,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,a]onautics by ,e4 ,*>les ,vivian ,,=eword ,al?\gh successful heavi]-?an-air flight is less ?an two decades old1 & successful dirigible propulsion ant$ates x by a v %ort p]iod1 ! mass ( exp]im5t & accompli%m5t r5d]s any "o-volume hi/ory ( ! subject a matt] ( selection4 ,9 addition to ! re/rictions impos$ by space limits1 ! mat]ial = compilation is fragm5t>y1 &1 9 _m cases1 scatt]$ ?r\gh p]iodical & o!r publications4 ,hi!rto1 !re has be5 no attempt at furni%+ a detail$ acc\nt ( h[ ! a]oplane & ! dirigible ( to-day came to be+1 b ea* au?or :o has treat$ ! subject has devot$ 8 att5tion to "s special phase or section4 ,! pr9cipal exception to ?is rule--,hildebr&t--wrote 9 #aijf1 & a good _m ( 8 /atem5ts are inaccurate1 especially ) reg>d to heavi]-?an-air exp]im5t4 ,su* /atem5ts z are made 9 ?is "w are1 :]e possible1 giv5 ) ackn[l$gm5t to ! au?orities on :i* !y re/4 ,fur!r ackn[l$gm5t is due to ,lieut4-,col4 ,lockwood ,m>%1 n only = ! section on a]oplane developm5t :i* he has contribut$ to ! "w1 b also = 8 k9dly assi/ance & advice 9 connection ) ! section on a]o/ation4 ,! au?or's ?anks are also due to ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society = free access to its valuable libr>y ( a]onautical lit]ature1 & to ,mr ,a4 ,v9c5t ,cl>ke = p]mission to make use ( 8 notes on ! developm5t ( ! a]o eng9e4 ,9 ?is "w is no claim to orig9ality--x has be5 a matt] ma9ly ( compilation1 & "s /ories1 notably ^? ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs & ( ,santos ,dumont1 are bett] told 9 ! words ( ! m5 !mselves ?an any ?ird p>ty c\ld tell !m4 ,! au?or claims1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! fir/ attempt at record+ ! facts ( developm5t & /at+1 z fully z is possible 9 ! compass ( a s+le volume1 h[ flight & a]o/ation h evolv$4 ,! "t = a critical hi/ory ( ! subject is n yet4 ,9 ! matt] ( illu/rations1 x has be5 f\nd v difficult to secure suitable mat]ial4 ,ev5 ! (ficial s]ies ( photographs ( a]oplanes 9 ! w> p]iod is curi\sly incomplete' & ! me?ods ( c5sor%ip dur+ t p]iod prev5t$ any complete s]ies be+ privately collect$4 ,omissions 9 ?is respect w probably be rem$i$ 9 future editions ( ! "w1 z fre% mat]ial is con/antly be+ locat$4 ,e4,c4,v4 ,octob]1 #aibj4 ,,cont5ts ,"p ,i--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,a]oplane ,i4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,leg5d ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts ,,iii4 ,,sir ,,george ,,cayley--,,?omas ,,walk] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,middle ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,v4 ,,w5ham1 ,,le ,,bris1 ,,& ,,"s ,,o!rs ,,vi4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,giants ,,vii4 ,,lili5?al ,,& ,,pil*] ,,viii4 ,,am]ican ,,glid+ ,,exp]im5ts ,,ix4 ,,n ,,prov5 ,x4 ,,samuel ,,pi]po9t ,,langley ,,xi4 ,,! ,,wright ,,bro!rs ,,xii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ye>s ,,( ,,conque/ ,,xiii4 ,,fir/ ,,fli]s ,,9 ,,engl& ,,xiv4 ,,rheims1 ,,& ,,aft] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,*annel ,,cross+ ,,xvi4 ,,london ,,to ,,man*e/] ,,xvii4 ,a ,,summ>y--,,to #aiaa ,,xviii4 ,a ,,summ>y--,,to #aiad ,,xix4 ,,! ,,w> ,,p]iod--,i ,,xx4 ,,! ,,w> ,,p]iod--,,ii ,,xxi4 ,,recon/ruction ,,xxii4 #aiai-aibj ,"p ,,ii--#aijc-aibj3 ,,progress ,,9 ,,design ,i4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,ii4 ,,multiplicity ,,( ,,ideas ,,iii4 ,,progress ,,on ,,/&>dis$ ,,l9es ,,iv4 ,,! ,,w> ,,p]iod ,"p ,,iii--,,a]o/atics ,i4 ,,beg9n+s ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,dirigibles ,,iii4 ,,santos-,,dumont ,,iv4 ,,! ,,milit>y ,,dirigible ,v4 ,,briti% ,,air%ip ,,design ,,vi4 ,,! ,,air%ip ,,comm]cially ,,vii4 ,,kite ,,balloons ,,"p ,,iv--,,eng9e ,,developm5t ,i4 ,,! ,,v]tical ,,type ,,ii4 ,,! ,,vee ,,type ,,iii4 ,,! ,,radial ,,type ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rot>y ,,type ,v4 ,,! ,,horizontally-,,oppos$ ,,eng9e ,,vi4 ,,! ,,two-,,/roke ,,cycle ,,eng9e ,,vii4 ,,eng9es ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,,p]iod ,,app5dices ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,a]oplane ,i4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,leg5d ,! bl5d+ ( fact & fancy :i* m5 call leg5d rea*$ its fulle/ & ri*e/ expression 9 ! gold5 age ( ,greece1 & ?us x is to ,greek my?ology t "o mu/ turn = ! be/ =m ( any leg5d :i* =e%ad[s hi/ory4 ,yet ! preval5ce ( leg5ds reg>d+ flight1 exi/+ 9 ! records ( practically e race1 %[s t ?is =m ( transit 0 a dream ( _m peoples--man always want$ to fly1 & imag9$ means ( flight4 ,9 ?is age ( /eel1 a v great "p ( ! inv5tive g5ius ( man has gone into devices int5d$ to facilitate transport1 bo? ( m5 & goods1 & ! gr[? ( civilisation is 9 reality ! facilitation ( transit1 improvem5t ( ! means ( communication4 ,he 0 a g5ius :o fir/ hoi/$ a sail on a boat & sav$ ! lab\r ( r[+2 equally1 he :o fir/ h>ness$ ox or dog or horse to a :eel$ vehicle 0 a g5ius--& ^! look$ up1 z m5 h look$ up f ! e>lie/ days ( all1 see+ t ! birds _h solv$ ! problem ( transit f> m completely ?an !mselves4 ,s x mu/ h appe>$1 & !re is no age 9 hi/ory 9 :i* "s dream]s h n dream$ ( ! conque/ ( ! air2 if ! caveman _h left records1 ^! w\ld )\t d\bt h %[$ t he1 too1 dream$ ?is dream4 ,8 ma9 aim1 probably1 0 self-pres]vation2 :5 ! d9osaur look$ r\nd ! corn]1 ! prehi/oric bird got out ( ! way 9 8 usual mann]1 & prehi/oric man1 su* ( him z succe$$ 9 gett+ out ( ! way aft] 8 fa%ion--naturally envi$ ! bird1 & conclud$ t z "l ( creation 9 a d\btful sort ( way he ought to h equal facilities4 ,he may h tri$1 l ,simon ! ,magician1 & o!r e>ly exp]im5t]s1 to improvise ^? facilities2 assum+ t he did1 !re is ! gr\ndwork ( mu* ( ! old] leg5d ) reg>d to m5 :o flew1 s9ce1 :5 hi/ory began1 leg5ds w\ld be fa%ion$ out ( attempts & ev5 ! desire to fly1 ^! be+ comp\nd$ ( "s small +r$i5t ( tru? & mu* exagg]ation & addition4 ,9 a /udy ( ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! art1 x is wor? :ile to m5tion ev5 ! e>lie/ ( ! leg5ds & traditions1 = !y %[ ! tr5d ( m5's m9ds & ! con/ancy ( ?is dream t has become reality 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,9 "o ( ! olde/ records ( ! _w1 ! ,indian classic ,mahab>ata1 x is /at$ t ',kri%na's enemies s\ght ! aid ( ! demons1 :o built an a]ial *>iot ) sides ( iron & clad ) w+s4 ,! *>iot 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! sky till x /ood ov] ,dw>akha1 :]e ,kri%na's foll[]s dwelt1 & f !re x hurl$ d[n ^u ! city missiles t de/roy$ ev]y?+ on :i* !y fell4' ,"h is pure fable1 n leg5d1 b /ill a curi\s =eca/ ( tw5tie? c5tury bombs f a rigid dirigible4 ,x is to be not$ 9 ?is case1 z 9 _m1 t ! p[] to fly 0 an attribute ( evil1 n ( good--x 0 ! demons :o built ! *>iot1 ev5 z at ,fri$ri*%avn4 ,m$iaeval leg5d 9 ne>ly e case1 attributes flight to ! aid ( evil p[]s1 & incites well-dispos$ p to /ick to ! solid e>?--?\gh1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! pione]s ( m$ieval times 7 v l>gely ( prie/ly type1 z witness ! monk ( ,malmesbury4 ,! leg5ds ( ! dawn ( hi/ory1 h[ev]1 di/ribute ! p[] ( flight ) less ( prejudice4 ,egyptian sculpture gives ! figure ( w+$ m52 ! ,briti% ,museum has made ! w+$ ,assyrian bulls famili> to _m1 & bo? ! cunei=m records ( ,assyria & ! hi]oglyphs ( ,egypt record flights t 9 reality 7 nev] made4 ,! desire fa!r$ ! /ory !n1 & until ,clem5t ,ad] ei!r hopp$ ) 8 ,avion1 z is p]si/$ by 8 critics1 or flew1 z is claim$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,:ile ! orig9 ( _m leg5ds is que/ionable1 t ( o!rs is easy en\gh to trace1 ?\gh n to prove4 ,among ! cr$ul\s ! significance ( ! "n ( a p ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,capnobates1 '^? :o travel by smoke1' gave rise to ! ass]tion t ,montgolfi] 0 n fir/ 9 ! field--or r 9 ! air--s9ce surely ?is p mu/ h be5 responsible = ! fir/ hot-air balloons4 ,f> less que/ionable is ! leg5d ( ,ic>us1 = "h x is possible to trace a f\ndation ( fact 9 ! /ory4 ,su* a tribe z ,da$alus gov]n$ c\ld h _h h>dly any k ( ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce1 & ev5 _! rul]1 see+ h[ easy x is = birds to su/a9 !mselves 9 ! air1 might be excus$ = believ+ t he1 if he fa%ion$ w+s = himself1 c\ld use !m4 ,9 t belief1 let x be assum$1 ,da$alus made 8 w+s2 ! boy1 ,ic>us1 le>n+ t 8 fa!r _h det]m9$ on an attempt at flight secur$ ! w+s & fa/5$ !m to 8 own %\ld]s4 ,a cliff seem$ ! likelie/ place = a 'take-(f1' & ,ic>us leap$ f ! cliff edge only to f9d t ! possession ( w+s 0 n en\gh to assure flight to a human be+4 ,! sea t to ?is day be>s 8 "n witnesses t he made ! attempt & p]i%$ by x4 ,9 ?is is assum$ ! bald /ory1 f :i* might gr[ ! leg5d ( a wise k+ :o rul$ a peaceful p--'judg$1 sitt+ 9 ! sun1' z ,br[n+ has x1 & fa%ion$ = himself w+s ) :i* he flew ov] ! sea & :]e he w\ld1 until ! pr9ce1 ,ic>us1 desir$ to emulate him4 ,ic>us1 fa/5+ ! w+s to 8 %\ld]s ) wax1 0 s imprud5t z to fly too ne> ! sun1 :5 ! wax melt$ & he fell1 to lie m\rn$ ( wat]-nymphs on ! %ores ( wat]s !nce=? ,ic>ian4 ,betwe5 :at we h assum$ to be ! base ( fact1 & ! leg5d :i* has be5 inve/$ ) su* poetic grace 9 ,greek /ory1 !re is no m ?an a c5tury or s ( re-tell+ might give to any ev5t among a p s simple & yet s giv5 to imag]y4 ,we may set aside z pure fable ! /ories ( ! w+$ horse ( ,p]seus1 & ! flights ( ,h]mes z mess5g] ( ! gods4 ,) !m may be plac$ ! /ory ( ,emp$ocles1 :o fail$ to take ,etna s]i\sly en\gh1 & f\nd himself caught by an eruption :ile )9 ! crat]1 s t1 fly+ to safety 9 "s hurry1 he left beh9d b "o s&al to atte/ t he _h s\ght refuge 9 space--9 all probability1 if he escap$ at all1 he flew1 b n 9 ! s5se t ! a]onaut und]/&s x4 ,b1 be>+ 9 m9d ! _m m5 :o tri$ to fly 9 hi/oric times1 ! leg5d ( ,ic>us & ,da$alus1 9 spite ( ! impossible =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$1 may rank ) ! /ory ( ! ,s>ac5 ( ,con/ant9ople1 or ) t ( ,simon ! ,magician4 ,a simple folk w\ld naturally idealise ! man & magnify 8 exploit1 z !y magnifi$ ! de$s ( "s /rong man to make ! leg5ds ( ,h]cules1 & !re1 full-gr[n f a m]e leg5d1 is ! fir/ record ( a pione] ( fly+4 ,su* a !ory is n ne>ly s fanta/ic z t :i* makes ! ,capnobates1 on ! /r5g? ( _! "n1 ! inv5tors ( hot-air balloons4 ,h[ev] x may be1 bo? 9 /ory & 9 picture1 ,ic>us & 8 less conspicu\s fa!r h inspir$ ! ,caucasian m9d1 & ! _w is ! ri*] = !m4 ,( ! unsupport$ my?s--unsupport$1 t is1 by ev5 a %ad[ ( probability--!re is no end4 ,al?\gh ,lat9 leg5d approa*es ne>] to fact ?an ! ,greek 9 "s cases1 9 o!rs x %[s a disreg>d = possibilities :i* r5d]s x ( f> less acc\nt4 ,?us ,diodorus ( ,sicily relates t "o ,ab>is travell$ r\nd ! _w on an arr[ ( gold1 & ,cassiodorus & ,glycas & _! l told ( me*anical birds t flew & sang & ev5 laid eggs4 ,m cr$ible is ! /ory ( ,aulus ,gellius1 :o 9 8 ,attic ,nights tells h[ ,ar*ytas1 f\r c5turies prior to ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 made a wood5 pigeon t actually flew by means ( a me*anism ( balanc+ weights & ! brea? ( a my/]i\s _s hidd5 )9 x4 ,!re may yet arise "o cr$ul\s en\gh to /ate t ! my/]i\s _s 0 precursor ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 b1 h[ev] t may be1 ! pigeon ( ,ar*ytas almo/ c]ta9ly exi/$1 & p]haps x actually glid$ or flew = %ort di/ances--or else ,aulus ,gellius 0 an utt] li>1 l ,cassiodorus & 8 fell[s4 ,9 f> lat] times a c]ta9 ,john ,mull]1 bett] kn[n z ,regiomontanus1 is /at$ to h made an artificial eagle :i* accompani$ ,*>les ,v4 on 8 entry to & exit f ,nuremb]g1 fly+ above ! royal procession4 ,b1 s9ce ,mull] di$ 9 #adcf & ,*>les 0 born 9 #aejj1 ,mull] may be rul$ out f among ! pione]s ( me*anical flight1 & x may be conclud$ t ! hi/orian ( ?is ev5t got slightly mix$ 9 8 dates4 ,?us f>1 we h b indicat$ h[ "o may draw f ! ri*e/ /ores f :i* ! ,aryan m9d draws inspiration1 ! ,greek & ,lat9 my?ologies & poetic adaptations ( hi/ory4 ,! exi/+ leg5ds ( flight1 h[ev]1 are n ?us to be localis$1 = ) two possible exceptions !y belong to all ! _w & to e civilisation1 h[ev] primitive4 ,! two exceptions are ! ,aztec & ! ,*9ese2 reg>d+ ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! ,spani% conqui/adores de/roy$ su* civilisation z exi/$ 9 ,t5o*titlan s ?or\ghly t1 if leg5d ( flight 0 among ! ,aztec records1 x w5t ) ! re/2 z to ! ,*9ese1 x is m ?an pass+ /range t !y1 :o claim to h kn[n & done ev]y?+ :ile ! fir/ ( hi/ory 0 %ap+1 ev5 to ant$at+ ! discov]y ( gunp[d] t 0 n made by ,rog] ,bacon1 h n yet set up a claim to successful h&l+ ( a monoplane "s f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 or at lea/ to ! patrol ( ! ,gulf ( ,korea & ! ,mongolian fronti] by a =]unn] ( ! 'blimp4' ,! ,inca civilisation ( ,p]u yields up a my? ak9 to t ( ,ic>us1 :i* tells h[ ! *iefta9 ,ay> ,utso grew w+s & visit$ ! sun--x 0 f ! sun1 too1 t ! f\nd]s ( ! ,p]uvian ,inca dyna/y1 ,manco ,capac & 8 wife ,mama ,huella ,capac1 flew to e>? ne> ,lake ,titicaca1 to make ! only successful exp]im5t 9 pure tyranny t ! _w has ev] witness$4 ,teutonic leg5d gives =? ,wiel& ! ,smi?1 :o made himself a dress ) w+s &1 clad 9 x1 rose & desc5d$ aga9/ ! w9d & 9 spite ( x4 ,indian my?ology1 9 addition to ! /ory ( ! demons & _! rigid dirigible1 already quot$1 gives ! /ory ( ,han\am1 :o fitt$ himself ) w+s by means ( :i* he sail$ 9 ! air &1 accord+ to 8 desire1 l&$ 9 ! sacr$ ,lauka4 ,bladud1 ! n9? k+ ( ,brita91 is said to h cr[n$ 8 feats ( wiz>dry by mak+ himself w+s & attempt+ to fly--b ! ef=t co/ him a brok5 neck4 ,bladud may h be5 z my?ic z ,u!r1 & aga9 he may h be5 a v e>ly pione]4 ,! ,f9ni% epic1 ',kalevala1' tells h[ ,ilm>95 ! ,smi? '=g$ an eagle ( fire1' ) 'boat's walls betwe5 ! w+s1' aft] :i* he 'sat d[n on ! bird's back & bones1' & flew4 ,pure my?s1 ^!1 tell+ h[ ! desire to fly 0 *>act]i/ic ( e age & e p1 & h[1 f "t to "t1 !re arose an exp]im5t] bold] ?an 8 fell[s1 :o made "s attempt to translate desire into a*ievem5t4 ,& ! _s t animat$ ^! pione]s1 9 a "t :5 ?+s new 7 acc\nt$ ?+s accurs$1 = ! mo/ "p1 has f\nd expression 9 ?is pres5t c5tury 9 ! utt] d>+ & disreg>d ( bo? dang] & pa9 t /amps ! fly+ man1 a type ( humanity diff]+ 9 _s f 8 e>?b\nd fell[s z fully z ! soldi] diff]s f ! prie/4 ,?r\gh\t m$iaeval times1 records atte/ t "h & !re "s man believ$ 9 & attempt$ flight1 & at ! same "t x is cle> t su* 7 reg>d$ z 9 league ) ! p[]s ( evil4 ,!re is ! half-leg5d1 half-hi/ory ( ,simon ! ,magician1 :o1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,n]o ann\nc$ t he w\ld raise himself 9 ! air1 9 ord] to ass]t 8 sup]iority ov] ,/ ,paul4 ,! leg5d /ates t by ! aid ( c]ta9 demons :om he _h prevail$ on to assi/ him1 he actually lift$ himself 9 ! air--b ,/ ,paul pray$ him d[n aga94 ,he slipp$ ?r\gh ! claws ( ! demons & fell headlong on ! ,=um at ,rome1 break+ 8 neck4 ,! 'demons' may h be5 "s primitive =m ( hot-air balloon1 or a glid] ) :i* ! magician attempt$ to rise into ! w9d2 m probably1 h[ev]1 ,simon ?reat5$ to asc5d & made ! attempt ) app>atus z unsuitable z ,bladud's w+s1 pay+ ! inevitable p5alty4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory gives ,/ ,pet] in/ead ( ,/ ,paul z ! "o ^: pray]s foil$ ,simon--ap>t f ! id5tity ( ! apo/le1 ! two acc\nts are simil>1 & bo? def9e ! attitude ( ! age t[>d inve/igation & exp]im5t 9 ?+s untri$4 ,ano!r & lat] circum/antial /ory1 ) simil> evid5ce ( "s fact beh9d x1 is t ( ! ,s>ac5 ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o1 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,comn5us--"s little "t be=e ,norman ,william made ,saxon ,h>old swe> away 8 cr[n on ! bones ( ! sa9ts at ,r\5--attempt$ to fly r\nd ! hippodrome at ,con/ant9ople1 hav+ ,comn5us among ! great ?rong :o ga!r$ to witness ! feat4 ,! ,s>ac5 *ose = 8 />t+-po9t a t[] 9 ! mid/ ( ! hippodrome1 & on ! top ( ! t[] he /ood1 clad 9 a long :ite robe :i* 0 /iff5$ ) rods s z to spread & cat* ! breeze1 wait+ = a fav\rable w9d to /rike on him4 ,! w9d 0 s long 9 com+ t ! spectators grew impati5t4 ',fly1 ,o ,s>ac56' !y call$ to him4 ',d n keep u wait+ s long :ile y try ! w9d6' ,comn5us1 :o _h pres5t ) him ! ,sultan ( ! ,turks1 gave x z 8 op9ion t ! exp]im5t 0 bo? dang]\s & va91 &1 possibly 9 an attempt to controv]t su* /atem5t1 ! ,s>ac5 lean$ into ! w9d & 'rose l a bird 'at ! outset4 ,b ! record ( ,c\s91 :o tells ! /ory 9 8 ,hi/oire de ,con/ant9ople1 /ates t '! weight ( 8 body hav+ m p[] to drag him d[n ?an 8 artificial w+s _h to su/a9 him1 he broke 8 bones1 & 8 evil plight 0 su* t he did n long survive4' ,obvi\sly1 ! ,s>ac5 0 anticipat+ ,lili5?al & 8 glid]s by "s c5turies2 l ,simon1 a g5u9e exp]im5t]--bo? leg5ds be> ! impress ( fact support+ !m4 ,contempor>y ) him1 & belong+ to ! hi/ory r ?an ! leg5ds ( flight1 0 ,oliv]1 ! monk ( ,malmesbury1 :o 9 ! ye> #ajfe made himself w+s aft] ! patt]n ( ^? suppos$ to h be5 us$ by ,da$alus1 atta*+ !m to 8 h&s & feet & attempt+ to fly ) !m4 ,twysd51 9 8 ,hi/oriae ,anglicanae ,scriptores ,x1 sets =? ! /ory ( ,oliv]1 :o *ose a high t[] z 8 />t+-po9t1 & laun*$ himself 9 ! air4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 he fell1 p]man5tly injur+ himself1 & di$ "s "t lat]4 ,aft] ^!1 a gap ( c5turies1 fill$ 9 by impossible /ories ( magical flight by wit*es1 wiz>ds1 & ! l--imag9ation 0 f]tile 9 ! d>k ages1 b ! ban ( ! *ur* 0 on all attempt at sci5tific developm5t1 especially 9 su* a matt] z ! conque/ ( ! air4 ,yet !re 7 obs]v]s ( nature :o argu$ t s9ce birds c\ld raise !mselves by flapp+ _! w+s1 man _h only to make suitable w+s1 flap !m1 & he too w\ld fly4 ,z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury ,rog] ,bacon1 ! sci5tific fri> ( unb\nd$ inquisitiv5ess & n a little real g5ius1 ann\nc$ t !re c\ld be made '"s fly+ in/rum5t1 s t a man sitt+ 9 ! middle & turn+ "s me*anism may put 9 motion "s artificial w+s :i* may beat ! air l a bird fly+4' ,b be+ a cauti\s man1 ) a natural dislike = be+ burnt at ! /ake z a necromanc] ?r\gh hav+ put =w>d su* a dang]\s !ory1 ,rog] add$1 'n t ,i ev] knew a man :o _h su* an in/rum5t1 b ,i am p>ticul>ly acqua9t$ ) ! man :o contriv$ "o4' ,?is might h be5 a lame def5ce if ,rog] _h be5 br\ght to trial z addict$ to black arts2 he seems to h tru/$ to ! inadmissibility ( he>say evid5ce4 ,"s f\r c5turies lat] !re 0 publi%$ a book entitl$ ,p]ugia ,augu/a1 writt5 by "o ,c4 ,crispolti ( ,p]ugia--! date ( ! "w 9 "q is #afdh4 ,9 x is record$ t '"o day1 t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :il/ _m ( ! pr9cipal g5try _h come to ,p]ugia to hon\r ! w$d+ ( ,giovanni ,paolo ,baglioni1 & "s lanc]s 7 rid+ d[n ! /reet by 8 palace1 ,giovanni ,bapti/i ,danti unexpect$ly & by means ( a contrivance ( w+s t he _h con/ruct$ proportionate to ! size ( 8 body took (f f ! top ( a t[] ne> by1 & ) a horrible hiss+ s\nd flew successfully across ! great ,piazza1 :i* 0 d5sely cr[d$4 ,b 7oh1 horror ( an unexpect$ accid5t67 he _h sc>cely fl[n ?ree hundr$ paces on 8 way to a c]ta9 po9t :5 ! ma9/ay ( ! left w+ gave way1 &1 be+ unable to support himself ) ! "r alone1 he fell on a ro( & 0 injur$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,^? :o saw n only ?is flight1 b also ! wond]ful con/ruction ( ! framework ( ! w+s1 said--& tradition be>s !m out--t he sev]al times flew ov] ! wat]s ( ,lake ,?rasim5e to le>n h[ he might gradually come to e>?4 ,b1 not)/&+ 8 great g5ius1 he nev] succe$$4' ,?is reads circum/antially en\gh1 b x may be borne 9 m9d t ! date ( writ+ is m ?an half a c5tury lat] ?an ! "t ( ! alleg$ a*ievem5t--! /ory _h _h "t to r\nd itself out4 ,danti1 h[ev]1 is m5tion$ by a numb] ( writ]s1 "o ( :om /ates t ! failure ( 8 exp]im5t 0 due to ! pray]s ( "s individual ( a cons]vative turn ( m9d1 :o pray$ s vigor\sly t ,danti fell appropriately en\gh on a *ur* & injur$ himself to su* an ext5t z to put an end to 8 fly+ c>e]4 ,t ,danti exp]im5t$1 !re is little d\bt1 9 view ( ! volume ( evid5ce on ! po9t1 b ! d>kness ( ! ,middle ,ages hides ! real tru? z to ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,if he _h actually fl[n ov] ,?rasim5e1 z alleg$1 !n 9 all probability bo? ,napoleon & ,well+ton w\ld h _h air sc\ts at ,wat]loo4 ,danti's /ory may be tak5 z fact or left z fable1 & ) x ! p]iod ( leg5d or vague /atem5t may be said to end--! re/ is hi/ory1 bo? ( g5u9e exp]im5t]s & ( *>latans4 ,su* in/ances ( leg5d z are giv5 "h are n a ti! ( ! :ole1 b !re is suffici5t 9 ! actual hi/ory ( flight to b> out m ?an ?is brief m5tion ( ! leg5ds1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 g f>!r to prove man's desire to fly ?an 8 /udy & endeav\r to solve ! problems ( ! air4 ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts ,s f>1 ! /ories ( ! developm5t ( flight are ei!r leg5d>y or ( m or less d\btful au!nticity1 ev5 includ+ t ( ,danti1 :o1 al?\gh a man ( rem>kable atta9m5ts 9 m directions ?an t ( attempt$ flight1 suff]s--s f> z reputation is conc]n$--f ! inexactitudes ( 8 *ronicl]s2 he may h so>$ ov] ,?rasim5e1 z /at$1 or a m]e hop ) an ineffectual glid] may h gr[n ) ! ye>s to a leg5d ( glid+ flight4 ,s f>1 too1 !re is no evid5ce ( ! /udy t ! conque/ ( ! air dem&$2 su* m5 z made exp]im5ts ei!r laun*$ !mselves 9 ! air f "s height ) made-up w+s or o!r app>atus1 & paid ! p5alty1 or else con/ruct$ "s =m ( ma*9e :i* w\ld n leave ! e>?1 & !n gave up4 ,ea* man foll[$ 8 own way1 & !re 0 no attempt--)\t ! pr9t+ press & ! dissem9ation ( k !re 0 little possibility ( attempt--on ! "p ( any "o to b5efit by ! failures ( o!rs4 ,leg5d & d\btful hi/ory c>ries up to ! fifte5? c5tury1 & !n came ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 fir/ /ud5t ( flight ^: "w endures to ! pres5t day4 ,! _w kn[s da ,v9ci z arti/2 8 age knew him z ar*itect1 eng9e]1 arti/1 & sci5ti/ 9 an age :5 sci5ce 0 a s+le /udy1 compris+ all k f ma!matics to m$ic9e4 ,he 01 ( c\rse1 9 league ) ! devil1 = 9 no o!r way c\ld 8 range ( k & obs]vation be expla9$ by 8 contempor>ies2 he left a ,treatise on ! ,flight ( ,birds 9 :i* are /atem5ts & d$uctions t _h to be r$iscov]$ :5 ! ,treatise _h be5 =gott5--da ,v9ci anticipat$ mod]n k z ,plato anticipat$ mod]n ?\ght1 & blaz$ ! fir/ broad trail t[>d flight4 ,"o ,cup]us1 :o wrote a ,treatise on ! ,excell5ce ( ,man1 ass]t$ t da ,v9ci translat$ 8 !ories into practice1 & actually flew1 b ! /atem5t is unsupport$4 ,t he made models1 especially on ! helicopt] pr9ciple1 is pa/ "q2 ^! 7 made ( pap] & wire1 & actuat$ by spr+s ( /eel wire1 :i* caus$ !m to lift !mselves 9 ! air4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! !ories :i* he put =w>d t da ,v9ci's inve/igations are ( greate/ int]e/2 ^! prove him a pati5t z well z a ke5 /ud5t ( ! pr9ciples ( flight1 & %[ t 8 manifold activities did n prev5t him f devot+ "s l5g?y p]iods to obs]vations ( bird flight4 ',a bird1' he says 9 8 ,treatise1 'is an in/rum5t work+ accord+ to ma!matical law1 :i* in/rum5t x is )9 ! capacity ( man to reproduce ) all its movem5ts1 b n ) a correspond+ degree ( /r5g?1 ?\gh x is defici5t only 9 p[] ( ma9ta9+ equilibrium4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t su* an in/rum5t con/ruct$ by man is lack+ 9 no?+ except ! life ( ! bird1 & ?is life mu/ ne$s be suppli$ f t ( man4 ,! life :i* resides 9 ! bird's memb]s w1 )\t d\bt1 bett] con=m to _! ne$s ?an w t ( a man :i* is sep>at$ f !m1 & especially 9 ! almo/ imp]ceptible movem5ts :i* produce equilibrium4 ,b s9ce we see t ! bird is equipp$ = _m app>5t v>ieties ( movem5t1 we are able f ?is exp]i5ce to d$uce t ! mo/ rudim5t>y ( ^! movem5ts w be capable ( be+ compreh5d$ by man's und]/&+1 & t he w to a great ext5t be able to provide aga9/ ! de/ruction ( t in/rum5t ( :i* he himself has become ! liv+ pr9ciple & ! propell]4' ,9 ?is is ! def9ite belief ( da ,v9ci t man is capable ( flight1 toge!r ) a f> m def9ite /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples by :i* flight is to be a*iev$ ?an any :i* _h prec$$ x--& = t matt]1 ?an _m t h succe$$ x4 ,two fur!r extracts f 8 "w w %[ ! exactness ( 8 obs]vations3-- ',:5 a bird :i* is 9 equilibrium ?r[s ! c5tre ( resi/ance ( ! w+s beh9d ! c5tre ( gravity1 !n su* a bird w desc5d ) its head d[nw>d4 ,?is bird :i* f9ds itself 9 equilibrium %all h ! c5tre ( resi/ance ( ! w+s m =w>d ?an ! bird's c5tre ( gravity2 !n su* a bird w fall ) its tail turn$ t[>d ! e>?4' ,& aga93 ',a man1 :5 fly+1 %all be free f ! wai/ up1 t he may be able to keep himself 9 equilibrium z he does 9 a boat1 s t ! c5tre ( 8 gravity & ( ! in/rum5t may set itself 9 equilibrium & *ange :5 necessity requires x to ! *ang+ ( ! c5tre ( its resi/ance4' ,"h1 9 ?is la/ quotation1 are ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! inh]5t /ability :i* prov$ s great an advance 9 design1 9 ?is tw5tie? c5tury4 ,b ! extracts giv5 d n beg9 to exhau/ ! range ( da ,v9ci's obs]vations & d$uctions4 ,) reg>d to bird flight1 he obs]v$ t s long z a bird keeps its w+s outspread x _c fall directly to e>?1 b mu/ glide d[n at an angle to alight--a small ?+1 n[ t ! pr9ciple ( ! plane 9 opposition to ! air is g5]ally grasp$1 b da ,v9ci _h to f9d x out4 ,f obs]vation he ga!r$ h[ a bird *ecks its own spe$ by oppos+ tail & w+ surface to ! direction ( flight1 & ?us alights at ! prop] 'l&+ spe$4' ,he prov$ ! exi/5ce ( upw>d air curr5ts by not+ h[ a bird takes (f f level e>? ) w+s out/ret*$ & motionless1 &1 9 ord] to get an effici5t sub/itute = ! natural w+1 he recomm5d$ t !re be us$ some?+ simil> to ! membrane ( ! w+ ( a bat--f ?is to ! dop$ fabric ( an a]oplane w+ is b a small /ep1 = bo? are equally imp]vi\s to air4 ,aga91 da ,v9ci recomm5d$ t exp]im5ts 9 flight be conduct$ at a good height f ! gr\nd1 s9ce1 if equilibrium be lo/ ?r\gh any cause1 ! height gives "t to rega9 x4 ,?is recomm5dation1 by ! way1 receiv$ ample support 9 ! tra9+ areas ( w> pilots4 ,man's muscles1 said da ,v9ci1 are fully suffici5t to enable him to fly1 = ! l>g] birds1 he not$1 employ b a small "p ( _! /r5g? 9 keep+ !mselves afloat 9 ! air--by ?is !ory he attempt$ to enc\rage exp]im5t1 j z1 :5 8 "t came1 ,borelli rea*$ ! opposite conclusion & disc\rag$ x4 ,t ,borelli 0 "r--s f>--& da ,v9ci wrong1 detracts n at all f ! repute ( ! e>li] inve/igator1 :o _h b ! res\rces ( 8 age to support inve/igations conduct$ 9 ! _s ( ages aft]4 ,8 *ief practical contributions to ! sci5ce ( flight--ap>t f num]\s draw+s :i* h /ill a value--are ! helicopt] or lift+ screw1 & ! p>a*ute4 ,! =m]1 z already not$1 he made & prov$ effective 9 model =m1 & ! pr9ciple :i* he demon/rat$ is t ( ! helicopt] ( to-day1 on :i* sundry exp]im5t]s "w spasmodically1 9 spite ( ! success ( ! plane ) its driv+ propell]4 ,z to ! p>a*ute1 ! idea 0 d\btless inspir$ by obs]vation ( ! effect a bird produc$ by pressure ( its w+s aga9/ ! direction ( flight4 ,da ,v9ci's conclusions1 & 8 exp]im5ts1 7 =gott5 easily by mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies2 8 ,treatise lay =gott5 = ne>ly f\r c5turies1 ov]%ad[$1 mayhap1 by 8 o!r "w4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 ,paolo ,guidotti ( ,lucca1 :o liv$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & :o attempt$ to c>ry da ,v9ci's !ories--"o ( !m1 at lea/1 into practice4 ,= ?is ,guidotti1 :o 0 by pr(ession an arti/ & by incl9ation an inve/igator1 made = himself w+s1 ( :i* ! framework 0 ( :alebone2 ^! he cov]$ ) fea!rs1 & ) !m made a numb] ( glid+ flights1 atta9+ consid]able pr(ici5cy4 ,he is said 9 ! end to h made a flight ( ab\t f\r hundr$ y>ds1 b ?is attempt at solv+ ! problem end$ on a h\se ro(1 :]e ,guidotti broke 8 ?igh bone4 ,aft] t1 app>5tly1 he gave up ! idea ( flight1 & w5t back to pa9t+4 ,"o o!r a ,v5etian ar*itect nam$ ,v]anzio1 /udi$ da ,v9ci's !ory ( ! p>a*ute1 & f\nd x correct1 if contempor>y records & ev5 pictorial pres5tm5t are correct4 ,da ,v9ci %[$ 8 conception ( a p>a*ute z a sort ( inv]t$ squ>e bag2 ,v]anzio modifi$ ?is to a 'sort ( squ>e sail ext5d$ by f\r rods ( equal size & hav+ f\r cords atta*$ at ! corn]s1' by means ( :i* 'a man c\ld )\t dang] ?r[ himself f ! top ( a t[] or any high place4 ,= ?\gh at ! mom5t !re may be no w9d1 yet ! ef=t ( 8 fall+ w c>ry up ! w9d1 :i* ! sail w hold1 by :i* means he does n fall sudd5ly b desc5ds little by little4 ,! size ( ! sail %\ld be measur$ to ! man4' ,by ?is la/1 evid5tly1 ,v]anzio int5d$ to convey t ! %eet mu/ be ( su* cont5t z w\ld enclose suffici5t air to support ! weight ( ! p>a*uti/4 ,v]anzio made 8 exp]im5ts ab\t #afag-afah1 b1 naturally1 !y c>ri$ him no f>!r ?an ! m]e desc5t to e>?1 & s9ce a desc5t is m]ely a desc5t1 x is to be conjectur$ t he soon got tir$ ( dropp+ f high ro(s1 & took to design+ ar*itecture in/ead ( putt+ x to su* a use4 ,) ! end ( 8 exp]im5ts ! "w ( da ,v9ci 9 relation to fly+ became neglect$ = ne>ly f\r c5turies4 ,ap>t f ^! two exp]im5t]s1 !re is little to record 9 ! matt] ei!r ( exp]im5t or /udy until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,francis ,bacon1 x is true1 wrote ab\t fly+ 9 8 ,sylva ,sylv>um1 & m5tion$ ! subject 9 ! ,new ,atlantis1 b1 except = ! insight t he %[$ ev5 9 sup]ficial m5tion ( any specific subject1 he does n appe> to h made attempt at s]i\s inve/igation4 ',spread+ ( ,fea!rs1 ?9 & close & 9 great bread? w likewise be> up a great ,weight1' says ,francis1 'be+ ev5 laid )\t ,tilt+ ^u ! sides4' ,b a less] g5ius c\ld h told z mu*1 ev5 9 t age1 & ?\gh ! great ,sir ,francis is sometimes adduc$ z "o ( ! e>ly /ud5ts ( ! problems ( flight1 8 writ+s w n su/a9 ! reputation4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 gives u ?ree names1 ^? ( ,borelli1 ,lana1 & ,rob]t ,hooke1 all ( :i* take def9ite place 9 ! hi/ory ( flight4 ,borelli ranks z "o ( ! great figures 9 ! /udy ( a]onautical problems1 9 spite ( errone\s d$uctions ?r\gh :i* he arriv$ at a purely negative conclusion ) reg>d to ! possibility ( human flight4 ,borelli 0 a v]satile g5ius4 ,born 9 #afjh1 he 0 practically contempor>y ) ,francesco ,lana1 & !re is evid5ce t he ei!r knew or 0 9 correspond5ce ) _m prom95t memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,great ,brita91 m especially ) ,john ,coll9s1 ,dr ,wallis1 & ,h5ry ,old5burgh1 ! !n ,secret>y ( ! ,society4 ,he 0 au?or ( a long li/ ( sci5tific essays1 two ( :i* only are responsible = 8 fame1 viz41 ,!orice ,m$icae>um ,planet>um1 publi%$ 9 ,flor5ce1 & ! bett] kn[n po/hum\s ,de ,motu ,animalium4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two is an a/ronomical /udy 9 :i* ,borelli gives evid5ce ( an in/9ctive k ( gravitation1 ?\gh no def9ite expression is giv5 ( ?is4 ,! second "w1 ,de ,motu ,animalium1 deals ) ! me*anical action ( ! limbs ( birds & animals & ) a !ory ( ! action ( ! int]nal organs4 ,a section ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w1 call$ ,de ,volatu1 is a /udy ( bird flight2 x is q indep5d5t ( ,da ,v9ci's e>li] "w1 :i* _h be5 =gott5 & rema9$ unnotic$ until ne> on ! beg9n+ ( practical flight4 ,m>ey1 9 8 "w1 ,la ,ma*9e ,animale1 cr$its ,borelli ) ! fir/ correct idea ( ! me*anism ( flight4 ,he says3 ',!re=e we mu/ be all[$ to r5d] to ! g5ius ( ,borelli ! ju/ice :i* is due to him1 & only claim = ourselves ! m]it ( hav+ furni%$ ! exp]im5tal demon/ration ( a tru? already suspect$4' ,9 fact1 all subsequ5t /udies on ?is subject concur 9 mak+ ,borelli ! fir/ inve/igator :o illu/rat$ ! purely me*anical !ory ( ! action ( a bird's w+s4 ,borelli's /udy is divid$ into a s]ies ( propositions 9 :i* he traces ! pr9ciples ( flight1 & ! me*anical actions ( ! w+s ( birds4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! are ! propositions 9 :i* he sets =? ! me?od 9 :i* birds move _! w+s dur+ flight & ! mann] 9 :i* ! air (f]s resi/ance to ! /roke ( ! w+4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! two po9ts he says3 ',:5 birds 9 repose re/ on ! e>? _! w+s are fold$ up close aga9/ _! flanks1 b :5 wi%+ to />t on _! flight !y fir/ b5d _! legs & leap into ! air4 ,:]eupon ! jo9ts ( _! w+s are /raight5$ out to =m a /raight l9e at "r angles to ! lat]al surface ( ! brea/1 s t ! two w+s1 out/ret*$1 are plac$1 z x 71 l ! arms ( a cross to ! body ( ! bird4 ,next1 s9ce ! w+s ) _! fea!rs atta*$ =m almo/ a plane surface1 !y are rais$ slightly above ! horizontal1 & ) a mo/ quick impulse beat d[n 9 a direction almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! w+-plane1 ^u ! und]ly+ air2 & to s int5se a beat ! air1 not)/&+ x to be fluid1 (f]s resi/ance1 p>tly by reason ( its natural in]tia1 :i* seeks to reta9 x at re/1 & p>tly because ! p>ticles ( ! air1 compress$ by ! swiftness ( ! /roke1 resi/ ?is compression by _! ela/icity1 j l ! h>d gr\nd4 ,h5ce ! :ole mass ( ! bird reb\nds1 mak+ a fre% leap ?r\gh ! air2 :5ce x foll[s t flight is simply a motion compos$ ( successive leaps accompli%$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,& ,i rem>k t a w+ c easily beat ! air 9 a direction almo/ p]p5dicul> to its plane surface1 al?\gh only a s+le "o ( ! corn]s ( ! hum]us bone is atta*$ to ! scapula1 ! :ole ext5t ( its base rema9+ free & loose1 :ile ! great] transv]se fea!rs are jo9$ to ! lat]al sk9 ( ! ?orax4 ,nev]!less ! w+ c easily revolve ab\t its base l unto a fan4 ,nor are !re lack+ t5don ligam5ts :i* re/ra9 ! fea!rs & prev5t !m f op5+ f>!r1 9 ! same fa%ion t %eets hold 9 ! sails ( %ips4 ,no less admirable is nature's cunn+ 9 unfold+ & fold+ ! w+s upw>ds1 = %e folds !m n lat]ally1 b by mov+ upw>ds edgewise ! osse\s p>ts :]e9 ! roots ( ! fea!rs are ins]t$2 = ?us1 )\t enc\nt]+ ! air's resi/ance ! upw>d motion ( ! w+ surface is made z ) a sword1 h5ce !y c be uplift$ ) b small =ce4 ,b !reaft] :5 ! w+s are twi/$ by be+ drawn transv]sely & by ! resi/ance ( ! air1 !y are flatt5$ z has be5 decl>$ & w be made manife/ h]eaft]4' ,!n ) ref]5ce to ! resi/ance to ! air ( ! w+s he expla9s3 ',! air :5 /ruck (f]s resi/ance by its ela/ic virtue ?r\gh :i* ! p>ticles ( ! air compress$ by ! w+-beat /rive to exp& aga94 ,?r\gh ^! two causes ( resi/ance ! d[nw>d beat ( ! w+ is n only oppos$1 b ev5 caus$ to recoil ) a reflex movem5t2 & ^! two causes ( resi/ance ev] increase ! m ! d[n /roke ( ! w+ is ma9ta9$ & accel]at$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! impulse ( ! w+ is cont9u\sly dim9i%$ & weak5$ by ! gr[+ resi/ance4 ,h]eby ! =ce ( ! w+ & ! resi/ance become balanc$2 s t1 manife/ly1 ! air is beat5 by ! w+ ) ! same =ce z ! resi/ance to ! /roke4' ,he conc]ns himself also ) ! mo/ difficult problem t confronts ! fly+ man ( to-day1 namely1 l&+ effectively1 & 8 rem>ks on ?is subject w\ld be in/ructive ev5 to an air pilot ( ^! days3 ',n[ ! ways & means by :i* ! spe$ is slack5$ at ! end ( a flight are ^!4 ,! bird spreads its w+s & tail s t _! concave surfaces are p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( motion2 9 ?is way1 ! spread+ fea!rs1 l a %ip's sail1 /rike aga9/ ! /ill air1 *eck ! spe$1 & s t mo/ ( ! impetus may be /opp$1 ! w+s are flapp$ quickly & /rongly =w>d1 induc+ a contr>y motion1 s t ! bird absolutely or v ne>ly /ops4' ,at ! end ( 8 /udy ,borelli came to a conclusion :i* militat$ greatly aga9/ exp]im5t ) any heavi]-?an-air app>atus1 until well on into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = hav+ gone ?or\ghly into ! subject ( bird flight he /ates di/9ctly 9 8 la/ proposition on ! subject t ',x is impossible t m5 %\ld be able to fly craftily by _! own /r5g?4' ,?is /atem5t1 ( c\rse1 rema9s true up to ! pres5t day = no man has yet devis$ ! means by :i* he c raise himself 9 ! air & ma9ta9 himself !re by m]e muscul> ef=t4 ,f ! "t ( ,borelli up to ! developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e x may be said t flight by means ( any heavi]-?an-air app>atus 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z impossible1 & ap>t f c]ta9 d$uctions :i* a little exp]im5t w\ld h %[n to be doom$ to failure1 ?is me?od ( flight 0 n foll[$ up4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 :5 ,borelli's exagg]at$ e/imate ( ! /r5g? exp5d$ by birds 9 proportion to _! weight is borne 9 m9d2 he alleg$ t ! motive =ce 9 birds' w+s is #aj1jjj times great] ?an ! resi/ance ( _! weight1 & ) reg>d to human flight he rem>ks3-- ',:51 !re=e1 x is ask$ :e!r m5 may be able to fly by _! own /r5g?1 x mu/ be se5 :e!r ! motive p[] ( ! pectoral muscles 7! /r5g? ( :i* is indicat$ & measur$ by _! size7 is proportionately great1 z x is evid5t t x mu/ exce$ ! resi/ance ( ! weight ( ! :ole human body #aj1jjj times1 toge!r ) ! weight ( enorm\s w+s :i* %\ld be atta*$ to ! arms4 ,& x is cle> t ! motive p[] ( ! pectoral muscles 9 m5 is mu* less ?an is necess>y = flight1 = 9 birds ! bulk & weight ( ! muscles = flapp+ ! w+s are n less ?an a six? "p ( ! entire weight ( ! body4 ,!re=e1 x w\ld be necess>y t ! pectoral muscles ( a man %\ld weigh m ?an a six? "p ( ! entire weight ( 8 body2 s also ! arms1 by flapp+ ) ! w+s atta*$1 %\ld be able to ex]t a p[] #aj1jjj times great] ?an ! weight ( ! human body itself4 ,b !y are f> bel[ su* excess1 = ! a=esaid pectoral muscles d n equal a hundr$? "p ( ! entire weight ( a man4 ,:]e=e ei!r ! /r5g? ( ! muscles ought to be increas$ or ! weight ( ! human body mu/ be decreas$1 s t ! same proportion obta9s 9 x z exi/s 9 birds4 ,h5ce x is d$uct$ t ! ,ic>ian inv5tion is entirely my?ical because impossible1 = x is n possible ei!r to increase a man's pectoral muscles or to dim9i% ! weight ( ! human body2 & :atev] app>atus is us$1 al?\gh x is possible to increase ! mom5tum1 ! velocity or ! p[] employ$ c nev] equal ! resi/ance2 & !re=e w+ flapp+ by ! contraction ( muscles _c give out en\gh p[] to c>ry up ! heavy body ( a man4' ,x may be said t practically all ! conclusions :i* ,borelli rea*$ 9 8 /udy 7 negative4 ,al?\gh contempor>y ) ,lana1 he p]ceiv$ ! "o factor :i* r5d]$ ,lana's project = flight by means ( vacuum globes an impossibility--he saw t no globe c\ld be con/ruct$ suffici5tly light = flight1 & at ! same "t suffici5tly /rong to )/& ! pressure ( ! outside atmosph]e4 ,he does n appe> to h made any exp]im5ts 9 fly+ on 8 own acc\nt1 hav+1 z he ass]ts mo/ def9itely1 no fai? 9 any inv5tion design$ to lift man f ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,b 8 "w1 f :i* only ! =ego+ %ort quotations c be giv51 is1 nev]!less1 ( indisputable value1 = he settl$ ! me*anics ( bird flight1 & pav$ ! way = ^? lat] inve/igators :o _h1 fir/1 ! /eam eng9e1 & lat] ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e--two factors 9 me*anical flight :i* w\ld h seem$ z impossible to ,borelli z w\ld wireless telegraphy to a /ud5t ( ,napoleonic times4 ,on su* f\ndations z 8 age af=d$ ,borelli built solidly & well1 s t he ranks z "o ( ! greate/--if n actually ! greate/--( ! inve/igators into ?is subject be=e ! age ( /eam4 ,! conclusion1 t '! motive =ce 9 birds' w+s is app>5tly t5 ?\s& times great] ?an ! resi/ance ( _! weight1' is errone\s1 ( c\rse1 b /udy ( ! translation f :i* ! =ego+ exc]pt is tak5 w %[ t ! error detracts v little f ! value ( ! "w itself4 ,borelli sets out v def9itely ! me*anism ( flight1 9 su* fa%ion t he :o runs may read4 ,8 ref]5ce to '! use ( a l>ge vessel1' etc41 conc]ns ! sugge/ion made by ,francesco ,lana1 :o ant$at$ ,borelli's publication ( ,de ,motu ,animalium by "s t5 ye>s ) 8 sugge/ion = an 'a]ial %ip1' z he call$ x4 ,lana's m9d %[s1 z reg>ds flight1 a m imag9ative twi/2 ,borelli div$ d[n into fir/ causes1 & rea*$ ma!matical conclusions2 ,lana conceiv$ a !ory & upheld x--!oretically1 s9ce ! mann] ( 8 life preclud$ exp]im5t4 ,francesco ,lana1 son ( a noble family1 0 born 9 #afca2 9 #afdg he 0 receiv$ z a novice into ! ,society ( ,jesus at ,rome1 & rema9$ a pi\s memb] ( ! ,jesuit society until ! end ( 8 life4 ,he 0 greatly h&icapp$ 9 8 sci5tific inve/igations by ! v[s ( pov]ty :i* ! rules ( ! ,ord] impos$ on him4 ,he 0 m sci5ti/ ?an prie/ all 8 life2 = two ye>s he held ! po/ ( ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ,f]r>a1 & up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 9 #afhg1 he sp5t by f> ! great] "p ( 8 "t 9 sci5tific rese>*1 ,he _h ! dubi\s advantage ( liv+ 9 an age :5 "o man c\ld cov] ! :ole range ( sci5ce1 & ?is he seems to h done v ?or\ghly4 ,!re survives an imm5se "w ( 8 entitl$1 ,magi/]ium ,naturae et ,artis1 :i* embraces ! :ole field ( sci5tific k z t 0 develop$ 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* ,lana liv$4 ,9 an e>li] "w ( 81 publi%$ 9 ,brescia 9 #afgj1 appe>s 8 fam\s treatise on ! a]ial %ip1 a problem :i* ,lana work$ out ) ?or\ghness4 ,he 0 unable to make practical exp]im5ts1 & ?us fail$ to p]ceive ! "o insup]able drawback to 8 project--( :i* m anon4 ,only extracts f ! translation ( ,lana's "w c be giv5 "h1 b suffici5t c be giv5 to %[ fully ! means by :i* he design$ to a*ieve ! conque/ ( ! air4 ,he beg9s by m5tion ( ! celebrat$ pigeon ( ,ar*ytas ! ,philosoph]1 & advances "o or two !ories ) reg>d to ! way 9 :i* ?is me*anical bird 0 con/ruct$1 & !n he recites1 app>5tly ) full belief 9 x1 ! fable ( ,regiomontanus & ! eagle t he is said to h con/ruct$ to accompany ,*>les ,v4 on 8 entry into ,nuremb]g4 ,9 fact1 ,lana />ts 8 "w ) a /udy ( ! pione]s ( me*anical fly+ up to 8 own "t1 & !n outl9es 8 own devices = ! con/ruction ( me*anical birds be=e proce$+ to detail ! con/ruction ( ! a]ial %ip4 ,conc]n+ prim>y exp]im5ts = ?is he says3-- ',i w1 fir/ ( all1 presuppose t air has weight ow+ to ! vap\rs & halations :i* asc5d f ! e>? & seas to a height ( _m miles & surr\nd ! :ole ( our t]raque\s globe2 & ?is fact w n be d5i$ by philosoph]s1 ev5 by ^? :o may h b a sup]ficial k1 because x c be prov5 by exhau/+1 if n all1 at any rate ! great] "p (1 ! air conta9$ 9 a glass vessel1 :i*1 if weigh$ be=e & aft] ! air has be5 exhau/$1 w be f\nd mat]ially r$uc$ 9 weight4 ,!n ,i f\nd out h[ mu* ! air weigh$ 9 itself 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,i procur$ a l>ge vessel ( glass1 ^: neck c\ld be clos$ or op5$ by means ( a tap1 & hold+ x op5 ,i w>m$ x ov] a fire1 s t ! air inside x becom+ r>ifi$1 ! major "p 0 =c$ out2 !n quickly %utt+ ! tap to prev5t ! re-entry ,i weigh$ x2 :i* done1 ,i plung$ its neck 9 wat]1 re/+ ! :ole ( ! vessel on ! surface ( ! wat]1 !n on op5+ ! tap ! wat] rose 9 ! vessel & fill$ ! great] "p ( x4 ,i lift$ ! neck out ( ! wat]1 releas$ ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! vessel1 & measur$ & weigh$ its quantity & d5sity1 by :i* ,i inf]r$ t a c]ta9 quantity ( air _h come out ( ! vessel equal 9 bulk to ! quantity ( wat] :i* _h ent]$ to refill ! portion ab&on$ by ! air4 ,i aga9 weigh$ ! vessel1 aft] ,i _h fir/ ( all well dri$ x free ( all moi/ure1 & f\nd x weigh$ "o ounce m :il/ x 0 full ( air ?an :5 x 0 exhau/$ ( ! great] "p1 s t :at x weigh$ m 0 a quantity ( air equal 9 volume to ! wat] :i* took its place4 ,! wat] weigh$ #fdj ounces1 s ,i conclud$ t ! weight ( air comp>$ ) t ( wat] 0 #a to #fdj--t is to say1 z ! wat] :i* fill$ ! vessel weigh$ #fdj ounces1 s ! air :i* fill$ ! same vessel weigh$ "o ounce4' ,hav+ ?us detail$ ! me?od ( exhau/+ air f a vessel1 ,lana goes on to assume t any l>ge vessel c be entirely exhau/$ ( ne>ly all ! air conta9$ !re94 ,!n he takes ,euclid's proposition to ! effect t ! sup]ficial area ( globes increases 9 ! proportion ( ! squ>e ( ! diamet]1 :il/ ! volume increases 9 ! proportion ( ! cube ( ! same diamet]1 & he consid]s t if "o only con/ructs ! globe ( ?9 metal1 ( suffici5t size1 & exhau/s ! air 9 ! mann] t he sugge/s1 su* a globe w be s f> light] ?an ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e t x w n only rise1 b w be capable ( lift+ weights4 ,"h is ,lana's own way ( putt+ x3-- ',b s t x may be enabl$ to raise heavi] weights & to lift m5 9 ! air1 let u take d\ble ! quantity ( copp]1 #a1bcb squ>e feet1 equal to #cjh lbs4 ( copp]2 ) ?is d\ble quantity ( copp] we c\ld con/ruct a vessel ( n only d\ble ! capacity1 b ( f\r times ! capacity ( ! fir/1 = ! reason %[n by my f\r? supposition4 ,consequ5tly ! air conta9$ 9 su* a vessel w be #gah lbs4 #d #b_/c ounces1 s t if ! air be drawn out ( ! vessel x w be #daj lbs4 #d #b_/c ounces light] ?an ! same volume ( air1 &1 consequ5tly1 w be enabl$ to lift ?ree m51 or at lea/ two1 %\ld !y weigh m ?an eight pesi ea*4 ,x is ?us manife/ t ! l>g] ! ball or vessel is made1 ! ?ick] & m solid c ! %eets ( copp] be made1 because1 al?\gh ! weight w increase1 ! capacity ( ! vessel w increase to a great] ext5t & ) x ! weight ( ! air !re91 s t x w always be capable to lift a heavi] weight4 ,f ?is x c be easily se5 h[ x is possible to con/ruct a ma*9e :i*1 fa%ion$ l unto a %ip1 w float on ! air4' ,) f\r globes ( ^! dim5sions ,lana propos$ to make an a]ial %ip ( ! fa%ion %[n 9 8 qua9t illu/ration4 ,he is c>eful to po9t out a me?od by :i* ! support+ globes = ! a]ial %ip may be entirely empti$ ( air2 7?is is to be done by connect+ to ea* globe a tube ( copp] :i* is 'at lea/ a l5g? ( #dg mod]n ,roman palm74' ,a small tap is to close ?is tube at ! end ne>e/ ! globe1 & !n vessel & tube are to be fill$ ) wat]1 aft] :i* ! tube is to be imm]s$ 9 wat] & ! tap op5$1 all[+ ! wat] to run out ( ! vessel1 :ile no air ent]s4 ,! tap is !n clos$ be=e ! l[] end ( ! tube is remov$ f ! wat]1 leav+ no air at all 9 ! globe or sph]e4 ,propulsion ( ?is air%ip 0 to be accompli%$ by means ( sails1 & also by o>s4 ,lana ant$at$ ! mod]n propell]1 & realis$ t ! air w\ld (f] en\gh resi/ance to o>s or paddle to imp>t motion to any vessel float+ 9 x & propell$ by ^! means1 al?\gh he did n realise ! am\nt ( pressure on ! air :i* w\ld be necess>y to accompli% propulsion4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he =esaw & provid$ aga9/ practically all ! difficulties t w\ld be enc\nt]$ 9 ! work+1 z well z ! mak+1 ( ! a]ial %ip1 f9ally com+ up aga9/ :at 8 religi\s tra9+ made an insup]able objection4 ,?is1 aga91 is be/ told 9 8 own words3-- ',o!r difficulties ,i d n =esee t c\ld prevail aga9/ ?is inv5tion1 save "o only1 :i* to me seems ! greate/ ( !m all1 & t is t ,god w\ld surely nev] all[ su* a ma*9e to be successful1 s9ce x w\ld create _m di/urbances 9 ! civil & political gov]nm5ts ( mank9d4' ,he ends by say+ t no city w\ld be pro( aga9/ surprise1 :ile ! a]ial %ip c\ld set fire to vessels at sea1 & de/roy h\ses1 =tresses1 & cities by fire balls & bombs4 ,9 fact1 at ! end ( 8 treatise on ! subject1 he furni%es a pretty complete resume ( ! activities ( ,g]man ,zeppel9s4 ,z already not$1 ,lana himself1 ow+ to 8 v[s ( pov]ty1 0 unable to d m ?an put 8 sugge/ions on pap]1 :i* he did ) a ?or\ghness t has procur$ him a place among ! really great pione]s ( fly+4 ,x 0 ne>ly #bjj ye>s be=e any attempt 0 made to realise 8 project2 !n1 9 #ahdc1 ,m4 ,m>ey ,monge set out to make ! globes & ! %ip z ,lana detail$ !m4 ,monge's exp]im5ts co/ him ! sum ( #be1jjj francs #ge c5times1 :i* he exp5d$ purely f love ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,he *ose to make 8 globes ( brass1 ab\t4#jjd 9 ?ickness1 & weigh+ #a4dfe lbs4 to ! squ>e y>d4 ,hav+ made 8 sph]e ( ?is metal1 he l9$ x ) two ?icknesses ( tissue pap]1 v>ni%$ x ) oil1 & set to "w to empty x ( air4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he nev] a*iev$1 = su* metal is incapable ( su/a9+ ! pressure ( ! outside air1 z ,lana1 _h he _h ! means to c>ry out exp]im5ts1 w\ld h asc]ta9$4 ,m4 ,monge's sph]e c\ld nev] be empti$ ( air suffici5tly to rise f ! e>?2 x end$ 9 ! melt+-pot1 ignom9i\sly en\gh1 & all t ,monge got f 8 exp]im5t 0 ! value ( ! scrap metal & ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t ,lana's !ory c\ld nev] be translat$ into practice4 ,rob]t ,hooke is less conspicu\s ?an ei!r ,borelli or ,lana2 8 "w1 :i* came into ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 consi/$ ( v>i\s exp]im5ts ) reg>d to flight1 f :i* em]g$ 'a ,module1 :i* by ! help ( ,spr+s & ,w+s1 rais$ & su/a9$ itself 9 ! air4' ,?is mu/ be reckon$ z ! fir/ model fly+ ma*9e :i* actually flew1 except = da ,v9ci's helicopt]s2 ,hooke's model appe>s to h be5 ( ! flapp+-w+ type--he attempt$ to copy ! motion ( birds1 b f\nd f /udy & exp]im5t t human muscles 7 n suffici5t to ! task ( lift+ ! human body4 ,= t reason1 he says1 ',i appli$ my m9d to contrive a way to make artificial muscles1' b 9 ?is he 01 z he expresses x1 'fru/rat$ ( my expectations4' ,hooke's claim to fame re/s ma9ly on 8 successful model2 ! re/ ( 8 "w is ( too scrappy a nature to rank z a s]i\s contribution to ! /udy ( flight4 ,contempor>y ) ,hooke 0 "o ,all>d1 :o1 9 ,france1 und]took to emulate ! ,s>ac5 ( ,con/ant9ople to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,all>d 0 a tight-rope danc] :o ei!r did or 0 said to h done %ort glid+ flights--! matt] is op5 to "q--& f9ally /at$ t he w\ld1 at ,/ ,g]ma9s1 fly f ! t]race 9 ! k+'s pres5ce4 ,he made ! attempt1 b m]ely fell1 z did ! ,s>ac5 "s c5turies be=e1 caus+ himself s]i\s injury4 ,all>d _c be reg>d$ z a contributor to ! developm5t ( a]onautics 9 any way1 & is only m5tion$ z typical ( ! way 9 :i*1 up to ! "t ( ! ,wright bro!rs1 fly+ 0 reg>d$4 ,ev5 unto ?is day !re are _m :o /ill believe t1 ) a pair ( w+s1 man ought to be able to fly1 & t ! ma!matical data necess>y to effective con/ruction simply d n exi/4 ,?is attitude 0 reasonable en\gh 9 an unle>n$ age1 & ,all>d 0 "o--a little m conspicu\s ?an ! majority--among _m :o made exp]im5t 9 ignorance1 ) m or less dang] to !mselves & )\t practical result ( any k9d4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury 0 n to end1 h[ev]1 )\t practical exp]im5t ( a notewor?y k9d 9 glid+ flight4 ,among ! recruits to ! ranks ( pione]s 0 a c]ta9 ,besni]1 a locksmi? ( ,sable1 :o some:]e betwe5 #afge & #afhj con/ruct$ a glid] ( :i* a crude picture has come d[n to mod]n times4 ,! app>atus1 z w be se51 consi/$ ( two rods ) h+$ flaps1 & ! orig9al design] ( ! picture seems to h _h b a small space 9 :i* to draw1 s9ce obvi\sly ! flaps mu/ h be5 mu* l>g] ?an ^? %[n4 ,besni] plac$ ! rods on 8 %\ld]s1 & work$ ! flaps by cords atta*$ to 8 h&s & feet--! flaps op5$ z !y fell1 & clos$ z !y rose1 s ! device z a :ole mu/ be reg>d$ z a sort ( flapp+ glid]4 ,hav+ by exp]im5t prov$ 8 app>atus successful1 ,besni] promptly sold x to a travell+ %[man ( ! p]iod1 & =?) set ab\t con/ruct+ a second set1 ) :i* he made glid+ flights ( consid]able height & di/ance4 ,l ,lili5?al1 ,besni] project$ himself into space f "s height1 & !n1 accord+ to ! contempor>y records1 he 0 able to cross a riv] ( consid]able size be=e com+ to e>?4 ,x does n appe> t he _h any imitators1 or t any advantage :atev] 0 tak5 ( 8 exp]im5ts2 ! age 0 "o 9 :i* he w\ld be reg>d$ r z a freak exhibitor ?an z a s]i\s /ud5t1 & possibly1 consid]+ 8 orig9 & ! sale ( 8 fir/ app>atus to su* a cli5t1 he reg>d$ ! matt] himself z m 9 ! nature ( an amusem5t ?an z a discov]y4 ,borelli1 com+ at ! end ( ! c5tury1 prov$ to 8 own satisfaction & t ( 8 fell[s t flapp+ w+ flight 0 an impossibility2 ! capabilities ( ! plane 7 z yet undream$1 & ! prime mov] t %\ld make ! plane available = flight 0 deep 9 ! womb ( "t4 ,da ,v9ci's "w 0 =gott5--flight 0 an impossibility1 or at be/ su* a useless %[ z ,besni] 0 able to give4 ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 almo/ b>r5 ( exp]im5t4 ,emanuel ,sw$5borg1 hav+ inv5t$ a new religion1 set ab\t inv5t+ a fly+ ma*9e1 & succe$$ !oretically1 publi%+ ! result ( 8 inve/igations z foll[s3-- ',let a c> or boat or "s l object be made ( light mat]ial su* z cork or b>k1 ) a room )9 x = ! op]ator4 ,secondly1 9 front z well z beh9d1 or all r\nd1 set a widely-/ret*$ sail p>allel to ! ma*9e =m+ )9 a holl[ or b5d :i* c\ld be reef$ l ! sails ( a %ip4 ,?irdly1 place w+s on ! sides1 to be work$ up & d[n by a spiral spr+1 ^! w+s also to be holl[ bel[ 9 ord] to increase ! =ce & velocity1 take 9 ! air1 & make ! resi/ance z great z may be requir$4 ,^!1 too1 %\ld be ( light mat]ial & ( suffici5t size2 !y %\ld be 9 ! %ape ( birds' w+s1 or ! sails ( a w9dmill1 or "s su* %ape1 & %\ld be tilt$ obliquely upw>ds1 & made s z to collapse on ! upw>d /roke & exp& on ! d[nw>d4 ,f\r?1 place a balance or beam bel[1 hang+ d[n p]p5dicul>ly = "s di/ance ) a small weight atta*$ to its end1 p5d5t exactly 9 l9e ) ! c5tre ( gravity2 ! long] ?is beam is1 ! light] mu/ x be1 = x mu/ h ! same proportion z ! well-kn[n vectis or /eel-y>d4 ,?is w\ld s]ve to re/ore ! balance ( ! ma*9e if x %\ld lean ov] to any ( ! f\r sides4 ,fif?ly1 ! w+s w\ld p]haps h great] =ce1 s z to increase ! resi/ance & make ! flight easi]1 if a hood or %ield 7 plac$ ov] !m1 z is ! case ) c]ta9 insects4 ,six?ly1 :5 ! sails are exp&$ s z to occupy a great surface & mu* air1 ) a balance keep+ !m horizontal1 only a small =ce w\ld be ne$$ to move ! ma*9e back & =? 9 a circle1 & up & d[n4 ,&1 aft] x has ga9$ mom5tum to move sl[ly upw>ds1 a slight movem5t & an ev5 be>+ w\ld keep x balanc$ 9 ! air & w\ld det]m9e its direction at w4' ,! only po9t 9 ?is wor?y ( any note is ! fir/ device = ma9ta9+ /ability automatically--,sw$5borg c]ta9ly scor$ a po9t !re4 ,= ! re/1 8 !ory 0 b !ory1 incapable ( be+ put to practice--he does n appe> to h made any attempt at advance beyond ! m]e sugge/ion4 ,"s t5 ye>s be=e 8 "t ! /ate ( k ) reg>d to fly+ 9 ,europe 0 demon/rat$ by an ord] grant$ by ! ,k+ ( ,portugal to ,fri> ,l\r5zo de ,guzman1 :o claim$ to h inv5t$ a fly+ ma*9e capable ( actual flight4 ,! ord] /at$ t ',9 ord] to enc\rage ! suppliant to apply himself ) zeal t[>d ! improvem5t ( ! new ma*9e1 :i* is capable ( produc+ ! effects m5tion$ by him1 ,i grant unto him ! fir/ vacant place 9 my ,college ( ,b>celos or ,sant>em1 & ! fir/ pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics 9 my ,univ]sity ( ,coimbra1 ) ! annual p5sion ( #fjj1jjj reis dur+ 8 life4--,lisbon1 #ag? ( ,m>*1 #agji4' ,:at happ5$ to ,guzman :5 ! non-exi/5ce ( ! ma*9e 0 discov]$ is "o ( ! ?+s t is well outside ! prov9ce ( a]onautics4 ,he 0 *>latan pure & simple1 z f> z actual flight 0 conc]n$1 ?\gh he _h "s ideas respect+ ! design ( hot-air balloons1 accord+ to ,tiss&i]4 7,la ,navigation ,a]i5ne47 ,8 fly+ ma*9e 0 to conta91 among o!r devices1 bell[s to produce artificial w9d :5 ! real article fail$1 & also magnets 9 globes to draw ! vessel 9 an upw>d direction & ma9ta9 its buoyancy4 ,"s draughtsman1 app>5tly gift$ ) z vivid imag9ation z ,guzman himself1 has giv5 to ! _w an illu/ration ( ! hypo!tical vessel2 x be>s "s resemblance to ,lana's a]ial %ip1 f :i* fact "o draws obvi\s conclusions4 ,a r amus+ claim to solv+ ! problem ( flight 0 made 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury by "o ,grimaldi1 a 'fam\s & unique ,eng9e]' :o1 z a matt] ( actual fact1 sp5t tw5ty ye>s 9 mission>y "w 9 ,india1 & employ$ ! sp>e "t t mission>y "w left him 9 br++ 8 inv5tion to a workable /ate4 ,! inv5tion is describ$ z a 'box :i* ) ! aid ( clockwork rises 9 ! air1 & goes ) su* lightness & /rong rapidity t x succe$s 9 fly+ a j\rney ( sev5 leagues 9 an h\r4 ,x is made 9 ! fa%ion ( a bird2 ! w+s f end to end are #be feet 9 ext5t4 ,! body is compos$ ( cork1 arti/ically jo9$ toge!r & well fa/5$ ) metal wire1 cov]$ ) p>*m5t & fea!rs4 ,! w+s are made ( catgut & :alebone1 & cov]$ also ) ! same p>*m5t & fea!rs1 & ea* w+ is fold$ 9 ?ree seams4 ,9 ! body ( ! ma*9e are conta9$ ?irty :eels ( unique "w1 ) two brass globes & little *a9s :i* alt]nately w9d up a c\nt]poise2 ) ! aid ( six brass vases1 full ( a c]ta9 quantity ( quicksilv]1 :i* run 9 "s pulleys1 ! ma*9e is kept by ! arti/ 9 due equilibrium & balance4 ,by means1 !n1 ( ! friction betwe5 a /eel :eel adequately temp]$ & a v heavy & surpris+ piece ( lode/one1 ! :ole is kept 9 a regulat$ =w>d movem5t1 giv51 h[ev]1 a "r /ate ( ! w9ds1 s9ce ! ma*9e _c fly s mu* 9 totally calm wea!r z 9 /ormy4 ,?is prodigi\s ma*9e is direct$ & guid$ by a tail sev5 palmi long1 :i* is atta*$ to ! knees & ankles ( ! inv5tor by lea!r /raps2 by /ret*+ out 8 legs1 ei!r to ! "r or to ! left1 he moves ! ma*9e 9 :i*ev] direction he pleases4444 ,! ma*9e's flight la/s only ?ree h\rs1 aft] :i* ! w+s gradually close !mselves1 :5 ! inv5tor1 p]ceiv+ ?is1 goes d[n g5tly1 s z to get on 8 own feet1 & !n w9ds up ! clockwork & gets himself ready aga9 ^u ! w+s = ! cont9uation ( a new flight4 ,he himself told u t if by *ance "o ( ! :eels came (f or if "o ( ! w+s broke1 x is c]ta9 he w\ld inevitably fall rapidly to ! gr\nd1 &1 !re=e1 he does n rise m ?an ! height ( a tree or two1 z also he only once put himself 9 ! risk ( cross+ ! sea1 & t 0 f ,calais to ,dov]1 & ! same morn+ he arriv$ 9 ,london4' ,& yet !re are /ill q a numb] ( p :o p]si/ 9 /at+ t ,bl]iot 0 ! fir/ man to fly across ! ,*annel6 ,a /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! helicopt] pr9ciple 0 publi%$ 9 ,france 9 #ahfh1 :5 ! great ,fr5* eng9e] ,paucton produc$ 8 ,!orie de la ,vis d',ar*im$e4 ,= "s inexplicable reason1 ,paucton 0 n satisfi$ ) ! t]m 'helicopt]1' b pref]r$ to call x a 'pt]ophore1' a "n :i*1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 has n be5 adopt$ by any o!r writ] or inve/igator4 ,paucton /at$ t1 s9ce a man is capable ( suffici5t =ce to ov]come ! weight ( 8 own body1 x is only necess>y to give him a ma*9e :i* acts on ! air ') all ! =ce ( :i* x is capable & at its utmo/ spe$1' & he w !n be able to lift himself 9 ! air1 j z by ! ex]tion ( all 8 /r5g? he is able to lift himself 9 wat]4 ',x w\ld seem1' says ,paucton1 't 9 ! pt]ophore1 atta*$ v]tically to a c>riage1 ! :ole built lightly & c>efully assembl$1 he has f\nd some?+ t w give him ?is result 9 all p]fection4 ,9 con/ruction1 "o w\ld be c>eful t ! ma*9e produc$ ! lea/ friction possible1 & naturally x ought to produce little1 z x w\ld n be at all complicat$4 ,! new ,da$alus1 sitt+ com=tably 9 8 c>riage1 w\ld by means ( a crank give to ! pt]ophore a suitable circul> 7or revolv+7 spe$4 ,?is s+le pt]ophore w\ld lift him v]tically1 b 9 ord] to move horizontally he %\ld be suppli$ ) a tail 9 ! %ape ( ano!r pt]ophore4 ,:5 he wi%$ to /op = a little "t1 valves fix$ firmly across ! end ( ! space betwe5 ! blades w\ld automatically close ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! air fl[s1 & *ange ! pt]ophore into an unbrok5 surface :i* w\ld resi/ ! fl[ ( air & ret>d ! fall ( ! ma*9e to a consid]able degree4' ,! doctr9e ?us set =? might appe> plausible1 b x is bas$ on ! common misconception t all ! =ce :i* might be put into ! helicopt] or 'pt]ophore' w\ld be utilis$ = lift+ or propell+ ! vehicle ?r\gh ! air1 j z a propell] uses all its p[] to drive a %ip ?r\gh wat]4 ,b1 9 apply+ su* a propell+ =ce to ! air1 mo/ ( ! =ce is utilis$ 9 ma9ta9+ a]odynamic support--z a matt] ( fact1 m =ce is ne$$ to ma9ta9 ?is support ?an ! muscle ( man c\ld possibly furni% to a lift+ screw1 & ev5 if ! helicopt] 7 appli$ to a full-siz$1 eng9e-driv5 air vehicle1 ! rate ( asc5t w\ld dep5d on ! am\nt ( surplus p[] t c\ld be c>ri$4 ,= example1 an upw>d lift ( #a1jjj p\nds f a propell] #ae feet 9 diamet] w\ld dem& an exp5diture ( #ej horse-p[] "u ! be/ possible conditions1 & 9 ord] to lift ?is load v]tically ?r\gh su* atmosph]ic pressure z exi/s at sea-level or !reab\ts1 an additional #bj horsep[] w\ld be requir$ to atta9 a rate ( #aa feet p] second--#ej horse-p[] mu/ be cont9ually provid$ = ! m]e support ( ! load1 & ! additional #bj horse-p[] mu/ be cont9ually provid$ 9 ord] to lift x4 ,al?\gh1 9 model =m1 !re is no?+ q s /rik+ly successful z ! helicopt] 9 ! range ( fly+ ma*9es1 yet ! ess5tial weight increases s disproportionately to ! effective area t x is necess>y to g b v little beyond model dim5sions = ! helicopt] to become q ineffective4 ,t is n to say t ! lift+ screw mu/ be totally rul$ out s f> z ! con/ruction ( aircraft is conc]n$4 ,mu* is /ill empirical1 s f> z ?is bran* ( a]onautics is conc]n$1 & consid]ation ( ! /ructural features ( a propell] goes to %[ t ! relations ( ess5tial weight & effective area d n altoge!r apply 9 practice z !y /& 9 !ory4 ,paucton's dream1 9 "s modifi$ =m1 may yet become reality--x is only s %ort a "t ago z #ahif t ,"l ,kelv9 /at$ he _h n ! smalle/ molecule ( fai? 9 a]ial navigation1 & s9ce ! :ole hi/ory ( flight consi/s 9 prov+ ! impossible possible1 ! helicopt] may yet *all5ge ! propell$ plane surface = a]ial supremacy4 ,x does n appe> t ,paucton w5t beyond !ory1 nor is !re 9 8 !ory any advance t[>d practical flight--da ,v9ci c\ld h told him z mu* z he knew4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,me]we91 :o inv5t$ an app>atus app>5tly some?+ betwe5 a flapp+ w+ ma*9e & a glid]1 consi/+ ( two w+s1 :i* 7 to be op]at$ by means ( a rod2 ! v5turesome "o :o w\ld fly by means ( ?is app>atus _h to lie 9 a horizontal position b5ea? ! w+s to "w ! rod4 ,me]we9 des]ves a place ( m5tion1 h[ev]1 by reason ( 8 inve/igations into ! am\nt ( surface necess>y to support a giv5 weight4 ,tak+ t weight at #bjj p\nds--:i* w\ld all[ = ! weight ( a man & a v light app>atus--he e/imat$ t #abf squ>e feet w\ld be necess>y = support4 ,8 pamphlet1 publi%$ at ,basle 9 #aghd1 %[s him to h be5 a pa9/ak+ /ud5t ( ! pot5tialities ( flight4 ,jean-,pi]re ,blan*>d1 lat] to acquire fame 9 connection ) balloon flight1 conceiv$ & describ$ a curi\s vehicle1 ( :i* he ev5 ann\nc$ trials z imp5d+4 ,8 trials 7 po/pon$ "t aft] "t1 & x appe>s t he became conv9c$ 9 ! end ( ! futility ( 8 device1 be+ assi/$ to su* a conclusion by ,lal&e1 ! a/ronom]1 :o repeat$ ,borelli's /atem5t t x 0 impossible = man ev] to fly by 8 own /r5g?4 ,?is 0 9 ! clos+ days ( ! ,fr5* mon>*y1 & ! asc5t ( ! ,montgolfi]s' fir/ hot-air balloon 9 #aghc--:i* %all be told m fully 9 its place--put an end to all ,fr5* exp]im5ts ) heavi]-?an-air app>atus1 ?\gh 9 ,engl& ! g5ius ( ,cayley 0 ab\t to bud1 & ev5 9 ,france !re 7 ^? :o und]/ood t balloon+ 0 n true flight4 ,,iii4 ,,sir ,,george ,,cayley--,,?omas ,,walk] ,on ! fif? ( ,june1 #aghc1 ! ,montgolfi]s' hot-air balloon rose at ,v]sailles1 & 9 its ris+ divid$ ! /udy ( ! conque/ ( ! air into two def9ite p>ts1 ! "o be+ conc]n$ ) ! propulsion ( gas lift$1 light]-?an-air vehicles1 & ! o!r be+ cry/allis$ 9 "o s5t5ce by ,sir ,george ,cayley3 ',! :ole problem1' he /at$1 'is conf9$ )9 ^! limits1 viz43 to make a surface support a giv5 weight by ! application ( p[] to ! resi/ance ( ! air4' ,= ab\t t5 ye>s ! balloon held ! field entirely1 be+ reg>d$ z ! only solution ( ! problem ( flight t man c\ld ev] compass4 ,s def9ite = a "t 0 ?is view on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,*annel t = "s ye>s practically all ! progress t 0 made 9 ! developm5t ( p[]-driv5 planes 0 made 9 ,brita94 ,9 #ahjj a c]ta9 ,dr ,?omas ,"y demon/rat$ t c]ta9 curv$ surfaces susp5d$ by a ?read mov$ into & n away f a horizontal curr5t ( air1 b ! demon/ration1 :i* approa*es p]il\sly ne> to p]petual motion if ! curr5t be truly horizontal1 has nev] be5 successfully repeat$1 s t !re is m ?an a suspicion t ,"y's air-curr5t 0 ,,n horizontal4 ,o!rs _h made & 7 mak+ exp]im5ts on ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! air by flat surfaces1 :5 ,cayley came to /udy & record1 e>n+ su* a place among ! pione]s z to w9 ! title ( 'fa!r ( ,briti% a]onautics4' ,cayley 0 a man 9 advance ( 8 "t1 9 _m ways4 ,( indep5d5t means1 he made ! gr& t\r :i* 0 consid]$ necess>y to ! education ( e "y man ( position1 & dur+ ?is excursion he 0 m engag$ 9 /udies ( a semi-sci5tific "* ?an 9 ! pursuits t normally fill$ su* a p]iod4 ,8 v>i\s writ+s prove t ?r\gh\t 8 life a]onautics 0 ! =emo/ subject 9 8 m9d2 ! ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 & o!r p]iodicals ( l nature be> witness to ,cayley's cont9u$ rese>* into ! subject ( flight4 ,he approa*$ ! subject aft] ! mann] ( ! tra9$ sci5ti/1 analys+ ! me*anical prop]ties ( air "u *emical & physical action4 ,!n he set to "w to asc]ta9 ! p[] necess>y = a]ial flight1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ to enunciate ! fallacy ( ! hopes ( successful flight by means ( ! /eam eng9e ( ^? days1 ow+ to ! fact t x 0 impossible to obta9 a giv5 p[] ) a giv5 weight4 ,yet 8 conclusions on ?is po9t 7 n altoge!r negative1 = z e>ly z #ahaj he /at$ t he c\ld con/ruct a balloon :i* c\ld travel ) pass5g]s at #bj miles an h\r--he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to consid] ! possibilities ( apply+ p[] to a balloon4 ,ne>ly ?irty ye>s lat]--9 #ahcg--;he made ! fir/ attempt at e/abli%+ an a]onautical society1 b at t "t ! p[]-driv5 plane 0 reg>d$ by ! great majority z an absurd dream ( m or less mad inv5tors1 :ile balloon+ rank$ on ab\t ! same level z tight-rope walk+1 be+ consid]$ an adjunct to fairs & fetes1 m a pa/ime ?an a /udy4 ,up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 9 #aheg1 ,cayley ma9ta9$ 8 /udy ( a]onautical matt]s1 & !re is no d\bt :atev] t 8 "w w5t f> 9 assi/+ ! solution ( ! problem ( air conque/4 ,8 pr9cipal publi%$ "w1 a monograph entitl$ ,a]ial ,navigation1 has be5 republi%$ 9 ! admirable s]ies ( ',a]onautical ,classics' issu$ by ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society4 ,he began ?is "w by po9t+ out ! impossibility ( fly+ by means ( atta*$ w+s1 an impossibility due to ! fact t1 :ile ! pectoral muscles ( a bird acc\nt = m ?an two-?irds ( its :ole muscul> /r5g?1 9 a man ! muscles available = fly+1 no matt] :at me*anism might be us$1 w\ld n exce$ "o-t5? ( 8 total /r5g?4 ,cayley did n actually d5y ! possibility ( a man fly+ by muscul> ef=t1 h[ev]1 b /at$ t '! flight ( a /rong man by great muscul> ex]tion1 ?\gh a curi\s & int]e/+ circum/ance1 inasmu* z x w probably be ! means ( asc]ta9+ f9is p[] & supply+ ! basis :]eon to improve x1 w\ld be ( little use4' ,f ?is he goes on to ! possibility ( us+ a ,b\lton & ,watt /eam eng9e to develop ! p[] necess>y = flight1 & 9 ?is he saw a possibility ( practical result4 ,x is wor?y ( note t 9 ?is connection he made m5tion ( ! =]unn] ( ! mod]n int]nal combu/ion eng9e2 ',! ,fr5*1' he said1 'h lately %[n ! great p[] produc$ by ignit+ inflammable p[d]s 9 clos$ vessels1 & sev]al ye>s ago an eng9e 0 made to "w 9 ?is c\ntry 9 a simil> mann] by inflammation ( _s ( t>4' ,9 a subsequ5t p>agraph ( 8 monograph he anticipates almo/ exactly ! con/ruction ( ! ,l5oir gas eng9e1 :i* came into be+ m ?an fifty-five ye>s aft] 8 monograph 0 publi%$4 ,c]ta9 exp]im5ts detail$ 9 8 "w 7 made to asc]ta9 ! size ( ! surface necess>y = ! support ( any giv5 weight4 ,he accept$ a truism ( to-day 9 po9t+ out t 9 any matt]s connect$ ) a]ial inve/igation1 !ory & practice are z widely ap>t z ! poles4 ,incl9$ at fir/ to fav\r ! helicopt] pr9ciple1 he f9ally reject$ ?is 9 fav\r ( ! plane1 ) :i* he made num]\s exp]im5ts4 ,dur+ ^!1 he asc]ta9$ ! peculi> advantages ( curv$ surfaces1 & saw ! necessity ( provid+ bo? v]tical & horizontal rudd]s 9 ord] to admit ( side /e]+ z well z ! control ( asc5t & desc5t1 & = pres]v+ equilibrium4 ,he may be said to h anticipat$ ! "w ( ,lili5?al & ,pil*]1 s9ce he con/ruct$ & exp]im5t$ ) a fix$ surface glid]4 ',x 0 beautiful1' he wrote conc]n+ ?is1 'to see ?is noble :ite bird sail+ maje/ically f ! top ( a hill to any giv5 po9t ( ! pla9 bel[ x ) p]fect /ead9ess & safety1 accord+ to ! set ( its rudd]1 m]ely by its own weight1 desc5d+ at an angle ( ab\t eight degrees ) ! horizon4' ,x is said t he once p]suad$ 8 g>d5] to tru/ himself 9 ?is glid] = a flight1 b if ,cayley himself v5tur$ a flight 9 x he has left no record ( ! fact4 ,! foll[+ extract f 8 "w1 ,a]ial ,navigation1 af=ds an in/ance ( ! ?or\ghness ( 8 inve/igations1 & ! conclud+ p>agraph also %[s 8 fai? 9 ! ultimate triumph ( mank9d 9 ! matt] ( a]ial flight3-- ',! act ( fly+ requires less ex]tion ?an f ! appe>ance is suppos$4 ,n hav+ suffici5t data to asc]ta9 ! exact degree ( propell+ p[] ex]t$ by birds 9 ! act ( fly+1 x is unc]ta9 :at degree ( en]gy may be requir$ 9 ?is respect = vessels ( a]ial navigation2 yet :5 we consid] ! _m hundr$s ( miles ( cont9u$ flight ex]t$ by birds ( passage1 ! idea ( its be+ only a small ef=t is greatly corroborat$4 ,to apply ! p[] ( ! fir/ mov] to ! greate/ advantage 9 produc+ ?is effect is a v mat]ial po9t4 ,! mode univ]sally adopt$ by ,nature is ! oblique waft ( ! w+4 ,we h only to *oose betwe5 ! direct beat ov]tak+ ! velocity ( ! curr5t1 l ! o> ( a boat1 or "o appli$ l ! w+1 9 "s assign$ degree ( obliquity to x4 ,suppose #ce feet p] second to be ! velocity ( an a]ial vehicle1 ! o> mu/ be mov$ ) ?is spe$ previ\s to its be+ able to receive any resi/ance2 !n if x be only requir$ to obta9 a pressure ( "o-t5? ( a lb4 ^u ea* squ>e foot x mu/ exce$ ! velocity ( ! curr5t #g4c feet p] second4 ,h5ce its :ole velocity mu/ be #db4e feet p] second4 ,%\ld ! same surface be waft$ d[nw>d l a w+ ) ! h9d] edge incl9$ upw>d 9 an angle ( ab\t #ej deg4 #dj feet to ! curr5t x w ov]take x at a velocity ( #c4e feet p] second2 & z a slight unkn[n angle ( resi/ance g5]ates a lb4 pressure p] squ>e foot at ?is velocity1 probably a waft ( a little m ?an #d feet p] second w\ld produce ?is effect1 "o-t5? "p ( :i* w\ld be ! propell+ p[]4 ,! advantage ( ?is mode ( application comp>$ ) ! =m] is r m ?an t5 to "o4 ',9 cont9u+ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( a]ial navigation1 = ! practice ( ! art1 _m me*anical difficulties pres5t !mselves :i* require a consid]able c\rse ( skilfully appli$ exp]im5ts be=e !y c be ov]come2 b1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! air has already be5 made navigable1 & no "o :o has se5 ! /ead9ess ) :i* weights to ! am\nt ( t5 /one 7includ+ f\r /one1 ! weight ( ! ma*9e7 hov] 9 ! air c d\bt ( ! ultimate accompli%m5t ( ?is object4' ,?is extract f 8 "w gives b a fa9t idea ( ! am\nt ( rese>* = :i* ,cayley 0 responsible4 ,he _h ! humility ( ! true inve/igator 9 sci5tific problems1 & s f> z c be se5 0 nev] guilty ( ! great fault ( s _m inve/igators 9 ?is subject--t ( mak+ claims :i* he c\ld n support4 ,he 0 cont5t to d1 & pass aft] hav+ record$ 8 "p1 & al?\gh ne>ly half a c5tury _h to pass betwe5 ! "t ( 8 dea? & ! fir/ actual flight by means ( p[]-driv5 planes1 yet he may be said to h contribut$ v l>gely to ! solution ( ! problem1 & 8 "n w always rank high 9 ! roll ( ! pione]s ( flight4 ,practically contempor>y ) ,cayley 0 ,?omas ,walk]1 conc]n+ :om little is kn[n save t he 0 a portrait pa9t] ( ,hull1 :]e 0 publi%$ 8 pamphlet on ,! ,art ( ,fly+ 9 #ahaj1 a second & amplifi$ edition be+ produc$1 also 9 ,hull1 9 #ahca4 ,! pamphlet1 :i* has be5 reproduc$ 9 ext5so 9 ! ,a]onautical ,classics s]ies publi%$ by ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society1 displays a curi\s mixture ( ! true sci5tific _s & colossal conceit4 ,walk] appe>s to h be5 a man incl9$ to jump to conclusions1 :i* c>ri$ him up to ! edge ( discov]y & left him vacillat+ !re4 ,! /udy ( ! two editions ( 8 pamphlet side by side %[s t _! au?or made consid]able advances 9 ! practicability ( 8 designs 9 ! #ba int]v5+ ye>s1 ?\gh ! draw+s :i* accompany ! text 9 bo? editions fail to %[ any?+ really capable ( flight4 ,! great po9t ab\t ,walk]'s "w z a :ole is its sugge/iv5ess2 he did n hesitate to /ate t ! 'art' ( fly+ is z truly me*anical z t ( r[+ a boat1 & he _h "s conception ( ! necess>y me*anism1 toge!r ) an absolute conviction t he knew all !re 0 to be kn[n4 ',enc\rag$ by ! public1' he says1 ',i w\ld n ab&on my purpose ( mak+ /ill fur!r ex]tions to advance & complete an art1 ! discov]y ( ! ,,true ,,pr9ciples 7! italics are ,walk]'s own7 ( :i*1 ,i tru/1 ,i c ) c]ta9ty affirm to be my own4' ,! pamphlet beg9s ) ,walk]'s admiration ( ! me*anism ( flight z display$ by birds4 ',x is n[ almo/ tw5ty ye>s1' he says1 's9ce ,i 0 fir/ l$ to ?9k1 by ! /udy ( birds & _! means ( fly+1 t if an artificial ma*9e 7 =m$ ) w+s 9 exact imitation ( ! me*anism ( "o ( ^? beautiful liv+ ma*9es1 & appli$ 9 ! v same way ^u ! air1 !re c\ld be no d\bt ( its be+ made to fly1 = x is an axiom 9 philosophy t ! same cause w ev] produce ! same effect4' ,) ?is he confesses 8 inability to produce ! said effect ?r\gh lack ( funds1 ?\gh he clo!s ?is delicately 9 ! phrase 'pr(essional avocations & o!r circum/ances4' ,ow+ to ?is inability he publi%$ 8 designs t o!rs might take advantage ( !m1 prefac+ 8 own rese>*es ) a li/ ( ! v e>ly pione]s1 & giv+ special m5tion to ,fri> ,bacon1 ,bi%op ,wilk9s1 & ! ,portuguese fri>1 ,de ,guzman4 ,b1 al?\gh he seems to sugge/ t o!rs %\ld avail !mselves ( 8 !oretical k1 !re is a curi\s incomplet5ess ab\t ! designs accompany+ 8 "w1 & ab\t ! "w itself1 :i* seems to sugge/ t he _h m k to imp>t ?an he *ose to make public--or else t he came v ne> to complete solution ( ! problem ( flight1 & /ay$ on ! ?re%old )\t kn[+ x4 ,aft] a diss]tation ^u ! hi/ory & /r5g? ( ! condor1 & on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! weights ( birds1 he says3 ',! foll[+ obs]vations ^u ! wond]ful diff]5ce 9 ! weight ( "s birds1 ) _! app>5t means ( support+ x 9 _! flight1 may t5d to remove "s prejudices aga9/ my plan f ! m9ds ( "s ( my read]s4 ,! weight ( ! humm+-bird is "o dra*m1 t ( ! condor n less ?an f\r /one4 ,n[1 if we r$uce f\r /one into dra*ms we %all f9d ! condor is #ad1ccf times z heavy z ! humm+-bird4 ,:at an amaz+ disproportion ( weight6 ,yet by ! same me*anical use ( its w+s ! condor c ov]come ! specific gravity ( its body ) z mu* ease z ! little humm+-bird4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,we are in=m$ t ?is enorm\s bird possesses a p[] 9 its w+s1 s f> exce$+ :at is necess>y = its own conveyance ?r\gh ! air1 t x c take up & fly away ) a :ole %e] 9 its talons1 ) z mu* ease z an eagle w\ld c>ry (f1 9 ! same mann]1 a h>e or a rabbit4 ,?is we may readily give cr$it to1 f ! kn[n fact ( our little ke/rel & ! sp>r[-hawk frequ5tly fly+ (f ) a p>tridge1 :i* is ne>ly ?ree times ! weight ( ^! rapaci\s little birds4' ,aft] a few m obs]vations he arrives at ! foll[+ conclusion3 ',by att5d+ to ! progressive increase 9 ! weight ( birds1 f ! delicate little humm+-bird up to ! huge condor1 we cle>ly discov] t ! addition ( a few ounces1 p\nds1 or /ones1 is no ob/acle to ! art ( fly+2 ! specific weight ( birds avails no?+1 = by _! possess+ w+s l>ge en\gh1 & suffici5t p[] to "w !m1 !y c accompli% ! means ( fly+ equally well ^u all ! v>i\s scales & dim5sions :i* we see 9 nature4 ,su* be+ a fact1 9 ! "n ( reason & philosophy :y %all n man1 ) a pair ( artificial w+s1 l>ge en\gh1 & ) suffici5t p[] to /rike !m ^u ! air1 be able to produce ! same effect8' ,walk] ass]t$ def9itely & ) good gr\nd t muscul> ef=t appli$ )\t me*anism is insuffici5t = human flight1 b he /ates t if an a]onautical boat 7 con/ruct$ s t a man c\ld sit 9 x 9 ! same mann] z :5 r[+1 su* a man w\ld be able to br+ into play 8 :ole bodily /r5g? = ! purpose ( flight1 & at ! same "t w\ld be able to get an additional advantage by ex]t+ 8 /r5g? ^u a lev]4 ,at fir/ he conclud$ !re mu/ be expansion ( w+s l>ge en\gh to resi/ 9 a suffici5t degree ! specific gravity ( :atev] is atta*$ to !m1 b 9 ! second edition ( 8 "w he alt]$ ?is to 'expansion ( flat passive surfaces l>ge en\gh to r$uce ! =ce ( gravity s z to float ! ma*9e ^u ! air ) ! man 9 x4' ,! second requisite is /r5g? en\gh to /rike ! w+s ) suffici5t =ce to complete ! buoyancy & give a projectile motion to ! ma*9e4 ,giv5 ^! two requisites1 ,walk] /ates def9itely t fly+ mu/ be accompli%$ simply by muscul> ex]tion4 ',if we are secure ( ^! two requisites1 & ,i am v confid5t we are1 we may calculate ^u ! success ( flight ) z mu* c]ta9ty z ^u our walk+4' ,walk] appe>s to h ga9$ "s confid5ce f ! exp]im5ts ( a c]ta9 ,m4 ,deg51 a wat*mak] ( ,vi5na1 :o1 accord+ to ! ,mon?ly ,magaz9e ( ,septemb]1 #ahji1 inv5t$ a ma*9e by means ( :i* a p]son might raise himself into ! air4 ,! said ma*9e1 accord+ to ! magaz9e1 0 =m$ ( two p>a*utes :i* might be fold$ up or ext5d$ at pleasure1 :ile ! p]son :o work$ !m 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 0 r mislead+1 = ! magaz9e c>efully avoid$ m5tion ( a balloon to :i* ! inv5tor fix$ 8 w+s or p>a*utes4 ,walk]1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! balloon1 conclud$ t ,deg5 actually rais$ himself 9 ! air1 ?\gh he is d\btful ( ! ass]tion t ,deg5 manag$ to fly 9 v>i\s directions1 especially aga9/ ! w9d4 ,walk]1 aft] consid]+ ,deg5 & all 8 works1 proce$s to detail 8 own directions = ! con/ruction ( a fly+ ma*9e1 ^! be+ z foll[s3 ',make a c> ( z light mat]ial z possible1 b ) suffici5t /r5g? to support a man 9 x2 provide a pair ( w+s ab\t f\r feet ea* 9 l5g?2 let !m be horizontally exp&$ & fa/5$ ^u ! top edge ( ea* side ( ! c>1 ) two jo9ts ea*1 s z to admit ( a v]tical motion to ! w+s1 :i* motion may be effect$ by a man sitt+ & work+ an upright lev] 9 ! middle ( ! c>4 ,ext5d 9 ! front ( ! c> a flat surface ( silk1 :i* mu/ be /ret*$ out & kept fix$ 9 a passive /ate2 !re mu/ be ! same fix$ beh9d ! c>2 ^! two surfaces mu/ be p]fectly equal 9 l5g? & bread? & l>ge en\gh to cov] a suffici5t quantity ( air to support ! :ole weight z ne>ly 9 equilibrium z possible1 ?us we %all h a great su/a9+ p[] 9 ^? passive surfaces & ! active w+s w propel ! c> =w>d4' ,a description ( h[ to laun* ?is c> is subsequ5tly giv53 ',x becomes necess>y1' says ! !ori/1 't ,i %\ld give directions h[ x may be laun*$ ^u ! air1 :i* may be done by v>i\s means2 p]haps ! foll[+ me?od may be f\nd to answ] z well z any3 ,fix a poll upright 9 ! e>?1 ab\t tw5ty feet 9 height1 ) two op5 coll>s to admit ano!r poll to slide upw>ds ?r\gh !m2 let !re be a slid+ plat=m made fa/ ^u ! top ( ! slid+ poll2 place ! c> ) a man 9 x ^u ! plat=m1 !n raise ! plat=m to ! height ( ab\t ?irty feet by means ( ! slid+ poll1 let ! slid+ poll & plat=m sudd5ly fall d[n1 ! c> w !n be left ^u ! air1 & by its press+ ! air a projectile =ce w in/antly propel ! c> =w>d2 ! man 9 ! c> mu/ !n /rike ! active w+s briskly ^u ! air1 :i* w s increase ! projectile =ce z to become sup]ior to ! =ce ( gravitation1 & if he incl9es 8 weight a little backw>d1 ! projectile impulse w drive ! c> =w>d 9 an asc5d+ direction4 ,:5 ! c> is br\ght to a suffici5t altitude to cle> ! tops ( hills1 trees1 build+s1 etc41 ! man1 by sitt+ a little =w>d on 8 seat1 w !n br+ ! w+s ^u a horizontal plane1 & by cont9u+ ! action ( ! w+s he w be impell$ =w>d 9 t direction4 ,to desc5d1 he mu/ desi/ f /rik+ ! w+s1 & hold !m on a level ) _! jo9ts2 ! c> w !n gradually come d[n1 & :5 x is )9 five or six feet ( ! gr\nd ! man mu/ in/antly /rike ! w+s d[nw>ds1 & sit z f> back z he c2 he w by ?is means *eck ! projectile =ce1 & cause ! c> to alight v g5tly ) a retrograde motion4 ,! c>1 :5 up 9 ! air1 may be made to turn to ! "r or to ! left by =c+ out "o ( ! f9s1 hav+ "o ab\t eighte5 in*es long plac$ v]tically on ea* side ( ! c> = t purpose1 or p]haps m]ely by ! man incl9+ ! weight ( 8 body to "o side4' ,hav+ /at$ h[ ! ?+ is to be done1 ,walk] is c>eful to expla9 t :5 x is done !re w be 9 x "s practical use1 notably 9 respect ( ! conveyance ( mails & newspap]s1 or ! sav+ ( life at sea1 or = exploration1 etc4 ,x might ev5 r$uce ! numb] ( horses kept by man = 8 use1 by means ( :i* a l>ge am\nt ( l& might be set free = ! gr[? ( food = human consumption4 ,at ! end ( 8 "w ,walk] admits ! idea ( /eam p[] = driv+ a fly+ ma*9e 9 place ( simple human ex]tion1 b he1 l ,cayley1 saw a drawback to ?is 9 ! weight ( ! necess>y eng9e4 ,on ! :ole1 he conclud$1 navigation ( ! air by means ( eng9e p[] w\ld be mo/ly conf9$ to ! con/ruction ( navigable balloons4 ,z already not$1 ,walk]'s "w is n ov] practical1 & ! =ego+ extract includes ! mo/ practical "p ( x2 ! re/ is a s]ies ( diss]tations on bird flight1 9 :i*1 evid5tly1 ! portrait pa9t]'s obs]vations 7 f> less ?or\gh ?an ^? ( da ,v9ci or ,borelli4 ,tak5 on ! :ole1 ,walk] 0 a man ) a hobby2 he devot$ to x mu* "t & ?\ght1 b x rema9$ a hobby1 nev]!less4 ,8 obs]vations h prov$ useful en\gh to give him a place among ! e>ly /ud5ts ( flight1 b a great drawback to 8 "w is ! lack ( practical exp]im5t1 by means ( :i* alone real advance c\ld be made2 =1 z ,cayley admitt$1 !ory & practice are v widely sep>at$ 9 ! /udy ( aviation1 & ! :ole hi/ory ( flight is a matt] ( unexpect$ results aris+ f sc>cely =ese5 causes1 toge!r ) exp]im5t z pati5t z d>+4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,middle ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,bo? ,cayley & ,walk] 7 !ori/s1 ?\gh ,cayley support$ 8 !oretical "w ) en\gh ( practice to %[ t he /udi$ along "r l9es2 a little aft] 8 "t !re came practical m5 :o br\ght to be+ ! fir/ ma*9e :i* actually flew by ! application ( p[]4 ,be=e _! "t1 h[ev]1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ! "w ( ,george ,pocock ( ,bri/ol1 :o1 some:]e ab\t #ahdj inv5t$ :at 0 describ$ z a 'kite c>riage1' a vehicle :i* c>ri$ a numb] ( p]sons1 & obta9$ its motive p[] f a l>ge kite4 ,x is on record t1 9 ! ye> #ahdf "o ( ^! c>riages convey$ sixte5 p f ,bri/ol to ,london4 ,ano!r device ( ,pocock's 0 :at he call$ a 'buoyant sail1' :i* 0 9 effect a man-lift+ kite1 & by means ( :i* a pass5g] 0 actually rais$ #ajj y>ds f ! gr\nd1 :ile ! inv5tor's son scal$ a cliff #bjj feet 9 height by means ( "o ( ^!1 'buoyant sails4' ,?is con/itutes ! fir/ def9itely record$ exp]im5t 9 ! use ( man-lift+ kites4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,*>volant or ,kite-c>riage1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahea1 /ates t 'an exp]im5t ( a bold & v novel "* 0 made ^u an ext5sive d[n1 :]e a l>ge wagon ) a consid]able load 0 drawn along1 :il/ ?is huge ma*9e at ! same "t c>ri$ an obs]v] al(t 9 ! air1 realis+ almo/ ! romance ( fly+4' ,exp]im5t+1 two ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! 'kite-c>riage1' on ! helicopt] pr9ciple1 ,w4 ,h4 ,phillips con/ruct$ a model ma*9e :i* weigh$ two p\nds2 ?is 0 fitt$ ) revolv+ fans1 driv5 by ! combu/ion ( *>coal1 nitre1 & gypsum1 produc+ /eam :i*1 dis*>g+ into ! air1 caus$ ! fans to revolve4 ,! inv5tor /at$ t 'all be+ arrang$1 ! /eam 0 up 9 a few seconds1 :5 ! :ole app>atus spun ar\nd l any top1 & m\nt$ into ! air fa/] ?an a bird2 to :at height x asc5d$ ,i _h no means ( asc]ta9+2 ! di/ance travell$ 0 across two fields1 :]e1 aft] a long se>*1 ,i f\nd ! ma*9e m9us ! w+s1 :i* _h be5 torn (f 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4' ,?is c\ld h>dly be describ$ z successful flight1 b x 0 an advance 9 ! con/ruction ( ma*9es on ! helicopt] pr9ciple1 & x 0 ! fir/ /eam-driv5 model ( ! type :i* actually flew4 ,! inv5tion1 h[ev]1 0 n foll[$ up4 ,aft] ,phillips1 we come to ! great figures ( ! middle n9ete5? c5tury1 ,w4 ,s4 ,h5son & ,john ,/r+fell[4 ,cayley _h %[n1 9 #ahji1 h[ success might be atta9$ by develop+ ! idea ( ! plane surface s driv5 z to take advantage ( ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! air1 & ,h5son1 :o z e>ly z #ahdj 0 exp]im5t+ ) model glid]s & light /eam eng9es1 evolv$ & pat5t$ an idea = some?+ v ne>ly resembl+ ! monoplane ( ! e>ly tw5tie? c5tury4 ,8 pat5t1 ,no4 #idgh1 ( ! ye> #ahdb expla9s ! pr9ciple ( ! ma*9e z foll[s3-- ,9 ord] t ! description h]eaft] giv5 be r5d]$ cle>1 ,i w fir/ %ortly expla9 ! pr9ciple on :i* ! ma*9e is con/ruct$4 ,if any light & flat or ne>ly flat article be project$ or ?r[n edgewise 9 a slightly incl9$ position1 ! same w rise on ! air till ! =ce ex]t$ is exp5d$1 :5 ! article s ?r[n or project$ w desc5d2 & x w readily be conceiv$ t1 if ! article s project$ or ?r[n possess$ 9 itself a cont9u\s p[] or =ce equal to t us$ 9 ?r[+ or project+ x1 ! article w\ld cont9ue to asc5d s long z ! =w>d "p ( ! surface 0 upw>ds 9 respect to ! h9d] "p1 & t su* article1 :5 ! p[] 0 /opp$1 or :5 ! incl9ation 0 rev]s$1 w\ld desc5d by gravity aid$ by ! =ce ( ! p[] conta9$ 9 ! article1 if ! p[] be cont9u$1 ?us imitat+ ! flight ( a bird4 ,n[1 ! fir/ "p ( my inv5tion consi/s ( an app>atus s con/ruct$ z to (f] a v ext5d$ surface or plane ( a light yet /rong con/ruction1 :i* w h ! same relation to ! g5]al ma*9e :i* ! ext5d$ w+s ( a bird h to ! body :5 a bird is skimm+ 9 ! air2 b 9 place ( ! movem5t or p[] = onw>d progress be+ obta9$ by movem5t ( ! ext5d$ surface or plane1 z is ! case ) ! w+s ( birds1 ,i apply suitable paddle-:eels or o!r prop] me*anical propell]s work$ by a /eam or o!r suffici5tly light eng9e1 & ?us obta9 ! requisite p[] = onw>d movem5t to ! plane or ext5d$ surface2 & 9 ord] to give control z to ! upw>d & d[nw>d direction ( su* a ma*9e ,i apply a tail to ! ext5d$ surface :i* is capable ( be+ incl9$ or rais$1 s t :5 ! p[] is act+ to propel ! ma*9e1 by incl9+ ! tail upw>ds1 ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! air w cause ! ma*9e to rise on ! air2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! incl9ation ( ! tail is rev]s$1 ! ma*9e w imm$iately be propell$ d[nw>ds1 & pass ?r\gh a plane m or less incl9$ to ! horizon z ! incl9ation ( ! tail is great] or less2 & 9 ord] to guide ! ma*9e z to ! lat]al direction :i* x %all take1 ,i apply a v]tical rudd] or second tail1 &1 accord+ z ! same is incl9$ 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 s w be ! direction ( ! ma*9e4' ,! ma*9e 9 "q 0 v l>ge1 & diff]$ v little f ! mod]n monoplane2 ! mat]ials 7 to be sp>s ( bamboo & holl[ wood1 ) diagonal wire brac+4 ,! surface ( ! planes 0 to am\nt to #d1ejj squ>e feet1 & ! tail1 triangul> 9 =m 7"h mod]n practice div]ges7 0 to be #a1ejj squ>e feet4 ,! inv5tor e/imat$ t !re w\ld be a su/a9+ p[] ( half a p\nd p] squ>e foot1 & ! driv+ p[] 0 to be suppli$ by a /eam eng9e ( #be to #cj horse-p[]1 driv+ two six-blad$ propell]s4 ,h5son 0 l>gely dep5d5t on ,/r+fell[ = _m details ( 8 design1 m especially ) reg>d to ! con/ruction ( ! eng9e4 ,! publication ( ! pat5t attract$ a great am\nt ( public att5tion1 & ! illu/rations 9 contempor>y j\rnals1 repres5t+ ! ma*9e fly+ ov] ! pyramids & ! ,*annel1 anticipat$ fact by sixty ye>s & m2 ! sci5tific _w 0 divid$1 z x 0 up to ! actual accompli%m5t ( flight1 z to ! value ( ! inv5tion4 ,/rongfell[ & ,h5son became associat$ aft] ! conception ( _! design1 ) an attorney nam$ ,colomb9e1 & a ,mr ,m>riott1 & betwe5 ! f\r ( !m a project grew = putt+ ! :ole ?+ on a comm]cial basis--,h5son & ,/r+fell[ 7 to supply ! idea2 ,m>riott1 kn[+ a memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 w\ld be useful 9 gett+ a company incorporat$1 & ,colomb9e w\ld look aft] ! purely legal side ( ! bus9ess4 ,?us an application 0 made by ,mr ,roebuck1 ,m>riott's ,m4,p41 = an act ( incorporation = ',! ,a]ial ,/eam ,transit ,company1' ,roebuck mov+ to br+ 9 ! bill on ! #bd? ( ,m>*1 #ahdc4 ,! prospectus1 call+ = funds = ! developm5t ( ! inv5tion1 makes int]e/+ read+ at ?is /age ( a]onautical developm5t2 x 0 z foll[s3 ,,proposal4 ,= subscriptions ( sums ( ,l#ajj1 9 fur!rance ( an ,extraord9>y ,inv5tion n at pres5t safe to be develop$ by secur+ ! necess>y ,pat5ts1 = :i* ?ree times ! sum advanc$1 namely1 ,l#cjj1 is conditionally gu>ante$ = ea* subscription on ,febru>y #a1 #ahdd1 9 case ( ! anticipations be+ realis$1 ) ! option ( ! subscrib]s be+ %>ehold]s = ! l>ge am\nt if s desir$1 b n o!rwise4 ---------,an ,inv5tion has rec5tly be5 discov]$1 :i* if ultimately successful w be )\t p>allel ev5 9 ! age :i* introduc$ to ! _w ! wond]ful effects ( gas & ( /eam4 ,! discov]y is ( t peculi> nature1 s simple 9 pr9ciple yet s p]fect 9 all ! +r$i5ts requir$ = complete & p]man5t success1 t to promulgate x at pres5t w\ld :olly defeat its developm5t by ! imm5se competition :i* w\ld ensue1 & ! views ( ! orig9ator be entirely fru/rat$4 ,?is "w1 ! result ( ye>s ( lab\r & /udy1 pres5ts a wond]ful in/ance ( ! adaptation ( laws long s9ce prov$ to ! sci5tific _w comb9$ ) e/abli%$ pr9ciples s judici\sly & c>efully arrang$1 z to produce a discov]y p]fect 9 all its p>ts & alike 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( ,nature & ( sci5ce4 ,! ,inv5tion has be5 subject$ to sev]al te/s & exam9ations & ! results are mo/ satisfactory s mu* s t no?