,weym\? ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,mod]n ,spee* ,preface & ,introductions ,?ird ,edition #aiac ,public ,doma9--,copy ,freely ,^! files 7 produc$ by key+ = use 9 ! ,onl9e ,bible4 ,pro(read+ 0 p]=m$ by ,e>l ,melton4 ,! pr9t$ edition us$ 9 creat+ ?is etext 0 ! ,kregal repr9t ( ! ,erne/ ,hampd5-,cook 7#aiab7 ,?ird ,edition1 ( ! edition fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiji by ,j4 ,cl>ke1 ,london4 ,kregal edition ,,isbn #j-hbed-djbe-d4 ,due to ! plans to add ! ,weym\? footnotes1 ! footnote m>k]s h be5 left 9 ! text & page break indicators4 ,o!r special m>k+s are words surr\nd$ ) 99 to indicate emphasis1 & phrases surr\nd$ ) to indicate bold ,,ot quotes4 ,see ,,weym\?4,,int 9 ,,wnt9t4,,zip = ! introduction to ! text1 & in=mation on ,weym\?'s te*niques4 ,! mo/ curr5t correct$ files c be f\nd on3 ,bible ,f\ndation ,,bbs #fjb-ghi-gjdj 7#ad4d kbs7 ,if any errors are f\nd1 please notify me at ! above bbs1 or at3 ,m>k ,full] #aabi ,e4 ,loyola ,dr4 ,tempe1 ,az4 #hebhb 7#fjb7 #hbi-hedb ----------- ,corrections to ! pr9t$ page --------------------- ,introduction says p]sonal pron\ns ref]r+ to ,jesus1 :5 spok5 by o!r ?an ! au?or_/n>rator1 are capitaliz$ only :5 !y recognize ,8 deity4 ,! foll[+ ov]sights 9 ! ?ird edition 7 correct$ 9 subsequ5t editions4 ,!re=e we feel ju/ifi$ 9 correct+ !m 9 ?is comput] v]sion4 ,mt #bb3af ,capitaliz$ 'him'4 ,same p]son speak+ z 9 v4#ae4 ,mt #bg3ed ,capitaliz$ 'he'4 ,joh #ba3bj ,capitaliz$ '8' ,heb #ab3f ,capitaliz$ la/ ',,he' 7ref]r+ to ,god74 *anges made to pr9t$ page4 ,lu #aa3di ,add$ clos+ quote at end ( v]se z lat] editions d4 ,lu #ac3f come came 7*ang$ 9 lat] editions7 ,ro #aa3af x if 7an obvi\s typesett+ error correct$ 9 lat] editions7 #a;,co #aa3f out cut 7an obvi\s typesett+ error correct$ 9 lat] editions7 ,php #d3c ! ,^w 'book' 9 'book ( ,life' 0 n capitaliz$ 9 v>i\s pr9t+s ( ! ?ird edition1 b x 0 9 lat] editions4 ,s we h capitaliz$ x "h4 #b,ti #a3i des]ts dess]ts 7misspell+ p]petuat$ 9 lat] editions7 no *ange made3 ,eph #f3ag did n capitalize '^w' z 9 ,^w ( ,god4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,! ,translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t "h (f]$ to ,engli%-speak+ ,*ri/ians is a bona fide translation made directly f ! ,greek1 & is 9 no s5se a revision4 ,! plan adopt$ has be5 ! foll[+4 #a4 ,an e>ne/ endeav\r has be5 made 7bas$ ^u m ?an sixty ye>s' /udy ( bo? ! ,greek & ,engli% languages1 besides mu* fur!r famili>ity ga9$ by cont9ual tea*+7 to asc]ta9 ! exact mean+ ( e passage n only by ! light t ,classical ,greek ?r[s on ! langruage us$1 b also by t :i* ! ,septuag9t & ! ,hebrew ,scriptures af=d2 aid be+ s\ght too f ,v]sions & ,comm5tators anci5t & mod]n1 & f ! ample et cet]a ( app>atus grammaticus & !ological & ,classical reviews & magaz9es--or r1 by means ( occasional excursions into ?is va/ prairie4 #b4 ,! s5se ?us seem+ to h be5 asc]ta9$1 ! next /ep has be5 to consid] h[ x c\ld be mo/ accurately & naturally exhibit$ 9 ! ,engli% ( ! pres5t day2 9 o!r words1 h[ we c ) "s approa* to probability suppose t ! inspir$ writ] himself w\ld h express$ 8 ?\ghts1 _h he be5 writ+ 9 our age & c\ntry4 _/#a #c4 ,la/ly x has be5 evid5tly desirable to comp>e ! results ?us atta9$ ) ! r5d]+s ( o!r s*ol>s1 especially ( c\rse witll ! ,au?oriz$ & ,revis$ ,v]sions4 ,b alas1 ! great majority ( ev5 new translations1 s call$1 are1 9 reality1 only ,tyndale's immortal "w a little--(t5 v lit,lle--mod]niz$6 #d4 ,b 9 ! endeav\r to f9d 9 ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,engli% a precise equival5t = a ,greek ^w1 phrase1 or s5t5ce !re are two dang]s to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,!re are a ,scylla & a ,*>ybdis4 ,on ! "o h& !re is ! ,engli% ( ,society1 on ! o!r h& t ( ! utt]ly un$ucat$1 ea* ( ^! patois hav+ also its own special1 ?\gh expressive1 bord]l& :i* we "n 'slang4' ,b all ^! sali5t angles 7z a pr(essor ( =tification might say7 ( our language are =bidd5 gr\nd to ! rev]5t translator ( ,holy ,scripture4 #e4 ,b aga91 a mod]n translation--does ?is imply t no words or phrases 9 any degree antiquat$ are to be admitt$8 ,n s1 = great numb]s ( su* words & phrases are /ill 9 con/ant use4 ,to be antiquat$ is n ! same ?+ z to be obsolete or ev5 obsolesc5t1 & )\t at lea/ a t+e ( antiquity x is sc>cely possible t !re %\ld be t dignity ( /yle t befits ! sacr$ !mes ) :i* ! ,evangeli/s & ,apo/les deal4 #f4 ,x is pla9 t ?is attempt to br+ out ! s5se ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s naturally z well z accurately 9 pres5t-day ,engli% does n p]mit1 except to a limit$ ext5t1 ! me?od ( lit]al r5d]+--! v]bo v]bum r$d]e at :i* ,horace %rugs 8 %\ld]s4 ,dr4 ,welldon1 rec5tly ,bi%op ( ,calcutta1 9 ! ,preface 7p4 vii7 to 8 ma/]ly translation ( ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 writes1 ,i h delib]ately reject$ ! pr9ciple ( try+ to translate ! same ,greek ^w by ! same ^w 9 ,engli%1 & :]e circum/ances seem$ to call = x ,i h sometimes us$ two ,engli% words to repres5t "o ^w ( ! ,greek2--& he is p]fectly "r4 ,) a slavi% lit]ality delicate %ades ( mean+ _c be reproduc$1 nor all[ance be made = ! influ5ce ( int]wov5 ?\ght1 or ( ! writ]'s ev] %ift+--n to say *ang+--po9t ( view4 ,an utt]ly ignorant or utt]ly lazy man1 if possess$ ( a little +5uity1 c ) ! help ( a diction>y & gramm> give a ^w-=-^w r5d]+1 :e!r intelligible or n1 & pr9t ',translation' on 8 title-page4 ,on ! o!r h& x is a melan*oly spectacle to see m5 ( high ability & und\bt$ s*ol>%ip toil & /ruggle at translation "u a ne$less re/riction to lit]ality1 z 9 intellectual h&cuffs & fett]s1 :5 !y might ) advantage snap ! bonds & fl+ !m away1 z ,dr4 ,welldon has done3 m melan*oly /ill1 if !y are at ! same "t rack+ _! bra9s to exhibit ! result ( _! lab\rs---a spl5did b idle philological t\r de =ce --9 :at 0 ,engli% ne>ly #cjj ye>s be=e4 #g4 ,obvi\sly any lit]al translation _c b c>ry idioms ( ! e>li] language into ! lat]1 :]e !y w v probably n be und]/ood2 _/#b & m s]i\s /ill is ! evil :51 z 9 ! ,jewi% ,greek ( ! ,n ,t1 ! e>li] language ( ! two is itself composite & ab\nds 9 =ms ( spee* t belong to "o e>li] /ill4 ,= ! ,n4,t4 ,greek1 ev5 9 ! writ+s ( ,luke1 conta9s a l>ge numb] ( ,hebrew idioms2 & a lit]al r5d]+ into ,engli% _c b p>tially veil1 & 9 "s degree di/ort1 ! true s5se1 ev5 if x does n totally obscure x 7& t too :]e p]fect cle>ness %\ld be atta9$1 if possible71 by ?is admixture ( ,hebrew z well z ,greek =ms ( expression4 #h4 ,x foll[s t ! read] :o is b5t ^u gett+ a lit]al r5d]+1 su* z he c commonly f9d 9 ! ,r4,v4 or 7(t5 a bett] "o7 9 ,d>by's ,new ,te/am5t1 %\ld always be on 8 gu>d aga9/ its /rong t5d5cy to mislead4 #i4 ,"o po9t h[ev] c h>dly be too emphatically /at$4 ,x is n ! pres5t ,translator's ambition to supplant ! ,v]sions already 9 g5]al use1 to :i* _! intr9sic m]it or long famili>ity or bo? h caus$ all ,*ri/ian m9ds s lov+ly to cl+4 ,8 desire has r be5 to furni% a succ9ct & compress$ runn+ comm5t>y 7n doctr9al7 to be us$ sidc by side ) its eld] compe]s4 ,& yet !re has be5 some?