,,! ,,fall5 ,,/>1 or1 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(  
,a ,,false ,,religion  by ,e4 ,l4 ,bulw]
   &1  ,a ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! ,,orig9
 ,,( ,,evil  by ,"l ,br\gham            
,,publi%]',s ,,preface  ,,religion1 says
 ,noah ,web/] 9 8 ,am]ican ,diction>y ( 
! ,engli% ,language1 is d]iv$ f         
8,religo1 to b9d anew20 &1 9 ?is ,hi/ory
 ( a ,false ,religion1 our au?or has %[n
 h[ easily its vot>ies 7 insn>$1        
deceiv$1 & m5tally b\nd 9 a labyr9? (   
falsehood & error1 by a design+ knave1  
:o e/abli%$ a new religion & a new ord] 
( prie/hood by impos+ on _! ignorance & 
cr$ulity4  ,! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( "o     
sup]natural religion w1 ) slight        
alt]ations1 s]ve to describe !m all4 ,_!
 claim to cr$5ce re/s on ! exhibition ( 
s-call$ miracles--t is1 on a violation (
 ! laws ( nature1--=1 if religions 7    
f\nd$ on ! demon/rat$ tru?s ( sci5ce1   
!re w\ld be no my/]y1 no sup]naturalism1
 no miracles1 no skepticism1 no false   
religion4 ,we w\ld h only v]ifi$ tru?s &
 demon/rat$ facts = ! basis ( our       

belief4 ,b ?is simple f\ndation does n  
satisfy ! unreason+ multitude4 ,!y dem& 
signs1 port5ts1 my/]ies1 wond]s &       
miracles = _! fai? & ! supply (         
prophets1 knaves & impo/ors has always  
be5 f\nd ample to satisfy ?is abnormal  
dem& ( cr$ulity4  ,design+ m51 ev5 at ! 
pres5t day1 f9d little difficulty 9     
e/abli%+ new sy/ems ( fai? & belief4    
,joseph ,smi?1 :o inv5t$ ! ,mormon      
religion1 _h m foll[]s & influ5ce 9 ?is 
c\ntry at 8 dea?1 ?an ! ,c>p5t]'s ,son  
obta9$ c5turies ago f ! unlett]$        
inhabitants ( ,pale/9e2 & yet ,smi?     
a*iev$ 8 success among educat$ p 9 ?is  
s-call$ enlight5$ age1 :ile ,jesus      
taught 9 an age ( semi-b>b>ism & fai?1  
:5 bo? ,jews & ,pagans ass]t$ & believ$ 
t bea/s1 birds1 reptiles & ev5 fi%es    
und]/ood human language1 7 (t5 gift$ )  
human spee*1 & sometimes seem$ to       
possess ev5 m ?an ord9>y human          
intellig5ce4  ,!y taught t ! s]p5t1 us+ 
! language ( sophi/ry1 beguil$ ,eve 9   
,ed51 :o 9 turn corrupt$ ,adam1 h] fir/ 

& only husb&4 ,at ! baptism ( ,jesus by 
,john 9 ! riv] ,jordan1 ! voice ( a dove
 res\nd$ 9 ! heav5s1 say+1 q audibly &  
di/9ctly1 8,?\ art my belov$ ,son2 9 !e 
,i am well pleas$40 ,balaam disput$ ) 8 
pati5t bea/ ( burd51 on _! celebrat$    
j\rney 9 ! l& ( ,moab1 & ! ass prov$    
wis] 9 ! argum5t t ensu$ ?an ! inspir$  
prophet :o be/rode him1 ,! great fi%    
,oannes left 8 native elem5t & taught   
philosophy to ! ,*aldeans on dry l&4 ,"o
 reputable woman1 ( ,jewi% l9eage1--! "m
 ( an int]e/+ family--0 *ang$ to a pill>
 ( salt 9 ,sodom :ile ano!r female (    
great notoriety kn[n to fame z !        
celebrat$ 8,wit* ( ,endor10 rais$       
,samuel f 8 grave 9 ,ramah4 ,sa9t ,pet] 
f\nd a %ill+ 9 ! m\? ( a fi% :i* he     
caught 9 ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 & ?is lucky 
incid5t enabl$ ! impecuni\s apo/le to   
pay ! 8tribute money0 9 ,cap]naum4      
,ano!r fam\s ,israelite1--s x is        
said1--broke ! record ( balloon         
asc5sions 9 ,judea1 & asc5d$ into heav5 
9 a *>iot ( fire4  ,9 an age ( ignorance

 wond]s ab\nd1 prodigies occur1 &       
miracles become common1 ,! untaught     
masses are easily deceiv$1 & _!         
unreason+ cr$ulity enables !m to pr\dly 
boa/ ( _! unque/ion+ fai?4 ,:5 _! feel+s
 are excit$ & _! passions ar\s$ by      
pr(essional evangeli/s1 !y ev5 pr(ess to
 believe t :i* !y _c compreh5d2 &1 9 !  
satirical language ( ,bulw]1 !y endeavor
 to 8assi/ _! ignorance by ! conjectures
 ( _! sup]/ition40  ,among ! multitudes 
( div]se & oppos+ religions :i* afflict 
mank9d1 x is self-evid5t t b "o religion
 may ju/ly claim ! inspiration ( tru?1 &
 x is equally evid5t to all reason+ m9ds
 t t religion is ! religion ( k9dness & 
humanity1--! religion ( noble ?\ghts &  
g5]\s de$s1--:i* removes ! enmities (   
race & cre$1 & 8makes ! :ole _w k960 ,& 
:i*1 9 its obs]vance is bless$ )        
sympa?y1 fri5d%ip1 happ9ess & love4     
,?is religion ne$s no cre$1 no pr(ession
 ( fai?1 no inc5se1 no pray]1 no p5ance1
 no sacrifice4 ,its :ole duty consi/s 9 
com=t+ ! afflict$1 assi/+ ! un=tunate1  

protect+ ! helpless1 & 9 hone/ly        
fulfill+ our duties to our fell[        
mortals4 ,9 ! language ( ,confucius1 !  
anci5t ,*9ese ,sage1 x is simply 8to    
behave to o!rs z ,i w\ld require o!rs to
 behave to me40  8,d unto o!rs z y w\ld 
!y %\ld d unto y10 says ,jesus2 & 9 !   
,epi/le ( ,james1 we are told t 8,pure  
,religion & undefil$ be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r
 is ?is1 ,to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 
_! affliction1 & to keep himself        
unspott$ f ! _w40  ,! same b5ign & g5]\s
 conduct is comm5d$ 9 ev5 gr&] & nobl]  
language 9 ! lectures to ! ,fr5*        
,masonic ,lodges3 8,love "o ano!r1 tea* 
"o ano!r1 help "o ano!r4 ,t is all our  
doctr9e1 all our sci5ce1 all our law40  
,x is believ$ t ! le>n$ diss]tation (   
,"l ,br\gham on ! ,orig9 ( ,evil1 :i* is
 annex$ to ?is "w1 w ne$ no comm5dation 
to ensure its c>eful p]usal4            
,,pet] ,,eckl]4      ,,! ,,fall5 ,,/>1  
or1 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,false         
,,religion  by ,e4 ,l4 ,bulw]     ,,an  
,,allegory ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4  ,& ! ,/>s    

sat1 ea* on 8 ruby ?rone1 & wat*$ )     
sleepless eyes ^u ! _w4 ,x 0 ! night    
u%]+ 9 ! new ye>1 a night on :i* e />   
receives f ! ar*angel t !n visits !     
univ]sal galaxy1 its peculi> *>ge4  ,!  
de/9ies ( m5 & empires are !n portion$  
=? = ! com+ ye>1 &1 unconsci\sly to     
ourselves1 our fates become m9ion$ to ! 
/>s4  ,a hu%$ & solemn night is t 9 :i* 
! d>k gates ( "t op5 to receive ! gho/ (
 ! dead ye>1 & ! "y & radiant /rang]    
ru%es =? f ! cl\d$ *asms ( et]nity4 ,on 
t night1 x is said t !re are giv5 to !  
spirits t we see n1 a privilege & a p[]2
 ! dead are tr\bl$ 9 _! =gott5 graves1 &
 m5 fea/ & laugh1 :ile demon & angel are
 cont5d+ = _! doom4  ,x 0 night 9 heav52
 all 0 unutt]ably sil5t1 ! music ( !    
sph]es _h paus$1 & n a s\nd came f !    
angels ( ! />s2 & !y :o sat ^u ^? %9+   
?rones 7 ?ree ?\s& & t51 ea* resembl+   
ea*4  ,et]nal y\? clo!d _! radiant limbs
 ) cele/ial beauty1 & on _! faces 0     
writt5 ! dread ( calm1 t fe>ful /illness
 :i* feels n1 sympa?izes n ) ! dooms ov]

 :i* x broods4  ,w>1 tempe/1 pe/il5ce1 !
 rise ( empires1 & _! fall1 !y orda91   
!y1 compass1 unexultant &               
uncompassionate4 ,! fell & ?rill+ crimes
 t /alk abroad :5 ! _w sleeps--!        
p>ricide ) 8 /eal?y /ep1 & horr5t br[1 &
 lift$ knife2 ! unwif$ "m t glides out &
 looks beh9d1 & beh9d1 & %udd]s1 & ca/s 
h] babe ^u ! riv]1 & he>s ! wail1 &     
pities n--! spla%1 & does n tremble6    
,^! ! />r$ k+s behold--to ^! !y lead !  
unconsci\s /ep2 b ! guilt blan*es n _!  
lu/re1 nei!r do? remorse )] _! unwr9kl$ 
y\?4  ,ea* /> wore a k+ly diadem2 r\nd !
 lo9s ( ea* 0 a grav5 belt1 grav5 ) _m &
 mighty signs2 & ! foot ( ea* 0 on a    
burn+ ball1 & ! "r arm dropp$ ov] ! knee
 z !y b5t d[n f _! ?rones2 !y mov$ n a  
limb or feature1 save ! f+] ( ! "r h&1  
:i* ev] & anon mov$ sl[ly1 po9t+1 &     
regulat$ ! fates ( m5 z ! h& ( ! dial   
speaks ! c>e] ( "t4  ,"o only ( ! ?ree  
?\s& & t5 wore n ! same aspect z 8 cr[n$
 bre?r52 a />1 small] ?an ! re/1 & less 
lum9\s4 ,! c\nt5ance ( ?is /> 0 n       

impress$ ) ! awful calmness ( ! o!rs2 b 
!re 7 sull5ness & discont5t ^u 8 mighty 
br[4  ,& ?is /> said to                 
himself--8,behold1 ,i am creat$ less    
glori\s ?an my fell[s1 & ! ar*angel     
apportions n to me ! same lordly        
de/9ies4 ,n = me are ! dooms ( k+s &    
b>ds1 ! rul]s ( empires1 or1 yet nobl]1 
! sway]s & h>moni/s ( s\ls4 ,sluggi% are
 ! spirits & base ! lot ( ! m5 ,i am    
orda9$ to lead ?r\gh a dull life to a   
fameless grave4 ,& :]e=e8--,is x m9e own
 fault1 or is x ! fault :i* is n m9e1 t 
,i 0 wov5 ( beams less glori\s ?an my   
bre?r58 ,lo6 :5 ! ar*angel comes1 ,i w  
b[ n my cr[n$ head to 8 decrees4 ,i w   
speak1 z ! ance/ral ,lucif] be=e me3 he 
rebell$ because ( 8 glory1 ,i because ( 
my obscurity2 he f ! ambition ( pride1 &
 ,i f its discont5t40  ,& :ile ! /> 0   
?us commun+ ) himself1 ! upw>d heav5s 7 
p>t$ z by a long riv] ( light1 & ad[n t 
/ream swiftly1 & )\t s\nd1 sp$ !        
ar*angel visitor ( ! />s2 8 va/ limbs   
float$ 9 ! liquid lu/re1 & 8 outspread  

w+s1 ea* plume ! glory ( a sun1 bore him
 noiselessly along2 b ?ick cl\ds veil$ 8
 lu/re f ! eyes ( mortals1 & :ile above 
all 0 ba!d 9 ! s]5ity ( 8 spl5dor1      
tempe/ & /orm broke bel[ ov] ! *ildr5 ( 
! e>?3  8,he b[$ ! heav5s & came d[n1 & 
d>kness 0 "u 8 feet40  ,& ! /illness on 
! faces ( ! />s became yet m /ill1 & !  
awfulness 0 humbl$ into awe4 ,"r above  
_! ?rones paus$ ! c\rse ( ! ar*angel2 & 
8 w+s /ret*$ f ea/ to we/1 ov]%ad[+ ) ! 
%ad[ ( light ! imm5sity ( space4 ,!n =? 
9 ! %9+ /illness1 roll$ ! dread music ( 
8 voice3 &1 fulfill+ ! h]aldry ( god1 to
 ea* /> he appo9t$ ! duty & ! *>ge1 &   
ea* /> b[$ 8 head yet l[] z he he>d !   
fiat1 :ile 8 ?rone rock$ & trembl$ at ! 
maje/y ( ! ^w4 ,b at la/1 :5 ea* ( !    
bright] />s _h1 9 succession1 receiv$ ! 
m&ate1 & ! vic]oyalty ov] ! nations ( ! 
e>?1 ! purple & diadems ( k+s--!        
ar*angel address$ ! less] /> z he sat   
ap>t f 8 fell[s4  8,behold10 said !     
ar*angel1 8! rude tribes ( ! nor?1 !    
fi%]m5 ( ! riv] t fl[s b5ea?1 & ! hunt]s

 ( ! =e/s1 t d>k5 ! m\nta9-tops )       
v]dure6 ^! be ?y *>ge1 & _! de/9ies ?y  
c>e4 ,nor deem ?\1 ,o /> ( ! sull5      
beams1 t ?y duties are less glori\s ?an 
! duties ( ?y bre?r52 = ! peasant is n  
less to ?y ma/] & m9e ?an ! mon>*2 nor  
do? ! doom ( empires re/ m ^u ! sov]eign
 ?an on ! h]d4 ,! passions & ! he>t are 
! dom9ion ( ! />s--a mighty realm2 nor  
less mighty b5ea? ! hide t g>bs !       
%eph]d1 ?an ! jewell$ robes ( ea/]n     
k+s40  ,!n ! /> lift$ 8 pale front f 8  
brea/1 & answ]$ ! ar*angel3  8,lo60 he  
said1 8ages h pa/1 & ea* ye> ?\ ha/     
appo9t$ me to ! same ignoble *>ge4      
,release me1 ,i pray !e1 f ! duties t ,i
 scorn2 or1 if ?\ wilt t ! l[li] race ( 
m5 be my *>ge1 give unto me ! *>ge n (  
_m1 b ( "o1 & suff] me to brea! into him
 ! desire t spurns ! valleys ( life1 &  
asc5ds its /eeps4 ,if ! humble are giv5 
to me1 let !re be among/ !m "o :om ,i   
may lead on ! mission t %all abase !    
pr\d2 =1 behold1 ,o ,appo9t] ( ! ,/>s1 z
 ,i h sat = unc\nt$ ye>s ^u my solit>y  

?rone1 brood+ ov] ! ?+s b5ea?1 my _s ha?
 ga!r$ wisdom f ! *anges t %ift bel[4   
,look+ ^u ! tribes ( e>?1 ,i h se5 h[ ! 
multitude are sway$1 & track$ ! /eps t  
lead weakness into p[]2 & fa9 w\ld ,i be
 ! rul] ( "o :o1 if abas$1 %all aspire  
to rule40  ,z a sudd5 cl\d ov] ! face ( 
noon 0 ! *ange on ! br[ ( ! ar*angel4   
8,pr\d & melan*oly />10 said ! h]ald1   
8?y wi% w\ld w> ) ! c\rses ( ! invisible
 de/9y1 t1 ?ron$ f> above1 sways &      
h>monizes all2 ! s\rce f :i* ! less]    
riv]s ( fate are et]nally gu%+ ?r\gh !  
he>t ( ! univ]se ( ?+s4 ,?9ke/ ?\ t ?y  
wisdom1 ( itself1 c lead ! peasant to   
become a k+80  ,& ! cr[n$ /> gaz$       
undaunt$ly on ! face ( ! ar*angel1 &    
answ]$3  8,yea6--grant me b "o trial60  
,ere ! ar*angel c\ld reply1 ! f>!/ c5tre
 ( ! heav5 0 r5t z by a ?und]bolt2 & !  
div9e h]ald cov]$ 8 face ) 8 h&s1 & a   
voice l[ & sweet1 & mild ) !            
consci\sness ( unque/ionable p[]1 spoke 
=? to ! rep9+ />3  8,! "t has arriv$ :5 
?\ maye/ h ?y wi%4 ,bel[ !e1 ^u yon     

solit>y pla91 sits a mortal1 gloomy z   
?yself1 :o1 born "u ?y influ5ce1 may be 
m\ld$ to ?y w40  ,! voice ceas$1 z !    
voice ( a dream4 ,sil5ce 0 ov] ! seas ( 
space1 & ! ar*angel1 once m borne al(t1 
sl[ly so>$ away into ! f>!r heav51 to   
promulgate ! div9e bidd+ to ! />s (     
f>-di/ant worlds4  ,b ! s\l ( !         
discont5t$ /> exult$ )9 itself2 & x     
said1 8,i w call =? a k+ f ! valley ( ! 
h]dsm51 t %all trample on ! k+s subject 
to my fell[s1 & r5d] ! *>ge ( ! contemn$
 /> m glori\s ?an ! m9ions ( its favor$ 
bre?r52 ?us %all ,i rev5ge neglect--?us 
%all ,i prove my claim h]eaft] to !     
h]itage ( ! great ( e>?60   ,at t "t1   
?\gh ! _w _h roll$ on = ages1 & !       
pilgrimage ( man _h pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s   
/ates ( exi/5ce1 :i* our dim tradition>y
 k has n pres]v$1 yet ! condition ( our 
race 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e 0 !n :at we1 9
 our imp]fect lore1 h conceiv$ to be    
among ! e>lie/4     ,,=m+ ,a ,,new      
,,religion4  ,by a rude & va/ pile (    
/ones1 ! masonry ( arts =gott51 a lonely

 man sat at midnight1 gaz+ ^u ! heav5s4 
,a /orm _h j pass$ f ! e>?--! cl\ds _h  
roll$ away1 & ! high />s look$ d[n ^u ! 
rapid wat]s ( ! ,rh9e2 & no s\nd save ! 
ro> ( ! waves & ! dripp+ ( ! ra9 f !    
mighty trees1 0 he>d ar\nd ! ru9$ pile3 
! :ite %eep lay scatt]$ on ! pla91 &    
slumb] ) !m4 ,he sat wat*+ ov] ! h]d1   
le/ ! foes ( a neighbor+ tribe seiz$ !m 
unaw>es1 & ?us he commun$ ) himself3    
8,! k+ sits ^u 8 ?rone1 & is honor$ by a
 w>rior race1 & ! w>rior exults 9 !     
trophies he has won2 ! /ep ( ! huntsman 
is bold ^u ! m\nta9-top1 & 8 "n is sung 
at night r\nd ! p9e-fires1 by ! lips ( !
 b>d2 & ! b>d himself ha? honor 9 !     
hail4 ,b ,i1 :o belong n to ! race (    
k+s1 & ^: limbs c b\nd n to ! rapture ( 
w>1 nor scale ! eyries ( ! eagle & !    
haunts ( ! swift /ag2 ^: h& _c /r+ !    
h>p1 & ^: voice is h>% 9 ! song2 ,i h   
nei!r honor nor comm&1 & m5 b[ n ! head 
z ,i pass along2 yet d ,i feel )9 me !  
consci\sness ( a great p[] t %\ld rule  
my species--n obey4 ,my eye pi]ces !    

secret he>ts ( m5--,i see _! ?\ghts ere 
_! lips proclaim !m2 & ,i scorn1 :ile ,i
 see1 ! weakness & ! vices :i* ,i nev]  
%>$4 ,i laugh at ! madness ( !          
w>rior--,i mock )9 my s\l at ! tyranny (
 k+s4 ,surely !re is some?+ 9 man's     
nature m fitt$ to comm&--m wor?y ( r5\n1
 ?an ! s9ews ( ! arm1 or ! swiftness ( !
 feet1 or ! accid5t ( bir?60  ,z ,morv51
 ! son ( ,osslah1 ?us mus$ )9 himself1  
/ill look+ at ! heav5s1 ! solit>y man   
beheld a /> sudd5ly %oot+ f its place1 &
 spe$+ ?r\gh ! sil5t air1 till x z      
sudd5ly paus$ "r ov] ! midnight riv]1 & 
fac+ ! inmate ( ! pile ( /ones4  ,z he  
gaz$ ^u ! /> /range ?\ghts grew sl[ly   
ov] him4 ,he drank1 z x 71 f its solemn 
aspect1 ! _s ( a great design4 ,a d>k   
cl\d rapidly pass+ ov] ! e>?1 snat*$ !  
/> f 8 sight2 b left to 8 awak5$ m9d !  
?\ghts & ! dim s*eme t _h come to him z 
he gaz$4  ,:5 ! sun arose "o ( 8 bre?r5 
reliev$ him ( 8 *>ge ov] ! h]d1 & he w5t
 away1 b n to 8 fa!r's home4 ,mus+ly he 
plung$ into ! d>k & leafless recesses ( 

! w9t] =e/2 & %ap$ out ( 8 wild ?\ghts1 
m palpably & cle>ly1 ! outl9e ( 8 d>+   
hope4  ,:ile ?us absorb$1 he he>d a     
great noise 9 ! =e/1 &1 fe>ful le/ !    
ho/ile tribe ( ! ,alri* might pass t    
way1 he asc5d$ "o ( ! l(tie/ p9e-trees1 
to ^: p]petual v]dure ! w9t] _h n d5i$ !
 %elt] he s\ght1 &1 conceal$ by its     
bran*es1 he look$ anxi\sly =? 9 !       
direction :5ce ! noise _h proce$4  ,&   
,,x came--x came ) a tramp & a cra%1 & a
 cru%+ tread ^u ! crun*$ b\ghs & matt$  
leaves t /rew$ ! soil--x came--x came1 !
 mon/] t ! _w n[ holds no m--! mighty   
mammo? ( ! ,nor?6  ,sl[ly x mov$ 9 its  
huge /r5g? along1 & its burn+ eyes      
glitt]$ ?r\gh ! gloomy %ade3 its jaws1  
fall+ ap>t1 %[$ ! gr9d]s ) :i* x snapp$ 
asund] ! "y oaks ( ! =e/2 & ! va/ tusks1
 :i*1 curv$ d[nw>d to ! mid/ ( its      
massive limbs1 gli/5$ :ite & gha/ly1    
curdl+ ! blood ( "o de/9$ h]eaft] to be 
! dread$ rul] ( ! m5 ( t di/ant age4  ,!
 livid eyes ( ! mon/] fa/5$ on ! =m ( ! 
h]dsman1 ev5 amid/ ! ?ick d>kness ( !   

p9e4 ,x paus$--x gl>$ ^u him--its jaws  
op5$1 & a l[ deep s\nd1 z ( ga!r+ ?und]1
 seem$ to ! son ( ,osslah z ! knell ( a 
dreadful grave4 ,b aft] gl>+ on him = "s
 mom5ts1 x aga91 & calmly1 pursu$ its   
t]rible way1 cra%+ ! b\ghs z x m>*$     
along1 till ! la/ s\nd ( its heavy tread
 di$ away ^u 8 e>4  ,ere yet1 h[ev]1    
be=e ,morv5 _h summon$ ! c\rage to      
desc5d ! tree1 he saw ! %9+ ( arms ?r\gh
 ! b>e bran*es ( ! wood1 & pres5tly a   
small h& ( ! ho/ile ,alri* came into    
sight4 ,he 0 p]fectly hidd5 f !m2 &1    
li/5+ z !y pass$ him1 he he>d "o say to 
ano!r3  8,! night cov]s all ?+s2 :y     
attack !m by day80  ,& he :o seem$ !    
*ief ( ! b&1 answ]$ 8,"r4 ,to-night1 :5 
!y sleep 9 _! city1 we w ^u !m4 ,lo6 !y 
w be dr5*$ 9 w9e1 & fall l %eep into our
 h&s40  8,b :]e1 ,o *ief10 said a ?ird (
 ! b&1 8%all our m5 hide dur+ ! day8 =  
!re are _m hunt]s among ! y\? ( !       
,oe/ri* tribe1 & !y might see u 9 ! =e/ 
unaw>es1 & arm _! race aga9/ our com+40 
8,i h prep>$ = t10 answ]$ ! *ief4 8,is n

 ! d>k cav]n ( ,od]l9 at h&8 ,w x n     
%elt] u f ! eyes ( ! victims80  ,!n ! m5
 laugh$1 & %\t+1 !y w5t _! way ad[n !   
=e/4  ,:5 !y 7 gone ,morv5 cauti\sly    
desc5d$1 &1 /rik+ into a broad pa?1     
ha/5$ to a vale t lay betwe5 ! =e/ & !  
riv] 9 :i* 0 ! city :]e ! *ief ( 8      
c\ntry dwelt4  ,z he pass$ by ! w>like  
m51 giants 9 t day1 :o ?rong$ ! /reets  
7if /reets !y might be call$71 _! half  
g>m5ts p>t+ f _! huge limbs1 ! quiv] at 
_! backs1 & ! hunt+ spe>s 9 _! h&s1 !y  
laugh$ & %\t$ out1 &1 po9t+ to him1     
cri$3  8,morv51 ! woman6 ,morv51 !      
cripple6 :at do/ ?\ among m580  ,= ! son
 ( ,osslah 0 small 9 /ature & ( sl5d]   
/r5g?1 & 8 /ep _h halt$ f 8 bir?2 b he  
pass$ ?r\gh ! w>riors unhe$+ly4  ,at !  
outskirts ( ! city he came ^u a tail    
pile1 9 :i* "s old m5 dwelt by !mselves1
 & c\nsel$ ! k+ :5 times ( dang]1 or :5 
! failure ( ! season1 ! fam9e1 or !     
dr\ght1 p]plex$ ! rul]1 & cl\d$ ! savage
 fronts ( 8 w>rior tribe4  ,!y gave !   
c\nsels ( exp]i5ce1 & :5 exp]i5ce fail$1

