,?is is an au?oriz$ facsimile ( !       
orig9al book1 & 0 produc$ 9 #aiga by    
micr(ilm-x]ography by ,univ]sity        
,micr(ilms1 ,a ,x]ox ,company1 ,ann     
,arbor1 ,mi*igan1 ,u4,s4,a4     ,,an    
,,essay on ! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,civil       
,,society4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,,by ,,adam ,,f]guson1 ,l4 
,l4 ,d4    ,,cont5ts         99       99
       99       99       99  ,,"p ,i4   
,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,,(       
,,human ,,nature4  ,,section ,i4 ,( ! "q
 relat+ to ! ,/ate ( ,nature  ,,section 
,,ii4 ,( ! pr9ciples ( ,self            
,pres]vation  ,,section ,,iii4 ,( !     
pr9ciples ( ,union among ,mank9d        
,,section ,,iv4 ,( ! pr9ciples ( ,w> &  
,diss5tion  ,,section ,v4 ,(            
,intellectual ,p[]s  ,,section ,,vi4 ,( 
,moral ,s5tim5t  ,,section ,,vii4 ,(    
,happ9ess  ,,section ,,viii4 ,! same    
subject cont9u$  ,,section ,,ix4 ,(     
,national ,felicity  ,,section ,x4 ,!   
same subject cont9u$  ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,!
 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rude ,,nations4         

,,section ,i4 ,( ! in=mations on ?is    
subject1 :i* are d]iv$ f ,antiquity     
,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,rude ,nations prior 
to ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,prop]ty  ,,section  
,,iii4 ,( rude ,nations1 "u !           
impressions ( ,prop]ty & ,int]e/        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(        
,,policy ,,& ,,arts4  ,,section ,i4 ,( !
 ,influ5ces ( ,climate & ,situation     
,,section ,,ii4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,political 
,e/abli%m5ts  ,,section ,,iii4 ,(       
,national ,objects 9 g5]al1 & (         
,e/abli%m5ts & ,mann]s relat+ to !m     
,,section ,,iv4 ,( ,population & ,weal? 
,,section ,v4 ,( ,national ,def5ce &    
,conque/  ,,section ,,vi4 ,( ,civil     
,lib]ty  ,,section ,,vii4 ,( ! ,hi/ory (
 ,arts  ,,section ,,viii4 ,( ! ,hi/ory (
 ,lit]ature  ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,(             
,,consequ5ces ,,t ,,result ,,f ,,!      
,,advancem5t ,,( ,,civil ,,& ,,comm]cial
 ,,arts4  ,,section ,i4 ,( ! ,sep>ation 
( ,arts & ,pr(essions  ,,section ,,ii4  
,( ! ,subord9ation consequ5t to !       

,sep>ation ( ,arts & ,pr(essions        
,,section ,,iii4 ,( ! ,mann]s ( ,poli%$ 
& ,comm]cial ,nations  ,,section ,,iv4  
,! same subject cont9u$         99      
99       99       99       99  ,,"p ,v4 
,,( ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,nations4         
,,section ,i4 ,( suppos$ ,national      
,em95ce1 & ( ! ,vicissitudes ( ,human   
,affairs  ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ! ,tempor>y
 ,ef=ts & ,relaxations ( ! ,national ,_s
  ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,relaxations 9 !  
,national ,_s incid5t to ,poli%$        
,nations  ,,section ,,iv4 ,! same       
subject cont9u$  ,,section ,v4 ,(       
,national ,wa/e  ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,(         
,,corruption ,,& ,,political ,,slav]y4  
,,section ,i4 ,( corruption 9 g5]al     
,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,luxury  ,,section   
,,iii4 ,( ! ,corruption incid5t to      
,poli%$ ,nations  ,,section ,,iv4 ,!    
same subject cont9u$  ,,section ,v4 ,(  
,corruption1 z x t5ds to ,political     
,slav]y  ,,section ,,vi4 ,( ! ,progress 
& ,t]m9ation ( ,despotism  ,,an ,,essay 
,,on ,,!  ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,civil          

,,society4         99       99       99 
99       99      ,,"p ,,fir/4  ,,( ,,!  
,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,human       
,,nature4          99       99       99 
99       99      ,,section ,i4  ,,( ,,! 
,,"q ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,/ate ,,(       
,,nature4   ,natural productions are    
g5]ally =m$ by degrees4 ,vegetables are 
rais$ f a t5d] %oot1 & animals f an     
infant /ate4 ,! latt]1 be+ active1 ext5d
 toge!r _! op]ations & _! p[]s1 & h a   
progress 9 :at !y p]=m1 z well z 9 !    
faculties !y acquire4 ,?is progress 9 ! 
case ( man is cont9u$ to a great] ext5t 
?an 9 t ( any o!r animal4 ,n only !     
individual advances f infancy to        
manhood1 b ! species itself f rud5ess to
 civilization4 ,h5ce ! suppos$ dep>ture 
( mank9d f ! /ate ( _! nature2 h5ce our 
conjectures & diff]5t op9ions ( :at man 
mu/ h be5 9 ! fir/ age ( 8 be+4 ,! poet1
 ! hi/orian1 & ! morali/ frequ5tly      
allude to ?is anci5t "t2 & "u ! emblems 
( gold1 or ( iron1 repres5t a condition1
 & a mann] ( life1 f :i* mank9d h ei!r  

deg5]at$1 or on :i* !y h greatly        
improv$4 ,on ei!r supposition1 ! fir/   
/ate ( our nature mu/ h borne no        
resemblance to :at m5 h exhibit$ 9 any  
subsequ5t p]iod2 hi/orical monum5ts1 ev5
 ( ! e>lie/ date1 are to be consid]$ z  
novelties2 & ! mo/ common e/abli%m5ts ( 
human society are to be class$ among !  
encroa*m5ts :i* fraud1 oppression1 or a 
busy inv5tion1 h made ^u ! reign (      
nature1 by :i* ! *ief ( our grievances  
or bless+s 7 equally )held4  ,among !   
writ]s :o h attempt$ to di/+ui%1 9 !    
human "*1 its orig9al qualities1 & to   
po9t out ! limits betwe5 nature & art1  
"s h repres5t$ mank9d 9 _! fir/         
condition1 z possess$ ( m]e animal      
s5sibility1 )\t any ex]cise ( !         
faculties t r5d] !m sup]ior to ! brutes1
 )\t any political union1 )\t any means 
( expla9+ _! s5tim5ts1 & ev5 )\t        
possess+ any ( ! appreh5sions & passions
 :i* ! voice & ! ge/ure are s well fitt$
 to express4 ,o!rs h made ! /ate (      
nature to consi/ 9 p]petual w>s k9dl$ by

 competition = dom9ion & int]e/1 :]e e  
individual _h a sep>ate qu>rel ) 8 k9d1 
& :]e ! pres5ce ( a fell[ creature 0 !  
signal ( battle4  ,! desire ( lay+ !    
f\ndation ( a fav\rite sy/em1 or a fond 
expectation1 p]haps1 t we may be able to
 p5etrate ! secrets ( nature1 to ! v    
s\rce ( exi/5ce1 h1 on ?is subject1 l$  
to _m fruitless inquiries1 & giv5 rise  
to _m wild suppositions4 ,among ! v>i\s 
qualities :i* mank9d possess1 we select 
"o or a few p>ticul>s on :i* to e/abli% 
a !ory1 & 9 fram+ our acc\nt ( :at man 0
 9 "s imag9>y /ate ( nature1 we ov]look 
:at he has always appe>$ )9 ! rea* ( our
 own obs]vation1 & 9 ! records ( hi/ory4
  ,9 e o!r in/ance1 h[ev]1 ! natural    
hi/orian ?9ks himself oblig$ to collect 
facts1 n to (f] conjectures4 ,:5 he     
treats ( any p>ticul> species ( animals1
 he supposes t _! pres5t dispositions & 
in/9cts are ! same :i* !y orig9ally _h1 
& t _! pres5t mann] ( life is a         
cont9uance ( _! fir/ de/9ation4 ,he     
admits1 t 8 k ( ! mat]ial sy/em ( ! _w  

consi/s 9 a collection ( facts1 or at   
mo/1 9 g5]al t5ets d]iv$ f p>ticul>     
obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,x is only 9   
:at relates to himself1 & 9 matt]s ! mo/
 important & ! mo/ easily kn[n1 t he    
sub/itutes hypo!sis in/ead ( reality1 & 
conf\nds ! prov9ces ( imag9ation &      
reason1 ( poetry & sci5ce4  ,b )\t ent]+
 any fur!r on que/ions ei!r 9 moral or  
physical subjects1 relat+ to ! mann] or 
to ! orig9 ( our k2 )\t any disp>agem5t 
to t subtilty :i* w\ld analyze e        
s5tim5t1 & trace e mode ( be+ to its    
s\rce2 x may be safely affirm$1 t ! "* (
 man1 z he n[ exi/s1 t ! laws ( 8 animal
 & intellectual sy/em1 on :i* 8 happ9ess
 n[ dep5ds1 des]ve our pr9cipal /udy2 & 
t g5]al pr9ciples relat+ to ?is or any  
o!r subject1 are useful only s f> z !y  
are f\nd$ on j obs]vation1 & lead to ! k
 ( important consequ5ces1 or s f> z !y  
enable u to act ) success :5 we w\ld    
apply ei!r ! intellectual or ! physical 
p[]s ( nature1 to ! purposes ( human    
life4  ,if bo? ! e>lie/ & ! late/       

acc\nts collect$ f e qu>t] ( ! e>?1     
repres5t mank9d z assembl$ 9 troops &   
companies2 & ! individual always jo9$ by
 affection to "o p>ty1 :ile he is       
possibly oppos$ to ano!r2 employ$ 9 !   
ex]cise ( recollection & =esight2 incl9$
 to communicate 8 own s5tim5ts1 & to be 
made acqua9t$ ) ^? ( o!rs2 ^! facts mu/ 
be admitt$ z ! f\ndation ( all our      
reason+ relative to man4 ,8 mix$        
disposition to fri5d%ip or enmity1 8    
reason1 8 use ( language & articulate   
s\nds1 l ! %ape & ! erect position ( 8  
body1 are to be consid]$ z s _m         
attributes ( 8 nature3 !y are to be     
reta9$ 9 8 description1 z ! w+ & ! paw  
are 9 t ( ! eagle & ! lion1 & z diff]5t 
degrees ( fi]c5ess1 vigilance1 timidity1
 or spe$1 h a place 9 ! natural hi/ory (
 diff]5t animals4  ,if ! "q be put1 ,:at
 ! m9d ( man c\ld p]=m1 :5 left to      
itself1 & )\t ! aid ( any =eign         
direction8 we are to look = our answ] 9 
! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,p>ticul> exp]im5ts  
:i* h be5 f\nd s useful 9 e/abli%+ !    

pr9ciples ( o!r sci5ces1 c\ld probably1 
on ?is subject1 tea* u no?+ important1  
or new3 we are to take ! hi/ory ( e     
active be+ f 8 conduct 9 ! situation to 
:i* he is =m$1 n f 8 appe>ance 9 any =c$
 or uncommon condition2 a wild man      
!re=e1 caught 9 ! woods1 :]e he _h      
always liv$ ap>t f 8 species1 is a s+ul>
 in/ance1 n a specim5 ( any g5]al "*4 ,z
 ! anatomy ( an eye :i* _h nev] receiv$ 
! impressions ( light1 or t ( an e> :i* 
_h nev] felt ! impulse ( s\nds1 w\ld    
probably exhibit defects 9 ! v /ructure 
( ! organs !mselves1 aris+ f _! n be+   
appli$ to _! prop] functions2 s any     
p>ticul> case ( ?is sort w\ld only %[ 9 
:at degree ! p[]s ( appreh5sion &       
s5tim5t c\ld exi/ :]e !y _h n be5       
employ$1 & :at w\ld be ! defects &      
imbecilities ( a he>t 9 :i* ! emotions t
 arise 9 society _h nev] be5 felt4      
,mank9d are to be tak5 9 gr\pes1 z !y h 
always subsi/$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! individual
 is b a detail ( ! s5tim5ts & ! ?\ghts  
he has ent]ta9$ 9 ! view ( 8 species3 & 

e exp]im5t relative to ?is subject %\ld 
be made ) entire societies1 n ) s+le m54
 ,we h e reason1 h[ev]1 to believe1 t 9 
! case ( su* an exp]im5t made1 we %all  
suppose1 ) a colony ( *ildr5 transplant$
 f ! nurs]y1 & left to =m a society     
ap>t1 untaught1 & undiscipl9$1 we %\ld  
only h ! same ?+s repeat$1 :i*1 9 s _m  
diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 h be5 transact$   
already4 ,! memb]s ( our little society 
w\ld fe$ & sleep1 w\ld h]d toge!r &     
play1 w\ld h a language ( _! own1 w\ld  
qu>rel & divide1 w\ld be to "o ano!r !  
mo/ important objects ( ! sc5e1 &1 9 !  
ard\r ( _! fri5d%ips & competitions1    
w\ld ov]look _! p]sonal dang]1 & susp5d 
! c>e ( _! self-pres]vation4 ,has n !   
human race be5 plant$ l ! colony 9 "q8  
,:o has direct$ _! c\rse8 ^: in/ruction 
h !y he>d8 or ^: example h !y foll[$8   
,nature1 !re=e1 we %all presume1 hav+   
giv5 to e animal its mode ( exi/5ce1 its
 dispositions & mann] ( life1 has dealt 
equally ) ! human race2 & ! natural     
hi/orian :o w\ld collect ! prop]ties (  

?is species1 may fill up e article n[ z 
well z he c\ld h done 9 any =m] age4 ,! 
atta9m5ts ( ! p>5t d n desc5d 9 ! blood 
( 8 *ildr51 nor is ! progress ( man to  
be consid]$ z a physical mutation ( !   
species4 ,! individual1 9 e age1 has !  
same race to run f infancy to manhood1 &
 e infant1 or ignorant p]son1 n[1 is a  
model ( :at man 0 9 8 orig9al /ate4 ,he 
ent]s on 8 c>e] ) advantages peculi> to 
8 age2 b 8 natural tal5t is probably !  
same4 ,! use & application ( ?is tal5t  
is *ang+1 & m5 cont9ue _! works 9       
progression ?r\gh _m ages toge!r3 !y    
build on f\ndations laid by _! ance/ors2
 & 9 a succession ( ye>s1 t5d to a      
p]fection 9 ! application ( _!          
faculties1 to :i* ! aid ( long exp]i5ce 
is requir$1 & to :i* _m g5]ations mu/ h 
comb9$ _! endeav\rs4 ,we obs]ve !       
progress !y h made2 we di/9ctly enum]ate
 _m ( its /eps2 we c trace !m back to a 
di/ant antiquity1 ( :i* no record       
rema9s1 nor any monum5t is pres]v$1 to  
in=m u :at 7 ! op5+s ( ?is wond]ful     

sc5e4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t in/ead (      
att5d+ to ! "* ( our species1 :]e !     
p>ticul>s are v\*$ by ! sure/ au?ority1 
we endeav\r to trace x ?r\gh ages &     
sc5es unkn[n2 &1 in/ead ( suppos+ t !   
beg9n+ ( our /ory 0 ne>ly ( a piece ) ! 
sequel1 we ?9k ourselves w>rant$ to     
reject e circum/ance ( our pres5t       
condition & frame1 z adv5titi\s1 & =eign
 to our nature4 ,! progress ( mank9d1 f 
a suppos$ /ate ( animal s5sibility1 to !
 atta9m5t ( reason1 to ! use ( language1
 & to ! habit ( society1 has be5        
accord+ly pa9t$ ) a =ce ( imag9ation1 & 
its /eps h be5 m>k$ ) a boldness (      
inv5tion1 t w\ld tempt u to admit1 among
 ! mat]ials ( hi/ory1 ! sugge/ions (    
fancy1 & to receive1 p]haps1 z ! model (
 our nature 9 its orig9al /ate1 "s ( !  
animals ^: %ape has ! greate/           
resemblance to ours4 ,footnote3 ,r\sseau
 sur l'orig9e de l'inegalit p>mi les    
hommes4  ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to affirm1
 z a discov]y1 t ! species ( ! horse 0  
probably nev] ! same ) t ( ! lion2 yet1 

9 opposition to :at has dropp$ f ! p5s (
 em95t writ]s1 we are oblig$ to obs]ve1 
t m5 h always appe>$ among animals a    
di/9ct & a sup]ior race2 t nei!r !      
possession ( simil> organs1 nor !       
approximation ( %ape1 nor ! use ( ! h&1 
,footnote3 ,trait de l'esprit4 nor !    
cont9u$ int]c\rse ) ?is sov]eign arti/1 
has enabl$ any o!r species to bl5d _!   
nature or _! inv5tions ) 82 t1 9 8 rude/
 /ate1 he is f\nd to be above !m2 & 9 8 
greate/ deg5]acy1 nev] desc5ds to _!    
level4 ,he is1 9 %ort1 a man 9 e        
condition2 & we c le>n no?+ ( 8 nature f
 ! analogy ( o!r animals4 ,if we w\ld "k
 him1 we mu/ att5d to himself1 to !     
c\rse ( 8 life1 & ! t5or ( 8 conduct4 ,)
 him ! society appe>s to be z old z !   
individual1 & ! use ( ! tongue z        
univ]sal z t ( ! h& or ! foot4 ,if !re 0
 a "t 9 :i* he _h 8 acqua9tance ) 8 own 
species to make1 & 8 faculties to       
acquire1 x is a "t ( :i* we h no record1
 & 9 relation to :i* our op9ions c s]ve 
no purpose1 & are support$ by no        

evid5ce4  ,we are (t5 tempt$ into ^!    
b\ndless regions ( ignorance or         
conjecture1 by a fancy :i* delights 9   
creat+ r ?an 9 m]ely reta9+ ! =ms :i*   
are pres5t$ be=e x3 we are ! dupes ( a  
subtilty1 :i* promises to supply e      
defect ( our k1 &1 by fill+ up a few    
blanks 9 ! /ory ( nature1 pret5ds to    
conduct our appreh5sion ne>] to ! s\rce 
( exi/5ce4 ,on ! cr$it ( a few          
obs]vations1 we are apt to presume1 t ! 
secret may soon be laid op51 & t :at is 
t]m$ wisdom 9 nature1 may be ref]r$ to !
 op]ation ( physical p[]s4 ,we =get t   
physical p[]s employ$ 9 succession or   
toge!r1 & comb9$ to a salut>y purpose1  
con/itute ^? v pro(s ( design f :i* we  
inf] ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 & t ?is tru? be+ 
once admitt$1 we are no long] to se>* = 
! s\rce ( exi/5ce2 we c only collect !  
laws :i* ! ,au?or ( nature has e/abli%$2
 & 9 our late/ z well z our e>lie/      
discov]ies1 only p]ceive a mode (       
creation or provid5ce be=e unkn[n4  ,we 
speak ( art z di/+ui%$ f nature2 b art  

itself is natural to man4 ,he is 9 "s   
measure ! artific] ( 8 own frame1 z well
 z ( 8 =tune1 & is de/9$1 f ! fir/ age (
 8 be+1 to inv5t & contrive4 ,he applies
 ! same tal5ts to a v>iety ( purposes1 &
 acts ne>ly ! same "p 9 v diff]5t sc5es4
 ,he w\ld be always improv+ on 8        
subject1 & he c>ries ?is int5tion :]ev] 
he moves1 ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! popul\s    
city1 or ! wilds ( ! =e/4 ,:ile he      
appe>s equally fitt$ to e condition1 he 
is ^u ?is acc\nt unable to settle 9 any4
 ,at once ob/9ate & fickle1 he compla9s 
( innovations1 & is nev] sat$ ) novelty4
 ,he is p]petually busi$ 9 re=mations1 &
 is cont9ually w$d$ to 8 errors4 ,if he 
dwells 9 a cave1 he w\ld improve x into 
a cottage2 if he has already built1 he  
w\ld /ill build to a great] ext5t4 ,b he
 does n propose to make rapid & ha/y    
transitions2 8 /eps are progressive &   
sl[2 & 8 =ce1 l ! p[] ( a spr+1 sil5tly 
presses on e resi/ance2 an effect is    
sometimes produc$ be=e ! cause is       
p]ceiv$2 & ) all 8 tal5t = projects1 8  

"w is (t5 accompli%$ be=e ! plan is     
devis$4 ,x appe>s1 p]haps1 equally      
difficult to ret>d or to quick5 8 pace2 
if ! projector compla9 he is t>dy1 !    
morali/ ?9ks him un/able2 & :e!r 8      
motions be rapid or sl[1 ! sc5es ( human
 affairs p]petually *ange 9 8 managem5t3
 8 emblem is a pass+ /ream1 n a /agnat+ 
pool4 ,we may desire to direct 8 love ( 
improvem5t to its prop] object1 we may  
wi% = /ability ( conduct2 b we mi/ake   
human nature1 if we wi% = a t]m9ation ( 
lab\r1 or a sc5e ( repose4  ,!          
occupations ( m51 9 e condition1 bespeak
 _! fre$om ( *oice1 _! v>i\s op9ions1 & 
! multiplicity ( wants by :i* !y are    
urg$3 b !y enjoy1 or endure1 ) a        
s5sibility1 or a phlegm1 :i* are ne>ly !
 same 9 e situation4 ,!y possess ! %ores
 ( ! ,caspian1 or ! ,atlantic1 by a     
diff]5t t5ure1 b ) equal ease4 ,on ! "o 
!y are fix$ to ! soil1 & seem to be =m$ 
= settlem5t1 & ! accommodation ( cities3
 ! names !y be/[ on a nation1 & on its  
t]ritory1 are ! same4 ,on ! o!r !y are  

m]e animals ( passage1 prep>$ to roam on
 ! face ( ! e>?1 & ) _! h]ds1 9 se>* (  
new pa/ure & fav\rable seasons1 to foll[
 ! sun 9 8 annual c\rse4  ,man f9ds 8   
lodgm5t alike 9 ! cave1 ! cottage1 & !  
palace2 & 8 subsi/5ce equally 9 ! woods1
 9 ! dairy1 or ! f>m4 ,he assumes !     
di/9ction ( titles1 equipage1 & dress2  
he devises regul> sy/ems ( gov]nm5t1 & a
 complicat$ body ( laws2 or nak$ 9 !    
woods has no badge ( sup]iority b !     
/r5g? ( 8 limbs & ! sagacity ( 8 m9d2 no
 rule ( conduct b *oice2 no tie ) 8     
fell[ creatures b affection1 ! love (   
company1 & ! desire ( safety4 ,capable (
 a great v>iety ( arts1 yet dep5d5t on  
none 9 p>ticul> = ! pres]vation ( 8 be+2
 to :atev] l5g? he has c>ri$ 8 artifice1
 !re he seems to enjoy ! conv5i5ces t   
suit 8 nature1 & to h f\nd ! condition  
to :i* he is de/9$4 ,! tree :i* an      
,am]ican1 on ! banks ( ! ,oroonoko      
,footnote3 ,lafitau1 moeurs des         
sauvages41 has *os5 to climb = !        
retreat1 & ! lodgm5t ( 8 family1 is to  

him a conv5i5t dwell+4 ,! sopha1 !      
vault$ dome1 & ! colonade1 d n m        
effectually cont5t _! native inhabitant4
  ,if we are ask$ !re=e1 :]e ! /ate (   
nature is to be f\nd8 we may answ]1 x is
 "h2 & x matt]s n :e!r we are und]/ood  
to speak 9 ! isl& ( ,great ,brita91 at !
 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 or ! ,/raits (    
,magellan4 ,:ile ?is active be+ is 9 !  
tra9 ( employ+ 8 tal5ts1 & ( op]at+ on !
 subjects ar\nd him1 all situations are 
equally natural4 ,if we are told1 t     
vice1 at lea/1 is contr>y to nature2 we 
may answ]1 x is worse2 x is folly &     
wret*$ness4 ,b if nature is only oppos$ 
to art1 9 :at situation ( ! human race  
are ! foot/eps ( art unkn[n8 ,9 !       
condition ( ! savage1 z well z 9 t ( !  
citiz51 are _m pro(s ( human inv5tion2 &
 9 ei!r is n any p]man5t /ation1 b a m]e
 /age ?r\gh :i* ?is travell+ be+ is     
de/9$ to pass4 ,if ! palace be          
unnatural1 ! cottage is s no less2 & !  
highe/ ref9em5ts ( political & moral    
appreh5sion1 are n m artificial 9 _!    

k9d1 ?an ! fir/ op]ations ( s5tim5t &   
reason4  ,if we admit t man is          
susceptible ( improvem5t1 & has 9       
himself a pr9ciple ( progression1 & a   
desire ( p]fection1 x appe>s improp] to 
say1 t he has quitt$ ! /ate ( 8 nature1 
:5 he has begun to proce$2 or t he f9ds 
a /ation = :i* he 0 n int5d$1 :ile1 l   
o!r animals1 he only foll[s !           
disposition1 & employs ! p[]s t nature  
has giv54  ,! late/ ef=ts ( human       
inv5tion are b a cont9uation ( c]ta9    
devices :i* 7 practis$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages (
 ! _w1 & 9 ! rude/ /ate ( mank9d4 ,:at !
 savage projects1 or obs]ves1 9 ! =e/1  
are ! /eps :i* l$ nations1 m advanc$1 f 
! ar*itecture ( ! cottage to t ( !      
palace1 & conduct$ ! human m9d f !      
p]ceptions ( s5se1 to ! g5]al           
conclusions ( sci5ce4  ,ackn[l$g$       
defects are to man 9 e condition matt] (
 dislike4 ,ignorance & imbecility are   
objects ( contempt3 p5etration & conduct
 give em95ce & procure e/eem4 ,:i!r %\ld
 8 feel+s & appreh5sions on ^! subjects 

lead him8 ,to a progress1 no d\bt1 9 :i*
 ! savage1 z well z ! philosoph]1 is    
engag$2 9 :i* !y h made diff]5t         
advances1 b 9 :i* _! ends are ! same4 ,!
 admiration :i* ,cic]o ent]ta9$ =       
lit]ature1 eloqu5ce1 & civil            
accompli%m5ts1 0 n m real ?an t ( a     
,scy?ian = su* a measure ( simil>       
end[m5ts z 8 own appreh5sion c\ld rea*4 
,7 ,i to boa/1 says a ,t>t> pr9ce1      
,footnote3 ,abulgaze ,bahadur ,*an2     
,hi/ory ( ! ,t>t>s4 x w\ld be ( t wisdom
 ,i h receiv$ f ,god4 ,= z1 on ! "o h&1 
,i yield to none 9 ! conduct ( w>1 9 !  
disposition ( armies1 :e!r ( horse or ( 
foot1 & 9 direct+ ! movem5ts ( great or 
small bodies2 s1 on ! o!r1 ,i h my tal5t
 9 writ+1 inf]ior p]haps only to ^? :o  
inhabit ! great cities ( ,p]sia or      
,india4 ,( o!r nations1 unkn[n to me1 ,i
 d n speak4  ,man may mi/ake ! objects (
 8 pursuit2 he may misapply 8 indu/ry1 &
 misplace 8 improvem5ts3 ,if1 "u a s5se 
( su* possible errors1 he w\ld f9d a    
/&>d by :i* to judge ( 8 own proce$+s1 &

 arrive at ! be/ /ate ( 8 nature1 he _c 
f9d x p]haps 9 ! practice ( any         
individual2 or ( any nation :atev]2 n   
ev5 9 ! s5se ( ! majority1 or ! prevail+
 op9ion ( 8 k9d4 ,he mu/ look = x 9 !   
be/ conceptions ( 8 und]/&+1 9 ! be/    
movem5ts ( 8 he>t2 he mu/ !nce discov]  
:at is ! p]fection & ! happ9ess ( :i* he
 is capable4 ,he w f9d1 on ! scrut9y1 t 
! prop] /ate ( 8 nature1 tak5 9 ?is     
s5se1 is n a condition f :i* mank9d are 
= ev] remov$1 b "o to :i* !y may n[     
atta92 n prior to ! ex]cise ( _!        
faculties1 b procur$ by _! j            
application4  ,( all ! t]ms t we employ 
9 treat+ ( human affairs1 ^? ( natural &
 unnatural are ! lea/ det]m9ate 9 _!    
mean+4 ,oppos$ to affectation1          
fr[>dness1 or any o!r defect ( ! temp]  
or "*1 ! natural is an epi!t ( praise2 b
 employ$ to specify a conduct :i*       
proce$s f ! nature ( man1 c s]ve to     
di/+ui% no?+2 = all ! actions ( m5 are  
equally ! result ( _! nature4 ,at mo/1  
?is language c only ref] to ! g5]al &   

prevail+ s5se or practice ( mank9d2 & ! 
purpose ( e important enquiry on ?is    
subject may be s]v$ by ! use ( a        
language equally famili> & m precise4   
,:at is j1 or unju/8 ,:at is happy or   
wret*$1 9 ! mann]s ( m58 ,:at1 9 _!     
v>i\s situations1 is fav\rable or adv]se
 to _! amiable qualities8 are que/ions  
to :i* we may expect a satisfactory     
answ]2 & :atev] may h be5 ! orig9al /ate
 ( our species1 x is ( m importance to  
"k ! condition to :i* we ourselves %\ld 
aspire1 ?an t :i* our ance/ors may be   
suppos$ to h left4     ,,section ,,ii4  
,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,self          
,,pres]vation4   ,if 9 human nature !re 
are qualities by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f e  
o!r "p ( ! animal creation1 ?is nature  
itself is 9 diff]5t climates & 9 diff]5t
 ages greatly div]sifi$4 ,! v>ieties    
m]it our att5tion1 & ! c\rse ( e /ream  
into :i* ?is mighty curr5t divides1     
des]ves to be foll[$ to its s\rce4 ,x   
appe>s necess>y1 h[ev]1 t we att5d to ! 
univ]sal qualities ( our nature1 be=e we

 reg>d its v>ieties1 or attempt to      
expla9 diff]5ces consi/+ 9 ! unequal    
possession or application ( dispositions
 & p[]s t are 9 "s measure common to all
 mank9d4  ,man1 l ! o!r animals1 has    
c]ta9 in/9ctive prop5sities1 :i*2 prior 
to ! p]ception ( pleasure or pa91 &     
prior to ! exp]i5ce ( :at is p]nici\s or
 useful1 lead him to p]=m _m functions  
:i* t]m9ate 9 himself1 or h a relation  
to 8 fell[ creatures4 ,he has "o set (  
dispositions :i* t5d to 8 animal        
pres]vation1 & to ! cont9uance ( 8 race2
 ano!r :i* lead to society1 & by inli/+ 
him on ! side ( "o tribe or community1  
frequ5tly engage him 9 w> & cont5tion ) 
! re/ ( mank9d4 ,8 p[]s ( disc]nm5t1 or 
8 intellectual faculties1 :i*1 "u !     
appellation ( reason1 are di/+ui%$ f !  
analog\s end[m5ts ( o!r animals1 ref] to
 ! objects ar\nd him1 ei!r z !y are     
subjects ( m]e k1 or z !y are subjects (
 approbation or c5sure4 ,he is =m$ n    
only to "k1 b likewise to admire & to   
contemn2 & ^! proce$+s ( 8 m9d h a      

pr9cipal ref]5ce to 8 own "*1 & to t ( 8
 fell[ creatures1 z be+ ! subjects on   
:i* he is *iefly conc]n$ to di/+ui% :at 
is "r f :at is wrong4 ,he enjoys 8      
felicity likewise on c]ta9 fix$ &       
det]m9ate conditions2 & ei!r z an       
individual ap>t1 or z a memb] ( civil   
society1 mu/ take a p>ticul> c\rse1 9   
ord] to reap ! advantages ( 8 nature4   
,he is1 )al1 9 a v high degree          
susceptible ( habits2 & c1 by =be>ance  
or ex]cise1 s f> weak51 confirm1 or ev5 
div]sify 8 tal5ts1 & 8 dispositions1 z  
to appe>1 9 a great measure1 ! arbit] ( 
8 own rank 9 nature1 & ! au?or ( all !  
v>ieties :i* are exhibit$ 9 ! actual    
hi/ory ( 8 species4 ,! univ]sal         
*>act]i/ics1 9 ! mean "t1 to :i* we h n[
 ref]r$1 mu/1 :5 we w\ld treat ( any "p 
( ?is hi/ory1 con/itute ! fir/ subject (
 our att5tion2 & !y require n only to be
 enum]at$1 b to be di/9ctly consid]$4   
,! dispositions :i* t5d to ! pres]vation
 ( ! individual1 :ile !y cont9ue to     
op]ate 9 ! mann] ( in/9ctive desires2   

are ne>ly ! same 9 man t !y are 9 ! o!r 
animals2 b 9 him !y are soon] or lat]   
comb9$ ) reflection & =esight2 !y give  
rise to 8 appreh5sions on ! subject (   
prop]ty1 & make him acqua9t$ ) t object 
( c>e :i* he calls 8 int]e/4 ,)\t !     
in/9cts :i* tea* ! beav] & ! squirrel1 !
 ant & ! bee1 to make up _! little ho>ds
 = w9t]1 at fir/ improvid5t1 & :]e no   
imm$iate object ( passion is ne>1       
addict$ to slo?1 he becomes1 9 process (
 "t1 ! great /orema/] among animals4 ,he
 f9ds 9 a provision ( weal?1 :i* he is  
probably nev] to employ1 an object ( 8  
greate/ solicitude1 & ! pr9cipal idol ( 
8 m9d4 ,he appreh5ds a relation betwe5 8
 p]son & 8 prop]ty1 :i* r5d]s :at he    
calls 8 own 9 a mann] a "p ( himself1 a 
con/itu5t ( 8 rank1 8 condition1 & 8 "*2
 9 :i*1 indep5d5t ( any real enjoym5t1  
he may be =tunate or unhappy2 &1        
indep5d5t ( any p]sonal m]it1 he may be 
an object ( consid]ation or neglect2 & 9
 :i* he may be w\nd$ & injur$1 :ile 8   
p]son is safe1 & e want ( 8 nature is   

completely suppli$4  ,9 ^! appreh5sions1
 :ile o!r passions only op]ate          
occasionally1 ! int]e/$ f9d ! object (  
_! ord9>y c>es2 _! motive to ! practice 
( me*anic & comm]cial arts2 _!          
temptation to trespass on ! laws (      
ju/ice2 &1 :5 extremely corrupt$1 !     
price ( _! pro/itutions1 & ! /&>d ( _!  
op9ions on ! subject ( good & ( evil4   
,"u ?is influ5ce1 !y w\ld ent]1 if n    
re/ra9$ by ! laws ( civil society1 on a 
sc5e ( viol5ce or meanness1 :i* w\ld    
exhibit our species1 by turns1 "u an    
aspect m t]rible & odi\s1 or m vile &   
contemptible1 ?an t ( any animal :i*    
inh]its ! e>?4  ,al?\gh ! consid]ation (
 int]e/ is f\nd$ on ! exp]i5ce ( animal 
wants & desires1 its object is n to     
gratify any p>ticul> appetite1 b to     
secure ! means ( gratify+ all2 & x      
imposes frequ5tly a re/ra9t on ! v      
desires f :i* x arose1 m p[]ful & m     
sev]e ?an ^? ( religion or duty4 ,x     
arises f ! pr9ciples ( self pres]vation 
9 ! human frame2 b is a corruption1 or  

at lea/ a p>tial result1 ( ^? pr9ciples1
 & is ^u _m acc\nts v improp]ly t]m$    
self-love4  ,love is an affection :i*   
c>ries ! att5tion ( ! m9d beyond itself1
 & is ! s5se ( a relation to "s fell[   
creature z to its object4 ,be+ a        
complac5cy & a cont9u$ satisfaction 9   
?is object1 x has1 indep5d5t ( any      
ext]nal ev5t1 & 9 ! mid/ ( disappo9tm5t 
& sorr[1 pleasures & triumphs unkn[n to 
^? :o are guid$ by m]e consid]ations (  
int]e/2 9 e *ange ( condition1 x        
cont9ues entirely di/9ct f ! s5tim5ts   
:i* we feel on ! subject ( p]sonal      
success or adv]sity4 ,b z ! c>e a man   
ent]ta9s = 8 own int]e/1 & ! att5tion 8 
affection makes him pay to t ( ano!r1   
may h simil> effects1 ! "o on 8 own     
=tune1 ! o!r on t ( 8 fri5d1 we conf\nd 
! pr9ciples f :i* he acts2 we suppose t 
!y are ! same 9 k9d1 only ref]r$ to     
diff]5t objects2 & we n only misapply ! 
"n ( love1 9 conjunction ) self1 b1 9 a 
mann] t5d+ to degrade our nature1 we    
limit ! aim ( ?is suppos$ selfi%        

affection to ! secur+ or accumulat+ !   
con/itu5ts ( int]e/1 ( ! means ( m]e    
animal life4  ,x is some:at rem>kable1 t
 not)/&+ m5 value !mselves s mu* on     
qualities ( ! m9d1 on p>ts1 le>n+1 &    
wit1 on c\rage1 g5]osity1 & hon\r1 ^? m5
 are /ill suppos$ to be 9 ! highe/      
degree selfi% or att5tive to !mselves1  
:o are mo/ c>eful ( animal life1 & :o   
are lea/ m9dful ( r5d]+ t life an object
 wor?y ( c>e4 ,x w be difficult1 h[ev]1 
to tell :y a good und]/&+1 a resolute & 
g5]\s m9d1 %\ld n1 by e man 9 8 s5ses1  
be reckon$ z mu* p>ts ( himself1 z ei!r 
8 /oma* or 8 palate1 & mu* m ?an 8 e/ate
 or 8 dress4 ,! epicure1 :o consults 8  
physician1 h[ he may re/ore 8 reli% =   
food1 &1 by creat+ an appetite1 r5ew 8  
enjoym5t1 might at lea/ ) an equal reg>d
 to himself1 consult h[ he might /r5g!n 
8 affection to a p>5t or a *ild1 to 8   
c\ntry or to mank9d2 & x is probable t  
an appetite ( ?is sort w\ld prove a     
s\rce ( enjoym5t n less ?an ! =m]4  ,by 
our suppos$ selfi% maxims1 not)/&+1 we  

g5]ally exclude f among ! objects ( our 
p]sonal c>es1 _m ( ! happi] & m         
respectable qualities ( human nature4   
,we consid] affection & c\rage z m]e    
follies1 t lead u to neglect1 or expose 
ourselves2 we make wisdom consi/ 9 a    
reg>d to our int]e/2 & )\t expla9+ :at  
int]e/ means1 we w\ld h x und]/ood z !  
only reasonable motive ( action )       
mank9d4 ,!re is ev5 a sy/em ( philosophy
 f\nd$ ^u t5ets ( ?is sort1 & su* is our
 op9ion ( :at m5 are likely to d ^u     
selfi% pr9ciples1 t we ?9k x mu/ h a    
t5d5cy v dang]\s to virtue4 ,b ! errors 
( ?is sy/em d n consi/ s mu* 9 g5]al    
pr9ciples1 z 9 _! p>ticul> applications2
 n s mu* 9 tea*+ m5 to reg>d !mselves1 z
 9 lead+ !m to =get1 t _! happie/       
affections1 _! c&\r1 & _! indep5d5ce (  
m9d1 are 9 reality p>ts ( !mselves4 ,& !
 adv]s>ies ( ?is suppos$ selfi%         
philosophy1 :]e x makes self-love ! rul+
 passion ) mank9d1 h _h reason to f9d   
fault1 n s mu* ) its g5]al              
repres5tations ( human nature1 z ) !    

obtrusion ( a m]e innovation 9 language 
= a discov]y 9 sci5ce4  ,:5 ! vulg>     
speak ( _! diff]5t motives1 !y are      
satisfi$ ) ord9>y names1 :i* ref] to    
kn[n & obvi\s di/9ctions4 ,( ?is k9d are
 ! t]ms b5evol5ce & selfi%ness1 by !    
fir/ ( :i* !y express _! fri5dly        
affections1 & by ! second _! int]e/4 ,! 
speculative are n always satisfi$ ) ?is 
proce$+2 !y w\ld analyze1 z well z      
enum]ate ! pr9ciples ( nature2 & ! *ance
 is1 t1 m]ely to ga9 ! appe>ance (      
some?+ new1 )\t any prospect ( real     
advantage1 !y w attempt to *ange !      
application ( words4 ,9 ! case be=e u1  
!y h actually f\nd1 t b5evol5ce is no m 
?an a species ( self-love2 & w\ld oblige
 u1 if possible1 to look out = a new set
 ( names1 by :i* we may di/+ui% !       
selfi%ness ( ! p>5t :5 he takes c>e ( 8 
*ild1 f 8 selfi%ness :5 he only takes   
c>e ( himself4 ,=1 accord+ to ?is       
philosophy1 z 9 bo? cases he only means 
to gratify a desire ( 8 own1 he is 9 bo?
 cases equally selfi%4 ,! t]m b5evol5t1 