+ ( a remot] hope4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t "s day ! attempt w be r5ew$ to produce a satisfactory ,engli% ,bible--"o 9 "s respects p]haps 7b assur$ly ) great & important deviations7 on ! l9es ( ! ,revision ( #ahha1 or ev5 altoge!r to sup]s$e bo? ! ,a4,v4 & ! ,r4,v42 & x may be t ! ,translation "h (f]$ w contribute "s mat]ials t may be built into t f> gr&] edifice4 #aj4 ,,! ,,greek ,,text "h foll[$ is t giv5 9 ! ,translator's ,resultant ,greek ,te/am5t4 #aa4 ,( ! ,,v>i\s ,,read+s only ^? are "h giv5 :i* seem ! mo/ important1 & :i* affect ! r5d]+ into ,engli%4 ,!y are 9 ! footnotes1 ) ,v4,l4 7v>ia lectio7 prefix$4 ,z to ! *ief mod]n critical editions full details w be f\nd 9 ! ,resultant ,greek ,te/am5t1 :ile = ! orig9al au?orities--,,mss41 ,v]sions1 ,patri/ic quotations--! read] mu/ ( necessity consult ! great works ( ,la*mann1 ,tregelles1 ,tis*5dorf1 & o!rs1 or ! num]\s monographs on sep>ate ,books4 _/#c ,9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,r4,v4 a di/9ction is made betwe5 read+s support$ by a few anci5t au?orities1 "s anci5t au?orities1 _m anci5t au?orities1 & s on4 ,su* valuation is n attempt$ 9 ?is "w4 #ab4 ,consid]able pa9s h be5 be/[$ on ! exact r5d]+ ( ! t5ses ( ! ,greek v]b2 = by inexactness 9 ?is detail ! true s5se _c b be miss$4 ,t ! ,greek t5ses d n co9cide1 & _c be expect$ to co9cide ) ^? ( ! ,engli% v]b2 t--except 9 n>rative--! aori/ z a rule is m exactly repres5t$ 9 ,engli% by our p]fect ) h ?an by our simple pa/ t5se2 & t 9 ?is p>ticul> ! ,a4,v4 is 9 scores ( in/ances m correct ?an ! ,r4,v42 ! pres5t ,translator has cont5d$ 7) argum5ts :i* "s ( ! be/ s*ol>s 9 ,brita9 & 9 ,am]ica hold to be unansw]able & indisputable7 9 a pamphlet ,on ! ,r5d]+ into ,engli% ( ! ,greek ,aori/ & ,p]fect4 ,ev5 an outl9e ( ! argum5t _c be giv5 9 a ,preface su* z ?is4 #ac4 ,b he :o w\ld make a truly ,engli% translation ( a =eign book mu/ n only select ! "r n\ns1 adjectives1 & v]bs1 ins]t ! suitable prepositions & auxili>ies1 & triumph 7if he c7 ov] ! s$uctions & bl&i%m5ts ( idioms ) :i* he has be5 famili> f 8 infancy1 b :i*1 ?\gh =cible or beautiful ) o!r surr\nd+s1 are = all t "p & p>cel ( t o!r language r ?an ( ,engli%3 he has also to bew>e ( connect+ 8 s5t5ces 9 an un-,engli% fa%ion4 ,n[ a c>eful exam9ation ( a numb] ( au?ors 7includ+ ,scotti%1 ,iri%1 & ,am]ican7 yields "s int]e/+ results4 ,tak+ at haphaz>d a passage f ea* ( fifty-six au?ors1 & c\nt+ on aft] "s full /op till fifty f9ite v]bs--i4 e4 v]bs 9 ! indicative1 imp]ative1 or subjunctive mood--h be5 rea*$ 7ea* f9ite v]b1 z e s*oolboy kn[s1 be+ ! nucleus ( "o s5t5ce or clause71 x has be5 f\nd t ! connect+ l9ks ( ! fifty-six times fifty s5t5ces are ab\t "o-?ird conjunctions1 ab\t "o-?ird adv]bs or relative & int]rogative pron\ns1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! rema9+ ?ird !re is :at ! gramm>ians call an asyndeton--no =mal grammatical connexion at all4 ,b 9 ! writ]s ( ! ,n4,t4 ne>ly two-?irds ( ! connect+ l9ks are conjunctions4 ,x foll[s t 9 ord] to make ! /yle ( a translation true idiomatic ,engli% _m ( ^! conjunctions mu/ be omitt$1 & = o!rs adv]bs1 c41 mu/ be sub/itut$4 ,! two conjunctions = & !re=e are discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 two ,app5dices to ! above-m5tion$ pamphlet on ! ,aori/1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 #ad4 ,! ,,notes1 ) b few exceptions1 are n ( ! nature ( a g5]al comm5t>y4 ,"s1 z already intimat$1 ref] to ! read+s "h foll[$1 b ! great majority are 9 v9dication or explanation ( ! r5d]+s giv54 ,s9ce ! completion ( ?is new v]sion ne>ly two ye>s ago1 ill-heal? has incapacitat$ ! ,translator f und]tak+ ev5 ! lighte/ "w4 ,he has !re=e be5 oblig$ to entru/ to o!r h&s ! lab\r ( critically exam9+ & revis+ ! manuscript & ( see+ x ?r\gh ! press4 ,?is ardu\s task has be5 und]tak5 by ,rev4 ,erne/ ,hampd5-,cook1 ,m4,a41 ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ( ,s&ha*1 ,*e%ire1 ) "s co-op]ation f "o ( ! ,translator's sons2 & ! ,translator is "u deep obligations to ^! two g5tlem5 = _! k9dness 9 ! matt]4 ,he has also mo/ cordially to ?ank ,mr4 ,hampd5-,cook = mak+ ! exi/5ce ( ! "w kn[n to v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,,old ,,millhilians' ,,club & o!r =m] pupils ( ! ,translator1 :o 9 a truly sub/antial mann] h manife/$ a g5]\s det]m9ation to enable ! volume to see ! light4 ,v grateful does ! ,translator feel to !m = ?is signal m>k ( _! fri5d%ip4 ,mr4 ,hampd5-,cook is responsible = ! head+s ( ! p>agraphs1 & at my express desire has ins]t$ "s additional notes4 ,i h fur!r to express my gratitude to ,rev4 ,frank ,bali>d1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,lond41 at pres5t ( ,%>r[1 ,%effield1 = "s v valuable assi/ance :i* he has mo/ k9dly giv5 9 connexion ) ! ,introductions to ! sev]al books4 ,i h also ! pleasure ( ackn[l$g+ ! num]\s valuable & sugge/ive criticisms ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ on "s p>ts ( ! "w1 by an old fri5d1 ,rev4 ,sydney ,!lwall1 ,b4,a41 ( ,leam+ton1 a cl]gyman ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :om ,i h kn[n = _m ye>s z a pa9/ak+ & accurate s*ol>1 a well-read !ologian4 & a ?