,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #cdd ,,new ,,york1 ,augu/ #e1 #ahhb ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #cdd4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,! ,panama ,canal4 ,by ,,manuel ,,eissl]4 ,i4--,hi/orical notes4--,spani% ,discov]ies 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4--,e>ly explorations4--,nic>agua projects4--,panama railway1 etc4 ,improv$ ,av]ag+ ,ma*9e4 ,comp\nd ,beam ,eng9e4 #d figures4--,borsig's improv$ comp\nd beam eng9e4 ,p[] ,hamm]s ) ,movable ,fulcrum4--,by ,,daniel ,,longwor?4 #e figures4 ,! ,bi*]\x ,sy/em ( ,furnaces ,appli$ to ! ,puddl+ ( ,iron4 #b figures4 ,gessn]'s ,cont9u\s ,clo? ,press+ ,ma*9e4 #c figures4 ,novelties 9 ,r+ ,sp9dles4 #d figures4 ,improvem5ts 9 ,wool5 ,c>d+ ,eng9es4 ,,ii4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,metamorphosis ( ! ,de]'s ,antl]s4--,annual *anges4 #i figures4 ,monkeys4 ,by ,a4,r4 ,,wallace4--,comp>ison ( skeletons ( man1 orang outang1 & *impanzee4--,o!r anatomical resemblances & div]sities4--,! diff]5t k9ds ( monkeys & ! c\ntries !y inhabit4--,am]ican monkeys4--,lemurs4 --,di/ribution1 aff9ities1 & zoological rank ( monkeys4 ,silk ,produc+ ,bombyces & o!r ,lepidopt]a re>$ 9 #ahha4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,wailly1 ,memb] ,lauriat de la ,societe d',acclimatation de ,france4--,an ext5d$ & important ,european1 ,asiatic1 & ,am]ican silk worms1 & o!r silk produc]s4 ,,iii4 ,,m9]alogy1 ,,metallurgy1 ,,etc4--,! ,m9]alogical ,localities ,9 & ,ar\nd ,new ,york ,city & ! ,m9]als ,occurr+ ,!re94--,by ,,nelson ,h4 ,,d>ton4--,*ances = collect+ )9 "o h\r's ride ( ,new ,york4--,me?ods ( collect+ & te/+4--,localities on ,b]g5 ,hill4--,! ,weehawk5 ,tunnel4--,m9]als & modes ( occurr5ce4--,calcite4--,natrolite4--,pec tolite4--,da?olite4 --,apopholite4--,phr5ite4--,iron & copp] pyrites4 --,/ilbite4--,laumonite4--,heul&ite4 ,antiseptics4 ,cry/allization & its ,effects ,^u ,iron4 ,by ,n4,b4 ,,wood4-- ,beauty ( ,cry/als4--,nature ( cohesion4--,cleavage4--,gr[? ( cry/als4--,"s l>ge cry/als4--,ca/ iron4--,influ5ce ( phosphorus & sulphur4--,nature ( /eel4--,burnt /eel4--,effect ( anneal+4 ,,iv4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,art1 ,,etc4--,! ,ca!dral ( ,burgos1 ,spa94 --,full page illu/ration f photograph4 ,description ( ,burgos ,ca!dral4 ,photo-,engrav+ on ,z9c & ,copp]4 ,by ,,leon ,,vidal4 ,m]idian ,l9e4--,a surveyor's me?od ( f9d+ ! true m]idian4--,by ,r4,w4 ,,mcf>l&4 ,v4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,electro ,mania4 ,by ,w4 ,,mattieu ,,williams4--,example ( electrical exagg]ation & delusion4--,e>ly sci5tific attempts at electro-motors1 electric lamps1 etc4 ,action ( ,magnets ,^u ! ,voltaic ,arc4 ,by ,,?4 ,,du ,,moncel4 #b figures4 ,volckm>'s ,second>y ,batt]ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,metamorphosis ,,( ,,! ,,de]',s ,,antl]s4 ,e ye> 9 ,m>* ! de] loses its antl]s1 & fre% ones imm$iately beg9 to gr[1 :i* exce$ 9 size ^? t h j be5 lo/4 ,few p]sons probably h be5 able to wat* & obs]ve ! habits ( ! animal aft] x has lo/ its antl]s4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be ( int]e/ to exam9e ! accompany+ draw+s1 by ,mr4 ,l4 ,beckmann1 "o ( !m %[+ a de] :ile %$d+ its antl]s1 & ! o!r z ! animal appe>s aft] los+ !m4 ,9 ! fir/ illu/ration ! animal has j lo/ "o ( its antl]s1 & fright & pa9 cause x to ?r[ its head upw>d & become di/urb$ & uneasy4 ,! rema9+ antl] draws d[n "o side ( ! head & is v inconv5i5t = ! animal4 ,! rema9+ antl] becomes soon deta*$ f its base1 & ! de] turns--z if a%am$ ( hav+ lo/ its ornam5t & weapon--l[]s its head1 & sorr[fully moves to ! adjo9+ ?icket1 :]e x hides4 ,a fri5d once obs]v$ a de] los+ its antl]s1 b ! circum/ances 7 some:at diff]5t4 ,! animal 0 jump+ ov] a dit*1 & z soon z x t\*$ ! fur!r bank x jump$ high 9 ! air1 ar*$ its back1 b5t its head to "o side 9 ! mann] ( an animal t has be5 w\nd$1 & !n sadly approa*$ ! ne>e/ ?icket1 9 ! same mann] z ! arti/ has repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ picture4 ,bo? antl]s dropp$ (f & fell into ! dit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metamorphosis ,,( ,,de]',s ,,antl]s4--,,fir/ ,,/age4 ,/rong antl]s are g5]ally f\nd toge!r1 b weak ones are lo/ at int]vals ( two or ?ree days4 ,a few days aft] ?is loss ! /umps ^u :i* ! antl]s re/$ are cov]$ ) a sk91 :i* gr[s upw>d v rapidly1 & "u :i* ! fre% antl]s are =m$1 s t by ! end ( ,july ! bucks h new & /rong antl]s1 f :i* !y remove ! f9e hairy cov]+ by rubb+ !m aga9/ "y trees4 ,x is peculi> t ! huntsman1 :o kn[s ev]y?+ 9 reg>d to de]1 & has sev5ty-two signs by :i* he c tell :e!r a male or female de] passes ?r\gh ! woods1 does n "k at :at age ! de] gets its fir/ antl]s & h[ ! antl]s indicate ! age ( ! animal4 ,pr(4 ,altum1 9 ,eb]swalde1 has giv5 "s valuable in=mation 9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 ! age ( ! de] & ! =ms ( _! antl]s1 b 9 "s respects he has n express$ himself v cle>ly1 & ,i ?9k t my obs]vations giv5 9 addition to 8 may be ( importance4 ,:5 ! animal is a ye> old--t is1 9 ,june--! burrs ( ! antl]s beg9 to =m1 & 9 ,july ! animal has two protub]ances ( ! size ( walnuts1 f :i* ! fir/ bran*es ( ! antl]s rise2 ^! bran*es hav+ ! l5g? ( a f+] only1 or be+ ev5 %ort]1 z %[n at #a1 9 diagram1 on p4 #edha4 ,aft] ! second ye> m bran*es are =m$1 :i* are consid]ably long] & mu* r\gh] at ! l[] ends ?an ! fir/4 ,! ?ird pair ( antl]s is diff]5t f its pr$ecessors1 inasmu* z x has roses1 t is1 annul> ridges ar\nd ! bases ( ! horn1 :i* latt] are n[ b5t 9 ! %ape ( a cresc5t4 ,ei!r ! antl] has a s+le bran* 7,fig4 #c1 a71 or besides ! po9t x has ano!r %ort end1 :i* is a mo/ r>e %ape1 & is kn[n z a =k 7,fig4 #c1 b71 or x has two =ks 7,fig4 #c1 c74 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! antl]s take ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 & !n foll[s ! antl] %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 a1 :i* g5]ally has =ks 9 place ( po9ts1 & is kn[n z =k$ antl] 9 contradi/9ction to ! po9t antl] %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 b1 :i* reta9s ! %ape ( ! antl]1 ,fig4 #d1 b has additional or int]m$iate prongs or bran*es4 ,! huntsm5 designate ! antl]s by ! numb] ( ends or po9ts on ! two antl]s4 ,= in/ance1 ,fig4 #d is a six-end]2 ,fig4 #e %[s an eight-end]1 etc42 & antl]s h be5 kn[n to h z _m z tw5ty-two ends4 ,if ! two antl]s d n h ! same numb] ( ends ! numb] ( ends on ! l>g] antl] is multipli$ by two & ! ^w odd is plac$ be=e ! ^w designat+ ! numb] ( ends4 ,= in/ance1 if "o antl] has ?ree ends & ! o!r f\r1 ! antl] w\ld be t]m$ an odd eight-end]4 ,! six? antl] %[n 9 ,fig4 #f is a t5-end]1 & appe>s 9 two diff]5t =ms1 ei!r ) a =k at ! upp] end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 a1 or ) a cr[n1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 b4 ,9 ,fig4 #g an antl] is %[n :i* ! animal c>ries f its sev5? ye> until ! mon? ( ,m>* ( its eigh? ye>4 ,f t "t on ! cr[ns only increase & *ange4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( po9ts is n always z regul> z ,i h describ$ x1 = 9 ye>s :5 food is sc>ce & poor ! antl]s are weak & small1 & :5 food is pl5tiful & ri* ! antl]s gr[ exce$+ly l>ge1 & sometimes skip an entire ye>'s gr[?4--,k>l ,br&t1 9 ,leipzig] lllu/rirte ,zeitung4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metamorphosis ,,( ,,de]',s ,,antl]s4--,,second ,,/age4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,monkeys4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,r4 ,,wallace4 ,if ! skeleton ( an orang-outang & a *impanzee be comp>$ ) t ( a man1 !re w be f\nd to be ! mo/ wond]ful resemblance1 toge!r ) a v m>k$ div]sity4 ,bone = bone1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole /ructure1 w be f\nd to agree 9 g5]al =m1 position1 & function1 ! only absolute diff]5ces be+ t ! orang has n9e wri/ bones1 :]eas man & ! *impanzee h b eight2 & ! *impanzee has ?irte5 pairs ( ribs1 :]eas ! orang1 l man1 has b twelve4 ,) ^! two exceptions1 ! diff]5ces are ^? ( %ape1 proportion1 & direction only1 ?\gh ! result+ diff]5ces 9 ! ext]nal =m & motions are v consid]able4 ,! greate/ ( ^! are1 t ! feet ( ! an?ropoid or man-l apes1 z well z ^? ( all monkeys1 are =m$ l h&s1 ) l>ge opposable ?umbs fitt$ to grasp ! bran*es ( trees1 b unsuitable = erect walk+1 :ile ! h&s h weak1 small ?umbs1 b v long & p[]ful f+]s1 =m+ a hook1 r ?an a h&1 adapt$ = climb+ up trees & susp5d+ ! :ole weight f horizontal bran*es4 ,! almo/ complete id5tity ( ! skeleton1 h[ev]1 & ! close simil>ity ( ! muscles & ( all ! int]nal organs1 h produc$ t /rik+ & ludicr\s resemblance to man1 :i* e "o recognizes 9 ^! high] apes1 &1 9 a less degree1 9 ! :ole monkey tribe2 ! face & features1 ! motions1 attitudes1 & ge/ures be+ (t5 a /range c>icature ( humanity4 ,let u1 !n1 exam9e a little m closely 9 :at ! resemblance consi/s1 & h[ f>1 & to :at ext5t1 ^! animals really diff] f u4 ,besides ! face1 :i* is (t5 wond]fully human--al?\gh ! abs5ce ( any protub]ant nose gives x (t5 a curi\sly infantile aspect1 monkeys1 & especially apes1 resemble u mo/ closely 9 ! h& & arm4 ,! h& has well-=m$ f+]s1 ) nails1 & ! sk9 ( ! palm is l9$ & furr[$ l our own4 ,! ?umb is1 h[ev]1 small] & weak] ?an ours1 & is n s mu* us$ 9 tak+ hold ( any?+4 ,! monkey's h& is1 !re=e1 n s well adapt$ z t ( man = a v>iety ( purposes1 & _c be appli$ ) su* precision 9 hold+ small objects1 :ile x is unsuitable = p]=m+ delicate op]ations1 su* z ty+ a knot or writ+ ) a p54 ,a monkey does n take hold ( a nut ) its =ef+] & ?umb1 z we d1 b grasps x betwe5 ! f+]s & ! palm 9 a clumsy way1 j z a baby does be=e x has acquir$ ! prop] use ( its h&4 ,two gr\ps ( monkeys--"o 9 ,africa & "o 9 ,s\? ,am]ica--h no ?umbs on _! h&s1 & yet !y d n seem to be 9 any respect inf]ior to o!r k9ds :i* possess x4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,am]ican monkeys ! ?umb b5ds 9 ! same direction z ! f+]s1 & 9 none is x s p]fectly oppos$ to ! f+]s z our ?umbs are2 & all ^! circum/ances %[ t ! h& ( ! monkey is1 bo? /ructurally & functionally1 a v diff]5t & v inf]ior organ to t ( man1 s9ce x is n appli$ to simil> purposes1 nor is x capable ( be+ s appli$4 ,:5 we look at ! feet ( monkeys we f9d a /ill great] diff]5ce1 = ^! h mu* l>g] & m opposable ?umbs1 & are !re=e m l our h&s2 & ?is is ! case ) all monkeys1 s t ev5 ^? :i* h no ?umbs on _! h&s1 or h !m small & weak & p>allel to ! f+]s1 h always l>ge & well-=m$ ?umbs on _! feet4 ,x 0 on acc\nt ( ?is peculi>ity t ! great ,fr5* naturali/ ,cuvi] nam$ ! :ole gr\p ( monkeys ,quadrumana1 or f\r-h&$ animals1 because1 besides ! two h&s on _! =e-limbs1 !y h also two h&s 9 place ( feet on _! h9d-limbs4 ,mod]n naturali/s h giv5 up ! use ( ?is t]m1 because !y say t ! h9d extremities ( all monkeys are really feet1 only ^! feet are %ap$ l h&s2 b ?is is a po9t ( anatomy1 or r ( nom5clature1 :i* we ne$ n "h discuss4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 be=e go+ fur!r1 inquire into ! purpose & use ( ?is peculi>ity1 & we %all !n see t x is simply an adaptation to ! mode ( life ( ! animals :i* possess x4 ,monkeys1 z a rule1 live 9 trees1 & are especially abundant 9 ! great tropical =e/s4 ,!y fe$ *iefly ^u fruits1 & occasionally eat insects & birds'-eggs1 z well z "y birds1 all ( :i* !y f9d 9 ! trees2 &1 z !y h no occasion to come d[n to ! gr\nd1 !y travel f tree to tree by jump+ or sw++1 & ?us pass ! great] "p ( _! lives entirely among ! leafy bran*es ( l(ty trees4 ,= su* a mode ( exi/5ce1 !y require to be able to move ) p]fect ease ^u l>ge or small bran*es1 & to climb up rapidly f "o b\gh to ano!r4 ,z !y use _! h&s = ga!r+ fruit & cat*+ insects or birds1 !y require "s means ( hold+ on ) _! feet1 o!rwise !y w\ld be liable to cont9ual falls1 & !y are able to d ?is by means ( _! long f+]-l toes & l>ge opposable ?umbs1 :i* grasp a bran* almo/ z securely z a bird grasps its p]*4 ,! true h&s1 on ! contr>y1 are us$ *iefly to climb )1 & to sw+ ! :ole weight ( ! body f "o bran* or "o tree to ano!r1 & = ?is purpose ! f+]s are v long & /rong1 & 9 _m species !y are fur!r /r5g!n$ by be+ p>tially jo9$ toge!r1 z if ! sk9 ( our f+]s grew toge!r z f> z ! knuckles4 ,?is %[s t ! sep>ate action ( ! f+]s1 :i* is s important to u1 is little requir$ by monkeys1 ^: h& is really an organ = climb+ & seiz+ food1 :ile _! foot is requir$ to support !m firmly 9 any position on ! bran*es ( trees1 & = ?is purpose x has become modifi$ into a l>ge & p[]ful grasp+ h&4 ,ano!r /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 monkeys & m5 is t ! =m] nev] walk ) ease 9 an erect po/ure1 b always use _! arms 9 climb+ or 9 walk+ on all-f\rs l mo/ quadrup$s4 ,! monkeys t we see 9 ! /reets dress$ up & walk+ erect1 only d s aft] mu* drill+ & tea*+1 j z dogs may be taught to walk 9 ! same way2 & ! po/ure is almo/ z unnatural to ! "o animal z x is to ! o!r4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ man-l ( ! apes--! gorilla1 *impanzee1 & orang-outang--also walk usually on all-f\rs2 b 9 ^! ! arms are s long & ! legs s %ort t ! body appe>s half erect :5 walk+2 & !y h ! habit ( re/+ on ! knuckles ( ! h&s1 n on ! palms l ! small] monkeys1 ^: arms & legs are m ne>ly ( an equal l5g?1 :i* t5ds /ill fur!r to give !m a semi-erect position4 ,/ill !y are nev] kn[n to walk ( _! own accord on _! h9d legs only1 ?\gh !y c d s = %ort di/ances1 & ! /ory ( _! us+ a /ick & walk+ erect by its help 9 ! wild /ate is n true4 ,monkeys1 !n1 are bo? f\r-h&$ & f\r-foot$ bea/s2 !y possess f\r h&s =m$ v mu* l our h&s1 & capable ( pick+ up or hold+ any small object 9 ! same mann]2 b !y are also f\r-foot$1 because !y use all f\r limbs = ! purpose ( walk+1 runn+1 or climb+2 &1 be+ adapt$ to ?is d\ble purpose1 ! h&s want ! delicacy ( t\* & ! fre$om z well z ! precision ( movem5t :i* ours possess4 ,man alone is s con/ruct$ t he walks erect ) p]fect ease1 & has 8 h&s free = any use to :i* he wi%es to apply !m2 & ?is is ! great & ess5tial bodily di/9ction betwe5 monkeys & m54 ,we w n[ give "s acc\nt ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( monkeys & ! c\ntries !y inhabit4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,monkeys ,,& ,,! ,,c\ntries ,,!y ,,inhabit4 ,monkeys are usually divid$ into ?ree k9ds--apes1 monkeys1 & baboons2 b ^! d n include ! ,am]ican monkeys1 :i* are really m diff]5t f all ^? ( ! ,old ,_w ?an any ( ! latt] are f ea* o!r4 ,naturali/s1 !re=e1 divide ! :ole monkey-tribe into two great families1 inhabit+ ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w respectively2 &1 if we le>n to rememb] ! k9d ( diff]5ces by :i* ^! sev]al gr\ps are di/+ui%$1 we %all be able to und]/& some?+ ( ! classification ( animals1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 important & unimportant *>act]s4 ,tak+ fir/ ! ,old ,_w gr\ps1 !y may be ?us def9$3 apes h no tails2 monkeys h tails1 :i* are usually long2 :ile baboons h %ort tails1 & _! faces1 in/ead ( be+ r\nd & ) a man-l expression z 9 apes & monkeys1 are long & m dog-l4 ,^! diff]5ces are1 h[ev]1 by no means con/ant1 & x is (t5 difficult to tell :e!r an animal %\ld be class$ z an ape1 a monkey1 or a baboon4 ,! ,gibralt> ape1 = example1 ?\gh x has no tail1 is really a monkey1 because x has callosities1 or h>d pads ( b>e sk9 on :i* x sits1 & *eek p\*es 9 :i* x c /[ away food2 ! latt] "* be+ always abs5t 9 ! true apes1 :ile bo? are pres5t 9 mo/ monkeys & baboons4 ,all ^! animals1 h[ev]1 f ! l>ge/ ape to ! smalle/ monkey1 h ! same numb] ( tee? z we h1 & !y are arrang$ 9 a simil> mann]1 al?\gh ! tusks or can9e tee? ( ! males are (t5 l>ge1 l ^? ( a dog4 ,! ,am]ican monkeys1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! exception ( ! m>mosets1 h f\r additional gr9d+ tee? 7"o 9 ea* jaw on ei!r side71 & none ( !m h callosities1 or *eek p\*es4 ,!y nev] h prom95t sn\ts l ! baboons2 _! no/rils are plac$ wide ap>t & op5 sideways on ! face2 ! tail1 ?\gh sometimes %ort1 is nev] q abs5t2 & ! ?umb b5ds ! same way z ! f+]s1 is g5]ally v %ort & weak1 & is (t5 q want+4 ,we ?us see t ^! ,am]ican monkeys diff] 9 a great numb] ( *>act]s f ^? ( ! ,ea/]n hemisph]e2 & !y h ?is fur!r peculi>ity1 t _m ( !m h preh5sile or grasp+ tails1 :i* are nev] f\nd 9 ! monkeys ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,?is curi\s organ s]ves ! purpose ( a fif? h&4 ,x has s mu* muscul> p[] t ! animal c hang by x easily ) ! tip curl$ r\nd a bran*1 :ile x c also be us$ to pick up small objects ) almo/ z mu* ease & exactness z an elephant's trunk4 ,9 ^? species :i* h x mo/ p]fectly =m$ x is v long & p[]ful1 & ! end has ! und]side cov]$ ) b>e sk91 exactly resembl+ t ( ! f+] or palm ( ! h& & app>5tly equally s5sitive4 ,"o ( ! common k9ds ( monkeys t accompany /reet organ-play]s has a preh5sile tail1 b n ( ! mo/ p]fect k9d2 s9ce 9 ?is species ! tail is entirely clad ) hair to ! tip1 & seems to be us$ *iefly to /eady ! animal :5 sitt+ on a bran* by be+ twi/$ r\nd ano!r bran* ne> x4 ,! /atem5t is (t5 errone\sly made t all ,am]ican monkeys h preh5sile tails2 b ! fact is t r less ?an half ! kn[n k9ds h !m s1 ! rema9d] hav+ ?is organ ei!r %ort & bu%y1 or long & sl5d]1 b entirely )\t any p[] ( grasp+4 ,all preh5sile-tail$ monkeys are ,am]ican1 b all ,am]ican monkeys are n preh5sile-tail$4 ,by rememb]+ ^! *>act]s x is easy1 ) a little obs]vation1 to tell :e!r any /range monkey comes f ,am]ica or f ! ,old ,_w4 ,if x has b>e seat-pads1 or if :5 eat+ x fills its m\? till its *eeks swell out l little bags1 we may be sure x comes f "s "p ( ,africa or ,asia2 :ile if x c curl up ! end ( its tail s z to take hold ( any?+1 x is c]ta9ly ,am]ican4 ,z all ! tail$ monkeys ( ! ,old ,_w h seat-pads 7or is*ial callosities z !y are call$ 9 sci5tific language71 & z all ! ,am]ican monkeys h tails1 b no seat-pads1 ?is is ! mo/ con/ant ext]nal "* by :i* to di/+ui% !m2 & hav+ done s we c look = ! o!r peculi>ities ( ! ,am]ican monkeys1 especially ! di/ance ap>t ( ! no/rils & _! lat]al position4 ,! :ole monkey-tribe is especially tropical1 only a few k9ds be+ f\nd 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,"o inhabits ! ,rock ( ,gibralt>1 & !re is "o v l x 9 ,japan1 & ^! are ! two monkeys :i* live fur!/ f ! equator4 ,9 ! tropics !y become v abundant & increase 9 numb]s & v>iety z we approa* ! equator1 :]e ! climate is hot1 moi/1 & equable1 & :]e fl[]s1 fruits1 & insects are to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,africa has ab\t #ee diff]5t k9ds1 ,asia & its isl&s ab\t #fj1 :ile ,am]ica has #aad1 or almo/ exactly ! same z ,asia & ,africa toge!r4 ,au/ralia & its isl&s h no monkeys1 nor has ! great & luxuriant isl& ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ^: magnific5t =e/s seem s well adapt$ = !m4 ,we w n[ give a %ort acc\nt ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( monkeys inhabit+ ea* ( ! tropical cont95ts4 ,africa possesses two ( ! great man-l apes--! gorilla & ! *impanzee1 ! =m] be+ ! l>ge/ ape kn[n1 & ! "o :i*1 on ! :ole1 p]haps mo/ resembles man1 ?\gh its c\nt5ance is less human ?an t ( ! *impanzee4 ,bo? are f\nd 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ne> ! equator1 b !y also inhabit ! int]ior :]ev] !re are great =e/s2 & ,dr4 ,s*we9fur? /ates t ! *impanzee inhabits ! c\ntry ab\t ! s\rces ( ! ,%>i ,riv] 9 #bh ,e4 long4 & #d ,n4 lat4 ,! long-tail$ monkeys ( ,africa are v num]\s & v>i$4 ,"o gr\p has no *eek p\*es & no ?umb on ! h&1 & _m ( ^! h long s(t fur ( v>i$ colors4 ,! mo/ num]\s gr\p are ! ,gu5ons1 r small long-tail$ monkeys1 v active & lively1 & (t5 hav+ _! faces curi\sly m>k$ ) :ite or black1 or ornam5t$ ) :isk]s or o!r tufts ( hair2 & !y all h l>ge *eek p\*es & good siz$ ?umbs4 ,_m ( !m are call$ gre5 monkeys1 f ! gre5i% yell[ t9t ( _! fur1 & mo/ ( !m are well =m$1 pleas+ animals4 ,!y are f\nd only 9 tropical ,africa4 ,! baboons are l>g] b less num]\s4 ,!y resemble dogs 9 ! g5]al =m & ! l5g? ( ! face or sn\t1 b !y h h&s ) well-develop$ ?umbs on bo? ! =e & h9d limbs2 & ?is1 ) some?+ 9 ! expression ( ! face & _! habit ( sitt+ up & us+ _! h&s 9 a v human fa%ion1 at once %[s t !y belong to ! monkey tribe4 ,_m ( !m are v ugly1 & 9 _! wild /ate !y are ! fi]ce/ & mo/ dang]\s ( monkeys4 ,"s h ! tail v long1 o!rs ( m$ium l5g?1 :ile x is sometimes r$uc$ to a m]e /ump1 & all h l>ge *eek p\*es & b>e seat pads4 ,!y are f\nd all ov] ,africa1 f ,egypt to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 :ile "o species1 call$ ! hamadryas1 ext5ds f ,abyss9ia across ! ,r$ ,sea into ,arabia1 & is ! only baboon f\nd out ( ,africa4 ,?is species 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & x is (t5 repres5t$ 9 ,egyptian sculptures1 :ile mummies ( x h be5 f\nd 9 ! catacombs4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ rem>kable ( all ! baboons is ! m&rill ( ,we/ ,africa1 ^: swoll5 & hog-l face is ornam5t$ ) /ripes ( vivid blue & sc>let4 ,?is animal has a tail sc>cely two in*es long1 :ile 9 size & /r5g? x is n mu* inf]ior to ! gorilla4 ,! l>ge baboons g 9 b&s1 & are said to be a mat* = any o!r animals 9 ! ,african =e/s1 & ev5 to attack & drive away ! elephants f ! di/ricts !y inhabit4 ,turn+ n[ to ,asia1 we h fir/ "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! l>ge man-l apes--! orang-outang1 f\nd only 9 ! two l>ge isl&s1 ,borneo & ,sumatra4 ,! "n is ,malay1 signify+ man ( ! woods1 & x %\ld be pron\nc$ rang-otan1 ! acc5t be+ on ! fir/ syllable ( bo? words4 ,x is a v curi\s circum/ance t1 :]eas ! gorilla & *impanzee are bo? black1 l ! negroes ( ! same c\ntry1 ! orang-outang is r$ or r$di% br[n1 closely resembl+ ! color ( ! ,malays & ,dyaks :o live 9 ! ,bornean =e/s4 ,?\gh v l>ge & p[]ful1 x is a h>mless creature1 fe$+ on fruit1 & nev] attack+ any o!r animal except 9 self-def5se4 ,a full-gr[n male orang-outang is r m ?an f\r feet high1 b ) a body z l>ge z t ( a /\t man1 & ) enorm\sly long & p[]ful arms4 ,ano!r gr\p ( true apes inhabit ,asia & ! l>g] ,asiatic isl&s1 & are 9 "s respects ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! :ole family4 ,^! are ! ,gibbons1 or long-arm$ apes1 :i* are g5]ally ( small size & ( a g5tle disposition1 b possess+ ! mo/ wond]ful agility4 ,9 ^! creatures ! arms are z long z ! body & legs toge!r1 & are s p[]ful t a gibbon w hang = h\rs susp5d$ f a bran*1 or sw+ to & fro & !n ?r[ itself a great di/ance ?r\gh ! air4 ,! arms1 9 fact1 completely take ! place ( ! legs = travel+4 ,in/ead ( jump+ f b\gh to b\gh & runn+ on ! bran*es1 l o!r apes & monkeys1 ! gibbons move along :ile hang+ susp5d$ 9 ! air1 /ret*+ _! arms f b\gh to b\gh1 & ?us go+ h& ov] h& z a v active sailor w climb along a rope4 ,! /r5g? ( _! arms is1 h[ev]1 s prodigi\s1 & _! hold s sure1 t !y (t5 loose "o h& be=e !y h caught a b\gh ) ! o!r1 ?us seem+ almo/ to fly ?r\gh ! air by a s]ies ( sw++ leaps2 & !y travel among ! network ( int]lac+ b\ghs a hundr$ feet above ! e>? ) z mu* ease & c]ta9ty z we walk or run ^u level gr\nd1 & ) ev5 great] spe$4 ,^! little animals sc>cely ev] come d[n to ! gr\nd ( _! own accord2 b :5 oblig$ to d s !y run along almo/ erect1 ) _! long arms sw++ r\nd & r\nd1 z if try+ to f9d "s tree or o!r object to climb ^u4 ,!y are ! only apes :o naturally walk )\t us+ _! h&s z well z _! feet2 b ?is does n make !m m l m51 = x is evid5t t ! attitude is n an easy "o1 & is only adopt$ because ! arms are habitually us$ to sw+ by1 & are !re=e naturally held upw>d1 in/ead ( d[nw>d1 z !y mu/ be :5 walk+ on !m4 ,! tail$ monkeys ( ,asia consi/ ( two gr\ps1 ! fir/ ( :i* h no *eek p\*es1 b always h v long tails1 ,!y are true =e/ monkeys1 v active & ( a %y disposition4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is ! long-nos$ monkey ( ,borneo1 :i* is v l>ge1 ( a pale br[n color1 & di/+ui%$ by possess+ a long1 po9t$1 fle%y nose1 totally unlike t ( all o!r monkeys4 ,ano!r int]e/+ species is ! black & :ite entellus monkey ( ,india1 call$ ! ,hanuman1 by ! ,h9doos1 & consid]$ sacr$ by !m4 ,^! animals are pett$ & f$1 & at "s ( ! temples numb]s ( !m come e day = ! food :i* ! prie/s1 z well z ! p1 provide = !m4 ,! next gr\p ( ,ea/]n monkeys are ! ,macaques1 :i* are m l baboons1 & (t5 run ^u ! gr\nd4 ,!y are m bold & vici\s ?an ! o!rs4 ,all h *eek p\*es1 & ?\gh "s h long tails1 9 o!rs ! tail is %ort1 or r$uc$ to a m]e /ump4 ,9 "s few ?is /ump is s v %ort t !re appe>s to be no tail1 z 9 ! magot ( ,nor? ,africa & ,gibralt>1 & 9 an alli$ species t inhabits ,japan4 ,,am]ican ,,monkeys4 ,! monkeys :i* inhabit ,am]ica =m ?ree v di/9ct gr\ps3 #a/1 ! ,sapaj\s1 :i* h preh5sile or grasp+ tails2 #bnd1 ! ,sag\9s1 :i* h ord9>y tails1 ei!r long or %ort2 &1 #crd1 ! ,m>mosets1 v small creatures1 ) %>p claws1 long tails :i* are n preh5sile1 & a small] numb] ( tee? ?an all o!r ,am]ican monkeys4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree gr\ps conta9 sev]al sub-gr\ps1 or g5]a1 :i* (t5 diff] rem>kably f ea* o!r1 & f all ! monkeys ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,we w beg9 ) ! h[l+ monkeys1 :i* are ! l>ge/ f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 & are celebrat$ = ! l\d voice ( ! males4 ,(t5 9 ! great =e/s ( ! ,amazon or ,oronooko a trem5d\s noise is he>d 9 ! night or e>ly morn+1 z if a great assemblage ( wild bea/s 7 all ro>+ & scream+ toge!r4 ,! noise may be he>d = miles1 & x is l\d] & m pi]c+ ?an t ( any o!r animals1 yet x is all produc$ by a s+le male h[l]1 sitt+ on ! bran*es ( "s l(ty tree4 ,!y are enabl$ to make ?is extraord9>y noise by means ( an organ t is possess$ by no o!r animal4 ,! l[] jaw is unusually deep1 & ?is makes room = a holl[ bony vessel ab\t ! size ( a l>ge walnut1 situat$ "u ! root ( ! tongue1 & hav+ an op5+ into ! w9dpipe by :i* ! animal c =ce air into x4 ,?is increases ! p[] ( its voice1 act+ some?+ l ! holl[ case ( a viol91 & produc+ ^? m>vel\s roll+ & rev]b]at+ s\nds :i* caus$ ! celebrat$ travel] ,wat]ton to decl>e t !y 7 su* z might h _h _! orig9 9 ! inf]nal regions4 ,! h[l]s are l>ge & /\t bodi$ monkeys1 ) be>d$ faces1 & v /rong & p[]fully grasp+ tails4 ,!y inhabit ! wilde/ =e/s2 !y are v %y1 & are seldom tak5 captive1 ?\gh !y are less active ?an _m o!r ,am]ican monkeys4 ,next come ! spid] monkeys1 s call$ f _! sl5d] bodies & enorm\sly long limbs & tail4 ,9 ^! monkeys ! tail is s long1 /rong1 & p]fect1 t x completely takes ! place ( a fif? h&4 ,by twi/+ ! end ( x r\nd a bran* ! animal c sw+ freely 9 ! air ) complete safety2 & ?is gives !m a wond]ful p[] ( climb+ end pass+ f tree to tree1 because ! di/ance !y c /ret* is t ( ! tail1 body1 & arm add$ toge!r1 & ^! are all unusually long4 ,!y c also sw+ !mselves ?r\gh ! air = great di/ances1 & are ?us able to pass rapidly f tree to tree )\t ev] desc5d+ to ! gr\nd1 j l ! gibbons 9 ! ,malayan =e/s4 ,al?