,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #cib ,,new ,,york1 ,,july #g1 #ahhc ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #cib4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism4--,improv$ ,dynamo ,ma*9e4 ,eight figures4 ,an ,improv$ ,manganese ,batt]y4--,by ,,geo4 ,,leu*s4 ,! ,cause ( ,evid5t ,magnetism 9 ,iron1 ,/eel1 & o!r ,magnetic ,metals4--,by ,pr(4 ,d4 ,e4 ,,hughes4 ,neutrality4--,sup]pos$ ,magnetism4--,ela/ic ,nature ( ! ,e!r ,surr\nd+ ! ,magnetic ,molecules4 #c figures4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,we/+h\se ,brake4 #b figures4 ,hydraulic ,elevators & ,motors4--,by ,b4 ,f4 ,,jones4--,be>+ ^u ! ,wat] ,supply ( ,cities4--,co/ ( ,wat] us$4--,objectionable effects on ,wat] ,works4--,be/ me?od ( arrang+ wat] supply4--,cause ( ,accid5ts4--,advantages ( ,wat] ,motors ov] ,/eam ,eng9es4--,rates = ,wat] ,motors4 ,wat] ,supply ( ,small ,t[ns4--,process ( ,s(t5+ ,h>d ,wat]4 ,six figures4 ,improv$ ,wat] ,met]4 ,sev]al figures4 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,wa%+ ,ma*9e = ,wool4 #a figure4 ,increas+ ! ,illum9at+ ,p[] ( ,gases1 etc4--,by ,v4 ,,popp4-- #c figures4 ,prev5t+ ,iron f ,ru/+4 ,an ,ela/ic ,mass = ,confection]s' ,use4 ,ca\t*\c4 ,photographic ,action ,/udi$ ,spectroscopically4 ,salt & ,lime4 ,r5ew+ ,pa9t )\t ,burn+4 ,a ,gre5 or ,gold5 ,color = all ,k9ds ( ,brass4--,by ,e4 ,,pul*]4 ,v9eg>4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,meat by ,c>bonic ,acid4 ,on ! ,adult]ation ( ,soap4--,by ,dr4 ,h4 ,,brackebus*4 ,,iv4 ,,*emi/ry4--,te/+ ,olive ,oil4--,by ,dr4 ,o4 ,,ba*4 ,on ! ,!ory ( ! ,=mation ( ,comp\nd ,e!rs4 ,! ,aliz>9e ,indu/ry4 ,r$uction ( ,oxidiz$ ,iron by ,c>bonic ,oxide4 ,v4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,bov9e & ,human ,milk2 ! ,diff]5ce 9 its ,action & ,composition4--,by ,c4 ,,husson4 ,c]eal ,foods 9 _! ,relation to ,heal? & ,disease4--,by ,f4 ,r4 ,,campbell4 ,moi/ ,air 9 ,liv+ ,rooms4 ,! ,developm5tal ,significance ( ! ,human ,physiognomy4-- ,by ,e4 ,d4 ,,cope4--,num]\s illu/rations4 ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,! ,diamond ,fields ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,sponges at ! ,bahamas4 ,te/+ ,fi% ,ova = ,impregnation4 ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,! ,production ( ,fire4 #d figures4 ,/4 ,blaise4--,! w9n] ( ! ,d]by4 #a illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,dynamo ,,ma*9e4 ,! cont9u\s curr5t & ! alt]nat+ curr5t g5]ators inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,hopk9son & ,dr4 ,alex&] ,muirhead are peculi>ly int]e/+ z be+ probably ! fir/ 9 :i* ! bobb9s ( ! armature 7 w\nd ) copp] ribbon & arrang$ on a disk armature mu* 9 ! same way z 0 aft]w>d done by ,sir ,william ,?omson & by ,mr4 ,f]ranti4 ,9 ! ,muirhead-,hopk9son ma*9e ! armature coils are atta*$ to a s(t iron r+1 :]eas 9 ! ,f]ranti ! iron core is disp5s$ )1 & a ga9 ( lightness 9 ! armature or rotat+ "p effect$2 ?is advantage is ( consid]able importance1 ?\gh ,messrs4 ,hopk9son & ,muirhead c ( c\rse r$uce ! weight ( ?is iron core to insignificant proportions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hopk9son ,,muirhead',s ,,dynamo-,,electric ,,g5]ator4 ,! g5]al =m ( ?is g5]ator is cle>ly %[n by ! side & end elevation4 ,! armature is made by tak+ a pulley & encircl+ x ) a rim ( %eet-iron b&s1 ea* insulat$ f ! o!r by asbe/os pap]4 ,on "o or bo? sides ( ! rim ?us =m$1 radial slots are cut to admit radial coils ( insulat$ copp] wire or ribbon1 s t !y lie 9 planes p>allel to ! plane ( ! pulley4 ,9 ! cont9u\s curr5t ma*9e coils are plac$ on bo? sides ( ! iron rim & arrang$ alt]nately1 t on ! "o side always cov]+ ! gap betwe5 two on ! o!r side4 ,9 ?is way1 :5 a coil on "o side ( ! rim is at its dead po9t & yields its m9imum ( curr5t1 ! correspond+ coil on ! o!r side is giv+ out its maximum4 ,! field magnets are made 9 a simil> mann] to ! armature & run 9 circles p>allel to ! rim ( ! latt]4 ,! cores may be built up ( wr\ght iron z ! rim ( ! armature is2 b x is f\nd *eap] to make !m ( solid wr\ght or ca/ iron4 ,to /op ! local induc$ curr5ts 9 ! core1 h[ev]1 ,messrs4 ,muirhead & ,hopk9son cut grooves 9 ! faces ( ! iron cores1 & fill !m up ) %eet-iron /rips insulat$ f ea* o!r1 simil> to ! %eet-iron rim ( ! armature4 ,! coils1 bo? 9 ! armature & electro-magnets1 are pack$ z closely z !y may to ea* o!r1 & h ?us a compress$ or quadrilat]al %ape4 ,! arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 :i* repres5t1 9 side view & plan1 ! armature pulley ) ! s(t iron rim & coils atta*$4 ,!re a is ! pulley :i* is key$ to ! %aft ( ! ma*9e1 & is encircl$ ) b&s ( %eet iron1 b1 insulat$ f ea* o!r by ribbons ( asbe/os pap] laid betwe5 e two b&s4 ,:5 ! rim has be5 built up 9 ?is way1 radial holes are drill$ ?r\gh x f ! out] edge inw>d1 & ! :ole rim is b\nd toge!r by bolts1 d1 ins]t$ 9 ! holes & secur$ by cott>s1 e4 ,radial slots are !n cut on ea* side ( ! rim all r\nd1 & ! coils ( wire m\nt$ on !m4 ,figs4 #c & #d %[ ! armature ( ! cont9u\s curr5t dynamo1 ) ! coils on "o side ( ! rim1 half way betwe5 ! coils on ! o!r side1 s z to give a m cont9u\s curr5t4 ,9 ! alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9e ! slots on ! opposite faces are face to face4 ,figs4 #e & #i illu/rate ! complete cont9u\s curr5t ma*9e1 ,fig4 #i %[+ ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! field magnets1 & ,fig4 #e ! ext]nal frame ( ca/ iron support+ !m4 ,9 ^! figures a is ! armature already describ$1 b b are ! cores ( ! electro-magnets ) a /rong ca/ iron back+1 c c2 d d are ! excit+ coils or field magnets1 s connect$ t ! poles pres5t$ to ! armature are alt]nately nor? & s\?1 ?us br++ a s\? pole on "o side ( ! armature opposite a nor? pole on ! o!r side4 ,! commutator1 e1 is arrang$ to prev5t sp>k+ :5 ! bru%es leave a contact piece4 ,?is is done by splitt+ up ! bru%es into sev]al p>ts & ins]t+ resi/ances betwe5 ! "p :i* leaves ! contact piece la/ & ! re/ ( ! circuit4 ,?is resi/ance *ecks ! curr5t ere ! f9al rupture ( contact takes place4 ,figs4 #f & #g w expla9 ! /ructure ( ! commutator4 ,"h a a a are ! segm5ts or contact pieces insulat$ f ea* o!r1 & b' b b are ! collect+ bru%es c>ri$ on a sp9dle1 c c'4 ,"o ( ^! bru%es1 b'1 is connect$ to ! sp9dle1 c1 ?r\gh an electrical resi/ance ( plumbago1 arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 :]e d e are metal cyl9d]s1 d be+ 9 contact ) ! bru%1 b'1 :ile e is 9 contact ) ! sp9dle1 c4 ,! space1 f1 betwe5 ^! two cyl9d]s1 d e1 is fill$ ) a mixture ( plumbago & lampblack ( suitable resi/ance1 conf9$ at ! ends by ivory disks4 ,! bru%1 b'1 is adju/$ by b5d+ till x rema9s 9 contact ) any segm5t ( ! commutator = a %ort "t aft] ! o!r bru%es h left contact ) t segm5t1 & ?us in/ead ( sudd5 break ( circuit & consequ5t sp>k+1 a resi/ance is introduc$1 & contact is n brok5 until ! curr5t has be5 consid]ably r$uc$4 ,! contact segm5ts are support$ at bo? ends by solid insulat+ disks2 b !y are insulat$ f ea* o!r by ! air spaces betwe5 !m1 :]e ! bru%es rub ^u !m4 ,! alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo ( ,drs4 ,hopk9son & ,muirhead diff]s little 9 g5]al con/ruction f t we h describ$2 except t ! commutator is v mu* simplifi$1 & ! armature bobb9s are plac$ opposite ea* o!r on bo? sides ( ! rim4 ,in/ead ( =m+ ! coils into complete bobb9s1 ,dr4 ,muirhead pref]s to w9d !m 9 a zigzag =m r\nd ! groov$ iron rim aft] ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 :i* repres5ts a plan & section ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t armature4 ,?is arrangem5t is simpl] 9 con/ruction ?an ! bobb9 w9d+1 & is less liable to g5]ate self-induction curr5t 9 ! armature4 ,sir ,william ,?omson has adopt$ a simil> plan 9 "o ( 8 dynamos4 ,9 ,fig4 #h1 a is ! pulley fix$ to ! sp9dle ( ! ma*9e1 b b is ! iron rim1 & c c are ! zigzag coils ( copp] ribbon4 ,! field magnets are also w\nd 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x w be se5 f our description t ,drs4 ,hopk9son & ,muirhead h sc>cely _h suffici5t cr$it giv5 !m = ?is int]e/+ ma*9e1 :i* s closely approximates to ! ,f]ranti4 ,"o ( _! alt]nat+ dynamos has be5 built1 & 0 %[n at ! ,aqu>ium ,exhibition4 ,x works well1 & is capable ( support+ #cjj ,swan lights1 :ile 9 size & appe>ance x resembles ! ,f]ranti ma*9e 9 a v /rik+ mann]4 ,drs4 ,muirhead & ,hopk9son h also design$ a magneto-electric alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9e2 b z x closely resembles ! ma*9es describ$1 ) ! exception t p]man5t magnets are employ$ z field magnets1 we ne$ n dwell ^u x fur!r4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,improv$ ,,manganese ,,batt]y4 ,by ,,george ,,leu*s4 ,! ,leclan*e batt]y is di/+ui%$ = its simplicity1 its small int]nal resi/ance 7#j4g to #a4j ,siem5s unit71 & t all *emical action ceases :5 ! curr5t is brok51 t x is n s5sitive to ext]nal influ5ce1 & by ! self-r5ewal ( ! negative electrodes4 ,b on ! opposite side ! action is n v great 7 #a4bj or #a4dh ,d471 & ! z9c z well z ! sal ammoniac are conv]t$ into products t _c be utiliz$4 ,i replace ! solution ( sal ammoniac by "o ( cau/ic pota% or soda 7#ab to #ae p] c5t471 & ! ?9 z9c rods by z9cs ) l>g] surfaces4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ,i obta9 a p[]ful & odorless batt]y1 hav+ all ! valuable qualities ( ! ,leclan*e1 & "o t p]mits ( a r5ewal ( ! pota% solution z well z ( ! negative electrode4 ,! electromotive p[] ( ?is elem5t may be z high z #a4h ,d4 ,! same pyrolusite 7b9oxide ( manganese7 cyl9d] us$ ) ! same ?9 rod ( z9c w precipitate #ge p] c5t4 m copp] f solution 9 an h\r :5 cau/ic pota% is us$ ?an :5 sal ammoniac is employ$4 ,b by replac+ ! ?9 z9c rod by a z9c cyl9d] ( l>ge surface1 #b times z mu* copp] is precipitat$ 9 ! same "t4 ,! m p[]ful action ( su* a pair is expla9$ by ! /rong] excitation & m rapid reg5]ation t ! negative electrodes und]go f ! oxidiz+ action ( ! air 9 ! pota% solution1 z well z by ! fact t ?is solution is a bett] conductor ?an ! sal ammoniac solution4 ,! pota% solution does n cry/allize easily1 h5ce ! negative electrode rema9s free f cry/als & does n require fill+ up ) wat]4 ,z9c dissolves only :ile 9 contact ) negative bodies1 h5ce !re is no unnecess>y consumption ( z9c ei!r 9 ! op5 or clos$ circuit4 ,:5 ! pota% lye has become useless1 ,i reg5]ate x by remov+ ! z9c 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,i p\r ! solution f ! cells1 put x 9 a suitable vessel1 :]e ,i add wat] to replace t already evaporat$1 & !n %ake x up well at ! ord9>y temp]ature ) hydrat$ oxide ( z9c 7z9cic hydrate74 ,"u ?is treatm5t ! great] portion ( ! z9c t _h be5 *emically dissolv$ by ! pota% is precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( z9c hydrate1 along ) "s c>bonate4 ,! liquid is n[ all[$ to settle1 & ! cle> sup]natant solution is p\r$ back aga9 into ! batt]y cells4 ,! batt]y has r great] electromotive =ce :5 ?is reg5]at$ lye is us$1 because c]ta9 =eign matt]s f ! c>bon1 l sulphur1 *lor9e1 sulphuric acid1 etc41 are remov$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,! reg5]ation ( ! 7br[n coal7 c>bon goes on ( itself1 b5ea? ! lye1 ?r\gh ! oxidiz+ action ( ! atmosph]ic air2 x is advantage\s to h a "p ( ! c>bon /ick+ out ( ! liquid4 ,( c\rse ! reg5]ation takes place mu* m quickly if ! electrodes are tak5 out & expos$ to ! air4 ,9 ?is case ! c>bon electrode ne$ n be v ?ick1 & c be flat or ( tubul> =m4 ,9 ! =m] case x mu/ h a l>ge volume1 & ! massive cyl9drical =m is recomm5d$4 ,! z9c electrode mu/ be kept cov]$ deeply ) pota%4 ,! cells mu/ h free access ( air1 & ! pota% mu/ be replac$ z soon z x is exhau/$4--,*em4 ,zeit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conclud$ f ,,supplem5t ,no4 #cij1 page #fbag4 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,evid5t ,,magnetism ,,9 ,,iron1 ,,/eel1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,magnetic ,,metals4 ,footnote3 ,pap] lately read be=e ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ,electricians4 ,by ,pr(essor ,d4 ,e4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,vice-,presid5t4 ,,neutrality4 ,! app>atus ne$$ = rese>*es ^u evid5t ext]nal pol>ity requires no v great skill or ?\ght1 b simply an app>atus to measure correctly ! =ce ( ! evid5t repulsion or attraction2 9 ! case ( neutrality1 h[ev]1 ! ext]nal pol>ity disappe>s1 & we consequ5tly require special app>atus1 toge!r ) ! utmo/ c>e & reflection 9 its use4 ,f num]\s rese>*es previ\sly made by means ( ! induction balance1 ! results ( :i* ,i h already publi%$1 ,i felt conv9c$ t 9 inve/igat+ ! cause ( magnetism & neutrality ,i %\ld h 9 x ! aid ( ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t ( rese>* ev] br\ght to be> ^u ! molecul> con/ruction ( iron1 z inde$ ( all metals4 ,x neglects all =ces :i* d n produce a *ange 9 ! molecul> /ructure1 & enables u to p5etrate at once to ! int]ior ( a magnet or piece ( iron1 obs]v+ only its peculi> /ructure & ! *ange :i* takes place dur+ magnetization or app>5t neutrality4 ,! induction balance is affect$ by ?ree di/9ct arrangem5ts ( molecul> /ructure 9 iron & /eel1 by means ( :i* we h app>5t ext]nal neutrality4 ,fig #a %[s sev]al pol> directions ( ! molecules z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,poisson assum$ z a necessity ( 8 !ory1 t a molecule is sph]ical2 b ,dr4 ,j\le's exp]im5tal pro( ( ! elongation ( iron by "o sev5-hundr$ &-tw5ty-?\s&? ( its l5g? :5 magnetiz$1 proves at lea/ t its =m is n sph]ical2 &1 z ,i am unable at pres5t to demon/rate my own views z to its exact =m1 ,i h simply indicat$ its pol> direction by arr[s--! dott$ oval l9es m]ely indicat+ its limits ( free ela/ic rotation4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 at ,a1 we h neutrality by ! mutual attraction ( ea* pair ( molecules1 be+ ! %orte/ pa? 9 :i* !y c\ld satisfy _! mutual attractions4 ,at ,b we h ! case ( sup]pos$ magnetism ( equal ext]nal value1 r5d]+ ! wire or rod app>5tly neutral1 al?\gh a l[] s]ies ( molecules are rotat$ 9 ! opposite direction to ! upp] s]ies1 giv+ to ! rod opposite & equal pol>ities4 ,at ,c we h ! molecules arrang$ 9 a circul> *a9 ar\nd ! axis ( a wire or rod ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t has pass$4 ,at ,d we h ! evid5t pol>ity induc$ by ! e>?'s directive influ5ce :5 a s(t iron rod is held 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,at ,e we h a longitud9al neutrality produc$ 9 ! same rod :5 plac$ magnetic we/1 ! pol>ity 9 ! latt] case be+ transv]sal4 ,9 all ^! cases we h a p]fectly symmetrical arrangem5t1 & ,i h n yet f\nd a s+le case 9 well-anneal$ s(t iron 9 :i* ,i c\ld detect a het]og5e\s arrangem5t1 z suppos$ by ,amp]e1 ,de la ,rive1 ,web]1 ,wi$]mann1 & ,maxwell4 ,we c only /udy neutrality ) p]fectly s(t ,sw$i% iron4 ,h>d iron & /eel reta9 previ\s magnetizations1 & an app>5t ext]nal neutrality w\ld 9 mo/ cases be ! sup]position ( "o magnetism ^u ano!r ( equal ext]nal =ce 9 ! opposite direction1 z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,p]fectly s(t iron we c easily free1 by vibrations1 f ! slighte/ trace ( previ\s magnetism1 & /udy ! neutrality produc$ "u v>y+ conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,if we take a flat b> ( s(t iron1 ( #cj or m c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 & hold x v]tically 7giv+ :ile ?us held a few torsions1 vibrations1 or1 bett] /ill1 a few slight bl[s ) a wood5 mallet1 9 ord] to all[ its molecules to rotate ) p]fect fre$om71 we f9d its l[] end to be ( /rong nor? pol>ity1 & its upp] end s\?4 ,on rev]s+ ! rod & repeat+ ! vibrations1 we f9d t its l[] end has precisely a simil> nor? pol>ity4 ,?us ! iron is homog5e\s1 & its pol>ity symmetrical4 ,if we n[ magnetize ?is rod to produce a /rong s\? pole at its l[] portion1 we c gradually rev]se ?is pol>ity1 by ! influ5ce ( e>?'s magnetism1 by slightly tapp+ ! upp] extremity ) a small wood5 mallet4 ,if we obs]ve ?is rod by means ( a direction ne$le at all p>ts1 & successively dur+ its gradual passage f "o pol>ity to ! o!r1 !re w be no sudd5 break into a haphaz>d arrangem5t1 b a gradual & p]fectly symmetrical rotation f "o direction to t ( ! opposite pol>ity4 ,if ?is rod is plac$ ea/ & we/1 hav+ fir/1 say1 a nor? pol>ity to ! "r1 we c gradually dis*>ge or rotate ! molecules to z]o1 & z gradually rev]se ! pol>ity by simply incl9+ ! rod s z to be slightly influ5c$ by e>?'s magnetism2 & at no portion ( ?is passage f "o pol>ity to neutrality1 & to t ( ! opposite "n1 w !re be f\nd a break ( cont9uity ( rotation or haphaz>d arrangem5t4 ,if we rotate ?is rod sl[ly1 horizontally or v]tically1 tak+ obs]vations at ea* few degrees ( rotation ( an entire revolution1 we f9d /ill ! same gradual symmetrical *ange ( pol>ity1 & t its symmetry is z complete at neutrality z 9 evid5t pol>ity4 ,9 all ^! cases !re is no complete neutrality1 ! longitud9al pol>ity simply becom+ transv]sal :5 ! rod is ea/ & we/4 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,j1 ,fig4 #a1 %[ ?is gradual *ange1 ,h be+ neutral longitud9ally1 b pol>iz$ transv]sely4 ,if1 9 place ( ! rod1 we take a small squ>e s(t iron plate & all[ its molecules fre$om "u ! sole influ5ce ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 !n we inv>iably f9d ! pol>ity 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic dip1 no matt] 9 :at position x be held1 & a sph]e ( s(t iron c\ld only be pol>iz$ 9 a simil> direction ,?us we c nev] obta9 complete ext]nal neutrality :ile ! molecules h fre$om & d n =m an int]nal clos$ circle ( mutual attractions2 & :atev] !ory we may adopt z to ! cause ( pol>ity 9 ! molecule1 su* z ,c\lomb's1 ,poisson's1 ,amp]e's1 or ,web]'s1 !re c exi/ no haphaz>d arrangem5t 9 p]fectly s(t iron1 z long z x is free f all ext]nal causes except ! influ5ce ( ! e>?2 consequ5tly ^! !ories are wrong 9 "o ( _! mo/ ess5tial p>ts4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 produce a clos$ circle ( mutual attraction 9 iron & /eel1 produc+ complete neutrality z long z ! /ructure is n de/roy$ by "s /rong] ext]nal direct+ influ5ce4 ,o]/$ discov]$ t an ext]nal magnetic ne$le places itself p]p5dicul> to an electric curr5t2 & we %\ld expect t1 if ! molecules ( an iron wire possess$ inh]5t pol>ity & c\ld rotate1 a simil> effect w\ld take place 9 ! int]ior ( ! wire to t obs]v$ by ,o]/$4 ,wi$]mann fir/ rem>k$ ?is effect1 & x has be5 kn[n z circul> magnetism4 ,?is circle1 h[ev]1 consi/s really 9 ea* molecule hav+ plac$ itself p]p5dicul> to ! curr5t1 simply obey+ ,o]/$'s law1 & ?us =m+ a complete circle 9 :i* ! mutual attractions ( ! molecules =m+ t circle are satisfi$1 z %[n z ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is wire becomes completely neutral1 any previ\s symmetrical arrangem5t ( pol>ity rotat+ to =m its complete circle ( attractions2 & we c ?us =m 9 h>d iron & /eel a neutrality extremely difficult to break up or de/roy4 ,we h evid5t pro( t ?is neutrality consi/s ( a clos$ *a91 or circle1 z by torsion we c p>tially deflect !m on ei!r side2 ?us f a p]fect ext]nally neutral wire1 produc+ ei!r pol>ity1 by simple me*anical angul> displacem5t ( ! molecules1 z by "r or left h&$ torsion4 ,if we magnetize a wire plac$ ea/ & we/1 x w reta9 ?is pol>ity until fre$ by vibrations1 z already rem>k$4 ,if we pass an electric curr5t ?r\gh ?is magnetiz$ wire1 we c notice ! gradual rotation ( ! molecules1 & ! =mation ( ! circul> neutrality4 ,if we comm5ce ) a weak curr5t1 gradually increas+ its /r5g?1 we c rotate !m z sl[ly z may be desir$4 ,!re is no sudd5 break or haphaz>d mom5t ( neutrality3 ! movem5ts to p]fect z]o are accompli%$ ) p]fect symmetry ?r\gh\t4 ,we c produce a m p]fect & %ort] circle ( attractions by ! sup]position ( magnetism1 z at ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,if we magnetize a piece ( /eel or iron 9 a giv5 direction ) a /rong magnetic direct+ p[]1 ! magnetism p5etrates to a c]ta9 dep?4 ,if we slightly dim9i% ! magnetiz+ p[]1 & magnetize ! rod 9 a contr>y direction1 we may r$uce x to z]o1 by ! sup]position ( an ext]ior magnetism ^u "o ( a contr>y "n exi/+ at a great] dep?2 & if we cont9ue ?is op]ation1 gradually dim9i%+ ! =ce at ea* rev]sal1 we c easily sup]pose t5 or m di/9ct symmetrical arrangem5ts1 &1 z _! mutual attractions are satisfi$ 9 a %ort] circle ?an 9 t produc$ by electricity1 x is extremely difficult to de/roy ?is =mation :5 once produc$4 ,! induction balance af=ds also "s reasons = believ+ t ! molecules n only =m a clos$ circle ( attractions1 z at ,b1 b t !y c mutually react ^u ea* o!r1 s z to close a circle ( attractions z a d\ble molecule1 z %[n at ,a4 ,! exp]im5tal evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t to dwell on ?is po9t1 z ! neutrality obta9$ by sup]position is some:at simil> 9 its ext]nal effects4 ,we c produce a p]fectly symmetrical clos$ circle ( attractions ( ! nature ( ! neutrality ( ,c1 ,fig4 #c1 by =m+ a /eel wire into a clos$ circle1 #aj c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 if ?is wire is well jo9$ at its extremities by twi/+ & sold]+4 ,we c !n magnetize ?is r+ by sl[ly revolv+ x at ! extremity ( "o pole ( a /rong p]man5t magnet2 &1 to avoid consequ5t poles at ! "p la/ t\*+ ! magnet1 we %\ld h a graduat+ w$ge ( wood1 s t :ile revolv+ x may be gradually remov$ to great] di/ance4 ,?is wire w !n conta9 no consequ5t po9ts or ext]nal magnetism3 x w be f\nd p]fectly neutral 9 all p>ts ( its clos$ circle4 ,its neutrality is simil> to ,c1 ,fig4 #c2 = if we cut ?is wire at any po9t we f9d extremely /rong magnetic pol>ity1 be+ magnetiz$ by ?is me?od to saturation1 & hav+ reta9$ 7:i* x w indef9itely7 its circle ( attractions complete4 ,i h already %[n t s(t iron1 :5 its molecules are all[$ p]fect fre$om by vibration1 inv>iably takes ! pol>ity ( ! ext]nal direct+ influ5ce1 su* z t ( ! e>?1 & x does s ev5 ) great] fre$om "u ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,manufactur]s ( electro-magnets = telegraphic in/rum5ts are v c>eful to *oose ! s(te/ iron & ?or\ghly anneal x2 b v few recognize ! importance z reg>ds ! position ( ! iron :ile anneal+ x "u ! e>?'s direct+ influ5ce4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 has long s9ce be5 obs]v$4 ,dr4 ,hooke1 #afhd1 rem>k$ t /eel or iron 0 magnetiz$ :5 heat$ to r$ness & plac$ 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,i h slightly v>i$ ?is exp]im5t by heat+ to r$ness ?ree simil> /eel b>s1 two ( :i* _h be5 previ\sly magnetiz$ to saturation1 & plac$ sep>ately ) contr>y pol>ity z reg>ds ea* o!r1 ! ?ird be+ neutral4 ,^u cool+1 ^! ?ree b>s 7 f\nd to h id5tical & simil> pol>ity4 ,?us ! molecules ( ?is mo/ rigid mat]ial1 ca/ /eel1 _h become free at r$ heat1 & rotat$ "u ! e>?'s magnetic influ5ce1 giv+ exactly ! same =ce on ea*2 consequ5tly ! previ\s magnetization ( two ( ^! b>s _h nei!r augm5t$ nor weak5$ ! inh]5t pol>ity ( _! molecules4 ,s(t iron gave "u ^! conditions by f> ! greate/ =ce1 its inh]5t pol>ity be+ great] ?an t ( /eel4 ,i h made num]\s o!r exp]im5ts be>+ ^u ! "q ( neutrality1 b !y all confirm ^? ,i h cit$1 :i* ,i consid] af=d ample evid5ce ( ! symmetrical arrangem5t ( neutrality4 ,,sup]pos$ ,,magnetism4 ,kn[+ t by torsion we c rotate or dim9i% magnetism1 ,i 0 anxi\s to obta9 by its means a complete rotation f nor? pol>ity to neutrality1 & f neutrality to s\? pol>ity1 or to completely rev]se magnetic pol>ity by a slight "r or left torsion4 ,i h succe$$ 9 do+ ?is1 & 9 obta9+ /rong rev]sal ( pol>ities1 by sup]pos+ "o pol>ity giv5 :ile ! rod is "u a "r ela/ic torsion1 ) ano!r ( ! opposite pol>ity giv5 "u a left ela/ic torsion1 ! neutral po9t !n be+ rea*$ :5 ! rod is free f torsion4 ,! rod %\ld be v /rongly magnetiz$ "u its fir/ or "r-h& torsion1 s t its int]ior molecules are rotat$1 or1 9 o!r words1 magnetiz$ to saturation2 ! second magnetization 9 ! contr>y s5se & torsion %\ld be feebl]1 s z only to magnetize ! surface1 or n m ?an "o-half its dep?2 ^! c be easily adju/$ to ea* o!r s z to =m a complete pol> balance ( =ce1 produc+1 :5 ! rod is free f torsion1 ! neutrality z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! app>atus ne$$ is simply a good comp\nd horse%oe p]man5t magnet1 #ae c5timet]s long1 hav+ six or m plates1 giv+ x a total ?ickness ( at lea/ #c c5timet]s4 ,we ne$ a suffici5tly p[]ful magnet1 z ,i f9d t ,i obta9 a m equal di/ribution ( magnetism ^u a rod or /rip ( iron by draw+ x l5g?wise ov] a s+le pole 9 a direction f t pole1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b2 we c !n obta9 saturation by repeat$ draw+s1 keep+ ! same molecul> symmetry 9 ea* exp]im5t4 ,9 ord] to apply a slight ela/ic torsion :5 magnetiz+ rods or wires1 ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t to atta* two brass clamp keys to ! extremities ( ! rods1 or simply turn ! ends at "r angles1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 by :i* means we c apply an ela/ic twi/ or torsion :ile draw+ ! rod ov] ! pole ( ! p]man5t magnet4 ,we c ?us sup]pose sev]al & opposite symmetrical /ructures1 produc+ a pol> nor? or s\? z desir$1 greatly 9 excess ( t possible "u a s+le or ev5 d\ble magnetization1 & by c>efully adju/+ ! proportion ( oppos+ magnetisms1 s t bo? pol>ities h ! same ext]nal =ce1 ! rod w be at p]fect ext]nal neutrality :5 free f torsion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,if we n[ hold "o end ( ?is rod at a few c5timet]s di/ance f a magnetic directive ne$le1 we f9d x p]fectly neutral :5 free ( torsion1 b ! slighte/ torsion "r or left at once produces viol5t repulsion or attraction1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! torsion giv5 to ! rod1 ! iron rod or /rips ( hoop-iron :i* ,i use = ?is exp]im5t be+ able1 :5 at ! di/ance ( five c5timet]s f ! ne$le1 to turn x in/antly #ij on ei!r side ( its z]o4 ,! ext]nal neutrality t we c n[ produce at w is absolute1 z x crosses ! l9e ( two contr>y pol>ities1 be+ simil> to ! z]o ( my electric sonomet]1 ^: z]o is obta9$ by ! cross+ ( two oppos+ electric =ces4 ,?is rod ( iron reta9s its peculi> p[]s ( rev]sal 9 a rem>kable degree1 a condition q diff]5t to t ( ord9>y magnetization1 = ! same rod1 :5 magnetiz$ to saturation "u a s+le ord9>y magnetism1 loses its evid5t magnetism by a few ela/ic torsions1 z ,i h already %[n2 b :5 x is magnetiz$ "u ! d\ble torsion ) its sup]pos$ magnetism1 x is b slightly r$uc$ by v>iations or num]\s torsions1 & ,i h f\nd x impossible to r5d] ?is rod aga9 free f its d\ble pol> effects1 except by /rongly remagnetiz+ x to saturation ) a s+le pol>ity4 ,! sup]pos$ magnetism !n becomes a s+le directive =ce1 & we c !n by a few vibrations or torsions r$uce ! rod to its ord9>y condition4 ,! effects ( sup]pos$ magnetism & its d\ble pol>ity ,i h produc$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 su* z by ! electro-magnetic influ5ce ( coils1 or 9 v s(t iron simply by ! directive influ5ce ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 rev]s+ ! rod & torsions :5 held 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 ^! rods :5 plac$ magnetic we/ %[+ di/9ctly ! d\ble pol> effects4 ,x is rem>kable1 also1 t we are enabl$ to sup]pose & obta9 ! maximum effects on ?9 /rips ( iron f to millimet] 9 ?ickness1 :ile 9 ?ick] rods we h f> less effect1 be+ mask$ by ! comp>atively neutral /ate ( ! int]ior1 ! ext]ior molecules !n rea*+ ^u ^? ( ! int]ior1 all[+ !m to complete 9 ! int]ior _! circle ( attractions4 ,i 0 anxi\s to obta9 wires :i* w\ld pres]ve ?is /ructure aga9/ ! de/ructive influ5ce ( torsion & vibrations1 s t ,i c\ld con/antly employ ! same wires )\t ! comp>atively long & t$i\s process ( prep>ation4 ,s(t iron soon loses ! /ructure1 or becomes enfeebl$1 "u ! con/ant to & fro torsions requisite :]e we desire a con/ant *ange ( pol>ity1 z describ$ lat] 9 ! magnetic bells4 ,h>d /eel pres]ves its /ructure1 b its molecul> rigidity is s great t we obta9 b m]e traces ( any *ange ( pol>ity by torsion4 ,i h f\nd1 h[ev]1 t f9e ca/ drill /eel1 untemp]$1 ( ! k9d employ$ by wat*mak]s1 is mo/ suitable2 ^! are g5]ally sold 9 /raight l5g?s ( #cj c5timet]s4 ,wires #a millimet] 9 diamet] %\ld be us$1 & :5 x is desir$ to increase ! =ce1 sev]al ( ^! wires1 say1 n9e or t51 %\ld be =m$ into a s+le rod or bun*4 ,! wire z sold is too rigid to give its maximum ( molecul> rotation effect4 ,we mu/ !re=e give x two entire turns or twi/s to ! "r1 & /rongly magnetize x on ! nor? pole ( ! magnet :ile "u torsion4 ,we mu/ aga9 repeat ?is op]ation 9 ! contr>y direction1 aft] re/or+ ! wire to its previ\s position1 giv+ n[ two entire turns to ! left & magnetiz+ x on ! s\? pole4 ,on re/or+ ! wire to its orig9al place1 x w be extremely flexible1 & we may n[ sup]pose sev]al contr>y pol>ities "u contr>y torsions1 z already describ$4 ,! p[] ( ^! wires1 if prop]ly prep>$1 is mo/ rem>kable1 be+ able to rev]se _! pol>ity "u torsion1 z if !y 7 completely saturat$2 & !y pres]ve ?is p[] indef9itely if n t\*$ by a magnet4 ,x w\ld be extremely difficult to expla9 ! action ( ! rotative effects obta9$ 9 ^! wires "u any o!r !ory ?an t :i* ,i h advanc$2 & ! absolute ext]nal neutrality t we obta9 9 !m :5 ! pol>ities are *ang+1 we "k1 f _! /ructure1 to be p]fectly symmetrical4 ,i 0 anxi\s to %[1 ^u ! read+ ( ?is pap]1 "s me*anical movem5t produc$ by molecul> rotation1 consequ5tly ,i h arrang$ two bells t are /ruck alt]nately by a pol>iz$ armature put 9 motion by ! d\ble pol>iz$ rod ,i h already describ$1 b ^: position1 at ?ree c5timet]s di/ant f ! axis ( ! armature1 rema9s inv>iably ! same4 ,! magnetic armature consi/s ( a horizontal light /eel b> susp5d$ by its c5tral axle2 ! bells are ?9 w9e glasses1 giv+ a cle> musical tone l\d en\gh1 by ! =ce ) :i* !y are /ruck1 to be cle>ly he>d at "s di/ance4 ,! armature does n /rike ^! alt]nately by a p5dul\s movem5t1 z we may easily /rike only "o cont9u\sly1 ! friction & in]tia ( ! armature caus+ its movem5ts to be p]fectly dead beat :5 n driv5 by "s ext]nal =ce1 & x is kept 9 its z]o position by a /rong directive magnet plac$ b5ea? its axle4 ,! me*anical p[] obta9$ is extremely evid5t1 & is suffici5t to put ! sluggi% armature 9 rapid motion1 /rik+ ! bells six times p] second1 & ) a p[] suffici5t to produce tones l\d en\gh to be cle>ly he>d 9 all p>ts ( ! hall ( ! ,society4 ,z ?is is ! fir/ direct trans=mation ( molecul> motion into me*anical movem5t1 ,i am happy to %[ x on ?is occasion4 ,!re is no?