,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #chd ,,new ,,york1 ,,may #ab1 #ahhc ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xv41 ,no4 #chd4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+4--,locomotive = ,/4 ,go?>d ,railway4--,sev]al figures4 ,! ,m]sey ,railway ,tunnel4 ,dam ,across ! ,ottawa ,riv]1 & ,new ,canal at ,c>illon1 ,quebec4 ,sev]al figures & map4 ,,ii4 ,,ar*itecture4--,dwell+ ,h\ses4--,h9ts on build+4 ,by ,,william ,,h5nan4--,consid]ations necess>y 9 ord] to h ?or\ghly sweet homes4--,exp]im5t illu/rat+ ! necessity ( damp c\rses4--,h[ to make dry walls & ro(s4--,me?ods ( heat+4--,artificial light+4--,refuse4--,cesspools4--,dra9age ,h\se at ,heaton4--,illu/ration4 ,a ,mans>d ,ro( ,dwell+4 #b figures4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity4--,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,electric ,telegraph4--,docum5ts relat+ to ! magnetic telegraph4--,app>atus ( ,comus & ,alex&re4--,orig9 ( ! electric telegraph4--,app>atus ( ,lesage1 ,lemond1 ,rev]oni1 ,sa9t ,cyr1 & o!rs4--,sev]al figures4 ,electrical ,transmission & ,/orage4--,by ,,dr4 ,c4 ,,wm4 ,,siem5s4 ,,iii4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,mal>ia4 ,by ,dr4 ,,james ,,salisbury4--,,vii4 ,report on ! cause ( ague4--,/udies ( ague plants 9 _! natural & unnatural habitats4--,li/ ( objects f\nd 9 ! ,croton wat]4--,synopsis ( ! families ( ague plants4-- ,sev]al figures4 ,i*?yol4 ,autopsy ,table4 #a figure4 ,! ,excit+ ,prop]ties ( ,oats4 ,fil>ia ,disease4 ,,iv4 ,,*emi/ry4--,prep>ation ( ,hydrog5 ,sulphide f ,coal ,gas4 ,by ,j4 ,,taylor4 #a figure4 ,sett+ ( ,gypsum4 ,v4 ,,te*nology4--,on ! ,prep>ation ( ,gelat9e ,plates4 ,by ,e4 ,,h[>d ,,f>m]4 ,pictures on ,glass4 ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,survey ( ! ,black ,canon4 ,! ,anci5t ,mississippi & its ,tribut>ies4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,sp5c]4 ,,vii4 ,,agriculture4--,! ,spectral ,masdevallia4--,illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,locomotive ,,= ,,/4 ,,go?>d ,,railway4 ,we give engrav+s ( "o ( a type ( eight-c\pl$ locomotives con/ruct$ = s]vice on ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,railway by ,h]r ,t4,a4 ,maffei1 ( ,muni*4 ,z w be se5 f our illu/rations1 ! eng9e has outside cyl9d]s1 ^! be+ #bj4dh 94 9 diamet]1 ) #bd 94 /roke1 & z ! diamet] ( ! c\pl$ :eels is #c ft4 #aj 941 ! tractive =ce :i* ! eng9e is capable ( ex]t+ am\nts to 7#bj4dh x #bd7 _/ #df #bah4d lb4 = ea* p\nd ( effective pressure p] squ>e in* on ! pi/ons4 ,?is is an enorm\s tractive =ce1 z x w\ld require b a mean effective pressure ( #ajb lb4 p] squ>e in* on ! pi/ons to ex]t a pull ( #aj tons4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! eng9e weighs #dd tons empty & #ea tons 9 work+ ord]1 & z all ?is weight is available = adhesion1 ?is great cyl9d] p[] c be utiliz$4 ,! cyl9d]s are #f ft4 #aj 94 ap>t f c5t] to c5t]1 & !y are well secur$ to ! frames1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! frames are deep & heavy1 be+ #a #c_/h 94 ?ick1 & !y are /ay$ by a sub/antial box fram+ at ! smokebox end1 by a ca/-iron footplate at ! re> end1 & by ! int]m$iate plate /ays %[n4 ,! axle box guides are all fitt$ ) adju/+ w$ges4 ,! axle be>+s are all alike1 all be+ #g4hg 94 9 diamet] by #i4de 94 long4 ,! axles are spac$ at equal di/ances ( #d ft4 #c4a 94 ap>t1 ! total :eel base be+ ?us #ab ft4 #i4c 94 ,9 ! case ( ! #a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d axles1 ! spr+s are arrang$ above ! axle boxes 9 ! ord9>y way1 ^? ( ! #b;d & #c;d axles be+ c\pl$ by comp5sat+ beams4 ,9 ! case ( ! trail+ axle1 h[ev]1 a special arrangem5t is adopt$4 ,?us1 z w be se5 on ref]5ce to ! longitud9al section & plan 7,figs4 #a & #b1 fir/ page71 ea* trail+ axle box receives its load ?r\gh ! horizontal arm ( a /rong bell-crank lev]1 ! v]tical arm ( :i* ext5ds d[nw>d & has its l[] end c\pl$ to ! adjo9+ end ( a /rong transv]se spr+ :i* is pivot$ to a pair ( transv]se /ays ext5d+ f frame to frame bel[ ! a% pan4 ,?is arrangem5t enables ! spr+ = ! trail+ axle to be kept cle> ( ! firebox1 ?us all[+ ! latt] to ext5d ! full wid? betwe5 ! frames4 ,! trail+ :eels are fitt$ ) a brake z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,locomotives ,,= ,,/4 ,,go?>d ,,railway4 ,! valve motion is ( ! ,goo* or /ation>y l9k type1 ! radius rods be+ crank$ to cle> ! lead+ axle1 :ile ! ecc5tric rods are b5t to cle> ! second axle4 ,! pi/on rods are ext5d$ ?r\gh ! front cyl9d] cov]s & are enl>g$ :]e !y ent] ! cros%eads1 ! gl&s at ! re> ends ( cyl9d]s be+ made 9 halves4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! motion g5]ally w be cle>ly und]/ood on ref]5ce to ,figs4 #a & #b )\t fur!r explanation4 ,! boil]1 :i* is con/ruct$ = a work+ pressure ( #adg lb4 p] squ>e in*1 is unusually l>ge1 ! b>rel be+ #fj4d 94 9 diamet] inside ! outside r+s2 x is compos$ ( plates #j4fe 94 ?ick4 ,! firebox spreads consid]ably 9 wid? t[>d ! top1 z %[n 9 ! section1 ,fig4 #e1 & to enable x to be got 9 ! back plate ( ! firebox cas+ is flang$ outw>d1 in/ead ( inw>d z usual1 s z to enable x to be rivet$ up aft] ! firebox is 9 place4 ,! inside firebox is ( copp] & its cr[n is /ay$ directly to ! cr[n ( ! cas+ by v]tical /ays1 z %[n1 /rong transv]se /ays ext5d+ across ! boil] j above ! firebox cr[n to resi/ ! spread+ action caus$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! cr[n /ays4 ,! firegrate is #f ft4 #aa4f 94 long by #c ft4 #d 94 wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,go?>d ,,locomotives4 ,! b>rel conta9s #bbe tubes #a4ig 94 9 diamet] outside & #ac ft4 #i 94 long betwe5 tube plates4 ,on ! top ( ! b>rel is a l>ge dome conta9+ ! regulator1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 f :i* view ! arrangem5t ( ! gusset /ays = ! back plate ( firebox cas+ & = ! smokebox tube plate w be se54 ,a grid is plac$ across ! smokebox j above ! tubes1 & provision is made1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #d1 = clos+ ! top ( ! exhau/ nozzle1 & op5+ a communication betwe5 ! exhau/ pipes & ! ext]nal air :5 ! eng9e is run rev]s$4 ,! *imney is #ae 94 9 diamet] at its l[] end & #ah4i 94 at ! top4 ,! *ief proportions ( ! boil] are z foll[s3 ,sq4 ft ,heat+ surface3 ,tubes #aeih4e ,firebox #ajb4e ------ #agja4j ,firegrate area #bc4c #a ,sectional area ?r\gh tubes 7disreg>d+ f]rules7 #c4e ,lea/ sectional area ( *imney4 #a4ce ,ratio ( firegrate area to heat+ surface4 #a3gc ,ratio ( flue area ?r\gh tubes to firegrate area4 #a3f4g ,ratio ( lea/ sectional area ( *imney to firegrate area4 #a3ag4bf ,transcrib]s note #a3 ,be/ guess1 #bnd digit illegible ,! proportion ( *imney area to grate is mu* small] ?an 9 ord9>y locomotives1 ?is proportion hav+ no d\bt be5 fix$ ^u to enable a /rong draught to be obta9$ ) ! eng9e runn+ at a sl[ spe$4 ,( ! g5]al fitt+s ( ! eng9e we ne$ give no description1 z _! arrangem5t w be readily und]/ood f our engrav+s1 & 9 conclusion we ne$ only say t ! locomotive "u notice is altoge!r a v int]e/+ example ( an eng9e design$ = specially heavy "w4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m]sey ,,railway ,,tunnel4 ,! "w ( connect+ ,liv]pool ) ,birk5head by means ( a railway tunnel is n[ an almo/ c]ta9 success4 ,x is probable t ! entire co/ ( ! tunnel works w am\nt to ab\t half a million /]l+4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 tak5 ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 :5 %afts 7 sunk simultane\sly on bo? sides ( ! ,m]sey4 ,! eng9e]s intru/$ ) ! plans 7 ,messrs4 ,brunlees ,fox1 & !y h n[ z _! resid5t repres5tative ,mr4 ,a4,h4 ,irv9e1 ,c4,e4 ,! contractor = ! entire "w is ,mr4 ,john ,waddell1 & 8 lieut5ant 9 *>ge at bo? sides ( ! riv] is ,mr4 ,james ,pr5tice4 ,! po/ ( me*anical eng9e] at ! works is fill$ by ,mr4 ,george ,g9ty4 ,"u ^! *iefs1 a small army ( ne>ly #gjj workm5 are n[ employ$ night & day at bo? sides ( ! riv] 9 c>ry+ out ! tunnel to completion4 ,on ! ,birk5head side1 ! l&w>d excavations h rea*$ a po9t imm$iately "u ,hamilton ,squ>e1 :]e ,mr4 ,john ,laird's /atue is plac$1 & "h !re w be an und]gr\nd /ation1 ! la/ be=e cross+ ! riv]1 ! l5g? ( :i* w be ab\t #djj feet1 ) up & d[n plat=ms4 ,riv]w>d on ! ,*e%ire side1 ! excavators h tunnel$ to a po9t consid]ably beyond ! l9e ( ! ,woodside ,/age2 :ile ! ,lanca%ire portion ( ! subt]ranean "w n[ ext5ds to ,/4 ,george's ,*ur*1 at ! top ( ,"l /reet1 on ! "o side1 & ,m]seyw>d to upw>d ( #ij feet beyond ! quay wall1 & ne>ly to ! deepe/ "p ( ! riv]4 ,:5 complet$1 ! total l5g? ( ! tunnel w be ?ree miles "o furlong1 ! di/ance f wall to wall at ea* side ( ! ,m]sey be+ ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile4 ,! und]gr\nd t]m9us w be ab\t ,*ur* /reet & ,wat]loo place1 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! ,c5tral ,/ation1 & ! tunnel w proce$ f !nce1 9 an almo/ direct l9e1 "u ,"l /reet & ,james /reet2 :ile on ! s\? side ( ! riv] x w be con/ruct$ f a junction at ,union /reet betwe5 ! ,london & ,nor?we/]n & ,great ,we/]n ,railways1 "u ,*amb]la9 /reet1 ,gre5 lane1 ! ,gas ,works1 ,bor\gh road1 across ! ,haym>ket & ,hamilton /reet1 & ,hamilton squ>e4 ,dra9age head+s1 n ( ! same size ( bore z ! "p ( ! railway tunnel :i* w be 9 actual use1 b indisp5sable z a means ( enabl+ ! railway to be work$1 w act z res]voirs into :i* ! wat] f ! ma9 tunnel w be dra9$ & run (f to bo? sides ( ! ,m]sey1 :]e gigantic pumps ( great p[] & draught w br+ ! accumulat+ wat] to ! surface ( ! e>?1 f :5ce x w be run (f into ! riv]4 ,! excavations ( ^! dra9age head+s at ! pres5t "t ext5d ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds beyond ! ma9 tunnel works at ea* side ( ! riv]4 ,! dra9age %afts are sunk to a dep? ( #ahj feet1 & are bel[ ! l[e/ po9t ( ! tunnel1 :i* is dra9$ into !m4 ,ea* dra9age %aft is suppli$ ) two pump+ sets1 consi/+ ( f\r pumps1 viz41 two ( #bj 94 diamet]1 & two ( #cj 94 diamet]4 ,^! pumps are capable ( dis*>g+ f ! ,liv]pool %afts #f1ajj gallons p] m9ute1 & f ! ,birk5head #e1jdj gallons p] m9ute2 & z ^! pumps w be requir$ = ! p]man5t dra9+ ( ! tunnel1 !y are con/ruct$ 9 ! mo/ solid & sub/antial mann]4 ,!y are work$ by comp\nd eng9es made by ,ha?orn1 ,davey ,co41 ( ,le$s1 & are suppli$ ) six /eel boil]s by ,daniel ,adamson ,co41 ( ,duk9field1 ne> ,man*e/]4 ,9 addition to ! above1 !re is 9 c\rse ( con/ruction /ill m p[]ful pumps ( #dj 94 diamet]1 :i* w provide aga9/ cont+5cies1 & prev5t delay 9 case ( a breakd[n su* z occurr$ lately on ! ,liv]pool side ( ! works4 ,! nature ( ! rock is ! new r$ s&/one1 ( a solid & compact "*1 favorable = tunnel+1 & yield+ only a mod]ate quantity ( wat]4 ,! eng9e]s h be5 enabl$ to arrange ! levels to give a m9imum ?ickness ( #be ft4 & an av]age ?ickness ( #cj ft4 above ! cr[n ( ! tunnel4 ,b>ges are n[ employ$ 9 ! riv] = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! dep? ( ! wat]1 & ! nature ( ! bottom ( ! riv]4 ,x is satisfactory to f9d t ! rock on ! ,liv]pool side1 z ! head+ is advanc$ "u ! riv]1 conta9s less & less wat]1 & ?is ! eng9e]s are incl9$ to attribute to ! ?ick b$ ( /iff b[ld] clay :i* ov]lies ! rock on ?is side1 :i* acts z a k9d ( ov]coat to ! "u g>m5ts4 ,! dep? ( ! wat] 9 "o "p ( ! riv] is f\nd to be ab\t #gb ft42 9 ! middle ab\t #ij ft42 & z !re is an int]m$iate dep? ( rock ( ab\t #bg ft41 ! di/ance is upw>d ( #ajj ft4 f ! surface ( l[ wat] to ! top ( ! tunnel4 ,x is expect$ t ! "w w %ortly be pu%$ =w>d at a mu* great] spe$ ?an has hi!rto be5 ! case1 = 9 place ( ! m9]'s pick & %ovel1 :i* advanc$ at ! rate ( ab\t t5 y>ds p] week1 a ma*9e kn[n z ! ,beaumont bor+ ma*9e w be br\ght into requisition 9 ! c\rse ( a day or two1 & x is expect$ to c>ry on ! "w at ! rate ( fifty y>ds p] week1 s t ?is ye> x may be possible to walk ?r\gh ! dra9age head+ f ,liv]pool to ,birk5head4 ,! ma9 tunnel works n[ 9 progress w probably be complet$ & tra9s runn+ 9 ! c\rse ( #ah mon?s or two ye>s4 ,! workm5 are tak5 d[n ! %aft by :i* ! debris is hoi/$1 t5 feet 9 diamet]1 & :5 ! visitor arrives at ! bottom he f9ds himself 9 q a bright light1 ?anks to ! ,hammond electric light1 work$ by ! ,bru% ma*9e1 :i* is n[ 9 use 9 ! tunnel on bo? sides ( ! riv]4 ,! dep? ( ! pump+ %aft is #agj feet1 & ! %aft communicates directly ) ! dra9age head+4 ,?is circul> head+ n[ has be5 advanc$ ab\t #gcg y>ds4 ,! head+ is #g feet 9 diamet]1 & ! am\nt ( x "u ! riv] is upw>d ( #bjj y>ds on ea* side4 ,! ma9 tunnel1 :i* is #bf feet wide & #ba feet high1 has also made consid]able progress at bo? ! ,liv]pool & ,birk5head ends4 ,f ! ,liv]pool side ! tunnel n[ ext5ds ov] #dcj y>ds1 & f ! opposite %ore ab\t #eij y>ds4 ,?is includes ! und]gr\nd /ations1 ea* ( :i* is #djj feet long1 #ea feet wide1 & #cb feet high4 ,al?\gh ! ma9 tunnel has n made q ! same progress betwe5 ! %afts z ! dra9age head+1 x is only ab\t #ajj y>ds beh9d x4 ,:5 complet$1 ! tunnel w be ab\t a mile 9 l5g? f %aft to %aft4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! excavations :i* h be5 s f> c>ri$ out1 ab\t #gj cubic y>ds ( rock h be5 turn$ out = e y>d =w>d4 ,t5 horses are employ$ on ! ,birk5head side = draw+ wagons load$ ) debris to ! %aft1 :i*1 on be+ hoi/$1 is tipp$ into ! c>ts & tak5 = deposit to v>i\s places1 "s ( :i* are ab\t ?ree miles di/ant4 ,! tunnel is l9$ ?r\gh\t ) v solid brickwork1 "s ( :i* is1 #ah in*es ?ick 7compos$ ( two lay]s ( blue & two ( r$ brick71 & t[>d ! riv] ?is brickwork is increas$ to a ?ickness ( six r+s ( bricks--?ree blue & ?ree r$4 ,a lay] ( ,portl& cem5t ( consid]able ?ickness also gives increas$ /ability to ! brick l9+ & o!r portions ( ! tunnel1 & ! :ole ( ! floor+ w be brick$4 ,!re are ab\t #bb y>ds ( brickwork 9 e y>d =w>d4 ,! "w ( excavation up to ! pres5t "t has be5 done by bla/+ 7tonite be+ employ$ = ?is purpose71 & by ! use ( ! pick & %ovel4 ,at e #de ft4 on alt]nate sides ni*es ( #ah 94 dep? are plac$ = ! safety ( platelay]s4 ,! =m ( ! tunnel is semicircul>1 ! ar* hav+ a #ac ft4 radius1 ! side walls a #be ft4 radius1 & ! base a #dj ft4 radius4 ,=tunately n a s+le life has up to ! pres5t "t be5 lo/ 9 c>ry+ out ! exce$+ly elaborate & gigantic "w1 & ?is immunity f accid5t is l>gely ow+ to ! c>e & skill :i* are manife/$ by ! heads ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts4 ,! ,m]sey ,tunnel s*eme may n[ be look$ ^u z an accompli%$ "w1 & !re is little d\bt its value z a comm]cial m$ium w be spe$ily & fully appreciat$ ^u completion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dam ,,across ,,! ,,ottawa ,,riv] ,,& ,,new ,,canal ,,at ,,c>illon ,,que ,by ,,&rew ,,bell ,resid5t ,eng9e] ,! natural navigation ( ! ,ottawa ,riv] f ! head ( ! ,isl& ( ,montreal to ,ottawa ,city--a di/ance ( ne>ly a hundr$ miles--is int]rupt$ betwe5 ! villages ( ,c>illon & ,gr5ville :i* are ?irte5 miles ap>t by ?ree rapids1 kn[n z ! ,c>illon1 ,*te ,blondeau1 & ,longue ,sault ,rapids1 :i* are 9 t ord] f ea/ to we/4 ,! ,c>illon ,rapid is two miles long & has1 or _h1 a fall ( #aj feet ! ,*te ,blondeau a qu>t] ( a mile ) a fall ( #d feet & ! ,longue ,sault six miles & a fall ( #df feet4 ,betwe5 ! ,c>illon & ,*te ,blondeau !re is or 0 a slack wat] rea* ( ?ree & a half miles1 & betwe5 ! latt] & ! foot ( ! ,longue ,sault a simil> rea* ( "o & a qu>t] miles4 ,small canals limit$ 9 capacity to ! small] locks on !m :i* 7 only #aji feet long #ai feet wide1 & #e to #f feet ( wat] on ! sills1 7 built by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t z a milit>y "w ar\nd ea* ( ! rapids4 ,!y 7 begun 9 #ahai & complet$ ab\t #ahcb4 ,!y 7 transf]r$ to ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahef4 ,!y are built on ! nor? %ore ( ! riv]1 & ea* canal is ab\t ! l5g? ( ! rapid x surm\nts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,dam ,,across ,,! ,,ottawa ,,riv]1 ,,at ,,c>illon4 ,! ,gr5ville ,canal 7ar\nd ! ,longue ,sault7 ) sev5 locks1 & ! ,*te ,blondeau ) "o lock1 are f$ directly f ,ottawa4 ,b ) ! ,c>illon t me?od 0 n foll[$ z ! nature ( ! banks !re w\ld h 9 do+ s1 entail$ an imm5se am\nt ( rock excavation--a s]i\s matt] 9 ^? days4 ,! difficulty 0 ov]come by lock+ up at ! upp] or we/]n end #ac feet & d[n #bc at l[] end1 supply+ ! summit by a 'fe$] f a small /ream call$ ! ,nor? ,riv]1 :i* empties into ! ,ottawa ?ree or f\r miles bel[ ,c>illon1 b is close to ! ma9 riv] opposite ! canal4 ,9 #ahgj-ga ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,canada det]m9$ to enl>ge ^! canals to admit ( ! passage ( boats requir+ locks #bjj feet long1 #de feet wide1 & n less ?an #i feet ( wat] on ! sills at ! l[e/ wat]4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,gr5ville ,canal ?is 0 & is be+ done by wid5+ & deep5+ ! old *annel & build+ new locks along side ( ! old ones4 ,b to d t ) ! ,c>illon 0 f\nd to be inexp$i5t4 ,! rapidly increas+ traffic requir$ m wat] ?an ! ,nor? ,riv] c\ld supply 9 any case1 & ! cle>+ up ( ! c\ntry to ! nor? _h mat]ially r$uc$ its wat]s 9 summ] & fall1 :5 mo/ ne$$4 ,to deep5 ! old canal s z to enable x to take its supply f ! ,ottawa w\ld h caus$ ! excavation ( at lea/ #a1bej1jjj cubic y>ds ( rock1 besides necessitat+ ! enl>gem5t ( ! ,*te ,blondeau also4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to adopt a modification ( ! plan propos$ by ,mr4 ,t4,c4 ,cl>ke1 ( ! pres5t firm ( ,cl>ke ,reeves ,co1 sev]al ye>s be=e :5 he made ! prelim9>y surveys = ! !n propos$ ,ottawa ,%ip ,canal1 namely to build a dam across ! riv] 9 ! ,c>illon ,rapid b ( a suffici5t height to dr[n out ! ,*te ,blondeau1 & also to give ! requir$ dep? ( wat] !re4 ,dur+ ! summ] & fall ( #ahgb ! writ] made ! necess>y surveys ( ! riv] ) t end 9 view4 ,by gaug+ ! riv] c>efully 9 high & l[ wat]1 & mak+ use ( ! records :i* _h be5 kept by ! lock ma/]s = tw5ty ye>s back1 x 0 f\nd t ! fl[ ( ! riv] 0 9 extreme l[ wat] #bf1jjj cubic feet p] second1 & 9 highe/ wat] #aij1jjj cubic feet p] second1 9 av]age ye>s ab\t #cj1jjj & #aej1jjj cubic feet respectively4 ,! av]age fl[ 9 ea* ye> w\ld be ne>ly a mean betwe5 ^? quantities1 namely1 ab\t #ij1jjj cubic feet p] second4 ,x 0 decid$ to locate ! dam :]e x is n[ built1 namely1 ab\t ! c5t] ( ,c>illon ,rapid1 & a mile above ! village ( t "n & to make x ( a height suffici5t to raise ! rea* betwe5 ! head ( ,c>illon & ,*te ,blondeau ab\t six feet1 & t above ! latt] two feet 9 ord9>y wat]4 ,at ! site *os5 ! riv] is #a1hjj feet wide1 ! b$ is solid lime/one1 & m level or flat ?an is g5]ally f\nd 9 su* places--! banks high en\gh & also compos$ ( lime/one4 ,x 0 also det]m9$ to build a slide = ! passage ( timb] ne> ! s\? %ore 7see map71 & to locate ! new canal on ! nor? side4 ,contracts = ! :ole works 7 giv5 out 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgc1 b z ! wat] rema9$ high all ! summ] ( t ye> v little c\ld be done 9 x at ! dam4 ,9 #ahgd a l>ge portion ( ! f\ndation1 especially 9 ! %all[ wat]1 0 put 94 #ahge & #ahgf prov$ unfavorable & n mu* c\ld be done1 :5 ! works 7 /opp$4 ,!y 7 resum$ 9 #ahgi1 & ! dam z also ! slide successfully complet$1 ) ! exception ( gravel+ ( ! dam 9 ! fall ( #ahha4 ,! wat] 0 l[] t summ] ?an x _h be5 = ?irty five ye>s be=e4 ,! canal 0 complet$ & op5$ = navigation ! foll[+ spr+4 ,,! ,,dam ,9 build+ su* a dam z ?is ! difficulties to be cont5d$ aga9/ 7 unusually great4 ,x 0 requir$ to make x z ne> p]fectly tight z possible & be1 ( c\rse1 always subm]g$4 ,all[+ = wat] us$ by canal & slide & ! leakage !re %\ld be a dep? on ! cre/ ( ! dam 9 l[ wat] ( #b4ej feet & 9 high ( ab\t #aj feet4 ,^! dep?s turn$ out ultimately to be correct4 ,! riv] rea*es its highe/ ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 & its l[e/ 9 ,septemb]4 ,x g5]ally beg9s to rise aga9 9 ,novemb]4 ,no?+ c\ld be done except dur+ ! %ort l[ wat] season1 & "s ye>s no?+ at all4 ,ev5 at ! mo/ favorable "t ! am\nt ( wat] to be controll$ 0 l>ge4 ,!n ! dep? at ! site v>i$ 9 dep? f #b to #ad feet1 & at "o place 0 z mu* z #bc feet4 ,! curr5t 0 at ! rate ( f #aj to #ab miles an h\r4 ,!re=e1 failures1 losses1 etc41 c\ld n be avoid$1 & a great deal _h to be le>n$ z ! "w progress$4 ,i am n aw>e t a dam ( ! k9d 0 ev] built1 or attempt$ to be built across a riv] hav+ su* a l>ge fl[ z ! ,ottawa4 ,! me?od ( con/ruction 0 z foll[s4 ,tempor>y /ructures ( v>i\s k9ds suit$ to position1 "t1 etc41 7 fir/ plac$ imm$iately above ! site ( ! dam to break ! curr5t4 ,?is 0 done 9 sections & ! p]man5t dam proce$$ ) "u t protection4 ,9 %all[ wat] timb] sills #cf feet long & #ab in*es by #ab in*es 7 bolt$ to ! lock up & d[n /ream1 hav+ _! tops a uni=m height1 namely1 #i4cj feet bel[ ! top ( dam :5 f9i%$4 ,^! sills 71 :]e ! rock 0 high en\gh1 scrib$ imm$iately to x1 b if n1 !y 7 'made up' by o!r timb]s scrib$ to ! rock1 z %[n by ,figs #d & #e4 ,!y 7 g5]ally plac$ 9 pairs ab\t #f feet ap>t1 & ea* alt]nate space left op5 = ! passage ( wat]1 to be clos$ by gates z h]eaft] describ$4 ,ea* sill 0 fa/5$ by five #a 94 bolts driv5 into p9e plugs =c$ into holes drill$ f #ah in*es to #bd in*es into ! rock4 ,! tempor>y rock 0 !n remov$ z f> z possible1 to all[ a free fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,9 ! *annels ( :i* !re are ?ree1 hav+ an aggregate wid? ( ab\t #fej feet1 cribs #df feet wide up & d[n /ream 7 sunk4 ,9 ! deepe/ wat]1 :]e ! rock 0 unev51 !y cov]$ ! :ole bottom up to ab\t five feet ( ! level ( ! silts1 & on top ( t isolat$ cribs1 #df 94 ,x #f 94 & ( ! necess>y height 7 plac$ sev5 feet ap>t1 z %[n at ,c ,figs #b & #c4 ,at o!r places simil> n>r[ cribs 7 plac$ on ! rock1 z %[n at ,d1 ,figs #b & #c4 ,! tops ( all 7 br\ght to ab\t ! same level z ! be=e m5tion$ sills4 ,! rock bottom 0 clean$ by div]s ( all b[ld]s1 gravel1 etc4 ,! cribs 7 built 9 ! usual mann]1 ( #ab 94 ,x #ab 94 timb] g5]ally hemlock1 & c>efully fitt$ to ! rock on :i* !y /&4 ,!y 7 fa/5$ to ! rock by #a 94 bolts1 five on ea* side ( a crib1 driv5 into p9e plugs z m5tion$ = ! sills4 ,! drill+ 0 done by long runn]s f _! tops4 ,! up/ream side ( ! cribs 7 %eet$ ) #d 94 tam>ack plank4 ,on top ( ^! sills & cribs !re 0 !n plac$ all across riv] a plat=m f #cf to #df feet wide made up ( saw$ p9e timb] #ab 94 ,x #ab 941 ea* piece be+ securely bolt$ to its neighbor & to ! sills & cribs bel[4 ,x 0 also at int]vals bolt$ ?r\gh to ! rock4 ,on top ( ! plat=m !re 0 next built a flat dam ( ! sectional =m %[n by ,fig #a4 ,x 0 built ( #ab 94 ,x #ab 94 saw$ p9e timb]s securely bolt$ at ! cross+s & to ! plat=m1 & %eet$ all ov] ) tam>ack #aj 94 ?ick & ! cre/ cov]$ ) 94 boil] plate #c ft4 wide4 ,! :ole /ructure 0 c>efully fill$ ) /one--field /one1 or h>d head g5]ally be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,at ?is /age ( ! works1 namely1 9 ! fall ( #ahha ! /ructure pres5t$ some:at ! appe>ance ( a bridge ) %ort spans4 ,! :ole riv]--=tunately l[--fl[$ ?r\gh ! sluices ( :i* !re 7 #aac & also ?r\gh a bulkhead :i* _h be5 left alongside ( ! slide ) a wat] wid? ( #fj ft4 ,^! op5+s _h a total sectional area ( #d1djj sq4 ft41 & b>ely all[$ ! riv] to pass1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 some:at assi/$ by leakage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,cross ,,section ,,9 ,,deep ,,wat]4 ,x n[ only rema9$1 to complete ! dam1 to close ! op5+s4 ,?is 0 done 9 a mann] t c be readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! cuts4 ,gates _h be5 con/ruct$ ) timb] #aj 94 ?ick1 bolt$ toge!r4 ,!y 7 hung on /rong wood5 h+es &1 be=e be+ clos$1 laid back on ! face ( dam z %[n at ,b1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,!y 7 all clos$ 9 a %ort "t on ! aft]noon ( #i? ,novemb]1 #ahha4 ,to d ?is x 0 simply necess>y to turn !m ov]1 :5 ! /rong curr5t ?r\gh ! sluices c>ri$ !m into _! places1 z %[n at ,a1 ,figs4 #b & #c & by ! dott$ l9es on ,fig4 #a4 ,! clos+ 0 a delicate z well z dang]\s op]ation1 b 0 z successfully done z c\ld be expect$4 ,no accid5t happ5$ fur!r ?an ! displacem5t ( two or ?ree ( ! gates4 ,! op5+s ?us left 7 aft]w>d fill$ up ) timb] & bru%wood4 ,! l>ge op5+ alongside ( ! slide 0 fill$ up by a crib built above & float$ into place4 ,! design contemplates ! fill+ up ) /one & gravel on up-/ream side ( dam ab\t ! triangul> space t w\ld be =m$ by ! production ( ! l9e ( face ( flat dam till x /ruck ! rock4 ,"p ( t 0 done f ! ice la/ w9t]2 ! balance is be+ put 9 ?is w9t]4 ,obs]vations la/ summ] %[$ t ! calculations z to ! rais+ ( ! surface ( ! riv] 7 correct4 ,:5 ! dep? on ! cre/ 0 #b4ej feet1 ! wat] at ! foot ( ! ,longue ,sault 0 f\nd to be #be 94 high] ?an if no dam exi/$4 ,! int5tion 0 to raise x #bd 94 ,! timb] slide 0 =m$ by b9d+ p>allel pi]s ab\t #fjj feet long up & d[n /ream1 z %[n on ! map1 & #bh ft4 ap>t1 ) a timb] bottom1 ! top ( :i* at upp] end is #c ft4 bel[ ! cre/ ( dam4 ,x has ! necess>y /op logs1 ) ma*9]y to move !m1 to control ! wat]4 ,! approa* is =m$ by deta*$ pi]s1 connect$ by guide booms1 ext5d+ ab\t half a mile up /ream4 ,see map4 ,alongside ( ! s\? side ( ! slide a l>ge bulkhead 0 built1 #fi ft4 wide1 ) a cle> wat]way ( #fj ft4 ,x 0 furni%$ ) /op logs & ma*9]y to h&le !m4 ,:5 n fur!r requir$1 x 0 fill$ up by a crib z be=e m5tion$4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! dam & slide1 & ! co/3 ,/one ,exca- ,timb]1 ,iron1 fill+1 vation1 ,co/4 cu4 ft4 lb4 cu4 yds4 cu4 yds4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,tempor>y works #acd1ejj #ib1jjj #aa1djj #gi1jjj ,p]man5t dam #bfe1jjj #dci1fjj #bd1jjj #f1ejj #aea1jjj ,slide1 includ+ #bif1ejj #aef1djj #cb1hjj #ajb1jjj app>atus ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total #fif1jjj #fhg1jjj #fh1bjj #f1ejj #ccb1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! above does n include co/ ( surveys1 eng9e]+1 or sup]9t5d5ce1 :i* am\nt$ to ab\t t5 p] c5t1 ( ! above sum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,ottawa ,,riv] ,,dam1 ,,at ,,c>illon4 ,! con/ruction ( ! dam & slide 0 ably sup]9t5d$ by ,horace ,m]rill1 ,esq41 late sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,ottawa ,riv] ,improvem5ts1 :o has built ne>ly all ! slides & o!r works on ! ,ottawa to facilitate ! passage ( its imm5se timb] productions4 ,! contractors 7 ! well kn[n firm ( ,f4,b4 ,mc,namee ,co41 ( ,montreal1 & ! successful completion ( ! "w 0 9 a l>ge degree due to ! en]gy display$ by ! work+ memb] ( t firm--,mr4 ,a4,g4 ,ni%1 =m]ly eng9e] ( ! ,montreal h>bor4 ,,! ,,canal ,! canal 0 =m$ by f5c+ 9 a portion ( ! riv]-b$ by an embankm5t built ab\t a hundr$ feet out f ! nor? %ore & deep5+ ! int]v5+ space :]e necess>y4 ,!re are two locks--"o plac$ a little above ! foot ( ! rapid 7see map71 & ! o!r at ! end ( ! dam4 ,wood5 pi]s are built at ! upp] & l[] ends--! =m] be+ #hjj ft4 long1 & ! latt] #cjj ft2 bo? are ab\t #bi ft4 high & #ce ft4 wide4 ,! embankm5t is built1 z %[n by ! cross section1 ,fig4 #f4 ,on ! canal side ( x !re is a wall ( rubble masonry ,f1 laid 9 hydraulic cem5t1 connect+ ! two locks1 & back$ by a puddle wall1 ,e1 ?ree feet ?ick2 next ! riv] !re is crib "w1 ,g1 f t5 to tw5ty feet wide & ! space betwe5 brick-"w & puddle fill$ ) e>?4 ,! out] slope is protect$ ) riprap1 compos$ ( l>ge b[ld]s4 ,?is _h to be made v /rong to prev5t ! de/ruction ( ! bank by ! imm5se masses ( mov+ ice 9 spr+4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! locks is #c1cjj feet4 ,9 build+ ! embankm5t ! crib-"w 0 fir/ put 9 & foll[$ by a "p 79 wid?7 ( ! e>?