+ b ! completion ( ! und]tak+ is requir$ to det]m9e its practical op]ation1 :i* be+ once e/abli%$ its utility is und\bt$1 z x w\ld be a necess>y possession ( e empire1 & x 7 h>dly too mu* to say1 ( e individual ( compet5t means 9 ! civilis$ _w4 ,its qualities & capabilities are s va/ t x 7 impossible &1 ev5 if possible1 unsafe to develop !m fur!r1 b "s idea may be =m$ f ! fact t z a prelim9>y measure pat5ts 9 ,great ,brita9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ! ,colonies1 ,france1 ,belgium1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & e o!r c\ntry :]e protection to ! fir/ discov]ies ( an ,inv5tion is grant$1 w ( necessity be imm$iately obta9$1 & by ! "t ^! are p]fect$1 :i* x is e/imat$ w be 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 ! ,inv5tion w be fit = ,public ,trial1 b until ! ,pat5ts are seal$ any fur!r disclosure w\ld be mo/ dang]\s to ! pr9ciple on :i* x is bas$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is propos$ to raise an imm$iate sum ( ,l#b1jjj 9 fur!rance ( ! ,projector's views1 & z "s protection to ! p>ties :o may emb>k 9 ! matt]1 t ?is is n a vision>y plan = objects imp]fectly consid]$1 ,mr ,colomb9e1 to :om ! secret has be5 confid$1 has all[$ 8 "n to be us$ on ! occasion1 & :o w if ref]r$ to corroborate ?is /atem5t1 & conv9ce any inquir] ( ! reasonable prospects ( l>ge pecuni>y results foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! ,inv5tion4 ,x is1 !re=e1 int5d$ to raise ! sum ( ,l#b1jjj 9 tw5ty sums ( ,l#ajj ea* 7( :i* any subscrib] may take "o or m n exce$+ five 9 numb] to be held by any individual7 ! am\nt ( :i* is to be paid into ! h&s ( ,mr ,colomb9e z ,g5]al ,manag] ( ! conc]n to be by him appropriat$ 9 procur+ ! sev]al ,pat5ts & provid+ ! exp5ses incid5tal to ! works 9 progress4 ,= ea* ( :i* sums ( ,l#ajj x is int5d$ & agre$ t twelve mon?s aft] ! #a/ ,febru>y next1 ! sev]al p>ties subscrib+ %all receive z an equival5t = ! risk to be run ! sum ( ,l#cjj = ea* ( ! sums ( ,l#ajj n[ subscrib$1 provid$ :5 ! "t arrives ! ,pat5ts %all be f\nd to answ] ! purposes int5d$4 ,z full & complete success is alone look$ to1 no mod]ate or imp]fect b5efit is to be anticipat$1 b ! "w1 if x once passes ! necess>y ordeal1 to :i* inv5tions ( e k9d mu/ be fir/ subject1 w !n be reg>d$ by e "o z ! mo/ a/oni%+ discov]y ( mod]n times2 no half success c foll[1 & !re=e ! full nature ( ! risk is imm$iately asc]ta9$4 ,! int5tion is to "w & prove ! ,pat5t by collective in/ead ( individual aid z less haz>d\s at fir/ end m advantage\s 9 ! result = ! ,inv5tor1 z well z o!rs1 by hav+ ! int]e/ ( sev]al engag$ 9 aid+ "o common object--! developm5t ( a ,great ,plan4 ,! failure is n fe>$1 yet z p]fect success might1 by possibility1 n ensue1 x is necess>y to provide = t result1 & ! p>ties conc]n$ make x a condition t no return ( ! subscrib$ money %all be requir$1 if ! ,pat5ts %all by any un=ese5 circum/ances n be capable ( be+ work$ at all2 aga9/ :i*1 ! fir/ application ( ! money subscrib$1 t ( secur+ ! ,pat5ts1 af=ds a reasonable security1 z no "o )\t solid gr\nds w\ld ?9k ( su* an exp5diture4 ,x is p]fectly ne$less to /ate t no risk or responsibility ( any k9d c arise beyond ! paym5t ( ! sum to be subscrib$ "u any circum/ances :atev]4 ,z soon z ! ,pat5ts %all be p]fect$ & prov$ x is contemplat$1 s f> z may be f\nd practicable1 to fur!r ! great object 9 view a ,company %all be =m$ b respect+ :i* x is unnecess>y to /ate fur!r details1 ?an t a pref]5ce w be giv5 to all ^? p]sons :o n[ subscribe1 & to :om %>es %all be appropriat$ accord+ to ! l>g] am\nt 7be+ ?ree times ! sum to be paid by ea* p]son7 contemplat$ to be return$ z soon z ! success ( ! ,inv5tion %all h be5 e/abli%$1 at _! option1 or ! money paid1 :]eby ! ,subscrib] w h ! means ( ei!r )draw+ ) a l>ge pecuni>y b5efit1 or by cont9u+ 8 int]e/ 9 ! conc]n lay ! f\ndation = p>ticipat+ 9 ! imm5se b5efit :i* mu/ foll[ ! success ( ! plan4 ,x is n pret5d$ to conceal t ! project is a speculation--all p>ties believe t p]fect success1 & !nce incalculable advantage ( e k9d1 w foll[ to e individual jo9+ 9 ?is great und]tak+2 b ! ,g5tlem5 engag$ 9 x wi% t no concealm5t ( ! consequ5ces1 p]fect success1 or possible failure1 %\ld 9 ! slighte/ degree be inf]r$4 ,!y believe ?is w prove ! g]m ( a mighty "w1 & 9 t belief call = ! op]ation ( o!rs ) no vision>y object1 b a legitimate "o be=e !m1 to atta9 t po9t :]e p]fect success w be secur$ f _! comb9$ ex]tions4 ,all applications to be made to ,d4 ,e4 ,colomb9e1 ,esquire1 #h ,c>lton ,*amb]s1 ,reg5t ,/reet4 ,! applications did n mat]ialise1 z 0 only to be expect$ 9 view ( ! vagu5ess ( ! proposals4 ,colomb9e did "s adv]tis+1 & ,mr ,roebuck express$ himself z unwill+ to proce$ fur!r 9 ! v5ture4 ,h5son exp]im5t$ ) models to a c]ta9 ext5t1 :ile ,/r+fell[ look$ = funds = ! con/ruction ( a full-siz$ monoplane4 ,9 ,novemb] ( #ahdc he sugge/$ t he & ,h5son %\ld con/ruct a l>ge model out ( _! own funds4 ,on ,h5son's sugge/ion ,colomb9e & ,m>riott 7 b\ght out z reg>ds ! orig9al pat5t1 & ,/r+fell[ & ,h5son ent]$ into an agreem5t & set to "w4 ,_! "w is briefly describ$ 9 a little pamphlet by ,f4 ,j4 ,/r+fell[1 entitl$ ,a few ,rem>ks on :at has be5 done ) screw-propell$ ,a]o-plane ,ma*9es f #ahji to #ahib4 ,! au?or writes ) reg>d to ! "w t 8 fa!r & ,h5son und]took3-- ',!y comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( a small model op]at$ by a spr+1 & laid d[n ! l>g] model #bj ft4 f tip to tip ( planes1 #c #a_/b ft4 wide1 giv+ #gj ft4 ( su/a9+ surface1 ab\t #aj m 9 ! tail4 ,! mak+ ( ?is model requir$ great consid]ation2 v>i\s supports = ! w+s 7 tri$1 s z to comb9e lightness ) firmness1 /r5g? & rigidity4 ',! planes 7 /aid f ?ree sets ( fi%-%ap$ ma/s1 & rigg$ squ>e & firm by flat /eel rigg+4 ,! eng9e & boil] 7 put 9 ! c> to drive two screw-propell]s1 "r & left-h&$1 #c ft4 9 diamet]1 ) f\r blades ea*1 occupy+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! area ( ! circumf]5ce1 set at an angle ( #fj degrees4 ,a consid]able "t 0 sp5t 9 p]fect+ ! motive p[]4 ,compress$ air 0 tri$ & ab&on$4 ,tappets1 cams1 & ecc5trics 7 all tri$1 to "w ! slide valve1 to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,! pi/on rod ( eng9e pass$ ?r\gh bo? ends ( ! cyl9d]1 & ) long connect+ rods work$ direct on ! crank ( ! propell]s4 ,f memor&um ( exp]im5ts /ill pres]v$ ! foll[+ is a copy ( "o3 ,june1 #bg?1 #ahde1 wat] #ej ozs41 _s #aj ozs41 lamp lit #h4de1 gauge moves #h4df1 eng9e />t$ #h4dh 7#ajj lb4 pressure71 eng9e /opp$ #h4eg1 work$ #i m9utes1 #b1bhh revolutions1 av]age #bed p] m9ute4 ,no prim+1 #dj ozs4 wat] consum$1 propulsion 7?ru/ ( propell]s71 #e lbs4 #d #a_/b ozs4 at comm5cem5t1 /eady1 #d lbs4 #a_/b oz41 #eg revolutions to #a oz4 wat]1 /eam cut (f "o-?ird f beg9n+4 ',! diamet] ( cyl9d] ( eng9e 0 #a #a_/b in*1 l5g? ( /roke #c in*es4 ',9 ! meantime an eng9e 0 also made = ! small] model1 & a w+ action tri$1 b ) poor results4 ,! "t 0 mo/ly devot$ to ! l>g] model1 & 9 #ahdg a t5t 0 erect$ on ,bala ,d[n1 ab\t two miles f ,*>d1 & ! model tak5 up "o night by ! workm54 ,! exp]im5ts 7 n s fav\rable z 0 expect$4 ,! ma*9e c\ld n support itself = any di/ance1 b1 :5 laun*$ (f1 gradually desc5d$1 al?\gh ! p[] & surface %\ld h be5 ample2 inde$1 accord+ to late/ calculations1 ! ?ru/ %\ld h c>ri$ m ?an ?ree times ! weight1 = !re 0 a ?ru/ ( #e lbs4 f ! propell]s1 & a surface ( ov] #gj squ>e feet to su/a9 "u #cj lbs41 b necess>y spe$ 0 lack+4' ,/r+fell[ himself expla9$ ! failure z foll[s3-- ',!re /ood our a]ial protegee 9 all h] purity--too delicate1 too fragile1 too beautiful = ?is r\gh _w2 at lea/ ^? 7 my ideas at ! "t1 b little did ,i ?9k h[ soon x 0 to be realis$4 ,i soon f\nd1 be=e ,i _h "t to introduce ! sp>k1 a droop+ 9 ! w+s1 a flagg+ 9 all ! p>ts4 ,9 less ?an t5 m9utes ! ma*9e 0 saturat$ ) wet f a deposit ( dew1 s t any?+ l a trial 0 impossible by night4 ,i did n consid] we c\ld get ! silk tight & rigid en\gh4 ,inde$1 ! framework altoge!r 0 too weak4 ,! /eam-eng9e 0 ! be/ "p4 ,our want ( success 0 n = want ( p[] or su/a9+ surface1 b = want ( prop] adaptation ( ! means to ! end ( ! v>i\s p>ts4' ,h5son1 :o _h sp5t a consid]able am\nt ( money 9 ^! exp]im5tal con/ructions1 consol$ himself = failure by v5tur+ into matrimony2 9 #ahdi he w5t to ,am]ica1 leav+ ,/r+fell[ to cont9ue exp]im5t+ alone4 ,f #ahdf to #ahdh ,/r+fell[ work$ on :at is really an epo*-mak+ item 9 ! hi/ory ( a]onautics--! fir/ eng9e-driv5 a]oplane :i* actually flew4 ,! ma*9e 9 "q _h a #aj foot span1 & 0 #b ft4 across 9 ! wide/ "p ( ! w+2 ! l5g? ( tail 0 #c ft4 #f ins41 & ! span ( tail 9 ! wide/ "p #bb ins41 ! total su/a9+ area be+ ab\t #ad sq4 ft4 ,! motive p[] consi/$ ( an eng9e ) a cyl9d] ( ?ree-qu>t] in* diamet] & a two-in* /roke2 betwe5 ?is & ! crank %aft 0 a bevell$ ge> giv+ ?ree revolutions ( ! propell]s to e /roke ( ! eng9e2 ! propell]s1 "r & left screw1 7 f\r-blad$ & #af in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! total weight ( ! model ) eng9e 0 #h lbs4 ,its successful flight is ascrib$ to ! fact t ,/r+fell[ curv$ ! w+s1 giv+ !m rigid front edges & flexible trail+ edges1 z sugge/$ long be=e bo? by ,da ,v9ci & ,borelli1 b nev] be=e put into practice4 ,mr ,f4 ,j4 ,/r+fell[1 9 ! pamphlet quot$ above1 gives ! be/ acc\nt ( ! flight ( ?is model3 ',my fa!r _h con/ruct$ ano!r small model :i* 0 f9i%$ e>ly 9 #ahdh1 & hav+ ! loan ( a long room 9 a disus$ lace factory1 e>ly 9 ,june ! small model 0 mov$ !re = exp]im5ts4 ,! room 0 ab\t #bb y>ds long & f #aj to #ab ft4 high4444 ,! incl9$ wire = />t+ ! ma*9e occupi$ less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! room & left space at ! end = ! ma*9e to cle> ! floor4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t ! tail 0 set at too high an angle1 & ! ma*9e rose too rapidly on leav+ ! wire4 ,aft] go+ a few y>ds x slid back z if com+ d[n an incl9$ plane1 at su* an angle t ! po9t ( ! tail /ruck ! gr\nd & 0 brok54 ,! tail 0 repair$ & set at a small] angle4 ,! /eam 0 aga9 got up1 & ! ma*9e />t$ d[n ! wire1 &1 ^u rea*+ ! po9t ( self-deta*m5t1 x gradually rose until x rea*$ ! f>!r end ( ! room1 /rik+ a hole 9 ! canvas plac$ to /op x4 ,9 exp]im5ts ! ma*9e flew well1 :5 ris+ z mu* z "o 9 sev54 ,! late ,rev4 ,j4 ,ri/e1 ,esq41 lace manufactur]1 ,nor?cote ,spic]1 ,esq41 ,j4 ,toms1 ,esq41 & o!rs witness$ exp]im5ts4 ,mr ,m>riatt1 late ( ! ,san ,francisco ,news ,lett] br\ght d[n f ,london ,mr ,ellis1 ! !n lessee ( ,cremorne ,g>d5s1 ,mr ,p>tridge1 & ,lieut5ant ,gale1 ! a]onaut1 to witness exp]im5ts4 ,mr ,ellis (f]$ to con/ruct a cov]$ way at ,cremorne = exp]im5ts4 ,mr ,/r+fell[ repair$ to ,cremorne1 b n mu* bett] accommodations ?an he _h at home 7 provid$1 ow+ to unfulfill$ engagem5t z to room4 ,mr ,/r+fell[ 0 prep>+ = dep>ture :5 a p>ty ( g5tlem5 unconnect$ ) ! ,g>d5s begg$ to see an exp]im5t1 & f9d+ !m able to appreciate 8 endeav\rs1 he got up /eam & />t$ ! model d[n ! wire4 ,:5 x arriv$ at ! spot :]e x %\ld leave ! wire x appe>$ to meet ) "s ob/ruction1 & ?reat5$ to come to ! gr\nd1 b x soon recov]$ itself & d>t$ (f 9 z fair a flight z x 0 possible to make at a di/ance ( ab\t #dj y>ds1 :]e x 0 /opp$ by ! canvas4 ',hav+ n[ demon/rat$ ! practicability ( mak+ a /eam-eng9e fly1 & f9d+ no?+ b a pecuni>y loss & little hon\r1 ?is exp]im5t] re/$ = a long "t1 satisfi$ ) :at he _h effect$4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 _h to him special *>ms1 & he /ill contemplat$ ! r5ewal ( 8 exp]im5ts4' ,x appe>s t ,/r+fell['s int]e/ did n revive suffici5tly = ! cont9uance ( ! exp]im5ts until ! f\nd+ ( ! ,a]onautical ,society ( ,great ,brita9 9 #ahff4 ,w5ham's pap] on ,a]ial ,locomotion read at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,society1 :i* 0 held at ! ,society ( ,arts "u ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 0 ! means ( br++ ,/r+fell[ back into ! field4 ,x 0 ,w5ham's sugge/ion1 9 ! fir/ place1 t monoplane design %\ld be ab&on$ = ! sup]position ( planes2 act+ on ?is sugge/ion ,/r+fell[ con/ruct$ a model triplane1 & also design$ a /eam eng9e ( slightly ov] "o horse-p[]1 & a "o horse-p[] copp] boil] & fire box :i*1 al?\gh capable ( su/a9+ a pressure ( #ejj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 weigh$ only ab\t #dj lbs4 ,bo? ! eng9e & ! triplane model 7 exhibit$ at ! fir/ ,a]onautical ,exhibition held at ! ,cry/al ,palace 9 #ahfh4 ,! triplane _h a support+ surface ( #bh sq4 ft42 inclusive ( eng9e1 boil]1 fuel1 & wat] its total weight 0 "u #ab lbs4 ,! eng9e work$ two #ba 94 propell]s at #fjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & develop$ #ajj lbs4 /eam pressure 9 five m9utes1 yield+ "o-?ird horse-p[]4 ,s9ce no free flight 0 all[$ 9 ! ,exhibition1 ow+ to dang] f fire1 ! triplane 0 susp5d$ f a wire 9 ! nave ( ! build+1 & x 0 not$ t1 :5 runn+ along ! wire1 ! model made a p]ceptible lift4 ,a prize ( ,l#ajj 0 aw>d$ to ! /eam eng9e z ! lighte/ /eam eng9e 9 proportion to its p[]4 ,! eng9e & model toge!r may be reckon$ z ,/r+fell['s be/ a*ievem5t4 ,he us$ 8 ,l#ajj 9 prep>ation = fur!r exp]im5ts1 b he 0 n[ an old man1 & 8 "w 0 practically done4 ,bo? ! triplane & ! eng9e 7 ev5tually b\ght = ! ,wa%+ton ,museum2 ,/r+fell['s e>li] models1 toge!r ) ^? con/ruct$ by him 9 conjunction ) ,h5son1 rema9 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,john ,/r+fell[ di$ on ,decemb] #ac?1 #ahhc4 ,8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( a]onautics is at lea/ equal to t ( ,cayley1 & x may be said t he laid ! f\ndation ( su* "w z 0 subsequ5tly accompli%$ by ,maxim1 ,langley1 & _! fell[s4 ,x 0 ! com+ ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e t r5d]$ flight practicable1 & _h ?is prime mov] be5 available 9 ,john ,/r+fell['s day ! ,wright bro!rs' a*ievem5t might h be5 ant$at$ by half a c5tury4 ,v4 ,,w5ham1 ,,le ,,bris1 ,,& ,,"s ,,o!rs ,!re are few out/&+ ev5ts 9 ! developm5t ( a]onautics betwe5 ,/r+fell['s f9al a*ievem5t & ! "w ( su* m5 z ,lili5?al1 ,pil*]1 ,montgom]y1 & _! k9d2 9 spite ( ?is1 ! lat] middle decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury witness$ a consid]able am\nt ( spade "w bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france1 ! two c\ntries :i* l$ 9 ! way 9 a]onautical developm5t until ,lili5?al gave hon\r to ,g]many1 & ,langley & ,montgom]y pav$ ! way = ! ,wright ,bro!rs 9 ,am]ica4 ,two abortive attempts *>act]is$ ! sixties ( la/ c5tury 9 ,france4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^!1 x 0 c>ri$ out by ?ree m51 ,nad>1 ,ponton d',amec\rt1 & ,de la ,l&elle1 :o conceiv$ ! idea ( a full-siz$ helicopt] ma*9e4 ,d',amec\rt exhibit$ a /eam model1 con/ruct$ 9 #ahfe1 at ! ,a]onautical ,society's ,exhibition 9 #ahfh4 ,! eng9e 0 alum9ium ) cyl9d]s ( bronze1 driv+ two screws plac$ "o above ! o!r & rotat+ 9 ,opposite directions1 b ! p[] 0 n suffici5t to lift ! model4 ,de la ,l&elle's pr9cipal a*ievem5t consi/$ 9 ! publication 9 #ahfc ( a book entitl$ ,aviation :i* has a c]ta9 hi/orical value2 he got out sev]al designs = l>ge ma*9es on ! helicopt] pr9ciple1 b did little m until ! ?ree comb9$ 9 ! attempt to raise funds = ! con/ruction ( _! full-siz$ ma*9e4 ,s9ce ! funds 7 n =?com+1 ,nad> took to balloon+ z ! means ( rais+ money2 app>5tly he f\nd ?is sub/itute = real flight suffici5tly int]e/+ to div]t him f ! /udy ( ! helicopt] pr9ciple1 = ! exp]im5t w5t no fur!r4 ,! o!r exp]im5t] ( ?is p]iod1 "o ,c\nt d',e/]no1 took out a pat5t 9 #ahfd = a so>+ ma*9e :i* all[$ = alt]ation ( ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! w+s 9 ! mann] t 0 subsequ5tly c>ri$ out by ! ,wright ,bro!rs4 ,x 0 n until #ahhc t any attempt 0 made to put ?is pat5t to practical use1 &1 z ! inv5tor di$ :ile x 0 "u con/ruction1 x 0 nev] complet$4 ,d',e/]no 0 also responsible = ! production ( a "w entitl$ ,du ,vol des ,oiseaux1 :i* is a v rem>kable /udy ( ! flight ( birds4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! f\nd+ ( ! ,a]onautical ,society ( ,great ,brita91 :i*1 s9ce #aiah has be5 ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society4 #ahff witness$ ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,society "u ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 :5 9 ,june1 at ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,francis ,h]b]t ,w5ham read 8 n[ classic pap] ,a]ial ,locomotion4 ,c]ta9 quotations f ?is w %[ h[ cle>ly ,w5ham _h ?\ght out ! problems connect$ ) flight4 ',! fir/ subject = consid]ation is ! proportion ( surface to weight1 & _! comb9$ effect 9 desc5d+ p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,! datum is "h bas$ ^u ! consid]ation ( safety1 = x may sometimes be ne$ful = a liv+ be+ to drop passively1 )\t muscul> ef=t4 ,"o squ>e foot ( su/a9+ surface = e p\nd ( ! total weight w be suffici5t = security4 ',accord+ to ,smeaton's table ( atmosph]ic resi/ances1 to produce a =ce ( "o p\nd on a squ>e foot1 ! w9d mu/ move aga9/ ! plane 7or :i* is ! same ?+1 ! plane aga9/ ! w9d71 at ! rate ( tw5ty-two feet p] second1 or #a1cbj feet p] m9ute1 equal to fifte5 miles p] h\r4 ,! resi/ance ( ! air w n[ balance ! weight on ! desc5d+ surface1 &1 consequ5tly1 x _c exce$ t spe$4 ,n[1 tw5ty-two feet p] second is ! velocity acquir$ at ! end ( a fall ( eight feet--a height f :i* a well-knit man or animal may leap d[n )\t mu* risk ( injury4 ,!re=e1 if a man ) p>a*ute weigh toge!r #adc lbs41 spread+ ! same numb] ( squ>e feet ( surface conta9$ 9 a circle f\rte5 & a half feet 9 diamet]1 he w desc5d at p]haps an unpleasant velocity1 b ) safety to life & limb4 ',x is a rem>kable fact h[ ?is proportion ( w+-surface to weight ext5ds ?r\gh\t a great v>iety ( ! fly+ portion ( ! animal k+dom1 ev5 d[n to hornets1 bees1 & o!r insects4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! gall9ace\s tribe1 includ+ pheasants1 ?is area is some:at exce$$1 b !y are kn[n to be v poor fli]s4 ,resid+ z !y d *iefly on ! gr\nd1 _! w+s are only requir$ = %ort di/ances1 or = rais+ !m or eas+ _! desc5t f _! roo/+-places 9 =e/ trees1 ! %ortness ( _! w+s prev5t+ !m f tak+ ext5d$ flights4 ,! w+-surface ( ! common swall[ is r m ?an 9 ! ratio ( two squ>e feet p] p\nd1 b hav+ also great l5g? ( p9ion1 x is bo? swift & endur+ 9 its flight4 ,:5 on a rapid c\rse ?is bird is 9 ! habit ( furl+ its w+s into a n>r[ compass4 ,! great] ext5t ( surface is probably ne$ful = ! cont9ual v>iations ( spe$ & in/ant /oppages = obta9+ its insect food4 ',on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s birds1 p>ticul>ly ( ! duck tribe1 ^: w+-surface b little exce$s half a squ>e foot1 or sev5ty-two in*es p] p\nd1 yet !y may be class$ among ! /ronge/ & swifte/ ( fli]s4 ,a weight ( "o p\nd1 susp5d$ f an area ( ?is ext5t1 w\ld acquire a velocity due to a fall ( sixte5 feet--a height suffici5t = ! de/ruction or injury ( mo/ animals4 ,b :5 ! plane is urg$ =w>d horizontally1 9 a mann] analog\s to ! w+s ( a bird dur+ flight1 ! su/a9+ p[] is greatly influ5c$ by ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! surface4 ',9 ! case ( p]p5dicul> desc5t1 z a p>a*ute1 ! su/a9+ effect w be mu* ! same1 :atev] ! figure ( ! outl9e ( ! sup]ficies may be1 & a circle p]haps af=ds ! be/ resi/ance ( any4 ,take1 = example1 a circle ( tw5ty squ>e feet 7z possess$ by ! pelican7 load$ ) z _m p\nds4 ,?is1 z j /at$1 w limit ! rate ( p]p5dicul> desc5t to #a1cbj feet p] m9ute4 ,b in/ead ( a circle sixty-"o in*es 9 diamet]1 if ! area is b\nd$ by a p>allelogram t5 feet long by two feet broad1 & :il/ at p]fect fre$om to desc5d p]p5dicul>ly1 let a =ce be appli$ exactly 9 a horizontal direction1 s z to c>ry x edgeways1 ) ! long side =emo/1 at a =w>d spe$ ( ?irty miles p] h\r--j d\ble t ( its passive desc5t3 ! rate ( fall "u ^! conditions w be decreas$ mo/ rem>kably1 probably to less ?an "o-fifte5? "p1 or eighty-eight feet p] m9ute1 or "o mile p] h\r4' ,& aga93 ',x has be=e be5 %[n h[ utt]ly inadequate ! m]e p]p5dicul> impulse ( a plane is f\nd to be 9 support+ a weight1 :5 !re is no horizontal motion at ! "t4 ,!re is no mat]ial weight ( air to be act$ ^u1 & x yields to ! slighte/ =ce1 h[ev] great ! velocity ( impulse may be4 ,on ! o!r h&1 suppose t a l>ge bird1 9 full flight1 c make =ty miles p] h\r1 or #c1ebj feet p] m9ute1 & p]=ms "o /roke p] second4 ,n[1 dur+ e fractional portion ( t /roke1 ! w+ is act+ ^u & obta9+ an impulse f a fre% & undi/urb$ body ( air2 & if ! vibration ( ! w+ is limit$ to an arc ( two feet1 ?is by no means repres5ts ! small =ce ( action t w\ld be obta9$ :5 9 a /ation>y position1 = ! impulse is secur$ ^u a /ratum ( fifty-eight feet 9 l5g? ( air at ea* /roke4 ,s t ! conditions ( weight ( air = obta9+ support equally well apply to weight ( air & its reaction 9 produc+ =w>d impulse4 ',s necess>y is ! acquirem5t ( ?is horizontal spe$1 ev5 9 comm5c+ flight1 t mo/ heavy birds1 :5 possible1 rise aga9/ ! w9d1 & ev5 run at ! top ( _! spe$ to make _! w+s available1 z 9 ! example ( ! eagle1 m5tion$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is pap]4 ,x is /at$ t ! ,arabs1 on horseback1 c approa* ne> en\gh to spe> ^! birds1 :5 on ! pla91 be=e !y are able to rise2 _! habit is to p]* on an em95ce1 :]e possible4 ',! tail ( a bird is n necess>y = flight4 ,a pigeon c fly p]fectly ) ?is app5dage cut %ort (f2 x probably p]=ms an important function 9 /e]+1 = x is to be rem>k$1 t mo/ birds t h ei!r to pursue or evade pursuit are amply provid$ ) ?is organ4 ',! =ego+ reason+ is bas$ ^u facts1 :i* t5d to %[ t ! flight ( ! l>ge/ & heavie/ ( all birds is really p]=m$ ) b a small am\nt ( =ce1 & t man is end[$ ) suffici5t muscul> p[] to enable him also to take individual & ext5d$ flights1 & t success is probably only involv$ 9 a "q ( suitable me*anical adaptations4 ,b if ! w+s are to be modell$ 9 imitation ( natural examples1 b v little consid]ation w s]ve to demon/rate its utt] impracticability :5 appli$ 9 ^! =ms4' ,?us ,w5ham1 "o ( ! be/ !ori/s ( 8 age4 ,! ,society ) :i* ?is pap] connects 8 "n has done "w1 betwe5 t "t & ! pres5t1 ( :i* ! importance _c be ov]e/imat$1 & has be5 ( ! greate/ value 9 ! developm5t ( a]onautics1 bo? 9 !ory & exp]im5t4 ,! objects ( ! ,society are to give a /rong] impulse to ! sci5tific /udy ( a]ial navigation1 to promote ! int]c\rse ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ! subject at home & abroad1 & to give advice & in/ruction to ^? :o /udy ! pr9ciples ^u :i* a]onautical sci5ce is bas$4 ,f ! date ( its f\ndation ! ,society has giv5 special /udy to dynamic flight1 putt+ ?is be=e balloon+4 ,its libr>y1 its bureau ( advice & in=mation1 & its meet+s1 all assi/ 9 =w>d+ ! /udy ( a]onautics1 & its tw5ty-?ree e>ly ,annual ,reports are ( consid]able value1 conta9+ z !y d a l>ge am\nt ( useful in=mation on a]onautical subjects1 & =m+ practically ! basis ( a]onautical sci5ce4 ,ante to ,w5ham1 ,/r+fell[ & ! ,fr5* exp]im5t]s already not$1 by "s ye>s1 0 ,le ,bris1 a ,fr5* sea capta91 :o appe>s to h requir$ only a ?or\gh sci5tific tra9+ to h r5d]$ him ( equal mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( glid+ flight ) ,lili5?al himself4 ,le ,bris1 x appe>s1 wat*$ ! albatross & d$uc$1 f ! mann] 9 :i* x support$ itself 9 ! air1 t plane surfaces c\ld be con/ruct$ & arrang$ to support a man 9 l mann]4 ,octave ,*anute1 himself a lead+ expon5t ( glid+1 gives ! be/ description ( ,le ,bris's exp]im5ts 9 a "w1 ,progress 9 ,fly+ ,ma*9es1 :i*1 al?\gh publi%$ z rec5tly z ,i #ahid1 is already r>e4 ,*anute draws f a /ill r>] book1 namely1 ,de la ,l&elle's "w publi%$ 9 #ahhd4 ,le ,bris himself1 quot$ by ,de la ,l&elle z speak+ ( 8 fir/ vision+ ( human flight1 describes h[ he kill$ an albatross1 & !n--',i took ! w+ ( ! albatross & expos$ x to ! breeze2 & lo6 9 spite ( me x drew =w>d into ! w9d2 not)/&+ my resi/ance x t5d$ to rise4 ,?us ,i _h discov]$ ! secret ( ! bird6 ,i compreh5d$ ! :ole my/]y ( flight4' ,?is app>5tly took place :ile at sea2 lat] on ,le ,bris1 return+ to ,france1 design$ & con/ruct$ an artificial albatross ( suffici5t size to be> 8 own weight4 ,! fact t he foll[$ ! bird outl9e z closely z he did atte/s 8 lack ( sci5tific tra9+ = 8 task1 :ile at ! same "t ! success ( ! exp]im5t 0 pro( ( 8 g5ius4 ,! body ( 8 artificial bird1 boat-%ap$1 0 #ac #a_/b ft4 9 l5g?1 ) a bread? ( #d ft4 at ! wide/ "p4 ,! mat]ial 0 clo? /ret*$ ov] a wood5 framework2 9 front 0 a small ma/ rigg$ aft] ! mann] ( a %ip's ma/s to :i* 7 atta*$ poles & cords ) :i* ,le ,bris int5d$ to "w ! w+s4 ,ea* w+ 0 #bc ft4 9 l5g?1 giv+ a total support+ surface ( ne>ly #bbj sq4 ft42 ! weight ( ! :ole app>atus 0 only #ib p\nds4 ,= /e]+1 bo? v]tical & horizontal1 a h+$ tail 0 provid$1 & ! lead+ edge ( ea* w+ 0 made flexible4 ,9 con/ruction ?r\gh\t1 & especially 9 t ( ! w+s1 ,le ,bris adh]$ z closely z possible to ! orig9al albatross4 ,he design$ an +5i\s k9d ( me*anism :i* he t]m$ ',rotules1' :i* by means ( two lev]s gave a rot>y motion to ! front edge ( ! w+s1 & also p]mitt$ ( _! adju/m5t to v>i\s angles4 ,! inv5tor's idea 0 to /& upright 9 ! body ( ! contrivance1 work+ ! lev]s & cords ) 8 h&s1 & ) 8 feet on a p$al by means ( :i* ! /e]+ tail 0 to be work$4 ,he anticipat$ t1 giv5 a /rong w9d1 he c\ld rise into ! air aft] ! mann] ( an albatross1 )\t any ne$ = flapp+ 8 w+s1 & ! acc\nt ( 8 fir/ exp]im5t =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ incid5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( flight4 ,x is relat$ 9 full 9 ,*anute's "w1 f :i* ! pres5t acc\nt is summ>is$4 ,le ,bris made 8 fir/ exp]im5t on a ma9 road ne> ,d\>n5ez1 at ,trefeuntec4 ,f 8 obs]vation ( ! albatross ,le ,bris conclud$ t x 0 necess>y to get "s initial velocity 9 ord] to make ! ma*9e rise2 consequ5tly on a ,sunday morn+1 ) a breeze ( ab\t #ab miles an h\r bl[+ d[n ! road1 he _h 8 albatross plac$ on a c>t & set (f1 ) a peasant driv]1 aga9/ ! w9d4 ,at ! outset ! ma*9e 0 fa/5$ to ! c>t by a rope runn+ ?r\gh ! rails on :i* ! ma*9e re/$1 & secur$ by a slip knot on ,le ,bris's own wri/1 s t only a j]k on 8 "p 0 necess>y to loos5 ! rope & set ! ma*9e free4 ,on ea* side walk$ an assi/ant hold+ ! w+s1 & :5 a turn ( ! road br\ght ! ma*9e full into ! w9d ^! m5 7 in/ruct$ to let g1 :ile ! driv] increas$ ! pace f a walk to a trot4 ,le ,bris1 by pressure on ! lev]s ( ! ma*9e1 rais$ ! front edges ( 8 w+s slightly2 !y took ! w9d almo/ in/antly to su* an ext5t t ! horse1 reliev$ ( a great "p ( ! weight he _h be5 draw+1 turn$ 8 trot into a gallop4 ,le ,bris gave ! j]k ( ! rope t %\ld h unfa/5$ ! slip knot1 b a conceal$ nail on ! c>t caught ! rope1 s t x fail$ to run4 ,! lift ( ! ma*9e 0 su*1 h[ev]1 t x reliev$ ! horse ( v ne>ly ! weight ( ! c>t & driv]1 z well z t ( ,le ,bris & 8 ma*9e1 & 9 ! end ! rails ( ! c>t gave way4 ,le ,bris rose 9 ! air1 ! ma*9e ma9ta9+ p]fect balance & ris+ to a height ( ne>ly #cjj ft41 ! total l5g? ( ! glide be+ upw>ds ( an eigh? ( a mile4 ,b at ! la/ mom5t ! rope :i* _h orig9ally fa/5$ ! ma*9e to ! c>t got w\nd r\nd ! driv]'s body1 s t ?is un=tunate dangl$ 9 ! air "u ,le ,bris & probably assi/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! balance ( ! artificial albatross4 ,le ,bris1 congratulat+ himself on 8 success1 0 prep>$ to enjoy j z long a "t 9 ! air z ! pressure ( ! w9d w\ld p]mit1 b ! h[ls ( ! un=tunate driv] at ! end ( ! rope b5ea? him dispell$ 8 dreams2 by work+ 8 lev]s he alt]$ ! angle ( ! front w+ edges s skilfully z to make a v successful l&+ inde$ = ! driv]1 :o1 entirely un9jur$1 dis5tangl$ himself f ! rope z soon z he t\*$ ! gr\nd1 & ran (f to retrieve 8 horse & c>t4 ,app>5tly 8 release made a diff]5ce 9 ! c5tre ( gravity1 = ,le ,bris c\ld n manipulate 8 lev]s = fur!r asc5t2 by skilful manipulation he ret>d$ ! desc5t suffici5tly to escape injury to himself2 ! ma*9e desc5d$ at an angle1 s t "o w+1 /rik+ ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! o!r1 receiv$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( damage4 ,x may h be5 on acc\nt ( ! reluctance ( ?is same or ano!r driv] t ,le ,bris *ose a diff]5t me?od ( laun*+ himself 9 mak+ a second exp]im5t ) 8 albatross4 ,he *ose ! edge ( a qu>ry :i* _h be5 excavat$ 9 a depression ( ! gr\nd2 "h he assembl$ 8 app>atus at ! bottom ( ! qu>ry1 & by means ( a rope 0 hoi/$ to a height ( ne>ly #ajj ft4 f ! qu>ry bottom1 ?is rope be+ atta*$ to a ma/ :i* he _h erect$ ^u ! edge ( ! depression 9 :i* ! qu>ry 0 situat$4 ,?us hoi/$1 ! albatross 0 swung to face a /rong breeze t blew inl&1 & ,le ,bris manipulat$ 8 lev]s to give ! front edges ( 8 w+s a d[nw>d angle1 s t only ! top surfaces %\ld take ! w+ pressure4 ,hav+ got 8 balance1 he obta9$ a lift+ angle ( incid5ce on ! w+s by means ( 8 lev]s1 & releas$ ! hook t secur$ ! ma*9e1 glid+ (f ov] ! qu>ry4 ,on ! glide he met ) ! inevitable upw>d curr5t ( air t ! qu>ry & ! depression 9 :i* x 0 situat$ caus$2 ?is curr5t upset ! balance ( ! ma*9e & flung x to ! bottom ( ! qu>ry1 break+ x to fragm5ts4 ,le ,bris1 app>5tly z intrepid z +5i\s1 gripp$ ! ma/ f :i* 8 lev]s 7 work$1 &1 spr++ upw>d z ! ma*9e t\*$ e>?1 escap$ ) no m damage ?an a brok5 leg4 ,b = ! reb\nd ( ! lev]s he w\ld h escap$ ev5 ?is4 ,! int]e/ ( ^! exp]im5ts is enhanc$ by ! fact t ,le ,bris 0 a seaf>+ man :o conduct$ !m f love ( ! sci5ce :i* _h fir$ 8 imag9ation1 & 9 s do+ exhau/$ 8 own small means4 ,x 0 9 #ahee t he made ^! initial attempts1 & twelve ye>s pass$ be=e 8 p]si/5ce 0 rew>d$ by a public subscription made at ,bre/ = ! purpose ( enabl+ him to cont9ue 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he built a second albatross1 & on ! advice ( 8 fri5ds balla/$ x = flight in/ead ( travell+ 9 x himself4 ,x 0 n s successful z ! fir/1 probably ow+ to ! lack ( human control :ile 9 flight2 on "o ( ! trials a height ( #aej ft4 0 atta9$1 ! glid] be+ secur$ by a ?9 rope & held s z to face into ! w9d4 ,a glide ( ne>ly an eigh? ( a mile 0 made ) ! rope hang+ slack1 &1 at ! end ( ?is di/ance1 a rise 9 ! gr\nd modifi$ ! =ce ( ! w9d1 :]eupon ! ma*9e settl$ d[n )\t damage4 ,a fur!r trial 9 a gu/y w9d result$ 9 ! complete de/ruction ( ?is second ma*9e2 ,le ,bris _h no m funds1 no fur!r subscriptions 7 likely to mat]ialise1 & s ! exp]im5ts ( ?is fir/ expon5t ( ! art ( glid+ 7save = ,besni] & 8 k9d7 came to an end4 ,!y con/itut$ a notable a*ievem5t1 & und\bt$ly ,le ,bris des]ves a bett] place ?an has be5 accord$ him 9 ! ranks ( ! e>ly exp]im5t]s4 ,contempor>y ) him 0 ,*>les ,sp5c]1 ! fir/ man to practice glid+ 9 ,engl&4 ,8 app>atus consi/$ ( a pair ( w+s ) a total area ( #cj sq4 ft41 to :i* a tail & body 7 atta*$4 ,! weight ( ?is app>atus 0 "s #bd lbs41 &1 laun*+ himself on x f a small em95ce1 z 0 done lat] by ,lili5?al 9 8 exp]im5ts1 ! inv5tor made flights ( ov] #abj feet4 ,! glid] 9 "q 0 exhibit$ at ! ,a]onautical ,exhibition ( #ahfh4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,giants ,until ! ,wright ,bro!rs def9itely solv$ ! problem ( flight & virtually gave ! a]oplane its pres5t place 9 a]onautics1 !re 7 ?ree def9ite s*ools ( exp]im5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 t :i* s\ght to imitate nature by means ( ! orni?opt] or flapp+-w+ ma*9es directly imitative ( bird flight2 ! second s*ool 0 t :i* believ$ 9 ! helicopt] or lift+ screw2 ! ?ird & ev5tually successful s*ool is t :i* foll[$ up ! pr9ciple enunciat$ by ,cayley1 t ( oppos+ a plane surface to ! resi/ance ( ! air by supply+ suitable motive p[] to drive x at ! requisite angle = support4 ,eng9e]+ problems g5]ally g to prove t too close an imitation ( nature 9 h] =ms ( recipro-cat+ motion is n advantage\s2 x is impossible to copy ! m9utiae ( a bird's w+ effectively1 & ! bird 9 flight dep5ds on ! t9ie/ details ( its fea!rs j z mu* z on ! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* ! :ole w+ is con/ruct$4 ,bird flight1 h[ev]1 has attract$ _m exp]im5t]s1 includ+ ev5 ,lili5?al2 among o!rs may be m5tion$ ,f4 ,w4 ,bre>ey1 :o inv5t$ :at he call$ ! ',pectoral cord1' :i* /or$ en]gy on ea* up/roke ( ! artificial w+2 ,e4 ,p4 ,fro/2 ,major ,r4 ,moore1 & especially ,hureau de ,vill5euve1 a mo/ en?usia/ic /ud5t ( ?is =m ( flight1 :o began 8 exp]im5ts ab\t #ahfe1 & altoge!r design$ & made ne>ly #cjj artificial birds1 "o ( 8 lat] con/ructions 0 a ma*9e 9 bird =m ) a w+ span ( ab\t #ej ft42 ! motive p[] = ?is 0 suppli$ by /eam f a boil] :i*1 be+ /ation>y on ! gr\nd1 0 connect$ by a l5g? ( hose to ! ma*9e4 ,de ,vill5euve1 turn+ on /eam = 8 fir/ trial1 obta9$ suffici5t p[] to make ! w+s beat v =cibly2 ) ! inv5tor on ! ma*9e ! latt] rose sev]al feet into ! air1 :]eupon de ,vill5euve grew n]v\s & turn$ (f ! /eam supply4 ,! ma*9e fell to ! e>?1 break+ "o ( its w+s1 & x does n appe> t de ,vill5euve tr\bl$ to recon/ruct x4 ,?is exp]im5t rema9s z ! greate/ success yet a*iev$ by any ma*9e con/ruct$ on ! orni?opt] pr9ciple4 ,x may be t1 z =eca/$ by ! prophet ,wells1 ! flapp+-w+ ma*9e w yet come to its own & compete ) ! a]oplane 9 effici5cy4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 are ! practical advantages ( ! rot>y me*anism ( ! a]oplane propell] z comp>$ ) ! movem5t ( a bird's w+1 :i*1 accord+ to ,m>ey1 moves 9 a figure ( eight4 ,! =ce d]iv$ f a propell] is ( necessity cont9ual1 :ile x is equally obvi\s t t d]iv$ f a flapp+ movem5t is int]mitt5t1 &1 9 ! recov]y ( a w+ aft] completion ( "o /roke = ! next1 !re is necess>ily a c]ta9 cessation1 if n loss1 ( p[]4 ,! matt] ( exp]im5t along any l9es 9 connection ) aviation is prim>ily "o ( h>d ca%4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/ory ( flight up to ! outbreak ( ! ,european w> developm5t has be5 h&icapp$ on ! score ( f9ance1 &1 s9ce ! arrival ( ! a]oplane1 bo? orni?opt] & helicopt] s*ools h be5 h&icapp$ by ?is consid]ation4 ,?us s]i\s /udy ( ! effici5cy ( w+s 9 imitation ( ^? ( ! liv+ bird has n be5 c>ri$ to a po9t t might w9 success = ?is me?od ( propulsion4 ,ev5 ,wilbur ,wright /udi$ ?is subject & prop\nd$ c]ta9 !ories1 :ile a lat] & possibly m sci5tific /ud5t1 ,f4 ,w4 ,lan*e/]1 has also contribut$ empirical conclusions4 ,ano!r & e>li] /ud5t 0 ,lawr5ce ,h>grave1 :o made a w+-propell$ model :i* a*iev$ successful flight1 & 9 #ahhe 0 exhibit$ be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,h>grave call$ ! pr9ciple on :i* 8 propell] work$ t ( a ',tro*oid$ plane'2 x 01 9 effect1 simil> to ! fea!r+ ( an o>4 ,h>grave1 to div]ge = a brief :ile f ! ma*9e to ! man1 0 "o :o1 al?\gh he a*iev$ no?+ wor?y ( special rem>k1 contribut$ a great deal ( pa9/ak+ "w to ! sci5ce ( flight4 ,he made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) man-lift+ kites 9 addition to mak+ a /udy ( flapp+-w+ flight4 ,x _c be said t he set =? any new pr9ciple2 8 "w 0 ma9ly imitative1 b at ! same "t by develop+ ideas orig9at$ 9 great measure by o!rs he help$ t[>d ! solution ( ! problem4 ,attempts at flight on ! helicopt] pr9ciple consi/ 9 ! "w ( ,de la ,l&elle & o!rs already m5tion$4 ,! possibility ( flight by ?is me?od is modifi$ by a v def9ite disadvantage ( :i* lov]s ( ! helicopt] seem to take little acc\nt4 ,x is always claim$ = a ma*9e ( ?is type t x possesses great advantages bo? 9 ris+ & 9 l&+1 s9ce1 if x 7 effective1 x w\ld obvi\sly be able to rise f & alight on any gr\nd capable ( conta9+ its own bulk2 a fur!r advantage claim$ is t ! helicopt] w\ld be able to rema9 /ation>y 9 ! air1 ma9ta9+ itself 9 any position by ! v]tical lift ( its propell]4 ,^! pot5tial assets d n take into consid]ation ! fact t effici5cy is requir$ n only 9 ris+1 l&+1 & rema9+ /ation>y 9 ! air1 b also 9 actual flight4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t if a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! motive =ce is us$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! ma*9e (f ! gr\nd1 t am\nt ( =ce is miss+ f ! total ( horizontal driv+ p[]4 ,aga91 x is (t5 assum$ by advocates ( ?is =m ( flight t ! rapidity ( climb ( ! helicopt] w\ld be f> great] ?an t ( ! driv5 plane2 ?is view ov]looks ! fact t ! ma9t5ance ( a]odynamic support w\ld claim ! great] "p ( ! eng9e-p[]2 ! rate ( asc5t w\ld be gov]n$ by ! am\nt ( p[] t c\ld be develop$ surplus to t requir$ = ma9t5ance4 ,?is is be/ expla9$ by actual figures3 assum+ t a propell] #ae ft4 9 diamet] is us$1 almo/ #ej horse-p[] w\ld be requir$ to get an upw>d lift ( #a1jjj p\nds2 ?is am\nt ( horse-p[] w\ld be cont9ually absorb$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! ma*9e 9 ! air at any giv5 level2 = actual lift f "o level to ano!r at a spe$ ( elev5 feet p] second a fur!r #bj horse-p[] w\ld be requir$1 :i* means t #gj horse-p[] mu/ be con/antly provid$ =2 ?is absorption ( p[] 9 ! m]e ma9t5ance ( a]o-dynamic support is a p]man5t drawback4 ,! attraction ( ! helicopt] lies1 probably1 9 ! ease ) :i* flight is demon/rat$ by means ( models con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple1 b "o truism ) reg>d to ! pr9ciples ( flight is t ! problems *ange rem>kably1 & (t5 unexpect$ly1 ) ! size ( ! ma*9e con/ruct$ = exp]im5t4 ,b]riman1 9 a brief b v int]e/+ manual entitl$ ,pr9ciples ( ,flight1 assum$ t '!re is a significant dim5sion ( :i* ! effective area is an expression ( ! second p[]1 :ile ! weight became an expression ( ! ?ird p[]4 ,!n once aga9 we h ! two-?irds p[] law militat+ aga9/ ! successful con/ruction ( l>ge helicopt]s1 on ! gr\nd t ! ess5tial weight increases disproportionately fa/ to ! effective area4 ,f a consid]ation ( ! /ructural features ( propell]s x is evid5t t ?is p>ticul> relation%ip does n apply 9 practice1 b x seems reasonable t "s su* gov]n+ factor %\ld exi/ z an explanation ( ! app>5t failure ( all full-siz$ ma*9es t h be5 con/ruct$4 ,among models !re is no?+ m /rik+ly successful ?an ! toy helicopt]1 9 :i* ! ess5tial weight is s small comp>$ ) ! effective area4' ,de la ,l&elle's "w1 already m5tion$1 0 c>ri$ on a few ye>s lat] by ano!r ,fr5*man1 ,ca/el1 :o con/ruct$ a ma*9e ) eight propell]s arrang$ 9 two f\rs & driv5 by a compress$ air motor or eng9e4 ,! model ) :i* ,ca/el exp]im5t$ _h a total weight ( only #di lbs42 x rose 9 ! air & sma%$ itself by driv+ aga9/ a wall1 & ! inv5tor does n seem to h proce$$ fur!r4 ,contempor>y ) ,ca/el 0 ,pr(essor ,=lan9i1 ^: design 0 = a ma*9e v simil> to de la ,l&elle's1 ) two sup]pos$ screws4 ,?is ma*9e ranks z ! second on ! helicopt] pr9ciple to a*ieve flight2 x rema9$ 9 ! air = no less ?an ! ?ird ( a m9ute 9 "o ( its trials4 ,lat] exp]im5t]s 9 ?is direction 7 ,kress1 a ,g]man2 ,pr(essor ,welln]1 an ,au/rian2 & ,w4 ,r4 ,kimball1 an ,am]ican4 ,kress1 l mo/ ,g]mans1 set to ! developm5t ( an idea :i* o!rs _h orig9at$2 he foll[$ de la ,l&elle & ,=lan9i by fitt+ two sup]pos$ propell]s revolv+ 9 opposite directions1 & ) ?is ma*9e he a*iev$ good results z reg>ds horse-p[] to weight2 ,kimball1 x appe>s1 did n get beyond ! rubb]-driv5 model /age1 & any success he may h a*iev$ 0 modifi$ by ! !ory enunciat$ by ,b]riman & quot$ above4 ,comp>+ ^! two s*ools ( ?\ght1 ! helicopt] & bird-flight s*ools1 x appe>s t ! latt] has ! great] *ance ( ev5tual success--t is1 if ei!r %\ld ev] come into competition ) ! a]oplane z effective means ( flight4 ,s f>1 ! a]oplane holds ! field1 b ! :ole sci5ce ( flight is s new & s full ( unexpect$ developm5ts t ?is is no reason = assum+ t o!r means may n give equal effect1 :5 money & bra9s are div]t$ f ! driv5 plane to a clos] imitation ( natural flight4 ,rev]t+ f non-success to success1 f consid]ation ( ! two me?ods m5tion$ above to ! direction 9 :i* practical flight has be5 a*iev$1 x is to be not$ t betwe5 ! "t ( ,le ,bris1 ,/r+fell[1 & _! contempor>ies1 & ! n9eties ( la/ c5tury1 !re 0 mu* plodd+ "w c>ri$ out ) little visible result1 m especially s f> z ,engli% /ud5ts 7 conc]n$4 ,among ! incid5ts ( ^? ye>s is "o ( ! mo/ pa!tic trag$ies 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( aviation1 t ( ,alphonse ,p5aud1 :o1 9 8 ?irty ye>s ( life1 cond5s$ ! exp]i5ce ( 8 pr$ecessors & comb9$ x ) 8 own g5ius to /ate 9 a publi%$ pat5t :at ! a]oplane ( to-day %\ld be4 ,consid] ! foll[+ ab/ract ( ,p5aud's design z publi%$ 9 8 pat5t ( #ahgf1 & comp>ison ( ?is ) ! a]oplane t n[ exi/s w %[ v few div]g5ces except = ^? =c$ on ! inv5tor by ! fact t ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e _h n !n develop$4 ,! d\ble surfac$ planes 7 to be built ) wood5 ribs & arrang$ ) a slight dih$ral angle2 !re 0 to be a l>ge aspect ratio & ! w+s 7 camb]$ z 9 ,/r+fell['s lat] models4 ,provision 0 made = w>p+ ! w+s :ile 9 flight1 & ! trail+ edges 7 s design$ z to be capable ( upw>d twi/ :ile ! ma*9e 0 9 ! air4 ,! planes 7 to be plac$ above ! c>1 & provision 0 ev5 made = a glass w9d-scre5 to give protection to ! pilot dur+ flight4 ,/e]+ 0 to be accompli%$ by means ( lat]al & v]tical planes =m+ a tail2 ^! controll$ by a s+le lev] correspond+ to ! 'joy /ick' ( ! pres5t day plane4 ,p5aud conceiv$ ?is ma*9e z driv5 by two propell]s2 alt]natively ^! c\ld be driv5 by petrol or /eam-f$ motor1 & ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ma*9e :ile 9 flight 0 9 ! front fif? ( ! w+s4 ,p5aud e/imat$ f #bj to #cj horse-p[] suffici5t to drive ?is ma*9e1 weigh+ ) pilot & pass5g] #b1fjj lbs41 ?r\gh ! air at a spe$ ( #fj miles an h\r1 ) ! w+s set at an angle ( incid5ce ( two degrees4 ,s complete 0 ! design t x ev5 includ$ in/rum5ts1 consi/+ ( an an]oid1 pressure indicator1 an anemomet]1 a compass1 & a level4 ,!re1 ) few alt]ations1 is ! a]oplane z we "k x--& ,p5aud 0 tw5ty-sev5 :5 8 pat5t 0 publi%$4 ,= ?ree ye>s long] he work$1 exp]im5t+ ) models1 contribut+ essays & o!r valuable data to ,fr5* pap]s on ! subject ( a]onautics4 ,8 ga9s 7 ill heal?1 pov]ty1 & neglect1 & at ! age ( ?irty a pi/ol %ot put an end to :at _h promis$ to be "o ( ! mo/ brilliant c>e]s 9 all ! hi/ory ( flight4 ,two ye>s be=e ! publication ( ,p5aud's pat5t ,?omas ,moy exp]im5t$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace ) a tw9-propell$ a]oplane1 /eam driv51 :i* seems to h fail$ ma9ly because ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e _h n yet come to give suffici5t p[] = weight4 ,moy an*or$ 8 ma*9e to a pole runn+ on a prep>$ circul> track2 8 eng9e weigh$ #hj lbs4 &1 develop+ only ?ree horse-p[]1 gave him a spe$ ( #ab miles an h\r4 ,he himself e/imat$ t ! ma*9e w\ld n rise until he c\ld get a spe$ ( #ce miles an h\r1 & 8 e/imate 0 correct4 ,two six-blad$ propell]s 7 plac$ side by side betwe5 ! two ma9 planes ( ! ma*9e1 :i* 0 support$ on a triangul> :eel$ und]c>riage & /e]$ by fairly conv5tional tail planes4 ,moy realis$ t he c\ld n get suffici5t p[] to a*ieve flight1 b he w5t on exp]im5t+ 9 v>i\s directions1 & left mu* data conc]n+ 8 exp]im5ts :i* has n yet be5 deem$ wor?y ( publication1 b :i* /ill conta9s a mass ( in=mation t is ( practical utility1 embody+ z x does a va/ am\nt ( pa9/ak+ "w4 ,p5aud & ,moy 7 foll[$ by ,g\pil1 a ,fr5*man1 :o1 9 place ( attempt+ to fit a motor to an a]oplane1 exp]im5t$ by mak+ ! w9d 8 motor4 ,he an*or$ 8 ma*9e to ! gr\nd1 all[+ x two feet ( lift1 & m]ely wait$ = a w9d to come along & lift x4 ,! ma*9e 0 /ream l9$1 & ! w+s1 curv+ z 9 ! e>ly ,g]man patt]ns ( w> a]oplanes1 gave a total lift+ surface ( ab\t #bij sq4 ft4 ,an*or$ to ! gr\nd & fac+ a w9d ( #ai feet p] second1 ,g\pil's ma*9e lift$ its own weight & t ( two m5 z well to ! limit ( its an*orage4 ,al?\gh ?is took place z late z #ahhc ! inv5tor w5t no fur!r 9 practical "w4 ,he publi%$ a book1 h[ev]1 entitl$ ,la ,locomotion ,a]i5ne1 :i* is /ill ( great importance1 m especially on ! subject ( inh]5t /ability4 ,9 #ahhd came ! fir/ pat5ts ( ,horatio ,phillips1 ^: "w lay ma9ly 9 ! direction ( inve/igation into ! curvature ( plane surfaces1 ) a view to obta9+ ! greate/ am\nt ( support4 ,phillips 0 "o ( ! fir/ to treat ! problem ( curvature ( planes z a matt] = sci5tific exp]im5t1 &1 great z has be5 ! developm5t ( ! driv5 plane 9 ! #cf ye>s t h pass$ s9ce he began1 !re is /ill room = inve/igation into ! subject :i* he /udi$ s p]si/5tly & ) su* valuable result4 ,at ?is po9t x may be not$ t1 ) ! solit>y exception ( ,le ,bris1 practically e /ud5t ( flight _h s f> set ab\t con/ruct+ ! means ( laun*+ humanity into ! air )\t any attempt at asc]ta9+ ! nature & peculi>ities ( ! su/a9+ m$ium4 ,! attitude ( exp]im5t]s 9 g5]al might be comp>$ to t ( a man :o f boyhood _h gr[n up away f op5 wat]1 &1 at ! fir/ sight ( an expanse ( wat]1 set to "w to con/ruct a boat ) a vague idea t1 s9ce wood w\ld float1 only suffici5t p[] 0 requir$ to make him an effici5t navigator4 ,accid5t1 p]haps1 9 ! %ape ( lack ( means ( procur+ driv+ p[]1 drove ,le ,bris to ! =m ( exp]im5t :i* he actually c>ri$ out2 x rema9$ = ! lat] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to produce m5 :o 7 cont5t to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! support ! air w\ld af=d be=e attempt+ to drive !mselves ?r\gh x4 ,( ! age 9 :i* ^! m5 liv$ & work$1 giv+ _! all 9 _m cases to ! sci5ce !y lov$1 ev5 to life itself1 x may be said ) tru? t '!re 7 giants on ! e>? 9 ^? days1' z f> z a]onautics is 9 "q4 ,x 0 an age ( giants :o liv$ & d>$ & di$1 v5tur+ into un*>t$ space1 kn[+ no?+ ( its dang]s1 giv+1 z a man gives to 8 mi/ress1 )\t /9t & = ! joy ( ! giv+4 ,! sci5ce ( to-day1 comp>$ ) ! glimm]+s t 7 9 t age ( ! giants1 is a fix$ & c]ta9 ?+2 ! problems ( to-day are m9or problems1 = ! great major problem vani%$ 9 solution :5 ! ,wright ,bro!rs made _! fir/ asc5t4 ,9 t age ( ! giants 0 evolv$ ! fly+ man1 ! new type 9 human species :i* f\nd full expression & came to full developm5t 9 ! days ( ! w>1 a*iev+ feats ( d>+ & endurance :i* leave ! commonplace l&sman /agg]$ at ?\ght ( t ( :i* 8 fell[s prove !mselves capable4 ,he is a new type1 ?is fly+ man1 a be+ ( self-=getfulness2 ( su* 0 ,lili5?al1 ( su* 0 ,pil*]2 ( su* 9 lat] days 7 ,f>man1 ,bl]iot1 ,hamel1 ,rolls1 & _! fell[s2 great names t w live = z long z man flies1 adv5tur]s equally ) ^? ( ! spaci\s days ( ,elizabe?4 ,to ea* ( ^! came ! call1 & he work$ & d>$ & pass$1 hav+1 p]haps1 advanc$ "o little /ep 9 ! long m>* t has l$ t[>d ! p]fect+ ( flight4 ,x is n yet tw5ty ye>s s9ce man fir/ flew1 b into t tw5ty ye>s h be5 compress$ a c5tury or s ( progress1 :ile1 9 ! two decades t prec$$ x1 0 compress$ /ill m4 ,we h only to recall & rec\nt ! "w ( f\r m53 ,lili5?al1 ,langley1 ,pil*]1 & ,clem5t ,ad] to see ! imm5se /ride t 0 made betwe5 ! "t :5 ,p5aud pull$ a trigg] = ! la/ "t & ! ,wright ,bro!rs fir/ left ! e>?4 ,into ^? two decades 0 compress$ ! inve/igation t meant k ( ! qualities ( ! air1 toge!r ) ! developm5t ( ! "o prime mov] t r5d]$ flight a possibility--! int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,! com+ & progress ( ?is latt] is a ?+ ap>t1 to be detail$ sep>ately2 = ! pres5t we are conc]n$ ) ! evolution ( ! driv5 plane1 & ) x ! evolution ( t d>+ be+1 ! fly+ man4 ,! two are insep>able1 = ! m5 gave !mselves to _! art2 ! /ory ( ,lili5?al's life & dea? is ! /ory ( 8 "w2 ! /ory ( ,pil*]'s "w is t ( 8 life & dea?4 ,consid]+ ! fly+ man z he appe>$ 9 ! w> p]iod1 !re ent]$ into 8 composition a new elem5t--patriotism--:i* br\ght ab\t a modification ( ! type1 or1 p]haps1 made x appe> t c]ta9 m5 belong$ to ! type :o 9 reality 7 commonplace mortals1 animat$1 "u normal conditions1 by normal motives1 b driv5 by ! /ress ( ! "t to take rank ) ! la/ expression ( human en]gy1 ! fly+ type4 ,h[ev] t may be1 :at may be t]m$ ! ma!matis+ ( a]onautics has r5d]$ ! type itself evanesc5t2 y\r pilot ( to-day kn[s 8 craft1 once he is tra9$1 mu* 9 ! mann] t a driv] ( a motor-lorry kn[s 8 vehicle2 design has be5 sy/ematis$1 capabilities h be5 tabulat$2 camb]1 dih$ral angle1 aspect ratio1 eng9e p[]1 & plane surface1 are bus9ess items ( draw+ (fice & ma*9e %op2 !re is room = ent]prise1 = g5ius1 & = skill2 once & aga9 !re is room = d>+1 z 9 ! fir/ ,atlantic flight4 ,yet t aga9 0 a ?+ ( ma!matical calculation & petrol /orage1 alli$ to a c]ta9 />k c\rage :i* may be f\nd ev5 9 l&sm54 ,= ! v5tures into ! unkn[n1 ! limit ( d>+1 ! "w = "w's sake1 ) ! almo/ c]ta9ty t ! f9al rew>d 0 dea?1 we mu/ look back to ! age ( ! giants1 ! age :5 fly+ 0 n a bus9ess1 b romance4 ,,vii4 ,,lili5?al ,,& ,,pil*] ,!re 0 nev] a m en?usia/ic & consi/5t /ud5t ( ! problems ( flight ?an ,otto ,lili5?al1 :o 0 born 9 #ahdh at ,anklam1 ,pom]ania1 & ev5 f 8 e>ly s*ool-days dream$ & plann$ ! conque/ ( ! air4 ,8 practical exp]im5ts began :51 at ! age ( ?irte51 he & 8 bro!r ,gu/av made w+s consi/+ ( wood5 framework cov]$ ) l951 :i* ,otto atta*$ to 8 arms1 & !n ran d[nhill flapp+ !m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( possible d]ision on ! "p ( o!r boys1 ,otto conf9$ ^! exp]im5ts = ! mo/ "p to moonlit nights1 & ga9$ f !m "s idea ( ! resi/ance (f]$ by flat surfaces to ! air4 ,x 0 9 #ahfg t ! two bro!rs began really practical "w1 exp]im5t+ ) w+s :i*1 f _! design1 indicate "s k ( ,besni] & ! hi/ory ( 8 glid+ exp]im5ts2 ^! w+s ! bro!rs fa/5$ to _! backs1 mov+ !m ) _! legs aft] ! fa%ion ( "o attempt+ to swim4 ,be=e !y _h a*iev$ any real success 9 glid+ ! ,franco-,g]man w> came z an int]ruption2 bo? bro!rs s]v$ 9 ?is campaign1 resum+ _! exp]im5ts 9 #ahga at ! conclusion ( ho/ilities4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ! bro!rs previ\s to ! w> _h conv9c$ ,otto t previ\s exp]im5t]s 9 glid+ flight _h fail$ ?r\gh reliance on empirical conclusions or else ?r\gh incomplete obs]vation on _! own "p1 mo/ly ( bird flight4 ,f #ahga onw>d ,otto ,lil5?al 7,gu/av's int]e/ 9 ! problem 0 n ma9ta9$ z 0 8 bro!r's7 made :at is probably ! mo/ detail$ & accurate s]ies ( obs]vations t has ev] be5 made ) reg>d to ! prop]ties ( curv$ w+ surfaces4 ,s f> z c\ld be done1 ,lili5?al tabulat$ ! am\nt ( air resi/ance (f]$ to a bird's w+1 asc]ta9+ t ! curve is necess>y to flight1 z (f]+ f> m resi/ance ?an a flat surface4 ,cayley1 & o!rs1 _h already /at$ ?is1 b to ,lili5?al belongs ! hon\r ( be+ fir/ to put ! /atem5t to effective pro(--he made ov] #b1jjj glid+ flights betwe5 #ahia & ! regrettable end ( 8 exp]im5ts2 8 practical conclusions are /ill reg>d$ z "p ( ! accept$ !ory ( /ud5ts ( flight4 ,9 #ahhi he publi%$ a "w on ! subject ( glid+ flight :i* /&s z data = inve/igators1 &1 on ! conclusions embodi$ 9 ?is "w1 he began to build 8 glid]s & practice :at he _h prea*$1 turn+ f exp]im5t ) models to w+s t he c\ld use4 ,x 0 9 ! summ] ( #ahia t he built 8 fir/ glid] ( rods ( peel$ will[1 ov] :i* 0 /ret*$ /rong cotton fabric2 ) ?is1 :i* _h a support+ surface ( ab\t #ajj squ>e feet1 ,otto ,lili5?al laun*$ himself 9 ! air f a spr+ bo>d1 mak+ glides :i*1 at fir/ ( only a few feet1 gradually l5g!n$4 ,z 8 exp]i5ce ( ! support+ qualities ( ! air progress$ he gradually alt]$ 8 designs until1 :5 ,pil*] visit$ him 9 ! spr+ ( #ahie1 he exp]im5t$ ) a glid]1 r\ghly made ( peel$ will[ rods & cotton fabric1 hav+ an area ( #aej squ>e feet & weigh+ half a hundr$weight4 ,by ?is "t ,lili5?al _h mov$ f 8 spr+bo>d to a conical artificial hill :i* he _h _h ?r[n up on level gr\nd at ,grosse ,li*t]felde1 ne> ,b]l94 ,?is hill 0 made ) e>? tak5 f ! excavations incurr$ 9 con/ruct+ a canal1 & _h a cave inside 9 :i* ,lili5?al /or$ 8 ma*9es4 ,pil*]1 9 8 pap] on ',glid+1' 99 gives an excell5t %ort summ>y ( ,lili5?al's exp]im5ts1 f :i* ! foll[+ extracts are tak53-- 99 ,a]onautical ,classes1 ,no4 #e4 ,royal ,a]onautical ,society's publications4 ',at fir/ ,lili5?al us$ to exp]im5t by jump+ (f a spr+bo>d ) a good run4 ,!n he took to practic+ on "s hills close to ,b]l94 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahib he built a flat-ro($ hut on ! summit ( a hill1 f ! top ( :i* he us$ to jump1 try+1 ( c\rse1 to so> z f> z possible be=e l&+4444 ,"o ( ! great dang]s ) a so>+ ma*9e is los+ =w>d spe$1 incl9+ ! ma*9e too mu* d[n 9 front1 & com+ d[n head fir/4 ,lili5?al 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! sy/em ( h&l+ a ma*9e 9 ! air m]ely by mov+ 8 weight ab\t 9 ! ma*9e2 he always re/$ only on 8 elb[s or on 8 elb[s & %\ld]s4444 ',9 #ahib a canal 0 be+ cut1 close to :]e ,lili5?al liv$1 9 ! suburbs ( ,b]l91 & ) ! surplus e>? ,lili5?al _h a special hill ?r[n up to fly f4 ,! c\ntry r\nd is z flat z ! sea1 & !re is n a h\se or tree ne> x to make ! w9d un/eady1 s ?is 0 an ideal practic+ gr\nd2 = practic+ on natural hills is g5]ally r5d]$ v difficult by %ifty & gu/y w9ds4444 ,?is hill is #ej feet high1 & conical4 ,inside ! hill !re is a cave = ! ma*9es to be kept 94444 ,:5 ,lili5?al made a good flight he us$ to l& #cjj feet f ! c5tre ( ! hill1 hav+ come d[n at an angle ( #a 9 #f2 b 8 be/ flights h be5 at an angle ( ab\t #a 9 #aj4 ',if x is calm1 "o mu/ run a few /eps d[n ! hill1 hold+ ! ma*9e z f> back on oneself z possible1 :5 ! air w gradually support "o1 & "o slides (f ! hill into ! air4 ,if !re is any w9d1 "o %\ld face x at />t+2 to try to />t ) a side w9d is mo/ unpleasant4 ,x is possible aft] a great deal ( practice to turn 9 ! air1 & fairly quickly4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ?r[+ "o's weight to "o side1 & ?us l[]+ ! ma*9e on t side t[>ds :i* "o wants to turn4 ,birds d ! same ?+--cr[s & gulls %[ x v cle>ly4 ,la/ ye> ,lili5?al *iefly exp]im5t$ ) d\ble-surfac$ ma*9es4 ,^! 7 v mu* l ! old ma*9es ) awn+s spread above !m4 ',! object ( mak+ ^! d\ble-surfac$ ma*9es 0 to get m surface )\t increas+ ! l5g? & wid? ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 x does1 b ,i p]sonally object to any ma*9e 9 :i* ! w+ surface is high above ! weight4 ,i consid] t x makes ! ma*9e v difficult to h&le 9 bad wea!r1 z a puff ( w9d /rik+ ! surface1 high above "o1 has a great t5d5cy to heel ! ma*9e ov]4 ',h]r ,lili5?al k9dly all[$ me to sail d[n 8 hill 9 "o ( ^! d\ble-surfac$ ma*9es la/ ,june4 ,) ! great facility af=d$ by 8 conical hill ! ma*9e 0 h&y en\gh2 b ,i am afraid ,i %\ld n be able to manage "o at all 9 ! squally di/ricts ,i h _h to practice 9 ov] "h4 ',h]r ,lili5?al came to grief ?r\gh des]t+ 8 old me?od ( balanc+4 ,9 ord] to control 8 tipp+ movem5ts m rapidly he atta*$ a l9e f 8 horizontal rudd] to 8 head1 s t :5 he mov$ 8 head =w>d x w\ld lift ! rudd] & tip ! ma*9e up 9 front1 & vice v]sa4 ,he 0 practic+ ?is on "s natural hills outside ,b]l91 & he app>5tly got muddl$ ) ! two motions1 &1 9 try+ to rega9 spe$ aft] he _h1 ?r\gh a lull 9 ! w9d1 come to re/ 9 ! air1 let ! ma*9e get too f> d[n 9 front1 came d[n head fir/ & 0 kill$4' ,!n 9 ano!r passage ,pil*] enunciates :at is ! true value ( su* exp]im5ts z ,lili5?al--&1 subsequ5tly1 he himself--made3 ',! object ( exp]im5t+ ) so>+ ma*9es1' he says1 'is to enable "o to h practice 9 />t+ & alight+ & controll+ a ma*9e 9 ! air4 ,!y _c possibly float horizontally 9 ! air = any l5g? ( "t1 b to keep go+ mu/ necess>ily lose 9 elevation4 ,!y are excell5t s*ool+ ma*9es1 & t is all !y are meant to be1 until p[]1 9 ! %ape ( an eng9e work+ a screw propell]1 or an eng9e work+ w+s to drive ! ma*9e =w>d1 is add$2 !n a p]son :o is us$ to so>+ d[n a hill ) a simple so>+ ma*9e w be able to fly ) comp>ative safety4 ,"o c be/ comp>e !m to bicycles hav+ no cranks1 b on :i* "o c\ld le>n to balance by com+ d[n an incl9e4' ,x 0 9 #ahie t ,lili5?al pass$ f exp]im5t ) ! monoplane type ( glid] to ! con/ruction ( a biplane glid] :i*1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 gave bett] results ?an 8 previ\s ma*9es4 ',six or sev5 metres velocity ( w9d1' he says1 'suffic$ to enable ! sail+ surface ( #ah squ>e metres to c>ry me almo/ horizontally aga9/ ! w9d f ! top ( my hill )\t any />t+ jump4 ,if ! w9d is /rong] ,i all[ myself to be simply lift$ f ! po9t ( ! hill & to sail sl[ly t[>ds ! w9d4 ,! direction ( ! flight has1 ) /rong w9d1 a /rong upw>ds t5d5cy4 ,i (t5 rea* positions 9 ! air :i* are mu* high] ?an my />t+ po9t4 ,at ! climax ( su* a l9e ( flight ,i sometimes come to a /&/ill = "s "t1 s t ,i am enabl$ :ile float+ to speak ) ! g5tlem5 :o wi% to photograph me1 reg>d+ ! be/ position = ! photograph+4' ,lili5?al's "w did n end ) simple glid+1 ?\gh he did n live to a*ieve ma*9e-driv5 flight4 ,hav+1 z he consid]$1 ga9$ suffici5t exp]i5ce ) glid]s1 he con/ruct$ a p[]-driv5 ma*9e :i* weigh$ altoge!r ab\t #ij lbs41 & ?is 0 ?or\ghly te/$4 ,! extremities ( its w+s 7 made to flap1 & ! driv+ p[] 0 obta9$ f a cyl9d] ( compress$ c>bonic acid gas1 releas$ ?r\gh a h&-op]at$ valve :i*1 ,lili5?al anticipat$1 w\ld keep ! ma*9e 9 ! air = f\r m9utes4 ,!re 7 c]ta9 m9or accid5ts to ! me*anism1 :i* delay$ ! trial flights1 & on ! day t ,lili5?al _h det]m9$ to make 8 trial he made a long glid+ flight ) a view to te/+ a new =m ( rudd] t--z ,pil*] relates--0 work$ by movem5ts ( 8 head4 ,8 dea? came ab\t ?r\gh ! causes t ,pil*] /ates2 he fell f a height ( #ej feet1 break+ 8 sp9e1 & ! next day he di$4 ,x may be said t ,lili5?al accompli%$ z mu* z any "o ( ! great pione]s ( fly+4 ,z brilliant 9 8 conceptions z da ,v9ci _h be5 9 81 & z consci5ti\s a work] z ,borelli1 he laid ! f\ndations on :i* ,pil*]1 ,*anute1 & ,pr(essor ,montgom]y 7 able to build to su* good purpose4 ,8 book on bird flight1 publi%$ 9 #ahhi1 ) ! au?or%ip cr$it$ bo? to ,otto & 8 bro!r ,gu/av1 is reg>d$ z epo*-mak+2 8 glid+ exp]im5ts are no less entitl$ to ?is description4 ,9 ,engl& ,lili5?al's "w 0 c>ri$ on by ,p]cy ,s9clair ,pil*]1 :o1 born 9 #ahff1 complet$ six ye>s' s]vice 9 ! ,briti% ,navy by ! "t t he 0 n9ete51 & !n w5t ?r\gh a c\rse ( eng9e]+1 subsequ5tly jo9+ ,maxim 9 8 exp]im5tal "w4 ,x 0 n until #ahie t he began to build ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( glid]s ) :i* he e>n$ 8 plane among ! pione]s ( flight4 ,probably ! be/ acc\nt ( ,pil*]'s "w is t giv5 9 ! ,a]onautical ,classics issu$ by ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society1 f :i* ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,pil*]'s "w is ma9ly ab/ract$499 99 ,a]onautical ,classes1 ,no4 #e4 ,royal ,a]onautical ,society publications4 ,! ',bat1' z ,pil*] nam$ 8 fir/ glid]1 0 a monoplane :i* he complet$ be=e he paid 8 visit to ,lili5?al 9 #ahie4 ,conc]n+ ?is ,pil*] /at$ t he purposely f9i%$ 8 own ma*9e be=e go+ to see ,lili5?al1 s z to get ! greate/ advantage f any orig9al ideas he might h2 he 0 n able to make any trials ) ?is ma*9e1 h[ev]1 until aft] witness+ ,lili5?al's exp]im5ts & mak+ sev]al glides 9 ! biplane glid] :i* ,lili5?al con/ruct$4 ,! w+s ( ! ',bat' =m$ a pron\nc$ dih$ral angle2 ! tips be+ rais$ #d feet above ! body4 ,! sp>s =m+ ! ent]+ edges ( ! w+s cross$ ea* o!r 9 ! c5tre & 7 la%$ to opposite sides ( ! triangle t s]v$ z a ma/ = ! /ay-wires t guy$ ! w+s4 ,! f\r ribs ( ea* w+1 enclos$ 9 pockets 9 ! fabric1 radiat$ fanwise f ! c5tre1 & 7 ea* /ay$ by ?ree /eel piano-wires to ! top ( ! triangul> ma/1 & simil>ly to its base4 ,^! ribs 7 bolt$ d[n to ! triangle at _! roots1 & c\ld be easily fold$ back on to ! body :5 ! glid] 0 n 9 use4 ,a small fix$ v]tical surface 0 c>ri$ 9 ! re>4 ,! framework & ribs 7 made entirely ( ,riga p9e2 ! surface fabric 0 na9sook4 ,! area ( ! ma*9e 0 #aej squ>e feet2 its weight #de lbs42 s t 9 flight1 ) ,pil*]'s weight ( #ade lbs4 add$1 x c>ri$ "o & a half p\nds to ! squ>e foot4 ,pil*]'s fir/ glides1 :i* he c>ri$ out on a grass hill on ! banks ( ! ,clyde ne> ,c>dross1 gave little result1 ow+ to ! exagg]at$ dih$ral angle ( ! w+s1 & ! abs5ce ( a horizontal tail4 ,! ',bat '0 consequ5tly recon/ruct$ ) a horizontal tail plane add$ to ! v]tical "o1 & ) ! w+s l[]$ s t ! tips 7 only six in*es above ! level ( ! body4 ,! ma*9e n[ gave f> bett] results2 on ! fir/ glide into a head w9d ,pil*] rose to a height ( twelve feet & rema9$ 9 ! ! air = a ?ird ( a m9ute2 9 ! second attempt a rope 0 us$ to t[ ! glid]1 :i* rose to tw5ty feet & did n come to e>? aga9 until ne>ly a m9ute _h pass$4 ,) exp]i5ce ,pil*] 0 able to l5g!n 8 glide & improve 8 balance1 b ! dropp$ w+ tips made l&+ difficult1 & !re 7 _m breakages4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,pil*] built a second glid] :i* he nam$ ! ',beetle1' because1 z he said1 x look$ l "o4 ,9 ?is ! squ>e-cut w+s =m$ almo/ a cont9u\s plane1 rigidly fix$ to ! c5tral body1 :i* consi/$ ( a %ap$ gird]4 ,^! w+s 7 built up ( five transv]se bamboo sp>s1 ) two %ap$ ribs runn+ f =e to aft ( ea* w+1 & 7 /ay$ ov]head to a c\ple ( ma/s4 ,! tail1 consi/+ ( two discs plac$ crosswise 7! horizontal "o alone be+ movable71 0 c>ri$ high up 9 ! re>4 ,) ! exception ( ! w+-sp>s1 ! :ole framework 0 built ( :ite p9e4 ,! w+s 9 ?is ma*9e 7 actually on a high] level ?an ! op]ator's head2 ! c5tre ( gravity 01 consequ5tly1 v l[1 a fact :i*1 accord+ to ,pil*]'s own acc\nt1 made ! glid] v difficult to h&le4 ,moreov]1 ! weight ( ! ',beetle1' #hj lbs41 0 consid]able2 ! body _h be5 v solidly built to enable x to c>ry ! eng9e :i* ,pil*] 0 !n contemplat+2 s t ! glid] c>ri$ "s #bbe lbs4 ) its area ( #agj squ>e feet--too great a mass = a s+le man to h&le ) com=t4 ,x 0 9 ! spr+ ( #ahif t ,pil*] built 8 ?ird glid]1 ! ',gull1' ) #cjj squ>e feet ( area & a weight ( #ee lbs4 ,! size ( ?is ma*9e r5d]$ x unsuitable = exp]im5t 9 any b v calm wea!r1 & x incurr$ su* damage :5 exp]im5ts 7 made 9 a breeze t ,pil*] f\nd x necess>y to build a f\r?1 :i* he nam$ ! ',hawk4' ,?is ma*9e 0 v s\ndly built1 be+ con/ruct$ ( bamboo1 ) ! exception ( ! two ma9 transv]se beams4 ,! w+s 7 atta*$ to two v]tical ma/s1 #g feet high1 & #h feet ap>t1 jo9$ at _! summits & _! c5tres by two wood5 beams4 ,ea* w+ _h n9e bamboo ribs1 radiat+ f its ma/1 :i* 0 situat$ at a di/ance ( #b feet #f in*es f ! =w>d edge ( ! w+4 ,ea* rib 0 rigidly /ay$ at ! top ( ! ma/ by ?ree tie-wires1 & by a simil> numb] to ! bottom ( ! ma/1 by :i* means ! curve ( ea* w+ 0 ma9ta9$ uni=mly4 ,! tail 0 =m$ ( a triangul> horizontal surface to :i* 0 affix$ a triangul> v]tical surface1 & 0 c>ri$ f ! body on a high bamboo ma/1 :i* 0 also /ay$ f ! ma/s by means ( /eel wires1 b only on its upp] surface1 & x 0 ! snapp+ ( "o ( ^! guy wires :i* caus$ ! collapse ( ! tail support & br\ght ab\t ! fatal end ( ,pil*]'s exp]im5ts4 ,9 flight1 ,pil*]'s head1 %\ld]s1 & ! great] "p ( 8 *e/ project$ above ! w+s4 ,he took up 8 position by pass+ 8 head & %\ld]s ?r\gh ! top ap]ture =m$ betwe5 ! two w+s1 & re/+ 8 =e>ms on ! longitud9al body memb]s4 ,a v simple =m ( und]c>riage1 :i* took ! weight (f ! glid] on ! gr\nd1 0 fitt$1 consi/+ ( two bamboo rods ) :eels susp5d$ on /eel spr+s4 ,balance & /e]+ 7 effect$1 ap>t f ! high degree ( inh]5t /ability af=d$ by ! tail1 z 9 ! case ( ,lili5?al's glid]1 by alt]+ ! position ( ! body4 ,) ?is ma*9e ,pil*] made "s twelve glides at ,eyns=d 9 ,k5t 9 ! summ] ( #ahif1 & z he progress$ he increas$ ! l5g? ( 8 glides1 & also h&l$ ! ma*9e m easily1 bo? 9 ! air & 9 l&+4 ,he 0 occupi$ ) plans = fitt+ an eng9e & propell] to ! ',hawk1' b1 9 ^! e>ly days ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 0 unable to get "o light en\gh = 8 purpose4 ,!re 7 rum\rs ( an eng9e weigh+ #ae lbs4 :i* gave #a horse-p[]1 & 0 report$ to be 9 exi/5ce 9 ,am]ica1 b x c\ld n be trac$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahig ,pil*] took up 8 glid+ exp]im5ts aga91 obta9+ :at 0 probably ! be/ ( 8 glides on ,june #ai?1 :5 he alight$ aft] a p]fectly balanc$ glide ( ov] #bej y>ds 9 l5g?1 hav+ cross$ a valley at a consid]able height4 ,f 8 v>i\s exp]im5ts he conclud$ t once ! ma*9e 0 laun*$ 9 ! air an eng9e (1 at mo/1 #c horse-p[] w\ld suffice = ! ma9t5ance ( horizontal flight1 b he _h to all[ = ! additional weight ( ! eng9e & propell]1 & tak+ into acc\nt ! comp>ative ineffici5cy ( ! propell]1 he plann$ = an eng9e ( #d horse-p[]4 ,eng9e & propell] toge!r 7 e/imat$ at "u #dd lbs4 weight1 ! eng9e 0 to be fitt$ 9 front ( ! op]ator1 & by means ( an ov]head %aft 0 to op]ate ! propell] situat$ 9 re> ( ! w+s4 #ahih w5t by :ile ?is eng9e 0 "u con/ruction4 ,!n 9 #ahii ,pil*] became int]e/$ 9 ,lawr5ce ,h>grave's so>+ kites1 ) :i* he c>ri$ out exp]im5ts dur+ ! summ] ( #ahii4 ,x is believ$ t he int5d$ to incorporate a numb] ( ^! kites 9 a new ma*9e1 a triplane1 ( :i* ! fragm5ts rema9+ are h>dly suffici5t to recon/itute ! complete glid]4 ,?is new ma*9e 0 nev] giv5 a trial4 ,= on ,septemb] #cj?1 #ahii1 at ,/am=d ,hall1 ,m>ket ,h>bor\gh1 ,pil*] agre$ to give a demon/ration ( glid+ flight1 b ow+ to ! unfav\rable wea!r he decid$ to po/pone ! trial ( ! new ma*9e & to exp]im5t ) ! ',hawk1' :i* 0 int5d$ to rise f a level field1 t[$ by a l9e pass+ ov] a tackle drawn by two horses4 ,at ! fir/ trial ! ma*9e rose easily1 b ! t[-l9e snapp$ :5 x 0 well cle> ( ! gr\nd1 & ! glid] desc5d$1 weigh$ d[n ?r\gh be+ sodd5 ) ra94 ,pil*] resolv$ on a second trial1 9 :i* ! glid] aga9 rose easily to ab\t ?irty feet1 :5 "o ( ! guy wires ( ! tail broke1 & ! tail collaps$2 ! ma*9e fell to ! gr\nd1 turn+ ov]1 & ,pil*] 0 unconsci\s :5 he 0 fre$ f ! wreckage4 ,hopes 7 ent]ta9$ ( 8 recov]y1 b he di$ on ,monday1 ,octob] #bnd1 #ahii1 ag$ only ?irty-f\r4 ,8 "w 9 ! cause ( fly+ la/$ only f\r ye>s1 b 9 t "t 8 actual accompli%m5ts 7 suffici5t to place 8 "n beside t ( ,lili5?al1 ) :om he ranks z "o ( ! greate/ expon5ts ( glid+ flight4 ,,viii4 ,,am]ican ,,glid+ ,,exp]im5ts ,:ile ,pil*] 0 c>ry+ on ,lili5?al's "w 9 ,engl&1 ! great ,g]man _h also a foll[] 9 ,am]ica2 "o ,octave ,*anute1 :o1 9 "o ( ! /atem5ts :i* he has left on ! subject ( 8 exp]im5ts ackn[l$ges =ty ye>s' int]e/ 9 ! problem ( flight1 did m to develop ! glid] 9 ,am]ica ?an--) ! possible exception ( ,montgom]y--any o!r man4 ,*anute _h all ! practicality ( an ,am]ican2 he began 8 "w1 s f> z actual glid+ 0 conc]n$1 ) a full-siz$ glid] ( ! ,lili5?al type1 j be=e ,lili5?al 0 kill$4 ,9 a r r>e monograph1 entitl$ ,exp]im5ts 9 ,fly+1 ,*anute /ates t he f\nd ! ,lili5?al glid] haz>d\s & decid$ to te/ ! value ( an idea ( 8 own2 9 ?is he foll[$ ! same g5]al me?od1 b rev]s$ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ,lili5?al _h dep5d$ = ma9ta9+ 8 equilibrium 9 ! air4 ,lili5?al _h %ift$ ! weight ( 8 body1 "u immovable w+s1 z fa/ & z f> z ! su/a9+ pressure v>i$ "u 8 surfaces2 ?is %ift+ 0 ma9ly done by mov+ ! feet1 z ! actions requir$ 7 small except :5 alight+4 ,*anute's idea 0 to h ! op]ator rema9 seat$ 9 ! ma*9e 9 ! air1 & to int]v5e only to /e] or to alight2 mov+ me*anism 0 provid$ to adju/ ! w+s automatically 9 ord] to re/ore balance :5 necess>y4 ,*anute realis$ t exp]im5ts ) models 7 ( little use2 9 ord] to be fully in/ructive1 ^! exp]im5ts %\ld be made ) a full-siz$ ma*9e :i* c>ri$ its op]ator1 = models seldom fly twice alike 9 ! op5 air1 & no relation c be ga9$ f !m ( ! div]g5t air curr5ts :i* !y h exp]i5c$4 ,*anute's idea 0 t any fly+ ma*9e :i* might be con/ruct$ mu/ be able to op]ate 9 a w9d2 h5ce ! necessity = an op]ator to report ^u :at occurr$ 9 flight1 & to acquire practical exp]i5ce ( ! "w ( ! human factor 9 imitation ( bird flight4 ,f ?is po9t ( view he conduct$ 8 own exp]im5ts2 x mu/ be not$ t he 0 ov] sixty ye>s ( age :5 he began1 &1 be+ no long] suffici5tly "y & active to p]=m any b %ort & insignificant glides1 ! c\rage ( ! man becomes all ! m notewor?y2 he set to "w to evolve ! /ate requir$ by ! problem ( /ability1 & )\t any expectation ( advanc+ to ! con/ruction ( a fly+ ma*9e :i* might be ( comm]cial value4 ,8 ma9 idea 0 ! te/+ ( devices to secure equilibrium2 = ?is purpose he employ$ assi/ants to c>ry out ! practical "w1 :]e he himself 0 unable to supply ! necess>y physical en]gy4 ,toge!r ) 8 assi/ants he f\nd a suitable place = exp]im5ts among ! s&hills on ! %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 ab\t ?irty miles ea/w>d f ,*icago4 ,"h a hill ab\t n9ety-five feet high 0 select$ z a po9t f :i* ,*anute's glid]s c\ld set (f2 9 practice1 x 0 f\nd t ! be/ obs]vation 0 to be obta9$ f %ort glides at l[ spe$1 &1 consequ5tly1 a hill :i* 0 only sixty-"o feet above ! %ore ( ! lake 0 employ$ = ! exp]im5tal "w done by ! p>ty4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahif & #ahig1 ) p>ties ( f f\r to six p]sons1 five full-siz$ glid]s 7 tri$ out1 & f ^! two di/9ct types 7 evolv$3 ( ^! "o 0 a ma*9e consi/+ ( five ti]s ( w+s & a /e]+ tail1 & ! o!r 0 ( ! biplane type2 ,*anute believ$ ^! to be saf] ?an any o!r ma*9e previ\sly evolv$1 solv+1 z he /ates 9 8 monograph1 ! problem ( inh]5t equilibrium z fully z ?is c\ld be done4 ,un=tunately1 v few photographs 7 tak5 ( ! "w 9 ! fir/ ye>1 b "o view ( a multiple w+-glid] survives1 %[+ ! ma*9e 9 flight4 ,9 #ahig a s]ies ( photographs 0 tak5 exhibit+ ! consecutive phases ( a s+le flight2 ?is s]ies ( photographs repres5ts ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 a total ( ab\t "o ?\s& glides1 b ! po9t ( view 0 v>i$ s z to exhibit ! consecutive phases ( "o s+le flight4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ is be/ told 9 ,*anute's own words4 ',! fir/ ?+1' he says1 ':i* we discov]$ practically 0 t ! w9d fl[+ up a hill-side is n a /eadily-fl[+ curr5t l t ( a riv]4 ,x comes z a roll+ mass1 full ( tumultu\s :irls & eddies1 l ^? issu+ f a *imney2 & !y /rike ! app>atus ) con/antly v>y+ =ce & direction1 sometimes )draw+ support :5 mo/ ne$$4 ,x has long be5 kn[n1 ?r\gh in/rum5tal obs]vations1 t ! w9d is con/antly *ang+ 9 =ce & direction2 b x ne$$ ! exp]i5ce ( an op]ator afloat on a glid+ ma*9e to realise t ?is all proce$$ f cyclonic action2 s t m 0 le>n$ 9 ?is respect 9 a week ?an _h previ\sly be5 acquir$ by sev]al ye>s ( exp]im5ts ) models4 ,!re 0 a pair ( eagles1 liv+ 9 ! top ( a dead tree ab\t two miles f our t5t1 t came almo/ daily to %[ u h[ su* w9d effects are ov]come & utilis$4 ,! birds swept 9 circles ov]head on pulseless w+s1 & rose high up 9 ! air4 ,occasionally !re 0 a side-rock+ motion1 z ( a %ip roll+ at sea1 & !n ! birds rock$ back to an ev5 keel2 b al?\gh we ?\ght ! action 0 cle>ly automatic1 & 7 will+ to le>n1 our tea*]s 7 too f> (f to %[ u j h[ x 0 done1 & we _h to exp]im5t = ourselves4' ,*anute provid$ 8 multiple glid] ) a seat1 b1 s9ce ea* glide only occupi$ betwe5 eight & twelve seconds1 !re 0 little possibility ( ! op]ator seat+ himself4 ,) ! multiple glid] a pair ( horizontal b>s provid$ re/ = ! arms1 & beyond ^! 0 a pair ( v]tical b>s :i* ! op]ator grasp$ ) 8 h&s2 beyond ?is1 ! op]ator 0 9 no way atta*$ to ! ma*9e4 ,he took1 at ! mo/1 f\r runn+ /eps into ! w9d1 :i* laun*$ him 9 ! air1 & !reupon he sail$ into ! w9d on a g5]ally desc5d+ c\rse4 ,9 ! matt] ( desc5t ,*anute obs]v$ ! sp>r[ & decid$ to imitate x4 ',:5 ! latt]1' he says1 'approa*es ! /reet1 he ?r[s 8 body back1 tilts 8 outspread w+s ne>ly squ>e to ! c\rse1 & on ! cu%ion ( air ?us enc\nt]$ he /ops 8 spe$ & drops lightly to ! gr\nd4 ,s d all birds4 ,we tri$ x ) misgiv+s1 b f\nd x p]fectly effective4 ,! s(t s& 0 a great advantage1 & ev5 :5 ! exp]ts 7 rac+ !re 0 n a s+le spra9$ ankle4' ,) ! multiple w+$ glid] "s two to ?ree hundr$ glides 7 made )\t any accid5t ei!r to ! man or to ! ma*9e1 & ! action 0 f\nd s effective1 ! pr9ciple s s\nd1 t full plans 7 publi%$ = ! b5efit ( any exp]im5t]s :o might wi% to improve on ?is app>atus4 ,! ,am]ican ,a]onautical ,annual = #ahig conta9s ^! plans2 ,*anute confess$ t "s movem5t on ! "p ( ! op]ator 0 /ill requir$ to control ! ma*9e1 b x 0 only a sev5? or a six? "p ( ! movem5t requir$ = control ( ! ,lili5?al type4 ,*anute wax$ en?usia/ic ov] ! possibilities ( glid+1 conc]n+ :i* he rem>ks t ',!re is no m delightful s5sation ?an t ( glid+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,all ! faculties are on ! al]t1 & ! motion is a/oni%+ly smoo? & ela/ic4 ,! ma*9e responds in/antly to ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! op]ator2 ! air ru%es by "o's e>s2 ! trees & bu%es flit away und]nea?1 & ! l&+ comes all too quickly4 ,skat+1 slid+1 & bicycl+ are n to be comp>$ = a mom5t to a]ial conveyance1 9 :i*1 p]haps1 ze/ is add$ by ! spice ( dang]4 ,= x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t !re is con/ant dang] 9 su* prelim9>y exp]im5ts4 ,:5 ?is haz>d has be5 elim9at$ by fur!r evolution1 glid+ w become a mo/ popul> sport4' ,lat] exp]im5ts prov$ t ! biplane type ( glid] gave bett] results ?an ! r cumbr\s model consi/+ ( five ti]s ( planes4 ,long] & m num]\s glides1 to ! numb] ( sev5 to eight hundr$1 7 obta9$1 ! rate ( desc5t be+ ab\t "o 9 six4 ,! longe/ di/ance trav]s$ 0 ab\t #abj y>ds1 b ,*anute _h dreams ( />t+ f a hill ab\t #bjj feet high1 :i* w\ld h giv5 him glid+ flights ( #a1bjj feet4 ,he rem>k$ t ',9 consequ5ce ( ! spe$ ga9$ by runn+1 ! initial /age ( ! flight is ne>ly horizontal1 & x is ?rill+ to see ! op]ator pass f ?irty to =ty feet ov]head1 /e]+ 8 ma*9e1 undulat+ 8 c\rse1 & /ruggl+ ) ! w9d-gu/s :i* :i/le ?r\gh ! guy wires4 ,! automatic me*anism re/ores ! angle ( advance :5 compromis$ by v>iations ( ! breeze2 b :5 ^! come f "o side & tilt ! app>atus1 ! weight has to be %ift$ to "r ! ma*9e444 ^! gu/s sometimes raise ! ma*9e f t5 to tw5ty feet v]tically1 & sometimes !y /rike ! app>atus f above1 caus+ x to desc5d sudd5ly4 ,:5 sail+ ne> ! gr\nd1 ^! vicissitudes c be c\nt]act$ by movem5ts ( ! body f ?ree to f\r in*es2 b ?is has to be done in/antly1 = nei!r w+s nor gravity w wait on m$itation4 ,at a height ( ?ree hundr$ or f\r hundr$ feet ! regulat+ me*anism w\ld probably take c>e ( ^! w9d-gu/s1 z x does1 9 fact1 = _! m9or v>iations4 ,! spe$ ( ! ma*9e is g5]ally ab\t sev5te5 miles an h\r ov] ! gr\nd1 & f tw5ty-two to ?irty miles an h\r relative to ! air4 ,con/ant ef=t 0 direct$ to keep d[n ! velocity1 :i* 0 at times fifty-two miles an h\r4 ,?is is ! purpose ( ! />t+ & glid+ aga9/ ! w9d1 :i* ?us furni%es an initial velocity )\t !re be+ undue spe$ at ! l&+4 ,! highe/ w9d we d>$ to exp]im5t 9 blew at ?irty-"o miles an h\r2 :5 ! w9d 0 /rong]1 we wait$ & wat*$ ! birds4' ,*anute details an amus+ little incid5t :i* occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5t ) ! biplane glid]4 ,he says t ',we _h tak5 "o ( ! ma*9es to ! top ( ! hill1 & load$ its l[] w+s ) s& to hold x :ile we e w5t to lun*4 ,a gull came /roll+ inl&1 & flapp$ full-w+$ to inspect4 ,he swept sev]al circles above ! ma*9e1 /ret*$ 8 neck1 gave a squawk & w5t (f4 ,pres5tly he return$ ) elev5 o!r gulls1 & !y seem$ to hold a conclave ab\t "o hundr$ feet above ! big new :ite bird :i* !y _h discov]$ on ! s&4 ,!y circl$ r\nd aft] r\nd1 & once 9 a :ile !re 0 a s]ies ( l\d peeps1 l ^? ( a ru/y gate1 z if 9 conf]5ce1 ) sudd5 flutt]+s1 z if a t]rify+ sugge/ion _h be5 made4 ,! bold] birds occasionally swoop$ d[nw>ds to inspect ! mon/] m closely2 !y twi/$ _! heads ar\nd to br+ fir/ "o eye & !n ! o!r to be>1 & !n !y rose aga94 ,aft] "s sev5 or eight m9utes ( ?is p]=mance1 !y evid5tly conclud$ ei!r t ! /rang] 0 too =midable to tackle1 if alive1 or t he 0 n good to eat1 if dead1 & !y flew (f to resume fi%+1 = ! weak po9t ab\t a bird is 8 /oma*4' ,! glid]s 7 f\nd s /able1 m especially ! biplane =m1 t 9 ! end ,*anute p]mitt$ amateurs to make trials "u guidance1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( exp]im5ts n a s+le accid5t occurr$4 ,*anute came to ! conclusion t any "y1 quick1 & h&y man c\ld ma/] a glid+ ma*9e almo/ z soon z he c\ld get ! hang ( a bicycle1 al?\gh ! p5alty = any mi/ake w\ld be mu* m sev]e4 ,at ! conclusion ( 8 exp]im5ts he decid$ t nei!r ! multiple plane nor ! biplane type ( glid] 0 suffici5tly p]fect$ = ! application ( motive p[]4 ,9 spite ( ! am\nt ( automatic /ability t he _h obta9$ he consid]$ t !re 0 yet m to be done1 & he !re=e advis$ t e possible me?od ( secur+ /ability & safety %\ld be te/$1 fir/ ) models1 & !n ) full-siz$ ma*9es2 design]s1 he said1 %\ld make a po9t ( practice 9 ord] to make sure ( ! action1 to proportion & adju/ ! p>ts ( _! ma*9e1 & to elim9ate hidd5 defects4 ,exp]im5tal flight1 he sugge/$1 %\ld be tri$ ov] wat]1 9 ord] to break any accid5tal fall2 :5 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts _h prov$ ! /ability ( a glid]1 x w\ld !n be "t to apply motive p[]4 ,he admitt$ t su* a process w\ld be bo? co/ly & sl[1 b1 he said1 t 'x greatly dim9i%$ ! *ance ( ^? accid5ts :i* br+ a :ole l9e ( inve/igation into contempt4' ,he saw ! fly+ ma*9e z :at x has1 9 fact1 be52 a *ild ( evolution1 c>ri$ on /ep by /ep by "o inve/igator aft] ano!r1 ?r\gh ! /ages ( d\bt & p]plexity :i* lie beh9d ! realm ( possibility1 beyond :i* is ! pres5t day /age ( actual p]=mance & promise ( ultimate success & triumph ov] ! e>li]1 m cumbr\s1 & sl[] =ms ( ! transport t we "k4 ,*anute's monograph1 f :i* ! =ego+ notes h be5 compris$1 0 writt5 soon aft] ! conclusion ( 8 s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,he does n appe> to h gone 9 = fur!r practical "w1 b to h /udi$ ! subject f a !oretical view-po9t & ) great att5tion to ! "w done by o!rs4 ,9 a pap] contribut$ 9 #aijj to ! ,am]ican ,indep5d5t1 he rem>ks t ',fly+ ma*9es promise bett] results z to spe$1 b yet w be ( limit$ comm]cial application4 ,!y may c>ry mails & rea* o!r inaccessible places1 b !y _c compete ) railroads z c>ri]s ( pass5g]s or freight4 ,!y w n fill ! heav5s ) comm]ce1 aboli% cu/om h\ses1 or revolutionise ! _w1 = !y w be exp5sive = ! loads :i* !y c c>ry1 & subject to too _m wea!r cont+5cies4 ,success is1 h[ev]1 probable4 ,ea* exp]im5t] has add$ some?+ to previ\s k :i* 8 successors c avail (4 ,x n[ seems likely t two =ms ( fly+ ma*9es1 a sport+ type & an exploration type1 w be gradually evolv$ )9 "o or two g5]ations1 b ! evolution w be co/ly & sl[1 & mu/ be c>ri$ on by well-equipp$ & ?or\ghly in=m$ sci5tific m52 = ! casual inv5tor1 :o relies ^u "o or two happy inspirations1 w h no *ance ( success :atev]4' ,foll[s ,pr(essor ,john ,j4 ,montgom]y1 :o1 9 ! true ,am]ican _s1 describes 8 own exp]im5ts s well t nobody c possibly d x bett]4 ,8 acc\nt ( 8 "w 0 giv5 fir/ ( all 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal1 ,a]onautics1 9 ,janu>y1 #aiji1 & !nce transcrib$ 9 ! ,engli% pap] ( ! same "n 9 ,may1 #aiaj1 & t acc\nt is "h copi$ ^w = ^w4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be not$ fir/ t z f> back z #ahfj1 :5 ,montgom]y 0 only a boy1 he 0 attract$ to ! /udy ( a]onautical problems1 & 9 #ahhc he built 8 fir/ ma*9e1 :i* 0 ( ! flapp+-w+ orni?opt] type1 & :i* %[$ its design]1 ) only "o exp]im5t1 t he mu/ design "s o!r =m ( ma*9e if he wi%$ to atta9 to a successful flight4 ,*anute details h[1 9 #ahhd & #ahhe ,montgom]y built ?ree glid]s1 demon/rat+ ! value ( curv$ surfaces4 ,) ! fir/ ( ^! glid]s ,montgom]y copi$ ! w+ ( a seagull2 ) ! second he prov$ t a flat surface 0 virtually useless1 & ) ! ?ird he pivot$ 8 w+s z 9 ! ,anto9ette type ( p[]-propell$ a]oplane1 prov+ to 8 own satisfaction t success lay 9 ?is direction4 ,8 own acc\nt ( ! glid+ flights c>ri$ out "u 8 direction is "h set =?1 be+ ! be/ description ( 8 "w t c be obta9$3-- ',:5 ,i comm5c$ practical demon/ration 9 my "w ) a]oplanes ,i _h be=e me ?ree po9ts2 fir/1 equilibrium2 second1 complete control2 & ?ird1 long cont9u$ or so>+ flight4 ,9 />t+ ,i con/ruct$ & te/$ ?ree sets ( models1 ea* 9 advance ( ! o!r 9 reg>d to ! cont9uance ( _! so>+ p[]s1 b all equally p]fect z to equilibrium & control4 ,^! models 7 te/$ by dropp+ !m f a cable /ret*$ betwe5 two m\nta9 tops1 ) v>i\s loads1 adju/m5ts & positions4 ,& x made no diff]5ce :e!r ! models 7 dropp$ upside d[n or any o!r conceivable position1 !y always f\nd _! equilibrium imm$iately & glid$ safely to e>?4 ',!n ,i con/ruct$ a l>ge ma*9e patt]n$ aft] ! fir/ model1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ?ree c[boy fri5ds p]sonally made a numb] ( flights 9 ! /eep m\nta9s ne> ,san ,juan 7a hundr$ miles di/ant74 ,9 mak+ ^! flights ,i simply took ! a]oplane & made a runn+ jump4 ,^! te/s 7 discont9u$ aft] ,i put my foot into a squirrel hole 9 l&+ & hurt my leg4 ',! foll[+ ye> ,i comm5c$ ! "w on a l>g] scale1 by engag+ a]onauts to ride my a]oplane dropp$ f balloons4 ,dur+ ?is "w ,i us$ five hot-air balloons & "o gas balloon1 five or six a]oplanes1 ?ree rid]s--,maloney1 ,wilkie1 & ,defolco--& _h sixte5 applicants on my li/1 & _h a tra9+ /ation to prep>e any :5 ,i ne$$ !m4 ',exhibitions 7 giv5 9 ,santa ,cruz1 ,san ,jose1 ,santa ,cl>a1 ,oakl&s1 & ,sacram5to4 ,! flights t 7 made1 in/ead ( be+ haphaz>d affairs1 7 9 ! ord] ( safety & developm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ flight ( an a]onaut ! a]oplane 0 s arrang$ t ! rid] _h little lib]ty ( action1 consequ5tly he c\ld make only a limit$ flight4 ,9 "s ( ! fir/ flights1 ! a]oplane did little m ?an settle 9 ! air4 ,b z ! rid] ga9$ exp]i5ce 9 ea* successive flight ,i *ang$ ! adju/m5ts1 giv+ him m lib]ty ( action1 s he c\ld obta9 long] flights & m v>i$ movem5ts 9 ! flights4 ,b 9 none ( ! flights did ,i h ! adju/m5ts s t ! rid]s _h full lib]ty1 z ,i did n consid] t !y _h ! requisite k & exp]i5ce necess>y = _! safety2 & h5ce1 none ( my a]oplanes 7 laun*$ s arrang$ t ! rid] c\ld make adju/m5ts necess>y = a full flight4 ',?is l9e ( action caus$ a good deal ( tr\ble ) a]onauts or rid]s1 :o _h unb\nd$ confid5ce & want$ to make long flights aft] ! fir/ few trials2 b ,i f\nd x necess>y1 z !y seem$ sl[ 9 compreh5d+ ! important elem5ts & 7 will+ to take risks4 ,to give !m ! full k 9 ^! matt]s ,i 0 =mulat+ plans = a l>ge />t+ /ation on ! ,m\nt ,hamilton ,range f :i* ,i c\ld laun* an a]oplane capable ( c>ry+ two1 "o ( my a]onauts & myself1 s ,i c\ld tea* him by demon/ration4 ,b ! disa/]s consequ5t on ! great e>?quake completely /opp$ all my "w on ^! l9es4 ,! flights t 7 giv5 7 only ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ) a]oplanes patt]n$ aft] ! fir/ model4 ,!re 7 no a]oplanes con/ruct$ accord+ to ! two o!r models1 z ,i _h n giv5 ! full demon/ration ( ! work+s ( ! fir/1 ?\gh "s rem>kable & />tl+ "w 0 done4 ,on "o occasion ,maloney1 9 try+ to make a v %ort turn 9 rapid flight1 press$ v h>d on ! /irrup :i* gives a screw-%ape to ! w+s1 & made a side som]sault4 ,! c\rse ( ! ma*9e 0 v mu* l "o turn ( a corkscrew4 ,aft] ?is movem5t ! ma*9e cont9u$ on its regul> c\rse4 ,& aft]w>ds ,wilkie1 n to be outdone by ,maloney1 told 8 fri5ds he w\ld d ! same1 & 9 a subsequ5t flight made two side som]saults1 "o 9 "o direction & ! o!r 9 an opposite1 !n made a deep dive & a long glide1 &1 :5 ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet 9 ! air1 br\ght ! a]oplane to a sudd5 /op & settl$ to ! e>?4 ,aft] ^! antics1 ,i decreas$ ! ext5t ( ! possible *ange 9 ! =m ( w+-surface1 s z to all[ only /raight sail+ or only long curves 9 turn+4 ',dur+ my "w ,i _h a few c>p+ critics t ,i sil5c$ by ?is /&+ (f]3 ,if !y w\ld deposit a ?\s& doll>s ,i w\ld cov] x on ?is proposition4 ,i w\ld fa/5 a #aej p\nd sack ( s& 9 ! rid]'s seat1 make ! necess>y adju/m5ts1 & s5d up an a]oplane upside d[n ) a balloon1 ! a]oplane to be lib]at$ by a "t fuse4 ,if ! a]oplane did n imm$iately "r itself1 make a flight1 & come safely to ! gr\nd1 ! money 0 !irs4 ',n[ a ^w 9 reg>d to ! fatal accid5t4 ,! circum/ances are ^!3 ,! asc5sion 0 giv5 to ent]ta9 a milit>y company 9 :i* 7 _m ( ,maloney's fri5ds1 & he _h told !m he w\ld give ! mo/ s5sational flight !y ev] he>d (4 ,z ! balloon 0 ris+ ) ! a]oplane1 a guy rope dropp+ swit*$ ar\nd ! "r w+ & broke ! t[] t brac$ ! two re> w+s & :i* also gave control ov] ! tail4 ,we %\t$ ,maloney t ! ma*9e 0 brok51 b he probably did n he> u1 z he 0 at ! same "t say+1 ,hurrah = ,montgom]y's air%ip1 & z ! break 0 beh9d him1 he may n h detect$ x4 ,n[ did he "k ( ! breakage or n1 & if he knew ( x did he take a risk s z n to disappo9t 8 fri5ds8 ,at all ev5ts1 :5 ! ma*9e />t$ on its flight ! re> w+s comm5c$ to flap 7?us indicat+ !y 7 loose71 ! ma*9e turn$ on its back1 & settl$ a little fa/] ?an a p>a*ute4 ,:5 we rea*$ ,maloney he 0 unconsci\s & liv$ only ?irty m9utes4 ,! only m>k ( any k9d on him 0 a scrat* f a wire on ! side ( 8 neck4 ,! six att5d+ physicians 7 puzzl$ at ! cause ( 8 dea?4 ,?is is rem>kable = a v]tical desc5t ( ov] #b1jjj feet4' ,! flights 7 br\ght to an end by ! ,san ,francisco e>?quake 9 ,april1 #aijf1 :i*1 ,montgom]y /ates1 ',wr\ght su* a disa/] t ,i _h to turn my att5tion to o!r subjects & let ! a]oplane re/ = a "t4' ,montgom]y resum$ exp]im5ts 9 #aiaa 9 ,cali=nia1 & 9 ,octob] ( t ye> an accid5t br\ght 8 "w to an end4 ,! report 9 ! ,am]ican ,a]onautics says t 'a little :irlw9d caught ! ma*9e & da%$ x head on to ! gr\nd2 ,pr(essor ,montgom]y l&$ on 8 head & "r hip4 ,he did n believe himself s]i\sly hurt1 & talk$ ) 8 ye>-old bride 9 ! t5t4 ,he compla9$ ( pa9s 9 8 back1 & cont9u$ to gr[ worse until he di$4' ,,ix4 ,,n ,,prov5 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( fly+1 l t ( mo/ sci5ces1 is replete ) trag$ies2 9 addition to ^! x conta9s "o my/]y conc]n+ ,clem5t ,ad]1 :o 0 well kn[n among ,european pione]s 9 ! developm5t ( ! telephone1 & fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion to ! problems ( me*anical flight 9 #ahgb4 ,at ! outset he fav\r$ ! orni?opt] pr9ciple1 con/ruct+ a ma*9e 9 ! =m ( a bird ) a w+-spread ( tw5ty-six feet2 ?is1 accord+ to ,ad]'s conception1 0 to fly ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! op]ator4 ,! result ( su* an attempt 0 pa/ "q & naturally ! ma*9e nev] left ! gr\nd4 ,a pause ( n9ete5 ye>s ensu$1 & !n 9 #ahhf ,ad] turn$ 8 m9d to ! developm5t ( ! a]oplane1 con/ruct+ a ma*9e ( bat-l =m ) a w+spread ( ab\t =ty-six feet1 a weight ( elev5 hundr$ p\nds1 & a /eam-p[] plant ( betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty horse-p[] driv+ a f\r-blad$ tractor screw4 ,on ,octob] #i?1 #ahij1 ! fir/ trials ( ?is ma*9e 7 made1 & x 0 alleg$ to h fl[n a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & sixty-f\r feet4 ,:atev] tru? !re may be 9 ! allegation1 ! ma*9e 0 wreck$ ?r\gh defici5t equilibrium at ! end ( ! trial4 ,ad] repeat$ ! con/ruction1 & on ,octob] #ad?1 #ahig1 tri$ out 8 ?ird ma*9e at ! milit>y e/abli%m5t at ,satory 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,fr5* milit>y au?orities1 on a circul> track specially prep>$ = ! exp]im5t4 ,ad] & 8 fri5ds alleg$ t a flight ( ne>ly a ?\s& feet 0 made2 aga9 ! ma*9e 0 wreck$ at ! end ( ! trial1 & !re ,ad]'s practical "w may be said to h end$1 s9ce no m funds 7 =?com+ = ! subsidy ( exp]im5ts4 ,!re is ! bald n>rative1 b x is wor?y ( "s amplification4 ,if ,ad] actually did :at he claim$1 !n ! position :i* ! ,wright ,bro!rs hold z fir/ to navigate ! air 9 a p[]-driv5 plane is nullifi$4 ,al?\gh at ?is "t ( writ+ x is n a qu>t] ( a c5tury s9ce ,ad]'s exp]im5t 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses compet5t to judge on 8 accompli%m5t1 !re is no pro( ei!r way1 & :e!r he 0 or 0 n ! fir/ man to fly rema9s a my/]y 9 ! /ory ( ! conque/ ( ! air4 ,! full /ory ( ,ad]'s "w reveals a p]si/5ce & det]m9ation to solve ! problem t fac$ him :i* 0 equal to t ( ,lili5?al4 ,he began by p5etrat+ into ! int]ior ( ,alg]ia aft] hav+ disguis$ himself z an ,arab1 & !re he sp5t "s mon?s 9 /udy+ flight z practic$ by ! vultures ( ! di/rict4 ,return+ to ,france 9 #ahhf he began to con/ruct ! ',eole1' modell+ x1 n on ! vulture1 b 9 ! %ape ( a bat4 ,l ! ,lili5?al & ,pil*] glid]s ?is ma*9e 0 fitt$ ) w+s :i* c\ld be fold$2 ! fir/ flight made1 z already not$1 on ,octob] #i?1 #ahij1 took place 9 ! gr\nds ( ! *ateau d',ama9villi]s1 ne> ,bretz2 two fell[-en?usia/s nam$ ,esp9osa & ,valli] /at$ t a flight 0 actually made2 no /atem5t 9 ! hi/ory ( a]onautics has be5 subject ( s mu* "q1 & ! claim rema9s unprov$4 ,x 0 9 ,septemb] ( #ahia t ,ad]1 by p]mission ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 mov$ ! ',eole' to ! milit>y e/abli%m5t at ,satory = ! purpose ( fur!r trial4 ,by ?is "t1 :e!r he _h fl[n or n1 8 n9ete5 ye>s ( "w 9 connection ) ! problems att5dant on me*anical flight _h attract$ s mu* att5tion t h5ce=? 