 !y drew1 9 _! believ+ ignorance1       
assurances & om5s f ! w9ds ( heav51 !   
*anges ( ! moon1 & ! flights ( ! w&]+   
birds4 ,fill$ 7by ! voices ( ! elem5ts1 
& ! v>iety ( my/]ies :i* ev] %ift along 
! face ( ?+s1 unsolv$ by ! wond] :i*    
pauses n1 ! fe> :i* believes1 & t et]nal
 reason+ ( all exp]i5ce1 :i* assigns    
causes to effects7 ) ! notion ( sup]ior 
p[]s1 !y assi/$ _! ignorance by !       
conjectures ( _! sup]/ition4 ,b z yet !y
 knew no craft & practic$ no volunt>y   
delusion2 !y trembl$ too mu* at !       
my/]ies1 :i* _h creat$ _! fai?1 to seek 
to belie !m4 ,!y c\nsell$ z !y believ$1 
& ! bold dream _h nev] d>$ to cross m5  
?us worn & grey ) age1 ( gov]n+ _!      
w>riors & _! k+s by ! wisdom ( deceit4  
,! son ( ,osslah ent]$ ! va/ pile ) a   
fe>less /ep1 & approa*$ ! place at !    
upp] end ( ! hall1 :]e ! old m5 sat 9   
conclave4  8,h[1 base-torn & crav5      
limb$60 cri$ ! elde/1 :o _h be5 a not$  
w>rior 9 8 day2 8d>e/ ?\ ent] unsummon$ 
amid/ ! secret c\ncils ( ! wise m58     

,kn[e/ ?\ n1 scatt]l+6 t ! p5alty is    
dea?80  8,slay me1 if ?\ wilt10 answ]$  
,morv5 8b he>6  8,z ,i sat la/ night 9 !
 ru9$ palace ( our anci5t k+s1 t5d+1 z  
my fa!r bade me1 ! %eep t graz$ ar\nd1  
le/ ! fi]ce tribe ( ,alri* %\ld desc5d  
unse5 f ! m\nta9s ^u ! h]d1 a /orm came 
d>kly on2 & :5 ! /orm1 _h ceas$ & ,i    
look$ above on ! sky1 ,i saw a /> desc5d
 f its height t[>ds me1 & a voice f ! />
 said1 #8,son ( ,osslah1 leave ?y h]d & 
seek ! c\ncil ( ! wise m51 & say unto   
!m1 t !y take !e z "o ( _! numb]1 or t  
sudd5 w be ! de/ruction ( !m1 & !irs4'  
8,b ,i _h c\rage to answ] ! voice1 & ,i 
said1 #8,mock n ! poor son ( ! h]dsman4 
,behold !y w kill me if ,i utt] s ra% a 
^w1 = ,i am poor & valueless 9 ! eyes ( 
! tribe ( ,oe/ri*1 & ! great 9 de$s & ! 
grey ( hair alone sit 9 ! c\ncil ( !    
wise m54'  8,!n ! voice said1 #8,d my   
bidd+1 & ,i w give !e a tok5 t ?\ come/ 
f ! p[]s t sway ! seasons & sail ^u !   
eagles ( ! w9ds4 ,say unto ! wise m5 t  
?is v night if !y refuse to receive !e (

 _! b&1 evil %all fall ^u !m1 & ! morr[ 
%all dawn 9 blood4'  8,!n ! voice ceas$1
 & a cl\d pass$ ov] ! />2 & ,i commun$ )
 myself1 & came1 ,o dread fa!rs1        
m\rnfully unto y4 ,= ,i fe>$ t ye w\ld  
smite me because ( my bold tongue1 & t  
ye w\ld1 s5t5ce me to ! dea?1 9 t ,i    
ask$ :at may sc>ce be giv5 ev5 to ! sons
 ( k+s40  ,!n ! grim eld]s look$ "o at !
 o!r & m>vell$ mu*1 nor knew !y :at     
answ] !y %\ld make to ! h]dsman's son4  
,at l5g? "o ( ! wise m5 said1 8,surely  
!re mu/ be tru? 9 ! son ( ,osslah1 = he 
w\ld n d>e to falsify ! great lights (  
heav54 ,if he _h giv5 unto m5 ! words ( 
! />1 v]ily we might d\bt ! tru?4 ,b :o 
w\ld brave ! v5geance ( ! gods ( night80
  ,!n ! eld]s %ook _! heads approv+ly2 b
 "o answ]$ & said3  8,%all we take !    
h]dsman's son z our equal8 ,no60  ,! "n 
( ! man :o ?us answ]$ 0 ,d>van1 & 8     
words 7 pleas+ to ! eld]s4  ,b ,morv5   
spoke out3  8,( a tru?1 ,o c\ncilors (  
k+s6 ,i look n to be an equal )         
y\rselves4 ,en\gh if ,i t5d ! gates (   

y\r palace1 & s]ve y z ! son ( ,osslah  
may s]ve20 & he b[$ 8 head humbly z he  
spoke4  ,!n said ! *ief ( ! eld]s1 = he 
0 wis] ?an ! o!rs1 8,b h[ wilt ?\ deliv]
 u f ! evil t is to come8 ,d\btless ! />
 ha? in=m$ !e ( ! s]vice ?\ can/ r5d] to
 u if we take !e into our palace1 z well
 z ! ill t w fall on u if we refuse40   
,morv5 answ]$ meekly3 8,surely1 if ?\   
accepte/ ?y s]vant1 ! /> w tea* him t   
:i* may requite !e2 b z yet he kn[s only
 :at he has utt]$40  ,!n ! sages bade   
him )draw1 & !y commun$ ) !mselves & !y 
diff]$ mu*2 b ?\gh fi]ce m5 & bold at ! 
w> cry ( a human foe1 !y %udd]$ at !    
prophecy ( a />4 ,s !y resolv$ to take !
 son ( ,osslah1 & suff] him to keep !   
gate ( ! c\ncil-hall4  ,he he>d _!      
decree & t[$ 8 head1 & w5t to ! gate1 & 
sat d[n by x 9 sil5ce4  ,& ! sun w5t d[n
 9 ! we/1 & ! fir/ /ats ( ! twilight    
began to glimm]1 :5 ,morv5 />t$ front 8 
seat1 & a trembl+ appe>$ to seize 8     
limbs4 ,8 lips foam$2 an agony & a fe>  
possess$ him2 he wri!d z a man :om !    

spe> ( a foeman has pi]c$ ) a mortal    
w\nd1 & sudd5ly fell ^u 8 face on ! /ony
 e>?4   ,! eld]s approa*$ him2 wond]+1  
!y lift$ him up4 ,he sl[ly recov]$ z f a
 swoon2 8 eyes roll$ wildly4  8,he>d ye 
n ! voice ( ! />80 he said4  ,& ! *ief (
 ! eld]s answ]$1 8,nay1 we he>d no      
s\nd40  ,!n ,morv5 sigh$ heavily4  8,to 
me only ! ^w 0 giv54 ,summon in/antly1  
,o c\ncilors ( ! k+6 summon ! arm$ m51 &
 all ! y\? ( ! tribe1 & let !m take !   
sword & ! spe>1 & foll[ ?y s]vant4 ,=   
lo6 ! /> ha? ann\nc$ to him t ! foe %all
 fall into our h&s z ! wild bea/ ( !    
=e/s40  ,! son ( ,osslah spoke ) ! voice
 ( comm&1 & ! eld]s 7 amaz$4  8,:y1     
pause ye80 he cri$4 8,d ! gods ( ! night
 lie8 ,on my head re/ ! p]il if ,i      
deceive ye40  ,!n ! eld]s commun$       
toge!r2 & !y w5t =? & summon$ ! m5 (    
arms1 & all ! "y ( ! tribe2 & ea* man   
took ! sword & ! spe>1 & ,morv5 also4 ,&
 ! son ( ,osslah walk$ fir/1 /ill look+ 
up at ! />2 & he motion$ !m to be sil5t1
 & move ) a /eal?y /ep4  ,s !y w5t ?r\gh

 ! ?icke/ ( ! =e/1 till !y came to ! m\?
 ( a great cave1 ov]gr[n ) ag$ & matt$  
trees1 & x 0 call$ ! cave ( ,od]l92 & he
 bade ! lead]s place ! arm$ m5 on ei!r  
side ! cave1 to ! "r & to ! left1 among 
! hu%es4  ,s !y wat*$ sil5tly till !    
night deep5$1 :5 !y he>d a noise 9 !    
cave & ! s\nd ( feet1 & =? came an arm$ 
man2 & ! spe> ( ,morv5 pi]c$ him1 & he  
fell dead at ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,ano!r &   
ano!r1 & bo? fell6 ,!n l\d & long 0 he>d
 ! w>cry ( ,alri*1 & =? p\r$1 z a /ream 
ov] a n>r[ b$1 ! riv] ( arm$ m54  ,& !  
,sons ( ,oe/ri* fell ^u !m1 & ! foe 7   
sorely p]plex$ & t]rifi$ by ! sudd5ness 
( ! battle & ! d>kness ( ! night2 & !re 
0 a great slaught]4  ,& :5 ! morn+ came1
 ! *ildr5 ( ,oe/ri* c\nt$ ! sla91 & f\nd
 ! lead] ( ,alri* & ! *ief m5 ( ! tribe 
among/ !m1 & great 0 ! joy !re(4  ,s !y 
w5t back 9 triumph to ! city1 & !y c>d$ 
! brave son ( ,osslah on _! %\ld]s1 &   
%\t$ =?1 8,glory to ! s]vant ( ! />40   
,& ,morv5 dwelt 9 ! c\ncil ( ! wise m54 
,n[ ! k+ ( ! tribe _h "o daught]1 & %e 0

 /ately among/ ! wom5 ( ! tribe1 & fair 
to look ^u4 ,& ,morv5 gaz$ ^u h] ) !    
eyes ( love1 b he did n d>e to speak4   
,n[ ! son ( ,osslah laugh$ secretly at !
 fooli%ness ( m52 he lov$ !m n1 = !y _h 
mock$ him2 he honor$ !m n1 = he _h bl9d$
 ! wise/ ( _! eld]s4  ,he %unn$ _! fea/s
 & m]rim5t & liv$ ap>t & solit>y4  ,!   
au/]ity ( 8 life increas$ ! my/]i\s     
homage :i* 8 commune ) ! />s _h won him1
 & ! bolde/ ( ! w>riors b[$ 8 head to ! 
favorite ( ! gods4  ,"o day he 0 w&]+ by
 ! side ( ! riv]1 & he saw a l>ge bird (
 prey rise f ! e>?1 & give *ase to a    
hawk t _h n yet ga9$ ! full /r5g? ( its 
w+s4 ,f 8 y\? ! solit>y ,morv5 _h lov$  
to wat*1 9 ! great =e/s & by ! banks ( !
 mighty /ream1 ! habits ( ! ?+s :i*     
nature _h submitt$ to man2 & look+ n[ on
 ! birds1 he said to himself1 8,?us is x
 ev]2 by cunn+ or by /r5g? ea* ?+ wi%es 
to ma/] its k9d40  ,:ile ?us1 moraliz+1 
! l>g] bird _h /rick5 d[n ! hawk1 & x   
fell t]rifi$ & pant+ at 8 feet4  ,morv5 
took ! hawk 9 8 h&s1 & ! vulture %riek$ 

above him1 :eel+ ne>] & ne>] to its     
protect$ prey2 b ,morv5 sc>$ away !     
vulture1 & plac+ ! hawk 9 8 bosom1 he   
c>ri$ x home1 & t5d$ x c>efully1 & f$ x 
f 8 h& until x _h rega9$ its /r5g?2 & ! 
hawk knew him1 & foll[$ him z a dog4  ,&
 ,morv5 said1 smil+ to himself1         
8,behold1 ! cr$ul\s fools ar\nd me put  
fai? 9 ! flight & motions ( birds4 ,i w 
tea* ?is poor hawk to m9i/] to my ends40
  ,s he tam$ ! bird1 & tutor$ x accord+ 
to its nature2 b he conceal$ x c>efully 
f o!rs1 & *]i%$ x 9 secret4  ,! k+ ( !  
c\ntry 0 old & l to die1 & ! eyes ( !   
tribe 7 turn$ to 8 two sons1 nor knew !y
 :i* 0 ! wor?i] to reign4  ,& ,morv5    
pass+ ?r\gh ! =e/ "o ev5+1 saw ! y\ng] (
 ! two1 :o 0 a great hunt]1 sitt+       
m\rnfully "u an oak1 & look+ ) mus+ eyes
 ^u ! gr\nd4  8,:]e=e muse/ ?\1 ,o swift
 foot$ ,siror80 said ! son ( ,osslah2 8&
 :]e=e art ?\ sad80  8,?\ can/ n assi/  
me10 answ]$ ! pr9ce1 /]nly2 8take ?y    
way40  8,nay10 answ]$ ,morv51 8?\ kn[e/ 
n :at ?\ saye/2 am ,i n ! favorite ( !  

/>s80  8,away1 ,i am no graybe>d :om !  
approa* ( dea? makes dot+3 talk n to inc
 ( ! />s2 ,i "k only ! ?+s t my eye sees
 & my e> dr9ks 940  8,hu%10 said ,morv51
 solemnly1 & cov]+ 8 face2 8hu%6 le/ !  
heav5s av5ge ?y ra%ness4 ,b1 behold1 !  
/>s h giv5 unto me to pi]ce ! secret    
he>ts ( o!rs2 & ,i c tell !e ! ?\ghts ( 
?9e40  8,speak out1 base-born60  8,?\   
art ! y\ng] ( two1 & ?y "n is less kn[n 
9 w> ?an ! "n ( ?y bro!r2 yet w\ld/ ?\  
desire to be set ov] 8 head1 & to sit at
 ! high seat ( ?y fa!r80  ,! "y man     
turn$ pale4  8,?\ ha/ tru? 9 ?y lips10  
said he1 ) a falt]+ voice4  8,n f me1 b 
f ! />s1 desc5ds ! tru?40  8,c ! />s    
grant my wi%80  8,!y c2 let u meet      
to-morr[40 ,?us say+1 ,morv5 pass$ into 
! =e/4  ,! next day1 at noon1 !y met    
aga94  8,i h consult$ ! gods ( night1 & 
!y h giv5 me ! p[] t ,i pray$ =1 b on "o
 condition40  8,"n x40  8,t ?\ sacrifice
 ?y si/] on _! alt>s ?\ mu/ build up a  
heap ( /ones1 & take ?y si/] into !     
wood1 & lay h] on ! pile1 & plunge ?y   

sword into h] he>t2 s only %alt !n      
reign40  ,! pr9ce %udd]$1 & />t$ to 8   
feet1 & %ook 8 spe> at ! pale front (   
,morv54  8,tremble10 said ! son (       
,osslah1 ) a l\d voice4 8,h>k to ! gods1
 :o ?reat5 !e ) dea?1 t ?\ ha/ d>$ to   
lift ?9e arm aga9/ _! s]vant60  ,z he   
spoke1 ! ?und] roll$ above2 = "o ( !    
frequ5t /orms ( ! e>ly summ] 0 ab\t to  
break4  ,! spe> dropp$ f ! pr9ce's h&2  
he sat d[n & ca/ 8 eyes on ! gr\nd4     
8,wilt ?\ d ! bidd+ ( ! />s1 & reign80  
said ,morv54  8,i w60 cri$ ,siror1 ) a  
desp]ate voice4  8,?is ev5+1 !n1 :5 !   
sun sets1 ?\ wilt lead h] hi!r1 alone2  
,i may n att5d !e4 ,n[1 let u pile !    
/ones40  ,sil5tly ! huntsman b5t 8 va/  
/r5g? to ! fragm5ts ( rock t ,morv5     
po9t$ to him1 & !y built ! alt>1 & w5t  
_! way4   ,& beautiful is ! dy+ ( !     
great sum :5 ! la/ song ( ! birds fades 
into ! lap ( sil5ce2 :5 ! isl&s ( ! cl\d
 are ba!d 9 light1 & ! fir/ /> spr+s up 
ov] ! grave ( day4   8,:i!r leade/ ?\ my
 /eps1 my bro!r80 said ,g9a2 8& :y do?  

?y lip quiv]8 & :y do/ ?\ t>n away ?y   
face80  8,is n ! =e/ beautiful2 do? x n 
tempt u =?1 my si/]80  8,& :]e=e are ^? 
heaps ( /one pil$ toge!r80  8,let o!rs  
answ]2 ,i pil$ !m n40  8,?\ tremble/    
bro!r3 we w return40  8,n s2 by ^? /ones
 is a bird t my %aft pi]c$ to-day2 a    
bird ( beautiful plumage t ,i slew =    
!e40  8,we are by ! pile3 :]e ha/ ?\    
laid ! bird80  8,"h60 cri$ ,siror2 & he 
seiz$ ! maid5 9 8 arms1 &1 ca/+ h] on ! 
rude alt>1 he drew =? 8 sword to smite  
h] to ! he>t4  ,"r ov] ! /ones rose a   
giant oak1 ! gr[? ( immemorial ages2 & f
 ! oak1 or f ! heav5s2 broke =? a l\d & 
solemn voice3  8,/rike n1 son ( k+s6 !  
/>s =be> _! own3 ! maid5 ?\ %alt n slay2
 yet %alt ?\ reign ov] ! race ( ,oe/ri*2
 & ?\ %all give ,orna z a bride to !    
favorite ( ! />s4 ,arise1 & g ?y way60  
,! voice ceas$3 ! t]ror ( ,orna _h      
ov]p[]$ = a "t ! spr+s ( life2 & ,siror 
bore h] home ?r\gh ! wood 9 8 /rong     
arms4   8,alas60 said ,morv51 :51 at !  
next day1 he aga9 met ! aspir+ pr9ce2   

8alas6 ! />s h orda9$ me a lot :i* my   
he>t desires n2 = ,i1 lonely ( life1 &  
crippl$ ( %ape1 am ins5sible to ! fires 
( love2 & ev]1 z ?\ & ?y tribe "k1 ,i h 
%unn$ ! eyes ( wom51 = ! maid5s laugh$  
at my halt+ /ep & my sull5 features2 & s
 9 my y\? ,i le>n$ betimes to bani% all 
?\ghts ( love4 ,b s9ce !y told me 7z !y 
decl>$ to !e71 t only ?r\gh t m>riage1  
?\1 ,o belov$ pr9ce6 can/ obta9 ?y      
fatt]'s plum$ cr[n1 ,i yield me to _!   
w40  8,b10 said ! pr9ce1 8n until ,i am 
k+ c ,i give !e my si/] 9 m>riage2 = ?\ 
kn[e/ t my sire w\ld smite me to ! du/1 
if ,i ask$ him to give ! fl[] ( our race
 to ! son ( ! h]dsman ,osslah40  8,?\   
speake/ ! words ( tru?4 ,g home & fe> n3
 b1 :5 ?\ art k+1 ! sacrifice mu/ be    
made1 & ,orna m9e4 ,alas6 h[ c ,i d>e to
 lift my eyes to h]6 ,b s orda9 ! dread 
k+s ( ! night6--,:o %all ga9say _! ^w80 
8,! day t sees me k+1 sees ,orna ?9e10  
answ]$ ! pr9ce4  ,morv5 walk$ =?1 z 0 8 
wont1 alone2 & he said to himself1 8! k+
 is old1 yet may he live long betwe5 me 

& m9e hope60 & he began to ca/ 9 8 m9d  
h[ he might %ort5 ! "t4  ,?us absorb$1  
he w&]$ on s unhe$+ly1 t night advanc$1 
& he _h lo/ 8 pa? among ! ?ick woods1 & 
knew n h[ to rega9 8 home2 s he lay d[n 
quietly b5ea? a tree1 & re/$ till day   
dawn$4  ,!n hung] came ^u him & he se>*$
 among ! bu%es = su* simple roots z ^? )
 :i*1 = he 0 ev] c>eless ( food1 he 0   
us$ to appease ! crav+s ( nature4  ,he  
f\nd1 among o!r m famili> h]bs & roots1 
a r$ b]ry ( a sweeti% ta/e1 :i* he _h   
nev] obs]v$ be=e4 ,he ate ( x sp>+ly1 & 
_h n proce$$ f> 9 ! wood be=e he f\nd 8 
eyes swim1 & a deadly sickness come ov] 
him4 ,= sev]al h\rs he lay convuls$ on !
 gr\nd expect+ dea?2 b ! gaunt sp>5ess (
 8 frame1 & 8 unv>y+ ab/95ce1 prevail$  
ov] ! poison1 & he recov]$ sl[ly1 & aft]
 great angui%3 b he w5t ) feeble /eps   
back to ! spot :]e ! b]ries grew1 &1    
pluck+ sev]al1 hid !m 9 8 bosom1 & by   
nightfall rega9$ ! city4  ,! next day he
 w5t =? among 8 fa!r's h]ds1 & seiz+ a  
lamb1 =c$ "s ( ! b]ries into its /oma*1 

& ! lamb1 escap+1 ran away1 & fell d[n  
dead4 ,!n ,morv5 took "s m ( ! b]ries & 
boil$ !m d[n1 & mix$ ! juice ) w9e1 & he
 gave ! w9e 9 secret to "o ( 8 fa!r's   
s]vants1 & ! s]vant di$4  ,!n ,morv5    
s\ght ! k+1 & com+ into 8 pres5ce alone1
 he said unto him1 8,h[ f>es my "l80  ,!
 k+ sat on a c\*1 made ( ! sk9s (       
wolves1 & 8 eye 0 glassy & dim2 b va/ 7 
8 ag$ limbs & huge 0 8 /ature1 & he _h  
be5 tall] by a head ?an ! *ildr5 ( m51 &
 none liv+ c\ld b5d ! b[ he _h b5t 9    
y\?4 ,grey1 gaunt & worn1 z "s mighty   
bones t are dug at times f ! bosom ( !  
e>?--a relic ( ! /r5g? ( old4  ,& ! k+  
said1 fa9tly1 & ) a gha/ly laugh3  8,!  
m5 ( my ye>s f>e ill4 ,:at avails my    
/r5g?8 ,bett] _h ,i be5 born a cripple l
 !e1 s %\ld ,i h _h no?+ to lam5t 9 gr[+
 old40  ,! r$ fla% pass$ ov] ,morv5's   
br[2 b he b5t humbly--  8,o k+1 :at if  
,i c\ld give !e back ?y y\?8 ,:at if ,i 
c\ld re/ore to !e ! vigor :i* di/+ui%$  
!e above ! sons ( m51 :5 ! w>riors (    
,alri* fell l grass be=e ?y sword80  ,!n

 ! k+ uplift$ 8 dull eyes1 & he said3   
8,:at meane/ ?\1 son ( ,osslah8 ,surely 
,i he> mu* ( ?y great wisdom1 & h[ ?\   
speake/ nightly ) ! />s4 ,c ! gods ( !  
night give unto !e ! secret to make !   
old "y80  8,tempt !m n by d\bt10 said   
,morv51 rev]5tly4 8,all ?+s are possible
 to ! rul]s ( ! d>k h\r2 &1 lo6 ! /> t  
loves ?y s]vant spake to him at ! dead (
 night1 & said1 #8,arise1 & g unto ! k+2
 & tell him t ! />s honor ! tribe (     
,oe/ri*1 & rememb] h[ ! k+ b5t 8 b[     
aga9/ ! ,sons ( ,alri*2 :]e=e1 look ?\  
"u ! /one t lies to ! "r ( ?y           
dwell+--ev5 beside ! p9e-tree1 & ?\ %alt
 see a vessel ( clay1 & 9 ! vessel ?\   
wilt f9d a sweet liquid1 t %all make !  
k+ ?y ma/] =get 8 age =ev]4'  8,!re=e1  
my "l1 :5 ! morn+ rose ,i w5t =?1 &     
look$ "u ! /one1 & behold ! vessel (    
clay2 & ,i h br\ght x hi!r to my "l1 !  
k+40  8,quick--slave--quick6 t ,i may   
dr9k & rega9 my y\?60  8,nay1 li/51 ,o  
k+6 f>!r said ! /> to me3  8#8,x is only
 at night1 :5 ! />s h p[]1 t ?is _! gift

 w avail2 :]e=e1 ! k+ mu/ wait till !   
hu% ( ! midnight1 :5 ! moon is high1 &  
!n may he m+le ! liquid ) 8 w9e4  8#8,& 
he mu/ reveal to none t he ha? receiv$ !
 gift f ! h& ( ! s]vant ( ! />s4 ,= ,,!y
 d _! "w 9 secret1 & :5 m5 sleep2 !re=e 
!y love n ! babble ( m\?s1 & he :o      
reveals _! b5efits %all surely die4'0   
8,fe> n10 said ! k+1 grasp+ ! vessel2   
8none %all "k3 &1 behold1 ,i w rise on !
 morr[2 & my two sons--wrangl+ = my     
cr[n--v]ily1 ,i %all be y\ng] ?an !y60  
,!n ! k+ laugh$ l\d2 & he sc>cely ?ank$ 
! s]vant ( ! />s1 nei!r did he promise  
him rew>d3 = ! k+s 9 ^? days _h little  
?\ght--save = !mselves4  ,& ,morv5 said 
to him1 8,%all ,i n att5d my "l8 = )\t  
me1 p]*ance1 ! drug might fail ( its    
effect40  8,aye10 said ! k+1 8re/ "h40  
8,nay10 repli$ ,morv52 8?y s]vants w    
m>vel & talk mu*1 if !y see ! son (     
,osslah soj\rn+ 9 ?y palace4 ,s w\ld !  
displeasure ( ! gods ( night p]*ance be 
incurr$4 ,suff] t ! less] door ( !      
palace be unb>r$1 s t at ! night h\r1 :5