-bank4 ,f t to ! %ore tempor>y cross-dams 7 built at conv5i5t di/ances ap>t & ! space pump$ out by sections1 :5 ! necess>y excavation 0 done1 & ! walls & embankm5ts complet$4 ,! e>? 0 put d[n 9 lay]s ( n m ?an a foot deep at a "t1 s t ! bank1 :5 complet$1 0 solid4 ,! wat] at site ( x v>i$ 9 dep? f #ae feet at l[] end to #b feet at upp]4 ,! locks are #bjj ft4 long 9 ! cle> betwe5 ! gates1 & #de ft wide 9 ! *amb] at ! bottom4 ,! walls ( ! l[] "o are #bi ft4 high1 & ( ! upp] "o #ca ft ,!y are f #aj to #ab ft ?ick at ! bottom1 ,! locks are built simil> to ^? on ! new ,la*9e & ,well& canals1 ( ! v be/ cut /one masonry1 laid 9 hydraulic cem5t4 ,! gates are #bd 94 ?ick1 made ( solid timb]1 some:at simil> to ^? 9 use on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce canals4 ,!y are susp5d$ f an*ors at ! holl[ quo9s1 & "w v easily4 ,! mit] sills are made ( #bf 94 squ>e oak4 ,! bottom ( ! l[] lock iis timb]$ ?r\gh\t1 b ! upp] "o only at ! recesses1 ! rock !re be+ good4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,ottawa ,,riv] ,,at ,,c>illon ,,rapids4 ,,section ,,( ,,riv] ,,at ,,dam4 ,,note4--,,! ,,l[e/ ,,dott$ ,,l9e ,,is ,,l[ ,,wat] ,,be=e! ,,dam ,,0 ,,built4 ,,!n ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,high ,,wat] ,,0 ,,ab\t ,a ,,foot ,,above ,,:at ,,is ,,cre/ ,,( ,,dam ,,n[4 ,! rise to be ov]come by ! two locks is #af ft41 b except 9 m$ium wat]1 is n equally di/ribut$4 ,9 high wat] ne>ly ! :ole lift is on ! upp] lock1 & 9 l[ wat] ! l[] "o4 ,9 ! v l[e/ kn[n /age ( ! riv] !re w nev] be less ?an #i ft4 on ! mit] sills4 ,z m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article1 f\r locks 7 requir$ on ! old milit>y canal to accompli% :at is n[ done by two4 ,! canal 0 op5$ 9 ,may1 #ahhb1 & has be5 a great success1 ! only drawback--al?\gh slight--be+ t 9 high wat] ! curr5t = ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile above ! upp] pi]1 & at :at 0 =m]ly ! ,*ute a ,biondeau1 is r /rong4 ,^! difficulties c be easily ov]come--! =m] by build+ an embankm5t f ! pi] to ,brophy's ,isl&1 ! latt] by remov+ "s ( ! natural dam ( rock :i* once =m$ ! ,*ute4 ,! foll[+ are1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ! quantities ( ! pr9cipal mat]ials us$3 ,e>? & puddle 9 embankm5t 444cub4 yds4 #adh1ejj ,rock excavation1 #ch1jjj ,riprap1 #f1fjj ,lock masonry #ad1bjj ,rubble masonry1 #af1fjj ,timb] 9 cribs1 lock bottoms & gates #cfh1jjj ,wr\ght & ca/ iron1 lb 44444444444444444 #agc1jjj ,/one fill+ cu yds 4444444444444444444444 #de1cjj ,concrete #hcj ,! total co/ to date has be5 ab\t #egj1jjj1 n includ+ surveys1 eng9e]+1 etc4 ,! contractors = ! canal1 locks1 etc41 7 ,messrs4 ,r4 ,p4 ,cooke ,co41 ( ,brockville1 ,ont41 :o h built "s l>ge works 9 ! ,/ates1 & :o are n[ engag$ build+ o!r ext5sive works = ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t4 ,! "w "h reflects great cr$it on _! skill4 ,on ! enl>g$ ,gr5ville ,canal1 n[ approa*+ completion1 !re are five locks1 tak+ ! place ( ! sev5 small ones built by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t4 ,x w be op5 = navigation all ?r\gh 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhd1 :5 /eam]s some:at l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ n[ navigat+ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce betwe5 ,montreal & ,hamilton c pass up to ,ottawa ,city4--,eng9e]+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dwell+ ,,h\ses--,,h9ts ,,on ,,build+--,,home1 ,,sweet ,,home4 ,footnote3 ,f a pap] read be=e ! ,birm+ham ,ar*itectural ,association1 ,jan #cj1 #ahhc ,by ,,william ,,h5man1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,my int5tion is to br+ to y\r notice "s ( ! _m causes :i* result 9 unheal?y dwell+s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! middle classes ( society4 ,! same defects1 x is true1 are to be f\nd 9 ! palace & ! mansion1 & also 9 ! artisan's cottage2 b 9 ! =m] co/ is n s mu* a matt] ( consid]ation1 & 9 ! latt]1 ! requirem5ts & appliances be+ less1 ! evils are m9imiz$4 ,x is 9 ! h\ses ( ! middle classes1 ,i mean ^? ( a r5tal at f #ej to #aej p] annum1 t ! evils ( c>eless build+ & want ( sanit>y precautions become mo/ app>5t4 ,until rec5tly sanit>y sci5ce 0 b little /udi$1 & _m ?+s 7 done a few ye>s s9ce :i* ev5 ! self-int]e/ ( a speculative build] w\ld n d n[adays1 nor w\ld be p]mitt$ to d by ! local sanit>y au?ority4 ,yet h\ses built 9 ^? times are /ill inhabit$1 & 9 _m cases sickness & ev5 dea? are ! result4 ,b x is ) %ame ,i mu/ confess t1 not)/&+ ! advance :i* sanit>y sci5ce has made1 & ! excell5t appliances to be obta9$1 _m a h\se is n[ built1 n only by ! speculative build]1 b design$ by pr(ess$ ar*itects1 & 9 spite ( sanit>y au?orities & _! by-laws1 :i*1 9 important p>ticul>s are f> f p]fect1 are unheal?y1 & _c be truly call$ sweet homes4 ,ar*itects & build]s h mu* to cont5d )4 ,! p]v]s5ess ( man & ! p[]s ( nature at times appe> to comb9e = ! express purpose ( fru/rat+ _! endeavors to atta9 sanit>y p]fection4 ,successfully to combat ^! oppos+ =ces1 two ?+s are above all necess>y1 viz #a1 a m p]fect insight into ! laws ( nature1 & a judici\s use ( s]viceable appliances on ! "p ( ! ar*itect2 &1 #b1 great] k1 c>e1 & tru/wor?9ess on ! "p ( workm5 employ$4 ,) ! fir/ !re w be less ( t bl9d foll[+ ( :at has be5 done be=e by o!rs1 & by ! latt] ! ar*itect :o has c>efully ?\ght out ! details ( 8 sanit>y "w w be enabl$ to h 8 ideas c>ri$ out 9 an intellig5t mann]4 ,sev]al cases h come "u my notice1 :]e1 by reckless c>elessness or d5se ignorance on ! "p ( workm51 dwell+s :i* might h be5 sweet & com=table if ! ar*itect's ideas & in/ructions _h be5 c>ri$ out1 7 9 c\rse ( "t prov$ to be 9 an unsanit>y condition4 ,! defects1 hav+ be5 cov]$ up out sight1 7 only made kn[n 9 "s cases aft] illness or dea? _h attack$ memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,9 ord] t we may h ?or\ghly sweet homes1 we mu/ consid] ! localities 9 :i* !y are to be situat$1 & ! soil on :i* !y are to re/4 ,x is an admitt$ fact t c]ta9 localities are m g5]ally heal?y ?an o!rs1 yet circum/ances (t5 beyond _! control compel m5 to live 9 ^? less heal?y4 ,some?+ may1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 be done to improve su* di/ricts by plant+1 subdra9age1 & ! l4 ,!n1 z reg>ds ! soil2 our e>? has be5 9 exi/5ce _m an age1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation has come & pass$ away1 leav+ beh9d accumulations ( matt] on its surface1 bo? animal & vegetable1 & al?\gh natural causes are ev] at ! "w ( purification1 !re is no d\bt su* accumulations are 9 _m cases highly injuri\s to heal?1 n only 9 a g5]al way1 b p>ticul>ly if ar\nd1 & worse /ill1 "u our dwell+s4 ,h[ev] heal?y a di/rict is consid]$ to be1 x is nev] safe to leave ! top soil inclos$ )9 ! walls ( our h\ses2 & 9 _m cases ! subsoil %\ld be cov]$ ) a lay] ( cem5t concrete1 & at times ) asphalt on ! concrete4 ,= if ! subsoil be damp1 moi/ure w rise2 if x be por\s1 (f5sive matt] may p]colate ?r\gh4 ,x is my belief t mu* ( ! cold dampness felt 9 s _m h\ses is caus$ by moi/ure ris+ f ! gr\nd inclos$ )9 ! out] walls4 ,cell>s are 9 _m cases abom9ations4 ,up ! cell> /eps is a favorite means ( entrance = sickness & dea?4 ,light & air1 :i* are s ess5tial = heal? & life1 are %ut out4 ,if cell>s are necess>y1 !y %\ld be con/ruct$ ) damp pro( walls & floors2 light %\ld be freely admitt$2 e "p mu/ be well v5tilat$1 &1 above all1 no dra9 ( any description %\ld be tak5 94 ,if !y be con/ruct$ s t wat] _c f9d its way ?r\gh ei!r walls or floors1 :]e is ! necessity ( a dra98 ,surely ! floors c be kept clean by ! use ( s small an am\nt ( wat] t x w\ld be ridicul\s specially to provide a dra94 ,! next important b (t neglect$ precaution is to h a good damp c\rse ov] ! :ole ( ! walls1 int]nal z well z ext]nal4 ,i "k t = ! sake ( sav+ a few p\nds 7mo/ likely t !y may be fritt]$ away 9 s5seless1 %[y features7 x (t5 happ5s1 t if ev5 a damp c\rse is provid$ 9 ! out] walls1 x is disp5s$ ) 9 ! int]ior walls4 ,?is c only be done ) impunity on really dry gr\nd1 b 9 too _m cases damp f9ds its way up1 &1 to say ! lea/1 disfigures ! walls4 ,"h ,i w\ld pause to ask3 ,:at is ! prim>y reason = build+ h\ses8 ,i w\ld answ] t1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 x is 9 ord] to protect ourselves f w9d & wea!r4 ,aft] go+ to great exp5se & tr\ble to exclude cold & wet by means ( walls & ro(s1 %\ld we n take z mu* pa9s to prev5t !m us+ f bel[ & attack+ u 9 a m insidi\s mann]8 ,v>i\s mat]ials may be us$ z damp c\rses4 ,glaz$ e>!nw>e p]=at$ slabs are p]haps ! be/1 :5 exp5se is no object4 ,i g5]ally employ a c\rse ( slates1 break+ jo9t ) a good b$ ( cem5t above & bel[2 x answ]s well1 & is n v exp5sive4 ,if ! gr\nd is irregul>1 a lay] ( asphalt is m easily appli$4 ,gas t> & s& are sometimes us$1 b x det]iorates & _c be dep5d$ ^u = any l5g? ( "t4 ,! damp c\rse %\ld inv>iably be plac$ above ! level ( ! gr\nd ar\nd ! build+1 & bel[ ! gr\nd floor joi/s4 ,if a basem5t /ory is necess>y1 ! out] walls bel[ ! gr\nd %\ld be ei!r built holl[1 or coat$ ext]nally ) "s sub/ance ?r\gh :i* wet _c p5etrate4 ,above ! damp c\rse1 ! walls ( our h\ses mu/ be con/ruct$ ( mat]ials :i* w keep out w9d & wea!r4 ,v por\s mat]ials %\ld be avoid$1 because1 ev5 if ! wet does n actually f9d its way ?r\gh1 s mu* is absorb$ dur+ ra9y wea!r t 9 ! process ( dry+ mu* cold is produc$ by evaporation4 ,! fact %\ld be con/antly rememb]$1 viz41 t evaporation causes cold4 ,x c easily be prov$ by dropp+ a little e!r ^u ! bulb ( a !rmomet]1 :5 x w be se5 h[ quickly ! m]cury falls1 & ! same effect takes place 9 a less degree by ! evaporation ( wat]4 ,see+1 !n1 t evaporation f s small a surface c l[] temp]ature s _m degrees1 consid] :at mu/ be ! effect ( evaporation f ! ext5sive surfaces ( walls inclos+ our h\ses4 ,?is exp]im5t 7!rmomet] ) bulb inclos$ 9 l957 enables me z well to illu/rate t curi\s law ( nature :i* necessitates ! introduction ( a damp c\rse 9 ! walls ( our build+s2 x is kn[n z capill>y or molecul> attraction1 & breaks ?r\gh t m p[]ful law ( gravitation1 :i* 9 a g5]al way compels fluids to f9d _! own level4 ,y w notice t ! piece ( l95 ov] ! bulb ( ! !rmomet]1 hav+ be5 fir/ moi/5$1 cont9ues moi/1 al?\gh only its l[] end is 9 wat]1 ! latt] be+ drawn up by capill>y attraction2 or we h "h an illu/ration m to ! po9t3 a brick :i* simply /&s ) its l[] end 9 wat]1 & y c pla9ly see h[ ! damp has ris54 ,f ^! illu/rations y w see h[ necess>y x is t ! brick & /one us$ = out] walls %\ld be z f> z possible imp]vi\s to wet2 b m ?an t1 x is necess>y ! jo9t+ %\ld be non-absorb5t1 & ! less por\s ! /one or brick1 ! bett] able mu/ ! jo9t+ be to keep out wet1 = ?is reason1 t :5 ra9 is beat+ aga9/ a wall1 x ei!r runs d[n or becomes absorb$4 ,if bo? brick & mort>1 or /one & mort> be por\s1 x becomes absorb$2 if all are non-por\s1 x runs d[n until x f9ds a projection1 & !n drops (f2 b if ! brick or /one is non-por\s1 & ! mort> por\s1 ! wet runs d[n ! brick or /one until x arrives at ! jo9t1 & is !n suck$ inw>d4 ,x be+ almo/ impossible to obta9 mat]ials q wat]pro(1 suitable = ext]nal walls1 o!r means mu/ be employ$ = keep+ our homes dry & com=table4 ,well built holl[ walls are good4 ,/one walls1 unless v ?ick1 %\ld be l9$ ) brick1 a cavity be+ left betwe54 ,a mat]ial call$ ,hygeian ,rock ,build+ ,composition has lately be5 introduc$1 :i* w1 ,i believe1 be f\nd ( great utility1 &1 if prop]ly appli$1 %\ld insure a dry h\se4 ,a cavity ( "o-half an in* is left betwe5 ! out] & inn] portion ( ! wall1 :e!r ( brick or /one1 :i*1 z ! build+ rises1 is run 9 ) ! mat]ial made liquid by heat2 & n only is ! wall wat]pro($ !reby1 b also greatly /r5g!n$4 ,x may also be us$ z a damp c\rse4 ,good1 dry walls are ( little use )\t good ro(s1 & = a com=table h\se ! ro(s %\ld n only be wat]tight & wea!rtight1 b also1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 heat-tight4 ,!re c be no d\bt t _m h\ses are cold & *illy1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid radiation ( heat ?r\gh ! ?9 ro(s1 if n ?r\gh ?9 & badly con/ruct$ walls4 ,"u bo? tiles & slates1 b p>ticul>ly "u ! latt]1 !re %\ld be "s non-conduct+ sub/ance1 su* z bo>d+1 or felt1 or pugg+4 ,!n1 9 cold wea!r heat w be reta9$2 9 hot wea!r x w be exclud$4 ,ro(s %\ld be ( a suitable pit*1 s t nei!r ra9 nor sn[ c f9d its way 9 9 w9dy wea!r4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 lay+ gutt]s & flats4 ,) !m x is important t ! bo>d+ %\ld be well laid 9 n>r[ wid?s1 & 9 ! direction ( ! fall2 o!rwise ! bo>ds cockle & =m ridges & furr[s 9 :i* wet w re/1 & 9 "t decay ! metal4 ,aft] hav+ secur$ a s\nd wat]pro( ro(1 prop] provision mu/ be made = convey+ !refrom ! wat] :i* ( necessity falls on x 9 ! =m ( ra94 ,all eaves sp\t+ %\ld be ( ample size1 & ! ra9 wat] d[n pipes %\ld be plac$ at frequ5t int]vals & ( suitable diamet]4 ,! outlets f ! eaves sp\t+ %\ld n be contract$1 al?\gh x is advisable to cov] !m ) a wire grat+ to prev5t _! becom+ *ok$ ) dead leaves1 o!rwise ! wat] w ov]fl[ & probably f9d its way ?r\gh ! walls4 ,all jo9ts to ! eaves sp\t+1 & p>ticul>ly to ! ra9-wat] d[n pipes1 %\ld be made wat]tight1 or !re is great dang]1 :5 !y are connect$ ) ! soil dra9s1 t sew] gas w escape at ! jo9ts & f9d its way into ! h\se at w9d[s & doors4 ,!re %\ld be a siphon trap at ! bottom ( ea* d[n pipe1 unless x is employ$ z a v5tilator to ! dra9s1 & !n ! greate/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to insure p]fect jo9t+s1 & t ! outlet be well above all w9d[s4 ,eaves sp\t+ & ra9-wat] d[n pipes %\ld be p]iodically exam9$ & clean$ out4 ,!y ought to be pa9t$ inside z well z out1 or else !y w quickly decay1 & if ( iron !y w ru/1 flake (f1 & become /opp$4 ,x is impossible to h a sweet home :]e !re is cont9ual dampness4 ,by its pres5ce *emical action & decay are set up 9 _m sub/ances :i* w\ld rema9 9 a quiesc5t /ate s long z !y cont9u$ dry4 ,wood w rot2 s w wall pap]s1 ! pa/e us$ 9 hang+ !m1 & ! size 9 di/emp]1 h[ev] good !y h be5 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 !n x is t injuri\s exhalations are ?r[n (f1 & ! evil is d\btless v greatly increas$ if ! mat]ials are bad 9 !mselves4 ,quickly gr[n & sappy timb]1 s\r pa/e1 /ale size1 & wall pap]s conta9+ injuri\s pigm5ts are m easily attack$1 & f> m likely to fill ! h\se ) bad smells & a subtile poison4 ,pla/] to ceil+s & walls is quickly damag$ by wet1 & if improp] mat]ials1 su* z road drift1 be us$ 9 its composition1 x may become mo/ unsavory & injuri\s to heal?4 ,! mat]ials = pla/] _c be too c>efully select$1 = if organic matt] be pres5t1 ! result is ! =mation ( nitrates & ! l1 :i* comb9e ) lime & produce deliquesc5t salts1 viz1 ^? :i* attract moi/ure4 ,!n1 h[ev] imp]vi\s to wet ! walls1 etc41 may be1 signs ( dampness w be notic$ :]ev] !re is a humid atmosph]e1 & simil> evils w result z if wet _h p5etrat$ f ! ext]ior4 ,organic matt] com+ into contact ) pla/]1 & ev5 ! exhalations f human be+s & animals1 w 9 "t produce simil> effects4 ,h5ce /ables1 wat] closets1 & rooms :i* are frequ5tly cr[d$ ) p1 unless always prop]ly v5tilat$1 w %[ signs ( dampness & det]ioration ( ! pla/] "w2 wall pap] w become deta*$ f ! walls1 pa9t w bli/] & peel (f1 & di/emp] w lose its virtue4 ,to avoid simil> mi%aps1 sea s&1 or s& conta9+ salt1 %\ld nev] be us$ ei!r = pla/] or mort>4 ,9 fact1 x is necess>y t ! mat]ials = mort> %\ld be z free f salts & organic matt] z ^? us$ = pla/]1 because ! injuri\s effects ( _! pres5ce w be quickly communicat$ to ! latt]4 ,un=tunately1 x is n alone by tak+ precaution aga9/ ! possibility ( hav+ a damp h\se t we necess>ily insure a sweet home4 ,! wat*ful c>e ( ! ar*itect is requir$ f ! cutt+ ( ! fir/ sod until ! f9i%+ t\*es are put on ! h\se4 ,he mu/ assure himself t all is done1 & no?+ left undone :i* is likely to cause a nuisance1 or worse /ill1 jeop>dize ! heal? ( ! occupi]s4 ,yet1 ) all 8 c>e & ! employm5t ( ! be/ mat]ials & app>atus at 8 comm&1 complete success seems sc>cely possible ( atta9m5t4 ,we h all mu* to le>n1 _m ?+s mu/ be accompli%$ & difficulties ov]come1 ere we c re/ & be ?ankful4 ,x is impossible = ! ar*itect to attempt to solve all ! problems :i* surr\nd ?is "q4 ,he mu/ 9 _m cases employ su* mat]ials & su* app>atus z c be obta9$2 nev]!less1 x is 8 duty c>efully to te/ ! value ( su* mat]ials & app>atus z may be obta9able1 & by 8 exp]i5ce & sci5tific k to det]m9e :i* are be/ to be us$ "u v>y+ circum/ances4 ,b to pass on to o!r matt]s :i* m> ! sweetness ( home4 ,) _m1 ,i hold t ! me?od usually employ$ = w>m+ our dwell+s is wa/eful1 dirty1 & (t5 injuri\s to heal?4 ,! op5 fire1 al?\gh *e]ful 9 appe>ance1 is ju/ly condemn$4 ,x is wa/eful1 because s small a p]c5tage ( ! value ( ! fuel employ$ is utiliz$4 ,x is dirty1 because ( ! du/ & soot :i* result !refrom4 ,x is unheal?y1 because ( ! cold draughts :i* 9 its simple/ =m are produc$1 & ! /ifl+ atmosph]e :i* p]vades ! h\se :5 ! products ( imp]fect combu/ion insi/1 z !y (t5 d1 9 n asc5d+ ! flues con/ruct$ = ! express purpose ( c>ry+ !m (f2 & ev5 :5 !y take ! desir$ c\rse1 !y black5 & poison ! ext]nal atmosph]e ) _! pres5ce4 ,"s ( ! grates kn[n z v5tilat+ grates dispose ( "o ( ! evils ( ! ord9>y op5 fire1 by r$uc+ ! am\nt ( cold draught caus$ by ! ru% ( air up ! flues4 ,?is is effect$1 z y probably "k1 by admitt+ air direct f ! outside ( ! h\se to ! back ( ! grate1 :]e x is w>m$1 & !n fl[s into ! rooms to supply ! place ( t :i* is drawn up ! *imneys4 ,provid$ su* grates act prop]ly & are well put toge!r1 s t !re is no possibility ( smoke be+ drawn into ! fre% air *annels1 & t ! air to be w>m$ is drawn f a pure s\rce1 !y may be us$ ) mu* advantage2 al?\gh by !m we mu/ n suppose p]fection has be5 atta9$4 ,! utilization ( a f> great] p]c5tage ( heat & ! consumption ( all smoke mu/ be aim$ at4 ,x is a "q if su* c be accompli%$ by means ( an op5 fire1 & x is a difficult matt] to devise a me?od suit$ 9 e respect to ! w>m+ ( our dwell+s1 :i* at ! same "t is equally *e]+ 9 appe>ance4 ,s long z we are oblig$ to employ coal 9 its crude =m = heat+ purposes1 & are cont5t ) ! wa/e & dirt ( ! op5 fire1 we mu/ be ?ankful = ! *e] x gives 9 _m a home :]e !re are well con/ruct$ grates & flues1 & make ! be/ use we c ( ! und\bt$ v5tilat+ p[] x possesses4 ,a con/ant *ange ( air 9 e "p ( our dwell+s is absolutely necess>y t we may h a sweet home1 & ! op5 fireplace ) its flue mat]ially helps to t end2 b unless 9 e o!r respect ! h\se is 9 a good sanit>y condition1 ! op5 fire only adds to ! dang] ( resid+ 9 su* a h\se1 because x draws ! impure air f o!r p>ts into our liv+ rooms1 :]e x is respir$4 ,clos$ /oves are useful 9 "s places1 su* z entrance halls4 ,!y are m economical ?an ! op5 fireplaces2 b ) !m !re is dang] ( ! atmosph]e1 or r1 ! m9ute p>ticles ( organic matt] always float+ 9 ! air1 becom+ burnt & s *>g+ ! atmosph]e ) c>bonic acid4 ,! rec5tly introduc$ sl[-combu/ion /oves obviate ?is evil4 ,x is possible to w>m our h\ses )\t hav+ sep>ate fireplaces 9 ea* room1 viz41 by heat$ air1 hot wat]1 or /eam2 b !re are _m difficulties & "s dang]s 9 connection !re) :i* ,i c sc>cely hope to see entirely ov]come4 ,9 ,am]ica /eam has be5 employ$ ) "s success1 & !re is ?is advantage 9 its use1 t x c be convey$ a consid]able di/ance4 ,x is !re=e possible to h ! furnace & boil]s = its production q away f ! dwell+ h\ses & to heat sev]al dwell+s f "o s\rce1 :ile at ! same "t x c be employ$ = cook+ purposes4 ,9 /eam1 !n1 we h a useful ag5t1 :i* might ) advantage be m g5]ally employ$2 b :5 ei!r x or hot wat] be us$ = heat+ purposes1 special & adequate means ( v5tilation mu/ be employ$4 ,gas /oves are made 9 _m =ms1 & 9 a few cases c be employ$ ) advantage2 b ,i believe !y are m exp5sive ?an a coal fire1 & x is mo/ difficult to prev5t ! products ( combu/ion f9d+ _! way into ! dwell+s4 ,gas is a useful ag5t 9 ! kit*5 = cook+ purposes1 b ,i nev] rememb] ent]+ a h\se :]e x 0 s employ$ )\t at once detect+ ! unpleasant smell result+4 ,x is r>e to f9d any special means = c>ry+ (f ! injuri\s fumes1 & )\t su* ,i am sure gas cook+ /oves _c be heal?y adjuncts to our homes4 ,! next difficulty we h to deal ) is artificial light+4 ,:e!r we employ c&le1 oil lamp1 or gas1 we may be c]ta9 t ! atmosph]e ( our rooms w become contam9at$ by ! products ( combu/ion1 & heal? mu/ suff]4 ,9 ord] t su* may be obviat$1 x mu/ be an e>ne/ hope t ere long su* improvem5ts w be made 9 electric light+1 t x may become g5]ally us$ 9 our homes z well z 9 all public build+s4 ,gas has c]ta9ly prov$ itself a v useful & comp>atively inexp5sive illum9at+ p[]1 b 9 _m ways x contam9ates ! atmosph]e1 is injuri\s to heal?1 & de/ructive to ! furniture & fitt+s ( our homes4 ,leakages f ! ma9s impregnate ! soil ) poison\s matt]1 & x r>ely happ5s t ?r\gh\t a h\se !re are no leakages4 ,h[ev] small !y may be1 ! air becomes ta9t$4 ,x is almo/ impossible1 at times1 to detect ! fault1 or if detect$1 to make good )\t great injury to o!r "w1 9 consequ5ce ( ! difficulty !re is 9 gett+ at ! pipes1 z !y are g5]ally emb$d$ 9 pla/]1 etc4 ,all gas pipes %\ld be laid 9 positions :]e !y c be easily exam9$1 &1 if necess>y1 repair$ )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,9 ,france x is compulsory t all gas pipes be left expos$ to view1 except :]e !y mu/ ( necessity pass ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( a wall or floor1 & x w\ld be a great b5efit if su* 7 requir$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! cook+ processes :i* necess>ily g on (t5 result 9 unpleasant odors p]vad+ our homes4 ,i _c say !y are imm$iately prejudicial to heal?2 b if !y are ( daily or frequ5t occurr5ce1 x is m ?an probable ! volatile matt]s :i* are ! cause ( ! odors become cond5s$ ^u walls1 ceil+1 or furniture1 & 9 "t und]go putrefaction1 & s n only m> ! sweetness ( home1 b 9 addition affect ! heal? ( ! inmates4 ,cook+ ranges %\ld !re=e be con/ruct$ s z to c>ry (f ! fumes ( cook+1 & kit*5s mu/ be well v5tilat$ & s plac$ t ! fumes _c f9d _! way into o!r p>ts ( ! dwell+4 ,9 "s h\ses wa%+ day is an abom9ation4 ,/eam & /ife !n p]meate ! build+1 &1 to say ! lea/1 bani% sweetness & com=t f ! home4 ,x is a wond] t p w1 ye> aft] ye>1 put up ) su* a nuisance4 ,if wa%+ mu/ be done home1 ! ar*itect may d some?