9 ! mean "t1 is n employ$ to *>act]ize  
p]sons :o h no desires ( _! own1 b      
p]sons ^: own desires prompt !m to      
procure ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,! fact is1 t  
we %\ld ne$ only a fre% supply (        
language1 in/ead ( t :i* by ?is seem+   
discov]y we %\ld h lo/1 9 ord] to make  
our reason+s proce$ z !y =m]ly did4 ,b x
 is c]ta9ly impossible to live & to act 
) m51 )\t employ+ diff]5t names to      
di/+ui% ! humane f ! cruel1 & ! b5evol5t
 f ! selfi%4  ,^! t]ms h _! equival5ts 9
 e tongue2 !y 7 inv5t$ by m5 ( no       
ref9em5t1 :o only meant to express :at  
!y di/9ctly p]ceiv$1 or /rongly felt4 ,&
 if a man ( speculation %\ld prove1 t we
 are selfi% 9 a s5se ( 8 own1 x does n  
foll[ t we are s 9 ! s5se ( ! vulg>2 or1
 z ord9>y m5 w\ld und]/& 8 conclusion1 t
 we are condemn$ 9 e in/ance to act on  
motives ( int]e/1 covet\sness1          
pusillanimity1 & c[>dice2 = su* is      
conceiv$ to be ! ord9>y import (        
selfi%ness 9 ! "* ( man4  ,an affection 
or passion ( any k9d is sometimes said  

to give u an int]e/ 9 its object2 &     
humanity itself gives an int]e/ 9 !     
welf>e ( mank9d4 ,?is t]m int]e/1 :i*   
commonly implies little m ?an our       
prop]ty1 is sometimes put = utility 9   
g5]al1 & ?is = happ9ess2 insomu*1 t1 "u 
^! ambiguities1 x is n surpris+ we are  
/ill unable to det]m9e1 :e!r int]e/ is !
 only motive ( human action1 & ! /&>d by
 :i* to di/+ui% our good f our ill4  ,s 
mu* is said 9 ?is place1 n f a desire to
 p>take 9 any su* controv]sy1 b m]ely to
 conf9e ! mean+ ( ! t]m int]e/ to its   
mo/ common acceptation1 & to intimate a 
design to employ x 9 express+ ^? objects
 ( c>e :i* ref] to our ext]nal          
condition1 & ! pres]vation ( our animal 
nature4 ,:5 tak5 9 ?is s5se1 x w n      
surely be ?\ght to compreh5d at once all
 ! motives ( human conduct4 ,if m5 be n 
all[$ to h dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce1 !y w n  
be d5i$ to h dis9t]e/$ passions ( ano!r 
k9d4 ,hatr$1 indignation1 & rage1       
frequ5tly urge !m to act 9 opposition to
 _! kn[n int]e/1 & ev5 to haz>d _!      

lives1 )\t any hopes ( comp5sation 9 any
 future returns ( pref]m5t or pr(it4    
,,section ,,iii4  ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples   
,,( ,,union ,,among ,,mank9d4   ,mank9d 
h always w&]$ or settl$1 agre$ or       
qu>rell$1 9 troops & companies4 ,! cause
 ( _! assembl+1 :atev] x be1 is !       
pr9ciple ( _! alliance or union4  ,9    
collect+ ! mat]ials ( hi/ory1 we are    
seldom will+ to put up ) our subject    
m]ely z we f9d x4 ,we are lo? to be     
emb>rass$ ) a multiplicity ( p>ticul>s1 
& app>5t inconsi/5cies4 ,9 !ory we      
pr(ess ! inve/igation ( g5]al pr9ciples2
 & 9 ord] to br+ ! matt] ( our inquiries
 )9 ! rea* ( our compreh5sion1 are      
dispos$ to adopt any sy/em4 ,?us1 9     
treat+ ( human affairs1 we w\ld draw e  
consequ5ce f a pr9ciple ( union1 or a   
pr9ciple ( diss5tion4 ,! /ate ( nature  
is a /ate ( w>1 or ( amity1 & m5 are    
made to unite f a pr9ciple ( affection1 
or f a pr9ciple ( fe>1 z is mo/ suitable
 to ! sy/em ( diff]5t writ]s4 ,! hi/ory 
( our species inde$ abundantly %[s1 t !y

 are to "o ano!r mutual objects bo? (   
fe> & ( love2 & !y :o w\ld prove !m to h
 be5 orig9ally ei!r 9 a /ate ( alliance1
 or ( w>1 h argum5ts 9 /ore to ma9ta9 _!
 ass]tions4 ,our atta*m5t to "o         
division1 or to "o sect1 seems (t5 to   
d]ive mu* ( its =ce f an animosity      
conceiv$ to an opposite "o3 & ?is       
animosity 9 its turn1 z (t5 arises f a  
zeal 9 behalf ( ! side we esp\se1 & f a 
desire to v9dicate ! rights ( our p>ty4 
,man is born 9 society1 says            
,montesquieu1 & !re he rema9s4 ,! *>ms t
 deta9 him are kn[n to be manifold4     
,toge!r ) ! p>5tal affection1 :i*1      
in/ead ( des]t+ ! adult1 z among !      
brutes1 embraces m close1 z x becomes   
mix$ ) e/eem1 & ! memory ( its e>ly     
effects2 we may reckon a prop5sity      
common to man & o!r animals1 to mix ) ! 
h]d1 &1 )\t reflection1 to foll[ ! cr[d 
( 8 species4 ,:at ?is prop5sity 0 9 !   
fir/ mom5t ( its op]ation1 we "k n2 b ) 
m5 accu/om$ to company1 its enjoym5ts & 
disappo9tm5ts are reckon$ among !       

pr9cipal pleasures or pa9s ( human life4
 ,sadness & melan*oly are connect$ )    
solitude2 gladness & pleasure ) !       
conc\rse ( m54 ,! track ( a ,lapl&] on !
 sn[y %ore1 gives joy to ! lonely m>9]2 
& ! mute signs ( cordiality & k9dness   
:i* are made to him1 awak5 ! memory (   
pleasures :i* he felt 9 society4 ,9 f9e1
 says ! writ] ( a voyage to ! ,nor?1    
aft] describ+ a mute sc5e ( ?is sort1   
,we 7 extremely pleas$ to conv]se ) m51 
s9ce 9 ?irte5 mon?s we _h se5 no human  
creature4 ,footnote3 ,collection ( ,dut*
 voyages4  ,b we ne$ no remote          
obs]vation to confirm ?is position3 !   
wail+s ( ! infant1 & ! languors ( !     
adult1 :5 alone2 ! lively joys ( ! "o1 &
 ! *e]fulness ( ! o!r1 ^u ! return (    
company1 are a suffici5t pro( ( its     
solid f\ndations 9 ! frame ( our nature4
  ,9 acc\nt+ = actions we (t5 =get t we 
ourselves h act$2 & in/ead ( ! s5tim5ts 
:i* /imulate ! m9d 9 ! pres5ce ( its    
object1 we assign z ! motives ( conduct 
) m51 ^? consid]ations :i* occur 9 !    

h\rs ( retirem5t & cold reflection4 ,9  
?is mood frequ5tly we c f9d no?+        
important1 besides ! delib]ate prospects
 ( int]e/2 & a great "w1 l t ( =m+      
society1 mu/ 9 our appreh5sion arise f  
deep reflections1 & be c>ri$ on ) a view
 to ! advantages :i* mank9d d]ive f     
comm]ce & mutual support4 ,b nei!r a    
prop5sity to mix ) ! h]d1 nor ! s5se (  
advantages enjoy$ 9 t condition1        
compreh5d all ! pr9ciples by :i* m5 are 
unit$ toge!r4 ,^? b&s are ev5 ( a feeble
 texture1 :5 comp>$ to ! resolute ard\r 
) :i* a man adh]es to 8 fri5d1 or to 8  
tribe1 aft] !y h = "s "t run ! c>e] (   
=tune toge!r4 ,mutual discov]ies (      
g5]osity1 jo9t trials ( =titude r$\ble !
 ard\rs ( fri5d%ip1 & k9dle a flame 9 ! 
human brea/1 :i* ! consid]ations (      
p]sonal int]e/ or safety _c suppress4 ,!
 mo/ lively transports ( joy are se51 & 
! l\de/ %rieks ( despair are he>d1 :5 ! 
objects ( a t5d] affection are beheld 9 
a /ate ( triumph or ( suff]+4 ,an       
,indian recov]$ 8 fri5d unexpect$ly on !

 isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&es3 he pro/rat$      
himself on ! gr\nd1 at 8 feet4 ,we /ood 
gaz+ 9 sil5ce1 says ,dampi]1 at ?is t5d]
 sc5e4 ,if we w\ld "k :at is ! religion 
( a wild ,am]ican1 :at x is 9 8 he>t t  
mo/ resembles devotion2 x is n 8 fe> ( !
 sorc]]1 nor 8 hope ( protection f !    
spirits ( ! air or ! wood3 x is ! ard5t 
affection ) :i* he selects & embraces 8 
fri5d2 ) :i* he cl+s to 8 side 9 e      
season ( p]il2 & ) :i* he invokes 8 _s f
 a di/ance1 :5 dang]s surprise him      
alone4 ,footnote3 ,*>levoix1 ,hi/4 (    
,canada4  ,:atev] pro(s we may h ( !    
social disposition ( man 9 famili> &    
contigu\s sc5es1 x is possibly (        
importance1 to draw our obs]vations f ! 
examples ( m5 :o live 9 ! simple/       
condition1 & :o h n le>n$ to affect :at 
!y d n actually feel4  ,m]e acqua9tance 
& habitude n\ri% affection1 & ! exp]i5ce
 ( society br+s e passion ( ! human m9d 
^u its side4 ,its triumphs &            
prosp]ities1 its calamities & di/resses1
 br+ a v>iety & a =ce ( emotion1 :i* c  

only h place 9 ! company ( our fell[    
creatures4 ,x is "h t a man is made to  
=get 8 weakness1 8 c>es ( safety1 & 8   
subsi/5ce2 & to act f ^? passions :i*   
make him discov] 8 =ce4 ,x is "h he f9ds
 t 8 arr[s fly swift] ?an ! eagle1 & 8  
weapons w\nd deep] ?an ! paw ( ! lion1  
or ! too? ( ! bo>4 ,x is n alone 8 s5se 
( a support :i* is ne>1 nor ! love (    
di/9ction 9 ! op9ion ( 8 tribe1 t       
inspire 8 c\rage1 or swell 8 he>t ) a   
confid5ce t exce$s :at 8 natural =ce    
%\ld be/[4 ,vehem5t passions ( animosity
 or atta*m5t are ! fir/ ex]tions ( vig\r
 9 8 brea/2 "u _! influ5ce e            
consid]ation1 b t ( 8 object1 is =gott52
 dang]s & difficulties only excite him !
 m4  ,t condition is surely fav\rable to
 ! nature ( any be+1 9 :i* 8 =ce is     
increas$2 & if c\rage be ! gift (       
society to man1 we h reason to consid] 8
 union ) 8 species z ! noble/ "p ( 8    
=tune4 ,f ?is s\rce are d]iv$1 n only ! 
=ce1 b ! v exi/5ce ( 8 happie/ emotions2
 n only ! bett] "p1 b almo/ ! :ole ( 8  

rational "*4 ,s5d him to ! des]t alone1 
he is a plant torn f 8 roots3 ! =m inde$
 may rema91 b e faculty droops & )]s2 ! 
human p]sonage & ! human "* cease to    
exi/4  ,m5 are s f> f valu+ society on  
acc\nt ( its m]e ext]nal conv5i5cies1 t 
!y are commonly mo/ atta*$ :]e ^?       
conv5i5cies are lea/ frequ5t2 & are !re 
mo/ fai?ful1 :]e ! tribute ( _!         
allegiance is paid 9 blood4 ,affection  
op]ates ) ! greate/ =ce1 :]e x meets ) !
 greate/ difficulties3 9 ! brea/ ( !    
p>5t1 x is mo/ solicit\s amid/ ! dang]s 
& di/resses ( ! *ild2 9 ! brea/ ( a man1
 its flame r$\bles :]e ! wrongs or      
suff]+s ( 8 fri5d1 or 8 c\ntry1 require 
8 aid4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 f ?is pr9ciple    
alone t we c acc\nt = ! ob/9ate atta*m5t
 ( a savage to 8 unsettl$ & def5celess  
tribe1 :5 temptations on ! side ( ease &
 ( safety might induce him to fly f     
fam9e & dang]1 to a /ation m afflu5t1 & 
m secure4 ,h5ce ! sangu9e affection :i* 
e ,greek bore to 8 c\ntry1 & h5ce !     
devot$ patriotism ( an e>ly ,roman4 ,let

 ^? examples be comp>$ ) ! _s :i* reigns
 9 a comm]cial /ate1 :]e m5 may be      
suppos$ to h exp]i5c$1 9 its full ext5t1
 ! int]e/ :i* individuals h 9 !         
pres]vation ( _! c\ntry4 ,x is "h inde$1
 if ev]1 t man is sometimes f\nd a      
deta*$ & a solit>y be+3 he has f\nd an  
object :i* sets him 9 competition ) 8   
fell[ creatures1 & he deals ) !m z he   
does ) 8 cattle & 8 soil1 = ! sake ( !  
pr(its !y br+4 ,! mighty eng9e :i* we   
suppose to h =m$ society1 only t5ds to  
set its memb]s at v>iance1 or to cont9ue
 _! int]c\rse aft] ! b&s ( affection are
 brok54     ,,section ,,iv4  ,,( ,,!    
,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,w> ,,& ,,diss5tion4   
,!re are "s circum/ances 9 ! lot (      
mank9d1 says ,socrates1 t %[ !m to be   
de/9$ to fri5d%ip & amity3 ,^? are1 _!  
mutual ne$ ( ea* o!r2 _! mutual         
compassion2 _! s5se ( mutual b5efit2 & !
 pleasures aris+ 9 company4 ,!re are o!r
 circum/ances :i* prompt !m to w> &     
diss5tion2 ! admiration & ! desire :i*  
!y ent]ta9 = ! same subjects2 _!        

opposite pret5sions2 & ! provocations   
:i* !y mutually (f] 9 ! c\rse ( _!      
competitions4  ,:5 we endeav\r to apply 
! maxims ( natural ju/ice to ! solution 
( difficult que/ions1 we f9d t "s cases 
may be suppos$1 & actually happ51 :]e   
oppositions take place1 & are lawful1   
prior to any provocation1 or act (      
inju/ice2 t :]e ! safety & pres]vation (
 numb]s are mutually inconsi/5t1 "o p>ty
 may employ 8 "r ( def5ce1 be=e ! o!r   
has begun an attack4 ,& :5 we jo9 ) su* 
examples1 ! in/ances ( mi/ake1 &        
misund]/&+1 to :i* mank9d are expos$1 we
 may be satisfi$ t w> does n always     
proce$ f an int5tion to injure2 & t ev5 
! be/ qualities ( m51 _! c&\r1 z well z 
_! resolution1 may op]ate 9 ! mid/ ( _! 
qu>rels4  ,!re is /ill m to be obs]v$ on
 ?is subject4 ,mank9d n only f9d 9 _!   
condition ! s\rces ( v>iance &          
diss5tion2 !y appe> to h 9 _! m9ds !    
se$s ( animosity1 & to embrace !        
occasions ( mutual opposition1 )        
alacrity & pleasure4 ,9 ! mo/ pacific   

situation1 !re are few :o h n _!        
enemies1 z well z _! fri5ds2 & :o are n 
pleas$ ) oppos+ ! proce$+s ( "o1 z mu* z
 ) fav\r+ ! designs ( ano!r4 ,small &   
simple tribes1 :o 9 _! dome/ic society h
 ! firme/ union1 are 9 _! /ate (        
opposition z sep>ate nations1 frequ5tly 
animat$ ) ! mo/ implacable hatr$4 ,among
 ! citiz5s ( ,rome1 9 ! e>ly ages ( t   
republic1 ! "n ( a =eign]1 & t ( an     
enemy1 7 ! same4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ! "n 
( ,b>b>ian1 "u :i* t p compreh5d$ e     
nation t 0 ( a race1 & spoke a language1
 diff]5t f _! own1 became a t]m (       
indiscrim9ate contempt & av]sion4 ,ev5  
:]e no p>ticul> claim to sup]iority is  
=m$1 ! repugnance to union1 ! frequ5t   
w>s1 or r ! p]petual ho/ilities :i* take
 place among rude nations & sep>ate     
clans1 discov] h[ mu* our species is    
dispos$ to opposition1 z well z to      
conc]t4  ,late discov]ies h br\ght to   
our k almo/ e situation 9 :i* mank9d are
 plac$4 ,we h f\nd !m spread ov] l>ge & 
ext5sive cont95ts1 :]e communications   

are op51 & :]e national conf$]acy might 
be easily =m$4 ,we h f\nd !m 9 n>r[]    
di/ricts1 circumscrib$ by m\nta9s1 great
 riv]s1 & arms ( ! sea4 ,!y h be5 f\nd 9
 small isl&s1 :]e ! inhabitants might be
 easily assembl$1 & d]ive an advantage f
 _! union4 ,b 9 all ^? situations1      
alike1 !y 7 broke into cantons1 &       
affect$ a di/9ction ( "n & community4 ,!
 titles ( fell[ citiz5 & c\ntrym51      
unoppos$ to ^? ( ali5 & =eign]1 to :i*  
!y ref]1 w\ld fall into disuse1 & lose  
_! mean+4 ,we love individuals on acc\nt
 ( p]sonal qualities2 b we love our     
c\ntry1 z x is a p>ty 9 ! divisions (   
mank9d2 & our zeal = its int]e/1 is a   
pr$ilection 9 behalf ( ! side we ma9ta94
  ,9 ! promiscu\s conc\rse ( m51 x is   
suffici5t t we h an opportunity (       
select+ our company4 ,we turn away f ^? 
:o d n engage u1 & we fix our resort :]e
 ! society is m to our m9d4 ,we are fond
 ( di/9ctions2 we place ourselves 9     
opposition1 & qu>rel "u ! d5om9ations ( 
faction & p>ty1 )\t any mat]ial subject 

( controv]sy4 ,av]sion1 l affection1 is 
fo/]$ by a cont9u$ direction to its     
p>ticul> object4 ,sep>ation &           
e/rangem5t1 z well z opposition1 wid5 a 
brea* :i* did n owe its beg9n+s to any  
(f5ce4 ,& x w\ld seem1 t till we h r$uc$
 mank9d to ! /ate ( a family1 or f\nd "s
 ext]nal consid]ation to ma9ta9 _!      
connection 9 great] numb]s1 !y w be =   
ev] sep>at$ into b&s1 & =m a plurality (
 nations4  ,! s5se ( a common dang]1 & !
 assaults ( an enemy1 h be5 frequ5tly   
useful to nations1 by unit+ _! memb]s m 
firmly toge!r1 & by prev5t+ ! secessions
 & actual sep>ations 9 :i* _! civil     
discord might o!rwise t]m9ate4 ,& ?is   
motive to union :i* is (f]$ f abroad1   
may be necess>y1 n only 9 ! case ( l>ge 
& ext5sive nations1 :]e coalitions are  
weak5$ by di/ance1 & ! di/9ction (      
prov9cial names2 b ev5 9 ! n>r[ society 
( ! smalle/ /ates4 ,rome itself 0 f\nd$ 
by a small p>ty :i* took its flight f   
,alba2 h] citiz5s 7 (t5 9 dang] (       
sep>at+2 & if ! villages & cantons ( !  

,volsci _h be5 fur!r remov$ f ! sc5e (  
_! diss5tions1 ! ,mons ,sac] might h    
receiv$ a new colony be=e ! "m c\ntry 0 
ripe = su* a dis*>ge4 ,%e cont9u$ long  
to feel ! qu>rels ( h] nobles & h] p2 & 
kept op5 ! gates ( ,janus1 to rem9d ^?  
p>ties ( ! duties !y ow$ to _! c\ntry4  
,societies1 z well z individuals1 be+   
*>g$ ) ! c>e ( _! own pres]vation1 &    
hav+ sep>ate int]e/s1 :i* give rise to  
jeal\sies & competitions1 we _c be      
surpris$ to f9d ho/ilities arise f ?is  
s\rce4 ,b 7 !re no angry passions ( a   
diff]5t sort1 ! animosities :i* att5d an
 opposition ( int]e/1 %\ld be> a        
proportion to ! suppos$ value ( !       
subject4 ,! ,hott5tot nations1 says     
,kolb51 trespass on ea* o!r by !fts (   
cattle & ( wom52 b su* injuries are     
seldom committ$1 except ) a view to     
exasp]ate _! neighb\rs1 & br+ !m to a   
w>4 ,su* depr$ations !n1 are n !        
f\ndation ( a w>1 b ! effects ( a ho/ile
 int5tion already conceiv$4 ,! nations (
 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :o h no h]ds to pres]ve1

 nor settlem5ts to def5d1 are yet engag$
 9 almo/ p]petual w>s1 = :i* !y c assign
 no reason1 b ! po9t ( hon\r1 & a desire
 to cont9ue ! /ruggle _! fa!rs ma9ta9$4 
,!y d n reg>d ! spoils ( an enemy2 & !  
w>rior :o has seiz$ any booty1 easily   
p>ts ) x to ! fir/ p]son :o comes 9 8   
way4 ,footnote3 ,see ,*>levoix's ,hi/ory
 ( ,canada4  ,b we ne$ n cross !        
,atlantic to f9d pro(s ( animosity1 & to
 obs]ve1 9 ! collision ( sep>ate        
societies1 ! influ5ce ( angry passions1 
t d n arise f an opposition ( int]e/4   
,human nature has no "p ( its "* ( :i* m
 flagrant examples are giv5 on ?is side 
( ! globe4 ,:at is x t /irs 9 ! brea/s (
 ord9>y m5 :5 ! enemies ( _! c\ntry are 
nam$8 ,:5ce are ! prejudices t subsi/   
betwe5 diff]5t prov9ces1 cantons1 &     
villages1 ( ! same empire & t]ritory8   
,:at is x t excites "o half ( ! nations 
( ,europe aga9/ ! o!r8 ,! /atesman may  
expla9 8 conduct on motives ( national  
jeal\sy & caution1 b ! p h dislikes &   
antipa?ies1 = :i* !y _c acc\nt4 ,_!     

mutual reproa*es ( p]fidy & inju/ice1 l 
! ,hott5tot depr$ations1 are b symptoms 
( an animosity1 & ! language ( a ho/ile 
disposition1 already conceiv$4 ,! *>ge (
 c[>dice & pusillanimity1 qualities :i* 
! int]e/$ & cauti\s enemy %\ld1 ( all   
o!rs1 l be/ to f9d 9 8 rival1 is urg$ ) 
av]sion1 & made ! gr\nd ( dislike4 ,he> 
! peasants on diff]5t sides ( ! ,alps1 &
 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,rh9e1 or ! ,briti%      
*annel1 give v5t to _! prejudices &     
national passions2 x is among !m t we   
f9d ! mat]ials ( w> & diss5tion laid )\t
 ! direction ( gov]nm5t1 & sp>ks ready  
to k9dle into a flame1 :i* ! /atesman is
 frequ5tly dispos$ to ext+ui%4 ,! fire w
 n always cat* :]e 8 reasons ( /ate w\ld
 direct1 nor /op :]e ! concurr5ce (     
int]e/ has produc$ an alliance4 ,my     
fa!r1 said a ,spani% peasant1 w\ld rise 
f 8 grave1 if he c\ld =esee a w> )      
,france4 ,:at int]e/ _h he1 or ! bones (
 8 fa!r1 9 ! qu>rels ( pr9ces8  ,^!     
obs]vations seem to arraign our species1
 & to give an unfav\rable picture (     

mank9d2 & yet ! p>ticul>s we h m5tion$  
are consi/5t ) ! mo/ amiable qualities (
 our nature1 & (t5 furni% a sc5e = !    
ex]cise ( our greate/ abilities4 ,!y are
 s5tim5ts ( g5]osity & self d5ial t     
animate ! w>rior 9 def5ce ( 8 c\ntry2 & 
!y are dispositions mo/ fav\rable to    
mank9d1 t become ! pr9ciples ( app>5t   
ho/ility to m54 ,e animal is made to    
delight 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 natural tal5ts &
 =ces4 ,! lion & ! tyg] sport ) ! paw2 !
 horse delights to commit 8 mane to !   
w9d1 & =gets 8 pa/ure to try 8 spe$ 9 ! 
field2 ! bull ev5 be=e 8 br[ is arm$1 & 
! lamb :ile yet an emblem ( innoc5ce1 h 
a disposition to /rike ) ! =ehead1 &    
anticipate1 9 play1 ! conflicts !y are  
doom$ to su/a94 ,man too is dispos$ to  
opposition1 & to employ ! =ces ( 8      
nature aga9/ an equal antagoni/2 he     
loves to br+ 8 reason1 8 eloqu5ce1 8    
c\rage1 ev5 8 bodily /r5g? to ! pro(4 ,8
 sports are frequ5tly an image ( w>2    
sweat & blood are freely exp5d$ 9 play2 
& fractures or dea? are (t5 made to     

t]m9ate ! pa/ime ( idl5ess & fe/ivity4  
,he 0 n made to live = ev]1 & ev5 8 love
 ( amusem5t has op5$ a way to ! grave4  
,)\t ! rival%ip ( nations1 & ! practice 
( w>1 civil society itself c\ld sc>cely 
h f\nd an object1 or a =m4 ,mank9d might
 h trad$ )\t any =mal conv5tion1 b !y _c
 be safe )\t a national conc]t4 ,!      
necessity ( a public def5ce1 has giv5   
rise to _m dep>tm5ts ( /ate1 & !        
intellectual tal5ts ( m5 h f\nd _!      
busie/ sc5e 9 wield+ _! national =ces4  
,to ov]awe1 or intimidate1 or1 :5 we _c 
p]suade ) reason1 to resi/ ) =titude1   
are ! occupations :i* give its mo/      
animat+ ex]cise1 & its greate/ triumphs1
 to a vigor\s m9d2 & he :o has nev]     
/ruggl$ ) 8 fell[ creatures1 is a /rang]
 to half ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d4  ,!       
qu>rels ( individuals1 inde$1 are       
frequ5tly ! op]ations ( unhappy &       
dete/able passions1 malice1 hatr$1 &    
rage4 ,if su* passions alone possess !  
brea/1 ! sc5e ( diss5tion becomes an    
object ( horror2 b a common opposition  

ma9ta9$ by numb]s1 is always allay$ by  
passions ( ano!r sort4 ,s5tim5ts (      
affection & fri5d%ip mix ) animosity2 ! 
active & /r5u\s become ! gu>dians ( _!  
society2 & viol5ce itself is1 9 _! case1
 an ex]tion ( g5]osity1 z well z (      
c\rage4 ,we applaud1 z proce$+ f a      
national or p>ty _s1 :at we c\ld n      
endure z ! effect ( a private dislike2  
&1 amid/ ! competitions ( rival /ates1  
?9k we h f\nd1 = ! patriot & ! w>rior1 9
 ! practice ( viol5ce & /ratagem1 ! mo/ 
illu/ri\s c>e] ( human virtue4 ,ev5     
p]sonal opposition "h does n divide our 
judgm5t on ! m]its ( m54 ,! rival names 
( ,agesilaus & ,epam9ondas1 ( ,scipio & 
,hannibal1 are repeat$ ) equal praise2 &
 w> itself1 :i* 9 "o view appe>s s      
fatal1 9 ano!r is ! ex]cise ( a lib]al  
_s2 & 9 ! v effects :i* we regret1 is b 
"o di/emp] m1 by :i* ! ,au?or ( nature  
has appo9t$ our exit f human life4  ,^! 
reflections may op5 our view into ! /ate
 ( mank9d2 b !y t5d to reconcile u to ! 
conduct ( ,provid5ce1 r ?an to make u   

*ange our own2 :]e1 f a reg>d to !      
welf>e ( our fell[ creatures1 we        
endeav\r to pacify _! animosities1 &    
unite !m by ! ties ( affection4 ,9 !    
pursuit ( ?is amiable int5tion1 we may  
hope1 9 "s in/ances1 to dis>m ! angry   
passions ( jeal\sy & envy2 we may hope  
to in/il into ! brea/s ( private m5     
s5tim5ts ( c&\r t[>ds _! fell[          
creatures1 & a disposition to humanity &
 ju/ice4 ,b x is va9 to expect t we c   
give to ! multitude ( a p a s5se ( union
 among !mselves1 )\t admitt+ ho/ility to
 ^? :o oppose !m4 ,c\ld we at once1 9 ! 
case ( any nation1 ext+ui% ! emulation  
:i* is excit$ f abroad1 we %\ld probably
 break or weak5 ! b&s ( society at home1
 & close ! busie/ sc5es ( national      
occupations & virtues4     ,,section ,v4
  ,,( ,,intellectual ,,p[]s4   ,_m      
attempts h be5 made to analyze !        
dispositions :i* we h n[ enum]at$2 b "o 
purpose ( sci5ce1 p]haps ! mo/          
important1 is s]v$1 :5 ! exi/5ce ( a    
disposition is e/abli%$4 ,we are m      

conc]n$ 9 its reality1 & 9 its          
consequ5ces1 ?an we are 9 its orig91 or 
mann] ( =mation4  ,! same obs]vation may
 be appli$ to ! o!r p[]s & faculties (  
our nature4 ,_! exi/5ce & use are !     
pr9cipal objects ( our /udy4 ,?9k+ &    
reason+1 we say1 are ! op]ations ( "s   
faculty2 b 9 :at mann] ! faculties (    
?\ght or reason rema91 :5 !y are n      
ex]t$1 or by :at diff]5ce 9 ! frame !y  
are unequal 9 diff]5t p]sons1 are       
que/ions :i* we _c resolve4 ,_!         
op]ations alone discov] !m2 :5 unappli$1
 !y lie hid ev5 f ! p]son to :om !y     
p]ta92 & _! action is s mu* a "p ( _!   
nature1 t ! faculty itself1 9 _m cases1 
is sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f a habit     
acquir$ 9 its frequ5t ex]tion4  ,p]sons 
:o are occupi$ ) diff]5t subjects1 :o   
act 9 diff]5t sc5es1 g5]ally appe> to h 
diff]5t tal5ts1 or at lea/ to h ! same  
faculties v>i\sly =m$1 & suit$ to       
diff]5t purposes4 ,! peculi> g5ius (    
nations1 z well z ( individuals1 may 9  
?is mann] arise f ! /ate ( _! =tunes4 ,&

 x is prop] t we endeav\r to f9d "s     
rule1 by :i* to judge ( :at is admirable
 9 ! capacities ( m51 or =tunate 9 !    
application ( _! faculties1 be=e we     
v5ture to pass a judgm5t on ?is bran* ( 
_! m]its1 or pret5d to measure ! degree 
( respect !y may claim by _! diff]5t    
atta9m5ts4  ,to receive ! in=mations (  
s5se1 is p]haps ! e>lie/ function ( an  
animal comb9$ ) an intellectual nature2 
& "o great accompli%m5t ( ! liv+ ag5t   
consi/s 9 ! =ce & s5sibility ( 8 animal 
organs4 ,! pleasures or pa9s to :i* he  
is expos$ f ?is qu>t]1 con/itute to him 
an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! objects  
:i* are ?us br\ght to 8 k2 & x conc]ns  
him to di/+ui% well1 be=e he commits    
himself to ! direction ( appetite4 ,he  
mu/ scrut9ize ! objects ( "o s5se1 by ! 
p]ceptions ( ano!r2 exam9e ) ! eye1 be=e
 he v5tures to t\*2 & employ e means (  
obs]vation1 be=e he gratifies !         
appetites ( ?ir/ & ( hung]4 ,a disc]nm5t
 acquir$ by exp]i5ce1 becomes a faculty 
( 8 m9d2 & ! inf]5ces ( ?\ght are       

sometimes n to be di/+ui%$ f !          
p]ceptions ( s5se4  ,! objects ar\nd u1 
beside _! sep>ate appe>ances1 h _!      
relations to ea* o!r4 ,!y sugge/1 :5    
comp>$1 :at w\ld n occur :5 !y are      
consid]$ ap>t2 !y h _! effects1 & mutual
 influ5ces2 !y exhibit1 9 l             
circum/ances1 simil> op]ations1 & uni=m 
consequ5ces4 ,:5 we h f\nd & express$ ! 
po9ts 9 :i* ! uni=mity ( _! op]ations   
consi/s1 we h asc]ta9$ a physical law4  
,_m su* laws1 & ev5 ! mo/ important1 are
 kn[n to ! vulg>1 & occur ^u ! smalle/  
degrees ( reflection2 b o!rs are hid "u 
a seem+ confusion1 :i* ord9>y tal5ts _c 
remove2 & are !re=e ! objects ( /udy1   
long obs]vation1 & sup]ior capacity4 ,! 
faculties ( p5etration & judgm5t1 are1  
by m5 ( bus9ess1 z well z ( sci5ce1     
employ$ to unravel intricacies ( ?is    
sort2 & ! degree ( sagacity ) :i* ei!r  
is end[$1 is to be measur$ by ! success 
) :i* !y are able to f9d g5]al rules1   
applicable to a v>iety ( cases t seem$  
to h no?+ 9 common1 & to discov]        

important di/9ctions betwe5 subjects :i*
 ! vulg> are apt to conf\nd4  ,to       
collect a multiplicity ( p>ticul>s "u   
g5]al heads1 & to ref] a v>iety (       
op]ations to _! common pr9ciple1 is !   
object ( sci5ce4 ,to d ! same ?+1 at    
lea/ )9 ! range ( 8 active engagem5ts1  
is requisite to ! man ( pleasure1 or    
bus9ess2 & x w\ld seem1 t ! /udi\s & !  
active are s f> employ$ 9 ! same task1 f
 obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 to f9d ! g5]al  
views "u :i* _! objects may be consid]$1
 & ! rules :i* may be usefully appli$ 9 
! detail ( _! conduct4 ,!y d n always   
apply _! tal5ts to diff]5t subjects2 &  
!y seem to be di/+ui%$ *iefly by !      
unequal rea* & v>iety ( _! rem>ks1 or by
 ! int5tions :i* !y sev]ally h 9        
collect+ !m4  ,:il/ m5 cont9ue to act f 
appetites & passions1 lead+ to !        
atta9m5t ( ext]nal ends1 !y seldom quit 
! view ( _! objects 9 detail1 to g f> 9 
! road ( g5]al inquiries4 ,!y measure ! 
ext5t ( _! own abilities1 by !          
promptitude ) :i* !y appreh5d :at is    

important 9 e subject1 & ! facility )   
:i* !y extricate !mselves on e try+     
occasion4 ,& ^!1 x mu/ be confess$1 to a
 be+ :o is de/9$ to act 9 ! mid/ (      
difficulties1 are ! prop] te/ ( capacity
 & =ce4 ,! p>ade ( words & g5]al        
reason+s1 :i* sometimes c>ry an         
appe>ance ( s mu* le>n+ & k1 are (      
little avail 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,!     
tal5ts f :i* !y proce$1 t]m9ate 9 m]e   
o/5tation1 & are seldom connect$ ) t    
sup]ior disc]nm5t :i* ! active apply 9  
times ( p]plexity2 mu* less ) t         
intrepidity & =ce ( m9d :i* are requir$ 
9 pass+ ?r\gh difficult sc5es4  ,!      
abilities ( active m51 h[ev]1 h a v>iety
 correspond+ to t ( ! subjects on :i* !y
 are occupi$4 ,a sagacity appli$ to     
ext]nal & inanimate nature1 =ms "o      
species ( capacity2 t :i* is turn$ to   
society & human affairs1 ano!r4         
,reputation = p>ts 9 any sc5e is        
equivocal1 till we "k by :at k9d (      
ex]tion t reputation is ga9$4 ,no m c be
 said1 9 comm5d+ m5 ( ! greate/         

abilities1 ?an t !y und]/& well !       
subjects to :i* !y h appli$2 & e        
dep>tm5t1 e pr(ession1 w\ld h its great 
m51 if !re 7 n a *oice ( objects = !    
und]/&+1 & ( tal5ts = ! m9d1 z well z ( 
s5tim5ts = ! he>t1 & ( habits = ! active
 "*4  ,! meane/ pr(essions1 inde$1 s f> 
sometimes =get !mselves1 or ! re/ (     
mank9d1 z to arrogate1 9 comm5d+ :at is 
di/+ui%$ 9 _! own way1 e epi!t ! mo/    
respectable claim z ! "r ( sup]ior      
abilities4 ,e me*anic is a great man ) !
 le>n]1 & ! humble admir]1 9 8 p>ticul> 
call+3 & we c1 p]haps ) m assurance     
pron\nce :at x is t %\ld make a man     
happy & amiable1 ?an :at %\ld make 8    
abilities respect$1 & 8 g5ius admir$4   
,?is1 ^u a view ( ! tal5ts !mselves1 may
 p]haps be impossible4 ,! effect1 h[ev]1
 w po9t out ! rule & ! /&>d ( our       
judgm5t4 ,to be admir$ & respect$1 is to
 h an asc5dant among m54 ,! tal5ts :i*  
mo/ directly procure t asc5dant1 are ^? 
:i* op]ate on mank9d1 p5etrate _! views1
 prev5t _! wi%es1 or fru/rate _!        

designs4 ,! sup]ior capacity leads ) a  
sup]ior en]gy1 :]e e individual w\ld g1 
& %ews ! hesitat+ & irresolute a cle>   
passage to ! atta9m5t ( _! ends4  ,?is  
description does n p]ta9 to any p>ticul>
 craft or pr(ession2 or p]haps x implies
 a k9d ( ability1 :i* ! sep>ate         
application ( m5 to p>ticul> call+s1    
only t5ds to suppress or to weak54 ,:]e 
%all we f9d ! tal5ts :i* are fit to act 
) m5 9 a collective body1 if we break t 
body into p>ts1 & conf9e ! obs]vation ( 
ea* to a sep>ate track8  ,to act 9 !    
view ( 8 fell[ creatures1 to produce 8  
m9d 9 public1 to give x all ! ex]cise ( 
s5tim5t & ?\ght1 :i* p]ta9 to man z a   
memb] ( society1 z a fri5d1 or an enemy1
 seems to be ! pr9cipal call+ &         
occupation ( 8 nature4 ,if he mu/ lab\r1
 t he may subsi/1 he c subsi/ = no bett]
 purpose ?an ! good ( mank9d2 nor c he h
 bett] tal5ts ?an ^? :i* qualify him to 
act ) m54 ,"h1 inde$1 ! und]/&+ appe>s  
to borr[ v mu* f ! passions2 & !re is a 
felicity ( conduct 9 human affairs1 9   

:i* x is difficult to di/+ui% !         
promptitude ( ! head f ! ard\r &        
s5sibility ( ! he>t4 ,:]e bo? are unit$1
 !y con/itute t sup]iority ( m9d1 !     
frequ5cy ( :i* among m51 9 p>ticul> ages
 & nations1 mu* m ?an ! progress !y h   
made 9 speculation1 or 9 ! practice (   
me*anic & lib]al arts1 %\ld det]m9e !   
rate ( _! g5ius1 & assign ! palm (      
di/9ction & hon\r4  ,:5 nations succe$  
"o ano!r 9 ! c>e] ( discov]ies &        
inquiries1 ! la/ is always ! mo/ kn[+4  
,sy/ems ( sci5ce are gradually =m$4 ,!  
globe itself is trav]s$ by degrees1 & ! 
hi/ory ( e age1 :5 pa/1 is an accession 
( k to ^? :o succe$4 ,! ,romans 7 m kn[+
 ?an ! ,greeks2 & e s*ol> ( mod]n       
,europe is1 9 ?is s5se1 m le>n$ ?an !   
mo/ accompli%$ p]son t ev] bore ei!r (  
^? celebrat$ names4 ,b is he on t acc\nt
 _! sup]ior8  ,m5 are to be e/imat$1 n f
 :at !y "k1 b f :at !y are able to p]=m2
 f _! skill 9 adapt+ mat]ials to !      
sev]al purposes ( life2 f _! vig\r &    
conduct 9 pursu+ ! objects ( policy1 & 9

 f9d+ ! exp$i5ts ( w> & national def5ce4
 ,ev5 9 lit]ature1 !y are to be e/imat$ 
f ! works ( _! g5ius1 n f ! ext5t ( _!  
k4 ,! sc5e ( m]e obs]vation 0 extremely 
limit$ 9 a ,grecian republic2 & ! bu/le 
( an active life appe>$ inconsi/5t )    
/udy3 b !re ! human m9d1 not)/&+1       
collect$ its greate/ abilities1 &       
receiv$ its be/ in=mations1 9 ! mid/ (  
sweat & ( du/4  ,x is peculi> to mod]n  
,europe1 to re/ s mu* ( ! human "* on   
:at may be le>n$ 9 retirem5t1 & f !     
in=mation ( books4 ,a j admiration (    
anci5t lit]ature1 an op9ion t human     
s5tim5t1 & human reason1 )\t ?is aid1 7 
to h vani%$ f ! societies ( m51 h l$ u  
into ! %ade1 :]e we endeav\r to d]ive f 
imag9ation & /udy :at is 9 reality matt]
 ( exp]i5ce & s5tim5t2 & we endeav\r1   
?r\gh ! gramm> ( dead languages1 & !    
*annel ( comm5tators1 to arrive at !    
beauties ( ?\ght & elocution1 :i* sprang
 f ! animat$ _s ( society1 & 7 tak5 f ! 
liv+ impressions ( an active life4 ,our 
atta9m5ts are frequ5tly limit$ to !     

