,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #dja ,,new ,,york1 ,,septemb] #h1 #ahhc ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #dja4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry4--,on ! ,diff]5t ,modifications ( ,silv] ,bromide & ,silv] ,*loride4 ,analysis ( ,new ,zeal& ,coal4 ,on ! ,det]m9ation ( ,manganese 9 ,/eel1 ,ca/ ,iron1 ,f]ro-manganese1 etc4 ,manganese & its ,uses4 ,ozok]ite or ,e>?-wax4 ,by ,,william ,l4 ,,lay4 ,a valuable & in/ructive pap] read be=e ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces4--,%[+ ! nature1 s\rces1 & applications ( ?is rem>kable product4 ,on ! ,con/itution ( ! ,natural ,fats4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,improv$ ,spr+ :eel ,traction ,eng9e4--,) two engrav+s4 ,an ,improv$ ,iron ,frame ,gang ,saw ,mill4--,) "o l>ge engrav+4 ,! ,heat ,reg5]ative ,sy/em ( ,fir+ ,gas ,retorts4--,siem5s' pr9ciple4--,z op]at$ at ! ,glasg[ ,corporation ,works4--,) two engrav+s4 ,a ,new ,gas ,heat$ ,bak]'s ,ov54 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,h[ to ,produce ,p]man5t ,photographic ,pictures on ,t]ra ,cotta1 ,glass1 etc4--,) recipes & full directions4 ,h[ to ,make ,pap] ,photo ,negatives4--,full directions4 ,"s ( ! ,uses ( ,common ,alum4 ,an ,improv$ ,clo? ,/ret*+ ,ma*9e4--,) an engrav+4 ,purification ( ,wool5 ,fabrics by ,hydro*loric ,acid ,gas4 ,app>atus = ,prev5t+ ! ,loss ( ,c>bonic ,acid 9 ,rack+ ,be]4--,) an engrav+4 ,,iv4 ,,electricity4--,application ( ,electricity to ! ,blea*+ ( ,vetable ,textile ,mat]ials4--,) figure ( app>atus4 ,table ,%[+ ! ,relative ,dim5sions1 ,l5g?s1 ,electrical ,resi/ances1 & ,weights ( ,pure ,copp] ,wires4 ,v4 ,,a/ronomy4--,! ,sol> ,eclipse ( #ahhc4--;,an int]e/+ ab/ract f a report ( ,c4 ,s4 ,,ha/+s 7,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity71 ( ! ,am]ican ,a/ronomical ,exhibition to ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s4 ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,philosophy4--,rec5t ,exp]im5ts ,affect+ ! ,receiv$ ,!ory ( ,music4--,an int]e/+ pap] descriptive ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts by ,presid5t ,morton1 ( ,/ev5s ,in/itute4 ,! ,motions ( ,camphor ^u ,wat]4--,) an engrav+4 ,,vii4 ,,ar*itecture4--,sugge/ions 9 ,village ,ar*itecture4-- ,semideta*$ villas4--,bloomfield cresc5t4--,) an engrav+4 ,specim5s ( ,old ,knock+ ,devices = ,doors4--,sev]al figures4 ,,viii4 ,,ar*,,ology4--,a ,buri$ ,city ( ! ,exodus4--,be+ an acc\nt ( ! rec5t excavations & discov]ies ( ,pi?om ,succo?1 9 ,egypt4--,) an engrav+4 ,! ,moabite ,manuscripts4 ,,ix4 ,,agriculture4 ,,horticulture1 ,,etc4--,! ,que5 ,victoria ,c5tury ,plant4--,) an engrav+4 ,*>r$ ,clov]4 ,a ,new ,wea!rcock4--,) "o figure4 ,x4 ,,miscellane\s4--,new ,monum5tal ,/atue & ,l&+ ,place 9 ,honor ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus at ,b>celona1 ,spa94--,) an engrav+4 ,sc5]y on ! ,utah ,l9e ( ! ,d5v] & ,rio ,gr&e ,railway4 ,capta9 ,mat!w ,webb4--,biographical sket*4--,) portrait4 ,! ,dwell+s ( ! ,poor ,9 ,p>is4 ,%ipm5t ( ,o/ri*es f ,cape ,t[n1 ,s\? ,africa4--,) "o page ( engrav+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,monum5t ,,to ,,*ri/oph] ,,columbus1 ,,at ,,b>celona1 ,,spa94 ,! cultivat$ & patriotic city ( ,b>celona is ab\t to erect a magnific5t monum5t 9 honor ( ,columbus1 ! p]sonage mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 ! hi/oric annals ( all nations & all epo*s4 ,! ,city ( ,e>ls does n =get t "h ! discov]] ( ,am]ica disemb>k$ on ! #c;d ( ,april1 #adic1 to pres5t to ! ,ca?olic mon>*s ! evid5ces ( ! happy t]m9ation ( 8 ent]prise4 ,9 honor+ ,columbus !y honor & exalt ! sons ( ,catalonia1 :o also took "p 9 ! discov]y & civilization ( ! ,new ,_w1 among :om may be nam$ ! ,treasur] ,santangel1 ,capta9 ,m>g>it1 ,fri> ,b5>do ,boyl1 fir/ patri>* ( ! ,indies1 & ! twelve mission>ies ( ,mons]rat1 :o accompani$ ! illu/ri\s admiral on 8 second voyage4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahha1 a national competition 0 op5$ by ! c5tral executive committee = ! monum5t1 & by ! unanim\s voice ( ! committee ! premium plans ( ! ar*itect1 ,don ,cayetano ,buigas ,monraba1 7 adopt$4 ,f ^! plans1 :i* we f9d 9 ,la ,ilu/racion ,espaola1 we give an engrav+4 ,ri*ness1 gr&eur1 & expression1 wor?ily comb9$1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! plans4 ,! l&+ /ructure is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 a c5tral & two lat]als1 ea* ( :i* ext5ds =w>d1 aft] ! mann] ( a cutwat]1 9 ! =m ( ! b[ ( a vessel ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 br++ to m9d ! two c>avels1 ! ,p9ta & ,nia2 two great lights occupy ! advance po9ts on ea* side2 a ri* balu/rade & f\r /atues ( celebrat$ p]sons complete ! magnific5t frontage4 ,a noble monum5t1 surm\nt$ by a /atue ( ! discov]]1 is se5 on ! esplanade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,monum5tal ,,l&+ ,,& ,,/atue ,,to ,,columbus1 ,,at ,,b>celona1 ,,spa94 99 99 99 99 99 ,! commission appo9t$ 9 ,france to consid] ! phyllox]a has n aw>d$ to anybody ! prize ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& francs t 0 (f]$ to ! discov]] ( a tru/wor?y rem$y or prev5tive = ! fatal grape disease4 ,!re 7 n less ?an #ahb competitors = ! prize2 b none _h made a discov]y t fill$ ! bill4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t a ,/rasb\rg physician has f\nd 9 naph?al9e an absolutely tru/wor?y rem$y4 ,?is liquid is p\r$ ^u ! gr\nd ab\t ! root ( ! v9e1 & x is said t x kills ! p>asites )\t hurt+ ! grape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sc5]y ,,on ,,! ,,utah ,,l9e ,,( ,,! ,,d5v] ,,& ,,rio ,,gr&e4 ,mr4 ,r4,w4 ,raymond gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! rem>kable sc5]y on ?is rec5tly op5$ r\te f ,d5v] to ,salt ,lake3 ,hav+ j made ! trip f ,salt ,lake ,city to ?is place on ! ,d5v] ,rio ,gr&e l9e1 ,i _c write y on any o!r subject at pres5t4 ,!re is n 9 ! _w a railroad j\rney ( ?irty h\rs s fill$ ) gr& & beautiful views4 ,i %\ld p]haps qualify ?is /atem5t by d$uct+ ! h\rs ( d>kness2 yet ?is is really a =tunate enhancem5t ( ! travel]'s enjoym5t2 x seems provid5tial t !re is "o "p ( ! way j long en\gh & un9t]e/+ en\gh to p]mit "o to g to sleep )\t ! fe> ( miss+ any?+ sublime4 ,leav+ ,salt ,lake ,city at noon1 we sp$ ?r\gh ! f]tile & popul\s ,jordan ,valley1 pa/ ! fre% & lovely ,utah ,lake1 & up ! ,valley ( ,spani% ,=k4 ,all ! way ! sup]b granite walls & summits ( ! ,wahsat* accompani$ u on ! ea/1 :ile we/w>d1 across ! wide valley1 7 ! blue outl9es ( ! ,oquirrh range4 ,"o aft] ano!r ( ! magnific5t caons ( ! ,wahsat* we pass$1 _! m\?s seem+ m]e ga%es 9 ! massive rock1 b promis+ wild & rugg$ v>iety to him :o ent]s--a promise :i* ,i h abundantly te/$ 9 o!r days4 ,p>ley's ,caon1 ! ,big & ,little ,cottonwood1 & mo/ wond]ful ( all1 ! caon ( ! ,am]ican ,=k1 =m a s]ies n inf]ior to ^? ( ,b\ld]1 ,cle> ,creek1 ! ,platte1 & ! ,arkansas1 9 ! front range ( ! ,rockies4 ,foll[+ ,spani% ,=k ea/w>d s f> z x s]v$ our purpose1 we cross$ ! divide to ! head wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,=k ( ,price ,riv]1 a tribut>y ( ,gre5 ,riv]4 ,x 0 a regret to me1 9 *oos+ ?is r\te1 t ,i %\ld miss ! famili> & belov$ sc5]y ( ,web] & ,e*o caons--! only "p ( ! ,union ,pacific road :i* tempts "o to look out ( a c> w9d[1 unless "o may be tempt$ by ! b\ndless monotony ( ! pla9s or ! *ance ( a prairie dog4 ,great 0 my satisfaction1 !re=e1 to f9d t ?is "p ( ! new road1 p>allel ) ! ,union ,pacific1 b a hundr$ miles f>!r s\?1 trav]ses ! same belt ( rocks1 & exhibits !m 9 =ms n less picturesque4 ,ca/le ,caon1 on ! ,s\? ,=k ( ! ,price1 is ! equival5t ( ,e*o ,caon1 & is equal or sup]ior 9 ev]y?+ except color4 ,! brilliant r$ ( ! ,e*o cliffs is want+4 ,! t[]s & walls ( ,ca/le ,caon are yell[i%-gray4 ,b _! =ms are incomp>ably v>i\s & grotesque--9 "s in/ances sublime4 ,! valley ( ,gre5 ,riv] at ?is po9t is a *e]less sage-bru% des]t1 z x is fur!r nor?4 ,to be sure1 ?is un9vit+ /ream1 a c\ple ( hundr$ miles fur!r s\?1 hav+ unit$ ) ! ,gr&e1 & =m$ ! ,rio ,colorado1 does inde$1 by d9t ( burr[+ deep] & deep] into ! sunless *asms1 become at la/ sublime4 ,b "h x gives no h9t ( its future somb] glory4 ,i rema9$ awake till we _h cross$ ,gre5 ,riv]1 to make sure t no /rik+ sc5]y %\ld be miss$ by sleep4 ,b ,i got no?+ = my pa9s except ! moonlight on ! muddy wat]2 & next "t ,i %all g to b$ com=tably1 prov+ to ! conductor t ,i am a vet]an & n a t5d]-foot4 ,9 ! morn+1 we breakfa/$ at ,cim>ron1 hav+ 9 ! int]val pass$ ! foot-hills ( ! ,roan ,m\nta9s1 cross$ ! ,gr&e1 & asc5d$ = "s di/ance ! ,gunnison1 a tribut>y ( ! ,gr&e1 ! ,uncompahgre1 a tribut>y ( ! ,gunnison1 & f9ally a bran*1 fl[+ we/w>d1 ( ! ,uncompahgre4 ,a high divide at ! head ( ! latt] 0 labori\sly surm\nt$2 & !n1 "o ( our two eng9es %oot+ ahead & pilot+ u1 we slid spe$ily d[n to ,cim>ron4 ,x is 9 su* desc5ts t ! unaccu/om$ travel] usually feels al>m$4 ,b ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ,railroad p is1 t d]ailm5t is likely to occur on up-grades1 & almo/ nev] 9 go+ d[n4 ,f ?is po9t1 comp>ison ) ! ,union ,pacific l9e 9 ! matt] ( sc5]y ceases4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 t road crosses ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s prop] 9 a pass s wide & ( su* gradual asc5t t ! high summits are q out ( sight4 ,if x 7 n = ! monum5t to ! ,ameses1 !re w\ld be no?+ to m>k ! highe/ po9t4 ,= all ! wond]ful sc5]y on ! ,rio ,gr&e road1 betwe5 ,cim>ron & ,pueblo1 ! ,union ,pacific 9 ! same longitudes has no?+ to %[4 ,f an arti/ic /&-po9t1 "o road has cross$ ! ranges at ! mo/ tame & un9t]e/+ po9t t c\ld be f\nd1 & ! o!r at ! mo/ picturesque4 ,at ,cim>ron1 ! road aga9 /rikes ! ,gunnison1 & plunges into ! fam\s ,black ,caon4 ,9 l5g?1 v>iety1 & c]ta9 elem5ts ( beauty1 su* z =e/-rav9es & wat]falls1 ?is caon surpasses ! ,royal ,gorge ( ! ,arkansas4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o spot 9 ! latt] 7,i mean1 ( c\rse1 ! po9t :]e ! turbul5t riv] fills ! :ole space betwe5 walls #b1hjj ft4 high1 & ! railroad is hung ov] x7 :i* is sup]ior 9 desolate1 ov]:elm+ gr&eur to any?+ on ! ,gunnison4 ,take !m all 9 all1 x is difficult to say :i* is ! f9]4 ,i h usually f\nd ! op9ion ( travel]s to favor ! ,gunnison ,caon4 ,b :y ne$ ! "q be solv$ at all8 ,?is "o mat*less j\rney comprises !m bo?2 & he :o 0 ov]:elm$ 9 ! morn+ by ! "o1 holds 8 brea? 9 ! aft]noon be=e ! mighty precipices ( ! o!r4 ,to excuse myself f ev5 h9t+ su* folly z a comp>ison ( sc5]y1 ,i w m]ely rem>k t ^! two caons are m capable ( a comp>ison ?an diff]5t sc5es usually are2 = !y belong to ! same type--deep cuts 9 cry/all9e rocks4 ,betwe5 !m come ! ,m>%all ,pass 7ne>ly #aa1jjj ft4 above sea-level71 ov] ! cont95tal divide1 & ! ,pon*a ,pass1 ov] ! ,sangre di ,cri/o range4 ,?is range conta9s ,h>v>d1 ,yale1 ,pr9ceton1 ,elb]t1 ,massive 7! peak opposite ,leadville71 & o!r summits exce$+ ! altitude ( #ad1jjj ft4 ,to ! ea/ ( x is ! valley ( ! ,arkansas1 into :i* & d[n :i* we pass1 & s ?r\gh ! ,royal ,gorge to ,caon ,city & ,pueblo1 :]e we arriv$ be=e d>k on ! day aft] leav+ ,salt ,lake4 ,salt ,lake1 ! ,jordan ,valley1 ,utah ,lake1 ! ,wahsat*1 ,ca/le ,caon1 ! ,black ,caon ( ! ,gunnison1 ,m>%all ,pass1 ,pon*a ,pass1 ! ,arkansas ,valley1 ! ,royal ,gorge--:at a catalogue = s brief a j\rney6 ,no wond] ev]ybody :o has made x is wild ab\t x6 ,if en?usia/ic urg5cy ( recomm5dation f e pass5g] has any influ5ce 7& ,i "k x has a great deal71 ?is road w cont9ue to be1 z x is at pres5t1 cr[d$ ) t\ri/s4 ,x furni%es a delightful r\te = ^? :o wi% on ! ov]l& j\rney to see ,d5v] 7z :o does n87 & to visit ,colorado ,spr+s & ,manit\4 ,all ?is c be done en r\te1 )\t retrac+ ! /eps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photography ,,appli$ ,,to ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,& ,,opal ,,glass4 ,9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s x mu/ necess>ily h occurr$ to practical m5 to utilize photography 9 ! case ( t]ra-cotta1 z x has already be5 employ$ 9 connection ) s _m o!r w>es2 b ,i h n to ?is day kn[n ( its successful application to t]ra-cotta4 ,n[ ?is is /range1 if "o consid]s h[ fa%ionable plaque & plate pa9t+ h become ( late1 & ! good photographic results t are easily obta9$ on ^! z on sundry articles ( ?is same burnt e>?4 ,portraits1 animals1 l&scapes1 seascapes1 & reproductions are "o & all easily transf]r$1 :e!r = pa9t+ ^u or to be left purely photographic4 ,z a matt] ( bus9ess1 too1 "o fails to see t x w\ld n be remun]ative1 b r ! contr>y4 ,x 0 ) some?+ ( ?is feel+ t ,i 0 l$ to try & see :at c\ld be done to atta9 ! end 9 view1 & z ,i knew ( no data to g by1 ,i _h to use my own exp]i5ce1 or r exp]im5t on my own acc\nt4 ,s9ce emulsion 0 con/antly at h& 9 my e/abli%m5t1 9 ! comm]cial production ( my gelat9e dry plates1 x 0 b natural ,i %\ld fir/ h turn$ to ?is z a mode ( obta9+ ! desir$ results2 b1 alas6 all attempts 9 t direction signally fail$--! w>e mo/ p]si/5tly refus$ to h any?+ to d ) emulsion4 ,! bugbe> 0 ! fix+ ag5t or hypo41 :i* n only left indelible m>ks1 b1 despite any am\nt ( wa%+1 ! image on a f9i%$ plate vani%$ to no?+ at ! end ( an h\r's exposure 9 ! %[ w9d[4 ,!re 0 no?+ left b to seek o!r means = ! atta9m5t ( my object4 ,i w\ld n h tr\bl$ ! read] z to ?is unsuccessful l9e ( exp]im5t b t ,i wi%$ to put him on 8 gu>d & save him useless rese>*es 9 ! same direction4 ,to cut matt]s %ort1 ! me?od ,i f\nd be/ & mo/ direct 0 ! n[ old b /ill excell5t wet collodion transf]4 ,i w n[ proce$ to detail my sy/em ( work+ to facilitate ! matt] to ! inexp]i5c$ 9 collodion transf]4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,photography ,,9 ,,practice4 ,! fir/ & indisp5sable op]ation1 9 ! prep>ation ( ! surface to receive ! transf]1 is ! siz+ ( ! surface4 ,x simply consi/s ( a solution ( gelat9e *rome-alum$1 z foll[s3 ,gelat9e4 #aj gra9s4 ,wat]4 #a ounce4 ,a trace ( *rome alum4 ,coat ) a s(t camel's hair bru% & let dry4 ,x is ne$less to say t numb]s ( plaques1 plates1 vases1 etc41 may be coat$ "r (f1 & w !n be ready = use at any "t4 ,hav+ settl$ on ! subject & c>efully du/$ ! negative1 z well z plac$ x 9 situ = reproduction1 ! next ?+ requir$ is a suitable collodion1 & ! foll[+ w be f\nd all t c be desir$3 ,,transf] ,,collodion4 ,cotton4 #c dra*ms4 ,iodide ( cadmium4 #fe gra9s4 ,ammonium iodide4 #be ,bromide ( cadmium4 #ai ,ammonium bromide4 #aa ,alcohol4 #ae ounces4 ,e!r4 #ae ,! plate ?or\ghly clean$ & coat$ ) ! collodion is n[ transf]r$ to a ba?1 z foll[s3 ,nitrate ( silv] 7common7 #be gra9s to ! ounce4 ,made slightly acid ) nitric acid4 ,aft] s5sitiz+1 ! plate is expos$ 9 ! usual way & tak5 to ! room :]e pictures are ord9>ily develop$1 & quantum suff4 ( ! foll[+ p\r$ into ! develop+ cup to br+ out ! image3 ,,develop+ ,,solution4 ,a ,w9*e/] ( wat]1 i4e4 #hj ounces4 ,protosulphate ( iron4 #bdj gra9s4 ,citric acid4 #bdj ,or ! foll[+ may be us$3 ,pyro #c gra9s ,citric acid #b p] ounce ( wat]4 ,glacial acetic acid #cj drops _/ ,aft] p]fect developm5t ! picture is well wa%$ & !n fix$ 9 a saturat$ solution ( hypo42 aft] :i* x is ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,x w n[ be f\nd t ! picture is n altoge!r satisfactory2 x lacks bo? vigor & color4 ,to improve matt]s rec\rse is n[ _h to ,,ton+4 ,gold4 #a gra94 ,wat]4 #e ounces4 ,) ?is a v f9e dep? is soon atta9$1 & a nice picture ! result4 ,leave out ! ton+1 & only a poor1 sunk5-look+ picture w be ! outcome2 b directly ! ton+ ba? is employ$ ri*ness at once comes to ! =e4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 kn[n ( in/ances :]e ! picture ne$$ no ton+4 ,,opal ,,production ,,9 ,,practice4 ,?is is /ill a secret ) "s 9 ! pr(ession4 ,a limit$ numb] ( work]s h succe$$ 9 br++ out good opals1 & _! modus op]&i is kept f ! _m4 ,n[ ?is is a pity1 :5 "o consid]s ! great *>m atta*$ to a good picture on opal1 ) pure :ites & ri* blacks1 & 9 _m localities ! dem& t might be creat$ = !m4 ,ap>t f _! beauty1 ano!r *>m atta*es to opals--_! absolute p]man5ce2 & ?is1 x mu/ be all[$1 is no trifle4 ,:at1 9 fact1 c be m pa9ful to ! work] :o values 8 "w1 & sets /ore by x1 ?an to feel x mu/ ere long fade & pass into oblivion6 ,a prop]ly execut$ opal w no m fade ?an ! glass pictures s common at "o "t1 & :i*1 :]ev] tak5 c>e (1 are z p]fect n[ z !y 7 :5 fir/ tak54 ,n[1 excell5t pictures are to be made on opals by means ( emulsion2 b ,i propose fir/ tak+ ! transf] me?od 7ma9ly applicable to gr\nd opal & canvas7 z giv5 above = pott]y1 s9ce 9 practice x is f\nd v ready1 easy ( manipulation1 & safe4 ,! details are mu* ! same z above1 & necessitate d\ble transf]4 ,aft] ! picture _h be5 obta9$ on ! plate 7ord9>y glass plate71 & aft] ?or\ghly fix+1 wa%+1 & ton+1 ! picture 7& ?is1 rememb]1 is ! case likewise ) t]ra-cotta7 !n has to be loos5$ f its support1 & ?is is done ) a solution ( sulphuric acid--"o dra*m to fifte5 ounces ( wat]--:i* is made to fl[ betwe5 ! image & ! glass1 aft] :i* p]fectly wa% & m\nt4 ,:5 ! image is loos5$ a piece ( trac+ pap] is put on ! image1 ev5$ out1 rais$ 7assi/$ by "s "o else to hold ! two opposite corn]s dur+ ! op]ation71 & ) ! aid ( ! help] ! picture is c>efully c5t]$1 g5tly press$ out or d[n1 & ! transf] is s f> effect$4 ,b :at w happ51 & does happ51 9 ! case ( vignettes1 is impurity ( ! :ites1 :5 ! picture becomes positively objectionable4 ,n[ ! way to rem$y ?is lies simply 9 ! application1 to ! dirty-look+ p>ts1 ( a solution ( iod9e dissolv$ 9 iodide ( potassium to %]ry color2 aft] :i*1 well wa% & apply a weak solution ( cyanide ( potassium1 & wa% well aga94 ,?is1 by ! way1 is equally applicable to pap] transf]s2 & x is to be rememb]$ t ! ton+ comes la/ ( all4 ,x is a r difficult matt] to clean a gr\nd opal :i* has be5 us$ two or ?ree times1 & acid mu/ !n be _h rec\rse to 7nitric acid is z good z any72 b by transf]r+ f ! support on ! gr\nd surface1 all /a9s are at once avoid$4 ,on ! flu%$ glass1 or on ! pot metal 7ungr\nd71 aft] well clean+ ! surface x %\ld be cov]$ ) a sub/ratum ( egg4 ,!n ! picture is tak5 direct1 n transf]r$2 t is1 ! plate is expos$ direct 9 ! cam]a1 regul>ly proce$$ )1 &1 :5 dri$1 v>ni%$ ) a pale negative v>ni%1 or ) dead v>ni% if int5d$ = *alk or wat]-color4 ,?is1 :5 a good negative is us$1 gives a rem>kably f9e picture1 n requir+ a ve/ige ( ret\*+1 & hav+ likewise ! invaluable advantage ( be+ p]fectly durable if v>ni%$ ) ! negative v>ni%4 ,moreov]1 on t1 effective pictures may be made 9 oil ) simply t9t+4 ,a g5tleman1 :o has a "r to be consid]$ a good judge 9 all art matt]s1 on look+ at "o ( ^! pictures transf]r$ on flu%$ glass1 said x 0 "o ( ! f9e/ productions ( photography4 ,he urg$ t negatives ad rem %\ld be tak5 mo/ c>efully1 & t1 l ! picture ,i %[$ him1 !y %\ld be full ( half-tone & detail1 & yet h pl5ty ( vigor4 ,!y %\ld1 he said1 be robu/ 9 ! high lights1 h p]fectly cle> glass 9 ! few po9ts ( deep %ad[s1 & ?us h p[]ful relief4 ,moreov]1 ! negatives %\ld be ret\*$ only by a compet5t h&1 & c>e tak5 t ! lik5ess %all be 9 no way alt]$1 :i* is s frequ5tly ! case n[4 ,if done z ?us sugge/$ !re is no d\bt t rem>kably f9e pictures are to be produc$ on opal1 :e!r gr\nd or n4 ,mo/ arti/ic results are to be obta9$1 &1 ) prop] c>e1 absolute p]man5cy4 ,9 ?is age ( ke5 competition1 all h to ?9k ( :at may be really recomm5d$ to "o's cli5tle1 & likely to meet ) approbation f /rang]s & fri5ds :5 ! picture has once be5 deliv]$2 & ,i c&idly ?9k t ! opal1 ( all1 is ! picture mo/ likely to meet ) ?is g5]al approbation4 ,i hope ,i h left x cle>ly to be und]/ood t ! class ( opal picture to :i* ,i h *iefly allud$ is "o t rema9s unt\*$ aft] ! transf]--t is1 absolutely unpa9t$ ^u4 ,x is pure photography 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 & ! resultant picture "o h>dly to be surpass$ 9 any way4 ,i h r laid a /ress on ?is po9t1 well kn[+ h[ pictures are at times irretrievably ru9$ by ! b>b>\s h& ( w\ld-be arti/s1 :o by f> exce$ ! true arti/s 9 numb]2 & ! h9t on ret\*+ %\ld n be lo/ sight (1 ei!r1 at a p]iod :5 ! t5d5cy is to /]eotype e "o 9 m>ble-l texture1 or r lack ( texture1 z if ! face 7 devoid ( all fle%9ess & z h>d & rigid z ca/-iron4 ,x might be wise to weigh ?is po9t c>efully1 & act ^u x1 be=e ! enlight5$ public h rais$ a cry aga9/ ! p]nici\s practice & made photograph]s sm>t = _! want ( apply+ timely rem$ial measures to a decid$ evil4 ,on read+ ! above aga91 fe>+ le/ any misconception %\ld arise 9 ! m9d ( ! read]1 ,i deem x exp$i5t1 to cle>ly /ate t = t]ra-cotta rec\rse is _h to d\ble transf]2 t is1 ! picture fir/ tak5 is lift$ f ! support on trac+ pap]1 put 9 ! "r position on t]ra-cotta1 & press$ d[n :ile wet ) blott+-pap]1 left to dry1 & is !n s f> ready4 ,respect+ ! production ( pictures by means ( emulsion1 gr\nd opal be+ ! be/1 ! sy/em ,i employ is z foll[s3 ,aft] well clean+ ! glass1 coat x ) emulsion 7:i* _h bett] n be too ?ick74 ,:5 dry x is expos$ & develop$ ) ! usual oxalate develop]1 to :i* a little bromide ( potassium has be5 add$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! op]ations is z usual4 ,^? v>ni%$ ) dead v>ni% c be t9t$ & work$ up ) color$ crayons or black lead p5cil & make v pleas+ pictures4 ,x is ne$less to add t !y are also to be f9i%$ 9 wat]-colors if ?