,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #cfb ,,new ,,york1 ,,decemb] #i1 #ahhb ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #cfb4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics--,rec5t ,improvem5ts 9 ,textile ,ma*9]y4--,h>ris's revolv+ r+ sp9n+ frame4-- ,new electric /op motion4--,new positive motion loom4 #f figures4 ,sp9n+ ,)\t a ,mule4--,h>ris's improvem5ts 9 r+ sp9n+4 ,new ,b9d+ ,ma*9es4 #c figures4 ,flumes & _! con/ruction4 #a figure4 ,*uwab's ,roll+ ,mill = ,dress+ & ,r\nd+ ,b> ,iron4 #i figures4 ,burn+ ( ,t[n ,refuse at ,le$s4 #f figures4--,sections & elevations ( de/ructor & c>boniz]4 ,,ii4 ,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry4--,fri$ri* ,wohl]4--,8 labors & discov]ies4 ,new ,gas ,burn]4 #c figures4--,grim/one's improv$ gas burn]4 ,defty's ,improvem5ts 9 ,gas ,burn]s & ,heat]s4 #d figures4 ,! ,collotype 9 ,practice4 ,det]m9ation ( ,potassa 9 ,manures4--,by ,m4 ,e4 ,,dreyfus4 ,,iii4 ,,hygi5e1 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,etc4--,! ,air 9 ,relation to ,heal?4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,*&l]4 ,! ,planta9 z a ,/yptic4 ,bact]ia4 ,,iv4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,gu/avo ,tr\v & 8 ,electrical ,inv5tions4 --,portrait ( ,gu/ave ,tr\v4--,tr\v's electric boat compet+ 9 ! regatta at ,troyes4 ,dome/ic ,electricity4--,loiseau's electric naph?a & gas light]s4--,ranque's new =m ( light] ) ext+ui%]4 ,!il]'s ,telephone ,receiv]4 #b figures4 ,an ,electric ,p[] ,hamm]4 ,by ,,m>cel ,,depretz4 #a figure4 ,solignac's ,new ,electric ,lamp4 #c figures4 ,mondos's ,electric ,lamp4 #b figures4 ,v4 ,,metallurgy ,,& ,,m9]alogy4--,alum9um4--,its prop]ties1 co/1 & uses4 ,! ,orig9 & ,relations ( ! ,c>bon ,m9]als4 ,by ,j4,s4 ,,newb]ry4--,an elaborate & extremely valuable review ( ! g5esis ( c>bon m9]als1 & ! modes & conditions ( _! occurr5ce4 ,e/imation ( ,sulphur 9 ,iron & ,/eel4 ,by ,,george ,,craig4 #a figure4 ,,vi4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,etc4--,! ,armitage ,h\se4 ,sugge/ions 9 ,ar*itecture4--,an ,engli% c\ntry resid5ce4 ,,vii4 ,,botany1 ,,horticulture1 ,,etc4--,! ,soy ,bean4 #a figure4-- ,! ,soy bean 7,soja hispida74 ,erica ,cav5di%iana4 #a figure4 ,philesia ,buxifolia4 #a figure4 ,mahogany4 ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,our ,hebrew ,population4 ,! ,my/]ies ( ,lake ,baikal4 ,travel+ ,s& ,hills on ,lake ,ont>io4 ,animals 9 ! ,arts4--,corals4--,! con* %ell4--,liv+ beetles1 etc4--,pe>ls4--,sepia & silk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gu/ave ,,tr\v4 ,! accompany+ portrait ( ,m4 ,gu/ave ,tr\v is tak5 f a small volume devot$ to an acc\nt ( 8 labors rec5tly publi%$ by ,m4 ,georges ,d>y4 ,m4 ,tr\v1 :o may be said to h _h no ance/ors f an electric po9t ( view1 0 born 9 #ahci 9 ! little village ( ,haye-,desc>tes4 ,he 0 s5t by 8 p>5ts to ! ,college ( ,*9on1 :5ce he ent]$ ! cole des ,arts et ,meti]s1 & aft]w>d w5t to ,p>is to "w 9 ! %op ( a clock-mak]4 ,?is 0 an excell5t appr5tice%ip = our future electrician1 s9ce x is 9 small works t electricity excels2 &1 if its doma9 is to be increas$1 x is only on condition t ! electric me*anician %all nev] lose sight ( ! fact t he %\ld be a clock-mak]1 & t 8 f+]s1 to use ,m4 ,dumas's apt words1 %\ld possess at once ! /r5g? ( ^? ( ! ,titans & ! delicacy ( ^? ( fairies4 ,x 0 n long ere ,tr\v set up a %op ( 8 own1 :i!r inv5tors flock$ 9 cr[ds2 & ! "w he did = ^! soon gave up to him ! secrets ( ! art ( creat+4 ,! fir/ applications t he attempt$ relat$ to ! use ( electricity 9 surg]y1 a wond]fully fecund bran*1 b "o ^: importance 0 sc>cely suspect$1 not)/&+ ! results already obta9$ ?r\gh ! application ( ! insufflation pile to galvano-caut]y4 ,:at ! surgeon ne$$ 0 to see pla9ly into ! cavities ( ! human body4 ,tr\v f\nd a means ( light+ ^! up ) lamps ^: illum9at+ p[] 0 fitt$ = t sort ( exploration4 ,?is new mode ( illum9ation hav+ be5 adopt$1 x 0 b natural t x %\ld aft]w>d f9d an application 9 dang]\s m9es1 p[d] mills1 & = a ho/ ( diff]5t purposes4 ,b ! p]fection ( ?is sort ( in/rum5ts 0 ! w\nd explor]1 by ! aid ( :i* a great surgeon s\nd$ ! w\nds t ,italian balls _h made 9 ,g>ibaldi's foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gu/ave ,,tr\ve4 ,! mis=tunes ( ,france aft]w>d direct$ ,tr\v's att5tion to milit>y electricity1 & l$ him to devise a p]fect sy/em ( portable telegraphy1 9 :i* 8 h]metic pile l5ds itself p]fectly to all maneuv]s & )/&s all sorts ( mov+ ab\t4 ,! small volume ( :i* we h spok5 is devot$ m p>ticul>ly to electric navigation1 = :i* ,m4 ,tr\v specially design$ ! motor ( 8 inv5tion1 & by ! aid ( :i* he p]=m$ num]\s exp]im5ts on ! ocean1 on ! ,se9e at ,p>is1 & be=e ,r\5 & at ,troyes4 ,9 ?is latt] case ,m4 ,tr\v ga9$ a m$al ( honor on ! occasion ( a regatta4 ,our engrav+ repres5ts him compet+ ) ! r[]s ( :om he kept ahead ) s di/+ui%$ success4 ,we c\ld n und]take to enum]ate all ! inv5tions :i* we owe to ,m4 ,tr\v2 b we _c1 h[ev]1 omit m5tion ( ! p5dulum escapem5t t beats ! second or half second )\t any v>iation 9 ! l5g? ( ! balance2 ( ! electric gyroscope con/ruct$ at ! reque/ ( ,m4 ,l\is ,f\cault2 ( ! electro-m$ical pocket-case2 ( ! app>atus = det]m9+ ! mo/ advantage\s incl9ation to give a helix2 ( ! electric bit = /opp+ unruly horses2 & ( ! univ]sal cau/ic-hold]4 ,he has giv5 ! electric polyscope features su* t e cavity 9 ! human body may be explor$ by its aid4 ,z = 8 electric motor1 he has giv5 t a =m t makes ! rotation regul> & suppresses dead-c5t]s--a result t he has obta9$ by utiliz+ ! ecc5trization ( ! ,siem5s bobb94 ,al?\gh devot+ himself ma9ly to improv+ 8 motor 7:i*1 by ! way1 he has appli$ to ! tricycle71 ,m4 ,tr\v does n disda9 telephony1 b has introduc$ into ! manufacture ( magnets = ! purpose _m valuable improvem5ts4--,electricit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tr\ve',s ,,electric ,,boat ,,compet+ ,,9 ,,! ,,regatta ,,at ,,troyes1 ,,aug4 #f1 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fri$ri* ,w,,hl]4 ,at ! age ( eighty-two ye>s1 & full ( honor1 aft] a life actively devot$ to sci5tific "w ( ! highe/ & mo/ accurate k9d1 :i* has contribut$ m ?an t ( any o!r contempor>y to e/abli% ! pr9ciples on :i* an exact sci5ce l *emi/ry is f\nd$1 ! illu/ri\s ,whl] has gone to 8 re/4 ,aft] he _h work$ = "s "t ) ,b]zelius 9 ,sw$51 he taught *emi/ry f #ahbe to #ahca at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool 9 ,b]l92 !n till #ahcf he 0 /ation$ at ! ,high] ,polyte*nic ,s*ool at ,cassel1 & !n he became ,ord9>y ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+51 :]e he rema9$ till 8 dea?4 ,he 0 born1 ,july #ca1 #ahjj1 at ,es*]%eim1 ne> ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,until ! ye> #ahbh x 0 believ$ t organic sub/ances c\ld only be =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! vital =ce 9 ! bodies ( animals & plants4 ,x 0 ,whl] :o prov$ by ! artificial prep>ation ( urea f inorganic mat]ials t ?is view c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,?is discov]y has always be5 consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ important contributions to our sci5tific k4 ,by %[+ t ammonium cyanate c become urea by an int]nal arrangem5t ( its atoms1 )\t ga9+ or los+ 9 weight1 ,whl] furni%$ "o ( ! fir/ & be/ examples ( isom]ism1 :i* help$ to demoli% ! old view t equality ( composition c\ld n coexi/ 9 two bodies1 ,a & ,b1 ) diff]5ces 9 _! respective physical & *emical prop]ties4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 #ahcj1 ,whl] publi%$1 jo9tly ) ,liebig1 ! results ( a rese>* on cyanic & cyanuric acid & on urea4 ,b]zelius1 9 8 report to ! ,sw$i% ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 call$ x ! mo/ important ( all rese>*es 9 physics1 *emi/ry1 & m9]alogy publi%$ 9 t ye>4 ,! results obta9$ 7 q unexpect$1 & furni%$ additional & mo/ important evid5ce 9 favor ( ! doctr9e ( isom]ism4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcd1 ,whl] & ,liebig publi%$ an inve/igation ( ! oil ( bitt] almonds4 ,!y prove by _! exp]im5ts t a gr\p ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 atoms c behave l an elem5t1 take ! place ( an elem5t1 & c be ex*ang$ = elem5ts 9 *emical comp\nds4 ,?us ! f\ndation 0 laid ( ! doctr9e ( comp\nd radicals1 a doctr9e :i* has _h & has /ill ! mo/ pr(\nd influ5ce on ! developm5t ( *emi/ry--s mu* s t its importance c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( potassium by ,davy1 x 0 assum$ t alum9a also1 ! basis ( clay1 conta9$ a metal 9 comb9ation ) oxyg54 ,davy1 ,o]/$t1 & ,b]zelius attempt$ ! extraction ( ?is metal1 b c\ld n succe$4 ,whl] !n work$ on ! same subject1 & discov]$ ! metal alum9um4 ,to him also is due ! isolation ( ! elem5ts yttrium1 b]yllium1 & titanium1 ! obs]vation t silicium c be obta9$ 9 cry/als1 & t "s meteoric /ones conta9 organic matt]4 ,he analyz$ a numb] ( meteorites1 & = _m ye>s wrote ! dige/ on ! lit]ature ( meteorites 9 ! ,jahresb]i*t d] ,*emie2 he possess$1 p]haps1 ! be/ private collection ( meteoric /ones & irons exi/+4 ,whl] & ,sa9te ,claire ,deville discov]$ ! cry/all9e =m ( boron1 & ,whl] & ,buff ! hydrog5 comp\nds ( silicium & a l[] oxide ( ! same elem5t4 ,?is is by no means a full /atem5t ( ,whl]'s sci5tific "w2 x ev5 does n m5tion all ! discov]ies :i* h _h great influ5ce on ! !ory ( *emi/ry4 ,! m]e titles ( ! pap]s w\ld fill sev]al closely-pr9t$ pages4 ,! j\rnals ( e ye> f #ahbj to #ahha conta9 contributions f 8 p51 & ev5 8 m9or publications are always int]e/+4 ,z 0 truly rem>k$ t5 ye>s ago1 :5 x 0 propos$ by a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society t a ,copley m$al %\ld be conf]r$ ^u him1 = two or ?ree ( 8 rese>*es he des]ves ! highe/ honor a sci5tific man c obta91 b ! sum ( 8 "w is absolutely ov]:elm+4 ,_h he nev] liv$1 ! aspect ( *emi/ry w\ld be v diff]5t f t x is n[4 ,:ile soj\rn+ at ,cassel1 ,whl] made1 among o!r *emical discov]ies1 "o = obta9+ ! metal nickel 9 a /ate ( purity1 & ) two atta*$ fri5ds he f\nd$ a factory !re = ! prep>ation ( ! metal4 ,among ! works :i* he publi%$ 7 ,grundriss d] ,anorganis*5 ,*emie1 ,b]l91 #ahcj1 & ! ,grundriss d] ,organis*5 ,*emie1 ,b]l91 #ahdj4 ,nor mu/ we omit to m5tion ,praktis*5 ,uebr+5 d] ,*emis*5 ,analyse1 ,b]l91 #ahed1 & ! ,lehrbu* d] ,*emie1 ,dresd51 #ahbe1 #d vols4 ,at a sitt+ ( ! ,academy1 held on ,octob] #b1 #ahhb1 ,m4 ,jean ,bapti/e ,dumas1 ! p]man5t secret>y1 ) pr(\nd regret1 made kn[n ! intellig5ce ( ! dea? ( ! illu/ri\s =eign associate1 ,fri$ri* ,whl]1 pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+54 ,he said3 ,m4 ,fri$ri* ,whl]1 ! favorite pupil ( ,b]zelius1 _h foll[$ 9 ! l9es & me?ods ( "w ( 8 ma/]4 ,f #ahba till 8 la/ ye> he has cont9u\sly publi%$ memoirs or simple notes1 always rem>kable = _! exactness1 & (t5 ( su* a nature t !y took among contemporane\s production ! fir/ rank by _! importance1 _! novelty1 or _! fullness4 ,employ$ *iefly1 dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ,sw$51 9 "w on m9]al *emi/ry1 he has rema9$ all 8 life ! undisput$ *ief 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce 9 ,g]man univ]sities4 ,?is prep>ation & preoccupation1 :i* "o might h ?\ght suffici5t to occupy 8 "t1 did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t him f tak+ ! *ief "p 9 ! developm5t ( organic *emi/ry1 & ( fill+ "o ( ! mo/ elevat$ positions 9 x4 ,8 contempor>ies h n =gott5 ! unusual s5sation produc$ by ! unexpect$ discov]y by :i* he 0 enabl$ to make artificially1 & by a purely *emical me?od1 urea1 ! mo/ nitrog5\s ( animal sub/ances4 ,o!r trans=mations or comb9ations giv+ bir? to sub/ances :i*1 until !n1 _h only be5 met ) 9 animals or plants1 h s9ce be5 obta9$1 b ! artificial =mation ( urea /ill rema9s ! neate/ & mo/ elegant example ( ?is ord] ( creation4 ,all *emi/s "k & admire ! classical memoir 9 :i* ,whl] & ,liebig "s "t aft] made kn[n ! nature ( ! b5zoic s]ies1 & connect$ !m ) ! radicals ( :i* we may consid] !m z be+ ! d]ivatives comp>able ) products ( a m9]al nature4 ,_! memoirs on ! d]ivatives ( uric acid1 a prolific s\rce ( new & rem>kable sub/ances1 has be5 an inexhau/ible m9e 9 ! h&s ( _! successors4 ,?is is n a mom5t :5 we %\ld pret5d to review ! "w :i* ,m4 ,whl] has done 9 m9]al *emi/ry4 ,among ! #bdj pap]s :i* he has publi%$ 9 sci5tific j\rnals1 !re are few :i* ! treatises ( *emi/ry h n imm$iately turn$ to acc\nt4 ,we ne$ only conf9e ourselves to ! discov]y ( alum9um1 to :i* ! en]gy & inv5tive g5ius ( our confrre1 ,h5ry ,deville1 soon gave a place ne> ! noble metals4 ,unit$ by a rivalry :i* w\ld h divid$ less noble m9ds1 ^! two great *emi/s c>ri$ on toge!r _! rese>*es 9 *emi/ry1 & jo9$ _! =ces to cle> up po9ts /ill obscure 9 ! hi/ory ( boron1 silicium1 & ! metals ( ! plat9um gr\p1 & rema9$ closely unit$1 :i* ea* ye> only /r5g!n$4 ,! read] w p>don me a s\v5ir entirely p]sonal4 ,we 7 born1 ,m4 ,whl] & ,i1 9 #ahjj4 ,i am 8 s5ior by a few days4 ,our sci5tific life began at ! same date1 & dur+ sixty ye>s ev]y?+ has comb9$ to b9d m closely ! l9ks ( bro!rhood :i* has exi/$ = s long a "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,hebrew ,,population4 ,! ,unit$ ,jewi% ,association has made a canvass ( ! d5om9ation 9 ?is c\ntry1 f9d+ #bgh congregations1 & a total ,jewi% population ( #bcj1ihd4 ,new ,york has ! l>ge/ numb]--#hj1efe4 ,!n foll[s ,p5nsylvania1 ) #bj1jjj2 ,cali=nia1 ) #ah1ehj2 ,ohio ) #ad1eha2 ,ill9ois1 ) #ab1fbe1 & ,m>yl&1 ) #aj1ceg4 ,! ,jewi% population 9 ! l>ge/ cities is z foll[s3 ,new ,york #fj1jjj ,san ,francisco #af1jjj ,brooklyn #ad1jjj ,philadelphia #ac1jjj ,*icago #ab1jjj ,baltimore #aj1jjj ,c9c9nati #h1jjj ,bo/on #g1jjj ,/4 ,l\is #f1ejj ,new ,orleans #e1jjj ,clevel& #c1ejj ,new>k #c1ejj ,milwaukee #c1ejj ,l\isville #b1ejj ,pittsburg #b1jjj ,detroit #b1jjj ,wa%+ton #a1ejj ,new ,hav5 #a1jjj ,ro*e/] #a1jjj ,?is total ,jewi% population ( #bcj1ihd has six hospitals1 elev5 orphan asylums & homes1 f\rte5 free colleges & s*ools1 & #fjb b5evol5t lodges4 ,( ! free s*ools ma9ta9$ by ! ,hebrews1 five are 9 ,new ,york1 f\r 9 ,philadelphia1 & "o ea* 9 ,c9c9nati1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,*icago1 & ,san ,francisco4 ,_! hospitals are 9 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,c9c9nati1 ,new ,orleans1 & ,*icago1 :ile _! orphan asylums1 homes1 & o!r b5evol5t in/itutions are scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,my/]ies ,,( ,,! ,,baikal4 ,! ,ang>a is cold z ice all ! summ] ?r\gh1 s cold1 inde$1 t to ba! 9 x is to c\rt inevitable illness1 & 9 w9t] a sl$ drive ov] its froz5 surface is made 9 a temp]ature "s degrees l[] ?an t prevail+ on ! banks4 ,?is comes f ! fact t its wat]s are fre% f ! yet unfa?om$ dep?s ( ! ,baikal1 :i* dur+ ! five %ort mon?s ( summ] has sc>cely "t to prop]ly unfreeze4 ,9 w9t] ! lake resembles 9 all respects a m9iature ,arctic ,ocean1 hav+ its great ice hummocks & imm5se leads1 ov] :i* ! c>avan sl$s h to be f]ri$ on l>ge pieces ( ice1 j z 9 ! froz5 ,nor?4 ,9 w9t]1 too1 ! air is s cold 9 ! region above ! lake t birds fly+ across its icy bosom sometimes drop d[n dead on ! surface4 ,"s au?ors say t seals h be5 caught 9 ! lake ( ! same "* z ^? f\nd 9 ! ,arctic seas2 = ?is ass]tion ,i h no pro(4 ,an imm5se c>avan traffic is c>ri$ across ! froz5 lake e season betwe5 ,russia & ,*9a4 ,to accommodate ?is ! ,russian po/al au?orities once e/abli%$ a po/ h\se on ! middle ( ! lake1 :]e horses 7 kept = travel]s4 ,b ?is 0 discont9u$ aft] "o w9t]1 :5 an e>ly ?aw sudd5ly set 91 & horses1 yems*liks & po/ h\se all disappe>$ b5ea? ! ice1 & 7 nev] se5 m4 ,9 summ] ! lake is navigat$ by an antiquat$ /eam] call$ ! ,g5]al ,korsak(f1 :i* v5tures out 9 calm wea!r1 b _c face ! viol5t /orms & squalls t sometimes rise ) sudd5 impetuosity4 ,irkutskians say1 inde$1 t x is only ^u ,lake ,baikal & ^u ?is old hull t a man really le>ns to pray f 8 he>t4 ,! lake is held 9 sup]/iti\s rev]5ce by ! natives4 ,x is call$ by !m ,svyatoe ,m1 or ! ,holy ,lake1 & !y believe t no ,*ri/ian 0 ev] lo/ 9 its wat]s1 = ev5 :5 a p]son is dr[n$ 9 x ! waves always take ! tr\ble to ca/ ! body on %ore4 ,its l5g? is #djj miles1 its wid? an av]age ( #ce miles1 cov]s an area ( #ad1jjj squ>e miles & has a circumf]5ce ( ne>ly #a1bjj miles1 be+ ! l>ge/ fre% wat] lake 9 ! ,old ,_w1 &1 next to ! ,caspian & ! ,aral1 ! l>ge/ inl& %eet ( wat] 9 ,asia4 ,its %ores are bold & rugg$ & v picturesque1 9 "s places #a1jjj feet high4 ,9 ! surr\nd+ =e/s are f\nd game ( ! l>ge/ description1 be>s1 de]1 foxes1 wolves1 elk & ^! af=d capital sport = ! sportsm5 ( ,irkutsk4 ,ar\nd ! coa/s are _m m9]al spr+s1 hot & cold1 :i* h a great reputation among ! ,irkutskians4 ,! hot spr+s ( ,yurka1 on ! ,sel5ga1 #bjj v]/s f ,v]*ore ,udevisk & n _m miles f ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,baikal1 :i* h a temp]ature ( #dh degrees ,raumur & ^: wat]s are /rongly impregnat$ ) sulphur1 are a favorite wat]+ place = natives z well z ,russians & ,buriats4--,h]ald ,correspond5t ) ! ,jeannette ,se>* ,exp$ition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,travel+ ,,s& ,,hills ,,on ,,lake ,,ont>io4 ,an int]e/+ example ( s&-drift occurs ne> ,well+ton ,bay1 on ,lake ,ont>io1 t5 miles f ,pict\4 ,! lake %ore ne> ! s& banks is ind5t$ ) a succession ( rock-pav$ bays1 ^: gradually %oal+ m>g9s af=d r>e ba?+ gr\nds4 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,lakes1 ea* five miles long1 & ! latt] dott$ ) isl&s1 are sep>at$ f ,lake ,ont>io by n>r[ /rips ( bea*4 ,ov] ! two mile-wide i/hmus sep>at+ ! little lakes1 ! s& banks1 ^: gli/5+ heights are visible miles away1 are approa*$4 ,on ne> approa* !y are hidd5 by ! c$> woods1 till ! roadway 9 front is b>r$ by ! advanc+ bank1 to avoid :i* a roadway ?r\gh ! woods has be5 con/ruct$ up to ! ea/]n end ( ! s& range4 ,! s& banks /ret* l a cresc5t along ! %ore1 ! concave side turn$ to ! lake1 along :i* x leaves a pebbly bea*4 ,! l5g? ( ! cresc5t is ov] two miles1 ! wid? #fjj to #c1jjj or #d1jjj feet4 ,clamb]+ up ! /eep end ( ! range among trees & grapev9es1 ! wood$ summit is ga9$1 at an elevation ( ne>ly #aej feet4 ,pass+ along ! top1 ! woods soon disappe>1 & ! visitor em]ges on a wild wa/e ( delicately t9t$ saffron1 ris+ f ! slate-color$ bea* 9 g5tle undulation1 & sleepily fall+ on ! o!r side d[n to gre5 pa/ures & into ! c$> woods4 ,! :ole surface ( ?is gradually undulat+ m\nta9 des]t is ribb$ by little wavelets a few in*es ap>t1 b ! g5]al aspect is "o ( p]fect smoo?ness4 ,! s& is almo/ z f9e z fl\r1 & conta9s no admixture ( du/ ,! foot s9ks only an in* or two 9 walk+ ov] x2 *ildr5 roll ab\t on x & d[n its slopes1 &1 ris+1 %ake !mselves till _! clo?+ loses e trace ( s&4 ,occasionally gu/s /ream ov] ! wild wa/e1 rais+ a d5se drift to a height ( a foot or two only1 & /ream+ l a fr+e ov] ! /eep nor!rn edge4 ,?\gh ! sun is blaz+ d[n on ! gli/5+ wild]ness !re is little s5sation ( heat1 = ! cool lake breeze is ev] bl[+4 ,on ! l&w>d side1 ! insidi\s approa* ( ! dev\r+ s& is well m>k$4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty feet bel[1 ! foot ( ?is mov+ m\nta9 is %>ply def9$ aga9/ ! vivid gre5 ( ! pa/ures1 on :i* ! grass gr[s luxuriantly to )9 an in* ( ! s& wall4 ,! f]ns ( ! c$> woods almo/ droop aga9/ ! s&y slope4 ,! roots ( ! trees are b>e along ! :ite edge2 a foot or two ne>] ! s& buries ! feet ( ! c$>s3 a few y>ds ne>] /ill ! b>e trunks disappe>2 /ill ne>] only ! )]$ topma/ twigs ( ! subm]g$ =e/ are se51 & !n f> ov] ! tree tops /&s ! s& range4 ,p]petual ice is f\nd "u ! foot ( ?is /eep slope1 ! s& cov]+ & consolidat+ ! sn[s drift$ ov] ! hill dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,!re is some?+ awe-inspir+1 says ! correspond5t ( ! ,toronto ,globe1 9 ! sl[1 quiet1 b resi/less advance ( ! m\nta9 front4 ,field & =e/ alike become completely subm]g$4 ,t5 ye>s ago a f>m-h\se 0 swall[$ up1 n to em]ge 9 light until ! huge s& wave has pass$ ov]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rec5t ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,textile ,,ma*9]y4 ,at ! rec5t exhibition at ,bo/on ( ! ,new ,engl& ,in/itute1 sev]al int]e/+ novelties 7 %[n :i* h a promise ( consid]able economic & indu/rial value4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! g5]al plan & pulley connections ( ! ,h>ris ,revolv+-,r+ ,sp9n+ ,frame4 ,! purpose ( ! improvem5ts :i* x embodies is to avoid ! unev5 draught ( ! y>n 9 sp9n+ & w9d+ incid5t to ! use ( a fix$ r+4 ,) ! non-revolv+ r+ ! /ra9 ^u ! y>n v>ies greatly1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 diamet] ( ! full & empty bobb94 ,at ! base ( ! cone1 especially 9 sp9n+ weft1 or fill+1 ! diamet] ( ! cop is five or six times t ( ! quill at ! tip4 ,z ! y>n is w\nd ^u ! cone1 ! l9e ( draught ^u ! travel] v>ies cont9ually1 ! pull be+ almo/ direct :]e ! bobb9 is full1 & ne>ly at "r angles :]e x is empty4 ,) ! increas+ angle ! drag ^u ! travel] increases1 n only caus+ frequ5t breakages ( ! y>n1 b also an unequal /ret*+ ( ! y>n1 s t ! y>n p]ceptibly v>ies 9 f95ess4 ,! unequal /ra9 fur!r causes ! y>n to be m tightly w\nd ^u ! outside ?an ^u ! inside ( ! bobb91 giv+ rise to sn>ls & wa/age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rec5t ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,textile ,,ma*9]y4--#a1 #b4--,,sp9n+ ,,)\t ,a ,,mule--,,! ,,h>ris ,,revolv+ ,,r+ ,,sp9n+ ,,frame4 #c1 #d1 #e4--,,new ,,electric ,,/op ,,motion ,,= ,,draw+ ,,frames4 #f4--,,new ,,positive ,,motion ,,loom4 ,^! difficulties h hi!rto prev5t$ ! application ( r+ sp9n+ to ! f9] grades ( y>n4 ,!y are ov]come 9 ! new sp9n+ frame by an +5i\s device by :i* a revolv+ motion is giv5 to ! r+ 9 ! same direction z ! motion ( ! travel]1 !reby r$uc+ its friction ^u ! r+1 ! spe$ ( ! r+ be+ v>iable1 & s controll$ z to secure a uni=m t5sion ^u ! y>n at all /ages ( ! w9d+4 ,! con/ruction ( ! revolv+ r+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,c is ! revolv+ r+2 ,d1 ! holl[ axis support2 ,h1 a section ( ! r+ frame2 ,e1 ! travel]4 ,to give ! requir$ v>iable spe$ to ! revolv+ r+ !re is plac$ directly ov] ! drum1 ,fig4 #a1 ,a1 = driv+ ! sp9dle a small] drum1 ,b1 f :i* b&s drive ea* r+ sep>ately4 ,! %aft1 :i* is atta*$ by cross girts to ! r+ rail1 & moves up & d[n ) x1 is driv5 by a pair ( conical drums f ! ma9 cyl9d] %aft2 & is s arrang$ ) a loose pulley on ! l>ge end ( ! receiv+ cone z to rema9 /ation>y :ile ! w9d is on or ne> ! base ( ! bobb94 ,:5 ! cone ( ! bobb9 dim9i%es s z to mat]ially increase ! pull on ! travel]1 ! conical drums are />t$ by a belt %ipp] atta*$ to ! lilt motion4 ,by ! movem5t ( ! belt on ^! drums a cont9ually accel]at$ motion is giv5 to ! r+s1 _! maximum spe$ be+ ab\t "o-tw5tie? ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute z ! sp9dle has at ! same mom5t4 ,?is action is rev]s$ :5 ! lift falls4 ,! t5sion ( ! w9d ^u ! bobb9 is ?us kept uni=m1 ! desir$ h>dness ( ! w9d be+ secur$ by ! use ( a heavi] or light] travel] accord+ to ! compactness ( cop requir$4 ,! model frame %[n at ! fair did its "w admirably well1 sp9n+ y>ns z high z ,no4 #djj1 a f95ess hi!rto unatta9able on r+ frames4 ,x is claim$ t ?is inv5tion c d :atev] c be done ) ! mule1 & )\t ! skill$ labor :i* mule sp9n+ dem&s4 ,?is inv5tion is exhibit$ by ,e4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h>ris1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4,i4 ,,new ,,electric ,,/op ,,motion4 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 & #e illu/rate "s ( ! applications ( ! electric /op motion 9 connection ) cotton ma*9]y4 ,! m]it ( ?is inv5tion lies 9 simplify+ ! means by :i* ma*9]y may be /opp$ automatically ! in/ant1 its "w1 f accid5t or o!rwise1 beg9s to be improp]ly done4 ,! use ( electricity = ?is purpose is made possible by ! fact t comp>atively dry cotton is a nonconductor ( electricity4 ,9 ! process ( c>d+1 draw+ or sp9n+1 ! cotton is made to pass betwe5 roll]s or o!r pieces =m+ p>ts ( an electric circuit4 ,s long z ! ma*9e is prop]ly f$ & 9 prop] work+ condition1 ! /opp+ app>atus re/s2 ! mom5t ! cont9uity ( ! cotton is brok5 or any irregul>ity occurs1 electric contact results1 complet+ ! circuit & caus+ an electro magnet to act ^u a lev] or o!r device1 & ! ma*9e is /opp$4 ,! curr5t is suppli$ by a small magneto-electric ma*9e driv5 by a b& f ! ma9 driv+ %aft1 & is always available :ile ! eng9e is runn+4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! app>atus z appli$ to a draw+ frame4 ,9 ! process ( draw+ d[n ! roll ( cotton--! sliv]--f\r ?