elem5ts ( e sci5ce1 & seldom rea* to t  
enl>gem5t ( ability & p[]1 :i* useful k 
%\ld give4 ,l ma!maticians1 :o /udy !   
,elem5ts ( ,euclid1 b1 nev] ?9k (       
m5suration2 we read ( societies1 b d n  
propose to act ) m52 we repeat !        
language ( politics1 b feel n ! _s (    
nations2 we att5d to ! =malities ( a    
milit>y discipl9e1 b "k n h[ to employ  
numb]s ( m5 to obta9 any purpose by     
/ratagem or =ce4  ,b = :at end1 x may be
 said1 po9t out an evil t _c be rem$i$8 
,if national affairs call$ = ex]tion1 ! 
g5ius ( m5 w\ld awake2 b 9 ! recess (   
bett] employm5t1 ! "t :i* is be/[$ on   
/udy1 if ev5 att5d$ ) no o!r advantage1 
s]ves to occupy ) innoc5ce ! h\rs (     
leisure1 & set b\nds to ! pursuit (     
ru9\s & frivol\s amusem5ts4 ,f no bett] 
reason ?an ?is1 we employ s _m ( our    
e>ly ye>s1 "u ! rod1 to acquire1 :at x  
is n expect$ we %\ld reta9 beyond !     
?re%old ( ! s*ool2 & :il/ we c>ry ! same
 frivol\s "* 9 our /udies t we d 9 our  
amusem5ts1 ! human m9d c\ld n suff] m f 

a contempt ( lett]s1 ?an x does f !     
false importance :i* is giv5 to         
lit]ature1 z a bus9ess = life1 n z a    
help to our conduct1 & ! means ( =m+ a  
"* t may be happy 9 itself1 & useful to 
mank9d4  ,if t "t :i* is pass$ 9 relax+ 
! p[]s ( ! m9d1 & 9 )hold+ e object b   
:at t5ds to weak5 & to corrupt1 7       
employ$ 9 =tify+ ^? p[]s1 & 9 tea*+ !   
m9d to recognize its objects1 & its     
/r5g?1 we %\ld n1 at ! ye>s ( maturity1 
be s mu* at a loss = occupation2 nor1 9 
att5d+ ! *ances ( a gam+ table1         
misemploy our tal5ts1 or wa/e ! fire :i*
 rema9s 9 ! brea/4 ,!y1 at lea/1 :o by  
_! /ations h a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( _!    
c\ntry1 might believe !mselves capable (
 bus9ess2 &1 :ile ! /ate _h its armies &
 c\ncils1 might f9d objects en\gh to    
amuse1 )\t ?r[+ a p]sonal =tune into    
haz>d1 m]ely to cure ! yawn+s ( a       
li/less & insignificant life4 ,x is     
impossible = ev] to ma9ta9 ! tone (     
speculation2 x is impossible n sometimes
 to feel t we live among m54            

,,section ,,vi4  ,,( ,,moral ,,s5tim5t4 
,^u a slight obs]vation ( :at passes 9  
human life1 we %\ld be apt to conclude1 
t ! c>e ( subsi/5ce is ! pr9cipal spr+ (
 human actions4 ,?is consid]ation leads 
to ! inv5tion & practice ( me*anical    
arts2 x s]ves to di/+ui% amusem5t f     
bus9ess2 &1 ) _m1 sc>cely admits into   
competition any o!r subject ( pursuit or
 att5tion4 ,! mighty advantages (       
prop]ty & =tune1 :5 /ript ( !           
recomm5dations !y d]ive f vanity1 or ! m
 s]i\s reg>ds to indep5d5ce & p[]1 only 
mean a provision t is made = animal     
enjoym5t2 & if our solicitude on ?is    
subject 7 remov$1 n only ! toils ( !    
me*anic1 b ! /udies ( ! le>n$1 w\ld     
cease2 e dep>tm5t ( public bus9ess w\ld 
become unnecess>y2 e s5ate h\se w\ld be 
%ut up1 & e palace des]t$4  ,is man     
!re=e1 9 respect to 8 object1 to be     
class$ ) ! m]e brutes1 & only to be     
di/+ui%$ by faculties t qualify him to  
multiply contrivances = ! support &     
conv5i5ce ( animal life1 & by ! ext5t ( 

a fancy t r5d]s ! c>e ( animal          
pres]vation to him m bur!nsome ?an x is 
to ! h]d ) :i* he %>es 9 ! b\nty (      
nature8 ,if ?is 7 8 case1 ! joy :i*     
att5ds on success1 or ! griefs :i* arise
 f disappo9tm5t1 w\ld make ! sum ( 8    
passions4 ,! torr5t t wa/$1 or !        
inundation t enri*$1 8 possessions1 w\ld
 give him all ! emotion ) :i* he is     
seiz$1 on ! occasion ( a wrong by :i* 8 
=tunes are impair$1 or ( a b5efit by :i*
 !y are pres]v$ & enl>g$4 ,8 fell[      
creatures w\ld be consid]$ m]ely z !y   
affect$ 8 int]e/4 ,pr(it or loss w\ld   
s]ve to m>k ! ev5t ( e transaction2 & ! 
epi!ts useful or detrim5tal w\ld s]ve to
 di/+ui% 8 mates 9 society1 z !y d !    
tree :i* be>s pl5ty ( fruit1 f t :i*    
only cumb]s ! gr\nd1 or int]cepts 8     
view4  ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! hi/ory ( our 
species4 ,:at comes f a fell[ creature  
is receiv$ ) peculi> emotion2 & e       
language ab\nds ) t]ms t express some:at
 9 ! transactions ( m51 diff]5t f       
success & disappo9tm5t4 ,! bosom k9dles 

9 company1 :ile ! po9t ( int]e/ 9 view  
has no?+ to inflame2 & a matt] frivol\s 
9 itself1 becomes important1 :5 x s]ves 
to br+ to light ! int5tions & *>act]s ( 
m54 ,! =eign]1 :o believ$ t ,o!llo1 on !
 /age1 0 enrag$ = ! loss ( 8 h&k]*ief1 0
 n m mi/ak51 ?an ! reason] :o imputes   
any ( ! m vehem5t passions ( m5 to !    
impressions ( m]e pr(it or loss4  ,m5   
assemble to delib]ate on bus9ess2 !y    
sep>ate f jeal\sies ( int]e/2 b 9 _!    
sev]al collisions1 :e!r z fri5ds or z   
enemies1 a fire is /ruck out :i* !      
reg>ds to int]e/ or safety _c conf9e4 ,!
 value ( a fav\r is n measur$ :5        
s5tim5ts ( k9dness are p]ceiv$2 & ! t]m 
mis=tune has b a feeble mean+1 :5 comp>$
 to t ( insult & wrong4  ,z actors or   
spectators1 we are p]petually made to   
feel ! diff]5ce ( human conduct1 & f a  
b>e recital ( transactions1 :i* h pass$ 
9 ages & c\ntries remote f our own1 are 
mov$ ) admiration & pity1 or transport$ 
) indignation & rage4 ,our s5sibility on
 ?is subject gives _! *>m 9 retirem5t1  

to ! relations ( hi/ory & to ! fictions 
( poetry2 s5ds =? ! te> ( compassion1   
gives to ! blood its briske/ movem5t1 & 
to ! eye its livelie/ glances (         
displeasure or joy4 ,x turns human life 
into an int]e/+ spectacle1 & p]petually 
solicits ev5 ! indol5t to mix1 z        
oppon5ts or fri5ds1 9 ! sc5es :i* are   
act$ be=e !m4 ,jo9$ to ! p[]s (         
delib]ation & reason1 x con/itutes !    
basis ( a moral nature2 &1 :il/ x       
dictates ! t]ms ( praise & ( blame1     
s]ves to class our fell[ creatures1 by !
 mo/ admirable & engag+1 or ! mo/ odi\s 
& contemptible d5om9ations4  ,x is      
pleasant to f9d m51 :o 9 _! speculations
 d5y ! reality ( moral di/9ctions1 =get 
9 detail ! g5]al positions !y ma9ta91 & 
give loose to ridicule1 indignation1 &  
scorn1 z if any ( ^! s5tim5ts c\ld h    
place1 7 ! actions ( m5 indiff]5t2 or ) 
acrimony pret5d to detect ! fraud by :i*
 moral re/ra9ts h be5 impos$1 z if to   
c5sure a fraud 7 n already to take a "p 
on ! side ( morality4 ,footnote3        

,m&eville4  ,c we expla9 ! pr9ciples ^u 
:i* mank9d adjudge ! pref]5ce ( *>act]s1
 & ^u :i* !y indulge su* vehem5t        
emotions ( admiration or contempt8 ,if x
 be admitt$ t we _c1 are ! facts less   
true8 ,or mu/ we susp5d ! movem5ts ( !  
he>t1 until !y :o are employ$ 9 fram+   
sy/ems ( sci5ce h discov]$ ! pr9ciple f 
:i* ^? movem5ts proce$8 ,if a f+] burn1 
we c>e n = in=mation on ! prop]ties (   
fire3 if ! he>t be torn1 or ! m9d       
ov]joy$1 we h n leisure = speculations  
on ! subjects ( moral s5sibility4  ,x is
 =tunate 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r articles to :i* 
speculation & !ory are appli$1 t nature 
proce$s 9 h] c\rse1 :il/ ! curi\s are   
busi$ 9 ! se>* ( h] pr9ciples4 ,!       
peasant1 or ! *ild1 c reason1 & judge1 &
 speak 8 language ) a disc]nm5t1 a      
consi/5cy1 & a reg>d to analogy1 :i*    
p]plex ! logician1 ! morali/1 & !       
gramm>ian1 :5 !y w\ld f9d ! pr9ciple ^u 
:i* ! proce$+ is f\nd$1 or :5 !y w\ld   
br+ to g5]al rule1 :at is s famili>1 & s
 well su/a9$ 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,!       

felicity ( our conduct is m ow+ to !    
tal5t we possess = detail1 & to !       
sugge/ion ( p>ticul> occasions1 ?an x is
 to any direction we c f9d 9 !ory &     
g5]al speculations4  ,we mu/1 9 ! result
 ( e inquiry1 enc\nt] ) facts :i* we _c 
expla92 & to be> ) ?is mortification    
w\ld save u frequ5tly a great deal (    
fruitless tr\ble4 ,toge!r ) ! s5se ( our
 exi/5ce1 we mu/ admit _m circum/ances  
:i* come to our k at ! same "t1 & 9 !   
same mann]2 & :i* d1 9 reality1         
con/itute ! mode ( our be+4 ,e peasant w
 tell u1 t a man ha? 8 rights2 & t to   
trespass on ^? rights is inju/ice4 ,if  
we ask him f>!r1 :at he means by ! t]m  
"r8 we probably =ce him to sub/itute a  
less significant1 or less prop] t]m1 9 !
 place ( ?is2 or require him to acc\nt =
 :at is an orig9al mode ( 8 m9d1 & a    
s5tim5t to :i* he ultimately ref]s1 :5  
he w\ld expla9 himself ^u any p>ticul>  
application ( 8 language4  ,! rights (  
individuals may relate to a v>iety (    
subjects1 & be compreh5d$ "u diff]5t    

heads4 ,prior to ! e/abli%m5t ( prop]ty1
 & ! di/9ction ( ranks1 m5 h a "r to    
def5d _! p]sons1 & to act ) fre$om2 !y h
 a "r to ma9ta9 ! appreh5sions ( reason1
 & ! feel+s ( ! he>t2 & !y _c = a mom5t 
associate toge!r1 )\t feel+ t ! treatm5t
 !y give or receive may be j or unju/4  
,x is n1 h[ev]1 our bus9ess "h to c>ry !
 notion ( a "r into its sev]al          
applications1 b to reason on ! s5tim5t (
 fav\r ) :i* t notion is ent]ta9$ 9 !   
m9d4 ,if x be true1 t m5 are unit$ by   
in/9ct1 t !y act 9 society f affections 
( k9dness & fri5d%ip2 if x be true1 t   
ev5 prior to acqua9tance & habitude1 m51
 z su*1 are commonly to ea* o!r objects 
( att5tion1 & "s degree ( reg>d2 t :ile 
_! prosp]ity is beheld ) indiff]5ce1 _! 
afflictions are consid]$ ) commis]ation2
 if calamities be measur$ by ! numb]s & 
! qualities ( m5 !y involve2 & if e     
suff]+ ( a fell[ creature draws a cr[d (
 att5tive spectators2 if1 ev5 9 ! case (
 ^? to :om we d n habitually wi% any    
positive good1 we are /ill av]se to be !

 in/rum5ts ( h>m2 x %\ld seem1 t 9 ^!   
v>i\s appe>ances ( an amicable          
disposition1 ! f\ndations ( a moral     
appreh5sion are suffici5tly laid1 & !   
s5se ( a "r :i* we ma9ta9 = ourselves1  
is by a movem5t ( humanity & c&\r ext5d$
 to our fell[ creatures4  ,:at is x t   
prompts ! tongue :5 we c5sure an act (  
cruelty or oppression8 ,:at is x t      
con/itutes our re/ra9t f (f5ces t t5d to
 di/ress our fell[ creatures8 ,x is     
probably1 9 bo? cases1 a p>ticul>       
application ( t pr9ciple1 :i*1 9 pres5ce
 ( ! sorr[ful1 s5ds =? ! te> (          
compassion2 & a comb9ation ( all ^?     
s5tim5ts1 :i* con/itute a b5evol5t      
disposition2 & if n a resolution to d   
good1 at lea/ an av]sion to be !        
in/rum5t ( h>m4 ,footnote3 ,mank9d1 we  
are told1 are devot$ to int]e/2 & ?is1 9
 all comm]cial nations1 is und\bt$ly    
true4 ,b x does n foll[1 t !y are1 by _!
 natural dispositions1 av]se to society 
& mutual affection3 pro(s ( ! contr>y   
rema91 ev5 :]e int]e/ triumphs mo/4 ,:at

 mu/ we ?9k ( ! =ce ( t disposition to  
compassion1 to c&\r1 & good w1 :i*1     
not)/&+ ! prevail+ op9ion t ! happ9ess (
 a man consi/s 9 possess+ ! greate/     
possible %>e ( ri*es1 pref]m5ts1 &      
hon\rs1 /ill keeps ! p>ties :o are 9    
competition = ^? objects1 on a tol]able 
foot+ ( amity1 & leads !m to ab/a9 ev5 f
 _! own suppos$ good1 :5 _! seiz+ x     
appe>s 9 ! light ( a detrim5t to o!rs8  
,:at might we n expect f ! human he>t 9 
circum/ances :i* prev5t$ ?is appreh5sion
 on ! subject ( =tune1 or "u ! influ5ce 
( an op9ion z /eady & g5]al z ! =m]1 t  
human felicity does n consi/ 9 !        
indulg5ces ( animal appetite1 b 9 ^? ( a
 b5evol5t he>t2 n 9 =tune or int]e/1 b 9
 ! contempt ( ?is v object1 9 ! c\rage &
 fre$om :i* arise f ?is contempt1 jo9$  
to a resolute *oice ( conduct1 direct$  
to ! good ( mank9d1 or to ! good ( t    
p>ticul> society to :i* ! p>ty belongs8 
,x may be difficult1 h[ev]1 to enum]ate 
! motives ( all ! c5sures & comm5dations
 :i* are appli$ to ! actions ( m54 ,ev5 

:ile we moralize1 e disposition ( !     
human m9d may h its %>e 9 =m+ ! judgm5t1
 & 9 prompt+ ! tongue4 ,z jeal\sy is (t5
 ! mo/ wat*ful gu>dian ( *a/ity1 s      
malice is (t5 ! quicke/ to spy ! fail+s 
( our neighb\r4 ,envy1 affectation1 &   
vanity1 may dictate ! v]dicts we give1 &
 ! wor/ pr9ciples ( our nature may be at
 ! bottom ( our pret5d$ zeal = morality2
 b if we only mean to inquire1 :y !y :o 
are well dispos$ to mank9d appreh5d1 9 e
 in/ance1 c]ta9 rights p]ta9+ to _!     
fell[ creatures1 & :y !y applaud !      
consid]ation t is paid to ^? rights1 we 
_c assign a bett] reason1 ?an t ! p]son 
:o applauds1 is well dispos$ to ! welf>e
 ( ! p>ties to :om 8 applauses ref]4    
,applause1 h[ev]1 is ! expression ( a   
peculi> s5tim5t2 an expression ( e/eem !
 rev]se ( contempt4 ,its object is      
p]fection1 ! rev]se ( defect4 ,?is      
s5tim5t is n ! love ( mank9d2 x is t by 
:i* we e/imate ! qualities ( m51 & !    
objects ( our pursuit2 t :i* d\bles !   
=ce ( e desire or av]sion1 :5 we consid]

 its object z t5d+ to raise or to s9k   
our nature4  ,:5 we consid]1 t ! reality
 ( any amicable prop5sity 9 ! human m9d 
has be5 frequ5tly conte/$2 :5 we        
recollect ! preval5ce ( int]e/$         
competitions1 ) _! att5dant passions (  
jeal\sy1 envy1 & malice2 x may seem     
/range to allege1 t love & compassion   
are1 next to ! desire ( elevation1 ! mo/
 p[]ful motives 9 ! human brea/3 ,t !y  
urge1 on _m occasions1 ) ! mo/          
irresi/ible vehem5ce2 & if ! desire (   
self pres]vation be m con/ant1 & m      
uni=m1 ^! are a m pl5tiful s\rce (      
en?usiasm1 satisfaction1 & joy4 ,) a p[]
 n inf]ior to t ( res5tm5t & rage1 !y   
hurry ! m9d into e sacrifice ( int]e/1 &
 be> x undismay$ ?r\gh e h>d%ip & dang]4
  ,! disposition on :i* fri5d%ip is     
graft$1 gl[s ) satisfaction 9 ! h\rs (  
tranquillity1 & is pleasant1 n only 9   
its triumphs1 b ev5 9 its sorr[s4 ,x    
?r[s a grace on ! ext]nal air1 &1 by its
 expression on ! c\nt5ance1 comp5sates =
 ! want ( beauty1 or gives a *>m :i* no 

complexion or features c equal4 ,f ?is  
s\rce ! sc5es ( human life d]ive _!     
pr9cipal felicity2 & _! imitations 9    
poetry1 _! pr9cipal ornam5t4            
,descriptions ( nature1 ev5             
repres5tations ( a vigor\s conduct1 & a 
manly c\rage1 d n engage ! he>t1 if !y  
be n mix$ ) ! exhibition ( g5]\s        
s5tim5ts1 & ! pa!tic1 :i* is f\nd to    
arise 9 ! /ruggles1 ! triumphs1 or !    
mis=tunes ( a t5d] affection4 ,! dea? ( 
,polites1 9 ! ,a5eid1 is n m affect+ ?an
 t ( _m o!rs :o p]i%$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,troy2 
b ! ag$ ,priam 0 pres5t :5 ?is la/ ( 8  
sons 0 sla92 & ! agonies ( grief & sorr[
 =ce ! p>5t f 8 retreat1 to fall by ! h&
 t %$ ! blood ( 8 *ild4 ,! pa!tic (     
,hom] consi/s 9 exhibit+ ! =ce (        
affections1 n 9 excit+ m]e t]ror & pity2
 passions he has nev] p]haps1 9 any     
in/ance1 attempt$ to raise4  ,) ?is     
t5d5cy to k9dle into en?usiasm1 ) ?is   
comm& ov] ! he>t1 ) ! pleasure t att5ds 
its emotions1 & ) all its effects 9     
m]it+ confid5ce & procur+ e/eem1 x is n 

surpris+1 t a pr9ciple ( humanity %\ld  
give ! tone to our comm5dations & our   
c5sures1 & ev5 :]e x is h9d]$ f direct+ 
our conduct1 %\ld /ill give to ! m9d1 on
 reflection1 its k ( :at is desirable 9 
! human "*4 ,:at ha/ ?\ done ) ?y bro!r 
,abel8 0 ! fir/ expo/ulation 9 behalf ( 
morality2 & if ! fir/ answ] has be5 (t5 
repeat$1 mank9d h not)/&+1 9 "o s5se1   
suffici5tly ackn[l$g$ ! *>ge ( _!       
nature4 ,!y h felt1 !y h talk$1 & ev5   
act$1 z ! keep]s ( _! fell[ creatures3  
!y h made ! indications ( c&\r & mutual 
affection ! te/ ( :at is m]itori\s &    
amiable 9 ! *>act]s ( m53 !y h made     
cruelty & oppression ! pr9cipal objects 
( _! indignation & rage3 ev5 :ile ! head
 is occupi$ ) projects ( int]e/1 ! he>t 
is (t5 s$uc$ into fri5d%ip2 & :ile      
bus9ess proce$s on ! maxims ( self      
pres]vation1 ! c>eless h\r is employ$ 9 
g5]osity & k9dness4  ,h5ce ! rule by :i*
 m5 commonly judge ( ext]nal actions1 is
 tak5 f ! suppos$ influ5ce ( su* actions
 on ! g5]al good4 ,to ab/a9 f h>m1 is ! 

great law ( natural ju/ice2 to diffuse  
happ9ess1 is ! law ( morality2 & :5 we  
c5sure ! conf]r+ a fav\r on "o or a few 
at ! exp5se ( _m1 we ref] to public     
utility1 z ! great object at :i* !      
actions ( m5 %\ld be aim$4  ,aft] all1 x
 mu/ be confess$1 t if a pr9ciple (     
affection to mank9d be ! basis ( our    
moral approbation & dislike1 we         
sometimes proce$ 9 di/ribut+ applause or
 c5sure1 )\t precisely att5d+ to !      
degree 9 :i* our fell[ creatures are    
hurt or oblig$2 & t1 besides ! virtues (
 c&\r1 fri5d%ip1 g5]osity1 & public _s1 
:i* be> an imm$iate ref]5ce to ?is      
pr9ciple1 !re are o!rs :i* may seem to  
d]ive _! comm5dation f a diff]5t s\rce4 
,temp]ance1 prud5ce1 =titude1 are ^?    
qualities likewise admir$ f a pr9ciple (
 reg>d to our fell[ creatures8 ,:y n1   
s9ce !y r5d] m5 happy 9 !mselves1 &     
useful to o!rs8 ,he :o is qualifi$ to   
promote ! welf>e ( mank9d1 is nei!r a   
sot1 a fool1 nor a c[>d4 ,c x be m      
cle>ly express$1 t temp]ance1 prud5ce1 &

 =titude1 are necess>y to ! "* we love &
 admire8 ,i "k well :y ,i %\ld wi% = !m 
9 myself2 & :y likewise ,i %\ld wi% = !m
 9 my fri5d1 & 9 e p]son :o is an object
 ( my affection4 ,b to :at purpose seek 
= reasons ( approbation1 :]e qualities  
are s necess>y to our happ9ess1 & s     
great a "p 9 ! p]fection ( our nature8  
,we mu/ cease to e/eem ourselves1 & to  
di/+ui% :at is excell5t1 :5 su*         
qualifications incur our neglect4  ,a   
p]son ( an affectionate m9d1 possess$ ( 
a maxim1 t he himself1 z an individual1 
is no m ?an a "p ( ! :ole t dem&s 8     
reg>d1 has f\nd1 9 t pr9ciple1 a        
suffici5t f\ndation = all ! virtues2 = a
 contempt ( animal pleasures1 t w\ld    
supplant 8 pr9cipal enjoym5t2 = an equal
 contempt ( dang] or pa91 t come to /op 
8 pursuits ( public good4 ,a vehem5t &  
/eady affection magnifies its object1 & 
less5s e difficulty or dang] t /&s 9 !  
way4 ,ask ^? :o h be5 9 love1 says      
,epictetus1 !y w "k t ,i speak ! tru?4  
,i h be=e me1 says ano!r em95t morali/1 

,footnote3 ,p]sian ,lett]s4 an idea (   
ju/ice1 :i* if ,i c\ld foll[ 9 e        
in/ance1 ,i %\ld ?9k myself ! mo/ happy 
( m54 ,& x is ( consequ5ce to _!        
happ9ess1 z well z to _! conduct1 if ^? 
c be disjo9$1 t m5 %\ld h ?is idea      
prop]ly =m$4 ,x is p]haps b ano!r "n = t
 good ( mank9d1 :i* ! virtu\s are engag$
 to promote4 ,if virtue be ! supreme    
good1 its be/ & mo/ signal effect is1 to
 communicate & diffuse itself4  ,to     
di/+ui% m5 by ! diff]5ce ( _! moral     
qualities1 to esp\se "o p>ty f a s5se ( 
ju/ice1 to oppose ano!r ev5 )           
indignation :5 excit$ by iniquity1 are !
 common indications ( probity1 & !      
op]ations ( an animat$1 upright1 & g5]\s
 _s4 ,to gu>d aga9/ unju/ p>tialities1 &
 ill gr\nd$ antipa?ies2 to ma9ta9 t     
composure ( m9d1 :i*1 )\t impair+ its   
s5sibility or ard\r1 proce$s 9 e in/ance
 ) disc]nm5t & p5etration1 are ! m>ks ( 
a vigor\s & cultivat$ _s4 ,to be able to
 foll[ ! dictates ( su* a _s ?r\gh all !
 v>ieties ( human life1 & ) a m9d always

 ma/] ( itself1 9 prosp]ity or adv]sity1
 & possess$ ( all its abilities1 :5 !   
subjects 9 haz>d are life1 or fre$om1 z 
mu* z 9 treat+ simple que/ions ( int]e/1
 are ! triumphs ( magnanimity1 & true   
elevation ( m9d4 ,! ev5t ( ! day is     
decid$4 ,draw ?is javel9 f my body n[1  
said ,epam9ondas1 & let me ble$4  ,9 :at
 situation1 or by :at in/ruction1 is ?is
 wond]ful "* to be =m$8 ,is x f\nd 9 !  
nurs]ies ( affectation1 p]tness1 &      
vanity1 f :i* fa%ion is propagat$1 & !  
g5teel is ann\nc$8 ,9 great & opul5t    
cities1 :]e m5 vie ) ea* o!r 9 equipage1
 dress1 & ! reputation ( =tune8 ,is x )9
 ! admir$ prec9cts ( a c\rt1 :]e we may 
le>n to smile )\t be+ pleas$1 to c>ess  
)\t affection1 to w\nd ) ! secret       
weapons ( envy & jeal\sy1 & to re/ our  
p]sonal importance on circum/ances :i*  
we _c always ) hon\r comm&8 ,no3 b 9 a  
situation :]e ! great s5tim5ts ( ! he>t 
are awak5$2 :]e ! *>act]s ( m51 n _!    
situations & =tunes1 are ! pr9cipal     
di/9ction2 :]e ! anxieties ( int]e/1 or 

vanity1 p]i% 9 ! blaze ( m vigor\s      
emotions2 & :]e ! human s\l1 hav+ felt &
 recognis$ its objects1 l an animal :o  
has ta/$ ! blood ( 8 prey1 _c desc5d to 
pursuits t leave its tal5ts & its =ce   
unemploy$4  ,prop] occasions alone      
op]at+ on a rais$ & a happy disposition1
 may produce ?is admirable effect1 :il/ 
m]e in/ruction may always f9d mank9d at 
a loss to compreh5d its mean+1 or       
ins5sible to its dictates4 ,! case1     
h[ev]1 is n desp]ate1 till we h =m$ our 
sy/em ( politics1 z well z mann]s2 till 
we h sold our fre$om = titles1 equipage1
 & di/9ctions2 till we see no m]it b    
prosp]ity & p[]1 no disgrace b pov]ty & 
neglect4 ,:at *>m ( in/ruction c cure ! 
m9d t is /a9$ ) ?is disord]8 ,:at syr5  
voice c awak5 a desire ( fre$om1 t is   
held to be meanness & a want ( ambition8
 ,or :at p]suasion c turn ! grimace (   
polit5ess into real s5tim5ts ( humanity 
& c&\r8     ,,section ,,vii4  ,,(       
,,happ9ess4   ,hav+ _h "u our           
consid]ation ! active p[]s & ! moral    

qualities :i* di/+ui% ! nature ( man1 is
 x /ill necess>y t we %\ld treat ( 8    
happ9ess ap>t8 ,?is significant t]m1 !  
mo/ frequ5t1 & ! mo/ famili>1 9 our     
conv]sation1 is1 p]haps1 on reflection1 
! lea/ und]/ood4 ,x s]ves to express our
 satisfaction1 :5 any desire is         
gratifi$2 x is pron\nc$ ) a sigh1 :5 our
 object is di/ant3 x means :at we wi% to
 obta91 & :at we seldom /ay to exam9e4  
,we e/imate ! value ( e subject by its  
utility1 & its influ5ce on happ9ess2 b  
we ?9k t utility itself1 & happ9ess1    
require no explanation4  ,^? m5 are     
commonly e/eem$ ! happie/1 ^: desires   
are mo/ frequ5tly ratifi$4 ,b if1 9     
reality1 ! possession ( :at !y desire1 &
 a cont9u$ fruition1 7 requisite to     
happ9ess1 mank9d = ! mo/ "p w\ld h      
reason to compla9 ( _! lot4 ,:at !y call
 _! enjoym5ts1 are g5]ally mom5t>y2 & ! 
object ( sangu9e expectation1 :5 obta9$1
 no long] cont9ues to occupy ! m9d3 a   
new passion succe$s1 & ! imag9ation1 z  
be=e1 is int5t on a di/ant felicity4    

,h[ _m reflections ( ?is sort are       
sugge/$ by melan*oly1 or by ! effects ( 
t v languor & inoccupation into :i* we  
w\ld will+ly s9k1 "u ! notion ( fre$om f
 c>e & tr\ble8  ,:5 we ent] on a =mal   
computation ( ! enjoym5ts or suff]+s :i*
 are prep>$ = mank9d1 x is a *ance b we 
f9d t pa91 by its int5s5ess1 its        
duration1 or frequ5cy1 is greatly       
pr$om9ant4 ,! activity & eag]ness ) :i* 
we press f "o /age ( life to ano!r1 our 
unwill+ness to return on ! pa?s we h    
trod1 our av]sion 9 age to r5ew !       
frolics ( y\?1 or to repeat 9 manhood ! 
amusem5ts ( *ildr51 h be5 accord+ly /at$
 z pro(s1 t our memory ( ! pa/1 & our   
feel+ ( ! pres5t1 are equal subjects (  
dislike & displeasure4 ,footnote3       
,maup]tuis2 ,essai de ,morale4  ,?is    
conclusion1 h[ev]1 l _m o!rs1 drawn f   
our suppos$ k ( causes1 does n          
correspond ) exp]i5ce 9 e /reet1 9 e    
village1 9 e field1 ! great] numb] (    
p]sons we meet1 c>ry an aspect t is     
*e]ful or ?\ghtless1 indiff]5t1 compos$1

 busy or animat$4 ,! lab\r] :i/les to 8 
team1 & ! me*anic is at ease 9 8 call+2 
! frolicksome & gay feel a s]ies (      
pleasures1 ( :i* we "k n ! s\rce2 ev5 !y
 :o demon/rate ! mis]ies ( human life1  
:5 int5t on _! argum5t1 escape f _!     
sorr[s1 & f9d a tol]able pa/ime 9 prov+ 
t m5 are unhappy4  ,! v t]ms pleasure & 
pa91 p]haps1 are equivocal2 b if !y are 
conf9$1 z !y appe> to be 9 _m ( our     
reason+s1 to ! m]e s5sations :i* h a    
ref]5ce to ext]nal objects1 ei!r 9 !    
memory ( ! pa/1 ! feel+ ( ! pres5t1 or !
 appreh5sion ( ! future1 x is a great   
error to suppose1 t !y compreh5d all !  
con/itu5ts ( happ9ess or mis]y2 or t !  
good hum\r ( an ord9>y life is ma9ta9$  
by ! preval5ce ( ^? pleasures1 :i* h _! 
sep>ate names1 & are1 on reflection1    
di/9ctly rememb]$4  ,! m9d1 dur+ !      
great] "p ( its exi/5ce1 is employ$ 9   
active ex]tions1 n 9 m]ely att5d+ to its
 own feel+s ( pleasure or pa92 & ! li/ (
 its faculties1 und]/&+1 memory1        
=esight1 s5tim5t1 w1 & int5tion1 only   

conta9s ! names ( its diff]5t op]ations4
  ,if1 9 ! abs5ce ( e s5sation to :i* we
 commonly give ! names ei!r ( enjoym5t  
or suff]+1 our v exi/5ce may h its      
opposite qualities ( happ9ess or mis]y2 
& if :at we call pleasure or pa91       
occupies b a small "p ( human life1     
comp>$ to :at passes 9 contrivance &    
execution1 9 pursuits & expectations1 9 
conduct1 reflection1 & social           
engagem5ts2 x mu/ appe>1 t our active   
pursuits1 at lea/ on acc\nt ( _!        
duration1 des]ve ! great] "p ( our      
att5tion4 ,:5 _! occasions h fail$1 !   
dem& is n = pleasure1 b = some?+ to d2 &
 ! v compla9ts ( a suff]] are n s sure a
 m>k ( di/ress1 z ! />e ( ! languid4    
,we seldom1 h[ev]1 reckon any task1 :i* 
we are b\nd to p]=m1 among ! bless+s (  
life4 ,we always aim at a p]iod ( pure  
enjoym5t1 or a t]m9ation ( tr\ble2 &    
ov]look ! s\rce f :i* mo/ ( our pres5t  
satisfactions are really drawn4 ,ask !  
busy1 :]e is ! happ9ess to :i* !y       
aspire8 !y w answ]1 p]haps1 t x is to be

 f\nd 9 ! object ( "s pres5t pursuit4   
,if we ask1 :y !y are n mis]able 9 !    
abs5ce ( t happ9ess8 !y w say1 t !y hope
 to atta9 x4 ,b is x hope alone t       
supports ! m9d is ! mid/ ( prec>i\s &   
unc]ta9 prospects8 ,& w\ld assurance (  
success fill ! int]vals ( expectation ) 
m pleas+ emotions8 ,give ! huntsman 8   
prey1 give ! game/] ! gold :i* is /ak$  
on ! game1 t ! "o may n ne$ to fatigue 8
 p]son1 nor ! o!r to p]plex 8 m9d1 & bo?
 w probably laugh at our folly3 ! "o w  
/ake 8 money anew1 t he may be p]plex$2 
! o!r w turn 8 /ag to ! field1 t he may 
he> ! cry ( ! dogs1 & foll[ ?r\gh dang] 
& h>d%ip4 ,)draw ! occupations ( m51    
t]m9ate _! desires1 exi/5ce is a burd51 
& ! it]ation ( memory is a torm5t4  ,!  
m5 ( ?is c\ntry1 says "o lady1 %\ld le>n
 to sew & to knit2 x w\ld h9d] _! "t f  
be+ a burd5 to !mselves1 & to o!r p4 ,t 
is true1 says ano!r2 = my "p1 ?\gh ,i   
nev] look abroad1 ,i tremble at !       
prospect ( bad wea!r2 = !n ! g5tlem5    
come mop+ to u = ent]ta9m5t2 & ! sight (

 a husb& 9 di/ress1 is b a melan*oly    
spectacle4  ,! difficulties & h>d%ips ( 
human life are suppos$ to detract f !   
goodness ( ,god2 yet _m ( ! pa/imes m5  
devise = !mselves are fraught )         
difficulty & dang]4 ,! great inv5tor ( !
 game ( human life1 knew well h[ to     
accommodate ! play]s4 ,! *ances are     
matt] ( compla9t2 b if ^! 7 remov$1 !   
game itself w\ld no long] amuse !       
p>ties4 ,9 devis+1 or 9 execut+ a plan1 
9 be+ c>ri$ on ! tide ( emotion &       
s5tim5t1 ! m9d seems to unfold its be+1 
& to enjoy itself4 ,ev5 :]e ! end & !   
object are kn[n to be ( little avail1 ! 
tal5ts & ! fancy are (t5 int5sely       
appli$1 & bus9ess or play may amuse !m  
alike4 ,we only desire repose to recruit
 our limit$ & our wa/+ =ce3 :5 bus9ess  
fatigues1 amusem5t is (t5 b a *ange (   
occupation4 ,we are n always unhappy1   
ev5 :5 we compla94 ,!re is a k9d (      
affliction :i* makes an agreeable /ate (
 ! m9d2 & lam5tation itself is sometimes
 an expression ( pleasure4 ,! pa9t] & ! 

poet h laid hold ( ?is h&le1 & f9d1     
among ! means ( ent]ta9m5t1 a fav\rable 
reception = works t are compos$ to awak5
 our sorr[s4  ,to a be+ ( ?is           
description1 !re=e1 x is a bless+ to    
meet ) inc5tives to action1 :e!r 9 !    
desire ( pleasure1 or ! av]sion to pa94 
,8 activity is ( m importance ?an ! v   
pleasure he seeks1 & languor a great]   
evil ?an ! suff]+ he %uns4  ,!          
gratifications ( animal appetite are (  
%ort duration2 & s5suality is b a       
di/emp] ( ! m9d1 :i* ought to be cur$ by
 remembrance1 if x 7 n p]petually       
inflam$ by hope4 ,! *ase is n m surely  
t]m9at$ by ! dea? ( ! game1 ?an ! joys (
 ! voluptu>y by ! means ( complet+ 8    
debau*4 ,z a b& ( society1 z a matt] (  
di/ant pursuit1 ! objects ( s5se make an
 important "p 9 ! sy/em ( human life4   
,!y lead u to fulfil ! purposes (       
nature1 9 pres]v+ ! individual1 & 9     
p]petuat+ ! species2 b to rely on _! use
 z a pr9cipal con/itu5t ( happ9ess1 7 an
 error 9 speculation1 & w\ld be /ill m  

an error 9 practice4 ,ev5 ! ma/] ( !    
s]aglio1 = :om all ! treasures ( empire 
are extort$ f ! ho>ds ( its fright$     
inhabitants1 = :om alone ! *oice/ em]ald
 & ! diamond are drawn f ! m9e1 = :om e 
breeze is enri*$ ) p]fumes1 = :om beauty
 is assembl$ f e qu>t]1 &1 animat$ by   
passions t rip5 "u ! v]tical sun1 is    
conf9$ to ! grate = 8 use1 is /ill1     
p]haps1 m wret*$ ?an ! v h]d ( ! p1 ^:  
lab\rs & prop]ties are devot$ to relieve
 him ( tr\ble1 & to procure him         
enjoym5t4  ,s5suality is easily ov]come 
by any ( ! habits ( pursuit :i* usually 
engage an active m9d4 ,:5 curiosity is  
awake1 or :5 passion is excit$1 ev5 9 ! 
mid/ ( ! fea/ :5 conv]sation gr[s w>m1  
gr[s jovial1 or s]i\s1 ! pleasures ( !  
table we "k are =gott54 ,! boy contemns 
!m = play1 & ! man ( age decl9es !m =   
bus9ess4  ,:5 we reckon ! circum/ances t
 correspond to ! nature ( any animal1 or
 to t ( man 9 p>ticul>1 su* z safety1   
%elt]1 food1 & ! o!r means ( enjoym5t1  
or pres]vation1 we sometimes ?9k t we h 

f\nd a s5sible & a solid f\ndation on   
:i* to re/ 8 felicity4 ,b ^? :o are lea/
 dispos$ to moralize1 obs]ve1 t happ9ess
 is n connect$ ) =tune1 al?\gh =tune    
includes at once all ! means (          
subsi/5ce1 & ! means ( s5sual indulg5ce4
 ,! circum/ances t require ab/95ce1     
c\rage1 & conduct1 expose u to haz>d1 & 
are 9 description ( ! pa9ful k9d2 yet ! 
able1 ! brave1 & ! ard5t1 seem mo/ to   
enjoy !mselves :5 plac$ 9 ! mid/ (      
difficulties1 & oblig$ to employ ! p[]s 
!y possess4  ,sp9ola be+ told1 t ,sir   
,francis ,v]e di$ ( hav+ no?+ to d1     
said1 ,t 0 en\gh to kill a g5]al4       
,footnote3 ,life ( ,"l ,h]b]t4 ,h[ _m   
are !re to :om w> itself is a pa/ime1 :o
 *oose ! life ( a soldi]1 expos$ to     
dang]s & cont9u$ fatigues2 ( a m>9]1 9  
conflict ) e h>d%ip1 & b]eft ( e        
conv5i5cy2 ( a politician1 ^: sport is !
 conduct ( p>ties & factions2 & :o1 r   
?an be idle1 w d ! bus9ess ( m5 & (     
nations = :om he has n ! smalle/ reg>d8 
,su* m5 d n *oose pa9 z pref]able to    

pleasure1 b !y are incit$ by a re/less  
disposition to make cont9u$ ex]tions (  
capacity & resolution2 !y triumph 9 !   
mid/ ( _! /ruggles2 !y droop1 & !y      
langui%1 :5 ! occasion ( _! lab\r has   
ceas$4  ,:at 0 enjoym5t1 9 ! s5se ( t   
y\?1 :o1 accord+ to ,tacitus1 lov$ dang]
 itself1 n ! rew>ds ( c\rage8 ,:at is ! 
prospect ( pleasure1 :5 ! s\nd ( ! horn 
or ! trumpet1 ! cry ( ! dogs1 or ! %\t (
 w>1 awak5 ! ard\r ( ! sportsman & !    
soldi]8 ,! mo/ animat+ occasions ( human
 life1 are calls to dang] & h>d%ip1 n   
invitations to safety & ease3 & man     
himself1 9 8 excell5ce1 is n an animal (
 pleasure1 nor de/9$ m]ely to enjoy :at 
! elem5ts br+ to 8 use2 b l 8           
associates1 ! dog & ! horse1 to foll[ ! 
ex]cises ( 8 nature1 9 pref]5ce to :at  
are call$ its enjoym5ts2 to p9e 9 ! lap 
( ease & ( afflu5ce1 & to exult 9 ! mid/
 ( al>ms t seem to ?reat5 8 be+1 9 all  
:i*1 8 disposition to action only keeps 
pace ) ! v>iety ( p[]s ) :i* he is      
furni%$2 & ! mo/ respectable attributes 

