build+s 7 con/ruct$ 9 ?is p]iod4 ,at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! *ur* ( ,santa ,croce 0 built at ,flor5ce2 & 9 ! c5tury foll[+1 ,brunelles*i1 ! reviv] ( classical art 9 ,italy1 plac$ ! great cupola on ! ,ca!dral4 ,! ,go?ic ca!dral ( ,milan1 ) its wild]ness ( /atues1 0 begun 9 #acdf4 ,cimabue1 :o di$ ab\t #acjb1 & ,giotto1 :o di$ ab\t #accg1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! mod]n ,italian s*ools ( pa9t+4 ,,trade ,,& ,,comm]ce4--,! seaports1 ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 7 c5t]s ( a fl\ri%+ comm]ce1 ext5d+ to ! f> ,ea/ & to ! coa/s ( ,spa9 & ,france4 ,! int]ior cities--,milan ) its two hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants1 ,v]ona1 ,flor5ce--7 c5t]s ( manufactures & ( trade4 ,! ,italians 7 ! fir/ bank]s 9 ,europe4 ,! bank ( ,v5ice 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aaga1 & ! bank ( ,g5oa1 al?\gh x 0 project$ e>li]1 0 f\nd$ 9 #adjg4 ,! f9ancial deal+s ( ,italian m]*ants spread ov] all ,europe4 ,,morality4--,! "o ?+ lack+ 9 ,italy 0 a broad] _s ( patriotism & a high] tone ( morality4 ,advance 9 civilization 0 att5d$ ) corruption ( morals4 ,,iii4 ,,spa9 ,,& ,,portugal4 ,,hi/orical ,,geography4--,resi/ance to ! ,arabs 9 ,spa9 began 9 ! nor!rn m\nta9\s region ( ,cantabria & ,a/uria1 :i* ev5 ! ,we/ ,go?s _h n :olly subdu$1 al?\gh ,a/uria 0 call$ ,go?ia4 ,a/uria1 a ,*ri/ian pr9cipality 7#gcb71 exp&$ into ! k+dom call$ ,leon 7#iaf71 ( :i* ,ca/ile 0 an ea/]n c\nty4 ,ea/ ( ,leon1 !re grew up ! k+dom ( ,nav>re1 mo/ly on ! s\!rn1 b p>tly on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,on ! dea? ( ,san*o ! ,great1 x 0 brok5 up 7#ajce74 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! ,ommiad caliphate 0 brok5 up into small k+doms 7#ajca74 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,san*o1 or e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 we f9d 9 ,nor!rn ,spa91 beg9n+ on ! we/ & mov+ ea/w>d1 ! k+dom ( ,leon1 ! beg9n+s ( ! k+dom ( ,ca/ile1 ! r$uc$ k+dom ( ,nav>re1 ! beg9n+s ( ! k+dom ( ,aragon1 &1 betwe5 ,aragon & ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,*ri/ian /ates :i* _h be5 compris$ 9 ! ,spani% ,m>* ov] :i* ! ,franks _h rul$4 ,! two /ates :i* 7 de/9$ to atta9 to ! *ief importance 7 ,ca/ile & ,aragon4 ,( ^!1 ,ca/ile 0 ev5tually to be to ,spa9 :at ,france 0 to all ,gaul4 ,ultimately ! union ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon gave rise to ! great ,spani% mon>*y ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! f\r k+doms ( ,leon1 ,ca/ile1 ,aragon1 & ,nav>re1 aft] ! dea? ( ,san*o1 z "t w5t on1 7 jo9$ & disjo9$ among !mselves 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,ca/ile & ,leon 7 f9ally unit$ 9 #abcj4 ,portugal1 ly+ on ! ocean1 0 p>tly recov]$ f ! ,arabs t[>ds ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & 0 a c\nty ( ,leon & ,ca/ile until1 9 #aaci1 x became a k+dom4 ,f ?is "t ,ca/ile1 ,aragon1 & ,portugal 7 ! ?ree antagoni/s ( ,moslem rule4 ,ea* ( ^! k+doms advanc$4 ,portugal spread especially along ! ,atlantic coa/2 ,aragon1 along ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 ,ca/ile1 ! pr9cipal p[]1 spread 9 ! int]ior1 & includ$ by f> ! great] "p ( :at is n[ ,spa94 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,moslems 7 conf9$ to ! k+dom ( ,granada 9 ! ,s\?1 :i* 0 conqu]$ by ,ca/ile & ,aragon 7#adib71 ^: sov]eigns1 ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 7 unit$ 9 m>riage4 ,_! k+doms 7 unit$ 9 #aeaf4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,aragon1 f its situation on ! ea/]n coa/1 play$ an important "p 9 ! politics ( ,europe4 ,ca/ile & ,portugal l$ ! way 9 m>itime exploration4 ,,! ,,moors4--,x has be5 already relat$ 7p4 #bhb71 t1 aft] ! fall ( ! ,ommiad caliphate1 ,african ,mohamm$ans came ov] to ! help ( _! ,spani% bre?r54 ,^! ,moors did n supplant ! ,arabic spee* or culture4 ,! two pr9cipal invasions ( ! ,moors 7 ! invasion by ! ,almoravides 7#ajhf-aaj71 & t by ! ,almohades 7#aadf74 ,,aragon3 ,,nav>re4--,! k+doms ( ,aragon & ,ca/ile exi/$ = c5turies side by side4 ,aragon s\ght to ext5d its conque/s along ! ea/]n coa/2 ,ca/ile1 to enl>ge itself t[>d ! s\?4 ,james ,i41 or ,james ! ,conqu]or 7#abac-abgf71 jo9$ ! ,moslem /ate ( ,val5cia1 by conque/1 to 8 k+dom ( ,aragon1 to :i* ,catalonia _h already be5 add$4 ,! union ( ^! peoples develop$ a national "* ( a def9ite type4 ,9 its pride ( bir? & ( blood1 its t5aci\s cl++ to traditional rights1 & 9 its e/eem ( milit>y pr[ess be=e intellectual culture1 x resembl$ ! old ,sp>tan temp]4 ,pet] ,,iii417#abgf-abhe71 ! son ( ,james ,i41 unit$ ) ! ?ree /ates ,sicily1 :i*1 ?\gh x became a sep>ate k+dom1 gave to ! h\se ( ,aragon its influ5ce 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 tak5 up by ,aragon 9 ! acquisition ( ,s>d9ia1 :i* ! ,pope _h c$$1 & 9 ! endless w>s1 connect$ ) ?is matt]1 :i* x wag$ ) ! ,g5oese4 ,9 #adaj ! rul+ h\se ( ,b>celona became ext9ct4 ,9 ! revolutions t foll[$1 ,nav>re & ,aragon 7 unit$ "u ,john ,,ii41 second son ( ,f]d9& ,i41 k+ ( ,aragon4 ,john1 by 8 m>riage ) ,blan*e ( ,nav>re1 %>$ h] fa!r's ?rone ) h] aft] 8 dea?4 ,he 0 guilty ( ! crime ( poison+ 8 own son ,don ,c>los1 ,pr9ce ( ,vianne4 ,john 0 ! fa!r ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 "u ^: scept] ! k+doms ( ,aragon1 ,ca/ile1 & ,nav>re 7 br\ght toge!r4 ,,ca/ile4--,f]d9& ,,iii4 7,/4 ,f]d9&7 7#abad-abeb71 9 w>f>e ) ! ,moors ext5d$ ! k+dom ( ,ca/ile & ,leon ov] ,cordova1 ,seville1 & ,cadiz4 ,8 son ,alfonso ,x41 or ,alfonso ! ,wise 7#abeb-abhd71 cultivat$ a/ronomy & a/rology1 0 fond ( music & poetry1 enl>g$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,salamanca1 gave a code ( laws to 8 k+dom1 & caus$ hi/orical books to be writt52 b he wa/$ 8 treasures 9 pomp & luxury1 & 9 ambiti\s designs ^u ! ,g]man imp]ial cr[n4 ,he all[$ ! ,m]9ides1 new sw>ms ( ,african ,s>ac5s1 to spread 9 ! ,s\? ( ,spa94 ,alfonso ,,xi4 7#acab-acej71 aft] a /ormy conte/ ) ! nobles dur+ 8 m9ority1 di/+ui%$ himself by ! victory ( ,t>ifa ov] ! ,moors 7#acdj71 & ! tak+ ( ! city ( ,algeciras 7#acdd74 ,8 enemies respect$ him2 & :5 he di$ ( ! plague1 9 8 camp be=e ,gibralt>1 ! k+ ( ,granada w5t into m\rn+ 7#acej74 ,! reign ( ,pet] ! ,cruel 7#acej-acfi7 0 fill$ up ) p]fidies & crimes4 ,! league ( ! nobles aga9/ him only incit$ him to fre% b>b>ities4 ,he committ$ ! mo/ atroci\s murd]s1 sometimes ) 8 own h&4 ,protect$ by ! ,black ,pr9ce1 he 0 at fir/ victori\s aga9/ ,h5ry ( ,tran/am>e 8 rival2 & ,du ,guescl9 0 defeat$ 9 ! battle ( ,naj>a 9 #acfg4 ,aft]w>ds ,pet] 0 oblig$ to surr5d]1 & 0 kill$ by ! dagg] ( ,h5ry 9 a p]sonal enc\nt]4 ,! p[] ( ! nobility 9 ,ca/ile _h s increas$ dur+ ! civil tr\bles t ,h5ry ,,iii4 7#acij-adjf7 _h to sell 8 cloak to procure = himself a d9n]4 ,r\s$ by ?is humiliation to ass]t 8 au?ority1 he succe$$ ) ! help ( ! ,cortes 9 humbl+ ! nobility2 b ,john ,,ii4 7#adjf-aded7 0 compell$ by ! mo/ p[]ful lords1 aft] a protract$ conte/1 to /rike (f ! head ( an unwor?y favorite1 ,alv>o de ,luna1 "u ^: despotic control he _h plac$ ! gov]nm5t 7#aded74 ,!re 0 a worse /ate ( an>*y "u ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,john's successor 7#aded-adgd74 ,,con/itutions ,,( ,,aragon ,,& ,,ca/ile4--,! political in/itutions ( ,aragon & ,ca/ile are specially wor?y ( note4 ,! k+s ( ,aragon 7 v mu* re/rict$ 9 _! au?ority by ! ,cortes1 or g5]al assembly1 compos$ ( ! high] & l[] classes ( nobles1 ! cl]gy1 & ! cities1 :i* by _! trade & manufactures _h ris5 to weal? & p[]4 ,) ! ,cortes 0 lodg$ ! "r to make laws & to lay taxes4 ,at ,s>agassa 9 #abhg1 x 0 likewise orda9$ t !y %\ld enjoy c]ta9 important privileges4 ,! concurr5ce ( ! e/ates 0 to be requir$ 9 ! *oice ( ! k+'s c\nselors2 & 9 case ! k+ )\t ! w>rant ( a judgm5t ( ! highe/ judicial (fic]1 ! ju/ici>y1 & ( ! e/ates1 %\ld adjudge to puni%m5t any memb] ( ! body1 !y %\ld h ! "r to elect ano!r k+4 ,^! privileges 7 lo/ "u ,pet] ,,iv4 7#accf-achg71 b ! old rights 7 confirm$4 ,to ! ju/ici>y 0 giv5 ! p[] to det]m9e all conflicts ( ! e/ates ) ! k+ or ) "o ano!r4 ,8 influ5ce increas$ z "t w5t on4 ,he 0 ! fir/ magi/rate 9 ! k+dom4 ,9 ,ca/ile1 z e>ly z #aafi ! deputies ( ! cities 7 admitt$ into ! ,cortes4 ,we f9d ! cities1 at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 =m+ a conf$]ation1 call$ a frat]nity1 aga9/ ! nobles4 ,_! deputies at t "t _h m p[] 9 ! assemblies ?an ! nobles & cl]gy4 ,b ! p[] ( ! nobles increas$1 especially f ! accession ( ,h5ry ( ,tran/am>e4 ,9 ! ov]?r[ ( ,alv>o de ,luna1 _! triumph 0 complete3 !y prov$ !mselves to be /rong] ?an ! k+4 ,,! ,,ca/ilians4--,! ,spani% ,mohamm$ans 7 sup]ior 9 ref9em5t to _! ,*ri/ian adv]s>ies4 ,! latt] le>n$ mu* f _! enemies1 )\t los+ ! patriotic & religi\s ardor :i* 0 fo/]$ by ! popul> m9/relsy1 & by ! romantic exploits & enc\nt]s ) ! infidels4 ,! result 0 ! peculi> _s ( ,ca/ilian *ivalry4 ,! e>ly developm5t ( popul> gov]nm5t 9 ,ca/ile increas$ ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,outside ( ,italy1 no cities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 s ri* & fl\ri%+ z ! cities ( ,ca/ile1 ,mat]ials ( comm]ce 7 af=d$ by ! fam\s bre$ ( %eep1 & by ! products ( ! soil & ( manufactures4 ,! nobles ga9$ great weal?1 & _h va/ e/ates 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!y held c\rt z petty sov]eigns3 ,alv>o de ,luna _h tw5ty ?\s& vassals4 ,!y 7 inur$ to w>1 !y 7 haughty & ov]be>+1 & compla9ts ( _! oppressions 7 frequ5t on ! "p ( ! l[] ord]s4 ,! ,ca/ilian ecclesia/ics 7 (t5 lax 9 _! morals4 ,! high] prelates 7 possess$ ( great ri*es & au?ority4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! p 9 ,ca/ile _h m p[]1 comp>$ ) ! p[] ( ! sov]eign1 ?an 9 any o!r ,european c\ntry4 ,b ! repres5tation ( ! commons 0 exclusively f ! cities1 & n1 z 9 ,engl&1 l>gely f ! l&$ proprietors4 ,,! ,,aragonese4--,! extraord9>y au?ority ex]cis$ by ! ju/ici>y1 or ju/ice1 ( ,aragon 0 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( its con/itution4 ,dwell+ on ! ocean1 ! ,aragonese built up a naval p[]4 ,b>celona1 aft] its union ) ,aragon1 0 ! seat ( a fl\ri%+ comm]ce1 & fram$ ! fir/ writt5 code ( m>itime law n[ extant4 ,its municipal (fic]s 7 m]*ants & me*anics4 ,memb]%ip 9 ! guilds 0 s\ght by nobles1 z r5d]+ !m eligible to ! magi/racy4 ,! burgh]s became pr\d & indep5d5t4 ,! ,catalans did n hesitate to ass]t _! rights aga9/ encroa*m5ts ( ! k+s4 ,9 #adcj ! ,univ]sity ( ,b>celona 0 f\nd$4 ,aft] ! g5u9e race ( tr\bad\rs _h pass$ away1 says ,mr4 ,prescott1 ! ,prov5cal or ,lim\s9 v]se 0 c>ri$ to its highe/ excell5ce by ! poets ( ,val5cia 7,prescott's ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,introduction74 ,,portugal3 ,,comm]ce ,,& ,,navigation4--,ab\t #ajie ,alfonso ,,vi41 k+ ( ,ca/ile & ,leon1 gave ! t]ritory betwe5 ! ,m9ho & ! ,d\ro to 8 son-9-law1 ,h5ry ( ,burgundy1 :o assum$ ! title ( ,c\nt ( ,portugal4 ,8 son & successor1 ,alfonso ,i41 :o defeat$ ! ,moors at ,ourique 9 #aaci1 0 hail$ z k+ by 8 army1 & lat] 0 confirm$ 9 ! title by ! ,pope 7#aahe74 ,he 0 ackn[l$g$ z indep5d5t by ! k+ ( ,ca/ile4 ,9 a diet at ,laimego1 he gave an excell5t con/itution & body ( laws to 8 p 7#aadc74 ,soon aft]1 he conqu]$ ,lisbon1 & made x 8 capital4 ,8 son1 ,san*o ,i4 7#aahe-abaa71 0 di/+ui%$ bo? = 8 victories ov] ! ,moors & = 8 enc\ragem5t ( tillage & ( f>m-labor]s4 ,until we rea* ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,portuguese hi/ory is occupi$ ) w>s ) ! ,moors & ! ,ca/ilians1 conte/s ( ! k+s ) ! nobles1 & /ruggles betwe5 rival aspirants = ! ?rone1 & betwe5 ! sov]eigns on ! "o h& & ! cl]gy & ! popes on ! o!r4 ,"u ,dionysius ,,iii4 7#abgi-acbe7 !re began a new era1 9 :i* ! ,portuguese became em95t = indu/ry & le>n+1 & 9 comm]ce & navigation4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,lisbon4 ,alfonso ,,iv4 7#acbe-aceg7 cont9u$ on ! same pa?4 ,b he caus$ ,ines de ,ca/ro1 :o _h be5 secretly m>ri$ to 8 son1 to be murd]$ 7#aced72 a crime :i* ! son1 ,pet] ,i4 7#aceg-acfg71 aft] 8 accession1 av5g$ by caus+ ! he>ts ( ! murd]]s to be torn out4 ,john ,i4 7#ache-adcc7 repell$ a great invasion ( ! ,ca/ilians1 9 a battle ne> ,lisbon1 & became at fir/ reg5t & !n k+4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( a new family4 ,by him ,ceuta 9 ,africa 0 captur$ f ! ,moors4 ,madeira 0 discov]$ 7#adai71 & by ! burn+ ( ! =e/s 0 prep>$ = ! cultivation ( sug>-cane & ! v9e4 ,9 #adcb ! ,portuguese occupi$ ! ,azores4 ,a mo/ active int]e/ 9 voyages ( discov]y 0 tak5 by ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator 7#acid-adfj71 f\r? son ( ,k+ ,john ,i4 & ( ,philippa1 daught] ( ,john ( ,gaunt4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,c\ntries4 ,,! ,,baltic ,,l&s4--,!re are ?ree divisions ( ,europe :i* nei!r ,*>lemagne's ,empire nor ! ,ea/]n ,empire includ$4 ,! fir/ is ,spa91 :i* _h be5 compris$ 9 ! old ,roman ,empire4 ,! second is ,great ,brita9 & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,only a portion ( ,brita9 0 held z a prov9ce by old ,rome4 ,! ?ird is ! two ,sc&9avian p59sulas1--,d5m>k1 & ,norway & ,sw$51 ) ! ,slavonic l&s to ! ea/ & s\?1 :i* may be said to h _h a common relation to ! ,baltic4 ,! ,sc&9avians _h _! p]iod ( =eign conque/ & settlem5t1 b _! settlem5ts abroad rema9$ 9 no connection ) ! c\ntries :5ce !y came4 ,sw$5 0 cut (f f ! ocean4 ,! hi/ory ( ,sw$5--z ,mr4 ,freeman1 to :om we owe a lucid exposition ( ?is subject1 has po9t$ out--ma9ly consi/s 9 ! gr[? & ! loss ( h] dom9ion 9 ! ,baltic l&s out ( h] own p59sula4 ,x is only 9 q mod]n times t ! union ( ! cr[ns1 ?\gh n ( ! k+doms1 ( ,sw$5 & ,norway1 has creat$ a p[] :olly p59sul> & equally ,baltic & oceanic4 ,! ,g]mans & ,sc&9avians spread _! dom9ion ov] ! ,aryan & non-,aryan tribes on ! s\? & ea/ ( ! ,baltic4 ,f9l&1 inhabit$ by a ,turanian or ,scy?ic p ^: language is ak9 to t ( ! ,hung>ians1 0 long "u ,sw$i% dom9ion4 ,n[ ,f9l& & ! ea/ ( ! ,baltic are 9 ,russia1 :ile ! s\!rn & s\?-ea/]n %ore ( ! ,baltic is ,g]man4 ,russia1 9 mod]n days1 hav+ no oceanic "* l ,great ,brita9 & ,spa91 has exp&$ h] dom9ion we/w>d to ! ,baltic1 b ma9ly to ! ea/ ov] ,c5tral ,asia4 ,%e has built up a cont95tal1 in/ead ( a m>itime & colonial1 empire4 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,sc&9avia4--,9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! two ,sc&9avian p59sulas are kn[n only ?r\gh ! piratical exp$itions :i* !y s5d =? ^u ! two adjac5t seas4 ,by ! way ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 ! ,nor?m5 rea*$ ,france1 ,engl&1 ,gre5l&1 & ,am]ica2 by ! way ( ! ,baltic1 ,russia4 ,! conv]sion ( ,d5m>k to ,*ri/ianity 0 complet$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 "u ,canute2 t ( ,norway 9 ! t5?1 & ( ,sw$5 9 ! elev5?4 ,aft] ! =eign settlem5ts 7 made1 & ) ! introduction ( ! gospel1 piracy ceas$1 & civilization began 7p4 #bci74 ,,d5m>k4--,aft] ,canute ,,vi4 7#aahb71 ,waldem> ,,ii41 ! ,victori\s1 0 ! prom95t p]sonage 9 ,dani% hi/ory4 ,he conqu]$ ,hol/e9 & ,pom]ania1--9 fact1 e ?+ nor? ( ! ,elbe & ! ,elde4 ,9 #abai he ov]ran ,e/honia1 9 a crusade = ! =cible conv]sion ( ! pagans1 :5 ! ,dani% /&>d1 ! ,dannebrog1--a :ite cross on a blood-r$ field1--began to be us$4 ,on 8 return1 he 0 trea*]\sly captur$1 & ) 8 son 0 kept 9 prison 9 ,meckl5burg = ?ree ye>s1 by ,h5ry1 ,c\nt ( ,s*w]94 ,waldem> 0 defeat$ 9 #abbg1 9 ! w> und]tak5 to recov] ! conque/s :i* he _h giv5 up z ! price ( 8 release4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( a code ( laws4 ,,union ,,( ,,cr[ns4--,waldem> ,,iii4 7#acdj-acge7 rega9$ ! conque/s ( ,waldem> ,,ii4 ,?is br\ght on a g5]al w>1 9 :i* ! ,hanseatic ,league1 z well z ,sw$51 7 among 8 antagoni/s 7#acfc74 ,d5m>k1 hav+ control ( ! entrance to ! ,baltic1 & exact+ tolls ( vessels1 0 a second "t involv$ 9 w> ) t great m]cantile conf$]acy & its allies1 & 0 wor/$ 9 ! conflict 7#acgb74 ,waldem>'s second daught]1 ,m>g>et1 m>ri$ ,hakon ,,vi41 ,k+ ( ,norway4 ,hakon's son ,olaf 0 a *ild at 8 fa!r's dea?1 & ! reg5cy 0 held by 8 "m4 ,olaf 7#acgf-achg7 0 elect$ by ! ,e/ates k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,8 "m1 n[ reg5t 9 bo? c\ntries1 became que5 9 bo? aft] ,olaf's dea?4 ,9 #achh ,m>g>et accept$ ! cr[n ( ,sw$52 ! ,sw$es hav+ revolt$ aga9/ ! k+1 ,alb]t1 :o 0 defeat$ & captur$ at ,falkoep+ 7#achi74 ,,sw$54--,w> exi/$ = c5turies betwe5 ! ,sw$es & ! ,go?s1 ! inhabitants ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! p59sula4 ,ea* race cont5d$ = supremacy4 ,political union began ) ,waldem> 7#abej-abge71 son ( ,birg] ,j>l 7,e>l ,birg]74 ,/ockholm 0 f\nd$ 9 #abee4 ,private w>s & judicial combats 7 suppress$1 comm]ce 0 enc\rag$1 & ! condition ( wom5 improv$4 ,l>ge du*ies 7 e/abli%$1 aft]w>ds a s\rce ( discord4 ,magnus ,i4 7#abgi-abij7 0 surnam$ ,ladulas1 or ,b>nlock1 = protect+ ! gran>ies ( ! peasants f ! rapaci\s nobles4 ,8 reign 0 succe$$ by w> betwe5 8 sons4 ,z ! result ( a popul> revolt 9 #acai1 ,magnus ,smek1 an infant1 became k+1 & dur+ ! reg5cy succe$$1 by "r ( 8 "m1 to ! cr[n ( ,norway1 :]e he 7#acej7 plac$ on ! ?rone 8 son ,hakon4 ,b :5 ,magnus attempt$ to rule )\t ! s5ate1 he 0 depos$1 & ,alb]t ( ,meckl5burg 0 elect$ k+ 7#acfe74 ,b ! nobles 7 supreme3 9 #achh !y depos$ ,alb]t1 & gave ! cr[n to ,m>g>et ( ,norway & ,d5m>k4 ,alb]t 0 held a prison] = six ye>s1 & !n r5\nc$ 8 claim to ! ?rone4 ,,norway4--,magnus ,,iii4 7#ajie-aajc71 call$ f 8 ,scotti% dress ,b>efoot1 unit$ ! ,hebrides & ,orcades into a k+dom = 8 son ,sigurd1 & invad$ ,icel&1 :]e he di$4 ,sigurd inh]it$ ! _s ( ,h>old ,fairhair 7#hfj-;ab\t #icc71 ?r\gh :om ,norway _h be5 made a unit$ k+dom4 ,he made a voyage to ,j]usalem ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 0 a r5[n$ crusad]4 ,aft] 8 dea? 7#aacj71 !re 7 fi]ce conte/s = ! ?rone1 ! m fi]ce z illegitimate sons _h ! same "r 9 law z ^? born 9 w$lock4 ,9 #aaeb a papal legate e/abli%$ a hi]>*y 9 ,norway1 :i* int]f]$ 9 ! /ruggle4 ,conflicts arose betwe5 ! cl]ical p>ty & ! national p>ty1 9 :i* ! latt] at l5g? ga9$ ! day4 ,"u ,hakon ,,vi41 ,icel& 0 conqu]$ 7#abfj74 ,magnus ,,vi4 7#abfc-abhj7 br\ght 9 an era ( quiet1 )\t /ifl+ popul> fre$om4 ,! cities engag$ actively 9 manufactures & comm]ce4 ,magnus /r5g!n$ & organiz$ ! milit>y & naval =ce4 ,by him ! ,hebrides 7 c$$ to ,scotl&4 ,"u ,eric 7#abhj-abii71 call$ ,prie/-hat]1 !re 0 a /ruggle to curb ! p[] ( ! cl]gy & nobles1 9 :i* ! k+ 0 aid$ by ! peasants4 ,he 0 wor/$ 9 ! conflict ) ! ,hanse t[ns1 & compell$ to jo9 _! ,league4 ,! accession ( ,magnus ,smek1 ! son ( 8 daught]1 to ! ?rone ( ,norway 7#acai71 l$ ev5tually to ! ,union ( ,calm> 7#acig71 9 :i* ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,d5m>k 7 br\ght toge!r4 ,! situation ( ,norway1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 might be %ortly describ$ z an absolute mon>*y re/+ almo/ directly on "o ( ! mo/ democratic /ates ( society 9 ,europe4 ,! great] families1 by ! p>tition ( _! e/ates1 became a "p ( ! class ( small l&-own]s4 ,betwe5 !m & ! k+ !re 0 no int]m$iate class4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,calm>4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,m>g>et1 :o gov]n$ ! unit$ k+doms aft] ! union1 ,eric ,,xiii4 ( ,pom]ania succe$$4 ,! union 0 %ak5 by ! revolt ( ,s*leswig & ( ,hol/e91 & 0 dissolv$ on ! dea? ( ,*ri/oph] ( ,bav>ia 7#addh71 :o _h be5 *os5 k+4 ,! ,sw$es broke (f1 & made ,*>les ,canutson k+1 "u ! "n ( ,*>les ,,viii4 ,d5m>k & ,norway rema9$ unit$2 & "u ,*ri/ian ,i4 ( ! h\se ( ,old5burg1 :om !y made k+1 ,s*leswig & ,hol/e9 7 aga9 atta*$ to ,d5m>k 7#adei74 ,v4 ,,pol& ,,& ,,russia4 ,,! ,,slavonic ,,tribes4--,! settlem5t ( ! ,hung>ians 7,magy>s7 9 ,europe _h ! effect to divide ! ,slavonic tribes into ?ree g5]al gr\ps4 ,! nor!rn ,slaves 7 sep>at$ f ! ,slaves s\? ( ! ,danube1--! inhabitants ( ,s]via1 ,croatia1 ,dalmatia1 etc4 ,! nor?-we/]n ,slaves bord]$ on ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,! /ates ( ,bohemia & ,pol& grew up among !m4 ,on ! ea/ ( ?is gr\p ( ,slaves 7 ! ,russians4 ,bo? ,pol& & ,russia became indep5d5t k+doms4 ,9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 a "p ( ! nor? ,slavonic l&s1 ^? :i* are repres5t$ by ,meckl5burg1 ,pom]ania1 ,br&5burg1 & ,saxony1 7 ,g]maniz$4 ,l&s 9 ! s\?-we/1 z ,bohemia & ,moravia1 rema9$ pr$om9antly ,slavonic 9 spee*4 ,a c5tral region =m$ ! k+dom ( ,pol&4 ,on ! ea/ 7 ! ,slavonic tribes :i* 7 ! nucleus ( mod]n ,russia4 ,,li?uanians ,,& ,,prussians4--,bo? ,pol& & ,russia 7 orig9ally cut (f f ! ,baltic by o!r races4 ,su* 7 ! non-,aryan ,f9s 9 ,e/honia 7,e/hl&7 & ,livonia 7,livl&74 ,su*1 also1 7 ! ,aryans ( ! ,lettic bran*1 ( :om ! ,li?uanians & ! ,prussians 7 ! pr9cipal divisions4 ,! ,li?uanians =m$ at "o "t a /rong /ate4 ,! ,prussians f9ally gave _! "n to ! ,teutonic k+dom 9 :i* !y 7 absorb$4 ,,! ,,poles4--,! ,poles d]ive _! "n f a ^w mean+ pla9s4 ,!y 7 inhabitants ( ! pla9s4 ,!y 7 ! /ronge/ ( a gr\p ( tribes dwell+ betwe5 ! ,od] & ! ,vi/ula1 & hold+ ! coa/ betwe5 _! m\?s4 ,betwe5 !m & ! sea1 on ! ea/ ( ! ,vi/ula1 7 ! ,prussians4 ,,pol&3 ,,its ,,con/itution4--,9 ! t5? c5tury ! ,le*s1 or ,poles1 on ! ,vi/ula1 _h acquir$ consid]able p[]1 & _h a c5t] at ,gnes51 :i* rema9$ ! metropolis ( ,pol&4 ,!re are leg5ds ( a fir/ duke1 ,pia/ by "n4 ,a dyna/y :i* bore 8 "n cont9u$ 9 ,pol& until #acgj2 9 ,silesia1 until #afge4 ,miecislas ,i4 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by 8 wife1 a ,bohemian pr9cess4 ,he did homage to ! ,emp]or ,otto ,i4 7#igh74 ,boleslav ,i4 7#iib7 aspir$ to ! regal dignity1 & _h himself cr[n$ z k+ by 8 bi%ops4 ,gregory ,,vii4 excommunicat$ him1 depriv$ him ( ! title ( k+1 & laid ,pol& "u an int]dict4 ,boleslav ,,iii41 ! ,victori\s 7#aajb-aach71 subdu$ ! ,pom]anians1 & compell$ !m to receive ,*ri/ianity4 ,he divid$ 8 k+dom among 8 f\r sons4 ,silesia became an indep5d5t du*y4 ,a long crusade 0 c>ri$ on aga9/ ! ,prussians1 a hea!n p1 :o attack$ ! ,poles1 by ! ,bre?r5 ( ! soldi]s ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,teutonic knights1 two ord]s :i* 7 unit$ 7ab\t #abbf74 ,! ,teutonic knights at l5g? became ! enemies ( ! ,poles4 ,! savage ,li?uanians assail$ !m on ! nor?4 ,f ! an>*y t reign$1 ,pol& 0 rescu$ by ,casimir ,,iii41 ! ,great 7#accc-acgj71 :o defeat$ ! ,russians1 & c>ri$ 8 ea/]n b\nd>y z f> z ! ,dniep]4 ,prior to ?is "t1 ,pol& 0 an important k+dom4 ,casimir fram$ a code ( writt5 laws = 8 p1 & gave an impulse to comm]ce4 ,b 9 ord] to secure ! election ( 8 nephew1 ,l\is k+ ( ,hung>y 7#acgj-achb71 he _h to increase ! p[]s & privileges ( ! nobles4 ,! accession ( ,l\is t]m9at$ ! long rivalry ( ,pol& & ,hung>y4 ,he1 l ,casimir1 di$ )\t *ildr54 ,! nobles made ,jagellon1 ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,li?uania1 8 successor 7#achf71 :o took ! "n ( ,vladislav ,,ii4 ,"u a s]ies ( conqu]+ pr9ces1 ,li?uania _h ext5d$ its dom9ion ov] ! neighbor+ ,russian l&s1 & become a /rong /ate4 ,vladislav 0 *os5 on ! condition t he %\ld esp\se ! daught] ( ! la/ k+1 &1 ) 8 nation1 embrace ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is ev5t d\bl$ ! t]ritory ( ,pol&4 ,! ,teutonic ,knights1 :o rul$ f ! ,od] to ! ,gulf ( ,f9l&1 7 n[ ov]come4 ,! treaty ( ,?orn 7#adff7 conf9$ _! dom9ion to ,ea/]n ,prussia4 ,! mis=tune ( ,pol& 0 its political con/itution4 ,al?\gh ! mon>*y 0 n yet completely elective1 b h]$it>y 9 ! h\se ( ,jagellon1 ! election ( e k+ _h to be sanction$ by ! nobles4 ,!y alone took "p 9 ! diet1 & held ! (fices & honors4 ,!re 0 no burgh] class1 no ?ird e/ate4 ,e man :o own$ & 0 able to equip a horse 0 c\nt$ z a noble4 ,! burd5 ( taxation fell on ! peasants4 ,,natural ,,features ,,( ,,russia4--,russia 9 ,europe comprises at pres5t m ?an half ! t]ritory ( t entire cont95t4 ,yet x has b a small %>e ( seabo>d1 & ( ?is a l>ge "p is froz5 9 w9t]4 ,! surface ( ,russia is ( a piece ) ! b\ndless plateaus ( ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,asia4 ,x has be5 def9$ z ! ,europe ( pla9s1 9 opposition to ! ,europe ( m\nta9s4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,russia are *iefly on its b\nd>ies4 ,x is a c\ntry subject to extremes ( heat & cold4 ,f ! sc>city ( /one1 all build+s 7 =m]ly ( wood1 & h5ce its t[ns 7 all combu/ible4 ,! riv]s ( ,russia h be5 ( imm5se importance 9 its hi/ory4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry is ! hi/ory ( its ?ree great riv]s1 & is divid$ into ?ree p]iods1--t ( ! ,dniep] ) ,kiev1 t ( ! ,volga ) ,mosc[1 & t ( ! ,neva ) ,novgorod 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 ! eighte5?4 ,,russians ,,& ,,poles4--,! ,russian ,slaves 9 ! n9? c5tury occupi$ b a small "p ( :at is n[ ,russia4 ,!re 0 probably little diff]5ce !n betwe5 !m & ! ,poles2 b ! "o p 7 mold$ by ! ,greek ,*ur* & ,greek civilization1 ! o!r by ! ,lat9 ,*ur* & by ! collective influ5ces ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,,russian ,,hi/ory4--,! ,nor?m5 "u ,rurik _h f\nd$ _! dom9ion 9 ,russia4 ,novgorod 0 _! c5t]4 ,!nce !y pu%$ _! conque/s to ! s\?4 ,_! desc5dants made ,kiev1 on ! ,dniep]1 _! capital4 ,9 ,russia1 z else:]e1 ! ,sc&9avians quickly bl5d$ ) _! native subjects4 ,"u ,vladimir ,i4 7#ihj-ajae71 :o 0 conv]t$ to ,greek ,*ri/ianity1 ) 8 p1 & ,i>oslaf ,i4 7#ajai-ajea71 !y atta9$ to consid]able p[]2 b ! cu/om ( ! sov]eigns to divide _! dom9ions among _! sons1 broke up _! t]ritory into a multitude ( petty pr9cipalities4 ,! result 0 a monoton\s s]ies ( fi]ce conte/s1 )\t any sub/antial result4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! bloody & pr(itless civil w>s occurr$ ! great invasion ( ! ,mongols1 :o de/roy$ ! pr9cipality ( ,kiev1 & made t ( ,vladimir tribut>y4 ,= two c5turies ! ,russians cont9u$ "u ! yoke ( ! ,gold5 ,horde1 :i* ! ,mongols e/abli%$ on ! ,volga4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to pay tribute1 & ! ,russian pr9ces at _! accession _h to swe> fealty to ! khan on ! banks ( ! riv] ,amoor4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,mongol conque/1 ,novgorod 0 ! c5t] ( ,russian dom9ion4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,mosc[ became a new c5t] ( ,russian p[]4 ,f ,mosc[ comes ! "n ,muscovy4 ,muscovy 0 to ,russia :at ,france 9 ! old] s5se 0 to ! :ole l& :i* came to be> t "n4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :ile ,li?uania & ,pol& 7 absorb+ by conque/ ! t]ritories ( e>li] or ,we/]n ,russia1 ! ,du*y ( ,mosc[ 0 build+ up a new ,russia 9 ! ,ea/1 out ( :i* grew ! ,russia ( to-day4 ,ivan ,i41 reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,russian mon>*y1 made ,mosc[ 8 capital 9 #acbh4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r pr9ces 7 subject to him4 ,demetrius 7or ,dimtri7 ,i4 ga9$ two great victories ov] ! ,mongol horde 7#acgh & #achj72 b 9 #achb !y burn$ ,mosc[1 & slew tw5ty-f\r ?\s& ( its inhabitants4 ,x 0 n until ! reign ( ,ivan ,,iii41 ,ivan ! ,great 7#adfb-aeje71 t ,novgorod submitt$ to ,mosc[1 & ,russia 0 :olly deliv]$ f ! control & influ5ce ( ! ,mongols4 ,,vi4 ,,hung>y4 ,,! ,,arpad ,,dyna/y4--,! *iefs ( ! ,turanian ,magy>s1 ab\t #hhi1 elect$ ,arpad z successor ( ! lead] "u :om !y _h cross$ ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s4 ,!y ov]ran ,hung>y & ,transylvania1 & t]rifi$ ,europe by _! invasions 7p4 #bdi74 ,aft] _! defeats by ! emp]ors ,h5ry ,i4 & ,otto ! ,great 7p4 #bfa71 !y conf9$ !mselves to _! own c\ntry4 ,! fir/ k+1 ,/eph51--,/4 ,/eph51--0 cr[n$1 ) ! cons5t ( ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii41 9 ! ye> #ajjj4 ,he divid$ ! l& into c\nties1 organiz$ ! ,*ur*1 & f\nd$ conv5ts & s*ools4 ,he conf]r$ on ! bi%ops high (fices4 ,he e/abli%$ a national c\ncil1 compos$ ( ! lords temporal & spiritual1 & ( ! knights1 out ( :i* sprung ! diets4 ,ladislaus ,i4 conqu]$ ,croatia 7#ajhi71 & a "p ( ! ,r$ ,russian l& ( ,galicia 7#ajic74 ,coloman1 ! ,le>n$1 a brave & able man1 annex$ ,dalmatia1 :i* he wre/$ f ! ,v5etians 7#aajb74 ,9 ! reign ( ,&rew ,,ii4 7#abje-abce71 ! ,gold5 ,bull 0 extort$ by ! nobles1 :i* conf]r$ on !m extraord9>y rights & privileges1 includ+ exemption f arre/ prior to trial & conviction1 & ! control ( ! diet ov] appo9tm5ts to (fice4 ,x ev5 au?oriz$ arm$ resi/ance on _! "p to tyrannical measures ( ! k+1--a "r t 0 n abrogat$ until #afhg4 ,hung>y 0 deva/at$ by ! great ,t>t> invasion 7#abda-db7 7p4 #bhc74 ,! k+s ( ,hung>y support$ ! cause ( ,rudolph ( ,au/ria aga9/ ,ottoc> ( ,bohemia 7p4 #ccb74 ,,invasions ,,( ,,! ,,turks4--,! la/ k+ ( ! ,arpad dyna/y di$ 9 #acja4 ,!re 0 a division ( p>ties 9 ! *oice ( a successor4 ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 & ! cl]gy support$ ! claims ( ,c\nt ,*>les ,rob]t ( ,anj\1 :o 0 relat$ to ! =m] reign+ family4 ,"u ! son ( ,*>les ,rob]t1 ,l\is1 :o also succe$$ ,casimir ,,iii4 z k+ ( ,pol& 7#acgj71 ,hung>y became a v p[]ful /ate4 ,galicia 0 rega9$1 ,moldavia & ,bulg>ia 7 conqu]$4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,l\is1 8 daught] ,m>ia reign$ f #achf conjo9tly ) ,sigismund1 aft]w>ds emp]or1 & k+ ( ,bohemia4 ,he e/abli%$ 8 supremacy ov] ,bosnia4 ,f ?is "t ! invasions ( ! ,turks beg94 ,!re _h be5 a p>ty 9 favor ( rais+ to ! ?rone ,vladislaus1 k+ ( ,pol&2 & aft] ! dea? ( ,sigismund's successor1 ,alb]t ,,ii4 ( ,au/ria 7#adcg71 & ! dea? ( ! que51 he ga9$ ! cr[n 7#addb74 ,he 0 sla9 at ,v>na1 9 ! great battle 9 :i* ! ,hung>ians 7 vanqui%$ by ! ,turks 7#addd74 ,john ,hunyady1 :o _h sev]al times defeat$ ! ,turks1 & :o escap$ on ! field ( ,v>na1 0 made = ! "t gov]nor2 b on ! release ( ! son ( ,alb]t1 ,ladislaus ,po/humus1 :o _h be5 kept f ! ?rone by ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 he 0 recogniz$ z k+ 7#adeb74 ,hun-yady 0 made g5]al-9-*ief4 ,fr$]ick _h also reta9$ 9 8 h&s ! cr[n1 :i* _h be5 intru/$ to 8 c>e1 & :i* ,hung>ians h always reg>d$ ) extreme v5]ation4 ,a little lat]1 great advantages 7 ga9$ ov] ! ,turks1 to be lo/ aga9 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ottoman ,,turks4 ,,osman3 ,,murad ,i4--,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,osman 7or ,ottoman7 ,turks1 w>like nomad hordes1 9 ord] to escape f ! ,mongols1 mov$ f ! region ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & conqu]$ 9 ,asia ,m9or ! remnant ( ! k+dom ( ! ,seljukians 7p4 #bgj74 ,impell$ by fanaticism & ! desire ( booty1 ,ottoman 7or ,osman71 _! lead]1 advanc$ into ,bi?ynia1 & took ,pruse1 or ,br\ssa1 "o ( ! mo/ important cities ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,greeks1 ) _! ,catalonian auxili>ies1 7 n able to dislodge him f 8 new possession4 ,! ,byzant9e c\rt 0 disabl$ f mak+ an en]getic ef=t = ?is end1 by ! p>tisan rancor1 & m+l$ le?>gy & cruelty1 :i* *>act]iz$ ! old age ( ! ,greek ,empire4 ,nicom$ia1 ,nicoea1 & ,ilium 7 conqu]$ by ! ,sultan 7or ,padi%ah74 ,murad ,i4 7#acfa-achi7 f\nd$ ! corps ( janiz>ies1 compos$ ( select ,*ri/ian y\? *os5 f ! captives = _! beauty & vigor4 ,^! became ! mo/ effective soldi]s1--sometimes dang]\s1 h[ev]1 to ! sultans !mselves4 ,adrianople 0 tak5 by ,murad1 & made ! seat ( 8 au?ority4 ,! ,*ri/ian pr9cipalities ( ,?race1 & ! anci5t b depopulat$ cities f\nd$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 7 ov]run4 ,! ,s]vians & ,bulg>ians made a /& aga9/ ! fi]ce ,ottoman w>riors1 b 7 beat5 9 ! battle ( ,kosovo1 :]e ,murad0 sla94 ,,bajazet4--,bajazet1 ! son & successor ( ,murad1 outdid 8 pr$ecessor 9 8 m>tial pr[ess4 ,he conqu]$ ,mac$onia & ,!ssaly1 & ,greece to ! s\!rn end ( ,peloponnesus4 ,! ,emp]or ,sigismund & ,john ( ,burgundy1 ) "o hundr$ ?\s& m51 7 utt]ly defeat$ 9 ! sangu9>y battle ( ,nicopolis 7#acif74 ,sigismund escap$ by sea2 ! ,fr5* c\nts & knights _h to be r$eem$ f captivity ) a l>ge ransom2 & t5 ?\s& prison]s ( l[] rank 7 slaught]$ by ,bajazet4 ,bosnia 0 n[ 9 ! h&s ( ! victor4 ,con/ant9ople _h to pay tribute1 & seem$ likely to become 8 prey1 :5 a tempor>y respite 0 obta9$ = x by ! com+ ( a ho/ ev5 m p[]ful ?an t ( ,bajazet4 ,,mongolian ,,invasion4--,timur1 or ,tam]lane1 a desc5dant ( ,g5ghis ,khan 7p4 #bhc71 reviv$ ! fall5 ,t>t> k+dom4 ,at ! head ( 8 w&]+ ,t>t>s1 :i* grew into an army1 he left ,sam>c&1 :]e he _h caus$ himself to be proclaim$ sov]eign1 &1 9 a rapid c>e] ( conque/1 made himself ma/] ( ! c\ntries f ! ,wall ( ,*9a to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & f ! b\nd>ies ( ,egypt to ,mosc[4 ,ev]y:]e 8 pa? 0 m>k$ ) blood & ) ! ru9s ( ! places :i* he de/roy$4 ,at ,ispahan1 9 ,p]sia1 sev5ty ?\s& p]sons 7 kill$4 ,at ,delhi1 "o hundr$ ?\s& captives 7 sla91 t 8 relative1 ! ,great ,mogul1 might reign 9 security4 ,x 0 8 delight to pile up at ! gates ( cities pyramids ( tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& heads4 ,lat] 7#adja71 at ,bagdad1 he erect$ su* a pyramid ( n9ety ?\s& heads4 ,he ga9$ a great victory ov] ! ,gold5 ,horde 9 ,russia 7p4 #bhc71 conqu]$ ! unsubdu$ p>ts ( ,p]sia1 ent]$ ,bagdad1 ,bassorah1 & ,mosul1 vanqui%$ ! khan ( ,kapt*ak1 & p5etrat$ ,russia 9 8 deva/at+ progress1 z f> z ,mosc[ 7#acif74 ,!n foll[$ ! conque/ ( ,h9du/an4 ,,tam]lane ,,& ,,bajazet4--,! two p[]ful mon>*s1 ,tam]lane & ,bajazet1 n[ measur$ _! /r5g? 9 combat ) "o ano!r4 ,trembl+ ambassadors ( ! ,greek emp]or1 & ( c]ta9 ,seljukian pr9ces1 _h wait$ on ,tam]lane 9 ,g5gia at ! foot ( ! ,caucasus4 ,on ! #af? ( ,june1 #adjb1 ! two armies--f\r hundr$ ?\s& ,turks1 & eight hundr$ ?\s& ,mongols1 if "o may cr$it ! reports--met at ,ancyra4 ,! ,ottomans 7 defeat$1 & ,bajazet 0 tak5 prison]4 ,l$ into ! pres5ce ( ,tam]lane1 he f\nd ! ,mongol quietly play+ *ess ) 8 son4 ,asia ,m9or submitt$ to ! conqu]or1 :o p5etrat$ z f> z ,smyrna4 ,an old man1 he 0 look+ t[>ds ,*9a z ano!r field = invasion1 :5 he di$ 7#adje74 ,bajazet di$ soon aft] 8 defeat4 ,,turki% ,,conque/s3 ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,lat9s4--,! gr&son ( ,bajazet1 ,murad ,,ii4 7#adba-adea71 took up anew 8 projects ( conque/4 ,! empire ( ,tam]lane quickly fell to pieces4 ,8 c\rse _h be5 l t ( a hurricane1 t]rible 9 its "w ( de/ruction1 b soon at an end4 ,! ,byzant9e dom9ion 0 soon conf9$ to ,con/ant9ople & small di/ricts adjac5t4 ,on all sides ! ,ottoman p[] 0 supreme4 ,! ,greek emp]or1 ,john ,,vii4 7,palaeologus71 n[ endeavor$1 9 imitation ( previ\s attempts1 to br+ ab\t a union ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 *ur*es1 & ?us remove a pr9cipal ob/acle to ! obta9+ ( milit>y help f ! ,we/4 ,he w5t to ,italy1 att5d$ by ! patri>* & _m bi%ops4 ,aft] long debates & conf]5ces on ! ab/ruse po9ts ( doctr9al diff]5ce1 a v]bal agreem5t 0 rea*$ betwe5 ! two p>ties 7#adci74 ,b ! result 0 receiv$ ) s mu* disfavor & indignation 9 ,con/ant9ople1 t ! ef=t to br+ ! sund]$ *ur*es toge!r came to naught4 ,! ,pope1 h[ev]1 /irr$ up ! ,*ri/ian pr9ces to engage 9 w> aga9/ ! ,turk4 ,! defeat ( ,vladislav1 k+ ( ,hung>y1 & ( ,hunyady1 at ,v>na 7#addd71 caus$ by ! ra% onset ( ! k+ ^u ! janiz>ies1 0 succe$$ by ano!r ,turki% victory at ,kosovo1 f\r ye>s lat]4 ,,fall ,,( ,,con/ant9ople4--,murad ,,ii4 0 succe$$ by 8 ambiti\s & unm]ciful son1 ,mohamm$ ,,ii4 7#adea-adha71 :o det]m9$ t ,con/ant9ople %\ld be 8 capital4 ,! city _h sev5 ?\s& def5d]s1 compris+ two ?\s& ,g5oese & ,v5etians1 :o 7 comm&$ by an able man1 ! ,g5oese ,ju/9iani4 ,! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,,xii4 wor%ip$ accord+ to ! ,roman rites2 :ile 8 c\rt obs]v$ ! ,greek =ms1 & spurn$ a union ) ! hat$ ,lat9 ,*ri/ians1 ^: help ! emp]or 0 to ! end anxi\s to obta94 ,! city 0 /\tly def5d$ = fifty-?ree days2 & :5 x c\ld be held no long] aga9/ ! furi\s assault ( ! ,turks1 ! gallant ,con/ant9e1 ca/+ aside 8 gold5 armor1 fell1 bravely fight+ ) ! def5d]s on ! ramp>ts 7,may #bi1 #adec74 ,con/ant9ople became ! capital ( ! ,turks4 ,! cresc5t supplant$ ! cross1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia 0 turn$ into a mosque4 ,,turki% ,,gov]nm5t4--,! ,sultan1 or padis*ah1 among ! ,turks is absolute ma/]1 & proprietor ( ! soil4 ,!re is no ord] ( nobles1 & !re are no high] classes except ! prie/s 7imams7 & ! religi\s ord]s 7d]vi%es74 ,9 ! s]aglio ( ! ,sultan1 ) its palaces & g>d5s1 ! h>em is sep>at$ f ! o!r ap>tm5ts4 ,! gr& vizi] presides ov] ! c\ncil ( m9i/]s 7divan74 ,! prov9ces are gov]n$ by pa%as ) l>ge p[]s4 ,b5ea? !m is a gradation ( inf]ior rul]s 9 ! subdivisions ( ! prov9ces4 ,! mufti ) 8 subord9ate associates is a high au?ority on que/ions ( religion & law4 ,,turki% ,,lit]ature4--,! lit]ature ( ! ,ottoman ,turks is 9 m]it bel[ ! lit]ature ( o!r ,mohamm$an peoples4 ,x lacks orig9ality1 be+ bas$ on ,p]sian & p>tly on ,arabic models4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4--,we h se5 great *anges gradually tak+ place 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,"o is ! c5traliz+ ( political au?ority by ! subjection ( ! local rul]s1 or lords1 to ! w ( ! k+4 ,ano!r is ! enfran*isem5t ( ! s]fs1 & ! gr[+ p[] & self-respect ( a middle class4 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d] took away ! sup]iority ( ! mail-clad & m\nt$ w>rior4 ,! peasant on ! battle-field 0 a mat* = ! knight4 ,,cl]gyy ,,& ,,laity4--,!re 0 a *ange f ! "t :5 ! cl]gy 7 ! sole possessors ( k1 & ! exclusive guides ( op9ion4 ,9 ! lay "p ( society1 !re 0 an awak+ ( intellectual activity & a _s ( self-ass]tion4 ,a brief sket* ( important ecclesia/ical *anges1 "s ( :i* h be5 adv]t$ to1 w be "h 9 place4 ,,popes ,,9 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury4--,f ,gregory ,,vii4 to ,boniface ,,viii41 or f ne> ! end ( ! elev5? to ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! highe/ au?ority 0 claim$ & ex]cis$ by ! popes4 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 ! greate/ ( ! ,g]man emp]ors1 held ! /irrup ( ,hadrian ,,iv41 & humbl$ himself be=e ,alex&] ,,iii4 ,innoc5t ,,iii4 comp>$ ! au?ority ( popes1 9 contra/ ) t ( k+s1 to ! sun 9 relation to ! moon4 ,he excommunicat$ ,philip ,augu/us ( ,france1 ,john ( ,engl&1 & o!r mon>*s4 ,he claim$ ! "r to refuse to cr[n ! emp]or if he %\ld judge him n wor?y ( ! imp]ial (fice4 ,! papacy cont9u$ to ex]t ^! l(ty pr]ogatives until ,boniface ,,viii4 ,he ass]t$ t ! two swords1 ! symbols ( bo? secul> & spiritual rule1 7 giv5 to ,/4 ,pet] & to 8 successors3 ! temporal au?ority mu/ !re=e be subject to ! spiritual4 ,! body ( canon law 0 fram$ 9 accordance ) ^! views4 ,x embrac$ ! "r ( ! ,pope to depose k+s & pr9ces4 ,to ! sov]eign pontiff 0 accord$ ! "r to disp5se f ,*ur* laws4 ,) ! gr[? ( ecclesia/ical jurisdiction 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries1 ! ,pope1 z ! supreme tribunal 9 all matt]s affect+ ! cl]gy & cov]$ by ! canon law1 ga9$ a va/ increase ( judicial pr]ogatives4 ,,! ,,babylonian ,,exile3 ,,! ,,great ,,s*ism4--,dur+ ! resid5ce ( ! popes at ,avignon1 !re 0 great compla9t on acc\nt ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! papacy on ,france1 z well z on acc\nt ( ! heavy taxes levi$ = ! support ( ! pontifical c\rt1 & ( ! immorality :i* at times prevail$ 9 x4 ,gregory ,,xi41 to ! joy ( all good m51 return$ to ,rome 7#acgf74 ,b at 8 dea?1 two ye>s lat]1 a majority ( ! c>d9als elect$ an ,italian1 ,urban ,,vi41 9 8 place4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! ,fr5* p>ty made a prote/1 & *ose ! ,c>d9al ( ,g5eva1 "u ! "n ( ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,hung>y1 ,bohemia1 ,holl&1 & almo/ all ,italy1 ackn[l$g$ ,urban4 ,france1 ,spa91 ,scotl&1 ,savoy1 & ,lorra9e obey$ ,clem5t4 ,?is great s*ism ( ! ,we/ creat$ sorr[ & al>m among well-dispos$ ,*ri/ian p4 ,x t5d$ /rongly to dim9i% ! rev]5ce felt = ! papal (fice1 & to weak5 its influ5ce4 ,,! ,,re=m+ ,,c\ncils4--,! fir/ important ef=t to t]m9ate ! division 0 made by ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,its rector1 ,nicolas de ,clemangis1 0 prom95t 9 ! movem5t4 ,g]son & o!r em95t s*ol>s & ecclesia/ics took "p 9 x4 ,?ree great c\ncils 7 held2 ! fir/ at ,pisa 7#adji71 ! second at ,con/ance 7#adad71 & ! ?ird at ,basle 7#adca74 ,at ^! assemblies1 ! ,fr5* !ologians proce$$ ^u ! ,gallican !ory ( ! con/itution ( ! ,*ur*1 accord+ to :i* supreme au?ority 0 held to reside 9 a g5]al c\ncil1--n 9 ! ,pope1 b 9 ! collective episcopate4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 :]e x is a significant fact t ! votes 7 tak5 by nations1 !re 7 ga!r$ n only a ?rong ( prelates & inf]ior cl]gy1 b also ! ,emp]or ,sigismund1 & a multitude ( pr9ces1 nobles1 & spectators ( e rank4 ,! :ole _w1 x 0 said1 0 !re4 ,?ree popes1 ea* ( :om claim$ to be legitimate1 7 depos$2 & "u ! auspices ( ! c\ncil1 :i* affirm$ its own sov]eign au?ority1 ano!r pope1 ,m>t9 ,v41 0 elect$ 9 ! room ( !m4 ,! results ( ! two c\ncils ( ,pisa & ,con/ance1 z reg>ds ! re=mation ( ! ,*ur* 9 head & memb]s1 disappo9t$ ! hopes ( ^? :o 7 disaffect$ ) ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,basle exhibit$ ! same _s z t ( ,con/ance1 & pass$ v>i\s measures 9 ! int]e/ ( national *ur*es1 = ! re/riction ( papal pr]ogatives1 & = practical re=ms4 ,! c\ncil1 h[ev]1 broke into two p>ts2 & ! hopes connect$ ) x 7 likewise1 to a great ext5t1 fru/rat$4 ,9 #adch ! ,fr5* synod ( ,b\rges issu$ ! ,pragmatic ,sanction1 conta9+ a /rong ass]tion ( ! rights & immunities ( national *ur*es1--a docum5t :i* gave occasion to mu* controv]sy d[n to its repeal "u ,k+ ,francis ,i4 ,_h x be5 practicable = good m5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury to unite 9 :olesome measures = promot+ ! purity & unity ( ! ,*ur*1 ! religi\s revolutions ( ! sixte5? might h be5 po/pon$1 if n avoid$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,asia4 ,i4 ,,*9a4 ,,! ,,tang ,,dyna/y 7#fah-ijg74--,! confusion 9 ,*9a1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ?ree k+doms1 0 br\ght to an end by ! ,sui dyna/y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 ( %ort duration4 ,betwe5 ! ,hans & ! new epo* beg9n+ ) ! ,t'angs1 diplomatic int]c\rse 0 begun ) ,japan2 ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ by ! ,ne/orians2 a new impulse 0 giv5 to ! spread ( ,buddhism2 ! fir/ traces ( ! art ( pr9t+ are f\nd2 & ! ,yang-tse & ! ,yell[ ,riv]s 7 connect$ by a canal4 ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,?is ,,p]iod4--,"u ! ,t'angs1 ! empire 0 unit$1 peaceful1 & prosp]\s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable occurr5ces 0 ! usurpation 7#fdi7 & successful reign ( a woman1 ! ,empress ,wu4 ,h] policy 0 wise1 & h] g5]als 7 victori\s4 ,! ,emp]or ,hiu5 ,tsung _h a long reign 7#gac-gef71 & 0 an ard5t patron ( lit]ature1 b 9 8 lat] ye>s fell into immoral ways1 z 0 se5 9 ! "* ( ! poems writt5 "u 8 patronage4 ,"u ?is dyna/y1 !re 7 productions 9 poetry ( an excell5ce nev] surpass$ 9 ,*9a4 ,buddhism1 al?\gh resi/$ by ! ,confuciani/s & ,ta\i/s1 ga9$ gr\nd4 ,a bone ( ,buddha 0 br\ght into ,*9a ) great pomp & c]emony4 ,e>ly 9 ! reign ( ! ,t'angs1 ,mohamm$anism fir/ appe>$ 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ! transition p]iod be=e ! accession ( ! next dyna/y 7#ijj-ifj71 ! art ( pr9t+ came m into use4 ,! practice ( cramp+ wom5's feet is said by "s to h orig9at$ at ?is "t4 ,,! ,,sung ,,dyna/y 7#ifj-abhj74--;,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is era1 ,*9a 0 prosp]\s4 ,b ! ,t>t>s began _! invasions2 & x 0 f9ally agre$ t "o ( _! tribes1 :i* _h help$ to drive out ano!r1 %\ld reta9 its conque/s 9 ! ,nor?4 ,^! ,t>t> conqu]ors1 ! ,k9s1 7 invad$ by ! ,mongol ,t>t>s "u ,g5ghis ,khan 7#abac74 ,aft] a long /ruggle1 bo? ! ,k9s & ! ,sungs 7 conqu]$ by ! ,mongols1 & ! empire ( ,kublai ,khan 7#abei-abid71 ! rul] ( ne>ly all ,asia except ,h9du/an & ,arabia1 0 e/abli%$4 ,"u ! ,sungs1 a sy/em ( milit>y drill = all ! citiz5s 0 orda9$4 ,lit]ature fl\ri%$2 ,buddhism & ,ta\ism conclud$ to live 9 peace ) "o ano!r2 & ! sy/em ( competitive exam9ations & lit]>y degrees 0 m fully develop$4 ,aft] ! complete conque/ ( ,*9a1 ! dom9ion ( ,kublai ,khan la/$ = ab\t a c5tury4 ,! celebrat$ ,v5etian travel]1 ,m>co ,polo1 visit$ 8 c\rt4 ,9 ?is p]iod1 ma!matics 0 m /udi$1 & romances 7 fir/ writt54 ,?ree out ( ! ,f\r ,wond]ful ,books1 :i* are lead+ novels1 7 !n compos$4 ,! ,gr& ,canal 0 f9i%$ by ,kublai ,khan1 & ?us ,pek+ 0 connect$ ) ,s\!rn ,*9a4 ,8 great naval exp$ition aga9/ ,japan fail$4 ,,! ,,m+ ,,dyna/y 7#acfh-afej74--;,hung-wu1 ! son ( a ,*9ese labor]1 %ook (f ! ,mongol yoke1 & f\nd$ a new dyna/y ) its capital at ,nank+2 :5ce x 0 aft]w>ds transf]r$ by ! ?ird emp]or1 ,yung-lo 7#adjc-adbe71 to ,pek+4 ,he conqu]$ & annex$ ,co*9 ,*9a & ,tonqu91 & ev5 portions ( ,t>t>y4 ,! ,t>t>s cont9u$ _! attack2 & 9 #adej ,*+-tung1 ! emp]or1 0 tak5 prison]1 & held until he 0 releas$ 9 consequ5ce ( a ,*9ese victory4 ,,ii4 ,,japan4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,gov]nm5t4--,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d41 !re began *anges 9 ,japan :i* result$ 9 a dual gov]nm5t1 & ev5tually 9 a feudal sy/em :i* cont9u$ until rec5t times4 ,! ,mikados retir$ f p]sonal contact ) _! subjects2 & ! p[] by degrees fell into ! h&s ( ! families relat$ to ! ,mikado1 & comb9$ into clans4 ,milit>y control 0 ex]cis$ by ! g5]als 7,%oguns71 & t[>ds ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury devolv$ on ! two rival clans ( ,g5 & ,hei1 or ,taira & ,m9amoto4 ,ab\t ! same "t 7#ggj-ghj7 ! agricultural class became di/9ct f ! milit>y1 & 7 compell$ to labor h>d = _! support4 ,"o family1 ! ,fujiw>a1 by degrees absorb$ ! civil (fices4 ,!y gradually sank into luxury4 ,f ! middle to ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 !re 0 t]rible civil w> betwe5 ! ,taira clan & ! ,m9amoto clan1 9 :i* ! =m] 7 de/roy$4 ,! milit>y p[] pass$ f "o family to ano!r2 b a ma9 fact is t ! ,%oguns acquir$ su* a control z ! mayors ( ! palace _h possess$ among ! ,franks4 ,! ,mikados lo/ all real p[]1 & ! ,%oguns or ,tycoons _h ! actual gov]nm5t 9 _! h&s4 ,9 rec5t times 7#ahfh7 a revolution occurr$ :i* re/or$ to ! ,mikado ! p[] :i* _h belong$ to him 9 ! anci5t times1 be=e ! *anges j relat$ took place4 ,,civil ,,w>3 ,,feudalism4--,! f9al /ruggle ( ! two clans1 ! ,hei or ,taira1 & ! ,g5 or ,m9amoto1 0 9 ! naval battle ( ,dann\ra1 9 #aahe1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,taira4 ,yoritomo1 ! victor1 0 kn[n z ! ,%ogun aft] #aaib4 ,! supremacy ( 8 clan gave way 9 #abai to t ( _! adh]5ts1 ! ,hj family1 :o rul$ ! ,%ogun & ! emp]or bo?4 ,! invasion ( ! ,mongol ,t>t>s fail$1 _! great fleet be+ de/roy$ by a typhoon 7#abha74 ,! ,hj rule t]m9at$1 aft] a p]iod ( an>*y & civil w>1 9 #accc4 ,! w> ( ! *rysan!mums--s call$ f ! imp]ial emblem1 ! *rysan!mum--0 betwe5 two rival ,mikados1 "o 9 ! ,nor?1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,s\? 7#accf-acib74 ,!re ensu$ a p]iod ( confusion & int]nal w>1 la/+ = ne>ly two c5turies4 ,gradually !re 0 develop$ a sy/em ( feudalism1 9 :i* ! daimios1 or lords ( l>g] or small] pr9cipalities1 own$ a dep5d5ce1 ei!r close or m loose1 on ! ,%ogun4 ,b feudalism 0 n fully e/abli%$ until ! days ( ! ,tokugama dyna/y1 e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,iii4 ,,india4 ,,mohamm$an ,,/ates4--,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ,india 0 invad$ by a succession ( ,mohamm$an conqu]ors4 ,! fir/ invasions 7 9 ! sev5? & ! e>ly "p ( ! eigh? c5turies4 ,a tempor>y lodgm5t 0 effect$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,s9d1 on ! nor?-we/1 9 #gaa2 b ! ,moslems 7 driv5 out by ! ,h9dus 9 #gej4 ,! next invad] 0 ! ,afghan sultan1 ,mahmud ( ,ghazim1 a ,turk1 :o is said to h l$ 8 armies sev5te5 times into ,india4 ,f 8 "t ! ,punjab1 except = a brief int]val1 has be5 a ,mohamm$an prov9ce4 ,! la/ ( 8 l9e ( rul]s1 ,bahram1 0 conqu]$ by ! ,afghan ,allah-ud-d9 ( ,ghor 7#aaeb74 ,bahram's son fl$ to ,lahore1 b ! ,ghoride dyna/y soon absorb$ 8 dom9ion4 ,"o ( ! ,ghoride rul]s1 ,mohamm$ ,ghori1 ! ,%ahab-ud-d9 ( ! ,mohamm$an writ]s1 spread 8 dom9ion s t x rea*$ f ! ,indus to ! ,brahmaputra4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ,kutab-ud-d91 :o _h be5 a ,turki% slave1 became ! f\nd] ( ! slave dyna/y 7#abjf-abij71 ^: capital 0 ,delhi4 ,allah-ud-d91 by :om he 0 assass9at$ 7#abid71 _h a brilliant reign ( tw5ty ye>s1 & conqu]$ ,deccan & ,guz]at4 ,( ! ,togluk dyna/y1 :i* ga9$ ! ?rone 9 #acba1 ,mohamm$ ,togluk 7#acbe-acea7 is said to h _h ! reputation ( "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ pr9ces & mo/ furi\s tyrants t ev] adorn$ or disgrac$ human nature4 ,desir+ to remove ! seat ( empire to ! ,deccan1 he compell$ ! inhabitants ( ,delhi to leave _! old home1 & to make ! j\rney ( sev5 hundr$ miles4 ,,tam]lane4--,revolts 9 ,india made ! triumph ( ,tim\r 7,tam]lane7 easy 7#acih74 ,! ,mongol lead] sack$ ,delhi1 & made a full display ( 8 unrival$ f]ocity4 ,a half c5tury ( an>*y foll[$ ?is invasion4 ,,lit]ature4--,on ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory3 ,! ,g5]al ,subject4 7,see li/ ( works on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 p4 #af47 ,,gibbon',s ,decl9e & ,fall1 etc42 ,,! ,,/ud5ts' ,,gibbon 7,smi?1 #a vol472 ,,freeman1 ,g5]al ,sket* ( ,european ,hi/ory1 & ,hi/orical ,geography ( ,europe2 ,,duruy1 ,hi/oire du ,moy5 ,age1 etc4 7#aa? edition1 #ahhb72 ,hallam4 ,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages2 ,lavisse et ,rambaud1 ,hi/oire ,g5]ale 7vols4 i4-iii472 ,cunn+ham1 ,we/]n ,civilization 7vol4 ii72 ,lavisse1 ,political ,hi/ory ( ,europe2 ,dunham1 ,hi/ory ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 7#d vols472 ,,bryce1 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire2 ,putz & ,arnold1 ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory2 ,e4 ,a4 ,,freeman1 ,hi/orical ,essays 7s]ies #a & #c74 ,works on ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 ,! ,*ur* ,hi/ories ( ,,giesel]1 ,,ne&]2 ,,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity2 ,,alzog a ,roman ,ca?olic1 ,manual1 etc4 7#c vols4 #ahgd-gh72 ,h>dwick 7vol4 i41 ,middle ,ages72 ,/ud5ts' ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*2 ,,/anley',s ,ea/]n ,*ur*2 ,fi%]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,on ,portions ( ! ,m$iaeval ,p]iod4 ,froiss>t1 ,*ronicles1 etc42 ,,curteis1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,empire #cie-hjj2 ,r4 ,w4 ,,*ur*1 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages2 ,a4 ,?i]ry1 ,hi/oire d',attila1 etc41 ,/4 ,j]ome1 etc41 ,/4 ,jean ,*ryso/ome1 etc42 ,*ur*1 ,life ( ,anselm2 ,,morison1 ,life & ,times ( ,/4 ,b]n>d2 ,gfrr]1 ,pab/ ,gregorius ,,vii4 u4 se9 ,zeitalt] 7#ahei72 ,bury1 ,! ,lat] ,roman ,empire 7#b vols472 ,oman1 ,! ,d>k ,ages 7#dgf-iah72 ,,t\t1 ,! ,empire & ! ,papacy 7#iah-abgb72 ,em]ton1 ,m$iaeval ,europe 7#hjj-acjj72 ,pe>s1 ,! ,fall ( ,con/ant9ople2 ,s]geant1 ,! ,franks2 ,,mull+]1 ,! ,s*ools ( ,*>les ! ,great1 & ! ,re/oration ( ,education 9 ! #i? ,c5tury 7#ahgg72 ,,montalemb]t1 ,! ,monks ( ! ,we/ 7#g vols472 ,s>torius1 ,ges*4 des hanseatis*5 ,bundes 7#c vols472 ,momb]t1 ,*>lemagne2 ,sabati]1 ,life ( ,francis ( ,assisi2 ,hasse1 ,leb5 ,anselm2 ,we/1 ,alcu92 ,hodgk91 ,!odoric ! ,go?4 ,g5]al ,"* ( ! ,p]iod4 ,,rob]tson1 ,a ,view ( ! ,progress ( ,society 9 ,europe f ! ,subv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 etc4 7,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ,v472 ,k+sley1 ,c41 ,! ,roman & ! ,teuton3 a ,s]ies ( ,lectures1 etc42 ,,sullivan1 ,hi/orical ,causes & ,effects2 f ! ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire ,a4,d4 #dgf to #aeag2 ,ozanam1 ,a4 ,f41 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury2 ,,laur5t1 tudes1 etc4 7vol vii472 ,sir ,james ,/eph51 ,ecclesia/ical ,essays2 ,adams1 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,scott's novels1--,ivanhoe1 ,! ,talisman1 ,anne ( ,gei]/e93 !y are hi/orically mu* less correct pictures ?an 8 romances :i* relate to ,scotl&4 ,p>ticul> ,aspects ( ! ,p]iod4 ,,savigny1 ,ges*4 d4 rmis*5 ,re*ts im ,mittelalt] 7#g vols472 ,sismondi1 ,lit]ature 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe2 ,hallam1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,lit]ature1 etc42 ,geff*51 ,*ur* & ,/ate 7#b vols472 ,,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t 9 ,europe2 ,heck]1 ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages2 ,j4 ,e4 ,,?orold ,,rog]s1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices 9 ,engl& #abei-agic 7#d vols41 #ahff72 ,amos1 ,roman ,civil ,law2 ,j5ks1 ,law & ,politics 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 ,gross1 ,! ,guild ,m]*ant2 ,oman1 ,art ( ,w>2 ,,viollet-,,le-,,duc1 ,annals ( a ,=tress2 ,h4 ,c4 ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ,sac]dotal ,celibacy1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition 7#c vols471 & ,sup]/ition & ,=ce2 ,,lacroix1 ,works on ! ,middle ,ages1 ri*ly illu/rat$ 7#e vols41 ,london1 #ahhj72 ,gauti]1 ,*ivalry2 ,corni%1 ,*ivalry2 ,,bulf9*1 ,age ( ,*ivalry1 or ,leg5ds ( ,k+ ,ar?ur2 ,leg5ds ( ,*>lemagne1 or ,romance ( ! ,middle ,ages 7#b vols472 ,,cox ,,& ,,jones1 ,popul> ,romances ( ! ,middle ,ages2 ,,nasse1 ,on ! ,agricultural ,community ( ! ,middle ,ages 7#ahga72 ,ro?1 ,ges*4 d4 ,b5eficialwes5s1 etc42 ,secretan1 ,essai sur la ,feodalit2 ,smi?1 ,t41 ,engli% ,guilds 7#ahgj72 ,,wilda1 ,das ,gild5wes5 im ,mittelalt] 7#ahca72 ,seignobos1 ,! ,feudal ,regime4 ,works on ! ,crusades4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,cox1 ,! ,crusades 7#ahgh72 also1 art4 ,crusades 9 ! ,encycl4 ,brit42 ,mi*aud1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crusades 7#c vols472 ,,von ,,sybel1 ,! ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature ( ! ,crusades2 ,mills1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,crusades1 etc4 7#b vols472 ,he]51 9 ,v]mis*te hi/oris*e ,s*rift5 7#c vols472 ,proct]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,crusades2 ,gray's ,*ildr5's ,crusade2 ,ar*] & ,k+s=d1 ,! ,crusades4 ,= works on ,mohamm$anism & ! ,arabic k+dom1 see p4 #bcb4 ,! works "h m5tion$ respect+ ! sev]al c\ntries ei!r relate to _! entire hi/ory1 or to _! hi/ory prior to ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i4 ,,engl& ,,& ,,scotl&4--,,gre5',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p 7#d vols471 & ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#a vol472 ! ,,/ud5ts' ,,hume2 ! hi/ories ( ,,bright1 ,knight1 ,,l+>d1 ,hume1 ,,guizot1 ,traill1 ,social ,engl& 7#f vols41 two editions72 ,,gairdn]1 ,outl9e1 etc42 ,turn]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,anglo-,saxons2 ,palgrave's ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,engli% ,commonweal?2 ,palgrave's ,hi/ory ( ,norm&y & ( ,engl&2 ,,freeman',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,norman ,conque/ 7#f vols471 & ,hi/ory ( ,william ,rufus2 ,gre51 ,! ,mak+ ( ,engl&1 & ,! ,conque/ ( ,engl&2 ,ramsay1 ,f\ndations ( ,engl&1 ,angev9 ,empire1 ,lanca/] & ,york2 ,,/ubbs1 ,! ,e>ly ,plantag5ets2 ,,longman',s ,hi/ory ( ,edw>d ,,iii42 ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce2 ,*eyney1 ,indu/rial & ,social ,hi/ory ( ,engl&2 ,seebohm1 ,engli% ,village ,community2 ,life ( ,wickliffe1 by ,,le*l]1 by ,,los]?1 by ,,wilson1 by ,trevelyan4 ,kemble's ,! ,saxons 9 ,engl&2 ,,/ubbs',s ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 its ,orig9 & ,developm5t 7#c vols472 ,,/ubbs',s ,select ,*>t]s2 ,,creasy',s ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution2 ,,?ompson',s ,essay on ,magna ,*>ta2 ,bisset1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,/ruggle = ,p>liam5t>y ,gov]nm5t 9 ,engl& 7#ahgg72 ,,taswell-,,langmead',s ,engli% ,con/itutional ,hi/ory1 etc42 ,,freeman',s ,gr[? ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 etc42 ,bagehot1 ,! ,engli% ,con/itution2 ,macy1 ,! ,engli% ,con/itution4 ,,scotl&4--,p4 ,h4 ,br[n1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl& 7#b vols472 ,miss ,mac>?ur1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl& 7#a vol472 ,e4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 ,scotl& "u h] ,e>ly ,k+s 7#b vols474 ,,irel&4--,c4 ,g4 ,walpole1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,irel&2 ,morris1 ,irel&4 ,,ii4 ,,france4--,g5]al hi/ories by ,cr[e 7#e vols472 ,,duruy 7#b vols472 ,,guizot 7to #aghi1 #e vols42 #aghi-ahdh1 #c vols472 & ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,france 7#a vol472 ,bonne*ose 7to #ahdh72 ,,j]vis 7,hassall edition72 ,,m>t9 7#ag vols472 ,,kit*91 ,,lacombe1 ,,mi*elet 7#ag vols472 ,lavisse1 ,hi/oire de ,france2 ,adams1 ,gr[? ( ! ,fr5* ,nation2 ,grant1 ,! ,fr5* ,mon>*y2 ,wallon's ,/4 ,l\is et son ,temps 7#b vols472 ,sismondi1 ,! ,fr5* "u ! ,c>lov+ians 7#a vol471 ,france "u ! ,feudal ,sy/em 7#a vol472 ,,b>ante',s ,hi/oire des ,ducs de ,b\rgogne de la ,maison de ,valois1 #acfd-adgg2 ,,wallon',s ,jeanne d',arc 7#b vols472 ,l[ell's ,joan ( ,arc2 ,jameson's ,life & ,times ( ,du ,guescl94 ,,c\langes' ,hi/oire des ,in/itutions politiques de l',anci5ne ,france 7#ahgg72 ,viollet1 ,in/itutions politiques de la ,france 7#c vols472 ,lu*aire1 ,manuel des ,in/itutions ,franaises2 ,esme91 ,hi/oire du ,droit ,franais2 ,,guizot',s ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,france 7#c vols471 & ,essai sur l',hi/oire de ,france2 ,,?i]ry',s ,! ,=mation & ,progress ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate 9 ,france2 ,sir ,james ,/eph5s's ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,france4 ,,iii4 ,,g]many4--,h5d]son1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,g]many 7#b vols472 ,hi/ories by ,c4 ,t4 ,,lewis 7f\nd$ on ,d4 ,mll]71 ,kohlraus*2 ,kaufman1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te2 ,lampre*t1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te 7#f vols472 ,s*rd]1 ,lehrbu* d] d4 ,re*tsges*i*te2 ,ri*t]1 ,annal54 ,,geisebre*t',s ,ges*i*te d4 deuts*5 ,kais]zeit 7#d vols472 ,,von ,,raum]',s ,ges*i*te d] ,hoh5/auf5 und ihr] ,zeit 7#f vols474 ,coxe's ,hi/ory ( ! ,h\se ( ,au/ria2 ,,krones',s ,h&bu* d4 ,ges*i*te ,o/]rei*s 7#c vols472 ,m>la?'s ,ges*i*te ,o/]rei*s4 ,,arnold1 ,ansi$elungun und ,w&]ung5 deuts*] ,/mme 7#ahge72 also1 ,deuts*e ,urzeit 7#ahgi72 ,ozanam1 ,les ,g]ma9s avant le ,*ri/ianisme 7#ahgb72 ,,sohm1 ,die altdeuts*e ,rei*s und ,g]i*tsv]fassung2 ,,maur]',s hi/ories ( ,g]man local in/itutions 7! ,m>ks1 ! ,villages1 ! ,cities72 ,,waitz1 ,deuts*e ,v]fassungsges*i*te 7#h vols471 ,wir?1 ,die ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*5 7#ahec72 ,,sug5heim1 ,ges*i*te d4 deuts*5 ,volkes und se9] ,kultur1 etc4 ,,iv4 ,,italy4--,cantu1 ,hi/oire des ,itali5s 7#ab vols41 #ahei72 ,,hunt',s ,hi/ory ( ,italy 79 ,freeman's ,s]ies72 ,butt's ,hi/ory ( ,italy 7#b vols472 ,,leo',s ,ges*i*te von ,itali5 7#e vols472 ,,sismondi',s ,hi/oire des ,republiques ,itali5nes du ,moy5 ,age 7#aj vols472 ,,spald+',s ,italy & ! ,italians2 ,boscoe & ,morell1 ,comp5dium ( ,italian ,hi/ory4 ,hodgk91 ,italy & h] ,invad]s 7#b vols472 ,,te/a1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,w> ( ,fr$]ic ,i4 aga9/ ! ,communes ( ,lomb>dy2 ,,heyd1 ,ges*i*te des ,levanteh&els im ,mittelalt] 7#b vols472 ,c4 ,,hegel1 ,gescki*te d] ,/dtev]fassung von ,itali51 etc4 ,d>u1 ,hi/oire de la ,republique de ,v5ise 7#i vols472 ,,br[n1 ,v5ice3 an ,hi/orical ,sket*2 ,ranke1 ,zur ,v5itian] ,ges*i*te2 ,ma*iavelli's ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce2 ,napi]'s ,flor5t9e ,hi/ory 7#f vols472 ,,p]r5s1 ,hi/oire de ,flor5ce 7#d vols472 ,,reumont',s ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t 7#b vols472 ,roscoe's ,life ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici2 ,,trollope',s ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce2 ,campbell's ,life ( ,petr>*2 ,,gregorovius' ,hi/ory ( ! ,city ( ,rome 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7#h v41 f fif? to sixte5? c5tury72 ,gall5ga1 ,hi/ory ( ,pi$mont 7#c vols472 ,am>i1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,w> ( ! ,sicilian ,vesp]s 7#c vols472 ,malleson1 ,/udies f ,g5oese ,hi/ory 7#a vol472 ,oliphant1 ,mak]s ( ,flor5ce1 etc42 ,,symonds1 ,sket*es & ,/udies 9 ,s\!rn ,europe2 ,,ta9e1 ,flor5ce & ,v5ice1 & ,rome & ,naples2 ,freeman1 ,hi/orical & ,ar*itectural ,/udies 7*iefly ,italian1 #a vol474 ,v4 ,,russia4--,bell's ,hi/ory ( ,russia 7#c vols472 ,h[or?'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,mongols2 ,,k>ams91 ,hi/oire de l',empire de ,russie 7#aa vols472 ,hi/ories ( ,russia1 by ,kelly1 ,lam>t9e1 ,levesque2 ,,rambaud1 ,hi/ory ( ,russia 7#b vols41 #ahgi72 ,,ral/on1 ,e>ly ,russian ,hi/ory4 ,,vi4 ,,pol&4--,hi/ories ( ,pol&1 by ,,dunham 7#abmo71 ,flet*]1 ,,joa*im 7#b vols471 ,r,,pell ,,& ,,c>o4 ,,vii4 ,,spa9 ,,& ,,portugal4--,lembke und ,s*f]1 ,ges*i*te von ,spani5 7#c vols472 ,,m>iana1 ,! ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,spa92 ,,dunham1 ,hi/ory ( ,spa9 & ,portugal2 ,,craw=d1 ,portugal1 ,old & ,new2 ,burke1 ,hi/ory ( ,spa9 7#b vols472 ,/ev5s's ,portugal2 ,,ticknor',s ,hi/ory ( ,spani% ,lit]ature 7#c vols472 ,prescott's ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella 7introductory *apt]74 ,,viii4 ,,switz]l&4--,hi/ory ( ,switz]l&1 9 ,,l>dn]',s ,,cyclop$ia 7#ahcb72 ,hi/ories ( ,switz]l&1 by ,,mor9 7#e vols472 ,j4 ,mll]2 ,zs*okke2 ,ro*holz1 ,tell und ,gessl] 9 ,sage und ,ges*i*te 7#ahgg74 ,,ix4 ,,sc&9avia4--,,dunham',s ,hi/ory ( ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,norway 7#c vols472 ,dahlmann's ,ges*i*te von ,danem>k bis zur ,re=mation 7) ,norway & ,icel&1 #c vols472 ,hi/ories ( ,sw$51 by ,fryxell1 ,,geij] ,,& ,,c>lson 7#e vols472 ,la+'s ,hi/ory ( ,norway2 ,,mallet',s ,nor!rn ,antiquities2 ,,maur]',s ,hi/ory ( ,icel&2 ,,r9k',s ,dani% ,gre5l&2 ,s9d+'s ,sc&9avia2 ,,:eaton',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,nor?m52 ,worsaac's ,danes & ,nor?m5 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x4 ,,ottoman ,,turks4--,,hamm]-,,purg/all',s ,ges*i*te des osmanis*5 ,rei*es 7#aj vols472 ,,creasy',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,ottoman ,turks2 ,,freeman1 ,! ,ottoman ,p[] 9 ,europe 7#ahgg72 ,,z9keis51 ,ges*i*te d4 osmanis*4 ,rei*es 9 ,europa 7#g vols474 ,,xi4 ,,*9a1 ,,japan1 ,,& ,,india4--7,see li/s on pp4 #be1 #cb47 ,dickson1 ,japan1 etc4 7vol4 i41 #ahfi72 ,griffis1 ,! ,micado's ,empire 7#ahgf74 ,,xii4 ,,bibliographies4--,9 addition to ,adams1 ,manual2 ,sonn5s*e91 ,! ,be/ ,books & ,a ,read]'s ,guide2 ,gross1 ,s\rces & ,lit]ature ( ,engli% ,hi/ory 7to #adhe72 ,g>d9] & ,mull+]1 ,engli% ,hi/ory = ,/ud5ts2 ,monod1 ,bibliographie de l',hi/oire de ,france2 ,dahlmann-,waitz1 ,quell5kunde1 d] ,deuts*5 ,ges*i*te2 li/s 9 ,lavisse et ,rambaud1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory4 ,,f ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,con/ant9ople 7#adec7 ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4 ,,introduction4 ,mod]n hi/ory z a :ole1 9 contra/ ) m$ival1 is m>k$ by sev]al pla9ly def9$ *>act]i/ics4 ,!y are su* z appe>1 h[ev]1 9 a less develop$ =m1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages4 #a4 ,9 ! rec5t c5turies1 !re has be5 an increas$ t5d5cy to consolidate small] /ates into l>g] k+doms4 #b4 ,!re has be5 a gradual secul>iz+ ( politics4 ,gov]nm5ts h m & m ca/ (f ecclesia/ical control4 #c4 ,z ano!r side ( ?is la/ movem5t1 political unity 9 ,europe has sup]s$$ ecclesia/ical unity4 ,! bond ( union among nations1 9 ! room ( be+ memb]%ip 9 "o great ecclesia/ical commonweal?1 became political3 x came to be memb]%ip 9 a loosely def9$ conf$]acy ( nations1 held toge!r by treaties or by a tacit agreem5t 9 c]ta9 accept$ rules ( public law & outl9es ( policy4 #d4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 "o ma9 pr9ciple is ! balance ( p[]4 ,?is means t any "o /ate may be prev5t$ f enl>g+ its b\nds to su* an ext5t z to endang] its neighbors4 ,we h se5 ! action ( su* a pr9ciple among ! anci5t /ates ( ,greece4 ,ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 z reg>ds ,italy1 ! popes endeavor$ to keep up an equilibrium4 ,!y support$ ! ,norman k+dom 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 or ! ,lomb>d leagues 9 ! ,nor?1 z a c\nt]poise to ! ,g]man emp]ors4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 !re 7 =m$ comb9ations to *eck ! p[] ( ,*>les ,v41 k+ ( ,spa9 & emp]or ( ,g]many1 & aft]w>ds to re/ra9 8 successor on ! ,spani% ?rone1 ,philip ,,ii4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re 7 l comb9ations aga9/ ,l\is ,,xiv4 ( ,france1 &1 ov] a c5tury lat]1 aga9/ ! fir/ ,napoleon4 #e4 ,! va/ influ5ce & control ( ,europe1 by discov]y1 colonization1 & comm]ce1 9 o!r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 is a /rik+ feature ( mod]n times4 #f4 ,) ! increase ( comm]ce & ! gr[+ p[] ( ! middle classes1 !re has aris5 ! indu/rial age4 ,int]e/s connect$ ) production & trade1 & ) ! mat]ial side ( civilization1 h come into great prom95ce4 #g4 ,bo? ! pursuits ( m51 & culture1 h become f> m div]sifi$ ?an 0 ! case 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 #h4 ,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its e?ical relations--z an in/rum5t ( political & social re=m1 & a motive to philan?ropy--has become m active & conspicu\s4 ,,p]iod ,i4 ,,f ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,con/ant9ople ,,to ,,! ,,re=mation 7#adec-aeag73 ,,! ,,consolidation ,,( ,,mon>*y3 ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,discov]y3 ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,,"* ,,( ,,?is ,,p]iod4--,9 ?is p]iod mon>*y1 especially 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,spa91 acquires new /r5g? & ext5sion4 ,! p]iod includes ! reigns ( ?ree k+s :o did mu* to help =w>d ?is *ange3 ,l\is ,,xi4 ( ,france1 ,h5ry ,,vii4 ( ,engl&1 & ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic ( ,spa94 ,! ,italian w>s beg9 ) ! ,fr5* invasion ( ,italy3 ! rival%ip ( ! k+doms1 & ! /ruggles p]ta9+ to ! balance ( p[]1 are ?us initiat$4 ,9 ?is p]iod fall new inv5tions :i* h alt]$ ! "* ( civilization1 & great geographical discov]ies1 ( :i* ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w is ! *ief4 ,x is ! epo*1 moreov]1 ( ! ,r5aissance1 or ! re-awak5+ ( le>n+ & art4 ,!re is a new era 9 culture4 ,all ^! movem5ts & *anges =etok5 great] revolutions 9 ! age t 0 to foll[4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,france3 ,,engl&3 ,,spa93 ,,g]many3 ,,italy3 ,,! ,,ottoman ,,turks3 ,,russia3 ,,! ,,invasions ,,( ,,italy4 ,i4 ,,france4 ,,*>les ,,vii4 ,,& ,,! ,,nobles4--,! result ( ! hundr$-ye>s' w> 0 ! acquisition ( ,aquita9e by ! ,fr5* cr[n4 ,aquita9e 0 incorporat$ 9 ,france4 ,s\!rn ,gaul & ,nor!rn ,gaul 7 n[ "o4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ,*>les ,,vii41 8 k+dom 0 comp>atively peaceful4 ,its prosp]ity reviv$4 ,a new sort ( feudalism _h sprung up 9 ! room ( ! old noblesse1 ^: p[] _h be5 cru%$4 ,! new nobility 0 made up ( relatives ( ! royal family1 z ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy1 ,b]ry1 ,b\rbon1 & ! h\se ( ,anj\4 ,on ! ea/ ( ,france 0 ,burgundy1 :i* _h exp&$ into a great ,european p[]4 ,! du*y ( ,burgundy1 ) ! c\nty ( ,*>olois1 & ! c\nties ( ,fl&]s & ,artois1 7 jo9$ "u a common rul] ) endless imp]ial fiefs 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ) ! imp]ial c\nty ( ,burgundy4 ,! ,burgundian b\nd>y 0 on ! s\? ( ! ,somme1 & little m ?an fifty miles nor? ( ,p>is4 ,! ,burgundian dukes 7 con/antly /riv+ to br+ x /ill ne>]4 ,on ! ea/ & s\?1 ! h\se ( ,anj\ held ! du*y ( ,b> & ,prov5ce1 besides o!r possessions4 ,on ! s\?1 too1 0 ! prov9ce ( ,dauph9y2 & on ! we/ ! /rong1 half-indep5d5t du*y ( ,brtagne1 or ,brittany4 ,*>les _h a /&+ qu>rel ) 8 son ,l\is1 :o e>ly %[$ 8 p[] to inspire dread1 b gave no signs ( ! policy :i* he triumphantly pursu$1 aft] he became k+1 ( putt+ d[n feudal insubord9ation4 ,8 "y wife ,m>g>et1 daught] ( ,james ,i4 ( ,scotl&1 0 twelve ye>s old :5 he1 a boy ( ?irte51 0 m>ri$ to h]4 ,he ar\s$ su* t]ror & av]sion 9 h] m9d t %e di$ at tw5ty-"o ( a brok5 he>t4 ,l\is--to :om1 mu* to 8 disgu/1 ,dauph9y in/ead ( ,norm&y 0 giv5 to rule--abett$ ! great lords 9 _! resi/ance to 8 fa!r's au?ority2 &1 :5 ?reat5$ ) co]cion1 fl$ to ,brussels1 to ! c\rt ( 8 fa!r's c\s91 ,philip ( ,burgundy1 :]e he 0 k9dly ent]ta9$4 ,*>les ,,vii41 :o knew ! traits ( 8 son1 said1 ,z = my c\s9 ( ,burgundy1 he h>bors a fox t w "o day eat up 8 *ick5s4 ,ev5 !n ! relations ( ,l\is & ,*>les1 ,c\nt ( ,*>olois1 ! heir ( ,burgundy1 7 cool & unsympa!tic4 ,! k+ occupi$ ,dauph9y1 & 9 #adeg x 0 fully incorporat$ 9 ,france4 ,! rul]s ( ,france & ,burgundy1 tak5 up ) _! own s*emes ( t]ritorial ga91 turn$ a deaf e> to ! calls ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 = a crusade aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,x has be5 said t mo/ ( ! k+s ( ! h\se ( ,valois 7 ei!r bad or mad4 ,! indol5t & he>tless ,*>les ,,vii4 w\ld seem to h be5 bo?4 ,9 8 la/ days he suspect$ t ! ,dauph9's plots 7 aid$ by p]sons ab\t himself1 & t 8 food 0 poison$4 ,he refus$ to eat1 & di$ 9 #adfa4 ,,"* ,,( ,,l\is ,,xi4--,l\is ,,xi4 7#adfa-adhc7 %[$ himself a ma/] ( /atecraft1 or ! cunn+1 diplomatic managem5t :i* pursu$ its ends /eal?ily1 held no engagem5ts sacr$1 & 0 det]r$ by no scruples ( consci5ce f :atev] p]fidy 0 ?\ght requisite to atta9 ! objects 9 view4 ,l\is 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ examples ( ! k+craft :i* 9 ! succe$+ age 0 deem$ a gift to be covet$ by pr9ces4 ,x 0 an art 9 :i* ! ,italians 7 ma/]s2 & its secrets 7 set =?1 some:at lat] ?an ! "t ( ,l\is1 9 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,ma*iavelli1 a "w 9 :i* t em95t /atesman & hi/orian describes ! means by :i* despots may entrap & cru% _! enemies4 ,:e!r he meant to af=d aid to tyrants1 or aid to _! subjects ?r\gh an exposure ( ! tricks ( _! rul]s1 ! ,ma*iavellian _s designates ! policy ( intrigue t prevail$ all ?r\gh ! sixte5? c5tury1 & infect$ ev5 "s ( ! be/ ( ! public m5 ( t age4 ,l\is 0 mean-look+1 %abby 9 8 dress1 ) a cunn+ aspect2 9 8 :ole deportm5t & "*1 9 %>p contra/ ) ! *ivalr\s pr9ces1 ,philip & ,*>les ( ,burgundy4 ,if he 0 v9dictive1 he 0 p]haps n m cruel ?an o!rs2 b he 0 ung5ial1 reg>d+ m5 z 8 tools4 ,he took pleasure 9 ! society ( 8 provo/s or hangm51--,tri/an l',h]mite & ,olivi] le ,daim4 ,he (t5 ord]$ m5 to execution )\t s mu* z ! =m ( a trial4 ,!re 0 9 him a ve9 ( sup]/ition4 ,he 0 punctili\s 9 8 devotions4 ,he w\ld n swe> a false oa? ov] ! cross ( ,/4 ,l\p ( ,ang]s1 because he ?\ght t dea? w\ld be ! p5alty4 ,he did n quail be=e an enemy 9 battle2 yet su* 0 8 al>m at ! prospect ( dea?1 t he collect$ ab\t him relics & *>ms1 magicians & h]mits1 to help him prolong 8 days4 ,,/rife ,,) ,,! ,,nobles4--,! fir/ ye>s ( ,l\is's reign 7#adfa-adfg7 7 pass$ 9 a /ruggle ) ! great lords :om he 0 det]m9$ to subdue4 ,at ! beg9n+ 8 measures = ?is end 7 imprud5t4 ,!y comb9$ aga9/ him 9 ! ,league ( ! ,public ,weal 9 #adfd4 ,_! =ce 0 s great t he /ood 9 imm95t p]il4 ,he c\nt$ on ! support ( ,p>is1 & 0 try+ to rea* t city :5 ! ho/ile armies enc\nt]$ "o ano!r at ,montlhry 7#adfe74 ,x 0 an absurd battle1 :]e at night bo? p>ties ?\ght !mselves beat54 ,! k+ secur$ 8 place ( refuge4 ,he deem$ x prud5t to make peace on ! t]ms dem&$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,*>olois1 & ! o!r nobles4 ,?is treaty ( ,conflans 7#adfe7 he caus$ ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is to refuse to ratify or regi/]4 ,he _h tru/$ to 8 ability to rega9 :at he might surr5d]4 ,! /rife betwe5 ! ,duke ( ,brittany & ! k+'s bro!r ,*>les1 n[ made ,duke ( ,norm&y1 enabl$ ,l\is soon to recov] ,norm&y4 ,,*>les ,,! ,,bold1 ,,& ,,l\is4--,! dea? ( ,philip made 8 son1 ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,*>les 0 9 ! prime ( life1 ( a *ivalr\s temp]1 c\rte\s & poli%$1 fond ( read+ & music1 z well z ( knightly sports1 & ) 8 head full ( dreams ( ambition4 ,) c]ta9 noble qualities1 8 pride 0 excessive1 8 temp] n only hot b ob/9ate1 &1 z he grew old]1 he became m ov]be>+ & cruel4 ,he 0 ! mo/ p[]ful pr9ce 9 ,europe4 ,! mo/ ( 8 l&s 7 ,g]man4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 reign he pursu$ ! same s*eme z t :i* 0 at ! root ( ! ,league ( ! ,public ,weal4 ,he aim$ to hem 9 ,l\is1 & to build up 8 own p[] 9 ! direction ( ,france4 ,he alli$ himself1 9 #adff1 ) ! ,h\se ( ,york1 !n upp]mo/ 9 ,engl&4 ,an ,engli% =ce 0 s5t to ,calais 9 #adfg4 ,?reat5$ by ?is coalition ( adv]s>ies1 ,l\is ha/5$ to attack ,brittany1 & =c$ its duke to conclude a sep>ate peace4 ,tru/+ too mu* to 8 p[]s ( negotiation1 & yield+ to ! trea*]\s advice ( ,c>d9al ,balue1 "o ( 8 *ief c\nselors1 ! k+ det]m9$ to g 9 p]son to conf] ) ,*>les ( ,burgundy4 ,he soon le>n$ t 8 safe-conduct 0 ( little value4 ,at ,p]onne1 he f\nd himself 9 ! mid/ ( enemies1 & 9 reality a prison]4 ,:ile !re1 ,lige 0 9 revolt1 z ,*>les asc]ta9$1 at ! k+'s in/igation4 ,! wra?ful duke c\ld be appeas$ only by agree+ to e ?+ t he requir$4 ,l\is _h to und]go ! humiliation ( att5d+ ,*>les & 8 army1 & ( basely tak+ "p 9 ! v5geance inflict$ on ! city :i* he _h himself /irr$ up to revolt4 ,he 0 glad to escape ) 8 life4 ,aft] 8 return1 he ord]$ ,balue to be put 9 an iron cage1 :]e he 0 kept = t5 ye>s1--a mode ( puni%m5t ( ,balue's own inv5tion4 ,l\is repudiat$ ! treaty ( ,p]onne1 "u ! advice ( a body ( ,notables1 all ( :om he _h nom9at$ & summon$4 ,a new league 0 organiz$ aga9/ him2 b ! k+ by 8 w>9ess1 & by 8 promptitude 9 attack+ ,brittany1 ga9$ advantages1 s t a truce 0 conclud$ ) ! ,burgundian duke 9 #adgb4 ,philip de ,comm9es1 at t "t a companion & c\nselor ( ,*>les1 left 8 s]vice = t ( ,l\is4 ,to 8 ,memoirs we owe mo/ in/ructive & int]e/+ details respect+ ^! pr9ces1 & ! mann]s & occurr5ces ( ! "t4 ,,*>les ,,! ,,bold1 ,,& ,,! ,,swiss4--,f ?is "t ,*>les turn$ 8 att5tion ea/w>d1 & devot$ himself to build+ up a great pr9cipality on ! ,rh9e1 :i* might op5 ! way = 8 succession to ! empire4 ,x seem$ to be 8 plan to br+ toge!r ! old k+dom ( ,lo?>+ia & t ( ! ,burgundies4 ,he f\nd no sympa?y 9 8 s*emes f ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 ,! great b>ri] 9 ,*>les's way 0 ! fre$om-lov+ _s ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,swiss m\nta9s4 ,avail+ himself ( a plausible pretext1 he endeavor$ to get possession ( ,cologne by fir/ lay+ siege to ,neuss1 :i* lies bel[ x4 ,wa/+ 8 /r5g? 9 ! unsuccessful attempt to capture ?is place1 he fail$ to make a junction ( 8 =ces ) ! ,engli% troops :o l&$ 9 ,france "u 8 ally1 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,! ,engli% k+ 0 p]suad$ to make a truce ) ,france by ! wily ,l\is1 :o 0 con/antly on ! wat* = any mi/akes or mi%aps ( 8 impetu\s ,burgundian adv]s>y4 ,! cruelty ( ,*>les to ! ,swiss inhabitants ( ,granson1 :o _h surr5d]$1 br\ght ^u him an attack ( _! exasp]at$ c\ntrym5 ne> t place 7#adgf74 ,! ,burgundians 7 r\t$2 & ! duke's camp1 ) all its treasures1 includ+ 8 sword1 ! plate ( 8 *apel1 & preci\s /ones ( ine/imable value1 fell into ! h&s ( ! h>dy m\nta9e]s1 :o knew no?+ ( ! wor? ( ^! ?+s4 ,! next ye> ! ,duke once m flung 8 reckless valor aga9/ ! /r5g? ( ! ,swiss infantry1 & b>ely escap$ f an utt] defeat at ,morat4 ,made desp]ate by mis=tune1 he risk$ ano!r battle ne> ,nanci1 9 #adgg1 at ! head ( an inf]ior =ce1 compos$ p>tly ( trea*]\s m]c5>ies1 & 0 vanqui%$ & sla94 ,he _h int5d$ to make ,nanci 8 capital2 b 8 body 0 f\nd ne> by 9 a swamp1 /ripp$ ( its clo?+1 froz51 & cov]$ ) w\nds4 ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,france4--,l\is ,,xi c\ld h>dly /ifle expressions ( joy at ! news ( ! dea? ( 8 hat$ & =midable rival4 ,:ile ,*>les _h be5 busy 9 ,g]many1 ,l\is _h tak5 ! opportunity to put d[n1 "o by "o1 ! great nobles :o _h %[n !mselves ill-affect$4 ,he secur$ to ,france ,r\ssillon & ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,x 0 n[ 8 purpose to lay hold ( z _m z possible ( ! possessions ( ! late duke4 ,m>y1 ! daught] ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 ! heiress ( ,burgundy1 gave h] h& 9 m>riage to ,maximilian ( ,au/ria1 an ev5t :i* c>ri$ aft] x ! mo/ important consequ5ces4 ,! result ( ! conflicts ( ,l\is & ,maximilian 0 ! ,peace ( ,arras 7#adhb71 :i* left 9 ! h&s ( ,france ! t[ns on ! ,somme1 & ! great ,burgundian du*y4 ,= a "t ,maximilian1 z hold] ( ! ,fr5* fiefs ( ,fl&]s & ,artois1 0 a vassal ( ! ,fr5* k+4 ,on ! dea? ( ,k+ ,r51 9 #adhj1 & ! ext9ction ( ! h\se ( ,anj\1 ,l\is annex$ ! ?ree great di/ricts ( ,anj\1 ,ma9e1 & ,prov5ce1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 a fief ( ! empire4 ,,la/ ,,days ,,( ,,l\is ,,xi4--,9 8 la/ days1 old ,k+ ,l\is1 9 wret*$ heal?1 tortur$ ) ! fe> ( dea?1 & 9 con/ant dread ( plots to de/roy him1 %ut himself up 9 ! ca/le ( ,plessis-les-,t\rs1 :i* he /rongly =tifi$1 & mann$ ) gu>ds :o 7 in/ruct$ to %oot all :o approa*$ )\t leave4 ,he kept up 8 activity 9 managem5t1 & 9 tru? devis$ s*emes = ! advantage ( 8 realm4 ,8 selfi% & malignant temp] br\ght to him "o unexpect$ joy f ! sudd5 dea? ( ,m>y ( ,burgundy 7#adhb71 f :i*1 h[ev]1 ,france did n reap ! advantages :i* he expect$4 ,he di$ 9 #adhc1 at ! age ( sixty-"o4 ,he1 m ?an any o!r1 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,fr5* mon>*y 9 ! lat] =m4 ,he c5traliz$ ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,he f\ght aga9/ feudalism1 old & new4 ,he /r5g!n$1 h[ev]1 local au?ority :]e x did n int]f]e ) ! p[] ( ! k+4 ,9 matt]s ( int]nal gov]nm5t he 0 (t5 j & wise4 ,,*>les ,,viii4 7#adhc-adif73 ,,anne ,,( ,,beaujeu4--,*>les ,,viii4 at ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 0 only f\rte5 ye>s old4 ,b 9 8 old] si/]1 ,anne ( ,beaujeu1 ! wife ( ,pet] ( ,b\rbon1 he _h an en]getic guide :o = t5 ye>s virtually manag$ public affairs4 ,%e prov$ too /rong = ! opposition ( ! royal pr9ces1 ( ! nobility1 & ( ! ,/ates ,g5]al4 ,! nobles turn$ = support to ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ( ,engl&4 ,anne /r5g!n$ ) m5 & money ,h5ry ( ,ri*mond1 ! rival & conqu]or ( ,ri*>d4 ,! ,duke ( ,brittany1 ) 8 allies1 ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 & o!rs1 0 defeat$ 9 a h>dly conte/$ battle 9 #adhh1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a treaty advantage\s to ,france4 ,! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ,anne ( ,beaujeu 0 ! m>riage ( ,anne ( ,brittany to ,*>les ,,viii4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ al?\gh %e _h already be5 m>ri$ by proxy to ,maximilian1 :ile ,*>les 0 pl$g$ to m>ry ,m>g>et1 ! emp]or's daught]4 ,if ,anne ( ,brittany %\ld outlive ,*>les1 %e engag$ to m>ry 8 successor4 ,?is second m>riage actually took place3 %e became ! wife ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ,brittany 0 ?us incorporat$ 9 ,france4 ,! ,italian exp$itions1 ! great ev5ts 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,viii41 w be relat$ h]eaft]4 ,,ii4 ,,engl&4 ,,w> ,,( ,,! ,,roses3 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,york4--,! cr[n 9 ,engl& _h come to be consid]$ z ! prop]ty ( a family1 to :i* ! legitimate heir _h a sacr$ claim4 ,! ,w>s ( ! ,roses 7#adee-adhe7 grew out ( family rivalries4 ,x 0 a fight among nobles4 ,b o!r reasons 7 n )\t influ5ce4 ,! p>ty ( ,york 7^: badge 0 ! :ite rose7 0 ! popul> p>ty1 :i* _h its /r5g? 9 ,k5t & 9 ! trad+ cities4 ,x w5t = re=m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! p>ty ( ,lanca/] 7^: badge 0 ! r$ rose7 0 ! m cons]vative p>ty1 hav+ its /r5g? among ! b>ons ( ! ,nor?4 ,ri*>d1 ,duke ( ,york1 ?\ght t he _h a bett] claim to ! ,engli% cr[n ?an ,h5ry ,,vi41 because 8 ance/or1 ,lionel1 0 an old] son ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ?an ,john ( ,gaunt1 ! ance/or ( ,h5ry4 ,! k+ 0 insane at times1 & ,ri*>d 0 made ,protector or ,reg5t ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b ,h5ry1 becom+ bett]1 drove him f 8 pres5ce4 ,he organiz$ an insurrection1 b 0 defeat$ 9 a battle at ,wakefield by ! troops ( ! /rong-he>t$ que54 ,he 0 cr[n$ ) a wrea? ( grass1 & !n behead$4 ,8 brave son1 ,rutl&1 0 kill$ z he fl$4 ,b ,ri*>d's elde/ son1 ,edw>d--,edw>d ,,iv4 7#adfa-adhc7--support$ by ! p[]ful ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 ! k+-mak]1 defeat$ ! que5 at ,t[ton1 took possession ( ! ?rone1 & imprison$ ,h5ry ,,vi41 :o _h fall5 into imbecility4 ,edw>d 0 popul> because he kept ord]4 ,b ! favors :i* he lavi%$ on ! ,woodvilles1 relatives ( 8 ,lanca/rian wife ,elizabe?1 enabl$ ! oppos+ p>ty1 to :i* ,w>wick des]t$1 to get ! upp] h& 7#adgj72 & ,edw>d fl$ to ,holl&4 ,b he soon return$1 & won ! battles ( ,b>net & ,tewkesbury 7#adga74 ,h5ry ,,vi4 0 secretly murd]$ 9 ! ,t[]4 ,! h\se ( ,york 0 n[ 9 ! asc5dant4 ,a qu>rel betwe5 ! k+ & 8 ambiti\s bro!r ,cl>5ce1 :o _h m>ri$ ,w>wick's daught]1 l$ to ! trial & condemnation ( ,cl>5ce1 :o 0 put to dea? 9 ! ,t[]4 ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 t ,caxton set up ! fir/ pr9t+-press 9 ,engl&4 ,aft] ,edw>d 8 bro!r reign$1 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 7#adhc-adhe71 a brave b m]ciless man1 :o made 8 way to ! ?rone by ! dea? ( ! two "y pr9ces ,edw>d & ,ri*>d1 ^: murd] 9 ! ,t[] he is ) good reason suppos$ to h procur$4 ,he _h pret5d$ t ,edw>d ,,iv4 _h nev] be5 lawfully m>ri$ to _! "m4 ,h5ry ,tudor1 ,e>l ( ,ri*mond1 desc5d$ by 8 "m f ,john ( ,gaunt1 aid$ by ,france1 l&$ 9 ,wales1 & won a victory at ,boswor? ov] ! adh]5ts ( ! :ite rose1--a victory :i* gave him a k+dom & a cr[n4 ,?us ! h\se ( ,lanca/] 9 ! p]son ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 7#adhe-aeji71 ga9$ ! ?rone4 ,he m>ri$ ,elizabe?1 ! elde/ daught] ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 & s ! two ho/ile h\ses 7 unit$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,,tudor k+s4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,w>s4--,! ,w>s ( ! ,roses are1 9 c]ta9 respects1 peculi>4 ,!y ext5d$ ov] a long p]iod1 b did n include m ?an ?ree ye>s ( actual fight+4 ,! battles 7 fi]ce1 & ! combatants unsp>+ 9 ! treatm5t ( _! foes4 ,yet ! population ( ! c\ntry did n dim9i%4 ,bus9ess & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice w5t on z usual4 ,trade began to be held 9 high e/eem1 & trad]s to amass weal?4 ,! numb] ( j\rneym5 & day-labor]s increas$1 & !re 0 a disposition to break ?r\gh ! guild laws4 ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,w>s4--,! mo/ /rik+ result ( ! civil w>s 0 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! p[] ( ! k+4 ,n m ?an ?irty ( ! old nobles surviv$4 ,laws 7 made =bidd+ ! nobles to keep arm$ reta9]s2 & aga9/ ma9t5ance1 or ! cu/om ( nobles to promise to support1 9 _! qu>rels or law-cases1 m5 :o adh]$ to !m4 ,! c\rt ( ! ,/> ,*amb] 0 set up to prev5t ^! abuses4 ,x 0 turn$ into an in/rum5t ( tyranny 9 ! h&s ( ! k+s4 ,h5ry ,,vii4 extort$ f ! ri*1 b5evol5ces1 or gifts solicit$ by ! k+1 :i* ! law au?oriz$ him to collect z a tax4 ,he contriv$ to get money 9 su* ways1 & ?us to c>ry =w>d ! gov]nm5t )\t ,p>liam5t1 :i* met only once dur+ ! la/ ?irte5 ye>s ( 8 reign4 ,royal p[]1 9 relation to ! nobles1 0 fur!r exalt$ by ! introduction ( cannon into w>f>e1 :i* only ! k+ possess$4 ,two pret5d]s to ! ?rone1 ,lamb]t ,simnel 7#adhg71 & ,p]k9 ,w>beck 7#adib71 7 rais$ up2 b ! ef=ts made to de?rone ,h5ry prov$ abortive4 ,he kept wat* ov] 8 enemies at home & abroad1 & puni%$ all resi/ance to 8 au?ority4 ,circum/ances enabl$ ! f\nd] ( ! ,tudor l9e to exalt ! p[] ( ! k+ ov] ! heads ( bo? ! nobles & ! commons4 ,,iii4 ,,spa94 ,,f]d9& ,,( ,,aragon 7#adgi-ael#f74--,! union ( ,aragon & ,ca/ile1 by ! m>riage ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella 7#adgd-aejd71 0 nom9al1 z ea* sov]eign reign$ indep5d5tly 9 8 own dom9ion4 ,b bo? sov]eigns 7 b5t on ! same end1--t ( subject+ ! p[]ful gr&ees & feudal lords to _! au?ority4 ,9 ?is policy !y f\nd effici5t help]s 9 ! %rewd & loyal c\nselor ,m5doza1 ,c>d9al & ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 & 9 ,xim5es1 :o comb9$ ! qualities ( a prelate ( /rict or?odoxy ) ^? ( a pr(\nd & en]getic /atesman4 ,to br+ bo? nobles & cl]gy into subs]vi5ce to ! cr[n1 0 _! great aim2 & = ?is end ! sagaci\s ,f]d9& procur$ f ! ,pope ! privilege ( fill+ ! bi%oprics & ! gr& ma/]%ips ( ! milit>y ord]s4 ,he depriv$ ! nobles ( _! judicial functions1 :i* he committ$ to imp>tial & sev]e tribunals ( 8 own creation4 ,he re-organiz$ & /r5g!n$ ! ,holy ,h]manadad1 or militia ( ! cities1 & ?us _h at 8 s]vice aga9/ ! gr&ees a /&+ milit>y =ce4 ,he us$ ! nobles & ! cities to keep "o ano!r 9 *eck4 ,ov] bo? /ood ! ,inquisition1--a tribunal e/abli%$ aga9/ ! ,moors & ! ,jews :o _h made an outw>d pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 b :i* "u ,torquemada1 :o _h be5 confessor ( ! que51 became a t]ror to all ,spa94 ,! k+ _h ! p[] to "n ! ,gr& ,inquisitor & all ! judges2 & he ?us acquir$ 9 ?is in/itution n only a fe>ful weapon aga9/ h]etics ( e description1 b also a political in/rum5t = ! subjugation ( ! nobles & ! cl]gy4 ,by ?is alliance ( ! ?rone & ! alt>1 ! despotic p[] ( ,f]d9& _h ! firme/ prop4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,granada4--,aft] a t5-ye>s' bloody w>1 ! ,moori% k+dom ( ,granada 0 conqu]$4 ,! capital1 ) ! fam\s ca/le ( ,alhambra1 0 captur$ 7#adib74 ,! de?ron$ ,moori% k+1 ,boabdil1 robb$ ( 8 possessions1 sail$ to ,africa1 :]e he fell 9 battle4 ,by ! t]ms ( _! surr5d]1 ! ,moors 7 to h ! free ex]cise ( _! religion4 ,b ! promise 0 n kept4 ,*oice 0 giv5 to ! ,moslems to become ,*ri/ians1 or to emigrate4 ,_m left to wage w> else:]e aga9/ _! ,spani% p]secutors1 ei!r z corsairs 9 ,africa1 or z b&s ( robb]s 9 ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! pr(ess$ conv]ts 7 goad$ by cruel treatm5t into repeat$ insurrections4 ,x 0 a fi]ce w> ( races & religions4 ,! frightful suff]+s ( ! ,moors1 "u ! pressure ( ?is d\ble fanaticism1 =m a long & gloomy *apt] ( ,spani% hi/ory4 ,! dismal tale cont9ues until ! cruel expulsion f ! k+dom ( ne>ly a million ( ?is unhappy p by ,philip ,,iii41 9 #afji4 ,,f]d9&1 ,,reg5t ,,( ,,ca/ile4--,mo/ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella di$ "y4 ,_! daught] ,joanna m>ri$ ,philip ( ,burgundy1 son ( ,maximilian & ,m>y2 b he di$ 9 #aejf1 at ! age ( tw5ty-eight4 ,!y _h be5 recogniz$ z ! rul]s ( ,ca/ile4 ,b ! m9d ( ,joanna1 :o _h always be5 ecc5tric1 became disord]$1 s t ! gov]nm5t devolv$ on ,f]d9&1 h] fa!r4 ,he plac$ h] 9 ! ca/le at ,tordesillas1 :]e ! rema9d] ( h] life1 :i* cont9u$ =ty-sev5 ye>s long]1 0 sp5t4 ,f]d9& 01 9 =m1 con/itut$ by ! ,cortes 7#aeaj71 reg5t ( ! k+dom 9 ! "n ( 8 daught]1 & z gu>dian ( h] son 7,*>les74 ,f]d9& adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t ) wisdom & mod]ation4 ,z !re 7 no *ildr5 by 8 second m>riage ) ,g]ma9e de ,foix1 niece ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france1 ! succession ( ,joanna's son rema9$ secure4 ,f]d9& avail$ himself ( ! di/urbances 9 ,france to annex to ,ca/ile ! portion ( ,nav>re ly+ on ! s\? ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,,iv4 ,,g]many ,,& ,,! ,,empire4 ,,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7#addj-adic74--,:ile ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,spa9 7 organiz+ mon>*y1 ,italy & ,g]many kept up ! an>*ical condition ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,h5ce ^! c\ntries1 fir/ ,italy & !n ,g]many1 became entic+ fields ( conque/ = o!r nations4 ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 0 ! la/ emp]or cr[n$ at ,rome 7#adeb71 & only "o o!r emp]or aft] him 0 cr[n$ by ! ,pope4 ,fr$]ick reign$ long] ?an any o!r ,g]man k+ be=e or aft] him4 ,he lack$ en]gy1 neglect$ ! empire1 & busi$ himself 9 enl>g+ 8 ,au/rian doma9s1 :i* he erect$ into an ar*du*y 7#adec74 ,:5 he s\ght to int]f]e ) ! ,g]man pr9ces1 !y set him at defiance4 ,he did little m ?an rema9 an indol5t spectator ( ! conflict 9 :i* ! ,swiss ov]?rew ,*>les ! ,bold4 ,! great dang] to ,europe 0 n[ f ! ,turks4 ,*ri/5dom 0 def5d$ by ! ,poles & ! ,hung>ians4 ,fr$]ick left ! ,hung>ians1 "u ! gallant ,john ,hunyady1 )\t 8 help1 to drive !m1 9 #adef1 f ,belgrade4 ,he tri$ to obta9 ! ,bohemian & ,hung>ian cr[ns2 b ,podiebrad1 a ,utraqui/ nobleman1 0 made k+ ( ,bohemia1 & ,mat?ias ,corv9us succe$$ ,hunyady1 8 fa!r1 on ! ?rone ( ,hung>y4 ,by ! dea? ( ,alb]t1 ! bro!r ( ,fr$]ick1 to :om ! emp]or _h be5 compell$ to give up ,vi5na1 he became ma/] ( all ! ,au/rian l&s except ,tyrol4 ,he 0 b5t on gett+ ! ,hung>ian cr[n2 b ,vi5na 0 tak5 by ,mat?ias1 9 #adhe1 & ! emp]or _h to fly = 8 life4 ,a great conf$]ation1 compos$ ( pr9ces1 nobles1 & cities1 0 made 9 ,swabia1 = repress+ private w>1 & did mu* good 9 ,s\? ,g]many4 ,! we/]n "p ( ,prussia 0 tak5 f ! ,teutonic ,knights by ! ,peace ( ,?orn1 9 #adff1 & annex$ to ,pol& by ,casimir ,,iv4 ,maximilian ,i4 7#adic-ael#i74--,maximilian ,i4 0 a re/less pr9ce1 eag] = adv5ture4 ,al?\gh n cr[n$1 he 0 au?oriz$ by ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 to /yle himself ,emp]or ,elect4 ,9 8 reign1 ef=ts1 only 9 "p successful1 7 made to secure peace & ord] 9 ,g]many4 ,at ! ,diet ( ,worms 9 #adie1 a p]petual public peace1 or prohibition ( private feuds1 0 proclaim$2 & a c\rt call$ ! ,imp]ial ,*amb]1 ! judges ( :i*1 except ! presid5t1 7 appo9t$ by ! /ates1 0 con/itut$ to adju/ controv]sies among !m4 ,! b5efits ( ?is arrangem5t 7 p>tly defeat$ by ! ,aulic ,c\ncil1 an ,au/rian tribunal e/abli%$ by ,maximilian = 8 own doma9s1 b :i* int]f]$ 9 matt]s prop]ly belong+ to ! ,*amb]4 ,g]many 0 also divid$ into circles1 or di/ricts1 = gov]nm5tal purposes4 ,9 #adii ,maximilian endeavor$1 )\t success1 to co]ce ! ,swiss ,league into submission to ! ,imp]ial ,*amb]1 & to puni% x = help+ ! ,fr5* 9 _! ,italian invasion4 ,al?\gh he 0 brave1 cultur$1 & eloqu5t1 he lack$ p]sev]ance1 & n a few ( 8 num]\s projects fail$4 ,! mo/ =tunate ev5t 9 8 life1 z reg>ds ! aggr&izem5t ( 8 h\se1 0 8 m>riage to ,m>y ( ,burgundy 7#adgg74 ,8 gr&son ,f]d9& m>ri$ ! si/] ( ,l\is ,,ii41 ! la/ k+ ( ,bohemia ( ! ,poli% l9e1 :o 0 also k+ ( ,hung>y2 & by ! election ( ,f]d9& to be 8 successor 7#aebf71 bo? ^! c\ntries 7 add$ to ! va/ possessions ( ! ,au/rian family4 ,to ,maximilian's do+s 9 ,italy1 we %all soon ref]4 ,,g]man ,,cities4--,f ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury !re 0 a rapid gr[? ( ,g]man cities1 & an advance ( ! trad+-classes4 ,! cities ga9$ a l>ge measure ( self-gov]nm5t1 & 7 prosp]\s little republics4 ,!y 7 c5t]s ( comm]ce & weal?1 & (t5 ex]cis$ p[] mu* beyond _! own prec9cts1 :i* 7 well def5d$ by dit*es1 walls1 & t[]s4 ,! old ,go?ic t[n-halls 9 ,aix1 ,nuremburg1 ,cologne1 etc41 are monum5ts ( municipal ?rift & dignity4 ,_! *ur*es & conv5ts grew ri*1 & s*ools ) num]\s pupils 7 connect$ ) !m4 ,dwell+s became m com=table & attractive4 ,all bran*es ( art & manufacture fl\ri%$4 ,! city nobles & ! guilds _h _! banquets4 ,9 ! *ur* fe/ivals all ! p took "p4 ,! ,g]man cities1 su* z ,may5ce1 ,worms1 ,/rasburg1 ,lbeck1 ,augsburg1 excit$ ! admiration ev5 ( ,italian visitors4 ,,! ,,m$ici4 ,giovanni d' ,m$ici1 d4 #adbi4 --,,cosmo 7,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry71 d4 #adfd4 --,,pi]o1 d4 #adfi4 --,,lor5zo 7! ,magnific5t71 d4 #adib4 --,maddel5a4 --,,pi]o d4 #aejc --,,lor5zo ,,ii1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 d4 #aeaj4 --,ca?>9e1 m4 ,h5ry ,,ii ( ,france4 --,,aless&ro1 ,fir/ ,duke ( ,flor5ce1 #aeca-aecg4 --,,giovanni 7,pope ,leo ,x71 d4 #aeba4 --,,giuliano1 ,duke ( ,nem\rs1 d4 #aeaf4 --,ippolito 7,c>d9al71 d4 #aece4 --,,giuliano1 kill$ by ,pozzi #adgh4 --,giulio 7,pope ,clem5t ,,vii71 d4 #aecd4 --,,lor5zo1 d4 #addj4 --,pi]o ,francesco1 d4 #adgd4 --,giuliano1 d4 #adih4 --,giovanni 7! ,inv9cible71 d4 #aebf4 --,,cosimo ,i1 ,fir/ ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 #aecg-aegd4 --,,francesco1 #aegd-aehg1 m4 ,joanna1 daught] ( ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,i4 --,m>y m4 ,h5ry ,,iv ( ,france4 --,,f]d9& ,i1 #aehg-afjj1 m4 ,*ri/9a1 daught] ( ,*>les ,,ii ( ,lorra9e4 --,,cosimo ,,ii1 #afji-afba1 m4 ,m>y ,magdal51 si/] ( ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,,ii4 --,,f]d9& ,,ii1 #afba-afgj4 --,,cosimo ,,iii1 #afgj-agbc4 --,,john ,,ga/on1 #agbc-agcg4 ,v4 ,,italy4 ,,condition ,,( ,,italy4--,italy1 at ! epo* ( ! ,fr5* invasions1 0 ! mo/ prosp]\s z well z ! mo/ enlight5$ & civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,its opul5t & spl5did cities 7 ! admiration ( all visitors f ! less favor$ c\ntries ( ! ,nor?4 ,b national unity 0 want+4 ,! c\ntry 0 made up ( discordant /ates4 ,v5ice 0 ambiti\s ( conque/2 & ! pontiffs 9 ?is p]iod1 to ! grief ( all true fri5ds ( religion1 7 absorb$ 9 ,italian politics1 be+ eag] to c>ve out pr9cipalities = _! relatives4 ,italy 0 expos$ to two p]ils4 ,on ! "o h&1 x 0 m5ac$ by ! ,ottoman ,turks2 n to speak ( ! k+s ( ,france & ,spa91 :o 7 rival aspirants = control 9 ! ,italian p59sula4 ,on ! o!r h&1 voyages ( discov]y 7 ?reat5+ to op5 new highways ( comm]ce to sup]s$e ! old r\tes ( traffic ?r\gh its m>itime cities4 ,,milan4--,! fall ( ,con/ant9ople produc$ a mom5t>y union 9 ,italy4 ,at ,lodi1 9 #aded1 ! pr9cipal /ates took an oa? ( p]petual concord1--,francesco ,s=za1 ,duke ( ,milan2 ,cosmo de ,m$ici1 to :om ,flor5ce _h giv5 ! "n ( ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry2 ,alfonso ,v4 ! ,magnanim\s1 k+ ( ,naples & ,sicily2 ! ,popes ,calixtus ,,iii4 & ,pius ,,ii4 7#adeh-adfd74 ,b conflicts soon arose among !m4 ,an abortive attempt 0 made by ,john ( ,calabria to deprive ,f]d9& ( ,naples ( 8 inh]itance 7#adfb74 ,9 #adgh !re 0 a coalition aga9/ ,flor5ce2 9 #adhb1 a coalition aga9/ ,v5ice4 ,! ,turks made ! be/ use ( ^! qu>rels1 & captur$ ,otranto 7#adhj71 kill+ or enslav+ twelve ?\s& ,*ri/ians4 ,! idea ( ! anci5ts t tyrannicide is a virtue1 :e!r ! ma/] be good or bad1 0 caught up1 & gave rise to conspiracies4 ,at ,milan1 9 #adgf1 ! cruel ,duke ,galeazzo ,m>ia 0 assass9at$ by ?ree "y m51 ne> ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,/eph54 ,giovanni ,galeazzo1 8 son1 a m9or1 m>ri$ a daught] ( ! k+ ( ,naples4 ,b 8 uncle1 ,ludovico il ,moro1 _h seiz$ on p[]1 & rul$ 9 ! "n ( ,giovanni 7#adhj74 ,he imprison$ ,giovanni & 8 "y wife2 & be+ ?reat5$ by ! k+ ( ,naples1 :o _h = an ally ,pet] de ,m$ici1 he =m$ an alliance ) ! ,pope & ! ,v5etians2 &1 n confid+ 9 !m1 he invit$ ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france to invade ! k+dom ( ,naples4 ,g5oa fell "u ! yoke ( ,ludovico1 :o 0 inve/$ ) x by ,*>les ,,viii4 z a fief ( ,france4 ,,v5ice4--,v5ice1 :i* up to ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople _h be5 ! /ronge/ ( ! ,italian /ates1 =got its duties & its dang]s 9 relation to ! ,turks1 9 ord] to aggr&ize itself 9 ,italy4 ,x c\ld n avoid w> ) !m1 :i* broke out 9 #adfd4 ,! ,turks took ,negropont & ,scut>i1 pass$ ! ,piave1 & ! fires k9dl$ by _! troops c\ld be se5 f ,v5ice4 ,! city made a %ameful treaty ) !m1 pay+ !m a l>ge sum 7#adgi74 ,b f\r ye>s aft]1 x conqu]$ ,cyprus1 :i* x did n scruple to dem& ! privilege ( hold+ z a fief ( ! ,sultan ( ,egypt4 ,! great p[] ( ,v5ice at ?is "t 0 a cause ( al>m to all ! o!r /ates2 b _! fir/ comb9ation aga9/ x 9 #adhb1 9 def5se ( ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 0 ( no effect4 ,9 #aded ! gov]nm5t ( ,v5ice 0 plac$ practically 9 ! h&s ( ?ree inquisitors1 :o ex]cis$ despotic p[] "u ! old =ms1 &1 by su* means z secret trials & executions1 ma9ta9$ int]nal ord] & quiet at ! co/ ( lib]ty4 ,its soldi]s 7 condotti]i1 "u =eign lead]s1 :om x wat*$ ) ! utmo/ jeal\sy4 ,,flor5ce4--,cosmo de ,m$ici _h cont9u$ to be a man ( ! p4 ,b ! memb]s ( 8 family :o foll[$ him1 :ile !y copi$ 8 munific5ce & public _s1 behav$ m z pr9ces4 ,aga9/ ,pet] ,i4 plots 7 =m$ by ! nobles1 b 7 baffl$ 7#adfe74 ,j]ome ,ri>io1 a nephew ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv41 /rove ) papal help to conqu] = himself a pr9cipality 9 ! ,romagna4 ,! ,flor5t9es prote/$ aga9/ x z a brea* ( ! treaty ( ,lodi4 ,h5ce ,ri>io took "p 9 ! conspiracy ( ! ,pazzi aga9/ ! lives ( ,lor5zo & ,julian1 sons ( ,cosmo4 ,!y 7 attack$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce by ! assass9s1 dur+ ! celebration ( mass2 ,julian 0 kill$1 b ,lor5zo escap$4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,pisa1 "o ( ! accomplices1 0 hung f 8 palace w9d[ 9 8 pontifical robes4 ,! ,pope excommunicat$ ! ,m$ici1 & all ! ,italian /ates plung$ into w>4 ,! capture ( ,otranto at ?is "t by ! ,turks fright5$ ! pr9ces4 ,lor5zo de ,m$ici repair$ 9 p]son to ,naples to negotiate ) ,f]d9&1 ! ,pope's ally1 & peace 0 conclud$4 ,lor5zo e>n$ ! "n ( ,! ,magnific5t by 8 lavi% patronage ( lit]ature & art4 ,,savon>ola4--,aga9/ ! rule ( ,lor5zo1 "o voice 0 rais$1 t ( ! ,dom9ican monk ,j]ome ,savon>ola1 a prea*] ( f]vid eloqu5ce1 :o aim$ 9 8 h>angues1 n only to move individuals to rep5tance1 b to br+ ab\t a ?or\gh am5dm5t ( public morals1 & a political re=m 9 ! direction ( lib]ty4 ,9 8 disc\rses1 h[ev]1 he la%$ ! ecclesia/ical corruptions ( ! "t1 n sp>+ ^? highe/ 9 p[]4 ,!re 7 two p>ties1 t ( ! "y nobles1--! arribiati1 or enrag$2 & t ( ! p1--! frates*i1 or fri5ds ( ! monks4 ,savon>ola proclaim$ t a great puni%m5t 0 imp5d+ ov] ,italy4 ,he pr$ict$ ! invasion f nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,,flor5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,lor5zo4--,flor5ce 9 ! "t ( ,lor5zo pres5t$ /rik+ po9ts ( resemblance to ,a!ns 9 its mo/ fl\ri%+ days4 ,9 "s respects1 ! two communities 7 q unlike4 ,flor5ce 0 n a conqu]+ p[]1 & _h no ext5sive dom9ion4 ,civil & milit>y life 7 di/9ct f "o ano!r3 ! ,italian _h come to rely m ^u diplomacy ?an ^u arms1 & 8 weal? & m]cantile connections made him anxi\s to avoid w>4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 moreov]1 trade & ! me*anic arts 7 9 high repute2 indu/ry 0 widely diffus$1 & 0 held 9 honor4 ,b 9 equality & pride ( citiz5%ip1 9 v]satility ( tal5t & intellectual activity1 9 arti/ic g5ius & 9 appreciation ( ! products ( art1 9 ref9em5t ( mann]s1 *e]fulness ( temp]1 & a joy\s social life1 ! ,flor5t9es 9 ! fifte5? c5tury comp>e well ) ! ,a!nians 9 ! age ( ,p]icles4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 ! burgess or citiz5 _h atta9$ to ! /&+ to :i* 9 o!r c\ntries he only aspir$4 ,nobility ( blood 0 c\nt$ z ( "s wor?2 b :]e !re 0 n weal? or intellect ) x1 x 0 held 9 comp>atively l[ e/eem4 ,prosp]\s m]*ants1 m5 ( g5ius & education1 & skillful artisans 7 on a level ) ! be/4 ,m5 ( noble extraction engag$ 9 bus9ess4 ,! commonweal? conf]r$ knigh?ood on ! des]v+1 accord+ to ! practice ( sov]eign pr9ces4 ,p]sons ( ! highe/ social /&+ did n disda9 to labor 9 _! %ops & c\nt+-h\ses4 ,frugal 9 _! dome/ic life1 ! ,flor5t9es /rove to ma9ta9 habits ( frugality by /rict sumptu>y laws4 ,limits 7 set to indulg5ce 9 f9]y1 food1 etc4 ,! population ( ,flor5ce some:at exce$$ "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! city1 !re 0 a multitude ( attractive1 ri*ly furni%$ villas & c\ntry-h\ses4 ,among ! indu/ries 9 :i* ! busy population 0 engag$ 9 #adgb1 a *ronicl] enum]ates eighty-?ree ri* & spl5did w>eh\ses ( ! silk-m]*ants' guild1 ?irty-?ree great banks1 & =ty-f\r goldsmi?s' & jewell]s' %ops4 ,! h\ses ( ! ri* 7 furni%$ ) elegance1 & decorat$ ) beautiful works ( art4 ,!re 0 a great contra/ betwe5 ! simplicity ( ord9>y dome/ic life1 especially z reg>ds provisions = ! table1 & ! spl5dor display$ on public occasions1 or :5 gue/s 7 to be hospitably ent]ta9$4 ,! effect ( lit]>y culture 0 se5 9 ! tone ( conv]sation4 ,x is rem>kable t ! great sculptors 7 all goldsmi?s1 & came out ( ! work%op4 ,a new g5]ation ( pa9t]s _h a l practical tra9+4 ,9 ^? days1 !re 0 a union ( manual skill ) imag9ation4 ,! art ( ! goldsmi? prec$$ & out/ripp$ all ! o!rs4 ,9 su* a society1 !re 0 naturally a great reli% = public fe/ivals1 bo? sacr$ & secul>4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ,italy ! ,my/]ies1 or religi\s plays1 exhibit+ ev5ts ( scriptural hi/ory1 7 9 vogue2 brilliant pantomimes 7 enjoy$1 & ! fe/ivities ( ! ye>ly c>nival 7 ke5ly reli%$4 ,9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce1 ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5s 0 ma9ly conf9$ to ! *oos+ ( _! magi/rates4 ,once 9 (fice1 !y rul$ ) arbitr>y p[]4 ,!re 0 no lib]ty ( ! press1 nor 0 !re fre$om ( discussion 9 ! public c\ncils4 ,x 0 a community :]e1 ) all its cultivation & elegance1 morality 0 at a l[ ebb4 ,lor5zo himself1 al?\gh he _h all ! qualities ( poet & /atesman1 connoisseur & patron ( le>n+1 citiz5 & pr9ce1 nev]!less c\ld n keep himself f ! epicureanism ( ! "t1 & 0 infect$ ) its weaknesses & vices4 ,^! joy\s & ref9$ civilizations1 writes ,m4 ,ta9e1 bas$ on a wor%ip ( pleasure & intellectuality1--,greece ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ,prov5ce ( ! twelf?1 & ,italy ( ! sixte5?1--7 n endur+4 ,man 9 ^! lacks "s *ecks4 ,aft] sudd5 outbur/s ( g5ius & creativ5ess1 he w&]s away 9 ! direction ( lic5se & egotism2 ! deg5]ate arti/ & ?9k] makes room = ! sophi/ & ! dilettant4 ,,! ,,popes4--,! ,popes1 ,ni*olas ,v4 7#addg-adee71 a protector ( s*ol>s & a cultivat$ man1 & ,pius ,,ii4 7#adeh-adfd71 ,,! ,,ottoman ,,sultans4 ,,o?man1 #acjg-acbe4 --,,or*an1 #acbe-acei4 --,,amura? ,i1 #acei-achi4 --,,bajezet ,i1 #achi-adjb4 --,soliman1 #adjb-adaj4 --,musa1 #adaj-adac4 --,issa4 --,,mohamm$ ,i1 #adac-adba4 --,,amura? ,,ii1 #adba-adea4 --,,mohamm$ ,,ii1 #adea-adha4 --,,bajezet ,,ii1 #adha-aeab4 --,,selim ,i1 #aeab-aebj4 --,,soliman ,i1 #aebj-aeff4 --,,selim ,,ii1 #aeff-aegd4 --,,amura? ,,iii1 #aegd-aeie4 --,,mohamm$ ,,iii1 #aeie-afjc4 --,,a*met ,i1 #afjc-afag4 --,,o?man ,,ii1 #afah-afbb4 --,,amura? ,,iv1 #afbc-afdj4 --,,ibrahim1 #afdj-afdi1 depos$4 --,,mohamm$ ,,iv1 #afdi-afhg1 depos$4 --,,mu/apha ,,ii1 #afie-agjc1 depos$4 --,,mahm\d ,i1 #agcj-aged4 --,,o?man ,,iii1 #aged-ageg4 --,,a*met ,,iii1 #agjc-agcj1 depos$4 --,,mu/apha ,,iii1 #ageg-aggd4 --,,selim ,,iii1 #aghi-ahjg1 depos$4 --,,abul ,,hamid ,i1 #aggd-aghi4 --,,mu/apha ,,iv1 #ahjg-ahjh1 depos$4 --,,mahm\d ,,ii1 #ahjh-ahci4 --,,abdul ,,m$jid1 #ahci-ahfa4 --,,murad ,v 7,june #d1 #ahgf- ,aug4 #ca1 #ahgf74 --,,abdul ,,hamid ,,ii 7,aug4 #ca1 #ahgf--74 --,,abdul ,,aziz1 #ahfa-ahgf4 --,,soliman ,,ii1 #afhg-afia4 --,,a*met ,,ii1 #afia-afie4 --,,mu/apha ,i1 #afag-afah1 #afbb-afbc4 --,djem4 --,ala$d94 ,ma9ly f ,george's ,g5ealogical ,tables4 zeal\sly b 9 va9 exhort$ to crusades aga9/ ! ,turk4 ,paul ,,ii4 7#adfd-adga7 pursu$ ! same c\rse2 b aft] him1 = a half-c5tury1 !re ensu$ ! deplorable era :5 ! pontiffs 7 m busi$ ) o!r int]e/s ?an ) ^? p]ta9+ to ! weal ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! pontificates ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 7#adga-adhd71 ,innoc5t ,,viii4 7#adhd-adib71 & especially ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 7#adib-aejc71 ! second pope ( ! ,borgia family1 pres5t a lam5table picture ( worldly s*emes & ( nepotism1 z ! projects = ! temporal advancem5t ( _! relatives 7 t]m$4 ,! ,roman pr9cipality 0 ! prey ( petty tyrants1 & ! !at] ( w>s1 & ( assass9ations p]petrat$ by ! knife or ) poison4 ,alex&] ,,vi4 succe$$ 9 subdu+ or de/roy+ all ^! petty lords4 ,he 0 second$ 9 ^! endeavors by 8 son ,cs> ,borgia1 brave1 accompli%$1 & fasc9at+1 b a mon/] ( trea*]y & cruelty4 ,no de$ 0 savage or base en\gh to co/ him any remorse4 ,h>dly _h he acquir$ ! ,romagna1 :5 ,pope ,alex&] di$4 ,al?\gh 8 dea? 0 due to ,roman fev]1 leg5d spe$ily ascrib$ x to poison4 ,8 son 0 betray$1 0 imprison$ = a "t by ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 &1 :ile he 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 0 sla9 be=e ! ca/le ( ,viana4 ,,naples4--,9 ,naples1 ,f]d9& ,i41 :o 0 e/abli%$ on 8 ?rone by ! defeat ( 8 competitors 9 #adfb1 provok$ a revolt ( 8 b>ons by 8 tyranny1 invit$ !m to a fe/ival to celebrate a reconciliation ) !m1 & caus$ !m to be seiz$ at ! table1 & !n to be put to dea?4 ,he treat$ ! p ) equal inju/ice & cruelty4 ,he all[$ ! ,turks to take ,otranto 7#adhj71 & ! ,v5etians to take ,gallipoli & ,polica/ro 7#adhd74 ,,weakness ,,( ,,italy4--,italy1 at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ) all its pr(ici5cy 9 art & lett]s1 & its sup]iority 9 ! com=ts & elegances ( life1 0 a prey to an>*y4 ,?is 0 especially true aft] ! dea? ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici4 ,diplomacy _h become a s*ool ( fraud4 ,battles _h come to be1 9 g5]al1 bloodless2 b ei!r p]fidy1 or prison & ! dagg]1 7 ! famili> in/rum5ts ( w>f>e4 ,! c\ntry f its beauty1 its weal?1 & its facti\s /ate1 0 an allur+ prize to =eign invad]s4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,ottoman ,,turks4 ,,_! ,,conque/s4--,! empire ( ,mohamm$ ,,ii4 7#adea-adha7 ext5d$ f ! walls ( ,belgrade1 on ! ,danube1 to ! middle ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,to ! ea/ 0 ! ,seljukian pr9cipality ( ,c>amania 9 ! c5t] ( ,asia ,m9or1 &1 :5 t 0 f9ally ov]?r[n 7#adhf71 ,p]sia1 ^: ho/ility 0 inflam$ by diff]5ces ( sect4 ,! conque/ ( ! ,greek ,empire 0 a*iev$ by ,mohamm$4 ,mat?ias ,corv9us 7#adeh-adic71 ! successor ( ,hunyady1 0 ! greate/ ( ! k+s ( ,hung>y1 & def5d$ ! l9e ( ! ,danube aga9/ ! ,turki% assaults4 ,= tw5ty-?ree ye>s ,sc&]beg1 ! intrepid ,pr9ce ( ,albania1 repuls$ all ! attacks ( ! ,moslems4 ,x 0 n until t5 ye>s aft] 8 dea? 7#adfg7 t 8 pr9cipal /ronghold 0 surr5d]$ to ! invad]s4 ,! attacks on ! ,v5etians h already be5 m5tion$1 z well z ! capture ( ,otranto4 ,bajazet ,,ii4 0 m incl9$ to /udy ?an to w>3 8 bro!r ,djem1 :o tri$ to supplant him1 pass$ z a prison] into ! h&s ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,an annual tribute 0 paid by ! ,sultan = keep+ him f com+ back to ,turkey2 & :51 at la/1 he 0 releas$1 rumor decl>$ t he _h be5 poison$4 ,selim ,i4 7#aeab-aebj7 ent]$ anew on ! pa? ( conque/4 ,he defeat$ ! ,p]sians1 & made ! ,tigris 8 ea/]n b\nd>y4 ,he annex$ to 8 empire ,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 & ,egypt4 ,! ,sultan n[ became ! comm&] ( ! fai?ful1 ! inh]itor ( ! prophetic z well z milit>y lead]%ip4 ,! conque/ ( ,alex&ria by ,selim 7#aeag7 inflict$ a mortal bl[ on ! comm]ce ( ,v5ice1 by int]cept+ its communication ) ! ,ori5t4 ,! despotic dom9ation ( ,selim /ret*$ f ! ,danube to ! ,euphrates1 & f ! ,adriatic to ! cat>acts ( ! ,nile4 ,su* 0 ! empire :i* ! ,ottoman conqu]or h&$ d[n to 8 son1 ,soliman ,i4 ! ,magnific5t 7#aebj-aeff74 ,mohamm$ ,,ii4 & ,selim 7 ! two conqu]ors by :om ! ,ottoman ,empire 0 built up4 ,ea* ( !m comb9$ ) an iron w & revolt+ cruelty a ta/e = sci5ce & poetry1 & ! g5ius ( a rul]4 ,!y take rank among ! mo/ em95t tyrants 9 ,asiatic hi/ory4 ,:ile !y 7 spread+ _! dom9ion f> & wide1 ! popes & ! sov]eigns ( ! ,we/ did no?+ m effectual ?an to debate ^u ! means ( confront+ s great a dang]4 ,,russia4 ,,ivan ,,iii1 ,vassilievit*1 #adfb-aeje1 m4 ,sophia1 daught] ( ,?omas ,palaeologus1 bro!r ( ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,,xiii4 --,,basil ,,iv1 #aeje-aecc4 --,,ivan ,,iv1#a #aecc-aehd1 m4 --,ana/asia ,,h\se ,,( ,,roman(f --,nicetas4 --,m>y #d 7,m>ta ! ,nun71 m4 ,!odore 7,phil>et ! ,metropolitan74 --,,mi*ael1 #afac-afde4 --,,alexis1 #afde-afgf4 --,,!odore1 #afgf-afhb4 --,,ivan ,v1 #afhb-afhi1 resign$2 d4 #afif4 --,,anna1 #agcj-agdj4 --,ca?>9e m4 ,*>les ,leopold1 ,duke ( ,meckl5burg-,s*w]9 --,anna1 m4 ,antony ,ulric1 son ( ,f]d9& ,alb]t ,,ii1 ( ,brunswick-,wolf5buttel4 --,,ivan ,,vi1 #agdj-agda1 depos$4 --,,pet] ,i 7! ,great7 #afhi-agbe1 m4 7#a71 ,eudocia2 --,alexis1 execut$ #agah4 m4 ,*>lotte1 d4 ( ,lewis ,rudolph1 ,duke ( ,brunswick-,wolf5buttel --,,pet] ,,ii1 #agbg-agcj4 7#b71 ,,ca?