+s may happ5 mak+ x necess>y to /op ! ma*9e4 ,a sliv] may break on ! way f ! c to ! draw+ roll]s1 or ! supply ( cotton may become exhau/$2 ! cotton may lap or accumulate on ! draw+ roll]s2 ! sliv] may break betwe5 ! draw+ roll]s & ! cal5d] roll]s2 or ! front c may ov]fl[4 ,9 ea* & all ( ^! cases ! electric circuit is in/antly complet$2 ! p>ts betwe5 :i* ! cotton fl[s ei!r come toge!r1 z :5 breakage occurs1 or1 if !re is lapp+1 !y are sep>at$ s z to make contact above4 ,9 any case1 ! curr5t causes ! electro-magnet1 ,s1 aga9/ ! side ( ! ma*9e to move its armature & set ! /op motion 9 play4 ,figs4 #d & #e repres5t 9 detail ! mann] 9 :i* electric connection is made 9 two cases requir+ ! int]v5tion ( ! /op motion4 ,9 ,fig4 #d ! upp] "p ( a receiv+ c is %[n4 ,:5 ! c is full ! cotton lifts ! tube :eel1 ,j1 until x makes an electrical connection1 & ! /op motion is br\ght into in/ant action4 ,9 ,fig4 #e1 ! traction ^u ! y>n holds ! hook borne by ! spr+1 ,f1 away f ,g1 & ! electric circuit is int]rupt$4 ,a breakage ( ! y>n all[s ?is spr+ to act2 contact is made1 & ! /op motion op]ates z be=e4 ,?is simple & effici5t device is exhibit$ by ,h[>d ,bull\gh ,riley1 ( ,bo/on4 ,,new ,,positive ,,motion ,,loom4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! ess5tial features ( a positive motion loom1 int5d$ = weav+ n>r[ fabrics1 exhibit$ by ,kn[les1 ( ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,! engrav+ %[s s cle>ly h[1 by a "r & left movem5t ( ! rack1 ! %uttle is ?r[n by ! action ( ! int]m$iate cog:eels1 t fur!r description is unnecess>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sp9n+ ,,)\t ,a ,,mule4 ,at ! rec5t semi-annual meet+ ( ! ,new ,engl& ,cotton ,manufactur]s' ,association1 held at ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,bo/on1 ! foll[+ pap] on ! ,h>ris sy/em ( revolv+ r+ sp9n+ 0 read by ,col4 ,webb] = ! au?or3 ,x is well kn[n t "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties 9 r+ sp9n+ is ! v>iable pull ^u ! travel]1 caus$ by ! diff]5ce 9 diamet] ( ! full & empty bobb9s1 & ?is is especially noticeable 9 sp9n+ weft1 or fill+1 :5 ! diamet] ( ! quill at ! tip is n ov] #c-af ( an in*1 :ile t ( ! base ( ! cone1 or full bobb91 is f an in* to an in* & "o-eigh?4 ,?is v>iation 9 diamet] causes ! l9e ( draught ^u ! travel]1 :i*1 ) ! full bobb91 =ms ne>ly a tang5t to ! int]ior circle ( ! r+1 to be ne>ly radial to x ) an empty "o1 & ?is increas$ drag ^u ! travel] n only causes frequ5t breakage 9 sp9n+1 b also /ret*es ! y>n1 s t x is p]ceptibly f9] :5 x is spun on ! nose ( ! bobb9 ?an :5 x is spun on ! bottom ( ! cone4 ,endeavors h be5 made to comp5sate = ?is difficulty by mak+ a less draught at t p]iod ( ! op]ation2 b we believe ! pr9ciple ( cur+ "o error by add+ ano!r to be wrong1 & aim by our improvem5t to avoid ! cause ( ! tr\ble1 :i* we d by giv+ a revolv+ motion to ! r+ itself 9 ! same direction z t ( ! travel]1 at a v>iable spe$1 s z to aid its slip1 & r$uce its friction on ! r+4 ,?is we accompli% by means ( a %aft ) :orls on x1 locat$ directly ov] ! drum = driv+ ! sp9dle1 f :i* b&s drive ea* r+ sep>ately2 & atta*$ by cross-girts to ! r+-rail1 & mov+ up & d[n ) x4 ,?is %aft is driv5 by a pair ( conical drums f ! ma9 cyl9d] %aft1 & is s arrang$ ) a loose pulley on ! l>ge end ( ! receiv+ cone z to rema9 /ation>y :ile ! w9d is on or ne> ! base ( ! bobb91 or ne>ly p>allel to ! pa? ( ! travel]4 ,:5 ! cone ( ! bobb9 beg9s to dim9i% to su* a po9t z to mat]ially increase ! radial pull on ! travel]1 ^! conical drums are put 9 op]ation by a belt %ipp] atta*$ to ! lift motion1 :i* moves ! belt on to ! cones1 & gives a cont9ually accel]at$ motion to ! r+s1 s t :5 ! w9d rea*es ! top ( ! bobb9 ! r+s w h _! maximum spe$ ( ab\t #cjj revolutions p] m9ute1 or ab\t "o-tw5tie? ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! sp9dle at ?is po9t1 if ! latt] make #fjjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & ?is we f9d 9 actual practice to produce results :i* are highly satisfactory4 ,z ! lift falls aga91 ! belt is mov$ back on ! cones1 giv+ a ret>d+ motion to ! r+s1 until x rea*es ! po9t at :i* x began to op]ate1 & is !n ei!r mov$ on to ! loose pulley1 & ! r+s rema9 /ation>y1 or = v f9e y>n are kept 9 motion at a sl[ spe$4 ,we are (t5 ask$ if ?is does n affect ! twi/1 b answ] t x does n 9 ! lea/1 z ! relative spe$s ( ! rolls & sp9dles rema9 ! same1 & ! only ?+ t c be affect$ is ! h>dness ( ! w9d ^u ! bobb91 & ?is is adju/able by ! use ( a heavi] or light] travel]1 accord+ to ! compactness ( cop requir$4 ,we claim by means ( ?is improvem5t ! ability to use a mu* small] quill or bobb91 & consequ5tly hold+ z mu* y>n 9 a less outside diamet]1 enabl+ u to use a small] r+1 ?us sav+ p[] bo? 9 ! weight ( bobb9 to be c>ri$ & 9 ! di/ance to be mov$ by ! travel]2 & we believe ! p[] to be sav$ 9 ?is mann] & by ! dim9ution ( ! dead pull on ! travel]1 :5 ! w9d is at ! tip ( ! bobb91 to be m ?an suffici5t to give ! necess>y motion to ! revolv+ r+s4 ,we are z yet unable to answ] ?is "q ( p[] fully1 z we h n yet te/$ a full size frame1 b we propose to d ?is 9 season to answ] all que/ions at ! next meet+ ( y\r association4 ,! same inv5tion is also applicable to w>p sp9n+1 by giv+ ! r+ a cont9u\s accel]at+ & ret>d+ motion1 9 :i* ! maximum spe$ is giv5 to ! r+ at ! fir/ />t ( ! frame :5 ! bobb9 is empty1 suffici5t to dim9i% ! /ra9 on ! y>n1 & gradually r$uc+ ! motion at ea* trav]se ( ! rail1 z ! bobb9 is fill$2 b we claim ! great advantage ( our inv5tion to be ! capability ( sp9n+ any grade ( y>n on ! r+ frame t c be spun on ! h& or self-op]at+ mule1 & 9 pro( ( ?is we call y\r att5tion to ! model frame n[ 9 op]ation at ! fair ( ! ,new ,engl& ,manufactur]s' & ,me*anics' ,in/itute1 :]e we are sp9n+ on a quill only #e-cb in*es diamet] at top1 & :]e we c %[ y samples ( y>n f ,no4 #hj to ,no4 #djj spun on ?is frame f comb$ rov+ f ! ,conant ,?read ,company & ,willimantic ,l95 ,company1 :i* we believe has nev] be=e be5 accompli%$ on any r+ frame4 ,we invite y to exam9e ?is inv5tion at ! fair1 & also call y\r att5tion to ! adju/able roll] beam1 by means ( :i* ! rolls c be adju/$ at any desirable angle or pit*1 s z to ?r[ ! twi/ m or less directly sp9n+1 & an improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! y>n f ! same cause1 :i* w increase ! production f ! loom1 & f9ally eradicate o!r objectionable features ( ! labor "q1 :i* s (t5 di/urb ! peaceful h>mony betwe5 labor & capital4 ,mr1 ,g\ld+ ask$ if x _h be5 demon/rat$ :e!r m or less p[] 0 requir$ = ! same numb]s ?an effect ( runn+ ! ma*9e a little out ( true1 & ! reply 0 t ! advantage ( ! new me?od ov] ! old w\ld be m app>5t 9 su* a case ?an ) a p]fect frame4 ,9 reg>d to spe$1 ! inv5tor propos$ z a maximum rate1 :5 ! w9d 0 at ! tip ( ! bobb91 #cjj revolutions p] m9ute1 b f ?is po9t ! spe$ w\ld dim9i%4 ,conant ,?read ,company & ,willimantic ,l95 ,company1 :i* we believe has nev] be=e be5 accompli%$ on any r+ frame4 ,we invite y to exam9e ?is inv5tion at ! fair1 & also call y\r att5tion to ! adju/able roll] beam1 by means ( :i* ! rolls c be adju/$ at any desirable angle or pit*1 s z to ?r[ ! twi/ m or less directly into ! bite ( ! rolls1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! y>n desir$1 or ! quality ( ! /ock us$4 ,f9ally1 we claim1 by ! use ( ?is inv5tion1 to be able to sp9 any fibr\s mat]ial :i* c be drawn by draught-rolls1 ( any requir$ degree ( s(tness ( twi/1 su* z c be spun by any mule :atev]1 & to d ?is ) ! att5tion only ( *ildr5 ( f twelve to f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,we also claim an increas$ production1 ow+ to less breakage ( ends1 f ! y>n n be+ ov]/ra9$ 9 sp9n+1 & an improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! y>n f ! same cause1 :i* w increase ! production f ! loom1 & f9ally eradicate o!r objectionable features ( ! labor "q1 :i* s (t5 di/urb ! peaceful h>mony betwe5 labor & capital4 ,mr4 ,g\ld+ ask$ if x _h be5 demon/rat$ :e!r m or less p[] 0 requir$ = ! same numb]s ?an by o!r me?ods1 & ,col4 ,webb] repli$ t no m p[] 0 requir$ to move ! r+s ?an 0 sav$ by friction on ! r+ & ! sav+ ( weight ( ! bobb9s4 ,he ?\ght x requir$ no m p[] ?an ! old way4 ,! me?od ( lubricat+ ! r+4--,! inv5tor1 :o 0 pres5t1 /at$1 9 response to a qu]y1 t he claim$ an advantage = 8 r+ 9 sp9n+ all numb]s f ! v co>se/ up1 bo? 9 quality & quantity1 & especially ! =m]4 ,mr4 ,g>s$ inquir$ ( ,col ,webb] :at w\ld be ! effect ( runn+ ! ma*9e a little out ( true1 & ! reply 0 t ! advantage ( ! new me?od ov] ! old w\ld be m app>5t 9 su* a case ?an ) a p]fect frame4 ,9 reg>d to spe$1 ! inv5tor propos$ z a maximum rate1 :5 ! w9d 0 at ! tip ( ! bobb91 #cjj revolutions p] m9ute1 b f ?is po9t ! spe$ w\ld dim9i%4 ,x 0 sugge/$ by a memb] t ! only advantage ( a revolv+ r+ 0 to relieve ! /ra9 on ! travel] j to ! ext5t ( ! r+'s revolutions4 ,if ! r+ 7 mak+ #cjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! travel] #f1jjj1 ! /ra9 on ! latt] w\ld be equal to #e1gjj revolutions on a /ation>y r+4 ,col4 ,webb]1 h[ev]1 ?\ght t ! motion ( ! r+ gave ! travel] a lift t prev5t$ its /opp+ at any p>ticul> po9t1 & cit$ ! fact t all numb]s up to #djj c\ld be spun ) ?is r+ z pro( ( its sup]iority ov] ! old me?od4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,gas ,,burn]4 ,speak+ at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,gaslight & ,coke ,company1 ,mr4 ,george ,livesey said _m ?+s ) a view to inspire confid5ce ( ! future 9 ! m9ds ( timid gas proprietors4 ,among o!rs he m5tion$ ! advances n[ be+ made by inv5tion 9 reg>d to improv$ appliances = develop+ ! illum9at+ p[] ( coal gas1 ) especial ref]5ce to a new burn] j pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,grim/on4 ,mr4 ,livesey pass$ a v high encomium ^u ! burn]1 & ?is expression ( op9ion by su* an au?ority is suffici5t to ar\se deep int]e/ 9 ! app>atus 9 "q4 ,x is !re=e ) mu* pleasure t we pres5t our read]s ) ! foll[+ e>ly acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,grim/on's burn]1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ! inv5tor & ,mr4 ,george ,b[]1 ( ,/4 ,neots1 9 ^: manufactory ! burn]s are n[ be+ made 9 all sizes4 ,x %\ld be premis$1 to save disappo9tm5t1 t ! inv5tion is yet s fre% t its ultimate capabilities are unkn[n4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration1 !re=e1 repres5ts ! b>e skeleton ( "o ( ! fir/ models2 & ! actual p]=mance ( only ! v e>lie/ burn]1 made 9 great "p by ,mr4 ,grim/on himself1 has be5 fully te/$4 ,be=e proce$+ to describe ! inv5tion1 a brief hi/ory may be int]e/+ ( h[ x happ5$ t ,mr4 ,grim/on1 an electric light+ eng9e]1 became a gas burn] mak]4 ,! /ory w und\bt$ly help to expla9 ! reasons = _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! new burn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,gas ,,burn]4 ,,fig4 #a4--,sectional ,elevation4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ,mr4 ,grim/on1 :o 0 connect$ ) ! electrical eng9e]+ e/abli%m5t ( ,siem5s ,bros4 ,co41 ,limit$1 0 "s mon?s ago %[n ! con/ruction & work+ ( ! ,siem5s reg5]ative gas burn]1 :i* is n[ suffici5tly well kn[n to r5d] a description unnecess>y "h4 ,9 common ) mo/ spectators ( ?is v +5i\sly & philosophically design$ appliance1 ,mr4 ,grim/on 0 /ruck ) its bulk & ! sup]ficial clums9ess ( ! arrangem5t :]eby ! air & gas supply are heat$ 9 x by ! products ( combu/ion4 ,^! lamps h1 ( c\rse1 mat]ially improv$ ( late2 b :5 ,mr4 ,grim/on fir/ saw !m1 p]haps #ah mon?s ago1 !y c]ta9ly c\ld n be call$ neat & compact 9 design4 ,he at once grasp$ ! idea embodi$ 9 ^! lamps1 & set ab\t con/ruct+ an arrangem5t :i* %\ld be bas$ on a simil> pr9ciple1 b at ! same "t avoid ! inconv5i5ces compla9$ (4 ,x is n too mu* to say t he has succe$$ 9 bo? ^! aims1 & ! burn] :i* n[ be>s 8 "n /rikes ! obs]v] at once by ! brilliant light :i* x produces by ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s means4 ,we may n[ describe1 by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ illu/rations1 h[ ,mr4 ,grim/on produces ! reg5]ative effect :i* is likewise ! c5tral idea ( ! ,siem5s burn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,gas ,,burn]4 ,,fig4 #b4--,section ?r\gh ,a ,b4 ,! light is simply t produc$ by an arrangem5t ( a k9d ( ,arg& burn] turn$ upside d[n4 ,! c5tral gas-pipe1 a 7,figs4 #a & #c71 is connect$ to a di/ribut+ *amb]1 :5ce ! annul> clu/] ( brass tubes1 a'1 a1 7,figs4 #a & #b71 are prolong$ d[nw>d1 =m+ ! burn]4 ,! burn] is inclos$ 9 an iron or brass annul> cas+1 b1 b1 :i* =ms ! ma9 framework ( ! app>atus4 ,! annul> space :i* x af=ds is ! outlet *imney or flue = ! products ( combu/ion ( ! burn] b5ea?1 & is cross$ by a numb] ( ?9 brass tubes1 c1 c1 :i* lead f ! out] air into ! inn] space conta9+ ! burn] tubes1 a'1 a'1 already describ$4 ,! upp] op5+s ( ! annul> body1 b1 are %[n at e1 e 7,fig4 #c71 :i* communicate direct ) ! *imney prop]1 e'1 e'4 ,! burn] is light$ by op5+ ! h+$ glass cov]1 d1 :i* fits practically air-tight on ! bottom ( ! body1 s t ! air ne$$ to support combu/ion mu/ all pass ?r\gh ! tubes1 c1 c1 ! out] ends ( :i* are protect$ by ! cas+1 k1 k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,gas ,,burn]4 ,,fig4 #c4--,section ?r\gh ,c ,d4 ,:5 ! gas is light$ at ! burn]1 & ! glass clos$1 ! burn] beg9s to act at once1 al?\gh "s m9utes are necess>ily requir$ to elapse be=e its full brilliancy is ga9$4 ,! cold air passes 9 ?r\gh ! tubes provid$ = x1 & :5 ^! are heat$ to ! fulle/ ext5t on _! outside1 by ! hot fumes f ! burn]1 !y s readily "p ) _! heat to ! air t a temp]ature ( #a1jjj to #a1bjj ,fahr4 is easily obta9$ 9 ! air :5 x arrives inside1 & comm5ces 9 turn to heat ! burn]-tubes4 ,! air-tubes are plac$ s z to int]cept ! hot gases z completely z possible2 & also1 ( c\rse1 obta9 heat by conduction f ! sides ( ! annul> body4 ,x is evid5t t ! numb] & dim5sions ( ^! tubes might be increas$ s z to ab/ract almo/ all ! heat f ! escap+ fumes1 b = ! limitations impos$1 fir/1 by a consid]ation ( ! actual quantity ( air requir$ to support combu/ion1 &1 secondly1 by ! obligation to let suffici5t asc5sional p[] rema9 9 ! gases :i* are left to pass out ?r\gh ! upp] *imney4 ,if ! gases are cool$ too mu*1 !y w ei!r fall back into ! lamp & ext+ui% ! flame1 or w be removable only by ! draught ( a long *imney4 ,x w probably be ! aim ( ! inv5tor to balance ^! requirem5ts1 & s to produce burn]s ) v %ort or long] *imneys1 accord+ z appe>ance is to be consult$ or ! highe/ possible effect produc$4 ,! burn] is a r+ ( brass tubes ( consid]able diamet]1 9 proportion to ! quantity ( gas consum$1 & ?us provides = ! deliv]y ( gas exp&$ by heat4 ,9 connection ) ?is device an explanation may be f\nd ( ! failure ( ! ,briti% ,association ,committee on ,gas ,burn]s to f9d any advantage f previ\sly heat+ ! air & gas consum$4 ,! ,committee did n make ! necess>y provision = ! increas$ bulk ( ! combu/ible & its air supply1 caus$ by _! height5$ temp]ature2 & ! same quantity ( gas measur$ cold 7at ! met]7 c\ld only be driv5 ?r\gh ! ord9>y small burn] holes at a velocity de/ructive ( good results4 ,h]r ,fr$]ick ,siem5s p]ceiv$ ?is 9 8 e>ly exp]im5ts1 & n only increas$ ! orifices ( 8 burn]s1 b provid$ = ! clos] contact ( ! m r>efi$ gas & air by ! use ( not*$ deflectors1 :i* are n[ an ess5tial "p ( 8 app>atus4 ,mr4 ,grim/on also uses sep>ate tubes ( l>ge area = 8 hot gas1 b disp5ses ) deflectors1 save 9 s f> z ! same duty may be p]=m$ by ! pla9 l[] edge ( ! inn] cyl9d] ( ! lamp body1 & ! ind5tation ( ! glass b5ea?1 :i*1 z w be notic$1 is made to foll[ ! %ape ( ! flame4 ,x only rema9s n[ to speak ( ! flame & its qualities4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 a flame ( hot gas1 burn+ at an extremly small velocity ( fl[1 & :olly expos$ to view f ! exact po9t :i* x is requir$ to light4 ,9 ?is latt] respect x diff]s mat]ially1 & ) advantage1 f ! ,siem5s burn]1 :i*1 :ile pres5t+ an extremely brilliant & beautiful ball ( flame outside its c5tral tube ( porcela91 may yet be tail+ smokily d[nw>d inside ?is opaque scre51 & !reby caus+ unp]ceiv$ wa/e4 ,! flame ( ! ,grim/on burn]1 on ! o!r h&1 is q expos$1 & all its light1 f ! ends ( ! burn]-tubes to ! po9t :]e visible combu/ion ceases1 is made available = use4 ,z a p]fect ,arg& flame 9 ! usual position has be5 lik5$ 9 =m to a tulip fl[]1 s ! flame ( ?is burn] pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an inv]t$ convolvulus4 ,s f> z he has already gone1 ,mr4 ,grim/on pref]s to keep ! tubes ( ! burn] at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r t ! sev]al jets "p at ! po9t :]e !y turn upw>d1 s t ! convolvulus figure is n ma9ta9$ to ! edge ( ! flame4 ,f its peculi> position ! light is1 ( c\rse1 completely %ad[less z reg>ds ! lamp :i* af=ds x2 & ?is1 ( itself1 is no small recomm5dation = a p5dant4 ,x %[s well = ! simplicity & effectiv5ess ( ! p]fect$ burn]s t ,mr4 ,grim/on's exp]im5tal example1 al?\gh necess>ily imp]fect ,9 _m ways1 burns ) a rem>kably /eady light1 ( great brilliancy1 :i* is assur$ by ! fact t ! products ( combu/ion are robb$ ( all _! heat to magnify ! useful effect1 s t ! h& may be borne ) ease ov] ! outlet ( ! *imney4 ,) respect to ! endurance ( ! app>atus1 x w be suffici5t to rem>k t !re is no?+ 9 ! gas or air heat+ arrangem5ts to get out ( ord]1 & !y are all easily accessible :ile ! burn] is 9 action4 ,! glass is n liable to breakage1 al?\gh x is 9 close proximity to ! flame1 z may be ga!r$ f ! te/imony ( ! inv5tor1 :o has nev] brok5 "o1 not)/&+ ! sev]ity ( "s ( 8 exp]im5tal /udies ^u 8 fir/ lamp4 ,! consumption ( gas 9 ! fir/ work+-model burn] made by ,mr4 ,grim/on 0 #aj cubic feet p] h\r1 & its illum9at+ p[] av]ag$ #fj c&les4 ,! diamet] ( ?is burn] 0 #a in*es across ! tubes4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to /ate t if ?is high duty1 :i* 0 obta9$ ) ! ord9>y #af-;c&le gas ( ! ,gaslight & ,coke ,company1 c be ma9ta9$1 to say no?+ ( be+ exce$$1 9 ! comm]cial article1 ! ,grim/on burn]1 ) its o!r advantages ov] all exi/+ me?ods ( obta9+ equal results1 has a great future be=e x4 ,= example1 x does n require a sep>ate air supply "u high pressure1 or any extra mat]ial to r5d] inc&esc5t1 & x may be turn$ on full imm$iately ^u light+4 ,x ?r[s a %ad[less light1 & l5ds itself to v5tilat+ arrangem5ts2 & x is n by any means cumb]some1 delicate 9 con/ruction1 or co/ly 9 manufacture4 ,"o ( ! greate/ advantages to :i* x lays claim is1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( yield+ almo/ z good results 9 a small burn] z 9 a l>ge "o4 ,?is is a consid]ation ( great mom5t1 :5 x is rememb]$ t ! t5d5cy ( mo/ ( ! high p[] burn]s hi!rto introduc$ is to b5efit ! light+ ( /reets1 l>ge int]iors1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 po9ts ( great consumption4 ,mean:ile1 ! private us] ( burn]s1 consum+ f #c to #e cubic feet ( gas p] h\r1 has be5 left to atta9 z be/ he might1 by ! use ( burn]s excell5t ( _! k9d1 to ! maximum effect ( ! /&>d ,arg&4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,grim/on seeks to make ! small consum] p>take ( ! advantages er/:ile res]v$ = ! :olesale us] ( l>ge & co/ly ,siem5s & o!r lamps1 & he ev5 looks to ?is class ( patrons ) p>ticul> c>e4 ,! example :i* we n[ illu/rate1 9 ,fig4 #a1 is a sectional pres5tm5t precisely half ! actual size ( a #e-;foot burn]1 :i* x is int5d$ to prep>e = ! m>ket be=e all o!rs4 ,ano!r simple =m ( ! burn]1 ) v]tical tubes1 w1 we und]/&1 be introduc$ z soon z possible4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ! pr9ciple is capable ( be+ embodi$ 9 _m %apes2 & x is satisfactory to le>n t ! inv5tor is q alive to ! necessity ( produc+ a *eap z well z a good burn]4 ,gas companies1 z ,mr4 ,livesey has express$ x1 w be well cont5t ) a sl[] relative gr[? ( consumption1 if _! consum]s are at ! same "t mak+ _! gas g z f> aga9 z =m]ly1 by ! use ( burn]s :i* turn nom9al #af-;c&le gas into gas ( #cj-;c&le actual illum9at+ p[]4 ,h[ f> ,mr4 ,grim/on's inv5tion may succe$ 9 ?is "w x is n = u to say4 ,x is suffici5t = ! pres5t t he has done excell5tly well 9 %[+ h[ ,h]r ,fr$]ick ,siem5s' sci5tific pr9ciples ( reg5]ative gas burn] con/ruction may be c>ri$ out yet 9 ano!r way4 ,!re is no?+ m common 9 indu/rial annals ?an = "o man to beg9 a "w :i* ano!r is de/9$ to br+ to great] p]fection4 ,:e!r ?is natural process is to be repeat$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance mu/ be left = ! future to decide4 ,9 any case1 ,mr4 ,grim/on's success1 if success is to be 8 rew>d1 ?\gh x w be well m]it$ by 8 +5uity & p]sev]ance 9 solv+ a difficult problem1 w nev] cause u to =get ! prior claims ( ,h]r ,fr$]ick ,siem5s1 ( ,dresd51 to ! palm ( ! discov]]4 ,mr4 ,grim/on may or may n be ! happy inv5tor ( ! be/ gas-burn] ( ! day2 b !re is ! consolation ( kn[+ t 9 ! same field 9 :i* he w f9d 8 recomp5se !re is room = any numb] & v>iety ( useful improvem5ts ( a l "* & object4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,defty',s ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,gas ,,burn]s ,,& ,,heat]s4 ,among o!r inv5tors :o h turn$ _! att5tion to gas consumption is to be f\nd ,mr4 ,h4 ,defty1 :o has made sev]al =ms bo? ( heat+ & light+ burn]s4 ,mr4 ,defty has s\ght 9 ! latt] to apply ! pr9ciple ( heat+ ! air & gas 9 a simple mann]1 ) ! object ( obta9+ improv$ photometrical results4 ,! d\ble-*imney ,arg&1 z tri$ _m ye>s s9ce by ,dr4 ,frankl& & o!rs1 makes a reappe>ance 9 "o ( ,mr4 ,defty's models1 illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,"h we h ! d\ble-*imney1 a & b1 = heat+ ! air suppli$ to an ord9>y ,arg&1 by caus+ x to pass d[nw>d betwe5 ! two *imneys1 & inw>d to ! po9t ( combu/ion ?r\gh a wire-gauze scre51 c1 "u ! inn] *imney2 b1 9 addition !reto1 ,mr4 ,defty hopes to ga9 an improv$ result by caus+ ! gas to pass ?r\gh ! int]nal tube1 s1 :i* rises up 9 ! middle ( ! flame4 ,! gas1 :i* ent]s at e1 is made to pass up ?r\gh ! inn] tube & d[n ?r\gh ! annul> space to ! burn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a m important =m ( lant]n is ! subject ( ! next diagram 7,fig4 #b71 :i* %[s a susp5d$ globe lant]n 9 :i* !re is an attempt made to heat ! air by ! wa/e heat ( ! products ( combu/ion4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ by ! diagram t a globe lant]n is furni%$ ) a d\ble *imney2 ! annul> space1 ,c1 betwe5 ! inn] & out] *imneys all[+ = ! access ( air 9 a d[nw>d direction4 ,at ! l[] ( ?is annul> *annel are ! tubes ,d1 protect$ by ! graduat$ me%1 ,e1 & :i* admit ! air to ! burn] bel[4 ,! products ( combu/ion ( ! flame rise ?r\gh ! inn] *imney1 pass+ ar\nd ! tubes1 & !reby giv+ up "s ( _! heat to ! incom+ air4 ,f>!r up1 ! *imney is p>tly fill$ ) ! convolut$ gas-pipe1 ,a1 :i* also takes up "s ( ! wa/e heat1 & deliv]s ! gas to ! burn] at a correspond+ly high temp]ature4 ,a v simple me?od ( light+ ?is burn]1 :i* 9 itself does n pres5t any?+ rem>kable1 is arrang$ at ! l[] "p ( ! globe1 :]e a hole is cut & a loose conical glass plug 7:i* c1 ( c\rse1 be made to p>take ( ! g5]al ornam5tation ( ! globe7 may be pu%$ up to all[ ( ! passage ( ! light+ ag5t1 & is !n dropp$ 9 its place aga94 ,=mal te/s ( ! p]=mances ( ^! burn]s are n available2 & ! same may be said ( ! heat+ burn]s :i* are %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagrams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 7,fig4 #c7 is call$ by ,mr4 ,defty a pyramid heat]1 & is design$ to heat ! mixture ( air & gas be=e ignition1 by conduction f its own flame4 ,! inv5tor claims to effect a p]fect combu/ion 9 ?is mann] ) consid]able economy ( fuel4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t a good deal ( ! gas consum$ goes to heat ! burn] itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! next & la/ ( ,mr4 ,defty's productions to be at pres5t describ$ is ! s-call$ crat] burn]1 %[n h]e) 7,fig4 #d74 ,?is is an atmosph]ic burn] :i* is purposely made to fire back1 z well z to burn on ! top ( ! app>atus4 ,! body ( ! burn]1 l ! pyramid heat] j describ$1 is full ( fire-clay balls1 :i* become v hot f ! l[] flame1 & ?us1 aft] ! burn] has be5 = "s "t 9 action1 a pale1 lamb5t blaze cr[ns ! top1 app>5tly great] 9 volume ?an :5 x is fir/ light$4 ,"h1 aga91 !re is a lam5table abs5ce ( reliable data z to economic results1 :i* w1 p]haps1 be af=d$ :5 ! app>atus 9 "q is ready to be (f]$ to ! public4 ,:e!r "o inv5tor or ano!r succe$s 9 di/anc+ 8 rivals1 x is matt]1 says ,! ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+1 = s9c]e congratulation among ! fri5ds ( gas light+ t s mu* att5tion is be+ conc5trat$ ^u ! improvem5t ( gas burn]s = all purposes4 ,?is is an op5 field :i* af=ds scope = m work]s ?an h yet ent]$ ^u x1 & !re is ! c]ta9ty ( sub/antial rew>d to :oev] c realize a wor?y advance ^u ! e/abli%$ practice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,b9d+ ,,ma*9es4 ,! accompany+ cuts repres5t two new ma*9es = b9d+ toge!r books & pamphlets4 ,!y are ! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,brehm] ,co41 & are n[ mu* us$ 9 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,! mat]ial us$ = b9d+ is galvaniz$ iron wire4 ,ma*9e ,op]at$ by ,h& 7,fig4 #a74--,?is ma*9e s]ves = fa/5+ toge!r ! pages ( pamphlets ?r\gh ! middle ( ! fold1 or = b9d+ toge!r sev]al %eets to =m books up to a ?ickness ( ab\t half an in*4 ,x consi/s ( a small ca/-iron frame1 ) :i* is articulat$ a lev]1 i1 maneuv]$ by a h&le1 h4 ,?is lev] is provid$ at its extremity ) a curv$ slat1 9 :i* engages a /ud1 fix$ to ! l[] "p ( a movable arm1 c1 ^: extremity1 d1 rises & desc5ds :5 ! lev] h&le1 h1 is act$ ^u4 ,?is maneuv] c be likewise p]=m$ by ! foot1 if ! h&le1 h1 be connect$ ) a p$al1 ,x1 plac$ at ! foot ( ! table t supports ! ma*9e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! lev]1 i1 is always drawn back to its fir/ position1 :5 left to itself1 by means ( ! spr+1 z4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,b9d+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! /aples = b9d+ h ne>ly ! =m ( ! lett] ,u1 & are plac$1 to ! numb] ( #bej or #cjj1 on small blocks ( wood1 m4 ,to prep>e ! ma*9e = "w1 ! cat*1 a1 is %ov$ back1 & ! :ole upp] "p ( ! piece1 b1 is remov$4 ,! rod1 e1 ) its spr+1 is !n drawn back until a small hole 9 e is p]ceiv$1 & into ?is !re is introduc$ ! hook1 f1 :i* !n holds ! spr+4 ,! block ( wood1 m1 fill$ ) /aples1 is !n re/$ aga9/ a rectangul> horizontal rod1 & into ?is latt] ! /aples are slipp$ by h&4 ,! upp] "p ( ! piece1 b1 is next put 9 place & fa/5$ ) ! cat*1 a4 ,f9ally1 ! spr+ is fre$ f ! hook1 f4 ,:5 x is desir$ to b9d ! pages ( a pamphlet1 ! latt] is plac$ op5 on ! support1 g1 :i*1 z w be notic$1 is angul> above1 s t ! /aple may ent] exactly on ! l9e ( ! fold4 ,!n ! h&le1 h1 is %ov$ d[n s z to act on ! arm1 c1 & cause ! desc5t ( ! extremity1 d1 z well z ! v]tical piece1 b1 ) :i* x engages4 ,?is latt]1 9 its d[nw>d travel1 takes up "o ( ! /aples1 :i* are cont9ually ?ru/ =w>d by ! rod & spr+1 & causes x to p5etrate ! pap]4 ,at ?is mom5t1 ! h&le1 h1 makes ! lev]1 n1 oscillate1 & ?is raises1 ?r\gh its o!r extremity1 a v]tical slide ^: head b5ds ! two po9ts ( ! /aple t[>d ea* o!r4 ,! h&le1 h1 is aft]w>d lift$1 ! position ( ! pamphlet is *ang$1 & ! same op]ation is repeat$4 ,:5 x is desir$ to =m a book f a numb] ( %eets1 ! table1 l1 is m\nt$ on ! support1 g1 its two movable regi/]s are regulat$1 & ! %eets are spread out flat on x4 ,! ma*9e1 9 op]at+1 drives ! /aples 9 along ! edge ( ! %eets1 & ! po9ts are b5t ov]1 z above indicat$4 ,! axis on :i* ! lev]1 i1 is articulat$ is ecc5tric1 & is provid$ on ! side opposite ! lev] ) a ne$le1 k1 revolv+ on a dial4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is to regulate ! ma*9e accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,ma*9e to be ,op]at$ by a ,motor 7,fig4 #c74--,?is ma*9e1 al?