 ! moon is midway 9 ! heav5s1 ,i may    
/eal unse5 into ?y *amb]1 & mix ! liquid
 ) ?y w9e40  8,s be x10 said ! k+4 8,?\ 
art wise ?\gh ?y limbs are crook$ &     
curt2 & ! />s might h *os5 a tall] man40
  ,!n ! k+ laugh$ aga92 & ,morv5 laugh$ 
too1 b !re 0 dang] 9 ! mir? ( ! son (   
,osslah4   ,! night _h began to wane1 & 
! inhabitants ( ,oe/ri* 7 buri$ 9 deep  
sleep1 :51 h>k6 a %>p voice 0 he>d cry+ 
out 9 ! /reets1 8,woe1 woe6 ,awake ye   
sons ( ,oe/ri*--woe60  ,!n =?1          
wild--hagg>d--al>m$--spe> 9 h&1 ru%$ !  
giant sons ( ! rugg$ tribe1 & !y saw a  
man on a height 9 ! middle ( ! city1    
%riek+1 8,woe60 & x 0 ,morv51 ! son (   
,osslah6  ,& he said unto !m1 z !y ga!r$
 r\nd him1 8,m5 & w>riors1 tremble z ye 
he>4  8,! /> ( ! we/ ha? spok5 to me &  
?us sai? ! />3  8#8,evil %all fall ^u ! 
k+ly h\se ( ,oe/ri*--yea1 ere ! morn+   
dawns2 :]e=e1 g ?\ m\rn+ into ! /reets1 
& wake ! inhabitants to woe6'  8,s ,i   
rose & did ! bidd+ ( ! />40  ,& :ile    
,morv5 0 yet speak+1 a s]vant ( ! k+'s  

h\se ran up to ! cr[d1 cry+ l\dly3  8,! 
k+ is dead60  ,s !y w5t into ! palace & 
f\nd ! k+ />k ^u 8 c\*1 & 8 huge limbs  
all cramp$ & crippl$ by ! pangs ( dea?1 
& 8 h&s cl5*$ z if 9 m5ace ( a foe--!   
foe ( all liv+ fle%6  ,!n fe> came on ! 
gaz]s1 & !y look$ on ,morv5 ) a deep]   
awe ?an ! bolde/ w>rior w\ld h call$ =?3
 & !y bore him back to ! c\ncil-hall ( !
 wise m51 wail+ & cla%+ _! arms 9 woe1 &
 %\t+1 ev] & anon3  8,honor to ,morv51 !
 prophet60  ,& t 0 ! fir/ "t ! ^w       
,,prophet 0 ev] us$ 9 ^? c\ntries4   ,at
 noon1 on ! ?ird day f ! k+'s dea?1     
,siror s\ght ,morv51 & he said3  8,lo1  
my fa!r is no m1 & ! p meet ?is ev5+ at 
sunset to elect 8 successor1 & ! w>riors
 & ! "y m5 w surely *oose my bro!r1 = he
 is m kn[n 9 w>4 ,fail me n1 !re=e40    
8,peace1 boy60 said ,morv51 /]nly2 8nor 
d>e to "q ! tru? ( ! gods ( night40  ,= 
,morv5 n[ began to presume on 8 p[]     
among ! p1 & to speak z rul]s speak1 ev5
 to ! sons ( k+s4  ,& ! voice sil5c$ !  
fi]y ,siror1 nor d>$ he to reply4       

8,behold10 said ,morv51 tak+ up a *aplet
 ( color$ plumes1 8we> ?is on ?y head1 &
 put on a brave face--= ! p l a hopeful 
_s--& g d[n ) ?y bro!r to ! place :]e ! 
new k+ is to be *os51 & leave ! re/ to !
 />s4  8,b1 above all ?+s1 =get n t     
*aplet2 x has be5 bless$ by ! gods (    
night40  ,! pr9ce took ! *aplet &       
return$ home4  ,x 0 ev5+ & ! w>riors &  
*iefs ( ! tribe 7 assembl$ 9 ! place :]e
 ! new k+ 0 to be elect$4  ,& ! voices (
 ! _m favor$ ,pr9ce ,volto*1 ! bro!r (  
,siror1 = he _h sla9 twelve foeman ) 8  
spe>2 & v]ily1 9 ^? days1 t 0 a great   
virtue 9 a k+4  ,sudd5ly !re 0 a %\t 9 !
 /reets1 & ! p cri$ out3  8,way =       
,morv51 ! prophet1 ! prophet60  ,= ! p  
held ! son ( ,osslah 9 ev5 great]       
respect ?an did ! *iefs4  ,n[1 s9ce he  
_h become ( note1 ,morv5 _h assum$ a    
maje/y ( air :i* ! son ( ! h]dsman knew 
n 9 8 e>li] days2 & albeit 8 /ature 0   
%ort1 & 8 limbs halt$1 yet 8 c\nt5ance 0
 grave & high4  ,he only ( ! tribe wore 
a g>m5t t swept ! gr\nd1 & 8 head 0 b>e1

 & 8 long black hair desc5d$ to 8       
girdle1 & r>ely 0 *ange or human passion
 se5 9 8 calm aspect4  ,he fea/$ n1 nor 
drank w9e1 nor 0 8 pres5ce frequ5t 9 !  
/reets4  ,he laugh$ n1 nei!r did he     
smile1 save :5 alone 9 ! =e/--& !n he   
laugh$ at ! follies ( 8 tribe4  ,s he   
walk$ sl[ly ?r\gh ! cr[d1 nei!r turn+ to
 ! left nor to ! "r1 z ! cr[d gave way2 
& he support$ 8 /eps ) a /aff ( ! knott$
 p9e4  ,& :5 he came to ! place :]e !   
*iefs 7 met1 & ! two pr9ces /ood 9 !    
c5tre1 he bade ! p ar\nd him proclaim   
sil5ce4  ,!n m\nt+ on a huge fragm5t (  
rock1 he ?us spake to ! multitude3      
8,pr9ces1 wantons & b>ds6 ye1 ,o c\ncil 
( ! wise m56 & ye1 ,o hunt]s ( ! =e/s1 &
 sn>]s ( ! fi%es ( ! /reams6 h>k5 to    
,morv51 ! son ( ,osslah4  8,ye "k t ,i  
am l[ly ( race1 & weak ( limb2 b did ,i 
n give into y\r h&s ! tribe ( ,alri*1 & 
did ye n slay !m 9 ! dead ( night ) a   
great slaught]8  8,surely1 ye mu/ "k t  
?is ( himself did n ! h]dsman's son2    
surely he 0 b ! ag5t ( ! bright gods t  

love ! *ildr5 ( ,oe/ri*4  8,?ree nights 
s9ce1 :5 slumb] 0 on ! e>?1 0 n my voice
 he>d 9 ! /reets8  8,did ,i n proclaim  
woe to ! k+ly h\se ( ,oe/ri*8 & v]ily ! 
d>k arm _h fall5 on ! bosom ( ! mighty1 
t is no m4  8,c\ld ,i h dream$ ?is ?+   
m]ely 9 a dream1 or 0 ,i n z ! voice ( !
 bright gods t wat* ov] ! tribes (      
,oe/ri*8  8,:]e=e1 ,o m5 & *iefs6 scorn 
n ! son ( ,osslah1 b li/5 to 8 words2 = 
are !y n ! wisdom ( ! />s8  8,behold1   
la/ night1 ,i sat alone 9 ! valley1 & ! 
trees 7 hu%$ ar\nd1 & n a brea? /irr$2 &
 ,i look$ ^u ! /> t c\nsels ! son (     
,osslah2 & ,i said3  8#8,dread conqu]or 
( ! cl\d6 ?\ t ba!/ ?y beauty 9 ! /reams
 & pi]ce/ ! p9e-b\ghs ) ?y pres5ce2     
behold ?y s]vant griev$ because ! mighty
 "o ha? pass$ away1 & _m foes surr\nd ! 
h\ses ( my bre?r52 & x is well t !y %\ld
 h a k+ valiant & prosp]\s 9 w>1 ! *]i%$
 ( ! />s4  8#8,:]e=e1 ,o />6 z ?\ gave/ 
into our h&s ! w>riors ( ,alri*1 & did/ 
w>n u ( ! fall ( ! oak ( our tribe1     
:]e=e1 ,i pray !e1 give unto ! p a tok5 

t !y may *oose t k+ :om ! gods ( ! night
 pref]6'  8,!n a l[ voice sweet] ?an !  
music ( ! b>d1 /ole along ! sil5ce4     
8#8,?y love = ?y race is grateful to !  
/>s ( night3 g !n1 son ( ,osslah1 & seek
 ! meet+ ( ! *iefs & ! p to *oose a k+1 
& tell !m n to scorn !e because ?\ art  
sl[ to ! *ase & little kn[n 9 w>2 = !   
/>s give !e wisdom z a recomp5se = all4 
8#8,say unto ! p t z ! wise m5 ( !      
c\ncil %ape _! lessons by ! flight (    
birds1 s by ! flight ( birds /all a tok5
 be giv5 unto !m1 & !y %all *oose _!    
k+s4  8#8,=1' said1 ! /> ( "r1 #8! birds
 are *ildr5 ( ! w9ds1 !y pass to & fro  
along ! ocean ( ! air1 & visit ! cl\ds t
 are ! w>%ips ( ! gods4  8#8,& _! music 
is b brok5 melodies :i* !y gleam f !    
h>ps above4  8#8,are !y n ! mess5g]s ( !
 /orm8  8#8,ere ! /ream *afes aga9/ !   
bank1 & ! ra9 desc5ds1 "k ye n1 by !    
wail ( birds & _! l[ circles ov] ! e>?1 
t ! tempe/ is at h&8  8#8,:]e=e1 wisely 
d ye deem t ! *ildr5 ( ! air are ! fit  
int]pret]s betwe5 ! sons ( m5 & ! lords 

( ! _w above4  8#8,say !n to ! p & !    
*iefs1 t !y %all take1 f among ! doves t
 ne/ 9 ! ro( ( ! palace1 a :ite dove1 & 
!y %all let x loose 9 ! air1 & v]ily !  
gods ( ! night %all deem ! dove z a     
pray] com+ f ! p1 & !y %all s5d a       
mess5g] to grant ! pray] & give to !    
tribes ( ,oe/ri* a k+ wor?y ( !mselves4'
  8,) t ! /> spoke no m40  ,!n ! fri5ds 
( ,volto* murmur$ among !mselves1 & !y  
said1 8,%all ?is man dictate to u :o    
%all be k+80  ,b ! p & ! w>riors %\t$3  
8,li/5 to ! />2 d we n give or d5y      
battle accord+ z ! bird flies--%all we n
 by ! same tok5 *oose him by :om !      
battle %\ld be l$80  ,& ! ?+ seem$      
natural to !m1 = x 0 aft] ! cu/om ( !   
tribe4  ,!n !y took "o ( ! doves t built
 9 ! ro( ( ! palace1 & !y b\ght x to !  
spot :]e ,morv5 /ood1 & he1 look+ up to 
! />s & mutt]+ to himself1 releas$ !    
bird4  ,!re 0 a copse ( trees a little  
di/ance f ! spot1 & z ! dove asc5d$1 a  
hawk sudd5ly rose f ! copse & pursu$ !  
dove2 & ! dove 0 t]rifi$1 & so>$ circl+ 

high above ! cr[d1 :51 lo1 ! hawk1 pois+
 itself "o mom5t on its w+s1 swoop$ ) a 
sudd5 swoop1 &1 ab&on+ its prey1 alight$
 on ! plum$ head ( ,siror4  8,behold10  
cri$ ,morv5 9 a l\d voice1 8behold y\r  
k+60  8,hail1 all hail ! k+60 %\t$ ! p4 
8,all hail ! *os5 ( ! />s60  ,!n ,morv5 
lift$ 8 "r h&1 & ! hawk left ! pr9ce1 & 
alight$ on ,morv5's %\ld]4  8,bird ( !  
gods60 said he1 rev]5tly1 8ha/ ?\ n a   
secret message = my e>80 ,!n ! hawk put 
its beak to ,morv5's e>1 & ,morv5 b[$ 8 
head submissively2 & ! hawk re/$ )      
,morv5 f t mom5t & w\ld n be sc>$ away4 
,& ,morv5 said3  8,! />s h s5t me ?is   
bird1 t1 9 ! day-"t1 :5 ,i see !m n1 we 
may nev] be )\t a c\nsellor 9 di/ress40 
,s ,siror 0 made k+1 & ,mav5 ! son (    
,osslah 0 con/ra9$ by ! k+'s w to take  
,orna = 8 wife2 & ! p & ! *iefs honor$  
,morv51 ! prophet1 above all ! eld]s ( !
 tribe4   ,"o day ,morv5 said unto      
himself1 mus+1 8,am ,i n already equal )
 ! k+8 nay1 is n ! k+ my s]vant8 did ,i 
n place him ov] ! heads ( 8 bro!rs8 am  

,i n1 !re=e1 m fit to reign ?an he is8  
%all ,i n pu% him f 8 seat8  8,x is a   
tr\blesome & /ormy (fice to reign ov] ! 
wild m5 ( ,oe/ri*1 to fea/ 9 ! cr[d$    
hail1 & to lead die w>riors to ! fray4  
8,surely1 if ,i fea/$ n1 nei!r w5t out  
to w>1 !y might say1 #8,?is is no k+1 b 
! cripple ,morv52' & "s ( ! race (      
,siror might slay me secretly4  8,b c ,i
 n be great] f> ?an k+s1 & cont9ue to   
*oose & gov]n !m1 liv+ z n[ at m9e own  
ease8  8,v]ily1 ! />s %all give me a new
 palace1 & _m subjects40  ,among ! wise 
m5 0 ,d>van2 & ,morv5 fe>$ him1 = 8 eye 
(t5 s\ght ! movem5ts ( ! son ( ,osslah4 
,& ,morv5 said 8,x 7 bett] to ,,tru/ ?is
 man ?an to ,,bl9d1 = surely ,i want a  
helpmate & a fri5d40  ,s he said to !   
wise man z he sat alone wat*+ ! sett+   
sun3  8,x seeme? to me1 ,o ,d>van6 ,i t 
we ought to build a great pile 9 honor (
 ! />s & ! pile %\ld be m glori\s ?an   
all ! palaces ( ! *iefs & ! palaces ( ! 
k+2 = are n ! />s our ma/]s8  8,& ?\ &  
,i %\ld be ! *ief dwell]s 9 ?is new     

palace1 & we w\ld s]ve ! gods ( night1 &
 fatt5 _! alt>s ) ! *oice/ ( ! h]d1 & ! 
fre%e/ ( ! fruits ( ! e>?40  ,& ,d>van  
said3  8,?\ speake/ z becomes ! s]vant (
 ! />s4 ,b w ! p help to build ! pile1 =
 !y are a w>-l race & !y love n toil80  
,& ,morv5 answ]$3  8,d\btless ! />s w   
orda9 ! "w to be done4 ,fe> n40  8,9    
tru? ?\ art a wondr\s man1 ?y words ev] 
come to pass10 answ]$ ,d>van2 8& ,i wi% 
?\ w\lde/ tea* me1 fri5d1 ! language ( !
 />s40  8,assur$ly if ?\ s]ve/ me ?\    
%alt "k10 answ]$ ! pr\d ,morv52 & ,d>van
 0 secretly wro? t ! son ( ! h]dsman    
%\ld comm& ! s]vice ( an eld] & a *ief4 
,& :5 ,morv5 return$ to 8 wife he f\nd  
h] weep+ mu*4  ,n[ %e lov$ ! son (      
,osslah ) an exce$+ love1 = he 0 n      
savage & fi]ce z ! m5 %e _h kn[n1 & %e 0
 pr\d ( 8 fame among ! tribe2 & he took 
h] 9 8 arms & kiss$ h]1 & ask$ h] :y %e 
wept4  ,!n %e told him t h] bro!r1 ! k+1
 _h visit$ h] & _h spok5 bitt] words (  
,morv54  8,he take? f me ! affection (  
my p10 said ,siror1 8& bl9de? !m ) lies4

 ,& s9ce he ha? made me k+1 :at if he   
take my k+dom f me8 ,v]ily1 a new tale (
 ! />s might undo ! old40  ,& ! k+ _h   
ord]$ h] to keep wat* on ,morv5's       
secrecy1 & to see :e!r tru? 0 9 him :5  
he boa/$ ( 8 commune ) ! ,p[]s ( ,night4
  ,b ,orna lov$ ,morv5 bett] ?an ,siror1
 !re=e %e told h] husb& all4  ,& ,morv5 
res5t$ ! k+'s +ratitude1 & 0 tr\bl$ mu*1
 = a k+ is a p[]ful foe2 b tie com=t$   
,orna1 & bade h] dissemble & compla9    
also ( him to h] bro!r1 s t he might    
confide to h] unsuspect+ly :atsoev] he  
might design aga9/ ,morv54  ,!re 0 a    
cave by ,morv5's h\se 9 :i* he kept !   
sacr$ hawk1 & :]e9 he secretly tra9$ &  
nurtur$ o!r birds aga9/ future ne$1 & ! 
door ( ! cave 0 always b>r$4  ,& "o day 
he 0 ?us engag$ :5 he beheld a *9k 9 !  
wall1 t he _h nev] not$ be=e1 & ! sun   
came playfully 92 & :ile he look$ he    
p]ceiv$ ! sunbeam 0 d>k5$1 & pres5tly he
 saw a human face pe]+ 9 ?r\gh ! *9k4   
,& ,morv5 trembl$1 = he knew he _h be5  
wat*$4   ,morv5 ran ha/ily f ! cave1 b !

 spy _h disappe>$ among ! trees1 &      
,morv5 w5t /raight to ! *amb] ( ,d>van &
 sat himself d[n4  ,d>van did n return  
home till late1 & he />t$ & turn$ pale  
:5 he saw ,morv54  ,b ,morv5 greet$ him 
z a bro!r1 & bade him to a fea/1 :i*1 = 
! fir/ "t1 he purpos$ giv+ at ! full ( !
 moon1 9 honor ( ! />s4  ,& go+ out (   
,d>van's *amb]1 he return$ to 8 wife1 & 
bade h] hair1 & g at ! dawn ( day to !  
k+1 h] bro!r1 & compla9 bitt]ly (       
,morv5's treatm5t1 & pluck ! black      
s*emes f ! brea/ ( ! k+4 8,= surely10   
said he1 8,d>van ha? li$ to ?y bro!r1 & 
"s evil awaits me t ,i w\ld fa9 "k40  ,s
 ! next morn+ ,orna s\ght ! k+1 & %e    
said3  8,! h]dsman's son ha? revil$ me1 
& spok5 h>% words to me2 /all ,i n be   
av5g$80  ,!n ! k+ /amp$ 8 feet & %ook 8 
mighty sword4  8,surely ?\ %alt be      
av5g$1 = ,i h le>n$ f "o ( ! eld]s t :i*
 conv9ce? me t ! man ha? li$ to ! p1 & !
 base-born %all surely die4  8,yea1 !   
fir/ "t t he goe? alone into ! =e/ my   
bro!r & ,i w fall ^u him & smite him to 

! dea?40  ,& ) ?is com=t ,siror dismiss$
 ,orna4  ,& ,orna flung h]self at ! feet
 ( h] husb&4  8,fly n[1 ,o my           
belov$6--fly into ! =e/s af> f my       
bre?r51 or surely ! sword ( ,siror w end
 ?y days40  ,!n ! son ( ,osslab fold$ 8 
arms1 & seem$ buri$ 9 black ?\ghts2 nor 
did he he$ ! voice ( ,orna1 until aga9 &
 aga9 %e _h implor$ him to fly4  8,fly60
 he said at l5g?4 8,nay1 ,i 0 d\bt+ :at 
puni%m5t ! />s %\ld p\r d[n ^u our foe4 
,let w>riors fly4 ,morv51 ! prophet1    
conqu]s by arms mighti] ?an ! sword40   
,nev]!less ,morv5 0 p]plex$ 9 8 m9d1 &  
knew n h[ to save himself f ! v5geance (
 ! k+4   ,n[1 :ile ,morv5 0 mus+        
hopelessly1 he he>d a ro> ( wat]s2 &    
behold ! riv]1 = x 0 n[ ! end ( autumn1 
_h bur/ its b\nds1 & 0 ru%+ along !     
valley to ! h\ses ( ! city4  ,& n[ ! m5 
( ! tribe1 & ! wom51 & ! *ildr51 came   
runn+1 & ) %rieks to ,morv5's h\se1     
cry+3  8,behold ! riv] has bur/ ^u      
u6--,save u1 ,o rul] ( ! />s60  ,!n !   
sudd5 ?\ght broke ^u ,morv5 & he resolv$

 to risk 8 fate ^u "o desp]ate s*eme4   
,& he came out f ! h\se calm & sad1 & he
 said3  8,ye "k n :at ye ask2 ,i _c save
 ye f ?is p]il3 ye h br\ght x on        
y\rselves40  ,& !y cri$3 8,h[8 ,o son ( 
,osslah--we are ignorant ( our crime40  
,& he answ]$3  8,g d[n to ! k+'s palace 
& wait be=e x1 & surely ,i w foll[ ye1 &
 ye %all le>n :]e=e ye h incurr$ ?is    
puni%m5t f ! gods40  ,!n ! cr[d roll$   
murmur+ back1 z a rec$+ sea2 & :5 x 0   
gone f ! place1 ,morv5 w5t alone to !   
h\se ( ,d>van1 :i* 0 next 8 own3 &      
,d>van 0 greatly t]rifi$1 = he 0 ( a    
great age1 & _h no *ildr51 nei!r fri5ds1
 & he fe>$ t he c\ld n ( himself escape 
! wat]s4  ,& ,morv5 said to him1        
soo?+ly3  8,lo1 ! p love me1 & ,i w see 
t ?\ art sav$ = v]ily ?\ ha/ be5 fri5dly
 to me1 & done me mu* s]vice ) ! k+40   
,& z he ?us spake1 ,morv5 op5$ ! door ( 
! h\se & look$ =?1 & saw t !y 7 q alone2
 !n he seiz$ ! old man by ! ?roat1 &    
ceas$ n 8 grip till he 0 q dead4  ,&    
leav+ ! body ( ! eld] on ! floor1       

,morv51 /ole f ! h\se & %ut ! gate4  ,& 
z he 0 go+ to 8 cave he mus$ a little   
:ile1 :51 he>+ ! mighty ro> ( ! waves   
advanc+1 & af> (f ! %rieks ( wom51 he   
lift$ up 8 head1 & said pr\dly3  8,no6 9
 ?is h\r t]ror alone %all be my slave2  
,i w use no art save ! p[] ( my s\l40   
,s1 lean+ on 8 p9e /aff1 he /rode d[n to
 ! palace4  ,& x 0 n[ ev5+1 & _m ( ! m5 
held tor*es1 t !y might see ea* o!r's   
faces 9 ! univ]sal fe>4  ,r$ fla%$ !    
quiv]+ flames on ! d>k robes & pale     
front ( ,morv52 & he seem$ mighti] ?an !
 re/1 because 8 face alone 0 calm amid/ 
! tumult4  ,& l\d] & ho>s] came ! ro> ( 
! wat]s2 & swift ru/$ ! %ades ( night   
ov] ! ha/5+ tide4  ,& ,morv5 said 9 a   
/]n voice3  8,:]e is ! k+2 & :]e=e is he
 abs5t f 8 p 9 ! h\r ( dread80  ,!n !   
gate ( ! palace op5$2 &1 behold ,siror 0
 sitt+ 9 ! hall by ! va/ p9e-fire & 8   
bro!r by 8 side1 & 8 *iefs ar\nd him3 = 
!y w\ld n deign to come among/ ! cr[d at
 ! bidd+ ( ! h]dsman's son4  ,!n ,morv51
 /&+ ^u a rock above ! heads ( ! p 7!   

same rack :]eon he _h proclaim$ ! k+71  
?us spake3  8,ye desir$ to "k1 ,o sons (
 ,oe/ri*6 :]e=e ! riv] ha? bur/ its     
b\nds1 & ! p]il ha? come ^u y4  8,le>n  
!n1 t ! />s res5t z ! f\le/ ( human     
crimes an insult to _! s]vants &        
delegates bel[4  8,ye are all aw>e ( !  
mann] ( life ( ,morv51 :om ye h surnam$ 
! ,prophet6  8,he h>ms n man or bea/2 he
 lives alone2 &1 f> f ! wild joys ( !   
w>rior tribe1 he wor%ips 9 awe & fe> !  
,p[]s ( ,night6  8,s is he able to      
advise ye ( ! com+ dang]--s is he able  
to save ye f ! foe4 ,?us are y\r huntsm5
 swift & y\r w>riors bold2 & ?us d y\r  
cattle br+ =? _! "y1 & ! e>? its fruits4
  8,:at ?9k ye1 & :at d ye ask to he>8  
8,li/51 m5 ( ,oe/ri*6--!y h laid sn>es =
 my life2 & !re are among/ y ^? :o h    
:ett$ ! sword aga9/ ! bosom t is only   
fill$ ) love = y4  8,!re=e h ! /]n lords
 ( heav5 loos5$ ! *a9s ( ! riv]--!re=e  
do? ?is evil m5ace ye4  8,nei!r w x pass
 away until !y :o dig ! pit = ! s]vant (
 ! />s are buri$ 9 ! same40  ,!n1 by !  

r$ tor*es1 ! faces ( ! m5 look$ fi]ce & 
?reat5+2 & t5 ?\s& voices %\t$ =?3  8,"n
 !m :o conspir$ aga9/ ?y life1 ,o holy  
prophet6 & surely !y %all be torn limb f
 limb40  ,& ,morv5 turn$ aside1 & !y saw
 t he wept bitt]ly2 & he said3  8,ye h  
ask$ me1 & ,i h answ]$3 b n[ sc>ce w ye 
believe ! foe t ,i h provok$ aga9/ me2 &
 by ! heav5s !mselves ,i swe>1 t if my  
dea? w\ld satisfy _! fury1 nor br+ d[n  
^u y\rselves1 & y\r *ildr5's *ildr51 !  
ang] ( ! ?ron$ />s1 gladly w\ld ,i give 
my bosom to ! knife4 ,yes10 he cri$1    
lift+ up 8 voice1 & po9t+ 8 %ad[y arm   
t[>ds ! hall :]e ! k+ sat by !          
p9e-fire--8yes1 ?\ :om by my voice ! />s
 *ose above ?y bro!r--yes1 ,siror1 !    
guilty "o6 take ?y sword1 & come        
hi!r--/rike1 if ?\ ha/ ! he>t to /rike1 
! ,prophet ( ! ,gods60  ,! k+ />t$ to 8 
feet1 & ! cr[d 7 hu%$ 9 a %udd]+ sil5ce4
  ,morv5 resum$3  8,"k !n1 ,o m5 (      
,oe/ri*1 t ,siror & ,volto*1 8 bro!r1 & 
,d>van1 ! eld] ( ! wise m51 h purpos$ to
 slay y\r prophet1 ev5 at su* h\r z :5  

alone he seeks ! %ade ( ! =e/ to devise 
new b5efits = y4 ,let ! k+ d5y x1 if he 
c60  ,!n ,volto*1 ( ! giant limbs1 /rode
 =? f ! hall1 & 8 spe> quiv]$ 9 8 h&4   
8,rightly ha/ ?\ spok51 base son ( my   
fa!r's h]dsman6 & = ?y s9s %alt ?\      
surely die2 = ?\ lie/ :5 ?\ speake/ ( ?y
 p[] ) ! />s1 & ?\ laughe/ at ! folly ( 
!m :o he> !e3 :]e=e put him to dea?40   
,!n ! *iefs 9 ! hall cla%$ _! arms1 &   
ru%$ =? to slay ! son ( ,osslah4  ,b he1
 /ret*+ 8 un>m$ h&s on high1 exclaim$3  
8,he> him1 ,o dread ones ( ! night--h>k 
h[ he blaspheme?40  ,!n ! cr[d took up !
 ^w1 & cri$3  8,he blaspheme?--he       
blaspheme? aga9/ ! prophet60  ,b ! k+ & 
! *iefs :o hat$ ,morv51 because ( 8 p[] 
) ! p1 ru%$ into ! cr[d2 & ! cr[d 7     
irresolute1 nor knew !y h[ to act1 =    
nev] yet _h !y rebell$ aga9/ _! *iefs1 &
 !y fe>$ alike ! prophet & ! k+4  ,&    
,siror cri$3  8,summon ,d>van to u1 = he
 ba? wat*$ ! /eps ( ,morv51 & he %all   
lift ! veil f my p's eyes40  ,!n ?ree ( 
! swift ( foot />t$ =? to ! h\se (      