\ghtful & dev\t /ud5t ( ,scripture4 ,i am v ?ankful to ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ge?94 ,mr4 ,s4 ,hales1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,la?am1 & ,rev4 ,t4 ,a4 ,se$1 = ! c>e ) :i* !y h read ! pro( %eets4 ,& n[ ?is ,translation is humbly & pray]fully comm5d$ to ,god's graci\s bless+4 ,r4,f4,w4 _/#a4 ,i am aw>e ( :at ,pr(fessor ,blackie has writt5 on ?is subject 7,aes*ylus1 ,pref4 p4 viii7 b ! problem endeav\r$ to be solv$ 9 ?is ,translation is z above /at$4 _/#b4 ,a flagrant in/ance is ! hav+ 9 a read9ess ( #b ,cor4 #aj4f1 ,a4,v4 al?oglgh 9 ,tyndale we f9d & are r$y to take v5geaunce1 & ev5 ,wiclif writes & we han r$i to v5ge4 _/#c ,su* z ,mc,clellan's ,f\r ,gospels2 ,we/cott on ,john's ,gospel1 ,john's ,epi/les1 & ,hebrews2 ,hackett on ,acts1 ,lightfoot1 & also ,ellicott1 on v>i\s ,epi/les3 ,mayor on ,james2 ,edw>ds on ,i ,cor9?ians & ,hebrews2 ,s&ay & ,headlam on ,romans4 ,add to ^! ,scriv5]'s v valuable ,introduction to ! ,criticism ( ! ,n4,t4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,= ! purposes ( ?is edition ! :ole volume has be5 re-set 9 new type1 &1 9 ! hope ( increas+ ! int]e/ & attractiv5ess ( ! ,translation1 all conv]sations h be5 spac$ out 9 accordance ) mod]n cu/om4 ,a fre] use ?an be=e has be5 made ( capital lett]s1 & by means ( small1 rais$ figures1 prefix$ to words 9 ! text1 an indication has be5 griv5 :5ev] !re is a footnote4 ,cap]naum & ,philadelphia h be5 sub/itut$ = ! less famili> b m lit]al ,caph>nahum & ,philadelpheia4 ,_m errata h be5 correct$1 & a v consid]able numb] ( :at seem$ to be infelicities or slight inaccuracies 9 ! ,engli% h be5 remov$4 ,a few additional footnotes h be5 ins]t$1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 ^? = :i* ! ,editor is responsible h n[ ! lett]s ,,ed4 add$ to !m4 ,s9c]e ?anks are t5d]$ to ! _m k9d fri5ds :o h express$ _! appreciation ( ?is ,translation1 or h help$ to make x bett] kn[n1 & to ! _m correspond5ts :o h s5t criticisms ( ! previ\s editions1 & made useful sugge/ions = ! improvem5t ( ! volume4 ,e4,h4,c4 ,,abbreviations ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,notes ,aori/4 ,dr4 ,weym\?'s ,pamphlet on ! ,r5d]+ ( ! ,greek ,aori/ & ,p]fect ,t5ses into ,engli%4 ,a4,v4 ,au?oris$ ,engli% ,v]sion1 #afaa4 ,cp4 ,comp>e4 ,,ed4 ,notes = :i* ! ,editor is responsible1 :olly or 9 "p4 ,i4,e4 ,t is4 ,lit4 ,lit]ally4 ,,lxx4 ,! ,septuag9t 7,greek7 ,v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 n4 ,note4 nn4 ,notes4 ,n4,t4 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,o4,t4 ,old ,te/am5t4 ,r4,v4 ,revis$ ,engli% ,v]sion1 #ahha-he4 ,s4,h4 ,s&ay & ,headlam's ,comm5t>y on ',romans4' ,v4,l4 ,v>ia ,lectio4 ,an alt]native read+ f\nd 9 "s ,manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,v4,v4 ,v]ses4 ,9 accordance ) mod]n ,engli% cu/om1 ,,italics are us$ to indicate emphasis4 ,9 ! etext1 sur\nd$ by 9999 ,old ,te/am5t quotations are pr9t$ 9 small capitals4 ,9 ! etext1 surr\nd$ by ,dur+ ,*ri/'s e>?ly m9i/ry ev5 ,8 disciples did n always recognize ,8 sup]-human nature & dignity4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! ,gospels ( ?is ,translation1 x is only :5 ! ,evangeli/s !mselves use ( ,him ! words ,he1 ,him1 ,81 t ^! are spelt ) capital initial lett]s4 ,! spell+ ( me & my ) small initial lett]s1 :5 us$ by ,*ri/ ,himself 9 ! ,gospels1 is expla9$ by ! fact t1 be=e ,8 ,resurrection1 ,he did n always emphasize ,8 own sup]-human nature & dignity4 ,! ,good ,news z ,record$ by ,mat!w ,!re are ample reasons = accept+ ! uni=m tradition :i* f e>lie/ times has ascrib$ ?is ,gospel to ,levi ! son ( ,alphaeus1 :o seems to h *ang$ 8 "n to ',mat!w' on becom+ a disciple ( ,jesus4 ,our in=mation z to 8 subsequ5t life is v scanty4 ,aft] ! fea/ :i* he made = 8 old fri5ds 7,lu #e3bi7 8 "n only appe>s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! li/ ( ! twelve ,apo/les4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s add little to our k ( him1 b 8 life seems to h be5 quiet & some:at ascetic4 ,he is also g5]ally repres5t$ z hav+ di$ a natural dea?4 ,:]e 8 ,gospel 0 writt51 or :]e he himself lab\r$1 we _c say4 ,n a little controv]sy has aris5 z to ! =m 9 :i* ?is ,gospel fir/ appe>$1 t is1 z to :e!r we h 9 ! ,greek ,,mss4 an orig9al docum5t or a translation f an e>li] ,aramaic writ+4 ,mod]n s*ol>%ip incl9es to ! view t ! book is n a translation1 b 0 probably writt5 9 ,greek by ,mat!w himself1 ^u ! basis ( a previ\sly issu$ collection ( ,logia or disc\rses1 to ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,papias1 ,ir5aeus1 ,panta5us1 ,orig51 ,eusebius & ,j]ome all te/ify4 ,! date ( ! ,gospel1 z we "k x1 is some:at unc]ta91 b ! be/ critical e/imates are includ$ betwe5 #gj & #ij1 ,a4,d4 ,p]haps1 ) ,h>nack1 we may adopt #ge1 ,a4,d4 ,! book 0 evid5tly int5d$ = ,jewi% conv]ts1 & exhibits ,jesus z ! ,god-appo9t$ ,messiah & ,k+1 ! fulfill] ( ! ,law & ( ! highe/ expectations ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,?is speciality ( aim r enhances ?an dim9i%es its g5]al value4 ,r5an f\nd reason = pron\nc+ x ! mo/ important book ( ,*ri/5dom-- ! mo/ important book :i* has ev] be5 writt54 ,its aim is manife/ly didactic r ?an *ronological4 ,! ,good ,news z ,record$ by ,m>k ,?is ,gospel is at once ! briefe/ & e>lie/ ( ! f\r4 ,mod]n rese>* confirms ! anci5t tradition t ! au?or 0 ,b>nabas's c\s91 ,john1 ^: o!r "n 0 ,m>k1 :o dur+ ,paul's fir/ mission>y t\r dep>t$ f !m at ,pamphylia1 & return$ to ,j]usalem 7see ,ac #ab3ab1be2 #ae3cg1ci2 ,co #d3a,o2 #b,ti #d3aa2 ,phm #a3bd2 #a,pe #e3ac74 ,8 defection appe>$ to ,paul suffici5tly s]i\s to w>rant an emphatic refusal to take him ) him on a second t\r1 b 9 aft] ye>s ! brea* 0 heal$ & we f9d ,m>k ) ,paul aga9 :5 he writes to ,colossae1 & he is also m5tion$ approv+ly 9 ! second ,lett] to ,timo?y4 ,s*ol>s are n[ almo/ unanim\s 9 fix+ ! date ( ?is ,gospel betwe5 #fc & #gj1 ,a4 ,d4 ,!re is no valid reason = que/ion+ ! usual view t x 0 writt5 9 ,rome4 ,clem5t1 ,eusebius1 ,j]ome & ,epiphanius1 all ass]t t ?is 0 s4 ,t ! book 0 ma9ly int5d$ = ,g5tiles1 & especially ,romans1 seems probable f int]nal evid5ce4 ,lat9 =ms n occurr+ 9 o!r ,gospels1 toge!r ) explanations ( ,jewi% t]ms & cu/oms1 & ! omission ( all ref]5ce to ! ,jewi% ,law1 po9t 9 ?is direction4 ,its vividness ( n>ration & pictorial m9ut5ess ( obs]vation bespeak ! te/imony ( an eye-witness1 & ! ass]tion ( ,papias1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 t ,m>k 0 ! int]pret] ( ,pet] is borne out by ! ,gospel itself no less ?an by :at we o!rwise "k ( ,m>k & ,pet]4 ,9 a real ?\gh n me*anical s5se1 ?is is ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 & its admitt$ priority to ! ,gospels ( ,mat!w & ,luke af=ds sub/antial reason = ! assumption t x is to "s ext5t ! s\rce :5ce !y d]ive _! n>ratives1 al?