8 "w 0 subject to ! approval ( ! milit>y au?orities1 = already x 0 recognis$ t an effici5t fly+ ma*9e w\ld conf] an ine/imable advantage on ! p[] t possess$ x 9 ! ev5t ( w>4 ,at ,satory ! ',eole' 0 alleg$ to h made a flight ( #aji y>ds1 or1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 #afd feet1 z /at$ above1 9 ! trial 9 :i* ! ma*9e wreck$ itself ?r\gh collid+ ) "s c>ts :i* _h be5 plac$ ne> ! track--! root cause ( ?is accid5t1 h[ev]1 0 giv5 z defici5t equilibrium4 ,:atev] ! sceptics may say1 !re is reason = belief 9 ! accompli%m5t ( actual flight by ,ad] ) 8 fir/ ma*9e 9 ! fact t1 aft] ! inevitable (ficial delay ( "s mon?s1 ! ,fr5* ,w> ,m9i/ry grant$ funds = fur!r exp]im5t4 ,ad] nam$ 8 second ma*9e1 :i* he began to build 9 ,may1 #ahib1 ! ',avion1' &--an hon\r :i* he well des]ve--t "n rema9s 9 ,fr5* a]onautics z descriptive ( ! p[]-driv5 a]oplane up to ?is day4 ,?is second ma*9e1 h[ev]1 0 n a success1 & x 0 n until #ahig t ! second ',avion1' :i* 0 ! ?ird p[]-driv5 a]oplane ( ,ad]'s con/ruction1 0 ready = trial4 ,?is 0 fitt$ ) two /eam motors ( tw5ty horse-p[] ea*1 driv+ two f\r-blad$ propell]s2 ! w+s w>p$ automatically3 t is to say1 if x 7 necess>y to raise ! trail+ edge ( "o w+ on ! turn1 ! trail+ edge ( ! opposite w+ 0 also l[]$ by ! same movem5t2 an "u-c>riage 0 also fitt$1 ! ma*9e runn+ on ?ree small :eels1 & lev]s controll$ by ! feet ( ! aviator actuat$ ! movem5t ( ! tail planes4 ,on ,octob] ! #ab?1 #ahig1 ! fir/ trials ( ?is ',avion' 7 made 9 ! pres5ce ( ,g5]al ,m5si]1 :o admitt$ t ! ma*9e made sev]al hops above ! gr\nd1 b did n consid] ! p]=mance z "o ( actual flight4 ,! result 0 s enc\rag+1 9 spite ( ! p>tial failure1 t1 two days lat]1 ,g5]al ,m5si]1 accompani$ by ,g5]al ,grillon1 a c]ta9 ,lieut5ant ,b9et1 & two civilians nam$ respectively ,s>rau & ,leaute1 att5d$ = ! purpose ( giv+ ! ma*9e an (ficial trial1 ov] :i* ! great controv]sy reg>d+ ,ad]'s success or o!rwise may be said to h aris54 ,we w take fir/ ,ad]'s own /atem5t z set out 9 a v compet5t acc\nt ( 8 "w publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #aiaj4 ,"h are ,ad]'s own words3 ',aft] "s turns ( ! propell]s1 & aft] travell+ a few metres1 we />t$ (f at a lively pace2 ! pressure-gauge regi/]$ ab\t sev5 atmosph]es2 almo/ imm$iately ! vibrations ( ! re> :eel ceas$2 a little lat] we only exp]i5c$ ^? ( ! front :eels at int]vals4 ',unhappily1 ! w9d became sudd5ly /rong1 & we _h "s difficulty 9 keep+ ! ,avion on ! :ite l9e4 ,we increas$ ! pressure to betwe5 eight & n9e atmosph]es1 & imm$iately ! spe$ increas$ consid]ably1 & ! vibrations ( ! :eels 7 no long] s5sible2 we 7 at t mom5t at ! po9t m>k$ ,g 9 ! sket*2 ! ,avion !n f\nd itself freely support$ by its w+s2 "u ! impulse ( ! w9d x cont9ually t5d$ to g outside ! 7prep>$7 area to ! "r1 9 spite ( ! action ( ! rudd]4 ,on rea*+ ! po9t ,v x f\nd itself 9 a v critical position2 ! w9d blew /rongly & across ! direction ( ! :ite l9e :i* x ought to foll[2 ! ma*9e !n1 al?\gh /ill go+ =w>d1 drift$ quickly out ( ! area2 we imm$iately put ov] ! rudd] to ! left z f> z x w\ld g2 at ! same "t increas+ ! pressure /ill m1 9 ord] to try to rega9 ! c\rse4 ,! ,avion obey$1 recov]$ a little1 & rema9$ = "s seconds head$ t[>ds its int5d$ c\rse1 b x c\ld n /ruggle aga9/ ! w9d2 in/ead ( go+ back1 on ! contr>y x drift$ f>!r & f>!r away4 ,& ill-luck _h x t ! drift took ! direction t[>ds "p ( ! ,s*ool ( ,musketry1 :i* 0 gu>d$ by po/s & b>ri]s4 ,fright5$ at ! prospect ( break+ ourselves aga9/ ^! ob/acles1 surpris$ at see+ ! e>? gett+ f>!r away f "u ! ,avion1 & v mu* impress$ by see+ x ru%+ sideways at a sick5+ spe$1 in/9ctively we /opp$ ev]y?+4 ,:at pass$ ?r\gh our ?\ghts at ?is mom5t :i* ?reat5$ a tragic turn w\ld be difficult to set d[n4 ,all at once came a great %ock1 spl9t]+1 a heavy concussion3 we _h l&$4' ,?us speaks ! inv5tor2 ! cold (ficial m9d gives out a diff]5t acc\nt1 cr$it+ ! ',avion' ) m]ely a few hops1 & to-day1 among ^? :o consid] ! problem at all1 !re is a little gr\p :i* p]si/s 9 ass]t+ t to ,ad] belongs ! cr$it ( ! fir/ p[]-driv5 flight1 :ile a l>g] gr\p is equally p]si/5t 9 /at+ t1 save = a few ineffectual hops1 all ?ree :eels ( ! ma*9e nev] left ! gr\nd4 ,x is pa/ "q t ! ',avion' 0 capable ( p[]-driv5 flight2 :e!r x a*iev$ x or no rema9s an unsettl$ problem4 ,ad]'s "w is negative pro( ( ! value ( su* exp]im5ts z ,lili5?al1 ,pil*]1 ,*anute1 & ,montgom]y conduct$2 ^! f\r set to "w to ma/] ! ecc5tricities ( ! air be=e attempt+ to use x z a support+ m$ium = cont9u\s flight "u p[]2 ,ad] attack$ ! problem f ! o!r end2 l _m o!r exp]im5t]s he reg>d$ ! air z a /able fluid capable ( giv+ su* support to 8 ma*9e z /ill wat] might give to a fi%1 & he reckon$ t he _h only to produce ! ma*9e 9 ord] to a*ieve flight4 ,! wreck$ ',avion' & ! refusal ( ! ,fr5* ,w> ,m9i/ry to grant any m funds = fur!r exp]im5t are suffici5t evid5ce ( ! ne$ = work+ along ! l9es tak5 by ! pione]s ( glid+ r ?an on ^? :i* ,ad] himself adopt$4 ,let x n be ?\ght t 9 ?is comm5t !re is any desire to d]ogate f ! position :i* ,ad] %\ld occupy 9 any /udy ( ! pione]s ( a]onautical ent]prise4 ,if he fail$1 he fail$ magnific5tly1 & if he succe$$1 !n ! /ud5t ( a]onautics does him an inju/ice & conf]s on ! ,bro!rs ,wright an hon\r :i*1 9 spite ( ! value ( _! "w1 !y d n des]ve4 ,!re 0 "o e>li] ?an ,ad]1 ,alphonse ,p5aud1 :o1 9 ! face ( a less] disappo9tm5t ?an t :i* ,ad] mu/ h felt 9 gaz+ on ! wreckage ( 8 ma*9e1 committ$ suicide2 ,ad] himself1 r5d]$ unable to d m1 rema9$ cont5t ) 8 a*ievem5t1 & ) ! k t he _h play$ a good "p 9 ! long se>* :i* mu/ ev5tually end 9 triumph4 ,:atev] ! _w might say1 he himself 0 c]ta9 t he _h a*iev$ flight4 ,?is1 = him1 0 p]=ce en\gh4 ,be=e turn+ to consid]ation ( ! "w accompli%$ by ! ,bro!rs ,wright1 & _! prov$ conque/ ( ! air1 x is necess>y fir/ to sket* z briefly z may be ! exp]im5tal "w ( ,sir 7!n ,mr7 ,hiram ,maxim1 :o1 9 8 book1 ,artificial & ,natural ,flight1 has giv5 a fairly complete acc\nt ( 8 v>i\s exp]im5ts4 ,he began by exp]im5t+ ) models1 ) screw-propell$ planes s atta*$ to a horizontal movable arm t :5 ! screw 0 set 9 motion ! plane describ$ a circle r\nd a c5tral po9t1 &1 ev5tually1 he built a giant a]oplane hav+ a total support+ area ( #a1ejj squ>e feet1 & a w+-span ( fifty feet4 ,x has be5 ?\ght advisable to give a fairly full description ( ! p[] plant us$ to ! propulsion ( ?is ma*9e 9 ! section devot$ to eng9e developm5t4 ,! a]oplane1 z ,maxim describes x1 _h five long & n>r[ planes project+ f ea* side1 & a ma9 or c5tral plane ( pt]ygoid aspect4 ,a =e & aft rudd] 0 provid$1 & _h all ! auxili>y planes be5 put 9 position = exp]im5tal "w a total lift+ surface ( #f1jjj squ>e feet c\ld h be5 obta9$4 ,maxim1 h[ev]1 did n use m ?an #d1jjj squ>e feet ( lift+ surface ev5 9 8 lat] exp]im5ts2 ) ?is he judg$ ! ma*9e capable ( lift+ slightly "u #h1jjj lbs4 weight1 made up ( #fjj lbs4 wat] 9 ! boil] & tank1 a crew ( ?ree m51 a supply ( naph?a fuel1 & ! weight ( ! ma*9e itself4 ,maxim's int5tion 01 be=e attempt+ free flight1 to get z mu* data z possible reg>d+ ! conditions "u :i* flight mu/ be obta9$1 by :at is kn[n 9 ^! days z 'taxi-+'--t is1 runn+ ! propell]s at suffici5t spe$ to drive ! ma*9e along ! gr\nd )\t actually m\nt+ into ! air4 ,he knew t he _h an imm5se lift+ surface & a trem5d\s am\nt ( p[] 9 8 eng9e ev5 :5 ! total weight ( ! exp]im5tal plant 0 tak5 into consid]ation1 & ?us he set ab\t to devise "s means ( keep+ ! ma*9e on ! n9e foot gauge rail track :i* _h be5 con/ruct$ = ! trials4 ,at ! outset he _h a set ( v heavy ca/-iron :eels made on :i* to m\nt ! ma*9e1 ! total weight ( :eels1 axles1 & connections be+ ab\t "o & a half tons4 ,^! 7 s con/ruct$ t ! light flang$ :eels :i* support$ ! ma*9e on ! /eel rails c\ld be lift$ six in*es above ! track1 /ill leav+ ! heavy :eels on ! rails = guidance ( ! ma*9e4 ',?is arrangem5t1' ,maxim /ates1 '0 tri$ on sev]al occasions1 ! ma*9e be+ run fa/ en\gh to lift ! =w>d end (f ! track4 ,h[ev]1 ,i f\nd consid]able difficulty 9 />t+ & /opp+ quickly on acc\nt ( ! great weight1 & ! am\nt ( en]gy necess>y to set su* heavy :eels sp9n+ at a high velocity4 ,! la/ exp]im5t ) ^! :eels 0 made :5 a head w9d 0 bl[+ at ! rate ( ab\t t5 miles an h\r4 ,x 0 r un/eady1 & :5 ! ma*9e 0 runn+ at its greate/ velocity1 a sudd5 gu/ lift$ n only ! front end1 b also ! heavy front :eels completely (f ! track1 & ! ma*9e fall+ on s(t gr\nd 0 soon bl[n ov] by ! w9d4' ,consequ5tly1 a safety track 0 provid$1 consi/+ ( squ>$ p9e logs1 ?ree in*es by n9e in*es1 plac$ ab\t two feet above ! /eel way & hav+ a ?irty-foot gauge4 ,f\r extra :eels 7 fitt$ to ! ma*9e on outrigg]s & s adju/$ t1 if ! ma*9e %\ld lift "o in* cle> ( ! /eel rails1 ! :eels at ! ends ( ! outrigg]s w\ld engage ! "u side ( ! p9e trackway4 ,! fir/ fully load$ run 0 made 9 a dead calm ) #aej lbs4 /eam pressure to ! squ>e in*1 & !re 0 no sign ( ! :eels leav+ ! /eel track4 ,on a second run1 ) #bcj lbs4 /eam pressure ! ma*9e seem$ to alt]nate betwe5 adh]5ce to ! l[] & upp] tracks1 z _m z ?ree ( ! outrigg] :eels engag+ at ! same "t1 & ! weight on ! /eel rails be+ r$uc$ practically to no?+4 ,9 prep>ation = a ?ird run1 9 :i* x 0 int5d$ to use full p[]1 a dynamomet] 0 atta*$ to ! ma*9e & ! eng9es 7 />t$ at #bjj lbs4 pressure1 :i* 0 gradually increas$ to #caj lbs p] squ>e in*4 ,! incl9e ( ! track1 add$ to ! read+ ( ! dynamomet]1 %[$ a total screw ?ru/ ( #b1afd lbs4 ,aft] ! dynamomet] te/ _h be5 complet$1 & ev]y?+ _h be5 made ready = trial 9 motion1 c>eful obs]v]s 7 /ation$ on ea* side ( ! track1 & ! ord] 0 giv5 to release ! ma*9e4 ,:at foll[s is be/ told 9 ,maxim's own words3-- ',! enorm\s screw-?ru/ />t$ ! eng9e s quickly t x ne>ly ?rew ! eng9e]s (f _! feet1 & ! ma*9e b\nd$ ov] ! track at a great rate4 ,^u notic+ a slight dim9ution 9 ! /eam pressure1 ,i turn$ on m gas1 :5 almo/ in/antly ! /eam comm5c$ to bl[ a /eady bla/ f ! small safety valve1 %[+ t ! pressure 0 at lea/ #cbj lbs4 9 ! pipes supply+ ! eng9es ) /eam4 ,be=e />t+ on ?is run1 ! :eels t 7 to engage ! upp] track 7 pa9t$1 & x 0 ! duty ( "o ( my assi/ants to obs]ve ^! :eels dur+ ! run1 :ile ano!r assi/ant wat*$ ! pressure gauges & dynagraphs4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! track 0 up a slight incl9e1 b ! ma*9e 0 lift$ cle> ( ! l[] rails & all ( ! top :eels 7 fully engag$ on ! upp] track :5 ab\t #fjj feet _h be5 cov]$4 ,! spe$ rapidly increas$1 & :5 #ijj feet _h be5 cov]$1 "o ( ! re> axle trees1 :i* 7 ( two-in* /eel tub+1 d\bl$ up & set ! re> end ( ! ma*9e completely free4 ,! p5cils ran completely across ! cyl9d]s ( ! dynagraphs & caught on ! und]nea? end4 ,! re> end ( ! ma*9e be+ set free1 rais$ consid]ably above ! track & sway$4 ,at ab\t #a1jjj feet1 ! left =w>d :eel also got cle> ( ! upp] track1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ! "r =w>d :eel tore up ab\t #ajj feet ( ! upp] track4 ,/eam 0 at once %ut (f & ! ma*9e sank directly to ! e>?1 emb$d+ ! :eels 9 ! s(t turf )\t leav+ any o!r m>ks1 %[+ mo/ conclusively t ! ma*9e 0 completely susp5d$ 9 ! air be=e x settl$ to ! e>?4 ,9 ?is accid5t1 "o ( ! p9e timb]s =m+ ! upp] track w5t completely ?r\gh ! l[] framework ( ! ma*9e & broke a numb] ( ! tubes1 b no damage 0 done to ! ma*9]y except a slight injury to "o ( ! screws4' ,x is a pity t ! multif>i\s directions 9 :i* ,maxim turn$ 8 en]gies did n include fur!r developm5t ( ! a]oplane1 = x seems fairly c]ta9 t he 0 z ne> solution ( ! problem z ,ad] himself1 &1 b = ! hold+-d[n out] track1 :i* 0 really ! cause ( 8 accid5t1 8 ma*9e w\ld c]ta9ly h a*iev$ free flight1 ?\gh :e!r x w\ld h ris51 fl[n & alight$1 )\t accid5t1 is matt] = conjecture4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 exp]im5ts ) models & ) full-siz$ ma*9es is emphasis$ by ,maxim's /atem5t to ! effect t ) a small app>atus = asc]ta9+ ! p[] requir$ = artificial flight1 an angle ( incid5ce ( "o 9 f\rte5 0 mo/ advantage\s1 :ile ) a l>ge ma*9e he f\nd x be/ to increase 8 angle to "o 9 eight 9 ord] to get ! maximum lift+ effect on a %ort run at a mod]ate spe$4 ,he comput$ ! total lift+ effect 9 ! exp]im5ts :i* l$ to ! accid5t z n less ?an #aj1jjj lbs41 9 :i* is pro( t only 8 rail sy/em prev5t$ free flight4 ,x4 ,,samuel ,,pi]po9t ,,langley ,langley 0 an old man :5 he began ! /udy ( a]onautics1 or1 z he himself might h express$ x1 ! /udy ( a]odromics1 s9ce he p]si/$ 9 call+ ! s]ies ( ma*9es he built ',a]odromes1' a ^w n[ us$ only to d5ote areas devot$ to use z l&+ spaces = fly+ ma*9es2 ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 _h ! great gift ( y\? to aid !m 9 _! "w4 ,ev5 s x 0 a great race betwe5 ,langley1 aid$ by ,*>les ,manly1 & ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright1 & only ! p]si/5t ill-luck :i* dogg$ ,langley f ! />t to ! f9i% ( 8 exp]im5ts gave victory to 8 rivals4 ,x has be5 prov$ conclusively 9 ^! lat] ye>s ( accompli%$ flight t ! ma*9e :i* ,langley laun*$ on ! ,potomac ,riv] 9 ,octob] ( #aijc 0 fully capable ( su/a9$ flight1 & only ! accid5ts incurr$ 9 laun*+ prev5t$ its pilot f be+ ! fir/ man to navigate ! air successfully 9 a p[]-driv5 ma*9e4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( ,langley's "w is t diffus$ ?r\gh\t a weighty tome issu$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 entitl$ ! ,langley ,memoir on ,me*anical ,flight1 ( :i* ab\t "o-?ird 0 writt5 by ,langley himself1 ! rema9d] be+ compil$ by ,*>les ,m4 ,manly1 ! eng9e] responsible = ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ radial a]o-eng9e1 & *ief assi/ant to ,langley 9 8 exp]im5ts4 ,to give a tw5tie? ( ! cont5ts ( ?is volume 9 ! pres5t %ort acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( me*anical flight w\ld f> exce$ ! am\nt ( space t c be devot$ ev5 to s em95t a man 9 a]onautics z ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 :o1 ap>t f 8 a*ievem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( a p[]-driv5 a]oplane really capable ( flight1 0 a sci5ti/ ( no mean ord]1 & :o br\ght to ! /udy ( a]onautics ! skill ( ! tra9$ inve/igator alli$ to ! inv5tive res\rce ( ! g5ius4 ,t g5ius exemplifi$ ! antique saw reg>d+ ! inf9ite capacity = tak+ pa9s1 = ! ,langley ,memoir %[s t z e>ly z #ahia ,langley _h complet$ a set ( exp]im5ts1 la/+ ?r\gh ye>s1 :i* prov$ x possible to con/ruct ma*9es giv+ su* a velocity to incl9$ surfaces t bodies indef9itely heavi] ?an air c\ld be su/a9$ ^u x & propell$ ?r\gh x at high spe$4 ,= full acc\nt 7v full7 ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & ( a lat] s]ies lead+ up to ! con/ruction ( a s]ies ( 'model a]odromes' capable ( flight "u p[]1 x is necess>y to turn to ! bulky memoir ( ,smi?sonian orig94 ,! acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts z giv5 by ,langley himself reveals ! humility ( ! true inve/igator4 ,conc]n+ !m1 ,langley rem>ks t1 ',ev]y?+ "h has be5 done ) a view to putt+ a trial a]odrome successfully 9 flight )9 a few ye>s1 & ?us giv+ an e>ly demon/ration ( ! only k9d :i* is conclusive 9 ! eyes ( ! sci5tific man1 z well z ( ! g5]al public--a demon/ration t me*anical flight is possible--by actually fly+4 ,all t has be5 done has be5 ) an eye pr9cipally to ?is imm$iate result1 & all ! exp]im5ts giv5 9 ?is book are to be consid]$ only z approximations to exact tru?4 ,all 7 made ) a view1 n to "s remote future1 b to an arrival )9 ! compass ( a few ye>s at "s result 9 actual flight t c\ld n be ga9said or mi/ak54' ,) a s]ies ( ov] ?irty rubb]-driv5 models ,langley demon/rat$ ! practicability ( oppos+ curv$ surfaces to ! resi/ance ( ! air 9 su* a way z to a*ieve flight1 9 ! e>ly n9eties ( la/ c5tury2 he !n set ab\t f9d+ ! motive p[] :i* %\ld p]mit ( ! con/ruction ( l>g] ma*9es1 up to man-c>ry+ size4 ,! int]nal combu/ion eng9e 0 !n an unkn[n quantity1 & he _h to turn to /eam1 f9ally1 z ! propulsive en]gy = 8 p[] plant4 ,! *ief problem :i* fac$ him 0 t ( ! relative weight & p[] ( 8 eng9e2 he h>k$ back to ! ,/r+fell[ eng9e ( #ahfh1 :i* 9 #ahhi came into ! possession ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution z a hi/orical curiosity4 ,rightly or wrongly ,langley conclud$ on exam9ation t ?is eng9e nev] _h develop$ & nev] c\ld develop m ?an a t5? ( ! p[] attribut$ to x2 consequ5tly he ab&on$ ! idea ( copy+ ! ,/r+fell[ design & set ab\t mak+ 8 own eng9e4 ,h[ he ov]came ! v>i\s difficulties t fac$ him & con/ruct$ a /eam-eng9e capable ( ! task allott$ to x =ms a /ory 9 itself1 too long = recital "h4 ,8 fir/ p[]-driv5 a]odrome ( model size 0 begun 9 ,novemb] ( #ahia1 ! scale ( con/ruction be+ decid$ ) ! idea t x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to c>ry an automatic /e]+ app>atus :i* w\ld r5d] ! ma*9e capable ( ma9ta9+ a long & /eady flight4 ,! actual weight ( ! fir/ model f> exce$$ ! !oretical e/imate1 & ,langley f\nd t a con/ant increase ( weight "u ! exig5cies ( con/ruction 0 a feature :i* c\ld nev] be altoge!r elim9at$4 ,! ma*9e 0 made pr9cipally ( /eel1 ! su/a9+ surfaces be+ compos$ ( silk /ret*$ f a /eel tube ) wood5 atta*m5ts4 ,! fir/ eng9es 7 ! oscillat+ type1 b 7 f\nd defici5t 9 p[]4 ,?is l$ to ! con/ruction ( s+le-act+ inv]t$ oscillat+ eng9es ) high & l[ pressure cyl9d]s1 & ) admission & exhau/ ports to avoid ! complication & weight ( ecc5tric & valves4 ,boil] & furnace _h to be specially design$2 an analysis ( su/a9+ surfaces & ! settlem5t ( equilibrium :ile 9 flight _h to be ov]come1 & !n x 0 possible to set ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! s]ies ( model a]odromes & make te/ ( _! 'lift4' ,by ! "t ,langley _h advanc$ suffici5tly f> to consid] x possible to conduct exp]im5ts 9 ! op5 air1 ev5 ) ^! models1 he _h got to 8 fif? a]odrome1 & to ! ye> #ahid4 ,c]ta9 te/s result$ 9 failure1 :i* 9 turn result$ 9 fur!r modifications ( design1 ma9ly ( ! eng9es4 ,by ,febru>y ( #ahie ,langley report$ t "u fav\rable conditions a lift ( ne>ly sixty p] c5t ( ! fly+ weight 0 secur$1 b al?\gh ?is 0 mu* m ?an 0 requir$ = flight1 x 0 decid$ to po/pone trials until two ma*9es 7 ready = ! te/4 ,may1 #ahif1 came be=e actual trials 7 made1 :5 "o ma*9e prov$ successful & ano!r1 a lat] design1 fail$4 ,! difficulty ) ^! models 0 t ( secur+ a correct angle = laun*+2 ,langley records h[1 on laun*+ "o ma*9e1 x rose s rapidly t x atta9$ an angle ( sixty degrees & !n did a tail slide into ! wat] ) its eng9es work+ at full spe$1 aft] advanc+ ne>ly =ty feet & rema9+ 9 ! air = ab\t ?ree seconds4 ,"h1 ,langley f\nd t he _h to obta9 great] rigidity 9 8 w+s1 ow+ to ! di/ortion ( ! =m ( w+ "u pressure1 & h[ he ov]came ?is difficulty con/itutes yet ano!r /ory too long = ! tell+ "h4 ,field trials 7 fir/ attempt$ 9 #ahic1 & ,langley blam$ 8 laun*+ app>atus = _! total failure4 ,!re 0 a brief1 b at ! same "t practical1 success 9 model flight 9 #ahid1 ext5d+ to betwe5 six & sev5 seconds1 b ?is only prov$ ! ne$ = /r5g!n+ ( ! w+4 ,9 #ahie !re 0 practically no advance t[>d ! solution ( ! problem1 b ! flights ( ,may #f? & ,novemb] #bh?1 #ahif1 7 notably successful4 ,a diagram giv5 9 ,langley's memoir %[s ! track cov]$ by ! a]odrome on ^! two flights2 9 ! fir/ ( !m ! ma*9e made ?ree complete circles1 cov]+ a di/ance ( #c1bjj feet2 9 ! second1 t ( ,novemb] #bh?1 ! di/ance cov]$ 0 #d1bjj feet1 or ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 at a spe$ ( ab\t ?irty miles an h\r4 ,^! a*ievem5ts meant a good deal2 !y prov$ me*anically propell$ flight possible4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & su* exp]im5ts z 7 conduct$ by ,clem5t ,ad]1 ,maxim1 & o!rs1 lay pr9cipally 9 ! fact t ^! latt] ei!r did or did n succe$ 9 ris+ into ! air once1 & !n1 ei!r will+ly or by compulsion1 gave up ! que/1 :ile ,langley repeat$ 8 exp]im5ts & ?us atta9$ to actual pro( ( ! possibilities ( flight4 ,l ^! o!rs1 h[ev]1 he decid$ 9 #ahif t he w\ld n und]take ! con/ruction ( a l>ge man-c>ry+ ma*9e4 ,9 addition to a multitude ( actual duties1 :i* left him practically no "t available = orig9al rese>*1 he _h z an adv]se factor fully t5 ye>s ( di%e>t5+ difficulties 9 connection ) 8 model ma*9es4 ,x 0 ,presid5t ,mc,kinley :o1 by reque/+ ,langley to und]take ! con/ruction & te/ ( a ma*9e :i* might f9ally lead to ! developm5t ( a fly+ ma*9e capable ( be+ us$ 9 w>f>e1 egg$ him on to 8 f9al exp]im5t4 ,langley's acceptance ( ! (f] to con/ruct su* a ma*9e is conta9$ 9 a lett] address$ f ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution on ,decemb] #ab?1 #ahih1 to ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,w> ,dep>tm5t2 ?is lett] is ( su* int]e/ z to r5d] x wor?y ( reproduction3-- ',g5tlem51--,9 response to y\r invitation ,i repeat :at ,i _h ! hon\r to say to ! ,bo>d--t ,i am will+1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,reg5ts ( ?is ,in/itution1 to und]take = ! ,gov]nm5t ! fur!r inve/igation ( ! subject ( ! con/ruction ( a fly+ ma*9e on a scale capable ( c>ry+ a man1 ! inve/igation to include ! con/ruction1 developm5t & te/ ( su* a ma*9e "u conditions left z f> z practicable 9 my discretion1 x be+ und]/ood t my s]vices are giv5 to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 su* "t z may n be occupi$ by ! bus9ess ( ! ,in/itution1 & )\t *>ge4 ',i h reason to believe t ! co/ ( ! con/ruction w come )9 ! sum ( #ej1jjj4jj1 & t n m ?an "o-half ( t w be call$ = 9 ! com+ ye>4 ',i entirely agree ) :at ,i und]/& to be ! wi% ( ! ,bo>d t privacy be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! "w1 & only :5 x rea*es a successful completion %all ,i wi% to make public ! fact ( its success4 ',i atta* to ?is a memor&um ( my und]/&+ ( "s po9ts ( detail 9 ord] to be sure t x is also ! und]/&+ ( ! ,bo>d1 & ,i am1 g5tlem51 ) mu* respect1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,s4 ,p4 ,langley4' ,"o ( ! *ief problems 9 connection ) ! con/ruction ( a full-siz$ app>atus 0 t ( ! con/ruction ( an eng9e1 = x 0 realis$ f ! fir/ t a /eam p[] plant = a full-siz$ ma*9e c\ld only be con/ruct$ 9 su* a way z to make x a con/ant m5ace to ! ma*9e :i* x 0 to propel4 ,by ?is "t 7#ahih7 ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e _h s f> advanc$ z to conv9ce ,langley t x =m$ ! be/ p[] plant available4 ,a contract 0 made = ! deliv]y ( a twelve horse-p[] eng9e to weigh n m ?an a hundr$ p\nds1 b ?is contract 0 nev] complet$1 & x fell to ,*>les ,m4 ,manly to design ! five-cyl9d] radial eng9e1 ( :i* a brief acc\nt is includ$ 9 ! section ( ?is "w devot$ to a]o eng9es1 z ! p[] plant = ! ,langley ma*9e4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ye>s #ahii to #aijc 9 ! ,langley s]ies ( exp]im5ts conta9s a multitude ( detail f> beyond ! scope ( ?is pres5t /udy1 & ( int]e/ ma9ly to ! design]4 ,!re 7 frames1 eng9es1 & propell]s1 to be consid]$1 work$ out1 & con/ruct$4 ,we are conc]n$ "h ma9ly ) ! complet$ ma*9e & its trials4 ,( ^! latt] x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! only two actual field trials :i* took place result$ 9 accid5ts due to ! failure ( ! laun*+ app>atus1 & n due to any inh]5t defect 9 ! ma*9e4 ,x 0 int5d$ t ^! two trials %\ld be ! fir/ ( a s]ies1 b ! un=tunate accid5ts1 & ! fact t no fur!r funds 7 =?com+ = cont9uance ( exp]im5ts1 prev5t$ ,langley's success1 :i*1 _h he be5 free to g ?r\gh z he int5d$ ) 8 "w1 w\ld h be5 c]ta94 ,! be/ brief description ( ! ,langley a]odrome 9 its f9al =m1 & ( ! two attempt$ trials1 is conta9$ 9 ! (ficial report ( ,major ,m4 ,m4 ,macomb ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,artill]y ,corps1 :i* report is "h giv5 9 full3-- ,,report ,exp]im5ts ) work+ models :i* 7 conclud$ ,augu/ #h la/ hav+ prov$ ! pr9ciples & calculations on :i* ! design ( ! ,langley a]odrome 0 bas$ to be correct1 ! next /ep 0 to apply ^! pr9ciples to ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e ( suffici5t size & p[] to p]mit ! c>ry+ ( a man1 :o c\ld control ! motive p[] & guide its flight1 ?us po9t+ ! way to atta9+ ! f9al goal ( produc+ a ma*9e capable ( su* ext5sive & precise a]ial flight1 "u normal atmosph]ic conditions1 z to prove ( milit>y or comm]cial utility4 ,mr ,c4 ,m4 ,manly1 work+ "u ,pr(essor ,langley1 _h1 by ! summ] ( #aijc1 succe$$ 9 complet+ an eng9e-driv5 ma*9e :i* "u fav\rable atmosph]ic conditions 0 expect$ to c>ry a man = any "t up to half an h\r1 & to be capable ( hav+ its flight direct$ & controll$ by him4 ,! support+ surface ( ! w+s 0 ample1 & exp]im5t %[$ ! eng9e capable ( supply+ m ?an ! necess>y motive p[]4 ,ow+ to ! necessity ( lightness1 ! weight ( ! v>i\s elem5ts _h to be kept at a m9imum1 & ! factor ( safety 9 con/ruction 0 !re=e exce$+ly small1 s t ! ma*9e z a :ole 0 delicate & frail & incapable ( su/a9+ any unusual /ra94 ,?is defect 0 to be correct$ 9 lat] models by utilis+ data ga!r$ 9 future exp]im5ts "u v>i$ conditions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable results atta9$ 0 ! production ( a gasol9e eng9e furni%+ ov] fifty cont9u\s horse-p[] = a weight ( #abj lbs4 ,! a]odrome1 z complet$ & prep>$ = te/1 is briefly describ$ by ,pr(essor ,langley z 'built ( /eel1 weigh+ complete ab\t #gcj lbs41 support$ by #a1jdj feet ( su/a9+ surface1 hav+ two propell]s driv5 by a gas eng9e develop+ cont9u\sly ov] fifty brake horse-p[]4' ,! appe>ance ( ! ma*9e prep>$ = flight 0 exce$+ly light & graceful1 giv+ an impression to all obs]v]s ( be+ capable ( successful flight4 ,on ,octob] #g la/ ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess1 & ,i witness$ ! attempt$ trial on t day at ,widewat]1 ,va4 ,on ! ,potomac4 ,! eng9e work$ well & ! ma*9e 0 laun*$ at ab\t #ab4ae p4m4 ,! trial 0 unsuccessful because ! front guy-po/ caught 9 its support on ! laun*+ c> & 0 n releas$ 9 "t to give free flight1 z 0 int5d$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 caus$ ! front ( ! ma*9e to be dragg$ d[nw>d1 b5d+ ! guy-po/ & mak+ ! ma*9e plunge into ! wat] ab\t fifty y>ds 9 front ( ! h\se-boat4 ,! ma*9e 0 subsequ5tly recov]$ & br\ght back to ! h\se-boat4 ,! eng9e 0 un9jur$ & ! frame only slightly damag$1 b ! f\r w+s & rudd] 7 practically de/roy$ by ! fir/ plunge & subsequ5t t[+ back to ! h\se-boat4 ,?is accid5t necessitat$ ! removal ( ! h\se-boat to ,wa%+ton = ! m conv5i5t repair ( damages4 ,on ,decemb] #h la/1 betwe5 #d & #e p4m41 ano!r attempt at a trial 0 made1 ?is "t at ! junction ( ! ,anaco/ia ) ! ,potomac1 j bel[ ,wa%+ton ,b>racks4 ,on ?is occasion ,g5]al ,r&olph & myself repres5t$ ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification4 ,! laun*+ c> 0 releas$ at #d4de p4m4 be+ po9t$ up ! ,anaco/ia t[>ds ! ,navy ,y>d4 ,my position 0 on ! tug ,b>?oldi1 ab\t #aej feet f & at "r angles to ! direction ( propos$ flight4 ,! c> 0 set 9 motion & ! propell]s revolv$ rapidly1 ! eng9e work+ p]fectly1 b !re 0 some?+ wrong ) ! laun*+4 ,! re> guy-po/ seem$ to drag1 br++ ! rudd] d[n on ! laun*+ ways1 & a cra%+1 r5d+ s\nd1 foll[$ by ! collapse ( ! re> w+s1 %[$ t ! ma*9e _h be5 wreck$ 9 ! laun*+1 j h[1 x 0 impossible = me to see4 ,! fact rema9s t ! re> w+s & rudd] 7 wreck$ be=e ! ma*9e 0 free ( ! ways4 ,_! collapse depriv$ ! ma*9e ( its support 9 ! re>1 & x consequ5tly re>$ up 9 front "u ! action ( ! motor1 assum$ a v]tical position1 & !n toppl$ ov] to ! re>1 fall+ into ! wat] a few feet 9 front ( ! boat4 ,mr ,manly 0 pull$ out ( ! wreck un9jur$ & ! wreck$ ma*9e--0 subsequ5tly plac$ ^u ! h\se-boat1 & ! :ole br\ght back to ,wa%+ton4 ,f :at has be5 said x w be se5 t ^! un=tunate accid5ts h prev5t$ any te/ ( ! app>atus 9 free flight1 & ! claim t an eng9e-driv51 man-c>ry+ a]odrome has be5 con/ruct$ lacks ! pro( :i* actual flight alone c give4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! pres5t /age ( advancem5t 9 its developm5t1 x w\ld seem highly desirable1 be=e lay+ d[n ! inve/igation1 to obta9 conclusive pro( ( ! possibility ( free flight1 n only because !re are excell5t reasons to hope = success1 b because x m>ks ! end ( a def9ite /ep t[>d ! atta9m5t ( ! f9al goal4 ,j :at fur!r proc$ure is necess>y to secure successful flight ) ! l>ge a]odrome has n yet be5 decid$ ^u4 ,pr(essor ,langley is und]/ood to h ?is subject "u advisem5t1 & w d\btless in=m ! ,bo>d ( 8 f9al conclusions z soon z practicable4 ,9 ! meantime1 to avoid any possible misund]/&+1 x %\ld be /at$ t ev5 aft] a successful te/ ( ! pres5t great a]odrome1 design$ to c>ry a man1 we are /ill f> f ! ultimate goal1 & x w\ld seem z if ye>s ( con/ant "w & /udy by exp]ts1 toge!r ) ! exp5diture ( ?\s&s ( doll>s1 w\ld /ill be necess>y be=e we c hope to produce an app>atus ( practical utility on ^! l9es4--,wa%+ton1 ,janu>y #f1 #aijd4 ,a subsequ5t report ( ! ,bo>d ( ordnance & ,=tification to ! ,secret>y ( ,w> embodi$ ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ,major ,macomb's report1 b z e>ly z ,m>* #crd1 #aijd1 ! ,bo>d came to a simil> conclusion to t ( ! ,fr5* ,m9i/ry ( ,w> 9 respect ( ,clem5t ,ad]'s "w1 /at+ t x 0 n 'prep>$ to make an additional allotm5t at ?is "t = cont9u+ ! "w4' ,?is decision 0 9 no small measure due to ho/ile newspap] criticisms4 ,langley1 9 a lett] to ! press expla9+ 8 attitude1 /at$ t he did n wi% to make public ! results ( 8 "w till ^! 7 c]ta91 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he refus$ admittance to newspap] repres5tatives1 & ?is attitude produc$ a ho/ility :i* _h effect on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress4 ,an (f] 0 made to comm]cialise ! inv5tion1 b ,langley /eadfa/ly refus$ x4 ,conc]n+ ?is1 ,manly rem>ks t ,langley _h 'giv5 8 "t & 8 be/ lab\rs to ! _w )\t hope ( remun]ation1 & he c\ld n br+ himself1 at 8 /age ( life1 to cons5t to capitalise 8 sci5tific "w4' ,! f9al trial ( ! ,langley a]odrome 0 made on ,decemb] #h?1 #aijc2 n9e days lat]1 on ,decemb] #ag?1 ! ,wright ,bro!rs made _! fir/ flight 9 a p[]-propell$ ma*9e1 & ! conque/ ( ! air 0 ?us a*iev$4 ,b = ! two accid5ts t spoilt 8 trials1 ! hon\r :i* fell to ! ,wright ,bro!rs w\ld1 beyond d\bt1 h be5 secur$ by ,samuel ,pi]po9t ,langley4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,wright ,,bro!rs ,su* in=mation z is giv5 "h conc]n+ ! ,wright ,bro!rs is d]iv$ f ! two be/ s\rces available1 namely1 ! writ+s ( ,wilbur ,wright himself1 & a lecture giv5 by ,dr ,griffi? ,brew] to memb]s ( ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society4 ,!re is no d\bt t s f> z actual "w 9 connection ) aviation accompli%$ by ! two bro!rs is conc]n$1 ,wilbur ,wright's own /atem5ts are ! cle>e/ & be/ available4 ,app>5tly ,wilbur 01 f ! beg9n+1 ! hi/orian ( ! pair1 ?\gh he himself w\ld h be5 ! la/ to attempt to detract 9 any way f ! fame t 8 bro!r's "w also des]ves4 ,?r\gh\t all _! exp]im5ts ! two 7 insep>able1 & _! "w is "o indivisible :ole2 9 fact1 9 e dep>tm5t ( t "w1 x is impossible to say :]e ,orville leaves (f & :]e ,wilbur beg9s4 ,x is a great /ory1 ?is ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 & "o wor? all ! detail t c be sp>$ x4 ,x beg9s on ! #af? ,april1 #ahfg1 :5 ,wilbur ,wright 0 born )9 eight miles ( ,newca/le1 ,indiana4 ,be=e ,orville's bir? on ! #ai? ,augu/1 #ahga1 ! ,wright family _h mov$ to ,dayton1 ,ohio1 & settl$ on :at is kn[n z ! ',we/ ,side' ( ! t[n4 ,"h ! bro!rs grew up1 &1 :5 ,orville 0 /ill a boy 9 8 te5s1 he />t$ a pr9t+ bus9ess1 :i*1 z ,griffi? ,brew] rem>ks1 0 only limit$ by ! smallness ( 8 ma*9e & small quantity ( type at 8 disposal4 ,?is ma*9e 0 9 su* a /ate t pieces ( /r+ & wood 7 incorporat$ 9 x by way ( repair1 b on x ,orville manag$ to pr9t a boys' pap] :i* ga9$ consid]able popul>ity 9 ,dayton ',we/ ,side4' ,lat]1 at ! age ( sev5te51 he obta9$ a m effici5t outfit1 ) :i* he laun*$ a weekly newspap]1 f\r pages 9 size1 entitl$ ,! ,we/ ,side ,news4 ,aft] ?ree mon?s' runn+ ! pap] 0 increas$ 9 size & ,wilbur came into ! ent]prise z editor1 ,orville rema9+ publi%]4 ,9 #ahid ! two bro!rs began ! publication ( a weekly magaz9e1 ,snap-,%ots1 to :i* ,wilbur contribut$ a s]ies ( articles on local affairs t gave evid5ce ( ! incisive & (t5 s>ca/ic mann] 9 :i* he 0 able to express himself ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,dr ,griffi? ,brew] describes him z a fe>less critic1 :o wrote on matt]s ( local int]e/ 9 a k9dly b vigor\s mann]1 :i* did mu* to ma9ta9 ! heal?y public municipal life ( ,dayton4 ,editorial & publi%+ ent]prise 0 succe$$ by ! =mation1 j across ! road f ! pr9t+ works1 ( ! ,wright ,cycle ,company1 :]e ! two bro!rs laun*$ out z cycle manufactur]s ) ! ',van ,cleve' bicycle1 a ma*9e ( great local repute = excell5ce ( con/ruction1 & "o :i* won = itself a reputation t la/$ long aft] x _h ceas$ to be manufactur$4 ,! "n ( ! ma*9e 0 t ( an ance/or ( ! bro!rs1 ,ca!r9e ,van ,cleve1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/ settl]s at ,dayton1 l&+ !re f ! ,riv] ,miami on ,april #a/1 #agif1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 virg9 =e/4 ,x 0 n until #ahif t ! me*anical g5ius :i* *>act]is$ ! two bro!rs 0 turn$ to ! consid]ation ( a]onautics4 ,9 t ye> !y took up ! problem ?or\ghly1 /udy+ all ! a]onautical in=mation !n 9 pr9t4 ,lili5?al's writ+s =m$ "o basis = _! /udies1 & ! "w ( ,langley assi/$ 9 e/abli%+ 9 !m a confid5ce 9 ! possibility ( a solution to ! problems ( me*anical flight4 ,9 #aiji1 at ! banquet giv5 by ! ,royal ,a]o ,club to ! ,wright ,bro!rs on _! return to ,am]ica1 aft] ! s]ies ( demon/ration flights c>ri$ out by ,wilbur ,wright on ! ,cont95t1 ,wilbur paid tribute to ! great pione] "w ( ,/r+fell[1 ^: /udies & a*ievem5ts influ5c$ 8 own & ,orville's e>ly "w4 ,he po9t$ out h[ ,/r+fell[ devis$ an a]oplane hav+ two propell]s & v]tical & horizontal /e]+1 & gave due place to ?is e>ly pione] ( me*anical flight4 ,nei!r ( ! bro!rs 0 cont5t ) m]e /udy ( ! "w ( o!rs4 ,!y collect$ all ! !ory available 9 ! books publi%$ up to t "t1 & !n built man-c>ry+ glid]s ) :i* to te/ ! data ( ,lili5?al & su* o!r au?orities z !y _h consult$4 ,= two ye>s !y conduct$ outdoor exp]im5ts 9 ord] to te/ ! tru? or o!rwise ( :at 7 enunciat$ z ! pr9ciples ( flight2 aft] ?is !y turn$ to laboratory exp]im5ts1 con/ruct+ a w9d tunnel 9 :i* !y made ?\s&s ( te/s ) models ( v>i\s =ms ( curv$ planes4 ,f _! exp]im5ts !y tabulat$ ?\s&s ( read+s1 :i* ,griffi? ,brew] rem>ks z giv+ results equally effici5t ) ^? ( ! elaborate tables prep>$ by le>n$ in/itutions4 ,wilbur ,wright has set d[n ! beg9n+s ( ! practical exp]im5ts made by ! two bro!rs v cle>ly4 ',! difficulties1' he says1 ':i* ob/ruct ! pa?way to success 9 fly+ ma*9e con/ruction are ( ?ree g5]al classes3 7#a7 ,^? :i* relate to ! con/ruction ( ! su/a9+ w+s2 7#b7 ^? :i* relate to ! g5]ation & application ( ! p[] requir$ to drive ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! air2 7#c7 ^? relat+ to ! balanc+ & /e]+ ( ! ma*9e aft] x is actually 9 flight4 ,( ^! difficulties two are already to a c]ta9 ext5t solv$4 ,m5 already "k h[ to con/ruct w+s1 or a]oplanes1 :i*1 :5 driv5 ?r\gh ! air at suffici5t spe$1 w n only su/a9 ! weight ( ! w+s !mselves1 b also t ( ! eng9e & ! eng9e] z well4 ,m5 also "k h[ to build eng9es &' screws ( suffici5t lightness & p[] to drive ^! planes at su/a9+ spe$4 ,inability to balance & /e] /ill confronts /ud5ts ( ! fly+ problem1 al?\gh ne>ly t5 ye>s h pass$ 7s9ce ,lili5?al's success74 ,:5 ?is "o feature has be5 work$ out1 ! age ( fly+ ma*9es w h arriv$1 = all o!r difficulties are ( m9or importance4 ',! p]son :o m]ely wat*es ! flight ( a bird ga!rs ! impression t ! bird has no?+ to ?9k ( b ! flapp+ ( its w+s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is is a v small "p ( its m5tal lab\r4 ,ev5 to m5tion all ! ?+s ! bird mu/ con/antly keep 9 m9d 9 ord] to fly securely ?r\gh ! air w\ld take a consid]able "t4 ,if ,i take a piece ( pap] &1 aft] plac+ x p>allel ) ! gr\nd1 quickly let x fall1 x w n settle /eadily d[n z a /aid1 s5sible piece ( pap] ought to d1 b x insi/s on contrav5+ e recognis$ rule ( decorum1 turn+ ov] & d>t+ hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! mo/ erratic mann]1 mu* aft] ! /yle ( an untra9$ horse4 ,yet ?is is ! /yle ( /e$ t m5 mu/ le>n to manage be=e fly+ c become an ev]yday sport4 ,! bird has le>n$ ?is art ( equilibrium1 & le>n$ x s ?or\ghly t its skill is n app>5t to our sight4 ,we only le>n to appreciate x :5 we c imitate x4 ',n[1 !re are only two ways ( le>n+ to ride a fracti\s horse3 "o is to get on him & le>n by actual practice h[ ea* motion & trick may be be/ met2 ! o!r is to sit on a f5ce & wat* ! bea/ a:ile1 & !n retire to ! h\se & at leisure figure out ! be/ way ( ov]com+ 8 jumps & kicks4 ,! latt] sy/em is ! saf]1 b ! =m]1 on ! :ole1 turns out ! l>g] proportion ( good rid]s4 ,x is v mu* ! same 9 le>n+ to ride a fly+ ma*9e2 if y are look+ = p]fect safety y w d well to sit on a f5ce & wat* ! birds1 b if y really wi% to le>n y mu/ m\nt a ma*9e & become acqua9t$ ) its tricks by actual trial4 ,! balanc+ ( a glid+ or fly+ ma*9e is v simple 9 !ory4 ,x m]ely consi/s 9 caus+ ! c5tre ( pressure to co9cide ) ! c5tre ( gravity4' ,^! comm5ts are tak5 f a lecture deliv]$ by ,wilbur ,wright be=e ! ,we/]n ,society ( ,eng9e]s 9 ,septemb] ( #aija1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,octave ,*anute4 ,9 t lecture ,wilbur detail$ ! way 9 :i* he & 8 bro!r came to int]e/ !mselves 9 a]onautical problems & con/ruct$ _! fir/ glid]4 ,he speaks ( 8 own notice ( ! dea? ( ,lili5?al 9 #ahif1 & ( ! way 9 :i* ?is fatality r\s$ him to an active int]e/ 9 a]onautical problems1 :i* 0 /imulat$ by read+ ,pr(essor ,m>ey's ,animal ,me*anism1 n = ! fir/ "t4 ',f ?is ,i 0 l$ to read m mod]n works1 & z my bro!r soon became equally int]e/$ ) myself1 we soon pass$ f ! read+ to ! ?9k+1 & f9ally to ! work+ /age4 ,x seem$ to u t ! ma9 reason :y ! problem _h rema9$ s long unsolv$ 0 t no "o _h be5 able to obta9 any adequate practice4 ,we figur$ t ,lili5?al 9 five ye>s ( "t _h sp5t only ab\t five h\rs 9 actual glid+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,! wond] 0 n t he _h done s little1 b t he _h accompli%$ s mu*4 ,x w\ld n be consid]$ at all safe = a bicycle rid] to attempt to ride ?r\gh a cr[d$ city /reet aft] only five h\rs' practice1 spread out 9 bits ( t5 seconds ea* ov] a p]iod ( five ye>s2 yet ,lili5?al ) ?is brief practice 0 rem>kably successful 9 meet+ ! fluctuations & eddies ( w9d-gu/s4 ,we ?\ght t if "s me?od c\ld be f\nd by :i* x w\ld be possible to practice by ! h\r in/ead ( by ! second !re w\ld be hope ( advanc+ ! solution ( a v difficult problem4 ,x seem$ feasible to d ?is by build+ a ma*9e :i* w\ld be su/a9$ at a spe$ ( eighte5 miles p] h\r1 & !n f9d+ a locality :]e w9ds ( ?is velocity 7 common4 ,) ^! conditions a rope atta*$ to ! ma*9e to keep x f float+ backw>d w\ld answ] v ne>ly ! same purpose z a propell] driv5 by a motor1 & x w\ld be possible to practice by ! h\r1 & )\t any s]i\s dang]1 z x w\ld n be necess>y to rise f> f ! gr\nd1 & ! ma*9e w\ld n h any =w>d motion at all4 ,we f\nd1 accord+ to ! accept$ tables ( air pressure on curv$ surfaces1 t a ma*9e spread+ #bjj squ>e feet ( w+ surface w\ld be suffici5t = our purpose1 & t places w\ld easily be f\nd along ! ,atlantic coa/ :]e w9ds ( sixte5 to tw5ty-five miles 7 n at all uncommon4 ,:5 ! w9ds 7 l[ x 0 our plan to glide f ! tops ( s&hills1 & :5 !y 7 suffici5tly /rong to use a rope = our motor & fly ov] "o spot4 ,our next "w 0 to draw up ! plans = a suitable ma*9e4 ,aft] mu* /udy we f9ally conclud$ t tails 7 a s\rce ( tr\ble r ?an ( assi/ance1 & !re=e we decid$ to disp5se ) !m altoge!r4 ,x seem$ reasonable t if ! body ( ! op]ator c\ld be plac$ 9 a horizontal position in/ead ( ! upright1 z 9 ! ma*9es ( ,lili5?al1 ,pil*]1 & ,*anute1 ! w9d resi/ance c\ld be v mat]ially r$uc$1 s9ce only "o squ>e foot in/ead ( five w\ld be expos$4 ,z a full half horse-p[] w\ld be sav$ by ?is *ange1 we arrang$ to try at lea/ ! horizontal position4 ,!n ! me?od ( control us$ by ,lili5?al1 :i* consi/$ 9 %ift+ ! body1 did n seem q z quick or effective z ! case requir$2 s1 aft] long /udy1 we contriv$ a sy/em consi/+ ( two l>ge surfaces on ! ,*anute d\ble-deck plan1 & a small] surface plac$ a %ort di/ance 9 front ( ! ma9 surfaces 9 su* a position t ! action ( ! w9d ^u x w\ld c\nt]balance ! effect ( ! travel ( ! c5tre ( pressure on ! ma9 surfaces4 ,?us *anges 9 ! direction & velocity ( ! w9d w\ld h little di/urb+ effect1 & ! op]ator w\ld be requir$ to att5d only to ! /e]+ ( ! ma*9e1 :i* 0 to be effect$ by curv+ ! =w>d surface up or d[n4 ,! lat]al equilibrium & ! /e]+ to "r or left 0 to be atta9$ by a peculi> torsion ( ! ma9 surfaces :i* 0 equival5t to pres5t+ "o end ( ! w+s at a great] angle ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ! ma9 frame a few *anges 7 also made 9 ! details ( con/ruction & truss+ employ$ by ,mr ,*anute4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 73 7#a7 ,! mov+ ( ! =w>d ma9 crosspiece ( ! frame to ! extreme front edge2 7#b7 ! encas+ 9 ! clo? ( all crosspieces & ribs ( ! surfaces2 7#c7 a re>rangem5t ( ! wires us$ 9 truss+ ! two surfaces toge!r1 :i* r5d]$ x possible to tight5 all ! wires by simply %ort5+ two ( !m4' ,! bro!rs int5d$ orig9ally to get #bjj squ>e feet ( support+ surface = _! glid]1 b ! impossibility ( obta9+ suitable mat]ial compell$ !m to r$uce ! area to #afe squ>e feet1 :i*1 by ! ,lili5?al tables1 admitt$ ( support 9 a w9d ( ab\t tw5ty-"o miles an h\r at an angle ( ?ree degrees4 ,) ?is glid] !y w5t 9 ! summ] ( ,i #aijj to ! little settlem5t ( ,kitty ,hawk1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 situat$ on ! /rip ( l& divid+ ,albem>le ,s\nd f ! ,atlantic4 ,"h !y reckon$ on obta9+ /eady w9d1 & "h1 on ! day t !y complet$ ! ma*9e1 !y took x out = trial z a kite ) ! w9d bl[+ at betwe5 tw5ty-five & ?irty miles an h\r4 ,!y f\nd t 9 ord] to support a man on x ! glid] requir$ an angle ne>] tw5ty degrees ?an ?ree1 & ev5 ) ! w9d at ?irty miles an h\r !y c\ld n get d[n to ! plann$ angle ( ?ree degrees4 ',lat]1 :5 ! w9d 0 too light to support ! ma*9e ) a man on x1 !y te/$ x z a kite1 work+ ! rudd]s by cords4 ,al?\gh !y obta9$ satisfactory results 9 ?is way !y realis$ fully t actual glid+ exp]i5ce 0 necess>y be=e ! te/s c\ld be consid]$ practical4 ,a s]ies ( actual measurem5ts ( lift & drift ( ! ma*9e gave a/oni%+ results4 ',x appe>$ t ! total horizontal pull ( ! ma*9e1 :ile su/a9+ a weight ( #eb lbs41 0 only #h4e lbs41 :i* 0 less ?an _h be5 previ\sly e/imat$ = head resi/ance ( ! fram+ alone4 ,mak+ all[ance = ! weight c>ri$1 x appe>$ t ! head resi/ance ( ! fram+ 0 b little m ?an fifty p] c5t ( ! am\nt :i* ,mr ,*anute _h e/imat$ z ! head resi/ance ( ! fram+ ( 8 ma*9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x appe>$ sadly defici5t 9 lift+ p[] z comp>$ ) ! calculat$ lift ( curv$ surfaces ( its size444 we decid$ to arrange our ma*9e = ! foll[+ ye> s t ! dep? ( curvature ( its surfaces c\ld be v>i$ at w1 & its cov]+ air-pro($4' ,aft] ^! exp]im5ts ! bro!rs decid$ to turn to practical glid+1 = :i* !y mov$ f\r miles to ! s\?1 to ! ,kill ,devil s&hills1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is slightly ov] a hundr$ feet 9 height1 ) an incl9ation ( ne>ly t5 degrees on its ma9 nor?-we/]n slope4 ,on ! day aft] _! arrival !y made ab\t a doz5 glides1 9 :i*1 al?\gh ! l&+s 7 made at a spe$ ( m ?an tw5ty miles an h\r1 no injury 0 su/a9$ ei!r by ! ma*9e or by ! op]ator4 ',! slope ( ! hill 0 #i4e degrees1 or a drop ( "o foot 9 six4 ,we f\nd t aft] atta9+ a spe$ ( ab\t tw5ty-five to ?irty miles ) ref]5ce to ! w9d1 or t5 to fifte5 miles ov] ! gr\nd1 ! ma*9e n only glid$ p>allel to ! slope ( ! hill1 b greatly increas$ its spe$1 ?us indicat+ its ability to glide on a some:at less angle ?an #i4e degrees1 :5 we %\ld feel x safe to rise high] f ! surface4 ,! control ( ! ma*9e prov$ ev5 bett] ?an we _h d>$ to expect1 respond+ quickly to ! slighte/ motion ( ! rudd]4 ,) ^! glides our exp]im5ts = ! ye> #aijj clos$4 ,al?\gh ! h\rs & h\rs ( practice we _h hop$ to obta9 f9ally dw9dl$ d[n to ab\t two m9utes1 we 7 v mu* pleas$ ) ! g5]al results ( ! trip1 =1 sett+ out z we did ) almo/ revolution>y !ories on _m po9ts & an entirely untri$ =m ( ma*9e1 we consid]$ x q a po9t to be able to return )\t hav+ our pet !ories completely knock$ on ! head by ! h>d logic ( exp]i5ce1 & our own bra9s da%$ out 9 ! b>ga94 ,ev]y?+ seem$ to u to confirm ! correctness ( our orig9al op9ions3 7#a7 ,t practice is ! key to ! secret ( fly+2 7#b7 t x is practicable to assume ! horizontal position2 7#c7 t a small] surface set at a negative angle 9 front ( ! ma9 be>+ surfaces1 or w+s1 w l>gely c\nt]act ! effect ( ! =e & aft travel ( ! c5tre ( pressure2 7#d7 t /e]+ up & d[n c be atta9$ ) a rudd] )\t mov+ ! position ( ! op]ator's body2 7#e7 t twi/+ ! w+s s z to pres5t _! ends to ! w9d at diff]5t angles is a m prompt & effici5t way ( ma9ta9+ lat]al equilibrium ?an %ift+ ! body ( ! op]ator4' ,= ! glid+ exp]im5ts ( #aija x 0 decid$ to reta9 ! =m ( ! #aijj glid]1 b to increase ! area to #cjh squ>e feet1 :i*1 ! bro!rs calculat$1 w\ld support itself & its op]ator 9 a w9d ( sev5te5 miles an h\r ) an angle ( incid5ce ( ?ree degrees4 ,camp 0 =m$ at ,kitty ,hawk 9 ! middle ( ,july1 & on ,july #bg? ! ma*9e 0 complet$ & tri$ = ! fir/ "t 9 a w9d ( ab\t f\rte5 miles an h\r4 ,! fir/ attempt result$ 9 l&+ aft] a glide ( only a few y>ds1 indicat+ t ! c5tre ( gravity 0 too f> 9 front ( ! c5tre ( pressure4 ,by %ift+ 8 position f>!r & f>!r back ! op]ator f9ally a*iev$ an undulat+ flight ( a little ov] #cjj feet1 b to obta9 ?is success he _h to use full p[] ( ! rudd] to prev5t bo? /all+ & nose-div+4 ,) ! #aijj ma*9e "o-f\r? ( ! rudd] action _h be5 necess>y = f> bett] control4 ,practically all glides gave ! same result1 & 9 "o ! ma*9e rose high] & high] until x lo/ all headway4 ',?is 0 ! position f :i* ,lili5?al _h always f\nd difficulty 9 extricat+ himself1 z 8 ma*9e !n1 9 spite ( 8 greate/ ex]tions1 manife/$ a t5d5cy to dive d[nw>d almo/ v]tically & /rike ! gr\nd head on ) frightful velocity4 ,9 ?is case a w>n+ cry f ! gr\nd caus$ ! op]ator to turn ! rudd] to its full ext5t & also to move 8 body slightly =w>d4 ,! ma*9e !n settl$ sl[ly to ! gr\nd1 ma9ta9+ its horizontal position almo/ p]fectly1 & l&$ )\t any injury at all4 ,?is 0 v enc\rag+1 z x %[$ t "o ( ! v greate/ dang]s 9 ma*9es ) horizontal tails _h be5 ov]come by ! use ( ! front rudd]4 ,sev]al glides lat] ! same exp]i5ce 0 repeat$ ) ! same result4 ,9 ! latt] case ! ma*9e _h ev5 comm5c$ to move backw>d1 b 0 nev]!less br\ght safely to ! gr\nd 9 a horizontal position4 ,on ! :ole ?is day's exp]im5ts 7 enc\rag+1 = :ile ! action ( ! rudd] did n seem at all l t ( our #aijj ma*9e1 yet we _h escap$ )\t difficulty f positions :i* _h prov$ v dang]\s to prec$+ exp]im5t]s1 & aft] less ?an "o m9ute's actual practice _h made a glide ( m ?an #cjj feet1 at an angle ( desc5t ( t5 degrees1 & ) a ma*9e ne>ly twice z l>ge z _h previ\sly be5 consid]$ safe4 ,! tr\ble ) its control1 :i* has be5 m5tion$1 we believ$ c\ld be correct$ :5 we %\ld h locat$ its cause4' ,x 0 f9ally asc]ta9$ t ! defect c\ld be rem$i$ by truss+ d[n ! ribs ( ! :ole ma*9e s z to r$uce ! dep? ( curvature4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 done glid+ 0 resum$1 & aft] a few trials glides ( #cff & #chi feet 7 made ) prompt response on ! "p ( ! ma*9e1 ev5 to small movem5ts ( ! rudd]4 ,! re/ ( ! /ory ( ! glid+ exp]im5ts ( #aija _c be bett] told ?an 9 ,wilbur ,wright's own words1 z utt]$ by him 9 ! lecture f :i* ! =ego+ exc]pts h be5 made4 ',! ma*9e1 ) its new curvature1 nev] fail$ to respond promptly to ev5 small movem5ts ( ! rudd]4 ,! op]ator c\ld cause x to almo/ skim ! gr\nd1 foll[+ ! undulations ( its surface1 or he c\ld cause x to sail out almo/ on a level ) ! />t+ po9t1 &1 pass+ high above ! foot ( ! hill1 gradually settle d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,! w9d on ?is day 0 bl[+ elev5 to f\rte5 miles p] h\r4 ,! next day1 ! conditions be+ fav\rable1 ! ma*9e 0 aga9 tak5 out = trial4 ,?is "t ! velocity ( ! w9d 0 eighte5 to tw5ty-two miles p] h\r4 ,at fir/ we felt "s d\bt z to ! safety ( attempt+ free flight 9 s /rong a w9d1 ) a ma*9e ( ov] #cjj squ>e feet & a practice ( less ?an five m9utes sp5t 9 actual flight4 ,b aft] sev]al prelim9>y exp]im5ts we decid$ to try a glide4 ,! control ( ! ma*9e seem$ s good t we !n felt no appreh5sion 9 sail+ boldly =?4 ,& !reaft] we made glide aft] glide1 sometimes foll[+ ! gr\nd closely & sometimes sail+ high 9 ! air4 ,mr ,*anute _h 8 cam]a ) him & took pictures ( "s ( ^! glides1 sev]al ( :i* are among ^? %[n4 ',we made glides on subsequ5t days1 :5ev] ! conditions 7 fav\rable4 ,! highe/ w9d ?us exp]im5t$ 9 0 a little ov] twelve metres p] second--ne>ly tw5ty-sev5 miles p] h\r4 ,x _h be5 our int5tion :5 build+ ! ma*9e to d ! l>g] "p ( ! exp]im5t+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,:5 ! w9d blew sev5te5 miles an h\r1 or m1 we w\ld atta* a rope to ! ma*9e & let x rise z a kite ) ! op]ator ^u x4 ,:5 x %\ld rea* a prop] height ! op]ator w\ld ca/ (f ! rope & glide d[n to ! gr\nd j z f ! top ( a hill4 ,9 ?is way we w\ld be sav$ ! tr\ble ( c>ry+ ! ma*9e uphill aft] ea* glide1 & c\ld make at lea/ t5 glides 9 ! "t requir$ = "o 9 ! o!r way4 ,b :5 we came to try x1 we f\nd t a w9d ( sev5te5 miles1 z measur$ by ,ri*>ds' anemomet]1 in/ead ( su/a9+ ! ma*9e ) its op]ator1 a total weight ( #bdj lbs41 at an angle ( incid5ce ( ?ree degrees1 9 reality w\ld n su/a9 ! ma*9e alone--#ajj lbs4--at ?is angle4 ,its lift+ capacity seem$ sc>cely "o ?ird ( ! calculat$ am\nt4 ,9 ord] to make sure t ?is 0 n due to ! porosity ( ! clo?1 we con/ruct$ two small exp]im5tal surfaces ( equal size1 "o ( :i* 0 air-pro($ & ! o!r left 9 its natural /ate2 b we c\ld detect no diff]5ce 9 _! lift+ p[]s4 ,= a "t we 7 l$ to suspect t ! lift ( curv$ surfaces v little exce$$ t ( planes ( ! same size1 b fur!r inve/igation & exp]im5t l$ to ! op9ion t 7#a7 ! anemomet] us$ by u ov]-record$ ! true velocity ( ! w9d by ne>ly #ae p] c5t2 7#b7 t ! well-kn[n ,smeaton co-effici5t (4#jje ,v squ>$ = ! w9d pressure at #ij degrees is probably too great by at lea/ #bj p] c5t2 7#c7 t ,lili5?al's e/imate t ! pressure on a curv$ surface hav+ an angle ( incid5ce ( #c degrees equals4#ede ( ! pressure at g degrees is too l>ge1 be+ ne>ly #ej p] c5t great] ?an v rec5t exp]im5ts ( our own ) a pressure te/+-ma*9e indicate2 7#d7 t ! sup]position ( ! surfaces some:at r$uc$ ! lift p] squ>e foot1 z comp>$ ) a s+le surface ( equal area4 ',9 glid+ exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 ! am\nt ( lift is ( less relative importance ?an ! ratio ( lift to drift1 z ?is alone decides ! angle ( glid+ desc5t4 ,9 a plane ! pressure is always p]p5dicul> to ! surface1 & ! ratio ( lift to drift is !re=e ! same z t ( ! cos9e to ! s9e ( ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,b 9 curv$ surfaces a v rem>kable situation is f\nd4 ,! pressure1 in/ead ( be+ uni=mly normal to ! *ord ( ! arc1 is usually incl9$ consid]ably 9 front ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,! result is t ! lift is great] & ! drift less ?an if ! pressure 7 normal4 ,lili5?al 0 ! fir/ to discov] ?is exce$+ly important fact1 :i* is fully set =? 9 8 book1 ,bird ,flight ! ,basis ( ! ,fly+ ,art1 b ow+ to "s errors 9 ! me?ods he us$ 9 mak+ measurem5ts1 "q 0 rais$ by o!r inve/igators n only z to ! accuracy ( 8 figures1 b ev5 z to ! exi/5ce ( any tang5tial =ce at all4 ,our exp]im5ts confirm ! exi/5ce ( ?is =ce1 ?\gh our measurem5ts diff] consid]ably f ^? ( ,lili5?al4 ,:ile at ,kitty ,hawk we sp5t mu* "t 9 measur+ ! horizontal pressure on our unload$ ma*9e at v>i\s angles ( incid5ce4 ,we f\nd t at #ac degrees ! horizontal pressure 0 ab\t #bc lbs4 ,?is includ$ n only ! drift prop]1 or horizontal compon5t ( ! pressure on ! side ( ! surface1 b also ! head resi/ance ( ! fram+ z well4 ,! weight ( ! ma*9e at ! "t ( ?is te/ 0 ab\t #ajh lbs4 ,n[1 if ! pressure _h be5 normal to ! *ord ( ! surface1 ! drift prop] w\ld h be5 to ! lift 7#ajh lbs47 z ! s9e ( #ac degrees is to ! cos9e ( #ac degrees1 or4#bb ,x #ajh_/4ig #bd lbs42 b ?is slightly exce$s ! total pull ( #bc p\nds on our scales4 ,!re=e x is evid5t t ! av]age pressure on ! surface1 in/ead ( be+ normal to ! *ord1 0 s f> incl9$ t[>d ! front t all ! head resi/ance ( fram+ & wires us$ 9 ! con/ruction 0 m ?an ov]come4 ,9 a w9d ( f\rte5 miles p] h\r resi/ance is by no means a negligible factor1 s t tang5tial is evid5tly a =ce ( consid]able value4 ,9 a high] w9d1 :i* su/a9$ ! ma*9e at an angle ( #aj degrees ! pull on ! scales 0 #ah lbs4 ,) ! pressure normal to ! *ord ! drift prop] w\ld h be5 #ag ,x #ih_/4ih4 ,! travel ( ! c5tre ( pressure made x necess>y to put s& on ! front rudd] to br+ ! c5tres ( gravity & pressure into co9cid5ce1 consequ5tly ! weight ( ! ma*9e v>i$ f #ih lbs4 to #ajh lbs4 9 ! diff]5t te/s #ag lbs41 s t1 al?\gh ! high] w9d velocity mu/ h caus$ an increase 9 ! head resi/ance1 ! tang5tial =ce /ill came )9 #a lb4 ( ov]com+ x4 ,aft] our return f ,kitty ,hawk we began a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to accurately det]m9e ! am\nt & direction ( ! pressure produc$ on curv$ surfaces :5 act$ ^u by w9ds at ! v>i\s angles f z]o to #ij degrees4 ,^! exp]im5ts are n yet conclud$1 b 9 g5]al !y support ,lili5?al 9 ! claim t ! curves give pressures m fav\rable 9 am\nt & direction ?an planes2 b we f9d m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! exact values1 especially at angles bel[ #aj degrees4 ,we 7 unable to obta9 direct measurem5ts ( ! horizontal pressures ( ! ma*9e ) ! op]ator on bo>d1 b by comp>+ ! di/ance travell$ ) ! v]tical fall1 x 0 easily calculat$ t at a spe$ ( #bd miles p] h\r ! total horizontal resi/ances ( our ma*9e1 :5 be>+ ! op]ator1 am\nt$ to #dj lbs41 :i* is equival5t to ab\t #b #a_/c horse-p[]4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t a motor develop+ ?is p[] w\ld be suffici5t to drive a man-be>+ ma*9e4 ,! extra weight ( ! motor w\ld require ei!r a l>g] ma*9e1 high] spe$1 or a great] angle ( incid5ce 9 ord] to support x1 & !re=e m p[]4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t an eng9e ( #f horse-p[]1 weigh+ #ajj lbs4 w\ld answ] ! purpose4 ,su* an eng9e is entirely practicable4 ,inde$1 work+ motors ( "o-half ?is weight p] horse-p[] 7#i lbs4 p] horse-p[]7 h be5 con/ruct$ by sev]al diff]5t build]s4 ,increas+ ! spe$ ( our ma*9e f #bd to #cc miles p] h\r r$uc$ ! total horizontal pressure f #dj to ab\t #ce lbs4 ,?is 0 q an advantage 9 glid+1 z x made x possible to sail ab\t #ae p] c5t f>!r ) a giv5 drop4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be ( little or no advantage 9 r$uc+ ! size ( ! motor 9 a p[]-driv5 ma*9e1 because ! less5$ ?ru/ w\ld be c\nt]balanc$ by ! increas$ spe$ p] m9ute4 ,"s ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,langley call$ att5tion to ! great economy ( ?ru/ :i* might be obta9$ by us+ v high spe$s1 & f ?is _m 7 l$ to suppose t high spe$ 0 ess5tial to success 9 a motor-driv5 ma*9e4 ,b ! economy to :i* ,pr(essor ,langley call$ att5tion 0 9 foot p\nds p] mile ( travel1 n 9 foot p\nds p] m9ute4 ,x is ! foot p\nds p] m9ute t fixes ! size ( ! motor4 ,! probability is t ! fir/ fly+ ma*9es w h a relatively l[ spe$1 p]haps n mu* exce$+ #bj miles p] h\r1 b ! problem ( increas+ ! spe$ w be mu* simpl] 9 "s respects ?an t ( increas+ ! spe$ ( a /eamboat2 =1 :]eas 9 ! latt] case ! size ( ! eng9e mu/ increase z ! cube ( ! spe$1 9 ! fly+ ma*9e1 until extremely high spe$s are rea*$1 ! capacity ( ! motor increases 9 less ?an simple ratio2 & !re is ev5 a decrease 9 ! fuel p] mile ( travel4 ,9 o!r words1 to d\ble ! spe$ ( a /eam%ip 7& ! same is true ( ! balloon type ( air%ip7 eight times ! eng9e & boil] capacity w\ld be requir$1 & f\r times ! fuel consumption p] mile ( travel3 :ile a fly+ ma*9e w\ld require eng9es ( less ?an d\ble ! size1 & !re w\ld be an actual decrease 9 ! fuel consumption p] mile ( travel4 ,b look+ at ! matt] conv]sely1 ! great disadvantage ( ! fly+ ma*9e is app>5t2 = 9 ! latt] no flight at all is possible unless ! proportion ( horse-p[] to fly+ capacity is v high2 b on ! o!r h& a /eam%ip is a me*anical success if its ratio ( horse-p[] to tonnage is insignificant4 ,a fly+ ma*9e t w\ld fly at a spe$ ( #ej miles p] h\r ) eng9es ( #a1jjj horse-p[] w\ld n be upheld by its w+s at all at a spe$ ( less ?an #be miles an h\r1 & no?+ less ?an #ejj horse-p[] c\ld drive x at ?is spe$4 ,b a boat :i* c\ld make #dj miles an h\r ) eng9es ( #a1jjj horse-p[] w\ld /ill move #d miles an h\r ev5 if ! eng9es 7 r$uc$ to #a horse-p[]4 ,! problems ( l& & wat] travel 7 solv$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 because x 0 possible to beg9 ) small a*ievem5ts1 & gradually "w up to our pres5t success4 ,! fly+ problem 0 left ov] to ! tw5tie? c5tury1 because 9 ?is case ! art mu/ be highly develop$ be=e any flight ( any consid]able duration at all c be obta9$4 ',h[ev]1 !re is ano!r way ( fly+ :i* requires no artificial motor1 & _m work]s believe t success w come fir/ by ?is road4 ,i ref] to ! so>+ flight1 by :i* ! ma*9e is p]man5tly su/a9$ 9 ! air by ! same means t are employ$ by so>+ birds4 ,!y spread _! w+s to ! w9d1 & sail by ! h\r1 ) no p]ceptible ex]tion beyond t requir$ to balance & /e] !mselves4 ,:at su/a9s !m is n def9itely kn[n1 ?\gh x is almo/ c]ta9 t x is a ris+ curr5t ( air4 ,b :e!r x be a ris+ curr5t or some?+ else1 x is z well able to support a fly+ ma*9e z a bird1 if man once le>ns ! art ( utilis+ x4 ,9 glid+ exp]im5ts x has long be5 kn[n t ! rate ( v]tical desc5t is v mu* ret>d$1 & ! duration ( ! flight greatly prolong$1 if a /rong w9d bl[s ,,up ! face ( ! hill p>allel to its surface4 ,our ma*9e1 :5 glid+ 9 /ill air1 has a rate ( v]tical desc5t ( ne>ly #f feet p] second1 :ile 9 a w9d bl[+ #bf miles p] h\r up a /eep hill we made glides 9 :i* ! rate ( desc5t 0 less ?an #b feet p] second4 ,& dur+ ! l>g] "p ( ?is "t1 :ile ! ma*9e rema9$ exactly 9 ! ris+ curr5t1 ,,!re ,,0 ,,no ,,desc5t ,,at ,,all1 ,,b ,,ev5 ,a ,,slight ,,rise4 ,if ! op]ator _h _h suffici5t skill to keep himself f pass+ beyond ! ris+ curr5t he w\ld h be5 su/a9$ indef9itely at a high] po9t ?an t f :i* he />t$4 ,! illu/ration %[s "o ( ^! v sl[ glides at a "t :5 ! ma*9e 0 practically at a /&/ill4 ,! failure to advance m rapidly caus$ ! photograph] "s tr\ble 9 aim+1 z y w p]ceive4 ,9 look+ at ?is picture y w readily und]/& t ! excitem5t ( glid+ exp]im5ts does n entirely cease ) ! break+ up ( camp4 ,9 ! photographic d>k-room at home we pass mom5ts ( z ?rill+ int]e/ z any 9 ! field1 :5 ! image beg9s to appe> on ! plate & x is yet an op5 "q :e!r we h a picture ( a fly+ ma*9e or m]ely a pat* ( op5 sky4 ,^! sl[ glides 9 ris+ curr5t probably hold out great] hope ( ext5sive practice ?an any o!r me?od )9 man's rea*1 b !y h ! disadvantage ( requir+ r /rong w9ds or v l>ge support+ surfaces4 ,h[ev]1 :5 glid+ op]ators h atta9$ great] skill1 !y c ) comp>ative safety ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! air = h\rs at a "t 9 ?is way1 & ?us by con/ant practice s increase _! k & skill t !y c rise into ! high] air & se>* out ! curr5ts :i* enable ! so>+ birds to transport !mselves to any desir$ po9t by fir/ ris+ 9 a circle & !n sail+ (f at a desc5d+ angle4 ,?is illu/ration %[s ! ma*9e1 alone1 fly+ 9 a w9d ( #ce miles p] h\r on ! face ( a /eep hill1 #ajj feet high4 ,x w be se5 t ! ma*9e n only pulls upw>d1 b also pulls =w>d 9 ! direction f :i* ! w9d bl[s1 ?us ov]com+ bo? gravity & ! spe$ ( ! w9d4 ,we tri$ ! same exp]im5t ) a man on x1 b f\nd dang] t ! =w>d pull w\ld become s /rong1 t ! m5 hold+ ! ropes w\ld be dragg$ f _! insecure foo?old on ! slope ( ! hill4 ,s ?is =m ( exp]im5t+ 0 discont9u$ aft] f\r or five m9utes' trial4 ',9 look+ ov] our exp]im5ts ( ! pa/ two ye>s1 ) models & full-size ma*9es1 ! foll[+ po9ts /& out ) cle>ness3-- '#a4 ,t ! lift+ p[] ( a l>ge ma*9e1 held /ation>y 9 a w9d at a small di/ance f ! e>?1 is mu* less ?an ! ,lili5?al table & our own laboratory exp]im5ts w\ld lead u to expect4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is mov$ ?r\gh ! air1 z 9 glid+1 ! discrepancy seems mu* less m>k$4 '#b4 ,t ! ratio ( drift to lift 9 well-%ap$ surfaces is less at angles ( incid5ce ( #e degrees to #ab degrees ?an at an angle ( #c degrees4 '#c4 ,t 9 ar*$ surfaces ! c5tre ( pressure at #ij degrees is ne> ! c5tre ( ! surface1 b moves sl[ly =w>d z ! angle becomes less1 till a critical angle v>y+ ) ! %ape & dep? ( ! curve is rea*$1 aft] :i* x moves rapidly t[>d ! re> till ! angle ( no lift is f\nd4 '#d4 ,t ) simil> conditions l>ge surfaces may be controll$ ) n mu* great] difficulty ?an small ones1 if ! control is effect$ by manipulation ( ! surfaces !mselves1 r ?an by a movem5t ( ! body ( ! op]ator4 '#e4 ,t ! head resi/ances ( ! fram+ c be br\ght to a po9t mu* bel[ t usually e/imat$ z necess>y4 '#f4 ,t tails1 bo? v]tical & horizontal1 may ) safety be elim9at$ 9 glid+ & o!r fly+ exp]im5ts4 '#g4 ,t a horizontal position ( ! op]ator's body may be assum$ )\t excessive dang]1 & ?us ! head resi/ance r$uc$ to ab\t "o-fif? t ( ! upright position4 '#h4 ,t a pair ( sup]pos$1 or t&em surfaces1 has less lift 9 proportion to drift ?an ei!r surface sep>ately1 ev5 aft] mak+ all[ance = weight & head resi/ance ( ! connections4' ,?us1 to ! end ( ! #aija exp]im5ts1 ,wilbur ,wright provid$ a fairly full acc\nt ( :at 0 accompli%$2 ! record %[s an am\nt ( pati5t & pa9/ak+ "w almo/ beyond belief--x 0 no "q ( mak+ a plane & laun*+ x1 b a bus9ess ( trial & error1 inve/igation & tabulation ( detail1 & ! rejection "t aft] "t ( previ\sly accept$ !ories1 till ! bro!rs mu/ h felt ! ! solid e>? 0 no long] secure1 at times4 ,?\gh x 0 ,wilbur :o set d[n ?is & o!r records ( ! "w done1 yet ! actual "w 0 s mu* ,orville's z 8 bro!r's t no analysis c\ld sep>ate any set ( exp]im5ts & say t ,orville did ?is & ,wilbur t--! two 7 insep>able4 ,on ?is po9t ,griffi? ,brew] rem>k$ t '9 ! argum5ts1 if "o bro!r took "o view1 ! o!r bro!r took ! opposite view z a matt] ( c\rse1 & ! subject 0 ?ra%$ to pieces until a mutually acceptable result rema9$4 ,i h (t5 be5 ask$ s9ce ^! pione] days1 ,tell me1 ,brew]1 :o 0 really ! orig9ator ( ^? two8 ,9 reply1 ,i us$ fir/ to say1 ,i ?9k x 0 mo/ly ,wilbur1 & lat]1 :5 ,i came to "k ,orville bett]1 ,i said1 ,! ?+ c\ld n h be5 )\t ,orville4 ,n[1 :5 ask$1 ,i h to say1 ,i don't "k1 & ,i feel ! m ,i ?9k ( x t x 0 only ! wond]ful comb9ation ( ^! two bro!rs1 :o devot$ _! lives toge!r or ?is common object1 t made ! discov]y ( ! art ( fly+ possible4' ,beyond ! #aija exp]im5ts 9 glid+1 ! record gr[s m scrappy1 less detail$4 ,x appe>s t once p[]-driv5 flight _h be5 a*iev$1 ! bro!rs 7 n s will+ to talk z be=e2 consid]+ ! am\nt ( "w t !y put 91 !re c\ld h be5 little "t = v]bal description ( t "w--z already rem>k$1 _! tables /ill /& = ! design] & exp]im5t]4 ,! end ( ! #aija exp]im5ts left bo? bro!rs some:at disc\rag$1 ?\gh !y _h accompli%$ m ?an any o!rs4 ',hav+ set out ) absolute fai? 9 ! exi/+ sci5tific data1 we ere driv5 to d\bt "o ?+ aft] ano!r1 f9ally1 aft] two ye>s ( exp]im5t1 we ca/ x all aside1 & decid$ to rely entirely on our own inve/igations4 ,tru? & error 7 ev]y:]e s intimately mix$ z to be indi/+ui%able4444 ,we _h tak5 up a]onautics z a sport4 ,we reluctantly ent]$ ^u ! sci5tific side ( x4' ,yet1 driv5 ?us to ! m s]i\s aspect ( ! "w1 !y f\nd 9 ! /ep its own rew>d1 = ! "w ( itself drew !m on & on1 to ! con/ruction ( measur+ ma*9es = ! avoidance ( error1 & to ! mak+ ( s]ies aft] s]ies ( measurem5ts1 conc]n+ :i* ,wilbur wrote 9 #aijh 79 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e7 t 'aft] mak+ prelim9>y measurem5ts on a great numb] ( diff]5t %ap$ surfaces1 to secure a g5]al und]/&+ ( ! subject1 we began sy/ematic measurem5ts ( /&>d surfaces1 s v>i$ 9 design z to br+ out ! und]ly+ causes ( diff]5ces not$ 9 _! pressures4 ,measurem5ts 7 tabulat$ on ne>ly fifty ( ^! at all angles f z]o to #de degrees1 at int]vals ( #b #a_/b degrees4 ,measurem5ts 7 also secur$ %[+ ! effects on ea* o!r :5 surfaces are sup]pos$1 or :5 !y foll[ "o ano!r4 ',"s /range results 7 obta9$4 ,"o surface1 ) a heavy roll at ! front edge1 %[$ ! same lift = all angles f #g #a_/b to #de degrees4 ,?is seem$ s anomal\s t we 7 almo/ ready to d\bt our own measurem5ts1 :5 a simple te/ 0 sugge/$4 ,a wea!r vane1 ) two planes atta*$ to ! po9t] at an angle ( #hj degrees ) ea* o!r1 0 made4 ,accord+ to our table1 su* a vane w\ld be 9 un/able equilibrium :5 po9t+ directly into ! w9d1 = if by *ance ! w9d %\ld happ5 to /rike "o plane at #ci degrees & ! o!r at #da degrees1 ! plane ) ! small] angle w\ld h ! great] pressure & ! po9t] w\ld be turn$ /ill f>!r out ( ! c\rse ( ! w9d until ! two vanes aga9 secur$ equal pressures1 :i* w\ld be at approximately #cj & #ej degrees4 ,b ! vane p]=m$ 9 ?is v mann]4 ,fur!r corroboration ( ! tables 0 obta9$ 9 exp]im5ts ) ! new glid] at ,kill ,devil ,hill ! next season4 ',9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #aijb ne>ly #a1jjj glid+ flights 7 made1 sev]al ( :i* cov]$ di/ances ( ov] #fjj feet4 ,"s1 made aga9/ a w9d ( #cf miles an h\r1 gave pro( ( ! effectiv5ess ( ! devices = control4 ,) ?is ma*9e1 9 ! autumn ( #aijc1 we made a numb] ( flights 9 :i* we rema9$ 9 ! air = ov] a m9ute1 (t5 so>+ = a consid]able "t 9 "o spot1 )\t any desc5t at all4 ,little wond] t our unsci5tific assi/ant %\ld ?9k ! only ?+ ne$$ to keep x indef9itely 9 ! air w\ld be a coat ( fea!rs to make x light6' ,x 0 at ! conclusion ( ^! exp]im5ts ( #aijc t ! bro!rs conclud$ !y _h obta9$ suffici5t data f _! ?\s&s ( glides & multitude ( calculations to p]mit ( _! con/ruct+ & mak+ trial ( a p[]-driv5 ma*9e4 ,! fir/ designs got out provid$ = a total weight ( #fjj lbs41 :i* 0 to include ! weight ( ! motor & ! pilot2 b on completion x 0 f\nd t !re 0 a surplus ( p[] f ! motor1 & ?us !y _h #aej lbs4 weight to all[ = /r5g!n+ w+s & o!r p>ts4 ,!y came up aga9/ ! problem to :i* ,ria* has s9ce devot$ s mu* att5tion1 t ( propell] design4 ',we _h ?\ght ( gett+ ! !ory ( ! screw-propell] f ! m>9e eng9e]s1 & !n1 by apply+ our table ( air-pressures to _! =mulae1 ( design+ air-propell]s suitable = our uses4 ,b1 s f> z we c\ld le>n1 ! m>9e eng9e]s possess$ only empirical =mulae1 & ! exact action ( ! screw propell]1 aft] a c5tury ( use1 0 /ill v obscure4 ,z we 7 n 9 a position to und]take a long s]ies ( practical exp]im5ts to discov] a propell] suitable = our ma*9e1 x seem$ necess>y to obta9 su* a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! !ory ( its reactions z w\ld enable u to design !m f calculation alone4 ,:at at fir/ seem$ a simple problem became m complex ! long] we /udi$ x4 ,) ! ma*9e mov+ =w>d1 ! air fly+ backw>d1 ! propell]s turn+ sidewise1 & no?+ /&+ /ill1 x seem$ impossible to f9d a />t+ po9t f :i* to trace ! v>i\s simultane\s reactions4 ,contemplation ( x 0 confus+4 ,aft] long argum5ts we (t5 f\nd ourselves 9 ! ludicr\s position ( ea* hav+ be5 conv]t$ to ! o!r's side1 ) no m agreem5t ?an :5 ! discussion began4 ',x 0 n till sev]al mon?s _h pass$1 & e phase ( ! problem _h be5 ?ra%$ ov] & ov]1 t ! v>i\s reactions began to untangle !mselves4 ,:5 once a cle> und]/&+ _h be5 obta9$ !re 0 no difficulty 9 design+ a suitable propell]1 ) prop] diamet]1 pit*1 & area ( blade1 to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! fli]4 ,high effici5cy 9 a screw-propell] is n dep5d5t ^u any p>ticul> or peculi> %ape1 & !re is no su* ?+ z a be/ screw4 ,a propell] giv+ a high dynamic effici5cy :5 us$ ^u "o ma*9e may be almo/ wor?less :5 us$ ^u ano!r4 ,! propell] %\ld 9 e case be design$ to meet ! p>ticul> conditions ( ! ma*9e to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,our fir/ propell]s1 built entirely f calculation1 gave 9 useful "w #ff p] c5t ( ! p[] exp5d$4 ,?is 0 ab\t "o-?ird m ?an _h be5 secur$ by ,maxim or ,langley4' ,langley _h made 8 la/ attempt ) ! 'a]odrome1' & 8 spl5did failure b a few days be=e ! bro!rs made _! fir/ attempt at p[]-driv5 a]oplane flight4 ,on ,decemb] #ag?1 #aijc1 ! ma*9e 0 tak5 out2 9 addition to ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright1 !re 7 pres5t five spectators3 ,mr ,a4 ,d4 ,e!ridge1 ( ! ,kill ,devil life-sav+ /ation2 ,mr ,w4 ,s4,d\gh1 ,mr ,w4 ,c4 ,br9kley1 ( ,manteo2 ,mr ,john ,w>d1 ( ,naghead1 & ,mr ,john ,t4 ,daniels499 ,a g5]al invitation _h be5 giv5 to practically all ! resid5ts 9 ! vic9ity1 b ! ,kill ,devil di/rict is a cold area 9 ,decemb]1 & hi/ory _h record$ s _m exp]im5ts 9 :i* ma*9es _h fail$ to leave ! gr\nd t betwe5 temp]ature & scepticism only ^! five risk$ a wa/e ( _! "t4 99 ,?is li/ is z giv5 by ,wilbur ,wright himself4 ,& ^! five 7 9 at ! greate/ conque/ man _h made s9ce ,james ,watt evolv$ ! /eam eng9e--p]haps ev5 a great] conque/ ?an t ( ,watt4 ,f\r flights 9 all 7 made2 ! fir/ la/$ only twelve seconds1 '! fir/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 9 :i* a ma*9e c>ry+ a man _h rais$ itself into ! air by its own p[] 9 free flight1 _h sail$ =w>d on a level c\rse )\t r$uction ( spe$1 & _h f9ally l&$ )\t be+ wreck$1' said ,wilbur ,wright conc]n+ ! a*ievem5t499 ,! next two flights 7 slightly long]1 & ! f\r? & la/ ( ! day 0 "o second %ort ( ! complete m9ute2 x 0 made into ! tee? ( a #bj mile an h\r w9d1 & ! di/ance travell$ 0 #heb feet4 99 ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #aijh4 ,?is bald /atem5t ( ! day's do+s is z ,wilbur ,wright himself has giv5 x1 & !re is 9 tru? no?+ m to say2 no am\nt ( /atem5t c\ld add to ! importance ( ! a*ievem5t1 & no m ?an ! b>e record is necess>y4 ,! fai? t _h inspir$ ! long roll ( pione]s1 f da ,v9ci onw>d1 0 ju/ifi$ at la/4 ,hav+ made _! conque/1 ! bro!rs took ! ma*9e back to camp1 &1 z !y ?\ght1 plac$ x 9 safety4 ,talk+ ) ! little gr\p ( spectators ab\t ! flights1 !y =got ab\t ! ma*9e1 & !n a sudd5 gu/ ( w9d /ruck x4 ,see+ t x 0 be+ ov]turn$1 all made a ru% t[>d x to save x1 & ,mr ,daniels1 a man ( l>ge proportions1 0 9 "s way lift$ (f 8 feet1 fall+ betwe5 ! planes4 ,! ma*9e ov]turn$ fully1 & ,daniels 0 %ak5 l a die 9 a cup z ! w9d roll$ ! ma*9e ov] & ov]--he came out at ! end ( 8 exp]i5ce ) a s]ies ( bad bruises1 & no m1 b ! damage done to ! ma*9e by ! accid5t 0 suffici5t to r5d] x useless = fur!r exp]im5t t season4 ,a new ma*9e1 /rong] & heavi]1 0 con/ruct$ by ! bro!rs1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #aijd !y began exp]im5ts aga9 at ,sims ,/ation1 eight miles to ! ea/ ( ,dayton1 _! home t[n4 ,press repres5tatives 7 invit$ = ! fir/ trial1 & ab\t a doz5 came--! :ole ga!r+ did n numb] m ?an fifty p4 ',:5 prep>ations _h be5 conclud$1' ,wilbur ,wright wrote ( ?is trial1 'a w9d ( only ?ree or f\r miles an h\r 0 bl[+--insuffici5t = />t+ on s %ort a track--b s9ce _m _h come a long way to see ! ma*9e 9 action1 an attempt 0 made4 ,to add to ! o!r difficulty1 ! eng9e refus$ to "w prop]ly4 ,! ma*9e1 aft] runn+ ! l5g? ( ! track1 slid (f ! end )\t ris+ into ! air at all4 ,sev]al ( ! newspap] m5 return$ next day b 7 aga9 disappo9t$4 ,! eng9e p]=m$ badly1 & aft] a glide ( only sixty feet ! ma*9e aga9 came to ! gr\nd4 ,fur!r trial 0 po/pon$ till ! motor c\ld be put 9 bett] runn+ condition4 ,! report]s _h n[1 no d\bt1 lo/ confid5ce 9 ! ma*9e1 ?\gh _! reports1 9 k9dness1 conceal$ x4 ,lat]1 :5 !y he>d t we 7 mak+ flights ( sev]al m9utes' duration1 kn[+ t long] flights _h be5 made ) air%ips1 & n kn[+ any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 air%ips & fly+ ma*9es1 !y 7 b little int]e/$4 ',we _h n be5 fly+ long 9 #aijd be=e we f\nd t ! problem ( equilibrium _h n z yet be5 entirely solv$4 ,sometimes1 9 mak+ a circle1 ! ma*9e w\ld turn ov] sidewise despite any?+ ! op]ator c\ld d1 al?\gh1 "u ! same conditions 9 ord9>y /raight flight x c\ld h be5 right$ 9 an in/ant4 ,9 "o flight1 9 #aije1 :ile circl+ r\nd a honey locu/-tree at a height ( ab\t #ej feet1 ! ma*9e sudd5ly began to turn up on "o w+1 & took a c\rse t[>d ! tree4 ,! op]ator1 n reli%+ ! idea ( l&+ 9 a ?orn tree1 attempt$ to rea* ! gr\nd4 ,! left w+1 h[ev]1 /ruck ! tree at a height ( #aj or #ab feet f ! gr\nd & c>ri$ away sev]al bran*es2 b ! flight1 :i* _h already cov]$ a di/ance ( six miles1 0 cont9u$ to ! />t+ po9t4 ',! causes ( ^! tr\bles--too te*nical = explanation "h--7 n entirely ov]come till ! end ( ,septemb]1 #aije4 ,! flights !n rapidly increas$ 9 l5g?1 till exp]im5ts 7 discont9u$ aft] ,octob] #e on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( p attract$ to ! field4 ,al?\gh made on a gr\nd op5 on e side1 & bord]$ on two sides by mu*-travell$ ?or\ghf>es1 ) electric c>s pass+ e h\r1 & se5 by all ! p liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood = miles ar\nd1 & by sev]al hundr$ o!rs1 yet ^! flights h be5 made by "s newspap]s ! subject ( a great my/]y4' ,view+ _! "w f ! f9ancial side1 ! two bro!rs incurr$ b little exp5se 9 ! e>li] glid+ exp]im5ts1 &1 inde$1 view$ ^! only z recreation1 limit+ _! exp5diture to t :i* two m5 might sp5d on any hobby4 ,:5 !y _h once a*iev$ successful p[]-driv5 flight1 !y saw ! possibilities ( _! "w1 & ab&on$ su* o!r bus9ess z _h engag$ _! en]gies1 s9k+ all _! capital 9 ! developm5t ( a practical fly+ ma*9e4 ,hav+1 9 #aije1 improv$ _! designs to su* an ext5t t !y c\ld consid] _! ma*9e a practical a]oplane1 !y devot$ ! ye>s #aijf & #aijg to bus9ess negotiations & to ! con/ruction ( new ma*9es1 resum+ fly+ exp]im5ts 9 ,may ( #aijh 9 ord] to te/ ! ability ( _! ma*9e to meet ! requirem5ts ( a contract !y _h made ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 :i* requir$ an a]oplane capable ( c>ry+ two m51 toge!r ) suffici5t fuel supplies = a flight ( #abe miles at #dj miles p] h\r4 ,practically simil> to ! ma*9e us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( #aije1 ! contract a]oplane 0 fitt$ ) a l>g] motor1 & provision 0 made = seat+ a pass5g] & also = all[+ ( ! op]ator assum+ a sitt+ position1 in/ead ( ly+ prone4 ,be=e leav+ ! "w ( ! bro!rs to consid] contempor>y ev5ts1 x may be not$ t !y claim$--) ju/ice--t !y 7 fir/ to con/ruct w+s adju/able to diff]5t angles ( incid5ce on ! "r & left side 9 ord] to control ! balance ( an a]oplane2 ! fir/ to atta9 lat]al balance by adju/+ w+-tips to respectively diff]5t angles ( incid5ce on ! "r & left sides1 & ! fir/ to use a v]tical vane 9 comb9ation ) w+-tips1 adju/able to respectively diff]5t angles ( incid5ce1 9 balanc+ & /e]+ an a]oplane4 ,!y 7 fir/1 too1 to use a movable v]tical tail1 9 comb9ation ) w+s adju/able to diff]5t angles ( incid5ce1 9 controll+ ! balance & direction ( an a]oplane499 99,a]onautical ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #gi4 ,a c]ta9 ,h5ry ,m4 ,weav]1 :o w5t to see ! "w ( ! bro!rs1 writ+ 9 a lett] :i* 0 subsequ5tly read be=e ! ,a]o ,club de ,france records t he _h a talk 9 #aije ) ! f>m] :o r5t$ ! field 9 :i* ! ,wrights made _! flights4' ,on ,octob] #e? 7#aije7 he 0 cutt+ corn 9 ! next field ea/1 :i* is high] gr\nd4 ,:5 he notic$ ! a]oplane _h />t$ on its flight he rem>k$ to 8 help]3 ,well1 ! boys are at x aga91 & kept on cutt+ corn1 at ! same "t keep+ an eye on ! great :ite =m ru%+ ab\t its c\rse4 ,i j kept on %ock+ corn1 he cont9u$1 until ,i got d[n to ! f5ce1 & ! durn$ ?+ 0 /ill go+ r\nd4 ,i ?\ght x w\ld nev] /op4' ,he 0 "r4 ,! bro!rs />t$ x1 & x w nev] /op4 ,mr ,weav] also notes briefly ! con/ruction ( ! #aije ,wright fli]4 ',! frame 0 made ( l>* wood-f tip to tip ( ! w+s ! dim5sion 0 #dj feet4 ,! gasol9e motor--a special con/ruction made by !m--mu* ! same1 ?\gh1 z ! motor on ! ,pope-,tol$o automobile--0 ( f #ab to #ae horse-p[]4 ,! motor weigh$ #bdj lbs4 ,! frame 0 cov]$ ) ord9>y musl9 ( good quality4 ,no attempt 0 made to light5 ! ma*9e2 !y simply built x /rong en\gh to /& ! %ocks4 ,! /ructure /ood on skids or runn]s1 l a sleigh4 ,^! held ! frame high en\gh f ! gr\nd 9 alight+ to protect ! blades ( ! propell]4 ,complete ) motor1 ! ma*9e weigh$ #ibe lbs4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ye>s ,,( ,,conque/ ,x is no d]ogation ( ! "w accompli%$ by ! ,wright ,bro!rs to say t !y won ! hon\r ( ! fir/ p[]-propell$ flights 9 a heavi]-?an-air ma*9e only by a %ort p]iod4 ,9 ,europe1 & especially 9 ,france1 indep5d5t exp]im5t 0 be+ conduct$ by ,f]b]1 by ,santos-,dumont1 & o!rs1 :ile 9 ,engl& ,cody 0 n f> beh9d ! o!r giants ( ^? days4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>ly ye>s ( controll$ p[] flights is a tangle ( half-records2 !re 7 no *ronicl]s1 only work]s1 & mu* ( :at 0 done goes unrecord$ p]=ce1 s9ce x 0 n set d[n at ! "t4 ,be=e pass+ to survey ( ^? e>ly ye>s1 let x be set d[n t 9 #aijg1 :5 ! ,wright ,bro!rs _h prov$ ! practicability ( _! ma*9es1 negotiations 7 ent]$ into betwe5 ! bro!rs & ! ,briti% ,w> (fice4 ,on ,april #ab? #aijg1 ! apo/le ( milit>y /agnation1 ,haldane1 !n ,w> ,m9i/]1 put an end to ! negotiations by decl>+ t '! ,w> (fice is n dispos$ to ent] into relations at pres5t ) any manufactur] ( a]oplanes' ,! /ate ( ! ,briti% air s]vice 9 #aiad at ! outbreak ( ho/ilities1 is eloqu5t reg>d+ ! pursuance ( ! policy :i* ,haldane initiat$4 ',if ,i talk$ a lot1' said ,wilbur ,wright once1 ',i %\ld be l ! p>rot1 :i* is ! bird t speaks mo/ & flies lea/4' ,t attitude is emblematic ( ! majority ( ! e>ly fli]s1 & because ( x ! record ( _! a*ievem5ts is incomplete to-day4 ,f]b]1 = in/ance1 has left little f :i* to /ate :at he did1 & t little is scatt]$ ?r\gh v>i\s p]iodicals1 scrappily en\gh4 ,a ,fr5* army (fic]1 ,capta9 ,f]b] 0 exp]im5t+ ) monoplane & biplane glid]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury-8 "w 0 contempor>y ) t ( ! ,wrights4 ,he correspond$ bo? ) ,*anute & ) ! ,wrights1 & 9 ! end he 0 commission$ by ! ,fr5* ,m9i/ry ( ,w> to und]take ! j\rney to ,am]ica 9 ord] to negotiate ) ! ,wright ,bro!rs conc]n+ ,fr5* rights 9 ! pat5ts !y _h acquir$1 & to /udy _! "w at fir/ h&4 ,f]b]'s exp]im5ts 9 glid+ began 9 #ahii at ! ,milit>y ,s*ool at ,f\nta9ebleau1 ) a canvas glid] ( "s #hj squ>e feet support+ surface1 & weigh+ #fe lbs4 ,two ye>s lat] he con/ruct$ a l>g] & m satisfactory ma*9e1 ) :i* he made num]\s excell5t glides4 ,lat]1 he con/ruct$ an app>atus :i* susp5d$ a plane f a long arm :i* swung on a t[]1 9 ord] t exp]im5ts might be c>ri$ out )\t risk to ! exp]im5t]1 & x 0 n until #aije t he attempt$ p[]-driv5 free flight4 ,he took up ! ,vois9 design ( biplane = 8 p[]-driv5 flights1 & virtually devot$ all 8 en]gies to ! /udy ( a]onautics4 ,8 book1 ,aviation1 its ,dawn & ,developm5t1 is a "w ( sci5tific value--unlike _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,f]b] br\ght to ! /udy ( ! problems ( flight a tra9$ m9d1 & he 0 conc]n$ equally ) ! !oretical problems ( a]onautics & ! practical aspects ( ! subject4 ,aft] ,bl]iot's successful cross-,*annel flight1 x 0 propos$ to (f] a prize ( ,l#a1jjj = ! feat :i* ,c4 ,s4 ,rolls subsequ5tly accompli%$ 7/>t+ f ! ,engli% side ( ! ,*annel71 a flight f ,b\logne to ,dov] & back2 9 place ( ?is1 h[ev]1 an aviation week at ,b\logne 0 organis$1 b1 al?\gh num]\s aviators 7 invit$ to compete1 ! condition ( ! fly+ gr\nds 0 su* t no competitions took place4 ,f]b] 0 virtually ! only "o to d any fly+ at ,b\logne1 & at ! outset he _h 8 fir/ accid5t2 aft] :at 0 = ^? days a good flight1 he made a s]ies ( circles ) 8 ma*9e1 :5 x sudd5ly /ruck ! gr\nd1 be+ p>tially wreck$4 ,repairs 7 c>ri$ out1 & ,f]b] resum$ 8 exhibition flights1 c>ry+ on up to ,w$nesday1 ,septemb] #bbnd1 #aiji4 ,on t day he rema9$ 9 ! air = half an h\r1 &1 z he 0 ab\t to l&1 ! ma*9e /ruck a m\nd ( e>? & ov]turn$1 p9n+ ,f]b] "u ! weight ( ! motor4 ,aft] be+ extricat$1 ,f]b] seem$ to %[ little conc]n at ! accid5t1 b 9 a few m9utes he compla9$ ( great pa91 :5 he 0 convey$ to ! ambulance %$ on ! gr\nd4 ',i 0 fooli%1' he told ^? :o 7 ) him !re4 ',i 0 fly+ too l[4 ,x 0 my own fault & x w be a sev]e lesson to me4 ,i want$ to turn r\nd1 & 0 only five metres f ! gr\nd4' ,a little aft] ?is1 he got up f ! c\* on :i* he _h be5 plac$1 & almo/ imm$iately collaps$1 dy+ five m9utes lat]4 ,f]b]'s *ief contempor>ies 9 ,france 7 ,santos-,dumont1 ( air%ip fame1 ,h5ri & ,maurice ,f>man1 ,hub]t ,la?am1 ,erne/ ,ar*deacon1 & ,delagrange4 ,^! are names t come at once to m9d1 z does t ( ,bl]iot1 :o accompli%$ ! second great feat ( p[]-driv5 flight1 b z a matt] ( fact ! ye>s #aijc-aj are fill$ ) a little ho/ ( inve/igators & exp]im5t]s1 _m ( :om1 al?\gh _! names d n survive to any ext5t1 are b a v little way beh9d ^? m5tion$ "h 9 en?usiasm & devotion4 ,ar*deacon & ,gabriel ,vois91 ! =m] ( :om took to he>t ! success a*iev$ by ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 co-op]at$ 9 exp]im5ts 9 glid+4 ,ar*deacon con/ruct$ a glid] 9 box-kite fa%ion1 & ,vois9 exp]im5t$ ) x on ! ,se9e1 ! glid] be+ t[$ by a motorboat to atta9 ! necess>y spe$4 ,x 0 ,ar*deacon :o (f]$ a cup = ! fir/ /raight flight ( #bjj metres1 :i* 0 won by ,santos-,dumont1 & he also comb9$ ) ,h5ri ,deuts* de la ,meur! 9 giv+ ! prize = ! fir/ circul> flight ( a mile1 :i* 0 won by ,h5ry ,f>man on ,janu>y #ac?1 #aijh4 ,a hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( aviation 9 ,france 9 ^!1 ! /r5u\s ye>s1 w\ld fill volumes 9 itself4 ,bl]iot 0 c>ry+ out exp]im5ts ) a biplane glid] on ! ,se9e1 & ,rob]t ,esnault-,pelt]ie 0 work+ on ! l9es ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 br++ ,am]ican practice to ,france4 ,9 ,am]ica o!rs besides ! ,wrights _h wak5$ to ! possibilities ( heavi]-?an-air flight2 ,gl5n ,curtiss1 9 company ) ,dr ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 ) ,j4 ,a4 ,d4 ,mc,curdy1 & ) ,f4 ,w4 ,baldw91 a ,canadian eng9e]1 =m$ ! ,a]ial ,exp]im5t ,company1 :i* built a numb] ( a]oplanes1 mo/ fam\s ( :i* 7 ! ',june ,bug1' ! ',r$ ,w+1' & ! ',:ite ,w+4' ,9 #aijh ! ',june ,bug 'won a cup pres5t$ by ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican--x 0 ! fir/ prize (f]$ 9 ,am]ica 9 connection ) a]oplane flight4 ,among ! little gr\p ( ,fr5* exp]im5t]s 9 ^! fir/ ye>s ( practical flight1 ,santos-,dumont takes high rank4 ,he built 8 ',no4 #ad bis' a]oplane 9 biplane =m1 ) two sup]pos$ ma9 plane surfaces1 & fitt$ x ) an eight-cyl9d] ,anto9ette motor driv+ a two-blad$ alum9ium propell]1 ( :i* ! blades 7 #f feet only f tip to tip4 ,! total lift surface ( #hfj squ>e feet 0 giv5 ) a w+-span ( a little "u #dj feet1 & ! weight ( ! complete ma*9e 0 #cec lbs41 ( :i* ! eng9e weigh$ #aeh lbs4 ,9 ,july ( #aijf ,santos-,dumont flew a di/ance ( a few y>ds 9 ?is ma*9e1 b damag$ x 9 /rik+ ! gr\nd2 on ,octob] #bcrd ( ! same ye> he made a flight ( ne>ly #bjj feet--:i* might h be5 long]1 b t he fe>$ a cr[d 9 front ( ! a]oplane & cut (f 8 ignition4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ effective flight 9 ,europe1 & by x ,santos-,dumont takes 8 place z "o ( ! *ief--if n ! *ief--( ! pione]s ( ! fir/ ye>s ( practical flight1 s f> z ,europe is conc]n$4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,vois9 ,bro!rs1 :o 9 #aijd made cellul> kites = ,ar*deacon to te/ by t[+ on ! ,se9e f a motor laun*1 obta9$ data = ! con/ruction ( ! a]oplane :i* ,delagrange & ,h5ry ,f>man 7 to use lat]4 ,! ,vois9 0 a biplane1 con/ruct$ ) due reg>d to ! designs ( ,langley1 ,lili5?al1 & o!r e>li] exp]im5t]s--bo? ! ,vois9s & ,m4 ,colliex1 _! eng9e]1 /udi$ ,lili5?al pretty exhau/ively 9 gett+ out _! design1 ?\gh _! own rese>*es 7 v ?or\gh z well4 ,! weight ( ?is ,vois9 biplane 0 ab\t #a1dej lbs41 & its maximum spe$ 0 "s #ch to #dj miles p] h\r1 ! total support+ surface be+ ab\t #ece squ>e feet4 ,x diff]$ f ! ,wright design 9 ! possession ( a tail-piece1 a *>act]i/ic :i* m>k$ all ! ,fr5* s*ool ( e>ly design z 9 opposition to ! ,am]ican4 ,! ,wright ma*9e got its longitud9al /ability by means ( ! ma9 planes & ! elevat+ planes1 :ile ! ,vois9 type add$ a ?ird factor ( /ability 9 its sailplanes4 ,fur!r1 ! ,vois9s fitt$ _! biplane ) a :eel$ und]c>riage1 :ile ! ,wright ma*9e1 be+ fitt$ only ) runn]s1 dem&$ a laun*+ rail = />t+4 ,:e!r a ma*9e %\ld be tailless or tail$ 0 = "s long "t matt] = acute controv]sy1 :i* 9 ! end 0 settl$ by ! fitt+ ( a tail to ! ,wright ma*9es-,france won ! dispute by ! concession4 ,h5ry ,f>man1 :o began 8 fly+ c>e] ) a ,vois9 ma*9e1 evolv$ f x ! a]oplane :i* bore 8 "n1 foll[+ ! ma9 l9es ( ! ,vois9 type fairly closely1 b mak+ alt]ations 9 ! controls1 & 9 ! design ( ! und]c>riage1 :i* 0 some:at elaborat$1 ev5 to ! inclusion ( %ock absorb]s4 ,! sev5-cyl9d] #ej horse-p[] ,gnome rot>y eng9e 0 fitt$ to ! ,f>man ma*9e--! ,vois9s _h fitt$ an eight-cyl9d] ,anto9ette1 giv+ #ej horse-p[] at #a1ajj revolutions p] m9ute1 ) direct drive to ! propell]4 ,f>man r$uc$ ! weight ( ! ma*9e f ! #a1dej lbs4 ( ! ,vois9s to "s #a1jaj lbs4 or !reab\ts1 & ! support+ area to #dej squ>e feet4 ,?is ma*9e won its *ief fame ) ,paulhan z pilot 9 ! fam\s ,london to ,man*e/] flight--x is to be rem>k$1 too1 t ,f>man himself 0 ! fir/ man 9 ,europe to accompli% a flight ( a mile4 ,o!r notable designs ( ^! e>ly days 7 ! ',r4,e4,p4'1 ,esnault ,pelt]ie's ma*9e1 & ! ,curtiss-,h]r+ biplane4 ,( ^! ,esnault ,pelt]ie's 0 a monoplane1 design$ 9 t =m s9ce ,esnault ,pelt]ie _h f\nd by exp]im5t t ! wire us$ 9 brac+ (f]s f> m resi/ance to ! air ?an its dim5sions w\ld seem to w>rant4 ,he built ! w+s ( suffici5t /r5g? to /& ! /ra9 ( flight )\t brac+ wires1 & dep5d5t only = _! support on ! po9ts ( atta*m5t to ! body ( ! ma*9e2 = ! re/1 x c>ri$ its propell] 9 front ( ! planes1 & bo? horizontal & v]tical rudd]s at ! /]n--a di/9ct dep>ture f ! ,wright & simil> types4 ,"o :eel only 0 fix$ "u ! body :]e ! und]c>riage exi/s on a normal design1 b light :eels 7 fix$1 "o at ! extremity ( ea* w+1 & !re 0 also a :eel "u ! tail portion ( ! ma*9e4 ,a s+le lev] actuat$ all ! controls = /e]+4 ,) a support+ surface ( #aej squ>e feet ! ma*9e weigh$ #idf lbs41 ab\t #f4d lbs4 p] squ>e foot ( lift+ surface4 ,! ,curtiss biplane1 z fl[n by ,gl5n ,curtiss at ! ,rheims meet+1 0 built ) a bamboo framework1 /ay$ by means ( v f9e /eel-/r&$ cables4 ,a--!n--novel feature ( ! ma*9e 0 ! mov+ ( ! ail]ons by ! pilot lean+ to "o side or ! o!r 9 8 seat1 a light1 tubul> arm-re/ be+ press$ by 8 body :5 he lean$ to "o side or ! o!r1 & ?us op]at+ ! movem5t ( ! ail]ons employ$ = tilt+ ! plane :5 turn+4 ,a /e]+-:eel fitt$ imm$iately 9 front ( ! pilot's seat s]v$ to op]ate a re> /e]+-rudd] :5 ! :eel 0 turn$ 9 ei!r direction1 :ile pull+ back ! :eel alt]$ ! incl9ation ( ! front elevat+ planes1 & s gave lift+ or depress+ control ( ! plane4 ,?is ma*9e ran on ?ree :eels be=e leav+ ! gr\nd1 a c5tral und]c>riage :eel be+ fitt$ 9 front1 ) two m 9 l9e ) a "r angle l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! eng9e crank at ! re> end ( ! crank-case4 ,! eng9e 0 a #ce horsep[] ,vee design1 wat] cool$1 ) ov]head inlet & exhau/ valves1 & ,bos* high-t5sion magneto ignition4 ,! total weight ( ! plane 9 fly+ ord] 0 ab\t #gjj lbs4 ,z great a figure 9 ! e>ly days z ei!r ,f]b] or ,santos-,dumont 0 ,l\is ,bl]iot1 :o1 z e>ly z #aijj built a flapp+-w+ model1 ?is be=e ev] he came to exp]im5t+ ) ! ,vois9 biplane type ( glid] on ! ,se9e4 ,up to #aijf he _h built f\r biplanes ( 8 own design1 & 9 ,m>* ( #aijg he built 8 fir/ monoplane1 to wreck x only a few days aft] completion 9 an accid5t f :i* he _h a =tunate escape4 ,8 next ma*9e 0 a d\ble monoplane1 design$ aft] ,langley's precept1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & ?is 0 totally wreck$ 9 ,septemb] ( #aijg4 ,8 sev5? ma*9e1 a monoplane1 0 built )9 a mon? ( ?is accid5t1 & ) ?is he _h a numb] ( mi%aps1 also a*iev+ "s good flights1 includ+ "o 9 :i* he made a turn4 ,x 0 wreck$ 9 ,decemb] ( #aijg1 :]eupon he built ano!r monoplane on :i*1 on ,july #f?1 #aijh1 ,bl]iot made a flight la/+ eight & a half m9utes4 ,9 ,octob] ( t ye> he flew ! ma*9e f ,t\ry to ,art5ay & return$ on x--?is 0 j a day aft] ,f>man's fir/ cross-c\ntry flight--b1 try+ to repeat ! success five days lat]1 ,bl]iot collid$ ) a tree 9 a fog & wreck$ ! ma*9e pa/ repair4 ,!reupon he set ab\t build+ 8 elev5? ma*9e1 ) :i* he 0 to a*ieve ! fir/ flight across ! ,engli% *annel4 ,h5ry ,f>man1 to :om ref]5ce has already be5 made1 0 engag$ ) 8 two bro!rs1 ,maurice & ,ri*>d1 9 ! motor-c> bus9ess1 & turn$ to active int]e/ 9 fly+ 9 #aijg1 :5 ! ,vois9 firm built 8 fir/ biplane on ! box-kite pr9ciple4 ,9 ,july ( #aijh he won a prize ( ,l#djj = a flight ( ?irte5 miles1 previ\sly hav+ complet$ ! fir/ kilometre fl[n 9 ,europe ) a pass5g]1 ! said pass5g] be+ ,erne/ ,ar*deaon4 ,9 ,septemb] ( #aijh ,f>man put up a spe$ record ( =ty miles an h\r 9 a flight la/+ =ty m9utes4 ,santos-,dumont produc$ ! fam\s ',demoiselle' monoplane e>ly 9 #aiji1 a t9y ma*9e 9 :i* ! pilot _h 8 seat 9 a sort ( m9iature cage "u ! ma9 plane4 ,x 0 a v fa/1 light little ma*9e b 0 difficult to fly1 & ow+ to its small w+spread 0 unable to glide at a reasonably safe angle4 ,!re has probably nev] be5 a *eap] fly+ ma*9e to build ?an ! ',demoiselle1' :i* c\ld be s upset z to seem completely wreck$1 & !n repair$ ready = fur!r flight by a c\ple ( h\rs' "w4 ,santos-,dumont reta9$ no pat5t 9 ! design1 b gave x out freely to any "o :o *ose to build ',demoiselles'2 ! vogue ( ! patt]n 0 brief1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( pilot+ ! ma*9e4 ,^! 