,d>van4  ,& ,morv5 cri$ out ) a l\d     
voice3  8,h>k6 ?us sai? ! /> :o1 n[ rid+
 ?r\gh yond] cl\d breaks =? ^u my       
eyes--#8,= ! lie t ! eld] ha? utt]$     
aga9/ my s]vant1 ! curse ( ! />s %all   
fall ^u him4' ,seek1 & z ye f9d him1 s  
may ye f9d ev] ! foes ( ,morv5 & !      
gods40  ,a *ill & an icy fe> fell ov] ! 
cr[d1 & ev5 ! *eek ( ,siror grew pale2 &
 ,morv51 erect & d>k above ! wav+       
tor*es1 /ood motionless ) fold$ arms4   
,& h>k--f> & fa/ came on ! w>-/e$s ( !  
wave--! p he>d !m m>*+ to ! l&1 & toss+ 
_! :ite manes 9 ! ro>+ w9d4  8,lo1 z ye 
li/510 said ,morv51 calmly1 8! riv]     
sweeps on4 ,ha/e1 = ! gods w h a victim1
 be x y\r prophet or y\r k+40  8,slave60
 %\t$ ,siror1 & 8 spe> left 8 h&1 & f>  
above ! heads ( ! cr[d sp$ hiss+ beside 
! d>k =m ( ,morv51 & r5t ! trunk ( ! oak
 beh9d4  ,!n ! p1 wro? at ! dang] ( _!  
belov$ se]1 utt]$ a wild yell1 & ga!r$  
r\nd him ) br&i%$ swords1 fac+ _!       
*iefta9s & _! k+4  ,b at t in/ant1 ere !
 w> _h brok5 =? among ! tribe1 ! ?ree   

w>riors return$1 & !y bore ,d>van on _! 
%\ld]s1 & laid him at ! feet ( ! k+1 &  
!y said trembl+ly3  8,?us f\nd we ! eld]
 9 ! c5tre ( 8 own hall40  ,& ! p saw t 
,d>van 0 a corpse1 & t ! pr$iction (    
,morv5 0 ?us v]ifi$4  8,s p]i% ! enemies
 ( ,morv5 & ! ,/>s60 cri$ ! son (       
,osslah4 ,& ! p e*o$ ! cry4  ,!n ! fury 
( ,siror 0 at its height1 & wav+ 8 sword
 above 8 head1 he plung$ into ! cr[d3   
8,?y blood1 base-born1 or m9e40  8,s be 
x60 answ]$ ,morv51 quail+ n4 8,p1 smite 
! blasphem]4 ,h>k h[ ! riv] p\rs d[n ^u 
y\r *ildr5 & y\r he>?s4 ,on1 on1 or ye  
p]i%60  ,& ,siror fell1 pi]c$ by five   
hundr$ spe>s4  8,smite6 smite60 cri$    
,morv51 z ! *iefs ( ! royal h\se ga!r$  
r\nd ! k+4  ,& ! cla% ( swords1 & !     
gleam ( spe>s1 & ! cries ( ! dy+1 & !   
yell ( ! trampl+ p1 m+l$ ) ! ro> ( !    
elem5ts1 & ! voices ( ! ru%+ wave4      
,?ree hundr$ ( ! *iefs p]i%$ t night by 
! swords ( _! own tribe4 ,& ! la/ cry ( 
! victors 01 8,morv5 ! prophet--,,morv5 
,,! ,,k+60  ,& ! son ( ,osslah1 see+ !  

waves n[ spread+ ov] ! valley1 l$ ,orna 
8 wife1 & ! m5 ( ,oe/ri*1 _! wom5 & _!  
*ildr51 to a high m\nt1 :]e !y wait$ !  
dawn+ sun4  ,b ,orna sat ap>t & wept    
bitt]ly1 = h] bro!rs 7 no m1 & h] race  
_h p]i%$ f ! e>?4  ,& ,morv5 s\ght to   
com=t h] 9 va94  ,:5 ! morn+ rose1 !y   
saw t ! riv] _h ov]spread ! great] "p ( 
! city1 & n[ /ay$ its c\rse among !     
holl[s ( ! vale4  ,!n ,morv5 said to !  
p3 8,! /> k+s are av5g$1 & _! wra?      
appeas$4 ,t>ry only "h until ! wat] h   
melt$ into ! crevices ( ! soil40  ,& on 
! f\r? day !y return$ to ! city1 & no   
man d>$ to "n ano!r1 save ,morv51 z !   
k+4   ,b ,morv5 retir$ into 8 cave &    
mus$ deeply2 & !n assembl+ ! p1 he gave 
!m new laws2 & he made !m build a mighty
 temple 9 honor ( ! />s1 & made !m heap 
)9 x all t ! tribe held mo/ preci\s4  ,&
 he took unto him fifty *ildr5 f ! mo/  
fam\s ( ! tribe2 & he took also t5 f    
among ! m5 :o _h s]v$ him be/1 & he     
orda9$ t !y %\ld s]ve ! />s 9 ! great   
temple3 & ,morv5 0 _! *ief4  ,& he put  

away ! cr[n !y press$ ^u him1 & he *ose 
f among ! eld]s a new k+4  ,& he orda9$ 
t h5ce=? ! s]vants only ( ! />s 9 !     
great temple %\ld elect ! k+ & ! rul]s1 
& hold c\ncil1 & proclaim w>3 b he      
suff]$ ! k+ to fea/1 & to hunt1 & to    
make m]ry 9 ! banquet halls4  ,& ,morv5 
built alt>s 9 ! temple1 & 0 ! fir/ :o1 9
 ! ,nor?1 sacrific$ ! bea/ & ! bird1 &  
aft]w>ds human fle%1 ^u ! alt>s4  ,& he 
drew auguries f ! entrails ( ! victim1 &
 made s*ools = ! sci5ce ( ! prophet2 &  
,morv5's piety 0 ! wond] ( ! tribe1 9 t 
he refus$ to be a k+4  ,& ,morv51 !     
high-prie/1 0 t5 ?\s& times mighti] ?an 
! k+4  ,he taught ! p to till ! gr\nd1 &
 to s[ ! h]b2 & by 8 wisdom1 & ! valor t
 8 prophecies in/ill$ into m51 he       
conqu]$ all ! neighbor+ tribes4  ,& !   
sons ( ,oe/ri* spread !mselves ov] a    
mighty empire1 & ) !m spread ! "n & !   
laws ( ,morv54  ,& 9 e prov9ce :i* he   
conqu]$1 he ord]$ !m to build a temple  
to ! />s4  ,b a heavy sorr[ fell ^u !   
ye>s ( ,morv54  ,! si/] ( ,siror b[$ d[n

 h] head & surviv$ n long ! slaught] (  
h] race4  ,& %e left ,morv5 *ildless4   
,& he m\rn$ bitt]ly & z "o di/raught1 = 
h] only 9 ! _w _h 8 he>t ! p[] to love4 
,& he sat d[n & cov]$ 8 face1 say+3     
8,lo3 ,i h conqu]$ & travail$2 & nev]   
be=e 9 ! _w did man conqu] :at ,i h     
conqu]$4  8,v]ily1 ! empire ( ! iron !ws
 & ! giant limbs is no m2 ,i h f\nd a   
new p[]1 t h5ce=? %all sway ! l&s2--!   
empire ( plott+ bra9 & a comm&+ m9d4    
8,b1 behold1 my fate is b>r51 & ,i feel 
already t x w gr[ nei!r fruit nor tree z
 a %elt] to m9e old age4  8,desolate &  
lonely %all ,i pass away unto my grave4 
8,o ,orna6 my beautiful6 my lov$6 none 7
 l unto !e1 & to ?y love d ,i owe my    
glory & my life4  8,w\ld = ?y sake1 ,o  
sweet bird6 t ne/l$ 9 ! d>k cav]n ( my  
he>t--w\ld = ?y sake t ?y bre?r5 _h be5 
sp>$1 = v]ily ) my life w\ld ,i h       
pur*as$ ?9e4  8,alas6 only :5 ,i lo/ !e 
did ,i f9d t ?y love 0 de>] to me ?an ! 
fe> ( o!rs40  ,& ,morv5 m\rn$ night &   
day1 & none might com=t him4  ,b f t "t 

=? he gave himself solely to ! c>es ( 8 
call+2 & 8 nature & 8 affections1 &     
:atev] !re 0 left s(t 9 him1 grew h>d l 
/one2 & he 0 a man )\t love1 & he =bade 
love & m>riage to ! prie/4  ,n[1 9 8    
latt] ye>s1 !re arose ,,o!r prophets2 = 
! _w _h gr[n wis] ev5 by ,morv5's       
wisdom1 & "s did say unto !mselves3     
8,behold ,morv51 ! h]dsman's son1 is a  
k+ ( k+s3 ?is did ! />s = _! s]vant2    
%all we n1 !re=e1 be also s]vants to !  
/>80  ,& !y wore black g>m5ts l ,morv51 
& w5t ab\t prophesy+ ( :at ! />s =etold 
!m4  ,& ,morv5 0 exce$+ wro?2 = he1 m   
?an o!r m51 knew t ! prophets li$2 :]e=e
 he w5t =? aga9/ !m ) ! m9i/]s ( !      
temple1 & he took !m & burn$ !m by a sl[
 fire3 = ?us said ,morv5 to ! p3  8,a   
true prophet ha? honor1 b ,i only am a  
true prophet60  8,to all false prophets 
!re %all be surely dea?40  ,& ! p       
applaud$ ! piety ( ! son ( ,osslah4  ,& 
,morv5 educat$ ! wise/ ( ! *ildr5 9 !   
my/]ies ( ! temple1 s t !y grew up to   
succe$ him wor?ily4  ,& he di$ full (   

ye>s & honor2 & !y c>v$ 8 effigy on a   
mighty /one be=e ! temple1 & ! effigy   
endur$ = a ?\s& ages1 & :oso look$ on x 
trembl$2 = ! face 0 calm ) ! calmness ( 
unspeakable awe6  ,& ,morv5 0 ! fir/    
mortal ( ! ,nor? t made ,religion !     
/epp+ /one to ,p[]4  ,( a surety ,morv5 
0 a great man6     ,,conclusion  ,x 0 ! 
la/ night ( ! old ye>1 & ! />s sat1 ea* 
^u 8 ruby ?rone1 & wat*$ ) sleepless    
eyes ^u ! _w4 ,! night 0 d>k & tr\bl$1 !
 dread w9ds 7 abroad1 & fa/ & frequ5t   
hurri$ ! cl\ds b5ea? ! ?rones ( ! k+s ( 
night4 ,b ev] & anon fi]y meteors fla%$ 
along ! dep?s ( heav51 & 7 aga9 swall[$ 
up 9 ! graves ( d>kness4  ,& f> bel[ 8  
bre?r51 & ) a lurid haze ar\nd 8 orb1   
sat ! discont5t$ /> t _h wat*$ ov] !    
hunt]s ( ! ,nor?4 ,& on ! l[e/ abyss (  
space !re 0 spread a ?ick & mighty      
gloom1 f :i*1 z f a caldron1 rose       
columns ( wrea?+ smoke2 & /ill1 :5 !    
great w9ds re/$ = an in/ant on _! pa?s1 
voices ( woe & laught]1 m+l$ ) %rieks1 7
 he>d boom+ f ! abyss to ! upp] air4  ,&

 n[1 9 ! midde/ night1 a va/ figure rose
 sl[ly f ! abyss1 & its w+s ?rew        
blackness ov] ! _w4 ,high upw>d to !    
?rone ( ! discont5t$ /> sail$ ! fe>ful  
%ape1 & ! /> trembl$ on 8 ?rone :5 ! =m 
/ood be=e him face to face4 ,& ! %ape   
said3 8,hail1 bro!r6--all hail60  8,i "k
 !e n10 answ]$ ! />3 8?\ art n !        
ar*angel t visite/s ! k+s ( night40  ,& 
! %ape laugh$ l\d4 8,i am ! fall5 /> ( !
 morn+4--,i am ,lucif]1 ?y bro!r4 ,ha/  
?\ n1 ,o sull5 k+1 s]v$ me & m9e8 & ha/ 
?\ n wre/$ ! e>? f ?y ,"l :o sitte/     
above & giv5 x to me by d>k5+ ! s\ls (  
m5 ) ! religion ( fe>8 ,:]e=e come1     
bro!r1 come2--?\ ha/ a ?rone prep>$     
beside my own 9 ! fi]y gloom4 ,come4--,!
 heav5s are no m = !e40 ,!n ! /> rose f 
8 ?rone1 & desc5d$ to ! side ( ,lucif]4 
,= ev] ha? ! _s ( discont5t _h sympa?y )
 ! s\l ( pride4  ,& sl[ly !y sank d[n to
 ! gulf ( gloom4 ,x 0 ! fir/ night ( !  
new ye>1 & ! />s sat ea* on 8 ruby      
?rone1 & wat*$ ) sleepless eyes ^u ! _w4
 ,b sorr[ dimm$ ! bright faces ( ! k+s (

 night1 = !y m\rn$ 9 sil5ce & 9 fe> = a 
fall5 bro!r4  ,& ! gates ( ! heav5 (    
heav5s flew op5 ) a gold5 s\nd1 & !     
swift ar*angel fl$ d[n on 8 sil5t w+s2 &
 ! ar*angel gave to ea* ( ! />s1 z be=e1
 ! message ( 8 ,"l2 & to ea* /> 0 8     
appo9t$ *>ge4  ,& :5 ! h]aldry seem$    
done1 !re came a laugh f ! abyss (      
gloom1 & half way f ! gulf rose ! lurid 
%ape ( ,lucif]1 ! fi5d4  8,?\ c\nte/ ?y 
flock ill1 ,o radiant %eph]d4 ,behold6  
"o /> is miss+ f ! ?ree ?\s& & t540     
8,back to ?y gulf1 false ,lucif]6--!    
?rone ( ?y bro!r ha? be5 fill$40  ,& lo6
 z ! ar*angel spake1 ! />s beheld a "y &
 all lu/r\s /rang] on ! ?rone ( ! err+  
/>2 & 8 face 0 s s(t to look ^u1 t !    
dimme/ ( human eyes might h gaz$ ^u its 
spl5dor unaba%$2 b ! d>k fi5d alone 0   
dazzl$ by its lu/re1 &1 ) a yell t %ook 
! flam+ pill>s ( ! univ]se1 he plung$   
backw>ds into ! gloom4  ,!n1 f> & sweet 
f ! ar* unse51 came =? ! voice ( ,god3  
8,behold6 on ! ?rone ( ! discont5t$ />  
sits ! /> ( hope2 & he t brea!d into    

mank9d ! ,religion ( ,fe> ha? a         
successor 9 him :o %all tea* e>? !      
,religion ( ,love40  ,& ev]more ! ,/> ( 
,fe> dwells ) ,lucif]1 & ! ,/> ( ,love  
keeps vigil 9 heav54      ,,on ,,!      
,,orig9 ,,( ,,evil  ,by ,"l ,br\gham    
,a ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,(   
,,evil4  ,! "q :i* has m ?an1 any o!r   
h>ass$ metaphysical reason]s1 b         
especially !ologians1 & ^u :i* x is     
probable t no v satisfactory conclusion 
w ev] be rea*$ by ! human faculties1 is 
! ,orig9 & ,suff]ance ( ,evil4  ,its    
exi/5ce be+ always assum$1 philosoph]s h
 =m$ v>i\s !ories = expla9+ x1 b !y h   
always drawn v diff]5t inf]5ces f x4  ,!
 anci5t ,epicureans argu$ aga9/ !       
exi/5ce ( ! ,deity1 because !y held t ! 
exi/5ce ( ,evil ei!r prov$ him to be    
limit$ 9 p[] or ( a malignant nature2   
ei!r ( :i* imp]fections is inconsi/5t ) 
! fir/ notions ( a div9e be+4  ,9 ?is   
k9d ( reason+ !y h be5 foll[$ bo? by !  
a!i/s & sceptics ( lat] times4  ,bayle  
reg>d$ ! subject ( evil z "o ( ! great  

ars5als f :5ce 8 weapons 7 to be *iefly 
drawn4 ,none ( ! articles 9 8 fam\s     
,diction>y are m labor$ ?an ^? 9 :i* he 
treats ( ?is subject4 ,moni*ian1 & /ill 
m ,paulician1 almo/ assume ! appe>ance (
 =mal treatises ^u ! "q2 & bo?          
,m>*ionite & ,zoroa/] treat ( ! same    
subject4 ,all ^! articles are (         
consid]able value2 !y conta9 ! great] "p
 ( ! le>n+ ^u ! "q2 & !y are di/+ui%$ by
 ! acut5ess ( reason+ :i* 0 ! o!r       
*>act]i/ic ( _! celebrat$ au?or4  ,^?   
anci5t philosoph]s :o did n agree )     
,epicurus 9 argu+ f ! exi/5ce ( evil    
aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a provid5ce t         
sup]9t5d$ & influ5c$ ! de/9ies ( ! _w1 7
 put to no little difficulty 9 acc\nt+ =
 ! fact :i* !y did n d5y1 & yet ma9ta9+ 
! p[] ( a div9e rul]4 ,! doctr9e ( a    
d\ble pr9ciple1 or ( two div9e be+s (   
opposite natures1 "o b5efic5t1 ! o!r    
mis*iev\s1 0 ! solution :i* "o class (  
reason]s deem$ satisfactory1 & to :i* !y
 held !mselves driv5 by ! ph5om5a ( !   
univ]se4  ,o!rs unable to d5y1 ! exi/5ce

 ( ?+s :i* m5 d5om9ate evil1 bo?        
physical & moral1 expla9 !m 9 a diff]5t 
way4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t physical evil only   
obta9s ! "n f our imp]fect & vici\s or  
feeble dispositions2 t to a wise man !re
 is no su* ?+2 t we may rise sup]ior to 
all su* grovel+ notions z make u dread  
or rep9e at any ev5ts :i* c befall !    
body2 t pa91 sickness1 loss ( =tune or (
 reputation1 exile1 dea? itself1 are    
only acc\nt$ ills by a weak & pamp]$    
m9d2 t if we f9d ! _w tiresome1 or      
woeful1 or displeas+1 we may at any     
mom5t quit x2 & t !re=e we h no "r      
:atev] to call any suff]+ connect$ )    
exi/5ce on e>? an evil1 because almo/   
all suff]+s c be borne by a pati5t &    
firm m9d2 s9ce if ! situation we are    
plac$ 9 becomes ei!r intol]able1 or ^u !
 :ole m pa9ful ?an agreeable1 x is our  
own fault t we rema9 9 x4  ,b ^!        
philosoph]s took a fur!r view ( ! "q :i*
 especially appli$ to moral evil4 ,!y   
consid]$ t no?+ c\ld be m gr\ndless ?an 
to suppose t if !re 7 no evil !re c\ld  

be any good 9 ! _w2 & !y illu/rat$ ?is  
position by ask+ h[ we c\ld "k any?+ (  
temp]ance1 =titude or ju/ice1 unless !re
 7 su* ?+s z excess1 c[>dice & inju/ice4
  ,^! 7 ! doctr9es ( ! ,/oics1 f ^:     
sublime & impracticable philosophy !y   
seem$ naturally en\gh to fl[4 ,aulus    
,gellius relates t ! la/-m5tion$ argum5t
 0 exp\nd$ by ,*rysippus1 9 8 "w ^u     
provid5ce4 ,! answ] giv5 by ,plut>*     
seems q suffici5t3 8,z well might y say 
t ,a*illes c\ld n h a f9e head ( hair   
unless ,!rsites _h be5 bald2 or t "o    
man's limbs c\ld n be all s\nd if ano!r 
_h n ! g\t40  ,9 tru?1 ! ,/oical doctr9e
 proce$s ^u ! assumption t all virtue is
 only ! negative ( vice2 & is z absurd1 
if inde$ x be n ! v same absurdity1 z ! 
doctr9e :i* %\ld d5y ! exi/5ce (        
affirmative or positive tru?s1 resolv+  
!m all into ! opposite ( negative       
propositions4 ,inde$1 if we ev5 7 to    
admit ?is z an ab/ract position1 !      
actual exi/5ce ( evil w\ld /ill be      
unnecess>y to ! idea1 & /ill m to !     

exi/5ce1 ( good4 ,= ! conception ( evil1
 ! b>e idea ( its possibility1 w\ld be q
 suffici5t1 & !re w\ld be no occasion = 
a s+le example ( x4  ,! o!r doctr9e1 t (
 two opposite pr9ciples1 0 embrac$ by   
mo/ ( ! o!r sects1 z x %\ld seem1 at "s 
p]iod or o!r ( _! inquiries4 ,plato     
himself1 9 8 lat] works1 0 cle>ly a     
support] ( ! sy/em2 = he held t !re 7 at
 lea/ two pr9ciples1 a good & an evil2  
to :i* he add$ a ?ird1 ! mod]ator or    
m$iator betwe5 !m4  ,:e!r ?is doctr9e 01
 l _m o!rs1 import$ into ,greece f !    
,ea/1 or 0 ! natural gr[? ( ! s*ools1 we
 _c asc]ta94 ,c]ta9 x is t ! ,greeks    
!mselves believ$ x to h be5 taught by   
,zoroa/] 9 ,asia1 at lea/ five c5turies 
be=e ! ,trojan w>2 s t x _h an exi/5ce  
!re long be=e ! "n ( philosophy 0 kn[n 9
 ! we/]n _w4  ,zoroa/]'s doctr9e agre$ 9
 e respect ) ,plato's2 = besides        
,oomazes1 ! good1 & ,arimanius1 ! evil  
pr9ciple1 he taught t !re 0 a ?ird1 or  
m$iatory "o1 call$ ,mi?ras4 ,t x nev]   
became any "p ( ! popul> belief 9       

,greece or ,italy is q cle>4 ,all !     
poly!ism ( ^? c\ntries recogniz$ ea* ( !
 gods z au?ors alike ( good & evil4 ,nor
 did ev5 ! *ief ( ! div9ities1 "u ^: p[]
 ! re/ 7 plac$1 (f] any exception to !  
g5]al rule2 = ,jupit] n only gave good f
 "o urn & ill f ano!r1 b he 0 also1     
accord+ to ! b>b>\s my?ology ( classical
 antiquity1 himself a model at once (   
human p]fections & ( human vices4  ,aft]
 ! light ( ! ,*ri/ian religion _h made  
"s way t[>d supplant+ ! anci5t poly!ism1
 ! doctr9e ( two pr9ciples 0 broa*$2    
fir/ by ,m>cion1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t (       
,adrian & ,antonius ,pius1 e>ly 9 !     
second c5tury2 & next by ,manes1 a      
hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,he 0 a ,p]sian slave1
 :o 0 br\ght into ,greece1 :]e he taught
 ?is doctr9e1 s9ce kn[n by 8 "n1 hav+   
le>n$ x1 z is said1 f ,scy?ianus1 an    
,arabian4 ,! ,mani*ean doctr9es1        
aft]w>ds call$ also ,paulician1 f a     
great tea*] ( !m 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 7 l  
almo/ all ! h]esies 9 ! primitive *ur*1 
soon mix$ up ) gross impurities ( sacr$ 

rites z well z extravagant absurdities (
 cre$4  ,! ,mani*eans 71 probably z mu* 
on ?is acc\nt z f ! _s ( religi\s       
intol]ance1 e>ly ! objects ( sev]e      
p]secution2 & ! ,code ( ,ju/9ian itself 
d5\nces capital puni%m5t aga9/ any ( !  
sect1 if f\nd )9 ! ,roman dom9ions4  ,x 
mu/ be confess$ t ! !ory ( two          
pr9ciples1 :5 kept free f ! absurdities 
& impurities :i* 7 introduc$ into !     
,mani*ean doctr9e1 is n unnaturally     
adopt$ by m5 :o h no aid f ! light (    
revelation1#a & :o are conf\nd$ by !    
appe>ance ( a _w :]e evil & good are    
mix$ toge!r1 or seem to /ruggle ) "o    
ano!r1 sometimes ! "o prevail+1 &       
sometimes ! o!r2 & accord+ly1 9 all     
c\ntries1 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s nations1 z well
 z among ! mo/ ref9$1 we f9d pla9 traces
 ( reflect+ m5 hav+ be5 driv5 to ?is    
solution ( ! difficulty4  ,x seems ^u a 
sup]ficial view to be v easily d$ucible 
f ! ph5om5a2 & z ! idea ( inf9ite p[]1 )
 :i* x is manife/ly inconsi/5t1 does by 
no means s naturally pres5t itself to ! 

m9d1 z long z only a v great degree (   
p[]1 a p[] :i* 9 comp>ison ( all human  
=ce may be t]m$ inf9ite1 is ! attribute 
) :i* ! ,deity is believ$ to be endu$4  
,mani*ean hypo!sis is by no means s     
easily refut$4 ,t ! p[] ( ! ,deity 0    
suppos$ to h limits ev5 9 ! sy/ems ( !  
mo/ enlight5$ hea!ns is unque/ionable4  
,!y1 g5]ally speak+1 believ$ 9 ! et]nity
 ( matt]1 & conceiv$ "s ( its qualities 
to be s ess5tially necess>y to its      
exi/5ce t no div9e ag5cy c\ld alt] !m4  
,!y ascrib$ to ! ,deity a pla/ic p[]1 a 
p[] n ( creat+ or annihilat+1 b only (  
m\ld+1 dispos+ & mov+ matt]4 ,s ov] m9d 
!y g5]ally give him ! l p[]1 consid]+ x 
z a k9d ( emanation f 8 own great] m9d  
or ess5ce1 & de/9$ to be re-unit$ ) him 
h]eaft]4 ,nay1 ov] all ! gods1 & (      
sup]ior pot5cy to any1 !y conceiv$ fate 
to preside2 an ov]rul+ & p>am\nt        
necessity1 ( :i* !y =m$ "s d>k          
conceptions1 & to :i* ! *ief ( all !    
gods 0 suppos$ to submit4 ,x is1 inde$1 
extremely difficult to /ate precisely   