+ to less5 ! evil by plac+ ! wa%h\se 9 a suitable position disconnect$ f ! liv+ "p ( ! h\se1 or by prop]ly v5tilat+ x & provid+ a well con/ruct$ boil] & furnace1 & a flue = c>ry+ (f ! /eam4 ,!re is daily a consid]able am\nt ( refuse f\nd 9 e home1 f ! kit*51 f ! fire-grate1 f ! sweep+ ( rooms1 etc41 & z a rule ?is is day aft] day deposit$ 9 ! a%-pit1 :i* b too (t5 is plac$ close to ! h\se1 & left uncov]$4 ,if x 7 simply a receptacle = ! a%es f ! fire-grates1 no h>m w\ld result1 b z all k9ds ( organic matt] are ca/ 9 & (t5 all[$ to rema9 = weeks to rot & putrefy1 x becomes a regul> pe/ box1 & to x (t5 may be trac$ sickness & dea?4 ,x w\ld be a wise sanit>y measure if e con/ruct$ a% pit 7 aboli%$4 ,9 place !re( ,i w\ld sub/itute a galvaniz$ iron cov]$ receptacle ( b mod]ate size1 m\nt$ ^u :eels1 & x %\ld be incumb5t on ! local au?orities to empty same e two or ?ree days4 ,:]e !re are g>d5s all refuse is useful z manure1 & a suitable place %\ld be provid$ = x at ! greate/ di/ance f ! dwell+s4 ,until ! v advisable re=m ,i h j m5tion$ takes place1 x w\ld be well if refuse 7 burnt z soon z possible4 ,) c>e ?is may be done 9 a close range1 or ev5 op5 fire )\t any unpleasant smells1 & c]ta9ly )\t injury to heal?4 ,x mu/ be mu* m :olesome to dispose ( organic matt] 9 t way :ile fre% ?an to h x rott+ & fe/]+ "u our v noses4 ,a great] evil yet is ! privy4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 :]e !re is no complete sy/em ( dra9age1 x may be tol]at$ :5 plac$ at a di/ance f ! h\se2 b 9 a cr[d$ neighborhood x is an abom9ation1 &1 unless frequ5tly empti$ & kept scrupul\sly clean1 _c fail to be injuri\s to heal?4 ,:]e !re is no sy/em ( dra9age1 cesspools mu/ at times be us$1 b !y %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,!y %\ld nev] be con/ruct$ ne> to dwell+s1 & mu/ always be well v5tilat$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to make !m wat]tight1 o!rwise ! f\l matt] may p]colate ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 & is likely to contam9ate ! wat] supply4 ,9 "s old h\ses cesspools h be5 f\nd actually "u ! liv+ rooms4 ,i w\ld "h also condemn ! plac+ ( r4 w4 tanks "u any portion ( ! dwell+ h\se1 = _m cases ( sickness & dea? h be5 trac$ to ! fact ( sewage hav+ f\nd its way ?r\gh1 ei!r by back+ up ! dra9s1 or by ! ignorant lay+ ( new into old dra9s4 ,e>? closets1 if c>efully att5d$ to1 (t5 empti$1 & ! receptacles clean$ out1 c be safely employ$ ev5 )9 doors2 b 9 t[ns x is difficult to dispose ( ! refuse1 & !re mu/ necess>ily be a sy/em ( dra9age = ! purpose ( tak+ (f ! surface wat]2 x is !reupon f\nd m economical to c>ry away all dra9age toge!r1 & ! wat] closet be+ b little tr\ble1 &1 if prop]ly look$ aft]1 m cleanly 9 appe>ance1 x is g5]ally pref]r$1 not)/&+ ! great risks :i* are daily run 9 consequ5ce ( ! *ance ( sew]-gas f9d+ an entrance into ! h\se by its means4 ,aft] all1 x is sc>cely fair to condemn outright ! wat] closet z ! cause ( s _m ( ! ills to :i* fle% is subject4 ,x is true t _m w4 c4 app>atus are obvi\sly defective 9 con/ruction1 & any ar*itect or build] us+ su* is to be condemn$4 ,! old pan closet1 = in/ance1 %\ld be bani%$4 ,x is kn[n to be defective1 & yet ,i see x is /ill made1 sold1 & fix$1 9 dwell+ h\ses1 not)/&+ ! fact t o!r closet pans f> m simple & effective c be obta9$ at less co/4 ,! pan ( ! closet %\ld be l>ge1 & ought to reta9 a lay] ( wat] at ! bottom1 :i*1 ) ! refuse1 %\ld be swept out ( ! pan by ! ru% ( wat] f ! s]vice pipe4 ,! outlet may be at ! side connect$ ) a simple e>!nw>e s-trap ) a v5tilat+ outlet at ! top1 f :i* a pipe may be tak5 j ?r\gh ! wall4 ,f ! ,s-trap ,i pref] to take ! soil pipe imm$iately ?r\gh ! wall1 & connect ) a /rong #d 94 iron pipe1 c>efully jo9t$1 wat]tight1 & cont9u$ ( ! same size to above ! tops ( all w9d[s4 ,?is pipe at its foot %\ld be connect$ ) a v5tilat+ trap1 s t all air connection is cut (f betwe5 ! h\se & ! dra9s4 ,all funnel-%ap$ w4 c4 pans are objectionable1 because !y are s liable to cat* & reta9 ! dirt4 ,wa/es f ba?s1 s9ks1 & ur9als %\ld also be v5tilat$ & disconnect$ f ! dra9s z above1 or else all[$ to dis*>ge above a gulley trap4 ,excrem5t1 etc41 mu/ be quickly remov$ f ! premises if we are to h sweet homes1 & ! w4c4 is p]haps ! mo/ conv5i5t app>atus1 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 :i* c be employ$4 ,by tak+ due precaution no h>m ne$ be fe>$1 or w result f its use1 provid$ t ! dra9s & sew]s are rightly con/ruct$ & prop]ly laid4 ,x is !n to ! sew]s1 dra9s1 & _! connections our att5tion mu/ be specially direct$1 = 9 ! majority ( cases !y are ! ar*-(f5d]s4 ,! lay+ ( ma9 sew]s has 9 mo/ cases be5 intru/$ to ! civil eng9e]1 yet x (t5 happ5s ar*itects are blam$1 & unju/ly s1 = ! defective "w ov] :i* !y _h no control4 ,:5 ! ma9 sew]s are badly con/ruct$1 &1 z a result1 sew] gas is g5]at$ & all[$ to accumulate1 ord9>y precautions may be useless 9 prev5t+ its entrance by "s means or o!r to our homes1 & special means & extra precautions mu/ be adopt$4 ,b ) well con/ruct$ & prop]ly v5tilat$ sew]s1 e ar*itect & build] %\ld be able to devise a suitable sy/em ( h\se dra9age1 :i* ne$ cause no fe> ( dang] to heal?4 ,! glaz$ /onew>e pipe1 n[ made ( any conv5i5t size & %ape1 is an excell5t article ) :i* to con/ruct h\se-dra9s4 ,! pipes %\ld be select$1 well burnt1 well glaz$1 & free f twi/4 ,too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$ 9 prop]ly lay+ !m4 ,! tr5*es %\ld be got out to prop] falls1 & unless ! gr\nd is h>d & firm1 ! pipes %\ld be laid ^u a lay] ( concrete to prev5t ! *ance ( s9k+4 ,! jo9t+ mu/ be c>efully made1 & %\ld be ( cem5t or ( well temp]$ clay1 c>e be+ tak5 to wipe away all project+ portions f ! inside ( ! pipes4 ,a cle> passage-way is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,f\l dra9s are ! result ( badly jo9$ & irregul>ly laid pipes1 :]e9 matt] accumulates1 :i* 9 "t f]m5ts & produces sew]-gas4 ,! common sy/em ( lay+ dra9s ) curv$ angles is n s good z lay+ !m 9 /raight l9es f po9t to po9t1 & at e angle ins]t+ a man-hole or lamp-hole1 ,?is plan is n[ insi/$ ^u by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d = all public build+s erect$ "u _! au?ority4 ,x might1 ) advantage1 be adopt$ = all h\se-dra9s4 ,n[1 9 consequ5ce ( ! tr\ble & exp5se att5d+ ! op5+ up & exam9ation ( a dra91 x may (t5 happ5 t al?\gh defects are suspect$ or ev5 kn[n to exi/1 !y are n rem$i$ until illness or dea? is ! result ( neglect4 ,b ) dra9s laid 9 /raight l9es1 f po9t to po9t1 ) man holes or lamp holes at ! int]sections1 !re is no reason :y ! :ole sy/em may n easily be exam9$ at any "t & /oppages quickly remov$4 ,! man holes & lamp-holes may1 ) advantage1 be us$ z means = v5tilat+ ! dra9s & also = flu%+ !m4 ,x is ( importance t ea* h\se dra9 %\ld h a disconnect+ trap j be=e x ent]s ! ma9 sew]4 ,x is bad en\gh to be poison$ by neglect+ ! dra9age to "o's own prop]ty1 b :at if ! poison be develop$ else:]e1 & by neglect p]mitt$ to f9d its way to u4 ,su* w surely happ5 unless "s effective means be employ$ = cutt+ (f all air connection betwe5 ! h\se-dra9s & ! ma9 sew]4 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t simply a smoky *imney1 or ! discov]y ( a fault 9 dra9age weighs f> m1 9 ! e/imation ( a cli5t 9 =m+ 8 op9ion ( ! ability ( an ar*itect1 ?an ! successful c>ry+ out ( an arti/ic design4 ,by no means d ,i disp>age a /riv+ to atta9 arti/ic effectiv5ess1 b to ! /udy ( ! arti/ic1 9 dome/ic ar*itecture at lea/1 add a k ( sanit>y sci5ce1 & fo/] a habit ( c>eful obs]vation ( causes & effects4 ,com=t is dem&$ 9 ! home1 & t _c be secur$ unless dwell+s are built & ma9ta9$ ) p]fect sanit>y arrangem5ts & appliances4--,! ,build+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h\se ,,at ,,heaton ,?is h\se1 :i* belongs to ,mr ,j4 ,n4 ,d',&rea1 is built on ! ,basque pr9ciple1 "u "o ro(1 ) cov]$ balconies on ! s\? side1 ! nor?side be+ kept l[ to give ! sun an opportunity ( %9+ 9 w9t] on ! h\se & gre5h\se adjac5t1 z well z to assi/ 9 ! m picturesque gr\p+ ( ! two4 ,on ?is side is plac$1 approa*$ by por* & lobby1 ! hall ) a fireplace ( ! old5 "t1 lavatory1 etc41 butl]'s pantry1 w4 c41 /aircase1 l>d]1 kit*51 scull]y1 /ores1 etc4 ,on ! s\? side are two sitt+ rooms1 op5+ into a cons]vatory4 ,!re are six b$rooms1 a d9+-room1 ba? room1 & h\semaid's s9k4 ,! walls are built ( color$ wall /ones kn[n z insides1 & half-timb]$ brickwork cov]$ ) ! ,portl& cem5t /ucco1 f9i%$ ,panan1 & pa9t$ a cream-color4 ,all ! int]ior woodwork is ( select$ pit* p9e1 ! hall be+ bo>d$ ?r\gh\t4 ,color$ lead light glass is introduc$ 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! w9d[s 9 e room1 etc4 ,! ar*itect is ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,h]b]t ,m>t91 ( ,brad=d4--,ar*itect ,illu/ration3 ,,h\se ,,at ,,heaton1 ,,brad=d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,mans>d ,,ro( ,,dwell+4 ,! pr9cipal floor ( ?is design is elevat$ ?ree feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & is approa*$ by ! front /eps lead+ to ! plat=m4 ,! height ( ! fir/ floor is elev5 feet1 ! second t5 feet1 & ! cell> six feet six in*es 9 ! cle>4 ,! por* is s con/ruct$ t x c be put on ei!r ! front or side ( ! h\se1 z x may suit ! own]4 ,! rooms1 eight 9 numb]1 are airy & ( conv5i5t size4 ,! kit*5 has a range1 s9k1 & boil]1 & a l>ge closet1 to be us$ z a pantry4 ,! w9d[s lead+ out to ! por* w run to ! floor1 ) heads runn+ into ! walls4 ,9 ! attic ! *amb]s are #ajx#aj feet1 #acx#ad feet1 #abx#ac feet1 #ajx#aj feet1 & a hall #f feet wide1 ) l>ge closets & cupbo>ds = ea* *amb]4 ,! build+ is s con/ruct$ t an addition c be made to ! re> any "t by us+ ! pres5t kit*5 z a d9+ room & build+ a new kit*54 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mans>d ,,ro( ,,dwell+4 ,fir/ ,floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mans>d ,,ro( ,,dwell+4 ,second ,floor4 ,^! plans w prove sugge/ive to ^? contemplat+ ! build+ ( a new h\se1 ev5 if radical *anges are made 9 ! accompany+ designs4--,am]ican ,cultivator4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mans>d ,,ro( ,,dwell+4 ,front ,elevation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,footnote3 ,aug4 ,gu]\t 9 ,la ,lurmire ,electrique4 ,an endeavor has (t5 be5 made to c>ry ! orig9 ( ! electric telegraph back to a v remote epo* by a reliance on ^? m or less fanciful descriptions ( modes ( communication bas$ ^u ! prop]ties ( ! magnet4 ,x w prove n )\t int]e/ be=e ent]+ into ! real hi/ory ( ! telegraph to pass 9 review ! v>i\s docum5ts t relate to ! subject4 ,9 cont9uation ( ! #ba/ *apt] ( 8 ,magia naturalis1 publi%$ 9 #aeec1 ,j4 ,b4 ,porta cites an exp]im5t t _h be5 made ) ! magnet z a means ( telegraph+4 ,9 #afaf1 ,famiano ,/rada1 9 8 ,prolusiones ,academic1 takes up ?is idea1 & speaks ( ! possibility ( two p]sons communicat+ by ! aid ( two magnetiz$ ne$les influ5c$ by ea* o!r at a di/ance4 ,galileo1 9 ,dialogo intorno1 writt5 betwe5 #afba & #afcb & ,nicolas ,caboeus1 ( ,f]r>a1 9 8 ,philosophia magnetica1 bo? reproduce analog\s descriptions1 n h[ev] )\t rais+ d\bts z to ! possibility ( su* a sy/em4 ,a docum5t ( ! same k9d1 to :i* great importance has be5 atta*$ is f\nd 9 ! ,recreations ma!matiques publi%$ at ,r\5 9 #afbh1 "u ! pseudonym ( ,van ,elt51 & repr9t$ sev]al times s9ce1 ) ! annotations & additions ( ,mydorge & ,hamion & :i* mu/1 x appe>s1 be attribut$ to ! ,jesuit ,leure*on4 ,9 8 *apt] on ! magnet & ! ne$les t are rubb$ !re)1 we f9d ! foll[+ passage4 ,"s h pret5d$ t1 by means ( a magnet or o!r l /one1 abs5t p]sons might speak ) "o ano!r4 ,= example1 ,claude be+ at ,p>is1 & ,john at ,rome1 if ea* _h a ne$le t _h be5 rubb$ ) "s /one1 & ^: virtue 0 su* t 9 measure z "o ne$le mov$ at ,p>is ! o!r w\ld move j ! same at ,rome1 & if ,claude & ,john ea* _h an alphabet1 & _h agre$ t !y w\ld conv]se ) ea* o!r e aft]noon at #f o'clock1 & ! ne$le hav+ made ?ree & a half revolutions z a signal t ,claude1 & no o!r1 wi%$ to speak to ,john1 !n ,claude wi%+ to say to him t ! k+ is at ,p>is w\ld cause 8 ne$le to move1 & /op at ,t1 !n at ,h1 !n at ,e1 !n at ,k1 ,i1 ,n1 ,g & s on4 ,n[1 at ! same "t1 ,john's ne$le1 accord+ ) ,claude's1 w\ld beg9 to move & !n /op at ! same lett]s1 & consequ5tly x w\ld be easily able to write or und]/& :at ! o!r desir$ to signify to x4 ,! inv5tion is beautiful1 b ,i d n ?9k !re c be f\nd 9 ! _w a magnet t has su* a virtue4 ,nei!r is ! ?+ exp$i5t1 = treason w\ld be too frequ5t & too cov]t4 ,! same idea 0 also indicat$ by ,joseph ,glanville 9 8 ,scepsis sci5tifica1 :i* appe>$ 9 #affe1 by ,fa!r ,le ,brun1 9 8 ,hi/oire critique des pratiques sup]/itieuses1 & f9ally by ! ,abb ,b>!lemy 9 #aghh4 ,! sugge/ion (f]$ by ,fa!r ,kir*]1 9 8 ,magnes sive de arte magnetica1 is a little diff]5t f ! prec$+4 ,! celebrat$ ,jesuit fa!r seeks h[ev]1 to d no?+ m ?an to effect a communication ( ?\ghts betwe5 two rooms 9 ! same build+4 ,he places1 at %ort di/ances f ea* o!r1 two sph]ical vessels c>ry+ on _! circumf]5ce ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & ea* hav+ susp5d$ )9 x1 f a v]tical wire a magnetiz$ figure4 ,if "o ( ^! latt] he mov$1 all ! o!rs mu/ foll[ its motions1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & transmission w ?us be effect$ f ! fir/ vessel to ! la/4 ,fa!r ,kir*] obs]ves t x is necess>y t all ! magnets %all be ( ! same /r5g?1 & t !re %all be a l>ge numb] ( !m1 :i* is some?+ n )9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody4 ,?is is :y he po9ts out ano!r mode ( transmitt+ ?\ght1 & "o :i* consi/s 9 support+ ! figures ^u v]tical revolv+ cyl9d]s set 9 motion by "o & ! same cord hidd5 ) 9 ! walls4 ,!re is no ne$ ( v ?or\ghly exam9+ all su* sy/ems ( magnetic telegraphy to und]/& t x 0 nev] possible = !m to h a practical reality1 & t !y 7 pure speculations :i* x is errone\s to consid] z ! fir/ ideas ( ! electric telegraph4 ,we %all make a l res]ve ) reg>d to c]ta9 app>atus t h really exi/$1 b t h be5 wrongly view$ z electric telegraphs4 ,su* are ^? ( ,comus & ( ,alex&re4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is indicat$ 9 a lett] f ,did]ot to ,mlle4 ,vol&1 dat$ ,july #ab1 #agfb4 ,x consi/$ ( two dials ^: h&s foll[$ ea* o!r at a di/ance1 )\t ! app>5t aid ( any ext]nal ag5t4 ,! fact t ,comus publi%$ "s int]e/+ rese>*es on electricity 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique has be5 tak5 z a basis = ! ass]tion t 8 app>atus 0 a sort ( electrical dis*>ge telegraph 9 :i* ! communication betwe5 ! two dials 0 made by insulat$ wires hidd5 9 ! walls4 ,b1 if x be reflect$ h[ difficult x w\ld h be5 at t epo* to realize an app>atus ( ?is k9d1 if x be rememb]$ t ,comus1 despite 8 rese>*es on electricity1 0 9 reality only a pr(essor ( physics to amuse1 & if ! fact be recall$ t cab9ets ( physics 9 ^? days 7 fill$ ) +5i\s app>atus 9 :i* ! surpris+ effects 7 produc$ by skillfully conceal$ magnets1 we %all r be l$ to class among su* app>atus ! s-call$ ,comus electric telegraph4 ,we f9d1 moreov]1 9 ,guyot's ,recreations physiques et ma!matiques--a "w ^: fir/ edition dates back to ! "t at :i* ,comus 0 exhibit+ 8 app>atus--a description ( c]ta9 communicat+ dials t seem to be no o!r ?an ^? ( ! celebrat$ physici/1 & :i* at all ev5ts enables u to und]/& h[ !y work$4 ,let "o imag9e to himself two contigu\s *amb]s beh9d :i* ran "o & ! same corridor4 ,9 ea* *amb]1 aga9/ ! p>tition t sep>at$ x f ! corridor1 !re 0 a small bracket1 & ^u ! latt]1 & v ne> ! wall1 !re 0 a wood5 dial support$ on a /&>d1 b 9 no wise p]man5tly fix$ ^u ! bracket4 ,ea* dial c>ri$ a ne$le1 & ea* circumf]5ce 0 inscrib$ ) tw5ty-five lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! exp]im5t t 0 p]=m$ ) ^! dials consi/$ 9 plac+ ! ne$le ^u a lett] 9 "o ( ! *amb]s1 :5 ! ne$le ( ! o!r dial /opp$ at ! same lett]1 ?us mak+ x possible to transmit words & ev5 s5t5ces4 ,z = ! means ( communication betwe5 ! two app>atus1 t 0 v simple3 ,"o ( ! two dials always s]v$ z a transmitt]1 & ! o!r z a receiv]4 ,! ne$le ( ! transmitt] c>ri$ along 9 its motion a pretty p[]ful magnet1 :i* 0 conceal$ 9 ! dial1 & :i* react$ ?r\gh ! p>tition ^u a v light magnetiz$ ne$le t foll[$ its motions1 & indicat$ ^u an auxili>y dial1 to a p]son hidd5 9 ! corridor1 ! lett] on :i* ! fir/ ne$le _h be5 plac$4 ,?is p]son at once /epp$ ov] to ! p>tition correspond+ to ! receiv]1 :]e ano!r auxili>y dial p]mitt$ him to prop]ly direct at a di/ance ! v movable ne$le ( ! receiv]4 ,ev]y?+ dep5d$1 z w be se51 ^u ! use ( ! magnet1 & ^u a deceit t p]fectly accord$ ) ,comus' pr(ession4 ,!re is1 !n1 little ?\ght 9 our op9ion t if ! latt]'s app>atus 0 n exactly ! "o ,guyot describes1 x 0 bas$ ^u "s analog\s artifice4 ,jean ,alex&re's telegraph appe>s to h borne mu* analogy ) ,comus'4 ,its inv5tor op]at$ x 9 #ahjb be=e ! prefect ( ,indre-et-,loire4 ,z a consequ5ce ( a report address$ by ! prefect ( ,vi5ne to ,*aptal1 & 9 :i*1 moreov]1 ! app>atus 9 "q 0 comp>$ to ,comus'1 ,alex&re 0 ord]$ to ,p>is4 ,!re he refus$ to expla9 ^u :at pr9ciple 8 inv5tion 0 bas$1 & decl>$ t he w\ld confide 8 secret only to ! ,fir/ ,consul4 ,b ,bonap>te1 little dispos$ to occupy himself ) su* an affair1 *>g$ ,delambre to exam9e x & address a report to him4 ,! illu/ri\s a/ronom]1 despite ! p]si/5ce ) :i* ,alex&re refus$ to give up 8 secret to him1 drew a report1 ! few foll[+ extracts f :i* w1 we ?9k1 suffice to edify ! read]3 ,! pieces t ! ,fir/ ,consul *>g$ me to exam9e did n conta9 en\gh ( detail to ju/ify an op9ion4 ,citiz5 ,beauvais 7fri5d & associate ( ,alex&re7 kn[s ! inv5tor's secret1 b has promis$ him to communicate x to no "o except ! ,fir/ ,consul4 ,?is circum/ance might enable me to disp5se ) any report2 = h[ judge ( a ma*9e t "o has n se5 & does n "k ! ag5t (8 ,all t is kn[n is t ! telegraphe intime consi/s ( two l boxes1 ea* c>ry+ a dial on ^: circumf]5ce are m>k$ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,by means ( a w9*1 ! ne$le ( "o dial is c>ri$ to all ! lett]s t "o has ne$ to use1 & at ! same in/ant ! ne$le ( ! second box repeats1 9 ! same ord]1 all ! motions & indications ( ! fir/4 ,:5 ^! two boxes are plac$ 9 two sep>ate ap>tm5ts1 two p]sons c write to & answ] "o ano!r1 )\t see+ or be+ se5 by "o ano!r1 & )\t any "o suspect+ _! correspond5ce4 ,nei!r night nor fog c prev5t ! transmission ( a dispat*4444 ,! inv5tor has made two exp]im5ts--"o at ,porti]s & ! o!r at ,t\rs--9 ! pres5ce ( ! prefects & mayors1 & ! record %[s t !y 7 fully successful4 ,to-day1 ! inv5tor & 8 associate ask t ! ,fir/ ,consul be pleas$ to p]mit "o ( ! boxes to be plac$ 9 8 ap>tm5t & ! o!r at ! h\se ( ,consul ,cambac]es 9 ord] to give ! exp]im5t all ! clat & au!nticity possible2 or t ! ,fir/ ,consul accord a t5 m9utes' int]view to citiz5 ,beauvais1 :o w communicate to him ! secret1 :i* is s easy t ! simple expose ( x w\ld be equival5t to a demon/ration1 & w\ld take ! place ( an exp]im5t4444 ,if1 z "o might be tempt$ to believe f a comp>ison ) a bell arrangem5t1 ! means adopt$ by ! inv5tor consi/$ 9 :eels1 movem5ts1 & transmitt+ pieces1 ! inv5tion w\ld be none ! less a/oni%+4444 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 z ! ,porti]'s acc\nt seems to prove1 ! means ( communication is a fluid1 !re w\ld be ! m m]it 9 8 hav+ ma/]$ x to su* a po9t z to produce s regul> & s infallible effects at su* di/ances4444 ,b citiz5 ,beauvais 444 desires pr9cipally to h ! ,fir/ ,consul z a witness & appreciator4444 ,x is to be desir$1 !n1 t ! ,fir/ ,consul %all cons5t to he> him1 & t he may f9d 9 ! communication t w be made to him reasons = giv+ ! inv5tion a good reception & = prop]ly rew>d+ ! inv5tor4 ,b ,bonap>te rema9$ deaf1 & ,alex&re p]si/$ 9 8 sil5ce1 & di$ at ,ang]s1 9 #ahcb1 9 great pov]ty1 )\t hav+ reveal$ 8 secret4 ,z1 9 #ahjb1 ,volta's pile 0 already inv5t$1 sev]al au?ors h suppos$ an application ( x 9 ,alex&re's app>atus4 ,is x n all[able to believe1 exclaims "o ( ^!1 t ! electric telegraph 0 at t "t discov]$8 ,we d n hesitate to respond 9 ! negative4 ,! pile _h be5 inv5t$ = too %ort a "t1 & too little 0 !n kn[n ( ! prop]ties ( ! curr5t1 to all[ a man s de/itute ( sci5tific k to s quickly inv5t all ! electrical p>ts necess>y = ! syn*ronic op]ation ( ! two ne$les4 ,9 ?is telegraphe intime we c only see an app>atus analog\s to ! "o describ$ by ,guyot1 or r a syn*ronism obta9$ by means ( cords1 z 9 ,kir*]'s arrangem5t4 ,! fact t ,alex&re's two dials 7 plac$ on two diff]5t /ories1 & di/ant1 horizontally1 fifte5 met]s1 9 n[ise excludes ?is latt] mode ( transmission4 ,on ano!r h&1 ! my/]y 9 :i* ,alex&re 0 %r\d$1 8 decl>ation relative to ! use ( a fluid1 & ! assurance ) :i* he promis$ to reveal 8 secret to ! ,fir/ ,consul1 prove absolutely no?+1 = too (t5 h ! mo/ pr(\ndly ignorant p--! electric girl1 = example--befool$ le>n$ bodies by ! aid ( ! grosse/ frauds4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! hi/ory ( ! electric telegraph1 !re is no value1 !n1 to be attribut$ to ?is app>atus ( ,alex&re1 any m ?an !re is to t ( ,comus or to any ( ! dreams bas$ ^u ! prop]ties ( ! magnet4 ,! hi/ory ( ! electric telegraph really beg9s ) #agec1 ! date at :i* is f\nd ! fir/ indication ( a telegraph truly bas$ ^u ! use ( electricity4 ,?is telegraph is describ$ 9 a lett] writt5 by ,r5frew1 dat$ ,feb4 #a1 #agec1 & sign$ ) ! initials ,c4,m41 :i*1 9 all probability1 7 ^? ( a savant ( ! "t--,*>les ,m>%all4 ,a few extracts f ?is lett] w give an idea ( ! precision ) :i* ! au?or describ$ 8 inv5tion3 ,let u suppose a bundle ( wires1 9 numb] equal to t ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 /ret*$ horizontally betwe5 two giv5 places1 p>allel ) ea* o!r & di/ant f ea* o!r "o in*4 ,let u admit t aft] e tw5ty y>ds ! wires are connect$ to a solid body by a juncture ( glass or jewel]'s cem5t1 s z to prev5t _! com+ 9 contact ) ! e>? or any conduct+ body1 & s z to help !m to c>ry _! own weight4 ,! electric batt]y w be plac$ at "r angles to "o ( ! extremities ( ! wires1 & ! bundle ( wires at ea* extremity w be c>ri$ by a solid piece ( glass4 ,! portions ( ! wires t run f ! glass support to ! ma*9e h suffici5t ela/icity & /iffness to return to _! primitive position aft] hav+ be5 br\ght into contact ) ! batt]y4 ,v ne> to ?is same glass support1 on ! opposite side1 !re desc5ds a ball susp5d$ f ea* wire1 & at a six? or a t5? ( an in* b5ea? ea* ball !re is plac$ "o ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet writt5 ^u small pieces ( pap] or o!r sub/ance light en\gh to be attract$ & rais$ by ! electrifi$ ball4 ,besides ?is1 all necess>y arrangem5ts are tak5 s t ea* ( ^! little pap]s %all resume its place :5 ! ball ceases to attract4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,lesage',s ,,telegraph4 ,all be+ arrang$ z above1 & ! m9ute at :i* ! correspond5ce is to beg9 hav+ be5 fix$ ^u be=eh&1 ,i beg9 ! conv]sation ) my fri5d at a di/ance 9 ?is way3 ,i set ! electric ma*9e 9 motion1 &1 if ! ^w t ,i wi% to transcribe is ',sir1' = example1 ,i take1 ) a glass rod1 or ) any o!r body electric ?r\gh itself or insulat+1 ! diff]5t ends ( ! wires correspond+ to ! ?ree lett]s t compose ! ^w4 ,!n ,i press !m 9 su* a way z to put !m 9 contact ) ! batt]y4 ,at ! same in/ant1 my correspond5t sees ^! diff]5t lett]s c>ri$ 9 ! same ord] t[>d ! electrifi$ balls at ! o!r extremity ( ! wires4 ,i cont9ue to ?us spell ! words z long z ,i judge prop]1 & my correspond5t1 t he may n =get !m1 writes d[n ! lett]s 9 measure z !y rise4 ,he !n unites !m & reads ! dispat* z (t5 z he pleases4 ,at a giv5 signal1 or :5 ,i desire x1 ,i /op ! ma*9e1 &1 tak+ a p51 write d[n :at my fri5d s5ds me f ! o!r end ( ! l9e4 ,! au?or ( ?is lett] po9ts out1 besides1 ! possibility ( keep+1 9 ! fir/ place1 all ! spr+s 9 contact ) ! batt]y1 &1 consequ5tly1 all ! lett]s attract$1 & ( indicat+ ea* lett] by remov+ its wire f ! batt]y1 & consequ5tly mak+ x fall4 ,he ev5 propos$ to sub/itute bells ( diff]5t s\nds = ! balls1 & to produce electric sp>ks ^u !m4 ,! s\nd produc$ by ! sp>k w\ld v>y accord+ to ! bell1 & ! lett]s might ?us be he>d4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 9 ?is docum5t au?orizes ! belief t ,*>les ,m>%all ev] realiz$ 8 idea1 s we mu/ proce$ to #aggd to f9d ,lesage1 ( ,g5eva1 con/ruct+ a telegraph t 0 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple indicat$ tw5ty ye>s be=e 9 ! lett] ( ,r5frew4 ,! app>atus t ,lesage devis$ 7,fig4 #a7 0 compos$ ( #bd wires insulat$ f "o ano!r by a non conduct+ mat]ial4 ,ea* ( ^! wires correspond$ to a small pi? ball susp5d$ by a ?read4 ,on putt+ an electric ma*9e 9 communication ) su* or su* a "o ( ^! wires1 ! ball ( ! correspond+ electromet] 0 repell$1 & ! motion signal$ ! lett] t x 0 desir$ to transmit4 ,n cont5t ) hav+ realiz$ an electric telegraph ^u a small scale1 ,lesage ?