+ rem>kable 9 ! bells !mselves1 z !y evid5tly c\ld be rung if ! armature 0 surr\nd$ by a coil1 & work$ by an electric curr5t f a few cells4 ,! m>vel1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! small /eel sup]pos$ magnetic wire produc+ by slight ela/ic torsions f a s+le wire1 "o millimet] 9 diamet]1 suffici5t =ce f m]e molecul> rotation to entirely replace ! coil & electric curr5t4 ,,ela/ic ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,e!r ,,surr\nd+ ,,! ,,magnetic ,,molecules4 ,dur+ ^! rese>*es ,i h rem>k$ a peculi> prop]ty ( magnetism1 viz41 t n only c ! molecules be rotat$ ?r\gh any degree ( arc to its maximum1 or saturation1 b t1 :ile x requires a comp>atively /rong =ce to ov]come its rigidity or resi/ance to rotation1 x has a small field ( its own ?r\gh :i* x c move ) excessive fre$om1 trembl+1 vibrat+1 or rotat+ ?r\gh a small degree ) inf9itely less =ce ?an w\ld be requir$ to rotate x p]man5tly on ei!r side4 ,?is prop]ty is s m>k$ & g5]al t we c obs]ve x )\t any special iron or app>atus4 ,let u take a flat rod ( ord9>y hoop iron1 #cj or m c5timet]s 9 l5g?4 ,if1 :ile hold+ ?is v]tically1 we give fre$om to its molecules by torsions1 vibrations1 or1 bett] /ill1 by a few bl[s ) a wood5 mallet ^u its upp] extremity1 we f9d1 z is well kn[n1 t its l[] portion is /rongly nor?1 & its upp] s\?4 ,if we rev]se ?is rod1 we n[ f9d x neutral at bo? extremities4 ,we might "h suppose t ! e>?'s direct+ =ce _h rotat$ ! molecules to z]o1 or transv]sely1 :i* 9 reality x has done1 b only to ! limit ( _! comp>atively free motion2 = if we rev]se ! rod to its orig9al position1 its previ\s /rong pol>ity reappe>s at bo? extremities1 ?us ! c5tral po9t ( its free motion is incl9$ to ! rod1 giv+ by its free motion great symmetrical incl9ation & pol>ity 9 "o direction1 b :5 rev]s$ ! incl9ation is r$uc$ to z]o4 ,9 ,fig4 #c1 ,d %[s ! b> ( iron :5 /rongly pol>iz$ by e>?'s magnetic influ5ce1 "u vibrations1 ) a suffici5t =ce to h rotat$ its ela/ic c5t] ( action4 ,c %[s ! same b> ) its molecules at z]o1 or transv]sal1 ! direct+ =ce ( e>? be+ insuffici5t )\t ! aid ( me*anical vibration to all[ !m to *ange4 ,! dott$ l9es ( ,d suppose ! molecule to be 9 ! c5t] ( its free motion1 :ile at ,c ! molecules h rotat$ to z]o1 z !y are prev5t$ f fur!r rotation by be+ at ! extreme end ( its free motion4 ,if1 n[1 we hold ! rod v]tically1 z at ,c1 giv+ neutrality1 & give a few slight bl[s ) a wood5 mallet to its upp] extremity1 we c give j ! am\nt ( fre$om requir$ = x to produce evid5t pol>ity1 & we !n h equal pol>ity1 no matt] :i* end ( ! b> is bel[1 ! c5t] ( its free rotation "h be+ p]fect1 & ! rod p]fectly neutral longitud9ally :5 held ea/ & we/4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we h giv5 too mu* fre$om by repeat$ bl[s ( ! mallet1 its c5t] ( free motion becomes incl9$ ) ! molecules1 & we arrive at its fir/ condition1 except t x is n[ neutral at ,d & pol>iz$ at ,c4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t we c adju/ ?is c5t] ( action1 by vibrations or bl[s1 to any po9t )9 ! ext]nal direct+ influ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,we c p]ceive ?is effect ( free rotation 9 a limit$ space 9 all classes ( iron & /eel1 be+ f> great] 9 s(t ,sw$i% iron ?an 9 h>d iron or /eel4 ,a simil> ph5om5on takes place if we magnetize a rod held v]tically 9 ! direction ( e>?'s magnetism4 ,x !n gives great] pol>ity ?an if magnetiz$ ea/ or we/1 & if magnetiz$ 9 a contr>y s5se to e>?'s magnetism1 x is v feebly magnetiz$1 or1 if ! rod is p]fectly s(t1 x becomes neutral aft] /rong magnetization4 ,?is prop]ty ( comp>ative fre$om1 & ! rotation ( its c5t] ( action1 c be demon/rat$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,"o rem>kable example ( x consi/s 9 ! telephone4 ,all ^? :o are ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) electro-magnetism1 & "k t x requires measurable "t to *>ge an electro-magnet to saturation 7ab\t "o-fifte5? ( a second = ^? employ$ 9 telegraphy71 7 surpris$ t ! telephone c\ld foll[ ! slighte/ *ange ( timbre1 requir+ almo/ innum]able *anges ( =ce p] second4 ,i believe ! free rotation ,i h spok5 ( ?r\gh a limit$ range expla9s its rem>kable s5sitiv5ess & rapidity ( action1 &1 accord+ to ?is view1 x w\ld also expla9 :y l\d s\nd+ telephones c nev] repeat all ! delicacy ( timbre t is easily done ) ^? only requir+ a =ce compris$ 9 ! critical limits ( its free rotation4 ,?is prop]ty1 ,i h f\nd1 has a di/9ct critical value = ea* class ( iron1 & ,i propose soon to publi% rese>*es ^u ! molecul> con/ruction ( /eel & iron1 9 :i* ,i h made use ( ?is v prop]ty z a guide to ! quality ( ! iron itself4 ,! ela/ic rotation 79 a limit$ space7 ( a molecule diff]s entirely f t kn[n z me*anical ela/icity4 ,9 p]fectly s(t iron we h feeble me*anical ela/icity1 :ile 9 temp]$ /eel we h t ela/icity at its maximum4 ,! contr>y takes place z reg>ds molecul> ela/icity4 ,9 temp]$ /eel ! molecules are extremely rigid1 & 9 s(t iron its molecul> ela/icity is at its maximum4 ,its free motion diff]s entirely f t giv5 x by torsion or /ress4 ,we may assume t a molecule is surr\nd$ by cont9u\s e!r1 m ( ! nature ( a jelly ?an ( t ( a gas2 9 su* a m$ium a molecule might freely vibrate ?r\gh small arcs1 b a rotation ext5d+ beyond its critical limit w\ld involve a mu* great] exp5diture ( =ce4 ,! discov]y ( ?is comp>atively free rotation ( molecules1 by means ( :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 we c 7)\t 9 any degree di/urb+ ! ext]nal me*anical ela/icity ( ! mass7 *ange ! axes ( _! free motion 9 any direction desir$1 has l$ me into a s]ies ( rese>*es :i* h only indirectly any relation ) ! !ory ( magnetism4 ,i 0 extremely desir\s1 h[ev]1 ( f9d+ an exp]im5tal evid5ce :i* 9 itself %\ld demon/rate all portions ( ! !ory1 & ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 ,i believe1 answ]s ?is purpose4 ,let u take a squ>e s(t iron rod1 five millimet]s 9 diamet] by ?irty or m c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 & =ce ! molecules1 by aid ( bl[s f a wood5 mallet1 z previ\sly describ$1 to h _! c5t]s ( free motion 9 "o direction2 ! rod w 7z already %[n7 h pol>ity at bo? ends1 :5 held v]tically2 b if rev]s$1 bo? ends become completely neutral4 ,if n[ we turn ! rod to its fir/ position1 9 :i* x %[s /rong pol>ity1 & magnetize x :ile held v]tically1 by draw+ ! nor? pole ( a suffici5tly p[]ful p]man5t magnet f its upp] to its l[] extremity1 we f9d t ?is rod1 in/ead ( hav+ s\? pol>ity at its l[] portion1 z we %\ld expect f ! direction ( ! magnetization1 is completely neutral at bo? extremities1 b if we rev]se ! rod its fulle/ free p[]s ( magnetization n[ appe> 9 ! position :]e x 0 previ\sly neutral4 ,?us1 by magnetization1 we h completely rotat$ its free pa? ( action1 & f9d t we c rotate ?is pa? z desir$ 9 any direction by ! application ( a suffici5t direct+ p[]4 ,if we take a rod z describ$1 ) its pol>ities evid5t :5 held v]tically1 & its neutrality also evid5t :5 its ends are rev]s$ 9 ! same magnetic field1 we f9d t its pol>ity is equal at bo? ends1 & t x is 9 e way symmetrical ) a p]fect magnet4 ,if we gradually rev]se ! ends & take obs]vations ( its condition ?r\gh ea* degree ( arc pass$ ov]1 we f9d an equal symmetrical dim9ution ( evid5t ext]nal pol>ity1 until we arrive at neutrality1 :5 x has no ext]nal trace ( inh]5t pol>ity2 b its inh]5t pol>ity at once becomes evid5t by a simple return to its =m] position4 ,?us ! rod has pass$ ?r\gh all ! *anges f pol>ity to neutrality1 & f neutrality to pol>ity1 & ^! *anges h tak5 place ) complete symmetry4 ,! limits ( ?is pap] d n all[ me to speak ( ! num]\s !oretical evid5ces z %[n by ! use ( my induction balance4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ,i h cit$ already exp]im5tal evid5ces to %[ t :at has be5 attribut$ to co]cive =ce is really due to molecul> fre$om or rigidity2 t 9 inh]5t molecul> pol>ity we h a fact admitt$ by ,c\lomb1 ,poisson1 ,amp]e1 ,de la ,rive1 ,web]1 ,du ,moncel1 ,wi$]mann1 & ,maxwell2 & t we h also exp]im5tal evid5ce ( molecul> rotation & ( ! symmetrical "* ( pol>ity & neutrality4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h br\ght =w>d 9 ?is pap]1 9 addition to ^? m5tion$ 9 my pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 w1 ,i hope1 ju/ify me 9 hav+ advanc$ a !ory ( magnetism :i* ,i believe 9 e portion all[s at lea/ exp]im5tal evid5ces ( its probable tru?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,brake4 ,bel[ we illu/rate ! ma9 p>ts ( ! ,we/+h\se brake z appli$ to a vehicle4 ,! supplem5t>y res]voir brake cyl9d] & triple valve are %[n 9 position1 & z fitt$ ^u ! eng9e1 t5d]1 & ea* vehicle ( ! tra94 ,air compress$ by a pump on ! locomotive to1 say1 #gj lb4 or #hj lb4 to ! squ>e in* fills ! ma9 res]voir on ! eng9e1 & fl[+ ?r\gh ! driv]'s brake valve & ma9 pipe1 also *>ges ! supplem5t>y res]voirs ?r\gh\t ! tra94 ,:5 a tra9 is runn+1 uni=m air pressure exi/s ?r\gh\t its l5g?--t is to say1 ! ma9 res]voir on ! eng9e1 ! pipe f end to end ( tra91 ! triple valves & supplem5t>y res]voirs on ea* vehicle1 are all *>g$ ready = "w1 ! brake cyl9d]s be+ empty & ! brakes (f4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! sy/em is1 t ma9ta9+ ! pressure keeps ! brakes (f1 b lett+ ! air escape f ! brake pipe1 purposely or accid5tally1 in/antly applies !m4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! brake may be appli$ by ! driv] or any ( ! gu>ds1 or if necess>y by a pass5g]1 by ! sep>ation ( a c\pl+1 or ! failure or injury to a vital "p ( ! app>atus1 :e!r due to an accid5t to ! tra9 or to ! brake2 & z ! brake on ea* vehicle is complete 9 itself & indep5d5t1 %\ld ! app>atus on any "o c>riage be torn (f1 ! brake w nev]!less rema9 appli$ = almo/ any l5g? ( "t ^u ! re/ ( ! tra94 ,! triple valve1 z w be se51 is simply a small pi/on1 c>ry+ ) x a slide valve1 :i* c be mov$ up or d[n by increas+ or decreas+ ! pressure 9 ! brake pipe4 ,z soon z ! air f ! ma9 res]voir is turn$ into ! brake pipe1 by means ( ! driv]'s valve1 ! pi/on is pu%$ up into ! position %[n1 & air is all[$ to fe$ pa/ x ?r\gh a small groove into ! res]voir4 ,at ! same "t ! slide valve cov]s ! port to ! brake cyl9d]1 & is 9 su* a position t ! air f ! latt] may exhau/ into ! atmosph]e4 ,! pi/on has n[ ! same air pressure on bo? sides2 b if ! pressure 9 ! brake pipe is decreas$1 ! pi/on & slide valve are =c$ d[n1 !reby uncov]+ ! passage ?r\gh :i* air f ! res]voir fl[s into ! brake cyl9d] betwe5 ! pi/ons1 ?us apply+ ! brakes4 ,! brake pipe is %ut (f z soon z ! triple valve pi/on passes ! groove4 ,to release ! brakes1 ! pi/on & slide valves are aga9 mov$ into ! position %[n1 by ! driv] turn+ air f ! ma9 res]voir into ! brake pipe4 ,! air 9 ! brake cyl9d] escapes1 & at ! same "t ! res]voir is re*>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,we/+h\se ,,brake4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts two ,we/+h\se c\pl+s connect$4 ,!y are exactly alike 9 all respects1 & an air tight jo9t is made betwe5 !m by means ( ! rubb] wa%]s4 ,^! c\pl+s are s con/ruct$ t ! air pressure )9 s]ves to tight5 ! jo9t1 & !y may be pu%$ ap>t by ! sep>ation ( ! tra9 )\t any injury4 ,su* an occurr5ce z already expla9$ leads to ! in/ant application ( all ! brakes on ! tra94 ,by clos+ ! small tap %[n betwe5 ! brake pipe & ! triple valve1 ! brake on any vehicle1 if out ( ord]1 c be cut out ( ! sy/em4 ,a release valve is also plac$ ^u ea* cyl9d] z %[n1 s t 9 ! ev5t ( ! brakes be+ appli$ by ! sep>ation ( ! tra91 or ! break+ ( a pipe1 or :5 ! locomotive is n atta*$1 !y c be releas$ by all[+ ! air to escape f ea* brake cyl9d] direct4 ,! ,we/+h\se brake has be5 made to comply ?or\ghly ) ! ,bo>d ( ,trade conditions4 ,_m p1 h[ev]1 d n appe> to und]/& all t is involv$ 9 ! second requirem5t1 :i* runs z foll[s3 ,9 case ( accid5t1 to be in/antane\sly self-act+4 ,?is cle>ly implies3 ,fir/1 t accid5t to ! tra91 or to any ( its vehicles1 %all cause ! in/ant application ( ! brakes to ! :eels ( e vehicle 9 ! tra9 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! driv] or gu>ds4 ,secondly1 t any injury1 h[ev] caus$1 :i* may impair ! effici5cy ( ! brake app>atus1 %all1 9 l mann]1 lead to ! in/ant application ( all ! brakes on ! tra94 ,x !n becomes impossible = a driv] to run 8 tra9 9 ignorance ( any defect 9 8 brake app>atus because su* defect at once discloses itself by apply+ ! brakes & /opp+ ! tra94 ,?irdly1 t ea* vehicle %all c>ry its own brake p[] 9 su* a mann] t ! de/ruction ( ! brake app>atus on "o or m ( ! c>riages %all n affect ! effici5cy ( ! brakes ^u any ( ! o!rs4 ,no cont9u\s brake :i* does n comply ) su* conditions c ev] be satisfactory4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydraulic ,,elevators ,,& ,,motors4 ,footnote3 ,read at ,buffalo meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,wat]-,works ,association ,may #ae1ahhc4 ,by ,b4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,kansas ,city4 ,:at ,i h to say 9 relation to elevators & motors w be mo/ly 9 reg>d to que/ions t _! uses necess>ily br+ up = settlem5t at ! wat]-works (fice2 also to %[ h[ ,i h be5 able 9 a measure to ov]come "s ( ! _m difficulties t h pres5t$ !mselves1 z well z to discuss & seek in=mation z to ! be/ way ( meet+ o!rs t /ill h to be dealt )4 ,at ! outset1 !re=e1 let me /ate t ,i am n an hydraulic eng9e]1 nor h ,i suffici5t me*anical k to und]take ! discussion ( ! con/ruction or relative m]its ( ei!r elevators or motors4 ,?is ,i w\ld respectfully sugge/ z a v prop] & int]e/+ topic = a pap] at "s future meet+ by "s "o ( ! _m1 em95t eng9e]s ( ?is association4 ,! wat]-works ( ,kansas ,city is comp>atively "y1 & my exp]i5ce only dates back six or sev5 ye>s1 or %ortly aft] its completion4 ,at ?is "t x 0 deem$ advisable on acc\nt ( ! probable l>ge rev5ue to be d]iv$ f _! use1 to enc\rage ! putt+ 9 ( hydraulic elevators by l[ wat] rates4 ,) ?is end 9 view a numb] ( contracts 7 made = _! supply at l[ special rates = a p]iod ( ye>s1 & our m9imum met] rate 0 *>g$ 9 all o!r cases1 reg>dless ( ! quantity ( wat] consum$4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ^! special rates h s9ce be5 f\nd mu* too l[1 p>ties pay+ 9 ?is way be+ exce$+ly extravagant 9 ! use ( elevators4 ,h[ev]1 ! object s\ght 0 obta9$1 & n[ !y are v ext5sively us$4 ,9 fact1 s mu* has _! use increas$1 t ! "q is no long] h[ to enc\rage _! m g5]al adoption1 b h[ to prop]ly gov]n ^? t mu/ be suppli$4 ,a pres5t our works furni% p[] to ab\t #ae pass5g] & #hj freight elevators1 & ! numb] is rapidly increas+4 ,be=e go+ into details x seems prop] to give at lea/ a brief description ( our wat]-works1 z my obs]vations are to a great ext5t local4 ,on acc\nt ( ! peculi> topography ( ,kansas ,city 7& ,i believe x has m topography to ! squ>e foot ?an any city 9 ! c\ntry7 two sy/ems ( wat] supply h be5 provid$1 ! high gr\nd be+ suppli$ by direct pump+1 & a pressure ( ab\t #ij p\nds ma9ta9$ 9 ! bus9ess portion1 & ! l[] "p ( ! city be+ suppli$ by gravity1 f a res]voir at an elevation ( #baj feet1 ?us giv+ ! bus9ess portions ( ! city1 on high & l[ gr\nd1 ab\t ! same pressure4 ,by an arrangem5t ( valves1 a comb9ation ( ^! two sy/ems is effect$1 s t ! ,holly ma*9]y c furni% an increas$ fire pressure at a mom5t's notice1 into ei!r or bo? pipe sy/ems4 ,?us at "s po9ts ! pressure is extremely high dur+ ! progress ( fires1 caus+ difficulties t d n exi/ :]e ! gravity sy/em ( works is us$ exclusively4 ,elevators h become an e/abli%$ in/itution1 & 9 cities ( any comm]cial importance are reg>d$ z a necessity1 hotels1 jobb+ h\ses1 factories1 & (fice build+s be+ consid]$ z f> beh9d ! times :5 n ?us provid$1 z a city )\t a wat] supply or a community )\t a boom4 ,! use ( elevators has made x practicable & pr(itable to erect build+s twice z high z 7 =m]ly ?\ght (4 ,p]haps "s ( ! mo/ notable examples ( ?is are 9 ,new ,york city1 :]e su* /ructures z ! ,mills build+1 ! build+s ( ! ,tribune1 ,ev5+ ,po/1 & ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,co44 t[] high above ! surr\nd+ blocks1 monum5ts ( ar*itecture1 t )\t ?is mod]n inv5tion w\ld reflect little cr$it ^u _! design]s4 ,x is n[ f\nd less labor to g to to ! fif?1 six?1 or ev5 t5? floors ( ^! great build+s ?an x 0 to rea* ! second or ?ird1 be=e _! use4 ,9 ^! days1 m]*ants c %oot a ton ( goods to ! top ( _! /ores 9 less "t ?an x w\ld take to get brea? = ! old hoi/ or ,yo1 heave ,o arrangem5t4 ,?\s&s ( doll>s are sometimes exp5d$ on a s+le elevator1 ! c>s are m9iature p>lors1 & ! me*anism has p]haps advanc$ to ne>ly ! p]fection ( ! mod]n /eam eng9e4 ,if !n !y h become su* a firmly e/abli%$ in/itution1 _! be>+ ^u ! wat] supply ( cities is a subject to be c>efully consid]$4 ,z be=e intimat$1 !re are _m que/ions involv$ 9 ! use ( hydraulic elevators1 t p>ticul>ly conc]n t[ns suppli$ by direct pump+1 & p]haps o!r places :]e ! supply by gravity is some:at limit$4 ,9 a few l>g] cities suppli$ by ample res]voirs & ma9s1 "s ( ! difficulties sugge/$ are n s]i\s4 ,v little p[] is necess>y to p]=m ! actual "w ( lift+1 ) ei!r /eam or hydraulic elevators1 b on acc\nt ( ! peculi> application ( ! p[]1 & ! great am\nt ( friction to be ov]come1 a v consid]able p[] has to be provid$4 ,x has be5 e/imat$1 by good au?orities1 t n m ?an "o-qu>t] ( ! p[] exp5d$ 9 mo/ cases is really utiliz$4 ,) all hydraulic elevators ( :i* ,i h cognizance1 z mu* wat] is requir$ to raise ! empty c>s z ?\gh !y 7 load$ to maximum capacity4 ,/ill1 to be available = pass5g] purposes elevators mu/ h capacity ( upw>d ( #b1ejj p\nds1 p>ticul>ly 9 hotels1 :]e ! c>s are (t5 arrang$ ) sep>ate comp>tm5ts und]nea? = baggage4 ,9 g5]al use x is exceptional t pass5g] elevators are fully load$2 on ! contr>y less ?an half a load is ord9>ily c>ri$1 & = ?is reason x w\ld appe> t no actual b5efit is d]iv$ f at lea/ "o-half ( ! wat] consum$4 ,9 ?is connection x has occurr$ to me t pass5g] elevators c\ld be built at no great additional co/1 ) two cyl9d]s1 small & l>ge1 ! two pi/on rods ( :i* c\ld be connect$ s z to bo? op]ate ! same cable1 ei!r or bo? furni%+ p[]1 ! small] cyl9d] to be us$ = light loads1 ! l>g] = heavy "w1 & ! two toge!r = full capacity1 ?is indep5d5t valve arrangem5t to be controll$ by a sep>ate cable runn+ ?r\gh ! c>4 ,:e!r ?is plan is practicable or n mu/ be left to elevator manufactur]s1 b x seems to me t ) ! ,hale-,otis elevator = in/ance 7:i* is conc$$ to be "o ( ! be/7 x c\ld easily be accompli%$4 ,c]ta9ly "s su* arrangem5t w\ld effect a great sav+ ( wat]1 & p]haps br+ wat] bills to a po9t t ?is class ( consum]s c\ld af=d to pay4 ,hydraulic elevators :]e ! wat] is us$ ov] & ov] aga91 by be+ pump$ f ! dis*>ge to elevat$ tanks1 cut little or no figure 9 connection ) a city's wat] supply4 ,:5 fuel1 fir/ co/1 att5dance ( an eng9e]1 & ! poor economy ( ! class ( pumps usually employ$ to p]=m ?is "w are consid]$1 ! co/ ( op]at+ su* elevators is greatly 9 excess ( :at x w\ld be if p[] 7 suppli$ direct f wat] ma9s1 at any reasonable rate4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks w !n relate almo/ exclusively to t class ( hydraulic elevators suppli$ ) p[] directly f ! wat] ma9s4 ,let u n[ consid] :e!r !y are a desirable s\rce ( rev5ue1 & 9 ?is my k does n exce$ my actual exp]i5ce4 ,few elevator us]s appreciate ! great quantity ( wat] _! elevators consume4 ,ev5 9 ,kansas ,city1 :]e1 on acc\nt ( ! high pressure c>ri$1 mu* small] cyl9d]s ?an ord9>ily are requir$1 x is f\nd t pass5g] elevators frequ5tly consume #ejj1jjj to #hjj1jjj gallons ( wat] p] mon?1 :i* w make a v consid]able bill1 at ! mo/ lib]al rates4 ,i h1 !re=e1 conclud$ t ! quantity ( wat] 0 s l>ge t1 unless lib]al concessions 7 made1 x w\ld be a h>d%ip to consum]s to pay _! wat] bills1 & h !re=e made a special s*$ule1 accord+ to quantity1 = elevators & motors1 ^! rates /&+ bel[ our regul> met] rates1 & runn+ to ! l[e/ po9t at :i* we ?9k we c af=d to furni% ! wat]4 ,?is s*$ule br+s ! rate bel[ :at we w\ld receive = almo/ any o!r legitimate use ( wat]2 &1 9 view ( our rapidly increas+ consumption1 & ! probability ( soon hav+ to increase all our facilities1 x is an op5 "q :e!r ?is w cont9ue a desirable s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,9 ,kansas ,city we h elevators ( v>i\s manufacture3 ! ,hale-,otis1 ,ready1 ,smi? ,beggs1 ,o',keefe1 ,k5n$y1 & p]haps o!rs1 ea* hav+ its peculi>ities1 b alike dem&+ l>ge op5+s 9 ! ma9s = supply4 ,^! l>ge op5+s are objectionable features ) any wat]works1 & especially s ) direct pump+4 ,an occurr5ce f ?is cause1 ab\t two ye>s ago1 is an exp]i5ce ,i %\ld n l repeat$1 b is "o t might occur :5ev] ! pressure 9 ! ma9s is dep5d$ ^u to ?r[ fire /reams4 ,9 ?is in/ance a l>ge block ( build+s occupi$ by jobb+ h\ses & hav+ ?ree elevators 0 burn$ d[n1 & ! elevator connections brok5 e>ly 9 ! fire1 all[+ ! wat] to p\r into ! cell>s 9 ! volume ( ab\t twelve ord9>y fire /reams4 ,?is imm5se quantity ( wat] _h to be suppli$ f a #f-;in* ma91 f$ f only "o end1 :i* left little pressure available = fight+ ! fire1 & z a matt] ( c\rse failure to subdue ! fire promptly 0 attribut$ to ! wat]-works4 ,we h s9ce _h up hill "w to re/ore confid5ce z to our ability to ?r[ fire /reams1 al?