\gh work+ on ! same pr9ciple1 is ( an entirely diff]5t con/ruction4 ,x is design$ = b9d+ books ( all dim5sions4 ,x consi/s ( a frame1 a1 9 two pieces1 connect$ by cross-pieces1 & c>ries a table1 u1 design$ to receive ! %eets be=e be+ b\nd toge!r4 ,motion is transmitt$ by means ( a cone1 c1 m\nt$ loose on ! %aft1 b4 ,to />t ! ma*9e1 ! foot is press$ on ! p$al1 m1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( l9ks & arms1 br+s toge!r ! friction plates1 d1 "o ( :i* is connect$ ) ! %aft1 b1 & ! o!r ) ! cone1 c4 ,:5 x is desir$ to /op ! ma*9e1 ! p$al is left free to itself1 :ile ! c\nt]poise1 s1 unge>s ! friction plates4 ,! ma*9e fa/5s ! pap] ) galvaniz$ iron wire w\nd r\nd bobb9s plac$ at ! side ( ! app>atus4 ,?is wire x cuts1 & =ms into /aples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! book to be b\nd is plac$ on ! support1 h1 & ! arms1 k1 t c>ry ! fa/5]s cause x to move backw>d & =w>d4 ,x also und]goes a second motion--t is1 x moves d[nw>d accord+ to ! numb] & ?ickness ( its pages4 ,?is motion1 :i* takes place e "t ! op]ator adds a new %eet1 is regulat$ by a cog-:eel regi/]1 l1 :i* is divid$1 & provid$ ) a ne$le4 ,! iron wires pass f ! bobb9s on a support to ! left ( ! ma*9e by means ( fe$ roll]s1 :i* ?ru/ !m ?r\gh ! eight clips4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ^! latt] !re is a d\ble knife1 :i*1 actuat$ by "o ( ! cams ( ! :eel1 e1 cuts ! wire & b5ds x ?us ,inl9e ,illu/ration4 ,! extremities ( ! /aples are ?ru/ ?r\gh ! back ( ! half op5$ leaves1 & !n b5t t[>d ea* o!r ?us ,inl9e ,illu/ration1 by ! front fa/5]4 ,?is motion is effect$ by means ( two lev]s1 p 7mov$ by ! cams1 e71 ^: extremities at e revolution ( ! ma*9e seize by ! two ends a l9k t maneuv]s ! fa/5]s4 ,! b9d+ ( "o %eet f9i%$1 ! l[] arms ( ! ma*9e aga9 take _! position1 ! wires move =w>d ! l5g? necess>y to =m new /aples1 a new %eet is laid1 & ! same op]ation is proce$$ )4 ,! numb] ( /aples & _! di/ance are *ang$1 accord+ to ! size ( ! book1 by introduc+ into ! ma*9e z mu* wire z w be necess>y = ! /aples4 ,to prev5t _! numb] f increas+ ! ?ickness ( ! back ( ! book 7z w\ld happ5 7 !y sup]pos$71 ! support1 h1 moves lat]ally at e bl[1 s z to cause ! ?ird /aple to be driv5 ov] ! fir/1 ! second ov] ! f\r?1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,flumes ,,& ,,_! ,,con/ruction4 ,9 cross+ rav9es 9 ?is ,/ate1 flumes or wr\ght iron pipes are us$4 ,_m m9]s object to flumes on acc\nt ( _! cont9ual co/ & dang] ( de/ruction by fire4 ,:]e us$ & practicable1 !y are set on heavi] grades ?an dit*es1 #cj to #ce ft4 p] mile1 &1 consequ5tly1 are proportionately ( small] area ?an ! dit*es4 ,9 _! con/ruction a /raight l9e is ! mo/ desirable4 ,curves1 :]e requir$1 %\ld be c>efully set1 s t ! flume may dis*>ge its maximum quantity4 ,_m dit*es 9 ,cali=nia h miles ( flum+4 ,! annex$ sket*1 drawn by ,a4 ,j4 ,b[ie1 ,jr41 w %[ ! ord9>y /yle ( con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,( ,,flume4 ,! plank+ ord9>ily us$ is ( he>t sug> p9e1 "o & a half to two in*es ?ick1 & #ab to #ah in*es wide4 ,:]e ! bo>ds jo91 p9e batt5s ?ree in*es wide by "o & a half ?ick cov] ! seam4 ,sills1 po/s1 & caps support & /r5g!n ! flume e f\r feet4 ,! po/s are mortis$ into ! caps & sills4 ,! sills ext5d ab\t #bj in*es beyond ! po/s1 & to !m side braces are nail$ to /r5g!n ! /ructure4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! sill timb]s af=ds a place = ! accumulation ( sn[ & ice1 & 9 ! m\nta9s su* accumulations frequ5tly break !m (f1 & occasionally de/roy a flume4 ,to avoid damage f slides1 sn[1 & w9d /orms1 ! flumes are set 9 z close z possible to ! bank1 & re/1 :olly or p>tially1 on a solid b$1 z ! g5]al topography & co/s w admit4 ,/r+]s runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! flume are plac$ b5ea? ! sills j outside ( ! po/s4 ,!y are n absolutely necess>y1 b 9 po9t ( economy are mo/ valuable1 z !y pres]ve ! timb]s4 ,z occasion may dem&1 ! flume is tre/l$1 ! ma9 supports be+ plac$ e eight feet4 ,! scantl+ & /ruts us$ are 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! "w4--,m94 & ,sci4 ,press4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*uwab',s ,,roll+ ,,mill ,,= ,,dress+ ,,& ,,r\nd+ ,,b> ,,iron4 ,?is new =ge app>atus has be5 devis$ = ! purpose ( f9i%+ up r\nd irons ( all diamet]s :ile hot1 z !y come out ( ! ord9>y roll+ mill1 by r5d]+ !m p]fectly circul>1 cyl9drical1 /raight1 smoo?1 & level at ! extremities1 z if !y _h pass$ ?r\gh a slide la!4 ,su* a high degree ( ext]nal f9i% is a v valuable feature 9 ^? r\nd irons t are employ$ 9 s great quantity = %aft+1 cyl9drical axles1 etc41 z well z 9 ! manufacture ( bolts & locks4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d ( ! opposite engrav+ w all[ x to be se5 t ?is app>atus :i* is usually in/all$ at ! side ( ! f9i%+ cyl9d] is1 9 "p1 b5ea? ! g5]al level ( ! =ge floor4 ,x may be plac$ p>allel ) or p]p5dicul> to ! app>atus t x does duty =1 ?is dep5d+ ^u ! site at disposal or ! mode ( transmission4 ,! app>atus consi/s ess5tially ( two temp]$ iron cyl9d]s1 ,a1 #j4e ( a met] 9 diamet] by #a4e met]s 9 l5g?1 revolv+ 9 ! same direction 7contr>y to :at takes place 9 ord9>y roll+ mills7 betwe5 two frames1 ,b1 t are op5 on "o side to all[ ( ! entrance ( ! f9i%+ b>4 ,?is latt] is held betwe5 ! cyl9d]s1 ,a1 :i* roll x s mu* ! fa/] 9 proportion z its diamet] is small]1 & by a scrap] guide1 ,c1 ( ! same l5g? z ! cyl9d] table1 & :i* may be regulat$ at w by bolts1 c1 fix$ to ! frame1 ,b4 ,! bottom cyl9d] rema9s always 9 ! same position1 :ile ! axle1 ,d1 :i* c>ries ! int]m$iate :eels1 ,e1 moves ab\t to ge> 9 all ! relative positions ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! displacem5t ( ! upp] cyl9d] is effect$ ?r\gh ! clamp+ screws1 b1 :i* are actuat$ by too!d disks t ge> ) two endless screws key$ at ! extremities ( "o %aft 9 common1 d1 :i* is set 9 motion by h& ?r\gh ! w9*es1 m m4 ,! scrap] gu>ds1 e e1 take up & ?r[ aside all scales t might become atta*$ to ! cyl9d]s1 :i* are con/antly moi/5$ by small /reams ( wat] com+ f an ord9>y conduit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*uwab',s ,,dress+ ,,& ,,r\nd+ ,,roll+ ,,mill4 ,fig4 #a--;,elevation & ,longitud9al ,section4 ,fig4 #b--,side ,view4 ,fig4 #c--,transv]s ,section4 ,fig4 #d--,plan ,view4 ,figs4 #e #f--,saws = ,dress+ ! ,extremities ( ! ,b>s4 ,fig4 #g--;,diagram ,%[+ ! ,motion ( ! ,:eels & ,guide4 ,figs4 #h #i--;,app>atus = ,%ift+ ?a ,b>s4 ,z ! driv+ belts are m\nt$ on pulleys1 ,g1 ( a diamet] proportion$ to ! velocity ( ! %aft+1 ! iron p9ions1 h1 9 ord] to produce #fj revolutions p] m9ute 9 ! fir/ %aft1 ,h1 ge> on ea* side ) ! int]m$iate :eels1 ,e1 & ^! actuate ! two bronze p9ions1 a a1 t are m\nt$ on ! extremities ( ! cyl9d]s1 ,a ,a4 ,! axle1 ,d1 ( ! int]m$iate :eels does n revolve ) !m1 b is capable ( ris+ & desc5d+ 9 ! elongat$ ap]ture t trav]ses ! frames1 ,b4 ,! displacem5t ( ?is axle is secur$ ?r\gh ! arms1 ,l ,l1 ^: extremities articulate on ! "o h& ) ! cyl9d]s1 ,a ,a1 & on ! o!r ) ,d4 ,! result ( ?is is t e displacem5t upw>d ( ! top cyl9d] corresponds to a diff]5t position ( ! int]m$iate %aft1 & "o t is always equidi/ant f ! c5t]s ( ! cyl9d]s1 ,a ,a1 ?us secur+ a con/ant ge>+ ( ! :eels 9 all ! positions ( ! cyl9d]s1 ,a ,a4 ,! diagram 9 ,fig4 #g %[s ! relative displacem5ts ( all ^! p>ts1 z well z ^? ( ! scrap] guide1 ,c4 ,! diamet] to be obta9$ is det]m9$ be=eh& by ! two contact screws1 ,p4 ,! :ole ?us regulat$1 ! b> ( iron1 /ill v hot1 com+ f ! ord9>y roll]s1 is /raight5$ up1 if ne$ be1 by a few bl[s ( a hamm]1 s t x may roll =w>d ov] ! pavem5t1 ,n1 betwe5 ! r\nd+ cyl9d]s1 ,a ,a2 ^! be+ held ap>t suffici5tly to all[ ( its easy introduction4 ,next1 a few revolutions ( ! w9*es t control ! screws suffice to l[] ! upp] cyl9d] to ! exact position limit$ by ! contact screws1 ,p1 & ! b> is roll$ betwe5 ! two cyl9d] tables ) a con/ant velocity 9 ! g5]atrices4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! numb] ( revolutions made is s mu* ! great] 9 proportion z ! diamet] ( ! %aft is small] ) respect to t ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! b>1 dur+ its rotation "u pressure1 is held by ! guide1 ,c1 s t its diagrammatic axis 7,fig4 #g7 exce$s ! l9e1 ,a ,a1 jo9+ ! c5t]s ( ! cyl9d]s j en\gh to prev5t its escape to ! opposite1 & s t ! pressure ^u ! said guide 7:i* p]=ms ! role ( scrap]7 is m]ely suffici5t to deta* ! scales :i* =m dur+ ! op]ation4 ,"u su* conditions1 & at a velocity ( #cj revolutions p] m9ute 9 ! two cyl9d]s1 x w take b a fraction ( a m9ute to f9i% a b> ! l5g? ( ! table1 t is to say1 #a4e met]s4 ,!n1 by loos5+ ! upp] cyl9d]1 ! b> may be easily %ov$ along 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 s z to cont9ue ! f9i%+ op]ation on successive l5g?s4 ,?is mov+ ( ! b> =w>d is fur!r facilitat$ by ! aid ( a clamp ) roll]s & a movable socket1 ,v 7,figs4 #h & #i74 ,= l>ge diamet]s 7#aej millimet]s & beyond7 traction is employ$ by ! aid ( two small w9dlasses plac$ opposite ea* o!r1 & at a di/ance ap>t twice ! greate/ l5g? ( ! b>s to be f9i%$4 ,! *a9s ( ^! w9dlasses are atta*$ to ! extremities by clamps t lock by ! pull+ ex]t$4 ,! details ( ! arrangem5t ( ! saws 7,figs4 #e & #f7 %[ t to make a section ( ! ends or ( any o!r "p ( ! b>1 x is only necess>y to l[] ! lev] ( "o !m4 ,by reason ( ! contr>y rotation ( ! b>1 ! effective /ress on ! lev] w be v mod]ate1 :ile ! cut produc$ w be a clean & quickly p]=m$ "o4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t1 z a consequ5ce ( ! cone on ! project+ extremity ( ! cyl9d] j\rnals 7,fig4 #e71 & on ! roll]s t control ! saws1 x is only necess>y to move ! lev] to ! "r or left 9 ord] to /op ! motion ( ea* ( ! saws4 ,^! latt]1 to prev5t all possibility ( accid5t1 are inclos$ )9 semicircul> gu>ds4 ,f9ally1 ! controll+ roll]s are made ( a mat]ial :i* is q ela/ic 7compress$ c>dbo>d1 = example71 s t !y may roll smoo?ly & adh]e well4 ,f :at prec$es1 x w be se5 t r\nd iron b>s ( any diamet] w come f ?is app>atus completely f9i%$4 ,x w be se5 also t ) cyl9d]s ( suitable pr(ile1 !re might likewise be f9i%$ axles1 or pieces t are m or less conical z well z ^? provid$ ) %\ld]s4 ,! app>atus may1 if pref]r$1 be driv5 by small special motors affix$ to ! frame4 ,su* an arrangem5t1 :i* is m co/ly ?an ! prec$+1 is1 nev]!less1 indicat$ 9 cases :]e %aft+ w\ld be 9 ! way4 ,! weight ( ! mat]ials ent]+ into ! con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e1 propos$ by ,mr4 ,*uwab1 includes ab\t #ae tons ( metal1 ( :i* #e1jjj kilogrammes are = ! two temp]$ cyl9d]s2 #bej kilogrammes ( iron screws1 & #cej ( bolts2 & #ejj kilogrammes ( bronze1 #ij ( :i* are = nuts4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,burn+ ,,( ,,t[n ,,refuse ,,at ,,le$s4 ,footnote3 ,f select$ pap]s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,london1 by ,*>les ,slagg1 ,assoc4 ,memb4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,9 l>ge t[ns x is necess>y to adopt "s regul> sy/em ( removal & disposal ( ! c9d]s & a%es ( h\se fires1 & ( ! animal & vegetable refuse ( ! h\ses1 &1 9 %ort1 ( ev]y?+ ?r[n away :i* _c be admitt$ into ! sew]s4 ,9 t[ns :]e ! excreta are sep>at$ by means ( wat] closets1 ! disposal ( ! o!r refuse pres5ts less difficulty1 b /ill a consid]able "o1 because ! animal & vegetable refuse is n kept sep>ate f ! c9d]s & a%es1 all be+ ?r[n toge!r into ! a% pit or du/ b94 ,! cont5ts1 !re=e1 _c be deposit$ ^u gr\nd :i* may aft]w>d be built ^u1 al?\gh t cu/om obta9$ g5]ally 9 =m] times4 ,h5ce ! refuse has be5 remov$ to a depot :]e t wret*$ indu/ry is creat$ ( pick+ out ! o!r p>ts f ! c9d]s & a%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,de/ructor4 ,elevation4 ,section ?r\gh fe$+-holes ( cells4 ,section ?r\gh air-passages ( cells4 ,b 9 t[ns unprovid$ ) wat] closets1 or s f> z !y are n adopt$ 9 any t[n1 :]e ! privies are connect$ ) ! a% pits1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 ! excreta ( ! population are add$ to ! o!r cont5ts ( a% pits1 ! difficulties ( removal & disposal ( ! refuse are mu* increas$4 ,:]e ! privy-a%pit sy/em is 9 use--z x /ill is to a l>ge ext5t--z mu* ( ! cont5ts ( ! a% pits z c be sold at any price1 h[ev] small1 are collect$ sep>ately f ! dri] portions1 & s5t out ( t[n z manure2 b :at rema9s is /ill too (f5sive to be deposit$ on gr\nd ne> ! t[n2 & :5 x is attempt$ to collect ! excreta sep>ately by ! pail sy/em1 ! process is no less unsatisfactory4 ,^! difficulties l$ to ! adoption1 "u ! advice ( ! late ,mr4 ,a4,w4 ,morant1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ! ,bor\gh ,eng9e] at ,le$s1 ( ,fry]'s me?od ( de/ruction by burn+--t is1 ( ! dry a%es & c9d]s & ! animal & vegetable refuse4 ,! au?or 0 ,mr4 ,morant's assi/ant4 ,! fir/ kiln 0 con/ruct$ at ,burmant(ts1 #a miles f ! c5t] ( ! t[n 9 a nor!a/]ly direction1 & has be5 9 use s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahgh4 ,9 #ahgi ano!r kiln 0 con/ruct$ at ,armley ,road1 a mile f ! c5t] ( ! t[n 9 a we/-s\?we/]ly direction1 :i* has be5 9 use s9ce ! beg9n+ ( #ahhj4 ,ea* de/ructor kiln has six cells1 ?ree 9 ea* face ( a block ( brick "w #bb feet long1 #bd feet ?r\gh f face to face1 & #ab feet high4 ,ea* cell is #h feet long & #e feet wide1 ar*$ ov]1 ! height be+ #c feet #d in*es1 & bo? ! bottom & ar* ( ! cell slope d[n to ! furnace doors ) an incl9ation ( #a 9 #c4 ,! l[] end ( ea* cell has ab\t #bf squ>e feet ( wr\ght-iron fireb>s1 ! he>? be+ #d feet above ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,c>boniz]4 ,section ?r\gh furnaces4 ,longitud9al section4 ,cross section4 ,!re are two floors1 "o on ! gr\nd level1 a few feet only above ! outlet = dra9age1 ! o!r floor1 or rais$ plat=m1 be+ #ae feet above x4 ,! refuse is tak5 9 c>ts up an incl9e ( #a 9 #ad on ca/-iron tram plates to ! upp] floor1 & deposit$ ^u & alongside ( ! de/ructor1 & is %ovel$ into a r[ ( hopp]s at ! head ( ! cells4 ,^! hopp]s are 9 ! middle ( ! wid? ( ! de/ructor1 & ea* communicates ) a cell on ea* side ( x4 ,! refuse is always damp1 & (t5 wet1 & aft] be+ put into ! cells is gradually dri$ by ! heat reflect$ ^u x f ! firebrick ar* ( ! cell1 be=e x desc5ds to ! furnace4 ,?is di/+ui%es ! sy/em f ! common furnace1 & enables ! wet mat]ial to be burn$ )\t o!r fuel4 ,no fre% fuel is us$ aft] ! fires are once light$4 ,! vapor passes (f ) ! gases ( combu/ion into a horizontal flue betwe5 ! two r[s ( cells1 ?r\gh an op5+ at ! head ( ea* cell1 alongside t ?r\gh :i* ! refuse is f$ into x1 ! two op5+s be+ sep>at$ by a firebrick wall4 ,! refuse is prev5t$ f fall+ into ! flue by a bridge wall across ! outlet op5+1 ov] :i* ! gases pass into ! flue4 ,betwe5 ! de/ructor & ! *imney a multitubul> boil] is plac$1 :i* makes /eam en\gh = gr9d+ into s& ! cl9k]s :i* are ! solid residue ( ! burnt refuse4 ,at ,burmant(ts an old *imney 0 made use (1 :i* is b #hd feet high2 b at ,armley ,road a new *imney 0 built1 #f feet squ>e inside & #abj feet high4 ,x is necess>y to make ! horizontal flue l>ge2 t at ,armley ,road is #i feet high & #d feet wide4 ,a l>ge quantity ( du/ escapes f ! cells--ab\t #g cwt4 a mon?--& unless ! velocity ( ! air 9 ! flue betwe5 ! de/ructor & ! *imney 7 *eck$1 ! du/ w\ld be c>ri$ up ! *imney & might cause compla9ts2 z1 inde$1 x has done ) ! #abj-;foot *imney1 b :e!r ) any sub/antial gr\nds is unc]ta94 ,! du/ is remov$ f ! horizontal flue or du/ *amb] once a mon?4 ,exp]i5ce seems to indicate t !re %\ld be "s sort ( gu>d or grat+ to prev5t ! entry into ! *imney ( *>r$ pap] & simil> light sub/ances :i* d n fall to du/1 & :i* are sometimes c>ri$ up ) ! draught4 ,a six-cell$ de/ructor kiln burns ab\t #db tons ( refuse 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 leav+ ab\t "o-f\r? ( its bulk ( cl9k]s & a%es4 ,! cl9k]s are )drawn f ! furnaces five times ea* day & night1 or ab\t e two-&-a-half h\rs1 into iron b>r[s1 & :eel$ outside ! %$ :i* cov]s ! de/ructor1 & :5 cold are :eel$ back to ! mort> mills1 ( :i* !re are two at ea* depot1 ea* hav+ a revolv+ pan #h feet 9 diamet]1 ) #bg-;cwt4 roll]s1 ! pan mak+ tw5ty two revolutions a m9ute4 ,=ty %ovelfuls ( cl9k]s & twelve ( slak$ lime make #g cwt4 ( mort> 9 ?irty-five m9utes 9 ea* pan1 :i* is sold at #es4 #f;d4 p] ton4 ,! eng9e driv+ ! two mort> mills has a #ad in* cyl9d]1 #cj in*es l5g? ( /roke1 & makes sixty revolutions p] m9ute ) #de p\nds /eam pressure p] squ>e in* 9 ! boil]1 :5 bo? mort> mills are runn+4 ,! boil] is #aa feet long1 #h feet 9 diamet]1 & has #acb tubes #d in*es 9 ext]nal diamet]1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! ext]nal flues1 are clean$ out once a mon?4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld probably appe> t no good mort> c\ld be made f su* refuse z has be5 describ$1 b hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! furnace1 ! cl9k]s are1 ( c\rse1 p]fectly clean1 & ) good lime make a really /rong & excell5t mort>4 ,!y are also l>gely us$ = ! f\ndation ( roadways4 ,! numb] ( m5 employ$ is z foll[s3 ,two furnace m5 9 ! daytime & two at night4 ,!y "w f midnight on ,sundays to #b ,p4,m4 on ,saturdays1 ! fires be+ fully *>g$ & left to burn ?r\gh ! ,sundays4 ,"o =eman1 :o att5ds also to ! runn+ ( ! eng9e1 & "o mort> man4 ,a wat*man att5ds :ile ! workm5 are (f4 ,9 addition to a de/ructor1 !re is at ! ,burmaut(ts depot a c>boniz] kiln1 9 :i* ! sweep+s ( ! vegetable m>kets are burn$ into *>coal4 ,! c>boniz] consi/s ( eight v]tical cells1 9 two sets or /acks ( f\r1 sep>at$ by a space conta9+ two d\ble furnaces1 back to back1 !re be+ a d\ble furnace also at ea* end ( ! eight cells4 ,ea* ( ! /acks ( f\r cells is #ae feet #f in*es high2 ! ends & middle p>ts1 =m+ ! tops ( ! furnaces1 be+ #f feet high4 ,! block ( brick "w conta9+ ! eight cells & furnaces is #bf feet #f in*es long & #ab feet #d in*es wide at ! floor level4 ,ea* cell is #c feet #f in*es by #b feet1 & ab\t #aj feet deep1 ) a *amb] bel[ ab\t #c feet deep1 into :i* ! *>r$ mat]ial falls & is completely burn$4 ,! top ( ! cells is level ) ! upp] plat=m1 & !y are f$ ?r\gh a loose cov]1 :i* is imm$iately replac$4 ,inside ! cells ca/-iron slop+ %elves are hung ^u ! walls s t _! upp] edges t\* ! walls1 b ! l[] edges are "s in*es (f1 s t ! hot air ( ! furnaces passes upw>d beh9d ! %elves r\nd ! f\r sides ( ! cell 9 a spiral mann]1 & out ne> ! top into a v]tical flue1 :i* conducts x d[n to ! horizontal flue at ! bottom1 :i* leads to ! *imney4 ,! *>coal is )drawn f ! bottom ( ! heat+ *amb] ?r\gh a slid+ plate #b feet above ! floor1 & is :eel$ r$ hot to ! *>coal cool]1 :i* is a revolv+ cyl9d]1 ne>ly horizontal1 kept cool by wat] fall+ ^u x1 & deliv]s ! *>coal 9 two degrees ( f95ess at ! end4 ,x is work$ by a small atta*$ eng9e1 suppli$ ) /eam f ! boil] be=e m5tion$4 ,ea* cell ( ! c>boniz] c r$uce to *>coal #ej cwt4 ( vegetable refuse 9 tw5ty f\r h\rs1 b at ,le$s n q s mu* is put ?r\gh4 ,! quantity ( m>ket refuse pass$ ?r\gh six cells ( ! c>boniz] v>ies f #c to #aj tons a day1 & av]ages ab\t #d tons1 f :i* #ae cwt4 ( *>coal is obta9$4 ,! fuel = burn+ ! *>coal is d]iv$ f ! a% pit refuse1 "s select$ loads be+ = t purpose pass$ ov] a slop+ scre5 fix$ betwe5 ! upp] plat=m & ! furnace floor1 ! f9e a%es :i* pass ?r\gh ! scre5 be+ tak5 away to ! manure heaps1 & ! combu/ible p>ts to ! furnaces ( ! c>boniz]4 ,9 ?is way a good deal ( ! a% pit refuse is got rid (2 x is (t5 "o-twelf? "p ( ! :ole quantity4 ,! c>boniz] & ! de/ructor are set #cc feet ap>t1 to all[ room = draw+ ! furnaces & = ! mort> mills1 b ! space is h>dly suffici5t4 ,"o man is employ$ 9 att5d+ to ! c>boniz]4 ,besides ! op5+s at ! top ( ! de/ructor ?r\gh :i* ! a% pit refuse is f$ into ! cells1 !re is a l>g] op5+ 9 ea* cell1 kept cov]$ usually1 ?r\gh :i* b$ mattresses ord]$ by ! m$ical sanit>y (fice to be de/roy$ c be put into ! cells4 ,^! op5+s are midway betwe5 ! c5tral op5+s & ! furnace doors1 & :atev] is put into ! cells ?r\gh ^! comes into imm$iate contact ) ! fire4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ^! op5+s = ! de/ruction ( dead animals & diseas$ meat1 & z mu* z #bj tons 9 a ye> h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! de/ructor4 ,! :ole works are ro($ ov]4 ,! l[] floor is op5 on two sides1 b ! upp] "o is clos$ 91 ) wea!r bo>d+ at ,burmant(ts & ) corrugat$ iron at ,armley ,road4 ,at ! =m] place ! works 7 9 "s measure exp]im5tal1 & ! plat=m 0 con/ruct$ ( timb]1 b at ,armley ,road x is ( plate-iron gird]s1 ) brick ar*+1 weight be+ consid]$ advantage\s 9 r$uc+ ! vibration ( c>t+ heavy loads ov] x4 ,! co/ ( ea* depot has be5 #d1ejj1 exclusive ( l&1 ( :i* ab\t an acre is requir$ = ! de/ructor1 c>boniz]1 incl9$ road1 weigh (fice1 & space4 ,a supply ( wat] is necess>y1 a good deal be+ requir$ = cool+ ! cl9k]s4 ,! population ( ! two di/ricts belong+ to ^! works is ab\t #afj1jjj4 ,! au?or has no long] any connection ) ! works describ$1 & = ! rec5t exp]i5ce ( _! work+ he is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,john ,ne:\se1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! sanit>y dep>tm5t ( ! corporation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gre5 ,,wood4 ,! specific volume ( ! diff]5t con/itu5ts ( gre5 woods has be5 e/imat$ by ,m4 ,h>tig to be z foll[s1 p] #a1jjj p>ts3 ,h>d gre5 wood1 fib] /uff1 #dda2 wat]1 #bdg2 air1 #cab4 ,s(t gre5 wood1 fib] /uff1 #bgi2 wat]1 #cag1 air1 #djd4 ,ev]gre5 wood1 fib] /uff1 #bgj2 wat]1 #cce2 air1 #cie4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]--#g or #h p] c5t 9 all--is includ$ ) ! fib] /uff1 %[+ t ab\t "o-?ird only ( ! mass ( ! wood is solid /uff2 ! rema9d] is ei!r wat] or air space4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,armitage ,,h\se4 ,?is h\se is n[ 9 c\rse ( erection "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,messrs4 ,salomons & ,ely1 9 ! ,cl>emont road1 ,p5dleton1 ne> ,man*e/]4 ,! walls are fac$ 9 ! l[] "p ) r$ bricks1 & r$ /one1 f ! neighborhood ( ,liv]pool1 is us$ = ! w9d[-dress+s1 etc4 ,! upp] "p ( walls w be fac$ ) r$ tiles & half-timb] "w1 & ! ro( w be cov]$ ) ,/af=d%ire tiles4 ,lead lights w be l>gely us$ 9 ! w9d[s4 ,int]nally1 ! f9i% w be almo/ entirely 9 real woods1 includ+ walnut = ! d9+-room & ve/ibule1 pit*-p9e = ! l>ge hall1 /aircase1 & billi>d-room1 a% = ! morn+-room1 & oak = ,mr4 ,armitage's own room4 ,9 all ^! ! ceil+s & dados are to be 9 wood4 ,! contract = ! :ole ( ! above "w1 am\nt+ to #f1ejg1 is let to ,mr4 ,james ,h]d1 ( ,man*e/]4--,build+ ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,ar*itecture4--,,an ,,engli% ,,c\ntry ,,resid5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,collotype ,,process ,,9 ,,practice4 ,t !ory & practice are two v diff]5t ?+s holds good 9 photography especially1 & p]haps 9 no o!r bran* ( our art h s _m !oretical =mul be5 promulgat$ z 9 ! collotype or ,li*tdruck process4 ,z our read]s are aw>e1 we h _h an opportunity ( see+ collotype pr9t+ 9 op]ation 9 sev]al ,european e/abli%m5ts ( note1 & h1 f "t to "t1 publi%$ 9 ^! columns our exp]i5ces4 ,b reque/s /ill come to u s frequ5tly = in=mation on ! process t we h deem$ x well to make a practical summ>y = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are work+--or desire to "w--! me?od4 ,! =mul & manipulations "h set d[n are ^? ( ,lwy1 ,alb]t1 ,allgey]1 & ,ob]nett]1 f\r ( ! be/ au?orities on ! subject1 & we c assure our read]s !re is no?