>9e ,i1 #agbe-agbg4 --,anna1 d4 #agch1 m4 ,*>les ,fr$]ick ( ,hol/e9-,gottorp4 --,,pet] ,,iii1 ,janu>y-,july1 #agfb 7depos$1 & di$ soon aft]7 m4 ,,ca!r9e ,,ii ( ,anhalt1 #agfb-agif4 --,,paul1 #agif-ahja4 --,,alex&] ,i1 #ahja-ahbe4 --,,ni*olas1 #ahbe-ahee1 m4 ,*>lotte1 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii ( ,prussia4 --,,alex&] ,,ii1 #ahee-ahha1 m4 ,m>y ( ,hesse ,d>m/adt4 --,,alex&] ,,iii1 #ahha- m4 ,m>y 7,dagm>71 daught] ( ,*ri/ian ,,ix ( ,d5m>k --,,elizabe?1 #agda-agfb4 --,,!odore1 #aehd-aeih4 m4 --,ir5e1#b --,,boris1 ,god\n(1 #c #aeih-afje4 #a ,fir/ ,cz>4 #b ,decl9$ ! cr[n on ,!odore's dea?1 :i* 0 seiz$ by h] bro!r4 #c ,succe$$ by an impo/] pret5d+ to be ,demetrius1 son ( ,ivan ,,iv1 :o reign$ = "o ye>2 !n ,basil ,v1 #afjf-afaj2 !n *aos until #afac4 #d ,said to be a desc5d5t ( ! old royal h\se4 ,ma9ly f ,george's ,g5ealogical ,tables4 ,,vii4 ,,russia4 ,,russia3 ,,ivan ,,iii4--,= two c5turies ,russia paid tribute to ! ,t>t> conqu]ors 9 ! ,s\?1 ! ,gold5 ,horde 7p4 #bhc74 ,! lib]ator ( 8 p f ?is yoke 0 ,ivan ,,iii41--,ivan ! ,great1--7#adfb-aeje74 ,9 ! p]iod :5 ! nations ( ! ,we/ 7 becom+ organiz$1 ,russia escap$ f its s]vitude1 & made "s beg9n+s ( intellectual progress4 ,ivan 0 a cold & calculat+ man1 :o pref]r$ to negotiate r ?an to fight2 b he inflict$ savage puni%m5ts1 & ev5 8 glance caus$ wom5 to fa9t4 ,he 0 able to subdue ! ri* trad+-city ( ,novgorod 7#adgh71 :i* _h be5 connect$ ) ! ,hanseatic ,league1 & :]e a p>ty endeavor$ to br+ to pass a union ) ,pol&4 ,he conqu]$ unkn[n froz5 di/ricts 9 ! ,nor?1 & small] pr9c$oms1 includ+ ,tv]1 9 ! int]ior4 ,! empire ( ! ,horde 0 s brok5 up t ,ivan a*iev$ an almo/ bloodless triumph1 :i* made ,russia free4 ,9 w>s ) ,li?uania1 ,we/]n ,russia 0 reconqu]$ up to ! ,soja4 ,ivan m>ri$ ,sophia ,palologus1 a niece ( ! la/ ,*ri/ian emp]or ( ! ,ea/4 ,%e taught him to p5etrate ! secret ( autocracy4 ,num]\s ,greek emigrants ( diff]5t arts & pr(essions came to ,mosc[4 ,ivan took = ! new arms ( ,russia ! two-head$ eagle ( ! ,byzant9e ,cs>s1 & !nce=w>d ,russia look$ on h]self z ! heir ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,! ,russian metropolitan1 call$ aft]w>ds ,patri>*1 0 n[ elect$ by ,russian bi%ops4 ,mosc[ became ! metropolis ( or?odoxy1 & z su* ! protector ( ,greek ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,ea/4 ,ivan laid out 9 ! city ! =tifi$ inclosure /yl$ ! ,kreml94 ,he br\ght into ! c\ntry ,g]man & ,italian me*anics4 ,x 0 he :o f\nd$ ! greatness ( ,russia4 ,vassali ,ivanovit* 7#aeje-aecc71 8 son1 cont9u$ ! /ruggle ) ,li?uania1 & acquir$ ,smol5sk 7#aead74 ,he ex*ang$ embassies ) mo/ ( ! sov]eigns ( ! ,we/4 ,,ivan ,,iv4 7#aecc-aehd74--;,ivan ,,iv41 ,ivan ! ,t]rible1 fir/ took ! title ( ,cz>1 s9ce atta*$ to ! ,autocrat ( all ! ,russias4 ,x 0 ! "n t 0 giv51 9 ! ,slavonian books :i* he read1 to ! anci5t k+s & emp]ors ( ! ,ea/ & ( ,rome4 ,mosc[ 0 n[ to be a ?ird ,rome1 ! successor ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,ivan conqu]$ ! ,t>t> pr9cipalities ( ,kazan & ,a/rakhan 9 ! ,s\?1 & ext5d$ 8 dom9ion to ! ,caucasus4 ,! ,volga1 ?r\gh its entire c\rse1 0 n[ a ,russian riv]4 ,he br\ght ,g]man me*anics into ,russia1 e/abli%$ pr9t+-presses1 & made a comm]cial treaty ) ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :om he invit$ to an alliance aga9/ ,pol& & ,sw$54 ,x 0 9 ?is reign 7#aeha-aehb7 t a brig& *ief1 ,irmak by "n 7a ,cossack1 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,cz>71 cross$ ! ,urals ) a few hundr$ foll[]s1 & made ! conque/ ( ! va/ region ( ,sib]ia1 !n "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,t>t>s4 ,ivan s5t ?i!r bi%ops & prie/s4 ,he _h to c$e ,livonia to ! ,sw$es1 :o1 ) _! allies 7 too /rong to be ov]come4 ,9 ,russia1 he put d[n ! ari/ocracy1 & cru%$ all resi/ance to 8 p]sonal rule4 ,:atev] tyranny & cruelty ?is result co/1 x prev5t$ ,russia f becom+ an an>*ic k+dom l ,pol&4 ,ivan1 by =m+ ! national gu>d ( /reltsi or /relitz1 laid ! f\ndation ( a /&+ army4 ,9 8 p]sonal conduct1 brutal & s5sual practices alt]nat$ ) ex]cises ( piety4 ,9 a fit ( wra?1 he /ruck 8 son ,ivan a fatal bl[1 & 9 consequ5ce 0 ov]:elm$ ) sorr[4 ,aft] a %ort reign ( 8 second son1 ,feodor 7#aehd-aeih71 :o 0 weak 9 m9d & body1 ! ?rone 0 usurp$ by "o ( ! ari/ocracy1 ! able & ambiti\s reg5t1 ,boris ,god\n( 7#aeih-afje74 ,,! ,,cossacks4--,^! 7 br\ght into subjection by ,ivan ,,iv4 & 8 successors4 ,!y 7 robb] hordes ( mix$ orig91 p>tly ,t>t> & p>tly ,russian4 ,_! abodes 7 ne> ! rapids ( ! ,dniep]1 & on ! ,don1 & at ! foot ( ! ,caucasus4 ,!y 7 fi]ce w>riors1 & did a great s]vice to ,russia 9 subdu+ ! wild nomad tribes on ! nor? & ea/ ( ! regions :]e ! ,cossacks dwelt4 ,,times ,,( ,,tr\ble4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,boris ,god\n(1 two pret5d]s1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ea* assum+ to be ,demetrius1 ! y\ng] son ( ,ivan1--a son :o _h be5 put to dea?1-- seiz$ on p[]4 ,?is 0 r5d]$ possible by ! mutual /rife ( ,russian factions1 & by ! help af=d$ to ! impo/ors by ! ,poles4 ,sigismund ,,iii41 k+ ( ,pol&1 op5ly esp\s$ ! cause ( ! second ,demetrius4 ,mosc[ 0 =c$ to surr5d] 7#afaj72 & ! cz> :om ! nobles _h en?ron$1 ,basil ,v41 di$ 9 a ,poli% prison4 ,^! ev5ts gave rise to a la/+ enmity betwe5 ! two ,slavonic nations4 ,9 #afaa ! ,poles 7 driv5 out by a national ris+1 :i* l$ to ! elevation to ! ?rone ( ,mi*ael ,roman(f 7#afac-afde71 ! f\nd] ( ! pres5t dyna/y ( cz>s4 ,peace 0 conclud$ ) ,gu/avus ,adolphus ( ,sw$51 & ) ! ,poles4 ,comm]cial treaties 7 made ) =eign nations4 ,9 ,russia !re 0 a great increase ( int]nal prosp]ity4 ,,s]fdom ,,9 ,,russia4--,! l[] classes 9 ,russia consi/$ ( ?ree divisions3 #a4 ,slaves1 captives tak5 9 w>1 :o 7 b\ght & sold4 #b4 ,! inscrib$ peasants1 :o 7 atta*$ to ! soil & became s]fs4 ,!y belong$ to ! commune1 or village1 :i* held ! l&1 & z a unit paid to ! "l 8 dues4 ,!y made up ! bulk ( ! rural population4 ,! peasant 0 an arbitr>y ma/]1 a little cz> 9 8 own family4 #c4 ,! free labor]s1 :o c\ld *ange _! ma/]s1 b :o soon fell into ! rank ( s]fs4 ,:ile ! high] classes 9 ,russia advanc$1 ! condition ( ! ru/ics = sev]al c5turies cont9u$ to gr[ worse4 ,,russian ,,society4--,! great nobles kept 9 _! ca/les a ho/ ( s]vants4 ,^! 7 slaves1 subject to ! caprices ( _! ma/]4 ,russian wom5 7 kept 9 seclusion4 ,!re 0 an ,asiatic /amp impr9t$ on civil & social life4 ,?anks to ! g5]al ignorance1 !re 0 no intellectual life 9 ,russia3 ?anks to ! seclusion ( wom51 !re 0 no society4 ,by degrees int]c\rse ) ,we/]n ,europe 0 de/9$ to s(t51 9 "s p>ticul>s1 ! h>% outl9es ( ?is picture4 ,,viii4 ,,fr5* ,,invasions ,,( ,,italy4 ,,effect ,,( ,,absolute ,,mon>*y4--,! e/abli%m5t ( absolute mon>*y 9 ,we/]n ,europe plac$ ! res\rces ( ! nations at ! s]vice ( _! respective k+s4 ,! desire ( national aggr&izem5t l$ to great ,european w>s1 :i* took ! place ( ! feudal conflicts ( a =m] day4 ,^! w>s began ) ! invasion ( ,italy by ,*>les ,,viii41 k+ ( ,france4 ,,motives ,,( ,,! ,,invasion4--,to ?is unwise ent]prise ,*>les ,,viii4 0 impell$ by a romantic dream ( conque/1 :i* 0 n to be limit$ to ! ,italian p59sula4 ,he int5d$ to attack ! ,turks aft]w>d1 & to e/abli% once m1 "u 8 protection1 a ,lat9 k+dom at ,j]usalem4 ,8 c\nselors c\ld n dissuade him f ! haz>d\s und]tak+4 ,9 ord] to set 8 h&s free1 he made treaties t 7 disadvantage\s to ,france ) ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,maximilian1 & ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic4 ,he 0 invit$ to cross ! ,alps by ,ludovico il ,moro 7p4 #cgd71 by ! ,neapolitan b>ons1 by all ! enemies ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,! special gr\nd ( ! invasion 0 ! claim ( ! ,fr5* k+1 ?r\gh ! h\se ( ,anj\1 to ! ?rone ( ,naples4 ,9 #adid ,*>les cross$ ! ,alps ) a l>ge army1 &1 ) ! support ( ,ludovico1 advanc$ f ,milan1 ?r\gh ,flor5ce & ,rome to ,naples4 ,:5 he 0 cr[n$ he wore ! imp]ial insignia z if pret5d+ to ! ,empire ( ! ,ea/ also4 ,! rapid progress ( ! ,fr5* p[] al>m$ ! ,pope & ! o!r pr9ces1 includ+ ,ludovico himself1 :o 0 afraid t ! k+ might ca/ a covet\s eye on 8 own pr9cipality4 ,a =midable league 0 =m$ aga9/ ,*>les1 includ+1 besides ! ,italian pr9ces1 ,f]d9&1 ,maximilian1 & ,h5ry ,,vii4 ( ,engl&4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ,european comb9ation aga9/ ,france4 ,*>les left elev5 ?\s& m5 "u ,gilb]t de ,montp5si]1 at ,naples2 & aft] be+ expos$ to mu* p]il1 al?\gh he won a victory at ,=novo 7#adie71 he made 8 way back to ,france4 ,f]d9& ,,ii41 aid$ by ,spani% troops1 expell$ ! ,fr5* f ,naples2 & ! remnant ( _! g>risons1 aft] ! dea? ( ,montp5si]1 0 l$ back to ,france4 ,! conque/s ( ,*>les 7 lo/ z spe$ily z !y 7 ga9$4 ,8 great exp$ition prov$ a failure4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,savon>ola4--,civil /rife cont9u$ 9 ! ,italian /ates4 ,savon>ola _h be5 excommunicat$ by ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,! comb9ation ( p>ties aga9/ him 0 too /rong to be ov]come by 8 support]s1 & he 0 put to dea? 9 #adih4 ,,l\is ,,xii4 7#adih-aeae73 ,,8 ,,fir/ ,,italian ,,w>4--,on ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,viii41 :o left no male *ildr51 ! cr[n rev]t$ to 8 ne>e/ relative1 ,l\is ( ,orleans4 ,he ent]$ once m on ! aggressive ent]prise begun by 8 pr$ecessor4 ,he laid claim n only to ! rights ( ,*>les ,,viii4 at ,naples1 b also claim$ ,milan ?r\gh 8 gr&mo!r ,val5t9e ,visconti4 ,9 alliance ) ,v5ice1 & ) ,flor5ce to :i* he promis$ ,pisa1 !n 9 revolt aga9/ ! dete/$ ,flor5t9e supremacy1 & ) ! support ( ,cs> ,borgia1 he ent]$ ,italy1 & defeat$ ,ludovico il ,moro at ,nov>a 7#aejj74 ,ludovico _h be=e be5 driv5 out ( ,milan by ! ,fr5*1 b _h rega9$ ! city4 ,he 0 imprison$ 9 ,france2 & on 8 release twelve ye>s aft]w>d1 he di$ f joy4 ,l\is b>ga9$ ) ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic to divide ) him ! ,neapolitan k+dom4 ,f]d9&1 ! k+ ( ,naples1 0 ?us de?ron$4 ,b ,f]d9& ( ,spa9 0 z trea*]\s 9 8 deal+ ) ,l\is z he _h be5 9 relation to 8 ,neapolitan namesake2 & ! k+dom fell into ! h&s ( ,gonsalvo de ,cordova1 ! ,spani% g5]al4 ,,! ,,second ,,italian ,,w> ,,( ,,l\is4--,anxi\s = rev5ge1 ,l\is s5t two armies ov] ! ,pyr5ees1 :i* fail$ ( success1 & a ?ird army into ,italy "u ,la ,trmoille1 :i* 0 defeat$ by ,gonsalvo1 not)/&+ ! gallantry ( ,bay>d1 ! patt]n ( *ivalry1 ! ,fr5* knight )\t fe> & )\t reproa*4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,italian ,,w> ,,( ,,l\is4--,! ?ird ,italian w> ( ,l\is began 9 #aejg1 & la/$ eight ye>s4 ,x includes ! hi/ory ( ! ,league ( ,cambray1 & also ( ! anti-,fr5* ,league subsequ5tly =m$4 ,france 0 b>ely sav$ f great calamities 9 consequ5ce ( fooli% treaties1 ?ree 9 numb]1 made at ,blois 9 #aejd4 ,! p>ty ( ! que51 ,anne ( ,brittany1 secur$ ! betro?al ( ,claude1 ! *ild ( ,l\is ,,xii41 to ,*>les ( ,au/ria1 aft]w>ds ,*>les ,v41 ! son ( ,philip1 ) ! promise ( ,burgundy & ,brittany z h] d[ry4 ,! arrangem5t 0 repudiat$ by ! e/ates ( ,france 7#aejf74 ,claude 0 betro!d to ,francis ( ,ang\lme1 ! k+'s ne>e/ male relative1 & ! heir ( ! ,fr5* cr[n4 ,on ! m>riage ( ,f]d9& to ,g]ma9e ( ,foix1 ,l\is agre$ to give up 8 claims on ,naples4 ,! suff]+s ( ,italy _h r$\nd$ to ! advantage ( ,v5ice4 ,among h] o!r ga9s1 %e _h annex$ c]ta9 t[ns 9 ! ,romagna :i* fell into an>*y at ! expulsion ( ,cs> ,borgia4 ,! en]getic ,pope1 ,julius ,,ii41 organiz$ a comb9ation1 ! celebrat$ ,league ( ,cambray 7#aejh71 betwe5 himself1 ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 ! k+s ( ,france & ( ,aragon3 its object 0 ! humbl+ ( ,v5ice1 & ! division ( h] ma9l& possessions among ! p>tn]s 9 ! ,league4 ,,engl&4--,,! ,,tudors ,,& ,,/u>ts4 ,,h5ry ,,vii1 #adhe-aeji1 m4 ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 --,m>g>et1 m4 ,james ,,iv ( ,scotl&4 --,james ,v4 --,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots4 --,,james ,i1 #afjc-afbe1 m4 ,anne1 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii ( ,d5m>k4 --#c1 ,,*>les ,i1 #afbe-afdi1 m4 ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 daught] ( ,h5ry ,,iv ( ,france4 --,,*>les ,,ii1 #affj-afhe1 m4 ,ca?>9e1 daught] ( ,john ,,iv ( ,portugal4 --,m>y1 m4 ,william ,,ii1 ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 --,,william ,,iii1 #afhh-agjb4 m4 --,,m>y1 d4 #afid --,,james ,,ii1 #afhe-afhh 7depos$1 d4 #agja71 m4 ,anne ,hyde1 daught] ( ,e>l ( ,cl>5don4 --,,anne1 #agjb-agad1 m4 ,george1 son ( ,fr$]ick ,,iii ( ,d5m>k4 --#b1 ,elizabe?1 m4 ,fr$]ick ,v1 ,elector ,palat9e4 --,sophia1 m4 ,erne/ ,augu/us1 ,elector ( ,hanov]4 --,,george ,i1 succe$$ #agad4 --,,h5ry ,,viii1 #aeji-aedg1 m41 #a4 ,ca?>9e1 daught] ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella2 #b1 ,anne ,boleyn2 #c4 ,jane ,seym\r2 #d4 ,anne1 si/] ( ,william1 ,duke ( ,cleves2 #e4 ,ca?>9e ,h[>d2 #f4 ,ca?>9e ,p>r4 --#c1 ,,edw>d ,,vi1 #aedg-aeec4 --#a1 ,,m>y1 #aeec-aeeh1 m4 ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa94 --#b1 ,,elizabe?1 #aeeh-afjc4 --,m>y1 m4 #a1 ,l\is ,,xii ( ,france2 #b1 ,*>les ,br&on1 ,duke ( ,suffolk4 --,frances1 m4 ,h5ry ,grey1 ,duke ( ,suffolk4 --,jane 7m4 ,guil=d ,dudley71 execut$ #aeed4 ,a f9e army ( ,l\is1 compos$ ( ,fr5*1 ,lomb>ds1 & ,swiss1 cross$ ! ,adda1 & r\t$ ! ,v5etians1 :o ab&on$ all _! t[ns outside ( ,v5ice4 ,ea* ( ! o!r conf$]ate p[]s n[ seiz$ ! places :i* x desir$4 ,france1 mi/ress ( ,milan1 0 at ! height ( h] p[]4 ,! ,v5etians1 h[ev]1 retook ,padua f ! emp]or4 ,! ,pope made peace ) !m1 &1 fir$ ) ! _s ( ,italian patriotism1 organiz$ a new league = ! expulsion ( ! ,fr5*--! b>b>ians1 z he call$ !m--f ! c\ntry4 ,old man z he 01 he took ! field himself 9 ! dead ( w9t]4 ,he 0 defeat$1 & w5t to ,rome4 ,l\is convok$ a c\ncil at ,pisa1 :i* 0 to depose ,julius4 ,a ,holy ,league 0 =m$ betwe5 ! ,pope1 ,v5ice1 ,f]d9& ( ,aragon1 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl&4 ,! arms ( ! ,fr5* "u ,ga/on ( ,foix1 ! "y duke ( ,nem\rs1 7 = a :ile successful4 ,rav5na 0 9 _! h&s4 ,b ,ga/on fell at ! mom5t ( victory4 ,! ,swiss came d[n1 & e/abli%$ ,maximilian ,s=za at ,milan4 ,leo ,x41 ( ! h\se ( ,m$ici1 & ho/ile to ,france1 0 *os5 ,pope 7#aeac74 ,! ,fr5* troops 7 defeat$ by ! ,swiss ne> ,nov>a1 & driv5 beyond ! ,alps4 ,france 0 attack$ on ! nor? by ! ,engli%1 ) ,maximilian1 :o _h jo9$ ! ,league 9 #aeac3 & ,bay>d 0 tak5 captive4 ,james ,,iv4 ( ,scotl&1 :o _h made a div]sion 9 favor ( ,france1 0 beat5 & sla9 at ,flodd5 ,field 7#aeac74 ,! ea/]n bord]s ( ,france 7 attack$ by ! ,swiss ,leagues1 :o1 aid$ by ,au/rians1 p5etrat$ z f> z ,dijon4 ,!y 7 b\ght (f by ,la ,trmoille ! ,fr5* comm&]1 by a l>ge paym5t ( money1 & by /ill m lavi% promises4 ,france conclud$ peace ) ! ,pope1 ! emp]or1 & ! k+ ( ,aragon 7#aead71 & 9 ! next ye> ) ,h5ry ,,viii41 ^: si/]1 ,m>y1 ,l\is ,,xii4 m>ri$1 a few mon?s aft] ! dea? ( ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,he ab&on$ 8 pret5sions to ! ,milanese1 9 favor ( 8 y\ng] daught] ,r5e1 ! wife ( ,h]cules ,,ii41 ! duke ( ,f]r>a4 ,l\is di$ 7#aeae71 %ortly aft] 8 m>riage4 ,! policy ( ! bellig]5t pontiff1 ,julius ,,ii41 _h triumph$4 ,! ,fr5* 7 expell$ f ,italy1 b ! ,spani>ds 7 left all ! /rong]4 ,! ev5ts j n>rat$ br+ u into ! mid/ ( ! /ruggles & ambitions ( rul+ h\ses1 diplomatic int]c\rse among /ates1 & int]national w>s4 ,^! are di/+ui%+ features ( mod]n times4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,discov]y3 ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,we h glanc$ at ! new life ( ,europe 9 its political manife/ations4 ,we h n[ to view ?is new life 9 o!r relations3 we h to inquire h[ x act$ z a /imulus to intellectual ef=t 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! t]m ,r5aissance is frequ5tly appli$ at pres5t n only to ! new bir? ( art & lett]s1 b to all ! *>act]i/ics1 tak5 toge!r1 ( ! p]iod ( transition f ! ,middle ,ages to mod]n life4 ,! trans=mation 9 ! /ructure & policy ( /ates1 ! passion = discov]y1 ! dawn ( a m sci5tific me?od ( obs]v+ man & nature1 ! movem5t t[>ds m fre$om ( intellect & ( consci5ce1 are "p & p>cel ( "o compreh5sive *ange1--a *ange :i* ev5 n[ has n rea*$ its goal4 ,x 0 n s mu* ! arts & ! inv5tions1 ! k & ! books1 :i* sudd5ly became vital at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 t creat$ ! new epo*3 x 0 ! intellectual en]gy1 ! spontane\s outbur/ ( intellig5ce1 :i* enabl$ mank9d at t mom5t to make use ( !m4 ,,inv5tions3 ,,gunp[d]4--,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 !re 7 br\ght into practical use sev]al inv5tions mo/ important 9 _! results to civilization4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal 7 gunp[d]1 ! m>9]'s compass1 & pr9t+ by movable types4 ,gunp[d] 0 n fir/ made by ,s*w>tz1 a monk ( ,freiburg1 z has (t5 be5 ass]t$4 ,we h notices1 m or less obscure1 ( ! use ( an explosive mat]ial resembl+ x1 among ! ,*9ese1 among ! ,indians 9 ! ,ea/ z e>ly z ,alex&] ! ,great1 & among ! ,arabs4 ,x 0 fir/ br\ght into use 9 fire>ms 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! effect 0 to make infantry an effective =ce1 & to equalize combatants1 s9ce a peasant c\ld h&le a gun z well z a knight4 ,ano!r consequ5ce has be5 to mitigate ! brutaliz+ influ5ce ( w> on ! soldi]y1 by mak+ x less a h&-to-h& enc\nt]1 an enc\nt] ) swords & spe>s1 att5d$ ) blood%$1 & k9dl+ p]sonal animosity2 & by r5d]+ x possible to hold 9 cu/ody l>ge numb]s ( captives1 ^: lives1 !re=e1 c be sp>$4 ,,! ,,compass4--,! prop]ties ( ! magnetic ne$le 7 n fir/ appli$ to navigation1 z has be5 ?\ght1 by ,flavio ,gioja1 b long be=e 8 "t1 z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury1 ! compass came into g5]al use4 ,navigation 0 no long] conf9$ to ! ,m$it]ranean & to m>itime coa/s4 ,! sailor c\ld pu% out into ! ocean )\t los+ himself on its b\ndless wa/e4 ,,pr9t+4--,pr9t+1 :i* _h be5 done to "s ext5t by wood5 blocks1 0 probably fir/ done ) movable types 7ab\t #adej7 by ,john ,gut5b]g1 :o 0 born at ,m5iz1 b :o liv$ long at ,/rasburg4 ,he 0 furni%$ ) capital by an associate1 ,fau/1 & work$ 9 company ) a skillful copyi/ ( manuscripts1 ,s*ff]4 ,gut5b]g br\ght ! art to su* p]fection1 t 9 #adef a complete ,lat9 ,bible 0 pr9t$4 ,)9 a %ort "t1 pr9t+-presses 7 set up 9 all ! pr9cipal cities ( ,g]many & ,italy4 ,z an ess5tial concomitant1 l95 & cotton pap] came into vogue 9 ! room ( ! co/ly p>*m5t4 ,books 7 no long] conf9$ to ! ri*4 ,despite ! c5sor%ip ( ! press1 ?\ght travel$ f city to city & f l& to l&4 ,x 0 a sign ( a new era1 t ,maximilian 9 ,g]many & ,l\is ,,xi4 9 ,france f\nd$ a po/al sy/em4 ,,new ,,r\te ,,to ,,india4--,! discov]y by ! ,portuguese ( ! isl&s ( ,porto ,santo & ,madeira 7#adai-adbj71 ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s & ( ! ,azores1 0 foll[$ by _! discov]y ( ! coa/ ( ,upp] ,gu9ea1 ) its gold-du/1 ivory1 & gums 7#adde74 ,! ,pope1 to :om 0 accord$ ! "r to dispose ( ! hea!n & ( newly discov]$ l&s1 grant$ to ! ,portuguese ! possession ( ^! regions1 & ( :atev] discov]ies !y %\ld make z f> z ,india4 ,f ,l[] ,gu9ea 7,congo71 ,b>?olomew ,diaz rea*$ ! s\!rn po9t ( ,africa 7#adhf71 :i* ,k+ ,john ,,ii4 nam$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,!n1 "u ,emanuel ! ,great 7#adie-aeba71 ,vasco da ,gama f\nd ! way to ,ea/ ,india1 r\nd ! ,cape1 by sail+ ov] ! ,indian ,ocean to ! coa/ ( ,malab>1 & into ! h>bor ( ,calicut 7#adih74 ,! ,portuguese enc\nt]$ ! resi/ance ( ! ,mohamm$ans to _! settlem5t2 b by _! valor & p]si/5cy1 especially by ! ag5cy ( _! lead]s ,almeida & ! brave ,albuqu]que1 _! trad+-po/s 7 e/abli%$ on ! coa/4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,am]ica4--,! gr& a*ievem5t 9 m>itime exploration 9 ?is age 0 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 a native ( ,g5oa4 ,! conviction t ,india c\ld be rea*$ by sail+ 9 a we/]ly direction took possession ( 8 m9d4 ,hav+ s\ght 9 va9 = ! patronage ( ,john ,,ii4 ( ,portugal1 & hav+ s5t 8 bro!r ,b>?olomew to apply = aid f ,h5ry ,,vii4 ( ,engl&1 he 0 at l5g? furni%$ ) ?ree %ips by ,que5 ,isabella ( ,ca/ile1 to :om ,granada _h j submitt$ 7#adib74 ,columbus 0 to h ! /ation ( gr& admiral & vic]oy ov] ! l&s to be discov]$1 ) a t5? "p ( ! incomes to be drawn f !m1 & ! rank ( a nobleman = himself & 8 po/]ity4 ,! /ory ( an op5 mut9y on 8 vessels does n re/ on suffici5t pro(3 t !re 7 al>m & discont5t among ! sailors1 may well be believ$4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,octob]1 ,columbus ?\ght t he discov]$ a light 9 ! di/ance4 ,at two o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ,oct4 #ab1 a sailor on ! ,p9ta espi$ ! dim outl9e ( ! bea*1 & %\t$1 ,l&1 l&6 ,x 0 an isl& call$ ,guanahani1 nam$ by ,columbus1 9 honor ( ,jesus1 ,san ,salvador4 ,its beauty & productiv5ess excit$ admiration2 b nei!r "h nor on ! l>ge isl&s ( ,cuba 7or ,juana7 & ,hayti 7,hispaniola71 :i* 7 discov]$ soon aft]1 7 !re f\nd ! gold & preci\s /ones :i* ! navigators & _! patrons at home s eag]ly desir$4 ,columbus built a =t on ! isl& ( ,hispaniola1 & f\nd$ a colony4 ,! "n ( ,we/ ,indies 0 appli$ to ! new l&s4 ,columbus liv$ & di$ 9 ! belief t ! region :i* he discov]$ belong$ to ,india4 ,( an int]m$iate cont95t1 & ( an ocean beyond x1 he did n dream4 ,! ,pope grant$ to ,f]d9& & ,isabella all ! newly discov]$ regions ( ,am]ica1 f a l9e /ret*+ "o hundr$ leagues we/ ( ! ,azores4 ,aft]w>ds ,f]d9& all[$ to ! k+ ( ,portugal t ! l9e %\ld run ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty1 in/ead ( "o hundr$1 leagues we/ ( ^! isl&s4 ,9 two subsequ5t voyages 7#adic-adif1 #adih-aejj71 ,columbus discov]$ ,jamaica & ! ,little ,antilles1 ! ,c>ibbean ,isl&s1 & f9ally ! ma9l& at ! m\?s ( ! ,or9oco 7#adih74 ,9 #adig ,john ,cabot1 a ,v5etian capta9 liv+ 9 ,engl&1 :ile 9 que/ ( a nor?-we/ passage to ,india1 t\*$ at ,cape ,breton1 & foll[$ ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica s\?w>d = a di/ance ( n9e hundr$ miles4 ,%ortly aft]1 ,am]igo ,vespucci1 a ,flor5t9e1 employ$ fir/ by ,spa9 & !n by ,portugal1 explor$ 9 sev]al voyages ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! circum/ance t 8 full descriptions 7 publi%$ 7#aejd7 caus$ ! "n ( ,am]ica1 fir/ at ! sugge/ion ( ! pr9t]1 to be atta*$ to ! new _w4 ,,lat] ,,voyages ,,( ,,columbus4--,on 8 return f 8 fir/ voyage1 ,columbus 0 receiv$ ) di/+ui%$ honors by ! ,spani% sov]eigns4 ,b he suff]$ f plots caus$ by envy1 bo? on ! isl&s & at c\rt4 ,once he 0 s5t home 9 fett]s by ,bobadilla1 a commission] appo9t$ by ,f]d9&4 ,he 0 exon]at$ f blame1 b ! promises :i* _h be5 made to him 7 n fulfill$4 ,a f\r? voyage 0 n att5d$ by ! success 9 discov]y :i* he _h hop$ =1 & ! la/ two ye>s ( 8 life 7 we>y & sad4 ,isabella _h di$2 & 9 #aejf ! great explor]1 :o ) all 8 o!r virtues comb9$ a s9c]e piety1 foll[$ h] to ! tomb4 ,,! ,,pacific4--,! _s ( adv5ture1 ! hung] = weal? & especially = ! preci\s metals1 & zeal = ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n1 7 ! motives :i* comb9$ 9 diff]5t proportions to set on foot explor+ & conqu]+ exp$itions to ! unkn[n regions ( ! ,we/4 ,! exploration ( ! ,nor?-,am]ican coa/1 begun by ,john ,cabot 7p]haps also by 8 son71 & ! ,portuguese ,cort]eal 7#aeja71 cont9u$ f ,labrador to ,florida4 ,9 #aeac ,balboa1 a ,spani>d at ,d>i51 f\ght 8 way to a height on ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 :5ce he descri$ ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,desc5d+ to ! %ore1 & rid+ into ! wat] up to 8 ?ighs1 9 ! "n ( ! k+ he took possession ( ! sea4 ,9 #aebj ,magellan1 a ,portuguese capta91 sail$ r\nd ! s\!rn cape ( ,am]ica1 & ov] ! ocean to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,pacific4 ,he made 8 way to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 b 0 kill$ on "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 leav+ x to 8 companions to f9i% ! voyage ar\nd ! globe4 ,a little lat] ! ,spani>ds add$ fir/ ,mexico1 & !n ,p]u1 to _! dom9ions4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,mexico4--,! ,spani% conqu]or ( ,mexico1 ! l& ( ! ,aztecs1 0 ,h]n&o ,cortes 7#adhe-aedg74 ,! pr9cipal k+ 9 t c\ntry 0 ,montezuma1 ^: empire 0 ext5sive1 ) num]\s cities1 & ) no inconsid]able advancem5t 9 arts & indu/ry4 ,f ,santiago1 9 #aeai1 ,cortes conduct$ an exp$ition compos$ ( sev5 hundr$ ,spani>ds1 f\nd$ ,v]a ,cruz1 :]e he left a small g>rison1 subdu$ ! tribe ( ,tlascalans :o jo9$ him1 & 0 receiv$ by ,montezuma into ! city ( ,mexico4 ,cortes made him a prison] 9 8 own palace1 & seiz$ 8 capital4 ,! fire>ms & ! horses ( ! ,spani>ds /ruck ! natives ) dismay4 ,nev]!less1 !y made a /\t resi/ance4 ,to add to ! difficulties ( ! %rewd & valiant lead]1 a ,spani% =ce 0 s5t f ! ,we/ ,indies1 "u ,n>vaez1 to supplant him4 ,?is =ce he defeat$1 & captur$ _! *ief4 ,9 #aebj ,cortes ga9$ ov] ! ,mexicans1 at ,otumba1 a victory :i* 0 decisive 9 its consequ5ces4 ,! city ( ,mexico 0 recaptur$ 7#aeba72 = ,montezuma _h be5 sla9 by 8 own p1 & ! ,spani>ds driv5 out4 ,guatimoz91 ! new k+1 0 tak5 prison] & put to dea?1 & ! c\ntry 0 subdu$4 ,cortes put an end to ! horrid religi\s rites ( ! ,mexicans1 :i* includ$ human sacrifices4 ,becom+ an object ( jeal\sy & dread at home1 he 0 recall$ 7#aebh74 ,aft]w>ds he visit$ ! p59sula ( ,cali=nia1 & rul$ = a "t 9 ,mexico1 b ) dim9i%$ au?ority4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,p]u4--,! conque/ ( ,p]u 0 effect$ by ,francisco ,piz>ro1 & ,almagro1 bo? illit]ate adv5tur]s1 equally d>+ ) ,cortes1 b m cruel & unscrupul\s4 ,! ,p]uvians 7 ( a mild "*1 prosp]\s1 & n unciviliz$1 & )\t ! savage religi\s sy/em ( ! ,mexicans4 ,!y _h _! wall$ cities & _! spaci\s temples4 ,! empire ( ! ,incas1 z ! rul]s 7 call$1 0 di/ract$ by a civil w> betwe5 two bro!rs1 :o %>$ ! k+dom4 ,piz>ro captur$ "o ( !m1 ,atahualpa1 & basely put him to dea? aft] he _h provid$ ! ransom agre$ ^u1 am\nt+ to m ?an #ag1ejj1jjj 9 gold 7#aecc74 ,piz>ro f\nd$ ,lima1 ne> ! sea-coa/ 7#aece74 ,almagro & ,piz>ro fell out ) ea* o!r1 & ! =m] 0 defeat$ & behead$4 ,! l& & its inhabitants 7 allott$ among ! conqu]ors z ! spoils ( victory4 ,! horrible oppression ( ! p excit$ insurrections4 ,at l5g? ,*>les ,v4 s5t out ,p$ro de la ,gasca z vic]oy 7#aeda71 at a "t :5 ,gonzalo ,piz>ro1 ! la/ ( ! family1 held sway4 ,gonzalo p]i%$ on ! gall[s4 ,gasca r$uc$ ! gov]nm5t to an ord]ly sy/em4 ,,! ,,amazon4--,orell5a1 an (fic] ( ,piz>ro1 9 #aeda fir/ desc5d$ ! riv] ,amazon to ! ,atlantic4 ,8 fabul\s descriptions ( an imag9>y ,el ,dorado1 ^: capital ) its dazzl+ treasures he pret5d$ to h se51 inflam$ o!r explor]s1 & prompt$ to new ent]prises4 ,! cupidity ( ! ,spani>ds1 & _! eag]ness = knightly w>f>e1 made ! ,new ,_w1 ) its floral beauty & m9]al ri*es1 a mo/ entic+ field = adv5ture4 ,to dev\t mission>ies1 to ! mona/ic ord]s especially1 ! new regions 7 n less invit+4 ,!y foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! ,spani% conqu]ors & vic]oys4 ,,revival ,,( ,,le>n+4--,! /irr+ p]iod ( inv5tion & ( m>itime discov]y 0 also ! p]iod ( ! revival ( le>n+4 ,italy 0 ! ma9 c5t] & s\rce ( ?is intellectual movem5t1 :i* gradually spread ov] ! o!r c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,!re 0 a ?ir/ = a wid] range ( /udy & ( culture ?an ! pr$om9antly !ological writ+s & tra9+ ( ! ,middle ,ages af=d$4 ,! m9ds ( m5 turn$ = /imulus & nutrim5t to ! anci5t classical au?ors4 ,petr>*1 ! ,italian poet 7#acjd-acgd71 did mu* to fo/] ?is new _s4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! m active int]c\rse ) ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & ! ef=ts at union ) x1 help$ to br+ into ,italy le>n$ ,greeks1 l ,*rysoloras & ,bess>ion1 & num]\s manuscripts ( ,greek au?ors4 ,! fall ( ,con/ant9ople increas$ ?is influx ( ,greek le>n+4 ,! new /udies 7 fo/]$ by ! ,italian pr9ces1 :o vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 _! zeal = collect+ ! preci\s lit]>y treasures ( antiquity1 & 9 ! lib]al patronage ( ! /ud5ts ( classical lit]ature4 ,! manuscripts ( ! ,lat9 writ]s1 pres]v$ 9 ! mona/]ies ( ! ,we/1 7 likewise eag]ly s\ght =4 ,! mo/ em95t ( ! patrons ( le>n+ 7 ! ,m$ici ( ,flor5ce4 ,cosmo f\nd$ a libr>y & a ,platonic academy4 ,all ! writ+s ( ,plato 7 translat$ by "o ( t philosoph]'s admir+ disciples1 ,m>silius ,fic9us4 ,diction>ies & gramm>s1 v]sions & comm5t>ies1 = in/ruction 9 classical le>n+1 7 multipli$4 ,^!1 ) ! anci5t poets1 philosoph]s1 & orators !mselves1 7 diffus$ f> & wide by means ( ! new art ( pr9t+1 & f presses1 ( :i* ! ,ald9e--t ( ,aldus ,m9utius--at ,v5ice 0 ! mo/ fam\s4 ,by ! side ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* _h hi!rto held ! c\ntries ( ! ,we/ toge!r 7?\gh x 0 unable to d s mu* long]7 !re arose a new spiritual influ5ce1 :i*1 spread+ itself abroad f ,italy1 became ! brea? ( life = all ! m in/ruct$ m9ds 9 ,europe4 ,,conte/ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,& ,,! ,,old ,,culture4--,9 ,g]many1 ! new le>n+ ga9$ a firm foo?old4 ,b !re1 z else:]e1 ! ,humani/s1 z its devotees 7 call$1 _h a battle to fight ) ! vot>ies ( ! m$ival type ( culture1 :o1 l>gely on !ological gr\nds1 object$ to ! new culture1 & 7 /igmatiz$ z obscuranti/s4 ,9 ,italy1 ! /udy ( ! anci5t hea!n writ]s _h eng5d]$1 or at lea/ be5 accompani$ by1 mu* religi\s skepticism & indiff]5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case 9 ,g]many4 ,b ! *ampions ( ! s*ola/ic me?od & sy/em1 9 :i* logic & div9ity1 z h&l$ by ! s*oolm51 7 ! pr9cipal ?+1 7 /r5u\sly av]se to ! l+ui/ic & lit]>y /udies :i* ?reat5$ to supplant !m4 ,! advocates ( ! new /udies d]id$ ! lack ( le>n+1 ! b>b>\s /yle1 & f9e-spun di/9ctions ( ! s*oolm51 :o _h once be5 ! intellectual ma/]s4 ,! disciples ( ,ari/otle & ( ! s*oolm5 /ill _h a /rong hold 9 ,p>is1 ,cologne1 & o!r univ]sities4 ,b c]ta9 univ]sities1 l ,tb+5 & ,heidelb]g1 let 9 ! humani/ic /udies4 ,9 #aejb ,fr$]ick1 ! elector ( ,saxony1 f\nd$ a univ]sity at ,witt5b]g1 9 :i* f ! outset !y 7 prom95t4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! cause ( le>n+ f\nd ard5t enc\ragem5t1 & _h able repres5tatives 9 su* m5 z ,colet1 dean ( ,/4 ,paul's1 :o f\nd$ ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool at 8 own exp5se2 & 9 ,?omas ,m1 ! au?or ( ,utopia1 aft]w>ds "l *ancelor "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,,reu*l93 ,,ulri* ,,von ,,hutt54--,a lead] ( humanism 9 ,g]many 0 ,john ,reu*l9 7#adee-aebb71 an erudite s*ol>1 :o /udi$ ,greek at ,p>is & ,basel1 m+l$ ) ,politian1 ,pica de ,mir&ola1 & o!r fam\s s*ol>s at ,flor5ce1 & wrote a ,hebrew z well z a ,greek gramm>4 ,?is di/+ui%$ humani/ became involv$ 9 a controv]sy ) ! ,dom9icans ( ,cologne1 :o wi%$ to burn all ! ,hebrew lit]ature except ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,humani/s all ralli$ 9 support ( _! *ief1 to :om h]esy 0 imput$1 & _! success 9 ?is wide-spread conflict help$ =w>d _! cause4 ,ulri* von ,hutt51 "o ( ! "y knights :o belong$ to ! lit]>y s*ool1 & o!rs ( ! same class1 made effective use1 aga9/ _! illit]ate antagoni/s1 ( ! weapons ( satire & ridicule4 ,,erasmus4--,! pr9ce ( ! ,humani/s 0 ,desid]ius ,erasmus 7#adfg-aecf74 ,no lit]>y man has ev] enjoy$ a wid] fame dur+ 8 own lifetime4 ,he 0 n less respl5d5t = 8 wit ?an = 8 le>n+4 ,lat9 0 !n ! vehicle ( int]c\rse among ! educat$4 ,9 t tongue ! books ( ,erasmus 7 writt51 & !y 7 eag]ly read 9 all ! civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,he /udi$ !ology 9 ,p>is2 liv$ = a numb] ( ye>s 9 ,engl&1 :]e1 9 company ) ,m & ,colet1 he fo/]$ ! new /udies2 & f9ally took up 8 abode at ,basel4 ,9 e>ly y\?1 aga9/ 8 w1 he _h be5 = a :ile an inmate ( a cloi/]4 ,! idl5ess1 ignorance1 self-indulg5ce1 & artificial au/]ities1 :i* frequ5tly belong$ to ! deg5]ate mona/icism ( ! day1 furni%$ him ) engag+ !mes ( satire4 ,b 9 8 ,praise ( ,folly1 & 9 8 ,colloquies1 ! two mo/ div]t+ ( 8 productions1 he la%es ! foibles & s9s ( _m o!r classes1 among :om k+s & popes are n sp>$4 ,by su* works z 8 editions ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 & 8 edition ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t1 z well z by 8 multif>i\s correspond5ce1 he ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce 9 behalf ( culture4 ,if he incurr$ ! ho/ility ( ! cons]vative ,*ur*m51 he /ill adh]$ to ! ,roman communion1 & won unb\nd$ applause f ! advocates ( lib]al /udies & ( practical religi\s re=ms4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,italy4--,! fir/ effect ( ! revival ( lett]s 9 ,italy 0 to *eck orig9al production 9 lit]ature4 ,! *>m ( ! anci5t au?ors :o 7 br\ght out ( _! tombs1 ! belles-lettres /udies1 & ! criticism awak5$ by !m1 naturally _h ?is effect = a "t4 ,italy _h two great au?ors 9 ! v]nacul>1 ! poet ,ario/o 7#adgd-aecc71 & ,ma*iavelli3 x _h1 besides1 "o fam\s hi/orian1 ,guicci>d9i 7#adhb-aedj74 ,,r5aissance ,,( ,,art4--,?is p]iod 0 n simply an era ( gr& exploration & discov]y1 & ( ! new bir? ( lett]s3 x 0 ! brilliant dawn ( a new era 9 art4 ,sculpture & pa9t+ broke loose f _! subord9ation to ,*ur* ar*itecture4 ,pa9t+1 especially1 atta9$ to a f> ri*] developm5t4 ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,sculpture4--,9 ar*itecture & sculpture1 ! influ5ce ( ! antique /yles 0 pot5t4 ,"u ! auspices ( ,brunelles*i 7#acgg-addf71 ! ,pitti ,palace & o!r edifices ( a l k9d _h be5 erect$ at ,flor5ce4 ,at ,rome1 ,bramante 7:o di$ 9 #aeae71 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ,mi*ael ,angelo 7#adge-aefd71 :o 0 a ma/] 9 ! ?ree arts ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture1 & a poet z well1 7 mo/ influ5tial4 ,! great ,flor5t9e arti/ ,ghib]ti 7#acgh-adee71 9 ! bronze gates ( ! ,bapti/]y1 exhibit$ ! p]fection ( bas-relief4 ,! highe/ p[] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 z a sculptor1 is se5 9 8 /atue ( ,moses at ,rome1 & 9 ! sepul*]s ( ,julian & ,lor5zo de ,m$ici at ,flor5ce4 ,a /ud5t ( 8 works1 ,cell9i 7#aejj-aega7 is "o ( ! m5 ( g5ius ( t day1 :o1 l 8 ma/]1 0 em95tly successful 9 diff]5t bran*es ( art4 ,9 ! same p]iod1 !re 7 sculptors ( high tal5t 9 ,g]many1 especially at ,nuremb]g1 :]e ,adam ,kraft 7#adbi-aejg71 & ,pet] ,vis*] 7#adce-aebi71 ^: skill is se5 9 ! bronze tomb ( ,sebaldus1 9 ! *ur* ( t sa9t1 are ! mo/ em95t4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 9 ,italy !re 0 a decl9e 9 ! /yle ( sculpture1 :i* became less noble & m affect$4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,italy4--,! anci5ts _h less influ5ce on ! s*ools ( pa9t+ ?an on sculpture4 ,9 pa9t+1 z we h se51 ,giotto 7#abff-accg71 a contempor>y ( ! poet ,dante1 & ,cimabue 7:o di$ ab\t #acjb71 _h l$ ! way4 ,! art ( p]spective 0 ma/]$2 & real life1 m or less idealiz$1 0 ! subject ( del9eation4 ,9 ,italy1 !re arose v>i\s di/9ct /yles or s*ools4 ,! ,flor5t9e s*ool rea*$ its height ( atta9m5t 9 ! maje/ic works ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! frescos ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel at ,rome4 ,! ,roman s*ool is be/ se5 9 ! /anzas ( ! ,vatican1 by ,raphael 7#adhc-aebj71 & 9 ! ideal h>mony & beauty ( 8 ,madonnas4 ,prior to ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael1 !re 0 ! symbolic religi\s art ( ! ,umbrian pa9t]s4 ,( ^!1 ! *ief 0 ,fra ,angelico 7#achg-adee71 ! dev\t monk :o transf]r$ to ! canvas ! t5d]ness & f]vor ( 8 own g5tle _s4 ,! ,v5etian s*ool1 ) its ri*ness ( color1 has left spl5did examples ( its p[] 9 ! portraits ( ,titian 7#adgg-aegf71 ! works ( ,paul ,v]onese 7:o di$ 9 #aehh71 & ! m passionate products ( ! p5cil ( ,t9toretto 7:o di$ 9 #aeid74 ,! ,lomb>d s*ool has = its repres5tatives ! old] contempor>y ( ,raphael1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 :o comb9es p]fection ( outw>d =m ) deep spirituality1 & by :om ,! ,la/ ,supp] 0 pa9t$ on ! wall ( ! cloi/] at ,milan2 & ,correggio 7#adid-aecd71 ^: play ( t5d] s5sibility1 & skill 9 ! contra/s ( light & %ade 9 color1 are exhibit$ 9 ,! ,night1 or ,wor%ip ( ! ,magi 7at ,dresd571 & 9 8 frescos at ,p>ma4 ,! s*ool ( ,bologna1 f\nd$ by ! ?ree ,c>acci1 numb]s 9 its ranks ,guido ,r5t 7#aege-afdb71 gift$ ) imag9ation & s5sibility1 & ,salvator ,rosa 7#afae-afgc71 :o depict$ ! m wild & somb] aspects ( nature & ( life4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,& ,,raphael4--,! two =emo/ names 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian art are ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael4 ,if !re is "o man :o is a m /rik+ repres5tative ( ! ,r5aissance ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies1 x is ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,9 him "* is on a p> ) g5ius4 ,8 life ( almo/ a c5tury1 & m>vel\sly active1 is spotless4 ,z an arti/1 we c n believe t he c be surpass$4 ,he unites 9 8 wondr\s individuality ! two ma/] faculties1 :i* are1 s to speak1 ! poles ( human nature1 ^: comb9ation 9 ! same individual creates ! sov]eign greatness ( ! ,tuscan s*ool1--inv5tion & judgm5t1--a va/ & fi]y imag9ation1 direct$ by a me?od precise1 firm1 & safe4 ,raphael lacks ! gr&eur & ! _m-sid$ capacity ( ! great ma/] by :om he 0 mu* influ5c$4 ,raphael _h a nature :i* conv]t$ e ?+ to beauty4 ,he produc$ 9 a %ort life an a/oni%+ numb] ( works ( unequal m]it2 b to all ( !m he imp>t$ a peculi> *>m1 d]iv$ f an in/9ct = beauty1 :i* 0 8 true g5ius4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4--,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 a s*ool ( pa9t+ arose "u ! bro!rs ,van ,eyck 7#acff-adbf1 #achf-addj74 ,"o ( !m1 ,john1 0 ! fir/ arti/ to pa9t 9 oil4 ,at a lat] day1 a class ( pa9t]s1 ( :om ,rub5s 7#aegg-afdj7 is ! mo/ di/+ui%$1 foll[$ m ! track ( ! anci5ts & ( ! ,italian s*ool4 ,^! belong$ to ,fl&]s & ,brabant2 :ile 9 ,holl& a s*ool sprang up ( a m orig9al & indep5d5t ca/1 9 :i* g5ius ( ! highe/ ord] 0 manife/$ 9 ! p]son ( ,rembr&t 7#afjg-affi71 its mo/ em95t ma/]4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,g]many ,,& ,,france4--,9 ,g]many1 a s*ool m>k$ by peculi>ities ( its own 0 repres5t$ by ,hans ,holbe9 7:o di$ 9 #aedc71 & by ,alb]t ,dr] ! ,nuremb]g arti/ 7#adga-aebh74 ,9 ,spa91 ,murillo 7#afag-afhb7 comb9$ inspiration ) te*nical skill1 & /&s on a level ) ! r5[n$ ,italians4 ,velasquez 7#aeii-affj71 an arti/ ( extraord9>y p[]1 is mo/ di/+ui%$ = 8 portraits4 ,! ,fr5* arti/s mo/ly foll[$ ! ,italian /yles4 ,claude ,lorra9e 7#afjj-afhb7 0 ! pa9t] ( l&scapes t are lum9\s 9 sunlight & atmosph]e4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! humor\s ,hog>? 7#afig-agfd7 0 mu* lat]4 ,,music4--,music %>$ 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! si/] arts4 ,! int]e/ awak5$ 9 its improvem5t pav$ ! way 9 ,italy = ,pale/r9a 7#aead-aeid71 ^: g5ius & labors con/itute an epo*4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,lu!r became "o ( ! mo/ effici5t promot]s ( musical culture 9 connection ) public wor%ip4 ,! great ,g]man compos]s1 ,ba* 7#afhe-agej7 & ,hndel 7#afhe-agei71 belong to a subsequ5t p]iod3 !y are1 h[ev]1 9 "s degree ! fruit ( se$ s[n e>li]4 ,,lit]ature4--,= works on g5]al hi/ory1 see p4 #af4 ,= g5]al hi/ories ( p>ticul> c\ntries1 see p4 #cei4 ,on ,mod]n ,times4 ,dy]'s ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,europe2 ,duruy's ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,times #adec-aghi2 ,lavisse et ,rambaud1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale1 ,vol4 ,,iv42 ,! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,i43 ,! ,r5aissance2 ,he]51 ,political ,sy/em ( ,europe2 ,hi/orical ,treatises 7#a vol472 ,he]5 u4 ,uk]t1 ,ges*i*te d] europis*4 ,/aat5 7#gf vols4 #ahbi #ge72 ,t4 ,,arnold',s ,lectures on ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,mi*elet's ,mod]n ,hi/ory 7#a vol471 ,yonge's ,?ree ,c5turies ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,on ! ,age ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,symonds's ,r5aissance 9 ,italy 7#e vols472 ,,burckh>dt',s ,! ,civilization ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy 7#b vols472 ,,reumont',s ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 7#b vols72 ,roscoe's ,life ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici2 ,,vill>i',s ,ma*iavelli & 8 ,times2 ,ma*iavelli1 ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce2 ,oliphant1 ,mak]s ( ,flor5ce3 ,dante'1 ,giotto1 ,savon>ola1 & _! city 7#a vol472 ,voigt1 ,die ,wi$]belebung des classis*5 alt]?ums 7#ahei72 ,lanzi1 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 7#c vols472 ,vas>i1 ,lives ( ,pa9t]s1 ,sculptors1 & ,ar*itects2 ,cr[e & ,cavalcasselle1 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,nor? ,italy #acjj-aejj 7#b vols41 #ahga72 ,cr[e1 ,h&book ( ,pa9t+3 ! ,g]man1 ,flemi% & ,dut* ,s*ools 7#b p>ts1 #ahgd72 ,ea/lake1 ,h&book ( ,pa9t+1 ! ,italian ,s*ools 7bas$ on ,kugl]1 #b p>ts1 #ahgd72 ,cr[e & ,cavalcasselle1 ,life ( ,titian 7#b vols472 ,illu/rat$ ,biographies ( ! ,great ,arti/s 7#ad vols472 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 ,lives ( ,italian ,pa9t]s2 ,grimm1 ,life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 7#b vols472 ,cr[e & ,cavalcasselle1 ,life & ,works ( ,raphael2 ,f]gusson1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,/yles ( ,ar*itecture2 ,,ruge',s ,ges*i*te d4 ,zeitalt]s d4 ,entdeckung5 7#a vol4 9 ,onck5's ,s]ies72 ,,geig]',s ,r5aissance und ,humanismus 9 ,itali5 und ,deuts*l& 7#a vol4 9 ,onck5's ,s]ies72 ,lives ( ,erasmus1 by ,le ,cl]c1 ,jort91 ,knight1 ,burigny 7#b vols471 ,fr\de1 ,em]ton1 ,drummond 7#b vols472 ,lives ( ,columbus1 by ,irv+1 ,major 7#ahdg71 ,h>risse 7#ahhd71 ,m>kham 7#ahib71 ,w9sor2 ,,prescott',s ,hi/ory ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,p]u2 ,rob]tson1 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica2 ,beazly1 ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography 7#b vols472 ,fiske1 ,discov]y ( ,am]ica 7#b vols472 ,payne1 ,am]ica 7#b vols472 ,scebohm's ,ox=d ,re=m]s2 ,rob9son & ,rolfe1 ,petr>*2 ,creighton1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,papacy dur+ ! ,re=mation 7,vols4 ,i4-,,iv472 ,pa/or1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes f ! ,close ( ! ,middle ,ages 7#c vols472 ,janss51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,p at ! ,close ( ! ,middle ,ages 7#h vols472 ,:itcomb1 ,s\rce ,books ( ! ,italian & ,g]man ,r5aissance2 ,grant1 ,! ,fr5* ,mon>*y 7#b vols472 ,johnson1 ,european ,hi/ory 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation4 7#aeag-afdh7 ,,introduction4 ,! g5]al /ir 9 m5's m9ds1 z indicat$ 9 ! revival ( le>n+ & 9 rem>kable inv5tions & discov]ies1 0 equally manife/ 9 great debates & *anges 9 religion4 ,"o important elem5t & fruit ( ! ,r5aissance is "h se54 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! nations ( ,we/]n ,europe 7 all unit$ 9 "o ,*ur*1 ( :i* ! ,pope 0 ! ackn[l$g$ head4 ,!re 7 diff]5ces z to ! ext5t ( 8 prop] au?ority2 sects _h sprung up at diff]5t times2 & !re _h aris5 lead]s1 l ,wickliffe & ,huss1 at w> ) ! prevail+ sy/em4 ,ecclesia/ical s$ition1 h[ev]1 _h be5 mo/ly quell$4 ,yet !re exi/$ a great am\nt ( outspok5 & lat5t discont5t4 ,fir/1 compla9ts 7 l\d aga9/ maladm9i/ration 9 ,*ur* affairs4 ,!re 7 extortions & o!r abuses t excit$ disaffection4 ,secondly1 ! au?ority ex]cis$ by ! ,pope 0 *>g$ ) be+ inconsi/5t ) ! rights ( civil rul]s & ( national *ur*es4 ,?irdly1 disputes sprang up1 bo? 9 reg>d to v>i\s practices deem$ objectionable1 l pray]s = ! dead1 & ! invocation ( sa9ts1 & also conc]n+ important doctr9es1 l ! doctr9e ( ! mass or ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & ! "p t belongs to fai? 9 ! ,*ri/ian me?od ( salvation4 ,out ( ?is f]m5t arose :at is call$ ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4 ,! ,teutonic nations g5]ally broke (f f ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & r5\nc$ _! allegiance to ! ,pope4 ,! ,lat9 or ,romanic nations1 = ! mo/ "p1 /ill adh]$ to him4 ,z ! common idea 0 t !re %\ld be uni=mity ( belief & wor%ip 9 a /ate1 civil w>s arose on ! "q :i* =m ( belief %\ld dom9ate4 ,g]many 0 desolat$ = ?irty ye>s by a t]rible /ruggle4 ,yet1 9 all ! conflicts betwe5 k+doms & /ates 9 ?is p]iod1 x 0 pla9 t political motives1 or ! desire ( national aggr&izem5t1 7 commonly /rong en\gh to ov]ride religi\s diff]5ces4 ,:5 !re 0 "s great int]e/ ( a political or dyna/ic sort at /ake1 ^? t diff]$ 9 religion mo/ widely w\ld frequ5tly assi/ "o ano!r4 ,x is 9 ?is p]iod t we see ,spa91 "u ,*>les ,v4 & ,philip ,,ii41 rea* ! acme ( its p[]1 & !n s9k into comp>ative weakness4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,g]many1 ,,to ,,! ,,treaty ,,( ,,nuremb]g 7#aeag-aecb74 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation4--,! ,re=mation began 9 ,g]many1 :]e !re 0 a great deal ( discont5t ) ! way 9 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 gov]n$ & manag$1 & on acc\nt ( ! l>ge am\nts ( money c>ri$ out ( ! c\ntry on v>i\s gr\nds = ecclesia/ical uses at ,rome4 ,! lead] ( ! movem5t1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 0 ! son ( a poor m9]1 & 0 born at ,eisleb5 9 #adhc4 ,he 0 an ,augu/9ian monk1 & _h be5 made pr(essor ( !ology1 & prea*] at ,witt5b]g1 by ! ,elector ( ,saxony1 ,fr$]ick ! ,wise 7#aejh74 ,lu!r 0 a man ( extraord9>y intellectual p[]s1 & a h>d /ud5t1 ( a g5ial & joy\s nature1 yet n )\t a deep ve9 ( reflection1 t5d+ ev5 to melan*oly4 ,he _h a /rong w1 & 0 vigor\s & vehem5t 9 controv]sy4 ,he _h be5 afflict$ ) pr(\nd religi\s anxieties2 b 9 ! /udy ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & aft] mu* inw>d wre/l+1 he em]g$ f !m into a /ate ( m5tal peace4 ,! imm$iate occasion ( di/urbance1 ! sp>k t k9dl$ ! flame1 0 ! sale ( indulg5ces 9 ,saxony by a ,dom9ican monk nam$ ,tetzel4 ,indulg5ces 7 ! remission1 total or p>tial1 ( p5ances1 &1 9 !ory1 always presuppos$ rep5tance2 b1 z ! bus9ess 0 manag$ 9 ,g]many at t "t1 x am\nt$ 9 ! popul> appreh5sion to a sale ( absolution f guilt1 or to ! ransom ( deceas$ fri5ds f purgatory = money4 ,^! gross abuses 7 pa9ful to s9c]e fri5ds ( religion4 ,9 #aeag ,lu!r po/$ on ! door ( ! *ur* at ,witt5b]g 8 celebrat$ n9ety-five !ses4 ,x 0 cu/om>y 9 ^? days = public debates to take place 9 univ]sities1 :]e1 z 9 j\/s & t\rnam5ts among knights1 s*ol>s (f]$ to def5d propositions 9 !ology & philosophy aga9/ all com]s4 ,su* 7 ! !ses ( ,lu!r on indulg5ces4 ,! public m9d 0 9 su* a /ate t a great commotion 0 k9dl$ by !m4 ,conflict spread2 & ! "n ( ,lu!r became fam\s z a /an* antagoni/ ( ecclesia/ical abuses1 & a fe>less *ampion ( re=m4 ,! ,elector1 a religi\s man1 calm & cauti\s 9 8 temp]1 0 fri5dly to ,lu!r1 (t5 s\ght to curb him1 b /ret*$ ov] him ! %ield ( 8 protection4 ,,lu!r ,,& ,,leo ,x4--,pope ,leo ,x2 0 ( ! h\se ( ,m$ici1 ! son ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t4 ,he _h be5 made nom9ally a c>d9al at ! age ( ?irte51 & _h advanc$ to ! highe/ /ation 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,he 0 mu* absorb$ 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to le>n+ & art1 & 9 political affairs1 & at fir/ look$ ^u ?is ,saxon di/urbance z a m]e squabble ( monks4 ,he attempt$ ineffectually to br+ ,lu!r to submission & quietness1 fir/ ?r\gh 8 legate ,cajetan1 a s*ol>ly ,italian1 :o met him at ,augsburg 7#aeah71 & !n by a second mess5g]1 ,miltitz 7#aeai71 a ,saxon by bir?4 ,a turn+-po9t 9 ,lu!r's c\rse 0 a public disputation at ,leipsic1 be=e ,duke ,george2 = ducal ,saxony 0 ho/ile to him4 ,) ,lu!r1 on t occasion1 0 ,philip ,melan*?on1 ! "y pr(essor ( ,greek at ,witt5b]g1 :o 0 a great s*ol>1 & a man ( mild & amiable _s4 ,he became a v effective & not$ auxili>y ( ! re=m]1 & acquir$ ! honor>y title ( preceptor ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! ,leipsic debate1 :5 ,lu!r 0 oppos$ by ! ,ca?olic *ampion ,eck1 & by o!rs1 8 own views 9 opposition to ! papacy became m di/9ct & decid$4 ,he soon disput$ ! "r ( ! ,pope to make laws1 to canonize1 etc41 d5i$ ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 & av[$ 8 sympa?y ) ,huss4 ,he issu$ a /irr+ ,address to ! ,*ri/ian ,nobles ( ! ,g]man ,nation4 ,9 #aebj he 0 excommunicat$ by ! ,pope1 b ! elector paid no reg>d to ! papal bull4 ,lu!r himself w5t s f> z publicly to burn x at ! gates ( ! t[n1 9 ! pres5ce ( an assembly ( /ud5ts & o!rs ga!r$ to witness ! sc5e4 ,bo? p>ties _h n[ tak5 ! extreme /ep3 !re 0 n[ op5 w> betwe5 !m4 ,juri/s1 :o 7 aggriev$ by ! int]f]5ce ( ecclesia/ical ) civil c\rts1 support$ ,lu!r4 ,s ! ,humani/s :o _h def5d$ ,reu*-l91 among :om 7 ! y\?ful lit]>y class ( :i* ,ulri* von ,hutt5 0 "o1 became 8 allies4 ,_m among ! inf]ior cl]gy & ! mona/ic ord]s sympa?iz$ ) him4 ,,condition ,,( ,,g]many4--,x 0 n[ = ! ,empire to decide betwe5 ,lu!r & ! ,pope4 ,! ef=ts to create a bett] political sy/em "u ,maximilian _h prov$ 9 ! ma9 abortive4 ,!re 0 /rife betwe5 ! pr9ces & ! knights1 z well z betwe5 pr9ces & bi%ops4 ,! cities compla9$ bitt]ly ( oppressive taxation & ( lawless depr$ations4 ,!re 0 widespread disaffection1 ?reat5+ op5 revolt1 among ! peasants4 ,maximilian _h be5 ?w>t$ politically by ! popes4 ,at fir/ he 0 glad to he> ( ,lu!r's rebellion4 ,he said to ,fr$]ick ! ,wise1 ,let ! ,witt5b]g monk be tak5 good c>e (3 we may "s day want him4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( 8 reign 8 int]e/s drew him ne>] to ,rome4 ,,election ,,( ,,*>les ,v4--,on ! dea? ( ,maximilian 7#aeai71 z ! ,elector ,fr$]ick w\ld n take ! imp]ial cr[n1 !re 7 two rival c&idates1--,francis ,i41 ! k+ ( ,france1 & ,*>les ,i41 ( ,spa91 ! gr&son ( ,maximilian4 ,francis 0 a gallant & %[y p]sonage1 b x 0 fe>$ t he w\ld be despotic2 & ! electors made *oice ( ,*>les4 ,! ext5t ( ,*>les's h]$it>y dom9ions 9 ,g]many1 & ! greatness ( 8 p[]1 w\ld make him1 x 0 ?\ght1 ! be/ def5d] ( ! empire aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,! electors1 at 8 *oice1 b\nd him 9 a capitulation to respect ! au?ority ( ! ,diet1 & n to br+ =eign troops into ! c\ntry4 ,*>les 0 ! inh]itor ( ,au/ria & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ! cr[ns ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon1 ( ,nav>re1 ( ,naples & ,sicily1 toge!r ) ! t]ritories ( ,spa9 9 ! ,new ,_w2 & n[ he 0 at ! head ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,! conc5tration ( s mu* p[] 9 a s+le h& c\ld n b provoke al>m 9 all o!r pot5tates4 ,! great rival ( ,*>les 0 ,francis ,i41 & ! ma9 prize 9 ! conte/ 0 dom9ion 9 ,italy4 ,*>les 0 a sagaci\s pr9ce2 f 8 ,spani% education1 /rongly atta*$ to ! ,roman-,ca?olic sy/em1 &1 9 virtue ( ! imp]ial (fice1 ! protector ( ! ,*ur*4 ,yet ) him political consid]ations1 dur+ mo/ ( 8 life1 7 upp]mo/4 ,he made ! mi/ake ( n appreciat+ ! /r5g? t lay 9 ! convictions at ! root ( ! ,prote/ant movem5t4 ,he ov]-e/imat$ ! p[] ( political comb9ations4 ,,diet ,,( ,,worms4--,*>les ,v4 fir/ came into ,g]many 9 #aeba1 & met ! ,diet ( ! empire at ,worms4 ,!re ,lu!r appe>$ "u ! protection ( a safe-conduct4 ,he manife/$ 8 wont$ c\rage2 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! emp]or1 & ( ! augu/ assembly1 he refus$ to retract 8 op9ions1 plant+ himself on ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures1 & decl9+ to submit to ! v]dicts ( ,pope or c\ncil4 ,aft] he _h left ,worms1 a s5t5ce ( outlawry 0 pass$ aga9/ him4 ,*>les at t mom5t 0 b5t on ! re-conque/ ( ,milan1 :i* ! ,fr5* _h tak52 & ! ,pope 0 fri5dly to 8 und]tak+1 al?\gh ,leo ,x4 _h be5 oppos$ to ,*>les's election4 ,,francis ,i4--,francis ,i4 7#aeae-aedg7 aim$ to complete ! "w begun by 8 pr$ecessors1 & to make ! ,fr5* mon>*y absolute4 ,by a concordat ) ! ,pope 7#aeaf71 ! *oice ( bi%ops & abbots 0 giv5 into ! k+'s h&1 :ile ! ,pope 0 to receive ! annates1 or ! fir/ ye>'s rev5ue ( all su* b5efices4 ,francis cont9u$ ! practice ( sell+ judicial places begun "u ,l\is ,,xii44 ,he 0 b5t on ma9ta9+ ! unity ( ,france1 &1 z a condition1 ! ,ca?olic sy/em4 ,b he 0 always ready to help ! ,prote/ants 9 ,g]many :5 he c\ld !reby weak5 ,*>les4 ,= ! same end1 he 0 ev5 ready to jo9 h&s ) ! ,turk4 ,,rivalry ,,( ,,*>les ,,& ,,francis4--,*>les claim$ ! old imp]ial t]ritories ( ,milan & ,g5oa4 ,he claim$1 also1 a portion ( ,s\!rn ,france1--! du*y ( ,burgundy1 :i* he did n all[ t ,l\is ,,xi4 _h ! "r to confiscate4 ,francis claim$ ,naples 9 virtue ( ! rights ( ! h\se ( ,anj\2 also ,spani% ,nav>re1 :i* ,f]d9& ( ,aragon _h seiz$1 & ! suz]a9ty ( ,fl&]s & ,artois4 ,he _h ga9$ a brilliant victory ov] ! ,swiss at ! battle ( ,m>ignano1 9 #aeae1 & reconqu]$ ,milan4 ,he conclud$ a treaty ( peace ) ! ,swiss1--! treaty ( ,freiburg 7#aeaf71 :i* gave to ! k+1 9 return = a ye>ly p5sion1 ! lib]ty to levy troops 9 ,switz]l&4 ,?is treaty cont9u$ until ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,,fir/ ,,w> ,,( ,,*>les ,,& ,,francis 7#aeba-aebf74--;,ho/ilities betwe5 ,francis & ,*>les comm5c$ 9 ,italy 9 #aeba4 ,! ,fr5* 7 driv5 f ,milan 9 #aebb1 :i* 0 aga9 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,francesco ,s=za2 & ! emp]or 0 soon ma/] ( all ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,engl& & ! ,pope sid$ ) ,*>les2 & on ! dea? ( ,leo ,x41 a =m] tutor ( ! emp]or 0 made 8 successor1 "u ! "n ,adrian ,,vi4 7#aebb74 ,! mo/ em95t & ! ri*e/ man 9 ,france1 next to ! k+1 ,*>les ( ,b\rbon1 con/able ( ! k+dom1 jo9$ ! enemies ( ,francis4 ,he compla9$ ( grievances consequ5t on ! enmity ( ,l\isa ( ,savoy1 ! "m ( ! k+1 & attempt$1 ) ! aid ( ! emp]or & ,h5ry ,,viii41 to create a k+dom = himself 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,france4 ,b ! national _s 9 ,france 0 too /rong = su* a s*eme ( dismemb]m5t & =eign conque/ to succe$1 & all t ,*>les ga9$ 9 ! end 0 "o brave g5]al4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aebd-be ,francis cross$ ! ,alps at ! head ( a brilliant army1 & recaptur$ ,milan2 b he 0 defeat$ & tak5 prison] at ,pavia1 & ! ,fr5* army 0 almo/ de/roy$4 ,*>les 0 able to dictate t]ms to 8 captive4 ,x 0 /ipulat$ 9 ! ,peace ( ,madrid 7#aebf71 t ,francis %\ld r5\nce all claim to ,milan1 ,g5oa1 & ,naples1 & to ! suz]a9ty ( ,fl&]s & ,artois1 c$e ! du*y ( ,burgundy1 & deliv] 8 sons z ho/ages1 t]ms :i* c\ld n be fulfill$4 ,,lu!r ,,at ,,! ,,w>tburg4--,we h n[ to glance at ! ev5ts 9 ,g]many dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,*>les ,v4 ,lu!r1 al?\gh "u ! ban ( ! empire1 0 9 no imm$iate p]il :ile he /aid 9 ,saxony4 ,! elector1 h[ev]1 ?\ght x prud5t to place him 9 ! ca/le ( ! ,w>tburg1 :]e he c\ld h a safe & quiet asylum4 ,!re he began 8 translation ( ! ,bible1 :i*1 ap>t f its religi\s influ5ce1 f ! vigor & racy quality ( its /yle made an epo* 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! ,g]man p4 ,x 0 a "w ( great labor4 ,! language us$ by ,lu!r 9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts did n exi/ be=e 9 s pure1 p[]ful1 & g5u9e a =m4 ,:ile ,lu!r 0 engag$ 9 ?is "w1 a radical movem5t broke out at ,witt5b]g1 ( :i* ,c>l/adt1 "o ( 8 support]s1 0 ! pr9cipal lead]4 ,he 0 = c>ry+ *anges 9 wor%ip to su* an extreme1 & = introduc+ !m s abruptly1 t ! greate/ disord] 0 ?reat5$4 ,aga9/ ! wi% ( ! elector1 ,lu!r left 8 retreat1 & by 8 disc\rses & p]sonal pres5ce quiet$ ! di/urbance4 ,,progress ,,& ,,reaction4--,no attempt 0 made to c>ry out ! ,worms decree4 ,! reason 0 t ! influ5tial classes 7 s mu* 9 sympa?y ) ,lu!r's cause4 ,! ,imp]ial ,*amb]1 :i* rul$ 9 ! emp]or's abs5ce1 w\ld d no?+ aga9/ him4 ,its committee refus$ to c>ry out ! decree2 & a li/ ( "o hundr$ grievances 0 s5t to ,pope ,adrian ,,vi41 ( :i* ! ,g]man nation _h reason to compla9 7#aebc74 ,ev5ts1 h[ev]1 soon occurr$ t 7 unfavorable 9 _! effect on ! ,lu!ran movem5t4 ,! knights b&$ toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s1 "u ,franz van ,sick+51 & tri$ by =ce ( arms to r$uce ! p[] ( ! pr9ces4 ,lu!r %[$ no favor to _! plans & do+s2 b1 z _! lead]s _h applaud$ him1 a reaction aga9/ innovations1 includ+ *anges 9 doctr9e1 0 ! natural consequ5ce4 ,pope ,adrian ,,vi4 0 e>ne/ly desir\s ( practical re=ms2 b 8 successor1 ,clem5t ,,vii4 7#aebc-aecd71 0 ( ! h\se ( ,m$ici1 & a man ( ! _w1 l ,leo ,x4 ,an alliance 0 made by ! ,ca?olic pr9ces & bi%ops ( ,s\? ,g]many at ,ratisbon 9 #aebd1 to d away ) c]ta9 abuses1 b to prev5t ! spread ( ! new doctr9e4 ,,! ,,peasants' ,,w>4--,9 #aebd a great revolt ( ! peasants broke out1 & ! next ye> x became g5]al4 ,!y 7 groan+ "u intol]able burd5s ( taxation1 & o!r =ms ( oppression4 ,!y dem&$ lib]ty 9 *ur* affairs1 & = ! prea*+ ( ! new doctr9e1 & release f feudal tyranny4 ,lu!r felt & said t !y 7 wrong$ griev\sly2 b :5 !y took up arms1 he1 & ) him ! great middle class :i* he l$1 took sides /rongly aga9/ !m4 ,! revolt 0 put d[n1 & its au?ors inhumanly puni%$4 ,= a "t ! peasants _h wond]ful success4 ,napoleon wond]$ t ,*>les ,v4 did n seize ! occasion to make ,g]many a unit$ empire4 ,!n seem$ to be a "t :5 ! pr9ces c\ld h be5 /ripp$ ( _! p[]4 ,"o ( ! =emo/ lead]s ( ! rebellion 0 ,?omas ,mnz]4 ,on ! defeat ( ! peasants1 he 0 captur$ & behead$4 ,,second ,,w> ,,betwe5 ,,*>les ,,& ,,francis 7#aebg-aebi74--;,9 ! ,peace ( ,madrid1 ,*>les & ,francis _h agre$ to proce$ aga9/ ! ,turks & aga9/ ! h]etics4 ,b1 aft] ! release ( ,francis1 he repudiat$ ! concessions be=e m5tion$ 7p4 #djj71 :i* 7 made1 he alleg$1 "u co]cion2 & ) ,clem5t ,,vii4 he =m$ a conspiracy aga9/ ! emp]or4 ,! ,diet ( ,spires1 9 #aebf1 decid$ to leave ea* ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! empire1 until ! meet+ ( a g5]al c\ncil1 to decide = itself z to ! c\rse to be tak5 9 ! matt] ( religion & 9 respect to ! edict ( ,worms4 ,9 #aebg a ,g]man army1 l>gely compos$ ( ,lu!rans1 l$ by ,con/able ,b\rbon & ,george ,frundsb]g1 /orm$ & captur$ ,rome4 ,! ,pope made an alliance ) ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,a ,fr5* army "u ,lautrec appe>$ at ,naples1 b x 0 s weak5$ by a fe>ful pe/il5ce t x 0 easily de/roy$4 ,! ,pope conclud$ peace ) ,*>les 9 #aebi4 ,! emp]or promis$ to ext]m9ate h]esy4 ,9 ! ,peace ( ,cambray1 ,francis r5\nc$ 8 claims on ,italy1 ,fl&]s1 & ,artois3 ,*>les engag$ = ! pres5t n to press 8 claims ^u ,burgundy1 & set free ! ,fr5* pr9ces4 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,nuremb]g 7#aecb74--,! ,diet ( ,spires 9 #aebi rev]s$ ! policy ( tacit tol]ation4 ,x pass$ an edict =bidd+ ! progress ( ! ,re=mation 9 ! /ates :i* _h n accept$ x1 & all[+ 9 ! re=m$ /ates full lib]ty ( wor%ip to ! adh]5ts ( ! old confession4 ,! prote/ by ! ,lu!ran pr9ces & cities1 aga9/ ! decree ( ! ,diet1 gave ! "n ( ,prote/ants to _! p>ty4 ,! successful def5se ( ,vi5na aga9/ an imm5se army ( ! ,turks "u ,soliman deliv]$ ,*>les = ! mom5t f anxiety 9 t qu>t]4 ,a !ological controv]sy betwe5 ! ,lu!ran & ! ,swiss re=m]s1 on ! ,"l's ,supp]1 made a division ( feel+ betwe5 !m4 ,a conf]5ce ( ! two p>ties at ,m>burg1 9 :i* ,lu!r & ,melan*?on met ,zw+li & 8 associates1 br\ght no agreem5t4 ,e ?+ 0 propiti\s = an ef=t at co]cion2 & ?is 0 resolv$ ^u at ! ,diet ( ,augsburg 9 #aecj1 :]e ! emp]or 0 pres5t 9 p]son1 & :]e ,melan*?on pres5t$ ! celebrat$ ,prote/ant ,confession ( ,fai?4 ,! ?reats aga9/ ! ,prote/ant pr9ces induc$ !m to =m ! ,league ( ,smalcald = mutual def5se4 ,b x 0 f\nd impracticable to c>ry out ! measures ( repression aga9/ ! ,lu!rans4 ,bav>ia 0 jeal\s ( ! h\se ( ,hapsburg1 & oppos$ to ! plan ( ! emp]or to make 8 bro!r1 ,f]d9& ( ,au/ria1 8 successor4 ,! ,turks "u ,soliman 7 ?reat5+4 ,france & ,d5m>k 7 ready to help ! ,prote/ants4 ,accord+ly ! ,peace ( ,nuremb]g 0 conclud$ 9 #aecb1 9 :i* religi\s affairs 7 to be left z !y 71 & bo? p>ties 7 to comb9e aga9/ ! common enemy ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,teutonic ,,c\ntries3 ,,switz]l&1 ,,d5m>k1 ,,sw$51 ,,engl&4 ,,! ,,swiss ,,re=mation3 ,,zw+li4--,! f\nd] ( ,prote/antism 9 ,switz]l& 0 ,ulri* ,zw+li4 ,he 0 born 9 #adhd4 ,8 fa!r 0 ! lead+ man 9 a m\nta9 village4 ,! son1 at ,vi5na & at ,basel1 became a pr(ici5t 9 ! humani/ /udies4 ,he read ! ,greek au?ors & ! ,bible 9 ! orig9al4 ,a curate fir/ at ,gl>us1 & !n at ,e9si$eln1 he became pa/or at ,zuri*4 ,z e>ly z #aeah he prea*$ aga9/ ! sale ( indulg5ces4 ,he 0 a s*ol>ly man1 bluff & k9dly 9 8 ways1 & an impressive orator4 ,! ,swiss 7 corrupt$ by _! employm5t z m]c5>y soldi]s1 hir$ by ,france1 by ! ,pope1 or by ! emp]or4 ,( ! demoraliz+ influ5ce ( ?is practice1 ,zw+li became deeply conv9c$2 & 8 ex]tions z a ,*ur* re=m] 7 m+l$ ) a patriotic zeal = ! moral & political reg5]ation ( ,switz]l&4 ,ma9ly by 8 influ5ce1 ,zuri* sep>at$ f ! jurisdiction ( ! bi%op ( ,con/ance1 & became ,prote/ant 9 #aebd4 ,! example ( ,zuri* 0 foll[$ by ,b]ne 7#aebh7 & by ,basel 7#aebi74 ,zw+li agre$ ) ,lu!r on ! two ma9 po9ts ( ! sole au?ority ( ! ,scriptures1 & ! doctr9e ( salvation by fai? alone2 b on ! sacram5t ( ! ,"l's ,supp] he w5t f>!r 9 8 diss5t f ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,?is made ,lu!r & 8 foll[]s /& alo( :5 cordial fell[%ip 0 propos$ betwe5 ! two p>ties4 ,,civil ,,/rife3 ,,dea? ,,( ,,zw+li4--,! aim ( ,zw+li 0 to e/abli% a republican con/itution 9 ! sev]al cantons1 & also 9 ! conf$]ation z a body1 :]e ! five ,=e/ ,cantons _h an undue %>e ( p[]4 ,^! adh]$ to ! old ,*ur*4 ,9 ,b]ne ! olig>*ic p>ty 0 supplant$ by ! republican1 re=m+ p>ty1--an ev5t ( decisive importance4 ,z ! irritation increas$ betwe5 ! ,=e/ ,cantons & ! cities1 ! =m] ent]$ into a league ) ,f]d9& ( ,au/ria1 & ! cities lean$ = support on ! ,g]man /ates 9 sympa?y ) _! op9ions4 ,a treaty 0 made 7#aebi71 b ea* side accus$ ! o!r ( break+ x4 ,at l5g? w> began3 ,b]ne fail$ to come to ! help ( ,zuri*4 ,ea* city wi%$ to be ! metropolis ( ! re=m$ conf$]ation4 ,! =ces ( ,zuri* 7 vanqui%$ at ,cappel1 :]e ,zw+li himself1 :o 0 on ! field 9 ! capacity ( a *apla91 0 sla9 7#aeca74 ,by ! peace ( ,cappel 9 #aeca1 ,prote/antism 0 n co]c$1 b a *eck 0 put ^u its progress4 ,nei!r p>ty 0 /rong en\gh to subdue ! o!r4 ,,prote/antism ,,9 ,,sc&9avia4--,9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 mon>*ical p[] 0 built up by means ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! union ( ,calm> 7#acig7 "u ,que5 ,m>g>et1 betwe5 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,sw$51 _h be5 a dyna/ic union4 ,! sev]al peoples 7 n unit$ 9 feel+4 ,! sov]eign1 moreov]1 _h 8 p[] limit$ by a /rong feudal nobility1 & by a ri* ,*ur* impati5t ( control4 ,fir/ ! ,*ur* 0 ov]come by means ( ,prote/antism1 & !n ! nobles4 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,d5m>k--,on ! accession ( ,*ri/ian ,i4 ( ,old5burg 7#addh-adha71 ! du*ies ( ,hol/e9 & ,s*leswig became connect$ ) ,d5m>k 9 a p]sonal union4 ,8 gr&son1 ,*ri/ian ,,ii4 7#aeac-aebc71 did n rule ! du*ies1 :i* 7 gov]n$ by ,fr$]ic ,i41 :o aft]w>ds succe$$ ,*ri/ian ,,ii4 z k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,*ri/ian ,,ii4 0 b5t on putt+ d[n ! ari/ocracy1 lay & cl]ical1 b lack$ ! moral qualities necess>y to success 9 s difficult a task4 ,he at fir/ favor$ ,prote/antism f political motives4 ,he hop$ to br+ ! ,sw$es into subjection by ! aid ( ! ,danes1 & !n to subdue ! ,dani% nobility4 ,9 ,sw$5 ! nobles practically rul$2 & ! reg5cy 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ures1 :o befri5d$ ! common p1 & 7 oppos$ by ! o!r nobles & ! cl]gy4 ,*ri/ian made use ( ^! divisions1 & ( ! help ( ,g]man & ,fr5* troops1 to get possession ( ,/ockholm 7#aebj74 ,he took ! ,ca?olic side4 ,b 8 p]fidy1 & ! massacre ( em95t ,sw$es1--kn[n z ! ,massacre ( ,/ockholm1--excit$ an inext+ui%able hatr$ aga9/ ,d5m>k4 ,! ,dani% nobles fe>$ ! same sort ( treatm5t4 ,! k+'s attempts at re=m (f5d$ !m )\t pleas+ ! peasants1 & a revolution took place :i* de?ron$ him4 ,duke ,fr$]ic ( ,s*leswig 0 made k+ 7#aebc73 ! du*ies & ,d5m>k 7 aga9 toge!r4 ,fr$]ic swore n to introduce ! ,re=mation1 nor to attack ,ca?olicism4 ,b he 0 an ard5t ,lu!ran4 ,! new doctr9e _h come into ! l&1 & 0 spread+4 ,! nobles1 :o covet$ ! possessions ( ! ,*ur*1 esp\s$ x4 ,at ! ,diet ( ,od5see1 9 #aebg1 tol]ation 0 grant$ to ,lu!ranism4 ,on ,fr$]ic's dea?1 9 #aecc1 an ef=t ( ! bi%ops to re/ore ! exclusive dom9ation ( ! old sy/em ( religion 0 defeat$4 ,*ri/ian ,,iii4 0 made k+2 & at a ,diet at ,cop5hag5 9 #aecf1 ! ,re=mation 0 legaliz$1 & ! ,lu!ran sy/em1 ) bi%ops or sup]9t5d5ts1 0 e/abli%$4 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,sw$54--,aft] ! massacre ( ,/ockholm1 ,d5m>k 0 dete/$ by ! ,sw$es4 ,a great political revolution occurr$1 :i* involv$ also a religi\s revolution4 ,! au?or ( ! *ange1 & ! real f\nd] ( ! ,sw$i% mon>*y1 0 ,gu/avus ,vasa1 a "y ,sw$e ( noble family1 :o _h be5 held z a captive 9 ,cop5hag51 b _h escap$ & return$ to 8 c\ntry4 ,he 0 ( impos+ pres5ce1 prud5t yet d>+1 & ) a natural gift ( eloqu5ce4 ,amid great dang]s & suff]+s1 su* z tradition ascrib$ to ,k+ ,alfr$ ( ,engl&1 he succe$$1 at ! head ( a =ce ga!r$ to him 9 ! prov9ce ( ,dlec>lia1 9 ga9+ ! mo/ important places 9 ! c\ntry1 & 0 proclaim$ k+ 9 #aebc4 ,he 0 n deeply int]e/$ 9 ! religi\s controv]sy1 al?\gh he favor$ ,lu!ranism2 b he made x 8 /eady aim to break d[n ! cl]ical ari/ocracy1 to weak5 ! nobles1 & to organize a /rong & prosp]\s mon>*y4 ,he proce$$ c>efully3 b ! peasants1 :o _h be5 8 w>me/ support]s1 7 /rongly atta*$ to ! old ,*ur*2 & ! opposition to 8 measures f all qu>t]s 0 su* t at ! ,diet ( ,we/]s1 9 #aebg1 he took ! bold /ep ( (f]+ to lay d[n ! cr[n4 ,at ?is ,diet he _h assembl$ repres5tatives ( ! citiz5s & peasants1 z well z ! cl]gy & nobles4 ,he propos$ to pay an enorm\s debt :i* 0 due to ,lbeck1 by us+ ! colossal weal? ( ! ,*ur* = ?is purpose1 & to %ake (f ! monopoly ( trade :i* ! ,hanse t[ns enjoy$4 ,f9d+ himself )/ood1 he r5\nc$ ! ?rone4 ,! di/raction & tumults :i* foll[$ 8 act ( rel9qui%+ ! cr[n 7 su* t a great p>ty ( ! nobles jo9$ him4 ,?ree days aft] 8 abdication1 he 0 recall$ to ! ?rone3 ! cl]gy submitt$ abjectly1 & ! ,*ur* 0 no long] a p[] 9 ! /ate1 or possess$ ( weal?4 ,trade 0 releas$ f its bondage to ,lbeck & ! o!r t[ns2 comm]ce 0 op5$ ) =eign c\ntries2 & a m>ket 0 provid$ = iron1 ! ma9 product ( ! c\ntry4 ,! nobles 7 held 9 subjection4 ,! ,lu!ran doctr9e made v rapid progress1 & became dom9ant4 ,,engl&3 ,,h5ry ,,viii4 ,,& ,,lu!r4--,9 ,engl&1 z 9 ,france1 !re 7 e>ne/ desires = *ur* re=m1 p>tly ar\s$ by su* s]i\s-m9d$ humani/s z ,colet1 ,m1 & ,erasmus4 ,ev5 ,c>d9al ,wolsey sympa?iz$ ) ?is movem5t1 & int5d$ to end[ colleges & bi%oprics out ( ! confiscat$ weal? ( ! m useless mona/]ies4 ,:at might h be5 a sl[ developm5t ( religi\s ?\ght 0 trans=m$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! k+'s own policy4 ,( all ! ,tudor pr9ces none _h a m ob/9ate & tyrannical w ?an ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! advantages d]iv$ f ! effect ( ! civil w>s1 :i* _h r$uc$ ! /r5g? & numb]s ( ! nobility1 & ! natural ,engli% jeal\sy1 always %[n1 ( =eign & papal supremacy1 enabl$ ,h5ry to break (f ! connection ( ,engl& ) ,rome2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 he resi/$ ,prote/antism & p]secut$ its adh]5ts4 ,pr\d ( 8 !ological acquirem5ts1 he appe>$1 9 #aebb1 z an au?or aga9/ ,lu!r1 9 a book 9 def5se ( ! ,sev5 ,sacram5ts1 = :i* he receiv$ f ! ,pope ! title ( ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?4 ,! vitup]ative "* ( ,lu!r's answ] confirm$ him 9 8 hatr$ ( ! new doctr9e4 ,:5 ,god1 said ! blunt ,saxon re=m]1 wants a fool1 he turns a k+ into a !ological writ]4 ,,! ,,divorce ,,"q4--,:at made ! brea* betwe5 ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ! papacy 0 ! "q ( ! k+'s divorce4 ,he _h be5 m>ri$ 9 8 twelf? ye> to ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon1 ! aunt ( ,*>les ,v4 & ! wid[ ( ,h5ry's deceas$ bro!r ,ar?ur 7:o _h be5 m>ri$ to h] 9 #aeja1 :5 he 0 fifte5 ye>s old1 & _h di$ ! next ye>74 ,a disp5sation p]mitt+ ! m>riage ( ,h5ry _h be5 grant$ by ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 ,h[ f> ,h5ry's passion = ,anne ,boleyn1 :om he desir$ to w$1 0 at ! root ( 8 scruples respect+ ! validity ( 8 m>riage1 x may n be easy to decide4 ,8 application to ,clem5t ,,vii4 = a sep>ation rea*$ ! ,pope aft] ! ,peace ( ,madrid1 :5 !re 0 a desire to less5 ! p[] ( ! emp]or4 ,c>d9al ,wolsey1 ! favorite c\nselor ( ,h5ry1 :o himself aspir$ to ! papal (fice1 0 oblig$ to help on ! cause ( 8 imp]i\s ma/]4 ,b :atev] disposition !re 0 at ,rome to gratify ,h5ry1 !re 0 no incl9ation to hurry ! proce$+s4 ,!re 7 long delays 9 ,engl&1 :i!r a papal legate1 ,campeggio1 _h be5 s5t to inve/igate & det]m9e ! cause4 ,9 #aebi ! legates decid$ t ! case mu/ be det]m9$ at ,rome4 ,?is ! que5 _h be=e dem&$ 9 va94 ,aside f o!r objections to ! divorce1 ,clem5t ,,vii4 0 n[ at peace ) ,*>les ,v41 :om x 0 undesirable to (f5d4 ,! inc5s$ k+ took ! matt] into 8 own h&s4 ,wolsey1 hav+ be5 "o ( ! legates1 0 depriv$ ( all 8 dignities3 he 0 *>g$ ) treason1 8 /r5g? melt$ away on 8 fall f ! heights ( p[]1 & he di$ a brok5-spirit$ man4 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,engl& ,,f ,,rome4--,h5ry n[ gave free re9 to ! _s ( opposition 9 ,p>liam5t to ,rome4 ,he took = 8 pr9cipal m9i/]1 :o became viceg]5t 9 ecclesia/ical affairs1 ,?omas ,cromwell4 ,cromwell1 unlike ,wolsey1 0 ho/ile to ! temporal p[] ( ,rome4 ,he made ,?omas ,cranm] ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o 0 incl9$ t[>d ,prote/ant views1 b1 ?\gh s9c]e 9 8 beliefs1 0 a man ( pliant temp]1 indispos$ to resi/ ! k+'s w1 pref]r+ to b[ to a /orm1 & to wait = x to pass by4 ,by ,cranm] ! divorce 0 decre$1 b ?is 0 aft] ! m>riage ) ,anne ,boleyn _h tak5 place4 ,h5ry 0 excommunicat$ by ! ,pope4 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t aboli%$ ! ,pope's1 & e/abli%$ ! k+'s1 supremacy 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,9 #aecf ! cloi/]s 7 aboli%$4 ,_! prop]ty 0 confiscat$1 & fell to a l>ge ext5t into ! h&s ( ! nobles & ! g5try4 ,?is measure b\nd !m to ! policy ( ! sov]eign4 ,! mit]$ abbots 7 expell$ f ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 :i* left ! prepond]ance ( p[] ) ! lay nobles4 ,! hi]>*y b[$ to ! w ( ! k+4 ,,! ,,two ,,p>ties4--,!re 7 two p>ties 9 ,engl& among ! uphold]s ( ! k+'s supremacy4 ,!re 7 ! ,prote/ants by conviction1 :o 7 = spread+ ! new doctr9e4 ,?is _h already tak5 root & spread 9 ! univ]sities1 & 9 "s o!r places 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! new lit]>y culture _h pav$ ! way = x4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 !re 7 /ill left _m ,loll>ds1 disciples ( ,wickliffe4 ,cromwell1 ,cranm]1 & "o ( ! bi%ops1 ,latim]1 7 prom95t lead]s ( ?is p>ty4 ,aga9/ !m 7 ! adh]5ts ( ! ,ca?olic !ology1 su* z ,g>d9]1 ,tun/al ( ,durham1 & o!r bi%ops4 ,at fir/ ! k+ incl9$ t[>ds ! fir/ ( ^! two p>ties4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ important acts 0 ! ord]+ ( a translation ( ! ,bible into ,engli%1 a copy ( :i* 0 to be plac$ 9 e *ur*4 ,b a popul> rebellion 9 #aecf 0 foll[$ by a *ange ( ecclesia/ical policy4 ,! ,six ,articles 7 pass$1 ass]t+ ! ,roman ,ca?olic doctr9es1 & puni%+ ^? :o d5i$ transub/antiation ) dea?4 ,! que51 ,anne ,boleyn1 :o 0 an adh]5t ( ! ,prote/ant side1 0 execut$ on ! *>ge ( infidelity to h] m>riage v[s 7#aecf74 ,a few ye>s lat] ,cromwell 0 s5t to ! scaffold because ! k+ no long] approv$ ( 8 policy &1 see+ h[ unpopul> he _h become1 us$ him z a scapegoat 7#aedj74 ,lu!ran bi%ops 7 ?r[n into ! ,t[]3 ,cranm] alone 0 %ield$ by ! k+'s p]sonal favor1 & by 8 own prud5ce4 ,?is sy/em ( a national *ur*1 ( :i* ! k+1 & n ! ,pope1 0 ! head1 :]e ! doctr9e 0 ,roman ,ca?olic1 & ! great ecclesia/ical (fic]s 7 appo9t$1 l civil (fic]s1 by ! mon>*1 0 ! creation ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,8 /rong w 0 able to keep d[n ! conflict+ p>ties4 ,despite 8 s5suality & cruelty1 he 0 a popul> sov]eign4 ,"o ( 8 pr9cipal crimes 0 ! execution ( ,sir ,?omas ,m = refus+ to take ! oa? ( supremacy because ?is conta9$ an affirmation ( ! invalidity ( ! k+'s m>riage ) ,ca!r9e4 ,m 0 "o ( ! noble/ m5 9 ,engl&1 a man :o comb9$ vigor ) g5tl5ess4 ,he 0 will+ to swe> t ! *ildr5 ( ,anne 7 lawful heirs to ! ?rone1 because ,p>liam5t1 he believ$1 c\ld regulate ! succession2 b ?is did n satisfy ! tyrannical mon>*4 ,9 ! latt] portion ( 8 reign he grew m suspici\s1 willful1 & cruel4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,g]many1 ,,f ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,nuremb]g ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,augsburg 7#aecb-aeee74 ,,! ,,p>ties ,,9 ,,g]many1 #aecb-aedb4--;,= t5 ye>s aft] ! ,peace ( ,nuremb]g1 ! ,prote/ants 9 ,g]many 7 left unmole/$4 ,! m5ac+ attitude ( ! ,turks1 & ! occupations ( ! emp]or 9 ,italy & 9 o!r l&s1 r5d]$ x impossible to int]f]e ) !m4 ,philip1 ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse1 a *ivalr\s ,prote/ant pr9ce1 l$ ! way 9 ! arm$ re/oration ( ,duke ,ulri* ( ,wrtemb]g1 :o _h be5 driv5 out ( 8 dom9ion4 ,?us a ,prote/ant pr9ce 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! he>t ( ,s\!rn ,g]many 7#aecd74 ,9 ,we/phalia1 a fanatical bran* ( ! ,anabapti/ sect at ,mn/]1 ) :om ! ,lu!rans did n sympa?ize1 0 brok5 up by ! neighbor+ ,ca?olic pr9ces4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! p[] ( ,lbeck & ( ! ,hanseatic ,league did n *eck ! advance ( ,lu!ranism4 ,x cont9u$ to make great progress 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! ,smalcald ,league 0 ext5d$4 ,a league ( ! ,ca?olic /ates 0 =m$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #aech4 ,dur+ ?ree ye>s 7#aech-aeda7 ef=ts 7 made by ! emp]or to secure peace & union4 ,( ^! ! ,conf]5ce & ,diet ( ,ratisbon 9 #aeda is ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,! ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics c\ld n agree ^u /atem5ts ( doctr9e2 b ! necessity ( gett+ ,prote/ant help aga9/ ! ,turks compell$ ,*>les to sanction ! ,peace ( ,nuremb]g1 & to make to ! ,lu!rans o!r important concessions4 ,?is arrangem5t ! emp]or reg>d$ z only a tempor>y truce4 ,among ! conque/s ( ,prote/antism aft] ! ,peace ( ,nuremb]g1 & prior to #aedd1 7 ,br&5burg & ,ducal ,saxony1 ^: rul]s adopt$ ! new doctr9e4 ,x 0 spread+ 9 ,au/ria1 9 ,bav>ia1 & 9 o!r /ates4 ,duke ,h5ry ( ,brunswick fell into conflict ) ! ,smalcaldic ,league1 & 0 conqu]$1 s t 8 pr9cipality became ,prote/ant4 ,ev5 ! ecclesia/ical elector ( ,cologne 0 tak+ /eps t[>ds jo9+ ! ,prote/ant side4 ,?is w\ld h giv5 to ! ,lu!rans a majority 9 ! electoral college4 ,! bi%oprics ) temporal p[] 7 num]\s 9 ,g]many4 ,if !y 7 secul>iz$1 ! old religi\s sy/em w\ld be depriv$ ( a pr9cipal support4 ,,! ,,smalcaldic ,,w>4--,*>les ,v4 0 n[ secretly resolv$ to co]ce ! ,prote/ants 9 ,g]many1 & sil5tly made 8 prep>ations = w>4 ,be=e ho/ilities comm5c$1 ,lu!r di$ 7#aedf74 ,! emp]or conclud$ ! ,peace ( ,crespy1 aft] a f\r? w> ) ,francis ,i4 ,x 0 a "p ( ! agreem5t1 t !y %\ld act jo9tly aga9/ ! h]etics4 ,b z ,francis 9 ! la/ two w>s aga9/ ! emp]or 7#aecf-aech1 #aedb-aedd7 _h tak5 = allies ! ,turks "u ,soliman1 x c\ld n be pr$ict$ h[ long he w\ld abide by 8 engagem5ts4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,*>les 0 safe 9 ?is qu>t]4 ,he n[ took pa9s to %ut ! eyes ( ! ,prote/ant pr9ces to _! dang]4 ,! ,smalcaldic ,league 0 ov]-confid5t ( its /r5g?4 ,its memb]s 7 discordant among !mselves4 ,( ! two *ief lead]s1 ! elector ( ,saxony1 ,john ,fr$]ic1 0 a sl[ & unskillful g5]al2 & ,philip1 ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse1 a brave & capable soldi]1 c\ld n take comm& ov] an elector4 ,above all1 ,maurice1 ! ,duke ( ,saxony1 0 9 ! mid/ ( a qu>rel ) 8 relative1 ! elector1 & covet$ a "p ( 8 t]ritories4 ,maurice 0 an able & adroit man1 a ,prote/ant1 b )\t ! e>ne/ religi\s convictions t belong$ to ! electors & to t g5]ation ( pr9ces :i* 0 pass+ away4 ,maurice 0 won by ! emp]or1 ?r\gh promises ( enri*m5t & favor1 & pl$ges n to int]f]e ) religion 9 8 pr9cipality4 ,*>les might h be5 prev5t$ f br++ 9 =eign troops f ! ,ne!rl&s & f ,italy1 b ! milit>y conduct ( ! elector 0 feeble & indecisive4 ,he 0 defeat$ & captur$ 9 #aedg at ,mhlb]g1 & ! surr5d] ( ! ,l&grave ,philip soon foll[$4 ,! ,prote/ant cause 0 pro/rate4 ,! clev] ,maurice _h 8 rew>d3 ! electoral (fice 0 transf]r$ to him2 he obta9$ a goodly portion ( ! elector's t]ritory4 ,,! ,,result3 ,,! ,,int]im4--,*>les 0 victori\s1 & app>5tly ma/] ( ,g]many4 ,! c\ntry 0 occupi$ by 8 =ces z f> nor? z ! ,elbe4 ,he 0 engag$ 9 ! "w ( pacification & ( confirm+ 8 au?ority4 ,9 #aedh he issu$ ! ,int]im ( ,augsburg1 9 :i* concessions 7 made to bo? p>ties1 :i* prov$ satisfactory to nei!r4 ,skillful z ! emp]or 0 9 diplomacy1 he always %[$ weakness 9 deal+ ) ! religi\s "q4 ,he proce$$ to =ce ! new measure on ! refractory cities 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! ,nor? x _h little effect4 ,maurice modifi$ x 9 8 own dom9ion4 ,:5 ,*>les seem$ to himself to be on ! eve ( a complete triumph1 he 0 des]t$ by ! allies on :om he c\nt$1--,rome1 ,france1 & ! pr9ces1 especially ,maurice4 ,,brea* ,,( ,,*>les ,,) ,,rome4--,! emp]or's assum+ to regulate ! affairs ( religion 0 reg>d$ ) disfavor at ,rome4 ,!re _h be5 a con/ant call = a g5]al c\ncil to adju/ ! religi\s controv]sies4 ,rome1 f fe> ( imp]ial influ5ce1 & = o!r reasons1 _h oppos$ ! measure4 ,at l5g?1 9 #aede1 ! fam\s ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t assembl$4 ,! emp]or want$ t body to beg9 ) measures = ! re=mation ( abuses4 ,he look$ = co-op]ation 9 8 s*eme = unit+ ! p>ties 9 ,g]many4 ,b ! c\ncil took ano!r pa?3 x began ) ana!mas aga9/ ! h]etical doctr9es4 ,*>les f\nd himself at v>iance ) ! policy ( ,rome1 at ! mom5t :5 he 0 try+ to br+ ,g]many to submission4 ,,disaffection ,,( ,,maurice4--,! emp]or's c\rse 9 ,g]many produc$ g5]al al>m4 ,he sep>at$ ! ,ne!rl&s f ! jurisdiction ( ! empire1 b settl$ ! succession 9 ! gov]nm5t 9 ! h\se ( ,hapsburg4 ,he drove ! ,diet into o!r measures :i* look$ t[>ds ! acquir+ ( milit>y supremacy = himself 9 ,g]many4 ,he violat$ 8 pl$ges respect+ ! two captive pr9ces4 ,philip ( ,hesse1 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,maurice1 he treat$ ) great sev]ity & indignity4 ,?reats 7 ?r[n out by ! c\nselors ( ,*>les aga9/ ! o!r pr9ces1 & ev5 aga9/ ,maurice1 :o compla9$ ( ! treatm5t ( ,philip1 & 0 sore "u ! load ( unpopul>ity t re/$ on him on acc\nt ( 8 w>f>e aga9/ 8 co-religioni/s1 by :om he 0 consid]$ ano!r ,judas4 ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,augsburg4--,maurice laid 8 plans ) secrecy & ) ma/]ly skill4 ,he secur$ ! cop]ation ( o!r ,g]man pr9ces4 ,he conclud$ an alliance ) ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,france4 ,he arrang$ ) ,magdeburg1 :i* he _h be5 besieg+1 to make x a place ( refuge if !re %\ld be ne$ ( an asylum4 ,:5 all 0 ready1 )\t hav+ excit$ any suspicion on ! "p ( ,*>les1 he sudd5ly took ! field1 m>*$ s\?w>d ) an army t increas$ z he advanc$1 cross$ ! ,alps1 & =c$ ! emp]or1 torm5t$ ) ! g\t1 to fly ha/ily f ,innsbruck 7#aeeb74 ,! captive pr9ces 7 releas$4 ,x 0 decid$ t ,g]many 0 n to be rul$ by ,spani% soldi]y4 ,! dream ( imp]ial dom9ation vani%$4 ,! ,prote/ants 7 promis$ by ,f]d9& ( ,au/ria1 9 ! "n ( 8 bro!r1 tol]ation1 & equality ( rights4 ,at ! ,diet ( ,augsburg 9 #aeee1 ! ,religi\s ,peace 0 conclud$4 ,e pr9ce 0 to be all[$ to *oose betwe5 ! ,ca?olic religion & ! ,augsburg ,confession1 & ! religion ( ! pr9ce 0 to be t ( ! l& ov] :i* he reign$3 t is1 ea* gov]nm5t 0 to *oose ! cre$ = its subjects4 ,f]d9& put 9 ! ecclesia/ical res]vation1 :i* provid$ t if ! head ( an ecclesia/ical /ate %\ld become a ,lu!ran1 he %\ld resign 8 b5efice4 ,he also decl>$ t ! ,lu!ran subjects ( ecclesia/ical pr9ces 7 n to be di/urb$4 ,! res]vation 0 to please ! ,ca?olics3 ! additional provision 0 to meet ! wi%es ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,nei!r /ood on ! same basis z ! o!r "p ( ! treaty4 ,f ,maurice ! electoral dignity desc5d$ 9 ! ,alb]t9e l9e ( ,saxon pr9ces4 ,! ,erne/9e l9e reta9$ ,weim>1 ,go?a1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,calv9ism ,,9 ,,g5eva3 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,c\nt]-,,re=mation4 ,,calv94--,second 9 reputation to ,lu!r only1 among ! f\nd]s ( ,prote/antism1 is ,john ,calv94 ,he 0 a ,fr5*man1 born 9 #aeji1 & 0 consequ5tly a *ild :5 ! ,saxon ,re=mation began4 ,he 0 ke5 & logical 9 8 m5tal habit1 ) a great organiz+ capacity1 naturally ( a retir+ temp]1 yet fe>less1 & endu$ ) extraord9>y int5sity & firmness ( w4 ,a m f9i%$ s*ol> ?an ,lu!r1 he lack$ 8 g5iality & t5d]ness1 & 8 imag9ative p[]4 ,calv9 fir/ /udi$ = ! prie/hood at ,p>is2 b :5 8 fa!r det]m9$ to make him a juri/1 he /udi$ law at ,orleans & ,b\rges4 ,esp\s+ ! ,prote/ant doctr9es1 he 0 oblig$ to fly f ,p>is1 &1 :5 /ill "y1 publi%$ 8 ,in/itutes ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 9 :i* he exp\nd$ ! ,prote/ant cre$ 9 a sy/ematic al?\gh f]vid way4 ,9 8 type ( !ology1 he laid mu* /ress on ! sov]eignty ( ,god1 & pr$e/9ation2 & taught a view ( ! ,"l's ,supp] n s f> f t ( ! old ,*ur* z ! doctr9e ( ,zw+li1 b f>!r remov$ f x ?an 0 ! doctr9e ( ,lu!r4 ,,! ,,g5evan ,,gov]nm5t4--,9 #aecf1 reluctantly yield+ to ! exhortations ( ,f>el1 a ,fr5* prea*] ( ! ,prote/ant doctr9e at ,g5eva1 ,calv9 e/abli%$ himself 9 t city4 ,g5eva 0 a fragm5t ( ! old k+dom ( ,burgundy4 ,! dukes ( ,savoy claim$ a temporal au?ority 9 ! city1 :i* 0 subject to its bi%op4 ,! au?ority ( ! dukes 0 ov]?r[n by a revolution1 & p[] pass$ f ! bi%op into ! h&s ( ! p 7#aecc74 ,! *ange 0 effect$ ) ! aid ( ,b]ne & ,freiburg4 ,!re _h be5 two p>ties 9 ,g5eva1--! p>ty ( ! ,conf$]ates1 :o 7 = /rik+ h&s ) ! ,swiss1 & ! p>ty ( ! ,mamelukes1 adh]5ts ( ! dukes4 ,! civil 0 foll[$ by an ecclesia/ical revolution4 ,prote/antism1 ) ! aid ( ,b]ne1 0 legally e/abli%$ 7#aece74 ,g5eva 0 a prosp]\s1 gay1 & dissolute city4 ,f>el1 a popul> orator ( /rik+ p[]1 unsp>+ 9 d5unciation1 f\nd ! p impati5t ( ! re/ra9ts t ! new religi\s sy/em :i* !y _h adopt$ laid ^u !m4 ,! regulations z to doctr9e1 wor%ip1 & discipl9e1 :i* ,calv9 & 8 associates proce$$ to introduce1 7 s di/a/eful1 t ! prea*]s 7 expell$ by ! ,c\ncil & by ! ,assembly ( ,citiz5s f ! place4 ,aft] he _h be5 abs5t ?ree ye>s1 ,calv91 9 consequ5ce ( ! increase ( disord] & vice1 & ! di/raction occasion$ by cont5d+ factions1 0 recall$1 & rema9$ 9 ,g5eva until 8 dea?4 ,he became ! virtual lawgiv] ( ! city4 ,he fram$ a sy/em ( ecclesia/ical & civil gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 an ecclesia/ical /ate1 9 :i* or?odoxy ( belief1 & purity ( conduct1 7 n only inculcat$ by sy/ematic tea*+1 b en=c$ by /r+5t enactm5ts4 ,(f5ses comp>atively trivial 7 puni%$ by /rict & sev]e p5alties4 ,to ! sy/em ( *ur* discipl9e1 /ret*+ ov] ! life ( e individual1 & c>ri$ out by ! civil magi/rates 9 alliance ) ! pa/ors1 !re 0 mu* opposition1 :i* l$ to outbreak+s ( viol5t resi/ance4 ,b ! support]s ( ,calv9 7 re9=c$ by num]\s ,prote/ant refugees f ,france4 ,! improvem5t ( ! city 9 morals & 9 public ord] 0 signal4 ,9 ! end1 ,calv91 :o 0 z firm z a rock1 triumph$ ov] all opposition4 ,g5eva became a place ( resort = exiles & /ud5ts f v>i\s c\ntries4 ,by 8 writ+s & correspond5ce1 ,calv9's influ5ce spread f> & wide4 ,9 ! affairs ( ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants1 9 p>ticul>1 8 influ5ce 0 pr$om9ant4 ,,s]vetus4--,! ,re=m]s 7 n1 any m ?an _! adv]s>ies1 advocates ( lib]ty 9 religi\s beliefs & pr(essions4 ,a melan*oly example ( ! prevail+ idea1 t x 0 ! duty ( ! civil au?ority to inflict p5alties ^u h]esy1 is ! case ( ,mi*ael ,s]vetus4 ,a ,spani>d by bir?1 ) a rem>kable aptitude = natural sci5ce & m$ic9e1 adv5tur\s & fickle1 he _h publi%$ books 9 :i* doctr9es receiv$ by bo? ! great divisions ( ! ,*ur*1 especially ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 7 assail$4 ,he escap$ out ( ! h&s ( ! ,ca?olics1 & came to ,g5eva4 ,!re he 0 tri$ = h]esy & blasphemy1 & 0 burn$ at ! /ake 7#aeec74 ,?is 0 at a "t :5 ,calv9 0 9 ! mid/ ( 8 conte/ ) ! ,lib]t9es1 ! p>ty actuat$ by ho/ility to him4 ,!y appe> to h /ood beh9d ,s]vetus 9 8 defiant attitude t[>ds ! ,g5evan au?orities4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,calv9ism4--,! p]sonal influ5ce ( ,calv9 0 directly ex]t$ ^u ! m cultur$ & educat$4 ,8 religi\s sy/em has wield$ a great p[]1 n only on ?is class1 b also ov] ! common p 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,calv9ism 0 nev] aw$ by mon>*ical au?ority4 ,l ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 x always refus$ to subord9ate ! ,*ur* & religion to ! civil p[]4 ,x numb]$ among its vot>ies _m m5 ( dauntless c\rage & ( unb5d+ fidelity to _! pr9ciples4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,reaction4--,! fir/ effectual resi/ance to ! spread ( ,prote/ant op9ions 0 made 9 ,italy4 ,9 t c\ntry1 !re 0 opposition to ! papacy f ^? :o saw 9 x an in/rum5t ( political disunion1 & also f "s :o 7 aggriev$ by ecclesia/ical abuses4 ,! prevail+ feel+1 h[ev]1 0 t ( pride 9 ! papacy1 :i*1 9 o!r c\ntries1 0 attack$ z an ,italian in/itution4 ,! humani/ le>n+ _h done mu* to und]m9e belief 9 ! old religi\s sy/em4 ,9 ! tra9 ( ! new /udies1 came mu* indiff]5ce & infidelity4 ,! books ( ! ,prote/ant lead]s1 h[ev]1 7 widely circulat$4 ,!re 7 n a few s9c]e conv]ts to ! new doctr9e 9 ! cities2 b !y 7 *iefly conf9$ to ! educat$ class1 & to p]sons 9 high /ation4 ,x took no root among ! common p4 ,aft] ! "t ( ! ,m$ici popes1 a new _s ( fai? & devotion awoke 9 circles e>ne/ly devot$ to ! papacy & to ! ,*ur*4 ,!re 0 at ,rome an ,oratory ( ,div9e ,love1--a gr\p ( p]sons :o met toge!r = mutual edification4 ,9 ?is class 7 "s1 l ,cont>9i1 aft]w>ds a c>d9al1 :o 7 n :olly )\t sympa?y ) ! ,lu!ran doctr9e z to fai? & ju/ification2 b out ( ! same class came o!rs :o l$ 9 ! great ,ca?olic ,reaction1 :i*1 :ile x aim$ at a rigid re=m 9 morals1 0 inflexibly ho/ile to all innovations 9 doctr9e1 & 0 b5t on rega9+ = ! ,*ur* ! gr\nd t _h be5 lo/4 ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,tr5t3 ,,c>affa4--,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 0 gov]n$ 9 its conclusions by ?is ,ca?olic reaction>y & re=m+ p>ty4 ,x all[$ no curtail+ ( ! pr]ogatives ( ! ,pope4 ,on po9ts ( doctr9e 9 dispute )9 ! pale ( ! ,*ur*1 x adopt$ =mulas :i* ! diff]5t s*ools might accept4 ,practical re=ms1 = example 9 respect to ! education ( ! cl]gy1 7 adopt$2 b dogma & tea*+ 7 to rema9 unalt]$4 ,c>d9al ,c>affa1 ! mo/ en]getic mov] 9 ! ,ca?olic re=m & re/oration1 became ,pope1 "u ! "n ( ,paul ,,iv4 7#aeee-aeei74 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,jesus4--,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 by provid+ a cle> def9ition ( doctr9e1 cem5t$ unity1 & 0 ! fir/ great bulw>k rais$ aga9/ ,prote/antism4 ,ano!r means ( def5se1 & ( attack z well1 0 provid$ 9 new ord]s1 especially ! ord] ( ,jesuits4 ,?is 0 f\nd$ by ,ignatius ,loyola1 a ,spani% soldi] ( noble bir?1 :o m+l$ ) ! _s ( *ivalry a /rong devotional s5tim5t4 ,x 0 ! temp] ( m$ival knigh?ood1 :i* /ill l+]$ 9 ,spa94 ,w\nd$ at ! siege ( ,pampeluna1 & disabl$ f w>1 he _h visions ( a spiritual knigh?ood2 out ( :i* grew ! ,society ( ,jesus1 :i* 0 sanction$ by ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 9 #aedj4 ,its memb]s took ! mona/ic v[s4 ,!y w5t ?r\gh a rigor\s spiritual drill4 ,!y 7 b\nd to unque/ion+ ob$i5ce to ! ,pope4 ,! organization 0 /rict1 l t ( an army2 ea* prov9ce hav+ a prov9cial at its head1 ) a g5]al ov] all4 ,to him all ! memb]s 7 absolutely subject4 ,all o!r ties 7 r5\nc$3 to s]ve ! ,*ur* & ! ord]1 0 ! "o supreme obligation4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,jesuits4--,! influ5ce ( ! ,jesuit ord] 0 manifold4 ,x 0 active 9 prea*+1 & 9 he>+ confessions4 ,x made ! education ( y\? a great "p ( its bus9ess4 ,its memb]s f\nd _! way into high /ations 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate3 !y 7 9 ! cab9ets ( pr9ces4 ,f ! beg9n+1 !y %[$ an ard5t zeal 9 mission>y labors among ! hea!n 9 di/ant l&s1 & = ! reconque/ ( c\ntries won by ! ,prote/ants4 ,,! ,,inquisition4--,"u ! auspices ( ,c>d9al ,c>affa 7,paul ,,iv471 ! ,inquisition 0 introduc$ into ,italy 7#aedb71 & ex]t$ ! utmo/ vigilance & sev]ity 9 cru%+ out ! new fai?4 ,"o ( its in/rum5ts 0 ! c5sor%ip ( ! press4 ,s ?or\gh 0 ?is "w1 t ( ! little book on ! ,b5efits ( ,*ri/'s ,dea?1 :i* _h an imm5se circulation1 x has be5 possible 9 rec5t ye>s to f9d b two or ?ree copies4 ,! ,index ( prohibit$ books 0 e/abli%$4 ,! result ( ^! measures 01 t ,prote/antism 0 suppress$ 9 ,italy1 & ! type ( ,ca?olicism t 0 p>tially sympa!tic ) c]ta9 doctr9al features ( ! ,saxon ,re=m likewise vani%$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,philip ,,ii41 ,,& ,,! ,,bevolt ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4 ,,"* ,,( ,,philip ,,ii4--,9 #aeee ,*>les ,v41 enfeebl$ by 8 lifelong enemy1 ! g\t1 resign$ 8 cr[ns1 & devolv$ on 8 son1 ,philip ,,ii41 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( 8 dom9ions 9 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,am]ica4 ,! clos+ "p ( 8 life1 ! emp]or pass$ 9 ! seclud$ conv5t ( ,yu/e1 9 ,spa91 :]e1 not)/&+ ! "t sp5t by him 9 religi\s ex]cises1 & 9 8 favorite div]sion ( exp]im5t+ ) clocks & wat*es1 he rema9$ an att5tive obs]v] ( public affairs4 ,political & religi\s absolutism 0 ! ma9 article 9 ,philip's cre$4 ,he 0 m ?or\ghly a ,spani>d 9 8 tone & temp] ?an 8 fa!r1 :o 0 born 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & always lov$ ! p !re1 z he 0 lov$ by !m4 ,philip 0 cold & =bidd+ 9 8 mann]s4 ,he 0 %y1 z well z haughty1 9 8 deportm5t to ^? :o approa*$ him4 ,to re-e/abli% ev]y:]e ! old religion by ! unrel5t+ ex]cise ( =ce1 0 8 fix$ purpose4 ,only "o ?+ did he value m2 & t 0 8 own p[]1 :i* he w\ld n suff] ,*ur* or cl]gy to curb or invade4 ,he _h few ideas1 b 0 an adept 9 concealm5t & trea*]y4 ,a man ( untir+ indu/ry1 he 0 a plodd] )\t insight4 ,he liv$ to see ! va/ /r5g? :i* fell to him z a legacy slip out ( 8 h&s1 & to see ,spa9 s9k to a condition ( comp>ative weakness4 ,*>les ,v4 _h consolidat$ 8 dom9ion 9 t c\ntry by putt+ d[n democratic insurrections4 ,?is he _h done by milit>y =ce & ! arm ( ! ,inquisition4 ,:at ,*>les _h left undone 9 ?is l9e1 ,philip complet$4 ,he quell$ ! resi/ance ( ! ,aragonese1 & r$uc$ !m to submission4 ,spa9 sw>m$ ) civil & ecclesia/ical (ficials4 ,! new religi\s doctr9e1 :i* assum$ ! same type z 9 ,italy1 0 /ifl$4 ,! mon>* display$ 8 zeal by p]sonal att5dance at ! autos da fe1 ! great public c]emonials = ! execution ( h]etics1 :]e ! victims ( 8 intol]ance p]i%$4 ,a sy/em ( brutal milit>y adm9i/ration 0 adopt$ 9 ! colonies4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,l[ ,,c\ntries4--,philip und]took to treat ! ,ne!rl&s z a ,spani% prov9ce1 & to break d[n ! _s ( local indep5d5ce4 ,! p ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 7 indu/ri\s1 intellig5t1 prosp]\s1 spirit$4 ,ea* ( ! sev5te5 prov9ces _h its own con/itution4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 x 0 m democratic2 9 ,fl&]s & ,brabant1 !re 0 a l&$ ari/ocracy4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 !re 7 local privileges & *]i%$ rights4 ,! population numb]$ ?ree millions4 ,antw]p1 ) its hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants1 _h m trade ?an any o!r ,european city4 ,! ,re=mation1 fir/ 9 ! ,lu!ran b lat] 9 ! ,calv9i/ic =m1 _h num]\s adh]5ts 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :om sev]e edicts ( ,*>les ,v41 "u :i* l>ge numb]s 7 put to dea?1 did n extirpate4 ,,tyranny ,,( ,,philip4--,philip did n select = 8 reg5t 9 ! ,ne!rl&s "o ( ! ari/ocracy ( ! c\ntry4 ,( ?is class 0 ,c\nt ,egmont1 a nobleman ( brilliant c\rage & attractive mann]s4 ,william1 ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 unit$ ) f> m self-control ! sagacity ( a /atesman4 ,he 0 de/9$ to be ! =midable antagoni/ ( ,spani% tyranny1 & ! lib]ator ( ,holl&4 ,philip pass$ by ! nobles1 :om he di/ru/$ & dislik$1 & appo9t$ z reg5t ! illegitimate daught] ( ,*>les ,v41 ,m>g>et ( ,p>ma 7#aeei-aefg72 plac+ at h] side1 z h] pr9cipal advis]1 ! a/ute ,granvelle1 ! ,bi%op ( ,arras1 "o ( 8 devot$ s]vants1 :o 0 made c>d9al 9 #aefa4 ,?ree nobles1 ,william ( ,orange1 & ! ,c\nts ,egmont & ,horn1 7 9 ! c\ncil4 ,! p[] 0 9 ,granvelle's h&s4 ,!re 0 soon a brea* betwe5 him & ! nobles4 ,two measures ( ,philip creat$ disaffection4 ,he 0 sl[ 9 )draw+ ! hat$ ,spani% soldi]s2 he increas$ ! numb] ( bi%ops1 a *]i%$ s*eme ( ,*>les ,v4 ,moreov]1 he r5ew$ & proce$$ to en=ce edicts1 embrac+ m9ute provisions ( a mo/ rigor\s "*1 aga9/ ! prop]ty & lives ( ! ,prote/ants1 al?\gh ! ,inquisition _h lo/ public favor4 ,! t]ror & indignation ( ! p f\nd expression ?r\gh ! nobles4 ,!y left ! c\ncil4 ,at l5g? ,granvelle _h to be )drawn f ! c\ntry 7#aefd74 ,egmont w5t to ,spa9 to procure a mitigation ( ! k+'s policy1 b f\nd on 8 return t he _h be5 dup$ by false promises4 ,! "y nobility =m$ an agreem5t call$ ! ,compromise1 to )/& ! k+'s sy/em1 at fir/ by legal means 7#aeff74 ,!y 7 contemptu\sly call$ begg>s by ! reg5t1 & !mselves adopt$ ! "n4 ,! k+ pr(ess$ a will+ness to make "s concessions3 he 0 only ga9+ "t = measures ( a diff]5t sort4 ,9 ! same ye> a /orm ( iconoclasm bur/ out3 ! ,calv9i/s made reprisals = :at !y _h suff]$2 !y v5t$ _! zeal aga9/ :at !y call$ idolatry1 by sack+ ! *ur*es1 & by de/roy+ pa9t+s & images1 & o!r symbols & implem5ts ( wor%ip4 ,orange p5etrat$ ! designs ( ,philip1 & retir$ to ,nassau4 ,egmont1 m cr$ul\s & confid+1 rema9$4 ,,alva',s ,,rule4--,philip n[ s5t into ! ,ne!rl&s ! ,duke ( ,alva1 an (fic] ( consid]able milit>y capacity1 cold1 arrogant1 & m]ciless 9 8 temp]4 ,8 =ce consi/$ ( t5 ?\s& m54 ,a tribunal 0 erect$ by him1 call$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,blood4 ,egmont & ,horn 7 execut$ at ,brussels 7#aefh74 ,great numb]s ( executions ( m5 & wom51 ( all ranks1 :o 7 accus$ ( "s sort ( insubord9ation1 or "s manife/ation ( h]esy1 foll[$4 ,william ( ,orange 0 active 9 devis+ means ( deliv]ance4 ,! fir/ m>k$ success 0 ! capture ( ,briel by ! sea-begg>s1 inhabitants ( ! coa/s ( ,holl& & ,zeal&1 "u _! admiral1 ,william de la ,m>k4 ,! b>b>ities & extortion ( ,alva by degrees ar\s$ univ]sal & int5se hatr$4 ,holl& & ,zeal& ?rew (f ,alva's rule1 & made ,william _! /ad?old]4 ,! nom9al connection ) ,spa9 0 /ill kept up4 ,! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew 7#aegb7 cut (f ,william f ! help :i* he expect$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,x 0 felt1 h[ev]1 t ,alva _h fail$ 9 8 attempt to subjugate ! p1 & he 0 )drawn f ! c\ntry by ,philip 7#aegc74 ,,! ,,utre*t ,,union4--,f ! capture ( ,briel may be dat$ ! beg9n+ ( ! long & ardu\s /ruggle :i* result$ 9 ! build+-up ( ! ,dut* ,republic ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 & ! ultimate pro/ration ( ! p[] ( ,spa94 ,! h]o ( ! /ruggle 0 ,william ( ,orange4 ,! successor ( ,alva1 ,reques5s1 0 really m dang]\s ?an ,alva1 because he 0 m magnanim\s1 & !re=e excit$ less antagonism4 ,9 #aegd occurr$ ! memorable siege ( ,leyd5 by ! ,spani% =ces4 ,t city1 :5 r$uc$ to ! la/ extremity1 0 sav$ by lett+ 9 ! sea & by inundat+ ! neighbor+ pla9s1 :i* compell$ ! ,spani>ds to flee 9 dismay4 ,z a memorial ( ! h]oic def5se ( ! place1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd5 0 f\nd$4 ,a new ,prote/ant /ate 0 gr[+ up 9 ! ,nor?1 "u ! guidance ( ,william4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 :]e ,ca?olicism prevail$1 ,reques5s 0 m successful4 ,b :5 he di$1 9 #aegf1 a frightful revolt ( 8 soldi]s1 :o 7 loos$ f re/ra9t1 9 ! cities1 mov$ all ,ne!rl&s to unite1 9 ! ,pacification ( ,gh5t1 aga9/ ! ,spani% dom9ion4 ,don ,john ( ,au/ria1 a brilliant & manly soldi]1 :o _h defeat$ ! ,turks at ,lepanto1 0 ! next reg5t 7#aegf-aegh74 ,he made l>ge concessions3 ^! 7 welcome 9 ! ,s\?1 & weak5$ ! ,union4 ,alex&] ( ,p>ma 7#aegh1 #aegi71 8 successor1 0 ! able/ g5]al ( ! "t4 ,! ,ca?olic ,s\? 0 at v>iance ) ! ,prote/ant ,nor?4 ,9 #aegi1 !re 0 =m$ betwe5 ! sev5 prov9ces 9 ! ,nor? ! ,utre*t ,union1 ! g]m ( ! ,dut* ,republic4 ,philip proclaim$ ,william an outlaw1 & set a price on 8 head4 ,aft] six ineffectual attempts at assass9ation1 ?is h]oic lead]1 ! idol ( 8 c\ntrym51 0 fatally %ot1 9 8 own h\se 7#aehd74 ,8 "w z a deliv]] ( 8 p 0 ma9ly accompli%$4 ,:5 ! ,utre*t ,union 0 =m$1 ! great] "p ( ! ,ca?olic prov9ces 9 ! ,s\? ent]$ into an arrangem5t ) ,p>ma4 ,brabant & ,fl&]s 7 recov]$ to ,spa94 ,! att5tion ( ,philip _h to be ma9ly giv5 to ! affairs ( ,france & ,engl& dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,civil ,,w>s ,,9 ,,france1 ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,h5ry ,,iv4 7#afaj74 ,,francis ,i43 ,,h5ry ,,ii4--,9 ,france1 ! old fai? _h /rong support 9 ! ,sorbonne1 ! influ5tial !ological faculty ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & 9 ! ,p>liam5t4 ,! new culture1 ! influx ( ,italian s*ol>s & ,italian influ5ces1 produc$ a p>ty av]se to ! =m] /yle ( education1 &1 to "s ext5t1 unfri5dly to ! old op9ions4 ,! ,lu!ran doctr9es 7 fir/ introduc$2 b x 0 ,calv9ism :i* prevail$ among ! ,fr5* conv]ts to ,prote/antism1 & acquir$ a /rong hold 9 ! middle & high] classes1 al?\gh ! prepond]ance ( numb]s 9 ! c\ntry 0 always on ! ,ca?olic side4 ,francis ,i4 0 a fri5d ( ! new le>n+4 ,8 si/] ,m>g>et1 ,que5 ( ,nav>re1 :o 0 ( a my/ical turn1 0 favorably incl9$ to ! new doctr9es1 & befri5d$ prea*]s :o 7 ( ! same _s4 ,! k+ did ! same until aft] ! battle ( ,pavia1 :5 he help$ on ! p]secution ( !m2 = 8 conduct 0 gov]n$ by ! int]e/ ( ! h\r1 & by political motives4 ,x 0 d\btful :at c\rse he w\ld f9ally take amid ! conflict ( p>ties2 b 8 motto 01 ,"o k+1 "o code1 "o cre$4 ,he w\ld put d[n ! new doctr9e at home1 & su/a9 x by =ce1 if exp$i5t1 abroad4 ,h5ry ,,ii41 :o acc$$ to ! ?rone 9 #aedg1 unlike 8 fa!r _h no p]sonal sympa?y ) ,prote/antism4 ,! ,hugu5ots1 z ! ,calv9i/s 7 call$1 7 l$ to ! /ake1 & _! books burn$4 ,yet 9 #aeeh !y _h two ?\s& places ( wor%ip 9 ,france3 !y soon held a g5]al synod at ,p>is1 & organiz$ !mselves 7#aeei74 ,t same ye>1 :51 9 ! ,peace ( ,cateau-,cambresis1 ,h5ry _h giv5 up all 8 conque/s except ! ?ree bi%oprics ( ,metz1 ,t\l & ,v]dun1 & ,calais1 he sudd5ly di$ f a w\nd 9 ! eye1 accid5tally inflict$ 9 a tilt4 ,,ca!r9e ,,de ,,m$ici3 ,,! ,,two ,,p>ties4--,! wid[ ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 0 ,ca!r9e de ,m$ici1 to :om he _h be5 m>ri$ f political consid]ations4 ,%e 0 a woman ( tal5ts1 full ( ambition :i* _h hi!rto f\nd no field = its ex]cise1 tra9$ f infancy 9 an atmosph]e ( deceit1 & void ( moral pr9ciple4 ,h] aim 0 to rule by keep+ up an asc5d5cy ov] h] sons1 & by hold+ 9 *eck :atev] p>ty ?reat5$ to be dom9ant4 ,= ?is end %e did n scruple to accu/om h] *ildr5 to debau*]y1 & to resort to :atev] o!r means1 h[ev] false & h[ev] cruel1 to effect h] purposes4 ,%e prov$ to be ! curse ( ! h\se ( ,valois1 & ! evil g5ius ( ,france4 ,francis ,,ii4 0 a boy ( sixte51 & legally ( age2 b 8 "m expect$ to manage ! gov]nm5t4 ,%e 0 ?w>t$ by ! control ov] him ex]cis$ by ! family ( ,guise1 sons ( ,claude ( ,guise1 a weal?y & prom95t nobleman ( ,lorra9e1 :o _h di/+ui%$ himself at ,m>ignano1 & 9 lat] conte/s aga9/ ,*>les ,v4 ,francis1 ! ,duke ( ,guise1 _h def5d$ ,metz1 & _h tak5 ,calais4 ,*>les1 ! ,c>d9al ( ,lorra9e1 0 ! k+'s confessor4 ,_! si/] _h m>ri$ ,james ,v4 ( ,scotl&4 ,h] daught]1 ,m>y ,/u>t1 a *>m+ "y girl1 0 m>ri$ to ,francis ,,ii41 :o 0 infirm 9 m9d & body1 & easily manag$ by 8 wife & h] uncles4 ,! great nobles ( ,france1 especially ! ,b\rbons1 sprung 9 a collat]al l9e f ,l\is ,,ix41 ,montmor5cy1 & 8 ?ree nephews1 among !m a man ( extraord9>y ability & wor?1 ! ,admiral ,coligny1 look$ on ! ,guises z up/>ts4 ,! ,b\rbons & ! nobles alli$ to !m 71 "s f s9c]e conviction & "s f policy1 adh]5ts ( ,calv9ism4 ,?us ! ,prote/ants 9 ,france became a political p>ty1 z well z a religi\s body1 & a p>ty ) anti-mon>*ical t5d5cies4 ,an?ony ( ,b\rbon1 a weak & vacillat+ p]son1 _h m>ri$ ,jeanne d',albret1 ! heiress ( ,barn & ,nav>re1 a h]oic woman & an e>ne/ ,prote/ant1 ! "m ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,8 bro!r ,l\is1 ,pr9ce ( ,cond1 a brave1 impetu\s soldi]1 ^: wife1 ! niece ( ! ,gr& ,con/able ,montmor5cy1 0 a /rict ,prote/ant1 jo9$ t side4 ,,conspiracy ,,( ,,amboise4--,la ,rnaudie1 a ,prote/ant nobleman :o 0 det]m9$ to av5ge ! execution ( a bro!r1 contriv$ ! ,conspiracy ( ,amboise 7#aefj7 9 ord] to dispossess ! ,guises ( _! p[] by =ce4 ,! plan 0 discov]$1 & a savage rev5ge 0 tak5 ^u ! conspirators4 ,a great numb] ( innoc5t p]sons1 :o _h no %>e 9 ! plot1 7 put to dea?4 ,! ,e/ates 7 summon$ to ,orleans1 & ! occasion 0 to be seiz$ = extirpat+ h]esy ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,cond 0 "u arre/1 & *>g$ ) high treason4 ,j !n1 on ,dec4 #e1 #aefj1 ! "y k+ di$4 ,,*>les ,,ix43 ,,edict ,,( ,,/4 ,,g]ma94--,! covet$ opportunity ( ! que5-"m _h come4 ,*>les ,,ix4 7#aefj-aegd7 0 only t5 ye>s old4 ,%e assum$ ! practical gu>dian%ip ov] him1 & ) x a virtual reg5cy4 ,! plan ( ! ,guises _h fail$1 & !y _h to give way4 ,!re 7 n[ two p>ties 9 ! c\ncil4 ,! ,/ates-g5]al 7 call$ toge!r 9 #aefa1 & a great religi\s colloquy 0 held be=e a brilliant conc\rse at ,poissy1 :]e ,!odore ,beza1 an eloqu5t & poli%$ s*ol> & a man ( high bir?1 plead$ ! cause ( ! ,calv9i/s4 ,9 #aefb ! ,edict ( ,janu>y 0 issu$1 :i* gave up ! policy t _h be5 pursu$ = =ty ye>s1 ( extirpat+ religi\s diss5t4 ,a v re/rict$ tol]ation 0 giv5 to ,prote/ants3 !y c\ld hold _! meet+s outside ( ! walls ( cities1 un>m$1 & 9 ! daytime4 ,calv9 & 8 foll[]s expect$ ! l>ge/ results f ?is measure ( lib]ty4 ,ca!r9e wi%$ = peace1 )\t a rupture ) ! ,pope & ,philip ,,ii4 ,,civil ,,w>4--,x 0 impossible to prev5t outbreak+s ( viol5ce aga9/ ! hat$ diss5t]s4 ,! ,guises & _! associates 7 resolv$ n to all[ tol]ation4 ,! ev5t t occasion$ w> 0 ! massacre ( ,vassy4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 #aefb1 ! soldi]s ( ! ,duke ( ,guise1 :o 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! t[n1 attack$ "s ,hugu5ots :o 7 wor%ip+ 9 a b>n at ! village ( ,vassy4 ,a l>ge numb] 7 sla91 & "s h\ses plund]$1 9 spite ( ! ,duke's ef=ts to *eck 8 troops4 ,! civil w>s1 s begun1 clos$ only ) ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 to ! ?rone4 ,france 0 a prey to religi\s & political fanaticism4 ,o!r nations m+l$ 9 ! frightful conte/1 & ! c\ntry 0 well-nigh robb$ ( its indep5d5ce4 ,at fir/1 !re 0 petty w>f>e at ,p>is1 ,s5s1 & o!r places4 ,! ,hugu5ots de/roy$ alt>s & c5s]s1 monum5ts ( art & sepul*]s1 :i*1 z !y ?\ght1 m9i/]$ to idolatry4 ,r\5 0 captur$ by ! ,ca?olics & sack$4 ,at ,dreux 7#aefb7 ! ,prote/ants 7 defeat$2 b 9 #aefc ,guise1 ! lead] ( _! adv]s>ies1 0 assass9at$ by a ,hugu5ot nobleman4 ,! *>ge t ,coligny _h a "p 9 ! de$ 0 false2 b he 0 consid]$ responsible = x1 & v5geance 0 kept 9 /ore by ! family ( ! sla9 *ief4 ,! ,edict ( ,amboise 7#aefc7 0 favorable to ! ,prote/ant nobles1 b less favorable to ! small] g5try & to ! t[ns4 ,p>is1 f :i* ,calv9i/ wor%ip 0 exclud$1 became m & m a /ronghold ( ! ,ca?olic p>ty4 ,ano!r w> end$ 9 ! ,peace ( ,longjumeau 7#aefh71 :i* 0 ess5tially ! same z ! ,edict ( ,amboise4 ,philip ,,ii4 & ! ,duke ( ,alva sp>$ no ef=t to induce ,france to set ab\t ! ext]m9ation ( ! h]etics4 ,9 ! ?ird w>1 ! ,hugu5ots 7 beat5 at ,j>nac1 :]e ,cond fell1 leav+ 8 "n to 8 son ,h5ry1 a y\? ( sev5te5 7#aefi74 ,! same ye> !y 7 defeat$ aga9 at ,moncont\r4 ,la ,ro*elle 0 a place ( safety to ! ,prote/ants1 :o 7 /rong 9 ! wise lead]%ip ( ,coligny4 ,!re ! ,que5 ( ,nav>re held h] c\rt4 ,!nce ! ,hugu5ot cavalry ) ! "y pr9ces ,cond1 & ,h5ry ( ,nav>re1 h] son1 salli$ =? & trav]s$ ,france4 ,,engl& ,,or ,,spa94--,! ambition ( ,philip al>m$ ! ,fr5*4 ,8 complex s*emes1 if c>ri$ out1 w\ld involve ! r$uction ( _! c\ntry "u ,spani% control4 ,he want$ to lib]ate ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 !n a prison] ( ,elizabe?1 to m>ry h] to 8 half-bro!r1 ,don ,john1 & to m>ry 8 si/] to ,*>les ,,ix4 ,! c\rt1 9 #aegj1 agre$ to ! ,peace ( ,/4 ,g]ma91 :i*1 = ! security ( ! ,hugu5ots1 plac$ f\r =tifi$ t[ns 9 _! possession4 ,?us ,france became a k+dom divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,engl&1 z well z ,france1 look$ ) al>m ^u ! ambiti\s projects ( ,philip ,,ii41 :o 0 n[ 9 union ) ,v5ice & ) ! ,pope1 & _h beat5 ! ,turks at ,lepanto4 ,x 0 propos$ to m>ry ! bro!r ( ,*>les ,,ix41 ! ,duke ( ,anj\1 to ,que5 ,elizabe?2 & :5 ?is negotiation 0 brok5 (f1 x 0 propos$ t ! ,duke ( ,al5on1 a y\ng] bro!r1 %\ld m>ry h]4 ,ca!r9e de ,m$ici fell 9 ) ?is anti-,spani% policy4 ,x 0 agre$ t h] y\nge/ daught]1 ,m>g>et ( ,valois1 %\ld become ! wife ( ,h5ry ( ,nav>re4 ,! policy favor$ by ! ,hugu5ots 0 9 ! asc5dant4 ,_! lead]s 7 invit$ to ,p>is to be pres5t at ! nuptials4 ,coligny came1 ) ,h5ry ( ,nav>re1 ,cond1 & a l>ge numb] ( _! adh]5ts4 ,!re 0 no place :]e ! animosity aga9/ !m 0 s rancor\s4 ,,! ,,massacre ,,( ,,/4 ,,b>?olomew4--,! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew 0 devis$ by ,ca!r9e de ,m$ici1 :o br\ght to h] aid ! ,du*ess ( ,nem\rs1 wid[ ( ,francis ( ,guise & "m ( ,h5ry ( ,guise1 ,anj\ 7aft]w>ds ,h5ry ,,iii471 & ,italian c\nselors :o 7 no /rang]s to plots ( assass9ation4 ,! motive ( ! que5-"m 0 h] dread ( ! asc5d5cy :i* %e saw t ,coligny 0 ga9+ ov] ! morbid m9d ( ! k+1 9 :om ! ,hugu5ot vet]an _h inspir$ e/eem1 & _h /irr$ up a desire to ent] into ! propos$ w> aga9/ ,philip ,,ii4 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,on ! #bb;d ( ,augu/ 7#aegb71 a %ot 0 fir$ at ,coligny1 f a w9d[ ( a h\se1 by an adh]5t ( ! ,guises4 ,he 0 w\nd$1 b n kill$4 ,*>les 0 inc5s$4 ,at a visit made to ! w\nd$ *ief1 ! k+ 0 w>n$ by him1 z ,ca!r9e quickly le>n$1 aga9/ h] p]nici\s influ5ce 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,!reupon %e arrang$ ) h] conf$]ates = a g5]al slaught] ( ! ,hugu5ots1 & almo/ co]c$ ! half-frantic & irresolute k+ to acquiesce 9 ! plan4 ,p]haps1 9 ga!r+ !m into ! city1 %e _h =ese5 ! possible exp$i5cy ( a *ange ( policy1 & t su* a crime z %e n[ und]took to p]petrate might be f\nd desirable4 ,9 ! night ( ! #bd? ( ,augu/1 at a conc]t$ signal1 ! fanatical enemies ( ! ,hugu5ots 7 let loose1 & fell ^u _! victims4 ,sev]al ?\s&s1 includ+ ,coligny1 7 murd]$4 ,c\ri]s 7 s5t ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & l bloody sc5es 7 enact$ 9 _m o!r cities & t[ns4 ,nav>re & ,cond1 to save _! lives1 pr(ess$ con=mity to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,if ^! atroci\s ev5ts excit$ joy 9 ! m9d ( ,philip ,,ii41 & ( ! num]\s intol]ant p>ty ( :i* he 0 ! head1 !y 7 reg>d$ ) horror & execration else:]e1 among ! ,ca?olic z well z ! ,prote/ant nations4 ,,! ,,politiques3 ,,! ,,league3 ,,h5ry ,,iii4--,! que5-"m did n ev5 n[ =sake h] g5]al policy4 ,%e /ood alo( f ! comb9ations ( ,philip4 ,a new p>ty1 ! ,politiques1 or lib]al ,ca?olics1 9 favor ( tol]ation1 arose4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 7#aegd-aehi7 0 incompet5t to gov]n a c\ntry torn by factions1 ) an exhau/$ treasury1 & a p groan+ "u ! burd5s ( taxation4 ,by 8 d\ble deal+ he lo/ ! confid5ce ( bo? ! religi\s p>ties4 ,9 ,may1 #aegf1 he agre$ to all[ ! religi\s fre$om :i* ! ,hugu5ots & ,politiques dem&$4 ,b he _h to reckon ) ! ,ca?olic ,league :i* 0 organiz$ "u ,h5ry ( ,guise4 ,9 #aehd ,h5ry ( ,nav>re 0 left ! next heir to ! ?rone4 ,! ,league1 ) ,spa9 & ,rome1 resolv$ t he %\ld n reign4 ,toge!r ) ,cond1 he 0 excommunicat$4 ,9 ! w> ( he ?ree ,h5rys1 he 0 support$ by ,engl&1 & by troops f ,g]many & ,switz]l&4 ,h5ry ,,iii41 f9d+ t ,h5ry ( ,guise 0 virtual ma/]1 & t ! ,/ates-g5]al at ,blois 7#aehh7 r$uc$ ! royal p[] to ! l[e/ po9t1 caus$ ,guise & 8 bro!r1 ! ,c>d9al ( ,lorra9e1 to be assass9at$4 ,excommunicat$1 & dete/$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! ,league1 ! k+ took refuge 9 ! camp ( ,h5ry ( ,nav>re1 :]e he 0 kill$ by a fanatical prie/ 7#aehi74 ,,abjuration ,,& ,,accession ,,( ,,h5ry ,,iv4--,! ,duke ( ,may5ne1 bro!r ( ! sla9 ,guises1 0 at ! head ( ! gov]nm5t provisionally e/abli%$ by ! ,league4 ,philip ,,ii4 0 intrigu+ to br+ ! ,ca?olic nations "u 8 sway4 ,!re 0 discord 9 ! ,league1 f ! jeal\sy ( ,philip on ! "p ( ,may5ne4 ,h5ry1 a da%+ soldi]1 ga9$ a brilliant victory at ,ivry 9 #aeij4 ,! gr& ob/acle 9 8 way to ! ?rone 0 8 adhesion to ,prote/antism4 ,a ,calv9i/ by bir? & education1 b )\t pr(\nd religi\s convictions1 a gallant & sagaci\s man1 b loose 9 8 morals1 he yield$1 = ! sake ( giv+ peace to ,france1 to ! p]suasions address$ to him1 &1 f motives ( exp$i5cy1 con=m$ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! nation 0 n[ easily won to 8 cause4 ,,reign ,,( ,,h5ry ,,iv4--,:5 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ga9$ 8 ?rone1 ! c\ntry 0 9 a mo/ wret*$ condition4 ,9 ! desolat+ w>s1 population _h fall5 (f4 ,ev]y:]e !re 7 pov]ty & lawlessness4 ,yet w> ) ,spa9 0 inevitable4 ,9 ?is w>1 ,h5ry 0 ! victor2 & ! ,peace ( ,v]v9s re/or$ ! ,spani% conque/s1 & ! conque/s made by ,savoy1 to ,france 7#aeih74 ,! idea ( ,h5ry's =eign policy1 :i* 0 t ( weak5+ ! p[] ( ,spa9 & ( ! h\se ( ,hapsburg1 0 aft]w>ds tak5 up by a p[]ful /atesman1 ,ri*elieu1 & fully realiz$4 ,9 ! ,edict ( ,nantes 7#aeih71 ! k+ secur$ to ! ,hugu5ots ! measure ( religi\s lib]ty = :i* !y _h cont5d$4 ,=tifi$ cities 7 /ill left 9 _! h&s4 ,security 0 obta9$ by ! ,calv9i/s1 b !y became a def5sive p>ty ) no prospect ( fur!r progress4 ,ord] & prosp]ity 7 re/or$ to ! k+dom4 ,9 all 8 measures1 ! k+ 0 l>gely guid$ by a mo/ compet5t m9i/]1 ,sully4 ,b ! useful reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 0 cut %ort by ! dagg] ( an assass91 ,ravaillac 7#afaj74 ,= fifte5 ye>s confusion prevail$ 9 ,france1 & a conte/ ( factions1 until ,ri*elieu took up ! ?reads ( policy :i* _h fall5 f ,h5ry's h&4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,?irty-,,ye>s' ,,w>1 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,op ,,we/phalia 7#afah-afdh74 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,9 ,g]many1 m ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 ! ,re=mation _h sprung f ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,its progress w\ld h be5 f> great] _h x n be5 ret>d$ by political ob/acles1 & by divisions among ,prote/ants !mselves4 ,g]many1 to be sure1 0 n disunit$ by ! ,re=mation3 x 0 disunit$ be=e4 ,b n[ /rong /ates exi/$ on its bord]s1--,france1 ev5 ,d5m>k & ,sw$51--:i* might pr(it by its int]nal conflicts4 ,! ,peace ( ,augsburg1 unsatisfactory z x 0 to bo? p>ties1 avail$ to prev5t op5 /rife z long z ,f]d9& ,i4 7#aeef-aefd7 & ,maximilian ,,ii4 7#aefd-aegf7 held ! imp]ial (fice4 ,! latt]1 especially1 favor$ tol]ation1 & did n sympa?ize ) ! fanaticism ( ! ,spani% bran* ( 8 family4 ,he condemn$ ! cruelties ( ,alva & ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,) ! accession ( ,rudolph ,,ii41 a *ange took place4 ,he _h be5 br\ght up 9 ,spa94 ,! ,ca?olic c\nt]-re=mation 0 n[ mak+ its advance4 ,! ord] ( ! ,jesuits 0 putt+ =? great & successful ex]tions to w9 back lo/ gr\nd4 ,!re 7 out-break+s ( viol5ce betwe5 ! two religi\s p>ties4 ,a ,ca?olic procession 0 insult$ 9 ,donauwr?1 a free city ( ! empire4 ,! city 0 put "u ! ban by ! emp]or2 ! ,bav>ian ,duke m>*$ aga9/ x1 & incorporat$ x 9 8 own t]ritory 7#afjg74 ,on bo? sides1 compla9ts 7 made ( ! infraction ( ! ,peace ( ,augsburg4 ,! ,donauwr? affair l$ to ! =mation ( ! ,evangelical ,union1 a league into :i*1 h[ev]1 all ! ,prote/ant /ates did n ent]4 ,! ,ca?olic ,league1 "u ! ,lead]%ip ( ,maximilian ( ,bav>ia1 0 firmly knit toge!r & full ( en]gy4 ,,fir/ ,,/age ,,9 ,,! ,,w> 7to #afbi74 ,,! ,,bohemian ,,/ruggle4--,! ,bohemians revolt$ aga9/ ,f]d9& ,,ii4 9 #afah1 :5 _! religi\s lib]ties 7 violat$1 & %ortly aft] 7#afai7 refus$ to ackn[l$ge him z _! k+4 ,he 0 a n>r[ & fanatical1 ?