\gh we h demon/rat$ ! fact hundr$s ( times s9ce4 ,f ?is "t we h be5 gradually cutt+ d[n on ! size ( op5+s = elevator supply1 b "u prote/ ( ! elevator ag5ts1 :o h always claim$ t !y %\ld be all[$ at lea/ a #d-;in* op5+ 9 ! ma9s1 until we h f\nd t "u #hj to #ij p\nds pressure two to f\r #a-;in* taps w answ] ! purpose1 provid$ ! wat] pipes are ( ample size4 ,! wat] hamm] produc$ by ! quick act+ valves ( elevators has always be5 objectionable1 bo? 9 its effect at ! pump+-h\se & ^u wat] ma9s & connections4 ,to obviate ?is1 ,eng9e] ,g4 ,w4 ,pe>son has sugge/$ ! use ( v l>ge air *amb]s on ! elevator supply1 & /ill small] op5+s 9 ! ma9s1 8 !ory be+ t ! air *amb]s w\ld n only mat]ially decrease ! concussion or wat] hamm]1 b t !y w\ld also act z accumulators ( p[] 7or wat] "u pressure7 to be drawn f at ea* trip ( ! elevator1 & replac$ :5 x 0 at re/4 ,?is plan ,i h nev] se5 put to actual te/1 b believe x to be entirely practicable1 & t we w h to ultimately adopt x4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ! plan ( op]at+ elevators f tanks 9 ! top ( build+s1 suppli$ by a small pipe connect$ ) ! wat]-ma9s & arrang$ ) a float valve to keep ! tank fill$1 ,i believe to be ! be/ mann] ( supply1 except = ! great additional co/ ( putt+ up su* app>atus4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! am\nt ( wat] consum$ is no less1 9 fact x w\ld ord9>ily be m ?an ) a direct connection ) ! ma9s1 b x has ! advantage ( tak+ ! wat] 9 ! lea/ objectionable mann]4 ,/ill1 if ?is mode ( supply 7 g5]ally en=c$1 ! l>ge fir/ co/1 an additional exp5se ( op]at+1 w\ld und\bt$ly det] _m f us+ elevators4 ,ano!r evil 9 connection ) ! use ( elevators1 & :i* no d\bt is common1 is ! habit _m p>ties h ( keep+ a key or wr5* to turn on & (f ! wat] at ! curb4 ,?is we h s\ght to rem$y by embrac+ 9 our plumb]s' rules ! foll[+3 ,all elevator connections 9 addition to ! curb /op = ! use ( ! ,wat] ,company mu/ be provid$ ) ano!r valve :]e ! pipe fir/ ent]s ! build+ = ! use ( occupants ( ! build+4 ,)\t ?is extra valve x 0 f\nd almo/ impossible to keep p>ties f us+ ! curb valve4 ,9 mo/ cases ! p]sons 7 p]fectly responsible1 & z !re 0 no int5t to defraud ! company by ! act1 !y w\ld claim ?is privilege z a precaution aga9/ ! pipes bur/+ or freez+4 ,?is practice 0 v g5]ally c>ri$ on1 & 0 ! direct cause 9 at lea/ two cases ( v s]i\s damage4 ,9 ! in/ances ref]r$ to1 ! pipes bur/ betwe5 ! elevator & ! area wall ( build+s1 & ! valves outside _h become s worn f frequ5t use t !y w\ld n op]ate1 all[+ ! wat] to lit]ally deluge ! basem5ts be=e ! wat] ma9 c\ld be turn$ (f4 ,"o ( ! greate/ causes ( wa/e f elevators is ! we>+ out ( ! pi/on pack+1 ?is be+ p>ticul>ly tr\blesome 9 mo/ ( ! ,we/]n cities1 :]e ! wat] suppli$ is to a l>ge ext5t f turbid /reams1 c>ry+ m or less f9e s& or grit1 :i* cuts out ! pack+ ( ! pi/ons v rapidly4 ,! only practicable rem$y = ?is is close inspection1 to see t ! pi/ons d n all[ wat] to pass1 a fact t c readily be det]m9$ f ! noise made 9 ! cyl9d] :5 ! elevator is 9 motion go+ upw>d4 ,i h res]v$ "o ( ! mo/ annoy+ features ( elevator supply = ! la/1 hop+ to "w myself into a mood to d ! subject ju/ice1 b d\bt if x c be done 9 language prop] to use be=e ?is dignifi$ body4 ,i rememb] on "o occasion ! mayor ( our city1 9 discuss+ a job ( plumb+1 said t x seem$ to him t ev5 a plumb] ought to "k some?+ ab\t plumb+4 ,n[ x w\ld seem t ev5 elevator ag5ts ought to "k some?+ ab\t elevators1 b f ! foll[+ incid5t1 :i* is b "o ( _m1 ,i am l$ to believe t !y are n infallible to say ! lea/4 ,only a %ort "t s9ce1 "o ( ^! v reliable 787 ag5ts report$ at our (fice t he _h j atta*$ a new indicator to ! elevator ( a lead+ hotel4 ,he 0 ask$3 ,:at does x regi/]8 & promptly repli$1 ,cubic feet4 ,9 ?is case our inspector _h already made an exam9ation1 & _h correctly report$ z foll[s3 ,hale elevator2 indicator />t$ at z]o ,febru>y #bh2 int]nal diamet] ( cyl9d]1 #ab in*es2 travel ( pi/on = complete trip #cj feet2 indicator regi/]s = complete trip1 #d4 ,:5 x is und]/ood t we _h = a long "t be5 assum+ t elevator ag5ts knew ab\t all !re 0 to "k on ! subject1 a comp>ison ( /atem5ts ( ?is ag5t & our inspector is some:at />tl+4 ,n[ let u see :at ! diff]5ce am\nt$ to3 ,at ! end ( ! mon? ! indicator _h regi/]$ #ab1iid2 call+ x cubic feet1 ?is regi/] w\ld equal #ig1aie gallons4 ,accord+ to our inspector1 ?is same regi/] w\ld equal #egh1bcc gallons1 or a diff]5ce ( ne>ly half a million ( gallons = a s+le mon?4 ,our exp]i5ce ) ! ag5ts 9 ,kansas ,city has %[n t !y w1 if all[$1 put any k9d ( an indicator on ! mo/ conv5i5t po9t ( any sort ( an elevator1 )\t ! slighte/ reg>d z to :at x 0 int5d$ to indicate2 !n report x z regi/]+ cubic or l9eal feet1 :i*ev] !y f9d ! indicator m>k$4 ,on ! same pr9ciple !y c\ld z well *ange ! fulcrum ( a ,fairbanks scale1 & !n claim x weigh$ p\nds correctly1 because p\nds 7 m>k$ ^u ! b>4 ,we h lately prep>$ a blank1 ^u :i* ^! ag5ts are requir$ to make a detail$ report ^u ! completion ( an elevator be=e ! wat] w be turn$ on1 :i* x is hop$ w to "s ext5t correct ?is tr\ble4 ,i h come to reg>d an elevator indicator ) a feel+ ( wond]4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 ! plan*ette fir/ came out1 ,i rememb] t x acquir$ q a reputation z a p>ticul>ly erratic piece ( me*anism1 b = real my/]y & innate cuss$ness1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 comm5d me to ! indicator4 ,:y1 ,i h kn[n an indicator aft] regi/]+ a nice wat] bill1 to delib]ately & )\t provocation comm5ce tak+ x all (f aga91 by go+ backw>d4 ,?is crab-l maneuv] ! ag5t readily expla9$ by say+ ! rat*et _h turn$ ov]1 b ev5 he 0 unable to %[ u h[ to make ! bills aft] ^! peculi> gyrations4 ,i also f9d t x is q a favorite amusem5t = indicators to /op entirely1 l a balky horse1 aft] :i* no am\nt ( p]suasion w br+ !m to a realiz+ s5se ( _! duty4 ,ev5 at ! be/1 ^! indicators are v apt to get out ( ord]1 necessitat+ great] wat*fulness 9 supply+ elevators ?an = any o!r purpose = :i* wat] is furni%$4 ,accid5ts 9 connection ) ! use ( elevators are common ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & 9 ,kansas ,city _h1 until )9 a %ort "t1 become ( altoge!r too frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! great cause ( ?is ,i believe to be due to ! fact t ! p>ties :o usually op]ate elevators are ! v ones :o "k lea/ ab\t !m2 ! corrosion ( pi/ons1 cry/allization & oxidation ( cables1 & _m o!r disord]s common to elevators1 be+ matt]s !y d n compreh5d4 ,! frequ5cy & fatality ( ^! accid5ts 9 ,kansas ,city f9ally l$ ! city au?orities to appo9t an ,elevator ,inspector1 :o is "u heavy bond1 & ^: duty is to exam9e e elevator at lea/ once a mon?1 & to grant lic5se to run only su* z he deems 9 safe condition4 ,?us f> s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is (fice we h _h no s]i\s accid5ts1 :i* leads me to ! belief t 9 mo/ cases a mon?ly exam9ation w discov] 9 "t ! causes ( _m t]rible casualties2 also t x is n safe to op]ate elevators unless s inspect$ by "s compet5t p]son4 ,! hat*ways ( elevators 9 l>ge build+s are po9ts greatly fe>$ by firem54 ,!y well "k t :5 a fire once rea*es ?is %aft1 x takes b a mom5t = x to be c>ri$ f floor to floor1 until ! build+ is soon pa/ sav+4 ,al?\gh ?is great dang] is well kn[n1 x is ! exception r ?an ! rule to provide elevators ) fire-pro( hat*es4 ,a prop]ly con/ruct$ elevator %\ld1 x seems to me1 be provid$ ) hat*es1 or bett] /ill1 built )9 brick fire-pro( walls1 ) op5+s to be kept clos$ :5 n 9 use4 ,9 ?is way co/ly build+s1 valuable m]*&ise1 & _m lives w\ld be sav$ f fire e ye>4 ,al?\gh consid]able has be5 said on ! subject ( elevators1 ,i am aw>e t ! gr\nd has n be5 cov]$1 & t difficulties h be5 po9t$ out m ?an rem$ies sugge/$4 ,!re is mu* yet to be br\ght out by ! eng9e]s1 to :om ! subject m prop]ly belongs4 ,9 ! mean "t1 al?\gh elevators claim _m ( ! objectionable features 9 ! bus9ess ( wat] supply1 mo/ ( !m are n ( a nature t %\ld condemn _! use2 on ! contr>y1 ,i hope t ) ! jo9+ ( our exp]i5ce !re w be an improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( _! supply4 ,inasmu* z !y mu/ be furni%$ ) wat]1 all t c be done is to adopt su* rules & fix su* rates z w comp5sate 9 "s degree = _! objectionable qualities4 ,,wat] ,,motors4 ,my rem>ks on ?is subject ,i tru/ w be m to ! h be5 po9t ?an !y ^u ! que/ions already discuss$4 ,c]ta9ly my ideas are m decid$1 s f> at lea/ z supply+ wat] motors is conc]n$4 ,9 _m respects ,i believe wat] motors furni% z ne>ly p]fect p[] z x is possible to atta94 ,a motor1 = in/ance1 prop]ly connect$ & suppli$ by ! ev5 pressure f a res]voir is probably ! mo/ reliable & /eady p[] kn[n1 n except+ ! mo/ improv$ & co/ly /eam eng9es4 ,! conv5i5ce & little att5dance necess>y 9 op]at+ make !m especially desirable = _m purposes4 ,:]e only small p[] is requir$1 or ev5 :]e consid]able p[] = only occasional use is desir$1 !y are p>ticul>ly well adapt$1 & c be driv5 at small exp5se4 ,ev5 = great] p[] !y possess advantages ov] /eam eng9es :i*1 to a consid]able ext5t1 comp5sate = ! l>ge wat] rates t ought to be paid = _! supply4 ,^! advantages are 9 ! fir/ co/ ( a motor1 z comp>$ ) a /eam eng9e1 ! sav+ 9 att5dance & fuel1 ! conv5i5ce & cleanl9ess1 & 9 "s cases a sav+ 9 insurance by reason ( _! be+ no fire risks att5dant ^u its use4 ,at j :at po9t /eam becomes pref]able1 h[ev]1 is a "q dep5d+ consid]ably ^u wat] rates1 b to "s ext5t on o!r circum/ances1 leav+ x l>gely a "q ( judgm5t4 ,z ) elevators1 !re are difficulties involv$ 9 _! supply t unless c>efully gu>d$ make wat] motors any?+ b a desirable s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,h[ (t5 is ! argum5t advanc$3 ,:y1 ,i only use wat] = a qu>t] ( an in* jet6 ,%[+ h[ little p :o use motors or elevators or f\nta9s realize ! quantity ( wat] !y consume4 ,?is class ( consum]s may be plac$ on "o foot+1 to wit1 a class :o1 9 spite ( ! fact t !y are suppli$ ) wat] = mu* less ?an any o!r1 feel t !y are impos$ ^u1 & _c be made to ?9k o!rwise4 ,?\gh n z l>ge z = elevator supply1 wat] motors require lib]al op5+s 9 ! ma9s1 & frequ5tly ! fault ( hav+ too small supply pipes is s\ght to be rem$i$ by op5+s 9 ! wat] ma9s mu* l>g] ?an ne$ful4 ,a table prep>$ by an eng9e] :o _h giv5 ! matt] /udy1 or by "s motor manufactur]1 %[+ ! size ( taps1 or op5+s1 = ! prop] supply ( motors1 ) ! v>i\s jets1 "u diff]5t pressures1 w\ld be ( g5]al use to wat]-works p4 ,9 ord] to use wat] to ! be/ advantage1 ! full pressure 9 ! ma91 s f> z practicable1 %\ld be _h at ! jet1 b 9 ord] to accompli% ?is x is n necess>y to use z l>ge taps z are ord9>ily dem&$1 b to provide supply pipes ( suffici5t capacity to deliv] ! wat] to ! po9t ( dis*>ge ) ! lea/ possible friction4 ,lately ?is !ory has be5 put 9 practice to "s ext5t by u1 & ! result has %[n t 9 ?is mann] we are able to supply motors ?r\gh small] taps ?an be=eh& ) z satisfactory results4 ,x is a g5]al practice ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to make annual or mon?ly rates = wat] motors1 & f my obs]vation ,i believe ,i c safely v5ture ! ass]tion t 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! cases ! rates *>g$ w n equal #ej p] c5t4 ( ! l[e/ met] rates 9 =ce 9 ^! places4 ,al?\gh ! ,kansas ,city ,wat]-,works has n p]haps be5 g5]ally accord$ ! reputation ( be+ ! mo/ lib]al monopoly 9 ! c\ntry1 /ill ,i h _h occasion at times to make "s su* claims z an inducem5t to its g5]\s support4 ,b ) all its lib]ality1 ,i am free to say t we _c beg9 to meet ! rates = motors t p>ties claim to h paid almo/ ev]y:]e else4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,wat]-,works1 :]e ! rates are sub/antially ! same z 9 ,kansas ,city1 h be5 quot$ z hav+ ! foll[+ motor rates1 b :e!r correct or n my inquiries h fail$ to det]m9e3 ,on ! supposition t motors are to be us$ t5 h\rs p] day = #cjj days p] ye>1 motors are assess$ =-- #a_/d in* jets #abj p] annum4 #c_/h #aih #a_/b #cjj --------------------------------- ,^! rates bas$ ^u a *>ge ( #ej c5ts p] #a1jjj gallons4 ,f ,col4 ,flad's ,report z ,eng9e] ( ,public ,works1 ,may #a1 #ahgf1 p4#gj1 x is f\nd t ) #db p\nds pressure a in* orifice w dis*>ge #b1afj gallons p] h\r1 #ba1fjj gallons 9 #aj h\rs1 or #f1dhj1jjj gallons 9 #cjj days1 :i* at #bj c5ts p] #a1jjj gallons w\ld am\nt to #a1bif1 = :i* !y assess ! rate #cjj4 ,f all ( :i* ,i w\ld conclude t !re mu/ be a lack ( h>mony some:]e betwe5 ! eng9e]+ & (fice dep>tm5ts4 ,i h made "s e/imates myself = wat] motors1 bas+ rates ^u ! numb] ( h\rs x 0 claim$ ! motors w\ld be 9 use1 & aft]w>d suppli$ ! same motors by met] measurem5t2 9 e case f\nd t at lea/ twice z mu* wat] 0 us$ z _h be5 e/imat$4 ,al?\gh e/imates 7 c>efully made ^u :at 0 believ$ to be a reliable basis1 ^! repeat$ simil> results h l$ me to ! conclusion t ! only way to supply motors is to make x an object to ! us]s ( !m to be economical4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i believe ! way to supply wat] motors is ^u an e/imate t !y w run #bd h\rs p] day & #cfe days p] ye>1 or1 m prop]ly /ill1 supply !m only by met] measurem5t4 ,at all ev5ts ?is is h5ce=? my policy2 or1 9 o!r words1 on ?is rock ,i /&1 believ+ x ! only equitable way out ( ?is difficulty4 ,t class ( motors or wat] eng9es op]at$ by wat] pressure 9 close cyl9d]s ^u pi/ons z ) /eam 9 a /eam eng9e1 ,i believe c\ld be easily suppli$ by measurem5t ( wat] )\t a met]4 ,?is c\ld be accompli%$ by ! use ( revolution c\nt]s or indicators1 z ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ p] revolution c\ld be readily det]m9$1 & :5 once comput$ ! cyl9d]s w\ld measure out ! wat] z accurately z a met]4 ,! only objection to ?is plan is ! exp5se ( c\nt]s1 :i* is consid]able2 & z to indicators1 x may h be5 obs]v$ t ,i h little fai? 9 _! reliability4 ,) *eap revolution ?is class ( motors w\ld be free f _m ( ! objections rais$ 9 reg>d to motors g5]ally4 ,! practical conclusion t ,i w\ld draw f a consid]ation ( ?is subject is t ! "q ( :e!r ! supply ( hydraulic elevators & motors is desirable 9 its effects ^u ! wat] supply is "o t h+es s delicately ^u _! be+ c>efully gov]n$1 connect$1 & re/rict$1 t :ile on ! "o h& !y may be made ! s\rce ( l>ge pr(it1 & at ! same "t a public b5efit1 on ! o!r h&1 unless all ! details ( _! supply be c>efully gu>d$ by ! wise/ rules & greate/ wat*fulness1 _! capacities = wa/e are s great & ! rates *>g$ necess>ily s l[1 t !y may become ! greate/ s\rce ( loss ) :i* we h to cont5d4 ,i !re=e tru/ t ?is discussion w be cont9u$ until an int]e/ is felt t w result 9 our all receiv+ mu* useful in=mation ^u two mo/ important factors ( our bus9ess4 ,z ?is pap] has be5 long = ! in=mation conta9$1 ,i w close ) ! e>ne/ wi% t x may at lea/ be ( s]vice 9 br++ ^! important b (t5 neglect$ subjects to ! att5tion ( ! ?9k+ & intellig5t body ( m51 ( :om _m h _h mu* long] & m g5]al exp]i5ce 9 relation to ^! matt]s1 & ^: views :5 express$ w consequ5tly be ( m int]e/ & h great] weight4 ,?us z a result may we all d]ive ! b5efit ( :atev] useful in=mation !re is to be ga9$ by ?is annual int]*ange ( exp]i5ces 9 ! all-important bus9ess ( public wat] supply4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wat] ,,supply ,,( ,,small ,,t[ns4 ,we n[ describe ! new wat]works lately erect$ = supply+ ! t[n ( ,c\gleton1 ,*e%ire4 ,! population is ab\t #ab1jjj1 & ! place is a seat ( ! silk manufacture4 ,aft] v>i\s exp5sive plans _h be5 sugge/$1 9 ! ye> #ahgi a complete s*eme = ! supply ( ! t[n ) wat] 0 devis$ by ! !n bor\gh surveyor1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,black%aw1 n[ bor\gh surveyor ( ,/af=d4 ,^! we n[ illu/rate above by a g5]al draw+1 & a sep>ate draw+ ( ! t[]4 ,) respect to ! me*anical arrangem5ts1 ! ,corporation call$ 9 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,?ornb]y1 ( ,birm+ham1 consult+ eng9e]1 to decide on ! be/ design ( ^? submitt$1 & ?is1 ) modifications made by him1 0 c>ri$ out "u 8 inspection4 ,! wat]1 = ! supply by pump+1 is obta9$ f spr+s situat$ at ! foot ( ,crossl$ge ,hill1 ab\t a mile f ! t[n4 ,x does n at pres5t require filt]+1 b space en\gh has be5 all[$ = ! con/ruction ( duplicate filt]+ b$s )\t 9 any way int]f]+ ) ! pres5t appliances4 ,^! filt] b$s are %[n 9 our p]spective illu/ration1 b !y are n yet built or requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,supply ,,( ,,small ,,t[ns--,,congleton ,,wat]works4 ,! wat]works are situat$ v ne> ! spr+s1 f :i* !y are only sep>at$ by a road1 "u :i* ! collect+ pipes run4 ,!re are two circul> collect+ tanks ( brickwork1 two pump+ wells1 eng9e-h\se1 boil]-h\se1 *imney /ack1 & eng9e-driv]'s dwell+-h\se1 all inclos$ by a wall4 ,on ! top ( ,crossl$ge ,hill is erect$ a circul> brick wat] t[] #ce ft4 high to ! und]side ( ! s]vice tank1 :i* is ( ca/ iron #cj ft4 int]nal diamet]1 support$ on roll$ gird]s4 ,! tank is capable ( conta9+ #ej1jjj gallons ( wat]1 & x is provid$ ) ! usual ris+ & s]vice ma9s1 ov]fl[ & wa%\t pipes4 ,!re is an arrangem5t = pump+ direct into ! ma9s 9 case ! tank %\ld require clean+ or repair+4 ,! pump+ ma*9]y is 9 duplicate1 & ea* set consi/s ( a horizontal cond5s+ eng9e1 ) cyl9d] #ah 94 diamet]1 /roke #cj 941 fitt$ ) ,mey]'s expansion ge>1 gov]nor1 fly-:eel #ab ft4 diamet]1 weigh+ #d tons1 jet cond5s] ) a s+le act+ v]tical air pump1 situat$ bel[ ! eng9e room floor1 & betwe5 ! end ( ! cyl9d] & ! ma9 pump4 ,ea* ma9 pump is #aj 94 diamet]1 horizontal1 d\ble-act+1 work$ by a prolongation backw>d ( ! pi/on-rod4 ,! valves & seats are ( gun metal1 #h 94 diamet]4 ,! capacity is #cej gallons p] m9ute1 rais$ #bjf ft4 ,! air vessel is #ba 94 int]nal diamet] & #f ft4 high1 & is fitt$ ) a h& pump = r5ew+ ! supply ( air if necess>y4 ,! ris+ ma9 f ! air vessel to ! s]vice tank is #i 94 diamet]1 & #cjg y>ds long1 laid up ! /eep slope ( ! hill on :i* ! wat] t[] is built4 ,! boil]s1 two 9 numb]1 are ( ! ord9>y ,corni% s+le-flu$ type1 #e ft4 diamet] by #ah ft4 long1 ) flue #b ft4 #i 94 diamet]1 ) ?ree ,gall[ay tubes4 ,!y 7 made by ,messrs4 ,hill ,co41 ( ,man*e/]4 ,! eng9es & pumps 7 made by ,mr4 ,alb]t ,scragg1 ( ,congleton1 & ! brick1 /one1 & build]'s "w 0 execut$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,kirk4 ,! wat]works 7 op5$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahha1 & s9ce !n h con/antly af=d$ an abundant supply ( wat]4 ,!re is also an indep5d5t gravitation sy/em1 also arrang$ by ,mr4 ,black%aw1 = supply+ an outly+ "p ( ! t[n4 ,! co/ ( ! works 0 exce$+ly mod]ate1 be+ n m ?an #ab1jjj1 includ+ ! wat] ma9s = di/ribution4 ,,process ,,= ,,s(t5+ ,,h>d ,,wat]4 ,! available wat] ( _m villages & small t[ns is t ( ! *alk b$s1 b x is inv>iably v h>d1 & %\ld be s(t5$4 ,we h receiv$ s _m inquiries respect+ a simple means ( c>ry+ out ,cl>ke's wat]-s(t5+ process1 t ! foll[+ description ( a set ( app>atus devis$ = ?is purpose by ,messrs4 ,law & ,*att]ton1 ,,mm4,i4,c4,e41 may int]e/ _m besides ^? :o contemplate ! con/ruction ( small wat]works suppli$ by ! *alk spr+s4 ,! app>atus1 z made 9 v>i\s sizes by ,messrs4 ,b[es1 ,scott1 & ,read1 ( ,broadway-*amb]s1 ,we/m9/]1 we illu/rate by ! accompany+ engrav+s4 ,s(t5+ h>d wat]4--,! disadvantages att5d+ ! use ( h>d wat] ei!r = dr9k+ purposes1 /eam g5]ation1 lavatory purposes1 & = _m manufactur+ purposes1 are well kn[n1 b z !re are sev]al me?ods ( s(t5+ wat]s :i* are h>d 9 diff]5t degrees by diff]5t sub/ances1 we may be p>don$ if we "h reproduce1 = ! conv5i5ce ( "s ( our read]s1 a few passages f ! six? report ( ! ,riv] ,pollution ,commission1 #ahgd1 pages #ba & #bja-af1 :i* give "s v valuable in=mation on ! relative m]its ( h>d & s(t wat]s 9 dome/ic & trade uses4 ,"s ( ! m9]al sub/ances :i* occur 9 solution 9 potable wat]s communicate to ! latt] ! quality ( h>dness4 ,h>d wat] decomposes soap1 & _c be effici5tly us$ = wa%+4 ,! *ief h>d5+ +r$i5ts are salts ( lime & magnesia4 ,9 ! decomposition ( soap ^! salts =m curdy & insoluble comp\nds conta9+ ! fatty acids ( ! soap & ! lime & magnesia ( ! salts4 ,s long z ?is decomposition goes on ! soap is useless z a det]g5t1 & x is only aft] all ! lime & magnesia salts h be5 decompos$ at ! exp5se ( ! soap1 t ! latt] beg9s to ex]t a useful effect4 ,z soon z ?is is ! case1 h[ev]1 ! slighte/ fur!r addition ( soap produces a la!r :5 ! wat] is agitat$1 b ?is la!r is aga9 de/roy$ by ! addition ( a fur!r quantity ( h>d wat]4 ,?us ! addition ( h>d wat] to a solution ( soap1 or ! conv]se ( ?is op]ation1 causes ! production ( ! insoluble curdy matt] be=e m5tion$4 ,^! facts r5d] intelligible ! process ( wa%+ ! sk9 ) soap & h>d wat]4 ,! sk9 is fir/ wett$ ) ! wat] & !n soap is appli$2 ! latt] decomposes ! h>d5+ salts conta9$ 9 ! small quantity ( wat] ) :i* ! sk9 is cov]$1 & !re is !n =m$ a /rong solution ( soap :i* p5etrates into ! pores1 & n[ ! la!r & impurities :i* x has imbib$ require to be remov$ f ! sk9 by wip+ ! la!r (f ) a t[el or by r9s+ x away ) wat]4 ,9 ! =m] case ! pores ( ! sk9 are left fill$ ) soap solution2 9 ! latt] !y become clogg$ ) ! greasy1 curdy matt] :i* results f ! action ( ! h>d wat] ^u ! soap solution :i* _h previ\sly ga9$ possession ( ! pores ( ! cuticle4 ,z ! latt] process ( remov+ ! la!r is ! "o univ]sally adopt$1 ! op]ation ( wa%+ ) soap & h>d wat] is analog\s to t us$ by ! dy] & calico pr9t] = fix+ pigm5ts 9 calico1 wool51 or silk tissues4 ,! pores ( ! sk9 are fill$ ) insoluble greasy & curdy salts ( ! fatty acids conta9$ 9 ! soap1 & x is only because ! insoluble pigm5t produc$ is :ite1 or ne>ly s1 t s repulsive an op]ation is tol]at$4 ,to ^?1 h[ev]1 :o h be5 accu/om$ to wa% 9 s(t wat]1 ! abnormal condition ( sk9 ?us induc$ is = a long "t extremely unpleasant4 ,( ! h>d5+ salts pres5t 9 potable wat]1 c>bonate ( lime is ! "o mo/ g5]ally met )1 & to obta9 a num]ical expression = ?is quality ( h>dness a sample ( wat] conta9+ #a lb4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 or its equival5t ( o!r h>d5+ salts1 9 #ajj1jjj lb4--#aj1jjj gallons--is said to h #a ( h>dness4 ,ea* degree ( h>dness indicates ! de/ruction & wa/e ( #ab lb4 ( ! be/ h>d soap by #aj1jjj gallons ( wat] :5 us$ = wa%+4 ,h>d wat] frequ5tly becomes s(t] aft] x has be5 boil$ = "s "t4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 a portion at lea/ ( ! orig9al h>d5+ effect is due to ! bic>bonate ( lime & magnesia4 ,^! salts are decompos$ by boil+ into free c>bonic acid1 :i* escapes z gas1 leav+ c>bonates ( lime & magnesia2 ! latt] be+ ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]1 ceases to ex]t m ?an a v slight h>d5+ effect1 & produces a precipitate4 ,z ! h>dness result+ f ! c>bonates ( lime & magnesia is ?us removable by boil+ ! wat]1 x is designat$ tempor>y h>dness1 :ile ! h>d5+ effect :i* is due *iefly to ! sulphates ( lime & magnesia1 & _c be got rid ( by boil+1 is t]m$ p]man5t h>dness4 ,! total h>dness ( wat] is !re=e commonly made up ( tempor>y & p]man5t h>dness4 ,a con/ant supply ( hot wat] is n[ almo/ a necessity 9 e h\sehold1 b great difficulties are ?r[n 9 ! way ( its atta9m5t by ! supply ( h>d wat] to t[ns =m+ ?ick calc>e\s cru/s 9 ! heat+ app>atus4 ,wat]s ) mu* tempor>y h>dness are mo/ objectionable 9 ?is respect1 & ! evil is s great :]e ! heat+ is effect$ 9 a coil ( pipe1 z practically to prev5t1 9 t[ns ) h>d wat]1 ! use ( ?is mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( heat+ wat]4 ,! prop]ty ( be+ s(t5$ by boil+ :i* tempor>ily h>d wat] possesses is n ( mu* dome/ic use1 = wat] is1 z a rule1 ei!r n rais$ to a suffici5tly high temp]ature or n kept at x = a long en\gh "t4 ,see+ !n ! disadvantages att5dant on ! use ( h>d wat]1 x rema9s to be consid]$ h[ be/ to s(t5 x4 ,f\r processes are kn[n to ! arts4 ,!y are3 ,di/illation1 c>bonate ( soda1 boil+1 lime4 ,( ^! processes ! fir/ & second are ! mo/ effective1 b ow+ to _! exp5se are n applicable on a l>ge scale4 ,! ?ird & f\r? processes are effici5t only ) c]ta9 classes ( wat]1 r5d]$ h>d by ! pres5ce ( ! bic>bonate ( lime1 magnesia1 or iron4 ,! f\r? is1 h[ev]1 a v *eap process1 & is easily applicable to ! va/ volumes ( wat] suppli$ to l>ge cities1 provid$ ! h>d5+ +r$i5ts are ( ! "* describ$4 ,s(t5+ by di/illation4--,by evaporation1 wat] is completely sep>at$ f all fix$ sal9e matt]s1 & consequ5tly f all h>d5+ matt]s4 ,di/ill$ wat]1 h[ev]1 has a vapid & unpleasant ta/e1 due p>tly to defici5t a]ation & p>tly to ! pres5ce ( traces ( volatile organic matt]2 & ?