:at ! philosophic !ory ( !ology 0 9     
,greece & ,rome1 because ! wide diff]5ce
 betwe5 ! esot]ic & exot]ic doctr9es1   
betwe5 ! belief ( ! le>n$ few & ! popul>
 sup]/ition1 makes x v difficult to     
avoid conf\nd+ ! two1 & l5d+ to ! =m] "s
 ( ! gross] errors ) :i* ! latt] ab\nd$4
 ,nev]!less1 we may rely ^u :at has be5 
j /at$1 z convey+1 g5]ally speak+1 !    
op9ion ( philosoph]s1 al?\gh "s sects   
c]ta9ly _h a /ill m scanty measure (    
belief4  ,b we %all pres5tly f9d t 9 !  
speculation ( ! mu* m enlight5$ mod]ns1 
,*ri/ians ( c\rse1 errors ( a l k9d are 
to be trac$4 ,!y con/antly argue ! great
 "q ( evil ^u a lat5t assumption1 t !   
p[] ( ! ,deity is re/rict$ by "s p[]s or
 qualities inh]5t 9 matt]2 notions      
analog\s to t ( fai? are occasionally   
p]ceptible2 n /at$ or exp&$ inde$ into  
propositions1 b influ5c+ ! c\rse ( !    
reason+2 :ile ! belief ( inf9ite        
attributes is nev] kept /eadily 9 view1 
except :5 x is call$ 9 z requisite to   
refute ! ,mani*ean doctr9es4 ,"s obs]v]s

 ( ! controv]sy h inde$ n scrupl$ to    
affirm t ^? ( :om we speak are really   
,mani*eans )\t kn[+ x2 & build _! sy/ems
 ^u assumptions secretly borr[$ f !     
disciples ( ,zoroa/]1 )\t ev] /at+ ^?   
assumptions op5ly 9 ! =m ( po/ulates or 
def9ition4  ,! refutation ( ! ,mani*ean 
hypo!sis is extremely easy if we be     
p]mitt$ to assume t bo? ! pr9ciples :i* 
x supposes are ei!r ( inf9ite p[] or (  
equal p[]4 ,if !y are ( inf9ite p[]1 !  
supposition ( _! co-exi/5ce involves a  
contradiction 9 t]ms2 = ! "o be+ 9      
opposition to ! o!r1 ! p[] ( ea* mu/ be 
some?+ tak5 f t ( ! o!r2 consequ5tly    
nei!r c be ( inf9ite p[]4 ,if1 aga91 we 
only suppose bo? to be ( equal p[]1 &   
always act+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 !re c\ld be  
no?+ :atev] done1 nei!r good or evil2 ! 
univ]se w\ld be at a /&/ill2 or r no act
 ( creation c\ld ev] h be5 p]=m$1 & no  
exi/5ce c\ld be conceiv$ beyond t ( !   
two antagoni/ic pr9ciples4  ,ar*bi%op   
,tillotson's argum5t1 prop]ly speak+1   
am\nts to ?is la/ proposition1 & is     

applicable to equal & opposite          
pr9ciples1 al?\gh he applies x to two   
be+s1 bo? inf9itely p[]ful & c\nt]act+  
"o ano!r4 ,:5 he says !y w\ld tie up ea*
 o!r's b&s1 he might apply ?is argum5t  
to su* antagoni/ic pr9ciples if only    
equal1 al?\gh n inf9itely p[]ful4 ,!    
hypo!sis ( _! be+ bo? inf9itely p[]ful  
ne$s no su* refutation2 x is a          
contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,b x mu/ be       
recollect$ t ! advocates ( ! ,mani*ean  
doctr9e endeavor to gu>d !mselves aga9/ 
! attack by cont5d+1 t ! conflict betwe5
 ! two pr9ciples ends 9 a k9d (         
compromise1 s t nei!r has x all 8 own   
way2 !re is a mixture ( evil admitt$ by 
! good pr9ciple1 because else ! :ole    
w\ld beat a /&/ill2 :ile !re is mu* good
 admitt$ by ! evil pr9ciple1 else no?+1 
ei!r good or evil1 w\ld be done4 ,ano!r 
answ] is !re=e requir$ to ?is !ory ?an  
:at ,tillotson & 8 foll[]s h giv54      
,fir/1 we mu/ obs]ve t ?is reason+ ( !  
,mani*eans proce$s ^u ! analogy ( :at we
 see 9 mortal cont5tions2 :]e nei!r p>ty

 hav+ ! p[] to defeat ! o!r1 ea* is     
cont5t to yield a little to 8 adv]s>y1 &
 s1 by mutual concession1 bo? are       
successful to "s ext5t1 & bo? to "s     
ext5t disappo9t$4 ,b 9 a speculation    
conc]n+ ! nature ( ! ,deity1 !re seems  
no place = su* notions4  ,secondly1 !   
equality ( p[] is n an arbitr>y         
assumption2 x seems to foll[ f ! exi/5ce
 ( ! two oppos+ pr9ciples4 ,= if !y are 
indep5d5t ( "o ano!r z to exi/5ce1 :i*  
!y mu/ ne$s be1 else "o w\ld imm$iately 
de/roy ! o!r1 s mu/ !y also1 9 ea*      
p>ticul> in/ance1 be indep5d5t ( ea*    
o!r1 & also equal ea* to ! o!r1 else "o 
w\ld h ! ma/]y1 & ! influ5ce ( ! o!r    
c\ld n be p]ceiv$4 ,to say t 9 "s ?+s ! 
good pr9ciple prevails & 9 o!rs ! evil1 
is really say+ no?+ m ?an t good exi/s  
"h & evil !re4 ,x does n fur!r ! argum5t
 "o /ep1 nor give any?+ l an            
explanation4 ,= x mu/ always be borne 9 
m9d t ! :ole "q respect+ ! ,orig9 (     
,evil proce$s ^u ! assumption ( a wise1 
b5evol5t & p[]ful ,be+ hav+ creat$ ! _w4

 ,! difficulty1 & ! only difficulty1 is1
 h[ to reconcile exi/+ evil ) su* a     
,be+'s attributes2 & if ! ,mani*ean only
 expla9s ?is by say+ ! good ,be+ did :at
 is good1 & ano!r & evil ,be+ did :at is
 bad 9 ! univ]se1 he really tells u no?+
 m ?an ! fact2 he does n apply 8        
explanation to ! difficulty2 & he       
supposes ! exi/5ce ( a second ,deity    
gratuit\sly & to no k9d ( purpose4  ,b1 
?irdly1 9 :atev] light we view !        
hypo!sis1 x seems expos$ to a simil>    
objection1 namely1 ( expla9+ no?+ 9 its 
application1 :ile x is :olly gratuit\s 9
 itself4 ,x assumes1 ( c\rse1 t creation
 0 ! act ( ! good ,be+2 & x also assumes
 t ,be+'s goodness to h be5 p]fect1 ?\gh
 8 p[] is limit$4 ,!n z he mu/ h kn[n ! 
exi/5ce ( ! evil pr9ciple & =ese5 !     
c]ta9ty ( mis]y be+ occasion$ by 8      
exi/5ce1 :y did he volunt>ily create    
s5ti5t be+s1 to put !m1 9 "s respects at
 lea/1 "u ! evil "o's p[]1 & ?us be     
expos$ to suff]+8 ,! good ,be+1 accord+ 
to ?is !ory1 is ! remote cause ( ! evil 

:i* is endur$1 because b = 8 act (      
creation ! evil ,be+ c\ld h _h1 no      
subjects :]eon to "w mis*ief2 s t !     
hypo!sis :olly fails 9 remov+1 by m ?an 
"o /ep1 ! difficulty :i* x 0 inv5t$ to  
solve4  ,f\r?ly1 !re is no advantage    
ga9$ to ! argum5t by suppos+ two ,be+s1 
r ?an "o ,be+ ( a mix$ nature4 ,! facts 
lead to ?is supposition j z naturally z 
to ! hypo!sis ( two pr9ciples4 ,!       
exi/5ce ( ! evil ,be+ is z mu* a        
detraction f ! p[] ( ! good "o1 z if we 
only at once suppose ! latt] to be (    
limit$ p[]1 & t he pref]s mak+ &        
support+ creatures :o suff] mu* less ?an
 !y enjoy1 to mak+ no creatures at all4 
,! supposition t he made !m z happy z he
 c\ld1 & t n be+ able to make !m less   
mis]able1 he yet p]ceiv$ t ^u ! :ole _! 
exi/5ce w\ld occasion m happ9ess ?an if 
!y nev] _h any be+ at all1 w j acc\nt = 
! ph5om5a z well z ! ,mani*ean !ory1 & w
 z little z t !ory assume any malevol5ce
 9 ! p[] :i* creat$ & pres]v$ ! univ]se4
 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be object$ t ?is hypo!sis

 leaves unexpla9$ ! fett]s ^u ! good    
,be+'s p[]1 ! answ] is obvi\s2 x leaves 
^? fett]s n at all less expla9$ ?an !   
,mani*ean !ory does2 = t !ory gives no  
explanation ( ! exi/5ce ( a c\nt]act+   
pr9ciple1 & x assumes bo? an antagoni/ic
 p[]1 to limit ! ,deity's p[]1 & a      
malevol5t pr9ciple to set ! antagoni/ic 
p[] 9 motion2 :]eas our supposition     
assumes no malevol5ce at all1 b only a  
re/ra9t ^u ! div9e p[]4  ,fif?ly1 ?is   
leads u to ano!r & mo/ =midable         
objection4 ,to conceive ! et]nal exi/5ce
 ( "o ,be+ inf9ite 9 p[]1 8self-creat$ &
 creat+ all o!rs10 is by no means       
impossible4 ,inde$1 z ev]y?+ mu/ h _h a 
cause1 no?+ we see be+ by possibility   
self-creat$1 we naturally m\nt f        
p>ticul>s to g5]als1 until f9ally we    
rise to ! idea ( a fir/ cause1 uncreat$1
 & self-exi/+1 & et]nal4 ,if ! ph5om5a  
compels u to affix limits to 8 goodness1
 we f9d x impossible to conceive limits 
to ! p[] ( a creative1 et]nal1          
self-exi/+ pr9ciple4 ,b ev5 suppos+ we  

c\ld =m ! conception ( su* a ,be+ hav+ 8
 p[] limit$ z well z 8 goodness1 /ill we
 c conceive no second ,be+ indep5d5t (  
him4 ,?is w\ld necess>ily lead to !     
supposition ( "s ?ird ,be+1 above &     
antec$5t to bo?1 & ! creator ( bo?--!   
real fir/ cause--& !n ! :ole "q w\ld be 
to solve ov] aga91--,:y ^! two          
antagoni/ic ,be+s 7 suff]$ to exi/ by ! 
great ,be+ ( all8  ,! ,mani*ean doctr9e1
 !n1 is expos$ to e objection to :i* a  
!ory c be obnoxi\s4 ,x is gratuit\s2 x  
is inapplicable to ! facts2 x supposes m
 causes ?an are necess>y2 x fails to    
expla9 ! ph5om5a1 leav+ ! difficulties  
exactly :]e x f\nd !m4 ,nev]!less1 su*  
is ! !ory1 h[ easily soev] refut$ :5    
op5ly av[$ & explicitly /at$1 :i* 9     
v>i\s disguises appe>s to p]vade !      
explanations1 giv5 ( ! facts by mo/ ( ! 
o!r sy/ems2 nay1 to =m1 secretly &      
unackn[l$g$1 _! pr9cipal gr\nd-"w4 ,= x 
really makes v little diff]5ce 9 ! matt]
 :e!r we are to acc\nt = evil by hold+ t
 ! ,deity has creat$ z mu* happ9ess z 0 

consi/5t ) 8! nature ( ?+s10 & has tak5 
e means ( avoid+ all evil except 8:]e x 
necess>ily exi/$0 or at once give ^?    
limit+ influ5ces a sep>ate & indep5d5t  
exi/5ce1 & call !m by a "n ( _! own1 :i*
 is ! ,mani*ean hypo!sis4  ,! mo/       
rem>kable argum5t on ?is subject1 & !   
mo/ di/+ui%$ bo? = its cle> & well ord]$
 /atem5t1 & = ! sy/ematic %ape :i* x    
assumes1 is t ( ,ar*bi%op ,k+4 ,x is !  
great text-book ( ^? :o /udy ?is        
subject2 & l ! fam\s legal "w (         
,littleton1 x has f\nd an exp\nd] yet   
abl] & m le>n$ ?an ! au?or himself4     
,bi%op ,law's comm5t>y is full (        
in=mation1 ( reason+ & ( explication2   
nor c we easily f9d any?+ valuable ^u ! 
subject :i* is n conta9$ 9 ! volumes ( t
 "w4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 only require a slight 
exam9ation ( ! doctr9es ma9ta9$ by ^!   
le>n$ & pi\s m51 to satisfy u t !y all  
along ei!r assume ! ?+ to be prov$1 or  
proce$ ^u suppositions q inconsi/5t ) ! 
inf9ite p[] ( ! ,deity--! only position 
:i* raises a "q1 & :i* makes !          

difficulty t requires to be solv$4      
,accord+ to all ! sy/ems z well z ?is   
"o1 evil is ( two k9ds--physical &      
moral4 ,to ! =m] class belong all !     
suff]+s to :i* s5ti5t be+s are expos$ f 
! qualities & affections ( matt]        
indep5d5t ( _! own acts2 ! latt] class  
consi/s ( ! suff]+s ( :atev] k9d :i*    
arise f _! own conduct4 ,?is division ( 
! subject1 h[ev]1 is liable to "o s]i\s 
objection2 x compreh5ds "u ! second head
 a class ( evils :i* ought m prop]ly to 
be rang$ "u ! fir/4 ,nor is ?is a m]e "q
 ( classification3 x affects ! :ole     
scope ( ! argum5t4 ,! second ( !        
above-m5tion$ classes compreh5ds bo? !  
physical evils :i* human ag5cy causes1 b
 :i* x w\ld h no p[] to cause unless !  
qualities ( matt] 7 su* z to produce    
pa91 privation & dea?2 & also ! moral   
evil ( guilt :i* may possibly exi/      
indep5d5t ( mat]ial ag5cy1 b :i*1 :e!r  
indep5d5t or n ^u t physical action1 is 
q sep>able f x1 resid+ :olly 9 ! m9d4   
,?us a p]son :o de/roys ! life ( ano!r  

produces physical evil by means ( !     
con/itution ( matt]1 & moral evil is !  
s\rce ( 8 wick$ action4 ,! true         
arrangem5t !n is ?is3 ,physical evil is 
t :i* dep5ds on ! con/itution ( matt]1  
or only is s f> connect$ ) ! con/itution
 ( m9d z t ! nature & exi/5ce ( a s5ti5t
 be+ mu/ be assum$ 9 ord] to its mis*ief
 be+ felt4 ,& ?is physical evil is ( two
 k9ds2 t :i* orig9ates 9 human action1 &
 t :i* is indep5d5t ( human action1     
befall+ u f ! unalt]able c\rse ( nature4
 ,( ! =m] class are ! pa9s1 privations &
 de/ruction inflict$ by m5 "o ^u ano!r2 
( ! latt] class are diseases1 old age & 
dea?4 ,moral evil consi/s 9 ! crimes1   
:e!r ( commission or omission1 :i* m5   
are guilty (--includ+ "u ! latt] head ^?
 suff]+s :i* we endure f ill-regulat$   
m9ds ?r\gh want ( =titude or            
self-control4 ,x is cle> t z f> z ! "q (
 ! orig9 ( evil is conc]n$1 ! fir/ ( ^! 
two classes1 physical evil1 dep5ds ^u ! 
prop]ties ( matt]1 & ! la/ ^u ^? ( m9d4 
,! second z well z ! fir/ subdivision ( 

! physical class dep5ds ^u matt]2       
because1 h[ev] ill-dispos$ ! ag5t's m9d 
may be1 he c\ld inflict ! mis*ief only 9
 consequ5ce ( ! con/itution ( matt]4    
,!re=e1 ! ,be+1 :o creat$ matt] enabl$  
him to p]petrate ! evil1 ev5 admitt+ t  
?is ,be+ did n1 by creat+ ! m9d also    
give rise to ! evil disposition2 &      
admitt+ t1 z f> z reg>ds ?is disposition
 x has ! same orig9 ) ! evil ( ! second 
class1 or moral evil1 ! acts ( a        
rational ag5t4  ,x is q true t _m       
reason]s refuse to all[ any di/9ction   
betwe5 ! evil produc$ by natural causes 
& ! evils caus$ by rational ag5ts1 :e!r 
z reg>ds _! own guilt1 or ! mis*ief x   
caus$ to o!rs4 ,^? reason]s d5y t !     
creation ( man's w & ! end[+ x ) lib]ty 
expla9s any?+2 !y hold t ! creation ( a 
m9d ^: w is to d evil1 am\nts to ! same 
?+1 & belongs to ! same class1 ) !      
creation ( matt] ^: nature is to give   
pa9 & mis]y4 ,b ?is position1 :i*       
involves ! doctr9e ( necessity1 mu/1 at 
! v lea/1 admit ( "o modification4 ,:]e 

no human ag5cy :atev] is int]pos$1 & !  
calamity comes )\t any "o be+ to blame =
 x1 ! mis*ief seems a /ep1 & a l>ge /ep1
 ne>] ! creative or ! sup]9t5d+ cause1  
because x is1 z f> z m5 g1 altoge!r     
inevitable4 ,! ma9 t5d5cy ( ! argum5t1  
!re=e1 is conf9$ to physical evil2 & ?is
 has always be5 f\nd ! mo/ difficult to 
acc\nt =1 t is to reconcile ) ! gov]nm5t
 ( a p]fectly good & p[]ful ,be+4 ,x    
w\ld inde$ be v easily expla9$1 & !     
reconcilem5t w\ld be readily made1 if we
 7 at lib]ty to suppose matt] indep5d5t 
9 its exi/5ce1 & 9 c]ta9 qualities1 ( ! 
div9e control2 b ?is w\ld be to suppose 
! ,deity's p[] limit$ & imp]fect1 :i* is
 j "o horn ( ! ,epicurean dilemma1 8,aut
 vult et non pote/20 & 9 assum+ ?is1 we 
d n s mu* beg ! "q z :olly give x up &  
admit we _c solve ! difficulty4 ,yet    
obvi\s z ?is is1 we %all pres5tly see t 
! reason]s :o h und]tak5 ! solution1 &  
especially ,k+ & ,law1 "u su* phrases z 
8! nature ( ?+s10 & 8! laws ( ! mat]ial 
univ]se10 h be5 con/antly1 ?r\gh ! :ole 

argum5t1 guilty ( ?is petitio pr9cipii  
7begg+ ! "q71 or r ?is ab&onm5t ( ! :ole
 "q1 & nev] m s ?an at ! v mom5t :5 !y  
complac5tly plum$ !mselves ^u hav+      
ov]come ! difficulty4  ,hav+ premis$ ^! 
obs]vations = ! purpose ( cle>+ ! gr\nd 
& avoid+ confusion 9 ! argum5t1 we may  
n[ consid] t ,ar*bi%op ,k+'s !ory is 9  
bo? its p>ts2 = !re are 9 tru? two      
di/9ct explanations1 ! "o resembl+ an   
argum5t a priori1 ! o!r an argum5t a    
po/]iori4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n a little      
rem>kable t ,bi%op ,law1 9 ! admirable  
ab/ract or analysis :i* he gives ( !    
,ar*bi%op's treatise at ! end ( 8       
preface1 beg9s ) ! second bran*1 omitt+ 
all m5tion ( ! fir/1 z if he consid]$ x 
to be m]ely introductory matt]2 & yet 8 
f\rte5? note 7t4 cap4 ,i s4 #c47 %[s t  
he 0 aw>e ( its be+ an argum5t :olly    
indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! reason+s2 = he !re
 says t ! au?or _h giv5 "o demon/ration 
a priori1 & t no difficulties rais$ by  
an exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a1 no objection 
a po/]iori1 ought to ov]rule x1 unless  

^! difficulties are equally c]ta9 & cle>
 ) ! demon/ration1 & admit ( no solution
 consi/5t ) t demon/ration4  ,!         
necessity ( a fir/ cause be+ %[n1 & x   
be+ evid5t t !re=e ?is cause is uncreat$
 & self-exi/5t1 & indep5d5t ( any o!r1 !
 conclusion is next drawn t its p[] mu/ 
be inf9ite4 ,?is is %[n by !            
consid]ation t !re is no o!r antec$5t   
cause1 & no o!r pr9ciple :i* 0 n creat$ 
by ! fir/ cause1 & consequ5tly :i* 0 n (
 inf]ior p[]2 !re=e1 !re is no?+ :i* c  
limit ! p[] ( ! fir/ cause2 & !re be+ no
 limit] or re/ra9]1 !re c be no         
limitation or re/riction4  ,aga91 !     
inf9ity ( ! ,deity's p[] is attempt$ to 
be prov$ 9 ano!r way4  ,! numb] (       
possible ?+s is inf9ite2 b e possibility
 implies a p[] to d ! possible ?+2 & z  
"o possible ?+ implies a p[] to d x1 an 
inf9ite numb] ( possible ?+s implies an 
inf9ite p[]4 ,or z ,desc>tes & 8 foll[]s
 put x1 we c h no idea ( any?+ t has n  
ei!r an actual or a possible exi/5ce2 b 
we h an idea ( a ,be+ ( inf9ite         

p]fection2 !re=e1 he mu/ actually exi/2 
= o!rwise !re w\ld be "o p]fection      
want+1 & s he w\ld n be inf9ite1 :i* he 
ei!r is actually or possibly4 ,x is     
ne$less to rem>k t ?is :ole argum5t1    
:atev] may be said ( ! =m] "o1 is a pure
 fallacy1 & a petitio pr9cipii ?r\gh\t4 
,! ,c>tesian =m ( x is ! mo/ gl>+ly     
fallaci\s1 & inde$ exposes itself2 = by 
t reason+ we might prove ! exi/5ce ( a  
fi]y dragon or any o!r phantom ( ! bra94
 ,b ev5 ,k+'s m conceal$ sophism is     
equally absurd4 ,:at gr\nd is !re = say+
 t ! numb] ( possible ?+s is inf9ite8   
,he adds1 8at lea/ 9 p[]10 :i* means    
ei!r no?+ or only t we h ! p[] (        
conceiv+ an inf9ite numb] (             
possibilities4 ,b because we c conceive 
or fancy an inf9ity ( possibilities1    
does x foll[ t !re actually exi/s ?is   
inf9ity8 ,! :ole argum5t is unwor?y ( a 
mom5t's consid]ation4 ,! o!r is m       
plausible1 t re/riction implies a       
re/ra9+ p[]4 ,b ev5 ?is is n            
satisfactory :5 closely exam9$4 ,=      

al?\gh ! fir/ cause mu/ be self-exi/5t &
 ( et]nal duration1 we only are driv5 by
 ! necessity ( suppos+ a cause :]eon all
 ! argum5t re/s1 to suppose "o capable (
 caus+ all t actually exi/s2 &1 !re=e1  
to ext5d ?is inf]5ce & suppose t ! cause
 is ( inf9ite p[] seems gratuit\s4 ,nor 
is x necess>y to suppose ano!r p[]      
limit+ its efficacy1 if we d n f9d x    
necess>y to suppose its own con/itution 
& ess5ce su* z we t]m inf9itely p[]ful4 
,h[ev]1 aft] notic+ ?is manife/ defect 9
 ! fundam5tal "p ( ! argum5t1 t :i*     
inf]s inf9ite p[]1 let u = ! pres5t     
assume ! position to be prov$ ei!r by ^!
 or by any o!r reasons1 & see if !      
/ructure rais$ ^u x is su* z c /& ! te/ 
( exam9ation4  ,?us1 !n1 an inf9itely   
p[]ful ,be+ exi/s1 & he 0 ! creator ( ! 
univ]se2 b to incl9e him t[>ds !        
creation !re c\ld be no possible motive 
( happ9ess to himself1 & he mu/1 says   
,k+1 h ei!r s\ght 8 own happ9ess or t ( 
! univ]se :i* he made4 ,!re=e 8 own     
ideas mu/ h be5 ! communication (       

happ9ess to ! creature4 ,he c\ld only   
desire to ex]cise 8 attributes )\t1 or  
et]nally to himself1 :i* be=e creat+ o!r
 be+s he c\ld n d4 ,b ?is c\ld only     
gratify 8 nature1 :i* wants no?+1 be+   
p]fect 9 itself1 by communicat+ 8       
goodness & provid+ = ! happ9ess ( o!r   
s5ti5t be+s creat$ by him = ?is purpose4
 ,!re=e1 says ,k+1 8x manife/ly foll[s t
 ! _w is z well z x c\ld be made by     
inf9ite p[] & goodness2 = s9ce ! ex]cise
 ( ! div9e p[] & ! communication ( 8    
goodness are ! ends1 = :i* ! _w is =m$1 
!re is no d\bt b ,god has atta9$ ^!     
ends40 ,& aga91 8,if !n any?+ inconv5i5t
 or incommodi\s be n[1 or 0 f ! beg9n+ 9
 x1 t c]ta9ly c\ld n be h9d]$ or remov$ 
ev5 by inf9ite p[]1 wisdom & goodness40 
,n[ c]ta9ly no "o c d5y1 t if ,god be   
inf9itely p[]ful & also inf9itely good1 
x mu/ foll[ t :atev] looks l evil1 ei!r 
is n really evil1 or t x is su* z       
inf9ite p[] c\ld n avoid4 ,?is is impli$
 9 ! v t]ms ( ! hypo!sis4 ,x may also be
 admitt$ t if ! ,deity's only object 9 8