7 ! ye>s ( records1 brok5 almo/ z soon z made4 ,!re 0 ,f>man's mile1 !re 0 ! flight ( ! ,comte de ,lamb]t ov] ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 ,la?am's flight at ,blackpool 9 a high w9d1 ! ,rheims records1 & !n ,h5ry ,f>man's flight ( f\r h\rs lat] 9 #aiji1 ,orville ,wright's height record ( #a1fdj feet1 & ,delagrange's spe$ record ( #di4i miles p] h\r4 ,! com+ to fame ( ! ,gnome rot>y eng9e help$ 9 ! mak+ ( ^! records to a v great ext5t1 = 9 ?is eng9e 0 a prime mov] :i* gave ! reliability t a]oplane build]s & pilots _h be5 se>*+ =1 b va9ly4 ,! ,wrights & ,gl5n ,curtiss1 ( c\rse1 _h _! own designs ( eng9e1 b ! ,gnome1 9 spite ( its lack ( economy 9 fuel & oil1 & its high co/1 soon came to be reg>d$ z ! be/ p[] plant = flight4 ,delagrange1 "o ( ! v good pilots ( ! e>ly days1 provid$ a curi\s insight to ! way 9 :i* fly+ 0 reg>d$1 at ! op5+ ( ! ,juvisy a]o a]odrome 9 ,may ( #aiji4 ,a huge cr[d _h ga!r$ = ! fir/ day's fly+1 & n9e ma*9es 7 ann\nc$ to appe>1 b only ?ree 7 br\ght out4 ,delagrange made :at 0 consid]$ an indiff]5t little flight1 & ano!r pilot1 "o ,de ,bis*(f1 attempt$ to rise1 b c\ld n get 8 ma*9e (f ! gr\nd4 ,!reupon ! cr[d ( #cj1jjj p lo/ _! temp]s1 broke d[n ! b>ri]s surr\nd+ ! fly+ c\rse1 & hiss$ ! (ficials1 :o 7 q unable to ma9ta9 ord]4 ,delagrange1 h[ev]1 sav$ ! situation by mak+ a circuit ( ! c\rse at a height ( ?irty feet f ! gr\nd1 :i* won him r\nds ( *e]+ & re/or$ ! cr[d to good hum\r4 ,possibly ! sma% a*iev$ by ,r\gi]1 ! fam\s rac+ motori/1 :o cra%$ 8 ,vois9 biplane aft] ,delagrange _h made 8 circuit1 complet$ ! enjoym5t ( ! spectators4 ,delagrange1 fly+ at ,arg5tan 9 ,june ( #aiji1 made a flight ( f\r kilometres at a height ( sixty feet2 = ^? days ?is 0 a notewor?y p]=mance4 ,contempor>y ) ?is 0 ,hub]t ,la?am's flight ( an h\r & sev5 m9utes on an ,anto9ette monoplane2 ?is won ! adjective 'magnific5t' f contempor>y record]s ( aviation4 ,view+ ! "w ( ! little gr\p ( ,fr5* exp]im5t]s1 x is1 at ?is l5g? ( "t f _! exploits1 difficult to see :y !y c>ri$ ! art z f> z !y did4 ,!re 0 9 x little ( satisfaction1 a c]ta9 measure ( fame1 & practically no pr(it--! giants ( ^? days got v little = _! pa9s4 ,delagrange's exp]i5ce at ! op5+ ( ! ,juvisy gr\nd 0 symptomatic ( ! way 9 :i* flight 0 reg>d$ by ! great mass ( p--x 0 a sport1 & no?+ m1 b a sport )\t ! divid5ds atta*+ to pr(essional football or horse-rac+4 ,= a brief p]iod1 aft] ! ,rheims meet+1 !re 0 a gold5 h>ve/ to be reap$ by ! be/ ( ! pilots4 ,h5ry ,f>man ask$ ,l#b1jjj = a week's exhibition fly+ 9 ,engl&1 & ,paulhan ask$ half t sum1 b a rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( capable pilots1 toge!r ) ! fact t mo/ fly+ meet+s 7 f9ancial failures1 ow+ to great exp5se 9 organisation & ! d\btful factor ( ! wea!r1 kill$ ?is goose be=e _m gold5 eggs _h be5 ga!r$ 9 by ! /> aviators4 ,besides1 z height & di/ance records 7 brok5 "o aft] ano!r1 x became less & less necess>y to pay = entrance to an a]odrome 9 ord] to see a flight--! ?+ grew too big = a m]e sports gr\nd4 ,long be=e ,rheims & ! meet+ !re1 aviation _h gr[n too big = ! *ronicl+ ( e individual ef=t4 ,9 t p]iod ( ! fir/ days ( conque/ ( ! air1 s mu* 0 done by s _m ^: names are n[ half-=gott5 t x is possible only to pick out ! great figures & make brief ref]5ce to _! a*ievem5ts & ! ma*9es ) :i* !y accompli%$ s mu*1 paus+ to note su* epo*-mak+ ev5ts z ! ,london-,man*e/] flight1 ,bl]iot's ,*annel cross+1 & ! ,rheims meet+ itself1 & !n pass+ on beyond ! days ( individual records to ! "t :5 ! ma*9e began to dom9ate ! man4 ,?is latt] because1 9 ! e>ly days1 x 0 h]oism to tru/ life to ! planes t 7 turn$ out--! ',demoiselle' & ! ,anto9ette ma*9e t ,la?am us$ 9 8 attempt to fly ! ,*annel are good examples ( ! flims9ess ( e>ly types--:ile 9 ! lat] p]iod1 t ( ! w> & subsequ5tly1 ! h]oism turn$ itself 9 a diff]5t--& nobl]-direction4 ,design became /&>dis$1 ?\gh n p]fect$4 ,! dom9ation ( ! ma*9e may be/ be express$ by contra/+ ! way 9 :i* ma*9es came to be reg>d$ z comp>$ ) ! m5 :o flew !m3 up to #aiji1 fly+ en?usia/s talk$ ( ,f>man1 ( ,bl]iot1 ( ,paulhan1 ,curtiss1 & ( o!r m52 lat]1 !y began to talk ( ! ,vois91 ! ,dep]duss91 & ev5 to ! ,fokk]1 ! ,avro1 & ! ,bri/ol type4 ,) ! /&>dis+ ( ! ma*9e1 ! days ( ! giants came to an end4 ,,xiii4 ,,fir/ ,,fli]s ,,9 ,,engl& ,c]ta9 exp]im5ts made 9 ,engl& by ,mr ,phillips seem to h come ne> robb+ ! ,wright ,bro!rs ( ! hon\r ( ! fir/ flight2 notes made by ,colonel ,j4 ,d4 ,full]ton on ! ,phillips fly+ ma*9e %[ t 9 #ahic ! fir/ ma*9e 0 built ) a l5g? ( #be feet1 bread? ( #bb feet1 & height ( #aa feet1 ! total weight1 includ+ a #gb lb4 load1 be+ #dbj lbs4 ,! ma*9e 0 fitt$ ) "s fifty wood slats1 9 place ( ! s+le support+ surface ( ! monoplane or two sup]pos$ surfaces ( ! biplane1 ^! slats be+ fix$ 9 a /eel frame s t ! :ole ma*9e r resembl$ a ,v5etian bl9d4 ,a /eam eng9e giv+ ab\t #i horse-p[] provid$ ! motive p[] = ! six-foot diamet] propell] :i* drove ! ma*9e4 ,z x 0 n possible to put a pass5g] 9 control z pilot1 ! ma*9e 0 atta*$ to a c5tral po/ by wire guys & run r\nd a circle #ajj feet 9 diamet]1 ! track consi/+ ( wood5 plank+ #d feet wide4 ,pressure ( air "u ! slats caus$ ! ma*9e to rise "s two or ?ree feet above ! track :5 suffici5t velocity _h be5 atta9$1 & ! be/ trials 7 made on ,june #ai? #ahic1 :5 at a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r1 ) a total load ( #che lbs41 all ! :eels 7 (f ! gr\nd = a di/ance ( #b1jjj feet4 ,9 #aijd a full-siz$ ma*9e 0 con/ruct$ by ,mr ,phillips1 ) a total weight1 includ+ t ( ! pilot1 ( #fjj lbs4 ,! ma*9e 0 design$ to lift :5 x _h atta9$ a velocity ( #ej feet p] second1 ! motor fitt$ giv+ #bb horse-p[]4 ,on trial1 h[ev]1 ! longitud9al equilibrium 0 f\nd to be defective1 & a fur!r design 0 got out1 ! ?ird ma*9e be+ complet$ 9 #aijg4 ,9 ?is ! wood slats 7 held 9 f\r p>allel conta9] frames1 ! weight ( ! ma*9e1 exclud+ ! pilot1 be+ #ejj lbs4 ,a motor simil> to t us$ 9 ! #aijd ma*9e 0 fitt$1 & ! ma*9e 0 design$ to lift at a velocity ( ab\t #cj miles an h\r1 a sev5-foot propell] do+ ! driv+4 ,mr ,phillips tri$ out ?is ma*9e 9 a field ab\t #djj y>ds across4 ',! ma*9e 0 />t$ close to ! h$ge1 & rose f ! gr\nd :5 ab\t #bjj y>ds _h be5 cov]$4 ,:5 ! ma*9e t\*$ ! gr\nd aga91 ab\t :i* !re c\ld be no d\bt1 ow+ to ! t]rific jolt+1 x did n run _m y>ds4 ,:5 x came to re/ ,i 0 ab\t t5 y>ds f ! b\nd>y4 ,( c\rse1 ,i /opp$ ! eng9e be=e ,i comm5c$ to desc5d4'99 99 ,a]onautical ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #aijh4 ,s4 ,f4 ,cody1 an ,am]ican by bir?1 ar\s$ ! att5tion n only ( ! ,briti% public1 b ( ! ,w> (fice & ,admiralty z well1 z e>ly z #aije ) 8 man-lift+ kites4 ,9 t ye> a height ( #a1fjj feet 0 rea*$ by "o ( ^! box-kites1 c>ry+ a man1 & lat] 9 ! same ye> "o ,sapp] ,moreton1 ( ! ,balloon ,section ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s 7! p>5t ( ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps7 rema9$ = an h\r at an altitude ( #b1fjj feet4 ,foll[+ on ! success ( ^! kites1 ,cody con/ruct$ an a]oplane :i* he designat$ a 'p[] kite1' :i* 0 9 reality a biplane t made ! fir/ flight 9 ,great ,brita94 ,speak+ be=e ! ,a]onautical ,society 9 #aijh1 ,cody said t ',i h accompli%$ "o ?+ t ,i hop$ = v mu*1 t is1 to be ! fir/ man to fly 9 ,great ,brita94444 ,i made a ma*9e t left ! gr\nd ! fir/ "t out2 n high1 possibly five or six in*es only4 ,i might h gone high] if ,i wi%$4 ,i made "s five flights 9 all1 & ! la/ flight came to grief4444 ,on ! morn+ ( ! accid5t ,i w5t out aft] adju/+ my propell]s at #h feet pit* runn+ at #fjj 7revolutions p] m9ute74 ,i ?9k t ,i flew at ab\t tw5ty-eight miles p] h\r4 ,i _h #ej horsep[] motor p[] 9 ! eng9e4 ,a bun* ( trees1 a flat common above ^! trees1 & f ?is flat !re is a slope goes d[n444 to ano!r clump ( trees4 ,n[1 ^! clumps ( trees are a qu>t] ( a mile ap>t or !reab\ts4444 ,i 0 accus$ ( do+ no?+ b jump+ ) my ma*9e1 s ,i got a bit agitat$ & w5t to fly4 ,i w5t out ?is morn+ ) an ea/]ly w9d1 & left ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( ! hill & /ruck ! gr\nd at ! top1 a di/ance ( #gd y>ds4 ,t prov$ beyond a d\bt t ! ma*9e w\ld fly--x flew uphill4 ,t 0 ! mo/ tal5t$ flight ! ma*9e did1 9 my op9ion4 ,n[1 ,i turn$ r\nd at ! top & />t$ ! ma*9e & left ! gr\nd--rememb]1 a t5 mile w9d 0 bl[+ at ! "t4 ,!n1 #fj y>ds f :]e ! m5 let g1 ! ma*9e w5t (f 9 ?is direction 7demon/rat+7--,i make a l9e n[ :]e ,i hop$ to l&--to cut ^! trees (f at t side & l& "r (f 9 "h4 ,i got "h some:at excit$1 & />t$ d[n & saw ^! trees "r 9 front ( me4 ,i did n want to sma% my head rudd] to pieces1 s ,i rais$ x aga9 & w5t up4 ,i got "o w+ direct ov] t clump ( trees1 ! "r w+ ov] ! trees1 ! left w+ free2 ! w9d1 bl[+ ) me1 _h to lift ov] ^! trees4 ,s ,i consequ5tly got a false lift on ! "r side & no lift on ! left side4 ,be+ only ab\t #h feet f ! tree tops1 t turn$ my ma*9e up l t 7demon/rat+74 ,?is end /ruck ! gr\nd %ortly aft] ,i _h pass$ ! trees4 ,i pull$ ! /e]+ h&le ov] z f> z ,i c\ld4 ,!n ,i fac$ ano!r bun* ( trees "r 9 front ( me4 ,try+ to avoid ?is second bun* ( trees ,i turn$ ! rudd]1 & turn$ x r %>p4 ,t side ( ! ma*9e /ruck1 & x crumpl$ up l s mu* tissue pap]1 & ! ma*9e spun r\nd & /ruck ! gr\nd t way on1 & ! framework 0 consid]ably wreck$4 ,n[1 ,i want to advise all aviators n to try to fly ) ! w9d & to cross ov] any big clump ( e>? or any ob/acle ( any description unless !y g squ>e ov] ! top ( x1 because ! lift is enorm\s cross+ ov] any?+ l t1 & 9 com+ ! o!r way aga9/ ! w9d x w\ld be ! same ?+ :5 y arrive at ! w9dw>d side ( ! ob/acle4 ,t is a po9t ,i did n ?9k (1 & _h ,i ?\ght ( x ,i w\ld h be5 m cauti\s4' ,?is ,cody ma*9e 0 a biplane ) ab\t #dj foot span1 ! w+s be+ ab\t #g feet 9 dep? ) ab\t #h feet betwe5 upp] & l[] w+ surfaces4 ',atta*$ to ! extremities ( ! l[] planes are two small horizontal planes or rudd]s1 :ile a ?ird small v]tical plane is fix$ ov] ! c5tre ( ! upp] plane4' ,! tail-piece & pr9cipal rudd] 7 fitt$ beh9d ! ma9 body ( ! ma*9e1 & a horizontal rudd] plane 0 rigg$ out 9 front1 on two support+ arms ext5d+ f ! c5tre ( ! ma*9e4 ,! small end-planes & ! v]tical plane 7 us$ 9 conjunction ) ! ma9 rudd] :5 turn+ to "r or left1 ! inn] plane be+ depress$ on ! turn1 & ! out] "o correspond+ly rais$1 :ile ! v]tical plane1 work+ 9 conjunction1 assi/$ 9 pres]v+ /ability4 ,two two-blad$ propell]s 7 driv5 by an eight-cyl9d] #ej horse-p[] ,anto9ette motor4 ,) ?is ma*9e ,cody made 8 fir/ flights ov] ,laffan's pla91 be+ !n def9itely atta*$ to ! ,balloon ,section ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s z milit>y aviation speciali/4 ,!re 7 _m mon?s ( exp]im5t & trial1 aft] ! accid5t :i* ,cody detail$ 9 ! /atem5t giv5 above1 & !n1 on ,may #ad?1 #aiji1 ,cody took ! air & made a flight ( #a1bjj y>ds ) entire success4 ,mean:ile ,a4 ,v4 ,roe 0 exp]im5t+ at ,lea ,m>%es ) a triplane ( r curi\s design ! pilot hav+ 8 seat betwe5 two sets ( ?ree sup]pos$ planes1 ( :i* ! front planes c\ld be tilt$ & twi/$ :ile ! ma*9e 0 9 motion4 ,he comes b a little way aft] ,cody 9 ! *ronology ( e>ly ,briti% exp]im5t]s1 b ,cody1 a born inv5tor1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! pione] ( ! pres5t c5tury s f> z ,brita9 is conc]n$4 ,he 0 nei!r eng9e] nor tra9$ ma!matician1 b he 0 a good rule-(-?umb me*anic & a man ( pluck & p]sev]ance2 he nev] /rove to fly on an imp]fect ma*9e1 b made alt]ation aft] alt]ation 9 ord] to f9d out :at 0 improvem5t & :at 0 n1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x 0 said ( him t he 0 'always satisfi$ ) 8 alt]ations4' ,by ,july ( #aiji he _h fitt$ an #hj horse-p[] motor to 8 biplane1 & ) ?is he made a flight ( ov] f\r miles ov] ,laffan's ,pla9 on ,july #ba/4 ,by ,augu/ he 0 c>ry+ pass5g]s1 ! fir/ be+ ,colonel ,capp] ( ! ,r4,e4 ,balloon ,section1 :o flew ) ,cody = ov] two miles1 & on ,septemb] #h?1 #aiji1 he made a _w's record cross-c\ntry flight ( ov] =ty miles 9 sixty-six m9utes1 tak+ a c\rse f ,laffan's ,pla9 ov] ,f>nbor\gh1 ,ru%moor1 & ,fleet1 & back to ,laffan's ,pla94 ,he 0 "o ( ! competitors 9 ! #aiji ,donca/] ,aviation ,meet+1 & 9 #aiaj he compet$ at ,wolv]hampton1 ,b\rnem\?1 & ,lan>k4 ,x 0 on ,june #g?1 #aiaj1 t he qualifi$ = 8 brevet1 ,no4 #i1 on ! ,cody biplane4 ,he built a ma*9e :i* embodi$ all ! improvem5ts = :i* he _h ga9$ exp]i5ce1 9 #aiaa1 a biplane ) a l5g? ( #ce feet & span ( #dc feet1 kn[n z ! ',cody ca!dral' on acc\nt ( its r cumbr\s appe>ance4 ,) ?is1 9 #aiaa1 he won ! two ,mi*el9 trophies pres5t$ 9 ,engl&1 complet$ ! ,daily ,mail circuit ( ,brita91 won ! ,mi*el9 cross-c\ntry prize 9 #aiab & altoge!r1 by ! end ( #aiab1 _h cov]$ m ?an #g1jjj miles ) ! ma*9e4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) a #abj horse-p[] ,au/ro-,daiml] eng9e1 & 0 *>act]is$ by an exceptionally wide range ( spe$--! great w+spread gave a sl[ l&+ spe$4 ,a few ( 8 records may be giv53 9 #aiaj1 fly+ at ,laffan's ,pla9 9 8 biplane1 fitt$ ) a #ej-fj horsep[] ,gre5 eng9e1 on ,decemb] #ca/1 he broke ! records = di/ance & "t by fly+ #ahe miles1 #ghg y>ds1 9 #d h\rs #cg m9utes4 ,on ,octob] #ca/1 #aiaa1 he beat ?is record by fly+ = #e h\rs #ae m9utes1 9 :i* p]iod he cov]$ #bfa miles #haj y>ds ) a #fj horse-p[] ,gre5 eng9e fitt$ to 8 biplane4 ,9 #aiab1 compet+ 9 ! ,briti% ,w> (fice te/s ( milit>y a]oplanes1 he won ! ,l#e1jjj (f]$ by ! ,w> ,(fice4 ,?is 0 9 competition ) no less ?an tw5ty-five o!r ma*9es1 among :i* 7 ! s9ce-fam\s ,dep]duss91 ,bri/ol1 ,fl&]s1 & ,avro types1 z well z ! ,maurice ,f>man & ,bl]iot makes ( ma*9e4 ,cody's rem>kable spe$ range 0 demon/rat$ 9 ^! trials1 ! spe$s ( 8 ma*9e v>y+ betwe5 #gb4d & #dh4e miles p] h\r4 ,! ma*9e 0 ! only "o deliv]$ = ! trials by air1 & dur+ ! ?ree h\rs' te/ impos$ on all competitors a maximum height ( #e1jjj feet 0 rea*$1 ! fir/ ?\s& feet be+ a*iev$ 9 ?ree & a half m9utes4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiac ,cody put 8 en]gies into ! production ( a l>ge hydro-biplane1 ) :i* he int5d$ to w9 ! ,l#e1jjj prize (f]$ by ! ,daily ,mail to ! fir/ aviator to fly r\nd ,brita9 on a wat]plane4 ,?is ma*9e 0 fitt$ ) l&+ ge> = its te/s1 &1 :ile fly+ x ov] ,laffan's ,pla9 on ,augu/ #g?1 #aiac1 ) ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,b4 ,evans z pass5g]1 ,cody met ) ! accid5t t co/ bo? him & 8 pass5g] _! lives4 ,aviation lo/ a great figure by 8 dea?1 = 8 plodd+1 exp]im5t+1 & dogg$ c\rage n only won him ! fame t came to a few ( ! pilots ( ^? days1 b also advanc$ ! cause ( fly+ v consid]ably & contribut$ n a little to ! sum ( k 9 reg>d to design & con/ruction4 ,ano!r figure ( ! e>ly days 0 ,a4 ,v4 ,roe1 :o came f m>9e eng9e]+ to ! motor indu/ry & aviation 9 #aije4 ,9 #aijf he w5t out to ,colorado1 gett+ out draw+s = ! ,davidson helicopt]1 & 9 #aijg hav+ return$ to ,engl&1 he obta9$ highe/ aw>d out ( #bjj entries 9 a model a]oplane fly+ competition4 ,f ! design ( ?is model he built a full-siz$ ma*9e1 & made a fir/ flight on x1 fitt$ ) a #bd horse-p[] ,anto9ette eng9e1 9 ,june ( #aijh ,lat]1 he fitt$ a #i horsep[] motor-cycle eng9e to a triplane ( 8 own design1 & ) ?is made a numb] ( %ort flights2 he got 8 fly+ brevet on a triplane ) a motor ( #ce horse-p[]1 :i*1 toge!r ) a second triplane1 0 ent]$ = ! ,blackpool aviation meet+ ( #aiaj b 0 burnt 9 transport to ! meet+4 ,he 0 responsible = ! build+ ( ! fir/ seaplane to rise f ,engli% wat]s1 & may be c\nt$ ! pione] ( ! tractor type ( biplane4 ,9 #aiac he built a two-seat] tractor biplane ) #hj horse-p[] eng9e1 a ma*9e :i* = "s consid]able "t rank$ z a lead] ( design4 ,toge!r ) ,e4 ,v4 ,roe & ,h4 ,v4 ,roe1 ',a4 ,v4' controll$ ! ,avro works1 :i* produc$ "s ( ! mo/ fam\s tra9+ ma*9es ( ! w> p]iod 9 a modification ( ! orig9al #hj horse-p[] tractor4 ,! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( ,avro tractors to be adopt$ by ! milit>y au?orities 0 ! #aiab biplane1 a two-seat] fitt$ ) #ej horsep[] eng9e4 ,x 0 ! fir/ tractor biplane ) a clos$ fuselage to be us$ = milit>y "w1 & became /&>d = ! type4 ,! ,avro seaplane1 ( ,i #ajj horse-p[] 7a f\rte5-cyl9d] ,gnome eng9e 0 us$7 0 tak5 up by ! ,briti% ,admiralty 9 #aiac4 ,x _h a l5g? ( #cd feet & a w+-span ( #ej feet1 & 0 ( ! tw9-float type4 ,ge(frey de ,havill&1 ?\gh ( lat] rank1 c\nts high among design]s ( ,briti% ma*9es4 ,he qualifi$ = 8 brevet z late z ,febru>y1 #aiaa1 on a biplane ( 8 own con/ruction1 & became responsible = ! design ( ! ,,be#b1 ! fir/ successful ,briti% ,gov]nm5t biplane4 ,on ?is he made a ,briti% height record ( #aj1ejj feet ov] ,salisbury ,pla91 9 ,augu/ ( #aiab1 :5 he took up ,major ,sykes z pass5g]4 ,9 ! w> p]iod he 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal design]s ( fight+ & reconnaissance ma*9es4 ,f4 ,h&ley ,page1 :o />t$ 9 bus9ess z an a]oplane build] 9 #aijh1 hav+ works at ,b>k+1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal expon5ts ( ! inh]5tly /able ma*9e1 to :i* he devot$ practically all 8 exp]im5tal "w up to ! outbreak ( w>4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ) v>i\s ma*9es1 bo? ( monoplane & biplane type1 & ( ^! "o ( ! be/ 0 a two-seat] monoplane built 9 #aiaa1 :ile a second 0 a l>g] ma*9e1 a biplane1 built 9 #aiac & fitt$ ) a #aaj horse-p[] ,anzani eng9e4 ,! w> p]iod br\ght out ! giant biplane ) :i* ! "n ( ,h&ley ,page is mo/ associat$1 ! tw9-eng9$ night-bomb] be+ a famili> feature ( ! lat] days ( ! w>2 ! f\r-eng9$ bomb] _h h>dly _h a *ance ( prov+ itself "u s]vice conditions :5 ! w> came to an end4 ,ano!r notable figure ( ! e>ly p]iod 0 ',tommy' ,sop)1 :o took 8 fly+ brevet at ,brookl&s 9 ,novemb] ( #aiaj1 & )9 f\r days made ! ,briti% duration record ( #ajh miles 9 #c h\rs #ab m9utes4 ,on ,decemb] #ah?1 #aiaj1 he won ! ,b>on de ,=re/ prize ( ,l#d1jjj = ! longe/ flight f ,engl& to ! ,cont95t1 fly+ f ,ea/*ur* to ,tirlemont1 ,belgium1 9 ?ree h\rs1 a di/ance ( #afa miles4 ,aft] two ye>s ( t\r+ 9 ,am]ica1 he return$ to ,engl& & e/abli%$ a fly+ s*ool4 ,9 #aiab he won ! fir/ a]ial ,d]by1 & 9 #aiac a ma*9e ( 8 design1 a tractor biplane1 rais$ ! ,briti% height record to #ac1jjj feet 7,june #af?1 at ,brookl&s74 ,fir/ z aviator1 & !n z design]1 ,sop) has done mu* useful "w 9 aviation4 ,^! are b a few1 out ( a ho/ :o contribut$ to ! developm5t ( fly+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 =1 al?\gh ,france may be said to h set ! pace z reg>ds developm5t1 ,brita9 0 n f> beh9d4 ,fr5* exp]im5t]s receiv$ f> m ,gov]nm5t aid ?an did ! e>ly ,briti% aviators & design]s--9 ! e>ly days ! two 7 practically synonym\s1 & !re are _m /ories ( ! v e>ly days at ,brookl&s1 :]e1 :5 funds ran l[1 ! ard5t spirits pat*$ _! tr\s]s ) a]oplane fabric & w5t on ) _! "w ) ,bohemian *e]9ess4 ,cody1 alt]+ & exp]im5t+ on ,laffan's ,pla91 is ! greate/ figure ( !m all1 b o!rs rank1 too1 z giants ( ! e>ly days1 be=e ! w> br\ght full recognition ( ! a]oplane's pot5tialities4 ,"o ( ! fir/ m5 actually to fly 9 ,engl&1 ,mr ,j4 ,c4 ,t4 ,moore-,brabazon1 0 a fam\s figure 9 ! days ( exhibition fly+1 & won 8 reputation ma9ly ?r\gh be+ fir/ to fly a circul> mile on a ma*9e design$ & built 9 ,great ,brita9 & pilot$ by a ,briti% subject4 ,moore-,brabazon's e>lie/ flights 7 made 9 ,france on a ,vois9 biplane 9 #aijh1 & he br\ght ?is ma*9e ov] to ,engl&1 to ! ,a]o ,club gr\nds at ,%ellness1 b soon decid$ t he w\ld pilot a ,briti% ma*9e in/ead4 ,an ord] 0 plac$ = a ,%ort ma*9e1 & ?is1 fitt$ ) a #ej-fj horse-p[] ,gre5 eng9e1 0 us$ = ! circul> mile1 :i* won a prize ( ,l#a1jjj (f]$ by ! ,daily ,mail1 ! feat be+ accompli%$ on ,octob] #cj?1 #aiji4 ,five days lat]1 ,moore-,brabazon a*iev$ ! longe/ flight up to t "t accompli%$ on a ,briti%-built ma*9e1 cov]+ ?ree & a half miles4 ,9 connection ) e>ly fly+ 9 ,engl&1 x is claim$ t ,a4 ,v4 ,roe1 fly+ ',avro ,b1'1' on ,june #h?1 #aijh1 0 actually ! fir/ man to leave ! gr\nd1 ?is be+ at ,brookl&s1 b 9 po9t ( fact ,cody ant$at$ him4 ,no record ( e>ly ,briti% fli]s c\ld be made )\t ! "n ( ,c4 ,s4 ,rolls1 a son ( ,"l ,llangattock1 on ,june #bnd1 #aiaj1 he flew across ! ,engli% ,*annel to ,france1 until he 0 duly obs]v$ ov] ,fr5* t]ritory1 :5 he return$ to ,engl& )\t alight+4 ,! trip 0 made on a ,wright biplane1 & 0 ! ?ird ,*annel cross+ by air1 ,bl]iot hav+ made ! fir/1 & ,jacques de ,lesseps ! second4 ,rolls 0 fir/ to make ! return j\rney 9 "o trip4 ,he 0 ev5tually kill$ ?r\gh ! break+ ( ! tail-plane ( 8 ma*9e 9 desc5d+ at a fly+ meet+ at ,b\rnem\?4 ,! ma*9e 0 a ,wright biplane1 b ! design ( ! tail-plane--:i*1 by ! way1 0 an addition to ! ma*9e1 & 0 n ev5 sanction$ by ! ,wrights--appe>s to h be5 c>elessly execut$1 & ! plane itself 0 faulty 9 con/ruction4 ,! breakage caus$ ! ma*9e to ov]turn1 kill+ ,rolls1 :o 0 pilot+ x4 ,,xiv4 ,,rheims1 ,,& ,,aft] ,! =ego+ brief--& necess>ily incomplete--survey ( ! e>ly ,briti% gr\p ( fli]s has tak5 u f> beyond "s ( ! great ev5ts ( ! e>ly days ( successful flight1 & x is necess>y to g back to c]ta9 l&m>ks 9 ! hi/ory ( aviation1 fir/ ( :i* is ! great meet+ at ,rheims 9 #aiji4 ,wilbur ,wright _h come to ,europe1 &1 fly+ at ,le ,mans & ,pau--x 0 on ,augu/ #h?1 #aijh1 t ,wilbur ,wright made ! fir/ ( 8 asc5ts 9 ,europe--_h /imulat$ public int]e/ 9 fly+ 9 ,france to a v great degree4 ,mean:ile1 ,orville ,wright1 fly+ at ,=t ,mey]1 ,u4,s4,a41 ) ,lieut5ant ,selfridge z a pass5g]1 su/a9$ an accid5t :i* v ne>ly co/ him 8 life ?r\gh ! transmission ge> ( ! motor break+4 ,selfridge 0 kill$ & ,orville ,wright 0 sev]ely injur$--x 0 ! fir/ fatal accid5t ) a ,wright ma*9e4 ,orville ,wright made a flight ( ov] an h\r on ,septemb] #i?1 #aijh1 & on ,decemb] #ca/ ( t ye> ,wilbur flew = #b h\rs #ai m9utes4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,rheims meet+ 0 organis$--m notable because x 0 ! fir/ ( its k9d1 !re 7 already records wait+ to be brok54 ,! great week op5$ on ,augu/ #bbnd1 !re be+ ?irty entrants1 includ+ all ! mo/ fam\s m5 among ! e>ly fli]s 9 ,france4 ,bl]iot1 fre% f 8 ,*annel conque/1 0 !re1 toge!r ) ,h5ry ,f>man1 ,paulhan1 ,curtiss1 ,la?am1 & ! ,comte de ,lamb]t1 fir/ pupil ( ! ,wright ma*9e 9 ,europe to a*ieve a reputation z an aviator4 ',to say t ?is week m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w is to /ate a platitude4 ,nev]!less1 x is wor? /at+1 & = u :o are lucky en\gh to be at ,rheims dur+ ?is week !re is a solid satisfaction 9 ! idea t we are pres5t at ! mak+ ( hi/ory4 ,9 p]haps only a few ye>s to come ! competitions ( ?is week may look pa!tically small & ! di/ances & spe$s may appe> paltry4 ,nev]!less1 !y are ! fir/ ( _! k9d1 & t is suffici5t4' ,s wrote a newspap] correspond5t :o 0 pres5t at ! fam\s meet+1 & 8 words may /&1 be+ m ?an m]e j\rnalism2 = ! great fly+ week :i* op5$ on ,augu/ #bbnd1 #aiji1 ranks z "o ( ! great l&m>ks 9 ! hi/ory ( heavi]-?an-air flight4 ,! day be=e ! op5+ ( ! meet+ a d[np\r ( ra9 spoilt ! fly+ gr\nd2 ,sunday op5$ ) a fairly high w9d1 & 9 a lull ,m4 ,guffroy turn$ out on a crimson ,r4,e4,p4 monoplane1 b ! :eels ( 8 und]c>riage /uck 9 ! mud & prev5t$ him f ris+ 9 ! qu>t] ( an h\r all[$ to competitors to get (f ! gr\nd4 ,bl]iot1 foll[+1 succe$$ 9 cov]+ "o side ( ! triangul> c\rse1 b !n came d[n ?r\gh grit 9 ! c>burettor4 ,la?am1 foll[+ him ) ?irte5 z ! numb] ( 8 ma*9e1 exp]i5c$ 8 usual bad luck & came to e>? ?r\gh eng9e tr\ble aft] a v %ort flight4 ,capta9 ,f]b]1 :o1 ow+ to milit>y regulations1 always flew "u ! "n ( ,de ,rue1 came out next ) 8 ,vois9 biplane1 b fail$ to get (f ! gr\nd2 he 0 foll[$ by ,lefebvre on a ,wright biplane1 :o a*iev$ ! success ( ! morn+ by r\nd+ ! c\rse--a di/ance ( six & a qu>t] miles--9 n9e m9utes ) a tw5ty mile an h\r w9d bl[+4 ,8 flight f9i%$ ! morn+4 ,w9d & ra9 kept competitors out ( ! air until ! ev5+1 :5 ,la?am w5t up1 to be foll[$ almo/ imm$iately by ! ,comte de ,lamb]t4 ,somm]1 ,cockburn 7! only ,engli% competitor71 ,delagrange1 ,f\rni]1 ,lefebvre1 ,bl]iot1 ,bunau-,v>illa1 ,tiss&i]1 ,paulhan1 & ,f]b] turn$ out aft] ! fir/ two1 & ! excitem5t ( ! spectators at see+ s _m ma*9es 9 ! air at "o "t provok$ wild *e]+4 ,! only accid5t ( ! day came :5 ,bl]iot damag$ 8 propell] 9 collid+ ) a haycock4 ,! ma9 results ( ! day 7 t ! ,comte de ,lamb]t flew #cj kilometres 9 #bi m9utes #b seconds2 ,lefebvre made ! t5-kilometre circle ( ! track 9 j a second "u #i m9utes1 :ile ,tiss&i] did x 9 #i #a_/d m9utes1 & ,paulhan rea*$ a height ( #bcj feet4 ,small z ^! results seem to u n[1 & ridicul\s z may seem en?usiasm at ! sight ( a few ma*9es 9 ! air at ! same "t1 ! ,rheims ,meet+ rema9s a great ev5t1 s9ce x prov$ def9itely to ! :ole _w t ! conque/ ( ! air _h be5 a*iev$4 ,?r\gh\t ! week record aft] record 0 made & brok54 ,?us on ! ,monday1 ,lefebvre put up a record = r\nd+ ! c\rse & ,bl]iot beat x1 to be beat5 9 turn by ,gl5n ,curtiss on 8 ,curtiss-,h]r+ biplane4 ,on t day1 too1 ,paulhan cov]$ #cd #c_/d miles 9 #a h\r #f m9utes4 ,on ! next day1 ,paulhan on 8 ,vois9 biplane took ! air ) ,la?am1 & ,f\rni] foll[$1 only to sma% up 8 ma*9e by /rik+ an eddy ( w9d :i* turn$ him ov] sev]al times4 ,on ! ,?ursday1 "o ( ! *ief ev5ts 0 ,la?am's #dc miles accompli%$ 9 #a h\r #b m9utes 9 ! morn+ & 8 #if4e miles 9 #b h\rs #ac m9utes 9 ! aft]noon1 ! latt] flight only t]m9at$ by runn+ out ( petrol4 ,on ! ,friday1 ! ,colonel ,r5>d ,fr5* air%ip1 :i* _h fl[n ov] ! gr\nd "u ! pilotage ( ,m4 ,kapf>]1 paid ,rheims a second visit2 ,la?am manoeuvr$ r\nd ! air%ip on 8 ,anto9ette & f9ally left x f> beh9d4 ,h5ry ,f>man won ! ,gr& ,prix de ,*ampagne on ?is day1 cov]+ #aab miles 9 #c h\rs1 #d m9utes1 #ef seconds1 ,la?am be+ second ) 8 #if4e miles flight1 & ,paulhan ?ird4 ,on ! ,saturday1 ,gl5n ,curtiss came to 8 own1 w9n+ ! ,gordon-,b5nett ,cup by cov]+ #bj kilometres 9 #ae m9utes #ej4f seconds4 ,bl]iot made a good second ) #ae m9utes #ef4b seconds z 8 "t1 & ,la?am & ,lefebvre 7 ?ird & f\r?4 ,f>man c>ri$ (f ! pass5g] prize by c>ry+ two pass5g]s a di/ance ( #f miles 9 #aj m9utes #ci seconds4 ,on ! la/ day ,delagrange n>r[ly escap$ s]i\s accid5t ?r\gh ! bur/+ ( 8 propell] :ile 9 ! air1 ,curtiss made a new spe$ record by travell+ at ! rate ( ov] #ej miles an h\r1 & ,la?am1 ris+ to #ejj feet1 won ! altitude prize4 ,^! are ! cold /ati/ics ( ! meet+2 at ?is l5g? ( "t x is difficult to convey any idea ( ! en?usiasm ( ! cr[ds ov] ! a*ievem5ts ( ! v>i\s competitors1 :ile ! incid5ts ( ! week1 comic & o!rwise1 are ne>ly =gott5 n[ ev5 by ^? pres5t 9 ?is mak+ ( hi/ory4 ,la?am's great flight on ! ,?ursday 0 r5d]$ a brea?less episode by a d[np\r ( ra9 :5 he _h cov]$ all b a kilometre ( ! record di/ance previ\sly a*iev$ by ,paulhan1 & !re 0 wild en?usiasm :5 ,la?am flew on ?r\gh ! ra9 until he _h put up a new record & 8 petrol _h run out4 ,aga91 on ! ,friday aft]noon1 ! ,colonel ,r5>d took ! air toge!r ) a little ,fr5* dirigible1 ,zodiac ,,iii2 ,la?am 0 already 9 ! air directly ov] ,f>man1 :o 0 also fly+1 & ?ree cr[s :i* turn$ out z rivals to ! human aviators receiv$ z mu* *e]+ = _! appe>ance z _h be5 accord$ to ! ma*9es1 :i* d\btless !y c\ld n und]/&4 ,fright5$ by ! *e]+1 ! cr[s tri$ to escape f ! c\rse1 b z !y came ne> ! /&s1 ! cr[d rose to *e] aga9 & ! cr[s :eel$ away to make a second *>ge t[>ds safety1 ) ! same result2 ! cr[d rose & *e]$ at !m a ?ird & f\r? "t2 betwe5 t5 & fifte5 ?\s& p /ood on *airs & tables & wav$ hats & h&k]*iefs at ?ree ord9>y1 ev]yday cr[s4 ,"o ?\ghtful spectator1 hav+ ?or\ghly enjoy$ ! funny side ( ! incid5t1 rem>k$ t ! ultimate ma/]y ( ! air lies ) ! ma*9e t comes ne>e/ to natural flight4 ,?is /ill rema9s = ! future to settle4 ,f>man's _w record1 :i* won ! ,gr& ,prix de ,*ampagne1 0 done ) a ,gnome ,rot>y ,motor :i* _h only be5 run on ! te/ b5* & 0 fitt$ to 8 ma*9e f\r h\rs be=e he />t$ on ! great flight4 ,8 propell] _h nev] be5 te/$1 hav+ only be5 complet$ ! night be=e4 ,! clos+ laps ( t flight1 ext5d+ z !y did into ! gr[+ ( ! dusk1 made a brea?lessly e]ie exp]i5ce = su* ( ! spectators z /ay$ on to wat*--& ^! 7 _m4 ,night came on /eadily & ,f>man cov]$ lap aft] lap j z /eadily1 a buzz+1 circl+ me*anism ) some?+ rel5tless 9 its isolat$ p]si/5cy4 ,! f9al day ( ! meet+ provid$ a fur!r record 9 ! qu>t] million spectators :o turn$ up to witness ! close ( ! great week4 ,bl]iot1 turn+ out 9 ! morn+1 made a l&+ 9 "s su* fa%ion z flood$ ! c>burettor & caus$ x to cat* fire4 ,bl]iot himself 0 badly burn$1 s9ce ! petrol tank bur/ &1 9 ! end1 only ! metal p>ts ( ! ma*9e 7 left4 ,gl5n ,curtis tri$ to beat ,bl]iot's "t = a lap ( ! c\rse1 b fail$4 ,9 ! ev5+1 ,f>man & ,la?am w5t out & up 9 great circles1 ,f>man cleav+ 8 way upw>d 9 :at at ! "t c\nt$ = a huge ma*9e1 on circles ( ab\t a mile diamet]4 ,8 fir/ r\nd took him level ) ! top ( ! /&s1 &1 9 8 second1 he circl$ ! captive balloon an*or$ 9 ! middle ( ! gr\nds4 ,aft] ano!r circle1 he came d[n on a long glide1 :5 ,la?am's lean ,anto9ette monoplane w5t up 9 circles m graceful ?an ^? ( ,f>man4 ',swiftly x rose & swept r\nd close to ! balloon1 ve]$ r\nd to ! hang>s1 & out ov] to ! ,rheims road4 ,back x came high ov] ! /&s1 ! p cran+ _! necks z ! %rill cry ( ! eng9e drew ne>] & ne>] beh9d ! /&s4 ,!n ( a sudd51 ! little =m appe>$ away up 9 ! deep twilight blue vault ( ! sky1 head+ /raight z an arr[ = ! an*or$ balloon4 ,ov] x1 & high1 high above x w5t ! ,anto9ette1 seem+ly high] by _m feet ?an ! ,f>man ma*9e4 ,!n1 :eel+ 9 a long sweep to ! left1 ,la?am /e]$ 8 ma*9e r\nd pa/ ! /&s1 :]e ! p1 _! n]ve-t5sion releas$ on see+ ! ma*9e desc5d+ f its p]il\s height ( #ejj feet1 %\t$ _! fr5zi$ acclamations to ! h]o ( ! meet+4 ',= c]ta9ly ,le ,?am1 z ! ,fr5* call him1 0 ! popul> h]o4 ,he always flew high1 he always flew well1 & 8 ma*9e 0 a joy to ! eye1 ei!r af> (f or at close qu>t]s4 ,! public feel+ = ,bl]iot is diff]5t4 ,bl]iot1 9 ! popul> e/imation1 is ! man :o fights aga9/ odds1 :o meets ! adv]se fates calmly & ) good c\rage1 & to :om good luck comes once 9 a :ile z a rew>d = mu* lab\r & angui%1 bodily & m5tal4 ,la?am is ! d>l+ ( ! ,gods1 to :om ,fate has only be5 unk9d 9 ! matt] ( ! ,*annel flight1 & only !n because ! hon\r belong$ to ,bl]iot4 ',next to ^! two1 ! public lov$ mo/ ,lefebvre1 ! joy\s1 ! gymna/ic4 ,lefebvre 0 ! com$ian ( ! meet+4 ,:5 ?+s began to flag1 ! gay little ,lefebvre w\ld trot out to 8 />t+ rail1 out at ! back ( ! judge's enclosure opposite ! /&s1 & aft] a little twi/+ ( propell]s 8 ,wright ma*9e w\ld b\nce (f ! end ( its />t+ rail & proce$ to d ! mo/ m>vell\s tricks = ! b5efit ( ! cr[d1 :eel+ to "r & left1 d>t+ up & d[n1 n[ fly+ ov] a troop ( ! cavalry :o kept ! pla9 cle> ( p & s5d+ _! horses into hy/]ics1 anon mak+ /raight = an un=tunate photograph] :o w\ld ?r[ himself & 8 preci\s cam]a flat on ! gr\nd to escape annihilation z ,lefebvre swept ov] him #f or #g feet (f ! gr\nd4 ,lefebvre 0 great fun1 & :5 he _h once f\nd t 8 ma*9e 0 n fa/ en\gh to compete = spe$ ) ! ,bl]iots1 ,anto9ettes1 & ,curtiss1 he kept to 8 meti] ( amus+ p4 ,! promot]s ( ! meet+ owe ,lefebvre a debt ( gratitude1 = he provid$ j ! necess>y comic relief4'--7,! ,a]o1 ,septemb] #g?1 #aiji47 ,x may be not$1 9 connection ) ! fact t ,cockburn 0 ! only ,engli% competitor at ! meet+1 t ! ,rheims ,meet+ did m ?an any?+ :i* _h prec$$ x to wak5 ,briti% int]e/ 9 aviation4 ,previ\sly1 heavi]-?an-air flight 9 ,engl& _h be5 reg>d$ z a freak bus9ess by ! great majority1 & ! v few pione]s :o p]sev]$ t[>d w9n+ ,engl& a %>e 9 ! conque/ ( ! air came 9 = z mu* d]ision z acclamation4 ,rheims alt]$ ?is2 x taught ! _w 9 g5]al1 & ,engl& 9 p>ticul>1 t a s]i\s rival to ! dirigible balloon _h come to be+1 & x awak5$ ! ?9k+ portion ( ! ,briti% public to ! fact t ! a]oplane _h a future4 ,! success ( ?is great meet+ br\ght ab\t a ho/ ( imitations ( :i* only a few des]ve b>e m5tion s9ce1 unlike ! fir/1 !y taught no?+ & a*iev$ little4 ,!re 0 ! meet+ at ,b\logne late 9 ,septemb] ( #aiji1 ( :i* ! only notewor?y ev5t 0 ,f]b]'s dea?4 ,!re 0 a meet+ at ,brescia :]e ,curtiss aga9 took fir/ prize = spe$ & ,r\gi] put up a _w's height record ( #fde feet4 ,! ,blackpool meet+ foll[$ betwe5 #ah? & #bcrd ( ,octob]1 #aiji1 =m+1 ) ! exception ( ,donca/]1 ! fir/ ,briti% ,fly+ ,meet+4 ,*ief among ! competitors 7 ,h5ry ,f>man1 :o took ! di/ance prize1 ,r\gi]1 ,paulhan1 & ,la?am1 :o1 by a flight 9 a high w9d1 conv9c$ ! ,briti% public t ! !ory t fly+ 0 only possible 9 a calm 0 a fallacy4 ,a meet+ at ,donca/] 0 practically simultane\s ) ! ,blackpool week2 ,delagrange1 ,le ,blon1 ,somm]1 & ,cody 7 ! pr9cipal figures 9 ?is ev5t4 ,x %\ld be add$ t #acj miles 0 record$ z ! total fl[n at ,donca/]1 :ile at ,blackpool only #aae miles 7 fl[n4 ,!n !re 7 ,juvisy1 ! fir/ ,p>isian meet+1 ,wolv]hampton1 & ! ,comte de ,lamb]t's flight r\nd ! ,eiffel ,t[] at a height e/imat$ at betwe5 #a1bjj & #a1cjj feet4 ,?is may be includ$ 9 ! record ( ^! a]ial !atricals1 s9ce x 0 no?+ m4 ,probably wak5$ to realisation ( ! possibilities ( ! a]oplane by ! ,rheims ,meet+1 ,g]many turn$ out its fir/ plane late 9 #aiji4 ,x 0 kn[n z ! ,grade monoplane1 & 0 a bl5d ( ! ,bl]iot & ,santos-,dumont ma*9es1 ) a tail sugge/ive ( ! ,anto9ette type4 ,! ma9 frame took ! =m ( a s+le /eel tube1 at ! =w>d end ( :i* 0 rigg$ a triangul> arrangem5t c>ry+ ! pilot's seat & ! l&+ :eels und]nea?1 ) ! w+ w>p+ wires & /ays above4 ,! sweep ( ! w+s 0 r simil> to ! lat] ,taube design1 ?\gh ! sweep back 0 n s pron\nc$1 & ! ma*9e 0 driv5 by a f\r-cyl9d]1 #bj horse-p[]1 air-cool$ eng9e :i* drove a two-blad$ tractor propell]4 ,9 spite ( ,lili5?al's pione] "w ye>s be=e1 ?is 0 ! fir/ p[]-driv5 ,g]man plane :i* actually flew4 ,elev5 mon?s aft] ! ,rheims meet+ came :at may be reckon$ ! only really notable aviation meet+ on ,engli% soil1 9 ! =m ( ! ,b\rnem\? week1 ,july #aj? to #af?1 #aiaj4 ,?is ga!r+ is notewor?y ma9ly 9 view ( ! amaz+ advance :i* x regi/]$ on ! ,rheims p]=mances4 ,?us1 9 ! matt] ( altitude1 ,morane rea*$ #d1ajg feet & ,drexel came second ) #b1dij feet4 ,audem>s on a ,demoiselle monoplane made a flight ( #ag miles #a1dhj y>ds 9 #bg m9utes #ag4b seconds1 a great flight = ! little ,demoiselle4 ,morane a*iev$ a spe$ ( #ef4fd miles p] h\r1 & ,grahame ,:ite climb$ to #a1jjj feet altitude 9 #f m9utes #cf4h seconds4 ,ma*9es c>ry+ ! ,gnome eng9e z p[] unit took ! great bulk ( ! prizes1 & ,briti%-built eng9es 7 f> beh9d4 ,! ,b\rnem\? ,meet+ w always be rememb]$ ) regret = ! trag$y ( ,c4 ,s4 ,rolls's dea?1 :i* took place on ! ,tuesday1 ! second day ( ! meet+4 ,! fir/ competition ( ! day 0 t = ! l&+ prize2 ,grahame ,:ite1 ,audem>s1 & ,capta9 ,dickson _h l&$ ) v>y+ luck1 & ,rolls1 foll[+ on a ,wright ma*9e ) a tail-plane :i* ought nev] to h be5 fitt$ & 0 n "p ( ! ,wright design1 came d[n w9d aft] a left-h& turn & turn$ left aga9 ov] ! top ( ! /&s 9 ord] to l& up w9d4 ,he began to dive :5 j cle> ( ! /&s1 & _h dropp$ to a height ( #dj feet :5 he came ov] ! heads ( ! p aga9/ ! b>ri]s4 ,f9d+ 8 desc5t too /eep1 he pull$ back 8 elevator lev] to br+ ! nose ( ! ma*9e up1 tipp+ d[n ! front end ( ! tail to pres5t an almo/ flat surface to ! w9d4 ,_h all gone well1 ! nose ( ! ma*9e w\ld h be5 =c$ up1 b ! /ra9 on ! tail & its f\r light supports 0 too great2 ! tail collaps$1 ! w9d press$ d[n ! biplane elevator1 & ! ma*9e div$ v]tically = ! rema9+ #bj feet ( ! desc5t1 hitt+ ! gr\nd v]tically & crumpl+ up4 ,major ,k5n$y1 fir/ to rea* ! debris1 f\nd ,rolls ly+ ) 8 head d\bl$ "u him on ! ov]turn$ upp] ma9 plane2 ! l[] plane _h be5 flung "s few feet away ) ! eng9e & tanks "u x4 ,rolls 0 in/antane\sly kill$ by concussion ( ! bra94 ,anti!sis to ! trag$y 0 ,audem>s on 8 ,demoiselle1 :i* 0 nam$ ',! ,infuriat$ ,gras%opp]4' ,conc]n+ ?is1 x 0 record$ at ! "t t ',no?+ s excruciat+ly funny z ! action ( ?is ma*9e has ev] be5 se5 at any aviation gr\nd4 ,! little two-cyl9d] eng9e pops away ) a s\nd l ! frantic draw+ ( g+] be] corks2 ! ma*9e scutt]s along ! gr\nd ) its tail well up2 !n d[n comes ! tail sudd5ly & seems to slap ! gr\nd :ile ! front jumps up1 & all ! spectators rock ) laught]4 ,! :ole attitude & ! j]ky action ( ! ma*9e sugge/ a gras%opp] 9 a furi\s rage1 & ! impression is int5sifi$ :5 x comes d[n1 z x did twice on ,w$nesday1 9 long grass1 bury+ its head 9 ! gr\nd 9 its temp]4'--7,! ,a]o1 ,july1 #aiaj47 ,! ,lan>k ,meet+ foll[$ 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye>1 & ) ! b>e m5tion ( ?is1 ! subject ( fly+ meet+s may he left alone1 s9ce !y became m]e matt]s ( %[ until !re came milit>y competitions su* z ! ,b]l9 ,meet+ at ! end ( ,augu/1 #aiaj1 & ! ,briti% ,w> (fice ,trials on ,salisbury ,pla91 :5 ,cody won 8 greate/ triumphs4 ,! ,b]l9 meet+ prov$ t1 f ! "t ( ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ successful ,g]man ma*9e m5tion$ above1 to ! date ( ! meet+1 a good numb] ( ,g]man aviators _h qualifi$ = flight1 b pr9cipally on ,wright & ,anto9ette ma*9es1 ?\gh by t "t ! ,aviatik & ,dorn] ,g]man makes _h tak5 ! air4 ,! ,briti% ,w> (fice ,trials des]ve sep>ate & long] m5tion4 ,9 #aiaj 9 spite ( (ficial disc\ragem5t1 ,capta9 ,dickson prov$ ! value ( ! a]oplane = sc\t+ purposes by obs]v+ movem5ts ( troops dur+ ! ,milit>y ,manoeuvres on ,salisbury ,pla94 ,lieut4 ,lancelot ,gibbs & ,rob]t ,lora9e1 ! actor-aviator1 also made flights ov] ! manoeuvre area1 locat+ troops & 9 a way anticipat+ ! =mation & "w ( ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps by a usefulness :i* c\ld n be (ficially recognis$4 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,*annel ,,cross+ ,x may be said t ,l\is ,bl]iot 0 responsible = ! second great l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( successful flight4 ,! day :5 ! bro!rs ,wright succe$$ 9 accompli%+ p[]-driv5 flight ranks z ! fir/ ( ^! l&m>ks4 ,ad] may or may n h left ! gr\nd1 b ! wreckage ( 8 ',avion' at ! end ( 8 exp]im5t places 8 d\btful success 9 a diff]5t category f t ( ! bro!rs ,wright & leaves !m ! fir/ def9ite conqu]ors1 j z ,bl]iot ranks z fir/ def9ite conqu]or ( ! ,engli% ,*annel by air4 ,9 a way1 ,l\is ,bl]iot ranks be=e ,f>man 9 po9t ( "t2 8 fir/ flapp+-w+ model 0 built z e>ly z #aijj1 & ,vois9 flew a biplane glid] ( 8 on ! ,se9e 9 ! v e>ly exp]im5tal days4 ,bl]iot's fir/ f\r ma*9es 7 biplanes1 & 8 fif?1 a monoplane1 0 wreck$ almo/ imm$iately aft] its con/ruction4 ,bl]iot _h /udi$ ,langley's "w to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & 8 six? con/ruction 0 a d\ble monoplane bas$ on ! ,langley pr9ciple4 ,a mon? aft] he _h wreck$ ?is )\t damag+ himself--= ,bl]iot _h z _m miracul\s escapes z any ( ! o!r fli]s-he br\ght out numb] sev51 a fairly av]age monoplane4 ,x 0 9 ,decemb] ( #aijg aft] a s]ies ( flights t he wreck$ ?is ma*9e1 & on its successor1 9 ,july ( #aijh1 he made a flight ( ov] #h m9utes4 ,sundry flights1 m or less successful1 includ+ ! fir/ cross-c\ntry flight f ,t\ry to ,art5ay1 kept him busy up to ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 #aijh1 :5 ! wreckage 9 a fog ( ! ma*9e he 0 fly+ s5t him to ! build+ ( 'numb] elev51' ! fam\s cross-*annel a]oplane4 ,numb] elev5 0 %[n at ! ,fr5* ,a]o ,%[ 9 ! ,gr& ,palais & 0 giv5 its fir/ trials on ! #ah? ,janu>y1 #aiji4 ,x 0 fir/ fitt$ ) a ,r4,e4,p4 motor & _h a lift+ area ( #abj squ>e feet1 :i* 0 lat] increas$ to #aej squ>e feet4 ,! framework 0 ( oak & popl> splic$ & re9=c$ ) piano wire2 ! weight ( ! ma*9e 0 #dg lbs4 & ! und]c>riage weight a fur!r #fj lbs41 ?is consi/+ ( rubb] cord %ock absorb]s m\nt$ on two :eels4 ,! ,r4,e4,p4 motor 0 f\nd unsatisfactory1 & a ?ree-cyl9d] ,anzani ( #aje mm4 bore & #abj mm4 /roke replac$ x4 ,an accid5t s]i\sly damag$ ! ma*9e on ,june #bnd1 b ,bl]iot repair$ x & te/$ x at ,issy1 :]e betwe5 ,june #ai? & ,june #bcrd he accompli%$ flights ( #h1 #ab1 #ae1 #af1 & #cf m9utes4 ,on ,july #d? he made a #ej-m9ute flight & on ! #ac? flew f ,etampes to ,*evilly4 ,a few fur!r details ( con/ruction may be giv53 ! w+s !mselves & an elevator at ! tail controll$ ! rate ( asc5t & desc5t1 :ile a rudd] 0 also fitt$ at ! tail4 ,! /e]+ lev]1 work+ on a univ]sally jo9t$ %aft--=]unn] ( ! mod]n joy/ick--controll$ bo? ! rudd] & ! w+s1 :ile a p$al actuat$ ! elevator4 ,! eng9e drove a two-blad$ tractor screw ( #f feet #g in*es diamet]1 & ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! w+s 0 #bj degrees4 ,tim$ at ,issy1 ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e 0 giv5 z #cf miles an h\r1 & z ,bl]iot accompli%$ ! ,*annel flight ( #bj miles 9 #cg m9utes1 he probably _h a slight foll[+ w9d4 ,! ,daily ,mail _h (f]$ a prize ( ,l#a1jjj = ! fir/ ,cross-,*annel flight1 & ,hub]t ,la?am set 8 m9d on w9n+ x4 ,he put up a %elt] on ! ,fr5* coa/ at ,sangatte1 half-way betwe5 ,calais & ,cape ,blanc ,nez4 ,f "h he made 8 fir/ attempt to fly to ,engl& on ,monday ! #ai? ( ,july4 ,he so>$ to a fair height1 circl+1 & rea*$ an e/imat$ height ( ab\t #ijj feet z he came ov] ! wat] ) e appe>ance ( captur+ ! ,cross-,*annel prize4 ,! luck :i* dogg$ 8 c>e] ?r\gh\t 0 aga9/ him1 =1 aft] he _h cov]$ "s #h miles1 8 eng9e /opp$ & he came d[n to ! wat] 9 a s]ies ( long glides4 ,x 0 discov]$ aft]w>d t a small piece ( wire _h work$ its way into a vital "p ( ! eng9e to rob ,la?am ( ! hon\r he covet$4 ,! tug t came to 8 rescue f\nd him seat$ on ! fuselage ( 8 ,anto9ette1 smok+ a cig>ette & wait+ = a boat to take him to ! tug4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ,la?am m]ely assum$ 8 ,anto9ette w\ld float 9 case he fail$ to make ! ,engli% coa/2 he _h no actual pro(4 ,bl]iot imm$iately ent]$ 8 ma*9e = ! prize & took up 8 qu>t]s at ,b>raques4 ,on ,sunday1 ,july #be?1 #aiji1 %ortly aft] #d a4m41 ,bl]iot _h 8 ma*9e tak5 out f its %elt] & prep>$ = flight4 ,he _h be5 rec5tly injur$ 9 a petrol explosion & hobbl$ out on crut*es to make 8 cross-,*annel attempt2 he made two great circles 9 ! air to try ! ma*9e1 & !n alight$4 ',9 t5 m9utes ,i />t = ,engl&1' he decl>$1 & at #d4ce ! motor 0 />t$ up4 ,aft] a run ( #ajj y>ds1 ! ma*9e rose 9 ! air & got a height ( ab\t #ajj feet ov] ! l&1 !n :eel+ %>ply seaw>d & head+ = ,dov]4 ,bl]iot _h no means ( tell+ direction1 & any *ange ( w9d might h driv5 him out ov] ! ,nor? ,sea1 to be lo/1 z 7 ,cecil ,grace & ,hamel lat] on4 ,luck 0 ) him1 h[ev]1 & at #e4ab a4m4 ( t ,july ,sunday1 he made 8 l&+ 9 ! ,nor? ,fall mead[1 j beh9d ,dov] ,ca/le4 ,tw5ty m9utes out f ! ,fr5* coa/1 he lo/ sight ( ! de/roy] :i* 0 patroll+ ! ,*annel1 & at ! same "t he 0 out ( sight ( l& )\t compass or any o!r means ( asc]ta9+ 8 direction4 ,sight+ ! ,engli% coa/1 he f\nd t he _h gone too f> to ! ea/1 = ! w9d increas$ 9 /r5g? ?r\gh\t ! flight1 ?is to su* an ext5t z almo/ to turn ! ma*9e r\nd :5 he came ov] ,engli% soil4 ,pr(it+ by ,la?am's exp]i5ce1 ,bl]iot _h fitt$ an inflat$ rubb] cyl9d] a foot 9 diamet] by #e feet 9 l5g? along ! middle ( 8 fuselage1 to r5d] float+ a c]ta9ty 9 case he _h to alight on ! wat]4 ,la?am 9 8 camp at ,sangatte _h be5 all[$ to sleep ?r\gh ! calm ( ! e>ly morn+ ?r\gh a mi/ake on ! "p ( a fri5d1 & :5 8 ma*9e 0 turn$ out--9 ord] t he might emulate ,bl]iot1 al?\gh he no long] hop$ to make ! fir/ flight1 x took s long to get ! ma*9e ready & dragg$ up to its />t+-po9t t !re 0 a #be mile an h\r w9d by ! "t ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess4 ,la?am 0 anxi\s to make ! />t 9 spite ( ! w9d1 b ! ,directors ( ! ,anto9ette ,company refus$ p]mission4 ,x 0 n until two days lat] t ! wea!r aga9 became fav\rable1 & !n ) a fre% ma*9e1 s9ce ! "o on :i* he made 8 fir/ attempt _h be5 v badly damag$ 9 be+ t[$ a%ore1 he made a circul> trial flight ( ab\t #e miles4 ,9 l&+ f ?is1 a side gu/ ( w9d drove ! nose ( ! ma*9e aga9/ a small hillock1 damag+ bo? propell] blades & *assis1 & x 0 n until ev5+ t ! damage 0 repair$4 ,fr5* torp$o boats 7 set to m>k ! r\te1 & ,la?am set out on 8 second attempt at six o'clock4 ,fly+ at a height ( #bjj feet1 he head$ ov] ! torp$o boats = ,dov] & seem$ c]ta9 ( mak+ ! ,engli% coa/1 b a mile & a half out f ,dov] 8 eng9e fail$ him aga91 & he dropp$ to ! wat] to be pick$ up by ! /eam p9nace ( an ,engli% w>%ip & put abo>d ! ,fr5* de/roy] ,escopette4 ,!re is little to *oose betwe5 ! two aviators = c\rage 9 attempt+ :at w\ld h be5 consid]$ a foolh>dy feat a ye> or two be=e4 ,bl]iot's /ate1 ) an abscess 9 ! burnt foot :i* _h to control ! elevator ( 8 ma*9e1 r5d]s 8 success all ! m rem>kable4 ,8 ma*9e 0 exhibit$ 9 ,london = a "t1 & 0 aft]w>ds plac$ 9 ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,meti]s1 :ile a memorial 9 /one1 copy+ 8 monoplane 9 =m1 0 let into ! turf at ! po9t :]e he l&$4 ,! second ,*annel cross+ 0 n made until #aiaj1 a ye> ( new records4 ,! altitude record _h be5 lift$ to ov] #aj1jjj feet1 ! duration record to #h h\rs #ab m9utes1 & ! di/ance = a s+le flight to #cfe miles1 :ile a spe$ ( ov] #fe miles an h\r _h be5 a*iev$1 :5 ,jacques de ,lesseps1 son ( ! fam\s eng9e] ( ,suez ,canal & ,panama fame1 cross$ f ,france to ,engl& on a ,bl]iot monoplane4 ,by ?is "t fly+ _h dropp$ s f> f ! m>vell\s t ?is second conque/ ( ! ,*annel ar\s$ b slight public int]e/ 9 comp>ison ) ,bl]iot's feat4 ,! total weight ( ,bl]iot's ma*9e 9 ,cross ,*annel trim 0 #ffj lbs41 includ+ ! pilot & suffici5t petrol = a ?ree h\rs' run2 at a spe$ ( #cg miles an h\r1 x 0 capable ( c>ry+ ab\t #e lbs4 p] squ>e foot ( lift+ surface4 ,x 0 ! ?ree-cyl9d] #be horse-p[] ,anzani motor :i* drove ! ma*9e = ! flight4 ,%ortly aft] ! flight _h be5 accompli%$1 x 0 ann\nc$ t ! ,bl]iot firm w\ld con/ruct simil> ma*9es = sale at ,l#djj apiece--a good comm5t>y on ! prices ( ^? days4 ,on ,june ! #bnd1 #aiaj1 ! ?ird ,*annel cross+ 0 made by ,c4 ,s4 ,rolls1 :o flew f ,dov]1 got himself (ficially obs]v$ ov] ,fr5* soil at ,b>raques1 & !n flew back )\t l&+4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to cross f ! ,briti% side ( ! ,*annel & also 0 ! fir/ aviator :o made ! d\ble j\rney4 ,by t "t1 h[ev]1 di/ance flights _h s f> increas$ z to r$uce ! value ( ! feat1 & !nce=? ! ,*annel cross+ 0 no exceptional matt]4 ,! hon\r1 second only to t ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 rema9s ) ,bl]iot4 ,,xvi4 ,,london ,,to ,,man*e/] ,! la/ ( ! great conte/s to ar\se public en?usiasm 0 ! ,london to ,man*e/] ,flight ( #aiaj4 ,z f> back z #aijf1 ! ,daily ,mail _h (f]$ a prize ( ,l#aj1jjj to ! fir/ aviator :o %\ld accompli% ?is j\rney1 &1 = a long "t1 ! (f] 0 reg>d$ z a p]fectly safe "o = any p]son or pap] to make--x br\ght =? f> m ridicule ?an belief4 ,pun* (f]$ a simil> sum to ! fir/ man :o %\ld swim ! ,atlantic & also = ! fir/ flight to ,m>s & back )9 a week1 b 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaj ,claude ,grahame ,:ite & ,paulhan1 ! fam\s ,fr5* pilot1 ent]$ = ! #ahc mile run on :i* ! prize dep5d$4 ,bo? ^! competitors flew ! ,f>man biplane ) ! #ej horse-p[] ,gnome motor z propulsive p[]4 ,grahame ,:ite survey$ ! gr\nd along ! r\te1 & ! ,l4 ,n4 ,w4 ,railway ,company1 at 8 reque/1 :itewa%$ ! sleep]s = #ajj y>ds on ! nor? side ( all junctions to give him 8 direction on ! c\rse4 ,! ma*9e 0 run out on to ! />t+ gr\nd at ,p>k ,royal & set go+ at #e4ai a4m4 on ,april #bcrd4 ,aft] a run ( #ajj y>ds1 ! ma*9e w5t up ov] ,wormwood ,scrubs on its j\rney to ,norm&y1 ne> ,hillmort51 :i* 0 ! fir/ arrang$ /opp+ place en r\te2 ,grahame ,:ite l&$ "h 9 good trim at #g4bj a4m41 hav+ cov]$ #ge miles & made a _w's record cross c\ntry flight4 ,at #h4ae he set (f aga9 to come d[n at ,:itt+ton1 f\r miles %ort ( ,li*field1 at ab\t #i4bj1 ) 8 ma*9e 9 good ord] except = a crack$ l&+ skid4 ,twice1 on ?is second /age ( ! j\rney1 he _h be5 caught by gu/s ( w9d :i* turn$ ! ma*9e fully r\nd t[>d ,london1 &1 :5 ov] a wood ne> ,tamwor?1 ! eng9e /opp$ ?r\gh a defect 9 ! balance spr+s ( two exhau/ valves2 al?\gh x />t$ up aga9 aft] a #ajj foot glide1 x did n give en\gh p[] to give him safety 9 ! gale he 0 fac+4 ,! ris+ w9d kept him on ! gr\nd ?r\gh\t ! day1 &1 ?\gh he hop$ = bett] wea!r1 ! gale kept up until ! ,sunday ev5+4 ,! m5 9 *>ge ( ! ma*9e dur+ its halt _h attempt$ to hold ! ma*9e d[n in/ead ( an*or+ x ) /akes & ropes1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! w9d blew ! ma*9e ov] on its back1 break+ ! upp] planes & ! tail4 ,grahame ,:ite _h to return to ,london1 :ile ! damag$ ma*9e 0 prep>$ = a second flight4 ,! conditions ( ! competition enact$ t ! full j\rney %\ld be complet$ )9 #bd h\rs1 :i* made return to ! />t+ gr\nd inevitable4 ,l\is ,paulhan1 :o _h j arriv$ ) 8 ,f>man ma*9e1 imm$iately got x unpack$ & put toge!r 9 ord] to be ready to make 8 attempt = ! prize z soon z ! wea!r conditions %\ld admit4 ,at #e4ca p4m41 on ,april #bg?1 he w5t up f ,h5don & _h travell$ #ej miles :5 ,grahame ,:ite1 in=m$ ( 8 rival's />t1 set out to ov]take him4 ,be=e nightfall ,paulhan l&$ at ,li*field1 #aag miles f ,london1 :ile ,grahame ,:ite _h to come d[n at ,rod51 only #fj miles out4 ,! ,engli% aviator's *ance 0 n s small z x seem$1 =1 z ,la?am _h f\nd 9 8 cross-,*annel attempts1 eng9e failure 0 m ! rule ?an ! exception1 & a v little ?+ might rev]se ! relative positions4 ,a special tra9 accompani$ ,paulhan along ! ,nor?-,we/]n r\te1 convey+ ,madame ,paulhan1 ,h5ry ,f>man1 & ! me*anics :o fitt$ ! ,f>man biplane toge!r4 ,paulhan himself1 :o _h fl[n at a height ( #a1jjj feet1 sp5t ! night at ,li*field1 />t+ aga9 at #d4i a4m4 ,on ! #bh?1 pass+ ,/af=d at #d4de1 ,crewe at #e4bj1 & l&+ at ,burnage1 ne> ,didsbury1 at #e4cb1 hav+ _h a clean run4 ,mean:ile1 ,grahame ,:ite _h made a mo/ h]oic attempt to beat 8 rival4 ,an h\r be=e dawn on ! #bh?1 he w5t to ! small field 9 :i* 8 ma*9e _h l&$1 & 9 ! d>kness manag$ to make an asc5t f gr\nd :i* made />t+ difficult ev5 9 daylight4 ,purely by in/9ct & 8 recollection ( ! aspect ( ?+s ! night be=e1 he _h to cle> telegraph wires & a railway bridge1 nei!r ( :i* he c\ld possibly see at t h\r4 ,8 eng9e1 too1 0 falt]+1 & x 0 obvi\s to ^? :o witness$ 8 />t t its note 0 f> f p]fect4 ,at #c4ej he 0 ov] ,nuneaton & mak+ good progress2 betwe5 ,a!r/one & ,li*field ! w9d caught him & ! eng9e fail$ m & m1 until at #d4ac 9 ! morn+ he 0 =c$ to come to e>?1 hav+ cov]$ #f miles less di/ance ?an 9 8 fir/ attempt4 ,x 0 purely a case ( eng9e failure1 =1 ) full p[]1 he w\ld h pass$ ov] ,paulhan j z ! latt] 0 prep>+ = ! re/>t4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! two ma*9es1 !re is little d\bt t ,grahame ,:ite %[$ ! great] fly+ skill1 al?\gh he lo/ ! prize4 ,aft] l&+ & he>+ ( ,paulhan's victory1 on :i* he wir$ congratulations1 he made up 8 m9d to fly to ,man*e/] )9 ! #bd h\rs4 ,he />t$ at #e o'clock 9 ! aft]noon f ,poleswor?1 8 l&+ place1 b 0 =c$ to l& at #e4cj at ,:itt+ton1 :]e he _h l&$ on ! previ\s ,saturday4 ,! w9d1 :i* _h =c$ 8 desc5t1 fell aga9 & p]mitt$ ( />t+ once m2 on ?is ?ird /age he rea*$ ,li*field1 only to make 8 f9al l&+ at #g4ae p4m41 ne> ! ,tr5t ,valley /ation4 ,! defective runn+ ( ! ,gnome eng9e prev5t$ 8 complet+ ! c\rse1 & 8 ,f>man ma*9e _h to be br\ght back to ,london by rail4 ,! pres5tation ( ! prize to ,paulhan 0 made ! occasion = ! ann\ncem5t ( a fur!r competition1 consi/+ ( a #a1jjj mile flight r\nd a "p ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 ?is1 n9ete5 competitors />t$1 & only f\r f9i%$2 ! end ( ! race 0 a great fight betwe5 ,beaumont & ,v$r9es1 bo? ( :om scorn$ wea!r conditions 9 _! det]m9ation to w94 ,beaumont made ! di/ance 9 a fly+ "t ( #bb h\rs #bh m9utes #ai seconds1 & ,v$r9es cov]$ ! j\rney 9 a little ov] #bc #a_/b h\rs4 ,val5t9e came ?ird on a ,dep]duss9 monoplane & ,s4 ,f4 ,cody on 8 ,ca!dral biplane 0 f\r?4 ,?is 0 9 #aiaa1 & by t "t heavi]-?an-air flight _h s f> advanc$ t "s pilots _h _h w> exp]i5ce 9 ! ,italian campaign 9 ,tripoli1 :ile long cross-c\ntry flights 7 an ev]yday ev5t1 & bad wea!r no long] c\nt$4 ,,xvii4 ,a ,,summ>y1 ,,to #aiaa ,!re is s mu* ov]lapp+ 9 ! cr[d$ /ory ( ! fir/ ye>s ( successful p[]-driv5 flight t at ?is po9t x is advisable to make a concise *ronological survey ( ! *ief ev5ts ( ! p]iod ( e>ly developm5t1 al?\gh mu* ( ?is is ( necessity recapitulation4 ,! /ory beg9s1 ( c\rse1 ) ,orville ,wright's fir/ flight ( #heb feet at ,kitty ,hawk on ,decemb] #ai?1 #aijc4 ,! next ev5t ( note 0 ,wright's flight ( #aa4ab miles 9 #ah m9utes #i seconds at ,dayton1 ,ohio1 on ,septemb] #bf?1 #aije1 ?is be+ ! fir/ (ficially record$ flight4 ,on ,octob] #d? ( ! same ye>1 ,wright flew #bj4ge miles 9 #cc m9utes #ag seconds1 ?is be+ ! fir/ flight ( ov] #bj miles ev] made4 ,!n on ,septemb] #ad? #aijf1 ,alb]to ,santos-,dumont made a flight ( eight seconds on ! second heavi]-?an-air ma*9e he _h con/ruct$4 ,x 0 a big box-kite-l ma*9e2 ?is 0 ! second p[]-driv5 a]oplane 9 ,europe to fly1 = al?\gh ,santos-,dumont's fir/ ma*9e produc$ 9 #aije 0 reckon$ an unsuccessful design1 x _h actually got (f ! gr\nd = brief p]iods4 ,l\is ,bl]iot came into ! r+ on ,april #e?1 #aijg1 ) a fir/ flight ( #f seconds on a ,bl]iot monoplane1 8 eigh? b fir/ successful con/ruction4 ,h5ry ,f>man made 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ! hi/ory ( aviation ) a flight ( #ice feet on a ,vois9 biplane on ,octob] #ae? #aijg4 ,on ,octob] #be?1 9 a flight ( #b1ecj feet1 he made ! fir/ record$ turn 9 ! air1 & on ,m>* #bi?1 #aijh1 c>ry+ ,leon ,delagrange on a ,vois9 biplane1 he made ! fir/ pass5g] flight4 ,on ,april #aj? ( ?is ye>1 ,delagrange1 9 fly+ #a #a_/b miles1 made ! fir/ flight 9 ,europe exce$+ a mile 9 di/ance4 ,he improv$ on ?is by fly+ #aj #a_/b miles at ,milan on ,june #bbnd1 :ile on ,july #h?1 at ,tur91 he took up ,madame ,pelti]1 ! fir/ woman to make an a]oplane flight4 ,wilbur ,wright1 com+ ov] to ,europe1 made 8 fir/ appe>ance on ! ,cont95t ) a flight ( #a #c_/d m9utes at ,hunaudi]es1 ,france1 on ,augu/ #h?1 #aijh4 ,on ,septemb] #f?1 at ,*alons1 he flew = #a h\r #d m9utes #bf seconds ) a pass5g]1 ?is be+ ! fir/ flight 9 :i* an h\r 9 ! air 0 exce$$ ) a pass5g] on bo>d4 ,on ,septemb] #ab? #aijh1 ,orville ,wright1 fly+ at ,=t ,mey]1 ,u4,s4,a41 ) ,lieut4 ,selfridge z pass5g]1 cra%$ 8 ma*9e1 suff]+ sev]e injuries1 :ile ,selfridge 0 kill$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ a]oplane fatality4 ,on ,octob] #cj?1 #aijh1 ,f>man made ! fir/ cross-c\ntry flight1 cov]+ ! di/ance ( #ag miles betwe5 ,b\y & ,rheims4 ,! next day1 ,l\is ,bl]iot1 9 fly+ f ,t\ry to ,art5ay1 made two l&+s en r\te1 ?is be+ ! fir/ cross-c\ntry flight ) l&+s4 ,on ! la/ day ( ! ye>1 ,wilbur ,wright won ! ,mi*el9 ,cup at ,auv\rs ) a flight ( #ij miles1 :i*1 la/+ #b h\rs #bj m9utes #bc seconds1 exce$$ #b h\rs 9 ! air = ! fir/ "t4 ,on ,janu>y #bnd1 #aiji1 ,s4 ,f4 ,cody op5$ ! ,new ,ye> by mak+ ! fir/ obs]v$ flight at ,f>nbor\gh on a ,briti% ,army a]oplane4 ,x 0 n until ,july #ah? ( #aiji t ! fir/ ,european height record des]v+ ( m5tion 0 put up by ,paulhan1 :o a*iev$ a height ( #dej feet on a ,vois9 biplane4 ,?is prec$$ ,la?am's fir/ attempt to fly ! ,*annel by two days1 & five days lat]1 on ! #be? ( ! mon?1 ,bl]iot made ! fir/ ,*annel cross+4 ,! ,rheims ,meet+ foll[$ on ,augu/ #bbnd1 & x 0 a great day = aviation :5 n9e ma*9es 7 se5 9 ! air at once4 ,x 0 "h t ,f>man1 ) a #aah mile flight1 fir/ exce$$ ! hundr$ miles1 & ,la?am rais$ ! height record (ficially to #ejj feet1 ?\gh actually he claim$ to h rea*$ #a1bjj feet4 ,on ,septemb] #h?1 ,cody1 fly+ f ,ald]%ot1 made a #dj mile j\rney1 sett+ up a new cross-c\ntry record4 ,on ,octob] #ai? ! ,comte de ,lamb]t flew f ,juvisy to ,p>is1 r\nd$ ! ,eiffel ,t[] & flew back4 ,j4 ,t4 ,c4 ,moore-,brabazon made ! fir/ circul> mile flight by a ,briti% aviator on an all-,briti% ma*9e 9 ,great ,brita91 on ,octob] #cj?1 fly+ a ,%ort biplane ) a ,gre5 eng9e4 ,paulhan1 fly+ at ,brookl&s on ,novemb] #bnd1 accompli%$ #if miles 9 #b h\rs #dh m9utes1 creat+ a ,briti% di/ance record2 on ! foll[+ day1 ,h5ry ,f>man made a flight ( #aej miles 9 #d h\rs #bb m9utes at ,m\rmelon1 & on ! #e? ( ! mon?1 ,paulhan1 fly+ a ,f>man biplane1 made a _w's height record ( #igg feet4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n to /& long1 = ,la?am got up to #a1efj feet on an ,anto9ette at ,m\rmelon on ,decemb] #a/4 ,decemb] #ca/ witness$ ! fir/ flight 9 ,irel&1 made by ,h4 ,f]guson on a monoplane :i* he himself _h con/ruct$ at ,d[n%ire ,p>k1 ,lisburn4 ,^!1 ?us briefly summ>is$1 are ! pr9cipal ev5ts up to ! end ( #aiji4 #aiaj op5$ ) trag$y1 = on ,janu>y #d? ,leon ,delagrange1 "o ( ! greate/ pilots ( 8 "t1 0 kill$ :ile fly+ at ,pau4 ,! ma*9e 0 ! ,bl]iot ,,xi :i* ,delagrange _h us$ at ! ,donca/] meet+1 & to :i* ,delagrange _h fitt$ a #ej horse-p[] ,gnome eng9e1 increas+ ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e f its orig9al #cj to #de miles p] h\r4 ,) ! ,rot>y ,gnome eng9e !re 0 ( necessity a c]ta9 gyroscopic effect1 ! /ra9 ( :i* prov$ too mu* = ! ma*9e4 ,delagrange _h come to assi/ 9 ! inauguration ( ! ,croix d',h9s a]odrome1 & _h twice lapp$ ! c\rse at a height ( ab\t #fj feet4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird lap1 ! /ra9 ( ! ,gnome eng9e became too great = ! ma*9e2 "o w+ collaps$ z if ! /ay wires _h brok51 & ! :ole ma*9e turn$ ov] & fell1 kill+ ,delagrange4 ,on ,janu>y #g? ,la?am1 fly+ at ,m\rmelon1 fir/ made ! v]tical kilometre & d$icat$ ! record to ,delagrange1 ?is be+ ! day ( 8 fri5d's fun]al4 ,! record 0 ?or\ghly au!nticat$ by a l>ge regi/]+ b>omet] :i* ,la?am c>ri$1 c]tifi$ by ! (ficials ( ! ,fr5* ,a]o ,club4 ,?ree days lat] ,paulhan1 :o 0 at ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 rais$ ! height record to #d1adf feet4 ,on ,janu>y #be? ! ,brussels ,exhibition op5$1 :5 ! ,anto9ette monoplane1 ! ,gaffaux & ,hanriot monoplanes1 toge!r ) ! d',hespel a]oplane1 7 %[n2 !re 7 also ! dirigible ,belgica & a numb] ( int]e/+ a]o eng9es1 includ+ a ,g]man air%ip eng9e & a f\r-cyl9d] #ej horse-p[] ,miesse1 ?is la/ air-cool$ by means ( #bb fans driv+ a curr5t ( air ?r\gh air jackets surr\nd+ flut$ cyl9d]s4 ,on ,april #bnd ,hub]t ,le ,blon1 fly+ a ,bl]iot ) an ,anzani eng9e1 0 kill$ :ile fly+ ov] ! wat]4 ,8 ma*9e 0 fly+ q /eadily1 :5 x sudd5ly heel$ ov] & came d[n sideways into ! sea2 ! motor cont9u$ runn+ = "s seconds & ! :ole ma*9e 0 drawn "u wat]4 ,:5 boats rea*$ ! spot1 ,le ,blon 0 f\nd ly+ back 9 ! driv+ seat float+ j bel[ ! surface4 ,he _h done good fly+ at ,donca/]1 & at ,heliopolis _h brok5 ! _w's spe$ records = #e & #aj kilometres4 ,! accid5t 0 attribut$ to fracture ( "o ( ! w+ /ay wires :5 runn+ into a gu/ ( w9d4 ,! next notable ev5t 0 ,paulhan's ,london-,man*e/] flight1 ( :i* full details h already be5 giv54 ,9 ,may ,capta9 ,b]tram ,dickson1 fly+ at ! ,t\rs meet+1 beat all ! ,cont95tal fli]s :om he enc\nt]$1 includ+ ,*avez1 ! ,p]uvian1 :o lat] made ! fir/ cross+ ( ! ,alps4 ,dickson 0 ! fir/ ,briti% w9n] ( int]national aviation prizes4 ,c4 ,s4 ,rolls1 ( :om full details h already be5 giv51 0 kill$ at ,b\rnem\? on ,july #ab?1 be+ ! fir/ ,briti% aviator ( note to be kill$ 9 an a]oplane accid5t4 ,8 return trip across ! ,*annel _h tak5 place on ,june #bnd4 ,*avez1 :o 0 rapidly leap+ into fame1 z a pilot1 rais$ ! ,briti% height record to #e1gej feet :ile fly+ at ,blackpool on ,augu/ #crd4 ,on ! #aa? ( t mon?1 ,arm/rong ,drexel1 fly+ a ,bl]iot1 made a _w's height record ( #f1gde feet4 ,x 0 9 #aiaj t ! ,briti% ,w> (fice fir/ began fully to realise t !re might be milit>y possibilities 9 heavi]-?an-air fly+4 ,c4 ,s4 ,rolls _h plac$ a ,wright biplane at ! disposal ( ! milit>y au?orities1 & ,cody1 z already record$1 _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) a biplane type ( 8 own = "s long p]iod4 ,su* developm5t z 0 a*iev$ 0 ma9ly due to ! ent]prise & en]gy ( ,colonel ,j4 ,e4 ,capp]1 ,c4,b41 appo9t$ to ! sup]9t5d5cy ( ! ,balloon ,factory & ,balloon ,s*ool at ,f>nbor\gh 9 #aijf4 ,colonel ,capp]'s retirem5t 9 #aiaj br\ght 7!n7 ,mr ,m]vyn ,o',gorman to comm&1 & by t "t ! s]ies ( successes ( ! ,cody biplane1 toge!r ) ! prov$ effici5cy ( ! a]oplane 9 v>i\s civilian meet+s1 _h conv9c$ ! ,briti% milit>y au?orities t ! ma/]y ( ! air did n lie altoge!r ) dirigible air%ips1 & x may be said t 9 #aiaj ! ,briti% ,w> (fice fir/ began s]i\sly to consid] ! possibilities ( ! a]oplane1 ?\gh two ye>s m 7 to elapse be=e ! =mation ( ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps m>k$ full realisation ( its value4 ,a triumph & a trag$y 7 comb9$ 9 ,septemb] ( #aiaj4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ! mon?1 ,georges ,*avez set out to fly across ! ,alps on a ,bl]iot monoplane4 ,prizes _h be5 (f]$ by ! ,milan ,aviation ,committee = a flight f ,brigue 9 ,switz]l& ov] ! ,simplon ,pass to ,milan1 a di/ance ( #id miles ) a m9imum height ( #f1fjj feet above sea level4 ,*avez />t$ at #a4cj p4m4 ,on ! #bcrd1 & #da m9utes lat] he rea*$ ,domodossola1 #be miles di/ant4 ,"h he desc5d$1 numb$ ) ! cold ( ! j\rney2 x 0 said t ! w+s ( 8 ma*9e collaps$ :5 ab\t #cj feet f ! gr\nd1 b h[ev] ?is may h be51 he sma%$ ! ma*9e on l&+1 & broke bo? legs1 9 addition to su/a9+ o!r s]i\s injuries4 ,he lay 9 hospital until ! #bg? ,septemb]1 :5 he di$1 hav+ giv5 8 life to ! conque/ ( ! ,alps4 ,8 dea? 9 ! mom5t ( success 0 z great a trag$y z 7 ^? ( ,pil*] & ,lili5?al4 ,! day aft] ,*avez's dea?1 ,maurice ,tabuteau flew across ! ,pyr5ees1 l&+ 9 ! squ>e at ,bi>ritz4 ,on ,decemb] #cj?1 ,tabuteau made a flight ( #cfe miles 9 #g h\rs #dh m9utes4 ,f>man1 on ,decemb] #ah?1 _h fl[n = ov] #h h\rs1 b 8 total di/ance 0 only #bhb miles4 ,! autumn ( ?is ye> 0 also notewor?y = ! fact t a]oplanes 7 fir/ successfully us$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,milit>y ,manoeuvres4 ,! ,briti% ,w> ,(fice1 by ! end ( ! ye>1 _h b\ght two ma*9es1 a milit>y type ,f>man & a ,paulhan1 ignor+ ,briti% exp]im5t]s & a]oplane build]s ( prov$ reliability4 ,^! ma*9es1 add$ to an old ,bl]iot two-seat]1 appe> to h con/itut$ ! ,briti% a]oplane fleet ( ! p]iod4 ,!re 7 by ?is "t ?ree ma9 c5tres ( aviation 9 ,engl&1 ap>t f ,cody1 alone on ,laffan's ,pla94 ,^! ?ree 7 ,brookl&s1 ,h5don1 & ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 & ( ! ?ree ,brookl&s 0 *ief4 ,"h su* m5 z ,graham ,gilm\r1 ,ripp51 ,leake1 ,wickham1 & ,?omas p]si/5tly exp]im5t$4 ,h5don _h its own little gr\p1 & ,%ellbea*1 ,isle ( ,%eppey1 held su* giants ( ^? days z ,c4 ,s4 ,rolls & ,moore ,brabazon1 toge!r ) ,cecil ,grace & ,rawl9son4 ,"o or o!r1 & sometimes all ( ^! 7 des]t$ on ! occasion ( "s meet+ or o!r1 b !y 7 ! po9ts :]e ! spade "w 0 done1 ,brookl&s tak+ *ief place4 ',if y want ! e>ly hi/ory ( fly+ 9 ,engl&1 x is !re1' "o ( ! e>ly s*ool rem>k$1 po9t+ ov] t[>d ,brookl&s c\rse4 #aiaa inaugurat$ a new s]ies ( records ( v>y+ "*4 ,on ! #ag? ,janu>y1 ,e4 ,b4 ,ely1 an ,am]ican1 flew f ! %ore ( ,san ,francisco to ! ,u4,s4 cruis] ,p5nsylvania1 l&+ on ! cruis]1 & !n flew back to ! %ore4 ,! ,briti% milit>y design+ ( a]oplanes _h be5 tak5 up at ,f>nbor\gh by ,g4 ,h4 de ,havill&1 :o by ! end ( ,janu>y 0 fly+ a ma*9e ( 8 own design1 :5 he n>r[ly escap$ becom+ a casualty ?r\gh collision ) an ob/acle on ! gr\nd1 :i* swept ! und]c>riage f 8 ma*9e4 ,a li/ ( c]tifi$ pilots ( ! c\ntries ( ! _w 0 issu$ e>ly 9 #aiaa1 %[+ c]tificates grant$ up to ! end ( #aiaj4 ,france l$ ! way easily ) #cec pilots2 ,engl& came next ) #eg1 & ,g]many next ) #df2 ,italy own$ #cb1 ,belgium #bg1 ,am]ica #bf1 & ,au/ria #ai2 ,holl& & ,switz]l& _h #f aviators apiece1 :ile ,d5m>k foll[$ ) #c1 ,spa9 ) #b1 & ,sw$5 ) #a4 ,! fir/ c]tificate 9 ,engl& 0 t ( ,j4 ,t4 ,c4 ,moore-,brabazon1 :ile ,l\is ,bl]iot 0 fir/ on ! ,fr5* li/ & ,gl5n ,curtiss1 fir/ hold] ( an ,am]ican c]tificate1 also held ! second ,fr5* brevet4 ,on ! #g? ,m>*1 ,eug5e ,r5aux won ! ,mi*el9 ,gr& ,prize by fly+ f ! ,fr5* ,a]o ,club gr\nd at ,/ ,cl\d & l&+ on ! ,puy de ,dome4 ,! l&+1 :i* 0 "o ( ! conditions ( ! prize1 0 "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s conditions ev] atta*$ to a competition2 x involv$ dropp+ on to a little plateau #aej y>ds squ>e1 ) a possibility ( ei!r sma%+ ! ma*9e aga9/ ! face ( ! m\nta91 or div+ ov] ! edge ( ! plateau into ! gulf b5ea?4 ,! l5g? ( ! j\rney 0 slightly ov] #bjj miles & ! height ( ! l&+ po9t #a1dfe metres1 or r\ghly #d1ejj feet above sea-level4 ,r5aux c>ri$ a pass5g]1 ,doctor ,s5\cque1 a memb] ( ,*>cot's ,s\? ,pol> ,exp$ition4 ,! #aiaa ,a]o ,exhibition held at ,olympia bore witness to ! enorm\s /rides made 9 con/ruction1 m especially by ,briti% design]s1 betwe5 #aijh & ! op5+ ( ! ,%[4 ,! ,bri/ol ,firm %[$ ?ree ma*9es1 includ+ a milit>y biplane1 & ! fir/ ,briti% built biplane ) tractor screw4 ,! ,cody biplane1 ) its enorm\s size r5d]+ x a prom95t feature ( ! %[1 0 exhibit$4 ,its design] anticipat$ lat] eng9es by express+ 8 desire = a motor ( #aej horse-p[]1 :i* 9 8 op9ion 0 necess>y to get ! be/ results f ! ma*9e4 ,! !n fam\s ,dunne monoplane 0 exhibit$ at ?is %[1 its planes be+ ,v-%ap$ 9 plan1 ) apex lead+4 ,x embodi$ ! results ( v l5g?y exp]im5ts c>ri$ out bo? ) glid]s & p[]-driv5 ma*9es by ,colonel ,capp]1 ,lieut4 ,gibbs1 & ,lieut4 ,dunne1 & con/itut$ ! longe/ /ep s f> tak5 9 ! direction ( inh]5t /ability4 ,su* =]unn]s ( ! notable planes ( ! w> p]iod z ! ,m>t9 ,h&asyde1 ! ,nieuport1 ,sop)1 ,bri/ol1 & ,f>man ma*9es1 7 features ( ! %[2 ! ,h&ley-,page monoplane1 ) a span ( #cb feet ov] all1 a l5g? ( #bb feet1 & a weight ( #dbb lbs41 bore no relation at all to ! tw9-eng9$ giant :i* lat] made ?is firm fam\s4 ,9 ! matt] ( eng9es1 ! pr9cipal survivals to ! pres5t day1 ( :i* ?is %[ held specim5s1 7 ! ,gnome1 ,gre51 ,r5ault air-cool$1 ,m]c$es f\r-cyl9d] dirigible eng9e ( #aae horse-p[]1 & #abj horsep[] ,wolseley ( eight cyl9d]s = use ) dirigibles4 ,on ,april #ab?1 ( #aiaa1 ,papri]1 in/ructor at ! ,bl]iot s*ool at ,h5don1 made ! fir/ non-/op flight betwe5 ,london & ,p>is4 ,he left ! a]odrome at #a4cg p4m41 & arriv$ at ,issy-les-,m\l9eaux at #e4cc p4m41 ?us travell+ #bej miles 9 a little "u #d h\rs4 ,he foll[$ ! railway r\te practically ?r\gh\t1 cross+ f ,dov] to ne>ly opposite ,calais1 keep+ along ! coa/ to ,b\logne1 & !n foll[+ ! ,nord ,railway to ,ami5s1 ,beauvais1 & f9ally ,p>is4 ,9 ,may1 ! ,p>is-,madrid race took place2 ,v$r9es1 fly+ a ,morane biplane1 c>ri$ (f ! prize by fir/ complet+ ! di/ance ( #gcb miles4 ,! ,p>is-,rome race ( #iaf miles 0 won 9 ! same mon? by ,beaumont1 fly+ a ,bl]iot monoplane4 ,9 ,july1 ,ko5ig won ! ,g]man ,national ,circuit race ( #a1afh miles on an ,albatross biplane4 ,?is 0 practically simultane\s ) ! ,circuit ( ,brita9 won by ,beaumont1 :o cov]$ #a1jaj miles on a ,bl]iot monoplane1 hav+ already won ! ,p>is-,brussels-,london-,p>is ,circuit ( #a1jhj miles1 ?is also on a ,bl]iot4 ,x 0 9 ,augu/ t a new _w's height record ( #aa1aeb feet 0 set up by ,capta9 ,felix at ,etampes1 :ile on ! #g? ( ! mon? ,r5aux flew ne>ly #fjj miles on a ,maurice ,f>man ma*9e 9 #ab h\rs4 ,cody & ,val5t9e 7 keep+ int]e/ alive 9 ! ,circuit ( ,brita9 race1 al?\gh ?is _h long be5 won1 by det]m9$ly plodd+ on at f9i%+ ! c\rse4 ,on ,septemb] #i?1 ! fir/ a]ial po/ 0 tri$ betwe5 ,h5don & ,w9dsor1 z an exp]im5t 9 s5d+ mails by a]oplane4 ,gu/ave ,hamel flew f ,h5don to ,w9dsor & back 9 a /rong w9d4 ,a few days lat]1 ,hamel w5t on /rike1 refus+ to c>ry fur!r mails unless ! promot]s ( ! ,a]ial ,po/al ,s]vice agre$ to pay comp5sation to ,hub]t1 :o fractur$ bo? 8 legs on ! #aa? ( ! mon? :ile engag$ 9 a]o po/al "w4 ,! /rike end$ on ,septemb] #be?1 :5 ,hamel resum$ mail-c>ry+ 9 consequ5ce ( ! capitulation ( ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 :o agre$ to set aside ,l#ejj z comp5sation to ,hub]t4 ,septemb] also witness$ ! completion 9 ,am]ica ( a flight across ! ,cont95t1 a di/ance ( #b1fjj miles4 ,! only competitor :o complet$ ! full di/ance 0 ,c4 ,p4 ,rog]s1 :o 0 disqualifi$ ?r\gh fail+ to comply ) ! "t limit4 ,rog]s ne$$ s _m replacem5ts to 8 ma*9e on ! j\rney t1 express+ x 9 ,am]ican fa%ion1 he arriv$ ) practically a dff]5t a]oplane f t ) :i* he />t$4 ,) reg>d to ! a]ial po/al s]vice1 analysis ( ! matt] c>ri$ & ! co/ ( ! s]vice seem$ to %[ t ) a special *>ge ( "o %ill+ = lett]s & sixp5ce = po/ c>ds1 ! rev5ue j balanc$ ! exp5diture4 ,x 0 n possible to keep to ! "t-table z1 al?\gh ! trials 7 made 9 ! mo/ fav\rable season ( ! ye>1 aviation 0 n suffici5tly advanc$ to admit ( fac+ all wea!rs & comply+ ) "t-table regulations4 ,fr5* milit>y a]oplane trials took place at ,rheims 9 ,octob]1 ! notewor?y ma*9es be+ ,anto9ette1 ,f>man1 ,nieuport1 & ,dep]duss94 ,! te/s %[$ ! ,nieuport monoplane ) ,gnome motor z fir/ 9 position2 ! ,breguet biplane 0 second1 & ! ,dep]duss9 monoplanes ?ird4 ,! fir/ five ma*9es 9 ord] ( m]it 7 all eng9$ ) ! ,gnome motor4 ,! records quot$ = #aiaa =m ! be/ evid5ce t c be giv5 ( advance 9 design & p]=mance dur+ ! ye>4 ,x w be se5 t ! days ( ! giants 7 ov]2 design 0 becom+ m & m /&>dis$ & aviation n s mu* a matt] ( individual c\rage & ev5 d>+1 z ( ! reliability ( ! ma*9e & its eng9e4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ye> 9 :i* ! tw9-eng9$ a]oplane made its appe>ance1 & x 0 ! ye>1 too1 9 :i* fly+ may be said to h gr[n s common t ! 'meet+s' :i* began ) ,rheims 7 h>dly wor? hold+1 ow+ to ! fact t increase 9 height & di/ance fl[n r5d]$ x no long] necess>y = a w\ld-be spectator ( a flight to pay half a cr[n & ent] an enclosure4 ,h5ce=?1 fly+ z a spectacle 0 v little to be consid]$2 its comm]cial aspects 7 talk$ (1 & to a v slight degree exploit$1 b1 m & m1 ! fact t ! a]oplane 0 prim>ily an eng9e ( w>1 & ! gr[+ ,g]man m5ace aga9/ ! peace ( ! _w comb9$ to po9t ! way ( spe$ie/ developm5t1 & ! arrangem5ts = ! ,briti% ,milit>y ,trials to be held 9 ,augu/1 #aiab1 %[$ t ev5 ! ,briti% ,w> (fice 0 wak+ up to ! pot5tialities ( ?is new eng9e ( w>4 ,,xviii4 ,a ,,summ>y1 ,,to #aiad ,consid]ation ( ! ev5ts 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! ,w> mu/ be limit$ to z brief a summ>y z possible1 ?is n only because ! full hi/ory ( fly+ a*ievem5ts is beyond ! compass ( any s+le book1 b also because1 view+ ! matt] 9 p]spective1 ! ye>s #aijc-aiaa %[ up z f> m important z reg>ds bo? design & p]=mance4 ,f #aiab to ,augu/ ( #aiad1 ! developm5t ( a]onautics 0 h9d]$ by ! fact t x _h n progress$ f> en\gh to =m a real comm]cial asset 9 any c\ntry4 ,! meet+s :i* drew va/ conc\rses ( p to su* places z ,rheims & ,b\rnem\? may h be5 f9ancial successes at fir/1 b1 z fly+ grew m common & di/ances & heights ext5d$1 a great _m p f\nd x o!r ?an wor? :ile to pay = admission to an a]odrome4 ,! bus9ess ( tak+ up pass5g]s = pleasure flights 0 n f9ancially successful1 &1 al?\gh s*emes = comm]cial r\tes 7 talk$ (1 ! a]oplane 0 n suffici5tly advanc$ to w>rant ! inve/m5t ( h>d ca% 9 any ( ^! projects4 ,!re 0 a deadlock2 fur!r developm5t 0 necess>y 9 ord] to secure f9ancial aid1 & at ! same "t f9ancial aid 0 necess>y 9 ord] to secure fur!r developm5t4 ,consequ5tly1 nei!r 0 =?com+4 ,?is is view+ ! matt] 9 a broad & g5]al s5se2 !re 7 firms1 especially 9 ,france1 b also 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 :i* look$ confid5tly = ! great days ( fly+ to arrive1 & reg>d$ _! sunk capital z inve/m5t :i* w\ld ev5tually br+ its due return4 ,b :5 "o looks back on ^? ye>s1 ! firms 9 "q /& out z exceptions to ! g5]al run ( p1 :o reg>d$ a]onautics z some?+ extremely sci5tific1 exce$+ly dang]\s1 & v exp5sive4 ,! v fame t 0 atta9$ by su* pilots z became casualties conduc$ to ! adv]tisem5t ( e dea?1 & ! dang]s att5dant on ! use ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9es became greatly exagg]at$2 consid]+ ! matt] z "o ( numb] ( miles fl[n1 ev5 9 ! e>ly days1 fly+ exact$ no m toll 9 human life ?an did railways or road motors 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,b to take "o in/ance1 :5 ,c4 ,s4 ,rolls 0 kill$ at ,b\rnem\? by reason ( a faulty tail-plane1 ! fact 0 %\t$ to ! :ole _w ) almo/ z mu* vehem5ce z *>act]is$ ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,titanic s9k+ 9 mid-,atlantic4 ,ev5 9 #aiaa ! deadlock 0 app>5t2 meet+s 7 fall+ (f 9 att5dance1 & consequ5tly 9 f9ancial b5efit to ! promot]s2 !re rema9$1 h[ev]1 ! k--= x 0 prov$ pa/ "q--t ! a]oplane 9 its !n /age ( developm5t 0 a necessity to e army ( ! _w4 ,france _h %[n ?is by ! m ?an int]e/ tak5 by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 9 :at _h develop$ into an ,air ,section ( ! ,fr5* army2 ,g]many1 ( c\rse1 0 hypnotis$ by ,c\nt ,zeppel9 & 8 dirigibles1 to say no?+ ( ! ,p>sevals :i* _h be5 prov$ useful milit>y accessories2 9 spite ( ?is1 x 0 realis$ 9 ,g]many t ! a]oplane also _h its place 9 milit>y affairs4 ,engl& came into ! field ) ! milit>y a]oplane trials ( ,augu/ #a/ to #ae?1 #aiab1 b>ely two mon?s aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps4 ,:5 ! ,r4,f4,c4 0 f\nd$--& 9 fact up to two ye>s aft] its f\nd+--9 no c\ntry 7 ! full milit>y pot5tialities ( ! a]oplane realis$2 x 0 reg>d$ z an accessory to cavalry = sc\t+ m ?an z an indep5d5t arm2 ! possibilities ( bomb+ 7 v vaguely consid]$1 & ! fact t x might be possible to %oot f an a]oplane 0 h>dly consid]$ at all4 ,! conditions ( ! ,briti% ,milit>y ,trials ( #aiab gave to ! ,w> (fice ! option ( pur*as+ = ,l#a1jjj any ma*9e t might be aw>d$ a prize4 ,ma*9es 7 requir$1 among o!r ?+s1 to c>ry a useful load ( #cej lbs4 9 addition to equipm5t1 ) fuel & oil = #d #a_/b-;h\rs2 ?us load$1 !y 7 requir$ to fly = #c h\rs1 atta9+ an altitude ( #d1ejj feet1 ma9ta9+ a height ( #a1ejj feet = #a h\r1 & climb+ #a1jjj feet f ! gr\nd at a rate ( #bjj feet p] m9ute1 'al?\gh #cjj feet p] m9ute is desirable4' ,!y _h to atta9 a spe$ ( n less ?an #ee miles p] h\r 9 a calm1 & be able to plane d[n to ! gr\nd 9 a calm f n m ?an #a1jjj feet ) eng9e /opp$1 trav]s+ #f1jjj feet horizontal di/ance4 ,= ^? days1 ! l&+ dem&s 7 r exact+2 ! ma*9e %\ld be able to rise )\t damage f long grass1 clov]1 or h>r[$ l&1 9 #ajj y>ds 9 a calm1 & %\ld be able to l& )\t damage on any cultivat$ gr\nd1 includ+ r\gh pl\gh$ l&1 &1 :5 l&+ on smoo? turf 9 a calm1 be able to pull up )9 #ge y>ds ( ! po9t ( fir/ t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 requir$ t pilot & obs]v] %\ld h z op5 a view z possible to front & flanks1 & !y %\ld be s %ield$ f ! w9d z to be able to communicate ) ea* o!r4 ,^! are ! ma9 provisions out ( ! set ( conditions laid d[n = competitors1 b a consid]able am\nt ( l5i5cy 0 %[n by ! au?orities 9 ! competition1 :o obvi\sly wi%$ to try out e ma*9e ent]$ & see :at 7 its capabilities4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! competition consi/$ 9 assembl+ ! ma*9es aga9/ "t f road trim to fly+ trim4 ,cody's ma*9e1 :i* 0 ! only "o to be deliv]$ by air1 took #a h\r & #ce m9utes to assemble2 ! be/ assembl+ "t 0 t ( ! ,avro1 :i* 0 got into fly+ trim 9 #ad m9utes #cj seconds4 ,?is ma*9e came to grief ) ,lieut4 ,p>ke z pilot1 on ! #g?1 ?r\gh l&+ at v high spe$ on v bad gr\nd2 a secur+ wire ( ! "u-c>riage broke 9 ! l&+1 ?r[+ ! ma*9e =w>d on to its nose & !n ov] on its back4 ,p>ke 0 un9jur$1 =tunately2 ! damag$ ma*9e 0 s5t (f to ,man*e/] = repair & 0 back aga9 on ! #af? ( ,augu/4 ,x is to be not$ t by ?is "t ! ,royal ,aircraft ,factory 0 build+ a]oplanes ( ! ,b4,e4 & ,f4,e4 types1 b at ! same "t x is also to be not$ t ,briti% milit>y int]e/ 9 eng9es 0 n suffici5t to br+ !m up to ! high level atta9$ by ! planes1 & x is notori\s t ev5 ! outbreak ( w> f\nd ,engl& incapable ( provid+ a really satisfactory a]o eng9e4 ,9 ! #aiab ,trials1 ! only ma*9es :i* actually complet$ all _! te/s 7 ! ,cody biplane1 ! ,fr5* ,dep]duss91 ! ,hanriot1 two ,bl]iots & a ,maurice ,f>man4 ,! fir/ prize ( ,l#d1jjj1 op5 to all ! _w1 w5t to ,f4 ,s4 ,cody's ,briti%-built biplane1 :i* compli$ ) all ! conditions ( ! competition & well e>n$ its (ficial ackn[l$gm5t ( supremacy4 ,! ma*9e climb$ at #bhj feet p] m9ute & rea*$ a height ( #e1jjj feet1 :ile 9 ! l&+ te/1 9 spite ( its great weight & bulk1 x pull$ up on grass 9 #ef y>ds4 ,! total weight 0 #b1fij lbs4 :5 fully load$1 & ! total area ( support+ surface 0 #ejj squ>e feet2 ! motive p[] 0 suppli$ by a six-cyl9d] #abj horsep[] ,au/ro-,daiml] eng9e4 ,! second prize 0 tak5 by ,a4 ,dep]duss9 = ! ,fr5*-built ,dep]duss9 monoplane4 ,cody c>ri$ (f ! only prize aw>d$ = a ,briti%-built plane1 ?is be+ ! sum ( ,l#a1jjj1 & consolation prizes ( ,l#ejj ea* 7 aw>d$ to ! ,briti% ,dep]duss9 ,company & ,! ,briti% & ,colonial ,a]oplane ,company1 ?is latt] soon to become fam\s z mak]s ( ! ,bri/ol a]oplane1 ( :i* ! w> hon\rs are /ill fre% 9 m5's m9ds4 ,:ile ^! trials 7 9 progress ,audem>s accompli%$ ! fir/ flight betwe5 ,p>is & ,b]l91 sett+ out f ,issy e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ah?1 l&+ at ,rheims to refill 8 tanks )9 an h\r & a half1 & !n com+ into bad wea!r :i* =c$ him to l& successively at ,mezi]es1 ,l>o*e1 ,bo*um1 & f9ally ne>ly ,g]s5kir*51 :]e1 ow+ to a leaky petrol tank1 ! attempt to w9 ! prize (f]$ = ! fir/ flight betwe5 ! two capitals _h to be ab&on$ aft] #cjj miles _h be5 cov]$1 z ! "t limit 0 def9itely exce$$4 ,audem>s det]m9$ to get ?r\gh to ,b]l91 & set (f at #e 9 ! morn+ ( ! #ai?1 only to be br\ght d[n by fog2 />t+ (f aga9 at #i4ae he l&$ at ,hanov]1 0 (f aga9 at #a4ce1 & rea*$ ! ,johanni/hal a]odrome 9 ! suburbs ( ,b]l9 at #f4dh t ev5+4 ,z e>ly z #aiaj ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t possess$ "s t5 a]oplanes1 & 9 #aiaa ! =ce develop$ into ! ,army ,air ,battalion1 ) ! a]oplanes "u ! control ( ,major ,j4 ,h4 ,fulton1 ,r4,f4,a4 ,t[>d ! end ( #aiaa ! ,air ,battalion 0 h&$ ov] to 7!n7 ,brig4-,g54 ,d4 ,h5d]son1 ,director ( ,milit>y ,tra9+4 ,on ,june #f?1 #aiab1 ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps 0 e/abli%$ ) a milit>y w+ "u ,major ,f4 ,h4 ,sykes & a naval w+ "u ,comm&] ,c4 ,r4 ,samson4 ,a jo9t ,naval & ,milit>y ,fly+ ,s*ool 0 e/abli%$ at ,upavon ) ,capta9 ,godfrey ,m4 ,pa9e1 ,r4,n41 z ,comm&ant & ,major ,hugh ,tr5*>d z ,assi/ant ,comm&ant4 ,! ,royal ,aircraft ,factory br\ght out ! ,b4,e4 & ,f4,e4 types ( biplane1 admitt$ly sup]ior to any o!r ,briti% design ( ! p]iod1 & an ,aircraft ,inspection ,dep>tm5t 0 =m$ "u ,major ,j4 ,h4 ,fulton4 ,! milit>y w+ ( ! ,r4,f4,c4 0 equipp$ almo/ entirely ) ma*9es ( ,royal ,aircraft ,factory design1 b ! ,navy pref]r$ to develop ,briti% private ent]prise by buy+ ma*9es f private firms4 ,on ,july #a/1 #aiad ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,royal ,naval ,air ,s]vice m>k$ ! def9ite sep>ation ( ! milit>y & naval sides ( ,briti% aviation1 b ! ,c5tral ,fly+ ,s*ool at ,upavon cont9u$ to tra9 pilots = bo? s]vices4 ,x is difficult at ?is l5g? ( "t1 s f> z ! milit>y w+ 0 conc]n$1 to d full ju/ice to ! spade "w done by ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,david ,h5d]son 9 ! e>ly days4 ,j be=e w> broke out1 ,briti% milit>y air /r5g? consi/$ (ficially ( eight squadrons1 ea* ( #ab ma*9es & #ac 9 res]ve1 ) ! necess>y complem5t ( road transport4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re 7 ?ree complete squadrons & a "p ( a f\r? :i* con/itut$ ! =ce s5t to ,france at ! outbreak ( w>4 ,! value ( ,g5]al ,h5d]son's "w lies 9 ! fact t1 9 spite ( (ficial /+9ess & meagre supplies ( e k9d1 he built up a skeleton organisation s ela/ic & s well ?\ght out t x con=m$ to w> requirem5ts z well z ev5 ! ,g]man plans fitt$ 9 ) _! a]ial ne$s4 ,on ! #d? ( ,augu/1 #aiad1 ! nom9al ,briti% air /r5g? ( ! milit>y w+ 0 #agi ma*9es4 ,( ^!1 #hb ma*9es proce$$ to ,france1 l&+ at ,ami5s & fly+ to ,maubeuge to play _! "p 9 ! great retreat ) ! ,briti% ,exp$ition>y ,=ce1 9 :i* !y suff]$ heavy casualties bo? 9 p]sonnel & ma*9es4 ,! hi/ory ( _! exploits1 h[ev]1 belongs to ! ,w> p]iod4 ,! developm5t ( ! a]oplane betwe5 #aiab & #aiad c be judg$ by comp>ison ( ! requirem5ts ( ! ,briti% ,w> ,(fice 9 #aiab ) ^? laid d[n 9 an (ficial memor&um issu$ by ! ,w> ,(fice 9 ,febru>y1 #aiad4 ,?is latt] call$ = a light sc\t a]oplane1 a s+le-seat]1 ) fuel capacity to admit ( #cjj miles range & a spe$ range ( f #ej to #he miles p] h\r4 ,x _h to be able to climb #c1ejj feet 9 five m9utes1 & ! eng9e _h to be s con/ruct$ t ! pilot c\ld />t x )\t assi/ance4 ,at ! same "t1 a heavi] type ( ma*9e = reconnaissance "w 0 call$ =1 c>ry+ fuel = a #bjj mile flight ) a spe$ range ( betwe5 #ce & #fj miles p] h\r1 c>ry+ bo? pilot & obs]v]4 ,x 0 to be equipp$ ) a wireless telegraphy set1 & be capable ( l&+ ov] a #cj foot v]tical ob/acle & com+ to re/ )9 a hundr$ y>ds' di/ance f ! ob/acle 9 a w9d ( n m ?an #ae miles p] h\r4 ,a ?ird requirem5t 0 a heavy type ( fight+ a]oplane accommodat+ pilot & gunn] ) ma*9e gun & ammunition1 hav+ a spe$ range ( betwe5 #de & #ge miles p] h\r & capable ( climb+ #c1ejj feet 9 #h m9utes4 ,x 0 requir$ to c>ry fuel = a #cjj mile flight & to give ! gunn] a cle> field ( fire 9 e direction up to #cj degrees on ea* side ( ! l9e ( flight4 ,comp>ison ( ^! specifications ) ^? ( ! #aiab trials w %[ t al?\gh fight+1 sc\t+1 & reconnaissance types _h be5 def9$1 ! developm5t ( p]=mance comp>$ ) ! m>vell\s developm5t ( ! e>li] ye>s ( a*iev$ flight 0 small4 ,yet ! records ( ^? ye>s %[ t "h & !re an out/&+ design 0 capable ( great ?+s4 ,on ! #i? ,septemb]1 #aiab1 ,v$r9es1 fly+ a ,dep]duss9 monoplane at ,*icago1 atta9$ a spe$ ( #aje miles an h\r4 ,on ,augu/ #ab?1 ,g4 de ,havill& took a pass5g] to a height ( #aj1efj feet ov] ,salisbury ,pla91 fly+ a ,b4,e4 biplane ) a #gj horse-p[] ,r5ault eng9e4 ,! "w ( de ,havill& may be said to h be5 ! pr9cipal influ5ce 9 ,briti% milit>y a]oplane design1 & !re is no d\bt t 8 g5ius 0 9 great measure responsible = ! excell5ce ( ! e>ly ,b4,e4 & ,f4,e4 types4 ,on ! #ca/ ,may1 #aiac1 ,h4 ,g4 ,hawk]1 fly+ at ,brookl&s1 rea*$ a height ( #aa1dej feet on a ,sop) biplane eng9$ ) an #hj horse-p[] ,gnome eng9e4 ,on ,june #af?1 ) ! same type ( ma*9e & eng9e1 he a*iev$ #ab1ijj feet4 ,on ! #bnd ,octob]1 9 ! same ye>1 a ,grahame ,:ite biplane ) #abj horse-p[] ,au/ro-,daiml] eng9e1 pilot$ by ,l\is ,noel1 made a flight ( j "u #bj m9utes c>ry+ #i pass5g]s4 ,9 ,france a ,nieuport monoplane pilot$ by ,g4 ,legagneaux atta9$ a height ( #f1abj metres1 or j ov] #bj1jgj feet1 ?is be+ ! _w's height record4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ( ! _w's aviation records z pass$ by ! ,int]national ,a]onautical ,f$]ation up to ,june #cj?1 #aiad1 only "o1 t ( ,noel1 is cr$it$ to ,great ,brita94 ,j z records 7 made abroad1 ) "o exception1 s 7 ! really effici5t eng9es4 ,9 ,engl& !re 0 ! ,gre5 eng9e1 b ! outbreak ( w> f\nd ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps ) #hj horse-p[] ,gnomes1 #gj horse-p[] ,r5aults1 & "o or two ,anto9ette motors1 b n "o ,briti%1 :ile ! ,royal ,naval ,air ,s]vice _h got #bj ma*9es ) eng9es ( simil> orig91 ma9ly l& planes 9 :i* ! :eel$ und]c>riages _h be5 replac$ by floats4 ,france l$ 9 developm5t1 & !re is no d\bt t at ! outbreak ( w>1 ! ,fr5* milit>y a]oplane s]vice 0 ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 ma9ly compos$ ( ,maurice ,f>man two-seat] biplanes & ,bl]iot monoplanes--! latt] type bann$ = a p]iod on acc\nt ( a numb] ( s]i\s accid5ts t took place 9 #aiab4 ,am]ica _h its ,army ,aviation ,s*ool1 & employ$ ,burgess-,wright & ,curtiss ma*9es = ! mo/ "p4 ,9 ! pre-w> ye>s1 once ! ,wright ,bro!rs _h accompli%$ _! task1 ,am]ica's *ief accompli%m5t consi/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ',fly+ ,boat1' alt]natively nam$ ) *>act]i/ic ,am]ican clums9ess1 ',! ,hydro-,a]oplane4' ,9 ,febru>y ( #aiaa1 ,gl5n ,curtiss atta*$ a float to a ma*9e simil> to t ) :i* he won ! fir/ ,gordon-,b5nett ,air ,conte/ & made 8 fir/ fly+ boat exp]im5t4 ,f ?is beg9n+ he develop$ ! boat =m ( body :i* obviat$ ! use & tr\bles ( floats--8 hydroplane became its own float4 ,ma9ly ow+ to great] eng9e reliability ! duration records /eadily increas$4 ,by ,septemb] ( #aiab ,f\rny1 on a ,maurice ,f>man biplane1 0 able to accompli% a di/ance ( #fbh miles )\t a l&+1 rema9+ 9 ! air = #ac h\rs #ag m9utes & j ov] #eg seconds4 ,by #aiad ?is 0 rais$ by ! ,g]man aviator1 ,l&emann1 to #ba h\rs #dh #c_/d seconds4 ,! nature ( ?is la/ record %[s t ! factors 9 su* a record _h become m]e eng9e endurance1 fuel capacity1 & capacity ( ! pilot to )/& air conditions = a prolong$ p]iod1 r ?an any exceptional fly+ skill4 ,let ^! ye>s be judg$ by ! records !y produc$1 & ev5 !n !y are r dull4 ,! glory ( a*ievem5t su* z *>act]is$ ! "w ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 ( ,bl]iot1 & ( ! giants ( ! e>ly days1 _h pass$2 ! spl5did c\rage1 ! patriotism & devotion ( ! pilots ( ! ,w> p]iod _h n yet come to be+4 ,!re 0 progress1 pa/ "q1 b x 0 me*anical1 h>dly ev] inspir$4 ,! /udy ( climatic conditions 0 def9itely begun & a]onautical meteorology came to be+1 :ile ano!r developm5t already not$ 0 ! fitt+ ( wireless telegraphy to heavi]-?an-air ma*9es1 z in/anc$ 9 ! ,briti% ,w> (fice specification ( ,febru>y1 #aiad4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 inevitable2 x rema9$ = ! ,w> to =ce developm5t beyond ! inevitable1 produc+ 9 five ye>s t :i* "u normal circum/ances might easily h occupi$ fifty--! a]oplane ( to-day2 =1 z already rem>k$1 !re 0 a deadlock1 & any survey t may be made ( ! ye>s #aiab-aiad1 no matt] h[ sup]ficial1 mu/ take x into acc\nt ) a view to reta9+ correct p]spective 9 reg>d to ! developm5t ( ! a]oplane4 ,!re is "o /ory ( #aiad t mu/ be includ$1 h[ev] briefly1 9 any record ( a]onautical a*ievem5t1 s9ce x demon/rates pa/ "q t to ,pr(essor ,langley really belongs ! hon\r ( hav+ a*iev$ a design :i* w\ld ensure actual flight1 al?