\gh ,papias di/9ctly affirms t ,m>k made no attempt at giv+ a c>efully arrang$ hi/ory su* z t at :i* ,luke confess$ly aim$4 ,9 spite ( ! witness ( mo/ uncial ,,mss4 & ! valiant plead+ ( ,dean ,burgon & o!rs1 mod]n s*ol>s are well nigh unanim\s 9 ass]t+ t ! la/ twelve v]ses ( ?is ,gospel are an app5dix4 ,yet less _c hone/ly be said ?an t !y mu/ h be5 ( v e>ly date1 & t !y embody a true apo/olic tradition :i* may h be5 writt5 by "s companion or successor ( ! orig9al au?or4 ,9 "o ,arm5ian ,,ms4 !y are attribut$ to ,ari/ion4 ,! ,good ,news z ,record$ by ,luke ,mod]n rese>* has abundantly confirm$ ! anci5t tradition t ! anonym\s au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel is none o!r ?an ,luke ! belov$ physician & ! n>rator ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7see4 ,col #d3ad2 #b,ti #d3aa2 ,phm #a3bd74 ,ev5 ,r5an ackn[l$ges ?is1 & ! objections ( a few extremi/s appe> to h be5 suffici5tly answ]$4 ,! date is n easy to settle4 ,! ma9 problem is :e!r ! book 0 writt5 be=e or aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj1 ,a4,d4 ,n a few s*ol>s ^: views m]it great respect /ill ?9k t x prec$$ t ev5t1 b ! majority ( critics believe o!rwise4 ,?ree pr9cipal dates h be5 sugge/$1 #fc1 ,a4,d41 #hj1 ,a4,d41 #ajj1 ,a4,d4 ,if we accept #hj1 ,a4 ,d41 we %all be 9 sub/antial accord ) ,h>nack1 ,mc,giffert1 & ,plumm]1 :o fairly repres5t ! be/ cons5sus ( s*ol>ly op9ion4 ,!re is no evid5ce z to :]e ?is ,gospel 0 compos$1 al?\gh its g5]al /yle sugge/s ! influ5ce ( "s ,hell5ic c5tre4 ,its special *>act]i/ics are pla94 ,x is writt5 9 pur] ,greek ?an ! o!r ,gospels1 & is manife/ly ! mo/ hi/oric & arti/ic4 ,x has also ! wide/ outlook1 hav+ obvi\sly be5 compil$ = ,g5tiles1 &1 especially1 = ,greeks4 ,! ,au?or 0 evid5tly an educat$ man & probably a physician1 & 0 also a close obs]v]4 ,eighte5 ( ! p>ables & six ( ! miracles f\nd "h are n record$ else:]e4 ,^? portions ( ! ,gospel n>rative :i* ,luke alone has pres]v$ = u1 are among ! mo/ beautiful treasures :i* we possess1 & we owe !m 9 a great measure to 8 desire to make 8 collection z full z possible4 ,luke's object 0 r to write hi/ory ?an con/ruct an apology & = ?is reason 8 ord] is g5]ally *ronological4 ,?is ,gospel is (t5 t]m$1 & n )\t reason1 ! ,gospel ( ,paul4 ,luke's close association ) ! great ,apo/le--an association to :i* ! record 9 ! ,acts & also ! ,paul9e ,lett]s be> te/imony--at once w>rants & expla9s ! anci5t assumption t we h "h a writ+ z truly col\r$ by ! influ5ce ( ,paul z t ( ,m>k 0 by ,pet]4 ,?is is especially ! ,gospel ( gratuit\s & univ]sal salvation4 ,its integrity has rec5tly be5 plac$ beyond dispute4 ,m>cion's edition ( x 9 #adj1 ,a4,d41 0 a mutilation ( ! orig9al6 ,! ,good ,news z ,record$ by ,john ,9 spite ( its rejection by ,m>cion & ! ,alogi1 ! f\r? ,gospel 0 accept$ by mo/ ,*ri/ians at ! end ( ! second c5tury z hav+ be5 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,9 ! pres5t day ! prepond]at+ t5d5cy among s*ol>s fav\rs ! traditional au?or%ip4 ,on ! o!r h& ! mo/ rec5t scrut9y ass]ts3 ,al?\gh _m critics see no adequate reason = accept+ ! tradition :i* assigns ! book to ! ,apo/le ,john1 & !re are sev]al cog5t reasons to ! contr>y1 !y w\ld h>dly d5y t nev]!less ! volume is ,johann9e--9 ! s5se t any hi/orical elem5t ?r\gh\t its pages may be trac$ back directly or indirectly to t ,apo/le & 8 s*ool4 ,z reg>ds ! date1 no m def9ite p]iod c be indicat$ ?an t sugge/$ by ,h>nack--betwe5 #hj1 ,a4,d41 & #aaj1 ,a4,d4 ,b t x 0 writt5 9 ,ephesus is practically c]ta91 & !re is evid5ce t x 0 compos$ at ! reque/ ( ,eld]s & believ]s belong+ to ! ,*ur*es ( ,roman ,asia4 ,! special *>act]i/ics :i* r5d] ! book unique 9 lit]ature are unmi/akable1 b sc>cely admit ( brief expression4 ,x is manife/ly supplem5t>y to ! o!r ,gospels & assumes t !y are kn[n & are true4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! f\r? ,gospel & ! o!r ?ree may be easily exagg]at$1 b x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t !y exi/4 ,!y relate1 7#a7 to ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/1 & 7#b7 to ,8 p]son4 ,z to ! =m] x is impossible to correlate all ! ref]5ces to di/9ct ev5ts1 = :il/ ! ,synoptics appe> to contemplate little m ?an ! life & "w ( a s+le ye>1 f ,john's /&po9t !re c sc>cely h be5 less ?an ?ree ye>s conc]n$4 ,z to ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 x mu/ be own$ t al?\gh ! f\r? ,gospel makes no ass]tion :i* contradicts ! "* ( ,tea*] & ,re=m] attribut$ to ,him by ! ,synoptics1 x pres5ts to u a p]sonage s enwrapp$ 9 my/]y & dignity z altoge!r to transc5d ord9>y human nature4 ,?is transc5d5t ,p]sonality is inde$ ! av[$ c5tre ( ! :ole record1 & ,8 portrayal is its av[$ purpose4 ,yet :il/ ! writ] nev] cle>ly reveals to u :o he himself is1 x is equally manife/ t 8 own convictions con/itute ! matrix 9 :i* ! disc\rses & ev5ts are imb$d$1 & t !re is no?+ 9 ?is matrix to r5d] t :i* x conta9s unreal or untru/wor?y4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les ,! au?or%ip ( ?is book has be5 mu* discuss$1 b x may n[ be affirm$ ) c]ta9ty t ! writ] ( our ?ird ,gospel is also ! au?or ( ! ,acts1 & t he speaks f ! /&po9t ( an eye-witness 9 ! f\r we sections 7#af3aj-ag2 #bj3e-ae2 #ba3a-ah2 #bg3a--bh3af71 & is kn[n 9 ,paul's ,lett]s z ,luke ! belov$ physician 7,col #d3ad2 #b,ti #d3aa2 ,phm #a3bd74 ,! date necess>ily dep5ds ^u t ( ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,if ! latt] 0 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 !n ,luke's second "w may well h be5 issu$ betwe5 #ff & #gj1 ,a4,d4 ,b ! t5d5cy1 9 ! pres5t day1 is to date ! ,gospel some:]e betwe5 #ge & #he1 ,a4,d41 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,9 t case ! ,acts may be assign$ to any p]iod betwe5 #hj & #ij1 ,a4,d4 ,! latt] conclusion1 ?\gh by no means c]ta91 is p]haps ! m probable4 ,! famili> title ( ! book is some:at un=tunate1 = x is manife/ly n ! int5tion ( ! writ] to describe ! do+s ( ! ,apo/les g5]ally1 b r j s mu* ( ! lab\rs ( ,pet] & ,paul--& especially ! latt]--z w s]ve to illu/rate ! gr[? ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & at ! same "t exhibit ! emancipation ( ,*ri/ianity f its primitive ,judaic orig9 & environm5t4 ,x is pla9 t ! writ] 0 contempor>y ) ! ev5ts he describes1 & al?\gh 8 p]fect +5u\sness ceaselessly connects 8 n>rative ) hi/ory1 9 no case has he be5 prov$ to be 9 error4 ,! intricacy ( ! connexions betwe5 ?is record & ! ,paul9e ,lett]s w be be/ e/imat$ f a /udy ( ,paley's ,horae ,paul9ae4 ,we "k no?