\ght pref]able4--,g4 ,w4 ,m>tyn1 9 ,br4 ,j\r4 ,photo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pap] ,,negatives4 ,! process ( ,a4,c4,a4 ,?iebaut is z foll[s3 ! pap] has ! foll[+ advantages3 ,fir/4 ,! s5sitive coat+ is regul>1 & its ?ickness is uni=m ?r\gh\t ! entire surface ( ea* %eet4 ,second4 ,x c be expos$ = a lum9\s impression 9 any k9d ( slide z usually con/ruct$4 ,?ird4 ,x c be develop$ & fix$ z easily z a negative on glass4 ,f\r?4 ,! negative obta9$ dries q flat on blott+ pap]4 ,fif?4 ,! film :i* con/itutes ! negative c be deta*$ or peel$ f its support or back+ easily & readily by ! h&1 )\t ! assi/ance ( any dissolv+ or o!r ag5t4 ,?us ?is inv5tion does away ) all s5sitive prep>ations on glass1 :i* latt] is bo? a brittle & relatively heavy mat]ial1 ?us dim9i%+ ! bulk & weight ( amateur & sci5tific photograph]s' luggage :5 travel+2 x produces photographic negatives z f9e & z transp>5t z ^? on glass1 9 s mu* t ! film does n conta9 any gra92 &1 la/ly1 x admits ( pr9t+ f ei!r face ( ! film1 z reg>ds ! production ( positives on pap] or o!r mat]ial1 z well z plates = phototypy & photo-engrav+1 :i* latt] processes require a negative to be rev]s$4 ,= ! manufacture ( my s5sitiz$ film pap]3 ,fir/4 ,a gelat9iz$ %eet ( pap] is prop]ly damp$ ) cold wat]1 & :5 ev5ly saturat$ x is plac$ on a glass1 to :i* x is atta*$ by means ( b&s ( pap] pa/$ p>tially on ! glass1 & p>tially on ! edges ( ! said %eet2 9 ?is /ate x is all[$ to dry1 :]eby x is /ret*$ q flat4 ,secondly4 ,i coat ! dry %eet ) a solution ( ord9>y collodion1 conta9+ f "o to two p] c5t4 cubic measure ( azotic cotton 7#a p] c5t4 gives v good results7 & f #a to #b p] c5t4 ( ca/or oil 7#b p] c5t4 gives v good results72 ?is coat+ is all[$ to dry2 &1 ,?irdly4 ,! glass1 ) ! prep>$ pap] upw>d1 is level$1 & !n x is coat$1 9 a room f :i* all rays b r$ rays ( light are exclud$1 ) a tepid emulsion ( bromide ( silv] to ! ext5t ( ab\t "o millimet] ?ick1 & aft] leav+ x 9 ?is position until ! gelat9e has set 7say7 ab\t five m9utes1 ) ! film pap] /ill atta*$1 x is plac$ upright 9 a dry+-room1 :]e x %\ld rema9 ab\t twelve h\rs expos$ to a temp]ature ( f #fb to #ff degrees ,fahr5heit2 &1 ,f\r?ly4 ,! film pap] is deta*$ f ! glass ready = exposure1 developm5t1 & fix+ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,= ! purpose ( develop+1 oxalate ( iron or pyrogallic acid answ]s equally well2 = ! purpose ( fix+1 ,i h f\nd t a mixture by weight1 wat]1 #a1jjj1 hyposulphite ( soda #aej1 & p[d]$ alum #fj1 produces excell5t results1 aft] be+ all[$ to dry4 ,fif?ly4 ,! film is peel$ (f ! pap] by h&1 & c be imm$iately us$ = produc+ negatives recto or v]so z above m5tion$4 ,i claim z my inv5tion3 ,fir/4 ,! prep>ation or =mation ( gelat9o-bromide film pap] = photographic negatives1 9 ! mann] & = ! purposes above describ$2 &1 ,secondly4 ,! use = ?is purpose ( ca/or oil1 or any o!r analog\s oil1 m especially ) ! view ( peel+ (f ! film f ! pap] back+ z above describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,common ,,alum4 ,a sub/ance v mu* us$ by photograph]s ( late ye>s--9 fact1 s mu* us$ t no well-appo9t$ laboratory c\ld be consid]$ complete )\t x--is ! sub/ance kn[n is common alum1 or pota% alum1 be+ a d\ble sulphate ( alum9a & pota%2 b x is int]e/+ to note t mu* ( ! comm]cial alum met ) at ! pres5t "t is ammonia alum1 or ! d\ble sulphate ( alum & ammonia4 ,x is q a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! photograph] :e!r he uses pota% alum or ammonia alum4 ,besides its great value to ! autotype1 ,woodburytype1 & me*anical pr9t]s z an ag5t = h>d5+ ! gelat9e films1 x has be5 recomm5d$ = all sorts ( ailm5ts photographic4 ,! silv] pr9t] adds a small portion to 8 s5sitiz+ ba? to keep x 9 work+ ord]1 & to prev5t bli/]+ ( ! album52 !n1 aga91 silv] pr9ts are soak$ 9 a dilute solution ( alum1 hav+ = its object ! ?or\gh elim9ation ( ! la/ traces ( ! fix+ salt4 ,a v good proportion to use = ?is latt] purpose is f\r fluid ounces ( a saturat$ solution1 dilut$ ) "o gallon ( wat]1 ! pr9ts be+ well agitat$ dur+ an imm]sion ( t5 m9utes4 ,( all ! uses to :i* alum is put1 p]haps n 9 any s+le in/ance c s mu* satisfaction be d]iv$ z :5 x is us$ to arre/ frill+ ( gelat9e plates4 ,?is x has ! p[] to d in/antane\sly1 & _m ( ! mo/ c>eful work]s1 bo? amateur & pr(essional1 or at lea/ ^? :o d net c>e to run any unnecess>y risks ) negatives :i* h co/ !m a good deal ( anxiety & tr\ble to secure1 b pref] to make assurance d\bly sure--su* individuals may be numb]$ by ! hundr$--make x a po9t 9 e-day practice to imm]se all _! plates 9 a solution ( alum1 ei!r be=e fix+1 or imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,9 fact1 "s op]ators h two alum ba?s 9 use1 "o a normal ba?1 z above m5tion$1 = imm]s+ ! plates 9 :5 ( ! ord9>y pr9t+ int5sity2 & ! o!r a saturat$ solution /rongly acidifi$ by means ( a vegetable acid 7su* z citric7 or a m9]al acid 7su* z sulphuric71 = use :5 !re is too mu* pr9t+ d5sity1 s9ce x has be5 f\nd 9 practice t an acid solution ( alum 9 contact ) sodium ?io-sulphate on ! gelat9e image 7aft] fix+1 b be=e wa%+7 n only removes ! color or /a9 caus$ by ! alkal9e or pyrogallol1 b p]ceptibly r$uces ! /r5g? ( ! image4 ,moreov]1 ! color does n aga9 reappe> aft] wa%+1 z x does sometimes :5 ! fix+ salt has be5 p>tially wa%$ away4 ,9 cases :]e !re is great t5d5cy to frill--su*1 = in/ance1 z :5 a s(t sample ( gelat9e has be5 employ$1 or old decompos$ emulsion work$ 9 ) ! fre% emulsion--x w 9 su* cases be saf] to put ! plates 9 ! normal-ba? = a few m9utes previ\s to imm]s+ !m 9 ! acid ba?4 ,pota% alum is obta9$ tol]ably pure 9 comm]ce 9 colorless transp>5t cry/all9e masses1 hav+ an acid1 sweeti%1 a/r+5t ta/e4 ,x is soluble 9 #ah p>ts ( wat] at #fj ,f41 & 9 its own weight ( wat] at #bab ,f42 b ! excess cry/allizes out ^u cool+4 ,! solution r$d5s litmus pap]1 &1 :5 impure1 usually conta9s traces ( oxide ( iron4 ,^u ! addition ( ei!r cau/ic soda or pota%1 a :ite gelat9\s precipitate is =m$ 7hydrate ( alum9a71 :i* is soluble 9 excess ( ! reag5t employ$4 ,! precipitate ?us obta9$ has mu* ( ! "* ( ! opalesc5t film sometimes obs]v$ on gelat9e plates1 :5 dry1 :i* h be5 soak$ 9 alum1 & n well wa%$ aft]w>d4 ,alkal9e c>bonates--su* z wa%+ soda1 = in/ance--precipitate hydrate ( alum9a1 :i* does n dissolve 9 an excess ( ! reag5ts1 & c>bon dioxide is evolv$4 ,ammonia hydrate produces a precipitate 9 a mu* f9] /ate ( divison1 :i* does n dissolve 9 excess :5 exam9$ 9 a te/-tube1 x some:at resembles ?9 />* pa/e4 ,! pres5ce ( traces ( iron may be kn[n by add+ a few drops ( hydro*loric acid to a small quantity ( a saturat$ solution ( alum 9 a te/-tube1 to :i* add /rong liquid ammonia2 %\ld any iron be pres5t1 ! mixture w h a r$di%-br[n t+e :5 exam9$ ov] a %eet ( :ite pap]4 ,o!r alums exi/1 su* z ! d\ble sulphate ( alum9a & sodium1 & sodium or alum9um & ammonium2 b hi!rto _! uses h be5 conf9$ to ! exp]im5tal portion ( ! community r ?an ! practical4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,clo? ,,/ret*+ ,,ma*9e4 ,z is well kn[n1 9 ! process ( blea*+ & dye+1 cotton clo?s become consid]ably contract$ 9 ! wid?1 9 consequ5ce ( c>ry+ on ! op]ations :5 ! clo? is 9 ! =m ( a rope4 ,! effect is t1 toge!r ) ! t5sion1 al?\gh slight1 & ! dry+1 ! weft p>tly %r9ks & p>tly curls up1 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 be+ sc>cely obs]vable to ! nak$ eye4 ,x may almo/ be said t z reg>ds ! wid? ! %r9kage is due to a numb] ( m9ute crumples because ! clo? is easily /reat*$ aga9 by ! f+]s almo/ to its gray wid?4 ,! ma9 use ( a /ret*+ ma*9e1 !re=e1 is n s mu* to make ! clo? m ?an x is z to br+ x aga9 to its normal or wov5 wid? aft] op]ations t t5d to %r9kage h be5 p]=m$ ^u x4 ,! /ret*+ op]ation1 !re=e1 is especially useful to calico pr9t]s1 z x enables !m to obta9 :5 desir$ a :ite m>g9 ( ev5 wid?1 ! irregul>ities due to blea*+ be+ correct$ be=e pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,clo? ,,/ret*+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e n[ illu/rat$ is "o we h rec5tly se5 9 op]ation 9 a ,sal=d f9i%+ works4 ,x is an improv$ =m ( ano!r /ret*+ ma*9e :i* _h be5 turn$ out 9 consid]able numb]s by ,mr4 ,ar*ibald ,edme/on1 eng9e]1 ( ,sal=d1 :o makes a specialty ( calico pr9t]s' & f9i%]s' ma*9]y4 ,! improvem5ts consi/ ma9ly ( a simplification ( ! work+ p>ts & ?or\ghly sub/antial con/ruction ( ! ma*9e4 ,! pr9ciple adopt$ is a well-kn[n "o4 ,! selvages ( ! clo?1 or m /rictly ! two edges ( ! clo?1 ( a wid? ( ab\t two in*es1 are caus$ to pass ov] & at ! same "t are held by ! rims ( two div]g+ pulleys4 ,! rims are fur!r ap>t :]e ! clo? leaves !m ?an :]e !y seize x1 h5ce ! /ret*+ is gradually1 c]ta9ly1 & uni=mly p]=m$4 ,! clo? is gripp$ by ! pressure ( an endless belt act+ aga9/ ! l[] half ( ea* pulley1 ! edges be+ held betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! engrav+ ^! /ret*+ pulleys are indicat$ by ! lett]s ,,aa2 ! endless lea!r b& passes ov] ! pulleys1 ,,cc1 ( :i* !re are a set ( f\r provid$ = ea* /ret*+ pulley4 ,! l[] pair ( pulleys 9 ea* case may be tight5$ up by a screw = ! purpose ( imp>t+ ! requisite t5sion to ! b&s4 ,! /ret*+ pulleys are m\nt$ ^u & driv5 by ! same %aft1 an +5i\s b simple swivel+ jo9t 9 _! bosses enabl+ !m to be set at any angle to ! %aft & yet to revolve & be driv5 by x )\t ?r[+ any undue /ra9 ^u ! work+ p>ts4 ,! piece1 w\nd ^u ! ord9>y bat* %ell1 is plac$ ^u ! runn+-(f c5t]1 ,d2 x is l$ (f ov] ! rails1 ,,ee1 & !n d[nw>d to ! nip ( ! b&s & pulleys1 ,,aa4 ,z expla9$1 ! selvages are "h gripp$ betwe5 ! b&s & /ret*+ pulleys1 ! rims ( :i* are wid] ap>t at ! back ?an ! front1 & ?us1 9 be+ convey$ und]nea?1 ! piece is suitably /ret*$4 ,leav+ ! grip at ! back x passes ov] lead+-(f roll]s1 ,,ff1 & ! scrimp or op5+ rail1 ,g1 & !nce d[nw>d to ! w9d+-on c5t]1 :i* _c be se54 ,! w9d+-on c5t] is driv5 by friction4 ,z ! bat* fills x & t5ds to w9d fa/] ?an ! ma*9e deliv]s ! clo?1 ! driv+ slips4 ,9 addition to a capability ( be+ set at an angle to ! %aft1 ! /ret*+ pulleys1 ,,aa1 may be slid$ ^u1 s z to sep>ate or br+ !m clos] toge!r1 to all[ = ! treatm5t ( diff]5t wid?s ( clo?s4 ,?is adju/m5t is provid$ = by m\nt+ ! /ret*+ pulleys1 ,,aa1 & ! b& pulleys1 ,,cc1 etc41 on frames1 ,,bb1 ! ends ( :i* re/1 z %[n1 ^u rails1 at ! back & front ( ! ma*9e4 ,! adju/m5t ei!r = wid? ( piece or = ! angul>ity 7ext5t ( /ret*+7 is easily made by ! h&-:eel1 ,l4 ,by ! bevel :eels %[n1 two cross screws hav+ nuts connect$ to ! ends ( frames1 ,,bb1 are actuat$ 9 su* a way t z desir$ ! space betwe5 ! back & front ( ! pulleys may be clos$ 9 or op5$ out1 or ! two :eels1 ma9ta9+ ! same angul>ity1 may be sep>at$ or clos$ 91 ei!r adju/m5t be+ exp$iti\sly made4 ,! :eels1 ,,hhh1 are call$ c5t] /ret*+ :eels1 ! use ( :i* is sometimes advantage\s4 ,!y act 9 conjunction ) a set ( /ret*+ pulleys1 ( :i* "o1 ,k1 may be se5 9 illu/ration4 ,by a prop] adju/m5t at ! latt] ! piece is b5t into a wavy =m1 :]e x passes betwe5 ! :ole ( !m1 ! effect ( ! corrugation be+ to loos5 ! c5t] ?reads & to all[ ! piece to be m equally /ret*$ ) ^? ne> ! selvages & m easily4 ,?is "p ( ! ma*9e may be us$ or n z requir$4 ,! production1 we obs]ve1 0 ab\t #abj y>ds p] m9ute4 ,! ma*9e is solidly built & well fitt$ toge!r1 z 0 obvi\s to u f an inspection ( "s 9 c\rse ( con/ruction at ! mak]'s works4 ,x is also claim$ to be ( consid]able advantage to blea*]s & f9i%]s ( :ite goods1 on acc\nt ( ! uni=mity ( ! /ret*+ caus+ b small di/urbance to ! /iff5+4--,textile ,manufactur]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wool5 ,,fabrics ,,purifi$ ,,by ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,gas4 ,all kn[n me?ods = *emically purify+ wool5 /uffs f vegetable fib]s dep5d on ! action ( acids or sub/ances ( acid reaction4 ,! excessive temp]ature1 hi!rto unavoidable 9 ! op]ation1 acts injuri\sly on ! wool5 fib]s1 especially dur+ ! =mation ( hydro*loric acid1 ) :i* process especially ! developm5t ( an injuri\sly high temp]ature has be5 hi!rto unavoidable4 ,! be/ me?od ( absorb+ ! heat develop$ is 9 ! evaporation ( ! moi/ure naturally pres5t 9 ! wool4 ,! pat5tees f9d agitation ( ! fabric & ! use ( an exhau/] dur+ ! process ( mat]ial assi/ance4 ,! op]ation maybe successfully p]=m$ 9 two ways--ei!r by act+ on ! fabric at ! ord9>y pressure ) con/ant agitation1 or by saturation )\t agitation 9 a vacuum4 ,= ! fir/ me?od ! pat5tees employ a wood5 cyl9d] ) an ap]ture at "o end = ins]t+ & remov+ ! clo?1 & hav+ ap]tures all r\nd to all[ free access ( air4 ,?is cyl9d] re/s on a holl[ axle1 clos$ at "o end & p]=at$ ) holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! acid gas is pass$4 ,by ! rotation ( ! cyl9d] ! gas is drawn ?r\gh ! mat]ial & ! latt] expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 :]eby x gives up a quantity ( aque\s vapor4 ,an av]age temp]ature ( #cj ,c5t4 is be/ suit$ to ! op]ation1 & x c be regulat$ accord+ to ! supply ( gas by op5+ or %utt+ a ?ree-way cock betwe5 ! gas g5]ator & ! revolv+ cyl9d]4 ,?is process is assi/$ by ! use ( an exhau/] ( ! usual con/ruction4 ,:5 fully saturat$1 ! fabric is all[$ to rema9 until ! vegetable fib]s are suffici5tly friable4 ,! treatm5t 9 vacuo is z foll[s3 ,! hydro*loric acid gas passes into a vessel ( suitable mat]ial provid$ ) a p]=at$ false bottom4 ,f "u ?is false bottom a pipe connects ) a second simil> vessel connect$ itself ) a vacuum pump hav+ a let-(f pipe4 ,z soon z ! maximum vacuum is atta9$1 ! gas is turn$ on ?r\gh a ?ree-way cock at a pressure ( #dj mm4 m]cury4 ,! gas fills ! fir/ vessel & saturates ! clo?4 ,! w>m? set free 7ab\t #ejj calories p] kilo1 gas7 is tak5 up by ! comb9$ wat] 9 ! wool1 z1 ow+ to ! l[ pressure1 a quantity ( vapor is =m$ suffici5t to take up ! heat4 ,?is vapor /reams ?r\gh ! second vessel at a temp]ature ( #ce ,c5t41 p5etrates ! mat]ial1 & passes out ?r\gh ! pump4 ,aft] saturat+ ! cont5ts ( ! fir/ vessel ! gas passes into ! second4 ,,z soon z ?is is "o-qu>t] or "o-?ird saturat$ ! fir/ vessel is tak5 out & replac$ by a ?ird1 :i* receives ! ov]plus f ,no4 #b 9 l mann]1 & s on4 ,?is plan ( work+ prev5ts gas pass+ ?r\gh & damag+ ! pump4 ,in/ead ( work+ "u r$uc$ pressure1 ! desir$ l[ temp]ature c be ma9ta9$ by pass+ alt]nately ) ! gas curr5ts ( air :i* absorb heat 9 evaporat+ ! moi/ure ( ! mat]ial4 ,! clo?1 aft] saturation by ^! processes1 is left f six to twelve h\rs 9 ! vessels1 aft] :i* x is freely expos$ to ! air until ! vegetable p>ticles are friable4 ,z soon z ?is occurs1 ! fabrics are wa%$4 ,x is advantage\s to add to ! wa% wat] p[d]$ c>bonate ( b>yta1 /rontia1 magnesia1 or pref]ably lime1 & subsequ5tly to r9se 9 pure wat]4 ,phosphate ( lime conta9+ c>bonate may also be employ$ = neutraliz+ ! acid1 & ! residue recov]$ & sep>at$ f ! organic residues mix$ ) x4--,h4 ,j41 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,application ,,( ,,electricity ,,to ,,! ,,blea*+ ,,( ,,vegetable ,,textile ,,mat]ials4 ,x is a recogniz$ fact t *emical bodies 9 a nasc5t /ate are *>act]iz$ by peculi>ly en]getic aff9ities1 & ! results ( num]\s exp]im5ts p]mit u to affirm t animal & vegetable fib]s are rapidly blea*$ :5 !y are plac$ 9 contact ) oxides & *lorides :i*1 :5 submitt$ to electrolysis1 p]mit oxyg5 & *lor9e to dis5gage !mselves 9 ! nasc5t /ate4 ,! color+ matt] t impregnates ! majority ( vegetable textile sub/ances1 su* z cotton1 flax1 & hemp1 to cite only ^? mo/ g5]ally kn[n1 is 9 fact completely de/roy$ only by ! comb9$ action ( oxyg5 & *lor9e1 :i* always act 9 ! same mann]1 :e!r ! fib]s be 9 a raw or wov5 /ate4 ,9 ! application ( electrolysis to ! blea*+ ( textile mat]ials1 x is only necess>y to h ! electrodes ( any suffici5tly p[]ful g5]ator ( electricity end 9 a vessel conta9+ 9 aque\s solution su* decoloriz+ ag5ts z ! hypo*lorites 9 g5]al1 & *lorides1 bromides1 & iodides t are capable ( dis5gag+ *lor9e1 & iod9e or an iodide 9 a nasc5t /ate4 ,^! gases p]=m ! role ( oxidiz+ or decoloriz+ ag5ts4 ,! fib]s t are imm]s$ 9 ! solution dur+ ! passage ( ! electric curr5t mu/ necess>ily rema9 !re9 = a great] or less l5g? ( "t1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial to be blea*$1 & mu/1 aft] ?is fir/ op]ation1 be wa%$1 r9s$1 & dri$4 ,! use ( an electric curr5t = decompos+ ! metallic *lorides & dis5gag+ _! elem5ts is n new1 & !re h be5 specially utiliz$ = ?is purpose1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ! alkal9e hypo*lorites t are obta9$ by well kn[n processes4 ,9 ! latt] case ! metal is br\ght to ! /ate ( oxide 9 pres5ce ( ! wat] t is necess>y = ! reaction4 ,b ! results obta9$ 9 practic+ ?is me?od are deceiv+1 z f> z blea*+ is conc]n$1 & x is evid5tly m rational & economical to endeavor to comp\nd ! hypo*lorite directly by borr[+ all its elem5ts f ! metallic *loride itself1 & f ! wat] by means ( :i* su* trans=mation is to be effect$4 ,?is is a rev]sal ( ! problem1 &1 propos !re(1 we w\ld call ! att5tion ( ! read] to an app>atus inv5t$ by ,messrs4 ,naud9 ,s*neid] = effect+ su* syn!sis 9 a simple & practical mann]4 ,if a solution ( *loride ( sodium or kit*5 salt1 ,na,cl1 be submitt$ to electrolysis 9 a h]metically clos$ vessel conta9+ ! mat]ial to be blea*$1 a =mation ( hypo*lorite ( soda is produc$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 #b,na,cl #b ,h#b,o ,na,cl ,na,o1 ,cl,o #d;,h4 ,9 op]at+ 9 ?is mann] we %all h ! advantage t results f ! nasc5t body ?r\gh ! electrical d\ble decomposition ( ! *loride ( sodium & wat]1 :i* puts ! *lor9e1 ! metal1 ! hydrog51 & ! oxyg5 simultane\sly 9 pres5ce4 ,! *lor9e & oxyg5 w comb9e _! action to decolorize ! textile mat]ial4 ,:ile />t+ f ?is idea1 x w nev]!less be pref]able to adopt ,naud9 ,s*neid]'s arrangem5t4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a h]metically clos$ electrolyz]1 ,a1 into ! l[] "p ( :i* ent]s ! electrodes1 ,e & ,f1 ( any electrical ma*9e :atev]4 ,! receptacle1 ,a1 is provid$ ) a safety-tube1 ,t1 t issues f its upp] "p & communicates ) a res]voir1 ,b4 ,a second tube1 ,d1 =ms a communication betwe5 ! electrolyz] & ! vessel1 ,c4 ,! liquid conta9$ 9 ?is latt] is suck$ up by a pump1 ,p1 & =c$ to ! l[] "p ( ! vessel1 ,a1 by means ( ! tubes1 ,g & ,h4 ,! app>atus op]ates z foll[s3 ,! clos$ vessel1 ,c1 9 :i* ! mat]ial to be blea*$ is put1 is fill$1 z is also ! electrolyz]1 ) a solution ( *loride ( sodium4 ,?is solution is !n submitt$ to ! action ( an electric curr5t1 :51 z a consequ5ce ( ! *emical decomposition ( ! *loride & ! wat]1 ! elem5ts 9 a nasc5t /ate =m hypo*lorite ( soda4 ,:5 ! p>tial or total conv]sion ( ! liquid has be5 effect$ 7?is be+ asc]ta9$ by *lorometric te/s71 ! pump1 ,p1 is set rapidly 9 op]ation1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 draws up ! *loride ( sodium f ! bottom ( ! vessel1 ,c1 to ! l[] "p ( ! electrolyz]1 ,a4 ,! hypo*lorite t has =m$ passes ?r\gh ! tube1 ,d 7z a natural consequ5ce ( ! elevation ( ! level ( ! liquid 9 ,a br\ght ab\t by ! entrance ( a new supply ( *loride71 & di/ributes itself ?r\gh\t ! vessel1 ,c1 :]e x acts ^u ! textile mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,blea*+ ,,textile ,,fib]s ,,by ,,electricity4 ,! safety-tube1 ,t1 :i* is atta*$ to ! electrolyz]1 p]mits ( ! escape ( ! hydrog5 :i* is produc$ dur+ ! *emical reaction1 & fixes1 ?r\gh an alkal9e solution conta9$ 9 ! res]voir1 ,b1 ! *loride ^: escape might discommode ! op]ator4 ,z may be conceiv$1 ! sl[ transf] ( ! sal9e solution f ! receptacle1 ,c1 to ! electrolyz]1 & its rapid conv]sion into decoloriz+ *loride1 z well z its prompt application ^u ! mat]ials to be blea*$1 pres5ts important advantages4 ,:ile1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! indu/ries t make use ( blea*+ *lorides1 ! *loride ( sodium is conv]t$ into hydro*loric acid1 :i*1 9 ord] to dis5gage *lor9e1 mu/ 9 its turn react ^u b9oxide ( manganese1 we %all be able1 ) ?is new me?od1 to utilize ! *loride ( sodium1 :i* is d]iv$ f ord9>y salt works1 & extract f x ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! hypo*lorite by a simple displacem5t ( molecules produc$ "u ! influ5ce ( an electric curr5t4 ,ano!r & v s]i\s advantage ( electric blea*+ is t ( hav+ con/antly at h& a fre% solution ( hypo*lorite possess+ a uni=m decoloriz+ p[]1 :i* may be regulat$ by ! always kn[n int5sity ( ! curr5t4 ,we mu/ rem>k t ! hypo*lorites require a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t to p]mit ! *lor9e to become dis5gag$1 & t1 besides1 all *lorides1 bromides1 & iodides t are isomorph\s are capable ( und]go+ an analog\s *emical trans=mation & ( be+ employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! *lorides ( potassium or b>ium1 ! bromides ( /rontium or calcium1 & ! iodides ( alum9um or magnesium4 ,on ano!r h&1 z sea wat] conta9s diff]5t *lorides1 x results t x might s]ve directly z a raw mat]ial = blea*+ textile fib]s4 ,!n1 :5 ! solution ( *loride ( sodium has be5 depriv$ ( its *lor9e by electrolysis1 !re rema9s a solution ( cau/ic soda :i* may be utiliz$ = sc\r+ fib]s4--,h4 ,danz]1 9 ,le ,gnie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,spr+ ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,laren1 ( ! ,midl& ,eng9e ,works1 ,hunslet1 ,le$s1 ,engl&1 = sev]al ye>s pa/ h devot$ consid]able att5tion to ! "q ( m\nt+ traction eng9es on spr+s4 ,! outcome ( ?is is ! eng9e 9 "q1 ! front end ( :i* is c>ri$ by a pair ( ,timmis spiral spr+s1 re/+ on ! c5t] p9 ( ! front axle1 :i* is on ,messrs4 ,mc,laren's pr9ciple1 :i* enables x to accommodate itself to ! inequalities ( ! road )\t ?r[+ any undue /ra9 on ! front c>riage4 ,! *ief difficulty hi!rto has be5 to m\nt ! h9d end on spr+s )\t int]f]+ ) ! spur ge>+1 :i* mu/ be kept p]fectly rigid to prev5t breakage ( ! cogs4 ,?is is entirely provid$ = by ! new arrangem5t1 :]eby all ! spr+ is all[$ = 9 ! spokes ( ! :eel itself1 :i* w be cle>ly se5 on ref]5ce to ! illu/rations1 9 :i* ,fig4 #a is a p]spective view ( ! eng9e1 :ile ,fig4 #b %[s a detail view ( ! :eel4 ,! rim ( ! :eel is built up 9 ! ord9>y way ( /rong ,t-iron r+s1 ) /eel crossplates rivet$ on4 ,! nave ( ! :eel has wr\ght-iron ribs to :i* ! spokes are bolt$4 ,^! spokes are made ( ! be/ spr+ /eel1 specially manufactur$ & roll$ = ! purpose1 #i in*es wide & in* ?ick4 ,!y are b5t 9 a pe> %ape1 ) ! n>r[ ends fa/5$ to ! nave1 & ! cr[n re/+ ^u ! rim ( ! :eel1 :]e !y are divid$1 & held 9 _! places by means ( clip fa/5$ ) bolts4 ,:5 ! weight ( ! eng9e comes on ^! spokes1 ^? ne>e/ ! gr\nd are compress$ & ^?1 at ! top are elongat$ a little4 ,9 ord] to avoid any ( ! driv+ /ra9 pass+ ?r\gh ! spr+s1 a /rong arm is fix$ on ! diff]5tial :eel & atta*$ to ! rim z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 s t ! spr+s h really no "w to d beyond c>ry+ ! weight ( ! eng9e4 ,messrs4 ,mc,laren naturally felt a c]ta9 am\nt ( diffid5ce 9 plac+ _! inv5tion be=e ! public until !y _h ?or\ghly te/$ x 9 practical "w4 ,?is1 we are in=m$1 !y h done1 ) ! mo/ satisfactory results1 dur+ ! la/ five or six mon?s2 & !y h a set ( spr+s :i* ran dur+ t "t betwe5 #b1jjj & #c1jjj miles1 besides :i* !re are sev]al ( ^! spr+ eng9es 9 daily use4--,iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4 ,,improv$ ,,spr+ ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relative ,,dim5sions1 ,,l5g?s1 ,,resi/ances1 ,,& ,,weights ,,( ,,pure ,,copp] ,,wire4 ,,diamet] ,,area ,b4,w4,g ,in*4 ,milli- ,circu- ,squ>e ,squ>e ,no4 metres l> in*es4 ,milli- ,mils4 metres4 #jjjj 4#ded #aa4ecac #bjfaaf 4#afahhc #aj4ddce #jjj 4#dbe #aj4gie #ahjfbe 4#adahfb #i4aeb #jj 4#ch #i4feah #adddjj 4#aacdaa #g4cafe #j 4#cd #h4fceh #aaefjj 4#jijgibb #e4hegc #a 4#c #g4fbj #ijjjj 4#jgjfhf #d4efjb #b 4#bhd #g4bacd #hjfef 4#jfccdgb #d4jhfg #c 4#bei #f4eghd #fgjha 4#jebfhed #c4cihi #d 4#bch #f4jdea #effdd 4#jdddhha #b4hgja #e 4#bb #e4ehgi #dhdjj 4#jchjacc #b4debc #f 4#bjc #e4aefa #dabji 4#jcbcfee #b4jhh #g 4#ah #d4egai #cbdjj 4#jbeddfi #a4fdag #h 4#afe #d4aiji #bgbbe 4#jbachbe #a4cgid #i 4#adh #c4geia #baijd 4#jagbjcd #a4ajih #aj 4#acd #c4djce #agief 4#jadajbf 4#ijif #aa 4#ab #c4jdgi #addjj 4#jaacjig 4#gbif #ab 4#aji #b4ggja #aahha 4#jjiccacc 4#fjaii #ac 4#jie #b4dabi #ijbe 4#jjgjhhb 4#degc #ad 4#jhc #b4ajhb #fhhi 4#jjedajfb 4#cdijf #ae 4#jgb #a4hbhh #eahd 4#jjdjgaea 4#bdhf #af 4#jfe #a4feaj #dbbe 4#jjccahca 4#badjg #ag 4#jeh #a4dgcb #ccfd 4#jjbfdba 4#agjde #ah 4#jdi #a4bddf #bdja 4#jjahhegd 4#abafe #ai 4#jdb #a4jffh #agfd 4#jjachedd 4#jhid #bj 4#jce #j4hhij #abbe 4#jjjifbaae 4#jfbjg #ba 4#jcb #j4habh #ajbd 4#jjjhjdbe 4#jeahh #bb 4#jbh #j4gaab #ghd 4#jjjfaegec 4#jcigb #bc 4#jbe #j4fce #fbe 4#jjjdijhg 4#jcafg #bd 4#jbb #j4eehh #dhd 4#jjjchjacc 4#jbdeb #be 4#jb #j4ejh #djj 4#jjjcadaf 4#jbjbg #bf 4#jah #j4dega #cbd 4#jjjbeddfi 4#jafdb #bg 4#jaf #j4djfd #bef 4#jjjbjajfb 4#jabig #bh 4#jad #j4ceef #aif 4#jjjaecich 4#jjiic #bi 4#jac #j4ccjb #afi 4#jjjacbgcb 4#jjhef #cj 4#jab #j4cjdh #add 4#jjjaacjig 4#jjgbif ,,l5g? ,,& ,,weight ,b4,w4,g ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds ,feet ,y>ds #a4jjj feet ,miles ,no4 p] p] p] #a4jjj p] p] lb4 p] lb4 p] lb4 p] lb4 foot4 ,y>d ft4 mile4 #jjjj 4#fbcibd #a4hgaggb #fbc4ibd #cbid4cb #a4fjbgf 4#ecdbec 4#jjafjbgf 4#jjcjceec #jjj 4#edfgf #a4fdjbh #edf4gf #bhhf4hi #a4hbhie 4#fjife 4#jjahbhie 4#jjcdfci #jj 4#dcgaje #a4caacae #dcg4aje #bcjg4ib #b4bhggg 4#gfbei 4#jjbbhggg 4#jjdccc #j 4#cdiibh #a4jdighd #cdi4ibh #ahdg4fb #b4heggc 4#iebegff 4#jjbheggc 4#jjedabd #a 4#bgbdce 4#hagcje #bgb4dce #adch4dc #c4fgjf #a4bbcec 4#jjcfgjf 4#jjfieai #b 4#bddaea 4#gcbdec #bdd4aea #abhi4aa #d4jieh #a4cfebff 4#jjdjieh 4#jjggegc #c 4#bjcjeh 4#fjiagd #bjc4jeh #ajgb4ae #d4ibdg #a4fdaeff 4#jjdibdg 4#jjicbg #d 4#agadfc 4#eadcie #aga4dfe #ije4ccc #e4hcba #a4iddjcc 4#jjehcba 4#jaajdeg #e 4#adfea 4#dciec #adf4eaj #ggc4ef #f4hbee #b4bgeaff 4#jjfhbee 4#jabibg #f 4#abdgdb 4#cgdbbf #abd4gdb #feh4fch #h4jafe #b4fgbaff 4#jjhjafe 4#jaeahc #g 4#jihjgf 4#bidbbh #ih4jgf #eag4hdd #aj4aifb #c4cihgc 4#jajaifb 4#jaicaa #h 4#jhbdaa 4#bdgbcc #hb4daa #dce4ace #ab4acde #d4jddhc 4#jabacde 4#jbbiha #i 4#jffcje 4#aihiae #ff4cje #cej4jhi #ae4jhah #e4jbgbff 4#jaejhah 4#jbhefd #aj 4#jedced 4#afcjfb #ed4ced #bhf4ii #ah4cih #f4acbff 4#jahcih 4#jcdhde #aa 4#jdcei 4#acjgg #dc4eij #bcj4aeb #bb4idac #g4fdga 4#jbbidac 4#jdcde #ab 4#jceifd 4#ajghib #ce4ifd #ahi4hic #bg4hje #i4bfhc 4#jbghje 4#jebff #ac 4#jbgcai 4#jhaieg #bg4cai #add4bde #cf4fjdf #ab4bjaec 4#jcffjdf 4#jficbf #ad 4#jbjhec 4#jfbeei #bj4hec #aaj4ajhh #dg4ied #ae4ihdff 4#jdgied 4#jijhb #ae 4#jaefib 4#jdgjgf #ae4fib #hb4hee #fc4gbfg #ba4bdbbc 4#jfcgbfa 4#abjfi #af 4#jabghi 4#jchcfg #ab4ghi #fg4ebgf #gh4aijb #bf4jfcd 4#jghaijb 4#adhji #ag 4#jajahbh 4#jcjedhd #aj4ahbh #ec4gffe #ih4bjb #cb4gcd 4#jihbjc 4#ahehi #ah 4#jjgbfgie 4#jbahjchh #g4bfgif #ch4cgdh #acg4eij #de4hfcc 4#acgeij 4#bfjehg #ai 4#jjeccigb 4#jafjaiaf #e4ccigb #bh4aicg #ahg4bgf #fb4dbec 4#ahgbgf 4#cedfi #bj 4#jjcgjhae 4#jaaabdde #c4gjhae #ai4egi #bfi4fgf #hi4hib 