\gh ! s]ies ( accid5ts :i* att5d$ 8 exp]im5ts gave to ! ,wright ,bro!rs ! hon\r ( fir/ leav+ ! e>? & desc5d+ )\t accid5t 9 a p[]-driv5 heavi]-?an-air ma*9e4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiad1 ,gl5n ,curtiss 0 invit$ to s5d a fly+ boat to ,wa%+ton = ! celebration ( ',langley ,day1' :5 he rem>k$1 ',i w\ld l to put ! ,langley a]oplane itself 9 ! air4' ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is rem>k1 ,secret>y ,walcot ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution au?oris$ ,curtiss to re-canvas ! orig9al ,langley a]oplane & laun* x ei!r "u its own p[] or ) a m rec5t eng9e & propell]4 ,curtiss complet$ ?is1 & _h ! ma*9e ready on ! %ores ( ,lake ,keuka1 ,hammondsport1 ,n4,y41 by ,may4 ,! ma9 object ( ^! r5ew$ trials 0 to %[ :e!r ! orig9al ,langley ma*9e 0 capable ( su/a9$ free flight ) a pilot1 & a second>y object 0 to det]m9e m fully ! advantages ( ! t&em monoplane type2 ?us ! a]oplane 0 fir/ fl[n z ne>ly z possible 9 its orig9al condition1 & !n ) su* modifications z seem$ desirable4 ,! only diff]5ce made = ! fir/ trials consi/$ 9 fitt+ floats ) connect+ trusses2 ! /eel ma9 frame1 w+s1 rudd]s1 eng9e1 & propell]s 7 sub/antially z !y _h be5 9 #aijc4 ,! pilot _h ! same seat "u ! ma9 frame & ! same g5]al sy/em ( control4 ,he c\ld raise or l[] ! craft by mov+ ! re> rudd] up & d[n2 he c\ld /e] "r or left by mov+ ! v]tical rudd]4 ,he _h no ail]ons nor w+-w>p+ me*anism1 b = lat]al balance dep5d$ on ! dih$ral angle ( ! w+s & ^u suitable movem5ts ( 8 weight or ( ! v]tical rudd]4 ,aft] ! adju/m5ts = actual flight _h be5 made 9 ! ,curtiss factory1 accord+ to ! m9ute descriptions conta9$ 9 ! ,langley ,memoir on ,me*anical ,flight1 ! a]oplane 0 tak5 to ! %ore ( ,lake ,keuka1 beside ! ,curtiss hang>s1 & assembl$ = laun*+4 ,on a cle> morn+ 7,may #bh?7 & 9 a mild breeze1 ! craft 0 lift$ on to ! wat] by a doz5 m5 & set go+1 ) ,mr ,curtiss at ! /e]+ :eel1 esconc$ 9 ! little boat-%ap$ c> "u ! =w>d "p ( ! frame4 ,! f\r-w+$ craft1 po9t$ some:at across ! w9d1 w5t skimm+ ov] ! waveless1 !n automatically head$ into ! w9d1 rose 9 level poise1 so>$ gracefully = #aej feet1 & l&$ s(tly on ! wat] ne> ! %ore4 ,mr ,curtiss ass]t$ t he c\ld h fl[n f>!r1 b1 be+ unus$ to ! ma*9e1 imag9$ t ! left w+s _h m resi/ance ?an ! "r4 ,! tru? is t ! a]oplane 0 p]fectly balanc$ 9 w+ resi/ance1 b turn$ on ! wat] l a wea!r vane1 ow+ to ! lat]al pressure on its big re> rudd]4 ,h5ce 9 future exp]im5ts ?is rudd] 0 made turnable ab\t a v]tical axis1 z well z ab\t ! horizontal axis us$ by ,langley4 ,h5ce=? ! little v]tical rudd] "u ! frame 0 kept fix$ & inactive499 ,t ! ,langley a]oplane 0 subsequ5tly fitt$ ) an #hj horse-p[] ,curtiss eng9e & successfully fl[n is ( little int]e/ 9 su* a record z ?is1 except = ! fact t ) ! weight ne>ly d\bl$ by ! new eng9e & accessories ! ma*9e flew successfully1 & demon/rat$ ! p]fection ( ,langley's design by /&+ ! /ra94 ,! po9t t is ( mo/ importance is t ! design itself prov$ a success & fully v9dicat$ ,langley's "w4 ,at ! same "t1 x w\ld be unju/ to pass by ! fact ( ! flight )\t accord+ to ,curtiss due recognition ( ! way 9 :i* he paid tribute to ! g5ius ( ! pione] by ^! exp]im5ts4 99 ,smi?sonian ,publications ,no4 #bcbi4 ,,xix4 ,,! ,,w> ,,p]iod--,i ,full record ( a]onautical progress & ( ! accompli%m5ts ( pilots 9 ! ye>s ( ! ,w> w\ld dem& n m]ely a volume1 b a complete libr>y1 & ev5 !n x w\ld be b>ely possible to pay full tribute to ! h]oism ( pilots ( ! w> p]iod4 ,!re are names connect$ ) t p]iod ( :i* ! glory w n fade1 names su* z ,bi%op1 ,guynem]1 ,boelcke1 ,ball1 ,fonck1 ,immelmann1 & _m o!rs t spr+ to m9d z "o recalls ! ',aces' ( ! p]iod4 ,9 addition to ! pilots1 !re is ! /up5d\s developm5t ( ! ma*9es--/up5d\s :5 ! l5g? ( ! p]iod 9 :i* x 0 a*iev$ is consid]$4 ,! fact t ,g]many 0 be/ prep>$ 9 ! matt] ( heavi]-?an-air s]vice ma*9es 9 spite ( ! ,g]man fai? 9 ! dirigible is "o m item ( evid5ce z to :o =c$ ho/ilities4 ,! ,g]mans came into ! field ) well ov] #fjj a]oplanes1 ma9ly two-seat]s ( /&>dis$ design1 & ) factories back 9 ! ,fa!rl& turn+ out suffici5t new ma*9es to make good ! losses4 ,!re 7 a few s+le-seat] sc\ts built = spe$1 & ! two-seat] ma*9es 7 all fitt$ ) cam]as & bomb-dropp+ ge>4 ,manoeuvres _h det]m9$ 9 ! ,g]man m9d :at %\ld be ! uses ( ! air fleet2 !re 0 photography ( =tifications & field works2 signall+ by ,v lights2 spott+ = ! guns1 & sc\t+ = news ( enemy movem5ts4 ,! me?odical ,g]man m9d _h arrang$ all ?is be=eh&1 b _h n all[$ = ! fact t oppon5ts might take c\nt]-measures :i* w\ld upset ! ov]-p]fect me*anism ( ! air s]vice j z effectually z ! great m>* on ,p>is 0 c\nt]$ by ! g5ius ( ,j(fre4 ,! ,fr5* ,air ,=ce at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,w> consi/$ ( upw>ds ( #fjj ma*9es4 ,^!1 unlike ! ,g]mans1 7 n /&>dis$1 b 7 ( _m & div]se types4 ,9 ord] to get replacem5ts quickly en\gh1 ! factories _h to "w on ! designs !y _h1 & ?us = a long "t aft] ! outbreak ( ho/ilities /&>disation 0 an impossibility4 ,! v]satility ( a ,lat9 race 9 a measure comp5sat$ = ?is2 f ! outset1 ! ,g]mans tri$ to ov]:elm ! ,fr5* ,air ,=ce1 b fail$1 s9ce !y _h n ! num]ical sup]iority1 nor--?is equally a det]m9+ factor--! v]satility & res\rce ( ! ,fr5* pilots4 ,!y calculat$ on a #ej p] c5t sup]iority to ensure success2 !y ne$$ m ne>ly #djj p] c5t1 = ! ,g]man f\ght to rule1 avoid+ risks :5ev] possible1 & def9itely in/ruct$ to save bo? ma*9es & pilots :]ev] possible4 ,fr5* pilots1 on ! o!r h&1 ran all ! risks !re 71 got news ( ,g]man movem5ts1 bomb$ ! enemy1 & rapidly work$ up a v respectable antiaircraft =ce :i*1 :atev] x may h accompli%$ 9 ! way ( hitt+ ,g]man planes1 got on ! ,g]man pilots' n]ves4 ,x has already be5 detail$ h[ ,brita9 s5t ov] #hb planes z its contribution to ! milit>y a]ial =ce ( #aiad4 ,^! consi/$ ( ,f>man1 ,caudron1 & ,%ort biplanes1 toge!r ) ,bl]iot1 ,dep]duss9 & ,nieuport monoplanes1 c]ta9 ,r4,a4,f4 types1 & o!r ma*9es ( :i* ev5 ! "n b>ely survives--! res\rceful ,yankee entitles !m 'orphans4' ,x is on record t ! "w ( provid+ sp>es might h be5 r complicat$ b = ! fact t !re 7 none4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,g]mans _h made /udy ( a]ial milit>y ne$s j z ?or\ghly z !y _h p]fect$ _! gr\nd organisation4 ,?us !re 7 #ba illum9at$ aircraft /ations 9 ,g]many be=e ! ,w>1 ! mo/ p[]ful be+ at ,weim>1 :]e a revolv+ electric fla% ( ov] #bg million c&le-p[] 0 locat$4 ,practically all ,g]man a]oplane te/s 9 ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ! ,w> 7 ( a milit>y nature1 & q a numb] ( reliability te/s 7 c>ri$ out j on ! o!r side ( ! ,fr5* fronti]4 ,night fly+ & l&+ 7 /&>dis$ items 9 ! ,g]man pilot's c\rse ( in/ruction :ile !y 7 /ill exp]im5tal 9 o!r c\ntries1 & a sy/em ( signals 0 arrang$ :i* r5d]$ ! in/ructional c\rse z p]fect z might be4 ,! ,belgian contribution consi/$ ( ab\t tw5ty ma*9es fit = active s]vice & ano!r tw5ty :i* 7 m or less useful z tra9+ ma*9es4 ,! mat]ial 0 ma9ly ,fr5*1 & ! ,belgian pilots us$ x to good acc\nt until ,g]man numb]s swamp$ !m4 ,france1 & to a small ext5t ,engl&1 kept ,belgian aviators suppli$ ) ma*9es ?r\gh\t ! ,w>4 ,! ,italian ,air ,fleet 0 small1 & consi/$ ( ,fr5* ma*9es toge!r ) a p]c5tage ( planes ( ,italian orig91 ( :i* ! design 0 v mu* a copy ( ,fr5* types4 ,x 0 n until ! ,w> 0 ne>+ its end t ! milit>y & naval s]vices reli$ m on ! home product ?an on imports4 ,?is does n apply to eng9es1 h[ev]1 = ! ,f4,i4,a4,t4 & ,s4,c4,a4,t4 7 equal to practically any eng9e ( ,alli$ make1 bo? 9 design & con/ruction4 ,russia sp5t va/ sums 9 ! provision ( ma*9es3 ! giant ,sikorsky biplane1 c>ry+ f\r #ajj horsep[] ,argus motors1 0 design$ by a "y ,russian eng9e] 9 ! latt] "p ( #aiac1 & 9 its e>ly trials x creat$ a _w's record by c>ry+ sev5 pass5g]s = #a h\r #ed m9utes4 ,sikorsky also design$ sev]al small] ma*9es1 tractor biplanes on ! l9es ( ! ,briti% ,b4,e4 type1 :i* 7 v successful4 ,^! 7 ! only home productions1 & ! imports consi/$ ma9ly ( ,fr5* a]oplanes by ! hundr$1 :i* got z f> z ! docks & railway sid+s & /ay$ !re1 :ile ,g]man influ5ce & ! corruption t ru9$ ! ,russian ,army help$ to lose ! ,w>4 ,a few ,russian aircraft factories 7 got into op]ation z ho/ilities proce$$1 b _! products 7 negligible1 & x is n on record t ,russia ev] le>n$ to manufacture a magneto4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates paid tribute to ,briti% effici5cy by adopt+ ! ,briti% sy/em ( tra9+ = its pilots2 #ejj ,am]ican cadets 7 tra9$ at ! ,s*ool ( ,milit>y ,a]onautics at ox=d1 9 ord] to =m a nucleus = ! ,am]ican aviation s*ools :i* 7 subsequ5tly set up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,france4 ,z reg>ds production ( craft1 ! design+ ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e & build+ ( ov] #bj1jjj a]oplanes )9 a ye> proves t ,am]ica is a manufactur+ c\ntry1 ev5 "u ! /ra9 ( w>4 ,!re 7 ?ree ye>s ( /ruggle = a]ial supremacy1 ! combatants be+ ,engl& & ,france aga9/ ,g]many1 & ! conte/ 0 neck & neck all ! way4 ,g]many l$ at ! outset ) ! /&>dis$ two-seat] biplanes mann$ by pilots & obs]v]s1 ^: tra9+ 0 sup]ior to t af=d$ by any o!r nation1 :ile ! ma*9es !mselves 7 bett] equipp$ & fitt$ ) accessories4 ,all ! e>ly ,g]man a]oplanes 7 designat$ ,taube by ! un9itiat$1 & 7 =m$ ) swept-back1 curv$ w+s v mu* resembl+ ! w+s ( a bird4 ,^! _h obvi\s disadvantages1 b ! /&>disation ( design & mass production ( ! ,g]man factories kept !m 9 ! field = a consid]able p]iod1 & !y flew side by side ) tractor biplanes ( improv$ design4 ,= a little "t1 ! ,fokk] monoplane became a def9ite ?reat bo? to ,fr5* & ,briti% ma*9es4 ,x 0 an improvem5t on ! ,morane ,fr5* monoplane1 & ) a high-p[]$ eng9e x climb$ quickly & flew fa/1 do+ a good deal ( damage = a brief p]iod ( #aiae4 ,alli$ design got ahead ( x & f9ally drove x out ( ! air4 ,g]man equipm5t at ! outset1 :i* put ! ,allies at a disadvantage1 includ$ a h&-op]at$ magneto eng9e-/>t] & a small indep5d5t screw :i*1 m\nt$ on "o ( ! ma9 planes1 drove ! dynamo us$ = ! wireless set4 ,cam]as 7 fitt$ on practically e ma*9e2 equipm5t includ$ accurate compasses & pressure petrol gauges1 spe$ & height record+ in/rum5ts1 bomb-dropp+ fitt+s & sectional radiators :i* facilitat$ repairs & gave maximum eng9e effici5cy 9 spite ( v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,z c\nt] to ^!1 ! ,alli$ pilots _h res\rce am\nt+ to impud5ce4 ,9 ! e>ly days !y c>ri$ rifles & h& gr5ades & automatic pi/ols4 ,!y load$ _! ma*9es d[n1 (t5 at _! own exp5se1 ) accessories & fitt+s until _! a]oplanes e>n$ _! title ( ,*ri/mas trees4 ,!y play$ ) dea? 9 a way t %ock$ ! av]age ,g]man pilot ( ! ,w>'s e>ly /ages1 decl9+ to fight accord+ to rule & indulg+ 9 ! individual duels ( ! air :i* ! ,g]man hat$4 ,z ,sir ,john ,fr5* put x 9 "o ( 8 reports1 !y e/abli%$ a p]sonal asc5dancy ov] ! enemy1 & 9 ?is way comp5sat$ = _! inf]ior mat]ial4 ,fr5* div]sity ( design fitt$ 9 well ) ! initiative & res\rce display$ by ! ,fr5* pilots4 ,! big ,caudron type 0 ! ideal bomb] ( ! e>ly days2 ,f>man ma*9es 7 excell5t = reconnaissance & artill]y spott+2 ! ,bl]iots prov$ excell5t z fight+ sc\ts & = a]ial photography2 ! ,nieuports made good fight]s1 z did ! ,spads1 bo? be+ v fa/ craft1 z 7 ! ,morane-,saulni] monoplanes1 :ile ! big ,vois9 biplanes rivall$ ! ,caudron ma*9es z bomb]s4 ,! day ( ! ,fokk] end$ :5 ! ,briti% ,b4,e4#b4;,c4 a]oplane came to ,france 9 good quantities1 & ! ,f4,e4 type1 toge!r ) ! ,de ,havill& ma*9es1 r5d]$ ,briti% a]ial sup]iority a c]ta9ty4 ,g]many's be/ reply--?is 0 ab\t #aiaf--0 ! ,albatross biplane1 :i* 0 us$ by ,capta9 ,b>on von ,ri*?(5 = 8 fam\s travell+ circus1 mann$ by ,g]man /> pilots & s5t to v>i\s p>ts ( ! l9e to he>t5 up ,g]man troops & aviators aft] any specially bad /rafe4 ,!n !re 7 ! ,aviatik biplane & ! ,halb]/adt fight+ sc\t1 a cleanly built & v fa/ ma*9e ) a p[]ful eng9e ) :i* ,g]many tri$ to w9 back sup]iority 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! ,w>1 b ,alli$ design kept ab\t ?ree mon?s ahead ( t ( ! enemy1 once ! ,fokk] _h be5 ma/]$1 & ! race w5t on4 ,spads & ,bri/ol fight]s1 ,sop) sc\ts & ,f4,e4's play$ _! "p 9 ! race1 & design 0 /ill advanc+ :5 peace came4 ,! giant tw9-eng9$ ,h&ley-,page bomb] 0 tri$ out1 prov$ effici5t1 & ju/ly consid]$ bett] ?an any?+ ( its k9d t _h previ\sly tak5 ! field4 ,imm$iately aft] ! conclusion ( its trials1 a specim5 ( ! type 0 deliv]$ intact at ,lille = ! ,g]mans to copy1 ! innoc5t pilot responsible = ! deliv]y do+ "s great diss]vice to 8 own cause4 ,! ,go?a ,wagon-,fabrik ,firm imm$iately set to "w & copi$ ! ,h&ley-,page design1 produc+ ! great ,go?a bomb+ ma*9e :i* 0 us$ 9 all ! lat] raids on ,engl& z well z = night "w ov] ! ,alli$ l9es4 ,h[ ! ,w> advanc$ design may be judg$ by comp>ison ( ! milit>y requirem5ts giv5 = ! ,briti% ,milit>y ,trials ( #aiab1 ) p]=mances ( #aiaf & #aiag1 :5 ! spe$ ( ! fa/] ma*9es _h increas$ to ov] #aej miles an h\r & ,alli$ ma*9es engag$ enemy aircraft at heights rang+ up to #bb1jjj feet4 ,all pre-w> records ( endurance1 spe$1 & climb w5t by ! bo>d1 z ! race = a]ial sup]iority w5t on4 ,bomb+ br\ght to be+ a numb] ( crude devices 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,w>4 ,alli$ pilots ( ! v e>ly days c>ri$ up bombs pack$ 9 a small box & ?rew !m ov] by h&1 :ile1 a little lat]1 ! bombs 7 /rung l apples on w+s & und]c>riage1 s t ! pilot :o did n get rid ( 8 load be=e l&+ risk$ an explosion4 ,!n came a prop]ly design$ c>ry+ app>atus1 crude b fairly effici5t1 & ) #aiaf developm5t _h proce$$ z f> z ! prop] bomb-racks ) releas+ ge>4 ,reconnaissance "w develop$1 s t fight+ ma*9es w5t z escort to obs]v+ squadrons & sc\t+ op]ations 7 und]tak5 up to #ajj miles beh9d ! enemy l9es2 out ( ?is grew ! art ( cam\flage1 :5 ammunition dumps 7 pa9t$ to resemble h]ds ( c[s1 guns 7 scre5$ by foliage or pa9t$ to m]ge into a gr\nd s*eme1 & _m o!r s*emes 7 devis$ to prev5t a]ial obs]vation4 ,troops 7 mov$ by night = ! mo/ "p1 ow+ to ! ke5 eyes ( ! air pilots & ! dang] ( bombs1 ?\gh occasionally ! aviator _h 8 *ance4 ,!re is "o /ory conc]n+ a ,briti% pilot :o1 on return+ f a reconnaissance flight1 obs]v$ a ,g]man ,/aff c> on ! road "u him2 he desc5d$ & bomb$ & ma*9e--gunn$ ! c> until ! ,g]man ,g5]al & 8 *auffeur ab&on$ x1 took to _! heels1 & ran l rabbits4 ,lat] /ill1 :5 ,alli$ air sup]iority 0 assur$1 !re came ! phase ( ma*9e-gunn+ bodies ( enemy troops f ! air4 ,disreg>d+ all antiaircraft measures1 ma*9es w\ld sweep d[n & ?r[ battalions into panic or upset ! milit>y traffic along a road1 demoralis+ a batt]y or a transport tra9 & caus+ z mu* damage ?r\gh conge/ion ( traffic z ) _! actual ma*9e-gun fire4 ,a]ial photography1 too1 became a f9e art2 ! ord9>y long focus cam]as 7 us$ at ! outset ) automatic plate *ang]s1 b lat] on photograph+ a]oplanes _h cam]as ( wide angle l5s type built into ! fuselage4 ,^! 7 v simply op]at$1 "o lev] regi/]+ ! exposure & *ang+ ! plate4 ,9 _m cases1 a]ial photographs gave in=mation :i* ! human eye _h miss$1 & x is notewor?y t photographs ( gr\nd %[$ :5 troops _h m>*$ ov] x1 :ile ! a]ial obs]v] 0 q unable to detect ! m>ks left by _! pass+4 ,"s small m5tion mu/ be made ( seaplane activities1 :i*1 r\nd ! ,european coa/s involv$ 9 ! ,w>1 nev] ceas$4 ,! subm>9e campaign f\nd 9 ! spott+ seaplane its greate/ det]r5t1 & x is old news n[ h[ ev5 ! deeply subm]g$ subm>9es 7 easily pick$ out = de/ruction f a height & ! news wireless$ f seaplane to de/roy]1 :ile 9 m ?an "o place ! seaplane itself f9i%$ ! task by bomb dropp+4 ,x 0 a seaplane t gave ,admiral ,beatty ! news t ! :ole ,g]man ,fleet 0 out be=e ! ,jutl& ,battle1 news :i* l$ to a *ange ( plans t v ne>ly br\ght ab\t ! de/ruction ( ,g]many's naval p[]4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! seaplanes ( ! ,w> p]iod 7 heavi] ?an ! l& ma*9es &1 9 ! op9ion ( ! l& pilots1 7 sl[ & clumsy ?+s to fly4 ,?is 0 inevitable1 = _! "w dem&$ m solid build+ & great] reliability4 ,to put ! matt] into ,hib]nian phrase1 a =c$ l&+ at sea is a mu* m s]i\s matt] ?an on ! gr\nd4 ,?us !re 0 ne$ = great] eng9e p[]1 bigg] w+spread to support ! floats1 & fuel tanks ( great] capacity4 ,! fly+ boats ( ! lat] ,w> p]iod c>ri$ consid]able crews1 7 heavily arm$1 capable ( )/&+ v heavy wea!r1 & c>ri$ good loads ( bombs on long cruises4 ,_! "w 0 n all ess5tially seaplane "w1 = ! ,r4,n4,a4,s4 0 z well kn[n z hat$ ov] ! ,g]man air%ip %$s 9 ,belgium & along ! ,fl&]s coa/4 ,z reg>ds o!r !atres ( ,w>1 !y r5d]$ valuable s]vice f ! ,d>danelles to ! ,rufiji ,riv]1 at ?is latt] place =m+ a pr9cipal factor 9 ! de/ruction ( ! cruis] ,konigsb]g4 ,_! spott+ "w at ! ,d>danelles = ! battle%ips 0 responsible = direct hits f #ae 94 guns on invisible t>gets at ranges ( ov] #ab1jjj y>ds4 ,seaplane pilots 7 bomb+ speciali/s1 includ+ among _! t>gets army headqu>t]s1 ammunition dumps1 railway /ations1 subm>9es & _! bases1 docks1 %ipp+ 9 ,g]man h>b\rs1 & ! ,g]man ,fleet at ,wilhelm%av54 ,dunkirk1 a ,briti% seaplane base1 0 a %>p ?orn 9 ! ,g]man side4 ,turn+ f consid]ation ( ! v>i\s s]vices to ! exploits ( ! m5 compos+ !m1 x is difficult to p>ticul>ise4 ,a c]ta9 inevitable prejudice ev5 at ?is l5g? ( "t leads "o to disc\nt ! val\r ( pilots 9 ! ,g]man ,air ,s]vice1 b ! names ( ,boelcke1 von ,ri*?(51 & ,immelmann recur z pro( ( ! c\rage t 0 n want+ 9 ! enemy ranks1 :ile1 h[ev] mu* we may decry ! ,go?a raids ov] ! ,engli% coa/ & on ,london1 !re is no d\bt t ! m5 :o und]took ^! raids 7 n defici5t 9 ! =m ( brav]y t is ( m value ?an ! un?9k+ val\r ( a m9ute :i*1 obs]v$ f ! "r qu>t]1 w9s a milit>y decoration4 ,yet ! fact t ! ,alli$ airm5 kept ! air at all 9 ! e>ly days prov$ on :i* side p]sonal sup]iority lay1 = !y 7 outnumb]$1 out-manoeuvr$1 & fac$ by bett] mat]ial ?an any t !y !mselves possess$2 yet !y won _! fights or di$4 ,! /ories ( _! de$s are endless2 ,bi%op1 fly+ alone & meet+ sev5 ,g]man ma*9es & cra%+ f\r2 ! battle ( ,may #e?1 #aiae1 :5 five h]oes f\ght & conqu]$ tw5ty-sev5 ,g]man ma*9es1 rang+ 9 altitude betwe5 #ab1jjj & #c1jjj feet1 & cont9u+ ! extraord9>y /ruggle f five until six 9 ! ev5+4 ,capta9 ,aizlewood1 attack+ five enemy ma*9es ) su* reckless spe$ t he ramm$ "o & /ill rea*$ 8 a]odrome safely--^! are items 9 a long li/ ( feats ( :i* ! "* c only be realis$ :5 x is fully compreh5d$ t ! ,briti% ,air ,s]vice acc\nt$ = "s #h1jjj enemy ma*9es 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,w>4 ,among ! ,fr5* !re 0 ,capta9 ,guynem]1 :o at ! "t ( 8 dea? _h br\ght d[n fifty-f\r enemy ma*9es1 9 addition to _m o!rs ( :i* ! de/ruction c\ld n be (ficially confirm$4 ,!re 0 ,fonck1 :o br\ght d[n six ma*9es 9 "o day1 f\r ( !m )9 two m9utes4 ,!re are incr$ible /ories1 true z incr$ible1 ( %att]$ m5 c>ry+ on ) _! "w 9 absolute disreg>d ( physical injury4 ,major ,brabazon ,rees1 ,v4,c41 engag$ a big ,g]man battle-plane 9 ,septemb] ( #aiae &1 s+le-h&$1 =c$ 8 enemy out ( action4 ,lat] 9 8 c>e]1 ) a s]i\s w\nd 9 ! ?igh f :i* blood 0 p\r+1 he kept up a fight ) an enemy =mation until he _h n a r\nd ( ammunition left1 & !n return$ to 8 a]odrome to get 8 w\nd dress$4 ,lieut5ants ,otley & ,dunn+1 fly+ 9 ! ,balkans1 engag$ a c\ple ( enemy ma*9es & drove !m (f1 b n until _! petrol tank _h got a hole 9 x & ,dunn+ 0 dang]\sly w\nd$ 9 ! leg4 ,otley improvis$ a t\rniquet1 pass$ x to ,dunn+1 &1 :5 ! latt] _h b&ag$ himself1 *ang$ f ! obs]v]'s to ! pilot's seat1 plugg$ ! bullet hole 9 ! tank ) 8 ?umb & /e]$ ! ma*9e home4 ,^! are incid5ts2 ! full li/ has n be51 & c nev] be record$1 b x goes to %[ t 9 ! pilot ( ! ,w> p]iod !re came to be+ a new type ( humanity1 a product ( evolution :i* fitt$ a c]ta9 ne$4 ,( su* 0 ,capta9 ,we/1 :o1 engag+ ho/ile troops1 0 attack$ by sev5 ma*9es4 ,e>ly 9 ! engagem5t1 "o ( 8 legs 0 p>tially sev]$ by an explosive bullet & fell p[]less into ! controls1 r5d]+ ! ma*9e = ! "t unmanageable4 ,lift+ 8 disabl$ leg1 he rega9$ control ( ! ma*9e1 & al?\gh w\nd$ 9 ! o!r leg1 he manoeuvr$ 8 ma*9e s skilfully t 8 obs]v] 0 able to get sev]al good bur/s into ! enemy ma*9es1 driv+ !m away4 ,!n1 desp]ately w\nd$ z he 01 ,capta9 ,we/ br\ght ! ma*9e ov] to 8 own l9es & l&$ safely4 ,he fa9t$ f loss ( blood & exhau/ion1 b on rega9+ consci\sness1 insi/$ on writ+ 8 report4 ,equal to ?is 0 ! exploit ( ,capta9 ,b>k]1 :o1 9 a]ial combat1 0 w\nd$ 9 ! "r & left ?igh & _h 8 left arm %att]$1 subsequ5tly br++ d[n an enemy ma*9e 9 flames1 & !n break+ ?r\gh ano!r ho/ile =mation & rea*+ ! ,briti% l9es4 ,9 recall+ su* exploits z ^!1 "o is tempt$ on & on1 = x seems t ! pilots rivall$ ea* o!r 9 _! devotion to duty1 ?is n conf9$ to ,briti% aviators1 b common practically to all s]vices4 ,suffici5t in/ances h be5 giv5 to %[ ! nature ( ! "w & ! "* ( ! m5 :o did x4 ,! rapid gr[? ( a]ial ef=t r5d]$ x necess>y 9 ,janu>y ( #aiae to organise ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps into sep>ate w+s1 & 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> x 0 con/itut$ 9 ,brigades4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,air ,bo>d 0 =m$1 ma9ly ) ! object ( co-ord9at+ ef=t & ensur+ bo? to ! ,r4,n4,a4,s4 & to ! ,r4,f4,c4 adequate supplies ( mat]ial z f> z con/ruction admitt$4 ,"u ! presid5cy ( ,"l ,c[dray1 ! ,air ,bo>d br\ght ab\t c]ta9 re=ms e>ly 9 #aiag1 & 9 ,novemb] ( t ye> a sep>ate ,air ,m9i/ry 0 con/itut$1 sep>at+ ! ,air ,=ce f bo? ,navy & ,army1 & r5d]+ x an indep5d5t =ce4 ,on ,april #a/1 #aiah1 ! ,royal ,air ,=ce came into exi/5ce1 & unk9d critics 9 ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps rem>k$ on ! appropriat5ess ( ! date4 ,at ! end ( ! ,w>1 ! p]sonnel ( ! ,royal ,air ,=ce am\nt$ to #bg1ijf (fic]s1 & #bfc1hdb o!r ranks4 ,contra/ ( ^! figures ) ! numb] ( (fic]s & m5 :o took ! field 9 #aiad is indicative ( ! magnitude ( ,briti% a]ial ef=t 9 ! ,w> p]iod4 ,,xx4 ,,! ,,w> ,,p]iod--,,ii ,!re 0 :5 ,w> broke out no realisation on ! "p ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ( ! ne$ = enc\rag+ ! ent]prise ( private build]s1 :o c>ri$ out _! "w entirely at _!-own co/4 ,! importance ( a supply ( ,briti%-built eng9es 0 realis$ be=e ! ,w>1 x is true1 & a competition 0 held 9 :i* a prize ( ,l#e1jjj 0 (f]$ = ! be/ ,briti% eng9e1 b ?is awak5+ 0 s late t ! ,r4,f4,c4 took ! field )\t a s+le ,briti% p[] plant4 ,al?\gh ,g]many woke up equally late to ! ne$ = home produc$ a]oplane eng9es1 ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 build+ eng9es = dirigibles suffic$ = ! production ( a]oplane p[] plants4 ,! ,m]c$es fill$ all requirem5ts toge!r ) ! ,b5z & ! ,mayba*4 ,!re 0 a #bbe horsep[] ,b5z :i* 0 v popul>1 z 7 ! #ajj horse-p[] & #agj horse-p[] ,m]c$es1 ! la/ m5tion$ fitt$ to ! ,aviatik biplane ( #aiag4 ,! ,ub]ursel 0 a copy ( ! ,gnome & suppli$ ! ne$ = rot>y eng9es4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 !re 7 a numb] ( a]oplane con/ruct+ firms t _h manag$ to em]ge f ! lean ye>s #aiab-aiac ) suffici5t manufactur+ plant to give a h& 9 mak+ up ! leeway ( con/ruction :5 ,w> broke out4 ,gradually ! motor-c> firms came 91 turn+ _! body-build+ dep>tm5ts to plane & fuselage con/ruction1 :i* enabl$ !m to turn out ! complete planes eng9$ & ready = ! field4 ,! coa*-build+ trade soon jo9$ 9 & came 9 h&y z propell] mak]s2 big uphol/]+ & furniture firms & scores ( conc]ns t _h nev] dream$ ( engag+ 9 a]oplane con/ruction 7 busy on supply+ ! ,r4,f4,c4 ,by #aiae hundr$s ( diff]5t firms 7 build+ a]oplanes & p>ts2 by #aiag ! numb] _h increas$ to ov] #a1jjj1 & a capital ( ov] a million p\nds = a firm t at ! outbreak ( ,w> _h employ$ a score or s ( h&s 0 by no means uncommon4 ,wom5 & girls came into ! "w1 m especially 9 plane con/ruction & cov]+ & dop+1 ?\gh !y took _! place 9 ! eng9e %ops & prov$ successful at acetyl5e weld+ & "w at ! la!s4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e ,brita9 0 able to provide its own magnetos1 = ?is key indu/ry _h be5 left 9 ! h&s ( ! ,g]mans up to ! outbreak ( ,w>1 & ! ',bos*' 0 admitt$ly supreme--ev5 n[ x has nev] be5 beat51 & c only be equall$1 be+ z ne> p]fection z is possible = a magneto4 ,"o ( ! great inv5tions ( ! ,w> 0 ! syn*ronisation ( eng9e-tim+ & ma*9e gun1 :i* r5d]$ x possible to fire ?r\gh ! blades ( a propell] )\t damag+ !m1 ?\gh ! gr[+ effici5cy ( ! a]oplane z a :ole & ( its armam5t is a ?+ to m>vel at on look+ back & consid]+ :at 0 actually accompli%$4 ,z ! effici5cy ( ! a]oplane increas$1 s anti-aircraft guns & range-f9d+ 7 improv$4 ,be=e ! ,w> an a]oplane travell+ at full spe$ 0 reckon$ p]fectly safe at #d1jjj feet1 b1 by ! fir/ mon? ( #aiae1 ! safe height _h gone up to #i1jjj feet1 #g1jjj feet be+ ! limit ( rifle & ma*9e gun bullet trajectory2 ! heavi] guns 7 n suffici5tly mobile to tackle aircraft4 ,at t "t1 x 0 reckon$ t effective a]ial photography ceas$ at #f1jjj feet1 :ile bomb-dropp+ f #g1jjj-h1jjj feet 0 reckon$ unc]ta9 except 9 ! case ( a v l>ge t>get4 ,! improvem5t 9 anti-aircraft devices w5t on1 & by ,may ( #aiaf1 an a]oplane 0 n safe "u #ae1jjj feet1 :ile anti-aircraft %ells _h fuses capable ( be+ set to ov] #bj1jjj feet1 & bomb+ f #ae1jjj & #af1jjj feet 0 common4 ,x 0 n till lat] t ,alli$ pilots demon/rat$ ! safety t lies 9 fly+ v ne> ! gr\nd1 ?is ow+ to ! fact t1 :5 fly+ swiftly at a v l[ altitude1 ! ma*9e is out ( sight almo/ be=e x c be aim$ at4 ,! ,battle ( ! ,somme & ! cle>+ ( ! air prelim9>y to t op]ation br\ght ! fight+ a]oplane pure & simple ) !m4 ,=mations ( fight+ planes prec$$ reconnaissance craft 9 ord] to cle> ,g]man ma*9es & obs]vation balloons out ( ! sky & to wat* & keep d[n any fur!r enemy =mations t might attempt to int]f]e ) ,alli$ obs]vation "w4 ,! ,g]man reply to ?is consi/$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,fly+ ,circus1 ( :i* ,capta9 ,b>on von ,ri*?(5's 0 a good example4 ,ea* circus consi/$ ( a l>ge =mation ( spe$y ma*9es1 built specially = fight+ & mann$ by ! be/ ( ! ,g]man pilots4 ,^! 7 s5t to attack at any po9t along ! l9e :]e ! ,allies _h got a decid$ sup]iority4 ,! trick fly+ ( pre-w> days soon became an ev]yday matt]2 ,peg\d a/oni%$ ! aviation _w be=e ! ,w> by fir/ loop+ ! loop1 b1 be=e ?ree ye>s ( ho/ilities _h elaps$1 loop+ 0 "p ( ! tra9+ ( practically e pilot1 :ile ! sp9n+ nose dive1 orig9ally consid]$ fatal1 0 ma/]$1 & ! tail slide1 :i* consi/$ ( a ma*9e ris+ nose upw>d 9 ! air & fall+ back on its tail1 became "o ( ! easie/ '/unts' 9 ! pilot's rep]toire4 ,inh]5t /ability 0 gradually improv$1 &1 f #aiaf onw>d1 practically e pilot c\ld c>ry on ) 8 ma*9e-gun or cam]a & tru/ to 8 ma*9e to fly itself until he 0 free to att5d to x4 ,!re 0 m ?an "o /ory ( a ma*9e com+ safely to e>? & mak+ good l&+ on its own acc\nt ) ! pilot dead 9 8 cock-pit4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,w>1 ! ,indep5d5t ,air ,=ce 0 =m$ z a bran* ( ! ,r4,a4,f4 ) a view to bomb+ ,g]man bases & devot+ its att5tion exclusively to "w beh9d ! enemy l9es4 ,bomb+ op]ations 7 und]tak5 by ! ,r4,n4,a4,s4 z e>ly z #aiad-aiae aga9/ ,cuxhav51 ,dusseldorf1 & ,fri$ri*%avn1 b ! supply ( mat]ial 0 n suffici5t to r5d] ^! raids cont9u\s4 ,a sep>ate ,brigade1 ! #h?1 0 =m$ 9 #aiag to h>ass ! ,g]man *emical & iron indu/ries1 ! base be+ 9 ! ,nancy area1 & ?is policy 0 f\nd s fruitful t ! ,indep5d5t ,=ce 0 con/itut$ on ! #h? ,june1 #aiah4 ,! value ( ! "w accompli%$ by ?is =ce is demon/rat$ by ! fact t ! ,g]man ,high ,comm& recall$ tw5ty fight+ squadrons f ! ,we/]n front to c\nt] its activities1 &1 9 addition1 took troops away f ! fight+ l9e 9 l>ge numb]s = mann+ anti-aircraft batt]ies & se>*lights4 ,! ,g]man press ( ! la/ ye> ( ! ,w> is eloqu5t ( ! damage done 9 manufactur+ areas by ! ,indep5d5t ,=ce1 :i*1 _h ho/ilities cont9u$ a little long]1 w\ld h includ$ ,b]l9 9 its activities4 ,=mation fly+ 0 fir/ develop$ by ! ,g]mans1 :o made use ( x 9 ! daylight raids aga9/ ,engl& 9 #aiag4 ,its value 0 v soon realis$1 & ! ,v =mation ( wild geese 0 adopt$1 ! lead] tak+ ! po9t ( ! ,v & 8 squadron foll[+ on ei!r side at diff]5t heights4 ,! air curr5ts set up by ! lead+ ma*9es 7 ?us avoid$ by ^? 9 ! re>1 :ile ea* pilot _h a good view ( ! lead]'s bombs1 & 7 able to correct _! own aim by ! bur/s1 :ile ! diff]5t heights at :i* !y flew r5d]$ anti-aircraft gun practice less effective4 ,fur!r1 ma*9es 7 able to af=d mutual protection to ea* o!r & any attack] w\ld be met by ma*9e-gun fire f ?ree or f\r ma*9es fir+ on him f diff]5t angles & heights4 ,9 ! lat] =mations s+le-seat] fight]s flew above ! bomb]s = ! purpose ( driv+ (f ho/ile craft4 ,=mation fly+ 0 n fully develop$ :5 ! end ( ! ,w> br\ght /agnation 9 place ( ! rapid advance 9 ! /rategy & tactics ( milit>y air "w4 ,,xxi4 ,,recon/ruction ,! end ( ! ,w> br\ght a pause 9 :i* ! multitude ( aircraft con/ructors f\nd !mselves fac$ ) ! possible complete /agnation ( ! indu/ry1 s9ce milit>y activities no long] dem&$ _! s]vices & ! prospects ( comm]cial fly+ 7 virtually nil4 ,t great factor 9 comm]cial success1 co/ ( plant & upkeep1 _h receiv$ no consid]ation :atev] 9 ! ,w> p]iod1 = armies d n c\nt co/4 ,! types ( ma*9es t _h evolv$ f ! ,w> 7 v fa/1 v effici5t1 & v exp5sive1 al?\gh ! bomb]s %[$ promise ( adaptation to comm]cial ne$s1 &1 s f> z o!r ma*9es 7 conc]n$1 ,am]ica _h already prov$ ! possibilities ( mail-c>ry+ by ma9ta9+ a mail s]vice ev5 dur+ ! ,w> p]iod4 ,a civil aviation dep>tm5t ( ! ,air ,m9i/ry 0 =m$ 9 ,febru>y ( #aiai ) a ,controll] ,g5]al ( ,civil ,aviation at ! head4 ,?is 0 organis$ into f\r bran*es1 "o deal+ ) ! survey & prep>ation ( air r\tes = ! ,briti% ,empire1 "o organis+ meteorological & wireless telegraphy s]vices1 "o deal+ ) ! lic5s+ ( a]odromes1 ma*9es = pass5g] or goods c>ry+ & civilian pilots1 & "o deal+ ) publicity & transmission ( in=mation g5]ally4 ,a special ,act ( ,p>liam5t #bfd entitl$ ',! ,air ,navigation ,acts1 #aiaa-aiai1' 0 pass$ on ,febru>y #bg?1 & comm]cial fly+ 0 (ficially p]mitt$ f ,may #a/1 #aiai4 ,mean:ile ! great ev5t ( #aiai1 ! cross+ ( ! ,atlantic by air1 0 gradually rip5+ to p]=mance4 ,9 addition to ! rigid air%ip1 ,r4#cd1 eight ma*9es ent]$ = ?is flight1 ^! be+ a ,%ort seaplane1 ,h&ley-,page1 ,m>t9syde1 ,vick]s-,vimy1 & ,sop) a]oplanes1 & ?ree ,am]ican fly+ boats1 ,n4,c4#a1 ,n4,c4#c1 & ,n4,c4#d4 ,! ,%ort seaplane 0 ! only "o ( ! eight :i* propos$ to make ! j\rney we/w>d2 9 fly+ f ,engl& to ,irel&1 be=e />t+ on ! long trip to ,newf\ndl&1 x fell into ! sea (f ! coa/ ( ,anglesey1 & s f> z x 0 conc]n$ ! attempt 0 ab&on$4 ,! fir/ ma*9es to />t f ! ,we/]n end 7 ! ?ree ,am]ican seaplanes1 :i* on ! morn+ ( ,may #f? left ,trepassy1 ,newf\ndl&1 on ! #a1chj mile /age to ,horta 9 ! ,azores4 ,n4,c4#a & ,n4,c4#c gave up ! attempt v e>ly1 b ,n4,c4#d1 pilot$ by ,lieut4-,comm&] ,read1 ,u4,s4,n41 made ,horta on ,may #ag? & made a ?ree days' halt4 ,on ! #bj? ! second /age ( ! j\rney to ,ponta ,delgada1 a fur!r #aij miles1 0 complet$ & a second halt ( a week 0 made4 ,on ! #bg?1 ! ma*9e left = ,lisbon1 #ijj miles di/ant1 & complet$ ! j\rney 9 a day4 ,on ! #cj? a fur!r /age ( #cdj miles took ,n4,c4#d on to ,f]rol1 & ! next day ! la/ /age ( #dbj miles to ,plym\? 0 accompli%$4 ,mean:ile1 ,h4 ,g4 ,hawk]1 pilot ( ! ,sop) biplane1 toge!r ) ,comm&] ,mack5zie ,grieve1 ,r4,n41 8 navigator1 f\nd ! wea!r suffici5tly auspici\s to set out at #f4dh p4m4 ,on ,sunday1 ,may #ah?1 9 ! hope ( complet+ ! trip by ! direct r\te be=e ,n4,c4#d c\ld rea* ,plym\?4 ,!y set out f ,m\nt ,pe>l a]odrome1 ,/ ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 & vani%$ into space1 be+ giv5 up z lo/1 z ,hamel 0 lo/ imm$iately be=e ! ,w> 9 attempt+ to fly ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,!re 0 a week ( dead sil5ce reg>d+ _! fate1 b on ! foll[+ ,sunday morn+ !re 0 _w-wide relief at ! news t ! plucky attempt _h n end$ 9 disa/]1 b bo? aviators _h be5 pick$ up by ! /eam] ,m>y at #i4cj a4m4 on ! morn+ ( ! #ai?1 :ile /ill ab\t #gej miles %ort ( ! conclusion ( _! j\rney4 ,eng9e failure br\ght !m d[n1 & !y plan$ d[n to ! sea close to ! ,m>y to be pick$ up2 z ! vessel 0 n fitt$ ) wireless1 ! news ( _! rescue c\ld n be communicat$ until l& 0 rea*$4 ,an equival5t ( half ! ,l#aj1jjj prize (f]$ by ! ,daily ,mail = ! non-/op flight 0 pres5t$ by ! pap] 9 recognition ( ! v gallant attempt1 & ! ,k+ conf]r$ ! ,air ,=ce ,cross on bo? pilot & navigator4 ,raynham1 pilot ( ! ,m>t9syde compet+ ma*9e1 _h ! bad luck to cra% 8 craft twice 9 attempt+ to />t be=e he got outside ! b\nd>y ( ! a]odrome4 ,! ,h&ley-,page ma*9e 0 )drawn f ! competition1 &1 attempt+ to fly to ,am]ica1 0 cra%$ on ! way4 ,! fir/ non-/op cross+ 0 made on ,june #ad?-#ae? 9 #af h\rs #bg m9utes1 ! spe$ be+ j ov] #aag miles p] h\r4 ,! ma*9e 0 a ,vick]s-,vimy bomb]1 eng9$ ) two ,rolls-,royce ,eagle ,,viii's1 pilot$ by ,capta9 ,john ,alcock1 ,d4,s4,c41 ) ,lieut4 ,ar?ur ,:itt5-,br[n z navigator4 ,! j\rney 0 report$ to be v r\gh1 s mu* s at times t ,capta9 ,alcock /at$ t !y 7 fly+ upside d[n1 & = ! great] "p ( ! "t !y 7 out ( sight ( ! sea4 ,bo? pilot & navigator _h ! hon\r ( knigh?ood conf]r$ on !m at ! conclusion ( ! j\rney4 ,mean:ile1 comm]cial fly+ op5$ on ,may #h? 7! (ficial date 0 ,may #a/7 ) a joy-ride s]vice f ,h\nsl[ ( ,avro tra9+ ma*9es4 ,! ent]prise caught on rem>kably1 & ! company ext5d$ _! activities to coa/al resorts = ! holiday season--at ,blackpool alone !y took up #aj1jjj pass5g]s be=e ! s]vice 0 two mon?s old4 ,h5don1 beg9n+ pass5g] flights on ! same date1 w5t 9 = exhibition & pass5g] fly+1 & on ,june #ba/ ! a]ial ,d]by 0 won by ,capta9 ,ga!rgood on an ,airco #d,r ma*9e ) a ,napi] #dej horse-p[] ',lion' eng9e2 incid5tally ! spe$ ( #abi4c miles p] h\r 0 (ficially recognis$ z con/itut+ ! _w's record = spe$ )9 a clos$ circuit4 ,on ,july #ag? a ,fiat ,b4,r4 biplane ) a #gjj horse-p[] eng9e l&$ at ,k5ley a]odrome aft] hav+ made a non-/op flight ( #a1ajj miles4 ,! maximum spe$ ( ?is ma*9e 0 #afj miles p] h\r1 & x 0 claim$ to be ! fa/e/ ma*9e 9 exi/5ce4 ,on ,augu/ #be? a daily s]vice betwe5 ,london & ,p>is 0 inaugurat$ by ! ,aircraft ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,limit$1 :o ran a ma*9e ea* way ea* day1 />t+ at #ab4cj & due to arrive at #b4de p4m4 ,! ,h&ley-,page ,company began a simil> s]vice 9 ,septemb] ( #aiai1 b ran x on alt]nate days ) ma*9es capable ( accommodat+ t5 pass5g]s4 ,! s+le f>e 9 ea* case 0 fix$ at #ae gu9eas & ! p>cel rate at #gs4 #f;d4 p] p\nd4 ,mean:ile1 9 ,g]many1 a numb] ( pass5g] s]vices _h be5 9 op]ation f ! e>ly "p ( ! ye>2 ! ,b]l9-,weim> s]vice 0 e/abli%$ on ,febru>y #e? & ,b]l9-,hamburg on ,m>* #a/1 bo? = mail & pass5g] c>ry+4 ,b]l9-,breslau 0 soon add$1 b ! fir/ r\te op5$ rema9$ mo/ popul>1 #ech flights be+ made betwe5 its op5+ & ! end ( ,april1 :ile = ,m>* & ,april comb9$1 ! ,hamburg-,b]l9 r\te record$ only #bfb flights4 ,all ?ree r\tes 7 op]at$ by a comb9e ( ,g]man a]onautical firms entitl$ ! ,deuts* ,luft ,r$]ie4 ,! s+le f>e betwe5 ,hamburg & ,b]l9 0 #dej m>ks1 betwe5 ,b]l9 & ,breslau #ejj m>ks1 & betwe5 ,b]l9 & ,weim> #dej m>ks4 ,luggage 0 c>ri$ free ( *>ge1 b v>i$ accord+ to ! weight ( ! pass5g]1 s9ce ! comb9$ weight ( bo? pass5g] & luggage 0 n all[$ to exce$ a c]ta9 limit4 ,9 ,am]ica comm]cial fly+ _h begun 9 ,may ( #aiah ) ! mail s]vice betwe5 ,wa%+ton1 ,philadelphia1 & ,new ,york1 :i* prov$ t mail c>ry+ is a comm]cial possibility1 & also demon/rat$ ! rem>kable reliability ( ! mod]n a]oplane by mak+ #ajb complete flights out ( a possible total ( #ajd 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 at a co/ ( #j4ggg ( a doll> p] mile4 ,by ,m>* ( #aiai ! co/ p] mile _h gone up to #a4bh doll>s2 ! fir/ annual report issu$ at ! end ( ,may %[$ an effici5cy ( #ie4f p] c5t & ! orig9al six a]oplanes & eng9es ) :i* ! s]vice began 7 /ill 9 regul> use4 ,9 ,june ( #aiai an ,am]ican comm]cial firm *>t]$ an a]oplane = em]g5cy s]vice ow+ to a ,new ,york h>b\r /rike & f\nd x s useful t !y made x a regul> s]vice4 ,! ,travell]s ,company inaugurat$ a pass5g] fly+ boat s]vice betwe5 ,new ,york & ,atlantic ,city on ,july #be?1 ! f>e1 inclusive ( #ce lbs4 ( luggage1 be+ fix$ at ,l#be ea* way4 ,five flights on ! ,am]ican cont95t up to ! end ( #aiai are wor?y ( note4 ,on ,decemb] #ac?1 #aiah1 ,lieut4 ,d4 ,godoy ( ! ,*ilian army left ,santiago1 ,*ili1 cross$ ! ,&es at a height ( #ai1gjj feet & l&$ at ,m5doza1 ! capital ( ! w9e-gr[+ prov9ce ( ,arg5t9a4 ,on ,april #ai?1 #aiai1 ,capta9 ,e4 ,f4 ,:ite made ! fir/ non-/op flight betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago 9 #f h\rs #ej m9utes on a ,d4,h4#d ma*9e driv5 by a twelve-cyl9d] ,lib]ty eng9e4 ,e>ly 9 ,augu/ ,major ,s*ro$]1 pilot+ a ,fr5* ,lep]e ma*9e fly+ at a height ( #ah1djj feet1 rea*$ a spe$ ( #acg miles p] h\r ) a ,lib]ty motor fitt$ ) a sup]-*>g]4 ,t[>d ! end ( ,augu/1 ,rex ,m>%all1 on a ,?omas-,morse biplane1 />t+ f a height ( #ag1jjj feet1 made a glide ( #ce miles ) 8 eng9e cut (f1 re/>t+ x :5 at a height ( #fjj feet above ! gr\nd4 ,ab\t a mon? lat] ,r4 ,rohlfe1 pilot+ a ,curtiss triplane1 broke ! height record by rea*+ #cd1faj feet4 ,,xxii4 #aiai-bj ,into ! lat] mon?s ( #aiai comes ! flight by ,capta9 ,ross-,smi? f ,engl& to ,au/ralia & ! attempt to make ! ,cape to ,cairo voyage by air4 ,! ,au/ralian ,gov]nm5t _h (f]$ a prize ( ,l#aj1jjj = ! fir/ flight f ,engl& to ,au/ralia 9 a ,briti% ma*9e1 ! flight to be accompli%$ 9 #gbj consecutive h\rs4 ,ross-,smi?1 ) 8 bro!r1 ,lieut4 ,kei? ,macph]son ,smi?1 & two me*anics1 left ,h\nsl[ 9 a ,vick]s-,vimy bomb] ) ,rolls-,royce eng9e on ,novemb] #ab? & arriv$ at ,port ,d>w91 ,nor? ,au/ralia1 on ! #aj? ,decemb]1 hav+ complet$ ! flight 9 #bg days #bj h\rs #bj m9utes1 ?us hav+ #ea h\rs #dj m9utes to sp>e out ( ! #gbj allott$ h\rs4 ,e>ly 9 #aibj came a s]ies ( attempts at complet+ ! j\rney by air betwe5 ,cairo & ! ,cape4 ,out ( f\r competitors ,colonel ,van ,ryneveld came ne>e/ to mak+ ! j\rney successfully1 leav+ ,engl& on a /&>d ,vick]s-,vimy bomb] ) ,rolls-,royce eng9es1 id5tical 9 design ) ! ma*9e us$ by ,capta9 ,ross-,smi? on ! ,engl& to ,au/ralia flight4 ,a second ,vick]s-,vimy 0 f9anc$ by ! ,times newspap] & a ?ird flight 0 und]tak5 ) a ,h&ley-,page ma*9e "u ! auspices ( ! ,daily ,telegraph4 ,! ,air ,m9i/ry _h already prep>$ ! r\te by means ( ?ree survey p>ties :i* cle>$ ! a]odromes & l&+ gr\nds1 divid+ _! j\rney into /ages ( #bjj miles or less4 ,n "o ( ! competitors complet$ ! c\rse1 b 9 bo? ?is & ,ross-,smi?'s flight valuable data 0 ga9$ 9 respect ( reliability ( ma*9es & eng9es1 toge!r ) a mass ( meteorological in=mation4 ,! ,h&ley-,page ,company ann\nc$ 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( #aibj t !y _h p]fect$ a new design ( w+ :i* br\ght ab\t a tw5ty to =ty p] c5t improvem5t 9 lift rate 9 ! ye>4 ,:5 ! nature ( ! design 0 made public1 x 0 se5 to consi/ ( a division ( ! w+ into small sections1 ea* ) its sep>ate lift4 ,a few days lat]1 ,fokk]1 ! ,dut* inv5tor1 ann\nc$ ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e 9 :i* all ext]nal brac+ wires are obviat$1 ! w+s be+ ( a v deep section & self-support+4 ,! value ( ^! two inv5tions rema9s to be se5 s f> z comm]cial fly+ is conc]n$4 ,! value ( air "w 9 w>1 especially s f> z ! ,colonial campaigns 9 :i* ,briti% troops are con/antly be+ engag$ is 9 "q1 0 v ?or\ghly demon/rat$ 9 a report issu$ e>ly 9 #aibj ) ref]5ce to ! successful t]m9ation ( ! ,somalil& campaign ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! ,royal ,air ,=ce1 :i* betwe5 ,janu>y #ba/ & ! #ca/ practically de/roy$ ! ,d]vi% =ce "u ! ,mullah1 :i* _h be5 a ?orn 9 ! side ( ,brita9 s9ce #aijg4 ,bombs & ma*9e-guns did ! "w1 de/roy+ =tifications & br++ ab\t ! surr5d] ( all ! ,mullah's foll[+1 ) ! exception ( ab\t sev5ty :o made _! escape4 ,c]ta9 records bo? 9 con/ruction & p]=mance _h *>act]is$ ! po/-w> ye>s1 ?\gh z design advances & comes ne>] to p]fection1 x is obvi\s t records mu/ get few] & f>!r betwe54 ,! record a]oplane z reg>ds size at ! "t ( its con/ruction 0 ! ,t>rant triplane1 :i* made its fir/--& la/--flight on ,may #bh?1 #aiai4 ,! total load$ weight 0 #cj tons1 & ! ma*9e 0 fitt$ ) six #djj horse-p[] eng9es2 almo/ imm$iately aft] ! trial flight began1 ! ma*9e pit*$ =w>d on its nose & 0 wreck$1 caus+ fatal injuries to ,capta9s ,dunn & ,rawl+s1 :o 7 abo>d ! ma*9e4 ,a second accid5t ( simil> "* 0 t :i* befell ! giant seaplane kn[n z ! ,felix/[e ,fury1 9 a trial flight4 ,?is latt] ma*9e 0 int5d$ to be fl[n to ,au/ralia1 b 0 cra%$ ov] ! wat]4 ,on ,may #d?1 #aibj1 a ,briti% record = flight duration & useful load 0 e/abli%$ by a comm]cial type ,h&ley-,page biplane1 :i*1 c>ry+ a load ( #c1fij lbs41 rose to a height ( #ac1iii feet & rema9$ 9 ! air = #a h\r #bj m9utes4 ,on ,may #bg? ! ,fr5* pilot1 ,fronval1 fly+ at ,villac\blay 9 a ,morane-,saulni] type ( biplane ) ,le ,rhone motor1 put up an extraord9>y type ( record by loop+ ! loop #ifb times 9 #c h\rs #eb m9utes #aj seconds4 ,ano!r record ( ! ye> ( simil> nature 0 t ( two ,fr5* fli]s1 ,b\ssotrot & ,b]n>d1 :o a*iev$ a cont9u\s flight ( #bd h\rs #ai m9utes #g seconds1 beat+ ! pre-w> record ( #ba h\rs #dh #c_/d seconds set up by ! ,g]man pilot1 ,l&emann4 ,bo? ^! records are likely to /&1 be+ 9 ! nature ( freaks1 :i* demon/rate little beyond ! reliability ( ! ma*9e & ! capacity = endurance on ! "p ( its pilots4 ,mean:ile1 on ,febru>y #ad?1 ,lieuts4 ,masi]o & ,f]r>9 left ,rome on ,s4,v4,a4 ,ansaldo ,v4 ma*9es fitt$ ) #bbj horse-p[] ,s4,v4,a4 motors4 ,on ,may #cj? !y arriv$ at ,tokio1 hav+ fl[n by way ( ,bagdad1 ,k>a*i1 ,canton1 ,pek91 & ,osaka4 ,sev]al o!r competitors />t$1 two ( :om 7 %ot d[n by ,arabs 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,consid]$ 9 a g5]al way1 ! fir/ two ye>s aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! ,great ,european ,w> =m a p]iod ( transition 9 :i* ! comm]cial type ( a]oplane 0 gradually evolv$ f ! fight+ ma*9e :i* 0 p]fect$ 9 ! f\r prec$+ ye>s4 ,!re 0 ab\t ?is p]iod no s5se ( f9ality1 b x 0 z exp]im5tal1 9 its own way1 z 7 ! ye>s ( progress+ design :i* prec$$ ! w> p]iod4 ,su* comm]cial s*emes z 7 inaugurat$ call = no m note ?an has be5 giv5 "h2 !y h be5 exp]im5tal1 &1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t mail s]vice1 h n be5 plann$ & execut$ on a suffici5tly l>ge scale to furni% reliable data on :i* to =eca/ ! prospects ( comm]cial aviation4 ,& !re is a s*ool rapidly gr[+ up :i* ass]ts t ! day ( a]oplanes is ne>ly ov]4 ,! con/ruction ( ! giant air%ips ( to-day & ! successful return flight ( ,r#cd across ! ,atlantic seem to po9t to ! ev5tual triumph1 9 spite ( its disadvantages1 ( ! dirigible air%ip4 ,?is is a h>d say+ = su* ( ! a]oplane indu/ry z surviv$ ! ,w> p]iod & consolidat$ itself1 & x is b ! say+ ( a section :i* bases its belief on ! fact t1 z 0 not$ 9 ! v e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury1 ! a]oplane is prim>ily a w> ma*9e4 ,moreov]1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,w> p]iod t5d$ to discr$it ! dirigible1 s9ce1 be=e ! introduction ( helium gas1 ! inflammability ( its buoyant factor plac$ x at an imm5se disadvantage beside ! ma*9e dep5d5t on ! atmosph]e itself = its lift4 ,z life runs to-day1 x is a long "t s9ce ,kipl+ wrote 8 /ory ( ! airways ( a future _w & ?ru/ out a prophecy t ! bulk ( ! _w's air traffic w\ld be c>ri$ by gas-bag vessels4 ,if ! s*ool :i* incl9es to belief 9 ! dirigible is "r 9 its belief1 z x well may be1 !n ! =esight 0 uncannily correct1 n only 9 ! matt] ( ! ma9 assumption1 b 9 ! detail ) :i* ! writ] embroid]$ x4 ,on ! con/ructional side1 ! hi/ory ( ! a]oplane is /ill s mu* 9 ! mak+ t any attempt at a critical hi/ory w\ld be unwise1 & x is possible only to record fact1 leav+ x to ! future = judgm5t to be pass$4 ,b1 9 a g5]al way1 criticism may be advanc$ ) reg>d to ! place t a]onautics takes 9 civilisation4 ,9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 ! _w has made miracul\sly rapid /rides mat]ially1 b moral developm5t has n kept abrea/4 ,conception ( ! responsibilities ( humanity rema9s virtually 9 a position ( a hundr$ ye>s ago2 giv5 a high] conception ( life & its responsibilities1 ! a]oplane becomes ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( t long s]ies :i* ,james ,watt inaugurat$1 ! la/ /ep 9 int]communication1 ! *a9 ) :i* all nations are b\nd 9 a gr[+ prosp]ity1 surely bas$ on moral wellbe+4 ,)\t su* conception ( ! duties z well z ! rights ( life1 ?is la/ a*ievem5t ( sci5ce may yet prove ! weapon t %all end civilisation z m5 "k x to-day1 & br+ ?is ultra-mat]ial age to a phase ( ru9 on :i* san] p c build a _w m reasonable & less giv5 to grop+ aft] purely mat]ial advancem5t4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #aijc-aibj3 ,,progress ,,9 ,,design ,by ,lieut4-,col4 ,w4 ,lockwood ,m>% ,i4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,al?\gh ! fir/ actual flight ( an a]oplane 0 made by ! ,wrights on ,decemb] #ag? #aijc1 x is necess>y1 9 consid]+ ! progress ( design betwe5 t p]iod & ! pres5t day1 to g back to ! e>li] days ( _! exp]im5ts ) 'glid]s1' :i* %[ ! alt]ations 9 design made by !m 9 _! /ep-by/ep progress to a fly+ ma*9e prop]1 & give a cle> idea ( ! /age at :i* !y _h arriv$ 9 ! art ( a]oplane design at ! "t ( _! fir/ flights4 ,!y />t$ by c>efully survey+ ! "w ( previ\s exp]im5t]s1 su* z ,lili5?al & ,*anute1 & f ! lesson ( "s ( ! failures ( ^! pione]s evolv$ c]ta9 new pr9ciples :i* 7 embodi$ 9 _! fir/ glid]1 built 9 #aijj4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 in/ead ( rely+ ^u ! %ift+ ( ! op]ator's body to obta9 balance1 :i* _h prov$ too sl[ to be reliable1 !y fitt$ 9 front ( ! ma9 support+ surfaces :at we n[ call an 'elevator1' :i* c\ld be flex$1 to control ! longitud9al balance1 f :]e ! op]ator lay prone ^u ! ma9 support+ surfaces4 ,! second ma9 innovation :i* !y incorporat$ 9 ?is fir/ glid]1 & ! pr9ciple ( :i* is /ill us$ 9 e a]oplane 9 exi/5ce1 0 ! atta9m5t ( lat]al balance by w>p+ ! extremities ( ! ma9 planes4 ,! effect ( w>p+ or pull+ d[n ! extremity ( ! w+ on "o side 0 to increase its lift & s cause t side to rise4 ,9 ! fir/ two glid]s ?is control 0 also us$ = /e]+ to "r & left4 ,bo? ^! me?ods ( control 7 novel = o!r ?an model "w1 z previ\s exp]im5t]s1 su* z ,lili5?al & ,pil*]1 _h reli$ entirely ^u mov+ ! legs or %ift+ ! position ( ! body to control ! longitud9al & lat]al motions ( _! glid]s4 ,= ! ma9 support+ surfaces ( ! glid] ! biplane sy/em ( ,*anute's glid]s 0 adopt$ ) c]ta9 modifications1 :ile ! curve ( ! w+s 0 f\nd$ ^u ! calculations ( ,lili5?al z to w9d pressure & consequ5t lift ( ! plane4 ,?is fir/ glid] 0 te/$ on ! ,kill ,devil ,hill s&-hills 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 ! summ] ( #aijj & prov$ at any rate ! correctness ( ! pr9ciples ( ! front elevator & w>p+ w+s1 ?\gh its design]s 7 puzzl$ by ! fact t ! lift 0 less ?an !y expect$2 :il/ ! 'drag'7z we call x71 or resi/ance1 0 also consid]ably l[] ?an _! pr$ictions4 ,! #aija ma*9e 01 9 consequ5ce1 ne>ly d\bl$ 9 area--! lift+ surface be+ increas$ f #afe to #cjh squ>e feet--! fir/ trial tak+ place on ,july #bg?1 #aija1 aga9 at ,kill ,devil ,hill4 ,x imm$iately appe>$ t some?+ 0 wrong1 z ! ma*9e div$ /raight to ! gr\nd1 & x 0 only aft] ! op]ator's position _h be5 mov$ ne>ly a foot back f :at _h be5 calculat$ z ! correct position t ! ma*9e w\ld glide--& ev5 !n ! elevator _h to be us$ f> m /rongly ?an 9 ! previ\s ye>'s glid]4 ,aft] a good deal ( ?\ght ! app>5t solution ( ! tr\ble 0 f9ally f\nd4 ,?is consi/$ 9 ! fact t ) curv$ surfaces1 :ile at l>ge angles ! c5tre ( pressure moves =w>d z ! angle decreases1 :5 a c]ta9 limit ( angle is rea*$ x travels sudd5ly backw>ds & causes ! ma*9e to dive4 ,! ,wrights _h kn[n ( ?is t5d5cy f ,lili5?al's rese>*es1 b _h imag9$ t ! ph5om5on w\ld disappe> if !y us$ a fairly lightly camb]$--or curv$--surface ) a v abrupt curve at ! front4 ,hav+ discov]$ :at appe>$ to be ! cause !y surm\nt$ ! difficulty by 'truss+ d[n' ! camb] ( ! w+s1 ) ! result t !y at once got back to ! old conditions ( ! previ\s ye> & c\ld control ! ma*9e readily ) small movem5ts ( ! elevator1 ev5 be+ able to foll[ undulations 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y /ill f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! lift 0 n z great z x %\ld h be52 :ile ! drag rema9$1 z 9 ! previ\s glid]1 surpris+ly small4 ,?is ?rew d\bt on previ\s figures z to w9d resi/ance & pressure on curv$ surfaces2 b at ! same "t confirm$ 7& ?is 0 a mo/ important result7 ,lili5?al's previ\sly que/ion$ !ory t at small angles ! pressure on a curv$ surface in/ead ( be+ normal1 or at "r angles to1 ! *ord is 9 fact incl9$ 9 front ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,! result ( ?is is t ! pressure actually t5ds to draw ! ma*9e =w>d into ! w9d--h5ce ! small am\nt ( drag1 :i* _h puzzl$ ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright4 ,ano!r lesson :i* 0 le>nt f ^! fir/ two ye>s ( exp]im5t1 0 t :]e1 z 9 a biplane1 two surfaces are sup]pos$ "o above ! o!r1 ea* ( !m has some:at less lift ?an x w\ld h if us$ alone4 ,! exp]im5t]s 7 also /ill 9 d\bt z to ! effici5cy ( ! w>p+ me?od ( controll+ ! lat]al balance z x gave rise to c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* puzzl$ !m1 ! ma*9e turn+ t[>ds ! w+ hav+ ! great] angle1 :i* seem$ also to t\* ! gr\nd fir/1 contr>y to _! expectations4 ,accord+ly1 on return+ to ,dayton t[>ds ! end ( #aija1 !y set !mselves to solve ! v>i\s problems :i* _h appe>$ & />t$ on a l5g?y s]ies ( exp]im5ts to *eck ! previ\s figures z to w9d resi/ance & lift ( curv$ surfaces1 besides sett+ !mselves to grapple ) ! difficulty ( lat]al control4 ,!y accord+ly con/ruct$ = !mselves at _! home 9 ,dayton a w9d tunnel #af in*es squ>e by #f feet long 9 :i* !y measur$ ! lift & 'drag' ( m ?an two hundr$ m9iature w+s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! te/s !y = ! fir/ "t produc$ comp>ative results ( ! lift ( oblong & squ>e surfaces1 ) ! result t !y re-discov]$ ! importance ( 'aspect ratio'--! ratio ( l5g? to bread? ( planes4 ,z a result1 9 ! next ye>'s glid] ! aspect ration ( ! w+s 0 increas$ f ! ?ree to "o ( ! e>lie/ model to ab\t six to "o1 :i* is approximately ! same z t us$ 9 ! ma*9es ( to-day4 ,fur!r ?an t1 !y discuss$ ! "q ( lat]al /ability1 & came to ! conclusion t ! cause ( ! tr\ble 0 t ! effect ( w>p+ d[n "o w+ 0 to increase ! resi/ance (1 & consequ5tly sl[ d[n1 t w+ to su* an ext5t t its lift 0 r$uc$ suffici5tly to wipe out ! anticipat$ increase 9 lift result+ f ! w>p+4 ,f ?is !y d$uc$ t if ! spe$ ( ! w>p$ w+ c\ld be controll$ ! advantage ( increas+ ! angle by w>p+ c\ld be utilis$ z !y orig9ally int5d$4 ,!y !re=e decid$ to fit a v]tical f9 at ! re> :i*1 if ! ma*9e attempt$ to turn1 w\ld be expos$ m & m to ! w9d & s /op ! turn+ motion by (f]+ increas$ resi/ance4 ,z a result ( ?is laboratory rese>* "w ! ?ird ,wright glid]1 :i* 0 tak5 to ,kill ,devil ,hill 9 ,septemb]1 #aijb1 0 f> m effici5t a]odynamically ?an ei!r ( its two pr$ecessors1 & 0 fitt$ ) a fix$ v]tical f9 at ! re> 9 addition to ! movable elevator 9 front4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,griffi? ,brew]199 ?is ?ird glid] conta9$ #cje squ>e feet ( surface2 ?\gh !re may possibly be a mi/ake "h1 z he /ates9999 ! surface ( ! previ\s ye>'s glid] to h be5 only #bij squ>e feet1 :]eas ,wilbur ,wright himself999999 /ates x to h be5 #cjh squ>e feet4 ,! matt] is n1 p]haps1 save hi/orically1 ( mu* importance1 except t ! glid]s are believ$ to h be5 progressively l>g]1 & !re=e if we accept ,wilbur ,wright's own figure ( ! surface ( ! second glid]1 ! ?ird mu/ h _h a great] area ?an t giv5 by ,mr ,griffi? ,brew]4 ,un=tunately1 no evid5ce ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs !mselves on ?is po9t is available4 99 ,f\r? ,wilbur ,wright ,memorial ,lecture1 ,a]onautical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 ,no4 #gi1 page #ge4 9999 ,ibid4 page #gc4 999999 ,ibid4 pp4 #ia & #ajb4 ,! fir/ glide ( ! #aijb1 season 0 made on ,septemb] #ag? ( t ye>1 & ! new ma*9e at once %[$ itself an improvem5t on its pr$ecessors1 ?\gh subsequ5t trials %[$ t ! difficulty ( lat]al balance _h n be5 entirely ov]come4 ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 to turn ! v]tical f9 at ! re> into a rudd] by mak+ x movable4 ,at ! same "t x 0 realis$ t !re 0 a def9ite relation betwe5 lat]al balance & directional control1 & ! rudd] controls & w+-w>p+ wires 7 accord+ly connect$ ,?is end$ ! pione] glid+ exp]im5ts ( ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright--?\gh fur!r glides 7 made 9 subsequ5t ye>s--z ! foll[+ ye>1 #aijc1 saw ! fir/ p[]-driv5 ma*9e leave ! gr\nd4 ,to recapitulate--9 ! c\rse ( ^! orig9al exp]im5ts ! ,wrights confirm$ ,lili5?al's !ory ( ! rev]sal ( ! c5tre ( pressure on camb]$ surfaces at small angles ( incid5ce3 !y confirm$ ! importance ( high aspect ratio 9 respect to lift3 !y _h evolv$ new & m accurate tables ( lift & pressure on camb]$ surfaces3 !y 7 ! fir/ to use a movable horizontal elevator = controll+ height3 !y 7 ! fir/ to adju/ ! w+s to diff]5t angles ( incid5ce to ma9ta9 lat]al balance3 & !y 7 ! fir/ to use ! movable rudd] & adju/able w+s 9 comb9ation4 ,!y n[ consid]$ t !y _h gone f> en\gh to ju/ify !m 9 build+ a p[]-driv5 'fli]1' z !y call$ _! fir/ a]oplane4 ,!y c\ld f9d no suitable eng9e & s proce$$ to build = !mselves an int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 :i* 0 design$ to give #h horse-p[]1 b :5 complet$ actually develop$ ab\t #ab-ae horse-p[] & weigh$ #bdj lbs4 ,! complete ma*9e weigh$ ab\t #gej lbs4 ,fur!r details ( ! fir/ ,wright a]oplane are difficult to obta91 & ev5 ^? "h giv5 %\ld be receiv$ ) "s caution4 ,! fir/ flight 0 made on ,decemb] #ag? #aijc1 & la/$ #ab seconds4 ,o!rs foll[$ imm$iately1 & ! f\r? la/$ #ei seconds1 a di/ance ( #heb feet be+ cov]$ aga9/ a #bj-mile w9d4 ,! foll[+ ye> !y transf]r$ op]ations to a field outside ,dayton1 ,ohio 7_! home71 & !re !y flew a some:at l>g] & heavi] ma*9e ) :i* on ,septemb] #bj? #aijd1 !y complet$ ! fir/ circle 9 ! air4 ,9 ?is ma*9e = ! fir/ "t ! pilot _h a seat2 all ! previ\s exp]im5ts hav+ be5 c>ri$ out ) ! op]ator ly+ prone on ! l[] w+4 ,?is 0 foll[$ next ye> by ano!r /ill l>g] ma*9e1 & on x !y c>ri$ out _m flights4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ^! flights !y satisfi$ !mselves z to ! cause ( a ph5om5on :i* _h puzzl$ !m dur+ ! previ\s ye> & caus$ !m to fe> t !y _h n solv$ ! problem ( lat]al control4 ,!y f\nd t on occasions--always :5 on a turn--! ma*9e began to slide d[n t[>ds ! gr\nd & t no am\nt ( w>p+ c\ld /op x4 ,f9ally x 0 f\nd t if ! nose ( ! ma*9e 0 tilt$ d[n a recov]y c\ld be effect$2 f :i* !y conclud$ t :at actually happ5$ 0 t ! ma*9e1 'ow+ to ! increas$ load caus$ by c5trifugal =ce1' _h insuffici5t p[] to ma9ta9 itself 9 ! air & !re=e lo/ spe$ until a po9t 0 rea*$ at :i* ! controls became inop]ative4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is 0 ! fir/ exp]i5ce ( '/all+ on a turn1' :i* is a dang] aga9/ :i* all embryo pilots h to gu>d 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! tra9+4 ,! #aije ma*9e 01 l its pr$ecessors1 a biplane ) a biplane elevator 9 front & a d\ble v]tical rudd] 9 re>4 ,! span 0 #dj feet1 ! *ord ( ! w+s be+ #f feet & ! gap betwe5 !m ab\t ! same4 ,! total area 0 ab\t #fjj squ>e feet :i* support$ a total weight ( #ibe lbs42 :ile ! motor 0 #ab to #ae horse-p[] driv+ two propell]s on ea* side beh9d ! ma9 planes ?r\gh *a9s & giv+ ! ma*9e a spe$ ( ab\t #cj m4p4h4 "o ( ^! *a9s 0 cross$ s t ! propell]s revolv$ 9 opposite directions to avoid ! torque :i* x 0 fe>$ w\ld be set up if !y bo? revolv$ ! same way4 ,! ma*9e 0 n fitt$ ) a :eel$ und]c>riage b 0 c>ri$ on two skids1 :i* also act$ z outrigg]s to c>ry ! elevator4 ,consequ5tly1 a me*anical me?od ( laun*+ _h to be evolv$ & ! ma*9e receiv$ initial velocity f a rail1 along :i* x 0 drawn by ! impetus provid$ by ! fall+ ( a weight f a wood5 t[] or 'pylon4' ,z a result ( ?is ! ,wright a]oplane 9 its orig9al =m _h to be tak5 back to its />t+ rail aft] ea* flight1 & c\ld n re/>t f ! po9t ( alight+4 ,p]haps1 9 comp>ison ) ,fr5* ma*9es ( m or less contempor>y date 7evolv$ on indep5d5t l9es 9 ignorance ( ! ,am]icans' "w71 ! *ief feature ( ! ,wright biplane ( #aije 0 t x reli$ entirely ^u ! skill ( ! op]ator = its /ability2 :]eas 9 ,france "s attempt 0 be+ made1 al?\gh p]haps n v successfully1 to make ! ma*9e automatically /able lat]ally4 ,! p]=mance ( ! ,wrights 9 c>ry+ a load+ ( "s #fj lbs4 p] horse-p[] is "o :i* %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,! w+ load+ 0 ab\t #a #a_/b lbs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,ab\t ! same "t t ! ,wrights 7 c>ry+ out _! p[]-driv5 exp]im5ts1 a b& ( pione]s 0 q indep5d5tly beg9n+ to approa* success 9 ,france4 ,9 practically e case1 h[ev]1 !y />t$ f a some:at diff]5t /&po9t & took z _! basic idea ! cellul> 7or box7 kite4 ,?is =m ( kite1 consi/+ ( two sup]pos$ surfaces connect$ at ea* end by a v]tical panel or curta9 ( fabric1 _h prov$ extremely successful = man-c>ry+ purposes1 &1 !re=e1 x 0 little wond] t sev]al m9ds conceiv$ ! idea ( attempt+ to fly by fitt+ a s]ies ( box-kites ) an eng9e4 ,! fir/ to a*ieve success 0 ,m4 ,santos-,dumont1 ! fam\s ,brazilian pione]-design] ( air%ips1 :o1 on ,novemb] #ab?1 #aijf1 made sev]al flights1 ! la/ ( :i* cov]$ a little ov] #gjj feet4 ,santos-,dumont's ma*9e consi/$ ess5tially ( two box-kites1 =m+ ! ma9 w+s1 "o on ea* side ( ! body1 9 :i* ! pilot /ood1 & at ! front extremity ( :i* 0 ano!r movable box-kite to act z elevator & rudd]4 ,! curta9s at ! ends 7 int5d$ to give lat]al /ability1 :i* 0 fur!r ensur$ by sett+ ! w+s slightly incl9$ upw>ds f ! c5tre1 s t :5 se5 f ! front !y =m$ a wide ,v4 ,?is feature is /ill to be f\nd 9 _m a]oplanes to-day & has come to be kn[n z ! 'dih$ral4' ,! motor 0 at fir/ ( #bd horse-p[]1 = :i* lat] a #ej horse-p[] ,anto9ette eng9e 0 sub/itut$2 :il/ a ?ree-:eel$ und]c>riage 0 provid$1 s t ! ma*9e c\ld />t )\t ext]nal me*anical aid4 ,! ma*9e 0 con/ruct$ ( bamboo & /eel1 ! weight be+ z l[ z #ceb lbs4 ,! span 0 #dj feet1 ! l5g? be+ #cc feet1 ) a total surface ( ma9 planes ( #hfj squ>e feet4 ,x w ?us be se5--= comp>ison ) ! ,wright ma*9e--t ! weight p] horse-p[] 7) ! #ej horse-p[] eng9e7 0 only #g lbs41 :ile ! w+ load+ 0 equally l[ at #a_/b lb4 p] squ>e foot4 ,! ma9 features ( ! ,santos-,dumont ma*9e 7 ! box-kite =m ( con/ruction1 ) a dih$ral angle on ! ma9 planes1 & ! =w>d elevator :i* c\ld be mov$ 9 any direction & !re=e act$ 9 ! same way z ! rudd] at ! re> ( ! ,wright biplane4 ,x _h a s+le propell] revolv+ 9 ! c5tre beh9d ! w+s & 0 fitt$ ) an und]c>riage incorporat$ 9 ! ma*9e4 ,! o!r *ief ,fr5* exp]im5t]s at ?is p]iod 7 ! ,vois9 ,fr]es1 ^: fir/ two ma*9es--id5tical 9 =m--7 sold to ,delagrange & ,h4 ,f>man1 :i* has sometimes caus$ confusion1 ! two pur*as]s be+ cr$it$ ) ! design !y b\ght4 ,! ,vois9s1 l ! ,wrights1 bas$ _! designs l>gely on ! exp]im5tal "w ( ,lili5?al1 ,langley1 ,*anute1 & o!rs1 ?\gh !y also c>ri$ out te/s on ! lift+ prop]ties ( a](oils 9 a w9d tunnel ( _! own4 ,_! fir/ ma*9es1 l ^? ( ,santos-,dumont1 %[$ ! effects ( exp]im5t+ ) box-kites1 "s ( :i* !y _h built = ,m4 ,erne/ ,ar*deacon 9 #aijd4 ,9 _! case ! ma*9e1 :i* 0 aga9 a biplane1 _h1 l bo? ! o!rs previ\sly m5tion$1 an elevator 9 front--?\gh 9 ?is case ( monoplane =m--&1 z 9 ! ,wright1 a rudd] 0 fitt$ 9 re> ( ! ma9 planes4 ,! ,vois9s1 h[ev]1 fitt$ a fix$ biplane horizontal 'tail'--9 an ef=t to obta9 a measure ( automatic longitud9al /ability--betwe5 ! two surfaces ( :i* ! s+le rudd] work$4 ,= lat]al /ability !y dep5d$ entirely on end curta9s betwe5 ! upp] & l[] surfaces ( bo? ! ma9 planes & biplane tail surfaces4 ,!y1 l ,santos-,dumont1 fitt$ a :eel$ und]c>riage1 s t ! ma*9e 0 self-conta9$4 ,! ,vois9 ma*9e1 !n1 0 int5d$ to be automatically /able 9 bo? s5ses2 :]eas ! ,wrights delib]ately produc$ a ma*9e :i* 0 entirely dep5d5t ^u ! pilot's skill = its /ability4 ,! dim5sions ( ! ,vois9 may be giv5 = comp>ative purposes1 & 7 z foll[s3 ,span #cc feet ) a *ord 7wid? f back to front7 ( ma9 planes ( #f #a_/b feet1 giv+ a total area ( #dcj squ>e feet4 ,! #ej horse-p[] ,anto9ette eng9e1 :i* 0 enclos$ 9 ! body 7or 'nacelle '7 9 ! front ( :i* ! pilot sat1 drove a propell] beh9d1 revolv+ betwe5 ! outrigg]s c>ry+ ! tail4 ,! total weight1 includ+ ,f>man z pilot1 is giv5 z #a1edj lbs41 s t ! ma*9e 0 mu* heavi] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs2 ! weight p] horse-p[] be+ midway betwe5 ! ,santos-,dumont & ! ,wright at #ca lbs4 p] squ>e foot1 :ile ! w+ load+ 0 consid]ably great] ?an ei!r at #c #a_/b lbs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,! ,vois9 ma*9e 0 exp]im5t$ ) by ,f>man & ,delagrange f ab\t ,june #aijg onw>ds1 & 0 9 ! subsequ5t ye>s develop$ by ,f>man2 & "r up to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,w> upheld ! pr9ciples ( ! box-kite me?od ( con/ruction = tra9+ purposes4 ,! *ief modification ( ! orig9al design 0 ! addition ( flaps 7or ail]ons7 at ! re> extremities ( ! ma9 planes to give lat]al control1 9 a mann] analog\s to ! w+-w>p+ me?od inv5t$ by ! ,wrights1 z a result ( :i* ! end curta9s betwe5 ! planes 7 aboli%$4 ,an additional elevator 0 fitt$ at ! re> ( ! fix$ biplane tail1 :i* ev5tually l$ to ! disc>d+ ( ! front elevator altoge!r4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! ,wright ma*9e came into l9e ) ! o!rs by ! fitt+ ( a :eel$ und]c>riage integral ) ! ma*9e4 ,a fix$ horizontal tail 0 also add$ to ! re> rudd]1 to :i* a movable elevator 0 lat] atta*$2 &1 f9ally1 ! front elevator 0 done away )4 ,x w ?us be se5 t hav+ />t$ f ! v diff]5t /&po9ts ( automatic /ability & complete control by ! pilot1 ! ,vois9 7z develop$ 9 ! ,f>man7 & ,wright ma*9es1 ?r\gh gradual evolution f9ally result$ 9 a]oplanes ( simil> *>act]i/ics embody+ a modicum ( bo? features4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! next /age ( progress m5tion %\ld be made ( ! exp]im5tal "w ( ,capta9 ,f]b] 9 ,france4 ,?is (fic] c>ri$ out a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts ) glid]s contempor>ily ) ! ,wrights1 adopt+--l !m--! ,*anute biplane pr9ciple4 ,he adopt$ ! front elevator f ! ,wrights1 b imm$iately w5t a /ep f>!r by also fitt+ a fix$ tail 9 re>1 :i* did n become a feature ( ! ,wright ma*9e until "s sev5 or eight ye>s lat]4 ,he built & appe>$ to h fl[n a ma*9e fitt$ ) a motor 9 #aije1 & 0 commission$ to g to ,am]ica by ! ,fr5* ,w> ,(fice on a secret mission to ! ,wrights4 ,un=tunately1 no complete acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts appe>s to exi/1 ?\gh x c be said t 8 "w 0 at lea/ z important z t ( any ( ! o!r pione]s m5tion$4 ,,ii4 ,,multiplicity ,,( ,,ideas ,9 a review ( progress su* z ?is1 x is obvi\sly impossible1 :5 a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t has be5 rea*$1 ow+ to ! v multiplicity ( exp]im5t]s1 to cont9ue deal+ 9 any?+ approa*+ detail ) all ! diff]5t types ( ma*9es2 & x is propos$1 !re=e1 f ?is po9t to deal only ) t5d5cies1 & to m5tion individuals m]ely z examples ( a class ( ?\ght r ?an z p]sonalities1 z x is (t5 difficult fairly to allocate ! responsibility = any p>ticul> innovation4 ,dur+ #aijg & #aijh a new type ( ma*9e1 9 ! monoplane1 began to appe> f ! work%ops ( ,l\is ,bl]iot1 ,rob]t ,esnault-,pelt]ie1 & o!rs1 :i* 0 de/9$ to give rise to long & bitt] controv]sies on ! relative advantages ( ! two types1 into :i* x is n propos$ to ent] "h2 ?\gh ! rumbl+s ( ! conflict are /ill to be he>d by disc]n+ e>s4 ,bl]iot's e>ly monoplanes _h c]ta9 new features1 su* z ! location ( ! pilot1 & 9 "s cases ! eng9e1 bel[ ! w+2 b 9 g5]al 8 monoplanes1 p>ticul>ly ! fam\s ,no4 ,,xi on :i* ! fir/ ,*annel cross+ 0 made on ,july #be?1 #aiji1 embodi$ ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! ,wright & ,vois9 types1 except t ! propell] 0 9 front ( in/ead ( beh9d ! support+ surfaces1 & 01 !re=e1 :at is call$ a 'tractor' 9 place ( ! !n m conv5tional 'pu%]4' ,bl]iot aim$ at lat]al balance by hav+ ! tip ( ea* w+ pivot$1 ?\gh he soon fell into l9e ) ! ,wrights & adopt$ ! w>p+ sy/em4 ,! ma9 features ( ! design ( ,esnault-,pelt]ie's monoplane 0 ! inv]t$ dih$ral 7or ka!dral z ?is 0 call$ 9 ,mr ,s4 ,f4 ,cody's ,briti% ,army ,biplane ( #aijg7 on ! w+s1 :]eby ! tips 7 consid]ably l[] ?an ! roots at ! body4 ,?is 0 design$ to give automatic lat]al /ability1 b1 "h aga91 conv5tional practice 0 soon adopt$ & ! ,r4,e4,p4 monoplanes1 :i* became well-kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry ?r\gh _! adoption 9 ! e>ly days by ,messrs ,vick]s1 7 ( ! ord9>y monoplane design1 consi/+ ( a tractor propell] ) wire-/ay$ w+s1 ! pilot be+ 9 an enclos$ fuselage conta9+ ! eng9e 9 front & c>ry+ at its re> extremity fix$ horizontal & v]tical surfaces comb9$ ) movable elevators & rudd]4 ,con/ructionally1 ! ,r4,e4,p4 monoplane 0 ( extreme int]e/ z ! body 0 con/ruct$ ( /eel4 ,! ,anto9ette monoplane1 s ably fl[n by ,la?am1 0 ano!r v fam\s ma*9e ( ! #aiji-aiaj p]iod1 ?\gh its p]=mance 7 frequ5tly m>r$ by eng9e failure2 :i* 0 inde$ ! bugbe> ( all ^! e>ly exp]im5t]s1 & x is difficult to say1 aft] ?is lapse ( "t1 h[ f> 9 _m cases ! failures :i* occurr$1 bo? 9 p]=mances & ev5 9 ! actual ability to rise f ! gr\nd1 7 due to defects 9 design or m]ely faults 9 ! primitive eng9es available4 ,! ,anto9ette ar\s$ admiration *iefly ?r\gh its graceful1 birdlike l9es1 :i* h probably nev] be5 equall$2 b its *ief int]e/ = our pres5t purpose lies 9 ! novel me?od ( w+-/ay+ :i* 0 employ$4 ,contempor>y monoplanes practically all _h _! w+s /ay$ by wires to a po/ 9 ! c5tre above ! fuselage1 &1 usually1 to ! und]c>riage bel[4 ,9 ! ,anto9ette1 h[ev]1 a k+ po/ 0 introduc$ half-way along ! w+1 f :i* wires 7 c>ri$ to ! ends ( ! w+s & ! body4 ,?is 0 int5d$ to give increas$ /r5g? & p]mitt$ ( a great] w+-spread & consequ5tly improv$ aspect ratio4 ,! same sy/em ( con/ruction 0 adopt$ 9 ! ,briti% ,m>t9syde monoplanes ( two or ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,?is p]iod also saw ! production ( ! fir/ triplane1 :i* 0 built by ,a4 ,v4 ,roe 9 ,engl& & 0 fitt$ ) a ,j4,a4,p4 eng9e ( only #i horse-p[]--an amaz+ p]=mance :i* rema9s to ?is day unequall$4 ,mr ,roe's triplane 0 *iefly int]e/+ o!rwise = ! me?od ( ma9ta9+ longitud9al control1 :i* 0 a*iev$ by pivot+ ! :ole ( ! ?ree ma9 planes s t _! angle ( incid5ce c\ld be alt]$4 ,?is 0 ! direct conv]se ( ! univ]sal practice ( elevat+ by means ( a subsidi>y surface ei!r 9 front or re> ( ! ma9 planes4 ,recollection ( ! v>i\s fly+ meet+s & exhibitions :i* "o att5d$ dur+ ! ye>s f #aiji to #aiaa1 or ev5 #aiab are *iefly notable = ! fact t ! fir/ ?\ght on see+ any new type ( ma*9e 0 n z to :at its 'p]=mance'--9 spe$1 lift1 or :at n--w\ld be2 b speculation z to :e!r x w\ld leave ! gr\nd at all :5 ev5tually tri$4 ,?is is p]haps ! be/ indication ( ! out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( t int]im p]iod betwe5 ! "t ( ! fir/ actual flights & ! lat] p]iod1 comm5c+ ab\t #aiab1 :5 ideas _h become settl$ & x 0 at la/ becom+ possible to =eca/ on ! draw+-bo>d ! p]=mance ( ! complet$ ma*9e 9 ! air4 ,)\t go+ into details1 = :i* !re is no space "h1 x is difficult to convey ! correct impression ( ! *aotic /ate :i* exi/$ z to ev5 ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( a]oplane design4 ,all ! exhibitions conta9$ l>ge numb]s--"o _h almo/ writt5 a majority--( ma*9es :i* embodi$ ! mo/ unusual features & :i* nev] c\ld1 & 9 practice nev] did1 leave ! gr\nd4 ,at ! same "t1 !re 7 few :o 7 suffici5tly h>dy to say c]ta9ly t ?is or t innovation 0 wrong2 & consequ5tly doz5s ( inv5tors 9 e c\ntry 7 conduct+ isolat$ exp]im5ts on bo? good & bad l9es4 ,all k9ds ( devices1 me*anical & o!rwise1 7 claim$ z ! solution ( ! problem ( /ability1 & !re 0 ev5 controv]sy z to :e!r any measure ( /ability 0 n undesirable2 "o s*ool ma9ta9+ t ! only safety lay 9 ! pilot hav+ ! sole say 9 ! attitude ( ! ma*9e at any giv5 mom5t1 & fe>+ dang] f ! ma*9e hav+ any m9d ( its own1 s to speak4 ,!re 01 z 9 mo/ controv]sies1 "s "r on bo? sides1 & :5 we come to consid] ! m settl$ p]iod f #aiab to ! outbreak ( ! ,w> 9 #aiad we %all f9d h[ a compromise 0 gradually effect$4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x 0 at ! "t difficult to pick out1 !re 0 v real progress be+ made1 &1 ?\gh a numb] ( 'freak' ma*9es fell out by ! wayside1 ! pione] design]s ( ^? days le>nt by a process ( trial & error ! "r pr9ciples to foll[ & gradually succe$$ 9 gett+ _! ideas cry/allis$4 ,9 connection ) /ability m5tion mu/ be made ( a ma*9e :i* 0 evolv$ 9 ! utmo/ secrecy by ,mr ,j4 ,w4 ,dunne 9 a remote "p ( ,scotl& "u subsidy f ! ,w> (fice4 ,?is type1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ 9 bo? monoplane & biplane =m1 %[$ t x 0 9 fact possible 9 #aiaj & #aiaa to design an a]oplane :i* c\ld def9itely be left to fly itself 9 ! air4 ,"o ( ! ,dunne ma*9es 01 = example fl[n f ,f>nbor\gh to ,salisbury ,pla9 )\t any control o!r ?an ! rudd] be+ t\*$2 & on ano!r occasion x flew a complete circle ) all controls lock$ automatically assum+ ! correct bank = ! radius ( turn4 ,! peculi> =m ( w+ us$1 ! camb] ( :i* v>i$ f ! root to ! tip1 gave rise h[ev]1 to a c]ta9 loss 9 effici5cy1 & !re 0 also a difficulty 9 ! pilot assum+ adequate control :5 desir$4 ,o!r ma*9es design$ to be /able--su* z ! ,g]man ,etri* & ! ,briti% ,weiss glid]s & ,h&ley-,page monoplanes--7 bas$ on ! analogy ( a w+ atta*$ to a c]ta9 se$ f\nd 9 ,nature 7! ',zanonia' leaf71 on ! right+ effect ( back-slop$ w+s comb9$ ) upturn$ 7or 'negative'7 tips4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ! ma*9es ( ! #aiji-aiab p]iod reli$ = :at automatic /ability !y _h on ! pr9ciple ( ! dih$ral angle1 or flat ,v1 bo? longitud9ally & lat]ally4 ,longitud9ally ?is 0 obta9$ by sett+ ! tail at a slightly small] angle ?an ! ma9 planes4 ,! "q ( r$uc+ ! resi/ance by adopt+ '/ream-l9e' =ms1 along :i* ! air c\ld fl[ un9t]rupt$ly )\t ! =mation ( eddies1 0 n at fir/ prop]ly realis$1 ?\gh cr$it %\ld be giv5 to ,ed\>d ,nieuport1 :o 9 #aiji produc$ a monoplane ) a v l>ge body :i* almo/ completely enclos$ ! pilot & made ! ma*9e v fa/1 = ^? days1 ) l[ horse-p[]4 ,on "o ( ^! ma*9es ,c4 ,t4 ,weyman won ! ,gordon-,b5nett ,cup = ,am]ica 9 #aiaa & ano!r put up a f9e p]=mance 9 ! same race ) only a #cj horse-p[] eng9e4 ,! subject1 0 h[ev]1 e>ly tak5 up by ! ,briti% ,advisory ,committee = ,a]onautics1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 #aiji1 & design]s began to realise ! importance ( /reaml9e /ruts & fuselages t[>ds ! end ( ?is transition p]iod4 ,^! ef=ts 7 at fir/ n always successful & %[$ at times a lack ( und]/&+ ( ! problems involv$1 b !re 0 a v m>k$ improvem5t dur+ ! ye> #aiab4 ,at ! ,p>is ,a]o ,salon held e>ly 9 t ye> !re 0 a notable v>iety ( ideas on ! subject2 :]eas by ! "t ( ! "o held 9 ,octob] designs _h consid]ably settl$ d[n1 m ?an "o exhibitor %[+ :at 7 call$ 'monocoque' fuselages completely circul> 9 %ape & hav+ v l[ resi/ance1 :ile ! same %[ saw ! introduction ( rotat+ c[ls ov] ! propell] bosses1 or 'sp9n]s1' z !y came to be call$ dur+ ! ,w>4 ,a p>ticul>ly f9e example ( /ream-l9+ 0 to be f\nd 9 ! ,dep]duss9 monoplane on :i* ,v$r9es won back ! ,gordon-,b5nett ,aviation ,cup f ,am]ica at a spe$ ( #aje4e m4p4h4--a consid]able improvem5t on ! #gh m4p4h4 ( ! prec$+ ye>1 :i* 0 by no means acc\nt$ = by ! m]e increase 9 eng9e p[] f #ajj horse-p[] to #adj horse-p[]4 ,?is ma*9e 0 ! fir/ 9 :i* ! ref9em5t ( '/ream-l9+' ! pilot's head1 :i* became a feature ( subsequ5t rac+ ma*9es1 0 introduc$4 ,?is consi/$ ( a circul> padd$ excres5ce above ! cockpit imm$iately beh9d ! pilot's head1 :i* gradually tap]$ (f into ! top surface ( ! fuselage4 ,! object 0 to give ! air an un9t]rupt$ fl[ in/ead ( all[+ x to be brok5 up into eddies beh9d ! head ( ! pilot1 & x also provid$ a support aga9/ ! enorm\s w9d-pressure enc\nt]$4 ,?is true /ream-l9e =m ( fuselage ow$ its introduction to ! ,paulhan-,tat9 ',torpille' monoplane ( ! ,p>is ,salon ( e>ly #aiag4 ,altoge!r ! end ( ! ye> #aiab began to see ! disappe>ance ( 'freak' ma*9es ) all sorts ( orig9al ideas = ! increase ( /ability & p]=mance4 ,designs _h by !n gradually become to a consid]able ext5t /&>dis$1 & x _h become unusual to f9d a ma*9e built :i* w\ld fail to fly4 ,! ,gnome eng9e held ! field ow+ to its advantages1 z ! fir/ ( ! rot>y type1 9 lightness & ease ( fitt+ into ! nose ( a fuselage4 ,! majority ( ma*9es 7 tractors 7propell] 9 front7 al?\gh a pref]5ce1 :i* di$ d[n subsequ5tly1 0 /ill %[n = ! monoplane ov] ! biplane4 ,?is ye> also saw a great increase 9 ! numb] ( seaplanes1 al?\gh ! 'fly+ boat' type _h only appe>$ at int]vals & ! va/ majority 7 ( ! ord9>y a]oplane type fitt$ ) floats 9 place ( ! l& und]c>riage2 :i* type 0 at t "t commonly call$ 'hydro-a]oplane4' ,! usual horse p[] 0 #ej--t ( ! smalle/ ,gnome eng9e--al?\gh eng9es ( #ajj to #adj horse-p[] 7 also fitt$ occasionally4 ,! av]age weight p] horse-p[] v>i$ f #ah to #be lbs41 :ile ! w+-load+ 0 usually 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #e to #f lbs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,! av]age spe$ rang$ f #fe-ge miles p] h\r4 ,,iii4 ,,progress ,,on ,,/&>dis$ ,,l9es ,9 ! la/ section an attempt has be5 made to %[ h[1 dur+ :at 0 f ! design /&po9t p]haps ! mo/ critical p]iod1 ord] gradually became evid5t out ( *aos1 ill-consid]$ ideas dropp$ out ?r\gh failure to make good1 &1 ?\gh !re 0 /ill pl5ty ( room = improvem5t 9 details1 ! bulk ( ! a]oplanes %[$ a g5]al simil>ity 9 =m & conception4 ,!re 0 /ill a great deal to be le>nt 9 f9d+ ! be/ =m ( w+ section1 & p]=mances 7 /ill l[2 b x _h become def9itely possible to say t fly+ _h em]g$ f ! *rysalis /age & _h become a sci5ce4 ,! p]iod :i* n[ began 0 "o ( sci5tific developm5t & improvem5t--9 p]=mance1 manoeuvrability1 & g5]al airwor?9ess & /ability4 ,! ,briti% ,milit>y ,a]oplane ,competition held 9 ! summ] ( #aiab _h done mu* to %[ ! requirem5ts 9 design by giv+ possibly ! fir/ opportunity = a def9ite comp>ison ( ! p]=mance ( diff]5t ma*9es z measur$ by imp>tial obs]v]s on /&>d l9es--albeit ! me?ods ( measur+ 7 crude4 ,^! %[$ t a high spe$--= ^? days--( #ge miles an h\r or s 0 att5d$ by disadvantages 9 ! =m ( an equally fa/ l[ spe$1 ( #ej miles p] h\r or m1 & g5]ally may be said to h giv5 design]s an idea :at to aim = & 9 :at direction improvem5ts 7 requir$4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ noticeable po9t p]haps ( ! ma*9es ( ?is "t 0 ! m>k$ mann] 9 :i* a ma*9e t 0 good 9 "o respect w\ld be f\nd to be want+ 9 o!rs4 ,x _h n yet be5 possible to comb9e sev]al desirable attributes 9 "o ma*9e4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ?is 0 p]haps to be f\nd 9 ! mu* discuss$ ,gov]nm5t ,b4,e4#b ma*9e1 :i* 0 produc$ f ! ,royal ,aircraft ,factory at ,f>nbor\gh1 9 ! summ] ( #aiab4 ,?\gh consid]ably criticiz$ f _m po9ts ( view x 0 p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to a ma*9e ( all-r\nd effici5cy t _h up to t date appe>$4 ,! climb+ rate1 :i* subsequ5tly prov$ s important = milit>y purposes1 0 /ill l[1 seldom1 if ev]1 exce$+ #djj feet p] m9ute2 :ile glid+ angles 7ratio ( desc5t to =w>d travel ov] ! gr\nd ) eng9e /opp$7 little exce$$ #a 9 #h4 ,! ye> #aiab & #aiac saw ! subsequ5tly all-conqu]+ tractor biplane beg9 to come into its own4 ,?is type1 :i* probably orig9at$ 9 ,engl&1 & at any rate atta9$ to its greate/ excell5ce prior to ! ,w> f ! draw+ (fices ( ! ,avro ,bri/ol & ,sop) firms1 dealt a bl[ at ! monoplane f :i* ! latt] nev] recov]$4 ,! two-seat] tractor biplane produc$ by ,sop) & pilot$ by ,h4 ,g4 ,hawk]1 %[$ t x 0 possible to produce a biplane ) at lea/ equal spe$ to ! be/ monoplanes1 :il/ hav+ ! advantage ( great] /r5g? & l[] l&+ spe$s4 ,! ,sop) ma*9e _h a top spe$ ( ov] #hj miles an h\r :ile l&+ z sl[ly z little m ?an #cj miles an h\r2 & also prov$ t x 0 possible to c>ry #c pass5g]s ) fuel = #d h\rs' flight ) a motive p[] ( only #hj horse-p[]4 ,?is increase 9 effici5cy 0 due to c>eful att5tion to detail 9 e "p1 improv$ w+ sections1 clean fuselage-l9es1 & simplifi$ und]c>riages4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiac a t5d5cy manife/$ itself t[>ds ! f\r-:eel$ und]c>riage1 a pair ( small] :eels be+ add$ 9 front ( ! ma9 :eels to prev5t ov]turn+ :ile runn+ on ! gr\nd2 & sev]al designs ( oleo-pneumatic & /eel-spr+ und]c>riages 7 produc$ 9 place ( ! rubb] %ock-absorb] type :i* _h up till !n be5 almo/ univ]sal4 ,^! two /atem5ts z to und]c>riage designs may appe> to be contradictory1 b 9 reality !y d n conflict z !y bo? %[$ a great] att5tion to ! importance ( good spr++1 comb9$ ) a desire to avoid complication & a mass ( /ruts & wires :i* increas$ head resi/ance4 ,! ,olympia ,a]o ,%[ ( ,m>*1 #aiac1 also produc$ a ma*9e :i*1 al?\gh ! type 0 n de/9$ to prove ! be/ = ! purpose = :i* x 0 design$1 0 ( int]e/ z be+ ! fir/ to be design$ specially = w> purposes4 ,?is 0 ! ,vick]s ',gun-bus1' a 'pu%]' ma*9e1 ) ! propell] revolv+ beh9d ! ma9 planes betwe5 ! outrigg]s c>ry+ ! tail1 ) a seat "r 9 front = a gunn] :o 0 provid$ ) a ma*9e gun on a swivell+ m\nt :i* _h a free field ( fire 9 e direction =w>d4 ,! device :i* prov$ ! dea?-bl[ = ?is type ( aircraft dur+ ! w> w be dealt ) 9 ! appropriate place lat]1 b ! ma*9e %\ld n g unrecord$4 ,z a result ( a numb] ( accid5ts to monoplanes ! ,gov]nm5t appo9t$ a ,committee at ! end ( #aiab to inquire into ! causes ( ^!4 ,! report :i* 0 pres5t$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiac1 exon]at$ ! monoplane by com+ to ! conclusion t ! accid5ts 7 n caus$ by conditions peculi> to monoplanes1 b po9t$ out c]ta9 desid]ata 9 a]oplane design g5]ally :i* are wor? record+4 ,!y recomm5d$ t ! w+s ( a]oplanes %\ld be s int]nally brac$ z to h suffici5t /r5g? 9 !mselves n to collapse if ! ext]nal brac+ wires %\ld give way4 ,! practice1 m common 9 monoplanes ?an biplanes1 ( c>ry+ important brac+ wires f ! w+s to ! und]c>riage 0 condemn$ ow+ to ! liability ( damage f frequ5t l&+s4 ,!y also po9t$ out ! desirability ( duplicat+ all ma9 wires & _! atta*m5ts1 & ( us+ /r&$ cable = control wires4 ,ow+ to ! suspicion t "o accid5t at lea/ _h be5 caus$ ?r\gh ! te>+ ( ! fabric away f ! w+1 x 0 recomm5d$ t fabric %\ld be m securely fa/5$ to ! ribs ( ! w+s1 & t devices = prev5t+ ! spread+ ( te>s %\ld be consid]$4 ,9 ! la/ connection x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,fr5* ,dep]duss9 firm produc$ a fabric w+-cov]+ ) extra /rong ?reads run at "r-angles ?r\gh ! fabric at int]vals 9 ord] to limit ! te>+ to a def9$ area4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! :itewa%+ ( ! monoplane by ! ,gov]nm5t ,committee j m5tion$1 consid]able /ir 0 occasion$ lat] 9 ! ye> by ! decision ( ! ,w> (fice n to ord] any m monoplanes2 & f ?is "t =w>d until ! ,w> p]iod ! ,briti% ,army 0 provid$ exclusively ) biplanes4 ,ev5 prior to ?is ! popul>ity ( ! monoplane _h begun to wane4 ,at ! ,olympia ,a]o ,%[ 9 ,m>*1 #aiac1 biplanes = ! fir/ "t outnumb]$ ! 's+le-deck]s'7z ! ,g]mans call monoplanes72 :i* _h ! effect ( r$uc+ ! w+-load+4 ,9 ! case ( ! biplanes exhibit$ ?is av]ag$ ab\t #d #a_/b lbs4 p] squ>e foot1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! monoplanes 9 ! same exhibition ! l[e/ 0 #e #a_/b lbs41 & ! highe/ ov] #h #a_/b lbs4 p] squ>e foot ( area4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t x 0 n until ! ,w> p]iod t ! importance ( load+ p] horse-p[] 0 recognis$ z ! true crit]ion ( a]oplane effici5cy1 f> great] int]e/ be+ display$ 9 ! am\nt ( weight borne p] unit area ( w+4 ,an idea ( ! /ate ( developm5t arriv$ at ab\t ?is "t may be ga9$ f ! fact t ! ,comm&ant ( ! ,milit>y ,w+ ( ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps 9 a lecture be=e ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society read 9 ,febru>y1 #aiac1 ask$ = s+le-seat] sc\t a]oplanes ) a spe$ ( #ij miles an h\r & a l&+ spe$ ( #de miles an h\r--a p]=mance :i* ev5 two ye>s lat] w\ld h be5 consid]$ mode/ 9 ! extreme4 ,x s]ves to %[ t1 al?\gh high] p]=mances 7 put up by individual ma*9es on occasion1 ! g5]al developm5t _h n yet rea*$ ! /age :5 su* p]=mances c\ld be obta9$ 9 ma*9es suitable = milit>y purposes4 ,s f> z seaplanes 7 conc]n$1 up to ! beg9n+ ( #aiac little attempt _h be5 made to /udy ! novel problems involv$1 & ! bulk ( ! ma*9es at ! ,monaco ,meet+ 9 ,april1 #aiac1 = in/ance1 consi/$ ( l& ma*9es fitt$ ) floats1 9 _m cases ( a mo/ primitive nature1 )\t o!r alt]ations4 ,mo/ ( ^? :i* succe$$ 9 leav+ ! wat] did s ?r\gh %e] pull ( eng9e p[]2 :ile practically all 7 incapable ( gett+ (f except 9 a fair sea1 :i* enabl$ ! pilot to jump ! ma*9e into ! air across ! tr\gh betwe5 two waves4 ,/ability problems _h n yet be5 consid]$1 & 9 only "o or two cases 0 f9 area add$ at ! re> high up1 to c\nt]balance ! effect ( ! floats l[ d[n 9 front4 ,bo? tw9 & s+le-float ma*9es 7 us$1 :ile ! fly+ boat 0 only j beg9n+ to come into be+ f ! work%ops ( ,sop) 9 ,great ,brita91 ,borel-,d5haut 9 ,france1 & ,curtiss 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 view ( ! approa*+ importance ( amphibi\s seaplanes1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ! fly+ boat 7or 'bat boat' z x 0 call$1 foll[+ ,rudy>d ,kipl+7 :i* 0 built by ,sop) 9 #aiac ) a :eel$ l&+-c>riage :i* c\ld be w\nd up above ! bottom surface ( ! boat s z to be out ( ! way :5 alight+ on wat]4 ,dur+ #aiac ! 7at "o "t almo/ univ]sal7 practice orig9at$ by ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 ( w>p+ ! w+s = lat]al /ability1 began to die out & ! bulk ( a]oplanes began to be fitt$ ) flaps 7or 'ail]ons'7 in/ead4 ,?is 0 a di/9ct *ange = ! bett]1 z cont9ually w>p+ ! w+s by b5d+ d[n ! extremities ( ! re> sp>s 0 b\nd 9 "t to produce 'fatigue' 9 t memb] & lead to breakage2 & ! practice became completely obsolete dur+ ! next two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,gordon-,b5nett race ( ,septemb]1 #aiac1 0 aga9 won by a ,dep]duss9 ma*9e1 some:at simil> to t ( ! previ\s ye>1 b ) exce$+ly small w+s1 only #ajg squ>e feet 9 area4 ,! %ape ( ^! w+s 0 in/ructive z %[+ h[ :at1 f ! g5]al utility po9t ( view1 may be disadvantage\s c1 = a special purpose1 be turn$ to acc\nt4 ,) a span ( #ba feet1 ! *ord 0 #e feet1 giv+ ! ineffici5t 'aspect ratio' ( slightly ov] #d to #a only4 ,! object ( ?is 0 to r$uce ! lift1 & !re=e ! resi/ance1 to z l[ a po9t z possible4 ,! total weight 0 #a1ejj lbs41 giv+ a w+-load+ ( #ad lbs4 p] squ>e foot--a hi!rto undreamt-( figure4 ,! result 0 t ! ma*9e took an enorm\sly long run be=e />t+2 & aft] t\*+ ! gr\nd on l&+ ran = ne>ly a mile be=e /opp+2 b %e beat all records by atta9+ a spe$ ( #abf miles p] h\r4 ,:]e ?is p]=mance is ma9ly int]e/+ is 9 contra/ to ! ma*9es ( #aibj1 :i* ) an ev5 high] spe$ capacity w\ld yet be able to l& at n m ?an #dj or #ej miles p] h\r1 & w\ld be ?or\ghly effici5t fly+ ma*9es4 ,! ,rheims ,aviation ,meet+1 at :i* ! ,gordon-,b5nett race 0 fl[n1 also saw ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,morane ',p>asol' monoplane4 ,! ,morane monoplane _h be5 = "s "t an int]e/+ ma*9e z be+ ! only type :i* _h no fix$ surface 9 re> to give automatic /ability1 ! movable elevator be+ balanc$ ?r\gh be+ h+$ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! way back f ! front edge4 ,?is made ! ma*9e difficult to fly except 9 ! h&s ( exp]ts1 b x 0 v quick & h&y on ! controls & !re=e useful = rac+ purposes4 ,9 ! ',p>asol' ! modification 0 introduc$ ( rais+ ! w+ above ! body1 ! pilot look+ out b5ea? x1 9 ord] to give z good a view z possible4 ,be=e pass+ to ! ye> #aiad m5tion %\ld be made ( ! feat p]=m$ by ,ne/](f1 a ,russian1 & ,peg\d1 a ,fr5* pilot1 :o 7 ! fir/ to demon/rate ! possibilities ( fly+ upside-d[n & loop+ ! loop4 ,?\gh p]haps n com+ /rictly )9 ! purview ( a *apt] on design 7?\gh c]ta9 alt]ations 7 made to ! top w+-brac+ ( ! ma*9e = ?is purpose7 ?is p]=mance 0 ( extreme importance to ! developm5t ( aviation by %[+ ! possibility ( recov]+1 giv5 reasonable height1 f any position 9 ! air2 :i* l$ design]s to consid] ! extra /resses to :i* an a]oplane might be subject$ & to take /eps to provide = !m by increas+ /r5g? :]e necess>y4 ,:5 ! ye> #aiad op5$ a spe$ ( #abf miles p] h\r _h be5 atta9$ & a height ( #ai1fjj feet _h be5 rea*$4 ,! ,sop) & ,avro 7! =]unn] ( ! fam\s tra9+ ma*9e ( ! ,w> p]iod7 7 probably ! two lead+ tractor biplanes ( ! _w1 bo? two-seat]s ) a spe$ v>iation f #dj miles p] h\r up to "s #ij miles p] h\r ) #hj horse-p[] eng9es4 ,! ,fr5* 7 /ill p9n+ _! fai? ma9ly to monoplanes1 :ile ! ,g]mans 7 beg9n+ to come into prom95ce ) bo? monoplanes & biplanes ( ! ',taube' type4 ,^! _h w+s swept backw>d & also upturn$ at ! w+-tips :i*1 ?\gh x gave a c]ta9 measure ( automatic /ability1 r5d]$ ! ma*9e some:at clumsy 9 ! air1 & _! p]=mances 7 n on ! :ole z high z ^? ( ei!r ,france or ,great ,brita94 ,e>ly 9 #aiad x became kn[n t ! exp]im5tal "w ( ,edw>d ,busk--:o 0 s lam5tably kill$ dur+ an exp]im5tal flight lat] 9 ! ye>--foll[+ ^u ! rese>*es ( ,bair/[ & o!rs _h result$ 9 ! production at ! ,royal ,aircraft ,factory at ,f>nbor\gh ( a truly automatically /able a]oplane4 ,?is 0 ! ',r4,e4' 7,reconnaissance ,exp]im5tal71 a developm5t ( ! ,b4,e4 :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! rem>kable feature ( ?is design 0 t !re 0 no p>ticul> device to :i* "o c\ld po9t out z ! cause ( ! /ability4 ,! /able result 0 atta9$ simply by detail$ design ( ea* "p ( ! a]oplane1 ) due reg>d to its relation to1 & effect on1 o!r p>ts 9 ! air4 ,weights & areas 7 s nicely arrang$ t "u practically any conditions ! ma*9e t5d$ to "r itself4 ,x did n1 !re=e1 claim to be a ma*9e :i* x 0 impossible to upset1 b "o :i* if left to itself w\ld t5d to "r itself f :atev] direction a gu/ might come4 ,:5 ! pr9ciples 7 ext5d$ to ! ',b4,e4 #b;c' type 7l>gely us$ at ! outbreak ( ! ,w>7 ! latt] ma*9e1 if ! eng9e 7 swit*$ ( f at a height ( n less ?an #a1jjj feet above ! gr\nd1 w\ld aft] a few mom5ts assume its correct glid+ angle & glide d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,! ,p>is ,a]o ,salon ( ,decemb]1 #aiac1 _h be5 rem>kable *iefly = ! l>ge numb] ( ma*9es ( :i* ! *assis & bodywork _h be5 con/ruct$ ( /eel-tub+2 = ! excess ( monoplanes ov] biplanes2 & 79 ! latt]7 pr$om9ance ( 'pu%]' ma*9es 7) propell] 9 re> ( ! ma9 planes7 comp>$ ) ! gr[+ ,briti% pref]5ce = 'tractors' 7) air screw 9 front74 ,incid5tally1 ! ,maurice ,f>man1 ! la/ relic ( ! old type box-kite ) elevator 9 front appe>$ %orn ( ?is prefix1 & became kn[n z ! '%ort-horn' 9 contradi/9ction to its front-elevator$ pr$ecessor :i*1 ow+ to its g5]al reliability & easy fly+ capabilities1 _h long be5 affectionately call$ ! 'me*anical c[4' ,! #aiac ,salon also saw "s l+]+ attempts at atta9+ automatic /ability by p5dulum & o!r freak devices4 ,ap>t f ! appe>ance ( ',r4,e4#a1' p]haps ! mo/ notable developm5t t[>ds ! end ( #aiac 0 ! appe>ance ( ! ,sop) ',tabloid 'tractor biplane4 ,?is s+le-seat] ma*9e1 evolv$ f ! two-seat] previ\sly ref]r$ to1 fitt$ ) a ,gnome eng9e ( #hj horse-p[]1 _h !1 = ^? days1 rem>kable spe$ ( #ib miles an h\r2 :ile a /ill m notable feature 0 t x c\ld rema9 9 level flight at n m ?an #cg miles p] h\r4 ,?is ma*9e is ( p>ticul> importance because x 0 ! prototype & =]unn] ( ! successive designs ( s+le-seat] sc\t fight+ ma*9es :i* 7 us$ s ext5sively f #aiad to #aiah4 ,x 0 also probably ! fir/ ma*9e to be capable ( rea*+ a height ( #a1jjj feet )9 "o m9ute4 ,x 0 closely foll[$ by ! ',bri/ol ,bullet1' :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,olympia ,a]o ,%[ ( ,m>*1 #aiad4 ,?is la/ pre-w> %[ 0 ma9ly rem>kable = ! good workman%ip display$--r ?an = any di/9ct advance 9 design4 ,9 fact1 !re 0 a notable div]sity 9 ! types display$1 b 9 detail$ design consid]able improvem5ts 7 to be se51 su* z ! g5]al adoption ( /r&$ /eel cable 9 place ( piano wire = ! mail brac+4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,w> ,,p]iod ,up to ?is po9t an attempt has be5 made to give "s idea ( ! progress t 0 made dur+ ! elev5 ye>s t _h elaps$ s9ce ! days ( ! ,wrights' fir/ flights4 ,mu* advance _h be5 made & a]oplanes _h settl$ d[n1 sup]ficially at any rate1 into m or less /&>dis$ =ms 9 ?ree ma9 types--tractor monoplanes1 tractor biplanes1 & pu%] biplanes4 ,?r\gh ! application ( ! results ( exp]im5ts ) models 9 w9d tunnels to full-scale ma*9es1 consid]able improvem5ts _h be5 made 9 ! design ( w+ sections1 :i* _h greatly increas$ ! effici5cy ( a]oplanes by rais+ ! am\nt ( 'lift' obta9$ f ! w+ comp>$ ) ! 