( 8 nature1 magnanimity1 =titude1 &     
wisdom1 c>ry a manife/ ref]5ce to !     
difficulties ) :i* he is de/9$ to       
/ruggle4  ,if animal pleasure becomes   
insipid :5 ! _s is r\s$ by a diff]5t    
object1 x is well kn[n1 likewise1 t !   
s5se ( pa9 is prev5t$ by any vehem5t    
affection ( ! s\l4 ,w\nds receiv$ 9 a   
heat ( passion1 9 ! hurry1 ! ard\r1 or  
con/]nation ( battle1 are nev] felt till
 ! f]m5t ( ! m9d subsides4 ,ev5 torm5ts1
 delib]ately appli$1 & indu/ri\sly      
prolong$1 are borne ) firmness1 & ) an  
appe>ance ( ease1 :5 ! m9d is possess$ )
 "s vigor\s s5tim5t1 :e!r ( religion1   
en?usiasm1 or love to mank9d4 ,! cont9u$
 mortifications ( sup]/iti\s devotees 9 
sev]al ages ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 ! wild   
p5ances1 /ill volunt>ily borne1 dur+ _m 
ye>s1 by ! religioni/s ( ! ea/2 !       
contempt 9 :i* fam9e & torture are held 
by mo/ savage nations2 ! *e]ful or      
ob/9ate pati5ce ( ! soldi] 9 ! field2 ! 
h>d%ips endur$ by ! sportsman 9 8       
pa/ime1 %[ h[ mu* we may err 9 comput+ !

 mis]ies ( m51 f ! measures ( tr\ble & (
 suff]+ !y seem to incur4 ,& if !re be a
 ref9em5t 9 affirm+ t _! happ9ess is n  
to be measur$ by ! contr>y enjoym5ts1 x 
is a ref9em5t :i* 0 made by ,regulus &  
,c9c9natus be=e ! date ( philosophy4    
,fabricius knew x :ile he _h he>d       
argum5ts only on ! opposite side4       
,footnote3 ,plut>* 9 ,vit4 ,pyrrh4 ,x is
 a ref9em5t1 :i* e boy kn[s at 8 play1 &
 e savage confirms1 :5 he looks f 8 =e/ 
on ! pacific city1 & scorns !           
plantation1 ^: ma/] he c>es n to        
imitate4  ,man1 x mu/ be confess$1      
not)/&+ all ?is activity ( 8 m9d1 is an 
animal 9 ! full ext5t ( t designation4  
,:5 ! body sick5s1 ! m9d droops2 & :5 ! 
blood ceases to fl[1 ! s\l takes its    
dep>ture4 ,*>g$ ) ! c>e ( 8 pres]vation1
 admoni%$ by a s5se ( pleasure or pa91 &
 gu>d$ by an in/9ctive fe> ( dea?1      
nature has n intru/$ 8 safety to ! m]e  
vigilance ( 8 und]/&+1 nor to ! gov]nm5t
 ( 8 unc]ta9 reflections4  ,! di/9ction 
betwixt m9d & body is foll[$ by         

consequ5ces ( ! greate/ importance2 b ! 
facts to :i* we n[ ref]1 are n f\nd$ on 
any t5ets :atev]4 ,!y are equally true1 
:e!r we admit or reject1 ! di/9ction 9  
"q1 or :e!r we suppose1 t ?is liv+ ag5t 
is =m$ ( "o1 or is an assemblage (      
sep>ate natures4 ,& ! mat]iali/1 by     
treat+ ( man z ( an eng9e1 _c make any  
*ange 9 ! /ate ( 8 hi/ory4 ,he is a be+1
 :o1 by a multiplicity ( visible organs1
 p]=ms a v>iety ( functions4 ,he b5ds 8 
jo9ts1 contracts or relaxes 8 muscles 9 
our sight4 ,he cont9ues ! beat+ ( ! he>t
 9 8 brea/1 & ! fl[+ ( ! blood to e "p (
 8 frame4 ,he p]=ms o!r op]ations :i* we
 _c ref] to any corporeal organ4 ,he    
p]ceives1 he recollects1 & =eca/s2 he   
desires1 & he %uns2 he admires1 &       
contemns4 ,he enjoys 8 pleasures1 or he 
endures 8 pa94 ,all ^! diff]5t          
functions1 9 "s measure1 g well or ill  
toge!r4 ,:5 ! motion ( ! blood is       
languid1 ! muscles relax1 ! und]/&+ is  
t>dy1 & ! fancy is dull3 :5 di/emp]     
assails him1 ! physician mu/ att5d no   

less to :at he ?9ks1 ?an1 to :at he     
eats1 & exam9e ! returns ( 8 passion1   
toge!r ) ! /rokes ( 8 pulse4  ,) all 8  
sagacity1 8 precautions1 & 8 in/9cts1   
:i* are giv5 to pres]ve 8 be+1 he       
p>takes 9 ! fate ( o!r animals1 & seems 
to be =m$ only t he may die4 ,myriads   
p]i% be=e !y rea* ! p]fection ( _! k9d2 
& ! individual1 ) an option to owe !    
prolongation ( 8 tempor>y c\rse to      
resolution & conduct1 or to abject fe>1 
frequ5tly *ooses ! latt]1 &1 by a habit 
( timidity1 embitt]s ! life he is s     
int5t to pres]ve4  ,man1 h[ev]1 at      
times1 exempt$ f ?is mortify+ lot1 seems
 to act )\t any reg>d to ! l5g? ( 8     
p]iod4 ,:5 he ?9ks int5sely1 or desires 
) ard\r1 pleasures & pa9s f any o!r     
qu>t] assail him 9 va94 ,ev5 9 8 dy+    
h\r1 ! muscles acquire a tone f 8 _s1 & 
! m9d seems to dep>t 9 its vig\r1 & 9 ! 
mid/ ( a /ruggle to obta9 ! rec5t aim ( 
its toil4 ,muley ,moluck1 borne on 8    
litt]1 & sp5t ) disease1 /ill f\ght !   
battle1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he expir$2 & !   

la/ ef=t he made1 ) a f+] on 8 lips1 0 a
 signal to conceal 8 dea?2 ,footnote3   
,v]lot's ,revolutions ( ,portugal !     
precaution1 p]haps1 ( all :i* he _h     
hi!rto tak51 ! mo/ necess>y to prev5t a 
defeat4  ,c no reflections aid u 9      
acquir+ ?is habit ( ! s\l1 s useful 9   
c>ry+ u ?r\gh _m ( ! ord9>y sc5es (     
life8 ,if we say1 t !y _c1 ! reality (  
its happ9ess is n ! less evid5t4 ,!     
,greeks & ! ,romans consid]$ contempt ( 
pleasure1 endurance ( pa91 & neglect (  
life1 z em95t qualities ( a man1 & a    
pr9cipal subject ( discipl9e4 ,!y tru/$1
 t ! vigor\s _s w\ld f9d wor?y objects  
on :i* to employ its =ce2 & t ! fir/ /ep
 t[>ds a resolute *oice ( su* objects1 0
 to %ake (f ! meanness ( a solicit\s &  
timor\s m9d4  ,mank9d1 9 g5]al1 h c\rt$ 
occasions to display _! c\rage1 &       
frequ5tly1 9 se>* ( admiration1 h       
pres5t$ a spectacle1 :i* to ^? :o h     
ceas$ to reg>d =titude on its own       
acc\nt1 becomes a subject ( horror4     
,scevola held 8 arm 9 ! fire1 to %ake ! 

s\l ( ,pors5na4 ,! savage inures 8 body 
to ! torture1 t 9 ! h\r ( trial he may  
exult ov] 8 enemy4 ,ev5 ! ,mussulman    
te>s 8 fle% to w9 ! he>t ( 8 mi/ress1 & 
comes 9 gaiety /ream+ ) blood1 to %ew t 
he des]ves h] e/eem4 ,footnote3 ,lett]s 
( ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,lady ,m>y ,wortley  
,montagu4  ,"s nations c>ry ! practice (
 inflict+1 or ( sport+ ) pa91 to a      
degree t is ei!r cruel or absurd2 o!rs  
reg>d e prospect ( bodily suff]+ z !    
greate/ ( evils2 & 9 ! mid/ ( _!        
tr\bles1 embitt] e real affliction1 ) ! 
t]rors ( a feeble & deject$ imag9ation4 
,we are n b\nd to answ] = ! follies (   
ei!r1 nor1 9 treat+ a "q :i* relates to 
! nature ( man1 make an e/imate ( its   
/r5g? or its weakness1 f ! habits or    
appreh5sions peculi> to any nation or   
age4     ,,section ,,viii4  ,,! ,,same  
,,subject ,,cont9u$4   ,:oev] has comp>$
 toge!r ! diff]5t conditions & mann]s ( 
m51 "u v>ieties ( education or =tune1 w 
be satisfi$1 t m]e situation does n     
con/itute _! happ9ess or mis]y2 nor a   

div]sity ( ext]nal obs]vances imply any 
opposition ( s5tim5ts on ! subject (    
morality4 ,!y express _! k9dness & _!   
enmity1 9 diff]5t actions2 b k9dness or 
enmity is /ill ! pr9cipal article (     
consid]ation 9 human life4 ,!y engage 9 
diff]5t pursuits1 or acquiesce 9 diff]5t
 conditions2 b act f passions ne>ly !   
same4 ,!re is no precise measure (      
accommodation requir$ to suit _!        
conv5i5cy1 nor any degree ( dang] or    
safety "u :i* !y are peculi>ly fitt$ to 
act4 ,c\rage & g5]osity1 fe> & envy1 are
 n peculi> to any /ation or ord] ( m52  
nor is !re any condition 9 :i* "s ( !   
human race h n %[n1 t x is possible to  
employ1 ) propriety1 ! tal5ts & virtues 
( _! species4  ,:at1 !n1 is t my/]i\s ?+
 call$ ,happ9ess :i* may h place 9 su* a
 v>iety ( /ations1 & to :i*             
circum/ances1 9 "o age or nation ?\ght  
necess>y1 are 9 ano!r held to be        
de/ructive or ( no effect8 ,x is n !    
succession ( m]e animal pleasures1 :i*1 
ap>t f ! occupation or ! company 9 :i*  

!y engage u1 c fill up b a few mom5ts 9 
human life4 ,on too frequ5t a           
repetition1 ^? pleasures turn to satiety
 & disgu/2 !y te> ! con/itution to :i*  
!y are appli$ 9 excess1 &1 l ! lightn+ (
 night1 only s]ve to d>k5 ! gloom ?r\gh 
:i* !y occasionally break4 ,happ9ess is 
n t /ate ( repose1 or t imag9>y fre$om f
 c>e1 :i* at a di/ance is s frequ5t an  
object ( desire1 b ) its approa* br+s a 
t$ium1 or a languor1 m unsupportable ?an
 pa9 itself4 ,if ! prec$+ obs]vations on
 ?is subject be j1 x arises m f !       
pursuit1 ?an f ! atta9m5t ( any end     
:atev]2 & 9 e new situation to :i* we   
arrive1 ev5 9 ! c\rse ( a prosp]\s life1
 x dep5ds m on ! degree 9 :i* our m9ds  
are prop]ly employ$1 ?an x does on !    
circum/ances 9 :i* we are de/9$ to act1 
on ! mat]ials :i* are plac$ 9 our h&s1  
or ! tools ) :i* we are furni%$4  ,if   
?is be confess$ 9 respect to t class (  
pursuits :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! "n (     
amusem5t1 & :i*1 9 ! case ( m5 :o are   
commonly deem$ ! mo/ happy1 occupy !    

great] "p ( human life1 we may appreh5d1
 t x holds1 mu* m ?an is commonly       
suspect$1 9 _m cases ( bus9ess1 :]e !   
end to be ga9$1 & n ! occupation1 is    
suppos$ to h ! pr9cipal value4  ,! mis] 
himself1 we are told1 c sometimes       
consid] ! c>e ( 8 weal? z a pa/ime1 &   
has *all5g$ 8 heir1 to h m pleasure 9   
sp5d+1 ?an he 9 amass+ 8 =tune4 ,) ?is  
degree ( indiff]5ce to :at may be !     
conduct ( o!rs2 ) ?is conf9em5t ( 8 c>e 
to :at he has *os5 z 8 own prov9ce1 m   
especially if he has conqu]$ 9 himself !
 passions ( jeal\sy & envy1 :i* te> !   
covet\s m9d2 :y may n ! man ^: object is
 money1 be und]/ood to lead a life (    
amusem5t & pleasure1 n only m entire ?an
 t ( ! sp5d?rift1 b ev5 z mu* z !       
virtuoso1 ! s*ol>1 ! man ( ta/e1 or any 
( t class ( p]sons :o h f\nd out a me?od
 ( pass+ _! leisure )\t (f5ce1 & to :om 
! acquisitions made1 or ! works produc$1
 9 _! sev]al ways1 p]haps1 are z useless
 z ! bag to ! mis]1 or ! c\nt] to ^? :o 
play f m]e dissipation at any game (    

skill or ( *ance8  ,we are soon tir$ (  
div]sions t d n approa* to ! nature (   
bus9ess2 t is1 t d n engage "s passion1 
or give an ex]cise proportion$ to our   
tal5ts1 & our faculties4 ,! *ace & !    
gam+ table h ea* _! dang]s &            
difficulties1 to excite & employ ! m9d4 
,all games ( cont5tion animate our      
emulation1 & give a species ( p>ty zeal4
 ,! ma!matician is only to be amus$ )   
intricate problems1 ! lawy] & ! casui/ )
 cases t try _! subtilty1 & occupy _!   
judgm5t4  ,! desire ( active engagem5ts1
 l e o!r natural appetite1 may be c>ri$ 
to excess2 & m5 may debau* 9 amusem5ts1 
z well z 9 ! use ( w9e1 or o!r          
intoxicat+ liquors4 ,at fir/1 a trifl+  
/ake1 & ! occupation ( a mod]ate        
passion1 may h s]v$ to amuse ! game/]2 b
 :5 ! drug becomes famili>1 x fails to  
produce its effect3 ,! play is made     
deep1 & ! int]e/ increas$1 to awak5 8   
att5tion2 he is c>ri$ on by degrees1 & 9
 ! end comes to seek = amusem5t1 & to   
f9d x only 9 ^? passions ( anxiety1     

hope1 & despair1 :i* are r\s$ by ! haz>d
 into :i* he has ?r[n ! :ole ( 8 =tunes4
  ,if m5 c ?us turn _! amusem5ts into a 
sc5e m s]i\s & int]e/+ ?an t ( bus9ess  
itself1 x w be difficult to assign a    
reason :y bus9ess1 & _m ( ! occupations 
( human life1 indep5d5t ( any di/ant    
consequ5ces ( future ev5ts1 may n be    
*os5 z an amusem5t1 & adopt$ on acc\nt (
 ! pa/ime !y br+4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 !    
f\ndation1 on :i*1 )\t ! aid (          
reflection1 ! cont5t$ & ! *e]ful h re/$ 
! gaiety ( _! temp]s4 ,x is1 p]haps1 !  
mo/ solid basis ( =titude :i* any       
reflection c lay2 & happ9ess itself is  
secur$ by mak+ a c]ta9 species ( conduct
 our amusem5ts2 &1 by consid]+ life 9 ! 
g5]al e/imate ( its value1 z well on e  
p>ticul> occasion1 z a m]e sc5e = !     
ex]cise ( ! m9d1 & ! engagem5ts ( !     
he>t4 ,i w try & attempt e ?+1 says     
,brutus2 ,i w nev] cease to recal my    
c\ntry f ?is /ate ( s]vility4 ,if ! ev5t
 be fav\rable1 x w prove matt] ( joy to 
u all2 if n1 yet ,i1 not)/&+1 %all      

rejoice4 ,:y rejoice 9 a disappo9tm5t8  
,:y n be deject$1 :5 8 c\ntry 0         
ov]:elm$8 ,because sorr[1 p]haps1 &     
dejection1 c d no good4 ,nay1 b !y mu/  
be endur$ :5 !y come4 ,& :5ce %\ld !y   
come to me8 might ! ,roman say3 ,i h    
foll[$ my m9d1 & c foll[ x /ill4 ,ev5ts 
may h *ang$ ! situation 9 :i* ,i am     
de/9$ to act2 b c !y h9d] my act+ ! "p (
 a man8 ,%ew me a situation 9 :i* a man 
c nei!r act nor die1 & ,i w own he is   
wret*$4  ,:oev] has ! =ce ( m9d /eadily 
to view human life "u ?is aspect1 has   
only to *oose well 8 occupations1 9 ord]
 to comm& t /ate ( enjoym5t1 & fre$om ( 
s\l1 :i* probably con/itute ! peculi>   
felicity to :i* 8 active nature is      
de/9$4  ,! dispositions ( m51 &         
consequ5tly _! occupations1 are commonly
 divid$ into two pr9cipal classes2 !    
selfi%1 & ! social4 ,! fir/ are indulg$ 
9 solitude2 & if !y c>ry a ref]5ce to   
mank9d1 x is t ( emulation1 competition1
 & enmity4 ,! second incl9e u to live ) 
our fell[ creatures1 & to d !m good2 !y 

t5d to unite ! memb]s ( society toge!r2 
!y t]m9ate 9 a mutual p>ticipation ( _! 
c>es & enjoym5ts1 & r5d] ! pres5ce ( m5 
an occasion ( joy4 ,"u ?is class may be 
enum]at$ ! passions ( ! sexes1 !        
affections ( p>5ts & *ildr51 g5]al      
humanity1 or s+ul> atta*m5ts2 above all1
 t habit ( ! s\l by :i* we consid]      
ourselves z b a "p ( "s belov$          
community1 & z b individual memb]s ( "s 
society1 ^: g5]al welf>e is to u !      
supreme object ( zeal1 & ! great rule ( 
our conduct4 ,?is affection is a        
pr9ciple ( c&\r1 :i* kn[s no p>tial     
di/9ctions1 & is conf9$ to no b\nds2 x  
may ext5d its effects beyond our p]sonal
 acqua9tance2 x may1 9 ! m9d1 & 9 ?\ght1
 at lea/1 make u feel a relation to !   
univ]se1 & to ! :ole creation ( ,god4   
,%all any "o1 says ,anton9us1 love !    
city ( ,cecrops1 & y n love ! city (    
,god8  ,no emotion ( ! he>t is          
indiff]5t4 ,x is ei!r an act ( vivacity 
& joy1 or a feel+ ( sadness2 a transport
 ( pleasure1 or a convulsion ( angui%2 &

 ! ex]cises ( our diff]5t dispositions1 
z well z _! gratifications1 are likely  
to prove matt] ( ! greate/ importance to
 our happ9ess or mis]y4  ,! individual  
is *>g$ ) ! c>e ( 8 animal pres]vation4 
,he may exi/ 9 solitude1 &1 f> remov$ f 
society1 p]=m _m functions ( s5se1      
imag9ation1 & reason4 ,he is ev5 rew>d$ 
= ! prop] dis*>ge ( ^? functions2 & all 
! natural ex]cises :i* relate to        
himself1 z well z to 8 fell[ creatures1 
n only occupy )\t di/ress+ him1 b1 9 _m 
in/ances1 are att5d$ ) positive         
pleasures1 & fill up ! h\rs ( life )    
agreeable occupation4  ,!re is a degree1
 h[ev]1 9 :i* we suppose t ! c>e (      
ourselves becomes a s\rce ( pa9ful      
anxiety & cruel passions2 9 :i* x       
deg5]ates into av>ice1 vanity1 or pride2
 & 9 :i*1 by fo/]+ habits ( jeal\sy &   
envy1 ( fe> & malice1 x becomes z       
de/ructive ( our own enjoym5ts1 z x is  
ho/ile to ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,?is evil1 
h[ev]1 is n to be *>g$ ^u any excess 9 !
 c>e ( ourselves1 b ^u a m]e mi/ake 9 ! 

*oice ( our objects4 ,we look abroad = a
 happ9ess :i* is to be f\nd only 9 !    
qualities ( ! he>t3 we ?9k ourselves    
dep5d5t on accid5ts2 & are !re=e kept 9 
susp5se & solicitude4 ,we ?9k ourselves 
dep5d5t on ! w ( o!r m52 & are !re=e    
s]vile & timid3 we ?9k our felicity is  
plac$ 9 subjects = :i* our fell[        
creatures are rivals & competitors2 & 9 
pursuit ( happ9ess1 we engage 9 ^? sc5es
 ( emulation1 envy1 hatr$1 animosity1 & 
rev5ge1 t lead to ! highe/ pit* (       
di/ress4 ,we act1 9 %ort1 z if to       
pres]ve ourselves 7 to reta9 our        
weakness1 & p]petuate our suff]+s4 ,we  
*>ge ! ills ( a di/emp]$ imag9ation1 & a
 corrupt he>t1 to ! acc\nt ( our fell[  
creatures1 to :om we ref] ! pangs ( our 
disappo9tm5t or malice2 & :ile we fo/]  
our mis]y1 are surpris$ t ! c>e (       
ourselves is att5d$ ) no bett] effects4 
,b he :o rememb]s t he is by nature a   
rational be+1 & a memb] ( society2 t to 
pres]ve himself1 is to pres]ve 8 reason1
 & to pres]ve ! be/ feel+s ( 8 he>t2 w  

enc\nt] ) none ( ^! inconv5i5cies2 & 9 !
 c>e ( himself1 w f9d subjects only (   
satisfaction & triumph4  ,! division (  
our appetites into b5evol5t & selfi%1   
has probably1 9 "s degree1 help$ to     
mislead our appreh5sion on ! subject (  
p]sonal enjoym5t & private good2 & our  
zeal to prove t virtue is dis9t]e/$1 has
 n greatly promot$ its cause4 ,!        
gratification ( a selfi% desire1 x is   
?\ght1 br+s advantage or pleasure to    
ourselves2 t ( b5evol5ce t]m9ates 9 !   
pleasure or advantage ( o!rs3 :]eas1 9  
reality1 ! gratification ( e desire is a
 p]sonal enjoym5t1 & its value be+      
proportion$ to ! p>ticul> quality or =ce
 ( ! s5tim5t1 x may happ5 t ! same p]son
 may reap a great] advantage f ! good   
=tune he has procur$ to ano!r1 ?an f t  
he has obta9$ = himself4  ,:ile !       
gratifications ( b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 are z
 mu* our own z ^? ( any o!r desire      
:atev]1 ! m]e ex]cises ( ?is disposition
 are1 on _m acc\nts1 to be consid]$ z ! 
fir/ & ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( human     

happ9ess4 ,e act ( k9dness1 or ( c>e1 9 
! p>5t to 8 *ild2 e emotion ( ! he>t1 9 
fri5d%ip or 9 love1 9 public zeal1 or   
g5]al humanity1 are s _m acts ( enjoym5t
 & satisfaction4 ,pity itself1 &        
compassion1 ev5 grief & melan*oly1 :5   
graft$ on "s t5d] affection1 p>take ( ! 
nature ( ! /ock2 & if !y are n positive 
pleasures1 are at lea/ pa9s ( a peculi> 
nature1 :i* we d n ev5 wi% to ex*ange b 
= a v real enjoym5t1 obta9$ 9 reliev+   
our object4 ,ev5 extremes 9 ?is class ( 
our dispositions1 z !y are ! rev]se (   
hatr$1 envy1 & malice1 s !y are nev]    
att5d$ ) ^? excruciat+ anxieties1       
jeal\sies1 & fe>s1 :i* te> ! int]e/$    
m9d2 or if1 9 reality1 any ill passion  
arise f a pret5d$ atta*m5t to our fell[ 
creatures1 t atta*m5t may be safely     
condemn$1 z n g5u9e4 ,if we be di/ru/ful
 or jeal\s1 our pret5d$ affection is    
probably no m ?an a desire ( att5tion & 
p]sonal consid]ation2 a motive :i*      
frequ5tly incl9es u to be connect$ ) our
 fell[ creatures2 b to :i* we are z     

frequ5tly will+ to sacrifice _!         
happ9ess4 ,we consid] !m z ! tools ( our
 vanity1 pleasure1 or int]e/2 n z !     
p>ties on :om we may be/[ ! effects (   
our good w1 & our love4  ,a m9d devot$  
to ?is class ( its affections1 be+      
occupi$ ) an object t may engage x      
habitually1 is n r$uc$ to c\rt !        
amusem5ts or pleasures ) :i* p]sons ( an
 ill temp] are oblig$ to repair _!      
disgu/s3 & temp]ance becomes an easy    
task :5 gratifications ( s5se are       
supplant$ by ^? ( ! he>t4 ,c\rage1 too1 
is mo/ easily assum$1 or is r insep>able
 f t ard\r ( ! m9d1 9 society1 fri5d%ip1
 or 9 public action1 :i* makes u =get   
subjects ( p]sonal anxiety or fe>1 &    
att5d *iefly to ! object ( our zeal or  
affection1 n to ! trifl+ inconv5i5ces1  
dang]s1 or h>d%ips1 :i* we ourselves may
 enc\nt] 9 /riv+ to ma9ta9 x4  ,x %\ld  
seem1 !re=e1 to be ! happ9ess ( man1 to 
make 8 social dispositions ! rul+ spr+ (
 8 occupations2 to /ate himself z !     
memb] ( a community1 = ^: g5]al good 8  

he>t may gl[ ) an ard5t zeal1 to !      
suppression ( ^? p]sonal c>es :i* are ! 
f\ndation ( pa9ful anxieties1 fe>1      
jeal\sy1 & envy2 or1 z ,mr4 ,pope       
expresses ! same s5tim5t4    ,man1 l !  
g5]\s v9e1 support$ lives2   ,! /r5g? he
 ga9s1 is f ?' embrace he gives4        
,footnote3 ,! same maxim w apply ?r\gh\t
 e "p (   nature4 ,to love1 is to enjoy 
pleasure3 to hate1 is to be   9 pa94    
,we commonly appreh5d1 t x is our duty  
to d k9dnesses1 & our happ9ess to       
receive !m2 b if1 9 reality1 c\rage1 & a
 he>t devot$ to ! good ( mank9d1 are !  
con/itu5ts ( human felicity1 ! k9dness  
:i* is done inf]s a happ9ess 9 ! p]son f
 :om x proce$s1 n 9 him on :om x is     
be/[$2 & ! greate/ good :i* m5 possess$ 
( =titude & g5]osity c procure to _!    
fell[ creatures1 is a p>ticipation ( ?is
 happy "*4  ,if ?is be ! good ( !       
individual1 x is likewise t ( mank9d2 & 
virtue no long] imposes a task by :i* we
 are oblig$ to be/[ ^u o!rs t good f :i*
 we ourselves refra92 b supposes1 9 !   

highe/ degree1 z possess$ by ourselves1 
t /ate ( felicity :i* we are requir$ to 
promote 9 ! _w4 ,y w conf] ! greate/    
b5efit on y\r city1 says ,epictetus1 n  
by rais+ ! ro(s1 b by exalt+ ! s\ls (   
y\r fell[ citiz5s2 = x is bett] t great 
s\ls %\ld live 9 small habitations1 ?an 
t abject slaves %\ld burr[ 9 great      
h\ses4 ,footnote3 ,mrs4 ,c>t]'s         
translation ( ! works ( ,epictetus4  ,to
 ! b5evol5t1 ! satisfaction ( o!rs is a 
gr\nd ( enjoym5t2 & exi/5ce itself1 9 a 
_w t is gov]n$ by ! wisdom ( ,god1 is a 
bless+4 ,! m9d1 fre$ f c>es t lead to   
pusillanimity & meanness1 becomes calm1 
active1 fe>less1 & bold2 capable ( e    
ent]prise1 & vigor\s 9 ! ex]cise ( e    
tal5t1 by :i* ! nature ( man is adorn$4 
,on ?is f\ndation 0 rais$ ! admirable   
"*1 :i*1 dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod ( _! /ory1  
di/+ui%$ ! celebrat$ nations (          
antiquity1 & r5d]$ famili> & ord9>y 9 _!
 mann]s1 examples ( magnanimity1 :i*1 "u
 gov]nm5ts less fav\rable to ! public   
affections1 r>ely occur2 or :i*1 )\t be+

 mu* practis$1 or ev5 und]/ood1 are made
 subjects ( admiration & swell+         
panegyric4 ,?us1 says ,x5ophon1 di$     
,?rasybulus2 :o inde$ appe>s to h be5 a 
good man4 ,:at valuable praise1 & h[    
significant to ^? :o "k ! /ory ( ?is    
admirable p]son6 ,! memb]s ( ^?         
illu/ri\s /ates1 f ! habit ( consid]+   
!mselves z "p ( a community1 or at lea/ 
z deeply involv$ ) "s ord] ( m5 9 !     
/ate1 7 reg>dless ( p]sonal             
consid]ations3 !y _h a p]petual view to 
objects :i* excite a great ard\r 9 !    
s\l2 :i* l$ !m to act p]petually 9 !    
view ( _! fell[ citiz5s1 & to practise  
^? arts ( delib]ation1 elocution1       
policy1 & w>1 on :i* ! =tunes ( nations1
 or ( m51 9 _! collective body1 dep5d4  
,to ! =ce ( m9d collect$ 9 ?is c>e]1 &  
to ! improvem5ts ( wit :i* 7 made 9     
pursu+ x1 ^! nations ow$1 n only _!     
magnanimity1 & ! sup]iority ( _!        
political & milit>y conduct1 b ev5 !    
arts ( poetry & lit]ature1 :i* among !m 
7 only ! inf]ior app5dages ( a g5ius    

o!rwise excit$1 cultivat$1 & ref9$4  ,to
 ! anci5t ,greek1 or ! ,roman1 !        
individual 0 no?+1 & ! public e ?+4 ,to 
! mod]n1 9 too _m nations ( ,europe1 !  
individual is e ?+1 & ! public no?+4 ,! 
/ate is m]ely a comb9ation ( dep>tm5ts1 
9 :i* consid]ation1 weal?1 em95ce1 or   
p[]1 are (f]$ z ! rew>d ( s]vice4 ,x 0 !
 nature ( mod]n gov]nm5t1 ev5 9 its fir/
 in/itution1 to be/[ on e individual a  
fix$ /ation & dignity1 :i* he 0 to      
ma9ta9 = himself4 ,our ance/ors1 9 rude 
ages1 dur+ ! recess ( w>s f abroad1     
f\ght = _! p]sonal claims at home1 & by 
_! competitions1 & ! balance ( _! p[]s1 
ma9ta9$ a k9d ( political fre$om 9 !    
/ate1 :ile private p>ties 7 subject to  
cont9ual wrongs & oppressions4 ,_!      
po/]ity1 9 times m poli%$1 h repress$ ! 
civil disord]s 9 :i* ! activity ( e>li] 
ages *iefly consi/$2 b !y employ ! calm 
!y h ga9$1 n 9 fo/]+ a zeal = ^? laws1 &
 t con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 to :i* !y owe
 _! protection1 b 9 practis+ ap>t1 & ea*
 = himself1 ! sev]al arts ( p]sonal     

advancem5t1 or pr(it1 :i* _! political  
e/abli%m5ts may enable !m to pursue )   
success4 ,comm]ce1 :i* may be suppos$ to
 compreh5d e lucrative art1 is accord+ly
 consid]$ z ! great object ( nations1 & 
! pr9cipal /udy ( mank9d4  ,s mu* are we
 accu/om$ to consid] p]sonal =tune z !  
sole object ( c>e1 t ev5 "u popul>      
e/abli%m5ts1 & 9 /ates :]e diff]5t ord]s
 ( m5 are summon$ to p>take 9 ! gov]nm5t
 ( _! c\ntry1 & :]e ! lib]ties !y enjoy 
_c be long pres]v$1 )\t vigilance &     
activity on ! "p ( ! subject2 /ill !y1  
:o1 9 ! vulg> phrase1 h n _! =tunes to  
make1 are suppos$ to be at a loss =     
occupation1 & betake !mselves to solit>y
 pa/imes1 or cultivate :at !y are pleas$
 to call a ta/e = g>d5+1 build+1 draw+1 
or music4 ,) ?is aid1 !y endeav\r to    
fill up ! blanks ( a li/less life1 &    
avoid ! necessity ( cur+ _! languors by 
any positive s]vice to _! c\ntry1 or to 
mank9d4  ,! weak or ! malici\s are well 
employ$ 9 any ?+ t is innoc5t1 & are    
=tunate 9 f9d+ any occupation :i*       

prev5ts ! effects ( a temp] t w\ld prey 
^u !mselves1 or ^u _! fell[ creatures4  
,b !y :o are bless$ ) a happy           
disposition1 ) capacity & vig\r1 incur a
 real debau*]y1 by hav+ any amusem5t t  
occupies an improp] %>e ( _! "t2 & are  
really *eat$ ( _! happ9ess1 9 be+ made  
to believe1 t any occupation or pa/ime  
is bett] fitt$ to amuse !mselves1 ?an t 
:i* at ! same "t produces "s real good  
to _! fell[ creatures4  ,?is sort (     
ent]ta9m5t1 inde$1 _c be ! *oice ( !    
m]c5>y1 ! envi\s1 or ! malici\s4 ,its   
value is kn[n only to p]sons ( an       
opposite temp]2 & to _! exp]i5ce alone1 
we appeal4 ,guid$ by m]e disposition1 & 
)\t ! aid ( reflection1 9 bus9ess1 9    
fri5d%ip1 & 9 public life1 !y (t5 acquit
 !mselves well2 & borne ) satisfaction  
on ! tide ( _! emotions & s5tim5ts1     
enjoy ! pres5t h\r1 )\t recollection ( !
 pa/1 or hopes ( ! future4 ,x is 9      
speculation1 n 9 practice1 !y are made  
to discov]1 t virtue is a task ( sev]ity
 & self d5ial4     ,,section ,,ix4  ,,( 

,,national ,,felicity4   ,man is1 by    
nature1 ! memb] ( a community2 & :5     
consid]$ 9 ?is capacity1 ! individual   
appe>s to be no long] made = himself4   
,he mu/ =ego 8 happ9ess & 8 fre$om1 :]e 
^! int]f]e ) ! good ( society4 ,he is   
only "p ( a :ole2 & ! praise we ?9k due 
to 8 virtue1 is b a bran* ( t m g5]al   
comm5dation we be/[ on ! memb] ( a body1
 on ! "p ( a fabric1 or eng9e1 = be+    
well fitt$ to occupy its place1 & to    
produce its effect4  ,if ?is foll[ f !  
relation ( a "p to its :ole1 & if !     
public good be ! pr9cipal object )      
individuals1 x is likewise true1 t !    
happ9ess ( individuals is ! great end ( 
civil society2 =1 9 :at s5se c a public 
enjoy any good1 if its memb]s1 consid]$ 
ap>t1 be unhappy8  ,! int]e/s ( society1
 h[ev]1 & ( its memb]s1 are easily      
reconcil$4 ,if ! individual owe e degree
 ( consid]ation to ! public1 he         
receives1 9 pay+ t v consid]ation1 !    
greate/ happ9ess ( :i* 8 nature is      
capable2 & ! greate/ bless+ ! public c  

be/[ on its memb]s1 is to keep !m atta*$
 to itself4 ,t is ! mo/ happy /ate1 :i* 
is mo/ belov$ by its subjects2 & !y are 
! mo/ happy m51 ^: he>ts are engag$ to a
 community1 9 :i* !y f9d e object (     
g5]osity & zeal1 & a scope to ! ex]cise 
( e tal5t1 & ( e virtu\s disposition4   
,aft] we h ?us f\nd g5]al maxims1 !     
great] "p ( our tr\ble rema9s1 _! j     
application to p>ticul> cases4 ,nations 
are diff]5t 9 respect to _! ext5t1      
numb]s ( p1 & weal?2 9 respect to ! arts
 !y practise1 & ! accommodations !y h   
procur$4 ,^! circum/ances may n only    
affect ! mann]s ( m52 !y ev51 9 our     
e/eem1 come into competition ) ! article
 ( mann]s itself2 are suppos$ to        
con/itute a national felicity1 indep5d5t
 ( virtue2 & give a title1 ^u :i* we    
indulge our own vanity1 & t ( o!r       
nations1 z we d t ( private m51 on !    
score ( _! =tunes & hon\rs4  ,b if ?is  
way ( measur+ happ9ess1 :5 appli$ to    
private m51 be ru9\s & false1 x is s no 
less :5 appli$ to nations4 ,weal?1      

comm]ce1 ext5t ( t]ritory1 & ! k ( arts1
 are1 :5 prop]ly employ$1 ! means (     
pres]vation1 & ! f\ndations ( p[]4 ,if  
!y fail 9 "p1 ! nation is weak5$2 if !y 
7 entirely )held1 ! race w\ld p]i%3 ,_! 
t5d5cy is to ma9ta9 numb]s ( m51 b n to 
con/itute happ9ess4 ,!y w accord+ly     
ma9ta9 ! wret*$ z well z ! happy4 ,!y   
answ] "o purpose1 b are n !re=e         
suffici5t = all2 & are ( little         
significance1 :5 only employ$ to ma9ta9 
a timid1 deject$1 & s]vile p4  ,great & 
p[]ful /ates are able to ov]come &      
subdue ! weak2 poli%$ & comm]cial       
nations h m weal?1 & practise a great]  
v>iety ( arts1 ?an ! rude3 b ! happ9ess 
( m51 9 all cases alike1 consi/s 9 !    
bless+s ( a c&id1 an active1 & /r5u\s   
m9d4 ,& if we consid] ! /ate ( society  
m]ely z t into :i* mank9d are l$ by _!  
prop5sities1 z a /ate to be valu$ f its 
effect 9 pres]v+ ! species1 9 rip5+ _!  
tal5ts1 & excit+ _! virtues1 we ne$ n   
enl>ge our communities1 9 ord] to enjoy 
^! advantages4 ,we frequ5tly obta9 !m 9 

! mo/ rem>kable degree1 :]e nations     
rema9 indep5d5t1 & are ( a small ext5t4 
,to increase ! numb]s ( mank9d1 may be  
admitt$ z a great & important object2 b 
to ext5d ! limits ( any p>ticul> /ate1  
is n1 p]haps1 ! way to obta9 x3 :ile we 
desire t our fell[ creatures %\ld       
multiply1 x does n foll[1 t ! :ole %\ld1
 if possible1 be unit$ "u "o head4 ,we  
are apt to admire ! empire ( ! ,romans1 
z a model ( national greatness &        
spl5d\r2 b ! greatness we admire1 9 ?is 
case1 0 ru9\s to ! virtue & ! happ9ess (
 mank9d2 x 0 f\nd to be inconsi/5t ) all
 ! advantages :i* t conqu]+ p _h =m]ly  
enjoy$ 9 ! articles ( gov]nm5t & mann]s4
  ,! emulation ( nations proce$s f _!   
division4 ,a clu/] ( /ates1 l a company 
( m51 f9d ! ex]cise ( _! reason1 & ! te/
 ( _! virtues1 9 ! affairs !y transact1 
^u a foot ( equality1 & ( sep>ate       
int]e/4 ,! measures tak5 = safety1      
includ+ great "p ( ! national policy1   
are relative 9 e /ate to :at is         
appreh5d$ f abroad4 ,a!ns 0 necess>y to 