\gh n by nature a cruel1 rul]4 ,he gave himself up to ! control ( ! ,ca?olic ,league4 ,! two bran*es ( ! ,hapsburg family--! ,au/rian & ,spani%--7 n[ 9 full accord ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,bohemians gave _! cr[n to ,fr$]ick ,v41 ! ,elector ,palat9e1 ! son-9-law ( ,james ,i4 ( ,engl&4 ,bohemia 0 invad$ by ,f]d9&1 aid$ by ! ,league1 & ab&on$ to fire & sword4 ,! t]rible sc5es ( ! ,hussite /ruggle 7 re-enact$4 ,9 ! protract$ w>s t ensu$1 x 0 e/imat$ t ! ,bohemian population 0 r$uc$ f ab\t f\r millions to betwe5 sev5 & eight hundr$ ?\s&6 ,! ,palat9ate 0 conqu]$ & deva/at$4 ,! electoral dignity 0 transf]r$ to ! ,duke ( ,bav>ia4 ,at la/1 9 #afbe1 ,engl&1 ,holl&1 & ,d5m>k int]v5$ 9 behalf ( ! fugitive ,elector ,palat9e4 ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 ( ,d5m>k 0 defeat$1 & ! int]v5tion fail$4 ,! p[] ga9$ by ,maximilian1 ! ,bav>ian ,duke1 made 8 int]e/s sep>ate1 9 important p>ticul>s1 f ^? ( ,f]d9&4 ,f]d9& 0 able to release himself f ! virtual control ( ,maximilian & ! ,league1 ?r\gh ,wall5/e91 a g5]al ( extraord9>y ability4 ,he 0 a ,bohemian noble1 pr\d1 ambiti\s1 & weal?y4 ,he rais$ an army1 & made x support itself by pillage4 ,! unspeakable mis]ies ( ,g]many1 9 ?is prolong$ /ruggle1 7 due l>gely to ! composition ( ! armies1 :i* 7 made up ( hirel+s ( diff]5t nations1 ^: trade 0 w>1 & :o 7 let loose on an unprotect$ population4 ,captur$ cities 7 giv5 up to ! unbridl$ passions ( a fi]ce & gre$y soldi]y4 ,g]many1 trav]s$ = a :ole g5]ation by ^! organiz$ b&s ( m>aud]s1 0 9 _m places r$uc$ almo/ to a des]t4 ,,edict ,,( ,,re/itution4--,victory att5d$ ! arms ( ,wall5/e91 & ( ,tilly1 a brutal comm&]1 ! g5]al ( ! ,league4 ,! t]ritory ( ! ,dukes ( ,meckl5burg 0 giv5 to ,wall5/e9 z a rew>d 7#afbi74 ,he 0 anxi\s to conqu] ! ,g]man t[ns on ! ,baltic4 ,/ralsund (f]$ a /ubborn resi/ance1 :i* he c\ld n ov]come4 ,! ,league mov$ ,f]d9& to ! adoption ( ! ,edict ( ,re/itution 7#afbi71 :i* put f> (f ! hope ( peace4 ,?is edict en=c$ ! p>ts ( ! ,peace ( ,augsburg :i* 7 odi\s to ! ,prote/ants1 especially ! ,ecclesia/ical ,res]vation 7p4 #daj71 & abrogat$ ! provisions ( an opposite t5or4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! real aim 0 ! entire ext9ction ( ,prote/antism4 ,! ,league1 moreov]1 induc$ ! emp]or to remove ,wall5/e91 ( :om !y 7 jeal\s4 ,! effect ( ^! measures 0 to r\se ! mo/ lukew>m ( ! ,prote/ant pr9ces1 includ+ ! electors ( ,br&5burg & ,saxony1 to a s5se ( ! common dang]4 ,x 0 pla9 t ,wall5/e9 0 a sacrifice to ! ,league1 & to ! ambition ( ,maximilian ( ,bav>ia4 ,,second ,,/age ,,9 ,,! ,,w> 7#afbi-afcb74 ,9 ! second act ( ?is long drama1 ,gu/avus ,adolphus ( ,sw$5 is ! h]o4 ,8 reign is m>k$ by ! rise ( 8 c\ntry to ! height ( its p[]4 ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,sw$53 ,,c>e] ,,( ,,gu/avus ,,adolphus4--,gu/avus ,vasa made ! mi/ake ( und]tak+ to divide p[] among 8 f\r sons4 ,!re 0 a ve9 ( ecc5tricity1 am\nt+ sometimes to insanity1 9 ! family4 ,eric ,,xiv4 0 ha/y & jeal\s1 imprison$ 8 bro!r ,john1 & committ$ reckless crimes4 ,9 #aefi he 0 himself conf9$1 & n9e ye>s aft] 0 secretly put to dea?4 ,john & ano!r bro!r1 ,*>les ( ,sd]manl&1 n[ reign$ toge!r4 ,john 0 favorable to ! ,roman-,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & (f5d$ 8 ,prote/ant subjects by ef=ts at union & compromise4 ,moreov]1 he unwisely made concessions to ! nobles1 & increas$ ! burd5s ( ! peasants4 ,f9ally1 he want$ to make 8 son ,sigismund k+ ( ,pol&1 a c\ntry :i*1 f its an>*ical con/itution1 0 on ! road to ru94 ,pol& 0 a ,ca?olic l&2 &1 9 ord] to get ! cr[n1 ,sigismund av[$ himself a ,ca?olic4 ,*>les1 a /rict ,lu!ran1 drew to 8 side all :o 7 ho/ile to ,john's _s & policy4 ,on ! dea? ( ! latt] 7#aeib71 ,duke ,*>les came into collision ) ,sigismund & ) ! nobles1 ^: p[] dep5d$ on 8 concessions2 & he ga9$ ! victory ov] !m 7#aeih74 ,9 #afjd ! ,diet gave him ! cr[n1 :i* he wore = sev5 ye>s4 ,he _h to cont5d aga9/ faction1 & to )/& ! attacks ( ,d5m>k & ( ,russia4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! tr\bles he di$1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 !n less ?an eighte5 ye>s ( age 7#afaa-afcb74 ,he 0 a well-educat$ pr9ce1 e>ly famili> ) w>1 a devot$ patriot1 &1 al?\gh tol]ant 9 8 temp]1 0 a s9c]e ,prote/ant1 aft] ! type ( ! old ,saxon electors4 ,= eighte5 ye>s aft] 8 accession1 x _h be5 8 aim to control ! ,baltic4 ,?is _h br\ght him into conflict ) ,d5m>k1 ,pol&1 & ,russia4 ,8 int]position 9 ! ,g]man w>1 a /ep :i* 0 full ( p]il to himself1 0 reg>d$ by ,br&5burg & ,saxony ) jeal\sy & repugnance4 ,b :5 ! savage troops ( ,tilly 7#afca7 sack$ & burn$ ,magdeburg1 ! neutral p>ty 0 driv5 to side ) ,sw$54 ,gu/avus defeat$ ,tilly1 & ! advance ( 8 army 9 ! ,s\? ( ,g]many pro/rat$ ! p[] ( ! ,league4 ,! pr9ces reg>d$ ! ,sw$i% k+ ) suspicion3 ! cities reg>d$ him ) cordiality4 ,:e!r along ) 8 sagaci\s & j int5tions he connect$ 8 own elevation to ! rank ( ,k+ ( ,rome1 & emp]or1 mu/ be left unc]ta94 ,f]d9& 0 oblig$ to call back ,wall5/e94 ,! battle ( ,ltz51 9 #afcb1 0 a great defeat ( ,wall5/e91 & a gr& victory = ! ,sw$es2 b x co/ !m ! life ( _! k+4 ,,france4--,,! ,,b\rbon ,,k+s4 ,,h5ry ,,iv1 #aehi-afaj1 7#b71 m4 ,m>y1 daught] ( ,francis1 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany --,,l\is ,,xiii1 #afaj-afdc1 m4 ,anne1 daught] ( ,philip ,,iii ( ,spa94 --,,l\is ,,xiv1 #afdc-agae1 m4 ,m>ia ,!resa1 daught] ( ,philip ,,iv ( ,spa94 --,l\is1 ,dauph91 d4 #agaa1 m4 ,m>ia ,anna1 daught] ( ,f]d9& ,m>ia1 ,elector ( ,bav>ia4 --,l\is1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 d4 #agab1 m4 ,m>y ,adelaide1 daught] ( ,victor ,amadeus ,,ii ( ,savoy4 --,,l\is ,,xv1 #agae-aggd1 m4 ,m>y1 daught] ( ,/anislas ,lecz9sky1 ,k+ ( ,pol&4 --,l\is1 ,dauph91 d4 #agfe1 m ,m>ia ,josepha1 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,augu/us ,,ii ( ,pol& & ,saxony4 --,,l\is ,,xvi1 #aggd-agib 7depos$1 execut$ #agic71 m4 ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 daught] ( ,emp]or ,francis ,i4 --,l\is1 ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce 7,,l\is ,,xviii71 #ahad-ahbd4 --,*>les1 ,c\nt ( ,artois 7,,*>les ,x71 #ahbd-ahcj 7depos$71m ,m>ia ,!resa1 daught] ( ,victor ,amadeus ,,iii ( ,savoy4 --,francoise 7,mademoiselle de ,blois71 m4 --,philip1 reg5t1 d4#agbc4 --,l\is1 d4 #ageb4 --,l\is ,philippe1 d4 #aghe4 --,l\is ,philippe 7,egalite71 execut$ #agic4 --,,l\is ,,philippe1 #ahcj-ahdh 7depos$71 m4 ,m>ia ,amelia1 daught] ( ,f]d9& ,i ( ,two ,sicilies4 7#b71 ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,*>les ,lewis1 ,elector ,palat9e4 7#a71 ,h5rietta ,m>ia4 --,philip1 m4 --,h5rietta ,m>ia m4 ,*>les ,i ( ,engl&4 ,,?ird ,,/age ,,9 ,,! ,,w> 7#afcb-afdh74 ,,france ,,aft] ,,h5ry ,,iv4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,gu/avus1 9 ! new phase ( ! w>1 ! influ5ce ( ,ri*elieu1 ! great m9i/] ( ,france1 becomes m & m dom9ant4 ,g]many 0 9 ! end doom$ to eat ! bitt] fruits ( civil w>1 su* z spr+ f =eign int]f]5ce1 ev5 :5 x comes 9 ! =m ( help4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 _h di$ :5 he 0 on ! po9t ( direct+ ! p[] ( ,france1 z ( old1 aga9/ ! h\se ( ,hapsburg4 ,! c\ntry n[ fell back = a s]ies ( ye>s to a /ate ak9 to t "u ! k+s :o prec$$ him1 al?\gh x 0 sav$ f a long civil w>4 ,l\is ,,xiii4 7#afaj-afdc7 0 a *ild2 & ! que51 ,m>y de ,m$ici1 :o 0 ! reg5t1 an ,italian woman1 ) no e>ne/ pr9ciples1 depriv$ ( ! c\nsels ( ,sully1 lavi%$ ! res\rces ( ! cr[n ^u nobles1 :o 7 gre$y ( place & pelf4 ,at ! assembly ( ! ,/ates-g5]al 9 #afad1 nobles1 cl]gy1 & ! ?ird e/ate 7 l\d 9 reciprocal accusations4 ,! que5 fell "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,conc9is1 an ,italian wait+-maid & h] husb&1 ! latt] ( :om %e made a m>quis & a m>%al ( ,france4 ,%e leagu$ h]self 9 v>i\s ways ) ,spa94 ,z ! k+ grew old]1 a p>ty ralli$ ab\t him1 & ! m>%al 0 assass9at$ 7#afag74 ,f t "t ,l\is 0 "u ! influ5ce ( a favorite1 ! ,duke de ,luynes1 a native ,fr5*man1 ) :om ! nobles 7 9 sympa?y4 ,! duke di$ 9 #afba4 ,!n ,ri*elieu1 ,bi%op ( ,lucon 7made a c>d9al 9 #afbb71 a /atesman ( extraord9>y g5ius1 began 8 active c>e] 9 politics1 & aft] #afbd guid$ ! policy ( ,france1 z a sort ( ,mayor ( ! ,palace4 ,l\is ,,xiii4 0 n p]sonally fond ( him1 b felt ! ne$ ( him4 ,ri*elieu's aim1 z reg>ds ! gov]nm5t ( ,france1 0 to consolidate ! mon>*y by br++ ! ari/ocracy into subjection to ! k+4 ,"u him began ! process ( c5tralization1 ! sy/em ( (fic]s appo9t$ & paid by ! gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 fully develop$ aft] ! great revolution4 ,he accompli%$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,hugu5ots z a political organization1 a /ate )9 ! /ate4 ,9 #afbh ,ro*elle1 ! la/ ( _! t[ns1 fell into 8 h&s4 ,he 0 det]m9$ to make ! civil au?ority supreme4 ,he resi/$ int]f]5ce ) its rights on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! nobles 7 r$uc$ to ob$i5ce by ! infliction ( sev]e puni%m5ts4 ,! common p 7 kept "u4 ,b ! dome/ic gov]nm5t ( ,ri*elieu made x possible = ! selfi% & ru9\s policy ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 to arise4 ,! key ( 8 =eign policy 0 ho/ility to ,au/ria & ,spa91 to bo? bran*es ( ! ,hapsburgs4 ,be=e he took active measures aga9/ !m1 he _h to procure quiet 9 ,france1 & to provide himself ) money & troops4 ,,int]v5tion ,,( ,,ri*elieu4--,! pretext ( ,ri*elieu = tak+ "p 9 ! ,g]man w> 0 ! alleg$ ambiti\s aim ( ! ,hapsburgs to de/roy ! indep5d5ce ( o!r nations4 ,he help$ ,gu/avus ) money2 b ! ,sw$i% k+ w\ld nei!r all[ him to take t]ritory1 nor to dictate ! me?od ( prosecut+ ! conte/4 ,x 0 agre$ t ! ,ca?olic religion z su* %\ld n be attack$4 ,ox5/i]n1 ! ,sw$i% *ancelor1 9 ! ,heilbronn ,treaty 7#afcc7 adh]$ to ! same policy4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,wall5/e94--,wall5/e9 _h n[ become dang]\s to ! emp]or4 ,he negotiat$ ) ! ,prote/ants1 ! ,sw$es1 & ! ,fr5*1 possibly to confront ! emp]or ) ! accompli%$ fact ( peace & to claim z a rew>d ! ,palat9ate or ! ,k+dom ( ,bohemia4 ,depriv$ ( 8 comm& & decl>$ a traitor1 he 0 assass9at$ by "s ( 8 (fic]s 7#afcd74 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,! imp]ial victory ( ,nordl+5 7#afcd7 made ! active assi/ance ( ,france necess>y4 ,b x 0 n until ! dea? ( ,b]n>d ( ,weim>1 ! =emo/ g5]al ( ! ,g]mans 7#afci71 t ,ri*elieu f\nd himself at ! goal ( 8 ef=ts4 ,! armies oppos$ to ! emp]or 7 n[ "u ! control ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! "* ( ! w> _h *ang$4 ,prote/ant /ates 7 fight+ on ! imp]ial side3 ! old !ological issues 7 l>gely =gott54 ,yet ! ,c\rt ( ,vi5na /ill clung to ! ,edict ( ,re/itution 7p4 #dbd7 = eight long ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! confus$1 frightful w>f>e 0 kept up4 ,at la/ ! milit>y rev]ses ( ! emp]or1 ,f]d9& ,,iii4 7#afcg-afeg71 :o1 unlike 8 fa!r1 0 n indispos$ to peace1 wrung f him a cons5t to ! necess>y conditions4 ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,! b>b>ities ( ?is long w> are indescribable4 ,! un>m$ p 7 treat$ ) brutal f]ocity4 ,! population ( ,g]many is said to h dim9i%$ 9 ?irty ye>s f tw5ty to fifty p] c5t4 ,! population ( "o city1 ,augsburg1 fell f eighty to eighte5 ?\s&4 ,!re 7 f\r hundr$ ?\s& p 9 ,wrtemb]g3 9 #afda only =ty-eight ?\s& 7 left4 ,9 f]tile di/ricts1 ! de/ruction ( ! crops _h caus$ great numb]s to p]i% by fam9e4 ,x is only 9 rec5t ye>s t ! numb] ( horn$ cattle 9 ,g]many has come to equal :at x 0 9 #afah4 ,cities1 villages1 ca/les1 & dwell+s innum]able1 _h be5 burn$ to ! gr\nd4 ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,we/phalia4--,! ,peace ( ,we/phalia1 conclud$ 9 #afdh1 0 a great ,european settlem5t4 ,x 0 agre$1 t 9 ,g]many1 :atev] might be ! fai? ( ! pr9ce1 ! religion ( ea* /ate 0 to be ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 accord+ to its position 9 #afbd1 :i* 0 fix$ ^u z ! normal ye>4 ,9 ! imp]ial adm9i/ration1 ! two religions 7 to be sub/antially equal4 ,religi\s fre$om & civil equality 7 ext5d$ to ! ,calv9i/s4 ,! empire 0 r$uc$ to a %ad[ by giv+ to ! ,diet ! p[] to decide 9 all important matt]s1 & by ! p]mission giv5 to its memb]s to make alliances ) "o ano!r & ) =eign p[]s1 ) ! futile proviso t no prejudice %\ld come !reby to ! empire or ! emp]or4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ,holl& & ,switz]l& 0 ackn[l$g$4 ,sw$5 obta9$ ! t]ritory ab\t ! ,baltic1 9 addition to o!r important places1 & became a memb] ( ! ,g]man ,diet4 ,among ! acquisitions ( ,france 7 ! ?ree bi%oprics1 ,metz1 ,t\l1 & ,v]dun1 & ! l&graviate ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,alsace4 ,?us ,france ga9$ access to ! ,rh9e4 ,sw$5 & ,france1 by becom+ gu>antors ( ! peace1 obta9$ ! "r to int]f]e 9 ! int]nal affairs ( ,g]many4 ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,treaty4--,by ?is treaty1 :at 0 left ( c5tral au?ority 9 ,g]many 0 de/roy$3 ! empire exi/$ only 9 "n2 ! m$ival union ( empire & papacy 0 at an end4 ,valuable ,g]man t]ritories 7 giv5 up to ambiti\s neighbors4 ,france _h ext5d$ h] b\nds1 & discipl9$ h] troops4 ,sw$5 _h ga9$ :at ,gu/avus _h covet$1 &1 = ! "t1 0 a p[] ( ! fir/ class4 ,spa9 & ,au/ria 7 bo? disabl$1 & r$uc$ 9 rank4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,second ,,/age ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation ,,9 ,,engl&3 ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,elizabe? 7#aedg-afjc74 ,,reign ,,( ,,edw>d ,,vi4 7#aedg-aeec74--;,h5ry ,,viii41 ) ,p>liam5t1 _h det]m9$ ! ord] ( succession1 giv+ prec$5ce to ,edw>d1 8 son by ,jane ,seym\r1 ov] ! two pr9cesses1 ,m>y1 ! daught] ( ,ca!r9e1 & ,elizabe?1 ! daught] ( ,anne ,boleyn4 ,edw>d ,,vi41 :o 0 b t5 ye>s old at 8 accession1 0 weak 9 body1 b 0 a mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( intellectual precocity4 ,! gov]nm5t n[ esp\s$ ! ,prote/ant side4 ,som]set1 ! k+'s uncle1 0 at ! head ( ! reg5cy4 ,! ,six ,articles 7p4 #djg7 7 repeal$4 ,prote/ant !ologians f ! ,cont95t 7 tak5 into ! c\nsels ( ! ,engli% prelates1 ,cranm] & ,ridley4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,cranm]1 ! ,book ( ,common ,pray] 0 fram$1 & ! ,articles1 or cre$1 compos$4 ,! cl]gy 7 all[$ to m>ry4 ,! ,anglican ,prote/ant ,*ur* 0 fully organiz$1 b ! progress 9 ! ,prote/ant direction 0 r too rapid = ! s5se ( ! nation4 ,som]set1 :o 0 f]tile 9 s*emes & a good soldi]1 invad$ ,scotl& 9 ord] to en=ce ! fulfill+ ( ! treaty :i* _h promis$ ! "y ,pr9cess ,m>y ( ,scotl& to ,edw>d 9 m>riage4 ,he defeat$ ! ,scots at ,p9kie1 ne> ,ed9burgh2 b ! project z to ! m>riage fail$4 ,m>y 0 s5t by ! ,scots to ,france1 !re to become ! wife ( ,francis ,,ii4 ,l& belong+ to ! ,*ur* 0 seiz$ by ,som]set to make room = ,som]set ,h\se4 ,a ,ca?olic rebellion 9 ,cornwall & ,devon%ire1 provok$ by ! ,protector's c\rse1 0 suppress$ ) difficulty4 ,! opposition to him on v>i\s gr\nds1 :i* 0 l$ by ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&1 f9ally br\ght ! ,protector to ! scaffold4 ,b ,nor?umb]l& prov$ to be less wor?y to hold ! protectorate ?an he1 & labor$ to aggr&ize 8 relatives4 ,he 0 "o ( ! nobles :o made use ( ,prote/antism z a means ( enri*+ !mselves4 ,he p]suad$ ! "y k+1 :5 he 0 ne> 8 end1 to settle ! cr[n1 contr>y to :at ,p>liam5t _h det]m9$1 on ,lady ,jane ,grey1 ,nor?umb]l&'s daught]-9-law1 a desc5dant ( ,h5ry's si/]4 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,m>y4--,not)/&+ ! ,protector's selfi% s*eme1 ,m>y succe$$ to ! ?rone )\t s]i\s difficulty4 ,nor?umb]l& 0 behead$ z a traitor4 ,an insurrection "u ,wyat 0 put d[n1 & l$ to ! execution ( ! un=tunate & innoc5t ,lady ,jane ,grey4 ,f h] bir? & all ! circum/ances ( h] life1 ,m>y 0 9 cordial sympa?y ) ! ,*ur* ( ,rome & ) ,spa94 ,%e proce$$ z rapidly z h] m prud5t advis]s1 includ+ h] k9sman ,philip ,,ii41 w\ld all[1 to re/ore ! ,ca?olic sy/em4 ,! m>ri$ cl]gy 7 exclud$ f _! places1 & ! ,pray]-,book 0 aboli%$4 ,! po9t :]e ,p>liam5t %[$ mo/ hesitation 0 9 ref]5ce to ! royal supremacy4 ,! nobles 7 afraid ( los+ _! fields & h\ses1 :i* _h belong$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 /ipulat$ t ! abbey l&s1 :i* 7 n[ held by ! nobles & g5try z well z by ! cr[n1 %\ld n be giv5 up4 ,p]sonally1 ,m>y 0 incl9$ to any measure :i* obligation to ! ,ca?olic religion might dictate4 ,contr>y to ! g5]al wi% ( h] subjects1 %e m>ri$ ,philip ,,ii4 ,rigor\s measures ( repression 7 adopt$ aga9/ ! ,prote/ants4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p]sons1 em95t = tal5ts & le>n+1 7 put to dea? on ! *>ge ( h]esy4 ,among !m 7 ! ?ree bi%ops1 ,cranm]1 ,ridley1 & ,latim]1 :o 7 burn$ at ! /ake at ,ox=d 7#aeef74 ,g>d9]1 ,bonn]1 & ! rigid advocates ( p]secution1 _h full sway4 ,^! sev]e measures 7 n popul>2 &1 al?\gh ! que5 0 n 9 h] natural temp] cruel1 !y h giv5 h] ! "n ( ! ,bloody ,m>y4 ,ea* p>ty us$ co]cion :5 x _h ! upp] h&4 ,a great numb] ( ! ,prote/ant cl]gy fl$ to ! ,cont95t4 ,m>y sid$ ) ,spa9 aga9/ ,france1 &1 greatly to ! disgu/ ( ! ,engli%1 lo/ ,calais 7#aeeh74 ,pope ,paul ,,iv4 0 dispos$ to press ^u ,engl& ! extreme dem&s ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction4 ,he 01 moreov]1 ho/ile to ! ,spani%-,au/rian h\se4 ,!re 0 great fe> respect+ ! confiscat$ ,*ur* prop]ty3 h] own %>e 9 x1 ! que5 p]suad$ ,p>liam5t to all[ h] to surr5d]4 ,c>d9al ,pole1 a mod]ate man1 no long] guid$ h] policy4 ,he 0 depriv$ ( ! (fice ( papal legate4 ,g5]al discont5t prevail$ 9 ! k+dom4 ,! que5 h]self 0 dispirit$1 & h] life end$ 9 anxiety & sorr[4 ,,"* ,,( ,,elizabe? 7#aeeh-afjc74--,! nation welcom$ ,elizabe? to ! ?rone4 ,h] w 0 z imp]i\s z t ( h] fa!r4 ,h] "* 0 n )\t m>k$ faults & foibles4 ,%e 0 va91 unwisely p>simoni\s1 petulant1 & ov]be>+1 & ev9c$ t want ( tru?fulness :i* 0 too common among rul]s & /atesm5 at t p]iod4 ,b %e _h regal virtues1--high c\rage1 devotion to ! public good1 = :i* %e _h ! /r5g? to sacrifice p]sonal incl9ations1 toge!r ) ! wisdom to *oose a/ute c\nselors & to adh]e to !m4 ,h] title to ! ?rone 0 disput$4 ,%e _h to cont5d aga9/ p[]ful & subtle adv]s>ies4 ,h] def5se lay 9 ! mutual jeal\sy ( ,france & ,spa91 & 9 ! det]m9ation ( ,engli%m5 n to be rul$ by =eign]s4 ,h] reign 0 long & glori\s4 ,,h] ,,religi\s ,,position4--,9 h] doctr9e1 ,elizabe? 0 a mod]ate ,lu!ran1 n bitt]ly av]se to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 b1 9 accordance ) ! preval5t ,engli% feel+ :i* ,h5ry ,,viii4 repres5t$1 cl++ to ! royal supremacy4 ,! ,prote/ant sy/em1 ) ! ,pray]-,book1 & ! hi]>*y dep5d5t on ! sov]eign1 0 n[ re/or$4 ,,prote/antism ,,9 ,,scotl&4--,9 case ,elizabe?'s claim to ! cr[n 7 ov]?r[n1 ! next heir w\ld be ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots4 ,h] gr&mo!r 0 ! elde/ si/] ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,h] claim to ! ,engli% cr[n 0 a /&+ m5ace to ,elizabe?4 ,:5 ,m>y's fa!r1 ,james ,v41 di$ 7#aedb71 %e 0 only a few days old4 ,h] "m1 ,m>y ( ,guise1 became reg5t4 ,! ,re=mation _h !n begun to ga9 adh]5ts 9 ,scotl&4 ,on ! accession ( ,elizabe?1 at a "t :5 ! religi\s w>s 9 ,france 7 ab\t to beg91 ! ,scotti% reg5t und]took repressive measures ( increas$ rigor4 ,! pr9cipal ag5t 9 turn+ ,scotl& to ! ,prote/ant side 0 ,john ,knox1 an intrepid prea*]1 hone/1 & r\gh 9 8 ways1 deeply imbu$ ) ! _s ( ,calv9ism1 & free f e ve/ige ( sup]/iti\s def]5ce = human pot5tates4 ,he return$ f ! ,cont95t 9 #aeee4 ,_m ( ! turbul5t nobles1 p>tly f conviction & p>tly f covet\sness1 adopt$ ! new op9ions4 ,m & m1 h[ev]1 ,knox ga9$ a hold ^u ! common p4 ,8 prea*+ 0 effective3 "o ( its natural consequ5ces 0 an outbur/ ( iconoclasm4 ,ev5 ,philip ,,ii4 0 will+ to h ! nobles help$ 9 ! conte/ ) ! reg5t1 ,scotl& be+ ! ally ( ,france4 ,! que5-reg5t di$ 9 #aefj4 ,! ,presbyt]ians n[ _h full control1 & ,calv9i/ic ,prote/antism 0 legally e/abli%$ z ! religion ( ! c\ntry4 ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,scots4--,su* 0 ! situation :5 ,m>y1 ! "y wid[ ( ,francis ,,ii41 came back to ,scotl& to assume h] cr[n4 ,a zeal\s ,ca?olic1 %e und]took to rule a turbul5t p among :om ! mo/ au/]e type ( ,prote/antism 0 ! legal & *]i%$ fai?4 ,%e _h p]sonal *>ms :i* ,elizabe? lack$1 b z a sov]eign %e 0 want+ 9 ! public virtue :i* belong$ to h] rival4 ,m>y 0 quick-witt$ & full ( en]gy2 b %e _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! c\rt ( ,ca!r9e de ,m$ici1 9 an atmosph]e ( duplicity & lax morals4 ,%e _h ! vices ( ! ,/u>ts1--an extravagant idea ( ! sacr$ pr]ogatives ( k+s1 a disreg>d ( popul> rights1 a will+ness to break engagem5ts4 ,h] levity1 ev5 if x _h be5 kept )9 b\nds1 w\ld h be5 (f5sive to h] ,calv9i/ic subjects4 ,%e _h at he>t ! re/oration ( ! ,ca?olic sy/em4 ,9 ,knox %e f\nd a vigilant & fe>less antagoni/1 ) s mu* support among ! nobles & ! common p t h] attempts at co]cion1 l h] bl&i%m5ts1 prov$ p[]less4 ,contr>y to ! wi%es & plans ( ,elizabe?1 %e m>ri$ ,d>nley1 a ,scotti% nobleman 7#aefe71 :om1 n )\t reason1 %e soon le>n$ to despise4 ,h] half-bro!r ,murray1 a v able man1 & ! o!r ,prote/ant nobles1 _h be5 oppos$ to ! mat*4 ,%e all[$ h]self an innoc5t1 b unseemly1 intimacy ) an ,italian musician1 ,rizzio4 ,) ! connivance ( h] husb&1 he 0 dragg$ out ( h] supp]-room at ,holyrood1 & brutally murd]$ by ,ru?v5 & o!r conspirators4 ,9 #aefg1 ! h\se 9 :i* ,d>nley 0 sleep+1 close by ,ed9burgh1 0 bl[n up ) gunp[d]1 & he 0 kill$4 ,:e!r ,m>y 0 privy to ! murd]1 or n1 is a po9t /ill 9 dispute4 ,c]ta9 x is t %e gave h] h& 9 m>riage to ,bo?well1 ! prime au?or ( ! crime4 ,a revolt ( h] subjects foll[$4 ,%e 0 compell$ to abdicate3 ,murray 0 made reg5t1 & h] infant son1 ,james ,,vi41 0 cr[n$ at ,/irl+ 7#aefg74 ,escap+ f conf9em5t at ,lo*lev51 %e 0 defeat$ at ,langside1 & oblig$ to fly to ,engl& = protection4 ,,execution ,,( ,,m>y4--,elizabe? _h no lik+ = ! new religi\s sy/em 9 ,scotl&4 ,%e hat$ ! necessity ( aid+ rebels aga9/ _! sov]eign4 ,b !re 0 no alt]native4 ,9 #aefi ! defeat ( ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france 0 foll[$ by a ,ca?olic rebellion 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,elizabe? 0 excommunicat$ by ,pope ,pius ,v4 ,!re 0 a det]m9ation to de?rone h]1 & to h& ov] h] cr[n to ,m>y4 ,! drift ( ev5ts 0 t[>ds a conflict ( ,engl& ) ,spa94 ,! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 a lead] 9 conspiracy & rebellion1 :o act$ 9 conc]t ) ,philip & ) ,m>y1 0 br\ght to ! scaffold 7#aegb74 ,elizabe? secretly aid$ ! revolt$ subjects ( ,philip 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 z ,philip enc\rag$ ! malcont5ts 9 ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,! ,que5 ( ,scots 0 ! c5t] ( ! hopes ( ! enemies ( ,engl& & ( ,elizabe?4 ,:5 h] complicity 9 ! conspiracy ( ,bab+ton1 :i* involv$ a ,spani% invasion & ! de?ronem5t & dea? ( ,elizabe?1 0 prov$1 ,m>y1 aft] hav+ be5 a captive = n9ete5 ye>s1 0 condemn$ to dea?1 & execut$ 7#aehg7 at ,fo!r+ay ,ca/le4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,armada4--,9 #aehe ,elizabe? op5ly s5t troops to ! ,ne!rl&s "u ! comm& ( h] favorite1 ,leice/]4 ,! conte/ ) ,spa9 0 kept up on ! sea by bold ,engli% m>9]s1 :o captur$ ! ,spani% treasure-%ips1 & h>ass$ ! ,spani% colonies4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( m>itime adv5ture1 :5 m5 l ,frobi%]1 ,hawk9s1 & ,raleigh made !mselves fam\s1 & :5 ,sir ,francis ,drake sail$ ar\nd ! _w4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is voyage1 ,drake _h seiz$ f ! ,spani% vessels1 & f ! settlem5ts on ! coa/ ( ,p]u & ,*ili1 a va/ am\nt ( silv] & gold4 ,:5 x 0 kn[n t ,philip 0 prep>+ to invade ,engl&1 ,drake sail$ into ! h>bor ( ,cadiz1 & de/roy$ ! %ips & /ores !re 7#aehg74 ,he burn$ e ,spani% vessel t he c\ld f9d4 ,he boa/$ on 8 return t he _h s+$ ! k+ ( ,spa9's be>d4 ,philip made ready a mighty naval exp$ition1 ! ,inv9cible ,armada1 = ! conque/ ( ,engl&4 ,! fame ( x res\nd$ ?r\gh ,europe4 ,a ,spani% =ce 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 "u ,p>ma1 0 to cop]ate ) x4 ,9 ,engl&1 !re 7 prep>ations to meet ! attack4 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants 7 unit$ = ! def5se ( ! k+dom4 ,at ,tilbury1 ,que5 ,elizabe? review$ h] troops on horseback1 say+ to !m 9 a spirit$ spee*1 ,i "k ,i h ! body b ( a weak & feeble woman1 b ,i h ! he>t & /oma* ( a k+1 & ( a k+ ( ,engl& too4 ,! tempe/1 aid+ ! valor ( ! ,engli% seam51 disp]s$ ! great fleet4 ,no l&+ 0 effect$1 & ! gr& ent]prise prov$ a complete failure4 ,only fifty-f\r out ( ! "o hundr$ & fifty vessels succe$$ 9 mak+ _! way back to ,spa94 ,,monopolies4--,! que5 knew h[ to yield to ! p :5 %e saw t !y 7 det]m9$ ^u a measure4 ,?is %e did ne> ! close ( h] reign1 :5 ! ,commons call$ ^u h] to put an end to ! monopolies :i* %e _h be5 9 ! habit ( grant+ to individuals :om %e specially lik$4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,essex4--,! que5 _h h] p]sonal favorites4 ,among !m1 ,rob]t ,dudley1 :om %e made ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 0 ! "o ( :om %e 0 mo/ fond4 ,%e e/eem$ him mu* above 8 m]its4 ,ano!r ( h] favorites 0 ! "y ,e>l ( ,essex1 :o 0 va9 & ambiti\s4 ,he w5t 9 #aeif ) ,"l ,h[>d 9 an exp$ition :i* took & plund]$ ,cadiz4 ,!n he 0 s5t to ,irel& 9 comm& ( an army4 ,he fail$1 & came back to ,engl& )\t leave4 ,he made a fooli% attempt at insurrection1 0 tri$ = treason1 & convict$2 & ,elizabe? reluctantly sign$ ! w>rant = 8 execution 7#afja74 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,irel&4--,aft] ! return ( ,essex f ,irel&1 :]e he _h done no?+ well1 ,"l ,m\ntjoy 0 s5t to conqu] ,tyrone1 ! ,desmonds1 & o!r ,iri% *iefs4 ,x 0 a long & fi]ce conte/4 ,he succe$$ 9 subdu+ ! c\ntry2 b ! effect ( 8 conque/ 0 a t]rible fam9e 9 ! ,nor?1 :]e ! food _h be5 de/roy$4 ,at ! end ( ,elizabe?'s reign1 all ,irel& 0 subject to ,engl&4 ,,! ,,puritans4--,uni=mity 9 ! =ms ( religi\s wor%ip 0 orda9$ by law 9 ,engl&1 & ! que5 0 b5t on en=c+ x4 ,a ,c\rt ( ,high ,commission 0 e/abli%$ to puni% h]esy & noncon=mity4 ,?is policy e>ly br\ght on a conflict1 n only ) ! ,roman ,ca?olics1 b also ) ! l>ge & gr[+ class ( ,prote/ants :o 7 call$ ,puritans4 ,^! wi%$ to c>ry ! ,re=mation f>!r ?an x _h be5 c>ri$ by ! ,tudors 9 ,engl&1 & to make ! ,engli% ,*ur* m l ! ,calv9i/ic *ur*es 9 ,scotl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,!y dislik$ surplices & o!r ve/m5ts worn by ! cl]gy1 :i* !y pron\nc$ badges ( pop]y1 ! sign ( ! cross us$ 9 baptism1 & l cu/oms reta9$ 9 ! ,*ur* z e/abli%$ by law4 ,_m ( !m became oppos$ to ! :ole prelatical organization4 ,!y did n admit ! supremacy ( ! sov]eign1 z ,elizabe? claim$ x1 9 ?+s hav+ to d ) ! ,*ur* & religion4 ,_m ( ! ,puritans con=m$ to ! exi/+ sy/em ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t & wor%ip1 b "u a prote/ & ) ! hope ( see+ x *ang$4 ,o!rs 7 noncon=mi/s2 t is1 !y did n =mally break (f f ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 b avoid$ tak+ "p 9 ! =ms ( wor%ip ( :i* !y disapprov$4 ,?is class 0 num]\s4 ,a ?ird & small] class1 ! ,indep5d5ts1 sep>at$ f ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 & disbeliev$ 9 national *ur*es1 or a national organization ( religion1 altoge!r4 ,!y =m$ religi\s societies ( _! own4 ,?us ,engli% ,prote/ants 7 divid$ among !mselves4 ,^u bo? ,puritans & ,roman ,ca?olics--^u ! latt]1 p>tly on political gr\nds--sev]e p5alties 7 inflict$4 ,*ur*man & ,puritan1 :ile !y agre$ sub/antially 9 !ology1 /ood at v>iance 9 reg>d to ,*ur* gov]nm5t & modes ( wor%ip4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,revolution ,,& ,,! ,,commonweal? 7#afjc-afeh74 ,,james ,i4--,james ,,vi4 ( ,scotl&1 & ,i4 ( ,engl&1 0 ! son ( ,m>y ,/u>t & ,d>nley4 ,scotl& & ,engl& 7 n[ unit$ "u "o k+4 ,he 0 n want+ 9 acquirem5ts1 & plum$ himself on 8 k ( !ology4 ,a conceit$ p$ant1 he 0 impati5t ( diss5t f 8 op9ions4 ,9 ,scotl&1 among insubord9ate nobles & ! m9i/]s ( ! ,kirk1--:o on "o occasion w5t s f> z to pull 8 sleeve :5 !y address$ to him _! rebukes1--he _h h>dly ta/$ ! sweets ( regal p[]4 ,! def]5ce ) :i* ! ,engli% cl]gy treat$ him deep5$ 8 atta*m5t to _! ,*ur*4 ,he _h high notions ( ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,no bi%op1 no k+1 0 8 favorite maxim4 ,e>ly1 9 ! ,hampton ,c\rt ,conf]5ce betwe5 ! bi%ops & ! ,puritans1 ov] :i* ,james presid$1 he %[$ 8 antipa?y to ! ,puritans4 ,x may be "h /at$1 t a sugge/ion !re made l$ to ! mak+ ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ( ! ,bible1 = :i* previ\s translations1 especially ! translation ( ,tyndale1 furni%$ ! basis4 ,! k+'s sev]ity to ! ,ca?olics 0 ! occasion ( ! ,gunp[d] ,plot1 a project t fail$1 = bl[+ up ! ,p>liam5t ,h\se by means ( p[d] plac$ "u x1 to :i* "o ,guy ,fawkes 0 to apply ! mat* 7#afje74 ,,irel&4--,! ,e>l ( ,tyrone1 an ,iri% *ief1 fell into a dispute ) ! ,engli% au?orities1 &1 ) ano!r ,iri% e>l1 fl$ to ,spa94 ,! be/ ( _! l&s 9 ,ul/] 7 giv5 to ,engli% & ,scot* coloni/s4 ,only :at 0 left ( ! l& 0 grant$ to ! ,iri%1 _m ( :om 7 dispossess$ ( _! homes4 ,! ,ul/] colonies 7 indu/ri\s & prosp]\s2 b among ! natives1 se$s ( la/+ enmity 7 s[n by ?is inju/ice4 ,,james',s ,,=eign ,,policy4--,! nation became imbitt]$ aga9/ ! k+4 ,"o grievance 0 ! sale n only ( pat5ts ( nobility1 b also ( monopolies to companies or individuals4 ,?is 0 a cont9uance ( an old abuse4 ,! trial & conviction ( ,"l ,bacon1 ! ,"l ,*ancelor1 :o 0 impea*$ on ! *>ge ( receiv+ pres5ts :i* 7 int5d$ to influ5ce 8 decisions z a judge1 0 "o evid5ce ( ! corruption ( ! times1 & ( ! displeasure occasion$ by x4 ,in/ead ( aid+ 8 son-9-law1 ,fr$]ick ,v41 ! ,elector ,palat9e1 ^: dom9ions _h be5 seiz$ by a ,spani% army s5t to aid 8 enemies1 ,james busi$ himself ) s*emes = m>ry+ 8 son ,*>les to ! ,infanta1 or ,pr9cess1 ,m>ia ( ,spa91 ! si/] ( ,philip ,,iv4 ,z a "p ( 8 truckl+ to ,spa91 he caus$ ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh to be execut$4 ,raleigh1 :o _h no love = ,spa91 _h long be5 kept 9 ! ,t[] on ! *>ge ( treason2 b ! k+1 :o want$ gold1 _h p]mitt$ him to g on a voyage to ,s\? ,am]ica to seek = x4 ,!re1 )\t 8 fault1 "s ( 8 m5 _h a collision ) ! ,spani>ds1 up ! ,or9oco4 ,n hav+ procur$ any treasure1 he 0 dispos$ to attack ,spani% %ips2 b ! capta9s ) him w\ld n cons5t4 ,on 8 return to ,engl&1 he 0 aga9 ?r[n into prison1 & br\ght to ! block4 ,at l5g? ! m>riage treaty ) ,spa91 to ! joy ( ! nation1 0 brok5 (f4 ,*>les1 x 0 agre$1 %\ld m>ry ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 ! si/] ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 ! k+ ( ,france4 ,! k+ came to a bett] und]/&+ ) ,p>liam5t1 :i* _h con/antly oppos$ 8 policy & )/ood 8 arrogant assumption ( absolute au?ority4 ,,*>les ,i4 7#afbe-afdi74--;,*>les ,i4 9 dignity ( p]son f> excell$ 8 fa!r4 ,he _h m skill & m c\rage2 b he _h ! same !ory ( arbitr>y gov]nm5t1 & act$ z if ins9c]ity & ! break+ ( promises 7 excusable 9 def5se ( x4 ,8 /rife ) ,p>liam5t began at once4 ,!y w\ld n grant supplies ( money )\t a r$ress ( grievances & ! removal ( ,buck+ham1 ! k+'s favorite4 ,w> _h begun ) ,spa9 be=e ! close ( ! la/ reign4 ,an exp$ition 0 n[ s5t to ,cadiz1 b x accompli%$ no?+4 ,buck+ham 0 impea*$2 b be=e ! trial end$1 ! k+ dissolv$ ,p>liam5t4 ,a ye> lat] he w5t to w> ) ,france4 ,he 0 !n oblig$ 7#afbh7 to grant to 8 ?ird ,p>liam5t _! ,petition ( ,"r1 :i* condemn$ 8 rec5t illegal do+s1--arbitr>y taxes & imprisonm5t1 ! billet+ ( soldi]s on h\sehold]s1 proce$+s ( m>tial law4 ,a few mon?s lat] ,buck+ham 0 assass9at$ by "o ,john ,felton at ,portsm\?4 ,c]ta9 taxes call$ tonnage & p\ndage1 ,*>les cont9u$ to levy by 8 own au?ority4 ,a patriotic lead] & a prom95t speak] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0 ,sir ,john ,eliot4 ,! k+ dissolv$ ,p>liam5t 7#afbi71 & s5t ,eliot & two o!r memb]s ( ! ,h\se to prison4 ,no o!r ,p>liam5t 0 summon$ = elev5 ye>s4 ,! k+ aim$ to e/abli% an absolute sy/em ( rule su* z ,ri*elieu _h built up 9 ,france4 ,two m9i/]s 7 employ$ by him 9 fur!r+ ?is policy4 ,"o 0 a layman1 ,w5twor?1 ,e>l ( ,/raf=d1 :o ex]cis$ almo/ unlimit$ p[] 9 ! nor!rn c\nties4 ,! o!r 0 ,william ,laud1 ,bi%op ( ,london & !n ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 7#afcc71 :o und]took to =ce ! ,puritans to con=m to all ! obs]vances ( ! ,*ur*4 ,two c\rts--! ,high ,commission1 be=e :i* ! cl]gy 7 br\ght2 & ! ,/> ,*amb]1 :i* 0 made up f ! k+'s c\ncil--7 ! in/rum5ts = c>ry+ out ?is tyranny4 ,griev\s & %ameful puni%m5ts 7 inflict$ on ! victims ( x4 ,,john ,,hampd54--,!re 0 ne$ ( a fleet4 ,*>les1 )\t ask+ any grant f ,p>liam5t1 und]took to levy a tax call$ %ip-money 9 e %ire4 ,john ,hampd51 a c\ntry g5tleman1 refus$ to pay x4 ,! judges gave a v]dict aga9/ him1 b he won great applause f patriotic ,engli%m54 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,long ,,p>liam5t4--,9 #afcg ,*>les emb>k$ 9 ! fooli% ent]prise ( endeavor+ to =ce ! ,engli% liturgy ^u ,scotl&4 ,?is call$ out ! ,solemn ,league & ,cov5ant ( ! ,scots = ! def5se ( ,presbyt]ianism4 ,= elev5 ye>s ! k+ _h gov]n$ )\t a ,p>liam5t1 b he ne$$ money4 ,! ,%ort ,p>liam5t 0 assembl$2 b1 z x refus$ to obey ! k+1 x 0 quickly dissolv$4 ,! invasion ( ! ,scots 9 #afdj made x necess>y = ,*>les to assemble t body kn[n z ! ,long ,p>liam5t1 "o ( ! mo/ memorable ( all legislative assemblies4 ,/raf=d & ,laud 7 impea*$4 ,/raf=d1 by a bill ( atta9d] pass$ by bo? ,h\ses1 0 condemn$ & execut$ 7#afda74 ,x 0 enact$ t ! pres5t ,p>liam5t %\ld n be dissolv$ or prorogu$ )\t its own cons5t1--an act :i* ,*>les reluctantly sanction$4 ,! ,/> ,*amb] & ,high ,commission ,c\rts 7 aboli%$4 ,a great ,iri% insurrection broke out 9 ,ul/]4 ,x has already be5 relat$ h[ ,h5ry ,,viii4 e/abli%$ 9 ,irel& 8 ecclesia/ical sy/em2 h[1 dur+ ,elizabe?'s reign1 !re 0 fi]ce & incessant w> ) ! ,desmonds1 & o!r ,anglo-,iri% families1 :o resi/$ ,prote/antism2 & h[ ,james ,i41 robb+ _m ,iri% ( _! l&s1 plant$ 9 ,ul/] num]\s ,engli% & ,scot* ,prote/ant settl]s4 ,^! 7 n[ massacr$ 9 great numb]s by ! ,iri%1 :o almo/ succe$$ 9 seiz+ ,dubl94 ,p>liam5t w\ld n tru/ ,*>les ) an army to use 9 ,irel&1 fe>+ t ! troops w\ld be us$ by him to def5d 8 arbitr>y gov]nm5t at home4 ,! k+ came to ! ,h\se ( ,commons ) a body ( arm$ m51 & made an abortive attempt to seize five memb]s on ! *>ge ( resi/+ 8 au?ority1 among :om 7 ,john ,hampd51 & ,john ,pym1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial orators on ! popul> side4 ,a bill 0 pass$ exclud+ ! bi%ops f ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 :]e a majority 7 = ! k+4 ,to ?is ,*>les cons5t$1 b he refus$ to all[ ,p>liam5t to control ! militia4 ,! ,,civil ,,w>3 ,,success ,,( ,,cromwell4--,9 ,july1 #afdb1 ,p>liam5t appo9t$ a ,committee ( ,public ,safety1 & call$ out ! militia4 ,soon ,*>les rais$ ! royal /&>d at ,nott+ham4 ,9 ! civil w>1 on "o side 7 ! ,royali/s1 :o 7 famili>ly /yl$ cavali]s 7t is1 horsem51 or g5tlem571 & on ! o!r 7 ! ,p>liam5t>ians1 :o 7 nicknam$ ,r\ndheads1 = ! reason t ! ,puritans did n foll[ ! fa%ion ( all[+ _! hair to fall 9 tresses on ! %\ld]s4 ,! ,e>l ( ,essex1 ! ,p>liam5t>y g5]al1 f\ght an indecisive battle ) ! k+ at ,edgehill4 ,*>les !n made ,ox=d 8 headqu>t]s4 ,e>ly 9 ! w>1 two m5 ( spotless "* fell1--,hampd51 on ! popul> side 7#afdc71 & ,"l ,falkl& 7#afdc71 :o1 n )\t hesitation1 _h jo9$ ! ,royali/s4 ,! cavalry ( ,*>les1 "u a gallant b ra% lead]1 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 son ( ! ,electress ,palat9e1 & gr&son ( ,james ,i41 0 specially effective4 ,*>les made peace ) ! ,iri% insurg5ts 9 ord] to get _! help 9 fight+ ,p>liam5t4 ,p>liam5t unit$ ) ! ,scots 9 ! ,solemn ,league & ,cov5ant1 by :i* !re 0 to be uni=mity 9 religion 9 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ,scotl&4 ,,presbyt]ians ,,& ,,indep5d5ts4--,presbyt]ianism 0 n[ made ! legal sy/em2 & ab\t two ?\s& b5efic$ cl]gym5 9 ,engl&1 :o refus$ to subscribe to ! ,cov5ant1 7 depriv$ ( _! liv+s4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,assembly met 9 #afdc1 & organiz$ a *ur* sy/em )\t bi%ops & )\t ! liturgy4 ,b ,p>liam5t did n give up its own supremacy 9 ecclesia/ical affairs4 ,!re 0 no ,g5]al ,assembly to rule ! ,*ur*1 z 9 ,scotl&4 ,ano!r p>ty1 ! ,indep5d5ts1 7 ga9+ /r5g?1 & by degrees gett+ control 9 ! army4 ,( _! numb] 0 ,oliv] ,cromwell1 a g5tleman ( ,hunt+don%ire1 :o _h be5 a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :]e he spoke = ! fir/ "t 9 #afbi4 ,,cromwell3 ,,naseby4--,by _m ( 8 adv]s>ies1 & by num]\s writ]s s9ce t day1 ,cromwell has be5 consid]$ a hypocrite 9 religion1 actuat$ by p]sonal ambition4 ,! ,puritan poet1 ,john ,milton1 :o became 8 secret>y aft] he acquir$ supreme p[]1 gives to him ! w>me/ praise = integrity & piety1 z well z = g5ius & valor4 ,( 8 religi\s e>ne/ness aft] ! ,puritan type1 & ( 8 s9c]e patriotism1 !re is at pres5t mu* less d\bt4 ,z to ! transc5d5t ability & sagacity t lay b5ea? a rugg$ ext]ior1 !re has nev] be5 any "q4 ,he rais$ & tra9$ a regim5t ( ,puritan troops1 call$ ! ,ironsides1 :o 7 well-nigh inv9cible 9 battle1 b ^: camp 0 a conv5ticle = pray] & praise4 ,) _! help1 ! ,royali/s 7 defeat$ at ,m>/on ,moor 7#afdd74 ,! army 0 n[ model$ anew by ! ,indep5d5ts4 ,! ,self-d5y+ ,ord9ance exclud$ memb]s ( ,p>liam5t f milit>y comm&4 ,cromwell 0 made an exception4 ,he came to ! front1 ) no o!r g5]al except ,fairfax1 :o _h replac$ ,essex1 above him4 ,laud 0 condemn$ = high treason by an ord9ance ( ,p>liam5t1 & behead$ 7#afde74 ,! ,royali/ army exp]i5c$ a cru%+ defeat at ,naseby 9 ,june ( ! same ye>4 ,,trial ,,& ,,execution ,,( ,,*>les4--,*>les surr5d]$ to ! army ( ! ,scots be=e ,new>k 7#afdf72 & by !m he 0 deliv]$ = a ransom1 9 ! =m ( an indemnity = w> exp5ses1 to _! ,engli% allies4 ,! k+ hop$ mu* f ! gr[+ discord betwe5 ! ,presbyt]ians1 :o favor$ an accommodation ) him if !y c\ld pres]ve _! ecclesia/ical sy/em2 & ! ,indep5d5ts1 :o controll$ ! army1 & 7 9 favor ( tol]ation1 & ( obta9+ m gu>anties ( lib]ty aga9/ regal usurpation4 ,9 ,june1 #afdg1 ! army took ! k+ out ( ! h&s ( ,p>liam5t1 into _! own cu/ody4 ,he negotiat$ ) all p>ties1 & 0 tru/$ by none4 ,9 #afdh he agre$1 9 a secret treaty ) ! ,scots1 to re/ore ,presbyt]ianism4 ,!re 7 ,royali/ ris+s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl&1 :i* ,cromwell suppress$4 ,he defeat$ at ,pre/on ,pans a ,scot* army1 l$ into ,engl& by ! ,duke ( ,hamilton to help ,*>les4 ,cromwell's army 7 n[ det]m9$ to baffle ! plans ( ! ,p>liam5t>y majority4 ,col4 ,pride1 ) a regim5t ( foot1 exclud$ f ! ,h\se ( ,commons ab\t a hundr$ memb]s4 ,?is measure1 dictat$ by a c\ncil ( (fic]s1 0 call$ ,pride's ,purge4 ,! ,commons clos$ ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & con/itut$ a ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice = ! trial ( ! k+4 ,he refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! tribunal1 & behav$ ) calmness & dignity to ! end4 ,he 0 condemn$1 & behead$ on a scaffold be=e 8 own palace at ,:itehall1 ,jan4 #cj1 #afdi4 ,by "o p>ty he 0 execrat$ z a tyrant1 ^: life 0 a con/ant dang] to fre$om4 ,by ! o!r p>ty he 0 rev]$ z a m>tyr4 ,8 two elde/ sons 7 ,*>les1 born 9 #afcj1 & ,james1 born 9 #afcc4 ,,! ,,commonweal?4--,! mon>*y 0 n[ aboli%$2 & ,engl& 0 a free commonweal?1 gov]n$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,a c\ncil ( /ate1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,brad%aw1 :o _h presid$ at ! trial ( ! k+1 0 appo9t$ to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,irel&1 a rebellion 9 behalf ( "y ,*>les1 son ( ! late k+1 0 organiz$ by ,butl]1 ,m>quis ( ,ormond 7#afdi74 ,9 n9e mon?s ,cromwell subdu$ x1 treat+ ! insurg5ts ) unsp>+ sev]ity4 ,!re 0 a savage massacre ( ! g>risons at ,drogh$a & ,wex=d4 ,! massacre at ,drogh$a 0 by 8 ord]s4 ,soldi]s ( ,p>liam5t 7 settl$ 9 ,mun/]1 ,le9/]1 & ,ul/]4 ,! c\ntry 0 r$uc$ to complete subjection4 ,9 #afej ,*>les l&$ 9 ,scotl&1 subscrib$ to ! ,cov5ant1 & 0 proclaim$ k+4 ,cromwell f\ght ! ,scots at ,dunb>1 & totally r\t$ !m4 ,return+ to ,engl&1 he ov]took ,*>les & 8 army at ,worce/]1 & defeat$ !m 7#afea74 ,cromwell call$ ?is victory a cr[n+ m]cy4 ,*>les escap$ 9 disguise1 &1 aft] /range p]ils & adv5tures1 l&$ 9 ,norm&y4 ,,w> ,,) ,,holl&4--,engl&1 "u its new gov]nm5t1 engag$ 9 a conte/ = dom9ion on ! sea4 ,! new ord] ( ?+s1 contr>y to ! expectation ( ,cromwell1 0 reg>d$ ) ho/ility 9 ,holl&1 :]e ! ,orange family 7 9 p[]4 ,9 #afea ! ,engli% ,navigation ,act1 requir+ all goods f abroad to be br\ght 91 ei!r 9 ,engli% %ips1 or 9 %ips ( ! c\ntries on ! ,cont95t 9 :i* ! import$ w>es 7 produc$1 /ruck a heavy bl[ at ,dut* comm]ce4 ,w> foll[$1 9 :i* ! great ,dut* admirals1 ,van ,tromp1 ,de ,ruyt]1 ,de ,witt1 f\nd m ?an a mat* 9 ! ,engli% comm&]1 ,blake4 ,! t]ms ( peace 7 dictat$ by ,cromwell1 & ,holl& _h to atta* itself to 8 policy 7#afed74 ,,! ,,"l ,,protector4--,!re 0 a gr[+ discord betwe5 ! unwor?y remnant ( ! ,p>liam5t--n[ call$ ! ,rump ,p>liam5t--& ! army4 ,9 #afec ,cromwell us$ 8 milit>y =ce to dissolve ! assembly4 ,by ! ,little ,p>liam5t :i* he call$ toge!r1 he 0 con/itut$ ,"l ,protector1 ) a ,c\ncil ( ,/ate compos$ ( tw5ty-five memb]s4 ,lat] he decl9$ ! title ( k+1 out ( respect to ! feel+s & prejudices ( 8 p>ty4 ,b he reign$ 9 /ate1 & ex]cis$ regal functions4 ,8 attempts to re/ore ! old =ms ( p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 9 an ord]ly =m1 ) two h\ses1 7 baffl$ by difficulties beyond control4 ,he insi/$ on a l>ge degree ( tol]ation1 s long z religion 0 n made a pret5se = arms & blood4 ,,cromwell',s ,,gov]nm5t4--,"u ! ,protector1 ,engl& once m took ! pr\d & comm&+ place 9 ,europe :i* %e _h n held s9ce ! dea? ( ,elizabe?4 ,cromwell made 8 p[] to be ev]y:]e respect$4 ,blake *a/is$ ! pirates ( ! ,b>b>y ,/ates1 & puni%$ ! ,duke ( ,tuscany = attacks on ,engli% comm]ce4 ,9 #afee ,jamaica 0 wre/$ f ,spa92 &1 two ye>s aft]1 ,blake burn$ ! ,spani% treasure-%ips 9 ! h>bor ( ,santa ,cruz1 9 ,t5]iffe4 ,cromwell effici5tly protect$ ! adh]5ts ( ! ,prote/ant fai? 9 ,pi$mont1 & :]ev] !y 7 subject$ to p]secution4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 life1 9 conjunction ) ! ,fr5*1 he took ,dunkirk f ! ,spani>ds4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,cromwell4--,cromwell's p[] 0 n dim9i%$ 9 8 clos+ ye>s4 ,macaulay1 :o pron\nces him ! greate/ pr9ce t ev] rul$ ,engl&1 says ( him1 ,x is c]ta9 t he 0 to ! la/ honor$ by 8 soldi]s1 obey$ by ! :ole population ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 & dread$ by all =eign p[]s2 t he 0 laid among ! anci5t sov]eigns ( ,engl& ) fun]al pomp su* z ,engl& _h nev] be=e se52 & t he 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,ri*>d z quietly z any k+ _h ev] be5 succe$$ by any ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 7#afeh74 ,! tal5ts ( ,cromwell1 & ! vigor ( 8 adm9i/ration1 deeply impress$ ^? :o he>tily dislik$ him4 ,a /rong illu/ration ( ?is fact is pres5t$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,protector z depict$ by ,"l ,cl>5don1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,rebellion2 & by ! poet ,c[ley 9 8 essay or ,disc\rse4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,colonization ,,9 ,,am]ica3 ,,asiatic ,,nations2 ,,culture ,,& ,,lit]ature 7#aeag-afdh74 ,,colonization ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,! ,european nations kept up _! religi\s & political rival%ip 9 explor+ & coloniz+ ! ,new ,_w4 ,,fr5* ,,explor]s4--,! ,fr5* & ,engli% s5t _! fi%]m5 to ! coa/s ( ,newf\ndl& & ,nova ,scotia4 ,fr5* fi%]m5 f ,breton gave its "n to ,cape ,breton4 ,francis ,i4 s5t out ,v]razano1 an ,italian sailor1 :o is ?\ght to h cruis$ along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica f ,cape ,fe> nor?w>d 7#aebd74 ,lat]1 ,jacques ,c>ti] explor$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce z f> z ! site ( ,montreal 7#aece72 o!r exp$itions foll[$1 & ?us 0 f\nd$ ! claim ( ! ,fr5* to t region4 ,,spani% ,,explor]s4--,! ,spani>ds br\ght negroes f ! coa/ ( ,africa to ! ,we/ ,indies1 to take ! place ( ! ,indians2 & ?us ! slave-trade & negro slav]y 7 e/abli%$4 ,!y gave ! "n ( ,florida to a va/ region /ret*+ f ! ,atlantic to ,mexico1 & f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to an undef9$ limit 9 ! ,nor?4 ,f ,tampa ,bay1 9 :at we n[ call ,florida1 !y s5t into ?is unexplor$ region an exp$ition "u ,n>vaez 7#aebh72 & aft]w>ds1 on ! same track1 ano!r p>ty l$ by ,h]n&o de ,soto 7#aeci71 :i* made its way to ! ,mississippi ne> ! pres5t site ( ,vicksburg4 ,tempt$ by tales ( ri* cities1 ,coronado l$ an army to ! conque/ ( ! pueblos ( ! s\?-we/4 ,he p5etrat$ z f> z ! b\nd>y ( ! pres5t ,nebraska4 ,,conte/ ,,9 ,,florida4--,! great ,hugu5ot lead]1 ,coligny1 made ?ree attempts to f\nd ,hugu5ot settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,he want$ to provide = !m an asylum1 & to ext5d ! p[] ( ,france4 ,"o company w5t to ,brazil1 & fail$2 a second p]i%$ at ,port ,royal 9 ,florida2 a ?ird 7#aefd7 built ,=t ,c>ol9e on ! %ores ( ! ,/4 ,john4 ,?is la/ company 0 m]cilessly slaught]$ by ,m55dez1 ! lead] ( a ,spani% exp$ition :i* f\nd$ ,/4 ,augu/9e 7#aefe71 ! olde/ t[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! act 0 av5g$ by ! massacre ( ! ,spani% settl]s at ,=t ,c>ol9e1 by ,dom9ique de ,g\rgues & ! ,fr5* company t came ov] ) him4 ,,engli% ,,voyages4--,! ,engli%1 full ( zeal = m>itime discov]y1 tri$ to f9d a nor?-we/ passage to ,asia4 ,?is 0 attempt$ by ,m>t9 ,frobi%]1 a sea-capta91 f :om ,frobi%]'s ,/rait takes its "n4 ,aft] him foll[$ ,john ,davis1 :o gave 8 "n also to a /rait4 ,z ! ,engli% grew /rong] & bold] on ! wat]1 !y ceas$ to avoid a conte/ ) ,spa94 ,9 #aegg ,sir ,francis ,drake set out f ! h>bor ( ,plym\? on 8 voyage ar\nd ! globe4 ,! defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada occurr$ 9 #aehh2 & aft] t ! ,engli% felt !mselves to be /rong] ?an _! old adv]s>y4 ,,gilb]t ,,& ,,raleigh4--,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t1 9 #aehc1 took possession ( ,newf\ndl& 9 ! "n ( ! que5 ( ,engl&4 ,walt] ,raleigh1 8 half-bro!r1 on 8 voyage 9 #aehd1 visit$ ,roanoke ,isl&1 & nam$ ! :ole c\ntry betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,spani% possessions1 ,virg9ia1 9 honor ( ! ,virg9 ,que51 ,elizabe?4 ,a colony :i* he s5t out to ,roanoke 7#aehe7 fail$1 & a second settlem5t _h no bett] result4 ,b>?olomew ,gosnold l&$ on ,cape ,cod1 & cruis$ along ! neighbor+ coa/ 7#afjb74 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,9 ,,canada4--,9 #afjc ,*ampla91 a ,fr5* g5tleman1 sail$ to ,canada1 :i!r ! fur-trade entic$ explor]s4 ,a few ye>s lat] he f\nd$ ,quebec 7#afjh71 & explor$ ! c\ntry z f> z ,lake ,huron4 ,! ,jesuit mission>ies comm5c$ _! ef=ts to conv]t ! ,indian tribes1 9 :i* !y ev9c$ an almo/ unp>allel$ =titude & p]sev]ance4 ,! ,huron & ,algonqu9 ,indians help$ ,*ampla9 ga9 a victory ov] ! ho/ile & w>like ,iroquois1 :o aft]w>ds hat$ ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,fr5* occupants ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce devot$ !mselves too exclusively to trad+1 & too little to ! till+ ( ! gr\nd & to ! =m+ ( a community4 ,,! ,,dut* ,,settlem5ts4--,! ,dut* 7 z eag] z ! o!r m>itime p[]s to f9d a passage to ,india4 ,9 #afji an ,engli% capta9 9 _! s]vice1 ,h5ry ,hudson1 balk$ 9 ?is endeavor1 sail$ up ! riv] n[ call$ by 8 "n4 ,! next ye>1 be+ 9 ! s]vice ( an ,engli% company1 he discov]$ ,hudson's ,bay4 ,am/]dam trad]s e/abli%$ !mselves on ! isl& ( ,manhattan 7an ,indian "n72 :i* l$ to ! =mation ( ! ,new ,ne!rl&s ,company1 by :om a =t 7,orange7 0 built at ! place aft]w>ds call$ ,albany 7#afae74 ,! ,we/ ,india ,company foll[$ 7#afba71 ) au?ority ov] ,new ,ne!rl&s1 z ! c\ntry 0 call$4 ,! p[]ful l&-own]s 7 /yl$ patroons4 ,_! t]ritory rea*$ to ,delaw>e ,bay2 & !y _h a trad+-po/ on ! ,connecticut1 on ! site ( ! pres5t city ( ,h>t=d4 ,9 #afcg ! ,sw$es made a settlem5t at ! m\? ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 b 9 #afee !y 7 subdu$ by ! ,dut*4 ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,virg9ia4--,! ,virg9ia ,company1 divid$ into two bran*es1--! ,london ,company1 hav+ control 9 ! ,s\?1 & ! ,plym\? ,company1 hav+ control 9 ! ,nor?1--receiv$ its pat5t ( privileges f ,james ,i4 7#afjf74 ,a settlem5t by ! ,plym\? ,company on ! ,k5nebec ,riv] 7#afjg7--! ,popham ,colony--0 giv5 up4 ,9 #afjg ,jame/[n 9 ,virg9ia1 z ! "n ,virg9ia is n[ appli$1 0 settl$4 ,a majority ( ! fir/ coloni/s 7 g5tlem5 n wont$ to labor4 ,! milit>y lead] 0 ,capt4 ,john ,smi?1 ^: life1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 0 sp>$ by ,p[hatan1 an ,indian *ief4 ,p[hatan's daught] ,pocahontas m>ri$ ,rolfe1 an ,engli%man4 ,! ,jame/[n colony seem$ likely to become ext9ct1 :51 9 #afaj1 ,"l ,delaw>e arriv$ ) fre% supplies & coloni/s4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( gov]nors :o rul$ ) almo/ unlimit$ au?ority4 ,b ! colony grew to be m indep5d5t1 & 9 sympa?y ) ! popul> p>ty 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #afai ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses fir/ met1 :i* br\ght 9 gov]nm5t by ! p4 ,at ?is "t negroes began to be import$ f ,africa1 & sold z slaves4 ,,! ,,pilgrim ,,settlem5t4--,! fir/ p]man5t settlem5t 9 ,new ,engl& 0 made at ,plym\? 9 #afbj1 by a company ( ,engli% ,*ri/ians1 :o l&$ f ! ,mayfl[]4 ,!y 7 ,puritans ( t class call$ ,indep5d5ts1 :o _h sep>at$ f ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 & did n believe 9 any national *ur* organization4 ,! emigrants left ,leyd51 9 ,holl&1 :]e !y _h liv$ = "s "t 9 exile1 & :]e ! rema9d] ( _! congregation rema9$ "u ! guidance ( a le>n$ & able pa/or1 ,john ,rob9son4 ,9 ! h>bor ( ,prov9cet[n1 !y agre$ to a compact ( gov]nm5t4 ,_! civil polity 0 republican2 _! *ur* polity 0 ,congregational4 ,!y endur$ ) h]oic & pi\s =titude ! sev]ities ( ! fir/ w9t]1 :5 half ( _! numb] di$4 ,_! milit>y lead] 0 ,capt4 ,miles ,/&i%4 ,9 _! deal+s ) ! ,indians1 !y 7 equally j & brave4 ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,massa*usetts4--,some:at diff]5t 9 its orig9 & "* f ! ,pilgrim settlem5t at ,plym\?1 0 ! o!r ,puritan settlem5t ( ,massa*usetts4 ,! emigrants to ,massa*usetts 7 n sep>ati/s f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 b m cons]vative ,puritans :o desir$1 h[ev]1 _m ecclesia/ical *anges :i* !y c\ld n obta9 at home4 ,bo? classes ( settl]s1 transf]r$ to ,new ,engl&1 f\nd no difficulty 9 agree+ 9 religi\s matt]s2 = :5 left free1 !y desir$ ab\t ! same ?+s4 ,b at ,plym\? !re 0 m tol]ation = religi\s diss5t ?an 9 ! lat] colony4 ,9 #afbi c]ta9 ,london m]*ants =m$ a corporation call$ ! ,gov]nor & ,company ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay 9 ,new ,engl&1 & receiv$ a *>t] directly f ,*>les ,i4 ,!y s5t out ,john ,endicott to be gov]nor ( a settlem5t already =m$ at ,salem4 ,*>les _h dissolv$ ,p>liam5t1 & 0 beg9n+ ! exp]im5t ( absolutism4 ,! new company 0 /r5g!n$ by ! accession ( a l>ge numb] ( ,puritan g5tlem5 :o 7 anxi\s to emigrate4 ,!y resolv$ to transf] ! company & its gov]nm5t to ! %ores ( ,am]ica4 ,john ,w9?rop 0 *os5 gov]nor1 & 9 #afcj l&$ at ,*>le/[n ) a l>ge body ( settl]s4 ,w9?rop & 8 associates soon remov$ to ! p59sula ( ,bo/on4 ,! new colony 0 well provid$ ) artisans4 ,soon %ips began to be built4 ,9 #afcf a college1 nam$ 9 #afci1 9 honor ( a b5efactor1 ,h>v>d1 0 f\nd$ at ,cambridge4 ,at fir/ all ! vot]s met toge!r to *oose _! rul]s & frame _! laws4 ,z ! t[ns increas$ 9 numb]1 a ,g5]al ,c\rt1 or legislative assembly1 0 e/abli%$ by ! colony1 9 :i* ea* t[n 0 repres5t$4 ,ea* t[n _h its *ur*1 & only *ur*-memb]s vot$4 ,! ,g5]al ,c\rt sup]9t5d$ ! affairs ( bo? t[n & *ur*4 ,! political tr\bles 9 ,engl& /imulat$ emigration4 ,)9 t5 ye>s1 ab\t tw5ty ?\s& ,engli%m51 ma9ly ,puritans1 cross$ ! ,atlantic1 & took up _! abode 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ! ecclesia/ical sy/em ea* *ur* 0 self-gov]n+1 except z ! ,g5]al ,c\rt 0 ov] all4 ,!re 7 no bi%ops1 & ! liturgy 0 disp5s$ ) 9 wor%ip4 ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,connecticut4--,aft] ! ,dut* _h built a trad+-po/ on ! site ( ,h>t=d1 p f ,plym\? =m$ a settlem5t at ,w9dsor1 on ! ,connecticut1 six miles above4 ,f ,bo/on & its neighborhood1 !re 0 a migration :i* settl$ ,h>t=d4 ,9 #afcg ! ?ree t[ns ( ,w9dsor1 ,we!rsfield1 & ,h>t=d became ! di/9ct colony ( ,connecticut4 ,a colony l$ by ! y\ng] ,john ,w9?rop1 "u a pat5t giv5 to ,"l ,say & ,sele & ,"l ,brook1 drove away ! ,dut* f ! m\? ( ! ,connecticut1 & settl$ ,saybrook 7#afce74 ,?is colony 0 aft]w>ds unit$ ) ! ,connecticut colony4 ,a ?ird colony 0 e/abli%$ at ,new ,hav5 7#afch71 :i* _h an indep5d5t exi/5ce until #affb4 ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,rhode ,,isl&1 ,,( ,,new ,,hamp%ire1 ,,& ,,( ,,ma9e4--,rog] ,williams1 a m9i/] :o 0 n all[$ to live 9 ,massa*usetts1 on acc\nt ( 8 diff]5ces ) ! magi/rates1 0 ! f\nd] ( ,rhode ,isl& 7#afcf74 ,he held t ! ,/ate %\ld leave matt]s ( religi\s op9ion & wor%ip to ! consci5ce ( ! individual1 & conf9e gov]nm5t to secul> conc]ns4 ,?is 0 n ! view ( ! ,puritans g5]ally2 & ! incom+ ( diss5t]s f _! religi\s & political sy/em made !m afraid t ! colony w\ld be brok5 up1 or fall into disord]4 ,williams1 9 mo/ ( 8 qualities a noble man1 obta9$ a pat5t = 8 gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 fram$ 9 accordance ) 8 lib]al ideas4 ,on l&s grant$ by ! ,plym\? ,company to ,sir ,f]d9&o ,gorges1 settlem5ts 7 made 9 ,new ,hamp%ire & 9 ,ma9e 7#afbc74 ,a l9e betwe5 ! two 0 drawn 9 #afca2 ,gorges tak+ ! t]ritory on ! ea/ ( ! ,piscataqua ,riv]1 & ,capt4 ,john ,mason tak+ ! rema9d]4 ,,virg9ia4--,aft] #afbd ! k+ appo9t$ ! gov]nor 9 ,virg9ia1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h its own assembly4 ,! colony grew rapidly1 its *ief export be+ tobacco4 ,! p liv$ on _! e/ates or plantations1 employ+ ind5t$ s]vants & negro slaves4 ,,m>yl&4--,m>yl& 0 f\nd$ by ,george ,calv]t1 ,"l ,baltimore1 a ,roman ,ca?olic1 to :om ,*>les ,i4 grant$ a *>t] 7#afcb74 ,! fir/ settlem5t 0 made by ,calv]t's sons1 aft] 8 dea?4 ,!y plant$ a colony ne> ! m\? ( ! ,potomac4 ,! ,calv]ts s5t out bo? ,puritans & ,roman ,ca?olics1 & secur$ ! safety ( ! adh]5ts ( _! own fai? by ! grant ( tol]ation to ! ,prote/ants4 ,"u ,cromwell1 a ,puritan gov]nor 0 appo9t$ by ,"l ,baltimore 7#afdi74 ,!re 7 b\nd>y disputes ) ,virg9ia2 & ,clayborne1 a ,puritan & a ,virg9ian1 at "o "t got control ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* ! ,calv]ts rega9$ "u ,*>les ,,ii4 7#affj74 ,,new ,,engl&3 ,,new ,,york4--,dur+ ! w> betwe5 k+ & ,p>liam5t 9 ,engl&1 ! ,puritan colonies 7 9 sympa?y ) ! popul> p>ty1 b 7 cauti\s 9 _! av[als4 ,!y took great pa9s to prev5t ! k+1 & lat] ! ,p>liam5t "u ! ,commonweal?1 f tak+ away _! self-gov]nm5t4 ,! ,engli% navigation acts1 :i* =bade !m to use =eign %ips = _! trade & =c$ !m to s5d ne>ly all _! products to ,engli% ports1 7 a grievance to !m4 ,! rivalries ( ! ,engli% & ! ,dut* gave ! coloni/s a *ance to expel ! ,dut* f ,connecticut4 ,*>les ,,ii4 at l5g? conqu]$ ,new ,ne!rl&1 & c$$ ?is t]ritory to 8 bro!r1 ! ,duke ( ,york1 aft]w>ds ,james ,,ii4 ,new ,am/]dam became ,new ,york1 & ,=t ,orange became ,albany4 ,9 #afgd ! c\ntry 0 =mally c$$ to ,engl& by ,holl&4 ,,! ,,indians4--,:5 ,am]ica 0 discov]$1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ,p]u 7 empires1 to a consid]able degree civiliz$4 ,relics tak5 f ! m\nds ( ! ,ohio & ,mississippi valleys indicate1 also1 t races some:at advanc$ 9 culture _h once dwelt 9 ^? regions4 ,! mo/ ( bo? cont95ts 0 inhabit$ by v num]\s tribes ( ,indians1 :o 7 savages1 ) ! ord9>y virtues & vices ( savage life4 ,!y 7 brave & pati5t1 b indol5t1 trea*]\s1 & implacable4 ,!re 0 an imm5se v>iety ( dialects among !m1 yet !re are traces ( a common orig9al unity ( language4 ,! tribes _h no fix$ b\nd>ies1 b roam$ ov] ext5sive hunt+-gr\nds4 ,! ,iroquois1 or ! ,six ,nations1 occupi$ c5tral ,new ,york f ! ,hudson to ! ,g5esee4 ,! ,algonqu9s 7 spread ov] ne>ly all ! re/ ( ! c\ntry on ! ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 & nor? ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,creeks1 ,*octaws1 & ,*ickasaws 7 9 ! ,s\?4 ,,! ,,:ites ,,& ,,! ,,r$ ,,m54--,x 0 =tunate = ! settl]s ( ,new ,engl&1 t1 be=e _! arrival1 ! ,indians _h be5 mu* r$uc$ 9 numb]s by pe/il5ce4 ,sometimes !y 7 treat$ wisely & humanely1 & ef=ts 7 made by noble m5 l ,john ,eliot 7#afjd-afij71 :o has be5 call$ ! ,apo/le to ! ,indians1 to tea* & civilize !m4 ,b ?is _s 0 n always %[n by ! :ites1 & wrongs done by an individual are av5g$ by savages ^u 8 race4 ,! fir/ important conflict betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,indians 0 ! ,pequot ,w> 7#afcf71 :5 ! ,engli%1 help$ by ! ,n>ragansetts1 :o 7 "u ! influ5ce ( ,rog] ,williams1 cru%$ ! ,pequots1 :o 7 a dang]\s tribe4 ,a league betwe5 ! ,new-,engl& colonies1 = mutual c\nsel & aid1 foll[$ 7#afdc74 ,into ?is league1 ,massa*usetts w\ld n all[ ,rhode ,isl&1 ^: con/itution 0 dislik$1 to be admitt$4 ,!re 7 to be two commission]s to repres5t ea* colony 9 common meet+s4 ,,sci5ce1 ,,philosophy1 ,,lit]ature4 ,,a/ronomy4--,9 ?is p]iod wond]ful progress 0 made 9 a/ronomy4 ,cop]nicus1 a ,g]man or ,poli% prie/ 7#adgc-aedc71 detect$ ! error ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 :i* made n ! sun1 b ! e>?1 ! c5t] ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,?us a revolution 0 made 9 t sci5ce4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 a ,dani% a/ronom] 7#aedf-afja71 0 a mo/ accurate & indefatigable obs]v]1 al?\gh he did n adopt ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,8 pupil ,kepl] 7#aega-afcj7 discov]$ ^? great pr9ciples respect+ ! orbits & motions ( ! planets1 :i* are call$ ! ,laws ( ,kepl]4 ,galileo 7#aefd-afdb71 ! ,italian sci5ti/1 9 addition to important discov]ies 9 me*anics1 ) ! telescopes1 :i* 8 +5uity _h con/ruct$1 disc]n$ ! moons ( ,jupit]1 & made o!r /rik+ discov]ies 9 ! heav5s4 ,9 promulgat+ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e1 he incurr$ ! displeasure ( ecclesia/ics1 & 0 driv5 by ! ,inquisition to r5\nce 8 op9ion4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,sir ,isaac ,newton 7#afdc-agbg7 to discov] ! law ( gravitation4 ,,jurisprud5ce4--,9 jurisprud5ce1 ! ,roman law 0 m & m /udi$ 9 univ]sities4 ,9 political sci5ce1 ,bod91 a le>n$ ,fr5*man 7#aecj-aeif71 wrote a "w on ! ,/ate1 advocat+ a /rong mon>*y4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,hugo ,grotius 7#aehc-afde71 a great juri/ & s*ol>1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal f\nd]s ( ! sci5ce ( ,int]national ,law4 ,an em95t exp\nd] ( natural & int]national law 9 ,g]many 0 ,puf5dorf 7#afcb-afid74 ,,hi/orical ,,writ+s4--,9 hi/ory1 ,sleidan1 a ,g]man 7#aejf-aeef71 & lat] a le>n$ /atesman1 ,seck5dorf 7#afbf-afib71 wrote hi/ories ( ! ,re=mation4 ,de ,?\1 a ,fr5*man 7#aeec-afag71 wrote a valuable hi/ory ( 8 own times4 ,grotius describ$ ! w> = indep5d5ce 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,*ur* hi/ory1 on ! ,prote/ant side1 0 writt5 by a company ( au?ors call$ ! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators2 & on ! ,ca?olic side1 9 ! ,annals ( ,b>onius 7:o di$ 9 #afjg74 ,9 ! ,t[] ( ,london1 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh employ$ himself 9 writ+ a ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 rem>kable1 if n = its rese>*es1 = passages ( noble eloqu5ce4 ,9 ,italy1 hi/orians foll[$ 9 ! pa? op5$ by ,ma*iavelli1 ?r\gh 8 ,disc\rses on ,livy & 8 ,flor5t9e ,hi/ory4 ,davila 7#aegf-afca7 compos$ a n>rative ( ! ,civil ,w>s 9 ,france1 & ! ,c>d9al ,b5tivoglio wrote ! hi/ory ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,s>pi1 a ke5 ,v5etian1 ( mu* indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 relat$ ! hi/ory ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a hi/ory ( ! same ,c\ncil by ! m or?odox ,pallavic9i4 ,9 ,spa91 !re 0 at lea/ "o hi/orian ( sup]ior value1 ,m>iana1 :o compos$ a hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,,m$ic9e4--,m$ic9e felt ! b5efit ( ! revival ( le>n+4 ,hippocrates & ,gal5 7 /udi$1 & 7 translat$ into ,lat94 ,p>acelsus1 a ,g]man physician 7#adic-aeda71 besides broa*+ v>i\s !ories m or less vision>y1 advanc$ ! sci5ce on ! *emical side1 introduc+ c]ta9 m9]al rem$ies4 ,vesalius1 a native ( ,brussels 7#aead-aefd71 :o became *ief physician ( ,*>les ,v4 & ,philip ,,ii41 dissect$ ! human body1 & produc$ ! fir/ compreh5sive & sy/ematic view ( anatomy4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury cl9ical in/ruction 0 introduc$ into hospitals4 ,h>vey1 an ,engli% physician 7#aegh-afeg71 discov]$ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury activity 9 m$ical /udy 0 %[n by ! rise ( v>i\s discordant sy/ems4 ,,philosophy4--,9 philosophy1 ,ari/otle cont9u$ to be ! ma/] 9 ! mo/ cons]vative s*ools1 :]e ! old ways ( ?9k+ 7 *]i%$4 ,8 e?ical doctr9es 7 especially attack$ by ,lu!r4 ,giordano ,bruno1 an ,italian1 n )\t g5ius1 promulgat$ a !ory ( pan!ism1 :i* id5tifi$ ! ,deity ) ! _w4 ,he w&]$ f l& to l&1 0 a vehem5t assailant ( receiv$ religi\s views1 & 0 burn$ at ! /ake at ,rome 7#afjj74 ,9 "s gift$ m9ds1 ! conflict ( doctr9al sy/ems1 & ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance1 eng5d]$ skepticism4 ,montaigne 7#aecc-aeib71 ! g5ial essayi/ on m5 & mann]s1 ! ,plut>* ( ,france1 is an example ( ?is class4 ,! opposition to ,ari/otle & to ! s*oolm5 f\nd a great lead] 9 ! ,engli% philosoph]1 ,francis ,bacon 7#aefa-afbf74 ,! influ5ce ( ,"l ,bacon 0 m 9 /imulat+ to ! use ( ! inductive me?od1 ! me?od ( obs]vation1 ?an 9 any special value belong+ to ! rules laid d[n = x4 ,he po9t$ out ! pa? ( fruitful inve/igation4 ,hobbes 7#aehh-afgi71 an ,engli% writ]1 prop\nd$1 9 8 ,levia?an 7#afea7 & 9 o!r writ+s1 8 !ory ( ! absolute au?ority ( ! k+1 & ! relat$ doctr9e t "r is f\nd$ on ! necessity ( a common p[]1 if ! desires are to be gratifi$1 & if endless de/ructive cont5tion is to be avoid$4 ,f ! epo* ( ,bacon1 ! natural & physical sci5ces acquire a new importance4 ,9 metaphysical sci5ce1 ! mod]n epo* dates f ,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej71 born 9 ,france1 :o insi/$ t philosophy mu/ assume no?+1 b mu/ />t ) ! proposition1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 ,be=e1 philosophy _h be5 ! h&maid ( !ology4 ,x _h tak5 = grant$ a body ( beliefs respect+ ,god1 man1 & ! _w4 ,desc>tes 0 a !i/4 ,sp9oza 7#afcb-afgg71 ( ,jewi% extraction1 born 9 ,holl&1 is ! f\nd] ( mod]n pan!ism4 ,he taught t !re is b "o sub/ance2 t ,god & ! _w--! totality ( ?+s--are ! manife/ation ( "o imp]sonal be+4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,italy4--,9 ,italy1 among _m au?ors 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( poetry1 ,tasso 7#aedd-aeie71 ! au?or ( ! epic ,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 is ! mo/ em95t4 ,9 x1 ! classic & ! romantic /yles are comb9$2 ! _s ( ! ,middle ,ages bl5ds ) ! unity & h>mony ( ,hom] & ,virgil4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 "u ! h>d ,spani% rule1 ! lit]>y _s 9 ,italy 0 *ill$4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,spa9 ,,& ,,portugal4--,9 ,spa91 x 0 poetry & ! drama t *iefly fl\ri%$4 ,o!r sorts ( lit]>y activity 7 /ifl$ ) ! ext9ction ( lib]ty4 ,lope de ,vega 7#aefb-afce71 "o ( ! mo/ facile & m>vel\s ( all poets1 ! au?or ( tw5ty-two hundr$ dramas1--0 ! precursor ( a s*ool4 ,aft] him came ,cald]on 7#afjj-afha71 :o c>ri$ ! ,spani% drama to its p]fection4 ,e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,c]vantes publi%$ ! classic tale ( ,don ,quixote1 to r5d] abhorr$ ( m5 ! false & absurd /ories conta9$ 9 books ( *ivalry1 an end :i* he accompli%$4 ,m>iana's 7#aecf-afbc7 vivid & int]e/+ ,hi/ory ( ,spa9 0 cont9u$ 9 a less attractive /yle by ,s&oval4 ,h]r]a 7#aedi-afbe7 compos$ a ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies4 ,o!r works relat+ to ! ,new ,_w & ! ,spani% conque/s 7 writt54 ,9 ! production ( prov]bs1 ! ,spani% m9d is )\t a rival4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! bad effects ( ! despotic sy/em ( ,philip ,,ii4 0 ! decay ( lit]ature4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ writ] ( ,portugal is ! poet ,camo5s 7#aebd-aegi71 :o1 9 8 epic ! ,lusiad1 has treat$ ( ! glori\s ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry1 giv+ special prom95ce to ! discov]y by ,vasco da ,gama ( ! passage to ,india4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,france4--,9 ,france1 ) ! exception ( ,montaigne1 x 0 ,rabelais 7#adie-aeec71 a physician1 philosoph]1 & humori/1 :o1 not)/&+ 8 pr(anity & obsc5ity1 0 ! mo/ popul> au?or ( 8 day1 & :o well repres5ts ! tone ( ! ,r5aissance 9 t c\ntry4 ,rons>d 7#aebd-aehe71 an imitator ( ! ,lat9s & ,greeks1 0 ! favorite poet ( ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! light lit]ature ( ! ,fr5* is rul$ by fa%ion1 & is void ( s]i\s feel+4 ,9 ?is "t ! lit]>y societies ( ,france take _! rise4 ,madame de ,ramb\illet 7#aehh-affe71 a lady ( ,italian bir?1 set ! example 9 e/abli%+ su* reunions4 ,%e made h] hotel a resort = writ]s & politicians4 ,be+ an invalid1 %e kept h] b$1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 an alcove ( ! salon :]e %e receiv$ h] visitors4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,engl&4--,9 ,engl&1 9 ! age ( ,elizabe?1 !re is a galaxy ( great au?ors 9 prose & v]se4 ,! ev5ts & debates ( ! ,re=mation1 ! voyages & geographical discov]ies ( ! p]iod1 gave a p[]ful quick5+ to ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,! ,r5aissance culture1 :i* made famili> ! /ories ( ,greek & ,roman my?ology1 & ! romantic tales & poetry ( ,italy & ,spa91 0 pot5t 9 its effect4 ,"s ( ! num]\s !ological writ]s1 z ,bi%op ,hall 7#aegd-afef71 ,j]emy ,taylor 7#afac-affg71 & ,ri*>d ,hook] 7#aeec-afjj71 h ga9$ a high place 9 g5]al lit]ature4 ,bacon1 ap>t f 8 philosophical writ+s1 t[]s above almo/ all 8 contempor>ies 9 ! field ( lett]s4 ,! *ivalr\s ,sir ,philip ,sidney 7#aeed-aehf7 wrote ! pa/oral romance ( ,arcadia4 ,burton 7#aegf-afdj71 ! au?or ( ,! ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly1 & ,sir ,?omas ,br[n1 :o publi%$ 7#afdb7 ! ,religio ,m$ici 7! religion ( a physician7 &1 at a lat] date1 ! ,urn ,burial1 are qua9t & orig9al au?ors4 ,! m]it ( ,%akspe>e 7#aefd-afaf7 is s exalt$ & unique t he almo/ eclipses ev5 ! greate/ names4 ,! ,engli% drama did n he$ :at are call$ ! classic unities ( "t & place1 :i* limit ! action ( a play to a brief duration & a contract$ area4 ,o!r celebrat$ dramatic writ]s are ,beaumont 7#aehf-afae7 & ,flet*] 7#aegi-afbe71 :o wrote _m plays jo9tly2 ,b5 ,jonson 7#aegd-afcg71 & ,mass+] 7#aehd-afdj74 ,! imag9ative poetry :i* is n dramatic1 9 ?is p]iod1 beg9s ) ,sp5s] 7#aeec-aeii71 ^: ,farie ,que5e is a poem ( *ivalry2 & x ends ) ,milton 7#afjh-afgd71 ! ,puritan poet1 imbu$ ) ! culture ( ! ,r5aissance1 ^: maje/y & beauty place him almo/ on a level1 at lea/ 9 ! e/eem ( read]s ( ! ,engli% race1 ) ,dante4 ,among ! religi\s poets is ,george ,h]b]t 7#aeic-afce74 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! lyric au?ors 0 ! la/ ( !m1 ,c[ley 7#afah-affg74 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,g]many4--,9 ,g]many1 ! great lit]>y product ( ?is p]iod 0 ,lu!r's translation ( ! ,bible4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ! controv]sy 9 religion 0 n favorable to ! cause ( lett]s4 ,att5tion 0 engross$ by !ological inquiries & discussion4 ,b 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( !ology1 prea*]s & writ]s ( mu* ability & le>n+ appe>$ on bo? sides ( ! controv]sy4 ,biblical /udy & hi/orical rese>*es 7 ( necessity fo/]$ by ! exig5cies ( religi\s debate4 ,,asiatic ,,nations4 ,i4 ,,*9a4 ,,! ,,jesuit ,,missions4--,! ,m+ dyna/y cont9u$ 9 p[] 9 ,*9a until #afdd4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,portuguese came to ! isl& ( ,macao1 & comm]cial relations began betwe5 ,*9a & ,europe4 ,!y br\ght opium into ,*9a1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 import$ ov]l& f ,india4 ,9 #aehc ,matteo ,ricci1 a ,jesuit mission>y1 began 8 labors 9 ,*9a4 ,he & 8 associates _h great success4 ,8 k ( ! book language 0 mo/ rem>kable4 ,! concessions ( ! ,jesuit fa!rs to ! ,*9ese 9 matt]s ( ritual excit$ mu* opposition 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,b = ?is diss5sion among ! diff]5t ,ca?olic ord]s1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?1 :i* _h ga9$ v num]\s conv]ts1 w\ld h spread f> m widely4 ,,! ,,man*u ,,conque/4--,!re 7 notable lit]>y a*ievem5ts 9 ?is p]iod1 "o ( :i* 0 an encyclop$ia 9 m ?an tw5ty-two ?\s& books4 ,f\r copies 7 made3 only "o1 a damag$ copy1 n[ rema9s4 ,! great political ev5t ( ! "t 0 ! seizure ( ! ?rone by ! ,man*u ,t>t>s 7#afdd71 :o came 9 z auxili>ies aga9/ a rebellion1 b h worn ! cr[n until n[4 ,! %av$ head & ! long cue are cu/oms introduc$ by ! ,t>t> conqu]ors4 ,c]ta9 privileges1 & c]ta9 habits to :i* ! natives clung1 z ! mode ( dress = wom51 & ! compression ( _! feet1 7 reta9$ by express /ipulation4 ,,ii4 ,,japan4 ,,feudal ,,sy/em4--,9 #afjc ,iyyasu1 an em95t g5]al1 f\nd$ ! ,tokugawa dyna/y1 :i* cont9u$ until ! resignation ( ! la/ ,%gun 7or ,tycoon7 9 #ahfg4 ,! rul]s ( t l9e held _! c\rt at ,y$o1 :i* grew into a fl\ri%+ city4 ,! long p]iod ( an>*y & blood%$ t _h prec$$1 0 br\ght to an end4 ,iyyasu laid ! f\ndation ( a feudal sy/em :i* 8 gr&son ,iymitsu 7#afbc-afej7 complet$4 ,japan 0 divid$ into fiefs1 ea* "u a daimi = its *ief1 :o enjoy$ a l>ge degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,! p consi/$ ( f\r classes3 7#a7 ! milit>y families1 :o _h ! "r to we> two swords1 ! clansm5 ( ! great nobles2 7#b7 ! f>m+ class2 7#c7 ! artisans2 7#d7 ! tradesm54 ,,*ri/ianity ,,9 ,,japan4--,*ri/ianity 0 prea*$ 9 ,japan by ,xavi]1 a successful ,jesuit mission>y1 9 #aehc4 ,o!r ,jesuit prea*]s foll[$4 ,a multitude ( conv]ts 7 made4 ,b on acc\nt ( immoralities ( ,europeans1 & ! dread ( =eign political dom9ation1 ! gov]nm5t engag$ 9 a s]ies ( sev]e p]secutions4 ,9 #afad an edict proscrib$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,a portion ( ! peasants :o 7 conv]ts 7 s oppress$1 t !y revolt$ 7#afcg74 ,! result 0 an act ( t]rible cruelty1--! massacre ( all ,*ri/ians2 s t none rema9$ op5ly to pr(ess ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,,iii4 ,,india4 ,,! ,,mughal ,,empire4--,9 ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? & 9 ! fifte5? c5turies1 ! mo/ ( ,india 0 rul$ by di/9ct ,mohamm$an dyna/ies4 ,! dom9ion ( ! ,afghan dyna/y at ,delhi 0 ?us greatly r$uc$4 ,9 #aebe ! ,mughal 7,mogul7 ,empire 0 f\nd$ by ,bab>1 a desc5dant ( ,tam]lane4 ,bab> invad$ ,india1 & defeat$ ! ,sultan ( ,delhi 9 ! battle ( ,paniput4 ,! new empire 0 n p]man5tly e/abli%$ until 8 gr&son ,akb> 7#aeef-afje71 9 a s]ies ( conque/s1 spread 8 dom9ion ov] all ,india nor? ( ! ,v9dhy> m\nta9s4 ,n until ! reign ( ,aurungzeb 7#afeh-agjg71 0 ! ,deccan subdu$4 ,aft] #afjj ! ,portuguese no long] _h ! monopoly ( ! =eign trade3 ! ,dut* & ,engli% became _! rivals4 ,,lit]ature4--,see li/s ( works on g5]al hi/ory1 p4 #af2 on mod]n hi/ory1 p4 #cie2 on ! hi/ory ( p>ticul> c\ntries1 p4 #cei4 ,g5]al ,works on ! ,p]iod4 ,de ,?\'s ,hi/ory ( 8 own ,times2 ,,rob]tson',s ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ,v4 7,prescott's ed472 ,von ,raum]'s ,ges*4 ,europas seit d4 ,ende d1 #ae tu ,jahrk1 7#h vols742 ,hallam's ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ,europe 9 ! ,fifte5?1 ,sixte5?1 & ,sev5te5? ,c5turies2 ,,ranke',s s]ies ( works on ?is p]iod1--! ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 & ! ,hi/ories ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&2 ,hi/ories ( ! ,re=mation by ,d',aubign1 ,dll+] 7,roman ,ca?olic71 ,spald+ 7,roman ,ca?olic71 ,fi%]1 ,,hauss]1 ,h>dwick1 ,/ebb+2 ,laur5t1 ,la ,re=me2 ,lavisse et ,rambaud1 ,hi/oire ,g5rale 7iv4 & v472 ,seebohm's ,era ( ,prote/ant ,revolution2 ,works ( ,janss51 ,pa/or1 ,creighton4 ,on ! ,g]man & ,swiss ,re=mation3 ,wadd+ton's ,hi/ory1 etc42 ,hag5ha*1 ,vorlesung51 etc42 ,lives ( ,lu!r1 by ,meur]1 ,mi*elet1 ,be>d1 ,k,,/l92 ,lives ( ,zw+h1 by ,,*ri/(fel1 ,,morik(]2 ,lives ( ,calv91 by ,,h5ry1 ,dy]1 ,kamps*ulte 7,roman ,ca?olic74 ,re=mation 9 ,france4 ,works by ,soldan1 ,von ,pol5z1 ,smiles1 ,br[n+2 ,,baird',s works on ,hugu5ots2 ,p]k9s1 ,france "u ,ri*elieu & ,maz>9 7#b vols472 ,hanotaux1 ,ri*elieu 7#b vols474 ,! ,revolt ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,blok's ,hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7#c vols471 etc42 ,,motley',s ,rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic1 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s2 ,,prescott',s ,hi/ory ( ,philip ,,ii42 ,,?4 ,,ju/e1 ,hi/1 de la ,rvol4 des ,pays-,bas1 etc4 7#b vols74 ,! ,re=mation 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,hi/ories ( ,macaulay4 ,l+>d1 ,fr\de1 ,burnet's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl&4 ,s4 ,r4 ,g>d9]'s ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#afjc to #afef72 ,cl>5don's ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,rebellion2 a s]ies ( works on ?is p]iod by ,,guizot2 ,neal's ,hi/ory ( ! ,puritans2 ,gairdn]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* f ,h5ry ,,viii4 to ,m>y2 selections ( docum5ts by ,pro!ro & by ,g>d9]2 ,lives ( ,cromwell1 by ,,c>lyle1 by ,=/]1 ,g>d9]1 ,h>rison1 ,fir?2 ,/rype's ,lives ( ! ,lead+ ,re=m]s--,cranm]1 etc4 ,on ! ,re=mation 9 ,scotl&4 ,,burton',s ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&2 ,rob]tson's ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&2 ,mc,crie's ,life ( ,john ,knox2 ,w4 ,m4 ,,taylor1 ,life ( ,john ,knox4 ,on ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,,g9dely',s ,hi/ory1 etc42 ,g>d9]1 ,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>2 ,life ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus4 ,= m ext5d$ li/s1 see ,adams's ,manual1 etc42 & ,fi%]'s ,! ,re=mation 7,app5dix74 ,= li/ ( works on colonization 9 ,am]ica1 see ! li/ at ! end ( ,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,,f ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,we/phalia ,,to ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution4 7#afdh-aghi7 ,,introduction4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod4--,"o feature ( ?is p]iod is ! ef=ts made by ! nations to improve _! condition1 especially to increase ! ?rift & to raise ! /&+ ( ! middle class4 ,an illu/ration is :at is call$ ! m]cantile sy/em 9 ,france4 ,along ) ?is *ange1 !re is progress 9 ! direction ( great] bread? 9 education & culture4 ,9 bo? ( ^! movem5ts1 rul]s & peoples coop]ate4 ,mon>*ical p[]1 upheld by /&+ armies1 rea*es its climax4 ,! result is int]nal ord]1 c\pl$ ) tyranny4 ,great w>s 7 c>ri$ on1 mo/ly conte/s = succession to ?rones4 ,! outcome 0 an equilibrium 9 ! ,european /ate sy/em1 dep5d5t on ! relations ( five great p[]s4 ,,fir/ ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod4--,9 ! fir/ half ( ! p]iod1 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ ( ,europe are slightly connect$4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ,france ga9s ! prepond]ance ov] ,au/ria1 until1 by ! ,spani% w> ( succession1 ,engl& re/ores ! balance4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ,sw$5 is 9 ! van1 until1 9 ! great ,nor!rn w> 7#agjj-agba71 ,russia becomes pr$om9ant4 ,,second ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod4--,9 ! second half ( ! p]iod1 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ ( ,europe are br\ght toge!r 9 "o /ate sy/em1 9 p>ticul> by ! rise ( ! p[] ( ,prussia4 ,,*ief ,,ev5ts4--,! fall ( ,sw$5 & ! rise ( ,russia & ,prussia are political ev5ts ( capital importance4 ,! m>itime supremacy ( ,engl&1 ) ! loss by ,engl& ( ! ,am]ican colonies1 is ano!r lead+ fact4 ,9 ! clos+ "p ( ! p]iod appe> ! intellectual & political signs ( ! great ,revolution :i* broke out 9 ,france ne> ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,prepond]ance ,,( ,,france3 ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv4 7,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,ryswick1 #afig73 ,,! ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,/u>ts3 ,,! ,,engli% ,,revolution ,,( #afhh4 ,,l\is ,,xiv43 ,,maz>94--,! great m9i/] ,ri*elieu di$ 9 #afdb4 ,abroad1 ?\gh a c>d9al ( ! ,*ur*1 he arre/$ ! ,ca?olic reaction1 fre$ ,nor!rn f ,s\!rn ,europe1 & made tol]ation possible2 at home1 out ( ! brok5 fragm5ts ( h] lib]ties & h] national prosp]ity1 he pav$ ! way = ! glory ( ,france4 ,he pav$ ! way1 also1 = ! despotism ( h] k+s4 ,he _h be5 fe>$ & hat$ by k+ & p1 b _h be5 obey$ by bo?4 ,a few mon?s lat] ,l\is ,,xiii41 a sov]eign )\t ei!r m>k$ virtues or vices1 foll[$ him 7#afdc74 ,l\is ,,xiv4 7#afdc-agae7 0 !n only five ye>s old2 & ,maz>91 ! heir ( ,ri*elieu's p[]1 /ood at ! helm until 8 dea? 7#affa74 ,to ?is ,italian /atesman1 ambiti\s ( p[] & weal?1 b a/ute1 &1 l ,ri*elieu1 devot$ to ,france1 ! que51 ,anne ( ,au/ria1 will+ly left ! managem5t ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! rebellion ( ! ,fronde 7#afdh-afec7 0 a ris+ ( ! nobles to ?r[ (f ! yoke laid on !m by ,ri*elieu4 ,!y 7 help$ by ! discont5t ( p>liam5t & p ) ! oppressive taxation4 ,9 ,p>is1 !re 0 a ris+ ( ! populace1 :o built b>ricades2 b ! revolt 0 quell$4 ,its lead]s1 ,conti1 ! ,c>d9al de ,retz1 & ! great ,cond1 a fam\s soldi]1 7 compell$ to fly f ! c\ntry4 ,maz>91 :o _h be5 oblig$ to fly to ,cologne1 return$ 9 triumph4 ,aft] t1 resi/ance to ! absolute mon>* ceas$1--! mon>* ^: !ory ( gov]nm5t 0 express$ 9 ! ass]tion1 ,i am ! ,/ate 7l'etat c'e/ moi74 ,9 ! ,peace ( ! ,pyr5ees 7#afei71 ,spa9 gave 9 m>riage to ,l\is1 ! ,infanta ,m>ia ,!resa1 ! daught] ( ,philip ,,iv41 & c$$ to ,france important places 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,m>ia r5\nc$ all claims on h] inh]itance1 = h]self & h] issue1 9 consid]ation ( a d[ry ( five hundr$ ?\s& cr[ns to be paid by ,spa94 ,%ortly aft]1 ,maz>91 :o _h negotiat$ ! treaty1 9 full possession ( 8 exalt$ au?ority & ! incalculable treasures :i* he _h amass$1 di$4 ,,l\is ,,xiv4 ,,& ,,8 ,,(fic]s4--,l\is ,,xiv4 0 n[ 8 own ma/]4 ,8 appetite = p[] 0 unit$ ) a reli% = pomp & spl5dor1 :i* l$ him to make ,v]sailles1 ! seat ( 8 c\rt1 z spl5did z ar*itectural skill & lavi% exp5diture c\ld r5d] x1 & to make ,france ! model 9 art1 lit]ature1 mann]s1 & modes ( life1 = all ,europe4 ,) s5sual prop5sities he m+l$ a religi\s or sup]/iti\s ve91 s t f "t to "t he s\ght to comp\nd = 8 vices by ! p]secution ( ! ,hugu5ots4 ,he 0 ! c5tral figure 9 ! ,european life ( 8 "t4 ,tak+ c>e t 8 own p]sonal au?ority %\ld n be 9 ! lea/ impair$1 he made ,colb]t controll]-g5]al1 to :om 0 giv5 *>ge ( ! f9ances ( ! k+dom4 ,l\vois 0 made ! m9i/] ( w>4 ,colb]t n only provid$ ! money = ! co/ly w>s1 ! luxuri\s palaces1 & ! gorge\s fe/ivities ( 8 ma/]1 b con/ruct$ canals1 fo/]$ manufactures1 & built up ! ,fr5* m>9e4 ,l\vois1 ) equal success1 organiz$ ! milit>y =ces 9 a way t 0 copi$ by o!r ,european /ates4 ,able g5]als--,tur5ne1 ,cond1 & ,luxemburg--7 9 comm&4 ,! nobles :o held ! (fices1 milit>y z well z civil1 vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 _! obsequi\s devotion to ! great k+4 ,vauban1 ! mo/ skillful eng9e] ( ! age1 erect$ impregnable =tifications 9 ! bord] t[ns t 7 seiz$ by conque/4 ,9 ! arts ( diplomacy1 ! ,fr5* ambassadors 7 equally sup]ior4 ,! mon>* 0 su/a9$ by ! national pride ( ! p1 & by _! ambition to dom9ate 9 ,europe4 ,,attack ,,on ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4--,l\is _h already pur*as$ ( ! ,engli% ,dunkirk1--:i* 0 %amefully sold to him by ,*>les ,,ii41--:5 ,philip ,,iv4 ( ,spa9 di$ 7#affe74 ,he n[ claim$ p>ts ( ! ,ne!rl&s z be+ an inh]itance ( 8 que51 accord+ to an old law ( ^? prov9ces4 ,he conqu]$ ! c\nty ( ,burgundy1 or ,fran*e ,comt1 & v>i\s places 9 t c\ntry4 ,holl&1 afraid t he might pu% 8 conque/s f>!r1 =m$ ! ,triple ,alliance ) ,engl& & ,sw$54 ,9 ! ,treaty ( ,aa*5 7,aix71 ,l\is gave up to ! ,spani>ds ,fran*e ,comt1 b reta9$ ! captur$ cities 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 7#affh71 :i* ,vauban proce$$ to =tify4 ,,attack ,,on ,,holl&4--,! next attack ( ,l\is 0 ^u ,holl&4 ,holl& & ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s 7 at v>iance 9 religion1 z well z 9 _! political sy/ems1 & rivals 9 trade & indu/ry4 ,! fir/ m9i/] ( ! emp]or1 ,leopold41 0 9 ! pay ( ,l\is4 ,sw$51 9 ! m9ority ( ,*>les ,,xi41 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,sw$i% nobles4 ,engl& _h n[ jo9$ ,l\is1 :o1 9 return = help 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 0 to furni% subsidies to assi/ ,*>les ,,ii4 9 e/abli%+ ,ca?olicism 9 8 realm4 ,9 ,holl&1 !re 0 a division betwe5 ! republicans1 ( :om ! gr& p5sion>y1 ,john de ,witt1 0 ! *ief1 & ! adh]5ts ( ! h\se ( ,orange4 ,,! ,,w>3 ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,nimweg54--,l\is1 hav+ fir/ seiz$ ,lorra9e1--^: duke _h alli$ himself to ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1--accompani$ by 8 fam\s g5]als1 ,cond1 ,tur5ne1 & ,vauban1 put himself at ! head ( an army ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m51 :i* cross$ ! ,rh9e1 & advanc$ to ! neighborhood ( ! capital ( ,holl&4 ,! ,orange p>ty *>g$ ! blame ( ! failure to def5d ! l& on _! adv]s>ies1 :om !y accus$ ( trea*]y4 ,de ,witt & 8 bro!r1 ,cornelius1 7 kill$ 9 ! /reets ( ,hague4 ,william ,,iii41 ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange 7#afgb-agjb71 assum$ p[]4 ,grn+5 held out aga9/ ! ,fr5* troops4 ,/orms on ! sea & on ! l& aid$ ! patriotic def5d]s ( _! c\ntry4 ,! ,great ,elector ( ,br&5burg1 ,fr$]ic ,william1 l5t !m help4 ,at l5g? ! ,g]man emp]or 0 driv5 by ! ,fr5* aggressions to jo9 actively 9 ! w>1 on ! side ( ! ,dut*4 ,! ,engli% ,p>liam5t 7#afgd7 =c$ ,*>les ,,ii4 to conclude peace ) !m4 ,9 ! battle ( ,sasba*1 ,tur5ne fell 7#afge74 ,sw$5 took ! side ( ,france1 & invad$ ! elector's t]ritory2 b ! elector's victory at ,fehrbell9 7#afge7 laid ! f\ndation ( ! greatness ( ,prussia4 ,william ,,iii4 kept ! field aga9/ ! great g5]als ( ,france1 & m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,james1 ! ,duke ( ,york1 ! bro!r ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,9 br++ ! w> to an end1 ,l\is1 by %rewd diplomacy1 settl$ ) ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces fir/4 ,by ! ,peace ( ,nimweg5 7#afgh & #afgi71 ,holl& receiv$ back its :ole t]ritory2 ,france kept mo/ ( h] new conque/s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ) ! c\nty ( ,burgundy1 ! city ( ,besanon1 & "s imp]ial t[ns 9 ,alsace n c$$ 9 ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia2 ! emp]or lo/ to ,france ,freiburg 9 ! ,breisgau4 ,! elector1 left to %ift = himself1 0 =c$ to give back 8 pr(itable conque/s to ,sw$5 7#afgi74 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,9 ! w> ) ,holl&1 ,l\is _h %[n 8 milit>y /r5g?1 & 8 skill 9 mak+ & break+ alliances4 ,he _h made progress t[>ds ! goal ( 8 ambition1 :i* 0 to act z dictator 9 ! ,european family ( /ates4 ,to ! end ( ! c5tury1 ,france /ood on ! p9nacle ( p[] & app>5t prosp]ity4 ,,condition ,,( ,,france4--,manufactures fl\ri%$ to an a/oni%+ degree4 ,france became a naval p[] ) a l>ge fleet & ) all its s]vices bett] organiz$ ?an ^? ( ! contempor>y ,engli% m>9e4 ,colb]t f9i%$ ! canal betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,atlantic4 ,colonies 7 f\nd$ 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,cay5ne1 ,madagasc>4 ,canada 0 increas+ 9 /r5g?4 ,a uni=m1 /rict judicial sy/em 0 e/abli%$4 ,re/less nobles 7 c[$1 & ! common p ?us drawn to ! mon>*4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,c\rt4--,9 8 c\rt1 ! k+ e/abli%$ elaborate =ms ( etiquette1 & made himself almo/ an object ( wor%ip4 ,! nobility sw>m$ ab\t him1 & s\ght advancem5t f 8 favor4 ,fe/ivals & %[s ( all sorts--plays1 ballets1 banquets1 dazzl+ fireworks--7 ! co/ly div]sion ( ! gay ?rongs ( c\rti]s1 male & female1 9 t c\rt1 :]e s5suality 0 ?9ly veil$ by c]emoni\s polit5ess & punctili\s religi\s obs]vances4 ,poets1 arti/s1 & s*ol>s 7 lib]ally patroniz$1 & jo9$ 9 ! common adulation (f]$ to ! sov]eign4 ,/ately edifices 7 built1 great libr>ies ga!r$2 academies ( art & ( sci5ce1 an a/ronomical obs]vatory1 & ! botanic g>d5 = ! promotion ( ! /udy ( natural hi/ory1 7 f\nd$4 ,! palace at ,v]sailles1 ) its /atues1 f\nta9s1 & g>d5s1 furni%$ a patt]n :i* all ! re/ ( ,europe aspir$ to copy4 ,e ?+ !re wore an artificial /amp1 f ! trimm+ ( ! trees to ! etiquette ( ! ballroom4 ,b !re 0 a spl5dor & a fasc9ation :i* caus$ ! ,fr5* fa%ions1 ! ,fr5* language & lit]ature1 ) ! levity & immorality :i* travel$ 9 _! company1 to spread 9 ! high] circles ( ! o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,,! ,,gallican ,,*ur*4--,l\is ,,xiv4 desir$1 )\t any rupture ) ,rome1 to take to himself a p[] 9 ecclesia/ical affairs l t assum$ 9 ,engl& by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,"u ! pontificate ( ,innoc5t ,,xi41 ! assembly ( ! ,fr5* cl]gy pass$ f\r propositions ass]t+ ! rights ( ! national ,gallican ,*ur*1 & limit+ ! ,pope's pr]ogative 7#afhb74 ,! k+ _h = 8 ecclesia/ical *ampion ! able & eloqu5t ,bossuet1 ! ,bi%op ( ,meaux4 ,subsequ5tly1 "u ,innoc5t ,,xii41 ,l\is1 afraid ( a s*ism & anxi\s to procure o!r advantages1 yield$ up ! f\r obnoxi\s propositions4 ,,jans5ism4--,! controv]sy rais$ by ! ,jans5i/s 0 an important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,france4 ,!y took _! "n f ,jans5ius1 :o _h be5 ,bi%op ( ,ypres1 an ard5t disciple ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's !ology4 ,!y /r5u\sly oppos$ ! !ology & moral maxims ( ! p[]ful ,jesuit ord]4 ,_! lead]s1 ,/4 ,cyran1 ,pascal1 ,arnauld1 ,nicole1 & o!rs1 7 call$ ,port ,royali/s1 f _! relation to a cloi/] at ,port ,royal1 :]e "s ( !m resid$4 ,!y 7 m5 ( lit]>y & philosophical g5ius1 z well z !ologians & devotees4 ,blaise ,pascal wrote ! ,prov9cial ,lett]s1 a satirical & polemical "w aga9/ ! ,jesuit doctr9es4 ,?is has always be5 deem$ 9 /yle a ma/]piece ( ,fr5* prose4 ,8 po/hum\s ,?\ghts is a pr(\nd & sugge/ive fragm5t on ! evid5ces ( religion4 ,9 ! heat$ controv]sy t arose1 ! ,jans5i/ lead]s 7 = a m limit$ def9ition ( ! ,pope's au?ority 9 decid+ que/ions ( doctr9e4 ,! ,fr5* c\rt at l5g? took ! side ( ! ,jesuits4 ,9 #agac ! ,pope's bull aga9/ ! ,moral ,reflections ( ,quesnel1 a ,jans5i/ au?or1 0 a heavy bl[ at 8 p>ty4 ,f9ally1 ! ,jans5i/s 7 proscrib$ by ! k+1 & ! cloi/] at ,port ,royal level$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! ,jans5i/ influ5ce made a "p ( ! t5d5cies to lib]alism t l$ to ! ,revolution at ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,,! ,,hugu5ots4--,aft] ,maz>9's dea?1 ! k+ fell "u ! influ5ce ( a p>ty ho/ile to ! ,hugu5ots4 ,l\vois fo/]$ ?is feel+ 9 him1 z did ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 :om he _h secretly m>ri$1 & by :om he 0 influ5c$ ?r\gh life4 ,z he grew old]1 he s\ght to appease a guilty consci5ce by inflict+ tortures on religi\s diss5t]s4 ,he issu$ edicts ( ! mo/ cruel "*4 ,he adopt$ ! atroci\s s*eme ( ! dragonade1 or ! billet+ ( soldi]s1 ov] :om !re 0 no re/ra9t1 9 ,hugu5ot families4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?ree ye>s1 fifty ?\s& families1 indu/ri\s & virtu\s p1 _h fl$ ! c\ntry4 ,9 #afhe ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 ! *>t] ( ,prote/ant rights1 0 revok$4 ,emigration 0 =bidd52 yet n f> f a qu>t] ( a million ( refugees escap$1 to enri* by _! skill & labor ! ,prote/ant c\ntries :]e !y f\nd an asylum4 ,_m ( ! refugees 7 receiv$ by ! ,elector ,fr$]ick1 & help$ to build up ,b]l91 !n a small city ( twelve ?\s& inhabitants4 ,france 0 n only 9 a degree impov]i%$ by ^? :o fl$1 b1 also1 by ! mu* l>g] numb] :o rema9$ to be h>ass$ & ru9$ by ! fooli% & brutal bigotry ( _! rul]4 ,! loss to ,france by ! exile ( ! ,hugu5ots 0 incalculable4 ,"h 7 ! ?riftie/1 ! brave/1 ! mo/ intellig5t ( ,fr5*m51 ! v fl[] ( ! race2 "s ( _! be/ & pure/ blood1 "s ( _! faire/ & mo/ virtu\s wom51 all _! pick$ artisans4 ,9 w>1 9 diplomacy1 9 lit]ature1 9 production ( weal?1 ^! refugees gave :at !y took f ,france to h] enemies2 = !y c>ri$ ) !m t bitt] s5se ( wrong :i* made !m h5ce=? =emo/ among ^? enemies1 ! =lorn hope ( e attack on _! anci5t fa!rl&4 ,l>ge numb]s ( (fic]s1 & ^? among ! able/1 emigrat$2 among !m pre-em95t ,m>%al ,s*omb]g1 '! be/ g5]al 9 ,europe4' ,! fleet especially suff]$3 ! be/ ( ! sailors emigrat$2 ! %ips 7 almo/ unmann$4 ,! seam5 c>ri$ tid+s ( _! c\ntry's madness to ! ends ( ! e>?3 z ,voltaire says1 '! ,fr5* 7 z widely disp]s$ z ! ,jews4' ,n only 9 indu/ry1 b 9 ?\ght & m5tal activity1 !re 0 a t]rible loss4 ,f ?is "t lit]ature 9 ,france loses all spr+ & p[]4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! ,hugu5ot exiles quick5$ manufactures2 9 ,holl&1 comm]ce2 9 ,br&5burg1 !y made a new era 9 agriculture4 ,moreov]1 f ?is "t ! policy ( ,br&5burg 0 *ang$3 ! ho/ility to ! emp]or & ! h\se ( ,au/ria gave way4 ,an antagonism to ,france arose3 a process begun by ! ,great ,elector1 c>ri$ on by ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & br\ght to a triumphant close 9 our own days1 dates f ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes4 ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,national ,,unity ,,9 ,,france4--,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,re=mation1 ! problem = ! nations to solve 01 h[ to comb9e religi\s fre$om ) national unity4 ,! intol]ance ( ! ,spani% bran* ( ! ,hapsburgs depriv$ !m ( ,holl&1 & broke d[n _! p[]4 ,?is ef=t to secure uni=mity ( belief 0 %att]$4 ,a l ef=t 9 ,g]many result$ 9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & ! utt] loss ( ! national unity :i* x aim$ to re/ore4 ,! civil w>s 9 ,france1 aim+ at ! same result1 uni=mity ( belief1 end$ 9 an accommodation betwe5 ! p>ties1 secur$ by ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 ! ,edict ( ,nantes4 ,!re 0 a p>tial sacrifice ( national unity4 ,?is 0 ree/abli%$ by ! policy ( ,ri*elieu & ! acts ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 b at a fe>ful co/4 ,! loss ( ! ,hugu5ot emigrants2 ! loss ( "*1 ) ! loss ( ! _s ( indep5d5ce1 9 ! nobles ( ,france2 ! full sway ( a mon>*ical despotism1--?is 0 ! price paid = national unity4 ,,aggressions ,,( ,,l\is4--,! read9ess ( ! ,european /ates to accept ! provisions ( ! ,nimweg5 ,treaty embold5$ ,l\is to fur!r outrages & aggressions4 ,g]many1 split into a multitude ( sov]eignties1 & = ! mo/ "p inactive z if a p>alysis lay ^u h]1 0 a tempt+ prey to ! spoil]4 ,he claim$ t all ! places :i* _h /ood 9 a feudal relation to ! places acquir$ by ,france 9 ! ,we/phalian & ,nimweg5 treaties1 %\ld become dep5d5cies ( ,france4 ,he con/itut$ ,reunions1 or c\rts ( 8 own1 to decide :at ^! places 71 & en=c$ _! decrees ) 8 troops 7#afgi74 ,he w5t s f>1 9 a "t ( peace1 z to seize & wre/ f ! ,g]man ,empire ! city ( ,/rasburg1 to e/abli% 8 dom9ation !re1 & to introduce ! ,ca?olic wor%ip1 9 ! room ( ! ,prote/ant1 9 ! m9/] 7#afha74 ,in/ead ( he$+ ! w>n+ ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 ! empire conclud$ ) ,l\is ! truce ( ,reg5sburg1 by :i* he 0 suff]$ to reta9 ^! conque/s4 ,he ev9c$ 8 arrogance 9 mak+ a qu>rel ) ,g5oa1 9 bomb>d+ ! city1 & 9 =c+ ! doge to come to ,v]sailles & beg = peace 7#afhd74 ,,hung>y ,,& ,,au/ria4--,! ,emp]or ,leopold 0 busy 9 ! ea/]n "p ( 8 dom9ions4 ,! success ( ! ,turks1 :o ga9$ possession ( ,l[] ,hung>y1 call$ out a m en]getic resi/ance2 b a victory ga9$ by ! imp]ial g5]al1 ,montecuculi1 at ,/4 ,go?>d1 on ! ,raab 7#affd71 only result$ 9 a truce4 ,! ,au/rian gov]nm5t1 guid$ by ! m9i/]1 ,lobk[itz1 us$ ! opportunity to rob ! ,hung>ians ( _! lib]ties & rights4 ,political tyranny & religi\s p]secution w5t h& 9 h&4 ,prote/ant prea*]s 7 sold z galley-slaves4 ,tkly1 an ,hung>ian nobleman1 l$ 9 a revolt1 & invok$ ! help ( ! ,turks4 ,9 #afhc ! ,turks laid siege to ,vi5na1 :i* 0 sav$ by a great victory ga9$ "u its walls by a unit$ ,g]man & ,poli% army2 ! h]o 9 ! conflict be+ ,john ,sobieski1 k+ ( ,pol&4 ,! ,g]man pr9ces & ,v5ice n[ unit$ 9 ! prosecution ( ! w>4 ,! conque/ ( ,hung>y f ! ,turks enabl$ ,leopold to de/roy ,hung>ian indep5d5ce4 ,aft] _! defeat by ,*>les ( ,lorra9e at ,mohacs 7#afhg71 ! ,diet ( ,pressburg conf]r$ on ! male ,au/rian l9e ! cr[n ( ,hung>y1 & ab&on$ its old privilege ( resi/+ uncon/itutional ord9ances 7#afhg74 ,a great victory ga9$ ov] ! ,turks by ,pr9ce ,eug5e at ,z5ta 0 foll[$ by ! ,peace ( ,c>l[itz1 :i* gave ,hung>y & ,transylvania to ,au/ria1 ,morea to ,v5ice1 & ,az( to ,russia4 ,tkly di$ 9 exile4 ,,! ,,re/oration ,,9 ,,engl& 7#affj74--,ri*>d ,cromwell quietly succe$$ to ! ,protectorate4 ,b ! (fic]s ( ! army recall$ ! ,rump ,p>liam5t1 ! survivors ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t4 ,aft] eight mon?s ,ri*>d gave up 8 (fice4 ,! ,rump 0 soon 9 a qu>rel aga9 ) ! army1 & 0 expell$ by its *ief1 ,lamb]t4 ,monk1 ! comm&] ( ! ,engli% troops 9 ,scotl&1 refus$ to recognize ! gov]nm5t set up by ! (fic]s 9 ,london4 ,! fleet decl>$ itself on ! side ( ,p>liam5t4 ,lamb]t 0 =sak51 & ,monk ent]$ ,london 7#affj74 ,a new ,p>liam5t or ,conv5tion 0 convok$1 :i* includ$ ! ,upp] ,h\se4 ,! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii4 0 n[ effect$ by means ( ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! ,episcopalians & ,presbyt]ians1 & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,monk4 ,*>les1 9 8 ,decl>ation f ,br$a1 prior to 8 return1 promis$ lib]ty to t5d] consci5ces4 ,?is & subsequ5t pl$ges 7 falsifi$3 he _h ! ,/u>t infirmity ( break+ 8 engagem5ts4 ,) an easy good-nature & complaisant mann]s1 he 0 void ( moral pr9ciple1 & 9 8 conduct an op5 pr(ligate4 ,at he>t he 0 a ,roman ,ca?olic1 & simply f motives ( exp$i5cy def]r$ ! av[al ( 8 belief to 8 dea?-b$4 ,! army 0 disb&$4 ,v5geance 0 tak5 on su* ( ! regicides1 ! judges ( ,*>les ,i41 z c\ld be caught1 & on ! bodies ( ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 & ,brad%aw4 ,! ,cavali] p>ty _h n[ e ?+ _! own way4 ,! ,episcopal sy/em 0 ree/abli%$1 & a /r+5t ,act ( ,uni=mity 0 pass$4 ,two ?\s& ,presbyt]ian m9i/]s 7 turn$ out ( _! p>i%es4 ,if !re 0 at any "t indulg5ce to ! noncon=mi/s1 x 0 only = ! sake ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,john ,bunyan1 ! au?or ( ,pilgrim's ,progress1 0 kept 9 prison = m ?an twelve ye>s4 ,! sale ( ,dunkirk to ,france 7#affb7 awak5$ g5]al indignation4 ,,! ,,ye> ,,( ,,wond]s3 ,,! ,,conduct ,,( ,,*>les4--,! ye> #affe 0 m>k$ z ! ye> ( ! ,great ,plague 9 ,london1 :]e ! n>r[ & dirty /reets admitt$ little fre% air4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t n less ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& p p]i%$4 ,9 less ?an a ye> aft] ! plague ceas$1 !re occurr$ ! ,great ,fire 9 ,london 7,sept41 #afff71 :i* burn$ = ?ree days1 & laid ,london 9 a%es f ! ,t[] to ! ,temple1 & f ! ,?ames to ,smi?field4 ,/4 ,paul's1 ! l>ge/ ca!dral 9 ,engl&1 0 consum$1 & 0 replac$ by ! pres5t *ur* ( ! same "n1 plann$ by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,! k+ %[$ an unexpect$ en]gy 9 try+ to /ay ! progress ( ! flames4 ,b nei!r public calamities1 nor ! sorr[ & indignation ( all good m51 includ+ 8 mo/ loyal & atta*$ adh]5ts1 c\ld *eck ! %ameless pr(ligacy ( 8 palace-life4 ,! di>ies ( ,evelyn & ( ,pepys1 bo? ( :om 7 famili> ) ! c\rt1 picture ! disgraceful depravation ( morals1 :i* 0 /imulat$ by ! k+'s example4 ,b ! nation 0 ev5 m aggriev$ by 8 conduct 9 respect to =eign nations4 ,9 a w> ) ,holl&1 aris+ out ( comm]cial rivalry1 ! ,engli% _h ! mortification ( see+ ! ,?ames blockad$ by ! ,dut* fleet 7#affg74 ,hyde1 ,e>l ( ,cl>5don1 ,*>les's pr9cipal advis]1 ^: daught] m>ri$ ! ,duke ( ,york1 0 driv5 f (fice1 & w5t into exile to escape a trial4 ,! ,triple ,alliance aga9/ ,l\is 7p4 #dec7 0 gratify+ to ! p2 b 9 ! ,treaty ( ,dov] 7#afgj71 ,*>les engag$ to decl>e himself a ,roman ,ca?olic z soon z he c\ld d s ) prud5ce1 & promis$ to jo9 8 c\s91 ,l\is ,,xiv41 aga9/ ,holl&1 & to aid him 9 8 s*emes2 9 return = :i* he 0 to receive a l>ge subsidy f ,l\is1 a p5sion dur+ ! w>1 & arm$ help 9 case ( an insurrection 9 ,engl&4 ,,! ,,cabal ,,m9i/ry4--,a cab9et1 z we n[ t]m x1--a small numb] ( p]sons1--_h1 be=e ?is reign1 begun to ex]cise ! functions :i* belong$ ( old to ! ,k+'s ,c\ncil4 ,at ?is "t1 ! cabal m9i/ry--s call$ f ! fir/ lett]s ( ! names1 :i* toge!r made ! ^w--0 9 p[]4 ,9 #afgb w> ) ,holl& 0 decl>$1 & 0 kept up = two ye>s4 ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,indulg5ce4--,:5 ,*>les began ?is second ,dut* w>1 he issu$ ord]s = ! susp5sion ( ! laws aga9/ ! ,ca?olics & ,diss5t]s4 ,8 design 0 to weak5 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,! ang] ( ,p>liam5t & ( ! p at ?is usurpation oblig$ him to recall ! decl>ation4 ,,! ,,te/ ,,act4--,p>liam5t1 9 #afgc1 pass$ an act :i* %ut out all ,diss5t]s f (fice4 ,?is act ! k+ did n v5ture to reject2 al?\gh ! effect ( x 0 to oblige 8 bro!r ,james1 ! ,duke ( ,york1 to resign 8 (fice ( "l high admiral4 ,,danby',s ,,m9i/ry4--,! cabal m9i/ry 0 gradually brok5 up2 & ,%aftesbury1 an able m9i/]1 w5t ov] to ! o!r side4 ,! ,e>l ( ,danby became ! *ief m9i/]4 ,he 0 9 agreem5t ) ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,he favor$ ! m>riage :i* unit$ ,m>y1 ! daught] ( ! ,duke ( ,york1 to ,william1 ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,,! ,,popi% ,,plot 7#afgh74--,! already exasp]at$ nation 0 infuriat$ by an alleg$ ,popi% ,plot = ! subv]t+ ( ! gov]nm5t1 & = ! murd] ( ! k+ & ( all ,prote/ants4 ,titus ,oates1 a p]jur]1 0 ! ma9 witness4 ,_m innoc5t ,roman ,ca?olics 7 put to dea?4 ,?is pret5d$ plot l$ to /r+5t measures %utt+ out papi/s f (fice4 ,halifax1 an able man :o call$ himself a trimm]1 because he did n always /ay on "o side or ) "o p>ty1 oppos$ a bill t w\ld h exclud$ ! k+'s bro!r f ! succession1 & x fail$4 ,,habeas ,,corpus ,,act4--,9 #afgi ! ,habeas ,corpus ,act 0 pass$1 provid+ effectually aga9/ ! arbitr>y imprisonm5t ( subjects4 ,p]sons arre/$ mu/ be br\ght to trial1 or prov$ 9 op5 c\rt to be legally conf9$4 ,,p>ties3 ,,russell ,,& ,,sidney4--,at ?is "t ! p>ty names ( ,:ig & ,tory came into vogue4 ,insurg5t ,presbyt]ians 9 ,scotl& _h be5 call$ ,:igs1 a ,scot* ^w mean+ :ey1 or s\r milk4 ,! nickname 0 n[ appli$ to ,%aftesbury's adh]5ts1 oppon5ts ( ! c\rt1 :o wi%$ to exclude ! ,duke ( ,york f ! ?rone on acc\nt ( 8 be+ a ,ca?olic4 ,tories1 also a nickname1 ! designation ( ! support]s ( ! c\rt1 meant orig9ally ,romani/ outlaws1 or robb]s1 9 ! bogs ( ,irel&4 ,_m ( ! ,:igs began to devise plans ( insurrection1 f hatr$ ( ,*>les's arbitr>y sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,"s ( !m 7 dispos$ to put =w>d ,monm\?1 ! elde/ ( ,*>les's illegitimate sons1 & a favorite ( ! common p4 ,! ,rye-,h\se ,plot = ! assass9ation ( ! k+ & 8 bro!r 0 ! occasion ( ! trial & execution ( two em95t patriots1--,william1 ,"l ,russell1 & ,alg]non ,sidney1 a w>m advocate ( republican gov]nm5t4 ,bo?1 x is believ$1 7 unju/ly condemn$4 ,! ,duke ( ,york assum$ once m ! (fice ( admiral4 ,*>les1 be=e 8 dea?1 receiv$ ! sacram5t f a prie/ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 7#afhe74 ,,james ,,ii4 7#afhe-afhh73 ,,monm\?',s ,,rebellion4--,a few mon?s aft] ,james's accession1 ! ,duke ( ,monm\? l&$ 9 ,engl&2 b 8 ef=t to get ! cr[n fail$4 ,8 =ces1 mo/ly made up ( peasants1 7 defeat$ at ,s$gemoor2 & he p]i%$ on ! scaffold4 ,v5geance 0 tak5 ^u all conc]n$ 9 ! revolt2 & ,*ief ,ju/ice ,jeffreys1 = 8 brutal conduct 9 ! ,bloody ,assizes1 9 :i*1 savage z he 01 he nev]!less became ri* by ! sale ( p>dons1 0 rew>d$ ) ! (fice ( "l *ancelor4 ,,james',s ,,arbitr>y ,,gov]nm5t4--,james paid no he$ to 8 promise to def5d ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,( a sl[ & ob/9ate m9d1 he c\ld n yield to ! advice ( mod]ate ,roman ,ca?olics1 & ( ! ,pope1 ,innoc5t ,,xi42 b set out1 by su* means z disp5s+ ) ! laws1 to re/ore ! old religion1 & at ! same "t to ext+ui% civil lib]ty4 ,he turn$ out ! judges :o did n please him4 ,he creat$ a new ,ecclesia/ical ,commission1 = ! co]cion ( ! cl]gy1 ) ! notori\s ,jeffreys at its head4 ,aft] hav+ treat$ ) great cruelty ! ,prote/ant diss5t]s1 he unlawfully issu$ a ,decl>ation ( ,indulg5ce 7#afhg7 9 _! favor1 9 ord] to get _! support = 8 s*emes 9 behalf ( 8 own religion4 ,he turn$ out ! fell[s ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 = refus+ to appo9t a ,ca?olic = _! presid5t4 ,he s5t sev5 bi%ops to ! ,t[] 9 #afhh1 :o _h sign$ a petition aga9/ ! ord] requir+ a second ,decl>ation ( ,indulg5ce to be read 9 ! *ur*es4 ,popul> sympa?y 0 /rongly ) ! accus$1 & ! news ( _! acquittal 0 receiv$ 9 ! /reets ( ,london ) %\ts ( joy4 ,,revolution ,,( #afhh3 ,,william ,,& ,,m>y 7#afhi-afid74--,! bir? ( a ,pr9ce ( ,wales by 8 second wife1 ,m>y ( ,mod5a1 increas$ ! disaffection ( ! ,engli% p4 ,8 two daught]s by 8 fir/ wife--,m>y & ,anne--7 m>ri$ to ,prote/ants2 ,m>y1 to ,william1 ,pr9ce ( ,orange & /ad?old] ( ,holl&1 & ,anne to ,george1 ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k4 ,by a comb9ation ( p>ties ho/ile to ! k+1 ,william 0 invit$ to take ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,james 0 bl9d to ! signs ( ! approa*+ dang]1 & to ! w>n+s ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ( ,france4 ,:5 x 0 too late1 he attempt$ 9 va9 to dis>m ! conspiracy by concessions4 ,william l&$ 9 safety at ,torbay4 ,he 0 jo9$ by p]sons ( rank4 ,"l ,*ur*ill1 aft]w>ds ! celebrat$ ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 left ! royal =ce ( :i* he _h ! comm&1 & w5t ov] to him4 ,! k+'s daught]1 ,anne1 fl$ to ! insurg5ts 9 ! ,nor?4 ,william 0 q will+ t ,james %\ld leave ! k+dom1 & purposely caus$ him to be neglig5tly gu>d$ by ,dut* soldi]s4 ,he fl$ to ,france1 nev] to return4 ,p>liam5t decl>$ ! ?rone to be1 on div]s gr\nds1 vacant1 & promulgat$ a ,decl>ation ( ,"r affirm+ ! anci5t rights & lib]ties ( ,engl&4 ,x (f]$ ! cr[n to ,william & ,m>y1 :o accept$ x 7#afhi74 ,a few mon?s lat]1 ! e/ates ( ,scotl& be/[$ ^u !m ! cr[n ( t c\ntry4 ,presbyt]ianism 0 made ! e/abli%$ =m ( religion !re4 ,! union ( ! k+doms 0 consummat$ "u _! successor1 ,anne1 :5 ,scotl& began to be repres5t$ 9 ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t4 ,,! ,,massacre ,,( ,,gl5coe4--,a ,highl& *ief1 ,mac,ian ( ,gl5coe1 ) _m ( 8 foll[]s1 0 trea*]\sly slaught]$ by ord] ( ,dalrymple1 ! ,ma/] ( ,/air1 :o gov]n$ ,scotl&1 & _h obta9$ by misrepres5tation f ,william leave to extirpate t set ( ?ieves1 z he _h call$ !m4 ,,william ,,9 ,,irel&4--,! sov]eignty ( ,irel& pass$1 ) t ( ,engl&1 to ,william & ,m>y4 ,!re ,james ,,ii41 support$ by ,france1 made a /\t resi/ance4 ,x 0 a conflict ( ! ,iri% ,ca?olics1 toge!r ) ! desc5dants ( ! ,norman-,engli% settl]s1 compris+ toge!r ab\t a million ( p1 aga9/ ! ,engli% & ,scotti% coloni/s1 n f> f two hundr$ ?\s& 9 numb]4 ,! latt]1 ) /eadfa/ c\rage1 su/a9$ a siege 9 ,londond]ry until ! city 0 reliev$ by %ips f ,engl&4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants _h p]i%$ f hung]4 ,! victory ( ,william at ,boyne 7#afij71 :]e ,s*omb]g1 8 brave g5]al1 a ,hugu5ot ,fr5* m>%al1 fell1 decid$ ! conte/4 ,william l$ 8 troops 9 p]son ?r\gh ! ,boyne ,riv]1 ) 8 sword 9 8 left h&1 s9ce 8 "r arm 0 disabl$ by a w\nd4 ,james 0 a spectator ( ! fight at a safe di/ance4 ,,engli% ,,lib]ty4--,9 ,william's reign1 lib]ty 9 ,engl& 0 =tifi$ by ! ,bill ( ,rights1 conta9+ a s]ies ( safegu>ds aga9/ regal usurpation4 ,papi/s 7 made ineligible to ! ?rone4 ,! ,tol]ation ,act af=d$ to ,prote/ant diss5t]s a l>ge measure ( protection & fre$om4 ,! press 0 made free f c5sor%ip 7#afie71 & newspap]s began to be publi%$4 ,provision 0 made = ! fair trial ( p]sons indict$ = treason4 ,! ,act ( ,settlem5t 7#agja7 settl$ ! cr[n1 if !re %\ld be no heirs ( ,anne or ( ,william1 ^u ! ,pr9cess ,sophia1 ,electress ( ,hanov]1 ! daught] ( ,elizabe? ( ,bohemia1 & gr&daught] ( ,james ,i41 & on h] heirs1 be+ ,prote/ants4 ,,! ,,gr& ,,alliance3 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,ryswick4--,! next w> :i* ,l\is ,,xiv4 began 0 t ( ! succession 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,palat9ate1 :i* he claim$1 on ! ext9ction ( ! male l9e ( electors1 = ,elizabe? ,*>lotte1 ! gift$ & excell5t si/] ( ! deceas$ ,elector ,*>les1 & ! wife ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 ! k+'s bro!r4 ,! table :i* foll[s w %[ ! nature ( ?is claim3-- ,,fr$]ic1 ,v1 #afaj-afcb1 ,elector & ,k+ ( ,bohemia1 m4 ,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,james ,i4 ( ,engl&4 --,,*>les ,,lewis1 #afdi-afhj4 --,,*>les1 #afhj-afhe4 --,elizabe?1 m4 ,philip1 ,duke ( ,orleans1 d4 #agja4 --,sophia1 m4 ,erne/ ,augu/us1 ,elector ( ,hanov]4 --,george ,i ( ,engl&4 ,philip1 ,duke ( ,orleans1 0 ! only bro!r ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,f him desc5d$ ,k+ ,l\is ,philippe 7#ahcj-ahdh74 ,ano!r reason t ,l\is _h = w> 0 8 det]m9ation to secure ! ar*bi%opric ( ,cologne = ! bi%op ( ,/rasburg1 a c&idate ( 8 own4 ,9 #afhf ! ,league ( ,augsburg _h be5 =m$ by ! emp]or ) ,sw$51 ,spa91 ,bav>ia1 ,saxony1 & ! ,palat9ate1 = def5se aga9/ ,france4 ,! ,gr& ,alliance1 9 :i* ,engl& & ,holl& 7 includ$1 0 n[ made 7#afhi74 ,9 ! ye> be=e1 by ! advice ( ,l\vois1 ! ,fr5* _h delib]ately deva/at$ ! ,palat9ate1 demoli%+ build+s1 & burn+ cities & villages )\t m]cy4 ,! ru9s ( ! ,ca/le ( ,heidelb]g are a monum5t ( ?is worse ?an v&al incursion1 ! pretext = :i* 0 a desire to prev5t ! invasion ( ,france4 ,9 ! w> ! ,engli% & ,dut* fleets1 "u ,admiral ,russell1 defeat$ ! ,fr5*1 & burn$ _! %ips1 at ! battle ( ,la ,hogue 7#afib74 ,?is battle 0 a turn+-po9t 9 naval hi/ory3 z at ,lepanto1 says ,ranke1 :]e ! ,turks 7 defeat$ 7#aega71 s at ,la ,hogue1 ! ma/]y ( ! sea pass$ f "o side to ! o!r4 ,b 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e ,william ,,iii41 ! s\l ( ! ,league1 /eadfa/ly kept ! field1 aft] be+ defeat$ by ,luxemburg2 9 ,italy1 :]e ! ,duke ( ,savoy 0 oppos$ by ! ,m>%al ,cat9at2 & 9 a naval battle betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* at ,lagos ,bay1--! ,fr5* comm&]s 7 successful4 ,9 #afie ,william's troops besieg$ & captur$ ! t[n ( ,namur4 ,at l5g? ,l\is 0 mov$ by ! exhau/ion ( 8 treasury1 & ! /agnation ( indu/ry 9 ,france1 to conclude ! ,peace ( ,ryswick ) ,engl&1 ,spa91 & ,holl& 7#afig74 ,! ,duke ( ,savoy _h be5 deta*$ f ! alliance4 ,mo/ ( ! conque/s on bo? sides 7 re/or$4 ,william ,,iii4 0 ackn[l$g$ to be k+ ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! treaty ) ! emp]or1 ,france reta9$ ,/rasburg4 ,william 0 a man ( /]l+ wor?1 b he 0 a ,dut*man1 & 0 cold 9 8 mann]s4 ,! plots ( ! ,jacobites1 z ! adh]5ts ( ,james 7 call$1 did m ?an any ?+ else to make him popul> ) 8 subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,w> ,,( ,,! ,,spani% ,,succession 7,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,utre*t1 #agac72 ,,decl9e ,,( ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,france3 ,,p[] ,,& ,,m>itime ,,supremacy ,,( ,,engl&4 ,,occasion ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,! dea? ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 7#agjj7 0 foll[$ by ! ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession4 ,! desire ( ,l\is to h 8 h&s free 9 ! ev5t ( ,*>les's dea? _h influ5c$ him 9 mak+ ! ,treaty ( ,rysivick4 ,*>les _h no *ildr54 ,x _h be5 agre$ 9 treaties1 to :i* ,france 0 a p>ty1 t ! ,spani% mon>*y %\ld n be unit$ ei!r to ,au/ria or to ,france2 & t ,ar*duke ,*>les1 second son ( ! ,emp]or ,leopold ,i41 %\ld h ,spa9 & ! ,indies4 ,b ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 left a w mak+ ,l\is's second gr&son1 ,philip ,duke ( ,anj\1 ! heir ( all 8 dom9ions1 ) ! condition annex$ t ! cr[ns ( ,france & ,spa9 %\ld n be unit$4 ,in/igat$ by dyna/ic ambition1 ,l\is made up 8 m9d to break ! previ\s agreem5ts1 & seize ! inh]itance = ,philip4 ,philip ,v4 ?us became k+ ( ,spa94 ,on ! dea? ( ,james ,,ii4 7#agja71 ,l\is recogniz$ 8 son ,james1 call$ ! ,pret5d]1 z k+ ( ,great ,brita94 ,?is act1 z a violation ( ! ,treaty ( ,ryswick1 & z an arrogant int]m$dl+ on ! "p ( a =eign rul]1 excit$ ! wra? ( ! ,engli% p1 & incl9$ !m to w>4 ,! ,gr& ,alliance aga9/ ,france 7#agja7 includ$ ! ,empire1 ,engl&1 ,holl&1 ,br&5burg 7or ,prussia71 & aft]w>ds ,portugal & ,savoy 7#agjc74 ,france 0 support$ by ! electors ( ,bav>ia & ,cologne1 & at fir/ by ,savoy4 ,william ,,iii4 di$ 9 #agjb1 & 0 succe$$ by ,anne1 ! si/] ( 8 deceas$ wife1 & ! second daught] ( ,james ,,ii4 ,! foll[+ table w help to make cle> ! sev]al claims to ! ,spani% succession3-- ,philip ,,iii1 ,k+ ( ,spa91 #aeih-afba4 --,m>ia ,anna1 m4 ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,,iii4 --,leopold ,i1 m4 7#c7 ,eleanor1 daught] ( ,elector ,palat9e4 --,joseph ,i1 d4 #agaa4 --,*>les ,,vi4#b --,anna ,m>ia m4 --,,philip ,,iv 7#afba-affe7 --,,*>les ,,ii1 #affe-agjj4 --,m>g>et ,!resa m4 ,leopold ,i --,m>ia ,antonia m4 ,maximilian ( ,bav>ia --,joseph ,f]d9&1 #a ,electoral ,pr9ce ( ,bav>ia4 --7#a7 ,m>ia ,!resa4 m4 --,l\is ,,xiv --,l\is1 ! ,dauph94 --,philip ( ,anj\ #b 7,,philip ,v ( ,spa971 d4 #agdf4 --,anne4 m4 ,l\is ,,xiii ( ,france #a ,recogniz$ z heir ( ,*>les ,,ii ( ,spa9 until 8 dea?4 #b ,rival claimants = ! ,spani% cr[n aft] ,*>les ,,ii1 ! eld] bro!r ( ea* hav+ resign$ 8 pret5sions4 ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,9 ?is w>1 !re 7 display$ ! milit>y tal5ts ( two great g5]als1--! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh & ,pr9ce ,eug5e ( ,savoy4 ,m>lbor\gh _h two gl>+ faults1 ,he 0 av>ici\s1 &1 l o!r prom95t public m5 9 ,engl& at t day1 0 d\ble-fac$4 ,aft] des]t+ ! s]vice ( ,james = t ( ,william1 he /ill kept up at times a correspond5ce ) ! exil$ h\se4 ,he 0 a man ( /ately & w9n+ pres5ce1 a c>eful comm&]1 9 battle cool & self-possess$4 ,at ! c\ncil bo>d1 he _h ! art ( quietly compos+ diff]5ces by w9n+ all to an adhesion to 8 own views4 ,x is said ( him1 t he nev] committ$ a ra% act1 & nev] miss$ an opportunity = /rik+ an effective bl[4 ,eug5e1 on 8 fa!r's side1 sprang f ! h\se ( ,savoy4 ,8 "m 0 a niece ( ,maz>94 ,he 0 br\ght up at ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 b :5 ! k+ repeat$ly refus$ him a commission 9 ! army1 he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,au/ria1 0 employ$ 9 campaigns aga9/ ! ,turks1 & rose to ! highe/ di/9ction4 ,flatt]+ (f]s f ,l\is ,,xiv4 he indignantly reject$4 ,8 c>e] z a soldi] 0 long & brilliant4 ,! p]sonal sympa?y ( ,eug5e & ,m>lbor\gh ) ea* o!r 0 "o important cause ( _! success4 ,eug5e 0 fir/ s5t to ,italy4 ,!re he drove ,cat9at1 ! ,fr5* g5]al1 back on ,milan1 & captur$ 8 successor 9 comm&1 ,vill]oi 7#agjb74 ,aft] a drawn battle betwe5 ,eug5e & ,v5dome 7#agjb71 a comm&] ( mu* m skill ?an 8 pr$ecessor1 ! ,fr5* _h ! advantage 9 ,italy4 ,9 #agjc1 ,eug5e came to ,g]many1 & ,m>lbor\gh invad$ ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 #agjd ,m>lbor\gh c>ri$ out ! plan ( a gr& campaign :i* he _h devis$4 ,he cross$ ! ,rh9e at ,cologne1 mov$ s\?w>d1 captur$ ,donauwr?1 & drove ! ,bav>ians across ! ,danube4 ,! unit$ =ces ( ,m>lbor\gh & ,eug5e defeat$ ! ,fr5* & ,bav>ian armies at ,bl5heim 7or ,ho*/dt71 on ! left bank ( ! riv]1 ) great slaught]4 ,!re 7 captur$ fifte5 ?\s& ,fr5* soldi]s1 ) _! g5]al ,tall>d4 ,?is victory rais$ ,m>lbor\gh's reputation1 already great on acc\nt ( 8 ma/]ly conduct ( 8 army1 to ! highe/ po9t4 ,he 0 made a duke by ,que5 ,anne1 & a pr9ce ( ! ,empire by ,leopold4 ,9 ,spa91 ! ,engli% captur$ ,gibralt>4 ,*>les ( ,au/ria 7:o _h assum$ ! title ( ,*>les ,,iii4 ( ,spa97 conqu]$ ,madrid 7#agjf71 b held x = only a %ort "t4 ,! c\ntry g5]ally favor$ ,philip2 ! arms ( ,v5dome 7 triumphant2 & ,aragon1 ,catalonia1 & ,val5cia _h to submit to ,ca/ilian laws z ! p5alty ( _! adhesion to ! ,au/rian cause4 ,9 #agjf ,m>lbor\gh vanqui%$ ,vill]oi at ,ramillies1 a village 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 a great battle 9 :i* ! ,fr5* army 0 r\t$1 & _! bann]s & w> mat]ial captur$4 ,! ,ne!rl&s submitt$ to ,au/ria4 ,at ,tur91 ,eug5e ga9$ a victory ov] an army ( eighty ?\s& m52 & ! fame ( ?is mode/ & unpret5d+1 b brave & skillful lead] 0 n[ on a level ) t ( ! ,engli% g5]al4 ,lomb>dy submitt$ to ,*>les ,,iii41 & ! ,fr5* 7 exclud$ f ,italy4 ,ano!r victory ( ! two comm&]s at ,oud5>de 7#agjh7 ov] ,v5dome & ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 broke d[n ! hopes ( ,l\is1 & mov$ him to (f] ! l>ge/ concessions1 :i* embrac$ ! giv+ up ( ,/rasburg & ( ,spa94 ,b ! allies1 flu%$ ) success1 w5t s f> z to dem& t he %\ld aid 9 driv+ 8 gr&son out ( ,spa94 ,?is r\s$ ,france1 z well z ,l\is himself1 to ano!r gr& ef=t4 ,at ,malplaquet1 9 a bloody conflict1 ! ,fr5* 7 aga9 defeat$ by ,m>lbor\gh & ,eug5e4 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,utre*t4--,circum/ances n[ favor$ ! vanqui%$ & humbl$ k+ ( ,france4 ,! ,:ig m9i/ry 9 ,engl&1 :i* ! victories ( ,m>lbor\gh _h kept 9 (fice1 fell f p[] 7#agaj72 & its enemies1 & ! enemies ( ,m>lbor\gh1 7 anxi\s to weak5 him4 ,anne dismiss$ f h] s]vice ! ,du*ess ( ,m>lbor\gh1 a haughty woman ( a viol5t temp]4 ,h>ley1 ,e>l ( ,ox=d1 & ,/4 ,john1 aft]w>ds ,visc\nt ,bol+broke1 became ! que5's pr9cipal m9i/]s4 ,!y wi%$ to end ! w>4 ,! ,emp]or ,joseph 7#agje-agaa71 :o _h succe$$ ,leopold ,i41 di$2 s t ,*>les1 if he _h acquir$ ,spa91 w\ld h re/or$ ! va/ mon>*y ( ,*>les ,v41 & br\ght 9 a new s\rce ( jeal\sy & al>m4 ,negotiations = peace began4 ,m>lbor\gh1 :o _h be5 guilty ( traitor\s conduct1 0 remov$ f 8 comm&1 & depriv$ ( all 8 (fices 7#agab74 ,9 #agac ! ,peace ( ,utre*t 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 9 :i* ,holl&1 ,prussia1 ,savoy1 & ,portugal soon jo9$4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ! ,peace ( ,ra/adt & ,bad5 ) ! emp]or 7#agad74 ,spa9 & ,spani% ,am]ica 7 left to ,philip ,v41 ! ,b\rbon k+1 ) ! proviso t ! cr[ns ( ,france & ,spa9 %\ld nev] be unit$4 ,france c$$ to ,engl& ,newf\ndl&1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ! ,hudson ,bay ,t]ritory4 ,spa9 c$$ to ,engl& ,gibralt> & ,m9orca4 ,! ,elector ( ,br&5burg 0 recogniz$ z ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,savoy receiv$ ! isl& ( ,sicily1 :i* 0 ex*ang$ sev5 ye>s lat] = ,s>d9ia1 & = ! title ( k+ = ! duke4 ,holl& ga9$ c]ta9 b>ri] =tresses on its bord]4 ,au/ria receiv$ ! appanages ( ! ,spani% mon>*y1--! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s1 ,naples1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,milan1 b n ,sicily4 ,! emp]or did n recognize ! ,b\rbons 9 ,spa94 ,,la/ ,,days ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv4--,9 ! next ye> aft] ! peace1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 di$4 ,)9 two ye>s 7#agaj-agab7 he _h lo/ 8 son1 8 gr&son ! ,duke ( ,burgundy 7:om ! pi\s ,f5lon _h tra9$71 8 wife1 & 8 elde/ great-gr&son1 &1 two ye>s lat] 7#agad71 8 ?ird gr&son1 ! ,duke ( ,b]ry4 ,he left ,france ov]:elm$ ) debt1 its res\rces exhau/$1 its cr$it gone1 its m>itime p[] pro/rate2 a l& cov]$ ) pov]ty & wret*$ness4 ,?is 0 ! rew>d ( lawless pride & ambition 9 a mon>* :o ow$ 8 /r5g?1 h[ev]1 to ! sympa?y & subs]vi5ce ( ! nation4 ,,law',s ,,bank4--,dur+ ! m9ority ( ,l\is ,,xv4 7#agae-aggd7 ,philip1 ,duke ( ,orleans1 0 reg5t1 a man ( extraord9>y tal5ts1 b addict$ to %ameful debau*]y4 ,! opportunity = effective re=m 0 neglect$4 ,! mo/ influ5tial m9i/] 0 ,c>d9al ,dubois1 likewise a man ( unpr9cipl$ "*4 ,! /ate 0 really bankrupt1 :5 a ,scotti% adv5tur] & gambl]1 ,john ,law1 possess$ ( unusual f9ancial tal5ts1 b infect$ ) ! economical errors ( ! "t1 (f]$ to rescue ! national f9ances by means ( a bank1 :i* he 0 all[$ to f\nd1 ! notes ( :i* 7 to s]ve z curr5cy4 ,almo/ all ! co9$ money fl[$ into its c(f]s2 its notes w5t ev]y:]e 9 ! k+dom1 & 7 tak5 = gov]nm5t dues2 x comb9$ ) its bus9ess ! ,mississippi s*eme1 or ! control ( ! trade1 & almo/ ! sov]eignty1 9 ! ,mississippi region2 x absorb$ ! privileges ( ! diff]5t companies = trad+ ) ! ,ea/2 f9ally x took *>ge ( ! national m9t & ! issue ( co91 & ( ! taxation ( ! k+dom1 & x assum$ ! national debt4 ,! tempor>y success ( ! gigantic f9ancial s*eme turn$ ! heads ( ! p1 & a fev] ( speculation ran ?r\gh all ranks4 ,! cra% came1 ! %>es 9 ! bank sunk 9 value1 ! notes depreciat$2 &1 9 ! wra? :i* ensu$ ^u ! g5]al bankruptcy1 ,law1 :o _h be5 honor$ & c\rt$ by ! high & ! l[1 fl$ f ! k+dom4 ,he di$ 9 pov]ty at ,v5ice4 ,! /ate alone 0 a ga9] by hav+ escap$ f a great "p ( its indebt$ness4 ,,italy4--,be=e ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,spani% ,b\rbons aga9 _h possession ( ,naples & ,sicily1 besides o!r small] ,italian /ates4 ,au/ria1 besides hold+ ,milan1 0 ! virtual rul] ( ,tuscany4 ,,spa9 ,,9 ,,italy4--,philip ,v4 0 afflict$ ) a m5tal d]angem5t peculi> to 8 family4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 manag$ by ! ambiti\s que51 ,elizabe? ( ,p>ma1 & ! intrigu+ ,italian1 ,alb]oni1 ! m9i/] 9 :om %e confid$4 ,he s\ght to get back ! ,italian /ates lo/ by ! ,peace ( ,utre*t4 ,b ,s>d9ia & ,sicily 7 re/or$ :5 he 0 ov]?r[n1 ?r\gh ! fe> excit$ by ! ,quadruple ,alliance ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,au/ria1 & ,holl& 7#agah74 ,lat]1 ! que5 succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! k+dom ( ,naples & ,sicily = h] olde/ son1 ,don ,c>los1 "u ! "n ( ,*>les ,,iii4 ,p>ma1 ,piac5za1 & ,gua/alla1 %e ga9$ = h] second son1 ,philip 7#agce74 ,:5 ,*>les succe$$ to ! ,spani% ?rone 7#agei-aghh71 he left ,naples & ,sicily to 8 ?ird son1 ,f]d9&4 ,,au/ria ,,9 ,,italy4--,! h\se ( ,savoy /eadily advanc$ 9 p[]4 ,by ! ,peace ( ,ryswick1 ,victor ,amadeus ,,ii4 7#afge-agcj71 secur$ important places previ\sly ga9$4 ,he became ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia 7#agbj74 ,by him ! ,univ]sity ( ,tur9 0 f\nd$1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice mu* improv$4 ,8 next two successors c>ri$ =w>d ?is good "w4 ,v5ice lo/ ,morea to ! ,turks1 b reta9$ ,corfu & h] conque/s 9 ,dalmatia 7#agah74 ,lib]ty 0 gone1 & !re 0 decay & consci\s weakness 9 ! once p[]ful republic4 ,g5oa 0 covet$ by ,savoy1 ,au/ria1 & ,france4 ,! consequ5t /ruggles are ! mat]ial ( ,g5oese hi/ory = a long p]iod4 ,corsica 0 oppress$1 & ,g5oa call$ on ,france to l5d help 9 suppress+ its revolt 7#agcf74 ,! ,corsicans especially1 "u ,paoli1 def5d$ !mselves ) su* en]gy t ,france f\nd its "w ( subjugation h>d & sl[ 7#agee74 ,! isl& 0 c$$ to ,france by ,g5oa7#agfh74 ,milan1 ) ,mantua1 0 ,au/rian1 aft] ! ,peace ( ,utre*t 7#agac74 ,tuscany "u ,f]d9& ,,ii4 7#afbh-afgj7 be/[$ its treasure on ,au/ria & ,spa91 & fell "u ! sway ( ecclesia/ics4 ,"u ,cosmo ,,iii4 7#afgj-agbc71 ! process ( decl9e w5t on4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! la/ ( ! ,m$ici1 ,john ,ga/o 7#agcg71 ,tuscany 0 practically "u ! p[] ( ,au/ria1 not)/&+ ! /ipulation t bo? /ates %\ld n h ! same rul]4 ,x 0 gov]n$ by ,francis ,/eph5 7#agch-agfe71 ,duke ( ,lorra9e1 husb& ( ! ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa2 &1 :5 he became emp]or 7,francis ,i471 by 8 second son1 ,leopold 7#agfe-agij74 ,at ,rome1 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi4 7#afgf-afhi7 _h _m conflicts ) ,l\is ,,xvi4 :i* came to an end "u ! well-mean+ ,innoc5t ,,xii4 7#afia-agjj74 ,conte/s arose on ! "p ( ,rome aga9/ ! ,b\rbon c\rts respect+ ! ,jesuit ord]1 & ) ! =ces adv]se to ! ,*ur* & ! ,papacy1 9 ! clos+ "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 #agce1 ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,vi4 all[$ t ,naples & ,sicily %\ld be h&$ ov]1 z a k+dom1 to ,don ,c>los1 ! son ( ! ,spani% ,b\rbon k+1 "u ! "n ( ,*>les ,,iii41 by :om x 0 grant$ to 8 son ,f]d9& ,,iv4 7#agei74 ,,close ,,( ,,anne',s ,,reign4--,anne's husb&1 ,pr9ce ,george ( ,d5m>k1 _h no influ5ce1 & des]v$ none4 ,"o ( ! important ev5ts ( h] reign 0 ! ,union ( ,engl& & ,scotl& 9 #agjg 7p4 #dfa74 ,aft] ! ,tories came into p[]1 ! two lead]s1 ,ox=d & ,bol+broke1 7 rivals4 ,an angry dispute betwe5 !m ha/5$ ! que5's dea? 7#agad74 ,"o ( ! ,tory measures1 prompt$ by ho/ility to ,diss5t]s1 0 a law =bidd+ any "o to keep a s*ool )\t a lic5se f a bi%op4 ,,george ,i1 #agad-agbg1 m4 ,sophia ,doro!a ( ,zell4 --,,george ,,ii1 #agbg-agfj1 m4 ,c>ol9e1 daught] ( ,john ,fr$]ick1 ,m>grave ( ,anspa*4 --,fr$]ick1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 d4 #agea1 m4 ,augu/a ( ,saxe ,go?a4 --,augu/a m4 ,*>les ,william ,f]d9&1 ,duke ( ,brunswick4 --,c>ol9e m4 --,,george ,,iv1 #ahbj-ahcj4 --,,george ,,iii1 #agfj-ahbj1 m4 ,*>lotte ( ,meckl5burg-,/relitz4 --,,william ,,iv1 #ahcj-ahcg4 --,edw>d1 ,duke ( ,k5t1 d4 #ahbj1 m4 ,victoria ( ,saxe ,coburg4 --,,victoria1 succe$$ #ahcg1 m4 ,alb]t ( ,saxe ,coburg4 ,,reign ,,( ,,george ,i4--,george ,i41 ! fir/ k+ ( ! h\se ( ,hanov]1 c\ld n speak ,engli%4 ,8 private life 0 immoral4 ,8 fir/ m9i/]s 7 ,:igs4 ,bol+broke & ,ox=d 7 impea*$1 & fl$ ! c\ntry4 ,! ,pret5d]1 ,james ,edw>d 7son ( ,james ,,ii471 ) ! aid ( ,tory p>tisans1 endeavor$ to recov] ! ,engli% cr[n4 ,8 /&>d 0 rais$ 9 ! ,highl&s & 9 ,nor? ,engl& 7#agae71 b ?is ,jacobite rebellion 0 cru%$4 ,aft] ! rebellion ( #agae1 a law 0 pass$1 :i* is /ill 9 =ce1 all[+ a ,p>liam5t to cont9ue = ! t]m ( sev5 ye>s4 ,a second conspiracy 9 #agag _h ! same fate4 ,engl& _h an exp]i5ce analog\s to t ( ,france ) ,law1 ) ! ,s\? ,sea ,company1 :i* _h a monopoly ( trade ) ! ,spani% coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a rage = speculation 0 foll[$ by a panic4 ,! e/ates ( ! directors ( ! company 7 confiscat$ by ,p>liam5t = ! b5efit ( ! los]s4 ,rob]t ,walpole 0 made fir/ m9i/]1 a place :i* he held "u ,george ,i4 & ,george ,,ii4 = tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,william & ,anne _h att5d$ ! meet+s ( ! ,cab9et4 ,george ,i41 :o c\ld n speak ,engli%1 /aid away4 ,f ?is "t1 "o ( ! m9i/]s 0 call$ ! prime m9i/]4 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,george ,,ii4--,george ,,ii4 0 sy/ematic 9 8 ways1 frugal1 willful1 & fond ( w>4 ,9 8 private life1 he foll[$ ! evil ways ( 8 fa!r4 ,walpole's influ5ce 0 pr$om9ant4 ,! clev] ,que5 ,c>ol9e l5t him h] support4 ,walpole reluctantly ent]$ into w> ) ,spa9 7#agci71 on acc\nt ( ! measures adopt$ by t p[] to prev5t ,engli% %ips f c>ry+ goods1 9 violation ( ! treaty ( ,utre*t1 to h] ,s\? ,am]ican colonies4 ,! pr9cipal success ( ,engl& 0 ! tak+ ( ,porto ,bello by ,admiral ,v]non4 ,:5 ! w> 0 decl>$1 ! p express$ _! joy by ! r++ ( bells4 ,!y are r++ ! bells n[1 said ,walpole3 !y w be wr++ _! h&s soon4 ,! blame = ! want ( bett] success 9 ! w> 0 laid on ! prime m9i/]1 & he 0 driv5 to resign4 ,!n foll[$ ! m9i/ry ( ! ,pelhams1 ,h5ry ,pelham & ! ,duke ( ,newca/le1 :o1 l ,walpole1 manag$ ,p>liam5t by brib+ ! memb]s ?r\gh ! gift ( (fices4 ,9 ! w> ( ! ,au/rian succession 7#agdj71 ,engl& took "p ) ,au/ria1 & ! k+ 9 p]son f\ght 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #agde ,pr9ce ,*>les ,edw>d ,/u>t1 ! "y ,pret5d] 7^: fa!r1 ! old ,pret5d]1 /yl$ himself ,james ,,iii471 l&$ 9 ! ,highl&s4 ,! ,highl&]s defeat$ ! ,engli% at ,pre/on ,pans1 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,! ,pret5d] m>*$ into ,engl& z f> z ,d]by1 at ! head ( ! ,jacobite =ce1 b _h to turn back & retreat to ,scotl&4 ,! conte/ 0 decid$ by ! victory ( ! ,engli% "u ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 at ,cullod5 7#agdf71 :i* 0 att5d$ by an atroci\s slaught] ( ! w\nd$4 ,cullod5 0 ! la/ battle f\ght 9 behalf ( ! ,/u>ts4 ,ne>ly eighty ,jacobite conspirators1 "o ( :om 0 an octog5>ian1 ,"l ,lovat1 7 execut$ z traitors4 ,^! ,jacobites 7 ! la/ p]sons :o 7 behead$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,pret5d] w&]$ 9 ! ,highl&s & ,we/]n ,isl&s = five mon?s1 "u diff]5t disguises4 ,he 0 conceal$ & aid$ by a ,scotti% lady1 ,flora ,macdonald4 ,!n he escap$ to ! ,cont95t1 :]e he l$ a mis]able & dissipat$ life1 & di$ 9 #aghh4 ,8 bro!r ,h5ry1 ,c>d9al ,york1 ! la/ ( ! ,/u>ts 9 ! male l9e1 di$ 9 #ahjg4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,great ,,nor!rn ,,w>3 ,,! ,,fall ,,op ,,sw$53 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,russia4 ,,sw$54--,! ev5tful epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sw$51 9 ?is p]iod1 is ! reign ( ,*>les ,,xii4 7#afig-agah74 ,at 8 accession1 :5 he 0 only sixte5 ye>s old1 ,sw$5 rul$ ! ,baltic4 ,its army 0 /rong & well discipl9$4 ,:at is n[ ,/4 ,pet]sburg 0 a pat* ( swampy gr\nd 9 ,sw$i% t]ritory1 :]e a few fi%]m5 liv$ 9 _! huts4 ,! y\? ( ,*>les 0 prophetic ( 8 c>e]4 ,9 doors1 he read ! exploits ( ,alex&] ! ,great2 out ( doors1 gymna/ic sports & ! hunt+ ( ! be> 7 8 favorite div]sions4 ,he became an adv5tur\s w>rior aft]1 ! type ( ,alex&]4 ,8 ra%ness & ob/9acy occasion$ at la/ ! d[nfall ( 8 c\ntry4 ,?ree great p[]s1 ,russia1 ,pol&1 & ,d5m>k1 ) ! support ( ,patkul1 a disaffect$ ,livonian subject ( ,sw$51 jo9$ 9 an attack on ! y\?ful mon>* 7#afii74 ,patkul1 :o 0 a patriot1 unable to secure ! rights ( ,livonia1 & condemn$ z a rebel1 _h ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,elector ,augu/us ( ,saxony1 :o 0 k+ ( ,pol&4 ,!re 7 t]ritories belong+ to ,sw$5 :i* ea* ( ! conf$]ates covet$4 ,fr$]ick ,,iv4 ( ,d5m>k expect$ to incorporate ,sw$5 itself 9 8 dom9ions4 ,,russia3 ,,pet] ,,! ,,great4--,! fir/ rul] ( ! h\se ( ,roman(f1 :i* has rais$ ,russia to its pres5t rank1 0 ,mi*ael 7#afac-afde74 ,"u ,alexis1 8 son 7#afde-afgf71 important conque/s 7 made f ! ,poles1 & ! ,cossacks ackn[l$g$ ! sov]eignty ( ! ,cz>4 ,! pr9cipal f\nd] ( ,russian civilization 0 ,pet] ! ,great 7#afhb-agbe74 ,?r\gh ! ma*9ations ( 8 half-si/] ,sophia1 :o contriv$ to get ! arm$ aid ( ! /reltzi1--! native militia1--he _h to %>e ! ?rone ) a half-bro!r1 ,ivan1 :o 0 old] ?an himself1 & liv$ until #afif4 ,sophia pu%$ aside ,pet]'s "m1 & grasp$ ! re9s ( p[]4 ,pet] le>n$ ,lat91 ,g]man1 & ,dut*1 & acquir$ mu* k ( v>i\s sorts4 ,z he grew old]1 8 life 0 9 dang]2 b at ! age ( sev5te51 he 0 able to cru% 8 enemies 7#afhi74 ,sophia1 :o 0 at _! head1 he %ut up 9 a mona/]y = ! rema9d] ( h] days4 ,f ,le=t1 a ,swiss1 & o!r =eign]s1 ,pet] d]iv$ in=mation ab\t =eign l&s1 & 0 l$ to visit !m 9 ord] to in/ruct himself1 & to introduce into 8 own c\ntry ! arts & inv5tions ( civiliz$ peoples4 ,he invit$ into ,russia artisans1 seam51 & (fic]s f abroad4 ,he travel$ ?r\gh ,g]many & ,holl& to ,engl&1 & ) 8 own h&s work$ at %ip-build+ at ! dock-y>ds ( ,za&am 7ne> ,am/]dam7 & ,dept=d4 ,on 8 way to ,v5ice1 he 0 call$ home by a revolt ( ! /reltzi1 :i* he put d[n4 ,he 0 unsp>+ 9 8 v5geance1 &1 despite 8 v5e] ( culture1 nev] got rid ( 8 innate b>b>ism4 ,az(f he conqu]$1 & x 0 c$$ to him by ! ,turks 9 ! ,peace ( ,c>l[itz 7#afii74 ,!n 8 ambiti\s ?\ghts turn$ to ! ,baltic1 = he 0 b5t on mak+ ,russia a naval p[]4 ,he =m$ a secret alliance ) ,d5m>k & ,pol& aga9/ ,sw$54 ,,condition ,,( ,,pol&4--,9 #afig ,fr$]ick ,augu/us ,,ii41--,augu/us ! ,/rong1--,duke ( ,saxony1 0 elect$ k+ ( ,pol&3 he became a ,roman ,ca?olic t he might get ! cr[n4 ,b ! ,poli% nobles took c>e to increase _! p[]1 :i* 0 already f> too great to be compatible ) unity or ord]4 ,"u ! an>*ical b despotic nobility & high] cl]gy1 /ood ! s]fs1 embrac+ n9e-t5?s ( ! :ole population1 :o 7 )\t protection aga9/ ! gre$ & tyranny ( _! lords4 ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,w>4--,! ,danes fir/ attack$ ! t]ritory ( ,hol/e9 ,gottorp1 ^: duke _h m>ri$ ! si/] ( ,*>les ,,xii4 ,william ,,iii4 ( ,engl& support$ ,sw$54 ,! ,anglo-,dut* fleet came to ,*>les's assi/ance4 ,he l&$ 8 troops 9 ,zeal&4 ,! ,danes gave up _! alliance1 & su$ = peace4 ,europe 0 n[ a/oni%$ to discov] t ! ,sw$i% k+ 0 an antagoni/ to be fe>$4 ,9 ! field he %>$ ! h>d%ips ( ! common soldi]1 & 0 z brave z a lion4 ,*>les n[ attack$ ! ,russian army be=e ,n>va1 9 ,livonia4 ,) ! ,sw$i% infantry he /orm$ ! camp ( ! ,russians1 & r\t$ _! army1 :i* 0 mu* l>g] 9 numb]s ?an 8 own 7#agjj74 ,he !n rais$ ! siege ( ,riga1 :i* ! ,poles & ,saxons 7 besieg+1 hav+ fir/ defeat$ _! troops on ! ,dw9a4 ,^! brilliant successes might h enabl$ ,*>les to conclude peace on v advantage\s t]ms4 ,b he lack$ mod]ation4 ,he 0 z passionate 9 8 public conduct z ,pet] ! ,great 0 9 8 private life4 ,he 0 resolv$ to de?rone ,augu/us 9 ,pol&4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,clissau 7#agjc71 he occupi$ t c\ntry1 & made ! ,diet give ! cr[n to ,/anislas ,lescz9ski1 ! ,palat9e ( ,pos54 ,to prev5t ,russia & ,saxony f unit+ aga9/ ! new k+1 ,*>les c>ri$ ! w> into ,saxony1 & =c$ ,augu/us1 9 ! ,peace ( ,altran/dt1 to r5\nce 8 claim to ! ,poli% cr[n1 & to surr5d] ,patkul1 ! rebel1 :o _h become a subject ( ,russia1 :om he put to dea? ) circum/ances ( cruelty4 ,9 #agjc ,pet] laid ! f\ndations ( ! new city ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,b1 a few ye>s lat]1 ,russia 0 invad$ by ,*>les1 :o 9 #agjh almo/ captur$ ! ,cz> at ,grodno1 defeat$ 8 army ne> ,smol5sk1 & 0 expect$ to advance to ,mosc[4 ,b ! imprud5t ,sw$e turn$ s\?w>d into ! di/rict ( ! ,ukra9e1 !re to be jo9$ by ,mazeppa1 ! hetman ( ! ,cossacks1 :o l$ !m 9 revolt aga9/ ,pet]4 ,mazeppa 0 able1 h[ev]1 to br+ him b few auxili>ies4 ,! h>%ness ( ! w9t]1 & o!r unt[>d ev5ts1 weak5$ ! ,sw$i% =ce4 ,! battle ( ,pult[a 7#agji7 0 a great victory = ! ,cz>4 ,*>les escap$ ) difficulty to ,turkey4 ,!re he rema9$ = ?ree ye>s1 support$ ) 8 ret9ue1 at ,b5d]1 by ! ,sultan4 ,8 object 0 to br+ ab\t a w> betwe5 ! ,sultan & ! ,cz>4 ,he s f> succe$$ t ,pet]1 :5 surr\nd$ on ! ,pru? by ,turki% troops1 0 rescu$ only by ! c\rage & en]gy ( ,ca!r9e1 ! mi/ress :om he aft]w>ds m>ri$4 ,*>les 0 f9ally oblig$ to leave ,turkey1 aft] be+ expos$ to imm95t p]il 9 an attack by ! janiz>ies1 :o seiz$ 8 camp & took him captive4 ,) a few att5dants1 rid+ by day & sleep+ 9 a c>t or c>riage by night1 he j\rney$ back to ,sw$51 & arriv$ at ,/ralsund 7#agad74 ,! ho/ile allies1 toge!r ) ,hanov] & ,prussia1 7 once m 9 array aga9/ him4 ,b>on van ,grtz1 a ,g]man1 became 8 pr9cipal advis]4 ,he negotiat$ a peace ) ,pet]1 ( :om ! o!r allies 7 beg9n+ to be jeal\s4 ,*>les's plan 0 to invade ,norway1 !n to l& 9 ,scotl&1 &1 ) ! help ( ,spa9 & ( ! ,jacobites1 to re/ore ! ,/u>ts to ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,:ile besieg+ ,fri$ri*%all1 a =tress 9 ,norway1 he expos$ himself ne> ! tr5*es1 & 0 kill$ by a bullet 7#agah74 ,x 0 long a "q :e!r ! fatal %ot 0 fir$ f ! enemy or by an assass94 ,n until #ahei 0 x settl$1 by an exam9ation ( ! skull1 t ! gun 0 dis*>g$ f ! =tress4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,w>--,"o result ( ! ,nor!rn w> 0 ! execution ( ,grtz1 to :om ! ,sw$i% ari/ocracy 7 inimical1 & a r$uction ( ! k+'s au?ority4 ,hanov] receiv$ ,brem5 & ,v]d52 ,prussia1 ! l>ge/ "p ( ,pom]ania2 ,sw$5 gave up its fre$om f cu/om duties 9 ! ,s\nd4 ,augu/us 0 recogniz$ z k+ ( ,pol&4 ,russia1 by ! ,peace ( ,ny/adt 7#agba71 obta9$ ,livonia1 ,e/honia1 ,+]mannl&1 & a "p ( ,c>elia1 b re/or$ ,f9l&4 ,sw$5 no long] _h a place among ! great p[]s4 ,! place t ,sw$5 _h held 0 n[ tak5 by ,russia4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,russia4--,! ,cz>1 ,pet]1 took ! title ( emp]or4 ,he transf]r$ ! capital f ,mosc[ to ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,by con/ruct+ canals1 roads1 & h>bors1 he promot$ trade & comm]ce4 ,by fo/]+ manufactures & ! me*anic arts1 & by op5+ ! m9es1 he increas$ ! weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,he alt]$ ! me?od ( gov]nm5t1 mak+ ! ukases1 or edicts1 emanate f ! sole w ( ! emp]or4 ,he aboli%$ ! dignity ( ,patri>*1 mak+ ! ,holy ,synod1 ( :i* ! ,cz> is presid5t1 ! supreme ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,pet] made a second j\rney ?r\gh ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,france 7#agaf74 ,8 son ,alexis1 :o alli$ himself ) a reaction>y p>ty t aim$ to rev]se ! ,cz>'s policy1 he f9ally caus$ to be tri$ = treason4 ,he 0 condemn$1 b di$ ei!r f ! bodily torture inflict$ on him to extort confession1 or1 z _m h believ$1 by poison1 or o!r means1 us$ by ! direction ( 8 fa!r4 ,8 fri5ds1 aft] be+ b>b>\sly tortur$1 7 put to dea?4 ,great z 0 ! "w ( ,pet]1 he br\ght ,russia prematurely into ! circle ( ,european politics4 ,! result has be5 to turn ! rul]s ( ,russia away f home affairs1 & ! regul> developm5t ( int]nal in/itutions1 to =eign politics & ! creation ( a great milit>y p[]4 ,9 8 la/ ye>s1 ! frugality ( 8 own way ( liv+ 9 8 new capital 0 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! spl5dor ) :i* 8 que51 ,ca!r9e1 pref]r$ to surr\nd h]self4 ,he di$ at ! age ( fifty-?ree1 9 consequ5ce ( plung+ into icy wat] to save a boat 9 di/ress4 ,! docum5t call$ ,! ,te/am5t ( ,pet] ! ,great1 :i* expla9s :at has to be done 9 ord] t ,russia may conqu] all ,europe1 is n g5u9e4 ,x is fir/ he>d ( 9 #ahab1 9 a book publi%$ by ,lesur1 probably by direction ( ,napoleon ,i4 ,lesur's book1 says ,mr4 ,e4 ,s*uyl]1 0 m]ely a pamphlet to ju/ify ! invasion ( ,russia by ,napoleon4 7,s*uyl]'s ,life ( ,pet] ! ,great1 vol4 ii1 p4 #eab47 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,w> ,,( ,,! ,,au/rian ,,succession2 ,,gr[? ,,op ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,prussia3 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,pol&4 ,,! ,,pragmatic ,,sanction4--,on ! dea? ( ,augu/us ,,ii41 !re 7 two competitors = ! ,poli% cr[n1--8 son1 ,augu/us ,,iii4 ( ,saxony1 & ,/anislaus ,lescz9ski :om ,france support$4 ,aft] a conte/1 by ! cons5t ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,vi41 ,lescz9ski1 ^: daught] _h m>ri$ ,l\is ,,xv41 obta9$ ! du*y ( ,lorra9e1 :i* ?us became a possession ( ,france 7#agce74 ,9 return1 ! emp]or's son-9-law1 ,francis ,/eph5 7aft]w>ds ,francis ,i471 0 to h ,tuscany2 & ,france1 9 connection ) ! o!r p[]s1 ass5t$ to ! ,pragmatic ,sanction1 accord+ to :i* ! h]$it>y possessions ( ,au/ria 7 to desc5d intact 9 ! female l9e4 ,x 0 expect$ t ! empire w\ld pass along ) !m4 ,,prussia3 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,i4--,9 #afaa ! du*y ( ,prussia & ! m>k or electorate ( ,br&5burg 7 jo9$ toge!r4 ,! du*y 0 !n a fief ( ,pol&4 ,b "u ! ,great ,elector1 ,fr$]ick ,william 7#afdj-afhh71 ?is relation ( ! du*y to ,pol& end$4 ,by him ! milit>y /r5g? ( ! electorate 0 increas$4 ,fr$]ick1 8 son 7#afhh-agac71 ) ! emp]or's lic5se1 took ! title ( ,k+ ( ,prussia 7,fr$]ick ,i474 ,he built up ! city ( ,b]l91 & enc\rag$ art & le>n+4 ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 7#agac-agdj71 unlike 8 pr$ecessor1 0 exce$+ly frugal 9 8 c\rt4 ,he 0 upright & j 9 8 pr9ciples1 b extremely r\gh 9 8 ways1 & gov]n$ 8 own h\sehold1 z well z 8 subjects g5]ally1 ) a ,sp>tan rigor4 ,individuals :om he met 9 ! /reet1 ^: conduct or dress he ?\ght unbecom+1 he did n hesitate to scold1 & he ev5 us$ 8 cane to *a/ise !m on ! spot4 ,he c>$ no?+ = lit]ature3 arti/s & play]s 7 8 abom9ation4 ,he favor$ indu/ry1 & 0 a fri5d ( ! work+-class4 ,e ?+ 0 done ) despotic en]gy4 ,he discipl9$ ! milit>y =ce ( ,prussia1 & ga!r$ at ,potsdam a regim5t ( tall gu>ds1 made up ( m5 ( gigantic height1 :o 7 br\ght toge!r f all qu>t]s4 ,he left to 8 son1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#agdj-aghf71 a /rong army & a full treasury4 ,,"* ,,( ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great4--,"y ,fr$]ick _h no sympa?y ) 8 fa!r's au/]e ways4 ,! /rict sy/em ( tra9+ arrang$ = him1 9 :i* he 0 cut (f f ,lat9 & f o!r /udies = :i* he _h a ta/e1 8 "t all p>cel$ out1 & a succession ( tasks rigor\sly orda9$ = him1 he f\nd a yoke too heavy to be>4 ,once he attempt$ to escape to ! c\rt ( 8 uncle1 ,george ,,ii4 ( ,engl&2 b ! s*eme 0 discov]$1 & ! inc5s$ fa!r 0 /rongly incl9$ to execute ! decree ( a c\rt-m>tial1 :i* pron\nc$ him wor?y ( dea?4 ,fr$]ick1 f ! w9d[ ( ! place :]e he 0 conf9$1 saw ,katte1 8 favorite tutor1 :o _h help$ him 9 8 attempt at flight1 l$ to ! scaffold1 :]e he 0 hang$4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! old k+1 ! relations ( fa!r & son 7 improv$4 ,! pr9ce _h = 8 abode ! little t[n ( ,rhe9sb]g1 :]e he c\ld indulge1 ) a circle ( cong5ial fri5ds1 9 ! /udies & amusem5ts to :i* he 0 p>tial4 ,he grew up ) a /rong pr$ilection = ,fr5* lit]ature1 & = ! ,fr5* habits & fa%ions--free-?9k+ 9 religion includ$--:i* 7 n[ spread+ ov] ,europe4 ,on 8 accession to ! ?rone1 ,fr$]ick broke up ! ,potsdam regim5t ( giants1 & call$ back to ,halle ! philosoph] ,wolf1 :om 8 fa!r _h bani%$4 ,fr$]ick 0 visit$ by ,voltaire1 :o at a lat] day took up 8 abode = a "t ) him 9 ,b]l94 ,b ! k+ 0 fond ( bant]1 & ! foibles ( ea* ( ^! companions 7 a t>get = ! unsp>+ wit ( ! o!r2 s t ev5tually !y p>t$ company ) mutual disgu/4 ,lat] !y resum$ _! correspond5ce1 & nev] :olly lo/ _! intellectual sympa?y ) ea* o!r4 ,z a soldi]1 ,fr$]ick _h n ! milit>y g5ius ( ! greate/ capta9s4 ,he appli$ sup]ior tal5ts to ! dis*>ge ( ! duties ( a k+1 & to ! bus9ess ( w>4 ,he 0 cool1 knew h[ to pr(it by 8 errors & to repair 8 losses1 & to press =w>d 9 ! d>ke/ h\r4 ,napoleon said ( him t he 0 great1 especially at critical mom5ts4 ,,w> ,,( ,,! ,,au/rian ,,sucession---,*>les ,,vi4 0 succe$$1 9 #agdj1 by 8 daught] ,m>ia ,!resa1 :o unit$ 9 h] "* _m ( ! f9e/ qualities ( a woman & ( a sov]eign4 ,not)/&+ ! pragmatic sanction by :i* all ! ,au/rian l&s 7 to be h]s1 diff]5t pr9ces deem$ ! occasion favorable = seiz+ on ! :ole1 or on portions1 ( h] inh]itance4 ,*>les1 elector ( ,bav>ia1 claim$ to be ! lawful heir1 & 0 aid$ by ,france1 :i* 0 afraid ( los+ ,lorra9e if ,m>ia ,!resa's husb&1 ,francis ,/eph51 %\ld become emp]or4 ,augu/us ,,iii4 ( ,pol& 0 a p>ticipant 9 ! plot4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ( ,prussia claim$ ,silesia1 &1 aft] defeat+ ! ,au/rians at ,molwitz 7#agda71 seiz$ ! great] "p ( t di/rict4 ,soon aft]1 ! ,fr5* & ,bav>ians ov]ran ,au/ria4 ,! ,bav>ian elector 0 *os5 emp]or4 ,ev5 ! elector ( ,hanov] 7,george ,,ii4 ( ,engl&7 engag$ n to assi/ ! empress4 ,! claims to ,au/ria 7 z foll[s3-- ,augu/us ,,iii41 k+ ( ,saxony1 & ,*>les ,alb]t1 elector ( ,bav>ia1 _h m>ri$ daught]s ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,i4 7! bro!r & pr$ecessor ( ,*>les ,,vi474 ,! wife ( ,*>les ,alb]t 0 ! y\ng] daught]2 b he appeal$ to an alleg$ provision 9 ! w ( ! ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,i41 accord+ to :i* ! po/]ity ( 8 daught] ,anna 7:o m>ri$ a ,bav>ian duke7 0 to inh]it ! du*y ( ,au/ria & ,bohemia1 9 case 8 male desc5dants %\ld die out4 ,x 0 n to ! male desc5dants1 b to ! legitimate desc5dants1 h[ev]1 t ! w ref]r$4 ,! ,b\rbons 9 ,france & ,spa9 seiz$ ! occasion to rega9 ! possessions ( ,spa9 lo/ 9 ! ,peace ( ,utre*t 7p4 #dff74 ,francis ,/eph51 ! husb& ( ,m>ia ,!resa1 x 0 fe>$1 might seek to get back ,lorra9e f ,france 7p4 #dgd74 ,spa9 0 anxi\s to recov] ,milan4 ,philip ,v4 ( ,spa9 claim$ ! ,au/rian possessions on ! basis ( c]ta9 /ipulations ( ,*>les ,v4 & ,philip ,,iii4 9 ! cession ( !m4 ,to weak5 ! ,au/rian h\se 9 ,g]many1 0 an aim ( ,france4 ,! c\rts ( ,france & ,spa9 7 ready1 on all ^! gr\nds1 to support ,*>les ( ,bav>ia4 ,!y 7 ready1 also1 to support ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 9 legal claims :i* he set up to a portion ( ,silesia4 ,! empress reject$ ! (f] ( ,fr$]ick to def5d ,au/ria if %e w\ld give up ?is t]ritory4 ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,empress3 ,,cession ,,( ,,silesia4--,m>ia ,!resa prov$ h]self a ,m9]va4 ,%e ?rew h]self = support on h] ,hung>ian subjects1 :o respond$ ) loyal en?usiasm to h] appeal made at ! ,diet ( ,presburg4 ,h] =ces drove ! ,bav>ian & ,fr5* troops be=e !m 9 ,au/ria1 ent]$ ,bav>ia1 & captur$ ,muni*4 ,reluctantly ! que51 9 ! ,peace ( ,breslau 7#agdb71 c$$ ,silesia to ,fr$]ick1 9 ord] to less5 ! numb] ( h] antagoni/s4 ,%e 0 cr[n$ 7#agdc7 9 ,prague1 & at l5g? ga9$ an ally 9 ,george ,,ii4 ( ,engl&4 ,! ,pragmatic ,army1 z x 0 call$1 defeat$ ! ,fr5* "u ,m>%al ,noailles at ,dett+54 ,s>d9ia & ,saxony jo9$ ! ,au/rian alliance4 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,aix-,,la-,,*apelle4--,^! ev5ts wid5$ ! dim5sions ( ! conte/4 ,france decl>$ w> directly aga9/ ,engl& & ,au/ria4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ( ,prussia 0 n[ ! ally ( ,france1 & began ! second ,silesian w>4 ,he took ,prague1 b1 be+ des]t$ by ! ,fr5*1 0 driv5 back into ,saxony4 ,! son ( ,*>les ,alb]t ( ,bav>ia1 ,maximilian ,joseph1 made peace ) ,au/ria1--! ,peace ( ,fss51--promis+ to give 8 vote to ,francis1 ! husb& ( ,m>ia ,!resa1 = ! (fice ( emp]or4 ,francis 7#agde-agfe7 0 cr[n$ at ,frank=t4 ,victories 9 ,saxony on ! side ( ,fr$]ick l$ to ! ,treaty ( ,dresd51 :i* left ,silesia 9 8 h&s 7#agde74 ,! mo/ ( ! ,engli% army w5t back to ,engl& to fight ! ,pret5d]4 ,! w> w5t on 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & 9 ,italy1 & betwe5 ,france & ,engl&2 ! ,engli% be+ victors on ! sea "u ,anson 7#agdg71 :ile ! ,fr5* 7 g5]ally successful on ! l&4 ,! peace ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 7#agdh7 provid$ = a reciprocal re/oration ( all conque/s3 ,silesia 0 giv5 to ,prussia1 & ! ,pragmatic ,sanction 0 su/a9$ 9 ,au/ria4 ,,alliance ,,aga9/ ,,fr$]ick4--,fr$]ick ! ,great us$ ! next eight ye>s 9 do+ :at he c\ld to enc\rage indu/ry & to increase ! prosp]ity & res\rces ( ,prussia1 at ! same "t t he /r5g!n$ 8 milit>y =ce4 ,prussia _h ev9c$ s mu* p[] 9 ! late conflicts z to be an object ( envy & appreh5sion4 ,m>ia ,!resa 0 anxi\s to recov] ,silesia4 ,fr$]ick _h a foe 9 ,elizabe?1 empress ( ,russia1 ^: p]sonal vices he made a subject ( s>ca/ic rem>k1 & :o1 besides1 covet$ ,prussian prov9ces on ! ,baltic4 ,an alliance 0 =m$ betwe5 ,russia & ,au/ria4 ,?is 0 jo9$ by ,saxony1 & by ,france2 s9ce ,l\is ,,xv4 _h become al>m$ by ! calculat+ selfi%ness ( ,fr$]ick's policy1 & 0 induc$ to dep>t f ! ,fr5* traditional policy1 & to unite ) ,au/ria4 ,! only ally ( ,fr$]ick 0 ,george ,,ii4 ( ,engl&1 :i* 0 !n engag$ 9 a conte/ ) ,france respect+ ! ,am]ican colonies 7#agef74 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,ye>s' ,,w>4--,?us arose ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,fr$]ick1 secretly in=m$ ( ! plans ( 8 enemies1 anticipat$ _! action by invad+ ,saxony & captur+ ,dresd5 7#agef74 ,at ,lobositz he defeat$ ! ,au/rians3 he soon took eighte5 ?\s& ,saxon troops4 ,he _h n[ to enc\nt] ! milit>y /r5g? ( ! v>i\s nations oppos$ to him4 ,) ! bulk ( 8 =ces he m>*$ into ,bohemia1 & ga9$ a great b co/ly victory at ,prague 7#ageg74 ,= ! next six mon?s1 successes & rev]ses alt]nat$2 b be=e ! end ( ! ye> 7#ageg7 ,fr$]ick won two ( 8 mo/ fam\s triumphs1--"o at ,rossba*1 ov] ! ,fr5* & ! ,imp]iali/s2 & ! o!r ov] ! ,au/rians1 at ,leu!n4 ,fr$]ick 0 n[ admir$ z a h]o 9 ,engl&1 & 0 furni%$ by ! eld] ,william ,pitt1 :o _h succe$$ ,newca/le1 ) money & troops4 ,9 #ageh ! ,prussians vanqui%$ ! ,russians at ,zorndorf1 b 71 9 turn1 soon defeat$ by ! ,au/rians at ,ho*kir* ,( ! num]\s battles 9 ?is prolong$ w>1 9 :i* ! milit>y tal5ts ( ,fr$]ick 7 s /rik+ly %[n1 x is possible to ref] only to a few ( ! mo/ important4 ,he 0 defeat$ by ! unit$ ,au/rians & ,russians at ,kun]sdorf2 & s completely t he 0 = ! mom5t ?r[n into despair1 & wrote to 8 m9i/] ,f9k5/e91 ,all is lo/4 ,9 #agfj ,b]l9 0 held = a few days by ! ,russians1 b ,fr$]ick soon defeat$ ! ,au/rians once m at ,torgau4 ,9 #agfa1 h[ev]1 8 situation 0 9 ! highe/ degree p]il\s4 ,8 res\rces 7 app>5tly exhau/$4 ,spa9 jo9$ ! ranks ( 8 enemies4 ,he fac$ !m all ) det]m9$ resolution1 b he confess$ 9 8 private lett]s t 8 hopes 7 gone4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,at ?is "t !re 0 a turn ( ev5ts 9 8 favor4 ,9 ,russia1 ,pet] ,,iii41 :o succe$$ ,elizabe?1 0 an admir] ( ,fr$]ick1--s mu* s t he wore a ,prussian uni=m1--& ha/5$ to conclude a peace & alliance ) him 7#agfb74 ,pet] 0 soon de?ron$ & kill$ by ,russian nobles2 & 8 que5 & successor1 ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 recall$ ! troops s5t to ,fr$]ick's aid4 ,nev]!less1 !y help$ him to a victory ov] ! ,au/rians1 "u ! comm& ( ,daun1 at ,burk]sdorf 7#agfb74 ,au/ria1 too1 0 exhau/$ & ready = peace4 ,! negotiations betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 :i* end$ 9 ! ,peace ( ,p>is 7#agfc71 made x c]ta9 t ! ,fr5* armies w\ld evacuate ,g]many4 ,prussia & ,au/ria agre$ to ! ,peace ( ,hub]tsburg1 by :i* ,prussia reta9$ ,silesia1 & promis$ h] vote = ! ,ar*duke ,joseph1 son ( ,m>ia ,!resa1 z k+ ( ,rome & successor to ! empire 7#agfc74 ,,position ,,( ,,prussia4--,joseph ,,ii4 succe$$ 8 fa!r z emp]or 9 #agfe1 & 0 associat$ by 8 "m1 ,m>ia ,!resa1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( h] h]$it>y dom9ions4 ,f ! conclusion ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 ,prussia took h] place z "o ( ! five great p[]s ( ,europe4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,indian ,,empire4--,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! empire ( ! ,briti% 9 ,india grew up out ( ! m]cantile settlem5ts ( a trad+ corporation1 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,! result 0 effect$ aft] a sev]e /ruggle ) ! ,fr5*4 ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,mughal empire at ,delhi decl9$4 ,insubord9ate native pr9ces admitt$ only a nom9al control ov] !m4 ,! effect ( successive ,mahratta & ,afghan invasions 0 su*1 t :5 ,engl& & ,france w5t to w> 9 ,europe1 9 #agde1 ,india 0 brok5 up into diff]5t sov]eignties1 to say no?+ ( ! great numb] ( petty *iefta9s :o 7 practically indep5d5t4 ,pondi*]ry 0 ! *ief ,fr5* settlem5t4 ,= a "t x seem$ t 9 ! /ruggle = control ,france1 "u ! ma/]ly guidance ( ,dupleix1 mu/ triumph4 ,9 #agef ,calcutta 0 tak5 f ! ,engli% by ! ,nabob ( ,b5gal1 & _m ,engli%m5 di$ 9 ! close room ( ! milit>y prison 9 :i* !y 7 %ut up1--! ,black ,hole4 ,9 #ageg ,clive defeat$ a great army ( ! natives1 ) :om 7 a few ,fr5*1 9 ! decisive battle ( ,plassey4 ,he _h previ\sly %[n 8 indomitable c\rage 9 ! seizure ( ,arcot1 & 9 its def5se aga9/ a ho/ ( besieg]s4 ,! victory at ,plassey secur$ ! ,briti% supremacy1 :i* gradually ext5d$ itself ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! v>i\s local sov]eignties became l ,roman prov9ces4 ,on ! dea? ( ,clive1 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s 0 made gov]nor-g5]al 7#aggb74 ,aft] 8 recall1 he 0 impea*$ 7#aghh71 on *>ges ( cruelty & oppression 9 ,india1 & 8 trial by ! ,h\se ( ,lords did n end until sev5 ye>s aft] x began4 ,he 0 !n acquitt$4 ,among ! conductors ( ! impea*m5t on ! "p ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 7 ! celebrat$ orators ,edmund ,burke & ,ri*>d ,br9sley ,%]idan4 ,9 #aghd ! p[] ( ! ,ea/-,india ,company _h be5 re/rict$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,control4 ,up to t "t ! ,indian ,empire1 made up ( dep5d5t & subject /ates1 _h be5 gov]n$ by ! sole au?ority ( ! company4 ,,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ,,( ,,russia4--,ca!r9e ,,ii4 7#agfb-agif7 9 h] private life 0 notori\sly dissolute4 ,if %e did n connive at ! assass9ation ( h] husb&1 ,pet] ,,iii41 %e heap$ gifts ^u 8 murd]]s4 ,9 h] policy1 %e aim$ to /r5g!n ,russia1 especially t[>ds ! sea4 ,?is occasion$ successful conflicts ) ! ,turks4 ,,! ,,p>tition ,,( ,,pol&4--,at fir/ inimical to ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,ca!r9e aft]w>ds made an alliance ) him4 ,%e compell$ ! election ( "o ( h] lov]s1 ,poniat[ski1 to ! ?rone ( ,pol&4 ,pol& 0 ma9ly ,ca?olic2 & ! ,conf$]ation ( ,b> 7#agfh71 made by ! ,poles to prev5t ! tol]ation ( ,greek ,*ri/ians & ,prote/ants1 0 defeat$ by a ,russian army1 & brok5 up4 ,! ,turks 7 wor/$ 9 ! w> :i* !y made 9 def5se ( ! conf$]acy4 ,z "o result1 ,russia ga9$ a firm foot+ on ! nor? coa/s ( ! ,black ,sea 7#aggd74 ,! free veto1 oppression ( ! peasantry1 _! di/ress1 & ! g5]al want ( union & public _s1 _h r$uc$ ,pol& to a mis]able condition4 ,ca!r9e1 h[ev]1 favor$ no re=ms !re look+ to an improvem5t 9 ! con/itution4 ,%e pref]r$ to prolong ! an>*y & confusion4 ,%e wi%$ to make ! dea? ( ,pol& 9 "p a suicide4 ,at l5g? %e invit$ ,prussia & ,au/ria to take "p ) h] 9 ! fir/ seizure & p>tition ( ,poli% t]ritory 7#aggb74 ,ea* took c]ta9 prov9ces4 ,9 #agic ! second1 & 9 #agie ! f9al p>tition ( ,pol&1 0 made by its ?ree neighbors4 ,! capture ( ,w>saw1 & ! defeat ( ! national ris+ "u ,kosciusko1 oblit]at$ t anci5t k+dom f ! map ( ,europe4 ,x %\ld be said t a l>ge "p ( ! t]ritory t ,russia acquir$ _h once be5 ,russian1 & 0 inhabit$ by ,greek ,*ri/ians4 ,by ! division ( ,pol&1 ,russia 0 br\ght into close contact ) ! ,we/]n p[]s4 ,! ,crimea 0 incorporat$ ) ,russia 9 #aghc4 ,aft] a second w>1 provok$ by h]1 ) ! ,turks1 :o n[ _h ! ,au/rians to help !m1 ! ,russian b\nd>ies ?r\gh ! ,treaty ( ,jassy 7#agib7 7 c>ri$ to ! ,dnie/]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,conte/ ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,france ,,9 ,,am]ica3 ,,w> ,,( ,,am]ican ,,indep5d5ce3 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica a*iev$ _! indep5d5ce1 & began _! exi/5ce z a di/9ct nation4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,colonies4--,! ,engli% colonies s\? ( ,canada _h become ?irte5 9 numb]4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( :at 0 call$ ,c>ol9a1 ,*>le/on 0 settl$ 9 #afhj4 ,m ?an a c5tury be=e 7#aefb71 a b& ( ,hugu5ots "u ,ribault _h ent]$ ! h>bor ( ,port ,royal1 & giv5 ?is "n to x1 & _h built a =t on ! riv] ,may1 :i* !y call$ ,*>les=t--! ,c>ol9a--9 honor ( ,k+ ,*>les ,,ix4 ( ,france4 ,9 #affc ! t]ritory ?us call$1 s\? ( ,virg9ia1 0 grant$ to ! ,e>l ( ,cl>5don4 ,9 x 7 two di/9ct settlem5ts 9 ! nor!rn "p4 ,! ,engli% philosoph] ,john ,locke drew up a con/itution = ,c>ol9a1 nev] accept$ by ! freem54 ,! rights ( ! proprietors 7 pur*as$ by ,george ,,ii42 & ! region 0 divid$ 7#agbi7 into two royal prov9ces1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ea* prov9ce hav+ a gov]nor appo9t$ by ! k+1 & an assembly elect$ by ! p4 ,besides ! ,engli%1 ,hugu5ots & emigrants f ! ,nor? ( ,irel&1 z well z f ,scotl&1 plant$ !mselves 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,georgia 0 settl$ by ,james ,ogle?orpe1 :o made 8 settlem5t at ,savannah4 ,he _h a *>t] f ,george ,,ii41 9 ^: honor ! region 0 nam$ 7#agcb74 ,soon ! tru/ees gave up _! *>t]1 & ! gov]nm5t 0 %ap$ l t ( ! o!r colonies 7#ageb74 ,john ,wesley1 aft]w>ds ! f\nd] ( ,me?odism1 soj\rn$ = a "t 9 ,georgia4 ,! settlem5t ( ,new ,j]sey 0 fir/ made by memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 or ,quak]s1 s5t ov] by ,william ,p5n1 ! son ( an ,engli% admiral1 & famili> at c\rt4 ,! ,quak]s gave up ! gov]nm5t to ! cr[n1 & f #agjb to #agch x =m$ "o prov9ce ) ,new ,york4 ,p5nsylvania 0 grant$ to ,p5n himself1 by ! k+1 9 dis*>ge ( a claim aga9/ ! cr[n4 ,p5n procur$ also a title to ,delaw>e4 ,he s5t out emigrants 9 #afha1 & ! next ye> came himself4 ,by him ,philadelphia 0 f\nd$4 ,he dealt k9dly ) all ! settl]s1 & made a treaty ( peace & amity ) ! ,indians4 ,! gov]nm5t organiz$ by ,p5n 0 j & lib]al4 ,9 #agjc ! inhabitants ( ,delaw>e began to h a gov]n+ assembly ( _! own4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,colonies4--,among ! ,fr5* explor]s 9 ,am]ica1 ,la ,salle is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s4 ,hav+ trav]s$ ! region ( ! upp] lakes1 he rea*$ ! ,mississippi1 & float$ 9 8 boats d[n to its m\? 7#afhb74 ,! region ( ! great riv] & ( its tribut>ies1 he nam$ ,l\isiana1 9 honor ( 8 k+1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,?is "n 0 appli$ to ! :ole region f ! ,alleghanies to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,on 8 return1 ,la ,salle built ,=t ,/4 ,l\is4 ,aft]w>ds 7#afhd7 he took "p 9 an exp$ition f ,france :i* _h = its purpose ! build+ ( a =t at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 b :i* 0 s wrongly guid$ z to l& on ! coa/ ( ,texas4 ,la ,salle himself p]i%$1 :ile seek+ to f9d 8 way to ,canada4 ,b a ,fr5* settlem5t 0 made ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] 7#afii71 & a connection e/abli%$ by a s]ies ( =ts ) ,canada4 ,on ! pr9ciple t ! c\ntry belong$ to ! explor]1 ,spa9 claim$ all ! s\!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,! ,fr5* claim /ret*$ f ! coa/ ( ,nova ,scotia we/w>d to ! ,great ,lakes1 & embrac$ ! valley ( ! ,mississippi to its m\?4 ,engl& claim$ ! c\ntry f ,labrador z f> s\? z ,florida1 & we/w>d to ! ,pacific4 ,?is region includ$ )9 x ! claims ( ! ,dut*1 f\nd$ on ! discov]ies ( ,h5ry ,hudson4 ,w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 :5ev] x occurr$1 0 att5d$ ) conflicts betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5* settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,indians 7 mo/ ( !m on ! side ( ! ,fr5*4 ,b ! fi]ce ,iroquois 9 c5tral ,new ,york1 :o wi%$ to monopolize ! fur-trade1 7 ho/ile to !m4 ,a massacre p]petrat$ by ^! at ,la ,*9e1 ne> ,montreal 7#afhi71 provok$ a murd]\s attack ( ,fr5* & ,indians ^u ! settlem5t at ,s*5ectady1 ! mo/ nor!rn po/ ( ! ,engli%4 ,?is 0 an incid5t ( ,k+ ,william's ,w> 7#afhi74 ,9 ,que5 ,anne's ,w> 7#agjb-agac7 ,de]field 9 ,massa*usetts 0 captur$ & de/roy$ by ,fr5* & ,indians 7#agjd74 ,by an exp$ition fitt$ out 9 ,massa*usetts1 & comm&$ by ,sir ,william ,phipps1 ,port ,royal 9 ,nova ,scotia 0 captur$ 7#agaj74 ,! colonies incurr$ great exp5se 9 fitt+ out exp$itions 7#agji & #agaa7 aga9/ ,canada1 :i* 7 ab&on$4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ,france & ,engl& = supremacy 9 ,am]ica 0 fur!r cont9u$ 9 a s]ies ( conflicts la/+ f #agdd = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s4 ,an e>ly ev5t ( mu* consequ5ce 9 ! conte/ kn[n z ,k+ ,george's ,w>1--a "p ( ! w> ( ! ,au/rian succession 7p4 #dgf71--0 ! capture ( ,l\isburg1 an important =tifi$ place on ,cape ,breton1 by an exp$ition f ,bo/on 7#agde74 ,! coloni/s1 :o 7 ) reason pr\d ( _! a*ievem5t1 _h ! mortification to see ?is place re/or$ to ! ,fr5* 9 ! treaty ( peace 7#agdh74 ,9 ^! conte/s ! ,fr5* _h ! help ( _! ,indian allies1 :o fell ^u def5seless villages4 ,! ,engli% 7 sometimes aid$ by ! ,iroquois4 ,! ,engli% f\nd$ ,halifax 7#agdi74 ,,! ,,old ,,fr5* ,,w> 7#agef-agfc74--,! ,old ,fr5* & ,indian ,w> 9 ,am]ica 0 a "p ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,europe4 ,a ,briti% (fic]1 ,g54 ,braddock1 l$ a =ce :i* dep>t$ f ,=t ,cumb]l& 9 ,m>yl&1 aga9/ ,=t ,du ,quesne at ! junction ( ! ,monongahela & ,alleghany ,riv]s4 ,disreg>d+ ! advice ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 :o 0 on 8 /aff1 he all[$ himself to be surpris$ by ! ,indians & ! ,fr5*1 & 0 mortally w\nd$4 ,! rema9s ( 8 army 7 l$ by ,wa%+ton1 ^: c\rage & pres5ce ( m9d _h be5 conspicu\s1 to ,philadelphia 7#agee74 ,prior to ! exp$ition1 ,wa%+ton _h made a p]il\s j\rney z envoy1 to dem& ( ! ,fr5* comm&] 8 reasons = invad+ ! ,ohio valley4 ,! ,engli% held ,nova ,scotia1 & expell$ f _! homes ! ,fr5* ,acadians1 sev5 ?\s& 9 numb]1 9 a way t involv$ sev]e h>d%ips1 includ+ ! sep>ation ( families 7#agee74 ,!y 7 c>ri$ (f 9 %ips1 & scatt]$ among ! colonies along ! ,atlantic %ore4 ,! ,engli% also took ! =ts 9 ,acadia4 ,!re 7 two battles ne> ,lake ,george 7#agee71 9 ! fir/ ( :i* ! ,fr5* 7 victors1 b 9 ! second !y 7 r\t$4 ,montcalm1 ! ,fr5* comm&]1 captur$ ! ,engli% =t ne> ,oswego1 f :i* an exp$ition 0 to h be5 s5t aga9/ ! ,fr5* =t at ,niag>a 7#agef74 ,9 #ageg he took ,=t ,william ,h5ry on ,lake ,george4 ,,! ,,campaigns ,,( #ageh ,,& #agei4--,! ,engli% 7 dissatisfi$ at _! want ( success on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,am]ica4 ,b !y _h advantages = prosecut+ ! conflict4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o _h be5 successful at ! outset1 _h to br+ _! troops & supplies f ,europe4 ,!y 71 to be sure1 discipl9$ troops2 b ! ,engli% _h ! sub/antial /r5g? :i* 0 d]iv$ f ! prosp]\s agriculture1 & /ill m f ! brave & self-respect+ _s1 ( _! ,am]ican colonies4 ,! eld] ,william ,pitt1 aft]w>ds ,e>l ( ,*a?am1 aga9 ent]$ ! cab9et1 & began to manage ! conte/ 7#ageg74 ,! ,fr5* held po/s at important po9ts1--,=t ,du ,quesne1 :]e ,pittsburg n[ /&s1 = ! def5se ( ! ,we/2 ,cr[n ,po9t & ,ticond]oga on ,lake ,*ampla91 gu>d+ ! approa* to ,canada2 ,niag>a1 ne> ! ,great ,lakes & ! region ( ! fur-trade2 & ,l\isburg1 on ! coa/ ( ,nova ,scotia1 :i* protect$ ! fi%]ies1 & 0 a m5ace to ,new ,engl&4 ,to seize ^! po/s1 & to break d[n ! ,fr5* p[] 9 ,am]ica1 0 n[ ! aim ( ! ,engli%4 ,9 #ageh an exp$ition ( ,g54 ,ab]crombie1 at ! head ( sixte5 ?\s& m51 aga9/ ,cr[n ,po9t & ,ticond]oga1 0 repuls$2 ,"l ,h[e 0 kill$1 & ! army retreat$4 ,l\isburg1 to ! joy ( ! colonies1 0 captur$ anew by ,"l ,amh]/ 7#ageh74 ,=t ,du ,quesne 0 tak5 7#ageh71 & nam$ ,=t ,pitt2 ,=t ,front5ac on ,lake ,ont>io 0 de/roy$4 ,! object ( ! campaign ( #agei 0 ! conque/ ( ,canada4 ,=t ,niag>a 0 captur$ by ,sir ,william ,john/on 7#agei74 ,ticond]oga & ,cr[n ,po9t 7 tak51 & ! ,fr5* driv5 into ,canada4 ,!n came ! great exp$ition "u ,major-,g51 ,wolfe1 a mo/ wor?y & high-spirit$ "y (fic]1 :i* left ,l\isburg = ! capture ( ,quebec1 ! ,gibralt> ( ,am]ica4 ,! attempt ( ,wolfe to /orm ! heights 9 front ( ! city1 :i* 7 def5d$ by ! army ( ,montcalm1 fail$ ( success4 ,f a po9t f> up ! riv]1 he emb>k$ a portion ( 8 troops 9 ! night1 &1 sil5tly desc5d+ ! /ream1 climb$ ! heights 9 ! re> ( ! city1 & intr5*$ himself on ! ,pla9s ( ,abraham4 ,9 ! battle :i* took place 9 ! morn+1 bo? comm&]s1 ,wolfe & ,montcalm1 7 mortally w\nd$4 ,wolfe liv$ j long en\gh to be assur$ ( victory2 ,montcalm di$ ! next day4 ,five days aft] ! battle ! t[n surr5d]$ 7#agei74 ,an incid5t connect$ ) ,wolfe's approa* by night to ,quebec is ?us giv5 by ,mr4 ,p>kman3 ,= full two h\rs ! procession ( boats1 borne on ! curr5t1 /e]$ sil5tly d[n ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! />s 7 visible1 b ! night 0 moonless & suffici5tly d>k4 ,! g5]al 0 9 "o ( ! =emo/ boats2 & ne> him 0 a "y mid%ipman1 ,john ,robison1 aft]w>ds pr(essor ( natural philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,he us$ to tell 9 8 lat] life h[ ,wolfe1 ) a l[ voice1 repeat$ ,gray's ,elegy 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d to ! (fic]s ab\t him4 ,among ! re/1 0 ! v]se :i* 8 fate 0 soon to illu/rate1-- ',! pa?s ( glory lead b to ! grave4' ',g5tlem51' he said1 z 8 recital end$1 ',i w\ld r h writt5 ^? l9es ?an take ,quebec4' ,none 7 !re to tell him t ! h]o is great] ?an ! poet4 7,montcalm & ,wolfe1 p4 #bhg47 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,montreal & all ,canada 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli%4 ,! ,engli% colonies 7 safe4 ,x 0 decid$ t ,engli%1 n ,fr5*1 %\ld be spok5 9 aft]times on ! banks ( ! ,ohio4 ,9 ! ,peace ( ,p>is 7#agfc71 ,france kept ,l\isiana1 b _h already c$$ x to ,spa9 7#agfb74 ,,conspiracy ,,( ,,pontiac4--,! ,indians 9 ! ,we/ 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! transf]5ce ( ,canada & ! region ( ! ,lakes to ,engl&4 ,pontiac1 *ief ( ! ,ottawas1 comb9$ a l>ge numb] ( tribes1 & k9dl$ a w> aga9/ ! ,engli%1 :i* spread f ! ,mississippi to ,canada 7#agfc74 ,he captur$ eight =ts1 b fail$ to take ,detroit & ,=t ,pitt4 ,?ree ye>s pass$ be=e ! ,indians 7 completely beat51 & a treaty ( peace conclud$ ) _! lead] 7#agff74 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,colonies3 ,,population4--,at ! close ( ! ,fr5* w>1 ! population ( ! ?irte5 colonies probably exce$$ two millions1 ( :om n f> f "o f\r? 7 negro slaves4 ,! numb] ( slaves 9 ,new ,engl& 0 small4 ,!y 7 proportionately mu* m num]\s 9 ,new ,york1 b !y 7 f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! ,s\!rn colonies4 ,quak]s 7 always av]se to slav]y4 ,! slave-trade 0 /ill kept up4 ,newport 9 ,rhode ,isl& 0 "o ( ! ports :]e slave-%ips frequ5tly dis*>g$ _! c>goes4 ,,gov]nm5t4--,! =ms ( gov]nm5t 9 ! diff]5t colonies v>i$4 ,all ( !m _h _! own legislative assemblies1 & reg>d$ !m z ess5tial to _! fre$om4 ,"u ,*>les ,,ii41 ! *>t] :i* secur$ to ,massa*usetts its civil rights 0 annull$ 7#afhd74 ,"u ,james ,,ii41 ! attempt 0 made to revoke all ! ,new ,engl& *>t]s4 ,sir ,edmund ,&ros 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,new ,engl&1 & by him ! new sy/em began to be en=c$4 ,! revolution ( #afhh re/or$ to ! colonies _! privileges2 b ,massa*usetts 7) :i* ,plym\? 0 n[ unit$71 "u its new *>t] 7#afia71 no long] elect$ its gov]nor4 ,prior to ! ,revolution1 !re 7 ?ree =ms ( gov]nm5t among ! colonies4 ,propriet>y gov]nm5ts 7t is1 gov]nm5t by own]s or proprietors7 /ill rema9$ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 & ,m>yl&4 ,9 ^! ! k+ appo9t$ no (fic]s except 9 ! cu/oms & admiralty c\rts4 ,9 ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut1 :i* l ,massa*usetts reta9$ _! *>t]s1 ! gov]nors 7 *os5 by ! p4 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 _h royal or prov9cial gov]nm5ts3 ! gov]nor & c\ncil 7 appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,,occupations4--,! *ief occupation ( ! coloni/s 0 agriculture4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 :eat & corn 7 rais$4 ,f ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&1 great crops ( tobacco 7 export$ f ! plantations1 9 ,engli% %ips :i* came up ! ,potomac & ! ,james4 ,rice 0 cultivat$ 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,indigo 0 also rais$4 ,cotton 0 gr[n 9 ! ,s\?4 ,labor 9 ! fields 9 ! ,s\!rn colonies 0 p]=m$ by ! negroes4 ,build+ ( %ips 0 a pr(itable occupation on ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cod & o!r fi%]ies also gave employm5t to _m1 & prov$ a s*ool = ! tra9+ ( seam54 ,! coloni/s 7 indu/ri\s & prosp]\s1 b g5]ally frugal & pla9 9 _! /yle ( liv+4 ,,education ,,& ,,religion4--,common s*ools 7 e>ly e/abli%$ by law 9 ,new ,engl&1 & by ! ,dut* 9 ,new ,york4 ,z ,mr4 ,bancr(t well obs]ves1 ,he t w und]/& ! political "* ( ,new ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury mu/ /udy ! con/itution ( its t[ns1 its congregations1 its s*ools1 & its militia4 ,h>v>d ,college 0 f\nd$ 9 #afcf2 ,william & ,m>y1 9 #afic2 ,yale1 9 #agjj4 ,eighte5 ye>s aft] ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims at ,plym\?1 a pr9t+-press 0 set up at ,cambridge4 ,9 #agjd ! fir/ ,am]ican newspap]1 ,! ,bo/on ,news ,lett]1 0 e/abli%$4 ,9 ! ,puritan colonies1 ! m9ds ( ! p 7 quick5$ intellectually z well z religi\sly1 by ! "* ( ! pulpit disc\rses4 ,!ology 0 an absorb+ !me ( inquiry & discussion4 ,9 ! t[n-meet+s1 especially 9 ! clos+ "p ( ! colonial p]iod1 political affairs became a subject ( e>ne/ debate4 ,9 all ! colonies1 ! repres5tative assemblies furni%$ a practical tra9+ 9 political life4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n colonies1 ! p 7 mo/ly ,congregationali/s & ,calv9i/s3 ,presbyt]ians 7 num]\s 9 ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,9 ,virg9ia ! ,episcopal ,*ur* 0 support$ by legislative au?ority2 & x 0 favor$1 ?\gh n e/abli%$ by law1 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 :ile !re 0 fre$om 9 religion1 ! ,quak]s /ill sway$ legislation & public op9ion4 ,philadelphia1 ) its population ( ?irty ?\s&1 0 ! l>ge/ city 9 ,am]ica1 & 0 held 9 high e/eem = its intellig5ce & ref9em5t4 ,,compla9ts ,,( ,,! ,,colonies4--,! coloni/s all ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( k+ & p>liam5t1 b !y felt t !y _h br\ght ) !m across ! ocean ! rights ( ,engli%m54 ,"o ?+ t 0 m & m compla9$ ( 0 ! laws compell+ ! colonies to trade ) ! "m c\ntry exclusively1 & ! enactm5ts lay+ re/ra9t on _! manufactures4 ,9 ! conflicts ) ! ,indians f "t to "t1 ! necessity _h aris5 = leagues2 &1 m ?an once1 congresses ( delegates _h met4 ,"o ( ^! 0 held at ,albany 9 #aged1 :]e ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 pres5t4 ,9 ! ,old ,fr5* ,w>1 !re _h be5 a call = conc]t ( action1 & a deep5+ ( ! s5se ( common int]e/s & ( be+ really "o p4 ,,new ,,gr\nds ,,( ,,disaffection4--,! colonies _h tax$ !mselves 9 ! ,fr5* ,w>2 b ! condition ( ! f9ances 9 ,engl& at ! close ( x inspir$ ! wi% !re to en=ce ! laws ( trade m rigidly 9 ,am]ica1 & to levy additional taxes ^u ! prov9ces4 ,^! ,engli% laws 7 s odi\s t !y 7 (t5 evad$4 ,! writs ( assi/ance 9 ,massa*usetts au?oriz$ cu/om-h\se (fic]s to se>* h\ses = smuggl$ goods 7#agfa74 ,9 ! legal resi/ance to ?is measure1 a s5t5ce 0 utt]$ by a ,bo/on patriot1 ,james ,otis1 :i* became a wat*word4 ,taxation1 he said1 )\t repres5tation is tyranny4 ,taxation1 x 0 cont5d$1 mu/ be orda9$ by ! local colonial assemblies 9 :i* ! tax-pay]s are repres5t$4 ,b ! ,/amp ,act 7#agfe71 requir+ = legal & o!r docum5ts ! use ( /amp$ pap]1 0 a =m ( taxation4 ,x excit$ indignation 9 all ! colonies1 especially 9 ,virg9ia & 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,9 all ! measures ( resi/ance1 ,virg9ia & ,massa*usetts 7 =emo/4 ,patrick ,h5ry1 an impassion$1 patriotic orator1 9 ! ,virg9ia ,legislature1 0 v bold 9 d5\nc+ ! obnoxi\s ,act1 & ! alleg$ "r to tax ! colonies :i* x impli$4 ,?is "r 0 d5i$ 9 a ,congress :]e n9e colonies 7 repres5t$1 :i* met 9 ,new ,york 9 #agfe4 ,!y call$ = ! repeal ( ! ,/amp ,act1 & decl>$ aga9/ ! importation ( ,engli% goods until ! repeal %\ld be grant$4 ,william ,pitt1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 eulogiz$ ! _s ( ! colonies4 ,! ,/amp ,act 0 repeal$4 ,! discussions :i* x _h provok$ 9 ,am]ica _h awak5$ ! :ole p1 & made !m wat*ful aga9/ ?is sort ( aggression4 ,political topics engross$ att5tion4 ,:5 ,p>liam5t ord]$ t ! colonies %\ld support ! troops qu>t]$ on !m1 & t ! royal (fic]s %\ld h fix$ sal>ies1 to be obta9$1 n by ! volunt>y grants ( colonial legislatures1 b by ! levy ( new duties1 !re 0 a r5ew$ outbur/ ( disaffection1 especially 9 ,new ,york & ,bo/on 7#agfh74 ,by way ( response to a petition t 0 s5t to ! k+ aga9/ ^! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 f\r regim5ts ( troops 7 s5t to ,bo/on4 ,_! pres5ce 0 a bitt] grievance4 ,9 "o case1 !re 0 blood%$ 9 a broil 9 ! /reet betwe5 ! populace & ! soldi]s1 :i* 0 call$ ,! ,bo/on ,massacre 7#aggj74 ,an influ5tial lead] ( ! popul> p>ty 9 ,bo/on 0 ! /an* ,puritan patriot1 ,samuel ,adams4 ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,controv]sy4--,aft] ! o!r taxes 7 repeal$1 ! tax on tea rema9$ 9 =ce4 ,a mob ( "y m51 disguis$ z ,indians1 w5t on bo>d ?ree vessels 9 ,bo/on ,h>bor1 & ?rew ov]bo>d _! freight ( tea 7#aggc74 ,be=e1 !re _h be5 outbreak+s ( popul> wra? aga9/ ! /amp-(fic]s4 ,_! h\ses _h be5 sometimes attack$3 !y _h be5 burnt 9 effigy1 & 9 "s cases driv5 to resign4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! me?ods ( resi/ance _h be5 legal & ord]ly4 ,:5 ! news ( ! de/ruction ( ! tea rea*$ ,engl&1 ,p>liam5t retaliat$ by pass+ ! ,bo/on ,port ,bill 7#aggd71 :i* clos$ t port to ! exportation or importation ( goods1 except food or fuel4 ,! c\rts1 moreov]1 7 giv5 ! p[] to s5d p]sons *>g$ ) high crimes to ,engl&1 or to ano!r colony1 = trial4 ,to cr[n all1 ,g5]al ,gage1 ! comm&] ( ! ,briti% troops1 0 made ,gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,cont95tal ,,congress4--,9 ord] to produce conc]t ( action1 committees ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! sev]al colonies 7 e/abli%$4 ,! ,fir/ ,cont95tal ,congress1 compos$ ( delegates f ! colonies1 0 conv5$ 9 ,philadelphia 7#aggd74 ,! rem$ies to :i* !y resort$ 71 addresses to ! k+ & to ! p ( ,great ,brita92 an appeal = support to ,canada2 & a resolve n to trade ) ,great ,brita9 until !re %\ld be a r$ress ( grievances4 ,,concord ,,& ,,bunk] ,,hill4--,! ,legislature 9 ,massa*usetts1 :i* ,gage w\ld n recognize1 =m$ itself into ! ,prov9cial ,congress4 ,! fir/ collision took place at ,concord 7,april #ai1 #agge71 :]e a deta*m5t ( ,briti% troops 0 s5t to de/roy ! milit>y /ores ga!r$ by ?is body4 ,on ,lex+ton ,gre51 ! ,briti% troops fir$ on ! militia1 & kill$ sev5 m54 ,arriv+ at ,concord1 !y enc\nt]$ resi/ance4 ,!re ! fir/ %ot 0 fir$ by ,am]ica 9 ! mom5t\s /ruggle1--! %ot he>d r\nd ! _w4 ,a numb] 7 kill$ on bo? sides1 & ! attack+ =ce 0 h>ass$ all ! way on its return to ,bo/on4 ,! p ev]y:]e rose 9 arms4 ,m5 flock$ f _! f>ms & work%ops to ! camp :i* 0 =m$ ne> ,bo/on4 ,israel ,putnam1 :o _h be5 an (fic] 9 ! ,fr5* ,w>1 left 8 pl[ 9 ! field at 8 home 9 ,connecticut1 & rode to t place1 a di/ance ( sixty-eight miles1 9 "o day4 ,/>k f ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,gre5e f ,rhode ,isl&1 soon arriv$4 ,,! ,,second ,,cont95tal ,,congress1 9 session at ,philadelphia1 assum$ control ( milit>y op]ations 9 all ! colonies4 ,at ! sugge/ion fir/ made by ,john ,adams ( ,massa*usetts1 ,colonel ,george ,wa%+ton ( ,virg9ia 0 unanim\sly appo9t$ comm&]-9-*ief4 ,8 m+l$ c\rage & prud5ce1 8 l(ty & unselfi% patriotism1 8 admirable sobriety ( judgm5t1 & 8 r>e p[] ( self-control1 connect$ z x 0 ) a n less r>e p[] ( comm&1 & ) a firmness :i* no disa/] c\ld %ake1 made him "o ( ! noble/ ( m54 ,be=e he rea*$ ,cambridge1 :]e he assum$ comm& ( ! ga!r+ =ces 7,july #c1 #agge71 he receiv$ ! news ( ! battle ( ,bunk] ,hill1 9 :i* ! prov9cial soldi]s1 "u ,putnam & ,prescott1 made a /& aga9/ ! regul>s1 z ! ,briti% troops 7 call$1 & retreat$ only on ! ?ird assault1 & :5 _! ammunition _h giv5 out4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,w>r51 a lead+ ,bo/on patriot1 0 sla9 9 ! battle4 ,be=e ?is "t1 ,=t ,ticond]oga _h be5 captur$ by ,e?an ,all51 & cannon be5 s5t f x to aid 9 ! siege ( ,bo/on 7#agge74 ,b an attack on ,quebec by ,arnold & ,montgom]y1 :o ent]$ ,canada by diff]5t r\tes1 fail$ ( its object4 ,be=e ,briti% re9=cem5ts arriv$1 ! ,am]ican troops ab&on$ ,canada4 ,9 ! attack on ,quebec1 ,montgom]y fell1 & ,arnold 0 sev]ely w\nd$ 7,dec4 #ca1 #agge74 ,,indep5d5ce4--,only a brief sket* c "h be giv5 ( ! sev5 ye>s' /ruggle ( ! ,unit$ ,colonies4 ,on ! #d? ( ,july1 #aggf1 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 drawn up 9 ! ma9 by ,?omas ,jeff]son1 & ( :i* ,john ,adams 0 ! mo/ eloqu5t advocate on ! floor ( ,congress1 pass$ t body4 ,x 0 sign$ by ! ,presid5t1 ,john ,hancock1 & fifty-five memb]s4 ,! colonies easily conv]t$ !mselves into ,/ates1 ne>ly all ( !m fram+ new con/itutions4 ,?irte5 ,articles ( ,conf$]ation made !m into a league1 "u ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ea* ,/ate reta9+ its sov]eignty 7#aggg74 ,frankl91 an old man1 & respect$ 9 ,europe z well z at home = 8 sci5tific atta9m5ts z well z = 8 /urdy sagacity1 w5t to ,france z _! envoy4 ,among ! soldi]s :o came f ,europe to jo9 ! ,am]icans 7 ,la ,fayette1--a "y ,fr5* nobleman1 :o 0 inspir$ ) a zeal = lib]ty1 & 0 n )\t a ?ir/ = fame1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he desir$ to m]it1--& ,/eub51 an (fic] tra9$ "u ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,9 ,p>liam5t1 ! ,:ig orators spoke out manfully = ! ,am]ican cause4 ,! k+ hir$ ,g]man troops = ! subjugation ( its def5d]s4 ,,! ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,! maneuv]s ( ,wa%+ton =c$ ,gage to evacuate ,bo/on4 ,! ,am]ican g5]al !n und]took ! def5se ( ,new ,york4 ,! ,briti% =ces1 to ! numb] ( ?irty ?\s&1 "u ,g54 ,h[e1 & ,admiral ,h[e 8 bro!r1 7 collect$ on ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,! ,am]icans 7 defeat$ 9 a battle on ,long ,isl& 7,aug4 #bg1 #aggf71 & c\ld n hold ! city4 ,x rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,briti% to ! end ( ! w>4 ,wa%+ton )drew 8 troops to ,:ite ,pla9s4 ,=t ,wa%+ton & ,=t ,lee 7 lo/4 ,! ,am]ican comm&]1 foll[$ by ,"l ,cornwallis1 retreat$ sl[ly ?r\gh ,new ,j]sey 7#aggf74 ,^! 7 s]i\s rev]ses4 ,by bold & successful attacks at ,tr5ton & ,pr9ceton1 ! depress$ spirits ( ! army & ! c\ntry 7 reviv$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aggg ,h[e s\ght to capture ,philadelphia1 & l&$ 8 =ces at ! head ( ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,! ,am]icans 7 defeat$ at ,br&yw9e 7,sept4 #aj72 & ,philadelphia1 :i* _h be5 ! seat ( ,congress1 01 l ,new ,york1 9 ! possession ( ! ,briti%4 ,_! policy 0 to isolate ,new ,engl&4 ,to ?is end1 ,g54 ,burgoyne1 ) a l>ge army ( ,fr5* & ,indians1 came d[n f ! nor? ( ,lake ,*ampla94 ,a deta*m5t ( 8 =ces 0 defeat$ by ,/>k at ,b5n+ton4 ,burgoyne himself 0 oblig$ to surr5d]1 ) six ?\s& m51 to ,gates1 at ,s>atoga 7,oct4 #ag74 ,?is ev5t made its due impression abroad4 ,france recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ent]$ into an alliance ) !m4 ,?is alliance 0 a turn+-po9t 9 ! /ruggle4 ,wa%+ton's army1 ill-clad & ill-f$1 suff]$ t]ribly 9 ! w9t] ( #aggg-gh at ,valley ,=ge2 b he %>$ 9 _! r\gh f>e1 & _! discipl9e 0 mu* improv$ by ! drill :i* !y receiv$ !re f ,/eub54 ,sir ,h5ry ,cl9ton left ,philadelphia 9 ord] t ! ,briti% =ces might be conc5trat$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,he 0 ov]tak5 by ,wa%+ton1 & ! battle ( ,monm\? took place1 :i* 01 on ! :ole1 a success = ! ,am]icans4 ,! design ( ! ,briti% to sep>ate ,new ,engl& f ! re/ ( ! ,/ates _h fail$4 ,wa%+ton 0 aga9 at ,:ite ,pla9s4 ,!y n[ began op]ations 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,among ! occurr5ces 9 ?is p]iod ( ! w> 7 ! massacre ( ! settlem5ts 9 ! valley ( ! ,wyom+1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 by ! ,indian auxili>ies ( ! ,briti%2 ! surr5d] ( ,savannah1 & ) x ,georgia & ,*>le/on1 by ! ,am]icans2 ! gallant /orm+ ( ,/ony ,po9t1 on ! ,hudson1 by ,wayne 7,july #ae1 #aggi71 & a brilliant naval victory ( ,paul ,jones 9 a desp]ate engagem5t ) two ,briti% frigates ne> ! nor?-ea/]n coa/ ( ,engl& 7,sept4 #aggi74 ,! ,am]ican p>tisan lead]s1 ,m>ion1 ,sumt]1 & ,pick5s1 c>ri$ =w>d an irregul> b h>ass+ w>f>e 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,at ,camd51 ,gates 0 defeat$ by ,cornwallis2 & ,b>on de ,kalb1 a brave ,fr5* (fic]1 ( ,g]man extraction1 9 ! ,am]ican s]vice1 fell 7,aug4 #af1 #aghj74 ,9 ?is ye> 7#aghj7 ,b5$ict ,arnold's treason 0 detect$2 & ,major ,&r1 a ,briti% (fic] ?r\gh :om ,arnold _h made arrangem5ts = giv+ up ! =tress ( ,we/ ,po9t to ! enemy1 0 tak5 captive1 & execut$ z a spy4 ,9 ! next ye> ,g54 ,na?anael ,gre5e conduct$ milit>y op]ations 9 ,georgia & ! ,c>ol9as ) mu* skill1 & succe$$ 9 press+ ! army ( ,"l ,cornwallis into ! p59sula =m$ by ! ,york & ,james ,riv]s 9 ,virg9ia4 ,?i!r ! ,fr5* fleet sail$ "u ,c\nt ,de ,grasse2 & ,wa%+ton1 by =c$ m>*es1 0 enabl$ to jo9 ) ! ,fr5* 9 surr\nd+ ! ,briti% works at ,yorkt[n4 ,on ! day :5 ,cl9ton left ,new ,york1 at ! head ( 8 =ces1 to unite ) ,cornwallis1 t (fic] surr5d]$1 ) 8 entire army ( sev5 ?\s& m51 to ,wa%+ton 7#agha74 ,?is bl[ 0 fatal to ! ,briti% cause4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 recogniz$ by ,holl&1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,spa91 & ,russia 7#aghb74 ,! w> _h be5 prolong$ by ! p]sonal ob/9acy ( ,george ,,iii41 aga9/ ! wi%es ( 8 m9i/]1 ,"l ,nor?4 ,! surr5d] ( ,cornwallis made x pla9 t fur!r ef=t to conqu] ,am]ica 0 hopeless4 ,spa9 & ,holl& _h jo9$ h&s ) ,france1 b ,rodney _h won a great naval victory ov] ,de ,grasse 7,april #ab1 #aghb74 ,by ! treaty ( peace1 sign$ at ,p>is & ,v]sailles 7#aghc71 ,engl& recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce ( h] =m] colonies4 ,,am]ica ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,! ,congress dur+ ! w> _h issu$ pap] money to ! am\nt ( tw5ty millions ( doll>s4 ,x _h no p[] to lay taxes1 or to compel ! ,/ates to pay _! sev]al portions ( ! public indebt$ness4 ,! ,/ates !mselves 7 poor1 & l>gely 9 debt4 ,!y surr5d]$1 h[ev]1 _! unoccupi$ public l&s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aghg ,congress made "o t]ritory ( ! di/rict nor?-we/ ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 :i* ,virg9ia _h c$$1 & by an ord9ance exclud$ slav]y f x = ev]4 ,,! ,,con/itution4--,! lack ( "o sy/em ( law = ! diff]5t ,/ates 9 ref]5ce to duties on imports1 & on v>i\s o!r matt]s ( common conc]n1 & disord]s spr++ up 9 diff]5t places1 inspir$ an anxi\s desire = a /rong] c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,a conv5tion1 ov] :i* ,wa%+ton presid$1 met 9 ,philadelphia 9 #aghg1 & =m$ ! new ,con/itution4 ,hamilton ( ,new ,york & ,madison ( ,virg9ia 7 lead+ memb]s4 ,!re 0 mu* opposition to ! new plan ( gov]nm5t :i* !y agre$ ^u1 b x 0 f9ally adopt$ by all ! ,/ates4 ,x suppli$ ! defects ( ! old conf$]ation by unit+ national ) f$]al elem5ts4 ,to ! ,s5ate1 made up ( two delegates f ea* ,/ate1 x add$ a ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 :]e ! numb] ( memb]s f ea* ,/ate 0 made proportionate to ! population4 ,x put ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 )9 ! limit ( its def9$ functions1 into a direct relation to ! citiz5s1 & gave to x judicial & executive dep>tm5ts to c>ry out & en=ce its legislation4 ,x committ$ to ! c5tral au?ority ! managem5t ( =eign affairs1 & v>i\s o!r p[]s necess>y = ! pres]vation ( peace & unity 9 ! l&1 & = ! secur+ ( ! common weal ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,wa%+ton 0 unanim\sly *os5 z ! fir/ presid5t ( ! ,republic1 & ,john ,adams 0 *os5 vice-presid5t4 ,! fir/ ,congress met 9 ,new ,york 9 ,april1 #aghi1 al?\gh ! day appo9t$ 0 ,m>* #d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,lit]ature1 ,,sci5ce1 ,,& ,,religion4 ,,lit]ature4 ,i4 ,,france4 ,,poetry ,,& ,,! ,,drama4--,! lit]ature ( ,france 9 ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 classical 9 its _s4 ,! anci5t ,greek & ,roman writ]s 7 admir$ & imitat$4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 n[ to run its c\rse4 ,! ,fr5* ,academy1 f\nd$ by ,ri*elieu1 und]took to regulate & improve ! ,fr5* language4 ,measure1 f9i%1 elegance1 7 dem&$ by ! reign+ ta/e1 9 all lit]>y productions4 ,corneille 7#afjf-afhd71 ! fa!r ( ,fr5* trag$y1 0 ! mo/ virile ( ! ,fr5* dramati/s4 ,rac9e 7#afci-afii71 :o foll[$1 if less gr&1 0 m pa!tic4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 9 writ]s ( g5ius1--ev5 9 ! great prea*]s1 z ,b\rdal\e & ,massillon1 :o =m$ a type ( pulpit eloqu5ce peculi> to ,france1--a t5d5cy to :at seems n[ a /ilt$ /yle4 ,! ma/] 9 com$y 0 ,molire 7#afbb-afgc71 an actor1 z well z an au?or ( inimitable humor4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ,fr5* au?ors has be5 ,la ,fonta9e 7#afba-afie71 ^: fables h *>m$ multitudes by _! smoo? v]sification1 z well z by _! cont5ts4 ,boileau 7#afcf-agaa71 ! ,horace ( ,france1 prescrib$1 z a lawgiv]1 rules ^u ! ,art ( ,poetry1 & himself wrote satires & o!r poems ( high m]it4 ,,prose ,,lit]ature4--,bossuet 7#afbg-agjd7 0 an eloqu5t prea*] & hi/orical writ]1 & an exp]t !ological polemic ( ! lib]al ,ca?olic s*ool4 ,( a v diff]5t tone is ,ro*ef\cauld1 ^: ,maxims1 express$ 9 pi?y language1 seek to trace all virtu\s action to self-seek+4 ,! ,fr5* fondness = epigram--= t]se1 p>adoxical /atem5t--is exemplifi$ ev5 9 ! be/ writ]s1 z1 = example1 ,blaise ,pascal4 ,la ,bruyre 7#afde-afif71 a g5ial philosoph]1 wrote 9 a mo/ attractive /yle a "w entitl$ ,! ,*>act]s ( ,our ,age4 ,! metaphysician ,malebran*e 7#afch-agae7 taught t we "k ?r\gh our spiritual union ) ,god1 or t we see all ?+s 9 ,god4 ,a disciple ( ,des ,c>tes1 he did n /rictly foll[ 8 ma/]4 ,fnelon 7#afea-agae71 illu/ri\s = 8 piety z well z = 8 v]satile au?or%ip1 wrote on religi\s topics & on education4 ,( all 8 writ+s1 8 ,telema*us1 compos$ = ! "y ,duke ( ,burgundy1 8 pupil1 has be5 ! mo/ read4 ,! lett]s ( ,madame de ,svign1 address$ to h] daught]1 & n meant = publication1 pres5t mo/ graphic descriptions ( ! *>act]s & occurr5ces ( ! day4 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4--,:5 we cross ! limit ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 we meet ) gr[+ signs ( skepticism 9 religion1 & ( innovation 9 political ?\ght4 ,criticism ( ! pa/1 ( traditional cre$s & e/abli%$ in/itutions1 is spread+4 ,! ,hi/orical & ,critical ,diction>y ( ,bayle1 a /oreh\se ( *ronicle & anecdote1 is leav5$ ) ! _s ( d\bt4 ,?ree great writ]s des]ve special att5tion4 ,montesquieu 7#afhi-agee7 satiriz$ all dogma 9 8 ,p]sian ,lett]s4 ,8 celebrat$ "w on ! ,_s ( ,laws is j & humane 9 its tone1 & full ( orig9al & inspir+ views on hi/ory & gov]nm5t4 ,he is "o ( ! f\nd]s ( mod]n political sci5ce4 ,voltaire 7#afid-aggh71 ! mo/ popul> ( all ! writ]s ( 8 age1 0 ! inc>nation ( its critical & skeptical _s1 ! highe/ example ( its wit z ( its levity1 & ( ! artificial "* ( its lit]>y ideals4 ,he 0 play-writ]1 poet1 hi/orian1 critic1 & brilliant conv]s]1 all 9 "o4 ,9 religion1 a sc(f] n only at sup]/ition1 b at all beliefs & rites :i* imply revelation1 he /ill clung to ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god4 ,8 cre$ 0 deism1 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau 7#agab-aggh7 01 l ,voltaire1 a dei/ 9 8 cre$2 b 9 religion1 z 9 all 8 m5tal action1 !re 0 a ve9 ( s5tim5t4 ,by ! fasc9ation ( 8 /yle1 he 0 able1 9 8 v>i\s writ+s1 includ+ 8 autobiographical ,confessions1 to int]e/ pr(\ndly multitudes ( read]s ( bo? sexes1 & ev5 to move !m to sympa?y ) himself 9 a c>e] :i* des]ves n less abhorr5ce ?an commis]ation4 ,he 01 p]haps1 ! fir/ au?or to evoke 9 o!rs a g5u9e reli%1 :i* he felt himself1 = ! wild sc5]y ( nature4 ,9 8 ,social ,contract he ma9ta9$ t gov]nm5t gr[s out ( a contract ( individuals ) "o ano!r1 all ( :om 9 ! /ate ( nature are free & indep5d5t4 ,he c>ri$ to a great extreme an idea :i* 9 ,engl& _h be5 held by ,hook]1 & m explicitly exp\nd$ by ,locke4 ,8 doctr9e furni%$ a !ory = ! political revolution 9 ,france4 ,! ,encyclopdi/s w5t mu* beyond ,voltaire & ,r\sseau4 ,d',alemb]t1 ,helvetius1 ,holba*1 advocat$ a!ism & mat]ialism4 ,condillac 7#agae-aghj7 s\ght to r$uce ?is species ( infidelity to an exact philosophical sy/em by trac+ ev5 consci5ce to s5sation & self-int]e/4 ,all religi\s s5tim5t 0 condemn$ z morbid illusion4 ,,ii4 ,,g]many4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! great "n 9 philosophy is t ( ,leibnitz 7#afdf-agaf71 a rival ( ,newton 9 ma!matics & natural sci5ce1 & an em95t ?9k] 9 metaphysics1 !ology1 & 9 jurisprud5ce4 ,9 intellect & 9 v>iety ( atta9m5ts1 he is almo/ ! pe] ( ,ari/otle4 ,wolf 7#afgi-aged7 8 disciple1 sy/emiz$ & modifi$ 8 philosophical views4 ,klop/ock 7#agbd-ahjc71 ! au?or ( ,messiah1 writt5 some:at aft] ! mann] ( ! ,p>adise ,lo/ ( ,milton1 excell$ ! o!r ,g]man poets ( 8 day4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great treat$ ) disrespect ! native lit]>y products ( 8 c\ntry4 ,yet a new era 9 ,g]man lett]s & criticism 0 op5$ by ,less+ 7#agbi-agha71 a poet1 & a critic ( admirable insight1 ^: influ5ce 9 ?is direction 9 ,g]many has be5 lik5$ 9 its p[] to t ( ,lu!r 9 religion4 ,,iii4 ,,italy4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 !re 0 a new revival ( lit]ature 9 ,italy4 ,vico 7#affh-agdd7 almo/ made an epo* 9 ! sci5tific treatm5t ( hi/ory & my?ology2 9 political economy & 9 ar*eology1 !re 7 num]\s explor]s2 ,flor5ce became once m a seat ( le>n+4 ,becc>ia 7#agch-agid7 by 8 writ+s introduc$ m humane views 9 crim9al jurisprud5ce4 ,volta 7#agde-ahbg71 an electrician1 con/ruct$ ! in/rum5t call$ ! voltaic pile4 ,meta/asio 7#afih-aghb7 fo/]$ ! melodrama1 or ,italian op]a1 by 8 dramatic writ+s4 ,goldoni 7#agjg-agic71 a ,v5etian1 0 ! mo/ em95t writ] ( com$ies4 ,trag$y rea*$ its acme 9 ! works ( ,alfi]i 7#agdi-ahjc71 ! f\nd] ( a new s*ool4 ,,iv4 ,,engl&4 ,9 ,engl&1 aft] ! ,re/oration1 ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* /&>ds 9 lit]ature is obvi\s4 ,! drama decl9$1 p>tly f ! e>li] antagonism ( ! ,puritans1 & p>tly f ! rage = indec5cy :i* infect$ ! dramatic writ]s1--ev5 ^? ( mu* ability1 z ,congreve1--& defil$ ! /age4 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress ( ,bunyan 7#afbh-hh7 is writt5 9 a pla91 unaffect$ /yle1 & is ! mo/ popul> "w ( t age4 ,9 %>p contra/ ) ,bunyan is ,butl]'s ,hudibras1 a witty satire1 9 dogg]el v]se1 ^u ,puritanism4 ,! pr9cipal writ]1 prior to ,que5 ,anne1 is ,dryd5 7#afca-agjj74 ,we h pass$ n[ f ! ,romantic s*ool ( poetry1 9 :i* ,%akspe>e is ! mo/ exalt$ "n1 to ! ,classical s*ool4 ,9 ! age ( ,que5 ,anne1 ,pope 7#afhh-agdd71 ) 8 vigor1 )\t elevation1 ( ?\ght1 8 smoo? v]sification & bright wit1 is ! pr9cipal figure4 ,! same p]iod produc$ ! labor$ novels ( ,ri*>dson 7#afhi-agfa71 & ! vigor\s & lifelike fictions ( ,field+ 7#agjg-aged71 :i* are1 unhappily1 disfigur$ by co>se & lic5ti\s passages4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 ,addison 7#afgb-agai7 & ,/eele 7#afgb-agbi7 7 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ essayi/s4 ,9 !m1 z 9 ! novels ( ,defoe 7#affa-agca71 ! au?or ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 & 9 ! prose writ+s ( ,swift 7#affg-agde71 ! ri*ness & idiomatic =ce ( ! ,engli% tongue are se52 :ile 9 ,samuel ,johnson1 ! lit]>y dictator 9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury1 ! au?or ( ! ,engli% ,diction>y1 ( ,! ,rambl]1 ! ,lives ( ! ,poets1 & ,rasselas1 we h a /rik+ & contagi\s example ( a /ately1 s\nd+1 ,lat9iz$ diction4 ,9 pleas+ contra/1 z reg>ds /yle1 :i* *>ms f its simplicity1 are ! writ+s ( ,goldsmi? 7#agbh-gd74 ,9 poetry1 ,gray 7#agaf-ga71 ! au?or ( ! ,elegy 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d1 & ,coll9s 7#agba-ei71 wrote little1 b wrote well4 ,! triumvirate ( great ,engli% hi/orians ( ! c5tury are ,hume1 ,rob]tson1 & ,gibbon4 ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire is a monum5t ( ma/]ly ability & ( va/ rese>*2 a "w1 h[ev]1 m>r$ by a want ( naturalness 9 /yle1 &1 /ill m1 by a lack ( religi\s fai? & rev]5ce1 & by impurity ( tone & allusion4 ,hume's /yle is "o ( 8 *ief claims to e/eem z an hi/orian2 = he 0 indol5t 9 8 rese>*es1 & prejudic$ 9 8 views4 ,he m]it$ di/9ction *iefly z an economi/ & a metaphysician4 ,,philosophy4--,9 ,engli% philosophy1 !re are sev]al writ]s ( extraord9>y tal5ts & influ5ce4 ,john ,locke 7#afcb-agjd71 an upright man & a lov] ( fre$om1 wrote ! celebrat$ ,essay on ! ,und]/&+1 besides o!r important works 9 political sci5ce & !ology4 ,he trac$ all our k to two s\rces1 s5sation & reflection1 ultimately to ! fir/ ( ^!4 ,b]keley 7#afhe-agec7 advocat$ ) r>e g5ius an ideal !ory ( matt]1 & def5d$ !ism4 ,hume 7#agaa-gf7 indirectly gave rise to mu* ( ! lat] philosophy1 by 8 acute speculations 9 behalf ( skepticism z to ! reality ( human k & ! f\ndation ( accept$ beliefs4 ,reid 7#agaj-if7 rescu$ philosophy f ! attacks ( ,hume by ! doctr9e ( common s5se1 & ?us f\nd$ ! ,scotti% s*ool ( metaphysicians4 ,among ! num]\s au?ors :o cultivat$ bo? philosophy & !ology1 p>ticul> di/9ction belongs to ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke 7#afge-agbi71 & to ,bi%op ,joseph ,butl] 7#afib-ageb7 :o wrote briefly1 b ) m>k$ p[]1 on ! nature ( consci5ce1 & on ! ,analogy betwe5 religion & :at we "k ( ! con/itution & c\rse ( nature4 ,,newton3 ,,adam ,,smi?4--,sir ,isaac ,newton 7#afdb-agbg71 ! discov]] ( ! law ( gravitation1 made1 ?r\gh 8 ,pr9cipia1 "o ( ! mo/ important contributions ev] made to ! advancem5t ( physical sci5ce4 ,9 #aggf ,adam ,smi?1 a ,scot*man1 :o _h previ\sly writt5 on metaphysics & politics1 publi%$ 8 treatise on ,! ,weal? ( ,nations1 ! fir/ complete sy/em ( political economy4 ,he %[$ t money is n weal?1 b simply "o product s]v+ z a means ( ex*ange4 ,he made x cle>1 t1 = "o nation to ga9 9 trade1 x is n requisite t ano!r %\ld lose4 ,mu* light 0 ?r[n on political economy by essays ( ,hume4 ,v4 ,,am]ica4 ,! mo/ notable ,am]ican writ]s be=e ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce 7 ,jona?an ,edw>ds 7#agjc-eh71 a great metaphysical g5ius1 & ! f\nd] ( a s*ool 9 !ology2 & ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7#agjf-ij71 ^: writ+s1 9 excell5t ,engli%1 relat$ ma9ly to e?ical & economical topics4 ,z ! ,revolution approa*$1 !re sprung up au?ors ( ability on ! political que/ions ( ! day4 ,! ,f$]ali/1 writt5 aft] ! w>1 by ,hamilton1 ,madison1 & ,jay1 9 favor ( ! propos$ ,con/itution1 is a "w ( high m]it1 z reg>ds bo? matt] & /yle4 ,,natural ,,& ,,physical ,,sci5ce4 ,! inductive me?od1 or ! ,baconian me?od ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 began to be> ri* fruits4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton 7#afdb-agbg7 n only discov]$ ! law ( gravitation3 o!r discov]ies by him 9 me*anics & optics 7 ( great mom5t 9 ! progress ( ^? sci5ces4 ,fluxions1 or ! diff]5tial calculus1 0 discov]$ indep5d5tly by bo? ,newton & ,leibnitz4 ,eul]1 a ,swiss ma!matician ( ! highe/ ability 7#agjg-aghc71 contribut$ ess5tially to ! advancem5t ( me*anics4 ,napi] inv5t$ log>i?ms1 to %ort5 ma!matical calculations4 ,huyg5s1 a ,dut* philosoph] 7#afbi-afie71 inv5t$ ! p5dulum clock4 ,gregory 7#afch-afge7 inv5t$ ! reflect+ telescope1 ,halley1 an ,engli% a/ronom] 7#afef-agdb71 gave 8 "n to a comet ^: return he pr$ict$4 ,gu]icke inv5t$ 7#afhj71 & ,rob]t ,boyle 7#afbg-afia7 p]fect$1 ! air-pump4 ,boyle 0 active 9 f\nd+ ! ,royal ,society 7#affj74 ,volta1 by ! inv5tion ( ! pile call$ by 8 "n1 & ,frankl91 signally advanc$ ! /udy ( electricity4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( zology1 ,buffon is a great "n1 z is t ( ,lavoisi] 9 *emi/ry4 ,l9naeus1 a ,sw$e1 born 9 ! same ye> ) ,buffon 7#agjg71 atta9$ to ! highe/ di/9ction by r$uc+ botany to a sy/em4 ,! lives ( ! em95t a/ronom]s ,lagrange 7#agcf-ahac71 ,laplace 7#agdi-ahbg71 & ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 7#agch-ahbb71 outla/$ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! radical improvem5t ( ! /eam-eng9e by ,james ,watt1 a ,scot*man 7#agcf-ahai71--:o obta9$ 8 fir/ pat5t 9 #agfi1--;& ! inv5tion ( ! sp9n+-j5ny by ,ri*>d ,arkwright 7#agcb-agib71 are indicative ( a new era ( progress 9 ! application ( sci5ce to practical arts & uses4 ,,religion ,,& ,,!ology4 ,,engli% ,,deism4--,! religi\s debates & ! religi\s w>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 foll[$ by mu* indiff]5ce & disbelief 9 ! eighte5?4 ,we>9ess ) sect>ian /ruggles1 & revolt aga9/ ! yoke ( cre$s1 7 pu%$ to ! extreme ( a d5ial ( reveal$ religion1--f9ally1 9 ,france1 to a d5ial ( ! tru?s ( natural religion also4 ,9 ,engl&1 !re appe>$ a s*ool ( dei/ical writ]s1 beg9n+ e>li] ) ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury 7#aeha-afdh71 & cont9u$ ?r\gh ,t9dal1 ,morgan1 ,bol+broke1 ,%aftesbury1 ,coll9s1 & o!rs4 ,on ! o!r side1 ,butl]1 ,l>dn] 7#afhd-agfh71 ,b5tley1 ! be/ ( ,engl&'s classical s*ol>s & critics 7#affb-agdb71 &1 lat]1 ,paley 7#agdc-ahje71 7 among ! au?ors :o def5d$ ! div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity on rational & hi/orical gr\nds4 ,( ^! writ]s1 ,butl] 0 ! mo/ pr(\nd1 ,l>dn] & ,b5tley ! mo/ le>n$1 & ,paley ! mo/ lucid4 ,,! ,,quak]s4--,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 ,quak]s1 0 f\nd$ 9 ,engl& by ,george ,fox 7#afbd-afia71 :o 9 #afdg1 impell$ by :at he consid]$ a div9e call1 began ! life ( an it9]ant prea*]4 ,he & 8 foll[]s 7 subject$ frequ5tly to cruel p]secution1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,9 exceptional cases1 !y fell into extravagances ( en?usiasm1 int]rupt$ public wor%ip1 walk$ 9 ! /reets clo!d 9 sackclo?1 or 9 "s in/ances nak$4 ,!y condemn$ w>1 practic$ non-resi/ance1 object$ to oa?s & to a paid m9i/ry1 & set an example ( ! utmo/ pla9ness & simplicity 9 spee* & dress4 ,among _! _m conv]ts 7 ,william ,p5n1 & _! able & le>n$ !ologian1 ,rob]t ,b>clay 7#afdh-afij74 ,! ,fri5ds1 by _! ,*ri/ian =be>ance & pati5ce1 _! purity ( conduct & _! philan?ropy1 & _! tranquil piety1 gradually won ! respect ( ! o!r religi\s bodies1 :o 7 at fir/ (f5d$ by _! novel t5ets & mann]s1 & by ! occasional occurr5ce ( revolt+ manife/ations ( a half-insane en?usiasm4 ,,me?odism4--,( ! religi\s movem5ts 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 ,me?odism is ! mo/ notewor?y4 ,?is movem5t 0 orig9at$ by a little gr\p ( /ud5ts at ,ox=d1 ( :om ,john ,wesley1 8 bro!r ,*>les1 & ,george ,:itefield 7 ! *ief4 ,( ^!1 ,john ,wesley 7#agjc-agia7 unit$ ) intellectual ability & cultivation1 & religi\s f]vor1 a rem>kable organiz+ capacity4 ,:itefield 0 an orator 9 ! pulpit1 ( unrival$ eloqu5ce4 ,he 0 a ,calv9i/ 9 8 !ology1 & sep>at$ f ,wesley on acc\nt ( ,wesley's ,arm9ian views4 ,!y 7 nicknam$ ,me?odi/s1 f _! /rictness ( life 9 ! ,univ]sity1 & _! sy/ematic ways4 ,wesley & 8 associates prea*$ to ! common p 9 ,engl&1 includ+ ! poor colli]s & m9]s1 ) untir+ ardor & surpris+ effect4 ,_! conv]ts 7 v num]\s1 & 7 =m$ into societies "u a def9ite polity & discipl9e4 ,! ,wesleyan movem5t 0 mu* oppos$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& by ^? :o /ood 9 dread ( en?usiasm4 ,by orda9+ lay prea*]s & sup]9t5d5ts = ,am]ica1 & by putt+ its *apels "u ! protection ( ! ,tol]ation ,act1--measures :i* ,wesley deem$ necess>y1--,me?odism became sep>ate f ! ,anglican ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,z a di/9ct body1 x ga9$ a4 multitude ( adh]5ts 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,,moravianism4--,9 #agbb a company ( p]secut$ ,moravian ,*ri/ians 0 receiv$ by ,c\nt ,z9z5dorf 7#agjj-agfj7 on 8 e/ate1 situat$ on ! bord]s ( ,bohemia4 ,!y f\nd$ a t[n call$ ,h]rnkut4 ,z9z5dorf became _! bi%op4 ,! new community 0 di/+ui%$ = s9c]e piety & = mission>y zeal4 ,!y did n 9 ! lea/ antagonize ! ,lu!ran *ur*es1 yet _h an organization ( _! own4 ,"s ( !m settl$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,moravians nev] became a v num]\s body2 b _! influ5ce 9 promot+ spiritual religion & education1 & 9 c>ry+ ,*ri/ianity to ! hea!n1 has be5 m pot5t ?an t ( _m l>g] bodies ( ,*ri/ians4 ,x 0 specially :olesome 9 ,g]many1 at a "t :51 "u ! auspices ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ! ,fr5* type ( unbelief prevail$ 9 ! high] classes ( society4 ,,pietism4--,prior to ,z9z5dorf1 ,sp5] 7#afce-agje71 a man ( dev\t feel+1 _h giv5 rise to ! ,pieti/s1 z ! promot]s ( a w>m] type ( religi\s exp]i5ce ?an 0 approv$ by ! curr5t op9ion 7 d]isively nam$4 ,,sw$5borg4--,sw$5borg 7#afhh-aggb71 a ,sw$i% noble1 a ma!matician & naturali/ ( l>ge atta9m5ts1 communicat$1 9 copi\s writ+s1 :at he s9c]ely pr(ess$ to consid] special revelations made to him respect+ ,god1 ! unse5 _w1 & ! s5se ( ! ,scriptures4 ,8 adh]5ts are call$ ,! ,new ,*ur*1 or ,sw$5borgians4 ,,! ,,jesuit ,,ord]4--,"u ! influ5ces t _h sway 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! au?ority ( ! popes sank 9 ! ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,! _s ( innovation 0 rife4 ,"o ( ! rem>kable incid5ts ( ! "t1 *>act]i/ic ( its t5d5cy1 0 ! conflict ( ,portugal & ! ,b\rbon c\rts ( ,france & ,spa91 ) ! ,society ( ,jesuits4 ,! ,jesuits _h secretly e/abli%$1 unobs]v$1 a /ate "u _! own exclusive control 9 ,p>aguay1 a "p ( :i*1 by a treaty ( ,portugal ) ,spa91 fell to ,portugal4 ,o!r *>ges1 "s relat+ to int]f]5ce 9 political affairs1 & "s to o!r & diff]5t gr\nds ( compla9t1 l$ to ! expulsion ( ! ord] f all ,portuguese t]ritory 7#ageg72 & soon aft]1 x 0 suppress$ 9 ,france & 9 ,spa91 & 9 sev]al ( ! ,italian /ates4 ,! ,jesuit ord] 0 =mally aboli%$ by ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiv4 9 #aggc1 to be aga9 re/or$ by papal au?ority 9 #ahad4 ,,essays ,,at ,,political ,,re=m4 ,,russia3 ,,g]many4--,! m9ds ( m5 7 unsettl$1 n only by ! preval5t tone ( lit]ature & speculation1 b by gov]nm5tal *anges & re=ms4 ,! disposition 0 to introduce ,fr5* me?ods ( adm9i/ration4 ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ( ,russia 7#agfb-agif7 tri$ ! exp]im5t ( v>i\s judicial & educational re=ms4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ) m wisdom & consi/5cy1 introduc$ _m *anges = ! b5efit ( ! indu/rial class4 ,! mo/ sweep+ re=ms 7 und]tak5 by ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 7#aghj-agij71 aft] ! dea? ( 8 "m1 ,m>ia ,!resa4 ,8 measures = ! r$uction ( ! p[] ( ! cl]gy & ( ! nobility1 ! clos+ ( mona/]ies1 & ! weak5+ ( ! connection ( ! ,au/rian ,*ur* ) ,rome1 7 ( a v radical "*4 ,he himself f9ally became conv9c$ t !y 7 too radical to be completely realiz$1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( op9ion among 8 subjects4 ,two ( 8 re=ms--! abolition ( s]fdom1 & ! edict ( religi\s tol]ation--rema9$ 9 =ce4 ,! o!r *anges did n survive him4 ,! attempts to impose 8 re=ms 9 ! ,au/rian ,ne!rl&s provok$ an insurrection4 ,leopold ,,ii4 7#agij-agib71 ,joseph's successor1 suppress$ ! ,belgian revolt1 b repeal$ ! ord9ances ( 8 bro!r :i* _h occasion$ x4 ,,tuscany4--,9 ,tuscany1 ! bro!r ( ,joseph ,,ii41 ,leopold1 prior to 8 becom+ emp]or1 und]took likewise a great plan ( ecclesia/ical re=m 9 ! same l9e z t ( ,joseph 7#aghf72 b !re ! opposition ( ! bi%ops prev5t$ him f practically c>ry+ out 8 s*eme4 ,,portugal4--,9 ,portugal1 ! h\se ( ,braganza _h asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #afdj4 ,joseph ,emanuel 7#agej-aggg7 left ! managem5t ( ! gov]nm5t to 8 m9i/]1 ,pombal4 ,8 measures 7 contriv$ to weak5 ! p[] ( ! nobles & ! cl]gy4 ,by him ! w>f>e aga9/ ! ,jesuits 0 c>ri$ =w>d4 ,! fall ( ,pombal1 :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ! k+1 l$ to ! abolition ( all 8 re=ms1 :i* _h ! same fate z ^? und]tak5 lat] 9 ,au/ria by ,joseph ,,ii4 ,,lit]ature4--,see ! li/s ( works on pp4 #af1 #cie1 #dej1 & ,adams's ,manual ( ,hi/orical ,lit]ature2 ,,s*loss]',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7#h vols172 ,,noord5',s ,europais*e ,ges*4 im #ahtn4 ,jahr43 ,d] ,spanis*e ,erbfolgekrieg 7#b vols472 ,"l ,john ,wakeman1 ,european ,hi/ory1 #aeih-agae2 ,hassall1 ,european ,hi/ory1 #agae-aghi2 ,p]lc9s1 ,reg5cy & ,l\is ,,xv1 7#c vols472 ,/4 ,simon1 ,! ,memoirs ( ! ,reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ! ,reg5cy an abridgm5t1 #c vols42 ,voltaire1 ,age ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 ,,philippson 79 ,onck5's ,s]ies71 ,das ,zeitalt] ,ludwigs d4 ,vi]zeht52 ,a4 de ,broglie1 ,l\is ,,xv3 ,! ,k+'s ,secret ,correspond5ce ) 8 ,ag5ts1 etc4 7#b vols472 ,a4 ,?i]s1 ,! ,mississippi ,bubble2 ,morley's ,life ( ,voltaire1 & ,life ( ,r\sseau4 ,a4 v1 ,arne?1 ,ges*i*te ,m>ia ,!resas 7#aj vols41 #ahfc-gi73 ,,dunck]1 ,aus d] ,zeit ,fri$ri*s d4 ,gross51 etc42 ,,ranke1 ,memoirs ( ! ,h\se ( ,br&5burg1 & ,hi/ory ( ,prussia dur+ ! ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies 7#c vols72 ,,c>lyle',s ,hi/ory ( ,fr$]ick ! ,second 7#f vols472 ,tuttle1 ,hi/ory ( ,prussia 7#d vols472 ,von ,raum]1 ,fr$]ick ! ,second & 8 ,times2 ,a4 de ,broglie1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,m>ia ,!resa 7#b vols472 ,,onck51 ,das ,zeitalt] ,fri$ri* d4 ,gross5 7#b vols474 ,! ,di>ies ( ,,pepys & ,,evelyn2 ,r4 ,vaughan1 ,protectorate ( ,oliv] ,cromwell2 ,,macaulay',s ,hi/ory ( ,engl& f ! ,accession ( ,james ,,ii4 7#d vols472 ,,mahon',s ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#agja-ac71 also ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#agac to #aghc7 7#g vols472 ,,burton1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,que5 ,anne2 ,e4,e4,,morris1 ,! ,age ( ,anne2 ,alison1 ,milit>y ,life ( ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh2 ,life ( ,m>lbor\gh1 by ,gleig1 by ,coxe 7#c vols472 ,,lecky',s ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7#b vols472 ,fr\de1 ,! ,engli% 9 ,irel& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7#b vols472 ,mahan1 ,influ5ce ( ! ,sea ,p[] on ,hi/ory2 ,eg]ton1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,colonial ,policy2 ,seeley1 ,! ,expansion ( ,engl&2 ,payne1 ,european ,colonies2 ,lucas1 ,introduction to a ,hi/orical ,geography ( ! ,briti% ,colonies2 ,h4 ,walpole1 ,memoirs ( ! ,reign ( ,george ,,ii4 7#c vols471 & ( ,george ,,iii4 7#d vols472 ,j4 ,g4 ,phillimore1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,reign ( ,george ,,iii42 ,j4 ,adolphus1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& #agfj #hc 7#c vols472 ,wraxall 7#agea-ahca71 ,hi/orical ,memoirs ( 8 own ,"t 7#d vols474 & ,po/hum\s ,memoirs ( 8 own ,"t1 7#c vols472 ,may1 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl& #agfj-ahfj 7#b vols472 ,,/\ghton1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion 9 ,engl& f ! ,op5+ ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t to ! ,end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7#f vols472 ,,ty]man',s ,life ( ,wesley2 ,,s\!y',s ,life ( ,wesley2 ,,ty]man',s ,life ( ,:itefield2 ,,tyl]',s ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature2 ,,van ,,laun1 ,hi/ory ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature 7#c vols472 ,,morley',s ,s]ies ( ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s2 ,,ta9e',s ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,s*uyl]'s ,life ( ,pet] ! ,great2 ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 ,memoirs writt5 by h]self2 ,,ram-,,baud',s ,hi/ory ( ,russia4 ,hi/ories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,,bancr(t1 ,,hildre?1 ,mc,master1 ,bryant & ,h[>d1 ,,doyle1 ,wilson1 ,lab\laye1 ,,neumann1 ,fiske1 ,s*\l]2 ,w9sor1 ,n>rative & ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica 7#h vols472 ,h>t1 ,am]ican ,hi/ory told by ,contempor>ies 7#d vols472 ,macdonald1 ,select ,*>t]s & ,select ,docum5ts2 ,pre/on1 ,docum5ts2 ,*ann+1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 7#agfe-ahfe72 ,higg9son1 ,l>g] ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,goldw9 ,smi?1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,,lodge',s ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,colonies 9 ,am]ica2 ,,p>kman',s ,s]ies ( ,hi/ories ( ! ,fr5* 9 ,am]ica2 ,fro?+ham1 ,rise ( ! ,republic to #agij2 ,we$51 ,economic & ,social ,hi/ory ( ,new ,engl&2 ,palfrey's ,hi/ory ( ,new ,engl&2 ,sab9e's ,am]ican ,loyali/s2 ,bruce1 ,economic ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia2 ,trevelyan1 ,! ,am]ican ,revolution 7#agff-gf72 ,,loss+1 ,field ,book ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution2 ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & ,dut* & ,quak] ,colonies2 brief treatm5t ( epo*s by ,fi%]1 ,?waites1 ,h>t1 ,sloane1 ,walk]4 ,lives ( ,wa%+ton1 by ,,m>%all1 ,,sp>ks1 ,,irv+1 ,weems2 ,lives ( ,john ,adams1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,,adams1 by ,,morse2 ,life ( ,frankl91 by himself 7,bigel['s ed471 by ,,sp>ks1 by ,p>ton2 ,lives ( ,jeff]son1 by ,,r&all1 ,p>ton1 ,morse2 ,tudor's ,life ( ,james ,otis2 ,life ( ,samuel ,adams1 by ,wells1 by ,hosm]2 ,life ( ,hamilton1 by ,,morse2 ,life ( ,madison1 by ,,rives2 ,w4 ,jay's ,life ( ,john ,jay 7#b vols472 ,h4 ,von ,hoi/1 ,con/itutional & ,political ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #agei2 ,sp>ks's ,am]ican ,biography 7#b s]ies1 #be vols474 ,,w9sor's ,read]'s ,h&book ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution 7#agfa-hc71 a v useful "w1 gives ! lit]ature on ! subject 7#ahhj72 ,bancr(t1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,=mation ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,p]iod ,,iv4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution4 7#aghi-ahae47 ,,introduction4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4--,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 a trem5d\s upheaval ( society1 :i* br\ght ) x ! abolition ( feudalism & mon>*y1 & ! secur+ ( an equality ( political rights4 ,its imm$iate result 9 ,france 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a democratic republic1 foll[$ by an empire re/+ on milit>y p[]4 ,its conque/s1 & ! pr$om9ance ( ,france1 provok$ an upris+ ( ! o!r ,european peoples 9 behalf ( national indep5d5ce4 ,?is ov]?rew ! ,fr5* empire1 & produc$ a tempor>y re/oration ( ! old dyna/y4 ,b ! effect ( ! ,revolution1 9 :i* ! o!r civiliz$ nations l>gely %>$1 0 ! sub/itution1 9 ! room ( ! m$ieval /ate1 ( ! mod]n /ate re/+ on a broad] basis ( equality z reg>ds ! rights & obligations ( diff]5t classes4 ,9 ! ,we/]n nations ( ! ,cont95t1 s]fdom1 & manifold abuses1 civil & ecclesia/ical1 7 aboli%$4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4--,fir/ among ! causes ( ! ,revolution 9 ,france1 0 ! ho/ility felt t[>ds ! privileg$ classes1--! k+1 ! nobles1 & ! cl]gy1--on acc\nt ( ! disabilities & burd5s :i* law & cu/om impos$ on ! classes b5ea? !m4 ,:5 ,*>les ,vll4 organiz$ a /&+ army1 & laid direct taxes to support x1 ! burgh]s & peasants rejoic$ 7p4 #cbh74 ,! mon>*y 0 ?us enabl$ to %ield !m1 & subdue ! great nobles4 ,l\is ,,xiv41 z long z he 0 successful1 0 su/a9$ by ! pride & national _s ( ! c\ntry4 ,yet 8 dom9ation ov] ! nobility & ! ,*ur* left ! high] ord]s 9 possession n only ( ! (fices & honors :i* help$ to fa/5 !m submissively to ! mon>*1 b also left !m 9 ! ex]cise ( ! numb]less complicat$ privileges ( local rule & taxation1--privileges :i* 7 ! gr[? ( ages1 & :i* laid on ! necks ( ! p a yoke too heavy to be borne4 #a4 ,,! ,,l&3 ,,! ,,peasants4--,ne>ly two-?irds ( ! l& 9 ,france 0 9 ! h&s ( ! nobles & ( ! cl]gy4 ,a great "p ( x 0 ill cultivat$ by its indol5t own]s4 ,! nobles pref]r$ ! gayeties ( ,p>is to a resid5ce on _! e/ates4 ,!re 7 _m small l&-own]s1 b _m _h individually too little l& to furni% !m ) subsi/5ce4 ,! treatm5t ( ! peasant 0 (t5 su* t :5 he look$ ^u ! t[]s ( 8 "l's ca/le1 ! de>e/ wi% ( 8 he>t 0 to burn x d[n1 ) all its regi/]s ( debt4 ,!re 0 n a l>ge middle class ( l&-own]s1 possess$ ( f>ms :i*1 al?\gh small1 7 yet adequate to yield !m a liv+4 ,! cl]gy1 besides hav+ ! :ole managem5t ( education1 held an imm5se am\nt ( l&1 seigniorial control ov] ?\s&s ( peasants1 & a va/ income f ti!s & o!r s\rces4 ,9 "s prov9ces1 !re 0 a bett] /ate ( ?+s ?an 9 o!rs2 b1 9 g5]al1 ! ri* _h ! enjoym5ts1 & ! poor c>ri$ ! burd5s4 #b4 ,,monopolies4--,manufactures & trade1 al?\gh enc\rag$ "u ,colb]t1 7 fett]$ by oppressive monopolies & a /rict organization ( guilds4 #c4 ,,corrupt ,,gov]nm5t4--,! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t 0 bo? arbitr>y & corrupt4 ,places 9 p>liam5t & 9 ! army1 & mo/ high] (fices1 7 sold1 b sold1 z a rule1 only to nobles4 ,:5 p>liam5t refus$ to regi/] decrees ( taxation1 ! k+ held b$s ( ju/ice1--a me?od ( pass+ laws aga9/ p>liam5t>y prote/ 7p4 #bii74 ,w>rants ( arre/ & imprisonm5t--lettres de ca*et--7 issu$ by 8 sole au?ority4 #d4 ,,loss ,,( ,,respect ,,= ,,royalty4--,respect = ! ?rone 0 lo/4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! numb] ( salable (fices 0 incr$ibly multipli$4 ,9 8 la/ days1 9 _m t[ns ! trade 9 timb]1 w9e1 & spirits 0 tak5 out ( private h&s2 nay1 ev5 ! poor e>n+s ( ^? :o t[$ boats on ! riv]s1 ( port]s & fun]al mutes1 7 made a monopoly1 & secur$ to c]ta9 families exclusively1 9 consid]ation ( a l>ge premium4 ,fam9e prevail$ 9 e prov9ce4 ,! b>k ( trees 0 ! daily food ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,! debau*]y ( ,l\is ,,xv41 & 8 feeble =eign policy1 t5d$ to dissipate :at rev]5ce = royalty 0 left4 #e4 ,,abortive ,,essays ,,at ,,re=m4--,! ef=ts at political & social re=m 9 ,france & 9 o!r c\ntries1 emanat+ f sov]eigns aft] ! great w>s1 produc$ a re/less feel+ )\t effect+ _! purpose ( social reorganization4 #f4 ,,political ,,speculation4--,! curr5t ( ?\ght 0 9 a revolution>y direction4 ,traditional beliefs 9 religion 7 boldly que/ion$4 ,political speculation 0 rife4 ,montesquieu _h drawn att5tion to ! lib]ty secur$ by ! ,engli% con/itution4 ,voltaire _h dwelt on human rights1--! rights ( ! individual4 ,r\sseau _h expatiat$ on ! sov]eign "r ( ! majority4 #g4 ,,example ,,( ,,am]ica4--,add to ^! ag5cies1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 & ( ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ) its proclamation ( human rights1 & ( ! f\ndation ( gov]nm5t 9 contract & ! cons5t ( ! p4 #h4 ,,! ,,imm$iate ,,cause4--,! imm$iate cause ( ! ,revolution 0 ! imm5se public debt1 & ! virtual bankruptcy ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,f ,,! ,,assembl+ ,,( ,,! ,,/ates ,,g5]al ,,to ,,! ,,execution ,,( ,,l\is ,,xvi4 7#aghi-agic74 ,,l\is ,,xvi4 7#aggd-ib73 ,,! ,,que54--,l\is ,,xvi4 diff]$ f 8 two pr$ecessors 9 be+ morally pure1 & b5evol5t 9 8 feel+s2 b he 0 ( a dull m9d1 void ( en]gy1 & ) an ob/9acy ( "* t did n supply ! place ( an enlight5$ firmness4 ,he _h m>ri$ 7#aggj7 ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 ! daught] ( ! ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa4 ,! vivaci\s "y que51 z well z ! y\?ful k+1 at fir/ *>m$ ! p4 ,b h] disreg>d ( c\rt etiquette1 & h] gay1 impulsive ways1 provok$ ! dislike ( _m high 9 /ation1 & expos$ h] to ! natural b unm]it$ suspicion1 on ! "p ( ! p1 t %e _h faults worse ?an m]e indiscretion4 ,a great sc&al connect$ ) a diamond necklace1 :i* an unpr9cipl$ woman1 ! ,c\ntess ,lamotte1 falsely ass]t$ t ! que5 desir$ ! ,c>d9al de ,rohan to pur*ase = h]1 did mu* to make h] ! victim ( gross defamation 7#aghe74 ,h] =be>ance t[>ds unwor?y favorites1 & h] int]m$dl+ 9 ! affairs ( gov]nm5t1 9 opposition to political re=ms1 gradually k9dl$ aga9/ h] wide-spread disrespect & av]sion4 ,,to ,,! ,,/ates ,,g5]al4--,helpless "u ! pressure ( ! heavy debt & ! deficit 9 rev5ue1 ! k+ call$ to 8 side ,turgot 7#aggd7 z controll]-g5]al ( f9ance1 a political economi/ & /atesman ( rem>kable integrity & insight4 ,he set to "w to r$uce ! enorm\s & extravagant public exp5ditures1 & to introduce re=ms = ! purpose ( increas+ ! public income4 ,he propos$ to d away ) int]nal duties on articles ( comm]ce2 to break up _m guilds2 to aboli% ! corve1 or ! h>d & hateful requirem5t ^u ! peasant to labor s _m days on ! l& ( ! "l2 & to introduce a great] am\nt ( local self-gov]nm5t4 ,^!1 & o!r :olesome re=ms 9 ! civil s]vice & 9 ! army1 excit$ ! viol5t opposition ( ! nobles & ! cl]gy1 & ( ! :ole body ( int]e/$ c\rti]s4 ,! k+ weakly yield$2 ! great m9i/] 0 dismiss$2 & ,france lo/ its gold5 opportunity to prev5t inf9itely great] calamities ?an any :i* ! selfi% oppon5ts ( *ange dread$ = !mselves4 ,neck]1 a ,g5evan bank] ( f> less f9ancial ability1 0 n[ plac$ at ! helm 7#aggf-agha74 ,8 rem$ies 7 n radical2 yet 8 movem5ts 9 ! direction ( economy1 & = giv+ publicity to ! f9ancial situation ( ! gov]nm5t1 provok$ su* hatr$ 9 ! classes affect$ t he _h to )draw4 ,calonne1 a prodigal & incapable successor1 9 connection ) ! increas$ exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t consequ5t on ! ,am]ican ,w>1 br\ght ?+s to su* a pass t ! k+ call$ toge!r 7#aghg7 an ,assembly ( ,notables1 n s mu* to get _! advice z to obta9 _! support = a plan ( re=m n unlike t ( ,turgot4 ,?is necess>y re=m !y selfi%ly refus$ to sanction4 ,calonne fl$ to ,london4 ,neck]1 to ! joy ( ! p1 :o built on him va9 hopes1 0 recall$ 7#aghh72 & x 0 resolv$ to summon ! ,/ates ,g5]al1 :o _h n met s9ce #afad4 ,to ?is measure ! incompet5ce & selfi%ness ( ! rul+ classes _h inevitably l$4 ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,e/ate4--,! ,/ates ,g5]al met at ,v]sailles1 ,may #e1 #aghi4 ,! cl]gy numb]$ ?ree hundr$1 ! nobles ?ree hundr$1 & ! ?ird e/ate 7ti]s etat7--^: pla9 black dress 0 9 contra/ ) ! m %[y co/ume ( ! high] ord]s--numb]$ six hundr$4 ,a pamphlet ( ,abb ,sieys1 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is ! ,?ird ,e/ate8 decl>$ t is ! nation 9 its true sov]eignty & supreme au?ority4 ,a conte/ arose at once on ! "q1 :e!r !re %\ld be ?ree h\ses1 or :e!r all ! memb]s %\ld sit toge!r4 ,! ,?ird ,e/ate insi/$ on ! latt] plan4 ,! ,p>isian a/ronom]1 ,bailly1 0 _! presid5t4 ,among ! memb]s 7 ,sieyes1 & ,mirabeau1 a man ( great intellect & ( comm&+ eloqu5ce4 ,!y decl>$ !mselves to be ! ,national ,assembly2 & !y p]si/$1 aga9/ ! k+'s w1 9 sitt+ ap>t until1 at 8 reque/1 ! o!r ord]s gave away & jo9$ !m4 ,x 0 resolv$ n to adj\rn until ! nation %\ld be put 9 possession ( a con/itution2 meantime1 h[ev]1 t1 s long z ! body %\ld n be dissolv$1 money %\ld be rais$ by increase ( taxation1 & ! int]e/ be paid on ! public debt4 ,! attempts ( ,l\is to dissolve ! assembly 7 firmly resi/$ by ! ?ird e/ate1 :i* 0 jo9$ by ,talleyr&1 ,bi%op ( ,autun1 ,gregoire1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,blois1 &1 ( ! nobility1 by ! ri*1 ambiti\s1 & unpr9cipl$ ,duke ( ,orleans4 ,! k+ aga9 yield$1 & advis$ ! nobles & cl]gy to rema94 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,ba/ille3 ,,emigration ,,( ,,nobles4--,! ari/ocratic p>ty1 on acc\nt ( ?is victory ( ! ?ird e/ate1 & because !y c\ld n tru/ ! gu>d ( ! k+1 procur$ ! sub/itution = x ( ,g]man & ,swiss troops4 ,! excitem5t caus$ by ?is proce$+1 & ! news ( ,neck]'s dismissal1 l$ to a mob ( ! r\gh ,p>isian populace1 :o seiz$ weapons f ! work%ops1 & =c$ ! surr5d] ( ! ,ba/ille1 ! grim old prison :]e political (f5d]s _h be5 immur$1--! visible monum5t ( ages ( royal tyranny1--:i* !y raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! heads ( ,delaunay ! gov]nor1 & sev]al ( ! g>rison1 7 c>ri$ on pikes ?r\gh ! /reets by ! fr5zi$ cr[d4 ,! mob wore cockades on _! hats2 ^! became ! badges ( ! ,revolution4 ,?is fir/ outbreak+ ( mob viol5ce _h at once important effects4 ,neck] 0 recall$4 ,lafayette 0 made comm&] ( ! militia ( ,p>is1 organiz$ z a ,national ,gu>d4 ,! tricolor--r$1 :ite1 & blue--0 adopt$ = ! flag4 ,bailly became mayor ( ,p>is4 ,! k+ came to ,p>is1 & %[$ himself1 ) ! national colors on 8 brea/1 to ! p1 at ! ,hotel de ,ville1 !reby giv+ a tacit sanction to :at _h be5 done4 ,!n began ! emigration ( ! nobles to =eign c\ntries3 ! k+'s bro!r1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,cond1 & o!rs high 9 rank1 left ! c\ntry4 ,! vices :i* ! nobles _h le>n$ to practice at home 7 n[ to be exhibit$ abroad4 ,! passions ( ! revolution>y p>ty 7 to be inflam$ by ! suspicion ( a complicity ( ! k+ & c\rt ) ! plots ( _! abs5t support]s1 :o /rove to enli/ o!r nations 9 ! "w ( trampl+ d[n lib]ty 9 ,france4 ,! emigrants _h "s reason to fe>4 ,municipal gu>ds 7 =m$ 9 v>i\s t[ns by ! p>ty ( progress4 ,soon !re 7 ris+s ( peasantry 9 sev]al di/ricts4 ,individuals 9 ,p>is--among !m "o ( ! m9i/]s :o succe$$ ,neck]-7 massacr$4 ,nev]!less1 ! emigration 0 a gr& error4 ,! dang] at ! mom5t 0 n great2 &1 :atev] ! p]il1 ! evils ( des]tion 7 f> m to be deprecat$4 ,,! ,,new ,,con/itution3 ,,assignats4--,! ,national ,assembly1 at ! in/igation ( ,lafayette1 pass$ a ,decl>ation ( ,rights1 aft] ! patt]n ( ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,on motion ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 ! ,vicomte de ,noailles1 ! repres5tatives ( ! nobles1 9 an outbur/ ( en?usia/ic self-r5unciation1 gave up _! feudal rights & privileges4 ,!y lib]at$ ! peasants f _! burd5some obligations3 ! cl]gy rel9qui%$ _! ti!s2 ! sale ( (fices & titles 0 aboli%$2 equality ( taxes 0 orda9$2 all citiz5s 7 made eligible to all /ations1 civil & milit>y4 ,! new con/itution provid$ = "o legislative *amb]1 to :i* %\ld belong ! "r to initiate all enactm5ts4 ,! k+'s veto only susp5d$ ! adoption ( a measure = two legislative t]ms4 ,! ass5t ( ! *amb] 0 necess>y = ! validity ( all =eign treaties1 & = decl>+ w> or conclud+ peace4 ,! ,/ate assum$ ! support ( ! cl]gy4 ,x 0 a con/itutional mon>*y t 0 fram$1--su* a sy/em z ,la ,fayette & mod]ate republicans desir$4 ,! ess5ce ( republicanism 0 secur$ "u old =ms4 ,assignats1 or notes1 7 issu$ z a curr5cy1 = :i* ! public l&s 7 to be ! security1--a safegu>d t 0 ineffective4 ,,! ,,mob ,,at ,,v]sailles4--,! delay ( ! k+ to proclaim ! con/itution1 ! call ( a regim5t ( troops to ,v]sailles1 imprud5t spee*es & songs at a c\rt banquet1 /irr$ up ! ,p>isian mob1 :o ascrib$ ! sc>city ( food to ! abs5ce ( ! k+ f ,p>is4 ,a c\ntless ?rong1 made up l>gely ( co>se wom51 w5t out to ,v]sailles1 intrud$ into ! legislative *amb]1 & at night 7,oct4 #e7 made _! way into ! palace1 ov] ! bodies ( ! gu>ds4 ,! royal family 7 rescu$ by ,la ,fayette & ! ,national ,gu>d4 ,! next day !y 7 =c$ to g to ,p>is1 att5d$ by ?is wild & hungry ret9ue1 & took up _! abode 9 ! ,tuil]ies4 ,to ,p>is1 also1 ! ,national ,assembly transf]r$ itself4 ,m & m1 ,p>is ga9$ control4 ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4--,! indep5d5ce ( ! cl]gy1 & ! judicial au?ority ( ! p>liam5ts1 7 n[ ext+ui%$ by ! ,assembly1 ,! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* 0 confiscat$1 z ! sal>ies ( ! cl]gy 7 to be paid by ! ,/ate2 ! cloi/]s & mona/ic ord]s 7 aboli%$2 ! cl]gy 7 to be *os5 by ! p2 !re 0 to be absolute religi\s fre$om2 !re 0 a new organization ( bi%oprics2 ! press 0 to be free2 ,france 0 divid$1 = purposes ( gov]nm5t1 into eighty-?ree dep>tm5ts2 civil (fic]s 7 to be *os51 directly or indirectly1 by popul> vote2 h]$it>y nobility1 ) titles & coats-(-arms1 0 swept away4 ,! equality ( all citiz5s 0 orda9$4 ,!re 0 to be uni=mity 9 measures1 weights1 & co9age4 ,a uni=m judicial sy/em 0 in/itut$1 ) jury trials 9 crim9al cases4 ,,! ,,cl]gy4--,!nce=w>d ! cl]gy 7 divid$ into two classes1--^? :o took ! requir$ oa? to ! con/itution 7ab\t "o ?ird ( ! :ole numb]71 & ! refractory ones1 :o1 9 accordance ) ! ,pope's w1 refus$ x4 ,,! ,,clubs3 ,,p>is4--,:ile ^! con/itutional *anges 7 tak+ place1 ! mass ( ! populace 7 becom+ m & m excit$ by vehem5t orators1 :o disc\rs$ ( human rights1 & by inflammatory j\rnals4 ,clubs 7 organiz$ = democratic agitation1 :i* 7 nam$1 f ! places :]e !y met1 ,jacob9s & ,cordeli]s4 ,! latt] _h = _! head ,danton1 ) 8 /5torian voice1 & ! brilliant "y j\rnali/ ,camille ,desm\l9s4 ,! ,jacob9s aim$ lat] at ! de/ruction ( ! old in/itutions4 ,! mod]ate mon>*i/s1 su* z ,bailly & ,la ,fayette1 !n =m$ ano!r club 7! ,feuillants74 ,! municipality or commune ( ,p>is 0 divid$ into =ty-eight sections1 ea* ) an assembly :i* s]v$ z a !at] = demagogical h>angues4 ,f,,te ,,( ,,! ,,f$]ation4--,= a "t ! skies appe>$ bright4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #agij1 a great ,f$]ative ,commemoration1 or fe/ival ( civic frat]nity1 0 held on ! ,*amp de ,m>s 9 ,p>is4 ,talleyr& at ! head ( ?ree hundr$ prie/s clad 9 :ite1 ) tri-color sa%es1 (ficiat$ at an alt> 9 ! mid/ ( ! ar5a4 ,fir/1 ,la ,fayette z presid5t ( ! ,national ,gu>d1 !n ! presid5t ( ! ,assembly1 & la/ ! k+1 took an oa? be=e ! half-million ( spectators to uphold ! con/itution4 ,!n ! que51 p>tak+ 9 ! common en?usiasm1 held up ! dauph9 9 h] arms1 & pl$g$ 8 future ob$i5ce to ! oa?4 ,!re 0 unb\nd$ joy at :at 0 suppos$ to be a new mill5nial era ( political fre$om & bro!rhood4 ,! gr& fe/ival awak5$ sympa?y & hope 9 all ! c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,,flight ,,( ,,! ,,k+4--,! hope ( unity & political bliss1 :i* exalt$ all m9ds to a high pit* ( emotion1 prov$1 be=e long1 to be an illusive dream4 ,! k+ 0 n ready to confirm ! ord9ance respect+ prie/s1 :i* made !m civil (fic]s2 nor 0 he ready to decl>e ! plott+ emigrant nobles at ,cobl5z & ,worms traitors4 ,mirabeau1 :o _h enli/$ 9 behalf ( ! k+ 9 a resi/ance to fur!r measures = ! r$uction ( regal au?ority1 & 9 behalf ( a con/itutional mon>*y1 9 :i* ! legislative1 judicial1 & executive functions %\ld be kept ap>t1 sudd5ly di$ 7,april #b1 #agia71 at ! age ( =ty-two4 ,8 dea?1 caus$ p>tly by ov]work ( bra91 & p>tly by dissolute habits1 depriv$ ! cons]vative republicans & ! c\rt ( _! able/ def5d]4 ,no "o l him 0 left to /em ! curr5t ( revolution>y passion1 :i* ?reat5$ to bur/ ?r\gh all b>ri]s4 ,! ,p>is sections became m & m viol5t4 ,!y h9d]$ a propos$ j\rney ( ,l\is to ,/4 ,cl\d4 ,?is det]m9$ him1 aga9/ ! urg5t wi%es ( ! que51 to escape1 ) 8 family1 to ! army ( ! ,m>quis de ,b\ill1 at ,montmdy4 ,b ! fugitives 7 /opp$ 9 _! flight1 at ,v>5nes1 & br\ght back 9 cu/ody to ,p>is4 ,?is unwise & abortive proce$+ ( ! k+1 c\pl$ ) 8 =mal annull+ ( all t he _h done 9 ! two ye>s previ\s1 _h = its natural consequ5ce 8 susp5sion f (fice4 ,an insurrection ( ! mob1 to put an end to ! mon>*y1 0 suppress$ by ,la ,fayette4 ,at ! end ( ,septemb]1 ,l\is swore to ! revis$ con/itution1 & 0 re/or$ to ! ?rone4 ,! ,assembly !n dissolv$1 to give place to ano!r1 :i* %\ld complete ! new political creation by ne$ful legislation3 h5ce x 0 call$ ,,! ,,legislative ,,assembly 7,oct4 #agia-,sept4 #agib74--;,x 0 compos$ ( sev5 hundr$ & =ty-five memb]s1 mo/ly "y m51 among !m a numb] ( eloqu5t orators4 ,"o-half ( ! body 7 advocates4 ,! ,national ,assembly1 by a k9d ( self-d5y+ ord9ance1 _h vot$ to exclude !mselves f memb]%ip 9 ! new body1 :i* ?us lack$ ! b5efit ( _! k & exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! ,assembly1 on ! "r1 7 ! diff]5t classes ( support]s ( con/itutional mon>*y1 ! royali/s1 & ! ,feuillants 7( ! s*ool ( ,la ,fayette74 ,on ! left1 7 ! majority1 :i* /eadily increas$ 9 numb]s1 & embrac$ 7#a7 ! ,girondi/s1 or mod]ate republicans2 7#b7 ! ,m\nta91--s call$ f _! high] seats 9 ! hall1--compris+ ! mo/ decid$ democrats or radicals4 ,"h 7 ! lead]s ( ! ,jacob9s & ,cordeli]s4 ,a few ( ! ,girondi/s 7 = go+ beyond ! con/itution ( #agia1 9 ! direction ( a republic aft] ! model ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y 7 enamor$ ( ! _s ( ! anci5t commonweal?s4 ,!y 7 fond ( recurr+ to ! ,roman orators & hi/orians4 ,rol&1 ,brissot1 & ,v]gniaud 7 among _! lead]s4 ,,! ,,p>isian ,,populace4--,! populace ( ,p>is made ,ption1 a democrat1 _! mayor4 ,9 ! ,jacob9 club 7 ,robespi]re2 ,m>at1 :o d5\nc$ fi]cely 9 8 j\rnal1 ,! ,fri5d ( ! ,p1 z ari/ocrats1 all classes above ! common level1 :e!r by bir? or prop]ty1 & ! =m] play-actor1 ,d',h]bois4 ,danton1 & ,camille ,desm\l9s1 :o belong$ to ! ,cordeli]s1 took "p 9 its sessions4 ,f ?is company1 ! ,girondi/s sep>at$ aft] ! fall ( ! k+4 ,! r$ ,jacob9 cap came into vogue z a badge ( republicanism1 & ! ,m>seillaise z its favorite inspir+ song4 ,declaim]s & j\rnals 7 9 full bla/1 /irr+ up ! fe>s & wra? ( ! p4 ,,! ,,assembly ,,& ,,! ,,k+4--,! ,assembly pass$ p5al acts aga9/ ! recusant prie/s1--^? :o refus$ ! oa?2 & aga9/ ! emigrants1 :o 7 try+ to /ir up ! p[]s ( ,europe aga9/ ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 its new =m4 ,^! enactm5ts 7 met by ! k+ ) a veto4 ,,w> ,,) ,,au/ria ,,& ,,prussia4--,! au?ors ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution h be5 s g5]ally objects ( execration1 & s t]rible crimes 7 actually p]petrat$ 9 ! c\rse ( x1 t x is only j to note ! circum/ances :i* expla9 ! orig9 ( ^! atrocities1 & :i* enabl$ viol5t lead]s & wild passions to usurp control4 ,! ef=ts ( ! con/itutionali/s to save ! ?rone 7 balk$ by ! exiles & ! =eign gov]nm5ts4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii4 ( ,prussia 7#aghf-agig71 & ,leopold ,,ii4 ! emp]or 7#agij-agib71 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,pilnitz 7,aug4 #bg1 #agia71 call$ on ! o!r ,european p[]s to jo9 !m 9 aid+ ,l\is ,,xvi4 to e/abli% a "r sort ( gov]nm5t4 ,f ,russia1 ,sw$51 ,spa91 & ev5 ,switz]l&1 !re 7 n want+ manife/ations ( ho/ility4 ,! attitude ( ,au/ria _h ! effect to br+ into p[] a ,girondi/ m9i/ry4 ,!y want$ w> z ! be/ means ( atta9+ ! objects :i* !y _h 9 view at home4 ,on ,april #bj1 #agib1 ,l\is 0 compell$ to g to ! ,assembly1 & propose a decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ,au/ria4 ,! c\rts ( ,europe _h heap$ up ! fuel3 ! ,girondi/s appli$ ! tor*4 ,!y 7 n av]se to a crusade 9 behalf ( lib]ty4 ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,g]many4--,g]many consi/$ ( a multitude ( /ates1 ( :i* ,au/ria 7:i* _h l>ge t]ritories n ,g]man7 & ,prussia 7 ! *ief1 & 7 9 con/ant rivalry4 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire kept up its "n & =ms4 ,besides small] sov]eignties1 z ,saxony & ,bav>ia1 !re 7 two hundr$ & fifty petty pr9cipalities1 fifty imp]ial cities1 & sev]al hundr$ knights1 ea* ) an insignificant doma9 subject to him4 ,! empire 0 "o body only 9 !ory4 ,national feel+ _h di$ out4 ,! ,diet _h little to d1 & no effici5cy4 ,au/ria1 :i* held ! imp]ial (fice1 & includ$ 9 its ext5sive dom9ions ,milan & ,s\!rn ,ne!rl&s1 _h sunk into a gloomy & s\lless despotism4 ,! re=ms ( ,joseph ,,ii4 produc$ a f]m5t2 b aft] ! dea? ( ,leopold ,,ii4 7#agij-agib71 "u ,francis ,,ii41 a sickly & selfi% rul]1 a reaction>y policy1 inspir$ by ! dread ( *ange1 _h full sway4 ,?ugut1 ! m9i/] ( ,francis1 c>$ only = ! acquisition ( t]ritory3 ! p 7 s _m millions to be tax$1 to be drill$1 to be kept d[n by ! police4 ,9 ,prussia1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii4 7#aghf-agig7 & 8 p _h no feel+ s /rong z t ( ho/ility to ,au/ria1 ^: influ5ce 0 pr$om9ant 9 ! m9or /ates4 ,prussia c>$ m = gett+ additional ,poli% t]ritory ?an = help+ ! ,fr5* emigrants4 ,! ,prussian p 7 sep>at$ by rigor\s l9es into ?ree classes1--nobles1 burgh]s1 & peasants4 ,! nobles 7 poor4 ,! lawful occupations ( ea* class 7 prescrib$ by law4 ,! mass ( ! peasantry1 at lea/ 9 ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,elbe1 7 s]fs atta*$ to ! soil4 ,! (fices 9 ! army 7 conf9$ to nobles1 on ^: absolute ob$i5ce ! k+ c\ld c\nt4 ,bl[s 7 inflict$ on ! common soldi] z if he 7 a slave4 ,9 "s ( ! o!r ,prote/ant /ates1 ! "* ( ! gov]nm5t _h improv$4 ,9 ! s\? & we/1 ! s]fs _h be5 set free4 ,9 ! ecclesia/ical /ates1 includ+ ! electorates ( ,m5tz1 ,trves1 & ,cologne1 ! pr9ce-bi%ops & canons 7 nobles1 :o l$ a gay & luxuri\s life4 ,n[h]e 7 pov]ty & wret*$ness s g5]al z 9 ! l&s ( ! knights4 ,! political life ( ,g]many1 not)/&+ its abundant res\rces1 ma9ly f ! decay ( public _s & ! want ( political unity1 _h become /agnant & corrupt4 ,g]many 0 almo/ incapable ( vigor\s1 unit$ action4 ,,conflict ,,( ,,l\is ,,& ,,! ,,assembly4--,!re 0 no real union betwe5 ,l\is ,,xvi4 & ! ,assembly4 ,troops ( ! ,national ,gu>d1 to ! numb] ( tw5ty ?\s&1 f ! prov9ces 7 to encamp ne> ,p>is4 ,?is measure1 z well z a decree = ! bani%m5t ( ! non-jur+ cl]gy1 ! k+ refus$ to sanction4 ,! ,girondi/ m9i/]s laid d[n _! (fice4 ,a mob bur/ into ! ,tuil]ies3 !y put on ! k+'s head a ,jacob9 cap1 b he rema9$ calm & /eadfa/ 9 8 refusal to ass5t to ! decrees4 ,la ,fayette came to ,p>is f ! ,nor!rn army1 to re/ore ord]2 b ! que5 treat$ him ) habitual di/ru/1 & he fell "u suspicion ) ! radicals4 ,he w5t back to ! army )\t effect+ any ?+4 ,,imprisonm5t ,,( ,,! ,,k+4--,prussia _h jo9$ its rival1 ,au/ria4 ,f]d9& ( ,brunswick1 an (fic] tra9$ "u ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 comm&$ ! ,prussian =ces4 ,he issu$ 7,july #be7 a ?reat5+ proclamation to ! ,fr5* p4 ,!re 7 ?ree ,fr5* armies 9 ! field1 "u ,ro*ambeau1 ,la ,fayette1 & ,luckn]2 b ! fire ( ! ,revolution _h n yet ent]$ into ! ve9s ( ! soldi]s4 ,milit>y rev]ses height5$ ! revolution>y excitem5t 9 ,p>is4 ,! municipal gov]nm5t 0 brok5 up by ,danton & 8 associates1 ) ! mob ( poor & desp]ate p>tisans at _! back2 & its place 0 tak5 by commission]s f ! sections4 ,an arm$ ?rong aga9 attack$ ! ,tuil]ies4 ,! k+ took refuge 9 ! hall ( ! ,assembly4 ,! ,swiss gu>ds f\ght bravely aga9/ ! assailants1 :5 !y receiv$ an ord] f him to cease fir+4 ,! result 0 t !y 7 slaught]$ )\t m]cy4 ,! uni=m composure ( ! k+ 9 ! mo/ try+ situations1 & 8 consci5ti\s feel+s1 7 a poor sub/itute = intellectual =ce4 ,! ,assembly vot$ to susp5d ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority1 to put him & 8 family "u surveillance1 to h& ov] ! "y pr9ce to ! cu/ody ( a p]son *>g$ ) 8 education1 & to call a national conv5tion to draw up a con/itution4 ,! royal family 7 giv5 into ! h&s ( ! ,p>is commune1 & lodg$ z prison]s1 9 ap>tm5ts scantily furni%$1 9 ! ca/le call$ ! ,temple4 ,,massacres ,,( ,,septemb]4--,! blund]+ ( ! royali/s1 _! intrigues1 & ! pressure ( ! coalition ( =eign enemies1 _h ?r[n ! p[] into ! h&s ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,! city c\ncil1 & ,danton1 ! m9i/] ( ju/ice1 7 really supreme1 al?\gh ! ,girondi/s _h a %>e 9 ! new m9i/ry4 ,la ,fayette 0 accus$ & proscrib$1 & fl$ f ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 captur$ by ! ,au/rians1 & kept 9 prison at ,olmutz until #agig4 ,! news ( ! advance ( ! allies l$ to ! massacres ( ,septemb]1 :5 ! prisons 9 ,p>is1 :i* _h be5 fill$ ) prie/s & laym5 arre/$ on *>ges ( complicity ) ! enemies ( lib]ty1 7 ent]$ by ruffians act+ "u influ5ce ( ,m>at & ! commune's committee ( surveillance1 &1 aft] a burlesque trial be=e an arm$ jury1 7 murd]$4 ,9 ,v]sailles1 ,lyons1 ,orleans1 & o!r t[ns1 !re 7 l massacres4 ,! victims ( ^! massacres numb]$ ab\t two ?\s&4 ,,trial ,,& ,,execution ,,( ,,! ,,k+4--,! ,national ,conv5tion 0 made up entirely ( republicans4 ,! mon>*y 0 aboli%$1 & ,france 0 decl>$ a republic4 ,! ,girondi/s _h at fir/ ! prepond]ance 9 numb]s2 b ! ,jacob9s1 l$ by ,robespi]re1 ,danton1 ,m>at1 ,c\?on1 ,f\*1 ! ,duke ( ,orleans 7:o call$ himself ,philip galit71 ,/4 ,j1 ,billaud-,v>5ne1 ,b>re1 7 support$ by ! clubs & ! city c\ncil1 & by ! savage populace ( ! sections1--! sans culottes4 ,! guillot9e--a ma*9e = behead+1 :i* ,guillot91 a physician1 did n inv5t1 b recomm5d$ = use--0 ! in/rum5t on :i* ! fanatical revolutioni/s plac$ mo/ ( _! reliance = ! extirpation ( ari/ocracy4 ,! en]gy ( ! ,jacob9s1 aid$ by ! g5]al dread ( a re/oration ( ! royali/s to p[]1 & by ! fury ( ! ,p>is populace1 prov$ too /rong = ! m mod]ate p>ty to )/&4 ,! k+1 designat$ z ,l\is ,capet1 0 arraign$ be=e ! assembly1 tri$1 & condemn$ to dea?4 ,!re 7 sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-"o votes3 8 dea? 0 decre$ by a small majority 7,jan4 #ag1 #agic74 ,?r\gh all ! t]rible sc5es ( ! trial1 ! p>t+ ) 8 wife & *ildr51 & ! execution 7,jan4 #ba71 ,l\is manife/$ a s]5e & ,*ri/ian temp]4 ,,victories ,,( ,,france4--,meantime1 9 ,france ! w> 0 felt1 & ju/ly1 to be a w> ( self-def5se4 ,! enemies 7 a privileg$ class 9 alliance ) =eign invad]s4 ,volunte]s flock$ to ! field4 ,! troops "u ,dum\riez & o!rs _h be5 successful4 ,at ,valmy 7,sept4 #bj1 #agib7 ! allies1 "u ,brunswick1 7 defeat$4 ,! victory ( ,dum\riez at ,jemmappes 0 foll[$ by ! conque/ ( ! ,au/rian ,ne!rl&s 7,nov41 #agib74 ,savoy & ,nice 7 annex$ to ,france4 ,! ,s*eldt 0 decl>$ free & op5 to comm]ce1 & ,antw]p 0 made an op5 port4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,f ,,! ,,execution ,,( ,,l\is ,,xvi4 ,,to ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,robespi]re 7,,jan4 #ba1 #agic-;,,july #bg1 #agid74 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,coalition4-,! execution ( ! k+ 0 ! signal = ! union ( ! ,european p[]s aga9/ ,france4 ,! int5tion ( ! revolution>y p>ty to propagate _! sy/em 9 o!r c\ntries af=d$ "o excuse = ?is int]f]5ce4 ,! ,conv5tion 7,nov4 #ai1 #agib7 _h (f]$ _! assi/ance to peoples wi%+ to ?r[ (f ! exi/+ gov]nm5ts4 ,ano!r reason 0 ! rec5t annexations1 & ! proce$+s 9 respect to ! free navigation ( ! ,s*eldt4 ,! ma9 gr\nd & cem5t ( ! coalition 0 ! dread :i* ! gov]nm5ts felt ( revolution>y movem5ts among _! own subjects1 f _! sympa?y ) ! new in/itutions 9 ,france4 ,,politics ,,9 ,,engl&4--,! reason j m5tion$ 0 op]ative 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! revolution ( #afhh _h giv5 p[] to a gr\p ( ,:ig families & _! reta9]s4 ,to %ake (f ?is ,:ig control1 :i* _h long cont9u$1 0 a con/ant aim ( ,george ,,iii4 ,9 ,william ,pitt1 ! y\ng]1 he f\nd a m9i/] capable1 "u ! favor+ circum/ances1 ( a*iev+ ?is result4 ,he 0 made prime m9i/] 9 #aghc1 :5 he 0 only tw5ty-five ye>s old4 ,! k+1 9 #aghh1 _h be5 attack$ ) insanity2 & :ile he 0 ?us afflict$1 ,george1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o 0 unpopul> on acc\nt ( 8 loose morals1 rul$ z reg5t4 ,! reg5t affiliat$ ) ! ,:igs1 b ,pitt reta9$ 8 (fice4 ,! lead] ( ! lib]al p>ty 0 ,*>les ,james ,fox1 a man ( noble tal5ts & g5]\s in/9cts1 b notori\sly irregul> 9 8 habits4 ,! sympa?y 9 ,engl& ) ! ,revolution ( #aghi 0 widely diffus$4 ,edmund ,burke1 h[ev]1 ! great philosophical /atesman1 :o _h def5d$ ! cause ( fre$om 9 ! ,am]ican ,w>1 0 al>m$ by ! ev5ts 9 ,france1 & /ill m by ! !ories ( human rights prop\nd$ by ! en?usia/ic fri5ds ( ! ,revolution4 ,^! ideas 7 set =? 9 ,engl&1 9 an (f5sive =m1 9 ! writ+s ( ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,burke publi%$1 9 #agij1 8 ,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 9 :i* he attack$ z vision>y ! political notions ( ! ,fr5* s*ool 9 reg>d to human rights1 & d5\nc$ !m = _! dang]\s t5d5cy4 ,he sep>at$ f 8 p>ty1 & publicly broke fri5d%ip ) ,fox4 ,pitt 0 p]sonally av]se to w> ) ,france1 b 0 driv5 into x by ! prevail+ s5tim5t4 ,! anti-revolution>y feel+ excit$ by ! news ( ! dea? ( ,l\is mov$ ,engl& to an arm$ int]f]5ce :i* involv$ ! mo/ important consequ5ces to all ,europe4 ,a ,tory m9i/]1 ,pitt 0 support$ 9 ! long /ruggle 9 ,europe by a majority ( ! ,:igs4 ,9 ! next tw5ty ye>s1 ,great ,brita91 by h] milit>y /r5g? on ! l&1 & mu* m on ! sea1 & 9 p>ticul> by h] weal?1 freely p\r$ out 9 subsidies to h] allies on ! ,cont95t1 0 a p[]ful1 z well z ! mo/ p]sev]+1 antagoni/ ( ,france4 ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,girondi/s4--,! advance ( ! alli$ armies increas$ ! viol5ce & /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,dum\riez lo/ a battle 9 ,ne]w9d5 7,m>* #ah1 #agic71 & fell back1 ?r\gh ,belgium1 to ! ,fr5* fronti]4 ,he 0 9 sympa?y ) ! ,girondi/s1 & compla9$ ( ! do+s ( ! ,jacob9s 9 ,p>is & 9 8 army4 ,be+ call$ to acc\nt1 he w5t ov] to ! ,au/rians4 ,?is des]tion weak5$ ! ,girondi/ p>ty1 & put new =ce into ! p>ty ( ,jacob9s4 ,at ! same "t1 news came ( a royali/ revolt 9 ! ,we/1 & ( conflicts betwe5 ! ,jacob9s & _! adv]s>ies 9 ! cities ( ! ,s\?4 ,danton1 :o und]/ood t audacity 0 ! secret ( success1 procur$ ! appo9tm5t by ! conv5tion ( a ,committee ( ,public ,safety 7,april #f1 #agic71 :i* 0 to ex]cise ! mo/ frightful dictator%ip kn[n 9 hi/ory4 ,a committee ( g5]al security 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! police ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! commune ( ,p>is co-op]at$ 9 ! en]getic ef=ts ( ! ,jacob9 lead]s to collect recruits & to /r5g!n ! milit>y =ce4 ,! ?ree *iefs 7 ,danton1 ,m>at1 & ,robespi]re4 ,!re 0 a mortal /ruggle betwe5 ! advocates ( ord] & ! apo/les ( an>*y4 ,! fate ( ! mod]ates & ,girondi/s 0 seal$ by a great insurrection 9 ,p>is1 & an invasion ( ! ,conv5tion by an arm$ =ce4 ,! viol5t p>ty _h at _! back eighty ?\s& ,national ,gu>ds1 :o hemm$ 9 ! ,conv5tion4 ,tw5ty-n9e ,girondi/ lead]s 7 plac$ "u arre/4 ,_! p>ty fell4 ,! bolde/ & mo/ reckless faction1 :i* _h ! ,p>is commune beh9d x1 triumph$4 ,,w> ,,( ,,la ,,v5d,e4--,outside ( ,p>is1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,france1 !re 7 ris+s aga9/ ! ,jacob9 rule4 ,! mo/ =midable ( ^! 0 9 ! ,we/1 :]e ! relation ( ! nobles to ! peasants _h be5 k9dly1 & :]e ! common p look$ on ! viol5t proce$+s at ,p>is ) ang] & disgu/4 ,?us began ! w> ( ,la ,v5de1 a t]rible episode ( civil /rife1 9 :i* ! p ( t region 7 subdu$1 b n until aft] protract$ conflict & imm5se slaught]4 ,,! ,,jacob9 ,,revolution4--,danton & ! o!r revolution>y lead]s %[$ a trem5d\s en]gy 9 _! attack on bo? dome/ic & =eign enemies4 ,a levy 0 ord]$ ( ! :ole male population capable ( be>+ arms4 ,a maximum price 0 fix$ by law = commodities1 & also = wages4 ,! gov]nm5t paid its dues 9 depreciat$ assignats at ! face value4 ,its emiss>ies 7 9 all p>ts ( ,france1 /irr+ up ! p & =m+ revolution>y committees4 ,?us a sy/em ( revolution>y gov]nm5t 0 ev]y:]e e/abli%$4 ,a new con/itution1 ( an extreme democratic type1 0 (f]$ to ! acceptance ( ! p4 ,?is dom9ion ( ! ,jacob9s1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 0 a second revolution4 ,! ,revolution ( #agib 0 z diff]5t f t ( #aghi z 0 ! propos$ con/itution ( #agic f t ( #agia4 ,! insurrections1 except at ,lyons & ,t\lon & 9 ,la ,v5de1 7 soon quell$4 ,! ,jacob9 rule 0 id5tifi$ ) ! cause ( patriotism 9 arms aga9/ =eign invasion1 & ) antipa?y to ! re/oration ( ,b\rbon royalty & misrule4 ,9 ,p>is1 ! revolution>y tribunal 0 fill+ ! prisons ) ! suspect$1 & s5d+ daily its wagon-loads ( victims to ! guillot9e4 ,,milit>y ,,successes ,,( ,,france4-,! a*ievem5ts ( ! great coalition 7 n at all 9 proportion to its app>5t /r5g?4 ,x 0 weak5$ by mutual jeal\sies & ineffici5t comm&]s4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ! ,spani>ds & ,pi$montese did n pr(it by _! successes4 ,9 ! ,nor? & ,nor?-ea/1 ! summ] ( #agic 0 p>tly wa/$ by ! ,engli%1 ,au/rians1 & ,prussians1 9 long sieges & 9 diss5sions among !mselves4 ,meantime ! ,fr5* army 0 gr[+ /rong]1 & m & m on fire ) patriotic ardor4 ,! ,duke ( ,york1 an incapable g5]al1 0 oblig$ to raise ! siege ( ,dunkirk 7,sept4 #h1 #agic74 ,! =ces ( ! coalition began to retire f gr\nd t !y _h won4 ,at ,p>is1 ,c>not's effici5t managem5t ( milit>y affairs gave ,france an advantage ov] h] foes4 ,! ,prussians 7 inactive on ! ,rh9e2 & ,j\rdan1 re9=c$ by a ,fr5* deta*m5t f t qu>t]1 defeat$ ! ,au/rians at ,wattignies4 ,by ! movem5ts ( ,ho*e1 ! allies 7 driv5 out ( ,alsace4 ,lyons1 aft] a /ubborn def5se1 0 captur$ & savagely puni%$1 & ! brave ,v5deans 7 completely defeat$ by ,kleb] at ,sav5ay4 ,ne> ! end ( ! ye>1 ,t\lon1 !n 9 revolt1 0 captur$4 ,at ! siege1 a "y artill]y (fic]1 ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 fir/ di/+ui%$ himself by po9t+ out ! prop] spot = ! plant+ ( batt]ies t w\ld drive away ! ,engli% & ,spani% fleets1 & by c>ry+ out 8 project4 ,,bonap>te4--,napoleon 0 born on ! isl& ( ,corsica1 ,aug4 #ae1 #agfi1 two mon?s aft] ,corsica became subject to ! ,fr5*4 ,8 family1 on bo? sides1 7 ,italians4 ,napoleon himself nev] became s fully ma/] ( ! ,fr5* tongue t he did n betray 9 8 spee* 8 =eign extraction4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! milit>y s*ool ( ,bri5ne 7#aggi-aghd71 & !n w5t to ! milit>y s*ool at ,p>is4 ,8 pr9cipal /udies 7 ma!matics & hi/ory4 ,he quickly made manife/ 8 milit>y tal5ts1 & seems fir/ to h aspir$ to ga9 di/9ction & p[]1 9 ?is l9e1 9 ,corsica4 ,8 connection 0 at fir/ ) ! ,jacob9s1 al?\gh he aft]w>ds d5i$ x4 ,he _h imbib$ ! ideas ( ! ,revolution1 & saw t 9 ! s]vice ( ! lead]s 9 ! w> !re 0 op5$ to him a milit>y c>e]4 ,he turn$ aga9/ 8 patriotic c\ntryman1 ,paoli1 :5 ! latt] s\ght to sep>ate ,corsica f ,france1 at t "t "u ! ,jacob9 rule4 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,t]ror4--,! ,reign ( ,t]ror _h n[ e/abli%$ itself 9 ,france4 ,! ,committee ( ,public ,safety wield$ absolute p[]4 ,e man1 woman1 & *ild 0 call$ ^u to take "p 9 ! def5se ( ! c\ntry4 ,! prop]ty ( all ! emigrants & prison]s ( /ate 0 seiz$4 ,:oev] 0 suspect$ ( be+ ho/ile to ! e/abli%$ tyranny 0 ?r[n into prison4 ,ev5 to be lukew>m 9 adhesion to x1 0 a s]i\s (f5se4 ,summ>y trials 7 foll[$ by swift executions4 ,! t5d]ness ( y\? & ! v5]abl5ess ( age 7 no protection4 ,day aft] day1 ! /ream ( human blood cont9u$ to fl[4 ,a new cal5d> 0 orda9$3 ,sept4 #bb1 #agib1 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> "o4 ,!re 0 a new division ( mon?s2 9 ! room ( ! week1 ea* t5? day 0 made a holiday4 ,! commune ( ,p>is1 foll[$ by o!r cities1 began a crusade aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,fa%ions ( dress1 modes ( spee*1 & mann]s 7 revolutioniz$4 ,e ve/ige ( ari/ocracy 0 to be swept (f ! e>?4 ,!re 0 a wild lic5se giv5 to divorce & to pr(ligacy4 ,p>is 0 l a camp :]e "y soldi]s 7 drill$1 weapons 7 =g$1 & l9t & b&ages made ready = ! w\nd$4 ,!re 7 se51 ev5 9 ! hall ( ! ,conv5tion1 ?rongs ( co>se & fi]ce m51 & ( co>s] & fi]c] wom51 ) _! songs & wild outcries & ge/ures4 ,! commune ( ,p>is in/itut$ a sacrilegi\s fe/ival 9 ! anci5t ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame1 :]e an actress 0 en?ron$ z ,goddess ( ,lib]ty4 ,!re 7 prie/s & bi%ops :o abjur$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & !re 7 o!rs :o adh]$ to x at ! p]il ( _! lives4 ,! prisons1 :i* 7 pack$ ) all classes1 7 !at]s ( /range & ?rill+ sc5es4 ,9 _m cases1 dea?1 made famili>1 ceas$ to t]rify4 ,cr[ds escort$ ! bat* ( victims c>ri$ on c>ts ea* day to ! place ( execution1 & insult$ !m ) _! brutal %\ts4 ,! arre/$ ,girondi/ deputies 7 execut$4 ,"s ( ! lead]s ( t p>ty1 includ+ ,rol&1 p]i%$ by suicide4 ,among ! em95t p]sons s5t to ! guillot9e 7 ! eloqu5t ,v]gniaud1 ,brissot1 ,bailly1 ,male%]bes 7! brave advocate :o _h def5d$ ,l\is ,,xvi471 & ,madame ,rol&2 also ! infam\s ,duke ( ,orleans1 :o _h intrigu$ to get himself rais$ to ! ?rone4 ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 h] hair turn$ :ite 9 ! tragic sc5es ?r\gh :i* %e _h pass$1 mis]ably clad1 0 dragg$ be=e ! m]ciless tribunal4 ,!re %e 0 insult$ ) f\l accusations :i* nobody believ$4 ,aft] ! mock]y ( a trial1 %e 0 c>ri$ l a common crim9al1 9 a c>t1 ) h] arms b\nd1 to ! place ( execution 7,oct4 #af74 ,h] dignity & s]5ity1 h] pallid c\nt5ance1 & ! simple1 pa!tic words utt]$ by h] at h] arraignm5t1 t\*$ = ! mom5t ! h>d5$ he>ts ( ! imbrut$ spectators4 ,h] sad fate has bl9d$ _m to ! calamit\s errors committ$ by h] 9 ! days ( h] p[]4 ,,! ,,jacob9 ,,*iefs4--,! ,reign ( ,t]ror 0 n conf9$ to ,p>is4 ,! unexampl$ atrocities !re 7 repeat$ 9 ! o!r l>ge t[ns ) l circum/ances ( b>b>ity4 ,a species ( fanaticism rul$ & rag$ 9 ! l&4 ,! mania1 if "o may s call x1 rea*$ its height 9 su* *iefs ( ! revolution>y p>ty z ,m>at1 ,billaud1 & ,robespi]re4 ,9 ,m>at especially1 ! ma/]y ga9$ by "o idea almo/ am\nt$ to m5tal disord]4 ,he dem&$ fir/ five hundr$ heads1 !n 79 ,sept41 #agic7 =ty ?\s&2 !n1 six weeks lat]1 two hundr$ & sev5ty ?\s&4 ,x did seem to be a homicidal mania4 ,m>at 0 assass9at$ by a "y maid51 ,*>lotte ,corday1 :o devot$ h]self to ! task ( ridd+ ! _w ( su* a mon/]4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,danton4--,! ,jacob9 lead]s f\nd _! ideal ( virtue 9 ! ,sp>tan _s4 ,infatuat$ by ,r\sseau's !ory ( ! omnipot5ce ( ! /ate1 9 :i* ! individual is m]g$ & lo/ "u ! despotism ( ! majority1 !y look$ on ! massacre ( c\ntless p]sons1 guilty ( no crime1 z a good de$4 ,at l5g? m5 began to gr[ we>y ( ?is frightful tyranny4 ,! lead]s became divid$ among !mselves4 ,danton1 ?\gh (t5 ! advocate ( viol5t measures1 0 a /atesman1 &1 to 8 cr$it be x said1 halt$ at a po9t :]e ! o!rs advanc$4 ,he made an objection to ! conf\nd+ ( ! innoc5t ) ! guilty4 ,hb]t & ! lead]s ( ! commune1 ) _! a!ism1 z dang]\s political rivals1 7 (f5sive to ,robespi]re1 :o 0 a dei/4 ,he held a sort ( middle position1 _h mo/ p[] ) ! ,jacob9s1 & 0 enabl$ to cru% & de/roy 8 associates4 ,he 0 a dull man1 ( a quiet mi51 (t5 se5 ) a nosegay 9 8 h&1 & blood?ir/y accord+ to a precise !ory4 ,8 asc5d5cy gave him ! p[]1 aft] sc5es ( tempe/u\s debate1 to inflict fir/ on ,hb]t1 on ,clootz1 & 8 o!r conf$]ates1 & !n on ,danton & ! ,dantoni/ *iefs1 ! same dea? by ! guillot9e to :i* !y _h doom$ s _m4 ,robespi]re aboli%$ ! wor%ip ( ,reason1 & caus$ ! ,conv5tion to pass a resolution ackn[l$g+ ! exi/5ce ( a supreme ,be+1 9 ^: honor ftes 7 held4 ,*ri/ianity 0 d5\nc$ z a base sup]/ition4 ,,cruelties ,,9 ,,! ,,prov9ces4--,:5 ,robespi]re 0 supreme1 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror became /ill m t]rible4 ,9 trials1 ! he>+ ( evid5ce & ( argum5t 7 disp5s$ )4 ,! prisons 7 cr[d$ ) suspects4 ,alleg$ conspiracies 9 prisons 7 made a pretext = :olesale slaught] "u ! guillot9e4 ,suicide & madness 7 ( common occurr5ce4 ,ev5 be=e ,robespi]re's pr$om9ance !re _h be5 9 ! prov9ces sc5es ( horror l ^? :i* occurr$ 9 ! capital4 ,! revolt$ cities1 z ,lyons & ,t\lon1 7 puni%$ ) savage f]ocity4 ,at ,lyons1 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 9 masses 7 %ot d[n ) artill]y4 ,^? :o 7 n kill$ ) ! %ot 7 cut 9 pieces by ! soldi]y4 ,at ,nantes prison]s 7 b\nd toge!r 9 pairs1 & huddl$ toge!r 9 b>ges1 :i* 7 scuttl$ & set afloat d[n ! ,loire4 ,= ^! atrocities ! deputy ,c>ri] 0 responsible4 ,,fr5* ,,victories4--,yet1 at ?is "t1 ! arms ( ! republic1 except on ! sea1 :]e ! ,fr5* fleet 0 badly beat5 by ! ,engli%1 7 mo/ly successful4 ,! ,duke ( ,york 0 vanqui%$ on ! ,belgian fronti]1 & ! defeat ( ! allies at ,fleurus 7,june #bf1 #agid7 oblig$ !m to evacuate ,belgium4 ,,! ,,bonap>tes ,*>les ,bonap>te1 m4 ,letitia ,ramol9o4 --#a1 ,joseph1 ,k+ ( ,spa91 d4 #ahdd4 --,luci51 ,c>d9al4 --,znade1 m4 --,*>les1 d4 #aheg --#c1 ,luci51 ,pr9ce ( ,can9o1 d 4#ahdj4 --,luci54 --,pi]re4 --#b1 ,,napoleon ,i1 #ahjd-ahad1 7depos$1 d4 #ahba71 m4 7#a71 ,m>ia ,l\isa1 daught] ( ,emp]or ,francis ,,ii4 --,napoleon1 ,duke ( ,rei*/adt 7,napoleon ,,ii71 d4 #ahcb4 7#b71 ,joseph9e1 m4 ,g5]al ,beauh>nais4 --,eug5e1 ,duke ( ,leu*t5b]g1 d4 #ahbd4 m4 ,augu/a1 daught] ( ,maximilian ,joseph ( ,bav>ia4 --,joseph9e1 m4 ,osc> ,i ( ,sw$54 --,hort5se1 m4 --#d1 ,l\is1 ,k+ ( ,holl&1 d4 #ahdf4 --,napoleon ,*>les1 d4 #ahjg4 --,napoleon ,l\is1 d4 #ahca4 --,,l\is ,,napoleon ,,iii1 #aheb-ahgj1 d4 #ahgc4 m4 ,eug5ie1 ,c\ntess ( ,teba --,napoleon1 d4 #ahgi4 --#e1 ,c>ol9e1 m4 ,joa*im ,murat1 ,k+ ( ,naples1 %ot #ahae4 --#f1 ,j]ome1 ,k+ ( ,we/phalia1 d4 #ahfj1 m4 ,ca?>9e ( ,wurtemb]g4 --,napoleon4 m4 ,clotilde1 d4 ( ,victor ,emmanuel ,,ii ( ,italy --,,napolean ,,victor ,,j]ome ,,fr$]ic4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,f ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,robespi]re ,,to ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,napoleon 7#agid-ahjd74 ,,fall ,,( ,,robespi]re 7#i,,? ,,!rmidor74--,a reaction set 9 aga9/ ! cruelties ( ,jacob9ism4 ,m5--ev5 ! judges ( ! murd]\s tribunal--grew we>y ( blood%$4 ,! au?ority ( ,robespi]re began to wane1 ev5 ) 8 colleagues4 ,! assembly at l5g? turn$ aga9/ him4 ,on ,july #bg 7! #i? ,!rmidor1 accord+ to ! new cal5d>7 he 0 arre/$4 ,he 0 releas$1 b 0 aga9 seiz$1 &1 ) ,/4 ,j1 ,c\?on1 & mo/ ( ! lead]s ( ! commune1 0 guillot9$4 ,b>e /ati/ics1 accompani$ by no ?rill+ descriptions1 convey a /rong impression ( ! atrocities ( ! ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,ta9e1 !re 7 guillot9$ at ,p>is1 betwe5 ,april #af1 #agic1 & ! #i? ,!rmidor1 #b1fbe p]sons4 ,! same process w5t =w>d all ov] ,france4 ,9 ,arras1 #bii m5 & #ic wom52 9 ,orange1 #cca p]sons2 9 ,nantes1 #a1iga2 9 ,lyons1 #a1fhd 7av[$ly1 b a correspond5t ( ,robespi]re e/imates ! total at #f1jjj72 9 ! fusillades 7dea?s by %oot+7 ( ,t\lon1 m ?an #a1jjj2 9 ! noyades 7dr[n+s7 ( ,nantes1 ne>ly #e1jjj p]i%$4 ,9 ! eight dep>tm5ts ( ! ,we/1 x is reckon$ t ne>ly half a million p]i%$4 ,! dea?s f want1 "u ! ,jacob9 gov]nm5t1 ,m4 ,ta9e ?9ks1 mu* exce$$ a million4 ,france 0 on ! br9k ( a great fam9e on ! ,asiatic scale4 ,,reaction3 ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,mod]ates4--,! ,reign ( ,t]ror 0 br\ght to an end4 ,! mod]ates controll$ ! ,conv5tion4 ,! prison doors 7 op5$1 & ! multitude ( suspects 7 set free4 ,! revolution>y tribunal 0 brok5 d[n4 ,! commune ( ,p>is 0 s %ap$ z to /rip x ( its mo/ dang]\s p[]s4 ,! ,jacob9 & o!r inc5di>y clubs 7 suppress$4 ,religion 0 decl>$ to be free1 & ! *ur*es 7 op5$ to _! congregations4 ,! ,girondi/ deputies :o surviv$ 7 invit$ back to _! seats 9 ! ,conv5tion4 ,! ,national ,gu>ds 7 fill$ up f ! middle class1--! b\rgeoisie4 ,little m]cy 0 %[n to ! ,jacob9s any:]e4 ,! reaction 0 se5 9 ! alt]$ "* ( society & ( mann]s4 ,^? :o _h acquir$ weal? 9 ! late "t by ! *anges ( prop]ty came to ! front4 ,! old fondness = dress & gayety reappe>$4 ,p>is 0 aga9 alive ) balls & o!r fe/ive ent]ta9m5ts4 ,! salons 7 cr[d$ ) elegant y\? ( ! high] class 7! jeunesse dore74 ,! p>ty ( ,t]ror 7 c[$2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! rise 9 ! co/ ( provisions1 & ( ! di/ress caus$ by x1 & by ! sudd5 abrogation ( tyrannical laws settl+ ! price ( food & wages1 !re 7 two fi]ce outbreak+s ( ! mob ( ,p>is 7,april #a1 ,may #bj1 #agie74 ,^! 7 quell$1 & ! p[] ( ! ,jacob9s 0 f9ally cru%$4 ,! mod]ates _h n[ to gu>d aga9/ ! increas+ /r5g? & ris+ hopes ( ! royali/s4 ,,conque/ ,,( ,,holl&3 ,,prussia4--,! armies ( ,france 7 ev]y:]e successful4 ,?r\gh ! victories ( ,j\rdan & ,pi*egru1 ,holl& 0 conqu]$1 & conv]t$ into ! ,batavian ,republic1 & ,dut* ,fl&]s surr5d]$ to ,france4 ,! ,l[ ,c\ntries 7 n[ a dep5d5cy ( ! ,fr5* ,republic 7#agid-agie74 ,ho*e1 an excell5t g5]al1 p>tly by conciliation1 r$uc$ ! ,we/--! !at] ( ! ,la ,v5de revolt--to submission4 ,! ,engli% & emigrants l&$ 9 ,quib]on1 on ! coa/ ( ,brittany1 b 7 defeat$4 ,! coalition 0 brok5 up1 fir/ by ! )drawal ( ,prussia1 :i* c$$ 7,april #e1 #agie71 &1 9 a secret article1 c$$ p]man5tly1 its t]ritories on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e to ! ,fr5*1 = a comp5sation to be obta9$ f secul>iz$ ,g]man /ates1--t is1 /ates 9 :i* ! old ecclesia/ical rule %\ld be aboli%$4 ,a few mon?s lat] 7,july1 #agie71 ,spa9 conclud$ peace1 c$+ ,/4 ,dom+o to ! ,republic4 ,! soldi]s ( ,france 7 fa/ becom+ tra9$1 & _! confid5ce rose ) _! increas+ success4 ,?is success 0 due l>gely to ! weak g5]al%ip ( ! allies4 ,! ,fr5* 7 commonly h>d ma/]s 9 ! conqu]$ places4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !y effect$ a welcome abolition ( old feudal inequalities & abuses4 ,,con/itution ,,( #aiie4--,mean:ile1 !re 0 disaffection1 especially 9 ! cities1 ) ! rule by ! ,conv5tion4 ,9 ! cities !re 0 di/ress1 except 9 ! money$ class4 ,!re 0 a ye>n+ = a /rong & /able gov]nm5t4 ,! ,conv5tion fram$ & submitt$ to ! nation a new con/itution1 ! ?ird 9 ! ord] ( political fabrics ( ?is sort4 ,!re 7 to be sev5 hundr$ & fifty legislators1 divid$ into two bodies1--! ,c\ncil ( ,eld]s1 or ! ,anci5ts1 ( two hundr$ & fifty1 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,five ,hundr$4 ,! executive p[] 0 giv5 to a ,directory ( five p]sons4 ,two-?irds ( ! c\ncils = ! fir/ t]m 7 to be tak5 f ! ,conv5tion4 ,! con/itution1 ?us cons]vative & anti-,jacob9 9 its "*1 0 well receiv$4 ,b !re 0 dissatisfaction 9 ! reaction>y p>ties2 & a great insurrection ( ! royali/ middle class 9 ,p>is 7,oct4 #e1 #agie1 ! #ac? ,v5dmaire7 0 promptly put d[n by ! resolute action ( ,bonap>te1 to :om _h be5 giv5 ! comm& ( ! troops ( ! city4 ,x 0 ! royali/ & ! anti-republican p>ties :i* n[ ?reat5$ ! gov]nm5t4 ,b a new au?ority1 ! w ( ! army1 0 beg9n+ pla9ly to disclose itself4 ,! dread ( ,jacob9ism /ill exi/$4 ,:at ! p m & m crav$ 0 int]nal tranquillity & ord]4 ,,bonap>te ,,9 ,,italy3 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,campo ,,=mio4--,! assignats became wor?less4 ,?is bankruptcy _h "o b5efit3 x reliev$ ! /ate ( its debt1 & br\ght co9 into circulation4 ,a triple attack 0 plann$ by ,c>not aga9/ ,au/ria4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,j\rdan & ,moreau 7 driv5 back by ! ,ar*duke ,*>les ( ,au/ria4 ,b a spl5did success att5d$ ! arms ( ,bonap>te 9 ! attack on ! ,au/rian p[] 9 ,italy4 ,he _h be5 lately m>ri$ to ,joseph9e ,beauh>nais1 ! wid[ ( a ,fr5* g5]al guillot9$ 9 #agid1 ! only woman to :om he appe>s ev] to h be5 w>mly atta*$4 ,!re 7 two *ildr5 by h] =m] m>riage1--,eugne 7#agha-ahbd71 & ,hort5se 7#aghc-ahcg7 :o m>ri$ ,l\is ,bonap>te4 ,/>t+ f ,nice1 & foll[+ ! coa/1 ,bonap>te defeat$ ! ,au/rians & ,pi$montese sep>ately1 & =c$ ! latt] to conclude a di/9ct peace1 :i* c$$ ,savoy & ,nice to ,france4 ,he exemplifi$ 9 ?is campaign ! *>act]i/ics :i* 9 aft]-ye>s contribut$ ess5tially to 8 success z a g5]al4 ,he /ruck ! enemy be=e !y c\ld comb9e _! =ces4 ,he did n1 aft] ! old me?od1 wait to capture all ! =tresses 9 8 pa?1 b by swift m>*es made 8 attacks at unexpect$ places & times4 ,he defeat$ ! ,au/rians aft] a brief /ruggle at ! bridge ( ,lodi on ! ,adda1 captur$ ,milan1 ov]ran ,lomb>dy z f> z ,mantua1 & =c$ ! ,pope1 & ,p>ma1 ,mod5a1 & ,naples1 to pur*ase peace by giv+ up _! treasures ( art4 ,?us began ! cu/om ( despoil+ conqu]$ capitals1 & o!r subjugat$ cities1 ( works ( art1 :i* w5t to adorn & enri* ,p>is1--a new cu/om among civiliz$ ,*ri/ian nations4 ,wurms]1 ! vet]an ,au/rian g5]al1 0 defeat$ 9 a s]ies ( engagem5ts2 &1 aft] him1 ano!r great ,au/rian army1 "u ,alv9zi1 0 vanqui%$ at ,arcola 7,nov4 #ad-ag1 #agif7 & at ,rivoli 7,jan4 #ad1 #agig74 ,bonap>te n[ cross$ ! ,alps to meet ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 :o _h cle>$ ,g]many ( its invad]s4 ,! ,fr5* g5]al1 al?\gh 8 own situation 0 n free f p]il1 0 able to dictate ! t]ms ( peace4 ,9 ! treaty ( ,campo ,=mio 7,oct4 #ag1 #agig71 ,au/ria c$$ ! ,belgian prov9ces to ,france1 recogniz$ ! ,cisalp9e ,republic to be e/abli%$ by ,bonap>te 9 ,nor? ,italy1 & secretly cons5t$ to ! cession ( ! ,g]man prov9ces on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,9 return1 he gave ,v5ice to ,au/ria1 9 disreg>d ( ! pr9ciples ( int]national law1 & p]fidi\sly z reg>ds t republic1 :i* _h made its peace ) him1 & become a democracy dep5d5t on ,france4 ,9 ?is treaty ) ,au/ria1 !re 0 ano!r secret /ipulation t ,prussia %\ld n be indemnifi$ 9 ,g]many = h] losses on ! we/ ( ! ,rh9e4 ,?us ,napoleon us$ ! selfi%ness ( ! allies to divide !m f "o ano!r4 ,at ,tol5t9o 9 ,febru>y ! ,pope _h c$$ = ! ,cispadane ,republic ! ,romagna1 ,bologna1 & ,f]r>a4 ,a "y man ( tw5ty-sev51 ,bonap>te _h giv5 pro( ( 8 a/oni%+ milit>y g5ius by a s]ies ( victories ov] l>ge armies & exp]i5c$ g5]als2 & he _h ev9c$ equally 8 skill1 z well z 8 lack ( pr9ciple1 9 ! field ( diplomacy4 ,he _h won admiration f 8 enemies by 8 evid5t fre$om f ! revolution>y fanaticism1 & 8 contempt = declamation ab\t ! rights ( man4 ,return+ to ,p>is1 he 0 receiv$ ) acclamation1 b ?\ght x politic to avoid publicity1 & to live quietly 9 8 mode/ dwell+4 ,,c\p ,d',,tat3 #ah ,,fructidor 7,sept4 #d1 #agig74--;,dur+ ,bonap>te's abs5ce1 ! royali/ & reaction>y faction _h ga9$ gr\nd 9 ! gov]n+ bodies4 ,pi*egru 0 plott+ on t side4 ,^! s*emes _h be5 baffl$ ) ! timely assi/ance ( a deta*m5t ( troops s5t to ,p>is by ,bonap>te "u ,aug]eau4 ,on ,sept4 #d 7! #ah? ,fructidor71 ! palace ( ! ,tuil]ies1 :]e ! c\ncils met1 0 surr\nd$4 ,! reaction>y deputies 7 arre/$2 ,pi*egru & 8 fell[-conspirators 7 bani%$4 ,?is c\p d'tat seal$ ! triumph ( ! republicans1 b x 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! army4 ,,! ,,egyptian ,,exp$ition4--,! ,directory 7 consci\s ( weakness1 & look$ ) al>m & di/ru/ on ! "y g5]al1 :o 0 fa/ becom+ ! idol ( ! p1 z well z ( ! army4 ,!y wi%$ him to attempt a desc5t on ,engl&4 ,he pref]r$1 9 ! room ( ?is impracticable v5ture1 to conduct an exp$ition to ,egypt1 ) ! design ( gett+ control1 if possible1 ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 & ( /rik+ at ! possessions ( ,great ,brita9 9 ,india4 ,to ?is s*eme ! ,directory1 q will+ to h him at a di/ance1 readily cons5t$4 ,hid+ 8 plans until all 0 ready1 he sail$ f ,t\lon 7,may #ai1 #agih7 ) a /rong fleet & army2 on 8 way captur$ ,malta ?r\gh trea*]y ( ! knights1 & l&$ safely 9 ,egypt4 ,) him 7 "s ( ! be/ ( ! ,fr5* g5]als1 & a l>ge company ( sci5tific m54 ,he defeat$ ! ,mamelukes 9 a great battle f\ght )9 sight ( ! ,pyramids4 ,b at ,ab\kir1 9 ! ,battle ( ! ,nile1 ! ,fr5* fleet 0 de/roy$ by ! ,engli% naval =ce "u ,nelson4 ,! ,fr5* army 0 ?us cut (f f ! means ( return4 ,bonap>te invad$ ,syria1 b 0 prev5t$ by ! ,engli% fleet f gett+ a foo?old on ! coa/4 ,he _h to raise ! siege ( ,acre1 & return$ to ,egypt1 :]e he vanqui%$ ! ,turks at ,ab\kir4 ,,rev]ses ,,( ,,france ,,9 ,,italy4--,"h ,bonap>te receiv$ in=mation :i* det]m9$ him to leave ! army "u ! comm& ( ,klb]1 & himself to return to ,france4 ,! ,european p[]s _h once m tak5 up arms4 ,among ! causes ( ! r5ewal ( ! w> 7 ! =mation by ! ,fr5* ( ! ,roman ,republic out ( ! dom9ion ( ! ,pope1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,helvetian ,republic 9 ,switz]l&1 & ! *ange ( ,g5oa by its own act into ! ,ligurian ,republic4 ,prussia1 s9ce #agie1 f selfi% motives _h coop]at$ ) ,france1 & /ood alo( f ! new--! second--coalition4 ,paul ,i41 emp]or ( ,russia1 0 active aga9/ ! ,fr5* ,republic1 & ,pitt 0 its indefatigable enemy4 ,! ,cz> _h be5 made ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,knights ( ,malta1 & made mu* ( ?is empty dignity4 ,! victory ( ,nelson at ,ab\kir cem5t$ ! union ( ! ho/ile p[]s1 ) :om ! ,sultan 0 n[ jo9$4 ,! managem5t ( ! ,fr5* armies by ! gov]nm5t at ,p>is 0 unskillful4 ,naples1 to be sure1 0 ov]come1 & trans=m$ into ! ,p>!nopan ,republic4 ,! k+ ( ,s>d9ia 0 driv5 out ( ,pi$mont4 ,b ,j\rdan 0 defeat$ by ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 & retreat$ across ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,au/rians & ! ,russian army "u ,suvor(f1 a vet]an (fic]1 7 victori\s s\? ( ! ,alps 7,june1 #agii72 ,moreau & ,macdonald 7 defeat$ at ,trebbia4 ,! ,fr5* 7 defeat$ aga9 at ,novi 7,aug4 #ae71 & lo/ almo/ all ,italy4 ,! k+ ( ,naples came back1 & ?\s&s ( republicans !re 7 cruelly put to dea?1--a proscription 9 :i* ,nelson _h a "p4 ,x 0 ! victory ( ,massna1 ov] ! ,russians at ,zuri*1 t sav$ ,france itself f invasion4 ,,ov]?r[ ,,( ,,! ,,directory3 #ah,,? ,,brumaire4--,^! rev]ses add$ to ! unpopul>ity ( ! ,directory4 ,! discont5t ( ! ,jacob9s ) _! gov]nm5t _h giv5 rise to /rong measures ( repression4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! weal?y class 7 disgu/$ at ! r5ewal ( ! w>4 ,a ris+ 0 ?reat5$ 9 ,la ,v5dee4 ,! feel+ 0 widely diffus$1 t !re 0 ne$ ( a /rong man at ! helm to save ! %ip ( /ate f ano!r t]rible %ipwreck4 ,at ?is juncture ,napoleon appe>$ 9 ,p>is1 & 0 greet$ ) en?usiasm4 ,sieys & "o o!r director1 ) a majority ( ! ,anci5ts1 agre$ to ano!r c\p d'tat :i* %\ld make ,bonap>te ! fir/ magi/rate4 ,! g>rison ( ,p>is 0 ready to l5d its aid4 ,! resi/ance ( ! ,c\ncil ( five ,hundr$ at ,/4 ,cl\d 0 baffl$ by ,luci5 ,bonap>te1 ,napoleon's bro!r1 _! presid5t1 & by ! use ( milit>y =ce4 ,?us !re 0 accompli%$ ! revolution ( ! #ah? ,brumaire 7,nov4 #i1 #agii74 ,,! ,,consulate4--,9 ! provisional gov]nm5t set up by ! remnant ( ! c\ncil1 ,napoleon only gradually assum$ ! *ief rle4 ,he 0 lat] enabl$ to take & to hold supreme p[]1 because ( ! mutual fe> ( royali/s & republicans1 _! common dread ( ,jacob9ism1 & a prevail+ conviction t safety mu/ be s\ght 9 ! sway ( an individual1 repres5t+ nei!r extreme1 & /rong en\gh to hold all 9 *eck4 ,yet ! ev5t ev9c$ ! supremacy n[ ga9$ by ! milit>y p[]4 ,napoleon imm$iately made excell5t f9ancial re=ms1 & repeal$ or s(t5$ ! laws aga9/ ! emigrants & ! prie/s4 ,by su* mild & cons]vative measures1 ! prosp]ity ( ,france began to be r5ew$4 ,! con/itution ( ! ye> ,,viii41 z plann$ by ,sieys & modifi$ by ,bonap>te1 kept up ! semblance1 )\t mu* ( ! reality1 ( democracy4 ,! *ecks on ! p[] ( ! ,fir/ ,consul 7 m nom9al ?an real4 ,! mass ( ! p _h p[] only to vote = li/s ( citiz5s1 out ( :om all ! high] (fic]s 7 to be select$ by successive /eps4 ,all legislation 0 initiat$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate2 ! ,tribunate ( a hundr$ memb]s c\ld discuss proposals made ?us1 b c\ld n act2 ! ,legislative ,*amb] ( ?ree hundr$ c\ld vote1 b n discuss2 & ! ,s5ate ( eighty 0 *os5 = life1 ) little to d4 ,?is con/itution ( #agii1 9 opposition to ! communal sy/em ( #aghi & #agia1 e/abli%$ a c5traliz$ adm9i/ration :i* de/roy$ local lib]ty & self-gov]nm5t4 ,france no long] repres5t$ 9 o!r c\ntries ! cause ( lib]ty4 ,9 ?is "* its armies _h be5 hail$ 9 ,italy1 :]e a ye>n+ = national unity 0 awak5$4 ,equality1 n lib]ty1 0 all t ! cause ( ,france n[ repres5t$4 ,napoleon c\ld n h expect$ t 8 ov]tures ( peace w\ld be accept$ by ,au/ria4 ,! r\gh1 impolitic response made by ,engl&1 help$ him by r\s+ res5tm5t 9 ,france4 ,,m>5go3 ,,peace ,,( ,,lungville4--,if ,sieys & o!rs expect$ t ,napoleon w\ld m]ely direct milit>y op]ations f ,p>is1 !y 7 soon undeceiv$4 ,massna 0 at ! head ( ! army 9 ,italy1 & f\nd x mo/ difficult to hold ,g5oa aga9/ ! ,au/rians4 ,moreau 0 at ! head ( ! army 9 ,g]many4 ,ap>t f o!r reasons = tak+ ! field 9 p]son1 x w\ld n h be5 safe = ! new rul] ( ,france to all[ himself to be eclips$ 9 milit>y fame by ,moreau4 ,napoleon1 z usual veil+ 8 purpose1 gradually collect$ a l>ge army1 & betwe5 ,may #af & #ai1 #ahjj1 l$ 8 troops1 & dragg$ 8 cannon1 ov] ! ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d ,pass into ,italy1 ?rew himself 9 ! re> ( ,melas1 ! ,au/rian g5]al1 & ent]$ ,milan4 ,he appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h us$ less ?an 8 usual caution1 probably f fe> t ,melas might escape2 s t he 0 attack$ at ,m>5go 7,june #ad71 by t g5]al1 at a mom5t :5 ! ,fr5* =ces 7 n suffici5tly conc5trat$4 ,:at ?reat5$ to be a disa/r\s defeat = ! ,fr5*1 h[ev]1 0 turn$ into a signal victory by ! timely arrival ( ,desaix2 & ! "n ( ,m>5go rang ?r\gh ,europe4 ,9 ,decemb]1 ,moreau won ! great victory ( ,hoh5l9d5 ov] ! ,ar*duke ,john4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahja1 ! peace ( ,lunville 0 conclud$4 ,france kept its natural b\nd>ies1 ,belgium & ! we/ ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,italian republics1 except ,rome & ,naples1 7 re/or$4 ,tuscany 0 to be giv5 to a pr9ce ( ,spa91 a c\ntry n[ dep5d5t on ,france4 ,! ,g]man pr9ces :o lo/ t]ritory 7 to be indemnifi$ by secul>iz+ ,g]man ecclesia/ical /ates1 & vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 implor+ favors ( ! conqu]or4 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,alliance3 ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,ami5s4--,engl& n[ /ood alone aga9/ ,france4 ,h] navies 7 supreme1 & _h captur$ mo/ ( ! ,dut* z well z ,fr5* colonies4 ,! ,fr5* army 9 ,egypt _h be5 driv5 to capitulate on ! condition t x %\ld be transport$ 9 ,engli% vessels to ,france4 ,russia1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k made 7#ahjj7 a def5sive alliance ( arm$ neutrality on ! sea1 to ma9ta9 ! "r ( neutrals to trade ) bellig]5ts1 & ! doctr9e t ! neutral %ip protects its freight 7n be+ munitions ( w>7 aga9/ seizure4 ,engl& succe$$ 9 ru9+ ?is alliance4 ,pitt n[ retir$ f (fice4 ,he _h accompli%$ ! legislative union ( ,engl& & ,irel&1 by :i* ! sep>ate ,iri% ,p>liam5t _h ceas$ to exi/ 7#ahjj74 ,b he _h enc\rag$ ! ,iri% ,ca?olics to expect t !y w\ld be deliv]$ f ! re/rictions :i* exclud$ !m f ! ,h\se ( ,commons & f _m o!r (fices4 ,:5 ! k+ refus$ to cons5t to ! fulfillm5t ( ^! expectations1 ,pitt resign$ 7#ahja74 ,add+ton became prime m9i/]4 ,engl& 0 tir$ ( ! w>4 ,peace 0 conclud$ at ,ami5s 7,m>*1 #ahjb74 ,france 0 to reta9 all h] conque/s on ! ,cont95t4 ,engl& surr5d]$ to ,france & h] allies all conque/s except ,tr9idad & ,ceylon4 ,malta 0 to be giv5 back by ,engl& to ! ,knights ( ,malta4 ,a ?ird great civil triumph ( ,napoleon1 add$ to ,luneville & ,ami5s1 0 ! ,concordat ) ! ,pope4 ,,re=ms ,,( ,,napoleon4--,napoleon n[ 0 free to give 8 att5tion to int]nal re=ms 9 ,france4 ,he call$ into 8 c\nsels ! able/ m5 9 all dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,9 ! recon/ruction ( political & social ord]1 8 own cle> p]ceptions & en]gy 7 ev]y:]e se54 ,he br\ght back f ! old in/itutions :atev] 0 good & valuable :i* ! tempe/ ( revolution _h swept away4 ,he re=m$ ! judicial sy/em4 ,he caus$ to be fram$ ! fam\s ,code :i* be>s 8 "n1 & :i* /ill =ms ! basis ( law 9 sev]al ,european c\ntries4 ,he r$uc$ ! p[] ( ! communes1 & c5traliz$ ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t by ! sy/em ( prefects & sub-prefects4 ,?r\gh ! ,concordat1 he r5ew$ ! connection ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,france ) ,rome1 res]v+1 h[ev]1 to ! executive ! nom9ation ( ar*bi%ops & bi%ops1 :om ! gov]nm5t 0 to support1 & gu>d+1 9 ! _s ( ! ,gallican !ory1 ! supremacy ( ! civil au?ority4 ,full tol]ation 0 secur$ = non-,ca?olics4 ,napoleon p]sonally p>ticipat$ 9 ! religi\s c]emonies :i* att5d$ ! =mal re/oration ( ! old sy/em ( wor%ip :]e ! ,goddess ( ,reason _h be5 en?ron$ dur+ ! ,t]ror4 ,! ultimate effect ( ! ,concordat 0 to build up ! ultramontane1 or papal1 !ory & sway )9 ! *ur* ( ,france4 ,education 0 organiz$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! univ]sity1 ! compreh5sive "n = ! entire educational sy/em ( ! c\ntry4 ,all bran*es ( te*nical in/ruction 7 c>efully fo/]$4 ,! devotees ( sci5ce 7 enc\rag$ ) an enlight5$ sympa?y & lib]al aid4 ,a bett] organization & discipl9e 7 br\ght into ! army4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,*anges4--,! *anges made by ,napoleon1 :ile !y secur$ ! equality ( all ,fr5*m5 be=e ! law1 did no?+ to rescue civil lib]ty1 su* z ! republicans _h aim$ to secure4 ,!y 7 all 9 ! direction ( mon>*y4 ,di/9ctions1 l ! ,legion ( ,honor1 7 inv5t$2 titles 7 in/itut$2 a new ari/ocracy1 made up ( relics ( ! old noblesse & ( fre% recruits1 0 creat$2 ,napoleon 0 decl>$ to be consul = life1 & ! me*anism ( ! gov]nm5t 0 conv]t$ into a practical dictator%ip4 ,unsp>+ 9 8 treatm5t ( ,jacob9s1 he aim$ /ill to mod]ate ! passions ( p>ty4 ,8 activity 0 se5 9 an excell5t sy/em ( public works1 su* z canals & noble highways1 9 new t[ns1 & 9 magnific5t build+s :i* he erect$ 9 ,p>is4 ,at ! same "t1 he w5t z f> z x 0 safe to g 9 br++ 9 mon>*ical mann]s & luxuries4 ,he himself adopt$ a regal way ( liv+4 ,he _h no fai? 9 democracy1 & spoke ) unaffect$ scorn ( ideology1 or ! !oretical /atesman%ip :i* bas$ itself on ideas ( human rights 9 ! matt] ( ex]cis+ gov]nm5t4 ,! press 0 plac$ "u /r+5t police regulation4 ,napoleon's family began to cont5d1 ) ,corsican %amelessness1 = high honors4 ,a feud soon came to exi/ betwe5 !m & ! ,beauh>nais1--! family ( ,joseph9e4 ,0 ! pr9ciple ( h]$ity to come back8 ,,r5ew$ ,,w> ,,) ,,engl&4--,9 #ahjc ! w> 0 r5ew$ ) ,engl&4 ,t ,napoleon 0 resolv$ to dictate 9 ,european affairs1 z he 0 practical dictator 9 ! ,fr5* ,republic1 0 pla94 ,he controll$ ! republics dep5d5t on ,france4 ,he annex$ ,pi$mont4 ,he made ! ,spani% ,b\rbons d 8 bidd+4 ,he int]v5$ 9 ,g]many2 among o!r ?+s1 (f5d+ ,au/ria by enl>g+ ! b\nds ( ,prussia4 ,he ex]cis$ ov] ! m9or ,g]man /ates ! influ5ce ( :i* ,au/ria _h be5 robb$4 ,he compla9$ ( ! /rictures ( ! ,engli% press1 & ( ! asylum grant$ 9 ,engl& to conspirators aga9/ 8 rule4 ,he 0 angry t ,malta 0 n giv5 up1 :i* ,engl& refus$ to d on acc\nt ( an aggr&izem5t ( ,france n consi/5t ) ! ,peace ( ,ami5s4 ,!re 7 provocations on bo? sides1 & w> 0 inevitable4 ,,plan ,,( ,,invad+ ,,engl&4--,napoleon seiz$ ,hanov]4 ,he talk$ ( mak+ a desc5t on ,engl&4 ,he ga!r$ a va/ army ne> ,b\logne1 & con/ruct$ an imm5se flotilla = ! transportation ( x across ! ,*annel4 ,8 design 0 to decoy away ! ,briti% fleet1 & !n to conc5trate en\gh %ips ( 8 own 9 ! ,*annel to protect ! passage ( 8 =ces4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,empibe ,,to ,,! ,,russian ,,campaign 7#ahjd-ahab74 ,,! ,,empire 7#ahjd74--,v>i\s attempts _h be5 made aga9/ ,napoleon's life4 ,an inf]nal ma*9e 0 explod$ ne> 8 c>riage4 ,on t occasion1 only ! swift driv+ ( ! coa*man sav$ him f dea? 7#ahjj74 ,!re 7 n[ royali/ plots aga9/ 8 life1 ( :i* ,c\nt d',artois 0 cognizant4 ,pi*egru 0 an accomplice2 & ,moreau1 al?\gh n favor+ ! re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons1 0 n entirely innoc5t4 ,! =m] di$ 9 prison2 ,moreau escap$ to ,am]ica4 ,napoleon1 exasp]at$ by ^! plots1 caus$ ! ,duke d',enghi51 a "y pr9ce ( ! ,cond bran* ( ! ,b\rbons1 to be seiz$ on ,g]man t]ritory1--9 ,bad51--& dragg$ away into ,france1 :]e1 at ,v9c5nes1 aft] a hurri$ milit>y exam9ation1 he 0 %ot1 & buri$ 9 a grave t _h be5 dug = him be=e ! s5t5ce 0 pron\nc$4 ,( ?is act ( ,napoleon1 x 0 said by ,f\*1 ,x 0 worse ?an a crime3 x 0 a blund]4 ,! "y pr9ce 0 really innoc5t4 ,he 0 a victim ( ! natural1 b viol5t1 wra? ( ,napoleon1 :o want$ to /rike a bl[ t 8 enemies w\ld feel4 ,! ev5t op5$ ! way = him--z x 0 p]haps int5d$ t x %\ld--to ! object ( 8 ambition1 ! imp]ial title & ?rone4 ,he 0 au?oriz$ to adopt a successor4 ,?is1 ! diff]5t p>ties felt1 w\ld make 8 gov]nm5t /able & secure4 ,he 0 proclaim$ emp]or1 ! election be+ ratifi$ by popul> vote4 ,! cr[n 0 to be h&$ d[n 9 8 family4 ,9 imitation ( ,*>lemagne1 :om he affect$ to consid] a ,fr5*man & a pr$ecessor1 he 0 cr[n$1 ) spl5did pomp1 by ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 7,dec4 #b1 #ahjd71 9 ,notre ,dame4 ,he took ! cr[n f ! ,pope's h&s1 & plac$ x on 8 own head4 ,,! ,,new ,,royalty4--,! emp]or surr\nd$ himself ) ! insignia & c]emonies ( royalty4 ,! memb]s ( 8 family became pr9ces & pr9cesses4 ,a new nobility1 ) ! v>i\s anci5t titles1 0 call$ into be+4 ,he made 8 g5]als--eighte5 9 numb]1 mo/ ( :om _h sprung f ! ranks--m>%als4 ,he fir/ dim9i%$ ! numb] ( ! ,tribunate1 !n 7#ahjg7 aboli%$ x4 ,! republic ( #aghi _h n[ pass$ into an absolute milit>y mon>*y4 ,,?ird ,,coalition ,,aga9/ ,,france 7#ahje74--,napoleon turn$ ! ,italian ,republic into a vassal mon>*y1 ) himself = its rul] 7#ahje74 ,he incorporat$ ,g5oa ) ,france4 ,8 /ep-son1 ,eugne ,beauh>nais1 he made vic]oy ( ,italy4 ,pitt _h come back to (fice4 ,ev5ts s9ce ! dea? ( ! ,duke d',enghi5 made x possible = him to create ! ?ird coalition ( ,engl& 79 union ) ,au/ria1 ,russia1 & ,sw$57 = re/or+ ! balance ( p[] 9 ,europe4 ,paul ,i4 ( ,russia _h be5 won ov] f ! previ\s coalition by ! adroit ef=ts ( ,napoleon1 & by ! ,cz>'s ho/ility to ,engl& on acc\nt ( ,malta 7#ahjj71 he be+ gr& ma/] ( ! knights4 ,8 ord9>y /ate ( m9d bord]$ on d]angem5t1 s t he 0 n fit to reign4 ,refus+ to abdicate1 he 0 assass9at$ by nobles 7#ahja71 & 8 son ,alex&] ,i4 7#ahja-bd7 succe$$ him4 ,russia 0 n[ reconcil$ to ,engl&1 & ! ,nor!rn ,neutrality ,conv5tion aga9/ h] m>itime oppression 0 dissolv$4 ,,position ,,( ,,prussia4--,! k+ ( ,prussia1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii4 7#agig-ahdj71 & ! m9i/]s :om he tru/$1 refus$ to li/5 to 8 spirit$ que51 ,l\isa1 & ! m e>ne/1 patriotic p>ty1 by :i* he 0 urg$ to unite ) ! coalition4 ,he clung to 8 policy ( neutrality1 & 0 to be brib$ by ! gift ( ,hanov]4 ,! attitude ( ,prussia1 :i* _h be5 gov]n$ by selfi% consid]ations1 0 long ! pivot on :i* ! success ( ,napoleon's aggressions hung4 ,,failure ,,( ,,vill5euve4--,if ,napoleon ev] s]i\sly project$ an invasion ( ,engl& he ab&on$ ! s*eme be=e #ahje1 al?\gh he reta9$ an army at ,b\logne to al>m ! ,engli%4 ,vill5euve1 ^: fleet 0 to comm& ! ,*annel1 _h escap$ f ,nelson & 0 on 8 way back f ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! admiralty 7 w>n$ ( 8 movem5t by a vessel ( light draught :i* ,nelson1 :5 he c\ld n f9d 8 foe1 dispat*$ to in=m !m ( ! dang]4 ,vill5euve1 aft] an indecisive action aga9/ ! =ce s5t to meet him "u ,sir ,rob]t ,cald]1 put fir/ into ! h>bor ( ,f]rol1 & !n repair$ to ,cadiz4 ,nelson came back ) 8 fleet to ! ,*annel4 ,,ulm ,,& ,,trafalg>4--,! allies m>k$ out f\r l9es ( invasion4 ,! second & pr9cipal advance 0 to be up ! valley ( ! ,danube1 & to be pursu$ by ! ,russians & ,au/rians4 ,napoleon did n wait = !m to unite4 ,he n[ made use ( ! army collect$ = ! propos$ invasion ( ,engl&4 ,he sudd5ly broke up 8 camp at ,b\logne1 & swiftly l$ 8 spl5did & ?or\ghly drill$ army across ! ,rh9e1 to ! re> ( ! ,au/rian =ces1 ( :i* ,mack 0 ! comm&]4 ,o!r deta*m5ts f ,hanov] & ,holl& came d[n ! ,ma9 to take "p 9 ! movem5t4 ,! ,au/rians 7 surr\nd$ 9 ,ulm1 & gave !mselves up1 ?irty ?\s& 9 numb]1 z prison]s ( w> 7,oct4 #ag1 #ahje74 ,! /rategy 0 l t pursu$ 9 ! campaign ( ,m>5go3 ! result 0 ev5 m a/oni%+4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e news came to him ( a great disa/] to ! ,fr5* on ! sea4 ,f\r days aft] ! surr5d] at ,ulm1 ,nelson a*iev$ a gr& victory (f ,cape ,trafalg>1 ov] ! ,fr5* & ,spani% fleets4 ,be=e ,vill5euve decid$ to leave ! %elt] ( ,cadiz1 he _h be5 oblig$ to weak5 himself by s5d+ away a numb] ( 8 %ips4 ,! wat*word s5t f ! flag-%ip j be=e ! enc\nt]--,engl& expects e man to d 8 duty--call$ =? %\ts ( en?usiasm f ! decks ( ! ,briti% fleet4 ,two-?irds ( ! ,fr5* %ips 7 captur$ or ru9$4 ,nelson himself 0 /ruck by a bullet1 & di$ ! same night4 ,8 private life 0 n free f grave faults1 b he 0 ! greate/ naval h]o ,engl& has ev] produc$4 ,,au/]litz3 ,,conf$]ation ,,( ,,! ,,rh9e4--,on ! l&1 ! c>e] ( ,napoleon 0 triumphant4 ,! ,gr& ,army1 ) its sy/em ( corps & res]ves1 m>*$ on ,vi5na1 :i* 0 occupi$ on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]4 ,! ,russians 7 /ill to be enc\nt]$4 ,! army ( ,alex&] 0 a v p[]ful "o2 b he made1 in/ead ( await+1 ! attack1 &1 on ! #b;d ( ,decemb]1 0 utt]ly defeat$ on ! memorable field ( ,au/]litz4 ,! ,peace ( ,pressburg foll[$ 7,dec4 #bf1 #ahje74 ,au/ria gave up ,v5ice1 :i* 0 annex$ to ! new ,italian k+dom1 ( :i* ,napoleon 0 ! head4 ,! ,tyrol w5t to ,bav>ia1 ^: elector 0 recogniz$ z a k+1 z 0 also ! elector ( ,wrtemb]g4 ,soon aft]1 ! ,b\rbons 7 de?ron$ at ,naples1 & ,napoleon's bro!r ,joseph took t k+dom4 ,bav>ia1 ,bad51 ,wrtemb]g1 & o!r small] /ates 7 unit$ into a ,conf$]ation ( ! ,rh9e 7#ahjf71 ) ,napoleon = its protector4 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire f t "t _h no long] ev5 ! %ad[ ( a reality4 ,francis ,i4 0 simply emp]or ( ,au/ria1 & ,au/ria 0 greatly r$uc$ 9 p[]4 ,,fall ,,( ,,prussia4--,prussia n[ /ood by h]self4 ,out ( al>m at ! progress ( ! ,fr5* arms1 & ang] because ,fr5* troops _h be5 l$ across h] t]ritory )\t h] cons5t1 %e _h pref]r$ to jo9 ! coalition4 ,au/]litz mov$ h] to retrace h] /eps4 ,%e receiv$ ,hanov] z ! price ( a r5ew$ alliance4 ,engl& n[ decl>$ w> aga9/ ,prussia4 ,b ,fox1 :o 0 an advocate ( peace1 _h come into p[] 9 ,engl& 7,jan4 #bc1 #ahjf72 & ,prussia discov]$ t ,napoleon1 :o 0 fri5dly to him1 0 negotiat+ = ! surr5d] ( ,hanov] to t c\ntry4 ,?is cr[n+ indignity mov$ ,prussia1 at ?is inopportune mom5t1 to take up arms aga9/ him4 ,prussia _h no ally b ,russia4 ,! ,prussian army 0 full ( pride & hope2 b its organization & me?od ( w>f>e 7 aft] ! old1 traditional fa%ion :i* _h come d[n f ! days ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & its comm&]1 ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 ?\gh brave1 0 sup]annuat$4 ,9 ! two battles ( ,j5a & ,au]sfadt1 f\ght on ! same day 7,oct4 #ad1 #ahjf71 ! ,prussian =ces 7 r\t$1 & ei!r captur$ or disp]s$4 ,a =tnight lat] 7,oct4 #bg71 ,napoleon 0 9 ,b]l94 ,=tress aft] =tress 0 surr5d]$1 & corps aft] corps captur$ by 8 troops4 ,! royal family1 includ+ ! ,que5 ,l\isa1 7 treat$ p]sonally ) h>%ness & disda94 ,! ,prussian mon>*y1 to all appe>ance1 0 9 ru9s4 ,its museums & picture-gall]ies 7 robb$ ( _! treasures1 :i* w5t away z trophies to ,p>is4 ,! ,saxon ,elector1 made a k+1 jo9$ ! ,rh5i% ,conf$]acy4 ,fox di$ on ,sept4 #ac1 #ahjf4 ,9 #ahjg 7,m>* #ca71 ! ,duke ( ,portl& became prime m9i/]2 ! rival & ris+ /atesm51 ,ca/l]eagh & ,cann+1 be+ bo? 9 ! cab9et4 ,,to ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,tilsit4--,x rema9$ = ! conqu]or to deal ) ,russia4 ,he _h int5d$ to prosecute a w9t] campaign 9 ,pol&1 b ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] & ! lack ( supplies oblig$ him to fall back f ,pultusk to ! ,vi/ula4 ,! ,russians n[ took ! initiative4 ,a t]rible battle at ,eylau 7,feb4 #g & #h1 #ahjg7 0 indecisive4 ,napoleon drew additional troops f all p>ts ( 8 empire to supply ! losses ( ! gr& army4 ,b5n+s51 ! ,russian g5]al1 0 incauti\s1 & at ,fri$l& 7,june #ad7 0 r\t$4 ,dantzic & ! /ill unconqu]$ prov9ces ( ,prussia fell into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*4 ,?is s]ies ( wond]ful successes made ! revolution 9 ! art ( w>1 :i* ,napoleon _h introduc$1 obvi\s to ! dulle/ eyes4 ,8 peculi> me?od ( rapid movem5t1 & subsi/5ce on ! c\ntry1 & ! ob/acles to its uni=m success1 7 likewise evid5t4 ,! ,emp]or ,alex&] & ,napoleon met on ! ,niem54 ,alex&] 0 won by ,napoleon's graci\s & fri5dly demeanor4 ,at ,tilsit1 on ! ,nor?-,prussian fronti]1 peace 0 conclud$ 7,july #g & #i1 #ahjg74 ,prussia f>$ ! h>de/4 ,%e lo/ half ( h] t]ritory4 ,%e _h to close h] ports & l&s to ,briti% trade1 to limit h] army to =ty-two ?\s& m51 & to cons5t to ! erection ( a du*y ( ,w>saw out ( h] ,poli% t]ritory4 ,out ( ! ,elbe prov9ces1 a k+dom ( ,we/phalia 0 con/ruct$1 ( :i* ,j]ome ,bonap>te receiv$ ! cr[n4 ,russia also recogniz$ ,l\is ,bonap>te1 ano!r bro!r ( ,napoleon1 z k+ ( ,holl&4 ,alex&] promis$ to g to w> ) ,engl& 9 case ,engl& reject$ ! (f] ( peace :i* he 0 to make z m$iator4 ,alex&] & ,napoleon 7 to be fa/ fri5ds & allies4 ,russia 0 to exp& on ! nor? & ea/1 b n to h ,con/ant9ople4 ,napoleon _h no bett] apology = ! dismemb]m5t ( ,prussia ?an a ref]5ce to ! intemp]ate manife/o ( ! ,duke ( ,brunswick 9 #agib1 on ! occasion ( ! fir/ invasion ( ,france4 ,8 real object 0 ?or\ghly to divide & disable ,g]many1 & to take away ! la/ ob/acle to 8 complete control )9 its bord]s4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,napoleon4--,no rul] s9ce ,*>lemagne _h held su* p[] z 0 n[ wield$ by ,napoleon4 ,sov]eign ( ,france f ! ,s*eldt to ! ,pyr5ees1 & ( ,italy f ! ,alps to ! ,tib]1 he _h giv5 ! ?rone ( ,holl& to 8 bro!r ,l\is1 t ( ,naples to ,joseph1 & made ,j]ome k+ ( ,we/phalia4 ,spa9 0 cont5t to d 8 w1 & ,g]many 0 "u 8 feet4 ,he 0 ! lead] ( mighty armies1 ) no milit>y rival to endang] 8 supremacy ov] !m4 ,8 conque/s1 x 0 impossible to d5y1 c>ri$ ) !m ! abolition ( num]\s "t-worn abuses1 & ! introduction ( important mat]ial improvem5ts4 ,france 0 9 _m respects prosp]\s "u ! despotism e/abli%$ ov] x4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,weakness4--,b !re 7 c]ta9 elem5ts ( weakness :i* ,napoleon did n suffici5tly disc]n4 ,! feel+ ( nationality & patriotism 9 ! subject c\ntries 0 c]ta9 to awake ) a /r5g? :i* he did n at all anticipate4 ,old ,rome _h ext+ui%$ ?is feel+ 9 mo/ ( h] prov9ces1 b !re 7 c\ntries ^: _s ev5 ,rome c\ld n break4 ,napoleon und]took a task to :i* no man 0 equal4 ,meantime1 he 0 exhau/+ ! milit>y res\rces ( ,france4 ,if its male population cont9u$ to be will+ to foll[ him to ! slaught]1 :]e 7 ! m5 to be f\nd to fill ! places ( ! multitudes t fell8 ,! "t mu/ come :5 ! hung] ( ! ,fr5* = milit>y glory w\ld be sat$1 & dazzl+ victories w\ld cease to hide ! fe>ful co/ at :i* !y 7 pur*as$4 ,,! ,,cont95tal ,,sy/em4--,! ,treaty ( ,tilsit 0 foll[$ by acts on ! "p ( ,napoleon :i* %[ ! presumptu\s confid5ce & arrogant _s ( dom9ation1 :i*1 h[ev] natural on ! p9nacle ( might to :i* he _h rais$ himself1 prov$ disa/r\s1 &1 9 ! end1 fatal4 ,"o ( ^! acts 0 ! ,cont95tal ,sy/em1 orda9$ 9 ! ,b]l9 & ,milan ,decrees4 ,a ,prussian decree 7#ahjf71 ,prussia be+ !n a vassal ( ,napoleon1 und]took to close ! ports & riv]s ( ! ,nor? ,sea to ,engli% %ipp+4 ,9 retaliation1 !re 0 issu$ a ,briti% ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 decl>+ ! coa/ f ! ,elbe to ,bre/ 9 a /ate ( blockade2 ! portion f ,o/5d to ! ,se9e be+ decl>$ to be "u a rigor\s blockade4 ,?is l$ to ! ,b]l9 ,decree ( ,napoleon 7,nov4 #ba1 #ahjf74 ,!n second ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil 7,nov4 #aa1 #ahjg71 prohibit+ trade ) ,france1 h] allies & colonies1 z if !y 7 blockad$1 call$ out ! ,milan ,decree ( ,napoleon 7,dec4 #ag1 #ahjg74 ,! cont95tal sy/em ?us orig9at$ und]took to cut (f trade betwe5 ! entire ,cont95t & ,engl&1 by ord]+ all ! m]*&ise ( ,engl& & h] colonies to be seiz$ & confiscat$1 :]ev] x might be f\nd1--ev5 %ips :i* t\*$ at ,engli% ports4 ,! design 0 to inflict injury on ,engl&4 ,x _h ?is effect1 b x _h ! same effect on ,france1 & /ill m 9 ! o!r c\ntries :i* pr(it$ by ,engli% trade4 ,wide-spread disaffection at ! attempts to en=ce ?is sy/em 0 ! inevitable consequ5ce4 ,moreov]1 "o result ( x 0 to /imulate ,napoleon to fur!r conque/s to keep up & to ext5d 8 comm]cial policy4 ,ano!r motive 0 add$ to 8 gr[+ & insatiable ambition = univ]sal dom9ion4 ,,invasion ,,( ,,spa93 ,,wagram4--,russia _h decl>$ w> aga9/ ,great ,brita91 accord+ to ! promise ( ,alex&] at ,tilsit4 ,! ,briti% seiz$ ! ,dani% fleet 9 ! h>bor ( ,cop5hag51 to prev5t x f fall+ into ! h&s ( ,russia & ,france 7,sept41 #ahjg74 ,napoleon made ?is act a p>tial excuse = invad+ ! ,spani% p59sula1 "u ! pret5se ( gu>d+ ! coa/s aga9/ ! ,engli%4 ,8 army ent]$ ,lisbon1 & he decl>$ t ! h\se ( ,braganza _h ceas$ to reign4 ,8 =ces advanc$ into ,spa9 beyond ,madrid4 ,diss5sions betwe5 ,*>les ,,iv4 & 8 son ,f]d9& enabl$ ,napoleon to get himself *os5 z arbit]2 & hav+ entic$ ! two conte/ants to ,bayonne1 he set !m bo? aside1 & gave ! cr[n ( ,spa9 to 8 bro!r ,joseph1--,murat1 :o _h m>ri$ ,napoleon's si/] ,c>ol9e1 tak+ ! ?rone ( ,naples4 ,?is high-h&$ proce$+ r\s$ ! ,spani% p to revolt4 ,! (fic]s ( ,napoleon 7 sev]al times defeat$4 ,a ,briti% =ce "u ,well+ton--!n ,sir ,ar?ur ,wellesley--appe>$ 9 ,portugal to l5d help to ! national movem5t4 ,a ,fr5* fleet 9 ,cadiz 0 de/roy$4 ,napoleon invad$ ,spa9 ) an ov]:elm+ =ce1 & e/abli%$ 8 bro!r at ,madrid 7,dec4 #b1 #ahjh74 ,b ! p /ill kept up a h>ass+ gu]illa w>4 ,f ,spa9 ,napoleon 0 call$ away by ! ris+ ( ,au/ria1 :i* ! ev5ts 9 ,spa9 _h once m mov$ to beg9 ho/ilities4 ,)9 a mon? f ! beg9n+ ( ! campaign1 he aga9 ent]$ ,vi5na z a victor 7,may #aa1 #ahji74 ,he suff]$ a rev]se at ,asp]n2 b 9 ! desp]ate battle ( ,wagram1 9 :i* n f> f ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m5 took "p1 he 0 triumphant4 ,au/ria pur*as$ peace by fur!r cessions ( t]ritory1 & by jo9+ ! ,cont95tal ,sy/em4 ,! brave ,tyrolese kept up ! /ruggle ) an h]oic _s2 b at la/ ,h(]1 _! lead]1 0 captur$ & %ot at ,mantua 7#ahaj74 ,,pius ,,vii4--,z ,pius ,,vii4 refus$ to close 8 ports aga9/ ,engl&1 & to ally himself ) ,france1 ,napoleon proclaim$ 7,may1 #ahji7 t ! ,papal ,/ates 7 annex$ to 8 empire4 ,! ,pope1 :o _h /eadfa/ly resi/$ 8 attempts at co]cion1 excommunicat$ him4 ,! pontiff 0 arre/$1 & convey$ to ,savona1 & aft]w>ds to ,france4 ,,sw$53 ,,b]nadotte4--,ano!r ally 9 uphold+ ! ,cont95tal ,sy/em aga9/ ,engl&1 ,napoleon ga9$ 9 ,sw$51 :]e "o ( 8 m>%als1 ,b]nadotte1 _h be5 *os5 ,cr[n ,pr9ce4 ,"u ,adolf ,fr$]ic 7#agea-agga71 a c\ncil ( nobles usurp$ _m ( ! functions ( ! k+4 ,a comb9$ ,russian & ,fr5* p>ty 9 ,sw$5 0 aga9/ him4 ,8 son1 ,gu/avus ,,iii4 7#agga-agib71 be+ support$ by ,france1 invad$ ,russian ,f9l&1 &1 by ! help ( ! ,e/ates1 r$uc$ ! p[] ( ! nobles1 giv+1 h[ev]1 to ! ,e/ates 9 ! new con/itution1 ! "r to veto a project = (f5sive w>4 ,he 0 murd]$ 9 #agib4 ,8 son ,gu/avus ,,iv41 :o became ( age 9 #ahjh1 0 a bitt] oppon5t ( ,napoleon1 :om he consid]$ to be ! bea/ ( ! ,apocalypse 7,rev4 xiii4 #a74 ,aft] ! ,peace ( ,tilsit1 he made w> on ,russia1 & on ,d5m>k1 f :i* he s\ght to wre/ ,norway4 ,! nobles & ! army rose aga9/ him1 & oblig$ him to abdicate 7#ahji74 ,8 uncle1 ,*>les ,,xiii41 became k+4 ,f9l& 0 surr5d]$ to ,russia4 ,! k+ hav+ no *ildr51 ,b]nadotte 7#agfd-ahdd71 a ,fr5* m>%al1 made by ,napoleon ,pr9ce ( ,pontecorno1 b :o (t5 %[$ himself indep5d5t 9 8 relations to him1 0 elect$ ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,sw$5 7#ahaj74 ,sw$5 jo9$ ! ,cont95tal ,sy/em4 ,,napoleon',s ,,divorce ,,& ,,m>riage4--,napoleon1 :o 0 *ildless1 9 ! hope ( f\nd+ a dyna/y on a sure basis procur$ a divorce f ,joseph9e1 & m>ri$ ,m>ia ,l\isa1 ! daught] ( ,francis ,i4 ( ,au/ria4 ,to ! son :o 0 born ( ?is m>riage he gave ! s\nd+ title ( ,k+ ( ,rome1 ! old designation ( ! emp]ors-elect be=e _! coronation4 ,,torres ,,v$ras4--,! fir/ successful /& aga9/ ! milit>y supremacy ( ,bonap>te 0 made 9 ,spa94 ,well+ton div9$ ! secret ( ! ,fr5* victories1 & devis$ ! means ( effectual resi/ance4 ,9 ,portugal1 betwe5 ! ,tagus & ! sea he =tifi$ ! position call$ ,torres ,v$ras1 :i* c\ld be def5d$ aga9/ sup]ior =ces4 ,?is he held aga9/ all ! ef=ts ( ,massna to conqu] & dislodge him4 ,depriv$ ( ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ! ,fr5* suff]$ great losses & privations1 & 7 oblig$ to retreat 7,may1 #ahaa74 ,_! me?od dep5d$ = success on ! atta9+ ( ! desir$ result 9 a %ort "t by swift op]ations4 ,,reaction ,,aga9/ ,,napoleon4--,! campaign ( ,well+ton produc$ a /rong moral effect 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,:ile ,france 0 beg9n+ to %[ signs ( we>9ess ) ! endless w>1 & ) ! despotic gov]nm5t "u :i* x 0 kept up1 9 ,g]many a new _s ( patriotism 0 /irr+ 9 ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,"u ,/e91 a great & patriotic m9i/]1 ! ,prussian sy/em ( civil adm9i/ration 0 reorganiz$ on a s\nd basis4 ,! army 0 likewise recon/ruct$ on ! basis ( univ]sal milit>y s]vice4 ,s]fdom 0 aboli%$ & ! old ca/e sy/em1 ) its re/rictions on l&-hold+1 ab&on$4 ,a new ,g]many 0 sl[ly wak+ to life1 & collect+ its en]gies = ! combat = fre$om4 ,! ,cont95tal ,sy/em caus$ increas+ irritation4 ,l\is ,bonap>te abdicat$ 8 ?rone 9 ,holl&1 r ?an en=ce its odi\s requirem5ts 7,july1 #ahaj74 ,! qu>rel ( ,napoleon ) ! ,pope1 & ! indignities suff]$ by ! pontiff1 :o liv$ = ?ree ye>s ^u alms1 add$ to ! discont5t :i* ! emp]or's comm]cial policy provok$1 ev5 9 ,france4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,f ,,! ,,russian ,,campaign 7#ahab7 ,,to ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,vi5na 7#ahad-ae74 ,,! ,,russian ,,campaign--,! circum/ances n>rat$ above did n prev5t ,napoleon f ! fatal mi/ake ( invad+ ,russia4 ,! cz> w\ld n en=ce ! comm]cial re/rictions4 ,napoleon refus$ to promise n to re/ore ! k+dom ( ,pol&4 ,!re 7 v>i\s o!r causes ( mutual jeal\sy & coolness4 ,sw$51 "u ,b]nadotte1 :i* _h be5 =c$ to decl>e w> aga9/ ,engl& 7#ahaj71 n[ jo9$ ,russia4 ,au/ria & ,prussia1 9 _! /ate ( practical vassalage1 _h to furni% milit>y help to ,napoleon4 ,9 ,june1 #ahab1 :5 he cross$ ! ,niem51 he _h br\ght toge!r a =ce ( five hundr$ & fifty ?\s& m54 ,he _h re9=cem5ts f ,pol&1 & might h _h m _h he n1 f def]5ce to ,au/ria & ,prussia1 refus$ to re/ore ! ,poli% k+dom4 ,! ,russians retreat$ z he advanc$4 ,b>clay1 ! ,russian g5]al1 decl9$ a battle1 & de/roy$ :atev] places c\ld af=d an advantage to ! invad]4 ,at l5g?1 ,kutus(f took ! comm&1 & 0 compell$ by ! ,russian feel+1 aga9/ 8 w1 to give battle4 ,at ,borod9o1 :]e !re 0 imm5se slaught] on bo? sides1 ! ,russians retir$1 b )\t disord]4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* arriv$ at ,mosc[1 !y f\nd an empty t[n1 :i* 0 set on fire by accid5t or by ,russians4 ,! ,cz> refus$ to treat = peace4 ,!re 0 no alt]native b to retreat 7,oct4 #ai1 #ahab74 ,! suff]+s ( ! soldi]s f cold & fam9e 7 t]rible4 ,! ,russians avail$ !mselves ( e opportunity to h>ass ! retreat+ =ce4 ,:5 x rea*$ ! ru9s ( ,smol5sk1 only =ty ?\s& 7 left ( m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& t _h left ,mosc[4 ,! army cont9u$ to dw9dle4 ,at ,smorgoni1 ,napoleon left ,murat 9 comm&1 & ha/5$ 9 disguise to ,p>is4 ,! exp$ition co/ ! lives ( n less ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,?is gigantic failure 0 due to ! foil+ by ! ,russians ( ,napoleon's habitual plan ( =c+ decisive battles by movem5ts s rapid t 8 troops c\ld subsi/ ^u ! c\ntry :i* !y ov]ran1 & to ! unexpect$ de/ruction ( ,mosc[4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,w> ,,( ,,lib]ation3 ,,leipsic4--,9 ,g]many1 !re n[ began ! great ,w> ( ,lib]ation4 ,york--! comm&] ( ! ,prussian cont+5t reluctantly furni%$ to ,napoleon--w5t ov] to ! ,russians 7,dec4 #ahab74 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree mon?s ( #ahac1 all ,nor? ,g]many rose 9 arms4 ,he>t-/irr+ appeals 7 issu$ by ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii4 to 8 p4 ,he call$ = ! =mation ( volunte] corps1 & all "y m5 capable ( be>+ arms respond$ ) alacrity to ! summons4 ,russia & ,prussia =m$ a def5sive alliance4 ,sw$5 made a treaty ) ,engl&1 & agre$ to assi/ ! allies4 ,napoleon's wont$ success att5d$ him at fir/ 9 ! enc\nt] ) ! ,russian & ,prussian =ces4 ,he ga9$ a victory at ,ltz5 7,may #b71 & ano!r at ,bautz5 7,may #bj1 #ba74 ,au/ria s\ght to m$iate1 b ,napoleon unwisely pref]r$ w>4 ,au/ria n[1 disreg>d+ ! family tie ) ,napoleon1 0 drawn by ! curr5t ( ,g]man patriotism1 z well z by self-int]e/1 into ! alliance aga9/ him4 ,8 imp]i\s & arrogant dom9ation 0 felt to be insupportable4 ,b ! circum/ance t det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ,au/ria 0 ! victory ga9$ by ,well+ton at ,vittoria1 9 ,spa91 ov] ! ,fr5* "u ,j\rdan 7,june #ba74 ,! news ( x turn$ ! scale 9 ! ,au/rian c\ncils4 ,! odds aga9/ ,napoleon 7 n[ fe>ful1 especially z 8 own army 0 l>gely compos$ ( recruits :o 7 h>dly above ! age ( boys4 ,he won "o m triumph at ,dresd5 7,aug4 #bg71 b ?is 0 8 la/ victory on ,g]man soil4 ,! allies avoid$ ! errors :i* he _h taught !m to avoid1 & succe$$ 9 br++ _! =ces toge!r1 & 9 compell+ ,napoleon to fight at ,leipsic4 ,! alli$ armies numb]$ ?ree hundr$ ?\s&1 :ile ! ,fr5* =ce did n exce$ a hundr$ & eighty ?\s&4 ,! battle ( ! nations la/$ = ?ree days 7,oct4 #af1 #ah1 #ai71 al?\gh ! fight+ 0 *iefly on ! fir/ & ?ird4 ,on ! la/ day x cont9u$ = n9e h\rs4 ,! ,saxon cont+5t ab&on$ ! ,fr5* on ! field1 & w5t ov] to ! allies4 ,! defeat ( ! ,fr5*1 z night approa*$1 became a r\t4 ,napoleon1 ) ! remnant ( 8 army1 0 driv5 to ! ,rh9e4 ,! battle ( ,leipsic 0 really ! decisive conte/ 9 ! w>s ( ,europe aga9/ ,napoleon4 ,f ! defeat !re1 x 0 impossible = him to recov]4 ,,fall ,,( ,,napoleon3 ,,elba4--,! memb]s ( ! ,conf$]acy ( ! ,rh9e jo9$ ! allies4 ,holl& rose 9 revolt1 & drove out ! ,fr5* (ficials4 ,ev5 ,france 0 exhau/$ & full ( discont5t4 ,meantime ,well+ton defeat$ ,s\lt 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 & invad$ ,france f t side4 ,napoleon 0 b5t on resi/ance1 & by 8 sup]ior skill succe$$ 9 ou/+ ! brave ,prussian soldi]1 b inexp]t /rategi/1 ,bl*]1 z well z ! ,au/rian g5]al ,s*w>tz5b]g 7,jan4 & ,feb4 #ahad74 ,b ! prepond]ance ( numb]s on ! side ( ! allies 0 too great4 ,_! bold decision to m>* on ,p>is secur$ _! triumph4 ,! city surr5d]$ 7,m>* #cj74 ,napoleon _h lo/ 8 hold on ! rul+ bodies4 ,! s5ate1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! a/ute ,talleyr&1 once 8 m9i/]1 decl>$ t he & 8 family _h =feit$ ! ?rone4 ,at ,fonta9ebleau1 he sign$ 8 abdication 9 favor ( 8 son 7,april #f71 b ?is condition 0 reject$4 ,! small isl& ( ,elba 0 giv5 to him by ! allies z a sov]eign pr9cipality4 ,aft] a pa!tic f>ewell to 8 vet]an ,gu>d1 he betook himself to 8 small dom9ion4 ,l\is ,,xviii41 ! bro!r ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 0 plac$ on ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,france1 by ! ,peace ( ,p>is 7,may #cj71 0 left ) its anci5t b\nd>ies z !y 7 be=e ! ,revolution slightly increas$4 ,,! ,,*>t]4--,accord+ to a promise :i* ! k+ _h giv51 he 7,june #d1 #ahad7 promulgat$ a con/itutional ,,*>t]1 a "n borr[$ f ! ,middle ,ages :5 *>t]s 7 grant$ to vassals4 ,!re 0 to be a legislature1 ) a h\se ( pe]s or lords appo9t$ by ! k+1 & a *amb] ( deputies *os5 by limit$ suffrage2 ! electors to be own]s ( prop]ty to a c]ta9 am\nt1 & to be ?irty ye>s old4 ,! k+ 0 to h ! initiative 9 legislation4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic religion 0 decl>$ to be ! religion ( ! /ate1 b lib]ty 0 giv5 to diss5t]s4 ,! "r to make peace & w> 0 giv5 to ! k+1 & also ! "r to issue ord9ances necess>y = ! execution ( ! laws & ! safety ( ! /ate4 ,?is la/ provision op5$ a door = arbitr>y gov]nm5t1 & pav$ ! way = ! d[nfall ( ! dyna/y4 ,! po9ts ( resemblance 9 ! con/itution to ! ,engli% sy/em 7 adapt$ to provoke a con/ant contra/ ) x1 9 respect to ! degree ( lib]ty actually secur$ & ex]cis$ by ! p4 ,! *>t] 0 dat$ f ! n9ete5? ye> ( ,l\is ,,xviii41 z if !re _h be5 no ,republic or ,empire4 ,,pius ,,vii4--,pope ,pius ,,vii41 :o1 aft] #ahji1 0 a virtual prison] at ,savona1 refus$ to comply ) ,napoleon's dem&s4 ,he c\ld n be mov$ to inve/ ! bi%ops :om ! emp]or _h appo9t$4 ,?is 0 a pr9cipal po9t 9 ! dispute4 ,napoleon call$ a national c\ncil ( ,fr5* bi%ops 7#ahaa74 ,9 #ahab ! ,pope 0 tak5 to ,fonta9ebleau1 & treat$ by him ) h>%ness4 ,:5 ! pontiff refus$ to give a full & f9al sanction to ! propos$ agreem5t1 until he %\ld be free to conf] ) 8 c>d9als1 he 0 treat$ ) /ill great] sev]ity4 ,! fall ( ,napoleon set him free1 & he ent]$ ,rome1 ,may #bd1 #ahad4 ,,congress ,,( ,,vi5na4--,9 ,septemb]1 #ahad1 ! congress ( ,vi5na met to readju/ ! map ( ,europe aft] ! :irlw9d ( *ange & revolution4 ,!re 7 pres5t ! emp]ors ( ,russia & ,au/ria1 ! k+s ( ,prussia1 ,d5m>k1 ,bav>ia1 & ,wrtemb]g1 & a great numb] ( ,g]man pr9ces4 ,ca/l]eagh1 & lat] ,well+ton1 repres5t$ ,engl&1 & ,talleyr& 0 "o ( ! repres5tatives ( ,france4 ,! conf]5ces 7 f> f be+ h>moni\s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! claims ( ,russia ^u ,pol&1 & ! claims ( ,prussia on ,g]many1 ?reat5$ ano!r w>4 ,:ile ! debates1 alt]nat+ ) gay fe/ivities1 7 /ill proce$+1 ! p>ticipants 7 />tl$ by ! news ( ! reappe>ance ( ,napoleon 9 ,france4 ,,return ,,( ,,napoleon ,,f ,,elba4--,! new ,b\rbon rule 0 unpopul> ) ! ,fr5*4 ,x 0 felt to be ! effect & sign ( national humiliation4 ,! (f5sive conduct ( ! return$ emigrant nobility1 & measures look+ t[>ds a re/oration ( bygone abuses 9 gov]nm5t1 fom5t$ ! disaffection4 ,napoleon1 :ile app>5tly busy 9 lay+ out roads & canals1 & regulat+ ! affairs ( 8 little k+dom1 :i* 0 only sixty miles 9 circumf]5ce1 kept himself well in=m$ z to ! /ate ( public op9ion 9 ,france4 ,) a few hundr$ m5 ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d1 he l&$ at ,cannes 7,m>* ,i1 #ahae71 & 0 jo9$ by "o regim5t aft] ano!r :i* 7 s5t out to cru% him4 ,ney1 "o ( ! be/ ( 8 m>%als1 0 c>ri$ away by ! common feel+1 & w5t ov] to ! side ( 8 old comm&]4 ,l\is ,,xviii4 fl$ f ,p>is2 &1 on ,m>* #bj1 ,napoleon 0 aga9 in/all$ 9 ! ,tuil]ies4 ,,wat]loo4--,napoleon (f]$ to ! c\ntry a m lib]al con/itution1 b ! ,b\rbons 7 m hat$ ?an he 0 tru/$4 ,he pr(ess$ to ! great p[]s 8 desire = peace1 b !y did n li/5 to ^! assurances4 ,ea* agre$ to furni% an army ( "o hundr$ & eighty ?\s& m5 to s]ve aga9/ him4 ,he put =? prodigi\s ex]tions to ga!r a =ce ) :i* to meet ! ho/ ( 8 enemies2 & al?\gh he c\ld appeal to no w>m national feel+1 su* z _h call$ into be+ ! armies ( ! ,revolution1 he succe$$ 9 br++ toge!r a =ce ( ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,he decid$ n to wait = ! attack1 b to assail ! two armies ( ,bl*] & ,well+ton 9 ,belgium4 ,8 plan 0 to attack !m sep>ately4 ,bl*] s f> fell into ! trap1 t1 9 8 eag]ness to meet ! dete/$ foe1 he (f]$ battle to ,napoleon at ,ligny 7,june #af71 &1 aft] a desp]ate conte/1 0 =c$ to retire f ! field4 ,on ! same day1 ,well+ton s f> *eck$ ,ney 9 8 attack at ,quatre ,bras1 t he c\ld n /rike ! ,prussians on ! flank1 z ,napoleon _h design$4 ,napoleon ?\ght t ! ,prussians w\ld n be able1 aft] _! defeat1 at once to aid ,well+ton4 ,he s5t ,gr\*y1 h[ev]1 ) ?irty-f\r ?\s& m51 to obs]ve !m & inflict on !m a f9al bl[4 ,on ! =5oon ( ,june #ah1 he himself attack$ ! ,briti% =ces at ,wat]loo4 ,! ,fr5* got possession ( ,la ,haye ,sa9te1 a f>mh\se 9 front ( ,well+ton's c5t]1 ! sc5e ( a bloody conte/2 b all _! *>ges on ,well+ton's ma9 l9e 7 met & repell$ by ! immovable squ>es ( ! ,briti% infantry4 ,9 ! aft]noon ,napoleon's "r began to be assail$ by ! ,prussians2 & f9d+1 at sev5 o'clock1 t !y 7 com+ 9 great =ce1 he ord]$ a *>ge ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d on ,well+ton's =ces4 ,aft] a fi]ce /ruggle1 ! ,gu>d 0 compell$ to recoil & retire4 ,! ,prussians1 pi]c+ ! "r flank ( ! ,fr5* army1 turn$ its defeat into a r\t4 ,gr\*y 0 at ,wavre1 fight+ ! ,prussian corps ( ,?ielmann1 :i* he seems to h mi/ak5 = ! entire ,prussian army4 ,,abdication ,,( ,,napoleon3 ,,/4 ,,hel5a4--,on ! #bbnd ( ,june ,napoleon aga9 abdicat$ 9 favor ( 8 son4 ,c>not 0 = a dictator%ip4 ,! ,fr5* ,assembly1 ) ,la ,fayette at its head1 insi/$ on ! abdication4 ,on ,july #g ,bl*] & ,well+ton ent]$ ,p>is4 ,napoleon fl$ to ,ro*e=t1 &1 f9d+ himself unable to escape to ,am]ica1 surr5d]$ to ! ,briti% admiral1 & 0 tak5 on bo>d ! w>-%ip ,bell]ophon4 ,l\is ,,xviii4 0 br\ght back to ,p>is4 ,napoleon1 by ! agreem5t ( ! allies1 0 convey$ to ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 :]e he rema9$1 a fretful captive1 until 8 dea? 7,may #e1 #ahba74 ,ney escap$1 b 0 captur$1 condemn$1 & %ot 7,dec4 #g1 #ahae74 ,france engag$ to pay a w> indemnity ( sev5 hundr$ million francs4 ,its b\nd>ies 7 fix$ z at #agij4 ,,"* ,,( ,,napoleon4--,respect+ c]ta9 traits ( ,napoleon1 !re is no dispute4 ,8 milit>y g5ius all all[1 al?\gh 8 d>+ 0 sometimes ov]-d>+2 & !re are critics :o pr(ess to disc]n1 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,russian campaign1 & especially 9 ! la/ conte/ 9 ,belgium1 signs ( a decl9e 9 8 almo/ sup]human vigilance & en]gy4 ,yet all mu/ admit t transc5d5t geometrical faculty1 z ,sa9te-,beuve calls x1 :i* *>act]iz$ ,napoleon1 & :i* t p[]ful g5ius appli$ to w> ) ! same ease & ! same aptitude t ,monge a great ,fr5* ma!matician appli$ x to o!r subjects4 ,no g5]al ev] _h great] p[] to fasc9ate soldi]s1 & secure _! devotion to him4 ,"o reason 01 t he recogniz$ & rew>d$ m]it :]ev] he saw x4 ,8 intellectual movem5ts 7 z mu* swift] ?an ! ord9>y z 8 m>*es 7 m rapid ?an ^? to :i* armies _h be5 accu/om$4 ,= civil organization & adm9i/ration he _h r>e tal5ts1 & 9 _m directions enlight5$ views4 ,europe owes mu* to 8 innovations 9 ?is sph]e4 ,he 0 n incapable ( w>m p]sonal atta*m5ts2 z 0 manife/$1 = example1 9 8 grief ov] ,duroc1 ! favorite g5]al1 :o fell at ,bautz54 ,b an insatiable appetite = w>1 &1 /ill m1 a conviction1 :i* he sometimes confess$1 t he c\ld reta9 & =tify 8 au?ority only by dazzl+ ,france1 & cont9u+ to a/oni% mank9d by brilliant a*ievem5ts1 drove him =w>d on a pa? ( aggression & blood%$4 ,he _h an unpity+ nature3 he 0 c>eless ( human suff]+4 ,e>ly 9 8 c>e]1 9 ,italy1 he ord]$ a ne$less & useless attack on ! outpo/s ( ! enemy1 to treat a lady to a sight ( real w>4 ,he did n %r9k f ord]+ two ?\s& prison]s at ,jaffa to be %ot4 ,he %ock$ all ,g]many by caus+ ,palm1 a booksell] ( ,nuremb]g1 to be %ot = refus+ to tell ! "n ( ! au?or ( a publication (f5sive to him4 ,he frequ5tly display$ a petty rancor1--z1 = example1 9 leav+ a legacy 9 8 w to ! man :o 0 accus$ ( an attempt to assass9ate ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,8 viol5ce ( temp]1 z 9 ! murd] ( ! ,duke d',enghi51 hurri$ him into acts t 7 n less impolitic ?an crim9al4 ,8 tyrannical w w\ld brook no contradiction1 ev5 9 matt]s o trifl+ importance4 ,he broke away f engagem5ts :5 he ?\ght x advantage\s to d s4 ,x is n an inju/ice to say1 t he 0 habitually untru?ful3 8 bullet9s 7 disfigur$ by flagrant falsehoods1 z well z gross exagg]ations4 ,9 a lett] to ,talleyr& f ,italy 7,oct4 #ag1 #agig7 he says1 ,?is is hi/ory3 :at ,i say 9 my proclamations & spee*es is a romance4 ,) 8 wond]ful intellectual p[]s1 inexhau/ible en]gy1 & amaz+ a*ievem5ts1 he nev] q loses ! *>act]i/ic _s ( an adv5tur]4 ,he is haunt$ by a secret consci\sness t ?is "* belongs to him4 ,! judgm5t ,( an adv]s>y mu/ be tak5 ) all[ance2 b ,well+ton spoke at lea/ )\t passion :5 he said1 ,bonap>te's :ole life--civil1 political1 & milit>y--0 a fraud4 ,!re 0 n a transaction1 great or small1 9 :i* ly+ & fraud 7 n introduc$4 ,8 =eign policy 0 =ce & m5ace1 aid$ by fraud & corruption4--,crok]'s ,correspond5ce1 etc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #hf4 ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,vi5na4--,! ,congress ( ,vi5na 0 dissolv$ 9 ,june1 #ahae4 ,its ,acts 7 f9ally sign$ by ! five great p[]s1--,au/ria1 ,france1 ,great ,brita91 ,prussia1 & ,russia1--& by ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,sw$54 ,! ,au/rian & ,prussian mon>*ies 7 re/or$4 ,au/ria receiv$ back ,v5ice ) ,milan1--=m+ ! subject ,lomb>do-,v5etian k+dom1--besides receiv+ ! ,illyrian prov9ces & ! ,tyrol4 ,! old possessions ( ,prussia 7 re/or$4 ,%e receiv$ ! ,rh5i% prov9ces1 a "p ( ! du*y ( ,w>saw 7,pos571 & a great "p ( ,saxony1 besides o!r important additions4 ,holl& & ,belgium 7 =m$ into ! "o k+dom ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* _h also a "p ( ,luxemburg1 & 0 rul$ by ! /adt-hold] ,william ,i4 ,! ,g]man ,conf$]acy 0 in/itut$1 ) ?irty-n9e sov]eign /ates1 includ+ ! f\r free cities1--,au/ria be+ ! presid+ /ate4 ,! great] "p ( ! du*y ( ,w>saw fell to ,russia1 "u ! "n ( ! ,k+dom ( ,pol&4 ,sw$5 reta9$ ,norway1 :i*1 h[ev]1 kept its own free con/itution2 & ,d5m>k acquir$ ,lau5burg4 ,engl& _h va/ly enl>g$ h] colonial possessions4 ,! pres5t ,swiss ,conf$]ation1 consi/+ ( tw5ty-two cantons1 0 e/abli%$2 ?ree new cantons hav+ be5 add$ to ! =m] n9ete54 ,! old dyna/ies 7 re/or$ 9 ,spa91 9 ,tuscany1 ,mod5a1 & ! ,papal ,/ates1 9 ,naples1 & 9 ,s>d9ia4 ,to ,s>d9ia1 ,g5oa1 aga9/ its w1 0 annex$4 ,,*ronological ,,/atem5t4--,! ,fir/ ,coalition 0 =m$ 9 #agic1 :5 all ,europe1 except ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,tuscany1 ,switz]l&1 ,v5ice1 & ,g5oa1 & ,turkey1 jo9$ aga9/ ,france4 ,9 #agib ,france _h be5 at w> ) ,au/ria & ,prussia4 ,9 #agie ! coalition 0 brok53 ,prussia & ,spa9 made peace ) ,france4 ,9 #agig ,au/ria also conclud$ peace ) ,france 7! ,peace ( ,campo',=mio74 ,9 #agih ! ,second ,coalition 0 =m$1 9 :i* ,turkey 0 includ$4 ,prussia & ,spa9 7 n p>ties to x4 ,! ,peace ( ,ami5s1 made ) ,engl& 7#ahjb71 end$ ! conte/ foll[+ x4 ,! ,?ird ,coalition 0 =m$ 9 #ahje1 by ,engl&1 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ,sw$54 ,peace 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,au/ria & ,france 7,dec4 #bf1 #ahje74 ,w> foll[$ 9 #ahjf-g1 betwe5 ,france on "o side1 & ,prussia & ,russia on ! o!r4 ,^! allies1 ) ,engl&1 made a ,f\r? ,coalition4 ,9 #ahjg ,france & ,russia 7 allies4 ,! rupture betwe5 ,au/ria & ,france 9 #ahji gave rise to :at is (t5 call$ ! ,fif? ,coalition4 ,9 #ahac ! ,six? ,coalition1 made up1 aft] ! accession ( ,au/ria1 ( all ! pr9cipal p[]s1 0 9 arms aga9/ ,france4 ,on ,m>* #be1 #ahae1 aft] ,napoleon's return f ,elba1 ! p[]s aga9 decl>$ w> aga9/ him4 ,z !re 0 a fre% treaty1 ?is may be call$ a ,sev5? ,coalition4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,?is ,,p]iod 7#aghi-ahae74 ,,! ,,two ,,p>ties4--,! cab9et ( ,wa%+ton consi/$ ( f\r memb]s4 ,! secret>y ( ! treasury 0 ,alex&] ,hamilton ( ,new ,york4 ,! secret>y ( /ate 0 ,?omas ,jeff]son ( ,virg9ia4 ,! seat ( gov]nm5t 0 plac$ at ,philadelphia2 b 9 #ahjj x 0 remov$ to ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 :i* 0 c$$ = ! purpose by ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&4 ,almo/ f ! beg9n+1 !re 7 two political p>ties4 ,! ,f$]ali/s 7 made up ( ^? :o _h be5 mo/ 9 favor ( ! new ,con/itution1 & desir$ to build up a /rong c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,accord+ly !y advocat$ a lib]al con/ruction ( ! ,con/itution z reg>ds ! ext5t ( f$]al au?ority4 ,!y *]i%$ ! traditional _s ( ! ,engli% laws & ,engli% political in/itutions4 ,wa%+ton & ,john ,adams belong$ to ?is class1 & ,hamilton 0 _! mo/ active lead]4 ,! ,anti-,f$]ali/s1 ( :om ,jeff]son 0 ! *ief1 7 = a c>eful gu>d+ ( ! rights ( ! ,/ates1 & a /rict int]pretation ( ! p[]s allott$ to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y _h m sympa?y ) ! political ideas at t "t fa/ com+ into vogue 9 ,france4 ,!y _h a w>m fai? 9 ! capacity ( ! mass ( ! p = self-gov]nm5t & = suffrage4 ,!y 7 call$ ,republicans1 & 7 sometimes /yl$ ,democrats4 ,,hamilton',s ,,measures3 ,,! ,,conflict ,,( ,,p>ties4--,hamilton propos$ & c>ri$ highly important measures = ! re/oration ( public cr$it & = ! revival ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,"u 8 lead]%ip1 ! debts ( ! old conf$]acy1 & ! debts ( ! sep>ate ,/ates :i* !y _h incurr$ 9 ! common def5se1 7 assum$4 ,to provide rev5ue1 a protective t>iff & a sy/em ( int]nal taxation 7 orda9$4 ,a national bank 0 incorporat$ 7#agia71 & a m9t 0 e/abli%$ at ,philadelphia4 ,^! measures _h a great effect at home1 & made a /rong impression favorable to ! new gov]nm5t abroad2 b !y 7 oppos$ by ! ,anti-,f$]ali/s z an unw>rantable assumption ( p[] by ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,! excise on dome/ic spirits provok$ an insurrection1 call$ ! ,:isky ,rebellion1 9 ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 :i* 0 put d[n by ! militia4 ,z ! ,fr5* ,revolution advanc$ f /ep to /ep1 ! division ( p>ties 9 ,am]ica became m m>k$1 & _! mutual ho/ility m int5se4 ,at fir/ all 7 9 sympa?y ) ,france4 ,la ,fayette s5t ! key ( ! fall5 ,ba/ille z a gift to ,wa%+ton4 ,b ! ,f$]ali/s 7 det]m9$ to ma9ta9 a /rict neutrality 9 ! conflict betwe5 ,france & ,engl&4 ,z ! ,revolution proce$$1 a /rong antipa?y 0 awak5$ 9 ,am]ica to ! radical !ories1 z well z to ! bloody de$s1 ( its promot]s4 ,?is 0 enhanc$ by ! /r5u\s ef=ts ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 aid$ by ! ,anti-,f$]ali/s1 to induce ! ,unit$ ,/ates to take an active "p 9 ! w>1 on ! side ( ,france4 ,g5et1 ! ,fr5* m9i/]1 und]took to fit out private]s 9 ,*>le/on4 ,wa%+ton issu$ a proclamation ( neutrality 7#agic71 :i* 0 foll[$ by a ,neutrality ,act ( ,congress 7#agid74 ,:5 ,g5et _h ! effront]y to appeal f ! ,presid5t to ! p1 at ! dem& ( ,wa%+ton he 0 recall$4 ,,jay',s ,,treaty4--,! conte/ ( p>ties rea*$ its climax 9 connection ) ,jay's ,treaty ) ,great ,brita9 7#agid71--;a treaty negotiat$ by ,john ,jay1 *ief ju/ice1 :om ,wa%+ton _h s5t z envoy to ,london4 ,!re 7 mutual gr\nds ( compla9t betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,! ,briti% _h n surr5d]$ ! ,we/]n milit>y po/s1 & 7 9 ! habit ( impress+ seam54 ',?is la/ practice 0 f\nd$ on ! claim t a ,briti% subject c nev] become ! subject ( ano!r c\ntry1 & t1 moreov]1 8 milit>y s]vice may be always call$ = by 8 sov]eign4 ,:5 almo/ all ,europe 0 at w>1 ! c>ry+ trade naturally fell1 to a l>ge ext5t1 into ,am]ican h&s2 h5ce1 x 0 alleg$1 _m ,engli% sailors des]t$ to get employm5t 9 ,am]ican %ips4 ,! ,briti% claim$ & ex]cis$ ! "r to visit =eign vessels1 & to take f _! decks ! sailors :o 7 ass]t$ to be ,briti% subjects4 ,! ,engli%1 on _! "p1 compla9$ t ! treaty /ipulations z to debts due 9 ,am]ica to ,briti% subjects _h n be5 obs]v$4 ,jay's ,treaty provid$ = ! giv+-up ( ! ,we/]n po/s1 accord+ to ! previ\s /ipulation2 b said no?+ respect+ ! "r ( impressm5t1 :i* ! ,briti% at t "t w\ld nev] h cons5t$ to rel9qui%4 ,x 0 alleg$1 also1 t 9 o!r features ! treaty favor$ ,engl& unw>rantably1 & unfairly 9 relation to ,france4 ,x enc\nt]$ viol5t opposition f ! ,republicans2 b x 0 approv$ by ,wa%+ton1 & ! legislative measures = c>ry+ x out 7 pass$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives by a sl5d] majority1 obta9$ ?r\gh ! eloqu5ce ( ,fi%] ,ames1 a memb] f ,massa*usetts4 ,,new ,,/ates3 ,,inv5tions4--,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #agij1 !re 7 some:at less ?an f\r millions ( p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,virg9ia 0 ! mo/ popul\s ,/ate2 next to ,virg9ia /ood ,p5nsylvania1 !n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 &1 f\r? 9 ord]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,a little m ?an "o-fif? ( ! population 7 negro slaves4 ,v]mont1 ! t]ritory ( :i* _h be5 claim$ by bo? ,new ,york & ,new ,hamp%ire1 0 ! fir/ new ,/ate admitt$ to ! ,union 7#agia74 ,a g5ius = me*anical inv5tion e>ly manife/$ itself 9 ! c\ntry4 ,eli ,:itney inv5t$ ! cotton-g9 7#agib71 = sep>at+ ! se$ f ! fib] ( ! cotton-plant1--a ma*9e :i* indirectly l5t a p[]ful impulse to ! production ( cotton4 ,9 #aghh ,john ,fit* 0 runn+ a /eamboat on ! ,delaw>e ,riv]2 b ! con/ruction ( a /eamboat ) side-paddles 0 due to ! inv5tive tal5t ( ,rob]t ,fulton 7#ahjg74 ,emigration f ! ,atlantic bord] to ! ,we/ took ?ree pr9cipal r\tes1--"o f ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york1 ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,mohawk2 ! second1 ?r\gh ! passes ( ! ,alleghanies2 & ! ?ird1 across ! ,blue ,ridge to ! riv]s fl[+ f ! s\? into ! ,ohio4 ,9 #agib ,k5tucky1 settl$ ma9ly by emigrants ov] ! la/-m5tion$ pa?1 0 made a ,/ate4 ,! next ,/ate to be admitt$ 0 ,t5nessee 7#agif74 ,! new settl]s c>ri$ into ! ,we/ ! _s & in/itutions ( ! sev]al communities :i* !y _h left4 ,s\? ( ! ,ohio1 negro slav]y 0 introduc$4 ,a treaty ) ,spa9 79 #agie7 secur$ ! free navigation ( ! ,mississippi4 ,,wa%+ton',s ,,retirem5t ,,& ,,dea?4--,wa%+ton himself 0 n exempt f bitt] p>tisan attack 9 public pr9ts4 ,on 8 retirem5t f (fice1 he prep>$1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,hamilton1 a ,f>ewell ,address to ! p1 9 :i* he exhort$ !m to ma9ta9 ! ,union z ! only safegu>d ( lib]ty1 & w>n$ !m aga9/ entangl+ alliances ) ,european p[]s4 ,! deep & univ]sal sorr[ :i* 0 felt :5 he di$ 7#agii7 0 a tribute z exalt$ z any nation ev] paid to a fall5 h]o & b5efactor4 ,,adams3 ,,rupture ,,( ,,! ,,f$]al ,,p>ty4--,john ,adams1 a ,f$]ali/1 succe$$ ,wa%+ton z presid5t2 & ,jeff]son became vice-presid5t 7#agig74 ,! ,fr5* _h seiz$ a l>ge numb] ( ,am]ican vessels1 on ! pret5se t !y 7 af=d+ aid to ,engl&4 ,9 ord]1 if possible1 to prev5t w>1 ! ,presid5t s5t out a special mission to ,france2 b ! commission]s--,p9ckney1 ,g]ry1 & ,m>%all--7 told by ! ,directory t !y mu/ pay money z a bribe be=e !y c\ld be receiv$1 & 7 f9ally ord]$ to quit ! c\ntry 7#agig74 ,! phrase ( ,p9ckney1 ,millions = def5se1 b n "o c5t = tribute1 express$ ! univ]sal feel+4 ,! report ( ! insult$ envoys r\s$ ! indignation ( ! ,am]ican p1 & mov$ ,congress to prep>e = w>4 ,wa%+ton 0 made g5]al ( all ! =ces to be rais$1 & he appo9t$ ,hamilton to be second 9 comm&4 ,ho/ilities _h really comm5c$2 ! ,f$]ali/s 7 eag] = a decl>ation ( w>2 b ,presid5t ,adams1 )\t ! k ( 8 cab9et1 sudd5ly nom9at$ to ! s5ate ano!r ambassador to ,france4 ,he _h previ\sly become assur$ t su* a mess5g] w\ld be well receiv$4 ,napoleon hav+ come into p[]1 a treaty 0 conclud$ ) him 7#ahjj74 ,! c\rse ( ! ,presid5t1 h[ev]1 gave mortal (f5se to ! adh]5ts ( ,hamilton1 & fatally divid$ ! ,f$]al p>ty4 ,hamilton & 8 support]s became :olly ali5at$ f ,adams1 s t ! triumph ( ! ,republicans 0 r5d]$ c]ta94 ,,resolutions ,,( '#ih4--,! viol5ce ( ! attacks ^u ! adm9i/ration1 :i* 7 made p>tly by =eign emiss>ies1 _h caus$ ! ,f$]ali/s 7#agih7 to pass ! ali5 & s$ition laws4 ,! fir/ au?oriz$ ! ,presid5t to ord] out ( ! c\ntry ali5s :o 7 conspir+ aga9/ its peace4 ,its op]ation 0 limit$ to two ye>s4 ,! second puni%$ s$iti\s libels ^u ! gov]nm5t ) f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,^! acts provok$ a /orm ( opposition4 ,"u ! auspices ( ,jeff]son1 & ( ,madison1 :o 0 n[ "o ( 8 support]s1 ! ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky ,resolutions ( #agih-ii 7 pass$ by ! ,legislatures ( ^? ,/ates4 ,^! resolves affirm$ ! "r ( a ,/ate to judge ( ! con/itutionality & validity ( an ,act ( ,congress4 ,!y 7 int]pret$ z an ass]tion ( ! extreme doctr9e ( ,/ate rights4 ,,pur*ase ,,( ,,l\isiana4--,9 #ahjj ,jeff]son 0 elect$ to ! presid5cy1 & ,a>on ,burr1 a s*em+ politician ( ! ,republican s*ool1 0 made vice-presid5t4 ,at t "t1 & until ! am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution 7#ahjd71 ! electors vot$ = two p]sons1 )\t designat+ ei!r = ! presid5cy or ! vice-presid5cy4 ,! c&idate hav+ ! highe/ numb] ( votes became presid5t4 ,z ,jeff]son & ,burr _h an equal numb]1 ! *oice betwe5 !m = ! highe/ (fice 0 made by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,! obnoxi\s laws ( ! prec$+ adm9i/ration disappe>$ ) x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts "u ,jeff]son's adm9i/ration 0 ! pur*ase ( ,l\isiana f ,france1 :i* _h acquir$ x f ,spa94 ,napoleon knew t he c\ld n keep x f fall+ into ! h&s ( ,engl&1 & readily sold x = fifte5 millions ( doll>s4 ,!reby ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 d\bl$ 9 its ext5t4 ,! :ole region betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ) ,new ,orleans1 0 add$ to ! c\ntry1 toge!r ) :atev] claim ,france _h to ,we/ ,florida1 ,texas1 & ! di/rict we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,ohio1 compos$ ( ! s\?-ea/]n portion ( ! nor?we/ t]ritory1 0 admitt$ to ! ,union 9 #ahjc4 ,9 ! fir/ fifte5 ye>s aft] ! gov]nm5t 0 organiz$1 !re are f\r ?+s t affect$ p[]fully ! "* & c>e] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! fir/ 0 ! influ5ce ( ,wa%+ton 9 inspir+ atta*m5t to ! ,union4 ,! second 0 ! g5ius ( ,hamilton 9 creat+ an effici5t adm9i/ration ( ! new civil polity4 ,! ?ird 0 ! democratic political t5d5cy fo/]$ by ,jeff]son4 ,! f\r? 0 ! va/ expansion ( ! national t]ritory by ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase1 insur+ ! ext5sion ( ! ,union1 & prev5t+ ! rise ( rival political communities 9 its neighborhood4 ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,alg]9es4--,! pirates ( ,algi]s1 ,morocco1 & ! o!r ,b>b>y ,/ates1 dem&$ tribute ( ,am]ican vessels on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! fir/ exploits ( ! navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 9 combats ) ^! m>aud]s 7#ahja-e74 ,decatur p]=m$ ! exploit ( burn+ 9 ! h>bor ( ,tripoli ! ,am]ican %ip ,philadelphia1 :i* ! ,tripolitans _h captur$ 7#ahjd74 ,d]ne 0 captur$1 & ,tripoli bomb>d$4 ,f9ally a treaty put an end to ! exaction ( tribute 7#ahje74 ,an ev5t t deeply mov$ ! :ole c\ntry 0 ! kill+ ( ,hamilton by ,burr 9 a duel 7#ahjd74 ,burr 0 aft]w>ds *>g$ ) an int5tion to =m a new gov]nm5t on ! s\?-we/]n bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he 0 tri$ = treason 7#ahjg71 & n convict$1 al?\gh _m h believ$ him to be guilty4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,,( #ahl#b-ae4--,! great ,european w>s br\ght ! ,unit$ ,/ates into s]i\s difficulties1 pr9cipally 9 reg>d to que/ions relat+ to comm]ce4 ,attempts 7 made by ! ,european nations to e/abli% blockades by m]e enactm5t1 )\t actual & suffici5t occupation ( ! ports :i* 7 decl>$ to be clos$4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! ,briti% ,ord]s 9 c\ncil1 & ( ,napoleon's ,b]l9 & ,milan ,decrees 7p4 #ebh71 0 to gr9d to pieces ! few rema9+ neutral p[]s4 ,^! 7 9 effect cut (f f trade ) bo? ,cont95tal & ,engli% ports by ! ord9ances ( "o or ! o!r ( ! two bellig]5ts1 ! p5alty be+ ! confiscation ( ! vessels employ$ 9 su* traffic4 ,su* 7 ! re/rictions ^u neutrals1 t a great numb] ( ,am]ican %ips 7 seiz$ & confiscat$ by ,engli% & ,fr5* cruis]s4 ,9 addition to ^! grievances1 ! ,le&]1 a ,briti% %ip1 ex]cis$ ! pret5d$ "r ( impressm5t by fir+ on an ,am]ican trad+-sloop 7#ahjf72 & 9 l mann] ano!r ,briti% vessel1 ! ,leop>d1 fir$ on ! frigate ,*esapeake1 :i* 0 n prep>$ = resi/ance1 & took f\r m5 f its crew 7,june #bb1 #ahjg74 ,9 retaliation1 ,jeff]son ord]$ all ,briti% %ips ( w> to leave ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!n foll[$ ! ,emb>go1 embrac+ a succession ( enactm5ts ( ,congress1 :i* =bade ,am]ican vessels to leave ! h>bors ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ,europe1 & =bade ,european vessels to l& c>goes 9 ,am]ican ports4 ,! result ( ?is measure 0 to smite ,am]ican comm]ce ) an utt] p>alysis4 ,! %ips rott$ at ! :>ves4 ,! unpopul>ity ( ! ,emb>go1 especially 9 ! ,ea/]n comm]cial ,/ates1 0 su* t 9 ,jeff]son's second t]m x 0 repeal$4 ,x 0 foll[$ 7#ahji7 by ! ,non-,int]c\rse ,act1 prohibit+ comm]ce ) ,france & ,engl&4 ,! ,briti% ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil 7 !n1 9 a measure1 relax$1 z 0 ! practical en=cem5t aga9/ our vessels ( ! ,b]l9 ,decree4 ,9 #ahab1 ! ,fr5* resc9d$ _! obnoxi\s decrees2 & ! ,engli% imm$iately took ! same /ep1 b n soon en\gh to prev5t a w> ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,,9 #ahab ,,& #ahac4-;,james ,madison1 a wise & mod]ate /atesman ( ! ,republican p>ty1 became presid5t 9 #ahji4 ,he 0 p]sonally av]se to engag+ 9 w> ) ,great ,brita92 b ! exasp]ation ( a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntry1 & ! pressure ( ! y\ng] lead]s ( 8 p>ty1--,calh\n1 ,clay1 & ,l[ndes1--mov$ him to a reluctant cons5t4 ,! w>1 :i* 0 decl>$ 9 #ahab1 0 bitt]ly oppos$ 9 ! ,new-,engl& ,/ates1 :]e ! /r5g? ( ! ,f$]ali/s *iefly lay4 ,by !m ! real motive ( x 0 consid]$ to be p>tiality = ,france4 ,! treasury 0 ne>ly empty2 !re 7 b few %ips ( w>1 & only a small l& =ce ( ab\t t5 ?\s& m51 made up 9 "p ( raw recruits4 ,be=e ?is "t1 ! ,nor?-we/]n ,indians1 "u ,tecumseh1 :om ! ,briti% 7 suspect$ ( incit+ to w>1 _h be5 defeat$ at ,tippecanoe 7#ahaa71 by ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison1 gov]nor ( ,indiana4 ,! w> ) ,engl& op5$ inauspici\sly ) ! surr5d] ( ,detroit by ,g54 ,william ,hull to ,g54 ,brock 7,aug4 #af1 #ahab71 & an unsuccessful attempt to invade ,canada at ,que5/[n4 ,on ! sea1 h[ev]1 ! ,am]icans _h successes :i* fill$ !m ) pride & exultation4 ,capta9 ,isaac ,hull1 ( ! frigate ,con/itution1 captur$ ! ,briti% frigate ,gu]rire1 & br\ght 8 prison]s to ,bo/on4 ,decatur1 capta9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 br\ght ! ,mac$onian z a prize into ! h>bor ( ,new ,york4 ,! ,con/itution de/roy$ ! ,java2 b ! ,*esapeake1 ^: capta9 0 kill$1 surr5d]$ to ! ,%annon4 ,private]s 7 fitt$ out1 :i* captur$ sev]al hundr$s ( ,briti% %ips & sev]al ?\s&s ( prison]s4 ,9 #ahac ,p]ry defeat$ ! ,engli% fleet on ,lake ,erie4 ,8 victory gave ! ,am]icans ! comm& ( ,lake ,erie & ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,h>rison defeat$ ! ,briti% & ,indians1--:o _h be5 driv5 to ab&on ,mi*igan1--ne> ! ,riv] ,?ames 9 ,canada4 ,except on ! ,lakes ! navy 0 successful only 9 s+le %ip actions4 ,! ,am]icans _h tak5 possession ( ,mobile1 :i* !y z well z ! ,spani% claim$2 b ! ,creek ,indians 7 incit$ by ! ,spani>ds to engage 9 ho/ilities4 ,=ces f ,t5nessee1 "u ,&rew ,jackson1 & troops f ,georgia & ,mississippi1 f\ght ! ,creeks ) success4 ,,! ,,w> ,,9 #ahad-ae4--;,9 #ahad a ?ird attempt ( ! ,am]icans "u ,g54 ,br[n1 to invade ,canada1 produc$ no decisive result4 ,!re 0 h>d fight+4 ,! ,briti% 7 r\t$ at ,*ippewa2 & !y 7 repuls$ at ,lundy's ,lane1 opposite ,niag>a ,falls1 by ,lieut4 7aft]w>ds ,g5]al7 ,w9field ,scott4 ,napoleon _h n[ be5 defeat$2 & ! ,engli% s5t twelve ?\s& troops1 :o _h s]v$ "u ,well+ton 9 ,spa91 to ,canada1 to invade ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! nor?1 :ile ano!r army 0 to make an invasion by way ( ,new ,orleans4 ,a fleet "u ,admiral ,cockburn sail$ up ! ,potomac1 & burn$ ! ,capitol & o!r public build+s at ,wa%+ton 7,aug4 #bd1 #ahad74 ,an attack 0 made on ,baltimore by a ,briti% fleet1 b 0 bravely repell$4 ,! defeat ( ! ,briti% fleet ne> ,plattsburg1 on ,lake ,*ampla91 by ,commodore ,macdon\gh 7,sept4 #aa1 #ahad71 result$ 9 ! retreat ( ! ,briti% army1 :i* 0 besieg+ t place1 to ,canada4 ,new ,orleans 0 def5d$ by ,g5]al ,jackson4 ,! ,briti% "u ,pak5ham & ,gibbs attack$ 8 works1 b 7 defeat$ & )drew 7,jan4 #h1 #ahae74 ,! t[n 0 protect$ f ! approa* ( ! ,engli% fleet by ! =t4 ,be=e ! battle1 peace _h be5 conclud$1 b ! news _h n rea*$ ?is c\ntry4 ,,! ,,h>t=d ,,conv5tion4--,! antagonism to ! w> 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates f\nd expression 9 ! call ( a conv5tion at ,h>t=d1 :]e _! delegates met 7,dec4 #ae1 #ahad74 ,^! ,/ates compla9$1 t :ile _! comm]ce & fi%]ies 7 ru9$1 !re 0 no protection af=d$ to _! sea-coa/4 ,/on+ton 9 ,connecticut _h be5 bomb>d$1 & ,ca/9e 9 ,ma9e _h be5 captur$4 ,!y d5i$1 also1 t ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t _h ! p[] ov] ! ,/ate militia :i* x claim$4 ,= ^! & o!r grievances1 !y s\ght = a rem$y n repugnant to _! obligations z memb]s ( ! ,union4 ,!y decl>$ t measures ( ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t :i* are palpable violations ( ! ,con/itution are void1 & t ! ,/ates injuri\sly affect$ might sev]ally protect _! citiz5s f ! op]ation ( !m1 by su* means z ! sev]al ,/ates %\ld judge x wise to adopt2 b !y disav[$ ! "r or int5t to break up ! ,union4 ,! effect ( ! conv5tion 0 to br+ great popul> discr$it on ! ,f$]ali/s1 & to seal _! doom z a di/9ct p>ty4 ,,treaty ,,( ,,peace3 ,,algi]s4--,9 ! ,treaty ( ,gh5t 7,dec4 #bd1 #ahad71 provisions 7 made = def9+ b\nd>ies z settl$ by previ\s treaties1 & an engagem5t 0 made on bo? sides to suppress ! slave-trade2 b no m5tion 0 made ( m>itime rights & ! impressm5t ( seam54 ,?is la/ practice 01 h[ev]1 discont9u$1 al?\gh x 0 nev] r5\nc$4 ,! w> left ! disputes t caus$ x j :]e !y 74 ,_m !n & s9ce h reg>d$ x z really und]tak5 by ! dom9ant p>ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ord] to help "o ( ! bellig]5ts 9 ! great /ruggle !n go+ =w>d betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,:e!r ?is view be j1 or n1 x is c]ta9 t ! w> imp>t$ to ,am]icans ! consci\sness ( p[] & nationality4 ,! connection betwe5 ,am]ica & ,great ,brita9 0 brok5 (f at ! ,revolution1 because1 z ,turgot once said1 colonies are l fruits :i* only /ay on ! tree until !y are ripe4 ,b ! conflict 0 n ov] at ! conclusion ( ! ,peace ( #aghc4 ,bancr(t has call$ ! w> ( #ahab-ae ! second w> ( indep5d5ce4 ,no?+ l5t x ?is "* s mu* z ! naval victories won by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* gave !m a /&+ among ! nations4 ,9 #ahae a squadron "u ,decatur 0 s5t to ,algi]s1 & ! ,b>b>y ,/ates 7 compell$ to give up by treaties all _! dem&s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,lit]ature1 ,,art1 ,,& ,,sci5ce 7#aghi-ahae74 ,,new ,,_s ,,9 ,,lit]ature4--,9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? & ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5turies1 lit]ature broke away f ! artificial rules & ! "o-sid$ intellectual tone ( ! classical s*ool1--t s*ool :i* _h prevail$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* writ]s ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! new era 0 m>k$ by m spontaneity1 & a return to nature1 & by a m free re9 giv5 to imag9ation & feel+4 ,romanticism1 a g5]al designation ( ! results ( ?is new movem5t z contra/$ ) ! classical p]iod1 sometimes ran out into extravagances ( s5tim5t1 & an exagg]at$ reli% = ! m$iaeval _s4 ,,writ]s ,,9 ,,italy ,,& ,,9 ,,france4--,9 ,italy1 !re 7 few writ]s ( di/9ction4 ,monti 7#aged-ahbh7 0 a poet full ( h>mony & elegance1 a foll[]1 b ) unequal /eps1 ( ,alfi]i4 ,ano!r ( ! same s*ool is ! patriotic poet1 ,ugo ,foscolo 7#aggh-ahbg71 a ma/] ( 8 native tongue4 ,! poems ( ,p9demonte 7#agec-ahbh7 are graceful & pa!tic4 ,leop>di 7#agih-ahcg7 m+les sublimity ) pa?os4 ,( ! ,italian hi/orians ( ?is p]iod1 ,botta 7#agff-ahcg71 :o publi%$ a hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 & hi/ories ( ,italy1 is a cle> writ]1 ) a tal5t = vivid description4 ,9 ,france1 ,*ateaubri& 7#agfh-ahdh71 :o figur$ bo? 9 political life & z a prolific & brilliant au?or1 by 8 ,g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity & _m o!r productions ga9$ great celebrity1--m1 h[ev]1 by *>ms ( /yle & s5tim5t1 ?an by weight ( matt]4 ,madame de ,/al 7#agff-ahag7 0 ! daught] ( ,neck]4 ,betwe5 h] & ,napoleon !re 0 a mutual ho/ility4 ,%e wrote ,cor9ne1 ,delph9e1--9 :i* %e idealizes h]self1--a "w on ,g]many1 & v>i\s o!r productions4 ,%e 0 v]satile1 vigor\s 9 ?\ght1 & humane 9 h] temp] & _s4 ,9 philosophy1 a believ+ & spiritual s*ool1 9 opposition to mat]ialism1 0 f\nd$ by ,ma9e de ,biran 7#agff-ahbd71 ,roy]-,coll>d 7#agfc-ahdf71 & ,b5jam9 ,con/ant4 ,de ,mai/re 7#aged-ahba7 wrote ably on ! side ( au?ority & ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,,engli% ,,poetry4--,lit]ature 9 ,engl&1 especially 9 ! dep>tm5t ( poetry1 ca/+ (f ! trammels ( ! classical s*ool1 9 :i* ,dryd5 & ,pope 7 =emo/1 ent]$ on a new & spl5did era4 ,:e!r x dwelt on ext]nal nature or human passions & exp]i5ces1 x appeal$ to s5sibility4 ,x 0 no m exclusively1 or 9 ! ma91 an address to ! und]/&+4 ,c[p] 7#agca-ahjj7 set ! example ( g5u9e naturalness1 & ( int]e/ 9 nature & 9 e-day life4 ,rob]t ,burns1 a ,scotti% peasant 7#agei-agif71 by 8 wond]ful union ( t5d]ness1 passion1 & humor1 ) poetic fancy & simplicity ( diction1 0 m ?an ! poet ( a s+le nation4 ,wordswor? 7#aggj-ahej7 bl5d$ 9 8 poems a delight 9 rural & m\nta9 sc5]y1 ) a deep ve9 ( p5sive ?\ght & s5tim5t4 ,if he wrote dull pages1 ev5 ! sev]e/ critics all[ t 9 ,! ,excursion !re are mo/ beautiful oases 9 ! des]t2 :ile 9 su* poems z ! ,ode on ! ,p[] ( ,s\nd1 ! ,intimations ( ,immortality f ! ,recollections ( ,*ildhood1 & ,laodamia1 !re are passages n excell$ s9ce ,milton4 ,a m su/a9$ f]vor ( feel+ & imag9ation belong$ to ,byron 7#aghh-ahbd71 :o1 not)/&+ 8 morbid egotism & (f5ses aga9/ morality1 comb9$ passion ) beauty1 & 0 nev] dull4 ,walt] ,scott 7#agga-ahcb7 exhibit$ 9 8 n>rative poems ! _s ( ! romantic s*ool1 ) none ( its s5tim5tality or extravagance4 ,col]idge 7#aggb-ahcd71 ! au?or ( ,*ri/abel & ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 0 a highly orig9al poet1 z well z a philosoph]4 ,s\!y 7#aggd-ahdc71 ) less g5ius1 0 a man ( lett]s1 prolific bo? 9 v]se & 9 prose4 ,%elley & ,keats _h a mu* high] gift ( imag9ation4 ,campbell1 ,rog]s1 & ,moore are names ( di/9ction1 al?\gh less illu/ri\s ?an ^? ( ,wordswor? & ,col]idge1 ,scott & ,byron4 ,walt] ,savage ,l&or 7#agge-ahfd71 a poet & ! au?or ( ,imag9>y ,conv]sations1 & o!r prose writ+s1 0 ma/] ( a /yle ( extraord9>y p[] & purity4 ,,engli% ,,prose ,,writ]s4--,9 novel-writ+1 ,miss ,au/51 ,miss ,port]1 & ,miss ,edgewor? prec$$ ,walt] ,scott4 ,wav]ley1 ! fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( ,scott's novels1 appe>$ anonym\sly 9 #ahad4 ,9 #ahjb ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ! fir/ ( ! not$ critical qu>t]lies1 began its exi/5ce1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,francis ,jeffrey1 & numb]$ among its writ]s ,br\gham1 ,sydney ,smi?1 & ,sir ,james ,mack9to%4 ,9 #ahji ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ! organ ( ! ,tories z ! ,ed9burgh ,review repres5t$ ! ,:igs1 began1 ) ,gif=d = its editor4 ,among ! essayi/s ( t "t1 9 a light] ve91 7 ,john ,wilson 7,*ri/oph] ,nor?71 poet & critic 9 "o2 & ! g5ial humori/1 ! fri5d ( ,wordswor? & ,col]idge1 ,*>les ,lamb4 ,john ,fo/] 7#aggj-ahdc7 0 an orig9al essayi/ on grave !mes4 ,9 philosophy1 ,dugald ,/ew>t 7#agec-ahbh71 a cle> & flu5t expositor1 & ,?omas ,br[n 7#aggh-ahba71 kept up ! reputation ( ! ,scotti% s*ool f\nd$ by ,reid4 ,burke1 ,alison1 & ,jeffrey wrote on beauty1 & on ! ta/e = ! beautiful4 ,mack9to%1 a /atesman ( lib]al op9ions1 wrote on e?ics4 ,col]idge1 inspir$ by ! ,g]man ?9k]s ,kant & ,s*ell+1 ?r\gh 8 philosophical fragm5ts & !ological essays did mu* to create a new curr5t 9 ,engli% philosophical & religi\s ?