\gh capable ( feats ( wond]ful agility1 ! spid] monkeys are usually sl[ & delib]ate 9 _! motions1 & h a timid1 melan*oly expression1 v diff]5t f t ( mo/ monkeys4 ,_! h&s are v long1 b h only f\r f+]s1 be+ adapt$ = hang+ on to bran*es r ?an = gett+ hold ( small objects4 ,x is said t :5 !y h to cross a riv] ! trees on ! opposite banks ( :i* d n approa* ne> en\gh = a leap1 sev]al ( !m =m a *a91 "o hang+ by its tail f a l(ty ov]hang+ bran* & seiz+ hold ( ! tail ( ! "o bel[ x1 !n gradually sw++ !mselves backw>d & =w>d till ! l[] "o is able to seize hold ( a bran* on ! opposite side4 ,he !n climbs up ! tree1 &1 :5 suffici5tly high1 ! fir/ "o lets g1 & ! sw+ ei!r c>ries him across to a b\gh on ! opposite side or he climbs up ov] 8 companions4 ,closely alli$ to ! la/ are ! woolly monkeys1 :i* h an equally well develop$ preh5sile tail1 b bett] proportion$ limbs1 & a ?ick woolly fur ( a uni=m gray or br[ni% color4 ,!y h well =m$ f+]s & ?umbs1 bo? on ! h&s & feet1 & are r delib]ate 9 _! motions1 & exce$+ly tame & affectionate 9 captivity4 ,!y are great eat]s1 & are usually v fat4 ,!y are f\nd only 9 ! f> int]ior ( ! ,amazon valley1 &1 hav+ a delicate con/itution1 seldom live long 9 ,europe4 ,^! monkeys are n s fond ( sw++ !mselves ab\t by _! tails z are ! spid] monkeys1 & (f] m opportunities ( obs]v+ h[ completely ?is organ takes ! place ( a fif? h&4 ,:5 walk+ ab\t a h\se1 or on ! deck ( a %ip1 ! p>tially curl$ tail is c>ri$ 9 a horizontal position on ! gr\nd1 & ! mom5t x t\*es any?+ x twi/s r\nd x & br+s x =w>d1 :51 if eatable1 x is at once appropriat$2 & :5 fa/5$ up ! animal w obta9 any food t may be out ( rea* ( its h&s ) ! greate/ facility1 pick+ up small bits ( biscuit1 nuts1 etc41 mu* z an elephant does ) ! tip ( 8 trunk4 ,we n[ come to a gr\p ( monkeys ^: preh5sile tail is ( a less p]fect "*1 s9ce x is cov]$ ) hair to ! tip1 & is ( no use to pick up objects4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 curl r\nd a bran*1 & s]ves to /eady ! animal :ile sitt+ or fe$+1 b is nev] us$ to hang & sw+ by 9 ! mann] s common ) ! spid] monkeys & _! allies4 ,^! are r small-siz$ animals1 ) r\nd heads & ) mod]ately long tails4 ,!y are v active & intellig5t1 _! limbs are n s long z 9 ! prec$+ gr\p1 & ?\gh !y h five f+]s on ea* h& & foot1 ! h&s h weak & h>dly opposable ?umbs4 ,"s species ( ^! monkeys are (t5 c>ri$ ab\t by it9]ant organ m51 & are taught to walk erect & p]=m _m amus+ tricks4 ,!y =m ! g5us ,cebus ( naturali/s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,am]ican monkeys h non-preh5sile tails1 l ^? ( ! monkeys ( ! ,ea/]n hemisph]e2 b !y consi/ ( sev]al di/9ct gr\ps1 & diff] v mu* 9 appe>ance & habits4 ,fir/ we h ! ,sakis1 :i* h a bu%y tail & usually v long & ?ick hair1 some?+ l t ( a be>4 ,sometimes ! tail is v %ort1 appe>+ l a r\nd$ tuft ( hair2 _m ( ! species h f9e bu%y :isk]s1 :i* meet "u ! *91 & appe> z if !y _h be5 dress$ & trimm$ by a b>b]1 & ! head is (t5 cov]$ ) ?ick curly hair1 look+ l a wig4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h ! face q r$1 & "o has ! head ne>ly bald1 a mo/ rem>kable peculi>ity among monkeys4 ,?is latt] species 0 met ) by ,mr4 ,bates on ! ,upp] ,amazon1 & he describes ! face z be+ ( a vivid sc>let1 ! body clo!d f neck to tail ) v long1 /raight1 & %9+ :ite hair1 :ile ! head 0 ne>ly bald1 ow+ to ! v %ort crop ( ?9 gray hairs4 ,z a f9i% to _! /rik+ physiognomy ^! monkeys h bu%y :isk]s ( a s&y color meet+ "u ! *91 & yell[i% gray eyes4 ,! color ( ! face is s vivid t x looks z if cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( bright sc>let pa9t4 ,^! creatures are v delicate1 & h nev] rea*$ ,europe alive1 al?\gh sev]al ( ! alli$ =ms h liv$ "s "t 9 our ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,an alli$ gr\p consi/s ( ! elegant squirrel monkeys1 ) long1 /raight1 hairy tails1 & (t5 adorn$ ) pretty v>iegat$ colors4 ,!y are usually small animals2 "s h ! face m>k$ ) black & :ite1 o!rs h curi\s :isk]s1 & _! nails are r %>p & claw l4 ,!y h l>ge r\nd heads1 & _! fur is m glossy & smoo? ?an 9 mo/ o!r ,am]ican monkeys1 s t !y m resemble "s ( ! small] monkeys ( ,africa4 ,^! little creatures are v active1 runn+ ab\t ! trees l squirrels1 & fe$+ l>gely on insects z well z on fruit4 ,closely alli$ to ^! are ! small gr\p ( night monkeys1 :i* h l>ge eyes1 & a r\nd face surr\nd$ by a k9d ( ruff ( :iti% fur1 s z to give x an owl l appe>ance1 :5ce !y are sometimes call$ owl-fac$ monkeys4 ,!y are cov]$ ) s(t gray fur1 l t ( a rabbit1 & sleep all day long conceal$ 9 holl[ trees4 ,! face is also m>k$ ) :ite pat*es & /ripes1 giv+ x a r c>nivor\s or cat l aspect1 :i*1 p]haps1 s]ves z a protection1 by caus+ ! def5seless creature to be tak5 = an arboreal tig] cat or "s su* bea/ ( prey4 ,?is f9i%es ! s]ies ( su* ( ! ,am]ican monkeys z h a l>g] numb] ( tee? ?an ^? ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,b !re is ano!r gr\p1 ! ,m>mosets1 :i* h ! same numb] ( tee? z ,ea/]n monkeys1 b diff]5tly di/ribut$ 9 ! jaws1 a premol> be+ sub/itut$ = a mol> too?4 ,9 o!r p>ticul>s !y resemble ! re/ ( ! ,am]ican monkeys4 ,!y are v small & delicate creatures "s hav+ ! body only sev5 in*es long4 ,! ?umb ( ! h&s is#a n opposable1 & in/ead ( nails !y h %>p compress$ claws4 ,^! dim9utive monkeys h long1 non-preh5sile tails1 & !y h a silky fur (t5 ( v>i$ & beautiful colors4 ,"s are /rip$ ) gray & :ite1 or are ( ri* br[n or gold5 br[n t9ts1 v>i$ by hav+ ! head or %\ld]s :ite or black1 :ile 9 _m !re are cre/s1 frills1 manes1 or long e> tufts1 add+ greatly to _! v>iety & beauty4 ,^! little animals are timid & re/less2 _! motions are m l ^? ( a squirrel ?an a monkey4 ,_! %>p claws enable !m to run quickly along ! bran*es1 b !y seldom leap f b\gh to b\gh l ! l>g] monkeys4 ,!y live on fruits & insects1 b are mu* afraid ( wasps1 :i* !y are said to recognize ev5 9 a picture4 ,transcrib]s note #a3 ,*ang$ f '444 x n opposable'1 444 ,?is completes our sket* ( ! ,am]ican monkeys1 & we see t1 al?\gh !y possess no su* rem>kable =ms z ! gorilla or ! baboons1 yet !y exhibit a wond]ful div]sity ( ext]nal *>act]s1 consid]+ t all seem equally adapt$ to a purely arboreal life4 ,9 ! h[l]s we h a specially develop$ voice organ1 :i* is altoge!r peculi>2 9 ! spid] monkeys we f9d ! adaptation to active motion among ! topmo/ bran*es ( ! =e/ trees c>ri$ to an extreme po9t ( developm5t2 :ile ! s+ul> nocturnal monkeys1 ! active squirrel monkeys1 & ! exquisite little m>mosets1 %[ h[ di/9ct are ! =ms "u :i* ! same g5]al type1 may be exhibit$1 & 9 h[ _m v>i$ ways exi/5ce may be su/a9$ "u almo/ id5tical conditions4 ,,lemurs4 ,9 ! g5]al t]m1 monkeys1 consid]$ z equival5t to ! ord] ,primates1 or ! ,quadrumana ( naturali/s1 we h to include ano!r sub-type1 t ( ! ,lemurs4 ,^! animals are ( a l[] grade ?an ! true monkeys1 f :i* !y diff] 9 s _m po9ts ( /ructure t !y are consid]$ to =m a di/9ct sub-ord]1 or1 by "s naturali/s1 ev5 a sep>ate ord]4 ,!y h usually a mu* l>g] head & m po9t$ muzzle ?an monkeys2 !y v>y consid]ably 9 ! numb]1 =m1 & arrangem5t ( ! tee?2 _! ?umbs are always well develop$1 b _! f+]s v>y mu* 9 size & l5g?2 _! tails are usually long1 b sev]al species h no tail :atev]1 & !y are clo!d ) a m or less woolly fur1 (t5 prettily v>iegat$ ) :ite & black4 ,!y inhabit ! deep =e/s ( ,africa1 ,madagasc>1 & ,s\!rn ,asia1 & are m sluggi% 9 _! movem5ts ?an true monkeys1 mo/ ( !m be+ ( nocturnal & crepuscul> habits4 ,!y fe$ l>gely on insects1 eat+ also fruits & ! eggs or "y ( birds4 ,! mo/ curi\s species are--! sl[ lemurs ( ,s\? ,india1 small tailless nocturnal animals1 some:at resembl+ slo?s 9 appe>ance1 & almo/ z delib]ate 9 _! movem5ts1 except :5 9 ! act ( seiz+ _! insect prey2 ! ,t>si]1 or spect] lemur1 ( ! ,malay isl&s1 a small1 long tail$ nocturnal lemur1 rem>kable = ! curi\s developm5t ( ! h9d feet1 :i* h two ( ! toes v %ort1 & ) %>p claws1 :ile ! o!rs h nails1 ! ?ird toe be+ exce$+ly long & sl5d]1 ?\gh ! ?umb is v l>ge1 giv+ ! feet a v irregul> & outr appe>ance2 &1 la/ly1 ! ,aye-aye1 ( ,madagasc>1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( all4 ,?is animal has v l>ge e>s & a squirrel l tail1 ) long spread+ hair4 ,x has l>ge curv$ incisor tee?1 :i* add to its squirrel l appe>ance1 & caus$ ! e>ly naturali/s to class x among ! rod5ts4 ,b its mo/ rem>kable "* is f\nd 9 its =e feet or h&s1 ! f+]s ( :i* are all v long & arm$ ) %>p curv$ claws1 b "o ( !m1 ! second1 is wond]fully sl5d]1 be+ n half ! ?ickness ( ! o!rs4 ,?is curi\s comb9ation ( *>act]s %[s t ! aye-aye is a v specializ$ =m--t is1 "o ^: organization has be5 sl[ly modifi$ to fit x = a peculi> mode ( life4 ,f in=mation receiv$ f its native c\ntry1 & f a pr(\nd /udy ( its organization1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 believes t x is adapt$ = ! "o purpose ( fe$+ on small wood-bor+ insects4 ,its l>ge feet & %>p claws enable x to cl+ firmly to ! bran*es ( trees 9 almo/ any position2 by means ( its l>ge delicate e>s x li/5s = ! s\nd ( ! insect gnaw+ )9 ! bran*1 & is ?us able to fix its exact position2 ) its p[]ful curv$ gnaw+ tee? x rapidly cuts away ! b>k & wood till x exposes ! burr[ ( ! insect1 mo/ probably ! s(t l>va ( "s beetle1 & !n comes into play ! extraord9>y long wire-l f+]1 :i* ent]s ! small cyl9drical burr[1 & ) ! %>p b5t claw hooks out ! grub4 ,"h we h a mo/ complex adaptation ( diff]5t p>ts & organs1 all conv]g+ to "o special end1 t end be+ ! same z is rea*$ by a gr\p ( birds1 ! woodpeck]s1 9 a diff]5t way2 & x is a mo/ int]e/+ fact t1 al?\gh woodpeck]s ab\nd 9 all ! great cont95ts1 & are especially common 9 ! tropical =e/s ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 !y are q abs5t f ,madagasc>4 ,we may1 !re=e1 consid] t ! aye-aye really occupies ! same place 9 nature 9 ! =e/s ( ?is tropical isl&1 z d ! woodpeck]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,di/ribution1 ,,aff9ities1 ,,& ,,zoological ,,rank ,,( ,,monkeys4 ,hav+ ?us sket*$ an outl9e ( ! monkey tribe z reg>ds _! m prom95t ext]nal *>act]s & habits1 we mu/ say a few words on _! g5]al relations z a di/9ct ord] ( mammalia4 ,no o!r gr\p s ext5sive & s v>i$ z ?is1 is s exclusively tropical 9 its di/ribution1 a circum/ance no d\bt due to ! fact t monkeys dep5d s l>gely on fruit & insects = _! subsi/5ce4 ,a v few species ext5d into ! w>m] p>ts ( ! temp]ate zones1 _! extreme limits 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e be+ ,gibralt>1 ! ,we/]n ,himalayas at #aa1jjj feet elevation1 ,ea/ ,?ibet1 & ,japan4 ,9 ,am]ica !y are f\nd 9 ,mexico1 b d n appe> to pass beyond ! tropic4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn hemisph]e !y are limit$ by ! ext5t ( ! =e/s 9 ,s\? ,brazil1 :i* rea* ab\t #cj s\? latitude4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ow+ to _! entire abs5ce f ,au/ralia1 !y d n rea* ! tropic2 b 9 ,africa1 "s baboons range to ! s\!rn extremity ( ! cont95t4 ,b ?is extreme re/riction ( ! ord] to almo/ tropical l&s is only rec5t4 ,directly we g back to ! ,plioc5e p]iod ( geology1 we f9d ! rema9s ( monkeys 9 ,france1 & ev5 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! e>li] ,mioc5e1 sev]al k9ds1 "s ( l>ge size1 liv$ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,greece1 all m or less closely alli$ to liv+ =ms ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod monkeys ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican type inhabit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! remote ,eoc5e p]iod ! same temp]ate l&s 7 inhabit$ by lemurs 9 ! ,ea/1 & by curi\s animals believ$ to be int]m$iate betwe5 lemurs & m>mosets 9 ! ,we/4 ,we "k f a v>iety ( o!r evid5ce t ?r\gh\t ^! va/ p]iods a mild & almo/ sub-tropical climate ext5d$ ov] all ,c5tral ,europe & p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :ile "o ( a temp]ate "* prevail$ z f> nor? z ! ,arctic circle4 ,! monkey tribe !n enjoy$ a f> great] range ov] ! e>?1 & p]haps fill$ a m important place 9 nature ?an x does n[4 ,its re/riction to ! comp>atively n>r[ limits ( ! tropics is no d\bt ma9ly due to ! great alt]ation ( climate :i* occurr$ at ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 b x may h be5 aid$ by ! cont9u\s developm5t ( v>i$ =ms ( mammalian life bett] fitt$ = ! contra/$ seasons & decidu\s vegetation ( ! nor? temp]ate regions4 ,! m ext5sive area =m]ly inhabit$ by ! monkey tribe1 w\ld h favor$ _! developm5t into a numb] ( div]g5t =ms1 9 di/ant regions1 & adapt$ to di/9ct modes ( life4 ,z ^! retreat$ s\?w>d & became conc5trat$ 9 a m limit$ area1 su* z 7 able to ma9ta9 !mselves became m+l$ toge!r z we n[ f9d !m1 ! anci5t & l[ly m>mosets & lemurs subsi/+ side by side ) ! m rec5t & m highly develop$ h[l]s & an?ropoid apes4 ,?r\gh\t ! long ages ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod monkeys mu/ h be5 v abundant & v v>i$1 yet x is b r>ely t _! fossil rema9s are f\nd4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n difficult to expla94 ,! deposits 9 :i* mammalian rema9s mo/ ab\nd are ^? =m$ 9 lakes or 9 cav]ns4 ,9 ! =m] ! bodies ( l>ge numb]s ( t]re/rial animals 7 annually deposit$1 ow+ to _! hav+ be5 caught by floods 9 ! tribut>y /reams1 swall[$ up 9 m>g9al bogs or quicks&s1 or dr[n$ by ! giv+ way ( ice4 ,cav]ns 7 ! haunts ( hy5as1 tig]s1 be>s1 & o!r bea/s ( prey1 :i* dragg$ into !m ! bodies ( _! victims1 & left _m ( _! bones to become emb$d$ 9 /alagmite or 9 ! muddy deposit left by floods1 :ile h]bivor\s animals 7 (t5 c>ri$ into !m by ^! floods1 or by fall+ d[n ! swall[-holes :i* (t5 op5 into cav]ns f above4 ,b1 ow+ to _! arboreal habits1 monkeys 7 to a great ext5t fre$ f all ^! dang]s4 ,:e!r dev\r$ by bea/s or birds ( prey1 or dy+ a natural dea?1 _! bones w\ld usually be left on dry l&1 :]e !y w\ld sl[ly decay "u atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,only "u v exceptional circum/ances w\ld !y become emb$d$ 9 aque\s deposits2 & in/ead ( be+ surpris$ at _! r>ity we %\ld r wond] t s _m h be5 discov]$ 9 a fossil /ate4 ,monkeys1 z a :ole1 =m a v isolat$ gr\p1 hav+ no ne> relations to any o!r mammalia4 ,?is is und\bt$ly an indication ( great antiquity4 ,! peculi> type :i* has s9ce rea*$ s high a developm5t mu/ h bran*$ (f ! great mammalian /ock at a v remote epo*1 c]ta9ly f> back 9 ! ,second>y p]iod1 s9ce 9 ! ,eoc5e we f9d lemurs & lemur9e monkeys already specializ$4 ,at ?is remot] p]iod !y 7 probably n sep>able f ! insectivora1 or 7p]haps7 f ! ance/ral m>supials4 ,ev5 n[ we h "o liv+ =m1 ! curi\s ,galeopi!cus or fly+ lemur1 :i* has only rec5tly be5 sep>at$ f ! lemurs1 ) :i* x 0 =m]ly unit$1 to be class$ z "o ( ! insectivora2 & x is only among ! ,opossums & "s o!r m>supials t we aga9 f9d h&-l feet ) opposable ?umbs1 :i* are su* a curi\s & con/ant feature ( ! monkey tribe4 ,?is relation%ip to ! l[e/ ( ! mammalian tribes seems inconsi/5t ) ! place usually accord$ to ^! animals at ! head ( ! entire mammalian s]ies1 & op5s up ! "q :e!r ?is is a real sup]iority or :e!r x dep5ds m]ely on ! obvi\s relation%ip to ourselves4 ,if we c\ld suppose a be+ gift$ ) high intellig5ce1 b ) a =m totally unlike t ( man1 to h visit$ ! e>? be=e man exi/$ 9 ord] to /udy ! v>i\s =ms ( animal life t 7 f\nd !re1 we c h>dly ?9k he w\ld h plac$ ! monkey tribe s high z we d4 ,he w\ld obs]ve t _! :ole organization 0 specially adapt$ to an arboreal life1 & ?is specialization w\ld be r aga9/ _! claim+ ! fir/ rank among t]re/rial creatures4 ,nei!r 9 size1 nor /r5g?1 nor beauty1 w\ld !y comp>e ) _m o!r =ms1 :ile 9 intellig5ce !y w\ld n surpass1 ev5 if !y equal$1 ! horse or ! beav]4 ,! c>nivora1 z a :ole1 w\ld c]ta9ly be held to surpass !m 9 ! exquisite p]fection ( _! physical /ructure1 :ile ! flexible trunk ( ! elephant1 comb9$ ) 8 va/ /r5g? & admirable sagacity1 w\ld probably ga9 = him ! fir/ rank 9 ! animal creation4 ,b if ?is w\ld h be5 a true e/imate1 ! m]e fact t ! ape is our ne>e/ relation does n necess>ily oblige u to come to any o!r conclusion4 ,man is und\bt$ly ! mo/ p]fect ( all animals1 b he is s solely 9 respect ( *>act]s 9 :i* he diff]s f all ! monkey tribe--! easily erect po/ure1 ! p]fect fre$om ( ! h&s f all "p 9 locomotion1 ! l>ge size & complete opposability ( ! ?umb1 & ! well develop$ bra91 :i* enables him fully to utilize ^! comb9$ physical advantages4 ,! monkeys h none ( ^!2 & )\t !m ! am\nt ( resemblance !y h to u is no advantage1 & conf]s no rank4 ,we are bias$ by ! too exclusive consid]ation ( ! man-l apes4 ,if ^! did n exi/ ! rema9+ monkeys c\ld n be !reby det]iorat$ z to _! organization or l[]$ 9 _! zoological position1 b x is d\btful if we %\ld !n class !m s high z we n[ d4 ,we might !n dwell m on _! resemblances to l[] types--to rod5ts1 to insectivora1 & to m>supials1 & %\ld h>dly rank ! hide\s baboon above ! graceful leop>d or /ately /ag4 ,! true conclusion appe>s to be1 t ! comb9ation ( ext]nal *>act]s & int]nal /ructure :i* exi/s 9 ! monkeys1 is t :i*1 :5 greatly improv$1 ref9$1 & beautifi$1 0 be/ calculat$ to become ! p]fect in/rum5t ( ! human intellect & to aid 9 ! developm5t ( man's high] nature2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! rude1 inh>moni\s1 & undevelop$ /ate :i* x has rea*$ 9 ! quadrumana1 x is by no means wor?y ( ! highe/ place1 or c be held to exhibit ! mo/ p]fect developm5t ( exi/+ animal life4--,contempor>y ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,arts4 ,,silk-,,produc+ ,,bombyces ,,& ,,o!r ,,lepidopt]a ,,re>$ ,,9 #ahha4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,wailly1 ,membre ,laurat de la ,socit d',acclimatation de ,france4 ,by ref]r+ to my reports = ! ye>s #ahgi & #ahhj1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,febru>y #ac & ,m>* #e1 #ahhj1 ,febru>y #be & ,m>* #d1 #ahha1 x w be se5 t ! bad wea!r prev5t$ ! successful re>+ 9 ! op5 air ( mo/ species ( silk-produc+ l>v4 ,9 #ahha1 ! wea!r 0 extremely favorable up to ! end ( ,july1 b ! incessant & heavy ra9s ( ! mon? ( ,augu/ & beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 prov$ fatal to mo/ ( ! l>v :5 !y 7 9 _! la/ /ages4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( my _m difficulties1 ,i _h ! satisfaction ( see+ !m to _! la/ /age4 ,l>v ( all ! silk-produc+ bombyces 7 pres]v$ 9 _! diff]5t /ages1 & c be se5 9 ! ,be?nal-gre5 ,museum4 ,9 ,july1 :5 ! wea!r 0 magnific5t1 ! little trees 9 my g>d5 7 lit]ally cov]$ ) l>v ( m species ?an ,i ev] _h be=e1 & two or ?ree m weeks ( fair wea!r w\ld h giv5 me a good crop ( cocoons1 in/ead ( :i* ,i only obta9$ a v small numb]4 ,! sp>r[s1 z usual1 also de/roy$ a quantity ( worms1 9 spite ( wire or fi%-nett+ plac$ ov] "s ( ! trees4 ,on ! trees 7 to be se5--,attacus cyn?ia 7! ,ailantus silkworm71 ! re>+ ( :i* 01 z usual1 mo/ successful2 ,samia cecropia & ,samia glov]i1 f ,am]ica2 also hybrids ( ,glov]i cecropia & ,cecropia glov]i2 ,samia prome!a & ,telea polyphemus2 ,attacus p]nyi1 & a new hybrid1 :i* ,i obta9$ ?is la/ season by ! cross+ ( ,p]nyi ) ,royle4 ,= ! fir/ "t ,i re>$ ,actias sel5e1 f ,india1 on a nut-tree 9 ! g>d51 & ,attacus atlas1 on ! ailantus4 ,! ,sel5e l>v rea*$ _! fif? & la/ /age4 ,! ,atlas l>v only rea*$ ! ?ird /age1 & 7 de/roy$ by ! heavy ra9s2 only two rema9$ on ! tree till ab\t ! #h? or #i? ( ,septemb]1 :5 !y _h to be remov$4 ,i %all n[ reproduce ! notes ,i took on "s ( ! v>i\s species ,i re>$4 ,actias ,sel5e4--,) sixty cocoons ,i only obta9$ "o pair+4 ,! mo?s em]g$ f ! beg9n+ ( ,m>* till ! #ac? ( ,augu/1 at int]vals ( "s duration1 or 9 bat*es ( males or females4 ,i obta9$ a pair+ ( ,sel5e on ! #cjtoh ( ,june1 #ahha1 & ! worms comm5c$ to hat* on ! #ac? ( ,july4 ,! l>v 9 fir/ /age are ( a f9e br[n-r$1 ) a broad black b& 9 ! middle ( ! body4 ,! second /age comm5c$ on ! #bj? ( ,july2 l>v1 ( a light] r$di% color1 )\t ! black b&2 tub]cles black4 ,?ird /age comm5c$ on ! #bh? ( ,july2 l>v gre52 ! fir/ f\r tub]cles yell[1 ) a black r+ at ! base2 o!r tub]cles1 orange yell[4 ,f\r? /age comm5c$ on ! #f? ( ,augu/2 l>v gre52 fir/ f\r tub]cles gold5-yell[1 ! o!rs orange-r$4 ,fif? /age comm5c$ on ! #ai? ( ,augu/2 fir/ f\r tub]cles yell[1 ) a black r+ at ! base2 o!r tub]cles yell[1 slightly t+$ ) orange-r$2 lat]al b& br[n & gre5i% yell[2 head & =elegs d>k-br[n4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ! l>v 7 re>$ on a nut-tree 9 ! g>d51 till ! la/ /age4 ,sel5e fe$s on v>i\s trees--walnut1 wild *]ry1 wild pe>1 etc4 ,9 ,ceylon 7at ,k&y71 x is f\nd on ! wild olive tree4 ,z f> z ,i am in=m$ by correspond5ts 9 ,ceylon1 ?is species is n f\nd--or is seldom f\nd--on ! coa/s1 b ,attacus atlas & ,mylitta are commonly f\nd !re4 ,attacus 7an!roea7 roylei 7) sixty cocoons72 ?ree pair+s only 7 obta9$1 & ?is species ,i f\nd ! mo/ difficult to pair 9 captivity4 ,two mo?s em]g$ on ! #e? ( ,m>*1 a male & a female1 & a pair+ 0 obta9$2 b ! wea!r be+ !n too cold1 ! ova 7 n f]tile1 ! female mo?1 aft] lay+ ab\t two hundr$ eggs1 liv$ till ! #bb;d ( ,m>*1 :i* is a v long "t2 ?is 0 ow+ to ! l[ temp]ature4 ,! mo?s em]g$ aft]w>d f ! #h? ( ,april till ! #be? ( ,june4 ,a pair+ took place on ! #b;d ( ,june1 & ano!r on ! #f? ( ,june4 ,roylei 7! ,himalaya oak silkworm7 is v closely alli$ to ,p]nyi1 ! ,*9ese oak silkworm2 ! ,roylei mo?s are ( a light] color1 b ! l>v ( bo? species c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two species is 9 ! cocoon4 ,! ,roylei cocoon is )9 a v l>ge & t\gh envelope1 :ile t ( ,p]nyi has no out] envelope at all4 ,! l>v ( ,roylei ,i re>$ did n ?rive1 & ! small numb] ,i _h only w5t to ! f\r? /age1 ow+ to sev]al causes4 ,i br$ !m "u glass1 9 a gre5-h\se4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ! l>v 7 unable to cut ! %ell ( ! egg4 ,"h are a few notes ,i f9d 9 my book3 ,ova ( ,roylei comm5c$ to hat* on ! #bi? ( ,june2 second /age comm5c$ on ! #i? ( ,july4 ,! l>v 9 ! fir/ two /ages seem$ to me simil> to ^? ( ,p]nyi1 z f> z ,i c\ld see4 ,9 second /age1 ! tub]cles 7 ( a brilliant orange-r$2 on anal segm5t1 blue dot on ea* side4 ,?ird /age1 f\r r[s ( orange-yell[ tub]cles1 two blue dots on anal segm5t1 brilliant gold metallic spots at ! base ( ! tub]cles on ! back1 & silv] metallic spots at ! base ( ! tub]cles on ! sides4 ,no fur!r notes tak54 ,"o ( my correspond5ts 9 ,vi5na 7,au/ria7 obta9$ a rem>kable success 9 ! re>+ ( ,roylei4 ,f ! tw5ty-five eggs he _h tw5ty-?ree l>v hat*$1 :i* produc$ tw5ty-?ree f9e cocoons4 ,! same correspond5t1 ) ?irty-five eggs ( ,samia glov]i1 obta9$ tw5ty cocoons4 ,my o!r correspond5ts did n obta9 any success 9 re>+ ^! two species1 z f> z ,i "k4 ,hybrid ,roylei-,p]nyi4--,i h said t x is extremely difficult to obta9 ! pair+ ( ,roylei mo?s 9 captivity4 ,b ! male ,p]nyi pair$ readily ) ! female ,roylei4 ,i obta9$ six su* pair+s1 & a l>ge quantity ( f]tile ova4 ,! pair+s ( ,roylei 7female7 ) ,p]nyi 7male7 took place z foll[s3 two on ! #ba/ ( ,may1 "o on ! #c;d ( ,june1 two on ! #d? ( ,june1 & "o on ! #f?4 ,! l>v ( ?is new hybrid1 ,roylei-,p]nyi1 contr>y to :at might h be5 expect$1 7 mu* easi] to re> ?an ^? ( ,roylei1 & ! cocoons obta9$ are f> sup]ior to ^? ( ,roylei1 9 size1 weight1 & ri*ness ( silk4 ,! cocoon ( my new hybrid has1 l ,roylei1 an envelope1 b !re is no space betwe5 ?is envelope & ! true cocoon inside4 ,!re=e1 ?is "t1 ! cross+ ( two diff]5t species 7b1 x mu/ be add$1 two v closely alli$ species7 has produc$ a hybrid v sup]ior1 at lea/ to "o ( ! types1 t ( ,roylei4 ,! cocoons ( ! hybrid ,roylei-,p]nyi seem to me l>g] & heavi] ?an any ,p]nyi cocoons ,i h z yet se54 ,! l>v ( ?is new hybrid h be5 successfully re>$ 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,au/ria1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! cocoons obta9$ by ,h]r ,l4 ,huessman1 "o ( my ,g]man correspond5ts1 are rem>kable = _! size & beauty4 ,! silk is silv]y :ite4 ,i h sev5te5 cocoons ( ?is hybrid species1 :i* numb] may be suffici5t = its reproduction4 ,b ! "q arises1 ,w ! mo?s obta9$ f ^! cocoons be susceptible ( reproduction8 ,9 my report on ,lepidopt]a = ! ye> #ahgi1 ,i /at$1 ) respect to hybrids & deg5]acy1 t hybrids _h be5 obta9$ by ! cross+ ( ,attacus p]nyi & ,attacus yama-ma1 b t1 al?\gh ! mo?s 7"s ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,be?nal-gre5 ,museum7 are l>ge & app>5tly p]fect 9 e respect1 yet ^! hybrids c\ld n be reproduc$4 ,x mu/ be /at$ t ^! two species diff] ess5tially 9 "o p>ticul> po9t4 ,yama-ma hib]nates 9 ! ovum /ate1 :ile ,p]nyi hib]nates 9 ! pupa /ate4 ,! hybrids hib]nat$ 9 ! pupa /ate4 ,roylei1 z ,p]nyi1 hib]nates 9 ! pupa /ate4 ,9 ! ,novemb] numb]1 #ahha1 ( ,! ,entomologi/1 ,mr4 ,w4,f4 ,kirby1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 wrote an article hav+ = its title1 ,h]maphrodite-hybrid ,sph+id1 9 :i*1 ref]r+ to hybrids ( ,sm]9?us ocellatus & populi1 he says t h]maphroditism is ! usual "* ( su* hybrids4 ,i extract ! foll[+ passage f 8 article3 ,i 0 "u ! impression t h]maphroditism 0 ! usual "* ( ^! hybrids2 & x has sugge/$ itself to my m9d z a possibility1 :i* ,i h n1 at pres5t1 suffici5t data ei!r to prove or to disprove1 t ! /]ility ( hybrids 9 g5]al 7/ill a some:at obscure subject7 may p]haps be p>tly due to hybridism hav+ a t5d5cy to produce h]maphroditism4 ,n[1 w ! mo?s ( new hybrid ,roylei p]nyi 7:i* ,i expect w em]ge 9 ,may or ,june1 #ahhb7 h ! same t5d5cy to h]maphroditism z has be5 obs]v$ ) ! hybrids obta9$ by ! cross+ ( ,sm]9?us populi ) ,sm4 ocellatus8 ,i d n ?9k t su* w be ! case ) ! mo?s ( ! hybrid ,roylei-p]nyi1 on acc\nt ( ! close relation%ip ( ,roylei ) ,p]nyi1 b no?+ c]ta9 c be kn[n till ! mo?s h em]g$4 ,"h are ! few notes tak5 on ! hybrid ,roylei-p]nyi3 ,ova comm5c$ to hat* on ! #ab? ( ,june2 ^! 7 f ! pair+ :i* _h tak5 place on ! #ba/ ( ,may4 ,l>v1 black1 ) long :ite hairs4 ,second /age comm5c$ on ! #ba/ ( ,june4 ,l>va1 ( a beautiful gre52 tub]cles orange-yell[2 head d>k br[n4 ,?ird /age comm5c$ on ! #a/ ( ,july2 f\r? /age on ! #g?4 ,l>va ( same color 9 ^? /ages2 tub]cles on ! back1 violet-blue or mauve2 tub]cles on ! sides1 blue4 ,fif? /age comm5c$ on ! #ah? ( ,july4 ,l>va1 ) tub]cles on back & sides1 blue1 or violet-blue4 ,fir/ cocoon comm5c$ on ! #aj? ( ,augu/4 ,want ( "t prev5t$ me f tak+ full] & m accurate notes4 ,attacus ,atlas4--,= ! fir/ "t1 z /at$ be=e1 ,i attempt$ ! re>+ ( a small numb] ( ,atlas l>v 9 ! op5 air on ! ailantus tree1 b _h to remove ! la/ two rema9+ l>v 9 ,septemb]2 ! o!rs _h all disappe>$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! heavy & incessant ra9s4 ,^! l>v 7 f eggs s5t to me by "o ( my ,g]man correspond5ts4 ,! pair+ ( ! mo?s _h tak5 place on ! #ag? ( ,july1 & ! eggs _h comm5c$ to hat* on ! #d? ( ,augu/4 ,i _h ab\t eighty cocoons ( ano!r & l>g] race ( ,atlas import$ f ! ,prov9ce ( ,kumaon1 b only eight mo?s em]g$ at int]vals f ! #ca/ ( ,july to ! #cj? ( ,septemb]4 ,n only did ! mo?s em]ge too late 9 ! season1 b !re nev] 0 a *ance ( obta9+ a pair+4 ,9 my report on ,indian silkworms1 publi%$ 9 ! ,novemb] numb] ( ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe d',acclimatation1 = ! ye> #ahha1 compil$ f ! "w ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,geoghegan1 ,i reproduce ! fir/ app5dix ( ,capta9 ,?omas ,hutton to ,mr4 ,geoghegan's "w1 9 :i* are giv5 ! names ( all ! ,indian silkworms kn[n by him up to ! ye> #ahga4 ,( ,attacus atlas1 ,capta9 ,hutton says3 ,x is common at #e1ejj feet at ,mussoorie1 & 9 ! ,dehra ,doon2 x is also f\nd 9 "s ( ! deep w>m gl5s ( ! out] hills4 ,x is also common at ,almorah1 :]e ! l>va fe$s almo/ exclusively ^u ! ',kilmorah' bu% or ,b]b]is asiatica2 :ile at ,mussoorie x w n t\* t plant1 b fe$s exclusively ^u ! l>ge milky leaves ( ,falcon]ia insignis4 ,! worm is1 p]haps1 m easily re>$ ?an any o!r ( ! wild bombycid4 ,i w n[ quote f lett]s receiv$ f "o ( my correspond5ts 9 ,ceylon1 a g5tleman ( great exp]i5ce & k 9 s]iculture4 ,9 a lett] dat$ #bd? ,augu/1 #ahha1 my correspond5t says3 ,! ,atlas mo? seems to be a ne> relation ( ! ,cyn?ia1 & w\ld probably fe$ on ! ,ailantus4 ,"h x fe$s on ! c9namon & a great numb] ( o!r trees ( widely diff]5t species2 b ! tree on :i* ,i h kept x mo/ successfully 9 a dome/ic /ate is ! ,milnea roxburghiana1 a h&some tree1 ) d>k-gre5 t]nate leaves1 :i* keep fre% long aft] be+ deta*$ f ! tree4 ,i d n ?9k ! cocoon c ev] be reel$1 z ! ?read usually breaks :5 x comes to ! op5 end4 ,i h tri$ to reel a great _m ,atlas cocoons1 b always f\nd ! process too t$i\s & tr\blesome = practical use4 ,! ,mylitta 7,tuss]7 is a m h>dy species ?an ! ,atlas1 & ,i h _h no difficulty 9 dome/icat+ x4 ,"h x fe$s on ! ca%ew-nut tree1 on ! s-call$ almond ( ?is c\ntry 7,t]m9alia catappa71 :i* is a l>ge tree entirely diff]5t f ! ,european almond1 & on _m o!r trees4 ,mo/ ( ! trees ^: leaves turn r$ :5 ab\t to fall seem to suit x1 b x is n conf9$ to ^!4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,atlas mo?1 ,i discov]$ "o ?