4#bfiffgf 4#eajge #ba 4#jjcjiigb 4#jjibiiaj #c4jiigb #af4cffe #cbb4faj #ajg4ecff 4#cbbfaj 4#faajj #bb 4#jjbcgcab 4#jjgaaicf #b4cgcab #ab4ecja #dba4chd #adj4dfac 4#dbaccd 4#gihjgh #bc 4#jjahiaj 4#jjefgeg #a4hiai #i4ihib #ebh4egj #agf4aij 4#ebhegj 4#ajjajh #bd 4#jjadfej 4#jjdciej #a4dfej #g4gceg #fhb4ee #bbg4eaff 4#fhbee 4#abibga #be 4#jjabajhb 4#jjcfcbdf #a4bajhb #f4cicae #hbe4hhj #bge4bidc 4#hbehhc 4#aefdag #bf 4#jjjihjgg 4#jjbidbca 4#ihjgg #e4aghdd #ajai4fa #cci4hgj #a4jaifa 4#aicajh #bg 4#jjjggdib 4#jjbcbdgf 4#ggdib #d4jiaf #abij4dd #dcj4adff #a4bijdd 4#bdddj #bh 4#jjjeicc 4#jjaggii 4#eicc #c4acbfd #afhe4dh #efa4hbff #a4fhedh 4#caibb #bi 4#jjjeaaega 4#jjaecdgac 4#eaaega #b4gjaa #aied4gf #fea4ehff #a4iedgf 4#cgjbbj #cj 4#jjjdcei 4#jjacjgg 4#dcei #b4cjaeb #bbid4ac #gfd4gaj #b4bidac 4#dcddif ,,l5g? ,,& ,,resi/ance ,b4,w4,g ,feet ,y>ds #a4jjj feet ,miles ,ohms ,ohms ,ohms ,ohms ,no4 p] ,ohm4 p] ,ohm4 p] ,ohm4 p] ,ohm4 p] foot4 p] y>d4 p] #a4jjj p] mile4 foot4 #jjjj #aiiff4e #ffee4e #ai4iffe #c4ghae 4#jjjjejfhd 4#jjaefbeb 4#jejjhd 4#bfdddc #jjj #agdig4ae #ehcb4chcc #ag4digae #c4cache 4#jjjjegaebb 4#jjjagadeff 4#jegaebb 4#cjagfc #jj #acihh4fd #dffb4fh #ac4ihhjd #b4fdibe 4#jjjjgadhi 4#jjjbaddfg 4#jgadhi 4#cggdfe #j #aaaih4ag #cgcb4gccc #aa4aihag #b4abjhf 4#jjjjhicjjb 4#jjjbfgijjf 4#jhicjjb 4#dgaeje #a #hgah4cj #bijf4aj #h4gahcj #a4feab 4#jjjaadgj 4#jjjcdda 4#aadgja 4#fjefb #b #ghac4ej #bfjd4ej #g4hacej #a4dgigc 4#jjjabgii 4#jjjchcig 4#abgii 4#fgehj #c #fdih4ad #baff4jdff #f4dihad #a4bcjga 4#jjjaechi 4#jjjdfafg 4#aechi 4#habed #d #edhg4ajg #ahbi4jceg #e4dhgajg #a4jcibc 4#jjjahbbde 4#jjjedfgce 4#ahbbde 4#ifbbef #e #dfhh4ea #aefb4hcff #d4fhhea 4#hhgige 4#jjjbacbhg 4#jjjfcihfa 4#bacbhg #a4abfaf #f #ciia4ia #accj4fcff #c4iiaia 4#gefjde 4#jjjbejejf 4#jjjgeaeah 4#bejejf #a4cbbfg #g #cach4ei #ajdf4aiff #c4achei 4#eiddc 4#jjjcahfad 4#jjjieehdb 4#cahfad #a4fhbbh #h #bfcg4bi #hgi4jiff #b4fcgbi 4#diidhf 4#jjjcgiagg 4#jjaacgeca 4#cgiagg #b4jjbjf #i #baba4hd #gjg4bhj #b4abahd 4#djahfd 4#jjjdgabhi 4#jjadachfg 4#dgabhi #b4dhhdje #aj #agci4dj #egi4hj #a4gcidj 4#cbidcb 4#jjjegdiaa 4#jjagbdgcc 4#egdiaa #c4jceec #aa #acid4ic #dfd4igff #a4cidic 4#bfdaia 4#jjjgafhhb 4#jjbaejfdf 4#gafhhb #c4ghead #ab #aaej4ia #chc4fcff #a4aejia 4#bagigf 4#jjjhfhhge 4#jjbfjffbe 4#hfhhge #d4ehgff #ac #hgd4beb #bia4dagc 4#hgdbeb 4#afeegh 4#jjaadchc 4#jjcdcadi #a4adchc #f4jcide #ad #ffg4cch #bbb4ddf 4#ffgcch 4#abfci 4#jjadihdi 4#jjddiedg #a4dihdi #g4iabjc #ae #ejb4age #afg4ciaff 4#ejbage 4#jieaji 4#jjaiiacd 4#jjeigdjb #a4iiacd #aj4eadb #af #dji4bgf #acf4dbecc 4#djibgf 4#jggead 4#jjbddccd 4#jjgccjjb #b4ddccd #ab4ijjh #ag #cbe4hga #ajh4fbcff 4#cbehga 4#jfagah 4#jjcjfhg 4#jjibjfa #c4jfhg #af4bjbgd #ah #bcb4ehe #gg4ebhcc 4#bcbehe 4#jddje 4#jjdbiie 4#jabhihe #d4biie #bb4gjad #ai #agj4hgi #ef4ieiff 4#agjhgi 4#jcbcfc 4#jjeheba 4#jageefc #e4heba #cj4hiia #bj #adi4ciae #di4gigaff 4#adiciae 4#jbbdge 4#jjhdbgjc 4#jbebhaji #h4dbgjc #dd4didg #ba #ii4aie #cc4jfe 4#jiiaie 4#jahghg 4#jajjhaaj 4#jcjbdcdh #aj4jhaaf #ec4bbhe #bb #ge4idfa #be4caecff 4#jgeidfa 4#jadchd 4#jacafgb 4#jciejaf #ac4afgb #fi4ebcj #bc #fj4edcgg #bj4ahabef 4#jfjedcgg 4#jaadfg 4#jafeagj 4#jdieeaj #af4eagj #hg4bjif #bd #df4hhea #ae4fbhcef 4#jdfhhea 4#jjhhgih 4#jbacbhgd 4#jfcihfbb #ba4cbhgd #aab4faf #be #ch4gdh #ab4iaf 4#jchgdh 4#jjgcchf 4#jbehjh 4#jggdbd #be4hjh #acf4bfe #bf #ca4chei #aj4dfaiff 4#jcachei 4#jjeiddc 4#jcahfadd 4#jieehdcb #ca4hfadd #afh4bbi #bg #bd4gihgc #h4bffbdc 4#jbdgihgc 4#jjdfifg 4#jdjcbdf 4#abjigch #dj4cbdf #bab4iad #bh #ah4ihfec #f4cbhhdc 4#jahihfec 4#jjceiei 4#jebffhib 4#aehjjfgf #eb4ffhib #bgh4jib #bi #af4cgaj #e4degj 4#jafcgaj 4#jjcajjf 4#jfajhcd 4#ahcbejb #fa4jhcd #cbb4eba #cj #ac4idic #d4fdigff 4#jacidic 4#jjbfdai 4#jgafhhbe 4#baejfdge #ga4fhhbe #cgh4ead ,,resi/ance ,,weight ,b4,w4,g ,ohms ,lbs4 ,no4 p] lb4 p] ,ohm4 #jjjj 4#jjjjhjbgb #abdeg4e #jjj 4#jjjajdebi #ieff4g #jj 4#jjjafceec #faad4bd #j 4#jjjbeeaif #ciah4eh #a 4#jjjdbajb #bcge4ah #b 4#jjjebdbb #aijg4ei #c 4#jjjgeghf #acai4ej #d 4#jjajfbi #idj4hdd #e 4#jjadeeh #fhf4iaa #f 4#jjbjjhb #dig4if #g 4#jjcbdhfc #cjg4hbb #h 4#jjdfjaja #bag4cdc #i 4#jjgajgia #adj4fhi #aj 4#jajeggb #id4edc #aa 4#jafddfb #fj4hdb #ab 4#jbdaeic #da4cib #ac 4#jdahfib #bc4hhci #ad 4#jgahehc #ac4iafc #ae 4#abfghh #g4hhgb #af 4#aiajde #e4bcdd #ag 4#cjacee #c4cahce #ah 4#eiaeg #a4fijd #ai #a4jieif 4#iabdde #bj #b4bgbed 4#ddjjc #ba #c4bebbi 4#cjgdh #bb #e4edhdc 4#ahjbc #bc #h4gcjce 4#aaded #bd #ad4eegi 4#jfhfia #be #ba4cadb 4#jdfiag #bf #cb4dhfc 4#jcjghb #bg #eb4jcfg 4#jaibag #bh #hh4ggbd 4#jaabfe #bi #aai4djd 4#jjhcge #cj #afd4dgfb 4#jjfjhjd ,,pure ,,copp] weighs #eee lbs4 p] cubic foot4 ,! ,resi/ance ( #a mil4 foot at #fj ,fahr4 is1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,mat?iess51 #aj4cbcaa ohms4 ,^u ^! data ! above ,table has be5 calculat$4 ,! ,resi/ance ( ,copp] v>ies ) ! temp]ature ab\t #j4ch p] c5t4 p] degree ,c5tigrade1 or #j4ba p] c5t4 p] degree ,fahr5heit4 ,,/r&$ ,,wires4--,) a conductor ( a def9ite l5ght1 made ( ,/r&$ ,wires1 ! total weight is great]1 & ! ,resi/ance less ?an is a simil> l5g? ( ,conductor ) ,wires n ,/r&$4 ,to conv]t--,in*es to ,millimetres multiply by #be4ciid ,feet to ,metres 4#cjdh ,y>ds to ,metres 4#iadd ,miles to ,kilometres 4#fbad ,p\nds to ,kilogrammes 4#decei ,,pep>$ ,,by ,,walt] ,t4 ,,glov] ,,co41 ,,electrical ,,wire ,,& ,,cable ,,mak]s1 #be1 ,,boo? ,,/reet ,,man*e/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iron ,,frame ,,gang ,,mills4 ,! gang mill is reg>d$ z possess+ mat]ial advantages 9 ! rapid & economical manufacture ( lumb]4 ,among ! rec5t improvem5ts t5d+ to p]fect su* mills1 ^? :i* are %[n 9 ! iron frame /ock gang1 manufactur$ by ,wickes ,bros41 ,ea/ ,sag9aw1 ,mi*41 are em95tly valuable4 ,our l>ge engrav+ repres5ts "o ( ^! mills1 con/ruct$ to be driv5 by belt1 friction1 or direct eng9e1 z may be desir$4 ,! important requisite 9 ?is class ( mills is su* design & proportion ( p>ts z w insure durability & cont9u$ movem5t at ! highe/ spe$1 safely increas+ ! quantity & improv+ ! quality ( "w done at a less] fe$1 & admitt+ ! use ( ?9n] saws ?an is practical 9 ! sl[] mov+ sa%4 ,^! are among ! advantages ga9$ 9 ! iron frame ma*9e1 ov]com+ ! necessity ( an exp5sive mill frame1 sav+ "t & exp5se 9 sett+ up1 & avoid+ ! liability ( decay or *ange ( position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,iron ,,frame ,,gang ,,saw ,,mill4 ,_m improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! me*anism ( oscillation1 & f ^! ! build]s ( ?is mill h adopt$ :at is kn[n z ! ,wilk9 movem5t1 :i* oscillates ! top & bottom slides4 ,! top slides are pivot$ at ! top end1 & ! bottom ones f ! bottom end1 bo? be+ op]at$ by "o rock %aft f ! c5t]4 ,?is movem5t :5 prop]ly adju/$ gives an easy cle>ance & ! easie/ cut yet obta9$4 ,x adds no extra weight to ! sa%1 & avoids ! cumbr\s rock %aft & its att5dant jo9ts1 usually weigh+ f ?ree hundr$ to five hundr$ p\nds1 :i* h be5 f\nd s objectionable 9 _m o!r movem5ts4 ,! fe$ is cont9u\s1 & is made v>iable f to #a in* to ea* /roke1 controllable by ! sawy]4 ,p[] is appli$ to ! press rolls 9 ! d\ble screw =m ) pivot po9t1 also op]at$ by ! same h&4 ,a special feature ( ?is ma*9e is ! spread+ ( ! l[] frame s t its base re/s ^u an indep5d5t portion ( ! f\ndation f ! ma9 pill[ block or crank %aft4 ,! solidity ( ! :ole /ructure is ?us increas$1 bo? by ! increas$ wid? at ! base & ! prev5tion ( connect+ vibrations1 :i* necess>ily communicate :5 re/+ ^u ! same "p1 z 9 o!r =ms ( su* ma*9es h]et(ore 9 use4 ,! mill %[n 9 ! p]spective view is "o ( tw5ty-six saws #d feet long1 sa% #ch in*es wide 9 ! cle>1 & /roke #bj in*es1 capable ( mak+ #bcj /rokes p] m9ute4 ,! crank %aft is n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 ( ! be/ =g$ iron4 ,! ma9 pill[ block has a base #f feet long by #ba in*es be>+1 weigh+ #b1hjj p\nds4 ,! cap is secur$ by two =g$ bolts #c in*es 9 diamet]1 & by ?is arrangem5t no unequal /ra9 ^u ! cap is possible4 ,a disk crank is us$ ) suitable c\nt]balance1 expressly adapt$ to ! weight & spe$ ( sa%2 a hamm]$ /eel wri/ p9 five in*es 9 diamet]1 & a =g$ pitman ( ! mo/ approv$ patt]n1 ) be/ composition boxes4 ,! iron drive pulley is #d to #d feet 9 diamet] & #bd in*es face2 ! fly-:eel six feet 9 diamet]1 & weigh+ #d1gjj p\nds1 turn$ (f at rim4 ,:5 a wid] & heavi] sa% is requir$1 a proportionate increase is made 9 all ^! p>ts4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! sa% ! /iles are made ( /eel2 ! l[] girt & upp] heads are made 9 "o solid piece1 )\t rivets1 giv+ ! greate/ /r5g? possible1 ) ! lea/ weight4 ,! outfit also includes eight iron roll]s = ! floor1 #h in*es 9 diamet]1 ) iron /&s1 & ge>$ z live rolls :5 desir$1 a full set ( ,lipp5cott's /eel saw hang+s1 & gauges = "o-in* lumb]4 ,! weight ( ! ma*9e "h %[n is #ah tons4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 built 9 l>g] or small] sizes1 adapt$ to any locality1 quality or quantity ( "w desir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is said t ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel is div]t+ ! bulk ( ! ,italian trade into ! h&s ( ! ,belgians1 ,g]mans1 & ,holl&]s ) />tl+ rapidity4 ,)\t break+ bulk1 e>ly fruits are tak5 f all p>ts ( ,italy to ,o/5d1 ,antw]p1 & ,rott]dam1 :5ce !y are c>ri$ by fa/ /eam]s to ,london & o!r ,engli% ports4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,g]many is s5d+ into ,italy l>ge quantities ( coal1 iron1 ma*9]y1 copp]1 & o!r articles ( :i* ! latt] receiv$ no?+ be=e4 ,9 two mon?s alone1 ! ,italians import$ #a1ddf tons ( pap]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,heat ,,reg5]ative ,,sy/em ,,( ,,fir+ ,,gas ,,retorts4 ,! sy/em ( heat reg5]ation 9 ! fir+ ( gas retorts1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple :i* ,dr4 ,c4,w4 ,siem5s has work$ out 9 su* a v>iety ( ways 9 ! indu/rial arts1 has lately be5 appli$ ) v m>k$ success at ! ,dalm>nock ,/ation ( ! ,glasg[ ,corporation ,gas ,works4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t a p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty ye>s has elaps$ s9ce ,dr4 ,siem5s successfully adapt$ 8 sy/em to ! fir+ ( retorts at ! ,p>is ,gas ,works1 x seems to h made b little progress up to ! pres5t "t2 = :at reasons x is p]haps difficult to expla94 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t s-call$ reg5]ator furnaces ( v>i\s =ms h1 f "t to "t1 be5 br\ght into use at gas works = ! purpose 9 "q bo? on ! ,cont95t & 9 ?is c\ntry2 & 9 rec5t ye>s ! subject has receiv$ mu* att5tion f gas eng9e]s1 ! g5]al op9ion ev5tually be+ t ! adoption ( su* a sy/em ( work+ w\ld be c]ta9 to result 9 s great an am\nt ( economy z to put gas z an illum9at+ ag5t on a m secure foot+ to compete successfully ) its mod]n & some:at aggressive rival1 ! electric light4 ,( c\rse1 x is n[ admitt$ t ! mode ( adapt+ ! heat reg5]ative pr9ciple at ! ,p>is ,gas ,works 0 att5d$ ) a degree ( complexity 9 ! /ructural arrangem5ts t 0 s great & s exp5sive z to place x practically beyond ! rea* ( gas companies & gas corporations g5]ally1 :5 ! exp5se z well z ! sci5tific beauty & practical effici5cy ( ! new mode ( apply+ & utiliz+ heat _h to be consid]$4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,siem5s 0 enabl$ two or ?ree ye>s ago to demon/rate t !re 0 no su* ?+ z f9ality 9 t dep>tm5t ( inv5tion :i* he _h made almo/ exclusively 8 own4 ,ab\t ! "t m5tion$ he plac$ 8 mo/ advanc$ views on gas produc]s & on ! reg5]ation & utilization ( heat be=e ! _w1 & )9 t p]iod a mo/ decid$ /ep 9 advance has be5 made1 ! /ructural arrangem5ts n[ requir$ = gas produc]s & reg5]ator furnaces hav+ be5 imm5sely simplifi$ & *eap5$1 :ile _! practical utility has 9 no way be5 int]f]$ )4 ,sc>cely _h ,dr4 ,siem5s ann\nc$ 8 new =m ( gas produc] & reg5]ator ?an communication 0 op5$ ) him by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f\lis1 ! g5]al manag] to ! ,glasg[ ,corporation ,gas ,tru/1 ) ! view ( ent]+ into arrangem5ts = its adoption on an exp]im5tal scale at "o ( ! /ations "u 8 *>ge4 ,enc\rag$ by ! he>ty co-op]ation ( ! gas committee1 two or ?ree ( ^: memb]s 7 well kn[n eng9e]s1 ,mr4 ,f\lis v soon came to an und]/&+ ) ,dr4 ,siem5s to h ! reg5]ative sy/em put to a ?or\gh te/ at ! ,dalm>nock ,gas ,works1 situat$ 9 ! extreme ea/ end ( ! city1 & ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t ( ! k9d 9 ,scotl&1 ! total numb] ( retorts erect$ be+ ab\t #gej4 ,! sy/em 9 its mo/ rec5t %ape 0 appli$ to f\r ov5s1 ea* ( :i* _h sev5 retorts1 b :i* numb] has s9ce be5 increas$ to eight1 ow+ to ! space occupi$ by ! furnace 9 ! ord9>y sett+s be+ r5d]$ available = an additional retort 9 ! new or ,siem5s sett+4 ,= ea* ov5 or *amb] ( eight retorts !re 0 erect$ a sep>ate gas-produc]1 s t ev5 "o set ( eight retorts might alone be us$ if ?\ght necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas ,,retorts ,,) ,,reg5]ative ,,furnaces 4--,,glasg[ ,,corporation ,,gas ,,works4 ,9 ,figs4 #a & #b ( our illu/rations1 ! g5]al arrangem5t & ! relation%ip ( ! gas produc]1 ! reg5]ators1 & ! retorts to ea* o!r are cle>ly %[n4 ,x 0 a sort ( s9e qua non ( ! new me?od ( fir+ ! retorts t ! produc] %\ld be 9 z close proximity z possible to ! place :]e ! gase\s fuel 0 to be us$1 & x 0 conclud$ t ! mo/ conv5i5t situation w\ld be imm$iately 9 front ( its own set ( eight retorts1 & ) its top on a level ) ! work+ floor ( ! retort h\se4 ,to place x 9 su* a position meant a good deal ( excavation1 :i* 0 also requir$1 h[ev]1 = ! reg5]ator flues4 ,! excavation 0 c>ri$ d[n to a dep? ( #aj ft4 bel[ ! level ( ! retort h\se floor1 & z a matt] ( c\rse ! op]ation ( und]p9n+ _h to be resort$ to = ! purpose ( c>ry+ d[n ! f\ndations ( ! division walls1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! ma9 ar*es & ! hydraulic ma91 7 9 no way o!rwise di/urb$4 ,z 9 mo/ new inv5tions1 a good deal ( difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ at fir/ 9 connection ) ^! gas produc]s & heat reg5]ator furnaces2 b by d9t ( application & by ! adoption ( modifications made "h & !re 9 ! arrangem5ts f "t to "t1 z also by a det]m9ation n to be beat51 al?\gh (t5 di%e>t5$1 ,mr4 ,f\lis 0 ultimately rew>d$ ) complete success4 ,! new sy/em ( fir+ be+ made s simple t !re 0 sc>cely any possibility ( failure likely to arise 9 ord9>y practice if x 0 sup]9t5d$ ) b a mod]ate am\nt ( c>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! results :i* 7 obta9$ 9 c\rse ( "t ) f\r ov5s1 or a total ( #cb retorts1 7 s exce$+ly promis+ t x 0 =?) resolv$ to ext5d ! new mode ( fir+ to ! :ole ( a d\ble b5* ( twelve ov5s1 n[ conta9+ #if retorts2 & all ! improvem5ts :i* _h sugge/$ !mselves dur+ ! work+ exp]im5ts ) ! f\r ov5s 7 adopt$ f ! fir/ 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! rema9+ eight ov5s 9 ! b5*4 ,m rec5tly ! reg5]ator sy/em has be5 appli$ to o!r #bb ov5s1 or #agf additional retorts1 be+ ! :ole ( "o ( ! ma9 divisions ( ! retort h\se2 & dur+ ! v dep? ( ! pres5t w9t]1 :5 ! dem& = gas 0 at its greate/ height1 all ! retorts ( ! conv]t$ or ,siem5s sett+s1 am\nt+ to #bgb1 7 9 full work+ activity1 9 :i* condition !y /ill rema94 ,x is int5d$ to make ano!r v consid]able ext5sion ( ! heat reg5]ative sy/em ( fir+ dur+ ! ensu+ spr+ & summ]4 ,! recon/ruction ( ! pres5t ye> w ext5d to ! ov5s ( sev5 retorts ea*1 giv+ 9 ?is case eighty gas fir$ retorts2 & to tw5ty ov5s ( five retorts ea*1 :i* w become sixte5 ov5s1 ea* hav+ eight retorts1 mak+ #abh retorts 9 ?is division1 & ! total be+ #bjh retorts 9 place ( #agj 9 ! same am\nt ( space4 ,x is confid5tly anticipat$1 !re=e1 t by ! mon? ( ,augu/ ( ! pres5t ye>1 #dhj full siz$ retorts w be available = work+ out ! new me?od at ! ,dalm>nock ,gas ,works4 ,fur!rmore1 ! confid5ce :i* has be5 inspir$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! memb]s ( ! ,glasg[ ,corporation ,gas ,committee & _! eng9e] reg>d+ ! actualities & possibilities ( ! ,siem5s sy/em ( fir+ gas retorts1 9 its mo/ improv$ /ate1 is su* t arrangem5ts are be+ made = />t+ %ortly to apply x ?r\gh\t at ! ,daw%olm ,/ation1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! suburban burgh ( ,m>yhill1 & "s f\r or five miles di/ant f ! ,dalm>nock ,works 9 a nor?we/]n direction4 ,! /ation j nam$1 :i* is also a v l>ge "o1 w probably require two ye>s = its conv]sion4 ,we %all n[ give "s acc\nt ( ! /ructural arrangem5ts adopt$ = produc+ *eap gase\s fuel1 & = turn+ t fuel to ! greate/ advantage 9 fir+ ! retorts = ! purpose ( c>boniz+ ! cannel coal us$ z ! s\rce ( ! gas4 ,! gas produc]1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 v]tical section 9 ,fig4 #b1 is a cyl9d] ( brickwork inclos$ 9 a cas+ ( malleable iron4 ,x is #g ft4 #f 94 deep1 & #c ft4 9 diamet]1 :i* becomes r$uc$ to #bj 94 above1 :]e x is clos$ by means ( a ca/-iron lid1 :i* is cont9u\s ) ! floor ( ! retort h\se4 ,!re are no fireb>s at ! bottom1 s t ! fuel re/s on a floor ( firebrick4 ,at ! bottom ( ! walls ( ! produc] !re are sev]al holes ab\t #a ft4 9 l5g? by #f 94 9 height4 ,by means ( ^! op5+s any cl9k] t may =m & ! a%es ( ! sp5t fuel c readily be )drawn4 ,!y also all[ ( ! admission ( air to ma9ta9 ! combu/ion 9 ! l[] portion ( ! mass ( fuel2 & at ea* op5+ !re is a malleable iron tube = deliv]+ a jet ( /eam direct f a /eam boil]4 ,we %all subsequ5tly expla9 ! functions p]=m$ by ! /eam4 ,! fuel employ$ is ! coke or *> result+ f cannel coal :5 x has yield$ up its hydroc>bons & o!r gases dur+ ! process ( c>bonization 9 ! gas retorts4 ,be+ entirely made f ,scot* cannel ! coke is v poor 9 quality1 z x conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( m9]al matt] or a% relatively to its fix$ c>bon4 ,! retorts are work$ ) ?ree-h\r *>ges1 b ! produc] is only *>g$ once 9 e six h\rs ,= ea* set ( eight retorts ! *>ge ( raw cannel is ab\t #ah cwt41 & x is f\nd 9 practice t ! coke drawn f five ( ! retorts is q suffici5t to fill up ! produc] to ! top4 ,=m]ly a set ( sev5 retorts fir$ 9 ! ord9>y way f a furnace und]nea?1 requir$ f #fj to #ge p] c5t4 ( ! coke made1 b n[1 ) eight retorts 9 ea* ov51 ! quantity has be5 r$uc$ to ab\t #cj p] c5t41 or less ?an "o-half ( :at x =m]ly 04 ,be=e ! retorts are drawn ! lid is remov$ f ! top ( ! produc]1 & any fuel /ill rema9+ unconsum$ is t\*$ up a bit by way ( level+ x on ! surface1 & z soon z x has be5 fill$ up to ! con/rict$ portion a %ovelful ( s(t lut+ is spread ov] ! top ( ! coke1 & ! lid is laid ^u x & driv5 home1 !reby mak+ a p]fectly air-tight jo9t4 ,! cont5ts ( ! o!r ?ree retorts1 z also ! cont5ts ( ! :ole ( ! retorts at ea* alt]nate draw+1 are tak5 to ! coke heap 9 ! y>d4 ,we h already spok5 ( a *>ge ( cannel z be+ ab\t #ah cwt4 = ea* set ( eight retorts1 b 9 connection ) t matt] we %\ld m5tion t x 0 =m]ly ab\t #ac cwt4 p] ov5 conta9+ sev5 retorts1 & t !re is e prospect ( x be+ increas$ )\t increas+ ! l5g? ( "t occupi$ 9 c>boniz+ ! cannel ( ea* *>ge4 ,x may be wor? :ile n[ to notice briefly :at takes place among ! mass ( coke 9 ! gas produc]4 ,! atmosph]ic air admitt$ at ! sev]al op5+s previ\sly spok5 ( asc5ds ?r\gh ! l[] lay]s ( ! inc&esc5t coke1 ! c>bon ( :i* burns to c>bonic acid gas at ! exp5se ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,among ! middle & upp] lay]s ( ! inc&esc5t coke ! c>bonic acid gas takes up a fur!r quantity ( ! fix$ c>bon1 & becomes trans=m$ into c>bonic oxide gas 7,,co#b;,c#b;,,co71 :i* is an inflammable body1 & possesses consid]able calorific p[]4 ,unless ! c>bonic acid gas is v completely baffl$ 9 its asc5t ?r\gh ! coke 9 ! produc]1 a quantity ( x passes into ! furnace along ) ! c>bonic oxide1 ! effici5cy ( :i* is dim9i%$ 9 proportion z ! =m] increases 9 quantity4 ,( c\rse1 also1 ! nitrog5 associat$ ) ! oxyg5 9 ! air admitt$ to ! gas g5]ator passes on ) ! c>bonic oxide gas1 ?is nitrog5 act+ z a dilutant & be+ ( c\rse absolutely useless z a g5]ator ( heat4 ,! /eam :i* we previ\sly spoke ( s]ves two good purposes4 ,9 contact ) inc&esc5t coke x suff]s decomposition1 its oxyg5 unit+ ) "s ( ! fix$ c>bon to =m c>bonic oxide1 :ile ! hydrog5 :i* is set free passes onw>d1 & mixes ) ! o!r gases to be subsequ5tly consum$ ) !m4 ,! admission ( ! /eam ?us causes ! absorption ( heat 9 ! gas g5]ator :]e ! decomposition takes place1 ?is heat be+ aga9 evolv$ on ! subsequ5t combu/ion ( ! hydrog54 ,!n1 aga91 z ! /eam is deliv]$ 9 among ! coke 9 a jet1 or a s]ies ( jets1 x has ! effect ( almo/ entirely prev5t+ any cl9k]+ or slagg+ ( ! e>?y & silici\s mat]ials1 :i* =m su* a l>ge portion ( ! sub/ance ( ! coke obta9$ f ,scot* cannels1 sometimes z mu* z f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y = ! /ok]s to g d[n bel[ to ! bottom ( ! produc]s to remove ! a% above once 9 e six h\rs4 ,ref]r+ to ! composition ( ! gase\s fuel obta9$ f cannel coke 9 "o ( ^! gas produc]s1 we give ! foll[+ typical analysis on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,william ,wallace1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 gas exam9]1 & "o ( ! public analy/s = ! city ( ,glasg[3 ,p] c5t4 ,hydrog5 #h4g ,c>bonic oxide #bh4a ,c>bonic acid #c4e ,oxyg5 #j4d ,nitrog5 #ei4c ----- #ajj4j ,by aga9 ref]r+ to ,fig4 #b1 x w be obs]v$ t an op5+ is provid$ = ! passage ( ! gase\s matt] z x is =m$ into ! mass ( brickwork1 ! upp] half ( :i* is occupi$ by ! retorts ( ! sett+ & ! l[] by ! reg5]ators4 ,be=e foll[+ ! gas we may fir/ direct att5tion to ! arrangem5ts = deal+ ) x1 & ) ! air t has to be admitt$ = ! combu/ion ( s mu* ( x z is ( a combu/ible nature4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #a t ! ov5 prop] is occupi$ by eight ,inl9e ,illu/ration %ap$ retorts4 ,^! are #i ft4 long 7set back to back7 by #ah 94 by #ac 941 & !y are plac$ on ar*es :i* are #h ft4 #f 94 wide4 ,und]nea? ! level ( ! retort ov5 !re are two reg5]ators or reg5]ator *amb]s1 :i* diff] v mat]ially 9 =m f ! reg5]ators =m]ly appli$ by ,dr4 ,siem5s to gas retort ov5s1 & :i* are /ill employ$ = high temp]ature furnaces l ^? us$ = /eel & glass melt+4 ,9 ! case ( ^! latt] ! reg5]ators are on ! alt]nat+ sy/em--t is to say1 a mass ( brickwork is heat$ by ! wa/e heat ( ! efflu5t gases1 & :5 t is made suffici5tly hot1 ! curr5t ( wa/e gases is turn$ into a second mass ( brickwork1 :ile air is admitt$ to pass ?r\gh ! brickwork already heat$4 ,! sy/em ?us briefly describ$ entails a c]ta9 am\nt ( att5tion on ! "p ( ! workm5 9 ! alt]+ ( ! valves or damp]s to rev]se ! curr5ts4 ,! reg5]ator n[ adopt$ consi/s ( an arrangem5t ( six zigzag flues1 ?ree on ea* side ( ! sett+4 ,^! flues run ! :ole l5g? ( ! sett+4 ,z indicat$ by ! arr[s po9t+ d[nw>d 9 ,fig4 #c1 ! wa/e gases on _! way to ! *imney /ack pass to & fro ?r\gh ! side flues1 ?us giv+ up a l>ge portion ( _! conta9$ heat by ! process ( conduction or contact to ! c5tral flue ?r\gh :i* ! incom+ air passes4 ,! air necess>y = combu/ion is fir/ admitt$ into a l>ge *amb] 9 ! c5t]1 & !n x is divid$ into two curr5ts1 :i* pass "r & left into ! c5tral passages ( ! two reg5]ators4 ,z ! air flue is at a v bright heat = a consid]able di/ance be=e ! air leaves x1 ! temp]ature ( ! air mu/ be equally great1 or ne>ly s4 ,9 its mo/ improv$ =m "o ( ^! heat reg5]ative furnaces provides an am\nt ( heat+ surface ext5d+ to #bcd squ>e ft41 :i* is expos$ to ! air on its way to ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,pass+ f ! produc] ?r\gh ! flue provid$ = x1 ! gas ent]s ! retort sett+ und]nea? ! side retorts1 :]e x meets ! air com+ f ! reg5]ator4 ,x ent]s ! sett+1 n by a numb] ( small op5+s1 b by "o l>ge op5+ on ea* side1 & meets ! air ent]+ also by a l>ge op5+1 ! effect ( :i* is to avoid ! localization ( int5se heat1 z all ! retorts ( ! sett+ become envelop$ 9 an int5sely heat+ flame1 due to ! combu/ion ( ! c>bonic oxide & hydrog5 gases4 ,!re are v>i\s advantages att5d+ ?is sy/em ( fir+ gas retorts4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re is already a sav+ ( fuel to ! ext5t ( "o-half1 & n unlikely !re w soon be a fur!r v decid$ increase 9 ! sav+ ( fuel to record1 inasmu* z x has be5 exp]im5tally det]m9$ )9 ! pa/ two or ?ree weeks t1 by increas+ its diamet] to #c ft4 #d 941 "o produc] c be made to provide a suffici5t am\nt ( gase\s fuel to fire two sets ( eight retorts4 ,by ! arrangem5t j h9t$ at ! relative am\nt ( fuel us$ w be /ill fur!r r$uc$4 ,!n1 aga91 an additional retort c well be plac$ 9 ea* ov51 z x occupies ! position ( ! fire 9 ord9>y sett+s4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 by ! great] heat :i* is obta9$1 ! *>ges c be m rapidly di/ill$2 or heavi] *>ges c be c>boniz$ 9 a giv5 space ( "t4 ,:5 all ! ga9s are put toge!r1 ! am\nt ( coal c>boniz$ is increas$ by ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ov] any specifi$ "t4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! new or reg5]ator sett+s !re is mu* great] regul>ity ( heat2 & z ! gase\s fuel is p]fectly free f all solid matt]1 & burns )\t any trace ( smoke1 !re is a total abs5ce ( deposit on ! outside ( ! retorts4 ,f ^! two circum/ances comb9$ x is b natural to expect t !re %\ld be great] durability ( ! retorts--:i* is really ! case4 ,ano!r advantage is t1 z ! fuel us$ 9 ! furnaces is :olly gase\s1 *ok+ ( ! flues _c by any possibility arise4 ,x is ! confid5t op9ion ( ,mr4 ,f\lis t ! sy/em 9 "q c be appli$ ) advantage to all sizes ( gas works1 & t x is c]ta9ly well adapt$ = all works :]e ! summ] consumption ( gas is suffici5tly l>ge to give employm5t to eight retorts4 ,z ?is is ! fir/ in/ance ( ! new =m ( gas produc] & reg5]ator hav+ be5 adopt$ 9 any gas works1 a v great am\nt ( sci5tific & practical int]e/ atta*es to x4 ,_m p]sons h visit$ ! ,dalm>nock ,gas ,works dur+ _! recon/ruction1 9 ord] to see ! sy/em 9 op]ation1 & d\btless _m m w g & d likewise :5 !y le>n ( ! num]\s advantages :i* x possesses1 & :i* are likely to increase r ?an dim9i%4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,gas-,,heat$ ,,bak]',s ,,ov54 ,dur+ ! pa/ few weeks1 a highly int]e/+ exp]im5t--& "o1 moreov]1 de/9$ to mat]ially influ5ce ! developm5t ( ! uses ( gas 9 a fre% field--has be5 9 progress1 "u ! guidance ( ,mr4 ,boo]1 at a bak]'s %op 9 ! ,blackfri>s ,road1 ,london4 ,! exp]im5t 9 "q is no?