+ def9ite z to ! place :]e ! ,acts 0 writt51 nor ! s\rces :5ce ! in=mation = ! e>li] portion ( ! n>rative 0 obta9$4 ,b x may be tru?fully affirm$ t f ! mod]n critical ordeal ! "w em]ges z a def9ite :ole1 & r confirm$ ?an weak5$ 9 reg>d to its g5]al au!nticity4 ,paul's ,lett] to ! ,romans ,! f\r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t kn[n z ! ,lett]s to ! ,romans1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,galatians1 are all[$ by practically all critics1 includ+ "s ( ! mo/ de/ructive1 to be g5u9e productions ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,op9ions v>y z to ! ord] ( _! composition4 ,! late/ rese>* t5ds to put ',galatians' fir/1 & ',romans' la/1 9 ! p]iod betwe5 #ec & #eh ,a4 ,d4 ,! date g5]ally assign$ to ! ,roman ,lett] is #eh ,a4,d41 b rec5tly ,h>nack1 ,mc,giffert1 ,clem5 & o!rs h %[n cause = putt+ x "s f\r ye>s e>li]4 ,! *ronology ( ! p]iod is necess>ily v complicat$4 ,x mu/ suffice1 !re=e1 to reg>d ?is ,lett] z hav+ be5 writt51 at ei!r ( ^! dates1 f ,cor9?1 :]e ,paul 0 /ay+ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 ?ird mission>y t\r4 ,he 0 hop+ to g to ,rome1 by way ( ,j]usalem1 & !n proce$ to ,spa9 7#ae3bd2 ,ac #bd3ba74 ,! object ( ?is ,lett] 0 to prep>e ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome = 8 visit1 & make a cle> /atem5t ( ! new doctr9es :i* he taught4 ,x is probable t ! crisis 9 ,galatia1 to :i* ! ,lett] s5t ?i!r be>s witness1 _h driv5 ! ,apo/le's ?\ghts 9 ! direction ( ! subject ( ,ju/ification1 & he 0 app>5tly mu* tr\bl$ by ! p]si/5ce ( ,jewi% unbelief4 ,h5ce ! pres5t ,lett] has be5 well t]m$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ,paul4 ,we "k really no?+ ab\t ! ,*ri/ians !n 9 ,rome beyond :at we f9d "h4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fairly c]ta9 t reports conc]n+ ! ,savi\r w\ld be tak5 to t city by proselytes1 bo? be=e & aft] ! ev5ts describ$ 9 ,acts #b1 & we "k t !re 0 a l>ge ,jewi% population !re among/ :om ! se$ w\ld be s[n4 ,"s critics h ?\ght t a note address$ to ,ephesus lies emb$d$ 9 ! #af? *apt]1 because1 !y say1 x is inconceivable t ,paul c\ld h intimately kn[n s _m individuals 9 a ,*ur* l t 9 ,rome to :i* he 0 p]sonally a /rang]4 ,b ?is is by no means demon/rat$1 nor is !re evid5ce t ! ,*ur* !re 0 f\nd$ by any o!r ,apo/le4 ,paul's ,fir/ ,lett] to ! ,cor9?ians ,! g5u95ess ( ! two ,lett]s to ! ,cor9?ians has nev] be5 s]i\sly disput$4 ,! fir/ 0 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,paul1 probably 9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #ef ,a4,d41 j be=e he left ,ephesus = ,troas 9 ! c\rse ( 8 ?ird mission>y t\r 7,ac #ai74 ,! ,*ur* 9 ,cor9? _h be5 f\nd$ by him dur+ 8 previ\s t\r 7,ac #ah74 ,aft] "s hesitation he _h be5 induc$ to prea* 9 ,cor9?1 & 9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! ,jews su* great success att5d$ 8 ef=ts t he rema9$ !re = m ?an eighte5 mon?s4 ,! furi\s attack ^u him :i* 0 fru/rat$ by ,gallio gave impetus to ! new cause1 s t :5 ! ,apo/le left1 !re 0 a comp>atively /rong ,*ur* !re1 consi/+ mo/ly ( ,greeks1 b includ+ n a few ,jews also4 ,! dang]s1 h[ev]1 aris+ out ( ! temp]am5t & circum/ances ( ! ,cor9?ians soon manife/$ !mselves4 ,! city 0 ! capital ( ,roman ,greece1 a weal?y comm]cial c5tre1 & ! home ( a re/less1 sup]ficial intellectualism4 ,exub]ant v]bosity1 selfi% display1 excesses at ! ,"l's table1 unseemly behavi\r ( wom5 at meet+s = wor%ip1 & also abuse ( spiritual gifts1 7 complicat$ by hea!n influ5ces & ! corrupt+ cu/oms ( idolatry4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le's pleas1 rebukes1 & exhortations4 ,mo/ notewor?y ( all is 8 =ceful treatm5t ( ! subject ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/2 & ?is only a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ! ev5t4 ,( ! ,lett] m5tion$ 9 #e3i we "k no?+4 ,paul's ,second ,lett] to ! ,cor9?ians ,! second ,lett] to ! ,cor9?ians 0 probably writt5 9 ! autumn ( #ef ,a4,d41 ! fir/ ,lett] to !m hav+ be5 s5t 9 ! spr+ ( t ye>4 ,b !re are o!r lett]s ( :i* we h no cle> acc\nt4 ,"o1 lo/ to u1 evid5tly prec$$ ! fir/ ,lett] 7#a;,co #e3i74 ,9 our second ,lett] we f9d m5tion 7#b3b1d7 ( a sev]e communication :i* c\ld n b give pa94 ,c ?is h be5 our fir/ to ! ,cor9?ians8 ,"s ?9k n1 9 :i* case !re mu/ h be5 an int]m$iate lett]4 ,?is "s /ud5ts f9d 9 #b;,co #aj #a-h3a,o4 ,if s1 !re mu/ h be5 f\r lett]s4 ,"s h ?\ght t 9 #b;,co #f3ad-g3a1 & #h1 #i1 yet ano!r is emb$d$1 mak+ possibly five 9 all4 ,! read] mu/ =m 8 own conclusions1 inasmu* z ! evid5ce is almo/ entirely int]nal4 ,on ! :ole x w\ld seem t our fir/ ,lett]1 convey$ by ,titus1 _h produc$ a good effect 9 ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur*1 b t ?is wore (f1 & t ,titus return$ to ! ,apo/le 9 ,ephesus ) su* disquiet+ news t a visit ( ,paul j !n to ,cor9? w\ld h be5 v emb>rass+1 alike = ! ,*ur* & ! ,apo/le4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( go+1 he writes a pa9ful lett] & s5ds x by ! same mess5g]1 proce$+ himself to ,troas & !nce to ,mac$onia1 :]e1 9 great t5sion ( _s1 he awaits ! return ( ,titus4 ,at la/ !re comes a reassur+ acc\nt1 ! relief d]iv$ f :i* is s great t our second ,lett] is writt51 ) ! d\ble purpose ( com=t+ ^? :o _h be5 s %>ply rebuk$ & ( prev5t+ ! recurr5ce ( ! evils :i* _h call$ =? ! remon/rance4 ,9 ?is way bo? ! t5d]ness & ! sev]ity ( ! pres5t ,lett] may be expla9$4 ,paul's ,lett] to ! ,galatians ,!re is no "q z to ! g5u95ess ( ?is ,paul9e ,lett]1 b unlike mo/ o!r writ+s ( ! ,apo/le x 0 address$ to ,*ur*es r ?an to a s+le community4 ,=m]ly x 0 n easy to decide ! precise mean+ ( ! t]m ,galatia4 ,op9ions diff]$ on ! subject4 ,! ,nor? ,galatian !ory1 cont5d$ = by "s ,g]man s*ol>s1 ma9ta9$ t ! ,lett] 0 address$ to ! ,*ur*es ( ,ancyra1 ,tavium1 ,pess9us & possibly to ^? 9 o!r cities4 ,! ,s\? ,galatian !ory1 :i* n[ holds ! field 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 is to ! effect t ! congregations int5d$ 7 ^? ( ,pisidian ,antio*1 ,iconium1 ,d]be & ,ly/ra2 & ?is is /rongly support$ by ! unique resemblance betwe5 ?is ,lett] & ,paul's s]mon 9 ,pisidian ,antio* 7,ac #ac3ad-da74 ,9 any case ! population 0 v mix$1 consi/+ ( ,phrygians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,gauls & ,jews4 ,! date ( ! ,lett] _c be exactly fix$4 ,! p]iods assign$ by rec5t s*ol>%ip v>y f #df ,a4,d4 to #eh ,a4,d41 b ! m$ium e/imate ( #ec ,a4,d41 adopt$ by ,h>nack & ,ramsay1 satisfies all ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,! ,apo/le c]ta9ly visit$ ,galatia dur+ 8 second mission>y t\r1 p]haps ab\t #ea ,a4 ,d41 &1 al?