 disp5sation be ! happ9ess ( 8          
creatures1 ! same conclusion foll[s ev5 
)\t assum+ 8 nature to be inf9itely     
good2 = we admit :at1 = ! purpose ( !   
argum5t1 is ! same ?+1 namely1 t !re    
ent]$ no evil into 8 design 9 creat+ or 
ma9ta9+ ! univ]se4 ,b all ?is really    
assumes ! v ?+ to be prov$4 ,k+ gets ov]
 ! difficulty & rea*es 8 conclusion by  
say+1 8,! ,deity c\ld h only "o ( two   
objects--8 own happ9ess or t ( 8        
creatures40--,! skeptic makes answ]1    
8,he might h ano!r object1 namely1 !    
mis]y ( 8 creatures20 & !n ! :ole "q is1
 :e!r or n he _h ?is o!r object2 or1 :i*
 is ! same ?+1 :e!r or n 8 nature is    
p]fectly good4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t  
unless evil exi/s !re is no?+ to dispute
 ab\t--! "q falls4 ,! :ole difficulty   
arises f ! admission t evil exi/s1 or   
:at we call evil1 exi/s4 ,f ?is we      
inquire :e!r or n ! au?or ( x c be      
p]fectly b5evol5t8 or if he be1 ) :at   
view he has creat$ x8 ,?is assumes him  
to be inf9itely p[]ful1 or at lea/      

p[]ful en\gh to h prev5t$ ! evil2 b     
inde$ we are n[ argu+ ) ! ,ar*bi%op on !
 supposition t he has prov$ ! ,deity to 
be ( inf9ite p[]4 ,! skeptic re/s ^u 8  
dilemma1 & ei!r alt]native1 limit$ p[]  
or limit$ goodness1 satisfies him4  ,x  
is q pla91 !re=e1 t ,k+ has assum$ ! ?+ 
to be prov$ 9 8 fir/ argum5t1 or argum5t
 a priori4 ,= he proce$s ^u ! po/ulates 
t ! ,deity is inf9itely good1 & t he    
only _h human happ9ess 9 view :5 he made
 ! _w4 ,ei!r supposition w\ld h s]v$ 8  
purpose2 & mak+ ei!r w\ld h be5 tak+ =  
grant$ ! :ole matt] 9 dispute4 ,b he has
 assum$ bo?2 & x mu/ be add$1 he has    
made 8 assumption ( bo? z if he 0 only  
lay+ d[n a s+le position4 ,?is "p ( ! "w
 is c]ta9ly m slov5ly ?an ! re/4 ,x is !
 ?ird section ( ! fir/ *apt]4  ,x is    
c]ta9ly n f any reluctance to admit !   
exi/5ce ( evil t ! le>n$ au?or & 8 able 
comm5tator h be5 l$ into ?is            
inconclusive c\rse ( reason+4 ,we %all  
n[h]e f9d m /rik+ expositions ( ! /ate (
 ?+s 9 ?is respect1 nor m gloomy        

descriptions ( our condition1 ?an 9 _!  
celebrat$ "w4 8,:5ce s _m1              
inaccuracies10 says ! ,ar*bi%op1 89 ! "w
 ( a mo/ good & p[]ful ,god8 ,:5ce t    
p]petual w> betwe5 ! v elem5ts1 betwe5  
animals1 betwe5 m58 ,:5ce errors1       
mis]ies & vices1 ! con/ant companions ( 
human life f its infancy8 ,:5ce good to 
evil m51 evil to ! good8 ,if we behold  
any?+ irregul> 9 ! "w ( m51 if any ma*9e
 s]ves n ! end x 0 made =1 if we f9d    
some?+ 9 x repugnant to itself or o!rs1 
we attribute t to ! ignorance1 impati5ce
 or malice ( ! workman4 ,b s9ce ^!      
qualities h no place 9 ,god1 h[ come !y 
to h place 9 any?+8 ,or :y does ,god    
suff] 8 works to be de=m$ by !m80--,*ap4
 ii4 s4 #c4 ,bi%op ,law1 9 8 admirable  
preface1 /ill m cog5tly puts ! case3    
8,:5 ,i inquire h[ ,i got into ! _w1 &  
came to be :at ,i am1 ,i am told t an   
absolutely p]fect be+ produc$ me out (  
no?+1 & plac$ me "h on purpose to       
communicate "s "p ( 8 happ9ess to me1 & 
to make me 9 "s mann] l himself4 ,?is   

end is n obta9$--! direct contr>y       
appe>s--,i f9d myself surr\nd$ ) no?+ b 
p]plexity1 want & mis]y--by ^: fault ,i 
"k n--h[ to bett] myself ,i _c tell4    
,:at notions ( good & goodness c ?is    
af=d me8 ,:at ideas ( religion8 ,:at    
hopes ( a future /ate8 ,= if ,god's aim 
9 produc+ me be entirely unkn[n1 if x be
 ei!r 8 glory 7z "s w h x71 :i* my      
pres5t /ate is f> f advanc+1 nor m9e own
 good1 :i* ! same is equally inconsi/5t 
)1 h[ "k ,i :at ,i h to d "h1 or inde$ 9
 :at mann] ,i mu/ endeavor to please    
him8 ,or :y %\ld ,i endeavor x at all8  
,= if ,i mu/ be mis]able 9 ?is _w1 :at  
security h ,i t ,i %all n be s 9 ano!r  
too 7if !re be "o71 s9ce if x 7 ! w ( my
 ,almighty ,creator1 ,i might 7= aught  
,i see7 h be5 happy 9 bo?40--,pref4     
viii4 ,! "q ?us is /at$4 ,! difficulty  
is rais$ 9 its full & =midable magnitude
 by bo? ^! le>n$ & able m52 t !y h      
signally fail$ to lay x by ! argum5t a  
priori is pla94 ,inde$1 x seems :olly   
impossible ev] to answ] by an argum5t a 

priori any objection :atev] :i* arises  
altoge!r out ( ! facts made kn[n to u by
 exp]i5ce alone1 & :i* are !re=e 9 !    
nature ( cont+5t tru?s1 re/+ ^u cont+5t 
evid5ce1 :ile all demon/rations a priori
 mu/ necess>ily proce$ ^u ma!matical    
tru?s4 ,let u n[ see if _! labors h be5 
m successful 9 apply+ to ! solution ( ! 
difficulty ! reason+ a po/]iori4        
,ar*bi%op ,k+ divides evil into ?ree    
k9ds--imp]fection1 natural evil & moral 
evil--includ+ "u ! la/ head all !       
physical evils t arise f human actions1 
z well z ! evils :i* consi/s 9 ! guilt (
 ^? actions4  ,! exi/5ce ( imp]fection  
is /at$ to be necess>y1 because ev]y?+  
:i* is creat$ & n self-exi/5t mu/ be    
imp]fect2 consequ5tly e "w ( ! ,deity1 9
 o!r words1 ev]y?+ b ! ,deity himself1  
mu/ h imp]fection 9 its nature4 ,nor is 
! exi/5ce ( "s be+s :i* are imp]fect any
 int]f]5ce ) ! attributes ( o!rs4 ,nor !
 exi/5ce ( be+s ) _m imp]fections any   
int]f]5ce ) o!rs hav+ pre-em95ce4 ,!    
goodness ( ! ,deity !re=e is n impugn$  

by ! exi/5ce ( v>i\s ord]s ( creat$ be+s
 m or less approa*+ to p]fection4 ,8    
creat+ none at all w\ld h left ! univ]se
 less admirable & conta9+ less happ9ess 
?an x n[ does4 ,!re=e1 ! act ( m]e      
b5evol5ce :i* call$ ^? v>i\s ord]s into 
exi/5ce is n impea*$ 9 respect (        
goodness any m ?an ( p[] by ! v>iety ( !
 attributes possess$ by ! diff]5t be+s  
creat$4  ,he n[ proce$s to grapple ) !  
real difficulty ( ! "q4 ,& x is truly   
a/oni%+ to f9d ?is acute metaphysician  
beg9 ) an assumption :i* entirely begs t
 "q4 ,z imp]fection1 says he1 arises f  
creat$ be+s hav+ be5 made out ( no?+1 s 
natural evils arise 8f all natural ?+s  
hav+ a relation to matt]1 & on ?is      
acc\nt be+ necess>ily subject to natural
 evil40 ,z long z matt] is subject to   
motion1 x mu/ be ! subject ( g5]ation & 
corruption4 8,^! & all o!r natural      
evils10 says ! au?or1 8are s necess>ily 
connect$ ) ! mat]ial orig9 ( ?+s t !y _c
 be sep>at$ f x1 & ?us ! /ructure ( ! _w
 ei!r ought n to h be5 =m$ at all1 or ^!

 evils mu/ h be5 tol]at$ )\t any        
imputation on ! div9e p[] & goodness40  
,aga91 he says1 8corruption c\ld n be   
avoid$ )\t viol5ce done to ! laws (     
motion & ! nature ( matt]40 ,aga91 8,all
 mann] ( inconv5i5ces c\ld n be avoid$  
because ( ! imp]fection ( matt] & !     
nature ( motion4 ,t /ate ( ?+s 7 !re=e  
pref]able :i* 0 atta9$ ) ! fewe/ & !    
lea/ inconv5i5ces40 ,!n foll[s a k9d (  
m5ace1 8,& :o b a v ra%1 indiscreet     
p]son w affirm t ,god has n made *oice (
 ?is80--:5 e "o mu/ p]ceive t ! b>e     
prop\nd+ ( ! "q conc]n+ evil calls ^u u 
to ex]cise ?is tem]ity & commit ?is     
indiscretion4--,*ap4 iv4 s4 ,i1 div4 #g4
 ,he !n goes into m detail z to p>ticul>
 cases ( natural evil2 b all are h&l$ 9 
! same way4 ,?us dea? is expla9$ by say+
 t ! bodies ( animals are a k9d (       
vessels :i* conta9 fluids 9 motion1 &   
be+ brok51 ! fluids are spilt & !       
motions cease2 8because by ! native     
imp]fection ( matt] x is capable (      
dissolution1 & ! spill+ & /agnation mu/ 

necess>ily foll[1 & ) x animal life mu/ 
cease40--,*ap4 iv4 s4 #c4 ,disease is   
dealt ) 9 l mann]4 8,x c\ld n be avoid$ 
unless animals _h be5 made ( a q diff]5t
 frame & con/itution40--,*ap4 iv4 s4 #g4
 ,! :ole reason+ is summ$ up 9 !        
conclud+ section ( ?is "p1 :]e ! au?or  
some:at triumphantly says1 8,! difficult
 "q !n1 :5ce comes evil8 is n           
unansw]able4 ,= x arises f ! v nature & 
con/itution ( creat$ be+s1 & c\ld n be  
avoid$ )\t a contradiction40--,*ap4 iv4 
s4 #i4 ,to ?is ! comm5t>y ( ,bi%op ,law 
adds 7,note #d;i71 8t natural evil has  
be5 %[n to be1 9 e case1 unavoidable1   
)\t introduc+ into ! sy/em a great]     
evil40  ,x is c]ta9 t _m p]sons1 l$ away
 by ! au?ority ( a great "n1 h be5      
accu/om$ to reg>d ?is "w z a text-book1 
& h appeal$ to ,ar*bi%op ,k+ & 8 le>n$  
comm5tator z hav+ solv$ ! "q4 ,s _m m5 h
 ref]r$ to ! ,pr9cipia z %[+ ! motions (
 ! heav5ly bodies1 :o nev] read1 or     
inde$ c\ld read1 a page ( t immortal "w4
 ,b no man ev] did op5 x :o c\ld read x 

& f9d himself disappo9t$ 9 any "o       
p>ticul>2 ! :ole demon/ration is p]fect2
 n a l9k is want+2 no?+ is assum$4 ,h[  
diff]5t ! case "h6 ,we op5 ! "w ( !     
prelate & f9d x f ! fir/ to la/ a *a9 ( 
gratuit\s assumptions1 &1 ( ! ma9 po9t1 
no?+ :atev] is ei!r prov$ or expla9$4   
,evil arises1 he says1 f ! nature (     
matt]4 ,:o d\bts x8 ,b is n ! :ole "q :y
 matt] 0 creat$ ) su* prop]ties z (     
necessity to produce evil8 ,x 0         
impossible1 says he1 to avoid x         
consi/5tly ) ! laws ( motion & matt]4   
,unque/ionably2 b ! :ole dispute is ^u  
^? laws4 ,if inde$ ! laws ( nature1 !   
exi/+ con/itution ( ! mat]ial _w1 7     
assum$ z necess>y1 & z b9d+ ^u ! ,deity1
 h[ is x possible t any "q ev] c\ld h   
be5 rais$8 ,! ,deity hav+ ! p[] to make 
^? laws1 to end[ matt] ) t con/itution1 
& hav+ also ! p[] to make diff]5t laws &
 to give matt] ano!r con/itution1 ! :ole
 "q is1 h[ 8 *oos+ to create ! pres5t   
exi/+ ord] ( ?+s--! laws & ! con/itution
 :i* we f9d to prevail--c be reconcil$ )

 p]fect goodness4 ,! :ole argum5t ( !   
,ar*bi%op assumes t matt] & its laws are
 indep5d5t ( ! ,deity2 & ! only         
conclusion to :i* ! inquiry leads u is t
 ! ,creator has made a _w ) z little (  
evil 9 x z ! nature ( ?+s1--t is1 z !   
laws ( nature & matt]--all[$ him2 :i* is
 nons5se1 if ^? laws 7 made by him1 &   
leaves ! "q :]e x 01 or r solves x by   
giv+ up ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,creator1 if ^!
 laws 7 b9d+ ^u him4  ,x mu/ be add$1   
h[ev]1 t ,dr4 ,k+ & ,dr4 ,law are n     
s+ul> 9 pursu+ ?is mo/ inconclusive     
c\rse ( reason+4  ,?us ,dr4 ,j4 ,cl>ke1 
9 8 treatise on natural evil1 quot$ by  
,bi%op ,law 7,note #cb71 %[s h[ mis*iefs
 arise f ! laws ( matt]2 & says ?is c\ld
 n be avoid$ 8)\t alt]+ ^? prim>y laws1 
i4 e41 mak+ x some?+ else ?an :at x is1 
or *ang+ x into ano!r =m2 ! result ( :i*
 w\ld only be to r5d] x liable to evils 
( ano!r k9d aga9/ :i* ! same objections 
w\ld equally lie40 ,s ,dr4 ,j4 ,burnett1
 9 8 disc\rses on evil1 at ! ,boyle     
,lecture 7vol4 ii4 ,p4 #bja71 conceives 

t he expla9s dea? by say+ t ! mat]ials (
 :i* ! body is compos$ 8_c la/ beyond   
sev5ty ye>s1 or !reab\ts1 & x 0         
orig9ally int5d$ t we %\ld die at t     
age40 ,pa91 too1 he imag9es is acc\nt$ =
 by obs]v+ t we are end[$ ) feel+s1 & t 
if we c\ld n feel pa91 s nei!r c\ld we  
pleasure 7p4 #bjb74 ,aga91 he says t !re
 are c]ta9 qualities :i* 89 ! nature (  
?+s matt] is incapable (0  7p4 #bjg74 ,&
 z if he really felt ! pressure ( ?is   
difficulty1 he at l5g? comes to ?is     
conclusion1 t life is a free gift1 :i*  
we _h no "r to exact1 & :i* ! ,deity lay
 "u no necessity to grant1 & !re=e we   
mu/ take x ) ! conditions annex$ 7p4    
#baj72 :i* is und5iably true1 b is      
exclud+ ! discussion & n answ]+ ! "q    
propos$4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t "s      
reason]s deal /rangely ) ! facts4 ,?us  
,d]ham1 9 8 ,physico-,!ology1 expla9+ ! 
use ( poison 9 snakes1 fir/ desires u to
 be> 9 m9d t _m v5om\s ones are ( use   
m$ic9ally 9 /ubborn diseases1 :i* is n  
true1 & if x 71 w\ld prove no?+1 unless 

! v5om1 n ! fle%1 7 prov$ to be m$ic9al2
 & !n says1 !y are 8sc\rges ^u          
ungrateful & s9ful m520 add+ ! truly    
a/\nd+ absurdity1 8t ! nations :i* "k n 
,god are ! mo/ annoy$ ) noxi\s reptiles 
& o!r p]nici\s creatures40 7,book ix4 c4
 ,i72 :i* if x 7 true w\ld raise a d\ble
 difficulty1 by %[+ t "o p 0 sc\rg$     
because ano!r _h neglect$ to prea* !    
gospel among !m4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,burnett1 too1
 acc\nts = animals be+ suff]$ to be     
kill$ z food = man1 by affirm+ t !y     
!reby ga9 all ! c>e :i* man is ?us l$ to
 be/[ ^u !m1 & s are1 on ! :ole1 ! bett]
 = be+ eat54 7,boyle ,lecture1 ,,ii4    
#bjg74 ,b ! mo/ s+ul> error has p]haps  
be5 fall5 into by ,dr4 ,%]lock1 & ! mo/1
 unhappy--:i* yet ,bi%op ,law has cit$ z
 a suffici5t answ] to ! objection       
respect+ dea?3 8,x is a great in/rum5t (
 gov]nm5t1 & makes m5 afraid ( committ+ 
su* villanies z ! laws ( _! c\ntry h    
made capital40 7,note #cd74 ,s t !      
greate/ error 9 ! crim9al legislation ( 
all c\ntries =ms "p ( ! div9e provid5ce1

 & man has at l5g? discov]$1 by ! light 
( reason1 ! folly & ! wick$ness ( us+ an
 in/rum5t expressly creat$ by div9e     
,omnisci5ce to be abus$6  ,! rema9+     
portion ( ,k+'s "w1 fill+ ! second      
volume ( ,bi%op ,law's edition1 is      
devot$ to ! explanation ( ,moral ,evil2 
& "h ! gratuit\s assumption ( ! 8nature 
( ?+s10 & ! 8laws ( nature10 m or less  
p]vade ! :ole z 9 ! =m] p>ts ( !        
,inquiry4  ,! fundam5tal position ( !   
:ole is1 t man hav+ be5 end[$ ) free w1 
8 happ9ess consi/s 9 mak+ due elections1
 or 9 ! "r ex]cise ( t free w4 ,five    
causes are !n giv5 ( undue elections1 9 
:i* ( c\rse 8 mis]y consi/s z f> z t    
dep5ds on himself2 ^! causes are error1 
neglig5ce1 ov]-indulg5ce ( free *oice1  
ob/9acy or bad habit1 & ! importunity ( 
natural appetites2 :i* la/1 x mu/ 9     
pass+ be rem>k$1 belongs to ! head (    
physical evil1 & _c be assum$ 9 ?is     
discussion )\t begg+ ! "q4 ,! great     
difficulty is !n /at$ & grappl$ )1      
namely1 h[ to reconcile ^! undue        

elections ) div9e goodness4 ,! objector 
/ates t free w might exi/ )\t ! p[] (   
mak+ undue elections1 he be+ suff]$ to  
range1 z x 71 only among lawful objects 
( *oice4 ,b ! answ] to ?is seems s\nd1 t
 su* a w w\ld only be free 9 "n2 x w\ld 
be free to *oose among c]ta9 ?+s1 b w\ld
 n be free-w4 ,! objector aga9 urges1 t 
ei!r ! *oice is free & may fall ^u evil 
objects1 aga9/ ! goodness ( ,god1 or x  
is s re/ra9$ z only to fall on good     
objects4 ,aga9/ fre$om ( ! w ,k+'s      
solution is1 t m evil w\ld result f     
prev5t+ ^! undue elections ?an f suff]+ 
!m1 & s ! ,deity has only done ! be/ he 
c\ld 9 ! circum/ances2 a solution       
obvi\sly liable to ! same objection z t 
respect+ ,natural ,evil4 ,!re are ?ree  
ways1 says ! ,ar*bi%op1 9 :i* undue     
elections might h be5 prev5t$2 n creat+ 
a free ag5t--con/ant int]f]5ce ) 8      
free-w--remov+ him to ano!r /ate :]e he 
w\ld n be tempt$ to g a/ray 9 8 *oice4  
,a f\r? mode may1 h[ev]1 be             
sugge/$--creat+ a free-ag5t )\t any     

incl9ation to evil1 or any temptation f 
ext]nal objects4 ,:5 our au?or disposes 
( ! second me?od1 by /at+ t x assumes a 
con/ant miracle1 z great 9 ! moral z    
alt]+ ! c\rse ( ! planets h\rly w\ld be 
9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 no?+ c be m s\nd or
 m satisfactory4 ,b :5 he argues t our  
:ole happ9ess consi/s 9 a consci\sness (
 fre$om ( election1 & t we %\ld nev] "k 
happ9ess 7 we re/ra9$ 9 any p>ticul>1 x 
seems :olly inconceivable h[ he %\ld h  
omitt$ to consid] ! prodigi\s com=t ( a 
/ate 9 :i* we %\ld be gu>ante$ aga9/ any
 error or impropriety ( *oice2 a /ate 9 
:i* we %\ld bo? be unable to g a/ray &  
always feel consci\s ( t security4 ,he1 
h[ev]1 begs ! "q mo/ manife/ly 9 deal+ )
 ! two o!r me?ods /at$1 by :i* undue    
elections might h be5 preclud$4 8,y w\ld
 h fre$om10 says he1 8)\t any incl9ation
 to s92 b x may ju/ly be d\bt$ if ?is is
 possible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s10 7*ap4 
v4 s4 #e1 sub4 #b72 & aga91 9 answ]+ !  
"q :y ,god did n remove u into ano!r    
/ate :]e no temptation c\ld s$uce u1 he 

says3 8,x is pla9 t 9 ! pres5t /ate (   
?+s x is impossible = m5 to live )\t    
natural evils or ! dang] ( s9n+40 7,ib47
 ,n[ ! :ole "q arises ^u ! con/itution (
 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,if t is all[$ to 
be inevitable1 or is tak5 z a datum 9 ! 
discussion1 !re ceases to be any "q at  
all4  ,! doctr9e ( a *a9 ( be+ is enl>g$
 ^u1 & ) mu* felicity ( illu/ration4 ,b 
x only wraps up ! difficulty 9 o!r      
words1 )\t solv+ x4 ,= !n ! "q becomes  
?is--,:y did ! ,deity create su* a *a9 z
 c\ld n be fill$ up )\t mis]y8 ,x is1   
inde$1 m]ely re/at+ ! fact ( evil exi/+2
 = :e!r we say !re is suff]+ among      
s5ti5t be+s--or ! univ]se consi/s ( be+s
 m or less happy1 m or less mis]able--or
 !re exi/s a *a9 ( be+s v>y+ 9 p]fection
 & 9 felicity--x is manife/ly all "o    
proposition4 ,! rem>k ( ,bayle ^u ?is   
view ( ! subject is really n at all     
uns\nd1 & is em95tly +5i\s3 8,w\ld y    
def5d a k+ :o %\ld conf9e all 8 subjects
 ( a c]ta9 age 9 dungeons1 ^u ! gr\nd t 
if he did n1 _m ( ! cells he _h built   

mu/ rema9 empty80 ,! answ] ( ,bi%op ,law
 to ?is rem>k is by no means            
satisfactory4 ,he says x assumes t m    
mis]y ?an happ9ess exi/s4 ,n[1 9 ?is    
view ( ! "q1 ! balance is q immat]ial4  
,! exi/5ce ( any evil at all raises ! "q
 z mu* z ! prepond]ance ( evil ov] good1
 because ! "q conceives a p]fectly good 
,be+1 & asks h[ su* a ,be+ c h p]mitt$  
any evil at all4 ,^u ?is "p ( ! subject 
bo? ,k+ & ,law h fall5 into an error :i*
 rec5t discov]ies place 9 a s+ul>ly cle>
 light4 ,!y say t ! argum5t !y are deal+
 ) w\ld lead to leav+ ! e>? to ! brutes 
)\t human inhabitants4 ,b ! rec5t       
discov]ies 9 ,fossil ,o/eology h prov$ t
 ! e>?1 = ages be=e ! la/ #e1jjj or     
#f1jjj ye>s1 0 left to ! l[] animals2   
nay1 t 9 a /ill e>li] p]iod ( its       
exi/5ce no animal life at all 0 ma9ta9$ 
^u its surface4 ,s t1 9 fact1 !         
f\ndation is remov$ ( ! r$uctio ad      
absurdum attempt$ by ! le>n$ prelates4  
,a s+ul> argum5t is us$ t[>ds ! latt]   
end ( ! inquiry4 ,:5 ! ,deity1 x is     

said1 resolv$ to create o!r be+s1 ,he   
mu/ ( necessity tol]ate imp]fect natures
 9 8 h&iwork1 j z he mu/ ! equality ( a 
circle's radii :5 he drew a circle4 ,:o 
does n p]ceive ! diff]5ce8 ,! mean+ ( ! 
^w circle is t ! radii are all equal2   
?is equality is a necess>y tru?4 ,b x is
 n %[n t m5 c\ld n exi/ )\t !           
imp]fections !y labor "u4 ,yet ?is is ! 
argum5t sugge/$ by ^! au?ors :ile       
compla9+ 7*ap4 v4 s4 #e1 sub4 #g1 div4  
#g71 t ,lactantius _h n suffici5tly     
answ]$ ! ,epicurean dilemma2 x is !     
sub/itute prop\nd$ to supply t fa!r's   
defici5cy4--8,:51 !re=e10 says !        
,ar*bi%op1 8matt]1 motion & free-w are  
con/itut$1 ! ,deity mu/ necess>ily p]mit
 corruption ( ?+s & ! abuse ( lib]ty1 or
 some?+ worse1 = ^! _c be sep>at$ )\t a 
contradiction1 & ,god is no m important1
 because he _c sep>ate equality ( radii 
f a circle40--,*ap4 v4 s4 #e1 subs4 #g4 
,if he c\ld n h creat$ evil1 he w\ld n h
 be5 omnipot5t2 if he w\ld n1 he mu/ let
 8 p[] lie idle2 & reject+ evil h       

reject$ all ! good4 8,?us10 exclaims !  
au?or ) triumph & self-complac5cy1 8!n  
vani%es ?is ,h]culean argum5t :i* induc$
 ! ,epicureans to disc>d ! good ,deity1 
& ! ,mani*eans to sub/itute an evil "o40
 7,ib4 subs4 #g1 sub4 f9e47 ,nor is !   
explanation r5d]$ m satisfactory1 or    
inde$ m intelligible1 by ! conclud+     
passage ( all1 9 :i* we are told t 8f a 
conflict ( two prop]ties1 namely1       
omnipot5ce & goodness1 evils necess>ily 
arise4 ,^! attributes amicably conspire 
toge!r1 & yet re/ra9 & limit ea* o!r40  
,x might h be5 expect$ f h5ce t no evil 
at all %\ld be f\nd to exi/4 8,!re is a 
k9d ( /ruggle & opposition betwe5 !m1   
:]e( ! evils 9 nature be> ! %ad[ &      
resemblance4 ,"h1 !n1 & no :]e else1 m> 
we f9d ! prim>y & mo/ c]ta9 rise & orig9
 ( evils40  ,su* is ?is celebrat$ "w2 & 
x may safely be affirm$ t a m complete  
failure to ov]come a great & admitt$    
difficulty--a m unsatisfactory solution 
( an important "q--is n to be f\nd 9 !  
:ole hi/ory ( metaphysical sci5ce4      