\ght ( apply+ x to long] di/ances4 ,let u conceive1 said he 9 a lett] writt5 ,june #bb1 #aghb1 to ,mr4 ,prevo/1 ( ,g5eva1 a subt]ranean pipe ( enamel$ clay1 ^: cavity at ab\t e six feet is sep>at$ by p>titions ( ! same mat]ial1 or ( glass1 conta9+ tw5ty-f\r ap]tures 9 ord] to give passage to z _m brass wires z ^! diaphragms are to su/a9 & keep sep>at$4 ,at ea* extremity ( ?is pipe are tw5ty-f\r wires t deviate f "o ano!r horizontally1 & t are arrang$ l ! keys ( a clavi*ord2 &1 above ?is r[ ( wire ends1 are di/9ctly trac$ ! tw5ty-f\r lett]s ( ! alphabet1 :ile b5ea? !re is a table cov]$ ) tw5ty-f\r small pieces ( gold-leaf or o!r easily attractable & q visible bodies4 ,lesage _h ?\ght ( (f]+ 8 secret to ,fr$]ick ! ,great2 b he did n d s1 h[ev]1 & 8 telegraph rema9$ 9 ! /ate ( a curi\s cab9et exp]im5t4 ,he _h1 nev]!less1 op5$ ! way1 &1 dat+ f t epo*1 we meet ) a c]ta9 numb] ( attempts at electro/atic telegraphy4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,advantage has be5 tak5 ( a lett] f ,alex&] ,volta to ,pr(4 ,b>letti 7dat$ #aggg71 indicat+ ! possibility ( fir+ 8 electric pi/ol f a great di/ance1 to attribute to him a "p 9 ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph4 ,we h n %>$ 9 ?is op9ion1 :i* appe>s to u errone\s1 s9ce ,volta1 :ile indicat+ ! possibility above /at$1 does n speak ( apply+ su* a fact to telegraphy4 ,! fir/ 9 date is t ( ,lemond1 :i* is spok5 ( by ,ar?ur ,"y 7,octob] #af1 #aghg71 9 8 ,voyage ,agronomique en ,france3 ,9 ! ev5+1 says he1 we are go+ to ,mr4 ,lemond's1 a v +5i\s me*anician1 & "o :o has a g5ius = inv5tion4444 ,he has made a rem>kable discov]y 9 electricity4 ,y write two or ?ree words ^u pap]2 he takes !m ) him into a room & revolves a ma*9e )9 a %ea? at ! top ( :i* !re is an electromet]--a pretty little ball ( fea!r pi?4 ,a brass wire is jo9$ to a simil> cyl9d]1 & electrifi$ 9 a di/ant ap>tm5t1 & 8 wife on rem>k+ ! motions ( ! ball t corresponds1 writes d[n ! words t !y indicate2 f :5ce x appe>s t he has =m$ an alphabet ( motions4 ,z ! l5g? ( ! wire makes no diff]5ce 9 ! effect1 a correspond5ce might be kept up f v f> (f1 = example ) a besieg$ city1 or = objects mu* m wor?y ( att5tion4 ,:atev] be ! use t %all be made ( x1 ! discov]y is an admirable "o4 ,&1 9 fact1 ,lemond's telegraph 0 ( ! mo/ int]e/+ "*1 = x 0 a s+le wire "o1 & we already f9d "h an alphabet bas$ ^u ! comb9ation ( a few elem5t>y signals4 ,! app>atus t next succe$s is ! electric telegraph t ,rev]oni ,sa9t ,cyr propos$ 9 #agij1 to ann\nce lott]y numb]s1 b z to ! con/ruction ( :i* we h no details4 ,9 #agid ,reuss]1 a ,g]man1 made a proposition a little diff]5t f ! prec$+ sy/ems1 & :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,magaz9 fr das ,neue/e aus d] ,physik und ,naturges*i*te1 publi%$ by ,h5ri ,voigt4 ,i am at home1 says ,reuss]1 be=e my electric ma*9e1 & ,i am dictat+ to "s "o on ! o!r side ( ! /reet a complete lett] t he is writ+ himself4 ,on an ord9>y table !re is fix$ v]tically a squ>e bo>d 9 :i* is ins]t$ a pane ( glass4 ,to ?is glass are glu$ /rips ( t9foil cut out 9 su* a way t ! sp>k %all be visible4 ,ea* /rip is designat$ by a lett] ( ! alphabet1 & f ea* ( !m />ts a long wire4 ,^! wires are inclos$ 9 glass tubes :i* pass und]gr\nd & run to ! place :i!r ! dispat* is to be transmitt$4 ,! extremities ( ! wires rea* a simil> plate ( glass1 :i* is likewise affix$ to a table & c>ries /rips ( t9foil simil> to ! o!rs4 ,^! /rips are also designat$1 by ! same lett]s1 & are connect$ by a return wire ) ! table ( him :o wi%es to dictate ! message4 ,if1 n[1 he :o is dictat+ puts ! ext]nal armature ( a ,leyd5 j> 9 contact ) ! return wire1 & ! ball ( ?is j> 9 contact ) a metallic rod t\*+ t ( ! t9foil /rip :i* corresponds ) ! lett] :i* he wi%es to dictate to ! o!r1 sp>ks w be produc$ ^u ! ne>e/ z well z ^u ! remote/ /rips1 & ! di/ant correspond5t1 see+ su* sp>ks1 may imm$iately write d[n ! lett] m>k$4 ,w an ext5d$ application ( ?is sy/em ev] be made8 ,t is n ! "q2 x is possible4 ,x w be v exp5sive2 b ! po/ hordes f ,sa9t ,pet]sburg to ,lisbon are also v exp5sive1 & if any "o %\ld apply ! idea on a l>ge scale1 ,i %all claim a recomp5se4 ,e lett]1 !n1 0 signal$ by "o or sev]al sp>ks t />t$ =? on ! break+ ( ! /rip2 b we see no?+ 9 ?is docum5t to au?orize ! op9ion :i* has exi/$1 t e t9foil /rip 0 a sort ( magic tablet ^u :i* ! sp>ks trac$ ! v =m ( ! lett] to be transmitt$4 ,voigt1 ! editor ( ! ,magaz91 adds1 9 cont9uation ( ,reuss]'s communication3 ,mr4 ,reuss] %\ld h propos$ ! addition to ?is arrangem5t ( a vessel fill$ ) detonat+ gas :i* c\ld be explod$ 9 ! fir/ place1 by means ( ! electric sp>k1 9 ord] to notify ! "o to :om some?+ 0 to be dictat$ t he %\ld direct 8 att5tion to ! /rips ( t9foil4 ,?is passage gives ! fir/ indication ( ! use ( a special call = ! telegraph4 ,! same ye> 7#agid71 9 a "w entitl$ ,v]su* b] ,telegraphie und ,telegraph51 ,boeckmann likewise propos$ ! use ( ! pi/ol z a call signal1 9 conjunction ) ! use ( a l9e compos$ ( two wires only1 & ( dis*>ges 9 ! air or a vacuum1 gr\p$ 9 su* a way z to =m an alphabet4 ,exp]im5ts l ^? indicat$ by ,boeckmann1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 made previ\s to #agid1 or at t epo*1 at lea/1 by ,cavallo1 s9ce ! latt] describes !m 9 a ,treatise on ,electricity writt5 9 ,engli%1 & a ,fr5* translation ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #agie4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! l5g? ( ! wires rea*$ #bej ,engli% feet4 ,cavallo likewise propos$ to use z signals combu/ible or detonat+ mat]ials1 & to employ z a call ! noise made by ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,9 #agif occurr$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,francisco ,salva & ( ! ,infante ,d4 ,antonio4 ,! foll[+ is :at we may read on ?is subject 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,sci5ces3 ,pr9ce de la ,paix1 hav+ le>n$ t ,dr4 ,francisco ,salva _h read be=e ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,b>celona a memoir on ! application ( electricity to telegraphy1 & t he _h pres5t$ at ! same "t an electric telegraph ( 8 own inv5tion1 desir$ to exam9e ?is ma*9e 9 p]son4 ,satisfi$ z to ! accuracy & cel]ity ) :i* we c conv]se ) ano!r by means ( x1 he obta9$ = ! inv5tor ! honor ( appe>+ be=e ! k+4 ,pr9ce de la ,paix1 9 ! pres5ce ( _! maje/ies & ( sev]al lords1 caus$ ! telegraph to conv]se to ! satisfaction ( ! :ole c\rt4 ,! telegraph conv]s$ "s days aft]w>d at ! resid5ce ( ! ,infante ,d4 ,antonio4 ,8 ,highness express$ a desire to h a mu* complet] "o t %\ld h suffici5t electrical p[] to communicate at great di/ances on l& & sea4 ,! ,infante !re=e ord]$ ! con/ruction ( an electric ma*9e ^: plate %\ld be m ?an =ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,) ! aid ( ?is ma*9e ,8 ,highness int5ds to und]take a s]ies ( useful & curi\s exp]im5ts t he has propos$ to ,dr4 ,d4 ,salva4 ,9 #agig or '#ih 7"s au?ors say #aghg71 ! ,fr5*man1 ,betanc\rt1 put up a l9e betwe5 ,aranjuez & ,madrid1 & telegraph$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( dis*>ges f a ,leyd5 j>4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! telegraphs bas$ ^u ! use ( /atic electricity is )\t d\bt t ( ,francis ,ronalds1 describ$ by ! latt]1 9 #ahbc1 9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,descriptions ( an ,electrical ,telegraph & ( "s o!r ,electrical ,app>atus1 b ! con/ruction ( :i* dates back to #ahaf4 ,:at is peculi>ly int]e/+ 9 ,ronalds' app>atus is t x pres5ts = ! fir/ "t ! use ( two syn*ron\s movem5ts at ! two /ations 9 correspond5ce4 ,! app>atus is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! simultane\s work+ ( two pi?-ball electromet]s1 comb9$ ) ! syn*ron\s runn+ ( two clock-"w movem5ts4 ,at ! two /ations !re 7 id5tical clocks = ^: second h& !re _h be5 sub/itut$ a c>dbo>d disk 7,fig4 #c71 divid$ into tw5ty sectors4 ,ea* ( ^! latt] conta9$ "o figure1 "o lett]1 & a conv5tional ^w4 ,be=e ea* movable disk !re 0 a scre51 ,a 7,fig4 #b71 conta9+ an ap]ture ?r\gh :i* only "o sector c\ld1 be se5 at a "t4 ,f9ally1 be=e ea* scre5 !re 0 a pi?-ball electromet]4 ,! two electromet]s 7 connect$ toge!r by means ( a conductor 7,c7 pass+ "u ! e>?1 & :i* at ei!r ( its extremities c\ld be put 9 communication ) ei!r an electric ma*9e or ! gr\nd4 ,a lev] h&le1 ,j1 int]pos$ into ! circuit a ,volta's pi/ol1 ,f1 t s]v$ z a call4 ,:5 "o ( ! op]ators desir$ to s5d a dispat* to ! o!r he connect$ ! conductor ) ! ma*9e1 &1 sett+ ! latt] 9 op]ation1 dis*>g$ 8 correspond5t's pi/ol z a signal4 ,! call effect$1 ! fir/ op]ator cont9u$ to revolve ! ma*9e s t ! balls ( pi? %\ld div]ge 9 ! two electromet]s4 ,at ! same "t ! two clocks 7 set runn+4 ,:5 ! s5d] saw ! ^w att5tion pass be=e ! slit 9 ! scre5 he quickly dis*>g$ ! l9e1 ! balls ( ! two electromet]s approa*$ ea* o!r1 &1 if ! two clocks agre$ p]fectly1 ! correspond5t necess>ily saw 9 ! ap]ture 9 8 scre5 ! same ^w1 att5tion4 ,if n1 he mov$ ! scre5 9 consequ5ce1 & ! op]ation 0 p]=m$ ov] until he c\ld s5d1 9 8 turn1 ! ^w ready4 ,aft]w>d1 ! s5d] transmitt$ 9 ! same way "o ( ! ?ree words1 lett]s1 figures1 diction>y1 9 ord] to indicate :e!r he wi%$ to transmit lett]s or figures1 or :e!r ! lett]s receiv$1 in/ead ( be+ tak5 9 _! true s5se1 7 to be ref]r$ to a conv5tional vocabul>y got up 9 advance4 ,x 0 aft] su* prelim9>ies t ! actual transmission ( ! dispat* 0 begun4 ,! pi? balls1 :i* 7 kept con/antly ap>t1 approa*$ ea* o!r at ! mom5t ! lett] to be transmitt$ pass$ be=e ! ap]ture 9 ! scre54 ,ronalds1 9 8 rese>*es1 busi$ himself mo/ ) ! con/ruction ( l9es4 ,he put up on ! gr\nds ne> 8 dwell+ an air l9e #h miles long2 &1 to d s1 /ret*$ f9e iron wire 9 zigzag fa%ion betwe5 two frames #ah met]s ap>t4 ,ea* ( ^! frames c>ri$ ?irty-sev5 hooks1 to :i* ! wire 0 atta*$ ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( silk cords4 ,he laid1 besides1 a subt]ranean l9e ( #ebe feet at a dep? ( #d feet4 ,! wire 0 inclos$ )9 ?ick glass tubes :i* 7 plac$ 9 a tr\gh ( dry wood1 ( #b in* section1 coat$ int]nally & ext]nally ) pit*4 ,?is tr\gh 01 moreov]1 fill$ full ( pit* & clos$ ) a cov] ( wood4 ,ronalds pref]r$ ^! subt]ranean conductors to air l9es4 ,a portion ( "o ( !m t 0 laid by him at ,hamm]smi? figur$ at ! ,exhibition ( #ahha1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,ne>ly at ! epo* at :i* ,ronalds 0 exp]im5t+ 9 ,engl&1 a c]ta9 ,h>risson ,gray ,dy> 0 also occupy+ himself ) electro/atic telegraphy 9 ,am]ica4 ,accord+ to lett]s publi%$ only 9 #ahgb by ,am]ican j\rnals1 ,dy> con/ruct$ ! fir/ telegraph 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is l9e1 :i* 0 put up on ,long ,isl&1 0 ( iron wire /rung on poles c>ry+ glass insulators1 &1 ^u x1 ,dy> op]at$ ) /atic electricity4 ,caus+ ! sp>k to act ^u a movable disk cov]$ ) litmus pap]1 he produc$ by ! discoloration ( ! latt] dots & da%es t =m$ an alphabet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 x seems1 7 s successful t ,dy> & 8 relatives resolv$ to con/ruct a l9e f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia2 b qu>rels ) 8 cop>tn]s1 lawsuits1 & o!r causes oblig$ him to leave = ,rhode ,isl&1 & f9ally = ,france 9 #ahca4 ,he did n return to ,am]ica till #aheh4 ,dy>1 !n1 w\ld seem to h be5 ! fir/ :o comb9$ an alphabet compos$ ( dots & da%es4 ,on ?is po9t1 priority has be5 claim$ by ,swaim 9 a book t appe>$ at ,philadelphia 9 #ahbi "u ! title ( ,! ,mural ,diagraph1 & 9 a communication ins]t$ 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,academic des ,sci5ces = ,nov4 #bg1 #ahfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,9 #ahbh1 likewise1 ,victor ,triboaillet de ,sa9t ,am& propos$ to con/ruct a telegraph l9e betwe5 ,p>is & ,brussels4 ,?is l9e 0 to be a subt]ranean "o1 ! wire be+ cov]$ ) gum %ellac1 !n ) silk1 & f9ally ) res91 & be+ la/ ( all plac$ 9 glass tubes4 ,a /rong batt]y 0 to act at a di/ance ^u an electroscope1 & ! dispat*es 7 to be transmitt$ by ! aid ( a conv5tional vocabul>y bas$ ^u ! numb] ( ! electroscope's motions4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahdd1 ,h5ry ,highton took out a pat5t 9 ,engl& = a telegraph work+ ?r\gh electricity ( high t5sion1 ) ! use ( a s+le l9e wire4 ,a pap] unroll$ regul>ly betwe5 two po9ts1 & ea* dis*>ge made a small hole 9 x1 ,b ?is hole 0 ne> "o or ! o!r ( ! po9ts accord+ z ! l9e 0 positively or negatively *>g$4 ,! comb9ation ( ! holes ?us trac$ ^u two p>allel l9es p]mitt$ ( ! =mation ( an alphabet4 ,?is telegraph 0 tri$ successfully ov] a l9e t5 miles long1 on ! ,london & ,nor?we/]n ,railway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,we h foll[$ electro/atic telegraphs up to an epo* at :i* telegraphy _h already ent]$ ^u a m practical road1 & x n[ rema9s = u to retrace our /eps t[>d ^? app>atus t are bas$ ^u ! use ( ! voltaic curr5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(4 ,dolbe> obs]ves t if a galvanomet] is plac$ betwe5 ! t]m9als ( a circuit ( homog5e\s iron wire & heat is appli$1 no electric effect w be obs]v$2 b if ! /ructure ( ! wire is alt]$ by alt]nate b5d+ or twi/+ into a helix1 !n ! galvanomet] w indicate a curr5t4 ,! pr(essor employs a helix connect$ ) a batt]y1 & surr\nd+ a portion ( ! wire 9 circuit ) ! galvanomet]4 ,! curr5t 9 ! helix magnetizes ! circuit wire inclos$1 & ! galvanomet] exhibits ! pres5ce ( electricity4 ,! exp]im5t helps to prove t magnetism is connect$ ) "s molecul> *ange ( ! magnetiz$ metal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrical ,,transmission ,,& ,,/orage4 ,footnote3 ,f a rec5t lecture 9 ,london be=e ! ,in/itute ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,dr4 ,c4 ,,william ,,siem5s1 ,f4,r4,s1 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,dr4 ,siem5s1 9 op5+ ! disc\rse1 adv]t$ to ! object ! ,c\ncil _h 9 view 9 organiz+ ^! occasional lectures1 :i* 7 n to be lectures ^u g5]al topics1 b ! outcome ( su* special /udy & practical exp]i5ce z memb]s ( ! ,in/itution _h exceptional opportunities ( acquir+ 9 ! c\rse ( _! pr(essional occupation4 ,! subject to be dealt ) dur+ ! pres5t session 0 t ( electricity4 ,already telegraphy _h be5 br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 & telephonic communication by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,bramwell4 ,?us f> electricity _h be5 introduc$ z ! swift & subtile ag5cy by :i* signals 7 produc$ ei!r by me*anical means or by ! human voice1 & fla%$ almo/ in/antane\sly to di/ances :i* 7 limit$1 ) reg>d to ! =m]1 by re/rictions impos$ by ! globe4 ,to ! speak] _h be5 assign$ ! task ( introduc+ to _! notice electric en]gy 9 a diff]5t aspect4 ,al?\gh /ill giv+ evid5ce ( swiftness & precision1 ! effects he %\ld dwell ^u 7 no long] su* z c\ld be p]ceiv$ only ?r\gh ! mo/ delicate in/rum5ts human +5uity c\ld contrive1 b 7 capable ( rival+ ! /eam eng9e1 compress$ air1 & ! hydraulic accumulator 9 ! accompli%m5t ( actual "w4 ,9 ! e>ly attempts at magneto electric ma*9es1 x 0 %[n t1 s long z _! effect dep5d$ ^u ! oxidation ( z9c 9 a batt]y1 no comm]cially useful results c\ld h be5 anticipat$4 ,! !rmo-batt]y1 ! discov]y ( ,seebeck 9 #ahbb1 0 allud$ to z a means ( conv]t+ heat into electric en]gy 9 ! mo/ direct mann]2 b ?is conv]sion c\ld n be an entire "o1 because ! second law ( !rmo-dynamics1 :i* prev5t$ ! realization z me*anical =ce ( m ?an "o sev5? "p ( ! heat en]gy produc$ 9 combu/ion "u ! boil]1 appli$ equally to ! !rmo-electric batt]y1 9 :i* ! heat1 conduct$ f ! hot po9ts ( juncture to ! cold1 con/itut$ a =midable loss4 ,! electromotive =ce ( ea* !rmo-electric elem5t did n exce$ #j4jcf ( a volt1 & #a1hjj elem5ts 7 !re=e necess>y to "w an inc&esc5ce lamp4 ,a mo/ useful application ( ! !rmo-electric batt]y = measur+ radiant heat1 ! !rmo pile1 0 exhibit$4 ,by means ( an +5i\s modification ( ! electrical pyromet]1 nam$ ! bolomet]1 valuable rese>*es 9 measur+ sol> radiations _h be5 made by ,pr(essor ,langley4 ,f>aday's great discov]y ( magneto-induction 0 next notic$1 & ! orig9al in/rum5t by :i* he _h elicit$ ! fir/ electric sp>k be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 #ahca1 0 %[n 9 op]ation4 ,x 0 prov$ t al?\gh ! individual curr5t produc$ by magneto9duction 0 exce$+ly small & mom5t>y 9 action1 x 0 capable ( unlimit$ multiplication by me*anical arrangem5ts ( a simple k9d1 & t by su* multiplication ! p[]ful effects ( ! dynamo ma*9e ( ! pres5t day 7 built up4 ,"o ( ! means = accompli%+ su* multiplication 0 ! ,siem5s armature ( #ahef4 ,ano!r /ep ( importance 0 t involv$ 9 ! ,pac9otti r+1 kn[n 9 its practical application z ! ma*9e ( ,gramme4 ,a ?ird /ep1 t ( ! self excit+ pr9ciple1 0 fir/ communicat$ by ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s to ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y1 #ahfg1 & by ! lectur] to ! ,royal ,society1 on ! #d? ( ! foll[+ mon?4 ,?is 0 read on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y1 :5 ! late ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one also br\ght =w>d a pap] embody+ ! same pr9ciple4 ,! lectur]'s ma*9e1 :i* 0 !n exhibit$1 & :i* might be look$ ^u z ! fir/ ( its k9d1 0 %[n 9 op]ation2 x _h done useful "w = _m ye>s z a means ( excit+ /eel magnets4 ,a sugge/ion conta9$ 9 ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one's pap]1 t a v rem>kable increase ( all ! effects1 accompani$ by a dim9ution 9 ! resi/ance ( ! ma*9e1 is obs]v$ :5 a cross wire is plac$ s z to div]t a great portion ( ! curr5t f ! electro-magnet1 _h l$ ! lectur] to an inve/igation read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #d? ( ,m>*1 #ahhj1 9 :i* x 0 %[n t by augm5t+ ! resi/ance ^u ! electro-magnets #ajj fold1 valuable effects c\ld be realiz$1 z illu/rat$ graphically by means ( a diagram4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! results consi/$ 9 ?is1 t ! electromotive =ce produc$ 9 a %unt-w\nd ma*9e1 z x 0 call$1 increas$ ) ! ext]nal resi/ance1 :]eby ! great fluctuations =m]ly insep>able f electric arc light+ c\ld be obviat$1 & ?us1 by ! d\ble means ( excit+ ! electro-magnets1 /ill great] uni=mity ( curr5t 0 atta9able4 ,! conditions ^u :i* ! work+ ( a well conceiv$ dynamo ma*9e mu/ dep5d 7 next allud$ to1 & x 0 demon/rat$ t :5 losses by unnecess>y wire resi/ance1 by ,f\cault curr5ts1 & by induc$ curr5ts 9 ! rotat+ armature 7 avoid$1 z mu* z #ij p] c5t41 or ev5 m1 ( ! p[] communicat$ to ! ma*9e 0 realiz$ 9 ! =m ( electric en]gy1 & t vice v]sa ! reconv]sion ( electric into me*anical en]gy c\ld be accompli%$ ) simil>ly small loss4 ,?us1 by means ( two ma*9es at a mod]ate di/ance ap>t1 ne>ly #hj p] c5t1 ( ! p[] imp>t$ to "o ma*9e c\ld be aga9 yield$ 9 ! me*anical =m by ! second1 leav+ out ( consid]ation frictional losses1 :i* latt] ne$ n be great1 consid]+ t a dynamo ma*9e _h only "o mov+ "p well balanc$1 & 0 act$ ^u along its entire circumf]5ce by propell+ =ce4 ,jacobi _h prov$1 _m ye>s ago1 t ! maximum effici5cy ( a magneto-electric eng9e 0 obta9$ :5 e _/ ,e w _/ ,w :i* law _h be5 frequ5tly con/ru$1 by ,v]det 7,!orie ,mecanique de la ,*aleur7 & o!rs1 to mean t "o-half 0 ! maximum !oretical effici5cy obta9able 9 electric transmission ( p[]1 & t "o half ( ! curr5t mu/ be necess>ily wa/$ or turn$ into heat4 ,! lectur] c\ld nev] be reconcil$ to a law necessitat+ su* a wa/e ( en]gy1 & _h ma9ta9$1 )\t disput+ ! accuracy ( ,jacobi's law1 t x _h ref]5ce really to ! condition ( maximum "w accompli%$ ) a giv5 ma*9e1 :]eas its effici5cy mu/ be gov]n$ by ! equation3 e _/ ,e w _/ ,w ne>ly #a ,f ?is x foll[$ t ! maximum yield 0 obta9$ :5 two dynamo ma*9es 7( simil> con/ruction7 rotat$ ne>ly at ! same spe$1 b t "u ^! conditions ! am\nt ( =ce transmitt$ 0 a m9imum4 ,practically ! be/ condition ( work+ consi/$ 9 giv+ to ! prim>y ma*9e su* proportions z to produce a curr5t ( ! same magnitude1 b ( #ej p] c5t1 great] electromotive =ce ?an ! second>y2 by adopt+ su* an arrangem5t1 z mu* z #ej p] c5t1 ( ! p[] imp>t$ to ! prim>y c\ld be practically receiv$ f ! second>y ma*9e at a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,pr(essor ,silvanus ,?ompson1 9 8 rec5t ,cantor ,lectures1 _h %[n an +5i\s graphical me?od ( prov+ ^! important fundam5tal laws4 ,! possibility ( transmitt+ p[] electrically 0 s obvi\s t sugge/ions to t effect _h be5 frequ5tly made s9ce ! days ( ,volta1 by ,rit*ie1 ,jacobi1 ,h5ry1 ,page1 ,hjor?1 & o!rs2 b x 0 only 9 rec5t ye>s t su* transmission _h be5 r5d]$ practically feasible4 ,j six ye>s ago1 :5 deliv]+ 8 presid5tial address to ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 ! lectur] _h v5tur$ to sugge/ t "t w probably reveal to u effectual means ( c>ry+ p[] to great di/ances1 b ,i _c refra9 f allud+ to "o :i* is1 9 my op9ion1 wor?y ( consid]ation1 namely1 ! electrical conductor4 ,suppose wat] p[] to be employ$ to give motion to a dynamo-electrical ma*9e1 a v p[]ful electrical curr5t w be ! result1 :i* may be c>ri$ to a great di/ance1 ?r\gh a l>ge metallic conductor1 & !n be made to imp>t motion to electromagnetic eng9es1 to ignite ! c>bon po9ts ( electric lamps1 or to effect ! sep>ation ( metals f _! comb9ations4 ,a copp] rod #c 94 9 diamet] w\ld be capable ( transmitt+ #a1jjj horse p[] a di/ance ( say ?irty miles1 an am\nt suffici5t to supply "o-qu>t] ( a million c&le p[]1 :i* w\ld suffice to illum9ate a mod]ately-siz$ t[n4 ,?is sugge/ion _h be5 mu* criticis$ at ! "t1 :5 x 0 /ill ?