\gh suff]+ f illness1 0 receiv$ ) en?usiasm4 ,aft] a %ort /ay he dep>t$ *]i%+ a joyful confid5ce z to 8 conv]ts !re4 ,b :51 less ?an ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 he came aga91 he f\nd t ! leav5 ( ,judaism _h produc$ a def9ite apo/asy1 insomu* t bo? ! fre$om ( individual believ]s & 8 own ,apo/olic au?ority 7 9 dang]4 ,ev5 8 p]sonal pres5ce 7,ac #ah3bc7 did n end ! difficulty4 ,h5ce1 possibly dur+ 8 j\rney betwe5 ,mac$onia & ,a*aia1 he s5t ?is ,lett]4 ,its rugg$ & incoh]5t /yle %[s t x 0 dictat$ "u great /ress ( feel+1 & ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? is /at$ m emphatically ?an 9 any o!r ( 8 writ+s4 ,b 8 e>ne/ insi/5ce ^u ! fruit borne by ! ,_s proves t 8 ideal ( practical hol9ess 0 r /r5g!n$ ?an impair$ by 8 plea = ,fai? z ! ma9spr+ ( ,*ri/ian life4 ,paul's ,lett] to ! ,ephesians ,?is appe>s to h be5 a k9d ( circul> ,lett] to ! ,*ur*es 9 ,roman ,asia1 & 0 n address$ exclusively to ! ,*ur* 9 ,ephesus4 ,ephesus 0 a well-kn[n seaport & ! pr9cipal city 9 ,roman ,asia4 ,x 0 fam\s alike = its wond]ful temple1 conta9+ ! %r9e ( ,artemis1 & = its va/ !atre1 :i* 0 capable ( accommodat+ #ej1jjj p]sons4 ,paul 0 =bidd5 at fir/ to prea* 9 ,roman ,asia 7,ac #af3f71 b he aft]w>ds visit$ ,ephesus 9 company ) ,priscilla & ,aquila 7,ac #ah3ai74 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s lat] 7,ac #ai3a7 he came aga9 & rema9$ = "s "t--probably f #ed to #eg ,a4 ,d4--prea*+ & argu+ 9 ! s*ool ( ,tyrannus1 until driv5 away ?r\gh ! tumult rais$ by ,demetrius4 ,he !n w5t to ,j]usalem1 by way ( ,miletus1 b 0 arre/$ 9 ! upro> creat$ by ! ,jews & 0 tak5 fir/ to ,caes>ea 7,ac #bc3bc71 & !nce to ,rome 7,ac #bh3af74 ,?is 0 probably 9 ! spr+ ( #fa ,a4,d4 ,late 9 #fb or e>ly 9 #fc ,a4,d41 ?is ,lett] 0 writt51 toge!r ) ! companion ,lett]s to ! ,colossians & ,philemon4 ,paul's ,lett] to ! ,philippians ,?is ,lett] 0 writt5 %ortly be=e t to ! ,ephesians1 probably late 9 #fa or e>ly 9 #fb ,a4,d4 ,epaphroditus _h be5 s5t to ,rome to assure ! ,apo/le1 9 8 imprisonm5t1 ( ! t5d] & practical sympa?y ( ! ,philippian disciples 7,php #b3be2 #d3ae1af74 ,! mess5g]1 h[ev]1 fell ill ^u 8 arrival1 & only on 8 recov]y c\ld ,paul1 z 9 ?is ,lett]1 express 8 appreciation ( ! ?\ghtful love ( ! ,philippians4 ,! ,apo/le appe>s to h visit$ ! city ?ree times4 ,9 #eb ,a4,d4 x 0 ! place ( 8 fir/ prea*+ 9 ,europe 7,ac #af3ab72 b he came aga9 9 #eg & 9 #eh ,a4,d4 7,ac #bj3b1f71 on ! la/ occasion sp5d+ ! ,passov] season !re4 ,two special traits 9 ! ,mac$onian "* are recogniz$ by ! ,apo/le 9 ?is ,lett]2 ! position & influ5ce ( wom51 & ! f9ancial lib]ality ( ! ,philippians4 ,x is rem>kable t a ,*ur* display+ su* *>act]i/ics1 & exi/+ 9 a ,roman colonia1 %\ld h liv$1 z ?is "o did1 )\t a hi/ory1 & h p]i%$ )\t a memorial4 ,paul's ,lett] to ! ,colossians ,?is ,lett] belongs to ! same gr\p z ^? to ! ,ephesians & ,philemon1 & 0 probably writt5 f ,rome ab\t #fc ,a4 ,d4 ,colossae 0 a t[n 9 ,phrygia 7,roman ,asia71 on ! riv] ,lycus1 & 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,n]o's reign4 ,! ,*ur* !re 0 n f\nd$ by ,paul himself 7,col #b3a71 b by ,epaphras 7,col #a3g2 #d3ab71 & ?is ,lett] arose out ( a visit :i* ,epaphras paid to ! ,apo/le1 = ! purpose ( discuss+ ) him ! developm5t1 at ,colossae1 ( c]ta9 /range doctr9es :i* may possibly h be5 a k9d ( e>ly ,gno/icism4 ,paul "h writes to support ! au?ority & confirm ! tea*+ ( ,epaphras4 ,paul's ,fir/ ,lett] to ! ,!ssalonians ,dur+ 8 second mission>y t\r 7,ac #ag71 ,paul came to ,!ssalonica & prea*$ ! ,good ,news !re ) no little success4 ,! city--:i* _h _h its "n giv5 x by ,cass&]1 aft] 8 wife1 ! si/] ( ,alex&] ! ,great--0 ! mo/ popul\s 9 ,mac$onia1 besides be+ a free city & ! seat ( ! ,roman pro-consul> adm9i/ration4 ,its mod]n "n is ,saloniki4 ,v soon ! unbeliev+ ,jews /irr$ up ! mob aga9/ ,paul & ,silas1 & dragg$ ,jason be=e ! magi/rates4 ,h5ce ! bre?r5 s5t ! mission>ies away by night to ,b]oea1 be+ al>m$ = _! safety4 ,z ! ,apo/le 0 naturally anxi\s ab\t ! p]secut$ flock :i* he _h be5 oblig$ to leave beh9d1 he made two attempts to return to !m1 b ^! be+ fru/rat$ 7#a,? #b3ah71 he !n s5t ,timo?y1 f ,a!ns1 to inquire aft] _! welf>e & enc\rage !m4 ,! report br\ght back 0 on ! :ole satisfactory1 b left occasion = ! self-def5ce1 ! w>n+s & ! exhortations ( ?is ,lett]1 :i* 0 !n s5t f ,cor9?1 probably 9 #ec ,a4,d4 ,paul's ,second ,lett] to ! ,!ssalonians ,?is ,lett] 0 writt5 f ,cor9? n long aft] ! prec$+ "o1 & probably 9 ! ye> #ed ,a4,d4 ,its occasion 0 ! reception ( tid+s f ,!ssalonica :i* %[$ t !re _h be5 a measure ( misappreh5sion ( ! ,apo/le's tea*+ 9 reg>d to ! ,return ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 & also t !re 0 a def9itely disord]ly section 9 ! ,*ur* !re1 capable ( do+ great h>m4 ,h5ce ,paul writes to correct ! error into :i* 8 conv]ts _h fall51 & at ! same "t he uses /rong language z to ! treatm5t to be dealt out to ^? memb]s ( ! ,*ur* :o 7 giv5 to idl5ess & insubord9ation4 ,paul's ,fir/ ,lett] to ,timo?y ,!re has nev] be5 any real d\bt among ,*ri/ian p z to ! au?or%ip ( ! ?ree pa/oral ,lett]s4 ,b def9ite objections to _! g5u95ess h be5 made 9 rec5t times ^u ! gr\nd ( su* int]nal evid5ce z _! /yle1 ! indications !y pres5t ( advanc$ organization1 _! hi/oric /&po9t & _! ref]5ces to develop$ h]esy4 ,says "o s*ol>1 ,:ile !re is probably no?+ 9 !m to :i* ! ,apo/le w\ld h object$1 !y mu/ be reg>d$ on acc\nt ( _! /yle z ! product ( "o :o _h be5 taught by ,paul & n[ desir$ to convey c]ta9 tea*+s "u cov] ( 8 "n4 ,! date ne$ n be lat] ?an #hj ,a4,d4 ,yet a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! matt] does n support su* objections4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ?ree ,lett]s /& or fall toge!r1 & !re is no suffici5t reason = dismiss+ ! anci5t conclusion t !y are all ! g5u9e "w ( ,paul1 & belong to ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 #ff-fg ,a4,d4 ,?is fir/ ,lett] 0 probably writt5 f ,mac$onia4 ,paul's ,second ,lett] to ,timo?y ,! m>ks ( g5u95ess 9 ?is ,lett] are v pron\nc$4 ,= in/ance1 ! ?anksgiv+1 ! long li/ ( prop] names--tw5ty-?ree 9 numb]--! p]sonal details & ! manife/ tone ( s9c]ity & e>ne/ness4 ,h5ce x is accept$ z ,paul's ev5 by "s :o reject ! =m] ,lett] & t address$ to ,titus4 ,b x is insep>able f ! o!rs1 & 0 probably writt5 f ,rome dur+ ! ,apo/le's second imprisonm5t4 ,x is 8 la/ ,lett] kn[n to u1 & its app>5t date is #fg ,a4,d4 ,paul's ,lett] to ,titus ,?is ,lett] 0 probably writt5 f ,ephesus 9 #fg ,a4,d4 ,titus1 :o 0 a ,greek by bir?1 is m5tion$ 9 elev5 o!r places 9 ! ,paul9e ,lett]s & always ) m>k$ approval 7#b;,co #b3ac2 #g3f1ac1ad2 #h3f1af1bc2 #ab3ah2 ,ga #b3a1c2 #b,ti #d3aj74 ,he 0 (t5 a tru/$ mess5g] to ! ,*ur*es1 8 la/ err& be+ to ,dalmatia4 ,tradition confirms ! inf]5ce commonly drawn f ?is ,lett] t he 0 long ! ,bi%op ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,crete1 & reg>ds ,c&ia z hav+ be5 8 bir?place4 ,paul's ,lett] to ,philemon ,?is ,lett] 7#fc ,a4,d47 0 writt5 z ! result ( ,paul's deep int]e/ 9 ,onesimus1 a slave :o _h fl$ f ,colossae to ,rome to get free f ,philemon 8 ma/] 7,col #d3i74 ,a ,phrygian slave 0 "o ( ! l[e/ kn[n types to be f\nd 9 ! ,roman _w1 display+ all ! wor/ features ( "* :i* ! s]vile condition develop$4 ,onesimus _h prov$ no exception4 ,he ran away f 8 ma/]1 &1 z ,paul ?