+ :i* may be well wor? kn[+1 & t 01 t ) cocoons br\ght to ! seaside aft] ! l>v _h be5 re>$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 9 a temp]ature t5 or twelve degrees cold]1 ! mo?s em]g$ 9 f t5 to tw5ty days aft] ! =mation ( ! cocoon4 ,! duration ( ! pupa /age 9 ?is1 & probably 9 o!r species1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature 9 :i* ! l>v h liv$1 z well z ! degree ( heat 9 :i* ! cocoons are kept2 & 9 transport+ cocoons f ,india to ,europe1 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t ! mo?s are less liable to be prematurely =c$ out by ! heat ( ! ,r$ ,sea :5 ! l>v h be5 re>$ 9 a w>m climate ?an :5 !y h be5 re>$ 9 a cold "o4 ,i d n agree ) ! op9ion express$ 9 "o ( y\r reports1 t ! %ort duration ( ! l>va /age1 caus$ by a high temp]ature1 has ! effect ( dim9i%+ ! size ( ! cocoons1 because ! ,atlas & ,tuss] cocoons produc$ at ! sea-level "h are q z l>ge z ^? f\nd 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces at elevations ( ?ree ?\s& feet or m4 ,accord+ to ! treatise on ! ,silk ,manufacture1 9 ,l>dn]'s ,cyclop$ia1 ! ,*9ese are ( op9ion t "o dra*m ( mulb]ry silkworms' eggs w produce #be ounces ( silk if ! cat]pill>s atta9 maturity )9 tw5ty-five days2 #bj ounces if ! comm5cem5t ( ! cocoons be delay$ until ! tw5ty-eigh? day2 & only #aj ounces if x be delay$ until betwe5 ! ?irtie? & =tie? day4 ,if ?is is correct1 a %ort-liv$ l>va /age mu/1 in/ead ( caus+ small cocoons1 produce j ! contr>y effect4 ,9 ano!r lett]1 dat$ ,novemb] #be1 #ahha1 my correspond5t says3 ,i am sorry t y h n _h bett] success 9 ! re>+ ( y\r l>v1 b y %\ld n despair4 ,x is possible t ! *oice ( an improp] food-plant may h z mu* to d ) failures z ! coldness & dampness ( ! ,engli% climate4 ,i lo/ _m ?\s&s ( ,atlas cat]pill>s be=e ,i f\nd out ! prop] tree to keep !m on 9 a dome/icat$ /ate2 & :5 ,i did atta9 p>tial success1 ,i c\ld n keep !m = m ?an "o g5]ation1 till ,i f\nd ! ,milnea roxburghiana to be _! prop] food plant4 ,i d n "k ! prop] food-plant ( ! ,mylitta 7,tuss]71 b ,i h succe$$ v well ) x1 z x is a m h>dy species ?an ! ,atlas4 ,?\gh a ,bombyx be polyphag\s 9 a /ate ( nature1 yet ,i ?9k mo/ species h a tree prop] to !mselves1 on :i* !y are m at home ?an on any o!r plant4 ,i %\ld l1 if y c\ld f9d out f "s y\r correspond5ts 9 ,india1 on :at species ( tree ,mylitta cocoons are f\nd 9 ! l>ge/ numb]s1 & :at is ab\t ! greate/ numb] f\nd on a s+le tree4 ,! ,mylitta is common en\gh "h1 b !re does n seem to be any k9d ( tree "h on :i* ! cocoons are to be f\nd 9 great] numb]s ?an twos & ?rees2 & !re mu/ be "s tree 9 ,india on :i* ! cocoons are to be f\nd 9 mu* great] pl5ty1 because !y c\ld n o!rwise be collect$ 9 suffici5t quantity = manufactur+ purposes4 ,! ,atlas is "h f\nd on tw5ty or m diff]5t k9ds ( trees1 b a hundr$ or a hundr$ & fifty cocoons or l>v may be f\nd on a s+le tree ( ,milnea roxburghiana1 :ile !y are to be f\nd only s+ly1 or 9 twos & ?rees1 on any o!r tree t ,i "k (4 ,! ,atlas & ,mylitta seem to be respectively ! ,indian relations ( ! ,cyn?ia & ,p]nyi4 ,x is1 !re=e1 probable t ! ,ailantus w\ld be ! mo/ suitable ,european tree = ! ,atlas1 & ! oak = ! ,mylitta4 ,attacus mylitta 7,an!ra paphia74--,i did n receive a s+le cocoon ( ?is species = ! season #ahha4 ,my /ock consi/$ ( sev5 cocoons1 f ! lot receiv$ f ,calcutta at ! end ( ,febru>y1 #ahhj4 ,five 7 female1 & two male cocoons2 "o ( ! latt] di$1 ?us r$uc+ ! numb] to six4 ,! mo?s em]g$ z foll[s3 ,"o female on ! #ba/ ( ,june1 "o female on ! #bf?1 "o female on ! #bh?1 "o female on ! #a/ ( ,july1 & "o male on ! #c;d ( ,augu/2 ! latt] em]g+ ?irty-f\r days too late to be ( any use = re>+ purposes4 ,! la/ female mo? em]g$1 ,i ?9k1 ab\t ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,^! cocoons _h hib]nat$ twice1 z has be5 ! case ) o!r ,indian species4 ,i _h ,indian cocoons :i* hib]nat$ ev5 ?ree times4 ,attacus cyn?ia1 f ! prov9ce ( ,kumaon4--,) ! ,atlas cocoons1 a l>ge quantity ( ,cyn?ia cocoons 7 collect$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kumaon4 ,bo? species _h1 no d\bt1 f$ on ! same trees2 z ! ,cyn?ia1 l ! ,atlas cocoons1 7 all inclos$ 9 leaves ( ! ,b]b]is vulg>is1 :i* %[s t ,cyn?ia is also a polyphag\s species4 ,x is already kn[n t x fe$s on sev]al species ( trees1 besides ! ailantus1 su* z ! laburnum1 lilac1 *]ry1 &1 ,i ?9k1 also on ! ca/or-oil plant2 ! common b>b]ry has1 !re=e1 to be add$ to ! above food plants4 ,^! ,kumaon ,cyn?ia cocoons 7 some:at small] & mu* d>k] 9 color ?an ^? ( ! acclimatiz$ ,cyn?ia re>$ on ! ailantus4 ,! mo?s ( ?is wild ,indian ,cyn?ia 7 also ( a ri*] color ?an ^? ( ! cultivat$ species 9 ,europe4 ,dur+ ! summ] #ahha1 ,i saw cocoons ( my own ,cyn?ia race obta9$ f worms :i* _h be5 re>$ on ! laburnum tree4 ,^! cocoons 71 z f> z ,i c rememb]1 ( a yell[i% or saffron color2 :i* ,i _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! color ( ! cocoon 0 v likely produc$ by ! *ange ( food1 al?\gh x has be5 /at$1 & ,i ?9k x may be q correct1 t ) _m species ( native lepidopt]a ! *ange ( food-plants does n produce any diff]5ce ( color 9 ! insects obta9$4 ,) respect to ! ,cyn?ia worms re>$ on ! laburnum in/ead ( ! ailantus1 x may be t ! mo?s1 :i* w em]ge f ! yell[ cocoons1 w be simil> to ^? obta9$ f cocoons spun by worms br$ on ! ailantus1 & t ! only diff]5ce w be 9 ! color ( ! cocoons4 ,! ,kumaon ,cyn?ia cocoons1 z ,i f\nd x to be ! case ) ,indian species introduc$ = ! fir/ "t into ,europe1 did n produce mo?s at ! same "t1 nor z regul>ly z ! acclimatiz$ species4 ,! mo?s em]g$ z foll[s3 ,"o female on ! #bb;d ( ,july2 "o female on ! #be?2 "o male on ! #c;d ,augu/2 "o female on ! #ai?2 "o male on ! #bh? ( ,augu/2 "o male on ! #b;d ,septemb]2 "o female on ! #c;d4 ,a pair+ 0 obta9$ ) ! latt] two4 ,two males em]g$ on ! #d? ( ,septemb]2 "o male on ! #f?2 "o male & "o female on ! #bb;d2 "o female on ! #bc;d2 & "o female on ! #be? ( ,septemb]4 ,five cocoons1 :i* did n produce any mo?s1 conta9 pup1 :i* are /ill 9 p]fect condition2 & ! mo?s w no d\bt em]ge next summ] 7#ahhb74 ,z se5 9 my note1 a pair+ ( ?is wild ,indian ,cyn?ia took place2 ?is 0 f ! ev5+ ( ! #d? to ! #e? ( ,septemb]4 ,! eggs laid by ! female mo? 7 deposit$ 9 a mo/ curi\s way1 9 small] or l>g] quantities1 b all =m+ p]fect triangles4 ,^! eggs ,i gave to a flori/ :o has be5 v successful 9 ! re>+ ( silk-produc+ & o!r l>v2 tell+ him to re> ! ,cyn?ia on lilacs gr[n 9 pots & plac$ 9 a hot-h\se1 :i* 0 done4 ,! worms1 :i* hat*$ 9 a few days1 z !y 7 plac$ 9 a hot-h\se1 ?riv$ wond]fully well1 & ,i might say !y ?riv$ too well1 z !y grew s fa/ & became s voraci\s t ! gr[? ( ! lilac trees c\ld n keep pace ) ! gr[? ( ! worms4 ,^!1 at ! f\r? /age1 became s l>ge t ! foliage 0 entirely dev\r$1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! consequ5ce 0 t all ! worms 7 />v$4 ,i only he>d ( ! result ( t exp]im5t long aft] ! dea? ( ! l>v2 o!rwise ,i %\ld h sugge/$ ! use ( ano!r plant aft] ! de/ruction ( ! foliage ( ! lilacs2 ! privet 7,ligu/rum vulg>e7 might h be5 tri$1 & success obta9$ ) x4 ,( su* species z ,attacus pyri1 ( ,c5tral ,europe1 & ,attacus p]nyi1 ! ,nor? ,*9ese oak silkworm1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ 9 my previ\s reports1 & br$ e season = sev]al ye>s1 ,i %all only say t ,i nev] c\ld re> ,pyri 9 ! op5 air 9 ,london1 up to ! =mation ( ! cocoon4 ,z to ,p]nyi1 ,i _h1 9 #ahha1 an imm5se quantity ( spl5did mo?s1 f :i* ,i obta9$ ! l>ge/ quantity ( ova ,i ev] _h ( ?is species4 ,i _h _m ?\s&s ( f]tile ova ( ,p]nyi1 :i* ,i 0 unable to di/ribute4 ,_m s*oolboys re>$ ,p]nyi worms1 b ) :at success ,i d n yet "k4 ,! numb] ( f]tile ova obta9$ f ,pyri mo?s 0 also m consid]able ?an 9 =m] ye>s1 :i* 0 due p>tly to ! good quality ( ! pup1 & p>tly to ! v favorable wea!r 9 ,june1 at ! "t ! pair+s ( ! mo?s took place4 ,leav+ ^!1 ,i n[ come to ! ,nor? ,am]ican species4 ,telea polyphemus4--,z ,i h /at$ 9 =m] ye>s1 ?is is ! be/ ,nor? ,am]ican silkworm1 produc+ a clos$ cocoon1 some:at small] ?an t ( ,p]nyi1 b ! silk seems z good z t ( ,p]nyi4 ,! cocoons ( ,polyphemus ,i _h 9 #ahha 7 small] & inf]ior 9 quality to ^? ,i _h be=e4 ,^? receiv$ 9 #ahgh & #ahgi 7 consid]ably f9] & l>g] ?an ^? :i* 7 s5t 9 #ahhj & #ahha2 besides1 !y 7 s5t 9 mu* l>g] quantities4 ,! cocoons receiv$ ?is ye> 7#ahhb7 are f9] ?an ^? ( #ahha1 b yet !y _c be comp>$ ) ^? ( #ahgh & #ahgi4 ,) ab\t sixty cocoons ( ,telea polyphemus ,i only obta9$ ?ree pair+s1 :i* ,i attribute solely to ! weakness ( ! mo?s1 z ! wea!r 0 all t c\ld be desir$ = ! pair+s4 ,! mo?s em]g$ f ! #a/ ( ,june to ! #bj? ( ,july4 ,"o male mo? em]g$ on ! #g? ,septemb]4 ,?is latt] 0 "o f a small numb] ( cocoons receiv$ f ,alabama2 ! o!r cocoons ( ! same race _h em]g$ at ! same "t z ! cocoons f ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ! species is s+le-brood$2 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates x is d\ble-brood$4 ,! l>v ( ,polyphemus c be br$ 9 ! op5 air 9 ,engl&1 almo/ z easily z ^? ( ,p]nyi1 & ev5 ,cyn?ia2 !y w pass ?r\gh _! five /ages & sp9 _! cocoons on ! trees1 unless ! wea!r %\ld be unexceptionally cold & wet1 z 0 ! case dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #ahha1 :5 ! l>v _h rea*$ _! full size2 !y 7 re>$ ?is ye> on ! nut-tree1 & "s on ! oak4 ,! species is extremely polyphag\s1 & w fe$ well on oak1 bir*1 *e/nut1 bee*1 will[1 nut1 etc4 ,! mo? ( ,polyphemus is v beautiful1 &1 z 9 "s o!r species1 v>ies 9 its %ades ( color4 ,! l>va is ( a transp>5t gre51 ( extreme beauty2 ! head is light br[n2 )\t any black dots1 z 9 ,p]nyi2 ! sp9es are p9k1 & at ! base ( ea* ( !m !re is a brilliant metallic spot4 ,:5 ! sun %9es on !m ! l>v seem to be cov]$ ) diamonds4 ,^! metallic spots at ! base ( ! sp9es are also se5 on ,p]nyi1 ,yama mai1 ,mylitta1 & o!r species ( ! g5us ,an!ra1 all hav+ a clos$ cocoon1 b none ( ^! h s _m z ,polyphemus4 ,! cocoons ( ! species ( ! g5us ,actias are clos$1 b ! l>v h n ! metallic spots ( ! species ( ! g5us ,an!ra4 ,samia ,glov]i4--,?ree ,nor? ,am]ican silk-produc+ bombyces1 v closely alli$1 h be5 m5tion$ 9 my previ\s reports2 !y are2 ,samia ceano?i1 f ,cali=nia2 ,samia glov]i1 f ,utah & ,arizona2 & ,samia cecropia1 commonly f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates--! latt] is ! be/ & l>ge/ silk produc]4 ,cross+s ( ^! species took places 9 #ahhj1 &1 z ,i /at$ be=e1 ! ova obta9$ f a long pair+ betwe5 a ,ceano?i female ) a ,glov]i male1 7 ! only ones :i* 7 f]tile4 ,! ,glov]i cocoons receiv$ 9 #ahhj 7 ( a v inf]ior quality1 & produc$ mo?s f :i* no pair+s c\ld be obta9$1 al?\gh "s cross+s took place4 ,9 #ahha1 ! ,glov]i cocoons1 on ! contr>y1 produc$ f9e1 heal?y mo?s2 yet only five pair+s c\ld be obta9$1 ) ab\t "o hundr$ cocoons4 ,besides ^! five pair+s1 a quantity ( f]tile ova 7 obta9$ by ! cross+s ( ,s4 glov]i 7female7 ) ,s4 cecropia 7male71 & ,cecropia 7female7 ) ,glov]i 7male74 ,no success1 s f> z ,i "k1 0 obta9$ ) ! re>+ ( ! hybrid l>v2 ! re>+s ( ! l>v ( pure ,glov]i 7 also1 ,i ?9k1 a failure1 only "o correspond5t hav+ be5 successful2 b "s correspond5ts h n yet made ! result ( _! exp]im5ts kn[n to me4 ,! l>v ( ,samia cecropia1 ,s4 glov]i1 & ,s4 ceano?i1 are v mu* alike2 & h>dly any diff]5ce c be obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ two /ages4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? /ages1 ! l>v ( ,s4 cecropia & ,s4 glov]i are also ne>ly alike2 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two species & ,s4 cecropia be+ t ! tub]cles on ! back are ( a uni=m color--orange-r$1 or yell[--:ile on ,cecropia ! fir/ f\r dorsal tub]cles are r$1 & ! re/ yell[4 ,! tub]cles on ! sides are blue on ! ?ree species4 ,! l>v ( ! hybrids ,glov]i-cecropia 71 z f> z ,i c\ld obs]ve1 l ^? ( ,cecropia1 b ,i notic$ "s ) six r$ tub]cles on ! back in/ead ( f\r1 z on ,cecropia4 ,!y 7 re>$ on plum1 apple1 & ,salix caprea2 9 ! op5 air4 ,! l>v ( ,samia glov]i 7 re>$1 dur+ ! fir/ f\r /ages on a wild plum-tree1 !n on ,salix1 caprea1 & ,i reproduce ! notes tak5 on ?is species1 :i* ,i br$ ?is ye> 7#ahha7 = ! fir/ "t4 ,glov]i mo?s em]g$ f ! #ae? ( ,may to ! end ( ,june2 five pair+s took place z foll[s3 #a/1 #d?1 #i?1 #bd?1 & #bf? ( ,june4 ,fir/ /age--l>v q black4 ,second /age--l>v orange1 ) black sp9es4 ,?ird /age--dorsal sp9es1 orange-r$2 sp9es on sides blue4 ,f\r? /age--dorsal sp9es1 orange or yell[1 sp9es on ! sides blue2 body light blue on ! back1 & gre5i% yell[ on ! sides2 head1 gre52 legs1 yell[4 ,fif? & six? /age--l>v ne>ly ! same2 tub]cles on ! back yell[1 ! fir/ f\r hav+ a black r+ at ! base2 side tub]cles ivory-:ite1 ) a d>k-blue base4 ,! above-m5tion$ ,am]ican species1 l mo/ o!r silk-produc+ bombyces1 7 br$ 9 ! op5 air2 b besides ^!1 ,i re>$ ?ree o!r species ( ,am]ican bombyces 9 ! h\se1 "u glass1 & ) ! greate/ success4 ,^! are3 ,hyp]*iria io1 a beautiful species m5tion$ 9 my report = ! ye> #ahgi2 ,orgyia leuco/igma1 f ova receiv$ on ,decemb] #bi1 #ahhj1 f ,madison1 ,wis41 :i* hat*$ on ! #bg? ( ,may1 #ahha4 ,! ?ird ,am]ican species re>$ "u glass is ! foll[+ v int]e/+ bombyx3 ,c]atocampa 7,eacles7 imp]ialis4 ,! pup ( ?is species are r\gh1 & arm$ ) small1 %>p po9ts at all ! segm5ts2 ! la/ segm5t hav+ a ?ick1 /raight1 & bifid tail4 ,! mo?s1 :i* measure f f\r to ab\t six in*es 9 expanse ( w+s1 are bright yell[1 ) l>ge pat*es & r\nd spots ( r$di%-br[n1 ) a purple gloss2 besides ^! pat*es & r\nd spots1 ! w+s are cov]$ ) small d>k dots4 ,! male mo? is mu* m blot*$ ?an ! female1 & al?\gh ( a small] size1 is mu* m %[y ?an ! female4 ,) tw5ty-f\r pup ( ,imp]ialis ,i obta9$ n9ete5 mo?s f ! #ba/ ( ,june to ! #ai? ( ,july2 five pup di$4 ,two pair+s took place2 ! fir/ f ! ev5+ ( ! #ac? to ! morn+ ( ! #ad?2 ! second f ! ev5+ ( ! #ae? to ! morn+ ( ! #af? ( ,july4 ,! ova1 :i* are ab\t ! size ( ^? ( ,yama-mai1 ,p]nyi1 or ,mylitta1 are r flat & concave on "o side1 ( an amb]-yell[ color & transp>5t1 l ^? ( sph+id4 ,:5 ! l>v h absorb$ ! yell[ liquid 9 ! egg1 & are fully develop$2 !y c be se5 ?r\gh ! %ell ( ! egg1 :i* is :ite or colorless :5 ! l>va has come out4 ,! l>v ( ,imp]ialis1 :i* h six /ages1 comm5c$ to hat* on ! #ca/ ( ,july2 ! second /age comm5c$ on ! #g? ( ,augu/2 ! ?ird1 on ! #ag?2 ! f\r?1 on ! #bi? ( ,augu/2 ! fif?1 on ! #ah? ( ,septemb]2 & ! six?1 on ! #a/ ( ,octob]4 ,! l>v comm5c$ to pupate on #ac? ( ,octob]4 ,! l>v ( ?is curi\s species v>y consid]ably 9 color4 ,"s are ( a yell[i% color1 o!rs are br[n & tawny1 o!rs are black or ne>ly black4 ,my correspond5t 9 ,georgia1 :o br$ ?is species ! same season z ,i did1 9 #ahha1 _h "s ( ! l>v t 7 gre54 ,9 all ! /ages ! l>v h five conspicu\s sp9es or horns2 two on ! ?ird segm5t1 two on ! f\r?1 & "o on ! la/ segm5t b "o2 ?is is tak+ ! head z ! fir/ segm5t ) reg>d to ! fir/ f\r sp9es ,^! sp9es are r\gh & cov]$ ) %>p po9ts all r\nd1 & _! extremities are =k-l4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree /ages !y are horny2 9 ! la/ ?ree /ages ^! sp9es are fle%y1 & mu* %ort] 9 proportion ?an !y are 9 ! fir/ ?ree /ages4 ,! color ( ! sp9es 9 ! la/ ?ree /ages is coral-r$1 yell[i%1 or black4 ,9 ! fif? & six? /ages ! sp9e on ! la/ segm5t b "o is v %ort4 ,"h are a few & %ort notes f my book3 #a/ /age4 ,l>v1 ab\t "o-?ird ( an in*2 head1 br[n1 %9y1 & globul\s4 #b;d /age4 ,l>v1 d>k-br[n1 almo/ black2 sp9es1 :ite at ! base1 & black at ! extremities2 head %9y & light br[n4 #c;d /age4 ,l>ve1 f9e black2 head black2 :ite hairs on ! back2 sp9es1 :iti%1 buff1 or yell[i% at ! base1 & black at ! extremities2 o!r l>v ( a br[n color4 #d? /age4 ,l>v1 black granulat$ ) :ite2 long :ite hairs2 horns1 br[n-orange ) :ite tips2 on ea* segm5t two br[n spots4 ,spiracles well m>k$ ) out] circle1 br[n1 !n black2 :ite & black dot 9 ! c5t]4 ,anal segm5t ) br[n ribs1 ! int]vals black ) :ite dots2 head %9+1 black ) two br[n b&s on ! face1 =m+ a triangle4 ,o!r l>v 9 f\r? /age1 velvety black1 ) coral-r$ sp9es2 o!rs ) black sp9es4 #e? /age4 ,l>v1 entirely black1 ) %[y eye-l spiracles1 poli%$ black head2 o!r l>v hav+ ! head br[n & black4 ,l>v cov]$ ) long :ite hair2 sp9es black or r$4 ,no diff]5ce notic$ betwe5 ! fif? & six? /ages4 ,"o l>va on f\r? /age 0 diff]5t f all o!rs1 & 0 describ$ at ! ,briti% ,museum by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby z foll[s3 ,l>va r$di%-br[n1 sp>+ly clo!d ) long sl5d] :ite hairs1 ) f\r r$di% /ripes on ! face1 two r[s ( r$ spots on ! back1 spiracles surr\nd$ ) yell[1 black & r$ r+s2 legs r$1 prolegs black1 spott$ ) r$4 ,on segm5ts ?ree & f\r are f\r long coral-r$ fle%y-bran*$ sp9es1 two on ea* segm5t1 bel[ :i*1 on ea* side1 are two rudim5t>y ones j beh9d ! head2 9 front ( segm5t two are f\r simil> rudim5t>y orange sp9es or tub]cles2 la/ segm5t black1 /rongly granulat$ & edges triangul>ly above & at ! sides1 ) coral-r$2 sev]al %ort rudim5t>y fle%y sp9es ris+ f ! r$ portion2 ! la/ segm5t b "o is r$di% above1 ) a %ort r$ sp9e 9 ! middle1 & ! "o be=e x has a long coral-r$ sp9e 9 ! middle simil> to ^? ( segm5ts ?ree & f\r1 b %ort] ,z soon z my ,imp]ialis l>v _h hat*$1 ,i gave !m v>i\s k9ds ( foliage1 plane-tree1 oak1 p9e1 sall[1 etc4 ,at fir/ !y did n t\* any k9d ( foliage1 or !y did n seem to t\* any2 & ,i 0 afraid ,i %\ld be unable to re> !m2 b on ! second or ?ird day ( _! exi/5ce1 !y made up _! m9ds & decid$ ^u eat+ ! foliage ( "s ( ! ,european trees ,i _h (f]$ !m4 ,!y attack$ oak1 sall[1 & p9e1 b did n t\* ! plane-tree leaves4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! l>v ( ,imp]ialis fe$ on button-wood1 :i* is ! ,am]ican plane-tree 7,platanus occid5talis71 yet !y did n take to ,platanus ori5talis4 ,aft] a little "t ,i r$uc$ ! foliage to oak & sall[ bran*es1 & ultimately gave !m ! sall[ 7,salix caprea7 only1 on :i* !y ?riv$ v well4 ,i 0 pleas$ ) ?is success2 z ,i _h previ\sly read 9 a volume ( ! ,naturali/'s ,libr>y a description ( ,c]atocampa imp]ialis1 :i* ends z foll[s3 ,! cat]pill>s are n common1 & are ! mo/ difficult to br+ to p]fection 9 conf9em5t1 z !y w n eat 9 t situation2 &1 ev5 if !y *ange into a *rysalis1 !y die aft]w>d4 ,be=e ,i f9i% ) ,c4 imp]ialis1 ,i mu/ m5tion a peculi> fact4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /age1 &1 ,i ?9k1 also dur+ ! second1 sev]al l>v disappe>$ )\t leav+ any traces4 ,i also saw two small] l>v held tight by ! h9d clasp]s ( two l>g] ones4 ,! l>v ?us held & press$ 7 p]fectly dead :5 ,i obs]v$ !m1 & ,i remov$ !m4 ,my impression !n 0 t ^! l>vae 7 c>nivor\s1 n f ?is la/ fact alone1 z ,i _h previ\sly obs]v$ x ) l>v ( ,catocal :5 !y are too cr[d$1 b f ! fact t "s _h disappe>$ entirely f ! glass "u :i* !y 7 conf9$4 ,i began to r$uce _! numb]s1 & put six only "u ea* glass1 s z to be able to wat* !m bett]4 ,:e!r ,i _h made a mi/ake or n previ\sly to ?is ,i d n exactly "k2 b f ?is mom5t ! l>vae behav$ 9 a mo/ exempl>y mann]1 especially :5 !y became l>g]4 ,!y crawl$ ov] ea* o!r's backs )\t ! lea/ sign ( spite or animosity1 ev5 :5 !y 7 9 sleep1 9 :i* case l>v are g5]ally v s5sitive & irritable1 all 7 ( a mo/ pacific nature4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ) ! greate/ pleasure t1 = want ( suffici5t evid5ce1 ,i )draw ?is s]i\s *>ge ( cannibalism :i* ,i fir/ int5d$ to br+ aga9/ !m4 ,f :at has be5 said respect+ ! re>+ ( exotic silk-produc+ bombyces1 especially tropical species1 x mu/ h be5 obs]v$ t sev]al difficulties1 /&+ 9 ! way ( success1 h to be ov]come4 ,! mo?s ( ,nor? ,am]ican species em]ge regul>ly en\gh dur+ ! mon?s ( ,may1 ,june1 or ,july1 b ,indian & o!r tropical species may em]ge at any "t ( ! ye>1 if ! wea!r is mild1 z has be5 ! case dur+ ?is unusually mild w9t] ( #ahha-ahhb4 ,f ! end ( ,decemb] to ! pres5t "t 7,m>* #ad1 #ahhb7 mo?s ( f\r species ( ,indian silk-produc]s1 especially ,an!ra roylei & ,actias sel5e1 h con/antly em]g$1 b only "o or two at a "t4 ,^! mo?s em]g$ f cocoons receiv$ 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y la/4 ,x is only :5 ^! tropical species %all h be5 already re>$ 9 ,europe t ! em]g5ce ( ! mo?s w be regul>2 !n !y w be s+le-brood$ 9 ,nor!rn or ,c5tral ,europe1 & "s w v likely become d\ble-brood$ 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,b :5 j import$ ! mo?s ( ^! tropical species w always be unc]ta9 & irregul> 9 _! em]g5ce2 h5ce ! importance ( hav+ a suffici5t numb] ( cocoons s z to meet ?is difficulty1 i4e41 ! loss ( ! mo?s t em]ge prematurely or irregul>ly4 ,be=e ,i conclude1 ,i %all repeat :at ,i already /at$ 9 a previ\s report1 t ! s5d+ ( live cocoons & pup f ,india & o!r di/ant c\ntries to ,europe1 c easily be done1 s t !y w arrive alive & 9 good condition1 if c>e be tak5 t ! boxes conta9+ ^! live cocoons & pup %\ld n be left 9 ! sun or ne> a fire 7:i* has be5 ! case be=e71 & t !y %\ld at once be put 9 a cool place or 9 ! ice-room ( ! /eam]4 ,! cocoons & pup %\ld be s5t f ,octob] to ,m>* or ,april1 accord+ to di/ance1 & x is mo/ important to write on ! cases1 ,liv+ silkworm cocoons or pup1 ! case to be plac$ 9 ! ice room4 ,by tak+ ?is simple precaution1 live cocoons & pup1 :5 newly =m$1 c be safely s5t f v di/ant c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,to cont9ue ^! int]e/+ & useful /udies1 ,i %all always be glad to buy any numb] ( live cocoons1 or ex*ange !m = o!r species1 if pref]able4 ,,alfr$ ,,wailly4 #aaj ,clapham ,road1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mosquito ,,oil4 ,a correspond5t f ,%eep%ead ,bay1 a place celebrat$ = ! size ( its mosquitoes & ! numb] ( its amateur fi%]m51 recomm5ds ! foll[+ z a v good mixture = ano9t+ ! face & h&s :ile fi%+3 ,oil ( t>4 #a ounce4 ,olive oil4 #a ounce4 ,oil ( p5nyroyal4 ounce4 ,_s ( camphor4 ounce4 ,glyc]9e4 ounce4 ,c>bolic acid4 #b dra*ms4 ,mix4 ,%ake well be=e us+4--,drug4 ,circul>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos4 ,?is mo/ rem>kable /ructure1 9 ! prov9ce ( ! same "n1 adorns ! city ( ,burgos1 #acj miles nor? ( ,madrid4 ,! corn] /one 0 laid ,july #bj1 ,a4,d4 #abba1 by ,f]n&o ,,iii41 & 8 ,que5 ,beatrice1 assi/$ by ,ar*bi%op ,mauricio4 ,! _w is indebt$ to ,mauricio = ! selection ( ! site1 & = ! g5]al idea & plann+ ( :at he int5d$ %\ld be1 & 9 fact n[ is1 ! f9e/ temple ( wor%ip 9 ! _w4 ,?is imm5se /one /ructure1 embelli%$ ) airy columns1 po9t$ ar*es1 /atues1 inscriptions1 delicate cre/+s1 & flank$ by two ne$les or a]ial arr[s1 rises t[>d ! heav5s1 a sublime invocation ( ,*ri/ian g5ius4 ,illum9at$ by ! morn+ sun x appe>s1 at a c]ta9 di/ance1 z if ! pyramids 7 float+ 9 space2 fur!r on is se5 ! m>vel\s dome ( ! transept1 cr[n$ ) eight t[]s ( *isel$ lace-"w1 ov] ! c5t] ( ! *ur*4 ,pubic wor%ip 0 held 9 a portion ( ! edifice n9e ye>s aft] ! "w 0 begun2 f t "t onw>d = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 v>i\s additional portions 7 complet$4 ,on ,m>* #d1 #aeci1 ! great transept1 built fifty ye>s previ\s1 fell d[n2 b 0 soon re/or$4 ,augu/ #af1 #afdb1 at #f o'clock1 ,p4,m41 a furi\s hurricane ov]?rew ! eight little t[]s t =m ! ext]ior corn] ( ! dome2 b 9 two ye>s !y 7 replac$1 namely ,july #ai1 #afdd3 ! same night ! great bells s\nd$ an al>m ( fire1 ! transept hav+ 9 "s way become ignit$4 ,! activity ( ! populace1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ ! loss ( ! edifice1 :i* = a "t 0 9 great dang]4 ,! fir/ ar*itect publicly m5tion$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! edifice 0 ! ,ma/] ,enrique4 ,he also direct$ ! "w ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,leon4 ,he di$ ,july #aj1 #abgg4 ,! second ar*itect 0 ,juan ,p]ez1 :o di$ 9 #abif1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! cloi/]1 "u ! ca!dral4 ,he is believ$ to h be5 ei!r ! son or bro!r ( ! celebrat$ ,ma/] ,p$ro ,p]ez1 :o design$ ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o1 & :o di$ 9 #abii4 ,! ?ird ar*itect ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,burgos 0 ,p$ro ,san*ez1 :o direct$ ! "w 9 #achd2 aft] him foll[$ ,juan ,san*ez de ,mol9a1 ,m>t9 ,f]n&ez1 ! ?ree ,colonias1 ,juan de ,vallejo1 ,diego de ,siloe1 ! eld] ,nicolas de ,v]g>a1 ,mati5zo1 ,pi]$onda1 ,gil1 ,reg9es1 & o!rs4 ,x is wor?y ( note t a numb] ( ,moori% ar*itects 7 employ$ on ! "w dur+ ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies1 su* z ,mohomad1 ,yunce1 ! ,ma/] ,hali1 ! ,ma/] ,mahomet de ,ar&a1 ! ,ma/] ,yunza de ,c>rion1 ! ,ma/] ,c>p5t] ,brah54 ,among ! figure sculptors employ$ 7 ,juan ,san*ez de ,frome/a1 ! ,ma/]s ,gil & ,cop91 ! fam\s ,felipe de ,vig>di1 ,juan de ,lancre1 ,anton de ,soto1 ,juan de ,vill>eal1 ,p$ro de ,col9dres1 & _m o!rs4 ,our engrav+ is f a rec5t numb] ( ,la ,ilu/racion ,espanola y ,am]icana4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos1 ,,spa94--,,photograph ,,by ,,de ,,laur5t4--,,drwaw+ ,,by ,m4 ,,heb]t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,panama ,,canal4 ,by ,,manuel ,,eissl]1 ,m4,e41 ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,notes4 ,:5 ,cortez1 9 ! ye> #aecj1 made ! obs]vation t ! two great oceans c\ld be se5 f ! peaks ( m\nta9s1 he1 9 ^? remote days1 preoccupi$ himself ) ! "q to cut ?r\gh ! ,cordill]as4 ,!re=e1 ! idea ( an int]oceanic canal is by no means a mod]n "o1 z travel]s & navigators obs]v$ t !re 0 a great depression among ! hills ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,z ,pr(essor ,t4,e4 ,nurse1 ( ! ,u4,s4,n41 says 9 8 memoirs3 ,?is problem ( int]oceanic communication has be5 ju/ly said to possess n only practical value1 b hi/orical gr&eur4 ,x cle>ly l9ks itself back to ! era ( ! conque/ ( ,cortez1 ?ree & a half c5turies4 #a ,x is a problem :i* has be5 left = our mod]n era to solve1 b nev]!less its hi/ory is !reby r5d]$ /ill m int]e/+1 hav+ ne$$ s _m c5turies to br+ x to an issue4 ,footnote #a3 ,f ,pr(4 ,nurse's hi/orical essay4 ,see ,survey ( ,nic>agua ,canal1 by ,com4 ,lull4 ,spa91 :i* acquir$ ?r\gh h] ,columbus a new empire1 ly+ ne>1 z x 0 suppos$1 to ! ri*es ( ,asia1 c\ld n be indiff]5t1 f ! mom5t ( h] discov]ies1 to ! means ( cross+ ^! l&s to yet ri*] ones beyond4 ,india1 f ! days ( ,alex&] & ( ! geograph]s1 ,mela1 ,/rabo1 & ,ptolemy1 0 ! l& ( promise1 ! home ( ! spices1 ! inexhau/ible f\nta9 ( weal?4 ,! old r\tes ( comm]ce ?i!r _h be5 clos$ "o by "o to ! ,*ri/ians2 ! ov]l& trade _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,arabs2 & at ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 #adec1 ! comm]ce ( ! ,black ,sea & ( ! ,bosphorus1 ! la/ ( ! old r\tes to ! ,ea/1 f9ally fail$ ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,yet ev5 beyond ! fame ( ! ,ea/1 :i* tradition _h br\ght d[n f ,greek & ,roman1 mu* m _h ! crusad]s k9dl$ = ,asia 7,ca?ay7 & its ri*es an ardor n easily suppress$ 9 m5's m9ds4 ,! error ( ! ,spani% ,admiral 9 suppos+ t ! ea/]n %ores ( ,asia ext5d$ #bdj degrees ea/ ( ,spa91 or to ! m]idian ( ! mod]n ,san ,diego1 9 ,cali=nia--?is error1 insi/$ on 9 8 dispat*es & adopt$ & cont9u$ by 8 foll[]s1 /ill fur!r animat$ ! e>li] ,spani% sov]eigns & ! m5 :om !y s5t into ! ,new ,_w to rea* ,asia by a %ort & easy r\te4 ,nobody 9 ,europe dreamt t ,columbus _h discov]$ a new cont95t1 & :5 ,balbao1 9 #aeac1 discov]$ ! ,s\? ,sea1 !n x 0 kn[n t ,asia lay beyond1 & navigators direct$ _! c\rse !re4 ,on 8 dea?b$1 9 #aejf1 ,columbus /ill held to 8 delusion t he _h rea*$ ,zipanga1 ,japan4 ,9 #aeja he 0 explor+ ! coa/ ( ,v]agua1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 /ill look+ = ! ,ganges1 & ann\nc+ 8 be+ in=m$ on ?is coa/ ( a sea :i* w\ld be> %ips to ! m\? ( t riv]1 :ile ab\t ! same "t ! ,cabots1 "u ,h5ry ,,vii41 7 tak+ possession ( ,newf\ndl&1 believ+ x to be "p ( ! isl& coa/ ( ,*9a4 ,al?