+ less ?an ! application ( gas = heat+ bak]s' ov5s1 9 a mann] n hi!rto attempt$1 & su* z to br+ ! sy/em )9 ! means ( ! poore/ tradesman 9 all b ! smalle/ t[ns4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! success ( ! gas-heat$ muffles = burn+ tiles & glass l$ to ! attempt$ con/ruction ( a model bak]'s ov51 heat$ by ! same fuel1 :i* 0 %[n 9 action at ! ,smoke ,abatem5t ,exhibition at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 9 ! w9t] ( #ahha-hb4 ,?is model atta9$ consid]able success2 b its design dem&$ ei!r a new /ructure 9 e case1 or consid]able alt]ation ( any exi/+ ov54 ,9 ! propos$ sy/em1 moreov]1 ! ov5 0 heat$ :olly f )\t--a condition suppos$ to be necess>y to meet ! objections ( ! bak]s4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t !re mu/ be consid]able wa/e ( gas 9 heat+ a mass ( tiles & brickwork1 su* z g to ! con/ruction ( a common bak]'s ov51 f ! outside2 & ! objection to h&icapp+ su* a co/ly fuel z gas 9 ?is mann] becomes m app>5t :5 x is rememb]$ t 9 ! usual way ! ov5 is always heat$ by an int]nal coal fire4 ,:5 x is fur!r consid]$ t ! coal commonly us$ by bak]s is ( ! mo/ ord9>y quality1 full ( dirt t w\ld condemn x 9 ! e/imation ( a gas manag]1 ! s5tim5tal objection to all[+ a purifi$ gas flame to burn 9 a place :i* ?is rubbi% is p]mitt$ to fill ) f\l smoke becomes supremely ridicul\s4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ,mr4 ,boo]1 ^: "w 9 connection ) ! gas muffle is well kn[n 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 s]i\sly address$ himself to con/ruct1 ^u altoge!r new l9es1 a *eap & practical bak]'s ov51 he wisely put ! gas inside4 ,!re are _m o!r conditions :i* ,mr4 ,boo]1 aft] consultation ) practical bak]s & o!rs1 set himself to fulfill1 ! obs]vance ( :i* l5ds to ! pres5t ,blackfri>s exp]im5t mu* ( its int]e/+ "*4 ,?us x 0 obs]v$ t1 :ile x is n difficult to build an ov5 9 a giv5 spot1 & bake bread 9 x1 ?is _c truly be call$ a bak]'s ov54 ,by ?is t]m mu/ be und]/ood 9 p>ticul> an ov5 9 an ord9>y bakeh\se1 set 9 ! usual /yle & work$ by a man ) 8 liv+ to get by x4 ,be=e ! problem ( ext5d+ gas to bak]s' ov5s c\ld be consid]$ solv$1 x _h to be attack$ f ?is aspect4 ,mr4 ,boo]1 to d him full cr$it1 seems to h e>ly appreciat$ ?is fact 9 all its be>+s4 ,he n only saw t x 0 necess>y to save gas1 z mu* z possible1 by putt+ x inside ! ov52 b he 0 told t1 9 ord] to meet ) any g5]al success1 ! co/ ( conv]t+ an ov5 to ! gas sy/em mu/ be rigidly kept d[n to ab\t t5 or twelve gu9eas4 ,! latt] seems a p>ticul>ly h>d condition1 :5 x is rememb]$ t ! only improv$ bak]'s ov5 9 practical use at ! pres5t day is ! /eam ov5 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 :i* co/s two or ?ree hundr$ p\nds to erect4 ,mr4 ,boo] also _h 9 m9d ! necessity t ev]y?+ possible = a coal ov5 mu/ likewise be p]=m$ by a gas ov52 & 9 ?is respect he set himself to surpass ! co/ly ,p]k9s ov51 :i* w n bake ! common bat* or h\sehold bread1 g5]ally ! pr9cipal article ( sale1 m especially 9 popul\s & poor neighborhoods4 ,! peculi> efficacy ( ! common coal fire 9 ?is respect proce$s f ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( action ( a brick ov51 :i* is f\nd simply 9 ! fact t ! "w is done entirely by heat previ\sly imp>t$ to ! tile bottom1 ro(1 & sides ( ! ov51 & !nce radiat$ to ! bread4 ,no o!r k9d ( heat w bake bat*-bread--i4e41 loaves pack$ 9 contact ) "o ano!r--:i* requires to be ?or\ghly soak$ by a radiant heat 9 a close atmosph]e ( its own /eam4 ,n[1 z a coal fire is em95tly qualifi$ to imp>t1 by radiation & o!rwise1 ?is necess>y /ore ( heat to ! brickwork1 x is pla9ly a difficulty to effect ! same purpose ) a fuel :i*1 ( itself1 c sc>cely radiate heat at all4 ,! sy/em ( ! gas cook+-ov5--! utilization ( ! heat ( ! combu/ion products z =m$--is cle>ly inapplicable "h2 = a diff]5t k9d ( heat is ne$$1 "u conditions t w\ld n su/a9 cont9u\s combu/ion4 ,!re=e1 !re is no?+ = x b to heat ! bottom & sides ( ! brick ov5 by ! direct contact ( p[]ful gas-flames2 ?us supplant+ ! coal fire1 b leav+ ! actual "w ( bak+ to be done aft]w>d by /or$-up heat 9 ! regul> way4 ,hav+ settl$ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( a sy/em ( ?is k9d1 !re /ill rema9 a numb] ( sc>cely less important details1 9 ! deal+ ) :i* lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 practical success & failure4 ,?us x is n m]ely suffici5t to heat an ov5 = bread bak+2 x is also necess>y to heat x )9 ! times & accord+ to ! habits ( "w to :i* ! bak] has be5 accu/om$4 ,"w 9 t[n bak]ies beg9s at ab\t midnight1 or %ortly aft]1 & ! condition ( ! ov5 mu/ con=m to ! requirem5ts ( ! d\gh1 :i* v>y f day to day & f season to season4 ,9 ord] to ma/] all ^! niceties1 z f> z a k ( !m is necess>y to 8 purpose1 ,mr4 ,boo] has sp5t _m nights 9 ! bakeh\se 9 ! ,blackfri>s ,road2 & has !reby obta9$ a comm& ov] ! te*nicalities ( ! "w :i* has s]v$ him 9 good /ead1 n m]ely = adju/+ 8 gas heat1 b 9 answ]+ ! innum]able objections always rais$ :5 a revolution 9 an immemorial trade is ?reat5$4 ,x is ) consid]able satisfaction t we are enabl$ to decl>e1 aft] duly weigh+ all ! conditions z to fir/ co/ & o!rwise impos$ by himself & o!rs1 t ,mr4 ,boo] has succe$$1 ^u ^! t]ms1 9 v9dicat+ ! claims ( gas to be a *eap1 effici5t1 & cleanly fuel = heat+ ov5s "u ! control & accord+ to ! me?ods ( work+ ( ! bak] himself4 ,! ov5 ) :i* ?is success has be5 a*iev$ is "o ( two 9 ! bakeh\se ( ,mr4 ,loeb]1 ( #afa ,blackfri>s ,road4 ,x measures #g feet by #f feet int]nally2 be+ :at is te*nically t]m$ a #f bu%el ov54 ,! alt]ations made by ,mr4 ,boo] consi/ 9 ! fir/ place 9 ! removal ( ! floor+ tiles1 & ! lay+ d[n ( a new bottom1 "u :i* run a numb] ( flues radiat+ f ! side furnace4 ,! ?roat ( ! furnace1 :]e x ent]s ! angle ( ! ov51 is brick$ up1 & eight pieces ( -in* gun-b>rel tub+ project above ?is dw>f wall1 & radiate fan-%ap$ "u ! dome ( ! ro(4 ,^! are ! gas-burn]s1 :i* are suppli$ f a #a-;in* pipe l$ into ! old furnace4 ,! same pipe supplies ! simil> burn]s :i* are ins]t$ 9 ! flues "u ! ov5 bottom4 ,?is is really all ! plant requir$4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ^! bottom flues are c>ri$ to diff]5t po9ts ( ! side walls1 & ! products ( combu/ion are all[$ to rise upw>d into ! ov5 ?r\gh gaps left = ! purpose4 ,a supplem5t>y supply ( heat$ air is provid$ to help ! combu/ion ( ! gas 9 ^! flues1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be languid4 ,:5 ! gas is turn$ on f ! ma9 cock 9 ! furnace ei!r to ! top or ! bottom set ( burn]s1 a long mat* is us$ to light !m f ! same po9t4 ,?is is effect$ )\t risk ( fir+ back1 by ! adoption ( a specially con/ruct$ atmosph]ic nipple & %ield1 ! patt]n ( :i* is regi/]$4 ,! flame f ! top burn]s unites 9 a %eet ( fire1 :i* spreads out all ov] ! cr[n ( ! ov51 at ! same "t t ! burn]s bel[ are do+ _! "w1 & ! products ( combu/ion fl[ toge!r ?r\gh ! ov5 to ! *imney1 :i* is ! same t 0 us$ = coal4 ,at fir/1 z might be expect$1 !re 0 consid]able difficulty 9 f9d+ ! mo/ suitable position ( ! *imney damp]1 aggravat$ 9 ?is case by ! fact t ! o!r ov5 work$ ) a coal fire into ! same %aft4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ! two flues 7 disconnect$ ) ! happie/ results4 ,dur+ ! pa/ =tnight ! ov5 has be5 9 regul> use1 & ! bread has be5 sold ov] ! c\nt] 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( trade4 ,two & ?ree bat*es ( bread h be5 bak$ 9 "o day 9 ?is ov52 ! economy ( its use1 ( c\rse1 increas+ ) ! numb] ( loaves turn$ out4 ,z a rule ! gas is light$ = ab\t an h\r be=e ! ov5 is want$1 & ab\t #bej cubic feet are us$4 ,!n ! cocks are %ut & ! ov5 is all[$ to /& clos$ up = t5 m9utes1 9 :i* "t x v5tilates itself1 & ! heat spreads ov] x4 ,!n ! bat* is set1 & ! bak+ occupies f an h\r to an h\r & a half1 accord+ to ! diff]5t classes ( loaves4 ,two bat*es are bak$ ) a consumption ( ab\t #fbj cubic feet ( gas2 co/+1 at #bs4 #aj;d4 p] #ajjj cubic feet1 j #aa;d4 ea* bat* = fuel4 ,?is _c be consid]$ co/ly4 ,b ! sy/em possesses _m o!r advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is mu* m cleanly ?an coal2 = ! ov5 nev] requires wip+ out1 :i* is usually done ) a bundle ( old rope call$ a scuffle & ! op]ation is att5d$ ) a mo/ unpleasant odor4 ,!n !re is no smoke--a great advantage f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,smoke ,abatem5t ,in/itution4 ,m to ! purpose ( ! j\rneyman bak]1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t !re is no /ok+ to be done1 & he c !re=e take 8 repose at night )\t hav+ to att5d to ! furnace4 ,besides ?is ! ma/] has ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t ! ov5 w always be hot en\gh if he simply att5ds to ! "t ( light+ ! gas--a consid]ation ( no small mom5t4 ,x is no mean te/imony to ! reality ( ,mr4 ,boo]'s success t ,mr4 ,loeb]1 hav+ se5 8 difficulties & tr\bles f ! beg9n+1 & m>k$ h[ !y h be5 ov]come1 is cont5t to ackn[l$ge t ev5 ?is fir/ example is capable ( turn+ out bread 9 a condition to be sold ov] ! c\nt]4 ,!re is a good op5+ 9 ?is direction1 = !re are #f1jjj bak]ies 9 ,london alone1 to e "o ( :i* ,mr4 ,boo]'s sy/em might be appli$ ) advantage to ! tradesman & 8 cu/om]s4 ,& :at may be done ) gas at ab\t #cs4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet may c]ta9ly be done to /ill great] advantage 9 _m t[ns :]e ! price is l[]4 ,mr4 ,boo] has ent]$ ^u 8 "w 9 a prop] _s4 ,he has begun at ! beg9n+1 ) ! necessities ( ! bak]2 & has gone plodd+ on quietly1 until he has a*iev$ a notewor?y success4 ,x may be hop$ he w receive ! rew>d :i* 8 p]sev]ance m]its4--,j\r4 ( ,gas ,light+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,capta9 ,,mat!w ,,webb4 ,:o 0 dr[n$ on ,july #bd 9 attempt+ to swim ?r\gh ! :irlpool & rapids at ! foot ( ! ,falls ( ,niag>a1 0 born at ,irongate1 ne> ,dawley1 9 ,%rop%ire1 ,janu>y #ah1 #ahdh4 ,he 0 #e feet #h in*es 9 height1 measur$ #dc in*es r\nd ! *e/1 & weigh$ ab\t #ad /one4 ,he le>nt to swim :5 ab\t sev5 ye>s old1 & 0 tra9$ z a sailor on bo>d ! ,conway tra9+-%ip 9 ! ,m]sey1 :]e he sav$ ! life ( a fell[ seaman4 ,9 #ahgj he div$ "u 8 %ip 9 ! ,suez ,canal & cle>$ a f\l haws]2 &1 on ,april #bc1 #ahgc1 :5 s]v+ on bo>d ! ,cun>d /eam] ,russia1 he jump$ ov]bo>d to save ! life ( a h& :o _h fall5 f al(t1 b fail$1 & x 0 an h\r be=e he 0 pick$ up almo/ exhau/$4 ,= ?is he receiv$ a gold & o!r m$als4 ,he became capta9 ( a m]*ant %ip1 b soon aft] he rel9qui%$ ! sea & devot$ himself to ! sport ( swimm+4 ,at long di/ance swimm+ 9 salt wat] he 0 facile pr9ceps1 b he did n %[ to su* advantage 9 fre% wat]4 ,9 ,june1 #ahgd1 he swam f ,dov] to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ,v>ne ,buoy1 a di/ance ( #aa /atute miles4 ,on ,july #c1 #ahge1 he swam f ,blackwall ,pi] to ,graves5d ,t[n ,pi]1 ne>ly #ah /atute miles1 9 #d h\rs #eb m9utes4 ,on ! #ai? ( ! same mon? he swam f ,dov] to ,ramsgate1 #ai /atute miles1 9 #h h\rs #de m9utes4 ,on ,augu/ #ab1 #ahge1 he tri$ to cross f ,engl& to ,france1 & al?\gh he fail$1 ow+ to ! heavy sea1 he compass$ ! di/ance f ,dov] to ! ,s\? ,s& ,head1 #ae /atute miles1 9 #f h\rs #dh m9utes4 ,on ! #bd? ( ! same mon? he made ano!r attempt1 :i* r5d]$ 8 "n fam\s all ov] ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,/>t+ f ,dov]1 he rea*$ ! ,fr5* coa/ at ,calais1 aft] be+ imm]s$ 9 ! wat] = #ba h\rs #dd m9utes4 ,he _h swum ov] #ci miles1 or1 accord+ to ano!r calculation1 #de miles1 )\t hav+ t\*$ a boat or artificial support ( any k9d4 ,subsequ5tly he swam at ! ,lambe? ,ba?s1 & ! ,we/m9/] ,aqu>ium1 & la/ ye>1 at ,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 he rema9$ 9 a tank ne>ly #abh h\rs4 ,latt]ly he _h suff]$ f conge/ion ( ! lungs1 & 8 heal? _h become mu* impair$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capt4 ,,mat!w ,,webb4 ,! /ory ( 8 f9al & fatal ef=t ne$s "h b a brief description4 ,at two m9utes pa/ f\r1 on ,july #bd1 ,webb div$ f ! boat opposite ! ,maid ( ! ,mi/ l&+1 &1 amid ! %\ts & applause ( ! cr[d1 /ruck ! wat]4 ,he swam leisurely d[n ! riv]1 b made good progress4 ,he pass$ along ! rapids at a great pace1 & six m9utes aft] mak+ ! fir/ plunge pass$ "u ! ,susp5sion ,bridge4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! bridge ! riv] becomes exce$+ly viol5t1 & z ! wat] 0 cle> e movem5t ( ,webb c\ld be se54 ,at "o mom5t he 0 lift$ high on ! cre/ ( a wave1 & ! next he sank into ! awful holl[ creat$4 ,z ! riv] became n>r[]1 & /ill m impetu\s1 ,webb w\ld sometimes be /ruck by a wave1 & = a few mom5ts w\ld s9k out ( sight4 ,he1 h[ev]1 rose to ! surface )\t app>5t ef=t4 ,b 8 spe$ mom5t>ily increas$1 & he 0 hurri$ along at a frightful pace4 ,at l5g? he 0 swept into ! neck ( ! :irlpool4 ,ris+ on ! cre/ ( ! highe/ wave1 he lift$ 8 h&s once1 & !n 0 precipitat$ into ! yawn+ gulf4 ,= "o mom5t 8 head appe>$ above ! angry wat]s1 b he 0 motionless1 & evid5tly at ! m]cy ( ! waves4 ,he 0 aga9 drawn "u ! wat]1 & 0 se5 no m alive4 ,"s days lat] 8 body 0 f\nd f\r miles bel[ ! fatal ,rapids4 ,x bore tok5s ( ! fe>ful viol5ce ( ! /ruggle :i* he _h und]gone4 ,8 ba?+ draw]s 7 torn to fragm5ts1 & !re 0 a deep w\nd 9 8 head4 ,an inque/ 0 held1 & ! jury return$ a v]dict ( ,f\nd dr[n$4 ,capta9 ,webb 0 m>ri$ ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 & leaves a wid[ & two *ildr54 ,x is und]/ood t he risk$ 8 life 9 ?is la/ fatal attempt to obta9 money = ! support ( 8 family4--,london ,graphic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,semi-,,deta*$ ,,villas1 ,,bromfield ,,cresc5t1 ,,head+ley4 ,^! h\ses are situat$ 9 a pleasant "p ( ,head+ley1 :i* is ! favorite resid5tial suburb 9 ! locality ( ,le$s4 ,z reg>ds accommodation1 ! gr\nd-floor ( ea* h\se comprises good-siz$ draw+ & d9+ rooms1 ea* ) bay w9d[s2 well-light$ entrance halls1 op5+ ^u wood5 v]&as2 kit*51 pantry1 & scull]y2 on fir/ floor are ?ree good b$rooms1 a ba?room1 & o!r necess>y accommodation2 on second floor are two additional b$rooms4 ,! basem5t conta9s coal-place & l>d]4 ,9 ^! h\ses an attempt has be5 made to produce conv5i5tly-plann$ & well-arrang$ habitations1 comb9$ ) a pleas+ & picturesque ext]ior1 )\t involv+ a l>ge outlay ( money4 ,! mat]ials us$ are brick ( a deep r$ color = fac+s1 r$ t]ra-cotta f ,messrs4 ,wilcock ,co41 ( ,burmant(ts1 = m\ld$ /r+s1 sills1 etc41 & a v sp>+ use ( /one f ! ,h>ehills ,qu>ries4 ,! front gables are con/ruct$ ( timb] 9 solid scantl+s1 well fram$1 & p9n$ toge!r ) oak pegs1 fill$ 9 & well back$ beh9d ) brickwork2 ! panels fac$ ) cem5t1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! cor$ cornice1 are f9i%$ 9 vellum color4 ,! :ole ( ! woodwork ( ext]ior is pa9t$ a neutral %ade ( peacock blue1 =m+ an admirable contra/ ) ! deep r$ ( ! bricks1 ! sa%es & casem5ts only be+ f9i%$ 9 cream color4 ,! :ole ( ! *imneypieces 9 ! int]ior are c>ri$ out f ! ar*itect's special design2 ^? 9 ! draw+-rooms be+ ( mahogany1 f9i%$ 9 rosewood color1 & ^? 9 d9+-rooms ( oak1 /a9$ ) ammonia & dull wax poli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,ar*itecture4--,,semi-,,deta*$ ,,villas1 ,,bromfield ,,cresc5t1 ,,head+ley1 ,,le$s4 ,! h\ses1 ) outbuild+s & b\nd>y walls1 :i* h be5 erect$ = ,mr4 ,john ,hall ,?orp1 ( ,bromfield1 ,head+ley1 h co/ #a1dej1 or !reab\ts1 ?is am\nt n includ+ ! price ( l&4 ,!y h be5 c>ri$ out f ! designs & "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,?orp1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ar*itect1 ( ,/4 ,&rew's ,*amb]s1 ,p>k ,r[1 ,le$s4--,! ,ar*itect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,dwell+s ,,( ,,! ,,poor ,,9 ,,p>is4 ,9 view ( ! possible approa* ( *ol]a1 & ! sanit>y precautions t ev5 ! mo/ neglectful ( au?orities are con/ra9$ to take1 x is ( "s int]e/ to u1 says ! ,build+ ,news1 to "k h[ ! poor are h\s$ 9 ! city ( ,p>is1 :i* conta9s1 m ?an any city 9 ! _w1 ! opposite poles ( luxuri\s magnific5ce & ( sordid1 be/ial pov]ty4 ,! /ati/ics ( ! ,p>isian work+ classes 9 ! way ( lodg+s are n ( an enc\rag+ nature1 & reflect great discr$it on ! p[]s t be1 :o c be /]n en\gh 9 ! case ( any political "q1 b are bl9d to ! spectacle ( fell[ creatures liv+ ! life ( bea/s "u _! v eyes4 ,9 #ahhj1 ! ,prefect ( ,police gave lic5ses to #ba1bai arrivals 9 ! city ( ,fr5* orig91 & to #g1cdd =eign]s4 ,9 ! succe$+ ye>1 ! =m] _h increas$ to #bb1jfa1 :ile ! latt] _h some:at dim9i%$1 be+ only #e1dic4 ,!re 0 a c5sus tak5 9 #ahha1 f :i* x appe>$ t ,p>is conta9$ #fgg1bec op]atives & #bee1fjd employes & cl]ks1 :ile out ( e #a1jjj inhabitants1 #cbb only 7 born 9 ! city1 & #efe came f ! dep>tm5ts or ! ,fr5* colonies4 ,! =eign elem5t 9 ! work+ classes has increas$ v rapidly1 numb]+ #aai1cdi 9 #ahgf1 to :i* by #ahha !re 0 an addition ( #dd1fhi4 ,to e #a1jjj inhabitants1 ,p>is n[ numb]s #ge =eign]s1 ?\gh 9 #ahgf ! proportion 0 only #fj4 ,x may n be amiss to /ate t ! annual increase ( ! ,p>is population is at ! rate ( #ef1jdc p]sons1 & t 9 ! five ye>s #ahgf-ha1 ! city receiv$ #bhj1bag additional m\?s4 ,! total population ( ! capital is #b1bci1ibh1 ( :om #a1aac1cbf are males4 ,return+ to ! poor] classes1 we f9d t 9 #ahgb !y 7 e/imat$ at #ajj1jjj2 b t 9 #ahgc !y _h ris5 to #aac1gcc1 & 9 #ahhj to #abc1gce4 ,x is un=tunate to be oblig$ to say t ! majority ( ^! p are h\s$ worse 9 ,p>is ?an 9 almo/ any o!r great city 9 ! _w4 ,!re are two classes ( lodg+s = ! poor--! "o :]e ! workman r5ts "o or m rooms = 8 family1 &1 p]haps1 owns a little furniture2 ! o!r1 a s+le room t5ant$ = ! night only by ! unm>ri$ man :o pays = 8 b$ 9 ! morn+ & gets 8 meals any:]e t he c4 ,read]s w rememb] h[1 "u ! auspices ( ,m4 ,haussmann1 we/]n ,p>is 0 almo/ pull$ d[n & trans=m$ into a s]ies ( palatial b\lev>ds & av5ues4 ,:ile ! "w la/$ ! ,p>is workman 0 well pleas$2 b he did n l x q s mu* :5 ! demon ( re/oration & r5ovation invad$ 8 own qu>t]s1 su* z ! ,butte des ,m\l9s1 & all t d5sely populat$ di/rict ?r\gh :i* ! spl5did ,av5ue de l',op]a n[ runs4 ,! effect ( all ?is 0 to drive ! workman into ! already cr[d$ qu>t]s at ! b>ri]s1 su* z ,la ,g>e1 ,/4 ,lamb]t1 ,javel1 & ,*>onne1 :]e1 accord+ to ! la/ /ati/ics ( ! ,annuaire1 ! increase 0 at ! rate ( #dae p] #a1jjj4 ,( c\rse ! ill heal? t always p]vad$ ^! qu>t]s increas$ also2 &1 f ! reports ( ,dr4 ,br\>del & ,m4 ,mull]1 ! numb] ( dea?s f typhoid & diph!ria 7 d\bl$ 9 t5 ye>s4 ,dr4 ,du ,mesnil1 9 mak+ 8 returns = #ahha ( convalesc5ts f typhoid1 rem>k$ t ! mo/ unsanit>y arrondissem5ts 7 ! #d?1 #aa?1 #ae?1 #ah?1 & #ai?--precisely ^? to :i* ! pr9cipal migrations ( labor]s _h tak5 place4 ,! #ah? arrondissem5t1 :i* 9 #ahgf _h only #fja lodg+ h\ses ) #h1icc lodg]s1 _h1 9 #ahhb1 ov] #hej1 ) #bj1haf inmates4 ,9 ! #ai? arrondissem5t !re 7 #eag h\ses 9 #ahgf1 ) #i1jgd lodg]s1 & #geb 9 #ahhb1 ) #ag1ffb inhabitants4 ,x is n only ! cr[d$ condition ( ! poor qu>t]s t is su* a /&+ m5ace to ! heal? ( ! city1 b also ! %ock+ /ate ( ! rooms1 :i* ! unhappy lodg]s are oblig$ to put up )4 ,! own]s ( ! prop]ty are1 z happ5s 9 o!r places besides ,p>is1 unscrupul\s & grasp+ to ! la/ degree1 & h n only divid$ & subdivid$ ! accommodation :]ev] possible1 b h ev5 rais$ ! r5tal 9 ne>ly all cases4 ,:ole families are cr[d$ into a small ap>tm5t1 icy cold 9 w9t]1 an ov5 9 summ]1 ! only air & daylight :i* rea*es ! int]ior com+ f a w9d[ :i* looks on to a dirty /aircase or a /ill f\l] c\rt reek+ ) sewage4 ,!re are at ! pres5t "t 9 ,p>is #c1jjj lodg+s :i* h nei!r /ove nor *imney2 ov] #e1jjj light$ only by a skylight2 :ile 9 #d1bhb rooms !re are f\r *ildr5 9 ea* bel[ #ad ye>s ( age2 #g1aii ) ?ree *ildr52 & #a1jdi ) f\r b$s 9 ea*4 ,! ,p>isian population has augm5t$ only #ae p] c5t4 9 sev5 ye>s2 b ! di/rict ( poor lodg+ h\ses has increas$ by tw5ty p] c5t41 & ! numb] ( lodg+s by ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ,x is true t a law 0 pass$ 9 #ahej to provide = ! sanit>y sup]vision ( ?is class ( prop]ty2 b 9 ,p>is ! law is a dead lett]1 &1 al?\gh x is n[ active 9 ! prov9ces & 9 places l ,m>seilles1 ,lyons1 ,bordeaux1 & ,nantes1 x is appli$1 ev5 !re1 9 a j]ky & int]mitt5t mann]4 ,p]haps ! wor/ ( ! abom9able dogk5nels call$ h\ses 0 ! gr\p kn[n z ! ,cit des ,kr\mirs1 9 ! #ac? arrondissem5t1 :i*1 by a /range irony1 0 built on l& belong+ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,assi/ance1 :i* 0 let out by t body to a ri* t5ant1 :o sublet x to ^! lodg+-h\se own]s4 ,?is v]itable d5 ( infection & mis]y has n[ be5 demoli%$2 b !re are pl5ty ( o!rs q z bad4 ,notably1 !re is ! ,cite ,jeanne d',arc 7a poor complim5t to h nam$ x aft] t /urdy h]o9e71 an enorm\s b>rack ( five /ories1 :i* conta9s #a1bjj lodg+s & #b1dhf lodg]s4 ,no wond] t x 0 decimat$ 9 #ahgi by smallpox1 :i* committ$ t]rible ravages "h4 ,! ,cit ,dore is grimly kn[n by ! poor-law doctors z ! ,cemet]y ,gateway4 ,! ,cite ,g>d1 9 ! ,rue de ,meaux1 is inhabit$ by #a1gjj lodg]s1 al?\gh x is almo/ 9 ru9s4 ,! ,cite ,philippe is t5ant$ by #gj *iffonni]s1 & anybody :o kn[s :at are ! cont5ts ( ! *iffonni]'s basket1 or hotte1 may easily guess at ! effluvia ( t p>ticul> gr\p ( h\ses4 ,a l>ge lodg+-h\se 9 ! ,rue des ,b\lang]s is t5ant$ by #baj ,italians1 :o get _! liv+ z models or it9]ant musicians4 ,bo? h\se & t5ants are decl>$ to be unapproa*able f ! v]m94 ,x is "s satisfaction to "k t ^! h\ses h lately awak5$ ! apa?y ( "s ( ! public bodies1 & t m ?an "o s*eme is be+ put =w>d ) a view ( erect+ prop] indu/rial dwell+s4 ,! ,municipal ,c\ncil is negotiat+ ) ! ,cr$it ,fonci] = ! erection ( a c]ta9 numb] ( *eap h\ses1 :i*1 = ! space ( tw5ty ye>s1 w be exempt f all taxes1 su* z octroi1 highway1 door & w9d[ tax1 etc4 ,!re are also "o or two semi-private companies1 :i* are occupy+ !mselves ) ! "q1 & x is to be hop$ t ! rumors ( ! pe/il5ce 9 ,egypt may ha/5 ! mu*-ne$$ re=m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re c be no d\bt1 says ! ,eng9e]1 t ! inv5tor :o c\ld supply 9 a really portable =m a ma*9e or app>atus t c\ld give out two or ?ree horse p[] = a day w\ld reap an enorm\s =tune4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 no?