\ght t electricity 0 incapable ( be+ mass$ s z to deal ) _m horse p[] ( effect1 & ! size ( conductor he _h propos$ 0 also consid]$ :olly inadequate4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to te/ ?is e>ly calculation by rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,mr4 ,m>cel ,deprez _h1 x 0 well kn[n1 lately succe$$ 9 transmitt+ z mu* z ?ree horse p[] to a di/ance ( #dj kilomet]s 7#be miles7 ?r\gh a pair ( ord9>y telegraph wires ( #d millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! results s obta9$ _h be5 c>efully not$ by ,mr4 ,tresca1 & _h be5 communicat$ a =tnight ago to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,tak+ ! relative conductivity ( iron wire employ$ by ,deprez1 & ! #c 94 rod propos$ by ! lectur]1 ! am\nt ( p[] t c\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! latt] w\ld be ab\t #d1jjj horse p[]4 ,b ,deprez _h employ$ a motor-dynamo ( #b1jjj volts1 & 0 cont5t$ ) a yield ( #cb p] c5t4 only ( ! en]gy imp>t$ to ! prim>y ma*9e1 :]eas he _h calculat$ at ! "t ^u an electromotive =ce ( #bjj volts1 & ^u a return ( at lea/ #dj p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy imp>t$4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahgh1 :5 deliv]+ "o ( ! ,sci5ce ,lectures at ,glasg[1 he said t a #b 94 rod c\ld be made to accompli% ! object propos$1 because he _h by t "t conceiv$ ! possibility ( employ+ a curr5t ( at lea/ #ejj volts4 ,sir ,william ,?omson _h at once accept$ ^! views1 & ) ! conceptive +5uity peculi> to himself1 _h gone f> beyond him1 9 %[+ be=e ! ,p>liam5t>y ,electric ,light ,committee ( #ahgi1 t ?r\gh a copp] wire ( only 94 diamet]1 #ba1jjj horse p[] might be convey$ to a di/ance ( #cjj miles ) a curr5t ( an int5sity ( #hj1jjj volts4 ,! "t might come :5 su* a curr5t c\ld be dealt )1 hav+ a /rik+ di/ance ( ab\t #ab ft4 9 air1 b !n1 probably1 a v practical law enunciat$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson w\ld be infr+$4 ,?is 0 to ! effect t electricity 0 convey$ at ! *eape/ rate ?r\gh a conductor1 ! co/ ( :i* 0 su* t ! annual int]e/ ^u ! money exp5d$ equal$ ! annual exp5diture = lo/ effect 9 ! conductor 9 produc+ ! p[] to be convey$4 ,x appe>$ t ,mr4 ,deprez _h n foll[$ ?is law 9 mak+ 8 rec5t in/allations4 ,sir ,william ,arm/rong 0 probably fir/ to take practical1 advantage ( ^! sugge/ions 9 light+ 8 h\se at ,cragside dur+ night "t1 & work+ 8 la! & saw b5* dur+ ! day1 by p[] transmitt$ ?r\gh a wire f a wat]fall ne>ly a mile di/ant f 8 mansion4 ,! lectur] _h also accompli%$ ! sev]al objects ( pump+ wat]1 cutt+ wood1 hay1 & sw$es1 ( light+ 8 h\se1 & ( c>ry+ on exp]im5ts 9 electro-horticulture f a common c5t] ( /eam p[]4 ,! results _h be5 mo/ satisfactory2 ! :ole ( ! managem5t _h be5 9 ! h&s ( a g>d5] & ( labor]s1 :o 7 )\t previ\s k ( electricity1 & ! only repairs t _h be5 f\nd necess>y 7 "o r5ewal ( ! commutators & an occasional *ange ( metallic contact bru%es4 ,an int]e/+ application ( electric transmission to cranes1 by ,dr4 ,hopk9son1 0 %[n 9 op]ation4 ,among ! num]\s o!r applications ( ! electrical transmission ( p[]1 t to electrical railways1 fir/ exhibit$ by ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s1 at ! ,b]l9 ,exhibition ( #ahgi1 _h creat$ m ?an ord9>y public att5tion4 ,9 x ! curr5t produc$ by ! dynamo ma*9e1 fix$ at a conv5i5t /ation & driv5 by a /eam eng9e or o!r motor1 0 convey$ to a dynamo plac$ ^u ! mov+ c>1 ?r\gh a c5tral rail support$ ^u insulat+ blocks ( wood1 ! two work+ rails s]v+ to convey ! return curr5t4 ,! l9e 0 #ijj y>ds long1 ( #b ft gauge1 & ! mov+ c> s]v$ its purpose ( c>ry+ tw5ty visitors ?r\gh ! exhibition ea* trip4 ,! success ( ?is exp]im5t soon l$ to ! lay+ ( ! ,li*t]felde l9e1 9 :i* bo? rails 7 plac$ ^u insulat+ sleep]s1 s t ! "o s]v$ = ! conveyance ( ! curr5t f ! p[] /ation to ! mov+ c>1 & ! o!r = complet+ ! return circuit4 ,?is l9e _h a gauge ( #c ft4 #c 941 0 #b1ejj y>ds 9 l5g?1 & 0 work$ by two dynamo ma*9es1 develop+ an aggregate curr5t ( #i1jjj watts1 equal to #ab horse p[]4 ,x _h n[ be5 9 con/ant op]ation s9ce ,may #af1 #ahha1 & _h nev] fail$ 9 accompli%+ its daily traffic4 ,a l9e half a kilomet] 9 l5g?1 b ( #d ft4 #h 94 gauge 0 e/abli%$ by ! lectur] at ,p>is 9 connection ) ! ,electric ,exhibition ( #ahha4 ,9 ?is case1 two susp5d$ conductors 9 ! =m ( holl[ tubes ) a longitud9al slit 7 adopt$1 ! contact be+ made by metallic bolts drawn ?r\gh ^! slit tubes1 & connect$ ) ! dynamo ma*9e on ! mov+ c> by copp] ropes pass+ ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,on ?is l9e #ie1jjj pass5g]s 7 convey$ )9 ! %ort p]iod ( sev5 weeks4 ,an electric tramway1 six miles 9 l5g?1 _h j be5 complet$1 connect+ ,portru% ) ,bu% ,mills1 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&1 9 ! in/allation ( :i* ! lectur] 0 aid$ by ,mr4 ,traill1 z eng9e] ( ! company by ,mr4 ,alex&] ,siem5s1 & by ,dr4 ,e4 ,hopk9son1 repres5t+ 8 firm4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! two rails1 #c ft4 ap>t1 7 n insulat$ f ! gr\nd1 b 7 jo9$ electrically by means ( copp] /aples & =m$ ! return circuit1 ! curr5t be+ convey$ to ! c> ?r\gh a ,t iron plac$ ^u %ort /&>ds1 & insulat$ by means ( insulate caps4 ,= ! pres5t ! p[] 0 produc$ by a /eam eng9e at ,portru%1 giv+ motion to a %unt-w\nd dynamo ( #ae1jjj watts#bj horse p[]1 b arrangem5ts 7 9 progress to utilize a wat]fall ( ample p[] ne> ,bu% ,mills1 by means ( ?ree turb9es ( #dj horse p[] ea*1 n[ 9 c\rse ( erection4 ,! work+ spe$ ( ?is l9e 0 re/rict$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade to t5 miles an h\r1 :i* 0 readily obta9$1 al?\gh ! gradi5ts ( ! l9e 7 decid$ly unfavorable1 includ+ an incl9e ( two miles 9 l5g? at a gradi5t ( #a 9 #ch4 ,x 0 int5d$ to ext5d ! l9e six miles beyond ,bu% ,mills1 9 ord] to jo9 x at ,d]vock /ation ) ! nor? ( ,irel& n>r[ gauge railway sy/em4 ,! electric sy/em ( propulsion 01 9 ! lectur]'s op9ion1 suffici5tly advanc$ to assure practical success "u suitable circum/ances--su* z = suburban tramways1 elevat$ l9es1 & above all l9es ?r\gh tunnels2 su* z ! ,metropolitan & ,di/rict ,railways4 ,! advantages 7 t ! weight1 ( ! eng9e1 s de/ructive ( p[] & ( ! plant itself 9 />t+ & /opp+1 w\ld be sav$1 & t p]fect immunity f products ( combu/ion w\ld be insur$ ,! exp]i5ce at ,li*t]felde1 at ,p>is1 & ano!r electric l9e ( #gfe y>ds 9 l5g?1 & #b ft4 #b 94 gauge1 work$ 9 connection ) ! ,zauk]ode ,colli]y s9ce ,octob]1 #ahhb1 7 extremely favorable to ?is mode ( propulsion4 ,! lectur] h[ev] did n advocate its prospective application 9 competition ) ! locomotive eng9e = ma9 l9es ( railway4 ,= tramways )9 popul\s di/ricts1 ! insulat$ conductor involv$ a s]i\s difficulty4 ,x w\ld be m advantage\s "u ^! circum/ances to resort to second>y batt]ies1 =m+ a /ore ( electrical en]gy c>ri$ "u ! seats ( ! c> itself1 & work+ a dynamo ma*9e connect$ ) ! mov+ :eels by means ( belts & *a9s4 ,! second>y batt]y 0 ! only available means ( propell+ vessels by electrical p[]1 & consid]+ t ^! batt]ies might be made to s]ve ! purpose ( keel balla/1 _! weight1 :i* 0 /ill consid]able1 w\ld n be objectionable4 ,! second>y batt]y 0 n an entirely new conception4 ,! hydrog5 gas batt]y sugge/$ by ,sir ,wm4 ,grove 9 #ahda1 & :i* 0 %[n 9 op]ation1 realiz$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] ! conception ( /orage1 only t ! p[] obta9$ f x 0 exce$+ly slight4 ,! lectur]1 9 work+ ^u ,sir ,wm4 ,grove's conception1 _h tw5ty-five ye>s ago con/ruct$ a batt]y ( consid]able p[] 9 sub/itut+ por\s c>bon = plat9um1 impregnat+ ! same ) a precipitate ( lead p]oxidiz$ by a *>g+ curr5t4 ,at t "t little practical importance atta*$ h[ev] to ! object1 & ev5 :5 ,plante1 9 #ahfj1 produc$ 8 second>y batt]y1 compos$ ( lead plates p]oxidiz$ by a *>g+ curr5t1 little m ?an sci5tific curiosity 0 excit$4 ,x 0 only s9ce ! dynamo ma*9e _h become an accompli%$ fact t ! importance ( ?is mode ( /or+ en]gy _h become ( practical importance1 & great cr$it 0 due to ,faure1 to ,sellon1 & to ,volckm> = putt+ ?is valuable addition to practical sci5ce into available =ms4 ,a "q ( great int]e/ 9 connection ) ! second>y batt]y _h ref]5ce to its p]man5ce4 ,a fe> _h be5 express$ by _m t local action w\ld soon de/roy ! fabric ( :i* x 0 compos$1 & t ! active surfaces w\ld become coat$ ) sulphate ( lead1 prev5t+ fur!r action4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 lately be5 prov$ 9 a pap] read by ,dr4 ,frankl& be=e ! ,royal ,society1 corroborat$ by simultane\s inve/igations by ,dr4 ,glad/one & ,mr4 ,tribe1 t ! action ( ! second>y batt]y dep5d$ ess5tially ^u ! alt]native composition & decomposition ( sulphate ( lead1 :i* 0 !re=e n an enemy1 b ! be/ fri5d to its cont9u$ action4 ,9 conclusion1 ! lectur] ref]r$ to electric nom5clature1 & to ! means = measur+ & record+ ! passage ( electric en]gy4 ,:5 he address$ ! ,briti% ,association at ,s\?ampton1 he _h v5tur$ to sugge/ two electrical units additional to ^? e/abli%$ at ! ,electrical ,congress 9 #ahha1 viz43 ! watt & ! j\le1 9 ord] to complete ! *a9 ( units connect+ electrical ) me*anical en]gy & ) ! unit quantity ( heat4 ,he 0 glad to f9d t ?is sugge/ion _h met ) a favorable reception1 especially t ( ! watt1 :i* 0 conv5i5t = express+ 9 an intelligible mann] ! effective p[] ( a dynamo ma*9e1 & = giv+ a precise idea ( ! numb] ( lights or effective p[] to be realiz$ by its curr5t1 z well z ( ! eng9e p[] necess>y to drive x2 #gdf watts repres5t$ #a horse-p[]4 ,f9ally1 ! watt met]1 an in/rum5t rec5tly develop$ by 8 firm1 0 %[n 9 op]ation4 ,?is consi/$ simply ( a coil ( ?ick conductor susp5d$ by a torsion wire1 & oppos$ lat]ally to a fix$ coil ( wire ( high resi/ance4 ,! curr5t to be measur$ fl[$ ?r\gh bo? coils 9 p>allel circuit1 ! "o repres5t+ its quantity expressible 9 amp]es1 & ! o!r its pot5tial expressible 9 volts4 ,_! jo9t attractive action express$ !re=e volt-amp]es or watts1 :i* 7 read (f ^u a scale ( equal divisions4 ,! lecture 0 illu/rat$ by exp]im5ts1 & by num]\s diagrams & tables ( results4 ,measur+ in/rum5ts by ,pr(essors ,ayrton & ,p]ry1 by ,mr4 ,edison & by ,mr4 ,boys1 7 also exhibit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,gelat9e ,,plates4 ,footnote3 ,be+ an ab/ract ( ! introductory lecture to a c\rse on photography at ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,novemb] #aa4 ,by ,e4 ,,h[>d ,,f>m]1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,s9ce ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ^! lectures1 our ,secret>y has ask$ me to give a free introductory lecture1 s t all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject may come & ga!r a bett] idea z to !m ?an !y c possibly d by simply lead+ a prospectus4 ,?is ev5+1 !re=e1 ,i propose to give fir/ a typical lecture ( ! c\rse1 & secondly1 at its conclusion1 to say a few words z to our pr9cipal object4 ,z ! subject = ?is ev5+'s lecture ,i h *os51 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,gelat9e ,plates1 z x is probably "o ( v g5]al int]e/ to photograph]s4 ,be=e prep>+ our emulsion1 we mu/ fir/ decide ^u ! p>ticul> mat]ials we are go+ to use1 & ( ^! ! fir/ requisite is nitrate ( silv]4 ,nitrate ( silv] is suppli$ by *emi/s 9 ?ree pr9cipal conditions3 #a4 ,! ord9>y cry/alliz$ salt1 prep>$ by dissolv+ silv] 9 nitric acid1 & evaporat+ ! solution until ! salt cry/allizes out4 ,?is sample usually pres5ts ! appe>ance ( imp]fect cry/als1 hav+ a fa9t yell[i% t+e1 & a /rong odor ( nitr\s fumes1 & conta9s1 z might be expect$1 a consid]able am\nt ( free acid4 #b4 ,fus$ nitrate1 or lun> cau/ic1 prep>$ by fus+ ! cry/alliz$ salt & ca/+ x into /icks4 ,lun> cau/ic is usually alkal9e to te/ pap]4 #c4 ,recry/alliz$ silv] nitrate1 prep>$ by r$issolv+ ! ord9>y salt 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & aga9 evaporat+ to ! cry/alliz+ po9t4 ,by ?is means ! impurities & free acid are remov$4 ,i h a specim5 ( ?is on ! table1 & x consi/s1 z y obs]ve1 ( f9e cry/als :i* are p]fectly colorless & transp>5t2 x is also p]fectly neutral to te/ pap]4 ,no d\bt ei!r ( ^! samples c be us$ ) success 9 prep>+ emulsions1 b to ^? :o are inexp]i5c$1 ,i recomm5d t ! recry/alliz$ salt be employ$4 ,we make1 !n1 a solution ( recry/alliz$ silv] nitrate 9 di/ill$ wat]1 conta9+ 9 e #ab ounces ( solution #a ounces ( ! salt4 ,! next mat]ial we require is a soluble bromide4 ,i h "h specim5s ( v>i\s bromides :i* c be employ$1 su* z ammonium1 potassium1 b>ium1 & z9c bromides2 z a rule1 h[ev]1 ei!r ! ammonium or potassium salt is us$1 & ,i %\ld l to say a few words respect+ ! relative effici5cy ( ^! two salts4 #a4 ,z to ammonium bromide4 ,?is sub/ance is a highly un/able salt4 ,a sample ( ammonium bromide :i* is p]fectly neutral :5 fir/ prep>$ w1 on keep+1 be f\nd to become decid$ly acid 9 "*4 ,moreov]1 dur+ ?is decomposition1 ! p]c5tage ( brom9e does n rema9 con/ant2 z a rule1 x w be f\nd to conta9 m ?an ! !oretical am\nt ( brom9e4 ,f9ally1 all ammonium salts h a mo/ de/ructive action on gelat9e2 if gelat9e1 :i* has be5 boil$ = a %ort "t ) ei!r ammonium bromide or ammonium nitrate1 be add$ to an emulsion1 x w be f\nd to produce p9k fog--& probably frill+--on plates prep>$ ) ! emulsion4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i v5ture to say t ammonium bromide1 :i* figures s l>gely 9 =mul = gelat9e emulsions1 is "o ( ! wor/ bromides t c be employ$ = t purpose1 & is1 inde$1 a frequ5t s\rce ( p9k fog & frill+4 #b4 ,z to potassium bromide4 ,?is is a p]fectly /able sub/ance1 c be readily obta9$ pure1 & is con/ant 9 composition2 nei!r has x 7nor ! nitrate7 any appreciable de/ructive action on gelat9e4 ,we prep>e1 !n1 a solution ( potassium bromide 9 wat] conta9+ 9 e #ab ounces ( solution #a ounce ( ! salt4 ,on te/+ x ) litmus pap]1 ! solution may be ei!r slightly alkal9e or neutral2 9 ei!r case1 x %\ld be fa9tly acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! la/ mat]ial we require is ! gelat9e1 "o ( ! mo/ important1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ difficult sub/ance to obta9 ( good quality4 ,i h v>i\s samples "h--notably ,nelson's ,no4 #a & ,x opaque2 ,coignet's gold m$al2 ,he9ri*'s2 ! ,autotype ,company's2 & ,russian is+lass4 ,! only me?od ,i "k ( secur+ a uni=m quality ( gelat9e is to pur*ase sev]al small samples1 make a trial emulsion ) ea*1 & buy a /ock ( ! sample :i* gives ! be/ results4 ,to ^? :o d n c>e to g to ?is tr\ble1 equal quantities ( ,nelson's ,no4 #a & ,x opaque1 z recomm5d$ by ,capta9 ,abney1 c be employ$4 ,hav+ select$ ! gelat9e1 #a ounces %\ld be all[$ to soak 9 wat]1 & !n melt$1 :5 x w be f\nd to h a bulk ( ab\t #f ounces4 ,9 ord] to prep>e our emulsion1 ,i take equal bulks ( ! silv] nitrate & potassium bromide solutions 9 beak]s1 & place !m 9 ! wat] ba? to get hot4 ,i also take an equal bulk ( hot wat] 9 a l>ge beak]1 & add to x "o-half an ounce ( ! gelat9e solution to e #ab ounces ( wat]4 ,hav+ rais$ all ^! to ab\t #ahj ,f41 ,i add 7z y obs]ve7 to ! l>ge beak] conta9+ ! dilute gelat9e a little ( ! bromide1 !n1 ?r\gh a funnel hav+ a f9e orifice1 a little ( ! silv]1 swirl+ ! liquid r\nd dur+ ! op]ation2 !n aga9 "s bromide & silv]1 & s on until all is add$4 ,:5 ?is is complet$1 a little ( ! emulsion is p\r$ on a glass plate1 & exam9$ by transmitt$ light2 if ! mix+ be effici5t1 ! light w appe>--z x does "h--( an orange or orange r$ color4 ,x w be obs]v$ t we keep ! bromide 9 excess :ile mix+4 ,i mu/ n =get to m5tion t to ^? exp]i5c$ 9 mix+1 by f> ! be/ me?od is t describ$ by ,capta9 ,abney 9 8 ,cantor lectures1 ( keep+ ! silv] 9 excess4 ,! emulsion1 be+ prop]ly mix$1 has n[ to be plac$ 9 ! wat] ba?1 & kept at ! boil+ po9t = =ty-five m9utes4 ,z1 obvi\sly1 ,i _c keep y wait+ :ile ?is is done1 ,i propose to divide our emulsion into two portions1 all[+ "o portion to /ew1 & to proce$ ) ! next op]ation ) ! rema9d]4 ,suppos+1 !n1 ?is emulsion has be5 boil$1 x is plac$ 9 cold wat] to cool4 ,:ile x is cool+1 let u consid] = a mom5t :at takes place dur+ ! boil+4 ,x is f\nd t dur+ ?is "t ! emulsion und]goes two rem>kable *anges3 #a4 ,! molecules ( silv] bromide gradually aggregate toge!r1 =m+ l>g] & l>g] p>ticles4 #b4 ,! emulsion increases rapidly 9 s5sitiv5ess4 ,n[ :at is ! cause1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( ?is aggregation ( molecules3 &1 9 ! second place1 ( ! increase ( s5sitiv5ess8 ,we "k t ! two inv>iably g toge!r1 s t we are "r 9 conclud+ t ! same cause produces bo?4 ,x might be ?\ght t heat is ! cause1 b ! same *anges take place m sl[ly 9 ! cold1 s we c only say t heat accel]ates ! action1 & h5ce mu/ conclude t ! prime cause is "o ( ! mat]ials 9 ! emulsion itself4 ,n[1 besides ! silv] bromide1 we h 9 ! emulsion wat]1 gelat9e1 potassium nitrate1 & a small excess ( potassium bromide2 & 9 ord] to f9d :i* ( ^! is ! cause1 we mu/ make diff]5t emulsions1 omitt+ 9 succession ea* ( ^! mat]ials4 ,suppose we take an emulsion :i* has j be5 mix$1 &1 in/ead ( boil+ x1 we precipitate ! gelat9e & silv] bromide ) alcohol2 on r$issolv+ ! pellicle 9 ! same quantity ( wat]1 we h an emulsion ! same z previ\sly1 ) ! exception t ! nit] & excess ( potassium bromide are abs5t4 ,if su* an emulsion be boil$1 we %all f9d ! rem>kable fact t1 h[ev] long x be boil$1 ! silv] bromide und]goes no *ange1 nei!r does ! emulsion become any m s5sitive4 ,we !re=e conclude1 t ei!r ! nit] or ! small excess ( potassium bromide1 or bo? toge!r1 produce ! *ange4 ,n[ take portions ( a simil>ly wa%$ emulsion1 & add to "o portion "s nit]1 & to ano!r "s potassium bromide2 on boil+ ^! we f9d t ! "o conta9+ nit] does n *ange1 :ile t conta9+ ! potassium bromide rapidly und]goes ! *anges m5tion$4 ,"h1 !n1 by a direct appeal to exp]im5t1 we prove t to all appe>ance comp>atively useless excess ( potassium bromide is really "o ( ! mo/ important con/itu5ts ( ! emulsion4 ,! foll[+ table gives "s int]e/+ results respect+ ?is action ( potassium bromide3 ,excess ( pota% bromide4 ,"t to acquire maximum s5sitiv5ess4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #j4b gra9 p] ounce no increase aft] six h\rs4 #b4j ab\t "o-half an h\r4 #bj4j sev5 m9utes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,i mu/ "h leave ! rationale ( ! process = ! pres5t1 & proce$ ) ! next op]ation4 ,our emulsion be+ cold1 ,i add to x1 = e #f ounces ( mix$ emulsion1 #a ounce ( a saturat$ cold solution ( potassium bi*romate2 !n1 g5tly swirl+ ! mixture r\nd1 a few drops ( a dilute 7#a to #h7 solution ( hydro*loric acid1 & place x on "o side = a m9ute or two4 ,:5 hydro*loric acid is add$ to bi*romate ( pota%1 *romic acid is lib]at$4 ,n[1 *romic acid has ! prop]ty ( precipitat+ gelat9e1 s t :at ,i hope to h done is to h precipitat$ ! gelat9e 9 ?is emulsion1 & :i* w c>ry d[n ! silv] bromide z well4 ,y see "h ,i c p\r (f ! sup]natant liquid cle>1 leav+ our silv] & gelat9e z a clot at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,ano!r action ( *romic acid is1 t x de/roys ! action ( light on silv] bromide1 s t up to ?is po9t op]ations c be c>ri$ on 9 broad daylight4 ,! precipitat$ emulsion is n[ tak5 into ! d>k room & wa%$ until ! wa% wat] %[s no trace ( color2 if !re be a l>ge quantity1 ?is is be/ done on a f9e musl9 filt]2 if a small quantity1 by decantation4 ,hav+ be5 ?or\ghly wa%$1 ,i dissolve ! pellicle 9 wat] by imm]s+ ! beak] conta9+ x 9 ! wat] ba?4 ,i !n add ! rema9+ gelat9e1 & make up ! :ole ) #c ounces ( alcohol & wat] to #cj ounces = ! quantities giv54 ,i pass ! emulsion ?r\gh a funnel conta9+ a pellet ( cotton wool 9 ord] to filt] x1 & x is ready = coat+ ! plates4 ,to coat a plate1 ,i place x on ?is small block ( level$ wood1 & p\r on d[n a glass rod a small quantity ( ! emulsion1 & by means ( ! rod held horizontally1 spread x ov] ! plate4 ,i !n transf] ! plate to ?is level$ slab ( plate glass1 9 ord] t ! emulsion on x may set4 ,z soon z set1 x is plac$ 9 ! dry+ box4 ,?is process1 z "h describ$1 does n give plates ( ! highe/ degree ( s5sitiv5ess1 to atta9 :i* a fur!r op]ation is necess>y2 !y are1 h[ev]1 ( exce$+ly good quality1 & v suitable = l&scape "w4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pictures ,,on ,,glass4 ,! inv5tion ( ,m4 ,e4 ,god>d1 ( ,p>is1 has = its object ! reproduction ( images & draw+s1 by means ( vitrifiable colors on glass1 wood1 /one1 on canvas or pap] prep>$ = oil-pa9t+ & on o!r sub/ances hav+ poli%$ surfaces1 e4 g41 e>!nw>e1 copp]1 etc4 ,! orig9al draw+s or images %\ld be well execut$1 & drawn on :ite1 or pref]ably blui% pap]1 simil> to pap] us$ = ord9>y draw+s4 ,9 ! patt]ns = glass pa9t+1 by ?is process1 ! place to be occupi$ is m>k$ by ! lead1 be=e cutt+ ! glass to suit ! v>i\s %ades :i* compose ! color ( a panel1 z is usually done 9 ?is k9d ( "w2 ! op]ation *anges only :5 ! glass cutt] h&s ^! %eets ov] to ! man :o und]takes ! pa9t+4 ,! %eets ( glass are cut accord+ to ! l9es ( ! draw+1 & aft] be+ well clean$1 !y are plac$ on ! pap] on ! places = :i* !y h be5 cut out4 ,if ! w9d[ to be /a9$ is ( l>ge size & consi/s ( sev]al panels1 only "o panel is proce$$ ) at a "t4 ,! glass is laid on ! rev]se side ( ! pap] 7! side opposite to ! draw+71 ! latt] hav+ be5 made transp>5t by saturat+ x ) petroleum4 ,?is op]ation also s]ves to fix ! outl9es ( ! draw+ m di/9ctly1 & to give m vigor to ! d>k tone ( ! pap]4 ,:5 ! pap] is ?us prep>$1 & ! %eets ( glass ea* 9 its place1 !y are coat$ by means ( a bru% ) a s5sitiz+ solution on ! side :i* comes into contact ) ! pap]4 ,?is coat+ %\ld be z ?9 & z uni=m z possible on ! surface ( ! glass4 ,= m p]fectly equaliz+ ! coat+1 a second bru% is us$4 ,! s5sitiz+ solution :i* s]ves to produce ! v]ifiable image is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,bi*romate ( ammonia is dissolv$ 9 wat] till ! latt] is saturat$2 five grammes ( p[d]$ dextr9 or glucose are !n dissolv$ 9 #ajj grammes ( wat]2 to ei!r ( ^! solutions is add$ #aj p] c5t4 ( ! solution ( bi*romate1 & ! mixture filt]$4 ,! coat+ ( ! glass takes place imm$iately aft]w>d 9 a d>k room2 ! coat$ %eets are !n subject$ to a heat ( #ej or #fj ,c4 7#abj to #adj ,fahr47 9 a small hot *amb]1 :]e !y are laid "o aft] ! o!r on a wire grat+ situat$ #ce c5timet]s above ! bottom4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to introduce ! glass "u treatm5t into ! hot *amb] be=e ! requir$ degree ( heat has be5 obta9$4 ,a few seconds are suffici5t to dry ea* %eet1 & ! wire grat+ %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ ( ! dri$ glass be+ laid 9 r[s1 on "o side :]e ! heat is less int5se4 ,= ! reproduction ( ! pictures or images a photographic copy+ frame ( ! size ( ! orig9al is us$4 ,a /a9$ glass w9d[ be+ = great] security g5]ally divid$ into diff]5t panels1 ! size ( "o panel is seldom m ?an "o squ>e met]4 ,if ! picture to be reproduc$ %\ld be l>g] 9 size ?an any available copy+ frame1 ! prep>$ glass %eets are laid betwe5 two l>ge %eets ( plate-glass1 & "p aft] "p is proce$$ )1 by slid+ ! orig9al betwe5 ! two %eets4 ,a photographic copy+ frame1 h[ev]1 is always pref]able1 z x presses ! glass %eets bett] aga9/ ! orig9al4 ,! orig9al draw+ is laid fiat on ! glass ( ! frame4 ,! l9es :]e ! lead is to connect ! respective %eets ( glass are m>k$ on ! draw+ ) blue or r$ p5cil4 ,! prep>$ %eets ( glass are !n plac$ "o aft] ! o!r on ! orig9al 9 _! respective places1 s t ! coat$ side comes 9 contact ) ! orig9al4 ,! frame is !n clos$4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! latt] op]ations mu/ be p]=m$ 9 ! d>k room4 ,! clos$ frame is n[ expos$ to light4 ,if ! op]ations are p]=m$ outdoors1 ! frame is laid flat1 s t ! light falls directly on x2 if indoors1 ! frame is plac$ incl9$ beh9d a w9d[1 s t x may receive ! light 9 front4 ,! "t necess>y = expos+ ! frame dep5ds ^u ! light & ! temp]ature2 = in/ance1 if ! wea!r is f9e & cl\dless & ! temp]ature f #af to #ah ,c4 7#fj to #fd ,fahr471 x w require f #ab to #ae m9utes4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! "t ( exposure also dep5ds on ! ?ickness ( ! pap] us$ = ! orig9al4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! wea!r is d>k1 x requires f #cj to #ej m9utes = ! exposure4 ,x w be obs]v$ t if ! temp]ature is above #be ,c4 7ab\t #hj ,fahr471 ! %eets ( glass %\ld be kept v cool & be less dri$2 o!rwise1 :5 expos$ ! %eets are in/antly metalliz$1 & ! reproduction _c take place4 ,! same inconv5i5ce takes place if ! temp]ature is b5ea? #e ,c4 7#da ,fahr474 ,9 ?is case ! %eets %\ld be kept w>m1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 n to expose ! frame to ! op5 air1 b always beh9d a glass w9d[ at a temp]ature ( f #ad to #ah ,c4 7ab\t #fj ,fahr474 ,! "t necess>y = ! exposure c be asc]ta9$ by tak+ out "o ( ! _m pieces ( glass1 apply+ to ! s5sitive surface a vitrifiable color1 & obs]v+ :e!r ! color adh]es well4 ,if ! color adh]es b slightly to ! d>k1 %ady portions ( ! image1 ! exposure has be5 too long1 & ! process mu/ be recomm5c$2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! color adh]es too well1 ! exposure has n be5 suffici5t1 ! frames mu/ be clos$ aga91 & ! exposure cont9u$4 ,:5 ! frame has be5 suffici5tly expos$1 x is tak5 into ! d>k room1 ! s5sitiz$ pieces ( glass laid on a plate ( glass or m>ble ) ! s5sitive surface turn$ upw>d1 & ! previ\sly prep>$ vitrifiable color /rew$ ov] x by means ( a few light /rokes ( a bru%4 ,?is p[d] does n adh]e to ! p>ts ( ! picture fully expos$ to light1 b adh]es only to ! m or less %ady portions ( ! picture4 ,?is op]ation develops on ! glass ! image z x is on ! pap]4 ,?irty to #dj grammes ( nitric acid are add$ to #a1jjj grammes ( wood-_s1 su* z is g5]ally us$ 9 photography1 & ! prep>$ pieces ( glass are dipp$ into ! ba?1 leav+ !m aft]w>d to dry4 ,if ! ba? becomes ( a yell[i% color1 x mu/ be r5ew$4 ,?is ba? has = its object to remove ! coat+ ( bi*romate1 s z to all[ ! color to adh]e to ! glass1 f :i* x has be5 sep>at$ by ! lay] ( glucose & bi*romate1 :i* w\ld prev5t ! vitrification4 ,! ba? has also = its object to r5d] ! light p>ts ( ! picture p]fectly pure & capable ( be+ easily ret\*$ or pa9t$ by h&4 ,! application ( v>i\sly color$ enamels & ! heat+ are !n effect$ z 9 ord9>y glass pa9t+4 ,! same process may be appli$ to m>ble1 wood1 /one1 lava1 canvas prep>$ = oil pa9t+1 e>!nw>e1 pure or enamel$ iron4 ,! result is ! same 9 all cases1 & ! process is ! same z ) glass1 ) ! diff]5ce only t ! above nam$ mat]ials are n dipp$ into ! ba?1 b ! liquid is p\r$ ov] ! objects aft] ! latt] h be5 plac$ 9 an incl9$ position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,hydrog5 ,,sulphide ,,f ,,coal-,,gas4 ,by ,i4 ,,taylor1 ,b4,a41 ,sci5ce ,ma/] at ,*ri/ ,college1 ,brecon4 ,hydrog5 sulphide may be prep>$ v easily1 & suffici5tly pure = ord9>y analytical purposes1 by pass+ coal-gas ?r\gh boil+ sulphur4 ,coal-gas conta9s #dj to #ej p] c5t1 ( hydrog51 ne>ly ! :ole ( :i* may1 by means ( a suitable arrangem5t1 be conv]t$ into sulphuret$ hydrog54 ,! o!r con/itu5ts ( coal-gas--me?ane1 c>bon monoxide1 olef9es1 etc4--are n affect$ by pass+ ?r\gh boil+ sulphur1 & = ord9>y laboratory "w _! removal is q unnecess>y1 z !y d n 9 any way int]f]e ) ! precipitation ( metallic sulphides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,hydrog5 ,,sulphide ,,f ,,coal-,,gas4 ,a conv5i5t app>atus = ! prep>ation ( hydrog5 sulphide f coal-gas1 su* z we h at pres5t 9 use 9 ! ,*ri/ ,college laboratory1 consi/s ( a retort1 ,r1 9 :i* sulphur is plac$4 ,?r\gh ! tubulure ( ! retort !re passes a b5t glass-tube1 ,t ,e1 p]=at$ ne> ! clos$ end1 ,f1 ) a numb] ( small holes4 7,! p]=ations are easily made by pi]c+ ! p>tially s(t5$ glass ) a :ite-hot /eel ne$le2 an ord9>y crot*et ne$le1 ! hook hav+ be5 remov$ & ! end %>p5$1 answ]s ! purpose v well47 ,! end1 ,t1 ( ! glass tube is connect$ by ca\t*\c tub+ ) ! coal-gas supply1 ! p]=at$ end dipp+ into ! sulphur4 ,! neck ( ! retort1 incl9$ slightly upw>d to all[ ! cond5s$ sulpur1 z x remelts1 to fl[ back1 is connect$ ) awa% bottle1 ,b1 to :i* is atta*$ ! flask1 ,f1 conta9+ ! solution ?r\gh :i* x is requir$ to pass ! hydrog5 sulphide2 ,f is connect$ ) an aspirator1 ,a4 ,ab\t "o p\nd ( sulphur hav+ be5 introduc$ into ! retort & heat$ to ! boil+-po9t1 ! tap ( ! aspirator is turn$ on & a curr5t ( coal-gas drawn ?r\gh ! boil+ sulphur2 ! hydrog5 sulphide =m$ is wa%$ by ! wat] conta9$ 9 ,b1 passes on into ,f1 & f9ally into ! aspirator4 ,! spe$ ( ! curr5t may be regulat$ by ! tap1 & z ! aspirator itself acts z a receptacle = excess ( gas1 v little z a rule escapes into ! room1 & consequ5tly unpleasant smells are avoid$4 ,?is me?od ( prep>+ sulphuret$ hydrog5 w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd useful 9 ! laboratory4 ,x is cleanly1 mu* *eap] ?an ! ord9>y me?od1 & v conv5i5t4 ,dur+ laboratory "w1 a burn] is plac$ "u ! retort & ! sulphur kept hot1 s t its temp]ature may be quickly rais$ to ! boil+-po9t :5 ! gas is requir$4 ,f "t to "t x is necess>y to repl5i% ! retort ) sulphur & to remove ! cond5s$ portions f ! neck4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sett+ ,,( ,,gypsum4--,?is sett+ is ! result ( two di/9ct1 ?