\gh ^! 7 grave blund]s 9 geography & 9 navigation1 ! discov]ies really made 9 ! ri* tropical zones1 ! acquirem5t ( a new _w1 & ! ri* products cont9ually rea*+ ,europe f x1 = a "t ar\s$ ,spa9 f h] le?>gy4 ,! _w op5$ ea/ & we/4 ,! new r\tes p\r$ _! spices1 silks1 & drugs ?r\gh new *annels into all ! ,teutonic c\ntries4 ,! /rong purposes ( hav+ ne> access to ! ,ea/ 7 deep5$ & p]petuat$ d\bly /rong1 by ! c]ta9ties be=e m5's eyes ( :at _h be5 atta9$4 ,balbao1 9 #aeac1 ga9$ f a height on ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama ! fir/ pro( ( its sep>ation f ,asia2 & ,magellan ent]s ! ,s\? ,sea at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! c\ntry1 n[ fir/ prov5 to be ?us sep>ate & a cont95t4 ,m5 9 ^? days began to ?9k t creation 0 d\bl$1 & t su* discov]$ l&s mu/ be sep>ate f ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,& ! v successes ( ! ,portuguese "u ,vasco da ,gama1 br++ f _! ea/]n c\rse ! expectancy ( ,asia's weal?1 int5sely excit$ ! ,spani>ds to r5ew _! we/]n se>*4 ,! ,portuguese1 l$ ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 _h br\ght home va/ treasures f ! ,ea/1 :ile ! ,spani% discov]]s1 z yet1 _h n rea*$ ! c\ntries ei!r ( ,montezuma or ( ! ,inca4 ,_! success tr\bl$ ! sleep ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,ev]y?+1 !n1 ( p]sonal ambition & national pride1 ! ?ir/ = gold1 ! zeal ( religi\s proselytism1 & ! cold calculations ( /ate policy1 n[ concurr$ 9 ! disposition to sacrifice :at ,spa9 already _h ( mo/ value on ! ,am]ican %ores 9 ord] to seize ^u a great] good1 ! ,indies1 /ill suppos$ to be ne> at h&4 ,& s9ce x 0 n[ c]ta9 t ! new l&s 7 n !mselves ,asia1 ! next aim 0 to f9d ! secret ( ! n>r[ passage across !m :i* mu/ lead ?i!r4 ,! v configuration ( ! i/hmus /r5g!n$ ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* a passage by ! numb] ( its op5+s1 :i* seem$ to invite entrance 9 ! expectancy t "s "o ( !m mu/ ext5d across ! n>r[ bread? ( l&4 ,= ?is ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 9 #aead1 gave secret ord]s to ,d',avilla1 ,gov]nor ( ,ca/ila del ,oro1 & to ,juan de ,solis1 ! navigator1 to det]m9e :e!r ,ca/ila del ,oro 7 an isl&1 & to s5d to ,cuba a *>t ( ! coa/1 if any /rait 7 possible4 ,= ?is1 ,de ,solis visit$ ,nic>agua & ,honduras2 & lat]1 l$ f> to ! s\?1 p]i%$ 9 ! ,la ,plata4 ,= ?is1 ,magellan ent]$ ! /raits1 :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 he affirm$ be=e sett+ out1 t he w\ld ent]1 s9ce he _h se5 !m m>k$ out on ! geograph] ,m>t9 ,behaim's globe4 ,= ?is1 ,cortez s5t out 8 exp$itions on bo? coa/s1 expos+ 8 own life & treasure1 & s5d+ home to ! emp]or1 9 8 second relation1 a map ( ! entire ,gulf ( ,mexico 7,dispat* f ,cortez to ,*>les ,v41 ,octob] #ae1 #aebd74 ,= ?is great purpose1 & 9 full expectancy ( success 9 x1 ! :ole coa/ ( ! ,new ,_w on ea* side1 f ,newf\ndl& on ! nor!a/1 curv+ we/w>d on ! s\?1 ar\nd ! :ole sweep ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 !nce to ,magellan's ,/raits1 & !nce ?r\gh !m up ! ,pacific to ! ,/raits ( ,behr+1 0 se>*$ & rese>*$ ) dilig5ce4 ,m5 c\ld n get accu/om$1 says ,humboldt1 to ! idea t ! cont95t ext5d$ un9t]rupt$ly bo? s f> nor? & s\?4 ,h5ce all ^! l>ge1 num]\s1 & p]sev]+ exp$itions by ! ,european p[]s4 ,among !m1 by priority ( "r & by h] en]gy1 0 ,spa94 ,! great emp]or 0 urg5t on ! conqu]or ( ,mexico1 & on all 9 subord9ate positions 9 ,new ,spa91 to solve ! secret ( ! /rait4 ,all ,spa9 0 awak5$ to x4 ,h[ maje/ic & fair 0 %e1 says ,*evali]1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 :at d>+1 :at h]oism & p]sev]ance6 ,nev] _h ! _w se5 su* en]gy1 activity1 or good =tune4 ,h]s 0 a w t reg>d$ no ob/acles4 ,nei!r riv]s1 des]ts1 nor m\nta9s f> high] ?an ^? 9 ,europe1 arre/$ h] p4 ,!y built gr& cities1 !y drew _! fleets1 z 9 a tw9kl+ ( ! eye1 f ! v =e/s4 ,a h&ful ( m5 conqu]$ empires4 ,!y seem$ a race ( giants or demi-gods4 ,"o w\ld h suppos$ t all ! "w necess>y to b9d toge!r climates & oceans w\ld h be5 done at ! ^w ( ! ,spani>ds z by en*antm5t1 & s9ce nature _h n left a passage ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ,am]ica1 no matt]1 s mu* ! bett] = ! glory ( ! human race2 !y w\ld make x up by artificial communication4 ,:at1 inde$1 0 t = m5 l !m8 ,x 7 done at a ^w4 ,no?+ else 0 left = !m to conqu]1 & ! _w 0 becom+ too small = !m4 ,c]ta9ly1 _h ,spa9 rema9$ :at %e !n 01 :at _h be5 9 va9 s\ght f nature w\ld h be5 suppli$ by man4 ,a canal or sev]al canals w\ld h be5 built to take ! place ( ! long-desir$ /rait4 ,h] m5 ( sci5ce urg$ x4 ,9 #aeea1 ,gom>a1 ! au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 propos$ ! union ( ! oceans by ?ree ( ! v same l9es t[>d :i*1 to ?is h\r1 ! eye turns ) hope4 ,x is true1 said ,gom>a1 t m\nta9s ob/ruct ^! passes1 b if !re are m\nta9s !re are also h&s2 let b ! resolve be made1 !re w be no want ( means2 ! ,indies1 to :i* ! passage w be made1 w supply !m4 ,to a k+ ( ,spa91 ) ! weal? ( ! ,indies at 8 comm&1 :5 ! object to be obta9$ is ! spice trade1 :at is possible is easy4 ,b ! sacr$ fire sudd5ly burn$ itself out 9 ,spa94 ,! p59sula _h = its rul] a pr9ce :o s\ght 8 glory 9 smo!r+ free ?\ght among 8 own p1 & 9 wa/+ 8 imm5se res\rces 9 va9 ef=ts to repress x also outside ( 8 own dom9ions ?r\gh all ,europe4 ,f t h\r1 ,spa9 became b5umb$ & e/rang$ f all ! advances ( sci5ce & art1 by means ( :i* o!r nations1 & especially ,engl&1 develop$ _! true greatness4 ,ev5 aft] ,france _h %[n1 by h] canal ( ! s\?1 t boats c\ld asc5d & pass ! m\nta9 cre/s1 x does n appe> t ! ,spani% gov]nm5t s]i\sly wi%$ to avail itself ( a l means ( e/abli%+ any communication betwe5 h] sea ( ! ,antilles & ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,! my/]y envelop+ ! delib]ations ( ! c\ncil ( ! ,indies has n always rema9$ s pr(\nd t we c\ld n "k :at 0 go+ on 9 t body4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t aft]w>d op5$ up to ,humboldt free access to its ar*ives1 & 9 ^! he f\nd sev]al memoirs on ! possibility ( a union betwe5 ! two oceans2 b he says t 9 no "o ( !m did he f9d ! ma9 po9t1 ! height ( ! elevations on ! i/hmus1 suffici5tly cle>$ up1 & he c\ld n fail to rem>k t ! memoirs 7 exclusively ,fr5* or ,engli%4 ,spa9 h]self gave x no ?\ght4 ,s9ce ! glori\s age ( ,balbao among ! p1 inde$1 ! project ( a canal 0 9 e "o's ?\ghts4 ,9 ! v wayside talks1 9 ! inns ( ,spa91 :5 a travel] f ! ,new ,_w *anc$ to pass1 aft] mak+ him tell ( ! wond]s ( ,lima & ,mexico1 ( ! dea? ( ! ,inca1 ,atahualpa1 & ! bloody defeat ( ! ,aztecs1 & aft] ask+ 8 op9ion ( ,el ,dorado1 ! "q 0 always ab\t ! two oceans1 & :at great ?+s w\ld happ5 if !y c\ld succe$ 9 jo9+ !m4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ,spa9 _h ne$ ( ! be/ mode ( conveyance = h] treasures across ! i/hmus4 ,yet ^? f ,p]u came by ! mis]able r\te f ,panama to ! deadlie/ ( climates4 ,porto ,bello & h] ,european w>es = h] colonies toil$ up ! ,*agres riv]1 :ile ! r\ghe/ ( communication f>!r nor? connect$ ! ,*imalapa & ! ,guasacoalcos 9 ,mexico1 & ! trade !re 0 limit$ /]nly to b "o port on ea* side4 ,z late z ,humboldt's visit1 9 #ahjb1 :5 rem>k+ ^u ! unnatural modes ( communication by :i*1 ?r\gh pa9ful delays1 ! imm5se treasures ( ! ,new ,_w pass$ f ,acapulco1 ,guayaquil1 & ,lima1 to ,spa91 he says3 ,^! w soon cease :5ev] an active gov]nm5t1 will+ to protect comm]ce1 %all con/ruct a good road f ,panama to ,porto ,bello4 ,! ari/ocratic non*alance ( ,spa91 & h] fe> to op5 to /rang]s ! way to ! c\ntries explor$ = h] own pr(it1 only kept ^? c\ntries clos$4 ,! c\rt =bade1 on pa9 ( dea?1 ! use ( plans at diff]5t times propos$4 ,!y wrong$ _! own colonies by repres5t+ ! coa/s z dang]\s & ! riv]s impassable4 ,on ! pres5tation ( a memoir = improv+ ! r\te ?r\gh ,tehuantepec1 by citiz5s ( ,oaxaca1 z late z #agge1 an ord] 0 issu$ =bidd+ ! subject to be m5tion$4 ,! memoriali/s 7 c5sur$ z int]m$dl]s1 & ! vic]oy fell "u ! sov]eign's displeasure = hav+ seem$ to favor ! plans4 ,! great i/hmus 01 h[ev]1 fur!r explor$ by ! ,spani% gov]nm5t = its own purposes2 ! recesses 7 trav]s$1 & ! l9es ( communication :i* we "k to-day 7 !n not$4 ,9 addition to ! fact t comp>atively little 0 explor$ nor? or s\? ( t :i* e>ly became ! ma9 highway1 ! ,panama r\te1 !re is confirmation "h ( ! tru? t ,spa9 conceal$ & ev5 falsifi$ mu* ( h] g5]ally accurately made surveys4 ,no /rong] pro( ( ?is ne$ be ask$ ?an t :i* ,alc$o gives 9 connection ) ! proposal by ,gogu5e*e1 ! ,biscayan pilot1 to op5 communication by ! ,atrato & ! ,napipi4 ,! ,atrato1 says ! hi/orian1 is navigable = _m leagues1 b ! navigation ( x is prohibit$ "u pa9 ( dea?1 )\t ! exception ( any p]son :atev]4 ,! ,i/hmus ( ,nic>agua has always invit$ s]i\s consid]ation = a %ip canal r\te by its v m>k$ physical *>act]i/ics1 among :i* is *iefly its great depression betwe5 two ne>ly p>allel ranges ( hills1 :i* depression is ! bas9 ( its l>ge lake1 a natural & all-suffici5t fe$] = su* a canal4 ,9 #aebd a squadron ( discov]y s5t out by ,cortez on ! coa/ ( ! ,s\? ,sea1 ann\nc$ ! exi/5ce ( a fre% wat] sea at only ?ree leagues f ! coa/2 a sea :i*1 !y said1 rose & fell alt]nately1 communicat+1 x 0 believ$1 ) ! ,sea ( ! ,nor?4 ,v>i\s reconnoissances 7 !re=e made1 "u ! idea t "h ! easy transit w\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ,spa9 & ! spice l&s beyond4 ,x 0 ev5 laid d[n on "s ( ! old maps1 t ?is op5 communication by wat] exi/$ f sea to sea2 :ile lat] maps repres5t$ a riv]1 "u ! "n ( ,rio ,p>tido1 z giv+ "o ( its bran*es to ! ,pacific ,ocean & ! o!r to ,lake ,nic>agua4 ,an exploration by ! eng9e]1 ,bauti/a ,antonelli1 "u ! ord]s ( ,philip ,,ii41 correct$ ! false idea ( an op5 /rait4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury a new cause arose = jeal\sy ( h] neighbors & = keep+ h] nor!rn "p ( ! i/hmus f _! view4 ,9 ! ye>s #aggi & #aghj ! s]i\s purposes ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t = ! occupancy ( ,nic>agua1 awak5$ ! solicitudes ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t = ?is section4 ,! ,engli% colonels1 ,hodgson & ,lee1 _h secretly survey$ ! lake & portions ( ! c\ntry1 =w>d+ _! plans to ,london1 z ! basis ( an arm$ incursion1 to r5ew su* z _h already be5 made by ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,mosquito coa/1 =ty ye>s be=e1 :51 cross+ ! i/hmus1 he took possession ( ,realejo1 on ! ,pacific1 seek+ to *ange its "n to ,port ,edw>d4 ,9 #aghj1 ,capta91 aft]w>d ,"l ,nelson1 "u ord]s f ,admiral ,sir ,pet] ,p>k]1 convoy$ a =ce ( two ?\s& m5 to ,san ,juan de ,nic>agua1 = ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 8 dispat*es1 ,nelson said3 ,9 ord] to give facility to ! great object ( gov]nm5t1 ,i int5d to possess ! lake ( ,nic>agua1 :i*1 = ! pres5t1 may be look$ ^u z ! inl& ,gibralt> ( ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,z x comm&s ! only wat] pass betwe5 ! oceans1 its situation mu/ ev] r5d] x a pr9cipal po/ to insure passage to ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 & by our possession ( x ,spani% ,am]ica is sev]$ into two4 ,! passage ( ,san ,juan 0 f\nd to be exce$+ly difficult2 = ! seam51 al?\gh assi/$ by ! ,indians f ,bluet[n1 sc>cely =c$ _! boats up ! %oals4 ,nelson bitt]ly regrett$ t ! exp$ition _h n arriv$ 9 ,janu>y1 9 place ( ! close ( ! dry season4 ,x 0 a disa/r\s failure1 co/+ ! ,engli% ! lives ( "o ?\s& five hundr$ m51 & ne>ly los+ to !m _! ,nelson4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ,*>les ,,iii41 ( ,spa91 s5t a commission to explore ! c\ntry4 ,^! commission]s report$ unfavorably z reg>d$ ! r\te2 b fe>+ fur!r intrusion f ,engl&1 =bade all access to ! coa/2 ev5 falsify+ & suppress+ its *>ts & p]man5tly injur+ ! navigation ( ! ,san ,juan & ! ,colorado by ob/ructions 9 _! b$s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a relief "h to le>n t :5 ,humboldt visit$ ! ,new ,_w1 he c\ld say3 ,! "t is pass$ :5 ,spa91 ?r\gh a jeal\s policy1 refus$ to o!r nations a ?or\ghf>e across ! possessions ( :i* !y kept ! :ole _w s long 9 ignorance4 ,accurate maps ( ! coa/s1 & ev5 m9ute plans ( milit>y positions1 are publi%$4 ,x is also true t ! ,spani% ,cortes1 9 #ahad1 decre$ ! op5+ ( a canal1 a decree def]r$ & nev] execut$4 ,x 0 res]v$ = our c5tury to see ?is great project c>ri$ into execution1 & x is b j t z a *ronicl] ( ev5ts ,i %\ld connect ) ! ,canal ( ,panama ! "n ( a family :o h done mu* to br+ ! s*eme1 s to say1 into practical execution4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #ahcf1 ,mr4 ,joly de ,sabla turn$ 8 views t[>d ! cutt+ ( a canal across ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,he resid$ at ! "t on ! ,isl& ( ,guadel\pe1 "o ( ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :]e he possess$ l>ge e/ates4 ,( a high social position1 ! repres5tative ( "o ( ,france's anci5t & noble families1 ) l>ge means at 8 disposal & ( an ent]pris+ _s mu* 9 advance ( 8 "t1 he 0 well calculat$ to c>ry out su* a gr& s*eme4 ,he soon set ab\t procur+ f ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,new ,granada 7n[ ,colombia7 ! necess>y grants & concessions1 b mu* "t & _m ef=ts 7 sp5t be=e ^! c\ld be br\ght to a satisfactory condition1 & x 0 n until ! ye> #ahda t he c\ld aga9 visit ! ,i/hmus1 br++ ) him ?is "t1 on a vessel *>t]$ by him = ! purpose1 a corps ( eng9e]s & employes1 m$ical /aff1 etc41 etc4 ,aft] two ye>s sp5t 9 explor+ & survey+ a c\ntry at t "t v imp]fectly kn[n1 he return$ to ,guadel\pe to f9d 8 resid5ce & mo/ ( 8 e/ates de/roy$ by ! t]rible e>?quake t visit$ ! isl& 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdc4 ,undaunt$ by ?is unexpect$ & sev]e bl[1 ,mr4 ,de ,sabla p]si/$ 9 8 ef=ts1 & 9 ! same ye> obta9$ f ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,consulate at ,panama to insure protection to ! future canal company1 & also ! s5d+ ( two gov]nm5t eng9e]s ( high repute 7,messrs4 ,g>ella & ,c\rt9es71 to v]ify ! surveys already made & complete !m4 ,aft] receiv+ ! respective reports ( ,g>ella & ,c\rt9es1 ,mr4 ,de ,sabla decid$ ^u fir/ con/ruct+ a railway across ! ,i/hmus1 po/pon+ ! cutt+ ( ! canal until ?is indisp5sable auxili>y %\ld h r5d]$ x practicable & pr(itable4 ,he !n pres5t$ ! s*eme 9 t %ape to 8 fri5ds 9 ,p>is & ,london1 & =m$ a syndicate ( ?irte5 memb]s1 among :om we may recall ! names ( ! well kn[n ,bank]s ,caill>d ( ,p>is1 & ,baimbridge ( ,london1 ( ,sir ,john ,campbell1 !n ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,ori5tal ,/eam%ip ,company1 ( ,visc\nt ,*abrol de ,*ameane1 & ( ,c\rt9es1 ! explor+ eng9e]4 ,a new contract 0 !n ent]$ ^u ) ,new ,granada 9 ,june1 #ahdg1 & e>ly 9 #ahdh1 ! ,syndicate 0 ab\t to =w>d to ! ,i/hmus ! exp$ition :i* 0 to execute ! prelim9>y works1 :ile ! company 0 be+ f9ally organiz$ 9 ,p>is1 & its /ock plac$4 ,! success ( ! und]tak+ seem$ to be assur$ beyond p]adv5ture1 :5 ! unexpect$ break+ out ( ! ,fr5* revolution 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdh1 da%$ all hopes to ! gr\nd4 ,sev]al ( ! prom95t f9anci]s engag$ 9 ! affair1 tak5 by surprise by ! sudd5ness ( ! revolution1 _h to susp5d _! paym5ts & ( c\rse to )draw f ! ,panama ,canal & railroad s*eme4 ,o!rs )drew f contagi\s fe> & timidity4 ,f9ally ! t]m fix$ = c>ry+ out c]ta9 obligations ( ! contract expir$ )\t _! fulfillm5t by ! company1 & ! concession 0 =feit$4 ,ano!r contract 0 almo/ imm$iately appli$ = & grant$ ) unseemly ha/e by ! ,presid5t ( ,new ,granada to ,messrs4 ,asp9wall1 ,/eph5s & ,*auncey1 :i* result$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! actual ,panama ,railroad4 ,^! g5tlem5 act$ fairly 9 ! matt]1 & 9 #ahdi1 call+ ,mr4 ,de ,sabla to ,new ,york1 (f]$ him to jo9 !m 9 ! new s*eme4 ,un=tunately !y _h decid$ ^u plac+ ! ,atlantic t]m9us ( ! railroad ^u ! l[ & swampy mud ,isl& ( ,manzanillo1 :ile ,mr4 ,de ,sabla insi/$ on hav+ x on ! ma9l& on ! dry & heal?y nor!rn %ore ( ! ,bay ( ,limon4 ,!y c\ld n come to an und]/&+ on ?is po9t1 & ,mr4 ,de ,sabla1 ^: exp]i5ce & =esight taught him ! dang]s t w\ld result to ! %ipp+ f ! unprotect$ situation ( ! project$ "p 7n[ ,colon--,asp9wall71 & :o well knew ! insalubrity ( ! mal>ial swamp con/itut+ ! ,isl& ( ,manzanillo1 )drew =ev] f ! und]tak+1 aft] hav+ devot$ to x )\t any b5efit to himself1 ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life & a l>ge portion ( 8 private means4 ,"o ( 8 sons1 ,mr4 ,!odore ,j4 de ,sabla1 aft] hav+ actively co-op]at$ ) ,lieut5ant ,comm&] ,wyse1 9 ! orig9al s*eme ( ! pres5t canal company1 is n[ "o ( ,c\nt de ,lesseps's repres5tatives 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 & a director ( ! ,panama ,railroad ,company4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,av]ag+ ,,ma*9e4 ,at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 9 ?is city1 a pap] on an improv$ =m ( ! av]ag+ ma*9e 0 read by its inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,s4 ,au*9closs4 ,! +5i\s me?od by :i* ! weight ( ! plat=m is elim9at$ f ! result ( ! "w ( ! ma*9e 0 exhibit$ & expla9$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by c\nt]weights slid+ automatically 9 tubes1 s t 9 any position ! unload$ plat=m is always 9 equilibrium4 ,any comb9ation ( repres5tative weights c !n be plac$ on ?is plat=m at ! prop] po9ts ( ! scale4 ,by !n draw+ ! plat=m to its balanc+ po9t1 ! location ( ! c5t] ( gravity w at once be indicat$ on ! scale by ! po9t] ov] ! c5tral trunnion4 ,! weights may be arrang$ on a decimal sy/em1 ) int]m$iate weights = clos] work+1 or !y may be made s z to express multiples or factors4 ,ea* ma*9e is provid$ ) a numb] ( diff]+ scales1 divid$ suitably = v>i\s purposes4 ,:5 ! problem is "o ( "t1 ! scale repres5ts mon?s & days2 = problems ( proportion1 ! z]o ( ! scale is at ! c5t] ( its l5g?2 = problems = ! location ( c5t] ( gravity ( a sy/em f a fix$ po9t1 ! z]o is at ! extremity ( ! scale1 etc4 ,! ma*9e exhibit$ has sixty-?ree transv]se grooves1 :i*1 by arrangem5t ( weights1 c be made to s]ve ! purposes ( two hundr$ & fifty-two grooves4 ,! ma*9e is #bi in*es 9 l5g?1 #i in*es 9 wid?1 & weighs ab\t #ac p\nds4 ,) ! ma*9e c be f\nd av]age dates1 z1 = in/ance1 ( pur*ases & ( paym5ts ext5d+ ov] irregul> p]iods2 also av]age prices1 z = futures1 9 comman use among cotton brok]s4 ,! problem ( av]age haul1 s (t5 pres5t$ to ! eng9e]1 c be solv$ ) ease & great cel]ity4 ,practical examples ( ! solution ( ^! & a numb] ( o!r problems involv+ proportions or av]ages 7 giv5 by ! au?or4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comp\nd ,,beam ,,eng9e4 ,! eng9e repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #a to #d h]e) is int5d$ = a mill1 & is ( #ecj to #hjj indicat$ horse-p[]1 ! pressure be+ sev5 atmosph]es1 & ! numb] ( revolutions =ty-five p] m9ute4 ,z w be se5 by ! draw+ ea* cyl9d] is plac$ 9 a sep>ate f\ndation plate1 ! two connect+ rods act+ ^u cranks key$ at "r angles ^u ! %aft1 ,w1 :i* c>ries ! drum1 ,t4 ,! high-pressure cyl9d]1 ,c1 is #gfj mm diamet]1 ! l[ pressure cyl9d] be+ #a1bbj mm4 diamet]1 & ! pi/on spe$ #b4bh m4 ,! drum1 :i* also fulfills ! purpose ( a fly :eel1 is provid$ ) tw5ty-eight grooves = ropes ( #ej mm4 diamet]4 ,) ! exception ( ! cyl9d]s1 pi/ons1 valves1 & valve *e/s1 ! eng9es are ( ! same size1 correspond+ to ! equal maximum pressures :i* come into action 9 ea* cyl9d]1 & 9 ?is respect alone ! eng9e diff]s 9 pr9ciple f an ord9>y tw9 ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,borsig',s ,,improv$ ,,cop\nd ,,beam ,,eng9e4 ,,fig4 #a ,! /eam passes f ! /op-valve1 ,a1 ,fig4 #d1 ?r\gh ! /eam pipe1 ,d1 to ! high pressure cyl9d]1 ,c1 & hav+ done its "w1 goes into ! receiv]1 ,r1 :]e x is heat$4 ,f ! receiv] x is l$ into ! l[-pressure cyl9d]1 ,c#a1 & !nce into ! cond5s]4 ,provision is made = work+ bo? eng9es indep5d5tly ) direct /eam :5 desir$1 suitable ge> be+ provid$ = supply+ /eam ( ! prop] pressure to ! cond5s+ eng9e1 s t ea* eng9e %all p]=m exactly ! same am\nt ( "w4 ,! />t+ ge> consi/s ( a h&-:eel1 ,h1 :i* controls ! /op valve1 ,a1 & ( ano!r h1 :i* op5s ! valves = ! jackets ( ! cyl9d]s & receiv]4 ,! h&-:eel1 h#a & h#b1 gov]n ! valves1 :i* turn ! /eam direct into ! two cyl9d]s4 ,!re are also lev]1 g1 :i* op5s ! pr9cipal injection cock1 ,h#a1 & ! auxili>y injection cock1 ,h#b1 ! function ( :i* is to assi/ 9 =m+ a spe$y vacuum1 :5 ! eng9e has be5 /&+ = "s "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,borsig',s ,,improv$ ,,cop\nd ,,beam ,,eng9e4 ,,fig4 #b ,! drum is #f4jh m4 diamet]1 ! bread? be+ #b4jd m41 ) a total weight ( #cc1jjj kilos4 ,! beams are ( ca/ iron ) balance weights ca/ on4 ,! connect+ rods & cross beams are ( wr\ght iron1 & ! cranks1 crank %aft1 pi/on rods1 valve rods1 etc41 ( /eel4 ,! b$-plate = ! ma9 %aft be>+s are ca/ 9 "o piece ) ! /&>ds = ! beam1 :i* are connect$ firmly toge!r by ! c5t] be>+1 ,m ,m#a1 :i* is ca/ 9 "o piece1 & also by ! diagonal brac+ piece1 ,n ,n#a4 ,! con/ruction ( ! cyl9d] & valve *e/s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! work+ cyl9d] is 9 ! =m ( a l9] to ! cyl9d]1 ?us =m+ ! /eam jacket1 ) a view to future r5ewal4 ,?is l9+ has a flange at ! l[] "p = bolt+ x d[n1 be+ made /eam-tight by ! int]v5tion ( a copp] pack+ r+4 ,!re is a simil> r+ at ! upp] "p :i* is press$ d[n by ! cyl9d] cov]4 ,! latt] is ca/ holl[ & /r5g!n$ by ribs4 ,! pi/ons are provid$ ) ca/ iron d\ble self-exp&+ pack+ r+s4 ,= prev5t+ accid5ts by cond5s$ wat]1 spr+ safety valves1 ss & s#a s#a1 are connect$ to ! valve *e/s4 ,! valve ge>1 :i* is arrang$ 9 ! same mann] = bo? cyl9d]s1 is actuat$ by %afts1 w & w#a1 rotat$ by too!d :eels z %[n4 ,motion is communicat$ f ! way-%afts1 w & w#a1 by ! ecc5trics1 & ! ecc5tric rods1 e#a e#b e#c e#d1 & ! lev]s & rods belong+ !reto1 to ! %ort /eam valve rock+ %afts lev]s1 f#a f#b f#c f#d1 & ! exhau/ valve rock+ %afts1 k#a k#b k#c k#d1 ! be>+s ( :i* are c>ri$ on brackets above ! valve *e/s1 :i*1 be+ furni%$ ) tappet lev]s1 raise & l[] ! valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,borsig',s ,,improv$ ,,cop\nd ,,beam ,,eng9e4 ,,fig4 #c ,! valves are conical1 d\ble-seat$1 & ( ca/ iron1 & ! inlet & outlet valves are plac$ ! "o above ! o!r1 ! seats be+ also conically gr\nd & ins]t$ ?r\gh ! cov] ( ! valve *e/4 ,bo? inlet & outlet valves are actuat$ f above1 & are removable upw>d1 an arrangem5t :i* admits ( ! valves be+ m easily exam9$ ?an :5 ! two are actuat$ f diff]5t sides ( ! valve *e/4 ,to c>ry out ?is idea ! inlet valves are furni%$ ) two guides1 :i*1 pass+ upw>d ?r\gh ! /uff+-box1 are atta*$ to a h>d /eel cross piece1 :i* receives ! action ( a b5t cat* turn+ on a p9 atta*$ to ! lev]s1 t#a1 t#b1 t#c1 t#d4 ,! exhau/ valves1 on ! contr>y1 h only "o guide ea*1 :i* passes upw>d ?r\gh ! seat ( ! admission valve1 ?r\gh ! valve itself by means ( a coll>1 & ?r\gh ! /uff+-box4 ,x is furni%$ ) h>d /eel armatures1 ?r\gh :i* ! lev]s1 z#a z#b1 ,fig4 #c1 act ^u ! exhau/ valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,borsig',s ,,improv$ ,,cop\nd ,,beam ,,eng9e4 ,,fig4 #d ,! gov]nor effects ! accel]ation or ret>dation ( ! loos5+ ( ! cat* actuat+ ! /eam valve by means ( h>d /eel projections on ! %aft1 v#a1 ! position ( :i*1 by means ( lev]s1 is regulat$ by ! gov]nor1 :i* 9 its highe/ position does n all[ ! lift+ ( ! inlet valve at all4 ,! regulation ( ! expansion by ! gov]nor f #j to #j4de takes place g5]ally only 9 ! case ( ! high-pressure cyl9d]1 :ile ! l[-pressure cyl9d] has a fix$ rate ( expansion4 ,only :5 ! l[-pressure cyl9d] is requir$ to "w ) /eam direct f ! boil] is ! gov]nor appli$ to regulate ! expansion 9 x4 ,an exact action 9 ! valve guides & a regul> desc5t is secur$ by furni%+ !m ) small da% pot pi/ons work+ 9 cyl9d]s4 ,into !m ! air is readily admitt$ by a small ,india-rubb] valve1 b ! passage out aga9 is controll$ at pleasure4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,detect ,,alkalies ,,9 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,silv]--,/olba recomm5ds ! salt to be dissolv$ 9 ! smalle/ quantity ( wat]1 & to add to ! filt]$ solution hydr(luosilicic acid1 drop by drop4 ,%\ld a turbidity appe> an alkal9e salt is pres5t4 ,b %\ld ! liquid rema9 limpid1 an equal volume ( alcohol is to be add$1 :i* w cause a precipitate 9 case ! slighte/ trace ( an alkali be pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p[] ,,hamm]s ,,) ,,movable ,,fulcrum4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4--,eng9e]+4 ,by ,,daniel ,,longwor?1 ( ,london4 ,! movable-fulcrum p[] hamm] 0 design$ by ! writ] ab\t five & a half ye>s ago1 to meet a want 9 ! m>ket = a p[] hamm] :i*1 :ile "u ! complete control ( only "o workman1 c\ld produce bl[s ( v>y+ =ces )\t alt]ation 9 ! rapidity ) :i* !y 7 giv54 ,x 0 also necess>y t ! vibration & %ock ( ! hamm] head %\ld n be transmitt$ to ! driv+ me*anism1 & t ! latt] %\ld be free f noise & liability to d]angem5t4 ,! v>i\s uses to :i* ! movable fulcrum hamm]s h be5 put1 & _! success 9 work+#a--;z well z ! importance ( ! g5]al subject :i* includes !m1 namely1 ! sub/itution ( /or$ p[] = human ef=t--=m ! au?or's excuse = n[ occupy+ ! "t ( ! meet+4 ,footnote #a3 ,! hamm]s h be5 = "s ye>s us$ by ,a4 ,bamlett1 ( ,?irsk2 ! ,am]ican ,tool ,company1 ( ,antw]p2 ,messrs4 ,w4,t4 ,av]y1 ( ,birm+ham2 ,pull> ,sons1 ( ,p]?2 ,salt] ,co41 ( ,we/ ,bromwi*2 ,v]non ,hope ,co41 ( ,w$nesbury1 etc42 & also = /amps by ,messrs4 ,coll9s ,co41 ( ,birm+ham1 etc4 ,until ^! hamm]s 7 introduc$1 no satisfactory me?od _h be5 devis$ = alt]+ ! =ce ( ! bl[4 ,! plan g5]ally adopt$ 0 to h ei!r a tight5+ pulley act+ on ! driv+ belt1 a friction driv+ clut*1 or a simple brake on ! driv+ pulley1 put 9 action by ! h& or foot ( ! workman4 ,heavy bl[s 7 produc$ by simply increas+ ! numb] ( bl[s p] m9ute 7& !re=e ! velocity71 & light bl[s by dim9i%+ x--a plan :i* 0 q contr>y to ! true requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,to prev5t ! %ock ( ! hamm] head be+ communicat$ to ! driv+ ge>1 an ela/ic connection 0 usually =m$ betwe5 !m1 consi/+ ( a /eel spr+ or a cu%ion ( compress$ air4 ,) ! /eel spr+1 ! v>iation :i* c\ld be giv5 9 ! ?ickness ( ! "w "u ! hamm] 0 v limit$1 ow+ to ! risk ( break+ ! spr+2 b ) ! compress$ air or pneumatic connection ! "w might v>y consid]ably 9 ?ickness1 say f #j to #h 94 ) a hamm] weigh+ #djjlb4 ,! pneumatic hamm]s _h a crank1 ) a connect+ rod or a slott$ crossb> on ! pi/on-rod1 a pi/on & a cyl9d] :i* =m$ ! hamm]-head4 ,! pi/on-rod 0 pack$ ) a cup lea!r1 or ) ord9>y pack+1 ! latt] requir$ to be adju/$ ) ! greate/ nicety1 o!rwise ! pi/on /ruck ! hamm] be=e lift+ x1 or else ! =ce ( ! bl[ 0 consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,z ! pi/on mov$ ) ! same velocity dur+ its upw>d & d[nw>d /rokes1 &1 9 ! latt]1 _h to ov]take & outrun ! hamm] fall+ "u ! action ( gravity1 ! air 0 n compress$ suffici5tly to give a %>p bl[ at ord9>y work+ spe$s1 & a mu* heavi] hamm] 0 requir$ ?an if ! velocity ( ! pi/on _h be5 accel]at$ to a great] degree4 ,z x is impossible 9 ! limits ( ?is pap] to describe all ! =ms 9 :i* ! movable fulcrum hamm]s h be5 arrang$1 two types only w be select$ tak5 f actual "w2 namely1 a small plani%+ hamm]1 & a m$ium-siz$ =g+ hamm]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,to ! mak]s1 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,scott ,rawl+s ,co1 ( ,birm+ham1 ! au?or is indebt$ = ! work+ draw+s ( ^! hamm]s4 ,! small plani%+ hamm]1 ,figs4 #a to #c1 next page1 is us$ = copp]1 t91 electro1 & iron plate1 = scy!s1 & o!r ?9 "w1 = :i* x is suffici5t to adju/ ! =ce ( ! bl[ once = all by h&1 accord+ to ! ?ickness & quality ( ! mat]ial be=e comm5c+ to hamm] x4 ,! hamm] weighs #ae lb41 & has a /roke v>iable f #b 94 to #i 941 & makes #bej bl[s p] m9ute4 ,! driv+ %aft1 ,a1 is fitt$ ) fa/ & loose belt pulleys1 ! belt =k be+ connect$ to ! p$al1 ,p1 :i* :5 press$ d[n by ! foot ( ! workman1 slides ! driv+ belt on to ! fa/ pulley & />ts ! hamm]2 :5 ! foot is tak5 (f ! p$al1 ! weight on ! latt] moves ! belt quickly on to ! loose pulley1 & ! hamm] is /opp$4 ,! fly:eel on ! %aft1 ,a1 is weight$ on "o side1 s t x causes ! hamm] to /op at ! top ( its /roke aft] work+2 ?us enabl+ ! mat]ial to be plac$ on ! anvil be=e />t+ ! hamm]4 ,! movable fulcrum1 ,b1 consi/s ( a /ud1 free to slide 9 a slot1 ,c1 9 ! fram+1 & held 9 position by a nut & too!d wa%]4 ,on ! fulcrum is m\nt$ ! socket1 ,d1 ?r\gh :i* passes freely a r\nd b> or rock+ lev]1 ,e1 atta*$ at "o end to ! ma9 pi/on1 ,f1 ( ! hamm]1 ,g1 & hav+ at ! o!r extremity a long slide1 ,h1 m\nt$ ^u x4 ,?is slide is c>ri$ on ! crank-p91 ,i1 fa/5$ to ! disk1 ,j1 atta*$ to ! driv+ %aft1 ,a4 ,! crank-p91 9 revolv+1 reciprocates ! rock+ lev]1 ,e1 & ma9 pi/on1 ,f1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! pneumatic connection1 ! hamm]1 ,g4 ,! slide1 ,h1 9 revolv+ ) ! crank-p91 also moves backw>d & =w>d along ! rock+ lev]1 approa*+ ! fulcrum1 ,b1 dur+ ! d[n-/roke ( ! hamm]1 & rec$+ f x dur+ ! up-/roke4 ,by ?is means ! velocity ( ! hamm] is consid]ably accel]at$ 9 its d[nw>d /roke1 caus+ a %>p bl[ to be giv5 :ile x is g5tly rais$ dur+ its upw>d /roke4 ,to alt] ! =ce ( ! bl[1 ! hamm]1 ,g1 is made to rise & fall ?r\gh a great] or less di/ance1 z may be requir$1 f ! fix$ anvil block1 ,k1 aft] ! mann] ( ! smi? giv+ heavy or light bl[s on 8 anvil4 ,x is evid5t t ?is special alt]ation ( ! /roke c\ld n be obta9$ by alt]+ ! ?r[ ( a simple crank & connect+ rod2 b by plac+ ! slot1 ,c1 p>allel ) ! direction ( ! rock+ lev]1 ,e1 :5 ! latt] is 9 its l[e/ position1 ) ! hamm] re/+ on ! anvil1 & ) ! crank at ! top ( its /roke1 ?is l[e/ position ( ! rock+ lev] & hamm] is made con/ant1 no matt] :at position ! fulcrum1 ,b1 may h 9 ! slot1 ,c4 ,to obta9 a %ort /roke1 & consequ5tly a light bl[1 ! fulcrum is mov$ 9 ! slot t[>d ! hamm]1 ,g2 & to produce a long /roke & heavy bl[ ! fulcrum is mov$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,fig4 #c gives ! details ( ! pneumatic connection betwe5 ! ma9 pi/on & ! hamm]1 9 :i* pack+ & pack+ gl&s are disp5s$ )4 ,! hamm]1 ,g1 is ( ca/ /eel1 bor$ out to fit ! ma9 pi/on1 ,f1 ! latt] be+ also bor$ out to receive an int]nal pi/on1 ,l4 ,a p91 ,m1 pass+ freely ?r\gh slots 9 ! ma9 pi/on1 ,f1 connects rigidly ! int]nal pi/on1 ,l1 ) ! hamm]1 ,g4 ,:5 ! ma9 pi/on is rais$ by ! rock+ lev]1 ! air 9 ! space1 ,x1 betwe5 ! ma9 & int]nal pi/ons1 is compress$1 & =ms an ela/ic m$ium = lift+ ! hamm]2 :5 ! ma9 pi/on is mov$ d[n1 ! air 9 ! space1 ,y1 is compress$ 9 its turn1 & ! hamm] =c$ d[n to give ! bl[4 ,two holes drill$ 9 ! side ( ! hamm] r5ew ! air automatically 9 ! spaces1 ,x & ,y1 at ea* bl[ ( ! hamm]4 ,figs4 #d to #f1 on ! next page1 repres5t ! m$ium size =g+ hamm]1 = mak+ =g+s 9 dies1 swag+ & tilt+ b>s1 & plat+ edg$ tools1 etc4 ,! hamm] weighs #a cwt41 has a /roke v>iable f #d 94 to #ad 941 & gives #bjj bl[s p] m9ute2 ! compress$ air space betwe5 ! ma9 pi/on & ! hamm] is suffici5tly long to admit =g+s up to #c 94 ?ick "u ! hamm]4 ,to make =g+s economically1 x is necess>y to br+ !m into ! desir$ =m by a few heavy bl[s1 :ile ! mat]ial is /ill 9 a highly pla/ic condition1 & !n to f9i% !m by a succession ( light] bl[s4 ,! heavy bl[s %\ld be giv5 at a sl[] rate ?an ! light] ones1 to all[ "t = turn+ ! "w 9 ! dies or on ! anvil1 & s to avoid ! risk ( spoil+ x4 ,9 =g+ ) ! /eam hamm] ! workman requires an assi/ant1 :o1 ) ! lev] ( ! valve motion 9 h&1 obeys 8 directions z to />t+ & /opp+1 heavy or light bl[s1 sl[ or quick bl[s1 etc2 ! quicke/ spe$ atta9able dep5d+ on ! spe$ ( ! arm ( ! assi/ant4 ,9 ! movable-fulcrum =g+ hamm] ! op]ations ( />t+ & /opp+1 & ! giv+ ( heavy or light bl[s1 are "u ! complete control ( "o foot ( ! workman1 :o requires !re=e no assi/ant2 & by prop]ly proportion+ ! diamet] ( ! driv+ pulley & size ( belt to ! hamm]1 ! heavy bl[s are giv5 at a sl[] rate ?an ! light ones1 ow+ to ! great] resi/ance :i* !y (f] to ! driv+ belt4 ,9 ?is hamm] ! pneumatic connection1 ! arrangem5ts = ! />t+1 /opp+1 & hold+ up ( ! hamm]1 z well z ^? = communicat+ ! motion ( ! crank-p9 to ! hamm] by means ( a rock+ lev] & movable fulcrum1 are simil> to ^? 9 ! plani%+ hamm]1 diff]+ only 9 ! details1 :i* provide d\ble guides & be>+s = ! pr9cipal work+ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,longwor?',s ,,p[] ,,hamm] ,,) ,,movable ,,fulcrum4 ,! movable fulcrum1 ,b1 ,figs4 #d & #e1 consi/s ( two adju/able /eel p9s1 atta*$ to ! fulcrum lev]1 ,q1 & turn$ conical :]e !y fit 9 ! socket1 ,d4 ,! fulcrum lev] is pivot$ on a p91 ,r1 fix$ 9 ! fram+ ( ! ma*9e1 & is connect$ at its l[] extremity to ! nut1 ,s1 9 ge> ) ! regulat+ screw1 ,t4 ,! to-&-fro movem5t ( ! fulcrum lev]1 ,q1 by :i* heavy or light bl[s are giv5 by ! hamm]1 is plac$ "u ! control ( ! foot ( ! workman1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,u is a d\ble-end$ =k$ lev]1 pivot$ 9 ! c5t]1 & hav+ "o end embrac+ ! />t+ p$al1 ,p1 & ! o!r end ! small belt :i* connects ! fa/ pulley on ! driv+ %aft1 ,a1 ) ! loose pulley1 ,v1 or ! rev]s+ pulleys1 ,w & ,x4 ,^! are respectivly connect$ ) ! bevel :eels1 ,w#a1 & ,x#a1 ge>+ into & plac$ at opposite sides ( ! bevel :eel1 ,z1 on ! regulat+ screw 9 connection ) ! fulcrum lev]4 ,:5 ! workman places 8 foot on ! p$al1 ,p1 to />t ! hamm]1 he f9ds 8 foot )9 ! =k ( ! lev]1 ,u2 & by slightly turn+ 8 foot r\nd on 8 heel he c readily move ! =k$ lev] to "r or left1 s %ift+ ! small belt on to ei!r ( ! rev]s+ pulleys1 ,w or ,x1 & caus+ ! regulat+ screw1 ,t1 to revolve 9 ei!r direction4 ,! fulcrum lev] is ?us caus$ to move =w>d or backw>d1 to give light or heavy bl[s4 ,by mov+ ! =k$ lev] into mid position1 ! small belt is %ift$ into its usual place on ! loose pulley1 ,v1 & ! fulcrum rema9s at re/4 ,to fix ! lighte/ & heavie/ bl[ requir$ = ea* k9d ( "w1 adju/able /ops are provid$1 & are m\nt$ on a rod1 ,y1 connect$ to an arm ( ! =k$ lev]4 ,:5 ! nut ( ! regulat+ screw comes 9 contact ) ei!r ( ! /ops1 ! =k$ lev] is =c$ into mid position1 9 spite ( ! pressure ( ! foot ( ! workman1 & ?us fur!r movem5t ( ! fulcrum lev]1 9 ! direction :i* x 0 tak+1 is prev5t$4 ,! movable fulcrum c also be adju/$ by h& to any requir$ bl[1 :5 ! hamm] is /opp$1 by means ( a h&le 9 connection ) ! regulat+ screw4 ,9 conclusion ! au?or wi%es to direct att5tion to ! fact1 t 9 _m ( our l>ge/ manufactories1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! midl& c\nties1 foot & h& labor = =g+ & /amp+ is /ill employ$ to an enorm\s ext5t4 ,hundr$s ( ,oliv]s1 ) hamm]s up to #fj lb4 9 weight1 are labori\sly put 9 motion by ! foot ( ! workman1 at a spe$ av]ag+ fifty bl[s p] m9ute2 :ile l>ge numb]s ( /amps1 work$ by h& & foot1 & weigh+ up to #abj lb41 are also employ$4 ,! l[ fir/ co/ ( ! foot hamm]s & /amps1 comb9$ ) ! sy/em ( piece "w1 & ! desire ( manufactur]s to keep _! me?ods ( work+ secret1 h no d\bt mu* to d ) ! small am\nt ( progress t has be5 made2 al?\gh 9 a few cases competition1 p>ticul>ly ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 has =c$ ! manufactur] to ?r[ ! ,oliv] & h&-/amp aside1 & to employ /eam p[] hamm]s & /amps4 ,! writ] believes t 9 connection ) =g+ & /amp+ processes !re is /ill a wide & pr(itable field = ! +5uity & capital ( eng9e]s1 :o *oose to occupy !mselves ) ?is m9or1 b n ! less useful1 bran* ( me*anics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,bi*]\x ,,sy/em ,,( ,,furnaces ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,puddl+ ,,( ,,iron4 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahgb1 ! l>ge iron works at ,ougre1 ne> ,liege1 h appli$ ! ,bi*]\x sy/em ( furnaces to heat+1 &1 s9ce ! ye> #ahgg1 to puddl+4 ,! results t h be5 obta9$ 9 ?is la/-nam$ application are s satisfactory t x appe>s to u to be ( int]e/ to speak ( ! matt] 9 "s detail4 ,! app>atus1 :i* is %[n 9 ! opposite page1 consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts3 7#a7 a gas g5]ator2 7#b7 a mix+ *amb] into :i* ! gases & air are drawn by ! natural draught1 & :]e9 ! combu/ion ( ! gases beg9s2 & 7#c7 a furnace1 or laboratory 7n repres5t$ 9 ! figure71 :]e9 ! combu/ion is ne>ly f9i%$1 & :]e9 take place ! diff]5t reactions ( puddl+4 ,^! ?ree p>ts are giv5 dim5sions t v>y accord+ to ! composition ( ! diff]5t coals1 & !y may be made to use any sort ( coal1 ev5 ! f9e & s*i/ose k9ds :i* w\ld n be suitable = ord9>y puddl+4 ,! gases & ! air necess>y = ! combu/ion ( ^! be+ br\ght toge!r at diff]5t temp]atures1 & be+ drawn into ! mix+ *amb] ?r\gh ! same *imney1 x w be se5 t ! dim5sions ( ! flues t conduct !m %\ld v>y ) ! k9d ( coal us$2 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! gases are br\ght toge!r is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bi*]\x ,,sy/em ,,( ,,furnace4 ,v]tical ,section1 & ,horizontal ,section ?r\gh ,,mnopqr ,! gas g5]ator consi/s ( a hopp]1 ,a1 into :i* drops1 ?r\gh small ap]tures a1 ! coal pil$ up on ! plat=m1 ,d4 ,^! ap]tures are clos$ ) coal or bricks4 ,! bottom ( ! g5]ator is =m$ ( a small /&+ grate4 ,! coal1 on fall+ ^u a mass 9 a /ate ( ignition1 di/ills & becomes trans=m$ into coke1 :i* gradually slides d[n ov] a grate to produce aft]w>d1 ?r\gh its own combu/ion1 a di/illation ( ! coal foll[+ x4 ,b z ^! are features f\nd 9 all g5]ators we w n dwell ^u !m4 ,! gases t are produc$ fl[ ?r\gh a long horizontal flue1 ,b1 into a v]tical conduit1 ,e1 into :i* !re deb\*es at ! upp] "p a s]ies ( small orifices1 ,f1 t conduct ! air t has be5 heat$4 ,! gases are inflam$1 & trav]se ! furnace c 7n %[n 9 ! cut71 f :5ce !y g to ! *imney4 ,be=e ! air is all[$ to rea* ! int]v5+ *amb] x is made to pass into ! sole ( ! furnace & into ! walls ( ! *amb]1 s t to ! advantage ( hav+ ! air heat$ !re is jo9$ ! additional "o ( hav+ ^? portions ( ! furnace cool$ t _c be heat$ ) impunity4 ,! incompletely burn$ gases t escape f ! furnace are utiliz$ 9 heat+ ! boil]s ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,! dim5sions giv5 ^! furnaces v>y greatly accord+ to ! *>ge to be us$4 ,all ! results at ,ougre h be5 obta9$ ) #djj kilogramme *>ges1 & ! dim5sions ( ! gas g5]ators h be5 calculat$ = ,six-,bonni]s coal1 :i* does n yield ov] #bj p] c5t4 ( gas4 ,! advantages ( ?is sy/em1 :i* p]mits ( exp$it+ all ! op]ations ( puddl+1 are z foll[s3 #a4 ,a notable economy 9 fuel1 bo? z reg>ds quantity & quality4 #b4 ,economy result+ f dim9ution 9 ! wa/e ( metal1 ) a consequ5t improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! products obta9$4 #c4 ,dim9ution 9 co/ ( repairs4 #d4 ,less rapid we> 9 ! grates4 #e4 ,improvem5t 9 ! conditions ( ! "w ( puddl+4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^! advantages1 x may be /at$ t ! puddl+ ( ord9>y ,ougre =ge iron1 :i* requir$ ) o!r furnaces #ijj to #a1jjj kilogrammes ( coal1 is n[ p]=m$ ) less ?an #fjj kilogrammes p] ton ( ! iron produc$4 ,! puddl+ ( f9e gra9$ iron :i* requir$ #a1cjj to #a1ejj kilogrammes ( coal is n[ done ) #hjj4 ,s mu* = quantity2 z = quality ! sy/em pres5ts also a v m>k$ advantage 9 t x requires no roll+ coal--! op]ation ( ! furnace be+ j z regul> ) f9e coal1 ev5 t sift$ ?r\gh scre5s ( #j4jb met]4 ,! second class ( advantages naturally results f ! almo/ complete prev5tion ( access ( cold air4 ,! sav+ 9 wa/age am\nts to #c or #d p] c5t41 t is to say1 #ajj kilogrammes ( iron produc$ is accompani$ by a loss ( only #i to #aj kilogrammes1 in/ead ( #ac to #ae z ord9>ily reckon$4 ,! dim9ution 9 ! co/ ( repairs is due to ! fact t ! furnace doors1 ( :i* !re are two1 p]mit ( easy access to all p>ts ( ! sole2 moreov]1 ! coal nev] com+ 9 contact ) ! fire-bridges1 ! latt] la/ mu* long] ?an ^? 9 o!r /yles ( furnaces1 & c be us$ = sev]al weeks )\t ! necessity ( ! lea/ repair4 ,! r$uc$ we> ( ! grates results f ! l[ temp]ature t c be us$ 9 ! furnace1 & ! quantity ( cl9k] t c be left !re9 )\t int]f]+ ) its op]ation1 ?us p]mitt+ ( hav+ ! grates always black4 ,^! latt] 9 no wise *ange1 & aft] five mon?s ( "w ! squ>e b>s /ill pres]ve _! %>pness ( edges4 ,z = ! improvem5ts 9 ! conditions ( ! "w ( puddl+1 x may be /at$ t ) a uni=m price p] #ajj kilogrammes = all ! furnaces1 ! labor]s work+ at ! gas furnaces c e>n #be to #cj p] c5t4 m ?an ^? work+ at ord9>y furnaces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gessn]',s ,,cont9u\s ,,clo?-,,press+ ,,ma*9e4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are sev]al s]i\s drawbacks 9 ! usual plan ( press+ wool5 or wor/$ clo?s & felts ) press plates1 press pap]s1 & presses4 ,?ree objections ( great weight may be m5tion$1 & ev5ts 9 ,le$s give emphasis to a f\r?4 ,! ?ree objections are--! labor requir$ 9 sett+ or fold+ ! clo?1 ! exp5se ( ! press pap]s1 & ! "t requir$4 ,! f\r? objection1 ab\t :i* a dispute has occurr$ betwe5 ! press-sett]s & ! ma/] f9i%]s 9 ,le$s1 ref]s to ! inapplicability ( ! common sy/em to long l5g?s4 ,! m5 object to ^! on acc\nt ( ! great labor involv$ 9 %ift+ ! heavy mass ( clo? & press plates to & f ! presses4 ,a m9or drawback ( ?is sy/em is t x involves ! pres5ce ( a fold up ! middle ( ! piece4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! drawbacks x has long be5 und]/ood to be desirable to exp$ite ! process1 & also to disp5se ) ! press pap]s4 ,?is is ! ma9 purpose ( ! ma*9e we n[ illu/rate 9 section1 9 :i* ! press+ is done cont9u\sly by :at may be t]m$ a species ( iron+4 ,! ma*9e consi/s ( a c5tral holl[ cyl9d]1 ,c1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! circumf]5ce ( :i* is cov]$ by ! holl[ boxes1 ,m1 heat$ by /eam ?r\gh ! pipes %[n1 & :i* are m\nt$ ^u ! lev]s1 ,,bb'1 ^: fulcra are at bb4 ,by means ( ! h&-:eel1 ,t1 & worm-:eel1 n1 :i* closes or op5s ! lev]s1 ,,bb'1 ! pressure ( ! boxes ^u ! c5tral roll] may be adju/$ at w1 ! spr+-bolt1 ,f1 all[+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( yield4 ,! faces ( ! press-boxes1 ,,mm1 are cov]$ by a curv$ %eet ( ,g]man silv] atta*$ to ! po9t1 ,y4 ,?is %eet takes ! place ( ! press pap]s 9 ! ord9>y process4 ,! c\rse ( ! clo? ?r\gh ! ma*9e is z foll[s1 & is %[n by ! arr[s3 ,x is plac$ on ! bottom bo>d 9 front1 & 9 its travel x passes ov] ! rails1 ,o1 aft] :i* x is op]at$ on by ! bru%1 ,z1 leav+ :i* x is convey$ ov] ! rails1 ,v & ,i1 ! roll]s1 ,k & ,p1 & !nce betwe5 ! press+ roll]1 ,c1 & ! ,g]man silv] press plate cov]+ ! heat$ boxes1 ,m4 ,leav+ ^! ! piece passes ov] ! roll]1 ,p1 & is cuttl$ d[n 9 ! bottom bo>d by ! cuttl+ motion1 ,f1 or a roll+-up motion may be appli$4 ,! mak] /ates t arrangem5ts = bru%+ & /eam+ may also be atta*$1 s t 9 "o passage ?r\gh ! ma*9e a piece may be press$1 bru%$1 & /eam$4 ,! spe$ ( ! cyl9d] may be adju/$ accord+ to ! quality or requirem5ts ( ! goods t are "u treatm5t4 ,at ! "t ( our visit1 says ! ,textile ,manufactur]1 pr9t$ wool5 pieces 7 be+ press$ at ! rate ( ab\t f\r y>ds a m9ute1 b high] spe$s are (t5 obta9$4 ,messrs4 ,taylor1 ,wordswor? ,co41 :o h erect$ _m ( ^! ma*9es 9 ,le$s1 ,brad=d1 & ,batley1 in=m u t !y f9d !y are adapt$ = ! press+ ( a wide v>iety ( clo?s1 f ,brad=d goods & ?9 s]ges to ! heavy pieces ( ,dewsbury & ,batley4 ,! inv5tor1 ,ern/ ,gessn]1 ( ,aue1 ,saxony1 adopts an +5i\s exp$i5t = press+ goods ) ?ick li/s4 ,he provides an arrangem5t = mov+ ! cyl9d] endwise1 accord+ to ! diff]5t wid?s ( ! pieces to be treat$4 ,"o li/ is left outside at ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! o!r at ! opposite end ( ! press+ boxes4 ,! ma*9e we saw 0 #hj 94 wide on ! roll]1 & x 0 "o ! design & con/ruction ( :i* und\bt$ly d cr$it to ,mr4 ,gessn]4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,wool5 ,,c>d+ ,,eng9es4 ,mr4 ,bolette1 :o has made a "n = himself 9 connection ) /rap divid]s1 has exp]im5t$ 9 ano!r direction on ! c>d+ eng9e1 & z 8 ideas conta9 "s po9ts ( novelty we h]e) give ! necess>y illu/rations1 s t our read]s c judge = !mselves z to ! m]it ( ^! inv5tions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! fe$+ arrangem5t4 ,"h ! wool is deliv]$ by ! fe$ roll]s1 ,a ,a1 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! long] fib]s are !n tak5 (f by a comb1 ,b1 & br\ght =w>d to ! /ripp]1 ,e1 :i* transf]s !m to ! roll]1 ,h1 & !nce to ! cyl9d]4 ,! %ort] fib]s :i* are n seiz$ by ! comb fall d[n1 b z !y drop !y meet a bla/ ( air creat$ by a fan1 :i* ?r[s ! light] & clean] p>ts 9 a k9d ( spray ^u ! roll]1 ,l1 :5ce !y pass on to ! cyl9d]1 :ile ! dirt & o!r heavi] p>ts fall d[nw>ds into a box1 & are by ?is means kept (f ! cyl9d]4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is arrangem5t x is n int5d$ to keep ! long & ! %ort fib]s sep>ate1 b to utilize !m all 9 ! =mation ( ! y>n4 ,! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ref]s to ! deliv]y end4 ,in/ead ( ! sliv] be+ w\nd ^u ! roll] 9 ! usual way1 x runs ^u a %eet ( l951 ,p1 z 9 ! case ( c>d+ = felt1 ) a to-&-fro motion 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! roll]s4 ,9 ?is way "o or m lay]s ( ! fleece c be plac$ on ! %eet1 :i* 9 t case passes backw>ds & =w>ds f roll] ,s to ,r1 & vice v]sa4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! bat arrangem5t us$ = felt1 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! bat is at once roll$ up in/ead ( go+ ?r\gh ! bat frame4 ,9 ! manufacture ( felt x is ( c\rse ( importance to h _m v ?9 lay]s ( fleece sup]pos$ ov] ea* o!r 9 ord] to equalize x1 & if ! same is appli$ to ! manufacture ( clo? x w no d\bt give satisfactory results1 b may be r co/ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,novelties ,,9 ,,r+ ,,sp9dles4 ,"o ( ! drawbacks ( r+ sp9n+ is ! unev5 pull ( ! travel]1 :i* is ! m difficult to c\nt]act z x is ex]t$ 9 j]ks at irregul> int]vals4 ,x is argu$ t ) sp9dles & be>+s z usually made ! sp9dle is support$ firmly 9 its be>+1 & _c give 9 case ( su* a lat]al pull :5 ex]t$ ?r\gh ! y>n by ! travel]1 & ! consequ5ce is ei!r a breakage ( ! y>n or an unev5 ?read4 ,impress$ ) ?is idea1 & 9 ord] to rem$y ?is defect1 an em95t ,swiss firm has hit ^u ! notion ( driv+ ! sp9dle by friction1 & to make x m or less loose 9 ! be>+s1 s t 9 case ( an extra pull by ! travel] ! sp9dle c give way a little1 & ?us prev5t ! breakage ( ! y>n4 ,?is idea has be5 c>ri$ out 9 f\r diff]5t ways1 & z ?is seems to be an entirely new dep>ture 9 r+ sp9n+1 we give ! illu/rations ( _! con/ruction 9 detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ,b\rc>t's rec5t arrangem5t ( atta*+ ! ?read guide to ! sp9dle rail & ! adju/able sp9dle4 ,! sp9dle is held by ! sleeve1 g1 :i* latt] is screw$ into ! sp9dle rail1 ,s1 ?is be+ mov$ by ! p9ion1 a2 ! coll> is elongat$ upw>ds 9 a cuplike =m1 c1 ! bett] to hold ! oil1 & keep x f fly+2 d is ! :>f1 :i* has atta*$ to x ! sleeve1 m1 & :i* is situat$ loosely 9 ! space betwe5 ! sp9dle & ! foot/ep1 e4 ,above ! :>f ! sp9dle is hexagonal 9 %ape1 & to ?is "p is atta*$ ! friction plate1 a4 ,betwe5 ! latt] & ! upp] surface ( ! :>f a clo? or felt wa%] is ins]t$1 to act z a brake4 ,! foot/ep1 e1 is fill$ ) oil1 9 :i* run ! foot ( ! sp9dle & ! sleeve m1 ! latt] turn+ ^u a /eel r+ situat$ on ! bottom ( ! foot/ep4 ,z1 ?us1 ! foot ( ! sp9dle is q free1 ! upp] "p ( ! sp9dle c give sideways 9 ! direction ( any sudd5 pull1 & ! foot ( ! sp9dle c foll[ ?is motion 9 ! opposite direction1 ! coll> =m+ ! fulcrum = ! sp9dle4 ,by ?is alt]ation ( ! v]tical position ( ! sp9dle into an incl9$ "o 7?\gh ev] s trifl+71 ! contact ( ! friction plate1 a1 & ! :>f is int]rupt$1 & ?us ! spe$ ( ! sp9dle r$uc$4 ,?is w cause less y>n to be w\nd on1 & ! pull ?us to be neutraliz$2 b z ! :>f keeps turn+ at ! same spe$1 its c5trifugal =ce w act aga9 ^u ! friction plate1 & ?us br+ ! sp9dle back to its v]tical position z soon z ! extra drag has be5 remov$4 ,9 ,fig4 #b ! foot/ep1 e1 has ! foot ( ! sp9dle m closely fitt+ at ! bottom1 b ! upp] "p ( ! /ep op5s out gradually1 & =ms a conical cavity ( a little l>g] diamet] ?an ! sp9dle1 s t ! latt] has a consid]able play sideways4 ,! :>f c>ries 9 its l[] "p ! sleeve1 g1 :i* runs ^u a /eel r+ z above4 ,! upp] surface ( ! :>f is ar*$1 & ^u ?is is fitt$ ! correspond+ly ar*$ friction plate1 a1 :i* latt] is atta*$ to ! sp9dle by a screw4 ,! position ( ! sp9dle is ma9ta9$ by ! coll>1 m4 ,?is coll> is loose 9 ! sp9dle rail1 & only held by ! spr+1 m'4 ,if n[1 a lat]al drag is ex]t$ ^u ! upp] "p ( ! sp9dle1 ! coll> c> foll[s ! direction ( ?is drag1 & ! sp9dle ?us be br\ght out ( ! v]tical position1 ! friction plate slipp+ at ! same "t4 ,! =ce ( ! spr+ conjo9tly ) ! c5trifugal =ce w !n br+ back ! sp9dle into its normal position z soon z ! drag is aga9 ev54 ,fig4 #c %[s a sp9dle ) a v long conical oil vessel1 ,b1 re/+ ^u a disk1 e1 9 cup1 e'1 ) a cov]1 e'4 ,! :>f1 d1 is "h situat$ high up ! sp9dle1 has ! same sleeve z 9 ! prec$+ case1 & runs r\nd ! bu%1 g1 ^u ! r+1 z4 ,! friction plate re/+ ^u ! :>f is jo9$ to ! coll>1 a1 runn+ out into a cup %ape1 :i* is fix$ to ! sp9dle1 :i* "h has a hexagonal =m4 ,9 ?is case ! coll> gives ) ! sp9dle1 :i* latt] has ! necess>y play 9 ! long foot/ep2 & z ! coll> & friction-plate are "o1 x is br\ght back to its normal place by c5trifugal =ce4 ,a peculi> arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,"h ! r+ & travel]1 f1 are plac$ z usual1 b ! sp9dle c>ries at ! same "t an inv]t$ fli]1 t4 ,! sp9dle turns loosely 9 ! foot/ep1 e1 ! oil *amb] be+ c>ri$ up to ! middle ( its height4 ,! :>f is plac$ 9 ! same position z 9 ! previ\s case1 hav+ also a sleeve runn+ 9 ! oil *amb]1 c1 ^u a /eel r+1 z4 ,! friction-plate a1 on ! top ( ! :>f c>ries ! fli]1 & on its upp] surface is 9 contact ) ! inv]t$ cup1 a1 :i* is atta*$ to ! sp9dle by a p9 or screw4 ,9 ord] to limit at w ! lat]al motion ( ! sp9dle !re is atta*$ to ! latt]1 betwe5 ! foot/ep & ! coll>1 a split r+1 i1 :i* c be clos$ m or less by a small set screw4 ,! sp9dle is ?us only held 9 ! p]p5dicul> position by its own velocity1 :i* w facilitate a high degree ( spe$1 ?r\gh ! entire abs5ce ( all friction 9 ! be>+s1 ?is v]tical position be+ assi/$ by ! friction motion :5ev] ! sp9dle has be5 drawn on "o side4 ,al?