\gh filtration ?r\gh animal *>coal w remove ?is1 & ! a]ation c beg9 *emically1 ! process is too exp5sive1 except 9 c]ta9 cases1 z on bo>d %ip1 or at milit>y or naval /ations :]e no potable wat] exi/s4 ,s(t5+ by c>bonate ( soda4--,! h>dness ( wat]1 z already expla9$1 be+ pr9cipally due to ! pres5ce 9 solution ( bic>bonates & sulphates ( lime & magnesia1 c be r$uc$ by addition ( c>bonate ( soda1 :i* decomposes ^! salts sl[ly 9 cold wat] b quickly 9 hot1 =m+ insoluble comp\nds ( lime & magnesia1 :i* are sl[ly precipitat$ z a f9e mud1 leav+ ! wat] *>g$1 h[ev]1 ) a solution ( bic>bonate & sulphate ( soda4 ,?is process1 on acc\nt ( exp5se1 is only applicable on a small scale to ! wat] = laundry purposes1 z ! wat] acquires an unpleasant ta/e f ! pres5ce ( ! soda salts4 ,= laundry purposes x is1 h[ev]1 valuable1 z x effects a great sav+ ( soap4 ,! s(t5+ ( wat] by boil+4--,t portion ( ! h>dness ( wat] due to ! pres5ce ( bic>bonate ( lime1 magnesia1 or iron1 is correct$ by boil+ ! wat] = half an h\r4 ,dur+ ebullition ! bic>bonates1 :i* are soluble1 become c>bonates1 :i* are insoluble1 giv+ (f _! c>bonic acid z gas1 r5d]+--by ! precipitate produc$1 b n all[$ 9 a boil] "t to settle--! wat] muddy1 b incapable ( decompos+ soap4 ,to raise ! temp]ature ( #a1jjj gallons ( wat] to ! boil+ po9t & to ma9ta9 x = half an h\r requires ! consumption ( ab\t #b cwt4 ( coal1 or by ! wa/eful appliances f\nd 9 h\seholds1 probably ?ree times t am\nt4 ,s(t5$ by boil+1 !n1 #a1jjj gallons ( wat] w\ld co/ ab\t #gs4 #f;d41 :ile ! co/ ( s(t5+ ! same am\nt by soap is #is41 at #b #fs4 #f;d4 p] cwt4 ,! s(t5+ ( wat] by lime4--,! economy :i* c>bonate ( soda exhibits 9 comp>ison ) soap z a s(t5+ mat]ial is f> surpass$ by ! use ( lime4 ,lime co/s ab\t #h;d4 p] cwt41 & ?is weight ( lime w s(t5 ! same volume ( wat] z w\ld require ! use ( #bj cwt4 ( soap4 ,f ! above x is evid5t--s soon z x is conc$$ t !re is an advantage 9 us+ s(t wat]--t ! lime process is by f> ! mo/ economical4 ,besides ! *emical action affect+ ! h>dness1 x has ano!r mo/ important me*anical action1 9 consequ5ce ( ! weight ( ea* p>ticle compos+ ! precipitate produc$ by x4 ,^! p>ticles dur+ subsid5ce become atta*$ to ! almo/ microscopical organic impurities pres5t 9 all riv] wat]1 & drag !m d[n to ! bottom ( ! settl+ tank1 :]eby ! wat] is r5d]$1 aft] "s eight h\rs1 cle> z cry/al4 ,! av]age co/ ( ! wat] suppli$ by ! lead+ metropolitan wat] companies is #aj #ajs4 #i;d4 p] million gallons4 ,! *>ge made by ! companies to consum]s is ab\t #f;d4 p] #a1jjj gallons1 or #be p] million gallons4 ,x has be5 f\nd t wat] c on a l>ge scale be s(t5$ f #ad h>dness to #e at a co/ ( #bjs4 p] million gallons--t is1 #aj p] c5t4 on ! co/ ( ! wat] to ! companies1 or #d p] c5t4 z ! price *>g$ to consum]s4 ,?is e/imate does n take into acc\nt ! value ( ! precipitat$ *alk1 :i* has a m>ket price1 & is us$ = _m purposes1 be+1 9 fact1 :it+ ( ! pure/ quality4 ,! op]ations necess>y 9 ,cl>ke's process are f\r 9 numb]3 7#a7 ,! prep>ation ( milk ( lime2 7#b7 ! prep>ation ( a saturat$ solution ( lime2 7#c7 ! mixture ( ?is solution ) ! wat] to be s(t5$2 7#d7 ! classification ( ! s(t5$ wat] by ! sep>ation ( ! precipitat$ sub/ances ,messrs4 ,law & ,*att]ton effect ^! processes by simple me*anical means :i* are s f> automatic t !y only require ! pres5ce ( a p]son1 )\t te*nical k1 once 9 ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,no filt]+ m$ium :atev] is requir$1 :i* is a great advantage = ! foll[+ reasons3 7#a7 ,filt]+ mat]ials require p]iodical clean+ & r5ewal1 :i* n only occasion mu* tr\ble & mess1 b are also frequ5tly ineffici5tly p]=m$4 7#b7 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! filt]+ mat]ial1 :e!r clo?1 *>coal1 or o!r sub/ance1 is extremely liable to become m\ldy or mu/y1 :i* makes ! waf] bo? un:olesome & unpalatable4 ,?is sy/em is especially adapt$ = small wat] supplies & = use 9 c\ntry h\ses1 !re be+ no op]ation to p]=m requir+ ei!r te*nical1 *emical1 or me*anical k1 nor produc+ du/ or dirt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,law ,,& ,,*att]ton',s ,,wat]-,,s(t5+ ,,app>tus4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ?is app>atus z fitt$ at ! ,hoo1 ,luton1 ,b$=d%ire1 = ! supply ( ,mr4 ,g]>d ,leigh's h\se1 gr\nds1 & home f>m4 ,! mix+ ( ! lime & ! subsequ5t /irr+ ( ! wat] is effect$ by wat] p[] obta9$ f a turb9e4 ,! :ole ( ! app>atus & tanks occupy a space #fj ft4 squ>e1 #c1fjj ft4 area1 & s(t5 a daily supply ( #ej1jjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,a pump driv5 f ! turb9e =ces ! wat] to a res]voir 9 ! p>k & on to ! h\se1 an +5i\s automatic arrangem5t work$ by ! ov]fl[ f ! ci/]n ?r[+ ! pump out ( ge> :5 ! tank is full4 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,figs4 #a to #f h]e)1 are ?ree tanks 9 :i* ! wat] rema9s to be s(t5$1 ea* capable ( hold+ "o day's supply4 ,d & ,e are two small] tanks 9 :i* ! lime wat] is prep>$2 ,x is ! automatic valve app>atus by :i* ! connections betwe5 ! sev]al tanks are effect$ 9 ! ord] & at ! times requir$2 ,h & ,h %[ ! positions 9 :i* two pumps %\ld be plac$1 ! =m] = pump+ uns(t5$ wat] into ! tanks1 ! latt] to pump ! s(t5$ wat] into ! supply ci/]n4 ,j is ! pipe f ! well or o!r s\rce ( supply--9 case ! supply is at a high] level1 "o pump c be disp5s$ )4 ,! op]ation consi/s 9 add+ to ! wat] to be s(t5$ a c]ta9 quantity ( lime wat]1 dep5d+ ^u ! degree ( h>dness1 & 9 !n all[+ ! mixture to re/ 9 a /ate ( p]fect quiesc5ce until ! :ole ( ! lime has be5 deposit$ & ! wat] has become p]fectly cle>4 ,! tank1 ,a1 has be5 fill$ ) uns(t5$ wat]4 ,tank ,b conta9s ! wat] & lime 9 process ( cl>ification by subsid5ce aft] me*anical agitation by ! screw4 ,tank ,c conta9s ! s(t5$ wat]--& ! precipitate--9 process ( removal = consumption4 ,! mode ( work+ is z foll[s3 ,! milk ( lime1 prep>$ by slak+ new lime 9 a ,mi*ele mix]--n %[n4 ,"o ( ! tanks1 ,d1 hav+ be5 fill$ ) s(t5$ wat]1 run by gravity f "o ( ! tanks1 ,a1 ,b1 or ,c1 ! requisite am\nt ( milk ( lime is all[$ to fl[ into x f ! l9+ ma*9e1 & ! :ole hav+ be5 ?or\ghly mix$ by ! pat5t agitator1 ,g1 is left 9 a quiesc5t /ate = "s h\rs1 :5 ! sup]abundant lime falls to ! bottom1 & ! tank conta9s a p]fectly cle> & saturat$ solution ( lime4 ,! requisite quantity ( lime wat] is !n suff]$ to fl[ by gravity into :i*ev] ( ! ?ree tanks is empty4 ,9 ! mean :ile1 ! s(t5$ wat] is be+ )drawn by pump+ or gravitation1 z ! case may be1 f ! tank ,c1 until1 ^u ! wat] be+ l[]$ to )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( ! bottom1 an automatic arrangem5t %ifts ! valve1 ,x1 s t ! supply !n comm5ces f ,b1 ! uns(t5$ wat] fl[s into ,c1 & ! wat] is 9 process ( cl>ification 9 ,a1 & ?us ! op]ation proce$s cont9u\sly4 ,:]e ! wat] c be suppli$ by gravitation1 & ! tanks c be plac$ at a suffici5t elevation to comm& ! s]vice ci/]n1 no pumps are requir$1 ! s(t5+ process1 9 fact1 9 no way necessitat+ pump+4 ,! space occupi$ by ! :ole ( ! tanks & app>atus is #fj ft4 squ>e1 #c1fjj ft4 area1 & s(t5s #ej1jjj gallons p] day4 ,= ! daily s(t5+ ( quantities less ?an #a1jjj gallons1 ! tanks are made ( galvaniz$ %eet iron1 & ! :ole app>atus & tanks are self-conta9$1 s z only to require ! mak+ ( ! necess>y connections ) ! exi/+ supply & deliv]y pipes1 & fix+ 9 place4 ,no exp5sive f\ndations are requir$1 & ! entire co/ ( an app>atus--see ,figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f--;capable ( s(t5+ #ejj gallons p] day is ab\t #ge4 ,annex$ is a m detail$ description ( ! mann] ( fix+ & work+ ! small] app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,! tank mu/1 ( c\rse1 be set up p]fectly level4 ,! pipe f ! s\rce ( supply--9 ! pres5t case f ! hydraulic ram--mu/ be atta*$ to ! upp] ?ree way cock at ,a1 on ! accompany+ engrav+s1 & ! pipe to supply s(t5$ wat] is to be connect$ to ! l[] ?ree-way cock at ,b1 & %\ld be l$ into ! elevat$ ci/]n ) a ball cock s z to keep x always fill$4 ,! ?ree ball cocks 9 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e %\ld be adju/$ to all[ ! tanks to fill to )9 #c 94 ( ! top4 ,! nuts at ! upp] extremity ( ! ?ree rods1 ,f1 ,g1 & ,h1 %\ld be s adju/$ t :5 ! wat] 9 ! sev]al tanks has be5 drawn d[n to )9 #ae 94 ( ! bottom ! rock+ %aft1 ,i ,i1 is drawn d[n & ! v]tical rod1 ,j1 lift$ s z to all[ ! :eel1 ,k1 & sp9dle1 ,l1 to revolve by ! action ( ! weight1 ,m4 ,! l5g? ( ! *a9 is su* t :5 ! weight1 ,m1 re/s ^u ! floor ! face ( ! rais$ rim on ! :eel1 ,k1 %\ld n q t\* ! rod1 ,j1 & if necess>y1 a ?9 pack+ %\ld be put = ! weight to drop ^u4 ,! lime to be us$ %\ld be pure *alk lime free f clay1 mix$ ) wat] to a smoo?1 creamy consi/5cy1 & !n p\r$ into ! small tank1 ,n4 ,?is tank %\ld !n be fill$ ) wat] to )9 #c 94 ( ! top1 & ! small air pump work$ until ! lime has become ?or\ghly mix$ & diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! wat]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t previ\s to fill+ ! tank ! float1 ,o1 is rais$ up1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,aft] ! lime has be5 ?or\ghly mix$ x %\ld be left = at lea/ eight h\rs = ! sup]abundant lime to subside1 leav+ ! sup]natant fluid a p]fectly cle> saturat$ solution ( lime4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! float1 ,o1 %\ld be l[]$1 s t x may float ^u ! lime wat]1 & ! ?ree-way cock1 ,p1 %\ld be turn$ 9 su* a position z to all[ ! cont5ts ( ! tank1 ,n1 run into ! tank1 ,q1 until ! necess>y quantity has be5 suppli$1 ! mode ( det]m9+ :i* is h]e9aft] describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,! sp9dle1 ,l1 %\ld !n be turn$ into ! position :i* all[s ! wat] f ! s\rce ( supply to be dis*>g$ into ! tank1 ,q1 ! float1 ,r1 hav+ fir/ be5 rais$ into ! position %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #e4 ,a second quantity ( ! lime %\ld n[ be add$ to ! tank1 ,n1 mix$ ) wat]1 & aft] agitation1 ano!r eight h\rs all[$ = ! cont5ts ( bo? ! tanks1 ,q & ,n1 to subside4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! ?ree-way cock1 ,p1 %\ld be turn$ ?r\gh a ?ird ( a circle1 s z to dis*>ge ! lime wat] into ! tank1 ,s2 & ! sp9dle1 ,l1 %\ld be turn$ 9 ! contr>y direction to ! h&s ( a wat* ?r\gh ! ?ird ( a circle1 s z to all[ ! wat] f ! s\rce ( supply to be dis*>g$ into ! tank1 ,s1 c>e be+ tak5 z be=e to raise ! float1 ,t1 out ( ! wat]4 ,a ?ird quantity ( lime mu/ be add$ to ! tank1 ,n1 & n[ mix$ ) wat] to be drawn f ! tank1 ,q1 by ! tap1 ,u1 & aft] agitation aga9 left = eight h\rs to subside4 ,! float1 ,r1 may n[ be l[]$ into ! wat] 9 ! tank1 ,q1 :5 x w be f\nd t ! cle> s(t5$ wat] conta9$ 9 ! tank1 ,q1 w be dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! pipe atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! ?ree way tap1 ,b4 ,! weight1 ,m1 mu/ n[ be lift$ ab\t #e 941 s z to all[ ! r+ at ! end ( ! *a9 to be mov$ back to ! next /ud on ! :eel1 ,k4 ,! lime wat] 9 ! tank1 ,n1 mu/ next be dis*>g$ into ! tank1 ,v1 & !n ano!r quantity ( lime mu/ be add$ to ! tank1 ,n1 & fill$ up ) s(t5$ wat] f ! tank1 ,s1 by means ( ! tap1 ,w1 & aft] be+ duly agitat$ & left to subside4 ,z soon z ! s(t5$ wat] f ! tank1 ,q1 has be5 drawn d[n to )9 #ae 94 ( ! bottom1 ! rod1 ,h1 w move ! rock+ %aft1 ,i1 & lift ! rod1 ,j1 s releas+ ! :eel1 ,k1 & all[+ ! weight1 ,m1 to desc5d & turn ! sp9dle1 ,l1 & ! upp] & l[] ?ree-way cocks ?r\gh a ?ird ( a circle2 ! effect ( :i* movem5t w be to cont9ue ! supply ( s(t5$ wat] f ! tank1 ,s1 & to fill up ! tank1 ,v1 ) wat] f ! s\rce ( supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,! app>atus w n[ be 9 ! condition to af=d a regul> supply ( s(t5$ wat]2 all t w be necess>y to insure its cont9u\s action w be t at c]ta9 /at$ int]vals dep5d5t ^u ! rapidity ) :i* ! wat] is us$--b :i* int]val %\ld n be less ?an eight h\rs--! foll[+ ?+s %\ld be done3 7#a7 ,! float mu/ be rais$ out ( ! tank la/ empti$4 7#b7 ,! float mu/ be l[]$ into ! tank la/ fill$4 7#c7 ,! weight1 ,m1 mu/ be rais$1 & ! r+ ( ! *a9 %ift$ to ! next /ud on ! :eel1 ,k4 7#d7 ,! cle> lime wat] f\nd 9 ! tank1 ,n1 mu/ be turn$ into ! tank la/ empti$4 7#e7 ,! requisite quantity ( lime mu/ be put into ! tank1 ,n4 7#f7 ,! requisite quantity ( wat] mu/ be drawn (f f ! tank la/ fill$ into ! tank1 ,n4 7#g7 ,! cont5ts ( tank1 ,n1 mu/ be ?or\ghly mix$ by means ( ! air pump4 ,! quantity ( lime to be us$ = ea* tankful ( wat] mu/ dep5d ^u ! h>dness ( ! wat]1 oz4 be+ requir$ = ea* tankful = ea* degree ( h>dness4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 always to h an excess ( lime 9 ! tank1 ,n1 s z to insure obta9+ a saturat$ solution ( lime4 ,:5 fir/ mix$ ! cont5ts ( ! tank1 ,n1 w h a creamy appe>ance1 b :5 ! sup]abundant lime has subsid$ ! sup]natant liquid w be a p]fectly cle> saturat$ solution ( lime4 ,!re=e1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 #c lb4 ( lime %\ld be put into ! tank1 ,n1 & subsequ5tly ea* "t su* a quantity ( lime %\ld be add$ z is f\nd to be necess>y by ! me?od h]e9aft] describ$4 ,! quantity ( ! saturat$ lime wat] to be run into ea* ( ! s(t5+ tanks1 ,q1 ,s1 & ,v1 w dep5d ^u ! h>dness ( ! wat]4 ,= e degree ( tempor>y h>dness a dep? ( #a-f_/aj 94 ( ! cont5ts ( ! tank1 ,n1 w be requir$2 s t if ! wat] has #ad deg4 ( tempor>y h>dness1 !n #bb 94 9 dep? ( lime wat] mu/ be run (f into ea* ( ! tanks1 ,q1 ,s1 & ,v4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance an excess ( lime may be us$1 & ! s(t5$ wat] te/$ by means ( nitrate ( silv] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a solution ( #a oz4 ( nitrate ( silv] 9 a p9t ( twice di/ill$ wat] %\ld be obta9$4 ,hav+ let two or ?ree drops ( ?is solution fall on ! bottom ( a :ite tea cup1 sl[ly add ! s(t5$ wat]2 !n if !re be any excess ( lime1 a yell[ color w %[ itself1 & ! quantity ( lime wat] us$ mu/ be r$uc$ until only ! fa9te/ trace ( color is p]ceptible4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,wat] ,,met]4 ,we annex illu/rations ( a met] design$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,s*mid1 ( ,zri*1 & :i*1 accord+ to ,eng9e]+1 is n[ consid]ably us$ on ! ,cont95t1 n only = measur+ wat]1 b ! sirup 9 sug> factories1 9 brew]ies1 etc4 ,x consi/s ( a ca/ iron body conta9+ two gun-metal-l9$ cyl9d]s1 & connect$ by an int]m$iate *amb]4 ,r\nd ! body are =m$ two *annels1 "o = ! entrance & ! o!r = ! dis*>ge ( ! wat]1 etc41 to be measur$4 ,)9 ! cyl9d] are plac$ two long pi/ons1 provid$ ) op5+s 9 su* a way t ea* pi/on s]ves z a slide valve to ! o!r1 ! fl[ be+ ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! ports 9 ! connect+ *amb]4 ,! arrangem5t ( op5+s 9 ! pi/on is %[n 9 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 #g1 & ! int]m$iate passages 9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,to ! upp] side ( ea* pi/on is atta*$ a cross-head work+ on a disk plac$ at ea* end ( a horizontal %aft4 ,to "o ( ! disks is add$ a %ort connect+ rod t drives ! sp9dle ( a c\nt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*mid',s ,,wat] ,,met]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wa%+ ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,wool4 ,! wa%+ ma*9es 9 use = wool on ! rake pr9ciple h dur+ ! la/ few ye>s exp]i5c$ _m improvem5ts 9 ! details ( _! arrangem5t1 :i* we h illu/rat$ at diff]5t times 9 our columns4 ,! introduction ( ^! improvem5ts & alt]ations %[s t ! wa%+ ( wool has attract$ m att5tion on ! "p ( obs]vant manufactur]s & ma*9e mak]s1 & demon/rat$ at ! same "t t ! ma*9es hi!rto 9 use1 ) all _! advantages1 left mu* to be desir$ 9 o!r respects4 ,! ma9 difficulty ) all wa%+ ma*9es = wool has be5 ! avoidance ( felt+ ( ! wool1 :i* t5d5cy is increas$ by ! use ( w>m wat] = wa%+ & by ! agitation t "s consid] necess>y = a ?or\gh cleans+ ( ! wool & removal ( ! adh]+ impurities1 b :i* agitation is deprecat$ by o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,wool ,,wa%+ ,,ma*9e4 ,ref]r+ to our diff]5t illu/rations ( improvem5ts 9 ?is direction1 our subscrib]s w obs]ve t ! t5d5cy ( all ^! has be5 to keep ! wool float+ 9 ! wat]1 & to apply all me*anical appliances requir$ = its cleans+ & press+ z mu* z possible :ile x is 9 ?is susp5d$ condition4 ,! success :i* ! diff]5t appliances & improvem5ts m5tion$ by u h _h :5 us$ = ! class ( wool = :i* !y are int5d$1 has induc$ u to look up any attempts 9 a simil> direction :i* h be5 made on ! ,cont95t1 :]e ! subject has attract$ att5tion1 z well z ) u4 ,we !re=e give ! annex$ illu/ration ( a ma*9e inv5t$ by a ,g]man wool5 manufactur]1 :i* 9 _m respects is a wide dep>ture f ! ackn[l$g$ type 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,z ) ! ,engli% ma*9es1 ! wool ent]s f a creep] at "o end1 passes ?r\gh a long tr\gh1 fill$ ) wat] or lye1 asc5ds an incl9$ plane1 & passes out ?r\gh a pair ( squeez+ roll]s4 ,! inv5tion m5tion$ applies to ! treatm5t 9 ! tr\gh :i* latt] is %[n 9 our illu/ration at ,k4 ,x has a second bottom1 a little di/ance f a false "o1 at ,k4 ,! false bottom is trav]s$ 9 its :ole l5g? by an air pipe1 communicat+ ) ! atmosph]ic air outside ! tr\gh4 ,f ?is longitud9al pipe o!r pipes bran* (f at "r angles at /at$ int]vals1 z %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,^! small] pipes conta9 a numb] ( small p]=ations on _! upp] "p1 ?r\gh :i* ! air asc5ds into ! wat] 9 innum]able small bubbles4 ,?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal aims ( ! inv5tion1 = 9 asc5d+ ! bubbles lift ! wool m or less to ! surface & t5d to op5 x out )\t ! risk ( do+ s by any me*anical means liable to produce felt+4 ,?is is ! same effect t is produc$ 9 _m cases s successfully 9 boil+4 ,in/ead ( rakes ! inv5tor has plac$ f\r hexagonal drums into ! tr\gh1 m>k$ ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g4 ,! flat p>ts ( ^! drums are made ( p]=at$ metal & set back a little4 ,?is produces an alt]nate pass+ ( ! wat] into & out ( !m dur+ _! revolution & consequ5t suck+ & repuls+ ( ! wool1 :i* also likewise agitates x4 ,^! drums are made wide at ! entrance end ( ! tr\gh & gradually n>r[] t[>d ! deliv]y end4 ,! pipe1 ,v ,v1 is ! usual /eam pipe = heat+ ! wat]4 ,we h said be=e t ! improvem5ts introduc$ into ! wool wa%+ ma*9es ne>] home h be5 ( advantage = ! wools = :i* !y are int5d$1 & possibly ! inv5tion j describ$ w also be valuable 9 "s cases4--,tex4 ,manuf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,increas+ ,,! ,,illum9at+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,gases1 ,,etc4 ,by ,v4 ,,popp1 ( ,p>is4 ,?is inv5tion relates to light+ by mix+ air or o!r gase\s support] ( combu/ion ) illum9at+ or o!r hydroc>bon gas or vapor1 & burn+ ! mixture 7at a suitable pressure7 9 a burn] ( special con/ruction1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,illu/ration ,! burn] is con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,figs #a & #b4 ,x consi/s ( a c5tral tube1 i1 screw+ ^u ! pipe by :i* ! gase\s mixture is suppli$4 ,^u ?is tube is screw$ a cup1 k1 ( metal or refractory mat]ial :i* supports a cap1 l1 ( fire-clay 9 ! %ape ( a ?imble 7or ( o!r =m1 accord+ to ! int5d$ use ( ! burn]74 ,! flang$ base ( ?is cap is p]=at$ ) a r+ ( holes1 m1 z small & num]\s z possible1 & ! sides ( ! cap are pi]c$ ) oblique p]=ations1 n4 ,! top ( ! tube1 i1 is provid$ ) f\r small projections1 ^u :i* re/s a copp] cone1 o1 sold]$ to ! tube at a po9t bel[ ! p]=ations 9 ! base ( ! ?imble4 ,! cone is p]=at$ at its l[] end ) small holes1 p1 ! sum ( ^: areas is at lea/ equal to ! area ( ! tube4 ,! ?imble1 l1 is surr\nd$ by an envelope1 q1 ( plat9um wire nett+ or o!r refractory mat]ial ( ! same =m4 ,! gase\s mixture arriv+ by ! pipe1 i1 escapes at ! upp] orifices1 r1 & passes d[n aga9/ ! int]ior surface ( ! cone1 o1 out at ! orifices1 p1 & escapes ?r\gh ! orifices 9 ! cap1 l1 at :i* x is burn$4 ,! cap is !reby rais$ to a high temp]ature2 & ! plat9um wire %ea? becom+ inc&esc5t radiates ! light4 ,! gase\s mixture1 by com+ fir/ 9 contact ) ! copp] cone & !n ) ! refractory cap1 becomes rais$ to an exce$+ly high temp]ature be=e x is consum$4 ,9 ! modifi$ burn] repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 ! metal cone & ! fire-cap are truncat$4 ,! tube1 i1 is provid$ ) a numb] ( small p]=ations1 r1 at its upp] end1 ! sum ( ^: areas is at lea/ equal to ! area ( ! tube1 & by :i* ! gase\s mixture is di/ribut$ )9 ! *amb]1 k4 ,^u ! upp] clos$ end ( ! tube is fix$ a cup or inv]t$ ?imble1 o1 ( fire-clay4 ,a refractory cone1 l1 surr\nds ?is cup & re/s by its base ^u ! cup4 ,?is flang$ base is p]=at$ ) small v]tical holes1 m1 & ^u x is fix$ a plat9um wire cage or envelope1 q4 ,an annul> space is left betwe5 ! cone & cup = ! passage ( ! gase\s mixture1 :i*1 on escap+ f ! orifices1 r1 passes ov] ! ext]ior surface ( o1 ! int]ior ( :i* is already heat$ by ! flame :i* has n pass$ ?r\gh ! wire gauze1 & has be5 =c$ by ! pressure ( ! mixture into ! int]ior ( o4 ,! gase\s mixture be=e pass+ ?r\gh ! annul> space ?us atta9s su* a temp]ature t on escap+ f ! orifice its combu/ion is greatly promot$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prev5t+ ,,iron ,,f ,,ru/+4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( civilization ! use ( iron has rea*$ a v wide ext5sion1 & 9 a great numb] ( cases iron is us$ :]e wood or /one 0 =m]ly us$4 ,x is c]ta9ly an important "q h[ ?is metal c be protect$ "u all circum/ances aga9/ ru/ or oxidation1 s t ! _m co/ly iron /ructures may reta9 _! usefulness & /r5g?1 & be h&$ d[n un9jur$ to po/]ity4 ,:]ev] bright iron comes into contact ) air & moi/ure x imm$iately beg9s to ru/1 & ?is ru/ is n cont5t to cont9ually rob x ( its sub/ance 9 its p]si/5t progress by scal+ (f ! surface1 b at ! same "t x injures ! rema9d] ( ! iron by mak+ x brittle4 ,attempts h hi!rto be5 made to protect ! iron by cov]+ x ) o!r & less easily oxidizable metals4 ,= ?is purpose t9 0 fir/ select$1 !n lead & z9c1 & rec5tly nickel4 ,fur!rmore1 e>?y glaz+s & enamels1 su* z are us$ on /one w>e1 h be5 appli$ to iron vessels1 & !y h already f\nd ext5sive use 9 ! h\sehold4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! coat+s1 ei!r metallic or vitre\s1 are inapplicable1 ei!r because !y _c be appli$ or are too exp5sive1 s t on a l>ge scale rec\rse mu/ be _h to pa9ts made by mix+ oils ) metallic oxides1 e>?s1 etc41 = protect+ ! surface ( ! iron f air & moi/ure4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t iron does n ru/ 9 dry air1 n ev5 9 dry oxyg54 ,9 l mann] x frequ5tly happ5s t unpa9t$ iron1 su* z wea!r vanes1 f5ces1 etc41 is expos$ to ! air = a c5tury ) v little injury1 be+ cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( ! magnetic oxide 7proto-sesquioxide71 :i* acts z a protection & prev5ts f>!r action4 ,h5ce x has be5 propos$ to produce a lay] ( ?is magnetic oxide on ! surface artificially1 & x 0 f\nd t sup]heat$ /eam furni%$ ! means = do+ ?is4 ,b x is n to be suppos$ t su* a process w\ld f9d use on a l>ge scale1 & besides ?is protection c\ld only s]ve = iron tol]ably expos$ to ! op5 air & n = t 9 direct contact ) c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,an int]e/+ obs]vation has be5 made on railways t ! iron rails1 ties1 bolts1 etc41 ru/ until ! road beg9s to be us$4 ,"h we mu/ assume t any?+ made ( iron is m incl9$ to ru/ :5 at re/ ?an if occasionally caus$ to vibrate1 :5 an electrical action probably comes into play & decreases ! aff9ity ( iron = oxyg54 ,9 te>+ d[n old masonry iron bonds & clamps are (t5 f\nd :i* are z free f ru/1 s f> z !y are cov]$ ) mort>1 z !y 7 ! day !y left ! blacksmi?'s h&s4 ,a ,fr5* eng9e] met ) su* a ph5om5on :5 he uncov]$ ! an*or plates ( sev]al *a9 bridges :i* _h be5 built ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,:]e ! an*ors 7 cov]$ ) ! fatty lime mort> ( ! masonry !y %[$ no traces ( ru/1 b ! prolongations ( ! an*ors 9 empty spaces 7 ru/$ to su* an ext5t t !y 7 only "o-?ird ( _! orig9al ?ickness4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly obs]v$ t iron does n ru/ 9 wat] 9 :i* are dissolv$ small quantities ( cau/ic alkalies or alkal9e e>?s1 :i* neutralize e trace ( acid4 ,x seems t ^! exp]i5ces are ! basis ( ,a4 ,riegelmann's 7,hanau7 new protection aga9/ ru/4 ,! pa9t t he uses conta9s cau/ic alkal9e e>?s 7b>yta1 /rontia1 etc471 s t ! iron is 9 a condition simil> to ! iron an*ors ( ! *a9 bridges t 7 emb$d$ 9 lime mort>4 ,al?\gh a pa9t is n ?ick en\gh to inclose s mu* alkali z ! masonry did t ! iron 0 emb$d$ 91 nev]!less ! alkal9e action w make itself felt z long z ! coat+ has a c]ta9 consi/5ce4 ,"u all circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ^! new pa9ts w be free f active acids1 :i* is m ?an c be said ( our iron pa9ts hi!rto 9 use4 ,besides ?is1 ! ru/ protector has su* a composition t x c\ld s]ve its int5d$ purpose )\t ! addition ( any alkali4 ,if exp]i5ce confirms ?is claim1 x w be an int]e/+ /ep =w>d 9 ! pres]vation ( iron1 & contribute to an ext5sion 9 ! use ( iron4--,polyte*n4 ,notizblatt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,decotative ,,art4--,a ,,cupbo>d ,,9 ,,italian ,,walnut ,,) ,,d>k] ,,panel+4--,f ,! ,work%op4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,ela/ic ,,mass ,,= ,,confection]s' ,,use4 ,x %\ld be made 9 a well glaz$ e>!n crock2 metallic vessels are n good1 z ! gelat9e burns too easily on ! sides1 & dries out :]e x gets too hot4 ,nor is a wat] ba? to be recomm5d$ = dissolv+ ! gelat9e1 = ! sides get too hot & dry out ! gelat9e4 ,a qu>t ( wat] is put 9 ! crock & heat$ to boil+2 x is !n tak5 (f ! op5 fire & two p\nds ( ! f9e/ gelat9e /irr$ 91 a little at a "t4 ,aft] ! gelat9e is completely dissolv$ !re is to be add$ eight or t5 p\nds 7accord+ to ! quality ( ! gelat9e7 ( ! f9e/ :ite sirup previ\sly w>m$1 & con/antly /irr$4 ,! mass mu/ n boil1 z x w\ld easily burn1 or turn br[n & acquire a bad color4 ,?irty or =ty p\nds ( a beautiful :ite ela/ic mass c be made by ?is recipe 9 an h\r at a co/ ( t5 or twelve c5ts4 ,its *ief use is = mak+ figures & ornam5ts to put on bridal cakes & o!r fanciful productions ( ! confection]4 ,x conta9s no h>mful +r$i5ts & c be eat5 )\t dang]4 ,if color+ is add$1 co*9eal1 plant gre5 7*lorophyl71 & turm]ic are saf] ?an anil9e colors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ca\t*\c4 ,a4 ,levy contributes ! foll[+ brief acc\nt ( ?is subject to ! ,moniteur ,sci5tifique3 ,! crude gum cut 9 irregul> /rips is pass$ five or six times betwe5 two /rong rolls sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & mak+ two or ?ree revolutions p] m9ute4 ,^! rolls are kept wet by wat] trickl+ on !m4 ,?is broad /rip ( gum is p]=at$ ) =eign sub/ances & looks l a sieve4 ,x is next put 9 ! cutt+ ma*9e1 a horizontal drum provid$ ) an axle hav+ knives on x4 ,s mu* heat is produc$ by ?is cutt+ t ! wat] w\ld soon boil if x 7 n r5ew$4 ,a second ma*9e ( ?is k9d completes ! cutt+ & subdivid+1 & expels ! air & wat] f x4 ,! mass is !n press$ 9 r\nd or quadrangul> blocks4 ,! vulcanization ( ?9 articles f "o tw5ty-fif? to "o-sixte5? in* ?ick1 is done by ,p>kes' pat5t$ process1 t is1 dipp+ x 9 c>bon disulphide = a %ort "t1 to :i* *loride or bromide ( sulphur has be5 add$1 & :5 ! solv5t has evaporat$ ! sulphur rema9s beh9d4 ,balls1 ornam5tal articles1 & surgical app>atus are dipp$ into melt$ sulphur at #bge or #cjj ,fahr4 ,! ?ird mo/ important process consi/s 9 mix+ 9 ! sulphur me*anically ) ! gum 9 ! cutt+ ma*9e4 ,aft] ! pieces h receiv$ ! =m !y are to h !y are heat$ ) /eam or hot air to #bge4 ,flat articles are vulcaniz$ betwe5 press plates heat$ by /eam4 ,?is vulcanization is said to h be5 discov]$ accid5tally by se>*+ diff]5t color$ /uffs1 "s ( :i* 7 dy$ yell[ ) sulphur2 ! latt] /ood well4 ,h>d rubb] conta9s m sulphur1 & is heat$ long] & high]4 ,small or f9e tubes & hose are made by a cont9u\s ma*9e t presses x ?r\gh a hole ) a core to x4 ,l>ge hose is made by wrapp+ /rips ar\nd iron rods or tubes4 ,! little air balloons are made 9 ,p>is 7_! value is #cjj1jjj7 by ,brissonet f ,engli% ,mack9to% clo?4 ,p[d]$ soap/one is /rew$ ov] x 9 cutt+4 ,! edges are unit$ by hamm]+ on a horn anvil1 or by ma*9]y ?r\gh simple adhesion1 & ! cut surfaces are smoo?