+ describ$ b :at is actually practic$4 ,glass ,plate = ! ,pr9t+ ,block4--,h]r ,alb]t1 ( ,muni*1 uses pat5t plate ( ne>ly half an in* 9 ?ickness1 z mo/ ( 8 "w is pr9t$ ^u ! ,s*nell press 7ma*9e press74 ,h]r ,ob]nett]1 ( ,vi5na1 s9ce he only employs ! sl[] & m c>eful h& press1 pref]s plate glass ( ord9>y ?ickness z be+ h&i] 9 manipulation & bett] adapt$ to ! common pr9t+-frame4 ,h]r ,lwy1 ( ,vi5na1 aga91 uses plate glass a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 z 8 productions range f ! f9e/ to ! r\ghe/4 ,prelim9>y ,coat+ ( ! ,glass ,plate4--,h]r ,alb]t's orig9al plan 0 to apply a prelim9>y coat+ ( bi*romat$ gelat9e to ! ?ick glass plate1 ! film be+ expos$ to light ?r\gh ! back ( ! glass1 & ?us r5d]$ insoluble & tightly cem5t$ to ! surface2 ?is film s]v+ z a basis = ! second s5sitive coat+1 t 0 aft]w>d impress$ by ! negative4 ,?is d\ble treatm5t is n[ def9itely ab&on$ 9 mo/ ,li*tdruck e/abli%m5ts1 &1 in/ead1 a prelim9>y coat+ ( soluble silicate & album5 dissolv$ 9 wat] is us$4 ,h]r ,lwy's me?od & =mula are z foll[s3 ,! glass plate is clean$1 & coat$ )-- ,soluble glass4 #c p>ts4 ,:ite ( egg4 #g ,wat]4 #i to #aj ,! soluble glass mu/ be free f cau/ic pota%4 ,! mixture1 :i* mu/ be us$ fre%1 is c>efully filt]$1 & spread ev5ly ov] ! previ\sly clean$ glass plate4 ,! sup]flu\s liquid is fl[$ (f1 & ! film dri$ ei!r spontane\sly or by slightly w>m+4 ,! film is g5]ally dry 9 a few m9utes1 :5 x is r9s$ ) wat]1 & aga9 dri$2 at ?is /age ! plate be>s an op51 por\s film1 slightly opalesc5t--s slight1 h[ev]1 z only to be obs]v$ by an exp]i5c$ eye4 ,application ( ! ,s5sitive ,film4--,we n[ come to ! second /age ( ! process1 ! application ( a film ( bi*romat$ gelat9e to ! plate4 ,h]r ,lwy's =mula is z foll[s3 ,bi*romate ( pota%4 #af grammes4 ,gelat9e4 #b ounces4 ,wat]4 #bj to #bb ,accord+ to ! wea!r1 ! am\nt ( wat] mu/ be v>i$2 b 9 any case ! solution is a v fluid "o4 ,an ounce is ab\t #ce grammes1 z mo/ ( our read]s "k4 ,a practical collotypi/ sees at a glance ! quality ( ! prep>$ plate1 )\t any prelim9>y te/+4 ,a good prelim9>y film is a glass t is transp>5t1 yet slightly dull2 ! film is s ?91 y c sc>cely believe x is !re4 ,! plate is slightly w>m$ ^u a slate slab1 und]nea? :i* is a wat] ba?2 x is !n flood$ ) ! above mixture ( bi*romat$ gelat9e1 leav+ only suffici5t to make a v ?9 film4 ,:5 coat$1 ! plate is plac$ 9 ! dry+ *amb]4 ,dry+ ! ,s5sitive ,film4--,mu* dep5ds ^u ! dry+4 ,a wat] ba? ) gas burn] und]nea? is us$ = heat+1 & a slate slab1 p]fectly level1 receives ! glass plate4 ,! dry+ *amb] is kept at an ev5 temp]ature ( #ej ,c4 ,! object to be atta9$ is a f9e gra9 ?r\gh\t ! surface ( ! gelat9e1 & unless ?is gra9 is satisfactory ! f9i%$ pr9t+ block nev] w be4 ,if ! gelat9e film be too ?ick1 !n ! gra9 w be co>se2 or1 aga91 if ! temp]ature 9 dry+ be too high1 !re w be no gra9 at all4 ,! dry+ is complete 9 two or ?ree h\rs1 & %\ld n take long]4 ,! ,negative to be ,pr9t$ f4--,! s5sitive film be+ ^u ! surface ( a ?ick glass plate1 x is necess>y t ! cli* or negative employ$ %\ld be ^u pat5t plate1 or n ^u glass at all1 s z to insure p]fect contact4 ,be/ ( all1 is to employ a /ripp$ negative1 9 :i* case absolute contact is insur$ 9 pr9t+4 ,x is only 9 ^! circum/ances t ! mo/ p]fect impression c be secur$4 ,if ! negative is o!rwise satisfactory1 & only requires /ripp+1 x mu/ be ^u a level+ /&1 & fluid gelat9e ( a tol]able consi/5ce is p\r$ ov] x4 ,:5 dry1 a p5-knife is run ar\nd ! m>g91 & ! film leaves ! glass )\t any tr\ble4 ,h]r ,ob]nett] says t _m ( ! negatives he receives h to be reproduc$ be=e !y c be trans=m$ into ,li*tdruck plates1 & he employs ei!r ! wet collodion process or ! graphite me?od1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,if ! copy is desir$ to be s(t] ?an ! orig9al1 collodion is employ$2 if vigor be desir$1 graphite is us$1 & "h is 8 =mula3 ,dextr9e4 #fb gra9s4 ,ord9>y :ite sug>4 #gg ,bi*romate ( ammonia4 #cj4h ,wat]4 #c4ba ounces4 ,glyc]9e4 #b to #h drops4 ,! film is dri$ at a temp]ature ( #acj to #adj ,f4 9 ab\t t5 m9utes1 & :ile /ill w>m is pr9t$ "u a negative 9 diffus$ light = a p]iod ( five to fifte5 m9utes4 ,9 a well-tim$ pr9t ! image is slightly visible2 ! plate is aga9 w>m$ a little above atmosph]ic temp]ature 9 a d>k5$ room1 & !n f9e levigat$ graphite is appli$ ) a f9e du/+ bru%1 a %eet ( :ite pap] be+ held und]nea? to judge ( ! effect4 ,brea?+ ^u ! film r5d]s x m capable ( attract+ ! p[d]4 ,:5 ! desir$ vigor has be5 atta9$1 ! sup]flu\s p[d] is du/$ (f1 & ! plate coat$ ) normal collodion4 ,aft]w>d ! film is cut ?r\gh at ! m>g9s ( ! plate by means ( a %>p knife1 & put into wat]4 ,9 a little :ile--f two to five m9utes--! collodion1 ) ! image1 w be deta*$ f ! glass2 ! film is at once turn$ ov] 9 ! wat]1 & br\ght out ^u ! glass plate4 ,"u a s(t jet ( wat] any air-bubbles t may exi/ betwe5 ! collodion & ! glass are remov$1 & !n a solution ( gum arabic 7two grammes ( gum dissolv$ 9 "o hundr$ grammes ( wat]7 is p\r$ ov]1 & ! film is all[$ to dry spontane\sly4 ,exposure ( ! ,pr9t+ ,block "u ! ,negative4--,! exposure is v rapid4 ,any "o conv]sant ) photoli?ographic "w w und]/& ?is4 ,at any rate1 e photograph] kn[s t bi*romat$ gelat9e is mu* m rapid ?an ! *loride ( silv] he g5]ally has to d )4 ,!re is no o!r way ( measur+ ! exposure ?an by ! photomet] or p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & ! latt] is by f> ! be/4 ,aft] leav+ ! pr9t+ frame1 ! plate is imm]s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,"h x rema9s at discretion = half an h\r1 or an h\r2 ! purpose1 ( c\rse1 be+ to wa% out ! soluble bi*romate4 ,x is :5 ! pr9t comes out ( ?is ba? t judgm5t is pass$ ^u x4 ,an exp]i5c$ eye tells at once :at x is fit =4 ,if x is yell[1 ! yell[ness mu/ be ( ! slighte/2 inde$1 ,h]r ,furkl 7! manag] ( ,h]r ,lwy's ,li*tdruck dep>tm5t7 w n admit t a good plate is yell[ at all4 ,a yell[ t9t means t x w take up too mu* ink :5 ! roll] is pass$ ov] x4 ,! plates ( ,h]r ,ob]nett]1 h[ev]1 are r m yell[ ?an ,h]r ,lwy's--c]ta9ly only a t+e1 b /ill yell[2 & ,h]r ,ob]nett]'s "w proves1 at any rate1 t ! yell[i% t+e is by no means insep>able f good results4 ,! wa%$ & dri$ plate %\ld appe> l a design ( gr\nd & poli%$ glass4 ,! gr\nd glass appe>ance is giv5 by ! gra94 ,if !re are pure high-lights 7almo/ transp>5t7 & opalesc5t %ad[s1 ! plate is a good "o4 ,pr9t+ f ! ,block4--,we h n[ a pr9t+-block ready = ! press4 ,if x is to be pr9t$ by ma*9]y--t is to say1 ^u a ,s*nell press--! surface is et*$2 if x has to be m c>efully h&l$ 9 a h& press1 et*+ is r>ely resort$ to2 x is moi/5$ only ) glyc]9e & wat]4 ,to et* a plate = a ,s*nell press1 x is plac$ ^u a level+ /&1 & ! foll[+ solution is p\r$ ^u x3 ,glyc]9e44444444444444444444444444444 #aej p>ts4 ,ammonia44444444444444444444444444444444 #ej ,nitrate ( pota% 7saltpet]74444444444 #e ,wat]4444444444444444444444444444444444 #be ,ano!r equally good =mula1 recomm5d$ by ,allgey]1 :o manag$ ,h]r ,alb]t's ,li*tdruck pr9t+ = "s ye>s1 is3 ,glyc]9e44444444444444444444444444444 #ejj p>ts4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444444 #ejj ,*loride ( sodium 7common salt7444444 #ae ,9 lieu ( common salt1 #ae p>ts ( hyposulphite ( soda1 or o!r hygroscopic salt1 su* z *loride ( calcium1 may be employ$4 ,! et*+ fluid is p]mitt$ to rema9 ^u ! image = half an h\r4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 by g5tly mov+ ! f+] to & fro ov] ! surface1 ! swell+ or relief ( ! image c be di/9ctly felt4 ,! plate is n wa%$1 b ! et*+ fluid simply p\r$ (f1 s t ! film rema9s impregnat$ ) ! glyc]9e & wat]2 at ! mo/1 a piece ( bibul\s pap] is us$ to absorb any sup]flu\s quantity ( ! et*+ fluid4 ,aft] et*+1 ! plate is tak5 /raight to ! pr9t+ press4 ,! ink+ up & pr9t+ are done v mu* z 9 li?ography4 ,if x requires a practic$ h& to produce a good li?ographic pr9t1 x /&s to reason t 9 deal+ ) a gelat9e pr9t+ block1 in/ead ( a /one1 skill & practice are m necess>y /ill4 ,!re=e at ?is po9t ! photograph] %\ld h& ov] ! "w to ! li?ograph]1 or r ! ,li*tdruck pr9t]4 ,x is only by coax+ judici\sly1 ) roll] & sponge1 t a good pr9t+ block c be obta9$1 & no am\nt ( tea*+ !oretically c beget a good pr9t]4 ,to appreciate h[ skillful a pr9t] mu/ be1 x is only necess>y to see ! imp]fect pro(s t fir/ result1 & to wat* h[ ^! are gradually improv$ by d9t ( roll+1 rubb+1 et*+1 clean+1 etc4 ,9 all ,li*ldruck e/abli%m5ts1 two k9ds ( roll]s are us$1 viz41 ( lea!r & glue4 ,9 "s e/abli%m5ts1 too1 !y employ two k9ds ( ink2 b ,h]r ,lwy manages to secure delicacy & vigor at ! same "t by us+ "o ink1 b roll+ up ) two k9ds ( roll]4 ,collotype pr9t+ is n m]ely done by h& presses1 b is also done by ma*9]y4 ,at ,h]r ,alb]t's a gas eng9e ( six-horse p[] is employ$ to drive ! ma*9es1 & ea* ma*9e requires ! att5tion ( a skill$ me*anic & a girl4 ,! press is v l ! li?ographic quick press4 ,^u a big /eel b$ lies ! little collotype block4 ,! glass pr9t+ block1 ) its br[ni% film ( gelat9e1 moves horizontally to & fro1 &1 z x does s1 passes "u half a doz5 roll]s1 :i* n only supply ink1 b disp]se x4 ,"s ( ! roll]s are ( lea!r & o!rs ( glue1 &1 :5ev] ! pr9t+ block retires f und]nea? !m1 an ink slab takes ! place ( ! block1 & imp>ts m ink to ! roll]s2 sometimes z _m z eight roll]s are us$1 = ! difficulty ( ma*9e pr9t+ is to apply ! ink z delicately & equally z possible4 ,x is necess>y at int]vals to damp ! block1 & :5 ! pr9t] 9 *>ge f9ds ?is to be ! case1 he /ops ! press1 & applies a little glyc]9e & wat] ) a clo? or sponge2 !n a lea!r roll] is pass$ ov] to remove sup]flu\s moi/ure1 & ! press is aga9 />t$4 ,h]r ,ob]nett] relies ^u ! ,/> or ,/]n press--a small li?ographic press--"o man suffic+ to manage x1 :o turns a :eel ) l>ge spokes1 rem9d+ "o ( ! /e]+ :eel ( a %ip4 ,! ,li*tdruck plate1 gelat9e film upw>d1 is laid ^u a %eet ( plate glass by way ( a b$1 ! plate hav+ fir/ be5 treat$ ) a solution ( glyc]9e & wat]2 x is !n ink$ up z previ\sly describ$1 except t ,h]r ,ob]nett] uses two k9ds ( ink--a ?ick "o & a ?9--appli$ by two roll]s ( glue4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a moi/ sponge is rubb$ ov] ! surface2 !n a s(t roll] cov]$ ) wa%-lea!r1 & ( ! appe>ance ( crpe1 is pass$ ov] two or ?ree times to remove surplus moi/ure2 !n a roll] *>g$ ) ?ick ink is put on1 & !n ano!r ) ?9 is appli$4 ,x takes fully five m9utes to sponge & roll up a plate1 ! roll+ be+ done g5tly & firmly4 ,a %eet ( pap] is n[ laid ^u ! plate1 ! tympan is l[]$1 & ! scrap] adju/$ ) due pressure2 a revolution ( ! :eel completes ! pr9t+1 ! well-kn[n scrap+ action ( ! li?ographic press be+ us$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,ord9>y ,,naph?a ,,light] ,,( ,,mr4 ,,loiseau4 ,"s ,li*tdruck pr9ts are pr9t$ ^u ?ick plate-pap]1 & are ready = b9d+ )\t fur!r ado1 ^! be+ = book illu/rations4 ,o!r pictures1 t are to pass mu/] among silv] photographs1 are1 on ! o!r h&1 pr9t$ ^u f9e ?9 pap]1 & !n siz$ by dipp+ 9 a ?9 solution ( gelat9e2 aft] dry+1 !y are fur!r dipp$ 9 a solution ( %ellac & _s4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dome/ic ,,electricity4 ,among ! mo/ valuable1 &1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ! lea/ g5]ally appreciat$ s]vices t electricity c r5d] = dome/ic purposes is t ( its application 9 light]s4 ,at ! pres5t epo* ( indiff]5t mat*es1 to h1 in/antane\sly1 a light by pull+ a cord1 press+ on a button1 or turn+ a cock1 is a ?+ wor?y ( be+ tak5 into s]i\s consid]ation2 & our own p]sonal exp]i5ce p]mits u to ass]t t1 reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 electricity is capable ( daily r5d]+ inappreciable s]vices4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! application t is to be made ( !m1 ! places 9 :i* !y are to be put1 & ! combu/ible t !y are to inflame1 etc41 electric light]s v>y greatly 9 =m & arrangem5t4 ,we %all limit ourselves "h to po9t+ out ! simple/ & mo/ practical ( ! num]\s models ( su* app>atus t h be5 con/ruct$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,all ^? t we %all describe are bas$ on ! inc&esc5ce ( a plat9um wire4 ,a few h be5 con/ruct$ bas$ on ! induction sp>k1 b !y are m complicat$ & exp5sive1 & h n ent]$ into practical use4 ,be=e comm5c+ to describe ^! app>atus1 we %all make a rem>k 9 reg>d to ! piles = work+ !m1 & t is t we pref] = ?is purpose ,leclan* elem5ts ) agglom]at$ plates & a l>ge surface ( z9c4 ,9 ord] to br+ ab\t combu/ion 9 any giv5 sub/ance1 x is necess>y to br+ ne> x an inc&esc5t body rais$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 :i* v>ies ) ! nature ( ! said sub/ance1 & :i* is q l[ = illum9at+ gas1 high] = petroleum1 & a :ite heat = a wax tap] or a c&le4 ,we h said t we make use exclusively ( a plat9um wire rais$ mom5t>ily to inc&esc5ce by ! passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,! temp]ature ( su* wire w dep5d especially ^u ! int5sity ( ! curr5t trav]s+ x2 &1 if ?is is too great1 ! plat9um 7*os5 because ( its inoxidizability & its elevat$ melt+ po9t7 w rapidly melt2 :ile1 if ! int5sity is too little1 ! temp]ature rea*$ by ! wire w itself be too l[1 & no inflammation w be br\ght ab\t4 ,practice soon indicates a means ( obviat+ ^! two inconv5i5ces1 & tea*es h[ ea* app>atus may be plac$ "u su* conditions t ! wire w h>dly ev] melt1 & t ! light+ w always be effect$4 ,= ! same int5sity ( curr5t t trav]ses ! wire1 ! temp]ature ( ! latt] might be made to v>y by dim9i%+ or increas+ its diamet]4 ,a v f9e wire w atta9 a r$ heat ?r\gh a v weak curr5t1 b x w\ld be v brittle1 & subject to break at ! lea/ accid5t4 ,= ?is reason x becomes necess>y to employ wires a little /rong]1 & v>y+ g5]ally f "o to two-t5?s ( a millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,! curr5t !n requires to be a little int5s]4 ,! requisite int5sity is easily obta9$ ) elem5ts ( l>ge surface1 :i* h a mu* feebl] int]nal resi/ance ?an por\s-cup elem5ts2 & s9ce1 = a giv5 numb] ( elem5ts1 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t decreases 9 measure z ! int]nal resi/ance ( ! elem5ts increases1 x becomes ( int]e/ to dim9i% su* int]nal resi/ance z mu* z possible4 ,! plat9um wires are usually roll$ spirally1 ) ! object 9 view ( conc5trat+ ! heat into a small space1 9 ord] to raise ! temp]ature ( ! wire z mu* z possible4 ,!re is ?us ne$ ( a less int5se curr5t to produce ! inflammation ?an ) a wire simply /ret*$ out4 ,9 fact1 ! same wire trav]s$ by a curr5t ( con/ant int5sity sc>cely rea*es a r$ heat :5 x is /raight1 :ile x atta9s a :ite heat :5 x is w\nd spirally1 because1 9 ! latt] case1 ! cool+ surface is less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--,,ranque',s ,,new ,,=m ,,( ,,light] ,,) ,,ext+ui%]4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to ! exam9ation ( a few practical =ms ( electric light]s4 ,9 ,fig4 #a w be se5 q a conv5i5t _s or naph?a light]1 :i* has be5 devis$ m especially = ! use ( smok]s4 ,by pu%+ ! lamp t[>d ! wall1 ! wick is br\ght into proximity ) ! spiral1 & ! lamp1 act+ on a button beh9d x1 closes ! curr5t4 ,pressure on ! lamp be+ remov$1 ! latt] moves back slightly1 ?r\gh ! pressure ( a small spr+ :i* ?ru/s on ! button4 ,ow+ to ?is latt] simple arrangem5t1 ! spiral nev] comes 9 contact ) ! flame1 & may ?us la/ = a long "t4 ,mr4 ,loiseau1 ! proprietor ( ?is app>atus1 employs a v f9e plat9um wire1 flatt5$ into ! =m ( a ribbon1 & x takes only ! curr5t f a s+le elem5t to effect ! inflammation ( ! wick4 ,! sy/em is s arrang$ t any "o c easily replace 9 a mom5t ! spiral t has accid5tally got out ( ord]2 &1 9 ord] t ?is may be done1 ! mak] has plac$ ! spiral on a small1 di/9ct piece t he /yles ! conflagrator4 ,! latt] consi/s ( two small1 ?9 tubes ( brass1 held p>allel & firmly by means ( a brass cross-piece4 ,a small bit ( pap] w\nd r\nd ea* tube 9 front ( ! cross-brace insures insulation4 ,! out] extremity ( ! two tubes supports ! plat9um spiral1 :i* is fix$ to !m v simply by ! aid ( two small brass ne$les ( conical =m1 :i* p9* ! wire 9 ! tube & hold x 9 place4 ,!re is no?+ easi] to d ?an replace ! wire4 ,all t is necess>y is to remove ! two little rods ) a pair ( p9c]s2 to make a spiral ( suitable l5g? by roll+ ! wire r\nd a p92 & to fix x into ! tubes1 z we h j expla9$4 ,) two or ?ree extra conflagrators on h&1 !re ne$ nev] any tr\ble occur4 ,9 ,fig4 #b we %[ a new & simple =m ( ,mr4 ,ranque's light]1 9 :i* an electro-magnet conceal$ 9 ! base br+s ! spiral & ! wick into juxtaposition4 ,! ext+ui%]1 :i* is balanc$ by a c\nt]poise1 oscillates ab\t a horizontal axis1 & its support c>ries two small p9s1 aga9/ :i* act successively two not*es 9 a piece ( oval =m1 fix$ on ! side ( ! movable rods4 ,9 ! position %[n 9 ! cut1 on ! fir/ emission ( a curr5t ! upp] not* acts s z to depress ! ext+ui%]1 b ! travel ( ! rods t c>ry ! spiral is s limit$ t ! latt] does n /rike aga9/ ! ext+ui%]4 ,on ! next emission1 ! l[] not* acts s z to raise ! ext+ui%]1 :ile ! spiral approa*es ! wick & lights x4 ,x is well to actuate ^! ext+ui%+-light]s1 :i* may be locat$ at a di/ance1 n by a contact button1 b by "s pull+ arrangem5t1 :i* is always mu* m easy to f9d 9 ! d>k )\t mu* grop+ ab\t4 ,!re might be us$ = su* a purpose ! v motion ( ! front door1 :5 op5$1 = light+ ! hall2 b t w\ld (f] ! inconv5i5ce ( op]at+ likewise 9 ! daytime1 & ( ?us ne$lessly us+ up ! pile & ! naph?a4 ,9 all ^! _s or naph?a light]s x is important t ! spiral %all n t\* ! wick1 b t x %all be plac$ a little above & on ! side1 9 ! mixture ( air & combu/ible vapor4 ,sev]al app>atus h likewise be5 devis$ = light+ gas by electricity1 & a few ( ^! we %all describe4 ,! simple/ =m ( ^! is ,mr4 ,b>bi]'s light] = ! use ( smok]s1 = light+ c&les1 seal+ lett]s1 etc4 ,x consi/s ( a small gas-burn] affix$ to a r\nd box1 sev5 to eight c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 & connect$ to ! gas-pipe by a rubb] tube4 ,by maneuv]+ ! h&le1 ! cock is op5$ & an electric contact set up ( suffici5t duration to raise to a r$ heat ! spiral1 & to light ! gas4 ,x is well 9 ?is case1 = ! sake ( economiz+ 9 wire1 to utilize ! lead gas-pipe z a return wire1 especially if ! pile is locat$ at "s little di/ance f ! light]4 ,9 ! arrangem5t g5]ally 9 use ! key is provid$ ) a special spr+1 :i* t5ds to cause x to turn 9 su* a way z to assume a v]tical position1 & ) a too?1 :i*1 on engag+ ) a piece mov+ on a jo9t1 holds x 9 a horizontal position z soon z x has be5 br\ght !reto4 ,9 ord] to ext+ui% ! burn]1 x is only necess>y to depress ! lev]1 & ?us all[ ! key to assume aga9 ! v]tical position1 t is to say1 ! position t closes ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! gas fl[s out4 ,9 a new arrangem5t1 ! not*1 spr+1 & ! lev] are done away )1 ! cock alone tak+ ! two positions op5 or clos$4 ,ano!r v +5i\s sy/em is t ( ,mr4 ,loiseau1 consi/+ ( an ord9>y gas-burn] 7fi%-tail1 bat's-w+1 etc471 c>ry+ at its side a conflagrator1 analog\s to t ( ! _s-light] 7,fig4 #a71 b arrang$ v]tically4 ,"o ( ! rods ( ! conflagrator is connect$ ) ! positive ( ! pile1 & ! o!r ) ! little horizontal brass rod :i* is plac$ at ! bottom ( ! burn]4 ,on turn+ ! cock s z to op5 x1 a small fl[ ( gas occurs opposite ! plat9um spiral1 :ile at ! same "t a rigid project+ piece affix$ to ! cock be>s aga9/ a small1 v]tical metallic piece1 & br+s x 9 contact ) ! brass rod4 ,! circuit is ?us clos$ = an in/ant1 ! spiral is rais$ to a r$ heat1 & lights ! gas1 & ! flame rises & f9ally lights ! burn]4 ,x goes )\t say+ t on cont9u+ ! motion ! contact is brok51 s z n uselessly to wa/e ! pile & s z to /op ! escape ( gas4 ,= gas furnaces1 ,mr4 ,loiseau is con/ruct+ a h&le-light] :i* is connect$ ) ! side ( ! furnace by flexible cords4 ,! contact button is on ! sleeve itself1 & ! spiral is protect$ aga9/ %ocks by a metallic cov]+ :i* is cleft at ! extremity & ! po9ts b5t ov] at a "r angle4 ,all ! light]s "h describ$ "w well1 & are r5d]+ valuable s]vices4 ,!y may be consid]$ z ! natural & indisp5sable auxili>ies ( electric call bells1 & _! use has mo/ c]ta9ly be5 r5d]$ practical ?r\gh ! ,leclan*e pile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!il]',s ,,telephone ,,receiv]4 ,?is telephone receiv] diff]s f its pr$ecessors 9 disp5s+ ) an armature1 ! lat]al vibration ( ! electro-magnet itself be+ utiliz$4 ,9 previ\s sy/ems 9 :i* an electro-magnet is us$1 ! sonor\s vibrations are due ei!r to ! motion ( an iron diaphragm or armature plac$ close to ! poles ( ! electro-magnet1 or to ! expansion & contraction ( ! magnet itself4 ,9 ,!il]'s telephone ! electro-magnet may be ( ! usual ,u-%ape1 & may consi/ ei!r ( s(t iron or ( h>d5$ /eel p]man5tly magnetiz$1 w\nd ) a suitable numb] ( turns ( insulat$ wire4 ,?is electro magnet is fix$ 9 su* a mann] t ! vibration ( ei!r "o or ( bo? its limbs is communicat$ to a diaphragm or diaphragms ,! pat5tees also employ two or m electro-magnets 9 ! same circuit1 & utilize ! vibration ( bo? magnets 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,by atta*+ a light disk or disks to ! vibrat+ limbs1 ! diaphragm may be disp5s$ )4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts "o ( ! telephone receiv]s provid$ ) two diaphragms or s\nd+ bo>ds1 connect$ to ! two limbs or cores ( ! ,u-%ap$ electro-magnet by %ort tongues4 ,^! tongues are firmly ins]t$ 9 ! diaphragms & fix$ to ! magnet1 z %[n4 ,! poles ( ! electro-magnet are br\ght v close toge!r by be+ %ap$ z %[n1 & ! middle "p ( ! magnet is firmly screw$ to ! case ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! ends ( ! helix surr\nd+ ! magnet cores may be atta*$ z usual to two t]m9als1 or sold]$ to a flexible conductor communicat+ ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! telephone app>atus4 ,:5 a vibratory curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! helix ( ! electro-magnet1 ! extremities are rapidly attract$ & repell$1 & ?is vibratory motion ( ! magnet cores be+ communicat$ to ! diaphragms or s\nd+ bo>ds1 ! latt] are set 9 vibration ( v>y+ amplitude produc$ by a curr5t ( v>y+ /r5g?1 z 9 all o!r telephones4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! electro-magnet ( "o cont9u\s piece ( iron1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! pat5tees f9d x m practicable to make x ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 :]e ! electro-magnet repres5t$ consi/s ( two limbs or cores1 a sole piece1 & pole ext5sions1 ! :ole be+ screw$ toge!r1 & practically con/itut+ "o cont9u\s piece ( iron c>ry+ ! two coils4 ,9 ,fig4 #b only "o ( ! limbs or cores ( ! electro-magnet is atta*$ to ! diaphragm1 ! o!r limb be+ held fix$ by a screw4 ,sometimes ! pat5tees h+e "o ( ! magnet cores1 or bo?1 9 ! sole piece1 9 :i* case ! diaphragms or s\nd+ bo>ds c be made mu* ?ick] ?an :5 ! cores are rigidly fix$ to ! sole piece1 because ! magnetic attraction ( ! poles has !n only to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! diaphragm4 ,in/ead ( us+ a diaphragm1 !y sometimes fix a /em to "o ( ! cores ( ! electro-magnet1 & m\nt !reon a light disk ( vulcanite1 wood1 ivory1 gutta-p]*a1 or any o!r sub/ance :i* x is capable ( vibrat+4 ,:5 us+ ?is telephone receiv]1 ! disk is press$ to ! e> 9 su* a mann] t its surface cov]s ! ap]ture ( ! e>4 ,:5 ^! telephone receiv]s are us$ on a l9e ( "s consid]able l5g?1 ! pat5tees pref] to magnetize ! electro-magnet by a con/ant curr5t f a local batt]y1 & to effect ! v>iation ( ?is con/ant magnetization inductively & n directly4 ,! electro-magnet is1 !n1 n ins]t$ 9 ! l9e at all1 b 9 ! prim>y circuit ( an induction coil1 & connect$ ) a local batt]y4 ,! l9e is connect$ to ! secondry circuit ( ! induction coil4 ,?is device possesses ! advantage t ! electro-magnet c be p[]fully magnetiz$ ) v little batt]y p[]1 no matt] h[ long ! l9e may be1 & t /eel magnets are entirely disp5s$ )4 ,x is n necess>y to h a sep>ate batt]y = ?is purpose1 z ! microphone batt]y may also be us$ = ! telephone receiv]4 ,! %ape ( ! vibrat+ electro-magnets is immat]ial1 z !y may be made ( a v>iety ( =ms4--,eng4 ,me*anic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,an ,,electric ,,p[] ,,hamm]4 ,by ,,m>cel ,,deprez4 ,footnote3 ,la ,lumire ,electrique4 ,9 a lecture deliv]$ by me on ! #ae? ( la/ ,june 9 ! amphi!at] ( ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,meti]s1 on ! application ( electricity to ! production1 transmission1 & division ( p[]1 ,i op]at$ = ! fir/ "t an electric p[] hamm] t ,i %all "h describe4 ,its ess5tial "p is a sectional sol5oid t ,i h likewise made an application ( 9 an electric motor :i* ,i pres5t$ 9 ,july1 #ahcj1 to ! ,societ de ,physique4 ,let u suppose we sup]pose1 "o on ! o!r1 a hundr$ flat bobb9s ( a c5timet] 9 ?ickness 9 su* a way z to =m a s+le sol5oid "o met] 9 height1 & t ! incom+ & outgo+ wires ( ea* ( !m be connect$ ) ! contigu\s bobb9s exactly 9 ! same way z !y are 9 ! consecutive sections or a dynamo-electric ma*9e r+4 ,f9ally1 let u complete ! resemblance by caus+ ea* junction ( ! wire ( "o ( ! bobb9s ) ! wire ( its neighbor to end 9 a metallic plate set into an insulat+ piece conta9+ z _m plates z !re are bobb9s1 plus "o4 ,ov] ?is species ( collector1 :i* maybe rectil9e> or w\nd ar\nd a cyl9d]1 let u pass two bru%es fix$ to an insulat+ piece t may be mov$ by h&4 ,n[1 if we place ^! two bru%es at a di/ance su* t ! numb] ( ! plates ( ! collector includ$ betwe5 !m be1 = example1 equal to t51 & we give !m any degree ( displacem5t :atev]1 aft] r5d]+ !m int]dep5d5t1 ! curr5t ent]+ ?r\gh "o ( ^! bru%es & mak+ its exit ?r\gh ! o!r w always trav]se #aj bobb9s4 ,ev]y?+ w occur1 !n1 z if we caus$ ! t5-bobb9 sol5oid to move in/ead ( ! bru%es4 ,?is grant$1 & ! bru%es be+ 9 any position :atev]1 let u s5d a curr5t into ! app>atus1 & place !re9 a s(t iron cyl9d]4 ,by virtue ( a well kn[n law1 su* cyl9d] w rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! sol5oid1 & its longitud9al c5t] w place itself at s mu* ! great] di/ance f t ( ! sol5oid ! m ! curr5t increases 9 int5sity4 ,x w\ld ev5 fall entirely if ! curr5t _h n an int5sity above a m9imum value dep5d5t ^u _m elem5ts conc]n+ :i* we h n n[ to occupy ourselves4 ,we w suppose ! curr5t int5se en\gh to keep ! di/ance ( ! two c5t]s mu* bel[ t :i* w\ld br+ ab\t a fall ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 su* a condition is fulfill$1 x is f\nd t if we try to remove ! iron cyl9d] f ! equilibrium t x is 91 we mu/ apply a pressure t increases ) ! am\nt ( sep>ation1 j exactly z if x 7 susp5d$ f a spr+4 ,x results f ?is fact t if we displace ! bru%es a di/ance equal to ! ?ickness ( "o plate ( ! collector1 ! active sol5oid w und]go ! same displacem5t1 & its longitud9al c5t] w move away f t ( ! iron cyl9d]1 & t ! attraction ex]t$ ^u ! latt] w increase4 ,x w n be able to assume its fir/ value1 & equilibrium _c be re-e/abli%$ unless ! cyl9d] und]goes a displacem5t id5tical ) t ( ! sol5oid4 ,n[1 z ?is latt] dep5ds ^u ! motion communicat$ to ! sy/em ( bru%es1 we see t1 def9itively1 ! cyl9d] w fai?fully reproduce ! motion communicat$ to ! bru%es by ! h& ( ! op]ator4 ,?is app>atus1 !n1 con/itutes a g5u9e electric s]vo-motor 9 :i* ! curr5t is nev] int]rupt$ nor modifi$ 9 quantity or direction1 no m inde$ ?an ! magnetization develop$ 9 ! s(t iron cyl9d]4 ,ev]y?