,sp>ta 9 ! ex]cise ( h] virtue1 z /eel  
is to fl9t 9 ! production ( fire2 & if !
 cities ( ,greece _h be5 unit$ "u "o    
head1 we %\ld nev] h he>d ( ,epam9ondas 
or ,?rasybulus1 ( ,lycurgus or ,solon4  
,:5 we reason 9 behalf ( our species1   
!re=e1 al?\gh we may lam5t ! abuses :i* 
sometimes arise f indep5d5ce1 &         
opposition ( int]e/2 yet1 :il/ any      
degrees ( virtue rema9 ) mank9d1 we _c  
wi% to cr[d1 "u "o e/abli%m5t1 numb]s ( 
m5 :o may s]ve to con/itute sev]al2 or  
to commit affairs to ! conduct ( "o     
s5ate1 "o legislative or executive p[]1 
:i*1 ^u a di/9ct & sep>ate foot+1 might 
furni% an ex]cise ( ability1 & a !atre (
 glory to _m4  ,?is may be a subject ^u 
:i* no det]m9ate rule c be giv52 b !    
admiration ( b\ndless dom9ion is a ru9\s
 error2 & 9 no in/ance1 p]haps1 is !    
real int]e/ ( mank9d m entirely mi/ak54 
,! measure ( enl>gem5t to be wi%$ = 9   
any p>ticul> /ate1 is (t5 to be tak5 f !
 condition ( its neighb\rs4 ,:]e a numb]
 ( /ates are contigu\s1 !y %\ld be ne>  

an equality1 9 ord] t !y may be mutually
 objects ( respect & consid]ation1 & 9  
ord] t !y may possess t indep5d5ce 9 :i*
 ! political life ( a nation consi/s4   
,:5 ! k+doms ( ,spa9 7 unit$1 :5 ! great
 fiefs 9 ,france 7 annex$ to ! cr[n1 x 0
 no long] exp$i5t = ! nations ( ,great  
,brita9 to cont9ue disjo9$4  ,! small   
republics ( ,greece1 inde$1 by _!       
subdivisions1 & ! balance ( _! p[]1 f\nd
 almo/ 9 e village ! object ( nations4  
,e little di/rict 0 a nurs]y ( excell5t 
m51 & :at is n[ ! wret*$ corn] ( a great
 empire1 0 ! field on :i* mank9d h reap$
 _! pr9cipal hon\rs4 ,b 9 mod]n ,europe1
 republics ( a simil> ext5t are l %rubs1
 "u ! %ade ( a tall] wood1 *oak$ by !   
neighb\rhood ( m p[]ful /ates4 ,9 _!    
case1 a c]ta9 disproportion ( =ce       
fru/rates1 9 a great measure1 !         
advantage ( sep>ation4 ,!y are l ! trad]
 9 ,pol&1 :o is ! m despicable1 & ! less
 secure1 t he is nei!r ma/] nor slave4  
,indep5d5t communities1 9 ! mean "t1    
h[ev] weak1 are av]se to a coalition1 n 

only :]e x comes ) an air ( imposition1 
or unequal treaty1 b ev5 :]e x implies  
no m ?an ! admission ( new memb]s to an 
equal %>e ( consid]ation ) ! old4 ,!    
citiz5 has no int]e/ 9 ! annexation (   
k+doms2 he mu/ f9d 8 importance dim9i%$1
 z ! /ate is enl>g$4 ,b ambiti\s m51 "u 
! enl>gem5t ( t]ritory1 f9d a m pl5tiful
 h>ve/ ( p[]1 & ( weal?1 :ile gov]nm5t  
itself is an easi] task4 ,h5ce ! ru9\s  
progress ( empire2 & h5ce free nations1 
"u ! %[ ( acquir+ dom9ion1 suff]        
!mselves1 9 ! end1 to be yok$ ) ! slaves
 !y _h conqu]$4  ,our desire to augm5t !
 =ce ( a nation is ! only pretext =     
enl>g+ its t]ritory2 b ?is measure1 :5  
pursu$ to extremes1 seldom fails to     
fru/rate itself4  ,not)/&+ ! advantage (
 numb]s1 & sup]ior res\rces 9 w>1 !     
/r5g? ( a nation is d]iv$ f ! "*1 n f ! 
weal?1 nor f ! multitude ( its p4 ,if ! 
treasure ( a /ate c hire numb]s ( m51   
erect ramp>ts1 & furni% ! implem5ts (   
w>2 ! possessions ( ! fe>ful are easily 
seiz$2 a timor\s multitude falls into   

r\t ( itself2 ramp>ts may be scal$ :]e  
!y are n def5d$ by val\r2 & arms are (  
consequ5ce only 9 ! h&s ( ! brave4 ,! b&
 to :i* ,agesilaus po9t$ z ! wall ( 8   
city1 made a def5ce = _! c\ntry m       
p]man5t1 & m effectual1 ?an ! rock & !  
cem5t ) :i* o!r cities 7 =tifi$4  ,we   
%\ld owe little to t /atesman1 :o 7 to  
contrive a def5ce t might sup]s$e !     
ext]nal uses ( virtue4 ,x is wisely     
ord]$ = man1 z a rational be+1 t !      
employm5t ( reason is necess>y to 8     
pres]vation2 x is =tunate = him1 9 !    
pursuit ( di/9ction1 t 8 p]sonal        
consid]ation dep5ds on 8 "*2 & x is     
=tunate = nations1 t1 9 ord] to be      
p[]ful & safe1 !y mu/ /rive to ma9ta9 ! 
c\rage1 & cultivate ! virtues1 ( _! p4  
,by ! use ( su* means1 !y at once ga9 _!
 ext]nal ends1 & are happy4  ,peace &   
unanimity are commonly consid]$ z !     
pr9cipal f\ndations ( public felicity2  
yet ! rival%ip ( sep>ate communities1 & 
! agitations ( a free p1 are ! pr9ciples
 ( political life1 & ! s*ool ( m54 ,h[  

%all we reconcile ^! j>r+ & opposite    
t5ets8 ,x is1 p]haps1 n necess>y to     
reconcile !m4 ,! pacific may d :at !y c 
to allay ! animosities1 & to reconcile !
 op9ions1 ( m52 & x w be happy if !y c  
succe$ 9 repress+ _! crimes1 & 9 calm+ !
 wor/ ( _! passions4 ,no?+1 9 ! mean "t1
 b corruption or slav]y c suppress !    
debates t subsi/ among m5 ( integrity1  
:o be> an equal "p 9 ! adm9i/ration (   
/ate4  ,a p]fect agreem5t 9 matt]s (    
op9ion is n to be obta9$ 9 ! mo/ select 
company2 & if x 71 :at w\ld become (    
society8 ,! ,sp>tan legislator1 says    
,plut>*1 appe>s to h s[n ! se$s (       
v>iance & diss5tion among 8 c\ntrym53 he
 meant t good citiz5s %\ld be l$ to     
dispute2 he consid]$ emulation z ! br&  
by :i* _! virtues 7 k9dl$2 & seem$ to   
appreh5d1 t a complaisance1 by :i* m5   
submit _! op9ions )\t exam9ation1 is a  
pr9cipal s\rce ( corruption4  ,=ms (    
gov]nm5t are suppos$ to decide ( !      
happ9ess or mis]y ( mank9d4 ,b =ms (    
gov]nm5t mu/ be v>i$1 9 ord] to suit !  

ext5t1 ! way ( subsi/5ce1 ! "*1 & !     
mann]s ( diff]5t nations4 ,9 "s cases1 !
 multitude may be suff]$ to gov]n       
!mselves2 9 o!rs !y mu/ be sev]ely      
re/ra9$4 ,! inhabitants ( a village1 9  
"s primitive age1 may h be5 safely      
entru/$ to ! conduct ( reason1 & to !   
sugge/ion ( _! innoc5t views2 b ! t5ants
 ( ,newgate c sc>cely be tru/$1 ) *a9s  
lock$ to _! bodies1 & b>s ( iron fix$ to
 _! legs4 ,h[ is x possible1 !re=e1 to  
f9d any s+le =m ( gov]nm5t t w\ld suit  
mank9d 9 e condition8  ,we proce$1      
h[ev]1 9 ! foll[+ section1 to po9t out !
 di/9ctions1 & to expla9 ! language :i* 
occurs 9 ?is place1 on ! head ( diff]5t 
models = subord9ation & gov]nm5t4       
,,section ,x4  ,,! ,,same ,,subject     
,,cont9u$4   ,x is a common obs]vation1 
t mank9d 7 orig9ally equal4 ,!y h inde$ 
by nature equal "r to _! pres]vation1 & 
to ! use ( _! tal5ts2 b !y are fitt$ =  
diff]5t /ations2 & :5 !y are class$ by a
 rule tak5 f ?is circum/ance1 !y suff]  
no inju/ice on ! side ( _! natural      

rights4 ,x is obvi\s1 t "s mode (       
subord9ation is z necess>y to m5 z      
society itself2 & ?is1 n only to atta9 !
 ends ( gov]nm5t1 b to comply ) an ord] 
e/abli%$ by nature4  ,prior to any      
political in/itution :atev]1 m5 are     
qualifi$ by a great div]sity ( tal5ts1  
by a diff]5t tone ( ! s\l1 & ard\r ( !  
passions1 to act a v>iety ( p>ts4 ,br+  
!m toge!r1 ea* w f9d 8 place4 ,!y c5sure
 or applaud 9 a body2 !y consult &      
delib]ate 9 m select p>ties2 !y take or 
give an asc5dant z individuals2 & numb]s
 are by ?is means fitt$ to act 9        
company1 & to pres]ve _! communities1   
be=e any =mal di/ribution ( (fice is    
made4 ,we are =m$ to act 9 ?is mann]2 & 
if we h any d\bts ) relation to ! rights
 ( gov]nm5t 9 g5]al1 we owe our         
p]plexity m to ! subtilties ( !         
speculative1 ?an to any unc]ta9ty 9 !   
feel+s ( ! he>t4 ,involv$ 9 !           
resolutions ( our company1 we move ) !  
cr[d be=e we h det]m9$ ! rule by :i* its
 w is collect$4 ,we foll[ a lead]1 be=e 

we h settl$ ! gr\nd ( 8 pret5sions1 or  
adju/$ ! =m ( 8 election2 & x is n till 
aft] mank9d h committ$ _m errors 9 !    
capacities ( magi/rate & subject1 t !y  
?9k ( mak+ gov]nm5t itself a subject (  
rules4  ,if1 !re=e1 9 consid]+ ! v>iety 
( =ms "u :i* societies subsi/1 ! casui/ 
is pleas$ to inquire1 :at title "o man1 
or any numb] ( m51 h to control 8       
actions8 he may be answ]$1 none at all1 
provid$ t 8 actions h no effect to !    
prejudice ( 8 fell[ creatures2 b if !y  
h1 ! rights ( def5ce1 & ! obligation to 
repress ! commission ( wrongs1 belong to
 collective bodies1 z well z to         
individuals4 ,_m rude nations1 hav+ no  
=mal tribunals = ! judgm5t ( crimes1    
assemble1 :5 al>m$ by any flagrant      
(f5ce1 & take _! measures ) ! crim9al z 
!y w\ld ) an enemy4 ,b w ?is            
consid]ation1 :i* confirms ! title to   
sov]eignty1 :]e x is ex]cis$ by !       
society 9 its collective capacity1 or by
 ^? to :om ! p[]s ( ! :ole are committ$1
 likewise support ! claim to dom9ion1   

:]ev] x is casually lodg$1 or ev5 :]e x 
is only ma9ta9$ by =ce8  ,?is "q may be 
suffici5tly answ]$1 by obs]v+1 t a "r to
 d ju/ice1 & to d good1 is compet5t to e
 individual1 or ord] ( m52 & t ! ex]cise
 ( ?is "r has no limits b 9 ! defect (  
p[]4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 has p[]1 may employ 
x to ?is ext5t2 & no previ\s conv5tion  
is requir$ to ju/ify 8 conduct4 ,b a "r 
to d wrong1 or to commit inju/ice1 is an
 abuse ( language1 & a contradiction 9  
t]ms4 ,x is no m compet5t to !          
collective body ( a p1 ?an x is to any  
s+le usurp]4 ,:5 we admit su* a         
pr]ogative 9 ! case ( any sov]eign1 we c
 only mean to express ! ext5t ( 8 p[]1 &
 ! =ce ) :i* he is enabl$ to execute 8  
pleasure4 ,su* a pr]ogative is assum$ by
 ! lead] ( b&itti at ! head ( 8 gang1 or
 by a despotic pr9ce at ! head ( 8      
troops4 ,:5 ! sword is pres5t$ by ei!r1 
! travell] or ! inhabitant may submit f 
a s5se ( necessity or fe>2 b he lies "u 
no obligation f a motive ( duty or      
ju/ice4  ,! multiplicity ( =ms1 9 ! mean

 "t1 :i* diff]5t societies (f] to our   
view1 is almo/ inf9ite4 ,! classes into 
:i* !y di/ribute _! memb]s1 ! mann] 9   
:i* !y e/abli% ! legislative & executive
 p[]s1 ! imp]ceptible circum/ances by   
:i* !y are l$ to h diff]5t cu/oms1 & to 
conf] on _! gov]nors unequal measures ( 
p[] & au?ority1 give rise to p]petual   
di/9ctions betwe5 con/itutions ! mo/    
ne>ly resembl+ ea* o!r1 & give to human 
affairs a v>iety 9 detail1 :i*1 9 its   
full ext5t1 no und]/&+ c compreh5d1 & no
 memory reta94  ,9 ord] to h a g5]al &  
compreh5sive k ( ! :ole1 we mu/ be      
det]m9$ on ?is1 z on e o!r subject1 to  
ov]look _m p>ticul>s & s+ul>ities1      
di/+ui%+ diff]5t gov]nm5ts2 to fix our  
att5tion on c]ta9 po9ts1 9 :i* _m agree2
 & !reby e/abli% a few g5]al heads1 "u  
:i* ! subject may be di/9ctly consid]$4 
,:5 we h m>k$ ! *>act]i/ics :i* =m !    
g5]al po9ts ( co9cid5ce2 :5 we h pursu$ 
!m to _! consequ5ces 9 ! sev]al modes ( 
legislation1 execution1 & judicature1 9 
! e/abli%m5ts :i* relate to police1     

comm]ce1 religion1 or dome/ic life2 we h
 made an acquisition ( k1 :i*1 ?\gh x   
does n sup]s$e ! necessity ( exp]i5ce1  
may s]ve to direct our inquiries1 &1 9 !
 mid/ ( affairs1 give an ord] & a me?od 
= ! arrangem5t ( p>ticul>s t occur to   
our obs]vation4  ,:5 ,i recollect :at ! 
,presid5t ,montesquieu has writt51 ,i am
 at a loss to tell1 :y ,i %\ld treat (  
human affairs2 b ,i too am in/igat$ by  
my reflections1 & my s5tim5ts2 & ,i may 
utt] !m m to ! compreh5sion ( ord9>y    
capacities1 because ,i am m on ! level (
 ord9>y m54 ,if x be necess>y to pave ! 
way = :at foll[s on ! g5]al hi/ory (    
nations1 by giv+ "s acc\nt ( ! heads "u 
:i* v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t may be         
conv5i5tly rang$1 ! read] %\ld p]haps be
 ref]r$ to :at has be5 already deliv]$  
on ! subject by ?is pr(\nd politician & 
amiable morali/4 ,9 8 writ+s w be f\nd1 
n only ! orig9al ( :at ,i am n[1 = !    
sake ( ord]1 to copy f him1 b likewise  
probably ! s\rce ( _m obs]vations1 :i*1 
9 diff]5t places1 ,i may1 "u ! belief ( 

inv5tion1 h repeat$1 )\t quot+ _! au?or4
  ,! anci5t philosoph]s treat$ (        
gov]nm5t commonly "u ?ree heads2 !      
,democratic1 ! ,ari/ocratic1 & !        
,despotic4 ,_! att5tion 0 *iefly occupi$
 ) ! v>ieties ( republican gov]nm5t1 &  
!y paid little reg>d to a v important   
di/9ction1 :i* ,mr4 ,montesquieu has    
made1 betwe5 despotism & mon>*y4 ,he too
 has consid]$ gov]nm5t z r$ucible to    
?ree g5]al =ms2 &1 to und]/& ! nature ( 
ea*1 he obs]ves1 x is suffici5t to recal
 ideas :i* are famili> ) m5 ( ! lea/    
reflection1 :o admit ?ree def9itions1 or
 r ?ree facts3 t a republic is a /ate 9 
:i* ! p 9 a collective body1 or a "p ( !
 p1 possess ! sov]eign p[]2 t mon>*y is 
t 9 :i* "o man gov]ns1 accord+ to fix$ &
 det]m9ate laws2 & a despotism is t 9   
:i* "o man1 )\t law1 or rule (          
adm9i/ration1 by ! m]e impulse ( w or   
caprice1 decides1 & c>ries e ?+ be=e    
him4  ,republics admit ( a v mat]ial    
di/9ction1 :i* is po9t$ out 9 ! g5]al   
def9ition2 t betwe5 democracy &         

ari/ocracy4 ,9 ! fir/1 supreme p[]      
rema9s 9 ! h&s ( ! collective body4 ,e  
(fice ( magi/racy1 at ! nom9ation ( ?is 
sov]eign1 is op5 to e citiz52 :o1 9 !   
dis*>ge ( 8 duty1 becomes ! m9i/] ( ! p1
 & acc\ntable to !m = e object ( 8 tru/4
  ,9 ! second1 ! sov]eignty is lodg$ 9 a
 p>ticul> class1 or ord] ( m52 :o1 be+  
once nam$1 cont9ue = life2 or1 by !     
h]$it>y di/9ctions ( bir? & =tune1 are  
advanc$ to a /ation ( p]man5t           
sup]iority4 ,f ?is ord]1 & by _!        
nom9ation1 all ! (fices ( magi/racy are 
fill$2 & 9 ! diff]5t assemblies :i* !y  
con/itute1 :atev] relates to !          
legislation1 ! execution1 or            
jurisdiction1 is f9ally det]m9$4  ,mr4  
,montesquieu has po9t$ out ! s5tim5ts or
 maxims f :i* m5 mu/ be suppos$ to act  
"u ^! diff]5t gov]nm5ts4  ,9 democracy1 
!y mu/ love equality2 !y mu/ respect !  
rights ( _! fell[ citiz5s2 !y mu/ unite 
by ! common ties ( affection to ! /ate4 
,9 =m+ p]sonal pret5sions1 !y mu/ be    
satisfi$ ) t degree ( consid]ation !y c 

procure by _! abilities fairly measur$ )
 ^? ( an oppon5t2 !y mu/ lab\r = !      
public )\t hope ( pr(it2 !y mu/ reject e
 attempt to create a p]sonal dep5d5ce4  
,c&\r1 =ce1 & elevation ( m9d1 9 %ort1  
are ! props ( democracy2 & virtue is !  
pr9ciple ( conduct requir$ to its       
pres]vation4  ,h[ beautiful a pre-em95ce
 on ! side ( popul> gov]nm5t6 ,& h[     
ard5tly %\ld mank9d wi% = ! =m1 if x    
t5d$ to e/abli% ! pr9ciple1 or 71 9 e   
in/ance1 a sure indication ( its        
pres5ce6  ,b p]haps we mu/ h possess$ ! 
pr9ciple1 9 ord]1 ) any hopes (         
advantage1 to receive ! =m2 & :]e ! fir/
 is entirely ext+ui%$1 ! o!r may be     
fraught ) evil1 if any additional evil  
des]ves to be %unn$ :]e m5 are already  
unhappy4  ,at ,con/ant9ople or ,algi]s1 
x is a mis]able spectacle :5 m5 pret5d  
to act on a foot ( equality3 !y only    
mean to %ake (f ! re/ra9ts ( gov]nm5t1 &
 to seize z mu* z !y c ( t spoil1 :i*1 9
 ord9>y times1 is engross$ by ! ma/] !y 
s]ve4  ,x is "o advantage ( democracy1 t

 ! pr9cipal gr\nd ( di/9ction be+       
p]sonal qualities1 m5 are class$ accord+
 to _! abilities1 & to ! m]it ( _!      
actions4 ,?\gh all h equal pret5sions to
 p[]1 yet ! /ate is actually gov]n$ by a
 few4 ,! majority ( ! p1 ev5 9 _!       
capacity ( sov]eign1 only pret5d to     
employ _! s5ses2 to feel1 :5 press$ by  
national inconv5i5cies1 or ?reat5$ by   
public dang]s2 & ) ! ard\r :i* is apt to
 arise 9 cr[d$ assemblies1 to urge !    
pursuits 9 :i* !y are engag$1 or to     
repel ! attacks ) :i* !y are m5ac$4  ,! 
mo/ p]fect equality ( rights c nev]     
exclude ! asc5dant ( sup]ior m9ds1 nor !
 assemblies ( a collective body gov]n   
)\t ! direction ( select c\ncils4 ,on   
?is z acc\nt1 popul> gov]nm5t may be    
conf\nd$ ) ari/ocracy4 ,b ?is alone does
 n con/itute ! "* ( ari/ocratical       
gov]nm5t4 ,"h ! memb]s ( ! /ate are     
divid$1 at lea/1 into two classes2 ( :i*
 "o is de/9$ to comm&1 ! o!r to obey4   
,no m]its or defects c raise or s9k a   
p]son f "o class to ! o!r4 ,! only      

effect ( p]sonal "* is1 to procure to ! 
individual a suitable degree (          
consid]ation ) 8 own ord]1 n to v>y 8   
rank4 ,9 "o situation he is taught to   
assume1 9 ano!r to yield ! pre-em95ce4  
,he occupies ! /ation ( patron or cli5t1
 & is ei!r ! sov]eign or ! subject ( 8  
c\ntry4 ,! :ole citiz5s may unite 9     
execut+ ! plans ( /ate1 b nev] 9        
delib]at+ on its measures1 or enact+ its
 laws4 ,:at belongs to ! :ole p "u      
democracy1 is "h conf9$ to a "p4 ,memb]s
 ( ! sup]ior ord]1 are among !mselves1  
possibly1 class$ accord+ to _!          
abilities1 b reta9 a p]petual asc5dant  
ov] ^? ( inf]ior /ation4 ,!y are at once
 ! s]vants & ! ma/]s ( ! /ate1 & pay1 ) 
_! p]sonal att5dance & ) _! blood1 = !  
civil or milit>y hon\rs !y enjoy4  ,to  
ma9ta9 = himself1 & to admit 9 8 fell[  
citiz51 a p]fect equality ( privilege & 
/ation1 is no long] ! lead+ maxim ( !   
memb] ( su* a community4 ,! rights ( m5 
are modifi$ by _! condition4 ,"o ord]   
claims m ?an x is will+ to yield2 ! o!r 

mu/ be ready to yield :at x does n      
assume to itself2 & x is ) good reason t
 ,mr4 ,montesquieu gives to ! pr9ciple (
 su* gov]nm5ts ! "n ( mod]ation1 n (    
virtue4  ,! elevation ( "o class is a   
mod]at$ arrogance2 ! submission ( ! o!r 
a limit$ def]5ce4 ,! fir/ mu/ be c>eful1
 by conceal+ ! invidi\s "p ( _!         
di/9ction1 to palliate :at is griev\s 9 
! public arrangem5t1 & by _! education1 
_! cultivat$ mann]s1 & improv$ tal5ts1  
to appe> qualifi$ = ! /ations !y occupy4
 ,! o!r1 mu/ be taught to yield1 f      
respect & p]sonal atta*m5t1 :at c\ld n  
o!rwise be extort$ by =ce4 ,:5 ?is      
mod]ation fails on ei!r side1 !         
con/itution tott]s4 ,a populace enrag$  
to mut9y1 may claim ! "r ( equality to  
:i* !y are admitt$ 9 democratical /ates2
 or a nobility b5t on dom9ion1 may *oose
 among !mselves1 or f9d already po9t$   
out to !m1 a sov]eign1 :o1 by advantages
 ( =tune1 popul>ity1 or abilities1 is   
ready to seize = 8 own family1 t envi$  
p[] :i* has already c>ri$ 8 ord] beyond 

! limits ( mod]ation1 & infect$ p>ticul>
 m5 ) a b\ndless ambition4 ,mon>*ies h  
accord+ly be5 f\nd ) ! rec5t m>ks (     
ari/ocracy4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 ! mon>* is only
 ! fir/ among ! nobles2 he mu/ be       
satisfi$ ) a limit$ p[]2 8 subjects are 
rang$ into classes2 he f9ds on e qu>t] a
 pret5ce to privilege t circumscribes 8 
au?ority2 & he f9ds a =ce suffici5t to  
conf9e 8 adm9i/ration )9 c]ta9 b\nds (  
equity & det]m9ate laws4 ,"u su*        
gov]nm5ts1 h[ev]1 ! love ( equality is  
prepo/]\s1 & mod]ation itself is        
unnecess>y4 ,! object ( e rank is       
prec$5cy1 & e ord] may display its      
advantages to _! full ext5t4 ,! sov]eign
 himself owes great "p ( 8 au?ority to !
 s\nd+ titles & ! dazzl+ equipage :i* he
 exhibits 9 public4 ,! subord9ate ranks 
lay claim to importance by a l          
exhibition1 & = t purpose c>ry 9 e      
in/ant ! ensigns ( _! bir?1 or !        
ornam5ts ( _! =tune4 ,:at else c\ld m>k 
out to ! individual ! relation 9 :i* he 
/&s to 8 fell[ subjects1 or di/+ui% !   

numb]less ranks t fill up ! int]val     
betwe5 ! /ate ( ! sov]eign & t ( !      
peasant8 ,or :at else c\ld1 9 /ates ( a 
great ext5t1 pres]ve any appe>ance (    
ord]1 among memb]s disunit$ by ambition 
& int]e/1 & de/9$ to =m a community1 )\t
 ! s5se ( any common conc]n8  ,mon>*ies 
are g5]ally f\nd :]e ! /ate is enl>g$1 9
 population & 9 t]ritory1 beyond !      
numb]s & dim5sions t are consi/5t )     
republican gov]nm5t4 ,toge!r ) ^!       
circum/ances1 great inequalities arise 9
 ! di/ribution ( prop]ty2 & ! desire (  
pre-em95ce becomes ! pr$om9ant passion4 
,e rank w\ld ex]cise its pr]ogative1 & !
 sov]eign is p]petually tempt$ to enl>ge
 8 own2 if subjects1 :o despair (       
prec$5ce1 plead = equality1 he is will+ 
to fav\r _! claims1 & to aid !m 9 r$uc+ 
pret5sions1 ) :i* he himself is1 on _m  
occasions1 oblig$ to cont5d4 ,9 ! ev5t (
 su* a policy1 _m invidi\s di/9ctions & 
grievances peculi> to mon>*ical         
gov]nm5t1 may1 9 appe>ance1 be remov$2 b
 ! /ate ( equality to :i* ! subjects    

approa* is t ( slaves1 equally dep5d5t  
on ! w ( a ma/]1 n t ( freem51 9 a      
condition to ma9ta9 _! own4  ,! pr9ciple
 ( mon>*y1 accord+ to ,montesquieu1 is  
hon\r4 ,m5 may possess good qualities1  
elevation ( m9d1 & =titude2 b ! s5se (  
equality1 t w he> no encroa*m5t on !    
p]sonal rights ( ! meane/ citiz52 !     
indignant _s1 t w n c\rt a protection1  
nor accept z a fav\r :at is due z a "r2 
! public affection1 :i* is f\nd$ on !   
neglect ( p]sonal consid]ations1 are    
nei!r consi/5t ) ! pres]vation ( !      
con/itution1 nor agreeable to ! habits  
acquir$ 9 any /ation assign$ to its     
memb]s4  ,e condition is possess$ (     
peculi> dignity1 & po9ts out a propriety
 ( conduct1 :i* m5 ( /ation are oblig$  
to ma9ta94 ,9 ! comm]ce ( sup]iors &    
inf]iors1 x is ! object ( ambition1 & ( 
vanity1 to ref9e on ! advantages ( rank2
 :ile1 to facilitate ! int]c\rse (      
polite society1 x is ! aim ( good bre$+ 
to disguise1 or reject !m4  ,?\gh !     
objects ( consid]ation are r ! dignities

 ( /ation ?an p]sonal qualities2 ?\gh   
fri5d%ip _c be =m$ by m]e incl9ation1   
nor alliances by ! m]e *oice ( ! he>t2  
yet m5 s unit$1 & ev5 )\t *ang+ _! ord]1
 are highly susceptible ( moral         
excell5ce1 or liable to _m diff]5t      
degrees ( corruption4 ,!y may act a     
vigor\s "p z memb]s ( ! /ate1 an amiable
 "o 9 ! comm]ce ( private society2 or !y
 may yield up _! dignity z citiz5s1 ev5 
:ile !y raise _! arrogance & presumption
 z private p>ties4  ,9 mon>*y1 all ord]s
 ( m5 d]ive _! hon\rs f ! cr[n2 b !y    
cont9ue to hold !m z a "r1 & !y ex]cise 
a subord9ate p[] 9 ! /ate1 f\nd$ on !   
p]man5t rank !y enjoy1 & on ! atta*m5t (
 ^? :om !y are appo9t$ to lead &        
protect4 ,?\gh !y d n =ce !mselves into 
national c\ncils & public assemblies1 & 
?\gh ! "n ( s5ate is unkn[n1 yet !      
s5tim5ts !y adopt mu/ h weight ) !      
sov]eign2 & e individual1 9 8 sep>ate   
capacity1 9 "s measure1 delib]ates = 8  
c\ntry4 ,9 :atev] does n d]ogate f 8    
rank1 he has an arm ready to s]ve !     

community2 9 :atev] al>ms 8 s5se (      
hon\r1 he has av]sions & dislikes1 :i*  
am\nt to a negative on ! w ( 8 pr9ce4   
,entangl$ toge!r by ! reciprocal ties ( 
dep5d5ce & protection1 ?\gh n comb9$ by 
! s5se ( a common int]e/1 ! subjects (  
mon>*y1 l ^? ( republics1 f9d !mselves  
occupi$ z ! memb]s ( an active society1 
& engag$ to treat ) _! fell[ creatures  
on a lib]al foot+4 ,if ^? pr9ciples (   
hon\r :i* save ! individual f s]vility 9
 8 own p]son1 or f becom+ an eng9e (    
oppression 9 ! h&s ( ano!r1 %\ld fail2  
if !y %\ld give way to ! maxims (       
comm]ce1 to ! ref9em5ts ( a suppos$     
philosophy1 or to ! misplac$ ard\rs ( a 
republican _s2 if !y are betray$ by !   
c[>dice ( subjects1 or subdu$ by !      
ambition ( pr9ces2 :at mu/ become ( !   
nations ( ,europe8  ,despotism is mon>*y
 corrupt$1 9 :i* a c\rt & a pr9ce 9     
appe>ance rema91 b 9 :i* e subord9ate   
rank is de/roy$2 9 :i* ! subject is     
told1 t he has no rights2 t he _c       
possess any prop]ty1 nor fill any /ation

 indep5d5t ( ! mom5t>y w ( 8 pr9ce4 ,^! 
doctr9es are f\nd$ on ! maxims (        
conque/2 !y mu/ be inculcat$ ) ! :ip & !
 sword2 & are be/ receiv$ "u ! t]ror (  
*a9s & imprisonm5t4 ,fe>1 !re=e1 is !   
pr9ciple :i* qualifies ! subject to     
occupy 8 /ation2 & ! sov]eign1 :o holds 
out ! ensigns ( t]ror s freely to o!rs1 
has abundant reason to give ?is passion 
a pr9cipal place ) himself4 ,t t5ure :i*
 he has devis$ = ! rights ( o!rs1 is    
soon appli$ to 8 own2 & f 8 eag] desire 
to secure1 or to ext5d 8 p[]1 he f9ds x 
become1 l ! =tunes ( 8 p1 a creature (  
m]e imag9ation & unsettl$ caprice4      
,:il/ we ?us1 ) s mu* accuracy1 c assign
 ! ideal limits t may di/+ui%           
con/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 we f9d !m1 9   
reality1 bo? 9 respect to ! pr9ciple & !
 =m1 v>i\sly bl5d$ toge!r4 ,9 :at       
society are n m5 class$ by ext]nal      
di/9ctions1 z well z p]sonal qualities8 
,9 :at /ate are !y n actuat$ by a v>iety
 ( pr9ciples2 ju/ice1 hon\r1 mod]ation1 
& fe>8 ,x is ! purpose ( sci5ce n to    

disguise ?is confusion 9 its object1 b1 
9 ! multiplicity & comb9ation (         
p>ticul>s1 to f9d ! pr9cipal po9ts :i*  
des]ve our att5tion2 & :i*1 be+ well    
und]/ood1 save u f ! emb>rassm5t :i* !  
v>ieties ( s+ul> cases might o!rwise    
create4 ,9 ! same degree 9 :i* gov]nm5ts
 require m5 to act f pr9ciples ( virtue1
 ( hon\r1 or ( fe>1 !y are m or less    
fully compris$ "u ! heads ( republic1   
mon>*y1 or despotism1 & ! g5]al !ory is 
m or less applicable to _! p>ticul>     
case4  ,=ms ( gov]nm5t1 9 fact1 mutually
 approa* or rec$e by _m1 & (t5 ins5sible
 gradations4 ,democracy1 by admitt+     
c]ta9 inequalities ( rank1 approa*es to 
ari/ocracy4 ,9 popul>1 z well z         
ari/ocratical gov]nm5ts1 p>ticul> m52 by
 _! p]sonal au?ority1 & sometimes by !  
cr$it ( _! family1 h ma9ta9$ a species (
 mon>*ical p[]4 ,! mon>* is limit$ 9    
diff]5t degrees3 ev5 ! despotic pr9ce is
 only t mon>* ^: subjects claim ! fewe/ 
privileges1 or :o is himself be/ prep>$ 
to subdue !m by =ce4 ,all ^! v>ieties   

are b /eps 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 &1 m>k !
 fleet+ & transi5t situations ?r\gh :i* 
!y h pass$2 :ile support$ by virtue1 or 
depress$ by vice4  ,p]fect democracy &  
despotism appe> to be ! opposite        
extremes at :i* con/itutions ( gov]nm5t 
f>!/ rec$e f ea* o!r4 ,"u ! fir/1 a     
p]fect virtue is requir$2 "u ! second1 a
 total corruption is suppos$3 yet1 9    
po9t ( m]e =m1 !re be+ no?+ fix$ 9 !    
ranks & di/9ctions ( m5 beyond ! casual 
& tempor>y possession ( p[]1 societies  
easily pass f a condition 9 :i* e       
individual has an equal title to reign1 
into "o 9 :i* !y are equally de/9$ to   
s]ve4 ,! same qualities 9 bo?1 c\rage1  
popul>ity1 address1 & milit>y conduct1  
raise ! ambiti\s to em95ce4 ,) ^!       
qualities1 ! citiz5 or ! slave easily   
passes f ! ranks to ! comm& ( an army1 f
 an obscure to an illu/ri\s /ation4 ,9  
ei!r1 a s+le p]son may rule ) unlimit$  
sway2 & 9 bo?1 ! populace may break d[n 
e b>ri] ( ord]1 & re/ra9t ( law4  ,if we
 suppose t ! equality e/abli%$ among !  

subjects ( a despotic /ate has inspir$  
its memb]s ) confid5ce1 intrepidity1 & !
 love ( ju/ice2 ! despotic pr9ce1 hav+  
ceas$ to be an object ( fe>1 mu/ s9k    
among ! cr[d4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !      
p]sonal equality :i* is enjoy$ by !     
memb]s ( a democratical /ate1 %\ld be   
valu$ m]ely z an equal pret5sion to !   
objects ( av>ice & ambition1 ! mon>* may
 />t up anew1 & be support$ by ^? :o    
mean to %>e 9 8 pr(its4 ,:5 ! rapaci\s &
 m]c5>y assemble 9 p>ties1 x is ( no    
consequ5ce "u :at lead] !y inli/1 :e!r  
,cs> or ,pompey2 ! hopes ( rap9e or pay 
are ! only motives f :i* !y become      
atta*$ to ei!r4  ,9 ! disord] ( corrupt$
 societies1 ! sc5e has be5 frequ5tly    
*ang$ f democracy to despotism1 & f !   
la/ too1 9 its turn1 to ! fir/4 ,f amid/
 ! democracy ( corrupt m51 & f a sc5e ( 
lawless confusion1 ! tyrant asc5ds a    
?rone ) arms reek+ 9 blood4 ,b 8 abuses1
 or 8 weaknesses1 9 ! /ation he has     
ga9$1 9 _! turn awak5 & give way to ! _s
 ( mut9y & rev5ge4 ,! cries ( murd] &   

desolation1 :i* 9 ! ord9>y c\rse (      
milit>y gov]nm5t t]rifi$ ! subject 9 8  
private retreat1 s\nd ?r\gh ! vaults1 & 
pi]ce ! grates & iron doors ( ! s]aglio4
 ,democracy seems to revive 9 a sc5e (  
wild disord] & tumult2 b bo? ! extremes 
are b ! transi5t fits ( p>oxysm or      
languor 9 a di/emp]$ /ate4  ,if m5 be   
any:]e arriv$ at ?is measure (          
depravity1 !re appe>s no imm$iate hope (
 r$ress4 ,nei!r ! asc5dancy ( !         
multitude1 nor t ( ! tyrant1 w secure ! 
adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 nei!r ! lic5se ( 
m]e tumult1 nor ! calm ( dejection &    
s]vitude1 w tea* ! citiz5 t he 0 born = 
c&\r & affection to 8 fell[ creatures4  
,& if ! speculative w\ld f9d t habitual 
/ate ( w> :i* !y are sometimes pleas$ to
 hon\r ) ! "n ( ! /ate ( nature1 !y w   
f9d x 9 ! conte/ t subsi/s betwe5 !     
despotical pr9ce & 8 subjects1 n 9 !    
fir/ approa*es ( a rude & simple tribe  
to ! condition & ! dome/ic arrangem5t ( 
nations4    ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,!       
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,civil ,,society4         

99       99       99       99       99  
,,"p ,,second4  ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(    
,,rude ,,nations4          99       99  
99       99       99      ,,section ,i4 
,,( ,,! ,,in=mations ,,on ,,?is         
,,subject ,,:i* ,,are ,,d]iv$ ,,f       
,,antiquity4   ,! hi/ory ( mank9d is    
conf9$ )9 a limit$ p]iod1 & f e qu>t]   
br+s an intimation t human affairs h _h 
a beg9n+4 ,nations1 di/+ui%$ by !       
possession ( arts1 & ! felicity ( _!    
political e/abli%m5ts1 h be5 d]iv$ f a  
feeble orig9al1 & /ill pres]ve 9 _! /ory
 ! indications ( a sl[ & gradual        
progress1 by :i* ?is di/9ction 0 ga9$4  
,! antiquities ( e p1 h[ev] div]sifi$1 &
 h[ev] disguis$1 conta9 ! same in=mation
 on ?is po9t4  ,9 sacr$ hi/ory1 we f9d !
 p>5ts ( ! species1 z yet a s+le pair1  
s5t =? to inh]it ! e>?1 & to =ce a      
subsi/5ce = !mselves amid/ ! bri>s &    
?orns :i* 7 made to ab\nd on its        
surface4 ,_! race1 :i* 0 aga9 r$uc$ to a
 few1 _h to /ruggle ) ! dang]s t await a
 weak & infant species2 & aft] _m ages  

elaps$1 ! mo/ respectable nations took  
_! rise f "o or a few families t _h     
pa/ur$ _! flocks 9 ! des]t4  ,!         
,grecians d]ive _! own orig9 f unsettl$ 
tribes1 ^: frequ5t migrations are a pro(
 ( ! rude & infant /ate ( _!            
communities2 & ^: w>like exploits1 s mu*
 celebrat$ 9 /ory1 only exhibit !       
/ruggles ) :i* !y disput$ ! possession (
 a c\ntry !y aft]w>ds1 by _! tal5t =    
fable1 by _! arts1 & _! policy1 r5d]$ s 
fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4  ,italy mu/ h
 be5 divid$ into _m rude & feeble       
cantons1 :5 a b& ( robb]s1 z we are     
taught to consid] !m1 f\nd a secure     
settlem5t on ! banks ( ! ,tib]1 & :5 a  
p1 yet compos$ only ( "o sex1 su/a9$ !  
"* ( a nation4 ,rome1 = _m ages1 saw1 f 
h] walls1 on e side1 ! t]ritory ( h]    
enemies1 & f\nd z little to *eck or to  
/ifle ! weakness ( h] infant p[]1 z %e  
did aft]w>ds to re/ra9 ! progress ( h]  
ext5d$ empire4 ,l a ,t>t> or a ,scy?ian 
horde1 :i* _h pit*$ on a settlem5t1 ?is 
nasc5t community 0 equal1 if n sup]ior1 

to e tribe 9 its neighb\rhood2 & ! oak  
:i* has cov]$ ! field ) its %ade1 0 once
 a feeble plant 9 ! nurs]y1 & n to be   
di/+ui%$ f ! we$s by :i* its e>ly gr[? 0
 re/ra9$4  ,! ,gauls & ! ,g]mans are    
come to our k ) ! m>ks ( a simil>       
condition2 & ! inhabitants ( ,brita91 at
 ! "t ( ! fir/ ,roman invasions2        
resembl$1 9 _m ?+s1 ! pres5t natives (  
,nor? ,am]ica3 !y 7 ignorant (          
agriculture2 !y pa9t$ _! bodies2 & us$ =
 clo?+ ! sk9s ( bea/s4  ,su*1 !re=e1    
appe>s to h be5 ! comm5cem5t ( hi/ory ) 
all nations1 & 9 su* circum/ances are we
 to look = ! orig9al "* ( mank9d4 ,!    
inquiry ref]s to a di/ant p]iod1 & e    
conclusion %\ld build on ! facts :i* are
 pres]v$ = our use4 ,our me?od1 not)/&+1
 too frequ5tly1 is to re/ ! :ole on     
conjecture2 to impute e advantage ( our 
nature to ^? arts :i* we ourselves      
possess2 & to imag9e1 t a m]e negation (
 all our virtues is a suffici5t         
description ( man 9 8 orig9al /ate4 ,we 
are ourselves ! suppos$ /&>ds (         

polit5ess & civilization2 & :]e our own 
features d n appe>1 we appreh5d1 t !re  
is no?+ :i* des]ves to be kn[n4 ,b x is 
probable t "h1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 we are 
ill qualifi$1 f our suppos$ k ( causes1 
to progno/icate effects1 or to det]m9e  
:at mu/ h be5 ! prop]ties & op]ations1  
ev5 ( our own nature1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^?   
circum/ances 9 :i* we h se5 x engag$4   
,:o w\ld1 f m]e conjecture1 suppose1 t !
 nak$ savage w\ld be a coxcomb & a      
game/]8 t he w\ld be pr\d or va91 )\t ! 
di/9ctions ( title & =tune8 & t 8       
pr9cipal c>e w\ld be to adorn 8 p]son1 &
 to f9d an amusem5t8 ,ev5 if x c\ld be  
suppos$ t he w\ld ?us %>e 9 our vices1  
&1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 =e/1 vie ) ! follies :i*
 are practis$ 9 ! t[n2 yet no "o w\ld be
 s bold z to affirm1 t he w\ld likewise1
 9 any in/ance1 excel u 9 tal5ts &      
virtues2 t he w\ld h a p5etration1 a =ce
 ( imag9ation & elocution1 an ard\r (   
m9d1 an affection & c\rage1 :i* ! arts1 
! discipl9e1 & ! policy ( few nations   
w\ld be able to improve4 ,yet ^!        