\gh ! notion ( m\nt+ sp9dles s t !y c yield 9 ord] to c5t] !mselves is n new1 x is evid5t t consid]able +5uity has be5 br\ght to be> ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! sp9dles we h describ$1 b we are n 9 a position to say to :at ext5t practice has 9 ?is case co9cid$ ) !ory4--,textile ,manufactur]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photo-,,engrav+ ,,on ,,z9c ,,or ,,copp]4 ,by ,,leon ,,vidal4 ,?is process is simil> 9 _m respects to ! "o :i* 0 "s "t ago communicat$ to ! ,photographic ,society ( ,france by ,m4 ,/ronb9sky1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 b 9 a mu* improv$ & complete =m4 ,an acc\nt ( x 0 giv5 by ,m4 ,gob]t1 at ! meet+ ( ! same society1 on ! #b;d ,decemb]1 #ahhb4 ,! foll[+ are ! details1 z demon/rat$ by me at ! meet+ ( ! #i? ( ,may la/3 ,%eets ( z9c or ( copp] ( a conv5i5t size are c>efully plani%$ & poli%$ ) p[d]$ pumice /one4 ,! s5sitive mixture is compos$ (3 ,! :ites ( f\r fre% eggs beat5 to a fro?4444444444444444444444444 #ajj p>ts ,pure bi*romate ( ammonia444444444 #b4ej ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #ej ,aft] ?is mixture has be5 c>efully filt]$ ?r\gh a pap] filt]1 a few drops ( ammonia are add$4 ,x w keep good = "s "t if well cork$ & pres]v$ f exposure to ! light4 ,ev5 two mon?s aft] be+ prep>$ ,i h f\nd x to be /ill good2 b too l>ge a quantity %\ld n be prep>$ at a "t1 z x does n improve ) keep+4 ,i f9d t ! dry album5 ( comm]ce w answ] z well z ! fre%4 ,9 t case ,i employ ! foll[+ =mula3 ,dry album5 f eggs44444444444444 #ae to #bj p>ts ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #ajj ,ammonia bi*romate44444444444444444 #b4ej ,always add "s drops ( ammonia1 & keep ?is mixture 9 a well cork$ bottle & 9 a d>k place4 ,to coat ! metal plate1 place x on a turn+ table1 to :i* x is made fa/ at ! c5t] by a pneumatic hold]2 to assure ! p]fect adhesion ( ?is hold]1 x is z well to wet ! circul> ela/ic r+ ( ! hold] be=e apply+ x to ! metallic surface4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! table may be made to rotate quickly )\t fe> ( deta*+ ! plate by ! rapidity ( ! movem5t4 ,! plate is plac$ 9 a p]fectly horizontal position1 :]e no du/ c settle on x2 ! mixture is !n p\r$ on x1 & di/ribut$ by means ( a triangul> piece ( s(t pap]1 s z to cov] equally all ! p>ts ( ! plate4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to fl[ too mu* liquid ov] ! plate1 & :5 ! latt] is ev]y:]e coat$1 ! excess is p\r$ (f into a diff]5t vessel f t :i* conta9s ! filt]$ mixture1 or else into a filt] re/+ on t vessel4 ,! turn+ table %\ld n[ be inv]t$ s t ! s5sitive surface may be d[nw>ds1 & x is made to rotate at fir/ sl[ly1 aft]w>ds m rapidly1 s z to make ! film1 :i* %\ld be v ?91 q smoo? & ev54 ,! :ole op]ation %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 a subdu$ light1 z too /rong a light w\ld r5d] insoluble ! film ( bi*romat$ album54 ,:5 ! film is equaliz$ ! plate mu/ be deta*$ f ! turn+ table & plac$ on a ca/ iron or t9 plate heat$ to n m ?an #dj or #ej ,c4 ,a g5tle heat is q suffici5t to dry ! album5 quickly2 a great] heat w\ld spoil x1 z x w\ld produce coagulation4 ,s soon z ! film is dry1 :i* w be se5 by ! iridesc5t aspect x assumes1 ! plate is all[$ to cool to ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & is !n at once expos$ ei!r b5ea? a positive1 or b5ea? an orig9al draw+ ! l9es ( :i* h be5 drawn 9 opaque ink1 s z to completely prev5t ! lum9\s rays f pass+ ?r\gh !m2 ! light %\ld only p5etrate ?r\gh ! :ite or transp>5t gr\nd ( ! draw+4 ,i say a positive because ,i wi% to obta9 an engrav$ plate2 if ,i want$ to h a plate = typographic pr9t+1 ,i %\ld h to take a negative4 ,aft] exposure ! plate mu/ be at once develop$1 :i* is effect$ by dissolv+ 9 wat] ^? p>ts ( ! bi*romat$ gelat9e :i* h be5 protect$ f ! action ( light by ! d>k spaces ( ! cli*2 ^! p>ts rema9 soluble1 :ile ! o!rs h be5 r5d]$ completely insoluble4 ,if ! plate 7 dipp$ 9 cle> wat] x w\ld be difficult to obs]ve ! picture com+ out1 especially on copp]4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty ! wat] mu/ be t+$ ) "s anil9e color2 anil9e r$ or violet1 :i* are soluble 9 wat]1 answ]s ! purpose v well4 ,en\gh ( ! dye mu/ be dissolv$ 9 ! wat] to give x a tol]ably deep color4 ,s soon z ! plate is plung$ into ?is liquid ! album5 n act$ on by light is dissolv$1 :ile ! insoluble p>ts are color$ by absorb+ ! dye1 s t ! metal is expos$ 9 ! l9es aga9/ a r$ or violet gr\nd1 accord+ to ! color ( ! dye us$4 ,:5 ! draw+ comes out q p]fect1 & a complete copy ( ! orig9al1 ! plate ) ! image on x is all[$ to dry ei!r ( its own accord1 or by submitt+ x to a g5tle heat4 ,s soon z x is dry x is et*$1 & ?is is done by means ( a solution ( p]*loride ( iron 9 alcohol4 ,bo? alcohol & iron p]*loride w coagulate album52 _! action1 !re=e1 on ! image w n be injuri\s1 s9ce !y w h>d5 ! rema9+ album5 /ill fur!r4 ,b to get ! full b5efit ( ?is1 ! alcohol & ! iron p]*loride mu/ bo? be free f wat]2 x is !re=e advisable to use ! salt 9 cry/als :i* h be5 ?or\ghly dri$1 & ! alcohol ( a /r5g? ( #ie4 ,! foll[+ is ! =mula3 ,p]*loride ( iron1 well dri$ #ej gr4 ,alcohol at #ie #ajj ,?is solution mu/ be c>efully filt]$ s z to get rid ( any deposit :i* may =m1 & mu/ be pres]v$ 9 a well-cork$ bottle1 :5 x w keep = a long "t4 ,! plate is fir/ coat$ ) a v>ni% ( bitum5 ( ,judea on ! edges 7if ^? p>ts are n already cov]$ ) album57 & on ! back1 s t ! et*+ liquid c only act on ! l9es to be engrav$4 ,x is !n plac$1 ) ! side to be engrav$ d[nw>ds1 9 a porcela9 bas91 into :i* a suffici5t quantity ( ! solution ( p]*loride ( iron is p\r$1 & ! liquid is kept /irr$ s z to r5ew ! portion :i* t\*es ! plate2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to t\* ) ! bru% ! p>ts :]e !re is album5 rema9+4 ,! l5g? ( "t t ! et*+ mu/ be cont9u$ dep5ds on ! dep? requir$ to be giv5 to ! engrav+2 g5]ally a qu>t] ( an h\r w be f\nd to be suffici5t4 ,%\ld x be ?\ght desirable to ext5d ! action ov] half an h\r1 ! l9es w be f\nd to h be5 v deeply engrav$4 ,:5 ! et*+ is consid]$ to h be5 pu%$ f> en\gh1 ! plate mu/ be )drawn f ! solution1 & wa%$ 9 pl5ty ( wat]2 x mu/ !n be =cibly rubb$ ) a clo? s z to remove all ! album51 & aft] x has be5 poli%$ ) a little pumice1 ! engrav+ is complete4 ,x w be se5 t ?is process may be us$ ) advantage in/ead ( t ( photo-engrav+ ) bitum51 9 cases :]e x is n advisable to use acids4 ,"o ( my fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,fis*1 sugge/s ! plan--:i* seems to des]ve a c>eful inve/igation--( comb9+ ?is process ) t :]e bitum5 is employ$2 x w\ld be done some:at 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! plate ( metal w\ld be fir/ coat$ ev5ly ) bitum5 ( ,judea on ! turn+ table1 & :5 ! bitum5 is q dry1 x %\ld be aga9 coat$ ) album5 9 ! mann] z describ$ above4 ,9 full sunlight ! exposure ne$ n exce$ a m9ute 9 l5g?2 !n ! plate w\ld be laid 9 color$ wat]1 dri$1 & imm]s$ 9 spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,! latt] w dissolve ! bitum5 9 all ! p>ts :]e x has be5 expos$ by ! removal ( ! album5 n r5d]$ insoluble by ! action ( light4 ,b x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! album5 w n be und]m9$ 9 ?is me?od2 !re=e1 be=e recomm5d+ ! process1 x ought to be ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,! metal is n[ expos$ 9 all ! p>ts t h to be et*$1 :ile all ! o!r p>ts are protect$ by a lay] ( bitum5 coat$ ) coagulat$ album54 ,h5ce we may employ z mordant wat] acidulat$ ) #c1 #d1 or #e p] c5t4 ( nitric acid1 accord+ z x is requir$ to h ! plate et*$ ) great] or less vigor4 ,by foll[+ ! directions above giv51 any "o wi%+ to adopt ! process _c fail ( obta9+ good results1 ,"o ( its greate/ advantages is t x is )9 ! rea* ( e "o engag$ 9 pr9t+ op]ations4--,photo ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m]idian ,,l9e4 ,footnote3 ,f ,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,c\nty ,surveyors ( ,ohio1 ,columbus1 ,janu>y1 #ahhb4 ,! foll[+ process has be5 us$ by ! und]sign$ = _m ye>s4 ,! true m]idian c ?us be f\nd )9 "o m9ute ( arc3 ,directions4--,nail a slat to ! nor? side ( an upp] w9d[--! high] ! bett]4 ,let x be #be feet f ! gr\nd or m4 ,let x project #c feet4 ,ke> ! end susp5d a plumb-bob1 & h x sw+ 9 a bucket ( wat]4 ,a lamp set 9 ! w9d[ w r5d] ! upp] "p ( ! /r+ visible4 ,place a small table or /& ab\t #bj feet s\? ( ! plumb-bob1 & on its s\? edge /ick ! small blade ( a pocket knife2 place ! eye close to ! blade1 & move ! /& s z to br+ ! blade1 /r+1 & pol> /> into l9e4 ,place ! table s t ! /> %all be se5 v ne> ! slat 9 ! w9d[4 ,let ?is be done half an h\r be=e ! greate/ elongation ( ! />4 ,)9 f\r or five m9utes aft] ! fir/ alignm5t ! /> w h mov$ to ! ea/ or we/ ( ! /r+4 ,slip ! table or ! knife a little to "o side1 & align c>efully z be=e4 ,aft] a few alignm5ts ! /> w move along ! /r+--d[n1 if ! elongation is we/2 up1 if ea/4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,june ! ea/]n elongation occurs ab\t half-pa/ two 9 ! morn+1 & z daylight comes on %ortly aft] ! obs]vation is complet$1 ,i pref] t "t ( ye>4 ,! "t ( m]idian passage or ( ! elongation c be f\nd 9 almo/ any "w on survey+4 ,( c\rse ! obs]v] %\ld *oose a calm night4 ,9 ! morn+ ! transit c be rang$ ) ! knife blade & /r+1 & ! prop] angle turn$ (f to ! left1 if ! elongation is ea/2 to ! "r1 if we/4 ,in/ead ( turn+ (f ! angle1 z above describ$1 ,i measure #bjj or #cjj feet nor?tw>d1 9 ! direction ( ! /r+1 & compute ! (fset 9 feet & in*es1 set a /ake 9 ! gr\nd1 & drive a tack 9 ! usual way4 ,suppose ! di/ance is #bej feet & ! angle #a #dj'1 !n ! (fset w be #g1bga feet1 or #g feet #c in*es4 ,a m9ute ( arc at ! di/ance ( #bej feet is sev5-eigh?s ( an in*2 & ?is is ! mo/ accurate way1 = ! v]ni] w n m>k s small a space accurately4 ,,angle ,,( ,,elongation4 ,?is %\ld be comput$ by ! surveyor = ea* obs]vation4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! /> & ! pole is cont9ually dim9i%+1 & on ,janu>y #a1 #ahhb1 0 #a #ah' #dh4 ,!re is a slight annual v>iation 9 ! di/ance4 ,july #a1 #ahhb1 x w be #a #ai' #bj4 ,if f ?is latt] quantity ! obs]v] w subtract #af = #ahhc1 & ! same quantity = ea* succe$+ ye> = ! next f\r or five ye>s1 no error s great z "o-qu>t] ( a m9ute w be made 9 ! position ( ! m]idian z det]m9$ 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,if w9t] obs]vations are made1 ! di/ance 9 ,janu>y %\ld be us$4 ,! =mula = comput+ ! angle ( elongation is easily made by any "o und]/&+ sph]ical trigonometry1 & is ?is3 ,r x s94 ,pol> di/4 --------------------- s94 ( angle ( elongation4 cos4 lat4 ,z an example1 suppose ! "t is ,july1 #ahhb1 & ! latitude #dj4 ,!n ! computation be+ made1 ! angle w be f\nd to be #a #dc' #cd4 ,a diff]5ce ( six m9utes 9 ! latitude w make less ?an #aj diff]5ce 9 ! angle1 z "o c see by trial4 ,any good ,/ate or c\nty map w give ! latitude to )9 "o or two miles--or m9utes4 ,! facts be+ z "h /at$1 ! absurdity ( ! ,ohio law1 conc]n+ ! e/abli%m5t ( c\nty m]idians1 becomes app>5t4 ,! longitude has no?+ at all to d ,) ! m]idian2 & a diff]5ce ( six miles 9 latitude makes no appreciable error 9 ! m]idian e/abli%$ z "h sugge/$1 :]eas ! /atute requires ! latitude )9 "o half a second1 :i* is fifty feet4 ,!re are "s o!r ?+s1 besides ! ways ( ,provid5ce1 :i* may be said to be pa/ f9d+ out4 ,x is n probable t a surveyor w\ld err s mu* z ?ree miles 9 8 latitude1 b %\ld he d s1 !n ! error 9 8 m]idian l9e1 result+ f ! mi/ake1 w be five seconds1 & a l9e "o mile long1 run on a c\rse #e out ( ! way1 w v>y b an in* & a half f ! true position4 ,surveyors well "k t no su* accuracy is atta9able4 ,r4 ,w4 ,mc,f,a,r,l,a,n,d1 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electro-,,mania4 ,by ,w4 ,,mattieu ,,williams4 ,a hi/ory ( electricity1 9 ord] to be complete1 mu/ include two di/9ct & v diff]5t subjects3 ! hi/ory ( electrical sci5ce1 & a hi/ory ( electrical exagg]ations & delusions4 ,! progress ( ! fir/ has be5 foll[$ by a crop ( ! second f ! "t :5 ,klei/1 ,mus*5broek1 & ,cuneus endeavor$ to bottle ! suppos$ fluid1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ^! attempts /umbl$ ^u ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,dr4 ,lieb]kuhn1 ( ,b]l91 describes ! />tl+ results :i* he obta9$1 or imag9$1 :5 a nail or a piece ( brass wire is put into a small apo!c>y's phial & electrifi$4 ,he says t if1 :ile x is electrify+1 ,i put my f+] or a piece ( gold :i* ,i hold 9 my h& to ! nail1 ,i receive a %ock :i* /uns my arms & %\ld]s4 ,at ab\t ! same date 7! middle ( ! la/ c5tury71 ,mus*5broek /at$1 9 a lett] to ,raumur1 t1 on tak+ a %ock f a ?9 glass b[l1 he felt himself /ruck 9 8 arms1 %\ld]s1 & brea/1 s t he lo/ 8 brea?1 & 0 two days be=e he recov]$ f ! effects ( ! bl[ & ! t]ror & t he w\ld n take a second %ock = ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,f ! description ,( ! app>atus1 x is evid5t t ?is dreadful %ock 0 no /rong] ?an _m ( u h tak5 scores ( times = fun1 & h giv5 to our s*ool-foll[s :5 we became ! pr\d possessors ( our fir/ electrical ma*9e4 ,conjur]s1 m\ntebanks1 it9]ant quacks1 & o!r adv5tur]s op]at$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & 7 f\nd at e c\ntry fair & fete display+ ! wond]s ( ! invisible ag5t by giv+ %ocks & pr(ess+ to cure all imag9able ailm5ts4 ,!n came ! discov]ies ( ,galvani & ,volta1 foll[$ by ! demon/rations ( ,galvani's nephew ,ald9i1 :]eby dead animals 7 made to display ! movem5ts ( life1 n only by ! electricity ( ! ,voltaic pile1 b1 z ,ald9i especially %[$1 by a transf] ( ?is my/]i\s ag5cy f "o animal to ano!r4 ,accord+ to 8 exp]im5ts 7t seem to be =gott5 by mod]n electricians7 ! galvanomet] ( ! p]iod1 a prep>$ frog1 c\ld be made to kick by connect+ its n]ve & muscle ) muscle & n]ve ( a rec5tly kill$ ox1 )1 or )\t metallic int]v5tion4 ,?us arose ! dogma :i* /ill survives 9 ! adv]tisem5ts ( electrical quacks1 t electricity is life1 & ! possibility ( reviv+ ! dead 0 believ$ by _m4 ,execut$ crim9als 7 9 active dem&2 _! bodies 7 exp$iti\sly transf]r$ f ! gall[s or scaffold to ! op]at+ table1 & _! dead limbs 7 made to /ruggle & plunge1 _! eyeballs to roll1 & _! features to p]petrate ! mo/ horrible contortions by connect+ n]ves ) "o pole1 & muscles ) ! opposite pole ( a batt]y4 ,! he>t 0 made to beat1 & _m m5 ( em95ce suppos$ t if ?is c\ld be comb9$ ) artificial respiration1 & kept up = a:ile1 ! victim ( ! hangman might be re/or$1 provid$ ! neck 0 n brok54 ,curi\s tales 7 l\dly :isp]$ conc]n+ g5tle hang+s & /range do+s at ,dr4 ,brookes's1 9 ,leice/] ,squ>e1 & at ! ,hunt]ian ,museum1 9 ,w9dmill ,/reet1 n[ fl\ri%+ z ,! ,caf de l',etoile4 ,:5 a *ild1 ,i liv$ ab\t midway betwe5 ^! celebrat$ s*ools ( practical anatomy1 & well rememb] ! tales ( horror t 7 rec\nt$ conc]n+ !m4 ,:5 ,bi%op & ,williams 7no relation to ! writ]7 7 hang$ = burk+1 i4e41 murd]+ p 9 ord] to provide subjects = dissection1 _! bodies 7 s5t to ,w9dmill ,/reet1 & ! popul> notion 0 t1 be+ old & fai?ful s]vants ( ! doctors1 !y 7 galvaniz$ to life1 & aga9 set up 9 _! old bus9ess4 ,x is amus+ to read "s ( ! treatises on m$ical galvanism t 7 publi%$ at ab\t ?is p]iod1 & contra/ _! positive /atem5ts ( cures effect$ & results anticipat$ ) ! position n[ atta9$ by electricity z a curative ag5t4 ,!n came ! brilliant discov]ies ( ,f>aday1 ,ampre1 etc41 demon/rat+ ! relations betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 & imm$iately foll[+ !m a multitude ( pat5ts = electro-motors1 & wild dreams ( sup]s$+ /eam-eng9es by magneto-electric ma*9]y4 ,! foll[+1 :i* ,i copy f ! ,p5ny ,me*anic1 ( ,june #aj1 #ahcg1 is curi\s1 & v in/ructive to ^? :o ?9k ( inve/+ 9 any ( ! electric p[] companies ( to-day3 ,mr4 ,?omas ,dav5port1 a ,v]mont blacksmi?1 has discov]$ a mode ( apply+ magnetic & electro-magnetic p[]1 :i* we h good gr\nd = believ+ w be ( imm5se importance to ! _w4 ,?is ann\ncem5t is foll[$ by ref]5ce to ,pr(essor ,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts1 = ,april1 #ahcg1 & extracts f ,am]ican pap]s1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a specim53 #a4 ,we saw a small cyl9drical batt]y1 ab\t n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 ?ree or f\r 9 diamet]1 produce a magnetic p[] ( ab\t #cjj lb41 & :i*1 !re=e1 we c\ld n move ) our utmo/ /r5g?4 #b4 ,we saw a small :eel1 five-&-a-half in*es 9 diamet]1 p]=m+ m ?an #fjj revolutions 9 a m9ute1 & lift a weight ( #bd lb4 "o foot p] m9ute1 f ! p[] ( a batt]y ( /ill small] dim5sions4 #c4 ,we saw a model ( a locomotive eng9e travel+ on a circul> railroad ) imm5se velocity1 & rapidly asc5d+ an incl9$ plane ( f> great] elevation ?an any hi!rto asc5d$ by /eam-p[]4 ,& ^! & v>i\s o!r exp]im5ts :i* we saw1 conv9c$ u ( ! tru? ( ! op9ion express$ by ,pr(essors ,silliman1 ,r5wick1 & o!rs1 t ! p[] ( ma*9]y may be increas$ f ?is s\rce beyond any assignable limit4 ,x is comput$ by ^! le>n$ m5 t a circul> galvanic batt]y ab\t ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 ) magnets ( a proportionable surface1 w\ld produce at lea/ a hundr$ horse-p[]2 & !re=e t two su* batt]ies w\ld be suffici5t to propel %ips ( ! l>ge/ class across ! ,atlantic4 ,! only mat]ials requir$ to g5]ate & cont9ue ?is p[] = su* a voyage w\ld be a few ?9 %eets ( copp] & z9c1 & a few gallons ( m9]al wat]4 ,! ,faure accumulator is b a v weak affair comp>$ ) ?is1 ,sir ,william ,?omson not)/&+4 ,to r5d] ! date ( ! above fully appreciable1 ,i may note t ?ree mon?s lat] ! magaz9e f :i* x is quot$ 0 illu/rat$ ) a picture ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ,/ation display+ a fir/-class pass5g] ) a box seat on ! ro( ( ! c>riage1 & foll[$ by an acc\nt ( ! trip to ,boxmoor1 ! fir/ in/allm5t ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway4 ,x tells u t1 ! "t ( />t+ hav+ arriv$1 ! doors ( ! c>riages are clos$1 &1 by ! assi/ance ( ! conductors1 ! tra9 is mov$ on a %ort di/ance t[>d ! fir/ bridge1 :]e x is met by an eng9e1 :i* conducts x up ! incl9$ plane z f> z ,*alk ,f>m4 ,betwe5 ! canal & ?is spot /&s ! /ation-h\se = ! eng9es2 "h1 also1 are fix$ ! eng9es :i* are to be employ$ 9 draw+ ! c>riages up ! incl9$ plane f ,eu/on ,squ>e1 by a rope upw>ds ( a mile 9 l5g?1 ! co/ ( :i* 0 upw>ds ( #djj4 ,aft] describ+ ! next *ange ( eng9es1 9 ! same matt] ( c\rse way z ! *ang+ ( /age-coa* horses1 ! n>rative proce$s to say t ent]+ ! tunnel f broad daylight to p]fect d>kness has an exce$+ly novel effect4 ,i make ^! p>allel quotations = ! b5efit ( ^? :o imag9e t electricity is mak+ su* va/ly great] /rides ?an o!r s\rces ( p[]4 ,i well rememb] mak+ ?is j\rney to ,boxmoor1 & f\r or five ye>s lat] travel+ on a circul> electro-magnetic railway4 ,comp>+ t electric railway ) ^? n[ exhibit+1 & comp>+ ! ,boxmoor trip ) ! pres5t "w ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 ,i h no hesitation 9 affirm+ t ! rate ( progress 9 electro-locomotion dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s has be5 f> small] ?an t ( /eam4 ,! lead+ fallacy :i* is urg+ ! electro-maniacs ( ! pres5t "t to _! ru9\s inve/m5ts is ! idea t electro-motors are novelties1 & t electric-light+ is 9 its infancy2 :ile gas-light+ is reg>d$ z an old1 or mature middle-ag$ bus9ess1 & !re=e we are to expect a m>vel\s gr[? ( ! infant & no fur!r progress ( ! adult4 ,^! excit$ speculators d n appe> to be aw>e ( ! fact t electric-light+ is old] ?an gas-light+2 t ,sir ,humphry ,davy exhibit$ ! electric light 9 ,albem>le ,/reet1 :ile ,london 0 /ill dimly light$ by oil-lamps1 & long be=e gas-light+ 0 attempt$ any:]e4 ,! lamp us$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 0 an arrangem5t ( two c>bon p5cils1 betwe5 :i* 0 =m$ ! electric arc by ! int5sely-vivid inc&esc5ce & combu/ion ( ! p>ticles ( c>bon pass+ betwe5 ! solid c>bon electrodes4 ,! light exhibit$ by ,davy 0 incomp>ably m brilliant ?an any?+ t has be5 lately %[n ei!r 9 ,london1 or ,p>is1 or at ,syd5ham4 ,8 arc 0 f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 ! c>bon p5cils 7 f\r in*es ap>t1 & a broad1 dazzl+ ar* ( light bridg$ ! :ole space betwe54 ,! mod]n arc lights are b pygmies1 m]e specks1 comp>$ ) ?is2 a leap ( #a_/c or #a_/d in* con/itut+ _! maximum a*ievem5t4 ,comp>+ ! actual progress ( gas & electric light+1 ! gas has a*iev$ by f> ! great] /rides2 & ?is is ! case ev5 :5 we comp>e v rec5t progress4 ,! improvem5ts connect$ ) gas-mak+ h be5 /eadily progressive2 sc>cely a ye> has pass$ f ! date ( ,murdo*'s ef=ts to ! pres5t "t1 )\t "s or _m decid$ /eps hav+ be5 made4 ,! progress ( electric-light+ has be5 a s]ies ( spasmodic leaps1 backw>d z well z =w>d4 ,z an example ( /epp+ backw>d1 ,i may ref] to :at ! newspap]s h describ$ z ! discov]ies ( ,mr4 ,edison1 or ! use ( an inc&esc5t wire1 or /ick1 or %eet ( plat9um1 or plat9o-iridium2 or a ?read ( c>bon1 ( :i* ! ,swan & o!r mod]n lights are rival modifications4 ,z f> back z #ahdf ,i 0 engag$ 9 mak+ app>atus & exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( turn+ to practical acc\nt ,k+'s pat5t electric light1 ! actual inv5tor ( :i* 0 a "y ,am]ican1 nam$ ,/>r1 :o di$ 9 #ahdg1 :5 ab\t #be ye>s ( age1 a victim ( ov]work & disappo9tm5t 9 8 ef=ts to p]fect ?is inv5tion & a magneto-electric ma*9e1 int5d$ to supply ! p[] 9 accordance ) "s ( ! late/ improvem5ts ( #ahha & #ahhb4 ,i _h a %>e 9 ?is v5ture1 & 0 v en?usia/ic until aft] ,i _h become practically acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 ,we _h no difficulty 9 obta9+ a spl5did & p]fectly /eady light1 bett] ?an any t are %[n at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,we us$ plat9um1 & alloys ( plat9um & iridium1 ab&on$ !m z ,edison did m ?an ?irty ye>s lat]1 & !n tri$ a multitude ( =ms ( c>bon1 includ+ t :i* con/itutes ! la/ discov]y ( ,mr4 ,edison1 viz41 burnt cane4 ,/>r tri$ ?is on !oretical gr\nds1 because cane be+ coat$ ) silica1 he pr$ict$ t by *>r+ x we %\ld obta9 a m compact /ick or ?read1 z ! fusion ( ! silica w\ld hold ! c>bon p>ticles toge!r4 ,he f9ally ab&on$ ?is & all ! re/ 9 favor ( ! h>d deposit ( c>bon :i* l9es ! inside ( gas-retorts1 "s specim5s ( :i* we f\nd to be s h>d t we requir$ a lapid>y's :eel to cut !m into ! ?9 /icks4 ,our f9al wick 0 a piece ( ?is ( squ>e section1 & ab\t #a_/h ( an in* across ea* way4 ,x 0 m\nt$ betwe5 two =ceps--"o hold+ ea* end1 & ?us leav+ a cle> half-in* betwe54 ,! =ceps 7 sold]$ to plat9um wires1 "o ( :i* pass$ upw>d ?r\gh ! top ( ! b>omet] tube1 exp&$ into a lamp glass at its upp] "p4 ,?is wire 0 seal$ to ! glass z x pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! l[] wire pass$ d[n ! middle ( ! tube4 ,! tube 0 fill$ ) m]cury & inv]t$ ov] a cup ( m]cury4 ,be+ #cj in*es long up to ! bottom ( ! exp&$ portion1 or lamp globe1 ! m]cury fell bel[ ?is & left a ,torricellian vacuum !re4 ,"o pole ( ! batt]y1 or dynamo-ma*9e1 0 connect$ ) ! m]cury 9 ! cup1 & ! o!r ) ! upp] wire4 ,! /ick ( c>bon gl[$ brilliantly1 & ) p]fect /ead9ess4 ,i subsequ5tly exhibit$ ?is app>atus 9 ! ,t[n-hall ( ,birm+ham1 & _m times at ! ,midl& ,in/itute4 ,! only sci5tific difficulty connect$ ) ?is arrangem5t 0 t due to a slight volatilization ( ! c>bon1 & its deposition z a br[n film ^u ! lamp glass2 b ?is difficulty is n insup]able4--,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,action ,,( ,,magnets ,,^u ,,! ,,voltaic ,,arc4 ,! action ( magnets ^u ! voltaic arc has be5 kn[n = a long "t pa/4 ,davy ev5 succe$$ 9 influ5c+ ! latt] p[]fully en\gh 9 ?is way to divide x1 & s9ce 8 "t ,messrs4 ,grove & ,quet h /udi$ ! effect "u diff]5t conditions4 ,9 #ahei1 ,i myself und]took num]\s rese>*es on ?is subject1 & exp]im5t$ on ! induction sp>k ( ! ,ruhmkorff coil1 ! results ( ^! rese>*es hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 ! la/ two editions ( my notes on ! ,ruhmkorff app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,^! rese>*es 7 summ$ up 9 ! j\rnal ,la ,lumire ,electrique = ,june #ae1 #ahgi4 ,rec5tly1 ,mr4 ,pilleux has address$ to u "s new exp]im5ts on ! same subject1 made on ! voltaic arc produc$ by a ,de ,m]it5s alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9e4 ,naturally1 he has f\nd ! same ph5om5a t ,i _h made kn[n2 b he ?9ks t ^! new rese>*es are wor?y ( int]e/ by reason ( ! nature ( ! arc 9 :i* he exp]im5t$1 & :i*1 accord+ to him1 is ( a diff]5t nature f all ^? on :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 exp]im5ts h be5 made4 ,su* a di/9ction z ?is1 h[ev]1 m]its a discussion4 ,) ! induction sp>k1 magnets h an action only on ! aureola :i* accompanies ! l9e ( fire ( ! /atic dis*>ge2 & ?is aureola1 be+ only a sort ( %ea? ( heat$ air conta9+ _m p>ticles ( metal d]iv$ f ! rheophores1 repres5ts exactly ! voltaic arc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,moreov]1 al?\gh ! induc$ curr5ts develop$ 9 ! bobb9 are alt]nately ( opposite direction1 ! galvanomet] %[s t ! curr5ts t trav]se ! break are ( ! same direction1 & t ^! are direct ones4 ,! rev]s$ curr5ts are1 !n1 arre/$ dur+ _! passage2 &1 9 ord] to collect !m1 x becomes necess>y to consid]ably dim9i% ! gase\s pressure ( ! a]i=m conductor int]pos$ 9 ! dis*>ge2 to increase its conductivity2 or to op5 to ! curr5t a v resi/ant metallic d]ivation4 ,by ?is latt] means1 ,i h succe$$ 9 isolat+1 "o f ! o!r1 9 two diff]5t circuits1 ! direct induc$ curr5ts & ! rev]s$ induc$ ones4 ,z only direct curr5ts c1 9 air at a normal pressure1 trav]se ! break ?r\gh :i* ! induction sp>k passes1 ! aureola t surr\nds x may be consid]$ z be+ exactly 9 ! same conditions z a voltaic arc1 &1 consequ5tly1 z repres5t+ an ext5sible conductor trav]s$ by a curr5t fl[+ 9 a def9ite direction4 ,su* a conductor is consequ5tly susceptible ( be+ influ5c$ by all ! ext]nal reactions t c be ex]t$ ^u a curr5t2 only1 by reason ( its mobility1 ! conductor may possibly give way to ! action ex]t$ ^u ! curr5t trav]s+ x1 & und]go de=mations t are 9 relation ) ! laws ( ,ampre4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t ,i h expla9$ ! diff]5t =ms t ! aureola ( ! induction sp>k assumes :5 x is submitt$ to ! action ( a magnet 9 ! direction ( its axial l9e1 or 9 t ( its equatorial l9e1 or p]p5dicul> to ^! latt]1 or ^u ! magnetic poles !mselves4 ,exp]im5ts ( a v def9ite k9d h n yet be5 made z to ! nature ( ! arc produc$ by induc$ curr5ts develop$ 9 alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9es2 b1 f ! exp]im5ts made ) electric c&les1 we are =c$ to admit t ! curr5t reacts z if x 7 alt]nately rev]s$ ?r\gh ! arc1 s9ce ! c>bons are us$ up to an equal degree2 &1 moreov]1 ,mr4 ,pilleux's exp]im5ts %[ t effects analog\s to ^? ( induction coils are produc$ by ! reaction ( magnets ^u ! arc4 ,!re is1 !n1 "h a d\btful po9t t x w\ld be int]e/+ to cle> up2 & we believe t x is consequ5tly prop] to introduce 9 ?is place ,mr4 ,pilleux's note3 ,hav+ at my disposal1 says he1 a p[]ful v]tical voltaic arc ( #ab c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 kept up by alt]nately rev]s$ curr5ts1 & "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful p]man5t magnets t ,mr4 ,de ,m]it5s employs = magneto-electric ma*9es1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to make ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3 #a4 ,:5 ,i caus$ "o ( ! poles ( my magnet to sl[ly approa* ! voltaic arc1 ,i asc]ta9$ t1 at a di/ance ( #aj c5timet]s1 ! arc became flatt5$ s z to assume ! appe>ance ( ^? gas jets call$ 'butt]fly4' ,! plane ( ! 'butt]fly' 0 p>allel ) ! pole t ,i pres5t$1 or1 9 o!r words1 ) ! section ( ! magnet4 ,at ! same "t1 ! arc began to emit a /rid5t noise1 :i* became deaf5+ :5 ! pole ( ! magnet 0 br\ght to )9 a di/ance ( ab\t #b millimet]s4 ,at ?is mom5t1 ! butt]fly =m produc$ by ! arc 0 greatly spread out1 & r$uc$ to ! ?ickness ( a %eet ( pap]2 & !n x bur/ ) viol5ce1 & project$ to a di/ance a great numb] ( p>ticles ( inc&esc5t c>bon4 #b4 ,! magnet employ$ be+ a horse%oe "o1 :5 ,i direct$ x lat]ally s z to pres5t successively1 n[ ! nor? & !n ! s\? pole to ! arc1 ! 'butt]fly' pivot$ ^u itself s z n to pres5t ! same surface to ea* pole ( ! magnet4 ,by ref]r+ to ! accompany+ figure1 :i* we extract f our note on ! ,ruhmkorff app>atus1 x w be se5 t ! aureola :i* develop$ z a circul> film f "r to left at ,d1 on ! nor? pole ( ! magnet1 ,n4,s4 7,fig4 #a71 project$ itself 9 an opposite direction at ,c1 ^u ! s\? pole1 ,s1 ( ! same magnet2 b1 betwe5 ! two poles1 ^! two contr>y actions be+ oblig$ to unite1 !y gave rise 9 do+ s to a v *>act]i/ic helicoid spiral ^: direction dep5d$ ^u t ( ! curr5t ( dis*>ge ?r\gh ! aureola1 or ^u ! pol>ity ( ! magnetic poles4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! dis*>ge took place 9 ! direction ( ! equatorial l9e1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! circul> film develop$ itself 9 ! plane ( ! neutral l9e above or bel[ ! l9e ( dis*>ge1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t & ! magnetic pol>ity ( ! magnet4 ,!re is1 !n1 betwe5 ,mr4 ,pilleux's exp]im5ts & my own s great an analogy t we might draw ! d$uction !refrom t induc$ curr5ts 9 alt]nat+ ma*9es h1 l ^? ( ! ,ruhmkorff coil1 a def9ite direction1 :i* w\ld be t ( curr5ts hav+ ! greate/ t5sion1 t is to say1 t ( direct curr5ts4 ,?is hypo!sis seems to u ! m plausible 9 t ,mr4 ,j4 ,van ,mald]em has demon/rat$ t ! attraction ( sol5oids ) ! curr5ts1 n /raight1 ( magneto-electric ma*9es is almo/ z great z t ( ! same sol5oids ) /raight curr5ts2 & x is v likely t ! diff]5ce :i* may !n exi/ %\ld be s mu* ! less 9 proportion z ! induc$ curr5ts h m t5sion4 ,we might1 !n1 p]haps expla9 ! diff]5t effects ( ! we> ( ! c>bons s]v+ z rheophores1 accord+ z ! curr5ts are cont9u\s or alt]nat+1 by ! diff]5t calorific effects produc$ on ^! c>bons1 & by ! effects ( electric conveyance :i* are a consequ5ce ( ! passage ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! arc4 ,we "k t ) cont9u\s curr5ts ! positive c>bon possesses a mu* high] temp]ature ?an ! negative1 & t its we> is ab\t twice great] ?an t ( ! latt]4 ,b su* great] we> ( ! positive c>bon is especially due to ! fact t combu/ion is great] on x ?an on ! negative1 & also to ! fact t ! c>bonace\s p>ticles c>ri$ along by ! curr5t to ! positive pole are deposit$ 9 "p ^u ! o!r pole4 ,suppos+ t ^! pol>ities ( ! c>bons 7 be+ con/antly alt]nately rev]s$1 ! effects might be symmetrical f all qu>t]s1 al?