\ght4 ,j]emy ,b5?am 7#agdh-ahcb7 0 less em95t z a metaphysician ?an z a contributor1 ?r\gh 8 writ+s1 to legislative re=m4 ,,am]ican ,,writ]s4--,9 ,am]ica1 ! political writ+s ( ,adams1 ,jeff]son1 ,hamilton1 ,jay1 ,madison1 ,m>%all1 & ,ames1 h a p]man5t value4 ,_! lett]s & ! lett]s ( ,wa%+ton are writt5 9 cle> & manly ,engli%4 ,l9dley ,murray 7#agde-ahbf7 publi%$ 7#agie7 an ,engli% ,gramm>1 :i* sup]s$$ all o!rs4 ,9 !ology1 !re 7 a numb] ( vigor\s ?9k]s & writ]s1 su* z ! y\ng] ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 ,samuel ,hopk9s1 ,bellamy1 ,emmons1 ,j4 ,m4 ,mason1 & ,dwight4 ,dwight's ,sy/em ( ,!ology 0 mu* read 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,belles-lettres lit]ature 9 ,am]ica 0 9 its infancy4 ,!re 0 a triad ( poets1--,trumbull1 a humor\s writ] 7#agej-ahca71 ,joel ,b>l[ 7#agee-ahab71 & ,dwight 7#ageb-ahag72 all ( !m survivors ( ! s*ool ( ,pope4 ,_! patriotic feel+ 0 _! *ief m]it1 b ,b>l[ & ,dwight ea* wrote "o excell5t hymn4 ,,g]man ,,au?ors4--,"o ( ! mo/ v]satile & /imulat+ ( ,g]man writ]s 0 ,h]d] 7#agdd-ahjc74 ,full ( imag9ation & _s1 he made 8 quick5+ influ5ce felt z a !ologian1 critic1 philosoph]1 & philologi/4 ,8 "n is 9 "s measure eclips$ by ! fame ( 8 two great associates at ,weim>1 ,goe! 7#agdi-ahcb7 & ,s*ill] 7#agei-ahje74 ,by ! univ]sality ( 8 g5ius1 :i* 0 equally exalt$ 9 ! sph]e ( criticism & ( orig9al production1 ,goe! is1 by common cons5t1 ! =emo/ ( ,g]man au?ors4 ,8 dramas1 especially ,tasso1 ,egmont1 & ,fau/1 & 8 pa/oral epic1 ,h]mann & ,doro!a1 are ! mo/ celebrat$ ( 8 poems2 b _m ( 8 m9or pieces are m>k$ by exquisite h>mony & beauty4 ,s*ill]1 ) less repose & a less pr(\nd arti/ic feel+1 yet f 8 humane impulses & fire ( emotion /&s clos] to ! popul> he>t4 ,krn] 7#agia-ahac71 & ,arndt 7#agfi-ahfj71 ! au?or ( ! song1 ,:]e is ! ,g]man's ,fa!rl&1 7 patriotic lyri/s ( high m]it4 ,uhl& 7#aghg-ahfb7 is a ballad-writ]1 n surpass$ 9 ?is species ( composition by any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! ,romantic ,s*ool1 ) its pr$ilection = ! ,middle ,ages1 includ$ ,novalis1 ,tieck1 & also ! two bro!rs ,s*legel1 :o 7 critics r ?an poets4 ,"o ( ! mo/ unique & orig9al ( ! ,g]man writ]s 0 ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] 7#agfc-ahbe71 ess5tially a philosoph] & morali/1 yet ) a p]vad+ elem5t ( humor & pa?os4 ,,g]man ,,philosophy4--,9 philosophy1 ! fir/ "n 9 ! ord] ( "t & ( m]it is t ( ,immanuel ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd74 ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason is ! mo/ important ( 8 productions4 ,he %[$1 aga9/ ,hume1 t ! ideas ( cause1 sub/ance1 self1 etc41 are n products ( imag9ation1 or due to a m]e cu/om ( ?\ght1 b are f )91 & are necess>y & univ]sal4 ,9 ! ,critique ( ! ,practical ,reason he f\nd ! real basis ( fai? 9 ,god1 free-w1 & immortality1 9 our moral nature4 ,on all ! topics :i* he treat$1 he 0 bo? e>ne/ & pr(\nd4 ,on ! basis ( a portion ( 8 tea*+1 subsequ5t speculative philosoph]s re>$ a sy/em ( idealism & pan!ism4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ celebrat$ are ,fi*te 7#agfb-ahad71 :o held t ! _w ext]nal to ! m9d has no exi/5ce2 ,s*ell+ 7#agge-ahed71 :o taught t nature & m9d are at bottom "o & ! same sub/ance1 9 diff]5t manife/ations2 & ,hegel 7#aggj-ahca71 :o resolv$ all be+ into a realm ( ideas1 a self-exi/5t & self-develop+ ?\ght-_w4 ,among ! num]\s writ]s 9 o!r dep>tm5ts 9 ?is p]iod1 ! bro!rs ,alex&] von ,humboldt & ,william von ,humboldt 7 em95t1--! =m] 9 natural sci5ce & z an explor]2 ! latt] 9 political sci5ces1 criticism & philology4 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,sculpture4--,9 ,italy1 a great sculptor--! greate/ s9ce ,mi*ael ,angelo--appe>$ 9 ! p]son ( ,canova 7#ageg-ahbb72 :o1 h[ev]1 0 equal$ by an ,engli%man1 ,john ,flaxman 7#agee-ahbf74 ,an em95t foll[] ( ,canova 0 ,?orwalds5 7#aggj-ahdd71 a ,dane4 ,danneck]1 a ,g]man sculptor 7#ageh-ahdd71 excell$ 9 portrait /atues4 ,ano!r ,g]man sculptor1 ! f\nd] ( a s*ool1 0 ,rau* 7#aggd-aheg71 ^: /atues are fai?ful1 yet idealiz$1 lik5esses4 ,a fam\s ,fr5* pa9t] 9 ?is p]iod 0 ,david1 ^: pictures1 9 ! classic /yle1 lack =ce & w>m?4 ,_m ( 8 s*ol>s atta9$ to high pr(ici5cy 9 ! art4 ,horace ,v]net 7#aghi-ahfc7 & ,paul ,del>o*e 7#agig-ahef7 *ose _! subjects f mod]n ,european hi/ory4 ,! mod]n ,g]man s*ool ( pa9t+ 0 f\nd$ by ,ov]beck1 ,von ,s*ad[1 & ,cornelius4 ,! greate/ ,engli% pa9t] aft] ,hog>? 0 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds 7#agbc-agib71 ^: portraits h seldom1 if ev]1 be5 surpass$4 ,almo/ or q on a level ) him 0 ,ga9sbor\gh 7#agbg-aghh74 ,b5jam9 ,we/ 7#agch-ahbj7 0 by bir? an ,am]ican1 z 0 ,copley1 an arti/ ( sup]ior tal5ts 7#agci-ahae74 ,lawr5ce 7#agfi-ahcj7 0 a ,briti% pa9t] ^: portraits h a high hi/orical value4 ,! greate/ ( ! ,engli% l&scape pa9t]s 0 ,turn] 7#agge-ahea74 ,john ,trumbull 7#agef-ahdc71 an ,am]ican1 pa9t$ spirit$ battle-pieces1 & m9iature portraits ( decid$ arti/ic m]it4 ,wa%+ton ,all/on 7#aggi-ahdc71 ano!r ,am]ican pa9t]1 produc$ works admir$ = _! w>m? ( color1 & = ! ref9$ feel+ express$ 9 !m4 ,,music4--,! great ,g]man musicians ,haydn & ,moz>t 7 foll[$ by an equal or great] g5ius 9 music1 ,bee?ov5 7#aggj-ahbg74 ,at ! head ( ! s*ool ( ,g]man song-writ]s is ,s*ub]t 7#agig-ahbh74 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,g]man compos]s 0 ,web] 7#aghf-ahbf74 ,,physical ,,& ,,natural ,,sci5ce4--,! mo/ brilliant discov]ies 9 a/ronomy 7 made by ! ,fr5* philosoph] ,laplace1 ^: ,mcanique ,cle/e made an epo* 9 t sci5ce4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y 7#aggc-ahbi7 did mu* to expla9 ! true !ory ( ! tides1 & to confirm ! undulatory !ory ( light4 ,o!rs em95t 9 ! progress ( optics are ,fresnel 7#aghh-ahbg71 ,biot1 ,arago1--all ,fr5* physici/s1--& ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,lavoisi] 7#agdc-agid7 infus$ a new _s into *emical sci5ce4 ,prie/ley 7#agcc-ahjd7 discov]$ oxyg5 & o!r gases4 ,dalton 7#agff-ahdd7 is ! au?or ( ! atomic !ory ( ! composition ( matt]4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy add$ to *emical k1 &1 simultane\sly ) ,george ,/eph5son1 inv5t$ ! safety-lamp = m9]s4 ,b]zelius 7#aggi-ahdh71 a ,sw$i% *emi/1 & ,gay-,lussac 7#aggh-ahej71 a ,fr5*man1 are great names 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is sci5ce4 ,galvani1 ! discov]] ( animal electricity1 & ,volta1 ! inv5tor ( ! galvanic pile1 /imulat$ o!rs to fruitful exp]im5ts 9 ?is bran* ( /udy4 ,lam>ck 7#agdd-ahbi7 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! mod]n advocates ( ! orig9 ( species by developm5t4 ,cuvi] 7#agfi-ahcb71 ! greate/ naturali/ ( mod]n times1 made mo/ important obs]vations 9 comp>ative anatomy1 & e/abli%$ _m ( ! positive laws ( geology & paleontology4 ,geology fir/ assum$ ! place ( a sci5ce ?r\gh ! labors ( ,w]n] 7#agej-ahag71 a ,g]man m9]alogi/4 ,!re 7 two classes ( geologi/s1--! ,neptunians1 or ,w]n]ians1 :o ascrib$ rocks to aque\s deposition exclusively2 & ! ,vulcanians1 or ,huttoni/s1--adh]5ts ( ! view ( ,dr4 ,hutton 7#agbf-agig7 ( ,ed9burgh1--:o attribut$ _m ( !m to ! action ( fire4 ,! ,geological ,society ( ,london 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahjg4 ,among discov]ies ( practical utility 9 sci5ce1 ! discov]y ( vacc9ation = ! prev5tion ( small-pox1 by ,j5n] 7#agdi-ahbc71 an ,engli% physician1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,,lit]ature3 ,see ! li/s on pp4 #af1 #cei1 #dig2 also ,presid5t ,a4 ,d4 ,:ite's li/1 ) critical notes1 atta*$ to ,morris's ,! ,fr5* ,revolution & ,fir/ ,empire 79 ,epo*s ( hi/ory71 & ,adams's ,manual3 ! ,hi/ories ( ,alison 7,tory71 ,l\is ,blanc1 ,c>lyle1 ,jom9i1 ,fyffe1 ,/eph5s1 ,mahan1 ,*uquet4 ,aul>d1 ,lavisse et ,rambaud1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale ,,viii41 ,,ix4 ,mi*elet 7#g vols471 ,mignet1 ,morris1 ,von ,sybel 7#d vols471 ,?i]s1 ,ta9e1 ,l4 ,hass]2 ,madame de ,rmusat's ,memoirs2 ,mett]ni*'s ,memoirs 7#e vols471 ,joyneville1 ,life & ,times ( ,alex&] ,i4 7#c vols472 ,seeley1 ,life ( ,/e92 ,l[ell1 ,eve ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 on ,napoleon1 ,rose1 ,lanfrey1 ,sloane4 ,de ,tocqueville's ,l',anci5 ,rgime et la ,rvolution2 ,p4 ,janet's ,philosophie de la ,rvolution ,franaise2 ,qu9et1 ,la ,rvolution2 ,! ,essays on ! ,revolution1 by ,burke1 ,mack9to%1 ,crok]2 ,macaulay's ,essays on ,mirabeau & ,b>re2 ,lam>t9e's ,! ,girondi/s2 ,a4 ,"y's ,travels 9 ,france 9 #aghg-hh-hi 7,london1 #agid72 ,onck51 ,das ,zeitalt] d] ,revolution des ,kais]rei*es 7#b vols472 ,sorel1 ,l',europe et la ,rvolution ,franaise 7#e vols472 ,debid\r1 ,rapports de l'glise et de l',etat en ,france2 ,v&al1 ,napolon et ,alex&re #a/4 ,treits*ke ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te im neunzehnt5 ,fahrhund]t 7#d vols474 ,ta9e1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature2 ,mrs4 ,oliphant1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! end ( ! #ah? & beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5turies2 ,allibone1 ,diction>y ( ,briti% & ,am]ican ,au?ors2 ,w5dell1 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica4 ,,p]iod ,v4 ,,f ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,vi5na 7#ahae7 ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4 ,,introduction4 ,,political ,,*anges ,,9 ,,europe4--,! aspiration ( ! peoples ( ,europe aft] con/itutional fre$om & national unity1 aft] ! yoke ( ,napoleon _h be5 ?r[n (f1 0 = a long season baffl$4 ,?is 0 ow+ p>tly to ! lassitude natural aft] ! protract$ & exhau/+ w>s1 & m to ! comb9ation ( ! pr9cipal sov]eigns1 in/igat$ by ! love ( p[] & ! dread ( revolution1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! popul> ye>n+ f be+ gratifi$4 ,b 9 #ahcj--:5 half ( ! lifetime ( a g5]ation _h pass$ by--! ov]?r[ ( ! old ,b\rbon l9e ( k+s 9 ,france 0 ! signal = di/urbances & *anges else:]e on ! ,cont95t4 ,9 ,engl&1 at ab\t ! same "t1 !re began an era ( con/itutional & legislative re=ms :i* effect$ a wid] diffusion ( political p[]4 ,9 #ahdh--;aft] a second int]val ( ab\t equal l5g?--ano!r revolution>y crisis occurr$4 ,at ! same "t1 movem5ts 9 favor ( communism & socialism br\ght 9 a new p]il4 ,al>m felt on ?is acc\nt1 by ! middle class 9 ,france1 0 "o important aid to ! ?ird ,napoleon 9 reviv+ ! empire 9 ,france4 ,! condition ( ,europe--9 p>ticul>1 ! divid$ /ate ( ,g]many--enabl$ him to ma9ta9 a lead+ influ5ce = a score ( ye>s 9 ,european politics4 ,! unification ( ,g]many1 :i* began 9 ! triumph ( ,prussia ov] ,au/ria1 0 complet$ 9 ,napoleon's d[nfall ?r\gh ! ,franco-,g]man w>4 ,! unification ( ,italy1 to :i* ,l\is ,napoleon _h contribut$ by ! ,fr5* alliance ) ,s>d9ia aga9/ ,au/ria1 0 consummat$ "u ,victor ,emmanuel1 aft] 8 coop]ation ) ,prussia 9 h] great /ruggle ) ,au/ria4 ,?us ,g]many & ,italy rea*$ ! goal to :i* !y _h look$ ) desire & hope at ! close ( ! ,napoleonic w>s 9 #ahae4 ,,am]ica4--,on ! ,we/]n ,cont95t1 ,mexico & ! ,s\?-,am]ican dep5d5cies ( ,spa9 & ,portugal ga9$ _! indep5d5ce 9 connection ) political revolutions 9 ! ,european c\ntries to :i* !y _h be5 atta*$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! enjoym5t ( peace1 & favor$ by great mat]ial advantages1 advanc$ ) m>vel\s rapidity 9 population & 9 weal?4 ,discord1 gr[+ out ( ! exi/5ce ( negro slav]y 9 ! ,s\?1 br\ght on at la/ ! ,civil ,w>1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! conque/ ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates & _! re/oration to ! ,union1 9 ! fre$om ( ! slaves1 & 9 ! prohibition ( slav]y by ,con/itutional am5dm5t4 ,,milit>y ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,europe4--,dur+ ?is p]iod1 9 ,europe !re has be5 a wide diffusion ( popul> education4 ,b a s]i\s h9d]ance 9 ! way ( physical com=t & g5]al improvem5t 9 ! pr9cipal ,european /ates has long exi/$1 9 ! imm5se /&+ armies & co/ly milit>y sy/em :i* _! mutual jeal\sies & appreh5sions h caus$ !m to keep up4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,inv5tion4--,?is p]iod out/rips all previ\s eras z reg>ds ! progress ( ! natural & physical sci5ces1 & ( inv5tion & discov]y 9 ! practical applications ( sci5ce4 ,an almo/ miracul\s advance has tak5 place 9 ! means ( travel & ( transmitt+ ?\ght4 ,!re has be5 an equally m>vel\s advance 9 devis+ ma*9]y = use 9 agriculture & manufactures1 & 9 connection ) labor ( almo/ e sort4 ,,peace ,,& ,,philan?ropy4--,! va/ ext5sion ( comm]ce1 ) its int]*ange ( products1 & ! int]c\rse :i* is incid5tal to x1 has prov$ favorable to int]national peace4 ,! bett] und]/&+ ( economical sci5ce1 by br++ to view ! mis*iefs ( w> & ! bad policy ( selfi%ness1 has t5d$ 9 ! same direction4 ,philan?ropy has manife/$ itself ) new en]gy & 9 new =ms ( activity4 ,a quick5$ & m enlight5$ zeal has be5 %[n 9 provid+ = ! infirm & helpless1 & = mitigat+ ! suff]+s ( ! soldi]4 ,mission>y und]tak+s1 = ! conv]sion & civiliz+ ( hea!n nations1 h be5 a m>k$ feature ( ! age4 ,,socialism4--,! indu/rial age _h its own p]ils to confront4 ,! progress ( manufactures & trade1 ! accumulation ( weal? unequally di/ribut$1 br\ght =w>d new que/ions p]ta9+ to ! rights & reciprocal aggressions ( labor] & capitali/4 ,socialism1 ) novel & />tl+ doctr9es z to ! "r ( prop]ty1 & to ! prop] function ( ! /ate1 inaugurat$ movem5ts ( grave conc]n to ! ord] & well-be+ ( society4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,europe1 ,,f ,,! ,,congress ,,op ,,vi5na 7#ahae7 ,,to ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,,( #ahcj4 ,,g]many3 ,,! ,,holy ,,alliance4--,! ye>s ( peace :i* foll[$ ! ,w> ( ,lib]ation produc$ a signal increase ( ?rift & ( culture 9 ,g]many4 ,b !y br\ght also a griev\s disappo9tm5t ( ard5t political hopes4 ,!re 0 a feel+ ( national bro!rhood1 :i* t /ruggle _h eng5d]$1--su* a feel+ z ,g]mans _h n exp]i5c$ = c5turies be=e4 ,con/itutional gov]nm5t & ,g]man unity 7 objects ( e>ne/ desire4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii41 ! k+ ( ,prussia 7#agig-ahdj71 _h promis$ 8 p a con/itution4 ,b ! two emp]ors1 ,francis ,i4 ( ,au/ria & ,alex&] ( ,russia1 toge!r ) ,fr$]ick ,william1 _h1 at ! in/igation ( ,alex&]1--^: m9d 0 t+$ ) religi\s my/icism1--=m$ at ,p>is 7,sept4 #bf1 #ahae7 ! ,holy ,alliance1 a cov5ant 9 :i* !y pl$g$ !mselves1 9 deal+ ) _! subjects & 9 _! int]national relations1 to be gov]n$ by ! rules ( ,*ri/ian ju/ice & *>ity4 ,!y invit$ all ! pot5tates ( ,europe1 except ! ,sultan & ! ,pope1 to become p>ties to ?is sacr$ compact4 ,) ! exception ( ,george ,,iv41 ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t ( ,engl&1 ! sov]eigns compli$ ) ! reque/4 ,?is alliance1 :i* 0 s9c]ely meant by ,alex&]1 0 popul>ly confus$ ) ! alliance ( ,au/ria1 ,russia1 ,prussia1 ,engl&1 & ,france1 ! aim ( :i* 0 to prev5t fur!r revolutions4 ,francis ,i41 :o liv$ until #ahce1 0 /ubbornly av]se to e movem5t t 9 ! lea/ favor$ popul> fre$om & con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,supreme 9 8 c\nsels = a :ole g5]ation 0 ,mett]ni*1 n a pr(\nd /atesman1 b an exp]t diplomati/1 :o labor$1 g5]ally ) success1 to /ifle e ef=t = an increase ( fre$om 9 ,g]many1 & else:]e on ! ,cont95t4 ,9 ! small] ,g]man /ates1 especially ^? :i* _h belong$ to ! ,conf$]acy ( ! ,rh9e1 !re 0 a disposition to f\nd a con/itutional sy/em2 b ! ,prussian gov]nm5t foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ,au/ria1 & ,au/ria /ood 9 ! way ( e su* innovation4 ,,agitation ,,& ,,reaction4--,! agitation = lib]ty 0 specially rife among ! /ud5ts 9 ! ,g]man univ]sities4 ,a demon/ration by !m at ! ,w>tburg 7#ahag71 9 commemoration ( ,lu!r & ( ! victory ov] ,napoleon at ,leipsic1--9 :i* !re 7 songs & spee*es1 & a burn+ ( anti-lib]al books1--0 notic$ by ! ,prussian & ,au/rian m9i/]s2 & ! alleg$ revolution>y movem5ts ( /ud5ts 7 d5\nc$ by ! ,emp]or ,alex&]4 ,?is reaction>y zeal 0 :ett$ by ! murd] ( ,kotzebue1 a ,g]man poet1 :o 0 hat$ z a tool ( ,russia & a foe ( lib]ty1 & 0 assass9at$ by ,k>l ,s&1 a fanatical ,prussian /ud5t 7,m>* #bc1 #ahai74 ,"y ,s& 0 execut$ = ! de$1 b 8 fate drew out _m expressions ( pity & sympa?y4 ,! ,diet ( ! conf$]acy 7,sept4 #bj1 #ahai7 adopt$ :at 7 call$ ! ,c>lsbad ,resolutions1 :i* provid$ = a m rigid c5sor%ip ( ! press1 committees ( inve/igation to suppress revolution>y agitation1 & a /rict sup]vision ( ! univ]sities by ! gov]nm5ts4 ,all ! /ates 7 requir$ to en=ce ^! regulations4 ,! lib]al p>ty1 ! p>ty ( fre$om & unity1 /ill subsi/$1 especially 9 ! small] /ates1 :]e "s ( ! pr9ces1 z ,william ,i4 ( ,wrtemb]g 7#ahai-ahfd7 & ,l\is ,i4 ( ,bav>ia 7#ahbe-ahdh71 ent]ta9$ comp>atively lib]al views4 ,,france ,,"u ,,l\is ,,xviii4--,! ,congress ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 7#ahah7 )drew ! army ( occupation left by ! allies 9 ,france4 ,! ,p5t>*y1 or ,five ,great ,p[]s1 pl$g$ !mselves to ! cont9u$ ma9t5ance ( peace by means ( conf]5ces & congresses4 ,l\is ,,xviii4 7#ahad-ahbd71 al?\gh inactive1 0 n void ( good s5se1 & 0 dispos$ to accommodate himself to ! times4 ,b ! c\rt p>ty1 ) 8 bro!r ! ,c\nt d',artois at its head1 7 unyield+ 9 _! despotic ideas4 ,!y 7 = re/or+ ! sy/em ( ! old mon>*y4 ,! increase 9 ! lib]al memb]s ( ! ,*amb]1 or legislative assembly1 impell$ ,ri*elieu1 ! head ( ! m9i/ry1 to resign 7,dec41 #ahah74 ,a m lib]al man1 ,decazes1 succe$$ him4 ,he 0 support$ by a p>ty :i* arose at ?is "t1 call$ ,doctr9aires on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 p$antic _s1 & a disposition to %ape political action by preconceiv$ !ories or ideas1 :i* 0 imput$ to !m4 ,9 _! ranks 7 ,roy]-,coll>d1 ,guizot1 ,villema91 ,b>ante1 & o!rs4 ,!y advocat$ a con/itutional mon>*y4 ,among ! lib]als n affiliat$ ) !m 0 ,la ,fayette1 :o enc\rag$ ! ,*>bonni]s1 a secret society = promot+ lib]ty1 t _h its orig9 9 ,italy4 ,,tyranny ,,9 ,,spa94--,9 #ahbj revolts broke out aga9/ ! ,b\rbon gov]nm5ts 9 ,spa9 & ,italy4 ,f]d9& ,,vii4 _h be5 re/or$ to lib]ty by ,napoleon 9 #ahad1 & _h return$ to ! ,spani% ?rone4 ,9 #ahab ! ,cortes _h e/abli%$ a con/itution ) a sy/em ( p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 limit$ pr]ogatives be+ left to ! k+4 ,9 favor ( ! new sy/em 7 ! educat$ & enlight5$ class g5]ally4 ,b--z 0 n ! case 9 ,g]many--! upris+ aga9/ ,napoleon 9 ,spa9 _h ow$ its /r5g? v mu* to ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s peasantry1 :o1 :ile !y hat$ ! =eign yoke1 clung to ! feudal & ecclesia/ical abuses :i* ! ,fr5* rul]s 9 ,spa91 z f> z "t & opportunity p]mitt$1 swept away4 ,f]d9& ?us _h a /rong support 9 8 movem5t to br+ back ! =m] bigot$ & exclusive sy/em4 ,he wre/$ ! national prop]ty f ! hold]s to :om x _h be5 sold4 ,he re/or$ ! ,inquisition3 n less ?an fifty ?\s& individuals 7 imprison$ = _! op9ions4 ,f 8 tyranny t5 ?\s& ,spani>ds escap$ into ,france4 ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,indep5d5ce4--,! ,fr5* usurpation 9 ,spa9 co/ t c\ntry its ,am]ican colonies4 ,!y w\ld n submit to ! ,fr5* sov]eignty1 & aft] its fall ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,bu5os ,ayres broke loose f ,spa9 9 #ahaj1 & 9 #ahaf jo9$ ! ,plate /ates 9 a conf$]ation4 ,p>aguay decl9$ a union ) ,bu5os ,ayres1 & cont9u$ "u ! patri>*al absolutism introduc$ by ! ,jesuits1 ,dr4 ,francia be+ its rul] until 8 dea? 7#ahdj74 ,uruguay became a republic di/9ct f ,bu5os ,ayres 9 #ahbh4 ,9 ! nor!rn colonies1 ! pr9cipal h]o ( ! /ruggle = indep5d5ce 0 ,simon ,boliv>1 :o sprang f a noble ,creole family4 ,he fir/ f\ght = ! indep5d5ce ( ,v5ezuela 7#ahaj71 b 0 made by ,new ,granada its g5]al 9 #ahab1 & became presid5t ( ! two c\ntries1 :i* 7 unit$ "u ! "n ( ,colombia 7#ahai74 ,quito 0 n[ tak51 & ,p]u 0 set free f ! ,spani% rule4 ,upp] ,p]u1 9 #ahbe1 0 nam$1 9 honor ( ! ,lib]ator1 ,bolivia4 ,he f\nd x impracticable to connect ! diff]5t /ates 9 "o conf$]acy1 & clos$ 8 ev5tful life 9 #ahcj4 ,colombia divid$ itself into ! ?ree /ates1 ,v5ezuela1 ,new ,granada1 & ,ecuador 7#ahca74 ,,mexican ,,indep5d5ce4--,aft] ! ye> #ahjh1 !re 7 v>i\s attempts at revolution 9 ,mexico4 ,9 #ahba its indep5d5ce 0 a*iev$ by an insurrection "u ,iturbide1 a native ,mexican4 ,he fail$ 9 ! ef=t to make himself emp]or 7#ahbb72 & ! ,republic ( ,mexico 0 organiz$ 9 #ahbd1 & 0 recogniz$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahbi4 ,,milit>y ,,revolt ,,9 ,,spa94--,! loss ( h] ,am]ican colonies1 & ! ef=ts to re/ore !m1 r$uc$ ,spa9 to extreme pov]ty4 ,9 #ahbj a successful milit>y insurrection1 l$ by ,quiroga1 ,riego1 & ,m9a1 proclaim$ anew ! con/itution ( #ahab4 ,f]d9&1 :o 0 capable ( any am\nt ( hypocrisy z well z cruelty1 swore to uphold x4 ,! revolution 0 support$ by ! intellig5t class ( p1 b ! def5d]s ( x 7 split into diff]5t p>ties4 ,! cl]gy & ! peasantry 7 array$ on ! o!r side4 ,gu]illa b&s 7 organiz$ "u ! "n ( ! ,army ( ! ,fai?4 ,,congress ,,( ,,v]ona4--,! milit>y revolt 9 ,spa9 al>m$ ! ,great ,p[]s4 ,! ?ree sov]eigns 7 n[ leagu$ = ! def5se ( ! ?rone & ! alt>2 = ,alex&]1 :o _h %[n lib]al incl9ations on ! subject ( ! emancipation ( ! s]fs1 & ev5 t[>ds ,greece 9 its aspiration = indep5d5ce1 n[ recoil$ f e ?+ t savor$ ( fre$om4 ,at ! ,congress ( ,v]ona 7,oct41 #ahbb71 ! sov]eigns resolv$ to int]f]e 9 ,spa94 ,! ,duke ( ,well+ton decl9$ to concur ) !m1 &1 on 8 return f ! congress1 advis$ ,l\is ,,xviii4 to take ! same c\rse4 ,,engl&3 ,,cann+4--,george ,,iv4 7#ahbj-ahcj7 _h be5 reg5t s9ce #ahaj4 ,already unpopul>1 he became /ill m s 9 consequ5ce ( 8 abortive ef=t 7#ahbj7 to procure a divorce f ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 :om he _h m>ri$ at ! dem& ( 8 fa!r 7#agie74 ,%e 0 n all[$ to be pres5t at 8 coronation4 ,on acc\nt ( ! pr(ligacy ( h] husb&1 !re 0 a /rong sympa?y ) h]1 al?\gh %e 0 a co>se-m9d$ woman4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s aft] ! ,peace ( #ahae1 ! ,engli% gov]nm5t resi/$ movem5ts t[>ds re=m at home2 & 9 its =eign policy1 "u ! guidance ( ,ca/l]eagh1 x su/a9$ ! reaction>y cause abroad4 ,disaffection t[>ds ! m9i/]s gave rise to a plot1 contriv$ by "s desp]ate m51 to de/roy !m 9 a body4 ,x 0 detect$2 & ,?i/lewood1 ) "s ( 8 conf$]ates1 0 execut$ 7#ahbj74 ,on ! dea? ( ,"l ,ca/l]eagh 9 #ahbb1 ,cann+1 a disciple ( ,pitt1 became =eign secret>y4 ,he adopt$ a m lib]al policy1 & work$ aga9/ ! s*emes ( ,mett]ni* = int]f]5ce 9 ! affairs ( =eign /ates4 ,he transf]r$ ,engl&1 says ,guizot1 f ! camp ( resi/ance & ( ,european ord] into ! camp ( lib]ty4 ,,! ,,rebellion ,,cru%$ ,,9 ,,spa94--,! ,fr5* unwisely reject$ ,engl&'s advice4 ,l\is ,,xviii4 s5t an army into ,spa91 "u ! ,duke ( ,ang\lme1 releas$ ,f]d9& at ,cadiz1 & gave him ! p[] to revoke all t he _h done 9 favor ( lib]ty4 ,! brave ,riego 0 hung on a gibbet ( enorm\s height4 ,! ,spani% army 0 disb&$1 & ! ,army ( ! ,fai? took its place4 ,_m ?\s&s ( con/itutionali/s 7 ?r[n into prison4 ,cann+ recogniz$ ! republics ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 le/ !y1 too1 %\ld fall "u ,fr5* control4 ,x 0 8 boa/1 t he call$ ! ,new ,_w into exi/5ce to r$ress ! balance ( ! ,old4 ,,portugal3 ,,brazil4--,! royal family ( ,portugal 7 resid+ 9 ,brazil :5 ! ,spani% revolution occurr$4 ,portugal1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,k+ ,john ,,vi41 fram$ a lib]al con/itution4 ,! ,brazilians 7 eag] = indep5d5ce f ,portugal4 ,john decid$ to )draw4 ,arriv$ 9 ,portugal1 he accept$ ! new con/itution2 b ! anti-revolution>y p>ty ralli$ ab\t 8 son ,dom ,miguel1 :o 0 support$ by 8 "m1 a si/] ( ,f]d9& ,,vii1 ( ,spa94 ,dom ,miguel 0 at l5g? driv5 into exile1 & w5t to ,vi5na4 ,meantime ,dom ,p$ro1 a son ( ,john ,,vi41 _h made himself emp]or 9 ,brazil by ally+ himself ) ! con/itutional p>ty2 & ,john 0 prevail$ on by ! ,briti%1 9 #ahbe1 to recognize ! new ,s\? ,am]ican empire4 ,,naples ,,& ,,sicily4--,9 all ! eight pr9cipalities ( ,italy1 except 9 ,tuscany1 ! misrule ( ! re/or$ gov]nm5ts 0 gall+ to ! p1 ^: hope ( fre$om _h be5 rais$ only to be ca/ d[n4 ,ev]y:]e ! tyrannical influ5ce ( ,au/ria 0 dom9ant4 ,! rul]s 9 ,italy 7 slavi%ly submissive to h] w2 & any ris+ ( ! p1 if n put d[n by !m1 0 cru%$ by ,au/rian =ces s5t d[n f ,lomb>dy4 ,secret societies sprung up2 ! *ief ( :i*1 ! ,c>bon>i1 aim$ at national indep5d5ce1 b beyond t *]i%$ no def9ite1 unit$ purpose4 ,! ,spani% revolution s]v$ z ! occasion = a simil> rebellion ( ! soldi]y ( ,naples4 ,a new lib]al con/itution 0 e/abli%$1 :i* ,f]d9& ,,iv4 7,july #ac1 #ahbj7 solemnly swore to ma9ta94 ,! insurrection 9 ,sicily aim$ at indep5d5ce1 b ,pal]mo 0 surr5d]$ to ! revolution>y gov]nm5t ( ,naples4 ,! ,neapolitan rebellion l$ to ! ,congress ( ,troppau 7,oct41 #ahbj71 :i* 0 transf]r$ to ,layba* 7,jan41 #ahba74 ,!re ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & ,russia =m$ a league1 ! fruit ( :i* 01 t an ,au/rian army ( sixty ?\s& m5 m>*$ into ! ,s\? ( ,italy1 & ! revolution 0 cru%$4 ,f]d9& re/abli%$ 8 despotism1 disb&$ ! great] "p ( 8 army1 & puni%$ ) exile1 imprisonm5t1 & dea? ! lead+ support]s ( ! con/itution :i* he _h tak5 an oa? to def5d4 ,,s>d9ia4--,9 ,pi$mont1 ! dem& = a con/itution & a ris+ at ,aless&ria impell$ ,victor ,emmanuel ,i4 to abdicate 9 favor ( 8 bro!r1 ,*>les ,felix1 :o 0 favorable to ,au/ria & h] policy4 ,pr9ce ,*>les ,alb]t1--a di/ant c\s91--:o _h lib]al views1 held ! reg5cy = a few mon?s2 b ,*>les ,felix1 on 8 return f ,mod5a 7,oct41 #ahba71 gov]n$ accord+ to despotic pr9ciples4 ,! conte/ 9 ,italy betwe5 despots & conspirators w5t on until ! r5ew$ outbreak+s ( revolt 9 #ahcj4 ,,! ,,greek ,,insurrection4--,! weakness ( ,turkey embold5$ ! ,greeks to attempt to ?r[ (f ! hat$ ,ottoman yoke4 ,! sultans _h become ! puppets ( _! gu>ds1 ! janiz>ies4 ,"o aft] ano!r ( !m _h be5 de?ron$ by _! soldi]s4 ,! pa%as 7 insubord9ate3 9 ,egypt1 ,mehemet ,ali _h almo/ made himself indep5d5t4 ,russia1 by ! ,peace ( ,bu*>e/ 9 #ahab1 _h possess$ h]self ( ,bess>abia & ( ,ea/]n ,moldavia z f> z ! ,pru?4 ,among ! ,greeks1 :o 7 n m ?an a million 9 numb]1 & 7 only "o among ! v>i\s peoples subject to ,turkey1 !re 7 =m$ ,hetaireiai1 or secret societies1 = ! purpose ( organiz+ an insurrection4 ,! p 7 fir/ summon$ to rise by ,alex&] ,ypsilanti 7#ahba74 ,a national congress promulgat$ a new con/itution = ,greece 7#ahbb74 ,great en?usiasm 9 behalf ( ! ,greek cause 0 awak5$ 9 mo/ ( ! civiliz$ c\ntries2 b ! ,congress ( ,v]ona 7#ahbb71 inspir$ by ,mett]ni*1 decid$ to give no help to ! insurg5ts4 ,9 ! w> ( ! ,greeks ) ! ,turks1 !re 7 atrocities committ$ on bo? sides4 ,scio 0 tak5 by ! latt] 9 #ahbb4 ,n f> f tw5ty ?\s& ( ! inhabitants 7 massacr$1 & twice t numb] 7 enslav$4 ,9 #ahbd ! ,greeks began to receive =eign help4 ,among ^? :o volunte]$ ) a *ivalr\s sympa?y to aid !m 9 _! combat 0 ,"l ,byron1 :o di$ at ,missolonghi 7#ahbd74 ,ni*olas ,i4 ( ,russia1 :o 9 #ahbe succe$$ ,alex&] ,i41 0 m incl9$ to take an active "p 9 ! ,greek conte/1 z he consid]$ himself ! head ( all ,*ri/ians ( ! ,greek fai?4 ,! ,sultan ,mahm\d ,,ii41 by cru%+ ! janiz>ies1 /r5g!n$ himself at home1 b weak5$ 8 means ( attack & def5se abroad4 ,9 #ahbf he made important concessions to ,russia2 among o!r ?+s1 all[+ h] to occupy ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea1 & giv+ to h] vessels a free admission to ,turki% wat]s4 ,,greek ,,indep5d5ce4--,mehemet ,ali hop$ to succe$ ,mahm\d4 ,8 son ,ibrahim _h defeat$ ! ,greeks at ,nav>9o 7#ahbe74 ,! next ye>1 9 conjunction ) ! ,turks1 he captur$ ,missolonghi4 ,! appreh5sion t ,ni*olas might seek to divide ,turkey ) ,mehemet ,ali caus$ ! ,treaty ( ,london to be conclud$ by ! ,great ,p[]s :i* f\nd$ ! k+dom ( ,greece 7,july #f1 #ahbg74 ,engl&1 ,russia1 & ,france jo9$ 9 execut+ ! treaty4 ,!y de/roy$ ! ,turki%-,egyptian fleet at ,nav>9o 7,oct4 #bj74 ,lat]1 ,ni*olas wag$ a sep>ate w> ) ! ,porte1 :i* 0 t]m9at$ by ! ,peace ( ,adrianople 7#ahbi71 :5 ! latt] recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,greece4 ,! cr[n ( ,greece 0 accept$ 9 #ahcb by ,o?o1 son ( ,l\is ( ,bav>ia4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,europe ,,f ,,! ,,revolution ,,( #ahcj ,,to ,,! ,,revolution>y ,,epo* ,,( #ahdh4 ,,*>les ,x4--,l\is ,,xviii4 di$ 9 #ahbd4 ,8 bro!r1 ,*>les ,x4 7#ahbd-cj71 dealt g5]\sly ) ! collat]al bran* ( ! ,b\rbons1 ! h\se ( ,orleans4 ,he re/or$ to ,l\is ,philippe1 ! son ( t ,philip ,egalite ^: base c>e] 0 end$ by ! guillot9e 7p4 #eab71 ! va/ e/ates ( ! ,orleans family1 & gave him ! title ( ,royal ,highness4 ,b he fail$ to secure ! cordial support ( ?is ambiti\s relative4 ,! ,duke ( ,orleans /ood well ) ! k+1 b 0 on good t]ms ) ! lib]al lead]s4 ,! k+ s\ght to re9/ate ! ideas & ways ( ! old rgime4 ,he 0 specially zeal\s 9 behalf ( ecclesia/ics1 & c]emonies ( devotion4 ,b lib]al views 9 politics ga9$ gr\nd 9 ! second ,*amb]1 z well z 9 ! army & among ! p4 ,a lib]al m9i/ry "u ,m>tignac 0 9 p[] = a :ile2 b 9 #ahbi x 0 succe$$ by a m9i/ry ! head ( :i* 0 ! unpopul> ,pr9ce ,polignac1 & ! o!r pr9cipal memb]s ( :i* 7 h>dly less obnoxi\s4 ,!y repres5t$ ! extreme reaction>y & royali/ p>ty4 ,_! active oppon5ts--,guizot1 ,?i]s1 & ,b5jam9 ,con/ant among !m--f\nd t _! assaults on ! gov]nm5t 7 g5]ally applaud$4 ,all ( ^! 7 brilliant political writ]s4 ,con/ant 7f #ahbe7 _h be5 ! lead] ( ! opposition4 ,?i]s 0 a j\rnali/ ( wide influ5ce4 ,guizot _h held (fice "u ! lib]al m9i/]s1 & z lectur] on mod]n hi/ory1 & by 8 writ+s1 _h laid ! f\ndation ( ! great di/9ction :i* he des]v$ly ga9$1 z "o ( ! =emo/ /ud5ts & exp\nd]s ( hi/ory 9 rec5t times4 ,?i]s & ,guizot 7 at ?is "t unit$ 9 ! advocacy ( a con/itutional sy/em1 z oppos$ to ! reaction>y policy & ! p]sonal gov]nm5t to :i* ! k+ & 8 m9i/]s 7 committ$4 ,lat] we %all see t ! pa?s ( ^! two /atesm5 div]g$4 ,9 #ahcj ,guizot 0 ! opposition lead] 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies4 ,9 ! ,*amb] ( ,pe]s1 ! m9i/ry 0 attack$ by ,*ateaubri&1 :o _h be5 a valuable support] ( ! ,b\rbon cause1 & by o!rs4 ,! ,*amb]s 7 dissolv$ by ! k+4 ,! capture ( ,algi]s1 9 a w> aga9/ ! piratical p[] ( :i* x 0 ! seat1 did n avail to less5 ! gr[+ ho/ility to 8 gov]nm5t4 ,x f\nd expression ?r\gh ! press & 9 spee*es at a great banquet4 ,,ord9ances ,,( ,,/4 ,,cl\d4--,tak+ advantage ( ! provision 9 ! *>t] :i* gave extraord9>y p[]s to ! k+ = special em]g5cies 7p4 #ecg71 ! m9i/ry took ! fatal /ep 7,july #be1 #ahcj7 ( issu+ ! ord9ances ( ,/4 ,cl\d1 dissolv+ ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 fur!r re/rict+ ! suffrage s t _m m]*ants & manufactur]s lo/ ?is privilege1 & re/abli%+ ! c5sor%ip ( ! press 9 a peculi>ly burd5some =m4 ,,! ,,july ,,revolution4--,! ord9ances 7 publi%$ on ,july #bf4 ,t ev5+ ,pr9ce ,polignac's w9d[s 7 brok5 by a mob4 ,! :ole city ( ,p>is 0 9 a tumult4 ,! lib]al j\rnals prote/$4 ,!re 7 collisions betwe5 ! mob & ! k+'s troops4 ,a prote/ ( ! lib]al deputies1 :o met at ! h\se ( ,casimir ,p]i]1 0 issu$4 ,9 ! night ! p arm$ !mselves4 ,la ,fayette arriv$ 9 ,p>is4 ,on ! #bh? /ud5ts1 workm51 & all classes ( citiz5s1 arm$ !mselves ) :atev] weapons !y c\ld lay hold (4 ,! revolutioni/s took possession ( ! ,htel de ,ville4 ,! cry 0 t ! *>t] 0 violat$4 ,all ef=ts to induce ! k+ to make concessions fail$4 ,_m ( ! soldi]s 9 ,p>is frat]niz$ ) ! p1 :o on ! #bi? _h control ( ! :ole city1 except ! vic9ity ( ! ,tuil]ies1 :i* !y ga9$ possession ( t ev5+4 ,la ,fayette1 at ! call ( ! deputies1 assum$ comm& ( ! ,national ,gu>d4 ,f9ally1 :5 x 0 too late1 ! k+ decid$ to )draw ! ord9ances1 & to *ange ! m9i/ry4 ,?i]s & ,mignet caus$ anonym\s plac>ds to be po/$1 propos+ t ! ,duke ( ,orleans %\ld take ! cr[n f ! p4 ,on ! #cj? ,l\is ,philippe ent]$ ,p>is on foot3 he _h pass$ ! summ] at 8 c\ntry place at ,neuilly4 ,talleyr&1--^: influ5ce 0 great ) =eign c\rts1--,lafitte1 & ,?i]s 7 active 9 ! ef=t to advance him to ! ?rone4 ,! deputies decid$ t he mu/ be made lieut5ant-g5]al ( ! k+dom4 ,*>les ,x41 :o /ill bl9dly confid$ 9 him1 on ! #ca/ appo9t$ him to ?is (fice4 ,:at ! int5tions ( ,l\is ,philippe 71 is n cle>4 ,he probably meant to be gov]n$ by circum/ances4 ,on ! #bi? a municipal commission 0 in/all$ at ! ,htel de ,ville1 consi/+ ( ,la ,fayette & six o!r lead+ m54 ,!y select$ sev]al p]sons z (ficials ^: au?ority 0 g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,l\is ,philippe1 at ! head ( ! deputies1 w5t to ! ,htel de ,ville4 ,he 0 cordially receiv$ by ,la ,fayette & 8 associates4 ,x 0 agre$ t !re %\ld be a popul> ?rone1 ) free in/itutions4 ,on ! balcony1 "u ! tri-color flag1 ! ,duke ( ,orleans 0 introduc$ z ! man ( ! p4 ,la ,fayette felt t a republic w\ld be contr>y to ! national wi%4 ,?i]s 0 ( ! same m9d4 ,!y fe>$ complications & conte/s abroad1 & :at might be ! results ( g5]al suffrage1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ! c\ntry1 at home4 ,,flight ,,( ,,*>les ,x4--,! des]tion ( ,*>les ,x4 by 8 troops w\ld h r5d]$ an arm$ conte/ on 8 "p impracticable4 ,! dext]\s managem5t ( ,l\is ,philippe 0 made effectual by ! favor+ circum/ances4 ,on ,aug4 #b ! k+ abdicat$ 9 favor ( 8 gr&son1 ! ,duke ( ,bordeaux1 & 0 compell$ to fly f ! k+dom4 ,! volunte] army _h be5 /irr$ up to g out to ,ramb\illet to drive him away4 ,! angry old k+ did n wait = _! com+4 ,,l\is ,,philippe ,,made ,,k+4--,! ,*amb] ( ,deputies decl>$ ! ?rone vacant4 ,!y alt]$ ! *>t]1--putt+ all religi\s bodies on a level1 giv+ fre$om to ! press1 limit+ ! p[]s ( ! k+1 & giv+ to ! ,*amb]s1 z well z to him1 ! initiative 9 fram+ laws4 ,!y *ose ,l\is ,philippe ,k+ ( ! ,fr5*4 ,he ow$ 8 elevation to ! middle classes1 & claim$ to be ! citiz5 k+4 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,belgium4--,! effect ( ! new revolution 0 to set 9 motion ! elem5ts ( discont5t 9 ! o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,belgium 0 ! fir/ to feel ! %ock4 ,! ,belgians 7 re/less "u ! rule ( ,william ,i41 ^: treatm5t ( !m aggravat$ ! disaffection :i* _! political relation to ,holl& con/antly occasion$4 ,a revolt broke out at ,brussels4 ,! (f] ( a legislative & adm9i/rative sep>ation ( ,belgium f ,holl&1 ) "o k+ ov] bo?1 might h be5 accept$ if x _h be5 made e>li]2 b x foll[$ unsuccessful ef=ts to quell ! insurrection by =ce4 ,a provisional gov]nm5t 0 creat$ at ,brussels1 :i* proclaim$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,belgium 7,oct4 #d71 & convok$ a national congress4 ,france conf9$ itself to prev5t+ ! int]f]5ce ( =eign p[]s4 ,a conf]5ce ( m9i/]s at ,london 7,jan41 #ahca7 recogniz$ ! new /ate1 :i* adopt$ a lib]al con/itution4 ,leopold ,i4 ( ,saxe-,coburg 0 *os5 k+4 ,he 0 aid$ by ! =ces ( ! ,fr5*2 b ! w> ) ,holl& la/$ until #ahcc1 & x 0 n until #ahci t ,holl& def9itely accept$ ! action ( ! ,london congress4 ,,pol&4--,pol& 0 h>%ly rul$ = ! ,cz> by ! ,gr& ,duke ,con/ant9e4 ,! revolution 9 ,france 0 ! signal = a ,poli% ris+1 t began 9 an unsuccessful attempt ( /ud5ts & o!rs to seize ! p]son ( ! gr& duke4 ,! insurrection spread3 m5 ( tal5ts & di/9ction1 z well z ,poli% soldi]s1 jo9$ ! cause ( ! p4 ,! ,cz>1 ,ni*olas1 w\ld make no t]ms ) ! insurg5ts1 & ! ,diet 7,jan4 #be1 #ahca7 decl>$ him to h =feit$ ! ,poli% cr[n4 ,! ,poles f\ght ) desp]ate valor 9 a s]ies ( bloody battles1 only to be ov]:elm$ by sup]iority ( numb]s4 ,!y 7 defeat$ at ,o/rol5ka by ,diebits* 7,may #bf74 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ,w>saw surr5d]$ to ,paskievit* 7,sept4 #h71 & ano!r ,russian g5]al ent]$ ,crac[4 ,pol& 0 n[ r$uc$1 z f> z x c\ld be1 to a ,russian prov9ce4 ,! army 0 m]g$ 9 ! ,russian =ces2 ! univ]sity 0 suppress$2 ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion1 ! prevail+ fai?1 0 p]secut$2 & x 0 comput$ t 9 "o ye> 7#ahcb7 eighty ?\s& ,poles 7 s5t to ,sib]ia4 ,,g]many3 ,,hung>y4--,9 ,saxony & 9 ! m9or /ates ( ,g]many1 di/urbances 7 consequ5t on ! tid+s ( ! revolution at ,p>is4 ,prussia & ,au/ria 7 little affect$ by x2 b ! dem&s ( ! ,diet 9 ,hung>y1 :5 ,f]d9&1 ! son ( ,francis ,i4 0 cr[n$ k+ ( t c\ntry1 7 an augury ( a f> great] commotion to arise at a lat] day4 ,9 ! ,diet ( #ahcb ,l\is ,kossu? fir/ appe>$ z a memb]4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahbh & #ahcd1 ! ,g]man /ates 7n includ+ ,au/ria71 "u ! guidance ( ,prussia & ,bav>ia1 =m$ a ,zollv]e91 or cu/oms-union1 :i* 0 an important /ep 9 ! direction ( ,g]man unity1 & "o :i* ,au/ria look$ on ) disfavor4 ,,italy4--,9 #ahca1 !re 7 signs ( revolt 9 diff]5t /ates ( ,italy4 ,at ,mod5a1 a provisional gov]nm5t 0 erect$4 ,! same ?+ 0 done at ,bologna4 ,m>ia ,l\isa 0 driv5 out ( ,p>ma4 ,among ^? :o jo9$ ! insurg5ts 9 ! ,papal ,k+dom 7 ,napoleon & 8 y\ng] bro!r ,l\is ,bonap>te1 sons ( ,l\is ,bonap>te k+ ( ,holl&4 ,! eld] ( ! sons di$ soon aft] at ,=li4 ,! ,italians reli$ on ! help ( ,l\is ,philippe1 b ! citiz5 k+ _h no disposition to engage 9 w> ) ,au/ria4 ,! upris+s 7 put d[n ) ! assi/ance ( ,au/rian troops4 ,*>les ,alb]t1 aft] ,april1 #ahca1 k+ ( ,s>d9ia1 did a good "w 9 ! discipl9e ( 8 army4 ,)\t any e/eem = ,au/ria1 he refus$ to fur!r ! plans ( ! revolution>y p>ty1 & ?us incurr$ ! ho/ility ( ,mazz9i1 :o 0 organiz+ ! movem5t ( ,"y ,italy = indep5d5ce & unity4 ,mazz9i1 a man ( elevat$ _s & dis9t]e/$ aims1 0 long to be kn[n z ! head ( ! republican patriots & plott]s4 ,,engl&4--,9 ,engl&1 re=m w5t =w>d peacefully4 ,! middle class gradually obta9$ its dem&s4 ,! national debt1 at ! close ( ! w>s ) ,napoleon1 am\nt$ to ne>ly eight hundr$ millions ( p\nds4 ,9 #ahbc1 ) ! accession ( ,mr4 ,huskisson to (fice1 began ! movem5t = a m free comm]cial policy1 :i* l$ 9 ! end to ! repeal ( ! corn-laws4 ,! "q ( ,ca?olic disabilities 0 agitat$ f "t to "t1 & some?+ _h be5 done to light5 !m4 ,yet 9 #ahbh ,ca?olics 7 /ill %ut out by law f almo/ e (fice ( tru/ & di/9ction4 ,!y c\ld n sit 9 ei!r h\se ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! endeavors ( lib]al /atesm5 = _! relief 7 defeat$ by ! ,tory majorities4 ,! agitation 0 increas$ by ! ,ca?olic ,association =m$ 9 ,irel& by ! ,iri% lead] & orator1 ,daniel ,o',connell4 ,a ,tory m9i/ry 0 =m$ by ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 ) ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,rob]t ,peel = its *ief support] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 7#ahbi74 ,yet1 to av]t ! dang] ( civil w>1 ! m9i/ry introduc$1 & ) aid ( ! ,:igs c>ri$1 ! ,ca?olic ,emancipation ,bill4 ,,! ,,re=m ,,bill4--,on ! dea? ( ,george ,,iv41 ,william ,,iv41 8 bro!r 7#ahcj-ahcg71 succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,he 0 favorable to p>liam5t>y re=m4 ,! f]m5t on ?is subject caus$ ! resignation ( ! ,well+ton m9i/ry1 :i* 0 succe$$ by ! m9i/ry ( ,e>l ,grey4 ,a bill = re=m 0 pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t1 depriv+ eighty-eight rott5 or decay$ bor\ghs1 :]e !re 7 v few inhabitants1 ( a hundr$ & =ty-?ree memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :o 7 giv5 to c\nties or to l>ge t[ns1 su* z ,birm+ham & ,man*e/]1 :i* _h no repres5tation4 ,at ! same "t ! fran*ise 0 greatly ext5d$4 ,! bill 0 /r5u\sly resi/$ by ! ,tories1 :o n[ began to be call$ ,cons]vatives4 ,its repeat$ rejection by ! ,h\se ( ,lords caus$ a viol5t agitation4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahcb1 :5 x 0 und]/ood t ! k+ w\ld create new pe]s en\gh to pass ! measure1 x 0 c>ri$ 9 ! upp] h\se1 & became a law4 ,,slav]y ,,aboli%$4--,9 #ahcc ! sy/em ( slav]y 9 ! ,briti% colonies 0 aboli%$1 tw5ty million p\nds be+ paid z a comp5sation to ! slave-own]s4 ,?is measure 0 ! result ( an agitation 9 :i* ,wilb]=ce1 ,cl>kson1 & ,buxton _h be5 =emo/4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a /rong feel+ arose aga9/ ! slave-trade4 ,granville ,%>p 7#agcd-ahac7 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ promot]s ( its abolition4 ,by 8 ag5cy1 9 ! case ( a negro1--,som]set1--claim$ z a slave1 ! decision 0 obta9$ f ,"l ,mansfield1 t a slave c\ld n be held 9 ,engl&1 or c>ri$ out ( x4 ,! ,quak]s 7 e>ly 9 ! field 9 opposition to ! traffic 9 slaves4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,wilb]=ce1 a man ( e>ne/ religi\s convictions & "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t orators ( 8 "t1 cont5d$ aga9/ x = ye>s4 ,8 fri5d ,pitt1 & ,fox1 jo9$ him 9 #agij4 ,! measure ( abolition 0 c>ri$ 9 #ahjg4 ,!n foll[$ ! agitation = ! abolition ( slav]y itself4 ,! slave-trade 0 made illegal by ,france 9 #ahai4 ,x _h be5 condemn$ by ! ,congress ( ,vi5na4 ,9 ! ,fr5* colonies1 slav]y cont9u$ until #ahdh4 ,,legal ,,re=ms4--,9 ! same ye> ! monopoly ( ! ,ea/-,india ,company 0 aboli%$1 & trade ) ! ,ea/ 0 made free to all m]*ants4 ,a new ,poor ,law 7#ahcd7 *eck$ ! gr[? ( paup]ism4 ,9 #ahce1 by ! ,municipal ,corporations ,act1 ! anci5t rights ( self-gov]nm5t by ! t[ns1 :i* _h be5 lo/ s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury1 7 re/or$ to !m4 ,civil m>riage 0 made legal1 9 compliance ) a dem& ( ! ,diss5t]s1 :o 7 likewise reliev$ ( o!r gr\nds ( compla9t 7#ahcf74 ,increas$ att5tion began to be paid to popul> education4 ,,*>tism4--,not)/&+ ! con/itutional *anges 9 ,engl&1 ! di/ress & discont5t ( ! poor] classes occasion$ ! riot\s ,*>ti/ movem5t 9 #ahci1 :5 univ]sal suffrage1 annual p>liam5ts1 & o!r radical *anges 7 9 va9 dem&$4 ,mass meet+s 7 held1 & outbreak+s ( viol5ce 7 fe>$2 b ord] 0 pres]v$4 ,,*9a3 ,,afghani/an4--,a w> ) ,*9a 7#ahci7 _h no bett] gr\nd ?an ! refusal ( ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t to all[ ! importation ( opium4 ,! occupation ( ,kabul 9 #ahci caus$ a g5]al revolt ( ! ,afghans4 ,a ,briti% army 0 de/roy$ 9 ! ,khyb] ,pass4 ,! ,briti% !n conqu]$1 b did n c>e to reta91 ,afghani/an4 ,,repeal ,,( ,,! ,,corn ,,laws4--,victoria1 ! only *ild ( ! ,duke ( ,k5t1 ! bro!r ( ,william ,,iv41 succe$$ ! latt] 9 #ahcg4 ,%e m>ri$ h] c\s91 ,alb]t ( ,saxe-,coburg & ,go?a 7#ahdj74 ,9 #ahdf ! p>ty :i* _h long advocat$ free trade ga9$ a triumph 9 ! repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws1 :i* _h exi/$ s9ce #ahae1 impos+ duties on import$ gra94 ,9 ! agitation :i* prec$$ ! repeal1 ,ri*>d ,cobd5 0 ! lead]3 he 0 effectively aid$ by ,john ,bright4 ,b ! measure 0 c>ri$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 :o on ?is "q ab&on$ 8 =m] views & ^? ( ! ,cons]vatives1 by :om he _h be5 rais$ to p[]4 ,he 0 bitt]ly assail$1 especially by ,d',israeli1 :o 0 ris+ to ! position ( a lead] among !m4 ,,l\is ,,philippe4--,l\is ,philippe made up 8 fir/ m9i/ry f ! p>ty :i* _h rais$ him to ! ?rone4 ,among its memb]s 7 ,broglie1 ,guizot1 & ,casimir ,pri]4 ,! k+ aim$ by %rewd managem5t to ma9ta9 8 popul>ity at home1 & to keep ! peace ) =eign p[]s1 by tak+ c>e to enc\rage lib]al movem5ts abroad1 yet )\t tak+ any /ep 9 t direction :i* w\ld br+ on w>4 ,he did no?+ = ! ,poles 9 _! mortal /ruggle1 & no?+ really effectual = ! ,italians4 ,sev]al abortive attempts ^u 8 life 7 made by secret societies2 "o ( a dang]\s "*1 by ,fies*i 7#ahce71 :o fir$ an inf]nal ma*9e f 8 w9d[ :5 ! k+ 0 pass+4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! ,laws ( ,septemb]1 to curb ! lic5se ( ! press4 ,!y rem9d$ ! public ( ! royali/ laws ( #ahbj4 ,!y 7 oppos$ by ! m lib]al m53 ,roy]-,coll>d & ,villema9 spoke aga9/ !m4 ,!y w5t by ! "n ( ! ,fies*i laws4 ,an ef=t to raise an insurrection among ! ,fr5* troops 9 ,/rasburg 0 made by ,l\is ,napoleon ,bonap>te 7#ahcf71 :o1 aft] 8 flight f ,italy1 _h resid$ 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e he _h busi$ himself 9 /udy1 & _h writt5 sev]al books4 ,! ent]prise prov$ a ridicul\s failure3 its au?or 0 all[$ to g to ,am]ica4 ,,fr5* ,,policy ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4--,v>i\s causes conspir$ to und]m9e ,l\is ,philippe's gov]nm5t4 ,"o ( ^! 0 its connection ) ! w> ( ,mehemet ,ali ) ! ,sultan4 ,9 ! =m] w> ) 8 ov]-"l1 ! ,sultan1 ! vic]oy ( ,egypt _h be5 inve/$ ) ,syria z a fief4 ,he n[ s5t an army into ,syria1 "u 8 son ,ibrahim1 :o ov]ran t c\ntry1 advanc$ victori\sly into ,asia ,m9or1 & ?reat5$ ,con/ant9ople 7#ahcb74 ,! ,european p[]s int]v5$1 & oblig$ ,mehemet ,ali to cont5t himself ) ,syria1 toge!r ) ! di/rict ( ,adana 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & ! isl& ( ,c&ia1 :i* ! ,sultan _h c$$ to him be=e4 ,9 #ahci ! ,sultan tri$ to recov] ,syria1 b enc\nt]$ an ov]:elm+ defeat1 & lo/ ! entire ,turki% fleet4 ,engl& n[ comb9$ ) ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & ,russia1 & ! ,we/]n p[]s once m sav$ ! ,turki% ,empire2 al?\gh ,france1 "u ! m9i/ry ( ,?i]s1 _h /rongly favor$ ! cause ( ,mehemet ,ali 7#ahdj74 ,contr>y to ! wi% ( ! ,fr5*1 he _h to give up ,syria4 ,he secur$ = himself & 8 desc5dants ! pa%alic ( ,egypt 7#ahda74 ,! failure ( ! ,fr5* policy 9 ! ,ea/1 by ?is action ( ! ,quadruple ,alliance1 caus$ indignation & *agr9 9 ,france4 ,ev5 ,?i]s1 :o 0 9 sympa?y ) ! cause ( ,mehemet ,ali1 0 l\dly blam$4 ,!re 0 dang] ( a rupture ) ,engl&4 ,?i]s 0 a pr9cipal au?or ( ! plan = =tify+ ,p>is by encircl+ ! city ) =ts4 ,! k+ judg$ t !y might prove to be ( use 9 putt+ d[n insurrections4 ,l\is ,napoleon ?\ght ! occasion favorable = ano!r attempt to seize ! cr[n4 ,he l&$ f ,engl& at ,b\logne ) a few foll[]s1 & proclaim$ himself emp]or4 ,he 0 captur$1 tri$1 & imprison$ 9 ! =tress ( ,ham1 :]e he sp5t six ye>s4 ,8 "t !re 0 mo/ly giv5 to /udy & writ+4 ,a few mon?s be=e ?is attempt ( ,l\is ,napoleon1 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t _h arrang$ = ! br++ ( ! body ( ! fir/ ,napoleon f ,/4 ,hel5a to ,p>is4 ,x 0 "o ( v>i\s impolitic measures1 9 :i* ,?i]s 0 actively conc]n$1 = do+ honor to ! emp]or & 8 milit>y a*ievem5ts4 ,b at t "t ,l\is ,napoleon1 :o 0 kn[n to be a man ( sl[ m9d1 b ^: capacity = intrigue 0 n und]/ood1 0 reg>d$ ) contempt1 & ! ,bonap>ti/s excit$ no al>m4 ,9 #ahda1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! royal family & ( a va/ conc\rse1 ! rema9s ( ,napoleon 7 deposit$ ) great pomp 9 a magnific5t tomb "u ! dome ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,invalides4 ,m>%al ,s\lt sup]s$$ ,?i]s at ! head ( ! m9i/ry 7#ahdj72 b ,guizot 0 ! rul+ _s 9 ! cab9et1 & 0 associat$ ) ! k+ until 8 de?ronem5t4 ,! dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 ! elde/ son ( ,l\is ,philippe1 by a fall f 8 c>riage 7,july #ac1 #ahdb71 endang]$ ! new dyna/y4 ,! duke's elde/ son1 ! ,c\nt ( ,p>is1 0 !n only f\r ye>s ( age4 ,,guizot',s ,,adm9i/ration4--,f #ahdj ,guizot 0 ! pr9cipal m9i/] ( ,l\is ,philippe1 & ,?i]s 0 9 ! opposition4 ,!y diff]$ bo? z reg>ds =eign & dome/ic policy4 ,?i]s1 :o 9 8 convictions 0 a decid$ lib]al1 & 9 full sympa?y ) ! _s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 0 = ! ext5sion ( suffrage1 & = mak+ ! influ5ce ( ,france felt & respect$ 9 matt]s ( ,european conc]n1 ev5 at ! risk ( w>4 ,guizot1 on ! contr>y1 clung to ! ,engli% alliance1 & he consid]$ t a =eign w>--= example1 9 def5se ( ,mehemet ,ali1--w\ld be to ,france a great & ne$less calamity4 ,claim+ to be a fa/ fri5d ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,guizot nev]!less inflexibly resi/$ movem5ts = ! ext5sion ( popul> rights1--movem5ts :i* he believ$ w\ld lead1 if !y 7 n )/ood1 to revolution & an>*y4 ,on ! "o h& 7 ! legitimi/s1 aim+ at ! re/oration ( ! eld] bran* ( ! ,b\rbons2 on ! o!r h& !re 7 ! republicans1 :o wi%$ to be rid ( mon>*y altoge!r4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,l\is ,philippe satisfi$ nei!r4 ,x s]v$ z a transition1 or tempor>y halt+-place1 9 ! progress ( ,france t[>ds ! goal ( rational & /able republicanism1 to :i* ! great ,revolution t5d$4 ,x 0 an attempt to put new w9e 9 old bottles4 ,?is inh]5t weakness ( ! ,orleans rule1 x w\ld h be5 difficult by any means to neutralize 9 su* a way z to av]t1 soon] or lat]1 a cata/rophe4 ,! unb5d+ cons]vatism ( ,guizot--z se51 = in/ance1 9 8 refusal to ext5d suffrage--ha/5$ ?is result4 ,a gov]nm5t ov] :i* less ?an half a million ( vot]s ( ! middle class alone _h an influ5ce1 c\ld n /& aga9/ ! progressive feel+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,! middle class1 on :i* ! ?rone dep5d$1 became sep>at$ f ! advanc$ p>ty1 to :i* ! y\? ( ,france m & m ralli$4 ,guizot 0 p]sonally upright2 b (ficial corruption 0 suff]$ to spread 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 adm9i/ration1 & brib]y 0 us$ 9 ! elections4 ,^! circum/ances1 add$ to ! mortification ( national pride f ! little he$ paid to ,france by ! o!r p[]s1 weak5$ ! ?rone4 ,! failure ( ! gov]nm5t to support ! cause ( lib]ty 9 ,pol& & ,italy 0 ano!r important s\rce ( its gr[+ unpopul>ity4 ,guizot1 9 ! p]sonal ,memoirs writt5 by him aft] ! fall ( ,l\is ,philippe1 has def5d$ himself aga9/ ! *>ge ( a want ( loyal support ( ,?i]s1 ! head ( ! m9i/ry1 :ile he 7,guizot7 0 ambassador to ,engl& 7#ahdj74 ,!re 0 a private und]/&+ t he %\ld g no f>!r ?an 8 sympa?y ) ! views ( ,?i]s ext5d$4 ,guizot has und]tak51 also1 to %[ t a w> 9 behalf ( ,mehemet ,ali w\ld h be5 mo/ unwise2 & t x 0 = ! int]e/ ( ,france to rega9 its weight 9 ,european affairs1 n by ! r5ewal ( ! bloody & fruitless conte/s ( ! pa/1 b by me?ods ( peace4 ,he deem$ x 8 duty n to give way to ! w>like ta/es & incl9ations ( ! ,fr5* p4 ,! ef=t1 h[ev]1 to tie d[n s spirit$ a nation to s tame a policy1 prov$ to be futile4 ,! recollections ( ! empire1 :i* ! gov]nm5t itself did s mu* to ar\se1 mov$ ! p to comp>e ! a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/ ) ! humiliat+ position ( _! c\ntry "u ! ,orleans rule4 ,guizot has left ?is int]e/+ exposition ( 8 pr9ciples & policy3 ,9 ! diplomatic complication :i* agitat$ ,europe1 ,i saw a brilliant opportunity ( ex]cis+ & l\dly proclaim+ a =eign policy1 extremely new & bold 9 fact1 ?\gh mod]ate 9 appe>ance1 ! only =eign policy :i* 9 #ahdj suit$ ! peculi> position ( ,france & h] gov]nm5t1 z also ! only c\rse 9 h>mony ) ! guid+ pr9ciples & p]man5t wants ( ! great s*eme ( civilization to :i* ! _w ( to-day aspires & t5ds4 ,! _s ( conque/1 ( propag&ism1 & ( sy/em1 has hi!rto be5 ! mov+ cause & ma/] ( ! =eign policy ( /ates4 ,! ambition ( pr9ces or peoples has s\ght its gratification 9 t]ritorial aggr&izem5t4 ,religi\s or political fai? has endeavor$ to exp& by impos+ itself4 ,great heads ( gov]nm5t h attempt$ to regulate ! de/9ies ( nations accord+ to pr(\nd comb9ations1 ! (fspr+ r ( _! own ?\ght ?an ! natural result ( facts4 ,let u ca/ a glance ov] ! hi/ory ( int]national ,european relations4 ,we %all see ! _s ( conque/1 or ( arm$ propag&ism1 or ( "s sy/ematic design ^u ! t]ritorial organization ( ,europe1 inspire & det]m9e ! =eign policy ( gov]nm5ts4 ,let "o or o!r ( ^! impulses prevail1 & gov]nm5ts h dispos$ arbitr>ily ( ! fate ( nations4 ,w> has ev] be5 _! indisp5sable mode ( action4 ,i "k t ?is c\rse ( ?+s has be5 ! fatal result ( m5's passions2 & t1 9 spite ( ^? passions & ! evils !y h inflict$ on nations1 ,european civilization has cont9u$ to increase & prosp]1 & may increase & prosp] /ill m4 ,x is to ! honor ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 t evil does n /ifle good4 ,i "k t ! progress ( civilization & public reason w n aboli% human passions1 & t1 "u _! impulse1 ! _s ( conque/1 ( arm$ propag&ism1 & ( sy/em1 w ev] ma9ta91 9 ! =eign policy ( /ates1 _! place & portion4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ,i hold = c]ta9 t ^! v>i\s inc5tives are no long] 9 h>mony ) ! exi/+ /ate ( mann]s1 ideas1 int]e/s1 & social in/9cts2 & t x is q possible to-day to combat & re/ra9 mat]ially _! empire4 ,! ext5t & activity ( indu/ry & comm]ce2 ! necessity ( consult+ ! g5]al good2 ! habit ( frequ5t1 easy1 prompt1 & regul> int]c\rse betwe5 peoples2 ! inv9cible bias = free association1 inquiry1 discussion1 & publicity1--^! *>act]i/ic features ( great mod]n society already ex]cise1 & w cont9ue to ex]cise m & m1 aga9/ ! w>like or diplomatic fancies ( =eign policy1 a prepond]at+ influ5ce4 ,p smile1 n )\t reason1 at ! language & pu]ile confid5ce ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,peace1 & ( ! ,peace ,societies4 ,all ! lead+ t5d5cies1 all ! mo/ elevat$ hopes ( humanity1 h _! dreams1 & _! idle1 gap+ advocates1 z !y h also _! days ( decl9e & defeat2 b !y no less pursue _! c\rse2 & ?r\gh all ! *im]as ( "s1 ! d\bts & mock]ies ( o!rs1 society becomes trans=m$1 & policy1 =eign & dome/ic1 is compell$ to trans=m itself ) society4 ,we h witness$ ! mo/ dazzl+ exploits ( ! _s ( conque/1 ! mo/ impassion$ ef=ts ( ! _s ( arm$ propag&ism2 we h se5 t]ritories & /ates mold$ & re-mold$1 unmade1 re-made1 & unmade aga91 at ! pleasure ( comb9ations m or less speci\s4 ,:at survives ( all ^! viol5t & arbitr>y works8 ,!y h fall51 l plants )\t roots1 or edifices )\t f\ndation4 ,& n[1 :5 analog\s ent]prises are attempt$1 sc>cely h !y made a few /eps 9 advance :5 !y pause & hesitate1 z if emb>rass$ by1 & d\btful (1 !mselves2 s little are !y 9 accord ) ! real wants1 ! pr(\nd in/9cts1 ( exi/+ society1 & ) ! p]sev]+1 ?\gh frequ5tly disput$1 t5d5cies ( mod]n civilization4444 ,i repeat1 our hi/ory s9ce #aghi1 our endless succession ( %ocks1 revolutions1 & w>s1 h left u 9 a /ate ( lev]i% agitation :i* r5d]s peace insipid1 & tea*es u to f9d a bl9d gratification 9 ! unexpect$ /rokes ( a haz>d\s policy4 ,we are a prey to two oppos+ curr5ts1--"o deep & regul>1 :i* c>ries t[>ds ! def9ite goal ( our social /ate2 ! o!r sup]ficial & di/urb$1 :i* ?r[s u "h & !re 9 se>* ( new adv5tures & unkn[n l&s4 ,?us we float & alt]nate betwe5 ^! two oppos+ directions1--call$ t[>ds ! "o by our s\nd s5se & moral conviction1 & entic$ t[>ds ! o!r by our habits ( r\t9e & freaks ( imag9ation4 7,memoirs ( a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 f ! ye> #ahdj pp4 #g-i1 #aj47 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,av>ice4--,! imputation ( av>ice to ,l\is ,philippe 0 "o s\rce ( 8 increas+ unpopul>ity4 ,on 8 accession he _h h&$ ov] to 8 *ildr5 ! e/ates ( ! h\se ( ,orleans1 9 ord] t1 z private prop]ty1 !y might n be =feit$ ) ! loss ( ! cr[n4 ,he 0 n cont5t ) increas+ 8 weal? by add+ to x all ! possessions ( ,*>les ,x4 & ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rbon1 b x 0 discov]$ t he 0 engag$ 9 bus9ess v5tures4 ,9 provid+ = ample m>riage settlem5ts = 8 *ildr51 he resort$ to devices :i* gave (f5se to ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies & to ! public4 ,yet writ]s l ,m>t91 :o are /rongly av]se to 8 me?od ( rule1 cle> him ( blame 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 if he is to be judg$ by :at is usual 9 a mon>*ical sy/em4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,m>riages4--,an ev5t ( consequ5ce 9 relation to ! fall ( ,l\is ,philippe f p[] 0 ! affair ( ! ,spani% m>riages1 :i* took place "u ! m9i/ry ( ,guizot4 ,! ,duke de ,montp5si]1 ! y\nge/ son ( ! k+1 0 m>ri$ to ! si/] ( ,isabella ,,ii4 ( ,spa94 ,! design1 x 0 believ$1 01 9 ! anticipat$ *ildlessness ( ! que51 to secure = 8 heirs ! ,spani% cr[n4 ,f]d9& ,,vii4 ( ,spa9 0 an absoluti/2 b ! extreme mon>*ical p>ty !re wi%$ = a k+ ( m en]gy1 & desir$ to raise to ! ?rone 8 bro!r ,don ,c>los4 ,9 #ahcj ,f]d9&1 be+ !n *ildless1 0 induc$ by 8 wife1 ! daught] ( ,f]d9& ,,iv4 ( ,naples1 to abrogate ! ,salic law exclud+ females f ! succession4 ,h] daught] ,isabella 0 born a few mon?s lat]4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! k+ 7#ahcc71 ! ,c>li/s resi/$ ! exclusion ( _! favorite f ! ?rone4 ,don ,c>los 0 proclaim$ 9 ! ,basque prov9ces1 & a civil w> arose4 ,! que51 ,m>ia ,*ri/9a1 z reg5t1 0 support$ by ! mod]ados 7mod]ates7 & ! lib]als1 & 0 all[$ to recruit = h] army 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,! lead+ con/itutionali/ g5]al1 ,esp>t]o1 0 successful2 & ,don ,c>los fl$ into ,france 7#ahci74 ,! que5 reg5t alli$ h]self ) ! cons]vative w+ ( ! progressive p>ty 7! mod]ados72 b insurrections at ,b>celona & ,madrid1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! radical w+1 oblig$ h] to make ,esp>t]o1 ! head ( ! movem5t1 prime m9i/] 7#ahdj74 ,8 adm9i/ration greatly promot$ ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ! cons]vatives & absoluti/s 7 aga9/ him2 &1 z ! result ( a c\nt]-insurrection1 ,g54 ,n>vaez1 ! lead] ( ! cons]vatives1 became *ief ( ! cab9et 7#ahdd72 b he 0 dismiss$ two ye>s lat]4 ,! con/itution 0 dive/$ ( "s ( its lib]al features4 ,! que51 ,isabella ,,ii41 _h be5 decl>$ ( age by ! ,cortes1 & plac$ on ! ?rone 7,nov4 #aj1 #ahdc74 ,*ri/9a1 h] dissolute "m1 return$ f ,france1 :i!r %e _h fl$4 ,9 ! hope ( secur+ ! ,spani% ?rone to ! ,orleans family1 ,l\is ,philippe arrang$ ) ,*ri/9a to effect a m>riage betwe5 ,isabella & a weakl+ 9 body & m9d1 ,francis de ,assis2 &1 at ! same "t1 a m>riage ( 8 son1 ! ,duke de ,montp5si]1 ) h] si/] ,m>ia ,l\isa 7,oct4 #aj1 #ahdf74 ,an ,orleans pr9ce w\ld n h acquir$ ! cr[n1 ev5 if ,l\is ,philippe _h rema9$ on ! ,fr5* ?rone1 s9ce a daught] 0 born to ,isabella 9 #ahea4 ,!re 0 l\d compla9t 9 ,engl& aga9/ ! k+ & ,guizot1 = ! alleg$ violation ( a promise 9 ?is affair4 ,_! def5se 0 t ,"l ,palm]/on1 :o succe$$ ,ab]de51 took a v diff]5t position f t ( ?is m9i/]1 :i* _h be5 ! condition ( ! engagem5t4 ,x 0 f ,palm]/on's action previ\sly 9 ! affair ( ,egypt1 t ! ,fr5* 7 embitt]$1 ! ,engli% alliance 0 weak5$1 & ! policy ( ,guizot1 :o 0 s9c]ely desir\s to ma9ta9 ?is fri5dly relation1 0 discr$it$ at home4 ,,fall ,,( ,,l\is ,,philippe4--,! sc>city ( provisions 9 #ahdf & #ahdg provok$ mu* discont5t 9 ,france4 ,bread riots broke out 9 v>i\s places4 ,! lib]al p>ty1 compos$ ( div]se elem5ts1 organiz$ committees z "o ( _! in/rum5ts ( agitation 9 behalf ( political re=m4 ,! democratic & sociali/ic j\rnals publi%$ inflammatory discussions & appeals4 ,! compla9t ( corruption among (ficials grew l\d]4 ,communism _h num]\s vot>ies2 & ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc 0 an apo/le ( socialism1--! !ory t ! gov]nm5t %\ld furni% "w & ma9t5ance to all ( its subjects4 ,great re=m banquets 7 held1 :]e ! _s 0 inimical to ,guizot1--:o w\ld yield no?+ to ! popul> clamor1--& ho/ile to ! reaction>y policy ( ! ,orleans mon>*y4 ,! sp>k t k9dl$ ! flames ( revolution 0 ! prohibition by ,guizot ( a great re=m banquet appo9t$ to be held on ! #bb;d ( ,febru>y1 #ahdh1 9 ! ,*amps ,elyses1 9 :i* a hundr$ ?\s& p]sons 7 expect$ to p>ticipate4 ,on t day b>ricades 7 ?r[n up 9 ! /reets1 & !re 7 "s conflicts ) ! municipal gu>d4 ,^! di/urbances cont9u$ on ! next day4 ,! k+1 :o did n lack physical c\rage1 ev9c$ no firmness or boldness 9 ?is crisis1 dismiss$ ,guizot z a peace-(f]+1 & call$ ^u ,c\nt ,mol to =m a cab9et4 ,mol decl9$2 ! riot\s di/urbances increas$2 & ,?i]s1 on ! promise ( ! k+ to cons5t to ! re=ms dem&$1 und]took1 :5 x 0 too late1 to take (fice1 & try to pacify ! p4 ,soldi]s began to frat]nize ) ! mob4 ,! k+ %[$ no _s1 b abdicat$ 9 favor ( 8 gr&son1 ! ,c\nt ( ,p>is4 ,! ,du*ess ( ,orleans pres5t$ h] two sons1 ! c\nt & 8 bro!r1 be=e ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies4 ,b ! motion = a provisional gov]nm5t prevail$ 7,feb4 #bd74 ,x consi/$ ( ,dupont de l',eure1 ,lam>t9e ! poet1 ,arago1 ,l$ru-,roll91 & six associates4 ,x e/abli%$ itself 9 ! ,hotel de ,ville4 ,?is act1 & ! firmness & eloqu5ce ( ,lam>t9e1 prev5t$ ! e/abli%m5t ( an ultra-republican1 sociali/ic ,directory4 ,! middle classes1 al>m$ on acc\nt ( ! displays ( mob viol5ce1 ralli$ to ! support ( ,lam>t9e & ! p>ty ( ord]4 ,l\is ,philippe & 8 family 7 all[$ to escape to ,engl&4 ,!re ,guizot tempor>ily took up 8 abode4 ,aft] a ye>1 ?is la/ ( ! ,hugu5ots return$ to ,france1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahgd4 ,,conte/ ,,) ,,sociali/s4--,a concession 0 made to ! sociali/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5t work%ops1 :i* turn$ out to be n work%ops at all1 b m]e excavations4 ,a mob ( ! ,r$ ,republicans 0 *eck$ 7,april #af7 by ! ,national ,gu>ds4 ,! ,national ,assembly vot$ = a republic4 ,ano!r mob ( sociali/s & communi/s 0 suppress$ 7,may #ae74 ,b ! great conte/ came 7,june #bc-bf7 :5 ! gov]nm5t dismiss$ a "p ( ^? giv5 employm5t on public works4 ,! battle 0 sev]e2 b ! gov]nm5t troops "u ! comm& ( a patriotic g5]al1 ,cavaignac1 :o 0 made dictator dur+ ! /ruggle1 subdu$ ! insurg5ts4 ,he 0 n[ appo9t$ presid5t ( ! c\ncil1 or *ief ( ! executive commission4 ,,! ,,republic3 ,,l\is ,,napoleon4--,fe> ( communism & ( mob viol5ce gave a new impetus to ! cons]vative t5d5cy4 ,a republican con/itution1 h[ev]1 ) a presid5t hold+ = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 0 adopt$4 ,l\is ,napoleon 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! assembly4 ,he 0 *os5 presid5t ( ! republic1 ma9ly by ! votes ( ! peasantry & common soldi]s1 & ) ! help ( ,?i]s & o!rs :o ?\ght him incapable1 & desir$ to br+ ab\t a re/oration ( ! ,orleans rule4 ,?i]s 0 a p]sonal enemy ( ,cavaignac4 ,?i]s says ,m>t91 did n feel ! same repulsion = ! consulate & ! empire z does ! pres5t g5]ation3 he took ,l\is ,napoleon = an inexp]i5c$ & some:at n>r[-m9d$ man1 :om he c\ld easily re/ra9 & direct1 n guess+ ! det]m9$ ob/9acy & prejudice hidd5 b5ea? 8 heavy & commonplace ext]ior4 7,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,france f #aghi1 iii4 #bjj47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,europe1 ,,f ,,! ,,revolutions ,,( #ahdh ,,to ,,! ,,au/ro-,,prussian ,,w> 7#ahff74 ,,di/urbances ,,9 ,,g]many4--,! effect ( ! revolution :i* de?ron$ ,l\is ,philippe 0 felt l an electric %ock ?r\gh all ,europe4 ,x 0 exp]i5c$ imm$iately 9 ! small] /ates ( ,g]many4 ,new m9i/ries 7 in/all$1 :i* 7 pl$g$ to a lib]al policy4 ,l\is ( ,bav>ia resign$ ! cr[n to 8 son ,maximilian4 ,! ,gr& ,duke ( ,bad5 agre$ to ! dem&s ( a popul> conv5tion at ,mannheim1 & he plac$ a lib]al m9i/ry 9 control ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,prussia & ,au/ria 7 ?or\ghly di/urb$ by ! movem5t = fre$om & national unity4 ,a ris+ 9 ,vi5na 7,m>* #ac-ae71 head$ by ! /ud5ts1 compell$ ,mett]ni* to dep>t = safety to ,engl&1 ! asylum ( political exiles ( e cre$4 ,! emp]or summon$ a ,diet to be *os5 by popul> suffrage1 & w5t = safety to ,innsbruck among 8 fai?ful ,tyrolese4 ,9 ,b]l91 at ! same "t1 !re 7 excit$ meet+s1 & conflicts 9 ! /reets betwe5 ! p & ! soldi]s4 ,! ,prussian k+ yield$ to ! dem& ( ! cr[d :i* ga!r$ be=e 8 palace on ! #ah? ( ,m>*1 t ! troops %\ld be s5t out ( ,b]l92 b he did n s5d !m away until ! next day1 & aft] an attack _h be5 made on !m f beh9d b>ricades4 ,! m9i/ry 0 dismiss$1 & a call 0 issu$ = a ,national ,assembly to be *os5 by ballot4 ,,! ,,frank=t ,,conv5tion4--,!re 0 a ga!r+ at ,frank=t1 ( ab\t five hundr$ ,g]mans1 :o organiz$ !mselves z a provisional p>liam5t "u ! presid5cy ( ,mitt]mai] 7,m>* #ca74 ,!y resolv$ to call a ,national ,assembly1 to be elect$ by ! ,g]man p4 ,! ,conf$]ate ,diet recogniz$ ! au?ority ( ! provisional p>liam5t4 ,,! ,,frank=t ,,p>liam5t4--,! ,national ,assembly met on ,may #ah1 & creat$ a new provisional c5tral gov]nm5t1 ) ! ,ar*duke ,john ( ,au/ria z its head4 ,! ,conf$]ate ,diet ceas$ to exi/4 ,b ! division ( p>ties 9 ! assembly1 ) respect to ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t = unit$ ,g]many1 gave rise to long & pr(itless discussions4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! /eps to be tak5 9 a w> :i* _h sprung up ) ,d5m>k1 respect+ ! du*ies ( ,s*leswig & ,hol/e91 made ! /rife ( factions 9 ! p>liam5t /ill m bitt]4 ,,new ,,prussian ,,con/itution4--,! ,prussian ,national ,assembly met on ,may #bb4 ,a hot cont5tion arose betwe5 ! mod]ate & ! radical p>ties4 ,at l5g? ! k+ adj\rn$ ! assembly to meet 9 ,br&5burg2 b ! p>ty ( ! ,left 7! radical p>ty7 prote/$1 & 0 soon disp]s$ by =ce4 ,9 ,br&5burg a quorum fail$ to meet4 ,! gov]nm5t fram$ a con/itution ) two *amb]s1--! second to be *os5 by univ]sal suffrage1--& call$ a new p>liam5t to consid] x4 ,! new p>liam5t fail$ to agree ) ! gov]nm5t1 b ano!r p>liam5t met 7,aug4 #g1 #ahdi74 ,mutual concessions 7 made1 & ! k+ swore to ma9ta9 ! new con/itution 7,feb4 #f1 #ahej74 ,,au/ria3 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,frank=t ,,assembly4--,! ,diet ( ! ,au/rian ,empire 0 a confus$ assembly repres5t+ diff]5t nationalities4 ,kossu?1 an eloqu5t ,hung>ian deputy 9 ! l[] h\se1 dem&$ indep5d5ce = 8 c\ntry4 ,! ,slavonic tribes resi/$ ! supremacy ( ! ,magy>s4 ,:5 ! emp]or took active measures aga9/ ^! 7,oct4 #f71 !re 0 an upris+ 9 ,vi5na4 ,! city 0 held by ! revolutioni/s until ! #cj?1 :5 x 0 captur$ by ! emp]or aft] mu* blood%$4 ,f]d9& ,i abdicat$ 9 favor ( 8 "y nephew1 ,francis ,joseph4 ,! ,frank=t ,assembly debat$ ! "q1 :at relation ,au/ria %\ld h to unit$ ,g]many4 ,a majority decid$ 7,m>* #bg1 #ahdi7 t a presid5t %\ld be appo9t$1 ^: (fice %\ld desc5d 9 8 family1 & t he %\ld be /yl$ ,emp]or ( ! ,g]mans4 ,! /ation 0 (f]$ to ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,prussia1 b he decl9$ x4 ,! new con/itution 0 n accept$ by ! m important /ates4 ,! assembly dw9dl$ away ?r\gh ! )drawal or resignation ( memb]s1 &1 hav+ adj\rn$ to ,/uttg>t1 0 f9ally disp]s$ by ! ,wrtemb]g gov]nm5t 7,june #ah74 ,its hi/ory 0 a griev\s disappo9tm5t ( ard5t hopes4 ,! ,prussians help$ ! ,saxon1 ,bav>ian1 & ,bad5 gov]nm5ts1 to put d[n =midable & p>tially successful popul> insurrections 9 _! /ates4 ,,! ,,hung>ian ,,revolt4--,au/ria r$uc$ h] ,g]man prov9ces to subjection1 & e>ly 9 #ahdi ! ,italian prov9ces also4 ,b a great conte/ 0 to be wag$ ) ! ,hung>ians1 :o ga!r$ an army ( "o hundr$ ?\s& m51 & ga9$ decid$ advantages ov] incompet5t ,au/rian g5]als4 ,b 9 ! end ,au/ria br\ght toge!r ov]:elm+ =ces & 0 aid$ by ! int]v5tion ( ,russia1 :i* s5t an army into ,hung>y4 ,! ,hung>ian g5]al1 ,gorgey1 :om ,kossu? & ! m9i/]s _h made dictator1 surr5d]$ at ,vilagos 7,aug4 #ac1 #ahdi74 ,kossu? & o!r ,hung>ian patriots fl$ into ,turkey4 ,hung>y 0 dealt ) z conqu]$ t]ritory4 ,! ,au/rian comm&]1 ,haynau1 treat$ ! vanqui%$ p ) brutal sev]ity4 ,! ,hung>ian con/itution 0 aboli%$4 ,! g5]al con/itution ( ,au/ria 0 abrogat$ on ,dec4 #ca1 #ahea4 ,,condition ,,( ,,italy4--,*>les ,alb]t1 ! k+ ( ,pi$mont1 or ,s>d9ia1 dislik$ ! prepond]ance ( ! ,au/rians1 & desir$ to give 8 p good gov]nm5t1 b 0 dis9cl9$ to ent] into ! s*emes ( ,"y ,italy1 compos$ ( ! ard5t republicans ( :om ,mazz9i 0 ! *ief4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y 7 exasp]at$ ) him4 ,on ! contr>y1 a great "p ( ! mod]ates plac$ _! hope = ,italy 9 ! ,s>d9ian k+ & 8 h\se4 ,to "o ( ^!1 ,d',azeglio1 a nobleman ( high "*1 :o report$ to him1 9 #ahde1 ! dang] t revolution>y ris+s aga9/ misrule 9 ,italy w\ld occur1 & set =? ! necessity = a spe$y rem$y1 ! k+ said1 ,make kn[n to ^! g5tlem51 t !y mu/ be quiet & n move1 = at pres5t no?+ c be done2 b let !m be c]ta91 t1 if ! occasion pres5ts itself1 my life1 ! life ( my sons1 my arms1 my treasure1 my army1 all %all be devot$ to ! cause ( ,italy4 ,9 ,tuscany1 !re 0 mu* less oppression ?an else:]e1 b ev5 !re ! gov]nm5t 0 despotic4 ,,lib]al ,,policy ,,( ,,pius ,,ix4--,on ! dea? ( ,gregory ,,xvi4 7#ahdf71 ,c>d9al ,ma/ai ,f]etti 0 made ,pope1 & took ! "n ( ,pius ,,ix4 ,he adopt$ a new & lib]al policy4 ,prison]s = political (f5ses 7 set free1 an amne/y 0 proclaim$1 & improvem5ts--includ+ railroads--7 promis$4 ,! ,gregoriani1 :o 7 devot$ to ! old adm9i/rative sy/em & to ,au/rian pr$om9ance1 7 (f5d$4 ,! ,roman p g5]ally 7 full ( joy & hope4 ,! extreme republicans 7 dissatisfi$ & suspici\s4 ,on ! occasion ( di/urbances1 ! ,pope cons5t$ to ! =mation ( a ,national ,gu>d1 z ! lib]al p>ty wi%$4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ,au/rian troops 7 m>*$ into 8 t]ritory4 ,?is movem5t r\s$ ,*>les ,alb]t to esp\se m actively ! ,italian cause4 ,9 ,tuscany ! ,lib]als1 ) ,ricasoli = a lead]1 drove ! ,gr& ,duke to measures ( re=m4 ,au/rian aggressions 7 m sev]ely felt 9 ,p>ma & ,mod5a4 ,9 ,pal]mo1 !re 0 a ris+ 7,jan4 #ab7 aga9/ ! unbe>able tyranny ( ,f]d9& ,,ii4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by an insurrection 9 ,naples itself4 ,! k+ 0 oblig$ to grant to 8 p a con/itution4 ,! same boon 0 grant$ by ,pius ,,ix41 by ! k+ ( ,s>d9ia1 & by ! ,tuscan ,gr& ,duke4 ,italy1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 0 already on fire ) ^! revolution>y movem5ts prior to ! ov]?r[ ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,l\is ,philippe4 ,! e>lie/ popul> demon/rations at ,milan 7 on ,sept4 #e & #h1 #ahdg4 ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,italy4--,! revolt 9 ,vi5na & 9 ,hung>y 9 #ahdh furni%$ ! long-covet$ occasion = ! ,italians to attack ! hat$ ,au/rian rule4 ,lomb>dy flew to arms1 & expell$ ! ,au/rian troops4 ,! ,v5etians set up a provisional gov]nm5t "u ,daniele ,man91 _! lead] 9 ! insurrection4 ,! k+ ( ,s>d9ia decl>$ w> aga9/ ,au/ria4 ,a multitude ( ,italian volunte]s ru%$ to 8 /&>d4 ,b !re 0 no national league2 8 milit>y managem5t lack$ skill2 & aft] "s successes he 0 defeat$ by ,radetzky1 ! ,au/rian g5]al1 at ,cu/ozza 7,july #be74 ,g>ibaldi1 :o _h be5 a sailor1 b 0 n[ a gallant & adv5tur\s *ampion ( ! ,italian movem5t1 kept up ! conte/ 9 ! m\nta9s on ! nor?4 ,! ,au/rians 7 once m 9 p[]4 ,! refusal ( ! ,pope to take "p 9 ho/ilities aga9/ !m ali5at$ ! lib]als4 ,8 be/ m9i/] ,rossi1 :o /ood midway betwe5 ! extreme p>ties1 0 assass9at$ 7,nov4 #ae74 ,f ! disord] t reign$ at ,rome1 ,pius ,,ix4 escap$ 9 ! dress ( a common prie/ to ,gaeta4 ,! extreme democrats 9 ,tuscany got ! upp] h&1 & set up a provisional gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,pi$mont1 ,giob]ti1 ! m9i/]1 gave way to ,ratazzi1 :o 0 ( ! democratic s*ool4 ,b ! dream ( an ,italian conf$]ation 0 dissipat$ by ! great defeat ( ,*>les ,alb]t by ,radetzky at ,nov>a 7,m>* #bc74 ,! brok5-he>t$ k+ resign$ 8 cr[n to 8 son1 ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,9 ,rome1 ! gov]nm5t1 aft] ! flight ( ! ,pope1 0 lodg$ 9 an assembly elect$ by popul> suffrage1 ) triumvirs1 ( :om ,mazz9i 0 ! fir/4 ,! ,fr5* 7 n dispos$ to all[ ! ,au/rians to dom9ate 9 ! p59sula1 & s5t an army "u ,oud9ot1 :o captur$ ,rome f ! republicans1 aft] a /ubborn def5se by ,g>ibaldi4 ,a ,fr5* g>rison n[ occupi$ ! city4 ,! ,pope1 :o _h ab&on$ ! idea ( political *anges 9 ! direction ( ,italian fre$om & unity1 0 br\ght back to ! ,vatican 7,april1 #ahej74 ,by ! close ( ! summ] ( #ahdi1 ! ,au/rian au?ority 0 re/or$1 & 0 ex]cis$ ) r$\bl$ sev]ity 9 ,v5ice & ,milan4 ,! rul]s ( ,tuscany1 ,mod5a1 & ,p>ma _h be=e return$ to _! capitals4 ,!y 7 kept 9 p[] by means ( ,au/rian g>risons4 ,! w ( ,au/ria 0 law 9 ! great] "p ( ,italy4 ,f]d9& ,,ii4 7call$ ,bomba7 ma9ta9$ 8 tyranny by ! help ( ,swiss m]c5>ies & loa?some dungeons4 ,pi$mont 0 ! only spot :]e con/itutional fre$om surviv$4 ,9 its y\?ful mon>* & 9 ,g>ibaldi1 ! hope ( ,italy re/$4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts ultimately prov$ t bo? ! fire ( ! republicans & ! prud5ce ( m mod]ate /atesm5 7 requisite = its emancipation4 ,,c\p ,d',,tat ,,( ,,l\is ,,napoleon4--,! ,legislative ,assembly 9 ,france1 consi/+ ( "o *amb]1 _h 9 x _m mon>*i/s4 ,z ! fir/ ,napoleon 0 su/a9$ by ! dread ( ,jacob9 rule1 s ! ?ird ,napoleon pr(it$ by ! dread ( ! ultra-republicans4 ,x 0 felt by ! trad+-class1 t ! safety ( society dep5d$ on him4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* troops 7 s5t to ,rome 9 #ahdi1 ! opposition ( ,l$ru-,roll9 & 8 radical p>ty became m furi\s4 ,b ,*ang>ni] & 8 troops disp]s$ _! procession 7,june #ac71 & broke d[n _! b>ricades4 ,! ,p>is insurrection 0 put d[n1 & ,l$ru-,roll9 fl$ ! c\ntry4 ,?i]s1 ,broglie1 ,mol1 ,montalemb]t1 & o!r adh]5ts ( ! ,b\rbons1 ei!r ( ! old or ( ! ,orleans bran*1 n[ pr(ess$ to yield to ,l\is ,napoleon _! adhesion4 ,8 measures = ! re/ra9t ( ! press1 ! puni%m5t ( political (f5ses1 etc41 7 popul>1 especially 9 ! prov9ces4 ,! cl]gy 7 favorable to him4 ,! soldi]s1 9 ! autumn ( #ahej1 began to %\t ,vive ,i',empreur6 ,*ang>ni] 0 remov$ f ! comm& ( ! troops 7,jan41 #ahea7 :5 x 0 le>n$ t 8 regim5ts did n jo9 9 ! cry4 ,movem5ts ( ?is k9d1 toge!r ) petitions = a revision ( ! con/itution1 provok$ ho/ility 9 ! ,assembly4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ! presid5t & t body culm9at$ 9 ! ,c\p d'tat ( ,decemb] #b1 #ahea4 ,/4 ,arnaud _h be5 appo9t$ m9i/] ( w>1 ! fidelity ( ! troops 9 ,p>is r5d]$ sure1 & all ne$ful prep>ations made ) pr(\nd secrecy4 ,! presid5t gave a great p>ty on ! night ( ! fir/4 ,dur+ ! night1 ! republican & ,orleani/ lead]s--,cavaignac1 ,*ang>ni]1 ,lamoricire1 ,?i]s1 ,victor ,hugo1 & _m o!rs--7 surpris$ 9 _! b$s1 & imprison$4 ,!y 7 s5t away 9 cu/ody to diff]5t places4 ,plac>ds 7 po/$1 dissolv+ ! ,assembly1 & decl>+ ,p>is 9 a /ate ( siege2 also1 an address submitt+ to ! p ! "q :e!r !re %\ld be a responsible *ief ( /ate = t5 ye>s4 ,! soldi]s fir$ on ga!r+s ( ! p 9 ! /reets1 kill+ _m innoc5t p]sons1 = ! purpose ( =e/all+ any attempt at resi/ance4 ,! deputies1 z !y p]si/$ 9 _! purpose to meet1 7 surr\nd$1 & plac$ "u arre/4 ,)9 a few weeks _m ?\s&s ( p]sons suspect$ ( disaffection 7 exil$ or imprison$4 ,ne>ly sev5 & a half million votes 7 ca/ = ,napoleon1 & only #fdg1bib aga9/ him4 ,! political prison]s 7 releas$4 ,?i]s 0 all[$ to return to ,p>is4 ,,new ,,fr5* ,,empire4--,a new con/itution 0 promulgat$ 7,jan4 #ad1 #aheb71 resembl+ t :i* exi/$ "u ! consulate4 ,! ,legislative ,assembly 0 virtually /ripp$ ( p[]4 ,"o ye> lat]1 ! re/oration ( ! ,empire 0 decre$1 & sanction$ by popul> vote4 ,! *ange 0 at fir/ view$ ) al>m by ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & ,russia4 ,francis ,joseph made a visit to ,b]l91 & 0 receiv$ ) great honor4 ,! two pr9cipal ,g]man sov]eigns review$ ! troops ( ,b]l91 9 front ( ! bronze /atue ( ,bl*]4 ,b ,napoleon decl>$ t ! ,empire meant peace1 & ! o!r great p[]s foll[$ ! example ( ,engl& 9 recogniz+ 8 imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,crimean ,,w>4--,! adm9i/ration ( ! ,fr5* emp]or 0 acceptable to ! comm]cial classes1 :o priz$ tranquillity4 ,he erect$ new edifices 9 ,p>is1 & made _m o!r improvem5ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h an eye to def5se aga9/ popul> insurrection1 & involv$ mu* h>d%ip = ! poor4 ,he m>ri$ 7,jan4 #cj1 #ahec7 a "y ,spani% c\ntess1 ,eugnie ,montijo4 ,:at did mo/ to give /ability to 8 p[]1 & to raise 8 repute 9 ,europe1 0 ! union ( ,france ) ,engl& 9 ! prosecution ( ! ,crimean w>4 ,! ,emp]or ,ni*olas ?\ght ! "t propiti\s = ! aggressive ambition ( ,russia ) reg>d to ,turkey4 ,8 plan ( attack embrac$ a provisional occupation ( ,con/ant9ople by ,russian troops4 ,he _h intimat$ to ,engl& t ! situation ( ! sick man--mean+ ! decay+ gov]nm5t ( ,turkey--op5$ ! way = a division ( ! ,turki% ,empire betwe5 ! two p[]s4 ,"l ,ab]de5 0 !n prime m9i/] 9 ,engl&1 & ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]4 ,! dispute ( ,russia ) ,turkey1 :i* 0 ! o/5sible occasion ( ! w>1 relat$ to ! holy places 9 ,j]usalem1 ! resort ( wor%ip]s ( diff]5t cre$s1 & to ! privileges accord$ by ! ,sultan to ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ri/ians respectively4 ,! claim ( ,ni*olas resolv$ itself into a dem& to ex]cise a sole protectorate ov] ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,greek fai? 9 ! ,turki% ,empire4 ,)\t =mally decl>+ w> 8 =ces cross$ ! ,pru?4 ,al>m 0 awak5$ 9 ,au/ria1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,russian movem5ts 9 t region4 ,ni*olas _h only be5 able to secure neutrality f ,prussia & ,au/ria4 ,l\is ,napoleon 0 anxi\s = w>4 ,"l ,ab]de5 0 av]se to x2 b ! pressure ( ,"l ,palm]/on & 8 support]s 0 too /rong1 & w> 0 decl>$ 7,m>* #bg1 #ahed7 by ,engl& & ,france 9 alliance ) ,turkey4 ,at fir/ ! ,turks _h unexpect$ly ga9$ advantages ov] ! ,russians1 b ! ,turki% fleet 0 de/roy$ at ,s9ope 7,nov4 #cj1 #ahec74 ,approa*es ( ,russia :i* port5d ! acquisition ( ! m\?s ( ! ,danube1 or ( any ( ! ,slavonic di/ricts ( ,european ,turkey1 c only excite jeal\sy & appreh5sion on ! side ( ,au/ria4 ,ni*olas1 on ! dem& ( ,francis ,joseph1 :i* 0 second$ by ,prussia1 evacuat$ ! ,danubian pr9cipalities1 :i* 7 provisionally held by ,au/rian =ces4 ,! ,engli% & ,fr5* fleets t 7 s5t into ! ,baltic did n produce ! effect t 0 anticipat$ by ! allies4 ,! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea 7 ! ma9 !at] ( ! conflict4 ,! troops ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* l&$ at ,eupatoria 9 ! ,crimea 9 ,septemb]1 #ahed1 & defeat$ ! ,russians 9 ! battle ( ! ,alma4 ,!re 0 a second engagem5t at ,balaklava 7,oct4 #be72 & 9 ! battle ( ,ink]mann 7,nov4 #e7 ! attempt ( ! ,russians to surprise ! ,briti% =ces met ) a defeat4 ,! ef=t ( ! allies 0 direct$ to ! capture ( ! /rong =tress ( ,seba/opol4 ,/4 ,arnaud1 ! ,fr5* g5]al1 _h di$1 & be5 succe$$ by ,canrob]t4 ,lat]1 ,"l ,raglan1 ! ,engli% comm&]1 di$4 ,! siege 0 prolong$4 ,once ! batt]ies ( ,malak(f & ,r$an 7 attack$ by ! allies unsuccessfully2 b1 aft] a mon?'s bomb>dm5t1 bo? 7 tak5 by /orm 7,sept4 #h1 #ahee71 & ,malak(f1 :i* ! ,fr5* took1 0 held4 ,! ,russians blew up _! =ts at ,seba/opol1 & )drew to ! nor!rn "p ( ! =tress4 ,meantime ,ni*olas _h di$ 7,m>* #b1 #ahee71 & be5 succe$$ by ,alex&] ,,ii42 & ,"l ,ab]de5 _h be5 sup]s$$ by ,palm]/on z head ( ! ,engli% m9i/ry4 ,,peace ,,( ,,p>is 7,,m>* #cj1 #ahef7--;,9 ! ,peace ( ,p>is1 ,russia 0 oblig$ to c$e ! m\?s ( ! ,danube & a small portion ( ,bess>abia to ,moldavia1 to limit ! numb] ( h] %ips 9 ! ,black ,sea1 & to engage to e/abli% no ars5als on its coa/4 ,! ,black ,sea 0 to be op5 to comm]ce1 b int]dict$ to vessels ( w>4 ,russia gave up ! claim to an exclusive protectorate ov] ,*ri/ians 9 ,turkey4 ,%e surr5d]$ also ! =tress ( ,k>s 9 ,turki% ,arm5ia1 :i* %e _h captur$4 ,walla*ia & ,moldavia 7 confirm$ 9 important privileges ( self-gov]nm5t1 "u ! ,porte4 ,au/ria1 ,france1 & ,great ,brita91 9 a di/9ct treaty1 gu>ante$ ! indep5d5ce & integrity ( ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,,neutrality ,,decl>ations4--,! p>ties to ! ,treaty ( ,p>is 7includ+ ,au/ria & ,prussia7 unit$ 9 f\r decl>ations on ! subject ( neutrality1 by :i* private]+ 0 aboli%$1 ! neutral flag 0 made to protect enemy's goods except contrab& ( w>1 ^! goods "u an enemy's flag 7 exempt$ f capture1 & x 0 orda9$ t blockades 9 ord] to be b9d+ mu/ be effective4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates decl9$ to concur 9 ?is agreem5t unless ! private prop]ty ( subjects or citiz5s ( a bellig]5t p[] 7unless x be contrab& ( w>7 %\ld be also exempt$ f seizure by arm$ vessels ( ! enemy4 ,?is rule1 7 x adopt$1 w\ld put private prop]ty on ! sea on a level ) private prop]ty on ! l&1 9 case ( w>4 ,,w> ,,( ,,france ,,& ,,s>d9ia ,,) ,,au/ria4--,aft] ! conte/s ( #ahdh-di1 ,victor ,emmanuel ,,ii4 0 look$ on by all except ! ard5t republicans ( ! s*ool ( ,mazz9i z ! *ampion ( ,italian indep5d5ce4 ,he made ,azeglio 8 *ief m9i/]1 & ,cav\r 8 m9i/] ( comm]ce4 ,v>i\s re=ms 7 adopt$1 especially = ! r$uction ( ! p[] & weal? ( ecclesia/ics4 ,! rapid progress ( adm9i/rative *anges l$ ,azeglio to )draw f (fice4 ,cav\r1 8 successor1 a /atesman ( broad views & consummate ability1 began to plan n only = ! ,s>d9ian k+dom1 b likewise = all ,italy4 ,by 8 advice1 ,s>d9ia jo9$ ,engl& & ,france 9 ! ,crimean w>4 ,at ! ,congress ( ,p>is 7#ahef71 he spread be=e ! ,european p[]s ! deplorable misgov]nm5t at ,naples & 9 ! o!r /ates ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,he d5\nc$ a plot aga9/ ! life ( ,l\is ,napoleon1 :i* ,ors9i1 a ,roman1 & a memb] ( a secret society1 tri$ to c>ry out1 b fail$ 7,jan4 #ad1 #aheh74 ,communications & a p]sonal int]view betwe5 ,napoleon & ,cav\r foll[$4 ,an alliance 0 =m$1 "o ( ! objects ( :i* 0 ! expulsion ( ! ,au/rians f ,italy4 ,pr9ce ,napoleon1 ! son ( ,l\is ,napoleon's uncle ,j]ome1 0 m>ri$ to ,clotilde1 ! daught] ( ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,napoleon's m9i/]s 7 oppos$ to a w> ) ,au/ria1 & he himself affect$ to h no int5tion ( t k9d4 ,russia propos$ a congress2 b ,au/ria refus$ to admit ,s>d9ia1 or to jo9 x h]self1 unless t p[] %\ld imm$iately dis>m4 ,russia 0 at t mom5t unfri5dly to ,au/ria1 :i* _h refus$ to help ! ,cz> 9 ! ,crimean w>4 ,prussia1 also1 %[$ a dis9cl9ation to int]f]e4 ,france & ,s>d9ia decl>$ w> aga9/ ,au/ria1 & ,napoleon proclaim$ t he w\ld free ,italy1 f ! ,alps to ! ,adriatic 7,may1 #ahei74 ,z ! w> began1 a revolt broke out 9 ,tuscany4 ,! ,tuscan ,duke1 ! ,du*ess reg5t ( ,p>ma1 & ! ,duke ( ,mod5a1 _h to fly f _! capitals4 ,cav\r accept$ help f all ,italian patriots except ! adh]5ts ( ,mazz9i1 to :om 7 imput$ s*emes ( assass9ation4 ,g>ibaldi l$ ! ,riflem5 ( ! ,alps4 ,l\is ,napoleon comm&$ ! ,fr5* army 9 p]son4 ,! ,fr5* 7 victori\s at ,mag5ta 7,june #d71 :]e ,mac,mahon 0 made a m>%al4 ,at ! battle ( ,solf]9o 7,june #bd71 all ( ! ?ree cont5d+ sov]eigns 7 pres5t4 ,! ,au/rians 7 vanqui%$ ) v heavy losses4 ,at ?is "t ,napoleon1 unexpect$ly to 8 ,italian ally1 9 a p]sonal int]view ) ,francis ,joseph at ,villafranca1 arrang$ prelim9>ies ( peace1 :i* provid$1 to be sure1 = ! cession ( ,lomb>dy to ,s>d9ia1 b left ,v5ice & ! ,quadrilat]al1--z ! di/rict1 ) its =tifications1 ea/ ( ! ,m9cio1 0 call$1--"u ! ,au/rian rule4 ,x 0 propos$ t an ,italian conf$]ation %\ld be =m$1 ) ! ,pope = its honor>y presid5t1--a plan n de/9$ to be realiz$4 ,! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany & ! ,duke ( ,mod5a 7 to be re/or$1 c\ld x be done )\t a resort to arms4 ,napoleon 0 afraid ( a long w>4 ,russia 0 n dispos$ to suff] him to /ir up a revolution 9 ,hung>y4 ,prussia might soon int]v5e2 & ?is1 ,au/ria1 too1 did n anticipate )\t anxiety1 s9ce ,prussia w\ld !reby become pr$om9ant 9 ,g]many4 ,cav\r1 9 disgu/ & indignation at ?is premature close ( ! /ruggle1 laid d[n 8 (fice4 ,,fur!r ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,s>d9ian ,,k+dom4--,tuscany1 ,mod5a1 & ,p>ma1 & ,romagna :i* belong$ to ! ,pope1 by deputies implor$ ,victor ,emmanuel to annex !m to 8 k+dom4 ,plus ,,ix4 made ! mo/ /r5u\s opposition4 ,napoleon refus$ to use co]cion1 or to suff] x to be us$ by o!rs1 to c>ry out ! ,villafranca arrangem5ts 9 ! du*ies4 ,cav\r 0 recall$ to (fice 9 #ahfj2 & at 8 sugge/ion1 made to ,napoleon1 ! communities j nam$ 7 all[$ to dispose ( !mselves by popul> vote4 ,! result 0 _! incorporation 9 ! ,s>d9ian k+dom4 ,by way ( comp5sation to ,napoleon1 ,savoy & ,nice 7 c$$ by ! ,s>d9ian gov]nm5t to ,france4 ,! ,pope excommunicat$ all invad]s & usurp]s ( ! ,papal ,/ates1 )\t ! m5tion ( names4 ,,annex+ ,,( ,,naples ,,& ,,sicily4--,! next great ev5t 9 ,italy 0 ! expulsion ( ,francis ,,ii41 ! tyrant :o reign$ 9 ,naples & ,sicily aft] ! dea? ( ,f]d9& ,,ii4 7#ahei74 ,g>ibaldi1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,s>d9ian gov]nm5t1 rais$ ! /&>d ( revolt 9 ,sicily 7#ahfj71 & conqu]$ ! isl&4 ,! k+ & ,cav\r fe>$ t 8 movem5t w\ld give control to ! republicans1 & also br+ ,s>d9ia into w> ) o!r p[]s4 ,b1 despite ?is opposition1 ,g>ibaldi ent]$ ,naples z a victor1 & 0 jo9$ by ,mazz9i4 ,! ,s>d9ian troops ent]$ ! ,papal ,/ates1 :i* ! k+ _h ?reat5$ to d unless ! gu]illa attacks ( pontifical troops 9 ! s\? 7 suppress$4 ,! ,fr5* g5]al1 ,lamoricire1 9 ! s]vice ( ! pontiff1 0 defeat$ at ,ca/elfid>do4 ,g>ibaldi1 triumphant 9 ! ,neapolitan k+dom1 met ,victor ,emmanuel 9 ! ,abruzzi1 & hail$ him z ,k+ ( ,italy4 ,naples & ,sicily vot$ to jo9 ! k+dom ( ,s>d9ia4 ,) ! exception ( ,v5ice & ! ,roman ,campagna1 ! :ole ( ,italy 0 n[ unit$ "u ! h\se ( ,savoy4 ,on ,feb4 #ah1 #ahfa1 ! fir/ p>liam5t ( unit$ ,italy 0 op5$ by ,cav\r4 ,%ortly aft]1 !re 0 a public reconciliation betwe5 him & ,g>ibaldi1 betwe5 :om !re _h be5 an e/rangem5t4 ,9 addition to ,g>ibaldi's g5]al & con/ant diss5t f ! mod]ate policy ( ,cav\r1 ! =m] 0 displeas$ t 8 soldi]s _h n be5 rew>d$ ) high] positions 9 ! ,s>d9ian army ?an x 0 practicable or safe to grant to !m4 ,cav\r believ$ t society 0 on ! m>* t[>ds democracy1 b t no republic1 at ! pres5t1 9 ,italy c\ld be /able4 ,cav\r _h 8 he>t set on ga9+ ,rome = ! capital ( ! k+dom1 & on e/abli%+ a free *ur* 9 a free /ate4 ,he did n live to see ! realization ( 8 hopes4 ,8 dea? occurr$ 7,may #cj1 #ahfa71 %ortly aft] ! amicable int]view ) ! republican patriot1 to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made4 ,,! ,,septemb] ,,conv5tion4--,! hope ( ! national p>ty 9 ,italy 0 n[ direct$ t[>ds ! ga9+ ( ,v5ice & ,rome4 ,b1 z reg>ds ,au/ria1 ! ,european p[]s w\ld n h suff]$ a brea* ( ! ,peace ( ,villafranca4 ,l\is ,napoleon _h assum$ ! "p ( protector ( ! ,holy ,see1 & a ,fr5* g>rison 0 /ation$ at ,rome4 ,aft] ,cav\r's dea?1 ,ricasoli1 ! head ( ! m9i/ry1 l$ ! con/itutional p>ty2 & ,ratazzi1 :o succe$$ him & _h be5 m 9 sympa?y ) ! ,g>ibaldians1 did n deviate f 8 pr$ecessor's cauti\s policy4 ,! relations ( ! ,italian gov]nm5t to ,france1 ev5 oblig$ ! k+ to int]f]e to put d[n a ris+1 set on foot by ,g>ibaldi1 = driv+ ! ,fr5* out ( ,rome4 ,g>ibaldi 0 defeat$ by ! ,s>d9ian troops at ,aspromonte 7,aug4 #bg1 #ahfb71 & tak5 to ,spezzia4 ,!nce he w5t to ,capr]a4 ,! lib]al p>ty 9 ,europe 7 inc5s$ ) ,l\is ,napoleon4 ,?is 0 "o inducem5t t mov$ him to ent] into an agreem5t ) ,victor ,emmanuel1 by :i* ,france engag$ to )draw h] troops gradually f ,rome1 leav+ ! ,pope to =m an army ( 8 own2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! k+ engag$ 7,sept4 #ahfd7 to prev5t any attack on ! papal t]ritory4 ,! ,fr5* m9i/] ( =eign affairs said to ! ,italian m9i/] at ,p>is1 ,naturally ! result ( all ?is w be t y w end by go+ to ,rome2 b matt]s 7 to be s manag$ t ,france %\ld n be held responsible4 ,?is 0 ! ,septemb] ,conv5tion4 ,flor5ce 0 made ! capital ( ,italy2 b x 0 ackn[l$g$ t ?is 0 a tempor>y arrangem5t1 & t1 z soon z ! progress ( ev5ts %\ld op5 ! way1 ! seat ( gov]nm5t w\ld be transf]r$ to ,rome4 ,aft] ! )drawal ( ! ,fr5* troops 9 #ahff1 ,g>ibaldi1 ) ! connivance ( ! ,italian gov]nm5t1--9 :i* ,ratazzi1 :o _h be5 oblig$ to leave 8 (fice1 0 aga9 ! rul+ _s1--once m ga!r$ a =ce = ! capture ( ,rome 7#ahfg72 b ,france int]f]$1 & ! advance ( ,g>ibaldi 0 *eck$ at ,m5tana by ,fr5* troops4 ,aft]w>ds ,napoleon aga9 plac$ a ,fr5* g>rison 9 ,rome4 ,ratazzi1 ^: s*eme ( captur+ ,rome by non-int]f]5ce 0 balk$1 _h to lay d[n 8 (fice4 ,! next /ep t[>ds ,italian unity 0 to be a result ( ! ,au/ro-,prussian w>4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,europe1 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,au/ro-,,prussian ,,w> ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,franco-,,g]man ,,w> 7#ahff-ahga74 ,,rival%ip ,,( ,,prussia ,,& ,,au/ria4--,! brief b mighty /ruggle :i* secur$ = ,prussia ! prepond]ance 9 ,g]many grew imm$iately out ( complications respect+ ,s*leswig-,hol/e94 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! fruit ( a rival%ip :i* _h be5 ga9+ 9 int5sity s9ce ! times ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,x 0 ! gr& triumph ( ,prussia1 aft] a long succession ( defeats & humiliations 9 ! field ( diplomacy4 ,,s*leswig-,,hol/e94--,! two du*ies ( ,hol/e9 & ,s*leswig _h long be5 annex$ to ! cr[n ( ,d5m>k1 ^: k+1 z ,duke ( ,hol/e91 0 a memb] ( ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation4 ,! two du*ies1 z reg>ds _! gov]nm5t1 did n /& on ! same foot+2 b ! p ( ,hol/e9 & ! ,g]man portion ( ! ,s*leswig p held t by a treaty 9 #adfj ! two du*ies c\ld n be sep>at$4 ,moreov]1 ! law ( succession 9 ! du*ies exclud$ ! female l9e1 & :5 !re 0 a prospect t ! male l9e ( ! ,dani% dyna/y w\ld die out ! ,g]mans wi%$ ! du*ies to become indep5d5t "u an ,augu/5burg pr9ce :ile ! ,danes wi%$ to absorb ! du*ies 9 ,d5m>k4 ,9 #ahdh ! ,g]mans ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 revolt$ aga9/ ,fr$]ick ,,vii4 ,! troops ( ! ,g]man conf$]ation assi/$ !m2 b ! attitude ( ,engl& & ,russia1 :i* favor$ ! ,danes1 mov$ ,prussia to conclude ! armi/ice ( ,malm1--an act t excit$ ! ang] ( ! ,g]man ,national ,assembly at ,frank=t4 ,aft] ! expiration ( ! truce1 ! w>1 ) int]missions1 w5t on1 wag$ by ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 alone or ) aid f ,g]many2 lat] 9 a protocol--an agreem5t sign$ 9 ,london 9 #aheb by ! ,great ,p[]s1 9 :i* ,au/ria & ,prussia concurr$1--! k+ ( ,d5m>k & 8 heirs 7 gu>ante$ 9 ! possession ( ! du*ies4 ,?is act1 h[ev]1 0 n accept$ by ! du*ies !mselves1 or by ! ,diet ( ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation2 s t ! se$s ( /rife /ill rema9$4 ,,prepond]ance ,,( ,,au/ria4--,aft] ! suppression ( ! revolts ( #ahdh1 ,au/ria1 ^: c\nsels 7 guid$ by ! a/ute m9i/] ,s*w>z5b]g1 labor$ to dw>f & supplant ! influ5ce ( ,prussia4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv4 ( ,prussia aim$ to br+ ab\t a clos] union ( ,g]man /ates1 & call$ a national p>liam5t to meet at ,erfurt4 ,au/ria )/ood ^! attempts4 ,! disposition ( ,prussia to support ! resi/ance 9 ,hesse to ! tyranny ( its elector1 ?reat5$ to br+ on an arm$ conte/ ) ,au/ria & its ,g]man allies2 b ! attitude ( ,russia caus$ ,prussia to desi/ f its movem5t4 ,at ! conf]5ce at ,olmtz 7#ahej71 ,manteuffel1 ! ,prussian m9i/]1 yield$ e ?+ to ,au/ria2 & subsequ5tly1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,russia1 ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation ( #ahae 0 re/or$4 ,prussia took no "p ) ! ,we/]n p[]s 9 ! ,crimean w>1 ) :i* x _h no direct conc]n1 & ?us did n1 l ,au/ria1 make h]self obnoxi\s to ! ,cz>4 ,,william ,i3 ,,bism>ck4--,on ! accession ( ,william ,i4 z reg5t 7,oct4 #aheg71 ! ,prussian gov]nm5t initiat$ a m spirit$ & indep5d5t policy 9 its relations to ,au/ria4 ,x refus$ to l5d active aid to t c\ntry 9 ! w> ) ,france & ,s>d9ia 7#ahei74 ,! effici5t measures ( ,k+ ,william = ! reorganization & increase ( ! army enc\nt]$ con/ant opposition1 ye> aft] ye>1 9 ! assembly1 f ! lib]al p>ty1 :i* did n div9e 8 motives1 & saw 9 !m no?+ b ! usurp+ ( an uncon/itutional au?ority4 ,9 #ahfb ! k+ made ,bism>ck m9i/] ( =eign affairs1 & ! virtual head ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,?is able man _h wid5$ 8 k ( ,european politics by s]v+ z ambassador fir/ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg & !n at ,p>is4 ,previ\sly he _h be5 alli$ ) ! absoluti/ p>ty ( ,manteuffel3 he 0 always = /rong gov]nm5t4 ,aft] #ahea1 :5 he 0 delegate ( ,prussia at ! ,f$]al ,diet at ,frank=t1 he made up 8 m9d to deliv] ,prussia f ! dom9e]+ influ5ce ( ,au/ria4 ,b he 0 held 9 di/ru/ by ! ,prussian lib]als1 :o saw 9 him only an en]getic support] ( ! k+ 9 8 re=m ( ! army by acts ( arbitr>y p[] n w>rant$ by ! con/itution4 ,9 #ahfc ,francis ,joseph summon$ a congress ( ,g]man pr9ces to ,frank=t to frame a new ,g]man con/itution2 b z ,prussia /ood alo(1 no?+ 0 accompli%$4 ,!re 0 mu* bitt]ness betwe5 ! two /ates4 ,= ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 att5tion 0 div]t$ by ! aspect ( affairs 9 ,s*leswig-,hol/e94 ,,ev5ts ,,lead+ ,,to ,,w>4--,on ,m>* #cj1 #ahfc1 ,fr$]ick ,,vii4 ( ,d5m>k issu$ a decree = ! sep>ation ( ,s*leswig1 & its incorporation 9 ,d5m>k4 ,! troops ( ! ,g]man ,conf$]acy 7 s5t by ! ,diet into ,hol/e94 ,prussia & ,au/ria1 :o held t ! ,danes _h brok5 ! ,treaty ( #aheb1 ann\nc$ _! agreem5t to prosecute ! w> ) ,d5m>k z indep5d5t p[]s1 ap>t f ! conf$]ation4 ,!y p]si/$ 9 ?is purpose1 & _! victories ov] ! ,danes compell$ ,*ri/ian ,,ix4 to sign a treaty 7,oct4 #cj1 #ahfd7 by :i* he resign$ 8 rights 9 ! du*ies 9 favor ( ! emp]or ( ,au/ria & ! k+ ( ,prussia4 ,h[ %\ld ! du*ies be dispos$ (8 ,x 0 ,bism>ck's aim to annex !m to ,prussia1 :i* 0 sorely 9 ne$ ( seaports4 ,he pr(ess$ t ! w> _h abrogat$ ! ,london ,treaty ( #aheb4 ,! prime object ( ,au/ria 0 to prev5t ,prussia f mak+ ?is ga94 ,! dispute 0 hot & ?reat5+2 b 9 ! ,ga/e9 ,conv5tion 7,aug4 #ad1 #ahfe71 ,lau5burg 7:i* ! ,danes _h also c$$7 0 sold to ,prussia1 & ! disposition ( ! du*ies 0 left to be det]m9$ lat]4 ,meantime ! ,prussians 7 to hold ,s*leswig1 & ! ,au/rians ,hol/e94 ,! ,prussians 71 moreov]1 to hold provisionally ! port ( ,kiel4 ,! s*eme ( ,au/ria 0 to h& ov] ! debat$ "q to ! ,diet ( ! ,conf$]ation1 :]e x c\ld comm& a majority4 ,to ?is ,prussia w\ld n cons5t1 b dem&$ t ! ,conf$]acy %\ld be recon/itut$ 9 su* a t ,prussia1 z well z ,g]many1 might h /r5g? 9 ! ev5t ( a ,european w>4 ,bism>ck made a secret treaty ) ,s>d9ia1 :i* provid$ t ,prussia & ,s>d9ia %\ld act toge!r 9 case ( w> ) ,au/ria1 & t peace %\ld n be made until ,v5etia _h be5 giv5 up to ! k+dom ( ,italy4 ,:5 ,au/ria convok$ ! e/ates ( ,hol/e9 ,prussia retort$ by s5d+ tw5ty ?\s& troops into ,hol/e94 ,! ,au/rian =ce1 :i* 0 inf]ior1 retir$4 ,:5 ! ,conf$]ation 7,june #ad7 pass$ a motion made by ,au/ria to put ! conf$]ate troops1 n ,au/rian or ,prussian1 on a w> foot+1 ! ,prussian pl5ipot5ti>y prote/$1 & decl>$ ! ,diet dissolv$4 ,he also pres5t$ a new con/itution z ! basis ( a new league ( /ates1 f :i* ,au/ria 0 to be exclud$4 ,prussia issu$ a proclamation1 to ! effect t ! purpose ( ! w> t 0 n[ to beg9 0 ! union ( ,g]many1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a free p>liam5t ( ! ,g]man nation4 ,,! ,,au/ro-,,prussian ,,w>4--,! ,prussian milit>y plans 7 ! "w ( ,von ,moltke1 *ief ( ! g5]al /aff1 :o 0 )\t a sup]ior 9 milit>y sci5ce4 ,!y 7 c>ri$ out ) a/oni%+ precision & cel]ity4 ,on ,june #ae ,prussia requir$ ,saxony1 ,hanov]1 & ,hesse to dis>m1 to rema9 neutral1 & to s5d delegates to a ,g]man p>liam5t4 ,a few h\rs 7 giv5 !m to decide4 ,!y refus$ ! dem&1 & on ! #af? ! ,prussian =ces m>*$ into _! l&s4 ,on t day !y seiz$ ! capital ( ,hesse1 & took ! elector prison]4 ,on ! #bi? !y _h surr\nd$ ,k+ ,george ( ,hanov]1 & he 0 compell$ to surr5d] ) 8 :ole army4 ,! ma9 ,au/rian army1 "u ,b5$ek1 made up ( cont+5ts f ! v>i\s nations subject to ! emp]or1 ) ! troops ( ,saxony1 "o ( 8 ,g]man allies1 7 ga!r$ 9 ,bohemia4 ,?i!r ?ree ,prussian armies mov$1 on diff]5t l9es1 z !y 7 direct$ by telegraph f ,b]l94 ,sev]al battles occurr$4 ,! armies approa*$ "o ano!r1 b 7 purposely kept ap>t4 ,on ,june #cj ,k+ ,william & ,von ,moltke left ,b]l94 ,on ! #b;d ( ,july x 0 det]m9$ to attack ! ,au/rians ! next day2 & ^w 0 s5t to ! cr[n pr9ce1 ^: division 0 n s f> t he c\ld n br+ up 8 =ces to take "p 9 ! combat4 ,9 ! morn+ ! battle ( ,sad[a1 9 :i* betwe5 two hundr$ ?\s& & ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m5 7 9 ea* ( ! cont5d+ ho/s1 began4 ,x rag$ until noon1 ) no decisive advantage on ei!r side4 ,at two o'clock ! division ( ! cr[n pr9ce1 aft] a h>d m>*1 arriv$2 & _! attack on ! flank ( ! ,au/rians 0 ! signal = a =w>d movem5t along ! :ole ,prussian l9e4 ,! battle 9 its c\rse resembl$ t ( ,wat]loo4 ,! defeat ( ! ,au/rians virtually decid$ ! :ole conte/4 ,francis ,joseph ask$ ,france to m$iate1 b ,prussia & ,italy refus$ to cons5t to ! proposal4 ,! ,au/rian emp]or c$$ ,v5ice by telegraph to ,l\is ,napoleon4 ,! ,au/rians _h defeat$ ! ,italians at ,cu/ozza 7,june #bd71 & 9 a naval battle at ,lissa4 ,b a great "p ( ! ,au/rian army x 0 necess>y to transf] to ! ,nor?4 ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,prague3 ,,! ,,peace ,,( ,,vi5na4--,! ,peace ( ,prague 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,prussia & ,au/ria 7,aug4 #bc1 #ahff74 ,au/ria 0 exclud$ f ,g]many1 & gave up h] rights 9 ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 to ,prussia4 ,at ! reque/ ( ,prussia1 ,v5ice 0 c$$ to ,italy4 ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ,hanov]1 ,hesse-,cassel1 ,nassau1 & ,frank=t 7 incorporat$ 9 ,prussia4 ,! population ( ,prussia f ab\t n9ete5 millions 0 increas$ to tw5ty-?ree millions five hundr$ ?\s&4 ,9 ! ,peace ( ,vi5na 7,oct4 #c71 ,au/ria recogniz$ ! k+dom ( ,italy1 to :i* ,v5ice _h be5 c$$4 ,,nor? ,,g]man ,,conf$]ation4--,! ,s\? ,g]man /ates rema9$ indep5d5t2 b ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation 0 =m$1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,prussia1 :i* 0 to h control ( ! milit>y =ces ( its memb]s4 ,9 ! c\ncil ( ! ,conf$]ation1 ,prussia 0 to h sev5te5 votes1 & ! o!r /ates toge!r tw5ty-six votes4 ,an imp]ial ,diet 0 e/abli%$1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 to be elect$ by g5]al suffrage4 ,bism>ck 0 made *ancelor ( ! ,conf$]ation4 ,,! ,,au/ro-,,hung>ian ,,empire4--,! w> ) ,prussia 0 foll[$ by ! political reorganization ( ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian empire on a m lib]al basis4 ,von ,beu/1 :o _h be5 a ,saxon m9i/]1 became m9i/] ( =eign affairs 7#ahff71 & aft]w>ds presid5t ( ! m9i/ry & *ancellor ( ! empire4 ,! ,hung>ian con/itution ( #ahdh 0 re/or$1 & a sep>ate m9i/ry 0 con/itut$ = ,hung>y2 :ile1 z reg>ds ! army & =eign affairs ( bo? divisions ( ! empire1 an imp]ial m9i/ry 0 e/abli%$4 ,! ,cislei?an division1 compos$ ( ! ,g]man & ,slavonic prov9ces1 0 to h its own m9i/ry & con/itution4 ,?is conf]r$ on ! p & _! repres5tatives rights & privileges ( ! greate/ importance1--equality ( all citiz5s be=e ! law1 fre$om ( ! press1 "r ( association & meet+1 complete lib]ty ( fai? & consci5ce1 ! unre/rict$ "r to impose taxes & levy recruits1 etc4 ,! reconciliation ) ,hung>y hav+ be5 effect$1 ,francis ,joseph 0 cr[n$ z ,k+ ( ,hung>y at ,pe/h4 ,transylvania & ,croatia 7 unit$ ) ,hung>y4 ,great legal improvem5ts 9 ,au/ria ensu$4 ,! army 0 re-con/itut$ aft] ! example ( ! ,prussian milit>y sy/em4 ,!re 0 an improvem5t 9 f9ancial adm9i/ration4 ,m>riage by civil contract 0 au?oriz$2 & on subjects connect$ ) m>riage1 ! cl]gy 7 depriv$ ( jurisdiction4 ,! control ( education1 except religi\s education1 0 assum$ by ! /ate4 ,9 case ( m>riage betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 ! male *ildr5 7 to be educat$ accord+ to ! fai? ( ! fa!r2 ! female *ildr51 accord+ to t ( ! "m4 ,,l\is ,,napoleon ,,baffl$4--,! ,au/ro-,prussian w> ha/5$ ! d[nfall ( ,l\is ,napoleon4 ,! only consolation :i* ! ,fr5* _h = ! loss ( fre$om at home 0 p[] & reputation abroad4 ,! a/oni%+ rapidity ( ! ,prussians1 & ! ov]:elm+ success ( _! arms1 _h disconc]t$ ! s*emes ( ! ,fr5* emp]or4 ,! defeat ( ,au/ria 0 s quick & s complete t he c\ld n come 9 z m$iator betwe5 ! bellig]5ts1 & manage to secure ! ext5sion ( ,france to its natural fronti]s on ! ,rh9e4 ,he 0 baffl$ by ,bism>ck's diplomacy1 z be=e he _h be5 outwitt$ by ,cav\r2 = ,napoleon _h wi%$1 n a unit$ ,italy1 b simply a ,nor!rn ,k+dom4 ,! ,fr5* felt humiliat$ at ! sight ( milit>y a*ievem5ts p>allel to ^? by :i* 9 o!r days !y _h dispos$ ( ! fate ( ,prussia h]self4 ,! oppos+ factions grew bold] 9 _! attitude t[>ds ! ,napoleonic gov]nm5t4 ,! emp]or made cauti\s attempts to secure cessions ( t]ritory f ,prussia on ! ,rh9e1 b 0 met ) a blunt refusal f ,bism>ck4 ,he !n s\ght to pur*ase f ! k+ ( ,holl&1 ,luxemburg1 :i* _h =m]ly belong$ to ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation4 ,?is attempt 0 resi/$ by ,prussia1 & w> seem$ imm95t2 b x 0 f9ally settl$ at ! ,london ,conf]5ce1 t ! du*y %\ld be neutral t]ritory1 & t ! =tress1 :i* _h be5 occupi$ by ! ,prussians1 %\ld be demoli%$4 ,g]many 0 mak+ progress t[>ds a m complete union4 ,a cu/oms p>liam5t1 repres5t+ all ! /ates1 met at ,b]l9 9 ,may1 #ahfh4 ,be=e t "t1 treaties ( (f5sive & def5sive alliance _h be5 made betwe5 ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation & ,wrtemb]g1 ,bad51 & ,bav>ia4 ,!y 7 publi%$ on ,m>* #ag1 #ahfg4 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,franco-,,prussian ,,w>4--,z ,l\is ,napoleon1 or ^? :o held sway 9 8 c\nsels1 7 b5t on w> ) ,prussia1 a pretext 0 easily f\nd4 ,! bad adm9i/ration ( ,que5 ,isabella ( ,spa91 & h] p]sonal misconduct1 caus$ insurrections to break out 9 #ahfh2 & %e 0 oblig$ to fly to ,france4 ,a provisional gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$ "u ,g5s4 ,s]rano & ,prim1 & ,seor ,olozaga4 ,lat] 7#ahfi7 ,s]rano 0 made reg5t4 ,! ,cortes 9 #ahgj (f]$ ! ,spani% cr[n to ,pr9ce ,leopold ( ,hoh5zoll]n-,sigm>+51 :o belong$ to a y\ng] bran* ( ,k+ ,william's family4 ,! proposal 0 reg>d$ 9 ,france ) indignation1 z a new /ep 9 ! upbuild+ ( ,prussian p[]4 ,k+ ,william 0 requir$ to =bid 8 relative's c&idacy1 :i* he decl9$ to d4 ,! pr9ce1 h[ev]1 ( 8 own accord )drew4 ,n satisfi$ ) ?is issue ( ! affair1 ,napoleon insi/$ t ! ,prussian k+ %\ld engage nev] to support ! c&idacy ( a ,hoh5zoll]n pr9ce = ! ,spani% cr[n4 ,william1 :o 0 at ,ems1 told ! ,fr5* ambassador1 ,b5$etti1 t he c\ld n give a promise ( ?is sort4 ,:5 ! "q 0 aga9 rais$ he s5t an aide-de-camp1 decl9+ to discuss ! matt] fur!r4 ,?is act 0 repres5t$ at ,p>is z an insult to ,france1 & ord]s 7 issu$ to mobilize ! army4 ,! k+1 on 8 way to ,b]l91 0 met at ! ,br&5burg /ation by ! cr[n pr9ce1 ,von ,moltke1 ,von ,roon1 ! able w> m9i/]1 & ,bism>ck4 ,! ,conf$]ate ,diet assembl$ ,july #ai1 & plac$ its res\rces at ! disposal ( ! k+4 ,! ,fr5* decl>ation ( w> 0 receiv$ on ! same day4 ,bav>ia1 ,wrtemb]g1 & ! ,s\? ,g]man ,/ates1 contr>y to ! unreasonable expectation ( ,napoleon1 alli$ !mselves ) ,prussia4 ,9 a mom5t all ,g]many 0 ablaze4 ,! recollection ( ! days ( ! fir/ ,napoleon1 & ( ! w> ( lib]ation1 fill$ ! :ole l& ) patriotic en?usiasm4 ,m ?an a million ( m5 took ! field 9 def5se ( ! fa!rl&4 ,,ev5ts ,,to ,,s$an4--,at ! outset ,napoleon tri$ to modify ! plans ,m>%al ,niel _h drawn up 9 #ahfg = su* an em]g5cy1 & :i* call$ = ?ree armies4 ,he unwisely attempt$ to unite all ! troops "u 8 own comm&4 ,_h he be5 able by a bold initiative to h ga9$ a foo?old 9 ,s\? ,g]many1 ,italy & ,au/ria w\ld probably h come to 8 support4 ,b ! ,fr5* army 0 n 9 ! /ate ( full read9ess :i* _h be5 alleg$ to exi/4 ,! ma/]ly dispositions ( ,von ,moltke1 & ! swift movem5ts ( ! ,g]mans1 broke up ! ,fr5* programme4 ,! ?ree great divisions ( ! ,g]man army 7 l$ by ,/e9metz1 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 ! k+'s nephew1 & ! cr[n pr9ce1 ,fr$]ick ,william4 ,!y advanc$ t[>ds ! b\nd>y f ,treves to ,l&au4 ,?ree victories ( ! ,g]mans--at ,weiss5burg 7,aug4 #d71 ov] ,m>%al ,mac,mahon at ,wr? 7,aug4 #f71 & at ,spi*]5 on ! same day--compell$ ! ,fr5* army to retreat t[>ds ! ,moselle4 ,! ,bad5 division 0 left to besiege ,/rasburg4 ,! next great battles1 ( :i* ,gravelotte 7,aug4 #ah7 0 ! mo/ hotly conte/$1 7 f\ght = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ,m>%al ,baza9e f jo9+ ) ! ma9 army ! =ces ( ,mac,mahon4 ,baza9e 0 defeat$1 & conf9$ ) 8 imm5se body ( troops 9 & ab\t ! =tress ( ,metz2 & 8 ef=ts to break ?r\gh ! ,g]man l9es 7 baffl$4 ,! ,prussian cr[n pr9ce & ! cr[n pr9ce ( ,saxony1 ) _! comb9$ armies1 proce$$ aga9/ ,mac,mahon4 ,! defeats ( ! ,fr5* _h occasion$ su* wra? at ,p>is1 t ! m9i/ry ( ,m4 ,ollivi] 0 compell$ to retire 7,aug4 #aj71 & x 0 n safe = ! emp]or1 :o 0 ) ,mac,mahon1 to return to ! capital4 ,! ,fr5* g5]al conc5trat$ 8 =ces at ,s$an4 ,on ,sept4 #a ! decisive battle 0 f\ght4 ,! ,fr5* 7 wor/$ & surr\nd$4 ,! ,emp]or ,napoleon yield$ 8 sword to ,k+ ,william4 ,! t]ms ( capitulation 7 agre$ ^u by ,von ,moltke & ,g54 ,wimpff5 7,mac,mahon be+ disabl$ by a w\nd71 :ile o!r matt]s ( a civil nature 7 arrang$ betwe5 ,napoleon & ,bism>ck4 ,! army t 0 surr5d]$ numb]$ eighty-two ?\s& m51 ) fifty g5]als & five ?\s& o!r (fic]s4 ,,siege ,,( ,,p>is3 ,,surr5d] ,,( ,,metz4--,z soon z ! news ( ,s$an rea*$ ,p>is1 ! imp]ial gov]nm5t fell to pieces4 ,! ,empress ,eugnie escap$ to ,engl&4 ,a republic 0 proclaim$2 & a new gov]nm5t 0 improvis$1 compos$ ( enemies ( ! ,empire1 :o belong$ to diff]5t p>ties4 ,tro*u 0 presid5t1 & gov]nor ( ,p>is2 ,jules ,favre1 a mod]ate republican1 0 m9i/] ( =eign affairs2 & ,gambetta1 an extreme republican1 0 m9i/] ( ! int]ior4 ,! wi% 0 = peace2 b ! inexorable dem& ( ! ,g]mans = ! cession ( ,alsace & ,lorra9e1 once p>ts ( ,g]many1 & n[ ass]t$ to be necess>y = its def5se aga9/ future attack f ,france1 call$ out a unit$ & indignant _s ( resi/ance4 ,! def5se ( ,p>is 0 und]tak5 ) extraord9>y en]gy3 a l>ge army 0 collect$ !re1 & a great supply ( provisions 0 ga!r$4 ,! siege ( ,p>is 0 prosecut$ by ! ,g]mans ) an equally unfl9*+ det]m9ation1 f ,sept4 #ai1 #ahgj1 to ,jan4 #bh1 #ahga4 ,repeat$ sallies ( ! ,fr5* troops1 al?\gh made ) mu* _s1 fail$ ( success4 ,! ef=ts to break ! ,prussian l9es ( connection ) ,p>is1 & to compel !m by movem5ts f )\t to raise ! siege1 7 likewise baffl$4 ,gambetta escap$ f ,p>is 9 a balloon1 & at ,t\rs direct$ 9 ! =mation ( two armies1--! army ( ! ,loire1 & ! nor!rn army1 bo? ( :i* 7 defeat$4 ,/rasburg capitulat$ 7,sept4 #bg72 & a mon? lat] 7,oct4 #bg7 ,baza9e surr5d]$ ,metz1 ) ?ree m>%als1 ?ree ?\s& (fic]s1 & "o hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree ?\s& soldi]s4 ,! ma9 army ( ,france 0 ?us lo/4 ,,william ,,made ,,emp]or3 ,,surr5d] ,,( ,,p>is4--,:ile ! siege ( ,p>is 0 9 progress1 all ! pr9ces ( ,g]many1 & ! s5ates ( ! ?ree free t[ns1 unit$ 9 ! resolution to (f] to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,conf$]ation ! title ( ,emp]or4 ,accord+ly1 on ,jan4 #ah1 #ahga1 ,k+ ,william1 9 ! ,hall ( ,mirrors at ,v]sailles1 0 =mally proclaim$ ,emp]or ( ,g]many4 ,on ! next day ,tro*u l$ ! f9al sortie f ,p>is1 ( a hundr$ ?\s& m51 :i* 0 repuls$ aft] a sev]e conte/4 ,! provisions 9 ! city 7 ne>ly exhau/$1 & on ,jan4 #bc an armi/ice = tw5ty-"o days 0 sign$4 ,p>is surr5d]$ on ! #bh?2 & on ! fir/ day ( ,m>* a national conv5tion at ,bordeaux accept$ ! prelim9>ies ( peace1 :i* includ$ ! cession ( ,alsace & ! ,g]man "p ( ,lorra9e ) ,metz1 & ! paym5t ( an indemnity ( five ?\s& million francs4 ,?i]s1 :o 0 elect$ *ief ( ! executive dep>tm5t 7,feb4 #ag71 _h manag$ ! negotiations ) ,bism>ck at ,v]sailles1 & urg$ ! acceptance ( !m on ! conv5tion4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,imp]ial ,,con/itution4--,! fir/ ,diet ( ! new ,g]man ,empire 0 op5$ at ,b]l9 on ,m>* #ba4 ,! con/itution ( x left to ea* /ate ! managem5t ( its dome/ic affairs4 ,to ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 ) ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil or ,bundesra?1 ! ,rei*/ag1 & ! emp]or 7 relegat$ ! affairs ( common int]e/4 ,! presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil 0 ! imp]ial *ancellor3 ,bism>ck 0 appo9t$ to t (fice4 ,! ,rei*/ag 0 compos$ ( deputies *os5 by g5]al suffrage4 ,! *ancellor is n responsible to ! ,rei*/ag1 b to ! emp]or4 ,p[] has n pass$ f ! mon>* to ! repres5tatives ( ! p4 ,,conte/ ,,) ,,! ,,communi/s3 ,,republican ,,con/itution4--,aft] ! conditions ( peace ) ! ,g]mans 7 settl$1 ,p>is _h to pass ?r\gh a t]rible p]iod ( disord]4 ,! communi/s 7 b5t on e/abli%+ municipal indep5d5ce1 or ! self-gov]nm5t ( ! ,commune1 & a democratic republic4 ,!y dem&$ a f$]ation ( ! t[n%ips1 or communes1 & di/ru/$ ! republicanism ( ! (ficials :o 7 9 ! ex]cise ( p[]4 ,!y are n to be conf\nd$ ) communi/s 9 ! sociali/ic s5se3 only a small fraction ( ! communal gov]nm5t1 or c5tral committee1 7 sociali/s4 ,! p>ty compris$ a multitude ( fanatical democrats ( ! l[] classes1 :o 7 ready = ! mo/ viol5t measures4 ,!y _h ris5 sev]al times dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 & _h tri$ to seize on p[]1 b _h be5 put d[n by ! troops4 ,aft] ! surr5d] ( ,p>is1 !y ga9$ possession ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! city1 & =tifi$ x4 ,! attempt to get back ! cannon :i* !y _h seiz$ caus$ a great communi/ upris+ 7,m>* #ah1 #ahga74 ,a new reign ( t]ror began4 ,d>boy1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 & _m o!rs1 7 murd]$4 ,mac,mahon1 act+ = ! ,assembly1 besieg$ ,p>is anew2 ! ,g]mans be+ neutral 9 ! =ts t 7 /ill left1 accord+ to ! treaty1 9 _! h&s4 ,9 ! fi]ce /ruggle = ! possession ( ! city1 ! pr9cipal build+s ( ,p>is 7 set on fire by ! savage communi/ic mob4 ,! ,tuil]ies1 ! ,htel de ,ville1 & a "p ( ! ,palais ,royal1 ) o!r public edifices1 7 de/roy$4 ,! insurrection 0 at l5g? suppress$1 & sev]e puni%m5ts 7 inflict$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! r+lead]s 7 ei!r %ot or transport$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,europe1 ,,! ,,?ird ,,fr5* ,,republic1 ,,& ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,italy 7#ahga-74 ,,complet$ ,,union ,,( ,,italy4--,:5 ! w> betwe5 ,prussia & ,france broke out1 ! republicans 9 ,italy 7 dispos$ to take possession ( ,rome at once4 ,mazz9i urg$ !m to ?is /ep4 ,! k+1 h[ev]1 0 b\nd by ! agreem5t ) ,france to prev5t ?is action2 :i*1 moreov]1 might h divid$1 in/ead ( unit+1 ,italy4 ,mazz9i 0 arre/$1 & s5t to ,gaeta4 ,b ) ! fall ( ,napoleon1 on ! decl>ation ( ,jules ,favre t ! ,septemb] ,conv5tion 7p4 #egd7 0 at an end1 ,victor ,emmanuel1 pr(ess+ t he 0 b\nd to ma9ta9 ord] 9 ! p59sula1 s5t 8 troops into ,rome4 ,! ,pope lo/ 8 temporal dom9ions1 & 0 limit$ to ! title & pr]ogatives ( ! spiritual head ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! seat ( ! ,italian gov]nm5t 0 remov$ to ! anci5t capital 7,july #a1 #ahga74 ,! pres5t k+1 ,umb]to ,i41 asc5d$ ! ?rone #ahgh4 ,,pius ,,ix43 ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,! ,,vatican4--,! long pontificate ( ,pius ,,ix4 0 di/+ui%$ by important acts hav+ relation to ! doctr9e & discipl9e ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,9 #ahed he promulgat$ ! decl>ation ( ! ,immaculate ,conception ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,he ?us det]m9$ au?oritatively a "q :i* _h long be5 debat$ 9 ! s*ools ( !ology4 ,t5 ye>s lat] 7#ahfd7 he issu$ an ,encyclical1 toge!r ) a ,syllabus ( ,errors1 9 :i*1 besides ! condemnation ( op9ions 9 matt]s ( fai? :i* 7 adjudg$ het]odox1 v>i\s alleg$ encroa*m5ts ( ! civil au?ority & h]etical views respect+ ! control ( ! /ate 9 ref]5ce to m>riage1 education1 etc41 7 d5\nc$4 ,! views ?us condemn$ are su* z ! k+dom ( ,belgium _h recogniz$1 & ,france & "s o!r ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries h %[n !mselves will+ to accept4 ,9 #ahfi ! ,oecum5ical ,c\ncil ( ! ,vatican assembl$1 & aft] long debate sanction$ ! doctr9e ( papal infallibility2 t is1 !y promulgat$ ! dogma t ! ,pope1 :5 address+ ! :ole ,*ur* on a subject ( morals or !ology1 is kept by ! ,_s ( ,god f enunciat+ error4 ,,old ,,ca?olics4--,mo/ ( ^? :o _h /r5u\sly endeavor$ to prev5t ?is action1 ei!r because !y consid]$ x inexp$i5t1 or disbeliev$ 9 ! doctr9e :i* x e/abli%$1 acquiesc$ 9 ! decision ( ! c\ncil4 ,!re 7 "s p]sev]+ diss5ti5ts1 h[ev]1 9 ,g]many especially1 ( :om ,dr4 ,dll+] 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,!y organiz$ !mselves z a di/9ct body1 "u ! "n ( ,old ,ca?olics4 ,!y 7 mo/ly educat$ p]sons2 ! p>ty _h no root among ! common p4 ,9 ,france1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( !m 0 ,pre ,hyac9!1 a prea*] ( mu* popul>ity & eloqu5ce4 ,,revolutions ,,9 ,,spa94--,aft] ! revolution att5d$ by ! flight ( ,que5 ,isabella f ,spa9 7#ahfh71 a majority ( ! ,cortes decid$ = a mon>*y1 al?