p>ticul>s are a "p 9 ! description :i*  
is deliv]$ by ^? :o h _h opportunities (
 see+ mank9d 9 _! rude/ condition2 &    
beyond ! rea* ( su* te/imony1 we c nei!r
 safely take1 nor pret5d to give1       
in=mation on ! subject4  ,if conjectures
 & op9ions =m$ at a di/ance1 h n        
suffici5t au?ority 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 
! dome/ic antiquities ( e nation mu/1 = 
?is v reason1 be receiv$ ) caution4 ,!y 
are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! m]e conjectures or ! 
fictions ( subsequ5t ages2 & ev5 :]e at 
fir/ !y conta9$ "s resemblance ( tru?1  
!y /ill v>y ) ! imag9ation ( ^? by :om  
!y are transmitt$1 & 9 e g5]ation       
receive a diff]5t =m4 ,!y are made to   
be> ! /amp ( ! times ?r\gh :i* !y h     
pass$ 9 ! =m ( tradition1 n ( ! ages to 
:i* _! pret5d$ descriptions relate4 ,!  
in=mation !y br+1 is n l ! light        
reflect$ f a mirror1 :i* del9eates !    
object f :i* x orig9ally came2 b1 l rays
 t come brok5 & disp]s$ f an opaque or  
unpoli%$ surface1 only give ! col\rs &  
features ( ! body f :i* !y 7 la/        

reflect$4  ,:5 tradition>y fables are   
rehe>s$ by ! vulg>1 !y be> ! m>ks ( a   
national "*2 & ?\gh mix$ ) absurdities1 
(t5 raise ! imag9ation1 & move ! he>t3  
:5 made ! mat]ials ( poetry1 & adorn$ by
 ! skill & ! eloqu5ce ( an ard5t &      
sup]ior m9d1 !y in/ruct ! und]/&+1 z    
well z engage ! passions4 ,x is only 9 !
 managem5t ( m]e antiqu>ies1 or /ript ( 
! ornam5ts :i* ! laws ( hi/ory =bid !m  
to we>1 t !y become ev5 unfit to amuse !
 fancy1 or to s]ve any purpose :atev]4  
,x 7 absurd to quote ! fable ( ! ,iliad 
or ! ,odyssey1 ! leg5ds ( ,h]cules1     
,!seus1 or ,o$ipus1 z au?orities 9 matt]
 ( fact relat+ to ! hi/ory ( mank9d2 b  
!y may1 ) great ju/ice1 be cit$ to      
asc]ta9 :at 7 ! conceptions & s5tim5ts1 
( ! age 9 :i* !y 7 compos$1 or to       
*>act]ize ! g5ius ( t p1 ) ^:           
imag9ations !y 7 bl5d$1 & by :om !y 7   
fondly rehe>s$ & admir$4  ,9 ?is mann]  
fiction may be admitt$ to v\* = ! g5ius 
( nations1 :ile hi/ory has no?+ to (f] t
 is entitl$ to cr$it4 ,! ,greek fable   

accord+ly convey+ a "* ( its au?ors1    
?r[s light on "s ages ( :i* no o!r      
record rema9s4 ,! sup]iority ( ?is p is 
inde$ 9 no circum/ance m evid5t ?an 9 ! 
/ra9 ( _! fictions1 & 9 ! /ory ( ^?     
fabul\s h]oes1 poets1 & sages1 ^: tales1
 be+ inv5t$ or embelli%$ by an          
imag9ation already fill$ ) ! subject =  
:i* ! h]o 0 celebrat$1 s]v$ to inflame t
 ard5t en?usiasm1 ) :i* s _m diff]5t    
republics aft]w>ds proce$$ 9 ! pursuit (
 e national object4  ,x 0 no d\bt (     
great advantage to ^? nations1 t _!     
sy/em ( fable 0 orig9al1 & be+ already  
receiv$ 9 popul> traditions1 s]v$ to    
diffuse ^? improvem5ts ( reason1        
imag9ation1 & s5tim5t1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds1  
by m5 ( ! f9e/ tal5ts1 made on ! fable  
itself1 or convey$ 9 its moral4 ,!      
passions ( ! poet p]vad$ ! m9ds ( ! p1 &
 ! conceptions ( m5 ( g5ius1 be+        
communicat$ to ! vulg>1 became !        
inc5tives ( a national _s4  ,a my?ology 
borr[$ f abroad1 a lit]ature f\nd$ on   
ref]5ces to a /range c\ntry1 & fraught )

 =eign allusions1 are mu* m conf9$ 9 _! 
use3 !y speak to ! le>n$ alone2 & ?\gh  
int5d$ to in=m ! und]/&+1 & to m5d !    
he>t1 may1 by be+ conf9$ to a few1 h an 
opposite effect4 ,!y may fo/] conceit on
 ! ru9s ( common s5se1 & r5d] :at 01 at 
lea/ innoc5tly1 sung by ! ,a!nian m>9]  
at 8 o>1 or rehe>s$ by ! %eph]d 9 att5d+
 8 flock1 an occasion ( vice1 or !      
f\ndation ( p$antry & s*ola/ic pride4   
,our v le>n+1 p]haps1 :]e its influ5ce  
ext5ds1 s]ves1 9 "s measure1 to depress 
our national _s4 ,our lit]ature be+     
d]iv$ f nations ( a diff]5t race1 :o    
fl\ri%$ at a "t :5 our ance/ors 7 9 a   
/ate ( b>b>ity1 & consequ5tly1 :5 !y 7  
despis$ by ^? :o _h atta9$ to ! lit]>y  
arts1 has giv5 rise to a humbl+ op9ion1 
t we ourselves are ! (fspr+ ( mean &    
contemptible nations1 ) :om ! human     
imag9ation & s5tim5t _h no effect1 till 
! g5ius 0 9 a mann] inspir$ by examples1
 & direct$ by lessons t 7 br\ght f      
abroad4 ,! ,romans1 f :om our acc\nts   
are *iefly d]iv$1 h admitt$1 9 ! rud5ess

 ( _! own ance/ors1 a sy/em ( virtues1  
:i* all simple nations p]haps equally   
possess2 a contempt ( ri*es2 love ( _!  
c\ntry1 pati5ce ( h>d%ip1 dang]1 &      
fatigue4 ,!y h1 not)/&+1 vilifi$ our    
ance/ors = hav+ resembl$ _! own2 at     
lea/1 9 ! defect ( _! arts1 & 9 !       
neglect ( conv5i5cies :i* ^? arts are   
employ$ to procure4  ,x is f ! ,greek & 
! ,roman hi/orians1 h[ev]1 t we h n only
 ! mo/ au!ntic & in/ructive1 b ev5 ! mo/
 engag+ repres5tations ( ! tribes f :om 
we desc5d4 ,^? sublime & intellig5t     
writ]s und]/ood human nature1 & c\ld    
collect its features1 & exhibit its     
*>act]s1 9 e situation4 ,!y 7 ill       
succe$$ 9 ?is task by ! e>ly hi/orians (
 mod]n ,europe2 :o1 g5]ally br$ to !    
pr(ession ( monks1 & conf9$ to ! mona/ic
 life1 appli$ !mselves to record :at !y 
7 pleas$ to d5om9ate facts1 :ile !y     
suff]$ ! productions ( g5ius to p]i%1 & 
7 unable1 ei!r by ! matt] !y select$1 or
 ! /yle ( _! compositions1 to give any  
repres5tation ( ! active _s ( mank9d 9  

any condition4 ,) !m1 a n>ration 0      
suppos$ to con/itute hi/ory1 :il/ x did 
n convey any k ( m52 & hi/ory itself 0  
all[$ to be complete1 :ile1 amid/ !     
ev5ts & ! succession ( pr9ces t are     
record$ 9 ! ord] ( "t1 we are left to   
look 9 va9 = ^? *>act]i/ics ( ! und]/&+ 
& ! he>t1 :i* alone1 9 e human          
transaction1 r5d] ! /ory ei!r engag+ or 
useful4  ,we !re=e will+ly quit ! hi/ory
 ( our e>ly ance/ors1 :]e ,cs> &        
,tacitus h dropp$ !m2 & p]haps till we  
come )9 ! rea* ( :at is connect$ )      
pres5t affairs1 & makes a "p 9 ! sy/em  
on :i* we n[ proce$1 h little reason to 
expect any subject to int]e/ or in=m !  
m9d4 ,we h no reason1 h[ev]1 f h5ce to  
conclude1 t ! matt] itself 0 m b>r51 or 
! sc5e ( human affairs less int]e/+1 9  
mod]n ,europe1 ?an x has be5 on e /age  
:]e mank9d 7 engag$ to exhibit !        
movem5ts ( ! he>t1 ! ef=ts ( g5]osity1  
magnanimity1 & c\rage4  ,! trial ( :at  
^? ages conta9$1 is n ev5 fairly made1  
:5 m5 ( g5ius & di/+ui%$ abilities1 ) ! 

accompli%m5ts ( a le>n$ & a poli%$ age1 
collect ! mat]ials !y h f\nd1 &1 ) !    
greate/ success1 connect ! /ory (       
illit]ate ages ) transactions ( a lat]  
date4 ,x is difficult ev5 = !m1 "u !    
names :i* are appli$ 9 a new /ate (     
society1 to convey a j appreh5sion ( :at
 mank9d 71 9 situations s diff]5t1 & 9  
times s remote f _! own4  ,9 d]iv+ f    
hi/orians ( ?is "* ! in/ruction :i* _!  
writ+s are fit to be/[1 we are frequ5tly
 to =get ! g5]al t]ms t are employ$1 9  
ord] to collect ! real mann]s ( any age 
f ! m9ute circum/ances t are            
occasionally pres5t$4 ,! titles ( ,royal
 & ,noble 7 applicable to ! families (  
,t>qu91 ,collat9us1 & ,c9c9natus2 b     
,lucretia 0 employ$ 9 dome/ic indu/ry ) 
h] maids1 & ,c9c9natus foll[$ ! pl\gh4  
,! dignities1 & ev5 ! (fices1 ( civil   
society1 7 kn[n _m ages ago1 9 ,europe1 
by _! pres5t appellations2 b we f9d 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ,engl&1 t a k+ & 8 c\rt be+    
assembl$ to solemnize a fe/ival1 an     
outlaw1 :o _h subsi/$ by robb]y1 came to

 %>e 9 ! fea/4 ,! k+ himself arose to   
=ce ?is unwor?y gue/ f ! company2 a     
scuffle ensu$ betwe5 !m2 & ! k+ 0 kill$4
 ,footnote3 ,hume's ,hi/ory1 *ap4 #h4 p4
 #bgh ,a *ancellor & prime m9i/]1 ^:    
magnific5ce & sumptu\s furniture 7 !    
subject ( admiration & envy1 _h 8       
ap>tm5ts cov]$ e day 9 w9t] ) clean /raw
 & hay1 & 9 summ] ) gre5 ru%es or b\ghs4
 ,ev5 ! sov]eign himself1 9 ^? ages1 0  
provid$ ) =age = 8 b$4 ,footnote3       
,hume's ,hi/ory1 *ap4 #h4 p4#gc ,^!     
picturesque features1 & *>act]i/ical    
/rokes ( ! times1 recal ! imag9ation f !
 suppos$ di/9ction ( mon>* & subject1 to
 t /ate ( r\gh famili>ity 9 :i* our     
ance/ors liv$1 & "u :i* !y act$1 ) a    
view to objects1 & on pr9ciples (       
conduct1 :i* we seldom compreh5d1 :5 we 
are employ$ to record _! transactions1  
or to /udy _! *>act]s4  ,?ucydides1     
not)/&+ ! prejudice ( 8 c\ntry aga9/ !  
"n ( ,b>b>ian1 und]/ood t x 0 9 ! cu/oms
 ( b>b>\s nations he 0 to /udy ! m      
anci5t mann]s ( ,greece4  ,! ,romans    

might h f\nd an image ( _! own ance/ors1
 9 ! repres5tations !y h giv5 ( ours2 & 
if ev] an ,arab clan %all become a      
civiliz$ nation1 or any ,am]ican tribe  
escape ! poison :i* is adm9i/]$ by our  
trad]s ( ,europe1 x may be f ! relations
 ( ! pres5t times1 & ! descriptions :i* 
are n[ giv5 by travell]s1 t su* a p1 9  
aft] ages1 may be/ collect ! acc\nts (  
_! orig94 ,x is 9 _! pres5t condition t 
we are to behold1 z 9 a mirror1 !       
features ( our own prog5itors2 & f !nce 
we are to draw our conclusions ) respect
 to ! influ5ce ( situations1 9 :i* we h 
reason to believe t our fa!rs 7 plac$4  
,:at %\ld di/+ui% a ,g]man or a ,briton1
 9 ! habits ( 8 m9d or 8 body1 9 8      
mann]s or appreh5sions1 f an ,am]ican1  
:o1 l him1 ) 8 b[ & 8 d>t1 is left to   
trav]se ! =e/2 & 9 a l sev]e or v>iable 
climate1 is oblig$ to subsi/ by ! *ase8 
,if1 9 advanc$ ye>s1 we w\ld =m a j     
notion ( our progress f ! cradle1 we mu/
 h rec\rse to ! nurs]y2 & f ! example ( 
^? :o are /ill 9 ! p]iod ( life we mean 

to describe1 take our repres5tation (   
pa/ mann]s1 t _c1 9 any o!r way1 be     
recall$4     ,,section ,,ii4  ,,( ,,rude
 ,,nations ,,prior ,,to ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t
 ,,( ,,prop]ty4   ,f "o to ! o!r        
extremity ( ,am]ica2 f ,kamts*atka      
we/w>d to ! riv] ,oby2 & f ! ,nor!rn    
,sea1 ov] t l5g? ( c\ntry1 to ! conf9es 
( ,*9a1 ( ,india1 & ,p]sia2 f ! ,caspian
 to ! ,r$ ,sea1 ) little exception1 & f 
!nce ov] ! inl& cont95t & ! we/]n %ores 
( ,africa2 we e :]e meet ) nations on   
:om we be/[ ! appellations ( b>b>\s or  
savage4 ,t ext5sive tract ( ! e>?1      
conta9+ s great a v>iety ( situation1   
climate1 & soil1 %\ld1 9 ! mann]s ( its 
inhabitants1 exhibit all ! div]sities   
:i* arise f ! unequal influ5ce ( ! sun1 
jo9$ to a diff]5t n\ri%m5t & mann] (    
life4 ,e "q1 h[ev]1 on ?is subject1 is  
premature1 till we h fir/ endeav\r$ to  
=m "s g5]al conception ( our species 9  
its rude /ate1 & h le>n$ to di/+ui% m]e 
ignorance f dulness1 & ! want ( arts f !
 want ( capacity4  ,( ! nations :o dwell

 9 ^?1 or any o!r ( ! less cultivat$    
p>ts ( ! e>?1 "s entru/ _! subsi/5ce    
*iefly to hunt+1 fi%+1 or ! natural     
produce ( ! soil4 ,!y h little att5tion 
to prop]ty1 & sc>cely any beg9n+s (     
subord9ation or gov]nm5t4 ,o!rs1 hav+   
possess$ !mselves ( h]ds1 & dep5d+ = _! 
provision on pa/ure1 "k :at x is to be  
poor & ri*4 ,!y "k ! relations ( patron 
& cli5t1 ( s]vant & ma/]1 & by !        
measures ( =tune det]m9e _! /ation4 ,?is
 di/9ction mu/ create a mat]ial diff]5ce
 ( "*1 & may furni% two sep>ate heads1  
"u :i* to consid] ! hi/ory ( mank9d 9 _!
 rude/ /ate2 t ( ! savage1 :o is n yet  
acqua9t$ ) prop]ty2 & t ( ! b>b>ian1 to 
:om x is1 al?\gh n asc]ta9$ by laws1 a  
pr9cipal object ( c>e & desire4  ,x mu/ 
appe> v evid5t1 t prop]ty is a matt] (  
progress4 ,x requires1 among o!r        
p>ticul>s1 :i* are ! effects ( "t1 "s   
me?od ( def9+ possession4 ,! v desire ( 
x proce$s f exp]i5ce2 & ! indu/ry by :i*
 x is ga9$1 or improv$1 requires su* a  
habit ( act+ ) a view to di/ant objects1

 z may ov]come ! pres5t disposition ei!r
 to slo? or to enjoym5t4 ,?is habit is  
sl[ly acquir$1 & is 9 reality a pr9cipal
 di/9ction ( nations 9 ! advanc$ /ate ( 
me*anic & comm]cial arts4  ,9 a tribe   
:i* subsi/s by hunt+ & fi%+1 ! arms1 !  
ut5sils1 & ! fur1 :i* ! individual      
c>ries1 are to him ! only subjects (    
prop]ty4 ,! food ( to-morr[ is yet wild 
9 ! =e/1 or hid 9 ! lake2 x _c be       
appropriat$ be=e x is caught2 & ev5 !n1 
be+ ! pur*ase ( numb]s1 :o fi% or hunt 9
 a body1 x accrues to ! community1 & is 
appli$ to imm$iate use1 or becomes an   
accession to ! /ores ( ! public4  ,:]e  
savage nations1 z 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,am]ica1 
mix ) ! practice ( hunt+ "s species (   
rude agriculture1 !y /ill foll[1 )      
respect to ! soil & ! fruits ( ! e>?1 ! 
analogy ( _! pr9cipal object4 ,z ! m5   
hunt1 s ! wom5 lab\r toge!r2 &1 aft] !y 
h %>$ ! toils ( ! se$ "t1 !y enjoy !    
fruits ( ! h>ve/ 9 common4 ,! field 9   
:i* !y h plant$1 l ! di/rict ov] :i* !y 
are accu/om$ to hunt1 is claim$ z a     

prop]ty by ! nation1 b is n p>cell$ 9   
lots to its memb]s4 ,!y g =? 9 p>ties to
 prep>e ! gr\nd1 to plant & to reap4 ,! 
h>ve/ is ga!r$ into ! public gran>y1 & f
 !nce1 at /at$ times1 is divid$ into    
%>es = ! ma9t5ance ( sep>ate families4  
,footnote3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,c>ibbees4 ,ev5 !
 returns ( ! m>ket1 :5 !y trade )       
=eign]s1 are br\ght home to ! /ock ( !  
nation4 ,footnote3 ,*>levoix4 ,?is      
acc\nt ( ,rude ,nations1 9 mo/ po9ts (  
importance1 s f> z x relates to !       
orig9al ,nor? ,am]icans1 is n f\nd$ s   
mu* on ! te/imony ( ?is or ! o!r writ]s 
cit$1 z x is on ! concurr+              
repres5tations ( liv+ witnesses1 :o1 9 !
 c\rse ( trade1 ( w>1 & ( treaties1 h _h
 ample occasion to obs]ve ! mann]s ( t  
p4 ,x is necess>y h[ev]1 = ! sake ( ^?  
:o may n h conv]s$ ) ! liv+ witnesses1  
to ref] to pr9t$ au?orities4  ,z ! fur &
 ! b[ p]ta9 to ! individual1 ! cab9 &   
its ut5sils are appropriat$ to ! family2
 & z ! dome/ic c>es are committ$ to !   
wom51 s ! prop]ty ( ! h\sehold seems    

likewise to be ve/$ 9 !m4 ,! *ildr5 are 
consid]$ z p]ta9+ to ! "m1 ) little     
reg>d to desc5t on ! fa!r's side4 ,!    
males1 be=e !y are m>ri$1 rema9 9 ! cab9
 9 :i* !y are born2 b aft] !y h =m$ a   
new connection ) ! o!r sex1 !y *ange _! 
habitation1 & become an accession to !  
family 9 :i* !y h f\nd _! wives4 ,!     
hunt] & ! w>rior are numb]$ by ! matron 
z a "p ( h] treasure2 !y are res]v$ =   
p]ils & try+ occasions2 & 9 ! recess (  
public c\ncils1 9 ! int]vals ( hunt+ or 
w>1 are ma9ta9$ by ! c>es ( ! wom51 &   
loit] ab\t 9 m]e amusem5t or slo?4      
,footnote3 ,lafitau4  ,:ile "o sex      
cont9ue to value !mselves *iefly on _!  
c\rage1 _! tal5t = policy1 & _! w>like  
a*ievem5ts1 ?is species ( prop]ty :i* is
 be/[$ on ! o!r1 is1 9 reality1 a m>k ( 
subjection2 n1 z "s writ]s allege1 ( _! 
hav+ acquir$ an asc5dant4 ,footnote3    
,ibid4 ,x is ! c>e & tr\ble ( a subject 
) :i* ! w>rior does n *oose to be       
emb>rass$4 ,x is a s]vitude1 & a        
cont9ual toil1 :]e no hon\rs are won2 & 

!y ^: prov9ce x is1 are 9 fact ! slaves 
& ! helots ( _! c\ntry4 ,if 9 ?is       
de/9ation ( ! sexes1 :ile ! m5 cont9ue  
to indulge !mselves 9 ! contempt (      
sordid & m]c5>y arts1 ! cruel e/abli%m5t
 ( slav]y is = "s ages def]r$2 if1 9 ?is
 t5d]1 ?\gh unequal alliance1 !         
affections ( ! he>t prev5t ! sev]ities  
practis$ on slaves2 we h 9 ! cu/om      
itself1 z p]haps 9 _m o!r in/ances1     
reason to pref] ! fir/ sugge/ions (     
nature1 to _m ( h] aft] ref9em5ts4  ,if 
mank9d1 9 any in/ance1 cont9ue ! article
 ( prop]ty on ! foot+ we h n[ repres5t$1
 we may easily cr$it :at is fur!r       
report$ by travell]s2 t !y admit ( no   
di/9ctions ( rank or condition2 & t !y h
 9 fact no degree ( subord9ation diff]5t
 f ! di/ribution ( function1 :i* foll[s 
! diff]5ces ( age1 tal5ts1 &            
dispositions4 ,p]sonal qualities give an
 asc5dant 9 ! mid/ ( occasions :i*      
require _! ex]tion2 b 9 times (         
relaxation1 leave no ve/ige ( p[] or    
pr]ogative4 ,a w>rior :o has l$ ! y\? ( 

8 nation to ! slaught] ( _! enemies1 or 
:o has be5 =emo/ 9 ! *ase1 returns ^u a 
level ) ! re/ ( 8 tribe2 & :5 ! only    
bus9ess is to sleep1 or to fe$1 c enjoy 
no pre-em95ce2 = he sleeps & he fe$s no 
bett] ?an !y4  ,:]e no pr(it att5ds     
dom9ion1 "o p>ty is z mu* av]se to !    
tr\ble ( p]petual comm&1 z ! o!r is to !
 mortification ( p]petual submission4 ,i
 love victory1 ,i love great actions1   
says ,montesquieu1 9 ! "* ( ,sylla2 b h 
no reli% = ! languid detail ( pacific   
gov]nm5t1 or ! pageantry ( high /ation4 
,he has t\*$ p]haps :at is a prevail+   
s5tim5t 9 ! simple/ /ate ( society1 :5 !
 weakness ( motive sugge/$ by int]e/1 & 
! ignorance ( any elevation n f\nd$ on  
m]it1 supplies ! place ( disda94  ,! "* 
( ! m9d1 h[ev]1 9 ?is /ate1 is n f\nd$  
on ignorance alone4 ,m5 are consci\s (  
_! equality1 & are t5aci\s ( its rights4
 ,ev5 :5 !y foll[ a lead] to ! field1 !y
 _c brook ! pret5sions to a =mal comm&3 
!y li/5 to no ord]s2 & !y come "u no    
milit>y engagem5ts1 b ^? ( mutual       

fidelity1 & equal ard\r 9 ! ent]prise4  
,footnote3 ,*>levoix4  ,?is description1
 we may believe1 is unequally applicable
 to diff]5t nations1 :o h made unequal  
advances 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( prop]ty4      
,among ! ,c>ibbees1 & ! o!r natives ( ! 
w>m] climates 9 ,am]ica1 ! dignity (    
*iefta9 is h]$it>y1 or elective1 &      
cont9u$ = life3 ! unequal di/ribution ( 
prop]ty creates a visible subord9ation4 
,footnote3 ,waf]'s ,acc\nt ( ! ,i/hmus (
 ,d>i54 ,b among ! ,iroquois1 & o!r     
nations ( ! temp]ate zone1 ! titles (   
magi/rate & subject1 ( noble & mean1 are
 z little kn[n z ^? ( ri* & poor4 ,! old
 m51 )\t be+ inve/$ ) any co]cive p[]1  
employ _! natural au?ority 9 advis+ or 9
 prompt+ ! resolutions ( _! tribe3 !    
milit>y lead] is po9t$ out by !         
sup]iority ( 8 manhood & val\r2 !       
/atesman is di/+ui%$ only by ! att5tion 
) :i* 8 c\nsel is he>d2 ! w>rior by !   
confid5ce ) :i* ! y\? ( 8 nation foll[  
him to ! field2 & if _! conc]ts mu/ be  
suppos$ to con/itute a species (        

political gov]nm5t1 x is "o to :i* no   
language ( ours c be appli$4 ,p[] is no 
m ?an ! natural asc5dancy ( ! m9d2 !    
dis*>ge ( (fice no m ?an a natural      
ex]cise ( ! p]sonal "*2 & :ile !        
community acts ) an appe>ance ( ord]1   
!re is no s5se ( disp>ity 9 ! brea/ (   
any ( its memb]s4 ,footnote3 ,cold5's   
,hi/ory ( ! ,five ,nations4  ,9 ^!      
happy1 ?\gh in=mal proce$+s1 :]e age    
alone gives a place 9 ! c\ncil2 :]e y\?1
 ard\r1 & val\r 9 ! field1 give a title 
to ! /ation ( lead]2 :]e ! :ole         
community is assembl$ on any al>m+      
occasion1 we may v5ture to say1 t we h  
f\nd ! orig9 ( ! s5ate1 ! executive p[]1
 & ! assembly ( ! p2 in/itutions = :i*  
anci5t legislators h be5 s mu* r5[n$4 ,!
 s5ate among ! ,greeks1 z well z !      
,lat9s1 appe>s1 f ! etymology ( its "n1 
to h be5 orig9ally compos$ ( eld]ly m54 
,! milit>y lead] at ,rome1 9 a mann] n  
unlike to t ( ! ,am]ican w>rior1        
proclaim$ 8 levies1 & ! citiz5 prep>$ = 
! field1 9 consequ5ce ( a volunt>y      

engagem5t4 ,! sugge/ions ( nature1 :i*  
direct$ ! policy ( nations 9 ! wilds (  
,am]ica1 7 foll[$ be=e on ! banks ( !   
,eurotas & ! ,tyb]2 & ,lycurgus &       
,romulus f\nd ! model ( _! in/itutions1 
:]e ! memb]s ( e rude nation f9d !      
e>lie/ mode ( unit+ _! tal5ts1 & comb9+ 
_! =ces4  ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican       
nations1 e individual is indep5d5t2 b he
 is engag$ by 8 affections & 8 habits 9 
! c>es ( a family4 ,families1 l s _m    
sep>ate tribes1 are subject to no       
inspection or gov]nm5t f abroad2 :atev] 
passes at home1 ev5 blood%$ & murd]1 are
 only suppos$ to conc]n !mselves4 ,!y   
are1 9 ! mean "t1 ! p>ts ( a canton2 !  
wom5 assemble to plant _! maize2 ! old  
m5 g to c\ncil2 ! huntsman & ! w>rior   
jo9s ! y\? ( 8 village 9 ! field4 ,_m   
su* cantons assemble to con/itute a     
national c\ncil1 or to execute a        
national ent]prise4 ,:5 ! ,europeans    
made _! fir/ settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica1 six  
su* nations _h =m$ a league1 _h _!      
amphyctiones or /ates g5]al1 &1 by !    

firmness ( _! union & ! ability ( _!    
c\ncils1 _h obta9$ an asc5dant f ! m\? (
 ,/4 ,lawr5ce to t ( ! ,mississippi4    
,footnote3 ,lafitau1 ,*>levoix1 ,cold51 
c4 ,!y appe>$ to und]/& ! objects ( !   
conf$]acy1 z well z ^? ( ! sep>ate      
nation2 !y /udi$ a balance ( p[]2 !     
/atesman ( "o c\ntry wat*$ ! designs &  
proce$+s ( ano!r2 & occasionally ?rew ! 
weight ( 8 tribe into a diff]5t scale4  
,!y _h _! alliances & _! treaties1 :i*1 
l ! nations ( ,europe1 !y ma9ta9$1 or !y
 broke1 ^u reasons ( /ate2 & rema9$ at  
peace f a s5se ( necessity or exp$i5cy1 
& w5t to w> ^u any em]g5ce ( provocation
 or jeal\sy4  ,?us1 )\t any settl$ =m ( 
gov]nm5t1 or any bond ( union1 b :at    
resembl$ m ! sugge/ion ( in/9ct1 ?an !  
inv5tion ( reason1 !y conduct$ !mselves 
) ! conc]t & ! =ce ( nations4 ,=eign]s1 
)\t be+ able to discov] :o is !         
magi/rate1 or 9 :at mann] ! s5ate is    
compos$1 always f9d a c\ncil ) :om !y   
may treat1 or a b& ( w>riors ) :om !y   
may fight4 ,)\t police or compulsory    

laws1 _! dome/ic society is conduct$ )  
ord]1 & ! abs5ce ( vici\s dispositions1 
is a bett] security ?an any public      
e/abli%m5t = ! suppression ( crimes4    
,disord]s1 h[ev]1 sometimes occur1      
especially 9 times ( debau*1 :5 !       
immod]ate use ( intoxicat+ liquors1 to  
:i* !y are extremely addict$1 susp5ds ! 
ord9>y caution ( _! demean\r1 &1 inflam+
 _! viol5t passions1 engages !m 9       
qu>rels & blood%$4 ,:5 a p]son is sla91 
8 murd]] is seldom call$ to an imm$iate 
acc\nt2 b he has a qu>rel to su/a9 ) !  
family & ! fri5ds2 or1 if a /rang]1 ) ! 
c\ntrym5 ( ! deceas$2 sometimes ev5 ) 8 
own nation at home1 if ! injury committ$
 be ( a k9d to al>m ! society4 ,!       
nation1 ! canton1 or ! family endeav\r1 
by pres5ts1 to atone = ! (f5ce ( any (  
_! memb]s2 &1 by pacify+ ! p>ties       
aggriev$1 endeav\r to prev5t :at al>ms !
 community m ?an ! fir/ disord]1 !      
subsequ5t effects ( rev5ge & animosity4 
,footnote3 ,lafitau4 ,! %$d+ ( blood1   
h[ev]1 if ! guilty p]son rema9 :]e he   

has committ$ ! crime1 seldom escapes    
unpuni%$3 ! fri5d ( ! deceas$ kn[s h[ to
 disguise1 ?\gh n to suppress1 8        
res5tm5t2 & ev5 aft] _m ye>s h elaps$1  
is sure to repay ! injury t 0 done to 8 
k9dr$ or 8 h\se4  ,^! consid]ations r5d]
 !m cauti\s & circumspect1 put !m on _! 
gu>d aga9/ _! passions1 & give to _!    
ord9>y deportm5t an air ( phlegm &      
composure sup]ior to :at is possess$    
among poli%$ nations4 ,!y are1 9 ! mean 
"t1 affectionate 9 _! c>riage1 & 9 _!   
conv]sations1 pay a mutual att5tion &   
reg>d1 says ,*>levoix1 m t5d] & m       
engag+1 ?an :at we pr(ess 9 ! c]emonial 
( poli%$ societies4  ,?is writ] has     
obs]v$1 t ! nations among :om he        
travell$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 nev] m5tion$  
acts ( g5]osity or k9dness "u ! notion (
 duty4 ,!y act$ f affection1 z !y act$ f
 appetite1 )\t reg>d to its consequ5ces4
 ,:5 !y _h done a k9dness1 !y _h        
gratifi$ a desire2 ! bus9ess 0 f9i%$1 & 
x pass$ f ! memory4 ,:5 !y receiv$ a    
fav\r1 x might1 or x might n1 prove !   

occasion ( fri5d%ip3 if x did n1 !      
p>ties appe>$ to h no appreh5sions (    
gratitude1 z a duty by :i* ! "o 0 b\nd  
to make a return1 or ! o!r entitl$ to   
reproa* ! p]son :o _h fail$ 9 8 "p4 ,!  
_s ) :i* !y give or receive pres5ts1 is 
! same :i*1 ,tacitus obs]v$ among !     
anci5t ,g]mans2 !y delight 9 !m1 b d n  
consid] !m z matt] ( obligation4        
,footnote3 ,mun]ibus gaud5t1 s$ nec data
 imputant1 nec acceptis obligantur4 ,su*
 gifts are ( little consequ5ce1 except  
:5 employ$ z ! seal ( a b>ga9 or treaty4
  ,x 0 _! fav\rite maxim1 t no man is   
naturally indebt$ to ano!r2 t he is n1  
!re=e1 oblig$ to be> ) any imposition1  
or unequal treatm5t4 ,footnote3         
,*>levoix ,?us1 9 a pr9ciple app>5tly   
sull5 & inhospitable1 !y h discov]$ !   
f\ndation ( ju/ice1 & obs]ve its rules1 
) a /ead9ess & c&\r :i* no cultivation  
has be5 f\nd to improve4 ,! fre$om :i*  
!y give 9 :at relates to ! suppos$      
duties ( k9dness & fri5d%ip1 s]ves only 
to engage ! he>t m entirely1 :]e x is   

once possess$ ) affection4 ,we love to  
*oose our object )\t any re/ra9t1 & we  
consid] k9dness itself z a task1 :5 !   
duties ( fri5d%ip are exact$ by rule4   
,we !re=e1 by our dem& = att5tions1 r   
corrupt ?an improve ! sy/em ( morality2 
& by our exactions ( gratitude1 & out   
frequ5t proposals to en=ce its          
obs]vance1 we only %ew t we h mi/ak5 its
 nature2 we only give symptoms ( t gr[+ 
s5sibility to int]e/1 f :i* we measure !
 exp$i5cy ( fri5d%ip & g5]osity itself2 
& by :i* we w\ld introduce ! _s (       
traffic into ! comm]ce ( affection4 ,9  
consequ5ce ( ?is proce$+1 we are (t5    
oblig$ to decl9e a fav\r1 ) ! same _s t 
we ?r[ (f a s]vile engagem5t1 or reject 
a bribe4 ,to ! unref9$ savage e fav\r is
 welcome1 & e pres5t receiv$ )\t res]ve 
or reflection4  ,! love ( equality1 & ! 
love ( ju/ice1 7 orig9ally ! same2 &    
al?\gh1 by ! con/itution ( diff]5t      
societies1 unequal privileges are be/[$ 
on _! memb]s2 & al?\gh ju/ice itself    
requires a prop] reg>d to be paid to su*

 privileges2 yet he :o has =gott5 t m5 7
 orig9ally equal1 easily deg5]ates into 
a slave2 or1 9 ! capacity ( a ma/]1 is n
 to be tru/$ ) ! rights ( 8 fell[       
creatures4 ,?is happy pr9ciple gives to 
! m9d its s5se ( indep5d5ce1 r5d]s x    
indiff]5t to ! fav\rs :i* are 9 ! p[] ( 
o!r m51 *ecks x 9 ! commission (        
injuries1 & leaves ! he>t op5 to !      
affections ( g5]osity & k9dness4 ,x     
gives to ! untutor$ ,am]ican t s5tim5t (
 c&\r1 & ( reg>d to ! welf>e ( o!rs1    
:i*1 9 "s degree1 s(t5s ! arrogant pride
 ( 8 c>riage1 & 9 times ( confid5ce &   
peace1 )\t ! assi/ance ( gov]nm5t or    
law1 r5d]s ! approa* & comm]ce ( /rang]s
 secure4  ,among ?is p1 ! f\ndations (  
hon\r are em95t abilities1 & great      
=titude2 n ! di/9ctions ( equipage &    
=tune3 ! tal5ts 9 e/eem are su* z _!    
situation leads !m to employ1 ! exact k 
( a c\ntry1 & /ratagem 9 w>4 ,on ^!     
qualifications1 a capta9 among !        
,c>ibbees und]w5t an exam9ation4 ,:5 a  
new lead] 0 to be *os51 a sc\t 0 s5t =? 

to trav]se ! =e/s :i* l$ to ! enemy's   
c\ntry1 & ^u 8 return1 ! c&idate 0      
desir$ to f9d ! track 9 :i* he _h       
travell$4 ,a brook1 or a f\nta91 0 nam$ 
to him on ! fronti]1 & he 0 desir$ to   
f9d ! ne>e/ pa? to a p>ticul> /ation1 & 
to plant a /ake 9 ! place4 ,footnote3   
,lafitau ,!y c1 accord+ly1 trace a wild 
bea/1 or ! human foot1 ov] _m leagues ( 
a pa?less =e/1 & f9d _! way across a    
woody & un9habit$ cont95t1 by means (   
ref9$ obs]vations1 :i* escape ! travell]
 :o has be5 accu/om$ to diff]5t aids4   
,!y /e] 9 sl5d] canoes1 across /ormy    
seas1 ) a dext]ity equal to t ( ! mo/   
exp]i5c$ pilot4 ,footnote3 ,*>levoix4   
,!y c>ry a p5etrat+ eye = ! ?\ghts &    
int5tions ( ^? ) :om !y h to deal2 & :5 
!y mean to deceive1 !y cov] !mselves )  
arts :i* ! mo/ subtile c seldom elude4  
,!y h>angue 9 _! public c\ncils ) a     
n]v\s & a figurative elocution2 &       
conduct !mselves 9 ! managem5t ( _!     
treaties ) a p]fect disc]nm5t ( _!      
national int]e/s4  ,?us be+ able ma/]s 9

 ! detail ( _! own affairs1 & well      
qualifi$ to acquit !mselves on p>ticul> 
occasions1 !y /udy no sci5ce1 & g 9     
pursuit ( no g5]al pr9ciples4 ,!y ev5   
seem incapable ( att5d+ to any di/ant   
consequ5ces1 beyond ^? !y h exp]i5c$ 9  
hunt+ or w>4 ,!y entru/ ! provision ( e 
season to itself2 consume ! fruits ( !  
e>? 9 summ]2 &1 9 w9t]1 are driv5 9 que/
 ( _! prey1 ?r\gh woods1 & ov] des]ts   
cov]$ ) sn[4 ,!y d n =m 9 "o h\r ^?     
maxims :i* may prev5t ! errors ( ! next2
 & !y fail 9 ^? appreh5sions1 :i*1 9 !  
int]vals ( passion1 produce +5u\s %ame1 
compassion1 remorse1 or a comm& (       
appetite4 ,!y are seldom made to rep5t (
 any viol5ce2 nor is a p]son1 inde$1    
?\ght acc\ntable 9 8 sob] mood1 = :at he
 did 9 ! heat ( a passion1 or 9 a "t (  
debau*4  ,_! sup]/itions are grovel+ &  
mean2 & did ?is happ5 among rude nations
 alone1 we c\ld n suffici5tly admire !  
effects ( polit5ess2 b x is a subject on
 :i* few nations are entitl$ to c5sure  
_! neighb\rs4 ,:5 we h consid]$ !       

sup]/itions ( "o p1 we f9d little v>iety
 9 ^? ( ano!r4 ,!y are b a repetition ( 
simil> weaknesses & absurdities1 d]iv$ f
 a common s\rce1 a p]plex$ appreh5sion (
 invisible ag5ts1 t are suppos$ to guide
 all prec>i\s ev5ts to :i* human =esight
 _c ext5d4  ,9 :at dep5ds on ! kn[n or !
 regul> c\rse ( nature1 ! m9d tru/s to  
itself2 b 9 /range & uncommon           
situations1 x is ! dupe ( its own       
p]plexity1 &1 in/ead ( rely+ on its     
prud5ce or c\rage1 has rec\rse to       
div9ation1 & a v>iety ( obs]vances1 t1 =
 be+ irrational1 are always ! m rev]$4  
,sup]/ition be+ f\nd$ 9 d\bts & anxiety1
 is fo/]$ by ignorance & my/]y4 ,its    
maxims1 9 ! mean "t1 are n always       
conf\nd$ ) ^? ( common life2 nor does   
its weakness or folly always prev5t !   
wat*fulness1 p5etration1 & c\rage1 m5   
are accu/om$ to employ 9 ! managem5t (  
common affairs4 ,a ,roman consult+      
futurity by ! peck+ ( birds1 or a k+ (  
,sp>ta inspect+ ! entrails ( a bea/1    
,mi?ridates consult+ 8 wom5 on !        