'drag' 7or resi/ance to =w>d motion7 :i* ! same w+ w\ld cause4 ,9 ! same way ! %ape ( bodies1 int]plane /ruts1 etc41 _h be5 improv$ to be ( bett] /ream-l9e %ape1 = ! fur!r r$uction ( resi/ance2 :ile ! problems ( /ability 7 beg9n+ to be tol]ably well und]/ood4 ,records 7= :at !y are wor?7 /ood at #ba1jjj feet z f> z height 0 conc]n$1 #abf miles p] h\r = spe$1 & #bd h\rs duration4 ,t !re 0 consid]able room = developm5t is1 h[ev]1 evid5c$ by a /atem5t made by ! late ,b4 ,c4 ,hucks 7! fam\s pilot7 9 ! c\rse ( an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society 9 ,july1 #aiad4 ',i consid]1' he said1 't ! pres5t day /&>d ( fly+ is due f> m to ! improvem5t 9 pilot+ ?an to ! improvem5t 9 ma*9es4444 ,i consid] ^? 7e>ly #aiad7 ma*9es are only slight improvem5ts on ! ma*9es ( ?ree ye>s ago1 & yet !y are put ?r\gh evolutions :i*1 at t "t1 7 n ev5 dream$ (4 ,i c take a good example ( ! way improvem5t 9 pilot+ has outdi/anc$ improvem5t 9 ma*9es--9 ! case ( myself1 my 'loop+' ,bl]iot4 ,mo/ ( y "k t !re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 t ma*9e & ! #ej horse-p[] ,bl]iot ( ?ree ye>s ago4' ,?is /atem5t 01 ( c\rse1 to "s ext5t an exagg]ation & 0 by no means agre$ ) by design]s1 b !re 0 at ! same "t a g]m ( tru? 9 x4 ,!re is at any rate little d\bt t ! !ory & practice ( a]oplane design made f> great] /rides t[>ds becom+ an exact sci5ce dur+ ! f\r ye>s ( ,w> ?an x _h done dur+ ! six or sev5 ye>s prec$+ x4 ,x is impossible 9 ! space at disposal to treat ( ?is developm5t ev5 ) ! meagre am\nt ( detail t has be5 possible :ile cov]+ ! 'settl+ d[n' p]iod f #aiaa to #aiad1 & x is propos$1 !re=e1 to indicate ! improvem5ts by sket*+ briefly ! m noticeable diff]5ce 9 v>i\s respects betwe5 ! av]age ma*9e ( #aiad & a simil> ma*9e ( #aiah4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 soon f\nd t x 0 possible to obta9 great] effici5cy &1 9 p>ticul>1 high] spe$s1 f tractor ma*9es ?an f pu%] ma*9es ) ! air screw beh9d ! ma9 planes4 ,?is 0 = a v>iety ( reasons connect$ ) ! effici5cy ( propell]s & ! possibility ( r$uc+ resi/ance to a great] ext5t 9 tractor ma*9es by us+ a '/ream-l9e' fuselage 7or body7 to connect ! ma9 planes ) ! tail4 ,full advantage ( ?is c\ld n be tak51 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( fix+ a ma*9e-gun 9 a =w>d direction ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ! propell]4 ,?is 0 f9ally ov]come by an +5i\s device 7kn[n z an ',int]rupt] ge>'7 :i* all[$ ! gun to fire only :5 none ( ! propell] blades 0 pass+ 9 front ( ! muzzle4 ,! monoplane gradually fell into desuetude1 ma9ly ow+ to ! difficulty ( mak+ t type adequately /rong )\t x becom+ prohibitively heavy1 & also because ( its high l&+ spe$ & g5]al lack ( manoeuvrability4 ,! triplane 0 also little us$ except 9 "o or two in/ances1 &1 practically speak+1 e ma*9e 0 ( ! biplane tractor type4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! sali5t features lead+ to maximum effici5cy 9 a]oplanes--p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to spe$ & climb1 :i* 7 ! two mo/ important milit>y requirem5ts--%[$ t a vital feature 0 ! r$uction 9 ! am\nt ( weight lift$ p] horse-p[] employ$2 :i* 9 #aiad av]ag$ f #bj to #be lbs4 ,?is 0 effect$ bo? by gradual increase 9 ! p[] & size ( ! eng9es us$ & by great improvem5t 9 _! detail$ design 7by increas+ compression ratio & sav+ weight :5ev] possible72 ) ! result t ! motive p[] ( s+le-seat] a]oplanes rose f #hj & #ajj horse-p[] 9 #aiad to an av]age ( #bjj to #cjj horse-p[]1 :ile ! actual weight ( ! eng9e fell f #c #a_/b-d lbs4 p] horse-p[] to an av]age ( #b #a_/b lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,?is meant t :ile a pre-w> eng9e ( #ajj horse-p[] w\ld weigh "s #djj lbs41 ! #aiah eng9e develop+ ?ree times ! p[] w\ld h less ?an d\ble ! weight4 ,! result ( ?is improvem5t 0 t a sc\t a]oplane at ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice w\ld h #a horse-p[] = e #h lbs4 ( weight lift$1 comp>$ ) ! #bj or #be lbs4 ( its #aiad pr$ecessors4 ,?is produc$ a consid]able increase 9 ! rate ( climb1 a good po/w> ma*9e be+ able to rea* #aj1jjj feet 9 ab\t #e m9utes & #bj1jjj feet 9 "u half an h\r4 ,! load+ p] squ>e foot 0 also consid]ably increas$2 ?is be+ r5d]$ possible bo? by improvem5t 9 ! design ( w+ sections & by m sci5tific con/ruction giv+ increas$ /r5g?4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! ma*9e ( ! v e>ly p]iod ea* squ>e foot ( surface _h only to lift a weight ( "s #a #a_/b to #b lbs41 :i* by #aiad _h be5 increas$ to ab\t #d lbs4 ,by #aiah a]oplanes habitually _h a load+ ( #h lbs4 or m p] squ>e foot ( area2 :i* result$ 9 great increase 9 spe$4 ,al?\gh a spe$ ( #abf miles p] h\r _h be5 atta9$ by a specially design$ rac+ ma*9e ov] a %ort di/ance 9 #aiad1 ! av]age at t p]iod little exce$$1 if at all1 #ajj miles p] h\r2 :]eas 9 #aiah spe$s ( #acj miles p] h\r _h become a commonplace1 & %ortly aft]w>ds a spe$ ( ov] #aff miles an h\r 0 a*iev$4 ,9 ano!r direction1 also1 t ( size1 great developm5ts 7 made4 ,be=e ! ,w> a few ma*9es fitt$ ) m ?an "o eng9e _h be5 built 7! fir/ be+ a triple ,gnome-eng9$ biplane built by ,messrs ,%ort ,bros4 at ,ea/*ur* 9 #aiac71 b none ( l>ge size _h be5 successfully produc$1 ! total weight probably 9 no case exce$+ ab\t #b tons4 ,9 #aiaf1 h[ev]1 ! tw9 eng9e ,h&ley-,page biplane 0 produc$1 to be foll[$ by o!rs bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 :i* repres5t$ a v great increase 9 size &1 consequ5tly1 load-c>ry+ capacity4 ,by ! end ( ! ,w> p]iod sev]al types 7 9 exi/5ce weigh+ a total ( #aj tons :5 fully load$1 ( :i* "s #d tons or m repres5t$ 'useful load' available = crew1 fuel1 & bombs or pass5g]s4 ,?is 0 atta9$ ?r\gh v c>eful att5tion to detail$ design1 :i* %[$ t ! mat]ial c\ld be employ$ m effici5tly z size increas$1 & 0 also due to ! fact t a l>ge ma*9e 0 n liable to be put ?r\gh ! same evolutions z a small ma*9e1 & !re=e c\ld safely be built ) a l[] factor ( safety4 ,ow+ to ! fact t a w+ section :i* is adopt$ = c>ry+ heavy loads usually has also a some:at l[ lift to drag ratio1 & is n !re=e productive ( high spe$1 ^! ma*9es are n z fa/ z light sc\ts2 b1 nev]!less1 !y prov$ !mselves capable ( a*iev+ spe$s ( #ajj miles an h\r or m 9 "s cases2 :i* 0 fa/] ?an ! av]age small ma*9e ( #aiad4 ,9 "o respect ! developm5t dur+ ! ,w> may p]haps h prov$ to be some:at disappo9t+1 z x might h be5 expect$ t great improvem5ts w\ld be effect$ 9 metal con/ruction1 lead+ almo/ to ! abolition ( wood5 /ructures4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( exp]im5tal "w 0 done :i* result$ 9 ov]com+ at any rate ! wor/ ( ! difficulties1 metal-built ma*9es 7 little us$ 7except to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ,g]many7 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! ne$ = rapid production & ! dang] ( delay result+ f swit*+ ov] f kn[n & tri$ me?ods to exp]im5tal types ( con/ruction4 ,! ,g]mans con/ruct$ "s l>ge ma*9es1 su* z ! giant ,siem5s-,s*ukh]t ma*9e1 entirely ( metal except = ! w+ cov]+1 :ile ! ,fokk] & ,junk] firms ab\t ! "t ( ! ,armi/ice 9 #aiah bo? produc$ monoplanes ) v deep all-metal w+s 7includ+ ! cov]+7 :i* 7 entirely un/ay$ ext]nally1 dep5d+ = _! /r5g? on int]nal brac+4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 cable brac+ gave place to a great ext5t to '/ream-l9e wires1' :i* are /eel rods roll$ to a m or less oval section1 :ile tie-rods 7 also ext5sively us$ = ! int]nal brac+ ( ! w+s4 ,great developm5ts 9 ! economical use ( mat]ial 7 also made 9 ! direction ( us+ built-up ma9 sp>s = ! w+s & int]plane /ruts2 sp>s compos$ ( a s]ies ( lay]s 7or 'lam9ations'7 ( diff]5t pieces ( wood also be+ us$4 ,ap>t f ! metallic con/ruction ( a]oplanes an enorm\s am\nt ( "w 0 done 9 ! te/+ ( diff]5t /eels & light alloys = use 9 eng9es1 & by ! end ( ! ,w> p]iod a numb] ( aircraft eng9es 7 9 use ( :i* ! pi/ons & o!r p>ts 7 ( su* alloys2 ! *ief difficulty hav+ be5 n s mu* 9 ! design z 9 ! successful heat-treatm5t & ca/+ ( ! metal4 ,an important developm5t 9 connection ) ! inspection & te/+ ( aircraft p>ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( metal1 0 ! exp]im5tal application ( ,x-ray photography1 :i* %[$ up lat5t defects1 bo? 9 ! mat]ial & 9 manufacture1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h pass$ unnotic$4 ,?is me?od 0 also us$ to te/ ! p5etration ( glue into ! wood on ea* side ( jo9ts1 s giv+ a measure ( ! /r5g?2 & = ! effect ( 'dop+' ! w+s1 dope be+ a film 7( cellulose acetate dissolv$ 9 acetone ) o!r *emicals7 appli$ to ! cov]+ ( w+s & bodies to r5d] ! l95 taut & wea!rpro(1 besides giv+ x a smoo? surface = ! less5+ ( 'sk9 friction' :5 pass+ rapidly ?r\gh ! air4 ,an important result ( ?is exp]im5tal "w 0 t x 9 _m cases enabl$ design]s to produce a]oplane p>ts f less co/ly mat]ial ?an _h previ\sly be5 consid]$ necess>y1 )\t impair+ ! /r5g?4 ,x may be m5tion$ t x 0 f\nd undesirable to use weld$ jo9ts on aircraft 9 any "p :]e ! mat]ial is subjectto a t5sile or b5d+ load1 ow+ to ! dang] result+ f bad workman%ip caus+ ! mat]ial to become brittle--an effect :i* _c be discov]$ except by cutt+ ?r\gh ! weld1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 involves a te/ to de/ruction4 ,writt51 z x has be51 9 ,augu/1 #aibj1 x is impossible 9 ?is *apt] to give any conception ( h[ ! developm5ts ( ,w> w be appli$ to comm]cial a]oplanes1 z few truly comm]cial ma*9es h yet be5 design$1 & ev5 ^? /ill %[ di/9ct traces ( ! survival ( w> m5tality4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! inevitable reca/+ ( ideas arrives1 x w become evid5t1 :atev] ! app>5t modification 9 ! relative importance ( diff]5t aspects ( design1 t enorm\s advances 7 made "u ! impetus ( ,w> :i* h left an indelible m>k on progress4 ,we h1 dur+ ! sev5te5 ye>s s9ce a]oplanes fir/ took ! air1 se5 !m gr[ f t5tative exp]im5tal /ructures ( unkn[n & unkn[able p]=mance to highly sci5tific products1 ( :i* n only ! p]=mances 79 spe$1 load-c>ry+ capacity1 & climb7 are kn[n1 b ( :i* ! precise /r5g? & degree ( /ability c be =eca/ ) "s accuracy on ! draw+ bo>d4 ,= ! re/1 ) ! future lies--ap>t f "s revolution>y *ange 9 fundam5tal design--! /eady developm5t ( a n[ well-tri$ & well-f\nd eng9e]+ /ructure4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,a]o/atics ,i4 ,,beg9n+s ,francesco ,lana1 ) 8 'a]ial %ip1' /&s z "o ( ! fir/ great expon5ts ( a]o/atics2 up to ! "t ( ! ,montgolfi] & ,*>les balloon exp]im5ts1 a]o/atic & a]odynamic rese>* are s inextricably int]m+l$ t x has be5 ?\ght well to treat ( !m z "o1 & ?us ! "w ( ,lana1 ,v]anzio & 8 p>a*ute1 ,guzman's frauds1 & ! l1 h already be5 sket*$4 ,9 connection ) ,guzman1 ,hildebr&t /ates 9 8 ,air%ips ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 a fairly exhau/ive treatise on ! subject up to #aijf1 ! ye> ( its publication1 t !re 7 two inv5tors--or *>latans--,lor5zo de ,guzman & a monk ,b>tolemeo ,laur5zo1 ! =m] ( :om con/ruct$ an unsuccessful air%ip out ( a wood5 basket cov]$ ) pap]1 :ile ! latt] made c]ta9 exp]im5ts ) a ma*9e ( :i* no description rema9s4 ,a ?ird de ,guzman1 "s tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 ann\nc$ t he _h con/ruct$ a fly+ ma*9e1 ) :i* he propos$ to fly f a t[] to prove 8 success to ! public4 ,! lack ( record ( any fatal accid5t ov]tak+ him ab\t t "t seems to %[ t ! exp]im5t 0 n c>ri$ out4 ,gali51 a ,fr5* monk1 publi%$ a book ,l'art de navigu] dans l'air 9 #ageg1 9 :i* x 0 conjectur$ t ! air at high levels 0 light] ?an t imm$iately ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,gali5 propos$ to br+ d[n ! upp] lay]s ( air & ) !m fill a vessel1 :i* by ,ar*imidean pr9ciple w\ld rise ?r\gh ! heavi] atmosph]e4 ,if "o w5t high en\gh1 said ,gali51 ! air w\ld be two ?\s& times z light z wat]1 & x w\ld be possible to con/ruct an air%ip1 ) ?is light air z lift+ factor1 :i* %\ld be z l>ge z ! t[n ( ,avignon1 & c>ry f\r million pass5g]s ) _! baggage4 ,h[ ?is high air 0 to be obta9$ is matt] = conjecture--,gali5 seems to h ?\ght 9 a vici\s circle1 9 :i* ! vessel t mu/ rise to obta9 ! light air mu/ fir/ be fill$ ) x 9 ord] to rise4 ,cav5di%'s discov]y ( hydrog5 9 #aggf set m5 ?9k+1 & soon a c]ta9 ,doctor ,black 0 sugge/+ t vessels might be fill$ ) hydrog51 9 ord] t !y might rise 9 ! air4 ,black1 h[ev]1 did n get beyond sugge/ion2 x 0 ,leo ,cavallo :o fir/ made exp]im5ts ) hydrog51 beg9n+ ) fill+ soap bubbles1 & pass+ on to bladd]s & special pap] bags4 ,9 ^! latt] ! gas escap$1 & ,cavallo 0 ab\t to try goldbeat]s' sk9 at ! "t t ! ,montgolfi]s came into ! field ) _! hot air balloon4 ,joseph & ,/eph5 ,montgolfi]1 sons ( a weal?y ,fr5* pap] manufactur]1 c>ri$ out _m exp]im5ts 9 physics1 & ,joseph int]e/$ himself 9 ! /udy ( a]onautics "s "t be=e ! fir/ balloon 0 con/ruct$ by ! bro!rs--he is said to h made a p>a*ute desc5t f ! ro( ( 8 h\se z e>ly z #agga1 b ( ?is !re is no pro(4 ,gali5's idea1 toge!r ) /udy ( ! movem5t ( cl\ds1 gave ,joseph "s hope ( a*iev+ a]o/ation ?r\gh ,gali5's s*emes1 & ! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made by pass+ /eam into a receiv]1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 t5d$ to rise--b ! rapid cond5sation ( ! /eam prev5t$ ! receiv] f m ?an ?reat5+ asc5t4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$ ) smoke1 :i* produc$ only a slightly bett] effect1 &1 moreov]1 ! pap] bag into :i* ! smoke 0 induc$ p]mitt$ ( escape ?r\gh its pores2 f9d+ ?is me?od a failure ! bro!rs desi/$ until ,prie/ley's "w became kn[n to !m1 & !y conceiv$ ! use ( hydrog5 z a lift+ factor4 ,try+ ?is ) pap] bags1 !y f\nd t ! hydrog5 escap$ ?r\gh ! pores ( ! pap]4 ,_! fir/ balloon1 made ( pap]1 rev]t$ to ! hot-air pr9ciple2 !y light$ a fire ( wool & wet /raw "u ! balloon--& z a matt] ( c\rse ! balloon took fire aft] v little exp]im5t2 !reupon !y con/ruct$ a second1 hav+ a capacity ( #gjj cubic feet1 & ?is rose to a height ( ov] #a1jjj feet4 ,su* a success gave !m confid5ce1 & !y gave _! fir/ public exhibition on ,june #e?1 #aghc1 ) a balloon con/ruct$ ( pap] & ( a circumf]5ce ( #aab feet4 ,a fire 0 light$ "u ?is balloon1 :i*1 aft] ris+ to a height ( #a1jjj feet1 desc5d$ ?r\gh ! cool+ ( ! air inside a matt] ( t5 m9utes4 ,at ?is ! ,academie des ,sci5ces invit$ ! bro!rs to conduct exp]im5ts 9 ,p>is4 ,! ,montgolfi]s 7 und\bt$ly fir/ to s5d up balloons1 b o!r exp]im5t]s 7 n f> beh9d !m1 & be=e !y c\ld get to ,p>is 9 response to _! invitation1 ,*>les1 a prom95t physici/ ( ^? days1 _h con/ruct$ a balloon ( silk1 :i* he pro($ aga9/ escape ( gas ) rubb]--! ,rob]ts _h j succe$$ 9 dissolv+ ?is sub/ance to p]mit ( mak+ a suitable coat+ = ! silk4 ,) a qu>t] ( a ton ( sulphuric acid1 & half a ton ( iron fil+s & turn+s1 suffici5t hydrog5 0 g5]at$ 9 f\r days to fill ,*>les's balloon1 :i* w5t up on ,augu/ #bh?1 #aghc4 ,al?\gh ! day 0 wet1 ,p>is turn$ out to ! numb] ( ov] #cjj1jjj 9 ! ,*amps de ,m>s1 & cannon 7 fir$ to ann\nce ! asc5t ( ! balloon4 ,?is1 ris+ v rapidly1 disappe>$ amid ! ra9 cl\ds1 b1 probably bur/+ ?r\gh no outlet be+ provid$ to comp5sate = ! escape ( gas1 fell soon 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is4 ,"h peasants1 ascrib+ evil sup]natural influ5ce to ! fall ( su* a ?+ f n[h]e1 w5t at x ) ! implem5ts ( _! craft--=ks1 hoes1 & ! l--& maltreat$ x sev]ely1 f9ally atta*+ x to a horse's tail & dragg+ x ab\t until x 0 m]e rag & scrap4 ,mean:ile1 ,joseph ,montgolfi]1 hav+ come to ,p>is1 set ab\t ! con/ruction ( a balloon out ( l952 ?is 0 9 ?ree div]se sections1 ! top be+ a cone #cj feet 9 dep?1 ! middle a cyl9d] #db feet 9 diamet] by #bf feet 9 dep?1 & ! bottom ano!r cone #bj feet 9 dep? f junction ) ! cyl9drical portion to its po9t4 ,! balloon 0 bo? l9$ & cov]$ ) pap]1 decorat$ 9 blue & gold4 ,be=e ev] an asc5t c\ld be attempt$ ?is ambiti\s balloon 0 caught 9 a heavy ra9/orm :i* r$uc$ its pap] cov]+ to pulp & tore ! l95 at its seams1 s t a sup]v5+ /rong w9d tore ! :ole ?+ to %r$s4 ,montgolfi]'s next balloon 0 sph]ical1 hav+ a capacity ( #eb1jjj cubic feet4 ,x 0 made f wat]pro($ l951 & on ,septemb] #ai?1 #aghc1 x made an asc5t = ! palace c\rty>d at ,v]sailles1 tak+ up z pass5g]s a cock1 a %eep1 & a duck4 ,a r5t at ! top ( ! balloon caus$ x to desc5d )9 eight m9utes1 & ! duck & %eep 7 f\nd none ! worse = be+ ! fir/ liv+ ?+s to leave ! e>? 9 a balloon1 b ! cock1 evid5tly suff]+1 0 ?\ght to h be5 affect$ by ! r>efaction ( ! atmosph]e at ! trem5d\s height rea*$--= at t "t ! g5]al op9ion 0 t ! atmosph]e did n ext5d m ?an f\r or five miles above ! e>?'s surface4 ,x transpir$ lat] t ! %eep _h trampl$ on ! cock1 caus+ m solid injury ?an any t might be inflict$ by r>efi$ air 9 an eight-m9ute asc5t & desc5t ( a balloon4 ,= a*iev+ ?is flight ,joseph ,montgolfi] receiv$ f ! ,k+ ( ,france a p5sion ( ( ,l#dj1 :ile ,/eph5 0 giv5 ! ord] ( ,/ ,mi*ael1 & a pat5t ( nobility 0 grant$ to _! fa!r4 ,!y 7 made memb]s ( ! ,legion d',honneur1 & a sci5tific deputation1 ( :i* ,faujas de ,sa9t-,fond1 :o _h rais$ ! funds ) :i* ,*>les's hydrog5 balloon 0 con/ruct$1 pres5t$ to ,/eph5 ,montgolfi] a gold m$al /ruck 9 hon\r ( 8 a]ial conque/4 ,s9ce ,joseph appe>s to h _h q z mu* %>e 9 ! success z ,/eph51 ! pres5tation ( ! m$al to "o bro!r only 0 9 que/ionable ta/e1 unless x 0 int5d$ to balance ,joseph's p5sion4 ,once a]o/ation _h be5 prov$ possible1 _m p began ! con/ruction ( small balloons--! :olehole ?+ 0 reg>d$ z a matt] ( spectacles & a =m ( amusem5t by ! great majority4 ,a c]ta9 ,b>on de ,beaumanoir made ! fir/ balloon ( goldbeat]s' sk91 ?is be+ eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & us+ hydrog5 z a lift+ factor4 ,few p saw any possibilities 9 a]o/ation1 9 spite ( ! adv5tures ( ! duck & %eep & cock2 voyages to ! moon 7 talk$ & writt51 & !re 0 m ( levity ?an s]i\sness ov] balloon+ z a rule4 ,! classic retort ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 /&s z an exception to ! g5]al rule3 ask$ :at 0 ! use ( balloon+--',:at's ! use ( a baby8' he c\nt]$1 & ! _s ( t reply br\ght bo? ! dirigible & ! a]oplane to be+1 lat]4 ,! next notewor?y balloon 0 "o by ,/eph5 ,montgolfi]1 design$ to take up pass5g]s1 & !re=e ( r l>ge dim5sions1 z ^! ?+s w5t !n4 ,! capacity 0 #ajj1jjj cubic feet1 ! dep? be+ #he feet1 & ! ext]ior 0 v gaily decorat$4 ,a %ort1 cyl9drical op5+ 0 made at ! l[] extremity1 & "u ?is a fire-pan 0 susp5d$1 above ! pass5g] c> ( ! balloon4 ,on ,octob] #ae?1 #aghc1 ,pilatre de ,rozi] made ! fir/ balloon asc5t--b ! balloon 0 held captive1 & only all[$ to rise to a height ( #hj feet4 ,b1 a little lat] 9 #aghc1 ,rozi] secur$ ! hon\r ( mak+ ! fir/ asc5t 9 a free balloon1 tak+ up ) him ! ,m>quis d',arl&es4 ,x _h be5 orig9ally int5d$ t two crim9als1 condemn$ to dea?1 %\ld risk _! lives 9 ! p]il\s v5ture1 ) ! prospect ( a free p>don if !y made a safe desc5t1 b d',arl&es got ! royal cons5t to accompany ,rozi]1 & ! crim9als lo/ _! *ance4 ,rozi] & d',arl&es made a voyage la/+ = tw5ty-five m9utes1 &1 on l&+1 ! balloon collaps$ ) su* rapidity z almo/ to suffocate ,rozi]1 :o1 h[ev]1 0 dragg$ out to safety by d',arl&es4 ,?is fir/ a]o/atic j\rney took place on ,novemb] #ba/1 #aghc4 ,"s sev5 mon?s lat]1 on ,june #d?1 #aghd1 a ,madame ,?ible asc5d$ 9 a free balloon1 rea*+ a height ( #i1jjj feet1 & mak+ a j\rney :i* la/$ = =ty-five m9utes--! great ,k+ ,gu/avus ( ,sw$5 witness$ ?is asc5t4 ,france grew us$ to balloon asc5ts 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 9 spite ( ! brew+ ( su* a /orm z might h be5 calculat$ to wipe out all b purely political int]e/s4 ,mean:ile1 int]e/ 9 ! new discov]y spread across ! ,*annel1 & on ,septemb] #ae?1 #aghd1 "o ,v9c5t ,lun>di made ! fir/ balloon voyage 9 ,engl&1 />t+ f ! ,artill]y ,gr\nd at ,*elsea1 ) a cat & dog z pass5g]s1 & l&+ 9 a field 9 ! p>i% ( ,/&on1 ne> ,w>e4 ,!re is a r r>e book :i* gives a v detail$ acc\nt ( ?is fir/ asc5t 9 ,engl&1 "o copy ( :i* is 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society2 ! v5turesome ,lun>di won a great] measure ( fame ?r\gh 8 exploit ?an did ,cody = 8 inf9itely m c\rage\s &--f a sci5tific po9t ( view--valuable fir/ a]oplane asc5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,montgolfi] type ( balloon1 dep5d+ on hot air = its lift+ p[]1 0 soon realis$ z hav+ dang]\s limitations4 ,!re 0 always a possibility ( ! balloon cat*+ fire :ile x 0 be+ fill$1 & on l&+ !re 0 fur!r dang] f ! hot pan :i* kept up ! supply ( hot air on ! voyage--! collaps+ balloon fell on ! pan1 inevitably4 ,! sci5ti/ ,saussure1 obs]v+ ! fill+ ( ! balloons v c>efully1 asc]ta9$ t x 0 r>efaction ( ! air :i* 0 responsible = ! lift+ p[]1 & n ! heat 9 itself1 &1 ow+ to ! r>efaction ( ! air at normal temp]ature at great heights above ! e>?1 ! limit ( asc5t = a balloon ( ! ,montgolfi] type 0 e/imat$ by him at "u #i1jjj feet4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! am\nt ( fuel t c\ld be c>ri$ = ma9ta9+ ! heat ( ! balloon aft] inflation 0 subject to def9ite limits1 prescrib$ by ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! balloon1 ! duration ( ! j\rney 0 necess>ily limit$ j z /rictly4 ,^! consid]ations t5d$ to turn ! m9ds ( ^? int]e/$ 9 a]o/ation to consid]ation ( ! hydrog5 balloon evolv$ by ,pr(essor ,*>les4 ,c]ta9 improvem5ts _h be5 made by ,*>les s9ce 8 fir/ con/ruction2 he employ$ rubb]-coat$ silk 9 ! con/ruction ( a balloon ( #cj feet diamet]1 & provid$ a net = di/ribut+ ! pressure uni=mly ov] ! surface ( ! envelope2 ?is net cov]$ ! top half ( ! balloon1 & f its l[] edge dep5d5t ropes hung to jo9 on a wood5 r+1 f :i* ! c> ( ! balloon 0 susp5d$--ap>t f ! ext5sion ( ! net s z to cov] 9 ! :ole ( ! envelope1 ! sph]ical balloon ( to-day is virtually id5tical ) t ( ,*>les 9 its me?od ( con/ruction4 ,he introduc$ ! valve at ! top ( ! balloon1 by :i* escape ( gas c\ld be controll$1 op]at+ 8 valve by means ( ropes :i* dep5d$ to ! c> ( ! balloon1 & he also ins]t$ a tube1 ( ab\t #g in*es diamet]1 at ! bottom ( ! balloon1 n only = purposes ( inflation1 b also to provide a means ( escape = gas 9 case ( expansion due to atmosph]ic conditions4 ,sulphuric acid & iron fil+s 7 us$ by ,*>les = fill+ 8 balloon1 :i* requir$ ?ree days & ?ree nights = ! g5]ation ( its #ad1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog5 gas4 ,! inflation 0 complet$ on ,decemb] #a/1 #aghc1 & ! fitt+s c>ri$ includ$ a b>omet] & a grapnel =m ( an*or4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ,*>les provid$ ! fir/ 'ballon sonde' 9 ! =m ( a small pilot balloon :i* he h&$ to ,montgolfi] to laun* be=e 8 own asc5t1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! direction & velocity ( ! w9d4 ,x 0 a graceful complim5t to 8 rival1 & indicat$ t1 al?\gh !y 7 bo? work+ to ! "o end1 _! rivalry 0 n a matt] ( bitt]ness4 ,asc5d+ on ,decemb] #a/1 #aghc1 ,*>les took ) him "o ( ! bro!rs ,rob]t1 & ) him made ! record j\rney up to t date1 cov]+ a p]iod ( ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs1 9 :i* "t !y j\rney$ "s =ty miles4 ,rob]t !n l&$1 & ,*>les asc5d$ aga9 alone1 rea*+ su* a height z to feel ! effects ( ! r>efaction ( ! air1 ?is v l>gely due to ! rapidity ( 8 asc5t4 ,op5+ ! valve at ! top ( ! balloon1 he desc5d$ ?irty-five m9utes aft] leav+ ,rob]t beh9d1 & came to e>? a few miles f ! po9t ( ! fir/ desc5t4 ,8 discom=t ov] ! rapid asc5t 0 ma9ly due to ! fact t1 :5 ,rob]t l&$1 he =got to comp5sate = ! r$uction ( weight by tak+ 9 fur!r balla/1 b ! asc5t prov$ ! value ( ! tube at ! bottom ( ! balloon envelope1 = ! gas escap$ v rapidly 9 t second asc5t1 &1 b = ! tube1 ! balloon mu/ inevitably h bur/ 9 ! air1 ) fatal results = ,*>les4 ,z 9 ! case ( a]oplane flight1 z soon z ! balloon 0 prov$ practicable ! flight across ! ,engli% ,*annel 0 talk$ (1 & ,rozi]1 :o _h ! hon\r ( ! fir/ flight1 ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( be+ fir/ to cross4 ,b ,blan*>d1 :o _h an idea = a 'fly+ c>1' anticipat$ him1 & made a />t f ,dov] on ,janu>y #g?1 #aghe1 tak+ ) him an ,am]ican doctor nam$ ,jeffries4 ,blan*>d fitt$ out 8 craft = ! j\rney v ?or\ghly1 tak+ provisions1 o>s1 & ev5 w+s1 = propulsion 9 case ( ne$4 ,he took s mu*1 9 fact1 t z soon z ! balloon lift$ cle> ( ! gr\nd ! :ole ( ! balla/ _h to be jettison$1 le/ ! balloon %\ld drop into ! sea4 ,half-way across ! ,*annel ! s9k+ ( ! balloon w>n$ ,blan*>d t he _h to "p ) m ?an balla/ to accompli% ! j\rney1 & all ! equipm5t w5t1 toge!r ) c]ta9 books & pap]s t 7 on bo>d ! c>4 ,! balloon look$ p]il\sly l collaps+1 & bo? ,blan*>d & ,jeffries began to undress 9 ord] fur!r to light5 _! craft--,jeffries ev5 propos$ a h]oic dive to save ! situation1 b sudd5ly ! balloon rose suffici5tly to cle> ! ,fr5* coa/1 & ! two voyag]s l&$ at a po9t ne> ,calais 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,ga9es1 :]e a m>ble column 0 subsequ5tly erect$ to commemorate ! great feat4 ,rozi]1 al?\gh n fir/ across1 det]m9$ to be second1 & = t purpose he con/ruct$ a balloon :i* 0 to owe its buoyancy to a comb9ation ( ! hydrog5 & hot air pr9ciples4 ,!re 0 a sph]ical hydrog5 balloon above1 & b5ea? x a cyl9drical conta9] :i* c\ld be fill$ ) hot air1 ?us comp5sat+ = ! leakage ( gas f ! hydrog5 portion ( ! balloon--regulat+ ! heat ( 8 fire1 he ?\ght1 w\ld give him p]fect control 9 ! matt] ( asc5d+ & desc5d+4 ,on ,july #f?1 #aghe1 a fav\rable breeze gave ,rozi] 8 opportunity ( />t+ f ! ,fr5* coa/1 & ) a pass5g] abo>d he ca/ (f 9 8 balloon1 :i* he _h nam$ ! ',a]o-,montgolfi]e4' ,!re 0 a rapid rise at fir/1 & !n = a "t ! balloon rema9$ /ation>y ov] ! l&1 aft] :i* a cl\d sudd5ly appe>$ r\nd ! balloon1 d5ot+ t an explosion _h tak5 place4 ,bo? ,rozi] & 8 companion 7 kill$ 9 ! fall1 s t he1 fir/ to leave ! e>? by balloon1 0 also fir/ victim to ! art ( a]o/ation4 ,!re foll[$1 naturally1 a lull 9 ! en?usiasm ) :i* balloon+ _h be5 tak5 up1 s f> z ,france 0 conc]n$4 ,9 ,italy1 h[ev]1 ,c\nt ,zambecc>i took up hot-air balloon+1 us+ a _s lamp to give him buoyancy1 & on ! fir/ occasion :5 ! balloon c> 0 set on fire ,zambecc>i let d[n 8 pass5g] by means ( ! an*or rope1 & manag$ to ext+ui% ! fire :ile 9 ! air4 ,?is r$uc$ ! buoyancy ( ! balloon to su* an ext5t t x fell into ! ,adriatic & 0 totally wreck$1 ,zambecc>i be+ rescu$ by fi%]m54 ,he cont9u$ to exp]im5t up to #ahab1 :5 he attempt$ to asc5d at ,bologna2 ! _s 9 8 lamp 0 upset by ! collision ( ! c> ) a tree1 & ! c> 0 aga9 set on fire4 ,zambecc>i jump$ f ! c> :5 x 0 ov] fifty feet above level gr\nd1 & 0 kill$4 ,) him ! ,rozi] type ( balloon1 comb9+ ! hydrog5 & hot air pr9ciples1 disappe>$2 ! comb9ation 0 obvi\sly too dang]\s to be practical4 ,! bro!rs ,rob]t 7 fir/ to note h[ ! heat ( ! sun act$ on ! gases )9 a balloon envelope1 & x has s9ce be5 asc]ta9$ t sun rays w heat ! gas 9 a balloon to z mu* z #hj degrees ,fahr5heit great] temp]ature ?an ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e2 hydrog51 be+ less affect$ by *ange ( temp]ature ?an coal gas1 is ! mo/ suitable fill+ elem5t1 & coal gas comes next z ! m$ium ( buoyancy4 ,?is = ! free & non-navigable balloon1 ?\gh = ! air%ip1 c>ry+ means ( combu/ion1 & 9 milit>y "w liable to ignition by explosives1 ! gas helium seems likely to replace hydrog51 be+ non-combu/ible4 ,9 spite ( ! developm5t ( ! dirigible air%ip1 !re rema9s "w = ! free1 sph]ical type ( balloon 9 ! sci5tific field4 ,blan*>d's companion on ! fir/ ,*annel cross+ by balloon1 ,dr ,jeffries1 0 ! fir/ ballooni/ to asc5d = purely sci5tific purposes2 z e>ly z #aghd he made an asc5t to a height ( #i1jjj feet1 & obs]v$ a fall 9 temp]ature ( f degrees--at ! level ( ,london1 :]e he began 8 asc5t--to #bi degrees at ! maximum height rea*$4 ,he took up an electromet]1 a hydromet]1 a compass1 a !rmomet]1 & a ,toricelli b>omet]1 toge!r ) bottles ( wat]1 9 ord] to collect samples ( ! air at diff]5t heights4 ,9 #aghe he made a second asc5t1 :5 trigonometrical obs]vations ( ! height ( ! balloon 7 made f ! ,fr5* coa/1 giv+ an altitude ( #d1hjj feet4 ,! matt] 0 tak5 up on its sci5tific side v e>ly 9 ,am]ica1 exp]im5ts 9 ,philadelphia be+ almo/ simultane\s ) ^? ( ! ,montgolfi]s 9 ,france4 ,! flight ( ,rozi] & d',arl&es inspir$ two memb]s ( ! ,philadelphia ,philosophical ,academy to con/ruct a balloon or s]ies ( balloons ( _! own design2 !y made a ma*9e :i* consi/$ ( no less ?an #dg small hydrog5 balloons atta*$ to a wick] c>1 & made c]ta9 prelim9>y trials1 us+ animals z pass5g]s4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a captive asc5t ) a man z pass5g]1 & ev5tually by ! fir/ free asc5t 9 ,am]ica1 :i* 0 und]tak5 by "o ,james ,wilcox1 a c>p5t]1 on ,decemb] #bh?1 #aghc4 ,wilcox1 fe>ful ( fall+ into a riv]1 attempt$ to regulate 8 l&+ by cutt+ slits 9 "s ( ! support+ balloons1 :i* 0 ! me?od adopt$ = regulat+ asc5t or desc5t 9 ?is ma*9e4 ,he fir/ cut ?ree1 & !n1 f9d+ t ! effect produc$ 0 n suffici5t1 cut ?ree m1 & !n ano!r five--elev5 out ( ! =ty-sev54 ,! result 0 s swift a desc5t t he dislocat$ 8 wri/ on l&+4 ,a ,,note ,,on ,,ballonets ,,or ,,air ,,bags4 ,meusni]1 t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 fir/ to conceive ! idea ( comp5sat+ = ! loss ( gas due to expansion by fitt+ to ! int]ior ( a free balloon a ballonet1 or air bag1 :i* c\ld be pump$ full ( air s z to reta9 ! %ape & rigidity ( ! envelope4 ,! ballonet became p>ticul>ly valuable z soon z air%ip con/ruction became g5]al1 & x 0 9 ! c\rse ( advance 9 ,a/ra ,torres design t ! project 0 introduc$ ( us+ ! ballonets 9 ord] to give incl9ation f ! horizontal4 ,9 ! e>li] ,a/ra ,torres1 trimm+ 0 accompli%$ by mov+ ! c> =e & aft--?is 9 itself 0 an advance on ! sep>ate 'slid+ weigh' pr9ciple--& ?is 0 ! me?od foll[$ 9 ! ,a/ra ,torres b\ght by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t f ,france 9 #aiab = tra9+ air%ip pilots4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! two ballonets fitt$ inside ! envelope 7 made to s]ve = trimm+ by ! ext5t ( _! inflation1 & ?is me?od ( secur+ incl9ation prov$ ! be/ until ext]ior rudd]s1 & great] eng9e p[]1 supplant$ x1 z 9 ! ,zeppel9 &1 9 fact1 all rigid types4 ,9 ! kite balloon1 ! ballonet s]ves ! purpose ( a rudd]1 fill+ itself ?r\gh ! op5+ be+ kept po9t$ t[>d ! w9d--!re is an +5i\s type ( air scoop ) non-return valve :i* assures p]fect inflation4 ,9 ! ,s4,s4 type ( air%ip1 two ballonets are provid$1 ! supply ( air be+ tak5 f ! propell] draught by a slant+ alum9ium tube to ! und]side ( ! envelope1 :]e x meets a longitud9al fabric hose :i* connects ! two ballonet air inlets4 ,9 ?is hose ! non-return air valves1 kn[n z 'crab-pots1' are fitt$1 on ei!r side ( ! junction ) ! air-scoop4 ,two automatic air valves1 "o = ea* ballonet1 are fitt$ 9 ! und]side ( ! envelope1 &1 z ! air pressure t5ds to op5 ^! in/ead ( keep+ !m %ut1 ! spr+ ( ! valve is set inside ! envelope4 ,ea* spr+ is set to op5 at a pressure ( #be to #bh mm4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,dirigibles ,hav+ got (f ! e>?1 ! v e>ly ballooni/s set ab\t ! task ( f9d+ a means ( navigat+ ! air b1 lack+ /eam or o!r accessory p[] to human muscle1 !y fail$ to solve ! problem4 ,joseph ,montgolfi] spe$ily explod$ ! idea ( propell+ a balloon ei!r by means ( o>s or sails1 po9t+ out t ev5 9 a dead calm a spe$ ( five miles an h\r w\ld be ! limit a*iev$4 ,/ill1 sail+ balloons 7 con/ruct$1 ev5 up to ! "t ( ,&ree1 ! explor]1 :o propos$ to ret>d ! spe$ ( ! balloon by ropes dragg+ on ! gr\nd1 & !n to spread a sail :i* %\ld cat* ! w9d & p]mit ( deviation ( ! c\rse4 ,x has be5 prov$ t slight div]g5ces f ! c\rse ( ! w9d c be obta9$ by ?is means1 b no real navigation ( ! air c\ld be ?us accompli%$4 ,pr(essor ,welln]1 ( ,brunn1 br\ght up ! idea ( a sail+ balloon 9 m practical fa%ion 9 #ahhc4 ,he obs]v$ t surfaces incl9$ to ! horizontal h a slight lat]al motion 9 ris+ & fall+1 & d$uc$ t by alt]nate l[]+ & rais+ ( su* surfaces he w\ld be able to navigate ! air1 regulat+ asc5t & desc5t by increas+ or decreas+ ! temp]ature ( 8 buoyant m$ium 9 ! balloon4 ,he calculat$ t a balloon1 #ej feet 9 diamet] & #aej feet 9 l5g?1 ) a v]tical surface 9 front & a horizontal surface beh9d1 might be navigat$ at a spe$ ( t5 miles p] h\r1 & 9 actual te/s at ,brunn he prov$ t a s+le rise & fall mov$ ! balloon ?ree miles aga9/ ! w9d4 ,8 ideas 7 fur!r develop$ by ,lebaudy 9 ! con/ruction ( ! e>ly ,fr5* dirigibles4 ,accord+ to ,hildebr&t199 ! fir/ sail+ balloon 0 built 9 #aghd by ,guyot1 :o made 8 balloon egg-%ap$1 ) ! small] end at ! back & ! long] axis horizontal2 o>s 7 int5d$ to propel ! craft1 & naturally x 0 a failure4 ,c>ra propos$ ! use ( paddle :eels1 a /ep 9 ! "r direction1 by m\nt+ !m on ! sides ( ! c>1 b ! improvem5t 0 only slight4 ,guyton de ,morveau1 entru/$ by ! ,academy ( ,dijon ) ! build+ ( a sail+ balloon1 fir/ us$ a v]tical rudd] at ! re> end ( 8 con/ruction--x survives 9 ! mod]n dirigible4 ,8 con/ruction includ$ sails & o>s1 b1 lack+ /eam or o!r ?an human propulsive p[]1 ! air%ip 0 a failure equally ) ,guyot's4 99 ,air%ips ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,two prie/s1 ,miollan & ,jan9et1 propos$ to drive balloons ?r\gh ! air by ! =cible expulsion ( ! hot air 9 ! envelope f ! re> ( ! balloon4 ,an op5+ 0 made ab\t half-way up ! envelope1 ?r\gh :i* ! hot air 0 to escape1 buoyancy be+ ma9ta9$ by a pan ( combu/ibles 9 ! c>4 ,un=tunately1 ?is developm5t ( ! ,montgolfi] type nev] got a trial1 = ^? :o 7 to be spectators ( ! fir/ flight grew exasp]at$ at successive delays1 & 9 ! end1 ?9k+ t ! balloon w\ld nev] rise1 !y de/roy$ x4 ,meusni]1 a ,fr5* g5]al1 fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( comp5sat+ = loss ( gas by c>ry+ an air bag inside ! balloon1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! full expansion ( ! envelope4 ,! bro!rs ,rob]t con/ruct$ ! fir/ balloon 9 :i* ?is 0 tri$ & plac$ ! air bag ne> ! neck ( ! balloon :i* 0 int5d$ to be driv5 by o>s1 & /e]$ by a rudd]4 ,a viol5t swirl ( w9d :i* 0 enc\nt]$ on ! fir/ asc5t tore away ! o>s & rudd] & broke ! ropes :i* held ! air bag 9 position2 ! bag fell into ! op5+ ( ! neck & /opp$ x up1 prev5t+ ! escape ( gas "u expansion4 ,! ,duc de ,*>tres1 :o 0 abo>d1 realis$ ! extreme dang] ( ! envelope bur/+ z ! balloon asc5d$1 & at #af1jjj feet he ?ru/ a /aff ?r\gh ! envelope--ano!r acc\nt says t he slit x ) 8 sword--& ?us prev5t$ disa/]4 ,! desc5t aft] ?is rip 9 ! fabric 0 swift1 b ! pass5g]s got (f )\t injury 9 ! l&+4 ,meusni]1 exp]im5t+ 9 v>i\s ways1 exp]im5t$ ) reg>d to ! resi/ance (f]$ by v>i\s %apes to ! air1 & f\nd t an elliptical %ape 0 be/2 he propos$ to make ! c> boat--%ap$1 9 ord] fur!r to decrease ! resi/ance1 & he advocat$ an entirely rigid connection betwe5 ! c> & ! body ( ! balloon1 z indisp5sable to a dirigible499 ,he sugge/$ us+ ?ree propell]s1 :i* 7 to be driv5 by h& by means ( pulleys1 & calculat$ t a crew ( eighty w\ld be requir$ to furni% suffici5t motive p[]4 ,horizontal f9s 7 to be us$ to assure /ability1 & ,meusni] ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! pressures ex]t$ by gases1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! /resses to :i* ! envelope w\ld be subject$4 ,m important /ill1 he w5t into detail ) reg>d to ! use ( air bags1 9 ord] to reta9 ! %ape ( ! balloon "u v>y+ pressures ( gas due to expansion & consequ5t losses2 he propos$ two sep>ate envelopes1 ! inn] "o conta9+ gas1 & ! space betwe5 x & ! out] "o be+ fill$ ) air4 ,fur!r1 by compress+ ! air inside ! air bag1 ! rate ( asc5t or desc5t c\ld be regulat$4 ,lebaudy1 act+ on ?is pr9ciple1 f\nd x possible to pump air at ! rate ( #ce cubic feet p] second1 ?us mak+ good loss ( balla/ :i* _h to be ?r[n ov]bo>d4 99 ,hildebr&t4 ,meusni]'s balloon1 ( c\rse1 0 nev] con/ruct$1 b 8 ideas h be5 ( value to a]o/ation up to ! pres5t "t4 ,8 c>e] end$ 9 ! revolution>y army 9 #agic1 :5 he 0 kill$ 9 ! fight+ be=e ,may5ce1 & ! ,k+ ( ,prussia ord]$ all fir+ to cease until ,meusni] _h be5 buri$4 ,no o!r g5ius came =w>d to c>ry on 8 "w1 & x 0 realis$ t human muscle c\ld n drive a balloon ) c]ta9ty ?r\gh ! air2 exp]im5t 9 ?is direction 0 ab&on$ = ne>ly sixty ye>s1 until 9 #aheb ,giff>d br\ght ! fir/ practicable p[]-driv5 dirigible to be+4 ,giff>d1 inv5tor ( ! /eam injector1 _h already made balloon asc5ts :5 he turn$ to a]onautical propulsion1 & con/ruct$ a /eam eng9e ( #e horsep[] ) a weight ( only #ajj lbs4--a great a*ievem5t = 8 day4 ,hav+ got 8 eng9e1 he set ab\t mak+ ! balloon :i* x 0 to drive2 ?is he built ) ! aid ( two o!r en?usia/s1 div]g+ f ,meusni]'s ideas by mak+ ! ends po9t$1 & keep+ ! body n>r[$ f ,meusni]'s ellipse to a %ape m resembl+ a r fat cig>4 ,! l5g? 0 #add feet1 & ! greate/ diamet] only #dj feet1 :ile ! capacity 0 #hh1jjj cubic feet4 ,a net :i* cov]$ ! envelope ( ! balloon support$ a sp>1 #ff feet 9 l5g?1 at ! end ( :i* a triangul> sail 0 plac$ v]tically to act z rudd]4 ,! c>1 slung #bj feet bel[ ! sp>1 c>ri$ ! eng9e & propell]4 ,eng9e & boil] toge!r weigh$ #cej lbs41 & drove ! #aa foot propell] at #aaj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,z precaution aga9/ explosion1 ,giff>d arrang$ wire gauze 9 front ( ! /oke-hole ( 8 boil]1 & provid$ an exhau/ pipe :i* dis*>g$ ! wa/e gases f ! eng9e 9 a d[nw>d direction4 ,) ?is fir/ dirigible he atta9$ to a spe$ ( betwe5 #f & #h feet p] second1 ?us prov+ t ! propulsion ( a balloon 0 a possibility1 n[ t /eam _h come to supplem5t human ef=t4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he built a second dirigible1 r$uc+ ! diamet] & increas+ ! l5g? ( ! gas envelope1 ) a view to r$uc+ air resi/ance4 ,! l5g? ( ?is 0 #bcj feet1 ! diamet] only #cc feet1 & ! capacity 0 #aac1jjj cubic feet1 :ile ! upp] "p ( ! envelope1 to :i* ! cov]+ net 0 atta*$1 0 specially cov]$ to ensure a /iff5+ effect4 ,! c> ( ?is dirigible 0 dropp$ r l[] ?an t ( ! fir/ ma*9e1 9 ord] to provide m ?or\ghly aga9/ ! dang] ( explosions4 ,giff>d1 ) a companion nam$ ,yon z pass5g]1 took a trial trip on ?is vessel1 & made a j\rney aga9/ ! w9d1 ?\gh sl[ly4 ,9 comm5c+ to desc5d1 ! nose ( ! envelope tilt$ upw>ds1 & ! weight ( ! c> & its cont5ts caus$ ! net to slip1 s t j be=e ! dirigible rea*$ ! gr\nd1 ! envelope bur/4 ,bo? ,giff>d & 8 companion escap$ ) v slight injuries4 ,plans 7 imm$iately made = ! con/ruction ( a ?ird dirigible1 :i* 0 to be #a1igj feet 9 l5g?1 #ih feet 9 extreme diamet]1 & to h a capacity ( #g1hjj1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,! eng9e ( ?is giant 0 to h weigh$ #cj tons1 & ) x ,giff>d expect$ to atta9 a spe$ ( #dj miles p] h\r4 ,co/ prev5t$ ! s*eme be+ c>ri$ out1 & ,giff>d w5t on design+ small /eam eng9es until 8 inv5tion ( ! /eam injector gave him ! funds to turn to dirigibles aga94 ,he built a captive balloon = ! great exhibition 9 ,london 9 #ahfh1 at a co/ ( ne>ly ,l#cj1jjj1 & design$ a dirigible balloon :i* 0 to h held a million & ?ree qu>t]s cubic feet ( gas1 c>ry two boil]s1 & co/ ab\t ,l#dj1jjj4 ,! plans 7 ?or\ghly work$ out1 d[n to ! la/ detail1 b ! dirigible 0 nev] con/ruct$4 ,giff>d w5t bl9d1 & di$ 9 #ahhb--;he /&s z ! great pione] ( dirigible con/ruction1 m on ! /r5g? ( ! two vessels :i* he actually built ?an on t ( ! ambiti\s lat] conceptions ( 8 bra94 ,9 #ahgb ,dupuy de ,lome1 commission$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 built a dirigible :i* he propos$ to drive by man-p[]--x 0 anticipat$ t ! vessel w\ld be ( use 9 ! siege ( ,p>is1 b x 0 n actually te/$ till aft] ! conclusion ( ! w>4 ,! l5g? ( ?is vessel 0 #aah feet1 its greate/ diamet] #di feet1 ! ends be+ po9t$1 & ! motive p[] 0 by a propell] :i* 0 revolv$ by ! ef=ts ( eight m54 ,! vessel atta9$ to ab\t ! same spe$ z ,giff>d's /eam-driv5 air%ip2 x 0 capable ( c>ry+ f\rte5 m51 :o1 ap>t f ^! engag$ 9 driv+ ! propell]1 _h to manipulate ! pumps :i* controll$ ! air bags inside ! gas envelope4 ,9 ! same ye> ,paul ,ha5le91 work+ 9 ,vi5na1 produc$ an air%ip :i* 0 a direct =]unn] ( ! ,lebaudy type1 #afd feet 9 l5g?1 #cj feet greate/ diamet]1 & ) a cubic capacity ( #he1jjj feet4 ,semi-rigidity 0 atta9$ by plac+ ! c> z close to ! envelope z possible1 susp5d+ x by cross$ ropes1 & ! motive p[] 0 a gas eng9e ( ! ,l5oir type1 hav+ f\r horizontal cyl9d]s1 & giv+ ab\t #e horse-p[] ) a consumption ( ab\t #bej cubic feet ( gas p] h\r4 ,?is gas 0 suck$ f ! envelope ( ! balloon1 :i* 0 kept fully inflat$ by pump+ 9 comp5sat+ air to ! air bags inside ! ma9 envelope4 ,a propell]1 #ae feet 9 diamet]1 0 driv5 by ! ,l5oir eng9e at #dj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ in/ance ( ! use ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9e 9 connection ) a]onautical exp]im5ts4 ,! envelope ( ?is dirigible 0 r5d]$ airtight by means ( int]nal rubb] coat+1 ) a ?9n] film on ! outside4 ,coal gas1 us$ = inflation1 =m$ a suitable fuel = ! eng9e1 b limit$ ! height to :i* ! dirigible c\ld asc5d4 ,su* trials z 7 made 7 c>ri$ out ) ! dirigible held captive1 & a spe$ ( ,i #e feet p] second 0 atta9$4 ,full exp]im5t 0 prev5t$ ?r\gh funds runn+ l[1 b ,ha5le9's "w con/itut$ a di/9ct advance on all t _h be5 done previ\sly4 ,two bro!rs1 ,alb]t & ,ga/on ,tiss&i]1 7 next to ent] ! field ( dirigible con/ruction2 !y _h exp]im5t$ ) balloons dur+ ! ,franc-,prussian ,w>1 & _h attempt$ to get into ,p>is by balloon dur+ ! siege1 b x 0 n until #ahhb t !y produc$ _! dirigible4 ,?is 0 #ib feet 9 l5g? & #cb feet 9 greate/ diamet]1 ) a cubic capacity ( #cg1ejj feet1 & ! fabric us$ 0 v>ni%$ cambric4 ,! c> 0 made ( bamboo rods1 & 9 addition to its crew ( ?ree1 x c>ri$ a ,siem5s dynamo1 ) #bd bi*romate cells1 ea* ( :i* weigh$ #ag lbs4 ,! motor gave out #a #a_/b horse-p[]1 :i* 0 suffici5t to drive ! vessel at a spe$ ( up to #aj feet p] second4 ,?is 0 n s good z ,ha5le9's previ\s attempt &1 aft] ,l#b1jjj _h be5 sp5t1 ! ,tiss&i] ab&on$ _! exp]im5ts1 s9ce a #e-mile breeze 0 suffici5t to nullify ! p[] ( ! motor4 ,r5>d1 a ,fr5* (fic] :o _h /udi$ ! problem ( dirigible con/ruction s9ce #ahgh1 associat$ himself fir/ ) a bro!r (fic] nam$ ,la ,haye1 & subsequ5tly ) ano!r (fic]1 ,krebs1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! second dirigible to be electrically-propell$4 ,la ,haye fir/ approa*$ ,colonel ,lauss$at1 9 *>ge ( ! ,eng9e]s ( ! ,fr5* ,army1 ) a view to obta9+ funds1 b 0 refus$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! practical failure ( all exp]im5ts s9ce #ahgj4 ,r5>d1 ) :om ,krebs _h n[ associat$ himself1 !reupon w5t to ,gambetta1 & succe$$ 9 gett+ a promise ( a grant ( ,l#h1jjj = ! "w2 ) ?is promise ,r5>d & ,krebs set to "w4 ,!y built _! air%ip 9 torp$o %ape1 #afe feet 9 l5g?1 & ( j ov] #bg feet greate/ diamet]--! greate/ diamet] 0 at ! front1 & ! cubic capacity 0 #ff1jjj feet4 ,! c> itself 0 #ajh feet 9 l5g?1 & #d #a_/b feet broad1 cov]$ ) silk ov] ! bamboo framework4 ,! #bc foot diamet] propell] 0 ( wood1 & 0 driv5 by an electric motor connect$ to an accumulator1 & yield+ #h4e horsep[]4 ,! sweep ( ! propell]1 :i* might h br\ght x 9 contact ) ! gr\nd 9 l&+1 0 c\nt]act$ by r5d]+ x possible to raise ! axis on :i* ! blades 7 m\nt$1 & a guide rope 0 us$ to obviate damage altoge!r1 9 case ( rapid desc5t4 ,!re 0 also a 'slid+ weight' :i* 0 movable to any requir$ position to %ift ! c5tre ( gravity z desir$4 ,altoge!r1 ) pass5g]s & balla/ abo>d1 ! craft weigh$ two tons4 ,9 ! aft]noon ( ,augu/ #h?1 #ahhd1 ,r5>d & ,krebs asc5d$ 9 ! dirigible--:i* !y _h nam$ ',la ,france1' f ! milit>y balloon+ gr\nd at ,*alais-,meudon1 mak+ a circul> flight ( ab\t five miles1 ! latt] "p ( :i* 0 9 ! face ( a slight w9d4 ,!y f\nd t ! vessel answ]$ well to h] rudd]1 & ! five-mile flight 0 made successfully 9 a p]iod ( #bc m9utes4 ,subsequ5t exp]im5tal flights det]m9$ t ! air spe$ ( ! dirigible 0 no less ?an #ad #a_/b miles p] h\r1 by f> ! be/ t _h s f> be5 accompli%$ 9 dirigible flight4 ,sev5 flights 9 all 7 made1 & ( ^! five 7 completely successful1 ! dirigible return+ to its />t+ po9t ) no difficulty4 ,on ! o!r two flights x _h to be t[$ back4 ,r5>d attempt$ to repeat 8 con/ruction on a l>g] scale1 b funds w\ld n p]mit1 & ! type 0 ab&on$2 ! motive p[] 0 n suffici5t to p]mit ( m ?an %ort flights1 & ev5 to ! pres5t "t electric motors1 ) _! necess>y accumulators1 are f> too cumbr\s to compete ) ! self-conta9$ int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,france _h to wait = ! ,lebaudy bro!rs1 j z ,g]many _h to wait = ,zeppel9 & ,p>seval4 ,two ,g]man exp]im5t]s1 ,baumg>t5 & ,wolf]t1 fitt$ a ,daiml] motor to a dirigible balloon :i* made its fir/ asc5t at ,leipzig 9 #ahhj4 ,?is vessel _h ?ree c>s1 & plac+ a pass5g] 9 "o ( ! out] c>s99 di/ribut$ ! load unev5ly1 s t ! :ole vessel tilt$ ov] & cra%$ to ! e>?1 ! occupants luckily escap+ )\t injury4 ,aft] ,baumg>t5's dea?1 ,wolf]t det]m9$ to c>ry on ) 8 exp]im5ts1 &1 hav+ a*iev$ a c]ta9 measure ( success1 he ann\nc$ an asc5t to take place on ! ,tempelh(] ,field1 ne> ,b]l91 on ,june #ab?1 #ahig4 ,! vessel1 travell+ ) ! w9d1 rea*$ a height ( #fjj feet1 :5 ! exhau/ ( ! motor communicat$ flame to ! envelope ( ! balloon1 & ,wolf]t1 toge!r ) a pass5g] he c>ri$1 0 ei!r kill$ by ! fall or burnt to dea? on ! gr\nd4 ,giff>d _h tak5 special precautions to avoid an accid5t ( ?is nature1 & ,wolf]t1 fail+ to obs]ve equal c>e1 paid ! full p5alty4 99 ,hildebr&t4 ,platz1 a ,g]man soldi]1 attempt+ an asc5t on ! ,tempelh(] ,field 9 ! ,s*w>tz air%ip 9 #ahig1 m]ely prov$ ! dirigible a failure4 ,! vessel 0 ( alum9ium1 #j4jjh in* 9 ?ickness1 /r5g!n$ by an alum9ium lattice "w2 ! motor 0 two-cyl9d]$ petrol-driv52 at ! fir/ trial ! metal develop$ su* leaks t ! vessel came to ! gr\nd )9 f\r miles ( its />t+ po9t4 ,platz1 :o 0 abo>d alone z crew1 succe$$ 9 escap+ by jump+ cle> be=e ! c> t\*$ e>?1 b ! %ock ( alight+ broke up ! balloon1 & a foll[+ high w9d complet$ ! "w ( full de/ruction4 ,a second acc\nt says t ,platz1 f9d+ ! propell]s insuffici5t to drive ! vessel aga9/ ! w9d1 op5$ ! valve & desc5d$ too rapidly4 ,! envelope ( ?is dirigible 0 #aef feet 9 l5g?1 & ! me?od ( fill+ 0 t ( pu%+ 9 bags1 fill !m ) gas1 & !n pull+ !m to pieces & te>+ !m out ( ! body ( ! balloon4 ,a second contemplat$ me?od ( fill+ 0 by plac+ a l95 envelope inside ! alum9ium cas+1 bl[+ x out ) air1 & !n admitt+ ! gas betwe5 ! l95 & ! alum9ium out] cas+4 ,?is w\ld compress ! air out ( ! l95 envelope1 :i* 0 to be )drawn :5 ! alum9ium cas+ _h be5 completely fill$ ) gas4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 assumes t ! ,s*w>tz type--! fir/ rigid dirigible1 by ! way--w\ld prove successful4 ,z x prov$ a failure on ! fir/ trial1 ! problem ( fill+ x did n arise aga94 ,by ?is "t ,zeppel91 retir$ f ! ,g]man army1 _h begun to devote himself to ! /udy ( dirigible con/ruction1 &1 a ye> aft] ,s*w>tz _h made 8 exp]im5t & _h fail$1 he got toge!r suffici5t funds = ! =mation ( a limit$liability company1 & />t$ on ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ ( 8 s]ies ( air%ips4 ,! age ( t5tative exp]im5t 0 ov]1 &1 =]unn] ( ! success ( ! heavi]-?an-air type ( fly+ ma*9e1 successful dirigible flight 0 accompli%$ by ,zeppel9 9 ,g]many1 & by ,santos-,dumont 9 ,france4 ,,iii4 ,,santos-,,dumont ,a ,brazilian by bir?1 ,santos-,dumont began 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #ahih to make hi/ory1 :i* he subsequ5tly wrote4 ,8 book1 ,my ,air%ips1 is a record ( 8 eight ye>s ( "w on light]-?an-air ma*9es1 a p]iod 9 :i* he con/ruct$ no less ?an f\rte5 dirigible balloons1 beg9n+ ) a cubic capacity ( #f1cej feet1 & an eng9e ( #c horse-p[]1 & ris+ to a cubic capacity ( #ga1jjj feet on ! t5? dirigible he con/ruct$1 & an eng9e ( #fj horse-p[]1 :i* 0 fitt$ to ! sev5? ma*9e 9 ord] ( con/ruction1 ! "o :i* he built aft] w9n+ ! ,deuts* ,prize4 ,! /ud5t ( dirigible con/ruction is recomm5d$ to ,santos-,dumont's own book n only z a full record ( 8 "w1 b also z "o ( ! be/ /ories ( a]ial navigation t has ev] be5 writt54 ,?r\gh\t all 8 exp]im5ts1 he adh]$ to ! non-rigid type2 8 fir/ dirigible made its fir/ flight on ,septemb] #ah?1 #ahih1 />t+ f ! ,j>d9 d',acclimatation to ! we/ ( ,p>is2 he calculat$ t 8 #c horse-p[] eng9e w\ld yield suffici5t p[] to enable him to /e] cle> ( ! trees ) :i* ! />t+-po9t 0 surr\nd$1 b1 yield+ to ! advice ( pr(essional a]onauts :o 7 pres5t1 ) reg>d to ! plac+ ( ! dirigible = 8 />t1 he tore ! envelope aga9/ ! trees4 ,two days lat]1 hav+ repair$ ! balloon1 he made an asc5t ( #a1cjj feet4 ,9 desc5d+1 ! hydrog5 left 9 ! balloon contract$1 & ,santos-,dumont n>r[ly escap$ a s]i\s accid5t 9 com+ to ! gr\nd4 ,8 second ma*9e1 built 9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #ahii1 held ov] #g1jjj cubic feet ( gas & gave a fur!r #dd lbs4 ( asc5sional =ce4 ,! balloon envelope 0 v long & v n>r[2 ! fir/ attempt at flight 0 made 9 w9d & ra91 & ! wea!r caus$ suffici5t contraction ( ! hydrog5 = a w9d gu/ to d\ble ! ma*9e up & toss x into ! trees ne> its />t+-po9t4 ,! inv5tor imm$iately set ab\t ! con/ruction ( ',santos-,dumont ,no4 #c1' on :i* he made a numb] ( successful flights1 beg9n+ on ,novemb] #ac?1 #ahii4 ,on ! la/ ( 8 flights1 he lo/ ! rudd] ( ! ma*9e & made a =tunate l&+ at ,ivry4 ,he did n repair ! balloon1 consid]+ x too clumsy 9 =m & its motor too small4 ,consequ5tly ,no4 #d 0 con/ruct$1 be+ f9i%$ on ! #a/1 ,augu/1 #aijj4 ,x _h a cubic capacity ( #ad1hjj feet1 a l5g? ( #abi feet & greate/ diamet] ( #af4g feet1 ! p[] plant be+ a #g horse-p[] ,bu*et motor4 ,santos-,dumont sat on a bicycle saddle fix$ to ! long b> susp5d$ "u ! ma*9e1 :i* also support$ motor propell]1 balla/2 & fuel4 ,! exp]im5t ( plac+ ! propell] at ! /em in/ead ( at ! /]n 0 tri$1 & ! motor gave x a spe$ ( #ajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,pr(essor ,langley witness$ ! trials ( ! ma*9e1 :i* prov$ be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,a]onautics1 on ,septemb] #ai?1 t x 0 capable ( hold+ its own aga9/ a /rong w9d4 ,f9d+ t ! cords ) :i* 8 dirigible balloon c>s 7 susp5d$ (f]$ almo/ z mu* resi/ance to ! air z did ! balloon itself1 ,santos-,dumont sub/itut$ piano wire & f\nd t ! alt]ation con/itut$ great] progress ?an _m a m %[y device4 ,he alt]$ ! %ape & size ( 8 ,no4 #d to a c]ta9 ext5t & fitt$ a motor ( #ab horse-p[]4 ,gravity 0 controll$ by %ift+ weights work$ by a cord2 rudd] & propell] 7 bo? plac$ at ! /]n4 ,9 ,santos-,dumont's book !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( confusion betwe5 ! ,no4 #d & ,no4 #e air%ips1 until he expla9s t ',no4 #e' is ! recon/ruct$ ',no4 #d4' ,x 0 ) ,no4 #e t he won ! ,enc\ragem5t ,prize pres5t$ by ! ,sci5tific ,commission ( ! ,p>is ,a]o ,club4 ,?is he devot$ to ! fir/ a]onaut :o betwe5 ,may & ,octob] ( #aijj %\ld />t f ,/ ,cl\d1 r\nd ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 & return4 ,if n won 9 t ye>1 ! prize 0 to rema9 op5 ! foll[+ ye> f ,may #a/ to ,octob] #a/1 & s on annually until won4 ,?is 0 a simplification ( ! conditions ( ! ,deuts* ,prize itself1 ! w9n+ ( :i* involv$ a j\rney ( #aa kilometres 9 #cj m9utes4 ,! ,santos-,dumont ,no4 #e1 :i* 0 9 reality ! modifi$ ,no4 #d ) new keel1 motor1 & propell]1 did ! c\rse ( ! ,deuts* ,prize1 b ) x ,santos-,dumont made no attempt to w9 ! prize until ,july ( #aija1 :5 he complet$ ! c\rse 9 #dj m9utes1 b tore 8 balloon 9 l&+4 ,on ! #h? ,augu/1 ) 8 balloon leak+1 he made a second attempt1 & n>r[ly escap$ disa/]1 ! air%ip be+ entirely wreck$4 ,!reupon he built ,no4 #f ) a cubic capacity ( #bb1bci feet & a lift+ p[] ( #a1eah lbs4 ,) ?is ma*9e he won ! ,deuts* ,prize on ,octob] #ai?1 #aija1 />t+ ) ! disadvantage ( a side w9d ( #bj feet p] second4 ,he rea*$ ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 #i m9utes &1 ?r\gh miscalculat+ 8 turn1 only j miss$ collid+ ) x4 ,he got ,no4 #f "u control aga9 & succe$$ 9 gett+ back to 8 />t+-po9t 9 #bi #a_/b m9utes1 ?us w9n+ ! #abe1jjj francs :i* con/itut$ ! ,deuts* ,prize1 toge!r ) a simil> sum grant$ to him by ! ,brazilian ,gov]nm5t = ! exploit4 ,! great] "p ( ?is money 0 giv5 by ,santos-,dumont to *>ities4 ,he w5t on build+ aft] ?is until he _h made f\rte5 non-rigid dirigibles2 ( ^! ,no4 #ab 0 plac$ at ! disposal ( ! milit>y au?orities1 :ile ! re/1 except = "o t 0 sold to an ,am]ican & made only "o trip1 7 matt]s ( exp]im5t = _! mak]4 ,8 conclusions f 8 exp]im5ts may be ga!r$ f 8 own "w3-- ',on ,friday1 #ca/ ,july1 #aijc1 ,comm&ant ,hirs*au] & ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,b\rdeaux sp5t ! aft]noon ) me at my air%ip /ation at ,neuilly ,/ ,james1 :]e ,i _h my ?ree newe/ air%ips--! rac+ ',no4 #g1' ! omnibus ',no4 #aj1' & ! runab\t ',no4 #i'--ready = _! /udy4 ,briefly1 ,i may say t ! op9ions express$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,w> 7 s unres]v$ly fav\rable t a practical te/ ( a novel "* 0 decid$ to be made4 ,%\ld ! air%ip *os5 pass successfully ?r\gh x ! result w be conclusive ( its milit>y value4 ',n[ t ^! p>ticul> exp]im5ts are leav+ my exclusively private control ,i w say no m ( !m ?an :at has be5 already publi%$ 9 ! ,fr5* press4 ,! te/ w probably consi/ ( an attempt to ent] "o ( ! ,fr5* fronti] t[ns1 su* z ,bel=t or ,nancy1 on ! same day t ! air%ip leaves ,p>is4 ,x w n1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y to make ! :ole j\rney 9 ! air%ip4 ,a milit>y railway wagon may be assign$ to c>ry x1 ) its balloon un9flat$1 ) tubes ( hydrog5 to fill x1 & ) all ! necess>y ma*9]y & in/rum5ts arrang$ beside x4 ,at "s /ation a %ort di/ance f ! t[n to be ent]$ ! wagon may be unc\pl$ f ! tra91 & a suffici5t numb] ( soldi]s accompany+ ! (fic]s w unload ! air%ip & its appliances1 transport ! :ole to ! ne>e/ op5 space1 & at once beg9 inflat+ ! balloon4 ,)9 two h\rs f quitt+ ! tra9 ! air%ip may be ready = its flight to ! int]ior ( ! te*nically-besieg$ t[n4 ',su* may be ! outl9e ( ! task--a task pres5t$ imp]i\sly to ,fr5* ballooni/s by ! ev5ts ( #ahgj-a1 & :i* all ! devotion & sci5ce ( ! ,tiss&i] bro!rs fail$ to accompli%4 ,to-day ! problem may be set ) bett] hope ( success4 ,all ! ess5tial difficulties may be reviv$ by ! m>k+ out ( a ho/ile zone ar\nd ! t[n t mu/ be ent]$2 f beyond ! out] edge ( ?is zone1 !n1 ! air%ip w rise & take its flight--across x4 ',w ! air%ip be able to rise out ( rifle range8 ,i h always be5 ! fir/ to insi/ t ! normal place ( ! air%ip is 9 l[ altitudes1 & ,i %all h writt5 ?is book to little purpose if ,i h n %[n ! read] ! real dang]s att5d+ any brusque v]tical m\nt+ to consid]able heights4 ,= ?is we h ! t]rible ,sev]o accid5t be=e our eyes4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,i h express$ a/oni%m5t at he>+ ( exp]im5t]s ris+ to ^! altitudes )\t adequate purpose 9 _! e>ly /ages ( exp]i5ce ) dirigible balloons4 ,all ?is is v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f a reason$1 cauti\s m\nt+1 ^: necessity has be5 =ese5 & prep>$ =4' ,probably ow+ to ! fact t 8 eng9es 7 n ( suffici5t p[]1 ,santos-,dumont _c be said to h solv$ ! problem ( ! milit>y air%ip1 al?\gh ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t b\ght "o ( 8 vessels4 ,at ! same "t1 he accompli%$ mu* 9 fur!r+ & incit+ exp]im5t ) dirigible air%ips1 & he w always rank high among ! pione]s ( a]o/ation4 ,8 exp]im5ts might h gone fur!r _h n ! ,wright bro!rs' success 9 ,am]ica & ,fr5* int]e/ 9 ! problem ( ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e turn$ him f ! /udy ( dirigibles to t ( ! a]oplane1 9 :i* also he takes high rank among ! pione]s1 leav+ ! con/ruction ( a successful milit>y dirigible to su* m5 z ! ,lebaudy bro!rs1 ,major ,p>seval1 & ,zeppel94 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,milit>y ,,dirigible ,al?\gh ,fr5* & ,g]man exp]im5t 9 connection ) ! production ( an air%ip :i* %\ld be suitable = milit>y purposes proce$$ side by side1 x is necess>y to outl9e ! developm5t 9 ! two c\ntries sep>ately1 ow+ to ! diff]+ "* ( ! "w c>ri$ out4 ,s f> z ,france is conc]n$1 exp]im5t began ) ! ,lebaudy bro!rs1 orig9ally sug> ref9]s1 :o turn$ _! en]gies to air%ip con/ruction 9 #ahii4 ,?ree ye>s ( "w w5t to ! production ( _! fir/ vessel1 :i* 0 laun*$ 9 #aijb1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ by !m toge!r ) a balloon manufactur] nam$ ,surc\f & an eng9e]1 ,julliot4 ,! ,lebaudy air%ips 7 :at is kn[n z semi-rigids1 hav+ a sp> :i* ran practically ! full l5g? ( ! gas bag to :i* x 0 atta*$ 9 su* a way z to di/ribute ! load ev5ly4 ,! c> 0 susp5d$ f ! sp>1 at ! re> end ( :i* bo? horizontal & v]tical rudd]s 7 fix$1 :il/ /abilis+ f9s 7 provid$ at ! /]n ( ! gas envelope itself4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,lebaudy vessels 0 nam$ ! ',jaune'2 its l5g? 0 #ahc feet & its maximum diamet] #cj feet1 :ile ! cubic capacity 0 #hj1jjj feet4 ,! p[] unit 0 a #dj horse-p[] ,daiml] motor1 driv+ two propell]s & giv+ a maximum spe$ ( #bf miles p] h\r4 ,?is vessel made #bi trips1 ! la/ ( :i* took place 9 ,novemb]1 #aijb1 :5 ! air%ip 0 wreck$ ?r\gh collision ) a tree4 ,! second air%ip ( ,lebaudy con/ruction 0 #g feet long] ?an ! fir/1 & _h a capacity ( #id1jjj cubic feet ( gas ) a triple air bag ( #ag1ejj cubic feet to comp5sate = loss ( gas2 ?is latt] 0 kept inflat$ by a rot>y fan4 ,! vessel 0 ev5tually tak5 ov] by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t & may be c\nt$ ! fir/ dirigible air%ip consid]$ fit on its te/s = milit>y s]vice4 ,lat] vessels ( ! ,lebaudy type 7 ! ',patrie' & ',republique1' 9 :i* bo? size & me?od ( con/ruction surpass$ ^? ( ! two fir/ attempts4 ,! ',patrie' 0 fitt$ ) a #fj horse-p[] eng9e :i* gave a spe$ ( #bh miles an h\r1 :ile ! vessel _h a radius ( #bhj miles1 c>ry+ a crew ( n9e4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aijg ! ',patrie' 0 an*or$ at ,v]dun1 & enc\nt]$ a gale :i* broke h] hold on h] moor+-ropes4 ,%e drift$ d]elict we/w>d across ,france1 ! ,*annel1 & ! ,briti% ,isles1 & 0 lo/ 9 ! ,atlantic4 ,! ',republique' _h an #hj horse-p[] motor1 :i*1 h[ev]1 only gave h] ! same spe$ z ! ',patrie4' ,%e 0 laun*$ 9 ,july1 #aijh1 & )9 ?ree mon?s came to an end :i* con/itut$ a trag$y = ,france4 ,a propell] bur/ :ile ! vessel 0 9 ! air1 & "o blade1 fly+ t[>d ! envelope1 tore 9 x a great ga%2 ! air%ip cra%$ to e>?1 & ! two (fic]s & two non-commission$ (fic]s :o 7 9 ! c> 7 in/antane\sly kill$4 ,! ,clem5t ,bay>d1 & subsequ5tly ! ,a/ra-,torres1 non-rigids1 foll[$ on ! e>ly ,lebaudys & c>ri$ ,fr5* dirigible con/ruction up to #aiab4 ,! ,clem5t ,bay>d 0 a simple non-rigid hav+ f\r lobes at ! /]n end to assi/ /ability4 ,^! 7 f\nd to ret>d ! spe$ ( ! air%ip1 :i* 9 ! second & m successful con/ruction 0 driv5 by a ,clem5t ,bay>d motor ( #ajj horse-p[] at a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r4 ,on ,augu/ #bcrd1 #aiji1 :ile be+ tri$ = acceptance by ! milit>y au?orities1 ?is vessel a*iev$ a record by fly+ at a height ( #e1jjj feet = two h\rs4 ,! ,a/ra-,torres non-rigids 7 design$ by a ,spani>d1 ,s5or ,torres1 & built by ! ,a/ra ,company4 ,! envelope 0 ( trefoil %ape1 ?is be+ due to ! int]ior rigg+ f ! susp5sion b&2 ! ext]ior appe>ance is t ( two lobes side by side1 ov]laid by a ?ird4 ,! int]ior rigg+1 :i* 0 adopt$ ) a view to decreas+ air resi/ance1 supports a l[-hung c> f ! c5tre ( ! envelope2 /e]+ is accompli%$ by means ( horizontal planes fix$ on ! envelope at ! /]n1 & v]tical planes dep5d+ b5ea? ! envelope1 also at ! /]n end4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful ( ,fr5* pre-w> dirigibles 0 a ,clem5t ,bay>d built 9 #aiab4 ,9 ?is tw9 propell]s 7 plac$ at ! front & horizontal & v]tical rudd]s 9 a sort ( box =mation "u ! envelope at ! /]n4 ,! envelope 0 /ream-l9$1 :ile ! c> ( ! ma*9e 0 plac$ well =w>d ) horizontal controll+ planes above x & imm$iately beh9d ! propell]s4 ,?is air%ip1 :i* 0 nam$ ',dupuy de ,lome1' may be rank$ z ab\t ! mo/ successful non-rigid dirigible con/ruct$ prior to ! ,w>4 ,exp]im5ts ) non-rigids 9 ,g]many 0 ma9ly c>ri$ on by ,major ,p>seval1 :o produc$ 8 fir/ vessel 9 #aijf4 ,! ma9 feature ( ?is air%ip consi/$ 9 v>iation 9 l5g? ( ! susp5sion cables at ! w ( ! op]ator1 s t ! envelope c\ld be giv5 an upw>d tilt :ile ! c> rema9$ horizontal 9 ord] to give ! vessel great] effici5cy 9 climb+4 ,9 ?is ma*9e1 ! propell] 0 plac$ above & =w>d ( ! c>1 & ! controll+ planes 7 fix$ directly to ! envelope ne> ! =w>d end4 ,a second vessel diff]$ f ! fir/ ma9ly 9 ! matt] ( its l>g] size1 v>iable susp5sion be+ aga9 employ$1 toge!r ) a simil> me?od ( control4 ,! vessel 0 mod]ately successful1 & "u ,major ,p>seval's direction a ?ird 0 con/ruct$ = pass5g] c>ry+1 ) two eng9es ( #abj horsep[]1 ea* driv+ propell]s ( #ac feet diamet]4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ successful ( ! e>ly ,g]man dirigibles2 x made a numb] ( voyages ) a doz5 pass5g]s 9 addition to its crew1 z well z prov+ its value = milit>y purposes by use z a sc\t ma*9e 9 manoeuvres4 ,lat] ,p>sevals 7 con/ruct$ ( /ream-l9e =m1 ab\t #cjj feet 9 l5g?1 & ) eng9es suffici5tly p[]ful to give !m spe$s up to #ej miles an h\r4 ,major ,von ,gross1 comm&] ( a ,balloon ,battalion1 produc$ semi-rigid dirigibles f #aijg onw>d4 ,! second ( ^!1 driv5 by two #ge horse-p[] ,daiml] motors1 0 capable ( a spe$ ( #bg miles an h\r2 9 ,septemb] ( #aijh %e made a trip f & back to ,b]l9 :i* la/$ #ac h\rs1 9 :i* p]iod %e cov]$ #agf miles ) f\r pass5g]s & rea*$ a height ( #d1jjj feet4 ,h] successor1 laun*$ 9 ,april ( #aiji1 c>ri$ a wireless in/allation1 & ! next to ?is1 driv5 by f\r motors ( #ge horse-p[] ea*1 rea*$ a spe$ ( #de miles an h\r4 ,z ?is vessel 0 con/ruct$ = milit>y purposes1 v few details ei!r ( its spe$ or me?od ( con/ruction 7 made public4 ,practically all ^! vessels 7 disc\nt$ by ! "w ( ,f]d9& von ,zeppel91 :o set out f ! fir/ ) ! idea ( con/ruct+ a rigid dirigible4 ,beg9n+ 9 #ahih1 he built a balloon on an alum9ium framework cov]$ ) l95 & silk1 & divid$ into int]ior comp>tm5ts hold+ l95 bags :i* 7 capable ( conta9+ ne>ly #djj1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog54 ,! total l5g? ( ?is fir/ ,zeppel9 air%ip 0 #dbj feet & ! diamet] #ch feet4 ,two c>s 7 rigidly atta*$ to ! envelope1 ea* c>ry+ a #af horse-p[] motor1 driv+ propell]s :i* 7 rigidly connect$ to ! alum9ium framework ( ! balloon4 ,v]tical & horizontal screws 7 us$ = lift+ & =w>d driv+ & a slid+ weight 0 us$ to raise or l[] ! /em ( ! vessel out ( ! horizontal 9 ord] to rise or desc5d )\t alt]+ ! load by loss ( balla/ or ! lift by loss ( gas4 ,! fir/ trial ( ?is vessel 0 made 9 ,july ( #aijj1 & 0 s+ul>ly un=tunate4 ,! w9* by :i* ! slid+ weight 0 op]at$ broke1 & ! balloon 0 s b5t t ! work+ ( ! propell]s 0 int]f]$ )1 z 0 ! /e]+4 ,a spe$ ( #ac feet p] second 0 atta9$1 b on desc5d+1 ! air%ip ran aga9/ "s piles & 0 fur!r damag$4 ,repairs 7 complet$ by ! end ( ,septemb]1 #aijj1 & on a second trial flight made on ,octob] #ba/ a spe$ ( #cj feet p] second 0 rea*$4 ,zeppel9 0 f> f satisfi$ ) ! p]=mance ( ?is vessel1 & he !re=e set ab\t collect+ funds = ! con/ruction ( a second1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #aije4 ,by ?is "t ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e _h be5 greatly improv$1 & )\t any increase ( weight1 ,zeppel9 0 able to in/al two motors ( #he horse-p[] ea*4 ,! total capacity 0 #cfg1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog51 c>ri$ 9 #af gas bags inside ! framework1 & ! weight ( ! :ole con/ruction 0 #i tons--a ton less ?an t ( ! fir/ ,zeppel9 air%ip4 ,?ree v]tical planes at front & re> controll$ horizontal /e]+1 :ile rise & fall 0 controll$ by horizontal planes arrang$ 9 box =m4 ,accid5t att5d$ ! fir/ trial ( ?is second air%ip1 :i* took place ov] ! ,bod5see on ,novemb] #cj?1 #aije1 ',x _h be5 int5d$ to t[ ! raft1 to :i* x 0 an*or$1 fur!r f ! %ore aga9/ ! w9d4 ,b ! wat] 0 too l[ to all[ ! use ( ! raft4 ,! balloon 0 !re=e m\nt$ on pontoons1 pull$ out into ! lake1 & tak5 9 t[ by a motor-boat4 ,x 0 caught by a /rong w9d :i* 0 bl[+ f ! %ore1 & driv5 ahead at su* a rate t x ov]took ! motor-boat4 ,! t[ rope 0 !re=e at once cut1 b x unexpect$ly =m$ into knots & became entangl$ ) ! air%ip1 pull+ ! front end d[n into ! wat]4 ,! balloon 0 !n caught by ! w9d & lift$ into ! air1 :5 ! propell]s 7 set 9 motion4 ,! front end 0 at ?is in/ant po9t+ 9 a d[nw>d direction1 & consequ5tly x %ot into ! wat]1 :]e x 0 f\nd necess>y to op5 ! valves4'99 99 ,hildebr&t1 ,air%ips ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,! damage done 0 repair$ )9 six weeks1 & ! second trial 0 made on ,janu>y #ag?1 #aijf4 ,! lift+ =ce 0 too great = ! weight1 & ! dirigible jump$ imm$iately to #a1ejj feet4 ,! propell]s 7 />t$1 & ! dirigible br\ght to a l[] level1 :5 x 0 f\nd possible to drive aga9/ ! w9d4 ,! /e]+ arrangem5ts 7 f\nd too s5sitive1 & ! motors 7 /opp$1 :5 ! vessel 0 c>ri$ by ! w9d until x 0 ov] l&--x _h be5 int5d$ t ! trial %\ld be complet$ ov] wat]4 ,a desc5t 0 successfully accompli%$ & ! dirigible 0 an*or$ = ! night1 b a gale caus$ x s mu* damage t x _h to be brok5 up4 ,x _h a*iev$ a spe$ ( #cj feet p] second ) ! motors develop+ only #cf horse-p[] &1 ga!r+ f ?is :at spe$ might h be5 accompli%$ ) ! full #agj horse-p[]1 ,zeppel9 set ab\t ! con/ruction ( ,no4 #c1 ) :i* a numb] ( successful voyages 7 made1 prov+ ! value ( ! type = milit>y purposes4 ,no4 #d 0 ! mo/ notable ( ! e>ly ,zeppel9s1 z mu* on acc\nt ( its disa/r\s end z by reason ( any sup]ior m]it 9 comp>ison ) ,no4 #c4 ,! ma9 innovation consi/$ 9 atta*+ a triangul> keel to ! "u side ( ! envelope1 ) two gaps b5ea? :i* ! c>s 7 susp5d$4 ,two ,daiml] ,m]c$es motors ( #aaj horse-p[] ea* 7 plac$ "o 9 ea* c>1 & ! vessel c>ri$ suffici5t fuel = a #fj-;h\r cruise ) ! motors runn+ at full spe$4 ,ea* motor drove a pair ( ?ree-blad$ metal propell]s rigidly atta*$ to ! framework ( ! envelope & ab\t #ae feet 9 diamet]4 ,!re 0 a v]tical rudd] at ! /]n ( ! envelope & horizontal controll+ planes 7 fix$ on ! sides ( ! envelope4 ,! be/ p]=mances & ! end ( ?is dirigible 7 summ>is$ z foll[s by ,major ,squi]3-- ',its be/ p]=mances 7 two long trips p]=m$ dur+ ! summ] ( #aijh4 ,! fir/1 on ,july #d?1 la/$ exactly #ab h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t x cov]$ a di/ance ( #bce miles1 cross+ ! m\nta9s to ,luc]ne & ,zuri*1 & return+ to ! balloon-h\se ne> ,fri$ri*%af51 on ,lake ,con/ance4 ,! av]age spe$ on ?is trip 0 #cb miles p] h\r4 ,on ,augu/ #d?1 ?is air%ip attempt$ a #bd-;h\r flight1 :i* 0 "o ( ! requirem5ts made = its acceptance by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x left ,fri$ri*%af5 9 ! morn+ ) ! int5tion ( foll[+ ! ,rh9e z f> z ,ma9z1 & !n return+ to its />t+-po9t1 /raight across ! c\ntry4 ,a /op ( #c h\rs #cj m9utes 0 made 9 ! aft]noon ( ! fir/ day on ! ,rh9e1 to repair ! eng9e4 ,on ! return1 a second /op 0 f\nd necess>y ne> ,/uttg>t1 due to difficulties ) ! motors1 & "s loss ( gas4 ,:ile an*or$ to ! gr\nd1 a /orm arose :i* broke loose ! an*orage1 &1 z ! balloon rose 9 ! air1 x explod$ & took fire 7due to causes :i* h nev] be5 actually det]m9$ & publi%$7 & fell to ! gr\nd1 :]e x 0 completely de/roy$4 ,on ?is j\rney1 :i* la/$ 9 all #ca h\rs #ae m9utes1 ! air%ip 0 9 ! air #bj h\rs #de m9utes1 & cov]$ a total di/ance ( #cgh miles4 ',! patriotism ( ! ,g]man nation 0 ar\s$4 ,subscriptions 7 imm$iately />t$1 & 9 a %ort space ( "t a qu>t] ( a million p\nds _h be5 rais$4 ,a ,zeppel9 ,society 0 =m$ to direct ! exp5diture ( ?is fund4 ,sev5te5 ?\s& p\nds has be5 exp5d$ 9 pur*as+ l& ne> ,fri$ri*%af52 work%ops 7 erect$1 & x 0 ann\nc$ t )9 "o ye> ! con/ruction ( eight air%ips ( ! ,zeppel9 type w\ld be complet$4 ,s9ce ! disa/] to ',zeppel9 ,,iv4' ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,g]many made a trip 9 ',zeppel9 ,no4 #c1' :i* _h be5 call$ back into s]vice1 & )9 a v few days ! ,g]man ,emp]or visit$ ,fri$ri*%af5 = ! purpose ( see+ ! air%ip 9 flight4 ,he decorat$ ,c\nt ,zeppel9 ) ! ord] ( ! ,black ,eagle4 ,g]man patriotism & en?usiasm has gone fur!r1 & ! ,g]man ,association = an ,a]ial ,fleet has be5 organis$ 9 sections ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x ann\nces its int5tion ( build+ #ej g>ages 7hang>s7 = h\s+ air%ips4' ,by ,janu>y ( #aiji1 ) well ov] a qu>t] ( a million 9 h& = ! con/ruction ( ,zeppel9 air%ips1 ,no4 #c 0 aga9 br\ght out1 probably 9 ord] to ma9ta9 public en?usiasm 9 respect ( ! possible new eng9e ( w>4 ,9 ,m>* ( t ye> ,no4 #c made a voyage :i* la/$ = #d h\rs ov] & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lake ,con/ance2 x c>ri$ #bf pass5g]s = a di/ance ( ne>ly #aej miles4 ,be=e ! end ( ,m>*1 ,c\nt ,zeppel9 det]m9$ to voyage f ,fri$ri*%af5 to ,muni*1 toge!r ) ! crew ( ! air%ip & f\r milit>y (fic]s4 ,/>t+ at f\r 9 ! morn+ & asc]ta9+ _! r\te f ! lights ( railway /ations & ! r++ ( bells 9 ! t[ns pass$ ov]1 ! j\rney 0 complet$ by n9e o'clock1 b a /rong s\?-we/ gale prev5t$ ! int5d$ l&+4 ,! air%ip 0 driv5 be=e ! w9d until ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 x l&$ safely ne> ,d+olf+2 by ! next morn+ ! w9d _h fall5 consid]ably & ! air%ip return$ to ,muni* & l&$ on ! p>ade gr\nd z orig9ally int5d$4 ,at ab\t #c4cj 9 ! aft]noon1 ! homew>d j\rney 0 begun1 ,fri$ri*%af5 be+ rea*$ at ab\t #g4cj4 ,^! trials demon/rat$ t suffici5t progress _h be5 made to ju/ify ! con/ruction ( ,zeppel9 air%ips = use ) ! ,g]man army4 ,no4 #c _h be5 manoeuvr$ safely if n successfully 9 half a gale ( w9d1 & h5ce=? x 0 kn[n z ',,sms4 ,zeppel9 ,i41' at ! bidd+ ( ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 :ile ! con/ruction ( ',,sms4 ,zeppel9 ,,ii4' 0 rapidly proce$$ )4 ,! fif? con/ruction ( ,c\nt ,zeppel9's 0 #ddf feet 9 l5g?1 #db #a_/b feet 9 diamet]1 & conta9$ #ecj1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog5 gas 9 #ag sep>ate comp>tm5ts4 ,trial flights 7 made on ! #bf? ,may1 #aiji1 & a week lat] %e made a record voyage ( #idj miles1 ! r\te be+ f ,lake ,con/ance ov] ,ulm1 ,nuremb]g1 ,leipzig1 ,bitt]feld1 ,weim>1 ,heilbronn1 & ,/uttg>t1 desc5d+ ne> ,gopp+52 ! "t occupi$ 9 ! flight 0 upw>ds ( #ch h\rs4 ,9 l&+1 ! air%ip collid$ ) a pe>-tree1 :i* damag$ ! b[s & tore op5 two sections ( ! envelope1 b repairs on ! spot enabl$ ! return j\rney to ,fri$ri*%af5 to be begun #bd h\rs lat]4 ,9 spite ( ! mi%ap ! ,zeppel9 _h once m prov$ itself z a possible eng9e ( w>1 & !nce=? ,g]many p9n$ its fai? to ! dirigible1 only develop+ ! a]oplane to su* an ext5t z to keep abrea/ ( o!r nations4 ,by ! outbreak ( w>1 ne>ly #cj ,zeppel9s _h be5 con/ruct$2 consid]ably m ?an half ( ^! 7 de/roy$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ on ) ea* example ( ! type p]mitt$ ( improvem5ts be+ made4 ,! fir/ fatality occurr$ 9 ,septemb]1 #aiac1 :5 ! f\rte5? ,zeppel9 to be con/ruct$1 kn[n z ,naval ,zeppel9 ,l4#a1 0 wreck$ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea by a sudd5 /orm & h] crew ( ?irte5 7 dr[n$4 ,ab\t ?ree weeks aft] ?is1 ,naval ,zeppel9 ,l4#b1 ! eighte5? 9 ord] ( build+1 explod$ 9 mid-air :ile manoeuvr+ ov] ,johanni/hal4 ,%e 0 c>ry+ a crew ( #be1 :o 7 all kill$4 ,by #aiab ! success ( ! ,zeppel9 type br\ght imitators4 ,*ief among !m 0 ! ,s*utte-,lanz1 a ,mannheim firm1 :i* produc$ a rigid dirigible ) a wood5 framework1 wire brac$4 ,?is 0 n a cyl9d] l ! ,zeppel91 b rev]t$ to ! cig> %ape & conta9$ ab\t ! same am\nt ( gas z ! ,zeppel9 type4 ,! ,s*utte-,lanz 0 made ) two gondolas rigidly atta*$ to ! envelope 9 :i* ! gas bags 7 plac$4 ,! me?od ( con/ruction involv$ great] weight ?an 0 ! case ) ! ,zeppel91 b ! second ( ^! vessels1 built ) ?ree gondolas conta9+ eng9es1 & a navigat+ cab9 built into ! hull ( ! air%ip itself1 prov$ q successful z a naval sc\t until wreck$ on ! isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,d5m>k late 9 #aiad4 ,! la/ ,s*utte-,lanz to be con/ruct$ 0 us$ by ! ,g]mans = raid+ ,engl&1 & 0 ev5tually br\ght d[n 9 flames at ,c[ley4 ,v4 ,,briti% ,,air%ip ,,design ,z 0 ! case ) ! a]oplane1 ,great ,brita9 left ,france & ,g]many to make ! runn+ 9 ! e>ly days ( air%ip con/ruction2 ! balloon section ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s 0 compell$ to conf9e its en]gies to "w ) balloons pure & simple until well aft] ! tw5tie? c5tury _h dawn$1 & su* exp]im5ts z 7 made 9 ,engl& 7 done by private initiative4 ,z f> back z #aijj ,doctor ,b>ton built an air%ip at ! ,alex&ra ,palace & voyag$ across ,london 9 x4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,mr ,e4 ,t4 ,will[s ( ,c>diff produc$ ! fir/ successful ,briti% dirigible1 a semi-rigid #gd feet 9 l5g? & #ah feet 9 diamet]1 eng9$ ) a #g horse-p[] ,peugot tw9-cyl9d]$ motor4 ,?is drove a two-blad$ propell] at ! /]n = propulsion1 & also actuat$ a pair ( auxili>y propell]s at ! front :i* c\ld be v>i$ 9 _! direction s z to control ! "r & left movem5ts ( ! air%ip4 ,?is device 0 pat5t$ & ! pat5t 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 :i* by #aijh f\nd ,mr ,will['s "w ( suffici5t int]e/ to reg>d x z furni%+ data = exp]im5t at ! balloon factory at ,f>nbor\gh4 ,9 #aiji1 ,will[s /e]$ "o ( 8 dirigibles to ,london f ,c>diff 9 a little less ?an t5 h\rs1 mak+ an av]age spe$ ( ov] #ad miles an h\r4 ,! be/ spe$ accompli%$ 0 probably consid]ably great] ?an ?is1 = at int]vals ( a few miles1 ,will[s desc5d$ ne> ! e>? to asc]ta9 8 :]eab\ts ) ! help ( a megaphone4 ,x mu/ be add$ t he c>ri$ a compass 9 addition to 8 megaphone4 ,he set out = ,p>is 9 ,novemb] ( #aiaj1 rea*$ ! ,fr5* coa/1 & l&$ ne> ,d\ai4 ,"s damage 0 su/a9$ 9 ?is l&+1 b1 aft] repair1 ! trip to ,p>is 0 complet$4 ,mean:ile ! ,gov]nm5t balloon factory at ,f>nbor\gh began air%ip con/ruction 9 #aijg2 ,colonel ,capp]1 ,r4,e41 & ,s4 ,f4 ,cody 7 jo9tly conc]n$ 9 ! production ( a semi-rigid4 ,fifte5 ?icknesses ( goldbeat]s' sk9--ab\t ! mo/ exp5sive cov]+ obta9able--7 us$ = ! envelope1 :i* 0 #be feet 9 diamet]4 ,a slight %[] ( ra9 9 :i* ! air%ip 0 caught l$ to its wreckage1 ow+ to ! absorb5t quality ( ! goldbeat]s' sk91 :]eupon ,capp] & ,cody set to "w to reproduce ! air%ip & its defects on a l>g] scale4 ,! fir/ _h be5 nam$ ',nulli ,secundus' & ! second 0 nam$ ',nulli ,secundus ,,ii4' ,pun* v appropriately sugge/$ t ! fir/ vessel ought to h be5 nam$ ',nulli ,primus1' :ile a possible ?ird %\ld be *ri/5$ ',nulli ,t]tius4' ',nulli ,secundus ,,ii4' 0 fitt$ ) a #ajj horse-p[] eng9e & _h an envelope ( #db feet 9 diamet]1 ! goldbeat]s' sk9 be+ cov]$ 9 fabric & ! c> be+ susp5d$ by f\r b&s :i* encircl$ ! balloon envelope4 ,9 ,octob] ( #aijg1 ',nulli ,secundus ,,ii4' made a trial flight f ,f>nbor\gh to ,london & 0 an*or$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,! w9d sprung up & took ! vessel away f its moor+ ropes1 wreck+ x aft] ! "o flight4 ,/agnation foll[$ until e>ly 9 #aiji1 :5 a small air%ip fitt$ ) two #ab horse-p[] motors & nam$ ! ',baby' 0 turn$ out f ! balloon factory4 ,?is 0 almo/ egg-%ap$1 ! blunt end be+ =w>d1 & ?ree inflat$ f9s be+ plac$ at ! tail z control memb]s4 ,a long c> ) rudd] & elevator at its re>-end c>ri$ ! eng9es & crew2 ! ',baby' made "s fairly successful flights & gave a good deal ( useful data = ! con/ruction ( lat] vessels4 ,next to ?is 0 ',army ,air%ip #b;,a 'laun*$ e>ly 9 #aiaj & l>g]1 long]1 & n>r[] 9 design ?an ! ,baby4 ,! eng9e 0 an #hj horse-p[] ,gre5 motor :i* drove two pairs ( propell]s2 small inflat$ control memb]s 7 fitt$ at ! /]n end ( ! envelope1 :i* 0 #aed feet 9 l5g?4 ,! susp5d$ c> 0 #hd feet long1 c>ry+ bo? eng9es & crew1 & ! ,will[s idea ( swivell+ propell]s = gov]n+ ! direction 0 us$ 9 ?is vessel4 ,9 ,june ( t ye> a new1 small-type dirigible1 ! ',beta1' 0 produc$1 driv5 by a #cj horse-p[] ,gre5 eng9e ) :i* %e flew ov] #c1jjj miles4 ,%e 0 ! mo/ successful ,briti% dirigible con/ruct$ up to t "t1 & h] successor1 ! ',gamma1' 0 built on simil> l9es4 ,! ',gamma' 0 a l>g] vessel1 h[ev]1 produc$ 9 #aiab1 ) flat1 controll+ f9s & rudd] at ! re> end ( ! envelope1 & ) ! conv5tional long c> susp5d$ at "s di/ance b5ea? ! gas bag4 ,by ?is "t1 ! moor+ ma/1 c>ry+ a cap ( :i* ! concave side fitt$ ov] ! convex nose ( ! air%ip1 _h be5 orig9at$4 ,! cap 0 swivell$1 &1 :5 atta*$ to x1 an air%ip 0 held nose on to ! w9d1 ?us r$uc+ by m ?an half ! dang]s att5dant on moor+ dirigibles 9 ! op54 ,private subscription "u ! auspices ( ! ,morn+ ,po/ got toge!r suffici5t funds 9 #aiaj = ! pur*ase ( a ,lebaudy air%ip1 :i* 0 built 9 ,france1 fl[n across ! ,*annel1 & pres5t$ to ! ,army ,air%ip ,fleet4 ,?is dirigible 0 #ccg feet long1 & 0 driv5 by two #ace horse-p[] ,panh>d motors1 ea* ( :i* actuat$ two propell]s4 ,! j\rney f ,moisson to ,ald]%ot 0 complet$ at a spe$ ( #cf miles an h\r1 b ! air%ip 0 damag$ :ile be+ t[$ into its %$4 ,on ,may ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ! ,lebaudy 0 br\ght out = a flight1 b1 9 l&+1 ! guide rope f\l$ 9 trees & %$s & br\ght ! air%ip broadside on to ! w9d2 %e 0 driv5 into "s trees & wreck$ to su* an exte5t t rebuild+ 0 consid]$ an impossibility4 ,a ,clem5t ,bay>d1 b\ght by ! army air%ip section1 became scrap aft] ev5 less fly+ ?an _h be5 accompli%$ by ! ,lebaudy4 ,9 ,april ( #aiaj1 ! ,admiralty det]m9$ on a naval air s]vice1 & set ab\t ! production ( rigid air%ips :i* %\ld be able to compete ) ,zeppel9s z naval sc\ts4 ,! con/ruction 0 entru/$ to ,vick]s1 ,ltd41 :o set ab\t ! task at _! ,b>r[ works & built some?+ :i*1 :5 te/$ aft] a ye>'s "w1 0 f\nd incapable ( lift+ its own weight4 ,?is defect 0 rem$i$ by a s]ies ( alt]ations1 & mean:ile ! un(ficial title ( ',mayfly' 0 giv5 to ! vessel4 ,tak5 ov] by ! ,admiralty be=e %e _h pass$ any fly+ te/s1 ! ',mayfly' 0 br\ght out on ,septemb] #bd?1 #aiaa1 = a trial trip1 be+ t[$ out f h] %$ by a tug4 ,:5 half out f ! %$1 ! envelope 0 caught by a light cross-w9d1 &1 9 spite ( ! pull f ! tug1 ! great fabric broke 9 half1 ne>ly dr[n+ ! crew1 :o _h to dive 9 ord] to get cle> ( ! wreckage4 ,!re 0 consid]able simil>ity 9 =m1 ?\gh n 9 p]=mance1 betwe5 ! ,mayfly & ! prew> ,zeppel94 ,! =m] 0 #eaj feet 9 l5g?1 cyl9drical 9 =m1 ) a diamet] ( #dh feet1 & divid$ into #ai gas-bag comp>tm5ts4 ,! motive p[] consi/$ ( two #bjj horse-p[] ,wolseley eng9es4 ,aft] its failure1 ! ,naval ,air ,s]vice b\ght an ,a/ra-,torres air%ip f ,france & a ,p>seval f ,g]many1 bo? ( :i* prov$ v useful 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,w>1 do+ patrol "w ov] ! ,*annel be=e ! ,blimps came into be+4 ,e>ly 9 #aiae ! ',blimp' or ',s4,s4' type ( coa/al air%ip 0 evolv$ 9 response to ! dem& = a vessel :i* c\ld be turn$ out quickly & 9 quantities4 ,!re 0 urg5t dem&1 voic$ by ,"l ,fi%]1 = a type ( vessel capable ( ma9ta9+ anti-subm>9e patrol (f ! ,briti% coa/s1 & ! fir/ ,s4,s4 air%ips 7 made by comb9+ a gasbag ) ! mo/ available type ( a]oplane fuselage & eng9e1 & fitt+ /e]+ ge>4 ,! ',blimp' consi/$ ( a ,b4,e4 fuselage ) eng9e & ge>$-d[n propell]1 & seat+ = pilot & obs]v]1 atta*$ to an envelope ab\t #aej feet 9 l5g?4 ,) a spe$ ( betwe5 #ce & #dj miles an h\r1 ! ',blimp' _h a cruis+ capacity ( ab\t t5 h\rs2 x 0 fitt$ ) wireless set1 cam]a1 ma*9e-gun1 & bombs1 & = subm>9e spott+ & patrol "w g5]ally x prov$ invaluable1 ?\gh ow+ to l[ eng9e p[] & comp>atively small size1 its uses 7 re/rict$ to reasonably fair wea!r4 ,= "w f>!r out at sea & 9 all wea!rs1 air%ips kn[n z ! coa/ patrol type1 & m commonly z 'coa/als1' 7 built1 & lat] ! ',n4,s4' or ,nor? ,sea type1 /ill l>g] & m wea!r-wor?y1 foll[$4 ,by ! "t ! la/ ye> ( ! ,w> came1 ,brita9 l$ ! _w 9 ! design ( non-rigid & semi-rigid dirigibles4 ,! ',s4,s4' or ',blimp' _h be5 improv$ to a spe$ ( #ej miles an h\r1 c>ry+ a crew ( ?ree1 & ! endurance record = ! type 0 #ah #a_/b h\rs1 :ile "o ( !m _h rea*$ a height ( #aj1jjj feet4 ,! ,nor? ,sea type ( non-rigid 0 capable ( travell+ ov] #bj h\rs at full spe$1 or =ty h\rs at cruis+ spe$1 & ! numb] ( non-rigids belong+ to ! ,briti% ,navy exce$$ t ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,x 0 ow+ to ! incapacity--app>5t or real--( ! ,briti% milit>y or naval design]s to produce a satisfactory rigid air%ip t ! ',n4,s4' air%ip 0 evolv$4 ,! fir/ ( ?is type 0 produc$ 9 #aiaf1 & on h] trials %e 0 vot$ an unqualifi$ success1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! build+ ( sev]al m 0 pu%$ on4 ,! envelope1 ( #cfj1jjj cubic feet capacity1 0 made on ! ,a/ra-,torres pr9ciple ( ?ree lobes1 giv+ a trefoil section4 ,! %ip c>ri$ f\r f9s1 to ?ree ( :i* ! elevator & rudd] flaps 7 atta*$2 petrol tanks 7 plac$ inside ! envelope1 "u :i* 0 rigg$ a long cov]$-9 c>1 built up ( a light /eel tubul> framework #ce feet 9 l5g?4 ,! =w>d portion 0 cov]$ ) duralum9 %eet+1 an alum9ium alloy :i*1 unlike alum9ium itself1 is n affect$ by ! action ( sea air & wat]1 & ! rema9d] ) fabric lac$ to ! framework4 ,w9d[s & port-holes 7 provid$ to give light to ! crew1 & ! controls & navigat+ in/rum5ts 7 plac$ =w>d1 ) ! sleep+ accommodation aft4 ,! eng9es 7 m\nt$ 9 a p[] unit /ructure1 sep>ate f ! c> & connect$ by wood5 gang ways support$ by wire cables4 ,a complete electrical in/allation ( two dynamos & batt]ies = lights1 signall+ lamps1 wireless1 telephones1 etc41 0 c>ri$1 & ! motive p[] consi/$ ( ei!r two #bej horse-p[] ,rolls-,royce eng9es or two #bdj horse-p[] ,fiat eng9es4 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ?is type are l5g? #bfb feet1 horizontal diamet] #ef feet #i in*es1 v]tical diamet] #fi feet #c in*es4 ,! gross lift is #bd1cjj lbs4 & ! disposable lift )\t crew1 petrol1 oil1 & balla/ #h1ejj lbs4 ,! normal crew c>ri$ = patrol "w 0 t5 (fic]s & m54 ,?is type holds ! record ( #aja h\rs cont9u\s flight on patrol duty4 ,9 ! matt] ( rigid design x 0 n until #aiac t ! ,briti% ,admiralty got ov] ! fact t ! ',mayfly' w\ld n1 & decid$ on a fur!r attempt at ! con/ruction ( a rigid dirigible4 ,! contract = ?is 0 sign$ 9 ,m>* ( #aiad2 "w 0 susp5d$ 9 ! foll[+ ,febru>y & begun aga9 9 ,july1 #aiae1 b x 0 n until ,janu>y ( #aiag t ! %ip 0 f9i%$1 :ile h] trials 7 n complet$ until ,m>* ( #aiag1 :5 %e 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,admiralty4 ,! details ( ! con/ruction & trial ( ?is vessel1 kn[n z ',no4 #i1' g to %[ t %e did n q fill ! contract requirem5ts 9 respect ( disposable lift until a numb] ( alt]ations _h be5 made4 ,! contract specifi$ t a spe$ ( at lea/ #de miles p] h\r 0 to be atta9$ at full eng9e p[]1 :ile a m9imum disposable lift ( #e tons 0 to be available = movable weights1 & ! air%ip 0 to be capable ( ris+ to a height ( #b1jjj feet4 ,driv5 by f\r ,wolseley ,mayba* eng9es ( #ahj horse-p[] ea*1 ! lift ( ! vessel 0 n suffici5t1 s x 0 decid$ to remove ! two eng9es 9 ! aft] c> & replace !m by a s+le eng9e ( #bej horsep[]4 ,) ?is ! vessel rea*$ ! contract spe$ ( #de miles p] h\r ) a cruis+ radius ( #ah h\rs1 equival5t to #hjj miles :5 ! eng9es 7 runn+ at full spe$4 ,! vessel s]v$ admirably z a tra9+ air%ip1 =1 by ! "t %e 0 complet$1 ! ,no4 #bc class ( rigid air%ip _h come to be+1 & ?us ,no4 #i 0 already out ( date4 ,?ree ( ! #bc class 7 complet$ by ! end ( #aiag2 x 0 /ipulat$ t !y %\ld be built ) a spe$ ( at lea/ #ee miles p] h\r1 a m9imum disposable lift ( #h tons1 & a capability ( ris+ at an av]age rate ( n less ?an #a1jjj feet p] m9ute to a height ( #c1jjj feet4 ,! motive p[] consi/$ ( f\r #bej horse-p[] ,rolls-,royce eng9es1 "o 9 ea* ( ! =w>d & aft] c>s & two 9 a c5tre c>4 ,f\r-blad$ propell]s 7 us$ ?r\gh\t ! %ip4 ,a #bc,x type foll[$ on ! #bc class1 b by ! "t two %ips _h be5 complet$1 ?is 0 practically obsolete4 ,! ,no4 #ca class foll[$ ! #bc,x2 x 0 built on ,s*utte-,lanz l9es1 #fae feet 9 l5g?1 #ff feet diamet]1 & a million & a half cubic feet capacity4 ,! hull 0 simil> to ! lat] types ( ,zeppel9 9 %ape1 ) a tap]+ /]n & a bluff1 r\nd$ b[4 ,five c>s ea* c>ry+ a #bej horse-p[] ,rolls-,royce eng9e1 driv+ a s+le fix$ propell]1 7 fitt$1 & on h] trials ,r4#ca p]=m$ well1 especially 9 ! matt] ( spe$4 ,b ! exp]im5t ( con/ruct+ 9 wood 9 ! ,s*utte-,lanz way adopt$ ) ?is vessel result$ 9 failure ev5tually1 & ! type 0 ab&on$4 ,mean:ile1 ,g]many _h be5 pu%+ =w>d ,zeppel9 design & /ra9+ e n]ve 9 ! improvem5t ( rigid dirigible con/ruction1 until ,l4#cc 0 evolv$2 %e 0 g5]ally kn[n z a sup]-,zeppel91 & on ,septemb] #bd?1 #aiaf1 six weeks aft] h] laun*+1 %e 0 damag$ by gun-fire 9 a raid ov] ,london1 be+ ev5tually compell$ to come to e>? at ,little ,wigbor\gh 9 ,essex4 ,! crew gave !mselves up aft] hav+ set fire to ! %ip1 & ?\gh ! fabric 0 totally de/roy$1 ! /ructure ( ! hull rema9$ intact1 s t j z ,g]many 0 able to evolve ! ,go?a bomb] f ! ,h&ley-,page deliv]$ at ,lille1 ,briti% naval con/ructors 7 able to evolve ! ,r4#cc type ( air%ip f ! ,zeppel9 framework deliv]$ at ,little ,wigbor\gh4 ,two vessels1 ,r4#cc & ,r4#cd1 7 laid d[n = completion2 ?ree o!rs 7 also put d[n = con/ruction1 b1 :ile ,r4#cc & ,r4#cd 7 built almo/ entirely f ! data ga!r$ f ! wreck$ ,l4#cc1 ! ?ree lat] vessels embody m mod]n design1 includ+ a numb] ( improvem5ts1 & m especially great] disposable lift4 ,x has be5 comm5t$ t :ile ! ,briti% au?orities 7 build+ ,r4#cc & ,r4#cd1 ,g]many con/ruct$ #cj ,zeppel9s on #d slips1 = :i* reason x may be reckon$ a matt] = congratulation t ! rigid air%ip did n decide ! fate ( ! ,w>4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( con/ruction ( ! ,r4#cc & ,r4#cd types are z giv5 by ,major ,:ale 9 8 survey ( ,briti% ,air%ips3-- ',9 all its ma9 features ! hull /ructure ( ,r4#cc & ,r4#cd foll[s ! design ( ! wreck$ ,g]man ,zeppel9 air%ip ,l4#cc4 ',! hull foll[s m ne>ly a true /ream-l9e %ape ?an 9 ! previ\s %ips con/ruct$ ( duralum91 9 :i* a great] proportion ( ! great] l5g? 0 p>allel-sid$4 ,! ,g]mans adopt$ ?is new %ape f ! ,s*utte-,lanz design & h n dep>t$ f ?is practice4 ,?is consi/s ( a %ort1 p>allel body ) a long1 r\nd$ b[ & a long tap]+ /em culm9at+ 9 a po9t4 ,! ov]all l5g? ( ! %ip is #fdc feet ) a diamet] ( #gi feet & an extreme height ( #ib feet4 ',! type ( gird]s 9 ?is class has be5 mu* alt]$ f ^? 9 previ\s %ips4 ,! hull is fitt$ ) an int]nal triangul> keel ?r\gh\t practically ! entire l5g?4 ,?is =ms ! ma9 corridor ( ! %ip1 & is fitt$ ) a footway d[n ! c5tre = its entire l5g?4 ,x conta9s wat] balla/ & petrol tanks1 bomb /orage & crew accommodation1 & ! v>i\s control wires1 petrol pipes1 & electric leads are c>ri$ along ! l[] "p4 ',?r\gh\t ?is int]nal corridor runs a bridge gird]1 f :i* ! petrol & wat] balla/ tanks are support$4 ,^! tanks are s arrang$ t !y c be dropp$ cle> ( ! %ip4 ,amid%ips is ! cab9 space ) suffici5t room = a crew ( tw5ty-five4 ,hammocks c be swung f ! bridge gird] be=e m5tion$4 ',9 accordance ) ! late/ ,zeppel9 practice1 monoplane rudd]s & elevators are fitt$ to ! horizontal & v]tical f9s4 ',! %ip is support$ 9 ! air by n9ete5 gas bags1 :i* give a total capacity ( approximately two million cubic feet ( gas4 ,! gross lift works out at approximately #ei #a_/b tons1 ( :i* ! total fix$ weight is #cc tons1 giv+ a disposable lift ( #bf #a_/b tons4 ',! arrangem5t ( c>s is z foll[s3 ,at ! =w>d end ! control c> is slung1 :i* conta9s all navigat+ in/rum5ts & ! v>i\s controls4 ,adjo9+ ?is is ! wireless cab91 :i* is also fitt$ = wireless telephony4 ,imm$iately aft ( ?is is ! =w>d p[] c> conta9+ "o eng9e1 :i* gives ! appe>ance t ! :ole is "o l>ge c>4 ',amid%ips are two w+ c>s1 ea* conta9+ a s+le eng9e4 ,^! are small & j accommodate ! eng9es ) suffici5t room = me*anics to att5d to !m4 ,fur!r aft is ano!r l>g] c> :i* conta9s an auxili>y control position & two eng9es4 ',x w ?us be se5 t five eng9es are in/all$ 9 ! %ip2 ^! are all ( ! same type & horsep[]1 namely1 #bej horse-p[] ,sunbeam4 ,r4#cc 0 con/ruct$ by ,messrs ,arm/rong1 ,:itwor?1 ,ltd42 :ile h] si/] %ip ,r4#cd 0 built by ,messrs ,be>dmore on ! ,clyde4' ,( ! two vessels1 ,r4#cd appe>$ r m airwor?y ?an h] si/] %ip2 ! lift ( ! %ip ju/ifi$ ! c>ry+ ( a great] quantity ( fuel ?an _h be5 provid$ =1 &1 z %e 0 consid]$ suitable = mak+ a ,transatlantic cross+1 extra petrol tanks 7 fitt$ 9 ! hull & a new type ( out] cov] 0 fitt$ ) a view to h] mak+ ! ,atlantic cross+4 ,%e made a #ba-;h\r cruise ov] ! ,nor? ( ,engl& & ! ,s\? ( ,scotl& at ! end ( ,may1 #aiai1 & subsequ5tly w5t = a long] cruise ov] ,d5m>k1 ! ,baltic1 & ! nor? coa/ ( ,g]many1 rema9+ 9 ! air = #ef h\rs 9 spite ( v bad wea!r conditions4 ,f9ally1 ,july #bnd 0 select$ z ! />t+ date = ! cross ,atlantic flight2 ! vessel 0 comm&$ by ,major ,g4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,a4,f4,c41 ) ,capta9 ,g4 ,s4 ,gre5l& z fir/ (fic]1 ,second-,lieut4 ,h4 ,f4 ,luck z second (fic]1 & ,lieut4 ,j4 ,d4 ,%ott] z eng9e] (fic]4 ,!re 7 also on bo>d ,brig4-,g54 ,e4 ,p4 ,maitl&1 repres5t+ ! ,air ,m9i/ry1 ,major ,j4 ,e4 ,m4 ,prit*>d1 repres5t+ ! ,admiralty1 & ,lieut4-,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hemsley ( ! ,army ,aviation ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 addition to eight tons ( petrol1 ,r4#cd c>ri$ a total numb] ( #cj p]sons f ,ea/ ,=tune to ,long ,isl&1 ,n4,y4 ,!re be+ no %$ 9 ,am]ica capable ( accommodat+ ! air%ip1 %e _h to be moor$ 9 ! op5 = refill+ ) fuel & gas1 & to make ! return j\rney almo/ imm$iately4 ,brig4-,g54 ,maitl&'s acc\nt ( ! flight1 9 itself a record z int]e/+ z valuable1 divides ! outw>d j\rney into two ma9 /ages1 ! fir/ f ,ea/ ,=tune to ,tr9ity ,bay1 ,newf\ndl&1 a di/ance ( #b1jej sea miles1 & ! second & m difficult /age to ,m9eola ,field1 ,long ,isl&1 #a1jhj sea miles4 ,an easy j\rney 0 exp]i5c$ until ,newf\ndl& 0 rea*$1 b !n /orms & electrical di/urbances r5d]$ x necess>y to alt] ! c\rse1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* petrol began to run %ort4 ,head w9ds r5d]$ ! %ortage /ill m acute1 & on ,saturday1 ,july #e?1 a wireless signal 0 s5t out ask+ = de/roy]s to /& by to t[4 ,h[ev]1 aft] an anxi\s night1 ,r4#cc l&$ safely at ,m9eola ,field at #i4ee a4m4 on ,july #f?1 hav+ accompli%$ ! j\rney 9 #ajh h\rs #ab m9utes4 ,%e rema9$ at ,m9eola until midnight ( ,july #i?1 :51 al?