\gh ! only curr5t trav]s+ ! break 7 ( ! same direction2 =1 admitt+ t ! rev]se curr5ts c\ld n trav]se ! break1 !y w\ld exi/ none ! less = all t1 & !y might give rise 7z has be5 demon/rat$ by ,mr4 ,gauga9 ) reg>d to ! dis*>ges ( ! induction sp>k int]cept$ by ! insulat+ plate ( a cond5s]7 to return dis*>ges ?r\gh ! g5]ator1 :i* w\ld !n h1 9 ! metallic "p ( ! circuit1 ! same direction z ! direct curr5ts succe$+1 al?\gh !y _h mom5t>ily br\ght ab\t opposite pol>ities 9 ! electrodes4 ,:at might make u suppose su* an int]pretation ( ! ph5om5on to h its raison d'etre1 is t ) ! induc$ curr5ts ( ! ,ruhmkorff coil1 x is n ! positive pole t is ! hotte/1 b r ! negative2 f :5ce we might draw ! d$uction t x is n s mu* ! direction ( ! curr5t t det]m9es ! calorific effect 9 ! electrodes1 z ! conditions ( su* curr5t ) respect to ! g5]ator4 ,i %\ld n be surpris$1 !n1 if1 9 ! arc =m$ by ! alt]nat+ curr5ts ( magneto-electric ma*9es1 !re %\ld pass only "o curr5t ( ! same direction1 & :i* w\ld be ! "o =m$ by ! sup]position ( direct curr5ts1 & if ! rev]se curr5ts %\ld cause return dis*>ges 9 ! mid/ ( ! g5]at+ bobb9s at ! mom5t ! direct curr5ts 7 g5]at$4--,?4 ,du ,moncel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,volckm>',s ,,second>y ,,batt]ies4 ,! inv5tive g5ius ( ! c\ntry is n[ direct$ to ^! important accessories ( electric ent]prise1 & no wond]1 = z f> z c at pres5t be se51 ! secret ( electric motion lies 9 ^! second>y batt]ies4 ,among o!r contributions ( ?is k9d is ! foll[+1 by ,erne/ ,volckm>1 electrician1 ,p>is3 ,! object ( ?is inv5tion is to r5d] unnecess>y ! use 9 second>y batt]ies ( a por\s pot :i* creates useless resi/ance to ! electric curr5t1 & to /ore 9 an app>atus ( comp>atively small weight & bulk consid]able electric =ce4 ,to ?is end two reticulat$ or p]=at$ plates ( lead ( simil> proportions are prep>$1 & _! int]/ices are fill$ ) granules or filam5ts ( lead1 by pref]5ce *emically pure4 ,^! plates are !n submitt$ to pressure1 & plac$ toge!r1 ) /rips ( nonconduct+ mat]ial int]pos$ betwe5 !m1 9 a suitable vessel conta9+ a ba? ( acidulat$ wat]4 ,! plates be+ connect$ ) wires f an electric g5]ator are br\ght = a :ile "u ! action ( ! curr5t1 to p]oxidize & r$uce ! :ole ( ! f9ely divid$ lead expos$ to ! acidulat$ wat]4 ,! second>y batt]y is !n complete4 ,x w be und]/ood t any numb] ( ^! pairs ( plates may be comb9$ to =m a second>y batt]y1 _! numb] be+ det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( /orage requir$4 ,! p]=at$ plates ( lead may be prep>$ by drill+1 ca/+1 or 9 o!r conv5i5t mann]1 b ! ap]tures1 ( :atev] =m1 %\ld be plac$ z closely toge!r z possible1 & ! f9ely divid$ lead to be p]oxidiz$ is press$ into ! cells or cavities s z to fill _! int]iors only4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m9]alogical ,,localities ,,9 ,,& ,,ar\nd ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,,& ,,! ,,m9]als ,,occurr+ ,,!re94 ,by ,,nelson ,h4 ,,d>ton4 ,!re w be _m p]sons 9 ! city ( ,new ,york & its suburbs :o w n h ! "t or facilities = leav+ t[n dur+ ! summ]1 to sp5d a "p ( _! "t enjoy+ ! c\ntry1 b w\ld h suffici5t "t to take occasional recreation = %ort p]iods4 ,i h s\ght by ?is pap] to %[ a pleasurable1 & at ! same "t v in/ructive use = ! "t ( ?is latt] class1 & t is 9 m9]alogy4 ,9 ! surr\nd+ p>ts ( ,new ,york are _m m9]alogical localities1 kn[n to no o!rs ?an a few pr(essional m9]alogi/s1 etc41 & f :i* an excell5t assortm5t ( m9]als may be obta9$1 :i* w\ld well grace a cab9et & af=d consid]able in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t to _! own] & fri5ds1 besides act+ z an inc5tive to a fur!r /udy ( ?is & ! o!r sci5ces4 ,^! localities :i* ,i w discuss are all )9 an h\r's ride f ,new ,york1 & ! exp5ses inside ( a half doll>1 & g5]ally v mu* less4 ,i c\ld detail _m o!r places fur!r (f1 b w res]ve t = ano!r pap]4 ,! c\rse :i* ,i w pursue 9 my explanations ,i h purposely made v simple1 avoid+--or :5 us+1 expla9+--all te*nical t]ms4 ,! app>atus & te/s notic$ are ( ! mo/ rudim5t>y /yle consi/5t ) t :i* is necess>y to atta9 ! simple purpose ( di/+ui%m5t1 & altoge!r ,i h prep>$ ?is pap] = ^? hav+ at ! pres5t "t little or no k or practice 9 m9]alogy1 :ile ^? hav+ x c be l$ p]haps by ! details ( ! localities notic$4 ,ano!r reason :y ,i h writt5 s 9 detail ( ?is la/ subject is1 because ! exp]i5ces ( mo/ amateur m9]alogi/s are g5]ally s v disc\rag+ 9 _! endeavors to f9d ! m9]als1 & !re is ev]y?+ 9 giv+ a good />t to prop]ly fix ! int]e/ on ! subject4 ,! reason ( ^! disc\ragem5ts is simple1 & g5]ally because !y d n "k ! portion ( ! locality1 say1 = in/ance1 a c]ta9 t[n%ip1 9 :i* ! m9]als occur4 ,& if !y d succe$ 9 f9d+ ?is1 x is seldom t ! portion 9 :i* ! m9]al occurs1 :i* is g5]ally "s small inconspicu\s ve9 or fissure1 is f\nd2 & ev5 9 ?is x is g5]ally difficult to recognize & isolate ! m9]al f ! extrane\s matt] hold+ x4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is ,i might cite ?us3 ,dana1 9 8 text book on m9]alogy1 w m5tion ! locality = a c]ta9 species1 z ,b]g5 ,hill--say = ?is in/ance1 dogtoo? calesp>4 ,:5 we consid] t ,b]g5 ,hill1 9 ! limit$ s5se ( ! expression1 is t5 miles long & fully "o mile wide1 & z ! rock outcrops ne>ly all ov] x1 & x is also cov]$ ) qu>ries1 cutt+s1 etc41 x may be se5 t ?is direction is r indef9ite4 ,to ! pr(essional m9]alogi/ x is b an index1 h[ev]1 & he may consult ! au?ority x is quot$ f--! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 etc4--& ?us f9d ! "p ref]r$ to1 or by consult+ o!r m9]alogi/s :o happ5 to "k4 ,aga91 ! p]son hav+ f\nd by inquiry t ! "p ref]r$ to is ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 & z ?is is fully a mile long & int]sp]s$ ) v>i\s prom95t look+1 b ve9s ( a m9]al ( little value1 at any rate n ! "o 9 "q1 !y are few :o c\ld suppose t x occurr$ 9 t4 ,app>5tly a ve9 ( x w\ld n be notic$ at all f ! surr\nd+ rock ( gravelly e>?1 b !re x is1 & 9 a ve9 ( *lorite4 ,?is is s ?r\gh\t ! long & m or less complete /at$ li/s ( m9]alogical localities4 ,?us ,i w1 9 describ+ ! m9]al1 aft] expla9+ ! conditions "u :i* x occurs1 give almo/ ! exact spot :]e ,i h f\nd ! same m9]al myself1 & h left suffici5tly f9e specim5s to c>ry away1 & ?us no "t w be lo/ 9 go+ ov] fruitless gr\nd1 & fur!r1 ?is pap] is writt5 up to ! date giv5 at its end1 insur+ a necess>y pres5ce ( !m4 ,9 ord] t "o n famili> ) m9]al specim5s %\ld n c>ry (f f ! v>i\s localities a v>iety ( wor?less /ones1 etc41 :i* are frequ5tly m or less attractive to an inexp]i5c$ eye1 ! foll[+ h9ts may be salut>y4 ,!re are ! v>ieties ( ?ree m9]als1 :i* are v commonly met ) 9 great] or less abundance 9 m9]alogical trips3 !y are ( calcite1 /eatite1 & qu>tz4 ,!y occur 9 s _m modifications ( =m1 color1 & condition t "o might spe$ily =m a cab9et ( ^!1 if !y 7 tak5 :5 met )1 & imag9e x to be ( great value4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is calcite4 ,x occurs z m>ble1 lime/one2 calcsp>1 dogtoo? sp>1 nail head sp>1 /alactites1 & a numb] ( o!r =ms1 :i* are only valuable :5 occurr+ 9 p]fect cry/als or uniquely set ^u ! rock hold+ x4 ,! calcsp> is extremely abundant at ,b]g5 ,hill1 :]e x might be mi/ak5 = _m ( ! o!r m9]als :i* ,i describe z occurr+ !re1 & ev5 9 pref]5ce to !m1 to "o's great *agr9 ^u arriv+ home & te/+ x1 to f9d t x is no?+ b calcite4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is & di/+ui% ?is m9]al on ! field1 x %\ld be te/$ ) a s+le drop ( acid1 :i* on com+ 9 contact ) x bubbles up or eff]vesces l soda wat]1 seidlitz p[d]1 etc41 :ile x does n d s ) any ( ! m9]als occurr+ 9 ! same locality4 ,?is acid is prep>$ = use z foll[s3 ab\t tw5ty drops ( muriatic acid are procur$ f a druggi/ 9 a half-ounce bottle1 :i* is !n fill$ up ) wat] & kept tightly cork$4 ,x is appli$ by tak+ a drop out on a wisp ( broom or a small m9im dropp]1 :i* may be obta9$ at ! druggi/'s also4 ,i d n say t 9 e case ?is m9]al %\ld be reject$1 because x is frequ5tly v beautiful & wor?y ( place 9 a cab9et1 b %\ld be kept only "u ! conditions m5tion$ fur!r on 9 ?is pap]1 "u ! head ( ,calcite 9 ,weehawk5 ,tunnel4 ,! next m9]al abundant 9 s _m =ms is qu>tz1 & is n s readily di/+ui%$ z calcite4 ,x is f\nd ( e color1 %ape1 etc41 possible1 & t :i* is f\nd 9 any ( ! localities ,i am ab\t to describe1 ) ! exception ( f9e cry/als on ,/at5 ,isl&1 are ( no value & may be reject$1 unless answ]+ 9 detail to ! description giv5 "u ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,! me?od ( di/+ui%+ ! qu>tz is by its h>dness1 :i* is g5]ally s great t x _c be scrat*$ by ! po9t ( a knife1 or at lea/ ) great difficulty1 & a fragm5t ( x w scrat* glass readily2 ?us x is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r m9]als occurr+ 9 ! localities discuss$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,! o!r m9]als s common are ! v>ieties ( /eatite4 ,?is is especially s at ,b]g5 ,hill & ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,!y occur 9 amorph\s masses g5]ally1 & may be di/+ui%$ by be+ s s(t z to be readily cut by ! f+] nail4 ,i w detail fur!r ^u ! soap/one =ms 9 discuss+ ! localities on ,/at5 ,isl&1 & ! *loritic =m "u ! head ( ,weehawk5 ,tunnel4 ,! sure/ me?od ( avoid+ ^! & recogniz+ ! o!rs by _! appe>ance1 :i* is g5]ally ! only guide us$ by a pr(essional m9]alogi/1 is to copy (f ! li/s ( ! v>i\s m9]als ,i describe1 &1 by visit+ ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory on any week day except ,mondays & ,tuesdays1 "o may see & become famili> ) ! m9]als !y are go+ 9 que/ (1 besides o!rs 9 ! cases4 ,?is me?od is mu* m satisfactory ?an pr9t$ descriptions1 & saves ! labor ( _m ( ! di/+ui%+ manipulations ,i am ab\t to describe1 besides sav+ ! tr\ble ( br++ inf]ior specim5s ( ! m9]als home4 ,9 go+ =? on a trip "o %\ld be provid$ ) a m9]alogical hamm]1 or "o answ]+ its purpose1 & a cold *isel ) :i* to deta* or trim ! m9]als f adh]+ rocks1 ! bottle ( acid be=e ref]r$ to1 & a ?ree corn]$ file = te/+ h>dness1 z expla9$ fur!r on4 ,z ,i notic$ be=e1 ! bett] plan ( di/+ui%+ a m9]al is by be+ famili> ) its appe>ance1 b z ?is is g5]ally impracticable1 ,i w detail ! modes us$ 9 lieu ( ?is to be appli$ on br++ ! m9]als home4 ,^! di/+ui%m5ts dep5d on diff]5ce 9 specific gravity1 h>dness1 solubility 9 hot acids1 & ! action ( high heat4 ,i w expla9 ! application ( ea* "o sep>ately1 comm5c+ )-- ,! ,specific ,gravity4--,9 asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ! foll[+ app>atus is necess>y3 a small pair ( h& scales ) a set ( weights1 f "o gra9 to "o ounce4 ,^! c be procur$ f ! app>atus mak]1 ! scales = ab\t fifty c5ts1 & ! weights = n mu* ov] ! same am\nt4 ,! scales are prep>$ = ?is "w by cutt+ two small holes 9 "o ( ! scale pans1 ne> toge!r1 ) a po9t$ piece ( metal1 & ty+ a piece ( silk ?read ab\t eight in*es long into ^!4 ,9 a loop at ! end ( ?is ?read ! m9]al to be exam9$ is susp5d$4 ,x %\ld be a pure repres5tative ( ! m9]al x is tak5 f1 %\ld weigh ab\t f "o hundr$ gra9s to an ounce1 & be q dry & free f dirt4 ,if ! piece ( m9]al obta9$ is v l>ge1 ?is siz$ portion may be (t5 tak5 f x )\t injury2 b x w n d to m> ! beauty ( a m9]al to asc]ta9 its specific gravity1 & x is g5]ally only applicable :5 a small piece is at h&4 ,) m weights1 h[ev]1 a piece ( a qu>t] p\nd weight may be tak5 if necess>y4 ,! m9]al is ti$ into ! loop & weigh$1 ! weight be+ set d[n 9 ! note book1 ei!r 9 gra9s or decimal p>ts ( an ounce4 ,call ?is result ,a4 ,x is !n weigh$ 9 "s wat] held 9 a vessel conta9+ ab\t a qu>t1 tak+ c>e :ile weigh+ x t x is entirely imm]s$1 b at ! same "t does n t\* ei!r ! sides or bottom4 ,bo? weigh+s %\ld be accurate to a gra94 ,?is result we call ,b4 ,! specific gravity is f\nd by subtract+ ,b f ,a1 & divid+ ,a by ! rema9d]4 ,= in/ance1 if ! m9]al weigh$ eight hundr$ gra9s :5 weigh$ 9 ! air1 & 9 ! wat] six hundr$1 giv+ u ! equation3 #hjj _/ 7#hjj - #fjj7 sp4 gr41 or #d1 :i* is ! specific gravity ( ! m9]al4 ,if ! m9]al ^: specific gravity is s\ght is an incru/ation on a rock1 or a mixture ( a numb] ( m9]als1 or w\ld break to pieces 9 ! wat]1 ! specific gravity is by ?is me?od ( c\rse unatta9able1 & o!r data mu/ be us$4 ,! ,comp>ative ,h>dness4--,! next *>act]i/ic ( ! m9]al to be asc]ta9$ is ! comp>ative h>dness4 ,9 m9]alogy !re is a scale fix$ = comp>ison1 f #a to #aj1 #aj be+ ! h>de/1 ! diamond1 & ,numb] #a ! s(t soap/one4 ,^! & ! int]m$iate m9]als fix$ ^u ! scale are g5]ally inaccessible to ^? :o may use ! cont5ts ( ?is pap]1 & ,i w give "s m famili> mat]ials = comp>ison4 #h1 #i1 & #aj are ! topaz1 sapphire1 & diamond respectively1 & z ^! & m9]als ( simil> h>dness w probably n be f\nd 9 any ( ! localities ( :i* ,i make m5tion1 we ne$ n become accu/om$ to !m = ! pres5t4 #g is ( suffici5t h>dness to scrat* glass1 & is also n to be cut ) ! file be=e m5tion$1 :i* is us$ = ^! det]m9ations4 #f is ( ! h>dness ( ord9>y ,fr5* glass4 #e is ab\t ! h>dness ( horse-%oe or simil> iron2 #d ( ! br[n /one 7s&/one7 ( :i* ! fronts ( _m city build+s1 etc41 are built2 #c ( m>ble2 #b ( alaba/]2 & #a z ,fr5* *alk1 or s s(t z to be readily cut ) ! f+] nail4 ,! me?od ( us+ & apply+ ^! comp>isons is by hav+ ! above matt]s at h&1 & comp>e !m by ! relative ease ) :i* !y c be cut by runn+ ! edge ( ! file ov] _! surface4 ,"o w soon become famili> ) ! scale1 & x may ( c\rse !n be disc>d$4 ,z x is "o ( ! mo/ important *>act]i/ics ( "s ( ! m9]als1 x %\ld be c>efully execut$1 & ! result c>efully consid]$4 ,x is ( c\rse inapplicable "u ^? conditions ) m9]als t are 9 v small cry/als or 9 a fibr\s condition4 ,action ( ,hot ,acids4--,?is v important te/ is nev]1 l ! above1 applicable ^u ! field1 b appli$ :5 home is rea*$4 ,f ! body ( ! m9]al z pure & clean z possible a portion is *ipp$1 ab\t ! size ( a small pea2 ?is is wrapp$ 9 a piece ( /iff wrapp+ pap]1 & aft] plac+ x 9 contact ) a solid body1 cru%$ f9ally by a bl[ f ! hamm]4 ,a p9* ( ! p[d] s obta9$ is tak5 up on ! po9t ( a p5knife1 & transf]r$ into a te/ tube4 ,two or m ( ^! %\ld be provid$1 ab\t six in*es long4 ,!y may be obta9$ 9 ! app>atus %op = a trifle4 ,"s hydro*loric1 or1 z x is g5]ally call$1 muriatic acid1 is p\r$ ^u x to ! dep? ( ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*2 ! tube is !n plac$ 9 "s boil+ wat] heat$ ov] a lamp 9 a t9n$ or o!r vessel1 & all[$ to boil = f t5 to fifte5 m9utes2 ! tube is !n remov$ & its cont5ts all[$ to cool1 & !n exam9$4 ,if ! p[d] has all disappe>$1 we t]m ! m9]al soluble2 if m or less is dissolv$1 p>tly soluble2 if none1 insoluble2 & if ! cont5ts ( ! tube are ( a solid transp>5t mass l jelly1 gelat9\s2 :ile if transp>5t gelat9\s flakes are left1 x is s t]m$4 ,z ?is me?od ( di/+ui%m5t is always applicable1 x is v important1 & its detail & result %\ld be c>efully notic$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t only a small portion ( ! m9]al is us$1 & also b little acid2 ! action %\ld be obs]v$1 & is frequ5tly a *>act]i/ic1 9 ! case ) calcsp>1 :i* eff]vesces :ile dissolv+4 ,! acid us$ is hydro*loric at fir/1 & !n1 if ! m9]al _c he recogniz$1 ! same treatm5t may be repeat$ us+ nitric acid4 ,bo? ( ^! acids %\ld be at h& & two ounces are g5]ally suffici5t4 ,action ( ,heat4--,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important *>act]i/ic1 &1 :5 tak5 ) ! prec$+ data1 w id5tify any ( ! m9]als f\nd 9 any "o locality1 :i* ,i w describe1 f ea* o!r4 ,! heat is appli$ to ! m9]al by means ( a c&le & bl[pipe4 ,a ?ick wax c&le answ]s well1 & an ord9>y japann$ t9 bl[pipe1 co/+ tw5ty c5ts1 w s]ve ! purpose4 ,! sub/ance to be exam9$ is held on a loop ( plat9um wire ab\t "o in* to ! left & j bel[ ! top ( ! wick1 :i* is b5t t[>d x4 ,"h x is /eadily held1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & ! flame ( ! c&le b5t ov] ^u x1 & ! heat int5sifi$ by bl[+ a /eady & /rong curr5t ( air across x by means ( ! bl[pipe held 9 ! m\? & support$ by ! "r h&1 ^: elb[ is re/+ ^u ! table4 ,! curr5t ( air is difficult to keep up by "o unaccu/om$ to ! bl[pipe1 ! skill ( us+ :i* is readily obta9$2 x consi/s 9 brea?+ ?r\gh ! no/rils1 :ile ! air is =c$ out by pressure on ! air held by ! inflat$ *eeks1 & n f ! lungs4 ,?is c be practic$ :ile n us+ ! bl[-pipe1 & may readily be accompli%$ by "o's keep+ 8 *eeks di/5d$ ) air & brea?+ at ! same "t4 ,?is heat is /eadily appli$ until ! spl9t] ( m9]al has be5 kept at a high r$ heat = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to conv9ce "o ( :at x may d1 z fuse or n1 or on ! edges4 ,! fir/ two are evid5t1 z :5 x fuses x runs into a globule2 ! la/1 by inspect+ x be=e & aft] ! heat+ ) a magnify+ glass2 sometimes x fro?s up :5 heat$1 & is !n said to intumesce2 or1 if x flies to fragm5ts1 decrepitates4 ,^u ! fir/ x is fur!r heat$2 b 9 ! latt] case1 a new spl9t] ( m9]al mu/ be brok5 (f f ! mass & heat$ ^u ! wire v cauti\sly until q hot1 :5 x may !n be readily heat$ fur!r )\t fe> ( loss4 ,= hold+ ! spl9t] ( m9]al1 :i* %\ld well repres5t ! mass & be q small1 is a ?ree-in* l5g? ( plat9um wire ( ! ?ickness ( a cambric-ne$le2 ?is may be b\ght = ab\t t5 c5ts at ! app>atus %op4 ,! ends %\ld be loop$1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & ! m9]al plac$ 9 ! loop4 ,sometimes a m9]al has to be fus$ ) borax1 z ,i m5tion fur!r on 9 my tables4 ,?is is done by heat+ ! wire-loop to r$ness1 & plung+ x into "s borax2 :at adh]es is fus$ ^u x by heat+4 ,"s m is accumulat$ 9 ! same mann]1 until ! loop is fill$ ) a fair-siz$ globule4 ,a small quantity ( ! m9]al1 :i* _h be5 cru%$ z = ! acid te/1 is caus$ to adh]e to x :ile x is molt51 & !n ! heat ( ! bla/ direct$ ^u x = "s "t until ei!r ! small fragm5ts ( m9]al dissolve1 or positively refuse to d s4 ,aft] cool+1 ! aspect ( ! globule is notic$ z to color1 transp>5cy1 etc4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t too l>ge an am\nt ( ! m9]al is n tak51 a v m9ute am\nt be+ suffici5t4 ,i tru/ by ! use ( ^! di/+ui%+ reactions "o w be able to recognize by ! tables to be giv5 ! "n ( ! m9]al 9 h&1 especially z !y are f c]ta9 p>ts1 :]e all ! m9]als occurr+ !re9 are kn[n to u2 & ,i h word$ ! *>act]i/ics s t !y w s]ve to isolate f all t possibly c\ld be f\nd 9 t locality4 ,! fir/ g5]al locality is ,b]g5 ,hill1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,?is comprises ! range ( bluffs ( trap rock comm5c+ at ,b]g5 ,po9t & runn+ up beh9d ,j]sey ,city & ,hobok51 etc41 to ! "p opposite ab\t ,?irtie? ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 :]e x comes close to ! riv]1 & f !re along ! riv] to ! nor? = a long di/ance1 kn[n z ! ,palisades4 ,x is ab\t a mile wide on an av]age1 & f a few feet to ab\t two hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,! m9]alogical localities 9 & ^u x are at ! foll[+ p>ts1 comm5c+ at ! s\?3 ,fir/ ,p5nsylvania ,railroad cuts :]e ! m9+ op]ations are j ab\t complet$2 !n ! ,erie ,tunnel1 9 :i* ! specim5s t fir/ made ,b]g5 ,hill not$ z a m9]alogical locality1 & ^: equals h n s9ce be5 procur$1 7 f\nd1 b :i* is n[ inaccessible to ! g5]al public4 ,fur!r nor? is ! ,morris & ,essex ,tunnel1 9 :i* _m f9e specim5s 7 secur$1 & is also inaccessible2 & la/1 b f> f be+ lea/1 is ! ,ont>io ,tunnel at ,weehawk52 &1 z x is ! only practicable "p besides ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad & a numb] ( surface outcrops :i* ,i w m5tion1 ,i w comm5ce ) t4 ,! ,weehawk5 ,tunnel--,?is tunnel is n[ be+ cut ?r\gh ! trap-rock = ! ,new ,york1 ,ont>io1 & ,we/]n ,railroad1 & w be complet$ 9 a few mon?s1 b w1 probably1 be available z a m9]alogical locality = a ye> to come4 ,x is locat$ ab\t half a mile s\? ( ! ,weehawk5 ,f]ry f ,=ty-second ,/reet1 ,new ,york city1 & ! place :]e to climb ^u ! hill to get to ! %afts lead+ to x is made prom95t by ! l>ge body ( light-color$ rock on ! dump1 a few rods nor? ( :]e ! ea/ entrance is to be4 ,! we/]n end is 9 ! village ( ,new ,durham1 on ! ,new ,j]sey ,nor!rn ,railroad1 & recogniz$ by ! imm5se e>? excavations4 ,a pass is necess>y to ga9 admittance d[n ! %afts1 & ?is c be procur$ f ! (fice ( ! company1 betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? %afts to ! tunnel1 9 ! groc]y & provision /ore j to ! nor? ( ! tramway connect+ ! %afts on ! surface4 ,z x w n be necess>y to g d[n 9 any ( ! %afts besides ! fir/ & second 9 ord] to fulfill ! objects ( ?is pap]1 no difficulty ne$ be enc\nt]$ 9 procur+ ! pass if ?is is /at$4 ,^! two %afts are ab\t eight hundr$ feet ap>t & "o hundr$ & sev5ty feet deep4 ,a plat=m elevator is ! mode ( access to ! tunnel$ portion bel[1 & a free %[]-ba? is includ$ 9 ! desc5t2 consequ5tly1 a rubb]-coat & wat] tight boots are necess>y4 ,a pair ( ov]alls %\ld be worn if "o is to engage 9 any active exploration bel[2 c&les %\ld also be provid$1 z ! electric lights1 at ! face ( ! head+s1 give b little light1 & rem9d "o v =cibly ( a dim fla% light ) a foliag$ tree 9 front ( x4 ,! electric wires = supply+ ^! arrangem5ts run along ! nor? side ( ! tunnel = ^? on ! ea/ head+s1 & on ! s\? side = ! we/4 ,!y are excell5t ?+s to keep cle> (1 z !y h suffici5t curr5t pass+ ?r\gh !m to knock "o d[n2 ?us _! position c be readily asc]ta9$4 ,modes ( ,occurr5ce ( ! ,m9]als4--,9 g5]al1 ! great] numb] ( ! specim5s :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! tunnel occur 9 ve9s g5]ally p]p5dicul>1 & ) o!r m9]als ( little or no value1 z calcite1 *lorite1 & imp]fect cry/als ( ! same m9]al4 ,a few occur 9 nodules inclos$ 9 ! solid body ( rock1 & 9 :i* condition !y are seldom ( value4 ,! great] abundance are 9 ! ve9s ( ! d>k-gre5 s(t *lorite1 & "s few 9 horizontal b$s4 ,! m9]als are f\nd 9 ! fir/ condition by exam9+ all ! ve9s runn+ f floor to ceil+ ( ! tunnel4 ,! ores ( calcite fir/ m5tion$ are v conspicu\s1 !y be+ :ite 9 ! d5se black rock4 ,!y may be *ipp$ f1 z !re are ab\t ?irty or =ty ( !m expos$ 9 ea* %aft1 & ! "* ( ! m9]als exam9$ to see if any?+ b calcite is 9 x4 ,?is is asc]ta9$ by a drop ( acid1 z expla9$ be=e1 & by ! descriptions giv5 fur!r on4 ,! ve9s ( *lorite are n s conspicu\s1 be+ ( a d>k-gre5 color2 b by prob+ along ! walls ) a /ick or hamm]1 !y may be recogniz$ by _! s(tness1 or by its dull gli/5+ appe>ance4 ,!y are comp>atively few1 b f an in* to ?ree feet wide2 & m9]als are f\nd by digg+ x out ) a /ick or a ?ree-foot drill1 to be _h at ! head+s4 ,:]e ! mo/ m9]als occur 9 ! *lorite is :5 pl5ty ( ve9s ( calcite are 9 its vic9ity1 & its edges ne> ! trap are dry & crumbly4 ,x is "h :]e ! m9]als are f\nd 9 ?is crumbly *lorite1 & g5]ally 9 geodes--t is1 ! faces ( ! m9]als all po9t inw>d1 =m]ly a sph]ical mass--r\gh & unc\? on ! outside1 & f half an in* to ne>ly a foot 9 diamet]4 ,^! are valuable f9ds1 & well wor? digg+ =4 ,! b$s ( m9]als g5]ally are ( b "o species1 & w be m5tion$ "u ! head ( ! m9]als occurr+ 9 !m4 ,besides1 9 ! tunnel !re are g5]ally m or less p]fect m9]als ^u ! ma9 dump ov] ! edge ( ! bluff t[>d ! riv]4 ,"h _m specim5s t h escap$ ! eyes ( ! m9]s may be f\nd among ! loose rock1 be+ con/antly /rewn out by ! incl9e ( ! b$2 9 fact1 ?is is ! only place 9 :i* q a numb] ( ! incid5t m9]als may be f\nd2 b ,i w n l+] long] on ?is1 z ,i %all ref] to x "u ! m9]als individually4 ,! m9]als occurr+ at ! tunnel are z foll[s1 ) _! descriptions & locations 9 ! ord] ( _! greate/ abundance3 ,calcite4--,?is m9]al occurs 9 great abundance 9 & ab\t ! tunnel1 & f all ! %afts4 ,!re are two =ms occurr+ !re1 ! mo/ abundant ( :i* is ! rhomboh$ral1 aft] ,fig4 #c4 ,x c g5]ally be obta9$1 h[ev]1 9 excell5t cry/als1 :i*1 al?\gh p]fect 9 =m1 are opaque1 b (t5 l>ge & beautiful4 ,x is always pack$ ) a ?\s& or its multiple ( o!r cry/als into ve9s ( a few in*es ?ick2 & cry/als are obta9$ by c>efully break+ ) edge ( ! cold *isel ^! masses d[n to ! fundam5tal =m %[n4 ,z ! masses are nev] secur$ by ! m9]s1 !y c always be pick$ f ! piles ( dbris ar\nd ! %afts & ! dumps1 & af=d "s little in/ruction z to ! mann] 9 :i* a m9]al is built up by cry/allization1 & may be subdivid$ by cleavage to a cry/al ( ! same %ape exactly1 b inf9itesimally small4 ,a cry/al to be wor? pres]v+ %\ld be ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 & z transp>5t z is atta9able4 ,ano!r =m ( calcite :i* is to be sp>+ly f\nd is :at is call$ dogtoo? sp>1 hav+ ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,!y occur 9 cle> w9e-yell[-color$ cry/als1 f a qu>t] to half an in* 9 l5g?2 !y occur 9 ! *lorite 9 geodes ( v>iable sizes1 b g5]ally two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & :i*1 :5 c>efully brok5 9 half1 %[$ beautiful grottoes ( ^! cry/als4 ,! few ( ^! t ,i h f\nd 7 9 ! f\r-foot ve9 ( *lorite d[n ! ,%aft ,no4 #a1 to ! we/ ( ! %aft ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty feet1 & on ! s\? wall2 x may be readily f\nd by prob+ = x1 & !n ! geodes by digg+ 94 ,!re ne$ be no difficulty 9 f9d+ ?is ve9 if ^! conditions are c>efully consid]$1 or if "o ( ! m9]s be ask$ z to ! s(t ve94 ,bo? ^! =ms ( calcite may be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r m9]als by fir/ eff]vesc+ on com+ 9 contact ) ! acids2 second1 by gl[+ ) an int5se 7almo/ unbe>ably s7 light :5 heat$ ) ! bl[pipe1 b n fus+4 ,_! specific gravity is #b4f1 or ne> x1 & h>dness ab\t #c1 or equal to ord9>y unpoli%$ :ite m>ble4 ,natrolite4--,! f9e/ specim5s ( ?is m9]al t h ev] be5 f\nd 9 ,b]g5 ,hill 7 tak5 f a b$ ( x 9 ?is tunnel1 hav+ 9 its orig9al =m1 be=e x 0 cut out by ! tunnel pass+ ?r\gh1 ov] "o hundr$ squ>e feet1 & f "o-half to two & a half & ev5 ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness2 x 0 9 all possible %apes & =ms--all extremely r>e & beautiful4 ,a l>ge "p ( "o end ( ?is b$ /ill rema9s1 &1 by c>eful cutt+1 f9e masses may be obta9$4 ,?is b$ may be readily f\nd2 x is ne>ly horizontal1 & 9 its c5t] ab\t f\r feet f ! floor ( ! tunnel1 & ab\t half an in* ?ick4 ,x is d[n ,%aft ,no4 #b1 on ! nor? wall1 & comm5ces ab\t eighty feet f ! %aft4 ,x is cut into 9 "s places1 b !re is pl5ty m left1 & c be obta9$ by cutt+ ! rock above x & eas+ x out by means ( ! blade ( a knife or simil> in/rum5t4 ,?is natrolite is a gr\p+ ( v small b p]fect cry/als1 hav+ ! =ms %[n 9 ,fig4 #e2 !y are f a qu>t] to an in* long1 &1 if n p]fectly transp>5t1 are ( a pure :ite color2 !y may be readily recogniz$ by _! =m1 & occurr+ 9 ?is b$4 ,its h>dness1 :i* is seldom to be asc]ta9$ ow+ to ! delicacy ( ! cry/als1 is ab\t #e1 & ! specific gravity #b4b4 ,?is is readily f\nd1 b is no di/9ction2 its reaction be=e ! bl[pipe1 h[ev]1 is *>act]i/ic1 x readily fus+ to a transp>5t globule1 cle> & glassy1 & by =m+ a jelly :5 heat$ ) acids4 ,! b$ hold+ ! upright cry/als is also natrolite 9 confus$ matt$ masses4 ,?is m9]al has also be5 f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! %aft1 b only 9 small druses4 ,!re is a prospect at pres5t t ano!r b$ w be uncov]$ soon1 & "s m f9e specim5s to be easily obta9$4 ,pectolite1 or z x is t]m$ by ! m9]s1 silky sp>4--,?is m9]al is q abundant & 9 f9e masses1 n ( ! great beauty & size ( ^? tak5 f ! ,erie ,tunnel1 b /ill ( great uniqu5ess4 ,! m9]al is recogniz$ by its peculi> appe>ance1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 :]e x may be se5 t x is 9 gr\ps ( f9e delicate fib]s ab\t an in* long1 div]g+ f a po9t into fan-%ap$ gr\ps4 ,! fib]s are v tightly pack$ toge!r1 z are also ! gr\ps2 !y are v t\gh individually1 & h a h>dness ( #d1 & a specific gravity ( ab\t #b4e4 ,x gelat9izes on boil+ ) acid1 & a fragm5t may be readily fus$ 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 yield+ a transp>5t globule4 ,! appe>ance is ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic1 & at once di/+ui%es ?is m9]al f any ( ! o!rs occurr+ 9 ?is locality4 ,consid]able quantities ( pectolite may g5]ally be f\nd on ! dump1 b also 9 ,%aft ,no4 #a1 & especially ,no4 #b4 ,! ve9s ( x are difficult to di/+ui% f ! calcite1 z !y are almo/ id5tical 9 color1 & _m ( ! calcite ve9s are p>tly ( pectolite--9 fact1 e ?ird or f\r? ve9 w conta9 m or less ( x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v f9e ve9 ( pectolite ab\t tw5ty-five feet fur!r ea/ f ! natrolite b$2 x runs f ! floor to ceil+1 & is ab\t two in*es 9 ?ickness2 "s specim5s ( :i* ,i took f ^! 