\gh _m desir$ a republic4 ,9 #ahgj ,amadeus1 ! second son ( ! ,k+ ( ,italy1 accept$ ! cr[n4 ,b he f\nd x impossible to re/ore ord] & peace1 & ,feb4 #aa1 #ahgc1 abdicat$ ! ?rone4 ,a bloody conflict ( factions ensu$4 ,don ,c>los1 ! new ,pret5d] ( t "n1 rais$ 8 /&>d 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! ,cortes 7 = a f$]al republic4 ,ca/el>1 :o z presid5t 0 at ! head ( ! gov]nm5t1 & aft] him ,m>%al ,s]rano1 by :om he 0 sup]s$$1 made no decisive progress aga9/ ! ,c>li/s4 ,alfonso1 ! y\?ful son ( ,isabella1 0 proclaim$ k+ by ,g5]al ,m>t9ez ,campos2 & ! army pron\nc$ 9 8 favor 7,dec4 #bi1 #ahgd74 ,s]rano laid d[n 8 (fice4 ,! ,c>li/ revolt 0 cru%$1 & ,don ,c>los driv5 out ( ! c\ntry4 ,alfonso di$ #ahhe1 & 0 succe$$ by a reg5cy dur+ ! long m9ority ( 8 po/hum\s son1 ,alfonso ,,xiii4 ,bo? ,canovas & ,saga/a loyally support$ ! que5-"m1 ,m>ia ,*ri/9a1 act+ z reg5t4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,ottoman ,,empire4--,9 ,july1 #ahge1 ! ,turki% prov9ces ( ,h]zegov9a & ,bosnia rebell$ aga9/ ! intol]able oppression ( ! ,sultan's gov]nm5t4 ,! little m\nta9\s k+dom ( ,mont5egro--:i* = f\r c5turies _h pres]v$ its indep5d5ce ?r\gh num]\s /ruggles ) ,turkey1 & _h a qu>rel ( its own ) t p[]--l5t help to its ,slavonian neighbor4 ,s]via did ! same4 ,! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire1 a composite ( di/9ct prov9ces & nationalities1 0 /rongly int]e/$ to av]t w> 9 t region4 ,! revolt 0 n put d[n by ! ,turks4 ,! ?ree ,european emp]ors mov$ ! ,sultan to pl$ge himself to an ext5sive programme ( re=ms 9 ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a1--a pl$ge :i* !re 0 no int5tion on 8 "p to fulfill4 ,engl& gave no aid to ! revolt1 b /r5g!n$ h]self 9 ! ,ea/ by obta9+1 ?r\gh a pur*ase ( %>es f ! ,kh$ive ( ,egypt1 ! control ( ! ,suez ,canal 7,nov4 #be1 #ahge74 ,russia1 z k9sman ( all ! ,slavonic peoples1 & protector ( ,greek ,*ri/ians1 assum$ alone ! "p ( a *ampion ( ! maltreat$ prov9ces4 ,b ,engl& refus$ to jo9 ) ,russia1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,france1 9 ?reat5+ m effectual--t is1 co]cive--measures1 9 case ( ! ,porte's refusal to pacify ! insurg5ts by c>ry+ out 8 promises4 ,great ,brita9 0 b5t on keep+ ! ,sultan's empire1 z be+ a b>ri] 9 ! way ( ,russian ambition & ess5tial to ! security ( ,india1 f be+ dismemb]$1 & pr(ess$ to be sway$ by respect = ! rights ( ,turkey z an indep5d5t p[]4 ,a revolt 9 ,bulg>ia 0 cru%$ by ! ,turks1 :o 7 guilty ( su* t]rible atrocities t ! ,bulg>ian massacres %ock$ all ,*ri/5dom 7#ahgf74 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! difficulties j n>rat$1 two revolutions1 by :i* sultans _h be5 de?ron$1 _h tak5 place 9 ! palace at ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ambassadors ( ! ,great ,p[]s1 9 a conf]5ce at ,con/ant9ople1 agre$ 9 dem&+ ( ,turkey a con/itution & gu>anties = ! b5efit ( ! oppress$ subjects 9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,?is requirem5t ! ,porte refus$ to accept4 ,a subsequ5t attempt ( ! same nature met ) no bett] success 7#ahgg74 ,russia all[$ its subjects to r5d] effective help to ! revolt$ di/ricts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,engl& 0 (f5d$ by ! alleg$ ambiti\s s*emes ( ! ,muscovites1 & advocat$ long] =be>ance ) ! ,sultan2 b ,"l ,d]by ann\nc$ 7,april #ai1 #ahgg7 t ,turkey _h be5 w>n$ to expect no assi/ance f ,engl&4 ,nev]!less1 ! mission ( ,mr4 ,lay>d to ,con/ant9ople1 & all ! o!r circum/ances1 embold5$ ! ,turks to refuse compliance ) ! ,cz>'s dem&s4 ,,! ,,russo-,,turki% ,,w>4--,! ,turko-,russian w> began 9 ,april1 #ahgg4 ,russia1 accord+ to h] previ\s decl>ation1 took up arms alone4 ,! ,russian troops cross$ ! ,danube & ! ,balkan ,m\nta9s1 & seiz$ on ! important ,%ipka ,pass4 ,at fir/ !y seem$ de/9$ to a spe$y triumph4 ,b ! ,turks "u ,osman ,pa%a f\ght ) unexpect$ valor & success4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 _! lead] 0 oblig$ to surr5d] 8 army ( =ty-f\r ?\s& m5 at ,plevna 7,dec4 #aj74 ,adrianople 0 occupi$ by ! ,russians 7,jan4 #bh74 ,!y 7 ?us 9 ! neighborhood ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,meantime1 aft] rev]ses 9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,russians _h tak5 ,k>s1 & pu%$ on to ,erz]\m4 ,,treaty ,,( ,,san ,,/efano3 ,,! ,,b]l9 ,,conf]5ce4--,turkey n[ appeal$ to ,engl& to m$iate2 b ,russia decl9$ any su* int]v5tion1 & insi/$ on treat+ sep>ately ) ,turkey4 ,engl& 0 n[ ready to int]f]e 9 behalf ( ! ,sultan1 & = ! safety ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,russia ha/5$ to conclude ) ,turkey ! ,peace ( ,san ,/efano 7,m>* #c71 ! /ipulations ( :i* greatly r$uc$ ! ,turki% p[] 9 ,europe4 ,bulg>ia 0 to be gov]n$ by a ,*ri/ian pr9ce1 & fifty ?\s& ,russian troops 7 to occupy x = two ye>s4 ,engl& conclud$ 7,june #d7 a secret treaty engag+ to protect ,turkey 9 ,asia3 ,cyprus 0 giv5 up to be occupi$ by ! ,briti%4 ,au/ria1 z well z ,great ,brita91 0 anxi\s to deprive ,russia ( ! advantages :i* %e _h naturally expect$ to reap by ! w>1--a w> 9 :i* ! o!r p[]s _h decl9$ to take "p4 ,?us ano!r great w> 0 ?reat5$1 ab\t ! provisions ( ! ,san ,/efano treaty4 ,! conflict 0 av]t$ by ! ,congress at ,b]l9 7,june #ac-;,july #ac1 #ahgh71 :]e ,d'lsraeli--:o 0 !n prime m9i/]1 & a fri5d ( ! anti-,russian policy--repres5t$ ,engl&4 ,au/ria & ,engl& 7 aid$ by ,g]many1 & ! diplomacy ( ,gort*ak(f 0 ?us ov]borne4 ,s]via & ,r\mania1 z well z ,mont5egro1 7 decl>$ indep5d5t4 ,bulg>ia 0 divid$ into two portions2 ! s\!rn ( :i*1 call$ ,ea/ ,r\melia1 0 to be gov]n$ by ! ,sultan directly1 b ) a sep>ate adm9i/ration "u a ,*ri/ian gov]nor4 ,to ,au/ria1 ! milit>y occupation ( ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a1 :i* meant ! possession ( ^! prov9ces1 0 yield$4 ,!ssaly _h engag$ 9 an insurrection1 & ,greece _h hop$ = an ext5sion ( h] b\nd>ies2 b no?+ effectual 0 done by ,engl& to =w>d ?is claim4 ,"h ,russia1 always oppos$ to ! build+-up ( a /rong ,greek k+dom1 0 at "o ) ,engl&4 ,russia obta9$ ,k>s1 b h] ga9s 7 f> less ?an %e deem$ h]self entitl$ to receive4 ,! o!r p[]s1 on ! contr>y1 p]mitt$ ,au/ria to advance f> 9 ! direction ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,dur+ ! w>1 ! ho/ility ( ! ,magy>s 7or ,hung>ians prop]7 to ! ,slaves _h be5 ready to break out 9 ! =m ( direct arm$ assi/ance to ,turkey4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,slaves 9 ,hung>y1 & 9 all ! ,au/rian t]ritories1 7 ) difficulty re/ra9$ f enli/+ actively 9 aid ( ! ,russians4 ,! arbitr>y deal+ ( ! ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce ) ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a occasion$ an arm$ b ineffectual resi/ance1 9 ^! prov9ces1 to ! ext5sion ( ! ,au/rian sway ov] !m4 ,,situation ,,( ,,russia4--,russia1 embitt]$ by ,au/ria's refusal to aid 9 ! ,crimean ,w>1 _h rema9$ neutral 9 ! /ruggle ) ,prussia1 :i* end$ 9 ! exclusion ( ,au/ria f ,g]many4 ,russia 0 n[ (f5d$ ) ,g]many = repay+ h] neutrality 9 ! ,franco-,prussian /ruggle by help+ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce ! s*emes ( ,engl& & ,au/ria4 ,! attempt ( ,russia to =m an alliance ) ,france prompt$ ,bism>ck 7,sept41 #ahgi7 to negotiate a def5sive alliance ) ,au/ria4 ,! activity ( ! ,nihili/s1 & ! refusal ( ,france 7,m>*1 #ahhj7 to deliv] up ,h>tmann1 *>g$ ) an attempt on ! life ( ! ,cz>1 made ! ,fr5* alliance impossible4 ,! sympa?y ( ! ,emp]or ,william1 aft] ! endeavor made to assass9ate ,alex&] 7,feb4 #ag1 #ahhj71 t5d$ to re/ore cordiality4 ,russia 0 emb>rass$ by ^! int]nal tr\bles4 ,alex&] 0 murd]$ by ,nihili/s 7,m>* #ac1 #ahha71 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,alex&] ,,iii41 :o di$ aft] a l+]+ illness1 ,nov4 #a1 #ahid4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,ni*olas ,,ii4 ,9 #ahia & #ahib ,russia 0 afflict$ by fam9e & *ol]a4 ,,nihilism4--,! accession ( ,alex&] ,,ii41 foll[+ on ! rigid autocracy ( ,ni*olas1 _h introduc$ a m l5i5t rule4 ,alex&] decre$ 7,m>* #c1 #ahfa7 ! emancipation ( ! s]fs1 :o 7 also end[$ ) small possessions 9 l&4 ,! boon ?us conf]r$1 along ) its advantages1 br\ght ) x h>d%ip2 = !re 7 ways ( oppression /ill op5 to ! nobles1 by :i* ! emancipat$ class 7 made griev\sly to suff]4 ,! great measure s]v$ to increase ! national agitation :i* 0 connect$ ) o!r causes4 ,!re _h long be5 an en?usia/ic p>ty ( ,slavophils1 actuat$ by a /rong race-feel+1 & eag] = ,panslavism1 or a union ( ,slavonic peoples4 ,x 0 ! p 9 ,russia :i* mov$ ! c\rt1 aga9/ its w1 to g to w>1 s+le-h&$1 ) ,turkey1 9 #ahgg4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ! w>1 ! abuses :i* 7 br\ght to light among (ficials1 civil & milit>y1 height5$ ! indignation :i* ! corrupt bureaucracy--! adm9i/ration by dep>tm5ts1 ea* "u its *ief--provok$4 ,! failure to ga!r ! h>ve/ ( ! w>1 ( :i* ,russia 0 depriv$ by diplomacy1 increas$ ! popul> unre/4 ,a p>ty ( sociali/ic democracy1 a revolution>y p>ty1 _h develop$ itself z e>ly z #ahgd4 ,! way _h be5 prep>+ = x = a decade ( ye>s4 ,out ( ?is p>ty came lat] 7#ahgh7 ! ,t]rori/s1--! secret body :i* s\ght = a rem$y = social & gov]nm5tal evils by annihilat+ all exi/+ au?ority 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,!y _h begun ) ! dem& ( a con/itution4 ,! despotic1 repressive measures ( ! gov]nm5t--9 #ahgi & #ahhj1 sixty ?\s& p]sons 7 s5t to ,sib]ia )\t a trial--7 foll[$ by m desp]ate attempts ( ,nihili/ conspirators ^u ! lives ( ! rul]s ( ! l&1 & ( _! ag5ts4 ,^! culm9at$ 9 ! murd] ( ! ,cz>4 ,,communism ,,& ,,socialism4--,a brief sket* ( ! v>i\s movem5ts ?us designat$ may be "h 9 place4 ,communism is ! "n giv5 to ! !ory t x is desirable to h a community ( goods1 & a total or p>tial abolition ( private prop]ty4 ,socialism is (t5 us$ to designate ! same sy/em1 b is m commonly appli$ to ! doctr9e t gov]nm5t %\ld own ! l& & all ! implem5ts ( indu/ry4 ,n a few religi\s sects ( communi/s1 l ! ,%ak]s 7e/abli%$ 9 #aghj1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 h long exi/$4 ,! hope ( social amelioration by societies ( a communi/ic "* has l$ to a v>iety ( movem5ts = ! =mation ( !m on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,equality1 education1 deliv]ance f pov]ty & f burd5some toil1 h be5 ! bless+s s\ght4 ,prom95t lead]s 9 su* movem5ts 7 ,sa9t-,simon 7#agfj-ahbe71 ^: ideas produc$ a /rong effect 9 ,france2 ,*>les ,f\ri] 7#aggb-ahcg71 by ^: influ5ce phalanxes1 z ! communities adopt+ 8 views 7 nam$1 7 =m$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica2 & ,rob]t ,ow5 7#agga-aheh71 ^: societies 7 built up at ,new ,lan>k 9 ,scotl&1 ,new ,h>mony 9 ,indiana1 & 9 o!r places4 ,s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( #ahdh1 ^! p>ticul> attempts ( philan?ropic socialism h pass$ out ( notice4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,reign ( ,t]ror1 ,babeuf attempt$ 7#agif7 to ov]?r[ ! au?orities 9 ,p>is1 & to br+ to pass an equal division ( prop]ty4 ,! c\rse ( political /ruggles 9 ,france1 9 connection ) ! revolutions 9 indu/ry & trade1 :i* h occurr$ s9ce ! fall ( ! fir/ ,napoleon1 h giv5 rise to a disaffect$ work+-class1 or prolet>iat4 ,! compla9t has aris51 t ! b5efits result+ f political fre$om 9 ,europe h come to ! middle class1--to tradesm5 & manufactur]s possess$ ( capital1--& t ! labor+ class are depriv$ ( _! due %>e ( ! pr(its ( indu/ry4 ,"o not$ exp\nd] ( communism 9 ,france 0 ,pr\dhon 7#ahji-ahfe71 :o s\ght to give emphasis to 8 doctr9e by affirm+ t prop]ty is !ft4 ,l\is ,blanc1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! provisional gov]nm5t 9 ,france 9 #ahdh1 bo? be=e & aft] t "t 0 an active promot] ( ! s*eme "u :i* gov]nm5t is to furni% labor on a l>ge scale1 & to become ! gr& employ] ( ! work+-class4 ,9 ,g]many1 socialism 9 its lat] di/9ctive =m1 z def9$ above1 has be5 advocat$ by a numb] ( well-kn[n writ]s4 ,p]haps ! able/ ( ^! 0 ,f]d9& ,lasalle 7#ahbe-ahfd74 ,l ! o!r pr9cipal sociali/s1 he w\ld clo! ! ,/ate ) a va/ly augm5t$ p[] & responsibility4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 socialism is directly antagoni/ic to ! ideas ( democracy :i* _h previ\sly prevail$4 ,lasalle's doctr9e 0 t ! ,/ate %\ld l5d capital at int]e/ to associations ( labor]s4 ,?is1 he ?\ght1 w\ld be ! fir/ /ep 9 _! emancipation4 ,k>l ,m>x w\ld g mu* f>!r4 ,he w\ld transf] to ! ,/ate all capital & all means ( production4 ,he w\ld1 z he pr(esses1 ov]?r[ all ! exi/+ arrangem5ts ( society4 ,) prop]ty1 inh]itance is to be aboli%$2 labor is to be made compulsory2 all means ( transport are to be 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 & s =?4 ,! ,int]national ,work+ ,m5's ,association--popul>ly call$ ! ,int]national--0 organiz$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfd4 ,x has held congresses 9 ,g5eva1 & 9 o!r cities4 ,x ent]$ ^u ! mo/ de/ructive s*emes ( social agitation & revolution4 ,b ! society 0 divid$ 9 #ahgb1 on ! expulsion ( ,bakun91 a ,russian ,nihili/4 ,a faction ( ! mo/ viol5t class cont9u$ its activity = a :ile1 & /irr$ up ris+s 9 sev]al t[ns 9 ,spa9 9 #ahgc1 9 imitation ( ! insurrections 9 ,p>is 9 #ahga4 ,diff]5t %ades ( sociali/ic !ory h be5 advocat$2 f ! ,*ri/ian ,socialism :i* aims at su* objects z ! creation ( coop]ative associations 9 ! work+-class1 to ! fanatics :o w\ld sweep away exi/+ in/itutions by viol5ce1 & :o resort to ! use ( dynamite z a means ( inspir+ t]ror4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,,s9ce #ahga4--,?i]s _h wond]ful success 9 provid+ = ! paym5t ( ! ,g]man indemnity4 ,8 t]m ( (fice 0 prolong$ 7,aug4 #ca1 #ahga7 = ?ree ye>s1 ) ! title ( ,presid5t4 ,?i]s _h coop]at$ ) ,mac,mahon 9 cru%+ ! commune1 & 9 :olesome measures = ! pres]vation ( ord]4 ,an adv]se vote 9 ! ,assembly 7,may #bd1 #ahgc7 caus$ 8 resignation4 ,?is 0 effect$ by a comb9ation ( ! mon>*ical p>ties4 ,mac,mahon1 8 successor1 took a v cons]vative position4 ,! mon>*i/s unit$ to re/ore ! ,c\nt ( ,*ambord to ! ?rone z ,h5ry ,v41 b ! s*eme fail$4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahge1 a new con/itution1 ( a cons]vative republican ca/1 0 e/abli%$1 :i* provid$ = a presid5t & a cab9et1 a s5ate1 & a *amb] ( deputies4 ,! legitimi/s1 ,orleani/s1 & imp]iali/s unit$ ) ! presid5t 9 8 reaction>y1 anti-republican policy4 ,! :ole cl]ical p>ty 7 on t side4 ,! republicans 7 divid$ among !mselves1 ! mo/ radical gr\p be+ "u ! lead]%ip ( ,gambetta4 ,! dang] to ! republic compell$ a common policy4 ,"o ( ! great subjects ( controv]sy relat$ to public education1 9 ! managem5t ( :i* ! ,*ur* & ! cl]gy desir$ to reta9 & ext5d _! influ5ce & control4 ,to secul>ize education1 0 a ma9 aim ( ! body ( ! republicans4 ,! success ( ! republicans1 aga9/ extraord9>y ef=ts made to defeat !m1 9 ! elections ( #ahgg1 at la/ prevail$ on ! m>%al-presid5t to accept ! v]dict ( ! c\ntry2 & late 9 ! ye> a republican cab9et 0 =m$4 ,! measures ( ,jules ,f]ry & 8 support]s1 = tak+ ! bus9ess ( in/ruction out ( ! h&s ( ecclesia/ics & ( ! cl]ical ord]s1 al?\gh mo/ e>ne/ly resi/$ by ,bi%op ,dupanl\p & ! :ole cl]ical p>ty1 & oppos$ by a section ( ! republicans l$ by ,jules ,simon1 71 aft] heat$ cont5tion1 adopt$1 & 7 completely c>ri$ out 7#ahhj74 ,! dea? ( ,?i]s 7,sept41 #ahgg7 did n weak5 ! p>ty ( :i* he 0 ! mo/ honor$ lead]4 ,! dea? ( ! "y ,pr9ce ,l\is ,napoleon 7#ahgi7 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :]e he 0 s]v+1 "u ! ,briti%1 aga9/ ! ,zulus1 0 an almo/ fatal bl[ to ! hopes ( ! ,bonap>ti/ faction4 ,! m rec5t dea? ( ,c\nt ,*ambord 7#ahhc7 0 foll[$ by ! recognition1 on ! "p ( ! legitimi/s1 ( ! ,c\nt ( ,p>is1 ( ! ,orleans h\se1 z ! next heir to ! ?rone4 ,a manife/o ( ,pr9ce ,j]ome ,napoleon 7#ahhc71 aft] ! dea? ( ! "y ,pr9ce ,napoleon1 ar\s$ an agitation aga9/ all pret5d]s to ! ?rone1--9 p>ticul>1 aga9/ ! ,orleani/s2 :i* l$1 aft] protract$ debates1 to ! =c$ retirem5t ( all ! pr9ces ( ?is family f active s]vice 9 ! ,fr5* army4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahha1 ,gambetta became ! head ( ! cab9et2 b ! opposition to 8 policy )9 ! republican ranks 0 /rong] ?an _h be5 anticipat$4 ,aft] a %ort "t he laid d[n 8 (fice4 ,he di$ ,dec4 #ca1 #ahhb4 ,jules ,grvy 7fir/ elect$ ,jan4 #cj1 #ahgi7 0 re-elect$ presid5t ,dec4 #bh1 #ahhe4 ,he 0 =c$ to resign 9 #ahhg because 8 son-9-law 0 implicat$ 9 corrupt transactions4 ,8 successor 0 ,sadi ,c>not4 ,,fr5* ,,conque/s ,,abroad4--,! failure ( ,france1 9 ! ,ori5tal difficulties1 to ga9 ! p[] :i* %e desir$1 impell$ h] to build up colonial int]e/s & settlem5ts4 ,p>tly to puni% m>aud+ tribes1 9 #ahha1 an exp$ition 0 s5t aga9/ ,tunis2 & ! ,bey 0 =c$ to accept a protectorate ( ! ,fr5* ov] 8 dom9ion4 ,?us ! ,fr5* enl>g$ _! p[] 9 ,africa4 ,?is proce$+ gave great (f5se to ,engl&1 ,italy1 & ! ,turki% ,sultan4 ,on ! gr\nd ( a treaty ( #ahda1 a ,fr5* admiral dem&$ ! submission ( ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,madagasc> to a ,fr5* protectorate2 & :5 ?is dem& 0 refus$1 he bomb>d$ & captur$ ! second city 9 ! isl&1 ,tamatave 7#ahhc74 ,! ef=ts ( ,france to ga9 control ov] ,tonqu9 & ! adjac5t t]ritory 9 ,*9a attract$ /ill m att5tion4 ,tonqu9 is ! mo/ popul\s prov9ce ( ! k+dom ( ,anam1 ( :i* x =m$ a "p aft] #ahjb4 ,ov] ?is k+dom1 ,*9a claim$ ! rights ( a suz]a92 :i* ! ,fr5* refus$ to ackn[l$ge4 ,9 #ahfb1 aft] a w> la/+ = almo/ f\r ye>s1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 obta9$ f ,anam1 by ! treaty ( ,saigun1 ! prov9ces call$ ,co*9-,*9a4 ,9 #ahgd ! ,fr5* ,republic extort$ f ,k+ ,tuduc ( ,anam a treaty by :i* 8 =eign policy 0 plac$ "u ! direction ( ,france4 ,aga9/ ?is treaty1 ,*9a prote/$4 ,9 #ahhb ! ,fr5* comm&] ,rivire seiz$ ! city ( ,hanoi4 ,! ,black ,flags1 a body ( free-lances or pirates1 ^: lead] _h be5 "o ( ! ,*9ese rebels1 f\ght aga9/ ! ,fr5*2 b x soon appe>$ t bo? ! k+ ( ,anam & ! gov]nm5t ( ,*9a 7 9 league ) 8 ho/ile =ce4 ,two ye>s lat] a treaty 0 sign$ br++ ,tonk9 almo/ directly "u ,fr5* rule & re/abli%+ ! protectorate 9 ,anam4 ,,! ,,conflict ,,( ,,prussia ,,& ,,! ,,vatican4--,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,g]many is recogniz$ z a legal in/itution4 ,its rev5ues are receiv$ f ! /ate1 :i*1 9 turn1 ex]cises a sup]vision ov] ! education ( its cl]gy4 ,9 ,prussia1 especially "u ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv41 l>ge privileges 7 grant$ by law to ! ,ca?olic body4 ,! proce$+s ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil awak5$ 9 ,g]many1 z else:]e 9 ,europe1 ! appreh5sion t ! decree ( papal infallibility might give rise to conflict betwe5 ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! ,/ate4 ,bism>ck consid]$ t ! ultramontane p>ty 9 ! ,*ur* involv$ dang] to ! newly creat$ ,g]man ,empire4 ,! ,prussian gov]nm5t resi/$ ! attempt ( ! ,*ur*1 9 #ahga1 to remove f (fice ,ca?olic tea*]s :o refus$ to subscribe to ! ,vatican dogma ( papal infallibility4 ,9 o!r words1 ! gov]nm5t recogniz$ & und]took to protect ! ,old ,ca?olics4 ,! conte/ ) ! cl]ical or ultramontane p>ty w5t on2 & be=e ! end ( ! ye>1 ! ,ca?olic bran* ( ! ,prussian ,m9i/ry ( ,wor%ip & ,in/ruction 0 aboli%$4 ,9 a debate 9 #ahgb1 ,bism>ck said1 ,( ?is be sure1 t nei!r 9 ,*ur* nor 9 ,/ate are we on ! way to ,canossa4 ,8 policy met ) a det]m9$ resi/ance f ,pius ,,ix4 ,! ,jesuits 7 expell$ f ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,?is law 0 aft]w>ds con/ru$ to include o!r ord]s4 ,,! ,,falk ,,laws3 ,,cont9u$ ,,conflict4--,! laws propos$ by ! ,prussian m9i/] ( wor%ip1 ,falk1 requir$ t c&idates = ! cl]ical (fice 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* %\ld h a tra9+ 9 ! gymnasium & univ]sity1 & t e ecclesia/ical appo9tm5t %\ld be sanction$ by ! civil au?orities4 ,!y provid$ = a royal c\rt = ! settlem5t ( ecclesia/ical que/ions4 ,^! laws 7 pass$ 9 #ahgc4 ,9 #ahge civil m>riage 0 made obligatory 9 ! empire4 ,^! measures 7 /\tly resi/$ by ! ,c5t]1 or ! cl]ical p>ty1 9 ! ,prussian ,p>liam5t1 & 9 ! ,rei*/ag4 ,!y 7 decl>$ by ! ,pope to be invalid1 & ,roman ,ca?olics 7 =bidd5 to obey !m4 ,o!r enactm5ts1 "o ( :i* =bade all paym5ts to ! bi%ops & cl]gy unless !y %\ld sign a promise to obey ! laws ( ! /ate1 7 adopt$ by ,prussia4 ,refractory bi%ops & prie/s 7 puni%$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! result 0 t ! ,roman ,ca?olic p>ty1 l$ by ,w9dhor/1 ex-m9i/] ( ,hanov]1 9 opposition to ,bism>ck's measures1 0 consolidat$4 ,! /ruggle ext5d$ beyond ! b\nds ( ,prussia3 x 0 ,bav>ia1 a ,ca?olic /ate1 :i* propos$ ! law requir+ civil m>riage4 ,aft] ! accession ( ,leo ,,xiii41 !re 0 on bo? sides an increas$ disposition to f9d t]ms ( peace by :i* ! num]\s vacancies 9 ,ca?olic cl]ical (fices c\ld be fill$4 ,! ne$ :i* ,bism>ck felt ( ! support ( ! ,c5t] = 8 f9ancial measures favor$ ?is result4 ,falk resign$ 7,july #ac1 #ahgi71 he be+ p]sonally odi\s to ! ,roman p>ty4 ,aft] long debates1 a bill 0 pass$ 7,jan4 #a1 #ahhb7 giv+ to ! k+ & 8 m9i/]s discretion>y p[]s1 :i* op5$ ! way = fill+ ! vacant places4 ,/ill1 9 ! great fe/ival at ! completion ( ! ,cologne ,ca!dral 7,oct4 #ae71 ! cl]ical p>ty /ood alo(4 ,b ! mutual fri5dly approa*es ( ! *ancelor & 8 ultramontane oppon5ts cont9u$4 ,diplomatic correspond5ce 0 op5$ ) ! ,vatican4 ,"s ( ! h>%] features ( ! anti-papal legislation 7 revok$4 ,,bism>ck ,,& ,,socialism4--,"o motive 9 ?is modification ( ! *ancelor's policy 0 ! rapid progress ( socialism4 ,at fir/1 :ile ,bism>ck 0 engag$ 9 a /ruggle ) ! lib]als1 :o imp$$ 8 plans 9 ! ,prussian ,p>liam5t1 he _h will+ly avail$ himself ( ! support ( ,lasalle & 8 sociali/ic foll[]s4 ,b aft] ! w> ) ,france1 ! p>ty ( ! ,social ,democrats became m & m num]\s & =midable4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until a second attempt 0 made on ! emp]or's life1 t ,bism>ck 0 able to c>ry1 aga9/ ! comb9ation ( p>ties1 8 measures giv+ to ! gov]nm5t extraord9>y p[]s = ! /ifl+ ( sociali/ic agitation 7#ahgi74 ,! law = ! suppression ( sociali/ic meet+s1 newspap]s1 etc41 0 rigor\sly en=c$4 ,,! ,,p>ticul>i/s4--,bism>ck 01 moreov]1 oblig$ to cont5d ) ! ,p>ticul>i/s1 :o 7 ho/ile to ! ,empire1 & ) a l>ge numb] besides !m1 :o 7 oppos$ to a great] degree ( imp]ial c5tralization at ! exp5se ( ! p[] ( ! sep>ate /ates4 ,unable to obta9 = ! imp]ial gov]nm5t ! control ov] ! ,g]man railroad sy/em1 he devis$ a plan 7#ahgi7 by :i* ,prussia w\ld ev5tually control ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! railroads ( ,g]many4 ,an imp]ial code ( laws 0 adopt$ 7#ahgg72 b1 f jeal\sy ( ,prussia1 ! seat ( ! supreme c\rt ( appeal 0 fix$ at ,leipsic4 ,9 8 economical & f9ancial measures1 ! *ancelor 0 (t5 *>g$ ) ! ex]cise ( arbitr>y p[]4 ,free1 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 accord+ to ! ,engli% sy/em1 did n accord ) 8 idea ( ! ,prussian mon>*y1 & ) ! "* ( ! new empire1 ! unity ( :i* he 0 naturally anxi\s to =tify4 ,by 8 alliance ) ,au/ria 9 #ahgi1 he plac$ ,g]many 9 a situation to resi/ ,russia & ,france1 9 case ,russia1 aggriev$ by ! action ( ,g]many at ! ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce 7#ahgh71 %\ld jo9 h&s ) ,france 9 acts ( ho/ility aga9/ ! ,g]man empire4 ,9 #ahhh ,william ,i4 di$ & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 :o held ! sov]eignty b a few mon?s1 dy+ ,june #ae1 #ahhh4 ,8 son1 ,william ,,ii41 succe$$ him4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,sway ,,9 ,,india4--,briti% sway by degrees ext5d$ itself ov] ,india4 ,! fall ( ! ,mogul empire left ! c\ntry 9 a /ate ( an>*y4 ,/rife arose ) "o tribe aft] ano!r1 until ! au?ority ( ,engl& came to be ackn[l$g$ z f> nor? z ! ,himalayas4 ,! ,engli% advance 0 made ) ! help ( native auxili>ies1 & c\ld n h be5 made )\t x4 ,x 0 q z mu* an int]nal revolution z a =eign conque/4 ,z ! ,briti% enl>g$ _! dom9ion1 & came into conflict ) ! ,fr5*1 ! appetite = supremacy grew4 ,"u ! rule ( ! ,m>quis ( ,wellesley 7#agih-ahje71 p>tly ?r\gh ! victories ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,wellesley 7aft]w>ds ! ,duke ( ,well+ton71 ! policy ( int]v5tion & annexation 0 pursu$ ) brilliant success4 ,! ,burmese 7 conqu]$1 & p>ts ( _! t]ritory annex$1 9 #ahbf1 #aheb1 & #ahhe4 ,! ef=t always 0 to secure a quiet fronti]4 ,9 #ahdc a w> ) ,sc9de result$ 9 its absorption 9 ,briti% t]ritory4 ,9 #ahdi ! annexation ( ,punjab foll[$1 a ,briti% protectorate hav+ be5 f\nd insuffici5t4 ,! misgov]nm5t ( ! native pr9ces 9 ,oude l$ to ! assumption ( ! gov]nm5t ( t prov9ce by ! ,engli% 9 #ahef4 ,,! ,,indian ,,mut9y4--,!re 0 ho/ility to ,briti% rule among ! ,mohamm$ans 9 ,india1 & di/ru/ among ! ,h9doos4 ,! latt] acquir$ a fanatical belief t ! ,engli%1 :o _h aboli%$ ! burn+ ( wid[s1 & ev5 legaliz$ _! m>riage1 meant to =ce ! p to lose ca/e by driv+ !m to sacrilegi\s practices4 ,! report t c>tridges _h be5 s]v$ out :i* _h be5 lubricat$ ) ! fat ( ! sw9e1 abhorr$ by ,moslems1 & ( ! c[1 v5]at$ by ! ,h9doos1 /irr$ up a revolt among ! native ,sepoy troops 7#aheg74 ,! insurrection spread1 & 0 att5d$ ) savage cruelties4 ,!re 0 a frightful massacre ( wom5 & *ildr5 at ,cawnpore1 be=e ,g5]al ,havelock c\ld arrive = its relief4 ,! ,engli%1 :o 7 besieg$ 9 ,luckn[1 aft] t]rible suff]+1 7 reliev$ by ! opportune com+ ( ?is gallant soldi]4 ,all ! ,engli% resid5ts 9 ,delhi1 :o c\ld n escape into ! jungle1 7 murd]$4 ,! weak old k+ plac$ himself at ! head ( ! rebellion4 ,delhi 0 recaptur$ by ! ,briti%1 & ! conque/ complet$ by ,sir ,col9 ,campbell 7,m>* #bb1 #aheh74 ,oude 0 subdu$4 ,gradually ! rebellion 0 cru%$1 & m]ciless sev]ity 0 ex]cis$ by ! conqu]ors ^u ^? mo/ actively conc]n$ 9 x4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ! revolt 0 ! entire transf]5ce ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,india f ! ,ea/ ,india ,company to ! ,cr[n4 ,! measure 0 introduc$ into ,p>liam5t by ,"l ,palm]/on 7#aheh74 ,"u ! m9i/ry ( ,disraeli1 & on 8 motion1 ! ,que5 add$ to h] titles t ( ,empress ( ,india 7#ahgg74 ,,briti% ,,w>s ,,) ,,! ,,afghans4--,9 ! la/ c5tury ,ahm$ ,khan1 ! rul] ( ,afghani/an1 ext5d$ 8 dom9ion z f> z ,delhi4 ,b he di$ 9 #aggc1 & 8 son ,tim\r *ang$ ! seat ( gov]nm5t f ,c&ah> to ,cabul4 ,9 #ahch ! ,engli% decl>$ w> aga9/ ,do/ ,mohamm$1 "o ( ! ?ree rul]s ( ! c\ntry1 ^: seat ( p[] 0 9 ?is city4 ,! ,briti% attack 0 successful2 b insurrections broke out 7#ahda71 & !y agre$ to evacuate ! c\ntry4 ,! :ole ,briti% army1 :i* _h to pass ?r\gh ! ,kurd-,cabul ,pass1 0 de/roy$ by cold & hung]1 & by ! h>ass+ attacks ( ! m\nta9e]s 7#ahdb74 ,x numb]$ =ty-five hundr$ fight+ m5 & twelve ?\s& five hundr$ camp-foll[]s4 ,ano!r ,briti% army1 "u ,g54 ,pollock1 =c$ ! ,khyb] ,pass1 & took v5geance on ,cabul4 ,9 #ahee ,do/ ,mohamm$1 n[ an ally ( ! ,engli%1 drove ! ,p]sians out ( ,h]at1 :i*1 z ! key ( ,india1 ! ,briti% 7 anxi\s to protect aga9/ ambiti\s s*emes ( ,russia4 ,9 #ahfc he took ,h]at f ,ahm$1 ! sultan !re1 :o 0 consid]$ a tool ( ,p]sia & ( ,russia4 ,do/ ,mohamm$ di$ soon aft]1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,%] ,ali ,khan4 ,aft] ! acquisition ( ,quetta by ! ,engli%1 he began to side ) ! ,russians4 ,8 intrigues ) !m1 & 8 refusal to receive a ,briti% embassy1 br\ght on ! second ,afghan w> ( ! ,briti% 7#ahgh-ha74 ,! ame] di$ 7,feb4 #ba1 #ahgi72 ! ,afghans 7 defeat$ by ,g54 ,rob]ts1 :o took ,cabul1 & in/all$ z ame] ,abdurrahman ,khan 7#ahhj74 ,! ,engli% !n decid$ to evacuate ! t]ritory4 ,on _! m>* !y 7 attack$ by ,ayub ,khan ( ,h]at4 ,lat] he 0 defeat$ by ,rob]ts1 & driv5 back to t place4 ,! ,glad/one m9i/ry _h succe$$ ! m9i/ry ( ,disraeli1 :o _h be5 anxi\s to e/abli% a sci5tific fronti] betwe5 ,afghani/an & ! ,cz>'s t]ritories1--su* a fronti] z w\ld secure a neutral zone betwe5 !m & ,india1 to s]ve z a b>ri] aga9/ ,russian invasion4 ,,russia ,,& ,,afghani/an4--,! gradual approa*es ( ,russia 9 ! direction ( ,h]at h be5 on two l9es4 ,! "o is ! l9e s\?-ea/]ly f ! ,caspian4 ,%e ga9$ a lodgm5t 9 #ahfi at ,krasnovodsk on ! ea/]n %ore ( t sea4 ,9 #ahhj ,geopteke & ,askabat 7 tak54 ,! o!r l9e ( aggressive approa* is s\?-we/]ly f ! neighborhood ( ! ,oxus4 ,on ?is l9e1 p>tly f displeasure at ! ,engli% occupation ( ,egypt1 & 9 pursuance ( ! policy1 adopt$ especially s9ce ! ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce 7#ahgh71 to advance t[>ds ,h]at1 ! ,russians sudd5ly seiz$ ,m]v1 an oasis extremely important f a milit>y po9t ( view1 ov] :i* ,p]sia claim$ a c]ta9 suz]a9ty4 ,! ,russians occupi$ x 9 =ce1 "u ,g54 ,kom>(f 7,m>* #af1 #ahhd74 ,subsequ5tly ,engl& & ,russia agre$ to asc]ta9 & fix ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,afghani/an4 ,! occupation ( ,p5jdeh by ! ,afghans1 foll[$ by ! advance ( ,kom>(f1--( :i* ! ,briti% compla9$ z an aggression1--br\ght ! two c\ntries to ! v]ge ( w> 7#ahhe74 ,,! ,,we/]n ,,p[]s ,,& ,,egypt4--,! ,ori5tal "q--! "q relat+ to ,turkey & its dep5d5cies--con/antly took on new phases1 & pres5t$ to ! p[]s ( ,europe fre% difficulties & dang]s ( conflict4 ,! ,kh$ive ( ,egypt1 ,ismail ,pa%a1 0 a fri5d & admir] ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 & ( ! ,fr5*4 ,he succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ! ,sultan repeat$ concessions1 :i* r$uc$ 8 dep5d5ce on ,turkey to little m ?an an obligation to pay an annual tribute1 toge!r ) c]ta9 m>ks ( respect & honor4 ,8 conflicts ) l&s on ! s\?1 ,daf\r & ,abyss9ia1 8 extravagant outlays 9 public works ( int]nal improvem5t1 & ! enorm\s int]e/ paid to =eign capitali/s = _! loans1 involv$ him 9 ! utmo/ f9ancial emb>rassm5t4 ,?is furni%$ ! occasion to ! ,we/]n p[]s1 9 p>ticul> to ,engl& & ,france1 to int]m$dle /ill m 9 ,egyptian affairs4 ,! ,kh$ive sold to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 8 %>es 9 ! ,suez ,canal1 & gave into ! h&s ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* 7#ahgh7 ! control ( ! f9ancial adm9i/ration ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is sort ( dep5d5ce 0 repugnant to bo? ! ,kh$ive & ! ,egyptian p4 ,! native (fic]s 7 pu%$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,! mo/ lucrative /ations 7 fill$ by =eign]s1 & ! weight ( taxation 0 almo/ intol]able4 ,! attempt to ?r[ (f ?is yoke only result$ 9 ! deposition ( ,ismail by ! ,sultan1 on ! dem& ( ! two ,we/]n p[]s4 ,8 weak son1 ,tewfik ,pa%a1 took 8 place4 ,! control ( ! f9ances rema9$ 9 =eign h&s4 ,! result ( ! discont5t ( ! p1 & ( ! disaffection ( ! ,egyptian (fic]s1 0 a revolt l$ by ,arabi ,pa%a1 a milit>y (fic] 7#ahha74 ,! ,kh$ive compli$ ) ! dem&s ( ! insurg5ts3 _! *ief 0 made m9i/] ( w>4 ,! ,we/]n p[]s 7 b5t on suppress+ ?is movem5t1 &1 9 addition to ?reats & diplomatic measures1 s5t _! fleets to ,egypt4 ,a revolt broke out 9 ,alex&ria1 9 :i* ! ,engli% consul 0 w\nd$ & _m ,europeans 7 sla9 7,june1 #ahhb74 ,! city 0 fill$ ) t]ror1 & all trade 0 susp5d$4 ,! ,engli% fleet bomb>d$ ! city1 & set x on fire4 ,arabi )drew 8 troops to ,cairo4 ,he 0 n[ depos$ by ! ,kh$ive1 & decl>$ a rebel4 ,8 troops %[$ little _s4 ,! =tifications ( ,tel-el-,kebir 7 tak5 by ! ,engli% g5]al1 ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley1 almo/ )\t resi/ance4 ,ab\kir1 ,damietta1 & ,cairo surr5d]$1 & ! ,egyptian lead]1 ,arabi1 0 captur$ & bani%$4 ,f t "t ,egypt fell into a condition ( helpless dep5d5ce on ,engl&4 ,france f\nd h]self )\t ! influ5ce !re :i* %e _h always covet$ s9ce ! days ( ! fir/ ,napoleon4 ,! sy/em ( adm9i/ration 9 ,egypt 0 n[ organiz$ by ! ,engli%1 ?r\gh ,"l ,duff]94 ,great compla9t 0 made aga9/ !m by ! o!r p[]s1 = n tak+ suffici5t precautions to prev5t ! introduction ( ! *ol]a f ,india4 ,! pr9cipal tr\bles ( ! ,engli% grew out ( ! invasion ( ! false prophet call$ ,el ,mahdi1 :o ga!r$ to himself a ho/ ( foll[]s 9 ! ,s\dan1 p>tly in/igat$ by ,moslem fanaticism1 b l>gely impell$ by _! hatr$ ( ! ,egyptian gov]nm5t e/abli%$ ov] t region4 ,! p ( ! ,s\dan compla9$ bitt]ly ( ! oppressive ,egyptian (fic]s4 ,! slave-deal]s !re 7 exasp]at$ at ! prohibition ( _! traffic1 on :i* ,engl& _h insi/$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! conflict ) ,el ,mahdi1 ,hicks ,pa%a1 an ,engli% (fic] 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,kh$ive1 0 defeat$ & sla91 & 8 =ce cut to pieces1 ne> ,el ,obeid 7,nov4 #c1 #d1 & #e1 #ahhc74 ,!re 0 great fe> n[ = ! prov9ce ( ,s5na> & especially = ! city ( ,kh>t\m1 :]e !re 7 _m ,europeans4 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 & ! ,engli% m9i/ry ( :i* he 0 ! head1 7 n dispos$ to hold ! ,s\dan1 b desir$ to give x up z soon z ! g>risons c\ld be rescu$ & br\ght away4 ,to ?is policy ! ,kh$ive 0 oppos$4 ,! project ( a milit>y int]f]5ce 9 ! ,s\dan by ! ,sultan1 ! ,engli% took c>e to prev5t by atta*+ to x impossible conditions4 ,on ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,osman ,digna1 a p>tisan ( ! ,mahdi1 made repeat$ attacks ^u ,suakim1 ! base ( ! op]ations ( ,bak] ,pa%a1 ano!r =m] ,engli% (fic]1 n[ become g5]al ( ! ,egyptian army4 ,on acc\nt ( ! c[>dice ( ! ,egyptian troops1 ,bak] 0 defeat$ ) heavy loss 7,feb4 #d1 #ahhd74 ,! ,briti% troops f ,cairo "u ,graham _h bett] success2 & ,osman ,digna 0 vanqui%$1 & driv5 into ! m\nta9s4 ,! ,engli% gov]nm5t adopt$ ! extraord9>y measure ( s5d+ ,g5]al ,gordon to ,kh>t\m2 8 err& be+ to pacify ! tribes ( ! ,s\dan1 to provide = ! deliv]ance ( ! g>risons1 & to arrange t]ms ( accommodation ) ,el ,mahdi4 ,?is la/ x 0 f\nd impossible to accompli%4 ,b]b] 0 captur$ by ! enemy1 & g>rison & male population 7 slaught]$4 ,gordon 0 %ut up 9 ,kh>t\m4 ,! peculi> f9ancial situation oblig$ ! ,engli% m9i/ry to hold a conf]5ce ( ! great p[]s 7,june #bh1 #ahhe7 at ,london4 ,"l ,granville insi/$ t only f9ancial po9ts1 & n ! g5]al ,egyptian "q1 %\ld be consid]$1 :i* did n accord ) ! views ( ! o!r p[]s1 & ! conf]5ce adj\rn$ )\t effect+ any?+4 ,! p]il\s situation ( ,gordon1 & ! feel+ 9 ,engl& on ?is acc\nt1 oblig$ ! gov]nm5t to s5d out ,g5]al ,wolseley ) a l>ge =ce to ,egypt2 b be=e aid c\ld be giv5 ,gordon1 ,kh>t\m1 0 betray$1 & he 0 sla94 ,! c\rse ( ,engl& respect+ ,egypt _h left h] isolat$ z reg>ds ! o!r ,european p[]s1 & _h awak5$ mu* disaffection 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 ! policy ( ! ,glad/one m9i/ry 9 relation to ,egypt1 ev5 m ?an compla9ts gr[+ out ( _! conduct 9 ! tr\bles ) ,russia1 t oblig$ !m to resign1 & to give place to ! ,tory cab9et ( ,"l ,salisbury4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,tewfik 7,jan4 #g1 #ahib7 8 son1 ,abbas ,pa%a1 became kh$ive4 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,canada4--,on ! cession ( ,canada to ,great ,brita9 7#agfc71 ! ,fr5* inhabitants ( ,l[] ,canada 7 secur$ 9 ! free ex]cise ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 & 9 ! possession ( equal rights ) ,engli% settl]s4 ,! ,quebec ,act ( #aggd made ,canada "o royal gov]nm5t1 & br\ght 9 ! ,engli% crim9al code ) trial by jury4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution1 _m loyali/s emigrat$ to ,upp] ,canada4 ,a /rong desire arose = a repeal ( ! ,quebec ,act4 ,9 #agia1 "u ,pitt1 ! two p>ts ( ,canada 7 made sep>ate prov9ces4 ,a con/itution 0 grant$1 :i* provid$ = an elective legislature = ea*4 ,! gov]nors1 ! executive c\ncils1 & ! legislative c\ncils 7 to be appo9t$ by ! ,cr[n4 ,! gov]nm5ts 7 /ill subject to ! ,colonial ,(fice 9 ,london4 ,a _s ( opposition betwe5 ! two prov9ces increas$4 ,upp] ,canada1 "u ,engli% law1 grew 9 numb]s & prosp]ity2 b ! gr[? ( population 9 ,l[] ,canada 0 mu* m rapid4 ,"h !re 0 an antagonism betwe5 ! ,assembly & ! ,engli% gov]nors4 ,!re 0 an op5 rebellion 9 #ahcg1 :i* spread into ,upp] ,canada4 ,! two ,canadas 7 unit$ 9 #ahda2 ! executive dep>tm5t became responsible1 z 9 ,engl&1 to ! popul> bran* ( ! legislature2 & "u ! lib]al & enlight5$ adm9i/ration ( ,"l ,elg9 7#ahdg-ed71 a bett] feel+ arose4 ,he 0 oblig$1 h[ev]1 to suppress a mob ( ! cons]vatives1 or loyali/s 7#ahdi71 :o 7 ho/ile to ! ext5sion ( a g5]al amne/y to =m] rebels4 ,9 #ahef ! ,upp] ,h\se 0 made elective4 ,9 #aheg ,ottawa 0 made ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 #ahfg ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada 0 con/itut$4 ,x 0 at fir/ a f$]al union ( ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 & ! ,canadas2 ,upp] ,canada receiv+ ! "n ( ,ont>io1 & ,l[] ,canada be+ nam$ ,quebec4 ,manitoba1 =m$ out ( a "p ( ,hudson ,bay ,t]ritory1 0 admitt$ to ! ,dom9ion 9 #ahgj1 & ,briti% ,columbia 9 #ahga4 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& 0 admitt$ 9 #ahgc2 & ! same ye> ! t]ritories 7 receiv$ by transf] f ! ,hudson ,bay ,company4 ,! ,dom9ion has a ,s5ate & a ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,cr[n is repres5t$ by ! gov]nor-g5]al & ! c\ncil4 ,legislation is subject to a veto f ! sov]eign4 ,ea* prov9ce has its local gov]nm5t1 b :atev] p[]s are n expressly res]v$ to ! sev]al prov9ces are grant$ to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1--a provision ! rev]se ( t f\nd 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* ! ,canadian sy/em 9 v>i\s features resembles4 ,9 ! ,peace ( ,utre*t 7#agac71 ,france gave up its claim to ,nova ,scotia3 ! ,peace ( ,p>is 7#agfc7 surr5d]$ to ,great ,brita9 ,new ,brunswick1 & ,cape ,breton & ,pr9ce ,edw>d isl&s4 ,^! are kn[n at pres5t z ! m>itime prov9ces4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,revolution began1 ?\s&s ( loyali/s emigrat$ to ,nova ,scotia1 z well z to ,upp] ,canada1 f :om _m ( ! pres5t inhabitants are desc5d$4 ,! isl& ( ,vanc\v]1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,briti% ,columbia1 0 surr5d]$ to ! navigator ( ?is "n by ,quadra1 a ,spani% comm&]1 9 #agib4 ,9 #ahdc a trad+-po/ 0 e/abli%$ at ,victoria by ! ,hudson ,bay ,company4 ,! isl& =ms politically a "p ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,dom9ion1 :5 ,briti% ,columbia 0 receiv$1 engag$ to con/ruct a railway to ! ,pacific across ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,engl& acquir$ a title to ,newf\ndl& 9 #agac4 ,x fir/ receiv$ a con/itution 9 #ahcb4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 made responsible to ! ,assembly 9 #aheb4 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,au/ralia4--,au/ralia1 :i* cov]s an area ( ?ree million squ>e miles1 :5 x 0 fir/ visit$ by ,europeans 0 f\nd to be inhabit$ by native tribes ( ! ,papuan1 ,melanesian1 or ,au/ralasian race1 ( :om ab\t eighty ?\s& n[ rema94 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 v>i\s po9ts along its coa/s 7 t\*$ by ,european voyag]s1 especially by ! ,dut*4 ,! discov]ies ( ,capta9 ,cook 7#agfi to #aggg7 _h an important influ5ce 9 lead+ to settlem5ts on ?is isl&-cont95t4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 a "n giv5 by ,cook1 is ! olde/ ( ! ,engli% prov9ces 9 ,au/ralia4 ,n ,botany ,bay1 :i* he _h select$ = a settlem5t1 b ,port ,jackson1 0 made a p5al /ation 7#aghh7 = convicts f ,engl&4 ,?is place1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to be errone\sly call$ ,botany ,bay4 ,! pr9cipal h>bor 0 nam$ ,sydney ,cove4 ,9 #ahjc ,van ,dieman's ,l&1 n[ call$ ,tasmania1 0 fir/ occupi$4 ,?us ! beg9n+s ( colonization 9 ,au/ralia 7 made by ! dregs ( ,engli% society4 ,! convicts labor$ = _! own support1 &1 :5 _! t]ms _h expir$1 sometimes receiv$ z a gift small f>ms1 & implem5ts ) :i* to till !m4 ,! "* ( ! settlem5t1 & ! managem5t ( x1 became mu* m humane aft] #ahaj1 :5 ,macqu>ie became gov]nor4 ,free coloni/s1 ,engli% & ,scot*1 came & jo9$ x4 ,! discov]y ( ! upl& pa/ures beyond ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 :i* 7 rem>kably adapt$ to %eep1 made an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! colony4 ,spani% m]9o %eep 7 introduc$3 wool became ! *ief /aple2 ! production ( x1 especially aft] ! inv5tion ( ! comb+-ma*9e1 became v pr(itable1 & free emigrants p\r$ 94 ,! ,au/ralian ,agricultural ,company 0 =m$ 9 ,engl&4 ,we/]n ,au/ralia began to be settl$ 9 #ahbi1 b did n ?rive4 ,new colonies cont9u$ to be =m$ 9 ,ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,s\? ,au/ralia 0 made prosp]\s by copp]-m9es4 ,victoria1 :i* became a di/9ct prov9ce 9 #ahea1 owes its gr[? to gold m9es4 ,melb\rne1 its *ief t[n1 0 plant$ 9 #ahcg4 ,! fir/ ,briti% gov]nors at ,sydney 7 milit>y (fic]s1 rul+ ) despotic au?ority4 ,repres5tative in/itutions 7 gradually =m$ 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces4 ,! con/itutions 7 fram$ on ! model ( ! home gov]nm5t2 b 9 ,victoria & ,tasmania ! ,upp] ,h\se 0 made elective4 ,aft] long conflicts ) ! home gov]nm5t1 ! ,au/ralian colonies escap$ f ! mis=tune ( be+ places to :i* convicts 7 transport$4 ,! discov]y ( gold 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria 0 made 9 #ahea1 & caus$ at once an imm5se influx ( immigrants4 ,next to gold1 ! mo/ important article ( export has be5 wool4 ,:eat & copp] h be5 export$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! bre$+ ( cattle has be5 a pr(itable employm5t 9 ^! communities4 ,,new ,,zeal&4--,9 #ahch ! fir/ regul> & p]man5t settlem5t 0 made 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,well+ton 0 f\nd$ 9 ! next ye>4 ,new ,zeal&1 ) ,s\? ,isl& & ,nor? ,isl&1 became a colony indep5d5t ( ,au/ralia 9 #ahda4 ,,engl& ,,& ,,irel&4--,! disaffection ( ! ,iri%1 & _! antipa?y to ,engli% rule1 broke out 9 diff]5t =ms1 z circum/ances *ang$4 ,= a long "t ! dem& 0 = ,ca?olic emancipation4 ,?is 0 grant$ 7p4 #eeh72 b mo/ ( ! ,engli% concessions 7 made "u su* a pressure1 & 9 appe>ance s grudg+ly1 t little 0 accompli%$ by !m 9 placat+ ,iri% ho/ility4 ,! outcry aga9/ ti!s = ! support ( ! ,prote/ant ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 0 to a great ext5t quiet$ 9 #ahch1 :5 ! odi\s features ( ?is tax 7 remov$4 ,! ,act dise/abli%+ ! ,iri% ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 c>ri$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one 9 #ahfi1 & put 9 execution 9 #ahga1 took away "o ( ! great grievances ( :i* ! ,iri% nation _h to compla94 ,! repeal ( ! legislative union ( ,engl& & ,irel& 0 ! wat*word ( ,o',connell & 8 foll[]s4 ,9 "o =m or ano!r1 ! dem& = local self-gov]nm5t or indep5d5ce1 :i* has be5 m lately urg$ "u ! "n ( home rule1 has be5 kept up ) little int]mission4 ,x is ab\t ! special "q ( l& re=m t ! mo/ bitt] conflicts h c5t]$4 ,! own]%ip ( a great "p ( ! l& 9 ,irel& by a few p]sons3 ! fact t great ob/acles & great exp5ses--difficulties ( late some:at light5$--h exi/$ 9 ! way ( ! transf]5ce ( l& if any "o _h ! means to pur*ase x3 ! circum/ances t ! own]s h g5]ally be51 n resid5ts1 b abs5t l&lords2 t1 9 cases ( dispute ) t5ants1 ! laws 7 = a long p]iod fram$ 9 _! int]e/2 t ! managem5t ( e/ates 0 left to ag5ts or middle-m52 t multitudes ( t5ants1 ^: hold+s 7 small1 c\ld glean a b>e subsi/5ce f ! soil1 7 doom$ to fam9e if ! potato-crop fail$1 &1 :5 unable to pay ! r5t1 7 liable to eviction1 t is1 to be turn$ out ( doors1 ) _! families1 to p]i%1--^! h be5 causes suffici5t to give rise to endless disputes & conflicts4 ,add to ^! facts ! inbr$ ho/ility aris+ f diff]5ces ( race & religion2 ! memory1 on ! "p ( ! ,iri%1 ( c5turies ( misgov]nm5t1 & ! feel+ t ! l&s held by suff]ance 7 wre/$ f _! ance/ors by =ce1--& ! animosity manife/$ 9 revolts & outrages is easily expla9$4 ,! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 9 a s]ies ( measures1--9 connection ) :i*1 acts ( co]cion = prev5t+ & puni%+ viol5ce h be5 pass$1--und]took to less5 ! evils t exi/1 & to produce a bett] /ate ( feel+4 ,! ,encumb]$ ,e/ates ,c\rt 0 e/abli%$ to r5d] m easy ! transf] ( l&s4 ,?is ,act1 & ! ,l& ,act pass$ ! same ye> 7#ahfj71 al?\gh well meant1 fail$ to improve ! situation ( ! t5ants4 ,mr4 ,glad/one's great measure ( dise/abli%m5t has be5 ref]r$ to4 ,8 second great re=m measure 0 ! ,l& ,law ( #ahgj1 ! effect ( :i* 0 to make ! l&lord pay damages to ! evict$ t5ant1 to comp5sate him = improvem5ts :i* he _h made1 etc4 ,"o object ( ?is ,act 0 to create a body ( peasant proprietors 9 ,irel&4 ,additional ,acts1 9 #ahhj1 7 design$ to assi/ t5ants to pur*ase _! hold+s4 ,! hopes z to ! practical b5efit to foll[ ! ,act ( #ahgj 7 disappo9t$4 ,9 #ahgg1 #ahgh1 & #ahgi1 !re 0 a p>tial failure ( ! crops4 ,! ,f5ian movem5t1 design$ to secure ,iri% indep5d5ce by =ce1 0 organiz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aheg4 ,by unit+ ) simil> ,iri% bro!rhoods1 x ext5d$ itself 9 ,great ,brita9 z well z ,am]ica1 collect$ l>ge funds1 &1 #ahff1 made ineffectual attempts to invade ,canada4 ,an arm$ ris+ 9 ,irel& %ortly aft]1 "u ,f5ian lead]%ip1 0 suppress$4 ,! national agitation consequ5t on ^! proce$+s 9 ,irel&1 issu$ 9 ! organization1 #ahgj1 ( ! ,home ,rule p>ty1 ) ,mr4 ,isaac ,butt a lead+ promot]4 ,! object 0 to secure an ,iri% ,p>liam5t = ,iri% affairs1 & = ! control ( ,iri% res\rces2 ! ,imp]ial ,p>liam5t be+ left to deal ) imp]ial affairs4 ,9 ?is p]iod 7ab\t #ahgd7 ,mr4 ,p>nell grew to be conspicu\s 9 politics4 ,he became ! lead] ( ! ,home ,rule memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :o s\ght1 by ob/ruct+ ! progress ( bus9ess1 to compel ! ,engli% gov]nm5t to )draw its measures ( co]cion1 & to legislate 9 accordance ) ! views ( himself & 8 associates4 ,! ob/ructioni/s1 by jo9+ ! ,tories1 effect$ ! retirem5t ( ! ,glad/one ,cab9et 7#ahhe74 ,9 ,irel& a sy/em ( boycott+ 0 adopt$ = ! puni%m5t ( l&lords guilty ( evict+ t5ants4 ,?is l$ to de$s ( viol5ce & blood4 ,p>nell di$ 9 #ahia4 & ,ju/9 ,mc,carthy became ! lead] ( ! ,iri% cause 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,a ,glad/one ,cab9et aga9 came into p[] 9 #ahib1 ) an av[$ object ( secur+ ,home ,rule = ,irel&4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates 7#ahae-ahij73 ,,mexico3 ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,/ates3 ,,ea/]n ,,asia4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,f$]al ,,p>ty4--,! end ( ! w> ) ,great ,brita9 7#ahab-ae7 0 m>k$ by ! ext9ction ( ! ,f$]al p>ty4 ,b ! ,republicans1 ! oppos+ p>ty1 7 n[ equally zeal\s = ! p]petuity ( ! ,union1 & 7 q ready to act on a lib]al con/ruction ( ! ,con/itution ) respect to ! p[]s conf]r$ on ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is _h be5 %[n 9 ! pur*ase ( ,l\isiana3 x 0 fur!r exemplifi$ 9 #ahaf 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a national bank1 & 9 ! enactm5t ( a protective t>iff4 ,!n1 & until #ahcb1 presid5tial c&idates 7 nom9at$ by ,congressional caucuses4 ,james ,monroe 7#ahag-be7 receiv$ ! votes ( all ( ! ,/ates b ?ree4 ,! abs5ce ( p>ty division has caus$ 8 "t to be designat$ z ! era ( good feel+4 ,,pur*ase ,,( ,,florida4--,slaves 9 ,georgia & ,alabama frequ5tly escap$ f _! ma/]s1 & fl$ = %elt] to ! swamps ( ,florida4 ,! ,creek & ! ,sem9ole ,indians 7 always dispos$ to aid !m4 ,9 #ahag ,g5]al ,&rew ,jackson 0 appo9t$ to conduct an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,sem9oles4 ,he came into conflict ) ! ,spani% au?orities 9 ,florida1 :]e he seiz$ ,spani% =ts1 & built a =t ( 8 own4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahai1 ! ,floridas 7 pur*as$ ( ,spa9 = five million doll>s1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates gave up its claim to ! ext5sive t]ritory we/ ( ! ,sab9e ,riv]1 :i* 0 kn[n aft]w>ds z ,texas4 ,?is became a "p ( ,mexico two ye>s lat]4 ,,slav]y3 ,,! ,,miss\ri ,,compromise4--,9 #ahbj a sectional /ruggle arose 9 ,congress1 on ! "q ( ! admission ( ,miss\ri z a ,/ate ) a con/itution p]mitt+ slav]y4 ,! slave-trade _h be5 c>ri$ on by ! ,/ates sep>ately1 be=e ! ,national ,con/itution 0 =m$4 ,x 0 aboli%$ by ,congress 9 #ahjh1 ! e>lie/ date all[$ by ! ,con/itution = ! p[] to aboli% x to be ex]cis$4 ,! pr9cipal f\nd]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 bo? 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 consid]$ slav]y an evil1 & look$ =w>d to its gradual ext9ction4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 :]e ! slaves 7 less num]\s1 laws = gradual emancipation 7 e>ly pass$4 ,b ! rapid increase ( slaves 9 ! ,s\?1 ! gr[+ dem& = cotton1 & ! /imulus giv5 to ! production ( x by ! cotton-g91 made ! prospect ( emancipation by legislative action less probable z "t advanc$4 ,! ,am]ican ,colonization ,society 0 =m$ 9 #ahaa2 & ! fallaci\s hope 0 ent]ta9$ by _m1 t ! negroes might be c>ri$ back to ! ,lib]ian settlem5t on ! ,african coa/4 ,! ext5sion ( slav]y 9 ! t]ritory nor?-we/ ( ! ,ohio _h be5 prev5t$ by ! ,congressional ord9ance ( #aghg4 ,:5 ! "q ( ! admission ( ,miss\ri to ! ,union came up1 ! memb]s ( ,congress f ! ,nor? & ! memb]s f ! ,s\? 7 9 ho/ile array on ! po9t1 & a dang]\s excitem5t 0 k9dl$4 ,by ! ex]tions ( ,h5ry ,clay1 ! ,miss\ri ,compromise 0 adopt$1 by :i* ! new ,/ate 0 admitt$ ) slav]y 9 x2 b1 z a k9d ( equival5t1 slav]y 0 prohibit$ =ev] 9 all ! rema9+ t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor? ( #cf #cj' nor? latitude1 ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,miss\ri4 ,,! ,,monroe ,,doctr9e4--,:5 ! ,holy ,alliance 0 engag$ 9 its crusade aga9/ lib]ty 9 ,europe1 x 0 ?\ght t !y might attempt to conqu] = ,spa9 ! revolt$ ,s\? ,am]ican republics4 ,cann+ sugge/$ to ! ,am]ican m9i/] 9 ,engl&1 t x w\ld be well = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to take action aga9/ su* a s*eme4 ,presid5t ,monroe1 9 8 annual message 9 #ahbc1 said t we %\ld consid] an attempt ( ! alli$ p[]s to ext5d _! sy/em 9 ?is c\ntry1 or any int]f]5ce on _! "p = ! purpose ( controll+ ! de/9y ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 z unfri5dly action t[>ds ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is is ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,an additional /atem5t 9 disapproval ( future colonization on ! ,am]ican cont95ts by ,european p[]s 0 made 9 ! same message4 ,?is second /atem5t 0 nev] sanction$ by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,x is vague1 & 0 probably meant to exclude indirect attempts to ov]?r[ ! lib]ty ( ! new ,am]ican republics4 ,! only ?+ :i* ! ,monroe ,doctr9e really conta9s is ! intimation on ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( a "r to resi/ attempts ( ,european p[]s to alt] ! con/itutions ( ,am]ican communities4 ,! true orig9 & int5t ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e are (t5 misund]/ood4 ,!y are set =? 9 ,woolsey's ,int]national ,law1 & 9 8 article 9 ,johnson's ,encyclop$ia1 ,monroe ,doctr9e2 also 9 ,web/]'s writ+s1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 l#gh1 & 9 ,calh\n's ,spee* on ! ,panama ,"q4 ,see also ,fo/]1 ,a ,c5tury ( ,am]ican ,diplomacy1 ,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,,p>ties ,,aft] ,,monroe4--,at ! expiration ( ,monroe's second t]m1 !re be+ no *oice = presid5t by ! p1 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 :o _h long be5 9 public life 9 v>i\s important /ations1 0 *os5 by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,8 support]s comb9$ ) ! adh]5ts ( ,h5ry ,clay1 :o became secret>y ( /ate4 ,?is alliance 0 l\dly d5\nc$ by _! oppon5ts z a b>ga94 ,f ! close ( ! la/ w> ) ,great ,brita91 a p>ty call$ by _! adv]s>ies loose con/ructioni/s ( ! ,con/itution1 ( :i* ,clay 0 a lead]1--a p>ty :o 7 9 favor ( measures l a protective t>iff1 a national bank1 & int]nal improvem5ts1--z ! mak+ ( canals1--to be und]tak5 by ,congress1--_h be5 gr[+ up4 ,x n[ took ! "n ( ,national ,republicans1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds ex*ang$ = t ( ,:igs4 ,on ! o!r side 7 ! /rict con/ructioni/s1 :o1 h[ev]1 diff]$ among !mselves respect+ c]ta9 measures1--= example1 ! t>iff4 ,9 _! ranks ,&rew ,jackson belong$4 ,( ?is political t5d5cy1 ,john ,c4 ,calh\n ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a became a lead+ promot]4 ,&rew ,jackson 0 a favorite c&idate = ! presid5cy1 & ! "n ( ,democrats 0 appli$ to 8 foll[]s4 ,,presid5cy ,,( ,,jackson4--,jackson 0 elevat$ to ! presid5cy 9 #ahbi4 ,he 0 a fe>less man1 an ard5t patriot1 ) a *ol]ic temp] & an imp]i\s w4 ,he c>ri$ to an unexampl$ ext5t a cu/om1 :i* _h begun ) ,jeff]son1 ( supplant+ (fice-hold]s ( ! opposite political p>ty by support]s ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,?is came to be call$ ! spoils sy/em1 f ! maxim once quot$ 9 def5se ( x1 t to ! victors belong ! spoils4 ,,nullification4--,dur+ ,jackson's adm9i/ration1 !re occurr$ ! nullification crisis4 ,9 #ahbh a new protective t>iff _h be5 pass$1 :i* 0 reg>d$ 9 ! ,s\?1 especially 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 z extremely unju/ & injuri\s4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,/ates _h be5 av]se to protection2 & 9 #ahaf ,daniel ,web/] oppos$ ! t>iff measure z specially hurtful to ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 ^: capital 0 s l>gely inve/$ 9 comm]ce4 ,aft] ! protective policy _h be5 adopt$1 & :51 "u its %ield1 manufactur+ _h be5 ext5sively e/abli%$ 9 ! ,nor?1 ! =m] adv]s>ies ( protection1 ) ,web/]1 z well z ,clay1 :o _h be5 a protectioni/ be=e1 ?\ght x unfair & de/ructive to d away ) ! t>iff4 ,its adv]s>ies d5\nc$ x z uncon/itutional4 ,calh\n & 8 foll[]s1 moreov]1 cont5d$ t nullification is legal & admissible2 9 o!r words1 t a law ( ,congress may be set aside by a ,/ate )9 its own limits1 provid$ x is consid]$ by t ,/ate a gross infraction ( ! ,con/itution4 ,!re 0 a memorable debate on ?is subject 9 #ahcj1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 :5 ! ,/ate-rights !ory 0 advocat$ by ,rob]t ,y4 ,hayne ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ! opposite doctr9e def5d$ by ,web/]4 ,9 #ahcb ,s\? ,c>ol9a pass$ an ord9ance decl>+ t ! t>iff laws ( #ahbh & #ahcb 7 null & void1 & n b9d+ 9 t ,/ate4 ,presid5t ,jackson issu$ a spirit$ proclamation 9 :i* ! nullification doctr9e 0 repudiat$1 & ! opposite1 or national1 !ory 0 affirm$1 & ! ,presid5t's resolute int5tion to execute ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ann\nc$4 ,! difficulty 0 end$ by ! compromise t>iff introduc$ by ,h5ry ,clay1 provid+ = ! gradual r$uction ( duties 7#ahcc74 ,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,deposits4--,! ,presid5t 0 ho/ile to ! ,national ,bank1 :i* he consid]$ dang]\s1 z liable to be conv]t$ into a tool = p>tisan ends4 ,n be+ able to c>ry ,congress ) him1 he assum$ ! responsibility1 aft] 8 second election1 ( remov+ ! deposits1 or public funds1 f its cu/ody1 or1 r1 ( an ord] = ! cessation ( ^! deposits4 ,= ?is he 0 c5sur$ by ! ,s5ate1 a majority ( :i* reg>d$ 8 act z arbitr>y & uncon/itutional4 ,,anti-,,slav]y ,,agitation4--,f ab\t ?is "t1 ! agitation respect+ slav]y con/antly increas$4 ,9 ! ,nor? a p>ty arose1 :i*1 ?r\gh lectures & 9 newspap]s & pamphlets1 d5\nc$ slav]y z iniquit\s1 & call$ = imm$iate emancipation4 ,! mo/ prom95t lead] ( ?is p>ty 0 ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison1 & its mo/ captivat+ orator 0 ,w5dell ,phillips4 ,?is p>ty advocat$ disunion1 on acc\nt ( ! obligations impos$ ^u ! ,nor? 9 ref]5ce to slav]y by ! ,con/itution4 ,!y 7 sometimes assail$ by mobs 9 ,nor!rn cities4 ,! major "p ( ! p 9 ! ,nor? desir$ "s me?od ( ext+ui%+ slav]y :i* %\ld leave ! ,union intact4 ,meantime !y 7 = obey+ ! ,con/itution1 al?\gh ! obligation to re/ore fugitive slaves 0 felt to be obnoxi\s1 & !re grew up a disposition to avoid compliance ) x4 ,! colonizationi/s dim9i%$ 9 numb]4 ,!re 7 v>i\s types & degrees ( anti-slav]y s5tim5t4 ,! resolution to conf9e slav]y1 by political action1 )9 ! limits ( ! ,/ates :]e x 0 "u ! %ield ( local law1 became m & m preval5t4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 on ! contr>y1 ! enmity to abolitionism 0 int5se1 & s]v$ to increase ! popul>ity ( ! doctr9e ( ,/ate-rights4 ,slav]y came to be def5d$ z necess>y "u ! circum/ances1 & z capable ( ju/ification on moral & ,scriptural gr\nds4 ,occasions ( reciprocal compla9t betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?1 = illegal do+s relat+ 9 "o way or ano!r to slav]y1 t5d$ to multiply4 ,,annexation ,,( ,,texas4--,9 #ahcf ,texas decl>$ its indep5d5ce ( ,mexico4 ,g5]al ,sam ,h\/on1 an emigrant f ,t5nessee1 0 ! lead] 9 ! revolt4 ,he defeat$ ! ,mexicans "u ,santa ,ana1 at ! ,san ,jac9to 7#ahcf74 ,9 #ahde1 l>gely by ! ag5cy ( ,mr4 ,calh\n1 ,texas1 by an ,act ( ,congress1 0 annex$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! motive :i* he av[$ 0 ! fe> t x might fall into ! h&s ( ,engl&1 & become dang]\s to ! in/itution ( slav]y 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! measure 0 /r5u\sly oppos$ 9 ! ,nor? z a s*eme by :i* x 0 int5d$ to /r5g!n ! influ5ce ( ! slavehold+ ,/ates 9 ,congress4 ,x 0 favor$1 = ! same reason1 by ^? :o 7 inimical to abolitionism 9 :atev] =m4 ,,w> ,,) ,,mexico4--,a consequ5ce ( ! acquisition ( ,texas 0 a w> ) ,mexico4 ,! successes ( ,g54 ,za*>y ,taylor at ,palo ,alto & ,mont]ey 7#ahdf71 & at ,bu5a ,vi/a 7#ahdg71 & ! campaign ( ,g54 ,w9field ,scott1 :o captur$ ,v]a ,cruz1 f\ght 8 way ?r\gh ! pass ( ,c]ro ,gordo1 & at l5g? ent]$ ! city ( ,mexico 7,sept4 #ad1 #ahdg71 compell$ ! ,mexicans to agree to ! ,treaty ( ,guadal\pe ,hidalgo 7#ahdh74 ,by ?is treaty all claim on ,texas to ! ,rio ,gr&e 0 rel9qui%$1 toge!r ) ! prov9ces ( ,upp] ,cali=nia & ,new ,mexico4 ,,! ,,wilmot ,,proviso4--,! ,wilmot ,proviso 0 propos$ 9 ,congress1 exclud+ slav]y f all t]ritory to be acquir$ f ,mexico4 ,?is dem& = ! prev5tion ( ! fur!r ext5sion ( slav]y 9 ! t]ritories subject to national jurisdiction1 became a rally+-cry4 ,on ! nom9ation ( ,g5]al ,taylor to ! presid5cy by ! ,:igs 7#ahdh71 a ,free-,soil p>ty 0 organiz$ on ?is basis1--! precursor ( ! ,republican p>ty4 ,! conv5tion :i* nom9at$ ,taylor laid on ! table a motion approv+ ( ! ,wilmot ,proviso4 ,! ,:igs succe$$ 9 ! election1 b _! p>ty lo/ a portion ( its adh]5ts4 ,,clay',s ,,compromise4--,! application ( ,cali=nia = admission to ! ,union1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! rapid gr[? ( t community ?r\gh ! discov]y ( gold1 0 soon made1 br\ght ! sectional difficulty to ano!r crisis4 ,presid5t ,taylor di$ 7,july #i1 #ahej71 & 0 succe$$ by ,mill>d ,fillmore1 ! vice-presid5t4 ,! conte/ 9 ,congress 0 soon aft] adju/$ by ,clay's compromise1 by :i* ,cali=nia 0 admitt$ z a free ,/ate1 ,utah & ,new ,mexico 7 organiz$ into ,t]ritories )\t any m5tion ( slav]y1 ! slave-trade 0 prohibit$ 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & a new fugitive-slave law 0 enact$1 t 0 fram$ 9 su* a way z to give great (f5se at ! ,nor?4 ,web/]1 9 a celebrat$ spee* 9 favor ( ! compromise 7,m>* #g71 gave z a reason = n insi/+ on ! ,wilmot ,proviso1 t ! physical "* ( ! new ,t]ritories ( itself exclud$ slav]y f !m4 ,,! ,,kansas ,,tr\bles4--,9 #ahed1 dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,frankl9 ,pi]ce1 ! /&+ sectional controv]sy rea*$ a new phase4 ,two ,t]ritories1 ,kansas & ,nebraska1 7 knock+ at ! doors ( ,congress = admission z ,/ates4 ,kansas lay we/ ( ,miss\ri1 &1 l ,nebraska on ! nor?1 0 protect$ f slav]y by ! ,miss\ri ,compromise 7p4 #fja74 ,b ! ,democrats c>ri$ ?r\gh ,congress a bill introduc$ by ,mr4 ,d\glas ( ,ill9ois1 practically repeal+ t compromise1 & leav+ ! matt] ( ! tol]ation ( slav]y to be det]m9$ by ! actual settl]s z !y might see fit4 ,?is measure 0 ext5sively reg>d$ 9 ! ,nor? z a brea* ( fai?4 ,companies ( emigrants 7 organiz$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 to =m p]man5t settlem5ts 9 ,kansas2 & 9 ord] to prev5t t c\ntry f becom+ a free ,/ate1 m>aud]s f ,miss\ri cross$ ! l9e1 to attack !m1 & to h>ass ! newly plant$ colonies4 ,,! ,,dr$-,,scott ,,case4--,james ,bu*anan became presid5t 9 #aheg4 ,at ?is "t ! ,supreme ,c\rt decid$ t nei!r negro slaves nor _! desc5dants1 slave or free1 c\ld become citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & add$ incid5tally ! dictum t ! ,miss\ri ,compromise 0 uncon/itutional1 & t ,congress _h no "r to prohibit ! c>ry+ ( slaves into any ,/ate or ,t]ritory4 ,! effect ( ?is op9ion1 if embodi$ 9 a legal decision1 w\ld h be5 to prev5t ! exclusion ( slav]y1 ev5 by a ,t]ritorial legislature1 prior to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5t4 ,?is judicial act1 foll[+ ^u ! attitude tak5 by ! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton ) ref]5ce to ! ,kansas tr\bles1 greatly /r5g!n$ ! numb]s & /imulat$ ! det]m9ation ( ! ,republican p>ty 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,,! ,,john ,,br[n ,,raid4--,an occurr5ce n )\t a consid]able effect 9 excit+ ! res5tm5t1 z well z ! appreh5sions1 ( ! ,s\?1 0 ! attempt ( ,john ,br[n1 a brave old man ( ! ,puritan type1 ^: enmity to slav]y _h be5 deep5$ by conflict & suff]+ 9 ! ,kansas tr\bles1 to /ir up an insurrection ( slaves 9 ,virg9ia4 ,) a h&ful ( arm$ m51 he seiz$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ars5al at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry 9 ,virg9ia4 ,half ( 8 foll[]s 7 kill$3 he himself 0 captur$1 &1 aft] be+ tri$ & convict$ by ! ,/ate au?orities1 0 hang$ 7,dec4 #b1 #ahei74 ,,secession ,,( ,,/ates4--,9 ! election ( #ahfj1 ,abraham ,l9coln receiv$ ! electoral vote ( e ,nor!rn ,/ate except ,new ,j]sey4 ,! conviction ( ! ,s\!rn political lead]s t ! anti-slav]y feel+ ( ! ,nor?1 ) its great & gr[+ prepond]ance 9 weal? & population1 w\ld dictate ! policy ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 det]m9$ !m to attempt to break up ! ,union4 ,! result1 x 0 expect$1 w\ld be ! p]man5t e/abli%m5t ( a slave-hold+ conf$]acy1 or ! obta9+ ( new con/itutional gu>anties & safegu>ds ( ! in/itution ( slav]y2 :i*1 x 0 felt1 w\ld be und]m9$ ev5 if no?+ m 7 done ?an to prev5t ! spread ( x beyond ! ,/ates :]e x exi/$4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a pass$ an ord9ance ( secession 7,dec4 #bj1 #ahfj71 & 0 foll[$ 9 ?is act by ,mississippi1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,georgia1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas4 ,! delegates ( ! sec$+ ,/ates met at ,montgom]y1 ,ala41 & =m$ a new gov]nm5t "u ! "n ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica 7,feb4 #h1 #ahfa74 ,jeff]son ,davis 0 elect$ presid5t1 & ,alex&] ,h4 ,/eph5s vice-presid5t4 ,except at ,p5sacola 9 ,florida1 & 9 ,*>le/on1 all ! national prop]ty )9 ! bord]s ( ! sec$+ ,/ates 0 seiz$4 ,ef=ts look+ to compromise & conciliation 7 ( no effect4 ,aft] ! accession ( ,mr4 ,l9coln1 ! purpose ( ! gov]nm5t to s5d supplies to ! g>rison ( ,=t ,sumt] 9 ! h>bor ( ,*>le/on1 caus$ ! ,conf$]ates to attack t =tress1 :i* ! comm&]1 ,major ,&]son1 aft] a gallant def5se1 0 oblig$ to surr5d]4 ,presid5t ,l9coln imm$iately issu$ a proclamation call+ = sev5ty-five ?\s& volunte]s to s]ve = ?ree mon?s1 & call$ ,congress toge!r 7,april #ae74 ,!re 0 a great upris+ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,! ,presid5t's call = troops at once met ) an en?usia/ic response4 ,virg9ia1 ,arkansas1 ,t5nessee1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a n[ jo9$ ! ,s\!rn ,conf$]acy1 ! capital ( :i* 0 e/abli%$ at ,ri*mond4 ,great ,brita9 recogniz$ ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates z hav+ ! rights ( bellig]5ts 7,may #ac74 ,france did ! same4 ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,,9 #ahfa-fb4--,only a brief acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! ev5ts ( ! w>4 ,g5]al ,w9field ,scott 0 at fir/ 9 comm& ( ! ,union =ces1 & ,g5]al ,j4 ,e4 ,john/on ( ! =ces ( ! ,conf$]ates4 ,x 0 imag9$ at ! ,nor?1 t !re c\ld be an easy & quick advance ( ! ,f$]al =ces to ,ri*mond2 b ! troops 7 n drill$1 & ! prep>ations = a campaign 7 :olly inadequate4 ,! ,union troops 7 defeat$ at ,bull ,run1 or ,manassas1 & ,wa%+ton 0 ?r[n into a panic 7,july #ba1 #ahfa74 ,congress at once adopt$ en]getic measures = rais+ a l>ge army & = build+ a navy4 ,g5]al ,george ,b4 ,mc,clellan 0 plac$ 9 comm& ( ! =ces4 ,x 0 =ese5 on bo? sides1 t ! result ( ! conflict might dep5d on ! c\rse tak5 by =eign p[]s1 especially by ,engl&4 ,! ,s\? c\nt$ ^u ! dem& = cotton z c]ta9 to secure ,engli% help1 direct or indirect1 = ! ,s\!rn cause4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,francis ,adams 0 select$ by ,mr4 ,sew>d1 ! secret>y ( /ate1 to repres5t ! ,union at ! ,c\rt ( ,/4 ,james4 ,! ,conf$]ates s5t abroad ,mr4 ,mason & ,mr4 ,slidell to procure ! full recognition ( ! new ,conf$]acy by ,engl& & ,france4 ,! ,tr5t1 on :i* !y sail$1 0 /opp$ by ,capta9 ,wilkes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 & ! commission]s tak5 f x4 ,?is brea* ( int]national law ?reat5$ w>1 :i* 0 av]t$ by ! surr5d] ( ! two captives to ,engl&4 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 refus$ to ass5t to ,l\is ,napoleon's proposal to recognize ! indep5d5ce ( ! sec$+ ,/ates2 b ! laxness ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 n prev5t+ ! fitt+ out ( vessels ( w> 9 h] ports1 to prey on ,am]ican comm]ce1 excit$ indignation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,palm]/on 0 at ! head ( ! cab9et1 & ,"l ,john ,russell 0 secret>y = =eign affairs4 ,= ! depr$ations ( ! ,alabama1 ! tribunal *os5 to arbitrate at ! end ( ! w>1 & meet+ at ,g5eva1 condemn$ ,engl& to pay to ! ,unit$ ,/ates an indemnity ( fifte5 & a half millions ( doll>s4 ,e>ly 9 #ahfb ,=t ,h5ry on ! ,t5nessee1 & ,=t ,donelson on ! ,cumb]l&1 7 tak5 by ,g5]al ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 :o l$ ! l& =ces1 & ,commodore ,a4 ,h4 ,foote1 :o comm&$ ! gunboats4 ,at ,=t ,donelson ne>ly fifte5 ?\s& prison]s 7 captur$4 ,grant f\ght ! battle ( ,pittsburg ,l&+1 or ,%iloh1 :i* cont9u$ two days 7,april #f1 #g71 & end$ 9 ! retreat ( ! ,conf$]ates4 ,_! g5]al1 ,a4 ,s4 ,john/on1 0 kill$1 & ! comm& ( 8 troops devolv$ on ,beaureg>d4 ,grant1 :o _h be5 re9=c$ by ,buell1 drove ! ,conf$]ates back to ,cor9?1 ,miss41 n9ete5 miles di/ant4 ,! capture ( ,isl& ,numb] ,t51 by ,pope1 foll[$2 & soon ,memphis 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,union =ces4 ,f>ragut ran ! gauntlet ( ! =ts at ,new ,orleans 7,april #bd71 & captur$ t city4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! ,union =ces _h n be5 s successful4 ,! iron-%ea!d frigate ,m]rimac de/roy$ ! ,union fleet at ,hampton ,roads 7,m>* #i71 b 0 driv5 back to ,gosport by ! timely appe>ance ( ! iron-clad ,union vessel1 ! ,monitor4 ,mc,clellan und]took to approa* ,ri*mond by ! p59sula4 ,! campaign la/$ f ,m>* to ,july1 & includ$1 besides v>i\s o!r engagem5ts1 ! important battles ( ,fair ,oaks1 & ( ,malv]n ,hill 7,july #a74 ,at ! end ( ,june ! ,union army 0 driv5 back to ,h>rison's ,l&+ on ! ,james ,riv]4 ,meantime ! ,conf$]ate g5]al1 ,jackson1 9 ! valley ( ! ,%5&oah1 repuls$ ,fremont1 ,banks1 & ,mc,dowell1 & jo9$ ,g5]al ,rob]t ,e4 ,lee1 ! comm&] ( ! ,conf$]ate =ces1 :o n[ press$ =w>d t[>ds ,wa%+ton4 ,pope 0 defeat$ at ,manassas 7,aug4 #bi1 #cj71 & ,lee cross$ ! ,potomac into ,m>yl&4 ,he 0 met by ,mc,clellan1 & defeat$ at ,antietam 7,sept4 #ag71 b 0 able to )draw 9 safety across ! riv]4 ,mc,clellan 0 sup]s$$ by ,burnside1 :o 0 defeat$ by ,lee at ,fr$]icksburg 7,dec4 #ac74 ,,emancipation4--,on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahfc1 ,presid5t ,l9coln issu$ a proclamation decl>+ all slaves 9 ,/ates or p>ts ( ,/ates 9 rebellion1 to be free4 ,?is act 0 legally possible only z a bellig]5t measure1 or z an ex]cise ( ! "r ( a comm&]4 ,! refusal ( ! ,gov]nm5t to c>ry on ! w> = ! direct purpose ( emancipation1 or to adopt measures ( ?is "* be=e1--measures :i* ! ,con/itution did n p]mit1--0 n und]/ood 9 =eign c\ntries1 &1 9 ,engl& especially1 _h t5d$ to *ill sympa?y ) ! ,nor!rn cause4 ,regim5ts ( negro soldi]s 7 n[ =m$4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,six ,,mon?s ,,( #ahfc4--;,hook] succe$$ ,burnside 9 comm& ( ! ,potomac ,army1 & 0 defeat$ by ,lee at ,*ancellorsville 7,may #c74 ,!re ,/onewall ,jackson1 "o ( ! be/ & brave/ ( ! ,conf$]ate g5]als1 lo/ 8 life4 ,lee n[ cross$ ! riv]1 & ent]$ ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is 0 ! critical mom5t 9 ! /ruggle4 ,great pa9s 7 tak51 by su* p 9 ! ,nor? z 7 disaffect$ ) ! adm9i/ration at ,wa%+ton1 to manife/ ho/ility to ! w>1 or to ! me?od 9 :i* x 0 prosecut$4 ,a riot broke out 9 ! city ( ,new ,york :ile ! drafts = troops 7 9 progress1 & x 0 sev]al days be=e x 0 put d[n4 ,! defeat ( ,lee by ,meade at ,gettysburg 7,july #a-c7 turn$ ! tide aga9/ ! ,conf$]ates2 _! army aga9 retir$ beyond ! ,potomac4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! ,we/1 ,g5]al ,grant captur$ ,vicksburg ) upw>ds ( ?irty ?\s& m5 7,july #d71 & ,port ,hudson 0 tak54 ,! ,mississippi 0 ?us op5$ to its m\?4 ,! ,union navy act$ effectively on ! ,atlantic coa/1 & at ! end ( ! ye> ne>ly all ! ,s\!rn ports 7 clos$ by blockades4 ,,victories ,,at ,,*attanooga4--,grant assum$ comm& ( ! milit>y division ( ! ,mississippi1 includ+ ! region betwe5 ! ,alleghanies & t riv]4 ,) ! ,army ( ! ,cumb]l& "u ,?omas1 ) re9=cem5ts f ,vicksburg "u ,%]man & f ! ,army ( ! ,potomac "u ,hook]1 he won ! victories ( ,look\t ,m\nta9 & ,mission>y ,ridge1 at ,*attanooga1 ,t5nessee 7,nov4 #bd & #be74 ,?is success op5$ a pa? = ! ,union =ces into ,alabama & ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,%]man 0 s5t to re9=ce ,burnside 9 ,t5nessee1 & defeat$ ,long/reet4 ,,to ,,! ,,surr5d] ,,( ,,lee4--,grant 0 made lieut5ant-g5]al1 or fir/ 9 comm& "u ! ,presid5t 7,m>* #g1 #ahfd74 ,?ree attempts to rea* ,ri*mond1 made sev]ally by ,mc,clellan1 ,hook]1 & ,burnside1 _h fail$1 z ,lee's two aggressive movem5ts _h be5 defeat$ at ,antietam & ,gettysburg4 ,! bord] ,/ates 9 ! ,we/ 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,union =ces1 z well z ! l[] ,mississippi2 & ! blockade 0 ma9ta9$ along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! plan n[ 0 = ,%]man to secure ,georgia1 & to m>* ea/w>d & nor?w>d into ! he>t ( ! ,conf$]acy1 />t+ at ,*attanooga4 ,milit>y op]ations1 :i* _h be5 prosecut$ ov] s va/ an ext5t ( t]ritory1 n[ began to h a unity :i* !y _h greatly miss$ be=e4 ,grant p]sonally took comm& ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac4 ,8 object 0 to get betwe5 ,lee's army & ,ri*mond4 ,?is object 0 n effect$2 b ! sangu9>y battle ( ! ,wild]ness 7,may #e1 #f71 & o!r subsequ5t battles1 _h ! effect1 9 ! c\rse ( six weeks1 to pu% ,lee back )9 ! =tifications ( ,pet]sburg & ,ri*mond4 ,dur+ ! long siege ( ^! places1 div]sions 7 attempt$ by ,e>ly 9 ,m>yl& & ,p5nsylvania2 b he 0 repell$ & defeat$ by ,%]idan4 ,! ,conf$]ate vessel ,alabama 0 sunk 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel by ! ,ke>s>ge 7,june1 #ahfd74 ,f>ragut captur$ ! =ts 9 ,mobile ,bay4 ,%]man's =ces1 aft] a s]ies ( engagem5ts1 ent]$ ,atlanta1 ,ga41 :i* ! ,conf$]ates _h be5 compell$ to evacuate 7,sept4 #b74 ,a deta*m5t 0 s5t by ,%]man1 "u ,?omas1 aft] ,hood1 :i* defeat$ him at ,na%ville 7,dec4 #ae1 #af74 ,%]man m>*$ ?r\gh ,georgia1 & ent]$ ,savannah 7,dec4 #ba74 ,on ,feb4 #a1 #ahfe1 he comm5c$ 8 movem5t nor?w>d4 ,! attempts ( ,g5]al ,j4 ,e4 ,john/on to *eck 8 advance 7 ineffectual4 ,%]man ent]$ ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c41 & pu%$ on to ,raleigh2 ,john/on1 ^: numb]s 7 inf]ior1 retir+ z he approa*$4 ,! ef=ts ( ,lee to break away f ,grant1 9 ord] to effect a junction ) ,john/on1 did n succe$4 ,%]idan's victory ov] ,lee at ,five ,=ks 7,april #a7 compell$ him to evacuate ,pet]sburg4 ,he 0 pursu$ & surr\nd$ by ,grant1 & surr5d]$ 8 army at ,appomattox ,c\rt ,h\se 7,april #i74 ,! ,union =ces _h ent]$ ,ri*mond 7,april #b74 ,john/on surr5d]$ 8 =ces to ,%]man 7,april #bf74 ,jeff]son ,davis 0 captur$ by a body ( ,union cavalry 9 ,georgia 7,may #aj74 ,,murd] ,,( ,,l9coln4--,! joy felt 9 ! ,nor? ov] ! complete victory ( ! ,union cause 0 turn$ into grief by ! assass9ation ( ,presid5t ,l9coln 7,april #ad71 :o _h begun 8 second t]m on ! #d? ( ,m>*4 ,he 0 %ot 9 a !at] 9 ,wa%+ton1 by a fanatic nam$ ,boo?1 :o imag9$ t he 0 av5g+ wrongs ( ! ,s\?4 ,an attempt 0 made at ! same "t to murd] ,secret>y ,sew>d 9 8 b$4 ,! assailant inflict$ on him sev]e b n fatal w\nds4 ,mr4 ,l9coln _h tak5 a /rong hold ^u ! affections ( ! p4 ,) a l>ge /ore ( pla9 common-s5se1 ) an ev5 temp]1 an ab\nd+ good-nature1 & a humor t ca/ wise ?\ghts into ! =m ( pi?y maxims & similes1 he comb9$ an unfl9*+ firmness1 & loyalty to 8 convictions ( duty4 ,he refus$ to be hurri$ to ! issue ( an edict ( emancipation1 :i*1 z he judg$1 if prematurely fram$1 w\ld lose to ! ,union cause ! great ,/ates ( ,m>yl&1 ,t5nessee1 ,arkansas1 & ,miss\ri4 ,keep+ /eadily be=e him ! prime object ( ! w>1 he inculcat$1 z he felt1 malice t[>d none1 & *>ity = all4 ,:at ,cl>5don says ( ,cromwell is true ( ,l9coln3 ,z he grew into place & au?ority1 8 p>ts seem$ to be rais$1 z if he _h _h conceal$ faculties1 till he _h occasion to use !m4 ,,f9ances ,,9 ,,! ,,w>4--,! ,conf$]ate ,gov]nm5t _h c>ri$ on ! w> by ! issue ( pap] money made r$eemable on ! condition ( success 9 ga9+ indep5d5ce4 ,?is curr5cy1 ( c\rse1 became wor?less4 ,! debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! close ( ! w> _h ris5 f ab\t sixty-five millions to m ?an tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ millions ( doll>s1 n to speak ( ! debts incurr$ by ,/ates & t[ns4 ,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution4--,! ,?irte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution 7decl>$ 9 =ce ,dec4 #ah1 #ahfe7 prohibit$ slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t 7decl>$ 9 =ce ,july #bh1 #ahfh7 secur$ to all ! fre$m5 ! "r ( citiz5%ip & equality "u ,/ate law1 & orda9$ t ! basis ( repres5tation 9 ea* ,/ate %\ld be r$uc$ 9 proportion to any abridgm5t by ,/ate law ( ! "r ( suffrage 9 its male population4 ,! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t 7decl>$ 9 =ce ,m>* #cj1 #ahgj7 =bade ! abridgm5t ( ! "r to vote1 on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,! effect ( ! am5dm5ts 0 to conf] on ! blacks ! civil & political rights enjoy$ by ! :ites4 ,,recon/ruction3 ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,johnson4--,! ,s\!rn ,/ates 7 conqu]$ communities2 b ! !ory 0 held t !y _h n be51 & c\ld n be 9 law1 dissev]$ f ! ,union4 ,! difficulty ( recon/ruct+ ,/ate gov]nm5ts 0 aggravat$ by ! fact t ! bulk ( ! intellig5t p 9 ! sec$+ ,/ates 7 preclud$1 or exclud$ !mselves1 f tak+ "p 9 ! measures requisite = ?is end2 by ! additional fact ( ! ignorance ( ! blacks1 & ( ! selfi% gre$ ( :ite adv5tur]s :o took ! place ( lead]s among !m2 & by diss5sions 9 ! ,nor?1 & 9 ! adm9i/ration at ,wa%+ton1 z to ! "r & lawful c\rse to be pursu$4 ,! ,presid5t1 ,&rew ,johnson1 :o succe$$ ,l9coln1 became involv$ 9 a conte/ ) ! dom9ant ,republican p>ty 9 ,congress1 on que/ions p]ta9+ to recon/ruction4 ,he 0 impea*$ & tri$ by ! ,s5ate 7,feb4 #bd-,may #af1 #ahfh71 b ! numb] ( votes = 8 conviction 0 "o less ?an ! numb] requir$4 ,on ! expiration ( ,johnson's t]m1 ,g5]al ,grant 0 rais$ to ! presid5tial (fice4 ,x 0 compla9$1 t ! new gov]nm5ts in/itut$ 9 ! ,s\? by ! fre$m5 & _! :ite coadjutors 7 grossly corrupt & incapable1 & t _! return+ bo>ds made false results ( elections4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 compla9$1 t ! oppon5ts ( ^! gov]nm5ts resort$ to viol5ce & fraud to intimidate _! political adv]s>ies1 & to keep !m out ( (fice4 ,! troops ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* _h su/a9$ ! (fic]s appo9t$ by ! blacks & by _! :ite allies 9 sev]al ( ! ,/ates1 7 at l5g? )drawn2 & political p[] 0 resum$ ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? by ! adv]se p>ty1 or ! class :i* _h cont5d$ aga9/ :at 7 d]isively /yl$ c>pet-bag gov]nm5ts4 ,a difficulty arose 9 #ahgf1 9 consequ5ce ( a dispute ab\t ! result ( ! presid5tial election4 ,x 0 ref]r$ to an ,electoral ,commission appo9t$ by ,congress1 & ,ru!r=d ,b4 ,hayes 0 decl>$ to be *os5 7#ahgg-ahha74 ,dur+ 8 adm9i/ration 7,jan4 #a1 #ahgi7 ! banks & ! gov]nm5t resum$ specie paym5ts1 :i* _h be5 susp5d$ s9ce an e>ly date 9 ! civil w>4 ,! rapid dim9ution ( ! national debt is "o ( ! important features ( lat] ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,! ,republicans succe$$ 9 ! next national election2 b ,g5]al ,g>field1 :o 0 *os5 ,presid5t1 0 mortally w\nd$ by an assass9 7,july #b1 #ahha71 a few mon?s aft] 8 inauguration4 ,guiteau1 :o committ$ ! causeless & ru?less de$1 claim$ to be inspir$ by ! ,deity1 b 0 judg$ to be morally & legally responsible1 & di$ on ! gall[s4 ,*e/] ,a4 ,ar?ur1 ! ,vice-presid5t1 fill$ ! highe/ (fice = ! rema9d] ( ! presid5tial t]m4 ,at ! election 9 #ahhd ,grov] ,clevel&1 ,gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 0 elect$ z ,*ief ,magi/rate2 & ! ,democrats1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! retirem5t ( ,mr4 ,bu*anan & ! inauguration ( ,mr4 ,l9coln 79 #ahfa71 took ! re9s ( p[] into _! h&s2 ! ,republicans1 h[ev]1 reta9+ a majority 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,b5jam9 ,h>rison 7,republican7 succe$$ ,clevel& z ,presid5t1 #ahhi4 ,! ,mc,kinley ,t>iff ,bill1 #ahij1 r$uc$ ! duty on "s imports1 b increas$ !m heavily on o!rs4 ,9 #ahib ! f\r hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ,am]ica's discov]y 0 celebrat$1 & ,grov] ,clevel&1 ,democratic nom9ee1 0 aga9 elect$ to ! presid5cy4 ,! revival ( indu/ry & prosp]ity 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & ef=ts = popul> education = ! blacks z well z :ites1 are circum/ances wor?y ( special record4 ,,grant ,,& ,,lee4--,ab\t two mon?s aft] 8 retirem5t f ! presid5cy1 ,g5]al ,grant began a t\r ( ! _w4 ,he l&$ 9 ,san ,francisco f ,japan1 on 8 return1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgi1 aft] an abs5ce ( ne>ly two ye>s & a half4 ,9 #ahhj an ef=t 0 made by 8 w>m political support]s to br+ him =w>d z a c&idate ( ! ,republicans = a ?ird t]m 9 ! presid5cy4 ,?is ef=t fail$1 z _h a simil> endeavor1 made ) less vigor1 f\r ye>s be=e4 ,! rema9d] ( 8 days 7 sp5t 9 private life4 ,8 dea? occurr$ on ,july #bc1 #ahhe4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,new ,york1 on ,aug4 #h1 ) di/+ui%$ honors4 ,g5]al ,lee1 ! comm&] ( ! ,conf$]ate =ces 9 ! civil w>1 f ! close ( ! /ruggle to 8 dea? 7,oct4 #ab1 #ahgj7 0 presid5t ( ,wa%+ton & ,lee ,univ]sity1 at ,lex+ton1 ,va4 ,,utah3 ,,! ,,mormons4--,! sect ( ,mormons 0 f\nd$ 9 ,man*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahcj1 by ,joseph ,smi?1 a native ( ,v]mont1 :o claim$ to h receiv$ heav5ly visions f ! "t :5 he 0 fifte5 ye>s old4 ,he pret5d$ t he 0 guid$ by an angel to ! spot1 ne> ,man*e/]1 :]e 0 buri$ a /one box conta9+ a volume made up ( ?9 gold plates1 :i* 7 cov]$ ) /range *>act]s 9 ! re=m$ ,egyptian tongue4 ,?is ,book ( ,mormon 0 really a manuscript compos$1 9 #ahab1 = q ano!r purpose1 by "o ,solomon ,spauld+1 :o _h be5 a prea*]4 ,a copy ( x made by a pr9t]1 ,sidney ,rigdon1 fell into ! h&s ( ,joseph ,smi?4 ,x conta9s fabul\s /ories ( ! settlem5t ( refugees com+ f ! ,t[] ( ,babel to ,am]ica1 :o 7 foll[$ 9 #fjj ,b4,c4 by a colony f ,j]usalem t l&$ on ! coa/ ( ,*ili4 ,w> broke out among _! desc5dants1 f ! bad "p ( :om ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians sprung4 ,"o ( ! survivors ( ! bett] class ( ^! ,hebrews1 nam$ ,mormon1 collect$ 9 a volume ! books ( records ( =m] k+s & prie/s1 :i*1 ) "s additions f 8 son1 0 buri$ until ! prophet *os5 ( ,god %\ld appe>4 ,9 /yle ! ,book ( ,mormon endeavors to imitate ! ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,scriptures4 ,on ! basis ( ?is volume & ( its alleg$ miracul\s orig91 ,smi? f\nd$ ! sect ( ,latt] ,day ,sa9ts1 z he /yl$ !m4 ,f ,kirtl&1 ,o41 :]e !y came 9 #ahca1 & :]e ! conv]ts 7 num]\s1 !y remov$ to a place :i* !y nam$ ,new ,j]usalem1 9 ,jackson ,c\nty1 ,mo4 ,"h !y 7 jo9$ by ,brigham ,"y1 also a native ( ,v]mont1 a man ( mu* en]gy & %rewdness4 ,smi? 0 *>g$ by ! ,miss\rians1 & "s ( 8 own foll[]s :o des]t$ him1 ) outrage\s crimes & frauds4 ,! conflict betwe5 ! ,mormons & ! ,miss\rians result$ 9 ! migration ( ! =m] to ,nauvoo 9 ,ill9ois1 :]e a community 0 organiz$ 9 :i* ,smi? ex]cis$ supreme p[]4 ,9 #ahdc ,smi?1 :o 0 z pr(ligate z he 0 knavi%1 pr(ess$ to receive a revelation sanction+ polygamy4 ,8 bad conduct1 & t ( 8 adh]5ts1 br\ght on a conflict ) ! civil au?orities4 ,smi?1 ) 8 bro!r1 0 kill$ 9 ! jail by a mob4 ,driv5 out ( ,nauvoo1 ! ,mormons 7#ahdh7 made _! way to ,utah1 & f\nd$ ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,_! sy/ematic ef=ts to obta9 conv]ts br\ght to !m a l>ge numb] f ! ignorant work+-class 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway4 ,! ,t]ritory ( ,utah 0 organiz$ by ,congress 9 #ahdi4 ,! laws & (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 7 treat$ ) defiance & op5ly resi/$ by ,brigham ,"y1 ! ,mormon lead]2 & he 0 remov$ f ! (fice ( gov]nor1 to :i* he _h be5 appo9t$ by ,presid5t ,fillmore4 ,a conte/ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates au?orities 0 succe$$ by ! submission ( ! ,mormons 9 #aheh4 ,9 #ahga ef=ts = ! suppression ( polygamy by law 7 und]tak5 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 & h s9ce be5 cont9u$ ) imp]fect success4 ,brigham ,"y di$ 9 #ahgg1 & 0 succe$$ 9 ! presid5cy ( ! ,mormons by ,john ,taylor1 an ,engli%man4 ,a body ( anti-polygami/ sec$]s f ! ,mormon community1 includ+ a son ( ,brigham ,"y1 has be5 =m$4 ,ano!r ,mormon sect oppos$ to polygamy1 call+ itself ! ,reorganiz$ ,*ur* ( ,latt] ,day ,sa9ts1 orig9at$ 9 #ahea4 ,! numb] ( pr(ess$ believ]s 9 ! /range & grotesque t5ets ( ,mormonism1 9 all ! diff]5t places :]e its disciples are f\nd1 probably exce$s two hundr$ ?\s&4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4--,! ,di/rict ( ,ma9e =m$ a "p ( ,massa*usetts f #afea to #ahbj1 :5 x 0 admitt$ to ! ,union z a di/9ct ,/ate4 ,its nor!rn b\nd>y 0 n cle>ly def9$ until ! treaty ( #ahdb betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&1 :i* 0 made by ,mr4 ,web/] & ,"l ,a%burton4 ,! ,nor?-,we/ ,t]ritory1 :i* 0 organiz$ 9 #aghi1 compris$ ! cessions nor? ( ! ,ohio & z f> we/ z ! ,mississippi1 :i* _h be5 made by ! l&$ ,/ates2 t is1 ! sev]al ,/ates hold+ portions ( ?is region4 ,a small portion1 ! ,we/]n ,res]ve1 0 reta9$ by ,connecticut until #agie1 :5 x 0 sold to ! ,national ,gov]nm5t4 ,out ( ?is ,nor?-,we/ ,t]ritory1 !re 7 =m$ five ,/ates4 ,connect$ ) ! "n ( ea* is ! date ( its admission to ! ,union3 ,ohio 7#ahjb71 ,indiana 7#ahaf71 ,ill9ois 7#ahah71 ,mi*igan 7#ahcg71 ,wiscons9 7#ahdh74 ,s\? ( ! ,ohio & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 lay ! t]ritory belong+ to ,virg9ia1 ! ,c>ol9as1 & ,georgia4 ,f ?is1 ! cession ( ,virg9ia =m$ ! ,/ate ( ,k5tucky 7#agib72 t ( ! ,c>ol9as =m$ ,t5nessee 7#agif72 t ( ,georgia =m$ ,alabama 7#ahai7 & ,mississippi 7#ahag74 ,! ext5sive t]ritory call$ ,l\isiana 0 c$$ by ,france to ,spa9 9 #agfb1 0 c$$ back to ,france 9 #ahja1 & pur*as$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahjc4 ,f ?is t]ritory1 !re h be5 =m$ ! ,/ates ( ,l\isiana 7#ahab71 ,miss\ri 7#ahbj71 ,arkansas 7#ahcf71 ,i[a 7#ahdf71 ,m9nesota 7#aheh71 ,kansas 7#ahfa71 ,nebraska 7#ahfg71 ,colorado 7#ahgf71 ,montana & ! two ,dakotas 7#ahhi71 ,wyom+ 7#ahij71 & ,oklahoma & ,indian ,t]ritories4 ,f ! cession ( ,florida by ,spa9 7#ahai71 ! ,/ate ( ,florida 0 =m$ 7#ahde74 ,oregon 0 claim$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! "r ( prior discov]y3 x 0 organiz$ z a ,t]ritory 9 #ahdi2 ! ,t]ritory ( ,wa%+ton 0 =m$ f x 9 #ahec1 & ,idaho 9 #ahfc4 ,oregon 0 admitt$ z a ,/ate 9 #ahei1 ,wa%+ton 9 #ahhi1 & ,idaho 9 #ahij4 ,texas 0 admitt$ to ! ,union 9 #ahde4 ,f ! cessions ( ,mexico 7#ahdh7 !re h be5 =m$ ! ,/ates ( ,cali=nia 7#ahej7 & ,nevada 7#ahfd71 & ! ,t]ritories ( ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,utah4 ,alaska 0 pur*as$ f ,russia 9 #ahfg4 ,we/ ,virg9ia 0 =m$ into a di/9ct ,/ate 9 #ahfc1 9 consequ5ce ( ! secession ( ,virg9ia4 ,,mexico4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,invasion3 ,,maximillian4--,aft] ! close ( ! w> ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#ahdh71 !re cont9u$ to be a w> ( factions 9 ,mexico4 ,!re 0 a democratic p>ty1 :i* obta9$ ! upp] h& 9 #aheg1 b 0 oppos$ by ! *ur* p>ty4 ,! cl]gy & ! religi\s bodies 7 possess$ ( ne>ly "o-half ( ! l&$ prop]ty 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b5ito ,ju>ez1 :o _h be5 *ief ju/ice1 became presid5t2 b he 0 resi/$ by ! cl]ical p>ty1 ) _! milit>y support]s1 & !re 0 civil w> 7#aheg-eh74 ,ju>ez 0 recogniz$ z ! lawful presid5t by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,engl& dem&$ rep>ation = injuries & losses suff]$ 9 ,mexico by _! subjects4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahfa1 & ,janu>y1 #ahfb1 !y l&$ troops at ,v]a ,cruz1 to compel ,mexico to satisfy _! claims4 ,! dem&s ( ,engl& & ,spa9 7 met1 & !y )drew _! =ces4 ,x became cle>1 h[ev]1 t ,l\is ,napoleon1 :o refus$ to recognize ,ju>ez1 _h an ult]ior design to ov]?r[ ! ,mexican gov]nm5t1 & to e/abli% an empire 9 its place4 ,x 0 a "p ( a vision>y s*eme to e/abli% ! dom9ation ( ! ,lat9 race4 ,he expect$ to *eck ! progress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & v5tur$ on ?is aggressive ent]prise on acc\nt ( ! opportunity (f]$ by ! civil w> 9 ,am]ica4 ,he p]suad$ ! ,ar*duke ,maximilian1 ! bro!r ( ,francis ,joseph1 emp]or ( ,au/ria1 to accept ! ?rone1 & agre$ to su/a9 him ) m5 & money4 ,maximilian arriv$ 9 ,mexico 9 #ahfd4 ,l>ge bodies ( ,fr5* troops f\ght on 8 side4 ,! w> resolv$ itself into a gu]rilla conte/1 9 :i* great cruelties 7 p]petrat$ on bo? sides4 ,! end ( ! ,am]ican civil w> put ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a position to dem& ( ,l\is ,napoleon ! )drawal ( ! ,fr5* =ces4 ,8 own situation 9 ,france1 & ! /ate ( public op9ion !re1 prev5t$ him f refus+ ?is dem&4 ,! folly1 z well z crim9ality1 ( ! und]tak+1 _h become m & m obvi\s4 ,he !re=e decid$ to violate 8 promises to ,maximilian4 ,des]t$ ?us by 8 def5d]s1 ?is pr9ce1 :o1 al?\gh misl$ by ambition1 _h noble traits1 0 captur$ by ! troops ( ,ju>ez1 tri$ by c\rt-m>tial1 & %ot 7#ahfg74 ,8 wife ,c>lotta1 ! daught] ( ,leopold ,i4 ( ,belgium1 & ! gr&-daught] ( ,l\is ,philippe1 fail+ 9 negotiations at ,rome1 _h lo/ h] reason4 ,ju>ez 0 in/all$ 9 p[] at ! capital4 ,9 #ahfh & #ahfi1 !re 0 a succession ( insurrections & revolutions2 b he 0 aga9 elect$ 9 #ahga1 & di$ ! next ye>4 ,aft] t "t1 !re 0 m tranquillity 9 ,mexico1 & mu* 0 done to develop ! m9es & o!r mat]ial res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 & = public education4 ,,diaz3 ,,int]nal ,,improvem5ts4--,presid5t ,ju>ez di$ 9 #ahgb1 & 0 succe$$ by ,l]do de ,tejada4 ,"u him ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate ov] ! ,*ur* 0 ma9ta9$4 ,! mona/ic ord]s 7 aboli%$4 ,! democratic con/itution1 :i* _h be5 fram$ 9 #aheg1 0 am5d$ 7#ahgc-d71 & 0 aft]w>ds upheld aga9/ ! ef=ts ( ! reaction>y or ecclesia/ical p>ty to ov]?r[ x4 ,9 #ahgf1 !re 7 ?ree claimants ( ! presid5cy1--,tejada1 ,iglesias1 ! *ief ju/ice1 :o d5i$ ! validity ( 8 election1 & ,g54 ,porfirio ,diaz1 :o 0 at ! head ( a revolt4 ,diaz e/abli%$ himself 9 p[]1 & 0 succe$$ 9 #ahhj by ,manuel ,gonzalez4 ,on ! expiration ( 8 t]m 7#ahhd71 ,diaz 0 once m *os5 to ! same (fice4 ,9 #ahia an insurrection1 head$ by ,cat>9o ,g>za1 a j\rnali/1 & ,g5]al ,riez ,s&ival1 0 direct$ aga9/ ! ,diaz gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 put d[n & ,diaz 0 re-elect$ presid5t1 ,july #aa1 #ahib4 ,"u ,diaz & 8 coadjutors mu* 0 done = ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,mexico has advanc$ t[>ds a /able gov]nm5t 9 ! republican =m4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,,brazil4--,aft] return+ to ,portugal1 ,k+ ,john recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,brazil1 & 8 son ,dom ,p$ro z emp]or ( ! c\ntry 7#ahbe71 al?\gh ,john kept ! title dur+ 8 lifetime 7p4 #eec74 ,! two cr[ns 7 n to be unit$4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 7#ahbf71 ,dom ,p$ro resign$ 8 claim to ! ?rone ( ,portugal4 ,8 subsequ5t c>e] 9 ,brazil 0 a tr\bl\s "o1 ow+ to 8 conte/ ) a lib]al p>ty4 ,he return$ to ,spa9 9 #ahca4 ,aft] 8 dep>ture !re 7 p>ty conte/s "u a reg5cy4 ,9 #ahdj ,dom ,p$ro ,,ii41 :o _h be5 left beh9d 9 ,brazil by 8 fa!r1 & 0 !n f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 0 proclaim$ emp]or4 ,measures 7 tak5 aga9/ ! slave-trade1 & x 0 f9ally aboli%$2 an effective plan = ! gradual emancipation ( slaves 0 adopt$ 7#ahga74 ,rosas1 dictator ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 :o int5d$ to subv]t ! republics ( ,uruguay & ,p>aguay1 0 defeat$ by ! ,brazilian =ces & _! allies 7#aheb74 ,a long w> aga9/ ,lopez1 dictator ( ,p>aguay1 end$ 9 8 capture & dea? 7#ahgj74 ,?is w> involv$ losses to ,brazil 9 m5 & money4 ,"u ,dom ,p$ro ,,ii41 public works1 manufactures1 & comm]ce 7 promot$4 ,a long /rife ( ! gov]nm5t ) ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y end$ 9 an accommodation 7#ahge74 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahhi1 z ! result ( a bloodless revolution1 ,dom ,p$ro ,,ii4 0 de?ron$1 & a republican =m ( gov]nm5t decl>$4 ,9 ,feb41 #ahia1 ,m>%al ,deodoro da ,fonseca 0 confirm$ z ,presid5t1 resign$ 9 ,novemb]1 & 0 succe$$ by ,vice-,presid5t ,floriano ,peixoto1 :o held (fice until ,nov4 #ae1 #ahid1 :5 ,prud5te de ,moraes1 ! fir/ ,brazilian ,presid5t elect$ by a popul> vote1 0 inaugurat$4 ,,ohili1 ,,p]u1 ,,bolivia4--,! conte/ ( ,*ili ) ,p]u & ,bolivia has attract$ special notice4 ,*ili1 aft] ! =mation ( its con/itution 9 #ahcc1--:i* resembles ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1--enjoy$ rem>kable prosp]ity4 ,! /rife to :i* we ref] began betwe5 ,*ili & ,bolivia4 ,! po9t 9 dispute 0 ! "r to ! prov9ce ( ,atacama1 betwe5 ,*ili & ,p]u1 ! s\!rn "p ( :i* 0 claim$ by ,*ili4 ,bolivia claim$ ! :ole4 ,by a treaty 9 #ahff1 ! t]ritory 9 dispute 0 to be1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 common prop]ty4 ,a rivalry exi/$ betwe5 ,*ili & ,p]u1 & a secret alliance 0 =m$ 9 #ahgc betwe5 ,p]u & ,bolivia4 ,bolivia n[ ass]t$ h] title to ! entire prov9ce ( ,atacama4 ,! ,arg5t9e ,republic 0 dispos$ to take sides aga9/ ,*ili1 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! success ( ! ,*ilians1 rema9$ neutral4 ,! ,*ilians captur$ 7,oct4 #h1 #ahgi7 ! ,p]uvian iron-clad vessel1 ! ,huasc>4 ,!y ga9$ o!r advantages1 & took possession ( ! :ole prov9ce1 ) its deposits ( nitrate & guano4 ,revolutions ensu$ 9 ,bolivia & ,p]u4 ,*ilians took ,lima1 ! ,p]uvian capital1 & ov]ran ! c\ntry4 ,t]ms ( peace propos$ by ,*ili1 involv+ l>ge cessions ( t]ritory1 7 ratifi$ by ! ,congress at ,lima 7,m>* #a1 #ahhd74 ,a treaty ( peace 0 made betwe5 ,*ili & ,bolivia 7,may #d74 ,9 ,jan41 #ahia1 w> broke out 9 ,*ili1 result+ 9 ! defeat ( ,presid5t ,balmac$a 9 ,augu/4 ,an assault on ,am]ican seam5 by ,*ilians 9 ,valp>aiso1 ,oct41 #ahia1 caus$ /ra9$ relations betwe5 ,*ili & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! latt] dem&+ apology & rep>ation4 ,*ili compli$1 ,jan41 #ahib4 ,,*9a ,,& ,,japan4 ,,*9a ,,& ,,=eign ,,nations3 ,,! ,,taip+ ,,rebellion4--,9 ! rec5t p]iod1 !re has be5 a gradual b grudg+ & reluctant op5+ ( ,*9a to comm]cial int]c\rse ) =eign nations1 & to ! labors ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 ,9 #ahdj !re began ! fir/ w> ) ,great ,brita91 call$ ! opium w> = ! reason t x 0 caus$ by ! ,*9ese prohibition ( ! import+ ( t article4 ,9 ! treaty at ! end ( ! w>1 five ports 7 made free to ,briti% trade2 ,hong-,kong 0 c$$ to ,engl&2 & x 0 provid$ t ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! (ficials ( ! two nations %\ld be on ! basis ( equality 7#ahdb74 ,two ye>s lat] an advantage\s treaty 0 conclud$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ,*9a3 a treaty 0 also conclud$ ) ,france 7#ahdd74 ,aggressions ( ! ,*9ese l$ to a second w> ) ,great ,brita91 9 alliance ) ,france 7#aheg-fj72 9 :i* ! ,*9ese fleet 0 de/roy$1 & ,canton1 a city ( a million inhabitants1 0 captur$4 ,treaties 7 made1 b ! infraction ( !m 0 foll[$ by ! capture ( ,pek+ 7#ahei74 ,9 ! settlem5t :i* imm$iately took place1 tol]ation 0 grant$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & lib]ty to =eign ambassadors to reside at ! capital4 ,9 #ahfh ,mr4 ,anson ,burl+ame1 :o _h be5 ,unit$ ,/ates m9i/] to ,*9a1 ) two ,*9ese envoys1 visit$ ! p[]s :i* _h made treaties ) ,*9a1 & negotiat$ agreem5ts by :i* important pr9ciples ( int]national law 7 mutually adopt$4 ,! mo/ important dome/ic ev5t 9 ,*9a1 9 rec5t times1 is ! ,taip+-rebellion1 :i* broke out 9 #ahej1 9 ,s\!rn ,*9a4 ,compla9ts ( oppression & consequ5t disord] 7 br\ght to a climax on ! accession ( ! "y emp]or1 ,he5-fung4 ,! revolt spread f prov9ce to prov9ce1 & f\nd a lead] 9 ! p]son ( ,hung ,lew-tseu51 :o call$ himself ,te5-,wang 7,cele/ial ,virtue74 ,he proclaim$ 8 purpose to ov]?r[ ! ,man*u dyna/y1 & to re/ore ! ?rone to ! native ,*9ese4 ,he claim$ a div9e commission1 _h caught up c]ta9 ,*ri/ian ideas1 & pr(ess$ to be an adh]5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,multitudes flock$ to 8 /&>d4 ,city aft] city fell into _! h&s4 ,! w> ) ,engl& & ,france op]at$ 9 8 favor4 ,aft] ! conclusion ( peace1 ! gov]nm5t 0 m en]getic & successful 9 its ef=t to suppress ! rebellion1 & 0 help$ by =eign (fic]s1 9 p>ticul> by ,major 7aft]w>ds ,g5]al7 ,gordon4 ,nank+ 0 recaptur$ 7#ahfd72 & ! revolt1 :i* _h be5 att5d$ ) an enorm\s de/ruction ( life1 came to an end4 ,,japan ,,& ,,=eign ,,nations4--,up to ! ye> #ahff1 ! actual rul]s ( ,japan 7 ! ,%ogun1 or emp]or's lieut5ant1 :o resid$ at ,y$o1 & ! daimios1 or t]ritorial nobles1 ^: resid5ce 0 also !re4 ,! ,mikado1 or emp]or1 liv$ 9 ,kioto1 surr\nd$ by 8 relatives1 ! imp]ial nobles4 ,!re 0 a /rict classification ( ! :ole p1 & a /rict sup]vision ( !m1 & ! c\ntry 0 %ut to =eign]s4 ,9 #ahec ,commodore ,p]ry1 ( ! ,unit$-,/ates ,navy1 fir/ ent]$ ! h>bor ( ,y$o1 & 9 #ahed return$1 & negotiat$ a treaty ) ! ,%ogun1 :i* op5$ c]ta9 ports to =eign trade1 & to ! admission ( consuls4 ,treaties ( a l nature betwe5 ,japan & ! o!r pr9cipal nations 7 soon made4 ,! ,mikado & 8 c\rt 7 deeply inc5s$ at ! ,%ogun's usurpation ( au?ority1 & 7 at ! same "t ho/ile to ! introduction ( =eign]s4 ,?us a d\ble conte/ arose4 ,!re 0 an attempt to put d[n ! ,%ogun1 & to /rip him ( 8 au?ority1 & to drive (f ! /rang]s4 ,?is la/ ef=t l$ ! ,mikado's (fic]s to fire on ! %ips ( ! =eign nations4 ,! puni%m5t :i* ^! inflict$ 9 ! h>bor ( ,%imonoseki 7#ahfd7 s impress$ ! emp]or1 9 conjunction ) 8 fe> le/ ! =eign]s %\ld help ! ,%ogun1 t he completely rev]s$ 8 policy1 & proce$$ to remove ! b>ri]s to int]c\rse ) !m4 ,! daimios1 :o _h be5 compell$ to live at ,y$o1 flock$ to ,kioto4 ,! ,mikado1 c\nt5anc$ by ! =eign]s1 ov]came ! resi/ance ( ! p>ty ( ! ,%oguns4 ,he remov$ 8 resid5ce to ,y$o1 n[ call$ ,tokio 7#ahfi74 ,feudalism 0 aboli%$ 7#ahga71 & a con/itution promulgat$ 9 #ahhi4 ,! empire 0 ?us unit$ & /r5g!n$4 ,in/itutions & cu/oms ( ,we/]n civilization 7 rapidly introduc$4 ,political & legal re=ms kept pace ) ! introduction ( railroads & o!r mat]ial improvem5ts4 ,*ri/ian mission>ies actively engag$ 9 prea*+ & tea*+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,decade ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t5d5cies :i* ye>s be=e _h begun to appe> became ! dom9ant feature ( ! ,european situation4 ,! old ideals ( ! ,man*e/] s*ool--fre] trade1 m intimate & peaceful int]c\rse betwe5 nations1 ! "r ( ea* p to control its de/9y1 ! developm5t ( lib]al in/itutions--gave way to a policy ( high protective t>iffs & bitt] comm]cial w>f>e1 ( con/ant increase 9 armam5ts1 ( eag] rivalry 9 seiz+ ! t]ritory ( less civiliz$ & weak] peoples1 accompani$1 p>ticul>ly on ! cont95t1 by a decrease 9 ! effectiv5ess ( p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t4 ,sev]al ( ! great /atesm5 ( ! c5tury yield$ to new m54 ,al?\gh ! close came )\t su* w>s z desolat$ ,europe at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! heavy burd5s :i* re/$ ^u ! taxpay] & ! con/ant dang] t ! "w ( civilization w\ld be rudely int]rupt$ h>dly ju/ifi$ ! optimism ( ! e>li] decades4 ,! pronunciam5to ( ! ,cz> ,ni*olas 9 favor ( re/rict+ ! gr[? ( armam5ts & ! consequ5t e/abli%m5t1 9 #aijj1 ( an int]national tribunal ( arbitration at ! ,hague held out hopes ( a bett] future4 ,,engl&4--,an analysis ( ! majority :i* ,glad/one _h obta9$ 9 ! g5]al election ( #ahib %[$ t ! prospects ( ,home ,rule = ,irel& 7 slight4 ,?is majority 0 compos$ ( an ,engli% m9ority support$ by ,scotti%1 ,wel%1 & ,iri% gr\ps4 ,! bill :i* 0 introduc$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> diff]$ f ! previ\s bill 9 t x did n )draw ! ,iri% memb]s f ,we/m9/]4 ,al?\gh ! ,h\se ( ,commons gave x a small majority1 x 0 defeat$ 9 ! ,lords4 ,glad/one felt t 8 support 0 too prec>i\s to =ce ! "q to a f9al settlem5t by an appeal to ! c\ntry4 ,he accord+ly turn$ 8 att5tion to ! rema9d] ( 8 programme1 ! mo/ important "p ( :i* 0 a ,p>i% ,c\ncils bill4 ,?is aim$ to d = local gov]nm5t 9 ! p>i%es :at ! previ\s ,salisbury m9i/ry _h done = local gov]nm5t 9 ! c\nties4 ,aft] ! success ( ! bill 0 assur$ ,glad/one )drew1 & ,"l ,roseb]y became prime-m9i/]4 ,glad/one sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 retirem5t4 ,! ,roseb]y m9i/ry soon fell1 & a new ,salisbury m9i/ry dissolv$ ,p>liam5t4 ,9 ! g5]al election ( #ahie ! ,cons]vatives & _! allies1 ! ,lib]al-,unioni/s1 receiv$ an ov]:elm+ majority4 ,?is took ! ,home ,rule "q out ( practical politics4 ,only ?r\gh a s]ies ( m9or concessions 0 ! attempt to be made to satisfy ,irel&'s legitimate aspirations4 ,?is victory also %[$ t ,engli% public s5tim5t 0 ready to break def9itely ) ! pr9ciples ( ,glad/one & 8 fri5ds1 & support a policy ( en]getic imp]ialism4 ,! ,que51 ^: jubilee 0 aga9 celebrat$ 9 #ahig1 di$ on ,janu>y #bb1 #aija4 ,! new k+1 ,edw>d ,,vii41 at ! age ( sixty-"o1 0 cr[n$ 9 #aijb4 ,,g]many3 ,,bism>ck's ,,lat] ,,policy4--,s9ce #ahgh1 :5 ,bism>ck ab&on$ 8 alliance ) ! ,national ,lib]als1 he _h be5 endeavor+ to increase ! f9ancial /r5g? ( ! empire by *ang+ ! cu/oms & excise sy/em1 to conqu] ! sociali/s bo? by direct attack & by tak+ ! work+ classes "u ! special c>e ( ! /ate1 &1 m rec5tly1 to procure = ,g]many colonial possessions4 ,al?\gh 8 new f9ancial policy 0 def9itely protectioni/1 8 *ief aim 0 to free ! imp]ial gov]nm5t f ! ne$ ( apply+ to ! diff]5t /ates = a subv5tion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 policy1 ! income f cu/oms & excises rose 9 t5 ye>s f #bcj1jjj1jjj m>ks to #gjj1jjj1jjj4 ,b ! plan ( /ate subv5tions al?\gh alt]$ 9 fact 0 pres]v$ 9 appe>ance1 = ,bism>ck 0 oblig$ to conc$e to ,p>ticul>i/ jeal\sies t all income f ^! s\rces above #acj1jjj1jjj mu/ be paid to ! /ates & ! defici5cy 9 ! imp]ial treasury be made up 9 ! usual mann]4 ,lat] on ! new naval programme aga9 made /ate contributions a reality4 ,9 ! laws to protect ! work+m5 ,bism>ck affirm$ ?is to be ! duty ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate2 he did n conc$e t su* measures 7 simply ! "r ( ! workm54 ,! plan 0 c>ri$ out 9 ?ree great laws3 t ( insurance 9 case ( illness 7#ahhc71 9 case ( accid5t 9 m9es or factories 7#ahhd71 & 9 case ( old age or incapacity 7#ahhi74 ,^! laws 7 enact$ 9 ! face ( mu* outcry f employ]s1 & 7 effectively adm9i/]$4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 s f> remove ! grievances ( ! l[] classes z to *eck ! gr[? ( ! ,social ,democratic p>ty4 ,al?\gh ! p>ty has s9ce #ahia embodi$ 9 its programme ! !ories ( ,m>x1 x is n :olly sociali/ic 9 "*2 x is also a prote/ ( ! democratic _s aga9/ ! adm9i/ration ( ,g]many z an ari/ocratic1 milit>y mon>*y4 ,9 ! face ( repressive laws ! p>ty grew /eadily1 s t 9 #ahij x 0 able to ca/ #a1djj1jjj votes4 ,! only =ce able to resi/ its advance 0 ! ,ca?olic ,c5t]1 because ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* includ$ among its memb]s all classes 9 ! community2 :ile ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 9 ! cities at lea/1 0 m g5]ally compos$ ( ! employ+ class4 ,f #ahhd ,bism>ck _h put ,g]many =w>d z an eag] competitor = colonial acquisitions 9 ,africa & ! ,pacific4 ,! l&s t ,g]many 0 able to obta9 7 h>dly suit$ to di/9ctively ,g]man settlem5t1 & af=d$ comp>atively little advantage to trade4 ,,bism>ck',s ,,fall4--,william ,,ii4 began by cont9u+ ! policies :i* _h be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 gr&fa!r's reign4 ,x 0 n long be=e he became re/ive "u ! lead]%ip ( ,bism>ck4 ,he desir$ to make 8 own p]sonal aims m prom95t4 ,9 #ahij !re 0 a /ruggle ov] ! r5ewal ( ! laws aga9/ ! sociali/s & a consequ5t g5]al election4 ,! ,emp]or seiz$ ! opportunity to decl>e 8 purpose to improve /ill fur!r ! situation ( ! work+ classes1 &1 ) ?is 9 view1 to call an int]national congress4 ,9 ,prussia he decl>$ x to be ! duty ( ! /ate to regulate ! conditions ( labor4 ,su* decl>ations took ! control ( ! electoral campaign out ( ,bism>ck's h&s4 ,"o result 0 decid$ losses = ! cons]vative gr\ps4 ,bism>ck tri$ to ma9ta9 8 asc5d5cy by insi/+ t1 accord+ to a cab9et ord] ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv41 ! k+ ( ,prussia mu/ communicate ) ! m9i/]s ?r\gh ! presid5t ( ! c\ncil4 ,william retort$ by d5y+ ,bism>ck's "r to negotiate ) ! *iefs ( ! p>liam5t>y gr\ps1 & by requir+ a decree rev]s+ ! obnoxi\s cab9et ord]4 ,on ,m>* #bj he dem&$ ,bism>ck's resignation4 ,bism>ck left ,b]l9 amid a great ovation a few days lat]4 ,= "s ye>s he & 8 fri5ds =m$ an un(ficial c5t] ( opposition & criticism4 ,he di$ 9 ,july1 #ahih4 ,,g]many ,,s9ce ,,bism>ck',s ,,fall4--,bism>ck's successors 7 ,c\nt ,caprivi 7#ahij-ahid71 ,pr9ce ,hoh5lobe 7#ahid-aijj71 & ,c\nt ,bl[4 ,x 0 tacitly recogniz$ t ! anti-sociali/ laws _h fail$1 & !y 7 n r5ew$4 ,! sociali/s z well z all o!r gr\ps receiv$ ! additional advantage t some:at lat] a law 0 pass$ p]mitt+ societies ( all k9ds to affiliate4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t 9 #aijj ! ,social ,democrats controll$ ov] #b1jjj1jjj votes4 ,! gov]nm5t va9ly attempt$ to dike ! ris+ flood by laws provid+ a practical c5sor%ip ( art & ( lit]ature1 b ^! _h to be ab&on$4 ,9 ! p>liam5t>y life ( ,g]many ! mo/ significant *ange 0 ! dis9tegration ( ! old p>ties1 ! /r5g!n+ ( su* gr\ps z ! ,ca?olic ,c5t] & ! ,social ,democrats1 & ! creation ( a /rong ,agr>ian p>ty or int]e/4 ,! ,agr>ians became prom95t dur+ ! controv]sy ov] a comm]cial treaty ) ,russia4 ,?is treaty 0 "p ( a g5]al attempt to develop ! ,european m>ket to make good ! loss ?r\gh ! adoption ( high t>iffs 9 c\ntries l ,am]ica & ,france1 &1 at fir/1 by ,russia h]self4 ,al?\gh ,g]many c\ld n furni% en\gh gra9 to fe$ h] own p1 & !re 0 a t>iff on import$ gra91 ! price kept fall+1 :ile ! prices ( manufactur$ articles /eadily increas$4 ,! peasants & ! l&[n]s felt t !y 7 ?reat5$ ) ru94 ,accord+ly !y =m$ an alliance 9 #ahic1 & a p>liam5t>y union :i*1 f t "t on1 0 s =midable z to =ce important concessions f ! gov]nm5t4 ,among o!r important measures ( ?is p]iod 7 ! adoption ( a new ,civil ,code = ! empire1 to g into effect ,jan4 #a1 #aijj2 ! r$uction ( ! t]m ( milit>y s]vice to two ye>s2 & ! ef=ts by ! successive naval programmes ( #ahig & #aijj to create = ,g]many a /rong sea p[] capable ( support+ h] trade & colonial aspirations4 ,,france3 ,,b\lang]4--,9 #ahhh ! cont9uance ( ! ,republic 0 endang]$ by ! support :i* _m ( its enemies & "s ( its ignorant fri5ds l5t to ! pret5sions ( ,g5]al ,b\lang]1 :o _h made himself popul> z m9i/] ( w> by 8 army re=ms & by 8 bellig]5t attitude t[>d ,g]many4 ,:5 he ceas$ to be m9i/]1 & p>ticul>ly aft] he 0 depriv$ ( 8 milit>y comm&1 he began an en]getic propag&a = a revision ( ! con/itution1 ) ! cry ,dissolution1 ,revision1 ,con/itu5t4 ,! royali/s gave freely to fur!r ! campaign1 hop+ t mod]ate m5 w\ld be fright5$ into call+ ! ,c\nt ( ,p>is to ! ?rone 9 ord] to save ! c\ntry f ano!r milit>y empire4 ,! ,b\langi/s took skillful advantage ( ! fact t ! deputies repres5t+ ea* dep>tm5t 7 elect$ at l>ge1 & n on s+le di/rict tickets1 s t x 0 possible = ,b\lang]'s "n to be plac$ on ea* dep>tm5tal ticket1 & s 9 "t to receive ! votes ( all ,france4 ,) su* a m&ate x w\ld be impossible = ! mod]ate ,republicans to resi/ him4 ,= a "t ! s*eme 0 successful4 ,b\lang] 0 ev5 elect$ on ! ,p>is li/4 ,_h he be5 will+ to und]take a c\p d'etat he might !n h ov]?r[n ! ,republic1 b he wi%$ = a m peaceful triumph at ! approa*+ g5]al election4 ,?is 8 oppon5ts depriv$ him ( by aboli%+ ! me?od ( election at l>ge1 s t ea* deputy 0 to repres5t a p>ticul> di/rict4 ,b\lang] 0 soon aft] attack$ on a *>ge ( treason be=e ! ,s5ate act+ z a high c\rt4 ,he fl$ to ,belgium & a little lat] committ$ suicide on ! grave ( 8 mi/ress4 ,,panama ,,crisis4--,h>dly _h ! dang] f ,b\lang] subsid$ :51 9 #ahib1 _m ( ! lead+ politicians 7 discr$it$ by ! disclosures made 9 ! judicial inve/igation ( ! bankruptcy ( ! ,panama ,canal ,company4 ,x appe>$ t ! company _h sp5t l>ge sums to muzzle ! press1 s t ignorant inve/ors %\ld n discov] ! prec>i\s condition ( ! ent]prise4 ,x _h also contribut$ to ! campaign exp5ses ( fri5dly deputies & directly pur*as$ votes 9 ord] to obta9 au?ority to negotiate a loan 9 a mann] ord9>ily illegal4 ,al?\gh sev]al deputies & s5ators 7 tri$1 no "o 0 convict$ save an ex-m9i/]1 :o confess$ t he _h accept$ #cjj1jjj francs4 ,_h ! exposure come a little e>li]1 x mu/ h l$ to ! triumph ( ,b\lang]4 ,its pr9cipal consequ5ce 0 to br+ new m5 ( less t>ni%$ reputations to ! front4 ,,! ,,*ur*4--,9 ! same ye> ! ,*ur* ) direct enc\ragem5t & ev5 pressure f ,pope ,leo ,,xiii1 ralli$ to ! support ( ! ,republic4 ,! pope issu$ an encyclical to ,fr5* ,ca?olics & foll[$ ?is by a lett] to ! ,fr5* c>d9als4 ,_m royali/s 7 afflict$ by ?is attitude1 b ne>ly all 7 submissive4 ,!y call$ !mselves ! con/itutional p>ty1 b 7 also call$ ! ralli$4 ,_! wat*word seem$ to be1 ,accept ! con/itution 9 ord] to modify legislation4 ,,p>ties4--,! radical revolution>y gr\ps1 :i* _h be5 cru%$ 9 ! suppression ( ! ,commune ( #ahga1 & :i* _h n be5 able to recon/itute !mselves effectively until ! amne/y ( #ahhj1 began 9 ! e>ly n9eties to make _! influ5ce m effective4 ,?is co9cid$ ) a g5]al %ift+ ( political p[] t[>d ! ,left4 ,! assass9ation ( ,presid5t ,c>not1 9 #ahid1 & ! en?usiasm provok$ by ! cem5t+ ( ! ,russian alliance & by ! com+ ( ! ,cz> to ,p>is1 prolong$ ! control ( ! mod]ates1 or ,progressi/s1 z !y 7 call$ 9 #ahif4 ,x 0 ! p]si/5t attacks ( ! radicals t disgu/$ ,casimir-,pri] ) ! presid5cy4 ,8 successor 0 ,flix ,faure1 a successful bus9ess man4 ,:5 he di$ sudd5ly 9 #ahii1 mile ,l\bet 0 *os5 by ! support ( ! gr\ps ( ! ,left4 ,be=e ! mod]ate ,republicans lo/ control !y revolutioniz$ ! economic policy ( ,france1 sub/itut+ = practical free trade & comm]cial treaties a high protective t>iff4 ,,dreyfus ,,case4--,france _h n recov]$ f ! %ock ( ! ,panama sc&al be=e %e 0 involv$ 9 ano!r sc&al f> m subtle 9 its demoraliz+ influ5ce4 ,jeal\sy ( ! success ( ,jewi% f9anci]s1 /r5g!n$ by ! common feel+ t capitali/s are enri*$ by ill-gott5 ga9s1 l$ to an obscure campaign aga9/ ! ,jews & all capitali/s4 ,! rem9isc5ces ( ,panama did n allay ^! feel+s4 ,soon ! royali/s seiz$ ?is in/rum5t z a means ( discr$it+ ! ,republic1 ass]t+ t x _h be5 organiz$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,g]man-,jewi% immigrants :o 7 enri*+ !mselves at ! exp5se ( ! ?rifty b guileless ,fr5*4 ,x 0 also ass]t$ t ,jews 9 ! army 7 betray+ its secrets to _! ,g]man k9dr$4 ,z ! army 0 univ]sally popul>1 ?is 0 an effective bl[ at ! ,jews4 ,! d5\em5t 0 ! arre/ ( ,capta9 ,dreyfus1 8 degradation1 & 8 conf9em5t on an isl& (f ! coa/ ( ,fr5* ,guiana4 ,! evid5ce _h be5 slight1 & x 0 discr$it$ :5 a c\rage\s (fic] ( ! ,intellig5ce ,dep>tm5t told 8 sup]iors t ev5 ?is _h be5 con/ruct$ by a ,major ,e/]hazy4 ,! (fic]1 ,colonel ,picqu>t1 0 remov$1 & 8 place tak5 by ,colonel ,h5ry1 :o und]took to supply ! necess>y evid5ce4 ,al?\gh he impos$ on ! m9i/] ( w>1 he 0 unable to endure ! moral /ra91 especially aft] di/+ui%$ m5 l ,zola became *ampions ( ! innoc5ce ( ,dreyfus1 & he committ$ suicide aft] mak+ a confession4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to br+ ! case be=e ! ,c\rt ( ,cassation 9 #ahih1 :i* ord]$ a new trial4 ,al?