\ght probable 7v]ses #ah1ai71 n )\t help+ himself to a %>e ( 8 ma/]'s possessions4 ,by ! help ( :at he _h /ol51 & by ! clev]ness :i* aft]w>ds made him s helpful to ,paul1 he made 8 way to ,rome1 naturally drawn to ! great c5tre1 & prompt$ bo? by a desire to hide himself & by a y\?ful ye>n+ to see ! utmo/ ! _w c\ld %[ ( glory & ( vice4 ,b :e!r feel+ 8 lonel9ess1 or we>i$ ) a life ( vice1 or impov]i%$ & r$uc$ to want1 or seiz$ ) a fe> ( detection1 he made 8 way to ,paul1 or unbosom$ himself to "s ,asiatic he saw on ! /reet4 ,& z he /epp$ out ( ! co>se debau*]y & pr(anity ( ! cr[d$ resorts ( ! metropolis into ! room hall[$ by ! pres5ce ( ,paul1 he saw ! f\lness ( ! "o life & ! beauty ( ! o!r1 & 0 p]suad$ to accept ! gospel he _h s (t5 he>d 9 8 ma/]'s h\se4 ,h[ long he rema9$ ) ,paul does n appe>1 b x 0 long en\gh to impress on ! ,apo/le's m9d t ?is slave 0 no common man4 ,paul _h devot$ & active fri5ds by him1 b ?is slave1 tra9$ to wat* 8 ma/]'s wants & to execute promptly all t 0 entru/$ to him1 became almo/ indisp5sable to ! ,apo/le4 ,b to reta9 him1 he feels1 w\ld be to /eal him1 or at any rate to deprive ,philemon ( ! pleasure ( volunt>ily s5d+ him to m9i/] to him 7v]se #ad74 ,he !re=e s5ds him back ) ?is ,lett]1 s exquisitely word$ t x _c b h secur$ ! =giv5ess & cordial reception ( ,onesimus 7,m>cus ,dods1 ,d4,d41 ,new ,te/am5t ,introduction74 ,! ,lett] to ! ,hebrews ,z reg>ds ! date ( ?is ,lett]1 ! only sure conclusion appe>s to be t x 0 be=e #gj ,a4,d4 ,! book itself claims to h be5 writt5 at ! end ( ! ,jewi% ,age 7#a3b2 #i3bf71 :il/ ! e>?ly temple 0 /ill 9 exi/5ce 7#i3h71 & x is inconceivable t su* an ov]:elm+ comm5t ^u ! writ]'s :ole position z t af=d$ by ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem w\ld h be5 ov]look$1 _h x be5 available4 ,h5ce #fg-fh ,a4,d4 may ) probability be alleg$ z ! "t ( composition4 ,! only fact cle> z to ! au?or is t he 0 n ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,! e>ly ,fa!rs did n attribute ! book to ,paul1 nor 0 x until ! sev5? c5tury t ! t5d5cy to d ?is1 d]iv$ f ,j]ome1 swell$ into an ecclesia/ical practice4 ,f ! book itself we see t ! au?or mu/ h be5 a ,jew & a ,hell5i/1 famili> ) ,philo z well z ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a fri5d ( ,timo?y & well-kn[n to _m ( ^? :om he address$1 & n an ,apo/le b decid$ly acqua9t$ ) ,apo/olic ?\ghts2 & t he n only wrote be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem b app>5tly himself 0 nev] 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! "n ( ,b>nabas1 & also t ( ,priscilla1 has be5 sugge/$1 b 9 reality all ^! di/9ctive m>ks appe> to be f\nd only 9 ,apollos4 ,s t ) ,lu!r1 & n a few mod]n s*ol>s1 we mu/ ei!r attribute x to him or give up ! que/4 ,!re has nev] be5 any "q z to ! canonicity ( ?is ,lett]1 nor c !re be any d\bt z to its p]5nial value to ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,:]e x 0 writt5 _c be decid$4 ,! bre?r5 f ,italy 7#ac3bd7 proves no?+4 ,nor is x possible to decide to :om x 0 s5t4 ,! ,hebrews1 to :om x 0 address$1 may h be5 resid5t 9 ,j]usalem1 ,alex&ria1 ,ephesus1 or ,rome4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! ,lett] is manife/ly its ref]5ces to ! old ,cov5ant4 ,"h !re is a m+l+ ( rev]5ce & iconoclasm4 ,! unque/ionably div9e orig9 ( ! ,jewi% disp5sation is made use ( = lay+ emphasis ^u ! inf9itely sup]ior glory ( ! ,*ri/ian ord]4 ,?us an a =tiori argum5t p]vades ! :ole --if ! %ad[ 0 div9e1 h[ mu* m mu/ ! sub/ance be6 ,! language ( ! ,epi/le1 bo? 9 vocabul>y & /yle1 is pur] & m vigor\s ?an t ( any o!r book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,we/cott74 ,james's ,lett] ,f\r p]sons be>+ ! "n ( ',james' are m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7#a7 ,! ,apo/le1 ! son ( ,zabdi4 7#b7 ,! ,apo/le1 ! son ( ,alphaeus4 7#c7 ,! son ( ,m>y ! wife ( ,clopas4 7#d7 ,! ,"l's bro!r1 m5tion$ z su* along ) ,joses1 ,simon & ,judah1 & prom95t 9 ! ,acts 7#ab3ag2 #ae3ac2 #ba3ah74 ,! la/-nam$ 0 also kn[n z ',james ! ,j' & is repres5t$ by tradition z hav+ l$ an ascetic life1 :i* end$ 9 m>tyrdom4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly ,bi%op1 or ,presid5t1 ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,j]usalem & 9 all probability ?is ,lett] 0 writt5 by him f t city4 ,!re has be5 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! date ( ! book4 ,! majority ( s*ol>s insi/ t bo? ! int]nal & ext]nal evid5ce po9t to its hav+ be5 writt5 betwe5 #dd & #ej ,a4 ,d41 be=e ! e>lie/ ( ,paul's ,lett]s4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! solemn emphasis :i* ! au?or lays ^u ! imm$iat5ess ( ! ,"l's ,return 7#e3g1h1i7 may be reg>d$ z a moral pro( ( a date v mu* ne>] ! w9d+ up ( ! ,mosaic disp5sation 9 #gj ,a4 ,d4 ,! ,lett] may h be5 a ,jewi% "o1 address$ to ! ,*ri/ian conv]ts f ,judaism :o 7 scatt]$ abroad1 )9 or beyond ! limits ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,lu!r deem$ x an ,epi/le ( /raw1 by reason ( its insi/5ce ^u ! vital importance ( 'works4' ,b its practical ideal assumes ! same basis ( ,*ri/ian fai? z is f\nd 9 ! ,lett]s ( ,paul4 ,! op5+ ref]5ces to sev]e trial seem to %[ t ! p]secution begun by ,h]od ,agrippa _h already be5 repeat$ else:]e4 ,if ! lat] date ( ! book be admitt$1 ! p]secution mu/ !n1 ( c\rse1 h be5 t "u ,n]o4 ,pet]'s ,fir/ ,lett] ,! /ate ( ?+s describ$ 9 ?is ,lett] answ]s to :at we f9d 9 ! fir/ ,lett] to ,timo?y1 & po9ts to ! same p]iod4 ,! fi]y trial ref]r$ to is probably ! p]secution :i*1 begun by ,n]o1 9 #fd ,a4,d41 9 ord] to div]t att5tion f himself1 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! ,lett] seems to be prim>ily address$ to ^? :o reg>d$ ,pet] z ! ,apo/le to ! ,jews1 al?\gh x is manife/ t he did n ?9k ( ^! alone4 ,! fact t x is full ( ,paul9e ?