\gh simultane\s1 ph5om5a4 ,on ! "o h&1 portions ( anhydr\s calcium sulphate1 :5 moi/5$ ) wat]1 dissolve z !y are hydrat$1 =m+ a sup]saturat$ solution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is same solution deposits cry/als ( ! hydrat$ sulphate1 gradually augm5t 9 bulk1 & unite toge!r4--,h4 ,le ,*atelli]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t ,no4 #chc1 page #faah4 ,,mal>ia4 ,by ,,james ,h4 ,,salisbury1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,,prize ,,essay ,,( ,,! ,,albany ,,m$ical ,,college ,,alumni ,,association1 ,,feb41 #ahhb4 ,,vii4 ,i h made c>eful microscopic exam9ations ( ! blood 9 sev]al cases ( ,panama fev] ,i h treat$1 & f9d 9 all sev]e cases _m ( ! colorless corpuscles fill$ m or less ) spores ( ague vegetation & ! s]um q full ( ! same spores 7see ,fig4 ,n1 ,plate ,,viii474 ,mr4 ,john ,?omas4 ,panama fev]4 ,vegetation 9 blood & colorless corpuscles4 7,fig ,n1 ,plate ,,viii47 ,vegetation1 spores (1 9 ! colorless corpuscles ( ! blood4 ,spores 9 s]um ( blood adh]+ to fibr9 filam5ts4 ,mr4 ,?omas has *>ge ( ! bridge build+ on ! ,tehuantepec ,railroad4 ,w5t !re ab\t "o ye> ago4 ,0 tak5 d[n ) ! fev] la/ ,octob]4 ,return$ home 9 ,febru>y la/1 all brok5 d[n4 ,put him "u treatm5t ,m>* #ae1 #ahhb4 ,ga9$ rapidly 7aft] wa%+ him out ) hot wat]1 & gett+ 8 ur9e cle> & b[els op5 e day7 on two gra9s ( qu9ia e day1 two h\rs1 till sixte5 doses 7 tak54 ,aft] an int]val ( sev5 days1 repeat$ ! qu9ia1 & s on4 ,?is fev] prevails on all ! l[ l&s1 z soon z ! fre% soil is expos$ to ! dry+ rays ( ! sun4 ,! vegetation gr[s on ! dry+ soil1 & ! spores rise 9 ! night air1 & fall aft] sunrise4 ,all :o are expos$ to ! night air1 :i* is load$ ) ! spores1 suff] ) ! disease4 ,! natives ( ! c\ntry suff] ab\t z badly z =eign]s4 ,ne>ly half ( ! workm5 die ( ! disease4 ,! fev] is a conge/ive int]mitt5t ( a sev]e type4 ,h5ry ,?oman4 ,leucocy?mia4 ,sple5 #aa in*es 9 diamet]1 two :ite globules to "o r$4 ,g]man4 ,?irty-six ye>s ( age4 ,weight1 #ahj p\nds4 ,colorless corpuscles v l>ge & v>y+ mu* 9 size1 z se5 at ,n4 ,corpuscles fill$--_m ( !m--) ! spores ( ague vegetation4 ,also spores swimm+ 9 s]um4 ,?is man has be5 a g>d5] back ( ,hobok5 on ague l&s1 & has _h ague = two ye>s prec$+ ?is disease4 ,i w n[ introduce a communication made to me by a m$ical g5tleman :o has foll[$ some:at my rese>*es = _m ye>s1 & has tak5 great pa9s ( "t & exp5se to see if my rese>*es are correct4 ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,ague4--,,by ,,dr4 ,,ephraim ,,cutt]1 ,,to ,,! ,,writ] ,at y\r reque/ ,i give ! evid5ce on :i* ,i base my op9ion t y\r plan 9 relation to ague is true4 ,f my v />t into ! m$ical pr(ession1 ,i _h a natural int5se int]e/ 9 ! causes ( disease1 :i* 0 also fo/]$ by my fa!r1 ! late ,dr4 ,cutt]1 :o honor$ 8 pr(ession ne>ly =ty ye>s4 ,h5ce1 ,i read y\r pap] on ague ) en?usiasm1 & wrote to y = "s ( ! plants ( :i* y spoke4 ,y s5t me six boxes conta9+ soil1 :i* y said 0 full ( ! gemiasmas4 ,y gave "s draw+s1 s t ,i %\ld "k ! plants :5 ,i saw !m1 & direct$ me to moi/5 ! soil ) wat] & expose to air & sunlight4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days ,i 0 to proce$ to collect4 ,i fai?fully foll[$ ! in/ructions1 b )\t any success4 ,i c\ld detect no plants :atev]1 ,?is result w\ld h settl$ ! case ord9>ily1 & ,i w\ld h said t y 7 mi/ak51 z ! mat]ial submitt$ by y\rself fail$ z evid5ce4 ,b ,i ?\ght t !re 0 too mu* int]nal evid5ce ( ! tru? ( y\r /ory1 & hav+ be5 = _m ye>s an obs]v] 9 natural hi/ory1 ,i _h le>n$ t x is (t5 v difficult = "o to acquire ! art ( prop]ly mak+ exam9ations1 ev5 ?\gh ! proc$ures are ( ! simple/ description4 ,s ,i di/ru/$1 n y1 b myself1 & h5ce1 y may rememb]1 ,i =sook all & fl$ _m hundr$ miles to y f my home ) ! boxes y _h s5t me4 ,9 ?ree m9utes aft] my arrival y %[$ me h[ to collect ! plants 9 abundance f ! v soil 9 ! boxes t _h travel$ s f> backw>d & =w>d1 f ! v specim5s on :i* ,i _h fail$ to d s4 ,! tr\ble 0 ) me--t ,i w5t too deep ) my ne$le4 ,y %[$ me x 0 simply necess>y to remove ! slighte/ possible am\nt on ! po9t ( a cambric ne$le2 deposit ?is 9 a drop ( clean wat] on a slide cov] )1 a cov]+ glass & put x "u y\r elegant #a_/e in* objective1 & !re 7 ! gemiasmas j z y _h describ$4 ,i h always felt humbl$ by ?is tea*+1 & ,i at ! "t rejoic$ t in/ead ( d5\nc+ y z a *eat & fraud 7z "s did at t "t71 ,i did n d any?+ z to ! =mation ( an op9ion until ,i _h kn[n m & m accurately ab\t ! subject4 ,i f\nd all ! v>ieties ( ! palmell y describ$ 9 ! boxes1 & ,i kept !m = sev]al ye>s & demon/rat$ !m z ,i _h opportunity4 ,y also %[$ me on ?is visit ! foll[+ exp]im5ts t ,i reg>d$ z crucial3 #a/4 ,i saw y scrape f ! sk9 ( an ague pati5t sweat & epi!lium ) ! spores & ! full gr[n plants ( ! ,gemiasma v]dans4 #b;d4 ,i saw y take ! sputa ( a ague pati5t & demon/rate ! spores & sporangia ( ! ,gemiasma v]dans4 #c;d4 ,i saw y take ! ur9e ( a female pati5t suff]+ f ague 7?\gh f motives ( delicacy ,i did n see ! ur9e void$--/ill ,i believe t %e did pass ! ur9e1 z ,i did n ?9k x necess>y to insult ! pati5t71 & y demon/rat$ to me beautiful specim5s ( ,gemiasma rubra4 ,y said x 0 n common to f9d ! full developm5t 9 ! ur9e ( su* cases1 b only 9 ! ur9e ( ! old sev]e cases4 ,?is 0 a mild case4 #d?4 ,i saw y take ! blood f ! =e>m ( an ague pati5t1 & "u ! microscope ,i saw y demon/rate ! gemiasma1 :ite & blea*$ 9 ! blood4 ,y said t ! color+ matt] did n develop 9 ! blood1 t x 0 a difficult task to demon/rate ! plants 9 ! blood1 t x requir$ usually a long & c>eful se>* ( h\rs sometimes1 & at o!r times ! plants w\ld be obta9$ at once4 ,:5 ,i _h fully compreh5d$ ! significance ( ! exp]im5ts ,i 0 fill$ ) joy1 & l ! conv]ts 9 apo/olic times ,i desir$ to g ab\t & promulgate ! news to ! pr(ession4 ,i did s 9 _m places1 notably 9 ,new ,york city1 :]e ,i satisfactorily demon/rat$ ! plants to _m em95t physicians at my room at ! ,fif? ,av5ue ,hotel2 also be=e a m$ical society :]e m ?an "o hundr$ p]sons 7 pres5t4 ,i did all t ,i c\ld1 b su* 0 ! preoccupation ( ! m$ical g5tlem5 t a respectful he>+ 0 all ,i got4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at1 z x 0 a subject1 n[1 aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly a decade & a half1 q un/udi$ & unkn[n4 ,aft] ?is ,i /udi$ ! plants z ,i _h opportunity1 & 9 #ahgg made a special j\rney to ,long ,isl&1 ,n4,y41 = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! plants 9 _! natural habitat1 :5 !y 7 9 a /ate ( maturity4 ,i h also exam9$ moi/ soils 9 localities :]e ague is occasionally kn[n1 ) o!r localities :]e x prevails dur+ ! w>m mon?s4 ,bel[ ,i give ! results1 :i* f conv5i5ce ,i divide into two p>ts3 #a/4 ,/udies ( ! ague plants 9 _! natural habitat4 #b;d4 ,/udies ( ! ague plants 9 _! unnatural habitat 7p>asitic74 ,i ?9k "o %\ld "k ! fir/ be=e attempt+ ! second4 ,fir/--,/udies to f9d 9 _! natural habitat ! palmell describ$ z ! ,gemiasma rubra1 ,gemiasma v]dans1 ,gemiasma plumba1 ,gemiasma alba1 ,protub]ans lamella4 ,second--,outfit4--,glass slides1 cov]s1 ne$les1 too?picks1 bottle ( wat]1 :ite pap] & h&k]*ief1 portable microscope ) a good ,tolles "o in* eyepiece1 & "o-qu>t] in* objective4 ,:]ev] !re 0 f\nd on l[1 m>%y soil a :ite incru/ation l dri$ salt1 a v m9ute portion 0 remov$ by ne$le or too?pick1 deposit$ on a slide1 moi/5$ ) a drop ( wat]1 rubb$ up ) a ne$le or too?pick into a uni=mly diffus$ cl\d 9 & ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! cov] 0 put on1 & ! excess ( wat] remov$ by t\*+ ) a h&k]*ief ! edge ( ! cov]4 ,!n ! capill>y attraction held ! cov] 9 place1 z is well kn[n4 ,! h&k]*ief or :ite pap] 0 spread on ! gr\nd at my feet1 & ! obs]vation conduct$ at once aft] ! collection & on ! v habitat4 ,x is possible ?us to conduct obs]vations ) ! microscope besides 9 boats on ponds or sea1 & add+ a good k]os5e light 9 b$ or bunk or on l\nge4 ,augu/ #aa1 #ahgg4--;,excursion to ,college ,po9t1 ,flu%+1 ,long ,isl&3 ,obs]vation #a4 #a3ej ,p4,m4 ,sun excessively hot4 ,ga!r$ "s ( ! :ite incru/ation on s& 9 a m>% we/ ( ,long ,isl& ,railroad depot4 ,f\nd "s ,gemiasma v]dans1 ,g4 rubra2 ! latt] 7 dry & n good specim5s1 b ! field sw>m$ ) ! automobile spores4 ,! full develop$ plant is t]m$ sporangia1 & se$s are call$ spores4 ,obs]vation #b4 ,ano!r specim5 f same locality1 n good2 t is1 =ms 7 se5 b !y 7 n decisive & *>act]i/ic4 ,obs]vation #c4 ,e>? f ,wallab\t1 ne> ,naval ,hospital1 ,brooklyn1 ,ri* 9 spores 7,a7 ) automobile protoplasmic motions1 7,b7 ,gemiasma rubra1 7,c7 ,g4 v]dans1 v beautiful inde$4 ,plants v abundant4 ,obs]vation #d4 ,walk+ up ! track ea/ ( ,l4 ,i4 ,r4,r4 depot1 ,i took an incru/ation ne> creek2 n mu* f\nd b dirt & mov+ spores4 ,obs]vation #e4 ,seat$ on long m>% grass ,i scrap$ c>efully f ! /alks ne> ! roots ( ! grass :]e ! plants 7 protect$ f ! action ( ! sunlight & w9d4 ,f\nd a great abundance ( mature ,gemiasma v]dans v beautiful 9 appe>ance4 ,notes4--,! "t ( my visit 0 mo/ unfavorable4 ,! be/ "t is :5 ! morn+ has j dawn$ & ! dew is on ! grass4 ,"o !n c f9d an abundance1 :ile aft] ! sun is up & ! air is hot ! plants disappe>2 probably bur/ & scatt] ! spores 9 billions1 :i*1 z night comes on & passes1 develop into ! mature plants1 :5 !y may be f\nd 9 va/ numb]s4 ,x w\ld seem f ?is t ! life epo* ( a gemiasma is "o day "u su* circum/ances1 b ,i h kn[n !m to be pres5t = weeks "u a cov] on a slide1 :5 ! slide 0 surr\nd$ ) a b&age wet ) wat]1 or kept 9 a culture box4 ,! plants may be cultivat$ any "t 9 a glass ) a wat] jo9t4 ,a1 ,goblet inv]t$ ov] a sauc]2 ,b1 fill$ ) wat]2 ,c1 ,d1 specim5 ( e>? ) ague plants4 ,obs]vation #f4 ,"s ,gemiasma v]daus2 good specim5s1 b scanty4 ,innum]able mobile spores4 ,dri$4 ,obs]vation #g4 ,r$ du/ on gray soil4 ,innum]able mobile spores4 ,dri$ r$ sporangia ( ,g4 rubra4 ,obs]vation #h4 ,:ite incru/ation4 ,innum]able mobile spores4 ,no plants4 ,obs]vation #i4 ,:ite incru/ation4 ,_m m9ute alg1 b two sporangia ( a pale p9k color2 ano!r v>iety ( color ( gemiasma4 ,innum]able mobile spores4 ,obs]vation #aj4 ,gemiasma v]dans & ,g4 rubra 9 small quantities4 ,innum]able mobile spores4 ,obs]vation #aa4 ,specim5 tak5 f "u ! %ade ( %ort m>% grass4 ,gemiasma exce$+ly ri* & beautiful4 ,innum]able mobile spores4 ,obs]vation #ab4 ,good specim5s ( ,gemiasma rubra4 ,innum]able spores pres5t 9 all specim5s4 ,obs]vation #ac4 ,v good specim5s ( ,protub]ans lamella4 ,obs]vation #ad4 ,! same4 ,obs]vation #ae4 ,dead ,gemiasma v]dans & rubra4 ,obs]vation #af4 ,collection v unpromis+ by macroscopy1 b by microscopy %[$ _m spores1 mature specim5s ( ,gemiasma rubra & v]dans4 ,"o empty specim5 ) d\ble walls4 ,obs]vation #ag4 ,dry l& by ! side ( railroad4 ,protub]ans n abundant4 ,obs]vation #ah4 ,f side ( dit*4 ,fill$ ) mature ,g]aiasma v]dans4 ,obs]vation #ai4 ,moi/ e>? ne> a reject$ timb] ( ! railroad bridge4 ,abundance ( ,gemiasma v]dans1 ,sphro!ca ,diatoms4 ,obs]vation #bj4 ,scrap+s on e>? "u high grass4 ,l>ge mature specim5s ( ,gemiasma rubra & v]dans4 ,_m small4 ,obs]vation #ba4 ,same locality4 ,gemiasma rubra & v]dans2 good specim5s4 ,obs]vation #bb4 ,a dry /em ( a la/ ye>'s annual plant lay 9 ! dit* n subm]g$1 t appe>$ z if pa9t$ r$ ) iron ru/4 ,?is r$ness evid5tly made up ( ,gemiasma rubra dri$4 ,obs]vation #bc4 ,a twig subm]g$ 9 a dit* 0 scrap$4 ,gemiasma v]dans f\nd abundantly ) _m o!r ?+s1 :i* if rehe>s$ w\ld cl\d ?is /ory4 ,obs]vation #bd4 ,scrap+s f ! dirty end ( ! /ick 7#bc7 gave specim5s ( ! beautiful d\ble wall palmell & "s empty ,g4 v]dans4 ,obs]vation #be4 ,/irr$ up ! littoral m>g9s ( ! dit* ) /ick f\nd 9 ! pa?1 & ! drip %[$ ,gemiasma rubra & v]dans mix$ 9 ) dirt1 debris1 o!r algae1 fungi1 infusoria1 especially diatoms4 ,obs]vation #bf4 ,i 0 myself seiz$ ) sneez+ & dis*>ge runn+ f no/rils dur+ ^! exam9ations4 ,"s ( ! cont5ts ( ! "r no/ril 7 bl[n on a slide1 cov]$1 & exam9$ morphologically4 ,sev]al oval bodies1 r\nd algae1 7 f\nd ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ,g4 v]dans & rubra4 ,also "s colorless sporangia1 & spores abundantly pres5t4 ,^! 7 9 addition to ! normal morphological elem5ts f\nd 9 ! excretions4 ,obs]vation #bg4 ,dri$ clay on m>g9 ( ! riv] %[$ dry ,g4 v]dans4 ,obs]vation #bh4 ,sal9e du/ on e>? t _h be5 ?r[n out dur+ ! sett+ ( a new po/ 9 ! railroad bridge %[$ "s ,gemiasma alba4 ,obs]vation #bi4 ,! dry :ite incru/ation f\nd on fre% e>? ne> railroad track entirely away f wat]1 :]e x appe>$ z if :ite sug> or s& _h be5 spr9kl$ ov] 9 a f9e du/1 %[$ an abundance ( automobile spores & dry sporangia ( ,g4 rubra & v]dans4 ,x 0 n made up ( salts f evaporation4 ,obs]vation #cj4 ,"s v ?ick1 long1 gre51 matt$ m>% grass 0 c>efully sep>at$ ap>t l ! p>t+ ( ?ick hair on ! head4 ,a little e>? 0 tak5 f ! crack1 & ! ,protub]ans lamella1 ! ,gemiasma rubra & v]dans f\nd 7 beautiful & well develop$4 ,obs]vation #ca4 ,brooklyn ,naval ,hospital1 ,augu/ #ab1 #ahgg1 #d ,a4,m4 ,call$ up by ! ,qu>t]ma/]4 ,) ,surgeon ,c4 ,w4 ,:ite1 ,u4,s4,n41 took 7,a7 "o five in* glass beak]1 bottomless1 7,b7 ?ree clean glass slides1 7,c7 *loride ( calcium solution1 symbol3 dra7*7m i to symbol3 ounce i wat]4 ,we w5t1 z ne> z ,i c\ld judge 9 ! d>kness1 to ab\t t portion ( ! wall t lies we/ ( ! hospital1 s\!a/ corn] 7n[ all fill$ up71 :]e on ! #aj? ( ,augu/ previ\sly ,i _h f\nd "s actively gr[+ specim5s ( ! ,gemiasma v]dans1 rubra1 & protub]ans4 ,! *loride ( calcium solution 0 p\r$ into a glass tumbl]1 !n rubb$ ov] ! inside & outside ( ! beak]4 ,x 0 !n plac$ on ! gr\nd1 ! rim ( ! m\? com+ on ! soil & ! bottom elevat$ on an old t9 pan1 s t ! beak] /ood incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees ) ! horizon4 ,! slides 7 moi/5$1 "o 0 laid on a /one1 "o on a clod1 & a ?ird on ! grass4 ,return$ to b$1 n hav+ be5 gone ov] t5 m9utes4 ,at #f ,a4,m4 collect$ & exam9$ = specim5s ! drops ( dew deposit$4 ,results3 ,9 e "o ( ! five in/ances collect$ ! automobile spores1 & ! sporangia ( ! gemiasmas & ! protub]ans on bo? sides ( slides & beak]4 ,!re 7 also spores & mycelial filam5ts ( fungi1 dirt1 & zoospores4 ,! drops ( dew 7 collect$ ) capill>y tubes su* z 7 us$ 9 ,ed9burgh = vacc9e virus4 ,! fluid 0 !n pres]v$ & exam9$ 9 ! naval laboratory4 ,9 a few h\rs ! spores disappe>$4 ,obs]vation #cb4 ,"s ( ! e>? ne> ! site ( ! exposure ref]r$ to 9 ,obs]vation #ca1 0 exam9$ & f\nd to conta9 abundantly ! ,gemiasma v]dans1 rubra1 ,protub]ans lamella1 confirm$ by ?ree m obs]vations4 ,obs]vation #cc4 ,9 company ) ,surgeon ,f4 ,m4 ,de>borne1 ,u4,s4,n41 9 *>ge ( ,naval ,hospital1 ! same day lat] explor$ ! wall ab\t m>% we/ ( hospital4 ,f\nd ! area abundantly suppli$ ) palmell1 ,gemiasma rubra1 v]dans1 & ,protub]ans lamella1 ev5 :]e !re 0 no incru/ation or gre5 m\ld4 ,made v _m exam9ations1 always f9d+ ! plants & spores1 giv+ up only :5 bo? ( u 7 ov]come ) ! heat4 ,obs]vation #cd4 ,augu/1 #ahha4 ,visit$ ! ,wallab\t2 f\nd x fill$ up ) e>?4 ,augu/ #ag4 ,visit$ ! ,flu%+ di/rict2 exam9$ = ! gemiasma ! same localities above nam$1 b f\nd only a few dri$ up plants & pl5ty ( spores4 ,) /icks dug up ! e>? 9 v>i\s places ne> by4 ,e>ly 9 ,septemb] revisit$ ! same1 b f\nd no?+ m2 ! incru/ation1 n ev5 s mu* z be=e4 ,! wea!r 0 cont9u\sly = a long "t v dry1 s mu* s t vegetables & milk 7 sc>ce4 ,! grass & gr\nds 7 all dri$ up & crack$ ) fissures4 ,!re mu/ be "s moi/ure = ! developm5t ( ! plants4 ,p]haps if ,i _h be5 able to visit ! spots 9 ! e>ly morn+1 x w\ld h be5 mu* bett]1 z ab\t ! same "t ,i 0 /udy+ ! same vegetation on #afe? ,/reet & #aj? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 & f\nd an abundance ( ! plants 9 ! morn+1 b none sc>cely 9 ! aft]noon4 ,%\ld any c>e to repeat ^! obs]vations1 ^! limits %\ld be obs]v$ & ! old adage ab\t ! e>ly bird cat*+ ! worm1 etc4 ,"s may object to ?is directness ( report1 & say t we %\ld report all ! =ms ( life se54 ,to ?is ,i w\ld say t ! position ,i occupy is mu* diff]5t f y\rs1 :i* is t ( discov]]4 ,:5 a detective is s5t out to cat* a rogue1 he tumbles himself b little ) p or ?+s t h no resemblance to ! rogue4 ,suppose he %\ld return ) a report z to ! h\ses1 plants1 animals1 etc41 he enc\nt]$ 9 8 se>*2 ! report might be v int]e/+ z a matt] ( g5]al in=mation1 b r out ( place = ! p>ties :o desire ! rogue caught4 ,s 9 my se>* ,i made a special "w ( cat*+ ! gemiasmas & n c>+ = any?+ else4 ,/ill1 to remove f y\r m9d any anxiety t ,i may possibly n h und]/ood h[ to conduct my "w1 ,i w introduce "h a report ( se>* to f9d out h[ _m =ms ( life & sub/ances ,i c\ld recognize 9 ! wat] ( a hydrant f$ by ,croton wat] 7two specim5s only71 dur+ ! pres5t w9t] 7#ahha & #ahhb7 ,i beg leave to subjo9 ! foll[+ li/ ( species1 n individuals1 ,i 0 able to recognize4 ,9 ?is li/ y w see ! ,gemiasma v]dans di/+ui%$ f its associate objects4 ,i ?9k ,i c 9 no o!r way m cle>ly %[ my "r to h my hone/ op9ion respect$ 9 relation to ! subject 9 "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mal>ia ,,plants ,,collect$ ,,sept4 #aj1 #ahhb1 ,,at ,,wa%+ton ,,heights1 #agf,,? ,,/reet1 ,,ne> #aj,,? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,,etc4 ,,plate ,,viii4--,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,l>ge plants ( ,gemiasma v]dans4 ,a1 ,mature plant4 ,b1 ,mature plant dis*>g+ spores & sp]matia ?r\gh a small op5+ 9 ! cell wall4 ,c1 ,a plant ne>ly empti$4 ,d1 ,gemiasma rubra2 mature plant fill$ ) microspores4 ,e1 ,ripe plant dis*>g+ cont5ts4 ,f1 ,ripe plant1 cont5ts ne>ly dis*>g$2 a few active sp]matia left beh9d & escap+4 ,g1 ne>ly empty plant4 ,h1 ,vegetation 9 ! ,,sweat ( ague cases dur+ ! p>oxysm ( sweat+4 ,i1 ,vegetation 9 ! ,,blood ( ague4 ,j1 ,vegetation 9 ! ur9e ( ague dur+ p>oxysm4 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,vegetation 9 ! ur9e ( *ronic cases ( sev]e conge/ive type4 ,n1 ,vegetation 9 ,,blood ( ,panama fev]2 :ite corpuscles di/5d$ ) spores ( ,gemiasma4 ,o1 ,gemiasma alba4 ,p1 ,gemiasma rubra4 ,q1 ,gemiasma v]dans4 ,r1 ,gemiasma alba4 ,o1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ,f\nd ,june #bh1ahfg1 9 pr(usion betwe5 ,euclid & ,sup]ior ,/reets1 ne> ,hudson1 ,clevel&1 ,o4 ,s1 ,sporangia ( ,protub]ans4 ,li/ ( objects f\nd 9 ! ,croton wat]1 w9t] ( #ahha & #ahhb4 ,! specim5s obta9$ by filt]+ ab\t "o b>rel ( wat]3 #a4 ,ac9eta tub]osa4 #b4 ,act9ophrys sol4 #c4 ,amoeba proteus4 #d4 radiosa4 #e4 v]rucosa4 #f4 ,anaba9a subtul>ia4 #g4 ,anki/rodesmus falcatus4 #h4 ,anurea longisp9is4 #i4 mono/ylus4 #aj4 ,anguillula fluviatilis4 #aa4 ,arcella mitrata4 #ab4 vulg>is4 #ac4 ,argulus4 #ad4 ,ar?rodesmus conv]g5s4 #ae4 ,ar?rodesmus div]g5s4 #af4 ,a/rionella =mosa4 #ag4 ,bact]ia4 #ah4 ,bosm9a4 #ai4 ,botryiococcus4 #bj4 ,bran*ippus /agnalis4 #ba4 ,ca/or4 #bb4 ,c5tropyxis4 #bc4 ,*eto*ilis4 #bd4 ,*ilomonads4 #be4 ,*lorococcus4 #bf4 ,*ydorus4 #bg4 ,*ytridium4 #bh4 ,clatbrocy/is rug9osa4 #bi4 ,clo/]ium lunula4 #cj4 didymotocum4 #ca4 monilif]um4 #cb4 ,coela/rum sph]icum4 #cc4 ,cosm>ium b9oculatum4 #cd4 ,cyclops quad4 #ce4 ,cyphrod]ia amp4 #cf4 ,cypris tri/riata4 #cg4 ,daphnia pulex4 #ch4 ,diaptomas ca/or4 #ci4 sull4 #dj4 ,diatoma vulg>is4 #da4 ,difflugia crat]a4 #db4 globosa4 #dc4 ,d9obry9a s]tul>ia4 #dd4 ,d9o*>is pocillum4 #de4 ,dirt4 #df4 ,eggs ( polyp4 #dg4 entomo/raca4 #dh4 plumatella4 #di4 bryozoa4 #ej4 ,en*ylis pupa4 #ea4 ,eosphora aurita4 #eb4 ,epi!lia1 animal4 #ec4 vegetable4 #ed4 ,eua/rum4 #ee4 ,eugl5ia viridis4 #ef4 ,euglypha4 #eg4 ,euryc]cus lamellatus4 #eh4 ,exuvia ( "s insect4 #ei4 ,fea!r b>bs4 #fj4 ,floscul>ia4 #fa4 ,fea!rs ( butt]fly4 #fb4 ,fungu1 r$ wat]4 #fc4 ,fragill>ia4 #fd4 ,gemiasma v]dans4 #fe4 ,gomphosph]ia4 #ff4 ,gonium4 #fg4 ,gromia4 #fh4 ,humus4 #fi4 ,hyalosph5ia t9ctad4 #gj4 ,hydra viridis4 #ga4 ,lepto?rix4 #gb4 ,melosira4 #gc4 ,m]esmop$ia4 #gd4 ,monact9a4 #ge4 ,monads4 #gf4 ,navicul4 #gg4 ,nitzs*ia4 #gh4 ,no/oc communis4 #gi4 ,o,edogonium4 #hj4 ,oscillatoriace4 #ha4 ,ov>ies ( entomo/raca4 #hb4 ,p&or9a morum4 #hc4 ,p>amecium aurelium4 #hd4 ,p$ia/rum boryanum4 #he4 incisum4 #hf4 p]=atum4 #hg4 p]tusum4 #hh4 quadratum4 #hi4 ,pelomyxa4 #ij4 ,p5ium4 #ia4 ,p]$9ium c&elabrum4 #ib4 ,p]$9ium c9c4 #ic4 ,pleurosigma angulatum4 #id4 ,plumatella4 #ie4 ,plagiophrys4 #if4 ,playtipt]a poly>?ra4 #ig4 ,polycoccus4 #ih4 ,poll5 ( p9e4 #ii4 ,polyh$ra tetratzica4 #ajj4 triangul>is4 #aja4 ,polyphema4 #ajb4 ,protococcus4 #ajc4 ,radiophrys alba4 #ajd4 ,raphidium duplex4 #aje4 ,rotif] ascus4 #ajf4 vulg>is4 #ajg4 ,silica4 #ajh4 ,saprolegnia4 #aji4 ,sc5$esmus acutus4 #aaj4 obliquus4 #aaa4 obtusum4 #aab4 quadricauda4 #aac4 ,%ea? ( tubel>ia4 #aad4 ,sphro!ca spores4 #aae4 ,spirogyra4 #aaf4 ,spicules ( sponge4 #aag4 ,/>*4 #aah4 ,/aura/rum furcig]um4 #aai4 gracile4 #abj4 ,/aurog5um quadratum4 #aba4 ,surirella4 #abb4 ,syn*oeta4 #abc4 ,synh$ra4 #abd4 ,tabell>ia4 #abe4 ,tetraspore4 #abf4 ,tra*elomonas4 #abg4 ,tri*odiscus4 #abh4 ,uvella4 #abi4 ,volvox globator4 #acj4 sull4 #aca4 ,vorticel4 #acb4 ,worm fluke4 #acc4 ,worm1 two tail$4 #acd4 ,yea/4 ,m =ms 7 f\nd1 b c\ld n be det]m9$ by me4 ,?is li/ w give an idea ( ! v>iety ( =ms to be met ) 9 ! hunt = ague plants2 /ill1 !y are z well m>k$ 9 _! physical *>act]s z a potato is among ! objects ( nature4 ,al?