+ takes place z if ! iron cyl9d] 7 susp5d$ 9 a sol5oid t5 c5timet]s 9 l5g? t 0 caus$ to rise & fall2 ) ! diff]5ce t ! weight ( ! cyl9d] ex]ts no action on ! h& ( ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,p[] ,,hamm]4 ,^! explanations be+ und]/ood1 !re rema9 b few ?+s to be said to cause ! op]ation ( ! hamm] to be ?or\ghly compreh5d$4 ,! elem5t>y sections con/itut+ ! electric cyl9d]1 ,a ,b1 ( ! hamm] are #hj 9 numb]1 & =m a total l5g? ( "o met]4 ,_! +o+ & outcom+ wires end 9 a collector ( circul> =m %[n at ,f ,g4 ,! bru%es are replac$ by two /rips1 ,c ,e & ,c ,d1 fix$ to ! d\ble w9*1 ,h ,c ,i1 :i* is movable ar\nd ! fix$ c5t]1 ,c4 ,!y c make any angle :atev] ) ea* o!r1 s t by trial !re maybe giv5 ! active sol5oid ! mo/ suitable l5g?4 ,:5 su* angle has be5 det]m9$1 ! angle1 ,e ,c ,d1 is r5d]$ inv>iable by means ( a set screw1 & ! app>atus is maneuv]$ by imp>t+ to ! d\ble w9*1 ,h ,c ,i1 an alt]nat+ circul> motion4 ,! iron cyl9d] weighs #bc kilogrammes2 b1 :5 ! curr5t has an int5sity ( #dc amp]es & trav]ses #ae sections1 ! /ress develop$ may rea* #gj kilogrammes2 t is to say1 ?ree times ! weight ( ! hamm]4 ,s ?is latt] obeys ) absolute docility ! motions ( ! op]ator's h&s1 z ^? :o 7 pres5t at ! lecture 7 enabl$ to see4 ,i w incid5tally add t ?is p[] hamm] 0 plac$ on a circuit d]iv$ f "o t s]v$ likewise to supply ?ree ,hefn]-,alt5eck ma*9es 7,siem5s ,d#e model7 & a ,gramme ma*9e 7,breguet model ,p4,l474 ,ea* ( ^! ma*9es 0 mak+ #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute & develop+ #be kilogrammet]s p] second1 measur$ by means ( a ,c>p5ti] brake4 ,all ^! app>atus 7 op]at+ ) absolute indep5d5ce1 & _h = g5]ator ! d\ble excitation ma*9e t figur$ at ! ,exhibition ( ,electricity4 ,9 an exp]im5t made s9ce !n1 ,i h succe$$ 9 develop+ 9 ea* ( ^! f\r ma*9es #ej kilogrammet]s p] second1 :atev] 0 ! numb] ( ^? t 7 runn+2 & ,i f\nd x possible to add ! hamm] on a d]iv$ circuit )\t notably affect+ ! op]ation ( ! receiv]s4 ,x results f ?is t ) my sy/em ( d\ble excitation ma*9e ,i h be5 enabl$ to easily run ) absolute indep5d5ce six ma*9es1 ea* giv+ a two-?ird horse-p[]4 ,! economic p]=mance1 e_/,e1 moreov]1 slightly exce$$ #j4ej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,solignac',s ,,new ,,electric ,,lamp4 ,:5 x becomes a "q ( practical light+1 x is v c]ta9 t ! be/ electric lamp w be ! "o t is mo/ simple & requires ! fewe/ me*anical p>ts4 ,x is to su* simplicity t is due all ! success ( ! ,jablo*k(f c&le & ! ,reyni]-,w]d]mann lamp4 ,yet1 9 ! =m] ( ^! lamps1 x is to be regrett$ t ! some:at great & v>iable resi/ance oppos$ to ! curr5t 9 its passage ?r\gh two c>bons t keep dim9i%+ 9 l5g?1 9 measure z !y burn1 proves a cause ( loss ( light & ( v>iation 9 x4 ,& x is also to be regrett$ t ! duration ( combu/ion ( ! c>bons is n long]2 &1 f9ally1 x is all[able to believe t ! p[] employ$ 9 volatiliz+ ! insulator plac$ betwe5 ! c>bons is prejudicial to ! economical use ( ?is sy/em4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is latt] inconv5i5ce1 an endeavor has be5 made 9 ! ,wilde c&le to d away ) ! insulator1 b ! results obta9$ h sc>cely be5 enc\rag+4 ,an endeavor has also be5 made to r5d] ! duration ( ! c>bons great] by employ+ q long ones1 & caus+ ^! to move =w>d successively ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( a species ( roll]s1 or ( c\nt]poises1 z 9 ! lamps ( ,m]sanne & ,w]d]mann2 b !n ! sy/em becomes m complicat$4 ,f9ally1 9 ord] to keep ! resi/ance ( ! c>bons at a m9imum & con/ant1 _! contact ) ! rheophores ( ! circuit has be5 e/abli%$ at a %ort di/ance f ! arc1 & ?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal advantages possess$ by ! ,reyni]-,w]d]mann sy/em4 ,at a c]ta9 epo* x 0 ?\ght t ! problem might be simply solv$ by arrang+ 9 front ( ea* o!r two c>bons actuat$ by a spiral spr+1 z 9 c> lamps1 & kept at a prop] di/ance ap>t = =m+ ! electric arc by two funnel-%ap$ pieces ( calc9$ magnesia1 into :i* !y ent]$ l a w$ge 9 measure z _! conical po9t 7 away ?r\gh combu/ion4 ,?is 0 ! sy/em ( ,mr4 ,de ,bailleha*e1 & ! trials t 7 made !re) 7 v satisfactory4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ! magnesia 0 n able to resi/ v long ! temp]ature to :i* x 0 submitt$4 ,! problem f\nd a bett] solution 9 ! sun-lamp b has be5 solv$ 9 ano!r mann]1 & j z simply1 by ,mr4 ,solignac1 & ! results obta9$ by him h be5 v satisfactory z reg>d$ f ! /&po9t ( /ead9ess ( ! lum9\s po9t4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 a g5]al view ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #a1 & ! arrangem5t 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 ! c>bons1 ,f ,f1 :i* are horizontal & ab\t fifty c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 are ?ru/ t[>d ea* o!r by two b>rels1 ,k1 ,k1 :i* w9d up two *a9s1 ,e1 ,e1 pass+ ar\nd ! pulleys1 ,d1 ,d1 fitt$ to ! extremities ( ! c>bons4 ,^! latt] are provid$ b5ea? ) small glass rods1 ,g1 ,g1 ^: extremities t[>d ! arc abut at a %ort di/ance f ! latt] aga9/ a nickel /op1 ,l 7,fig4 #c71 :i* supports !m1 moreov]1 at ,m1 by means ( a tappet ^: position is regulat$ by a screw4 ,! curr5t is transmitt$ to ! c>bons by two friction roll]s1 ,i1 ,i1 :i* s]ve at ! same "t z a guide = !m1 & :i* give ! electric flux a passage ( only "o or two c5timet]s ov] ! front ( ! c>bon to =m ! arc4 ,f9ally1 ! :ole is held by a support1 ,a1 & two pieces1 ,,cb1 ,,cb1 :i* at ! same "t lead ! curr5t to ! friction roll]s ?r\gh projections1 ,j4 ,! two sy/ems are made to approa* or rec$e f ea* o!r1 9 ord] to =m ! arc1 by means ( a regulat+ screw1 ,h4 ,at pres5t1 ! light+ ( ^! lamps is effect$ by means ( ?is screw1 ,h1 b ,mr4 ,solignac is n[ con/ruct+ a model 9 :i* ! light+ w be p]=m$ automatically by means ( a sol5oid t w react ^u a c>bon light]1 z 9 sev]al already well kn[n sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,if ! prec$+ description has be5 well-und]/ood1 x w be se5 t ! c>bons are arre/$ 9 _! movem5t t[>d ea* o!r only by ! glass rods1 ,g1 abutt+ aga9/ ,l2 b1 z ! /ops1 ,l1 are n f> f ! arc1 & z ! heat to :i* !y are expos$ is s mu* ! great] 9 proportion z ! inc&esc5t "p ( ! c>bons is ne>] !m1 x results t = a c]ta9 elongation ( ! arc ! temp]ature becomes suffici5t to s(t5 ! glass ( ! rods1 ,g1 ,g1 s t !y b5d z %[n at ,o 7,fig4 #c71 & all[ ! c>bons to move onw>d until ! heat has suffici5tly dim9i%$ to prev5t any fur!r s(t5+ ( ! glass4 ,9 measure z ! we>+ away progresses1 ! prec$+ effects are reproduc$2 &1 z ^! are produc$ 9 an imp]ceptible & cont9u\s mann]1 !re is p]ceiv$ no jump+ nor incon/ancy 9 ! light ( ! arc4 ,"u su* conditions1 !n1 ! regulation ( ! arc is effect$ "u ! v influ5ce ( ! effect produc$2 & n "u t ( an action ( a diff]5t nature 7electro-magnetism71 z happ5s 9 o!r regulators4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is idea is new & orig9al1 & ! results t we h witness$ f x h be5 v satisfactory4 ,!re is b "o regulation to p]=m1 & t at ! beg9n+1 b ?is once done ! app>atus op]ates ) c]ta9ty1 & = a long "t4 ,) a ,m]it5s ma*9e ( ! fir/ model x has be5 f\nd possible to light five lamps ( ?is k9d plac$ 9 ! same circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,accord+ to ! inv5tor1 ?is lamp w give a light ( #ajj c>cels p] "o horse-p[]1 & ) a ?ree horse-p[] six lamps may be light$2 b we h made no exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! correctness ( ^! figures4 ,z = ! co/ ( ! glass rods1 t am\nts to "o franc p] two hundr$ met]s l5g?4 ,!y c1 !n1 be consid]$ only z an insignificant exp5se 9 ! co/ ( ! c>bons4 ,we consequ5tly believe t x w be possible to employ ?is sy/em advantage\sly 9 practice4--,?4 du ,moncel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mondos',s ,,electric ,,lamp4 ,s9ce ! mon? ( ,may la/1 ! conc]t at ! ,*amps ,elyses has be5 light$ by sixte5 voltaic arc lamps on a new & v simple sy/em1 :i* gives excell5t results 9 ! in/allation "u consid]ation4 ,! sixte5 lamps are on ! divisible sy/em1 & _! regulation is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( d]ivation4 ,!y are suppli$ by a ,siem5s alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9e & arrang$ 9 f\r circuits1 on ea* ( :i* are m\nt$ f\r lamps 9 s]ies4 ,! accompany+ figures w all[ ! read] to readily und]/& ! sy/em1 :i* is z simple z x is +5i\s1 & :i* has be5 comb9$ by ,mr4 ,mondos s z to obta9 a cont9u\s & indep5d5t regulation ( ea* lamp4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! l[] c>bon is /ation>y1 ! lum9\s po9t desc5d+ 9 measure z ! c>bons we> away ?r\gh combu/ion4 ,! upp] c>bon desc5ds by its own weight1 & imp]ceptibly1 s z to keep ! arc at its normal l5g?4 ,! me*anism t controls ! motions ( ! upp] rod t supports ! c>bon-hold] consi/s ( two bobb9s ( f9e wire1 ,e 7,fig4 #b71 m\nt$ on a d]iv$ circuit on ! t]m9als ( ! lamp2 ( a lev]1 ,l1 articulat$ at ,o1 & support+ a tube1 ,,tt'1 & ! :ole movable "p balanc$ by a c\nt]poise1 ,p4 ,?is lev]1 ,p1 c>ries two s(t iron cores1 ,f1 :i* ent] ! bobb9s1 ,e1 & become magnetiz$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t t passes ?r\gh !m4 ,! upp] "p ( ! tube1 ,t1 c>ries a squ>e ^u :i* is articulat$ at ,o' a second lev]1 ,l'1 balanc$ by a second c\nt]poise1 ,p'1 & c>ry+ a flat armature1 p1 opposite ! cores1 ,f'1 t are fix$ to ! fir/ horizontal lev]1 ,l4 ,! c>bon-hold] rod1 ,,cc'1 slides freely 9 ! tube1 ,,tt'1 & is w$g$ !re9 by a small piece1 a m l1 fix$ to ! lev]1 ,l'4 ,= ?is reason ! tube1 ,,tt'1 is provid$ ) a not* opposite ! piece a m l1 & ! two arms1 a & m1 ( ! latt] are %ap$ l a ,v1 z may be se5 9 "p 9 ! plan 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,x is n[ easy to und]/& h[ ! sy/em op]ates2 :5 ! curr5t is n trav]s+ ! circuit1 ! c>bons are sep>at$2 b1 at ! mom5t ! circuit is clos$ = light+ a s]ies ( lamps1 x trav]ses ! electro-magnet1 :i* !n becomes v p[]ful1 & draws d[n ! cores1 ,f1 along ) ! lev]1 ,l1 ! tube1 ,,tt'1 & ! c>bon-hold]1 ,,cc'1 & br+s ! c>bons 9 contact4 ,! arc !n =ms1 & ! curr5t divides betwe5 ! arc & ! bobb9s1 ,e4 ,its action ^u ! cores1 ,f1 becomes weak1 & x c no long] balance ! c\nt]poise1 ,p1 :i* falls back1 & raises ! sy/em aga94 ,! arc ?us becomes prim$4 ,! cores1 ,f1 h[ev]1 pres]ve a c]ta9 am\nt ( magnetization2 ! armature1 p1 is attract$1 & ! lev]1 ,l'1 assumes a position ( equilibrium su* t ! piece1 a m l1 w$ges ! rod1 ,,cc'1 9 ! tube1 ,,tt'1 & holds x susp5d$4 ,:51 ?r\gh we> ( ! c>bons1 ! arc elongates1 a great] portion ( ! curr5t passes into ! bobb9s1 ,e1 ! armature1 p1 is attract$ ) m =ce1 & ! lev]1 ,l'1 sw+s ar\nd ! po9t1 ,o'4 ,! rotation ( ,l' sep>ates ! piece1 a m l1 f ! rod1 ,,cc'1 :i*1 be+ ?us set free1 slides by its own weight & %ort5s ! arc4 ,! curr5t !n becomes weak 9 ,e1 ! armature1 p1 is n s /rongly attract$1 ! lev]1 ,l'1 pivots slightly ar\nd ,o' "u ! action ( ! weight1 ,p'1 & ! brake or w$ge ent]s ! not* anew1 & /ops ! desc5t ( ! c>bon4 ,9 practice1 ! motions t we h j describ$ are exce$+ly slight2 ! c>bon moves imp]ceptibly1 & ! l5g? ( ! arc rema9s inv>iable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a--,,mondos',s ,,electric ,,lamp4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t ! lev]1 ,l1 & ! tube1 ,,tt'1 s]ve exclusively = light+1 & ! lev]1 ,l'1 exclusively = regulat+ ! di/ance ( ! c>bons4 ,?is lamp exhibits great ela/icity1 & c op]ate1 )\t a *ange ( any "p ( its me*anism1 ) curr5ts ( v diff]5t int5sities4 ,x suffices = obta9+ a prop] work+ ( ! app>atus 9 ea* case1 to regulate ! di/ance f ! weight1 ,p'1 to ! po9t ( susp5sion1 ,o'1 & ! di/ance f ! armature1 p1 to ! cores1 ,f4 ,at ! ,*amps ,elyses conc]ts ! lamps are op]at+ ) alt]nat+ curr5ts2 b !y are capable ( op]at+ ) cont9u\s ones also1 al?\gh ! slight tremor ( ! electro-magnetic sy/em1 due to ! use ( alt]nat+ curr5ts & z a consequ5ce ( rapid *anges ( magnetization1 seems 9 pr9ciple v favorable to sy/ems 9 :i* ! desc5t ( ! c>bon is bas$ ^u friction in/ead ( a clut*4 ,at ! ,*amps ,elyses conc]ts ! lamps burn crayons ( #i to #aj millimet]s ) a curr5t ( #i to #aj amp]es & an effective electro-motive p[] ( #fj volts p] lamp4 ,! light is v /eady1 & ! effect produc$ is mo/ satisfactory4 ,! disp5s+ ) all clock-"w movem5t & regulat+ spr+s makes ?is electric lamp ( ,mr4 ,mondos a simple & pla9 app>atus1 capable ( num]\s applications 9 ! indu/ries1 9 wide1 op5 spaces1 9 all cases :]e foci ( m$ium int5sity h to be employ$1 & :]e x is desir$ to arrange sev]al lamps 9 ! same circuit4--,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b--,,regulat+ ,,me*anism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,am]ican ,,pott]y ,,& ,,glassw>e ,,report]4 ,,alum9um--,,its ,,prop]ties1 ,,co/1 ,,& ,,uses4 ,alum9um is a %9+1 :ite1 sonor\s metal1 hav+ a %ade betwe5 silv] & plat9um4 ,x is a v light metal1 be+ light] ?an glass & only ab\t "o-f\r? z heavy z silv] ( ! same bulk4 ,x is v malleable & ductile1 & is rem>kable = its resi/ance to oxidation1 be+ unaffect$ by moi/ or dry air1 or by hot or cold wat]4 ,sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* s readily t>ni%es silv]1 =m+ a black film on ! surface1 has no action on ?is metal4 ,next to silica1 ! oxide ( alum9um 7alum9a7 =ms1 9 comb9ation1 ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? 7hydrat$ silicate ( alum9a1 clay74 ,common alum is sulphate ( alum9a comb9$ ) ano!r sulphate1 z pota%1 soda1 etc4 ,x is mu* us$ z a mordant 9 dye+ & calico pr9t+1 also 9 tann+4 ,alum9um is ( great value 9 me*anical d5ti/ry1 z1 9 addition to its lightness & /r5g?1 x is n affect$ by ! pres5ce ( sulphur 9 ! food--z by eggs1 = in/ance4 ,dr4 ,f[l]1 ( ,y>m\?port1 ,mass41 obta9$ pat5ts = its comb9ation ) vulcanite z appli$ to d5ti/ry & o!r uses4 ,x resi/s sulphur 9 ! process ( vulcanization 9 a mann] :i* r5d]s x an effici5t & economical sub/itute = plat9um or gold4 ,alum9um is d]iv$ f ! oxide alum9a1 :i* is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( common clay4 ,lavoissi]1 a celebrat$ ,fr5* *emi/1 fir/ sugge/$ ! exi/5ce ( ! metallic bases ( ! e>?s & alkalies1 :i* fact 0 demon/rat$ tw5ty ye>s !reaft] by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 by elim9at+ potassium & sodium f _! comb9ations2 & aft]w>d by ! discov]y ( ! metallic bases ( b>yta1 /rontium1 & lime4 ,! e>? alum9a resi/+ ! action ( ! voltaic pile & ! o!r ag5ts !n us$ to induce decomposition1 tw5ty ye>s m pass$ be=e ! *loride 0 obta9$ by ,o]/adt1 by subject+ alum9a to ! action ( potassium 9 a crucible heat$ ov] a _s lamp4 ,! discov]y ( alum9um 0 at la/ made by ,wohl] 9 #ahbg1 :o succe$$ 9 #ahdf 9 obta9+ m9ute globules or beads ( ?is metal by heat+ a mixture ( *loride ( alum9a & sodium4 ,deville aft]w>d conduct$ "s exp]im5ts 9 obta9+ ?is metal at ! exp5se ( ,napoleon ,,iii41 :o subscrib$ #a1ejj1 & 0 rew>d$ by ! pres5tation ( two b>s ( alum9um4 ,! process ( manufacture 0 aft]w>d s simplifi$ t 9 #aheg its price at ,p>is 0 ab\t two doll>s an ounce4 ,x 0 at fir/ manufactur$ f common clay1 :i* conta9s ab\t "o-f\r? its weight ( alum9um1 b 9 #ahee ,rose ann\nc$ to ! sci5tific _w t x c\ld be obta9$ f a mat]ial call$ cryolite1 f\nd 9 ,gre5l& 9 l>ge quantities1 import$ into ,g]many "u ! "n ( m9]al soda1 & us$ z a wa%+ soda & 9 ! manufacture ( soap4 ,x consi/s ( a d\ble fluoride ( alum9um1 & only requires to be mix$ ) an excess ( sodium & heat$1 :5 ! m9]al alum9um at once sep>ates4 ,its co/ ( manufacture is giv5 9 ?is e/imate = "o p\nd ( metal3 #af lb4 ( cryolite at #h c5ts p] p\nd1 #a4bh3 #b lb4 metallic sodium at ab\t #bf c5ts p] p\nd1 #gj c5ts2 flux & co/ ( r$uction1 #b4jb2 total1 #d4 ,alum9um is us$ l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( *eap jewelry by mak+ a h>d1 gold-color$ alloy ) copp]1 call$ alum9um bronze1 consi/+ ( #ij p] c5t4 ( copp] & #aj p] c5t4 ( alum9um4 ,l iron1 x does n amalgamate directly ) m]cury1 nor is x readily alloy$ ) lead1 b _m alloys ) o!r metals1 z copp]1 iron1 gold1 etc41 h be5 made ) x & f\nd to be valuable comb9ations4 ,"o "p ( x to #ajj p>ts ( gold gives a h>d1 malleable alloy ( a gre5i% gold color1 & an alloy ( iron & alum9um does n oxidize :5 expos$ to a moi/ atmosph]e4 ,x has also be5 us$ to =m a metallic coat+ ^u o!r metals1 z copp]1 brass1 & ,g]man silv]1 by ! electro-galvanic process4 ,copp] has also be5 deposit$1 by ! same process1 ^u alum9um plates to facilitate _! be+ roll$ v ?92 = unless ! metal be pure1 x requires to be anneal$ at ea* passage ?r\gh ! rolls1 & x is f\nd t its flexibility is greatly increas$ by roll+4 ,to avoid ! blui% :ite appe>ance1 l z9c1 ,dr4 ,/ev5son ,mc,adam recomm5ds imm]s+ ! article made f alum9um 9 a heat$ solution ( pota%1 :i* w give a beautiful :ite fro/$ appe>ance1 l t ( fro/$ silv]4 ,f4,w4 ,g]h>d obta9$ a pat5t 9 #ahef1 9 ,engl&1 = an improv$ means ( obta9+ alum9um metal1 & ! adaptation !re( to ! manufacture ( c]ta9 useful articles4 ,p[d]$ fluoride ( alum9um is plac$ alone or 9 comb9ation ) o!r fluorides 9 a clos$ furnace1 heat$ to a r$ heat1 & expos$ to ! action ( hydrog5 gas1 :i* is us$ z a reag5t 9 ! place ( sodium4 ,a rev]b]at+ furnace is us$ by pref]5ce4 ,! fluoride ( alum9um is plac$ 9 %all[ trays or di%es1 ea* di% be+ surr\nd$ by clean iron fil+s plac$ 9 suitable receptacles2 dry hydrog5 gas is =c$ 91 & suitable entry & exit pipes & /op-cocks are provid$4 ,! hydrog5 gas1 comb9+ ) ! fluoride1 =ms hydr(luoric acid1 :i* is tak5 up by ! iron & is !reby conv]t$ into fluoride ( iron4 ,! result+ alum9um rema9s 9 a metallic /ate 9 ! bottom ( ! trays conta9+ ! fluoride1 & may be us$ = a v>iety ( manufactur+ & ornam5tal purposes4 ,! mo/ important alloy ( alum9um is compos$ ( alum9um #aj1 copp] #ij4 ,x possesses a pale gold color1 a h>dness surpass+ t ( bronze1 & is susceptible ( tak+ a f9e poli%4 ,?is alloy has f\nd a ready m>ket1 &1 if less co/ly1 w\ld replace r$ & yell[ brass4 ,its h>dness & t5acity r5d] x peculi>ly adapt$ = j\rnals & be>+s4 ,its t5sile /r5g? is #ajj1jjj lb41 & :5 drawn into wire1 #abh1jjj lb41 & its ela/icity is "o-half t ( wr\ght iron4 ,g5]al ,mor9 believes ?is alloy to be a p]fect *emical comb9ation1 z x exhibits1 unlike ! gun metal1 a mo/ complete homog5e\sness1 its prep>ation be+ also att5d$ by a great developm5t ( heat1 n se5 9 ! manufacture ( mo/ o!r alloys4 ,! specific gravity ( ?is alloy is #g4g4 ,x is malleable & ductile1 may be =g$ cold z well z hot1 b is n susceptible ( roll+2 x may1 h[ev]1 be drawn into tubes4 ,x is extremely t\gh & fibr\s4 ,alum9um bronze1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 t>ni%es less quickly ?an ei!r silv]1 brass1 or common bronze1 & less1 ( c\rse1 ?an iron or /eel4 ,! contact ( fatty matt]s or ! juice ( fruits does n result 9 ! production ( any soluble metallic salt1 an immunity :i* highly recomm5ds x = v>i\s articles = table use4 ,! uses to :i* alum9um bronze is applicable are v>i\s4 ,spoons1 =ks1 knives1 c&le-/icks1 locks1 knobs1 door-h&les1 w9d[ fa/5+s1 h>ness trimm+s1 & pi/ols are made f x2 also objects ( art1 su* z bu/s1 /atuettes1 vases1 & gr\ps4 ,9 ,france1 alum9um bronze is us$ = ! eagles or milit>y /&>ds1 = armor1 = ! works ( wat*es1 z also wat* *a9s & ornam5ts4 ,= c]ta9 p>ts1 su* z j\rnals ( eng9es1 la!-head boxes1 p9ions1 & runn+ ge>1 x has prov$ itself sup]ior to all o!r metals4 ,hulot1 director ( ! ,imp]ial po/age /amp manufactory 9 ,p>is1 uses x 9 ! con/ruction ( a pun*+ ma*9e4 ,x is well kn[n t ! be/ edges ( temp]$ /eel become v g5]ally blunt$ by pap]4 ,?is is ev5 m ! case :5 ! pap] is coat$ ) a solution ( gum arabic & !n dri$1 z 9 ! in/ance ( po/age /amp %eets4 ,! %eets are pun*$ by a ma*9e ! upp] "p ( :i* moves v]tically & is arm$ ) #cjj ne$les ( temp]$ /eel1 %>p5$ 9 a "r angle4 ,at e bl[ ( ! ma*9e !y pass ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! l[] fix$ piece1 :i* correspond ) ! ne$les1 & p]=ate five %eets at e bl[4 ,hulot n[ sub/itutes ?is piece by alum9um bronze4 ,ea* ma*9e makes daily #abj1jjj bl[s1 or #ahj1jjj1jjj p]=ations1 & x has be5 f\nd t a cu%ion ( ! alum9um alloy 0 unaffect$ aft] "s mon?s' use1 :ile "o ( brass is useless aft] "o day4 ,v>i\s =mul are giv5 = ! production ( alloys ( alum9um1 b !y are too num]\s & intricate to ent] into "h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,potassa ,,9 ,,manures4 ,by ,m4,e4 ,,dreyfus4 ,! me?od g5]ally adopt$ = ! det]m9ation ( potassa 9 manures1 i4 e41 ! direct inc9]ation ( ! sample1 may 9 c]ta9 cases occasion consid]able errors 9 consequ5ce ( ! volatilization ( a portion ( ! potassium products4 ,to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 ! au?or proposes a prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! manure ) sulphuric acid at #a4hde sp4 gr41 to conv]t potassium nitrate & *loride into ! fix$ sulphate4 ,! sulphuric acid attacks ! manure en]getically1 & mu* facilitates ! inc9]ation1 :i* may be effect$ at a d>k r$ heat4 ,! ignit$ portion 7#aj grms47 is exhau/$ ) boil+ di/ill$ wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! filtrate1 :5 cold1 is made up to #ejj c4 c4 ,( ?is solution #ej c c41 repres5t+ #a grm4 ( ! sample1 are tak51 &1 aft] be+ heat$ until close ^u ebullition1 b>yta-wat] is add$ until a /rong alkal9e reaction is obta9$4 ,! sulphuric & phosphoric acids1 alum9a1 magnesia1 etc1 are ?us precipitat$4 ,! filtrate is heat$ to a boil1 & mix$ ) ammonia & ammonium c>bonate1 to precipitate ! excess ( b>yta 9 solution4 ,! la/ traces ( lime are elim9at$ by means ( a few drops ( ammonium oxalate4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ d[n on ! wat]-ba?1 & ! ammoniacal salts are expell$ by c>efully rais+ ! temp]ature to dull r$ness4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 up ! residue 9 di/ill$ wat] x is treat$ ) plat9um *loride1 & ! potassium *loro-plat9ate obta9$ is r$uc$ ) oxalic acid4 ,! quantity ( potassa pres5t 9 ! manure c be calculat$ f ! weight ( plat9um obta9$4--,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,*im4 de ,p>is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,c>bon ,,m9]als4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,febru>y #f1 #ahhb4 ,by ,j4,s4 ,,newb]ry4 ,:at are call$ ! c>bon m9]als--peat1 lignite1 coal1 graphite1 asphalt1 petroleum1 etc4--are1 prop]ly speak+1 n m9]als at all1 z !y are organic sub/ances1 & h no def9ite *emical composition or cry/all9e =ms4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 *iefly ! products or phases ( a progressive & inevitable *ange 9 plant-tissue1 :i*1 l all organic matt]1 is an un/able comp\nd & de/9$ to decomposition4 ,9 virtue ( a my/]i\s & inscrutable =ce :i* resides 9 ! microscopic embryo ( ! se$1 a tree beg9s its gr[?4 ,= a brief int]val1 ?is gr[? is ma9ta9$ by ! prep>$ food /or$ 9 ! cotyl$ons1 & ?is suffices to produce & to br+ into functional activity--"s root-fibrils bel[ & leaves above1 ) :i* ! indep5d5t & self-su/a9$ life ( ! individual beg9s4 ,h5ce=w>d1 p]haps = a ?\s& ye>s1 ?is life goes on1 active 9 summ] & dormant 9 w9t]1 absorb+ ! sunlight z a motive p[] :i* x controls & guides4 ,its in/rum5ts are ! discrim9at+ cells at ! extremities ( ! root-fibrils1 :i* se>* =1 select1 & absorb ! crude alim5t adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! plant to :i* !y belong1 & ! *lorophyl cells--! lungs & /oma* ( ! tree--9 ! leaves4 ,dur+ all ! ye>s ( ! gr[? ( ! plant1 ^! organs are ma9ly occupi$ 9 break+ ! /rongly rivet$ bonds t unite oxyg5 & c>bon 9 c>bonic acid2 appropriat+ ! c>bon & driv+ (f mo/ ( ! oxyg54 ,9 ! end1 if ! tree is1 e4 g41 a ,sequoia1 "s hundr$s ( tons ( solid1 organiz$ tissue h be5 rais$ into a column hundr$s ( feet 9 height1 9 opposition to ! =ce ( gravitation & to ! aff9ities ( inorganic *emi/ry4 ,! "t comes1 h[ev]1 soon] or lat]1 :5 ! p[] :i* has creat$ & ! life t has p]vad$ ?is wond]ful /ructure ab&on x4 ,! aff9ities ( inorganic *emi/ry imm$iately reass]t !mselves1 9 ord9>y circum/ances rapidly te>+ d[n ! ephem]al fabric4 ,! dis9tegration ( organic tissue1 :5 des]t$ by ! =ce :i* has animat$ & pres]v$ x1 gives rise to ! ph5om5a :i* =m ! !me ( ?is pap]4 ,mo/ animal-tissue decomposes ) great rapidity1 & plant tissue1 :5 n protect$1 soon decays4 ,?is decay is ess5tially oxidation1 s9ce its f9al result is ! re/oration to ! atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid1 :i* is brok5 up 9 plant-gr[? by ! appropriation ( its c>bon4 ,h5ce x is a k9d ( combu/ion1 al?