,among ! au?ors :o h treat$ ( ?is       
subject1 a high place is ju/ly giv5 to  
,ar*deacon ,bulguy1 ^: "w on ,div9e     
,b5evol5ce is always ref]r$ to by ,dr4  
,paley ) great comm5dation4 ,b c]ta9 x  
is t ?is le>n$ & pi\s writ] ei!r _h nev]
 =m$ to himself a v precise notion ( !  
real "q "u discussion1 namely1 !        
compatibility ( ! appe>ances :i* we see 
& :i* we consid] z evil1 ) a ,be+       
inf9itely p[]ful z well z good2 or he _h
 9 8 m9d "s op9ions respect+ ! div9e    
nature1 op9ions ( a limit>y k9d1 :i* he 
does n /ate di/9ctly1 al?\gh he         
con/antly suff]s !m to influ5ce 8       
season+s4 ,h5ce1 :5ev] he comes close to
 ! real difficulty he appe>s to beg !   
"q4 ,a v few in/ances ( :at really      
p]vades ! :ole "w w suffice to %[ h[    
unsatisfactory its g5]al scope is1      
al?\gh x conta9s1 l ! treatise ( ,dr4   
,k+ & ,dr4 ,law's ,comm5t>y1 _m valuable
 obs]vations on ! details ( ! subject4  
,& fir/ we may p]ceive t :at he t]ms a  
8previ\s rem>k10 & desires ! read] 8to  

c>ry along ?r\gh ! :ole pro( ( div9e    
b5evol5ce10 really conta9s a /atem5t t !
 difficulty is to be evad$ & n met4 8,an
 int5tion ( produc+ good10 says he1 8w  
be suffici5tly app>5t 9 any p>ticul>    
in/ance if ! ?+ consid]$ c nei!r be     
*ang$ nor tak5 away )\t loss or h>m1 all
 o!r ?+s cont9u+ ! same4 ,%\ld y suppose
 v>i\s ?+s 9 ! sy/em *ang$ at once1 y c 
nei!r judge ( ! possibility nor !       
consequ5ces ( ! *anges1 hav+ no degree (
 exp]i5ce to direct y40 ,n[ assur$ly ?is
 po/ulate makes ! :ole "q z easy a "o z 
ev] metaphysician or naturali/ _h to    
solve4 ,= x is no long]--,:y did a      
p[]ful & b5evol5t ,be+ create a _w 9 :i*
 !re is evil--b only--,! _w be+ giv51 h[
 f> are its diff]5t arrangem5ts consi/5t
 ) "o ano!r8 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! e>?quake
 at ,lisbon1 ,voltaire's favorite       
in/ance1 de/roy$ ?\s&s ( p]sons1 because
 x is 9 ! nature ( ?+s t subt]rane\s    
vapors %\ld explode1 & t :5 h\ses fall  
on human be+s !y %\ld be kill$4 ,!n if  
,dr4 ,balguy goes to 8 o!r argum5t1 on  

:i* he (t5 dwells1 t if ?is nature 7    
alt]$1 we _c possibly tell :e!r worse   
might n ensue2 ?is1 too1 is assum+ a    
limit$ p[] 9 ! ,deity1 contr>y to !     
hypo!sis4 ,x may mo/ ju/ly be said1 t if
 !re be any "o supposition necess>ily   
exclud$ f ! :ole argum5t1 x is !        
fundam5tal supposition ( ! 8previ\s     
rem>k10 namely1 8all o!r ?+s cont9u+ !  
same40  ,b see h[ ?is assumption p]vades
 & p>alyzes ! :ole argum5t1 r5d]+ x     
utt]ly inconclusive4 ,! au?or is to     
answ] an objection d]iv$ f ! con/itution
 ( our appetites = food1 & 8 reply is1 t
 8we _c tell h[ f> x 0 possible = !     
/oma*s & palates ( animals to be        
diff]5tly =m$1 unless by "s rem$y worse 
?an ! disease40 ,aga91 ^u ! "q ( pa93   
8,h[ d we "k t x 0 possible = ! uneasy  
s5sation to be conf9$ to p>ticul>       
cases80 ,s we meet ! same fallacy "u    
ano!r =m1 z evil be+ ! result ( 8g5]al  
pr9ciples40 ,b no "o has ev] pu%$ ?is s 
f> z ,dr4 ,balguy1 = he says1 8t 9 a    
gov]nm5t s conduct$1 _m ev5ts are likely

 to happ5 contr>y to ! int5tion ( its   
au?or40 ,he n[ calls 9 ! aid ( *ance1 or
 accid5t4--8,x is probable10 he says1 8t
 ,god %\ld be good1 = evil is m likely  
to be accid5tal ?an appe>s f exp]i5ce 9 
! conduct ( m540  ,inde$1 8 fundam5tal  
position ( ! ,deity's b5evol5ce is re/$ 
^u ?is f\ndation1 t 8pleasures only 7   
int5d$1 & t ! pa9s are accid5tal        
consequ5ces1 al?\gh ! means ( produc+   
pleasures40 ,! same rec\rse to accid5t  
is repeat$ly _h4 ,?us1 8! ev5ts to :i*  
we are expos$ 9 ?is imp]fect /ate appe> 
to be ! accid5tal1 n natural1 effects ( 
our frame & condition40 ,n[ c any "o ?+ 
be m manife/ ?an t ! v fir/ notion ( a  
wise & p[]ful ,be+ excludes all su*     
assumptions z ?+s happ5+ contr>y to ,8  
int5tion2 & t :5 we use ! ^w *ance or   
accid5t1 :i* only means our human       
ignorance ( causes1 we at once give up !
 :ole "q1 z if we said1 8,x is a subject
 ab\t :i* we "k no?+40 ,s aga9 z to p[]4
 8,a good design is m difficult to be   
execut$1 & !re=e m likely to be execut$ 

imp]fectly1 ?an an evil "o1 t is1 ) a   
mixture ( effects =eign to ! design &   
opposite to x40 ,?is at once assumes !  
,deity to be p[]less4 ,b a g5]al /atem5t
 is aft]w>ds made m di/9ctly to ! same  
effect4 8,mo/ sure x is t he c d all ?+s
 possible4 ,b are we 9 any degree       
compet5t judges ( ! b\nds (             
possibility80 ,s aga9 "u ano!r =m nature
 is introduc$ z some?+ diff]5t f its    
au?or1 & (f]+ limits to 8 p[]4 8,x is   
pla9ly n ! me?od ( nature to obta9 h]   
ends in/antane\sly40 ,pass+ ov] su*     
propositions z t 8useless evil is a ?+  
nev] se510 7:5 ! :ole "q is :y ! same   
ends 7 n atta9$ )\t evil71 & a v>iety ( 
o!r subord9ate assumptions contr>y to ! 
hypo!sis1 we may re/ ) ?is g5]al        
/atem5t1 :i* almo/ e page ( ,dr4        
,balguy's book be>s out1 t ! "q :i* he  
has set himself to solve is any?+ r ?an 
! real "o t\*+ ! ,orig9 ( ,evil2 & t ?is
 attempt at a solution is z ineffectual 
z any ( ^? :i* we h be5 consid]+4  ,is1 
!n1 ! "q :olly incapable ( solution1 :i*

 all ^! le>n$ & +5i\s m5 h s entirely   
fail$ 9 solv+8 ,mu/ ! difficulty rema9  
=ev] unsurm\nt$1 & only be approa*$ to  
discov] t x is insup]able8 ,mu/ !       
subject1 ( all o!rs ! mo/ int]e/+ = u to
 "k well1 be to u always z a seal$ book1
 ( :i* we c nev] "k any?+8 ,f ! nature (
 ! ?+--f ! "q relat+ to ! op]ation ( a  
p[] :i*1 to our limit$ faculties1 mu/   
ev] be incompreh5sible--!re seems too   
mu* reason = believ+ t no?+ precise or  
satisfactory ev] w be atta9$ by human   
reason reg>d+ ?is great argum5t2 & t !  
b\nds :i* limit our views w only be     
pass$ :5 we h quitt$ ! encumbrances (   
our mortal /ate1 & are p]mitt$ to survey
 ^? regions beyond ! sph]e ( our pres5t 
circumscrib$ exi/5ce4 ,! o!r bran* (    
,natural ,!ology1 t :i* inve/igates !   
evid5ces ( ,intellig5ce & ,design1 &    
leads u to a cle> appreh5sion ( !       
,deity's p[] & wisdom1 is z             
satisfactorily cultivat$ z any o!r      
dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 re/s ^u ! same       
species ( pro(1 & af=ds results z       

precise z !y are sublime4 ,?is bran* w  
nev] be di/9ctly kn[n1 & w always s     
disappo9t ! inquir] z to r5d] ! lights (
 ,revelation peculi>ly acceptable1      
al?\gh ev5 ^? lights leave mu* ( x /ill 
involv$ 9 d>kness--/ill my/]i\s &       
obscure4#b  ,yet let u endeavor to      
sugge/ "s possible explication1 :ile we 
admit t no?+ c]ta91 no?+ entirely       
satisfactory c be rea*$4 ,! failure ( ! 
great writ]s ^: works we h be5          
contemplat+ may well tea* u humility1   
make u di/ru/ ourselves1 & mod]ate )9 u 
any sangu9e hopes ( success4 ,b !y %\ld 
n make u :olly despair ( at lea/ %[+ 9  
:at direction ! solution ( ! difficulty 
is to be s\ght1 & :]eab\ts x w probably 
be f\nd situat$1 :5 our feeble reason   
%all be /r5g!n$ & exp&$4 ,= "o cause (  
_! discomfiture c]ta9ly has be5 _! aim+ 
too high1 attempt+ a complete solution (
 a problem :i* only admitt$ (           
approximation1 & discussion ( limits4   
,x is admitt$ on all h&s t !            
demon/ration is complete :i* %[s !      

exi/5ce ( intellig5ce & design 9 !      
univ]se4 ,! /ructure ( ! eye & e> 9     
exact confirmity to ! laws ( optics &   
ac\/ics1 %[s z cle>ly z any exp]im5t c  
%[ any?+1 t ! s\rce1 cause or orig9 is  
common bo? to ! prop]ties ( light & !   
=mation ( ! l5ses & ret9a 9 ! eye--bo?  
to ! prop]ties ( s\nd & ! tympanum1     
malleus1 incus & /apes ( ! e>4 ,no d\bt 
:atev] c exi/ ^u ! subject1 any m ?an1  
if we saw a p>ticul> ord] issu$ to a    
body ( m5 to p]=m c]ta9 uncommon        
evolutions1 & aft]w>ds saw ! same body  
p]=m+ ^? same evolutions1 we c\ld d\bt  
_! hav+ receiv$ ! ord]4 ,a design+ &    
intellig5t & skillful au?or ( ^!        
admirably adapt$ works is equally a cle>
 inf]5ce f ! same facts4 ,we c no m d\bt
 x ?an we c "q1 :5 we see a mill gr9d+  
corn into fl\r1 t ! ma*9]y 0 made by "s 
"o :o design$ by means ( x to prep>e !  
mat]ials ( bread4 ,! same conclusions   
are drawn 9 a va/ v>iety ( o!r in/ances1
 bo? ) respect to ! p>ts ( human & o!r  
bodies1 & ) respect to mo/ ( ! o!r      

arrangem5ts ( nature4 ,simil>           
conclusions are also drawn f our        
consci\sness1 & ! k :i* x gives u ( !   
/ructure ( ! m9d4#c ,?us we f9d t       
att5tion quick5s memory & enables u to  
recollect2 & t habit r5d]s all ex]tions 
& all acquisitions easy1 beside hav+ !  
effect ( alleviat+ pa94  ,b :5 we c>ry  
our survey into o!r p>ts1 :e!r ( !      
natural or moral sy/em1 we _c discov]   
any design at all4 ,we frequ5tly p]ceive
 /ructures ! use ( :i* we "k no?+ ab\t2 
p>ts ( ! animal frame t app>5tly h no   
functions to p]=m--nay1 t are ! s\rce ( 
pa9 )\t yield+ any p]ceptible advantage2
 arrangem5ts & movem5ts ( bodies :i* are
 ( "o p>ticul> k9d1 & yet we are q at a 
loss to disc]n any reason :y !y might n 
h be5 ( _m o!r descriptions2 op]ations (
 nature t seem to s]ve no purpose       
:atev]2 & o!r op]ations & o!r           
arrangem5ts1 *os5 equally )\t any       
b5eficial view1 & yet :i* (t5 give rise 
to mu* app>5t confusion & mis*ief4 ,n[1 
! "q is1 fir/1 :e!r 9 any "o ( ^! cases 

( arrangem5t & /ructures ) no visible   
object at all1 we c = a mom5t suppose t 
!re really is no object answ]$1 or only 
conceive t we h be5 unable to discov] x8
 ,secondly1 :e!r 9 ! cases :]e mis*ief  
sometimes is p]ceiv$1 & no o!r purpose  
appe>s to be effect$1 we d n almo/ z    
uni=mly lay ! blame on our own          
ignorance1 & conclude1 n t ! arrangem5t 
0 made )\t any design1 & t mis*ief      
arises )\t any contriv]1 b t if we knew 
! :ole case we %\ld f9d a design &      
contrivance1 & also t ! app>5t mis*ief  
w\ld s9k into ! g5]al good8 ,x is n     
necess>y to admit1 = our pres5t purpose1
 ?is latt] proposition1 ?\gh x br+s u   
clos] to ! matt] 9 h&2 x is suffici5t = 
! pres5t to admit1 :at no "o d\bts1 t :5
 a "p ( ! body1 = in/ance1 is discov]$1 
to :i*1 l ! sple51 we _c assign any     
function 9 ! animal sy/em1 we nev] ?9k (
 conclud+ t x is made = no use1 b only t
 we h z yet n be5 able to discov] its   
use4  ,n[1 let u ask1 :y d we1 )\t any  
hesitation :atev]1 or any exception     

:atev]1 always & imm$iately arrive at   
?is conclusion respect+ intellig5ce &   
design8 ,no?+ c\ld be m unphilosophical1
 nay1 m gr\ndless1 ?an su* a process (  
reason+1 if we _h only be5 able to trace
 design 9 "o or two in/ances2 = in/ance1
 if we f\nd only ! eye to %[ pro(s (    
contrivance1 x w\ld be :olly gratuit\s1 
:5 we saw ! e>1 to assume t x 0 adapt$  
to ! nature ( s\nd1 & /ill m s1 if1 on  
exam9ation1 we p]ceiv$ x bore no        
p]ceptible relation to ! laws ( ac\/ics4
 ,! pro( ( contrivance 9 "o p>ticul> is 
no?+ l a pro(1 nay1 does n ev5 furni% ! 
lea/ presumption ( contrivance 9 o!r    
p>ticul>s2 because1 a priori1 x is j z  
easy to suppose "o "p ( nature to be    
design$ = a purpose1 & ano!r "p1 nay1   
all o!r p>ts1 to be =m$ at r&om & )\t   
any contrivance1 z to suppose t !       
=mation ( ! :ole is gov]n$ by design4   
,:y1 !n1 d we1 inv>iably & und\bt$ly1   
adopt ! c\rse ( reason+ :i* has be5     
m5tion$1 & nev] = a mom5t suspect any?+ 
to be =m$ )\t "s reason--"s rational    

purpose8 ,! only gr\nd ( ?is belief is1 
t we h be5 able di/9ctly to trace design
 9 s va/ a majority ( cases z leaves u  
no p[] ( d\bt+ t1 if our faculties _h   
be5 suffici5tly p[]ful1 or our          
inve/igation suffici5tly dilig5t1 we    
%\ld also h be5 able to trace x 9 ^?    
comp>atively few in/ances respect+ :i*  
we /ill are 9 ! d>k4  ,x may be wor?    
:ile to give a few in/ances ( !         
ignorance 9 :i* we once 7 ( design 9 "s 
important arrangem5ts ( nature1 & ( ! k 
:i* we n[ possess to %[ ! purpose ( _!  
=mation4 ,be=e ,sir ,isaac ,newton's    
optical discov]ies1 we c\ld n tell :y ! 
/ructure ( ! eye 0 s complex1 & :y      
sev]al l5ses & humors 7 requir$ to =m a 
picture ( objects ^u ! ret9a4 ,inde$1   
until ,doll&'s subsequ5t discov]y ( !   
a*romatic effect ( comb9+ v>i\s glasses1
 & ,mr4 ,blair's /ill m rec5t exp]im5ts 
on ! p[]s ( diff]5t refract+ m$ia1 we 7 
n able di/9ctly to p]ceive ! op]ation & 
use ( ! complicacy 9 ! /ructure ( ! eye4
 ,we n[ well und]/& its nature1 & are   

able to compreh5d h[ t :i* _h at "o "t1 
nay1 = ages1 seem$ to be an unnecess>y  
complexity2 =ms ! mo/ p]fect ( all      
optical in/rum5ts1 & accord+ to ! mo/   
c]ta9 laws ( refraction & ( disp]sion4  
,s1 too1 we _h obs]v$ = "s c5turies !   
=ms ( ! orbits 9 :i* ! heav5ly bodies   
move1 & we _h f\nd ^! to be ellipses ) a
 v small ecc5tricity4 ,b :y ?is 0 ! =m (
 ^? orbits no "o c\ld ev5 conjecture4   
,if any p]son1 ! mo/ deeply skill$ 9    
ma!matical sci5ce1 & ! mo/ int]nally    
conv9c$ ( ! univ]sal preval5ce ( design 
& contrivance 9 ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 
_h be5 ask$ :at reason !re 0 = ! planets
 mov+ 9 ellipses s1 ne>ly approa*+ to   
circles1 he c\ld n h giv5 any good      
reason1 at lea/ beyond a guess4 ,! =ce (
 gravitation1 ev5 admitt+ t to be1 z x  
71 a condition ( ! creation ( matt]1    
w\ld h made ^? bodies revolve 9 ellipses
 ( any degree ( ecc5tricity j z well1   
provid$ ! angle & ! =ce ( projection _h 
be5 v>i$4 ,!n1 :y 0 ?is =m r1 ?an any   
o!r *os58 ,no "o knew2 yet no "o d\bt$ t

 !re 0 ample reason = x4 ,accord+ly !   
sublime discov]ies ( ,lagrange & ,la    
,place h %[n u t ?is small ecc5tricity  
is "o mat]ial elem5t 9 ! =mula by :i* x 
is %[n t all ! irregul>ities ( ! sy/em  
are p]iodical1 & t ! deviation nev] c   
exce$ a c]ta9 am\nt on ei!r h&4  ,b1    
aga91 :ile we are ignorant ( ?is1 p]haps
 ! mo/ sublime tru? 9 all sci5ce1 we 7  
always argu+ z if ! sy/em _h an         
imp]fection1 z if ! di/urb+ =ces ( !    
diff]5t planets & ! sun1 act+ on "o     
ano!r1 con/antly *ang$ ! orbits ( ea*   
planet1 & mu/1 9 a c\rse ( ages1 "w !   
de/ruction ( ! :ole planet>y arrangem5t 
:i* we _h contemplat$ ) s great         
admiration & ) awe4 ,x 0 deem$ en\gh if 
we c\ld %[ t ?is d]angem5t mu/ be       
extremely sl[1 & t1 !re=e1 ! sy/em might
 la/ = _m m ages )\t requir+ any        
int]position ( omnipot5t skill to       
pres]ve x by rectify+ its motions4 ,?us 
"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ writ]s above cit$  
argues t1 8f ! nature ( gravitation & ! 
conc5tricity ( ! orbits1 ! irregul>ities

 produc$ are s sl[ly op]at$ 9 contract+1
 dilat+ & incl9+ ^? orbits1 t ! sy/em   
may g on = _m ?\s& ye>s be=e any        
extraord9>y int]f]5ce becomes necess>y 9
 ord] to correct x40 ,& ,dr4 ,burnett   
adds1 t 8^? small irregul>ities ca/ no  
discr$it on ! good contrivance ( !      
:ole40 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld ca/ great]    
discr$it if x 7 z he suppos$1 & z all m5
 previ\s to ! late discov]ies suppos$2 x
 0 only1 !y r ?9k1 a 8small             
irregul>ity10 :i* 0 e h\r t5d+ to !     
de/ruction ( ! :ole sy/em1 & :i* mu/ h  
d]ang$ or conf\nd$ its :ole /ructure    
long be=e x de/roy$ x4 ,yet n[ we see t 
! wisdom1 to :i* a ?\s& ye>s are z "o   
day1 n satisfi$ ) con/ruct+ a fabric :i*
 might la/ = 8_m ?\s& ye>s )\t ,8       
int]f]5ce10 has s =m$ x t x may ?us     
endure =ev]4  ,n[ if su* be ! gr\nds (  
our belief 9 ! univ]sal preval5ce (     
,design1 & su* ! diff]5t lights :i* at  
diff]5t p]iods ( our progress 9 sci5ce  
we possess ^u ?is bran* ( ! div9e       
gov]nm5t2 if we und\bt+ly believe t     

contrivance is univ]sal only because we 
c trace & compreh5d x 9 a great majority
 ( in/ances1 & if ! numb] ( exceptions  
to ! rule is occasionally dim9i%$ z our 
k ( ! p>ticul>s is f "t to "t           
ext5d$--may we n apply ! same pr9ciple  
to ! appreh5sion ( ,b5evol5t purpose1 & 
inf] f ! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* we      
pla9ly p]ceive a good int5tion1 t if we 
7 bett] acqua9t$ ) ^? cases 9 :i* a     
contr>y int5tion is n[ app>5t1 we %\ld  
!re1 too1 f9d ! g5]ally p]vad+ "* (     
,b5evol5ce to prevail8 ,n only is ?is ! 
mann] 9 :i* we reason respect+ ! ,design
 ( ! ,creator f exam9+ 8 works2 x is !  
mann] 9 :i* we treat ! conduct ( our    
fell[-creatures4 ,a man ( ! mo/ ext5sive
 b5evol5ce & /ricte/ integrity 9 8 g5]al
 deportm5t has done some?+ equivocal2   
nay1 some?+ app>5tly h>% & cruel2 we are
 sl[ to condemn him2 we give him cr$it =
 act+ ) a good motive & = a righte\s    
purpose2 we re/ satisfi$ t 8if we only  
knew ev]y?+ he w\ld come out blameless40
 ,?is arises f a j & a s\nd view ( human