+ ( ! k9d has be5 plac$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,gas is laid on to mo/ h\ses n[1 & gas eng9es are pl5ty en\gh1 yet !y d n meet ! want :i* a /orage batt]y may be made yet p]haps to supply4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rec5t ,,exp]im5ts ,,affect+ ,,! ,,receiv$ ,,!ory ,,( ,,music4 ,to prove ! incorrectness ( ,helmholtz's /atem5t t beats d n colesce into musical s\nds1 b t ! e> w di/+ui% !m z a rumbl+ noise1 ev5 :5 _! numb] rises z high z #acb vibrations p] second1 ,rudolph ,ko5ig has con/ruct$ a s]ies ( tun+ =ks1 rec5tly pres5t$ by ,presid5t ,morton to ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! numb] ( vibrations p] second ( ^! =ks1 ! ratios ( _! vibrations :5 two are s\nd$ toge!r1 ! numb] ( beats produc$1 & ! resultant s\nd3 ,vibrations p] second4 ,ratio4 ,beats4 ,s\nds4 #chdj 3#djif #ae3af #abh ,ut#b #cijd 3 #fa3fd #if ,sol#a #cicf 3 #abc3abh #hj ,mi#a #cifh 3 #ca3cb #fd ,ut#a #cigf 3 #dig3eab #fj ,si-#a #cihi4c 3 #ahg3aib #ec4c ,la-#a #djjj 3 #abe3abh #dh ,sol#a #djaj4g 3 #dg3dh #db4g ,fa-#a #djaf 3 #bea3bef #dj ,mi-#a #djbd 3 #ejc3eab #cf ,re-#a #gicf 3 #haib #ca3cb #abh ,ut#b #hjfd 3 #fc3fd #fd ,ut#a #hjif 3 #bec3bef #dh ,sol-#a #hajf4g 3 #ie3if #db4g ,fa-#a #haab 3 #ejg3eab #dj ,mi-#a #habj 3 #ajae3ajbd #cf ,re-#d #habh 3 #abg3abh #cb ,ut-#d ,on s\nd+ two =ks ne>ly 9 unison1 ! s\nd he>d corresponds to a numb] ( vibrations equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! numb]s ( vibrations ( ! =ks4 ,on s\nd+ two =ks1 "o ( :i* is ne>ly ! octave ( ! o!r1 ! e> p]ceives a s\nd1 :i* is t giv5 by vibrations ^: numb] equals ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( vibrations ( ! high] =k & ! upp] octave ( ! l[] =k4 ,ko5ig has also f\nd out ! laws ( ! resultant s\nds produc$ by o!r int]vals ?an ! octave1 & has ext5d$ 8 rese>ces to int]vals diff]+ by any numb] ( vibrations1 z may be se5 f ! above table4 ,8 conclusion is t beats & resultant s\nds are "o & ! same ph5om5on4 ,?us1 = example1 ! l[e/ numb] ( vibrations capable ( produc+ a musical s\nd is #cb p] second2 9 l mann]1 a cle> musical s\nd is produc$ by two simple notes ( suffici5t int5sity :i* produce #cb beats p] second4 ,ko5ig also made a v +5i\s modification ( ! sir5 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ,seebeck to s\nd simultane\sly notes ^: vibrations _h any giv5 ratio4 ,x is furni%$ = ?is purpose ) eight disks1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a giv5 numb] ( circles ( holes arrang$ at diff]5t angul> di/ances4 ,a description ( ?is in/rum5t1 :i* is also ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 & ( ,seebeck's exp]im5ts is ?us giv5 9 a lett] by ,ko5ig himself4 ,i4 ,effects produc$ :5 ! iso*ronism ( ! %ocks is n p]fect4 ,a4 ,9 ord] to produce a note1 ! succession ( %ocks mu/ n deviate mu* f iso*ronism4 ,if ! iso*ronism is b little impair$1 we obta9 a note correspond+ to ! mean int]val ( ! %ocks4 ,if ! int]vals betwe5 ! %ocks are alt]nately t & t'1 & if ! diff]5ce betwe5 t & t' is slight1 we obta9 ! two notes tt' & 7tt'7_/#b4 ,if ! int]vals betwe5 ! %ocks are alt]nately t1 t'1 & t''1 we obta9 ! two notes tt't'' & 7tt't7_/#c4 ,disk ,no4 #a has-- ,on circle ,no4 #a #ab holes1 angul> di/ances t#cj #b #bd #ae #c #cf #aj #d #cf at irregul> di/ances4 #e #cf di/ances t #aj1 t'l#j1t''#i #f #cf #aa #aj #i #g #cf #af #ad #h #cf #af #ac ,circle ,no4 #h produces ! two notes ( circles #a & #b2 circle ,no4 #g ! same1 b ! l[ note is /rong] ?an 9 #h4 ,circle #f produces ! notes ( circles #a & #c1 & s does circle #e1 b 9 ! latt] ! l[ note is /rong] ?an 9 #f4 ,circle #d produces a noise approximat+ only to ! note ( circle #c4 ,by pull+ out "o ( ! buttons ( ! w9d *e/1 we admit ! air ?r\gh elev5 holes at a "t1 hav+ an angul> di/ance ( #cj & direct+ x aga9/ ! correspond+ circle ( holes on ! turn+ disk4 ,if ! arrangem5t ( holes is n repeat$ id5tically twelve times on ! same circle1 we _c1 ( c\rse1 make use ( ! above arrangem5ts ( holes ( ! w9d tube1 & we mu/ !n employ "o ( ! movable brass tubes1 :i* communicate ) ! int]ior ( ! w9d *e/ by means ( rubb] tubes & /opcocks4 ,! exp]im5t ) disk #a1 circle #d1 = example1 requires ! use ( "o ( ^! two tubes1 :ile ! p]=at$ w9d tube ( ! w9d *e/ may be us$ ) all ! o!r circles ( ! same disk4 ,b4 ,if t is mu* less ?an t'1 :ile t' is a multiple ( t1 ! note 7tt'7_/#b disappe>s1 & ! notes tt' & t are he>d4 ,disk ,no4 #b has-- ,on circle ,no4 #a #ab holes1 di/ances #cj #b #cf #aj #c #dh #g #d #fj #f #e #bd t #e1 t'#be #f #bd #f #bd #g #bd #g #bb #h #bd #aj #bj ,circle #h produces ! notes ( circles #a & #b2 circle #g1 ^? ( #a & #c2 circle #f1 ^? ( #a & #d2 & circle #e1 ! note ( circle #a & ( its six? h>monic4 ,c4 ,if ! same circul> arc is divid$ into m & n equal p>ts2 t is to say1 if mtnt'1 we obta9 ! notes m & n4 ,disk ,no4 #c has-- ,di/ances4 ,on circle ,no4 #a #bd holes1 di/ances #ae #b #bd #ae #bg holes1 #ac-a_/c #c #bd #ae #cj #ab #d #bd #ae #cb #aa-a_/d #e #bd #ae #cf #aj #f #bd #ae #dj #i #g #bd #ae #de #h #h #bd #ae #cj1 #cf1 #dh holes ,circle #a produces a s+le note1 circle #b a second1 circle #c a ?ird1 circle #d a f\r?1 #e a fif?1 #f a six?1 #g a sev5?1 & #h a p]fect *ord4 ,,ii4 ,exp]im5ts to prove t ! %ocks may proce$ f two or sev]al diff]5t places to conspire 9 ! =mation ( a note1 provid$ t ! iso*ronism ( ! %ocks is suffici5tly exact1 & t ! %ocks are produc$ 9 ! same direction4 ,disk ,no4 #d has-- ,on circle #a #bd holes4 #b #cf #c #bc #d #ab at an angul> di/ance ( #aj f ! holes ( circle #c4 #e #ab holes at an ang4 di/4 ( #bj f ^? ( circle #c #f #ab #j #g #ab #ae #h #ab #ae #a4 ,if f ! same side two curr5ts ( air at an angul> di/ance ( #ae are direct$ aga9/ circle ,no4 #h ( #ab holes1 we obta9 ! octave ( ! note produc$ by ! same circle if only "o curr5t is us$4 ,! w9d-*e/ is provid$ ) a special arrangem5t = ?is exp]im5t4 ,by pull+ out button #h1 we give v5t to #ab curr5ts ( air spac$ l ! twelve holes ( ! disk2 on pull+ out button #i we also produce #ab curr5ts1 b !y are situat$ j betwe5 ! fir/4 ,ea* ( ^! two buttons pull$ out alone w produce ! same note correspond+ to #ab holes1 b drawn toge!r !y produce ! octave1 or ! note ( circle #a4 #b4 ,if two curr5ts ( air are direct$ aga9/ two simil> circles ^: holes are situat$ on ! same radii1 we obta9 ! same result4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 circles #g & #h are s\nd$ by pull+ out buttons #g & #i4 #c4 ,:5 two curr5ts ( air are direct$ on ! same radius aga9/ two circles ( simil> holes arrang$ alt]nately1 ^! circles s\nd$ simultane\sly w produce ! octave ( ! note :i* "o ( !m w\ld give alone4 ,?is exp]im5t is p]=m$ by s\nd+ circles #f & #g & pull+ out buttons #f & #g4 #d4 ,if we direct ?ree curr5ts ( air on ! same radius aga9/ ?ree simil> circles hav+ holes alt]nat+ by a ?ird ( ! di/ance betwe5 two holes ( ! same circle1 ! ?ree circles toge!r produce ! fif? ( ! octave 7,note #c7 ( a s+le circle4 ,circles #c1 #d1 & #e s\nd$ toge!r emit ! note ( circle #b4 7,by s\nd+ only two circles1 #c & #d1 or #d & #e1 we make ! same exp]im5t ) two circles z disk ,no4 #b enabl$ u to make ) circle #h alone2 also1 by s\nd+ circle #c alone1 we obta9 ! note correspond+ to #ab holes2 !n pull+ out button #d1 ! notes correspond+ to #ab & #cf holes are he>d sudd5ly & v /rongly2 b z soon z circle #e is s\nd$ also1 ! note ( #ab disappe>s completely1 & we h left only t correspond+ to #cf holes47 ,,iii4 ,effects ( int]f]5ce produc$ by %ocks 9 opposite directions4 #a4 ,if we direct aga9/ a circle ( holes two curr5ts ( air 9 opposite directions1 ! note obta9$ ) a s+le curr5t is v mu* weak5$1 if ! two curr5ts rea* ! holes simultane\sly4 ,if ! impulses are n iso*ron\s1 ! int5sity ( ! note is increas$4 #b4 ,if ! two curr5ts are direct$ aga9/ two circles ( ! same numb] ( holes1 ! effect is ! same z = ! two prec$+ cases4 #c4 ,if two curr5ts ( air are direct$ aga9/ two circles1 "o ( :i* has twice z _m holes z ! o!r1 we obta9 only ! l[ note if e %ock ( "o is iso*ron\s ) e %ock ( ! o!r4 ,we obta9 ! notes ( bo? circles1 "o ( :i* is ! octave ( ! o!r1 if !re is no iso*ronism betwe5 ! %ocks4 ,disk ,no4 #e has ?ree circles ( #cf1 #cf1 & #gb holes4 ,! air curr5ts are direct$ aga9/ ! circles ( holes ?r\gh ! movable tubes1 made s t !y c be deta*$ at pleasure4 ,all ^! exp]im5ts require great precision 9 ! arrangem5t ( ^! w9d tubes4 ,to make sure t ! tubes are simultane\sly be=e two holes ( ! disk1 x is well to put little rods ?r\gh ! holes1 rea*+ into ! w9d tubes1 & to remove !m only :5 ! tubes are firmly atta*$4 ,! exp]im5t] %\ld be c>eful also to place ! two tubes exactly at ! same di/ance f ! turn+ disk4 ,x is cle> t not)/&+ all ^! precautions we nev] obta9 p]fect int]f]5ce1 b only ! weak5+ ( notes t ought to disappe> entirely if all ! arrangem5ts 7 made ) ma!matical exactness1 & also if ! e> c\ld h absolutely ! same position ) reg>d to impulses produc$ 9 opposite directions4 ,,iv4 ,beats4 ,disk ,no4 #f has-- #h circles ( holes to ! numb] ( #a1 #b1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #dg1 #dh1 #di4 ,circles #c & #d1 #d & #e1 #f & #g1 & #g & #h ought to produce z _m beats z circle #a produces simple %ocks2 & circles #c & #e1 #f & #h1 z _m beats z circle #b produces simple %ocks2 b we mu/ cont5t ourselves 9 ^! exp]im5ts ) a mu* less p]fect result1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,! disk nev] be+ rigor\sly plane1 alt]nately approa*es ! s+le w9d pipe & rec$es f x4 ,no matt] h[ slight ?is deviation is1 e s\nd giv5 by a s+le circle is he>d ) p]iodical int5sities :i* complicate ! ph5om5on4 ,?is inconv5i5ce c\ld be avoid$ by plac+ sev]al w9d-pipes ar\nd ! circle2 b :ile we c ext5d ! p]iod ( ! holes 9 two circles 7^: diff]5ce is #a7 ar\nd ! :ole circle by bl[+ ?r\gh a s+le w9d tube1 we w\ld be compell$ to limit x to ! di/ance betwe5 two w9d tubes1 & x w\ld become too %ort2 =1 :5 ! disk rotates ) a velocity suffici5t to produce notes high en\gh & int5se en\gh1 ! beats become too num]\s to be easily p]ceiv$4 ,besides ^! provisions1 :i* suffici5tly illu/rate ! po9ts to :i* we desire to call especial att5tion1 ,ko5ig also furni%es two m disks4 ,! sev5? conta9s #h circles hav+ #dh1 #ed1 #fj1 #fd1 #gb1 #hj1 #ij1 & #if holes respectively4 ,! #a/1 #c;d1 #e?1 & #h? w produce a p]fect *ord :5 ! air is admitt$ ?r\gh ! #aa holes 9 ! w9d *e/2 ) "o w9d tube ! entire gamut may be obta9$4 ,f9ally ! eigh? disk conta9s #h circles ( holes1 ^: numb]s are 9 ! ratio ( #a3b3c3d1 etc41 & :i* may be us$ to illu/rate h>monics4 ,c4 ,f4 ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,motions ,,( ,,camphor ,,^u ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,wat]4 ,footnote3 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t ,no4 #cia1 page #fbdj4 ,to h ^! movem5ts occur 9 a con/ant & inv>iable mann] ^u ! surface ( wat]1 & especially ^u m]cury1 x is necess>y to take precautions 9 reg>d to cleanl9ess1 ?is be+ some?+ t we h purposely neglect$ to m5tion to our read]s4 ,= we wi%$1 ?r\gh ?is volunt>y omission1 to /imulate _! sagacity by br++ !m face to face ) difficulties t !y w p]haps h succe$$ 9 ov]com+1 ) causes ( error t !y w h p]ceiv$1 & ! pr9cipal "o ( :i* is ! want ( absolute cleanl9ess 9 ! wat]1 vessels1 & in/rum5ts t !y may h us$ = ! exp]im5ts4 ,?us1 v probably1 !y w h m ?an once se5 ! camphor rema9 immovable :5 plac$ 9 vessels 9 :i* !y _h hop$ to be able to see x und]go its gyratory & o!r motions4 ,_! a/oni%m5t w h be5 no less ?an our own 0 :5 we notic$ ! sudd5 cessation ( ! camphor's motions "u ! influ5ce ( vitre\s or metallic objects1 su* z glass rods or tubes1 pieces ( gold1 silv]1 or copp] co91 table knives1 etc41 dipp$ into ! liquid 9 :i* su* motions 7 tak+ place be=e ! imm]sion ( ! objects "u consid]ation4 ,! in/antane\sly s$ative p[] ( ! human f+]s1 or ( a hair1 w h1 p]haps1 rem9d$ !m ( "s sort ( sorc]y1 or ( "s diabolic art wor?y ( ! great ,alb]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,motions ,,( ,,camphor4 ,z = ourself1 we confess t1 aft] repeat+ ! curi\s exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,dutro*et day aft] day1 & scrupul\sly foll[+ 8 directions1 we h1 9 ! pres5ce ( our results1 t 7 exactly id5tical ) 81 almo/ be5 tempt$ to believe ourself to be ! victim ( "s occult p[]1 or at lea/ ( "s optical illusion1 ! true cause ( :i* rema9$ a my/]y to u4 ,f9ally1 aft] _m fruitless attempts to f9d a key to ! enigma t engag$ our att5tion1 ! light f9ally dawn$ ^u u1 & !n %one /raight 9 our eyes4 ,9 comp>+ ! la/ results ( our exp]im5ts ) ^? t we _h obta9$ previ\sly1 we saw1 = example1 t ! camphor mov$ 9 ! te/ glasses at a level t 0 notably high] ?an t at :i* its gyration took place ! day be=e1 or ! day be=e t4 ,& yet we _h always us$ ! same vessels1 ! same wat]1 & p>ticles deta*$ f ! same lump ( camphor4 ,to :at1 !n1 c\ld be due ! diff]5ce obs]v$ betwe5 ! two levels at :i* we _h1 9 ! fir/ & la/ place1 se5 ! camphor execute its movem5ts8 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any answ] t 0 satisfactory1 we f9ally suspect$ t ! diff]5ce t we _h notic$ 0 ascribable to ! fact t1 aft] ! num]\s wa%+s t ! app>atus _h be5 submitt$ to 9 hav+ wat] p\r$ into !m to repeat ! exp]im5ts1 !y _h gradually be5 fre$ f impurities ( :atev] nature !y might h be51 & :i*1 unbekn[n to u1 might h soil$ _! sides4 ,/>t+ ) ?is idea1 :i* 0 z yet a hypho!tical "o1 we began to wa% our h&s1 glasses1 etc41 at fir/ ) v dilute sulphuric acid1 & !n ) ammonia4 ,aft]w>d we r9s$ !m ) quantities ( wat] & dri$ !m c>efully ) :ite l95 rags t _h be5 us$ = no o!r purpose2 & f9ally we plung$ !m aga9 into v clean wat]4 ,we ?us cut ! ,gordian knot1 & 7 on ! "r track4 ,9 fact1 on aga9 repeat+ ,mr4 ,dutro*et's exp]im5ts1 ) t m9ute c>e z to cleanl9ess t we _h obs]v$ to be absolutely necess>y1 we saw crumble away1 "o aft] ano!r1 all ! pieces ( ! scaffold+ t ?is ma/] _h ) s mu* tr\ble built up4 ,! camphor mov$ 9 all our vessels1 ( glass or metal1 & ( e =m1 at all heights4 ,! imm]s$ bodies1 su* z glass tubes1 table knives1 pieces ( money1 etc41 _h lo/ _! pret5d$ s$ative effect on a pret5d$ activity ( ! wat]1 & on ! vessels t conta9$ x4 ,! s-call$ ph5om5on ( habit transport$ f physiology into physics1 no long] exi/$4 ,! lik5+ ( ! app>atus employ$ to obta9 motions ( camphor ^u wat]1 ) ! entirely physiological app>atus by means ( :i* nature effects a circulation ( ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! int]nodes ( ,*>a vulg>is1 _h prov$ a grave error t 0 to be eras$ f ! sci5ce into :i* x _h be5 introduc$ by its au?or ) entire good fai?4 ,! true cause ( life _h n !n be5 unveil$1 & ! new ag5t designat$ z diluo-electricity vani%$ be=e ! v simple & au!ntic fact t camphor moves rapidly ^u ! surface ( v pure m]cury1 9 :i* no "o w\ld assur$ly suppose t t volatile sub/ance c\ld dissolve4 ,mr4 ,dutro*et atta*es great importance to ! mann] 9 :i* ! wat] is p\r$ 7) or )\t agitation7 into ! vessel ) :i* ! exp]im5t is p]=m$4 ,! matt] is 9 fact ( little or no importance1 & to prove ?is1 x is only necess>y to employ a te/ glass 7see figure7 provid$ ) a lat]al tube1 ,a1 t t]m9ates 9 a l[] tubulure1 ,b1 above :i* !re is a contraction1 ,c4 ,^u p\r+ wat] into ! lat]al tube until ! level rea*es ,d1 & plac+ a p>ticle ( camphor on its surface1 ! camphor w be se5 to cont9ually move ab\t1 ev5 :5 ! liquid has rea*$ ! upp] edge ( ! vessel4 ,to r$uce ! level to v>i\s heights1 x is only necess>y to revolve ! tube 9 ! cork ?r\gh :i* x is fitt$ to ! tubulure4 ,9 proce$+ ?us1 agitation or collision ( ! wat] is avoid$2 & yet if ! te/ glass is v clean1 ! camphor w cont9ue to move at e level ( ! wat]4 ,b1 "s "o w d\btless say1 h[ d y expla9 ! /oppage 9 ! motions ( ! camphor on ! surface ( wat] conta9$ 9 vessels t are n p]fectly clean8 ,be=e answ]+ ?is "q1 let u say 9 ! fir/ place t ! cause ( ! motions "u consid]ation is due to no?+ else b ! evaporation ( ?is concrete oil--to effluvia t escape f all p>ts & t ex]t ^u ! body :5ce !y emanate a recoil+ action exactly l t :i* manife/s itself 9 an lopile m\nt$ ^u a brasi]1 or1 bett] yet1 9 ! explosion ( a sky-rocket4 ,a portion ( ^! camphory vapors1 z well z a small portion ( ! camphor itself1 dissolves 9 ! wat] & =ms ^u its surface an oily lay] :i* is at fir/ v slight1 b ! ?ickness ( :i* may increase 9 "t until x becomes 7especially if ! vessel is n>r[7 a me*anical ob/acle to ! gyration ( ! small fragm5ts ( camphor t x imprisons1 & ^: evaporation x prev5ts4 ,n[1 z ?is lay] ( volatile oil may & does evaporate1 9 fact1 aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 ! camphor !n resumes its gyratory motions2 b !re is n ! lea/ reason 9 ! _w = say+ on t acc\nt t x has habituat$ itself to ! cause :i* _h at fir/ influ5c$ x1 & t1 too1 9 modify+ itself 9 su* a way z to r5d] null ! influ5ce ( a cause t has n ceas$ to be pres5t 7,dutro*et1 l4c441 p4 #ej74 ,we h be5 enabl$ to conv9ce ourself ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is oily lay] ( camphor :5 x 0 ( a c]ta9 ?ickness by introduc+ "u ! wat] on :i* x1 _h =m$1 a few drops ( sulphuric e!r ^: sudd5 evaporation produc$ suffici5t cold to in/antane\sly congeal ! lay] 9 "q & ?us r5d] x p]fectly visible to ! eye4 ,! slight lay] ( greasy matt] t habitually l9es ! sides ( vessels f :5ce no ef=t has be5 made to remove x1 produces effects exactly l ^? ( ! oil ( camphor1 t is to say1 t 9 measure z x becomes ?ick] x likewise arre/s ! motions ( ! concrete volatile ess5ce4 ,?is is precisely :at happ5s 9 a te/-glass 9 :i* we see ! camphor 9 motion become immovable if ! level ( ! wat] be rais$ a few c5timet]s1 &1 m especially1 if x be rais$ to ! upp] edge ( ! app>atus4 ,9 its sl[ asc5t ! liquid licks up1 s to speak1 ! oily lay] t l9es ! inn] surface ( ! vessel1 & ?is mat]ial spreads ov] ! surface ( ! wat] & =ms !reupon a lay] :i*1 9 spread+ ov] ! bit ( camphor itself1 prev5ts its evaporation1 &1 consequ5tly1 its motions4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! lay] "u consid]ation _c be d\bt$1 s9ce x is made to disappe> by caus+ ! wat] to-ov]fl[ f ! edges ( ! vessel1 &1 m easily /ill1 by spread+ a piece ( filt]+ pap] ov] ! liquid 9 :i* ! camphor is 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,z soon z ! pap] is remov$ 7)\t ! wat] be+ t\*$ by ! f+]s1 x %\ld be und]/ood71 ! camphor resumes its motions & aft]w>d cont9ues !m at all levels4 ,! f+]s !mselves1 provid$ !y are v clean1 h no p[] to /op ! gyration4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t1 :i* is easy to repeat1 is an unque/ionable pro( ( ?is4 ,wa% c>efully ! middle f+] ) aqua ammonia1 & aft]w>d ) pl5ty ( wat]1 & !n dip x into a dr9k+ glass 9 :i* a fragm5t ( camphor is rapidly mov+1 & ! gyration w n be /opp$4 ,b x w be made to /op in/antly if ! f+] 9 its natural /ate 7t is1 cov]$ ) ! fatty sub/ances t ord9>ily soil ! f+]s1 especially 9 summ]7 be dipp$ into ?is same glass4 ,movem5ts ( ,camphor ^u ,m]cury4--,9 ord] to /udy ! motions ( camphor1 m]cury possesses1 z comp>$ ) wat]1 a great advantage1 & t is t we c easily assure ourselves ( ! degree ( cleanl9ess ( ?is metal by means ( ! cond5s$ brea?4 ,! vapory-deposits !reon 9 a uni=m mann] if ! m]cury is p]fectly clean1 b =ms v>i\sly %ad$ & m p]si/5t spots if x is soil$ by =eign bodies ,b x is extremely difficult to clean m]cury completely4 ,to d s ,mr4 ,boisgiraud & ,i take di/ill$ m]cury & leave x = a long "t 9 contact ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 tak+ c>e to (t5 %ake ! mixture4 ,!n1 aft] remov+ ! great] "p ( ! acid1 we ?r[ ! metal into a vessel conta9+ quick lime 9 p[d]1 & f9ally pass x ?r\gh a filt] conta9+ a few holes 9 its l[] "p4 ,purifi$ by ?is process1 m]cury n only p]mits ( ! motions ( camphor on its surface1 b r5d]s visible ! traces ( ! vapors t escape f x1 & :i* resemble small tadpoles ) a long tail t are end[$ ) v great agility4 ,no?+ is m curi\s ?an to see ! p>ticle ( camphor successively asc5d & desc5d ! /rongly pron\nc$ curves pres5t$ by ! m]cury ne> ! sides ( ! vessel t conta9s x4 ,on rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! metal slightly1 ! motions ( ! camphor on its surface are accel]at$1 & ! same effects occur ) wat] t has be5 slightly heat$4 ,! exp]im5ts t we h j call$ att5tion to %[ :at importance slight impurities may h ^u c]ta9 results4 ,!y prove1 says our le>n$ colleague ,mr4 ,daqu91 t !re exi/s ^u poli%$ sub/ances an imp]ceptible coat+ ( ^? fatty matt]s :i* s]ve to-day to expla9 ,mos]'s images4 ,we f9d !re9 also a manife/ pro( & a rational explanation ( ^? grave errors into :i* ! pres5ce ( ^! fatty matt]s1 t h hi!rto be5 sc>cely suspect$1 l$ s clev] & s di/+ui%$ a sci5ti/ z ! illu/ri\s discov]] ( endosmosis4--,n4 ,joly1 9 ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,9 ,,be]4 ,we pres5t a diagram1 on exposition at ! la/ ,brew]s' ,conv5tion 9 ,detroit1 ( ! rack+ device1 devis$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,siebel 9 #ahgb1 & us$ at t "t 9 ! brew]y ( ,messrs4 ,b>?olomae ,roes+1 9 ,*icago4 ,! object ( ! app>atus is to reta9 z mu* c>bonic acid 9 ! be] z possible :ile rack+ ! same (f into small] packages f ! /orage vats4 ,! importance ( ?is measure is app>5t to e "o :o kn[s :at pa9s are tak5 to pres]ve ! pres5ce ( ?is con/itu5t 9 all ! =m] /ages ( ! brew+ process4 ,9 ! me?od ( rack+ (f :i* is 9 pres5t use 9 mo/ brew]ies1 ! be] is =c$ ?r\gh a rubb] hose f ! cask 9 ! /ore vault to ! b>rels1 kegs1 & small] packages 9 ! fill room4 ,ow+ to ! excess ( pressure 9 ! be] z x ent]s ! keg1 x is evid5t t a l>ge am\nt ( ! c>bonic acid gas mu/ escape4 ,! escape ( c>bonic acid dur+ ! process ( rack+ (f is inde$ s l>ge t ev5 a small diff]5ce 9 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e causes a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t if a l>g] pressure c be ma9ta9$ :ile rack+ (f1 a l>g] am\nt ( c>bonic acid gas w rema9 9 ! be]4 ,x is true t ! rack+ (f w take a little long] "t if done "u pressure1 b ?is inconv5i5ce is c]ta9ly insignificantly small1 :5 comp>$ ) ! o!r labors & tr\bles daily und]gone 9 a brew]y1 = ! sole purpose to pres]ve 9 ! be] ! c>bonic acid 9 t =m 9 :i* x has be5 =m$ dur+ ! f]m5tation1 & 9 :i* =m x has f> m refre%+ & o!r valuable prop]ties ?an 9 any o!r =m 9 :i* x may be subsequ5tly introduc$ into ! be] by artificial means4 ,! app>atus design$ 9 ! accompany+ cut is calculat$ to artificially produce a high] pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 at lea/ )9 ! keg :i* is to be fill$ ) be]4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! be] f ! /ore cask runn+ ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,b1 ent]s ! keg ?r\gh a holl[ copp] bung1 fitt+ light into ! bung hole by means ( a rubb] wa%]4 ,! air conta9$ 9 ! keg1 be+ replac$ by ! be]1 is =c$ out by means ( ! holl[ copp] bung1 tak+ its c\rse ?r\gh ! pipe1 inscrib$ ,glass ,gauge1 until x is all[$ to escape 9 ! /&pipe1 ,c1 conta9+ a column ( wat]1 ! height ( :i* designates ! pressure )9 ! keg1 & a consequ5tly increas$ ret5tion ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,if ! keg or b>rel is fill$ ) be]1 ! same becomes app>5t f ! be] %[+ itself 9 ! glass gauge2 !n ! faucet1 ,b1 is clos$1 ! copp] bung is lift$ out ( ! bung hole1 & ! be] conta9$ 9 ! pipe is j suffici5t to completely fill ! keg1 :i* is !n bung$ up1 :ile ! app>atus is transf]r$ to ! next keg4 ,%\ld ! att5dant c>elessly neglect to close ! faucet 9 prop] "t1 ! surplus be] w n necess>ily be wa/$1 b w be collect$ 9 ! vessel1 ,d1 :5ce x c be drawn (f ?r\gh e4--,*emical ,review4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,modifications ,,( ,,silv] ,,bromide ,,& ,,silv] ,,*loride4 ,h]mann ,w4 ,vogel has made a comp>ative /udy ( ! prop]ties ( silv] bromide1 obta9$ by precipitation 9 an aque\s solution ( gelat91 & ^? ( ! same comp\nd prep>$ by precipitation 9 an alcoholic solution ( collodion4 ,9 #ahgd ,/as call$ att5tion to six modifications ( silv] bromide4 ,"o ( ^!1 granul> bromide ( silv]1 obta9$ by boil+ ! floccul5t precipitate = sev]al days ) wat]1 he /at$1 0 ! mo/ s5sitive to light ( all sub/ances