\gh x _h be5 int5d$ t a />t %\ld be made by daylight = ! b5efit ( ,new ,york spectators1 an approa*+ /orm caus$ prep>ations to be advanc$ = imm$iate dep>ture4 ,%e set out at #e4eg a4m4 by ,briti% summ] "t1 & flew ov] ,new ,york 9 ! full gl>e ( hundr$s ( se>*lights be=e head+ out ov] ! ,atlantic4 ,a foll[+ w9d assi/$ ! return voyage1 & on ,july #ac?1 at #g4eg a4m41 ,r4#cd an*or$ at ,pulham1 ,norfolk1 hav+ made ! return j\rney 9 #ge h\rs #c m9utes1 & prov$ ! suitability ( ! dirigible = ,transatlantic comm]cial "w4 ,r4#hj1 laun*$ on ,july #ai?1 #aibj1 af=d$ fur!r pro(1 if ?is 7 ne$$4 ,x is to be not$ t ne>ly all ! disa/]s to air%ips h be5 caus$ by laun*+ & l&+--! type is safe en\gh 9 ! air1 "u its own p[]1 b its bulk r5d]s x unwieldy = gr\nd h&l+4 ,! ,g]man sy/em ( h&l+ ,zeppel9s 9 & out ( _! %$s is1 s f>1 ! be/ devis$3 ?is consi/s ( heavy trucks runn+ on rails ?r\gh ! %$s & out at ei!r end2 on desc5d+1 ! trucks are run out1 & ! air%ip is securely atta*$ to !m outside ! %$2 ! trucks are !n run back into ! %$1 tak+ ! air%ip ) !m1 & prev5t+ any possibility ( ! w9d driv+ ! envelope aga9/ ! side ( ! %$ be=e x is safely h\s$2 ! rev]se process is adopt$ 9 laun*+1 :i* is ?us r5d]$ z simple z x is safe4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,air%ip ,,comm]cially ,prior to ! w> p]iod1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aiaj & #aiad1 a ,g]man und]tak+ call$ ! ,deuts*e ,luftfahrt ,acti5 ,gesells*aft conduct$ a comm]cial ,zeppel9 s]vice 9 :i* f\r air%ips kn[n z ! ,sa*san1 ,hansa1 ,victoria ,l\ise1 & ,s*wab5 7 us$4 ,dur+ ! f\r ye>s ( its "w1 ! company c>ri$ ov] #ag1jjj pass5g]s1 & ov] #ajj1jjj miles 7 fl[n )\t incurr+ "o fatality & ) only m9or & unavoidable accid5ts to ! vessels compos+ ! s]vice4 ,al?\gh a numb] ( ,engli% notabilities made voyages 9 ^! air%ips1 ! success ( ?is only exp]im5t 9 comm]cial a]o/ation seems to h be5 =gott5 s9ce ! w>4 ,!re 0 beyond d\bt a milit>y aim 9 ?is app>5tly peaceful use ( ,zeppel9 air%ips2 x is pa/ "q n[ t all ,g]many's me*anical developm5t 9 respect ( l& sea1 & air transport 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! w>1 0 accompli%$ ) ! ult]ior aim ( milit>y conque/1 b1 at ! same "t1 ! runn+ ( ?is s]vice af=d$ pro( ( ! possibility ( e/abli%+ a dirigible s]vice = peaceful ends1 & af=d$ pro( too1 ( ! value ( ! dirigible z a vessel ( purely comm]cial utility4 ,9 consid]+ ! possibility ( a comm]cial dirigible s]vice1 x is necess>y always to be> 9 m9d ! disadvantages ( fir/ co/ & upkeep z comp>$ ) ! a]oplane4 ,! build+ ( a mod]n rigid is an exce$+ly co/ly und]tak+1 & ! provision ( an effici5t supply ( hydrog5 gas to keep its comp>tm5ts fill$ is a v l>ge item 9 upkeep ( :i* ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e goes free4 ,yet ! future ( comm]cial a]onautics s f> w\ld seem to lie ) ! dirigible :]e v long voyages are 9 "q4 ,no matt] h[ ! a]oplane may be improv$1 ! possibility ( eng9e failure always rema9s z a dang] = "w ov] wat]4 ,9 seaplane or fly+ boat =m1 ! dang] is /ill pres5t 9 a r\gh sea1 ?\gh 9 ! ,am]ican ,transatlantic flight1 ,n4,c4#c1 taxi-+ #cjj miles to ! ,azores aft] hav+ fall5 to ! wat]1 prov$ t ?is dang] is n s acute z is g5]ally assum$4 ,yet ! multiple-eng9$ rigid1 z ,r4#cd %[$ on h] return voyage1 may h "p ( h] p[] plant put out ( action altoge!r & /ill complete h] voyage v successfully1 :i*1 9 ! case ( mail c>ry+ & s]vices run /rictly to "t1 gives h] an enorm\s advantage ov] ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e4 ',= comm]cial purposes1' ,g5]al ,sykes has rem>k$1 '! air%ip is em95tly adapt$ = long di/ance j\rneys involv+ non-/op flights4 ,x has ?is inh]5t advantage ov] ! a]oplane1 t :ile !re appe>s to be a limit to ! range ( ! a]oplane z at pres5t con/ruct$1 !re is practically no limit :atev] to t ( ! air%ip1 z ?is c be ov]come by m]ely increas+ ! size4 ,x ?us appe>s t = su* j\rneys z cross+ ! ,atlantic1 or cross+ ! ,pacific f ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica to ,au/ralia or ,japan1 ! air%ip w be peculi>ly suitable4 ,x hav+ be5 conc$$ t ! scope ( ! air%ip is long di/ance travel1 ! only type :i* ne$ be consid]$ = ?is purpose is ! rigid4 ,! rigid air%ip is /ill 9 an embryonic /ate1 b suffici5t has already be5 accompli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many1 to %[ t ) increas$ capacity !re is no reason :y1 )9 a few ye>s' "t1 air%ips %\ld n be built capable ( complet+ ! circuit ( ! globe & ( convey+ suffici5t pass5g]s & m]*&ise to r5d] su* an und]tak+ a pay+ proposition4' ,! ,briti% ,r4#ch class1 embody+ ! late/ improvem5ts 9 air%ip design outside ,g]many1 gives a gross lift p] air%ip ( #he tons & a net lift ( ab\t #de tons4 ,! capacity ( ! gas bags is ab\t two & ?ree-qu>t] million cubic feet1 &1 travell+ at ! rate ( #de miles p] h\r1 ! cruis+ range ( ! vessel is e/imat$ at #h4h days4 ,six eng9es1 ea* ( #cej horse-p[]1 admit ( an extreme spe$ ( #gj miles p] h\r if necess>y4 ,! la/ ^w 9 ,g]man design is exemplifi$ 9 ! rigids ,l4#gj & ,l4#ga1 toge!r ) ! comm]cial air%ip ',bod5see4' ,previ\s to ! con/ruction ( ^!1 ! ,l4#fe type is notewor?y z be+ ! fir/ ,zeppel9 9 :i* direct drive ( ! propell] 0 introduc$1 toge!r ) an improv$ & light] type ( c>4 ,l4#gj built 9 #aiah & de/roy$ by ! ,briti% naval =ces1 _h a spe$ ( ab\t #ge miles p] h\r2 ,l4#ga _h a maximum spe$ ( #gb miles p] h\r1 a gas bag capacity ( #b1dbj1jjj cubic feet1 & a l5g? ( #gdc feet1 :ile ! total lift 0 #gc tons4 ,progress 9 design is be/ %[n by ! progress 9 useful load2 9 ! ,l4#gj & ,l4#ga class1 ?is has be5 increas$ to #eh4c p] c5t1 :ile 9 ! ,bod5see x 0 ev] high]4 ,z 0 %[n 9 ,r4#cd's ,am]ican flight1 ! ma9 problem 9 connection ) ! comm]cial use ( dirigibles is t ( moor+ 9 ! op54 ,! ne>e/ to a solution ( ?is problem1 s f>1 consi/s 9 ! ma/ c>ry+ a swivell+ cap2 ?is has be5 tri$ 9 ! ,briti% s]vice ) a non-rigid air%ip1 :i* 0 atta*$ to a ma/ 9 op5 c\ntry 9 a gale ( #eb miles an h\r )\t ! slighte/ damage to ! air%ip4 ,9 its comm]cial =m1 ! ma/ w\ld probably take ! =m ( a t[]1 at ! top ( :i* ! cap w\ld revolve s t ! air%ip %\ld always face ! w9d1 ! t[] be+ us$ = emb>kation & disemb>kation ( pass5g]s & ! provision ( fuel & gas4 ,su* a sy/em w\ld r5d] %$s unnecess>y except 9 case ( repairs1 & w\ld enorm\sly decrease ! e/abli%m5t *>ges ( any comm]cial air%ip4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is hypo!tical4 ,rema9s ! air%ip ( to-day1 develop$ f> beyond ! promise ( five ye>s ago1 capable1 z has be5 prov$ by its a*ievem5ts bo? 9 ,brita9 & 9 ,g]many1 ( und]tak+ practically any giv5 voyage ) success4 ,,vii4 ,,kite ,,balloons ,z f> back z ! p]iod ( ! ,napoleonic w>s1 ! balloon 0 giv5 a place 9 w>f>e1 b up to ! ,franco-,prussian ,prussian ,w> ( #ahgj-ga its use 0 int]mitt5t4 ,! ,f$]al =ces made use ( balloons to a small ext5t 9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>2 !y came to great prom95ce 9 ! siege ( ,p>is1 c>ry+ out upw>ds ( ?ree million lett]s & sundry c>ri] pigeons :i* took back messages into ! besieg$ city4 ,mean:ile1 z captive balloons1 ! ,g]man & o!r armies us$ !m = obs]vation & ! direction ( artill]y fire4 ,9 ?is "w ! ord9>y sph]ical balloon 0 at a grave disadvantage2 if a gu/ ( w9d /ruck x1 ! balloon 0 bl[n d[nw>d & d[n w9d1 g5]ally twirl+ 9 ! air & upsett+ any calculations & e/imates t might be made by ! obs]v]s1 :ile 9 a w9d ( #be miles an h\r x c\ld n rise at all4 ,! rotatory movem5t caus$ by w9d 0 /opp$ by an exp]im5t] 9 ! ,russo-,japanese w>1 :o fix$ to ! captive obs]vation balloons a f9 :i* act$ z a rudd]4 ,?is did n /op ! balloon f be+ bl[n d[nw>d & away f its moor+ /ation1 b ?is t5d5cy 0 ov]come by a modification design$ 9 ,g]many by ! ,p>seval-,siegsfield ,company1 :i* orig9at$ :at has s9ce become famili> z ! ',sausage' or kite balloon4 ,?is is s arrang$ t ! =w>d end is tilt$ up into ! w9d1 & ! und]side ( ! gas bag1 act+ z a plane1 gives ! balloon a lift+ t5d5cy 9 a w9d1 ?us c\nt]act+ ! t5d5cy ( ! w9d to bl[ x d[nw>d & away f its moor+ /ation4 ,small] bags are fitt$ at ! l[] & re> end ( ! balloon ) op5+s t face into ! w9d2 ^! are ?us kept inflat$1 & !y s]ve ! purpose ( a rudd]1 keep+ ! kite balloon /eady 9 ! air4 ,v>i\s types ( kite balloon h be5 introduc$2 ! orig9al ,g]man ,p>seval-,siegsfield _h a s+le air bag at ! /]n end1 :i* 0 modifi$ to two1 ?ree1 or m lobes 9 lat] v>ieties1 :ile an ,am]ican exp]im5tal design attempt$ to d away ) ! atta*$ lobes altoge!r by /r++ out a s]ies ( small air bags1 kite fa%ion1 9 re> ( ! ma9 envelope4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,w>1 ,g]many alone _h kite balloons1 = ! au?orities ( ! ,alli$ armies con-sid]$ t ! bulk ( su* a vessel r5d]$ x too conspicu\s a m>k to p]mit ( its be+ s]viceable4 ,! ,belgian arm alone possess$ two :i*1 on be+ put into s]vice1 7 f\nd extremely useful4 ,! ,fr5* foll[$ by con/ruct+ kite balloons at ,*alais ,meudon1 & !n1 aft] "s mon?s ( ho/ilities & ) ! example ( ! ,royal ,naval ,air ,s]vice to enc\rage !m1 ! ,briti% milit>y au?orities f9ally took up ! con/ruction & use ( kite balloons = artill]y-spott+ & g5]al obs]vation purposes4 ,al?\gh _m 7 br\ght d[n by gun-fire1 _! uses f> outweigh$ _! disadvantages1 & t[>d ! end ( ! ,w>1 h>dly a mile ( front 0 )\t its ',sausage4' ,= naval "w1 kite balloons 7 c>ri$ 9 a specially con/ruct$ hold 9 ! =ep>t ( c]ta9 vessels2 :5 requir$ = use1 ! cov]+ ( ! hold 0 remov$1 ! kite balloon inflat$ & releas$ to ! requir$ height by means ( w9*es z 9 ! case ( ! l& "w4 ,! p]fect+ ( ! ',coa/al' & ,n4,s4 types ( air%ip1 toge!r ) ! ext5sion ( wireless telephony betwe5 air%ip & cruis] or o!r w>%ip1 9 all probability w r5d] ! use ( ! kite balloon unnecess>y 9 connection ) naval sc\t+4 ,b1 dur+ ! ,w>1 nei!r wireless telephony nor naval air%ips _h develop$ suffici5tly to r5d] ! ,navy indep5d5t ( any means t might come to h&1 & ! fitt+ ( kite balloons 9 ?is fa%ion fill$ a ne$ ( ! times4 ,a necess>y accessory ( ! kite balloon is ! p>a*ute1 :i* has a long hi/ory4 ,da ,v9ci & ,v]anzio appe> to h be5 ! fir/ expon5ts1 ! fir/ 9 ! !ory & ! latt] 9 ! practice ( p>a*ut+4 ,montgolfi] exp]im5t$ at ,annonay be=e he con/ruct$ 8 fir/ hot air-balloon1 & 9 #aghc a c]ta9 ,l5orm& dropp$ f a tree 9 a p>a*ute4 ,blan*>d ! ballooni/ made a spectacle ( p>a*ut+1 & made x a f9ancial success2 ,cock+1 9 #ahcf1 attempt$ to use an inv]t$ =m ( p>a*ute2 tak5 up to a height ( #c1jjj feet1 he 0 cut adrift1 :5 ! framework ( ! p>a*ute collaps$ & ,cock+ 0 kill$4 ,! rate ( fall is sl[ 9 p>a*ut+ to ! gr\nd4 ,frau ,poitev91 mak+ a desc5t f a height ( #f1jjj feet1 took #de m9utes to rea* ! gr\nd1 &1 :5 %e alight$1 h] husb&1 :o _h tak5 h] up1 _h ne>ly got 8 balloon pack$ up4 ,rob]tson1 ano!r p>a*uti/ is said to h desc5d$ f a height ( #aj1jjj feet 9 #ce m9utes1 or at a rate ( ne>ly #e feet p] second4 ,dur+ ! ,w> ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,maitl& made a p>a*ute desc5t f a height ( #aj1jjj feet1 ! "t tak5 be+ ab\t #bj m9utes4 ,! p>a*ute 0 develop$ consid]ably dur+ ! ,w> p]iod1 ! ma9 requirem5t1 t ( c]ta9ty 9 op5+1 be+ consid]ably develop$4 ,consid]$ a necess>y accessory = kite balloons1 ! p>a*ute 0 also p>tially adopt$ = use ) a]oplanes 9 ! lat] ,w> p]iod1 :5 x 0 cont5d$ t if a ma*9e 7 %ot d[n 9 flames1 its occupants w\ld be giv5 a f> bett] *ance ( escape if !y _h p>a*utes4 ,v>i\s trials 7 made to demon/rate ! extreme effici5cy ( ! p>a*ute 9 mod]n =m1 "o ( !m be+ a desc5t f ! upp] ways ( ! ,t[] ,bridge to ! wat]s ( ! ,?ames1 9 :i* %ort di/ance ! ',gu>dian ,angel' type ( p>a*ute op5$ & cu%ion$ ! desc5t = its us]4 ,= dirigibles1 balloons1 & kite balloons ! p>a*ute is an ess5tial4 ,x w\ld seem to be equally ess5tial 9 ! case ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9es1 b ?is po9t is /ill debat$4 ,c]ta9ly x af=ds ! occupant ( a fall+ a]oplane a *ance1 no matt] h[ sl5d]1 ( rea*+ ! gr\nd 9 safety1 &1 = t reason1 x w\ld seem to h a place 9 aviation z well z 9 a]o/ation4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,eng9e ,,developm5t ,i4 ,,! ,,v]tical ,,type ,! balloon 0 b a ye> old :5 ! bro!rs ,rob]t1 9 #aghd attempt$ propulsion ( an a]ial vehicle by h&-p[]1 & succe$$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 s9ce !y 7 able to make progress :5 !re 0 only a slight w9d to c\nt]act _! "w4 ,b1 z may be easily und]/ood1 ! manual p[] provid$ gave b a v sl[ spe$1 & 9 any w9d x all ! w\ld-be air%ip became an uncontroll$ balloon4 ,h5son & ,/r+fell[1 ) _! light /eam eng9es1 7 fir/ to attempt conque/ ( ! problem ( me*anical propulsion 9 ! air2 _! "w 9 ?is direction is s fully l9k$ up ) _! con/ruct$ models t x has be5 outl9$ 9 ! section deal+ ) ! developm5t ( ! a]oplane4 ,b1 v %ortly aft] ^! two began1 !re came into ! field a ,monsieur ,h5ri ,giff>d1 :o fir/ a*iev$ success 9 ! propulsion by me*anical means ( dirigible balloons1 = 8 0 ! fir/ air%ip to fly aga9/ ! w9d4 ,he employ$ a small /eam-eng9e develop+ ab\t #c horse-p[] & weigh+ #cej lbs4 ) boil]1 fitt+ ! :ole 9 a c> susp5d$ f ! gas-bag ( 8 dirigible4 ,! propell] :i* ?is eng9e work$ 0 #aa feet 9 diamet]1 & ! inv5tor1 :o made sev]al flights1 obta9$ a spe$ ( #f miles an h\r aga9/ a slight w9d4 ,! p[] 0 n suffici5t to r5d] ! inv5tion practicable1 z ! dirigible c\ld only be us$ 9 calm wea!r1 b ,giff>d 0 suffici5tly enc\rag$ by 8 results to get out plans = imm5se dirigibles1 :i* ?r\gh lack ( funds he 0 unable to con/ruct4 ,:51 lat]1 8 inv5tion ( ! /eam-injector gave him ! means he desir$1 he became bl9d1 & 9 #ahhb di$1 hav+ built b ! "o fam\s dirigible4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! only in/ance ( a /eam eng9e be+ fitt$ to a dirigible2 ! inh]5t disadvantage ( ?is =m ( motive p[] is t a boil] to g5]ate ! /eam mu/ be c>ri$1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! weight ( wat] & fuel1 r5d]s ! /eam eng9e uneconomical 9 relation to ! lift ei!r ( plane or gas-bag4 ,aga91 ev5 if ! weight c\ld be br\ght d[n to a reasonable am\nt1 ! att5tion requir$ by /eam plant r5d]s x undesirable z a motive p[] = aircraft :5 comp>$ ) ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,maxim1 9 ,artificial & ,natural ,flight1 details ! eng9e :i* he con/ruct$ = use ) 8 giant exp]im5tal fly+ ma*9e1 & 8 description is wor?y ( reproduction s9ce x is t ( ! only /eam eng9e besides ,giff>d's1 & ap>t f ^? us$ = ! propulsion ( models1 design$ = driv+ an a]oplane4 ',9 #ahhi1' ,maxim says1 ',i _h my att5tion drawn to "s v ?91 /rong1 & comp>atively *eap tubes :i* 7 be+ made 9 ,france1 & x 0 only aft] ,i _h se5 ^! tubes t ,i s]i\sly consid]$ ! "q ( mak+ a fly+ ma*9e4 ,i obta9$ a l>ge quantity ( !m & f\nd t !y 7 v light1 t !y w\ld /& enorm\sly high pressures1 & g5]ate a v l>ge quantity ( /eam4 ,^u go+ into a ma!matical calculation ( ! :ole subject1 ,i f\nd t x w\ld be possible to make a ma*9e on ! a]oplane sy/em1 driv5 by a /eam eng9e1 :i* w\ld be suffici5tly /rong to lift itself into ! air4 ,i fir/ made draw+s ( a /eam eng9e1 & a pair ( ^! eng9es 0 aft]w>ds made4 ,^! eng9es are con/ruct$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( a v high grade ( ca/ /eel1 ! cyl9d]s be+ only #c_/cb ( an in* ?ick1 ! crank %afts holl[1 & e "p z /rong & light z possible4 ,!y are comp\nd1 ea* hav+ a high-pressure pi/on ) an area ( #bj squ>e in*es1 a l[-pressure pi/on ( #ej4bf squ>e in*es1 & a common /roke ( #a foot4 ,:5 fir/ f9i%$ !y 7 f\nd to weigh #cjj lbs4 ea*2 b aft] putt+ on ! oil cups1 felt+1 pa9t+1 & mak+ "s slight alt]ations1 ! weight 0 br\ght up to #cbj lbs4 ea*1 or a total ( #fdj lbs4 = ! two eng9es1 :i* h s9ce develop$ #cfb horsep[] ) a /eam pressure ( #cbj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4' ,! result is rem>kable1 be+ less ?an #b lbs4 weight p] horse-p[]1 especially :5 "o consid]s ! /ate ( developm5t to :i* ! /eam eng9e _h atta9$ at ! "t ^! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,! f9+ d[n ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 :i* has done s mu* to solve ! problems ( p[] 9 relation to weight = use ) aircraft1 _h n !n be5 begun1 & ,maxim _h no?+ to guide him1 s f> z "w on ! "p ( 8 pr$ecessors 0 conc]n$1 save ! exp]im5tal eng9es ( ,/r+fell[1 :i*1 be+ con/ruct$ on s small a scale 9 comp>ison ) 8 own1 af=d$ little guidance4 ,conc]n+ ! factor ( p[]1 he says3 ',:5 fir/ design+ ?is eng9e1 ,i did n "k h[ mu* p[] ,i might require f x4 ,i ?\ght t 9 "s cases x might be necess>y to all[ ! high-pressure /eam to ent] ! l[-pressure cyl9d] direct1 b z ?is w\ld involve a consid]able loss1 ,i con/ruct$ a species ( injector4 ,?is injector may be s adju/$ t :5 ! /eam 9 ! boil] rises above a c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ po9t1 say #cjj lbs41 to ! squ>e in*1 x op5s a valve & escapes pa/ ! high-pressure cyl9d] in/ead ( bl[+ (f at ! safety valve4 ,9 escap+ ?r\gh ?is valve1 a fall ( ab\t #bjj lbs4 pressure p] squ>e in* is made to d "w on ! surr\nd+ /eam & drive x =w>d 9 ! pipe1 produc+ a pressure on ! l[-pressure pi/on consid]ably high] ?an ! back-pressure on ! high-pressure pi/on4 ,9 ?is way a portion ( ! "w :i* w\ld o!rwise be lo/ is utilis$1 & x is possible1 ) an unlimit$ supply ( /eam1 to cause ! eng9es to develop an enorm\s am\nt ( p[]4' ,) reg>d to boil]s1 ,maxim writes1 ',! fir/ boil] :i* ,i made 0 con/ruct$ some?+ on ! ,h]re%( pr9ciple1 b in/ead ( hav+ "o simple pipe 9 "o v long coil1 ,i us$ a s]ies ( v small & light pipes1 connect$ 9 su* a mann] t !re 0 a rapid circulation ?r\gh ! :ole--! tubes increas+ 9 size & numb] z ! /eam 0 g5]at$4 ,i int5d$ t !re %\ld be a pressure ( ab\t #ajj lbs4 m on ! fe$ wat] end ( ! s]ies ?an on ! /eam end1 & ,i believ$ t ?is diff]5ce 9 pressure w\ld be suffici5t to ensure direct & positive circulation ?r\gh e tube 9 ! s]ies4 ,! fir/ boil] 0 exce$+ly light1 b ! workman%ip1 z f> z putt+ ! tubes toge!r 0 conc]n$1 0 v bad1 & x 0 f\nd impossible to s adju/ ! supply ( wat] z to make dry /eam )\t ov]heat+ & de/roy+ ! tubes4 ',be=e mak+ ano!r boil] ,i obta9$ a quantity ( copp] tubes1 ab\t #h feet long1 #c_/h in* ext]nal diamet]1 & #a_/ej ( an in* ?ick4 ,i subject$ ab\t #ajj ( ^! tubes to an int]nal pressure ( #a ton p] squ>e in* ( cold k]os5e oil1 & z none ( !m leak$ ,i did n te/ any m1 b comm5c$ my exp]im5ts by plac+ "s ( !m 9 a :ite-hot petroleum fire4 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld evaporate z mu* z #bf #a_/b lbs4 ( wat] p] squ>e foot ( heat+ surface p] h\r1 & t ) a =c$ circulation1 al?\gh ! quantity ( wat] pass+ 0 v small b positive1 !re 0 no dang] ( ov]heat+4 ,i conduct$ _m exp]im5ts ) a pressure ( ov] #djj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 b none ( ! tubes fail$4 ,i !n m\nt$ a s+le tube 9 a :ite-hot furnace1 also ) a wat] circulation1 & f\nd t x only bur/ "u /eam at a pressure ( #a1fej lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,a l>ge boil]1 hav+ ab\t #hjj squ>e feet ( heat+ surface1 includ+ ! fe$-wat] heat]1 0 !n con/ruct$4 ,?is boil] is ab\t #d #a_/b feet wide at ! bottom1 #h feet long & #f feet high4 ,x weighs1 ) ! cas+1 ! dome1 & ! smoke /ack & connections1 a little less ?an #a1jjj lbs4 ,! wat] fir/ passes ?r\gh a sy/em ( small tubes--#a_/d in* 9 diamet] & #a_/fj in* ?ick--:i* 7 plac$ at ! top ( ! boil] & imm$iately ov] ! l>ge tubes4444 ,?is fe$-wat] heat] is f\nd to be v effective4 ,x utilises ! heat ( ! products ( combu/ion aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! boil] prop] & greatly r$uces _! temp]ature1 :ile ! fe$-wat] ent]s ! boil] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bej ,f4 ,a =c$ circulation is ma9ta9$ 9 ! boil]1 ! fe$-wat] ent]+ ?r\gh a spr+ valve1 ! spr+ valve be+ adju/$ 9 su* a mann] t ! pressure on ! wat] is always #cj lbs4 p] squ>e in* 9 excess ( ! boil] pressure4 ,?is fall ( #cj lbs4 9 pressure acts ^u ! surr\nd+ hot wat] :i* has already pass$ ?r\gh ! tubes1 & drives x d[n ?r\gh a v]tical outside tube1 ?us ensur+ a positive & rapid circulation ?r\gh all ! tubes4 ,?is app>atus is f\nd to act extremely well4' ,?us ,maxim1 :o ) ?is eng9e z p[] = 8 l>ge a]oplane a*iev$ free flight once1 z a matt] ( exp]im5t1 ?\gh = :at di/ance or "t ! ma*9e 0 actually (f ! gr\nd is matt] = debate1 s9ce x only got free by te>+ up ! rails :i* 7 to h held x d[n 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 0 a /eam eng9e :i* 0 practicable = use 9 ! air1 obvi\sly1 & only ! rapid success ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e prev5t$ ! /eam-produc+ type f be+ develop$ t[>d p]fection4 ,! fir/ design]s ( int]nal combu/ion eng9es1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! petrol ( ^! days1 con/ruct$ _! examples ) a view to us+ gas z fuel4 ,z f> back z #ahgb ,h]r ,paul ,ha5le9 obta9$ a spe$ ( ab\t #aj miles an h\r ) a balloon propell$ by an int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 ( :i* ! fuel 0 gas obta9$ f ! balloon itself4 ,! eng9e 9 ?is case 0 ( ! ,l5oir type1 develop+ "s #f horse-p[]1 &1 obvi\sly1 ,ha5le9's flights 7 purely exp]im5tal & ( %ort duration1 s9ce he us$ ! gas t su/a9$ him & decreas$ ! lift+ p[] ( 8 balloon ) e /roke ( ! pi/on ( 8 eng9e4 ,no fur!r progress appe>s to h be5 made ) ! gas-consum+ type ( int]nal combu/ion eng9e = "w ) aircraft2 ?is type has ! disadvantage ( requir+ ei!r a gas-produc] or a l>ge /orage capacity = ! gas1 ei!r ( :i* makes ! total weight ( ! p[] plant mu* great] ?an t ( a petrol eng9e4 ,! latt] type also requires less att5tion :5 work+1 & ! fuel is m conv5i5t bo? = c>ry+ & 9 ! matt] ( c>buration4 ,! fir/ air%ip propell$ by ! pres5t-day type ( int]nal combu/ion eng9e 0 con/ruct$ by ,baumg>t5 & ,wolf]t 9 #ahgi at ,leipzig1 ! eng9e be+ made by ,daiml] ) a view to work+ on b5z9e--petrol z a fuel _h n !n come to its own4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is eng9e is int]e/+ s9ce x 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ,daiml]'s make1 & x 0 ! developm5t br\ght ab\t by ! exp]im5tal s]ies ( :i* ?is eng9e 0 "o t l$ to ! success ( ! motor-c> 9 v few ye>s1 incid5tally lead+ to t f9+ d[n ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e :i* has facilitat$ ! developm5t ( ! a]oplane ) su* rem>kable rapidity4 ,ow+ to ! faulty con/ruction ( ! air%ip no useful in=mation 0 obta9$ f ,daiml]'s pione] in/allation1 z ! vessel got out ( control imm$iately aft] x 0 fir/ laun*$ = flight1 & 0 wreck$4 ,subsequ5t attempts at me*anically-propell$ flight by ,wolf]t end$1 9 #ahig1 9 ! balloon be+ set on fire by an explosion ( b5z9e vap\r1 result+ 9 ! dea? ( bo? ! a]onauts4 ,daiml]1 f #ahhb onw>d1 devot$ 8 att5tion to ! p]fect+ ( ! small1 high-spe$ petrol eng9e = motor-c> "w1 & ow+ to 8 ef=ts1 toge!r ) ^? ( o!r pione] eng9e-build]s1 ! motorc> 0 made a success4 ,9 a few ye>s ! weight ( ?is type ( eng9e 0 r$uc$ f ne> on a hundr$ p\nds p] horse-p[] to less ?an a t5? ( t weight1 b consid]able fur!r improvem5t _h to be made be=e an eng9e suitable = use ) aircraft 0 evolv$4 ,! increase 9 p[] ( ! eng9es fitt$ to air%ips has made /eady progress f ! outset2 ,ha5le9's eng9e develop$ ab\t #f horse-p[]2 ! ,santos-,dumont air%ip ( #ahih 0 propell$ by a motor ( #d horse-p[]2 9 #aijb ! ,lebaudy air%ip 0 fitt$ ) an eng9e ( #dj horse-p[]1 :ile1 9 #aiaj1 ! ,lebaudy bro!rs fitt$ an eng9e ( ne>ly #cjj horsep[] to ! air%ip !y 7 !n con/ruct+--#a1djj horse-p[] 0 common 9 ! air%ips ( ! ,w> p]iod1 & ! lat] ,briti% rigids develop$ yet m4 ,be=e pass+ on to consid]ation ( ! petrol-driv5 type ( eng9e1 x is necess>y to accord brief m5tion to ! dirigible con/ruct$ 9 #ahhd by ,ga/on & ,alb]t ,tiss&i]1 :o at ,gr5elle1 ,france1 a*iev$ a direct$ flight 9 a w9d ( #h miles an h\r1 obta9+ _! p[] = ! propell] f #a #a_/c horse-p[] ,siem5s electric motor1 :i* weigh$ #aba lbs4 & took its curr5t f a bi*romate batt]y weigh+ #dif lbs4 ,a two-blad$ propell]1 #i feet 9 diamet]1 0 us$1 & ! horse-p[] output 0 e/imat$ to h run up to #a #a_/b z ! dirigible successfully describ$ a semicircle 9 a w9d ( #h miles an h\r1 subsequ5tly mak+ headway transv]sely to a w9d ( #g miles an h\r4 ,! dirigible ) :i* ?is motor 0 us$ 0 ( ! conv5tional po9t$-end type1 ) a l5g? ( #ib feet1 diamet] ( #cj feet1 & capacity ( #cg1ddj cubic feet ( gas4 ,comm&ant ,r5>d1 ( ! ,fr5* army balloon corps1 foll[$ up ,tiss&i]'s attempt 9 ! next ye>--#ahhe--mak+ a trip f ,*alais-,meudon to ,p>is & return+ to ! po9t ( dep>ture q successfully4 ,9 ?is case ! motive p[] 0 d]iv$ f an electric plant ( ! type us$ by ! ,tiss&i]s1 weigh+ altoge!r #a1agd lbs41 & develop+ #i horsep[]4 ,a spe$ ( #ad miles an h\r 0 atta9$ ) ?is dirigible1 :i* _h a l5g? ( #afe feet1 diamet] ( #bg feet1 & capacity ( #fe1hcf cubic feet ( gas4 ,rev]t+ to ! petrol-f$ type aga91 x is to be not$ t ,santos-,dumont 0 practically ! fir/ to develop ! use ( ! ord9>y automobile eng9e = air "w--8 "w is ( su* importance t x has be5 consid]$ be/ to treat ( x z "o :ole1 & details ( ! p[] plants are includ$ 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,com+ to ! ,lebaudy bro!rs & _! "w1 _! eng9e ( #aijb 0 a #dj horse-p[] ,daiml]1 f\r-cyl9d]$2 x 0 virtually a l>ge edition ( ! ,daiml] c> eng9e1 ! arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s details be+ on ! l9es usually adopt$ = ! /&>d ,daiml] type ( t p]iod4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 fully wat]-jacket$1 & no special attempt t[>d secur+ lightness = air "w appe>s to h be5 made4 ,! f9+ d[n ( detail t br\ght weight to su* limits z w\ld fit ! eng9e = "w ) heavi]-?an-air craft appe>s to h wait$ = ! bro!rs ,wright4 ,t[>d ! end ( #aijc !y fitt$ to _! fir/ practicable fly+ ma*9e ! eng9e :i* made ! hi/oric fir/ a]oplane flight2 ?is eng9e develop$ #cj horse-p[]1 & weigh$ only ab\t #g lbs4 p] horse-p[] develop$1 its design & workman%ip be+ f> ahead ( any previ\s design 9 ?is respect1 ) ! exception ( ! rem>kable eng9e1 design$ by ,manly1 in/all$ 9 ,langley's ill-fat$ a]oplane--or 'a]odrome1' z he pref]r$ to call x--tri$ 9 #aijc4 ,! light weight ( ! ,wright bro!rs' eng9e did n necessitate a high numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute to get ! requisite p[]2 ! spe$ 0 only #a1cjj revolutions p] m9ute1 :i*1 ) a pi/on /roke ( #c4id in*es1 0 q mod]ate4 ,f\r cyl9d]s 7 us$1 ! cyl9d] diamet] be+ #d4db in*es2 ! eng9e 0 ( ! v]tical type1 arrang$ to drive two propell]s at a rate ( ab\t #cej revolutions p] m9ute1 ge>+ be+ accompli%$ by means ( *a9 drive f crank-%aft end to propell] sp9dle4 ,! me?ods adopt$ by ! ,wrights = obta9+ a light-weight eng9e 7 ( consid]able int]e/1 9 view ( ! fact t ! hon\r ( fir/ a*iev+ flight by means ( ! driv5 plane belongs to !m--unless ,ad] actually flew z he claim$4 ,! cyl9d]s ( ?is fir/ ,wright eng9e 7 sep>ate ca/+s ( /eel1 & only ! b>rels 7 jacket$1 ?is be+ done by fix+ loose1 ?9 alum9ium cov]s r\nd ! outside ( ea* cyl9d]4 ,! combu/ion head & valve pockets 7 ca/ toge!r ) ! cyl9d] b>rel1 & 7 n wat] cool$4 ,! inlet valves 7 ( ! automatic type1 arrang$ on ! tops ( ! cyl9d]s1 :ile ! exhau/ valves 7 also ov]head1 op]at$ by rock]s & pu%-rods4 ,! pi/ons & pi/on r+s 7 ( ! ord9>y type1 made ( ca/-iron1 & ! connect+ rods 7 circul> 9 =m1 ) a hole drill$ d[n ! middle ( ea* to r$uce ! weight4 ,necessity = increas+ p[] & ev] light] weight 9 relation to ! p[] produc$ has l$ to ! evolution ( a numb] ( diff]5t designs ( int]nal combu/ion eng9es4 ,x 0 quickly realis$ t increas+ ! numb] ( cyl9d]s on an eng9e 0 a bett] way ( gett+ m p[] ?an t ( increas+ ! cyl9d] diamet]1 z ! great] numb] ( cyl9d]s gives bett] torque-ev5 turn+ effect--z well z keep+ d[n ! weight--?is latt] because ! bigg] cyl9d]s mu/ be m /\tly con/ruct$ ?an ! small sizes2 ?is fact has l$ to ! con/ruction ( eng9es hav+ z _m z eighte5 cyl9d]s1 arrang$ 9 ?ree p>allel r[s 9 ord] to keep ! l5g? ( crank%aft )9 reasonable limits4 ,! a]o eng9e ( to-day may1 r\ghly1 be divid$ into f\r classes3 ^! are ! ,v type1 9 :i* two r[s ( cyl9d]s are set p>allel at a c]ta9 angle to ea* o!r2 ! radial type1 :i* consi/s ( cyl9d]s arrang$ radially & rema9+ /ation>y :ile ! crank%aft revolves2 ! rot>y1 :]e ! cyl9d]s are dispos$ r\nd a common c5tre & revolve r\nd a /ation>y %aft1 & ! v]tical type1 ( f\r or six cyl9d]s--seldom m ?an ?is--arrang$ 9 "o r[4 ,a modification ( ! ,v type is ! eighte5-cyl9d]$ eng9e--! ,sunbeam is "o ( ! be/ examples--9 :i* ?ree r[s ( cyl9d]s are set p>allel to ea* o!r1 work+ on a common crank%aft4 ,! developm5t ^! f\r types />t$ ) t ( ! v]tical--! simple/ ( all2 ! ,v1 radial1 & rot>y types came aft] ! v]tical1 9 ! ord] giv54 ,! evolution ( ! motor-c> l$ to ! adoption ( ! v]tical type ( int]nal combu/ion eng9e 9 pref]5ce to any o!r1 & x foll[$ naturally t v]tical eng9es %\ld be fir/ us$ = a]oplane propulsion1 z by tak+ an eng9e t _h be5 develop$ to "s ext5t1 & adapt+ x to its new "w1 ! problem ( me*anical flight 0 r5d]$ easi] ?an if a totally new type _h _h to be evolv$4 ,x 0 quickly realis$--by ! ,wrights1 9 fact-t ! m9imum ( weight p] horse-p[] 0 ! prime requirem5t = ! successful developm5t ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9es1 & at ! same "t x 0 equally app>5t t ! utmo/ reliability _h to be obta9$ f ! eng9e1 :ile a ?ird requisite 0 economy1 9 ord] to r$uce ! weight ( petrol necess>y = flight4 ,daiml]1 work+ /eadily t[>d ! improvem5t ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 _h made consid]able progress by ! end ( la/ c5tury4 ,8 two-cyl9d] eng9e ( #ahig 0 approa*+ to ! pres5t-day type1 except z reg>ds ! me?od ( ignition2 ! cyl9d]s _h #c4ee in* diamet]1 ) a #d4ge in* pi/on /roke1 & ! eng9e 0 rat$ at #d4e brake horse-p[]1 ?\gh x probably develop$ m ?an ?is 9 actual runn+ at its rat$ spe$ ( #hjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,p[] 0 limit$ by ! inlet & exhau/ passages1 :i*1 comp>$ ) pres5t-day practice1 7 v small4 ,! heavy ca/+s ( :i* ! eng9e 0 made up are acc\nt$ = by ! necessity = consid]+ f\ndry practice ( ! "t1 = 9 #ahig ca/+s 7 f> bel[ ! pres5t-day /&>d4 ,! crank-case ( ?is two-cyl9d] v]tical ,daiml] eng9e 0 ! only "p made ( alum9ium1 & ev5 ) ?is no attempt 0 made to atta9 lightness1 = a circul> flange 0 ca/ at ! bottom to =m a /& = ! eng9e dur+ ma*9+ & erection4 ,! g5]al design c be foll[$ f ! sectional views1 & ^! w %[1 too1 t ignition 0 by means ( a hot tube on ! cyl9d] head1 :i* _h to be heat$ ) a bl[-lamp be=e />t+ ! eng9e4 ,) all its well kn[n & hat$ tr\bles1 at t "t tube ignition _h an advantage ov] ! magneto1 & ! coil & accumulator sy/em1 9 reliability2 sp>k+ plugs1 too1 7 n s reliable !n z !y are n[4 ,daiml] fitt$ a v simple type ( c>burettor to ?is eng9e1 consi/+ only ( a float ) a s+le jet plac$ 9 ! air passage4 ,x may be said t ?is tw9-cyl9d]$ v]tical 0 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies f :i* has be5 evolv$ ! ,m]c$es-,daiml] c> & air%ip eng9es1 built 9 sizes up to & ev5 beyond #bdj horse-p[]4 ,9 #aija ! developm5t ( ! petrol eng9e 0 /ill s slight t x did n admit ( ! con/ruction1 by any ,european mak]1 ( an eng9e weigh+ less ?an #ab lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,manly1 work+ at ! in/ance ( ,pr(essor ,langley1 produc$ a five-cyl9d]$ radial type eng9e1 9 :i* bo? ! design & workman%ip %[$ a rem>kable advance 9 con/ruction4 ,at #iej revolutions p] m9ute x develop$ #eb4d horse-p[]1 weigh+ only #b4d p\nds p] horse-p[]2 x 0 a v rem>kable a*ievem5t 9 eng9e design1 consid]+ ! p[] develop$ 9 relation to ! total weight1 & x 01 too1 an int]ruption 9 ! developm5t ( ! v]tical type :i* %[$ t !re 7 o!r equally great possibilities 9 design4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! fir/ v]tical a]o-eng9e ( note 0 t design$ by ,gre51 ! cyl9d] dim5sions be+ #d4ae in* diamet] by #d4ge /roke--a fairly complete idea ( ?is eng9e c be obta9$ f ! accompany+ diagrams4 ,at a spe$ ( #a1afj revolutions p] m9ute x develop$ #ce brake horse-p[]1 & by accel]at+ up to #a1bbj revolutions p] m9ute a maximum ( #dj brake horse-p[] c\ld be obta9$--! fir/-m5tion$ 0 ! rat$ work+ spe$ ( ! eng9e = cont9u\s runs4 ,a fly:eel1 weigh+ #bc4e lbs41 0 fitt$ to ! eng9e1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! ignition sy/em1 br\ght ! weight up to #ahh lbs41 giv+ #e4d lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! eng9e fitt$ to ! ,wrights' a]oplane a great] p[] 0 obta9$ f approximately ! same cyl9d] volume1 & an appreciable sav+ 9 weight _h also be5 effect$4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! v]tical valves at ! top ( ! cyl9d] & ! ov]head cam %aft1 :ile ! position ( ! c>burettor & inlet pipes c be also se54 ,! wat] jackets 7 =m$ by ?9 copp] cas+s1 ea* cyl9d] be+ sep>ate & hav+ its indep5d5t jacket rigidly fa/5$ to ! cyl9d] at ! top only1 ?us all[+ = free expansion ( ! cas+2 ! jo9t at ! bottom end 0 =m$ by slid+ ! jacket ov] a rubb] r+4 ,ea* cyl9d] 0 bolt$ to ! crank-case & set out ( l9e ) ! crank%aft1 s t ! crank has pass$ ov] ! upp] dead c5tre by ! "t t ! pi/on is at ! top ( its /roke :5 receiv+ ! full =ce ( fuel explosion4 ,! advantage ( ?is desaxe sett+ is t ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] acts on ! crank-p9 ) a m effective lev]age dur+ t "p ( ! /roke :5 t pressure is highe/1 & 9 addition ! side pressure ( ! pi/on on ! cyl9d] wall1 due to ! ?ru/ ( ! connect+ rod1 is r$uc$4 ,possibly ! *>g+ ( ! cyl9d] is also m complete by ?is arrangem5t1 ow+ to ! sl[] movem5t ( ! pi/on at ! bottom ( its /roke all[+ "t = an increas$ *>ge ( mixture to ent] ! cyl9d]4 ,a #fj horse-p[] eng9e 0 also made1 hav+ f\r v]tical cyl9d]s1 ea* ) a diamet] ( #e4e in*es & /roke ( #e4ge in*es1 develop+ its rat$ p[] at #a1ajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,by accel]at+ up to #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute #gj brake horsep[] c\ld be obta9$1 & a maximum ( #hj brake horse-p[] 0 actually atta9$ ) ! type4 ,! fly:eel1 fitt$ z ) ! orig9al #ce horse-p[] eng9e1 weigh$ #cg lbs42 ) ?is & ) ! ignition sy/em ! total weight ( ! eng9e 0 only #bej lbs41 or #d4b lbs4 p] horse-p[] at ! normal rat+4 ,9 ?is design1 h[ev]1 l[ weight 9 relation to p[] 0 n ! rul+ factor1 = ,gre5 gave m att5tion to reliability & economy ( fuel consumption1 :i* latt] 0 approximately #j4f p9t ( petrol p] brake horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,bo? ! oil = lubricat+ ! be>+s & ! wat] = cool+ ! cyl9d]s 7 circulat$ by pumps1 & all p>ts ( ! valve ge>1 etc41 7 completely enclos$ = protection f du/4 ,a lat] developm5t ( ! ,gre5 eng9e 0 a six-cyl9d]$ v]tical1 cyl9d] dim5sions be+ #e4e in* diamet] by #f in* /roke1 develop+ #abj brake horsep[] :5 runn+ at #a1bej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! total weight ( ! eng9e ) ignition sy/em #cih 0 #ddj lbs41 or #c4ff lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,"o ( ^! eng9es 0 us$ on ! ma*9e :i*1 9 #aiji1 won ! prize ( ,l#a1jjj = ! fir/ circul> mile flight1 & x may be not$1 too1 t ,s4 ,f4 ,cody1 mak+ ! circuit ( ,engl& 9 #aiaa1 us$ a f\r-cyl9d] ,gre5 eng9e4 ,aga91 x 0 a ,gre5 eng9e t 9 #aiad won ! ,l#e1jjj prize (f]$ = ! be/ a]o eng9e 9 ! ,naval & ,milit>y a]oplane eng9e competition4 ,manufacture ( ! ,gre5 eng9es1 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,w>1 _h /&>dis$ to ! production ( ?ree types4 ,two ( ^! 7 six-cyl9d] models1 giv+ respectively #ajj & #aej brake horse-p[]1 & ! ?ird 0 a twelve-cyl9d]$ model rat$ at #bge brake horse-p[]4 ,9 #aiaj ,j4 ,s4 ,crit*ley compil$ a li/ %[+ ! types ( eng9e !n be+ manufactur$2 tw5ty-two out ( a total ( sev5ty-six 7 ( ! f\r-cyl9d]$ v]tical type1 & 9 addition to ^! !re 7 two six-cyl9d]$ v]ticals4 ,! sizes ( ! f\r-cyl9d] types rang$ f #bf up to #aah brake horse-p[]2 f\rte5 ( !m develop$ less ?an #ej horse-p[]1 & only two develop$ ov] #ajj horse-p[]4 ,x became app>5t1 ev5 9 ! e>ly /ages ( heavi]-?an-air fly+1 t f\r-cyl9d] eng9es did n produce ! ev5 torque t 0 requir$ = ! rotation ( ! p[] %aft1 ev5 ?\gh a fly:eel 0 fitt$ to ! eng9e4 ,) ?is type ( eng9e ! breakage ( air-screws 0 ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & an eng9e hav+ a m regul> rotation 0 s\ght1 bo? = ?is & to avoid ! excessive vibration (t5 exp]i5c$ ) ! f\r-cyl9d] type4 ,ano!r1 po9t t =c$ itself on eng9e build]s 0 t ! increas$ p[] :i* 0 becom+ necess>y = ! propulsion ( aircraft made an increase 9 ! numb] ( cyl9d]s ess5tial1 9 ord] to obta9 a light eng9e4 ,an in/ance ( ! weight r$uction obta9able 9 us+ six cyl9d]s in/ead ( f\r is %[n 9 ,crit*ley's li/1 = "o ( ! f\r-cyl9d] eng9es develop$ #aah4e brake horse-p[] & weigh$ #a1ajj lbs41 :]eas a six-cyl9d] eng9e by ! same manufactur] develop$ #aag4e brake horse-p[] ) a weight ( #hhj lbs41 ! respective cyl9d] dim5sions be+ #g4dh diamet] by #i4jf /roke = ! f\r-cyl9d] eng9e1 & #f4a diamet] by #g4bh /roke = ! six-cyl9d] type4 ,a li/ ( a]oplane eng9es1 prep>$ 9 #aiab by ,graham ,cl>k1 %[$ t1 out ( ! total numb] ( #aab eng9es !n be+ manufactur$1 =ty-two 7 ( ! v]tical type1 & ( ?is numb] tw5ty-f\r _h f\r-cyl9d]s :ile sixte5 7 six-cyl9d]$4 ,! ,g]man a]oplane eng9e trials 7 held a ye> lat]1 & sixty-six eng9es ent]$ ! competition1 f\rte5 ( ^! be+ made ) air-cool$ cyl9d]s4 ,all ( ! t5 eng9es t 7 *os5 = ! f9al trials 7 ( ! wat]-cool$ type1 & ! fir/ place 0 won by a ,b5z f\r-cyl9d] v]tical eng9e :i* develop$ #ajb brake horse-p[] at #a1bhh revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! cyl9d] dim5sions ( ?is eng9e 7 #e4a in* diamet] by #g4a in* /roke1 & ! weight ( ! eng9e work$ out at #c4d lbs4 p] brake horse-p[]4 ,dur+ ! trials ! full-load petrol consumption 0 #j4ec p9t p] horse-p[] p] h\r1 & ! am\nt ( lubricat+ oil us$ 0 #j4jche p9t p] brake horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,9 g5]al con/ruction ?is ,b5z eng9e 0 some:at simil> to ! ,gre5 eng9e already describ$2 ! ov]head valves1 fitt$ 9 ! tops ( ! cyl9d]s1 7 simil>ly arrang$1 z 0 ! cam-%aft2 two spr+s 7 fitt$ to ea* ( ! valves to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( ! eng9e be+ put out ( action by breakage ( "o ( ! spr+s1 & ignition 0 obta9$ by two high-t5sion magnetos giv+ simultane\s sp>ks 9 ea* cyl9d] by means ( two sp>k+ plugs--?is dual ignition r$uc$ ! possibility ( ignition tr\bles4 ,! cyl9d] jackets 7 made ( weld$ %eet /eel s fitt$ ar\nd ! cyl9d] t ! head 0 also wat]-cool$1 & ! jackets 7 corrugat$ 9 ! middle to admit ( indep5d5t expansion4 ,ev5 ! lubrication sy/em 0 duplicat$1 two sets ( pumps be+ us$1 "o to circulate ! ma9 supply ( lubricat+ oil1 & ! o!r to give a cont9u\s supply ( fre% oil to ! be>+s1 s t if ! supply f "o pump fail$ ! o!r c\ld /ill ma9ta9 effective lubrication4 ,developm5t ( ! e>ly ,daiml] type br\ght ab\t ! f\r-cyl9d] v]tical ,m]c$es-,daiml] eng9e ( #he horse-p[]1 ) cyl9d]s ( #e4e diamet] ) #e4i in* /roke1 ! cyl9d]s be+ ca/ 9 two pairs4 ,! ov]head arrangem5t ( valves 0 adopt$1 & 9 lat] designs pu%-rods 7 elim9at$1 ! ov]head cam-%aft be+ adopt$ 9 _! place4 ,by #aiad ! f\r-cyl9d] ,m]c$es-,daiml] _h be5 p>tially displac$ f fav\r by a six-cyl9d]$ model1 made 9 two sizes2 ! fir/ ( ^! gave a nom9al brake horse-p[] ( #hj1 hav+ cyl9d]s ( #d4a in*es diamet] by #e4e in*es /roke2 ! second type develop$ #ajj horse-p[] ) cyl9d]s #d4g in*es 9 diamet] & #e4e in*es /roke1 bo? types be+ run at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! cyl9d]s ( bo? ^! types 7 ca/ 9 pairs1 &1 in/ead ( ! wat] jackets =m+ "p ( ! ca/+1 z 9 ! design ( ! orig9al f\r-cyl9d] ,m]c$es-,daiml] eng9e1 !y 7 made ( /eel weld$ to flanges on ! cyl9d]s4 ,/eel pi/ons1 fitt$ ) ca/-iron r+s1 7 us$1 & ! ov]head arrangem5t ( valves & cam-%aft 0 adopt$4 ,ab\t #j4ee p9t p] brake horse-p[] p] h\r 0 ! usual fuel consumption necess>y to full load runn+1 & ! eng9e 0 also economical z reg>ds ! consumption ( lubricat+ oil1 ! lubricat+ sy/em be+ '=c$' = all p>ts1 includ+ ! cam-%aft4 ,! %ape ( ^! eng9es 0 v well suit$ = "w ) aircraft1 be+ n>r[ en\gh to admit ( a /reaml9e =m be+ obta9$1 :ile all ! accessories c\ld be s m\nt$ z to produce little or no w9d resi/ance1 & v little ob/ruction to ! pilot's view4 ,! eight-cyl9d] ,m]c$es-,daiml] eng9e1 us$ = air%ip propulsion dur+ ! ,w>1 develop$ #bdj brake horse-p[] at #a1ajj revolutions p] m9ute2 ! cyl9d] dim5sions 7 #f4hh diamet] by #f4e /roke--"o ( ! in/ances 9 :i* ! %ort /roke 9 relation to bore 0 v noticeable4 ,o!r in/ances ( successful v]tical design-! types already detail$ are fully suffici5t to give p>ticul>s ( ! type g5]ally--are ! ,panh>d1 ,*5u1 ,mayba*1 ,n4,a4,g41 ,argus1 ,mulag1 & ! well-kn[n ,au/ro-,daiml]1 :i* by #aiag 0 be+ copi$ 9 e combatant c\ntry4 ,!re are also ! lat] ,wright eng9es1 & 9 ,am]ica ! ,wiscons9 six-cyl9d] v]tical1 weigh+ well "u #d lbs4 p] horse-p[]1 is evid5ce ( ! progress made ) ?is fir/ type ( a]o eng9e to develop4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,vee ,,type ,an (f%oot f ! v]tical type1 d\bl+ ! p[] ( ?is ) only a v slight--if any--increase 9 ! l5g? ( crank%aft1 ! ,vee or diagonal type ( a]o eng9e leap$ to success ?r\gh ! insi/5t dem& = great] p[]4 ,al?\gh ! design came aft] t ( ! v]tical eng9e1 by #aiaj1 accord+ to ,crit*ley's li/ ( a]o eng9es1 !re 7 m ,vee type eng9es be+ made ?an any o!r type1 tw5ty-five sizes be+ giv5 9 ! li/1 ) an av]age rat+ ( #eg4d brake horse-p[]4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! cyl9d]s 9 ,vee =m ov] ! crank%aft1 enabl+ ! pi/ons ( ea* pair ( opposite cyl9d]s to act ^u ! same crank p91 p]mits ( a v %ort1 compact eng9e be+ built1 & also p]mits ( r$uction ( ! weight p] horsep[]1 comp>+ ?is ) t ( ! v]tical type ( eng9e1 ) "o r[ ( cyl9d]s4 ,fur!r1 at ! introduction ( ?is type ( eng9e x 0 se5 t crank%aft vibration1 an evil ( ! e>ly v]tical eng9es1 0 practically elim9at$1 z 0 ! want ( longitud9al /iffness t *>act]is$ ! high]-p[]$ v]tical eng9es4 ,( ! ,vee type eng9es %[n 9 ,crit*ley's li/ 9 #aiaj n9ete5 diff]5t sizes 7 con/ruct$ ) eight cyl9d]s1 & ) horse-p[]s rang+ f ?irty to j ov] ! hundr$2 ! lighte/ ( ^! weigh$ #b4i lbs4 p] horse-p[]--a consid]able advance 9 design on ! av]age v]tical eng9e1 9 ?is respect ( weight p] horse-p[]4 ,!re 7 also two sixte5-cyl9d] eng9es ( ,vee design1 ! l>g] ( :i* develop$ #acd horse-p[] ) a weight ( only #b lbs4 p] brake horse-p[]4 ,subsequ5t developm5ts h indicat$ t ?is type1 ) ! fur!r developm5t f x ( ! d\ble-,vee1 or eng9e ) ?ree r[s ( cyl9d]s1 is likely to become ! /&>d design ( a]o eng9e :]e high p[]s are requir$4 ,! con/ruction p]mits ( plac+ e "p s t x is easy ( access1 & ! =m ( ! eng9e implies v little head resi/ance1 :ile x c be plac$ on ! ma*9e--suppos+ t ma*9e to be ( ! s+le-eng9e type--9 su* a way t ! view ( ! pilot is v little ob/ruct$ :ile 9 flight4 ,an ev5 torque1 or great uni=mity ( rotation1 is transmitt$ to ! air-screw by ^! eng9es1 :ile ! design also p]mits ( su* good balance ( ! eng9e itself t vibration is practically elim9at$4 ,! angle betwe5 ! two r[s ( cyl9d]s is v>i$ accord+ to ! numb] ( cyl9d]s1 9 ord] to give work+ impulses at equal angles ( rotation & ?us provide ev5 torque2 ?is angle is det]m9$ by divid+ ! numb] ( degrees 9 a circle by ! numb] ( cyl9d]s 9 ei!r r[ ( ! eng9e4 ,9 an eight-cyl9d]$ ,vee type eng9e1 ! angle betwe5 ! cyl9d]s is #ij degrees2 if x is a twelve-cyl9d]$ eng9e1 ! angle drops to #fj degrees4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,briti%-built ,vee type eng9es 0 an eight-cyl9d] #ej horse-p[] by ! ,wolseley ,company1 con/ruct$ 9 #aijh ) a cyl9d] bore ( #c4ge in*es & /roke ( #e in*es1 runn+ at a normal spe$ ( #a1cej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,) ?is eng9e1 a ge>+ 0 introduc$ to enable ! propell] to run at a l[] spe$ ?an t ( ! eng9e1 ! slight loss ( effici5cy caus$ by ! friction ( ! ge>+ be+ comp5sat$ by ! sl[] spe$ ( ! air-screw1 :i* _h high] effici5cy ?an w\ld h be5 ! case if x _h be5 run at ! eng9e spe$4 ,! ratio ( ! ge>+--t is1 ! spe$ ( ! air-screw relatively to t ( ! eng9e1 c\ld be *os5 s z to suit exactly ! requirem5ts ( ! air-screw1 & ! ge>+ itself1 on ?is eng9e1 0 accompli%$ on ! half-spe$ %aft actuat+ ! valves4 ,v soon aft] ?is fir/ design _h be5 tri$ out1 a second ,vee type eng9e 0 produc$ :i*1 at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 develop$ #fj horse-p[]2 ! size ( ?is eng9e 0 practically id5tical ) t ( its =]unn]1 ! only exception be+ an increase ( half an in* 9 ! cyl9d] /roke--a v long /roke ( pi/on 9 relation to ! bore ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! two eng9es1 :i* 0 design$ = air%ip propulsion1 ! weight _h be5 ab\t #h lbs4 p] brake horse-p[]1 no special attempt appe>+ to h be5 made to f9e d[n = extreme lightness2 9 ?is #fj horse-p[] design1 ! weight 0 r$uc$ to #f4a lbs4 p] horse-p[]1 c\nt+ ! latt] z normally rat$2 ! eng9e actually gave a maximum ( #ge brake horse-p[]1 r$uc+ ! ratio ( weight to p[] v consid]ably bel[ ! figure giv54 ,! accompany+ diagram illu/rates a lat] ,wolseley model1 end elevation1 ! eight-cyl9d]$ #abj horse-p[] ,vee type a]o eng9e ( ! e>ly w> p]iod4 ,) ?is eng9e1 ea* crank p9 has two connect+ rods be>+ on x1 ^! be+ plac$ side by side & connect$ to ! pi/ons ( opposite cyl9d]s & ! two cyl9d]s ( ! pair are /agg]$ by an am\nt equal to ! wid? ( ! connect+ rod be>+1 to af=d accommodation = ! rods4 ,! crank%aft 0 a nickel *rome /eel =g+1 ma*9$ holl[1 ) f\r crank p9s set at #ahj degrees to ea* o!r1 & c>ri$ 9 ?ree be>+s l9$ ) anti-friction metal4 ,! connect+ rods 7 made ( tubul> nickel *rome /eel1 & ! pi/ons ( drawn /eel1 ea* be+ fitt$ ) f\r pi/on r+s4 ,( ^! ! two r+s ne>e/ to ! pi/on head 7 ( ! ord9>y ca/-iron type1 :ile ! o!rs 7 ( phosphor bronze1 s arrang$ z to take ! side ?ru/ ( ! pi/on4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ( /eel1 arrang$ 9 two gr\ps or r[s ( f\r1 ! angul> di/ance betwe5 !m be+ #ij degrees4 ,9 ! space above ! crank%aft1 betwe5 ! cyl9d] r[s1 0 plac$ ! valve-op]at+ me*anism1 toge!r ) ! c>burettor & ignition sy/em1 ?us r5d]+ ?is a v compact & accessible eng9e4 ,! combu/ion heads ( ! cyl9d]s 7 made ( ca/-iron1 screw$ into ! /eel cyl9d] b>rels2 ! wat]-jacket 0 ( spun alum9ium1 ) "o end fitt+ ov] ! combu/ion head & ! o!r free to slide on ! cyl9d]2 ! wat]-jo9t at ! l[] end 0 made tight by a ,d]mat9e r+ c>ri$ betwe5 small flanges =m$ on ! cyl9d] b>rel4 ,ov]head valves 7 adopt$1 & 9 ord] to make ^! z l>ge z possible ! combu/ion *amb] 0 made slightly l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! cyl9d]1 & ! valves set at an angle4 ,dual ignition 0 fitt$ 9 ea* cyl9d]1 coil & accumulator be+ us$ = />t+ & z a res]ve 9 case ( failure ( ! high-t5sion magneto sy/em fitt$ = normal runn+4 ,!re 0 a d\ble set ( lubricat+ pumps1 ensur+ cont9uity ( ! oil supply to all ! be>+s ( ! eng9e4 ,! feature mo/ notewor?y 9 connection ) ! runn+ ( ?is type ( eng9e 0 its flexibility2 ! normal output ( p[] 0 obta9$ ) #a1aej revolutions p] m9ute ( ! crank%aft1 b1 by accel]at+ up to #a1djj revolutions1 a maximum ( #adg brake horse-p[] c\ld be obta9$4 ,! weight 0 ab\t #e lbs4 p] horse-p[]1 ! cyl9d] dim5sions be+ #e in*es bore by #g in*es /roke4 ,economy 9 runn+ 0 obta9$1 ! fuel consumption be+ #j4eh p9t p] brake horse-p[] p] h\r at full load1 ) an exp5diture ( ab\t #j4jge p9t ( lubricat+ oil p] brake horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,ano!r ,wolseley ,vee type t 0 /&>dis$ 0 a #ij horse-p[] eight-cyl9d] eng9e runn+ at #a1hjj revolutions p] m9ute1 ) a r$uc+ ge> introduc$ by fitt+ ! air screw on ! half-spe$ %aft4 ,fir/ made semi-cool$--! exhau/ valve 0 left air-cool$1 & !n entirely wat]-jacket$--?is eng9e demon/rat$ ! advantage ( full wat] cool+1 = "u ! latt] condition ! same p[] 0 develop$ ) cyl9d]s a qu>t] ( an in* less 9 diamet] ?an 9 ! semi-cool$ patt]n2 at ! same "t ! weight 0 br\ght d[n to #d #a_/b lbs4 p] horsep[]4 ,a diff]5t b equally effici5t type ( ,vee design 0 ! ,dorman eng9e1 ( :i* an end elevation is %[n2 ?is develop$ #hj brake horse-p[] at a spe$ ( #a1cjj revolutions p] m9ute1 ) a cyl9d] bore ( #e in*es2 ea* cyl9d] 0 made 9 ca/-iron 9 "o piece ) ! combu/ion *amb]1 ! b>rel only be+ wat]-jacket$4 ,auxili>y exhau/ ports 7 adopt$1 ! holes ?r\gh ! cyl9d] wall be+ uncov]$ by ! pi/on at ! bottom ( its /roke--! pi/on1 #d4ge in*es 9 l5g?1 0 long] ?an its /roke1 s t ^! ports 7 cov]$ :5 x 0 at ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! exhau/ dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! ports into a belt surr\nd+ ! cyl9d]1 ! belts on ! cyl9d]s be+ connect$ s t ! exhau/ gases 7 tak5 ?r\gh a s+le pipe4 ,! air 0 drawn ?r\gh ! crank case1 be=e rea*+ ! c>burettor1 ?is hav+ ! effect ( cool+ ! oil 9 ! crank case z well z w>m+ ! air & ?us assi/+ 9 vaporis+ ! petrol = ea* *>ge ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! inlet & exhau/ valves 7 ( ! ov]head type1 z may be ga!r$ f ! diagram1 & 9 spite ( ca/-iron cyl9d]s be+ employ$ a light design 0 obta9$1 ! total weight ) radiator1 pip+1 & wat] be+ only #e4e lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,"h 0 ! anti!sis ( ! ,wolseley type 9 ! matt] ( bore 9 relation to /roke2 f ab\t #aijg up to ! beg9n+ ( ! w>1 & ev5 lat]1 !re 0 controv]sy z to :i* type--t 9 :i* ! bore exce$$ ! /roke1 or vice v]sa--gave great] effici5cy4 ,! %ort-/roke en?usia/s po9t$ to ! high pi/on spe$ ( ! long-/roke type1 :ile ^? :o fav\r$ ! latt] design cont5d$ t full p[] c\ld n be obta9$ f ea* explosion 9 ! %ort-/roke type ( cyl9d]4 ,x is n[ g5]ally conc$$ t ! long-/roke eng9e yields high] effici5cy1 & 9 addition to ?is1 s f> z c> eng9es are conc]n$1 ! me?od ( rat+ horse-p[] 9 relation to bore )\t tak+ /roke into acc\nt has giv5 ! long-/roke eng9e an advantage1 actual horse-p[] ) a long /roke eng9e be+ 9 excess ( ! nom9al rat+4 ,?is may h _h "s influ5ce on a]o eng9e design1 b1 h[ev] ?is may h be51 ! long-/roke eng9e has gradually come to fav\r1 & its rival has tak5 second place4 ,= "s "t pride ( place among ,briti% ,vee type eng9es 0 held by ! ,sunbeam ,company1 :i*1 ow+ to ! g5ius ( ,l\is ,coatal51 toge!r ) ! v high /&>d ( con/ruction ma9ta9$ by ! firm1 a*iev$ records & fame 9 ! middle & lat] p]iods ( ! w>4 ,_! #bbe horse-p[] twelve-cyl9d] eng9e ran at a normal spe$ ( #b1jjj revolutions p] m9ute2 ! air screw 0 driv5 ?r\gh ge>+ at half ?is spe$1 its %aft be+ sep>ate f ! tim+ ge> & c>ri$ 9 ball-be>+s on ! nose-piece ( ! eng9e4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ( ca/-iron1 entirely wat]-cool$2 a ?9 cas+ =m$ ! wat]-jacket1 & a v light design 0 obta9$1 ! weight be+ only #c4b lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,! fir/ eng9e ( ,sunbeam design _h eight cyl9d]s & develop$ #aej horse-p[] at #b1jjj revolutions p] m9ute2 ! f9al type ( ,vee design produc$ dur+ ! w> 0 twelve-cyl9d]$1 & yield$ #caj horse-p[] ) cyl9d]s #d4c in*es bore by #f4d in*es /roke4 ,evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! long-/roke eng9e is af=d$ 9 ?is type z reg>ds economy ( work+2 "u full load1 work+ at #b1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! consumption 0 #j4ee p9ts ( fuel p] brake horse-p[] p] h\r1 :i* seems to indicate t ! long /roke p]mitt$ ( full use be+ made ( ! p[] result+ f ea* explosion1 9 spite ( ! high rate ( spe$ ( ! pi/on4 ,develop+ f ! ,vee type1 ! eighte5-cyl9d] #dge brake horse-p[] eng9e1 design$ dur+ ! w>1 repres5t$ = a "t ! limit ( p[] obta9able f a s+le plant4 ,x 0 wat]-cool$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! ignition to ea* cyl9d] 0 duplicat$2 ?is eng9e prov$ fully effici5t1 & economical 9 fuel consumption4 ,x 0 l>gely us$ = seaplane "w1 :]e reliability 0 fully z necess>y z high p[]4 ,! abnormal ne$s ( ! w> p]iod br\ght _m ,briti% firms into ! ranks ( ,vee-type eng9e-build]s1 &1 ap>t f ^? m5tion$1 ! mo/ notable types produc$ are ! ,rolls-,royce & ! ,napi]4 ,! fir/ m5tion$ ( ^! firms1 previ\s to #aiad _h conc5trat$ entirely on c> eng9es1 & _! v high /&>d ( production 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( int]nal combu/ion eng9e "w l$1 once !y took up ! mak+ ( a]o eng9es1 to extreme effici5cy bo? ( design & workman%ip4 ,! fir/ exp]im5tal a]o eng9e1 ( :at became kn[n z ! ',eagle' type1 0 ( ,vee design--x 0 complet$ 9 ,m>* ( #aiae--;& 0 s successful t x 0 /&>dis$ = quantity production4 ,h[ f> ! orig9al 0 f ! p]fection subsequ5tly asc]ta9$ is %[n by ! /eady increase 9 develop$ horse-p[] ( ! type2 orig9ally design$ to develop #bjj horse-p[]1 x 0 develop$ & improv$ be=e its fir/ practical trial 9 ,octob] ( #aiae1 :5 x develop$ #bee horsep[] on a brake te/4 ,rese>* & exp]im5t produc$ /ill fur!r improvem5ts1 =1 )\t any enl>gem5t ( ! dim5sions1 or radical alt]ation 9 design1 ! p[] ( ! eng9e 0 br\ght up to #bff horse-p[] by ,m>* ( #aiaf1 ! rate ( revolutions ( #a1hjj p] m9ute be+ ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,july1 #aiaf gave #bhd horse-p[]2 by ! cud ( ! ye> ?is _h be5 increas$ to #cbb horse-p[]2 by ,septemb] ( #aiag ! increase 0 to #cej horse-p[]1 & by ,febru>y ( #aiah !n ',eagle' type ( eng9e 0 rat$ at #cfj horse-p[]1 at :i* /&>d x /ay$4 ,b !re is no m rem>kable developm5t 9 eng9e design ?an ?is1 a #ge p] c5t increase ( p[] 9 ! same eng9e 9 a p]iod ( less ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,to meet ! dem& = a small] type ( eng9e = use on tra9+ ma*9es1 ! ,rolls-,royce firm produc$ ! ',hawk' ,vee-type eng9e ( #ajj horsep[]1 &1 int]m$iately betwe5 ?is & ! ',eagle1' ! ',falcon' eng9e came to be+ ) an orig9al rat$ horse-p[] ( #bje at #a1hjj revolutions p] m9ute1 9 ,april ( #aiaf4 ,"h 0 ano!r case ( gr[? ( p[] 9 ! same eng9e ?r\gh rese>*1 almo/ simil> to t ( ! ',eagle' type1 = by ,july ( #aiah ! ',falcon' 0 develop+ #bhe horse-p[] ) no radical alt]ation ( design4 ,f9ally1 9 response to ! con/ant dem& = increase ( p[] 9 a s+le plant1 ! ,rolls-,royce company design$ & produc$ ! ',condor' type ( eng9e1 :i* yield$ #fjj horse-p[] on its fir/ te/ 9 ,augu/ ( #aiah4 ,! cessation ( ho/ilities & consequ5t fall+ (f 9 ! dem& = extremely high-p[]$ plants prev5t$ ! ',condor' be+ develop$ to its limit1 z _h be5 ! ',falcon' & ',eagle' types4 ,! ',eagle 'eng9e 0 fitt$ to ! two ,h&ley-,page a]oplanes--:i* made flights f ,engl& to ,india--x 0 virtually /&>d on ! ,h&ley-,page bomb]s ( ! lat] ,w> p]iod1 ?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t ! ,am]ican ',lib]ty' eng9e 0 also us$4 ,its *ief record1 h[ev]1 is t ( be+ ! type fitt$ to ! ,vick]s-,vimy a]oplane :i* made ! fir/ ,atlantic flight1 cov]+ ! di/ance ( #a1hhj miles at a spe$ av]ag+ #aag miles an h\r4 ,! ,napi] ,company specialis$ on "o type ( eng9e f ! outset1 a p[] plant :i* became kn[n z ! ',lion' eng9e1 giv+ #dej horse-p[] ) twelve cyl9d]s arrang$ 9 ?ree r[s ( f\r ea*4 ,consid]+ ! eng9e z 'dry1' or )\t fuel & accessories1 an abnormally light weight p] horse-p[]--only #a4hi lbs4--0 atta9$ :5 runn+ at ! normal rate ( revolution4 ,! cyl9d]s & wat]-jackets are ( /eel1 & !re is fitt$ a deta*able alum9ium cyl9d] head conta9+ inlet & exhau/ valves & valve actuat+ me*anism2 pi/ons are ( alum9ium alloy1 & !re are two inlet & two exhau/ valves to ea* cyl9d]1 ! :ole ( ! valve me*anism be+ enclos$ 9 an oil-tight alum9ium case4 ,connect+ rods & crank%aft are ( /eel1 ! latt] be+ ma*9$ f a solid /eel =g+ & c>ri$ 9 five roll] be>+s & "o pla9 be>+ at ! =w>d end4 ,! front end ( ! crank-case encloses r$uction ge> = ! propell] %aft1 toge!r ) ! %aft & be>+s4 ,!re are two suction & "o pressure type oil pumps driv5 ?r\gh ge>s at half-eng9e spe$1 & two #ab sp>k magnetos1 giv+ #b sp>ks 9 ea* cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d]s are set ) ! c5tral r[ v]tical1 & ! two side r[s at angles ( #fj degrees ea*2 cyl9d] bore is #e #a_/b in*es1 & /roke #e #a_/h in*es2 ! normal rate ( revolution is #a1cej p] m9ute1 & ! r$uc+ ge> gives "o revolution ( ! propell] %aft to #a4eb revolutions ( crank%aft4 ,fuel consumption is #j4dhlbs4 ( fuel p] brake horse-p[] h\r at full load1 & oil consumption is #j4jbj lbs4 p] brake horsep[] h\r4 ,! dry weight ( ! eng9e1 complete ) propell] boss1 c>burettors1 & induction pipes1 is #hej lbs41 & ! gross weight 9 runn+ ord]1 ) fuel & oil = six h\rs work+1 is #b1fga lbs41 exclusive ( cool+ wat]4 ,to ?is eng9e belongs an altitude record ( #cj1ejj feet1 made at ,m>tle%am1 ne> ,ipswi*1 on ,janu>y #bnd1 #aiai1 by ,capta9 ,lang1 ,r4,a4,f41 ! climb be+ accompli%$ 9 #ff m9utes #ae seconds4 ,previ\s to ?is1 ! altitude record 0 held by an ,italian pilot1 :o made #be1hjj feet 9 an h\r & #eg m9utes 9 #aiaf4 ,lang's climb 0 /opp$ ?r\gh ! pressure ( air1 at ! altitude he rea*$1 be+ insuffici5t = driv+ ! small propell]s on ! ma*9e :i* work$ ! petrol & oil pumps1 or he might h made ! height said to h be5 atta9$ by ,major ,s*ro$] on ,febru>y #bg?1 #aibj1 at ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,s*ro$] is said to h rea*$ an altitude ( #cf1jbj feet on a ,napi] biplane1 &1 ow+ to failure ( ! oxyg5 supply1 to h lo/ consci\sness1 fall5 five miles1 right$ 8 ma*9e :5 #b1jjj feet 9 ! air1 & alight$ successfully4 ,major ,s*ro$] is an ,am]ican4 ,turn+ back a little1 & consid]+ o!r ?an ,briti% design ( ,vee & d\ble-,vee or ',broad arr[' type ( eng9e1 ! ,r5ault firm f ! e>lie/ days devot$ consid]able att5tion to ! developm5t ( ?is type1 _! air-cool$ eng9es hav+ be5 notable examples f ! e>lie/ days ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9es4 ,9 #aiaj !y 7 mak+ ?ree sizes ( eight-cyl9d]$ ,vee-type eng9es1 & by #aiae !y _h increas$ to ! manufacture ( five sizes1 rang+ f #be to #ajj brake horse-p[]1 ! l>ge/ ( ! five sizes hav+ twelve cyl9d]s b /ill reta9+ ! air-cool$ pr9ciple4 ,! ,de ,dion firm1 also1 made ,vee-type eng9es 9 #aiad1 be+ repres5t$ by an #hj horse-p[] eight-cyl9d]$ eng9e1 air-cool$1 & a #aej horse-p[]1 also ( eight cyl9d]s1 wat]-cool$1 runn+ at a normal rate ( #a1fjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,ano!r notable example ( ,fr5* con/ruction 0 ! ,panh>d & ,levassor #ajj horse-p[] eight-cyl9d] ,vee eng9e1 develop+ its rat$ p[] at #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute1 & hav+ !--= t "t--l[ weight ( #d4d lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,am]ican ,vee design has foll[$ ! ,briti% fairly cclosely2 ! ,curtiss ,company produc$ orig9ally a #ge horse-p[] eight-cyl9d] ,vee type runn+ at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 supplem5t+ ?is ) a #agj horse-p[] eng9e runn+ at #a1fjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & lat] ) a twelve-cyl9d] model ,vee type1 develop+ #cjj horse-p[] at #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute1 ) cyl9d] bore ( #e in*es & /roke ( #g in*es4 ,an exceptional type ( ,am]ican design 0 ! ,kemp ,vee eng9e ( #hj horse-p[] 9 :i* ! cyl9d]s 7 cool$ by a curr5t ( air obta9$ f a fan at ! =w>d end ( ! eng9e4 ,) cyl9d]s ( #d4be in*es bore & #d4ge in*es /roke1 ! rat] p[] 0 develop$ at #a1aej revolutions p] m9ute1 & ) ! eng9e complete ! weight 0 only #d4ge lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,radial ,,type ,! v fir/ successful design ( int]nal combu/ion a]o eng9e made 0 t ( ,*>les ,manly1 :o built a five-cyl9d] radial eng9e 9 #aija = use ) ,langley's 'a]odrome1' z ! latt] inv5tor decid$ to call :at has s9ce become kn[n z ! a]oplane4 ,manly made a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 & f9ally decid$ on radial design1 9 :i* ! cyl9d]s are s ray$ r\nd a c5tral crank-p9 t ! pi/ons act successively ^u x2 by ?is arrangem5t a v %ort & compact eng9e is obta9$1 ) a m9imum ( weight1 & a regul> crank%aft rotation & p]fect balance ( in]tia =ces4 ,:5 ,manly design$ 8 radial eng9e1 high spe$ int]nal combu/ion eng9es 7 9 _! infancy1 & ! difficulties 9 con/ruction c be p>tly realis$ :5 ! lack ( manufactur+ me?ods = ?is high-class eng9e "w1 & ! lack ( exp]im5tal data on ! v>i\s mat]ials1 are tak5 into acc\nt4 ,dur+ its te/s1 ,manly's eng9e develop$ #eb4d brake horsep[] at a spe$ ( #iej revolutions p] m9ute1 ) ! rem>kably l[ weight ( only #b4d lbs4 p] horsep[]2 ?is latt] 0 increas$ to #c4f lbs4 :5 ! eng9e 0 complet$ by ! addition ( ignition sy/em1 radiator1 petrol tank1 & all accessories1 toge!r ) ! cool+ wat] = ! cyl9d]s4 ,9 ,manly's eng9e1 ! cyl9d]s 7 ( /eel1 ma*9$ outside & inside to #a_/af ( an in* ?ickness2 on ! side ( cyl9d]1 at ! top end1 ! valve *amb] 0 braz$1 be+ ma*9$ f a solid =g+1 ,! cas+ :i* =m$ ! wat]-jacket 0 ( %eet /eel1 #a_/ej ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & ?is also 0 braz$ on ! cyl9d] & to ! valve *amb]4 ,automatic inlet valves 7 fitt$1 & ! exhau/ valves 7 op]at$ by a cam :i* _h two po9ts1 #ahj degrees ap>t2 ! cam 0 rotat$ 9 ! opposite direction to ! eng9e at "o-qu>t] eng9e spe$4 ,ignition 0 obta9$ by us+ a "o-sp>k coil & vibrator = all cyl9d]s1 ) a di/ributor to select ! "r cyl9d] = ea* sp>k--?is 0 be=e ! days ( ! high-t5sion magneto & ! almo/ p]fect ignition sy/ems t mak]s n[ employ4 ,! s*eme ( ignition = ?is eng9e 0 orig9at$ by ,manly himself1 & he also design$ ! sp>k+ plugs fitt$ 9 ! tops ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,?r\gh fe> ( tr\ble result+ if ! /eel pi/ons work$ on ! /eel cyl9d]s1 ca/ iron l9]s 7 introduc$ 9 ! latt]1 #a_/af ( an in* ?ick4 ,! connect+ rods ( ?is eng9e 7 ( virtually ! same type z is employ$ on ne>ly all mod]n radial eng9es4 ,! rod = "o cyl9d] _h a be>+ along ! :ole ( ! crank p91 & its end enclos$ ! p92 ! o!r f\r rods _h be>+s ^u ! end ( ! fir/ rod1 & did n t\* ! crank p94 ,! accompany+ diagram %[s ?is con/ruction1 toge!r ) ! means employ$ = secur+ ! ends ( ! f\r rods--! coll>s 7 plac$ 9 position aft] ! rods _h be5 put on4 ,! be>+s ( ^! rods did n receive any ( ! rubb+ effect due to ! rotation ( ! crank p91 ! rubb+ on !m be+ only t ( ! small angul> displacem5t ( ! rods dur+ ea* revolution2 ?us !re 0 no difficulty exp]i5c$ ) ! lubrication4 ,ano!r e>ly example ( ! radial type ( eng9e 0 ! ,fr5* ,anzani1 ( :i* type "o 0 fitt$ to ! ma*9e ) :i* ,bl]iot fir/ cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel--?is 0 ( #be horse-p[]4 ,! e>lie/ ,anzani eng9es 7 ( ! ?ree-cyl9d] fan type1 "o cyl9d] be+ v]tical1 & ! o!r two plac$ at an angle ( #gb degrees on ea* side1 z ! possibility ( ov]-lubrication ( ! bottom cyl9d]s 0 fe>$ if a regul> radial con/ruction 7 adopt$4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ! unequal balance ( ?is type1 balance weights 7 fitt$ inside ! crank case4 ,! f9al developm5t ( ?is ?ree-cyl9d] radial 0 ! ',y' type ( eng9e1 9 :i* ! cyl9d]s 7 regul>ly dispos$ at #abj degrees ap>t1 ! bore 0 #d4a1 /roke #d4g in*es1 & ! p[] develop$ 0 #cj brake horse-p[] at #a1cjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,crit*ley's li/ ( a]o eng9es be+ con/ruct$ 9 #aiaj %[s twelve ( ! radial type1 ) p[]s ( betwe5 #ad & #ajj horse-p[]1 & ) f ?ree to t5 cyl9d]--?is la/ is probably ! greate/ numb] ( cyl9d]s t c be successfully arrang$ 9 circul> =m4 ,( ! twelve types ( #aiaj1 only two 7 wat]-cool$1 & x is to be not$ t ^! two ran at ! sl[e/ spe$s & _h ! l[e/ weight p] horse-p[] ( any4 ,! ,anzani radial 0 consid]ably develop$ special att5tion be+ paid to ?is type by its mak]s & by #aiad ! ,anzani li/ compris$ sev5 diff]5t sizes ( air-cool$ radials4 ,( ^! ! l>ge/ _h tw5ty cyl9d]s1 develop+ #bjj brake horse-p[]--x 0 virtually a d\ble radial--& ! smalle/ 0 ! orig9al #cj horse-p[] ?ree-cyl9d] design4 ,a six-cyl9d] model 0 =m$ by a comb9ation ( two gr\ps ( ?ree cyl9d]s ea*1 act+ ^u a d\ble-?r[ crank%aft2 ! two crank p9s 7 set at #ahj degrees to ea* o!r1 & ! cyl9d] gr\ps 7 /agg]$ by an am\nt equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! crank p9s4 ,t5-cyl9d] radial eng9es are made ) two gr\ps ( five cyl9d]s act+ ^u two crank p9s set at #ahj degrees to ea* o!r1 ! l>ge/ ,anzani 't5' develop$ #abe horsep[] at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! t5 cyl9d]s be+ ea* #d4e in*es 9 bore ) /roke ( #e4i in*es1 & ! weight ( ! eng9e be+ #c4g lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,9 ! #bjj horse-p[] ,anzani radial ! cyl9d]s are arrang$ 9 f\r gr\ps ( five ea*1 act+ on two crank p9s4 ,! bore ( ! cyl9d]s 9 ?is eng9e is ! same z 9 ! ?ree-cyl9d]1 b ! /roke is increas$ to #e4e in*es4 ,! rat$ p[] is develop$ at #a1cjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! eng9e complete weighs #c4d lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,) ?is #bjj horse-p[] ,anzani1 a petrol consumption ( z l[ z #j4di lbs4 ( fuel p] brake horse-p[] p] h\r has be5 obta9$1 b ! consumption ( lubricat+ oil is comp5sat+ly high1 be+ up to "o-fif? ( ! fuel us$4 ,! cyl9d]s are set desaxe ) ! crank %aft1 & are ( ca/-iron1 provid$ ) radiat+ ribs = air-cool+2 !y are atta*$ to ! crank case by long bolts pass+ ?r\gh bosses at ! top ( ! cyl9d]s1 & connect$ to o!r bolts at "r angles ?r\gh ! crank case4 ,! tops ( ! cyl9d]s are =m$ flat1 & seats = ! inlet & exhau/ valves are =m$ on !m4 ,! pi/ons are ca/-iron1 fitt$ ) ord9>y ca/-iron spr+ r+s4 ,an alum9ium crank case is us$1 be+ made 9 two halves connect$ toge!r by bolts1 :i* latt] also atta* ! eng9e to ! frame ( ! ma*9e4 ,! crank%aft is ( nickel /eel1 made holl[1 & m\nt$ on ball-be>+s 9 su* a mann] t practically a comb9ation ( ball & pla9 be>+s is obta9$2 ! c5tral web ( ! %aft is b5t to br+ ! c5tres ( ! crank p9s z close toge!r z possible1 leav+ only room = ! connect+ rods1 & ! p9s are #ahj degrees ap>t4 ,nickel /eel valves ( ! cone-seat$1 poppet type are fitt$1 ! inlet valves be+ automatic1 & ^? = ! exhau/ cam-op]at$ by means ( pu%-rods4 ,) an eng9e hav+ su* a numb] ( cyl9d]s a v uni=m rotation ( ! crank%aft is obta9$1 & 9 actual runn+ !re are always five ( ! cyl9d]s giv+ impulses to ! crank%aft at ! same "t4 ,an int]e/+ type ( pione] radial eng9e 0 ! ,f>cot1 9 :i* ! cyl9d]s 7 arrang$ 9 a horizontal plane1 ) a v]tical crank%aft :i* op]at$ ! air-screw ?r\gh bevel ge>+4 ,?is 0 an eight-cyl9d] eng9e1 develop+ #fd horse-p[] at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! ,r4,e4,p4 type19 ! e>ly days1 0 a 'fan' eng9e1 b ! design]1 ,m4 ,rob]t ,pelt]ie1 turn$ f ?is design to a sev5-cyl9d] radial1 :i* at #a1ajj revolutions p] m9ute gave #ie horse-p[]4 ,sev]al mak]s ent]$ into radial eng9e developm5t 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! ,w>1 & 9 #aiad !re 7 "s tw5ty-two diff]5t sizes & types1 rang+ f #cj to #fjj horse-p[]1 be+ made1 accord+ to report2 ! actual con/ruction ( ! latt] size at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 is d\btful4 ,probably ! be/ example ( radial con/ruction up to ! outbreak ( ,w> 0 ! ,salmson 7,canton-,unne7 wat]-cool$1 ( :i* 9 #aiad six sizes 7 li/$ z available4 ,( ^! ! smalle/ 0 a sev5-cyl9d] #ij horse-p[] eng9e1 & ! l>ge/1 rat$ at #fjj horse-p[]1 _h eighte5 cyl9d]s4 ,^! eng9es1 dur+ ! ,w>1 7 made "u lic5se by ! ,dudbridge ,ironworks 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! accompany+ diagram %[s ! con/ruction ( ! cyl9d]s 9 ! #bjj horse-p[] size1 %[+ ! me?od ( cool+1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! connect+ rods4 ,a pat5t planet>y ge>1 also %[n 9 ! diagram1 gives exactly ! same /roke to all ! pi/ons4 ,! complete eng9e has f\rte5 cyl9d]s1 ( =g$ /eel ma*9$ all ov]1 & s secur$ to ! crank case t any "o c be remov$ )\t p>t+ ! crank case4 ,! wat]-jackets are ( spun copp]1 braz$ on to ! cyl9d]1 & corrugat$ s z to admit ( free expansion2 ! wat] is circulat$ by means ( a c5trifugal pump4 ,! pi/ons are ( ca/-iron1 ea* fitt$ ) ?ree r+s1 & ! connect+ rods are ( high grade /eel1 ma*9$ all ov] & fitt$ ) bu%es ( phosphor bronze2 ^! rods are connect$ to a c5tral coll>1 c>ri$ on ! crank p9 by two ball-be>+s4 ,! crank%aft has a s+le ?r[1 & is made 9 two p>ts to all[ ! cage = c>ry+ ! big end-p9s ( ! connect+ rods to be plac$ 9 position4 ,! cas+ is 9 two p>ts1 on "o ( :i* ! brackets = fix+ ! eng9e are c>ri$1 :ile ! o!r "p c>ries ! valve-ge>4 ,bolts secure ! two p>ts toge!r4 ,! me*anically-op]at$ /eel valves on ! cyl9d]s are ea* fitt$ ) d\ble spr+s & ! valves are op]at$ by rods & lev]s4 ,two ,z5i? c>burettors are fitt$ on ! re> half ( ! crank case1 & %ort induction pipes are l$ to ea* cyl9d]2 ea* ( ! c>burettors is heat$ by ! exhau/ gases4 ,ignition is by two high-t5sion magnetos1 & a compress$ air self-/>t+ arrangem5t is provid$4 ,two oil pumps are fitt$ = lubricat+ purposes1 "o ( :i* =ces oil to ! crank%aft & connect+-rod be>+s1 :ile ! second =ces oil to ! valve ge>1 ! cyl9d]s be+ s arrang$ t ! oil :i* fl[s along ! walls _c flood ! l[] cyl9d]s4 ,?is eng9e op]ates ^u a six-/roke cycle1 a r r>e arrangem5t = int]nal combu/ion eng9es ( ! electrical ignition type2 ?is is done 9 ord] to obta9 equal angul> int]vals = ! work+ impulses imp>t$ to ! rotat+ crank%aft1 z ! cyl9d]s are arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( sev51 & all act ^u ! "o crank%aft4 ,! angle1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! impulses is #gg #a_/g degrees4 ,a diagram is inset giv+ a side view ( ! eng9e1 9 ord] to %[ ! gr\p+ ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! #fjj horse-p[] ,salmson eng9e 0 design$ ) a view to fitt+ to air%ips1 & 0 9 reality two n9e-cyl9d]$ eng9es1 ) a ge>-box connect+ !m2 d\ble air-screws 7 fitt$1 & ^! 7 s arrang$ t ei!r or bo? ( !m might be driv5 by ei!r or bo? eng9es2 9 addition to ?is1 ! two eng9es 7 complete & sep>ate eng9es z reg>ds c>buration & ignition1 etc41 s t !y c\ld be run indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 exceptionally 'long /roke1' be+ #e4i in*es bore to #h4bg in*es /roke1 & ! rat$ p[] 0 develop$ at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! weight ( ! complete eng9e be+ only #d4a lbs4 p] horse-p[] at ! normal rat+4 ,a type ( eng9e specially devis$ = air%ip propulsion is t 9 :i* ! cyl9d]s are arrang$ horizontally in/ead ( v]tically1 ! ma9 advantages ( ?is =m be+ ! r$uction ( head resi/ance & less ob/ruction to ! view ( ! pilot4 ,a cas+1 m\nt$ on ! top ( ! eng9e1 supports ! air-screw1 :i* is driv5 ?r\gh bevel ge>+ f ! upp] end ( ! crank%aft4 ,) ?is type ( eng9e a bett] rate ( air-screw effici5cy is obta9$ by ge>+ ! screw d[n to half ! rate ( revolution ( ! eng9e1 ?is giv+ a m ev5 torque4 ,! petrol consumption ( ! type is v l[1 be+ only #j4dh lbs4 p] horse-p[] p] h\r1 & equal economy is claim$ z reg>ds lubricat+ oil1 a consumption ( z little z #j4jd lbs4 p] horse-p[] p] h\r be+ claim$4 ,c]ta9 ,am]ican radial eng9es 7 made previ\s to #aiad1 ! pr9cipal be+ ! ,albatross six-cyl9d] eng9es ( #ej & #ajj horse-p[]s4 ,( ^! ! small] size 0 air-cool$1 ) cyl9d]s ( #d4e in*es bore & #e in*es /roke1 develop+ ! rat$ p[] at #a1bcj revolutions p] m9ute1 ) a weight ( ab\t #e lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,! #ajj horse-p[] size _h cyl9d]s ( #e4e in*es bore1 develop+ its rat$ p[] at #a1bcj revolutions p] m9ute1 & weigh+ only #b4ge lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,?is eng9e 0 m>k$ly simil> to ! six-cyl9d]$ ,anzani1 hav+ all ! valves me*anically op]at$1 & ) auxili>y exhau/ ports at ! bottoms ( ! cyl9d]s1 ov]run by long pi/ons4 ,^! ,albatross eng9es _h _! cyl9d]s arrang$ 9 two gr\ps ( ?ree1 ) ea* gr\p ( ?ree pi/ons op]at+ on "o ( two crank p9s1 ea* #ahj degrees ap>t4 ,! radial type ( eng9e1 ?anks to ,*>les ,manly1 _h ! hon\r ( be+ fir/ 9 ! field z reg>ds a]o "w4 ,its _m advantages1 among :i* may be specially not$ ! v %ort crank%aft z comp>$ ) v]tical1 ,vee1 or 'broad arr[' type ( eng9e1 & consequ5t great] rigidity1 ensure x consid]ation by design]s ( to-day1 & r5d] x c]ta9 t ! type w endure4 ,en?usia/s claim t ! 'broad arr[' type1 or ,vee ) a ?ird r[ ( cyl9d]s inset betwe5 ! orig9al two1 is j z mu* a developm5t f ! radial eng9e z f ! v]tical & result+ ,vee2 h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is a place = ! radial type 9 air-"w = z long z ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e rema9s z a p[] plant4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rot>y ,,type ,m4 ,laur5t ,segu91 ! inv5tor ( ! ,gnome rot>y a]o eng9e1 provid$ z great a /imulus to aviation z any t 0 giv5 ant]ior to ! w> p]iod1 & br\ght ab\t a great advance 9 me*anical flight1 s9ce ^! well-made eng9es gave a high-p[] output = _! weight1 & 7 extremely smoo? 9 runn+4 ,9 ! rot>y design ! crank%aft ( ! eng9e is /ation>y1 & ! cyl9d]s1 crank case1 & all _! adh]5t p>ts rotate2 ! work+ is ?us exactly opposite 9 pr9ciple to t ( ! radial type ( a]o eng9e1 & ! advantage ( ! rot>y lies 9 ! consid]able fly:eel effect produc$ by ! revolv+ cyl9d]s1 ) consequ5t ev5ness ( torque4 ,ano!r advantage is t air-cool+1 adopt$ 9 all ! ,gnome eng9es1 is r5d]$ mu* m effective by ! rotation ( ! cyl9d]s1 ?\gh !re is a t5d5cy to di/ortion ?r\gh ! lead+ side ( ea* cyl9d] be+ m effici5tly cool$ ?an ! opposite side2 advocates ( o!r types are prone to claim t ! air resi/ance to ! revolv+ cyl9d]s absorbs "s #aj p] c5t ( ! p[] develop$ by ! rot>y eng9e1 b t has n prev5t$ ! rot>y f atta9+ to great popul>ity z a prime mov]4 ,!re 71 9 ! li/ ( a]o eng9es compil$ 9 #aiaj1 five rot>y eng9es includ$1 all air-cool$4 ,?ree ( ^! 7 ,gnome eng9es1 & two ( ! make kn[n z ',int]national4' ,!y rang$ f #ba4e to #abc horse-p[]1 ! latt] be+ rat$ at only #a4h lbs4 weight p] brake horse-p[]1 & hav+ f\rte5 cyl9d]s1 #d4cc in*es 9 diamet] by #d4g in*es /roke4 ,by #aiad =ty-?ree diff]5t sizes & types ( rot>y eng9e 7 be+ con/ruct$1 & 9 #aiac five rot>y type eng9es 7 ent]$ = ! s]ies ( a]oplane eng9e trials held 9 ,g]many4 ,m9or defects rul$ out f\r ( ^!1 & only ! ,g]man ,bay]is*] ,motor5 ,flugzeugw]ke complet$ ! sev5-h\r te/ prescrib$ = compet+ eng9es4 ,its l>ge fuel consumption b>r$ ?is eng9e f ! f9al trials1 ! consumption be+ "s #j4ie p9ts p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,! consumption ( lubricat+ oil1 also 0 excessive1 /&+ at #j4abc p9t p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,! eng9e gave #cg4e effective horse-p[] dur+ its trial1 & ! loss due to air resi/ance 0 #d4f horse-p[]1 ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ,! accompany+ draw+ %[s ! con/ruction ( ! eng9e1 9 :i* ! sev5 cyl9d]s are arrang$ radially on ! crank case2 ! me?od ( connect+ ! pi/ons to ! crank p9s c be se54 ,! mixture is drawn ?r\gh ! crank *amb]1 & to ent] ! cyl9d] x passes ?r\gh ! two automatic valves 9 ! cr[n ( ! pi/on2 ! exhau/ valves are situat$ 9 ! tops ( ! cyl9d]s1 & are actuat$ by cams & pu%-rods4 ,cool+ ( ! cyl9d] is assi/$ by ! radial r+s1 & ! diamet] ( ^! r+s is increas$ r\nd ! hotte/ "p ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 long flights are und]tak5 ! advantage ( ! light weight ( ?is eng9e is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by its high fuel & lubricat+ oil consumption1 b !re are o!r makes :i* are mu* bett] ?an ?is sev5-cyl9d] ,g]man 9 respect ( ?is4 ,rotation ( ! cyl9d]s 9 eng9es ( ?is type is produc$ by ! side pressure ( ! pi/ons on ! cyl9d] walls1 & 9 ord] to prev5t ?is pressure f becom+ abnormally l>ge x is necess>y to keep ! weight ( ! pi/on z l[ z possible1 z ! pressure is produc$ by ! tang5tial accel]ation & ret>dation ( ! pi/on4 ,on ! upw>d /roke ! circumf]5tial velocity ( ! pi/on is rapidly increas$1 :i* causes x to ex]t a consid]able tang5tial pressure on ! side ( ! cyl9d]1 & on ! return /roke !re is a correspond+ ret>d+ effect due to ! r$uction ( ! circumf]5tial velocity ( ! pi/on4 ,^! side pressures cause an appreciable increase 9 ! temp]atures ( ! cyl9d]s & pi/ons1 :i* makes x necess>y to keep ! p[] rat+ ( ! eng9es fairly l[4 ,segu9 design$ 8 fir/ ,gnome rot>y z a #cd horse-p[] eng9e :5 run at a spe$ ( #a1cjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x _h five cyl9d]s1 & ! weight 0 #c4i lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,a sev5-cyl9d] model soon displac$ ?is fir/ eng9e1 & ?is latt]1 ) a total weight ( #afe lbs41 gave #fa4e horse-p[]4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ma*9$ out ( solid nickel *rome-/eel +ots1 & ! ma*9+ 0 c>ri$ out s t ! cyl9d] walls 7 "u #a_/f ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! pi/ons 7 ca/-iron1 fitt$ ea* ) two r+s1 & ! automatic inlet valve to ! cyl9d] 0 plac$ 9 ! cr[n ( ! pi/on4 ,! connect+ rods1 ( ',h' section1 7 ( nickel *rome-/eel1 & ! l>ge end ( "o rod1 kn[n z ! 'ma/]-rod' embrac$ ! crank p92 on ! end ( ?is rod six holl[ /eel p9s 7 c>ri$1 & to ^! ! rema9+ six connect+-rods 7 atta*$4 ,! crank%aft ( ! eng9e 0 made ( nickel *rome-/eel1 & 0 9 two p>ts connect$ toge!r at ! crank p92 ^! two p>ts1 aft] ! ma/]-rod _h be5 plac$ 9 position & ! o!r connect+ rods _h be5 atta*$ to x1 7 firmly secur$4 ,! /eel crank case 0 made 9 five p>ts1 ! two c5tral ones hold+ ! cyl9d]s 9 place1 & on "o side ano!r ( ! five ca/+s =m$ a cam-box1 to ! outside ( :i* 0 secur$ ! ext5sion to :i* ! air-screw 0 atta*$4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! crank case ano!r ca/+ c>ri$ ! ?ru/-box1 & ! :ole crank case1 ) its cyl9d]s & ge>1 0 c>ri$ on ! fix$ crank %aft by means ( f\r ball-be>+s1 "o ( :i* also took ! axial ?ru/ ( ! air-screw4 ,= ^! eng9es1 ca/or oil is ! lubricant usually adopt$1 & x is pump$ to ! crank%aft by means ( a ge>-driv5 oil pump2 f ?is %aft ! o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e are lubricat$ by means ( c5trifugal =ce1 & 9 actual practice suffici5t unburnt oil passes ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s to lubricate ! exhau/ valve1 :i* p>tly acc\nts = ! high rate ( consumption ( lubricat+ oil4 ,a v simple c>burettor ( ! float less1 s+le-spray type 0 us$1 & ! mixture 0 pass$ along ! holl[ crank%aft to ! int]ior ( ! crank case1 !nce ?r\gh ! automatic inlet valves 9 ! tops ( ! pi/ons to ! combu/ion *amb]s ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,ignition 0 by means ( a high-t5sion magneto specially ge>$ to give ! correct tim+1 & ! work+ impulses occurr$ at equal angul> int]vals ( #ajb4he degrees4 ,! ignition 0 tim$ s t ! fir+ sp>k occurr$ :5 ! cyl9d] 0 #bf degrees be=e ! position 9 :i* ! pi/on 0 at ! out] end ( its /roke1 & ?is tim+ gave a maximum pressure 9 ! cyl9d] j aft] ! pi/on _h pass$ ?is position4 ,by #aiac1 eight diff]5t sizes ( ! ,gnome eng9e 7 be+ con/ruct$1 rang+ f #de to #ahj brake horse-p[]2 f\r ( ^! 7 s+le-crank eng9es "o hav+ n9e & ! o!r ?ree hav+ sev5 cyl9d]s4 ,! rema9+ f\r 7 con/ruct$ ) two cranks2 ?ree ( !m _h f\rte5 cyl9d]s apiece1 rang$ 9 gr\ps ( sev51 act+ on ! cranks1 & ! "o o!r _h eighte5 cyl9d]s rang$ 9 two gr\ps ( n9e1 act+ on its two cranks4 ,cyl9d]s ( ! two-crank eng9es are s arrang$ 79 ! f\rte5-cyl9d] type7 t f\rte5 equal angul> impulses occur dur+ ea* cycle2 ^! eng9es are support$ on be>+s on bo? sides ( ! eng9e1 ! air-screw be+ plac$ outside ! front support4 ,9 ! eighte5-cyl9d] model ! impulses occur at ea* #dj degrees ( angul> rotation ( ! cyl9d]s1 secur+ an extremely ev5 rotation ( ! air-screw4 ,9 #aiac ! ,gnome ,monos\pape eng9e 0 introduc$1 a model 9 :i* ! inlet valve to ! cyl9d] 0 omitt$1 :ile ! pi/on 0 ( ! ord9>y ca/-iron type4 ,a s+le exhau/ valve 9 ! cyl9d] head 0 op]at$ 9 a mann] simil> to t on ! previ\s ,gnome eng9es1 & ! fact ( ?is be+ ! only valve on ! cyl9d] gave ! eng9e its "n4 ,ea* cyl9d] conta9$ ports at ! bottom :i* communicat$ ) ! crank *amb]1 & 7 ov]run by ! pi/on :5 ?is 0 approa*+ ! bottom end ( its /roke4 ,dur+ ! work+ cycle ( ! eng9e ! exhau/ valve 0 op5$ e>ly to all[ ! exhau/ gases to escape f ! cyl9d]1 s t by ! "t ! pi/on ov]ran ! ports at ! bottom ! pressure )9 ! cyl9d] 0 approximately equal to t 9 ! crank case1 & practically no fl[ ( gas took place 9 ei!r direction ?r\gh ! ports4 ,! exhau/ valve rema9$ op5 z usual dur+ ! succe$+ up-/roke ( ! pi/on1 & ! valve 0 held op5 until ! pi/on _h return$ ?r\gh ab\t "o-?ird ( its d[nw>d /roke1 ?us p]mitt+ fre% air to ent] ! cyl9d]4 ,! exhau/ valve !n clos$1 & ! d[nw>d motion ( ! pi/on1 cont9u+1 caus$ a p>tial vacuum inside ! cyl9d]2 :5 ! pi/on ov]ran ! ports1 ! ri* mixture f ! crank case imm$iately ent]$4 ,! cyl9d] 0 !n full ( ! mixture1 & ! next upw>d /roke ( ! pi/on compress$ ! *>ge2 ^u ignition ! work+ cycle 0 repeat$4 ,! spe$ v>iation ( ?is eng9e 0 obta9$ by v>y+ ! ext5t & duration ( ! op5+ ( ! exhau/ valves1 & 0 controll$ by ! pilot by h&-op]at$ lev]s act+ on ! valve tappet roll]s4 ,! weight p] horsep[] ( ^! eng9es 0 slightly less ?an t ( ! two-valve type1 :ile ! lubrication ( ! gudgeon p9 & pi/on %[$ an improvem5t1 s t a l[] lubricat+ oil consumption 0 obta9$4 ,! #ajj horse-p[] ,gnome ,monos\pape 0 built ) n9e cyl9d]s1 ea* #d4cc in*es bore by #e4i in*es /roke1 & x develop$ its rat$ p[] at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,an eng9e ( ! rot>y type1 almo/ z well kn[n z ! ,gnome1 is ! ,cl]get1 9 :i* bo? cyl9d]s & crank case are made ( /eel1 ! =m] hav+ ! usual radial f9s = cool+4 ,9 ?is type ! inlet & exhau/ valves are bo? locat$ 9 ! cyl9d] head1 & me*anically op]at$ by pu%-rods & rock]s4 ,pipes are c>ri$ f ! crank case to ! inlet valve cas+s to convey ! mixture to ! cyl9d]s1 a c>burettor ( ! c5tral ne$le type be+ us$4 ,! c>burett$ mixture is tak5 into ! crank case *amb] 9 a mann] simil> to t ( ! ,gnome eng9e4 ,pi/ons ( alum9ium alloy1 ) ?ree ca/-iron r+s1 are fitt$1 ! top r+ be+ ( ! obturator type4 ,! l>ge end ( "o ( ! n9e connect+ rods embraces ! crank p9 & ! pressure is tak5 on two ball-be>+s h\s$ 9 ! end ( ! rod4 ,?is c>ries eight p9s1 to :i* ! o!r rods are atta*$1 & ! ma9 rod be+ rigid betwe5 ! crank p9 & pi/on p9 det]m9es ! position ( ! pi/ons4 ,holl[ connect+-rods are us$1 & ! lubricat+ oil = ! pi/on p9s passes f ! crank%aft ?r\gh ! c5tres ( ! rods4 ,inlet & exhau/ valves c be set q indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r--a useful po9t1 s9ce ! correct tim+ ( ! op5+ ( ^! valves is ( importance4 ,! inlet valve op5s #d degrees f top c5tre & closes aft] ! bottom dead c5tre ( ! pi/on2 ! exhau/ valve op5s #fh degrees be=e ! bottom c5tre & closes #d degrees aft] ! top dead c5tre ( ! pi/on4 ,! magnetos are set to give ! sp>k 9 ! cyl9d] at #be degrees be=e ! end ( ! compression /roke--two high-t5sion magnetos are us$3 if desir$1 ! second "o c be adju/$ to give a lat] sp>k = assi/+ ! />t+ ( ! eng9e4 ,! lubricat+ oil pump is ( ! valveless two-plung] type1 s ge>$ t x runs at sev5 revolutions to #ajj revolutions ( ! eng9e2 by c\nt+ ! pulsations ! spe$ ( ! eng9e c be quickly calculat$ by multiply+ ! pulsations by #ajj & divid+ by sev54 ,9 ! #aae horse-p[] n9e-cyl9d] ,cl]get ! cyl9d]s are #d4g bore ) a #f4c in*es /roke1 & ! rat$ p[] ( ! eng9e is obta9$ at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! petrol consumption is #j4ge p9t p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,a ?ird rot>y a]o eng9e1 equally well kn[n ) ! =ego+ two1 is ! ,le ,rhone1 made 9 f\r diff]5t sizes ) p[] outputs ( f #ej to #afj horse-p[]2 ! two small] sizes are s+le crank eng9es ) sev5 & n9e cyl9d]s respectively1 & ! l>g] sizes are ( d\ble-crank design1 be+ m]ely ! two small] sizes d\bl$--f\rte5 & eighte5-cyl9d] eng9es4 ,! inlet & exhau/ valves are locat$ 9 ! cyl9d] head1 & bo? valves are me*anically op]at$ by "o pu%-rod & rock]1 radial pipes f crank case to inlet valve cas+ tak+ ! mixture to ! cyl9d]s4 ,! exhau/ valves are plac$ on ! lead+1 or air-screw side1 ( ! eng9e1 9 ord] to get ! fulle/ possible cool+ effect4 ,! rat$ p[] ( ea* type ( eng9e is obta9$ at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & = all f\r sizes ! cyl9d] bore is #d4ac in*es1 ) a #e4e in*es pi/on /roke4 ,?9 ca/-iron l9]s are %runk into ! /eel cyl9d]s 9 ord] to r$uce ! am\nt ( pi/on friction4 ,al?