\gh ,i "k y are p]fectly famili> ) alg1 /ill1 to make my report m complete1 9 case y %\ld see fit to h x pass out ( y\r h&s to o!rs1 all[ me to give a %ort acc\nt ( ! ,ord] ,?ree ( ,alg1 namely1 ! ,*lorospore or ,conf]void ,alg1 d]iv$ f ! ,micrographic ,diction>y1 ?is be+ an accessible au?ority4 ,algae =m a class ( ! ?allophytes or cellul> plants 9 :i* ! physiological functions ( ! plant are delegat$ mo/ completely to ! individual cell4 ,t is to say1 ! m>k$ diff]5ce ( purpose se5 9 ! leaves1 /am5s1 se$s1 etc41 ( ! phan]ogams or fl[]+ plants is abs5t "h1 & ! /ructures c>ry+ on ! op]ations ( nutrition & ^? ( reproduction are s comm+l$1 conjo9$1 & 9 "s cases id5tifi$1 t a k ( ! microscopic anatomy is indisp5sable ev5 to ! r\ghe/ conception ( ! natural hi/ory ( ^! plants2 besides1 we f9d ^! plants s simple t we c see ?r\gh & ?r\gh !m :ile liv+ 9 a natural condition1 & by means ( ! microscope p5etrate to my/]ies ( organism1 ei!r altoge!r inaccessible1 or only to be atta9$ by di/urb+ & de/ructive dissection1 9 ! s call$ high] =ms ( vegetation4 ,we say s-call$ advis$ly1 = 9 ! ,alg are includ$ ! l>ge/ =ms ( plant life4 ,! ,macrocy/is pyrif]a1 an ,alg1 is ! l>ge/ ( all kn[n plants4 ,x is a sea we$ t floats free & unatta*$ 9 ! ocean4 ,cov]s ! area ( two squ>e miles1 & is #cjj feet 9 dep? 7,re9s*74 ,at ! same "t its /ructure on exam9ation %[s x to belong to ! same class ( plants z ! m9ute palmell :i* we h be5 /udy+4 ,alg are f\nd ev]y:]e 9 /reams1 dit*es1 ponds1 ev5 ! smalle/ accumulations ( wat] /&+ = any "t 9 ! op5 air1 & commonly on walls or ! gr\nd1 9 all p]man5tly damp situations4 ,!y are peculi>ly int]e/+ 9 reg>d to morphological conditions alone1 z _! great v>iety ( conditions ( organization are all v>iations1 z x 71 on ! !me ( ! simple vegetable cell produc$ by *ange ( =m1 numb]1 & arrangem5t4 ,! ,alg compreh5d a va/ v>iety ( plants1 exhibit+ a wond]ful multiplicity ( =ms1 colors1 sizes1 & degrees ( complexity ( /ructure1 b algologi/s consid] !m to belong to ?ree ord]s3 #a4 ,r$ spor$ ,alg1 call$ ,rhodospore or floride4 #b4 ,! d>k or black spor$ ,alg1 or ,melanospore or ,fucoide4 #c4 ,! gre5 spor$ ,alg1 or ,*lorospore or ,conf]voide4 ,! fir/ two classes embrace ! sea-we$s4 ,! ?ird class1 m>9e & aquatic plants1 mo/ ( :i* :5 view$ s+ly are microscopic4 ,( c\rse "s naturali/s d n agree to ^! views4 ,x is ) ord] ?ree1 ,conf]voide1 t we are int]e/$4 ,^! are plants gr[+ 9 sea or fre% wat]1 or on damp surfaces1 ) a filam5t\s1 or m r>ely a leaf-l pulv]ul5t or gelat9\s ?allus2 ! la/ two =ms ess5tially microscopic4 ,consi/+ frequ5tly ( def9itely arrang$ gr\ps ( di/9ct cells1 ei!r ( ord9>y /ructure or ) _! membrane silicifi$--,diatomace4 ,we note ?ree =ms ( fructification3 #a4 ,re/+ spores produc$ aft] f]tilization ei!r by conjugation or impregnation4 #b4 ,sp]matozoids4 #c4 ,zeospores2 #b1 #d1 or multiciliat$ active automobile cells--gonidia--dis*>g$ f ! "m cells or plants )\t impregnation1 & g]m9at+ directly4 ,!re is also ano!r increase by cell division4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,families4 #a4 ,lemane4--,frond filam5t\s1 in>ticulate1 c>tilag9\s1 lea!ry1 holl[1 furni%$ at irregul> di/ances ) :orls or w>ts1 or necklace %ap$4 ,fructification3 tuft$1 simple or bran*$1 necklace %ap$ filam5ts atta*$ to ! inn] surface ( ! tubul> frond1 & f9ally break+ up into elliptical spores4 ,aquatic4 #b4 ,batra*osp]me--,plants filam5t\s1 articulat$1 inve/$ ) gelat9e4 ,frond compos$ ( aggregat$1 articulat$1 longitud9al cells1 :orl$ at int]vals ) %ort1 horizontal1 cyl9drical or bead$1 jo9t$ ramuli4 ,fructification3 ovate spores & tufts ( an!ridial cells atta*$ to ! lat]al ramuli1 :i* consi/ ( m9ute1 radiat+1 di*otom\s bead$ filam5ts4 ,aquatic4 #c4 ,*aetophorace4--,plants gr[+ 9 ! sea or fre% wat]1 coat$ by gelat9\s sub/ance2 ei!r fili=m or a numb] ( filam5ts be+ connect$ toge!r con/itut+ gelat9\s1 def9itely =m$1 or %apeless fronds or masses4 ,filam5ts jo9t$1 be>+ bri/le-l processes4 ,fructification3 zoospores produc$ f ! cell cont5ts ( ! filam5ts2 re/+ spores =m$ f ! cont5ts ( p>ticul> cells aft] impregnation by ciliat$ sp]matozoids produc$ 9 di/9ct an!ridial cells4 ,coleo*t4 #d4 ,conf]vace4--,plants gr[+ 9 ! sea or 9 fre% wat]1 filam5t\s1 jo9t$1 )\t evid5t gelat9e 7=m+ m]ely a delicate coat ar\nd ! sep>ate filam5ts7 ,filam5ts v v>iable 9 appe>ance1 simple or bran*$2 ! cells con/itut+ ! articulations ( ! filam5ts m or less fill$ ) gre51 or v r>ely br[n or purple granul> matt]2 sometimes arrang$ 9 peculi> patt]ns on ! walls1 & conv]tible into spores or zoospores4 ,n conjugat+4 #e4 ,zygnemace4--,aquatic filam5t\s plants1 )\t evid5t gelat9e1 compos$ ( s]ies ( cyl9drical cells1 /raight or curv$4 ,cell cont5ts (t5 arrang$ 9 elegant patt]ns on ! walls4 ,reproduction result+ f conjugation1 foll[$ by ! developm5t ( a true spore1 9 "s g5]a divid+ into f\r sporules be=e g]m9at+4 #f4 ,o,edogoniace4--,simple or bran*$ aquatic filam5t\s plants atta*$ )\t gelat9e4 ,cell cont5ts uni=m1 d5se1 cell division accompani$ by circumscissile debisc5ce ( ! p>5t cell1 produc+ r+s on ! filam5ts4 ,reproduction by zoospores =m$ ( ! :ole cont5ts ( a cell1 ) a cr[n ( num]\s cilia2 re/+ spores =m$ 9 sporangial cells aft] fecundation by ciliat$ sp]matozoids =m$ 9 an!ridial cells4 #g4 ,siphonace--,plants f\nd 9 ! sea1 fre% wat]1 or on damp gr\nd2 ( a membran\s or horny byal9e sub/ance1 fill$ ) gre5 or colorless granul> matt]4 ,fronds consi/+ ( cont9u\s tubul> filam5ts1 ei!r free or collect$ into spongy masses ( v>i\s %apes4 ,cru/ace\s1 globul>1 cyl9drical1 or flat4 ,fructification3 by zoospores1 ei!r s+le or v num]\s1 & by re/+ spores =m$ 9 sporangial cells aft] ! cont5ts h be5 impregnat$ by ! cont5ts ( au!ridial cells ( diff]5t =ms4 #h ,oscillatoriace4--,plants gr[+ ei!r 9 ! sea1 fre% wat]1 or on damp gr\nd1 ( a gelat9\s sub/ance & filam5t\s /ructure4 ,filam5ts v sl5d]1 tubul>1 cont9u\s1 fill$ ) color$1 granul>1 transv]sely /riat$ sub/ance2 seldom blan*$1 ?\gh (t5 coh]+ toge!r s z to appe> bran*$2 usually mass$ toge!r 9 broad float+ or sessile /rata1 ( a v gelat9\s nature2 occasionally erect & tuft$1 & /ill m r>ely collect$ into radiat+ s]ies b\nd toge!r by firm gelat9e & !n =m+ globose lob$ or flat cru/ace\s fronds4 ,fructification3 ! int]nal mass or cont5ts sep>at+ into r\ndi% or l5ticul> gonidia4 #i4 ,no/o*ac4--,gelat9\s plants gr[+ 9 fre% wat]1 or 9 damp situations among mosses1 etc42 ( s(t or almo/ lea!ry sub/ance1 consi/+ ( v>i\sly curl$ or twi/$ necklace-%ap$ filam5ts1 colorless or gre51 compos$ ( simple1 or 9 "s /ages d\ble r[s ( cells1 conta9$ 9 a gelat9\s matrix ( def9ite =m1 or heap$ toge!r )\t ord] 9 a gelat9\s mass4 ,"s ( ! cells enl>g$1 & !n =m+ ei!r vesicul> empty cells or d5sely fill$ sporangial cells4 ,reproduction3 by ! break+ up ( ! filam5ts1 & by re/+ spores =m$ s+ly 9 ! sporanges4 #aj4 ,ulvace4--,m>9e or aquatic algae consi/+ ( membran\s1 flat1 & exp&$ tubul> or saccate fronds compos$ ( polygonal cells firmly jo9$ toge!r by _! sides4 ,reproduc$ by zoospores =m$ f ! cell cont5ts & break+ out f ! surface1 or by motionless spores =m$ f ! :ole cont5ts4 #aa4 ,palmellace4--,plants =m+ gelat9\s or pulv]ul5t cru/s on damp surfaces ( /one1 wood1 e>?1 mud1 swampy di/ricts1 or m or less regul> masses ( gelat9\s sub/ance or delicate pseudo-membran\s expansion or fronds1 ( flat1 globul>1 or tubul> =m1 9 fre% wat] or on damp gr\nd2 compos$ ( "o or _m1 sometimes innum]able1 cells1 ) gre51 r$1 or yell[i% cont5ts1 sph]ical or elliptical =m1 ! simple/ be+ isolat$ cells f\nd 9 gr\ps ( two1 f\r1 eight1 etc41 9 c\rse ( multiplication4 ,o!rs p]man5tly =m$ ( "s multiple ( f\r2 ! highe/ =ms made up ( compact1 num]\s1 m or less closely jo9$ cells4 ,reproduction3 by cell division1 by ! conv]sion ( ! cell cont5ts into zoospores1 & by re/+ spores1 =m$ sometimes aft] conjugation2 9 o!r cases1 probably1 by fecundation by sp]matozoids4 ,all ! unicellul> alg are includ$ "u ?is head4 #ab4 ,desmidiace4--,microscopic gelat9\s plants1 ( a scre5 color1 gr[+ 9 fre% wat]1 compos$ ( cells devoid ( a silici\s coat1 ( peculi> =ms su* z oval1 cresc5tic1 %ortly cyl9drical1 cyl9drical1 oblong1 etc41 ) v>i\sly =m$ rays or lobes1 giv+ a m or less /ellate =m1 pres5t+ a bilat]al symmetry1 ! junction ( ! halves be+ m>k$ by a division ( ! gre5 cont5ts2 ! individual cells be+ free1 or arrang$ 9 l9e> s]ies1 collect$ into fagot-l bundles or 9 elegant /> l gr\ps :i* are emb$d$ 9 a common gelat9\s coat4 ,reproduc$ by division & by re/+ spores produc$ 9 sporangia =m$ aft] ! conjugation ( two cells & union ( _! cont5ts1 & by zoospores =m$ 9 ! vegetative cells or 9 ! g]m9at+ re/+ spores4 #ac4 ,diatomace4--,microscopic cellul> bodies1 gr[+ 9 fre%1 bracki%1 & sea wat]3 free or atta*$1 s+le1 or emb$d$ 9 gelat9\s tubes1 ! individual cells 7fru/ules7 ) yell[i% or br[n cont5ts1 & provid$ ) a silici\s coat compos$ ( two usually symmetrical valves v>i\sly m>k$1 ) a connect+ b& or hoop at ! suture4 ,multipli$ by division & by ! =mation ( new l>g] individuals out ( ! cont5ts ( individual conjugat$ cells2 p]haps also by spores & zoospores4 #ad4 ,volvoc9e4--,microscopic cellul> fre% wat] plants1 compos$ ( gr\ps ( bodies resembl+ zoospores connect$ into a def9ite =m by _! envelop+ membranes4 ,! families are =m$ ei!r ( assemblages ( coat$ zoospores unit$ 9 a def9ite =m by ! cohesion ( _! membranes1 or assemblages ( nak$ zoospores inclos$ 9 a common inve/+ membrane4 ,! individual zoospore-l bodies1 ) two cilia ?r\gh\t life1 p]=at+ ! membran\s coats1 & by _! conjo9$ action caus+ a free co-op]ative movem5t ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,reproduction by division1 or by s+le cells be+ conv]t$ into new families2 & by re/+ spores =m$ f "s ( ! cells aft] impregnation by sp]matozoids =m$ f ! cont5ts ( o!r cells ( ! same family4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mal>ia ,,plants ,,collect$ ,,at #afe,,? ,,/reet1 ,,ea/ ,,( #aj,,? ,,av5ue1 ,,oct41 #ahha4 ,plate ,,ix4--,l>ge gr\p ( mal>ia plants1 ,gemiasma v]dans1 collect$ at #afe? ,/reet1 ea/ ( #aj? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 9 ,octob]1 #ahha1 by ,dr4 ,ephraim ,cutt]1 & project$ by him ) a sol> microscope4 ,dr4 ,cuzn]--! arti/--outl9$ ! gr\p on ! scre5 & made ! f9i%$ draw+ f ! sket*4 ,he well pres]v$ ! gr\p+ & relative sizes4 ,! pond hole :5ce !y came 0 dra9$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhb1 & 9 ,augu/ 0 cov]$ ) co>se grass & we$s4 ,no plants 7 f\nd !re 9 satisfactory quantity1 b ^? figur$ on ,plate ,,viii4 7 f\nd half a mile beyond4 ,?is %[s h[ dra9+ removes ! mal>ia plants4 ,f ! description ,i ?9k y h plac$ y\r plants 9 ! "r family4 ,& evid5tly !y come 9 ! g5]a nam$1 b at pres5t !re is 9 ! au?orities at my comm& s mu* confusion z to ! g5]a1 z giv5 by ! mo/ em95t au?orities1 l ,nageli1 ,kutz+1 ,braun ,rab5ht1 ,cohn1 etc41 t ,i ?9k x w\ld be q unwise = me to settle "h1 or try to settle "h1 que/ions t baffle ! naturali/s :o are entirely devot$ to ?is specialty4 ,we c safely leave ?is to !m4 ,meantime let u look at ! matt] z physicians :o desire ! practical advantages ( ! discov]y y h made4 ,to illu/rate ?is position let u take a famili> case4 ,a boy go+ ?r\gh ! fields picks & eats an in$ible mu%room4 ,he is poison$ & dies4 ,n[1 :at is ! important "p ( hi/ory "h f a physician's po9t ( view8 ,is x n t ! mu%room poison$ ! *ild8 ,next comes ! nom5clature4 ,:at k9d ( ag>icus 0 x8 ,or 0 x "o ( ! ga/]omycetes1 ! coniomycetes1 ! hyphomycetes1 ! ascomycetes1 or "o ( ! physomycetes8 ,suppose t ! fungologi/s are at swords' po9ts ) ea* o!r ab\t ! "n ( ! p>ticul> fungus t kill$ ! boy8 ,w\ld ! physicians feel ju/ifi$ to sit d[n & wait till ! :ole cr[d ( naturali/s 7 satisfi$1 & ! true "n _h be5 settl$ satisfactorily to all8 ,i tr[ n2 !y w\ld w>n ! family ab\t eat+ any m2 & if ! case _h n yet p]i%$1 !y w\ld let ! nom5clature g & try all ! means t hi/ory1 rese>*1 & in/ruct$ common s5se w\ld sugge/ = ! recov]y4 ,?is leads me "h to say t physicians tru/ too mu* to ! simple dicta ( m5 :o may be v em95t 9 "s dep>tm5t ( natural hi/ory1 & yet ignorant 9 ! v dep>tm5t ab\t :i*1 be+ call$ ^u1 !y h giv5 an op9ion4 ,all ev]y:]e h s mu* to le>n t we %\ld be v c>eful h[ we reject new tru?s1 especially :5 !y come f "o ( our numb] educat$ 9 our own m$ical s*ools1 /udi$ "u our own ma/]s4 ,if ! subject is "o ab\t :i* we "k no?+1 we _h bett] say s :5 ask$ our op9ion1 & we %\ld receive ) respect :at is respectfully (f]$ by a man :om we "k to be hone/1 a h>d work]1 em95t 9 8 dep>tm5t by long & t$i\s labors4 ,if he asks u to look ov] 8 evid5ce1 d s 9 a k9dly _s1 & n op5 ! d5unciations ( b> room vocabul>ies ^u ! pres5t]1 simply because we don't see 8 po9t4 ,9 o!r words1 we %\ld all be receptive1 b c>eful 9 our assimilation1 rememb]+ t "s ( ! great op]ations 9 surg]y1 = example1 came f laym5 9 l[ life1 z ! op]ation = /one1 & ev5 ! op]ation ( spay+ came f a sw9eh]d4 ,x is my desire1 h[ev]1 to h ?is settl$ z f> z c be among sci5ti/s1 b = ! practical uses ( practic+ physicians ,i say t f> m evid5ce has be5 adduc$ by y 9 support ( ! cause ( int]mitt5t fev] ?an we h 9 ! etiology ( _m o!r diseases4 ,i take ! position t s long z no "o pres5ts a bett] hi/ory ( ! etiology ( int]mitt5t fev] by facts & obs]vations1 y\r !ory mu/ /&4 ,?is1 too1 not)/&+ :at may be said to ! contr>y4 ,c]ta9ly y are to be comm5d$ = hav+ done z y h 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is "o ( ! great rights ( ! pr(ession1 & duties also1 t if a physician has or ?9ks he has any?+ t is new & valuable1 to communicate x1 & s long z he obs]ves ! rules ( good society ! pr(ession are to give him a respectful he>+1 ev5 ?\gh he may h made a mi/ake4 ,i d n ?9k y _h a fair he>+1 & h5ce s f> z ,i myself am conc]n$ ,i indorse y\r position1 & %all d s till "s "o comes along & gives a bett] demon/ration4 ,all[ me also to proce$ ) m evid5ce4 ,obs]vation at ,we/ ,falm\?1 ,mass41 ,sept #a1 #ahgg4 ,i made five obs]vations 9 l mann] ab\t ! m>%es & bogs ( ?is t[n1 :i* is1 z x 71 situat$ on ! t5do a*illis ( ,cape ,cod1 ,mass4 ,9 only "o ( ^! obs]vations did ,i f9d any palmell l ! ague plants1 & !y 7 n *>act]i/ic4 ,*elsea1 ,mass41 ne> ! ,naval ,hospital1 ,septemb] #e1 #ahgg4 ,?ree sets ( obs]vations4 ,9 all spores 7 f\nd & "s sporangia1 b !y 7 n ! g5u9e plants z f> z ,i c\ld judge4 ,!y 7 ,protococcace4 ,x is n necess>y to add t !re are no cases ( int]mitt5t fev] reg>d$ z orig9at+ on ! localities nam$4 ,/ill1 ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,new ,engl& conta9s "s acc\nts ( ague occurr+ !re1 b !y are n reg>d$ z entirely au!ntic4 ,obs]vation4 ,lex+ton1 ,mass1 ,septemb] #f1 #ahgg4 ,obs]vation made 9 a mead[4 ,!re 0 no sal9e incru/ation1 & no palmell f\nd4 ,no local mal>ia4 ,obs]vation4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,wat] works on ! %ore ( ,fre% ,pond4 ,f\nd a few palmell analog\s to1 b n ! ague palmell4 ,obs]vation4 ,woburn1 ,mass1 ,septemb] #bg1 #ahgg1 ) ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,moore4 ,f\nd "s palmell1 b scanty4 ,abundance ( spores ( cryptogams4 ,obs]vation4 ,/on+ton1 ,conn41 ,augu/ #ae1 #ahgg4 ,exam9$ a pond hole ne>ly opposite ! railroad /ation on ! ,new ,york ,%ore ,l9e4 ,f\nd abundantly ! :ite incru/ation on ! surface ( ! soil4 ,"h ,i f\nd ! spores & ! sporangias ( ! gemiasmas v]dans & rubra4 ,obs]vation #b4 ,repetition ( ! la/4 ,obs]vation #c4 ,i exam9$ "s ( an incru/ation t 0 copi\sly deposit$ 9 ! same locality1 :i* 0 n :ite or fro/y1 b d>k br[n & a dirty gre54 ,"h ! spores 7 v abundant1 & a few sporangias ( ! ,gemiasma rubra4 ,ague has ( late ye>s be5 not$ 9 ,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl&4 ,obs]vations 9 ,connecticut4 ,middlefield ne> ,middlet[n1 summ] ( #ahgh4 ,be+ 9 ?is locality1 ,i he>d t int]mitt5t fev] 0 advanc+ ea/w>d at ! rate ( t5 miles a ye>4 ,x _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,middlefield4 ,i 0 mu* int]e/$ to see if ,i c\ld f9d ! gemiasmas !re4 ,on exam9+ ! dripp+ ( "s bog moss1 ,i f\nd a pl5ty ( !m4 ,obs]vations 9 ,connecticut4 ,new ,hav54 ,e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #ahha ,i visit$ ?is city4 ,"o object ( my visit 0 to asc]ta9 ! tru? ( ! pres5ce ( int]mitt5t fev] !re1 :i* ,i _h und]/ood prevail$ to su* an ext5t t my pati5t1 a consumptive1 0 afraid to return to 8 home 9 ,new ,hav54 ,at ?is "t ,i exam9$ ! hydrant wat] ( ! city wat] works1 & also ! ea/ %ore ( ! ,we/ ,riv]1 :i* seem$ to be too full ( sewage4 ,i f\nd a pl5ty ( ! ,oscillatoreace1 b no ,palmell4 ,9 ,septemb] ,i revisit$ ! city1 tak+ ) me a m$ical g5tleman :o1 resid+ 9 ! ,s\?1 _h _h a l>g] exp]i5ce ) ! disease ?an ,i4 ,f ! macroscopical exam9ation he pron\nc$ a case we exam9$ to be ague1 b ,i 0 n able to detect ! plants ei!r 9 ! ur9e or blood4 ,?is might h be5 t ,i did n exam9e long en\gh4 ,b a little lat] ,i revisit$ ! city & explor$ ! soil ab\t ! ,:itney ,wat] ,works1 :5ce ! city gets its supply ( wat]1 & ,i _h no difficulty 9 f9d+ a good _m ( ! plants y describe z f\nd by y 9 ague cases4 ,at a /ill lat] p]iod my pati5t1 :om ,i _h set to use ! microscope & in/ruct$ h[ to collect ! ague plants1 set to "w himself4 ,"o day 8 "m br\ght 9 a film f (f an a% pile t lay 9 ! %ade1 & ?is h] son f\nd 0 made up ( an abundance ( ! ague plants4 ,by simply w9d+ a wet b&age ar\nd ! slide1 ,mr4 ,a4 0 enabl$ to keep ! plants 9 good condition until ! "t ( my next visit1 :5 ,i exam9$ & pron\nc$ !m to be g5u9e plants4 ,i %\ld "h rem>k t ,i _h 9 exam9+ ! sputa ( ?is pati5t s5t to me1 f\nd "s ( ! ague plants4 ,he said t he _h be5 rid+ ne> ! ,:itney ,pond1 & p]ceiv$ a diff]5t odor1 & ?\ght he mu/ h inhal$ ! miasm4 ,i told him he 0 correct 9 8 supposition1 z no "o c\ld mi/ake ! plants2 inde$1 ,pr(4 ,nunn1 ( ,savannah1 ,ga41 my pupil recogniz$ x at once4 ,?is relation1 ?\gh %ort1 is to me ( great importance4 ,s long z ,i c\ld n detect ! gemiasmas 9 ,new ,hav51 ,i 0 v skeptical z to ! pres5ce ( mal>ia 9 ,new ,hav51 z ,i ?\ght !re mu/ be "s mi/ake1 x be+ a v good cloak to hide "u 7mal>ia74 ,!re is no d\bt b t ! "n has cov]$ lesions n belong+ to x4 ,b n[ ! positive demon/rations above s briefly relat$ %[ to my m9d t ! local pr(ession h n be5 mi/ak51 & h su/a9$ _! high reputation4 ,i %\ld say t ,i h exam9$ a great deal ( sputa1 b1 ) ! exception ( cases t 7 mal>i\s1 ,i h n enc\nt]$ ! mature plants be=e4 ,( c\rse ,i h f\nd !m z y did1 9 my own excretions z ,i 0 travel+ ov] ague bogs4 ,to be cont9u$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,i*?yol4 ,,dr4 ,p4,g4 ,,unna1 ( ,hamburg1 has lately be5 exp]im5t+ on ! d]mato !rapeutic uses ( a sub/ance call$ i*?yol1 obta9$ by ,h]r ,rudolph ,s*rot] by ! di/illation ( bitum9\s sub/ances & treatm5t ) cond5s$ sulphuric acid4 ,?is body1 ?\gh t>-l 9 appe>ance1 & ) a peculi> & disagreeable smell ( its own1 does n resemble any kn[n wood or coal t> 9 its *emical & physical prop]ties4 ,x has a consi/5ce l vasel9e1 & its emulsion ) wat] is easily wa%$ (f ! sk94 ,x is p>tly soluble 9 alcohol1 p>tly 9 e!r ) a *ang+ & less5+ ( ! smell1 & totally dissolves 9 a mixture ( bo?4 ,x may be mix$ ) vasel9e1 l>d1 or oil 9 any proportions4 ,its *emical con/itution is n well e/abli%$1 b x conta9s sulphur1 oxyg51 c>bon1 hydrog51 & also phosphorus 9 vani%+ proportions1 & x may be consid]$ comp>able ) a #aj p] c5t1 sulphur salve4 ,ov] ord9>y sulphur prep>ations x has ?is advantage1 t ! sulphur is 9 v intimate & /able union1 s t i*?yol c be unit$ ) lead & m]cury prep>ations )\t decomposition4 ,i*?yol :5 rubb$ undilut$ on ! normal sk9 does n set up d]matitis1 yet x is a resolv5t1 & 9 a high degree a soo!r ( pa9 & it*+4 ,9 psoriasis x is a fairly good rem$y1 b inf]ior to crys>ob9 9 ,p4 invet]ata4 ,x is useful also locally 9 rheumatic affections z a resolv5t & anodyne1 9 acne1 & z a p>asiticide4 ,! mo/ rem>kable effects1 h[ev]1 7 met ) 9 eczema1 :i* 0 cur$ 9 a surpris+ly %ort "t4 ,f an exp]i5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ?irty cases ( diff]5t k9ds--viz41 ob/9ate circumscrib$ moi/ pat*es on ! h&s & arms1 int5sely it*+ papul> eczema ( ! flexures & face1 infantile moi/ eczemas1 etc4--he recomm5ds ! foll[+ proc$ure4 ,z ) sulphur prep>ations1 he beg9s ) a mod]ately /rong prep>ation1 & z he proce$s r$uces ! /r5g? ( ! application4 ,= moi/ eczema weak] prep>ations 7#bj to #cj p] c5t4 decreas$ to #aj p] c5t47 mu/ be us$ ?an = ! papul> condition 7#ej p] c5t4 r$uc$ to #bj p] c5t471 & ! h&1 = example1 w require a /rong] application ?an ! face1 & *ildr5 a weak] "o ?an adults2 b i*?yol may be us$ 9 any /r5g? f a #e p] c5t4 to a #dj to #ej p] c5t4 application or undilut$4 ,= ob/9ate eczema ( ! h&s ! foll[+ =mula is giv5 z v efficaci\s3 ,r4 ,li?>gyri #aj4j2 coq4c4 aceti1 #cj4j2 ad reman4 #bj4j2 adde olei oliv>41 adipis1 aa #aj4j2 i*?yol #aj4j1 ,m4 ft4 ung4 ,until its int]nal effects are bett] kn[n1 caution is advis$ z to its v widespread application1 al?\gh ,h]r ,s*rot] has tak5 a gramme ) only "s app>5t increase ( p]i/alsis & appetite4--,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,autopsy ,,table4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts an autopsy table plac$ 9 ! ,coron]'s ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,new ,york ,hospital1 design$ by ,george ,b4 ,po/ & ,fr$]ick ,c4 ,m]ry4 ,an amphi!at]1 fitt$ up = ! conv5i5ce ( ! jury & ^? int]e/$ :5 inque/s are held1 surr\nds ! table1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! floor1 ?us enabl+ ! subject to be view$ by ! coron]'s jury & o!r (ficials :o may be pres5t4 ,! me*anical con/ruction ( ?is table w be readily und]/ood by ! foll[+ explanation3 ,! top1 indicat$ by lett]1 ,a1 is made ( ?ick1 heavy1 ca/ glass1 concav$ 9 ! direction ( ! /ra9]1 z %[n4 ,x is ab\t eight feet long & two feet & six in*es wide1 9 "o piece1 an op5+ be+ left 9 ! c5t] to receive ! /ra9]1 s z to all[ ! fluid matt] ( ! body1 z well z ! wat] ) :i* x is wa%$1 to f9d its way to ! wa/e pipe bel[ ! table1 & ?us avoid soil+ or /a9+ ! floor1 ,! /ra9] is q l>ge1 ) a d[nw>d draught :i* passes ?r\gh a l>ge flue1 z %[n by lett]1 ,f1 connect$ above ! wat] seal ( ! wa/e trap & trunk ( ! table to ! *imney ( ! boil] h\se1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s1 c>ry+ d[n all (f5sive odors f ! body1 !reby prev5t+ ! p]meat+ ( ! air 9 ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,autopsy ,,table4 ,! base ( ! table1 indicat$ by lett]1 ,b1 repres5ts a gr\nd sw++ atta*m5t1 :i* enables ! turn+ ( ! table 9 any direction4 ,d repres5ts ! cold wat] supply cock & h&le1 int]sect+ ) lett]1 ,e1 :i* is ! hot wat] cock1 bel[ ! base1 z %[n1 & !n upw>d to a sw+ or ball jo9t1 ,c1 !n cross+ "u ! plate glass top to ! "r ) a hose atta*m5t = ! use ( ! op]ator4 ,"h a small hose pipe is secur$1 = use z may be requir$ 9 wa%+ (f all matt]1 to insure ! clean exposure ( ! p>ts to be dissect$4 ,! ball sw+1 ,c1 enables ! turn+ ( ! table 9 any direction )\t di/urb+ ! wat] connections4 ,?is app>atus has be5 9 op]ation s9ce ! build+ ( ! hospital 9 #ahgf1 & has met all ! requirem5ts 9 connection ) its uses4--,hydraulic ,plumb]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,excit+ ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,oats4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 rec5tly made by ,mr4 ,sanson ) a view to settl+ ! "q :e!r oats h or h n ! excitant prop]ty t has be5 attribut$ to !m4 ,! n]v\s & muscul> excitability ( horses 0 c>efully obs]v$ ) ! aid ( graduat$ electrical app>atus be=e & aft] !y _h eat5 a giv5 quantity ( oats1 or receiv$ a little ( a c]ta9 pr9ciple :i* ,mr4 ,sanson succe$$ 9 isolat+ f oats4 ,! *ief results ( ! inquiry are z foll[s3 ,! p]ic>p ( ! fruit ( oats conta9s a sub/ance soluble 9 alcohol & capable ( excit+ ! motor cells ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is sub/ance is n 7z "s h ?\ght7 vanill9e or ! odor\s pr9ciple ( vanilla1 nor at all l x4 ,x is a nitrog5iz$ matt] :i* seems to belong to ! gr\p ( alkaloids2 is uncry/allizable1 f9ely granul>1 & br[n 9 mass4 ,! au?or calls x av59e4 ,all v>ieties ( cultivat$ oats seem to elaborate x1 b !y d s 9 v diff]5t degrees4 ,! elaborat$ sub/ance is ! same 9 all v>ieties4 ,! diff]5ces 9 quantity dep5d n only on ! v>iety ( ! plant b also on ! place ( cultivation4 ,oats ( ! :ite v>iety h mu* less ?an ^? ( ! d>k1 b = "s ( ! =m]1 9 ,sw$51 ! diff]5ce is small2 :ile = o!rs1 9 ,russia1 x is consid]able4 ,less ?an #j4i ( ! excitant pr9ciple p] c5t4 ( air-dri$ oats1 ! dose is insuffici5t to c]ta9ly affect ! excitability ( horses1 b above ?is proportion ! excitant action is c]ta94 ,:ile "s light-color$ oats c]ta9ly h consid]able excitant p[]1 "s d>k oats h little4 ,det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( ! pr9ciple pres5t is ! only sure basis ( appreciation1 ?