\ght & ,paul9e language1 is acc\nt$ = by ! well-gr\nd$ supposition t ,pet] arriv$ 9 ,rome %ortly be=e ,paul 0 releas$4 ,s t ?is ,lett]1 probably writt5 ab\t #fe-ff ,a4,d41 0 def9itely int5d$ to set be=e ! ,*ur*es ( ,roman ,asia ! inspir+ vision ( ! two ,apo/les work+ & plann+ toge!r 9 ! capital4 ,?is w\ld be at once ! cle>e/ lesson ! ,*ur*es c\ld h conc]n+ _! unity1 & a great enc\ragem5t to ^? !n und]go+ tribulation & p]secution on behalf ( ,*ri/4 ,pet]'s ,second ,lett] ,x is impossible to speak ) any c]ta9ty z to ei!r ! date or ! au?or%ip ( ?is ,lett]4 ,f ! beg9n+ !re h be5 d\bts z to its g5u95ess & canonicity1 & ^! are repres5t$ to-day 9 ! diff]+ judgem5ts ( critics equally able & s9c]e4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 unque/ionably _h a place 9 ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t s9ce ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 9 #cgb ,a4,d41 & !re is c]ta9ly no su* decisive evid5ce aga9/ x z to w>rant our omitt+ x f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! writ]1 :oev] he 01 _h se5 ! ,lett] f ,jude1 & bore x 9 m9d 9 ?is 8 plea = su* "* & conduct on ! "p ( believ]s z 7 wor?y ( _! fai? & w\ld prep>e !m = ! ,com+ ( ! ,"l4 ,! :ole ,lett] con/itutes an e>ne/ appeal = practical hol9ess4 ,john's ,fir/ ,lett] ,t ?is ,lett] 0 ! actual "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 ! son ( ,zabdi1 has be5 abundantly te/ifi$ f ! v e>lie/ times4 ,"s mod]n critics h d\bt$ x1 on ! gr\nd ( int]nal evid5ce4 ,b a calm survey ( ! :ole case does n be> out _! objections4 ,dr4 ,salmon well says t no explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! ,epi/le fits ! facts s well z ! "o :i* has always prevail$4 ,x seems to h be5 address$ to ! ,*ur* at l>ge1 ) p]haps special ref]5ce to ! ,*ur*es 9 ,roman ,asia4 ,! connexion betwe5 ?is ,lett] & ! f\r? ,gospel is intimate & organic4 ,! ,gospel is objective & ! ,epi/le subjective4 ,! ,gospel sugge/s pr9ciples ( conduct :i* ! ,epi/le lays d[n explicitly4 ,! ,epi/le implies facts :i* ! ,gospel /ates z hi/orically true4 ,?is ,lett] appe>s to h be5 writt5 f ,ephesus1 & critics h usually assign$ #ie ,a4 ,d41 or "s o!r ye> equally late 9 ! ,apo/olic age1 z ! probable date ( its composition4 ,on ! o!r h& ! int]nal evid5ce po9ts to a date imm$iately prec$+ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4,d4 ,see #b3h 7la/ clause72 #b3ah2 #d3c2 & note ! expectation ( a spe$y ,com+ ( ,*ri/ 7#b3bh2 #c3b7--;an expectation :i* seems almo/ to h ceas$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* aft] t date4 ,john's ,second ,lett] ,al?\gh we are unable to fix ! exact date ( ?is ,lett] or ! place at :i* x 0 writt51 !re is suffici5t evid5ce1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 to w>rant our acceptance ( x z a g5u9e "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,"s h ?\ght t ! lady address$ /&s = an unkn[n ,*ur*1 b ^u c>eful consid]ation x appe>s m reasonable & natural to reg>d ! ,lett] z hav+ be5 a private "o4 ,x is impossible to discov] ! "n ( ! individual to :om x 0 s5t1 b bo? ?is & ! foll[+ ,lett] may be tak5 z preci\s specim5s ( ! private correspond5ce ( ! belov$ ,apo/le4 ,john's ,?ird ,lett] ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is ,lett] 0 address$ to an individual p]son4 ,we _c affix to x a def9ite date1 or place1 b ! mo/ natural supposition--:i* !re is no?+ to contradict--is t x came f ! ,apo/le 9 ,ephesus1 ab\t ! same "t z ! prec$+ ,lett]4 ,! special m5tion ( ,diotrephes & 8 behavi\r po9ts inde$ to a some:at advanc$ developm5t 9 ! ,*ur* to :i* ,galus belong$1 b su* *>act]s are all too possible at any juncture to af=d 9 ?is in/ance any gu>antee ( a lat] date4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! prec$+ ,lett]s1 ! writ]'s great conc]n is t transc5d5tal tru? %\ld be embodi$ 9 practical hol9ess4 ,jude's ,lett] ,( ! "t & place ( ! composition ( ?is ,lett] we "k no?+ beyond :at may be inf]r$ f its cont5ts4 ,^! seem to %[ t x 0 writt5 9 ,pale/9e1 & ! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to s /rik+ an ev5t z ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem po9ts to a date e>li] ?an #gj ,a4 ,d4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 ?\ght t su* a rebuke ( error & lic5ti\sness z t :i* ?is ,lett] conta9s c only apply to ! =ms ( ,gno/icism kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury4 ,b !re is no reason to d\bt t ! au?or 0 ! man he ass]ts he 01 ! bro!r ( ,james1 ! head ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,j]usalem4 ,he 01 !re=e1 n an ,apo/le b "o ( ! ,"l's bro!rs4 ,! abid+ value ( ! ,lett] consi/s 9 its sev]e condemnation ( m]ely pr(essional ,*ri/ianity1 & its rem>kably beautiful doxology4 ,! ,revelation ( ,john ,! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 ei!r 9 #fg1 or 9 #if1 ,a4,d4 ,an (t-quot$ /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus t x1 or its au?or-- !re is no ^w ins]t$ to indicate :i* ( ! two he meant--0 se5 ab\t ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian1 is reg>d$ by _m z a conclusive pro( ( ! lat] date4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]nal evid5ce--! evid5ce1 t is1 furni%$ by ! cont5ts ( ! book itself--appe>s to po9t ev5 m unmi/akably to ! e>li] date4 ,e4g-41 9 #aa3a1b1h1 ! ,holy ,city & ! e>?ly ,temple are spok5 ( z be+ /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & z ab\t to be trodd5 "u foot by ! ,g5tiles4 ,! language ( ! book has also a be>+ ^u ! problem ( its date4 ,al?\gh o!r explanations h be5 sugge/$1 ! _m ,hebrew idioms t x conta9s z comp>$ ) ! mu* pur] ,greek ( ! f\r? ,gospel-- :i* 0 probably by ! same au?or--seem to indicate t x 0 writt5 long be=e t ,gospel1 at a "t :5 ! ,apo/le _h z yet only an imp]fect acqua9tance ) ! ,greek language4 ,dr4 ,/u>t ,russell1 9 8 "w ,! ,p>\sia1 has cont5d$ = ! belief t ! fall ( ,j]usalem & ,judaism 9 #gj ,a4,d4 m>k$ a /up5d\s epo* 9 ! unse5 _w1 a p]sonal--al?\gh unrecord$--return ( ! ,savi\r to ! e>? !n tak+ place 7cp4 ,ac #g3ee2 #i3g2 #a;,co #i3a71 accompani$ by a spiritual judgem5t ( bygone g5]ations1 a resurrection f ,hades to ,heav5 ( ! fai?ful ( pa/ ages1 & an +a!r+ ( sa9ts !n on e>? into ! ,fa!r's ,h\se ( _m mansions 7,mt #bd3ca2 ,joh #ad3c2 #a,? #d3ag2 #b,? #b3a74 ,if ?is belief ev] obta9s g5]al acceptance ! e>li] date ( ! ,apocalypse w also be reg>d$ z fully e/abli%$4 ,= x w !n be se5 t ! book describes be=eh& ev5ts :i* took place 9 #gj ,a4,d4 & ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+1 p>tly on e>? & p>tly 9 ! spiritual _w1 & is ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! d[nfall ( ! e>?ly ,j]usalem & ! sett+ up ( ,*ri/'s heav5ly ,k+dom--! new ,j]usalem4 ,& its _m my/]i\s symbols w be se5 to h be5 a ciph] ( :i* ! fir/ ,*ri/ians held ! key1 b :i* hid its mean+ f _! enemies4 ,_m s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 reg>d ! book z a docum5t ( ,n]o's "t c>efully incorporat$ 9 "o writt5 ab\t #ij ,a4,d43 a ,jewi% ,apocalypse 9 a ,*ri/ian framework2 bo? p]haps be+ by ! same au?or4--,,editor4