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photographic ,,action ,,/udi$ ,,spectroscopically4 ,at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,*emical ,society ,capta9 ,abney gave a lecture on ! above subject to a l>ge audi5ce4 ,we may premise by say+ t ! demon/rations he gave 7 c>ri$ out pr9cipally by means ( exp]im5ts on pap]1 to enable 8 he>]s to und]/& ! diff]5t po9ts he wi%$ to en=ce4 ,! lecture 0 comm5c$ by insi/+ on ! fact t all photographic action took place )9 ! molecules ( ! comp\nd act$ ^u & n on ! molecule itself1 & f ?is he d$uc$ t ! absorption ( radiation :i* take place by su* comp\nds is pr9cipally caus$ by ! atoms compos+ ! molecule4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be ! case 9 ! organic liquids1 :i* ! lectur] to "s ext5t _h inve/igat$1 :]e he _h fur!r trac$ ! absorption to ! vibrat+ atoms ( hydrog5 9 ^? bodies4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly inve/igate ! action ( light x 0 necess>y to asc]ta9 :i* compon5ts ( light 9 ! spectrum 7 ! *ief ag5ts 9 caus+ x1 & ?is l$ him to consid] ! means to be employ$ to obta9 a spectrum4 ,! effects ( diffraction grat+s 7 fir/ discuss$1 & 9 two :i* 7 %[n x 0 f\nd t 9 "s spectra ! visible portions 7 dimm$2 9 o!rs ! ultra-violet & ! infra-r$ 7 almo/ entirely abs5t4 ,x ?us became necess>y to inve/igate ! condition ( a grat+ be=e plac+ any confid5ce 9 ! results obta9$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ pitfall into :i* an exp]im5tali/ 0 liable to fall4 ,if prisms 7 us$ = obta9+ ! spectrum1 !n precautions _h also to be tak51 s9ce all glass absorb$ a portion ( ! ultra-violet rays & "s ! infra-r$4 ,on ! :ole1 he consid]$ t ! be/ glass to use 0 pure :ite fl9t glass = ! collimator1 ! prisms1 & ! cam]a l5s4 ,ano!r inquiry t 0 necess>y 0 ! s\rce ( radiation :i* x 0 propos$ to use4 ,diagrams %[$ ! unsatisfactory nature ( sol> radiation1 & a photograph ( ! :ole spectrum1 tak5 ) x "u c]ta9 atmosph]ic conditions 9 :i* ! effect ( ! gre5 rays 7 almo/ nil1 demon/rat$ ! false conclusions t might be d$uc$ z to ! s5sitiv5ess ( any p>ticul> comp\nd4 ,capta9 ,abney also %[$ ! satisfactory conditions :i* exi/$ 9 us+ ! crat] ( ! positive pole ( ! electric arc light z a s\rce1 & by diagrams illu/rat$ ! inf]iority ( an inc&esc5t light = ! purpose1 ow+ to ! defici5cy ( violet & ultra-violet rays4 ,hav+ ?us settl$ ! s\rce ( illum9ation & ! k9d ( app>atus to employ1 he next consid]$ ! conditions "u :i* ! s5sitive salts 7 to be expos$4 ,! action ( ord9>y s5sitiz]s 0 expla9$ & demon/rat$ by exp]im5ts1 f :i* po9t ! results ( c]ta9 color$ s5sitiz]s 7 consid]$4 ,?us1 v>i\s anil9e dyes 7 prov$ to be brom9e absorb5ts1 & likewise1 m or less1 to be capable ( be+ act$ ^u by light 9 ^? regions ( ! spectrum !y absorb$4 ,! result ( ! two effects 0 to produce a developable image ( ! spectrum j 9 ^? p>ts to :i* ! salt ( silv] 0 s5sitive1 & also 9 ! p>ts :]e ! dye itself 0 act$ ^u4 ,! latt] effect 0 trac$ to ! organic matt] be+ oxidiz$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! s5sitive silv] salt4 ,! s5sitiz+ effect ( "o silv] comp\nd ^u ano!r 0 !n gone into1 & exp]im5ts & photographs %[$ :]e two salts ( silv] 7 9 contact ) "o ano!r1 & )\t an en]getic s5sitiz] be+ at h&1 t ! "o :5 act$ ^u by light absorb$ ! halog5 lib]at$ f ! o!r ?r\gh ! same cause & t a new molecule 0 =m$4 ,?is 0 ( importance1 s9ce 9 photographic spectroscopic rese>*es a conclusion might be arriv$ at t a body suff]$ absorption 9 ^? regions ( ! spectrum :]e ?is int]e/+ reaction took place1 :]eas 9 reality ! ph5om5on might be due to ! silv] salts employ$4 ,?is 0 ano!r pitfall = ! unw>y4 ,aga91 x became necess>y 9 /udy+ photographic action to make sure t ! effect ( radiation 0 only a r$uc+ action1 & t ! results 7 n vitiat$ by "s o!r action4 ,! de/ruction by oxidiz+ ag5ts ( ! effect produc$ by light 0 !n exp]im5tally demon/rat$1 & photographs ( ! spectrum %[$ t ?is effect 0 increas$ by ! action ( light itself4 ,?us1 :5 imm]s+ a plate s5sitive to all radiations1 visible & invisible1 9 a v dilute solution ( nitric acid1 bi*romate ( pota%1 or hydroxyl1 x 0 %[n t if ! plate 7 expos$ to light1 fir/ ! p>ts act$ ^u by ! r$ rays 7 r$uc$ be=e ! p>ts n act$ ^u at all by ! spectrum1 ?us conclusively prov+ t light itself help$ =w>d ! oxidation or s-call$ sol>ization ( ! image4 ,x ?us became a /ruggle1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 betwe5 ! r$uc+ action on ! normal salt & ! oxidiz+ action on ! alt]$ salt z to :i* %\ld ga9 ! ma/]y4 ,if ! r$uc+ action ( any p>ticul> ray 7 ! mo/ active1 !n a negative image result$1 :]eas if ! oxidiz+ action 7 9 ! asc5dant1 a positive image result$4 ,?us1 9 det]m9+ ! action ( light on a p>ticul> salt1 ?is antagonism _h to be tak5 into acc\nt1 & exposure made ) su* precautions t no oxidiz+ action c\ld occur1 z w\ld be ! case if an inorganic s5sitiz]1 su* z sulphite ( soda1 7 us$4 ,! rev]sal ( ! image by soluble haloid salts1 su* z bromide ( potassium1 0 !n dwelt ^u ) exp]im5tal demon/ration4 ,x 0 %[n t ! m]e/ trace ( soluble haloid w\ld rev]se an image by ! extraction ( brom9e f x1 & ! fact t ! mo/ refrangible "p ( ! spectrum 0 pr9cipally efficaci\s 9 complet+ ?is action %[$ h[ necess>y x 0 to avoid fall+ into error :5 analyz+ photographic action by ! spectroscope4 ,a ref]5ce 0 next made to gelat9e plates1 9 :i*1 ow+ to _! prep>ation1 rev]sal ?r\gh ! above cause 0 mo/ likely to take place1 & a plate soak$ 9 sulphite ( soda & expos$ 9 ! cam]a = a c\ple ( m9utes--a "t l>gely 9 excess ( t necess>y to give a rev]sal "u ord9>y circum/ances--prov$ ! efficacy ( ! oxyg5 absorb]1 ! image rema9+ 9 its normal condition aft] developm5t4 ,! lectur] clos$ 8 rem>ks by %[+ ! diff]5t molecul> /ates ( iodide1 bromide1 & *loride ( silv]1 z produc$ by diff]5t modes ( prep>ation4 ,! color ( ! film by transmitt$ light 9 e case indicat$ ! effect :i* 0 likely to be produc$ on !m1 & ! photograph$ spectrum 9 ea* ( !m %[$ ! rem>kable diff]5ces t 7 f\nd4 ,! po9ts rais$ by ,capta9 ,abney at diff]5t times are well wor?y ! /udy ( sci5tific photograph]s1 s9ce /rict att5tion to ! modes ( exposure to ! spectrum1 to ! in/rum5ts employ$1 & to ! s\rce ( light us$ c alone insure accuracy 9 comp>ative exp]im5ts4--,br4 ,j\r4 ( ,photo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,salt ,,& ,,lime4 ,m4,f4,k4 communicates ! foll[+ int]e/+ circum/ance to ,neue/e ,erf9dung43 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 decid$ to :itewa% ! walls & ceil+ ( a small cell> to make x light]4 ,= ?is purpose a suitable quantity ( lime 0 slak$4 ,a workman :o _h to c>ry a vessel ( common salt = "s o!r purpose /umbl$ ov] ! lime cask & spill$ "s ( 8 salt into x4 ,to conceal all traces ( 8 mi%ap he /irr$ 9 ! salt z quickly z possible4 ,! circum/ance came to my k aft]w>d1 & ?is un9t5tional addition ( salt to ! lime excit$ my livelie/ curiosity1 = ! :itewa% 0 n only blameless1 b h>d z cem5t1 & w\ld n wa% (f4 ,aft] ?is exp]i5ce ,i employ$ a mixture ( milk ( lime & salt 7ab\t ?ree p>ts ( /one lime to "o "p ( salt71 = a c\rt or light well4 ,to save ! tr\ble & exp5se ( a scaffold to "w on1 ,i _h x appli$ ) a h& fire eng9e 7g>d5 syr+e87 to ! opposite walls4 ,! results 7 mo/ satisfactory4 ,= f\r ye>s ! wea!r has _h no effect ^u x1 & ,i h obta9$ a good & *eap means ( light+ ! c\rt 9 ?is way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,r5ew+ ,,pa9t ,,)\t ,,burn+4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,gew]beblatte fur ,hess5 t pa9t c be r5ew$ & refre%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,:5 cracks & *ecks appe> 9 ! pa9t on wood5 articles1 ?is usually indicates t ! v>ni% has crack$4 ,if ?is is ! case1 ! article c easily be prep>$ = a fre% coat by spong+ x ov] ) /rong ammonia wat]1 & two or ?ree m9utes lat] scrap+ (f ! v>ni% ) ! broad end ( a spatula be=e ! ammonia has dri$ up4 ,9 ?is way ! fir/ coat is remov$4 ,if x is necess>y to remove ! next coat+1 ! same op]ation is repeat$4 ,aft] ! la/ coat has be5 scrap$ (f t is to be remov$1 x mu/ be wa%$ ) suffici5t wat] to r5d] ! ammonia inactive1 & !n ! surface is rubb$ ) pulv]iz$ pumice to make x smoo?4 ,any desir$ pa9t or v>ni% c be appli$ to a surface prep>$ 9 ?is way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,te/+ ,,olive ,,oil4 ,by ,,dr4 ,o4 ,,ba*4 ,!re is no dep>tm5t 9 analytical *emi/ry 9 :i* s little success has be5 atta9$ z 9 ! te/+ ( comm]cial fats & oils4 ,all me?ods t h be5 propos$ = di/+ui%+ & recogniz+ ! sep>ate oils1 alone or mix$1 be> ^u !m ! /amp ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! facts obs]v$ by ,j4 ,ko5ig1 & describ$ by him 9 8 excell5t book entitl$ ,die ,m5s*li*5 ,nahrungs und ,g5ussmittel 7p4 #bdh71 excit$ great expectations2 viz41 t ! quantity ( glyc]9e 9 vegetable fats 0 mu* less ?an ! am\nt requir$ to comb9e ) all ! fatty acids1 & t ! quantity ( oleic acid 9 ! oils t he exam9$ exhibit$ ess5tial diff]5ces4 ,ko5ig himself ass]ts t ! fats h hi!rto be5 too little inve/igat$ to f\nd ^u x a me?od = di/+ui%+ !m1 b t nev]!less x may possibly d good s]vice 9 "s cases4 ,my own e/imation ( ! am\nt ( glyc]9e 9 diff]5t olive oils1 by ,ko5ig's me?od1 has %[n1 un=tunately1 t ! p]c5tage may v>y f #a4f to #d4fh1 accord+ to ! orig9 & quality ( ! oil4 ,9 l mann] ! e/imation ( ! oleic acid1 :i* 0 conduct$ ess5tially 9 ! mann] propos$ by ,ko5ig1 %[$ t ! am\nt ( oleic acid 9 diff]5t olive oils v>i$ f #de to #ed p] c5t4 ,b s9ce cotton se$ oil1 = example1 :i* is mo/ frequ5tly us$ to adult]ate olive oil1 conta9s #e p] c5t4 ( glyc]9e1 & #ei4e p] c5t4 ( oleic acid1 x is easy to see an admixture ( cotton se$ oil _c be detect$ by ?is me?od1 :i* appe>$ to be s exact4 ,! me?od ( analysis t ,i am ab\t to describe is bas$ *iefly ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! melt+ po9t ( ! fatty acids conta9$ 9 ! oils1 & ^u _! solubility 9 a mixture ( alcohol & acetic acid4 ,! oils employ$ 9 adult]at+ olive oil1 & to :i* reg>d mu/ be _h 9 te/+ x1 are ! foll[+3 ,cotton se$ oil1 sesame1 peanut1 sun fl[]1 rape1 & ca/or oils4 ,! te/s = ! two la/ nam$ h hi!rto nev] pres5t$ any difficulty1 z rape se$ is easily detect$1 ow+ to ! sulphur 9 x1 by saponify+ x 9 a silv] di%1 & ca/or oil by its solubility 9 alcohol4 ,b 9 rec5t times ano!r product has come into ! m>ket call$ sulphur oil or pulpa oil1 obta9$ by extract+ ! press$ olive cake ) sulphide ( c>bon4 ,?is also gives a sulphur reaction :5 saponifi$1 :ile x resembles ca/or oil by its solubility 9 alcohol4 ,:5 ?is oil is mix$ ) ord9>y olive oil1 x c easily deceive any "o :o uses ! ord9>y te/s4 ,my me?od ( te/+ olive oil is z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! s-call$ elaid9e te/ is made1 & !n ! te/ ) nitric acid4 ,ab\t #e c4 c4 7a teaspoonful7 ( ! oil is mix$ 9 a te/ tube ) its own volume ( nitric acid1 spec4 gr4 #a4cj1 & %ak5 viol5tly = "o m9ute4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is "t ! oils w h acquir$ ! foll[+ colors3 ,olive oil1 pale gre52 cotton se$ oil1 yell[i% br[n2 sesame1 :ite2 sun fl[]1 dirty :ite2 peanut1 rape1 & ca/or oils1 pale p9k or rose4 ,z soon z ! color has be5 obs]v$1 ! te/ glass is put 9 a wat] ba? at ! full boil+ temp]ature & left !re five m9utes4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! action ( nitric acid ^u cotton se$ & sesame oil 0 ! mo/ viol5t1 sometimes s viol5t z to ?r[ ! oil out ( ! glass4 ,at ! end ( ano!r five m9utes aft] ! te/ tube is tak5 out ( ! wat] ba?1 ! foll[+ colors are se53 olive & rape oils are r$2 ca/or oil is gold5 yell[2 sun fl[] oil1 r$di% yell[2 sesame & peanut1 br[ni% yell[2 cotton se$1 r$di% br[n4 ,aft] /&+ #ab to #ah h\rs at ab\t #fj ,fahr4 ! olive1 rape1 & peanut oils w h solidifi$2 sun fl[]1 ca/or1 & cotton se$ w be l salve 7/icky71 :ile sesame w rema9 p]fectly liquid4 ,mixtures ( olive oil ) small quantities ( cotton se$ or sesame are di/+ui%$ by ?is *>act]i/ic--t1 al?\gh ! :ole mass1 :i* is d>k] 9 color ?an olive oil1 solidifies at fir/1 at ! end ( #bd or #cf h\rs a br[n oil w be f\nd float+ ^u ! surface ( ! solid mass1 :ile ! l[] /rata exhibit ! yell[ color ( pure olive oil4 ,oil ( rosem>y has no effect :5 %ak5 ) cold nitric acid1 & imp>ts to x only a slightly d>k] color on heat+4 ,oils treat$ ) lye act j l pure oils4 ,f> ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! melt+ po9t ( ! fatty acids1 #aj grammes ( oil 7 saponifi$ ) #e grammes ( cau/ic pota% on ! wat] ba?2 "s wat] & alcohol be+ add$4 ,aft] all ! alcohol _h be5 expell$ ! soap 0 dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 & ! fatty acids sep>at$ f ! cle> solution by add+ hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] prolong$ heat+ ^! acids w swim on ! salt solution z a p]fectly cle> oil1 a portion ( :i* is !n put into a little1 n>r[1 ?9 wall$ tube & all[$ to solidify4 ,! po9t at ) x melts & solidifies is det]m9$ by putt+ ?is tube 9 a beak] glass fill$ ) wat] & w>m+ ) a small flame4 ,a !rmomet] is plac$ 9 ! fatty acids & mov$ g5tly ab\t dur+ ! obs]vation1 & ! po9t accurately obs]v$ at :i* ! :ole mass becomes p]fectly cle>1 & also :5 ! m]cury bulb beg9s to be cl\d$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! acids f pure olive oil melt betwe5 #bf & #bh ,c4 7 #hj to #hc ,fahr47 & solidify at a po9t n l[] ?an #bb ,c4 7#gb ,fahr474 ,! melt+ po9t ( ! fatty acids 9 ! oils us$ to adult]ate olive oil diff]s consid]ably f ?is4 ,! melt+ & solidify+ po9ts ( ! acids 9 cotton se$1 sesame1 & peanut oils lie consid]ably high]1 ^? ( sunfl[]1 rape1 & ca/or oils decid$ly l[] ?an ^? ( olive oil4 ,! melt+ & solidify+ po9ts ( ^! acids are z foll[s3 ,cotton se$ melts at #ch4j;,c4 solidifies #ce4j;,c4 ,sesame d4 #ce4j d4 d4 #cb4e d4 ,peanut d4 #cc4j d4 d4 #ca4j d4 ,sunfl[] d4 #bc4j d4 d4 #ag4j d4 ,rape d4 #bj4g d4 d4 #ae4j d4 ,ca/or oil d4 #ac4j d4 d4 #b4j d4 ,! above figures diff] s mu* f ^? ( olive oil1 t adult]ati\s c>ri$ to ! ext5t t !y are 9 trade c easily be detect$ by ! aid ( an e/imation ( ! melt+ po9t1 = a ,gallipoli olive oil1 mix$ ) #bj p] c5t4 ( sunfl[] oil1 melt$ at #bd ,c4 & solidifi$ at #ah ,c4 7( c\rse1 ! fatty acids are meant74 ,a ,nizza oil1 mix$ ) #bj p] c5t4 cotton se$ oil1 melt$ at #ca ,c4 & solidifi$ at #bh ,c4 ,a ,gallipoli oil ) #cc-a_/c p] c5t4 ( rape oil melt$ at #bc ,c4 & solidifi$ at #af ,c4 ,:5 #j4ej p] c5t4 ( rape is add$1 x melts z l[ z #bj & solidifies at #ac ,c41 etc4 ,9 te/+ ! solubility ( ! fatty acids 9 alcohol & acetic acid1 ,i employ ! me?od propos$ by ,david 79 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahgh1 p4 #adaf7 = e/imat+ /e>ic acid4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! pr9ciple t :5 acetic acid is p\r$ drop by drop into an alcoholic solution ( oleic acid1 !re comes a "t :5 all ! oleic acid sep>ates1 b /e>ic acid1 :i* is insoluble 9 a mixture ( alcohol & acetic acid1 rema9s insoluble if ! mixture conta9s oleic acid4 ,! foll[+ manipulations are adopt$ 9 te/+ olive oil3 ,equal p>ts ( glacial acetic acid & wat] are mix$ 9 a bottle4 ,!n #a c4c4 ( pure oleic acid1 #c c4c4 ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol1 & #b c4c4 ( acetic acid are put 9 a small tube graduat$ 9 t5?s ( cubic c5timet]s4 ,! solution %\ld rema9 cle>2 on add+ ano!r "o-t5? c4c4 ( acetic acid x becomes turbid1 & :5 #a c4c4 ( oleic acid 7or at fir/ ev5 m7 floats on ! mixture ( acid & alcohol1 ! liquid is ready = use4 ,if ?is is n ! case1 ! proportions 7( acetic acid & alcohol87 mu/ be v>i$ until ! addition ( "o-t5? c4c4 ( ! =m] w cause all ! oleic acid to sep>ate4 ,! proportions hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ f ^! prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 ! alcohol & acid are !n mix$ accord+ly1 e4g41 #cjj ( alcohol to #bbe ( acid4 ,"o or two grammes ( /e>ic acid are add$ to ! alcoholic acetic acid1 & ! cle> sup]natant liquid us$ = ! exp]im5ts4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! oil 7acids7 to be te/$ is put 9 ! tube1 & #ae c4c4 ( alcoholic acetic acid add$1 well %ak51 & ! :ole left to /& quietly at #ae ,c4 7#fj ,fahr74 ,if ! olive oil is pure1 ! acids dissolve to a cle> solution t rema9s s4 ,cotton se$ oil is insoluble1 & ! solution obta9$ by heat+ ! solution solidifies at #fj ,fahr4 to a :ite jelly4 ,sesame & peanut oil react 9 a simil> mann]4 ,sunfl[] oil dissolves1 b at #fj a granul> precipitate falls4 ,rape oil is entirely insoluble & floats l oil on ! surface4 ,ca/or oil on ! contr>y dissolves completely1 j l olive oil1 & h5ce _c be detect$ !re9 by ?is me?od4 ,to detect ?is oil we mu/ take ! melt+ po9t ( ! acids along ) ! solubility ( ! oil itself 9 alcohol4 ,olive oil :5 mix$ ) #be p] c5t4 ( cotton se$ oil yields a granul> precipitate1 & s does #be p] c5t4 ( sesame4 ,small] quantities _c be detect$ by ^! me?ods4 ,= rape oil ! limit is #ej p] c5t41 & 9 small] quantities ! oil does n collect on ! alcoholic solution4 ,! decid$ l[]+ ( ! melt+ po9t ( ! fatty acids 9 comb9ation ) ! sulphur reaction1 & ! insolubility ( ! oil 9 alcohol1 also furni% a me?od ( detect+ :5 pres5t 9 small] quantities 9 olive oil4 ,al?\gh ,i am well aw>e t ,i am mak+ public a rese>* t is by no means free f objections1 ,i nev]!less believe t x may be ( use to ^? :o h to und]take ! tickli% & intricate analyses ( comm]cial fats4--,translat$ f ! ,*emik] ,zeitung1 p4 #cee4 ,leipsic1 ,jan41 #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,comp\nd ,,e!rs4 ,9 a note pres5t$ to ! ,indu/rial ,society ( ,mulh\se1 ,a4 ,pab/ discusses ! diff]5t /ages 9 ! =mation ( comp\nd e!rs1 z ,williamson has expla9$ ! production ( ord9>y e!rs by ! action ( sulphuric acid ^u alcohol4 ,pab/ has obs]v$ t ! comp\nd e!rs are =m$ 9 an analog\s mann]4 ,if alcohol1 sulphuric acid1 & acetic acid are heat$ toge!r1 acetic e!r1 we "k1 is =m$4 ,pab/ has %[n t x takes place 9 ?ree /ages4 ,9 ! fir/ /age1 e?yl sulphuric acid & wat] are =m$2 9 ! second1 acetate ( e?yl ) ! reproduction ( sulphuric acid1 :i* aga9 conv]ts a fre% quantity ( alcohol into e?yl sulphuric acid4 7#a7 ,c#b;,h#e,,oh,,ho1,,s#b,,oh ,c#b;,h#e,o1,,s#b,,oh,h#b,o4 7,alcohol47 7,sulphuric acid47 7,e?yl sulphuric acid47 7#b7 ,c#b;,h#e,o1,,s#b,,oh,c#b;,h#c,o1,,oh 7,e?yl sulphuric acid47 7,acetic acid47 ,c#b;,h#e,o1,c#b;,h#c,o,,ho1,,s#b;,,ho4 7,acetate ( e?yl47 7,sulphuric acid47 ,pab/ prov$ ?is by lett+ me?yl sulphuric acid act ^u a mixture ( acetic acid & e?yl alcohol4 ,he obta9$ by ?is process acetate ( me?yl & e?yl sulphuric acid4 ,by ! cont9u$ action ( e?yl alcohol & acetic acid ^u ?is mixture1 ( c\rse1 acetate ( e?yl 0 =m$4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! op]ation !re 0 no long] any me?yl sulphuric acid pres5t 9 ! liquid4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations1 ,pab/ 0 l$ to a v practical me?od = prep>+ acetate ( me?yl1 :i* consi/s 9 heat+ e?yl sulphuric acid to #ace or #adj ,c1 & all[+ a mixture ( equal molecules ( /rong alcohol & acetic acid to fl[ into x4 ,! details ( 8 exp]im5ts & ! me?od ( purification w be publi%$ by ! society4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,gre5 ,,or ,,gold5 ,,color ,,= ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,brass4 ,by ,e4 ,,pul*]4 ,! ,fr5* brass ca/+s & articles ( %eet brass are made ( *eap1 light color$ brass1 & possess a f9e gold5 color :i* is n produc$ by gold v>ni%1 b by a coat+ ( copp]4 ,?is gives !m a f9] appe>ance1 s t !y sell bett]4 ,?is gold5 color c be easily produc$ at v little exp5se & ) b little tr\ble by ! foll[+ process4 ,fifty grammes ( cau/ic soda & #dj grammes ( milk sug> are dissolv$ 9 a lit] ( wat] & boil$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! solution is cle> z wat] at fir/1 b acquires a d>k yell[ color4 ,! vessel is next tak5 f ! fire1 plac$ on a wood5 support1 & #dj grammes ( a cold conc5trat$ solution ( blue vitriol /irr$ 94 ,a r$ precipitate ( suboxide ( copp] is at once =m$1 & by ! "t ! mixture cools to #afg ,fahr41 ! precipitate w h settl$4 ,a suitable wood5 sieve is plac$ 9 ! vessel1 & on ?is ! poli%$ articles are laid4 ,9 ab\t "o m9ute ! sieve is lift$ up to see h[ f> ! op]ation has gone1 & at ! end ( ! second m9ute ! gold5 color is d>k en\gh4 ,! sieve & articles are n[ tak5 out1 & ! latt] are wa%$ & !n dri$ 9 sawdu/4 ,if ! brass is left long] 9 ! copp] solution1 9 a %ort "t a f9e gre5 lu/] is produc$1 becom+ yell[ at fir/ & !n blui% gre54 ,aft] x turns gre51 !n ! well-kn[n iridesc5t colors f9ally appe>4 ,to obta9 uni=m colors x is necess>y t !y be produc$ sl[ly1 :i* is atta9$ at temp]atures betwe5 #ace & #agj ,fahr4 ,! copp] ba? c be us$ repeat$ly & c be kept a long "t if bottl$ up tightly )\t *ange4 ,aft] x is exhau/$ x c be r5ew$ by add+ #aj grammes ( cau/ic soda1 replac+ ! wat] t has evaporat$1 heat+ to boil+1 & add+ #be grammes ( a cold solution ( blue vitriol4 ,simil> op]ations ) o!r well kn[n r$uc+ ag5ts1 su* z t>trate ( soda1 glyc]9e1 etc41 d n give su* good colors1 because !y d n precipitate ! copp] solution s rapidly & at s l[ a temp]ature4 ,if ! r9s$ & pickl$ brasses are dipp$ = five m9utes 9 a ?ree p] c5t4 neutral solution ( cocoa nut oil soap1 & !n wa%$ ) wat] aga9 be=e !y dry1 ! coat+ ga9s 9 p]man5ce4 ,brass articles t h to be clean$ frequ5tly %\ld be cov]$ ) oil ( turp5t9e1 or ?9 ,engli% copal v>ni%4--,neue/e ,erf9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,v9eg>4 ,h]mann ,kratz]1 ( ,leipsic1 communicates ! foll[+ practical in=mation on ! cl>ification & purification ( v9eg> to ! ,neue/e ,erf9dung5 und ,erfahrung53 ,if v9eg> has an unpleasant odor1 :i* is r>] n[ t ! v9eg> manufacture has rea*$ su* a /ate ( p]fection1 x may be remov$ z foll[s3 ,well burn$ & f9ely pulv]iz$ wood *>coal is put into ! bottles conta9+ ! v9eg>1 ! proportions be+ #h grammes ( *>coal to a lit] ( v9eg>1 or "o ounce to ! gallon4 ,x is %ak5 sev]al times v ?or\ghly1 !n left /&+ ?ree or f\r days1 & ! v9eg> filt]$ ?r\gh a l95 clo?4 ,v9eg> treat$ 9 ?is mann] w be f\nd to h completely lo/ its unpleasant odor4 ,i h f\nd t :5 ,i us$ blood *>coal or bone coal 9 place ( wood coal x 0 /ill m effici5t2 b x mu/ be m5tion$ t :5 !y are us$ !y mu/ be purifi$ z foll[s be=e us+3 ,*>coal f blood conta9s pota% & h5ce x is necess>y to wa% x ) di/ill$ wat] & dry x be=e us+ x4 ,bone coal 7also call$ bone black1 animal *>coal1 etc47 conta9s on an av]age #aj p] c5t4 ( nitrog5\s & hydrog5at$ c>bon1 #h p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 #gh p] c5t4 ( phosphate ( lime1 besides phosphate ( magnesia1 sulphate ( lime1 soluble salts1 etc4 ,be=e us+1 x %\ld be treat$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid until x does n eff]vesce any m4 ,! bone coal is !n left to /& = #bd or #cj h\rs & at ! end ( ?is "t is wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] until ! wa% wat] no long] r$d5s a blue piece ( litmus pap]1 i4e41 until e trace ( hydro*loric acid has be5 remov$ f ! bone coal4 ,wood *>coal may be treat$ 9 l mann]4 ,:5 ?is coal is p]fectly dry x is employ$ 9 ! same proportions z ! o!r1 #h to #a1jjj1 ! op]ation be+ exactly ! same4 ,he turns next to ! cl>ification ( ! v9eg>4 ,x happ5s ev]y:]e t v9eg> in/ead ( be+ cle> is sometimes turbid4 ,?is is due to p>ticles ( yea/ dissolv$ 9 ! v9eg> t h n yet settl$4 ,to remove ?is k9d ( turbidity x is cu/om>y to use oak or bee* %av+s t h be5 wa%$ 9 hot wat] & !n dri$4 ,^! %av+s1 :i* mu/ be v long & extremely ?91 are put 9 a b>rel ) a second & p]=at$ bottom1 to a dep? ( #ab to #cd in*es4 ,! v9eg> t runs ?r\gh !m deposits its slimy con/itu5ts on ! %av+s & becomes p]fectly cle>1 & pres5ts to ! eye a pleas+ appe>ance4 ,to ?is g5]ally kn[n me?od ,i w\ld add a few m3 #a4 ,i take a kilo ( well pulv]iz$ animal *>coal 7black burn$ bones7 to #g_/h ( a hectolit] ( v9eg> 7#a lb4 to #bj gallons71 & /ir x well ) a wood5 rod2 or1 if ! v9eg> is 9 bottles1 ,i %ake x a long "t aft] putt+ ! animal *>coal 9 ! bottle1 & repeat x sev]al times4 ,aft] ?ree or f\r days ,i f9ally filt] ! v9eg> ?r\gh l951 :5 ! filtrate w exhibit ! desir$ cle>ness4 #b4 ,! be/ way to cl>ify v9eg> is ) is+lass4 ,x is fir/ brok5 up1 !n swell$ = a day 9 v9eg> 7#ag or #ah grammes to ! lit]71 !n #b lit]s ( v9eg> are add$ & ! mass boil$ until ! is+lass is completely dissolv$4 ,su* a solution z ?is 7 ounce to #c qu>ts7 is mix$ ) #aj hectolit]s 7#bej gallons7 ( turbid v9eg> & well /irr$ ?r\gh x4 ,aft] ! expiration ( five or six weeks v9eg> treat$ 9 ?is way has a beautifully cle> appe>ance4 #c4 ,album5 c likewise be us$ to cl>ify x4 ,! v9eg> is boil$ ) ! album5 until ! latt] is completely coagulat$1 & !n ! v9eg> is filt]$4 #d4 ,& f9ally milk may be employ$4 ,= ?is purpose ! milk is skimm$1 & #a qu>t ( milk add$ = e #fh qu>ts ( v9eg>1 ! mixture well /irr$ & %ak54 ,aft] ! case\s portion has coagulat$ 7curdl$7 x is filt]$ z be=e1 & 9 ?is case1 too1 ! product is a f9e1 cle> v9eg>4 ,we believe t ^! few exp]im5ts1 s easily p]=m$1 & at s small an exp5se1 w prove useful to our read]s 9 enabl+ !m to put _! product 9 ! m>ket 9 an excell5t condition & nicely cl>ifi$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,aliz>9e ,,indu/ry4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,man*e/] section ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,mr4 ,ivan ,lev9/e9 describ$ ! hi/ory & progress ( ! manufacture ( aliz>9e1 f :i* are produc$ fa/ r$1 purple1 br[n1 & black dyes4 ,he said aliz>9e 01 until v rec5tly1 made only f ! root ( ! madd] plant1 ( :i* ! ye>ly crop 0 #gj1jjj tons1 & repres5t$ an annual value ( #c1aej1jjj1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,k+dom consum$ #bc1jjj tons1 repres5t+ a value ( ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj4 ,madd] is n[ no long] gr[n = ?is purpose4 ,! ,g]man *emi/s f\nd t aliz>9e produc$ f madd] 9 und]go+ c]ta9 treatm5t gave a sub/ance id5tical ) an?rac9e1 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( coal t>1 & 9 #ahfi ! same *emi/s ann\nc$ to ! _w t !y _h accompli%$ ! syn!sis ( aliz>9e f an?rac9e4 ,! effect ( ?is discov]y 0 to ?r[ madd] out ( cultivation4 ,mr4 ,p]k91 an ,engli% *emi/1 & ,messrs4 ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 ,g]man *emi/s1 almo/ simultane\sly appli$ = pat5ts 9 #ahfi1 9 ,engl&1 & z _! me?ods 7 ne>ly id5tical !y arrang$ priorities by ! ex*ang+ ( lic5ses4 ,! ,g]man lic5se became ! prop]ty ( ! ,badis*e ,anil9e ,company1 & ! ,engli% lic5se became ! prop]ty ( ! pr$ecessors ( ! ,nor? ,briti% ,aliz>9e ,company4 ,^! pat5ts expire 9 ab\t two mon?s1 & ! lectur] expla9$ t an attempt made by ! ,g]man manufactur]s to fur!r monopolize ?is indu/ry 7ev5 aft] ! expiry ( ! pat5t7 prov$ abortive4 ,he also /at$ t aliz>9e1 #bj p] c5t4 quality1 is sold to-day at #bs #f;d4 p] lb41 b t if ! price 7 r$uc$ by "o-half !re w /ill be a h&some pr(it to mak]s1 & t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is ! l>ge/ consum]1 absorb+ "o-?ird ( ! entire production1 & t ,engl& possesses advantages ov] all o!r c\ntries = manufactur+ aliz>9e--fir/1 by hav+ a spl5did supply ( ! raw mat]ial1 an?rac9e2 secondly1 *eap] cau/ic soda 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,g]many by fully #d p] ton2 ?irdly1 *eap] fuel2 f\r?ly1 l>ge consumption at our own doors2 &1 fif?ly1 special facilities = export+4 ,! advantages d]iv$ f ! developm5t ( ! aliz>9e manufacture "h1 x 0 /at$1 w b5efit o!r collat]al indu/ries1 su* z manufacture ( soda1 ( ord9>y sulphuric acid1 bi*romatic1 & *lorate ( pota%1 articles us$ 9 ?is manufacture4 ,! lectur] consid]$ t ! difficulties att5d+ ! manufacture ( aliz>9e 7 n[ ov]come1 & ) suffici5t capital & compet5t *emi/s ,engli% manufactur]s mu/ be successful4 ,he !n proce$$ to expla9 ! s\rce f :i* ne>ly all ! artificial color+ matt]s are d]iv$1 viz41 gas t>2 %[+ ! pr9cipal products ( ?is wond]ful1 complex mixture1 ( :i* "o is an?rac9e4 ,aliz>9e manufactur]s orig9ally f\nd sc>city ( an?rac9e2 at pres5t ! supply is 9 excess ( ! dem&1 & ! price dur+ ! la/ #ah mon?s has fall5 f #cs4 #f;d4 to #as4 p] unit1 & ! probabilities are t ! supply w increase4 ,! quantity ( gas t> n[ obta9$ ! lectur] e/imat$ at #ejj1jjj tons p] annum1 & ! coal c>boniz$ = gas mak+1 #aj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,?is