kn[n2 exposure = two or ?ree seconds to ! pale blue flame ( a ,buns5 burn] be+ suffici5t to black5 x4 ,important z ?is fact 0 = photograph]s x 0 n appli$ = ye>s1 & x 0 only 9 #ahgh1 :51 x hav+ be5 f\nd t silv] bromide precipitat$ 9 a gelat9e solution & boil$ = sev]al h\rs becomes mu* m s5sitive to light1 t ! rem>ks ( ,/as 0 recall$4 ,today ^! obs]vations h become ( ! greate/ importance to practical photography4 ,!y h l$ to ! prep>ation ( ! silv] bromide gelat9 emulsion & ! silv] bromide gelat9 plates1 :i* are tw5ty times m s5sitive ?an ! silv] iodide collodion plates1 & h become indisp5sable :5 impressions are to be tak5 9 a dim light4 ,! extraord9>y s5sitiv5ess ( silv] bromide 9 gelat9 seem$ ! m rem>kable s9ce x 0 kn[n t silv] bromide 9 collodion is only mod]ately s5sitive4 ,! explanation 0 s\ght = 9 v>i\s directions1 b z ! result ( num]\s inve/igations x appe>s t ! *ief cause ( ! diff]5ce is ! pres5ce ( diff]5t modifications ( silv] bromide4 ,f a consid]ation ( ! "w already done on ! subject1 ,vogel suspect$ t silv] bromide precipitat$ 9 an aque\s colloidal liquid w\ld h notably diff]5t prop]ties f silv] bromide precipitat$ 9 an alcoholic colloidal solution4 ,silv] bromide 0 prep>$ 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,emulsions 7 made 9 bromide solutions conta9+ gelat9 or collodion 7! =m] aque\s1 ! latt] alcoholic71 "s ) ! aid ( heat1 o!rs )\t4 ,"p ( ! emulsion 0 !n p\r$ ^u plates kept at a mod]ate temp]ature & dri$4 ,! rema9d] 0 boil$ or treat$ ) ammonia be=e be+ appli$ to ! plates4 ,he also precipitat$ silv] bromide 9 dilute gelat9 or collodion solutions1 all[$ x to settle completely1 wa%$ ! precipitate1 & mix$ x ) a new portion ( gelat9 or collodion be=e apply+ x to ! plates4 ,f9ally he precipitat$ pure silv] bromide1 9 ! abs5ce ( all colloids1 by means ( pure aque\s or alcoholic solutions ( bromides & attempt$ to br+ ?is ^u plates1 us+ gelat9 or collodion z a cem5t4 ,! result ( all ^! exp]im5ts is t !re are ess5tially two modifications ( silv] bromide1 ! "o be+ obta9$ by precipitation 9 aque\s1 ! o!r 9 alcoholic solutions4 ,! fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! position ( ! maximum ( s5sitiv5ess = ! sol> spectrum1 he calls blue s5sitive1 ! o!r1 = ! same reason1 indigo s5sitive4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r ! aque\s or alcoholic solution 9 :i* ! silv] bromide is =m$ conta9s gelat9 or collodion1 or :e!r ! precipitation is effect$ ) excess ( bromide or ( silv] nitrate4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! solution is hot or cold1 or :e!r ! silv] bromide is treat$ ) ammonia or :e!r x is boil$ or n4 ,! only necess>y condition is t 9 precipitat+ indigo s5sitive silv] bromide ! solutions mu/ conta9 at lea/ #if p] c5t ( alcohol4 ,f aque\s alcoholic solutions blue s5sitive silv] bromide is precipitat$4 ,besides ! diff]5ce ( s5sitiv5ess t[>d ! sol> spectrum1 ^! modifications ( silv] bromide exhibit o!r *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 prop]ties :i* indicate beyond a d\bt t !y are two ess5tially diff]5t modifications ( ! same sub/ance4 ,among ^! are1 #a/4 ,_! unequal divisibility 9 gelat9 or collodion solutions4 ,! indigo s5sitive silv] bromide _c be di/ribut$ ?r\gh a gelat9 solution1 :ile ! blue s5sitive modification does s v readily4 #b;d4 ,_! unequal r$ucibility2 ! blue s5sitive silv] bromide be+ r$uc$ ) mu* great] difficulty ?an ! indigo s5sitive v>iety4 #c;d4 ,_! diff]5t action t[>d *emical & physical s5sitiz]s4 #d?4 ,_! diff]5t action t[>d photographic develop]s4 #e?4 ,_! diff]5t action "u ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,! blue s5sitive v>iety if heat$ "u wat] has its s5sitiv5ess p]ceptibly increas$1 :ile ! o!r is n *ang$ by su* treatm5t4 ,a direct trans=mation ( "o modification into ! o!r has n yet be5 accompli%$4 ,! effect ( ! light ^u ^! sub/ances is incipi5t r$uction1 & we might h5ce suppose t ! m r$ucible indigo s5sitive v>iety w\ld be ! m s5sitive to light4 ,b ?is is n ! case1 because x is n *emical r$ucibility1 b ! absorption p[] = light t is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,n[ ! blue s5sitive silv] bromide has a great] absorption p[] ?an ! indigo s5sitive v>iety1 & h5ce its great] s5sitiv5ess4 ,silv] *loride prep>$ by me?ods simil> to ^? us$ 9 mak+ ! two =ms ( bromides 0 also f\nd to exi/ 9 two modifications4 ,"o is designat$ z ultra violet s5sitive1 ! o!r z violet s5sitive silv] *loride4--,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,analysis ,,( ,a ,,sample ,,( ,,new ,,zeal& ,,coal4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,society ( ,public ,analy/s on ! #bh? ,june1 #ahhc4 ,by ,,otto ,,hehn] ,"s discussion hav+ rec5tly tak5 place z to ! value ( ,new ,zeal& coal z a fuel1 ! foll[+ results ( a some:at full analysis may be wor?y ( be+ plac$ on record4 ,! sample to :i* ! results ref] consi/$ ( l>ge br[ni% black lumps1 _m ( :i* %[$ woody /ructure2 ! fractures 7 con*yloid1 ! surface %9y & highly reflect+4 ,x 0 int]sp]s$ ) a consid]able am\nt ( an amb] color$ res94 ,:5 p[d]$ x appe>$ *ocolate br[n4 ,x burn$ readily1 ! flame be+ bright & v smoky4 ,its a% 0 light & r$di% br[n4 ,x consi/$ (-- ,wat] 7loss at #bab ,f47 #bj4ji ,organic & volatile matt] #ge4ai ,a% #d4gb ------ #ajj4jj ,! organic & volatile con/itu5ts _h ! foll[+ p]c5tage composition-- ,c>bon #ga4bf ,hydrog5 #e4fb ,oxyg5 #ba4eh ,nitrog5 #a4jf ,sulphur #j4dh ------ #ajj4jj ,! a% 0 compos$ (-- ,silica #bg4bf ,alum9a #bf4dh ,oxide ( iron #ab4ih ,lime #bj4ai ,magnesia #c4db ,sulphuric acid #i4dg ,alkalies & loss #j4bj ------ #ajj4jj ,f ^! figures ! composition ( ! coal itself calculates z "u-- ,wat] #bj4ji ,c>bon #ec4eh ,hydrog5 #d4bc ,oxyg5 #af4bc ,nitrog5 #j4hj ,sulphur #j4cf ,silica #a4bi ,alum9a #a4be ,oxide ( iron #j4fa ,lime #j4ie ,magnesia #j4af ,sulphuric acid #j4dd ,alkalies #j4ja ------ #ajj4jj ,"o ton furni%$ #h1deh cubic feet ( gas & #h cwt4 ( coke4 ,! v high proportion ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! sample is v rem>kable4 ,x 0 s loosely comb9$1 t ev5 at ord9>y temp]ature x gradually escap$1 ! coal crumbl+ to small pieces4 ,! l>ge am\nt z well z ! high p]c5tage ( oxyg5 *>act]ize ! s call$ coal z a lignite1 ) :i* conclusion ! physical *>act]s ( ! sample are 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,! res9 to :i* ,i h ref]r$ has n be5 fur!r analyz$4 ,x 0 f\nd to be insoluble 9 all ord9>y m5/rua1 su* z alcohol1 e!r1 c>bon disulphide1 b5z5e1 or *lor(orm1 & nei!r attack$ by boil+ alcoholic pota% nor by fus+ alkali4 ,on heat+ x swells up consid]ably & und]goes decomposition1 b does n fuse4 ,! coal may be valuable z a gas coal & = local consumption1 b ! l>ge proportions ( wat] & ( oxyg5 militate aga9/ its use z a /eam produc]1 only #eh p] c5t4 ( x be+ really combu/ible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,det]m9+ ,,manganese ,,9 ,,/eel1 ,,ca/ ,,iron1 ,,f]ro-,,manganese1 ,,etc4 ,by ,e4 ,,raymond4 ,! me?od 9 "q is recomm5d$ z easy1 exp$iti\s1 & accurate4 ,x consi/s 9 precipitat+ all ! manganese 9 ! /ate ( p]oxide1 dissolv+ x 9 a f]r\s solution s z to br+ back ! manganese to ! mangan\s slate1 & det]m9+ volumetrically1 by means ( potassium p]manganate1 ! quantity ( f]r\s salt :i* has be5 conv]t$ into f]ric4 ,! me?od ( rapidly precipitat+ manganese p]oxide is peculi>4 ,if we act ^u ca/-iron or /eel ) nitric acid & potassium *lorate 9 c]ta9 proportions1 & boil ! mixture1 ! manganese is completely precipitat$ 9 ! /ate ( p]oxide insoluble 9 nitric acid1 b reta9+ a small quantity ( f]ric oxide4 ,suppose t we h a sample ( /eel or manganif]\s ca/-iron conta9+ less ?an #g p] c5t ( manganese4 ,?ree grammes are treat$ 9 a small flask ) #dj c4 c4 ( nitric acid1 ( sp4 gr4 #a4bj1 add$ little by little4 ,! liquid is /irr$1 & ultimately heat$ to complete solution4 ,x is )drawn f ! fire1 & #ae grammes potassium *lorate are add$1 & !n #bj c4 c4 ( nitric acid at sp4 gr4 #a4dj4 ,x is boil$ = ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 until ! escape ( *lor9e ceases2 all ! manganese is f\nd ?r[n d[n z p]oxide2 hot wat] is add$1 ! mixture is filt]$1 & ! precipitate wa%$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,to dissolve ! manganese p]oxide ?us obta9$ we measure exactly #ej c4 c4 ( an acid solution ( f]r\s sulphate1 made up ) #dj grammes f]r\s sulphate to #gej c4 c4 wat] & #bcj c4 c4 sulphuric acid 7full /r5g?74 ,! #ej c4 c4 are p\r$ into ! flask 9 :i* ! sample has be5 dissolv$1 & to :i* a little p]oxide adh]es1 & x is !n p\r$ ^u ! precipitate & ! filt] 9 a ,b]l9-w>e capsule4 ,! manganese p]oxide dissolves v readily1 trans=m+ its equival5t ( f]r\s sulphate into f]ric sulphate4 ,! liquid is !n dilut$ to #ajj or #aej c4 c4 = ! next op]ation4 ,we !n take a solution ( p]manganate =m$ by ! same proportions z are us$ 9 det]m9+ iron by ! process ( ,m>gu]itte 7#e4fe grammes ( ! cry/all9e salt p] lit] ( wat]71 & det]m9e its /&>d exactly4 ,by means ( ?is liquid we det]m9e volumetrically ! quantity ( f]r\s sulphate rema9+ 9 ! solution ( manganese4 ,we take !n #ej c4 c4 ( ! orig9al solution ( f]r\s sulphate dilut$ z above1 & det]m9e ! total f]r\s salt4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two det]m9ations corresponds to ! f]r\s salt :i* has be5 p]oxidiz$ by ! manganese p]oxide4 ,! quantity ( iron ?us p]oxidiz$ multipli$ by #j4dia gives ! quantity ( manganese conta9$ 9 ! portion op]at$ ^u4 ,9 ! case ( a /eel or ca/ iron conta9+ b little manganese x is conv5i5t to dissolve ! p]oxide 9 #be c4 c4 only ( ! f]r\s solution4 ,small ,gay-,lussac burettes may !n be us$ 9 ! titration ( only #j4jaj met] int]nal diamet]1 & graduat$ into "o-tw5tie? c4 c41 :i* all[s ( great exactitude 9 ! det]m9ation4 ,= a spiegeleis5 n m ?an #a gramme ( ! sample %\ld be tak51 & = a f]ro-manganese #j4c gramme4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,manganese ,,& ,,its ,,uses4 ,manganese is "o ( ! heavy metals ( :i* iron may he tak5 z ! repres5tative4 ,x is ( a grayi% :ite color1 pres5ts a metallic brilliancy1 & is capable ( a high degree ( poli%1 is s h>d z to scrat* glass & /eel1 is non-magnetic1 & is only fus$ at a :ite heat4 ,z x oxidizes rapidly on exposure to ! atmosph]e1 x %\ld be pres]v$ "u naph?a4 ,x occurs 9 small quantity 9 association ) iron 9 meteoric /ones2 ) ?is exception x is n f\nd native4 ,! metal may be obta9$ by ! r$uction ( its sesquioxide by c>bon at an extreme heat4 ,manganese =ms no less ?an six diff]5t oxides--viz41 protoxide1 sesquioxide ! r$ oxide1 ! b9oxide or p]oxide1 manganic acid1 & p]manganic acid4 ,! protoxide occurs z olive-gre5 p[d]1 & is obta9$ by ignit+ c>bonate ( manganese 9 a curr5t ( hydrog54 ,its salts are colorless1 or ( a pale rose color1 & h a /rong t5d5cy to =m d\ble salts ) ! salts ( ammonia4 ,! c>bonate =ms ! m9]al kn[n z manganese sp>4 ,! sulphate is obta9$ by heat+ ! p]oxide ) sulphuric acid till !re is fa9t ignition1 dissolv+ ! residue 9 wat] & cry/alliz+4 ,x is employ$ l>gely 9 calico pr9t+4 ,! silicate occurs 9 v>i\s m9]als4 ,! sesquioxide is f\nd cry/alliz$ 9 an anhydr\s =m 9 braunite1 & hydrat$ 9 manganite4 ,x is obta9$ artificially z a black p[d] by expos+ ! p]oxide to a prolong$ heat4 ,:5 ignit$ x loses oxyg51 & is conv]t$ into r$ oxide4 ,its salts are isomorph\s ) ^? ( alum9a & sesquioxide ( iron4 ,x imp>ts a violet color to glass1 & gives ! ame?y/ its *>act]i/ic t9t4 ,its sulphate is a p[]ful oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,! r$ oxide corresponds to ! black oxide ( iron4 ,x occurs native 9 hausmannite1 & may be obta9$ artificially by ignit+ ! sesquioxide or p]oxide 9 ! op5 air4 ,x is a comp\nd ( ! two prec$+ oxides4 ,! b9oxide1 or p]oxide1 is ! black manganese ( comm]ce1 & ! pyrolusite ( m9]alogi/s1 & is by f> ! mo/ abundant ( ! manganese ores4 ,x occurs 9 a hydrat$ =m 9 v>vicite & wad4 ,its comm]cial value dep5ds ^u ! proportion ( *lor9e :i* a giv5 weight ( x w lib]ate :5 x is heat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! quantity ( *lor9e be+ proportional to ! excess ( oxyg5 :i* ?is oxide conta9s ov] t conta9$ 9 ! same weight ( protoxide4 ,:5 mix$ ) *loride ( sodium & sulphuric acid x causes an evolution ( *lor9e1 ! o!r result+ products be+ sulphate ( soda & sulphate ( protoxide ( manganese4 ,:5 mix$ ) acids1 x is a valuable oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,x is mu* us$ = ! prep>ation ( oxyg51 ei!r by simply heat+ x1 :5 x yields #ab p] c5t4 ( gas1 or by heat+ x ) sulphuric acid1 :5 x yields #ah p] c5t4 ,besides its _m uses 9 ! laboratory1 x is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 porcela91 & k9dr$ w>es4 ,manganic acid is n kn[n 9 a free /ate4 ,manganate ( pota% is =m$ by fus+ toge!r hydrat$ pota% & b9oxide ( manganese4 ,! black mass :i* results f ?is op]ation is soluble 9 wat]1 to :i* x communicates a gre5 color1 due to ! pres5ce ( ! manganate4 ,f ?is wat] ! salt is obta9$ 9 vacuo 9 beautiful gre5 cry/als4 ,on all[+ ! solution to /& expos$ to ! air1 x rapidly becomes blue1 violet1 purple1 & f9ally r$1 by ! gradual conv]sion ( ! manganate into ! p]manganate ( pota%2 & on acc\nt ( ^! *anges ( color ! black mass has receiv$ ! "n ( m9]al *ameleon4 ,p]manganic acid is only kn[n 9 solution or 9 a /ate ( comb9ation4 ,its solution is ( a spl5did r$ color1 b appe>s ( a d>k violet t9t :5 se5 by transmitt$ light4 ,x is obta9$ by treat+ a solution ( p]manganate ( b>yta ) sulphuric acid1 :5 sulphate ( b>yta falls1 & ! p]manganic acid rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,p]manganate ( pota%1 :i* cry/allizes 9 r$di% purple prisms1 is ! mo/ important ( its salts4 ,x is l>gely employ$ 9 analytical *emi/ry1 & is ! basis ( ,condy's ,dis9fectant ,fluid4 ,manganese is a con/itu5t ( _m m9]al wat]s1 & is f\nd 9 small quantities 9 ! a% ( mo/ vegetables & animal sub/ances4 ,x is always associat$ ) iron4 ,v>i\s prep>ations ( manganese h be5 employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! sulphate ( ! protoxide 9 doses ( "o or two dra*ms produces purgative effects1 & is suppos$ to increase ! excretion ( bile2 & 9 small doses1 bo? ?is salt & ! c>bonate h be5 giv5 ) ! int5tion ( improv+ ! condition ( ! blood 9 cases ( anmia4 ,manganic acid & p]manganate ( pota% are ( great use :5 appli$ 9 lotions 7z 9 ,condy's ,fluid dilut$7 to f\l & fetid ulc]s4 ,9 connection ) ! m$ic9al applications ( manganese x may be m5tion$ t manganic acid is ! ag5t employ$ 9 ,dr4 ,angus ,smi?'s celebrat$ te/ = ! impurity ( ! air4 ,x is ! glass mak]'s soap ( glass manufacture1 & is us$ to correct ! gre5 color ( glass1 :i* is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( protoxide ( iron4 ,?is x conv]ts into ! comp>atively colorless p]oxide4 ,x is also us$ 9 ! ,bessem] & simil> processes1 to decompose ! oxide ( iron4 ,spiegeleis51 an iron :i* conta9s a natural alloy ( f #aj to #ab p] c5t4 ( manganese1 is us$ = ?is purpose :5 conv5i5tly atta9able4--,glassw>e ,report]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ozok]ite1 ,,or ,,e>?-,,wax4 ,by ,,william ,l4 ,,lay4 ,,on ,,! ,,deposits ,,( ,,e>? ,,wax 7,,ozok]ite7 ,,9 ,,europe ,,& ,,am]ica4 ,footnote3 ,ab/ract f a pap] read be=e ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,!re exi/s a l>ge m9+ & manufactur+ indu/ry 9 ,au/ria1 t ( ozok]ite1 or e>?-wax1 :i* has no?+ l x 9 any o!r "p ( ! kn[n _w1 an indu/ry t supplies ,europe ) a "p ( its beeswax1 )\t ! aid ( ! bees4 ,x may n be g5]ally kn[n t ! m9+ ( petroleum 0 a pr(itable indu/ry 9 ,au/ria long be=e x 0 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 #aheb1 a druggi/ ne> ,t>n[ di/ill$ ! oil & _h an exhibit ( x 9 ! fir/ ,_w's ,fair 9 ,london4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! fir/ bor+s 7 made 9 #ahei4 ,inde$1 ! use ( petroleum z an illum9ator 0 common at a v e>ly age 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,9 ,p]sia at ,baku1 9 ,india on ! ,irawada1 also 9 ! ,crimea1 & on ! riv] ,kuban 9 ,russia1 petroleum has be5 us$ 9 lamps = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,at ,baku ! fire wor%ip]s h a nev]-ceas+ flame1 :i* has burn$ f "t immemorial4 ,! m9es ( ozok]ite are locat$ 9 ,au/rian ,pol&1 n[ kn[n z ,galicia4 ,ne> ! city ( ,drohabi*1 on ! railway l9e runn+ f ,crac[ to ,lemb]g1 is a t[n ( six ?\s& inhabitants1 call$ ,borislau1 :i* is entirely support$ by ! ozok]ite indu/ry4 ,x lies at ! foot ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahfb1 a %aft 0 sunk = petroleum at t place4 ,aft] desc5d+ ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty feet1 ! m9]s f\nd all ! cracks 9 ! clay or rock fill$ ) a br[n sub/ance1 resembl+ beeswax4 ,at fir/1 ! lay]s 7 n ?ick] ?an writ+ pap]2 b !y grew ?ick] gradually bel[1 until at a dep? ( ?ree hundr$ feet !y atta9$ a ?ickness ( ?ree or f\r in*es4 ,^u exam9ation1 x 0 f\nd t a yell[ wax c\ld be made ( a portion ( ?is sub/ance1 & at once a sub/itute = wax 0 manufactur$4 ,! discov]y caus$ an excitem5t l ! oil fev] ( #ahfe 9 ,am]ica4 ,a l>ge numb] ( leases 7 made4 ,:5 ,i saw ! wells ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 #ahgi1 !re 7 m ?an two ?\s&4 ,! own] ( ! l& receiv$ "o-f\r? ( ! product1 & ! m9]s ?ree-f\r?s4 ,9 ! petroleum region1 ! leases at fir/ 7 :ole f>ms1 !n !y 7 r$uc$ to #bj1 !n #aj1 !n #e1 & at la/ to #a acre1 :i* is a squ>e ( #bji feet4 ,b 9 ! ozok]ite region ( ,pol&1 :]e ev]y?+ is done on a small scale1 :5 comp>$ ) l ent]prises 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! leases 7 on tracts ?irty-two feet squ>e4 ,^! 7 s small t ! surface 0 n l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! e>? t _h to be rais$ to s9k ! %aft2 consequ5tly ! e>? _h to be transport$ to a di/ance1 &1 :5 ,i saw x1 !re 0 a m\nd sixty or sev5ty feet high4 ,its weight _h become s great t x caus$ a s9k+ ( ! e>?1 & endang]$ ! %afts to su* an ext5t t ! gov]nm5t ord]$ its removal to a di/ance & its deposit on gr\nd t 0 n und]m9$4 ,! %afts are f\r feet squ>e1 & ! sides are support$ by timb]s six in*es ?r\gh1 :i* leaves a %aft ?ree feet squ>e4 ,! m9] digs ! well or %aft j z we dig our wat] wells1 & ! dirt & rock are hoi/$ up 9 a bucket by a rope & w9dlass4 ,b "o man c "w 9 ! %aft at a "t4 ,= _m ye>s no wat] 0 f\nd2 b1 z !re is a deposit ( petroleum "u ! ozok]ite1 at a dep? ( six hundr$ feet f ! surface1 ! m9]s 7 tr\bl$ ) gas4 ,?is is got rid ( by bl[+ a curr5t ( fre% air f a rot>y fan ?r\gh a pipe ext5d+ d[n ! %aft z fa/ z ! curb+ ( timb] is put 9 place4 ,! ozok]ite is emb$d$ 9 a v /iff blue clay = a dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet2 bel[1 x is int]laid ) rock4 ,specim5s ( crude & manufactur$ ozok]ite 7 on exhibition1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry4 ,t "p ( ! e>?'s surface has m m9]s' %afts to ! acre ?an any o!r "p ( ! globe4 ,z wages are v l[ 9 ,pol&1 av]ag+ n m ?an =ty c5ts a day = m5 & t5 c5ts = *ildr51 a v small quantity ( ozok]ite pays = ! work+4 ,if ?irty or =ty p\nds a day is obta9$1 x remun]ates ! two m5 & "o or two *ildr5 requir$ to "w ea* lease4 ,:5 ! bucket1 conta9+ ! e>?1 rock1 & wax1 is dump$ 9 ! little %$ cov]+ ! %aft1 x is pick$ ov] by ! *ildr51 :o deta* ! wax f ! clay or rock ) knives4 ,! m9]s use galvaniz$ wire ropes & wood5 buckets4 ,:5 prep>+ to desc5d1 !y inv>iably cross !mselves & utt] a %ort pray]4 ,! bus9ess is n free f dang]1 c>elessness on ! "p ( ! boy supply+ ! fre% air1 or ! cav+ 9 ( ! unsupport$ ro(1 caus+ a l>ge numb] ( dea?s4 ,"o ( ! gov]nm5t inspectors ( ! m9es in=m$ me t 9 "o week !re _h be5 eight dea?s f accid5ts4 ,! ozok]ite is tak5 to a crude furnace1 & put into a common ca/ iron kettle1 & melt$4 ,?is all[s ! dirt to s9k to ! bottom1 & ! ozok]ite1 fre$ f all o!r solids1 is skimm$ (f ) a ladle1 p\r$ into conical m\lds1 & all[$ to cool1 9 :i* =m x is sold to ! ref9]s1 = ab\t six c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! quantity produc$ is unc]ta91 z ! m9]s take c>e to und]/ate x1 = ! reason t ! gov]nm5t lays a tax ^u all incomes1 & ! l&[n] dem&s 8 "o-f\r? ( ! quantity m9$4 ,! be/ au?ority is ,leo ,/rippelman1 :o /ates ! quantity produc$ 9 fifte5 ye>s at f #cge1jjj1jjj to #djj1jjj1jjj p\nds1 wor? tw5ty-f\r millions ( doll>s4 ,z ! own]s ( ! l& get "o-f\r? ( ! sum1 !y receiv$ six millions4 ,?is is at ! rate ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& a ye>1 a r valuable crop f "s two hundr$ acres ( l&4 ,! m9]s d n support ! e>? by timb] or pill>s1 z !y %\ld2 ! result is t ! :ole plot ( ab\t two hundr$ acres is gradually s9k+1 & ?is w ev5tually ru9 ! indu/ry 9 t "p ( ! deposit4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! same field1 a ,fr5* company has pur*as$ =ty acres1 & x is m9+ ! :ole tract & hoi/+ ?r\gh "o %aft by /eam p[]4 ,9 t %aft !y h sunk to a dep? ( six hundr$ feet1 & are tr\bl$ ) wat] & petroleum4 ,^! !y pump out v mu* ! same way z 9 coal & o!r m9es1 work$ 9 a sci5tific mann]4 ,! ?icke/ lay] ( ozok]ite f\nd is ab\t eighte5 in*es1 & ?is lay] or pocket 0 a great curiosity4 ,:5 fir/ remov$ at ! bottom ( ! %aft1 x 0 f\nd to be s s(t t x 0 %ovel$ out l putty4 ,dur+ ! night x ooz$ into ! space t _h be5 empti$ ! day be=e2 ?is cont9u$ = weeks1 or until ! pressure ( ! gas _h become too weak to =ce x out4 ,i h be5 occupi$ 9 ! petroleum region ( ,p5nsylvania s9ce #ahfj1 h se5 all ! wond]ful developm5t ( ! oil wells1 & 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 contra/+ ! ,au/rian ozok]ite & petroleum indu/ry ) ! ,am]ican4 ,x is a good illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l[] class ( ,poles & ,jews & ! ,yankee4 ,borislau1 aft] tw5ty ye>s' "w1 0 unimprov$1 dirty1 squalid1 & brutal4 ,x conta9$ "o s*ool h\se1 b no *ur* nor pr9t+ (fice4 ,none ( its /reets 7 pav$1 &1 9 ! ma9 road ?r\gh ! t[n1 ! mud came up to ! hubs ( ! wagon :eels = ov] a mile ( its l5g?4 ,9 places1 plank _h to be set up on edge to keep ! mud out ( ! h\ses1 :i* 7 l[] ?an ! road4 ,x conta9$ num]\s %ops1 :]e potato :isky 0 sold to m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,x dep5ds on a dirty1 muddy creek = its supply ( wat]4 ,its h\ses 7 g5]ally "o-/ory1 built ( logs & mud4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,oil ,city1 a t[n ( ! same age & size1 conta9$ eight s*ool h\ses 7"o a high s*ool build+71 twelve *ur*es1 & two pr9t+ (fices4 ,x has pav$ /reets1 :i*1 9 #ahfc1 7 z deep ) mud z ^? 9 ,borislau 9 #ahgi4 ,x has no :isky %ops :]e wom5 & *ildr5 c dr9k4 ,_m ( its h\ses are ( brick1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & five /ories high4 ,its wat] works co/ "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& doll>s4 ,all ?is has be5 done s9ce #ahfj1 :5 x did n conta9 =ty h\ses4 ,i saw 9 ! m>ket place ( ,borislau wom5 /&+ ankle deep 9 ! mud1 sell+ vegetables4 ,"o woman really _h to build a plat=m ( /raw1 on :i* to place a bu%el ( potatoes2 if ! /raw f\ndation _h n be5 !re1 ! potatoes w\ld h sunk out ( sight4 ,borislau is ?ree miles f ,drohobi*1 a city ( ?irty ?\s& inhabitants2 betwe5 ! two places1 9 wet wea!r1 ! road 0 impassable4 ,= a ?ird ( ! way1 x 0 9 ! b$ ( ! creek2 & ,i _h to wait a day = ! wat] to fall s z to navigate x 9 a wagon4 ,on inquir+ :y !y did n improve ! road1 ,i f\nd ! same difficulty z ! ,arkansas settl] enc\nt]$ ) 8 leaky ro(2 :5 x ra9$ he c\ld n repair x1 & :5 x 0 dry x did n ne$ repair3 s ) ! road to ,borislau4 ,ozok]ite 7f ! ,greek words1 ,oze91 to smell1 & ,k]os1 wax7 is f\nd 9 ,turki/an1 ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea2 9 ! ,caucasian ,m\nta9s1 9 ,russia2 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 9 ,au/ria2 9 ! ,ap5n9es1 9 ,italy2 9 ,texas1 ,cali=nia1 & 9 ! ,wahsat* ,m\nta9s1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,comm]cially1 x is n work$ any:]e b 9 ,au/ria2 al?