\gh ?is t]m is m g5]ally appli$ to v rapid oxidation1 ) ! evolution ( s5sible light & heat4 ,b1 :e!r ! process goes on rapidly or sl[ly1 ! same =ce is evolv$ t is absorb$ 9 ! gr[? ( plant-tissue2 & by accel]at+ & guid+ its evolution1 we are able to utilize ?is =ce 9 ! production at w ( heat1 light1 & _! correlatives1 *emical aff9ity1 motive p[]1 electricity1 & magnetism4 ,! decomposition ( plants may1 h[ev]1 be m or less ret>d$1 & x !n takes ! =m ( a de/ructive di/illation1 ! con/itu5ts react+ ^u ea* o!r1 & =m+ tempor>y comb9ations1 "p ( :i* are evolv$1 & "p rema9 beh9d4 ,wat] is ! great ext+ui%] ( ?is z ( ! m rapid oxidation t we call combu/ion2 & ! decomposition ( plant-tissue "u wat] is extremely sl[1 f ! p>tial exclusion ( oxyg54 ,buri$ "u ?ick & ne>ly imp]vi\s masses ( clay1 :]e ! exclusion ( oxyg5 is /ill m ne>ly complete1 ! decomposition is s f> ret>d$ t plant-tissue1 :i* is de/roy$ by combu/ion almo/ in/antane\sly1 & if expos$ to ! elem5ts--moi/ure ) a free access ( oxyg5--decays 9 a ye> or two1 may be b p>tially consum$ :5 millions ( ye>s h pass$4 ,! f9al result is1 h[ev]1 inevitable1 & always ! same1 viz41 ! oxidation & escape ( ! organic mutt]1 & ! conc5tration ( ! inorganic matt] wov5 into its composition--9 x1 b n ( x--=m+ :at we call ! a% ( ! plant4 ,s9ce ! decomposition ( organic matt] comm5ces ! in/ant x is ab&on$ by ! creative & cons]vative vital =ce1 & proce$s un9t]rupt$ly1 :e!r sl[ly or rapidly1 to ! f9al result1 x is evid5t t ea* mom5t 9 ! progress ( ?is decomposition pres5ts u ) a phase ( /ructure & composition diff]5t f t :i* prec$$ & f t :i* foll[s x4 ,h5ce ! succession ( ^! phases =ms a complete slid+ scale1 :i* is graphically %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 :]e ! organic con/itu5ts ( plant tissue--c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog5--appe> gradually dim9i%+ to ext9ction1 :ile ! a% rema9s ne>ly con/ant1 b relatively increas+1 till x is ! sole repres5tative ( ! fabric4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,g5etic ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,c>bon ,,m9]als4 ,we may cut ?is triangle ( residual products :]e we please1 & by c>eful analysis det]m9e accurately ! *emical composition ( a section at ?is po9t1 & we may please ourselves ) ! illusion1 z _m *emi/s h done1 t ! def9ite proportions f\nd repres5t ! =mula ( a specific comp\nd2 b an adjac5t section above or bel[ w\ld %[ a diff]5t composition1 & s 9 ! entire triangle we %\ld f9d an inf9ite s]ies ( =mulae1 or r no con/ant =mulae at all4 ,we %\ld also f9d t ! slice1 tak5 at any po9t :ile ly+ 9 ! laboratory or und]go+ *emical treatm5t1 w\ld *ange 9 composition1 & become a diff]5t sub/ance4 ,9 ! same way we c snat* a br& f ! fire at any /age ( its decomposition1 or analyze a decay+ tree trunk dur+ any mon? ( its exi/5ce1 & ?us manufacture z _m *emical =mulae z we l1 & give !m specific names2 b x is evid5t t ?is is *ild's play1 n sci5ce4 ,! tru? is1 ! sl[ly decompos+ tissue ( ! plants ( pa/ ages has giv5 u a s]ies ( phases :i* we h gr\p$ "u di/9ct names1 & we h call$ "o gr\p peat1 "o lignite1 ano!r coal1 ano!r an?racite1 & ano!r graphite4 ,we h spac$ (f ! scale1 & call$ all )9 c]ta9 l9es by a common "n2 b ?is does n give u a common composition = all ! mat]ial )9 ^! l9es4 ,h5ce we see t any ef=t to def9e or describe coal1 lignite1 or an?racite accurately mu/ be a failure1 because nei!r has a fix$ composition1 nei!r is a di/9ct sub/ance1 b simply a conv5tional gr\p ( sub/ances :i* =m "p ( an inf9ite & indivisible s]ies4 ,b ?is slid+ scale ( solid comp\nds1 :i* we designate by ! names giv5 above1 is n ! only product ( ! natural & spontane\s di/illation ( plant tissue4 ,"p ( ! orig9al organic mass rema9s1 ?\gh con/antly wa/+1 to repres5t x2 ano!r "p escapes1 ei!r completely oxidiz$ z c>bonic acid & wat]1 or 9 a volatile or liquid =m1 /ill reta9+ its organic "*1 & de/9$ to future oxidation1 kn[n z c>buret$ hydrog51 olefiant gas1 petroleum1 etc4 ,h5ce1 9 ! decomposition ( vegetable tissue1 two classes ( resultant comp\nds are =m$1 "o residual & ! o!r evolv$2 & ! g5esis & relation ( ! c>bon m9]als may be accurately %[n by ! foll[+ diagram3 ,,plant ,,tissue ,residual ,products ,evolv$ ,products ,peat4 ,lignite4 ,c>bonic ,acid4 ,bitumi\s ,coal4 ,c>bonic ,oxide4 ,c>buret$ ,hydrog51 etc4 ,semi-bitumi\s ,wat]4 ,mal?a4 ,an?racite4 ,asphalt etc4 ,graphitie ,an?racite4 ,petro- leum ,asphaltic ,coal4 ,graphite4 ,asphaltic ,an?racite4 ,a%4 ,graphite4 ,,note4--,9 ?is diagram1 ! v]tical l9e connect+ ! names ( ! residual products 7& ( ! d]ivatives ( petroleum7 indicates t ea* succe$+ "o is produc$ by fur!r alt]ation f t :i* prec$es x1 & n indep5d5tly4 ,also1 ! arrangem5t ( ! braces is design$ to %[ t any or all ( ! evolv$ products are giv5 (f at ea* /age ( alt]ation4 ,! !ory "h propos$ has n be5 evolv$ f my inn] consci\sness1 b has gr[n f c>eful /udy1 ?r\gh _m ye>s1 ( facts 9 ! field4 ,a brief sket* ( ! evid5ce 9 favor ( x is all t we h space = "h4 ,,residual ,,products4 ,peat4--,dry plant-tissue consi/s ( ab\t #ej p] c5t1 ( c>bon1 #dd p] c5t1 ( oxyg51 ) a little nitrog51 & #f p] c5t4 ( hydrog54 ,9 a peat-bog1 we f9d ! upp] "p ( ! scale repres5t$ above v well %[n3 plants are gr[+ on ! surface ) ! normal composition ( cellulose4 ,! fir/ /ratum ( peat consi/s ( br[n$ & p>tially decompos$ plant-tissue1 :i* is f\nd to h lo/ p]haps #bj p] c5t4 ( ! compon5ts ( wood1 & to h acquir$ an increas+ p]c5tage ( c>bon4 ,z we desc5d 9 ! peat1 x becomes m homog5e\s & d>k] until at ! bottom ( ! m>% t5 or tw5ty feet f ! surface1 we h a black1 c>bonace\s pa/e1 :i*1 :5 dri$1 resembles "s v>ieties ( coal1 & approa*es !m 9 composition4 ,x has lo/ half ! sub/ance ( ! orig9al plant1 & %[s a m>k$ increase 9 ! relative proportion ( c>bon4 ,lignite4--,ea* in* 9 v]tical ?ickness ( ! peat-bog repres5ts a phase 9 ! progressive *ange f wood-tissue to lignite1 us+ ?is t]m ) its common signification to indicate1 n necess>ily c>boniz$ ligne\s tissue1 b plant-tissue t belongs to a pa/ ?\gh mod]n geological age--i4e41 ,t]ti>y1 ,cretace\s1 ,jurassic1 or ,triassic4 ,^! lignites or mod]n coals are only peat b$s :i* h be5 buri$ = a long] or %ort] "t "u clay1 s&1 or solidifi$ rock1 & h progress$ f>!r or less f> on ! road to coal4 ,z ) peats1 s ) lignites1 we f9d t at diff]5t geological levels !y exhibit diff]5t /ages ( ?is di/illation--! ,t]ti>y lignites be+ usually di/+ui%$ )\t difficulty by ! pres5ce ( a l>g] quantity ( comb9$ wat] & oxyg51 & a less quantity ( c>bon1 ?an ! ,cretace\s coals1 & ^! 9 turn diff] 9 ! same respects f ! ,triassic4 ,all ! coals ( ! ,t]ti>y & ,mesozoic ages are gr\p$ "u "o "n2 b x is evid5t t !y are z diff]5t f ea* o!r z ! new & spongy f ! old & well-rott$ peat 9 ! peat-bog4 ,coal4--,by m]e conv5tion1 we call ! peat :i* accumulat$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s age by ! "n ( bitum9\s coal2 & an exam9ation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 diff]5t c\ntries has %[n t ! peat-b$s =m$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 ?\gh v>y+ some:at1 l o!rs1 ) ! k9d ( vegetation f :i* !y 7 d]iv$1 h a common "* by :i* !y may be di/+ui%$ f ! m mod]n coals2 conta9+ less wat]1 less oxyg51 & m c>bon1 & usually exhibit+ ! prop]ty ( cok+1 :i* is r>e 9 coals ( lat] date4 ,?\gh !re is great div]sity 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s coals1 & x w\ld be absurd to express _! composition by a s+le =mula1 x may be said t1 ov] ! :ole _w1 ^! coals h *>act]i/ics1 z a gr\p1 by :i* !y c be recogniz$1 ! result ( ! sl[ decomposition ( ! tissue ( plants :i* liv$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 & :i* h1 by a broad & g5]al *ange1 approximat$ to a c]ta9 phase 9 ! spontane\s di/illation ( plant-tissue4 ,an exp]i5c$ geologi/ w n fail to ref] to _! prop] horizon a gr\p ( coals ( ,c>bonif]\s age any m ?an ^? ( ! ,cretace\s or ,t]ti>y4 ,an?racite--,9 ! ages ant]ior to ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ! quantity ( l& vegetation 0 app>5tly n suffici5t to =m ?ick & ext5sive b$s ( peat2 b ! rema9s ( plant-tissue are conta9$ 9 all ! old] =mations1 ?\gh !re only z an?racite or graphite--! la/ two gr\ps ( residual products4 ,( ^! we h examples 9 ! b$s ( graphite 9 ! ,laur5tian rocks ( ,canada1 & ( an?racite ( ! l[] ,silurian /rata ( ,upp] ,*ur* & ,kilnaleck1 ,irel&4 ,f ^! facts x is app>5t t ! c>bon s]ies is grad$ geologically1 t is1 by ! lapse ( "t dur+ :i* plant-tissue has be5 subject$ to ?is natural & spontane\s di/illation4 ,b we h bett] evid5ce ?an ?is ( ! d]ivation ( "o f ano!r ( ! gr\ps ( residual products :i* h be5 enum]at$4 ,9 _m localities1 ! coals & lignites ( diff]5t ages h be5 expos$ to local influ5ces--su* z ! outbur/s ( trap-rock1 or ! metamorphism ( m\nta9 *a9s--:i* h ha/5$ ! di/illation1 & out ( kn[n e>li] gr\ps h produc$ ! la/4 ,= example1 trap outbur/s h conv]t$ ,t]ti>y lignites 9 ,alaska into good bitum9\s coals2 on ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,isl&1 on ,an?racite ,creek1 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado1 & at ! ,plac] ,m\nta9s1 ne> ,santa ,fe1 ,new ,mexico1 ,cretace\s lignites into an?racite2 ^? f ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,isl& & s\?we/]n ,colorado are z bright1 h>d1 & valuable z any f ,p5nsylvania4 ,at a little di/ance f ! focus ( volcanic action1 ! ,cretace\s coals ( s\?we/]n ,colorado h be5 made bitum9\s & cok+1 :ile at ! ,plac] ,m\nta9s ! same /ratum may be se5 9 its an?racitic & lignitic /ages4 ,a /ill bett] s]ies1 illu/rat+ ! d]ivation ( "o =m ( c>bon solids f ano!r1 is furni%$ by ! coals ( ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,rhode ,isl&4 ,^! are ( ! same age2 9 ,ohio1 pres5t+ ! normal composition & physical *>act]s ( bitum9\s coals1 t is1 ( plant tissue g5]ally & uni=mly desc5d+ ! scale 9 ! lapse ( "t f ! ,c>bonif]\s age to ! pres5t4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania ! same coal b$s1 some:at affect$ by ! metamorphism :i* all ! rocks ( ! ,alleghanies h %>$1 h rea*$ ! /age ( semi-bitum9\s coals1 :]e half ! volatile con/itu5ts h be5 driv5 (f2 aga91 9 ! an?racite bas9s ( ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ! di/illation fur!r effect$ has =m$ f ^! coals an?racite1 conta9+ only f ?ree to t5 p] c5t4 ( volatile matt]2 :ile 9 ! focus ( metamorphic action1 at ,newport1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ! ,c>bonif]\s coals h be5 *ang$ to graphitic an?racite1 t is1 are half an?racite & half graphite4 ,"h1 travel+ f we/ to ea/1 a progressive *ange is not$1 simil> to t :i* may be obs]v$ 9 mak+ a v]tical section ( a peat bog1 or 9 comp>+ ! coals ( ,t]ti>y1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c>bonif]\s age1 only ! latt] is ! cont9uation & natural sequ5ce ( ! =m] s]ies ( *anges4 ,9 ! ,laur5tian rocks ( ,canada are l>ge accumulations ( c>bonace\s matt]1 all ( :i* is graphite1 & t :i* is univ]sally conc$$ to be d]iv$ f plant-tissue4 ,! oxidation ( graphite is artificially difficult1 & 9 nature's laboratory sl[2 b x is inevitable1 z we see 9 ! decomposition ( its outcrops & ! blan*+ ( expos$ surfaces ( cl\d$ m>bles1 :]e ! color+ is graphite4 ,?us ! end is rea*$1 & by obs]vations 9 ! field1 ! orig9 & relation%ip ( ! diff]5t c>bon solids d]iv$ f organic tissue are demon/rat$4 ,x only rema9s to be said1 9 reg>d to !m1 t all ! *anges enum]at$ may be imitat$ artificially1 & t ! /ages ( decomposition :i* we h designat$ by ! names graphite1 an?racite1 coal1 lignite1 are n necess>y results ( ! decomposition ( plant-tissue4 ,a fall5 tree may sl[ly consume away1 & all its c>bonace\s matt] may be oxidiz$ & dissipat$ )\t exhibit+ ! phases ( lignite1 coal1 etc42 & lignite & coal1 :5 expos$ to air & moi/ure1 are burn$ away to a%es 9 ! same mann]1 simply because 9 ^! cases complete oxidation ( ! c>bon takes place1 p>ticle by p>ticle1 & ! mass is n affect$ z a :ole 9 su* a way z to assume ! int]m$iate /ages ref]r$ to4 ,*emical analysis1 h[ev]1 proves t ! process is ess5tially ! same1 al?\gh ! physical results are diff]5t4 ,,evolv$ ,,products4 ,! gradual wa/+ ( plant-tissue 9 ! =mation ( peat1 lignite1 coal1 etc41 may be e/imat$ z av]ag+ = peat1 #bj to #cj p] c5t42 lignite1 #cj to #ej p] c5t42 coal1 #ej to #gj p] c5t42 an?racite1 #gj to #hj2 & graphite1 #ij p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al mass4 ,! evolv$ products ultimately repres5t ! entire organic portion ( ! wood--! m9]al matt]1 or a%1 be+ ! only residuum4 ,^! evolv$ products include bo? liquids & gases1 & by subsequ5t *anges1 solids are produc$ f "s ( !m4 ,c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 nitrog5\s & hydroc>bon gases1 wat]1 & petroleum1 are m5tion$ above z ! sub/ances :i* escape f wood-tissue dur+ its decomposition4 ,t all ^! are elim9at$ 9 ! decay ( vegetable & animal /ructures is n[ g5]ally conc$$ by *emi/s & geologi/s1 al?\gh !re is a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! nature ( ! process4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! evolv$ products enum]at$ above are ! results ( ! prim>y decomposition ( organic matt]1 & nev] ( fur!r *anges 9 ! residual products2 i4e41 t 9 ! break+-up ( organic tissue1 v>iable quantities ( coal1 an?racite1 petroleum1 m>% gas1 etc41 are =m$1 b t ^! are nev] d]iv$1 ! "o f ! o!r4 ,?is op9ion is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly errone\s1 & ! =mation ( any or all ! evolv$ products may take place ?r\gh\t ! entire progress ( ! decomposition4 ,m>% gas & c>bonic acid are se5 escap+ f ! surface ( pools :]e rec5t vegetable matt] is subm]g$1 & !y are also elim9at$ 9 ! fur!r decomposition ( peat1 lignite1 coal1 & c>bonace\s %ale4 ,fire damp & *oke-damp1 common names = ! gases m5tion$ above1 are produc$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! m9es :]e ,t]ti>y or ,cretace\s lignites1 or ,c>bonif]\s coals or an?racites are m9$4 ,x has be5 said t ^! gases are simply lock$ up 9 ! int]/ices ( ! c>bonace\s matt] & are lib]at$ 9 its excavation2 b all :o h work$ coal m9es "k t su* accumulations are n suffici5t to supply ! enorm\s & cont9u\s fl[ :i* comes f all p>ts ( ! mass p5etrat$4 ,we h ample pro(1 moreov]1 t coal1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 und]goes a k9d ( di/illation1 9 :i* ! evolution ( c>bonic acid & hydroc>bon gases is a necess>y & prom95t feature4 ,! gas mak]s "k t if _! coal is p]mitt$ to lie = mon?s or ye>s aft] be+ m9$1 x suff]s s]i\s det]ioration1 yield+ a less & less quantity ( illum9at+ gas ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,s cok+ coals are r5d]$ dry1 non-cak+1 & valueless = ?is purpose by long exposure4 ,c>buret$ hydrog51 olefiant gas1 etc41 are con/ant associates ( ! petroleum ( spr+s or wells1 & ?is escape ( gas & oil has be5 go+ on 9 "s localities1 )\t app>5t dim9ution1 = two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,we c only acc\nt = ! p]si/5ce ( ?is fl[ by suppos+ t x is ma9ta9$ by ! gradual di/illation ( ! c>bonace\s masses ) :i* su* evolutions ( gas or ( liquid hydro-c>bons are always connect$4 ,if x 7 true t c>buret$ hydrog5 & petroleum are produc$ only f ! prim>y decomposition ( organic tissue1 x w\ld be inevitable t at lea/ ! ela/ic gases w\ld h escap$ long s9ce4 ,oil wells :i* h be5 nom9ally exhau/$--t is1 f :i* ! accumulations ( c5turies 9 rock res]voirs h be5 pump$--& !re=e h be5 ab&on$1 h 9 all cases be5 f\nd to be sl[ly repl5i%$ by a curr5t & con/ant secretion1 app>5tly ! product ( an unceas+ di/illation4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,cumb]l&1 ab\t ,burkesville1 "o ( ! oil regions ( ! c\ntry1 ! gases escap+ f ! equival5t ( ! ,utica %ale accumulate "u ! plates ( imp]vi\s lime/one above until masses ( rock & e>?1 hundr$s ( tons 9 weight1 are sometimes ?r[n out ) great viol5ce4 ,unless ^! gases _h be5 produc$ by comp>atively rec5t di/illation1 su* explosions c\ld n occur4 ,9 op5+ a coal m9e on a hillside1 ! fir/ traces ( ! coal seam are f\nd 9 a d>k /a9 9 ! sup]ficial clay2 !n a sub/ance l rott5 wood is rea*$1 f :i* all ! volatile con/itu5ts h escap$4 ,^! appe>1 h[ev]1 lat]1 & cont9ue to increase z ! m9e is deep5$1 until "u wat] or a heavy cov]+ ( rock ! coal atta9s its normal physical & *emical *>act]s4 ,"h x is evid5t t ! coal has und]gone a long-cont9u$ di/illation1 :i* mu/ h result$ 9 ! con/ant production ( c>bonic acid & c>buret$ hydrog54 ,a l9e ( p]5nial oil & gas spr+s m>ks ! outcrop ( e great /ratum ( c>bonace\s matt] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ consid]able & rem>kable are ! bitum9\s %ales ( ! ,silurian 7,utica %ale71 ( ! ,devonian 7,hamilton & ,huron %ales71 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 etc4 ,"h ! c>bonace\s con/itu5t 7#aj to #bj p] c5t47 is dissem9at$ ?r\gh a great proportion ( inorganic mat]ial1 clay & s&1 & seems1 bo? f ! nature ( ! mat]ials :i* furni%$ x--cellul> plants & m9ute animal organisms--& its dissem9ation1 to be specially prone to spontane\s di/illation4 ,! ,utica %ale is ! l[e/ ( ^! great %eets ( c>bonace\s matt]1 & t supplies ! hydro-c>bon gases & liquids :i* issue f ! e>? at ,coll+wood1 ,canada1 & 9 ! valley ( ! ,cumb]l&4 ,! next c>bonace\s %eet is =m$ by ! great bitum9\s %ale b$s ( ! upp] ,devonian1 :i* und]lie & supply ! oil wells 9 we/]n ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 "s places ! %ale is sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 & conta9s m c>bonace\s matt] ?an all ! ov]ly+ coal /rata4 ,! outcrop ( ?is =mation1 f c5tral ,new ,york to ,t5nessee1 is conspicu\sly m>k$ by gas spr+s1 ! fl[ f :i* is app>5tly unfail+4 ,petroleum is sc>cely less con/ant 9 its connection ) ^! c>bonace\s rocks ?an c>buret$ hydrog51 & x only escapes notice f ! little space x occupies4 ,! two sub/ances are s closely alli$ t !y mu/ h a common orig91 & !y are1 9 fact1 g5]at$ simultane\sly 9 ?\s&s ( localities4 ,dur+ ! oil excitem5t ( "s ye>s s9ce1 :5 ! :ole c\ntry 0 hunt$ ov] = oil sign1 9 _m lagoons1 f :i* bubbles ( m>%-gas 7 con/antly escap+1 films ( g5u9e petroleum 7 f\nd on ! surface2 & z ! und]ly+ /rata 7 b>r5 ( oil1 ?is c\ld only h be5 d]iv$ f ! decay+ vegetable tissue bel[4 ,9 ! ,bay ( ,m>quette1 two or ?ree miles nor? ( ! t[n1 :]e ! %ore is a peat bog und]la9 by ,ar*an rocks1 ,i h se5 bubbles ( c>buret$ hydrog5 ris+ 9 great numb]s att5d$ by drops ( petroleum :i* spread z iridesc5t films on ! surface4 ,! rem>ks :i* h be5 made 9 reg>d to ! het]og5e\s nature ( ! solid hydroc>bons apply ) sc>cely less =ce to ! gase\s & liquid products ( vegetable decomposition4 ,! gases :i* escape f m>%es conta9 c>bonic acid1 a numb] ( hydroc>bon gases 7or ! mat]ials out ( :i* !y may be compos$ 9 ! process ( analysis71 & f9ally a l>g] or small] volume ( nitrog5\s gas4 ,x is possible t ! elim9ation ( ^! gases takes ! =m ( fractional di/illation1 & def9ite comp\nds may be =m$ directly f ! wood-tissue or its d]ivatives1 & m+le z !y escape4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n c]ta91 = ! gases1 z we f9d !m1 are always mixtures & nev] pure4 ,9 ! liquid evolv$ products1 ! petroleums1 ?is is emphatically true1 = we comb9e "u ?is "n fluids :i* v>y greatly 9 bo? _! physical & *emical *>act]s2 "s are light & e!real1 o!rs are ?ick & t>ry2 "s are transp>5t1 "s opaque2 "s r$1 "s br[n1 o!rs gre52 "s h an (f5sive & o!rs an agreeable odor2 "s conta9 asphalt 9 l>ge quantity1 o!rs p>aff9e1 etc4 ,?us !y =m a het]og5e\s assemblage ( liquid hydroc>bons1 ( :i* naph?a & mal?a may be said to =m ! extremes1 & :i* h little 9 common1 except _! undef9able "n4 ,! causes ( ^! diff]5ces are b imp]fectly und]/ood1 b we "k t !y are 9 "p dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! organic mat]ial t has furni%$ ! petroleums1 & 9 "p ^u influ5ces affect+ !m aft] _! =mation4 ,= example1 ! oil :i* saturates ! ,niag>a lime/one at ,*icago1 &--:i* is und\bt$ly indig5\s 9 ?is rock1 & probably ( animal orig91 is black & ?ick2 t f ,enniskill51 ,canada1 is also black1 has a vile odor1 probably 9 virtue ( sulphur comp\nds1 &1 we h reason to believe1 is d]iv$ f animal matt]4 ,! oils ( nor?we/]n ,p5nsylvania are mo/ly br[n1 sometimes gre5 by reflect$ light1 & h a pung5t & *>act]i/ic odor4 ,^! are und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ! ,hamilton %ales1 :i* conta9 t5 or tw5ty p] c5t1 ( c>bonace\s matt]1 app>5tly produc$ f ! decomposition ( sea-we$s1 s9ce ^! are 9 places exce$+ly abundant1 & ne>ly all o!r fossils are abs5t4 ,! oils ( ,italy1 ?\gh v>y+ mu* 9 appe>ance1 h usually an e!real odor t is r agreeable2 !y are ( ,t]ti>y age4 ,! oils ( ,japan1 diff]+ mu* among !mselves1 h z1 a common "* an odor q diff]5t f ! ,p5nsylvania oils4 ,s ! petroleums ( ! ,caspian1 ( ,india1 ,cali=nia1 etc41 occurr+ at diff]5t geological horizons1 exhibit a div]sity ( physical & *emical *>act]s :i* may be fairly suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! mat]ial f :i* !y h be5 di/ill$4 ,! oils 9 ! same region1 h[ev]1 are f\nd to exhibit a s]ies ( diff]5ces :i* are pla9ly ! result ( causes op]at+ ^u !m aft] _! production4 ,ne> ! surface1 !y are ?ick] & d>k]2 bel[1 & ne> ! c>bonace\s mass f :i* !y h be5 g5]at$1 !y are ( light] gravity & color4 ,we f9d1 9 limit$ quantity1 oils :i* are ne>ly :ite & may be us$ 9 lamps )\t ref9+--:i* h be5 ref9$1 9 fact1 9 ,nature's laboratory4 ,o!rs1 t are r$di% yell[ by transmitt$ light1 sometimes gre5 by reflect$ light1 are call$ amb] oils2 ^! also occur 9 small quantity1 &1 z ,i am l$ to believe1 h acquir$ _! *>act]i/ics by filtration ?r\gh masses ( s&/one4 ,:atev] ! v>iety ( petroleum may be1 if expos$ = a long "t to ! air x und]goes a spontane\s di/illation1 9 :i* gases & vapors1 exi/+ or =m$1 escape1 & solid residues are left4 ,! nature ( ^! solids v>ies ) ! petroleums f :i* !y come1 "s produc+ asphaltum1 o!rs p>aff9e1 o!rs ozok]ite1 & s on ?r\gh a long li/ ( sub/ances1 :i* h receiv$ di/9ct names z m9]al species1 ?\gh r>ely1 if ev]1 possess+ a def9ite & inv>iable composition4 ,! *ange ( petroleum to asphalt may be witness$ at a great numb] ( localities4 ,9 ,canada1 ! black asphaltic oil =ms by its evaporation great %eets ( h>d or t>ry asphalt1 call$ gum b$s1 ar\nd ! oil-spr+s4 ,9 ! f> ,we/ are num]\s spr+s ( petroleum1 :i* are kn[n to ! hunt]s z t> spr+s1 because ( ! accumulations ab\t !m ( ! products ( ! evaporation & oxidation ( petroleum to t> or asphalt4 ,c]ta9 less common oils yield ozok]ite z a solid1 & consid]able accumulations ( ?is are kn[n 9 ,galicia & ,utah4 ,natural p>aff9e is less abundant1 & yet 9 places x occurs 9 consid]able quantity4 ,asphalt is ! common "n = ! solid residue f ! evaporation & oxidation ( petroleum2 & l>ge accumulations ( ?is sub/ance are kn[n 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 p]haps ! mo/ not$ ( all be+ t ( ! ,pit* ,lake4 ( ! ,isl& ( ,tr9idad2 !re1 z ev]y:]e else1 ! d]ivation ( asphalt f petroleum is obvi\s1 & traceable 9 all /ages4 ,! asphalts1 !n1 h a common hi/ory 9 ?is1 t !y are produc$ by ! evaporation & oxidation ( petroleum4 ,b x %\ld also be said t !y %>e ! div]sity ( "* ( petroleums1 & ! t]m asphalt repres5ts a gr\p ( sub/ances ( :i* ! physical *>act]s & *emical composition diff] greatly 9 virtue ( _! d]ivation1 & also diff] f *anges :i* !y are con/antly und]go+4 ,?us at ! ,pit* ,lake 9 ,tr9idad1 ! c5tral portion is a t>ry petroleum1 ne> ! sides a pla/ic asphalt1 & f9ally t :i* is ( almo/ rock-l solidity4 ,h5ce we see t ! solid residues f petroleum are un/able comp\nds l ! coals & lignites1 & 9 virtue ( _! organic nature are con/antly und]go+ a s]ies ( *anges ( :i* ! f9al t]m is combu/ion or oxidation4 ,f ^! facts we might fairly inf] t asphalts =m$ 9 geological ages ant]ior to ! pres5t w\ld exhibit *>act]s result+ f /ill fur!r di/illation2 t !y w\ld be h>d] & dri]1 i4e41 conta9+ less volatile +r$i5ts & m fix$ c>bon4 ,su* is1 9 fact1 ! case2 & ^! old] asphalts are repres5t$ by ,grahamite1 ,alb]tite1 etc41 :i* ,i h designat$ z asphaltic coals4 ,^! are f\nd 9 fissures & cavities 9 rocks ( v>i\s ages1 :i* h be5 m or less di/urb$1 & usually 9 regions :]e spr+s ( petroleum n[ exi/4 ,! ,alb]tite fills fissures 9 ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,new ,brunswick1 on a l9e ( di/urbance & ne> oil-spr+s4 ,precisely ! same may be said ( ! ,grahamite ( ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,x fills a v]tical fissure1 :i* 0 cut ?r\gh ! s&/ones & %ales ( ! coal-measures2 9 ! s&/ones x rema9$ op51 9 ! %ales x has be5 clos$ by ! yield+ ( ! rock4 ,! ,grahamite fills ! op5 fissure 9 ! s&/one1 & 0 pla9ly introduc$ :5 9 a liquid /ate4 ,9 ! vic9ity are oil spr+s1 & x is on an axis ( di/urbance4 ,f ne> ,tampico1 ,mexico1 ,i h receiv$ a hydroc>bon solid--ess5tially ,grahamite1 asphalt1 & petroleum4 ,^! are describ$ z occurr+ ne> toge!r1 & evid5tly repres5t phases ( diff]5t dates 9 ! same sub/ance4 ,i h collect$ asphaltic coals1 v simil> to ,grahamite & ,alb]tite 9 appe>ance & *emical composition1 9 ,colorado & ,utah1 :]e !y occur ) ! game associates z at ,tampico4 ,i h f\nd at ,canajoh>ie1 ,new ,york1 9 cavities 9 ! lead-ve9s :i* rut ! ,utica %ale1 a hydroc>bon solid :i* mu/ h infiltrat$ into ^! cavities z petroleum1 b :i*1 s9ce ! remote p]iod :5 ! fissures 7 =m$1 has be5 di/ill$ until x is n[ an?racite4 ,simil> an?racitic asphalt or asphaltic an?racite is common 9 ! ,calcif]\s s&-rock 9 ,h]kim] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 :]e x is associat$ )1 & (t5 conta9$ 91 ! beautiful cry/als ( qu>tz = :i* ! locality is fam\s4 ,"h ! same phase ( di/illation is rea*$ z 9 ! coke residuum ( ! petroleum /ills4 ,aga91 9 "s cry/all9e lime/ones1 deta*$ scales or cry/als ( graphite occur1 :i* are und\bt$ly ! product ( ! complete di/illation ( liquid hydroc>bons ) :i* ! rock 0 once impregnat$4 ,! rem>kable purity ( su* graphite is ! natural result ( its mode ( =mation1 & su* cases resemble ! occurr5ce ( graphite 9 ca/ iron & basalt4 ,! black cl\ds & b&s :i* /a9 _m o!rwise :ite m>bles are g5]ally due to specks ( graphite1 ! residue ( hydroc>bons :i* once saturat$ ! rock4 ,"s lime/ones are q black f ! c>bonace\s matt] !y conta9 7,lycom+ ,valley1 ,pa41 ,gl5n's ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,coll+wood1 ,canada71 & ^! are sold z black m>bles1 b if expos$ to heat1 su* lime/ones are blan*$ by ! expulsion ( ! conta9$ c>bon2 usually a residue ( an?racite or graphite is left1 =m+ d>k spots or /reaks1 z we f9d 9 ! cl\d$ & b&$ m>bles4 ,f9ally1 ! great "w go+ on 9 ,nature's laboratory may be closely imitat$ by art2 ! diff]5ces 9 ! results be+ simply ! consequ5ce ( diff]+ conditions 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,vegetable tissue has be5 conv]t$ artificially into ! equival5ts ( lignite1 coal1 an?racite1 & graphite1 ) ! emission ( vapors1 gases1 & oils closely resembl+ ^? evolv$ 9 natural processes4 ,s petroleum may be di/ill$ to =m asphalt1 & ?is 9 turn conv]t$ into ,alb]tite & coke 7i4e41 an?racite74 ,grahamite has be5 artificially produc$ f petroleum by ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,j5ney4 ,9 ! prec$+ rem>ks1 no ef=t has be5 made ev5 to enum]ate all ! s-call$ c>bon m9]als :i* h be5 describ$4 ,?is 0 unnecess>y 9 a discussion ( ! relations ( ! m important gr\ps1 & w\ld h ext5d$ ?is article mu* beyond its prescrib$ l5g?4 ,^? :o c>e to ga9 a full] k ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! v>i\s gr\ps are ref]r$ to ! admirable *apt] on ! ,hydroc>bon ,comp\nds 9 ,dana's ,m9]alogy4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 add to ! value ( ?is pap]1 if brief m5tion be made ( a few c>bon m9]als ( :i* ! g5esis & relations are n g5]ally kn[n1 & 9 reg>d to :i* special int]e/ is felt1 su* z ! diamond1 jet1 ! hydroc>bon jellies1 ,doppl]ite1 etc4 ,! diamond is f\nd 9 ! dbris ( metamorphic rocks 9 _m c\ntries1 & is probably "o ( ! evolv$ products ( ! di/illation ( organic matt] !y once conta9$4 ,"u peculi> circum/ances x has app>5tly be5 =m$ by precipitation f sulphide ( c>bon or "s o!r volatile c>bon comp\nd by elective aff9ity4 ,laboratory exp]im5ts h prov$ ! possibility ( produc+ x by su* a process1 b ! artificial cry/als are microscopic1 p]haps only because a long "t is requir$ to build up ^? ( l>g] size4 ,jet is a c>bonace\s solid :i* 9 mo/ cases is a true lignite1 & g5]ally reta9s m or less ( ! /ructure ( wood4 ,masses are sometimes f\nd t %[ no /ructure1 & ^! are probably =m$ f bitum5 :i* has sep>at$ f ! wood ( :i* x once =m$ "p1 & :i* x g5]ally saturates or inve/s4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 ^! masses ( jet-l sub/ance are pla9ly ! residuum ( excrem5titi\s matt] void$ by fi%es or reptiles4 ,^! latt] are (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,triassic fi%-b$s ( ,connecticut & ,new ,j]sey1 & 9 ! ,cretace\s m>ls ( ! latt] ,/ate4 ,! discov]y ( a quantity ( hydroc>bon jelly1 rec5tly1 9 a peat-b$ at ,scranton1 ,pa41 has caus$ "s wond]1 b simil> sub/ances 7,doppl]ite1 etc47 h be5 met ) 9 ! peat-b$s ( o!r c\ntries2 & :ile ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( ?is s+ul> gr\p ( hydroc>bons is n yet well und]/ood1 & (f]s an int]e/+ subject = future rese>*1 we h reason to believe t ^! jellies h be5 ( common occurr5ce among ! evolv$ products ( ! decomposition ( vegetable tissue 9 all ages4 ,! fossil res9s--(t5 errone\sly call$ gums--amb]1 kauri1 copal1 etc41 ?