\gh ! ,le ,rhone eng9es are con/ruct$ practically ?r\gh\t ( /eel1 ! weight is only #b4i lbs4 p] horse-p[] 9 ! eighte5-cyl9d] type4 ,am]ican ent]prise 9 ! con/ruction ( ! rot>y type is p]haps be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! ',gyro 'eng9e2 ?is 0 fir/ con/ruct$ ) inlet valves 9 ! heads ( ! pi/ons1 aft] ! ,gnome patt]n1 ! exhau/ valves be+ 9 ! heads ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! inlet valve 9 ! cr[n ( ea* pi/on 0 me*anically op]at$ 9 a v +5i\s mann] by ! oscillation ( ! connect+-rod4 ,! ,gyro-,duplex eng9e sup]s$$ ?is orig9al design1 & a small cross-section illu/ration ( ?is is app5d$4 ,x is con/ruct$ 9 sev5 & n9e-cyl9d] sizes1 ) a p[] range ( f #ej to #ajj horse-p[]2 ) ! l>ge/ size ! l[ weight ( #b4e lbs44 p] horse-p[] is rea*$4 ,! design is ( consid]able int]e/ to ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e]1 = x embodies a pi/on valve = controll+ auxili>y exhau/ ports1 :i* also acts z ! inlet valve to ! cyl9d]4 ,! pi/on uncov]s ! auxili>y ports :5 x rea*es ! bottom ( its /roke1 & at ! end ( ! p[] /roke ! pi/on is 9 su* a position t ! exhau/ c escape ov] ! top ( x4 ,! exhau/ valve 9 ! cyl9d] head is !n op5$ by means ( ! pu%-rod & rock]1 & is held op5 until ! pi/on has complet$ its upw>d /roke & return$ ?r\gh m ?an half its subsequ5t return /roke4 ,:5 ! exhau/ valve closes1 ! cyl9d] has a *>ge ( fre% air1 drawn 9 ?r\gh ! exhau/ valve1 & ! fur!r motion ( ! pi/on causes a p>tial vacuum2 by ! "t ! pi/on rea*es bottom dead c5tre ! pi/on-valve has mov$ up to give communication betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! crank case1 !re=e ! mixture is drawn into ! cyl9d]4 ,bo? ! pi/on valve & exhau/ valve are op]at$ by cams =m$ on ! "o ca/+1 :i* rotates at sev5-eigh?s eng9e spe$ = ! sev5-cyl9d] type1 & n9e-t5?s eng9e spe$ = ! n9e-cyl9d] eng9es4 ,ea* ( ^! cams has f\r or five po9ts respectively1 to suit ! numb] ( cyl9d]s4 ,! /eel cyl9d]s are ma*9$ f solid =g+s & provid$ ) webs = air-cool+ z %[n4 ,ca/-iron pi/ons are us$1 & are connect$ to ! crank%aft 9 ! same mann] z ) ! ,gnome & ,le ,rhone eng9es4 ,petrol is spray$ into ! crank case by a small ge>$ pump & ! mixture is tak5 f !re to ! pi/on valves by radial pipes4 ,two sep>ate pumps are us$ = lubrication1 "o =c+ oil to ! crank-p9 be>+ & ! o!r spray+ ! cyl9d]s4 ,among o!r designs ( rot>y a]o eng9es ! ,e4,j4,c4 is notewor?y1 9 t ! cyl9d]s & crank case ( ?is eng9e rotate 9 opposite directions1 & two air-screws are us$1 "o be+ atta*$ to ! end ( ! crank%aft1 & ! o!r to ! crank case4 ,ano!r int]e/+ type is ! ,burlat rot>y1 9 :i* bo? ! cyl9d]s & crank%aft rotate 9 ! same direction1 ! rotation ( ! crank%aft be+ twice t ( ! cyl9d]s z reg>ds spe$4 ,?is eng9e is arrang$ to "w on ! f\r-/roke cycle ) ! crank%aft mak+ f\r1 & ! cyl9d]s two1 revolutions p] cycle4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! rot>y type ( eng9e is capable ( b little m improvem5t--save = su* devices z ^! ( ! la/ two eng9es m5tion$1 !re is little t ,laur5t ,segu9 has n already done 9 ! ,gnome type4 ,! limitation ( ! rot>y lies 9 its high fuel & lubricat+ oil consumption1 :i* r5d]s x unsuit$ = long-di/ance a]o "w2 x 01 9 ! w> p]iod1 an admirable eng9e = su* %ort runs z might be involv$ 9 patrol "w 'ov] ! l9es1' & = simil> purposes1 b ! wat]cool$ ,vee or ev5 v]tical1 ) its mu* l[] fuel consumption1 0 & is to be pref]r$ = di/ance "w4 ,! rot>y air-cool$ type has its uses1 & = !m x w probably rema9 among ! range ( curr5t types = "s "t to come4 ,exp]i5ce ( matt]s a]onautical is suffici5t to %[1 h[ev]1 t prophecy 9 any direction is mo/ unsafe4 ,v4 ,,! ,,horizontally-,,oppos$ ,,eng9e ,among ! fir/ int]nal combu/ion eng9es to be tak5 into use ) aircraft 7 ^? ( ! horizontally-oppos$ f\r-/roke cycle type1 &1 9 e case 9 :i* ^! eng9es 7 us$1 _! excell5t balance & extremely ev5 torque r5d]$ !m ideal-until ! trem5d\s increase 9 p[] requirem5ts r5d]$ ! type too long & bulky = plac+ 9 ! fuselage ( an a]oplane4 ,z p[] increas$1 !re came a t5d5cy t[>d plac+ cyl9d]s radially r\nd a c5tral crank%aft1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! e>ly ,anzani1 x may be said t ! radial eng9e grew out ( ! horizontal oppos$ pi/on type4 ,!re 71 9 #aiaj--t is1 9 ! e>ly days ( small p[] units1 t5 diff]5t sizes ( ! horizontally oppos$ eng9e li/$ = manufacture1 b increase 9 p[] requirem5ts practically rul$ out ! type = air "w4 ,! ,d>racq firm 7 ! lead+ mak]s ( ^! eng9es 9 #aiaj2 _! smalle/ size 0 a #bd horsep[] eng9e1 ) two cyl9d]s ea* ( #e4a in*es bore by #d4g in*es /roke4 ,?is eng9e develop$ its rat$ p[] at #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute1 & work$ out at a weight ( #e lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,) ^! eng9es ! cranks are s plac$ t two regul> impulses are giv5 to ! crank%aft = ea* cycle ( work+1 an arrangem5t :i* p]mits ( v ev5 balanc+ ( ! in]tia =ces ( ! eng9e4 ,! ,d>racq firm also made a f\r-cyl9d]$ horizontal oppos$ pi/on eng9e1 9 :i* two revolutions 7 giv5 to ! crank%aft p] revolution1 at equal angul> int]vals4 ,! ,du!il-,*amb]s 0 ano!r eng9e ( ?is type1 & _h ! di/9ction ( be+ ! second l>ge/ con/ruct$4 ,at #a1jjj revolutions p] m9ute x develop$ #ig horse-p[]2 its f\r cyl9d]s 7 ea* ( #d4ic in*es bore by #aa4h in*es /roke--an abnormally long /roke 9 comp>ison ) ! bore4 ,! weight--:i* ow+ to ! build ( ! eng9e & its l5g? ( /roke 0 b\nd to be r high1 actually am\nt$ to #h4b lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,wat] cool+ 0 adopt$1 & ! eng9e 01 l ! ,d>racq f\r-cyl9d] type1 s arrang$ z to give two impulses p] revolution at equal angul> int]vals ( crank%aft rotation4 ,"o ( ! fir/ eng9es ( ?is type to be con/ruct$ 9 ,engl& 0 ! ,alva/on1 a wat]-cool$ model :i* 0 made 9 #bj1 #cj1 & #ej brake horse-p[] sizes1 ! l>ge/ be+ a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e4 ,all ?ree sizes 7 con/ruct$ to run at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,9 ?is make ! cyl9d]s 7 secur$ to ! crank case by means ( f\r long tie bolts pass+ ?r\gh bridge pieces arrang$ across ! cyl9d] heads1 ?us reliev+ ! cyl9d] walls ( all longitud9al explosion /resses4 ,^! bridge pieces 7 =m$ f *rome vanadium /eel & mill$ to an ',h' section1 & ! be>+s = ! valve-tappet 7 =g$ solid ) !m4 ,special att5tion 0 giv5 to ! ma*9+ ( ! int]iors ( ! cyl9d]s & ! combu/ion heads1 ) ! result t ! exceptionally high compression ( #ie lbs4 p] squ>e in* 0 obta9$1 giv+ a v flexible eng9e4 ,! cyl9d] heads 7 completely wat]-jacket$1 & copp] wat]-jackets 7 also fitt$ r\nd ! cyl9d]s4 ,! me*anically op]at$ valves 7 actuat$ by specially %ap$ cams1 & 7 s arrang$ t only two cams 7 requir$ = ! set ( eight valves4 ,! inlet valves at bo? ends ( ! eng9e 7 connect$ by a s+le fe$-pipe to :i* ! c>burettor 0 atta*$1 ! induction pip+ be+ arrang$ above ! eng9e 9 an easily accessible position4 ,auxili>y air ports 7 provid$ 9 ! cyl9d] walls s t ! pi/ons ov]ran !m at ! end ( _! /roke4 ,a s+le v]tical %aft runn+ 9 ball-be>+s op]at$ ! valves & wat] circulat+ pump1 be+ driv5 by spiral ge>+ f ! crank%aft at half spe$4 ,9 addition to ! excell5t balance obta9$ ) ?is eng9e1 ! mak]s claim$ ) ju/ice t ! numb] ( work+ p>ts 0 r$uc$ to an absolute m9imum4 ,9 ! two-cyl9d] ,d>racq1 ! /eel cyl9d]s 7 ma*9$ f solid1 & auxili>y exhau/ ports1 ov]run by ! pi/on at ! inn] end ( its /roke1 7 provid$ 9 ! cyl9d] walls1 consi/+ ( a circul> r[ ( drill$ holes--?is arrangem5t 0 subsequ5tly adopt$ on "s ( ! ,d>racq rac+ c> eng9es4 ,! wat] jackets 7 ( copp]1 sold]$ to ! cyl9d] walls2 bo? ! inlet & exhau/ valves 7 locat$ 9 ! cyl9d] heads1 be+ op]at$ by rock]s & pu%-rods actuat$ by cams on ! halftime %aft driv5 f "o end ( ! crank%aft4 ,ignition 0 by means ( a high-t5sion magneto1 & long induction pipes connect$ !-ends ( ! cyl9d]s to ! c>burettor1 ! latt] be+ plac$ und]nea? ! eng9e4 ,lubrication 0 effect$ by spray+ oil into ! crank case by means ( a pump1 & a second pump circulat$ ! cool+ wat]4 ,ano!r good example ( ?is type ( eng9e 0 ! ,eole1 :i* _h eight oppos$ pi/ons1 ea* pair ( :i* 0 actuat$ by a common combu/ion *amb] at ! c5tre ( ! eng9e1 two crank%afts be+ plac$ at ! out] ends ( ! eng9e4 ,?is rev]sal ( ! ord9>y arrangem5t _h two advantages2 x simplifi$ induction1 & fur!r obviat$ ! ne$ = cyl9d] heads1 s9ce ! explosion drove at two pi/on heads in/ead ( at "o pi/on head & ! top ( ! cyl9d]2 aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 ! eng9e _h to be con/ruct$ /rongly en\gh to )/& ! longitud9al /resses due to ! explosions1 z ! cranks are plac$ on ! out] ends & ! cyl9d]s & crank-cases take ! full =ce ( ea* explosion4 ,ea* crank%aft drove a sep>ate air-screw4 ,?is patt]n ( eng9e 0 tak5 up by ! ,du!il-,*amb]s firm 9 ! pione] days ( aircraft1 :5 ! firm 9 "q produc$ sev5 diff]5t sizes ( horizontal eng9es4 ,! ,demoiselle monoplane us$ by ,santos-,dumont 9 #aiji 0 fitt$ ) a two-cyl9d]1 horizontally-oppos$ ,du!il-,*amb]s eng9e1 :i* develop$ #be brake horse-p[] at a spe$ ( #a1ajj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! cyl9d]s be+ ( #e in*es bore by #e4a in*es /roke1 & ! total weight ( ! eng9e be+ "s #abj lbs4 ,! crank%afts ( ^! eng9es 7 usually fitt$ ) /eel fly:eels 9 ord] to give a v ev5 torque1 ! :eels be+ specially con/ruct$ ) wire spokes4 ,9 all ! ,du!il-,*amb]s eng9es wat] cool+ 0 adopt$1 & ! cyl9d]s 7 atta*$ to ! crank cases by means ( long bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! combu/ion heads4 ,= _! e>lie/ ma*9es1 ! ,clem5t-,bay>d firm con/ruct$ horizontal eng9es ( ! oppos$ pi/on type4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! 0 ! #cj horse-p[] size1 :i* _h cyl9d]s ( #d4g in*es diamet] by #e4a in*es /roke1 & gave its rat$ p[] at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! /eel cyl9d]s 7 secur$ to ! crank case by flanges1 & radiat+ ribs 7 =m$ ar\nd ! b>rel to assi/ ! air-cool+4 ,inlet & exhau/ valves 7 actuat$ by pu%-rods & rock]s actuat$ f ! second motion %aft m\nt$ above ! crank case2 ?is %aft also drove ! high-t5sion magneto ) :i* ! eng9e 0 fitt$4 ,a r+ ( holes drill$ r\nd ea* cyl9d] con/itut$ auxili>y ports :i* ! pi/on uncov]$ at ! inn] end ( its /roke1 & ^! 7 ( consid]able assi/ance n only 9 expell+ exhau/ gases1 b also 9 mod]at+ ! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d] & ( ! ma9 exhau/ valve fitt$ 9 ! cyl9d] head4 ,a wat]-cool$ ,clem5t-,bay>d horizontal eng9e 0 also made1 & 9 ?is ! auxili>y exhau/ ports 7 n embodi$2 except 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! eng9e 0 v simil> to ! wat]-cool$ ,d>racq4 ,! ,am]ican ,a%mus5 horizontal eng9e1 develop+ #ajj horse-p[]1 is probably ! l>ge/ example ( ?is type con/ruct$4 ,x 0 made ) six cyl9d]s arrang$ on ea* side ( a common crank case1 ) long bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] heads to assi/ 9 hold+ !m d[n4 ,! induction pip+ & valve-op]at+ ge> 7 arrang$ bel[ ! eng9e1 & ! half-spe$ %aft c>ri$ ! air-screw4 ,messrs ,palons & ,beuse1 ,g]mans1 con/ruct$ a light-weight1 air-cool$1 horizontally-oppos$ eng9e1 two-cyl9d]$4 ,9 ?is ! ca/-iron cyl9d]s 7 made v ?91 & 7 secur$ to ! crank case by bolts pass+ ?r\gh lugs ca/ on ! out] ends ( ! cyl9d]s2 ! crank%aft 0 made holl[1 & holes 7 drill$ ?r\gh ! webs ( ! connect+-rods 9 ord] to r$uce ! weight4 ,! valves 7 fitt$ to ! cyl9d] heads1 ! inlet valves be+ ( ! automatic type1 :ile ! exhau/ valves 7 me*anically op]at$ f ! cam-%aft by means ( rock]s & pu%-rods4 ,two c>burettors 7 fitt$1 to r$uce ! induction pip+ to a m9imum2 "o 0 atta*$ to ea* combu/ion *amb]1 & ignition 0 by ! normal high-t5sion magneto driv5 f ! halftime %aft4 ,!re 0 also a ,nieuport two-cyl9d] air-cool$ horizontal eng9e1 develop+ #ce horse-p[] :5 runn+ at #a1cjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & be+ built at a weight ( #e4a lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ( #e4c in*es diamet] by #e4i in*es /roke2 ! eng9e foll[$ ! l9es ( ! ,d>racq & ,du!il-,*amb]s pretty closely1 & ?us calls = no special description4 ,! ,fr5* ,kolb-,danv9 eng9e ( ! horizontal type1 fir/ con/ruct$ 9 #aije1 0 probably ! fir/ two-/roke cycle eng9e design$ to be appli$ to ! propulsion ( aircraft2 x nev] got beyond ! exp]im5tal /age1 al?\gh its trials gave v good results4 ,/epp$ pi/ons 7 adopt$1 & ! *>g+ pump at "o end 0 us$ to scav5ge ! p[] cyl9d] at ! o!r ends ( ! eng9e1 ! transf] ports be+ =m$ 9 ! ma9 ca/+4 ,! op5+s ( ^! ports 7 controll$ at bo? ends by ! pi/ons1 & ! location ( ! ports appe>s to h made x necess>y to take ! exhau/ f ! bottom ( "o cyl9d] & f ! top ( ! o!r4 ,! c>burett$ mixture 0 drawn into ! scav5g+ cyl9d]s1 & ! usual deflectors 7 ca/ on ! pi/on heads to assi/ 9 ! scav5g+ & to prev5t ! fre% gas f pass+ out ( ! exhau/ ports4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,two-,,/roke ,,cycle ,,eng9e ,al?\gh x has be5 little us$ = aircraft propulsion1 ! possibilities ( ! two-/roke cycle eng9e r5d] "s /udy ( x desirable 9 ?is brief review ( ! v>i\s types ( int]nal combu/ion eng9e applicable bo? to a]oplanes & air%ips4 ,!oretically ! two-/roke cycle eng9e--or z x is m commonly t]m$1 ! 'two-/roke1' is ! ideal p[] produc]2 ! d\bl+ ( impulses p] revolution ( ! crank%aft %\ld r5d] x ( v mu* m ev5 torque ?an ! f\r-/roke cycle types1 :ile1 !oretically1 !re %\ld be a consid]able sav+ ( fuel1 ow+ to ! d\bl+ ( ! numb] ( p[] /rokes p] total ( pi/on /rokes4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! ineffici5t scav5g+ ( virtually e two-/roke cycle eng9e produc$ nullifies or m ?an nullifies its advantages ov] ! f\r-/roke cycle eng9e2 9 _m types1 too1 !re is a wa/e ( fuel gases ?r\gh ! exhau/ ports1 & mu* has yet to be done 9 ! way ( exp]im5t & result+ design be=e ! two-/roke cycle eng9e c be reg>d$ z equally reliable1 economical1 & p[]ful ) its eld] bro!r4 ,! fir/ comm]cially successful eng9e op]at+ on ! two-/roke cycle 0 inv5t$ by ,mr ,dugald ,cl]k1 :o 9 #ahha prov$ ! design feasible4 ,z is m or less g5]ally und]/ood1 ! exhau/ gases ( ?is eng9e are dis*>g$ f ! cyl9d] dur+ ! "t t ! pi/on is pass+ ! inn] dead c5tre1 & ! compression1 combu/ion1 & expansion ( ! *>ge take place 9 simil> mann] to t ( ! f\r-/roke cycle eng9e4 ,! exhau/ p]iod is usually controll$ by ! pi/on ov]runn+ ports 9 ! cyl9d] at ! end ( its work+ /roke1 ^! ports communicat+ direct ) ! out] air--! complication ( an exhau/ valve is ?us obviat$2 imm$iately aft] ! escape ( ! exhau/ gases1 *>g+ ( ! cyl9d] occurs1 & ! fre% gas may be introduc$ ei!r ?r\gh a valve 9 ! cyl9d] head or ?r\gh ports situat$ diametrically opposite to ! exhau/ ports4 ,! cont9uation ( ! outw>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 aft] ! exhau/ ports h be5 clos$1 compresses ! *>ge into ! combu/ion *amb] ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! ignition ( ! mixture produces a recurr5ce ( ! work+ /roke4 ,?us1 !oretically1 is obta9$ ! maximum ( en]gy ) ! m9imum ( exp5diture2 9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! scav5g+ ( ! p[] cyl9d]1 a matt] ( great importance 9 all int]nal combu/ion eng9es1 is (t5 imp]fect1 ow+ to ! op5+ ( ! exhau/ ports be+ ( relatively %ort duration2 cle>+ ! exhau/ gases out ( ! cyl9d] is n fully accompli%$1 & ^! gases mix ) ! fre% *>ge & detract f its effici5cy4 ,simil>ly1 ow+ to ! %ort] space ( "t all[$1 ! *>g+ ( ! cyl9d] ) ! fre% mixture is n s effici5t z 9 ! f\r-/roke cycle type2 ! fre% *>ge is usually compress$ slightly 9 a sep>ate *amb]--crank case1 indep5d5t cyl9d]1 or *>g+ pump1 & is deliv]$ to ! work+ cyl9d] dur+ ! beg9n+ ( ! return /roke ( ! pi/on1 :ile 9 eng9es work+ on ! f\r-/roke cycle pr9ciple a complete /roke is devot$ to ! expulsion ( ! wa/e gases ( ! exhau/1 & ano!r full /roke to re*>g+ ! cyl9d] ) fre% explosive mixture4 ,!oretically ! two-/roke & ! f\r-/roke cycle eng9es possess exactly ! same !rmal effici5cy1 b actually ?is is modifi$ by a s]ies ( practical conditions :i* to "s ext5t t5d to neutralise ! v /rong case 9 fav\r ( ! two-/roke cycle eng9e4 ,! specific capacity ( ! eng9e op]at+ on ! two-/roke pr9ciple is !oretically twice t ( "o op]at+ on ! f\r-/roke cycle1 & consequ5tly1 = equal p[]1 ! =m] %\ld require only ab\t half ! cyl9d] volume ( ! latt]2 &1 ow+ to ! great] sup]ficial area ( ! small] cyl9d]1 relatively1 ! latt] %\ld be f> m easily cool$ ?an ! l>g] f\r-/roke cycle cyl9d]2 ?us x %\ld be possible to get high] compression pressures1 :i* 9 turn %\ld result 9 great economy ( work+4 ,also ! obta9+ ( a work+ impulse 9 ! cyl9d] = ea* revolution ( ! crank%aft %\ld give a great advantage 9 regul>ity ( rotation--:i* x und\bt$ly does--& ! elim9ation ( ! op]at+ ge> = ! valves1 inlet & exhau/1 %\ld give great] simplicity ( design4 ,9 spite ( all ^! !oretical--& "s practical--advantages ! f\r-/roke cycle eng9e 0 univ]sally adopt$ = aircraft "w2 ow+ to ! practical equality ( ! two pr9ciples ( op]ation1 s f> z !rmal effici5cy & friction losses are conc]n$1 !re is no d\bt t ! simplicity ( design 79 !ory7 & high p[] output to weight ratio 7also 9 !ory7 ought to h giv5 ! 'two-/roke' a place on ! a]oplane4 ,b ?is eng9e has to be develop$ s z to ov]come its inh]5t drawbacks2 bett] scav5g+ me?ods h yet to be devis$--= ?is is ! pr9cipal drawback--be=e ! two-/roke c come to its own z a prime mov] = aircraft4 ,mr ,dugald ,cl]k's orig9al two-/roke cycle eng9e is indicat$ r\ghly1 z reg>ds pr9ciple1 by ! accompany+ diagram1 f :i* x w be se5 t ! elim9ation ( ! ord9>y inlet & exhau/ valves ( ! f\r-/roke type is m ?an comp5sat$ by a sep>ate cyl9d] :i*1 hav+ a pi/on work$ f ! connect+-rod ( ! p[] cyl9d]1 0 us$ to *>g+1 draw+ ! mixture f ! c>burettor pa/ ! valve 9 ! top ( ! *>g+ cyl9d]1 & !n =c+ x ?r\gh ! connect+ pipe into ! p[] cyl9d]4 ,! inlet valves bo? on ! *>g+ & ! p[] cyl9d]s are automatic2 :5 ! p[] pi/on is ne> ! bottom ( its /roke ! pi/on 9 ! *>g+ cyl9d] is compress+ ! c>burett$ air1 s t z soon z ! pressure )9 ! p[] cyl9d] is reliev$ by ! exit ( ! burnt gases ?r\gh ! exhau/ ports ! pressure 9 ! *>g+ cyl9d] causes ! valve 9 ! head ( ! p[] cyl9d] to op51 & fre% mixture fl[s into ! cyl9d]1 replac+ ! exhau/ gases4 ,aft] ! pi/on has aga9 cov]$ ! exhau/ ports ! mixture beg9s to be compress$1 ?us automatically clos+ ! inlet valve4 ,ignition occurs ne> ! end ( ! compression /roke1 & ! work+ /roke imm$iately foll[s1 ?us giv+ an impulse to ! crank%aft on e d[n /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,if ! scav5g+ ( ! cyl9d] 7 complete1 & ! cyl9d] 7 to receive a full *>ge ( fre% mixture = e /roke1 ! same mean effective pressure z is obta9$ ) f\r-/roke cycle eng9es ought to be realis$1 & at an equal spe$ ( rotation ?is eng9e %\ld give twice ! p[] obta9able f a f\r-/roke cycle eng9e ( equal dim5sions4 ,?is result 0 n a*iev$1 &1 ) ! improvem5ts 9 con/ruction br\ght ab\t by exp]im5t up to #aiab1 ! output 0 f\nd to be only ab\t fifty p] c5t m ?an t ( a f\r-/roke cycle eng9e ( ! same size1 s t1 :5 ! *>g+ cyl9d] is includ$1 ?is eng9e has a great] weight p] horse-p[]1 :ile ! l[e/ rate ( fuel consumption record$ 0 #j4fh lb4 p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,9 #ahia ,mr ,day inv5t$ a two-/roke cycle eng9e :i* us$ ! crank case z a scav5g+ *amb]1 & a v l>ge numb] ( ^! eng9es h be5 built = indu/rial purposes4 ,! *>ge ( c>burett$ air is drawn ?r\gh a non-return valve into ! crank *amb] dur+ ! up/roke ( ! pi/on1 & compress$ to ab\t #d lbs4 pressure p] squ>e in* on ! d[n /roke4 ,:5 ! pi/on approa*es ! bottom end ( its /roke ! upp] edge fir/ ov]runs an exhau/ port1 & almo/ imm$iately aft] uncov]s an inlet port on ! opposite side ( ! cyl9d] & 9 communication ) ! crank *amb]2 ! ent]+ *>ge1 be+ "u pressure1 assi/s 9 expell+ ! exhau/ gases f ! cyl9d]4 ,on ! next up/roke ! *>ge is compress$ into ! combu/ion space ( ! cyl9d]1 a fur!r *>ge simultane\sly ent]+ ! crank case to be compress$ aft] ! ignition = ! work+ /roke4 ,to prev5t ! incom+ *>ge escap+ ?r\gh ! exhau/ ports ( ! cyl9d] a deflector is =m$ on ! top ( ! pi/on1 caus+ ! fre% gas to travel 9 an upw>d direction1 ?us avoid+ z f> z possible escape ( ! mixture to ! atmosph]e4 ,f exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 #aiaj by ,pr(essor ,watson & ,mr ,flem+ x 0 f\nd t ! proportion ( fre% gases :i* escap$ unburnt ?r\gh ! exhau/ ports dim9i%$ ) increase ( spe$2 at #fjj revolutions p] m9ute ab\t #cf p] c5t ( ! fre% *>ge 0 lo/2 at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute ?is 0 r$uc$ to #bj p] c5t1 & at #a1ejj revolutions x 0 /ill f>!r r$uc$ to #f p] c5t4 ,s mu* = ! e>ly designs4 ,) reg>d to eng9es ( ?is type specially con/ruct$ = use ) aircraft1 ?ree designs call = special m5tion4 ,messrs ,a4 ,gobe & ,h4 ,di>d1 ,p>isian eng9e]s1 produc$ an eight-cyl9d]$ two-/roke cycle eng9e ( rot>y design1 ! cyl9d]s be+ co-axial4 ,ea* pair ( opposite pi/ons 0 secur$ toge!r by a rigid connect+ rod1 connect$ to a p9 on a rotat+ crank%aft :i* 0 m\nt$ ecc5trically to ! axis ( rotation ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! crank%aft c>ri$ a p9ion ge>+ ) an int]nally too!d :eel on ! transmission %aft :i* c>ri$ ! air-screw4 ,! combu/ible mixture1 emanat+ f a common supply pipe1 0 l$ ?r\gh conduits to ! front ends ( ! cyl9d]s1 9 :i* ! *>ges 7 compress$ be=e be+ transf]r$ to ! work+ spaces ?r\gh ports 9 tubul> ext5sions c>ri$ by ! pi/ons4 ,^! ext5sions _h also exhau/ ports1 regi/]+ ) ports 9 ! cyl9d] :i* communicat$ ) ! out] air1 & ! ext5sions slid ov] dep5d+ cyl9d] heads atta*$ to ! crank case by long /uds4 ,! pump *>ge 0 compress$ 9 "o end ( ea* cyl9d]1 & ! pump spaces ea* deliv]$ into _! correspond+ adjac5t combu/ion spaces4 ,! *>ges ent]$ ! pump spaces dur+ ! suction p]iod ?r\gh passages :i* communicat$ ) a c5tral /ation>y supply passage at "o end ( ! crank case1 communication be+ cut (f :5 ! inlet orifice to ! passage pass$ out ( regi/] ) ! port 9 ! /ation>y memb]4 ,! exhau/ ports at ! out] end ( ! combu/ion space op5$ j be=e & clos$ a little lat] ?an ! air ports1 & ! incom+ *>ge assi/$ 9 expell+ ! exhau/ gases 9 a mann] simil> to t ( ! e>li] types ( two-/roke cycle eng9e2 ,! accompany+ r\gh diagram assi/s 9 %[+ ! work+ ( ?is eng9e4 ,exhibit$ 9 ! ,p>is ,a]o ,exhibition ( #aiab1 ! ,laviator two-/roke cycle eng9e1 six-cyl9d]$1 c\ld be op]at$ ei!r z a radial or z a rot>y eng9e1 all its pi/ons act+ on a s+le crank4 ,cyl9d] dim5sions ( ?is eng9e 7 #c4id in*es bore by #e4ab in*es /roke1 & a p[] output ( #ej horse-p[] 0 obta9$ :5 work+ at a rate ( #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,us$ z a radial eng9e1 x develop$ #fe horse-p[] at ! same rate ( revolution1 &1 z ! total weight 0 ab\t #aih lbs41 ! weight ( ab\t #c lbs4 p] horse-p[] 0 atta9$ 9 radial use4 ,/epp$ pi/ons 7 employ$1 ! annul> space betwe5 ! small] or p[] pi/on & ! walls ( ! l>g] cyl9d] be+ us$ z a *>g+ pump = ! p[] cyl9d] situat$ #abj degrees 9 re> ( x4 ,! *>g+ cyl9d]s 7 connect$ by %ort pipes to ports 9 ! crank case :i* communicat$ ) ! holl[ crank%aft ?r\gh :i* ! fre% gas 0 suppli$1 & once 9 ea* revolution ea* port 9 ! case regi/]$ ) ! port 9 ! holl[ %aft4 ,! mixture :i* !n ent]$ ! *>g+ cyl9d] 0 transf]r$ to ! correspond+ work+ cyl9d] :5 ! pi/on ( t cyl9d] _h rea*$ ! end ( its p[] /roke1 & imm$iately be=e ?is ! exhau/ ports diametrically opposite ! inlet ports 7 uncov]$2 scav5g+ 0 ?us assi/$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! v desirable feature ( be+ entirely valveless 0 accompli%$ ) ?is eng9e1 :i* is also notewor?y = exce$+ly compact design4 ,! ,lampl\gh six-cyl9d] two-/roke cycle rot>y1 %[n at ! ,a]o ,exhibition at ,olympia 9 #aiaa1 _h sev]al innovations1 includ+ a *>g+ pump ( rot>y bl[] type4 ,) ! six cyl9d]s1 six p[] impulses at regul> int]vals 7 giv5 on ea* rotation2 o!rwise1 ! cycle ( op]ations 0 c>ri$ out mu* z 9 o!r two-/roke cycle eng9es4 ,! pump suppli$ ! mixture "u slight pressure to an inlet port 9 ea* cyl9d]1 :i* 0 op5$ at ! same "t z ! exhau/ port1 ! p]iod ( op5+ be+ controll$ by ! pi/on4 ,! rot>y bl[] suck$ ! mixture f ! c>burettor & deliv]$ x to a passage communicat+ ) ! inlet ports 9 ! cyl9d] walls4 ,a me*anically-op]at$ exhau/ valve 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ea* cyl9d] head1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! work+ /roke ?is valve op5$1 all[+ "p ( ! burnt gases to escape to ! atmosph]e2 ! rema9d] 0 pu%$ out by ! fre% mixture go+ 9 ?r\gh ! ports at ! bottom end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 practice1 "o or o!r ( ! cyl9d]s 0 always tak+ fre% mixture :ile work+1 !re=e ! deliv]y f ! pump 0 cont9u\s & ! mixture _h n to be /or$ "u pressure4 ,! pi/on ( ?is eng9e 0 long en\gh to keep ! ports cov]$ :5 x 0 at ! top ( ! /roke1 & a bottom r+ 0 provid$ to prev5t ! mixture f ent]+ ! crank case4 ,9 addition to prev5t+ leakage1 ?is r+ no d\bt prev5t$ an excess ( oil work+ up ! pi/on into ! cyl9d]4 ,z ! cyl9d] fir$ ) e revolution1 ! valve ge> 0 ( ! simple/ con/ruction1 a fix$ cam lift+ ea* valve z ! cyl9d] came into position4 ,! spr+ ( ! exhau/ valve 0 n plac$ r\nd ! /em 9 ! usual way1 b at ! end ( a %ort lev]1 away f ! heat ( ! exhau/ gases4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ( ca/ /eel1 ! crank case ( alum9ium1 & ball-be>+s 7 fitt$ to ! crank%aft1 crank p9s1 & ! rot>y bl[] pump4 ,ignition 0 by means ( a high-t5sion magneto ( ! two-sp>k patt]n1 & ) a total weight ( #cjj lbs4 ! maximum output 0 #ajb brake horse-p[]1 giv+ a weight ( j "u #c lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful ( ! two-/roke cycle eng9es 0 t design$ by ,mr ,g4 ,f4 ,mort & con/ruct$ by ! ,new ,eng9e ,company4 ,) f\r cyl9d]s ( #c4fi in*es bore by #d4e in*es /roke1 & runn+ at #a1bej revolutions p] m9ute1 ?is eng9e develop$ #ej brake horse-p[]2 ! total weight ( ! eng9e 0 #aee lbs41 ?us giv+ a weight ( #c4a lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,a scav5g+ pump ( ! rot>y type 0 employ$1 driv5 by means ( ge>+ f ! eng9e crank%aft1 & 9 ord] to r$uce weight to a m9imum ! vanes 7 ( alum9ium4 ,?is eng9e 0 tri$ on a biplane1 & gave v satisfactory results4 ,am]ican design yields two app>5tly successful two-/roke cycle a]o eng9es4 ,a rot>y call$ ! ,fr$]icson eng9e 0 said to give an output ( #gj brake horse-p[] ) five cyl9d]s #d4e in*es diamet] by #d4ge in*es /roke1 runn+ at #a1jjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,ano!r1 ! ,rob]ts two-/roke cycle eng9e1 yield$ #ajj brake horse-p[] f six cyl9d]s ( ! /epp$ pi/on design2 two c>burettors1 ea* supply+ ?ree cyl9d]s1 7 fitt$ to ?is eng9e4 ,ignition 0 by means ( ! usual high-t5sion magneto1 ge>-driv5 f ! crank%aft1 & ! eng9e1 :i* 0 wat]-cool$1 0 ( compact design4 ,x may ?us be se5 t ! two-/roke cycle type got z f> z actual exp]im5t 9 air "w1 & t ) consid]able success4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 ! great] reliability ( ! f\r-/roke cycle has r5d]$ x practically ! only aircraft eng9e1 & ! two-/roke has yet "s way to travel be=e x becomes a =midable competitor1 9 spite ( its admitt$ !oretical & que/ion$ practical advantages4 ,,vii4 ,,eng9es ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,,p]iod ,! pr9cipal eng9es ( ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,am]ican design us$ 9 ! w> p]iod & s9ce are briefly describ$ "u ! f\r di/9ct types ( a]o eng9e2 su* notable examples z ! ,rolls-,royce1 ,sunbeam1 & ,napi] eng9es h be5 giv5 special m5tion1 z !y embodi$--& /ill embody--all t is be/ 9 a]o eng9e practice4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 little has be5 said ab\t ! developm5t ( ,g]man a]o eng9e design1 ap>t f ! e>ly ,daiml] & o!r pione] makes4 ,at ! outbreak ( ho/ilities 9 #aiad1 ?anks to subsidies to contractors & prizes to aircraft pilots1 ! ,g]man a]oplane indu/ry 0 9 a comp>atively fl\ri%+ condition4 ,!re 7 ab\t tw5ty-two e/abli%m5ts mak+ diff]5t types ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9es1 monoplane & biplane1 eng9$ = ! mo/ "p ) ! f\r-cyl9d] ,argus or ! six-cyl9d] ,m]c$es v]tical type eng9es1 ea* ( ^! be+ ( #ajj horse-p[]--x 0 n till w> br\ght increas+ dem&s on aircraft t ! limit ( p[] began to rise4 ,contempor>y ) ! ,argus & ,m]c$es 7 ! ,au/ro-,daiml]1 ,b5z1 & ,n4,a4,g41 9 v]tical design1 :ile z f> z rot>y types 7 conc]n$ !re 7 two1 ! ,ob]ursel & ! ,/ahlh]tz2 ( ^! ! =m] 0 by f> ! mo/ promis+1 & x came to virtual monopoly ( ! rot>y-eng9$ plane z soon z ! w> dem& began4 ,x 0 practically a copy ( ! fam\s ,gnome rot>y1 & ?us des]ves little description4 ,g]many1 f ! outbreak ( w>1 practically1 conc5trat$ on ! developm5t ( ! ,m]c$es eng9e2 & x is notewor?y t1 ) "o exception1 increase ( p[] correspond+ ) ! increas$ dem& = p[] 0 atta9$ )\t increas+ ! numb] ( cyl9d]s4 ,! v>i\s models rang$ betwe5 #ge & #bfj horse-p[]1 ! latt] be+ ! mo/ rec5t production ( ?is type4 ,! exception to ! rule 0 ! eight-cyl9d] #bdj horse-p[]1 :i* 0 replac$ by ! #bfj horse-p[] six-cyl9d] model1 ! latt] be+ m reliable & b v slightly heavi]4 ,( ! o!r eng9es1 ! #abj horsep[] ,argus & ! #afj & #bbe horse-p[] ,b5z 7 ! mo/ us$1 ! ,ob]ursel be+ v l>gely disc>d$ aft] ! ,fokk] monoplane _h _h its day1 & ! ,n4,a4,g4 & ,au/ro-,daiml] ,daiml] also fall+ to comp>ative disuse4 ,x may be said t ! developm5t ( ! ,m]c$es eng9e contribut$ v l>gely to su* success z 0 a*iev$ 9 ! w> p]iod by ,g]man aircraft1 &1 9 develop+ ! eng9e1 ! build]s 7 c>eful to make alt]ations 9 su* a way z to effect ! lea/ possible *ange 9 ! design ( a]oplane to :i* !y 7 to be fitt$4 ,?us ! eng9e base ( ! #age horse-p[] model co9cid$ precisely ) t ( ! #aej horse-p[] model1 & ! #bjj & #bdj horse-p[] models reta9$ ! same base dim5sions4 ,x 0 e/imat$1 9 #aiah1 t well ov] eighty p] c5t ( ,g]man aircraft 0 eng9$ ) ! ,m]c$es type4 ,9 design & con/ruction1 !re 0 no?+ abnormal ab\t ! ,m]c$es eng9e1 ! keynote ?r\gh\t be+ extreme reliability & su* simplification ( design z w\ld p]mit ( mass production 9 diff]5t factories4 ,ev5 be=e ! w>1 ! long li/ ( records set up by ?is eng9e =m$ practical application ( ! wisdom ( ?is policy2 ,bohn's flight ( #bd h\rs #aj m9utes1 accompli%$ on ,july #aj? & #aa?1 #aiad1 #i;is an in/ance ( ?is--! flight 0 accompli%$ on an ,albatross biplane ) a #ge horsep[] ,m]c$es eng9e4 ,! radial type1 in/anc$ 9 o!r c\ntries by ! ,salmson & ,anzani makes1 0 n develop$ 9 ,g]many2 two radial eng9es 7 made 9 t c\ntry be=e ! w>1 b ! ,g]mans seem$ to lose fai? 9 ! type "u w> conditions1 or x may h be5 t insi/5ce on /&>disation rul$ out all b ! prov$ examples ( eng9e4 ,details ( "o ( ! middle sizes ( ,m]c$es motor1 ! #agf horse-p[] type1 apply v g5]ally to ! :ole range2 ?is size 0 9 use up to & beyond ! conclusion ( ho/ilities1 & x may /ill be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( mod]n 7#aibj7 ,g]man practice4 ,! eng9e is ( ! fix$ v]tical type1 has six cyl9d]s 9 l9e1 n (f-set1 & is wat]-cool$4 ,! cam %aft is c>ri$ 9 a special bronze cas+1 seat$ on ! imm$iate top ( ! cyl9d]s1 & a v]tical %aft is int]pos$ betwe5 crank%aft & cam%aft1 ! latt] be+ driv5 by bevel ge>+4 ,on ?is v]tical connect+-%aft ! wat] pump is locat$1 s]v+ to /eady ! motion ( ! %aft4 ,ext5d+ imm$iately bel[ ! cam%aft is ano!r v]tical %aft1 driv5 by bevel ge>s f ! crank-%aft1 & t]m9at+ 9 a worm :i* drives ! multiple pi/on oil pumps4 ,! cyl9d]s are made f /eel =g+s1 z are ! valve *amb] elb[s1 :i* are ma*9$ all ov] & weld$ toge!r4 ,a jacket ( light /eel is weld$ ov] ! valve elb[s & atta*$ to a flange on ! cyl9d]s1 =m+ a wat]-cool+ space ) a section ( ab\t #g_/af ( an in*4 ,! cyl9d] bore is #e4e in*es1 & ! /roke #f4bi in*es4 ,! cyl9d]s are atta*$ to ! crank case by means ( dogs & long ?r\gh bolts1 :i* h %\ld]s ne> _! l[] ends & are bolt$ to ! l[] half ( ! crank *amb]4 ,a v light & rigid /ructure is ?us obta9$1 & ! me?od ( con/ruction won ! flatt]y ( imitation by mak]s ( o!r nationality4 ,! cool+ sy/em = ! cyl9d]s is extremely effici5t4 ,aft] leav+ ! wat] pump1 ! wat] ent]s ! top ( ! front cyl9d]s & passes successively ?r\gh ea* ( ! six cyl9d]s ( ! r[2 %ort tubes1 weld$ to ! tops ( ! cyl9d]s1 s]ve z connect+ l9ks 9 ! sy/em4 ,! ,panh>d c> eng9es = ye>s 7 fitt$ ) a simil> cool+ sy/em1 & ! ,:ite & ,poppe lorry eng9es 7 also simil>ly fitt$2 ! sy/em gives excell5t cool+ effect :]e x is mo/ ne$$1 r\nd ! valve *amb]s & ! cyl9d] heads4 ,! pi/ons are built up f two pieces2 a dropp$ =g$ /eel pi/on head1 f :i* dep5d ! pi/on p9 bosses1 is comb9$ ) a ca/-iron skirt1 into :i* ! /eel head is screw$4 ,f\r r+s are fitt$1 ?ree at ! upp] & "o at ! l[] end ( ! pi/on skirt1 & two lubricat+ oil grooves are cut 9 ! skirt1 9 addition to ! r+ grooves4 ,two small rivets reta9 ! /eel head on ! pi/on skirt aft] x has be5 screw$ into position1 & x is also weld$ at two po9ts4 ,! coeffici5t ( friction betwe5 ! ca/-iron & /eel is consid]ably less ?an t :i* w\ld exi/ betwe5 two /eel p>ts1 & !re is less t5d5cy = ! skirt to score ! cyl9d] walls ?an w\ld be ! case if all /eel 7 us$--s noticeable is ?is t _m mak]s1 aft] giv+ /eel pi/ons a trial1 disc>d$ !m 9 fav\r ( ca/-iron2 ! ,gnome is an example ( ?is1 be+ orig9ally fitt$ ) a /eel pi/on c>ry+ a brass r+1 disc>d$ 9 fav\r ( a ca/-iron pi/on ) a p]c5tage ( /eel 9 ! metal mixture4 ,9 ! ,le ,rhone eng9e ! difficulty is ov]come by a ca/-iron l9] to ! cyl9d]s4 ,! pi/on p9 ( ! ,m]c$es is ( *rome nickel /eel1 & is reta9$ 9 ! pi/on by means ( a set screw & cott] p94 ,! connect+ rods1 ( ,i section1 are v %ort & rigid1 c>ry+ float+ bronze bu%es :i* fit ! pi/on p9s at ! small end1 & c>ry+ an oil tube on ea* = convey+ oil f ! crank p9 to ! pi/on p94 ,! crank%aft is ( *rome nickel /eel1 c>ri$ on sev5 be>+s4 ,holes are drill$ ?r\gh ea* ( ! crank p9s & ma9 be>+s1 = half ! diamet] ( ! %aft1 & ^! are plugg$ ) press$ brass /uds4 ,small holes1 drill$ ?r\gh ! crank *eeks1 s]ve to convey lubricant f ! ma9 be>+s to ! crank p9s4 ,! propell] ?ru/ is tak5 by a simple ball ?ru/ be>+ at ! propell] end ( ! crank%aft1 ?is ?ru/ be>+ be+ seat$ 9 a /eel reta9] :i* is clamp$ betwe5 ! two halves ( ! crank case4 ,at ! =w>d end ( ! crank%aft !re is m\nt$ a ma/] bevel ge> on six spl9es2 ?is bevel floats on ! spl9es aga9/ a ball ?ru/ be>+1 &1 9 turn1 ! ?ru/ is tak5 by ! crank case cov]4 ,a /uff+ box prev5ts ! loss ( lubricant out ( ! front end ( ! crank *amb]1 & an oil ?r[] r+ s]ves a simil> purpose at ! propell] end ( ! crank *amb]4 ,) a motor spe$ ( #a1dej r4p4m41 ! v]tical %aft at ! =w>d end ( ! motor turns at #b1age r4p4m41 ?is be+ ! spe$ ( ! two magnetos & ! wat] pump4 ,! l[] v]tical %aft bevel ge> & ! magneto driv+ ge> are made integral ) ! v]tical driv+ %aft1 :i* is c>ri$ 9 pla9 be>+s 9 an alum9ium h\s+4 ,?is h\s+ is clamp$ to ! upp] half ( ! crank case by means ( ?ree /uds4 ,! cam-%aft c>ries eighte5 cams1 ^! be+ ! inlet & exhau/ cams1 & a set ( half compression cams :i* are =m$ ) ! exhau/ cams & are put into action :5 requir$ by means ( a lev] at ! =w>d end ( ! cam-%aft4 ,! cam-%aft is holl[1 & s]ves z a *annel = ! conveyance ( lubricat+ oil to ea* ( ! cam%aft be>+s4 ,at ! =w>d end ( ?is %aft !re is also m\nt$ an air pump = ma9ta9+ pressure on ! fuel supply tank1 & a bevel ge> ta*omet] drive4 ,lubrication ( ! eng9e is c>ri$ out by a full pressure sy/em4 ,! oil is pump$ ?r\gh a s+le manifold1 ) sev5 bran*es to ! crank%aft ma9 be>+s1 & !n 9 turn ?r\gh ! holl[ crank%aft to ! connect+-rod big ends & !nce ?r\gh small tubes1 already not$1 to ! small end be>+s4 ,! oil pump has f\r pi/ons & two d\ble valves driv5 f a s+le ecc5tric %aft on :i* are m\nt$ f\r ecc5trics4 ,! pump is cont9u\sly subm]g$ 9 oil2 9 ord] to avoid great v>iations 9 pressure 9 ! oil l9es !re is a pi/on op]at$ pressure regulator1 cut 9 betwe5 ! pump & ! oil l9es4 ,! two small pi/ons ( ! pump take fre% oil f a tank locat$ 9 ! fuselage ( ! ma*9e2 "o ( ^! deliv]s oil to ! cam %aft1 & "o deliv]s to ! crank%aft2 ?is fre% oil mixes ) ! us$ oil1 returns to ! base1 & back to ! ma9 l>ge oil pump cyl9d]s4 ,by means ( ^! small pump pi/ons a con/ant quantity ( oil is kept 9 ! motor1 & ! oil is cont9ually be+ fre%5$ by means ( ! new oil com+ 94 ,all ! oil pipes are v securely fa/5$ to ! l[] half ( ! crank case1 & "s cool+ ( ! oil is effect$ by air pass+ ?r\gh *annels ca/ 9 ! crank case on its way to ! c>burettor4 ,a light /eel manifold s]ves to connect ! exhau/ ports ( ! cyl9d]s to ! ma9 exhau/ pipe1 :i* is incl9$ ab\t #be degrees f v]tical & is arrang$ to give on to ! atmosph]e j ov] ! top ( ! upp] w+ ( ! a]oplane4 ,z reg>ds c>buration1 an automatic air valve surr\nds ! ?roat ( ! c>burettor1 ma9ta9+ normal composition ( mixture4 ,a small jet is fitt$ = />t+ & runn+ )\t load4 ,! *annels ca/ 9 ! crank *amb]1 already allud$ to 9 connection ) oil-cool+1 s]ve to w>m ! air be=e x rea*es ! c>burettor1 ( :i* ! body is wat]-jacket$4 ,ignition ( ! eng9e is by means ( two ,bos* ,,zh#f magnetos1 driv5 at a spe$ ( #b1age revolutions p] m9ute :5 ! eng9e is runn+ at its normal spe$ ( #a1dej revolutions4 ,! maximum advance ( sp>k is #ab mm41 or #cb degrees be=e ! top dead c5tre1 & ! fir+ ord] ( ! cyl9d]s is #a1e1c1f1b1d4 ,! radiator fitt$ to ?is eng9e1 toge!r ) ! wat]-jackets1 has a capacity ( #be litres ( wat]1 x is rectangul> 9 %ape1 & is normally tilt$ at an angle ( #cj degrees f v]tical4 ,its weight is #bf kg41 & x (f]s b slight head resi/ance 9 flight4 ,! radial type ( eng9e1 neglect$ altoge!r 9 ,g]many1 0 br\ght to a v high /ate ( p]fection at ! end ( ! ,w> p]iod by ,briti% mak]s4 ,two makes1 ! ,cosmos ,eng9e]+ ,company's ',jupit]' & ',lucif]1' & ! ,a4,b4,c4 ',wasp ,,ii' & ',dragon ,fly #a;,a' require special m5tion = _! light weight & reliability on trials4 ,! ,cosmos ',jupit]' 0--= x is no long] be+ made--a #dej horse-p[] n9e-cyl9d] radial eng9e1 air-cool$1 ) ! cyl9d]s set 9 "o s+le r[2 x 0 made bo? ge>$ to r$uce ! propell] revolutions relatively to ! crank%aft revolutions1 & unge>$2 ! normal p[] ( ! ge>$ type 0 #dej horse-p[]1 & ! total weight ( ! eng9e1 includ+ c>burettors1 magnetos1 etc41 0 only #geg lbs42 ! eng9e spe$ 0 #a1hej revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! propell] revolutions 7 r$uc$ by ! ge>+ to #a1bjj4 ,fitt$ to a ',bri/ol ,badg]' a]oplane1 ! total weight 0 #b1hjj lbs41 includ+ pilot1 pass5g]1 two ma*9e-guns1 & full milit>y load2 at #g1jjj feet ! regi/]$ spe$1 ) corrections = d5sity1 0 #acg miles p] h\r2 9 climb+1 ! fir/ #b1jjj feet 0 accompli%$ 9 #a m9ute #d seconds2 #d1jjj feet 0 rea*$ 9 #b m9utes #aj seconds2 #f1jjj feet 0 rea*$ 9 #c m9utes #cc seconds1 & #g1jjj feet 9 #d m9utes #ae seconds4 ,x 0 int5d$ to modify ! plane design & fit a new propell]1 9 ord] to atta9 ev5 bett] results1 b1 if trials 7 made ) ^! modifications1 ! results are n obta9able4 ,! ,cosmos ',lucif]' 0 a ?ree-cyl9d] radial type eng9e ( #ajj horse-p[]1 inv]t$ ,y design1 made on ! simple/ possible pr9ciples ) a view to quantity production & extreme reliability4 ,! rat$ #ajj horse-p[] 0 atta9$ at #a1fjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! cyl9d] dim5sions 7 #e4ge bore by #f4be in*es /roke4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ( alum9ium & /eel mixture1 ) alum9ium heads2 ov]head valves1 op]at$ by pu% rods on ! front side ( ! cyl9d]s1 7 fitt$1 & a simple r$uc+ ge> ran !m at half eng9e spe$4 ,! crank case 0 a circul> alum9ium ca/+1 ! eng9e be+ atta*$ to ! fuselage ( ! a]oplane by a circul> flange situat$ at ! back ( ! case2 propell] %aft & crank%aft 7 integral4 ,dual ignition 0 provid$1 ! g5]ator & di/ributors be+ driv5 (f ! back end ( ! eng9e & ! di/ributors be+ easily accessible4 ,lubrication 0 by means ( two pumps1 "o scav5g+ & "o suction1 oil be+ f$ "u pressure f ! crank%aft4 ,a s+le c>burettor f$ all ?ree cyl9d]s1 ! bran* pipe f ! c>burettor to ! circul> r+ be+ provid$ ) an exhau/ heat]4 ,! total weight ( ! eng9e1 'all on1' 0 #bhj lbs4 ,! ,a4,b4,c4 ',wasp ,,ii1' made by ,walton ,motors1 ,limit$1 is a sev5-cyl9d] radial1 air-cool$ eng9e1 ! cyl9d]s hav+ a bore ( #d4ge in*es & /roke #f4be in*es4 ,! normal brake horse-p[] at #a1fej revolutions is #afj1 & ! maximum #bjj at a spe$ ( #a1hej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,lubrication is by means ( two rot>y pumps1 "o fe$+ ?r\gh ! holl[ crank%aft to ! crank p91 giv+ c5trifugal fe$ to big end & !nce spla% oil+1 & "o fe$+ to ! nose ( ! eng9e1 dropp+ on to ! cams & =m+ a p]man5t sump = ! ge>s on ! bottom ( ! eng9e nose4 ,two c>burettors are fitt$1 & two two-sp>k magnetos1 runn+ at "o & ?ree-qu>t]s eng9e spe$4 ,! total weight ( ?is eng9e is #cej lbs41 or #a4ge lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,oil consumption at #a1hej revolutions is4#jc p9ts p] horse-p[] p] h\r1 & petrol consumption is4#ef p9ts p] horsep[] p] h\r4 ,! eng9e ?us %[s z v economical 9 consumption1 z well z v light 9 weight4 ,! ,a4,b4,c4 ',dragon ,fly #a;,a 'is a n9e-cyl9d] radial eng9e hav+ "o ov]head inlet & two ov]head exhau/ valves p] cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d] dim5sions are #e4e in*es bore by #f4e in*es /roke1 & ! normal rate ( spe$1 #a1fej revolutions p] m9ute1 gives #cdj horse-p[]4 ,! oil+ is by means ( two pumps1 ! sy/em be+ practically id5tical ) t ( ! ',wasp ,,ii4' ,oil consumption is4#jba p9ts p] brake horse-p[] p] h\r1 & petrol consumption4#ef p9ts--! same z t ( ! ',wasp ,,ii4' ,! weight ( ! complete eng9e1 includ+ propell] boss1 is #fjj lbs41 or #a1gfe lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,^! ,a4,b4,c4 radials h prov$ highly satisfactory on te/s1 & _! extreme simplicity ( design & reliability comm5d !m z eng9e]+ products & at ! same "t demon/rate ! value1 = a]o "w1 ( ! air-cool$ radial design--:5 ?is latt] is accompani$ by s\nd workman%ip4 ,^! & ! ,cosmos eng9es repres5t ! m9imum ( weight p] horse-p[] yet atta9$1 toge!r ) a practicable degree ( reliability1 9 radial & probably any a]o eng9e design4 ,,app5dix ,a ,,g5]al ,,m5si]',s ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,trials ,,( ,,clem5t ,,ad]',s ,,avion4 ,p>is1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahig4 ,report on ! trials ( ,m4 ,clem5t ,ad]'s aviation app>atus4 ,m4 ,ad] hav+ notifi$ ! ,m9i/] ( ,w> by lett]1 ,july #ba1 #ahig1 t ! ,app>atus ( ,aviation :i* he _h agre$ to build "u ! conditions set =? 9 ! conv5tion ( ,july #bd?1 #ahid1 0 ready1 & !re=e reque/+ t trials be und]tak5 be=e a ,committee appo9t$ = ?is purpose z p] ! decision ( ,augu/ #d?1 ! ,committee 0 appo9t$ z foll[s3-- ,division ,g5]al ,m5si]1 ,*airman2 ,division ,g5]al ,delambre1 ,inspector ,g5]al ( ! ,p]man5t ,works ( ,coa/ ,def5ce1 ,memb] ( ! ,te*nical ,committee ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,corps2 ,colonel ,lauss$at1 ,director ( ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,meti]s2 ,s>rau1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool2 ,leaute1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ at ! ,polyte*nique ,s*ool4 ,colonel ,lauss$at gave notice at once t 8 heal? & "w z ,director ( ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,meti]s did n p]mit him to be a memb] ( ! ,committee2 ! ,m9i/] !re=e accept$ 8 resignation on ,septemb] #bd?1 & decid$ n to replace him4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 on ! reque/ ( ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee1 ! ,m9i/] appo9t$ a new memb] ,g5]al ,grillon1 comm&+ ! ,eng9e] ,corps ( ! ,milit>y ,gov]nm5t ( ,p>is4 ,to c>ry on ! trials :i* 7 to take place at ! camp ( ,satory1 ! ,m9i/] ord]$ ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,milit>y ,=ces ( ,p>is to requisition f ! ,eng9e] ,corps1 on ! reque/ ( ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee1 ! m5 necess>y to prep>e ! gr\nds at ,satory4 ,aft] an inspection made on ! #af? an a]odrome 0 *os54 ,m4 ,ad]'s idea 0 to h x ( circul> %ape ) a wid? ( #dj metres & an av]age diamet] ( #dej metres4 ,! prelim9>y "w1 lay+ out ! gr\nds1 int]ior & ext]ior circumf]5ce1 etc41 0 f9i%$ at ! end ( ,augu/2 ! "w ( smoo?+ (f ! gr\nds began ,septemb] #a/ ) =ty-five m5 & two roll]s1 & 0 f9i%$ on ! day ( ! fir/ te/s1 ,octob] #ab?4 ,! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,committee 0 held ,augu/ #ah? 9 ,m4 ,ad]'s work%op2 ! object be+ to demon/rate ! ma*9e to ! ,committee & give all ! in=mation possible on ! te/s t 7 to be held4 ,aft] a c>eful exam9ation & aft] hav+ he>d all ! explanations by ! inv5tor :i* 7 deem$ useful & necess>y1 ! ,committee decid$ t ! app>atus seem$ to be built ) a p]fect und]/&+ ( ! purpose to be fulfill$ z f> z "o c\ld judge f a /udy ( ! app>atus at re/2 !y !re=e au?oris$ ,m4 ,ad] to take ! ma*9e ap>t & c>ry x to ! camp at ,satory s z to proce$ ) ! trials4 ,by lett] ( ,augu/ #ai? ! ,*airman made report to ! ,m9i/] ( ! f9d+s ( ! ,committee4 ,! "w on ! gr\nds hav+ tak5 long] ?an 0 anticipat$1 ! ,*airman took advantage ( ?is delay to call ! ,committee toge!r = a second meet+1 dur+ :i* ,m4 ,ad] 0 to run ! two propulsive screws situat$ at ! =w>d end ( ! app>atus4 ,! meet+ 0 held ,octob] #bnd4 ,x gave ! ,committee an opportunity to appreciate ! motive p[] 9 all its details2 firebox1 boil]1 eng9e1 "u p]fect control1 absolute cond5sation1 automatic fuel & fe$ ( ! liquid to be vaporis$1 automatic lubrication & scav5g+2 ev]y?+1 9 a ^w1 seem$ well design$ & execut$4 ,! weights 9 comp>ison ) ! p[] ( ! eng9e realis$ a consid]able advance ov] any?+ made to date1 s9ce ! two eng9es weigh$ toge!r realis$ #db kg41 ! firebox & boil] #fj kg41 ! cond5s] #ae kg41 or a total ( #aag kg4 = approximately #dj horse-p[] or a little less ?an #c kg4 p] horse-p[]4 ,"o ( ! memb]s summ$ up ! g5]al op9ion by say+3 ',:atev] may be ! result f an aviation po9t ( view1 a result :i* c\ld n be =ese5 = ! mom5t1 x 0 nev]!less prov5 t f a me*anical po9t ( view ,m4 ,ad]'s app>atus 0 ( ! greate/ int]e/ & real +5iosity4 ,he express$ a hope t 9 any case ! ma*9e w\ld n be lo/ to sci5ce4' ,! second exp]im5t 9 ! work%op 0 made 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,*airman1 ! purpose be+ to demon/rate t ! w+s1 hav+ a spread ( #ag metres1 7 suffici5tly /rong to support ! weight ( ! app>atus4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 #ad slid+ supports 7 plac$ "u ea* "o ( ^!1 repres5t+ imp]fectly ! mann] 9 :i* ! w+s w\ld support ! ma*9e 9 ! air2 by gradually rais+ ! supports ) ! slides1 ! :eels on :i* ! ma*9e re/$ 7 lift$ f ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 evid5t at t "t t ! memb]s compos+ ! skeleton ( ! w+s support$ ! app>atus1 & x 0 q evid5t t :5 ! w+s 7 support$ by ! air on e po9t ( _! surface1 ! /ress w\ld be bett] equalis$ ?an :5 re/+ on a few supports1 & !re=e ! resi/ance to breakage w\ld be consid]ably great]4 ,aft] ?is la/ te/1 ! "w on ! gr\nd be+ practically f9i%$1 ! ma*9e 0 transport$ to ,satory1 assembl$ & aga9 made ready = trial4 ,at fir/ ,m4 ,ad] 0 to manoeuvre ! ma*9e on ! gr\nd at a mod]ate spe$1 !n increase ?is until x 0 possible to judge :e!r !re 0 a t5d5cy = ! ma*9e to rise2 & x 0 only aft] ,m4 ,ad] _h acquir$ suffici5t practice t a meet+ ( ! ,committee 0 to be call$ to be pres5t at ! fir/ "p ( ! trials2 namely1 volutions ( ! app>atus on ! gr\nd4 ,! fir/ te/ took place on ,tuesday1 ,octob] #ab?1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee4 ,x _h ra9$ a good deal dur+ ! night & ! clay track w\ld h (f]$ consid]able resi/ance to ! roll+ ( ! ma*9e2 fur!rmore1 a mod]ate w9d 0 bl[+ f ! s\?-we/1 too /rong dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! aft]noon to all[ ( any trials4 ,t[>d sunset1 h[ev]1 ! w9d hav+ weak5$1 ,m4 ,ad] decid$ to make 8 fir/ trial2 ! ma*9e 0 tak5 out ( its hang>1 ! w+s 7 m\nt$ & /eam rais$4 ,m4 ,ad] 9 8 seat _h1 on ea* side ( him1 "o man to ! "r & "o to ! left1 ^: duty 0 to rectify ! direction ( ! app>atus 9 ! ev5t t ! action ( ! re> :eel z a rudd] w\ld n be suffici5t to hold ! ma*9e 9 a /raight c\rse4 ,at #e4be p4m4 ! ma*9e 0 />t$1 at fir/ sl[ly & !n at an increas$ spe$2 aft] #bej or #cjj metres1 ! two m5 :o 7 be+ dragg$ by ! app>atus 7 exhau/$ & =c$ to fall flat on ! gr\nd 9 ord] to all[ ! w+s to pass ov] !m1 & ! trip ar\nd ! track 0 complet$1 a total ( #a1djj metres1 )\t incid5t1 at a fair spe$1 :i* c\ld be e/imat$ to be f #cjj to #djj metres p] m9ute4 ,not)/&+ ,m4 ,ad]'s inexp]i5ce1 ?is be+ ! fir/ "t t he _h run 8 app>atus1 he foll[$ approximately ! *alk l9e :i* m>k$ ! c5tre ( ! track & he /opp$ at ! exact po9t f :i* he />t$4 ,! m>ks ( ! :eels on ! gr\nd1 :i* 0 r s(t1 did n %[ up v mu*1 & x 0 cle> t a "p ( ! weight ( ! app>atus _h be5 support$ by ! w+s1 ?\gh ! spe$ 0 only ab\t "o-?ird ( :at ! ma*9e c\ld d _h ,m4 ,ad] us$ all its motive p[]2 he 0 runn+ at a pressure ( f #c to #d atmosph]es1 :5 he c\ld h us$ #aj to #ab4 ,?is fir/ trial1 s =tunately accompli%$1 0 ( great importance2 x 0 ! fir/ "t t a comp>atively heavy vehicle 7ne>ly #djj kg41 includ+ ! weight ( ! op]ator1 fuel1 & wat]7 _h be5 set 9 motion by a tractive app>atus1 us+ ! air solely z a propell+ m$ium4 ,! fav\rable report turn$ 9 by ! ,committee aft] ! meet+ ( ,octob] #bnd 0 f\nd ju/ifi$ by ! results demon/rat$ on ! gr\nds1 & ! fir/ problem ( aviation1 namely1 ! creation ( effici5t motive p[]1 c\ld be consid]$ z solv$1 s9ce ! propulsion ( ! app>atus 9 ! air w\ld be a great deal easi] ?an ! traction on ! gr\nd1 provid$ t ! second "p ( ! problem1 ! su/a9+ ( ! ma*9e 9 ! air1 w\ld be realis$4 ,! next day1 ,w$nesday ! #ac?1 no fur!r trials 7 made on acc\nt ( ! ra9 & w9d4 ,on ,?ursday ! #ad? ! ,*airman reque/$ t ,g5]al ,grillon1 :o _h j be5 appo9t$ a memb] ( ! ,committee1 accompany him s z to h a second witness4 ,! wea!r 0 f9e1 b a fairly /rong1 gu/y w9d 0 bl[+ f ! s\?4 ,m4 ,ad] expla9$ to ! two memb]s ( ! ,committee ! dang] ( ^! gu/s1 s9ce at two po9ts ( ! circumf]5ce ! w9d w\ld /rike him sideways4 ,! w9d 0 bl[+ 9 ! direction ,a ,b1 ! app>atus />t+ f ,c1 & runn+ 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[4 ,! fir/ dang]\s spot w\ld be at ,b4 ,! app>atus _h be5 kept 9 read9ess 9 ! ev5t ( ! w9d dy+ d[n4 ,t[>d sunset ! w9d seem$ to die d[n1 z x _h done on ! ev5+ ( ! #ab?4 ,m4 ,ad] hesitat$1 :i*1 un=tunately1 fur!r ev5ts only ju/ifi$1 b decid$ to make a new trial4 ,at ! />t1 :i* took place at #e4ae p4m41 ! app>atus1 hav+ ! w9d 9 ! re>1 seem$ to run at a fairly regul> spe$2 x 01 nev]!less1 easy to note f ! m>ks ( ! :eels on ! gr\nd t ! re> "p ( ! app>atus _h be5 lift$ & t ! re> :eel1 be+ ! rudd]1 _h n be5 9 con/ant contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! ma*9e came to ! neighb\rhood ( ,b1 ! two memb]s ( ! ,committee saw ! ma*9e sw]ve sudd5ly out ( ! track 9 a semicircle1 lean ov] to ! "r & f9ally /op4 ,!y imm$iately proce$$ to ! po9t :]e ! accid5t _h tak5 place & endeav\r$ to f9d an explanation = ! same4 ,! ,*airman f9ally decid$ z foll[s3 ,m4 ,ad] 0 ! victim ( a gu/ ( w9d :i* he _h fe>$ z he expla9$ be=e />t+ out2 feel+ himself ?r[n out ( 8 c\rse1 he tri$ to use ! rudd] en]getically1 b at t "t ! re> :eel 0 n 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 & !re=e did n p]=m its function2 ! canvas rudd]1 :i* _h z its purpose ! manoeuvr+ ( ! ma*9e 9 ! air1 did n h suffici5t action on ! gr\nd4 ,x w\ld h be5 possible )\t any d\bt to react by us+ ! propell]s at unequal spe$1 b ,m4 ,ad]1 be+ /ill inexp]i5c$1 _h n ?\ght ( ?is4 ,fur!rmore1 he 0 ?r[n out ( 8 c\rse s quickly t he decid$1 9 ord] to avoid a m s]i\s accid5t1 to /op bo? eng9es4 ,?is sudd5 /op produc$ ! half-circle already describ$ & ! fall ( ! ma*9e on its side4 ,! damage to ! ma*9e 0 s]i\s2 consi/+ at fir/ sight ( ! rupture ( bo? propell]s1 ! re> left :eel & ! b5d+ ( ! left w+ tip4 ,x w only be possible to det]m9e aft] ! ma*9e is tak5 ap>t :e!r ! eng9e1 & m p>ticul>ly ! organs ( transmission1 h be5 put out ( l9e4 ,:atev] ! damage may be1 ?\gh comp>atively easy to repair1 x w take a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t1 & tak+ into consid]ation ! "t ( ye> x is evid5t t ! te/s w h to be adj\rn$ = ! pres5t4 ,z has be5 said 9 ! above report1 ! te/s1 ?\gh prematurely int]rupt$1 h %[n results ( great importance1 & ?\gh ! f9al results are h>d to =esee1 x w\ld seem advisable to cont9ue ! trials4 ,by wait+ = ! return ( spr+ !re w be pl5ty ( "t to f9i% ! te/s & x w n be necess>y to ru% matt]s1 :i* 0 a p>tial cause ( ! accid5t4 ,! ,*airman ( ! ,committee p]sonally has b "o hope1 & t is t a decision be rea*$ accord+ly4 ,division ,g5]al1 ,*airman ( ! ,committee1 ,m5si]4 ,b\logne-sur-,se9e1 ,octob] #ba/1 #ahig4 ,annex to ! ,report ( ,octob] #ba/4 ,g5]al ,grillon1 :o 0 pres5t at ! trials ( ! #ad?1 & :o saw ! report relative to :at happ5$ dur+ t day1 made ! foll[+ obs]vations 9 writ+1 :i* are reproduc$ h]e) 9 quotation m>ks4 ,! ,*airman ( ! ,committee does n agree ) ,g5]al ,grillon & he answ]s ^! obs]vations p>agraph by p>agraph4 #a4 ',if ! re> :eel 7!re is only "o ( ^!7 left b int]mitt5t tracks on ! gr\nd1 does t prove t ! ma*9e has a t5d5cy to rise :5 runn+ at a c]ta9 spe$8' ,answ]4--,?is does n prove any?+ 9 any way1 & ,i 0 v c>eful n to m5tion ?is 9 my report1 ?is po9t be+ exactly :at 0 ne$$ & t 0 n demon/rat$ dur+ ! two te/s made on ! gr\nds4 ',does n ?is unequal pressure ( ! two pair ( :eels on ! gr\nd %[ t ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! app>atus is plac$ too f> =w>d & t "u ! impulse ( ! propell]s ! ma*9e has a t5d5cy to tilt =w>d1 due to ! resi/ance ( ! air8' ,answ]4--,! t5d5cy ( ! app>atus to rise f ! re> :5 x 0 runn+ ) ! w9d seem$ to be br\ght ab\t by ! effects ( ! w9d on ! huge w+s1 hav+ a spread ( #ag metres1 & ,i believe t :5 ! ma*9e w\ld h fac$ ! w9d ! front :eels w\ld h be5 lift$4 ,dur+ ! trials ( ,octob] #ab?1 :5 a complete circuit ( ! track 0 accompli%$ )\t incid5ts1 z ,i & ,lieut4 ,b9et witness$1 !re 0 practically no w9d4 ,i 0 !re=e unable to v]ify :e!r dur+ ?is circuit ! two front :eels or ! re> :eel 7 9 con/ant contact ) ! gr\nd1 because :5 ! trial 0 ov] x 0 d>k 7x 0 #e4cj7 & ! next day x 0 impossible to see any?+ because x _h ra9$ dur+ ! night & dur+ ,w$nesday morn+4 ,b :at w\ld prove t ! re> :eel 0 9 contact ) ! gr\nd at all times is ! fact t ,m4 ,ad]1 ?\gh inexp]i5c$1 did n sw]ve f ! circul> track1 :i* w\ld prove t he /e]$ pretty well ) 8 re> :eel--?is he c\ld n h done if he _h be5 9 ! air4 ,9 ! te/s ( ! #ab?1 ! spe$ 0 at lea/ z great z on ! #ad?4 #b4 ',x w\ld seem to me t if ,m4 ,ad] ?\ght t 8 re> :eels 7 (f ! gr\nd he %\ld h us$ 8 canvas rudd] 9 ord] to rega9 8 prop] c\rse2 ?is 0 ! be/ way ( caus+ ! ma*9e to rotate1 s9ce x w\ld h giv5 an angul> motion to ! front axle4' ,answ]4--,i /ate 9 my report t ! canvas rudd] ^: object 0 ! manoeuvre ( ! app>atus 9 ! air c\ld h no effect on ! app>atus on ! gr\nd1 & to conv9ce oneself ( ?is po9t x is only necess>y to consid] ! small surface ( ?is canvas rudd] comp>$ ) ! mass to be h&l$ on ! gr\nd1 a weight ( approximately #djj kg4 ,accord+ to my idea1 & z ,i h /at$ 9 my report1 ,m4 ,ad] %\ld h /e]$ by increas+ ! spe$ on "o ( 8 propell]s & sl[+ d[n ! o!r4 ,he admitt$ aft]w>d t ?is rem>k 0 well f\nd$1 b t he did n h "t to ?9k ( x ow+ to ! sudd5ness ( ! accid5t4 #c4 ',:5 ! app>atus fell on its side x 0 "u ! sole influ5ce ( ! w9d1 s9ce ,m4 ,ad] _h /opp$ ! ma*9e4 ,h we n a result "h :i* w always be ! same :5 ! ma*9e comes to ! gr\nd1 s9ce ! eng9es w always h to be /opp$ or sl[$ d[n :5 com+ to ! gr\nd8 ,"h seems to be a bad defect ( ! app>atus "u trial4' ,answ]4--,i believe t ! app>atus fell on its side aft] com+ to a /op1 n on acc\nt ( ! w9d1 b because ! semicircle describ$ 0 on r\gh gr\nd & "o ( ! :eels _h collaps$4 ,m5si]4 ,octob] #bg?1 #ahig4 ,,app5dix ,b ,specification & ,claims ( ,wright ,pat5t1 ,no4 #hbacic4 ,fil$ ,m>* #bcrd1 #aijc4 ,issu$ ,may #bbnd1 #aijf4 ,expires ,may #bbnd1 #aibc4 ,to all :om x may conc]n4 ,be x kn[n t we1 ,orville ,wright & ,wilbur ,wright1 citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 resid+ 9 ! city ( ,dayton1 c\nty ( ,montgom]y1 & ,/ate ( ,ohio1 h inv5t$ c]ta9 new & useful ,improvem5ts 9 ,fly+ ,ma*9es1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a specification4 ,our inv5tion relates to t class ( fly+-ma*9es 9 :i* ! weight is su/a9$ by ! reactions result+ :5 "o or m a]oplanes are mov$ ?r\gh ! air edgewise at a small angle ( incid5ce1 ei!r by ! application ( me*anical p[] or by ! utilisation ( ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! objects ( our inv5tion are to provide means = ma9ta9+ or re/or+ ! equilibrium or lat]al balance ( ! app>atus1 to provide means = guid+ ! ma*9e bo? v]tically & horizontally1 & to provide a /ructure comb9+ lightness1 /r5g?1 conv5i5ce ( con/ruction & c]ta9 o!r advantages :i* w h]e9aft] appe>4 ,to ^! ends our inv5tion consi/s 9 c]ta9 novel features1 :i* we w n[ proce$ to describe & w !n p>ticul>ly po9t out 9 ! claims4 ,9 ! accompany+ draw+s1 ,figure ,i #a is a p]spective view ( an app>atus embody+ our inv5tion 9 "o =m4 ,fig4 #b is a plan view ( ! same1 p>tly 9 horizontal section & p>tly brok5 away4 ,fig4 #c is a side elevation1 & ,figs4 #d & #e are detail views1 ( "o =m ( flexible jo9t = connect+ ! upright /&>ds ) ! a]oplanes4 ,9 fly+ ma*9es ( ! "* to :i* ?is inv5tion relates ! app>atus is support$ 9 ! air by reason ( ! contact betwe5 ! air & ! "u surface ( "o or m a]oplanes1 ! contact surface be+ pres5t$ at a small angle ( incid5ce to ! air4 ,! relative movem5ts ( ! air & a]oplane may be d]iv$ f ! motion ( ! air 9 ! =m ( w9d bl[+ 9 ! direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! app>atus is travell+ or by a comb9$ d[nw>d & =w>d movem5t ( ! ma*9e1 z 9 />t+ f an elevat$ position or by comb9ation ( ^! two ?+s1 & 9 ei!r case ! op]ation is t ( a so>+-ma*9e1 :ile p[] appli$ to ! ma*9e to propel x positively =w>d w cause ! air to support ! ma*9e 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 ei!r case ow+ to ! v>y+ conditions to be met !re are num]\s di/urb+ =ces :i* t5d to %ift ! ma*9e f ! position :i* x %\ld occupy to obta9 ! desir$ results4 ,x is ! *ief object ( our inv5tion to provide means = rem$y+ ?is difficulty1 & we w n[ proce$ to describe ! con/ruction by means ( :i* ^! results are accompli%$4 ,9 ! accompany+ draw+ we h %[n an app>atus embody+ our inv5tion 9 "o =m4 ,9 ?is illu/rative embodim5t ! ma*9e is %[n z compris+ two p>allel sup]pos$ a]oplanes1 #a & #b1 may be embodi$ 9 a /ructure hav+ a s+le a]oplane4 ,ea* a]oplane is ( consid]ably great] wid? f side to side ?an f front to re>4 ,! f\r corn]s ( ! upp] a]oplane are indicat$ by ! ref]5ce lett]s a1 b1 c1 & d1 :ile ! correspond+ corn]s ( ! l[] a]oplane #b are indicat$ by ! ref]5ce lett]s e1 f1 g1 & h4 ,! m>g9al l9es ab & ef indicate ! front edges ( ! a]oplanes1 ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! upp] a]oplane are indicat$1 respectively1 by ! l9es ad & bc1 ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! l[] a]oplane are indicat$1 respectively1 by ! l9es eh & fg1 :ile ! re> m>g9s ( ! upp] & l[] a]oplanes are indicat$1 respectively1 by ! l9es cd & gh4 ,be=e proce$+ to a description ( ! fundam5tal !ory ( op]ation ( ! /ructure we w fir/ describe ! pref]r$ mode ( con/ruct+ ! a]oplanes & ^? portions ( ! /ructure :i* s]ve to connect ! two a]oplanes4 ,ea* a]oplane is =m$ by /ret*+ clo? or o!r suitable fabric ov] a frame compos$ ( two p>allel transv]se sp>s #c1 ext5d+ f side to side ( ! ma*9e1 _! ends be+ connect$ by b[s #d ext5d+ f front to re> ( ! ma*9e4 ,! front & re> sp>s #c ( ea* a]oplane are connect$ by a s]ies ( p>allel ribs #e1 :i* pref]ably ext5d some:at beyond ! re> sp>1 z %[n4 ,^! sp>s1 b[s1 & ribs are pref]ably con/ruct$ ( wood hav+ ! necess>y /r5g?1 comb9$ ) lightness & flexibility4 ,^u ?is framework ! clo? :i* =ms ! support+ surface ( ! a]oplane is secur$1 ! frame be+ enclos$ 9 ! clo?4 ,! clo? = ea* a]oplane previ\s to its atta*m5t to its frame is cut on ! bias & made up into a s+le piece approximately ! size & %ape ( ! a]oplane1 hav+ ! ?reads ( ! fabric arrang$ diagonally to ! transv]se sp>s & longitud9al ribs1 z indicat$ at #f 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,?us ! diagonal ?reads ( ! clo? =m truss sy/ems ) ! sp>s & ribs1 ! ?reads con/itut+ ! diagonal memb]s4 ,a hem is =m$ at ! re> edge ( ! clo? to receive a wire #g1 :i* is connect$ to ! ends ( ! re> sp> & support$ by ! re>w>dly-ext5d+ ends ( ! longitud9al ribs #e1 ?us =m+ a re>w>dly-ext5d+ flap or portion ( ! a]oplane4 ,?is con/ruction ( ! a]oplane gives a surface :i* has v great /r5g? to )/& lat]al & longitud9al /ra9s1 at ! same "t be+ capable ( be+ b5t or twi/$ 9 ! mann] h]e9aft] describ$4 ,:5 two a]oplanes are employ$1 z 9 ! con/ruction illu/rat$1 !y are connect$ toge!r by upright /&>ds #h4 ,^! /&>ds are sub/antially rigid1 be+ pref]ably con/ruct$ ( wood & ( equal l5g?1 equally spac$ along ! front & re> edges ( ! a]oplane1 to :i* !y are connect$ at _! top & bottom ends by h+$ jo9ts or univ]sal jo9ts ( any suitable description4 ,we h %[n "o =m ( connection :i* may be us$ = ?is purpose 9 ,figs4 #d & #e ( ! draw+s4 ,9 ?is con/ruction ea* end ( ! /&>d #h has secur$ to x an eye #i :i* engages ) a hook #aj1 secur$ to a bracket plate #aa1 :i* latt] plate is 9 turn fa/5$ to ! sp> #c4 ,diagonal braces or /ay-wires #ab ext5d f ea* end ( ea* /&>d to ! opposite ends ( ! adjac5t /&>ds1 & z a conv5i5t mode ( atta*+ ^! p>ts ,i h %[n a hook #ac made integral ) ! hook #aj to receive ! end ( "o ( ! /ay-wires1 ! o!r /ay-wire be+ m\nt$ on ! hook #aj4 ,! hook #ac is %[n z b5t d[n to reta9 ! /ay-wire 9 connection to x1 :ile ! hook #aj is %[n z provid$ ) a p9 #ad to hold ! /aywire #ab & eye #i 9 position !reon4 ,x w be se5 t ?is con/ruction =ms a truss sy/em :i* gives ! :ole ma*9e great transv]se rigidity & /r5g?1 :ile at ! same "t ! jo9t$ connections ( ! p>ts p]mit ! a]oplanes to be b5t or twi/$ 9 ! mann] :i* we w n[ proce$ to describe4 #ae indicates a rope or o!r flexible connection ext5d+ l5g?wise ( ! front ( ! ma*9e above ! l[] a]oplane1 pass+ "u pulleys or o!r suitable guides #af at ! front corn]s e & f ( ! l[] a]oplane1 & ext5d+ !nce upw>d & re>w>d to ! upp] re> corn]s c & d1 ( ! upp] a]oplane1 :]e !y are atta*$1 z indicat$ at #ag4 ,to ! c5tral portion ( ! rope !re is connect$ a lat]ally-movable cradle #ah1 :i* =ms a means = mov+ ! rope l5g?wise 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 ! cradle be+ movable t[>d ei!r side ( ! ma*9e4 ,we h devis$ ?is cradle z a conv5i5t means = op]at+ ! rope #ae1 & ! ma*9e is int5d$ to be g5]ally us$ ) ! op]ator ly+ face d[nw>d on ! l[] a]oplane1 ) 8 head to ! front1 s t ! op]ator's body re/s on ! cradle1 & ! cradle c be mov$ lat]ally by ! movem5ts ( ! op]ator's body4 ,x w be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! rope #ae may be manipulat$ 9 any suitable mann]4 #ai indicates a second rope ext5d+ transv]sely ( ! ma*9e along ! re> edge ( ! body portion ( ! l[] a]oplane1 pass+ "u suitable pulleys or guides #bj at ! re> corn]s g & h ( ! l[] a]oplane & ext5d+ !nce diagonally upw>d to ! front corn]s a & b ( ! upp] a]oplane1 :]e its ends are secur$ 9 any suitable mann]1 z indicat$ at #ba4 ,consid]+ ! /ructure s f> z we h n[ describ$ x1 & assum+ t ! cradle #ah be mov$ to ! "r 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s appli$ to ! cradle 9 ,fig4 #a & by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #b1 x w be se5 t t portion ( ! rope #ae pass+ "u ! guide pulley at ! corn] e & secur$ to ! corn] d w be "u t5sion1 :ile slack is paid out ?r\gh\t ! o!r side or half ( ! rope #ae4 ,! "p ( ! rope #ae "u t5sion ex]cises a d[nw>d pull ^u ! re> upp] corn] d ( ! /ructure & an upw>d pull ^u ! front l[] corn] e1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,?is causes ! corn] d to move d[nw>d & ! corn] e to move upw>d4 ,z ! corn] e moves upw>d x c>ries ! corn] a upw>d ) x1 s9ce ! int]m$iate /&>d #h is sub/antially rigid & ma9ta9s an equal di/ance betwe5 ! corn]s a & e at all times4 ,simil>ly1 ! /&>d #h1 connect+ ! corn]s d & h1 causes ! corn] h to move d[nw>d 9 unison ) ! corn] d4 ,s9ce ! corn] a ?us moves upw>d & ! corn] h moves d[nw>d1 t portion ( ! rope #ai connect$ to ! corn] a w be pull$ upw>d ?r\gh ! pulley #bj at ! corn] h1 & ! pull ?us ex]t$ on ! rope #ai w pull ! corn] b on ! o!r wise ( ! ma*9e d[nw>d & at ! same "t pull ! corn] g at said o!r side ( ! ma*9e upw>d4 ,?is results 9 a d[nw>d movem5t ( ! corn] b & an upw>d movem5t ( ! corn] c4 ,?us x results f a lat]al movem5t ( ! cradle #ah to ! "r 9 ,fig4 #a t ! lat]al m>g9s ad & eh at "o side ( ! ma*9e are mov$ f _! normal positions 9 :i* !y lie 9 ! normal planes ( _! respective a]oplanes1 into angul> relations ) said normal planes1 ea* lat]al m>g9 on ?is side ( ! ma*9e be+ rais$ above said normal plane at its =w>d end & depress$ bel[ said normal plane at its re> end1 said lat]al m>g9s be+ ?us incl9$ upw>d & =w>d4 ,at ! same "t a rev]se incl9ation is imp>t$ to ! lat]al m>g9s bc end fg at ! o!r side ( ! ma*9e1 _! incl9ation be+ d[nw>d & =w>d4 ,^! positions are indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #a ( ! draw+s4 ,a movem5t ( ! cradle #ah 9 ! opposite direction f its normal position w rev]se ! angul> incl9ation ( ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! a]oplanes 9 an obvi\s mann]4 ,by reason ( ?is con/ruction x w be se5 t ) ! p>ticul> mode ( con/ruction n[ "u consid]ation x is possible to move ! =w>d corn] ( ! lat]al edges ( ! a]oplane on "o side ( ! ma*9e ei!r above or bel[ ! normal planes ( ! a]oplanes1 a rev]se movem5t ( ! =w>d corn]s ( ! lat]al m>g9s on ! o!r side ( ! ma*9e occurr+ simultane\sly4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation ea* a]oplane is twi/$ or di/ort$ ar\nd a l9e ext5d+ c5trally across ! same f ! middle ( "o lat]al m>g9 to ! middle ( ! o!r lat]al m>g91 ! twi/ due to ! mov+ ( ! lat]al m>g9s to diff]5t angles ext5d+ across ea* a]oplane f side to side1 s t ea* a]oplane surface is giv5 a helicoidal w>p or twi/4 ,we pref] ?is con/ruction & mode ( op]ation = ! reason t x gives a gradually increas+ angle to ! body ( ea* a]oplane f ! c5tre longitud9al l9e !re( outw>d to ! m>g91 ?us giv+ a cont9u\s surface on ea* side ( ! ma*9e1 :i* has a gradually increas+ or decreas+ angle ( incid5ce f ! c5tre ( ! ma*9e to ei!r side4 ,we wi% x to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t our inv5tion is n limit$ to ?is p>ticul> con/ruction1 s9ce any con/ruction :]eby ! angul> relations ( ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! a]oplanes may be v>i$ 9 opposite directions ) respect to ! normal planes ( said a]oplanes comes )9 ! scope ( our inv5tion4 ,fur!rmore1 x %\ld be und]/ood t :ile ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! a]oplanes move to diff]5t angul> positions ) respect to or above & bel[ ! normal planes ( said a]oplanes1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ^! movem5ts br+ ! opposite lat]al edges to diff]5t angles respectively above & bel[ a horizontal plane s9ce ! normal planes ( ! bodies ( ! a]oplanes are incl9$ to ! horizontal :5 ! ma*9e is 9 flight1 said incl9ation be+ d[nw>d f front to re>1 & :ile ! =w>d corn]s on "o side ( ! ma*9e may be depress$ bel[ ! normal planes ( ! bodies ( ! a]oplanes said depression is n necess>ily suffici5t to c>ry !m bel[ ! horizontal planes pass+ ?r\gh ! re> corn]s on t side4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh we pref] to s con/ruct ! app>atus t ! movem5ts ( ! lat]al m>g9s on ! opposite sides ( ! ma*9e are equal 9 ext5t & opposite m direction1 yet our inv5tion is n limit$ to a con/ruction produc+ ?is result1 s9ce x may be desirable "u c]ta9 circum/ances to move ! lat]al m>g9s on "o side ( ! ma*9e j describ$ )\t mov+ ! lat]al m>g9s on ! o!r side ( ! ma*9e to an equal ext5t 9 ! opposite direction4 ,turn+ n[ to ! purpose ( ?is provision = mov+ ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! a]oplanes 9 ! mann] describ$1 x %\ld be premis$ t ow+ to v>i\s conditions ( w9d pressure & o!r causes ! body ( ! ma*9e is apt to become unbalanc$ lat]ally1 "o side t5d+ to s9k & ! o!r side t5d+ to rise1 ! ma*9e turn+ ar\nd its c5tral longitud9al axis4 ,! provision :i* we h j describ$ enables ! op]ator to meet ?is difficulty & pres]ve ! lat]al balance ( ! ma*9e4 ,assum+ t = "s cause t side ( ! ma*9e :i* lies to ! left ( ! obs]v] 9 ,figs4 #a & #b has %[n a t5d5cy to drop d[nw>d1 a movem5t ( ! cradle #ah to ! "r ( said figures1 z h]e9 be=e assum$1 w move ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! a]oplanes 9 ! mann] already describ$1 s t ! m>g9s ad & eh w be incl9$ d[nw>d & re>w>d1 & ! lat]al m>g9s bc & fg w be incl9$ upw>d & re>w>d ) respect to ! normal planes ( ! bodies ( ! a]oplanes4 ,) ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e 9 ?is position x w be se5 t ! lat]al m>g9s ad & eh pres5t a l>g] angle ( incid5ce to ! resi/+ air1 :ile ! lat]al m>g9s on ! o!r side ( ! ma*9e pres5t a small] angle ( incid5ce4 ,ow+ to ?is fact1 ! side ( ! ma*9e pres5t+ ! l>g] angle ( incid5ce w t5d to lift or move upw>d1 & ?is upw>d movem5t w re/ore ! lat]al balance ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 ! o!r side ( ! ma*9e t5ds to drop1 a movem5t ( ! cradle #ah 9 ! rev]se direction w re/ore ! ma*9e to its normal lat]al equilibrium4 ,( c\rse1 ! same effect w be produc$ 9 ! same way 9 ! case ( a ma*9e employ+ only a s+le a]oplane4 ,9 connection ) ! body ( ! ma*9e z ?us op]at$ we employ a v]tical rudd] or tail #bb1 s support$ z to turn ar\nd a v]tical axis4 ,?is rudd] is support$ at ! re> ends on supports or arms #bc1 pivot$ at _! =w>d ends to ! re> m>g9s ( ! upp] & l[] a]oplanes1 respectively4 ,^! supports are pref]ably ,v-%ap$1 z %[n1 s t _! =w>d ends are comp>atively widely sep>at$1 _! pivots be+ indicat$ at #bd4 ,said supports are free to sw+ upw>d at _! free re> ends1 z indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #c1 _! d[nw>d movem5t be+ limit$ 9 any suitable mann]4 ,! v]tical pivots ( ! rudd] #bb are indicat$ at #be1 & "o ( ^! pivots has m\nt$ !reon a %eave or pulley #bf1 ar\nd :i* passes a till]-rope #bg1 ! ends ( :i* are ext5d$ out lat]ally & secur$ to ! rope #ai on opposite sides ( ! c5tral po9t ( said rope4 ,by reason ( ?is con/ruction ! lat]al %ift+ ( ! cradle #ah s]ves to turn ! rudd] to "o side or ! o!r ( ! l9e ( flight4 ,x w be obs]v$ 9 ?is connection t ! con/ruction is su* t ! rudd] w always be s turn$ z to pres5t its resi/+ surface on t side ( ! ma*9e on :i* ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! a]oplanes pres5t ! lea/ angle ( resi/ance4 ,! reason ( ?is con/ruction is t :5 ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! a]oplanes are s turn$ 9 ! mann] h]e9be=e describ$ z to pres5t diff]5t angles ( incid5ce to ! atmosph]e1 t side pres5t+ ! l>ge/ angle ( incid5ce1 al?\gh be+ lift$ or mov$ upw>d 9 ! mann] already describ$1 at ! same "t meets ) an increas$ resi/ance to its =w>d motion1 :ile at ! same "t ! o!r side ( ! ma*9e1 pres5t+ a small] angle ( incid5ce1 meets ) less resi/ance to its =w>d motion & t5ds to move =w>d m rapidly ?an ! ret>d$ side4 ,?is gives ! ma*9e a t5d5cy to turn ar\nd its v]tical axis1 & ?is t5d5cy if n prop]ly met w n only *ange ! direction ( ! front ( ! ma*9e1 b w ultimately p]mit "o side !re( to drop into a position v]tically bel[ ! o!r side ) ! a]o planes 9 v]tical position1 ?us caus+ ! ma*9e to fall4 ,! movem5t ( ! rudd]1 h]e9be=e describ$1 prev5ts ?is action1 s9ce x ex]ts a ret>d+ influ5ce on t side ( ! ma*9e :i* t5ds to move =w>d too rapidly & keeps ! ma*9e ) its front prop]ly pres5t$ to ! direction ( flight & ) its body prop]ly balanc$ ar\nd its c5tral longitud9al axis4 ,! pivot+ ( ! supports #bc s z to p]mit !m to sw+ upw>d prev5ts injury to ! rudd] & its supports 9 case ! ma*9e alights at su* an angle z to cause ! rudd] to /rike ! gr\nd fir/1 ! p>ts yield+ upw>d1 z indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #c1 & ?us prev5t+ injury or breakage4 ,we wi% x to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t we d n limit ourselves to ! p>ticul> description ( rudd] set =?1 ! ess5tial be+ t ! rudd] %all be v]tical & %all be s mov$ z to pres5t its resi/+ surface on t side ( ! ma*9e :i* (f]s ! lea/ resi/ance to ! atmosph]e1 s z to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( ! ma*9e to turn ar\nd a v]tical axis :5 ! two sides !re( (f] diff]5t resi/ances to ! air4 ,f ! c5tral portion ( ! front ( ! ma*9e /ruts #bh ext5d horizontally =w>d f ! l[] a]oplane1 & /ruts #bi ext5d d[nw>d & =w>d f ! c5tral portion ( ! upp] a]oplane1 _! front ends be+ unit$ to ! /ruts #bh1 ! =w>d extremities ( :i* are turn$ up1 z indicat$ at #cj4 ,^! /ruts #bh & #bi =m truss-skids project+ 9 front ( ! :ole frame ( ! ma*9e & s]v+ to prev5t ! ma*9e f roll+ ov] =w>d :5 x alights4 ,! /ruts #bi s]ve to brace ! upp] portion ( ! ma9 frame & resi/ its t5d5cy to move =w>d aft] ! l[] a]oplane has be5 /opp$ by its contact ) ! e>?1 !reby reliev+ ! rope #ai f undue /ra91 = x w be und]/ood t :5 ! ma*9e comes into contact ) ! e>?1 fur!r =w>d movem5t ( ! l[] portion !re( be+ sudd5ly arre/$1 ! in]tia ( ! upp] portion w\ld t5d to cause x to cont9ue to move =w>d if n prev5t$ by ! /ruts #bi1 & ?is =w>d movem5t ( ! upp] portion w\ld br+ a v viol5t /ra9 ^u ! rope #ai1 s9ce x is fa/5$ to ! upp] portion at bo? ( its ends1 :ile its l[] portion is connect$ by ! guides #bj to ! l[] portion4 ,! /ruts #bh & #bi also s]ve to support ! front or horizontal rudd]1 ! con/ruction ( :i* we w n[ proce$ to describe4 ,! front rudd] #ca is a horizontal rudd] hav+ a flexible body1 ! same consi/+ ( ?ree /iff crosspieces or /icks #cb1 #cc1 & #cd1 & ! flexible ribs #ce1 connect+ said cross-pieces & ext5d+ f front to re>4 ,! frame ?us provid$ is cov]$ by a suitable fabric /ret*$ ov] ! same to =m ! body ( ! rudd]4 ,! rudd] is support$ f ! /ruts #bi by means ( ! int]m$iate cross-piece #cb1 :i* is locat$ ne> ! c5tre ( pressure slightly 9 front ( a l9e equidi/ant betwe5 ! front & re> edges ( ! rudd]1 ! cross-piece #cb =m+ ! pivotal axis ( ! rudd]1 s z to con/itute a balanc$ rudd]4 ,to ! front edge ( ! rudd] !re are connect$ spr+s #cf :i* spr+s are connect$ to ! upturn$ ends #cj ( ! /ruts #bh1 ! con/ruction be+ su* t said spr+s t5d to resi/ any movem5t ei!r upw>d or d[nw>d ( ! front edge ( ! horizontal rudd]4 ,! re> edge ( ! rudd] lies imm$iately 9 front ( ! op]ator & may be op]at$ by him 9 any suitable mann]4 ,we h %[n a me*anism = ?is purpose compris+ a roll] or %aft #cg1 :i* may be grasp$ by ! op]ator s z to turn ! same 9 ei!r direction4 ,b&s #ch ext5d f ! roll] #cg =w>d to & ar\nd a simil> roll] or %aft #ci1 bo? roll]s or %afts be+ support$ 9 suitable be>+s on ! /ruts #bh4 ,! =w>d roll] or %aft has re>w>dly-ext5d+ arms #dj1 :i* are connect$ by l9ks #da ) ! re> edge ( ! rudd] #ca4 ,! normal position ( ! rudd] #ca is neutral or sub/antially p>allel ) ! a]oplanes #a & #b2 b its re> edge may be mov$ upw>d or d[nw>d1 s z to be above or bel[ ! normal plane ( said rudd] ?r\gh ! me*anism provid$ = t purpose4 ,x w be se5 t ! spr+s #cf w resi/ any t5d5cy ( ! =w>d edge ( ! rudd] to move 9 ei!r direction1 s t :5 =ce is appli$ to ! re> edge ( said rudd] ! longitud9al ribs #ce b5d1 & ! rudd] ?us pres5ts a concave surface to ! action ( ! w9d ei!r above or bel[ its normal plane1 said surface pres5t+ a small angle ( incid5ce at its =w>d portion & said angle ( incid5ce rapidly increas+ t[>d ! re>4 ,?is greatly increases ! effici5cy ( ! rudd] z comp>$ ) a plane surface ( equal area4 ,by regulat+ ! pressure on ! upp] & l[] sides ( ! rudd] ?r\gh *anges ( angle & curvature 9 ! mann] describ$ a turn+ movem5t ( ! ma9 /ructure ar\nd its transv]se axis may be effect$1 & ! c\rse ( ! ma*9e may ?us be direct$ upw>d or d[nw>d at ! w ( ! op]ator & ! longitud9al balance !re( ma9ta9$4 ,contr>y to ! usual cu/om1 we place ! horizontal rudd] 9 front ( ! a]oplanes at a negative angle & employ no horizontal tail at all4 ,by ?is arrangem5t we obta9 a =w>d surface :i* is almo/ entirely free f pressure "u ord9>y conditions ( flight1 b :i* ev5 if n mov$ at all f its orig9al position becomes an effici5t lift+-surface :5ev] ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e is accid5tally r$uc$ v mu* bel[ ! normal1 & ?us l>gely c\nt]acts t backw>d travel ( ! c5tre ( pressure on ! a]oplanes :i* has frequ5tly be5 productive ( s]i\s injuries by caus+ ! ma*9e to turn d[nw>d & =w>d & /rike ! gr\nd head-on4 ,we are aw>e t a =w>d horizontal rudd] ( diff]5t con/ruction has be5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) a support+ surface & a re> horizontal-rudd]2 b ?is comb9ation 0 n int5d$ to effect & does n effect ! object :i* we obta9 by ! arrangem5t h]e9be=e describ$4 ,we h us$ ! t]m 'a]oplane' 9 ?is specification & ! app5d$ claims to indicate ! support+ surface or support+ surfaces by means ( :i* ! ma*9e is su/a9$ 9 ! air1 & by ?is t]m we wi% to be und]/ood z includ+ any suitable support+ surface :i* normally is sub/antially flat1 al?\gh4 ,( c\rse1 :5 con/ruct$ ( clo? or o!r flexible fabric1 z we pref] to con/ruct !m1 ^! surfaces may receive m or less curvature f ! resi/ance ( ! air1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,we d n wi% to be und]/ood z limit+ ourselves /rictly to ! precise details ( con/ruction h]e9be=e describ$ & %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+s1 z x is obvi\s t ^! details may be modifi$ )\t dep>t+ f ! pr9ciples ( our inv5tion4 ,= in/ance1 :ile we pref] ! con/ruction illu/rat$ 9 :i* ea* a]oplane is giv5 a twi/ along its entire l5g? 9 ord] to set its opposite lat]al m>g9s at diff]5t angles1 we h already po9t$ out t our inv5tion is n limit$ to ?is =m ( con/ruction1 s9ce x is only necess>y to move ! lat]al m>g9al portions1 & :]e ^! portions alone are mov$ only ^? upright /&>ds :i* support ! movable portion require flexible connections at _! ends4 ,hav+ ?us fully describ$ our inv5tion1 :at we claim z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is3-- #a4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 a normally flat a]oplane hav+ lat]al m>g9al portions capable ( movem5t to diff]5t positions above or bel[ ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 su* movem5t be+ ab\t an axis transv]se to ! l9e ( flight1 :]eby said lat]al m>g9al portions may be mov$ to diff]5t angles relatively to ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 s z to pres5t to ! atmosph]e diff]5t angles ( incid5ce1 & means = s mov+ said lat]al m>g9al portions1 sub/antially z describ$4 #b4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ! comb9ation1 ) two normally p>allel a]oplanes1 sup]pos$ ! "o above ! o!r1 ( upright /&>ds connect+ said planes at _! m>g9s1 ! connections betwe5 ! /&>ds & a]oplanes at ! lat]al portions ( ! a]oplanes be+ by means ( flexible jo9ts1 ea* ( said a]oplanes hav+ lat]al m>g9al portions capable ( movem5t to diff]5t positions above or bel[ ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 su* movem5t be+ ab\t an axis transv]se to ! l9e ( flight1 :]eby said lat]al m>g9al portions may be mov$ to diff]5t angles relatively to ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 s z to pres5t to ! atmosph]e diff]5t angles ( incid5ce1 ! /&>ds ma9ta9+ a fix$ di/ance betwe5 ! portions ( ! a]oplanes :i* !y connect1 & means = imp>t+ su* movem5t to ! lat]al m>g9al portions ( ! a]oplanes1 sub/antially z describ$4 #c4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 a normally flat a]oplane hav+ lat]al m>g9al portions capable ( movem5t to diff]5t positions above or bel[ ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 su* movem5t be+ ab\t an axis transv]se to ! l9e ( flight1 :]eby said lat]al m>g9al portions may be mov$ to diff]5t angles relatively to ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 & also to diff]5t angles relatively to ea* o!r1 s z to pres5t to ! atmosph]e diff]5t angles ( incid5ce1 & means = simultane\sly imp>t+ su* movem5t to said lat]al m>g9al portions1 sub/antially z describ$4 #d4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ! comb9ation1 ) p>allel sup]pos$ a]oplanes1 ea* hav+ lat]al m>g9al portions capable ( movem5t to diff]5t positions above or bel[ ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 su* movem5t be+ ab\t an axis transv]se to ! l9e ( flight1 :]eby said lat]al m>g9al portions may be mov$ to diff]5t angles relatively to ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 & to diff]5t angles relatively to ea* o!r1 s z to pres5t to ! atmosph]e diff]5t angles ( incid5ce1 ( uprights connect+ said a]oplanes at _! edges1 ! uprights connect+ ! lat]al portions ( ! a]oplanes be+ connect$ ) said a]oplanes by flexible jo9ts1 & means = simultane\sly imp>t+ su* movem5t to said lat]al m>g9al portions1 ! /&>ds ma9ta9+ a fix$ di/ance betwe5 ! p>ts :i* !y connect1 :]eby ! lat]al portions on ! same side ( ! ma*9e are mov$ to ! same angle1 sub/antially z describ$4 #e4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 an a]oplane hav+ sub/antially ! =m ( a normally flat rectangle elongat$ transv]sely to ! l9e ( flight1 9 comb9ation :i* means = imp>t+ to ! lat]al m>g9s ( said a]oplane a movem5t ab\t an axis ly+ 9 ! body ( ! a]oplane p]p5dicul> to said lat]al m>g9s1 & !reby mov+ said lat]al m>g9s into diff]5t angul> relations to ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane1 sub/antially z describ$4 #f4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ! comb9ation1 ) two sup]pos$ & normally p>allel a]oplanes1 ea* hav+ sub/antially ! =m ( a normally flat rectangle elongat$ transv]sely to ! l9e ( flight1 ( upright /&>ds connect+ ! edges ( said a]oplanes to ma9ta9 _! equidi/ance1 ^? /&>ds at ! lat]al portions ( said a]oplanes be+ connect$ !re) by flexible jo9ts1 & means = simultane\sly imp>t+ to bo? lat]al m>g9s ( bo? a]oplanes a movem5t ab\t axes :i* are p]p5dicul> to said m>g9s & 9 ! planes ( ! bodies ( ! respective a]oplanes1 & !reby mov+ ! lat]al m>g9s on ! opposite sides ( ! ma*9e into diff]5t angul> relations to ! normal planes ( ! respective a]oplanes1 ! m>g9s on ! same side ( ! ma*9e mov+ to ! same angle1 & ! m>g9s on "o side ( ! ma*9e mov+ to an angle diff]5t f ! angle to :i* ! m>g9s on ! o!r side ( ! ma*9e move1 sub/antially z describ$4 #g4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ! comb9ation1 ) an a]oplane1 & means = simultane\sly mov+ ! lat]al portions !re( into diff]5t angul> relations to ! normal plane ( ! body ( ! a]oplane & to ea* o!r1 s z to pres5t to ! atmosph]e diff]5t angles ( incid5ce1 ( a v]tical rudd]1 & means :]eby said rudd] is caus$ to pres5t to ! w9d t side !re( ne>e/ ! side ( ! a]oplane hav+ ! small] angle ( incid5ce & (f]+ ! lea/ resi/ance to ! atmosph]e1 sub/antially z describ$4 #h4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ! comb9ation1 ) two sup]pos$ & normally p>allel a]oplanes1 upright /&>ds connect+ ! edges ( said a]oplanes to ma9ta9 _! equidi/ance1 ^? /&>ds at ! lat]al portions ( said a]oplanes be+ connect$ !re) by flexible jo9ts1 & means = simultane\sly mov+ bo? lat]al portions ( bo? a]oplanes into diff]5t angul> relations to ! normal planes ( ! bodies ( ! respective a]oplanes1 ! lat]al portions on "o side ( ! ma*9e be+ mov$ to an angle diff]5t f t to :i* ! lat]al portions on ! o!r side ( ! ma*9e are mov$1 s z to pres5t diff]5t angles ( incid5ce at ! two sides ( ! ma*9e1 ( a v]tical rudd]1 & means :]eby said rudd] is caus$ to pres5t to ! w9d t side !re( ne>e/ ! side ( ! a]oplanes hav+ ! small] angle ( incid5ce & (f]+ ! lea/ resi/ance to ! atmosph]e1 sub/antially z describ$4 #i4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 an a]oplane normally flat & elongat$ transv]sely to ! l9e ( flight1 9 comb9ation ) means = imp>t+ to said a]oplane a helicoidal w>p ar\nd an axis transv]se to ! l9e ( flight & ext5d+ c5trally along ! body a]oplane 9 ! direction ( ! elongation a]oplane1 sub/antially z describ$4 #aj4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 two a]oplanes1 ea* normally flat & elongat$ transv]sely to ! l9e ( flight1 & upright /&>ds connect+ ! edges ( said a]oplanes to ma9ta9 _! equidi/ance1 ! connections betwe5 said /&>ds & a]oplanes be+ by means ( flexible jo9ts1 9 comb9ation ) means = simultane\sly imp>t+ to ea* ( said a]oplanes a helicoidal w>p ar\nd an axis transv]se to ! l9e ( flight & ext5d+ c5trally along ! body ( ! a]oplane 9 ! direction ( ! a]oplane1 sub/antially z describ$4 #aa4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 two a]oplanes1 ea* normally flat & elongat$ transv]sely to ! l9e ( flight1 & upright /&>ds connect+ ! edges ( said a]oplanes to ma9ta9 _! equidi/ance1 ! connections betwe5 su* /&>ds & a]oplanes be+ by means ( flexible jo9ts1 9 comb9ation ) means = simultane\sly imp>t+ to ea* ( said a]oplanes a helicoidal w>p ar\nd an axis transv]se to ! l9e ( flight & ext5d+ c5trally along ! body ( ! a]oplane 9 ! direction ( ! elongation ( ! a]oplane1 a v]tical rudd]1 & means :]eby said rudd] is caus$ to pres5t to ! w9d t side !re( ne>e/ ! side ( ! a]oplanes hav+ ! small] angle ( incid5ce & (f]+ ! lea/ resi/ance to ! atmosph]e1 sub/antially z describ$4 #ab4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ! comb9ation1 ) an a]oplane1 ( a normally flat & sub/antially horizontal flexible rudd]1 & means = curv+ said rudd] re>w>dly & upw>dly or re>w>dly & d[nw>dly ) respect to its normal plane1 sub/antially z describ$4 #ac4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ! comb9ation1 ) an a]oplane1 ( a normally flat & sub/antially horizontal flexible rudd] pivotally m\nt$ on an axis transv]se to ! l9e ( flight ne> its c5tre1 spr+s resi/+ v]tical movem5t ( ! front edge ( said rudd]1 & means = mov+ ! re> edge ( said rudd]1 above or bel[ ! normal plane !re(1 sub/antially z describ$4 #ad4 ,a fly+ ma*9e compris+ sup]pos$ connect$ a]oplanes means = mov+ ! opposite lat]al portions ( said a]oplanes to diff]5t angles to ! normal planes !re(1 a v]tical rudd]1 means = mov+ said v]tical rudd] t[>d t side ( ! ma*9e pres5t+ ! small] angle ( incid5ce & ! lea/ resi/ance to ! atmosph]e1 & a horizontal rudd] provid$ ) means = pres5t+ its upp] or "u surface to ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e1 sub/antially z describ$4 #ae4 ,a fly+ ma*9e compris+ sup]pos$ connect$ a]oplanes1 means = mov+ ! opposite lat]al portions ( said a]oplanes to diff]5t angles to ! normal planes !re(1 a v]tical rudd]1 means = mov+ said v]tical rudd] t[>d t side ( ! ma*9e pres5t+ ! small] angle ( incid5ce & ! lea/ resi/ance to ! atmosph]e1 & a horizontal rudd] provid$ ) means = pres5t+ its upp] or "u surface to ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e1 said v]tical rudd] be+ locat$ at ! re> ( ! ma*9e & said horizontal rudd] at ! front ( ! ma*9e1 sub/antially z describ$4 #af4 ,9 a fly+ ma*9e1 ! comb9ation1 ) two sup]pos$ & connect$ a]oplanes1 ( an arm ext5d+ re>w>d f ea* a]oplane1 said arms be+ p>allel & free to sw+ upw>d at _! re> ends1 & a v]tical rudd] pivotally m\nt$ 9 ! re> ends ( said arms1 sub/antially z describ$4 #ag4 ,a fly+ ma*9e compris+ two sup]pos$ a]oplanes1 normally flat b flexible1 upright /&>ds connect+ ! m>g9s ( said a]oplanes1 said /&>ds be+ connect$ to said a]oplanes by univ]sal jo9ts1 diagonal /ay-wires connect+ ! opposite ends ( ! adjac5t /&>ds1 a rope ext5d+ along ! front edge ( ! l[] a]oplane1 pass+ ?r\gh guides at ! front corn]s !re(1 & hav+ its ends secur$ to ! re> corn]s ( ! upp] a]oplane1 & a rope ext5d+ along ! re> edge ( ! l[] a]oplane1 pass+ ?r\gh guides at ! re> corn]s !re(1 & hav+ its ends secur$ to ! front corn]s ( ! upp] a]oplane1 sub/antially z describ$4 #ah4 ,a fly+ ma*9e compris+ two sup]pos$ a]oplanes1 normally flat b flexible1 upright /&>ds connect+ ! m>g9s ( said a]oplanes1 said /&>ds be+ connect$ to said a]oplanes by univ]sal jo9ts1 diagonal /ay-wires connect+ ! opposite ends ( ! adjac5t /&>ds1 a rope ext5d+ along ! front edge ( ! l[] a]oplane1 pass+ ?r\gh guides at ! front corn]s !re(1 & hav+ its ends secur$ to ! re> corn]s ( ! upp] a]oplane1 & a rope ext5d+ along ! re> edge ( ! l[] a]oplane1 pass+ ?r\gh guides at ! re> corn]s !re(1 & hav+ its ends secur$ to ! front corn]s ( ! upp] a]oplane1 9 comb9ation ) a v]tical rudd]1 & a till]-rope connect+ said rudd] ) ! rope ext5d+ along ! re> edge ( ! l[] a]oplane1 sub/antially z describ$4 ,,orville ,,wright4 ,,wilbur ,,wright4 ,witnesses3 ,*as4 ,e4 ,taylor4 ,e4 ,e>le ,=r]4 ,,app5dix ,c ,proclamation publi%$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t on balloon asc5ts1 #aghc4 ,,notice ,,to ,,! ,,public6 ,,p>is1 #bg,,? ,,augu/1 #aghc4 ,on ! ,asc5t ( balloons or globes 9 ! air4 ,! "o 9 "q has be5 rais$ 9 ,p>is ?is day1 #bg? ,augu/1 #aghc1 at #e p4m41 9 ! ,*amp de ,m>s4 ,a ,discov]y has be5 made1 :i* ! ,gov]nm5t deems x "r to make kn[n1 s t al>m be n occasion$ to ! p4 ,on calculat+ ! diff]5t weights ( hot air1 hydrog5 gas1 & common air1 x has be5 f\nd t a balloon fill$ ) ei!r ( ! two =m] w rise t[>d heav5 till x is 9 equilibrium ) ! surr\nd+ air1 :i* may n happ5 until x has atta9$ a great height4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t 0 made at ,annonay1 9 ,viv>ais1 ,,mm4 ,montgolfi]1 ! inv5tors2 a globe =m$ ( canvas & pap]1 #aje feet 9 circumf]5ce1 fill$ ) heat$ air1 rea*$ an uncalculat$ height4 ,! same exp]im5t has j be5 r5ew$ 9 ,p>is be=e a great cr[d4 ,a globe ( taffetas or light canvas cov]$ by ela/ic gum & fill$ ) inflammable air1 has ris5 f ! ,*amp de ,m>s1 & be5 lo/ to view 9 ! cl\ds1 be+ borne 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction4 ,"o _c =esee :]e x w desc5d4 ,x is propos$ to repeat ^! exp]im5ts on a l>g] scale4 ,any "o :o %all see 9 ! sky su* a globe1 :i* resembles 'la lune obscurcie1' %\ld be aw>e t1 f> f be+ an al>m+ ph5om5on1 x is only a ma*9e t _c possibly cause any h>m1 & :i* w "s day prove s]viceable to ! wants ( society4 7,sign$7 ,,de ,,sauvigny4 ,,l5oir4