\gh1 ,i believe1 we h 9 ,utah a l>g] deposit ?an 9 any o!r place4 ,i made two j\rneys to exam9e ! deposits 9 ! ,wahsat* ,m\nta9s4 ,= a di/ance ( =ty miles1 x crops out 9 _m places1 & on ! ,m9nie ,maud1 a /ream empty+ into ! ,colorado1 ,i f\nd a /ratum ( s& rock1 f t5 to twelve feet ?ick1 fill$ ) ozok]ite4 ,no sy/ematic ef=t has be5 made to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ozok]ite 9 ,utah4 ,i saw a drift ( "s f\rte5 feet at "o place1 & a %aft tw5ty-?ree feet deep at ano!r4 ,9 ?is %aft1 ! ve9 0 ab\t t5 in*es wide2 & x c\ld be trac$ along ! slope ( ! hill1 = sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,! l>ge/ ve9 ( pure ozok]ite is se5 on ,soldi]s' ,=k ( ,spani% ,caon1 :i* ent]s ,salt ,lake ,valley ne> ! t[n ( ,provo4 ,?is ve9 is v mu* l ! ozok]ite ( ,au/ria1 & conta9s betwe5 ?irty & =ty p] c5t4 ( :ite c]es9 7:i* resembles blea*$ beeswax71 ab\t ?irty p] c5t4 ( yell[ c]es9 7:i* resembles yell[ wax71 & tw5ty p] c5t4 ( black petroleum2 ! residue is dirt4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry1 ( ,columbia ,college1 & ,pr(4 ,s4 ,b4 ,newb]ry1 ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 made exam9ations ( ! ozok]ite f\nd 9 ,utah2 ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject w f9d ! pap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal = ! ye> #ahgi4 ,a deposit ( :ite ozok]ite occurs on ! top ( ! ,ap5n9e ,m\nta9s1 9 ,italy1 ( :i* a specim5 is "h exhibit$4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ( its discov]y4 ,a *ur* at ,mod5a 0 robb$2 among o!r articles tak5 0 a quantity ( wax c&les4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>d1 a woman br\ght to a druggi/ a quantity ( wax & (f]$ x = sale4 ,! druggi/ b\ght x & aft]w>d suspect$ x consi/$ ( ! /ol5 c&les melt$ d[n4 ,soon aft] w>d %e br\ght ano!r lot4 ,he _h h] arre/$4 ,:5 que/ion$ by ! magi/rate1 %e said %e f\nd ! wax 9 ! clay on h] f>m1 ab\t tw5ty miles f ! city4 ,?is /ory confirm$ him 9 ! belief t %e _h /ol5 ! c&les1 or 0 ! receiv] ( ! /ol5 goods2 = su* a ?+ z a deposit ( wax 9 ! soil 0 unhe>d (4 ,%e 0 !re=e rem&$ to jail4 ,on ?ree sev]al days1 %e 0 br\ght be=e ! c\rt1 &1 :5 que/ion$1 told ! same /ory4 ,%e 0 a memb] ( ! *ur*1 & reque/$ ! prie/ to be s5t =4 ,he came1 &1 aft] an int]view betwe5 !m1 he said x 0 easy to disprove h] /ory1 if x 0 a lie1 by s5d+ h] home1 9 company ) an (fic]1 to inve/igate4 ,! c\rt s5t ! prie/1 :o 0 ! only "o :o believ$ h]4 ,on com+ to h] h\se1 %e took h] pick & %ovel1 & go+ to ! place at ! top ( ! hill1 %e dug out ( ! clay a quantity ( :ile ozok]ite1 prov$ h] case1 & 0 at once set at lib]ty4 ,%e p]=m$ ! same s]vice = me1 & ,i saw h] dig ! specim5 & he>d h] tell ! /ory z ,i h told x to y4 ,! hill 0 compos$ ( loose clay & /ones4 ,x appe>$ z if x _h be5 =c$ up by gas or "s p[] f bel[ ! surface4 ,! quantity t c\ld be ga!r$1 by "o p]son1 labor+ con/antly = a week1 0 only tw5ty-five or ?irty p\nds4 ,an attempt _h be5 made to s9k a %aft2 b1 at a dep? ( f\rte5 feet1 ! pressure ( ! clay 0 suffici5t to break ! bo>ds t held up ! sides4 ,! e>? cav$ 91 & ! %aft 0 ab&on$4 ,x is n necess>y "h to describe ! v>i\s processes ( manufacture2 x w be suffici5t to enum]ate "s ( ! =ms ( ozok]ite1 & ! uses to :i* x is put4 ,at ,borislau1 !re are sev]al ref9]ies1 :]e c&les1 tap]s1 & lubricat+ oils are made4 ,9 ,vi5na1 !re are five factories2 9 "o ( ^!1 !y make :ite wax1 wax c&les1 mat*es1 yell[ beeswax1 black heel-ball1 color$ tap]s1 & crayon p5cils4 ,9 ,europe1 l>ge quantities ( ! yell[ wax are us$ to wax ! floors ( ! h\ses1 _m ( ! f9] ones be+ wax$ e day4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* does n all[ ! use ( p>aff9e1 sp]m1 or /e>9e c&les2 at ! same "t ne>ly all ! c&les us$ 9 ! *ur*es 9 ,europe are made f ozok]ite1 :i* is a natural p>aff9e1 made f petroleum 9 nature's laboratory4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! only uses made ( ozok]ite1 s f> z ,i "k1 are *ew+ gum & ! adult]ation ( beeswax4 ,9 ?is ! ,yankee gives ano!r illu/ration ( ! rul+ passion /rong 9 money mak+1 :i* gives u wood5 nutmegs1 wood5 hams1 %oddy clo?1 glucose c&y1 *iccory c(fee1 oleom>g>9e butt]1 m9]al sp]m oil made f petroleum1 & beeswax made )\t bees4 ,aft] ?is pap] 0 writt51 ! foll[+ translation f a pamphlet1 publi%$ by ! ,fir/ ,hung>ian ,galician ,railway ,company1 9 #ahgi1 came to my notice4 ,! writ]'s "n is n publi%$3 ,m9]al wax1 9 ! condition 9 :i* x is tak5 f ! %afts1 is n well adapt$ = exportation1 s9ce x occurs ) mu* e>?y matt]2 &1 at any rate1 an exp5sive pack+ 9 sacks w\ld be necess>y4 ,x is !re=e fir/ fre$ f all =eign sub/ances by melt+1 & cool$ 9 conical cakes ( ab\t #be kilos4 weight1 & ^! cakes are export$4 ,!re are n[1 9 ,borislau1 #be melt+ works1 :i*1 9 #ahgg1 ) #a /eam & #fj fire kettles1 produc$ #ie1jjj metric c5tn]s 7#i1ejj1jjj lb474 ,! melt$ e>? wax is s5t f ,borislau to almo/ all ,european c\ntries1 to be fur!r ref9$4 ,outside ( ,au/ro-,hung>y1 we may specially m5tion ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,belgium1 & ,russia z l>ge pur*as]s ( ?is article ( comm]ce4 ,,products ,,& ,,_! ,,applications4 ,! products ( m9]al wax1 are3 7a47 ,c]es9e1 also call$ ozoc]ot9e or ref9$ ozok]ite1 a product :i* possesses a /rik+ resemblance to ord9>ily ref9$ beeswax4 ,x replaces ?is 9 almo/ all its uses1 &1 by its *eapness1 is employ$ = _m purposes = :i* beeswax is too de>4 ,x is mu* us$ = wax c&les1 = wax+ floors1 & = dress+ l95 & color$ pap]s4 ,wax crayons mu/ be m5tion$ among ^! products4 ,! h\se ( ,(f5heim ,ziff]1 9 ,elbete9itz1 makes !m ( _m colors4 ,^! crayons are especially adapt$ to m>k+ wood1 /one1 & iron2 also1 = m>k+ l95 & pap]1 z well z = writ+ & draw+4 ,! writ+s & draw+s made ) ^! crayons c be effac$ nei!r by wat]1 by acids1 nor by rubb+4 ,conc]n+ ! te*nical process = ! production ( c]es9e1 x %\ld be said t1 :5 ! indu/ry 0 new 7! production ( c]es9e has be5 kn[n only ab\t eight ye>s1 s9ce #ahgd71 x 0 controll$ by pat5ts1 :i* are kept secret4 ,?is mu* is kn[n1 t ! color & odor are remov$ by fum+ sulphuric acid4 ,f m9]al wax ( good quality ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( :ite c]es9e is obta9$4 ,! yell[ c]es9e is t9t$ by ! addition ( color+ matt] 7annatto74 7b47 ,p>aff9e1 a firm1 :ite1 transluc5t sub/ance1 )\t odor4 ,x is us$1 *iefly1 9 ! manufacture ( c&les1 & also z a protection aga9/ ! action ( acids1 & to make casks & o!r wood5 vessels wat]-tight1 = coat+ corks1 etc41 = air-tight wrapp+s1 &1 f9ally1 = ! prep>ation ( trac+ pap]4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( obta9+ p>aff9e f ozok]ite 7see ! ,encyclop$ic ,h&book ( ,*emi/ry1 by ,b5no ,k>l & ,f4 ,/rohmann1 vol4 iv41 ,brunswick1 #ahgg74 ,! details ( ! te*nical process consi/s1 9 e case1 9 ! di/illation ( ! crude mat]ial1 pressure ( ! di/illate by hydraulic presses1 melt+1 & treat+ by sulphuric acid4 ,9 ! manufacture ( p>aff9e f ozok]ite1 !re are produc$ f #b to #h p] c5t4 ( b5z9e1 f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ( naph?a1 #cf to #ej p] c5t4 ( p>aff9e1 #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ( heavy oil = lubricat+1 & #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ( coke1 z a residue4 7c47 ,m9]al oils1 :i* are obta9$ at ! same "t ) p>aff9e1 & are ! same z ^? produc$ f crude petroleum1 describ$ above4 ,! process consi/s1 z 9 ! natural rock oils1 besides ! di/illation1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! incid5tal products ) acids & alkalies4 ,( ! products ( ozok]ite1 manufactur$ 9 ,galicia1 ! great] "p goes to ,russia1 ,r\mania1 ,turkey1 ,italy1 & ,upp] ,hung>y4 ,! common p>aff9e c&les made 9 ,galicia--:i* are ( v>i\s sizes1 f #bh to #afj p] kilo--are us$ by ! ,jews 9 all ,galicia1 ,buk[u9a1 ,r\mania1 ,upp] ,hung>y1 & ,s\!rn ,russia1 & =m an important article ( comm]ce4 ,c]es9e is export$ to all ! ports ( ! _w4 ,( late a consid]able quantity is said to h be5 s5t to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :]e x is us$ 9 ! pr9t+ ( cotton4 ,! ,presid5t1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry1 /at$ t ozok]ite 0 und\bt$ly a product ( petroleum4 ,little 0 kn[n by ! public conc]n+ its use & value4 ,he exhibit$ specim5s ( natural br[n ozok]ite1 ( yell[ ozok]ite1 sold z beeswax1 & ( a :ite purifi$ =m1 :i* _h be5 treat$ by sulphuric acid4 ,specim5s f ,utah _h already be5 %[n be=e ! ,academy4 ,!re 0 no my/]y z to its g5esis 9 ei!r region1 z x _h be5 %[n to be ! result ( inspissation ( a ?ick & viscid v>iety ( petroleum4 ,! t]m petroleum includes a great v>iety ( sub/ances1 f a limpid liquid1 too light to burn1 to "o t is ?ick & t>ry4 ,^! diff] widely also 9 *emical composition3 "s yield+ mu* asphalt by di/illation1 resembl+ a solution ( asphalt 9 turp5t9e2 "s conta9+ s mu* p>aff9e t a consid]able quantity c be /ra9$ out 9 cold wea!r4 ,! asphalt 9 its natural =m is a solid rock1 to :i* ! t]m gum b$s has be5 appli$ 9 ,canada4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 con/itution h orig9at$ 9 ! diff]5ces 9 ! bitum9\s %ales f :i* ! petroleum1 ozok]ite1 etc41 h be5 d]iv$4 ,9 ,canada1 z excavations are sunk ?r\gh ! asphalt1 ?is becomes s(t] & s(t]1 & f9ally passes into petroleum4 ,?is is also ! case 9 ,utah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conclud$ f ,,supplem5t ,no4 #djj1 page #fcij4 ,,kansas ,,city ,,review4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,eclipse ,,( ,,may #f1 #ahhc4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,s4 ,ha/+s1 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 also includes _m int]e/+ details 9 8 acc\nt ( ! trip3 ,! voyage f ,new ,york to ,panama 0 pleasant ) ! exception ( a few hot days ne> ,asp9wall4 ,some:at fur!r s\? ! w9d *ang$1 oblig+ !m to call _! ov]coats f ! bottom ( _! trunks to keep out ! cold :5 cross+ ! equator4 ,dur+ a %ort /op 9 ,lima ! p>ty _h an opportunity ( /udy+ ,s\? ,am]ican life4 ,! products ( ?is c\ntry are fruits & photographs ( ! "y wom54 ,! p>ty enjoy$ bo? eat+ ! =m] & br++ ! latt] home = ! admiration ( _! fri5ds4 ,! exp$ition really began at ,callao1 :]e ! p>ty emb>k$ on ! ,unit$ ,/ates man-(-w> ,h>t=d4 ,few circum/ances contribut$ m to ! enjoym5t ( ! trip ?an ! lucky *ance :i* ?rew ?is vessel 9 _! way4 ,! ,h>t=d 0 fitt$ out la/ ,augu/ z flag %ip ( ! ,s\? ,pacific squadron4 ,! admiral _h n yet remov$ 8 flag to ! vessel1 b ! extra accommodations provid$ = him & 8 tra9 condon$ ! dignity lo/ by 8 abs5ce4 ,on ,m>* #bb !y weigh$ an*or = a sail ( m ?an f\r ?\s& miles ov] ! blue ocean :i* /ret*es betwe5 ,callao & _! de/9ation1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&4 ,! s\!a/ trade w9ds favor$ !m1 & f ! fir/ day !re 0 actually no necessity = alt]+ ! position ( a sail4444 ,! inhabitants--five m51 "o woman & two *ildr51 accord+ to ! eclipse c5sus--are natives ( ,tahiti4 ,! h\ses are "o /ory /ructures ) clapbo>d sides1 probably cut out 9 ,cali=nia & br\ght out 9 %ips1 to be erect$ on ?is isl&4 ,! isl& on :i* !y are built is ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile 9 diamet] & ne>ly circul> 9 outl9e4 ,! edge1 :i* rises f five to tw5ty in*es f ! wat]1 accord+ to ! tide's phase1 goes d[n "u ! wat] to an ev5 table ( coral runn+ out _m feet into ! sea2 & is impossible to /ep on x ) b>e feet4 ,at ! end ( ?is table ! reef goes d[n p]p5dicul>ly1 a %e] precipice1 into ! unfa?omable sea4 ,no vessel c an*or "h1 & to make a l&+ 0 an excit+ matt]4 ,! isl& 0 approa*$ 9 small boats on ! side %elt]$ f ! w9d1 & "h1 ) ! luck :i* *>act]iz$ ! trip1 0 f\nd ! only op5+ 9 ?is b>ri] ( coral4 ,a long cleft1 p]haps eight feet wide1 at ! out] edge ( ! reef1 ran 91 n>r[+ to a m]e crack ne> ! %ore4 ,wat*+ a favorable *ance1 ! boats 7 guid$ ?r\gh ! surf into a cleft z f> z %oal wat]1 :5 ! m5 jump$ on to ! reef & c>ri$ baggage & in/rum5ts a%ore z quickly z possible4 ,! boats1 :i* 7 new :5 !y ent]$ ! surf1 came out mu* ! worse = we>1 & ! boat 9 :i* ,dr4 ,ha/+s l&$ 0 /ove 94 ,once on %ore1 life became a succession ( wond]s1 rival+ ! tales ( ,gulliv]1 & ne$+ ! consci5ti\s descriptions ( exact sci5ti/s to make !m cr$ible4 ,! memb]s ( ! obs]v+ p>ty took up _! abode 9 ! l>g] ( ! ?ree h\ses1 sleep+ 9 sw++ cots slung f ! v]&as1 :i* af=d$ %ade on ?ree sides ( ! build+4 ,! second h\se 0 occupi$ by ! sailors1 :ile ! ?ird 0 left to ! natives4 ,^! latt] 7 suffici5tly conv]sant ) ,engli% to s]ve z excell5t guides4 ,ea* day ! p>ty ba!d 9 a lagoon 9 ! c5t] ( ! isl&4 ,?is lagoon 0 bord]$ by a bea* ( dazzl+ :ite coral s&1 & all ?r\gh its wat] ext5d$ reefs ( liv+ coral ( ! m delicate & elaborate k9ds4 ,^! corals gave ! lake a wond]ful v>iety ( colors1 =m+ a picture impossible to pa9t or describe1 & ) ! lea/ ripple f a pass+ breeze ! :ole sc5e *ang$ to new gr\ps ( color4 ,! wat] 0 v cle>1 & 9 "s places deep2 9 o!rs s fill$ ) coral t a boat c\ld b>ely skim ov] ! surface )\t scrap+ ! keel4 ,aft] cross+ a long reef1 "o day1 !y ent]$ on a %eet ( wat] s deep t _! longe/ l9e w\ld n rea* ! bottom1 pla9ly visible b5ea?4 ,fi% sw>m$ "h1 & x 0 *>act]i/ic ( !m t e species1 if n brilliantly color$1 0 m>k$ 9 ! mo/ peculi> mann]4 ,"o v>iety :i* frequ5t$ ! %all[ wat]1 :]e x 0 heat$ to ! degree uncom=table to ! t\*1 0 a pure milky :ite1 ) black eyes1 f9s1 & tail4 ,! ,fr5* p>ty arriv$ two days aft] ! ,am]icans4 ,!y _h /eam$ directly f ,panama ) ! hope ( anticipat+ ! ,am]icans4 ,x ra9$ on ! morn+ ( ! eclipse1 b cle>$ (f 9 good "t1 & ! def9ition 0 p>ticul>ly good4 ,photographs occupi$ ! "t ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* obs]v]s4 ,pr(essor ,hold5 & ,dr4 ,dickson se>*$ = intra-m]curial planets2 ,mr4 ,pre/on took ! times ( contact2 ,dr4 ,ha/+s & ,mr4 ,rockwell devot$ _! att5tion to spectroscopic obs]vations ( ! corona4 ,dr4 ,ha/+s' obs]vations h l$ to ! production ( a new !ory ( ! corona4 ,briefly /at$1 ! !ory is t ! light se5 ar\nd ! sun dur+ a total eclipse is n due to a mat]ial sub/ance envelop+ ! sun1 b is a ph5om5on ( diffraction4 ,f 8 obs]vation dur+ ! eclipse ( #ahgh1 made at ,c5tral ,city1 ,dr4 ,ha/+s conceiv$ ! fir/ idea ( ?is explanation ( ! sol> corona4 ,fur!r /udy s]v$ to conv9ce him ( ! tru? ( ?is !ory1 b he _h no means ( prov+ x4 ,be=e ! pres5t eclipse1 h[ev]1 he devis$ a crucial te/ ( 8 !ory4 ,?is te/ is bas$ on ! foll[+ already kn[n ph5om5a3 ,:5 ! moon cov]s ! face ( ! sun1 an envelope ( light is se5 all r\nd x2 ! envelope is n visible :5 ! sun is %9+1 on acc\nt ( ! sun's great] brightness2 ?is light is call$ ! corona2 x is extremely irregul> 9 outl9e4 ,accord+ to ! draw+ ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,keel] at ! eclipse ( #ahgh1 x envelop$ ! sun z a hazy gl[1 ext5d+ = a di/ance ( sev]al m9utes ( arc f ! sun's limb & at two ne>ly opposite po9ts is ext5d$ out 9 two long /ream]s fea!r+ (f into space4 ,! op9ion has be5 t ?is light 0 due to an atmosph]e ext5d+ millions ( miles f ! sun4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,ha/+s' view1 x mu/ be light f ! sun :i* has und]gone refraction1 i4e41 :i* has be5 b5t f its regul> c\rse by ! int]position ( an opaque body l ! moon4 ,9 ord] to make ?is p]fectly pla91 suppose ! front ( a surface ( waves ( any sort to be /rik+ an object :i* resi/s !m4 ,if an organ ( s5se is plac$ 9 ! resi/+ object1 x w judge ! direction ( ! waves or ! direction ( ! object produc+ !m by a l9e at "r angles ) ! wave front4 ,n[ suppose a body is plac$ betwe5 ! body produc+ ! waves & ! s5sitive organ4 ,! waves mu/ g ar\nd ?is body & w produce an eddy beh9d x1 s t ! wave front w h a diff]5t direction1 & ! organ ( s5se w conceive ! orig9 ( ! waves to lie 9 a direction diff]5t f t be=e ! body 0 int]pos$4 ,n[ consid] ! waves to be waves ( light1 & _! orig9 ! sun4 ,! organ ( s5se is ! ret9a ( ! eye4 ,! moon is ! opaque body int]pos$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! waves1 & !y1 be+ b5t1 make ! impression on ! eye t ! light comes f beyond ! edge ( ! sun4 ,! moon cov]s ! sun dur+ ! eclipse & a little m1 s t x c move = ab\t five m9utes & /ill cov] ! sun entirely4 ,?is movem5t is v slight1 & if ! corona consi/s ( light f a sol> atmosph]e1 x %\ld n *ange at all dur+ ?is movem5t ( ! moon4 ,b if diffraction is ! cause ( ! light1 !n ! slighte/ *ange 9 ! relative positions ( ! sun & ! moon %\ld *ange ! configuration ( ! corona1 i4e41 ! corona %\ld n rema9 exactly ! same dur+ a total eclipse4 ,! "* ( ! light z %[n by a spectrum analysis %\ld *ange4 ,to det]m9e ?is po9t ,dr4 ,ha/+s inv5t$ ! foll[+ in/rum5t3 ,two loz5ge-%ap$ prisms ( glass 7 fa/5$ 9 ! =m ( a lett] ,v1 & s arrang$ t all ! light fall+ )9 ! ap]ture ( ! ,v 0 lo/1 & t fall+ on ! ends ( ! glass prisms 0 transmitt$ by a s]ies ( reflections to ! apex ( ! ,v1 :]e ! prisms t\*$2 "h 0 plac$ a refract+ prism1 s t ! light c\ld be analyz$4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 atta*$ to ! eye piece ( ! telescope1 & ! image ( ! eclipse r$uc$ to su* a size t ! moon j fitt$ into ! ap]ture ( ! ,v1 :ile opposite sides ( ! corona 7 reflect$ ?r\gh ! prisms to ! place :]e !y came toge!r4 ,9 ?is way bo? sides ( ! corona 7 se5 ?r\gh ! eye-piece at ! same "t4 ,on look+ at ! eclipse ?is is :at ,dr4 ,ha/+s saw3 ,! light ( ! corona 0 divid$ into its con/itu5ts4 ,prom95t among !m 0 a bright gre5 l9e1 :i* is designat$ by ! numb] #a1dgd2 to ?is l9e att5tion 0 direct$4 ,its pres5ce 9 ! spectrum has be5 an argum5t 9 favor ( ! view t ! corona is a sol> atmosph]e4 ,if ?is is ! case1 ! l9e %\ld rema9 fix$ dur+ ! eclipse2 b if ! corona is due to diffraction1 ?is l9e %\ld *ange4 ,x %\ld gr[ %ort] 9 ! light f "o side ( ! corona1 & long] on ! o!r4 ,! obs]vation 0 n[ r$uc$ to wat*+ = a *ange 9 ! relative l5g? ( two gre5 l9es4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( totality ! l9e f ! we/ side 0 mu* ! long]1 b z ! eclipse progress$ x %ort5$ notably1 :ile ! l9e f ! ea/ side1 %ort] by ab\t "o-?ird at ! beg9n+ ( ! eclipse1 grew long]4 ,:5 ! eclipse end$1 ! proportions ( ! l9es 7 exactly rev]s$4 ,!re _h be5 a *ange equal to two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! l9es1 :ile ! sun & moon _h only *ang$ _! relative positions by an extremely small am\nt4 ,! only way 9 :i* ?is ph5om5on c be acc\nt$ = is on ! diffraction !ory4 ,! mat]ial view ( ! corona w n answ] = x4 ,b !re are o!r discrepancies 9 ! old] view :i* h be5 kn[n = "s "t4 ,! pr9cipal ones are3 #a4 ,x is kn[n f /udy ( ! sun t ! gase\s pressure at ! surface mu/ be less ?an an in* ( m]cury1 & is probably less ?an "o-t5? ( an in*1 b an atmosph]e ext5d+ to ! suppos$ limits w\ld cause an enorm\s pressure at ! sun's surface1 especially s9ce ! =ce ( gravity on ! sun is v mu* great] ?an on ! e>?4 #b4 ,! laws ( gravitation w\ld require a sol> atmosph]e to be di/ribut$ symmetrically ar\nd ! sun1 :ile ! corona is enorm\sly irregul> 9 =m4 ,! sun is irregul> 9 outl9e1 :i* w\ld make its diffract$ ph5om5a %[ ! obs]v$ irregul>ity1 b x is symmetrical z reg>ds d5sity4 #c4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ discrepancy ( ! !ory ( ! sol> atmosph]e is ! fact t :ile x is suppos$ to ext5d = millions ( miles f ! sun1 ! rec5t comet pass$ )9 two hundr$ ?\s& miles ( ! sun1 & yet its orbit 0 n affect$ 9 ! lea/1 z x w\ld h be5 if x _h pl[$ its way ?r\gh a mat]ial sub/ance4 ,9 tak+ photographs ( ! corona x is se5 to be l>g] z ! "t ( exposure is long]4 ,?is %[s t ! corona ext5ds indef9itely1 & x decreases 9 brilliancy 9 exact accordance ) ! ma!matical laws ( diffraction4 ,^! laws involve v complicat$ ma!matics1 b by !m alone ,dr4 ,ha/+s has prov$ t !re mu/ be diffraction :]e ! corona is1 & t x mu/ foll[ ! same laws z ^? obs]v$4 ,!re is a small envelope ar\nd ! sun1 b 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,ha/+s x does n ext5d beyond :at is kn[n z ! *romosph]e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q seems to be settl$1 ) consid]able c]ta9ty1 t no?+ exi/s inside ( ,m]cury l>ge en\gh to be dignifi$ by ! "n ( planet4 ,!re may be1 & !re probably are1 = ! p]turbations ( ,m]cury indicate x1 multitudes ( small masses circulat+ ar\nd ! sun l ! planets1 be+ fragm5ts ( comets or cond5sations ( primitive matt]1 ^: comb9$ lu/] is se5 9 ! zodiacal light4 ,! o!r results ( ! "w ( ! ,commission1 s f> z n[ kn[n1 are connect$ ) ! /ructure ( ! corona1 ! sol> app5dage :i* ext5ds out = millions ( miles f ! sun's disk4 ,9 ! photographs ( ! ,egyptian eclipse ( la/ summ] ^! /ream]s c be trac$ back ( ea* o!r :]e !y cross2 no bett] pro( ( _! extreme t5uity c\ld be giv54 ,! duration ( an eclipse ( ! sun dep5ds on ?ree ?+s1 ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?1 ! di/ance ( ! moon f ! e>?1 & ! di/ance ( ! /ation f ! equator4 ,all ( ^! 7 favorable to a long eclipse 9 ! case ( ! rec5t "o1 & ! six m9utes ( totality gave opportunities = delib]ate "w n (t5 enjoy$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,buri$ ,,city ,,( ,,! ,,exodus4 ,! excavations at ,tell-el-,maskhutah1 ( :i* illu/rations are giv51 h result$ 9 "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important discov]ies t h ev] rew>d$ ! labors ( ar*ologi/s4 ,! idea ( f\nd+ an ,engli% society = ! purpose ( explor+ ! buri$ cities ( ! ,delta orig9at$ ) ,miss ,a4 ,b4 ,edw>ds1 ! well-kn[n au?oress ( ,"o ,?\s& ,miles up ! ,nile1 & 0 c>ri$ into effect ma9ly by h] own ef=ts & ! en]gy & zeal ( ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,/u>t ,poole1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 aid$ by ! sub/antial support ( ,sir ,erasmus ,wilson1 )\t ^: munific5t donations ! "w c\ld nev] h be5 accompli%$4 ,! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund1 ?us f\nd$ & ma9ta9$1 0 =tunate 9 secur+ ! co-op]ation ( ,m4 ,naville1 ! di/+ui%$ ,swiss ,egyptologi/1 :o set out = ,egypt 9 ,janu>y ( ?is ye> ) ! object ( conduct+ ! explorations contemplat$ by ! society4 ,aft] a consultation ) ,m4 ,masp]o1 ! ,director ( ,ar*ology 9 ,egypt1 :o has ?r\gh\t act$ a fri5dly "p t[>d ! society's ent]prise1 ,m4 ,naville decid$ to beg9 8 campaign by attack+ ! m\nds at ,tell-el-,maskhutah1 on ! ,fre%wat] ,canal1 a few miles f ,ismailia4 ,! m\nds ( e>? "h 7 kn[n to cov] "s anci5t city1 = "s sph9xes & /atues _h already be5 f\nd2 b :at city x c\ld be1 ar*ologi/s 7 at a loss to det]m9e2 ?\gh "s1 ) ,pr(essor ,lepsius at _! head1 believ$ x to be none o!r ?an ! ,rameses or ,raamses1 :i* ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel built = ,ph>aoh1 & :5ce !y />t$ on _! f9al ,exodus4 ,any id5tification1 h[ev]1 ( ! sites ( ! ,biblical cities 9 ,egypt 0 s f> m]ely speculative4 ,practically no?+ def9ite 0 kn[n z to ! geography ( ! ,israelite soj\rn1 except t ! ,l& ( ,go%5 0 und\bt$ly 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,delta1 & t ,zoan 0 ,tanis1 ^: imm5se m\nds are to =m ! next subject ( ! society's op]ations4 ,! r\te ( ! ,exodus 0 z unc]ta9 z ev]y?+ else connect$ ) ,israel's soj\rn 9 ,egypt4 ,:at sea !y cross$1 & :]e1 & by :at direction !y j\rney$ to x1 rema9$ vex$ que/ions1 al?