quantity ( t> suffices to produce #i1jjj tons ( #bj p] c5t4 aliz>9e4 ,! lectur] !n review$1 9 case ( an increas$ dem& = an?rac9e1 ! probable new s\rces ( obta9+ increas$ supplies ( coal t>3 7#a7 ,! de/ructive di/illation ( petroleum2 7#b7 coke ov5s & bla/ furnaces2 7#h7 ! c>bonization ( coal = g5]al manufactur+ purposes1 us+ ! coal & gas z fuel1 & giv+ t>1 b5z9e1 & ammonia z residues2 & 7#d7 di/illation ( coal ) ! object ( obta9+ ! pr9cipal products1 t> & b5z9e1 & z ! residual product1 gas4 ,?is "p ( ! lecture 0 important to dy]s & pr9t]s1 ! lectur] %[+ also1 9 a v int]e/+ way1 9 :at mann] manufactur]s may v consid]ably economize _! consumption ( coal4 ,! lectur] expla9$ t :ile f "o ton ( coal !re 0 obta9$ on an av]age ab\t #ag oz4 ( b5z9e1 by ! new me?od ab\t ?irty times t am\nt c be got f ! same quantity ( coal4 ,he also consid]$ 9 great detail ! diff]5t processes ( ! c>bonization ( coal1 & ( increas+ ! production ( ! diff]5t important residual products ( gas t>1 & also ! be/ me?od ( extract+ ! b5z9e4 ,he %[$ samples ( b5z9e :i* he produc$ f gas obta9$ at ! ,ro*dale ,road ,gasworks1 &1 fur!r1 nitro-b5z9e1 anil9e1 & color+ matt]s1 :i* he _h made f ?is gas b5z9e4 ,! lectur] also discuss$ ! effect ( ! probable increas$ production ( t>1 ammonia1 b5z9e1 etc41 z affect+ gas companies1 & said x 0 anticipat$ !y ei!r w\ld raise ! price ( gas or *ange ! pres5t sy/em ( manufacture1 :i* he consid]$ probable4 ,! enorm\s increase 9 ! production ( ammonia1 ( :i* ! l>g] portion at pres5t1 z sulphate ( ammonia1 0 us$ z a f]tiliz]1 w\ld no d\bt consid]ably r$uce its value4 ,x might ev5 replace soda = _m purposes1 & ?us react on our aliz>9e indu/ry4 ,he !n proce$$ to consid] ! manufacture ( aliz>9e purpur9e1 & divid$ its manufacture into f\r /ages3 #a1 ! purification ( crude an?rac9e2 #b1 ! conv]sion ( ! purifi$ an?rac9e into an?raqu9one2 & #c1 ! production ( sulpho acid ( an?raqu9one & ! conv]sion ( ?is sulpho-acid into aliz>9e & purpur9e4 ,?is "p ( ! lecture compris$ a detail$ explanation ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( app>atus requir$1 to be us$ :i* 7 beautifully got up1 complete work+ models hav+ be5 prep>$ = ! occasion4 ,! lectur] 0 ( op9ion t l>ge consum]s w\ld be b5efit$ if mak]s w\ld (f] = sale only ?ree di/9ct color+ matt]s--iso or an?rapurpur9e1 & flavo-purpur9e1 leav+ x to ! dy]s & pr9t]s to produce = !mselves ! int]m$iate %ades by mix+ ! ?ree colors2 & he %[$ t by reason ( ! fa/ness ( ! %ades produc$ by ^! color+ ag5ts v>y+ consid]ably1 ! blue %ade 7aliz>9e7 be+ mu* fa/] !n ! orange %ade 7flavo-purpur9e71 consum]s 7 9 _m in/ances los]s by us+ mixtures ( aliz>9e & flavo-purpur9e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! lecture _m int]e/+ specim5s ( v>i\s products 7 produc$ & dilat$ ^u1 ! lectur] fully describ+ ! process ( purify+ ! crude an?rac9e & ( ! conv]sion ( ! purifi$ an?rac9e into an?raqu9one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,meat ,,by ,,c>bonic ,,acid4 ,s9ce #ahgd1 :5 ,pr(essor ,kolbe1 ( ,leipsic1 fir/ publi%$ 8 results on ! antiseptic action ( salicylic acid1 he has made _m ef=ts to apply ?is acid to ! pres]vation ( meat1 b he has inv>iably f\nd t aft] ! lapse ( a few days an unpleasant flavor has be5 develop$1 :i* is n t ( putridity4 ,if putrid *anges be notic$1 x is a sign t salicylic acid is 9 insuffici5t quantity1 = :]e x has turn$ putrid ! meat is f\nd to be no long] acid1 b alkal9e4 ,?is leads to ! assumption t meat is protect$ f *ange by acids1 ev5 by gases ( t k9d2 & 9 fact x 0 notic$ t beef--f #b to #e kilos4 be+ tak5--:5 plac$ 9 an e>!n vessel & loosely cov]$ ) a wood5 cov]1 0 long pres]v$ f putridity if ! bottom ( ! vessel conta9$ "s hydro*loric acid1 nitric acid1 or aque\s sulphur\s acid4 ,! meat1 h[ev]1 no long] _h ! ta/e ( fre% meat1 b ( su* z _h long la9 9 ice4 ,exp]im5ts 7 !re=e made ) c>bonic acid1 & ^! prov$ highly successful4 ,! meat 0 plac$ 9 a cyl9d] ( metal plate1 & susp5d$ f a rod :i* cross$ ! upp] "p & ! l[] "p4 ,a small tube s]ves to admit a curr5t ( c>bonic acid f a ,kipp's app>atus4 ,! lid1 :i* re/$ 9 a circul> tr\gh ( glyc]9e1 0 trav]s$ by a simil> tube 9 its c5t]1 & bo? tubes c\ld be clos$ ) ,india-rubb] tub+ & screw taps z soon z suffici5t c>bonic acid gas _h trav]s$ ! app>atus4 ,at ! end ( sev51 f\rte51 & tw5ty-"o days x 0 f\nd t ! meat 0 /ill q good1 & ! s\p prep>$ f x 0 9 e respect excell5t4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? or fif? week ! meat ?us pres]v$ 9 ! gas 0 /ill q free f all putridity2 b ! bro? prep>$ f x no long] ta/$ s well z fre% b\illon4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 n ext5d$ ov] a long] "t4 ,c>bonic acid is ?us %[n to be an excell5t means ( pres]v+ beef f putridity & ( caus+ x to reta9 its good ta/e = sev]al weeks4 ,mutton does n pres]ve s well4 ,9 eight days x _h become putrid2 & veal is by no means s well pres]v$ z beef4 ,! comportm5t ( beef 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid1 to :i* c>bonic oxide has be5 add$1 is curi\s4 ,a numb] ( cyl9d]s 7 fill$ 9 ! usual way ) su* a mixture & op5$ at ! end ( two or ?ree weeks2 9 ea* case ! fle% _h ! smell & ta/e ( good1 pure meat1 b x 0 n ( ! gray color :i* meat pres]v$ 9 c>bonic acid gas gradually takes1 b appe>$ 9 ! int]ior1 z well z on ! outside1 ( a bright fle%-r$ color1 & on ! surface "h & !re1 !re 7 :ite r\nd masses ( fungoid gr[? ( ! size ( a #bj-pf5n+ piece1 :i* 7 remov$ ) ! slighte/ rubb+4 ,! fle% ly+ j bel[ ^! 0 f\nd to h ! same bright r$ color z t already describ$4 ,meat :i* _h be5 = ?ree weeks 9 su* a gas mixture gave a bro? :i*1 9 good ta/e & fre%ness1 c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$ f fre%ly-made b\illon2 & ! boil$ meats c\ld n be di/+ui%$ ei!r 9 appe>ance or ta/e4 ,! prop]ty ( c>bonic acid to pres]ve meat sugge/s a use = ! l>ge supplies ( ?is gas evolv$ f ! e>? 9 _m localities4 ,& x is z int]e/+ to det]m9e 9 h[ f> ! gas c\ld be ( s]vice z an antiseptic dur+ surgical op]ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,oxidiz$ ,,iron ,,by ,,c>bonic ,,oxide4 ,,x is well kn[n t :5 ! heat is suffici5t1 c>bonic oxide r$uces ! oxide ( iron to metal ) ! production ( c>bon dioxide 7c>bonic acid74 ,on ! o!r h&1 at l[] temp]atures c>bon dioxide oxidizes metallic iron1 =m+ c>bonic oxide4 ,j4 ,l[?ian ,bell's celebrat$ rese>*es 7see ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 p4 #aii1 ,m>* #ca1 #ahhc7 e/abli%$ ! po9t ( equilibrium :]e 9 ! pres5ce ( bo? monoxide & dioxide ! r$uc+ action ( ! "o j c\nt]balances ! oxidiz+ action ( ! o!r4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(4 ,r4 ,ak]mann1 ( ,/ockholm1 ,c4,g4 ,srn/rom has conduct$ a simil> s]ies ( =ty-five exp]im5ts1 ! exp5se be+ borne by ! ,j]nkontor4 ,ab\t #a gramme ( oxide ( iron 0 plac$ 9 a porcela9 boat1 & slid 9 a porcela9 tube #ah millimet]s 7 in*7 9 diamet] & #fce millimet]s long 7#be in*es74 ,?is 0 expos$ to ! action ( a curr5t ( mix$ c>bon dioxide & monoxide made by heat+ oxalic acid & conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,x 0 mix$ ) c>bon dioxide z requir$1 !n analyz$1 & pres]v$ 9 gasomet]s hold+ #ff lit]s4 ,be=e us+1 x is pass$ ov] phosphorus & *loride ( calcium1 & ?r\gh sulphuric acid4 ,! porcela9 tube & boat 7 heat$ to f #cjj to #fjj ,c4 7#egb to #a1feb ,fahr47 :ile ! gases 7 pass+1 & !n ! /ate ( oxidation det]m9$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! l>g] ! quantity ( dioxide ! high] ! degree ( oxidation1 & ! l>g] ! proportion ( monoxide ! l[] ! degree ( oxidation4 ,! details ( ! exp]im5t indicate t a sav+ ( fuel 9 ! bla/ furnace c\ld be/ be accompli%$ by ! use ( a v hot bla/1 introduc+ "s c>bon monoxide into ! bla/1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ?is gas c be made outside ( ! bla/ furnace m *eaply ?an inside ( x4 ,nev]!less1 #fdc lb4 ( c>bon mu/ be burn$ to e #a1jjj lb4 ( iron r$uc$1 if c>bonic oxide is exclusively employ$4--,/ahl und ,eis54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,soap4 ,by ,dr4 ,h4 ,,brackebus*4 ,! importance ( soap z an indisp5sable article 9 ! h\sehold has n re/ra9$ ! adult]ators f mak+ x a favorite object ( _! op]ations1 & at ! pres5t day soap is only v r>ely :at x %\ld be1 ! alkal9e salt ( a fatty acid ) ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :i* may be increas$ 9 case ( s(t soaps to #cj p] c5t4 at mo/4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure is an imm$iate signal = adult]ation4 ,( all sub/ances t c be us$ to adult]ate soap1 wat] is ( c\rse ! *eape/1 & z x is also h>mless1 ?is 0 ! fir/ po9t :]e manufactur]s made use ( _! k4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat] 0 rais$ to #bf or #bh p] c5t41 & n[ ne>ly all ! ord9>y soaps conta9 t am\nt :5 !y leave ! factory4 ,at fir/ ! retail]s object$ to ?is me?od1 because !y _h to suff] ! loss s f> z x dri$ out & lo/ weight 9 ! /ore4 ,! next po9t 0 to f9d "s sub/ance t w\ld prev5t ?is rapid dry+1 & x 0 v soon discov]$ t ^? soaps t conta9$ an excess ( lye reta9$ moi/ure long]4 ,h5ce=? x 0 only necess>y to use lyes ( extra /r5g? s z to obta9 a l>ge yield ( soap conta9+ an excess ( wat]4 ,! results ( ?is +5i\s me?od are be=e u2 9 ! %ops ( ! soap deal]s ! b>s ( soap become coat$ ) a cru/ ( :ite cry/als1 :i* is no?+ b soda4 ,if a few drops ( corrosive sublimate be dropp$ on ^! cry/als1 a r$ spot w at once be produc$ by ! =mation ( m]curic oxide4 ,9 addition to ! deception ( ! public :o buy su* soaps1 ?is alkali de/roys clo!s wa%$ ) x1 z ! fib] ( ! tissues is directly attack$ by x1 :ile ! prop] action ( ! soap dep5ds on its envelop+ ! p>ticles ( dirt & c>ry+ !m (f4 ,soap is subject to ano!r k9d ( adult]ation call$ fill+1 or weight+4 ,soap/one & simil> m9]al sub/ances are add$ to ! f9i%$ soap to increase its weight4 ,b x may be add$ t ?is fraudul5t weight+ is r>e4 ,l>ge e/abli%m5ts _c take ! risk ( be+ detect$ 9 su* av>ici\s practices1 & small ones sc>cely h ! app>atus at _! disposal = mak+ a uni=m mixture :i* w n ar\se suspicion4 ,n[ soaps are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! m>ket t sc>cely des]ve ?is "n4 ,m9]al soap1 cold wat] soap1 etc41 are ! names inscrib$ on ! plac>ds beh9d :i* is buri$ a prep>ation consi/+ = ! great] "p ( wat]-glass4 ,! well-kn[n wat]-glass is a silicate ( soda or pota% dissolv$ 9 free or cau/ic soda1 or pota%4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 x excit$ great hopes1 & its introduction into ! h\sehold = wa%+ 0 dream$ (1 b x 0 soon f\nd t its cau/ic prop]ties made _! appe>ance at a relatively l[ temp]ature4 ,h5ce we (t5 f9d ! notice1 ,,to ,,be ,,us$ ,,cold1 pr9t$ 9 bold lett]s on ! wrapp]s4 ,?is product is obta9$ by ?ick5+ wat]-glass ) /e>9e1 ole9e1 or any o!r easily saponifiable fat4 ,z x takes b v little ( ! sub/ances nam$ to make an article closely resembl+ soap1 ( c\rse ! product is v *eap4 ,!re does n seem to be any limit to ! am\nt ( wat] 9 x2 at lea/ ! au?or f\nd 9 "o k9d ( m9]al soap f ,b]l9 #eh p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,wat]-glass soaps d n dissolve readily 9 wat]1 !y make b little suds1 & r5d] ! sk9 h>d & unpliable4 ,admitt+ t !y are suitable = _m purposes1 no?+ c be said aga9/ _! sale s long z !y appe> "u names :i* preclude _! be+ conf\nd$ ) o!r soaps4 ,nev]!less1 !re is always ?is dang]--t wat]-glass may come into g5]al use 9 mak+ soap1 & ?is is to be deplor$4 ,wat]-glass soaps are easily recogniz$ by _! insolubility 9 mod]ately /rong alcohol1 ! wat]-glass rema9+ beh9d 9 a gelat9\s =m4 ,great deception has be5 practic$ "u su* names z almond soap1 etc4 ,=tunately ! diff]5ce betwe5 v>i\s k9ds ( fat are n v great f a *emical po9t ( view1 al?\gh x is always an unpleasant ?\ght t ! fat f animals t h di$ may return to ! h\se 9 ! =m ( soap4 ,a :ite or yell[ soap hav+ a good smell is n made f bad fat1 & h5ce is m appetiz+4 ,a me?od =m]ly mu* 9 use consi/$ 9 mix+ gre5 soap ) />* pa/e1 a mixture t c\ld n be detect$ by ! nak$ eye1 especially if color$ ) c>amel4 ,on attempt+ to dissolve x 9 ord9>y burn+ alcohol1 a :ite coagulum =ms4 ,f ! =ego+ x is suffici5tly evid5t t ^? :o buy soap to sell aga9 h e reason to keep a %>p look\t on ^? :o furni% !m ) soap4--,polyt4 ,notiz4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bov9e ,,& ,,human ,,milk3 ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,its ,,action ,,& ,,composition4 ,by ,c4 ,,husson4 ,m4 ,meynet1 9 a rem>kable report ^u cond5s$ milk1 has rais$ a "q :i* x is important to h solv$ 9 ! int]e/s ( infants4 ,?is is my excuse = pres5t+ to ! ,fr5* ,society ( ,hygi5e c]ta9 obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,is woman's milk ri*] 9 fatty matt]s & sug> 9 proportion to ! case9e ?an t ( ! c[8 ,is ! affirmative1 su/a9$ by a l>ge numb] ( *emi/s1 a mi/ake t ought to be correct$8 ,su* is ! "q t ne$s to be answ]$4 ,9 my la/ "w on milk1 my aim 0 to report new exp]im5ts1 & h5ce ,i gave only ! analysis ( ,m4 ,colawell4 ,by ! side ( ! essays ( ,,mm4 ,doyre1 ,millon1 ,commaille1 & ,wurtz1 ,i put ^? ( ,liebig1 & quot$ an int]e/+ *apt] writt5 on ?is "q by ,m4 ,cauli]1 9 ,de*ambre's ,encyclop$ic ,diction>y4 ,^! are ! au?orities ^u :i* to base any opposition to ! analyses ( ,b\ss+ault1 ,regnault1 ,littre1 & ,simon1 savants ( no less r5[n4 ,! diff]5ces are easily expla9$4 ,woman's milk is r>ely to be _h 9 suffici5t abundance to make a complete analysis ( x4 ,9 ! c\ntry especially a few preci\s drops1 obta9$ ) difficulty1 are c>ri$ (f 9 a ?imble to be plac$ "u a microscope1 :]e ! numb] ( fat globules are c\nt$1 & x is exam9$ to see if !y are n mix$ ) globules ( colo/rum4 ,x w be necess>y at ! outset to "k :e!r ! analyses giv5 ref] to milk drawn f ! brea/ be=e nurs+1 or at ! end4 ,9 ! =m] case !re w be an excess ( case9e1 9 ! second an excess ( fat pres5t4 ,?is is ! reason t 9 nurs+ infants ! int]vals %\ld n be too long1 or ! *ild w n be able to empty ! brea/ completely1 & x w obta9 a milk too ri* 9 case9e1 too poor 9 butt]1 & "o t x _c dige/4 ,?is is ! fir/ pro( ( ! importance ( fatty matt]s = ! alim5tation ( babes4 ,let u turn to ! second4 ,at bir?1 :5 ! milk is /ill 9 a /ate ( colo/rum1 ! fluid conta9s a v>iable quantity ( album5 coagulable by heat1 mu* less case9e1 & an excess ( butt] & sug>4 ,c['s milk1 imm$iately aft] calv+1 conta9s m butt] & less case9e ?an milk produc$ "s "t lat]1 :5 ! specific "* ( rum9ants beg9s to appe> 9 ! calf1 t is to say1 :5 x comm5ces to graze ! milk coagulates 9 ! /oma*4 ,z 9 o!r mammals1 an excess ( fat helps dige/ion by subdivid+ ! case9e & emulsify+ x4 ,b ! milk ( an animal rec5tly calv$ is res]v$ = its "y1 & x is n until ! "t ( wean+ t ! lacteal fluid is (f]$ = human consumption4 ,?us x is t ! nursl+ ( a day receives milk _m mon?s old & heavily load$ ) case9e4 ,?is milk x _c dige/ because ! emulsify+ elem5t1 ! fat1 is n pres5t 9 x 9 suffici5t quantity 9 proportion to ! coagulable matt]4 ,we mu/ n =get ei!r t ! diff]5ce 9 coagulation holds also ) respect to diff]5ce 9 ! age & 9 ! k9d ( animal4 ,j s ! r5net ( a suck+ calf has a great] p[] ( coagulat+ c['s milk ?an t ( a %eep1 & vice v]sa4 ,cl9ical obs]vation1 says ,dr4 ,cond]eau1 %[s t all "y infants dige/ human milk v easily & c['s milk v imp]fectly4 ,:5 x is f$ on ! latt]1 9 ! excreta w be f\nd num]\s fragm5ts1 sometimes v bulky1 ( undige/$ case9e4 ,9 mo/ cases ?is case9e suff]s m or less decomposition 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 :i* gives to ! feces a ta9t$ odor recall+ t ( putrid ,roque=t *eese4 ,! excrem5t v>y 9 appe>ance z mu* z !y d 9 odor4 ,frequ5tly ! case\s clots are n to be se51 & ! /ool has a clammy look rem9d+ "o ( glazi]'s putty1 :ile ! color v>ies f dirty :ite to pale grayi% yell[4 ,t is due to ! fact t ! composition ( ! milk f diff]5t animals is f> f be+ con/ant4 ,! proportions ( album5 to ^? ( case9e are especially v>i$4 ,= woman's milk ! proportions are z #ajj to #abb4gb4 ,9 goat's milk ! proportions are #ajj to #agc4ji4 ,9 c['s milk x is z #ajj to #bhi4bj4 ,! conclusion is ?is3 ,case9e is n a food at all = ! new born dur+ a space ( "t1 ! duration ( :i* is to be det]m9$ exp]im5tally4 ,?is sub/ance is a h>mful burd5 t int]f]es ) ! regul> action ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,x is a premature food1 & ! m abundant ! m injuri\s4 ,album5 on ! contr>y rema9s fluid 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ga/ric juice2 x is sep>at$ f ! o!r alim5ts by coagulation ( ! case9e4 ,x is absorb$ entire ei!r 9 its natural /ate or 9 =m ( peptone4 ,accord+ to cl9ical obs]vation1 x is /ill ! fats t give to milk its hygi5ic value1 & ! excess ( case9e is an ob/acle to its dige/ion4 ,h[ev]1 if c['s milk is n easily dige/$ by *ildr51 exp]i5ce proves t !re are o!r k9ds ( milk1 f o!r animals1 :i* "y /oma*s are able to be> m easily4 ,!re are _m pro(s ( ?is fact4 ,m4 ,t>ni]1 speak+ be=e ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e on ! artificial n\ri%m5t ( ! new born1 reports t ! milk ( c[s & goats1 pure or dilut$ 9 diff]5t ways1 t ( cond5s$ milk & ,bi$]t's cream1 h always giv5 disa/r\s results at ! ,mat]nite 9 ,p>is1 b t ! mortality ( ! new born 0 consid]ably r$uc$ f ! day :5 ass's milk 0 introduc$ z food4 ,ass's milk 0 giv5 pure = six weeks or two mon?s2 !n c['s milk dilut$ ) "o-half wat] until six mon?s old1 foll[$ by pure c['s milk4 ,?is is ! mo/ rational c\rse ( artificial fe$+4 ,pr(4 ,p>rot reports analog\s results obta9$ at ! nurs]y op5$ at ! ,hospice des ,enfants ,assi/es4 ,by ! aid ( ass's milk he sav$ a numb] ( ! little syphilitics4 ,! foll[+ are ! num]ical results3 #hf infants ) h]$it>y ta9t ( syphilis h be5 at ! nurs]y4 ,( #f f$ exclusively on c['s milk1 only #a surviv$ & ! o!r #e di$4 ,=ty-two 7 suckl$ by goats1 ( :i* #h liv$1 #cd are dead1 :i* is equal to a mortality ( #hj4i p] c5t4 ,?irty-eight 7 suckl$ by an ass1 ( :i* #bh liv$ & #aj di$2 a mortality ( #bf4c p] c5t4 ,c]ta9ly ^! figures prove eloqu5tly en\gh :at *emical analysis %[s1 t ass's milk1 be+ bett] borne by ! infant's /oma*1 ought to h a composition resembl+ t ( woman's milk4 ,?is analogy is n f\nd to consi/ 9 ! quantity ( fat1 b 9 ! small am\nts ( dry residue 7total solids7 & ( case9e4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! objections rais$ by ,m4 ,meynet4 ,food has a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! composition ( milk2 ?is fact1 /at$ by ,m4 ,ri*e 9 8 treatise on *emi/ry1 seem to be accept$ by all4 ,! milk ( c>nivor is excessively ri* 9 case9e2 t ( h]bivor mu* less4 ,! food ( woman1 :o enjoys a mix$ alim5tation1 ought to h a composition int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two1 & consequ5tly ought to conta9 m case9e ?an t ( ! plant eat]s4 ,?is is ! logical d$uction4 ,at fir/ ?is reason+ misleads "o1 b num]\s objections pres5t !mselves4 ,! food1 no d\bt1 has "s influ5ce ^u ! composition ( ! milk ( animals ( ! same species1 b e animal c secrete some?+ indep5d5t ( any food1 j z "o k9d secretes musk1 ano!r ca/or1 etc4 ,yet x w\ld n be an anomaly if an excess ( case9e 9 proportion to ! o!r sub/ances 0 a true *>act]i/ic ( rum9ants4 ,b we admit t ! milk ( all mammals ought to h id5tically ! same composition if _! food suff]$ no modifications4 ,:at is ! food ( rum9ants8 ,)\t d\bt x is ess5tially vegetable1 & ! plants ( ! field con/itute ! elem5t p> excell5ce ( _! nurture4 ,^! plants conta9 a l>ge excess ( c>bohydrates 9 proportion to ! nitrog5\s4 ,b :at are ^! o!r sub/ances8 ,:at role d !y play 9 dige/ion8 ,!y are compos$ 9 great "p ( fib]s & cells t suff] no *ange 9 ! animal economy1 & :i* are n act$ ^u by ! ga/ric juice1 z prov$ by _! occurr5ce 9 excreta4 ,! c>bon is f\nd almo/ un*ang$1 s t ! excrem5ts ( h]bivoi1 :5 dri$1 =m a valuable fuel4 ,rum9ants are compell$1 9 ord] to obta9 n\ri%m5t f ! plants t !y eat1 to extract _! juices by repeat$ pressure 7z 9 *ew+ ! cud72 & :at d ^! soluble juices conta98 ,"s sac*>9e sub/ances1 a little fat1 b mo/ly album5 & vegetable case9e1 t is to say1 ! sub/ance :i* pr$om9ates 9 _! lacteal secretions4 ,:at1 on ! contr>y1 is ! food ( woman8 ,no d\bt %e ga9s mu* /r5g? f ! lean1 muscul> fle% t %e eats1 b besides ?is %e has butt]1 oil1 fats ( all k9ds1 sug>1 />*es1 & alcoholic bev]ages1 all ( :i* are favorable to ! production ( butt] 9 ! milk4 ,h5ce1 aside f h] physical con/itution1 ! food ( woman alone expla9s ! relative excess ( non-nitrog5e\s sub/ances4 ,nitrog5\s articles ( food are exp5sive1 :ile ! o!r =ms ( nutrim5t are to be _h 9 ! =m ( potatoes1 beans1 & bread1 products sold at a reasonable price4 ,yet logic dem&s t !re %all be an excess ( butt] 9 proportion to case9e 9 ! milk4 ,! discrepancies 9 analyses ( woman's milk are easily expla9$ by ! mobile & impressible "* ( woman4 ,if bad treatm5t & bee /+s are able to modify ! composition ( c['s milk1 h[ mu* m ought ! emotions ( all sorts1 :i* di/urb ! he>t & head ( woman1 to *ange ! composition ( h] milk8 ,b if new analyses seem to be ne$$1 !y ought to be made4 ,?is "q is too important to re/ 9 susp5se4 ,! mean composition ( human milk = ! fir/ two mon?s aft] deliv]y ought to be e/abli%$4 ,9 *emi/ry1 z 9 ma!matics1 figures alone are conv9c+4 ,b f :at has be5 said x is logical to conclude t an excess ( case9e 9 milk is unfavorable to good dige/ion1 :ile an excess ( butt] is favorable to x4--,translat$ f ,j\rnal d',hygi5e1 ,m>* #a1 #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c]eal ,,foods ,,9 ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,heal? ,,& ,,disease4 ,by ,f4,r4 ,,campbell1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,d4 ,! c]eals are subject to _m diseases :i* ret>d _! developm5t1 r5d]+ !m unfit = food1 & ev5 poison\s4 ,! relation ( un:olesome foods to ! diseases ( ! animal body are n[ be+ ?or\ghly /udi$1 rec5t advances 9 *emi/ry & microscopy contribut+ valuable aid to ! prosecution ( su* inve/igations4 ,"s en?usia/ic advocates ( ! g]m !ory ( disease believe t _m1 if n all1 ! s-call$ disease g]ms may be transplant$ into ! human sy/em ) ! food +e/$4 ,b :atev] may be ! real tru? 9 reg>d to ?is subject1 x has be5 positively demon/rat$ t _m diseases ( ! human body may be produc$ by un:olesome food4 ,! specific symptoms produc$ 9 man by ! v>i\s gra9 diseases are n accurately kn[n1 consequ5tly our rem>ks ^u ?is subject mu/ be ( a v g5]al "*4 ,papp5heim divides ! diseases ( ! c]eals into two classes1 int]nal & ext]nal4 ,! int]nal diseases are ^? dep5d+ ^u conditions ( soil1 climate1 cultivation1 etc41 & may be neglect$ 9 our discussion1 z !y produce no special disease ( ! body1 only impair+ ! nutritive value ( ! gra94 ,! ext]nal diseases are ( mu* great] importance1 z !y probably produce "s ( ! mo/ fatal maladies to :i* ! human race is subject4 ,^! ext]nal diseases ( ! c]eals are due to p>asites1 :i* may be ei!r ( an animal or vegetable nature4 ,among ! animal p>asites may be m5tion$ ! weevil1 vibrio tritici1 :i* fe$s ^u ! />* cells ( ! gra94 ,gra9 attack$ by ?is p>asite 0 at "o "t suppos$ to be injuri\s to heal?4 ,9 #ahdd ! ,fr5* ,commission appo9t$ to exam9e gra9 condemn$ a l>ge quantity import$ ) ?is p>asite1 b aft]w>d reconsid]$ _! decision & p]mitt$ its sale1 conclud+ t x 0 defici5t 9 nutritive prop]ties1 b n o!rwise un:olesome4 ,ru/ is ! mo/ common disease ( ! c]eals1 produc$ by vegetable p>asites4 ,l ! o!r diseases ( ?is class1 x is mo/ preval5t 9 w>m1 damp seasons4 ,pr(4 ,h5sboro is ( ! op9ion t ru/ is b an e>li] /age ( mildew or blight1 ! "o =m ( p>asite be+ capable ( developm5t into ! o!r1 & ! fructification *>act]i/ic ( ! two suppos$ g5]a hav+ be5 evolv$ on "o & ! same individual4 ,blight is a t]m loosely appli$ to a numb] ( p>asitic diseases4 ,9 x are includ$ mildew1 cories1 & ev5 ru/ & smut4 ,! fungi produc+ ^! diseases attack ! plant & se$ at v>i\s /ages ( its gr[?4 ,! :ole k]nel is affect$1 & n m]ely ! ext]nal coat1 z is sometimes ma9ta9$4 ,:5 blight$ gra9 is s[n1 ! disease recurs ! foll[+ ye>1 (t5 mak+ x necess>y to import new se$ be=e ! disease c be eradicat$4 ,v>i\s rem$ies h be5 us$ to de/roy ! spores ( ^! fungi1 b all are unc]ta9 & "s are dang]\s to heal?4 ,special ma*9]y & me?ods h be5 employ$ 9 ! mills to sep>ate ! mildew f ! gra94 ,"s ( ^! succe$ 9 remov+ ! fungi & discoloration f ! surface ( ! gra91 b h no effects ^u ! p>ts )94 ,blight$ gra9 is s(t1 & has an unpleasant ta/e & smell1 & bread made ( x is liable to be heavy & sodd54 ,x is und5iable t ! use ( blight$ gra9 z food is exce$+ dang]\s to heal?4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t vegetable p>asites may attack animals2 ! silk worm disease produc$ by ! ,botrytis baniana1 be+ an example4 ,x is /at$ t ! same vegetable p>asites :i* produce plant diseases1 :5 transmitt$ to ! animal body produce special affections1 ! =m & appe>ance ( ! g]ms be+ alt]$ by _! environm5ts4 ,! same g]ms develop$ "u diff]5t conditions ( temp]ature & surr\nd+ m$ium1 assume =ms s v>i\s t !y h be5 suppos$ to belong to diff]5t species & ev5 diff]5t g5]a4 ,if !re is any tru?1 !n1 9 ! g]m !ory ( disease1 x is n s v improbable t a fungus :i* w produce blight 9 gra9 may cause *ol]a or tetanoid fev] 9 an animal4 ,halli]1 ! fam\s physiological botani/1 obs]v$ 9 #ahfg t !re 0 a peculi> disease ( ! rice plant associat$ ) an epidemic ( *ol]a4 ,rice plants f]tiliz$ ) ! dis*>ges ( *ol]a pati5ts 7 affect$ ) blight4 ,a conc5trat$ infusion ( ! blight$ gra9 w\ld produce *anges 9 all animal sub/ances1 blood & album5 be+ conv]t$ into ?9 odorless products resembl+ 9 e respect ! mat]ial f\nd 9 ! kidneys ( *ol]a pati5ts4 ,! mo/ =midable ( ! diseases attribut$ to ! use ( diseas$ gra9 is c]ebro-sp9al m5+itis1 commonly kn[n z spott$ or blanoid fev]4 ,! disease is r>e 9 ,engl&1 b is frequ5tly epidemic 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,irel&1 & on ! ,cont95t4 ,9 #ahgc1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts alone1 #gdg p]sons di$ ( x1 & o!r epidemics ev5 m fatal h lately occurr$ 9 ,new ,york & ,mi*igan4 ,! disease is a n]v\s fev] att5d$ ) convulsions1 ! pa?ological lesion be+ conge/ion & inflammation ( ! membrane ( ! sp9al cord & bra94 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson 9 writ+ on ! nature & causes ( spott$ fev] concludes t x is due to ! use ( diseas$ vegetable sub/ances1 especially gra91 & f a c>eful analysis ( ! /ati/ics ( ?is disease report$ by ! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? consid]s x demon/rat$ t "u favor+ condition = its action diseas$ gra9 receiv$ z a food is ! prim>y cause ( ! ph5om5a :i* *>act]ize ! disease4 ,^! views are sub/antiat$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,day1 :o f\nd t by fe$+ rabbits on uns\nd gra91 spasmodic affections 7 produc$1 due to inflammation ( ! membranes ( ! sp9al cord & bra94 ,9 w>m climates1 pellagra or ,italian leprosy is said to be produc$ by eat+ diseas$ maize1 :i* =ms ! pr9cipal article ( food among ! poor] classes ( ! rural di/ricts4 ,pellagra is epidemic 9 nor!rn ,italy & ! s\? ( ,france4 ,! disease is manife/$ by a r$ness & discoloration ( ! expos$ p>ts ( ! body4 ,x is mo/ active dur+ ! hot wea!r1 ! inflammation subsid+ 9 ! w9t]1 leav+ a pigm5tation ( ! sk94 ,ea* ye> ! symptoms become m al>m+1 n]v\s disord]s f9ally sett+ 91 & a l>ge numb] die insane4 ,! disease is mo/ preval5t 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! t[ns1 :]e maize is supplem5t$ by o!r articles ( food1 x does n exi/4 ,ergot is a v common disease ( ! c]eals4 ,! fungus produc+ x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahec1 b = c5turies previ\s its injuri\s effects ^u ! human body 7 recogniz$1 & x 0 obs]v$ t ergot ( rye 0 ! mo/ poison\s4 ,tak5 9 l>ge doses1 ergot w produce nausea1 vomit+1 di>rhoea1 heada*e1 & weakness ( ! he>t4 ,9 small repeat$ doses x w produce contraction ( all ! un/rip$ muscles1 z ^? ( ! blood vessels1 ! womb1 & inte/9es4 ,ergotium is ! "n giv5 to ! disease produc$ by ! cont9u$ use ( gra9 affect$ by ?is fungus4 ,aitk5 describes x z a tra9 ( morbid symptoms produc$ by ! sl[ & cumulative action ( a specific poison peculi> to :eat & rye1 :i* produces convulsions1 gangr5e ( ! extremities1 & dea?4 ,9 c\ntries :]e rye bread is mu* us$ ergotium is sometimes epidemic4 ,?is 0 a frequ5t calamity be=e ! introduction ( suitable purifi]s into ! mills4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ! disease1 ! convulsive & ! gangr5\s4 ,! convulsive =m beg9s ) t+l+ ( ! extremities1 dr[s9ess1 & heada*e1 foll[$ by pa9 9 ! jo9ts1 viol5t muscul> contractions1 & dea?4 ,! gangr5\s v>iety beg9s ) coldness & weakness ( ! extremities foll[$ by gangr5e & sl\gh+4 ,?is =m is some:at m fatal ?an ! convulsive1 ! mortality ( ^? affect$ be+ ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ,m\ldy gra9 & bread h also caus$ poison+4 ,pr(4 ,v>nell /ates t six horses di$ 9 ?ree days f eat+ m\ldy oats4 ,!re 0 a l>ge am\nt ( matt$ mycelium1 & ?is :5 giv5 to o!r horses = exp]im5t1 kill$ !m )9 ?irty-six h\rs4 ,! writ] has himself se5 sev5 hogs die )9 a few days :ile be+ f$ on m\ldy corn4 ,fl\r :i* has become /ale may produce simil> injuri\s effects1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! g]ms are de/roy$ 9 ! process ( bak+4 ,x is q probable1 h[ev]1 t a poison\s sub/ance is g5]at$ by ! m\ld fungus1 :i* _c be de/roy$ 9 ?is way4--,mill+ ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,moi/ ,,air ,,9 ,,liv+ ,,rooms4 ,! injuri\s effect ( dry heat 9 inhabit$ rooms is q g5]ally kn[n1 & diff]5t me?ods h be5 sugge/$ = moi/5+ ! air4 ,to te/ ! effectiv5ess ( ^! me?ods1 ,j4 ,melik[1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 has e/imat$ ! quantity ( moi/ure 9 ! air ( diff]5t rooms by means ( ,augu/'s psy*romet]1 & also te/$ ! diff]5t me?ods ( increas+ ! moi/ure4 ,he arriv$ at ! foll[+ results1 :i* are ( decid$ practical value3 #a4 ,:5 l>ge & small op5 vessels fill$ ) wat] are plac$ 9 ! room1 !y d n increase ! moi/ure ( ! air at all4 #b4 ,tubs ( wat] ( ! same temp]ature z ! room & p>lor f\nta9s h v little effect4 #c4 ,:5 hot air is us$1 op5 vessels ( wat] plac$ ov] ! pipes h no effect at all4 #d4 ,wolp]t's revolv+ :eel increases ! moi/ure b slightly4 #e4 ,! ,russian tea ma*9e & ! /eam pulv]iz] 7atomiz]7 are effective b only = a %ort "t4 #f4 ,wet h& t[els susp5d$ 9 a room are insuffici5t4 #g4 ,( all ! me?ods te/$1 ! mo/ effici5t seem$ to be to hang up a numb] ( wet clo?s on a w9* or "s contrivance t p]mits ( turn+ !m1 s z to ha/5 _! giv+ out moi/ure to ! air4--,m$4 ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ article is f ! ,june numb] ( ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 edit$ by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,s4 ,pack>d1 ,jr41 & ,pr(4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cope4 ,publi%$ by ,mc,calla ,/avely1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,developm5tal ,,significance ,,( ,,human ,,physiognomy4 ,footnote3 ,ab/ract ( a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ( ,philadelphia1 ,jan4 #bj4ahha1 9 exposition ( pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ,! ,hypo!sis ( ,evolution1 ,new ,hav51 #ahgj1 p4 #ca4 ,by ,e4 ,d4 ,,cope4 ,! ability to read "* 9 ! =m ( ! human face & figure is a gift possess$ by comp>atively few p]sons1 al?\gh mo/ p int]pret1 m or less correctly1 ! sali5t po9ts ( human expression4 ,! transi5t appe>ances ( ! face reveal tempor>y phases ( feel+ :i* are common to all m52 b ! con/ant qualities ( ! m9d %\ld be express$1 if at all1 9 ! p]man5t =ms ( ! executive in/rum5t ( ! m9d1 ! body4 ,to detect ! peculi>ities ( ! m9d by ext]nal m>ks has be5 ! aim ( ! physiognomi/ ( all times2 b x is only 9 ! light ( mod]n evolution>y sci5ce t mu* progress 9 ?is direction c be made4 ,! m9d1 z a function ( "p ( ! body1 p>takes ( its p]fections & its defects1 & exhibits p>allel types ( developm5t4 ,e peculi>ity ( ! body has probably "s correspond+ significance 9 ! m9d2 & ! causes ( ! =m] are ! remot] causes ( ! latt]4 ,h5ce1 be=e a true physiognomy c be attempt$1 ! orig9 ( ! features ( ! face & g5]al =m mu/ be kn[n4 ,n t a p]fect physiognomy w ev] be possible4 ,a m5tal con/itution s complex z t ( man _c be expect$ to exhibit m ?an its lead+ features 9 ! body2 b ^! include1 aft] all1 mo/ ( :at x is important = u to be able to read1 f a practical po9t ( view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,section ( skull ( adult orang-outang 7,simia satyrus74 ,,fig4 #b4--,section ( skull ( "y orang1 %[+ relatively %ort] jaws & m prom95t c]ebral region4 ,! pres5t essay w consid] ! probable orig9 ( ! /ructural po9ts :i* con/itute ! p]man5t expression4 ,^! may be divid$ into ?ree heads1 viz43 #a4 ,^? ( ! g5]al =m or figure4 #b4 ,^? ( ! surface or integum5t ( ! body1 ) its app5dages4 #c4 ,^? ( ! =ms ( ! head & face4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,figure ( infant at bir?2 a1 front ( face4 7,! eye is too f> po/]ior 9 ?is figure47 ,! pr9cipal po9ts to be consid]$ "u ea* ( ^! heads are ! foll[+3 ,i4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,=m4 #a4 ,! size ( ! head4 #b4 ,! squ>5ess or slope ( ! %\ld]s4 #c4 ,! l5g? ( ! arms4 #d4 ,! con/riction ( ! wai/4 #e4 ,! wid? ( ! hips4 #f4 ,! l5g? ( ! leg1 pr9cipally ( ! ?igh4 #g4 ,! sizes ( ! h&s & feet4 #h4 ,! relative sizes ( ! muscles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,portrait ( a girl at five ye>s ( age4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,surfaces4 #i4 ,! /ructure ( ! hair 7:e!r curl$ or n74 #aj4 ,! l5g? & position ( ! hair4 #aa4 ,! size & %ape ( ! nails4 #ab4 ,! smoo?ness ( ! sk94 #ac4 ,! color ( ! sk91 hair1 & irides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,portrait ( ! same at sev5te5 ye>s1 %[+ ! elongation ( ! facial region1 & less protub]ance ( ! c]ebral4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,head ,,& ,,face4 #ad4 ,! relative size ( ! c]ebral to ! facial regions4 #ae4 ,! prom95ce ( ! =ehead4 #af4 ,! prom95ce ( ! sup]cili>y 7eyebr[7 ridges4 #ag4 ,! prom95ce ( ! alveol> bord]s 7jaws74 #ah4 ,! prom95ce & wid? ( ! *94 #ai4 ,! relation ( l5g? to wid? ( skull4 #bj4 ,! prom95ce ( ! mal> 7*eek7 bones4 #ba4 ,! =m ( ! nose4 #bb4 ,! relative size ( ! orbits & eyes4 #bc4 ,! size ( ! m\? & lips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,pr(ile ( a ,lu*atze negro woman1 %[+ defici5t bridge ( nose & *91 & elongate facial region & progna?ism4 ,! significance ( ^!1 z ( ! m important /ructural *>act]s ( man & ! l[] animals1 mu/ be consid]$ f two /&po9ts1 ! paleontological & ! embryological4 ,! imm$iate paleontological hi/ory ( man is unkn[n1 b may be easily inf]r$ f ! *>act]i/ics display$ by 8 ne>e/ relatives ( ! ord] ,quadrumana4 ,if we comp>e ^! animals ) man1 we f9d ! foll[+ g5]al diff]5ces4 ,! numb]s correspond to ^? ( ! li/ above giv53 ,i4 ,z to ,g5]al ,=m4--7#c7 ,9 ! apes ! arms are long]2 7#h7 ! ext5sor muscles ( ! leg are small]4 ,,ii4 ,z to ,surface4--7#i7 ,! body is cov]$ ) hair :i* is n crisp or woolly2 7#aj7 ! hair ( ! head is %ort2 7#ah7 ! color ( ! sk91 etc41 is d>k4 ,,iii4 ,z to ,head & ,face4--7#ad7 ,! facial region ( ! skull is l>ge z comp>$ ) ! c]ebral2 7#ae7 ! =ehead is n prom95t1 & is g5]ally retreat+2 7#af7 ! sup]cili>y ridges are m prom95t2 7#ag7 ! edges ( ! jaws are m prom95t2 7#ah7 ! *9 is less prom95t2 7#bj7 ! *eek bones are m prom95t2 7#ba7 ! nose is )\t bridge1 & ) %ort & flat c>tilages2 7#bb7 ! orbits & eyes are small] 7except 9 ,nyctipi!cus72 7#bd7 ! m\? is small & ! lips are ?94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,face ( ano!r negro1 %[+ flat nose1 less progna?ism & l>g] c]ebral region4 ,f ,s]pa ,p9to4 ,x is evid5t t ! possession ( any "o ( ! above *>act]i/ics by a man approximates him m to ! monkeys1 s f> z x goes4 ,he reta9s features :i* h be5 oblit]at$ 9 o!r p]sons 9 ! process ( evolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4#h4--,portrait ( ,satanta1 a late *ief ( ! ,ki[as 7f ! ,r$ riv] ( ,texas71 f a photograph4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! facial region1 & especially ( ! mal> bones1 & ! abs5ce ( be>d1 are notewor?y4 ,9 consid]+ ! physiognomy ( man f an embryological /&po9t1 we mu/ consid] ! peculi>ities ( ! infant at bir?4 ,! numb]s ( ! foll[+ li/ correspond ) ^? already us$ 7,fig4 #c74 ,i4 ,z to ! ,g5]al ,=m4--7#a7 ,! head ( ! infant is relatively mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! adult2 7#c7 ! arms are relatively long]2 7#d7 !re is no wai/2 7#f7 ! leg1 & especially ! ?igh1 is mu* %ort]4 ,,ii4 ,z to ! ,surfaces4--7#aj7 ,! body is cov]$ ) f9e hair1 & t ( ! head is %ort4 ,,iii4 ,! ,head & ,face4--7#ad7 ,! c]ebral "p ( ! skull greatly pr$om9ates ov] ! facial2 7#af7 ! sup]cili>y ridges are n develop$2 7#ag7 ! alveol> bord]s are n prom95t2 7#bj7 ! mal> bones are n prom95t2 7#ba7 ! nose is )\t bridge & ! c>tilages are flat & g5]ally %ort2 7#bb7 ! eyes are l>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,au/ralian native 7f ,br\gh ,smy?71 %[+ small developm5t ( muscles ( legs & progna?ism4 ,x is evid5t t p]sons :o pres5t any ( ! *>act]s cit$ 9 ! above li/ are m infantile or embryonic 9 ^? respects ?an are o!rs2 & t ^? :o lack !m h left !m beh9d 9 rea*+ maturity4 ,we h n[ two sets ( *>act]s 9 :i* m5 may diff] f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! "o set ! *>act]s are ^? ( monkeys1 9 ! o!r !y are ^? ( infants4 ,let u see :e!r !re be any id5tities 9 ! two li/s1 i4 e41 :e!r !re be any ( ! monkey-l *>act]s :i* are also infantile4 ,we f9d ! foll[+ to be su*3 ,i4 ,z to ,g5]al ,=m4--7#c7 ,! arms are long]4 ,,ii4 ,surface4--7#aj7 ,! hair ( ! head is %ort1 & ! hair on ! body is m di/ribut$4 ,,iii4 ,z to ,head & ,face4--7#ba7 ,! nose is )\t bridge & ! c>tilages are %ort & flat4 ,?ree *>act]s only out ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[+ *>act]s ( monkey-l significance are ! opposites ( ^? includ$ 9 ! embryonic li/3 7#ad7 ,! facial region ( ! skull is l>ge z comp>$ ) ! c]ebral2 7#ae7 ! =ehead is n prom95t2 7#af7 ! sup]cili>y ridges are m prom95t2 7#ag7 ! edges ( ! jaws are m prom95t4 ,f\r *>act]s1 all ( ! face & head4 ,x is ?us evid5t t 9 atta9+ maturity man resembles m & m ! apes 9 "s important p>ts ( 8 facial expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,esequibo ,indian woman1 %[+ ! foll[+ peculi>ities3 defici5t bridge ( nose1 progna?ism1 no wai/1 & 7! "r h& figure7 defici5cy ( /ature ?r\gh %ort femur4 ,f photographs by ,endli*4 ,x mu/ be not$ "h t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "y & embryonic monkeys & ! adults is q ! same z ^? j m5tion$ z di/+ui%+ ! "y f ! adult ( man 7,figs4 #a & #b74 ,! *ange1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ! monkeys is great] ?an 9 ! case ( man4 ,t is1 9 ! monkeys ! jaws & sup]cili>y ridges become /ill m prom95t ?an 9 man4 ,z ^! *>act]s result f a full] c\rse ( gr[? f ! infant1 x is evid5t t 9 ^! respects ! apes are m fully develop$ ?an man4 ,man /ops %ort 9 ! developm5t ( ! face1 & is 9 s f> m embryonic4#a ,! prom95t =ehead & r$uc$ jaws ( man are *>act]s ( ret>dation4 ,! *>act]s ( ! prom95t nose ) its elevat$ bridge1 is a result ( accel]ation1 s9ce x is a sup]addition to ! quadruman\s type f bo? ! /&po9ts ( paleontology & embryology4#b ,! developm5t ( ! bridge ( ! nose is no d\bt directly connect$ ) ! developm5t ( ! front ( ! c]ebral "p ( ! skull & e?moid bone1 :i* soon] or lat] c>ries ! nasal bones ) x4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is fact has be5 well /at$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,m9ot 9 ! ,naturali/ = #ahhb1 p4 #eaa4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,cope1 ,! ,hypo!sis ( ,evolution1 ,new ,hav51 #ahgj1 p4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,v5us ( ! ,capitol 7,rome74 ,! =m & face pres5t ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( ! female ( ! ,indo-,european race4 ,if we n[ exam9e ! lead+ *>act]s ( ! physiognomy ( ?ree ( ! pr9cipal human sub-species1 ! ,negro1 ! ,mongolian1 & ! ,indo-,european1 we c readily obs]ve t x is 9 ! two fir/ nam$ t !re is a pr$om9ance ( ! quadruman\s features :i* are ret>d$ 9 man2 & t ! embryonic *>act]s :i* pr$om9ate are ^? 9 :i* man is accel]at$4 ,9 race description ! prom95ce ( ! edges ( ! jaws is call$ progna?ism1 & its abs5ce or?ogna?ism4 ,! significance ( ! two l[] race *>act]s z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,indo-,european is z foll[s3 ,negro4--,hair crisp 7a special "*71 %ort 7quadrum4 accel472 progna?\s 7quadrum4 accel472 nose flat1 )\t bridge 7quadrum4 ret>d7#a2 mal> bones prom95t 7quadrum4 accel472 be>d %ort 7quadrum4 ret>d472 arms long] 7quadrum4 accel472 ext5sor muscles ( legs small 7quadrum4 ret>d474 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! ,bo*imans1 ! flat nasal bones are co-ossifi$ ) ! adjac5t elem5ts z 9 ! apes 7,?uli74 ,mongolian4--,hair /raight1 long 7accel472 jaws progna?\s 7quadrum4 accel472 nose flat or prom95t ) or )\t bridge2 mal> bones prom95t 7quadrum4 accel472 be>d none 7embryonic72 arms %ort] 7ret>d472 ext5sor muscles ( leg small] 7quad4 ret>d474 ,indo-,european4--,hair long 7accel472 jaws or?ogna?\s 7embryonic ret>d472 nose 7g5]ally7 prom95t ) bridge 7accel472 mal> bones r$uc$ 7ret>d472 be>d long 7accel472 arms %ort] 7ret>d472 ext5sor muscles ( ! leg l>ge 7accel474 ,! ,indo-,european race is !n ! highe/ by virtue ( ! accel]ation ( gr[? 9 ! developm5t ( ! muscles by :i* ! body is ma9ta9$ 9 ! erect position 7ext5sors ( ! leg71 & 9 ^? important elem5ts ( beauty1 a well-develop$ nose & be>d4 ,x is also sup]ior 9 ^! po9ts 9 :i* x is m embryonic ?an ! o!r races1 viz41 ! want ( prom95ce ( ! jaws & *eekbones1 s9ce ^! are associat$ ) a great] pr$om9ance ( ! c]ebral "p ( ! skull1 increas$ size ( c]ebral hemisph]es1 & great] intellectual p[]4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! two sexes ( ! ,indo-,europeans expresses _! physical & m5tal relations 9 a def9ite way4 ,i select ! sexes ( ! mo/ civiliz$ races1 s9ce x is 9 ^!1 accord+ to ,broca & ,top9>d1 t ! sex *>act]s are mo/ pron\nc$4 ,!y may be contra/$ z foll[s4 ,! numb]s are ^? ( ! li/ already us$4 ,i fir/ consid] ^? :i* are us$ 9 ! tables ( embryonic1 quadruman\s1 & race *>act]s3 ,,male4 ,,female4 ,i4 ,! ,g5]al ,=m4 #b4 ,%\ld]s squ>e4 ,%\ld]s slope4 #d4 ,wai/ less con/rict$4 ,wai/ m con/rict$4 #e4 ,hips n>r[]4 ,hips wid]4 #f4 ,legs long]4 ,legs %ort] 7v frequ5tly74 #h4 ,muscles l>g]4 ,muscles small]4 ,,ii4 ,! ,integum5ts1 etc4 #aj4 ,m hair on body1 t ,less hair on body1 t ( head ( head %ort]2 be>d4 long]2 no be>d4 #ab4 ,sk9 r\gh] 7g5]ally74 ,sk9 smoo!r4 ,,iii4 ,! ,head & ,face4 #af4 ,sup]cili>y ridges m ,sup]cili>y ridges l[4 prom95t4 #bb4 ,eyes (t5 small]4 ,eyes (t5 l>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,wre/l]2 orig9al 9 ! ,vatican4 ,?is figure displays ! *>act]s ( ! male ,indo-,european1 except ! be>d4 ,! *>act]s 9 :i* ! male is ! mo/ l ! infant are two1 viz41 ! n>r[ hips & %ort hair4 ,^? 9 :i* ! female is mo/ embryonic are five1 viz41 ! %ort] legs1 small] muscles1 abs5ce ( be>d1 l[ sup]cili>y ridges1 & frequ5tly l>g] eyes4 ,to ^! may be add$ two o!rs n m5tion$ 9 ! above li/s2 ^! are #a1 ! high pit*$ voice1 :i* nev] falls an octave1 z does t ( ! male2 & #b1 ! /ructure ( ! g5]ative organs1 :i* 9 all mammalia m ne>ly resemble ! embryo & ! l[] v]tebrata 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male4 ,nev]!less1 z ,bis*(f has po9t$ out1 "o ( ! mo/ important di/9ctions betwe5 man & ! apes is to be f\nd 9 ! ext]nal reproductive organs ( ! female4 ,f ! prec$+ rapid sket* ! read] w be able to expla9 ! mean+ ( mo/ ( ! peculi>ities ( face & =m :i* he w meet )4 ,_m p]sons possess at lea/ "o quadruman\s or embryonic "*4 ,! /rongly convex upp] lip frequ5tly se5 among ! l[] classes ( ! ,iri% is a modifi$ quadruman\s "*4 ,_m p1 especially ^? ( ! ,sclavic races1 h m or less embryonic noses4 ,a retreat+ *9 is a m>k$ monkey "*4 ,%ortness ( /ature is mo/ly due to %ortness ( ! femur1 or ?igh2 ! inequalities ( p sitt+ are mu* less ?an ^? ( p /&+4 ,a %ort femur is embryonic2 s is a v l>ge head4 ,! faces ( "s p are always p>tially embryonic1 9 hav+ a %ort face & light l[] jaw4 ,su* faces are /ill m embryonic :5 ! =ehead & eyes are protub]ant4 ,ret>dation ( ?is k9d is frequ5tly se5 9 *ildr51 & less frequ5tly 9 wom54 ,! l5g? ( ! arms w\ld appe> to h gr[n less 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,?us ! hum]us 9 mo/ ( ! ,greek /atues1 includ+ ! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 is long] ?an ^? ( mod]n ,europeans1 accord+ to a writ] 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',an?ropologie ( ,p>is1 & resembles m ne>ly t ( ! mod]n ,nubians ?an any o!r p4 ,?is is a quadruman\s approximation4 ,! mis]ably develop$ calves ( _m ( ! savages ( ,au/ralia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica are well kn[n4 ,! f9e1 swell+ ga/ro5emius & soleus muscles *>act]ize ! highe/ races1 & are mo/ remote f ! sl5d] %anks ( ! monkeys4 ,! gluteus muscles develop$ 9 ! l[] races z well z 9 ! high] di/+ui% !m well f ! monkeys ) _! flat po/]ior outl9e4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! quadruman\s indications are f\nd 9 ! l[] classes ( ! mo/ develop$ races4 ,! /atus ( a race or family is det]m9$ by ! p]c5tage ( its individuals :o d & d n pres5t ! features 9 "q4 ,"s embryonic *>act]s may also appe> 9 individuals ( any race1 z a consequ5ce ( special circum/ances4 ,su* are1 h[ev]1 z important to ! physiognomi/ z ! m normal v>iations4 ,"s ( ^! features h a purely physical significance1 b ! majority ( !m are1 z already rem>k$1 intimately connect$ ) ! developm5t ( ! m9d1 ei!r z a cause or z a necess>y co9cid5ce4 ,i w exam9e ^! relations 9 a future article4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,fire4 ,9 #ahfg ! ,abb ,b\rgeois f\nd at ,!nay1 ne> ,pont-levoy 7,loir-et-,*]71 9 a m>ly bank belong+ to ! mo/ anci5t "p ( ! middle ,t]ti>y =mation1 fragm5ts ( silex :i* bore traces ( ! action ( fire4 ,?is fire _h n be5 light$ by accid5tal causes1 =1 says ,mr4 ,de,mortillet 7,le ,prehi/orique1 p4 #ij71 ! causes ( in/antane\s conflagrations c be only volcanic fires1 f]m5tations1 & lightn+4 ,n[1 9 ! entire region !re is no trace ( volcanic action1 & nei!r are !re any traces ( turfy or vegetable deposits capable ( giv+ rise to spontane\s inflammations--ph5om5a t are always v r>e & v exceptional1 z are also conflagrations />t$ by lightn+4 ,well1 9 ! ,!nay m>ls1 ! pieces ( silex t _h und]gone ! action ( fire 7 f\nd dissem9at$ at diff]5t levels1 & ?is c\ld n h be5 a simple accid5t1 b 0 evid5tly some?+ t _h be5 done int5tionally4 ,!re exi/$1 !n1 dur+ ! ,aquitanian epo*1 a be+ :o 0 acqua9t$ ) fire & knew h[ to produce x4 ,mr4 ,de ,mortillet supposes t ?is be+ 0 an animal int]m$iate betwe5 man & ! monkey1 :i* he calls ! an?ropopi!cus4 ,?is precursor ( man made use ( fire = splitt+ silex & manufactur+ f x in/rum5ts ^: cutt+ edge he p]fect$ by means ( a s]ies ( ret\*+s produc$ by slight p]cussions ^u "o ( ! surfaces only4 ,i %all n ent] 9 ?is place ^u a discussion z to ! exi/5ce ( an an?ropopi!cus or ,t]ti>y man1 :om e "o does n z yet accept1 b w conf9e myself to giv+ ! facts z to ! use ( fire 9 ! remote/ epo*s1 inconte/able pro(s ( :i* exi/ f ! "t at :i* ,quat]n>y man made 8 appe>ance4 ,h[ ?is 0 discov]$ is indicat$1 accord+ to ,aryan tradition1 by ! ,v$ic hymns4 ,! ance/ors ( ! ,aryans1 ^! tell u1 _h se5 ! light+ d>t =? f ! %ock ( black cl\ds4 ,!y _h se5 ! sp>k t fir$ ! =e/s issue f ! friction ( dry bran*es agitat$ by ! /orm4 ,!y took a bran* ( s(t wood1 arani1 & pass+ a ?ong ar\nd a bran* ( h>d wood1 pramon?a1 !y caus$ x to revolve rapidly 9 a cavity 9 ! arani1 & ?us evok$ ! god ,agni1 :om !y n\ri%$ ) libations ( cl>ifi$ butt]1 soma4 ,! ,pramon?a1 became ! ,prome!us ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,titan :o /ole ! fire1 & x is f ! ,sanscrit ,agni t is d]iv$ ! ,lat9 ,ignis1 fire1 & ! ,greek ,greek3 ,agnos1 pure1 & ! ,agnus ,dei ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o purifies all4 ,ori5tali/s g5]ally agree t ! sign :i* is se5 "u ! =ms inl9e illu/ration1 inl9e illu/ration1 or inl9e illu/ration1 on a l>ge numb] ( objects ( ,aryan orig9 is a sort ( sacr$ hi]oglyphic1 repres5t+ ! arani or sva/ika1 =m$ ( two pieces ( s(t wood fix$ by f\r p9s 9 su* a way z n to revolve "u ! pressure ( ! ,pramon?a4 ,?is process ( produc+ fire is also f\nd among a ho/ ( m or less savage peoples1 & especially 9 ,india1 :]e1 dur+ ! la/ mon? ( ! great fea/ ( sacrifices1 ! sacr$ fire mu/ always be k9dl$ ?ree hundr$ & sixty times a day ) n9e diff]5t k9ds ( wood t are prescrib$ by ! rite4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! arrangem5t 9 use among ! ,eskimos1 & ,fig4 #b t employ$ by ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahbh !re /ill exi/$ at ,ess51 9 ,hanov]1 an analog\s app>atus design$ to produce an al>m fire4 ,?is 0 a l>ge1 horizontal1 r\nd wood5 b> ^: extremities pivot$ 9 two ap]tures =m$ 9 v]tical po/s1 & :i* 0 provid$ ) a cord t 0 w\nd ar\nd x sev]al times4 ,sev]al p]sons1 by pull+ on ! ends ( ?is cord1 caus$ ! b> to revolve alt]nately 9 "o direction & ! o!r1 & ! heat develop$ by ! friction light$ "s t[ t _h previ\sly be5 ins]t$ 9 "o ( ! ap]tures 9 ! po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,eskimo ,,produc+ ,,fire ,,by ,,friction4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! alt]nate motion mu/ h be5 produc$ directly by h& be=e be+ effect$ by cords4 ,?is simpl] process is /ill 9 use 9 ,tasmania1 ,au/ralia1 ,polynesia1 ,kamts*atka1 ,?ibet1 ,mexico1 & among ! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isles1 :o are suppos$ to be ! la/ repres5tatives ( ! inhabitants ( ,atlantis1 :i* sank "u ! wat]s at ! close ( ! ,quat]n>y epo*4 ,*amisso1 :o accompani$ ,kotzebue 9 8 voyage1 describes x z foll[s3 ,9 ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 !y re/ a v]tical piece ( r\ndi% wood1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 & ab\t a foot & a half 9 l5g? & "o in* 9 diamet]1 ^u a second "o fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & !n give x a rot>y motion by act+ ) ! palms ( ! h&s4 ,?is motion1 :i* is at fir/ sl[ & measur$1 is at l5g? accel]at$1 :ile at ! same "t ! pressure becomes /rong]1 :]eupon ! du/ f ! wood :i* has =m$ by friction & accumulat$ ar\nd ! po9t ( ! movable piece beg9s to c>bonize4 ,?is du/1 :i*1 aft] a fa%ion1 con/itutes a mat*1 soon bur/s into flame4 ,! wom5 ( ,eap are wond]fully dext]\s 9 _! use ( ?is process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,process ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,= ,,produc+ ,,fire4 ,fig4 #c %[s ano!r mann] ( obta9+ fire by rotation :i* is employ$ by ! ,gua*os1 a half savage1 pa/oral p :o inhabit ! pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,longitud9al friction mu/ h prec$$ t obta9$ by rotation4 ,x is /ill 9 use 9 mo/ ( ! isl&s ( ,oceanica 7,fig4 #d71 & especially 9 ,tahiti & 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,9 ^! latt]1 says aga9 ,*amisso1 ^u ! fix$ piece ( wood !y place ano!r piece ( ! same k9d1 ab\t ! l5g? ( ! palm1 & press x obliquely at an angle ( ab\t #cj degrees4 ,! extremity t t\*es ! fix$ piece is blunt1 & ! o!r extremity is held ) ! two h&s1 ! two ?umbs d[nw>d1 9 ord] to all[ ( a sur] pressure4 ,! piece is giv5 an alt]nat+ motion1 & 9 su* a way t x %all always rema9 9 ! same plane incl9$ at an angle ( #cj degrees1 & =m1 ?r\gh friction1 a small groove f six to eight c5timet]s 9 l5g?4 ,:5 ! du/ ?us produc$ beg9s to c>bonize1 ! pressure & velocity are increas$4 ,wood ( a homog5e\s texture1 nei!r too h>d nor too s(t1 is ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,! ,malays op]ate z foll[s3 ,a dry bamboo rod1 ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 is split longitud9ally1 & ! pi? :i* l9es ! inside is scrap$ (f1 press$1 & made into a small ball :i* is aft]w>d plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! cavity ( "o ( ! halves ( ! tube4 ,?is latt] half is !n fix$ to ! gr\nd 9 su* a way t ! cavity & ball face d[nw>d4 ,! op]ator next fa%ions ! o!r half ( ! tube into a /raight cutt+ in/rum5t l a knife-blade1 :i* he applies transv]sely to ! fix$ half & gives an alt]nat+ motion s z to produce a sort ( saw+4 ,aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 a groove1 & f9ally a hole1 is produc$4 ,! cutt+ edge ( ! in/rum5t is !n s hot t x sets on fire ! ball ) :i* x has come 9 contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,gau*o ,,obta9+ ,,fire4 ,"s peoples1 ! ,fuegians especially1 procure fire by /rik+ toge!r two fl9ts4 ,9 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s ^! latt]1 hav+ be5 previ\sly cov]$ ) sulphur1 are /ruck aga9/ ea* o!r ov] a small sauc] ( dry moss du/$ ) sulphur4 ,! ,eskimos employ = ?is purpose pieces ( qu>tz & iron pyrites4 ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s rec\rse is _h to a process t necessitates mu* skill4 ,!re is arrang$ 9 a l>ge dry leaf1 roll$ into ! %ape ( a funnel1 a c]ta9 numb] ( fl9ts along ) "s easily combu/ible twigs4 ,on atta*+ ! leaf to ! end ( a rod1 & revolv+ ! latt] rapidly1 x is said t fire is produc$4 ,processes t are bas$ ^u ! cla%+ ( two fl9t /ones mu/ be mu* m inconv5i5t ( application ?an we w\ld be l$ to suppose4 ,we are1 9 fact1 accu/om$ to see ! fl9t & /eel us$1 b "h ! sp>k is a bit ( iron rais$ to r$ heat ?r\gh a me*anical action t has viol5tly deta*$ x f ! mass "u ! =m ( a small sliv]4 ,9 ! case ( two fl9t /ones1 ! light t is p]ceiv$ is ( an entirely diff]5t nature1 = x is a phosphoresc5ce :i* is produc$1 ev5 by a v slight friction1 n only betwe5 two pieces ( silex1 b also betwe5 two pieces ( qu>tz1 porcela91 or sug>2 & t ! heat develop$ is b slight is prov$ by ! fact t ! ph5om5on may occur "u wat]4 ,( c\rse1 fragm5ts ( /ones may be rais$ to a r$ heat ?r\gh p]cussion2 b ?is does n (t5 occur1 s = ?is reason ! ,fuegians keep up ) ! greate/ c>e ! fires t !y h light$1 & x is ?is v peculi>ity t has giv5 _! c\ntry a *>act]i/ic aspect & caus$ x to be nam$ ,t]ra del ,fuego 7l& ( fire74 ,:5 !y *ange _! resid5ce !y always c>ry ) !m a few light$ emb]s :i* re/ 9 _! canoes ^u a b$ ( pebbles or a%es4 ,! same ?