\gh ,dreyfus 0 aga9 convict$ by a milit>y c\rt1 he 0 imm$iately p>don$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,,o!r ,,c\ntries4--,aft] #ahig ! situation 9 ,au/ro-,hung>y became prec>i\s1 ow+ to ! difficulties :i* arose :5 ! "t came to r5ew ! ,ausglei*1 or agreem5t1 betwe5 ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 fir/ made 9 #ahfg4 ,nei!r portion ( ! empire 0 satisfi$ ) its "p ( ! b>ga94 ,z ! ,hung>ians always /ood toge!r 9 any /ruggle ) ,au/ria1 !y 7 likely to get ! bett] ( ! b>ga94 ,!re 0 ! additional difficulty t no agreem5t ( any sort c\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,au/rian p>liam5t1 :i* _h become hopelessly disorganiz$ ?r\gh ! savage conflicts betwe5 ! v>i\s gr\ps1 ,g]mans1 ,cze*s1 anti-,semites1 etc4 ,! only way to prev5t ! actual dissolution ( ! empire 0 to r5ew ! agreem5t 9 behalf ( ,au/ria by imp]ial w>rant4 ,ano!r c\ntry belong+ to ! ,triple ,alliance1 ,italy1 0 br\ght into tr\ble by ! policy ( extravagant expansion1 pursu$ especially "u ! lead]%ip ( ,crispi4 ,b ! disa/r\s defeat by ! ,abyss9ians at ,ad[a1 9 #ahif1 gave pause to ! plans ( su* /atesm54 ,spa9 also suff]$ disa/] 9 ?is p]iod1 fir/ ?r\gh ! outbreak ( revolt 9 ,cuba1 & !n ?r\gh ! loss ( ! remnant ( h] once spl5did colonial empire 9 consequ5ce ( ! w> ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,european ,,diplomacy4--,! f\ndation ( ! ,triple ,alliance _h be5 laid by ! treaty betwe5 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,to ?is ,italy _h acc$$ 9 #ahhc4 ,su* a comb9ation t5d$ to br+ ,russia & ,france toge!r1 especially z ,russia began to see t ! only p[] pursu+ a policy favorable to h] desires 0 ,france4 ,f9ally ,russian & ,fr5* (fic]s 7 au?oriz$ to arrange = ! possible cop]ation ( armies 9 case ( w>1 & 9 #ahid a milit>y conv5tion 0 complet$4 ,t !re came to be a def9ite und]/&+ /ill m compreh5sive has be5 g5]ally believ$1 b its t]ms 7 n divulg$4 ,! ,fr5* m9i/] ( =eign affairs us$ ! ^w alliance 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies 9 #ahie1 & two ye>s lat]1 :5 ,presid5t ,faure visit$ ! ,cz> at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ! ,cz> us$ ! phrase two great nations1 fri5ds & allies4 ,! consequ5ce ( ^! two alliances1 & ( ! peaceful policy pursu$ by ,engl&1 0 ! localiz+ ( difficulties & ! ma9t5ance ( a conc]t on all que/ions likely to embroil ,europe4 ,?is 0 evid5t f ! treatm5t ( ! ,ea/]n1 ! ,african1 & ! ,f> ,ea/]n que/ions4 ,,arm5ia4--,bulg>ian affairs _h n receiv$ _! f9al solution at ! ,b]l9 ,congress1 = ! peaceful revolution ( ,philippopolis 9 #ahhe _h =cibly reunit$ ,bulg>ia & ,ea/ ,r\melia4 ,b ! p[]s did n recognize ! *ange until ,pr9ce ,alex&] _h )drawn1 & ,pr9ce ,f]d9& _h plac$ himself m "u ,russian tutelage1 mak+ ?is emphatic by ! decision to br+ up 8 son1 ,pr9ce ,boris1 accord+ to ! ,greek rite4 ,! success ( ,bulg>ia r5d]$ ! ,arm5ians envi\s4 ,discont5t at ! failure to c>ry out ! re=ms promis$ by ! treaty ( ,b]l9 l$ to ! =mation ( a revolution>y p>ty :i* hop$ by provok+ a ,turki% repression1 simil> to ! ,bulg>ian atrocities1 to necessitate a new ,european int]v5tion4 ,su* a s*eme 0 oppos$ by ,am]ican mission>ies & by ! native cl]gy1 = !y saw t x 0 doom$ to disa/]4 ,! revolutioni/s endeavor$ to compromise ! mission>ies by po/+ _! plac>ds on ! walls ( ! ,am]ican college at ,m>sivan4 ,! suspicions ( ! ,turks 7 direct$ aga9/ ! mission>ies1 & ! ,girls' ,s*oolh\se 0 burn$ by a mob4 ,o/5sibly to capture agitators ! ,kurds foll[$ by ! regul> troops p]petrat$ t]rible massacres 9 ! m\nta9 villages ( ,sasn 9 #ahic & #ahid4 ,! p[]s c\ld n agree ^u any common plan to *eck su* evils1 & :5 !y did =ce ^u ! ,sultan a s*eme ( re=m1 x s]v$ only z a signal = worse massacres1 :i* recurr$ *ronically until ! f9al massacre 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 ,augu/1 #ahif4 ,z ! conc]t 0 honeycomb$ by jeal\sies1 x 0 impossible to d m ?an prev5t ! developm5t ( ?is horror into a g5]al ,european w>4 ,engl& 0 unable to int]v5e sep>ately because ( ! ho/ile attitude ( ,russia4 ,su* /atesm5 z ,"l ,salisbury recogniz$ t ,engl&'s traditional support ( ,turkey _h be5 discr$it$ by su* ev5ts4 ,:51 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 w> broke out betwe5 ,greece & ,turkey1 & :5 ,crete fell into a /ate ( an>*y1 ! p[]s 7 m successful 9 _! common action1 = !y 7 able to mitigate ! t]ms :i* ! victori\s ,turks dem&$1 & to )draw ,crete f direct ,turki% control4 ,,egypt4--,! hi/ory ( ,egypt t\*es bo? ! situation 9 ! ,turki% empire & ! m g5]al situation ( ,africa & ! r\tes to ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,engl&'s occupation ( ,egypt1 at fir/ consid]$ tempor>y1 gave h] practical control ( ! ,suez ,canal2 x also gave h] a /rong position 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 ! lack ( :i* _h be5 "o reason = h] ho/ility to ! treaty ( ,san ,/efano 9 #ahgh4 ,! problem ( ! equatorial prov9ces _h rema9$ vexati\s ev] s9ce ! triumph ( ! ,mahdi & ( 8 successor1 ! ,kalifa4 ,any attempt to beg9 a campaign = _! recov]y 0 h9d]$ by ! peculi> f9ancial condition ( ,egypt4 ,z all ! funds 7 ei!r mortgag$ to cr$itors1 or at lea/ "u an int]national control n favorable to ! pres5ce ( ,engl&1 ! only money absolutely "u ! control ( ! ,egyptian gov]nm5t 0 a special res]ve fund1 ! result ( pa9ful adm9i/rative economies4 ,b ! necessity ( an advance 0 imp]ative4 ,al?\gh ! attempt ( ! ,congo ,free ,/ate to e/abli% a p]man5t foo?old 9 ! upp] ,nile bas9 _h be5 *eck$ by ,engl&1 ,france 0 /riv+ to ext5d h] t]ritorial possessions /raight across f ,s5egal to ,jibutil1 on ! ,gulf ( ,ad54 ,major ,m>*& _h left ,p>is secretly 9 #ahif ) ?is mission4 ,9 ?is ye> also ! defeat ( ! ,italians at ,ad[a1 & ! pressure ( ! troops ( ! ,kalifa ^u ,kassala1 held by ! ,italians = ! ,engli%1 did n p]mit long] delay4 ,a great prep>atory "w _h be5 done 9 ! t5 ye>s previ\s4 ,a new army _h be5 creat$4 ,! advance began 9 ,m>*1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,sir ,h]b]t ,kit*5]4 ,"o ( its mo/ effective & brilliant features 0 ! con/ruction 9 ! foll[+ ye> ( a railway #bcj miles across ! ,nubian des]t to save a riv] j\rney ( #fjj miles4 ,! decisive campaign took place 9 #ahih1 ) ! battle on ! ,atb>a & ! cru%+ defeat ( ! ,kalifa at ,omdurman 9 ,septemb]4 ,dur+ ! summ] ,m>*& _h be5 e/abli%+ po/s 9 ! upp] ,nile region z f> z ,fa%oda4 ,kit*5] imm$iately proce$$ ?i!r1 rais$ ! ,engli% & ,egyptian flags ne> by1 leav+ ! settlem5t ( ! "q to diplomacy4 ,! ,fr5*1 n be+ support$ by ,russia 9 an aggressive attitude1 7 oblig$ to give way1 & _! sph]e ( influ5ce 0 n to include any portion ( ! ,nile bas94 ,! w> _h be5 economically manag$1 s t ,egyptian f9ances 7 n s]i\sly dis>rang$4 ,! help t ,engl& 0 oblig$ to give ju/ifi$ h] 9 consid]+ ! ,sudan z t]ritory held jo9tly by h] & by ,egypt4 ,! g5]al consequ5ce ( ,engli% rule 9 ,egypt has be5 a r$uction ( taxation1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! collection ( a l>g] rev5ue4 ,va/ public improvem5ts1 l ! dam at ,ass\an1 also add$ to ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,,africa4--,al?\gh ,africa s9ce #ahhe _h be5 ! subject ( an important conf]5ce at ,b]l9 & ( v>i\s int]national agreem5ts x 01 /rictly speak+1 beyond ! sph]e ( action ( ! ,european conc]t4 ,its p>tition among ! ,european /ates1 a movem5t orig9at+ 9 ! exp$itions ( ,liv+/one & ,/anley1 w5t on rapidly f #ahhd4 ,! ,congo ,free ,/ate1 :i* at fir/ promis$ to be an int]national ent]prise1 spe$ily *ang$ into a t]ritorial possession ( ! k+ ( ,belgium4 ,:5 9 #ahij x became necess>y = him to raise funds = ! support ( 8 rule1 x 0 agre$ t ! rev]sion ( ! t]ritory belong$ to ,belgium z a colony4 ,k+ ,leopold1 z already rem>k$1 made an attempt to e/abli% 8 au?ority ov] a "p ( ! upp] ,nile bas91 b "h he 0 ?w>t$ by ! ambition ( bo? ,engl& & ,france4 ,engl& und]took to lease ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal 9 consid]ation ( ! lease f him ( a /rip fifte5 & a half miles wide along ! ea/]n bord] ( ! /ate1 9 ord] to make possible ! s*eme ( a railway on l& "u ,briti% control f ! ,cape to ,cairo4 ,?is s*eme 0 defeat$ by ! ,g]mans z well z by ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,portuguese 7 9 turn prev5t$ f ext5d+ _! hold+s f ,angola to ,mozambique4 ,! ,fr5* & ! ,engli%1 ?\gh ea* disappo9t$ 9 _! extreme purposes1 made sub/antial ga9s2 ,engl& 9 ! regions nor? ( ! ,cape1 across ! ,zambezi1 9 ,ug&a1 & 9 ! ,sudan2 ,france 9 we/]n & nor!rn ,africa1 s t all ! nor?we/1 except ! coa/ colonies & ! indep5d5t ,sultanate ( ,morocco1 came "u h] p[]4 ,france also turn$ h] protectorate ( ,madagasc> into a colonial possession4 ,engl&'s policy ( expansion1 toge!r ) difficulties aris+ out ( ! gold m9+ indu/ry1 involv$ h] 9 a w> ) ! ,bo] republics1 ! ,s\? ,african ,republic & ! ,orange ,free ,/ate4 ,! c5t] ( ! m9+ indu/ry 0 ,johannesb]g4 ,s ri* 7 ! m9es t ! =eign population !re soon outnumb]$ ! ,bo]s4 ,^! =eign]s1 or uitl&]s1 desir$ all ! privileges ( ,engli%m51 al?\gh !y _h become resid5ts 9 a /ate rul$ by primitive agriculturi/s4 ,!y claim$ t _! indu/ry 0 ru9\sly hamp]$ by unwise taxation4 ,s great did _! s5se ( wrong become t !y ent]$ into an arrangem5t ) ,cecil ,rhodes1 premi] ( ,cape ,colony1 & ) ,dr4 ,jameson1 adm9i/rator ( ! ,s\? ,african ,*>t]$ ,company1 9 accordance ) :i*1 at a giv5 signal1 !y 7 to rise & ,dr4 ,jameson ) arm$ troop]s 0 to come to _! assi/ance4 ,dr4 ,jameson did n wait = ! signal1 ! s*eme broke d[n1 & he & 8 troops 7 captur$4 ,to ! ,bo]s all ?is seem$ to be an ,engli% plot aga9/ _! indep5d5ce1 & s !y became m suspici\s4 ,?r\gh a s]ies ( incid5ts ! ,colonial ,secret>y1 ,joseph ,*amb]la91 0 l$ to attempt to extort by =ce f ! ,bo]s ! desir$ concessions4 ,be=e ! diplomatic campaign 0 well begun new issues 7 introduc$1 bo? p>ties began to prep>e = w>1 & f9ally 9 ,octob]1 #ahii1 ! ,bo]s took ! initiative & invad$ ! ,briti% colonies4 ,! w> 0 at fir/ disa/r\s = ! ,engli%1 b f9ally ?r\gh a l>ge army "u ,"l ,rob]ts ! ,bo]s 7 driv5 f bo? ! ,transvaal & ! ,orange ,free ,/ate1 :i* 7 occupi$ & decl>$ to be colonies ( ! empire4 ,b x 0 n until ?ree ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! w> t ! la/ ,bo] b&s 7 compell$ by ,"l ,kit*5] to surr5d]1 & ! c\ntry 0 pacifi$4 ,engl&'s influ5ce 9 ,s\? ,africa 0 greatly /r5g!n$ by ?is victory1 al?\gh h] pre/ige 9 ! _w at l>ge 0 some:at compromis$4 ,,! ,,f> ,,ea/4--,be=e ! close ( ! c5tury ! int]e/ :i* _h once belong$ to ! ne> ,ea/ 0 transf]r$ to ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! fir/ indication ( ?is 0 ! action ( ! p[]s at ! close ( ! w> :i* broke out betwe5 ,japan & ,*9a1 9 #ahid1 ov] _! relations to ,korea4 ,japan 0 triumphant1 demon/rat+ 9 ! battle ( ! ,yaloo ,riv] ! sup]iority ( h] new navy4 ,%e occupi$ ! p59sula ( ,liaotung & ,port ,ar?ur1 a h>bor ( /rategic importance4 ,%e dem&$ a cession ( ?is p59sula1 toge!r ) ,=mosa & a l>ge indemnity4 ,russia1 ,g]many1 & ,france int]v5$ & kept ,japan f e/abli%+ h]self on ! ma9l&4 ,?is action did n appe> altoge!r 9 ! int]e/ ( ,*9a1 = ea* ( ! ?ree p[]s soon ask$ ( ,*9a q z important concessions = !mselves1--,france 9 ! s\?1 ,g]many at ,kiao*[1 & ,russia at ,port ,ar?ur1--:i* compell$ ,engl& to gu>d h] int]e/s by leas+ ,w,vei-hai-wei1 opposite ,port ,ar?ur4 ,at ?is "t began ! m>k+ out ( sph]es ( influ5ce1 a practical p>tition ( ,*9a1 accompani$ by dem&s ( all sorts ( railway & m9+ concessions4 ,?is un$ify+ pressure f aggressive ,europeans seem$ = a "t to awak5 ,*9a4 ,! emp]or began to urge =w>d re=m4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ,*9a might foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,japan1 b sudd5ly !re 0 a palace revolution1 ! d[ag]-empress seiz$ control1 & ! re=m]s _h to fly = _! lives4 ,closely foll[+ ?is came a s]i\s anti-=eign outbreak1 l$ by ! ,box]s1 & enc\rag$ by c]ta9 high (ficials4 ,be=e ,europe 0 aw>e ( ! gravity ( ! situation x 0 al>m$ by ! report t ! =eign legations at ,pek9 _h be5 besieg$1 captur$1 & massacr$4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 a false report1 x 0 true t f ,june #bj to ,augu/ #ad1 #ahii1 ! legations 7 besieg$1 p>tly by a mob & p>tly by ,*9ese regul>s4 ,! siege 0 rais$ by a mix$ exp$ition ( ,european & ,japanese troops s5t f ! coa/4 ,! satisfaction ) :i* ! news ( rescue 0 receiv$ 9 ,europe 0 *ill$ by /ories t "s portions ( ! exp$ition>y corps _h be5 guilty ( crimes only to be p>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european w>s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,aft] ! w> a difficult diplomatic "q rema9$1 all ! m puzzl+ because ! ambitions ( ! p[]s prev5t$ any he>ty agreem5t among !m4 ,^! que/ions 7 only 9 appe>ance settl$ by ! sign+ ( ! protocol 9 ,janu>y1 #aija4 ,att5tion 0 fix$ ^u ,russia1 support$ by a new in/rum5t ( influ5ce1 ! ,trans-,sib]ian railway1 because x appe>$ to be h] purpose to e/abli% h] p[] 9 ,man*uria on a p]man5t basis4 ,,au/ralia4--,dur+ ! ,bo] w> ! ,engli% colonies by _! loyal & g5]\s coop]ation /r5g!n$ ! bonds ( empire & =c$ to ! front s*emes to r5d] ! imp]ial tie m practically b5eficial & effective4 ,"o ( ^! gr\ps succe$$ 9 complet+ its own f$]al organization4 ,?is 0 ,au/ralia4 ,active ef=t t[>ds f$]ation 0 begun 9 #ahhi by ,sir ,h5ry ,p>kes1 b n until six ye>s lat] 0 public s5tim5t suffici5tly ar\s$4 ,! ma9 difficulty1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican colonies1 0 to reconcile ! diff]+ trade-int]e/s & to e/abli% a prop] balance betwe5 ! l>g] & ! small] /ates4 ,f9ally1 9 #aijj1 ^! difficulties 7 ov]come1 & all ! colonies save ,new ,zeal& vot$ to become p>ts ( ! commonweal? ( ,au/ralia4 ,ea* /ate 0 to h six s5ators1 & to be repres5t$ 9 ! l[] h\se 9 proportion to its population1 al?\gh no /ate 0 to h few] ?an five repres5tatives4 ,matt]s ( taxation 7 m fully intru/$ to ! l[] h\se ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= a "t x seem$ impossible to settle ! delicate que/ions ( appeal to ! ,judicial ,committee ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil ( ,engl&1 ! only in/rum5t ( control left 9 ! h&s ( ! home gov]nm5t1 b ?is 0 settl$ by a judici\s compromise4 ,dur+ ! la/ decade n only ,au/ralia1 b also ,new ,zeal&1 made _m int]e/+ attempts to solve labor & social problems by legislation4 ,al?\gh ! prosp]ity ( ,au/ralia receiv$ heavy bl[s aft] #ahij1 x began to recov] aft] #ahie1 & to advance t[>ds its e>li] level4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates3 ,,clevel&',s ,,second ,,adm9i/ration4--,al?\gh ! ,mc,kinley t>iff aid$ 9 elevat+ its au?or to ! presid5cy1 its fir/ political consequ5ces 7 n helpful to ! ,republican p>ty4 ,9 #ahib !re 0 a popul> cry = t>iff r$uction1 & ,clevel& 0 triumphantly elect$ by ! ,democrats1 :o also obta9$ control ( bo? h\ses ( ,congress4 ,presid5t ,clevel&'s purpose ( re=m+ ! t>iff 0 h9d]$ at fir/ by a grave f9ancial & indu/rial crisis1 :i* came 9 ! spr+ ( #ahic4 ,! causes ( ?is crisis 7 ! extravagant inflation ( bus9ess dur+ ! prec$+ ye>s1 a f9ancial policy accompani$ by ! pur*ase = co9age ( va/ quantities ( silv]1 & ! natural timidity ( capital :ile ! economic policy ( ! gov]nm5t 0 9 dang] ( fundam5tal *ange4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! adm9i/ration took skillful advantage ( ! panic to br+ its policies into discr$it4 ,s great 0 ! /r+5cy ( ! money m>ket1 especially on acc\nt ( ! depletion ( ! gold res]ve 9 ! treasury1 t ,presid5t ,clevel& 0 oblig$ to call an extra session ( ,congress1 & to urge ^u t body ! repeal ( ! law requir+ ! mon?ly pur*ases ( silv] = co9age4 ,?is measure1 adopt$ by ! ,s5ate ) evid5t reluctance 9 ! late fall1 did n :olly relieve ! situation1 & to ma9ta9 ! gold res]ve & def5d its cr$it ! gov]nm5t 0 =c$ f\r times to issue bonds = m gold1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* 0 ! increase ( ! public debt by ov] #bfb1jjj1jjj4 ,dur+ ! controv]sies ^u monet>y legislation1 ! ,presid5t _h ali5at$ _m memb]s ( 8 p>ty 9 ! ,h\se1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,he 0 unable to br+ !m toge!r = su* t>iff legislation z _h be5 promis$4 ,a bill 0 pass$ :i* also embodi$ income tax provisions1 & ?is bill became a law )\t ! ,presid5t's signature4 ,n long aft]w>ds ! ,supreme ,c\rt decl>$ ! income-tax clauses uncon/itutional4 ,s9ce ! t>iff bill did n produce ! expect$ rev5ue1 ! gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to face an om9\s deficit4 ,! ,presid5t1 h[ev]1 by 8 c\rage & hone/y1 upheld ! national cr$it despite attacks f 8 own p>ty4 ,8 =eign policy1 save 9 "o in/ance1 0 cons]vative4 ,he refus$ to take advantage ( ! ,hawaiian revolution to br+ on ! annexation ( ^? isl&s1 & he endeavor$ to ma9ta9 ! neutrality ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,cuban revolutioni/s2 b he int]v5$ 9 a b\nd>y dispute betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,v5ezuela1 insi/+ t ! "q %\ld be submitt$ to arbitration r ?an be settl$ on ! t]ms impos$ by ! /rong]4 ,,mck9ley ,,adm9i/ration4--,9 ! campaign ( #ahif ! old] lead]s ( ! democracy 7 ?ru/ aside & ,william ,j4 ,bryan became ! p>ty c&idate1 ) ! free co9age ( silv] at ! ratio ( #af to #a z its wat*word4 ,?is appeal$ /rongly to ! di/ress$ debtor class1 v num]\s 9 ! ,we/ on acc\nt ( ! h>d times4 ,! tone ( ! plat=m & ( ! spee*es ( ! lead]s 0 su* z to attract ! work+m54 ,! ,republicans nom9at$ ,mc,kinley1 ) ! promise to re5act ! =m] t>iff legislation1 to fo/] indu/ries1 & to protect ! f9ancial cr$it ( ! c\ntry4 ,! success ( ! ,republicans 0 at fir/ d\btful2 b ! cons]vative int]e/s became al>m$1 & f9ally ! ,republicans ga9$ a decisive victory4 ,by ! "t ,presid5t ,mc,kinley 0 inaugurat$1 ! p]iod ( bus9ess liquidation & readju/m5t 0 ov]1 confid5ce _h return$1 & s ! new ,presid5t became1 z campaign plac>ds ( 8 p>ty _h ann\nc$1 ! advance ag5t ( prosp]ity4 ,! t>iff 0 re/or$ to its old] level1 ! monet>y sy/em 0 re=m$1 & ! gold /&>d legally e/abli%$4 ,x 0 n ?is legislation1 h[ev]1 t r5d]$ ! p]iod significant2 x 0 ! adoption ( a new national policy ( expansion1 incid5t to ! w> ) ,spa94 ,! ,spani>ds _h be5 unable to put d[n ! ,cuban insurrection4 ,! dra/ic measures1 especially ! policy ( reconc5tration adopt$ by ,g5]al ,weyl]1 _h discr$it$ ! ,spani% cause4 ,! anci5t tradition ( ,spa9's cruelty to h] colonies pr$ispos$ ! ,am]ican p to cr$it reports ( atrocity4 ,! adm9i/ration 0 app>5tly anxi\s to p]=m its duties z a fri5dly p[]1 b ?is 0 r5d]$ m & m difficult ow+ to ! gr[+ popul> dem& = int]v5tion4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,febru>y1 #ahih1 ! ,am]ican battle%ip ,ma9e 0 bl[n up 9 ,havana h>bor4 ,al?\gh !re 0 no decisive pro( t ?is 0 due to ! ,spani>ds1 !re 0 no d\bt ( x 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,a little lat] ! ,spani>ds 7 ready to make any concessions %ort ( an actual ab&onm5t ( _! sov]eignty4 ,x 0 n[ too late4 ,!re 0 an irresi/ible dem& = w>1 & w> 0 decl>$ 9 ,april4 ,! result 0 inevitable1 & ,spa9 0 oblig$ to yield soon] ?an 0 anticipat$4 ,h] fleet at ,manila 0 de/roy$ by ,admiral ,dewey1 ,may #a1 & h] ,we/ ,india squadron by ! fleet 9 :i* ,re> ,admiral ,sampson held ! *ief comm&1 on ,july #c4 ,meantime a small ,am]ican army _h r5d]$ ,santiago unt5able4 ,aft] ! surr5d] ( ,santiago1 ,porto ,rico 0 soon ov]run4 ,manila1 :i* _h be5 "u ! ,am]ican guns s9ce ,may1 0 also =c$ to surr5d]4 ,a protocol sign$ 9 ,augu/ l$ to ! negotiation ( peace 9 ,decemb]4 ,accord+ to its t]ms1 n only 0 ,cuba to be evacuat$1 b ,porto ,rico1 ! ,philipp9es1 & ! ,ladrones 7 to become ,am]ican possessions4 ,9 ?is way a w> begun because ( popul> sympa?y ) ! ,cubans1 turn$ into a means ( t]ritorial expansion4 ,! resi/ance to ! policy ( an expansion ( ?is sort 0 /rong 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,_m s5ators held simil> op9ions1 long delay+ ! ratification ( ! treaty ( peace4 ,,colonial ,,problems4--,simultane\sly ) ! ratification ( ! peace1 w> broke out 9 ! ,philipp9es betwe5 ! ,am]ican army & ! natives1 ^: lead]s _h be5 b5t on secur+ indep5d5ce4 ,! ,am]ican troops easily defeat$ ! organiz$ native armies1 ?\gh "o consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle 0 widespread ru9 9 ! isl& ( ,luzon2 b !y 7 unable = ov] two ye>s to pacify ! c\ntry4 ,ev5 be=e ^! tr\bles 7 end$1 measures 7 tak5 to sub/itute a civil = a milit>y adm9i/ration1 :i* w5t into effect 9 ! summ] ( #aija4 ,porto ,rico 0 organiz$ z a p>tly autonom\s t]ritory1 & al?\gh on its trade ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 0 n at fir/ a full fre$om f t>iff re/rictions1 ^! subsequ5tly disappe>$4 ,9 deal+ ) ,cuba !re _h be5 no =mal recognition ( ! revolution>y organization4 ,x 0 suspect$ by _m t ! milit>y occupation w\ld be prolong$ until annexation 0 br\ght ab\t1 b ! ,presid5t insi/$ ^u ! fulfilm5t ( ! pl$ges :i* _h be5 made at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>4 ,a ,cuban conv5tion agre$ to a treaty 9 accordance ) :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates acquir$ ! "r to int]v5e to gu>antee ! indep5d5ce ( ! isl& %\ld ?is be endang]$ by entanglem5ts ) =eign /ates4 ,! ,cubans also promis$ to sell or lease to ! ,unit$ ,/ates sites = naval /ations4 ,! army ( occupation 0 !n )drawn1 & ! new gov]nm5t inaugurat$ 9 #aijb4 ,ev5 be=e ! outbreak ( ! w>1 ,presid5t ,mc,kinley _h endeavor$ to br+ ab\t ! annexation ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 b x requir$ su* a press+ ne$ ( a controll+ position 9 ! mid-,pacific1 z ! ho/ilities emphasiz$1 to ov]come ! opposition4 ,x 0 n until aft] ! w> clos$ t ! isl&s 7 organiz$ z a t]ritory4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,engl& )drew f h] jo9t control ( ,samoa1 & ,g]many agre$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates = a p>tition ( ! gr\p4 ,active prep>ations 7 also made = ! build+ ( an int]oceanic canal ?r\gh ,nic>agua or ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama on ! r\te laid out by ! ,fr5*4 ,) ^! que/ions ( expansion & colonial gov]nm5t1 o!r equally important problems1 gr[+ out ( ! new p]iod ( prosp]ity1 agitat$ ! public m9d1 p>ticul>ly ! =mation ( gigantic corporations1 a =m ( organization :i* t5d$ to sup]s$e ! tru/s4 ,z ! /ate laws 7 helpless to *eck abuse ( p[] by su* corporations1 !re 0 a gr[+ dem& = ! bett] en=cem5t ( ! national laws already enact$ or ! adoption ( o!r laws m effective4 ,9 #aijj ,mc,kinley 0 relect$1 ,bryan aga9 be+ put =w>d by ! ,democrats4 ,a few mon?s aft] 8 inauguration1 :ile he 0 visit+ ! ,pan-,am]ican ,exposition at ,buffalo1 he 0 fatally %ot by an an>*i/4 ,^u 8 dea?1 ! ,vice-,presid5t1 ,!odore ,roosevelt1 became ,presid5t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,discov]y ,,& ,,inv5tion3 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,lit]ature3 ,,progress ,,( ,,humane ,,s5tim5t3 ,,progress ,,t[>d ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,mank9d4 ,z an era ( inv5tion & discov]y1 ! n9ete5? c5tury is a rival ( ! fifte5?4 ,,geographical ,,discov]ies4--,too mu* 0 already kn[n ( ! globe to leave room = ano!r s /up5d\s discov]y z t ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,nev]!less1 _m important geographical discov]ies h be5 made1 especially s9ce ab\t #ahbe4 ,geographical societies )\t numb] h be5 f\nd$1 ( :i* ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 9 ,engl& 7#ahcj7 is "o ( ! be/ kn[n4 ,geographical k is increas$ 9 two ways1--fir/1 by ! discov]y ( places n be=e kn[n2 & secondly1 by ! sci5tific exam9ation ( c\ntries & di/ricts1 ) accurate surveys1 & ! mak+ ( maps4 ,9 bo? ^! dep>tm5ts1 especially 9 ! latt]1 ! rec5t p]iod won di/9ction4 ,! ,russians 9 _! advance r5d]$ ! regions ( ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,asia accessible to travel]s4 ,n only ,india1 b also ext5sive di/ricts 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 h be5 explor$ by ! ,briti%4 ,*9a has be5 trav]s$ by a succession ( travel]s1 & ,japan has unb>r$ its gates = ! admission ( =eign]s4 ,abyss9ia has be5 trav]s$4 ,! my/]y respect+ ! s\rces ( ! ,nile has be5 dispell$ by ,speke1 ,grant1 & ,bak]4 ,9 #ahbb & #ahbe ,clapp]lon1 9 two j\rneys1 w5t ov] ! :ole r\te f ,tripoli to ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,9 #ahcj ,ri*>d & ,john ,l&] settl$ ! "q z to ! outlet ( ! ,nig]4 ,b>?1 & o!r lat] explor]s1 h c>ri$ =w>d ! /udy ( ! c\rse ( ?is great riv]1 9 ! exploration ( :i* ,mungo ,p>k lo/ 8 life 7#ahjf74 ,9 #ahaf ! ,congo 0 explor$ to ! falls ( ,yellala4 ,! travels ( ,s*we9fur?1 ,liv+/one1 ,b>?1 ,cam]on1 & ,/anley h greatly enl>g$ our acqua9tance ) =m]ly unkn[n portions ( ! ,african cont95t4 ,9 #ahgi ,/anley1 commission$ by ,k+ ,leopold ( ,belgium1 op5$ up communication ) ! popul\s bas9 ( ! ,congo4 ,dur+ ! /ruggle ( ! ,european /ates to acquire colonial t]ritory1 no "p ( ! cont95t rema9$ unexplor$4 ,european rivalries also _h simil> important consequ5ces to geography 9 ,asia1 especially 9 ! ,trans-,caspian region & 9 ,tibet4 ,dr4 ,sv5 ,h$9 0 ! mo/ successful ( ! explor]s 9 ,tibet1 trav]s+ :olly unkn[n di/ricts4 ,unkn[n regions on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 f> nor?-we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 ,labrador1 h be5 visit$4 ,! same is true ( ! int]ior ( ,au/ralia4 ,! eag]ness to f9d a nor?-we/]n passage 7& lat] 9 sci5tific exploration7 has l$ to haz>d\s & n unfruitful exp$itions "u ,ross1 ,p>ry1 ,frankl91 ,kane1 ,m>kham1 ,mc,clintock1 ,greely1 & o!r voyag]s4 ,9 #ahge ,m>kham rea*$ ! highe/ latitude t up to t "t _h be5 atta9$ 7#hc #ba' #bf74 ,a /ill high] po9t 7#hf #ad'7 0 rea*$ by ,dr4 ,nans5 :o 9 #ahic />t$ to drift 9 ! ,fram across ! pol> regions4 ,9 #ahib ,lieut5ant ,pe>y cross$ ,gre5l& f ! we/ coa/ to a "p ( ! nor?-ea/ coa/ nev] be=e visit$4 ,! ,ant>ctic seas 7 also explor$ fir/ by ! ,*all5g] 9 #ahgd4 ,by #aijj ! f>!/ po9t rea*$ 0 #gh #ej'4 ,geography has become a mu* m pr(\nd & in/ructive sci5ce4 ,! physical "* ( ! globe1 & ( ! atmosph]e t surr\nds x1 h be5 /udi$ 9 _! relation to man & hi/ory4 ,physical geography1 or physiography1 has ?us aris54 ,9 rec5t ye>s sci5ti/s h gone f> 9 ! /udy ( ! physical geography ( ! sea1 9 mak+ maps ( its bottom1 & 9 ! endeavor to def9e ! sy/em ( oceanic w9ds & curr5ts4 ,9 connection ) physical geography1 ! di/ribution ( animal life on ! l& & 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea has be5 /udi$1 & mu* valuable in=mation ga9$4 ,,f\r ,,inv5tions4--,among ! useful inv5tions ( ! pres5t c5tury1 !re are f\r :i* are ( prem95t consequ5ce4 ,! honor connect$ ) ea* ( ^!1 z is g5]ally ! case ) great inv5tions1 belongs to no individual exclusively4 ,sev]al1 & 9 "s cases _m p]sons1 c fairly claim a l>g] or small] %>e 9 x4 7#a7 ,! mo/ effici5t ag5t 9 br++ ! /eam-eng9e to p]fection 0 ,james ,watt 7#agcf-ahai71 a native ( ,scotl&4 7#b7 ,9 connection ) ! application ( /eam to navigation1 no "n /&s high] ?an t ( ,rob]t ,fulton4 7#c7 ,c>riages on railroads 7 at fir/ drawn by horses4 ,9 #ahad ,george ,/eph5son1 9 ,engl&1 inv5t$ ! locomotive1 & aft]w>ds 7#ahbi7 an improv$ con/ruction ( x4 ,! fir/ great railroad = ! transportation ( pass5g]s began to run betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool 9 #ahcj4 ,rem>kable a*ievem5ts 9 eng9e]+ h be5 connect$ ) ! con/ruction ( railways4 ,! ,alps 7 pi]c$1 & ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel 0 complet$ 9 #ahga4 ,! pr9cipal civiliz$ c\ntries h gradually become cov]$ ) networks ( railways4 ,! :ole me?od ( transportation ( ! products ( indu/ry has be5 alt]$ by !m4 ,besides _! va/ influ5ce 9 facilitat+ & /imulat+ travel & trade1 !y h modifi$ ! me?od ( conduct+ w>f>e1 ) v important results4 7#d7 ,9 contriv+ ! electric telegraph1 ,:eat/one1 an ,engli%man1 ,o]/$1 a ,dane1 & ,h5ry1 an ,am]ican1 _h ea* an important "p4 ,! mo/ simple & effici5t =m ( ! telegraphic in/rum5t is admitt$ to be due to ! inv5tive sagacity ( ,morse 7#ahcg74 ,8 in/rum5t 0 fir/ put 9 use 9 #ahdd4 ,! fir/ subm>9e wires connect+ ,europe ) ,am]ica transmitt$ messages 9 #aheh1 betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s9ce t "t num]\s subm>9e cables h be5 laid 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe4 ,^u ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph1 ano!r inv5tion--t ( ! telephone--has foll[$1 by :i* conv]sation c be held ) ! voice betwe5 di/ant places4 ,by ! phonograph x has become possible to reproduce audibly songs1 spee*es1 & conv]sations4 ,/ill m rec5tly a sy/em ( wireless telegraphy has be5 inv5t$ by :i* messages may be s5t ev5 across ! ,atlantic )\t ! use ( a cable4 ,! ,suez ,canal1 a *annel = %ips1 connect+ ! ,m$it]ranean ) ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,indian ,ocean1 & op5+ ?us a %ort] highway by wat] betwe5 ,europe & ! ,ea/1 0 (ficially op5$ on ! #ag? ( ,novemb]1 #ahfi4 ,,uses ,,( ,,/eam4--,! practical applications ( /eam1 besides its use 9 ! propulsion ( vessels1 & ( c>riages on railways1 are numb]less4 ,x is us$1 = example1 9 automobiles1 9 traction eng9es1 9 pl[+ & h>ve/+ ma*9]y1 9 fire-eng9es1 9 road-roll]s1 & 9 all sorts ( hoi/+ & convey+ ma*9]y4 ,/eam =ge hamm]s 7 inv5t$ by ,nasmy?1 an eng9e] ( ,man*e/]1 9 #ahci4 ,9 a multitude ( indu/rial occupations1 :]e wat]-p[] 0 once us$1 or tools & ma*9es ^: use involv$ muscul> ex]tion1 ! "w is n[ done by ! en]gy ( /eam4 ,m rec5tly electricity has be5 displac+ /eam n only on /reet railroads & suburban railroads1 b also 9 _m o!r indu/rial processes1 z well z ! light+ ( build+s & /reets4 ,,tools ,,& ,,ma*9es4--,9 mod]n days no small am\nt ( skill has be5 direct$ to ! devis+ ( tools & ma*9es = ! m facile & exact production ( :atev] co/s labor4 ,factories h become monum5ts ( +5uity1 & museums 9 ! useful arts4 ,improv$ ma*9]y light5s ! toil ( ! sailor4 ,ma*9es 9 a great v>iety facilitate agricultural labor4 ,!y op5 ! furr[1 s[ ! se$1 reap & w9n[ ! h>ve/4 ,9-doors1 ! sew+-ma*9e p]=ms a great "p ( ! labor =m]ly done by ! f+]s ( ! seam/ress4 ,! art ( pr9t+ has atta9$ to a m>vel\s degree ( progress4 ,hoe's pr9t+-press1 mov$ by /eam1 seizes on ! blank pap]1 sev]s x f ! roll 9 %eets ( ! "r size1 pr9ts x on bo? sides1 & folds x 9 a conv5i5t %ape1--all ) miracul\s rapidity4 ,inv5tions 9 rock-bor+ & rock-drill+ h made x possible to tunnel m\nta9s4 ,! use ( explosives = me*anical purposes is a highly important fact 9 connection ) ! mod]n labor-sav+ inv5tions4 ,,india ,,rubb]4--,%oes made ( ca\t*\c1 ! ?ick5$ milky juice ( ! india-rubb] plant1 7 import$ f ,brazil to ,bo/on z e>ly z #ahbe4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! use ( ?is mat]ial1 9 ! solid =m & 9 solution1 7 made by ,mr4 ,mac9to% ( ,glasg[1 & ,?omas ,hancock ( ,new+ton1 ,engl&1 ab\t #ahbj4 ,f ! dissolv$ ca\t*\c1 a coat+ 0 obta9$ mak+ g>m5ts wat]-pro(4 ,9 #ahci ,*>les ,goodye>1 an ,am]ican1 discov]$ ! process ( vulcaniz+ india-rubb]1--t is1 produc+ 9 x a *emical *ange :]eby its valuable qualities are greatly enhanc$4 ,! mat]ial ?us procur$ 0 appli$ to a great numb] ( uses4 ,x ent]s into a great v>iety ( manufactur$ articles4 ,,eng9]y ,,( ,,w>4--,a cont9ual advance has be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! implem5ts ( w>4 ,! :ole sci5ce & art ( w> h be5 fundam5tally *ang$1 ma9ly 9 consequ5ce ( ^! mod]n inv5tions4 ,ref]5ce may be made to ! inv5tion ( rifl$ cannon1 heavi] ordnance1 bree*-load+ guns1 & %ells & explosive bullets4 ,x 0 ! ne$le-gun ( ! ,prussians1 :i* gave !m a signal advantage 9 _! w> ) ! ,fr5*4 ,! build+ ( armor$ battle %ips has be5 foll[$ by ! con/ruction ( small swift vessels f :i* to laun* torp$oes at ! battle %ips4 ,o!r swift vessels h be5 con/ruct$ to pursue & de/roy ! torp$o boat4 ,high explosives & smokeless p[d] h also be5 inv5t$4 ,,! ,,telescope ,,& ,,microscope4--,among ! in/rum5ts :i* h promot$ ! ext5sion ( sci5ce1 ! microscope1 ) its mod]n improvem5ts1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,x has aid$ discov]y 9 botany1 9 physiology1 9 m9]alogy1 & 9 almo/ all o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,x has ev5 assi/$ 9 ! detection ( crime4 ,! l>ge refract+ telescopes h be5 con/ruct$ )9 ! la/ few decades4 ,telescopes h rec5tly be5 us$ ) increas+ success 9 photograph+ ! heav5s ) accuracy4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,9 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y4--,! microscope has r5d]$ ine/imable s]vice to ! heal+ art4 ,r>e +5uity has be5 ex]t$ 9 contriv+ surgical in/rum5ts by :i* difficult op]ations are p]=m$ ) comp>ative safety & )\t pa94 ,9 m$ic9e & surg]y1 ! discov]y ( ane/hetics = ! g5]al or p>tial susp5d+ ( n]v\s s5sibility is "o ( ! triumphs ( practical sci5ce 9 lat] times4 ,*lor(orm 0 br\ght into g5]al use 9 ! m$ical pr(ession 9 #ahdg2 al?\gh x _h be5 discov]$1 & _h be5 us$ by individuals 9 ! pr(ession1 mu* e>li]4 ,nitr\s oxide 0 fir/ us$ by ,horace ,wells1 a d5ti/ ( ,h>t=d1 9 ! extraction ( a too? 7#ahdd74 ,9 #ahdf ! great discov]y ( an/hetic e!r1 by ,morton ( ,bo/on1 0 fir/ appli$ 9 surg]y4 ,jackson & o!rs 7 claimants1 ) m or less ju/ice1 to a "p 9 ! honors ( ?is discov]y4 ,lately coca9e has be5 f\nd to b5umb ! s5sibility ( ! m delicate membranes1 z ^? ( ! eye & ! ?roat4 ,9 auscultation1 or ! asc]ta9+ ( ! /ate ( ! int]nal organs by li/5+ to _! s\nd1 a v valuable in/rum5t is ! /e?oscope4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! oph?almoscope1 t wond]ful in/rum5t = inspect+ ! int]ior ( ! eye1 0 exp\nd$ by ,helmholtz 9 #ahea4 ,by its aid1 n only ! condition ( t organ is explor$1 b indications ( c]ta9 diseases 9 ! bra91 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body1 are discov]$4 ,helmholtz did an equal "w 9 ac\/ics4 ,! rec5t discov]y & use ( ! ,x-rays has assi/$ surgeons 9 locat+ =eign sub/ances & 9 diagnos+ disease4 ,,! ,,spectroscope3 ,,photography4--,9 connection ) ! ph5om5a ( light1 ! spectroscope1 by :i* ! *emical elem5ts ent]+ 9 ! composition ( ! sun & ( o!r heav5ly bodies are asc]ta9$1 is "o ( ! m>vels ( ! age4 ,! way 0 pav$ = ?is discov]y by a succession ( *emi/s & opticians1--,fraunh(] 7#ahad71 ,brew/] 7#ahcb71 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 7#ahbb71 ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 & o!rs2 b ! in/rum5t 0 devis$ by ,kir*h(f & ,buns54 ,photography1 or ! art ( mak+ p]man5t sun-pictures1 is ! result ( ! labors ( ,niepce 7:o di$ 9 #ahcc71 ,dagu]re 7#ahci71 ,fox ,talbot1 an ,engli%man1 ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 & o!r m5 ( sci5ce & practical artisans4 ,in/antane\s photography has be5 ( mu* s]vice 9 ! obs]vation ( eclipses & o!r a/ronomical ph5om5a4 ,progress has also be5 made 9 color-photography4 ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,en]gy4--,p]haps ! mo/ important conclusion ( physical sci5ce :i* has be5 rea*$ 9 ! rec5t p]iod is ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,*emi/s _h %[n t ! sum ( matt] always rema9s ! same4 ,9 ! trans=mations ( *emi/ry no matt] is de/roy$1 h[ev] x may *ange its =m4 ,n[1 x has be5 prov$ t ! quantity ( p[] or en]gy is con/ant4 ,if lo/ 9 "o body1 x reappe>s 9 ano!r2 if x ceases 9 "o =m1 x is ex]t$ 9 ano!r1 & ?is accord+ to def9ite ratios4 ,"o =m ( en]gy is conv]tible into ano!r3 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical action1 are s relat$ t "o c be made to produce ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,?is fact is t]m$ ! correlation ( physical =ces4 ,connect$ ) ! discov]y ( x are ,mey] 9 ,g]many1 & ,grove & ,j\le 9 ,engl&4 ,x has be5 exp\nd$ by ,sir ,william ,?ompson1 ,helmholtz1 ,tait1 ,maxwell1 etc4 ,! tru? 0 elucidat$ by ,tyndall 9 8 ,heat consid]$ z a ,mode ( ,motion1 & by ,balf\r ,/ew>t 9 8 ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,b ,c\nt ,rum=d1 an ,am]ican 7#agec-ahad71 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 long ago op5$ ! pa? = ?is discov]y by furni%+ ! data = comput+ ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,,geology ,,& ,,paleontology4--,9 geology1 f ! publication ( ,lyell's "w 7#ahcj71 ! t5d5cy has m & m prevail$ to expla9 ! geological /ructure ( ! e>? by ! sl[ op]ation ( =ces n[ 9 action1 r ?an by viol5t convulsions & cata/rophes4 ,9 #ahca ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison1 likewise ,engli% geologi/s1 comm5c$ _! labors4 ,agassiz publi%$ 8 ,essay on ! ,glaci]s 9 #ahcg1 ! precursor ( l inve/igations by ,tyndall & o!rs4 ,^! are only a small fraction ( ! num]\s body ( explor]s & writ]s 9 geological sci5ce4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,b5jam9 ,silliman 7#aggi-ahfd71 an em95t sci5tific tea*]1 l5t a /rong /imulus to ! progress ( geology1 z well z ( *emi/ry4 ,ev5 9 ! bran* ( paleontology1 or ! /udy ( ! fossil rema9s ( ext9ct animals1 x w\ld be impracticable to give ! names ( ^? :o h add$ s mu* to our k ( ! e>? & its inhabitants 9 ! ages t prec$$ man4 ,,a/ronomy4--,! great ,fr5* geomet]s1 ,lagrange & ,laplace1 made an epo* 9 a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,s9ce _! "t1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 a l>ge increase ( k 9 ?is bran*4 ,! discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune 7#ahdf7 by ,galle1 z ! result ( ma!matical calculations ( ,lev]ri]1 :i* 7 made indep5d5tly also by ,adams1 0 hail$ z a signal pro( ( sci5tific progress2 &1 rec5tly1 ! discov]y ( a fif? satellite ( ,jupit]4 ,besides ,neptune hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( />s h be5 discov]$ & regi/]$4 ,ma!matical a/ronomy has advanc$1 :ile ! /udy ( nebulae & ( meteors1 & ! inve/igation ( ! con/itution ( cele/ial bodies by ! help ( ! spectroscope1 are among ! m rec5t a*ievem5ts ( ?is olde/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,among ! names id5tifi$ ) ! rec5t progress ( a/ronomy are ,sir ,john ,h]s*el & ,a4 ,h]s*el1 ,maxwell1 ,/ruve1 ,sec*i1 ,bessel1 ,bond1 ,peirce1 ,newton1 ,newcomb1 ,"y1 ,locky]1 ,s*iap>elli4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,*emi/ry4--,9 *emi/ry ! major "p ( ! m r>e elem5ts h be5 discov]$ s9ce ! c5tury began4 ,x 0 prov$ 9 #ahai t ! capacities = heat :i* belong to ! atoms ( ! diff]5t elem5ts are equal4 ,9 ! same ye> ,mits*]li*'s law 0 prop\nd$1--! law ( isomorphism1 accord+ to :i* atoms ( elem5ts ( ! same class may replace ea* o!r 9 a comp\nd )\t alt]+ its cry/all9e /ructure4 ,*emi/s h direct$ _! att5tion to ! molecul> /ructure--! ultimate con/itution--( v>i\s comp\nds4 ,f>aday 7#agia-ahfg7 develop$ ! relations ( electricity to *emi/ry4 ,liebig 7#ahjc-ahgc71 a ,g]man *emi/1 9 connection ) num]\s labor]s 9 ! same field1 made int]e/+ contributions 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( *emical sci5ce4 ,among ! rec5t elem5ts :i* h be5 discov]$ are argon1 :i* ent]s into ! composition ( air1 helium1 & radium4 ,,biology4--,no bran* ( natural sci5ce has be5 m zeal\sly cultivat$ ( late ?an biology4 ,among ^? :o h giv5 an impulse to ! /udy ( natural hi/ory1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t names is t ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,8 "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei7 advocat$ ! op9ion t ! v>i\s species ( animals1 in/ead ( be+ all sep>ately creat$1 spr+ by natural desc5t & sl[ v>iation f a few primitive =ms ( animal life4 ,he laid mu* /ress ^u natural selection1 or ! survival ( ! /ronge/ or fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,) ! "n ( ,d>w9 %\ld be associat$ t ( ,wallace1 :o simultane\sly prop\nd$ ! same doctr9e4 ,! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution1 or ( ! orig9 ( species by natural g5]ation1 has be5 held 9 o!r =ms & modifications by ,ri*>d ,ow51 & o!r di/+ui%$ naturali/s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ oppon5ts ( ! evolution doctr9e 9 zoology 0 ,l\is ,agassiz 7#ahjg-ahgc71 a v able & en?usia/ic /ud5t ( nature4 ,"o ( its mo/ em95t exp\nd]s & def5d]s 0 ,huxley4 ,"s h s\ght to ext5d ! !ory ( natural developm5t ov] ! field ( inorganic z well z liv+ ?+s1 & to trace all exi/5ces back to nebul\s vapor4 ,,ar*eology4--,geology l5ds its aid to ar*eology1 or ! inquiry into ! primitive condition ( man4 ,n only has mu* light be5 ?r[n on obscure p]iods ( hi/ory1 by ! uncov]+ ( ! rema9s ( ,babylon1 ,assyria1 & o!r abodes ( e>ly civilization1 & by ! deciph]+ ( monum5tal inscriptions 9 *>act]s long =gott52 b ! discov]y ( buri$ relics ( prehi/oric m5 has af=d$ glimpses ( human life z x 0 prior to all writt5 memorials4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive writ]s on ?is la/ subject is ,tylor 9 8 ,primitive ,culture1 & 9 o!r works on ! same g5]al !me4 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,france4--,victor ,c\s9 7#agib--ahfg71 a brilliant ?9k] & eloqu5t lectur] & writ]1 f\nd$ 9 ,france ! eclectic s*ool ( philosophy4 ,he aim$ to con/ruct a positive view on ! basis ( previ\s sy/ems1 :i* he classifi$ "u f\r heads1--idealism1 s5sualism1 skepticism1 & my/icism4 ,9 8 tea*+1 he s\ght a middle pa? betwe5 ! ,g]man & ! ,scotti% s*ools1 lean+ n[ m decid$ly to ! "o1 & n[ to ! o!r4 ,j\ffroy 7#agif-ahdb71 ! mo/ prom95t ( ,c\s9's disciples1 b m exact & me?odical ?an 8 ma/]1 wrote in/ructively1 especially on ae/hetics & moral philosophy4 ,philosophy 9 ,france took an altoge!r diff]5t direction 9 ! h&s ( ,augu/e ,comte 7#agih-aheg71 ! f\nd] ( ! positivi/ s*ool4 ,he taught t we "k only ph5om5a1 or ?+s z manife/$ to our consci\sness1 & "k no?+ ei!r ( fir/ causes1 effici5t causes1 or ( f9al causes 7or design74 ,we are limit$ to ! asc]ta9+ ( facts by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 :i* we regi/] accord+ to _! lik5ess or unlik5ess1 & _! *ronological relation1 or ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce 9 "t4 ,,scotti% ,,philosophy4--,! mo/ di/+ui%$ exp\nd] ( ! ,scotti% philosophy1 & ! mo/ le>n$ ( t :ole s*ool1 0 ,sir ,william ,hamilton 7#aghh-ahef74 ,he ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( natural realism1--t we h a direct1 face to face p]ception ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,he held t ! range ( ! m9d's p[] ( conceptive ?\ght lies betwe5 two inconceivables1 "o ( :i* mu/ be real4 ,?us we c n conceive ( free-w 7:i* w\ld be a new beg9n+71 nor c we conceive ( an endless s]ies ( causes4 ,free-w--& ! same is true ( ! fundam5tal tru?s ( religion--is v]ifi$ to u z real by our moral nature4 ,a ,scotti% writ] ( ability1 :o1 h[ev]1 oppos$ ! peculi> t5ets ( ! ,scotti% s*ool1 0 ,f]ri] 7#ahjh-ahfd74 ,among ! o!r philosophical writ]s ( ,scotl&1 affiliat$1 b ) diff]5t degrees ( diss5t1 ) ! s*ool ( ,reid & ,hamilton1 are ,pr(essors ,fras] & ,cald]wood1 & ! late ,james ,mc,cosh4 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,engl&4--,m alli$ to ! philosophy ( ,hume & ( ,comte are ! metaphysical !ories ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill 7#ahjf-ahgc74 ,intuitions 7 reg>d$ by ,mill z ! impression produc$ by a frequ5t conjunction ( l exp]i5ces1 & ?us to be ! product ( s5sation4 ,causation 0 resolv$ into ! inv>iable association ( ph5om5a1 by :i* an expectation is creat$ t seems in/9ctive4 ,ano!r writ] ( ! same g5]al t5d5cy1 :o seeks = ! explanation ( k 9 ! mat]ials furni%$ by ! s5ses1 is ,alex&] ,ba91 a ,scotti% au?or1 v]s$ 9 physiology4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] con/ruct$ a g5]al sy/em ( philosophy on ! basis ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,he holds t our k is limit$ to ph5om5a1 :i* are ! manife/ation 9 our consci\sness ( ?+s :i* 9 !mselves are unkn[n2 & t beh9d & bel[ all is ! ,unkn[able1--an inscrutable =ce1 out ( :i* ! univ]se ( matt] & m9d is develop$1 & :i* gives to x unity & coh]5ce4 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,g]many4--,9 ,g]many ! decl9e ( ! s*ool ( ,hegel 0 succe$$ by a sort ( an>*y 9 philosophy4 ,h]b>t 7#aggf-ahda71 a contempor>y ( ,hegel1 fram$ a sy/em antagoni/ic to ,hegelian idealism4 ,among num]\s metaphysical au?ors1 ea* ( :om has a /&po9t ( 8 own1 are ! ju/ly di/+ui%$ names ( ,fi*te 7! y\ng]71 ,ulrici1 ,tr5del5burg1 & ,h]mann ,lotze4 ,lotze4 9 8 ,microcosm1 has unfold$1 9 a /yle attractive to ! g5]al read]1 pr(\nd & g5ial views ( man1 nature1 & religion4 ,a rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ,g]man speculation is pessimism1--! doctr9e gravely prop\nd$ 9 ! sy/ems ( ,s*op5hau] & ,e4 ,von ,h>tmann1 t ! _w is radically & ess5tially evil1 & p]sonal exi/5ce a curse f :i* ! refuge is 9 ! hope ( annihilation4 ,9 its view ( ! _w z spr++ f an unconsci\s =ce1 & ( ! ext9ction ( consci\sness z ! /ate ( bliss1 z well z 9 its notions ( evil z inwr\ght 9 ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 ?is philosophy is a revival ( ,indian ,ori5tal speculation4 ,hi/orical & critical writ+s 9 ! dep>tm5t ( philosophy ab\nd 9 ,g]many4 ,! hi/ories ( philosophy by ,ritt]1 ,erdmann1 ,zell]1 ,kuno ,fis*]1 & ,lange1 are works ( rem>kable m]it4 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,italy4--,among ! ,italian metaphysicians1 ! two writ]s :o are mo/ notewor?y are ,rosm9i 7#agig-ahee71 :o taught idealism2 & ,giob]ti 7#ahja-ahhb71 ^: sy/em is on a diff]5t basis1--a gift$ writ] :o 0 equally conspicu\s z a /atesman & a philosoph]4 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4--,philosophy 9 ,am]ica has be5 zeal\sly cultivat$1 bo? 9 connection ) !ology & ap>t f x1 by a consid]able numb] ( tea*]s & writ]s4 ,among !m are ,james ,m>%1 ,c4 ,s4 ,h5ry1 ,francis ,wayl&1 ,l4 ,p4 ,hickok1 ,h4 ,b4 ,smi?1 & o!r em95t au?ors1 mo/ly ( a m rec5t date4 ,,political ,,economy4--,ric>do 7#aggb-ahbc71 :o foll[$ ,adam ,smi? 7p4 #dib71 dealt m 9 ab/ractions & processes ( logic1 ?an 8 pr$ecessor4 ,! writ+s ( ,ric>do1 toge!r ) ! discussions ( ,mal?us 7#agff-ahcd7 on population1--9 :i* x 0 ma9ta9$ t ! t5d5cy to an increase ( population out/rips ! increase ( ! means ( subsi/5ce1--l$ to num]\s o!r writ+s4 ,political economy 0 h&l$ 9 productions by ,james ,mill 7#ahba71 ,j4 ,r4 ,mc,culloch1 ,n4 ,w4 ,s5ior 7#agij-ahfd71 ,r4 ,torr5s 7#aghj-ahfd71 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau 7#ahjb-ahgf71 ,?omas ,*alm]s1 ! celebrat$ ,scotti% div9e1 ,ar*bi%op ,ri*>d ,:ately1 ,ri*>d ,jones 7#agij-ahee71 a critic ( ! sy/em ( ,ric>do1 & o!rs4 ,an em95t writ]1 an expositor ) important modifications ( ! ,ric>dian tea*+1 is ,john ,/u>t ,mill 7#ahjf-ahgc74 ,fawcett & o!r able au?ors h foll[$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ,mill's pa?4 ,an ,engli% au?or ( di/9ction 9 ?is field is ,j4 ,e4 ,cairnes 7#ahbd-ahge74 ,! ,fr5* s*ool ( economi/s h adh]$ to ! pr9ciples ( ,adam ,smi? mu* m ?an h ! ,g]mans4 ,among ! mo/ not$ ( ! ,fr5* au?ors 9 ?is field are ,say 7#agfg-ahcb71 ^: views are f\nd$ on ^? ( ,smi?2 ,sismondi 7#aggc-ahdb71 :o1 h[ev]1 dep>ts f ! ,engli% doctr9e1 & favors ! int]v5tion ( gov]nm5t to regulate ! progress ( weal?2 ,dunoy] 7#aghf-ahfb72 ,ba/iat 7#ahja-ahej71 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant advocates ( free-trade2 ,c\rnot 7#ahja-ahgg71 :o applies1 ) mu* acum51 ma!matics to economical que/ions4 ,9 ,am]ica1 s9ce ! days ( ,frankl9 & ,hamilton1 bo? ( :om wrote in/ructively on ^! topics1 a numb] ( writ]s ( ability h appe>$4 ,among !m are ,h4 ,c4 ,c>ey1 :o opposes ! views ( ,ric>do & ,mal?us1 & def5ds ! !ory ( protection2 ,francis ,b[51 also a protectioni/2 ,f4 ,a4 ,walk]1 ,p]ry1 etc4 ,9 ,italy1 !re h n be5 want+ productions ( m>k$ acut5ess 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,( ! num]\s ,g]man writ]s1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t is ,li/ 7#agih-ahdf71 a critic ( ,adam ,smi?1 & n an adh]5t ( ! unqualifi$ doctr9e ( free-trade4 ,9 ! li/ ( lat] ,engli% writ]s1 ! names ( ,bagehot1 ,leslie1 ,jevons1 & ,sidgwick are q prom95t4 ,) reg>d to free-trade & protection1 ! latt] doctr9e has be5 ma9ta9$ 9 two =ms4 ,"s h reg>d$ protection z ! be/ p]man5t policy = a nation to adopt4 ,o!rs h def5d$ x z a provisional policy1 to %ield manufactures 9 _! infancy1 until !y gr[ /rong en\gh to compete1 )\t help1 ) =eign products4 ,aft] ! repeal ( ! corn-laws 9 ,engl& 7#ahdf71 ! free-trade doctr9e prevail$ 9 ,engl&4 ,s9ce ,comte publi%$ 8 exposition ( ,sociology 7#ahci71 ! t5d5cy has aris5 to consid] political economy z "o bran* ( ?is broad] !me4 ,) x ! controv]sies p]ta9+ to socialism are intimately connect$4 ,! disciples ( ,adam ,smi? h cont5d$ = ! non-int]v5tion ( gov]nm5ts 9 ! indu/rial pursuits ( ! p4 ,!y are to be left to ! natural desire ( weal?1 & ! natural ex]cise ( competition 9 ! pursuit ( x4 ,! preval5t !ories ( socialism are directly ho/ile to ?is--call$ ! laissez-faire--pr9ciple4 ,sociali/s w\ld make gov]nm5t ! all-regulative ag5t1 ! own] ( l& & ( ! implem5ts ( labor4 ,,engli% ,,essayi/s4--,9 lit]ature ! lat] "t has se5 an extraord9>y multiply+ ( p]iodicals & newspap]s1 among ^: editors & contributors h be5 includ$ num]\s writ]s ( mu* celebrity4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 sev]al fam\s au?ors fir/ acquir$ di/9ction ma9ly by hi/orical & critical articles 9 reviews4 ,?is is true ( ,?omas ,bab+ton ,macaulay & ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,ea* ( !m became a hi/orian4 ,macaulay1 an ard5t ,:ig1 ) an a/oni%+ famili>ity ) political & lit]>y facts1 wrote 9 a spirit$ & brilliant /yle a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& f ! ,accession ( ,james ,,ii4 to ! dea? ( 8 h]o1 ,william ,,iii4 ,c>lyle1 ) a unique =ce ( imag9ation & a rugg$ int5sity ( feel+1 orig9al 9 8 ?\ght1 yet /rongly affect$ by ,g]man lit]ature1 especially by ,ri*t] & ,goe!1 wrote 9 8 e>li] days a ,life ( ,s*ill]4 ,he wrote lat] a hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 9 :i* ! sc5es ( t tragic epo* are depict$ ) dramatic vividness2 & a copi\s ,hi/ory ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,among ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( 8 writ+s are 8 ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip2 ! ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets1 9 :i* is p\r$ out 8 contempt ( democracy2 & ! ,life ( ,john ,/]l+1--! c\nt]p>t ( a biography ( ,/]l+1 writt5 9 a diff]5t ve9 by a le>n$ & s*ol>ly div9e1 ,julius ,h>e4 ,( essayi/s 9 a light]1 discursive ve91 "o ( ! mo/ popul>1 :o has already be5 ref]r$ to 7p4 #edd71 0 ! ,scotti% writ]1 ,john ,wilson 7#aghe-ahed71 ! au?or ( num]\s tales & criticisms1 & ( div]t+ pap]s writt5 "u ! "n ( ,*ri/oph] ,nor?4 ,)\t ! fancy & humor ( ,wilson1 yet ma/] ( a /yle keep+ )9 ! limits ( prose :ile v]g+ on poetry1 0 ,?omas ,de ,qu9cey1 ! au?or ( ,! ,confessions ( an ,opium ,eat]1 ,essays on ! ,roman ,emp]ors1 etc4 ,,hi/orical ,,writ+s ,,9 ,,engl&4--,! lit]ature ( hi/ory has be5 enri*$ by ,briti% au?ors ) important works besides ^? nam$ above4 ,grote & ,?irlwall ea* compos$ hi/ories ( ,greece :i* are ! fruit ( ?or\gh & enlight5$ s*ol>%ip4 ,! "w ( ,grote is a v9dication ( ! ,a!nian democracy1 a view ! antipode ( t tak5 9 ! "w on ,grecian hi/ory by ,mit=d4 ,an elaborate "w on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans "u ! ,empire is "o ( sev]al hi/orical productions ( ,*>les ,m]ivale4 ,/anhope ,"l ,mahon compos$ a n>rative ( ! ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession1 & o!r useful hi/ories4 ,sir ,w4 ,f4 ,p4 ,napi] wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,w> 9 ! ,p59sula1 9 :i* ! campaigns ( ,well+ton 9 ,spa9 are describ$ by an au?or :o took "p 9 !m4 ,! con/itutional hi/ory ( ,engl& has be5 treat$ ) satisfactory le>n+ & judgm5t by ,hallam1 ,may1 & ,/ubbs4 ,! ,puritan revolution has be5 describ$ ) ma/]ly skill & judicial fairness by ,s4 ,r4 ,g>d9]4 ,9 ! e>li] field1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,a4 ,freeman labor$ ) di/+ui%$ success1 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,norman ,conque/ be+ 8 pr9cipal "w 9 ?is bran* ( hi/orical inquiry4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre5 is ! au?or ( an attractive hi/ory ( ! ,engli% p4 ,j4 ,a4 ,fr\de wrote ) engag+ lit]>y art a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! ,reign ( ,elizabe?1 :i* attempts1 9 ! prelim9>y "p1 an apology = ! "* & conduct ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,sp5c] ,walpole has writt5 a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& s9ce #ahae4 ,ramsay has writt5 ! ,f\ndations ( ,engl&1 ,angev9 ,engl&1 ,lanca/]1 & ,york4 ,john ,hill ,burton1 a ,scotti% au?or1 educat$ z a lawy]1 compos$ vigor\sly writt5 hi/ories ( ,scotl& & ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,lecky wrote 9 a pleas+ /yle a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 besides a ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 & a ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne4 ,9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 ,milman1 ^: lead+ "w is ! ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,dean ,/anley1 & ,bi%op ,creighton h be5 ! pr9cipal writ]s4 ,,engli% ,,noveli/s4--,! s]ies ( ,wav]ley novels by ,walt] ,scott 7#agga-ahcb7 _h an unb\nd$ popul>ity4 ,p]vad$ by a *e]ful1 heal?y tone1 !y pres5t$ fasc9at+ pictures ( life & mann]s1 & k9dl$ a fre% sympa?y ) ! ,middle ,ages & ) ! _s ( *ivalry4 ,! poems ( ,scott depict$1 9 a metrical =m1 l picturesque sc5es1 & knightly combats & adv5tures4 ,! fictions ( ,scott gave rise to a s*ool ( writ]s1 "o ( :om 0 ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,james 7#ahja-ahfj74 ,a new & diff]5t type ( novel appe>$1 9 connection ) :i* ! names ( ,dick5s 7#ahab-ahgj7 & ,?ack]ay 7#ahaa-ahfc7 are prem95t4 ,bo? are humori/s2 9 ,dick5s especially1 humor runs into broad c>icature4 ,bo? pres5t pictures ( society & ( common life4 ,!y illu/rate ! t5d5cy ( ! novel at pres5t to rely = its attraction ^u sc5es & incid5ts ( ord9>y life1 & ! m9ute portraiture ( mann]s & ( "*4 ,dick5s owes 8 popul>ity l>gely to ! unique sort ( droll]y & ! g5u9e pa?os t are m+l$ 9 8 pages4 ,?ack]ay is a satiri/1 ) a ke5 eye to detect ! weaknesses ( humanity1 b ) a deep well ( sympa?y1 veil$1 h[ev]1 & s$ul\sly gu>d$ f s5tim5talism1 by a tone ( bant] & a semblance ( cynicism4 ,measur$ by _! popul>ity ) ! cultivat$ class1 ! novels ( ,mrs4 ,lewes 7,george ,eliot7 /& next 9 rank to ! productions la/ ref]r$ to4 ,9 "s ( h] tales1 ! arti/ic motive & _s are qualifi$ by ! didactic aim1 or ! und]ly+ t5d5cy1--! purpose to tea*1 or to promote a favorite cause1--:i* has become a frequ5t *>act]i/ic 9 mod]n fiction4 ,among ! o!r ,engli% noveli/s1 ,bulw] 7#ahje-ahgc71 ^: lat] /ories are free f ! immorality t /a9s ! e>li]1 is "o ( ! mo/ widely read4 ,! novels ( ,*>les ,k+sley 7#ahai-ahge7 are among ! ju/ly popul> productions 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,among ! noveli/s ( ! late ,victorian ,era 7 ,*>les ,keade1 ,blackmore1 ,/ev5son1 ,kipl+1 ,m]$i?1 ,h>dy1 & ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d4 ,,engli% ,,poets4--,alfr$ ,t5nyson 7#ahji-ahib71 ! au?or ( ,! ,pr9cess1 ,9 ,memoriam1 & ! ,idylls ( ! ,k+1 held ! fir/ place among ! poets ( 8 day4 ,an adept 9 ! metrical art1 he comb9es 9 ^! mature productions1 ) t]s5ess ( diction & fre%1 /rik+ imag]y1 deep reflection & sympa?y ) ! intellectual que/ion+s & ye>n+s ( ! "t4 ,9 8 lyrical poems ! fullness ( 8 p[] is se54 ,he 01 )\t "q1 a consummate lit]>y arti/4 ,br[n+ 7#ahab-ahhi71 c>eless ( rhy?mical art1 ) a defiance ( =m1 b ) dramatic p[]1 9 8 desc5t to ! "u-curr5ts ( ! s\l1 plac$ himself op5 to ! reproa* ( obscurity4 ,among ,engli% poets ( high m]it 9 ! rec5t p]iod /& ! names ( ! delightful humori/ ,?omas ,hood 7#agih-ahde71 ,ar?ur ,cl\gh 7#ahai-ahfa71 & m rec5tly1 ,mat!w ,arnold 7#ahbb-ahhh74 ,) ?is ref]5ce to ! poets may be c\pl$ ! "n ( ! mo/ eloqu5t & sugge/ive ( ! ,engli% writ]s on art1 ,john ,rusk94 ,,!ology ,,9 ,,engl&4--,!ological s*ol>%ip 9 ,great ,brita91 aft] a long season ( p>tial eclipse1 aga9 %one =? 9 ! pres5t p]iod4 ,critical works relat+ to ! ,scriptures h be5 produc$1 :i* are on a level ) ! be/ ,cont95tal le>n+4 ,ab\t #ahcc1 !re began at ,ox=d :at has be5 call$ ! ,tract>ian movem5t1 f a s]ies ( ,tracts = ! ,times1 relat+ to !ology & ! ,*ur*1 :i* 7 issu$ by its promot]s4 ,! p>ty ?us orig9at+ 7 call$ ,puseyites1 z ,dr4 ,edw>d ,pusey 7#ahjj-ahhb71 ! au?or ( le>n$ comm5t>ies1 & ( works 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( div9ity1 0 _! ackn[l$g$ lead]4 ,!y =m$ "o bran* ( ! class call$ ,high ,*ur*m54 ,!y laid great emphasis on ! doctr9e ( ! apo/olic succession ( ! m9i/ry1 ! necessity & efficacy ( ! sacram5ts adm9i/]$ by !m1 & ! importance ( visible ecclesia/ical unity4 ,!y claim$ to /& 9 ! middle pa? betwe5 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,"o ( ! lead+ associates ( ,pusey 0 ,john ,keble 7#agib-ahff71 ! poet1 au?or ( ,! ,*ri/ian ,ye>4 ,! mo/ em95t writ] 9 ?is gr\p ( !ologians 0 ,john ,h5ry ,newman 7#ahja-ahij71 :o won g5]al admiration by ! subtlety ( 8 g5ius & its r>e felicity ( expression4 ,he ent]$ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & 0 advanc$ to ! rank ( a c>d9al4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal lit]>y und]tak+s ( ! rec5t p]iod is ! ,revision ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ( ! ,bible1 by associat$ companies ( ,engli% & ,am]ican s*ol>s4 ,9 ! long catalogue ( influ5tial writ]s 9 !ology1 x is practicable to ref] "h to a few sugge/ive names4 ,?omas ,*alm]s 7#aghj-ahdg7 0 equally not$ z a gl[+ prea*]1 an eloqu5t def5d] ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & a lucid exp\nd] ( ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em4 ,edw>d ,irv+ 7#agib-ahcd7 0 a pulpit orator ( unsurpass$ eloqu5ce 9 8 day1 ^: peculi> view z to ! re/oration ( ! miracul\s gifts ( ! ,_s1 t 7 grant$ 9 ! apo/olic age1 gave rise to a religi\s body call+ itself ! ,ca?olic ,apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,fr$]ick ,d5ison ,maurice 7#ahje-ahgb7 0 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! lib]al1 or ,broad ,*ur*1 portion ( ! ,engli% ,episcopal ,*ur*4 ,8 writ+s h ex]t$ a /rong influ5ce4 ,9 ! same g5]al direction1 b ( a m critical & argum5tative tone1 7 ,ri*>d ,:ately 7#aghg-ahfc71 ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl92 & ,?omas ,arnold1 :o1 9 addition to 8 influ5ce z a tea*]1 classical s*ol>1 & hi/orian1 engag$ actively 9 discussions on ! que/ions relat+ to ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,am]ica3 ,,poems ,,& ,,tales4--,! p]iod :i* we are n[ consid]+ witness$ a gratify+ developm5t ( belles-lettres & hi/orical lit]ature 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! outset1 two writ]s appe>$ :o acquir$ a transatlantic fame4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+ 7#aghc-ahei7 9 #ahah publi%$ ,! ,sket* ,book1 9 a s]ies ( pamphlets4 ,x _h be5 prec$$ by ,knick]bock]'s ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york & o!r humor\s publications4 ,among 8 lat] writ+s 7 includ$ ! ,life ( ,columbus1 ! ,life ( ,mohamm$1 & ! ,life ( ,wa%+ton4 ,! ref9em5t & *>m ( 8 /yle1 :i* br\ght back ! simplicity ( ,goldsmi?1 satisfi$ ! =eign critics :o _h ridicul$ ! florid rhetoric ( previ\s ,am]ican au?ors4 ,james ,f5imore ,coop] 7#aghi-ahea7 publi%$ ,! ,spy1 ! fir/ ( 8 novels1 :i* attract$ mu* att5tion1 9 #ahba4 ,?is 0 foll[$1 two ye>s lat]1 by ,! ,pione]s1 ! fir/ ( ! fam\s ,lea!r/ock+ s]ies ( novels1 9 :i* ,indian life & mann]s 7 portray$4 ,coop] 0 also ! f\nd] ( ! sea-novel1 a l9e ( fiction 9 :i* he 0 foll[$ by an ,engli% writ]1 ,m>ryat 7#agib-ahdh74 ,ri*>d ,h4 ,dana & ,fitz-,gre5e ,halleck 7 poets :o _h a mu* high] ?an ! m]ely negative m]it ( fre$om f tumidity1 ! bane ( ! e>li] ,am]ican b>ds4 ,n only 9 v]se1 b also 9 8 prose tales1 ,dana manife/$ g5ius4 ,sev]al lat] poets1 ackn[l$g$ at home & abroad1 well des]ve ! "n4 ,su* are ,bryant 7#agid-ahgh71 ^: poems1 p5sive & elevat$ 9 _! tone1 lack nei!r vigor nor f9i%2 ,longfell[ 7#ahjg-ahhb71 a poet ( exquisite culture1 ^: purity ( s5tim5t1 z well z poli% & melody ( diction1 h made him a favorite 9 bo? ,europe & ,am]ica2 ,:itti] 7#ahjg-ahib71 ^: spirit$ productions are p]vad$ ) a gl[+ love ( lib]ty & humanity4 ,l[ell 7#ahai-ahia7 has ju/ly e>n$ fame z a poet & a critic2 &1 z a poet1 9 bo? s]i\s & humor\s compositions4 ,! ,bigl[ ,pap]s are )\t a rival 9 ! species ( humor t *>act]ize !m4 ,di/9ction z a poet & a prose writ] belongs likewise to ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes 7#ahji-ahid71 :o 0 especially successful z an au?or ( poems ( society4 ,edg> ,allan ,poe 7#ahji-ahdi71 faulty 9 8 moral _s z he 0 wayw>d 9 8 conduct1 exhibit$1 bo? 9 8 poems & tales1 :i* are unique 9 _! "*1 ! traits ( a wild & somb] g5ius4 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son 7#ahjc-ahhb71 admir$ z a poet1 b m g5]ally z an essayi/1 valu+ insight above logic1 has comm5t$ on nature1 man1 & lit]ature ) s r>e a p5etration & felicity ( expression t ,mat!w ,arnold has plac$ 8 productions on a level ) ! ,m$itations ( ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,9 ! li/ ( ,am]ican noveli/s ! =emo/ "n is t ( ,na?aniel ,haw?orne4 ,9 8 romances ! subtle analysis ( ! work+s ( consci5ce & s5sibility1 9 p>ticul> ! obscure--includ+ ! morbid-action ( ^! p[]s1 is comb9$ ) p]fection ( /yle & ( lit]>y art4 ,! novels ( ,h>riet ,bee*] ,/[e1 especially ^? :i* relate to slav]y & depict negro "*1 h _h a _w-wide curr5cy4 ,among o!r noveli/s 7 ,pauld+ & ,s$gwick1 & m rec5tly1 ,h[ells1 ,james1 ,bret ,h>te1 ,cable1 & ,aldri*4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ humori/ has be5 ,s4 ,m4 ,clem5s 7,m>k ,twa974 ,good "w has be5 done by ,am]icans 9 lit]>y hi/ory & criticism4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,spani% ,lit]ature1 by ,george ,ticknor1 is ! fruit ( _m ye>s ( labor by a compet5t s*ol>4 ,,hi/orical ,,writ+s ,,9 ,,am]ica4--,cr$itable works h be5 produc$ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! dep>tm5t ( hi/orical lit]ature4 ,! lives ( ,wa%+ton & ,frankl91 & o!r biographical & hi/orical writ+s ( mu* value1 h be5 compos$ or edit$ by ,j>$ ,sp>ks4 ,george ,bancr(t 7#ahjj-ahia7 publi%$1 9 successive editions1 ! results ( ext5sive rese>*es 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,works on ! same subject h be5 publi%$ by ,ri*>d ,hildre? & _m o!rs4 ,john ,g4 ,palfrey is ! au?or ( an excell5t hi/ory ( ,new ,engl&4 ,william ,h4 ,prescott by 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 8 hi/ories ( ,spani% conque/ 9 ,am]ica1 & 8 fragm5t on ! reign ( ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 has des]v$ly atta9$ to a high di/9ction on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! same may be said ( ,john ,lo?rop ,motley 7#ahad-ahgg71 9 8 ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,dut* ,republic4 ,! hi/ory ( ,fr5* colonization & ( ! conte/s ( ,france 9 ,am]ica has be5 detail$ ) ?or\ghness & skill by ,francis ,p>kman4 ,o!r prom95t writ]s h be5 ,john ,fiske1 ,ju/9 ,w9sor1 ,h5ry4 ,adams1 ,james ,f4 ,rhodes1 & ,a4 ,t4 ,mahan4 ,,am]ican ,,writ]s ,,on ,,law ,,ans ,,politics4--,am]ican writ]s on law embrace names ( _w-wide celebrity4 ,among !m are ,h5ry ,:eaton1 9 int]national law1 a sci5ce to :i* ,woolsey & ,lawr5ce h made valuable contributions2 ,james ,k5t1 ^: ,comm5t>ies on ,am]ican ,law is a "w held 9 high honor by ! legal pr(ession2 & ,joseph ,/ory1 a juri/ & legal writ] ( di/+ui%$ m]it4 ,! spee*es & o!r productions ( ,web/]1 ,calh\n1 ,clay1 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 ,edw>d ,ev]ett1 ,sew>d1 ,sumn]1 =m a valuable body ( political writ+s4 ,! works ( ,francis ,lieb]1 a ,g]man by bir?1 & ! treatise on ,political ,sci5ce by ,!odore ,d4 ,woolsey1 are important contributions to ! bran* ( k to :i* !y relate4 ,,philology ,,9 ,,am]ica4--,on ! catalogue ( /ud5ts ( language1 ! "n ( ,noah ,web/] 7#ageh-ahdc7 is prom95t1 ?r\gh 8 ,engli% ,diction>y1 ! fruit ( _m ye>s ( ardu\s labor2 a "w t s9ce 8 dea? has appe>$ 9 successive & improv$ editions4 ,ano!r successful labor] 9 ! same field 0 ,joseph ,e4 ,worce/] 7#aghd-ahfe71 likewise ! au?or ( a copi\s & valuable lexicon ( ! ,engli% language4 ,george ,p4 ,m>%1 an erudite ,sc&9avian s*ol>1 wrote also on ! ,orig9 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,9 ! dep>tm5ts ( classical le>n+1 ( ,ori5tal /udy1 & ( g5]al philology1 !re h appe>$ o!r ,am]ican au?ors ( ackn[l$g$ m]it1 e4g4 ,william ,d4 ,:itney4 ,,!ology ,,9 ,,am]ica4--,!ology has be5 cultivat$ ) mu* fruit by a l>ge numb] ( prea*]s & au?ors1 ( diff]5t religi\s bodies4 ,moses ,/u>t1 by 8 comm5t>ies on ,biblical books1 & ,edw>d ,rob9son1 especially ?r\gh 8 publi%$ ,travels 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 7 widely kn[n4 ,*>les ,hodge1 long a pr(essor at ,pr9ceton2 ,na?aniel ,w4 ,taylor1 :o broa*$ modifications ( ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em2 ,h5ry ,b4 ,smi?1 an acute & le>n$ !ologian2 & ,horace ,bu%nell1--are among ! influ5tial au?ors on ! ,prote/ant side4 ,to ^! %\ld be add$ ! "n ( ,william ,ell]y ,*ann+1 ! mo/ prom95t lead] ( ! ,unit>ians1 equally di/+ui%$ z a prea*] & z a philan?ropi/4 ,! ,unit>ian movem5t 9 ,new ,engl&1 :i* began 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 includ$ o!r !ological writ]s1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ & s*ol>ly ( :om 0 ,&rews ,norton 7#aghf-ahec74 ,!odore ,p>k] 7#ahaj-ahfj7 subsequ5tly w5t s f> 9 8 div]g5ce f receiv$ views z to reject miracle & sup]natural revelation altoge!r4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s combatants 9 ! w>f>e c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! press & 9 ! pulpit aga9/ slav]y4 ,out ( ! ,unit>ian s*ool !re came a class ( cultur$ writ]s 9 lit]ature & criticism1 ( :om ,george ,ripley 7#ahjb-ahhj7 0 a repres5tative4 ,! transc5d5tali/s1 z !y 7 popul>ly /yl$1 ) :om ^! 7 (t5 at ! outset affiliat$1 7 mu* influ5c$ by contempor>y ,fr5* & ,g]man au?ors & speculations4 ,em]son1 0 ! mo/ prom95t writ] 9 ?is vaguely def9$ class4 ,a p]iodical call$ ,! ,dial 0 issu$ by !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ +5i\s & active-m9d$ ?9k]s 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 ,ore/es ,a4 ,br[nson1 a prolific au?or on topics ( religion & philosophy4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,g]many4--,! ,g]man m9d has be5 s productive 9 almo/ all bran*es ( lit]>y ef=t1 t ! annual issues ( ! ,g]man press h numb]$ _m ?\s&s4 ,! political condition ( ,g]many until a rec5t date 0 su* z to attract l>ge numb]s to ! pursuits ( lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,x is possible to allude to b few ( ! pr9cipal au?ors4 ,9 imag9ative lit]ature1 ,he9ri* ,he9e 7#agii-ahef71 ( ,jewi% extraction1 0 a mo/ witty yet irrev]5t satiri/1 & "o ( ! pr9cipal song-writ]s ( mod]n times4 ,gu/av ,freytag has writt5 "s ( ! be/ ( ! lat] ,g]man novels4 ,au]ba*1 ,kell]1 & ,spielhag5 /& v high on ! roll ( noveli/s4 ,( num]\s rec5t poets1 ,l5au & ,freiligra? are among ! few be/ e/eem$4 ,9 ! long catalogue ( ,g]man hi/orical writ]s1 to :om ! _w owes a debt1 are f\nd ! names ( ,s*loss] 7#aggf-ahfa71 ,he]5 7#agfj-ahdb71 ,raum] 7#agha-ahgc72 ,ranke1 ^: num]\s works are bas$ on orig9al rese>*es1 & are writt5 ) ma/]ly skill2 ,g]v9us1 a critic z well z hi/orian2 ,von ,sybel1 ,droys51 ,dunck]1 ,web]1 ,giesebre*t1 ,momms51 ,curtius1 ,treits*ke4 ,a p[]ful impulse 0 giv5 to ! /udy ( hi/ory by ,niebuhr 7#aggf-ahca74 ,g]man rese>*es h be5 c>ri$ into e region ( ! pa/4 ,9 ,egyptology1 ,lipsius1 ,buns51 ,brugs*1 & ,eb]s are lead+ au?orities4 ,ne&]1 ,giesel]1 ,baur1 ,dll+]1 ,hefele1 ,alzog1 ,h>nack1 ,janss51 & ,pa/or are writ]s on ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,g]man travel]s h explor$ _m ( ! c\ntries ( ! globe4 ,s*liemann has uncov]$ ! ru9s ( ,troy4 ,9 ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces1 9 philology & criticism1 9 philosophy1 9 law & ! political sci5ces1 & 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( !ology1 ! _w ackn[l$ges its debt to ! pati5t1 me?odical inve/igations & ! exhau/ive discussions ( ,g]man /ud5ts dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,!ology ,,9 ,,g]many4--,! hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ,g]many includes ! successive phases ( rationalism1 or t g5]al !ory :i* makes ! human und]/&+1 ap>t f sup]natural revelation1 ! *ief or ! exclusive s\rce ( religi\s k1 & ! umpire 9 controv]sies4 ,9 ! age ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ! ,anglo-,fr5* deism 0 widely diffus$ 7p4 #dic74 ,less+2 ! g5ial poet & critic 7#agbi-agha71 alli$ himself to no p>ty4 ,9 8 "w on ,! ,education ( ! ,human ,race1 he set =? ! view t ! ,scriptures h a high provid5tial purpose z an in/rum5t = ! religi\s tra9+ ( mank9d1 b t _! ess5tial cont5ts are ultimately v]ifi$ by reason on gr\nds ( its own2 s t ! prop ( au?ority ev5tually becomes ne$less1 & falls away4 ,n radically diff]5t 0 ! position ( ,kant 7p4 #ede71 :o gave rise to a s*ool ( !ologians t = a "t fl\ri%$4 ,?is s*ool made ! ess5tial ?+ 9 ,*ri/ianity to be its morality4 ,) ,seml] 7#agba-agia71 ! rationali/ic ,biblical criticism took its rise4 ,f t day1 a ho/ ( s*ol>s h engag$ 9 ! inve/igation ( ! orig9 & int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 & ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a middle position betwe5 ! e/abli%$ or?odoxy & ! ,kantian rationalism 0 tak5 by ,fr$]ick ,s*lei]ma*] 7#agfh-ahcd71 a man ( g5ius1 alike em95t z a critic1 philosoph]1 & !ologian4 ,he plac$ ! f\ndation ( religion 9 ! feel+ ( absolute dep5d5ce4 ,9 lay+ /ress on feel+ z at ! root ( piety1 he _h be5 prec$$ by ! philosoph] ,jacobi4 ,f ! impulse giv5 by ,s*lei]ma*]1 !re sprung up an int]m$iate s*ool ( !ologians1 _m ( :om dep>t$ less ?an he f ! traditional ,prote/ant cre$4 ,?is !y pr(ess$ to und]take to revise 9 accordance ) ! results ( ! sci5tific /udy ( ! ,bible & ( hi/ory4 ,9 _! numb] belong ,ne&]1 ,nitzs*1 ,twe/51 ,?oluck1 ,j4 ,mll]1 ,dorn]1 ,ro!1 ,bleek1 ,ullman1 & _m o!r influ5tial au?ors & tea*]s4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,biblical criticism1 ,ewald1 ,tis*5dorf1 ,mey]1 ,weiss1 are among ! names ( ,g]man !ological s*ol>s :i* are famili> to ,biblical /ud5ts 9 all c\ntries4 ,! critical works ( ,de ,wette 7#aghj-ahdi7 7 ext5sively /udi$4 ,! philosophy ( ,hegelconnect$ itself ) a new =m ( rationalism1 :i* f\nd expression 9 ! ,life ( ,jesus1 by ,/rauss1 publi%$ 9 #ahce1 9 :i* ! ,gospel miracles 7 treat$ z my?s2 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian ,baur1 9 connection ) 8 foll[]s ( ! ,tub+5 ,s*ool1 :o attempt$ to resolve primitive ,*ri/ianity into a natural gr[? out ( prexi/+ conditions1 & held t ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 ! product ( diff]5t !ological t5d5cies & p>ties 9 ! apo/olic & ! subsequ5t age4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic sy/em has n lack$ 9 ,g]many able def5d]s1 "o ( ! mo/ not$ ( :om 0 ,mhl]1 ! au?or ( ,symbolism 7,symbolik71 an +5i\s polemical "w 9 opposition to ,prote/antism4 ,,philology ,,& ,,law ,,9 ,,g]many4--,classical philology 0 f\nd$ z a sci5ce by ,heyne 7#agbi-ahab7 & ,wolf 7#agei-ahbd74 ,_! "w 0 c>ri$ =w>d by ,g4 ,h]mann 7#aggb-ahdh71 ,buttmann 7#agfd-ahbi71 ,jacobs 7#agfd-ahdg71 ,k4 ,o4 ,mull] 7#agig-ahdj71 & by num]\s contempor>ies & successors ( ^!4 ,by ?is succession ( s*ol>s1 n only h ! tongues ( ,greece & ,rome be5 accurately le>n$ & taught1 b classical antiquity has be5 ?or\ghly explor$4 ,comp>ative philology1 "u ! h&s ( ,bopp 7#agia-ahfg71 ( ,lass5 7#ahjj-ahgf71 a ,norwegian by bir?1 ( ,w4 von ,humboldt 7#agfg-ahce71 ( ,pott 7born 9 #ahjb71 ( ,s*lei*] 7#ahba-ahfh71 & _! coadjutors1 has gr[n to be a fruitful sci5ce4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! ,g]man language & e>ly lit]ature1 ,j4 ,grimm 7#aghe-ahfc71 ,w4 ,grimm 7#aghf-ahei71 ,la*mann 7#agic-ahea71 ,simrock 7#ahjb-ahgh71 h be5 among ! pione]s4 ,! /udy ( law1 especially ( ,roman law1 0 plac$ on a new f\ndation by ! labors ( ,savigny 7#aggi-ahfa71 :ile a l ?or\ghness 0 br\ght to ! exposition ( ,g]man law by ,mitt]mai] & o!rs4 ,9 political sci5ce1 ,mohl 7#aggi-ahge71 ,blunts*li 7#ahjh-ahha71 ,/ahl 7#ahjb-ahfa71 & ,gnei/ 7#ahaf-ahie7 ga9$ a worldwide celebrity4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,france4--,a class ( vigor\s "y writ]s 9 ,france broke loose f ! re/ra9ts ( ! classical s*ool & its patt]ns1 & compos$ dramas 9 ! m free me?od ( ! romantic s*ool4 ,!y drew _! ideas ( ! drama f ,%akspe>e1 r ?an f ,corneille4 ,among ^! writ]s 7 ,alex&re ,dumas1 a mo/ prolific noveli/ z well z writ] ( plays2 & ! celebrat$ poet & dramati/1 ,victor ,hugo4 ,! romances ( ,dumas comprise m ?an a hundr$ volumes4 ,9 8 hi/orical novels1 incid5ts & *>act]s )\t numb] cr[d ^u ! sc5e1 b )\t confusion1 :ile ! n>rative ma9ta9s an unfail+ vivacity4 ,( ! au?ors ( light & witty com$ies1 ,scribe is "o ( ! mo/ f]tile4 ,george ,s& 7,mme4 ,dudevant7 is "o ( ! pr9cipal novel-writ]s ( ! age4 ,eug5e ,sue & ,balzac are bo? popul> au?ors 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! lead+ poets are ! song-writ] ,brang]1 ,lam>t9e1 ,victor ,hugo1 & ,alfr$ de ,musset4 ,) ! close ( ! fir/ half-c5tury romanticism began to give way be=e realism1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a reaction be=e ! c5tury clos$4 ,among ! great] poets are ,sully-,prudhomme & ,coppe2 among ! noveli/s1 ,daudet1 ,zola1 ,maupassant1 & ,b\rget4 ,9 hi/ory "s writ]s1 z ,villema91 are rem>kable = _! p[] ( descriptive n>rative2 o!rs1 l ,guizot1 = _! bread? ( philosophical reflection1 sup]add$ to deep rese>*es4 ,"s1 l ,augu/9 ,?i]ry1 9 8 "w on ! ,middle ,ages1 comb9$ bo? elem5ts4 ,8 bro!r1 ,amde ,?i]ry1 depict$ ! /ate ( society 9 ,gaul & o!r c\ntries 9 ! p]iod ( ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,b>ante compos$ an int]e/+ hi/ory ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy4 ,among ^?1 besides ,guizot1 :o treat$ ( ! hi/ory ( ,france1 ,sismondi1 ! spirit$ ,mi*elet1 & ! ?or\gh & dispassionate ,h5ri ,m>t9 are specially em95t4 ,?i]s1 ,mignet1 ,l\is ,blanc1 ,ta9e1 & ,lanfrey wrote on ! ,revolution or ,napoleon4 ,! mo/ em95t ( ! new] s*ool ( sci5tific hi/orians are ,boissi]1 ,sorel1 ,lavisse1 ,lu*aire1 & ,aul>d4 ,9 political economy & ! sci5ce ( politics1 ,*evali]1 ,de ,tocqueville 7! au?or ( ,democracy 9 ,am]ica71 & ,ba/iat are among ! writ]s widely read beyond ! limits ( ,france4 ,sa9te-,beuve is only "o ( ! =emo/ 9 ! class ( lit]>y critics1 9 :i* are includ$ ,r5an1 ,s>cey1 ,brunetire1 ,lematre1 ,faguet1 & o!rs1 !mselves au?ors4 ,! cle>ness ( exposition :i* goes f> to ju/ify ! claim ( ! ,fr5* to be ! int]pret]s ( ,european sci5ce to ! _w1 appe>s 9 num]\s treatises 9 ma!matics & physics4 ,! qualities ( lucid arrangem5t1 transp>5cy ( /yle1 & t]s5ess ( language h ext5d$1 h[ev]1 to o!r bran*es ( au?or%ip2 s t ! ,fr5* h pres5t$ a fair claim to prec$5ce 9 ! lit]>y art4 ,,sw$5 ,,& ,,russia4--,!re are ,sw$i% au?ors :o are well kn[n 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,su* are ! hi/orian ,geij] 7#aghc-ahdg72 & ! noveli/ ,fr$rika ,brem]1 :o wrote ,! ,neighbors1 & o!r tales4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,russian noveli/s is ,ivan ,turg5ejff1 "s ( ^: /ories conta9 admirable pictures ( ,russian life4 ,,ar*itecture4--,! n9ete5? c5tury witness$ 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl& a revival ( ! anci5t or classic /yles ( ar*itecture4 ,?is appe>s1 = example1 9 edifices at ,muni*1 & 9 su* build+s z ,/4 ,george's ,hall at ,liv]pool4 ,b a reaction arose aga9/ ?is t5d5cy1 & 9 behalf ( ! ,go?ic /yle1 :i* is exemplifi$ 9 ! new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,london4 ,_m ,go?ic *ur*es h be5 erect$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,_m-/ori$ (fice build+s are *>act]i/ic ( ,am]ica4 ,,sculpture ,,& ,,pa9t+4--,"o ( ! mo/ orig9al ( mod]n sculptors 0 ,s*wan?al] 7#ahjb-ahdh71 :o c>v$ ! p$im5ts ( ! ,walhalla at ,muni*1 & ! bronze /atue ( ,bav>ia4 ,fr5* sculptors at ! pres5t day are fully on a level ) ! rec5t sculptors ( ,italy4 ,*antrey 7#aghh-ahda7 & ,john ,gibson 7#agia-ahff71 a pupil ( ,canova & himself an orig9al m9d1 are high on ! roll ( ,engli% sculptors4 ,a g5ius = sculpture appe>$ among ,am]icans1 & to ! names ( ,p[]s & ,craw=d1 ( ,/ory1 ,br[n1 & ,w>d1 ! names ( o!r m]itori\s arti/s 9 ?is prov9ce might ju/ly be add$4 ,! ,g]man national s*ool ( pa9t+ _h ,ov]beck = its mo/ em95t f\nd]4 ,cornelius 7#aghc-ahfg7 reviv$ ! art ( fresco-pa9t+1 & e/abli%$ ! ,muni* s*ool4 ,von ,kaulba*1 :o pa9t$ ! ,battle ( ! ,huns 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 0 "o ( 8 pupils4 ,w4 von ,s*ad[ is ! f\nd] ( ! ,dsseldorf s*ool4 ,"o ( 8 em95t pupils 0 ,k4 ,f4 ,less+4 ,/ill m rec5t are ,ad4 ,m5zel1 ,lib]man1 & ,l5ba*4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ,con/able 7#agif-ahcg7 pa9t$ ,engli% l&scapes full ( ?\ght & feel+1 & gave a fre% impulse to ?is bran* ( art4 ,/anfleld 7#aghh-ahfd7 0 a ma/] ( ! reali/ic s*ool1 :i* aims at a simple & fai?ful repres5tation ( ! l&scape to be depict$4 ,wilkie1 a ,scot*man 7#aghe-ahda71 0 *ief among ! g5re pa9t]s1 ( :om ,leslie 7#agid-ahei71 by bir? an ,am]ican1 0 "o ( ! mo/ =cible & ref9$4 ,ea/lake 7#agic-ahfe7 0 a writ] on art1 z well z a pa9t]4 ,l&se] 7#ahjb-ahgc7 0 unrival$ z an animal pa9t]4 ,william ,hunt 7#agij-ahfd7 _h decid$ skill z a pa9t] 9 wat]-colors4 ,! pre-,raphaelite s*ool1 pr(ess+ to g back ( ,raphael to nature1 includ$ ,turn]1 ,hunt1 ,millais1 & ,burne-,jones4 ,o!r prom95t arti/s h be5 ,h]kom]1 ,leighton1 & ,alma-,tadema4 ,9 ,france1 ,paul ,del>o*e 7#agig-ahef7 foll[$ 9 ! pa? ( ,horace ,v]net 7#aghi-ahfc71 z a pa9t] ( battle-pieces & o!r mod]n hi/orical sc5es4 ,ary ,s*eff] 7#agie-aheh71 a ,dut*man by bir?1 pa9t$ 9 a graceful & pa!tic tone ,*ri/ ! ,consol]1 & o!r sacr$ subjects4 ,! m rec5t ,fr5* s*ool1 compris+ ,delacroix1 ,meissoni]1 ,grome1 ,cabanel1 ,millet1 ,rosa ,bonheur1 an arti/ ( mascul9e vigor1 ! fam\s pa9t] ( animal pictures1--is di/+ui%$ = te*nical skill & f9i%1 b also = a bold & peculi> me?od ( treatm5t4 ,among ! lead+ l&scape-pa9t]s ( ?is s*ool1 ,corot1 ,daubigny1 ,r\sseau1 ,diaz1 are conspicu\s4 ,/ill m rec5t are ,ba/i5-,lepage1 ,*avannes1 ,brton1 ,b\gu]eau1 ,dagnan-,b\v]et1 ,lh]mitte1 ,jean-,paul ,laur5s1 & ,dupr4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbe an ,am]ican s*ool ( l&scape-pa9t]s 0 f\nd$ by ,?omas ,cole1 _m ( ^: pictures 7 allegorical4 ,dur& is "o ( ^? :o excell$ 9 l&scape pa9t+4 ,9 o!r prov9ces ( ! art1 ,peale1 ,weir1 ,hunt+ton1 ,page1 ,morse1 ,*ase1 ,:i/l]1 ,s>g5t1 ,abbey2 9 l&scape1 ,gif=d1 ,k5sett1 ,*ur*1 ,bi]/adt1 ,mc,entee1 ,inness1 ,w9sl[ ,hom]1 well repres5t :at is be/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ! lat] productions ( ,am]ican pa9t]s4 ,,music4--,9 music1 ,g]many 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury held ! palm4 ,s*ub]t1 ,spohr1 ,web]1 ,mey]be]1 & ,wagn] are names ( _w-wide celebrity1 :ile 9 ! works ( ,m5delssohn 7#ahji-ahdi7 & ,s*umann 7#ahaj-ahef7 ! art ( music rea*$ its climax4 ,*op9 7#ahaj-ahdi71 ! f\nd] ( a new /yle ( piano-=te music1 0 born 9 ,pol&3 8 fa!r1 h[ev]1 0 ,fr5*4 ,,philan?ropic ,,re=m4 ,9 a survey ( ! c\rse ( rec5t hi/ory1 notice %\ld be tak5 ( ! increas$ activity ( a humane _s 9 ! sev]al nations4 #a4 ,,social ,,sci5ce4--,! inve/igation ( social evils & ( _! prop] rem$ies1 & ( ! laws :i* gov]n man 9 8 social relations1 has receiv$ ( late ! "n ( social sci5ce4 ,9 #aheg a meet+ 9 ,london1 ov] :i* ,"l ,br\gham presid$1 result$ 9 ! organization ( a society ( p]sons int]e/$ 9 diff]5t =ms ( social improvem5t1 be>+ ! "n ( ! ,national ,association = ! ,promotion ( ,social ,sci5ce4 ,its "w embrac$ ! consid]ation ( ^! five subjects3 law-am5dm5t1--to promote :i* a society _h exi/$1 ( :i* ,"l ,br\gham 0 ! head2 education2 prev5tion & repression ( crime2 public heal?2 & social economy4 ,bran*es 7 e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s t[ns 9 ,engl&4 ,simil> societies h fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an int]national society ( ! same "* held its fir/ meet+ 9 ,brussels 9 #ahfb4 ,! wide range ( special topics :i* ^! societies consid] may give an appe>ance ( indef9it5ess to _! aims4 ,! movem5t at lea/ indicates t social advancem5t has assum$ ! =m ( a di/9ct & compreh5sive problem1 & is draw+ to itself ! delib]ate att5tion ( ?\ghtful p]sons ( div]se nations & cre$s4 #b4 ,,mitigation ,,( ,,! ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,w>3 ,,hospitals4--,if w>s are /ill frequ5t & de/ructive1 mu* m has be5 done ( late to mitigate ! suff]+s consequ5t ^u arm$ conflicts4 ,! "r ( an invad+ =ce to ravage ! t]ritory ( an enemy 0 seldom practically ass]t$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,non-combatants1 accord+ to ! mod]n rules ( w>1 are n to be mole/$4 ,_! prop]ty1 if x is tak51 is to be paid = at its fair value4 ,! doctr9e t requisitions may be made by a comm&] is n yet ab&on$4 ,x 0 act$ on by ,napoleon on a l>ge scale4 ,x 0 n approv$ by ,well+ton4 ,!re is a gr[+ op9ion aga9/ x4 ,x is n n[ held to be a crime = an (fic] to hold a =tress z long z he c4 ,9 ! c>e ( ! sick & ! w\nd$1 !re has be5 a great *ange = ! bett]4 ,! ambulance sy/em1 or ! sy/em ( movable hospitals accompany+ armies on ! field1 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,fr5*1 ) ! approval ( ,napoleon1 9 #agie4 ,! "n ambulance is also frequ5tly giv5 to ! vehicles = transport+ ! w\nd$ & sick4 ,! :ole ambulance sy/em 0 completely organiz$ 9 ! ,am]ican civil w>1 & def9$ by an ,act ( ,congress 9 #ahfd4 ,to a ,fr5* surgeon is due1 also1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a corps ( /ret*]-be>]s4 ,by ! ,european ,conv5tion adopt$ at ,g5eva 7#ahfd71 ! w\nd$1 & ! :ole (ficial /aff connect$ ) ambulances1 are exempt$ f capture z prison]s ( w>4 ,= ! m effici5t organization ( hospitals1 a great s]vice 0 r5d]$ by ! example ( ,flor5ce ,night+ale1 an ,engli% lady1 :o1 at ! head ( a company ( volunte] nurses1 dur+ ! ,crimean w> creat$ a great e/abli%m5t ( ?is sort at ,scut>i 7#ahed74 ,! increas$ pa9s-tak+ 9 ! me?od ( build+1 9 ! v5tilation & g5]al managem5t ( hospitals1 dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 has gone f> t[>ds free+ !m f ! dang]s & evils to :i* !y 7 =m]ly subject4 ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce4--,sanit>y sci5ce1 & ! eng9e]+ connect$ ) x1 belong to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ma9ly to ! second half ( x4 ,sy/ems ( dra9age h be5 devis$ :i* involve mu* me*anical skill1 n to dwell on _! usefulness 9 promot+ heal?4 ,prior to #ahae1 9 ,engl&1 ! law =bade ! dis*>ge ( sewage 9 wat]-dra9s4 ,! law ( #ahdg requir$ t :i* up to #ahae 0 prohibit$4 ,! great *ange on ?is :ole subject dates f ! *ol]a ( #ahcb1 :i* awoke public att5tion to ! s\rces ( disease4 ,! condition ( ! poor1 & ! discussions relat+ to x1 l5t a new /imulus to ! inquiry4 ,a s]ies ( ,engli% reports1 f #ahdb to #ahdh1 _h a great influ5ce 9 produc+ a sanit>y re=m1 9 ! p>ticul>s ref]r$ to1 9 ,engl& & 9 o!r c\ntries4 #c4 ,,public ,,education4--,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 sy/ems ( g5]al education 7 e/abli%$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 a "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 an effective common-s*ool sy/em has always exi/$4 ,9 ,g]many also1 especially 9 ,prussia1 !re h long be5 ?or\gh provisions = ! in/ruction ( all ! "y 9 elem5t>y bran*es4 ,9 ,france1 9 consequ5ce ( ! laws requir+ prim>y s*ools 9 all ! communes ( any consid]able size1 ! av]age ( illit]acy has ( late /eadily dim9i%$4 ,9 #ahha1 9 ,france1 in/ruction 9 ! public prim>y s*ools 0 made absolutely free4 ,engl& has witness$ a v great *ange 9 ! legal e/abli%m5t ( means ( in/ruction 9 ! rudim5ts ( k = ! :ole p4 ,! ,education ,act ( #ahgf requir$ t e *ild betwe5 ! ages ( five & f\rte5 %\ld receive su* tea*+4 ,9 ,engl&1 & 9 "s o!r c\ntries1 ! employm5t ( *ildr5 :o h n _h a c]ta9 am\nt ( s*ool in/ruction 0 prohibit$ by law4 ,9 ! new k+dom ( ,italy1 e commune hav+ f\r ?\s& inhabitants 0 requir$ by law 7#ahei7 to ma9ta9 a prim>y s*ool4 ,by subsequ5t legislation1 ! compulsory pr9ciple 0 adopt$ z f> z ! circum/ances ( ! c\ntry w\ld all[4 ,! result has be5 a mo/ rem>kable dim9ution 9 ! numb]s ( ! :olly illit]ate class4 ,o!r ,european /ates h made prim>y education compulsory4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,hung>y1 att5dance at s*ool 0 made obligatory = *ildr5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? to ! end ( ! twelf? ye>4 ,su* measures 9 behalf ( g5]al education z gov]nm5ts h adopt$ 9 rec5t times are f\nd$1 to be sure1 p>tly on ! consci\s ne$ ( self-protection aga9/ ignorance & its baleful consequ5ces to ! /ate4 ,a m directly humane impulse1 h[ev]1 m+les ) ?is motive4 ,! op]ation ( b5evol5t feel+ is se5 9 ! multiply+ ( special s*ools = ! b5efit ( ! bl9d1 ( ! deaf & dumb1 & ev5 ( imbeciles4 #d4 ,,re=m ,,( ,,crim9al ,,law4--,! advance ( humane s5tim5t has produc$ a re=m ( crim9al law4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 ! clos+ "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 !re 7 two hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree (f5ses t 7 puni%$ ) dea?4 ,to injure ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 to cut d[n "y trees1 to %oot at rabbits1 to /eal prop]ty ( ! value ( five %ill+s1 7 capital (f5ses4 ,vigor\s & p]sev]+ opposition 0 made to ! mitigation ( ?is bloody code4 ,sir ,samuel ,romilly 7#ageg-ahah7 began 8 ef=t at re=m by endeavor+ to secure ! repeal ( ^! cruel laws1 "o by "o4 ,8 bills1 :5 c>ri$ ) difficulty ?r\gh ! ,commons1 7 repeat$ly ?r[n out by ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /r5u\s oppon5ts ( ! *ange 0 ! ,"l ,*ancellor1 ,eldon4 ,"l ,ell5bor\gh1 ! *ief ju/ice1 /igmatiz$ ! propos$ alt]ation ( ! /atutes z ! fruit ( speculation & mod]n philosophy4 ,x 0 pr$ict$ t1 if x 7 made1 !re w\ld be a t]rible increase ( crime4 ,sir ,james ,mack9to% cont9u$ ) success ! ef=t ( ,romilly4 ,9 #ahcg ! li/ ( capital (f5ses _h be5 r$uc$ to sev54 ,"o consequ5ce 0 ! /rik+ dim9ution ( crime4 ,ano!r re=m 9 ,engl& 0 t ( ! police-sy/em 7#ahaf74 ,! (fic]s ( ! police _h enc\rag$ crime 9 ord] to secure ! rew>d ( =ty p\nds (f]$ by ! gov]nm5t on conviction1 9 ! case ( crimes ( a c]ta9 grade4 #e4 ,,prison-,,discipl9e ,,re=m4--,"o ( ! di/9ctions ( mod]n philan?ropy is ! prison-discipl9e re=m4 ,:5 ,h[>d began 8 labors 7#aggc71 ! prisons 9 ,engl& 7 g5]ally dirty1 pe/if]\s d5s1 cr[d$ ) inmates ( bo? sexes1--nurs]ies ( loa?some disease1 & ( /ill m loa?some vice4 ,soon aft] ?is "t1 a s]i\s ef=t began to make prisons a means ( re=m1 in/ead ( s*ools ( debau*]y & crime4 ,!re 0 a movem5t = ! erection ( p5it5ti>ies ( improv$ con/ruction4 ,?is 0 aid$ by ! ex]tions ( ,j]emy ,b5?am4 ,! mo/ successful ef=ts 9 behalf ( a bett] sy/em ( managem5t 9 prisons 7 made by memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ useful p]son 9 ?is cause 0 ,mrs4 ,elizabe? ,gurney ,fry 7#aghj-ahde71 a woman ( r>e p[]s ( m9d & ( ! noble/ ,*ri/ian "*4 ,by h] p]sonal influ5ce1 %e wr\ght su* a trans=mation ( "* & behavior among ! female convicts 9 ,newgate ,prison z x _h be5 deem$ impossible to effect4 ,! re=ms :i* ,mrs4 ,fry effect$ spread to o!r places4 ,h] labors 7 n conf9$ to ,great ,brita94 ,%e visit$ ,france 7#ahch71 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,h] correspond5ce 9 ! int]e/ ( ! cause :i* %e s]v$ ext5d$ to ,russia & ,italy4 ,h] recomm5dations bore fruit = good 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,signal improvem5ts 9 plans ( con/ruction1 & 9 ! int]ior life ( prisons1 h be5 effect$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,prison ,discipl9e ,society 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ^! *anges1 ! example ( *anges & re=ms 9 ?is matt] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has _h a m>k$ influ5ce4 ,! two great ends kept 9 view at pres5t 9 ! arrangem5ts & occupations ( prisons are ! re=m ( ! crim9al1 & ! det]r+ ( o!rs f ! commission ( crime4 ,di/9ct e/abli%m5ts = ! det5tion1 re=m1 & tra9+ ( juv5ile (f5d]s1 :o 7 =m]ly corrupt$ by association ) crim9als mature 9 vice1 are peculi> to rec5t times4 ,! transportation ( ,engli% convicts to ,au/ralia began 9 #aghg4 ,z ^! multipli$1 !re sprang up cruelty on ! "p ( sup]visors 9 ! colonies2 & 9 ! p5al settlem5ts :]e ! wor/ (f5d]s 7 gu>d$1 !re 7 f\nd ! mo/ corrupt & degrad$ h]ds ( crim9als4 ,! opposition 9 ! colonial communities to transportation f\nd support 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #ahdj deportation to ,new ,s\? ,wales ceas$4 ,at l5g? ,van ,dieman's ,l& also refus$ to receive ?is =c$ emigration ev5 ( releas$ convicts4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to rely on o!r me?ods ( puni%m5t1 especially on ! graduation ( ! t]m ( conf9em5t accord+ to ! conduct ( ! crim9al4 ,,progress ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,mank9d4 ,,unity ,,amid ,,div]sity4--,! pa? ( human progress has l$ 9 ! direction ( unity z ! ultimate goal4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a unity 9 v>iety t[>d :i* ! c\rse ( hi/ory has mov$4 ,! developm5t & gr[? ( di/9ct nations1 ea* aft] its own type1 &1 n less1 ! fre$om ( ! individual to realize ! de/9y int5d$ = him by nature1 are necess>y to ! full developm5t ( mank9d1--necess>y to ! p]fection ( ! race4 ,! f9al unity t is s\ght is to be rea*$1 n by /ifl+ ! capacities ( human nature1 b by ! complete unfold+ ( !m 9 all _! div]sity4 ,! mod]n era has made an approa* t[>d ?is high] unity t is to coexi/ ) a ri* & manifold developm5t4 ,an enlight5$ man1 ,pr9ce ,alb]t ( ,engl&1 rem>k$ 9 a public address 7#ahej73 ,nobody :o has paid any att5tion to ! peculi> features ( our pres5t era w d\bt = a mom5t t we are liv+ at a p]iod ( mo/ wond]ful transition1 :i* t5ds rapidly to accompli% t great end to :i*1 inde$1 all hi/ory po9ts1 ! realization ( ! unity ( mank9d6 ,n a unity :i* breaks d[n ! limits & levels ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t nations ( ! e>?1 b r a unity1 ! result & product ( ^? v national v>ieties & antagoni/ic qualities4 ,9 conclud+ ?is volume1 x is prop] to adv]t to "s ( ! signs & means ( ?is unification ( mank9d1 :i* belong to ! rec5t era4 #a4 ,,indu/rial ,,exhibitions4--,! words quot$ above f ,pr9ce ,alb]t 7 spok5 9 anticipation ( ! ,great ,int]national ,exhibition 9 ,london1 9 #ahed4 ,! indu/rial exhibitions1 9 :i* ! products ( _m nations are collect$1 & to :i* visitors are drawn f diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 are "o indication ( ! effect ( manufactures & comm]ce 9 draw+ mank9d toge!r4 ,! fir/ displays ( ?is k9d 7 = ,fr5* manufactures alone1 & 7 held 9 ,p>is 9 #agih1 &1 "u ! consulate ( ,napoleon1 9 #ahja & #ahjb4 ,! fir/ int]national exposition 0 9 ,p>is 9 #ahdd2 & x 0 foll[$ by ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,london 7#ahej71 = :i* ! va/ edifice call$ ! ,cry/al ,palace1 made ( iron & ( glass1 0 con/ruct$4 ,simil> exhibitions 7 held 9 ,new ,york 7#ahec71 9 ,p>is 9 #ahee & aga9 9 #ahfg1 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,am/]dam1 ,vi5na1 7#ahgc71 9 ,philadelphia on ! hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ,am]ican indep5d5ce 7#ahgf71 9 ,*icago 9 #ahic1 & 9 ,p>is 9 #aijj4 ,9 ^! fairs1 ! products ( ! indu/ry ( ! f> ,ea/ 7 %[n by ! side ( ! products ( ,european & ,am]ican manufacture4 #b4 ,,economical ,,enlight5m5t4--,9 connection ) ! wide ext5sion ( comm]ce1 ! bett] me?ods & ideas :i* h come into vogue 9 respect to comm]cial relations des]ve notice4 ,! sy/em ( cr$it1 facilitat+ trade & =m+ a bond ( confid5ce & ( union betwe5 diff]5t nations1 al?\gh x began 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 0 n fairly e/abli%$ until ! organization ( ! ,bank ( ,am/]dam 9 #afji4 ,?is sy/em1 if x is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful eng9es ( w>f>e1 is likewise "o ( ! great pl$ges ( peace4 ,! /imulus giv5 to manufactures by me*anical inv5tions has be5 an effective promot] ( comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,! tea*+ ( ,adam ,smi?1 & ( ! political economi/s s9ce 8 "t1 by :i* x is se5 t ! ga9 ( "o nation is n ! loss ( ano!r1 & t nations are mutually b5efit$ by ! int]*ange ( ! products ( _! labor1 :i* is ! true s\rce ( weal?1 has op]at$ z an antidote to discord4 ,! ru9 ( a neighbor1 or non-int]c\rse ) him1 has be5 discov]$ to be z contr>y to ! dem&s ( a prud5t self-int]e/ z ( a dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce4 #c4 ,,community ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,lett]s4--,! community ( lit]ature & sci5ce has be5 gr[+ m cosmopolitan4 ,! b>ri]s creat$ by diff]5ces ( language are ov]come4 ,! cu/om ( le>n+ =eign languages has become m diffus$4 ,! mo/ important writ+s1 9 :atev] c\ntry !y appe>1 circulate ?r\gh translations 9 all o!r civiliz$ l&s4 ,all well-/or$ libr>ies are polyglot4 #d4 ,,wid5$ ,,political ,,sy/em4--,9 ! political relations ( c\ntries1 x is f\nd necess>y to compreh5d all p>ts ( ! globe 9 ! political sy/em1 9 ! "r adju/m5t ( :i* ea* c\ntry has a /ake1 & ov] :i* /ret*es an ackn[l$g$ code ( int]national law4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an int]national tribunal ( arbitration at ,! ,hague is a long /ep t[>d mak+ su* a code effective & t[>d prev5t+ w>4 #e4 ,,int]nation ,,philan?ropy4--,! gr[? ( humane feel+1 ( ! int]e/ felt 9 man z man1 eng5d]$ a _s ( univ]sal philan?ropy4 ,= example1 ! ho/ility to ! slave-trade l$ to ! treatm5t ( x z piracy by ! municipal laws & by ! treaties ( sev]al nations1 :ile x is prohibit$ & puni%$ by ne>ly all ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,?is is ! direct result ( a height5$ respect = man & = ! rights ( human nature1 h[ev] poor or degrad$ man may be4 ,in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* help has be5 g5]\sly giv5 to suff]]s by fire or fam9e1 by /rang]s 9 remote l&s4 ,a fam9e 9 ,p]sia call$ out lib]al contributions f ,am]ica4 ,examples ( ! ex]cise ( ju/ice & k9dness t[>d di/ant nations may rem9d ! read] ( opposite examples ( wrong & cruelty4 ,we are po9t+ out1 h[ev]1 only ! drift ( s5tim5t2 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! facts :i* h be5 ref]r$ to z illu/rative ( ! gr[? ( philan?ropy1 are su* z nev] occurr$ 9 =m] ages4 #f4 ,,*ri/ian ,,missions4--,! spread ( ! ,*ri/ian religion by mission>y ef=ts is "o ( ! means ( unify+ mank9d4 ,9 anci5t times & 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! two great a*ievem5ts ( ! ,*ur* 7 ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & !n ( ! b>b>ian nations by :om x 0 subv]t$4 ,b1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 !re 0 also mission>y labor1 "h & !re among ! ,s>ac5s & 9 ! l&s ( ! ,ea/4 ,s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury1 missions 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* h be5 *iefly prosecut$ by ! mona/ic ord]s4 ,9 ?is "w1 ! ,jesuits1 f ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( _! ord]1 7 conspicu\sly active 9 all qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,( _! mission>ies1 none h be5 m em95t & zeal\s ?an ,francis ,xavi] 7#aejf8aeeb71 :o di$ j z he 0 ab\t to und]take ! conv]sion ( ,*9a4 ,prote/ants1 9 ! p]iod aft] ! ,re=mation1 7 too busy 9 ! /ruggles go+ =w>d 9 _! own l&s1 to und]take =eign missions on an ext5d$ scale4 ,yet !y 7 n indiff]5t to ! importance ( ! "w4 ,"u ! protectorate ( ,cromwell1 an ord9ance e/abli%$ a ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,new ,engl& 7#afdi74 ,9 #agja ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,=eign ,p>ts 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,lat]1 ! ,moravians f ! beg9n+ ev9c$ great int]e/ 9 =eign missions1 & plant$ mission>y /ations 9 sev]al c\ntries4 ,9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! ,congregation ( ! ,propag&a 0 f\nd$ 9 #afbb1 = ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( mission>y op]ations4 ,colleges = _! tra9+ 7 e/abli%$1 ! *ief ( :i* 0 ! ,urban ,college at ,rome1 :]e /ud5ts f all nations h be5 educat$ = mission>y s]vice4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury 0 m>k$ by an extraord9>y outbur/ ( mission>y activity4 ,9 ?is sort ( ex]tion ! ,roman ,ca?olic body has kept up an unflagg+ zeal4 ,)9 ! v>i\s ,prote/ant d5om9ations1 a rem>kable increase ( f]vor & ( success 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ,*ri/ian labor has be5 witness$4 ,9 ! room ( sev5 societies = ?is purpose at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 !re 7 9 #ahhj1 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 sev5ty organizations4 ,at ?is la/ date1 !re 7 n less ?an tw5ty-f\r hundr$ orda9$ ,europeans & ,am]icans employ$ 9 ?is s]vice1 besides a great numb] ( assi/ants1 bo? =eign & native4 ,! native conv]ts numb]$ n less ?an #a1fej1jjj4 ,! ye>ly contributions = ! support ( ! missions increas$ proportionately4 ,9 #ahhb ,briti% contributions alone am\nt$ to #a1jij1jjj4 ,x is n an exagg]ation to say t ! globe is n[ cov]$ ) a network ( ,*ri/ian outpo/s4 ,! foll[+ passage1 slightly abbreviat$1 f a ,g]man writ]1 pres5ts a gl[+ sket* ( ! wide ext5sion ( rec5t mission>y labors3-- ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 ! isl& _w ( ! ,pacific 0 %ut aga9/ ! gospel2 b ,engl& & ,am]ica h attack$ ^? l&s s vigor\sly 9 all directions1 especially ?r\gh native work]s1 t :ole gr\ps ( isl&s1 ev5 ! :ole ,malayan ,polynesia1 is to-day almo/ entirely ,*ri/ianiz$1 & 9 ,melanesia & ,micronesia ! mission-field is ext5d$ e ye>4 ,! gates ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,india h be5 ?r[n op5 wid] & wid] dur+ ?is c5tury2 at fir/ = ,engli%1 !n = all mission>ies4 ,?is great k+dom1 f ,cape ,comor9 to ! ,punjaub & up to ! ,himalayas1 :]e ! gospel is knock+ on ! door ( ,?ibet1 has be5 cov]$ ) hundr$s ( mission-/ations1 clos] ?an ! mission-net :i* at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury surr\nd$ ! ,roman empire2 ! l>ge/ & "s ( ! small] isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,sumatra1 ,java1 ,borneo1 ,celebes1 & n[ ,new ,gu9ea also1 are occupi$1 p>tly on ! coa/ & p>tly 9 ! int]ior4 ,burmah1 & 9 "p ,siam1 is op5 to ! gospel2 & ,*9a1 ! mo/ p[]ful & mo/ popul\s ( hea!n l&s1 =c$ cont9ually to op5 h] doors wid]1 has be5 trav]s$ by individual pione]s ( ! gospel1 to ,?ibet & ,burmah1 & half ( h] prov9ces occupi$ f ,hong-,kong & ,canton to ,pek+2 & 9 ,man*uria1 if by only a ?9 *a91 yet at _m ( ! pr9cipal po9ts1 /ations h be5 f\nd$1 :ile ! population ov]fl[+ into ,au/ralia & ,am]ica is be+ labor$ ) by ,prote/ant mission>ies4 ,japan also1 hungry = re=m1 by grant+ entrance to ! gospel has be5 quickly occupi$ by ,am]ican & ,engli% mission>y societies1 & already1 aft] s little labor1 has scores ( evangelical congregations4 ,inde$1 ! aborig9al ,au/ralians h1 9 "s places1 be5 rea*$4 ,9 ! l&s ( ,islam1 f ! ,balkans to ,bagdad1 f ,egypt to ,p]sia1 !re h be5 common c5tral evangelization /ations e/abli%$ 9 ! *ief places1 = ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans1 by means ( !ological & ,*ri/ian m$ical missions1 conduct$ especially by ,am]icans4 ,also 9 ! primitive seat ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,pale/9e1 f ,be?lehem to ,tripoli1 & to ! nor!rn b\nd>ies ( ,lebanon1 ! l& is cov]$ by a network ( ,prote/ant s*ools1 ) "h & !re an evangelical *ur*4 ,africa1 we/1 s\?1 & ea/1 has be5 vigor\sly attack$2 9 ! we/1 f ,s5egal to ,gaboon1 yes1 lately ev5 to ! ,congo1 by ,great ,brita91 ,basel1 ,brem51 & ,am]ica1 :i* h /ations all along ! coa/4 ,s\? ,africa at ! extremity 0 evangeliz$ by ,g]man1 ,dut*1 ,engli%1 ,scot*1 ,fr5*1 & ,sc&9avian societies4 ,^u bo? sides1 z 9 ! c5t]1 ,prote/ant missions1 al?\gh at times *eck$ by w>1 are cont9ually press+ to ! nor?2 to ! left1 beyond ! ,walfis* ,bay2 to ! "r1 into ,zulul&1 up to ,delagoa ,bay2 9 ! c5t]1 to ! ,be*uana & ,basuto l&s4 ,9 ! ea/1 ! sun ( ! gospel1 aft] a long /orm1 has bur/ =? ov] ,madagasc> 9 su* brightness t x c nev] aga9 disappe>4 ,along ! coa/s f ,zanzib> & ! ,nile1 ev5 to ,abyss9ia1 out-/ations h be5 e/abli%$1 & p[]ful assaults made by ! ,scot*1 ,engli%1 & rec5tly also by ! ,am]ican mission & civilization1 into ! v he>t ( ! ,d>k ,cont95t1 ev5 to ! great c5tral & ea/ ,african lakes4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! imm5se pla9s ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,t]ritory1 f ,canada ov] ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 h n only be5 visit$ by mission>ies1 b h be5 op5$ f> & wide to ! gospel ?r\gh rapidly gr[+ ,indian missions4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( fre$m5 h be5 ga!r$ into evangelical congregations2 &1 ( ! remnants ( ! num]\s ,indian tribes1 "s at lea/ h be5 conv]t$ ?r\gh ! "w ( evangelization by v>i\s *ur*es1 & h awak5$ new hope = ! future4 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 z f> z ! c\ntry is "u ,prote/ant home nations1 ! net ( evangelical missions has be5 ?r[n f isl& to isl&1 ev5 to ! ma9l& 9 ,honduras1 ^u ! ,mosquito ,coa/2 & 9 ,briti% & ,dut* ,guiana x has tak5 ev5 firm] hold4 ,f9ally1 ! l&s on & be=e ! s\!rn extremity ( ! cont95t1 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 ,t]ra del ,fuego1 & ,patagonia1 receiv$ ! fir/ light ?r\gh ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,mission>y ,society 79 ,london72 & rec5tly its mess5g]s h pu%$ into ! he>t ( ! l&1 & are rapidly press+ on to ! banks ( ! great ,amazon1 to ! ,indians ( ,brazil4 ,,results ,,( ,,missions4--,9 c>ry+ =w>d mission>y "w dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,bible has be5 translat$ into num]\s languages4 ,mission>ies1 z 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ur*1 h r$uc$ ! languages ( uncultivat$ peoples to writ+1 & made ! beg9n+ ( native lit]atures4 ,s*ools1 colleges1 & pr9t+-presses foll[ 9 ! pa? ( ! prea*]s4 ,! contributions made to philology & to o!r bran*es ( sci5ce by mission>y prea*]s & explor]s are ( high value4 ,z f> z ! numb] ( conv]ts is conc]n$1 progress has be5 m rapid1 z 0 ! case 9 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5turies1 among unciviliz$ tribes4 ,! reception ( ,*ri/ianity is m sl[ 9 a c\ntry l ,*9a1 & among ! ,aryan inhabitants ( ,india4 ,b ! influ5ce ex]t$ by missions 9 su* communities is n to be measur$ by ! numb] ( conv]ts4 ,moreov]1 hi/ory has (t5 %[n1 t1 9 ! spread ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! fir/ /eps are ! mo/ sl[ & difficult3 !y are l ! e>ly op]ations 9 a siege4 ,sir ,b>tle ,fr]e writes ?us3 ,/ati/ical facts c 9 no way convey any adequate idea ( ! "w done 9 any "p ( ,india4 ,! effect is enorm\s :]e !re has n be5 a s+le av[$ conv]sion4 ,! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity among/ a hundr$ & sixty millions ( civiliz$1 indu/ri\s ,h9doos & ,mohamm$ans 9 ,india1 is effect+ *anges1 moral1 social1 & political1 :i* = ext5t & rapidity 9 effect are f> m extraord9>y ?an any t h be5 witness$ 9 mod]n ,europe4 ,( ! same t5or is an op9ion express$ 9 /rong t]ms by ,sir ,h5ry ,lawr5ce1 gov]nor-g5]al ( ,india dur+ ! mut9y ( #aheg1 & a mo/ compet5t judge4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 z "o *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*ri/ian missions ( ! rec5t p]iod1 t ! religions ( ! non-,*ri/ian nations h be5 /udi$ m ?or\ghly1 & ! true & praisewor?y elem5ts 9 !m h be5 bett] appreciat$4 ,! progress made 9 ! pa/ enc\rages ! hope t ! unity ( mank9d1 a unity :i* %all be ! cr[n ( individual & national developm5t1 w "o day be rea*$4 ,t unity ( mank9d1 9 loyal fell[%ip ) ,him 9 ^: image man 0 made1 is ! community ( :i* ! anci5t ,/oic vaguely dream$1 & :i* ! apo/les ( ,*ri/ proclaim$ & pr$ict$1--! p]fect$ k+dom ( ,god4 ,,lit]ature4 ,see li/s on pp4 ,alison1 ,hi/4 ( ,europe1 f #ahae to #aheb 7#h vols472 ,bulle1 ,ges*4 d4 neue/5 ,zeit1 #ahae-ahga 7#b vols472 ,fla!4 ,zeitalt] d] ,re/auration und d] ,revolution2 ,/]n1 ,ges*i*te ,europas 7#c vols472 ,debidpur1 ,hi/4 ,diplomatique de l',europe 7#b vols472 ,seignobus1 ,political ,hi/ory ( ,europe s9ce #ahad2 ,se>s4 ,political ,gr[? 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury2 ,lavisse et ,rambaud4 ,hi/ ,gn41 ,vols4 ,x41 ,,xi41 ,,xii42 ,phillips1 ,european ,hi/ory1 #ahae-ahii2 ,mll]1 ,political ,hi/ory ( ,rec5t ,times 7,pet]s's translation1 #ahhb72 ,mll]1 ,politis*e ,ges*4 d4 ,geg5w>t 7an annual1 s9ce #ahfg72 ,honegg]1 ,grund/e9e e9] allgem4 ,culturges*i*te d4 neue/5 ,zeit 7#e vols474 ,works on ! ,hi/ory ( ,italy4 ,?ay]1 ,dawn ( ,italian ,indep5d5ce 7#b vols472 ,reu*l91 ,ges*i*te ,itali5s 7#d vols472 ,/illman1 ,union ( ,italy2 ,probyn1 ,italy f #ahae-ahgh2 ,lives ( ,cav\r1 by ,de la ,rive 7,engli% translation71 by ,e4 ,dicey1 by ,mazade 7,fr5*72 ,life & ,writ+s ( ,mazz9i 7#i vols474 ,works on ! ,hi/ory ( ,g]many4 ,treits*ke1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te2 ,von ,sybel1 ,f\nd+ ( ! ,g]man ,empire 7#f vols172 ,bus*1 ,bism>ck 9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w> 7#b vols471 ,bism>ck1 ,! ,man & ! ,/atesman 7#b vols472 ,spr+]1 ,ges*i*te ,oe/]rei*s 7#b vols474 ,france4 ,hillebr&1 ,ges*4 ,frankrei*s 7#ahcj-ahgj72 ,adams1 ,democracy & ,mon>*y 9 ,france2 ,/e91 ,ges*4 d] ,sozial5 ,bewegung 9 ,frankrei*2 ,guizot1 ,memoirs ( ,8 ,own ,"t 7#ahjg-ahdh7 7#d vols472 ,delord1 ,hi/4 du ,second ,empire 7#f vols472 ,zevort1 ,hi/4 de la #c'me ,republique 7#d vols472 ,hanotaux1 ,contempor>y ,france 7,vol4 ,i472 ,bodley1 ,france 7#b vols472 ,simon1 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,m4 ,?i]s 7f #ahga-ahgc7 7#b vols474 ,works on ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#ahjj-ahed72 ,walpole1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 f #ahae 7#f vols41 #ahgh-ahhj72 ,moleswor?1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#ahcj-ahgd72 ,ju/9 ,mc,carthy1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,our ,own ,times 7#ahgh-ahhj72 ,k+lake1 ,! ,invasion ( ! ,crimea 7#f vols472 ,seeley1 ,! ,expansion ( ,engl&2 ,ru!r=d1 ,! ,f5ian ,conspiracy2 ,ri*ey1 ,! ,iri% ,l& ,laws2 ,k+1 ,! ,iri% ,"q2 ,morley1 ,life ( ,glad/one1 #c vols4 7#aijc7 7an able hi/orical review74 ,works on ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b5ton1 ,?irty ,ye>'s ,view #ahbj-ahej2 ,john/on1 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,politics2 ,,de ,,tocqueville1 ,democracy 9 ,am]ica 7#b vols472 ,?orpe1 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,p 7#b vols472 ,roosevelt1 ,w9n+ ( ! ,we/ 7#d vols72 ,/anwood1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,presid5cy2 ,bryce1 ,! ,am]ican ,commonweal? 7#b vols742 ,o/rogorski1 ,democracy & ! ,orig9 ( ,political ,p>ties 7#b vols472 ,h5ry ,adams1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#ahjj-ahag1 #i vols472 ,rhodes1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! ,compromise ( #ahej 7#d vols472 ,wilson1 ,division & ,reunion2 ,burgess1 ,! ,middle ,p]iod1 ,! ,civil ,w> & ! ,con/itution 7#b vols472 ,dunn+1 ,essays on ! ,civil ,w> & ,recon/ruction2 ,bolles1 ,f9ancial ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#c vols472 ,wilson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,fall ( ! ,slave ,p[]2 ,bla9e1 ,tw5ty ,ye>s 9 ,congress2 ,hi/ories ( ! ,civil ,w>1 by ! ,c\nt ( ,p>is 7#b vols471 by ,rop]1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 by ,h4 ,greeley1 by ,a4 ,h4 ,/eph5s1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,poll>d 7,! ,lo/ ,cause72 ,sw9ton's ,twelve ,decisive ,battles ( ! ,civil ,w>2 ,memoirs ( ,g54 ,w4 ,t4 ,%]man1 by himself2 ,grant1 ,p]sonall ,memoirs 7#b vols472 ,john ,%]man1 ,recollections 7#b vols472 ,moore1 ,! ,rebellion ,record 7#ahfa-ahga72 ,biography ( ,gallat91 by ,h4 ,adams2 ( ,jackson1 by ,p>ton1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,sumn]2 ( ,madison1 by ,rives2 ( ,j4 ,q4 ,adams1 by ,morse2 ( ,josiah ,qu9cy1 by ,edmund ,qu9cy2 ( ,web/]1 by ,g4 ,t4 ,curtis1 by ,lodge2 ( ,clay1 by ,s*urz2 ( ,calh\n1 by ,crall2 ( ,sumn]1 by ,e4 ,l4 ,pi]ce2 ( ,l9coln1 by ,nicolay & ,hay1 by ,morse2 ( ,sew>d1 by ,fr4 ,brancr(t2 ( ,w4 ,l4 ,g>rison1 by ,o4 ,johnson1 by ,w4 ,p4 ,g>rison2 ,! ,am]ican ,commonweal?s1 a s]ies ( hi/ories ( ! sep>ate ,/ates 7edit$ by ,h4 ,e4 ,scudd]72 writ+s ( ,j4 ,q4 ,adams1 ,web/]1 ,clay1 ,calh\n1 ,e4 ,ev]ett1 ,c4 ,sumn]1 ,w4 ,h4 ,sew>d2 ,john ,fiske1 ,am]ican ,political ,ideas4 ,lit]>y ,biographies4 ,life ( ,walt] ,scott1 by ,lockh>t2 ( ,jeffrey1 by ,cockburn2 ( ,macaulay1 by ,trevelyan2 ( ,arnold1 by ,/anley2 ( ,dick5s1 by ,=/]2 ( ,c>lyle1 by ,fr\de2 ( ,george ,eliot ,mrs4 ,lewes1 by ,cross4 ,life ( ,irv+1 by ,p4 ,m4 ,irv+2 ( ,bryant1 by ,p>ke ,godw92 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,george ,ticknor2 ,life ( ,ripley1 by ,fro?+ham2 ,s]ies ( ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,lett]s1 includ+ ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 by ,w>n]2 ,coop]1 by ,t4 ,r4 ,l\nsbury2 ,em]son1 by ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes1 etc4 ,argyll1 ,! ,ea/]n ,"q1 #ahef to #aheh & ! ,second ,afghan ,w>2 ,taylor1 ,russia be=e & aft] ! ,w> ( #ahgg 7#ahhj72 ,daily ,news ,correspond5ce ( ! ,w> betwe5 ,russia & ,turkey #ahgg-gh 7#b vols472 ,bak] ,pa%a1 ,w> 9 ,bulg>ia 7#b vols472 ,wallace1 ,egypt & ! ,egyptian ,"q2 ,malleson1 ,hi/ory ( ,afghani/an2 ,labilli]e1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,colony ( ,victoria 7#b vols472 ,grant & ,knollys1 ,! ,*9a ,w> ( #ahfj2 ,scott1 ,france & ,tongk+ 9 #ahhd2 ,vambry1 ,c5tral ,asia2 ,/anley1 ,congo & ! ,f\nd+ ( its ,free ,/ate 7#b vols474 ,rae1 ,contempor>y ,socialism2 ,woolsey1 ,communism & ,socialism2 ,laveleye1 ,le ,socialisme ,contempora9 7#aj? ed472 ,s*aeffle1 ,qu9tess5s des ,socialismus2 ,a4 ,m5g]1 ,das ,re*t auf d5 voll5 ,arbeits]trag 7#b;d ed474