\gh ,dr4 ,brugs* _h set up a plausible !ory1 9 :i* ! ,s]bonian ,bog play$ an important "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,excavations ,,pi?om-,,succo? ,six weeks ( /eady digg+ at ,tell-el-,maskhutah1 "u ,m4 ,naville's skillful direction1 plac$ all ^! speculations 9 q a new light4 ,! city "u ! m\nds prov$ to be none o!r ?an ,pi?om1 ! /ore or treasure city :i* ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel built = ,ph>aoh 7,exod4 i4 #aa74 ,its "* z a /ore place or gran>y is se5 9 its con/ruction2 = ! great] "p ( ! area is cov]$ ) /rongly built *amb]s1 )\t doors1 suitable = ! /or+ ( gra91 :i* w\ld be introduc$ ?r\gh trap doors 9 ! floor above1 ( :i* ! ends ( ! beams are /ill visible4 ,^! curi\s *amb]s1 unique 9 _! appe>ance1 are con/ruct$ ( l>ge1 well made bricks1 sometimes mix$ ) /raw1 sometimes )\t x1 dri$ 9 ! sun1 & laid ) mort>1 ) great regul>ity & precision4 ,! walls are #aj ft4 ?ick1 & ! ?ickness ( ! inclos+ wall :i* runs r\nd ! :ole city is m ?an #bj ft4 ,9 "o corn] 0 ! temple1 d$icat$ to ! god ,tum1 & h5ce call$ ,pe-tum or ,pi?om1 ! ,abode ( ,tum4 ,only a few /atues1 gr\ps1 & tablets 7"s ( :i* h be5 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum7 rema9$ to te/ify to its "n & purpose2 ! temple itself 0 f9ally de/roy$ :5 ! ,romans turn$ ,pi?om into a camp1 z is %[n by ! position ( ! lime/one fragm5ts & ( ! ,roman bricks4 ,! /atues1 h[ev]1 & especially a l>ge /ele1 are extremely valuable1 s9ce !y tell ! hi/ory ( ! city dur+ eighte5 c5turies4 ,f a /udy ( ^! monum5ts1 ,m4 ,naville has le>n$ t ,pi?om 0 its sacr$1 & ,?ukut 7,succo?7 its civil1 "n2 t x 0 f\nd$ by ,rameses ,,ii41 re/or$ by ,%i%ak & o!rs ( ! tw5ty-second dyna/y2 0 an important place "u ! ,ptolemies1 :o set up a great /ele to commemorate ! f\nd+ ( ! city ( ,ars9o 9 ! neighborhood2 0 call$ ,h]o or ,h]opolis by ! ,greeks 7a "n d]iv$ f ! hi]oglyphic ara1 mean+ a /ore h\se71 & ,ero ,ca/ra by ! ,romans1 :o occupi$ x at all ev5ts z late z ,a4,d4 #cjf4 ,indications are also f\nd ( ! position ( ,pihahiro?1 :]e ! ,israelites encamp$ be=e ! passage ( ! ,re$y ,sea1 & ( ,clysma4 ,all ^! data are directly contradictory to preconceiv$ !ories3 ,pi?om1 ,succo?1 ,h]opolis1 ,pihahiro?1 & ,clysma _h all be5 hypo!tically plac$ 9 totally diff]5t positions4 ,! id5tification ( ,pi?om ) ,succo? gives u ! fir/ absolutely c]ta9 po9t z yet e/abli%$ 9 ! r\te ( ! ,exodus1 & completely ov]?r[s ,dr4 ,brugs*'s !ory4 ,x is n[ c]ta9 t ! ,israelites pass$ along ! valley ( ! ,fre%wat] ,canal & n ne> ! ,m$it]ranean & ,lake ,s]bonis4 ,! fir/ def9ite geographical fact 9 connection ) ! soj\rn 9 ! ,l& ( ,egypt has be5 e/abli%$ by ! excavations at ,pi?om4 ,! hi/orical id5tification ( ,rameses ,,ii4 ) ,ph>aoh ! oppressor also results f ! monum5tal evid5ce4 ,"o %ort exploration has upset a hundr$ !ories & furni%$ a wond]ful illu/ration ( ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,book ( ,exodus4 ,! f9d+ ( ,pi?om 7,succo?7 is1 h[ev]1 only ! beg9n+1 we hope1 ( a s]ies ( important discov]ies4 ,:5 en\gh money has be5 collect$ = ! propos$ exploration ( ,zoan 7,tanis71 results ( ! highe/ int]e/ to /ud5ts alike ( ! ,bible & ( ,egyptian antiquities may1 ) c]ta9ty1 be pr$ict$4 ,! upp]mo/ view %[s a portion ( ! digg+s2 a workman is br++ up a b>r[-load ( soil f "o ( ! deep /ore *amb]s :i* ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel built m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,9 ! =egr\nd lie ! fragm5ts ( a fall5 granite /atue1 ! head & face ( :i* are intact4 ,! o!r illu/ration is tak5 f ! temple end ( ! excavations4 ,! sculptur$ gr\p ( ,rameses ! ,great seat$ betwe5 div9ities is "o ( a pair t adorn$ ! entrance2 its companion & ! sph9xes t gu>d$ ! pylon are at ,ismailia4 ,beyond ?is gr\p1 & a little to ! left1 is se5 ! great ,/ele ( ,pi?om1 set up by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus & ,ars9o1 & conta9+ a mass ( important in=mation 9 its long hi]oglyphic inscriptions4 ,beh9d ?is1 & on ei!r side1 ! massive brick walls ( ! /ore *amb]s & ! inclos+ wall ( ! temple c be trac$2 :ile on ! "r h&1 9 ! middle di/ance1 is a heap ( lime/one blocks1 already collect$ by ,rameses ,,ii4 = ! completion or enl>gem5t ( ! temple4 ,! excavations 7 photograph$ = ,m4 ,naville1 by ,h]r ,emil ,brugs*1 ( ! ,b\lak ,museum1 & our illu/rations are tak5 f ^! photographs1 supplem5t$ by sket*es4--,s4,l4,p41 9 ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,moabite ,,manuscripts4 ,! surprises ( ar*ology are magnific5t & app>5tly inexhau/ible4 ,x is cont9ually br++ =? ?+s new & old1 & (t5 x happ5s t ! newe/ are ! olde/ ( all4 ,:e!r ?is or ! exact conv]se is ! case 9 reg>d to ! late/ discov]y ( ,biblical ar*ology is a "q n to be det]m9$ (fh&2 b ! int]e/ & importance ( ! "q c h>dly be ov]rat$4 ,!re are n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum fifte5 lea!r slips1 on ! =ty folds ( :i* are writt5 portions ( ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy 9 a rec5sion entirely diff]5t f t ( ! receiv$ text4 ,! "* employ$ 9 ! manuscript is simil> to t ( ! fam\s ,moabite /one & ( ! ,siloam inscription1 &1 !re=e1 ! m]e palographical indication %\ld give ! probable date ( ! slips z ! n9? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 or sixte5 c5turies e>li] ?an any o!r cle>ly au!nticat$ manuscript ( any portion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! %eepsk9 slips are lit]ally black ) age1 & are impregnat$ ) a fa9t odor z ( fun]al spices2 ! folds are f #f to #g in*es long & ab\t #c in*es wide1 conta9+ ea* ab\t t5 l9es1 writt5 only on "o side4 ,s f> z !y h yet be5 deciph]$1 !y exhibit two di/9ct h&writ+s1 ?\gh ! same ar*aic "* is us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,9 "s cases ! same passages ( ,deut]onomy occur 9 duplicate on di/9ct slips1 z ?\gh ! fragm5ts belong$ to two contempor>y transcriptions made by diff]5t scribes f ! same orig9al text4 ,at fir/ sight no writ+ :atev] is p]ceptible2 ! surface seems to be cov]$ ) an oily or glut9\s sub/ance1 :i* s completely obscures ! writ+ b5ea? t a photograph ( "s ( ! slips--:i* we h _h an opportunity ( exam9+ side by side ) ! slips !mselves--exhibits no trace ( ! text4 ,b :5 ! lea!r is moi/5$ ) spirits ( w9e ! lett]s become mom5t>ily visible b5ea? ! glossy surface4 ,^! extraord9>y fragm5ts 7 br\ght to ,engl& by ,mr4 ,%apira1 ( ,j]usalem1 a well kn[n booksell] & deal] 9 antiquities4 ,mr4 ,%apira's "n w be rememb]$ 9 connection ) c]ta9 ar*ological problems :i* h be5 solv$ by "s s*ol>s 9 a mann] n altoge!r cr$itable to 8 sagacity4 ,! ,moabite pott]y :i* rea*$ ,europe ?r\gh ,mr4 ,%apira's ag5cy & is deposit$ 9 ! ,museum at ,b]l9 is n[ commonly reg>d$ z a mod]n =g]y2 b ( ?is =g]y1 if x be "o1 x is ass]t$ t ,mr4 ,%apira 0 ! dupe & n ! accomplice4 ,! lea!rn fragm5ts n[ produc$ by ,mr4 ,%apira 71 z he alleges1 obta9$ by him f c]ta9 ,arabs ne> ,dibon1 ! neighborhood :]e ! ,moabite /one 0 discov]$4 ,! ag5t employ$ by him 9 _! pur*ase 0 an ,arab :o w\ld /eal 8 "m-9-law = a few pia/res1 & :o w\ld probably be ev5 less scrupul\s ab\t a few black5$ slips ( anci5t or mod]n %eepsk94 ,! value plac$ by ,mr4 ,%apira on ! fragm5ts is1 h[ev]1 a cool million /]l+1 & at ?is price !y are (f]$ to ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e !y h be5 tempor>ily deposit$ = exam9ation4 ,dr4 ,g9sburg1 ! well-kn[n ,semitic s*ol>--^: receipt ( a grant ( #ejj f ! ,prime ,m9i/] t[>d ! production ( 8 important "w on ! ,massorah we ann\nc$ ) mu* satisfaction ye/]day--is n[ busily engag$ 9 deciph]+ ! cont5ts ( ! fragm5ts & exam9+ _! g5u95ess4 ,on ?is latt] "q we refra9 f pron\nc+ an op9ion4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,g9sburg's report appe>s1 we %all be able to judge :e!r ^! extraord9>y fragm5ts are really #b1ejj ye>s old1 or h be5 compil$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,no complete acc\nt ( ! cont5ts ( ! fragm5ts c yet be giv54 ,to deciph] !m is a "w ( "t & ( inf9ite pati5ce & skill1 z w readily be inf]r$ f ! acc\nt we h giv5 above ( ! appe>ance & condition ( ! slips4 ,b en\gh has be5 deciph]$ to %[ t ! text employ$ 9 !m exhibits discrepancies ( ! mo/ rem>kable & important "* z comp>$ ) t ( ! receiv$ v]sion ( ! ,mosaic books4 ,9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! n9? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy1 :]e ! receiv$ v]sion reads1 ,?\ art to pass ov] ,jordan ?is day1 to g 9 to possess nations great] & mighti] ?an ?yself1 ! correspond+ passage ( ! fragm5ts sub/itutes ! plural = ! s+ul>1 ,ye = ',?\1 :ile = g'dlm1 ! ^w translat$ great]1 x reads rabbm4 ,b a f> m complete idea ( ! v>iations ( text & signification may be obta9$ f a comp>ison ( ! text ( ! ,decalogue z x appe>s 9 ! receiv$ v]sion 9 ! six? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy ) t conta9$ 9 ! fragm5ts s f> z !y h yet be5 deciph]$4 ,! v]sion ( ! fragm5ts1 lit]ally r5d]$1 runs z foll[s3 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god1 :i* lib]at$ !e f ! l& ( ,egypt1 f ! h\se ( bondage4 ,ye %all h no o!r gods4 ,ye %all n make to y\rselves any grav5 image1 nor any lik5ess t is 9 heav5 above or t is 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 or t is 9 ! wat]s "u ! e>?4 ,ye %all n b[ d[n to !m nor s]ve !m4 ,i am ,god1 y\r ,god4 ,sanctify 444 9 six days ,i h made ! heav5 & ! e>?1 & all t is !re91 & re/$ on ! sev5? day1 !re=e re/ ?\ also1 ?\ & ?y cattle & all t ?\ ha/3 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m 4443 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,?\ %all n kill ! p]son ( ?y bro!r3 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y ) ! wife ( ?y neighbor3 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,?\ %alt n /eal ! prop]ty ( ?y bro!r3 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,?\ %alt n swe> by my "n falsely1 = ,i visit ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation ( ^? :o take my "n 9 va93 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,?\ %alt n be> false witness aga9/ ?y bro!r3 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,?\ %alt n covet ! wife 444 or 8 mans]vant1 or 8 maids]vant1 or any?+ t is 83 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?y he>t3 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,^! t5 words 7or comm&m5ts7 ,god spake4 ,sev]al po9ts may be not$ 9 ?is v]sion4 ,! s+ul> refra9 ,i am ,god1 ?y ,god--:i* does n appe> at all 9 ! receiv$ v]sion--occurs t5 times1 be+1 z x 71 a solemn ratification ( ! ,div9e sanction giv5 at ! end ( ea* sep>ate precept4 ,if ?is be s1 ! fir/ two comm&m5ts1 z !y are commonly reckon$1 are "h fus$ into "o1 & ! t5? place is tak5 by a comm&m5t :i* does n appe> 9 ! receiv$ v]sion ( ! ,decalogue4 ,x w fur!r be obs]v$ t ! di/9ctive ,jewi% "n = ! ,almighty1 ,jehovah1 or ! ,"l1 does n appe> at all1 ! famili> phrase ( ! receiv$ v]sion1 ! ,"l ?y ,god1 be+ replac$ ?r\gh\t by ,god1 ?y ,god4 ,on ! _m v>iations 9 arrangem5t & detail we ne$ n dwell2 !y speak = !mselves4 ,b we h quot$ en\gh to %[ t ^! fragm5ts pres5t problems ( ! utmo/ importance & int]e/ bo? to criticism & exegesis1 unless1 inde$1 !y are to be reg>d$ z ! +5i\s fabrications ( "s ,ori5tal ,irel&1 :o1 kn[+ ! int]e/ felt by s*ol>s 9 v>iations ( ! ,sacr$ ,text1 has set himself1 ) inf9ite pa9s & skill1 to =e/all a gr[+ dem&4 ,until ?is prelim9>y "q is resolv$ to ! satisfaction ( all compet5t s*ol>s1 no fur!r que/ions ne$ be rais$4 ,9 any case ! prim facie presumption mu/ be held to be enorm\sly aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! fragm5ts4 ,su* a presumption re/s on ! improbability ( f9d+ manuscripts old] by at lea/ sixte5 c5turies ?an any extant manuscripts ( ! same text1 on ! comp>ative ease ) :i* su* fragm5ts c be =g$1 & on ! p[]ful motives to su* =g]y atte/$ by ! price plac$ by ,mr4 ,%apira on 8 prop]ty4 ,all t we "k ( ! prov5ance ( ! fragm5ts is t ,mr4 ,%apira obta9$ !m f an ,arab ( d\btful "*2 & t ,arabs ( d\btful "* h driv5 a spl5did trade 9 ,moabite antiquities ev] s9ce ! discov]y ( ! ,moabite /one4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =g]1 if =g]y !re be1 is assur$ly no clumsy & ignorant bungl]1 z ! mak]s ( ! ,moabite pott]y 7 confid5tly alleg$ to be by ^? :o disput$ its g5u95ess4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 "p ( 8 craft1 & n1 p]haps1 mu* m ?an ! 'pr5tice "p1 to give to ! %eepsk9s on :i* ! text is inscrib$ an appe>ance ( immemorial antiquity4 ,b a good deal m ?an ! skill requir$ to make a new %eepsk9 look l an old "o has gone to ! production ( ,mr4 ,%apira's fragm5ts4 ,if !y are =g$1 ! fabricator mu/ h kn[n :at s*ol>s w\ld be likely to expect 9 g5u9e fragm5ts1 & h set himself to fulfill _! expectations4 ,9 ^! days ( sci5tific palography & m9ute textual s*ol>%ip no =g] ( anci5t manuscripts c\ld hope to take 9 s*ol>s unless he 7 a s*ol> himself4 ,v>iations ( text w\ld be look$ = z a matt] ( c\rse2 palographical accuracy w\ld be exact$ to ! m9ute/ turn ( a lett]4 ,n[1 to v>y a text s z to furni% a diff]5t rec5sion )\t betray+ ignorance or solecism requires s*ol>%ip ( no mean ord]1 :ile x is v f> f an easy ?+ to write curr5tly 9 an ar*aic & unfamili> "* 9 su* a mann] z to deceive exp]ts 9 palography4 ,b ! fabricator ( ^! fragm5ts1 if fabricat$ !y are1 has attempt$ & accompli%$ a good deal m ?an ?is4 ,he has 9 "s cases produc$ two id5tical texts writt5 9 diff]5t h&s1 bo? pres]v+ unimpair$ ! ar*aic "* ( ! lett]s4 ,?is implies ei!r ! employm5t ( two scribes or else an almo/ incr$ible skill 9 ! s+le scribe employ$1 & 9 ei!r case x d\bles ! probability ( detection4 ,if1 moreov]1 ! suppos$ fabricator is also himself ! scribe1 x is evid5t t he is n only a v +5i\s arti/1 b also a v accompli%$ s*ol>1 & "o c only regret t he has engag$ 9 an indu/ry :i* has plac$ him at ! m]cy ( an ,arab :o w\ld /eal 8 "m-9-law = a few pia/res1 & is likely1 !re=e1 to enri* no "o b ,mr4 ,%apira4 ,we %\ld expect to f9d1 h[ev]1 t 8 extraord9>y +5uity has at "s po9t or ano!r ov]rea*$ itself4 ,famili> z he mu/ be ) ! labors ( mod]n ,biblical critics--= o!rwise he w\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to impose ^u !m--x w\ld be /range if he 7 n betray$ into "s m or less suspici\s co9cid5ces ) !m4 ,9 any case1 ! problem pres5t$ by ! fragm5ts is "o ( pr(\nd int]e/1 & ! :ole _w ( lett]s w res\nd ) ! controv]sy !y are c]ta9 to excite4--,london ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,specim5s ,,( ,,old ,,knock+ ,,devices ,,= ,,doors4--,f ! ,build+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,%ipp+ ,,o/ri*es ,,f ,,cape ,,t[n ,,to ,,au/ralia4 ,s9ce ! failure la/ ,augu/ ( ! ,cape ,comm]cial ,bank !re has be5 mu* depression 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,o/ri* f>m+1 9 common ) o!r ent]prises1 has suff]$4 ,be=e ! crisis a pair ( bre$+ o/ri*es h be5 sold = #cej l41 n[ !y w\ld n realize #ej l4 ,! resolution ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,s\? ,au/ralia to enc\rage o/ri* bre$+ came 9 v opportunely = ! ,cape deal]s1 & "o or two c>goes ( birds h be5 %ipp$ = ,adelaide4 ,! climate ( ! two colonies is v simil>1 & ! locality select$ = ! import$ birds 7! ,musgrave ,ranges7 resembles 9 dryness & temp]ature _! native habitat4 ,! fir/ sket* opposite repres5ts ! o/ri*es bidd+ f>ewell to _! ,s\? ,african home4 ,! de> old f>m :]e we 7 re>$1 good-by6 ,"o ( ! boxes1 :ile be+ slung f ! c>t to ! hold1 got into a slant+ position4 ,?is fright5$ "o ( ! two inmates1 a f9e cock4 ,he kick$ s h>d t he bur/ op5 ! door ( 8 cage1 :i* 01 ( c\rse1 in/antly l[]$ on deck4 ,=tunately !re 0 !re a g5tleman :o und]/ood h[ to h&le o/ri*es4 ,he in/antly seiz$ him be=e he c\ld d himself or ! by/&]s any injury1 & aft] a brief /ruggle prevail$ on him to re-ent] 8 box4 ,:5 releas$ 9 ! hold he became q quiet1 & ate 8 fir/ meal on bo>d %ip ) a reli%4 ,aft] be+ tak5 out ( _! boxes ! birds are all[$ to take a little ex]cise j to make !mselves at home1 & are !n arrang$ 9 wood5 kraals1 ( :i* !re are two hundr$ on bo>d ! vessel4 ,! o/ri*es are induc$ to move f "o place to ano!r by cat*+ hold ( _! bodies1 & us+ a little g5tle =ce4 ,! la/ sket* repres5ts _! fir/ meal on bo>d aft] a fa/ ( ?irty h\rs4 ,apple melons 7 *opp$ up = !m by _! /ew>d1 :o 0 to accompany !m to ,au/ralia4 ,x 0 curi\s to see a bird swall[ a great lump & !n to wat* ! lump work+ sl[ly d[n ! animal's long neck4 ,on ! voyage !y w\ld be f$ ) maize or mealies1 onions1 apple melons1 & b>ley4 ,!y require v little wat]2 h[ev]1 !re 7 five l>ge iron tanks on bo>d 9 case !y w\ld feel ?ir/y4 ,our engrav+s are f sket*es by ,mr4 ,d5nis ,edw>ds1 ( ,h(f ,/reet1 ,capet[n1 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ipp+ ,,o/ri*es ,,f ,,cape ,,t[n ,,to ,,au/ralia4 #a4 ,o/ri*es on ! ,s\? ,african ,f>m ,:]e ,!y ,7 ,re>$4--#b4 ,attempt$ ,escape & ,recapture ( an ,o/ri* on ,bo>d ,%ip4--#c4 ,l[]+ ! ,birds ,into ! ,hold4--#d4;,a ,que] ,d9n] ,p>ty--,o/ri*es ,eat+ ,apple ,melons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,wea!rcock4 ,an ord9>y wea!rcock provid$ ) datum po9ts may1 9 ! majority ( cases1 suffice = ! obs]vation ( ! w9d dur+ ! day2 b rec\rse has to be _h to diff]5t means to obta9 an automatic transmission ( ! indications ( ! vane to ! inside ( a build+4 ,! diff]5t sy/ems employ$ = su* a purpose consi/ ( ge>+s1 or are accompani$ by a friction t notably dim9i%es ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! app>atus1 especially :5 ! rod has to trav]se sev]al /ories4 ,mr4 ,emile ,ri*>d1 inspector ( ! ,v]sailles wat]works1 has j devis$ an +5i\s sy/em :i*1 :ile consid]ably r$uc+ ! weight ( ! movable "p1 all[s ! wea!rcock to pres]ve all its s5sitiv5ess4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( two pr9cipal p>ts--"o fix$ & ! o!r movable4 ,! /ation>y "p is designat$ 9 ! accompany+ figure by ! lett]s ,a & ,b & by cross-hat*+s4 ,?is =ms ! rod or support4 ,an iron tube1 ,t1 ) clamps1 ,p1 at its l[] extremity =ms ! base ( ! app>atus1 & is hidd51 aft] ! m\nt+ ( ! app>atus1 by ! ornam5tal z9c cov]+1 ,z4 ,! upp] "p ( ! tube c>ries a %\ld]-piece1 ^u :i* re/s a bronze plat=m1 ,e1 & :i* is slightly incl9$ outw>dly to prev5t ! accumulation ( wat] on x4 ,ov] ! plat=m !re move ?ree cry/al balls1 :i* are held & guid$ by a horizontal disk movable ar\nd ! /ation>y tube4 ,! movable portion1 design$ to receive ! action ( ! w9d & to indicate its direction1 is designat$ by ! lett]s ,c ,d & co>se l9es4 ,x consi/s ( 7#a7 a z9c tube1 ,k1 provid$ at int]vals ) copp] r+s1 & ent]+ ! rod1 ,a ,b1 :i* s]ves z a guide = x2 7#b7 ( a bronze disk cov]$ by an ext]nal ornam5t1 ,o1 fix$ to ! tube & re/+ on ! balls2 7#c7 ( ! vane1 ,g1 prop]ly s call$2 & 7#d7 ( ! cap1 ,c1 provid$ ) bayonet cat*1 cr[n+ ! tube & cov]+ ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! wire ( transmission4 ,?is latt] consi/s ( a simple brass or galvaniz$ iron wire1 f f1 p]fectly taut1 & made fa/ 9 ! top ( ! tube4 ,aft] trav]s+ z _m /ories z necess>y ?is wire t]m9ates1 9 ! int]ior ( ! room :]e ! obs]vations are made1 9 a copp] rod to :i* is fa/5$ a horizontal arr[1 ,f4 ,! wire trav]ses ! floor+s ?r\gh small z9c tubes2 &1 9 ! rooms ?r\gh :i* x passes1 x is protect$ by iron tubes4 ,to ! ceil+ ( ! obs]v+ room !re is affix$ a w9d-rose1 ,r1 on :i* ! arr[ reproduces all ! motions ( ! vane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ri*>d',s ,,wea!rcock4 ,?is app>atus is n[ 9 op]ation 9 ! diff]5t /ations t ! ,v]sailles wat]works has e/abli%$ ne> ! res]voirs ( ! plateau ( ,trappes1 & x is also in/all$ 9 sev]al prim>y normal s*ools1 :]e x is giv+ v good results4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*>r$ ,,clov]4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,ohio ,f>m] reports an exp]im5t 9 cur+ clov]1 %[+ h[ he j miss$ bre$+ fire 9 8 b>n1 & illu/rat+ ! importance ( v5tilat+ hay m[s3 ,9 #ahfa ,i us$ a horse =k = ! fir/ "t4 ,! hay+ season 0 n a bright "o1 & our clov] 0 drawn a little gre5] ?an usual1 & w5t into ! m[ 9 l>ge & compact =kfuls4 ,! result 0 int5se heat+1 & consequ5tly v rapid evaporation & sweat+ ( ! m[4 ,on a bay hold+ ord9>ily tw5ty tons we put at lea/ ?irty tons1 z e load at ! top seem$ to make room = ano!r4 ,! b>n 0 r op51 :i* all[$ q free evaporation on all sides z well z at ! top4 ,! result 0 t ,i _h v bright & excell5t hay at ! bottom1 top1 & sides ( t m[1 b sev]als tons 9 ! c5t] 7 z completely *>r$ z ?\gh burn$ 9 a coal pit4 ,:at prev5t$ combu/ion has always be5 a my/]y to me4 ,s9ce t escape f a conflagration1 ,i h n deem$ x prud5t to put clov] 9 s gre5 z to cause int5se heat+1 or to fill a m[ too rapidly4 ,if we haul six loads p] day to "o m[1 weigh+ ?irty hundr$ ea*1 :i* w %r9k dur+ ! sweat+ process to "o ton ea*1 we h ?ree tons ( wat] to be ?r[n (f by evaporation4 ,if we cont9ue to put on six loads p] day until ! m[ is full1 ! pr9cipal "p ( t moi/ure mu/ rise ?r\gh ! entire mass4 ,to relieve ! hay ( moi/ure1 ,i deem x be/ to h sev]al places ( /orage1 & *ange daily or semi-daily f "o to ! o!r1 ?us giv+ "t = a %>e ( ! moi/ure to pass (f4 ,to facilitate ?is evaporation & prev5t ! hay f reabsorb+ x & becom+ mu/y1 ! be/ ( v5tilation is necess>y4 ,v5tilation above a clov] m[ is z necess>y z x is above a sug> or fruit evaporator4 ,if !re is n op5 space & draught suffici5t to c>ry away ! moi/ure1 x is return$ to ! m[1 & m\ld is ! inevitable result4 ,no ord9>y am\nt ( dry+ w prev5t hay f becom+ mu/y if v5tilation is %ut (f dur+ ! sweat+ process4 ,if a hole is cut ?r\gh ! floor at ! bottom ( ! m[ ne> ! c5t] & "u a v5tilator 9 ! ro( & a b>rel plac$ ov] x & drawn up z ! hay is m[$ 91 ?us leav+ a hole f bottom to top1 evaporation w be facilitat$ & ! quality ( ! hay improv$4 ,salt ?r[n on1 z ! clov] is put 91 to ! am\nt ( two or ?ree qu>ts to ! ton1 w make x a reli% ) /ock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,c5tury ,,plant4 7,agave victori-reg947 ,?is beautiful ,agave is n[ 9 blossom 9 ! g>d5 "h1 & ,i am happy to be able to s5d y photographs ( x4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t x has ev] blossom$ 9 cultivation1 & x has nev] be5 se5 9 fl[] 9 a wild /ate4 ,x is a mature native-gr[n specim51 d5se 9 habit1 & p]fectly semi-sph]ical 9 =m1 & ! leaves are arrang$ 9 spiral fa%ion ) z mu* regul>ity z ^? ( a screw p9e4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! plant is #e ft4 #a 941 & x has #bfh leaves4 ,its fl[]-/em appe>$ ab\t ! middle ( ,june1 grew r fa/ till x 0 #g ft4 high1 !n r sl[ly till x rea*$ its full developm5t4 ,! scape is n[ #aj ft4 #d 94 high above ! plant1 #f 94 9 circumf]5ce at ! base1 or #e 94 at a foot above ! base2 f !re x tap]s v gradually till ne> ! apex4 ,! fl[]-spike is exce$+ly d5se1 & #e ft4 #h 94 long2 ! l[] or nak$ portion1 #d ft4 #h 94 long1 is prom95tly m>k$ by abortive fl[] buds1 )1 ne> ! base1 "s bri/le-l scales #c 94 to #d 94 long4 ,! fl[]s are regul>ly arrang$ 9 p>cels ( ?ree1 all ! ?ree be+ equal 9 size & op5+ toge!r2 !y are gre5i% :ite 9 color1 #a 94 long1 or1 includ+ ! /am5s1 "s #b 94 to #c 94 long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,agave ,,victori-,,reg94 ,! fir/ fl[]s op5$ on ,augu/ #c1 & !y h cont9u$ to op5 9 succession1 a belt ab\t #c 94 wide op5+ ea* day4 ,!y rema9 9 good condition = two days2 on ! ?ird day ! /am5s wilt & drop d[n1 b ! pi/il rema9s erect till ! f\r? day4 ,on ! fir/ day ( op5+ ! pi/il is n s long z ! /am5s by 942 on ! second x has gr[n to be z long z ! /am5s1 b x is n 9 condition to receive ! poll5 till aft] noon ( ! second day4 ,al?\gh ! fl[]s on "s eighte5 in*es ( ! spike h already blossom$1 none ( ! ov>ies h be5 f]tiliz$2 !y are dropp+ (f1 b ,i am r sangu9e reg>d+ ^? ab\t ! middle ( ! spike4 ,s great is ! sup]fluity ( nect> conta9$ 9 ! fl[]s1 t on ! aft]noon ( ! second day x (t5 drops f ! cups1 & ! lea/ %ake to ! scape br+s x d[n 9 a %[]4 ,! ma9 beauty ( ! infloresc5ce consi/s 9 ! d5se bottle-bru%-l mass ( bright yell[ an!rs4 ,?is plant1 toge!r ) sev]al small] ones1 0 contribut$ to ?is g>d5 by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,palm]1 :o collect$ !m 9 _! native wilds--! m\nta9s ( ,nor!rn ,mexico--"s ?ree ye>s ago4 ,he f\nd !m gr[+ 9 a limit$ & r inaccessible locality 9 gravelly & rocky soil "s miles f ,mont]ey4 ,9 addition to ^? he s5t "h he also s5t a quantity to ! g>d5 ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton1 & "s to ,dr4 ,engelmann1 ! em95t botani/ at ,/4 ,l\is4 ,to ,dr4 ,engelmann he also s5t a piece ( an old fl[] /em & "s dri$ capsules :i* he f\nd ^u an old plant1 & x 0 f ^! specim5s 9 #ahhj t ! doctor 0 enabl$ to describe = ! fir/ "t ! infloresc5ce ( ?is ,agave4--,! ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,fats4 ,by ,j4 ,,alfr$ ,,wanklyn & ,,william ,,fox4 ,9 ! c\rse ( an inve/igation 9 :i* we are at pres5t engag$ we h arriv$ at "s results :i* appe> to u to be v int]e/+4 ,we f9d t ! g5]ally receiv$ view t ! fats are e!rs ( glyc]9 is p>tially correct1 & t in/ances ( a diff]5t k9d ( /ructure occur among ! natural oils & fats4 ,e!rs ( iso-glyc]91 or ( homologues ( iso-glyc]91 appe> to occur4 ,iso-glyc]9 has ?is /ructure3 ,c7,,oh7#b ,,* ,,*#c ,x exi/s 9 its e!rs1 b _c be isolat$1 & %\ld be resolv$ into3 ,,cooh ,h#b,o ,,*#b ,,*#c ,e!rs ( iso-glyc]91 or e!rs ( homologues ( iso-glyc]91 yield no glyc]9 :5 saponifi$4--,*emical ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ch ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$1 ) h9ts = procur+ advances on inv5tions4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4