\gh int]e/+ly relat$ to ! hydro-c>bons enum]at$ on ! prec$+ pages1 =m no ess5tial "p ( ! s]ies1 & dem& only ! briefe/ notice "h4 ,amb] is ! res9 :i* exud$ f c]ta9 conif]\s trees t1 9 ,t]ti>y times1 grew abundantly 9 nor!rn ,europe4 ,! leaves & trunks ( ^! trees h g5]ally p]i%$2 b masses ( _! res91 m endur+1 buri$ 9 ! e>? on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 h 9 ! lapse ( "t *ang$ physically & *emically1 & h become fitt$ = ! ornam5tal purposes = :i* !y h be5 us$ by all civiliz$ nations4 ,kauri is ! res9 ( ,damm>a au/ralis1 a liv+ conif]\s tree ( ,new ,zeal&1 & ! gum is dug f ! e>? on ! sites ( =e/s :i* h n[ disappe>$4 ,copal is a comm]cial "n giv5 to ! res9s ( sev]al diff]5t trees1 b ! mo/ e/eem$1 & inde$ ! only true copal1 is ! product ( ,tra*ylobium ,mozambic5se1 a tree :i* gr[s along ! ,zanzib> coa/1 & has left its res9 buri$ 9 ! s&s ( old rais$ bea*es :i* x has ab&on$4 ,! div]sity ( "* :i* ! fossil res9s exhibit %[s ! complexity ( ! vital processes 9 op]ation 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 & gives probability to ! !ory t "s ( ! diff]5ces we f9d 9 ! c>bon m9]als are due to diff]5ces 9 ! plants f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$4 ,! v>iations 9 ! physical & *emical *>act]s ( diff]5t coals f ! same bas91 & f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same /ratum1 h be5 sometimes cr$it$ to ! same cause2 b !y are probably 9 great] degree due to ! diff]5ces 9 ! conditions "u :i* ^! v>ieties h be5 =m$4 ,cannel coal1 z ,i h %[n else:]e 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci5ce1 ,m>*1 #aheg71 is completely mac]at$ vegetable tissue :i* 0 deposit$ z c>bonace\s mud at ! bottom ( lagoons 9 ! coal-m>%es4 ,cak+ coals 7 probably peat1 :i* accumulat$ "u some:at uni=m conditions1 0 con/antly saturat$ ) moi/ure1 & became a comp>atively homog5e\s & p>tially gelat9\s c>bonace\s mass2 :ile ! op5-burn+ coals :i* %[ a di/9ctly lam9at$ /ructure & consi/ ( lay]s ( pit*-coal1 alt]nat+ ) b&s ( m9]al *>coal or cannel1 seem to h be5 =m$ 9 alt]nat+ conditions1 ( m or less moi/ure1 & ! bitum9\s portions are inclos$ 9 cells or are sep>at$ by p>titions1 s t ! mass does n melt d[n1 b m or less p]fectly holds its =m :5 expos$ to heat4 ,! g5]alities ( ! orig9 & relations ( ! c>bon m9]als h n[ be5 briefly consid]$2 b a review ( ! subject w\ld be incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! !ories :i* h be5 advanc$ by o!rs1 t are 9 conflict ) ! views n[ pres5t$4 ,!re h always be5 "s :o d5i$ ! organic nature ( ! m9]al hydroc>bons1 b x has be5 reg>d$ z a suffici5t answ] to _! !ories1 t *emi/s & geologi/s are g5]ally agre$ 9 say+ t no in/ances are kn[n ( ! occurr5ce 9 nature ( hydroc>bons1 solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 9 :i* ! evid5ce 0 n satisfactory t !y _h be5 d]iv$ f animal or vegetable tissue4 ,a few exceptional cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* *emi/s & geologi/s ( des]v$ di/9ction h claim$ ! possibility & ev5 probability ( ! production ( m>% gas1 petroleum1 etc41 ?r\gh inorganic ag5cies1 require notice4 ,9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 ,vol4 ,,ix41 p4#dha1 ,m4 ,b]!lot attempts to %[ t ! =mation ( petroleum & c>buret$ hydrog5 f inorganic sub/ances is possible1 if x be true1 z sugge/$ by ,daubre1 t !re are va/ masses ( ! alkal9e metals--potassium1 sodium1 etc4--deeply buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & at a high temp]ature1 to :i* c>bonic acid %\ld ga9 access2 & he demon/rates t1 ^! premises be+ grant$1 ! =mation ( hydroc>bons w\ld necess>ily foll[4 ,b x %\ld be said t no satisfactory evid5ce has ev] be5 (f]$ ( ! exi/5ce ( zones or masses ( ! unoxidiz$ alkal9e metals 9 ! e>?1 & x is n claim$ by ,b]!lot t !re are any facts 9 ! occurr5ce ( petroleum & c>buret$ hydrog5 9 nature :i* seem to exemplify ! *emical action :i* he simply claims is !oretically possible4 ,b]!lot also says t1 9 mo/ cases1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! organic orig9 ( ! hydroc>bons4 ,m5deleeff1 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique1 #ahgg1 p4 #dji1 discusses at consid]able l5g? ! g5esis ( petroleum1 & attempts to su/a9 ! view t x is ( inorganic orig94 ,8 argum5ts & illu/rations are *iefly drawn f ! oil wells ( ,p5nsylvania & ,canada1 & = ! petroleum ( ^! two di/ricts he claims an inorganic orig91 because1 z he says1 !re are no accumulations ( organic matt] bel[ ! horizons at :i* ! oils & gases occur4 ,he !n goes into a l5g?y discussion ( ! possible & probable s\rce ( petroleum1 :]e1 z 9 ! in/ances cit$1 an organic orig9 is n possible4 ,x is a suffici5t answ] to ,m4 ,m5deleeff to say1 t b5ea? ! oil be>+ /rata ( we/]n ,p5nsylvania are %eets ( bitum9\s %ale1 f "o hundr$ to five hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 :i* af=d an adequate1 & x may be prov$ ! true s\rce1 ( ! petroleum1 & t no petroleum has be5 f\nd bel[ ^! %ales2 also t ! oil-fields ( ,canada are all und]la9 by ! ,coll+wood %ales1 ! equival5t ( ! ,utica c>bonace\s %ales ( ,new ,york1 & t f ! out-crops ( ^! %ales petroleum & hydroc>bon gases are con/antly escap+4 ,) a bett] k ( ! geology ( ! di/ricts he ref]s to1 he w\ld h se5 t ! facts 9 ! cases he cites af=d ! /ronge/ evid5ce ( ! organic orig9 ( petroleum4 ,among ^? :o are agre$ z to ! organic orig9 ( ! hydroc>bons1 !re is yet "s div]sity ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! process by :i* !y h be5 produc$4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lesley has at v>i\s times advocat$ ! !ory t petroleum is indig5\s 9 ! s&-rocks :i* hold x1 & has be5 d]iv$ f plants buri$ 9 !m4 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,x41 pp4 #cc1 #ahg1 etc47 ,my own obs]vations d n sanction ?is view1 z ! limit$ numb] ( plants buri$ 9 ! s&/ones :i* are n[ res]voirs ( petroleum mu/ always h borne a small proportion 9 volume to ! mass ( inorganic matt]2 & "s ( ^? :i* are saturat$ ) petroleum are almo/ completely de/itute ( ! impressions ( plants4 ,9 all cases :]e s&/ones conta9 petroleum 9 quantity1 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t !re are %eets ( c>bonace\s matt] bel[1 f :i* c>buret$ hydrog5 & petroleum are con/antly issu+4 ,a m probable explanation ( ! occurr5ce ( petrolem 9 ! s&/ones is t !y h1 f _! porosity1 become conv5i5t receptacles = t :i* fl[$ f "s organic /ratum bel[4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt has reg>d$ lime/ones1 & especially ! ,niag>a & cornif]\s1 z ! pr9cipal s\rces ( our petroleum2 b1 z ,i h else:]e sugge/$1 no consid]able fl[ ( petroleum has ev] be5 obta9$ f ! ,niag>a lime/one1 ?\gh at ,*icago & ,niag>a ,falls x conta9s a l>ge quantity ( bitum9\s matt]2 also1 t ! cornif]\s lime/one :i* ,dr4 ,hunt has reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( ! oil ( ,canada & ,p5nsylvania is too ?91 & too b>r5 ( petroleum1 or ! mat]ial out ( :i* x is made1 to ju/ify ! inf]5ce4 ,! cornif]\s lime/one is nev] m ?an fifty or sixty feet ?ick1 & does n conta9 ev5 "o p] c5t4 ( hydroc>bons2 & 9 s\!rn ,k5tucky1 :]e oil is produc$ 9 l>ge quantity1 ?is lime/one does n exi/4 ,t _m lime/ones are m or less *>g$ ) petroleum is well kn[n2 & 9 addition to ^? m5tion$ above1 ! ,silurian lime/one at ,coll+wood1 ,canada1 may be cit$ z an example4 ,z ,i h else:]e %[n1 we h reason to believe t ! petroleum "h is indig5\s1 & has be5 d]iv$1 9 "p1 at lea/1 f animal organisms2 b ! lime/ones are g5]ally compact1 & if cellul>1 _! cavities are clos$1 & ! am\nt ( petroleum :i*1 "u any circum/ances1 fl[s f or c be extract$ f lime/one rock is small4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bitum9\s %ales :i* und]lie ! diff]5t oil regions af=d an abundant s\rce ( supply1 hold+ ! prop] relations ) ! res]voirs t conta9 ! oil1 & are spontane\sly & con/antly evolv+ gas & oil1 z may be obs]v$ 9 a great numb] ( localities4 ,= ?is reason1 :ile confess+ ! occurr5ce ( petroleum & asphaltum 9 _m lime/ones1 ,i am ?or\ghly conv9c$ t little or none ( ! petroleum ( comm]ce is d]iv$ f !m4 ,pr(4 ,s4,f4 ,peckham1 :o has /udi$ ! petroleum field ( s\!rn ,cali=nia1 attributes ! abundant hydroc>bon emanations 9 t locality to microscopic animals4 ,x is q possible t ?is is true 9 ?is & o!r localities1 b ! bitum9\s %ales :i* are evid5tly ! s\rces ( ! petroleum ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 etc41 g5]ally conta9 abundant impressions ( sea we$s1 & inde$ ^! are almo/ ! only organisms :i* h left any traces 9 !m4 ,i am incl9$1 !re=e1 n[1 z 9 my report on ! rock oils ( ,ohio1 publi%$ 9 #ahfj1 to ascribe ! c>bonace\s matt] ( ! bitum9\s %ales ( ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio1 & h5ce ! petroleum d]iv$ f !m1 to ! easily decompos$ cellul> tissue ( alg :i* h 9 _! decomposition contribut$ a l>ge p]c5tage ( diffus$ c>bonace\s matt] to ! s$im5ts accumulat+ at ! bottom ( ! wat] :]e !y grew4 ,9 a rec5t communication to ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt has propos$ ! !ory t an?racite is ! result ( ! decomposition ( vegetable tissue :5 buri$ 9 por\s /rata l s&/one2 b an exam9ation ( ev5 a few ( ! important deposits ( an?racite 9 ! _w w %[ t no su* relation%ip z he sugge/s obta9s4 ,an?racite may & does occur 9 s$im5t>y rocks ( v>i$ "*1 b1 s f> z my obs]vation has ext5d$1 nev] 9 quantity 9 s&/one4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,silurian rocks an?racite occurs1 bo? 9 ! ,old ,_w & 9 ! ,new1 :]e no metamorphism has affect$ x1 & :]e x is simply ! normal result ( ! long cont9u$ di/illation ( plant tissue2 b ! an?racite b$s :i* are kn[n & m9$ 9 s _m c\ntries are ! results ( ! metamorphism ( coal-b$s ( "o or ano!r age1 by local outbur/s ( trap1 or ! /eam+ & bak+ ( ! di/urb$ /rata 9 m\nta9 *a9s1 num]\s in/ances ( :i* are giv5 on a prec$+ page4 ,m4 ,m5deleeff1 9 8 article already ref]r$ to1 misl$ by a want ( k ( ! geology ( our oil-fields1 & ascrib+ ! petroleum to an inorganic cause1 connects ! production ( oil 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,caucasia ) ! neighbor+ m\nta9 *a9s ( ! ,alleghanies & ! ,caucasus2 b 9 ^! localities a suffici5t am\nt ( organic matt] c be f\nd to supply a s\rce = ! petroleum1 :ile ! upheaval & loos5+ ( ! /rata along l9es p>allel ) ! axes ( elevation has favor$ ! decomposition 7spontane\s di/illation7 ( ! c>bonace\s /rata4 ,x %\ld be di/9ctly /at$1 also1 t no igne\s rocks are f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( productive oil-wells1 "h or else:]e1 & !re are no facts to su/a9 ! view t petroleum is a volcanic product4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 9 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 & ,k5tucky1 are great deposits ( petroleum1 f> remov$ f any m\nta9 *a9 or volcanic v5t1 & ! cases :i* h be5 cit$ ( ! limit$ production ( hydroc>bons 9 ! vic9ity (1 & probably 9 connection )1 volcanic c5t]s may be expla9$ by suppos+ t 9 ^! cases ! petroleum is di/ill$ f s$im5t>y /rata conta9+ organic matt] by ! proximity ( melt$ rock1 or /eam4 ,ev]y?+ indicates t ! di/illation :i* has produc$ ! greate/ quantities ( petroleum kn[n 0 effect$ at a l[ temp]ature1 & ! con/ant escape ( petroleum & c>buret$ hydrog5 f ! outcrops ( bitum9\s %ales1 z well z ! result ( wea!r+ on ! %ales1 depriv+ !m ( all _! c>bon1 %[s t ! di/illation & complete elim9ation ( ! organic matt] !y conta9 may take place at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,sulphur ,,9 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,by ,,george ,,craig4 ,= wellnigh two ye>s ,i h be5 e/imat+ sulphur 9 iron & /eel by a modification ( ! evolution process1 :i* consi/s 9 pass+ ! evolv$ gases ?r\gh an ammoniacal solution ( p]oxide ( hydrog51 :i* oxidizes ! sulphuret$ hydrog5 to sulphuric acid1 :i* latt] is e/imat$ z usual4 ,! modus op]&i is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration #ajj gra9s ( ! iron or /eel are plac$ 9 ! #aj oz4 flask1 a1 along ) oz4 wat]2 #a oz4 hydro*loric acid are add$ f ! /opp]$ funnel1 b1 9 su* quantities at a "t z to produce a mod]ate evolution ( gas ?r\gh ! nitrog5 bulb1 c1 :i* conta9s #a_/h oz4 7#bj vols47 p]oxide ( hydrog5 & oz4 ammonia4 ,! tube1 d1 is to cond5se ! bulk ( ! hydro*loric acid :i* di/ills ov] dur+ ! op]ation4 ,:5 all ! acid has be5 add$ & ! evolution ( gas becomes sluggi%1 heat is appli$ & ! liquid boil$ till all action ceases4 ,air is bl[n ?r\gh ! ap>atus = a few m9utes & ! cont5ts ( c & d wa%$ into a small beak] & acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 boil$1 b>ium *loride add$1 & ! b>ium sulphate filt]$ (f aft] /&+ a %ort "t4 ,a blank exp]im5t mu/ be done ) ea* new lot ( p]oxide ( hydrog5 obta9$1 :i* always gives "u #j4a b>ium sulphate ) me4 ,! :ole op]ation is f9i%$ )9 two h\rs1 ! usual oxidation process occupy+ ne>ly two days2 & ! results obta9$ are inv>iably slightly high] ?an by ! oxidation processes4 ,until lately ,i h always add$ excess ( *lorate ( pota% to ! residue left 9 a1 evaporat$ x ne>ly to dryness1 dilut$1 filt]$1 & add$ *loride ( b>ium to ! dilut$ filtrate1 b only once h ,i obta9$ a trace ( precipitate aft] /&+ #dh h\rs1 & ! pig-iron 9 t case conta9$ #h p] c5t4 ( silicon1 s t all ! sulphur is evolv$ dur+ ! process4 ,x has be5 object$ to ! evolution process t :5 ! iron conta9s copp] all ! sulphur is n evolv$1 b !oretically x ought to be evolv$ :e!r copp] is pres5t or n2 & to te/ ! po9t ,i fus$ #c lb4 ( ord9>y ,scot* pig-iron ) "s copp] = half an h\r 9 a ,flet*]'s gas furnace4 ,no copp] c\ld be detect$ 9 ! iron by m]e obs]vation ) a microscope1 b x gave on analysis #j4bbe p] c5t4 ( copp]1 & on e/imat+ ! sulphur 9 x by ! above process & by oxidation ) *lorate ( pota% & hydro*loric acid1 us+ #ajj gra9s 9 ea* case1 & p]=m+ blank exp]im5ts1 ,i f\nd3 ,by p]oxide ( hydrog5 process #j4jceg p] c5t4 ,by oxidation 7,k,cl,o#c & ,h,cl7 process1 #j4jcjb s t ev5 9 highly cuprif]\s pig-iron all ! sulphur is evolv$ on treatm5t ) /rong hydro*loric acid4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,air ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,heal?4 ,footnote3 ,ab/ract ( a lecture be=e ! ,ma/] ,plumb]s' ,association1 ,new ,york1 ,nov4 #b4 #ahhb4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,*&l]4 ,x is only ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! fir/ important facts 7 discov]$ :i* ?rew light ^u ! *emi/ry ( atmosph]e4 ,x 0 9 #aggd t ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 9 ,london1 & ,s*eele1 9 ,sw$51 discov]$ ! vital con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e--! oxyg5 gas :i* supports life4 ,! in]t gas1 nitrog51 _h be5 discov]$ a ye> or two be=e4 ,:5 we exam9e our atmosph]e1 we f9d x is compos$ ( oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,! nitrog5 con/itutes no less ?an #hj p] c5t1 ( ! atmosph]e2 ! rema9+ #bj p]c5t1 consi/s ( oxyg51 s t ! atmosph]e consi/s almo/ entirely ( ^! two gases1 odorless & colorless & invisible4 ,! atmosph]e is1 h[ev]1 nev] free f moi/ure2 a c]ta9 am\nt ( aque\s vapor is always pres5t4 ,! quantity c h>dly be /at$1 z x v>ies f day to day & mon? to mon?2 x dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature & o!r conditions4 ,!n we h ! gas commonly call$ c>bonic acid 9 extremely m9ute quantities1 ab\t "o "p 9 #b1ejj1 or f\r "o-hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t4 ,a small quantity ( ammonia & a small quantity ( ozone are also pres5t4 ,besides ^! gases :i* h be5 enum]at$1 & :i* play an important "p 9 support+ life 9 bo? ! k+doms ( nature1 we f9d a great _m solids4 ,e h\sewife kn[s h[ du/ settles ^u ev]y?+ ab\t ! h\se4 ,?is du/ has rec5tly be5 ! subject ( mo/ active /udy1 & x proves to be q z important z ! vital oxyg5 t actually supports life4 ,:5 we exam9e ?is du/--& x falls ev]y:]e1 n only 9 ! city /reets1 b ^u ! tops ( m\nta9s1 ^u ! deck ( ! ocean /eam]1 & ! ,arctic sn[--we f9d "s ( x does n belong to ! e>?1 &1 z x is n t]re/rial1 we call x cosmical4 ,& :5 x falls 9 l>ge pieces we call x a meteorite or %oot+ />4 ,:5 ! ,*all5g] cross$ ! ,atlantic1 & s\nd+s 7 made 9 ! deep sea1 9 ! mud t 0 br\ght up & exam9$ !re 7 f\nd v>i\s little p>ticles t 7 n t]re/rial4 ,!y 7 du/ p>ticles t 7 dropp$ into ! atmosph]e ( ! e>? f out] space4 ,!n we h t]re/rial du/1 & we divide t into m9]al & organic4 ,! m9]al consi/s *iefly ( clay1 s&1 &1 ne> ! ocean1 salt4 ,!n we h organic matt]4 ,"s ( ?is is dead leaves :i* h be5 gr\nd to p[d]4 ,animal matt] has also become dry & r$uc$ to p[d]1 & we actually f9d ! rema9s ( animals & plants float+ ^u ! atmosph]e1 especially 9 ! city4 ,exam9ations ( ! du/ :i* _h collect$ ^u ! basem5t & high] w9d[s ( a ,fif? av5ue resid5ce %[$ t ! du/ ^u ! basem5t floor 0 *iefly compos$ ( s&4 ,& ! high] up ,i w5t1 ! small] proportion ( s& & a l>g] proportion ( animal matt]1 s t ! du/ t bl[s into our faces is l>gely decompos+ animal sub/ance4 ,b we h a liv+ matt] 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,we (t5 notice 9 ! summ]1 aft] a ra91 t ! gr\nd is yell[4 ,on ga!r+ up ! yell[ p[d] & exam9+ x "u ! microscope1 we f9d t x consi/s ( poll54 ,! poll5 ( rag we$ & o!r plants is suppos$ to be ! cause ( hay fev]4 ,b we also h some?+ f> m important 9 ! g]ms ( c]ta9 classes ( vegetation4 ,! effects are famili>4 ,if food is put away1 x becomes m\ldy4 ,?is m\ld is a peculi> k9d ( vegetation :i* is call$ a fungus1 & ! plants fungi4 ,9 ord] = ?is m\ld to develop a c]ta9 temp]ature & a c]ta9 degree ( moi/ure are necess>y4 ,our food1 we say1 decays4 ,n[1 :at we call decay is really ! gr[? ( ^! fungi4 ,animal & vegetable sub/ances :i* ^! fungi seize ^u are de/roy$4 ,all ord9>y f]m5tations & putrefactions are due to m\ld fungi1 yea/ plants1 or bact]ia1 & liquids und]go+ ^! processes c>ry ^! fungi & _! g]ms :]ev] !y g4 ,! refuse ( ! city pollutes ! air4 ,y h only to pass along any /reet to f9d m or less rubbi%4 ,t furni%es ! nidus = ! gr[? & developm5t ( ^! g]ms1 & until we adopt bett] me?ods ( gett+ rid ( t refuse1 we nev] %all h ! air ( ?is city 9 ! condition t x %\ld be4 ,"o ( ! mo/ con/ant s\rces ( ! pollution ( ! air 9 inhabit$ localities is ! decomposition t takes place 9 ! gr\nd4 ,refuse ( e k9d gets into x4 ,our sew]s are leaky1 & putrefaction is con/antly go+ on4 ,! soil d[n to ! limit ( ! gr\nd wat] conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( air4 ,?is air1 :5 ! atmosph]ic pressure 9 ! h\se is dim9i%$1 is drawn 9 ) su* organic impurities z x conta9s4 ,a cem5t floor 9 ! cell> is n a protection aga9/ ?is entrance ( ! gr\nd air1 = ! cem5t is por\s to ! passage ( air1 b a rem$y may be f\nd by lay+ on ! cem5t a cov]+ ( coal t> pit*1 9 :i* bricks are set on edge1 ! spaces betwe5 ! bricks are fill$ ) ! melt$ pit*1 & ! bricks !n cov]$ ) coal t> pit*4 ,:5 ! h\se is build+1 ! f\ndation walls %\ld also be simil>ly coat$1 outside z well z inside4 ,su* a cell> floor 0 consid]$ to be absolutely imp]vi\s to gr\nd air & moi/ure4 ,! lectur] _h rec5tly laid ?is floor 9 8 own h\se ) ! greate/ success4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! entire h\se is improv$1 & ! exp5se is v mod]ate4 ,ano!r s\rce ( ! contam9ation ( ! air ( h\ses is ! heat+ app>atus4 ,/oves & furnaces1 h[ev] well con/ruct$ at fir/1 w1 f ! contraction & expansion ( ! metal1 soon all[ ! escape ( coal gas1 & ?is dang] is greatly increas$ by ! use ( damp]s 9 ! /ove-pipe4 ,:51 to regulate ! fire1 ! damp] 9 ! pipe is clos$1 ! gases1 hav+ _! passage to ! *imney cut (f1 w escape ?r\gh any cracks or op5+s 9 ! /ove into ! room4 ,pr(4 ,*&l]1 hav+ kept a record ( accid5ts f ?is cause1 _h accumulat$ a =midable li/ ( suffocations due to ! use ( ! damp]4 ,! dang] 0 n[ some:at less5$ by provid+ damp]s ) p]=ations 9 ! c5t]1 :i* all[$ ! gases to escape :5 ! damp] 0 clos$4 ,z reg>ds ! ma9t5ance ( pure air 9 h\ses1 ! pref]5ce 0 giv5 to ! op5 fire-place4 ,! hot-air furnace d]iv+ a supply ( pure air f out ( doors 01 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 a v satisfactory me?od ( heat+1 b 9 city h\ses ! mi/ake 0 (t5 made ( c>ry+ ! cold air duct ( ! furnace to ! front ( ! h\se1 :]e x 0 expos$ to ! du/ ( ! /reets4 ,x %\ld be tak5 f ! re> end ( ! h\se1 & c>ri$ "s di/ance above ! surface ( ! y>d4 ,x 0 an excell5t exp$i5t to ins]t 9 ! cold air duct a wire scre5 to hold a lay] ( cotton to reta9 ! float+ impurities :i* might ent] ! air-box4 ,?is c\ld be remov$ f "t to "t1 & ! cotton replac$4 ,/eam heat+ has be5 object$ to by _m = reasons 9 no wise due to ! app>atus1 b to neglect 9 ! use ( x4 ,! compla9t ( clos5ess :]e /eam is us$ is due to ! fact t a room conta9+ a /eam radiator c be heat$ ) e door & w9d[ clos$1 & no fre% air admitt$1 :ile ) /oves & op5 fire-places a c]ta9 quantity ( fre% air mu/ be admitt$ to ma9ta9 ! fire4 ,:]e radiators are us$1 ! v5tilation ( ! rooms %\ld1 !re=e1 be look$ aft]4 ,aga91 ! compla9t t /eam app>atus has an unpleasant odor is due to ! fact t ! radiators are all[$ to become cov]$ ) du/1 :i* is cook$1 & gives rise to ! smells compla9$ (4 ,! radiator %\ld be f "t to "t clean$4 ,:5 ^! precautions are tak51 no means ( heat+ is m satisfactory ?an /eam4 ,sew] gas is ano!r s\rce ( contam9ation2 ?is is a v indef9ite t]m1 to :i* =m]ly _m false & exagg]at$ prop]ties ( caus+ specific diseases 7 attribut$4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 recogniz$ to mean simply ! air ( sew]s1 g5]ally n diff]+ v greatly f common air1 conta9+ a c]ta9 proportion ( m>% gas1 c>bonic acid1 & sulphuret$ hydrog51 etc4 ,no "o ( ^! gases1 h[ev]1 is capable ( produc+ ! diseases attribut$ to sew] gas4 ,c>eful rese>* has %[n t x is ! sewage itself1 conta9+ g]ms ( specific disease1 :i* is add$ to ! air 9 ! sew] by ! break+ ( bubbles ( gas on its surface1 :i* is ! cause ( ! diseases associat$ ) sew]s4 ,an intimate connection is believ$ to exi/ betwe5 ! g]ms ( sew] air & diph!ria1 & probably also betwe5 sew] air & sc>let fev]4 ,?is sew] gas is to be exclud$ f our h\ses by prop] sy/ems ( plumb+1 & to su* an ext5t h ^! n[ be5 p]fect$1 t !re is no objection to hav+ plumb+ fixtures 9 all p>ts ( ! h\se4 ,?is op9ion has lately be5 object$ to 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 z x 0 at a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e la/ spr+1 b on :olly insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,! objectors all insi/ t a trap w all[ sew] gas to pass ?r\gh x1 & ! exp]im5ts made at ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e %[$ t sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas1 etc41 w\ld s pass4 ,! advocates ( ! trap h nev] d5i$ t ! wat] seal w\ld absorb gases on "o side & give !m (f on ! o!r1 b !y d d5y t1 9 ! conditions exi/+ 9 good plumb+1 su* gases w be giv5 (f 9 quantities to d any damage1 & !y confid5tly ass]t t ! g]m :i* is ! dang]\s elem5t w n pass ! seal at all4 ,pumpelly inve/igat$ ! matt] = ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 & 9 no in/ance 0 he able to make ! g]m pass ! seal ( ! trap4 ,x is n[ propos$ to set up aga9/ ! weight ( ?is sci5tific te/imony ! results ( an inve/igator 9 ,*icago1 ^: "w 0 at once appropriat$ z an adv]tisem5t by /ock jobb+ dis9fectant companies 9 a mann] :i* raises a suspicion t ! inve/igation 0 made 9 _! int]e/4 ,he describ$ t]sely ! ess5tials ( good plumb+1 ! necessity ( a trap on ! h\se dra91 ! v5tilation ( ! soil-pipe1 & ! v5tilation ( ! trap aga9/ siphonage4 ,( ! fir/1 he said t x (f]$ protection to ea* h\sehold] aga9/ ! entrance into 8 h\se ( ! g]ms ( a contagi\s disease :i* pass$ into ! common sew] f ! h\se ( a neighbor4 ,7 ! trap disp5s$ )1 ! contagion 9 ! sew] w\ld h free entrance into ! h\ses connect+ ) x4 ,pr(4 ,*&l]1 9 conclusion1 allud$ to ! cordial relations n[ exi/+ betwe5 ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? & ! majority ( ! ma/] plumb]s ( ! city4 ,he said t = himself 8 op9ion ( ! craft _h greatly ris5 dur+ 8 intimate connection ) plumb]s ! la/ two ye>s4 ,he ?