\gh 7z already /at$7 :ite oats are likely to be less excit+ ?an d>k4 ,cru%+ or gr9d+ ! gra9 weak5s consid]ably ! excitant prop]ty1 probably by alt]+ ! sub/ance to :i* x is due2 ! excitant action is m prompt1 b mu* less /rong & durable4 ,! action1 :i* is imm$iate & m int5se ) ! isolat$ pr9ciple1 does n appe> = "s m9utes aft] ! eat+ ( oats2 9 bo? cases x increases to a c]ta9 po9t1 !n dim9i%es & disappe>s4 ,! total duration ( ! effect is /at$ to be an h\r p] kilogramme ( oats +e/$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fil>ia ,,disease4 ,! rapid /rides :i* our k has made dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s 9 ! subject ( ! fil>ia p>asite h be5 ma9ly ow+ to ! dilig5t rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,patrick ,manson1 :o cont9ues to "w at ! "q4 ,9 ! la/ numb] ( ! ,m$ical ,reports = ,*9a1 ,dr4 ,manson deals ) ! ph5om5on kn[n z fil>ial p]iodicity1 & ) ! fate ( embryo p>asites n remov$ f ! blood4 ,! intimate pa?ology ( ! disease1 & ! subject ( abscess caus$ by ! dea? ( ! p>5t fil>ia1 also receive fur!r att5tion4 ,an endeavor to expla9 ! ph5om5on ( fil>ial p]iodicity by an appeal to ! logical me?od ( concomitant v>iations takes ,manson into an int]e/+ excursion :i* is n productive ( any positive results2 nor is any m c]ta9 conclusion come to ) reg>d to ! fate ( ! embryos :i* disappe> f ! blood dur+ ! day "t4 ,manson does n incl9e to ! view t !re is a diurnal int]mitt5t reproduction ( embryos ) a correspond+ de/ruction4 ,an orig9al & important speculation is made ) respect to ! intimate pa?ology ( elephantiasis1 *yluria1 & lymph scrotum1 :i* is ?or\ghly wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,our read]s are probably aw>e t ! p>5t fil>ia & ! fil>ia sangu9is hom9is may exi/ 9 ! human body )\t entail+ any app>5t di/urbance4 ,! diamet] ( an embryo fil>ia is ab\t ! same z t ( a r$ blood disk1 "o ?ree-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,! dim5sions ( an ovum are "o sev5-hundr$-&-fiftie? by "o five-hundr$? ( an in*4 ,if we imag9e ! p>5t fil>ia locat$ 9 a di/al lymphatic vessel to abort & give bir? to ova in/ead ( embryos1 x may be und]/ood t ! ova might be unable to pass su* n>r[ passages z ! embryo c\ld1 & ?is is really ! hypo!sis :i* ,manson has put =w>d on ! /r5g? ( obs]vations made on two cases4 ,! true pa?ology ( ! elephantoid diseases may ?us be briefly summ>iz$3 ,a p>5t fil>ia 9 a di/ant lymphatic prematurely expels h] ova2 ^! act z emboli to ! ne>e/ lymphatic gl&s1 :5ce ensues /asis ( lymph1 regurgitation ( lymph1 & p>tial comp5sation by ana/omoses ( lymphatic vessels2 ?is br+s ab\t hyp]trophy ( tissues1 & may g on to lymphorrhoea or *yluria1 accord+ to ! site ( ! ob/ruct$ lymphatics4 ,x may be object$ t too mu* is assum$ 9 suppos+ t ! p>5t worm is liable to misc>ry4 ,b z ,manson _h suffici5t evid5ce 9 two cases t su* abortions _h happ5$1 he ?9ks x is n too mu* to expect _! m frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! explanation giv5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* elephantoid disease is produc$ applies to mo/1 if n all1 diseases1 ) "o exception1 :i* result f ! pres5ce ( ! p>asite 9 ! human body4 ,! dea? ( ! p>5t p>asite 9 ! aff]5t lymphatic may give rise to an abscess1 & ! frequ5cy ) :i* abscess ( ! scrotum or ?igh is met ) 9 ,*9ese practice is1 9 ,manson's op9ion1 attributable to ?is4 ,dr4 ,manson's report closes ) an acc\nt ( a case ( abscess ( ! ?igh1 ) v>icose +u9al gl&s1 9 :i* fragm5ts ( a mature worm 7 discov]$ 9 ! cont5ts ( ! abscess4--,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,spectral ,,masdevallia4 7,m4 *imra47 ,( all or*ids no g5us we c j n[ call to m9d is m di/9ct or is compos$ ( species m widely div]g5t 9 size1 =m1 /ructure1 & color ?an is ?is "o ( ,masdevallia4 ,x 0 f\nd$ well nigh a c5tury ago by ,ruiz & ,pavon on a species f ,mexico1 ,m4 uniflora4 :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 is ne>ly if n q unkn[n to pres5t day cultivators4 ,:5 ,l9dley wrote 8 ,g5]a & ,species 9 #ahcf1 ?ree species ( ,masdevallias only 7 kn[n to botani/s b tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 :5 he prep>$ 8 ,folio ,or*idace1 ne>ly =ty species 72 kn[n 9 h]b>ia1 & to-day p]haps fully a hundr$ k9ds are gr[n 9 our g>d5s1 :ile travel]s tell u ( all ! gorge\s beauties :i* are kn[n to exi/ high up on ! cl\d-swept sides ( ! ,&es & ,cordill]as ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! ,masdevallia is conf9$ to ! ,we/]n hemisph]e alone1 & z 9 bird & animal di/ribution1 s 9 ! case ( _m or*ids we f9d t :5 any g5us is conf9$ to "o hemisph]e1 ^? :o look = ano!r repres5tative g5us 9 ! o!r are r>ely disappo9t$4 ,?us hornbills 9 ! ,ea/ are repres5t$ by t\cans 9 ! ,we/1 & ! humm+ bird ( ! ,we/ by ! sunbird ( ! ,ea/1 & s also 9 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago4 ,notably 9 ,borneo we f9d bolbophyls )\t pseudo bulbs1 & ) solit>y or few fl[]$ scapes & o!r traits s+ul>ly sugge/ive at fir/ sight ( ! ,we/]n ,masdevallia4 ,?us "s bolbophyl1 = example1 h caudal app5dages to _! sepals1 z 9 ,masdevallias1 & on ! o!r h& "s ,masdevallias h _! labellums h+$ & oscillatory1 :i* is s commonly ! case z to be almo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ! g5us ,bolbophyllum or ,s>copodium4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ,masdevallias1 com+ z mo/ ( !m d f high altitudes1 l5d !mselves to :at is n[ well kn[n z cool treatm5t1 & cultivators f9d x equally necess>y to (f] !m moi/ure 9 abundance bo? at ! root & 9 ! atmosph]e1 also see+ t :5 at home 9 cl\d-l& !y are (t5 & well nigh cont9ually dr5*$ by heavy dews & copi\s %[]s4 ,( all ! cultivat$ ,masdevallias1 none are s weirdly /range & fasc9at+ z is ! species ,m4 *imra1 :i* is s well illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany engrav+4 ,?is s+ul> plant 0 discov]$ by ,b5$ict ,roezl1 & ab\t #ahgb or #ahgc ,i rememb] ,m4 ,luci5 ,l9d5 call+ ^u me "o day1 & among o!r r>ities %[+ me a dri$ fl[] ( ?is species4 ,i rememb] ,i took up a p5 & rapidly made a sket* ( ! fl[]1 :i* soon aft] appe>$ 7#ahgc1 p4 #c7 9 ,! ,flori/1 & 0 p]haps ! fir/ publi%$ figure ( ! plant4 ,x 0 nam$ by ,pr(essor ,rei*5ba*1 :o c\ld f9d = x no bett] "n ?an t ( ! my?ical mon/] ,*imra1 ?an :i*1 z an old hi/orian tells u1 no /rang] bogy ev] came out ( ! e>?'s inside4 ,our engrav+ %[s ! plant ab\t natural size1 & indicates ! =m & local color+ pretty accurately4 ,! gr\nd color is yell[i%1 blot*$ ) lurid br[ni% crimson1 ! long p5d5t tails be+ blood color1 & ! int]ior ( ! sepals are almo/ %aggy4 ,! spectral appe>ance ( ! fl[] is consid]ably height5$ by ! smoo?1 :ite1 slipp]-l lip1 :i* contra/s s =cibly 9 color & texture ) ! lurid %agg9ess ar\nd x4 ,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]1 9 describ+ ?is species 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 t4 #f1 #aeb1 says t ! aspect ( ! curv$ scape z x be>s al(t its buds & hairy fl[]s is v sugge/ive ( ! head & body ( a vip] ab\t to /rike4 ,dr4 ,haughton1 ,f4,r4,s41 told me long ago t ,d>l+tonia cali=nica always rem9ds him ( a cobra :5 rais$ & puff$ out 9 a rage1 & c]ta9ly ! lik5ess is a close "o4 ,gr[n 9 %all[ teak wood baskets1 susp5d$ ne> ! ro( 9 a p>tially %ad$ /ructure1 all ! *imroid section ( ,masdevallia succe$ ev5 bett] ?an :5 gr[n 9 pots or pans1 z !y h a ,/anhopea-l habit ( pu%+ out _! fl[]s at all sorts ( deflect$ angles4 ,a close glance at ! engrav+ w %[ t = conv5i5ce sake ! arti/ has propp$ up ! fl[] ) a /ick1 ?is mu* arrangem5t be+ a necessity1 s z to enable ! tails to lie diagonally across ! picture4 ,f tip to tip ! fl[] repres5t$ is #i in*es1 or n s mu* by #g in*es z ! fl[] measur$ 9 ,messrs4 ,backh\se's nurs]y at ,york4--,! ,g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spectral ,,masdevallia4--,,masdevallia ,,*im,,ra 7,natural ,size7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,black ,,ca,,on4 ,x is rumor$ aga9 t a survey is soon to be made ?r\gh ! heavie/ portion ( ! ,black ,canon ( ! ,gunnison4 ,= a long di/ance ! walls ( sy5ite rise to ! /up5d\s height ( #c1jjj feet1 & = #a1hjj feet ! walls ( ! caon are ar*$ n _m feet f ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,if ! survey is successful1 & ! ,d5v] & ,rio ,gr&e is built ?r\gh ! caon1 x w und\bt$ly be ! gr&e/ piece ( eng9e]+ on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! riv] is v swift1 & x is propos$ to build a boat at ! we/]n end1 & provision x = a l5g? ( "t1 all[+ x to float ) ! /ream1 b controll$ by ropes4 ,if ! boat goes1 ! *ances are t ! baby road goes1 too4--,gunnison 7,colo47 ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,mississippi ,,& ,,its ,,tribut>ies4 ,footnote3 ,?is lecture 0 deliv]$ 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity1 at ,columbia1 z an inaugural address on ,janu>y #aj1 #ahhc1 & illu/rat$ by projections4 ,! au?or has purposely avoid$ ! v l5g?y details ( sci5tific obs]vation by :i* ! conclusions h be5 arriv$ at relat+ to ! =m] wond]ful condition ( ! ,mississippi1 & ! subsequ5t *anges to its pres5t =m3 z a consid]ation ( !m w\ld n only cause him to g beyond ! allott$ "t1 b might1 p]haps1 prove tiresome4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,sp5c]1 ,b4,a4,sc41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,physical geology is ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! pa/ *anges ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & ! causes :i* h produc$ ! pres5t geographical features1 ev]y:]e se5 ab\t u4 ,! subject ( ! pres5t address mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z "o ( geology r ?an ( geography1 & ,i propose to trace = y ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! great ,mississippi ,riv]1 ( :i* we h only a dim9i%$ remnant ( ! mightie/ riv] t ev] fl[$ ov] any t]re/rial cont95t4 ,by way ( introduction1 ,i wi% y ea* to look at ! map ( our great riv]1 ) its tribut>ies z we n[ see x1 dra9+ half ( ! c5tral portion ( ! cont95t1 b :i* =m]ly dra9$1 9 addition1 at lea/ two ( our great lakes1 & _m ( ! great riv]s at ! pres5t "t empty+ into ! cold] ,arctic ,sea4 ,let u g back1 9 "t1 to ! g5esis ( our cont95t4 ,!re 0 once a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? :5 all ! rocks 7 9 a molt5 condition1 & ! wat]s ( our great oceans 9 a /ate ( vapor1 surr\nd+ ! fi]y ball4 ,space is int5sely cold4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! e>? cool$ (f1 & on ! cold1 solid cru/ geological ag5cies began to "w4 ,x is n[ conc$$ by ! mo/ accompli%$ physici/s t ! location ( ! great cont95ts & seas 0 det]m9$ by ! orig9al contraction & cool+ ( ! e>?'s cru/2 ?\gh v greatly modifi$ by a long succession ( *anges1 produc$ by ! ag5cies ( wat]1 air1 heat1 & cold1 ?r\gh probably a hundr$ million ( ye>s1 until ! orig9al rock surface ( ! e>? has be5 work$ ov] to a dep? ( ?irty or =ty miles4 ,l human hi/ory1 ! ev5ts ( ^! long ons are divid$ into p]iods4 ,! geologi/ divides ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>? & its inhabitants into five ,great ,times2 & ^!1 aga91 into ages1 p]iods1 epo*s1 & eras4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ ,great ,"t--call$ ,ar*an--! cont95t s\? ( ! region ( ! great lakes1 except+ a few isl&s1 0 /ill subm]g$ b5ea? a %all[ sea1 & !re=e no portion ( ! ,mississippi 0 yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,at ! close ( ! second great geological ,"t--! ,palozoic--! ,am]ican cont95t _h em]g$ suffici5tly f ! ocean b$ to p]mit ! fl[ ( ! ,ohio1 & ( ! ,mississippi1 above ! m\? ( ! =m] riv]1 al?\gh !y 7 n yet unit$4 ,?r\gh\t ! ?ird great geological ,"t--! ,mesozoic--^! riv]s grew 9 importance1 & ! l[e/ portions ( ! ,miss\ri began to =m a tribut>y ( "s size4 ,/ill ! ,ohio _h n unit$ ) ! ,mississippi1 & bo? ( ^! riv]s empti$ into an arm ( ! ,mexican ,gulf1 :i* !n rea*$ to a %ort di/ance above :at is n[ _! junction4 ,9 po9t ( "t1 ! ,ohio is probably old] ?an ! ,mississippi1 b ! latt] riv] grew & ev5tually absorb$ ! ,ohio z a tribut>y4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? great geological ,"t--! ,c5ozoic--ne>ly ! :ole cont95t 0 above wat]4 ,/ill ! ,gulf ( ,mexico cov]$ a consid]able portion ( ! extreme ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & "o ( its bays ext5d$ z f> nor? z ! m\? ( ! ,ohio1 :i* _h n yet become a tribut>y ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! ,miss\ri ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? 0 at ?is "t a fl[+ riv]4 ,i told y t ! e>?'s cru/ _h be5 work$ ov] to a dep? ( _m miles s9ce geological "t fir/ comm5c$4 ,subsequ5tly1 ,i h ref]r$ to ! gr[? ( ! cont95t 9 diff]5t geological p]iods4 ,all ( our cont95ts are be+ gradually worn d[n by ! action ( ra9s1 rills1 rivulets1 & riv]s1 & be+ deposit$ along ! sea m>g9s1 j z ! ,mississippi is gradually /ret*+ out into ! ,gulf1 by ! deposition ( ! muds ( ! delta4 ,?is encroa*m5t on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico may cont9ue1 yea1 d\btless w1 until t deep body ( wat] %all h be5 fill$ up by ! rema9s ( ! cont95t1 borne d[n by ! riv]s2 = ! ,mississippi alone c>ries annually #bfh cubic miles ( mud into ! ,gulf1 accord+ to ,humphreys & ,abbot4 ,?is repres5ts ! valley ( ! ,mississippi los+ "o foot (f its :ole surface 9 #f1jjj ye>s4 ,& 7 ?is to cont9ue )\t any elevation ( ! l&1 ! cont95t w\ld all be buri$ b5ea? ! sea 9 a p]iod ( ab\t f\r & a half million ye>s4 ,b ?\gh ?is wa/+ is go+ on1 ! cont95t w n disappe>1 = ! relative positions ( ! l& & wat] are con/antly *ang+2 9 "s cases ! l& is und]go+ elevation1 9 o!rs1 subsid5ce4 ,pr(4 ,hilg>d has succe$$ 9 measur+ kn[n *anges ( level1 9 ! l[] ,mississippi ,valley1 & records ! cont95t z hav+ be5 at lea/ #dej feet high] ?an at pres5t 7& if we take ! coa/ survey s\nd+s1 x seems z if we might sub/itute #c1jjj feet z ! elevation71 & subsequ5tly at m ?an #dej feet l[]1 & !n ! *ange back to ! pres5t elevation4 ,let u n[ /udy ! hi/ory ( ! great riv] 9 ! la/ days ( ! ,c5ozoic ,"t1 & e>ly days ( ! fif? & la/ great ,geological ,"t1 9 :i* we are n[ liv+--! ,quat]n>y1 or ,age ( ,man--an epo* :i* ,i h call$ ! ,great ,riv] ,age4 ,x is to ! condition ( ! ,mississippi dur+ ?is p]iod & its subsequ5t *anges to its pres5t =m t ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to call y\r att5tion4 ,dur+ ! ,great ,riv] age we "k t ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! cont95t /ood at lea/ #a1bjj feet high] ?an at pres5t4 ,! region ( ! ,l[] ,mississippi 0 also _m hundr$ feet high] above ! sea level ?an n[4 ,al?\gh we h n ! figures = kn[+ ! exact elevation ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi1 yet we h ! data = kn[+ t x 0 v mu* high] ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,l[] ,mississippi1 f ! ,gulf to ! m\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 0 ( enorm\s size fl[+ ?r\gh a valley ) an av]age wid? ( ab\t fifty miles1 ?\gh v>y+ f ab\t tw5ty-five to sev5ty miles4 ,9 magnitude1 we c h "s idea1 :5 we obs]ve ! size ( ! l[] ?ree or f\r hundr$ miles ( ! ,amazon ,riv]1 :i* has a wid? ( ab\t fifty miles4 ,b its dep? 0 great1 = ! wat]s n only fill$ a *annel n[ buri$ to a dep? ( f ?ree to five hundr$ feet1 b /ood at an elevation mu* high] ?an ! broad bottom l&s :i* n[ con/itute ^? f]tile alluvial flats ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 s liable to be ov]fl[$4 ,f ! we/]n side1 our great riv] receiv$ ?ree pr9cipal tribut>ies--! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,s\?1 ! ,wa%ita1 & ! ,arkansas1 ea* fl[+ 9 valleys f two to t5 miles 9 wid?1 b n[ repres5t$ only by ! depaup]at$ /reams me&]+ f side to side1 ov] ! flat bottom l&s1 g5]ally b\nd$ by bluffs4 ,! ,mississippi f ! ea/ receiv$ no important tribut>ies s\? ( ! ,ohio2 su* riv]s z ! ,yazoo be+ purely mod]n & w&]+ ab\t 9 ! anci5t fill$-up valley z does ! mod]n ,mississippi itself4 ,s f> we f9d t ! ,mississippi bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,ohio diff]$ f ! mod]n riv] 9 its enorm\s magnitude & direct c\rse4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,ohio to t ( ! ,m9nesota ,riv]1 at ,=t ,snell+1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,mississippi ,valley diff] entirely f ^? ( ! l[] sections4 ,x g5]ally v>ies f two to t5 miles 9 wid?1 & is b\nd$ almo/ ev]y:]e by bluffs1 :i* v>y 9 height f #aej to #ejj feet1 cut ?r\gh by ! entrances ( occasional tribut>ies4 ,! bottom ( ! anci5t *annel is (t5 #ajj feet or m bel[ ! pres5t riv]1 :i* w&]s ab\t1 f side to side1 ov] ! bottom l&s ( ! old valley1 n[ p>tly fill$ ) debris1 br\ght d[n by ! wat]s !mselves1 & deposit$ s9ce ! "t :5 ! pit* ( ! riv] began to be dim9i%$4 ,!re are two places :]e ! riv] fl[s ov] h>d rock4 ,^! are at ! rapids ne> ! m\? ( ! ,des ,mo9es ,riv]1 & a little f>!r up1 at ,rock ,isl&4 ,^! portions ( ! riv] d n repres5t ! anci5t c\rses1 = subsequ5t to ! ,great ,riv] ,age1 accord+ to ,g5]al ,w>r51 ! old *annels became clos$1 & ! mod]n riv]1 be+ deflect$1 0 unable to reop5 its old b$4 ,! ,miss\ri ,riv] is n[ ! only important tribut>y ( ?is section ( ! ,mississippi f ! we/4 ,l ! we/]n tribut>ies1 f>!r s\?1 x me&]s ov] broad bottom l&s1 :i* 9 "s places rea* a wid? ( t5 miles or m1 b\nd$ by bluffs4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! culm9ation1 x probably dis*>g$ ne>ly z mu* wat] z ! ,upp] ,mississippi4 ,at t "t !re 7 sev]al o!r tribut>ies ( no mean size1 su* z ! ,des ,mo9es1 :i* fill$ valleys1 "o or two miles wide1 b n[ repres5t$ only by %runk5 /reams4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ portion ( our /udy ref]s to ! anci5t ea/]n tribut>ies1 & ! head wat]s ( ! great riv]4 ,! great] portion ( ! ,ohio ,riv] fl[s ov] bottom l&s1 less ext5sive ?an ^? ( ! we/1 al?\gh b\nd$ by high bluffs4 ,! b$ ( ! anci5t valley is n[ buri$ to a dep? ( sometimes a hundr$ feet or m4 ,h[ev]1 at ,l\isville1 ,ky41 ! riv] fl[s ov] h>d rock1 ! anci5t valley hav+ be5 fill$ ) riv] deposits on :i* t city is built1 z %[n fir/ by ,dr4 ,newb]ry1 simil> to ! clos+ ( ! old c\rses ( ! ,mississippi1 at ,des ,mo9es ,rapids & ,rock ,isl&4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ wond]ful *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,ohio are fur!r up ! riv]4 ,mr4 ,c>ll1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 #ahhj1 discov]$ t ! ,upp] ,alleghany =m]ly empti$ into ,lake ,erie1 & ! foll[+ ye> ,i po9t$ out t n only ! ,upp] ,alleghany1 b ! :ole ,upp] ,ohio1 =m]ly empti$ into ,lake ,erie1 by ! ,beav] & ,mahon+ ,valleys 7rev]s$71 & ! ,gr& ,riv] 7( ,ohio74 ,!re=e1 only t portion ( ! ,ohio ,riv] f ab\t ! ,p5nsylvania-,ohio ,/ate l9e s5t its wat]s to ! ,mexican ,gulf1 dur+ ! ,great ,riv] ,age4 ,o!r important diff]5ces 9 ! riv] geology ( our c\ntry 7 ,lake ,sup]ior empty+ directly into ! nor!rn end ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 & ,lake ,mi*igan dis*>g+ itself1 some:]e ea/ ( ,*icago1 into an upp] tribut>y ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv]4 ,ev5 n[1 by remov+ rock to a dep? ( t5 feet1 "s ( ! wat]s ( ,lake ,mi*igan h be5 made to fl[ into ! ,ill9ois1 :i* 0 =m]ly a va/ly great] riv] ?an at pres5t1 = ! anci5t valley 0 f two to t5 miles wide1 & v deep1 ?\gh n[ l>gely fill$ ) drift4 ,! /udy ( ! ,upp] ,anci5t ,mississippi is ! mo/ important ( ?is address4 ,! pr9cipal discov]ies 7 made only a few ye>s s9ce1 by ,g5]al ,g4,k4 ,w>r51 ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,at ,ft4 ,snell+1 a %ort di/ance above ,/4 ,paul1 ! mod]n ,m9nesota ,riv] empties into ! ,mississippi1 b ! anci5t condition 0 ! conv]se4 ,at ,ft4 ,snell+1 ! valleys =m "o cont9u\s ne>ly /raight c\rse1 ab\t a mile wide1 b\nd$ by bluffs #aej feet high4 ,! valley ( ! ,m9nesota is l>ge1 b ! mod]n riv] is small4 ,! upp]mo/ valley ( ! ,mississippi ent]s ?is common valley at ne>ly "r angles1 & is only a qu>t] ( a mile wide & is completely fill$ by ! riv]4 ,?\gh ?is body ( wat] is n[ ! m important1 yet 9 =m] days x 0 relatively a small tribut>y4 ,! "* ( ! ,m9nesota ,valley is simil> to t ( ! ,mississippi bel[ ,ft4 ,snell+1 9 be+ b\nd$ by high bluffs & hav+ a wid? ( "o or two miles1 or m1 all ! way to ! height ( l&1 betwe5 ,big ,/one ,lake & ,trav]se ,lake1 ! =m] ( :i* dra9s to ! s\?1 f an elevation ( #iib feet above ! sea1 & ! latt] only half a doz5 miles di/ant 7& eight feet high]7 empties1 by ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 into ,lake ,w9nipeg4 ,dur+ fre%ets1 ! swamps betwe5 ^! two lakes dis*>ge wat]s bo? ways4 ,! valley ( ! ,r$ ,riv] is really ! b$ ( an imm5se dri$-up lake4 ,! lacu/r9e "* ( ! valley 0 recogniz$ by e>ly explor]s1 b all honor to ! "n ( ,g5]al ,w>r51 :o1 9 obs]v+ t ! anci5t enorm\s ,lake ,w9nipeg =m]ly s5t its wat]s s\?w>d to ! ,mexican ,gulf1 made ! mo/ important discov]y 9 fluviatile geology--a discov]y :i* w cause 8 "n to be honor$ 9 ! sci5tific _w long aft] 8 pr(essional successes h be5 =gott54 ,g5]al ,w>r5 consid]$ t ! valley ( ,lake ,w9nipeg only belong$ to ! ,mississippi s9ce ! ,ice ,age1 & expla9$ ! *anges ( dra9age ( ! great nor? by ! !ory ( ! local elevation ( ! l&4 ,facts :i* settle ?is "q h rec5tly be5 collect$ 9 ,m9nesota ,/ate by ,mr4 ,upham1 al?\gh diff]5tly expla9$ by t geologi/4 ,h[ev]1 he did n g f> en\gh back 9 "t1 = d\btless ! ,w9nipeg ,valley dis*>g$ s\?w>d be=e ! la/ days ( ! ,ice ,age1 & ! great *anges 9 ! riv] c\rses 7 n entirely produc$ by local elevation1 b also by ! fill+ ( ! old wat] *annels ) drift deposits & s$im5ts4 ,?r\gh\t ! bottom ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ,valley a l>ge numb] ( wells h be5 sunk to great dep?s1 & ^! %[ ! abs5ce ( h>d rock to levels bel[ t ( ,lake ,w9nipeg2 b "s portions ( ! ,m9nesota ,riv] fl[ ov] h>d rock at levels some:at high]4 ,:e!r ! pres5ce ( ^! some:at high] rocks is due entirely to ! local elevation1 :i* we "k took place1 or to ! *ange 9 ! c\rse ( ! old riv]1 rema9s to be se54 ,mr4 ,upham has also %[n t !re is a valley connect+ ! ,m9nesota ,riv]1 at ,great ,b5d at ,mankato1 ) ! head wat]s ( ! ,des ,mo9es ,riv]1 z ,i pr$ict$ to ,g5]al ,w>r5 a few mon?s be=e 8 dea?4 ,at ! "t :5 ,lake ,w9nipeg 0 swoll5 to its greate/ size1 ext5d+ s\?w>d into ,m9nesota1 z f> z ,trav]se ,lake1 x _h a l5g? ( m ?an #fjj miles & a bread? ( #bej miles4 ,its greate/ tribut>y 0 ! ,saskat*ewan--a riv] ne>ly z l>ge z ! ,miss\ri4 ,x fl[$ 9 a deep broad caon n[ p>tly fill$ ) drift deposits1 9 "s places1 to two hundr$ feet or m 9 dep?4 ,ano!r tribut>y1 b ( a little less size1 0 ! ,ass9ibo9e1 n[ empty+ into ! ,r$ ,riv]1 at ! city ( ,w9nipeg4 ,foll[+ up ?is riv]1 9 a we/]ly direction1 "o passes into ! ,qu',appelle ,valley--! upp] portion ( :i* is n[ fill$ ) drift1 z fir/ %[n by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,y4 ,h9d4 ,?is portion ( ! valley is int]e/+1 = ?r\gh x1 be=e be+ fill$ ) drift1 ! s\? bran* ( ! ,saskat*ewan ,riv] =m]ly fl[$1 & con/itut$ an enorm\s riv]4 ,b subsequ5t to ! ,great ,riv] ,age1 :5 *ok$ ) drift1 x s5t its wat]s to ! ,nor? ,saskat*ewan z n[ se54 ,!re 7 _m o!r *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! anci5t riv]s to ! nor?1 b ,i _c "h record !m4 ,z we h se51 ! anci5t ,mississippi & its tribut>ies 7 va/ly l>g] riv]s ?an _! mod]n repres5tatives4 ,at ! close ( ! ,great ,riv] ,age1 ! :ole cont95t subsid$ to _m hundr$ feet bel[ its pres5t level1 or "s portions to ev5 ?\s&s ( feet4 ,dur+ ?is subsid5ce1 ! ,mississippi ,/ates nor? ( ! ,oz>k ,m\nta9s =m$ ! b$ ( an imm5se lake1 into ! quiet wat]s ( :i* 7 deposit$ soils wa%$ d[n by ! v>i\s riv]s f ! nor?we/]n & nor? c5tral ,/ates & ! nor!rn t]ritories ( ,canada4 ,^! s$im5ts1 br\ght "h f ! nor?1 con/itute ! bluff =mation ( ! ,/ate1 & are ! s\rce ( ! extraord9>y f]tility ( our l&s1 on :i* ! future greatness ( our ,/ate dep5ds4 ,h[ev]1 "t w n p]mit me to ent] into ! application ( ! facts br\ght =w>d to agricultural int]e/s4 ,b al?\gh ?is address is int5d$ to be 9 ! realm ( pure sci5ce1 ,i _c refra9 f say+ a ^w to our eng9e]+ /ud5ts z to ! application ( k ( riv] geology to _! future "w4 ,! subject ( riv] geology is yet 9 its infancy1 & ,i h kn[n ( mu* money be+ squ&]$ = want ( its k4 ,9 "o case1 ,i sav$ a company sev]al ?\s& doll>s1 ?\gh ,i %\ld h be5 will+ to give a good subscription to see ! "w c>ri$ out f ! sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,i w briefly indicate a few int]e/+ po9ts to ! eng9e]4 ,sometimes 9 mak+ railway cutt+s x is possible to f9d an adjac5t buri$ valley ?r\gh :i* excavations c be made )\t cutt+ h>d rock4 ,9 bridge build+ especially1 9 ! we/]n c\ntry1 a k ( ! buri$ valleys is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,aga91 9 s9k+ = coal d n beg9 y\r "w f ! b$ ( a valley1 unless x be ( h>d rock1 else y may h to g ?r\gh an indef9ite am\nt ( drift & gravel2 & once m1 9 bor+ = artesian wells1 x sometimes happ5s t good wat] c be obta9$ 9 ! loose drift fill+ ^! anci5t valleys2 b :5 y wi% to s9k into h>d] rock1 d n select y\r site ( op]ations on an old buri$ valley1 = ! co/ ( s9k+ ?r\gh gravel is great] ?an ?r\gh ord9>y rock4 ,9 clos+1 let u consid] to :at ! "n ,mississippi %\ld be giv54 ,9 po9t ( antiquity1 ! ,ohio & ,upp] ,mississippi are ( ab\t ! same age1 b s9ce ! "t :5 +r[+ s\?w>d !y unit$1 ! latt] riv] has be5 ! l>g]4 ,! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 ?\gh long] ?an ! ,mississippi1 is bo? small] & geographically new]--! upp] portion mu* new]4 ,above ,ft4 ,snell+1 ! mod]n ,mississippi1 ?\gh ! l>g] body ( wat]1 %\ld be consid]$ z a tribut>y to t n[ call$ ,m9nesota1 :ile ! ,m9nesota ,valley is really a portion ( ! old] ,mississippi ,valley--bo? toge!r =m+ ! p>5t riv]1 :i* :5 swoll5 to ! greate/ volume _h ! ,saskat*ewan ,riv] = a tribut>y1 & =m$ ! gr&e/ & mightie/ riv] ( :i* we h any record4--,kansas ,city ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ch ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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