int]pretation ( 8 dreams1 are examples  
suffici5t to prove1 t a *ildi%          
imbecility on ?is subject is consi/5t ) 
! greate/ milit>y & political conduct4  
,confid5ce 9 ! effect ( *>ms is n       
peculi> to any age or nation4 ,few1 ev5 
( ! accompli%$ ,greeks & ,romans1 7 able
 to %ake (f ?is weakness4 ,9 _! case1 x 
0 n remov$ by ! highe/ measures (       
civilization4 ,x has yield$ only to !   
light ( true religion1 or to ! /udy (   
nature1 by :i* we are l$ to sub/itute a 
wise provid5ce op]at+ by physical       
causes1 9 ! place ( phantoms t t]rify or
 amuse ! ignorant4  ,! pr9cipal po9t (  
hon\r among ! rude nations ( ,am]ica1 z 
inde$ 9 e in/ance :]e mank9d are n      
greatly corrupt$1 is =titude4 ,yet _!   
way ( ma9ta9+ ?is po9t ( hon\r1 is v    
diff]5t f t ( ! nations ( ,europe4 ,_!  
ord9>y me?od ( mak+ w> is by ambuscade2 
& !y /rive1 by ov]rea*+ an enemy1 to    
commit ! greate/ slaught]1 or to make ! 
greate/ numb] ( prison]s1 ) ! lea/ haz>d
 to !mselves4 ,!y deem x a folly to     

expose _! own p]sons 9 assault+ an      
enemy1 & d n rejoice 9 victories :i* are
 /a9$ ) ! blood ( _! own p4 ,!y d n     
value !mselves1 z 9 ,europe1 on defy+ _!
 enemy ^u equal t]ms4 ,!y ev5 boa/1 t !y
 approa* l foxes1 or t !y fly l birds1 n
 less ?an !y dev\r l lions4 ,9 ,europe1 
to fall 9 battle is acc\nt$ an hon\r2   
among ! natives ( ,am]ica x is reckon$  
disgraceful4 ,footnote3 ,*>levoix4 ,!y  
res]ve _! =titude = ! trials !y abide :5
 attack$ by surprise1 or :5 fall5 into  
_! enemies' h&s2 & :5 !y are oblig$ to  
ma9ta9 _! own hon\r1 & t ( _! own       
nation1 9 ! mid/ ( torm5ts t require    
ef=ts ( pati5ce m ?an ( val\r4  ,on ^!  
occasions1 !y are f> f all[+ x to be    
suppos$ t !y wi% to decl9e ! conflict4  
,x is held infam\s to avoid x1 ev5 by a 
volunt>y dea?2 & ! greate/ affront :i* c
 be (f]$ to a prison]1 is to refuse him 
! hon\rs ( a man1 9 ! mann] ( 8         
execution4 ,)hold1 says an old man1 9 ! 
mid/ ( 8 torture1 ! /abs ( y\r knife2 r 
let me die by fire1 t ^? dogs1 y\r      

allies1 f beyond ! seas1 may le>n to    
suff] l m54 ,footnote3 ,cold54 ,) t]ms (
 defiance1 ! victim1 9 ^? solemn trials1
 commonly excites ! animosities ( 8     
torm5tors1 z well z 8 own2 & :il/ we    
suff] = human nature1 "u ! effect ( its 
errors1 we mu/ admire its =ce4  ,! p )  
:om ?is practice prevail$1 7 commonly   
desir\s ( repair+ _! own losses1 by     
adopt+ prison]s ( w> into _! families2 &
 ev51 9 ! la/ mom5t1 ! h& :i* 0 rais$ to
 torm5t1 frequ5tly gave ! sign (        
adoption1 by :i* ! prison] became ! *ild
 or ! bro!r ( 8 enemy1 & came to %>e 9  
all ! privileges ( a citiz54 ,9 _!      
treatm5t ( ^? :o suff]$1 !y did n appe> 
to be guid$ by pr9ciples ( hatr$ or     
rev5ge2 !y obs]v$ ! po9t ( hon\r 9      
apply+ z well z 9 be>+ _! torm5ts2 &1 by
 a /range k9d ( affection & t5d]ness1 7 
direct$ to be mo/ cruel :]e !y int5d !  
highe/ respect2 ! c[>d 0 put to imm$iate
 dea? by ! h&s ( wom52 ! valiant 0      
suppos$ to be entitl$ to all ! trials ( 
=titude t m5 c\ld inv5t or employ4 ,x   

gave me joy1 says an old man to 8       
captive1 t s gallant a y\? 0 allott$ to 
my %>e2 ,i propos$ to h plac$ y on ! c\*
 ( my nephew1 :o 0 sla9 by y\r c\ntrym52
 to h transf]r$ all my t5d]ness to y2 & 
to h solac$ my age 9 y\r company2 b1    
maim$ & mutilat$ z y n[ appe>1 dea? is  
bett] ?an life2 prep>e y\rself !re=e to 
die l a man4 ,footnote3 ,*>levoix4  ,x  
is p]haps ) a view to ^! exhibitions1 or
 r 9 admiration ( =titude1 ! pr9ciple f 
:i* !y proce$1 t ! ,am]icans are s      
att5tive1 9 _! e>lie/ ye>s1 to h>d5 _!  
n]ves4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 ,?is writ] says1 
t he has se5 a boy & a girl1 hav+ b\nd  
_! nak$ arms toge!r1 place a burn+ coal 
betwe5 !m1 to try :o c\ld endure x      
longe/4 ,! *ildr5 are taught to vie )   
ea* o!r 9 be>+ ! %>pe/ torm5ts2 ! y\?   
are admitt$ into ! class ( manhood1 aft]
 viol5t pro(s ( _! pati5ce2 & lead]s are
 put to ! te/ by fam9e1 burn+1 &        
suffocation4 ,footnote3 ,lafitau4  ,x   
might be appreh5d$1 t among rude        
nations1 :]e ! means ( subsi/5ce are    

procur$ ) s mu* difficulty1 ! m9d c\ld  
nev] raise itself above ! consid]ation (
 ?is subject2 & t man w\ld1 9 ?is       
condition1 give examples ( ! meane/ &   
mo/ m]c5>y _s4 ,! rev]se1 h[ev]1 is     
true4 ,direct$ 9 ?is p>ticul> by !      
desires ( nature1 m51 9 _! simple/ /ate1
 att5d to ! objects ( appetite no fur!r 
?an appetite requires2 & _! desires (   
=tune ext5d no fur!r ?an ! meal :i*     
gratifies _! hung]3 !y appreh5d no      
sup]iority ( rank 9 ! possession (      
weal?1 su* z might inspire any habitual 
pr9ciple ( covet\sness1 vanity1 or      
ambition3 !y c apply to no task t       
engages no imm$iate passion1 & take     
pleasure 9 no occupation t af=ds no     
dang]s to be brav$1 & no hon\rs to be   
won4  ,x 0 n among ! anci5t ,romans     
alone t comm]cial arts1 or a sordid m9d1
 7 held 9 contempt4 ,a l _s prevails 9 e
 rude & indep5d5t society4 ,i am a      
w>rior1 & n a m]*ant1 said an ,am]ican  
to ! gov]nor ( ,canada1 :o propos$ to   
give him goods 9 ex*ange = "s prison]s  

he _h tak52 y\r clo!s & ut5sils d n     
tempt me2 b my prison]s are n[ 9 y\r    
p[]1 & y may seize !m3 if y d1 ,i mu/ g 
=? & take m prison]s1 or p]i% 9 !       
attempt2 & if t *ance %\ld befal me1 ,i 
%all die l a man2 b rememb]1 t our      
nation w *>ge y z ! cause ( my dea?4    
,footnote3 ,*>levoix4 ,) ^!             
appreh5sions1 !y h an elevation1 & a    
/atel9ess ( c>riage1 :i* ! pride (      
nobility1 :]e x is mo/ rev]$ by poli%$  
nations1 seldom be/[s4  ,!y are att5tive
 to _! p]sons1 & employ mu* "t1 z well z
 endure great pa91 9 ! me?ods !y take to
 adorn _! bodies1 to give ! p]man5t /a9s
 ) :i* !y are col\r$1 or pres]ve ! pa9t1
 :i* !y are p]petually repair+1 9 ord]  
to appe> ) advantage4  ,_! av]sion to e 
sort ( employm5t :i* !y hold to be mean1
 makes !m pass great "p ( _! "t 9       
idl5ess or sleep2 & a man :o1 9 pursuit 
( a wild bea/1 or to surprise 8 enemy1 w
 trav]se a hundr$ leagues on sn[1 w n1  
to procure 8 food1 submit to any species
 ( ord9>y lab\r4 ,/range1 says ,tacitus1

 t ! same p]son %\ld be s mu* av]se to  
repose1 & s mu* addict$ to slo?4        
,footnote3 ,mira div]sitas naturae1 ut  
idem hom9es sic am5t int]tiam et od]9t  
quietem4 ,games ( haz>d are n ! inv5tion
 ( poli%$ ages2 m5 ( curiosity h look$ =
 _! orig9 9 va91 among ! monum5ts ( an  
obscure antiquity2 & x is probable t !y 
belong$ to times too remote & too rude  
ev5 = ! conjectures ( antiqu>ians to    
rea*4 ,! v savage br+s 8 furs1 8        
ut5sils1 & 8 beads1 to ! haz>d table3 he
 f9ds "h ! passions & agitations :i* !  
applications ( a t$i\s indu/ry c\ld n   
excite2 & :ile ! ?r[ is dep5d+1 he te>s 
8 hair1 & beats 8 brea/1 ) a rage :i* ! 
m accompli%$ game/] has sometimes le>n$ 
to repress3 he (t5 quits ! p>ty nak$ &  
/ripp$ ( all 8 possessions2 or :]e      
slav]y is 9 use1 /akes 8 fre$om to h "o 
*ance m to recov] 8 =m] loss4 ,footnote3
 ,tacitus1 ,lafitau1 ,*>levoix4  ,) all 
^! infirmities1 vices1 or respectable   
qualities1 belong+ to ! human species 9 
its rude/ /ate2 ! love ( society1       

fri5d%ip1 & public affection1           
p5etration1 eloqu5ce1 & c\rage1 appe> to
 h be5 its orig9al prop]ties1 n !       
subsequ5t effects ( device or inv5tion4 
,if mank9d are qualifi$ to improve _!   
mann]s1 ! mat]ials to be improv$ 7      
furni%$ by nature2 & ! effect ( ?is     
improvem5t is n to inspire ! s5tim5ts ( 
t5d]ness & g5]osity1 nor to be/[ !      
pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( a respectable "*1 
b to obviate ! casual abuses ( passion2 
& to prev5t a m9d1 :i* feels ! be/      
dispositions 9 _! greate/ =ce1 f be+ at 
times likewise ! sport ( brutal         
appetite1 & ( ungov]nable viol5ce4  ,7  
,lycurgus employ$ anew to f9d a plan (  
gov]nm5t = ! p we h describ$1 he w\ld   
f9d !m1 9 _m important p>ticul>s1 prep>$
 by nature h]self to receive 8          
in/itutions4 ,8 equality 9 matt]s (     
prop]ty be+ already e/abli%$1 he w\ld h 
no faction to appreh5d f ! opposite     
int]e/s ( ! poor & ! ri*2 8 s5ate1 8    
assembly ( ! p1 is con/itut$2 8         
discipl9e is 9 "s measure adopt$1 & !   

place ( 8 helots is suppli$ by ! task   
allott$ to "o ( ! sexes4 ,) all ^!      
advantages1 he w\ld /ill h _h a v       
important lesson = civil society to     
tea*1 t by :i* a few le>n to comm&1 & ! 
_m are taught to obey3 he w\ld h all 8  
precautions to take aga9/ ! future      
intrusion ( m]c5>y arts1 ! admiration ( 
luxury1 & ! passion = int]e/3 he w\ld   
/ill p]haps h a m difficult task ?an any
 ( ! =m]1 9 tea*+ 8 citiz5s ! comm& (   
appetite1 & an indiff]5ce to pleasure1 z
 well z a contempt ( pa92 9 tea*+ !m to 
ma9ta9 9 ! field ! =mality ( uni=m      
precautions1 & z mu* to avoid be+       
!mselves surpris$1 z !y endeav\r to     
surprise _! enemy4  ,= want ( ^!        
advantages1 rude nations 9 g5]al1 ?\gh  
!y are pati5t ( h>d%ip & fatigue1 ?\gh  
!y are addict$ to w>1 & are qualifi$ by 
_! /ratagem & val\r to ?r[ t]ror into ! 
armies ( a m regul> enemy2 yet1 9 !     
c\rse ( a cont9ual /ruggle1 always yield
 to ! sup]ior arts1 & ! discipl9e ( m   
civiliz$ nations4 ,h5ce ! ,romans 7 able

 to ov]run ! prov9ces ( ,gaul1 ,g]many1 
& ,brita92 & h5ce ! ,europeans h a gr[+ 
asc5dancy ov] ! nations ( ,africa &     
,am]ica4  ,on ! cr$it ( a sup]iority :i*
 c]ta9 nations possess1 !y ?9k t !y h a 
claim to dom9ion2 & ev5 ,caes> appe>s to
 h =gott5 :at 7 ! passions1 z well z !  
rights ( mank9d1 :5 he compla9$1 t !    
,britons1 aft] hav+ s5t him a submissive
 message to ,gaul1 p]haps to prev5t 8   
invasion1 /ill pret5d$ to fight = _!    
lib]ties1 & to oppose 8 desc5t on _!    
isl&4 ,footnote3 ,caes> que/us1 quod    
quum ultro 9 cont95tem legatis missis   
pacem a se petiss5t1 bellum s9e causa   
intuliss5t4 ,lib4 #d4  ,!re is n1       
p]haps1 9 ! :ole description ( mank9d1 a
 circum/ance m rem>kable ?an t mutual   
contempt & av]sion :i* nations1 "u a    
diff]5t /ate ( comm]cial arts1 be/[ on  
ea* o!r4 ,addict$ to _! own pursuits1 & 
consid]+ _! own condition z ! /&>d (    
human felicity1 all nations pret5d to ! 
pref]5ce1 & 9 _! practice give suffici5t
 pro( ( s9c]ity4 ,ev5 ! savage1 /ill    

less ?an ! citiz51 c be made to quit t  
mann] ( life 9 :i* he is tra9$3 he loves
 t fre$om ( m9d :i* w n be b\nd to any  
task1 & :i* owns no sup]ior3 h[ev]      
tempt$ to mix ) poli%$ nations1 & to    
bett] 8 =tune1 ! fir/ mom5t ( lib]ty    
br+s him back to ! woods aga92 he droops
 & he p9es 9 ! /reets ( ! popul\s city2 
he w&]s dissatisfi$ ov] ! op5 & !       
cultivat$ field2 he seeks ! fronti] & ! 
=e/1 :]e1 ) a con/itution prep>$ to     
und]go ! h>d%ips & ! difficulties ( !   
situation1 he enjoys a delici\s fre$om f
 c>e1 & a s$uc+ society1 :]e no rules ( 
behavi\r are prescrib$1 b ! simple      
dictates ( ! he>t4     ,,section ,,iii4 
,,( ,,rude ,,nations ,,"u ,,!           
,,impressions ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,&         
,,int]e/4   ,x 0 a prov]bial imprecation
 9 use among ! hunt+ nations on !       
conf9es ( ,sib]ia1 t _! enemy might be  
oblig$ to live l a ,t>t>1 & h ! folly ( 
tr\bl+ himself ) ! *>ge ( cattle4       
,footnote3 ,abulgaze's ,g5ealogical     
,hi/ory ( ! ,t>t>s ,nature1 x seems1 9  

_! appreh5sion1 by /or+ ! woods & des]t 
) game1 r5d]$ ! task ( ! h]dsman        
unnecess>y1 & left to man only ! tr\ble 
( select+ & ( seiz+ 8 prey4  ,! indol5ce
 ( mank9d1 or r _! av]sion to any       
application 9 :i* !y are n engag$ by    
imm$iate in/9ct & passion1 ret>ds !     
progress ( indu/ry & ( impropriation4 ,x
 has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 ev5 :ile ! means (
 subsi/5ce are left 9 common1 & ! /ock (
 ! public is yet undivid$1 t prop]ty is 
appreh5d$ 9 diff]5t subjects2 t ! fur & 
! b[ belong to ! individual2 t !        
cottage1 ) its furniture1 are           
appropriat$ to ! family4  ,:5 ! p>5t    
beg9s to desire a bett] provision = 8   
*ildr5 ?an is f\nd "u ! promiscu\s      
managem5t ( _m co-p>tn]s1 :5 he has     
appli$ 8 lab\r & 8 skill ap>t1 he aims  
at an exclusive possession1 & seeks !   
prop]ty ( ! soil1 z well z ! use ( its  
fruits4  ,:5 ! individual no long] f9ds 
among 8 associates ! same incl9ation to 
commit e subject to public use1 he is   
seiz$ ) conc]n = 8 p]sonal =tune2 & is  

al>m$ by ! c>es :i* e p]son ent]ta9s =  
himself4 ,he is urg$ z mu* by emulation 
& jeal\sy1 z by ! s5se ( necessity4 ,he 
suff]s consid]ations ( int]e/ to re/ on 
8 m9d1 & :5 e pres5t appetite is        
suffici5tly gratifi$1 he c act ) a view 
to futurity1 or1 r f9ds an object (     
vanity 9 hav+ amass$ :at is become a    
subject ( competition1 & a matt] (      
univ]sal e/eem4 ,^u ?is motive1 :]e     
viol5ce is re/ra9$1 he c apply 8 h& to  
lucrative arts1 conf9e himself to a     
t$i\s task1 & wait ) pati5ce = ! di/ant 
returns ( 8 lab\r4  ,?us mank9d acquire 
indu/ry by _m & by sl[ degrees4 ,!y are 
taught to reg>d _! int]e/2 !y are       
re/ra9$ f rap9e2 & !y are secur$ 9 !    
possession ( :at !y fairly obta92 by ^! 
me?ods ! habits ( ! lab\r]1 ! me*anic1 &
 ! trad]1 are gradually =m$4 ,a ho>d1   
collect$ f ! simple productions (       
nature1 or a h]d ( cattle1 are1 9 e rude
 nation1 ! fir/ species ( weal?4 ,!     
circum/ances ( ! soil1 & ! climate1     
det]m9e :e!r ! inhabitant %all apply    

himself *iefly to agriculture or pa/ure2
 :e!r he %all fix 8 resid5ce1 or be mov+
 cont9ually ab\t ) all 8 possessions4   
,9 ! we/ ( ,europe2 9 ,am]ica1 f s\? to 
nor?1 ) a few exceptions2 9 ! torrid    
zone1 & e :]e )9 ! w>m] climates2 mank9d
 h g5]ally appli$ !mselves to "s species
 ( agriculture1 & h be5 dispos$ to      
settlem5t4 ,9 ! nor? & middle region (  
,asia1 !y dep5d$ entirely on _! h]ds1 & 
7 p]petually %ift+ _! gr\nd 9 se>* ( new
 pa/ure4 ,! arts :i* p]ta9 to settlem5t 
h be5 practis$1 & v>i\sly cultivat$1 by 
! inhabitants ( ,europe4 ,^? :i* are    
consi/5t ) p]petual migration1 h1 f !   
e>lie/ acc\nts ( hi/ory1 rema9$ ne>ly ! 
same1 ) ! ,scy?ian or ,t>t>4 ,! t5t     
pit*$ on a moveable c>riage1 ! horse    
appli$ to e purpose ( lab\r1 & ( w>1 ( !
 dairy1 & ( ! but*]'s /all1 f ! e>lie/  
to ! late/ acc\nts1 h made up ! ri*es & 
equipage ( ?is w&]+ p4  ,b 9 :atev] way 
rude nations subsi/1 !re are c]ta9 po9ts
 9 :i*1 "u ! fir/ impressions ( prop]ty1
 !y ne>ly agree4 ,hom] ei!r liv$ ) a p 9

 ?is /age ( _! progress1 or f\nd himself
 engag$ to exhibit _! "*4 ,tacitus _h   
made !m ! subject ( a p>ticul> treatise2
 & if ?is be an aspect "u :i* mank9d    
des]ve to be view$1 x mu/ be confess$1 t
 we h s+ul> advantages 9 collect+ _!    
features4 ,! portrait has already be5   
drawn by ! able/ h&s1 & gives1 at "o    
view1 9 ! writ+s ( ^! celebrat$ au?ors1 
:atev] has be5 scatt]$ 9 ! relations (  
hi/orians1 or :atev] we h opportunities 
to obs]ve 9 ! actual mann]s ( m51 :o    
/ill rema9 9 a simil> /ate4  ,9 pass+ f 
! condition we h describ$1 to ?is we h  
at pres5t 9 view1 mank9d /ill reta9 _m  
m>ks ( _! e>lie/ "*4 ,!y are /ill av]se 
to lab\r1 addict$ to w>1 admir]s (      
=titude1 & 9 ! language ( ,tacitus1 m   
lavi% ( _! blood ?an ( _! sweat4        
,footnote3 ,pigrum qu9 immo et in]s     
videtur1 sudore acquir]e quod possis    
sangu9e p>>e4 ,!y are fond ( fanta/ic   
ornam5ts 9 _! dress1 & endeav\r to fill 
up ! li/less int]vals ( a life addict$  
to viol5ce1 ) haz>d\s sports1 & ) games 

( *ance4 ,e s]vile occupation !y commit 
to wom5 or slaves4 ,b we may appreh5d1 t
 ! individual hav+ n[ f\nd a sep>ate    
int]e/1 ! b&s ( society mu/ become less 
firm1 & dome/ic disord]s m frequ5t4 ,!  
memb]s ( e community1 be+ di/+ui%$ among
 !mselves by unequal possessions1 !     
gr\nd ( a p]man5t & palpable            
subord9ation is laid4  ,^! p>ticul>s    
accord+ly take place among mank9d1 9    
pass+ f ! savage to :at may be call$ !  
b>b>\s /ate4 ,memb]s ( ! same community 
ent] into qu>rels ( competition or      
rev5ge4 ,!y unite 9 foll[+ lead]s1 :o   
are di/+ui%$ by _! =tunes1 & by ! lu/re 
( _! bir?4 ,!y jo9 ! desire ( spoil ) ! 
love ( glory2 & f an op9ion1 t :at is   
acquir$ by =ce ju/ly p]ta9s to ! victor1
 !y become hunt]s ( m51 & br+ e conte/  
to ! decision ( ! sword4  ,e nation is a
 b& ( robb]s1 :o prey )\t re/ra9t1 or   
remorse1 on _! neighb\rs4 ,cattle1 says 
,a*illes1 may be seiz$ 9 e field2 & !   
coa/s ( ! ,aegean 7 accord+ly pillag$ by
 ! h]oes ( ,hom]1 = no o!r reason ?an   

because ^? h]oes *ose to possess        
!mselves ( ! brass & iron1 ! cattle1 !  
slaves1 & ! wom51 :i* 7 f\nd among !    
nations ar\nd !m4  ,a ,t>t> m\nt$ on 8  
horse1 is an animal ( prey1 :o only     
enquires :]e cattle are to be f\nd1 & h[
 f> he mu/ g to possess !m4 ,! monk1 :o 
_h fall5 "u ! displeasure ( ,mangu ,*an1
 made 8 peace1 by promis+1 t ! pope1 & !
 ,*ri/ian pr9ces1 %\ld make a surr5d] ( 
all _! h]ds4 ,footnote3 ,rubruquis4  ,a 
simil> _s reign$1 )\t exception1 9 all !
 b>b>\s nations ( ,europe1 ,asia1 &     
,africa4 ,! antiquities ( ,greece &     
,italy1 & ! fables ( e anci5t poet1     
conta9 examples ( its =ce4 ,x 0 ?is _s t
 br\ght our ance/ors fir/ into !        
prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire2 & t aft]w>d1
 m p]haps ?an _! rev]5ce = ! cross1 l$  
!m to ! ea/1 to %>e ) ! ,t>t>s 9 !      
spoils ( ! ,s>ac5 empire4   ,f !        
descriptions conta9$ 9 ! la/ section1 we
 may incl9e to believe1 t mank9d1 9 _!  
simple/ /ate2 are on ! eve ( erect+     
republics4 ,_! love ( equality1 _! habit

 ( assembl+ 9 public c\ncils1 & _! zeal 
= ! tribe to :i* !y belong1 are         
qualifications t fit !m to act "u t     
species ( gov]nm5t2 & !y seem to h b a  
few /eps to make 9 ord] to rea* its     
e/abli%m5t4 ,!y h only to def9e ! numb]s
 ( :i* _! c\ncils %all consi/1 & to     
settle ! =ms ( _! meet+3 !y h only to   
be/[ a p]man5t au?ority = repress+      
disord]s1 & to enact a few rules 9 fav\r
 ( t ju/ice !y h already ackn[l$g$1 & f 
incl9ation s /rictly obs]ve4  ,b ^! /eps
 are f> f be+ s easily made1 z !y appe> 
on a slight or a transi5t view4 ,!      
resolution ( *oos+1 f among _! equals1 !
 magi/rate to :om !y give f !nce=w>d a  
"r to control _! own actions1 is f> f ! 
?\ghts ( simple m52 & no p]suasion1     
p]haps1 c\ld make !m adopt ?is measure1 
or give !m any s5se ( its use4  ,ev5    
aft] nations h *os5 a milit>y lead]1 !y 
d n entru/ him ) any species ( civil    
au?ority4 ,! capta9 among ! ,c>ibbees   
did n pret5d to decide 9 dome/ic        
disputes2 ! t]ms jurisdiction & gov]nm5t

 7 unkn[n 9 _! tongue4 ,footnote3       
,hi/ory ( ! ,c>ibbees4  ,be=e ?is       
important *ange 0 admitt$1 m5 mu/ be    
accu/om$ to ! di/9ction ( ranks2 & be=e 
!y are s5sible t subord9ation is        
requisite1 !y mu/ h arriv$ at unequal   
conditions by *ance4 ,9 desir+ prop]ty1 
!y only mean to secure _! subsi/5ce2 b !
 brave :o lead 9 w>1 h likewise ! l>ge/ 
%>e 9 its spoils4 ,! em95t are fond (   
devis+ h]$it>y hon\rs2 & ! multitude1 :o
 admire ! p>5t1 are ready to ext5d _!   
e/eem to 8 (fspr+4  ,possessions desc5d1
 & ! lu/re ( family gr[s bright] ) age4 
,h]cules1 :o p]haps 0 an em95t w>rior1  
became a god ) po/]ity1 & 8 race 0 set  
ap>t = royalty & sov]eign p[]4 ,:5 !    
di/9ctions ( =tune & ^? ( bir? are      
conjo9$1 ! *iefta9 enjoys a pre-em95ce1 
z well at ! fea/ z 9 ! field4 ,8 foll[]s
 take _! place 9 subord9ate /ations2 &  
in/ead ( consid]+ !mselves z p>ts ( a   
community1 !y rank z ! foll[]s ( a *ief1
 & take _! designation f ! "n ( _!      
lead]4 ,!y f9d a new object ( public    

affection 9 def5d+ 8 p]son1 & 9 support+
 8 /ation2 !y l5d ( _! sub/ance to =m 8 
e/ate2 !y are guid$ by 8 smiles & 8     
fr[ns2 & c\rt z ! highe/ di/9ction1 a   
%>e 9 ! fea/ :i* _! own contributions h 
furni%$4  ,z ! =m] /ate ( mank9d seem$  
to po9t at democracy1 ?is seems to      
exhibit ! rudim5ts ( mon>*ical gov]nm5t4
 ,b x is yet f> %ort ( t e/abli%m5t :i* 
is kn[n 9 aft] ages by ! "n ( mon>*y4 ,!
 di/9ction betwe5 ! lead] & ! foll[]1 ! 
pr9ce & ! subject1 is /ill b imp]fectly 
m>k$3 _! pursuits & occupations are n   
diff]5t2 _! m9ds are n unequally        
cultivat$2 !y fe$ f ! same di%2 !y sleep
 toge!r on ! gr\nd2 ! *ildr5 ( ! k+1 z  
well z ^? ( ! subject1 are employ$ 9    
t5d+ ! flock2 & ! keep] ( ! sw9e 0 a    
prime c\nsellor at ! c\rt ( ,ulysses4   
,! *iefta91 suffici5tly di/+ui%$ f 8    
tribe1 to excite _! admiration1 & to    
flatt] _! vanity by a suppos$ aff9ity to
 8 noble desc5t1 is ! object ( _!       
v5]ation1 n ( _! envy3 he is consid]$ z 
! common bond ( connection1 n z _!      

common ma/]2 is =emo/ 9 dang]1 & has a  
pr9cipal %>e 9 _! tr\bles3 8 glory is   
plac$ 9 ! numb] ( 8 att5dants1 9 8      
sup]ior magnanimity & val\r2 t ( 8      
foll[]s1 9 be+ ready to %$ _! blood 9 8 
s]vice4 ,footnote3 ,tacitus de moribus  
,g]manorum4  ,! frequ5t practice ( w>   
t5ds to /r5g!n ! b&s ( society1 & !     
practice ( depr$ation itself engages m5 
9 trials ( mutual atta*m5t & c\rage4    
,:at ?reat5$ to ru9 & ov]set e good     
disposition 9 ! human brea/1 :at seem$  
to bani% ju/ice f ! societies ( m51 t5ds
 to unite ! species 9 clans &           
frat]nities2 =midable inde$1 & ho/ile to
 "o ano!r1 b1 9 ! dome/ic society ( ea*1
 fai?ful1 dis9t]e/$1 & g5]\s4 ,frequ5t  
dang]s1 & ! exp]i5ce ( fidelity & val\r1
 awak5 ! love ( ^? virtues1 r5d] !m a   
subject ( admiration1 & ende> _!        
possessors4  ,actuat$ by great passions1
 ! love ( glory1 & ! desire ( victory2  
r\s$ by ! m5aces ( an enemy1 or /ung )  
rev5ge2 9 susp5se betwe5 ! prospects (  
ru9 or conque/1 ! b>b>ian sp5ds e mom5t 

( relaxation 9 slo?4 ,he _c desc5d to ! 
pursuits ( indu/ry or me*anical lab\r3 !
 bea/ ( prey is a slugg>d2 ! hunt] & !  
w>rior sleeps1 :ile wom5 or slaves are  
made to toil = 8 bread4 ,b %ew him a    
qu>ry at a di/ance1 he is bold1         
impetu\s1 artful1 & rapaci\s2 no b> c   
)/& 8 viol5ce1 & no fatigue c allay 8   
activity4  ,ev5 "u ?is description1     
mank9d are g5]\s & hospitable to        
/rang]s1 z well z k9d1 affectionate1 &  
g5tle1 9 _! dome/ic society4 ,footnote3 
,jean du ,plan ,c>p54 ,rubruquis1       
,caes>1 ,tacit4 ,fri5d%ip & enmity are  
to !m t]ms ( ! greate/ importance3 !y   
m+le n _! functions toge!r2 !y h s+l$   
out _! enemy1 & !y h *os5 _! fri5d4 ,ev5
 9 depr$ation1 ! pr9cipal object is     
glory2 & spoil is consid]$ z ! badge (  
victory4 ,nations & tribes are _! prey3 
! solit>y travell]1 by :om !y c acquire 
only ! reputation ( g5]osity1 is suff]$ 
to pass unhurt1 or is treat$ ) spl5did  
munific5ce4  ,?\gh di/+ui%$ into small  
cantons "u _! sev]al *iefta9s1 & = ! mo/

 "p sep>at$ by jeal\sy & animosity2 yet 
:5 press$ by w>s & =midable enemies1 !y 
sometimes unite 9 great] bodies4 ,l !   
,greeks 9 _! exp$ition to ,troy1 !y     
foll[ "s rem>kable lead]1 & compose a   
k+dom ( _m sep>ate tribes4 ,b su*       
coalitions are m]ely occasional2 & ev5  
dur+ _! cont9uance1 m resemble a        
republic ?an mon>*y4 ,! inf]ior *iefta9s
 res]ve _! importance1 & intrude1 ) an  
air ( equality1 into ! c\ncils ( _!     
lead]1 z ! p ( _! sev]al clans commonly 
intrude ^u !m4 ,footnote3 ,kolbe3       
,description ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4   
,^u :at motive inde$ c\ld we suppose1 t 
m5 :o live toge!r 9 ! greate/           
famili>ity1 & among/ :om ! di/9ctions ( 
rank are s obscurely m>k$1 w\ld resign  
_! p]sonal s5tim5ts & incl9ations1 or   
pay an implicit submission to a lead] :o
 c nei!r ov]awe nor corrupt8  ,milit>y  
=ce mu/ be employ$ to extort1 or ! hire 
( ! v5al to buy1 t engagem5t :i* ! ,t>t>
 comes "u to 8 pr9ce1 :5 he promises1 ,t
 he w g :]e he %all be comm&$2 t he w   

come :5 he %all be call$2 t he w kill   
:oev] is po9t$ out to him2 &1 = !       
future1 t he w consid] ! voice ( ! ,k+ z
 a sword4 ,footnote3 ,simon de ,/4      
,qu9t94  ,^! are ! t]ms to :i* ev5 !    
/ubborn he>t ( ! b>b>ian has be5 r$uc$1 
9 consequ5ce ( a despotism he himself _h
 e/abli%$2 & m5 h 9 t l[ /ate ( !       
comm]cial arts1 9 ,europe1 z well z 9   
,asia1 ta/$ ( political slav]y4 ,:5     
int]e/ prevails 9 e brea/1 ! sov]eign & 
8 p>ty _c escape ! infection3 he employs
 ! =ce ) :i* he is intru/$ to turn 8 p  
into a prop]ty1 & to comm& _!           
possessions = 8 pr(it or 8 pleasure4 ,if
 ri*es are by any p made ! /&>d ( good  
or ( evil1 let !m bew>e ( ! p[]s !y     
intru/ to _! pr9ce4 ,) ! ,suiones1 says 
,tacitus1 ri*es are 9 high e/eem2 & ?is 
p are accord+ly dis>m$1 & r$uc$ to      
slav]y4 ,footnote3 ,de moribus          
,g]manorum4  ,x is 9 ?is w(ul condition 
t mank9d1 be+ slavi%1 int]e/$1 insidi\s1
 deceitful1 & bloody1 be> m>ks1 if n ( !
 lea/ curable1 surely ( ! mo/ lam5table 

sort ( corruption4 ,footnote3 ,*>d9's   
,travels4 ,among !m1 w> is ! m]e        
practice ( rap9e1 to enri* ! individual2
 comm]ce is turn$ into a sy/em ( sn>es &
 impositions2 & gov]nm5t by turns       
oppressive or weak4 ,x 7 happy = ! human
 race1 :5 guid$ by int]e/1 & n gov]n$ by
 laws1 t be+ split into nations ( a     
mod]ate ext5t1 !y f\nd 9 e canton "s    
natural b> to its f>!r enl>gem5t1 & met 
) occupation en\gh 9 ma9ta9+ _!         
indep5d5ce1 )\t be+ able to ext5d _!    
dom9ion4  ,!re is n disp>ity ( rank1    
among m5 9 rude ages1 suffici5t to give 
_! communities ! =m ( legal mon>*y2 & 9 
a t]ritory ( consid]able ext5t1 :5 unit$
 "u "o head1 ! w>like & turbul5t _s (   
its inhabitants seems to require !      
bridle ( despotism & milit>y =ce4 ,:]e  
any degree ( fre$om rema9s1 ! p[]s ( !  
pr9ce are1 z !y 7 9 mo/ ( ! rude        
mon>*ies ( ,europe1 extremely prec>i\s1 
& dep5d *iefly on 8 p]sonal "*3 :]e1 on 
! contr>y1 ! p[]s ( ! pr9ce are above ! 
control ( 8 p1 !y are likewise above !  

re/rictions ( ju/ice4 ,rapacity & t]ror 
become ! pr$om9ant motives ( conduct1 & 
=m ! "* ( ! only p>ties into :i* mank9d 
are divid$2 t ( ! oppressor1 & t ( !    
oppress$4  ,?is calamity ?reat5$ ,europe
 = ages1 "u ! conque/ & settlem5t ( its 
new inhabitants4 ,footnote3 ,see ,hume's
 ,hi/ory ( ! ,tudors4 ,!re seem$ to be  
no?+ want+ to e/abli% a p]fect despotism
 9 t h\se1 b a few regim5ts ( troops "u 
! comm& ( ! cr[n4 ,x has actually tak5  
place 9 ,asia1 :]e simil> conque/s h be5
 made2 & ev5 )\t ! ord9>y opiates (     
effem9acy1 or a s]vile weakness1 f\nd$  
on luxury1 x has surpris$ ! ,t>t> on 8  
wa91 9 ! re> ( 8 h]ds4 ,among ?is p1 9 !
 he>t ( a great cont95t1 bold &         
ent]pris+ w>riors arose2 !y subdu$ by   
surprise1 or sup]ior abilities1 !       
contigu\s hordes2 !y ga9$1 9 _!         
progress1 accessions ( numb]s & ( /r5g?2
 &1 l a torr5t increas+ z x desc5ds1    
became too /rong = any b> t c\ld be     
oppos$ to _! passage4 ,! conqu]+ tribe1 
dur+ a succession ( ages1 furni%$ !     

pr9ce ) 8 gu>ds2 & :ile !y !mselves 7   
all[$ to %>e 9 its spoils1 7 ! volunt>y 
tools ( oppression4 ,9 ?is mann] has    
despotism & corruption f\nd _! way into 
regions s mu* r5[n$ = ! wild fre$om (   
nature3 a p[] :i* 0 ! t]ror ( e         
effem9ate prov9ce is dis>m$1 & ! nurs]y 
( nations is itself gone to decay4      
,footnote3 ,see ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,huns4    
,:]e rude nations escape ?is calamity1  
!y require ! ex]cise ( =eign w>s to     
ma9ta9 dome/ic peace2 :5 no enemy appe>s
 f abroad1 !y h leisure = private feud1 
& employ t c\rage 9 _! diss5tions at    
home1 :i* 9 "t ( w> is employ$ 9 def5ce 
( _! c\ntry4  ,among ! ,gauls1 says     
,caes>1 !re are subdivisions1 n only 9 e
 nation1 & 9 e di/rict & village1 b     
almo/ 9 e h\se1 e "o mu/ fly to "s      
patron = protection4 ,footnote3 ,de     
,bello ,gallico1 lib4 #f4 ,9 ?is        
di/ribution ( p>ties1 n only ! feuds (  
clans1 b ! qu>rels ( families1 ev5 !    
diff]5ces & competitions ( individuals1 
are decid$ by =ce4 ,! sov]eign1 :5      

unassi/$ by sup]/ition1 endeav\rs 9 va9 
to employ 8 jurisdiction1 or to procure 
a submission to ! decisions ( law4 ,by a
 p :o are accu/om$ to owe _! possessions
 to viol5ce1 & :o despise =tune itself  
)\t ! reputation ( c\rage1 no umpire is 
admitt$ b ! sword4 ,scipio (f]$ 8       
arbitration to t]m9ate ! competition (  
two ,spani>ds 9 a disput$ succession3   
,t1 said !y1 we h already refus$ to our 
relations3 we d n submit our diff]5ce to
 ! judgm5t ( m52 & ev5 among ! gods1 we 
appeal to ,m>s alone4 ,footnote3 ,livy4 
,x is well kn[n t ! nations ( ,europe   
c>ri$ ?is mode ( proce$+ to a degree (  
=mality unhe>d ( 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w3 !   
civil & crim9al judge c\ld1 9 mo/ cases1
 d no m ?an appo9t ! li/s1 & leave !    
p>ties to decide _! cause by ! combat3  
!y appreh5d$ t ! victor _h a v]dict ( ! 
gods 9 8 fav\r3 & :5 !y dropp$ 9 any    
in/ance ?is extraord9>y =m ( process1 !y
 sub/itut$ 9 its place "s o!r m         
caprici\s appeal to *ance2 9 :i* !y     
likewise ?\ght t ! judgm5t ( ! gods 0   

decl>$4  ,! fi]ce nations ( ,europe 7   
ev5 fond ( ! combat1 z an ex]cise & a   
sport4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( real qu>rels1      
companions *all5g$ ea* o!r to a trial ( 
skill1 9 :i* "o ( !m frequ5tly p]i%$4   
,:5 ,scipio celebrat$ ! fun]al ( 8 fa!r 
& 8 uncle1 ! ,spani>ds came 9 pairs to  
fight1 & by a public exhibition ( _!    
duels1 to increase ! solemnity4         
,footnote3 ,livy1 lib4 #c4  ,9 ?is wild 
& lawless /ate1 :]e ! effects ( true    
religion w\ld h be5 s desirable1 & s    
salut>y1 sup]/ition frequ5tly disputes !
 asc5dant ev5 ) ! admiration ( val\r2 & 
an ord] ( m51 l ! ,druids among ! anci5t
 ,gauls & ,britons1 ,footnote3 ,caes>4  
or "s pret5d] to div9ation1 z at ! ,cape
 ( ,good ,hope1 f9ds1 9 ! cr$it :i* is  
paid to 8 sorc]y1 a way to ! possession 
( p[]3 8 magic w& comes 9 competition ) 
! sword itself2 &1 9 ! mann] ( !        
,druids1 gives ! fir/ rudim5ts ( civil  
gov]nm5t to "s1 or1 l ! suppos$         
desc5dant ( ! sun among ! ,nat*ez1 & !  
,lama among ! ,t>t>s1 to o!rs1 an e>ly  

ta/e ( despotism & absolute slav]y4  ,we
 are g5]ally at a loss to conceive h[   
mank9d c subsi/ "u cu/oms & mann]s      
extremely diff]5t f our own2 & we are   
apt to exagg]ate ! mis]y ( b>b>\s times1
 by an imag9ation ( :at we ourselves    
%\ld suff] 9 a situation to :i* we are n
 accu/om$4 ,b e age ha? its             
consolations1 z well z its suff]+s4     
,footnote3 ,priscus1 :5 employ$ on an   
embassy to ,attila1 0 acco/$ 9 ,greek1  
by a p]son :o wore ! dress ( a ,scy?ian4
 ,hav+ express$ surprise1 & be+ desir\s 
to "k ! cause ( 8 /ay 9 s wild a        
company1 0 told1 t ?is ,greek _h be5 a  
captive1 & = "s "t a slave1 till he     
obta9$ 8 lib]ty 9 rew>d ( "s rem>kable  
action4 ,i live m happily "h1 says he1  
?an ev] ,i did "u ! ,roman gov]nm5t3 =  
!y :o live ) ! ,scy?ians1 if !y c endure
 ! fatigues ( w>1 h no?+ else to mole/  
!m2 !y enjoy _! possessions undi/urb$2  
:]eas y are cont9ually a prey to =eign  
enemies1 or to bad gov]nm5t2 y are =bid 
to c>ry arms 9 y\r own def5ce2 y suff] f