\ght ! majority ( ! jobs n[ done 9 ! city are well execut$4 ,he believ$ t ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? _h n be5 oblig$ to proce$ aga9/ m ?an eight ma/] plumb]s s9ce ! new law w5t into =ce4 ,he call$ ^u ! ,association to adopt a code ( e?ics1 :i* %\ld def9e :at an hone/ plumb] c d & _c d1 & he illu/rat$ 8 mean+ by cit+ an extraord9>y case ( fraudul5t workman%ip :i* _h be5 rec5tly report$ to him4 ,8 rem>ks on ?is po9t 7 greet$ ) frequ5t outbur/s ( applause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,planta9 ,,z ,a ,,/yptic4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract ( a pap] read by ,dr4 ,qu9lan at ! rec5t ,briti% ,ph>maceutical ,congress1 may prove ( int]e/ to m$ical read]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! plant m5tion$ is a common we$3 ,ab\t a ye> ago ,dr4 ,qu9lan _h se5 ! *ew$ leaves ( ! ,plantago lanceolata successfully us$ to /op a dang]\s hemorrhage f lee* bites 9 a situation :]e pressure c\ld n be employ$4 ,he _h se>*$ out ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 & f\nd t1 al?\gh ?is h]b is highly spok5 ( by ,culpepp] & o!r old writ]s z a /yptic1 & allud$ to z su* 9 ! plays ( ,%akespe>e1 its employm5t seems to h di$ out4 ,pr(essor ,qu9lan describ$ ! suitable v>ieties ( planta91 & exhibit$ prep>ations :i* _h be5 made = him by ,dr4 ,j4 ,evans1 ( ,dubl91 ,/ate apo!c>y4 ,!y dri$ leaves & p[d]$ leaves1 cons]v$ ) glyc]9e1 = ext]nal use2 ! juice pres]v$ by alcohol1 z also by glyc]9e1 = int]nal use2 & a gre5 extract4 ,he gave an acc\nt ( ! *emi/ry ( ! juice1 f :i* x appe>$ t x 0 n a memb] ( ! tann9 s]ies2 & also describ$ its physiological effect 9 caus+ a t5d5cy to /asia 9 ! capill>ies ( ! tail ( a goldfi%1 exam9$ ) a microscopic p[] ( #djj ,x4 ,he reg>d$ its /yptic p[] z p>tly me*anical & p>tly physiological4 ,! juice1 9 l>ge doses1 he _h f\nd useful 9 int]nal hemorrhages4 ,! k ( ! prop]ties ( ?is plant he ?\ght w\ld be useful 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 because x c\ld be obta9$ 9 any field & by ! mo/ un9/ruct$ p]sons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bact]ia4 ,bact]ia1 :e!r significant ( disease or decl9e ( heal?1 are f\nd m or less num]\s 9 ev]y?+ we eat & dr9k4 ,! g]ms or spores ( _m k9ds1 kn[n z t]mo1 l9eola1 t5ue1 spirillum1 vibriones1 etc1 exi/ 9 almo/ inf9ite numb]s2 "s ( ! smalle/ are too small to be se5 by ! highe/ p[]s1 :i*1 be+ lodg$ 9 all vegetable & animal sub/ances1 spr+ into life & develop v rapidly "u favorable circum/ances4 ,!y develop mo/ rapidly :5 decomposition comm5ces1 & seem to indicate ! degree or activity ( t decomposition1 also ha/5+ ! same4 ,!y are f\nd mo/ num]\s 9 ! feces1 & usually fully develop$ 9 ! fre% evacuations ( p]sons ( all ages4 ,!y may be se5 pla9ly "u a ?9 glass ) high p[]s ) /rong or cle> light1 :5 ! mat]ial is mu* dilut$ ) wat]4 ,^! bact]ia appe> almo/ z num]\sly1 yet m sl[ly1 9 ur9e1 ei!r ^u exposure to air or :5 fre%ly evacuat$1 :5 ! g5]al heal? ( ! individual is decl9+1 or any t5d5cy to decomposition4 ,a diagnosis c be aid$ v greatly by a /udy ( ^! bact]ia1 z !y indicate or det]m9e ! vitality1 vigor1 & purity ( ! sy/em1 :e!r m or less subject to disease1 ev5 be=e any signs ( disease appe>4 ,!y seem to pre9dicate ! hold ( ! life =ce on ! mat]ial1 & always appe> :5 t =ce is brok54 ,_! relative quantity f\nd 9 feces is z a b>ometric indication ( ! g5]al heal? or "s p>ticul> di/urbance1 & x is surpris+ h[ v fa/ !y multiply :ile simply pass+ ! inte/9es "u circum/ances favorable = _! gr[?4 ,^! =ms1 s small1 are important1 because s v num]\s1 & _! /udy has be51 p]haps1 avoid$ by _m2 yet !y c]ta9ly mean some?+ & effect some?+1 ev5 ! non-malignant v>ieties z m5tion$ above1 & x is c]ta9ly wor? :ile to cont9ue to /udy _! mean+1 ev5 beyond :at has already be5 writt5 by o!rs on ! subject4--,j4,m4 ,adams1 9 ,! ,microscope4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,soy ,,bean 7,soja hispida47 ,a good deal ( att5tion has lately be5 direct$ to ?is plant 9 consequ5ce ( ! enorm\s ext5t to :i* x is cultivat$ 9 ,*9a = ! sake ( ! small se$s :i* x produces1 & :i* are kn[n z soy beans4 ,^! v>y consid]ably 9 size1 %ape1 & color1 accord+ to ! v>iety ( ! plant :i* produces !m4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p ab\t ! size & %ape ( an ord9>y field pea1 &1 l ! pea1 are ( a yell[ color2 "s1 h[ev]1 are ( a gre5i% t9t4 ,^! se$s conta9 a l>ge quantity ( oil1 :i* is express$ f !m 9 ,*9a & us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,! residue is m\ld$ ) a consid]able am\nt ( pressure into l>ge circul> cakes1 two feet or m across1 & six in*es or eight in*es ?ick4 ,?is cake is us$ ei!r = fe$+ cattle or = manur+ ! l&2 inde$1 a v l>ge trade is done 9 ,*9a ) bean cake 7z x is always call$7 = ^! purposes4 ,! well-kn[n sauce call$ soy is also prep>$ f se$s ( ?is bean4 ,! plant g5]ally kn[n z ,soja hispida is by mod]n botani/s ref]r$ to ,glyc9e soja4 ,x is an erect1 hairy1 h]bace\s plant4 ,! leaves are ?ree-p>t$ & ! papilionace\s fl[]s are born 9 axill>y racemes4 ,x is too t5d] = outdoor cultivation 9 ?is c\ntry1 b1 has be5 recomm5d$ = ext5d$ gr[? 9 our colonies z a comm]cial plant4 ,! plants are readily us$ f se$4--,j4,r4,f41 9 ,! ,g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,soy ,,bean4 7,soja ,lispida7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,erica ,,cav5di%iana4 ,! plant ( :i* ! illu/ration is giv5 is "o ( ^? f9e specim5s :i* has made ! collection ( ,j4 ,lawless1 ,esq41 ,! ,cottage1 ,exet]1 fam\s all ov] ! s\? & we/ ( ,engl&4 ,x is only "o specim5 among a consid]able collection ( h>d-wood$ plants :i* are cultivat$ & tra9$ 9 fir/ rate /yle by ,mr4 ,george ,cole1 ! g>d5]1 "o ( ! mo/ successful plant gr[]s ( ! day4 ,! plant 0 9 ! w9n+ collection ( ,mr4 ,cole exhibit$ at ! late spr+ %[ held at ,plym\?4--,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,erica ,,cav5di%iana4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philesia ,,buxifolia4 ,we figure ?is plant1 n z a novelty1 b = ! purpose ( %[+ :at a f9e ?+ x is :5 gr[n "u propiti\s circum/ances4 ,g5]ally1 we see x m or less />v$ 9 ! gre5h\se1 & ev5 :5 plant$ out 9 ! w9t] g>d5 its fl[]s lack ! size & ri*ness ( color !y atta9 out-(-doors4 ,x comes f ! extreme s\? ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* acc\nts = its h>dihood1 & is a ne> ally ( ! ,lapag]ia3 ! latt] is rem>kable = )/&+ ev5 ! noxi\s fumes ( ! copp] smelt+ works 9 ,*ili1 & z ! ,philesia has simil> t\gh leaves1 x is probable t x w\ld support ! vitiat$ atmosph]e ( a t[n bett] ?an mo/ ev]gre5s4 ,9 any case1 !re is no reasonable d\bt b t1 if cultivators w\ld take ! necess>y pa9s1 !y might select p]fectly h>dy v>ieties bo? ( ! ,lapag]ia & ( ! ,philesia4 ,z x is1 we c only call ! ,philesea half-h>dy nor? ( ! ,?ames1 :ile ! ,lapag]ia is n ev5 t4 ,! curi\s ,philag]ia1 rais$ 9 ,messrs4 ,veit*'s nurs]y & describ$ & figur$ 9 our columns 9 #ahgb1 p4 #ceh1 is a hybrid rais$ betwe5 ! two g5]a4 ,= ! specim5 ( ,philesia figur$ we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,d>tnall4--,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,philesia ,,buxifolia--,,h>dy ,,%rub--,,fl[]s1 ,,rose ,,p9k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mahogany4 ,! mahogany tree1 says ! ,lumb] ,_w1 is a native ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! ,bahamas1 & t portion ( ,c5tral ,am]ica t lies adjac5t to ! ,bay ( ,honduras1 & has also be5 f\nd 9 ,florida4 ,x is /at$ to be ( mod]ately rapid gr[?1 rea*+ its full maturity 9 ab\t two hundr$ ye>s4 ,full gr[n1 x is "o ( ! mon>*s ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,its trunk1 :i* (t5 exce$s =ty feet 9 l5g? & six 9 diamet]1 & massive arms1 ris+ to a l(ty height1 & spread+ ) graceful sweep ov] imm5se spaces1 cov]$ ) beautiful foliage1 bright1 glossy1 light1 & airy1 cl++ s long to ! spray z to make x almo/ an ev]gre51 pres5t a r>e comb9ation ( lovel9ess & gr&eur4 ,! leaves are small1 delicate1 & poli%$ l ^? ( ! laurel4 ,! fl[]s are small & :ite1 or gre5i% yell[4 ,! fruit is a h>d1 woody capsule1 oval1 n unlike ! head ( a turkey 9 size & %ape1 & conta9s five cells1 9 ea* ( :i* are inclos$ ab\t fifte5 se$s4 ,! mahogany tree 0 n discov]$ till ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 n br\ght into ,european use till ne>ly a c5tury lat]4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( x is t x 0 us$ 9 ! repair ( "s ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's %ips1 at ,tr9idad1 9 #aeig4 ,its f9ely v>iegat$ t9ts 7 admir$1 b 9 t age ! dream ( ,el ,dorado caus$ matt]s ( m value to be neglect$4 ,! fir/ t 0 br\ght to ,engl& 0 ab\t #agbd1 a few planks hav+ be5 s5t to ,dr4 ,gibbons1 ( ,london1 by a bro!r :o 0 a ,we/ ,indian capta94 ,! doctor 0 erect+ a h\se1 & gave ! planks to ! workm51 :o reject$ !m z be+ too h>d4 ,! doctor !n _h a c&le-box made ( ! wood1 8 cab9et-mak] also compla9+ ( ! h>dness ( ! timb]4 ,b1 :5 f9i%$1 ! box became an object ( g5]al curiosity & admiration4 ,he _h "o bureau1 & h] ,grace ( ,buck+ham _h ano!r1 made ( ?is beautiful wood1 & ! despis$ mahogany n[ became a prom95t article ( luxury1 & at ! same "t rais$ ! =tunes ( ! cab9et-mak] by :om x _h be5 s little reg>d$4 ,s9ce t lime x has tak5 a lead+ rank among ! ornam5tal woods1 hav+ come to be consid]$ indisp5sable :]e luxury is int5d$ to be indicat$4 ,a few facts w furni% a tol]ably di/9ct idea ( ! size ( ?is spl5did tree4 ,! mahogany lumb]m51 hav+ select$ a tree1 surr\nd x ) a plat=m ab\t twelve feet above ! gr\nd1 & cut x above ! plat=m4 ,"s twelve or fifte5 feet ( ! l>ge/ "p ( ! trunk are ?us lo/4 ,yet a s+le log n unfrequ5tly weighs f six or sev5 to fifte5 tons1 & sometimes measures z mu* z sev5te5 feet 9 l5g? & f\r & a half to five & a half feet 9 diamet]1 "o tree furni%+ two1 ?ree1 or f\r su* logs4 ,"s trees h yield$ #ab1jjj sup]ficial feet1 & at av]age price pieces h sold = #ae1jjj4 ,messrs4 ,broadwood ,london1 pian(orte manufactur]s1 paid #c1jjj = ?ree logs1 all cut f "o tree1 & ea* ab\t fifte5 feet long & m ?an ?ree feet squ>e4 ,! tree is cut at two seasons ( ! ye>--9 ! autumn & ab\t ,*ri/mas "t4 ,! trunk1 ( c\rse1 furni%es timb] ( ! l>ge/ dim5sions1 b t f ! bran*es is pref]r$ = ornam5tal purposes1 ow+ to its clos] gra9 & m v>iegat$ color4 ,9 l[ & damp soil its gr[? is rapid2 b ! mo/ valuable trees gr[ sl[ly among rocks on /]ile soil1 & seem to ga!r compactness & beauty f ! v /ruggle :i* !y make = an exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ,bahamas1 9 ! mo/ desolate regions1 once fl\ri%$ t curi\sly ve9$ & mu* e/eem$ v>iety once kn[n 9 ,europe z ,madeira wood1 b :i* has long s9ce be5 ext]m9at$4 ,jamaica1 also1 :i* us$ to be a fruitful s\rce ( mahogany1 & :5ce 9 #agec n less ?an #eba1jjj feet 7 %ipp$1 is n[ almo/ deplet$4 ,t :i* is n[ furni%$ f !re is v inf]ior1 pale1 & por\s1 & is less e/eem$ ?an t ( ,cuba1 ,san ,dom+o1 or ,honduras4 ,9 a dry /ate mahogany ,is v durable1 & n liable to ! attack ( worms1 b1 :5 expos$ to ! wea!r x does n la/ long4 ,x w\ld !re=e make excell5t mat]ial = floors1 ro(s1 etc41 b its co/l9ess limits its utility 9 ?is direction1 & x is *iefly employ$ = furniture1 doors1 & a few o!r articles ( jo9]y1 = :i* x is among ! be/ mat]ials kn[n4 ,x has be5 us$ = sa%es & w9d[ frames1 b is n desirable = ?is purpose on acc\nt ( ! ease ) :i* x is affect$ by ! wea!r4 ,x has also be5 us$ 9 ,engl& to "s ext5t = ! fram+ ( ma*9]y 9 cotton-mills4 ,its color is a r$di% br[n ( diff]5t %ades & lu/]1 sometimes becom+ a yell[i% br[n1 & (t5 mu* ve9$ & mottl$ ) d>k] %ades ( ! same color4 ,its texture is uni=m1 & ! r+s indicat+ its annual gr[? are n v di/9ct4 ,! l>g] m$ull>y rays are abs5t1 b ! small] ones are (t5 v di/9ct1 ) pores betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! ,jamaica woods ^! pores are (t5 fill$ ) a :ite sub/ance1 b 9 t br\ght f ,c5tral ,am]ica !y are g5]ally empty4 ,x has nei!r ta/e nor odor1 %r9ks v slightly1 & w>ps1 x is said1 less ?an any o!r wood4 ,! v>iety call$ ,spani% mahogany comes f ! ,we/ ,indies1 & is 9 small] logs ?an ! ,honduras mahogany1 be+ g5]ally ab\t two feet squ>e & t5 feet long4 ,x is close gra9$ & h>d1 g5]ally d>k] ?an ! ,honduras1 free f black specks1 & sometimes /rongly m>k$2 ! pores appe> z ?\gh *alk _h be5 rubb$ into !m4 ,! ,honduras mahogany comes 9 logs f two to f\r feet squ>e & twelve to f\rte5 long2 planks h be5 obta9$ sev5 feet wide4 ,its gra9 is v op5 & (t5 irregul>1 ) black or gray specks4 ,! ve9s & figures are (t5 v di/9ct & h&some1 & t ( a f9e gold5 color & free f gray specks is consid]$ ! be/4 ,x holds ! glue bett] ?an any o!r wood4 ,! weight ( a cubic foot ( mahogany v>ies f ?irty-five to fifty-?ree p\nds4 ,its /r5g? is betwe5 sixty-sev5 & n9ety-six1 /iffness sev5ty-?ree to n9ety-?ree1 & t\ghness sixty-"o to n9ety-n9e--oak be+ consid]$ z "o hundr$ 9 ea* case4 ,!re are ?ree o!r species ( ! g5us ,swietania besides ! mahogany tree1 two ( !m natives ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,"o is a v l>ge tree1 gr[+ 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( c5tral ,h9do/an1 & rises to a great height1 ?r[+ out _m bran*es t[>d ! top4 ,! head is spread+ & ! leaves be> "s resemblance to ^? ( ! ,am]ican species4 ,! wood is a dull r$1 n s beautiful z t kn[n to comm]ce1 b h>d]1 heavi]1 & m durable4 ,! natives ( ,india consid] x ! mo/ durable timb] :i* _! =e/s af=d1 & consequ5tly use x1 :5 x c be procur$1 :]ev] /r5g? & durability are p>ticul>ly desir$4 ,! o!r ,ea/ ,indian species is f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,sirc>s1 :i* run p>allel to ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,! tree is n s l>ge z any ( ! o!r species describ$1 & ! wood is ( mu* diff]5t appe>ance1 be+ ( a deep yell[1 consid]ably resembl+ box4 ,! gra9 is close1 & ! wood bo? heavy & durable4 ,! ?ird species1 kn[n z ,african mahogany1 is br\ght f ,si]ra ,leone4 ,x is h>d & durable1 & us$ = purposes requir+ ^! prop]ties 9 an em95t degree4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! he>t ( ! tree be expos$ or cross$ 9 cutt+ or trimm+ ! timb]1 x is v liable to premature & rapid decay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,animals ,,& ,,! ,,arts4 ,9 _m ( ! museums ef=ts are made to p]fect economic collections ( animals1 s z to %[ h[ !y c be appli$ to advantage 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,! collection & prep>ation ( ! corals1 = example1 =m an important indu/ry4 ,! fossil corals are ri*ly poli%$ & set 9 /uds & sleeve-buttons1 =m+ ri* & ornam5tal objects4 ,! fossil coral t resembles a delicate *a9 has be5 (t5 copi$ by design]s1 :ile ! r$ & black corals h long be5 us$4 ,! be/ fi%]ies are along ! coa/s ( ,tunis1 ,alg]ia1 & ,morocco1 f #b to #aj miles f %ore1 9 f #cj to #aej fa?oms4 ,good coral is also common at ,naples1 ne> ,leghorn & ,g5oa1 & on v>i\s p>ts ( ! sea1 z ,s>d9ia1 ,corsica1 ,catalonia1 ,prov5ce1 etc4 ,x ranges 9 color f pure :ite ?r\gh all ! %ades ( p9k1 r$1 & crimson4 ,! rose p9k is mo/ valu$4 ,= a long "t ,m>seilles 0 ! m>ket1 b n[ ,italy is ! great c5t] ( ! trade1 ! great] numb] ( boats hail+ f ,torre del ,greco1 :ile outside p]sons are =c$ to pay a heavy tax4 ,! vessels are s*oon]s1 late5-rigg$1 f ?ree to f\rte5 tons4 ,l>ge nets are us$1 :i*1 dur+ ! mon?s betwe5 ,m>* & ,octob]1 are dragg$1 dr$ge-l1 ov] ! rocks4 ,a l>ge crew w haul 9 a season f #fjj to #ijj p\nds4 ,to prev5t ! de/ruction ( ! indu/ry1 ! reef is divid$ into t5 p>ts1 only "o be+ work$ a ye>1 & by ! "t ! t5? is rea*$ ! fir/ is ov]gr[n aga9 ) a new gr[?4 ,9 #ahgc ! ,alg]ian fi%]ies alone1 employ+ #c1aej m51 realiz$ half a million ( doll>s4 ,! *oice grades are always valuable1 ! f9e/ t9ts br++ ov] #e p] ounce1 :ile ! small pieces1 us$ = necklaces1 & call$ collette1 are wor? only #a4ej p] ounce4 ,! l>ge oval pieces are s5t to ,*9a1 :]e !y are us$ z buttons ( (fice by ! m&>9s4 ,,! ,,con*-,,%ell4 ,some:at simil> 9 appe>ance to coral is ! con* jewelry1 sets ( :i* h be5 sold = #cjj4 ,! t9t is exquisite1 b liable to fade :5 expos$ to ! sun4 ,x is made f ! great con*1 common 9 ,s\!rn ,florida & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! %ells are import$ into ,europe by ?\s&s1 & cut up into /uds1 sleeve-buttons1 & v>i\s articles ( ornam5t4 ,^! con*es are suppos$ to be ! produc]s ( p9k pe>ls1 b ,i h op5$ hundr$s ( !m & fail$ to f9d a s+le pe>l4 ,! con* %ell is us$ by ! cameo cutt]4 ,rome & ,p>is are ! pr9cipal seats ( ! trade1 & imm5se numb]s ( %ell cameos are import$ by ,engl& & ,am]ica1 & m\nt$ 9 r+s1 broo*es1 etc4 ,! "o %[+ a pale salmon-color ^u an orange gr\nd is mu* us$4 ,9 #ahdg1 #cjj p]sons work$ ^u ^! %ells 9 ,p>is alone1 ! numb] ( %ells us$ be+ imm5se4 ,9 ,p>is #cjj1jjj helmet-%ells 7 us$ 9 "o ye>1 valu$ at #dj1jjj ( ! bull's m\?1 #hj1jjj1 av]ag+ a little ov] a %ill+ apiece1 equal to #cd1jjj4 ,eight ?\s& black helmets 7 us$1 valu$ at #i1jjj4 ,! value ( ! l>ge cameos produc$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #ahdg 0 ab\t #afj1jjj1 & ! small ones #dj1jjj4 ,9 ! ,wolfe collection ( %ells at ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,c5tral ,p>k1 is a f9e specim5 ( ! que5 con* f ! ,florida reef1 ) a f9e head cut into ! out] surface1 %[+ h[ x is done4 ,! tools ( ! work] 9 cameos are ( ! mo/ delicate description4 ,f9e files1 knitt+-ne$le l implem5ts1 triangul>-%ap$ /eel cutt]s1 are arrang$ 9 a seem+ly endless confusion be=e ! work]4 ,! %ell or piece ( %ell to be cut is ei!r la%$ or glu$ to a heavy block or held 9 ! h&1 & ! face1 animal1 or o!r object outl9$ fir/ ) a delicate lead2 hav+ ?us laid ! f\ndation1 ! l9es are gone ov] ) a delicate ne$le fir/1 !n v>i\s k9ds1 ! "w gradually gr[+ be=e ! eye1 rem9d+ "o ( ! "w ( ! engrav] on wood4 ,,liv+ ,,beetles1 ,,etc4 ,insects h always be5 us$ m or less 9 decoration1 especially 9 ,brazil1 :]e ! ri*ly-color$ beetles ( ! c\ntry are affect$ z articles ( p]sonal adornm5t4 ,rec5tly 9 a ,union ,squ>e jewelry /ore a mon/] beetle 0 on exhibition1 hav+ be5 s5t !re = repairs4 ,x 0 alive1 & ab\t its body 0 a delicate gold b&1 lock$ ) a m9ute padlock2 a gold *a9 atta*$ x to ! %awl ( ! own]4 ,sometimes !y are worn ^u ! headge>1 _! sl[1 cumb]some movem5ts prev5t+ !m f attract+ great att5tion4 ,!y are valu$ at f #ej to #ajj apiece4 ,snakes1 ! ri* gre5 v>iety s common 9 ,new ,engl&1 are worn by "s ladies z bracelets1 :ile ! gorge\s reptiles are (t5 imitat$ 9 gold & silv]1 ) eyes ( diamonds1 rubies1 or black pe>ls4 ,gold be>s are ! prop] ?+ n[ = p9s4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! *ameleon is (t5 worn z a head ornam5t1 ! animal r>ely mov+1 & =m+ at lea/ a picturesque decoration1 ) its odd %ape & sculptur$ outl9es4 ,v>i\s o!r reptiles1 z small turtles1 alligators1 etc41 are press$ into s]vice4 ,! curi\s soldi]-crab has be5 us$ z a p94 ,plac$ 9 a box ) a ri* pe>ly %ell prep>$ = ! purpose1 x w *ange h\ses1 & !n1 secur$ by a gold or silv] *a91 roams ab\t ! we>]1 wav+ its r$ & blue claws 9 a w>like mann]4 ,birds are1 p]haps1 m commonly us$ z natural ornam5ts ?an any o!r1 & a cloak ( ! sk9s ( humm+ birds is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t objects to be imag9$4 ,"o1 ( a r>e species1 0 once sold 9 ,europe = #e1jjj4 ,s+le birds are (t5 wor? #gjj or #hjj4 ,a cloak ( ! sk9 ( ! great auk w\ld br+ #h1jjj or #aj1jjj4 ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful pheasants are extremely valuable--wor? _! weight 9 gold4 ,tig] claws are us$ 9 ! decoration ( hats1 & are extremely valuable & h>d to obta94 ,)9 t5 ye>s ! alligator has become an important factor to ! arti/ic manufactur]4 ,! hide1 by a new process1 is tann$ to an agreeable s(tness & us$ 9 innum]able ways4 ,! mo/ co/ly bags & trunks are made f x2 pocket-books1 c>d-cases1 d9+-room *airs are cov]$ ) x1 & x has be5 us$ z a dado on ! libr>y wall ( a well-kn[n naturali/4 ,x makes an excell5t b9d+ = c]ta9 books4 ,among fi%es ! %>k provides a sk9 us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! %agre5 ( ! %>k's ray is ( great value4 ,canes are made ( ! %>k's backbone1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ ) silv] or %ell plates4 ,%>k's tee? are us$ to decorate ! weapons ( v>i\s nations4 ,! magnific5t scales1 ne>ly f\r in*es across & tipp$ ) seem+ly solid silv]1 ( ! giant h]r+1 are us$1 :ile scales ( _m ( ! tribe h long be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( artificial pe>ls4 ,,pe>ls4 ,! latt] are p]haps ! mo/ valuable ( all ! (f]+s ( animate nature1 & are ! results ( ! ef=ts ( ! bivalve to protect itself f injury4 ,a p>asite bores into ! %ell ( ! pe>l be>]1 & :5 felt by ! animal x imm$iately =tifies itself by cov]+ up ! spot ) its pe>ly secretion2 ! p>asite pu%es on1 ! oy/] pil+ up until an imp]fect pe>l atta*$ to ! %ell is ! result4 ,! cle> oval pe>ls are =m$ 9 a simil> way1 only 9 ?is case a bit ( s& has become lodg$ 9 ! folds ( ! creature1 & 9 its ef=ts to protect itself f ! %>p edges1 ! bit becomes cov]$1 lay] by lay]1 & assumes naturally an oval %ape4 ,?is gr[? ( ! pe>l1 z x is incorrectly t]m$1 c be se5 by break+ op5 a #ejj gem1 :5 ! nacre w be se5 9 lay]s1 resembl+ ! section ( an onion4 ,! ,romans 7 p>ticul>ly fond ( pe>ls1 &1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! wife ( ,caius ,caligula possess$ a collection valu$ at ov] #h1jjj1jjj ( our money4 ,julius ,caes> pres5t$ a jewel to ! "m ( ,brutus valu$ at #bej1jjj1 :ile ! pe>l drank by ,cleopatra 0 e/imat$ at #djj1jjj4 ,tav]ni]1 ! fam\s travel]1 sold a pe>l to ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia = #eej1jjj4 ,a tw5ty-?\s&-doll> pe>l 0 tak5 f ,am]ican wat]s 9 ! "t ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,x 0 pe>-%ap$1 & z l>ge z a pigeon's egg4 ,ano!r1 tak5 f ! same locality1 is n[ own$ by a lady 9 ,madrid :o values x at #cj1jjj4 ,fre% wat] pe>ls are (t5 ( great value4 ,! /reams ( ,/4 ,clair ,c\nty4 ,ill41 & ,ru!r=d ,c\nty1 ,t5n41 produce l>ge quantities1 b ! l>ge/ "o 0 f\nd ne> ,salem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,x 0 ab\t an in* across1 & br\ght #b1jjj 9 ,p>is4 ,! pe>ls f ! ,tay1 ,doon1 & ,isla riv]s1 9 ,scotl&1 are pref]r$ by _m to ! ,ori5tal1 & 9 "o summ] #ej1jjj wor? ( pe>ls h be5 tak5 f ^! localities by m5 & *ildr54 ,"m-(-pe>l us$ 9 ! arts is sold by ! ton1 f #ej to #gjj be+ av]age prices4 ,! la/ ye>'s pe>l fi%]ies 9 ,ceylon alone realiz$ #hj1jjj1 to obta9 :i* m ?an #g1jjj1jjj pe>l oy/]s 7 br\ght up4 ,,sepia ,,& ,,silk4 ,! sepia ( ! arti/ comes f a mollusk1 & is ! fossil or extant ink-bag ( a cephalopod or squid1 :ile ! cuttle-fi% bone is us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ! "y ( ! pe>ly nautilus are /rung ^u /r+s & sold = #be & #bj z necklaces4 ,! tritons are 9 fair dem&1 & _m tons ( c[ries are s5t to ,europe ye>ly1 :ile ! %ipm5t ( a ?ick-lipp$ /rombus 9 "o ye> to ,liv]pool am\nt$ to #cjj1jjj4 ,! ri* color+ ( ! haliotis is us$ = inlay+ art furniture4 ,f ! p9na1 silk ( a peculi> quality is obta9$4 ,x is ! byssus or cable ( ! animal4 ,! ?reads are extremely f9e1 & equal 9 diamet] ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g?4 ,x is fir/ clean$ ) soap & wat]1 & dri$ by rubb+ ?r\gh ! h&s1 & f9ally pass$ ?r\gh combs ( bone1 iron1 or wood1 ( diff]5t sizes1 s t a p\nd ( ! mat]ial 9 ! r\gh gives only ab\t ?ree ounces ( pure ?read4 ,x is mix$ ) a ?ird ( real silk & spun into gloves1 /ock+s1 etc41 hav+ a beautiful yell[ hue4 ,! articles made f x are1 h[ev]1 n 9 g5]al use4 ,a pair ( gloves f p9na silk w\ld co/ #a4ej1 & /ock+s ab\t #c4 ,f9e specim5s ( su* "w c be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?\gh n ( animal orig91 amb] is "o ( ! *oice/ vegetable productions us$ 9 ! arts4 ,x is ! fossil gum ( p9es4 ,great b$s ( x occur at v>i\s po9ts 9 ,europe4 ,on ! ,prussian seabo>d x is m9$1 & (t5 wa%es a%ore4 ,9 #aegf a piece ( amb] 0 f\nd t weigh$ ?irte5 p\nds1 & = :i* #e1jjj 0 refus$4 ,9 ! cab9et ( ! ,b]l9 ,museum !re is a piece weigh+ eighte5 p\nds4 ,amb]gris1 f :i* p]fum]y is made1 is a secretion tak5 f ! inte/9es ( ! :ale1 & a piece pur*as$ f ! ,k+ ( ,tydore by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company is report$ to h co/ #ah1jjj4 ,:ales' tee?1 ! tusks ( elephants1 & ^? ( ! walrus & n>:al1 are all us$4 ,elephants' feet are cut (f at a conv5i5t l5g?1 ri*ly uphol/]$1 & us$ z seats2 ! great toe-nails1 :5 f9ely poli%$1 giv+ ! novel article ( furniture an attractive & unique appe>ance4 ,x is probably n g5]ally kn[n t ! web ( c]ta9 spid]s has be5 us$4 ,ov] #aej ye>s ago1 ,le ,bon1 ( ,france1 succe$$ 9 weav+ ! web mat]ial into delicate gloves4 ,pr(4 ,b4,g4 ,wild] inve/igat$ ! "q ?or\ghly1 & 0 a firm believ] t ! web ( ! spid] _h a comm]cial value1 b z yet ?is has n be5 realiz$4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d an animal t does n 9 "s way contribute to ! useful or decorative arts4--,c4,f4,h41 9 ,n4,y4 ,po/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$1 ) h9ts = procur+ advances on inv5tions4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4