7 unusually unique 9 bo? size & appe>ance4 ,x makes a v h&some specim5 = ! cab9et1 & %\ld be c>efully trimm$ to %[ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! m9]al4 ,da?olite4--,?is m9]al has be5 f\nd v frequ5tly 9 ! tunnel1 x occurr+ 9 pockets 9 ! s(t] trap ne> ! *lorite1 & also 9 ! latt]1 g5]ally at a dep? ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet f ! surface1 & consequ5tly ne> ! ceil+ ( ! tunnel4 ,all t has be5 f\nd ( any great beauty has be5 9 ! we/]n end ( ! ,%aft ,no4 #a & ! ea/]n ( ,%aft ,no4 #b1 :]e ! trap is q s(t2 "h x is f\nd ne>ly e day 9 great] or less quantity1 & f ?is "s may g5]ally be f\nd on ! dump1 or1 9 ! ve9 ( *lorite :i* ,i m5tion$ z a locality = ! dogtoo? sp>1 consid]able may be obta9$ 9 x & on its we/]n edge ne> ! ceil+4 ,a ladd] ab\t ?irte5 feet long is us$ = att5d+ ! lights1 & may g5]ally be borr[$1 & access to ! rema9d] ( ?is pocket ?us ga9$4 ,da?olite is also v *>act]i/ic 9 appe>ance1 & c only be conf\nd$ ) "s =ms ( calcite occurr+ ne> x4 ,x occurs 9 small glassy1 ne>ly globul> cry/als2 !y are g5]ally n ov] ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & g5]ally pure & p]fectly transp>5t1 hav+ a h>dness ( a little ov] #e1 & specific gravity ( #c2 z x g5]ally occurs z a druse ^u ! trap1 or an apopholite1 calcite1 etc41 ?is is seldom atta9able1 h[ev]1 & we h a v di/9ctive *>act]i/ic 9 ano!r te/3 ?is is ! bl[pipe1 "u :i* x at fir/ intumesces & !n fuses to a transp>5t globule1 & ! flame1 aft] play+ ^u x1 is ( a deep gre5 color4 ,nitric acid mu/ be us$ to boil x up )1 & ) x x may be readily gelat9iz$4 ,?is la/ te/ w seldom be necess>y1 h[ev]1 & may be disp5s$ ) if ! h>dness & bl[pipe reactions may be asc]ta9$4 ,apopholite4--,?is beautiful m9]al has be5 f\nd 9 fair abundance at times 9 ,%afts ,no4 #a & #b 9 pockets1 & seldom 9 place1 mo/ ( x be+ tak5 f ! loose /one at ! m\? ( ! %aft1 & x may g5]ally be f\nd on ! dump4 ,x is readily mi/ak5 = calcite by ! m9]s & ^? unskill$ 9 m9]alogy1 b a drop ( acid w quickly %[ ! diff]5ce4 ,! sizes ( ! cry/als are v v>i\s1 f an eigh? ( an in* long or ?ick1 to1 9 "o case1 an in* & a half4 ,! colors h be5 v>i$ f :ite to ne>ly all t9ts1 includ+ p9k1 purple1 blue1 & gre52 ! :ite v>iety is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ abundant1 & makes a h&some cab9et specim54 ,! cry/als are g5]ally pack$ toge!r 9 a mass1 b are frequ5tly set ap>t z heavy druses ( cry/als hav+ ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! =m] gr\p+1 ! cry/als are )\t ! pyramidal t]m9ations1 & are !n "r squ>e prisms4 ,! fracture be+ at p]fect "r angles1 di/+ui%es x f calcite4 ,its h>dness is g5]ally fully #e1 ! specific gravity betwe5 #b4d & #b4e2 x is difficult to fuse be=e ! bl[pipe1 b is f9ally fus$ into an opaque globule4 ,^u heat+ ) nitric acid x p>tly dissolves1 & ! rema9d] becomes flaky & gelat9\s4 ,apopholite1 al?\gh q r>e1 n[ may be b\ght f ! m51 or at lea/ "o ( ! eng9e]s ( ,%aft ,no4 #b's elevator1 & g5]ally at l[ t]ms4 ,phr5ite4--,?is m9]al is q abundant 9 ,%afts ,no4 #a & #b1 9 v small masses1 incru/ations1 & ev5 9 small cry/als4 ,x occurs emb$d$ 9 or incru/+ ! trap1 & also ) calcite & apopholite4 ,! only sure place to f9d x is at ! s\?we/ side ( an op5+ ?r\gh ! pile ( drift rock "u ! tre/le "w ( ! tramway1 betwe5 %aft ,no4 #a & ! dump1 & )9 a few feet ( a numb] ( wood5 vats sunk into ! gr\nd se5 j be=e desc5d+ ! hills & ne> ! edge4 ,"h on a numb] ( blocks ( trap x may be f\nd1 a gre5i% :ite incru/ation ab\t z ?ick z a knife blade2 x also may be f\nd on ! ma9 dump1 & is sometimes f\nd 9 plates "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 ( a d>k] gre5 color1 ^u calcite4 ,its easie/ di/+ui%m5t f ! o!r m9]als ( ?is locality1 ) :i* x might be conf\nd$1 is its great h>dness ( f #f to #g4 ,x is v fragile & brittle1 h[ev]1 & is nev] p]fectly transp>5t1 b q opaque2 its specific gravity is #b4i1 & x is readily fus$ be=e ! bl[pipe aft] intumesc+4 ,x p>tly dissolves 9 acid )\t gelat9iz+1 leav+ a flaky residue2 x is a beautiful m9]al :5 9 masses or cry/als ( a d>k gre5 color1 b ! be/ place 9 ! vic9ity to secure specim5s ( ?is k9d is1 z ,i w detail h]eaft]1 at ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,iron & ,copp] ,pyrites4--,bo? ( ^! common b frequ5tly beautiful m9]als occur 9 ! tunnel & adjac5t rocks 9 great abundance4 ,! cry/als are g5]ally ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & gr\ps ( ^! may be frequ5tly obta9$ on ! dump 9 ! %afts1 especially ,no4 #a & #b1 & :]e ! rock is be+ cle>$ away = ! ea/]n entrance to ! tunnel4 ,!y resemble ea* o!r v mu*2 ! iron pyrites1 h[ev]1 is 9 cubical =ms & hav+ ! great h>dness ( f #f to #g1 :ile ! copp] pyrites1 less abundant & 9 =ms hav+ triangles = bases1 b hav+ sometimes o!r =ms & a h>dness ( b #c to #d4 ,bo? are simil> 9 aspect to a piece ( brass1 & _c be mi/ak5 = any o!r m9]al4 ,! =m ( ! copp] pyrites is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h2 ! iron is1 z be=e not$1 9 cubes1 m or less modifi$4 ,/ilbite4--,small quantities ( ?is beautiful m9]al h be5 f\nd 9 ,%aft ,no4 #b1 9 a small b$ ( b a few squ>e feet 9 area1 b q ?ick & appe>+ mu* l natrolite4 ,?is b$ 0 ab\t "o hundr$ feet ea/ f ,%aft ,no4 #b1 & 9 ! c5t] ( ! head+ :5 x 0 at t po9t4 ,x has be5 enc\nt]$ s9ce 9 small quantities1 & x w\ld d well to look out = x 9 ! fre% tunnel$ portion aft] ! date app5d$ to ?is pap]4 ,x g5]ally occurs 9 ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 gr\p$ v simil>ly to natrolite1 & be+ "r ^u ! rock or a ?9 b$ ( itself4 ,! cry/als are g5]ally half an in* long1 b (t5 less4 ,! modifications ( ! above =m1 :i* are frequ5t 9 ?is species1 /rike "o =cibly ( ! resemblance !y be> to a broad /one spe> head on a dim9utive scale1 ) a blunt$ edge2 _! h>dness is ab\t #d1 specific gravity #b4b1 ! color g5]ally a pe>ly :ite or grayi%4 ,aft] a long boil+ ) nitric acid x gelat9izes1 b x foams up & fuses to a transp>5t glass be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,a little /ilbite may (t5 be f\nd on ! dumps4 ,laumonite occurs 9 v small quantities on calcite or apopholite1 & c h>dly be expect$ to be f\nd on ! trip2 b z x might be f\nd1 ,i w detail "s ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,h>dness #d1 specific gravity #b4c2 x g5]ally occurs 9 small cry/als1 b m frequ5tly 9 a crumbly1 *alky mass1 :i* x becomes ^u exposure to ! air4 ,! cry/als are g5]ally transp>5t & frequ5tly t+$ yell[ 9 color4 ,x gelat9izes by boil+ ) acid1 & aft] intumesc+ be=e ! bl[pipe1 fuses to a fro?y mass4 ,to keep ?is m9]al :5 9 cry/als f crumbl+ ^u exposure x may be dipp$ 9 a ?9 ma/ic v>ni% or 9 a gum-arabic solution4 ,heul&ite4--,?is r>e m9]al has be5 f\nd "u ! same conditions z laumonite 9 ,%aft ,no4 #b1 b x is seldom to be met )1 & !n 9 small cry/als4 ,x is ( a pure :ite color1 sometimes transp>5t4 ,x intumesces & readily fuses be=e ! bl[pipe1 & dissolves 9 acid )\t gelat9iz+4 ,h>dness #d1 specific gravity #b4b4 ,! few o!r m9]als occurr+ 9 ! tunnel are s extremly r>e z n to be met ) by any o!r ?an an exp]t1 & x is impossible to detail ! localities1 z !y g5]ally occur z m9ute druses or incru/ations ^u o!r m9]als ) :i* !y may be conf\nd$1 & h be5 remov$ z soon z discov]$4 ,! m9]als ref]r$ to are analcime1 *abazite1 ,?ompsonite1 & f9ally1 ! m9]al :i* ,i fir/ f\nd 9 ?is =mation1 ,hayes9e1 :i* is extremely r>e1 & ( :i* ,i only obta9$ suffici5t to cov] a squ>e in*4 ,! p>ticul>s 9 reg>d to its locality1 etc41 maybe f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ces = ,june1 page #deh4 ,i w n[ sum up ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! sev]al m9]als ( ?is locality 9 ! table3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,"n4 ,h4 ,sp4,action ( ,action ( ,color4,appe>ance4 ,gr4,bl[pipe4 hot acid4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,calcite #c #b4f;,infusible1 ,soluble ) ,:ite ,l ,fig4 b gl[s eff]vesc5ce #c & #d4 ,natrolite #e #b4b,readily fus$ ,=ms a jelly d4 ,l ,fig #e4 to cle> globule ,pectolite #d #b4e d4 d4 d4 d4 ,div]g5t fib]s1 ,fig4 #f4 ,da?olite #e #c4j;,intumesces1 fus$,=ms a jelly ,color-,small1 ne>ly to cle> globule1 less sph]ical1 etc4 gives gre5 flame :ite ,apopholite #e #b4e;,difficult1 fus$ ,p>tly soluble ,t9t$,l ,fig4 #g4 to opaque globule9 nitric acid ,phr5ite #f #b4i;,intomesces1 fus$,p>tly soluble ,gre5-,9 tables & to #g to cle> globule 9 nitric acid1 i% incru/ations4 leav+ flakes ,iron #f #e4j;,burns & yields ,brass ,cubical4 pyrites to #g a black globule1 decrepitates ,copp] #c #d4b d4 d4 d4 ,tetrah$ronal4 pyrites to #d ,/ilbite #d #b4b;,intumesces & ,difficult2 jelly ,:ite ,l ,fig4 #h4 fuses readily on long boil+ ) nitric acid4 ,laumonite #d #b4c;,intumesces & ,readily d4 ,g5]ally to #j fuses to fro?y gelat9izes *alky4 mass ,heul&ite #d #b4b;,intumesces & ,soluble1 no d4 ,9 "r readily fuses jelly rhomboidal prisms4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,to ,di/+ui% ! ,m9]als toge!r ! "o f ! o!r4--,calcite by eff]vesc+ on plac+ a drop ( acid ^u x4 ,natrolite resembles /ilbite1 b may be di/+ui%$ by gelat9iz+ readily ) hydro*loric acid & by n intumesc+ :5 heat$ be=e ! bl[pipe2 f ! o!r m9]als by ! =m ( ! cry/als & _! sett+1 also ! locality 9 ! tunnel 9 :i* x 0 f\nd4 ,pectolite sometimes resembles "s ( ! o!rs1 b may be readily di/+ui%$ by its t\gh long fib]s1 n brittle l natrolite4 ,da?olite may g5]ally be di/+ui%$ by ! =m ( its cry/als & _! glassy appe>ance1 ) great h>dness1 & by t+e+ ! flame f ! bl[pipe ( a true gre5 color4 ,apopholite is di/+ui%$ f calcite1 z notic$ "u t species1 & f ! o!rs by its =m1 difficult fusibility1 & "p solubility4 ,phr5ite is *>act]iz$ by its h>dness1 gre5i% color1 occurr5ce1 & action ( acid4 ,iron pyrites is always kn[n by its brassy metallic aspect & great h>dness4 ,copp] pyrites1 by its aspect f ! o!r m9]als1 & f iron pyrites by its inf]ior h>dness & less gravity4 ,/ilbite is *>act]iz$ by its =m1 difficult gelat9iz+1 & intumesc5ce be=e ! bl[pipe2 f natrolite z m5tion$ "u t species4 ,laumonite is kn[n by its g5]ally *alky appe>ance & a probable failure 9 f9d+ x4 ,heul&ite is di/+ui%$ f /ilbite by its cry/als & p]fect solubility2 f apopholite by =m ( cry/als4 ,9 ! next "p ( ?is pap] ,i w comm5ce ) ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,july #a1 #ahhb4 7,to be cont9u$47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiseptics4 ,! au?or has endeavor$ to asc]ta9 :at ag5ts are able to de/roy ! spores ( bacilli1 h[ !y behave t[>d ! microphytes mo/ easily de/roy$1 su* z ! m\lds1 f]m5ts1 & micrococci1 & if !y suffice at lea/ to arre/ ! developm5t ( ^! organisms 9 liquids favorable to _! multiplication4 ,8 results ) ph5ol1 ?ymol1 & salicylic acid h be5 unfavorable4 ,sulphur\s acid & z9c *loride also fail$ to de/roy all ! g]ms ( infection4 ,*lor9e1 brom9e1 & m]curic *loride gave ! be/ results2 solutions ( m]curic *loride1 nitrate1 or sulphate dilut$ to #a "p 9 #a1jjj de/roy spores 9 t5 m9utes4--,r4 ,ko*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cry/allization ,,& ,,its ,,effects ,,^u ,,iron4 ,by ,n4,b4 ,,wood1 ,memb] ( ! ,civil ,eng9e]s' ,club1 ( ,clevel&4 ,footnote3 ,read ,janu>y #aj?4 #ahhb4 ,! "q has be5 ask$1 ,:at is ! *emically sci5tific def9ition ( cry/allization8 ,n[ z ! /udy ( cry/allization & its effect ^u matt]1 physically z well z *emically1 w be ( int]e/1 consid]+ ! subject matt] = discussion1 ,i %all n only endeavor to answ] ! "q1 z ,i und]/& x1 b try to treat x some:at te*nologically4 ,hav+ ?is object 9 view1 ,i h prep>$ or br\ght ab\t ! conditions necess>y to ! =mation ( a few cry/als ( v>i\s *emical sub/ances1 :i* = v>i\s reasons1 su* z lack ( "t & bad wea!r1 are n z p]fect z c\ld be desir$1 b w p]haps subs]ve ! purpose = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t !y are beautiful1 if !y are imp]fect1 & ,i c assure y t ! pleasure ( wat*+ _! =mation fully repays "o = ! tr\ble1 if = no o!r reason ?an ! m]e gratification ( ! s5ses4 ,f ! e>lie/ times & by all races ( m51 ! cry/al has be5 admir$ & imitat$1 or improv$ by cutt+ & poli%+ into faces ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,i h also procur$ specim5s ( /eel & iron :i* %[ ! effect ( cry/allization1 :i* 0 produc$ 7p]haps7 "u kn[n conditions1 s t ! conclusions :i* we arrive at f _! /udy w h a fair *ance ( be+ logical1 at lea/1 & p]haps ( "s practical value4 ,:5 we exam9e inanimate nature we f9d two gr& divisions ( matt]1 fluid & solid4 ,^! two divisions may be subdivid$ into1 ! =m] gase\s & liquid1 ! latt] amorph\s & cry/all9e2 b :e!r "o or ! o!r ( ^! divisions be consid]$1 _! ultimate & common division w be ! ,,atom4 ,by ! atom we und]/& t portion ( matt] :i* admits ( no fur!r division1 :i*1 ?\gh z inconceivable = m9ut5ess z space is = ext5t1 has /ill def9ite weight1 =m1 & volume2 :i* "u favorable circum/ances1 has t p[] or =ce call$ cohesion1 ! int5sity ( :i* con/itutes /r5g? ( mat]ial1 :i* e eng9e] is suppos$ to und]/&1 b :i* lies f> beyond ! p[]s ( ! human m9d = compreh5sion or analysis4 ,:5 we apply a magnet to a mass ( iron fil+s1 we obs]ve ! p>ticles arrange !mselves 9 regul> ord]1 hav+ consid]able /r5g? 9 "o direction1 & v little or none 9 any o!r4 ,n[1 al?\gh we und]/& v little ab\t ! =ce :i* holds ^! p>ticles 9 position1 we d "k t x is actual =ce appli$ f )\t & ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( "s ( ! kn[n s\rces ( =ce4 ,b ! =ce or p[] or prop]ty ( cohesion seems to be a quality /or$ )9 ! atom itself1 9 _m cases simil> to magnetism1 hav+ p[]ful attraction 9 "s directions & v little or none 9 o!rs4 ,a cry/al ( mica1 = in/ance1 or gypsum may be divid$ to any degree ( ?9ness1 b is v difficult to ev5 break4 ,?is prop]ty ( cry/als is t]m$ cleavage4 ,cohesion & cry/allization are affect$ v>i\sly by v>i\s circum/ances1 su* z heat or its abs5ce1 motion or its abs5ce1 etc4 ,9 fact1 almo/ e ph5om5on ( nature )9 ! range ( ord9>y temp]atures has effects :i* may be favorable to ! cry/allization ( "s sub/ances1 & at ! same "t unfavorable to o!rs2 s x w be se5 t x is impossible to lay d[n any rule = x except = nam$ sub/ances1 l sub/ances requir+ l conditions1 to br+ its atoms into t /ate ( equilibrium :]e cry/allization c occur4 ,if we exam9e cry/als c>efully we f9d1 n only t nature has "h provid$ geometric =ms ( m>vel\s beauty & exactness1 ) faces ( poli% & quo9s ( acut5ess equal to ! "w ( ! mo/ skillful lapidi/1 b t 9 :atev] mann] or "u :atev] circum/ances a cry/al may h be5 =m$1 :e!r 9 ! laboratory ( ! *emi/ or ! work%op ( nature1 9 ! bodies ( animals or ! tissues ( plants1 up 9 ! sky or 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 :e!r s rapidly t we may lit]ally see its gr[?1 or by ! sl[ aggregation ( its molecules dur+ p]haps ?\s&s ( ye>s1 we always f9d t ! arrangem5t ( ! faces is subject to fix$ & def9ite laws4 ,we f9d also t a cry/al is always f9i%$ & has its =m z p]fectly develop$ :5 x is ! m9ute/ po9t disc]nible by ! microscope z :5 x has atta9$ its ultimate gr[?4 ,i might add p>5!tically t cry/als are sometimes ( imm5se size1 "o at ,milan ( qu>tz be+ #c feet #c in*es long & #e feet #f in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & is e/imat$ to weigh ov] #hjj p\nds2 & a gigantic b]yl at ,grafton1 ,n4 ,h41 is ov] #d feet 9 l5g? & #cb in*es 9 diamet]1 & weighs n less ?an #e1jjj p\nds2 b ! mo/ p]fect specim5s are ( small size1 z "s accid5t is sure to ov]take ! l>g] ones be=e !y acquire _! gr[?1 to int]f]e ) _! symmetry or transp>5cy4 ,?is y w see abundantly illu/rat$ by ! examples :i* ,i h prep>$1 z also ! con/ancy ( ! angles ( l faces4 ,*emically speak+1 ! cry/al is always a p]fect *emical body1 & c nev] be a me*anical mixture4 ,?is fact has be5 ( great value to ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry 9 develop+ ! atomic !ory1 :i* has demon/rat$ t a body c only exi/ *emically comb9$ :5 a def9ite numb] ( atoms ( ea* elem5t is pres5t1 & t !re is no c]ta9ty ( su* proportions exi/+ except 9 ! cry/al4 ,i hold be=e y a cry/al ( common alum4 ,its *emical symbol w\ld be ,al#b,o#c1c,,s#c,,ko1,,s#cbd;,h#b,o4 ,if we knew its weight & wi%$ to "k its ultimate compon5t p>ts1 we c\ld calculate !m m readily ?an we c\ld acquire t k by any o!r means4 ,b ! elem5ts ( ?is quantity ( uncry/alliz$ alum c\ld n be comput$4 ,!n we may def9e cry/allization to be ! op]ation ( nature :]e9 ! *emical atoms or molecules ( a sub/ance h suffici5t pol>iz$ =ce to arrange !mselves ab\t a c5tral attract+ po9t 9 def9ite geometrical =ms4 ,fres5ius def9es x ?us3 ,e op]ation1 or process1 :]eby bodies are made to pass f ! fluid to ! solid /ate1 & to assume c]ta9 fix$1 ma!matically def9able1 regul> =ms4 ,x w\ld be folly = me to attempt to criticise ,fres5ius1 b ,i give y bo? def9itions1 & y c take y\r *oice4 ,! def9ition ( ,fres5ius1 h[ev]1 w n suit our pres5t purpose1 because ! cry/allization ( wr\ght iron occurs1 or seems to1 aft] ! iron has acquir$ a solid /ate4 ,iron1 z y all "k1 is kn[n to ! arts 9 ?ree =ms3 ca/ or crude1 /eel1 & wr\ght or malleable4 ,ca/ iron v>ies mu* 9 *emical composition1 be+ a mixture ( iron & c>bon *iefly1 z con/ant factors1 ) :i* silicium 9 small quantities 7f #a to #e p] c5t471 phosphorus1 sulphur1 & sometimes manganese 7e4g4 spiegeleis57 & v>i\s o!r elem5ts are comb9$4 ,all ( ^! h "s effect ^u ! cry/all9e /ructure ( ! mass1 b :atev] cry/allization takes place occurs at ! mom5t ( solidification1 or betwe5 t & a r$ heat1 & v>ies mu*1 accord+ to ! "t occupi$ 9 cool+1 z to its composition4 ,my own exp]i5ce leads me to ?9k t a ca/ iron hav+ ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 a small p] c5tage ( phosphorus1 say ab\t ( #a p] c5t41 & v small quantities ( silicium1 ! less ! bett]1 & traces ( manganese 7! two latt] sub/ances slagg+ out almo/ entirely dur+ ! process ( remelt+ = ca/+71 makes a metal be/ adapt$ to ! g5]al use ( ! f\nd]4 ,su* proportions w make a s(t1 ev5 gra9$1 d>k gray iron1 ^: cry/als are small & bright1 & ^: fracture w be unev5 & %>p to ! t\*4 ,! phosphorus 9 ?is in/ance gives ! metal liquidity at a l[ temp]ature1 b does n seem to influ5ce ! cry/allization to any appreciable ext5t4 ,! two elem5ts to be avoid$ by ! f\nd] are silicium & sulphur4 ,^! give to iron a peculi> cry/all9e appe>ance easily recogniz$ by an exp]i5c$ p]son4 ,silicium seems to oblit]ate ! sp>kl+ brilliancy ( ! cry/all9e faces ( good iron1 & replace !m ) v f9e dull ones only disc]nible ) a l5s1 & ! iron breaks m l /onew>e ?an metal1 :ile sulphur 9 appreciable quantities gives a /riat$ cry/all9e texture simil> to *ill$ iron1 & v brittle4 ,phosphorus 9 v l>ge quantities acts simil>ly4 ,! =m ( ! cry/al 9 ca/ iron is ! octah$ron1 s t "r angles ) %>p corn]s %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible 9 ca/+s1 z ! mo/ likely position = a cry/al to take w\ld be ) its faces along ! l9e ( ! angle4 ,/eel1 to be ( any value z su*1 mu/ be made ( ! pure/ mat]ial4 ,phosphorus & sulphur mu/ n exi/1 except 9 ! mo/ m9ute quantities1 or ! metal is wor?less4 ,if ei!r ( ^! sub/ances be pres5t 9 a b> ( /eel1 its /ructure w be co>se1 cry/all9e & weak4 ,! reason ( ?is is unkn[n1 b probably _! pres5ce r$uces ! p[] ( cohesion2 &1 t be+ r$uc$1 gives ! molecules ( /eel great] fre$om to arrange !mselves 9 con=mity ) _! pol>ity1 & ?is 9 its turn aga9 weak5s ! mass by ! t5d5cy ( ! cry/als to cleavage 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,c>bon is a con/ant elem5t 9 /eel1 z x is 9 ca/ iron1 b is frequ5tly replac$ by *romium1 titanium1 etc41 or is said to be1 ?\gh x is n q cle> to me h[ x c be s if /eel is a *emical comp\nd4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we "k t a piece ( good s(t /eel breaks ) a f9e cry/all9e fracture1 & ! same piece h>d5$ :5 brok5 %[s ei!r an amorph\s /ructure or "o v f9ely cry/all9e1 :i* w\ld indicate t ! cry/als _h be5 brok5 up by ! action ( heat1 & t !y _h n _h suffici5t "t to return to _! orig9al position on acc\nt ( ! sudd5 cool+4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! molecules ( /eel aft] h>d5+ to assume _! natural position :5 cold seems to be v great1 = we h (t5 se5 l>ge pieces ( /eel bur/ asund] aft] h>d5+1 ?\gh ly+ unt\*$1 & sometimes ) su* =ce z to hurl ! fragm5ts to "s di/ance4 ,if a piece ( /eel be subject$ to a bright yell[ or :ite heat its nature is entirely *ang$1 & ! workman says x is burnt4 ,?\gh ?is is n actually a fact1 x does well en\gh to express t condition ( ! metal4 ,/eel _c be burnt unless "s portion ( x has be5 oxidiz$4 ,! c>bon w\ld ( c\rse be attack$ fir/1 its aff9ity = oxyg5 be+ greate/2 b we f9d no?+ want+ 9 a piece ( burnt /eel4 ,x c1 by c>eful heat+1 hamm]+ & h>d5+1 be return$ to its =m] excell5ce4 ,!n :at *ange has tak5 place8 ,i %\ld say t two modifications h be5 made1 "o physical1 ! o!r *emical4 ,! *ange *emically is t ( a *emical comp\nd to a mixture ( c>bon & iron1 s t 9 a *emical s5se x resembles ca/ iron4 ,! *ange physically is t ( cry/allization1 be+ due p>tly to *emical *ange & p>tly to ! effect ( heat4 ,i h procur$ a specim5 ( /eel %[+ beautifully ! effect ( ov]heat+4 ,! specim5 is label$ ,no4 #a1 & is a piece ( ,p>k ,bro!rs' /eel 7"o ( ! be/ br&s made 9 ,am]ica74 ,x has be5 heat$ at "o end to prop] heat = h>d5+1 & at ! o!r is :at is te*nically call$ burnt4 ,x has be5 brok5 at int]vals ( ab\t #a in*es1 %[+ ! transition f amorph\s or prop] h>d5+ to highly cry/all9e or burnt4 ,malleable or wr\ght iron is or %\ld be pure iron4 ,( c\rse 9 practice x is seldom su*1 b g5]ally ne>ly s1 be+ usually #ih1 #ii1 or ev5 m p] c5t4 ,x is exce$+ly prone to cry/allization1 ! pur] v>ieties be+ z mu* subject to x z o!rs1 except ^? contam9at$ ) phosphorus1 :i* affects x simil>ly ) /eel1 & makes x v weak to cross & t5sile /ra9s4 ,i h nev] e/imat$ ! quantity pres5t 9 any except "o specim51 a b> ( #a r\nd1 :i* lit]ally fell to pieces :5 dropp$ across a block ( iron4 ,x _h #a4cb p] c5t4 ( phosphorus & 0 v cry/all9e1 ?\gh ! cry/als 7 n v l>ge4 ,iron :i* has be51 :5 fir/ made1 q fibr\s1 :5 subject$ to a s]ies ( %ocks = a great] or less p]iod1 accord+ to _! int5sity1 :5 subject$ to int5se curr5ts ( electricity1 or :5 subject$ to high temp]atures1 or has by me*anical =ce be5 pu%$ toge!r1 or1 z x is call$1 upset1 becomes extremely cry/all9e4 ,"u all ( ^! circum/ances x is subject$ to "o physical ph5om5on1 t ( motion4 ,x w\ld seem t if a b> ( iron 7 /ruck1 ! bl[ w\ld %ake ! :ole mass1 & consequ5tly ! relative position ( ! p>ticles rema9 un*ang$1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,:5 ! bl[ is /ruck x takes an appreciable l5g? ( "t = ! effect to be communicat$ to ! o!r end s z to be he>d1 if ! di/ance is great4 ,?is %[s t a small =ce is communicat$ f p>ticle to p>ticle indep5d5tly along ! :ole mass1 & t ea* atom actually moves indep5d5tly ( its neighbor4 ,!n1 if !re be any attraction at ! "t t5d+ to arrange x diff]5tly1 x w con=m to x4 ,s mu* = !ory ) reg>d to ?is important matt]4 ,x looks well on pap]1 b d ! facts ( ! case correspond8 ,if practically demon/rat$ & sy/ematically execut$1 exp]im5ts fail to corroborate ! !ory1 & if1 fur!rmore1 we f9d !re is no necessity = ! !ory1 we naturally conclude t x is all wrong1 or1 at lea/1 imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,n[ !re is "o o!r quality imp>t$ to iron by successive %ocks1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is indep5d5t ( cry/allization1 & ?is quality is h>dness & consequ5t brittl5ess4 ,"o noticeable feature ab\t ?is also is1 t z absolute cohesion or t5sile /r5g? dim9i%es1 relative cohesion or /r5g? to resi/ cru%+ increases4 ,specim5s ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d are pieces ( ,sw$i% iron1 probably f ! celebrat$ m9es ( ,dannemora4 ,nos4 #b & #c are p>ts ( ! same bolt1 :i*1 aft] "s mon?s' use on a head+ ma*9e 9 a bolt & nut works1 :]e x 0 subject$ to num]\s & viol5t %ocks1 7p]haps #ej1jjj or #fj1jjj p] day71 x broke %ort (f1 z y see 9 ,no #b1 %[+ a highly cry/all9e fracture4 ,to te/ :e!r ?is /ructure cont9u$ ?r\gh ! bolt1 ,i _h x nick$ by a blacksmi?'s cold *isel & brok54 ,! specim5 %[s t x is /ill /rong] at t po9t ?an at ! po9t :]e x is actually brok51 b ! result+ fracture %[s ! same cry/all9e appe>ance4 ,i next _h specim5 ,no4 #d cut f a fre% b> ( iron :i* _h nev] be5 us$ = any?+4 ,x also %[s a cry/all9e fracture1 indicat+ t ?is peculi>ity _h exi/$ 9 ! iron ( bo? f ! beg9n+4 ,i next took specim5 ,no4 #c & subject$ x to a c>eful anneal+1 tak+ p]haps two h\rs 9 ! op]ation4 ,al?\gh x is a #a-a_/h bolt & has ,v ?reads cut ^u x we 7 unable to break x1 al?\gh b5t cold ?r\gh an arc ( #ij1 & probably w\ld h d\bl$ ^u itself if we _h _h ! means to h =c$ x4 ,n[ :at does ?is %[8 ,h ! cry/als be5 oblit]at$ by ! process ( anneal+1 or has only _! cleavage be5 de/roy$1 s t :5 !y break1 in/ead ( %[+ brilliant1 sp>kl+ faces1 !y are drawn into a fibr\s look+ mass8 ,! latt] seems to be ! mo/ plausible !ory1 to :i* ,i admit objections may be rais$4 ,= my own "p1 ,i am incl9$ to ! belief t ! cry/al exi/s 9 all iron :i* is f9i%$ above a bright r$ heat1 & t betwe5 t & black heat !y are =m$ & h :atev] *>act]i/ics circum/ances may conf] ^u !m1 modifi$ by ! action ( ag5cies h]et(ore m5tion$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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