+ occurs1 moreov]1 among ! ,au/ralians & ,tasmanians1 :o employ1 z we h j se51 ! rot>y process4 ,!re are wom5 among ^! peoples ^: special mission x is to c>ry day & night light$ tor*es or cones made ( a sub/ance t burns sl[ly l punk4 ,:51 ?r\gh accid5t1 ! fire happ5s to get ext+ui%$ 9 a tribe1 ^! p (t5 pref] to und]take a long voyage 9 ord] to obta9 ano!r light f a neighbor+ tribe r ?an h rec\rse to a direct production ( x4 ,we c und]/& f :at is /ill tak+ place 9 ^! di/ant c\ntries :y ! wor%ip ( fire %\ld h exi/$ among our ance/ors1 & :y sac]dotal associations1 su* z ! ,brahm9s ( ,india1 ! ,gueb]s ( ,p]sia1 ! ,ve/als ( ,rome1 ! prie/s ( ,baal 9 ,*aldea & ,ph5icia %\ld h be5 specially in/itut$ = produc+ & pres]v+ x4 ,plut>* n>rates 7,numa1 *ap4 ii47 t :5 ! sacr$ fire happ5$ to g out1 !re 0 employ$ = relight+ x a brass mirror t _h ! =m ( a cone g5]at$ by ! hypo!nuse ( an isosceles rectangul> triangle revolv+ ar\nd "o ( ! sides ( ! "r angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,native ,,( ,,oceanica ,,obta9+ ,,fire ,,by ,,friction4 ,9 a poem ^u /ones attribut$ to ,orpheus1 x is said t ! sacr$ fire 0 also light$ by a bit ( cry/al :i* conc5trat$ ! rays ( ! sun ^u ! mat]ial to be inflam$4 ,?is process mu/ h be5 ! "o t 0 mo/ usually employ$ be=e fire became common4 ,9 fact1 a plano-convex cry/al l5s has be5 f\nd among ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh4 ,ari/ophanes1 9 ! ,cl\ds1 puts on ! /age a co>se p]sonage nam$ ,/repsiades1 :o po9ts out to ,socrates h[ he mu/ manage s z n to pay 8 debts3 ,/reps4--,ha/ ?\ se5 among druggi/s t beautiful transp>5t /one t !y employ = light+ a fire8 ,socr4--,?\ meane/ glass4 ,/reps4--,yes4 ,socr4--,well6 :at w\ld/ ?\ d ) x8 ,/reps4--,:5 ! regi/r> %all h made out 8 summons aga9/ me1 ,i w take ! glass1 &1 plac+ myself ?us 9 ! sun1 w cause 8 writ+ to melt4 ,z well kn[n1 writ+ 0 !n trac$ on wax5 tablets4 ,s]vius 79 n41 xii41 #bjj7 affirms t m5 ( anci5t times1 in/ead ( light+ fire ^u ! alt> !mselves1 9 _! sacrifices1 caus$ x to desc5d f heav54 ,he adds1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 ,titus ,livius1 & sev]al old ,lat9 hi/orians1 t ,numa1 :o 0 initiat$ into all ! wisdom ( ,etruria1 practic$ ?is art ) success1 b t ,tullius ,ho/ilius1 hav+ desir$ to repeat ! evocation1 guid$ only by ! books ( ,numa1 did n accompli% all ! =malities prescrib$ by ! rite & 0 /ruck dead by lightn+4 ,is x n curi\s t tw5ty-f\r c5turies aft]w>d1 9 #agec1 ! physici/ ,rei*man 0 kill$ by lightn+ 9 try+ to repeat ,frankl9's exp]im5t8 ,?is co9cid5ce1 h[ev]1 is n ! only "o4 ,pl9y 7ii41 #ec7 rec\nts t lightn+ 0 evok$ by ,k+ ,pors5na at ! "t :5 a mon/] nam$ ,volta1 :o 0 ravag+ ! c\ntry1 0 direct+ himself t[>d ! capital1 ,vols9ies4 ,if we return to ! ,v$as1 :o _h ! habit ( p]sonify+ all ph5om5a1 we %all f9d t ! fire ,agni 0 ! son ( ! c>p5t] :o _h manufactur$ ! in/rum5t by :i* x 0 produc$1 & ( ,maya 7magic74 ,he took ! "n ( ,akta 7ano9t$1 ,greek3 *ri/os7 :51 n\ri%$ by libations ( butt]1 he _h acquir$ 8 full developm5t4 ,! ,p]sians attribut$ likewise to ,zoroa/] ! p[] ( caus+ fire to desc5d f heav5 ?r\gh magic4 ,sa9t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,recog41 lib4 iv47 & ,gregory ( ,t\rs 7,hi/4 de ,fr41 i41 #e7 speak ( ?is4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! m>vel\s art 0 lo/ at an e>ly date1 = x 0 at su* a date t prie/s began to h rec\rse to tricks t 7 m or less +5i\s = light+ _! sacr$ fireplaces 9 an app>5tly sup]natural mann]4--,a4 ,de ,ro*as1 9 ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/4 ,,blaise1 ,,! ,,w9n] ,,( ,,! ,,d]by4 ,/4 ,blaise1 ! prop]ty ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,john/one1 0 br$ by ,"l ,al+ton1 & is by ,h]mit f ,fusee4 ,?is is an unexceptionable p$igree1 = ,h]mit is n[ z successful & fa%ionable a sire z 0 ev5 ,/ockwell 9 8 palmie/ days1 :ile ,fusee 0 f> m ?an an av]age p]=m] on ! turf1 & won sev]al ,que5's ,plates & o!r races ov] a di/ance ( gr\nd4 ,/4 ,blaise is by no means a big colt1 /&+ consid]ably "u sixte5 h&s4 ,8 color is ab\t 8 wor/ po9t1 z he is a light1 wa%y *e/nut1 ) a bald face & ?ree :ite heels4 ,he has a good head & neck1 & v p[]ful back & muscul> qu>t]s1 add$ to :i* 8 legs & feet are well %ap$ & ?or\ghly s\nd4 ,8 fir/ appe>ance 0 made 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,/ockbridge ,bi5nial at ! ,bibury ,club ,meet+1 :5 he won easily en\gh2 b !re 7 only f\r mod]ate animals beh9d him4 ,a walk-ov] = ! ,troy ,/akes foll[$1 & !n ,ma*ea? beat him easily en\gh = ! ,hur/b\rne ,/akes1 ?\gh he f9i%$ 9 front ( ,adriana & ,tyndrum4 ,= ! ,molecomb ,/akes at ,goodwood1 he ran a dead-heat ) ,elzevir1 to :om he 0 giv+ #g lb42 & ,bonny ,jean1 9 receipt ( #aj lb41 0 unplac$4 ,a #g lb4 p5alty seem$ to put him completely out ( ! ,de:ur/ ,plate2 b he mu/ !n h be5 out ( =m1 z1 on ! foll[+ day1 x took him all 8 "t to defeat ,pebble by a neck 9 ! ,troy ,/akes4 ,?is season he has only run twice4 ,8 f\r? 9 ! ,two ,?\s& 0 by no means a bad p]=mance1 consid]+ t he 0 palpably backw>d2 & 8 victory ( la/ week is too rec5t to ne$ fur!r allusion4 ,port]1 8 tra9]1 c boa/ ( sev]al o!r successes 9 ! great race at ,epsom2 b ,*>les ,wood _h nev] previ\sly ridd5 a ,d]by w9n]4 ,/4 ,blaise 0 un=tunately omitt$ f ! entries = ! ,/4 ,leg]1 b has sev]al valuable engagem5ts at ,ascot next week1 & appe>s to h ! ,gr& ,prize ( ,p>is1 on ,sunday1 at 8 m]cy4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,blaise1 ,,! ,,w9n] ,,( ,,! ,,d]by4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,sci5tific ,,progress ,,9 ,,*9a ,,& ,,japan4 ,v>i\s /eps 9 ! progress ( ,*9a1 & ,japan 9 ! adoption ( ,we/]n sci5ce & educational me?ods h f "t to "t be5 notic$ 9 ^! columns4 ,to ! popul> m9d ! names ( ! two c\ntries are synonym\s ) rigid1 unreason+ cons]vatism & ) rapid *ange1 respectively4 ,! grave1 dignifi$ ,*9ese1 :o ma9ta9s 8 own dress & habits ev5 :5 isolat$ among /rang]s1 & ^: motto appe>s to be1 ,/>e sup] mas antiquas1 is popul>ly believ$ to be animat$ by a sull51 ob/9ate ho/ility t[>d any introduction f ! ,we/1 h[ev] pla9 its value may be2 :ile 8 gay] & m m]curial neighbor1 ! ,japanese1 is reg>d$ z ! true *ild ( ! old age ( ! ,we/1 foll[+ assidu\sly 9 its p>5t's foot/eps1 & pursu+ ob$i5tly ! pa? m>k$ out by ,european exp]i5ce4 ,!re is consid]able misconception 9 ?is1 z inde$ !re is at all times 9 ! ,engli% popul> m9d ) reg>d to /range peoples4 ,broadly speak+1 x is no d\bt correct to say t1 ,japan has adopt$ ,we/]n inv5tions & sci5tific appliances ) avidity2 t %e has %[n a desire = *ange :i* is abnormal1 & a disposition to de/roy h] *>ts & sail away into unsurvey$ seas1 :ile ,*9a rema9s pretty mu* :]e %e always 04 ,%e is n[1 ) "s exceptions1 :at %e 0 tw5ty1 two hundr$1 p]haps two ?\s& ye>s ago1 :ile a new ,japan has be5 creat$ 9 fifte5 ye>s4 ,all ?is1 we say1 is true1 b x is n ! :ole tru?4 ,*9a also has _h h] *anges2 n inde$ s m>k$ or rapid1 n s mu* 9 ! nature ( a volte-face on all h] pa/ z ^? ( h] neighbor4 ,! radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! two c\ntries 9 ?is respect we take to be ?is3 t :ile ,japan loves *ange = ! sake ( *ange1 ,*9a dislikes x1 & w only adopt x :5 x is cle>ly demon/rat$ to h] t *ange is absolutely necess>y4 ,to ! ,japanese *ange appe>s to be a delightful excitem5t1 to ! ,*9ese a di/a/eful necessity2 to ! =m] :atev] is mu/ be wrong1 to ! latt] :atev] is is "r4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two peoples1 :5 ,*9a once makes a /ep =w>d x is g5]ally aft] mu* delib]ation1 & is nev] retrac$4 ,japan is con/antly und]tak+ new s*emes ) little c>e or ?\ght = ! morr[1 b ) ! applause ( injudici\s =eign fri5ds4 ,9 a %ort "t %e discov]s t %e has und]rat$ ! exp5se or exagg]at$ ! results1 & h] projects are /raightway ab&on$ z rapidly & ?\ghtlessly z !y 7 comm5c$4 ,swift sugge/$ z a suitable subject = a philosophical writ] a hi/ory ( human projects :i* 7 nev] c>ri$ out2 ! hi/orian ( mod]n ,japan f9ds ^! at e turn4 ,:]e1 = example1 are ! results ( ! great surveys1 trigonometrical & o!rs1 :i* 7 comm5c$ 9 ,yezo & ! ma9 isl& ab\t t5 ye>s ago8 ,a l>ge1 exp5sive1 b highly compet5t =eign /aff 0 engag$1 & work$ = a few ye>s2 b sudd5ly ! :ole survey dep>tm5t 0 swept away1 & ! valuable in/rum5ts are1 or 7 rec5tly1 ly+ ru/+ 9 a w>eh\se 9 ,tokio4 ,! same /ory may be told ( scores ( o!r sci5tific or educational und]tak+s 9 ,japan4 ,an able & c>eful writ]1 ,col4 ,h4,s4 ,palm]1 ,r4,e41 :o has rec5tly1 ) a fri5dly & sympa!tic eye1 exam9$ ! :ole field ( rec5t ,japanese progress1 9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review is =c$ to ackn[l$ge ?is4 ,once hav+ recogniz$1 says ?is (fic]1 t progress is ess5tial to welf>e1 & hav+ resolv$1 fir/ among ! nations ( ! ,ea/1 to ?r[ (f pa/ traditions & m\ld _! civilization aft] t ( ,we/]n c\ntries1 x 0 n 9 ! nature ( ! lively & impulsive ,japanese to advance along ! pa? ( re=m ) ! calmness & circumspection t might h be5 possible to a p ( less active temp]am5t4 ,)\t d\bt _m =eign in/itutions 7 at fir/ adopt$ r too ha/ily1 & ! pass+ difficulties :i* n[ beset ,japan are to "s ext5t ! inevitable result4 ,x w\ld be bl9dness to d5y t ! net result ( ! ,japanese ef=ts is progress ( a v rem>kable k9d1 b x is a progress :i* 9 _m respects lacks ! firm & abid+ *>act]i/ics ( ,*9ese movem5ts4 ,! prov]b1 ,*i va piano va sano1 :i* 0 recomm5d$ t5 ye>s ago to ,japanese att5tion by an em95t ,engli% (ficial1 & app>5tly disreg>d$ by !m1 has be5 adopt$ by _! cont95tal neighbors4 ,to ! bl&i%m5ts ( pu%+ diplomati/s or acute promot]s1 ! ,*9ese are deaf4 ,h[ev] we may felicitate ourselves on our inv5tions1 sci5tific appliances1 ! railway & ! /eam%ip & ! ?\ghts t %ake mank9d1 our progress1 ! newspap]s1 ! p5ny po/1 & :at n1 ,*9a w n adopt !m simply because we h f\nd _! value & are pr\d ( !m4 ,b if1 )9 ! range ( h] own exp]i5ce1 %e f9ds ! advantage ( ^! ?+s1 %e w employ !m ) a rapidity & decision surpass+ ^? ( ! ,japanese4 ,a conspicu\s in/ance ( ?is w be f\nd 9 h] rec5t action ) respect to telegraphs4 ,= ye>s ! ,*9ese /eadily refus$ to h any?+ to d ) !m2 ! small l& l9e :i* connect$ ! =eign community ( ,%anghai ) ! out] _w1 0 ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! viol5t prote/s ( ! local au?orities1 & ! cable companies exp]i5c$ "s difficulty 9 gett+ p]mission to l& _! cables4 ,b dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahgj-hj1 :5 w> ) ,russia 0 ?reat5$1 ! value ( telegraphs 0 demon/rat$ to ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t4 ,! ,peiho at ,ti5ts9 0 clos$ by ice aga9/ /eam]s1 & news c\ld only be c>ri$ to ! capital by ov]l& c\ri]s f ,%anghai4 ,be=e a ye> elaps$ a l& l9e ( telegraph 0 be+ con/ruct$ betwe5 ?is port & ,ti5ts92 9 a few mon?s ! l9e 0 9 work+ ord]1 & ! ,*9ese metropolis is n[ 9 telegraphic communication ) e capital 9 ,europe4 ,?is cons]vatism1 respect = antiquity1 conceit1 prejudice1 call x :at we w1 has some?+ 9 x t extorts our respect4 ,let u imag9e a dignifi$ & cultivat$ ,*9ese (ficial conv]s+ ) a pu%+ ,man*e/] or ,birm+ham manufactur]1 :o descants on ! b5efits ( our mod]n inv5tions4 ,he w\ld probably commune ) himself 9 ?is wise1 :atev] reply ,ori5tal polit5ess w\ld dictate to 8 int]view]3 ,*9a has got on v well = "s t5s ( c5turies )\t ! curi\s ?+s ( :i* ?is =eign] speaks2 %e has produc$ 9 ?is "t /atesm51 poets1 philosoph]s1 soldi]s2 h] p appe> to h _h _! %>e ( affliction1 b n m ?an ^? ( ,europe2 :y %\ld we n[ turn r\nd at ! bidd+ ( a h&ful ( /rang]s :o "k little ( u or our c\ntry1 & make viol5t *anges 9 our life & habits8 ,a railway 9 a prov9ce w ?r[ ?\s&s ( coolies & boatm5 out ( employm5t & br+ on !m mis]y & />vation4 ,?is =eign] says t railways & telegraphs h be5 f\nd b5eficial 9 8 c\ntry2 good1 let 8 c\ntrym5 h !m if !y please1 b let u re/ z we are = ! pres5t4 ,moreov]1 pa/ ev5ts h n giv5 u su* fai? 9 ,europeans t we %\ld take all !y say = wisdom & ju/ice4 ,a day w und\bt$ly come :5 ,*9a also w h h] great me*anical & sci5tific ent]prises2 b :at we cont5d = "h is t no?+ we c say or d w br+ t "t an h\r ne>]4 ,european public op9ion is to ,*9a a dead lett]2 %e refuses to plead be=e t tribunal4 ,ea* /ep ( h] advance along our pa? mu/ be ! result ( h] own reflection & exp]i5ce2 & our wise/ policy w\ld be to leave h] to h]self to advance on x z %e deems be/4 ,,s95sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,diamond ,,fields ,,( ,,s\? ,,africa4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ! pap] read 0 ,on ! ,diamond ,fields & ,m9es ( ,s\? ,africa1 by ,mr4 ,james ,n4 ,paxman1 ,asoc4 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,! au?or comm5c$ by /at+ t ,kimb]ley 0 situat$ 9 ,griqual& ,we/1 above #gjj miles nor!a/ f ,table ,bay1 & #dej miles inl& f ,port ,elizabe? & ,natal on ! ea/ coa/4 ,l9es ( railway 7 9 c\rse ( con/ruction f ,table ,bay & ,port ,elizabe? to ,kimb]ley1 & 7 ab\t half complet$4 ,9 ,griqual& !re 7 sev]al diamond m9es1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* 7 ,kimb]ley1 ,de ,be]'s1 ,du ,toit's ,pan1 & ,bultfonte94 ,9 ! ,orange ,free ,/ates !re 7 also two m9es1 viz41 ,jag]sfonte9 & ,k(feyfonte91 ! fir/ ( :i* produc$ f9e :ite /ones4 ,! m9es 7 all divid$ into claims1 ! greate/ numb] ( :i* 7 to be f\nd 9 ! ,du ,toit's ,pan m9e4 ,bultfonte9 came next4 ,! deepe/ & mo/ regul>ly work$ 0 ! ,kimb]ley m9e4 ,! next deepe/ 0 ,de ,be]'s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 v unev5ly work$4 ,!n foll[$ ,du ,toit's ,pan & ,bultfonte94 ,! ,du ,toit's ,pan m9e rank$ next 9 importance to ,kimb]ley m9e4 ,diamonds 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 #ahfg by ,mr4 ,o',reilley1 a trad] & hunt]1 :o visit$ a coloni/ nam$ van ,niekirk1 resid+ 9 ,griqua4 ,! fir/ diamond1 on be+ s5t to ! au?orities1 0 valu$ at #ejjl4 ,consid]able excitem5t 0 caus$ ?r\gh\t ! colony1 & ! natives comm5c$ to look = diamonds1 & _m 7 f\nd1 among :i* 0 "o ( eighty-?ree & a half c>ats1 valu$ at #ae1jjjl4 ,9 #ahfh _m ent]pris+ coloni/s made _! way up ! ,vaal ,riv]1 & 7 successful 9 f9d+ a good numb] ( diamonds4 ,! c5t] ( ! riv] digg+s on ! ,transvaal side 0 ,klipdrift1 & on ! opposite side ,pniel4 ,9 all !re 7 f\rte5 riv] digg+s4 ,du ,toit's ,pan & ,bultfonte9 m9es 7 discov]$ 9 #ahgj at a di/ance ( tw5ty-f\r miles f ! riv] digg+s4 ,! digg]s took possession ( ^! places4 ,lic5ses 7 grant$ giv+ ! fir/ digg]s a "r to "w4 ,9 #ahga ,de ,be]'s & ,kimb]ley m9es 7 discov]$1 & 9 #ahgb1 ,mr4 ,spald+'s great diamond ( #bhb c>ats 0 f\nd at ! riv] digg+s4 ,! m9es 7 ( irregul> %ape1 & 7 surr\nd$ by reef4 ,! top reef 0 a loose %ale1 & _h giv5 great tr\ble f ! frequ5t slips4 ,bel[ ?is 7 /rata ( tra*itic breccia & augite2 ! =mation 0 !n seamy to an unkn[n dep?4 ,)9 ! reef1 ! surface soil 0 r$1 & ( a s&y nature4 ,! next /ratum 0 ( a loose1 yell[1 gravelly lime1 & ! ?ird blue1 ( a h>d1 slaty nature4 ,?is la/ 0 ! real diamantif]\s soil4 ,l>ge /ones _h be5 f\nd 9 ! yell[1 b ! work+ ( ?is g5]ally did n pay4 ,kimb]ley m9e1 h[ev]1 _h paid v well all ?r\gh4 ,! me?od ( work+ 9 deep gr\nd 0 det]m9$ by roadways runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,! soil 0 haul$ up to ^! roadways1 & tak5 to ! sort+ tables4 ,! roadways decay+ %ortly aft] exposure to ! atmosph]e1 a sy/em ( h& w9dlass 0 adopt$1 :i* work$ v well = a "t until horse:ims 7 adopt$ 9 #ahgc4 ,! dep?s ( ! m9es increas+1 horse:ims _h to give way to /eam-eng9es 9 #ahgf4 ,! fir/ digg]s treat$ on an av]age t5 loads p] day ea* p>ty4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! lea/ tak5 out by any eng9e1 :5 fully employ$1 0 #bej loads p] day4 ,! co/ ( work+1 ) pres5t appliances1 ! fir/ "o hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 0 #cs4 #f;d4 p] load2 ! second "o hundr$ feet 7mo/ly blue7 #es42 ! ?ird "o hundr$ feet #hs42 & ! f\r? "o hundr$ feet #aas4 ,?r\gh sc>city ( wat] a sy/em ( dry-sort+ _h to be resort$ to = sev]al ye>s2 b x 0 sup]s$$ by ! introduction ( wa%+ ma*9]y1 :i* 0 n[ g5]ally employ$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t1 ?r\gh inexp]i5ce1 _m s]i\s mi/akes 7 made4 ,:5 ! fir/ digg]s rea*$ ! bottom ( ! r$ s&1 !y ?\ght no diamonds w\ld be f\nd 9 ! next /ratum4 ,:51 h[ev]1 diamonds 7 f\nd 9 ! second /ratum1 ! digg]s _h aga9 to remove ! debris1 & s also :5 ! blue 0 rea*$4 ,"s ( ! claims 9 ! ,du ,toit's ,pan & ,bultfonte9 m9es 7 irregul> 9 %ape4 ,! o!r m9es1 h[ev]1 _h be5 prop]ly & regul>ly laid out4 ,"o or two %afts _h be5 connect$ ) ! m9es by und]gr\nd gall]ies4 ,^! gall]ies 7 conv5i5t 9 ! case ( falls ( reef4 ,labor1 at fir/1 0 *eap2 b f #bjs4 p] mon?1 wages rose to #cjs4 p] week1 & food4 ,! yell[ soil (f]$ no difficulty 9 work+1 be+ loose & brok51 b ! blue soil requir$ bla/+4 ,sev]al me?ods 7 adopt$ = extract+ ! soil & c>ry+ x f ! m9e be=e /eam 0 introduc$4 ,! co/ ( wood = heat+ purposes 0 a s]i\s item1 b good coal _h n[ be5 f\nd at #afj miles f ,kimb]ley1 co/+ #acl4 p] ton2 ano!r s]i\s item ( exp5se 0 ! transport ov] natural roads only1 co/+ f #ahl4 to #cjl4 p] ton4 ,! ma*9]y design$ by ! au?or = ?is indu/ry 0 describ$4 ,a sixte5 horse-p[] direct-act+ w9d+ eng9e 0 introduc$ = haul+ up loads at ! rate ( ab\t "o ?\s& feet p] m9ute1 & a tw5ty-five horse-p[] ge>$ eng9e1 = haul+ up heavi] loads at ! rate ( f six hundr$ feet to sev5 hundr$ feet p] m9ute4 ,wat] 0 de>1 & wat]-heat]s 7 fitt$ to ea* eng9e1 by :i* ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 ( ! wat] 0 aga9 us$1 ?us sav+ "o ?ird4 ,! boil]s 7 ( ! locomotive type1 mo/ly ( /eel1 to save weight1 & ?us r$uce ! co/ ( transit4 ,! fire-boxes 7 also made ( /eel ( v s(t & ductile quality4 ,a semi-portable eng9e 0 made = driv+ ! wa% mill4 ,! eng9e 0 s arrang$ t x might be remov$ f ! boil] & plac$ sep>ately4 ,! boil] 0 made to "w at a pressure ( #adj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,automatic cut (f ge> 0 fix$ to ea* eng9e1 & ! gov]nors 7 provid$ ) a spiral spr+ = adju/+ ! spe$4 ,a scre51 or cyl9d] wa% mill & elevator1 7 us$ = deal+ ) ! diamantif]\s soil1 & 7 describ$4 ,/&+ wires 7 fix$ at ! back ( ! ma*9]y1 & pass$ ov] a frame fix$ at ! top ( ! m9e1 ! end ( ! m9e be+ secur$ to /rong wood5 po/s4 ,aft] ! blue soil _h be5 bla/$ & collect$ into trucks1 x 0 plac$ 9 tubs1 :i* asc5d$ ! /&+ wires4 ,x 0 !n empti$ into ! deposit+ box4 ,! yell[ soil might be put into ! wa% mill direct1 also t portion ( ! blue :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh ! scre5 fix$ ov] ! deposit+ box4 ,! rema9d] ( ! blue1 :i* 0 spread out to a ?ickness ( f\r in*es or six in*es on ! deposit+ gr\nd1 "s di/ance f ! m9e to dry1 0 deliv]$ into ! upp] "p ( ! scre54 ,! return wat] f ! elevator1 ) a portion ( fre% wat]1 0 also dis*>g$ at ?is po9t1 & op]ations 7 ?us greatly facilitat$1 ! soil becom+ ?or\ghly saturat$1 & pass+ m easily d[n ! %oots4 ,! l>ge pieces :i* w\ld n drop ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! scre5 7 dis*>g$ into trucks at ! l[] end & c>ri$ away4 ,! small] pieces ) wat]1 9 ! =m ( sludge1 fell ?r\gh into a %oot1 & ?us 7 convey$ into ! wa% mill pan1 & !re kept 9 con/ant rotat+ motion by agitators4 ,! diamonds & o!r pieces ( high specific gravity sank to ! deepe/ "p ( ! pan1 & ! rema9d] ( ! sludge 0 =c$ ov] ! inn] l$ge to ! elevator4 ,! sludge 0 !n lift$ & ?r[n ^u an incl9$ scre5 & d[n ! %oot ov] ! side ( ! bank4 ,! residue left 9 ! pan at ! end ( ! day's "w 0 pass$ ?r\gh a pulsator1 9 :i*1 by ! =ce ( wat]1 ! mud & light] p>ticles 7 c>ri$ away1 leav+ beh9d ! diamonds1 agates1 g>nets1 & o!r heavy /ones4 ,x 0 ! practice occasionally to put a few inf]ior /ones 9 ! soil1 to te/ ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahha ! au?or paid a visit to ,kimb]ley1 & f\nd ! indu/ry a l>ge "o4 ,! ,po/ ,(fice return %[$ ! value ( diamonds pass$ ?r\gh ! (fice 9 "o ye> to be #c1fhe1jjjl4 ,illicit diamond traffic _h hi!rto be5 a s\rce ( great tr\ble at ! fields4 ,x 0 a "q :e!r ?is indu/ry w\ld ev] cease2 9 any case !re 0 no d\bt b t x w\ld la/ = ov] a c5tury4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! ma9 b$ ( diamonds _h n yet be5 rea*$1 & t ! m9es 9 op]ation 7 m]ely %afts lead+ to x4 ,n[ t ! wat] works 7 f9i%$1 ) a b\ntiful supply ( wat]1 c\pl$ ) ! great boon ( railways to ! ,fields1 & ! advantage ( a law rec5tly pass$ = ! prev5tion ( illicit buy+1 a great & prosp]\s future 0 9 /ore = ! ,diamond ,fields4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sponges ,,at ,,! ,,bahamas4 ,)9 ! la/ few decades ! sponge indu/ry ( ! ,bahama ,isl&s has increas$ at su* a rate t to-day x is ! second 9 importance on ! isl&4 ,al?\gh ! product is n ( su* excell5t quality z t f ! ,m$it]ranean1 x sells well & is 9 dem& bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica4 ,= sponge fi%+ little boats ( t5 tons burd5 are employ$ & mann$ by f six to twelve m54 ,! sponges t are wa%$ ^u ! rocks & reefs are tak5 ) iron rakes fa/5$ to long poles1 or are br\ght to ! surface by div]s & spread out on ! deck ( ! vessel4 ,?is kills _! s(t1 slimy organisms1 :i* are black z t>4 ,! sponges are !n repeat$ly beat5 ) /icks to remove ?is black slime1 & aft]w>d well wa%$4 ,! sponges are !n sort$ & s(t5$ = sev]al h\rs 9 lime wat]1 dri$ 9 ! sun1 & blea*$4 ,!y are f9ally press$ by ma*9]y into #ajj lb4 balls & !n pack$ = %ipp+4 ,a ri* & v ext5sive sponge field 0 rec5tly discov]$ ne> ,eleu!ra1 b z ! wat] !re has a consid]able dep?1 five or six fa?oms1 fi%+ is att5d$ ) difficulty4 ,9 fact1 x is r5d]$ impossible :]ev] ! segl] or sailor fi% are f\nd1 = ! mud :i* ^! t9y creatures /ir up completely veils ! sponges f ! eye ( ! fi%]man4 ,9 #ahha ! export am\nt$ to #aej1jjj1 ( :i* ?ree-f\r?s came to ,am]ica4--,*em4 ,zeit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,te/+ ,,fi% ,,ova ,,= ,,impregnation4 ,! developm5t ( ! eyes ( game fi%es 7salmonoids71 z is well kn[n1 is relatively f> advanc$ be=e ! fi% culturi/ is positively assur$ t embryos are develop+ normally 9 ! egg4 ,a me?od1 !re=e1 :i* w\ld enable u to %ort5 ?is p]iod ( probation w\ld n only be desirable1 b be also ( value "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 s9ce x is c]ta9ly annoy+ aft] hav+ _h !m 9 wat] = f\r or five weeks1 sp5d+ "t & c>e ov] !m1 to ev5tually f9d1 :5 ! eye spots d n develop1 t all our tr\ble 0 wa/$ & t no developm5t at all took place4 ,x is true "o may1 ) prop] prep>ations & ) ! help ( ! pocket l5s or microscope1 foll[ ! developm5t :ile !re may be no ext]nal signs ( ! process evid5t4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ ! te/ is1 h[ev]1 n adapt$ to ! purposes ( ! practical fi% culturi/1 :o w h bett] success by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,if f]tiliz$ fi% ova are plac$ 9 a #ej p] c5t4 solution ( w9e v9eg> any ord9>y v9eg> w probably be f\nd to answ] j z well--,tr4 ! embryo1 ev5 dur+ ! v fir/ /ages ( developm5t1 w become app>5t to ! eye ly+ on ! transp>5t yelk4 ,! acetic acid conta9$ 9 ! mixture1 "o "p wat] to "o "p w9e v9eg>1 causes ! mat]ial ( ! embryo prop] to coagulate1 :ile ! yelk rema9s cle>4 ,a %ort "t aft] ! ova are laid 9 ?is mixture1 & dur+ ! fir/ week aft] impregnation1 a :ite circle at "o pole ( ! egg %\ld become app>5t1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! second week a cyl9drical :ite /reak runn+ f ! edge ( ! circle t[>d its c5t] %\ld be evid5t4 ,if ^! features are n develop$ by ! te/1 ! eggs h n be5 f]tiliz$1 & are1 !re=e1 wor?less4 ,we w n complicate ! application ( ! me?od by describ+ o!r details ( ! developm5t1 b w\ld m]ely sugge/ t :5 a lot ( ova are f]tiliz$ a small portion %\ld be left unimpregnat$4 ,^! c\ld !n be te/$ 9 comp>ison ) ! f]tiliz$ ova f day to day1 us+ say ?ree eggs at a "t ( ea* lot4 ,! obs]vant culturi/ c\ld by ?is means con/ruct = himself a scale ( developm5t cov]+ ! p]iod embrac$ by 8 exp]im5ts4 ,at a l[] temp]ature ! developm5t is sl[] ?an at a high] "o4 ,! diff]5ce ( appe>ance betwe5 f]tiliz$ & unf]tiliz$ ova treat$ by ! me?od w demon/rate its utility4 ,:oev] does n tru/ to ! me?od = ! evid5ce ( dea? ( ! eggs until aft] five weeks subsequ5t to impregnation1 mu/ ( c\rse wait4 ,director ,tief5?al]1 ( ,klz51 has _h ! k9dness to te/ ! me?od practically1 & f9ds x useful to fi% culturi/s4--,pr(4 ,nussbaum4 ,a v little practice1 x seems to ! translator1 w\ld s]ve to enable any p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce to apply ?is me?od1 or sev]al o!rs :i* might be sugge/$4 ,o!r sub/ances :i* w\ld answ] ! same purpose w\ld be dilute solutions ( picric or *romic acid1 ( n m ?an "o to "o-half p] c5t41 or "o "p to two hundr$ ( wat]4 ,v9eg> or acetic acid ( ! %ops may also be us$2 ! la/ to be dilut$ 9 ! proportions ( ab\t "o "p 9 t5 ( wat]4 ,! acids cit$ w coagulate & cause ! g]m disk to turn :ite or yell[ 9 a few h\rs4 ,*romic is bett] ?an picric acid1 z x coagulates ! yelk also1 b turns ! latt] mu* d>k] ?an ! embryo or embryonic disk4--,tr4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ch ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$1 ) h9ts = procur+ advances on inv5tions4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4