 "*1 & its g5]al consi/5cy ) itself4 ,! 
same reason+ may surely be appli$ ) all 
humility & rev]5ce1 to ! works & !      
int5tions ( ! great ,be+ :o has implant$
 9 our m9ds ! pr9ciples :i* lead to t j 
& s\nd view ( ! de$s & motives ( m54  ,b
 let ! argum5t be re/$ ^u our c\rse (   
reason+ respect+ div9e contrivance4 ,!  
exi/5ce ( ,evil is 9 no case m app>5t   
?an ! exi/5ce ( ,disord] seems to be 9  
_m ?+s4 ,to g no fur!r ?an ! la/ example
 :i* has be5 giv5--! ma!matician c\ld   
p]ceive ! d]angem5t 9 ! planet>y orbits1
 c\ld demon/rate t x mu/ ensue f !      
mutual action ( ! heav5ly bodies on ea* 
o!r1 c\ld calculate its progress ) !    
utmo/ exactness1 c\ld tell ) all nicety 
h[ mu* x w\ld alt] ! =ms ( ! orbits 9 a 
giv5 "t1 c\ld =esee ! "t :5 ! :ole sy/em
 mu/ be irretrievably de/roy$ by its    
op]ation z a ma!matical c]ta9ty4 ,no?+1 
t we call evil c be mu* m c]ta9ly       
p]ceiv$ ?an ?is d]angem5t1 ( itself an  
evil1 c]ta9ly a great imp]fection1 if ! 
sy/em 0 obs]v$ by ! m9d ( man z we reg>d

 human works4 ,yet we n[ f9d1 f well    
consid]+ "s ?+s :i* _h escap$ att5tion1 
t ! sy/em is absolutely free f          
d]angem5t2 t all ! di/urbances          
c\nt]balance ea* o!r2 & t ! orbits nev] 
c ei!r be flatt5$ or bulg$ out beyond a 
def9ite or v inconsid]able quantity4 ,c 
any "o d\bt t !re is also a reason = ev5
 ! small & limit$1 ?is regul> & tempor>y
 d]angem5t8 ,:y x exi/s at all1 or 9 any
 ! lea/ degree1 we z yet "k n4 ,b :o w  
presume to d\bt t x has a reason :i*    
w\ld at once satisfy our m9ds 7 x kn[n  
to u8 ,nay1 :o w affirm t ! discov]y ( x
 may n yet be 9 res]ve = "s lat] &      
happi] age8 ,!n are we n entitl$ to     
apply ! same reason+ to :at at pres5t   
appe>s ,evil 9 a sy/em ( :i*1 aft] all  
we "k ( x1 s mu* /ill rema9s conceal$ f 
our view8  ,! m]e act ( creation 9 a    
,be+ ( wisdom s admirable & p[] s va/1  
seems to make x extremely probable t    
p]fect goodness accompanies ! ex]tion ( 
8 p]fect skill4 ,!re is some?+ s        
repugnant to all our feel+s1 b also to  

all ! conceptions ( our reason1 9 !     
supposition ( su* a ,be+ desir+ ! mis]y1
 = its own sake1 ( ! ,be+s :om he       
volunt>ily call$ into exi/5ce & end[$ ) 
a s5ti5t nature1 t ! m9d naturally &    
irresi/ibly recoils f su* a ?\ght4 ,b   
?is is n all4 ,if ! nature ( t great    
,be+ 7 evil1 8 p[] be+ unb\nd$1 !re w\ld
 be "s proportion betwe5 ! am\nts ( ills
 & ! monum5ts ( t p[]4 ,yet we are /ruck
 dumb ) ! imm5sity ( ,8 works to :i* no 
imp]fection c be ascrib$1 & 9 :i* no    
evil c be trac$1 :ile ! am\nt ( mis*ief 
t we see might s9k into a mo/           
insignificant space2 & is su* z a be+ ( 
inconsid]able p[] & v limit$ skill c\ld 
easily h accompli%$4 ,?is is n ! same   
consid]ation ) ! balance ( good aga9/   
evil2 & inquir]s d n seem to h          
suffici5tly att5d$ to x4 ,! argum5t1    
h[ev]1 des]ves mu* att5tion1 = x is     
purely & /rictly inductive4 ,! div9e    
nature is %[n to be clo!d ) prodigi\s   
p[] & incomp>able wisdom & skill1--p[] &
 skill s va/ & s exce$+ our compreh5sion

 t we ord9>ily t]m !m inf9ite1 & are    
only incl9$ to conceive ! possibility ( 
limit+1 by ! c\rse ( ! argum5t ^u evil1 
"o alt]native ( :i* is assum$ to raise  
an exception4 ,b admitt+ on acc\nt ( !  
"q "u discussion1 t we h only a "r to   
say t p[] & skill are prodigi\sly great1
 ?\gh possibly n b\ndless1 !y are pla9ly
 %[n 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se to be !    
attributes ( a ,be+1 :o1 if             
evil-dispos$1 c\ld h made ! monum5ts (  
,ill ^u a scale resembl+ ^? ( ,p[] &    
,skill2 s t if ^? ?+s :i* seem to u evil
 be really ! result ( a mis*iev\s design
 9 su* a ,be+1 we _c compreh5d :y !y are
 ^u s entirely diff]5t a scale4 ,?is is 
a /rong presumption f ! facts t we are  
wrong 9 imput+ ^? appe>ances to su* a   
disposition4 ,if s1 :at seems evil mu/  
ne$s be capable ( "s o!r explanation    
consi/5t ) div9e goodness--t is to say1 
w\ld n prove to be evil at all if we    
knew ! :ole ( ^? facts4  ,b x is        
necess>y to proce$ a /ep fur!r1         
especially ) a view to ! fundam5tal     

position n[ cont5d$ =1 ! ext5d+ to ! "q 
( ,b5evol5ce ! same pr9ciples :i* we    
apply to t ( ,intellig5ce4 ,! evil :i*  
exi/s1 or t :i* we suppose to be evil1 n
 only is ( a k9d & a magnitude requir+  
inconceivably less p[] & less skill ?an 
! admitt$ good ( ! creation--x also be>s
 a v small proportion 9 am\nt2 q z small
 a proportion z ! cases ( unkn[n or     
undiscov]able design be> to ^? (        
ackn[l$g$ & prov$ contrivance4 ,g5]ally 
speak+1 ! pres]vation & ! happ9ess (    
s5sitive creatures appe>s to be ! great 
object ( creative ex]tion & cons]vative 
provid5ce4 ,! exp&+ ( our faculties1 bo?
 bodily & m5tally1 is accompani$ )      
pleasure2 ! ex]cise ( ^? p[]s is almo/  
always att5d$ ) gratification2 all labor
 s acts z to make re/ peculi>ly         
delici\s2 mu* ( labor is enjoym5t2 !    
gratification ( ^? appetites by :i* bo? 
! individual is pres]v$ & ! race is     
cont9u$1 is highly pleasurable to all   
animals2 & x mu/ be obs]v$ t in/ead (   
be+ attract$ by grateful s5sations to d 

any?+ requisite = our good or ev5 our   
exi/5ce1 we might h be5 j z c]ta9ly urg$
 by ! feel+ ( pa91 or ! dread ( x1 :i*  
is a k9d ( suff]+ 9 itself4 ,nature1 !n1
 resembles ! law-giv] :o1 to make 8     
subjects obey1 %\ld pref] hold+ out     
rew>ds = compliance ) 8 comm&s r ?an    
d5\nce puni%m5ts = disob$i5ce4 ,b nature
 is yet m k9d2 %e is gratuit\sly k9d2 %e
 n only pref]s inducem5t to ?reat or    
compulsion1 b %e adds m gratification   
?an 0 necess>y to make u obey h] calls4 
,h[ well might all creation h exi/$ &   
be5 cont9u$1 ?\gh ! air _h n be5 balmy 9
 spr+1 or ! %ade & ! spr+ refre%+ 9     
summ]2 _h ! e>? n be5 enamell$ ) fl[]s2 
& ! air sc5t$ ) p]fumes6 ,h[ ne$less = !
 propagation ( plants 0 x t ! se$ %\ld  
be envelop$ 9 fruits ! mo/ savory to our
 palate1 & if ^? fruits s]ve "s o!r     
purpose1 h[ =eign to t purpose 0 !      
=mation ( our n]ves s fram$ z to be     
soo!d or excit$ by _! flavor6 ,we "h    
p]ceive design1 because we trace        
adaptation4 ,b we at ! same "t p]ceive  

b5evol5t design1 because we p]ceive     
gratuit\s & sup]]ogatory enjoym5t be/[$4
 ,?us1 too1 see ! c>e ) :i* animals (   
all k9ds are t5d$ f _! bir?4 ,! "m's    
in/9ct is n m c]ta9ly ! means ( secur+ &
 provid+ = h] "y1 ?an h] gratification 9
 ! act ( mat]nal c>e is great & is also 
ne$less = mak+ h] p]=m t duty4 ,! grove 
is n made vocal dur+ pair+ & incubation1
 9 ord] to secure ! lay+ or ! hat*+ (   
eggs2 = if x 7 z /ill z ! grave1 or 7   
fill$ ) ! mo/ discordant croak+1 !      
process w\ld be z well p]=m$4 ,s1 too1  
m>k ! c>e ) :i* injuries are rem$i$ by  
:at has be5 correctly call$ ! vis       
m$icatrix4 ,is a muscle                 
injur$8--,suppuration takes place1 !    
process ( granulation succe$s1 & new    
fle% is =m$ to supply ! gap1 or if t is 
less wide1 a m simple heal+ process     
knits toge!r ! sev]$ p>ts4 ,is a bone   
injur$8--,a process comm5ces by :i* an  
extraord9>y secretion ( bony matt] takes
 place1 & ! void is suppli$4 ,nay1 !    
irrep>able injury ( a jo9t gives rise to

 ! =mation ( a new h+e1 by :i* ! same   
functions may be n inconv5i5tly1 ?\gh   
less p]fectly1 p]=m$4 ,?us1 too1 recov]y
 ( vigor aft] sickness is provid$ = by  
increas$ appetite2 b !re is "h sup]add$1
 g5]ally1 a feel+ ( com=t & lightness1  
an enjoym5t ( exi/5ce s delightful1 t x 
is a common rem>k h[ ne>ly ?is          
comp5sates ! suff]+s ( ! illness4 ,9 !  
economy ( ! m9d x is ! same ?+4 ,all our
 ex]tions are /imulat$ by curiosity1 & !
 gratification is extreme ( satisfy+ x4 
,b x might h be5 o!rwise ord]$1 & "s    
pa9ful feel+ might h be5 made ! only    
/imulant to ! acquisition ( k4 ,s1 ! *>m
 ( novelty is prov]bial2 b x might h be5
 ! unceas+ cause ( ! mo/ pa9ful al>ms4  
,habit r5d]s e ?+ easy2 b ! repetition  
might h only increas$ ! annoyance4 ,!   
loss ( "o organ makes ! o!rs m acute4 ,b
 ! p>tial injury might h caus$1 z x 71 a
 g5]al p>alysis4 #8,tis ?us t ,paley is 
well ju/ifi$ 9 exclaim+1 8,x is a happy 
_w aft] all60 ,! pa9s & ! suff]+s1      
bodily & m5tal1 to :i* we are expos$1 if

 !y d n s9k into no?+1 at lea/ retreat  
)9 comp>atively n>r[ b\nds2 ! ills are  
h>dly se5 :5 we survey ! great & spl5did
 picture ( worldly enjoym5t or ease4  ,b
 ! exi/5ce ( consid]able mis]y is       
und5iable3 & ! "q is1 ( c\rse1 conf9$ to
 t4 ,its exagg]ation1 9 ! ord9>y e/imate
 bo? ( ! vulg> & ( skeptical reason]s1  
is equally c]ta94 ,paley1 ,bi%op ,sumn]1
 z well z ,d]ham1 ,k+1 ,ray & o!rs ( !  
old] writ]s1 h made _m judici\s &       
g5]ally correct obs]vations ^u its      
am\nt1 & !y1 z well z "s ( ! able &     
le>n$ au?ors ( ! ,bridgwat] ,treatises1 
h done mu* 9 e/abli%+ d$uctions necess>y
 to be made1 9 ord] t we may arrive at !
 true am\nt4 ,t _m ?+s1 app>5tly unmix$ 
evils1 :5 exam9$ m n>r[ly1 prove to be  
p>tially b5eficial1 is ! fair result (  
_! well-meant labors2 & ?is1 al?\gh     
any?+ r ?an a pro( t !re is no evil at  
all1 yet is valuable z /ill fur!r prov+ 
! analogy betwe5 ?is bran* ( ! argum5t &
 t ^u design2 & 9 giv+ hopes t all may  
possibly be f\nd h]eaft] to be good1 z  

ev]y?+ w assur$ly be f\nd to be contriv$
 ) an intellig5t & useful purpose4 ,x   
may be "r to add a rem>k or two ^u "s   
evils1 & ^? ( ! greate/ magnitude 9 !   
common e/imate ( human happ9ess1 ) a    
view ( fur!r illu/rat+ ?is "p ( !       
subject4  ,m]e imp]fection mu/ altoge!r 
be d$uct$ f ! acc\nt4 ,x nev] c be      
cont5d$ t any evil nature c be ascrib$  
to ! fir/ cause1 m]ely = n hav+ end[$   
s5ti5t creatures ) great] p[] or wisdom1
 = n hav+ increas$ & multipli$ ! s\rces 
( enjoym5t1 or = n hav+ made ^?         
pleasures :i* we h m exquisitely        
grateful4 ,no "o c be s fooli% z to     
argue t ! ,deity is ei!r limit$ 9 p[]1  
or defici5t 9 goodness1 because he has  
*os5 to create "s be+s ( a less p]fect  
ord] ?an o!rs4 ,! m]e negation 9 !      
creat+ ( "s1 inde$ ( _m1 nay1 ( any     
conceivable numb] ( desirable           
attributes1 is !re=e no prop] evid5ce ( 
evil design or ( limit$ p[] 9 !         
,creator--x is no pro( ( ! exi/5ce (    
evil prop]ly s call$4 ,b does n ?is also

 erase dea? f ! catalogue ( ills8 ,x    
might well please ! ,deity to create a  
mortal be+ :i*1 consi/+ ( s\l & body1 0 
only to live ^u ?is e>? = a limit$ numb]
 ( ye>s4 ,if1 :5 t "t has expir$1 ?is   
be+ is remov$ to ano!r & a sup]ior /ate 
( exi/5ce1 no evil :atev] accrues to x f
 ! *ange2 & all views ( ! gov]nm5t ( ?is
 _w lead to ! important & consolit>y    
conclusion1 t su* is ! design ( !       
,creator2 t he _c h be/[$ on u m9ds     
capable ( su* expansion & culture only  
to be ext+ui%$ :5 !y h rea*$ _! highe/  
pit* ( improvem5t2 or if ?is be consid]$
 z begg+ ! "q by assum+ b5evol5t design1
 we _c easily conceive t :ile ! m9d's   
=ce is s little affect$ by ! body's     
decay1 ! de/ruction or dissolution ( !  
latt] %\ld be ! ext9ction ( ! =m]4 ,b t 
dea? op]ates z an evil ( ! v highe/ k9d 
9 two ways is obvi\s2 ! dread ( x (t5   
embitt]s life1 & ! dea? ( fri5ds br+s to
 ! m9d by f> its mo/ pa9ful infliction2 
c]ta9ly ! greate/ suff]+ x c und]go )\t 
any crim9al consci\sness ( its own4  ,= 

?is evil1 !n--?is griev\s & admitt$     
evil--h[ %all we acc\nt8 ,b fir/ let u  
consid] :e!r x be n unavoidable2 n m]ely
 "u ! pres5t disp5sation1 & 9 ! exi/+   
/ate ( ?+s2 = t is :olly irrelevant to !
 "q :i* is rais$ ^u ! fitness ( ?is v   
/ate ( ?+s2 b :e!r x be n a necess>y    
evil4 ,t man might h be5 creat$ immortal
 is n d5i$2 b if x 7 ! w ( ! ,deity to  
=m a limit$ be+ & to place him ^u ! e>? 
= only a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t1 8 dea? 0 !   
necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is det]m9ation4  
,!n z to ! pa9 :i* "o p]son's removal   
inflicts ^u surviv+ p>ties1 ?is seems ! 
equally necess>y consequ5ce ( _! hav+   
affections4 ,= if any be+ feels love    
t[>ds ano!r1 ?is implies 8 desire t !   
int]c\rse ) t o!r %\ld cont9ue2 or :at  
is ! same ?+1 ! repugnance & av]sion to 
its ceas+2 t is1 he mu/ suff] affliction
 = t removal ( ! belov$ object4 ,to     
create s5ti5t be+s devoid ( all feel+s (
 affection 0 no d\bt possible to        
,omnipot5ce2 b to end[ ^? be+s ) su*    
feel+s z w\ld give ! con/ant            

gratification d]iv$ f ! b5evol5t        
affections1 & yet to make !m :olly      
indiff]5t to ! loss ( ! objects ( ^?    
affections1 0 n possible ev5 =          
,omnipot5ce2 because x 0 a contradiction
 9 t]ms1 equival5t to mak+ a ?+ bo? exi/
 & n exi/ at "o & ! same "t4 ,w\ld !re h
 be5 any consid]able happ9ess 9 a life  
/ripp$ ( ^! k9dly affections8 ,we _c    
affirm t !re w\ld n1 because we are     
ignorant :at o!r enjoym5ts might h be5  
sub/itut$ = ! indulg5ce ( !m4 ,b nei!r c
 we affirm t any su* sub/itution c\ld h 
be5 f\nd2 & x lies ^u ^? :o d5y !       
necess>y connection betwe5 ! human m9d1 
or any s5ti5t be+'s m9d1 & grief = !    
loss ( fri5ds1 to %[ t !re are o!r      
enjoym5ts :i* c\ld furni% an equival5t  
to ! gratification d]iv$ f ! b5evol5t   
feel+s4 ,! "q !n r$uces itself to ?is3  
,:]e=e did a be+1 :o c\ld h made s5ti5t 
be+s immortal1 *oose to make !m mortal8 
or1 ,:]e=e has he plac$ man ^u ! e>? = a
 "t only8 or1 ,:]e=e has he set b\nds to
 ! p[]s & capacities :i* he has be5     

pleas$ to be/[ ^u 8 creatures8 ,& ?is is
 a "q :i* we c]ta9ly nev] %all be able  
to solve2 b a "q extremely diff]5t f !  
"o m usually put--,h[ happ5s x t a good 
be+ has made a _w full ( mis]y & dea?8  
,9 ! necess>y ignorance :]e9 we are ( ! 
:ole designs ( ! ,deity1 we _c wond] if 
"s ?+s1 nay1 if _m ?+s1 are to our      
faculties inscrutable4 ,b we assur$ly h 
no "r to say t ^? difficulties :i* try &
 vex u are incapable ( a solution1 any m
 ?an we h to say1 t ^? cases 9 :i* z yet
 we c see no trace ( design1 are n      
equally ! result ( intellig5ce1 &       
equally conducive to a fix$ & useful    
purpose ) ^? 9 :i* we h be5 able to     
p]ceive ! :ole1 or ne>ly ! :ole s*eme4  
,great z h be5 our a*ievem5ts 9 physical
 a/ronomy1 we are z yet :olly unable to 
und]/& :y a p[] p]vades ! sy/em act+    
inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ance f ! po9t
 to :i* x attracts1 r ?an a p[] act+    
accord+ to any o!r law2 & :y x has be5 !
 pleasure ( ! almighty ,ar*itect ( t    
univ]se1 t ! orbits ( ! planets %\ld be 

ne>ly circul> in/ead ( approa*+ to1 or  
be+ exactly ! same ) _m o!r trajectories
 ( a ne>ly simil> =m1 ?\gh ( o!r        
prop]ties2 nay1 in/ead ( be+ curves ( a 
:olly diff]5t class & %ape4 ,yet we nev]
 d\bt t !re 0 a reason = ?is *oice2 nay1
 we fancy x possible t ev5 on e>? we may
 h]eaft] und]/& x m cle>ly ?an we n[ d3 
& nev] "q t 9 ano!r /ate ( be+ we may be
 p]mitt$ to enjoy ! contemplation ( x4  
,:y %\ld we d\bt t1 at lea/ 9 t high]   
/ate1 we may also be enabl$ to p]ceive  
su* an arrangem5t z %all make evil :olly
 disappe> f our pres5t sy/em1 by %[+ t x
 0 necess>y & inevitable1 ev5 9 ! works 
( ! ,deity2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 t its 
exi/5ce conduces to su* a degree (      
p]fection & happ9ess ^u1 ! :ole1 z c\ld 
n1 ev5 by ,omnipot5ce1 be atta9$ )\t x2 
or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 t ! :ole creation 
z x exi/s1 tak+ bo? worlds toge!r1 is   
p]fect1 & incapable ( be+ 9 any p>ticul>
 *ang$ )\t be+ made worse & less p]fect8
 ,tak+ bo? worlds toge!r--,= c]ta9ly 7  
our views limit$ to ! pres5t sublun>y   

/ate1 we may well affirm t no solution  
:atev] c\ld ev5 be imag9$ ( !           
difficulty--if we are nev] aga9 to live2
 if ^? we "h lov$ are =ev] lo/ to u2 if 
our faculties c receive no fur!r        
expansion2 if our m5tal p[]s are only   
tra9$ & improv$ to be ext+ui%$ at _!    
acme--!n inde$ are we r$uc$ to !        
melan*oly & gloomy dilemma ( !          
,epicureans2 & evil is confess$ to      
*eck]1 nay1 almo/ to cl\d ov] our :ole  
lot1 )\t ! possibility ( compreh5d+ :y1 
or ( reconcil+ its exi/5ce ) !          
supposition ( a provid5ce at once p[]ful
 & good4 ,b ?is inf]5ce is also an      
additional argum5t = a future /ate1 :5  
we c\ple x ) ^! o!r conclusions respect+
 ! economy ( ! _w to :i* we are l$ by   
:olly diff]5t r\tes1 :5 we inve/igate ! 
ph5om5a ar\nd u & )9 u4  ,suppose1 =    
example1 x %\ld be f\nd t !re are c]ta9 
purposes :i* c 9 no way :atev]--no      
conceivable way--be answ]$ except by    
plac+ man 9 a /ate ( trial or probation2
 suppose ! ess5tial nature ( m9d %all be

 f\nd to be su* t x c\ld n 9 any way    
:atev] exi/ s z to be capable ( !       
greate/ purity & improvem5t--9 o!r      
words1 ! highe/ p]fection--)\t hav+     
und]gone a probation2 or suppose x %\ld 
be f\nd impossible to communicate c]ta9 
enjoym5ts to rational & s5ti5t be+s )\t 
hav+ previ\sly subject$ !m to c]ta9     
trials & c]ta9 suff]+s--z1 = in/ance1 ! 
pleasures d]iv$ f a consci\sness (      
p]fect security1 ! c]ta9ty t we c suff] 
& p]i% no m--?is surely is a possible   
supposition4 ,n[1 to cont9ue ! la/      
example--,:atev] pleasure !re is 9 !    
contra/ betwe5 ease & previ\s vexation  
or pa91 :atev] enjoym5t we d]ive f !    
feel+ ( absolute security aft] !        
vexation & unc]ta9ty ( a prec>i\s /ate1 
implies a previ\s suff]+--a previ\s /ate
 ( prec>i\s enjoym5t2 & n only implies x
 b necess>ily implies x1 s t ! p[] (    
,omnipot5ce itself c\ld n convey to u ! 
enjoym5t )\t hav+ giv5 u ! previ\s      
suff]+4 ,!n is x n possible t ! object (
 an all p[]ful & p]fectly b5evol5t be+  

%\ld be to create l be+s1 to :om z      
entire happ9ess1 z complete & p]fect    
enjoym5t1 %\ld be giv5 z any creat$     
be+s--t is1 any be+1 except ! ,creator  
himself--c by possibility enjoy8 ,?is is
 c]ta9ly n only a v possible            
supposition1 b x appe>s to be q consi/5t
 )1 if x be n a necess>y consequ5ce (1 8
 be+ p]fectly good z well z p[]ful &    
wise4 ,n[ we h %[n1 !re=e1 t su* be+    
suppos$ ! design ( ,provid5ce1 ev5      
,omnipot5ce itself c\ld n accompli% ?is 
design1 z f> z "o great & important     
class ( enjoym5ts is conc]n$1 )\t !     
previ\s exi/5ce ( "s pa91 "s mis]y4     
,:atev] gratification arises f relief--f
 contra/--f security succe$+ anxiety--f 
re/oration ( lo/ affections--f r5ew+    
sev]$ connections--& _m o!rs ( a l k9d1 
c\ld n by any possibility be enjoy$     
unless ! correlative suff]+ _h fir/ be5 
und]gone4 ,nor w ! argum5t be at all    
impea*$ by obs]v+1 t "o ,be+ may be made
 to feel ! pleasure ( ease & security by
 see+ o!rs subject$ to suff]+ & di/ress2

 = t assumes ! infliction ( mis]y on ^? 
o!rs2 x is 8alt]ius spect>e laborem0 t  
we are suppos+ to be sweet2 & ?is is    
/ill p>tial evil4  ,z ! :ole argum5t    
respect+ evil mu/1 f ! nature ( ! "q1   
resolve itself into ei!r a pro( ( "s    
absolute or ma!matical necessity n to be
 remov$ by inf9ite p[]1 or ! %[+ t "s   
su* pro( may be possible al?\gh we h n  
yet discov]$ x1 an illu/ration may      
naturally be expect$ to be atta9able f  
ma!matical consid]ations4 ,?us1 we h    
already adv]t$ to ! law ( p]iodical     
irregul>ities 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,any "o   
be=e x 0 discov]$ seem$ entitl$ to      
expatiate ^u ! op]ation ( ! di/urb+ =ces
 aris+ f mutual attraction1 & to *>ge ! 
sy/em arrang$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal  
gravitation ) want ( skill1 nay1 ) lead+
 to inevitable mis*ief--mis*ief or evil 
( s prodigi\s an ext5t z to exce$       
incalculably all ! in/ances ( evil & (  
suff]+ :i* we see ar\nd u 9 ?is s+le    
planet4 ,nev]!less1 :at !n appe>$ s     
cle>ly to be a defect & an evil1 is n[  

well kn[n to be ! v absolute p]fection (
 ! :ole heav5ly ar*itecture4  ,aga91 we 
may d]ive a simil> illu/ration f a mu* m
 limit$ in/ance1 b "o imm$iately        
connect$ ) /rict ma!matical reason+1 &  
f\nd$ altoge!r 9 ! nature ( necess>y    
tru?4 ,! problem has be5 solv$ by       
ma!maticians1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton hav+  
fir/ inve/igat$ x1 ( f9d+ ! =m ( a      
symmetrical solid1 or solid (           
revolution1 :i* 9 mov+ ?r\gh a fluid    
%all exp]i5ce ! lea/ possible resi/ance4
 ,! figure be>s a /rik+ resemblance to t
 ( a fi%4 ,n[ suppose a fi% 7 =m$       
exactly 9 ?is %ape1 & t "s animal end[$ 
) reason 7 plac$ ^u a portion ( its     
surface1 & able to trace its =m = only a
 limit$ ext5t1 say at ! n>r[ "p1 :]e !  
broad portion or end ( ! mov+ body 7    
oppos$1 or seem$ z if x 7 oppos$1 to !  
surr\nd+ fluid :5 ! fi% mov$--! reason] 
w\ld at once conclude t ! contrivance ( 
! fi%'s =m 0 v inconv5i5t1 & t no?+ c\ld
 be mu* worse adapt$ = exp$iti\s or easy
 movem5t ?r\gh ! wat]s4  ,yet x is c]ta9

 t ^u be+ aft]w>ds p]mitt$ to view ,,!  
,,:ole body ( ! fi%1 :at _h seem$ a     
defect & an evil1 n only w\ld appe>     
pla9ly to be none at all1 b x w\ld appe>
 manife/ t ?is seem+ evil or defect 0 a 
"p ( ! mo/ p]fect & excell5t /ructure   
:i* x 0 possible ev5 = ,omnipot5ce &    
,omnisci5ce to h adopt$1 & t no o!r     
conceivable arrangem5t c\ld by          
possibility h produc$ s mu* advantage1  
or t5d$ s mu* to fulfill ! design 9     
view4 ,previ\s to be+ enlight5$ by su*  
an enl>g$ view ( ! :ole facts1 x w\ld   
?us be a ra% & unphilosophical ?+ 9 !   
reason] ^: exi/5ce we are suppos+ to    
pron\nce an unfavorable op9ion4 ,/ill m 
unwise w\ld x be if num]\s o!r          
obs]vations _h ev9c$ traces ( skill &   
goodness 9 ! fi%'s /ructure4 ,! true & !
 safe conclusion w\ld be to susp5d an   
op9ion :i* c\ld only be unsatisfactorily
 =m$ ^u imp]fect data2 & to re/ 9 !     
humble hope & belief t "o day all w\ld  
appe> = ! be/4  ,,! ,,end4              
,,footnotes3    ,footnote #a3 ,! 8light 

( revelation10 z well z ! 8light ( !    
,*ri/ian religion10 has n dispell$ !    
d>kness ( ignorance4 ,! tor* ( reason is
 a sur] guide4--,pub4  ,footnote #b3 ,! 
human race has f "t immemorial be5      
afflict$ ) s-call$ revelations1 all     
claim+ inspiration1 all conflict+1 & all
 be+ equally 8my/]i\s & obscure40 ,! w>s
 aris+ among ^! sect>ians h ret>d$      
civilization1 & delug$ ! e>? 9 blood4 ,!
 revelations ( sci5ce1 f\nd$ ^u reason &
 demon/ration1 h prov$ ! only safe &    
b5efic5t guide4--,pub4  ,footnote #c3   
,:ile x is true t ! argum5t ( ,design1  
"h giv51 places ! subject "o /ep 9      
advance1 x is /ill unsatisfactory1      
because x fails to expla9 to u :o       
design$ ! design]1 & ! my/]y ( creation 
/ill rema9s unsolv$4  8,:at ?9k y ( an  
uncaus$ cause ( ev]y?+80 is ! p]t95t "q 
:i* ,bi%op ,watson1 9 8 ,apology = !    
,bible1 ask$1 & va9ly ask$1 ( !         
celebrat$ dei/1 ,?omas ,pa9e4--,pub4