 ! remissness & ill conduct ( ^? :o are 
appo9t$ to protect y2 ! evils ( peace   
are ev5 worse ?an ^? ( w>2 no puni%m5t  
is ev] inflict$ on ! p[]ful or ! ri*2 no
 m]cy is %[n to ! poor2 al?\gh y\r      
in/itutions 7 wisely devis$1 yet1 9 !   
managem5t ( corrupt$ m51 _! effects are 
p]nici\s & cruel4 ,exc]pta de           
legationibus4 ,9 ! int]val ( occasional 
outrages1 ! fri5dly int]c\rse ( m51 ev5 
9 _! rude/ condition1 is affectionate & 
happy4 ,footnote3 ,d',arvieux's ,hi/ory 
( ! wild ,arabs4 ,9 rude ages ! p]sons &
 prop]ties ( individuals are secure2    
because ea* has a fri5d1 z well z an    
enemy2 & if ! "o is dispos$ to mole/1 ! 
o!r is ready to protect2 & ! v          
admiration ( val\r1 :i* 9 "s in/ances   
t5ds to sanctify viol5ce1 inspires      
likewise c]ta9 maxims ( g5]osity &      
hon\r1 t t5d to prev5t ! commission (   
wrongs4  ,m5 be> ) ! defects ( _!       
policy1 z !y d ) h>d%ips & inconv5i5cies
 9 _! mann] ( liv+4 ,! al>ms & !        
fatigues ( w> become a necess>y         

recreation to ^? :o are accu/om$ to !m1 
& :o h ! tone ( _! passions rais$ above 
less animat+ or try+ occasions4 ,old m51
 among ! c\rti]s ( ,attila1 wept :5 !y  
he>d ( h]oic de$s1 :i* !y !mselves c\ld 
no long] p]=m4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,&     
among ! ,celtic nations1 :5 age r5d]$ ! 
w>rior unfit = 8 =m] toils1 x 0 ! cu/om1
 9 ord] to abridge ! languors ( a       
li/less & inactive life1 to sue = dea?  
at ! h&s ( 8 fri5ds4 ,footnote3   ,ubi  
transc5dit flor5tes viribus annos1      
,impati5s aevi sp]nit novisse s5ectam4  
,silius1 lib4 i4 #bbe4  ,) all ?is      
f]ocity ( _s1 ! rude nations ( ! we/ 7  
subdu$ by ! policy & m regul> w>f>e ( ! 
,romans4 ,! po9t ( hon\r :i* ! b>b>ians 
( ,europe adopt$ z individuals1 expos$  
!m to a peculi> disadvantage1 by r5d]+  
!m1 ev5 9 _! national w>s1 av]se to     
assail+ _! enemy by surprise1 or tak+ ! 
b5efit ( /ratagem2 & ?\gh sep>ately bold
 & intrepid1 yet1 l o!r rude nations1 !y
 71 :5 assembl$ 9 great bodies1 addict$ 
to sup]/ition1 & subject to panics4  ,!y

 71 f a consci\sness ( _! p]sonal c\rage
 & =ce1 sangu9e on ! eve ( battle2 !y 71
 beyond ! b\nds ( mod]ation1 elat$ on   
success1 & deject$ 9 adv]sity2 & be+    
dispos$ to consid] e ev5t z a judgm5t ( 
! gods1 !y 7 nev] qualifi$ by an uni=m  
application or prud5ce to make ! mo/ (  
_! =ces1 to repair _! mis=tunes1 or to  
improve _! advantages4  ,resign$ to !   
gov]nm5t ( affection & passion1 !y 7    
g5]\s & fai?ful :]e !y _h fix$ an       
atta*m5t2 implacable1 fr[>d1 & cruel1   
:]e !y _h conceiv$ a dislike3 addict$ to
 debau*]y1 & ! immod]ate use (          
intoxicat+ liquors1 !y delib]at$ on !   
affairs ( /ate 9 ! heat ( _! riot2 & 9 !
 same dang]\s mom5ts1 conceiv$ ! designs
 ( milit>y ent]prise1 or t]m9at$ _!     
dome/ic diss5tions by ! dagg] or !      
sword4  ,9 _! w>s !y pref]r$ dea? to    
captivity4 ,! victori\s armies ( !      
,romans1 9 ent]+ a t[n by assault1 or 9 
=c+ an encampm5t1 h f\nd ! "m 9 ! act ( 
de/roy+ h] *ildr51 t !y might n be tak52
 & ! dagg] ( ! p>5t1 r$ ) ! blood ( 8   

family1 ready to be plung$ at la/ into 8
 own brea/4 ,footnote3 ,liv4 lib4 xli4  
#aa4 ,dio ,cass4  ,9 all ^! p>ticul>s1  
we p]ceive t vig\r ( _s1 :i* r5d]s      
disord] itself respectable1 & :i*       
qualifies m51 if =tunate 9 _! situation1
 to lay ! basis ( dome/ic lib]ty1 z well
 z to ma9ta9 aga9/ =eign enemies _!     
national indep5d5ce & fre$om4   ,,an    
,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,civil   
,,society          99       99       99 
99       99     ,,"p ,,?ird4  ,,( ,,!   
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,policy ,,& ,,arts4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,section ,i4  ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ces ,,(  
,,climate ,,& ,,situation   ,:at we h   
hi!rto obs]v$ on ! condition & mann]s ( 
nations1 ?\gh *iefly d]iv$ f :at has    
pass$ 9 ! temp]ate climates1 may1 9 "s  
measure1 be appli$ to ! rude /ate (     
mank9d ,9 e "p ( ! e>?3 b if we int5d to
 pursue ! hi/ory ( our species 9 its    
fur!r atta9m5ts1 we may soon ent] on    
subjects :i* w conf9e our obs]vation to 
n>r[] limits4 ,! g5ius ( political      

wisdom1 & ( civil arts1 appe>s to h *os5
 8 seats 9 p>ticul> tracts ( ! e>?1 & to
 h select$ 8 fav\rites 9 p>ticul> races 
( m54 ,man1 9 8 animal capacity1 is     
qualifi$ to subsi/ 9 e climate4 ,he     
reigns ) ! lion & ! tyg] "u ! equatorial
 heats ( ! sun1 or he associates ) ! be>
 & ! re9de] beyond ! pol> sy/em4 ,8     
v]satile disposition fits him to assume 
! habits ( ei!r condition1 or 8 tal5t = 
arts enables him to supply its defects4 
,! int]m$iate climates1 h[ev]1 appe> mo/
 to fav\r 8 nature2 & 9 :atev] mann] we 
acc\nt = ! fact1 x _c be d\bt$1 t ?is   
animal has always atta9$ to ! pr9cipal  
hon\rs ( 8 species )9 ! temp]ate zone4  
,! arts1 :i* he has on ?is sc5e         
repeat$ly inv5t$1 ! ext5t ( 8 reason1 ! 
f]tility ( 8 fancy1 & ! =ce ( 8 g5ius 9 
lit]ature1 comm]ce1 policy1 & w>1       
suffici5tly decl>e ei!r a di/+ui%$      
advantage ( situation1 or a natural     
sup]iority ( m9d4  ,! mo/ rem>kable     
races ( m51 x is true1 h be5 rude be=e  
!y 7 poli%$4 ,!y h 9 "s cases return$ to

 rud5ess aga92 & x is n f ! actual      
possession ( arts1 sci5ce1 or policy1 t 
we are to pron\nce ( _! g5ius4  ,!re is 
a vig\r1 a rea* ( capacity1 & a         
s5sibility ( m9d1 :i* may *>act]ize z   
well ! savage z ! citiz51 ! slave z well
 z ! ma/]2 & ! same p[]s ( ! m9d may be 
turn$ to a v>iety ( purposes4 ,a mod]n  
,greek1 p]haps1 is mis*iev\s1 slavi%1 & 
cunn+1 f ! same animat$ temp]am5t t made
 8 ance/or ard5t1 +5i\s1 & bold1 9 !    
camp1 or 9 ! c\ncil ( 8 nation4 ,a mod]n
 ,italian is di/+ui%$ by s5sibility1    
quickness1 & art1 :ile he employs on    
trifles ! capacity ( an anci5t ,roman2 &
 exhibits n[1 9 ! sc5e ( amusem5t1 & 9 !
 se>* ( a frivol\s applause1 t fire1 &  
^? passions1 ) :i* ,grac*us burn$ 9 !   
=um1 & %ook ! assemblies ( a sev]] p4   
,! comm]cial & lucrative arts h be51 9  
"s climates1 ! pr9cipal object ( mank9d1
 & h be5 reta9$ ?r\gh e disa/]2 9 o!rs1 
ev5 "u all ! fluctuations ( =tune1 !y h 
/ill be5 neglect$2 :ile 9 ! temp]ate    
climates ( ,europe & ,asia1 !y h _h _!  

ages ( admiration z well z contempt4  ,9
 "o /ate ( society arts are slight$1 f t
 v ard\r ( m9d1 & pr9ciple ( activity1  
by :i*1 9 ano!r1 !y are practis$ ) !    
greate/ success4 ,:ile m5 are engross$  
by _! passions1 heat$ & r\s$ by !       
/ruggles & dang]s ( _! c\ntry2 :ile !   
trumpet s\nds or ! al>m ( social        
engagem5t is rung1 & ! he>t beats high1 
x 7 a m>k ( dulness1 or ( an abject _s1 
to f9d leisure = ! /udy ( ease1 or !    
pursuit ( improvem5ts1 :i* h m]e        
conv5i5ce or ease = _! object4  ,!      
frequ5t vicissitudes & rev]ses ( =tune1 
:i* nations h exp]i5c$ on t v gr\nd :]e 
! arts h prosp]$1 are probably ! effects
 ( a busy1 inv5tive1 & v]satile _s1 by  
:i* m5 h c>ri$ e national *ange to      
extremes4 ,!y h rais$ ! fabric (        
despotic empire to its greate/ height1  
:]e !y _h be/ und]/ood ! f\ndations (   
fre$om4 ,!y p]i%$ 9 ! flames :i* !y     
!mselves _h k9dl$2 & !y only1 p]haps1 7 
capable ( display+1 by turns1 ! greate/ 
improvem5ts1 or ! l[e/ corruptions1 to  

:i* ! human m9d c be br\ght4  ,on ?is   
sc5e1 mank9d h twice1 )9 ! compass (    
hi/ory1 asc5d$ f rude beg9n+s to v high 
degrees ( ref9em5t4 ,9 e age1 :e!r de/9$
 by its tempor>y disposition to build1  
or to de/roy1 !y h left ! ve/iges ( an  
active & vehem5t _s4 ,! pavem5t & ! ru9s
 ( ,rome are buri$ 9 du/1 %ak5 f ! feet 
( b>b>ians1 :o trod ) contempt on !     
ref9em5ts ( luxury1 & spurn$ ^? arts1 ! 
use ( :i* x 0 res]v$ = ! po/]ity ( !    
same p to discov] & to admire4 ,! t5ts (
 ! wild ,arab are ev5 n[ pit*$ among !  
ru9s ( magnific5t cities2 & ! wa/e      
fields :i* bord] on ,pale/9e & ,syria1  
are p]haps become aga9 ! nurs]y ( infant
 nations4 ,! *iefta9 ( an ,arab tribe1 l
 ! f\nd] ( ,rome1 may h already fix$ !  
roots ( a plant t is to fl\ri% 9 "s     
future p]iod1 or laid ! f\ndations ( a  
fabric1 t w atta9 to its gr&eur 9 "s    
di/ant age4  ,great "p ( ,africa has be5
 always unkn[n2 b ! sil5ce ( fame1 on ! 
subject ( its revolutions1 is an        
argum5t1 :]e no o!r pro( c be f\nd1 (   

weakness 9 ! g5ius ( its p4 ,! torrid   
zone1 e :]e r\nd ! globe1 h[ev] kn[n to 
! geograph]1 has furni%$ few mat]ials = 
hi/ory2 & ?\gh 9 _m places suppli$ ) !  
arts ( life 9 no contemptible degree1   
has no :]e matur$ ! m important projects
 ( political wisdom1 nor inspir$ !      
virtues :i* are connect$ ) fre$om1 & :i*
 are requir$ 9 ! conduct ( civil        
affairs4  ,x 0 inde$ 9 ! torrid zone t  
m]e arts ( me*anism & manufacture 7     
f\nd1 among ! inhabitants ( ! new _w1 to
 h made ! greate/ advance3 x is 9       
,india1 & 9 ! regions ( ?is hemisph]e1  
:i* are visit$ by ! v]tical sun1 t !    
arts ( manufacture1 & ! practice (      
comm]ce1 are ( ! greate/ antiquity1 & h 
surviv$1 ) ! smalle/ dim9ution1 ! ru9s (
 "t1 & ! revolutions ( empire4  ,! sun1 
x seems1 :i* rip5s ! p9eapple & !       
tam>9d1 inspires a degree ( mildness t c
 ev5 assuage ! rig\rs ( despotical      
gov]nm5t3 & su* is ! effect ( a g5tle & 
pacific disposition 9 ! natives ( ! ea/1
 t no conque/1 no irruption ( b>b>ians1 

t]m9ates1 z !y did among ! /ubborn      
natives ( ,europe1 by a total de/ruction
 ( :at ! love ( ease & ( pleasure _h    
produc$4  ,transf]r$1 )\t any great     
/ruggle1 f "o ma/] to ano!r1 ! natives (
 ,india are ready1 ^u e *ange1 to pursue
 _! indu/ry1 to acquiesce 9 ! enjoym5t (
 life1 & ! hopes ( animal pleasure3 !   
w>s ( conque/ are n prolong$ to         
exasp]ate ! p>ties engag$ 9 !m1 or to   
desolate ! l& = :i* ^? p>ties cont5d3   
ev5 ! b>b>\s invad] leaves unt\*$ !     
comm]cial settlem5t :i* has n provok$ 8 
rage3 ?\gh ma/] ( opul5t cities1 he only
 encamps1 9 _! neighb\rhood1 & leaves to
 8 heirs ! option ( ent]+1 by degrees1  
on ! pleasures1 ! vices1 & ! pageantries
 :i* 8 acquisitions af=d3 8 successors1 
/ill m ?an himself1 are dispos$ to fo/] 
! hive1 9 proportion z !y ta/e m ( its  
sweets2 & !y sp>e ! inhabitant1 toge!r )
 8 dwell+1 z !y sp>e ! h]d or ! /all1 ( 
:i* !y are become ! proprietors4  ,!    
mod]n description ( ,india is a         
repetition ( ! anci5t1 & ! pres5t /ate (

 ,*9a is d]iv$ f a di/ant antiquity1 to 
:i* !re is no p>allel 9 ! hi/ory (      
mank9d4 ,! succession ( mon>*s has be5  
*ang$2 b no revolutions h affect$ !     
/ate4 ,! ,african & ! ,samoi$e are n m  
uni=m 9 _! ignorance & b>b>ity1 ?an !   
,*9ese & ! ,indian1 if we may cr$it _!  
own /ory1 h be5 9 ! practice (          
manufacture1 & 9 ! obs]vance ( a c]ta9  
police1 :i* 0 calculat$ only to regulate
 _! traffic1 & to protect !m 9 _!       
application to s]vile or lucrative arts4
  ,if we pass f ^! g5]al repres5tations 
( :at mank9d h done1 to ! m m9ute       
description ( ! animal himself1 z he has
 occupi$ diff]5t climates1 & is         
div]sifi$ 9 8 temp]1 complexion1 & "*1  
we %all f9d a v>iety ( g5ius correspond+
 to ! effects ( 8 conduct1 & ! result ( 
8 /ory4  ,man1 9 ! p]fection ( 8 natural
 faculties1 is quick & delicate 9 8     
s5sibility2 ext5sive & v>i\s 9 8        
imag9ations & reflections2 att5tive1    
p5etrat+1 & subtile1 9 :at relates to 8 
fell[ creatures2 firm & ard5t 9 8       

purposes2 devot$ to fri5d%ip or to      
enmity2 jeal\s ( 8 indep5d5ce & 8 hon\r1
 :i* he w n rel9qui% = safety or =      
pr(it3 "u all 8 corruptions or          
improvem5ts1 he reta9s 8 natural        
s5sibility1 if n 8 =ce2 & 8 comm]ce is a
 bless+ or a curse1 accord+ to !        
direction 8 m9d has receiv$4  ,b "u !   
extremes ( heat or ( cold1 ! active     
range ( ! human s\l appe>s to be limit$2
 & m5 are ( inf]ior importance1 ei!r z  
fri5ds1 or z enemies4 ,9 ! "o extreme1  
!y are dull & sl[1 mod]ate 9 _! desires1
 regul>1 & pacific 9 _! mann] ( life2 9 
! o!r1 !y are fev]i% 9 _! passions1 weak
 9 _! judgm5ts1 & addict$ by temp]am5t1 
to animal pleasure4 ,9 bo? ! he>t is    
m]c5>y1 & makes important concessions = 
*ildi% bribes3 9 bo? ! _s is prep>$ =   
s]vitude3 9 ! "o x is subdu$ by fe> ( ! 
future2 9 ! o!r x is n r\s$ ev5 by its  
s5se ( ! pres5t4  ,! nations ( ,europe  
:o w\ld settle or conqu] on ! s\? or !  
nor? ( _! own happi] climates1 f9d      
little resi/ance3 !y ext5d _! dom9ion at

 pleasure1 & f9d no :]e a limit b 9 !   
ocean1 & 9 ! satiety ( conque/4 ,) few (
 ! pangs & ! /ruggles t prec$e !        
r$uction ( nations1 mighty prov9ces h   
be5 successively annex$ to ! t]ritory ( 
,russia2 & its sov]eign1 :o acc\nts )9 8
 doma91 entire tribes1 ) :om p]haps none
 ( 8 emiss>ies h ev] conv]s$1 despat*$ a
 few geomet]s to ext5d 8 empire1 & ?us  
to execute a project1 9 :i* ! ,romans 7 
oblig$ to employ _! consuls & _!        
legions4 ,footnote3 ,see ,russian       
,atlas4 ,^! mod]n conqu]ors compla9 (   
rebellion1 :]e !y meet ) repugnance2 &  
are surpris$ at be+ treat$ z enemies1   
:]e !y come to impose _! tribute4  ,x   
appe>s1 h[ev]1 t on ! %ores ( ! ,ea/]n  
sea1 !y h met ) nations ,footnote3 ,!   
,t*utzi4 :o h que/ion$ _! title to      
reign1 & :o h consid]$ ! requisition ( a
 tax z ! dem& ( effects = no?+4 ,"h     
p]haps may be f\nd ! g5ius ( anci5t     
,europe2 & "u its "n ( f]ocity1 ! _s (  
national indep5d5ce2 ,footnote3 ,notes  
to ! ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory ( ! ,t>t>s1   

v\*$ by ,/rahl5b]g4 t _s :i* disput$ its
 gr\nd 9 ! we/ ) ! victori\s armies (   
,rome1 & baffl$ ! attempts ( ! ,p]sian  
mon>*s to compreh5d ! villages ( ,greece
 )9 ! b\nds ( _! ext5sive dom9ion4  ,!  
great & /rik+ div]sities :i* obta9      
betwixt ! inhabitants ( climates f>     
remov$ f ea* o!r1 are1 l ! v>ieties (   
o!r animals 9 diff]5t regions1 easily   
obs]v$4 ,! horse & ! re9de] are j       
emblems ( ! ,arab & ! ,lapl&]3 ! native 
( ,arabia1 l ! animal = ^: race 8 c\ntry
 is fam$1 :e!r wild 9 ! woods1 or tutor$
 by art1 is lively1 active1 & f]v5t 9 ! 
ex]cise on :i* he is b5t4 ,?is race (   
m51 9 _! rude /ate1 fly to ! des]t =    
fre$om1 & 9 rov+ b&s al>m ! fronti]s (  
empire1 & /rike a t]ror 9 ! prov9ce to  
:i* _! mov+ encampm5ts advance4         
,footnote3 ,d',arvieux4 ,:5 r\s$ by !   
prospect ( conque/1 or dispos$ to act on
 a plan1 !y spread _! dom9ion1 & _!     
sy/em ( imag9ation1 ov] mighty tracts ( 
! e>?3 :5 possess$ ( prop]ty & (        
settlem5t1 !y set ! example ( a lively  

inv5tion1 & sup]ior +5uity1 9 ! practice
 ( arts1 & ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,! ,lapl&]1 
on ! contr>y1 l ! associate ( 8 climate1
 is h>dy1 indefatigable1 & pati5t (     
fam9e2 dull r ?an tame2 s]viceable 9 a  
p>ticul> tract2 & incapable ( *ange4    
,:ole nations cont9ue f age to age 9 !  
same condition1 &1 ) immoveable phlegm1 
submit to ! appellations ( ,dane1 (     
,sw$e1 or ( ,muscovite1 accord+ to ! l& 
!y inhabit2 & suff] _! c\ntry to be     
sev]$ l a common1 by ! l9e on :i* ^?    
nations h trac$ _! limits ( empire4  ,x 
is n 9 ! extremes alone t ^! v>ieties ( 
g5ius may be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,_!       
cont9ual *ange keeps pace ) ! v>iations 
( climate ) :i* we suppose !m connect$3 
& ?\gh c]ta9 degrees ( capacity1        
p5etration1 & ard\r1 are n ! lot (      
entire nations1 nor ! vulg> prop]ties ( 
any p2 yet _! unequal frequ5cy1 &       
unequal measure1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 are
 suffici5tly manife/ f ! mann]s1 ! tone 
( conv]sation1 ! tal5t = bus9ess1       
amusem5t1 & ! lit]>y composition1 :i*   

pr$om9ate 9 ea*4  ,x is to ! s\!rn      
nations ( ,europe1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 t
 we owe ! inv5tion & embelli%m5t ( t    
my?ology1 & ^? e>ly traditions1 :i*     
cont9ue to furni% ! mat]ials ( fancy1 & 
! field ( poetic allusion4 ,to !m we owe
 ! romantic tales ( *ivalry1 z well z ! 
subsequ5t models ( a m rational /yle1 by
 :i* ! he>t & ! imag9ation are k9dl$1 & 
! und]/&+ in=m$4  ,! fruits ( indu/ry h 
ab\nd$ mo/ 9 ! nor?1 & ! /udy ( sci5ce  
has "h receiv$ its mo/ solid            
improvem5ts3 ! ef=ts ( imag9ation &     
s5tim5t 7 mo/ frequ5t & mo/ successful 9
 ! s\?4 ,:ile ! %ores ( ! ,baltic became
 fam$ = ! /udies ( ,cop]nicus1 ,ty*o    
,brahe1 & ,kepl]1 ^? ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 
celebrat$ = giv+ bir? to m5 ( g5ius 9   
all its v>iety1 & = hav+ ab\nd$ ) poets 
& hi/orians1 z well z ) m5 ( sci5ce4    
,on "o side1 le>n+ took its rise f !    
he>t & ! fancy2 on ! o!r1 x is /ill     
conf9$ to ! judgm5t & ! memory4 ,a      
fai?ful detail ( public transactions1 ) 
little disc]nm5t ( _! comp>ative        

importance2 ! treaties & ! claims (     
nations1 ! bir?s & g5ealogies ( pr9ces1 
are1 9 ! lit]ature ( nor!rn nations1    
amply pres]v$2 :ile ! lights ( !        
und]/&+1 & ! feel+s ( ! he>t1 are suff]$
 to p]i%4 ,! hi/ory ( ! human "*2 !     
int]e/+ memoir1 f\nd$ no less on !      
c>eless proce$+s ( a private life1 ?an  
on ! =mal transactions ( a public       
/ation2 ! +5i\s pleasantry1 ! pi]c+     
ridicule1 ! t5d]1 pa!tic1 or ! elevat$  
/ra9 ( elocution1 h be5 conf9$ 9 mod]n1 
z well z anci5t times1 ) a few          
exceptions1 to ! same latitudes ) ! fig 
& ! v9e4  ,^! div]sities ( natural      
g5ius1 if real1 mu/ h great "p ( _!     
f\ndation 9 ! animal frame2 & x has be5 
(t5 obs]v$1 t ! v9e fl\ri%es1 :]e1 to   
quick5 ! f]m5ts ( ! human blood1 its    
aids are ! lea/ requir$4 ,:ile spiritu\s
 liquors are1 among s\!rn nations1 f a  
s5se ( _! ru9\s effects1 prohibit$2 or f
 a love ( dec5cy1 & ! possession ( a    
temp]am5t suffici5tly w>m1 n greatly    
desir$2 !y c>ry 9 ! nor? a peculi> *>m1 

:ile !y awak5 ! m9d1 & give a ta/e ( t  
lively fancy & ard\r ( passion1 :i* !   
climate is f\nd to d5y4  ,! melt+       
desires1 or ! fi]y passions1 :i* 9 "o   
climate take place betwe5 ! sexes1 are 9
 ano!r *ang$ into a sob] consid]ation1  
or a pati5ce ( mutual disgu/4 ,?is *ange
 is rem>k$ 9 cross+ ! ,m$it]ranean1 9   
foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! ,mississippi1 9      
asc5d+ ! m\nta9s ( ,caucasus1 & 9 pass+ 
f ! ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees to ! %ores ( !   
,baltic4  ,! female sex dom9e]s on !    
fronti] ( ,l\isiana1 by ! d\ble eng9e ( 
sup]/ition1 & ( passion4 ,!y are slaves 
among ! native inhabitants ( ,canada1 & 
are *iefly valu$ = ! toils !y endure1 & 
! dome/ic s]vice !y yield4 ,footnote3   
,*>levoix4  ,! burn+ ard\rs1 & ! tortur+
 jeal\sies ( ! s]aglio & ! h>am1 :i* h  
reign$ s long 9 ,asia & ,africa1 & :i*1 
9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 h sc>cely giv5
 way to ! diff]5ce ( religion & civil   
e/abli%m5ts1 are f\nd1 h[ev]1 ) an      
abatem5t ( heat 9 ! climate1 to be m    
easily *ang$ 9 "o latitude1 into a      

tempor>y passion :i* engrosses ! m9d1   
)\t enfeebl+ x1 & excites to romantic   
a*ievem5ts3 by a f>!r progress to !     
nor?1 x is *ang$ into a _s ( gallantry1 
:i* employs ! wit & ! fancy m ?an !     
he>t2 :i* pref]s intrigue to enjoym5t2 &
 sub/itutes affectation & vanity :]e    
s5tim5t & desire h fail$4 ,z x dep>ts f 
! sun1 ! same passion is f>!r compos$   
into a habit ( dome/ic connection1 or   
froz5 into a /ate ( ins5sibility1 "u :i*
 ! sexes at fre$om sc>cely *oose to     
unite _! society4  ,^! v>iations (      
temp]am5t & "* d n inde$ correspond ) ! 
numb] ( degrees t are measur$ f !       
equator to ! pole2 nor does ! temp]ature
 ( ! air itself dep5d on ! latitude4    
,v>ieties ( soil & position1 ! di/ance  
or neighb\rhood ( ! sea1 are kn[n to    
affect ! atmosph]e1 & may h signal      
effects 9 compos+ ! animal frame4  ,!   
climates ( ,am]ica1 ?\gh tak5 "u ! same 
p>allel1 are obs]v$ to diff] f ^? (     
,europe4 ,!re1 ext5sive m>%es1 great    
lakes1 ag$1 decay$1 & cr[d$ =e/s1 ) !   

o!r circum/ances t m>k an uncultivat$   
c\ntry1 are suppos$ to repl5i% ! air )  
heavy & noxi\s vap\rs1 t give a d\ble   
asp]ity to ! w9t]2 & dur+ _m mon?s1 by !
 frequ5cy & cont9uance ( fogs1 sn[1 &   
fro/1 c>ry ! inconv5i5cies ( ! frigid   
zone f> into ! temp]ate4 ,! ,samoi$e & !
 ,lapl&]1 h[ev]1 h _! c\nt]p>t1 ?\gh on 
a l[] latitude1 on ! %ores ( ,am]ica3 ! 
,canadian & ! ,iroquois be> a           
resemblance to ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! 
middl+ climates ( ,europe4 ,! ,mexican1 
l ! ,asiatic ( ,india1 be+ addict$ to   
pleasure1 0 sunk 9 effem9acy2 & 9 !     
neighb\rhood ( ! wild & ! free1 _h      
suff]$ to be rais$ on 8 weakness a      
dom9e]+ sup]/ition1 & a p]man5t fabric (
 despotical gov]nm5t4  ,great "p (      
,t>t>y lies "u ! same p>allels )        
,greece1 ,italy1 & ,spa92 b ! climates  
are f\nd to be diff]5t2 & :ile ! %ores1 
n only ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b ev5 ^? ( !   
,atlantic1 are fav\r$ ) a mod]ate *ange 
& vicissitude ( seasons1 ! ea/]n p>ts ( 
,europe1 & ! nor!rn cont95t ( ,asia1 are

 afflict$ ) all _! extremes4 ,9 "o      
season1 we are told1 t ! plagues ( an   
ard5t summ] rea* almo/ to ! froz5 sea2 &
 t ! inhabitant is oblig$ to scre5      
himself f noxi\s v]m9 9 ! same cl\ds (  
smoke 9 :i* he mu/1 at a diff]5t "t ( ! 
ye>1 take %elt] f ! rig\rs ( cold4 ,:5  
w9t] returns1 ! transition is rapid1 & )
 an asp]ity almo/ equal 9 e latitude1   
lays wa/e ! face ( ! e>?1 f ! nor!rn    
conf9es ( ,sib]ia1 to ! desc5ts ( ,m\nt 
,caucasus & ! fronti] ( ,india4  ,) ?is 
unequal di/ribution ( climate1 by :i* ! 
lot1 z well z ! national "*1 ( ! nor!rn 
,asiatic may be deem$ inf]ior to t (    
,europeans1 :o lie "u ! same p>allels1 a
 simil> gradation ( temp]am5t & _s1     
h[ev]1 has be5 obs]v$1 9 foll[+ !       
m]idian on ei!r tract2 & ! s\!rn ,t>t>  
has ov] ! ,tonguses & ! ,sanmoi$e ! same
 pre-em95ce1 t c]ta9 nations ( ,europe  
are kn[n to possess ov] _! nor!rn       
neighb\rs1 9 situations m advantage\s to
 bo?4  ,! s\!rn hemisph]e sc>cely (f]s a
 subject ( l obs]vation4 ,! temp]ate    

zone is !re /ill undiscov]$1 or is only 
kn[n 9 two promontories1 ! ,cape ( ,good
 ,hope & ,cape ,horn1 :i* /ret* into    
mod]ate latitudes on t side ( ! l9e4 ,b 
! savage ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 not)/&+ !      
int]position ( ! nations ( ,p]u & (     
,mexico1 is f\nd to resemble 8 c\nt]p>t 
on ! nor?2 & ! ,hott5tot1 9 _m ?+s1 !   
b>b>ian ( ,europe3 he is t5aci\s (      
fre$om1 has rudim5ts ( policy1 & a      
national vig\r1 :i* s]ve to di/+ui% 8   
race f ! o!r ,african tribes1 :o are    
expos$ to ! m v]tical rays ( ! sun4     
,:ile we h1 9 ^! obs]vations1 only ?r[n 
out :at mu/ pres5t itself on ! mo/      
cursory view ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 or :at
 may be presum$ f ! m]e obscurity ( "s  
nations1 :o inhabit great tracts ( !    
e>?1 z well z f ! lu/re ( o!rs1 we are  
/ill unable to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i*     
climate may affect ! temp]am5t1 or fo/] 
! g5ius ( its inhabitant4  ,t ! temp] ( 
! he>t1 & ! intellectual op]ations ( !  
m9d1 are1 9 "s measure1 dep5d5t on !    
/ate ( ! animal organs1 is well kn[n f  

exp]i5ce4 ,m5 diff] f !mselves 9        
sickness & 9 heal?2 "u a *ange ( diet1 (
 air1 & ( ex]cise3 b we are1 ev5 9 ^!   
famili> in/ances1 at a loss h[ to       
connect ! cause ) its suppos$ effect3 & 
?\gh climate1 by includ+ a v>iety ( su* 
causes1 may1 by "s regul> influ5ce1     
affect ! *>act]s ( m51 we c nev] hope to
 expla9 ! mann] ( ^? influ5ces till we h
 und]/ood1 :at probably we %all nev]    
und]/&1 ! /ructure ( ^? f9] organs ) :i*
 ! op]ations ( ! s\l are connect$4  ,:5 
we po9t out1 9 ! situation ( a p1       
circum/ances :i*1 by det]m9+ _!         
pursuits1 regulate _! habits1 & _! mann]
 ( life2 & :51 in/ead ( ref]r+ to !     
suppos$ physical s\rce ( _!             
dispositions1 we assign _! inducem5ts to
 a det]m9ate conduct2 9 ?is we speak (  
effects & ( causes ^: connection is m   
famili>ly kn[n4 ,we c und]/&1 = in/ance1
 :y a race ( m5 l ! ,samoi$e1 conf9$1   
dur+ great "p ( ! ye>1 to d>kness1 or   
retir$ into cav]ns1 %\ld diff] 9 _!     
mann]s & appreh5sions f ^? :o are at    

lib]ty 9 e season2 or :o1 in/ead ( seek+
 relief f ! extremities ( cold1 are     
employ$ 9 se>* ( precautions aga9/ !    
oppressions ( a burn+ sun4 ,fire &      
ex]cise are ! rem$ies ( cold2 repose &  
%ade ! securities f heat4 ,! ,holl&] is 
labori\s & indu/ri\s 9 ,europe2 he      
becomes m languid & slo?ful 9 ,india4   
,footnote3 ,! ,dut* sailors1 :o 7       
employ$ 9 ! siege ( ,malaco1 tore or    
burnt ! sail clo? :i* 0 giv5 !m to make 
t5ts1 t !y might n h ! tr\ble ( mak+ or 
pit*+ !m4 ,voy4 de ,matelief4  ,great   
extremities1 ei!r ( heat or cold1 are   
p]haps1 9 a moral view1 equally         
unfav\rable to ! active g5ius ( mank9d1 
& by pres5t+ alike insup]able           
difficulties to be ov]come1 or /rong    
inducem5ts to indol5ce & slo?1 equally  
prev5t ! fir/ applications ( +5uity1 or 
limit _! progress4 ,"s int]m$iate       
degrees ( inconv5i5ce 9 ! situation1 at 
once excite ! _s1 &1 ) ! hopes (        
success1 enc\rage its ef=ts4 ,x ,is 9 ! 
lea/ fav\rable situations1 says ,mr4    

,r\sseau1 t ! arts h fl\ri%$ ! mo/4 ,i  
c\ld %[ !m 9 ,egypt1 z !y spread ) !    
ov]fl[+ ( ! ,nile2 & 9 ,attica1 z !y    
m\nt$ up to ! cl\ds1 f a rocky soil & f 
b>r5 s&s2 :ile on ! f]tile banks ( !    
,eurotas1 !y 7 n able to fa/5 _! roots4 
,:]e mank9d f ! fir/ subsi/ by toil1 & 9
 ! mid/ ( difficulties1 ! defects ( _!  
situation are suppli$ by indu/ry3 & :ile
 dry1 tempt+1 & heal?ful l&s are left   
uncultivat$1 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! /ate (
 ,hung>y ) t ( ,holl&4 ! pe/il5t m>% is 
dra9$ ) great lab\r1 & ! sea is f5c$ (f 
) mighty b>ri]s1 ! mat]ials & ! co/s (  
:i*1 ! soil to be ga9$ c sc>cely af=d1  
or repay4 ,h>b\rs are op5$1 & cr[d$ )   
%ipp+1 :]e vessels ( burd51 if !y are n 
con/ruct$ ) a view to ! situation1 h n  
wat] to float4 ,elegant & magnific5t    
edifices are rais$ on f\ndations (      
slime2 & all ! conv5i5cies ( human life 
are made to ab\nd1 :]e nature does n    
seem to h prep>$ a reception = m54 ,x is
 9 va9 to expect1 t ! resid5ce ( arts & 
comm]ce %\ld be det]m9$ by ! possession 

( natural advantages4 ,m5 d m :5 !y h   
c]ta9 difficulties to surm\nt1 ?an :5 !y
 h suppos$ bless+s to enjoy3 & ! %ade ( 
! b>r5 oak & ! p9e are m fav\rable to ! 
g5ius ( mank9d1 ?an t ( ! palm or !     
tam>9d4  ,among ! advantages :i* enable 
nations to run ! c>e] ( policy1 z well z
 ( arts1 x may be expect$1 f !          
obs]vations already made1 t we %\ld     
reckon e circum/ance :i* enable !m to   
divide & to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 di/9ct &  
indep5d5t communities4 ,! society &     
conc\rse ( o!r m5 are n m necess>y to =m
 ! individual1 ?an ! rival%ip &         
competition ( nations are to invigorate 
! pr9ciples ( political life 9 a /ate4  
,_! w>s1 & _! treaties1 _! mutual       
jeal\sies1 & ! e/abli%m5ts :i* !y devise
 ) a view to ea* o!r1 con/itute m ?an   
half ! occupations ( mank9d1 & furni%   
mat]ials = _! greate/ & mo/ improv+     
ex]tions4 ,= ?is reason1 clu/]s ( isl&s1
 a cont95t divid$ by _m natural b>ri]s1 
great riv]s1 ridges ( m\nta9s1 & arms ( 
! sea1 are be/ fitt$ = becom+ ! nurs]y (

 indep5d5t & respectable nations4 ,!    
di/9ction ( /ates be+ cle>ly ma9ta9$1 a 
pr9ciple ( political life is e/abli%$ 9 
e division1 & ! capital ( e di/rict1 l !
 he>t ( an animal body1 communicates )  
ease ! vital blood & ! national _s to   
its memb]s4  ,! mo/ respectable nations 
h always be5 f\nd1 :]e at lea/ "o "p ( !
 fronti] has be5 wa%$ by ! sea4 ,?is    
b>ri]1 p]haps ! /ronge/ ( all 9 ! times 
( ignorance1 does n1 h[ev]1 ev5 !n      
sup]s$e ! c>es ( a national def5ce2 & 9 
! advanc$ /ate ( arts1 gives ! greate/  
scope & facility to comm]ce4  ,?riv+ &  
indep5d5t nations 7 accord+ly scatt]$ on
 ! %ores ( ! ,pacific & ! ,atlantic4 ,!y
 surr\nd$ ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 
! ,baltic2 :ile1 a few tribes except$1  
:o retire among ! m\nta9s bord]+ on     
,india & ,p]sia1 or :o h f\nd "s rude   
e/abli%m5t among ! creeks & ! %ores ( ! 
,caspian & ! ,eux9e1 !re is sc>cely a p 
9 ! va/ cont95t ( ,asia :o des]ves ! "n 
( a nation4 ,! unb\nd$ pla9 is trav]s$  
at l>ge by hordes1 :o are 9 p]petual    

motion1 or :o are displac$ & h>ass$ by  
_! mutual ho/ilities4 ,al?\gh !y are    
nev] p]haps actually bl5d$ toge!r 9 !   
c\rse ( hunt+1 or 9 ! se>* ( pa/ure1 !y 
_c be> "o great di/9ction ( nations1 :i*
 is tak5 f ! t]ritory1 & :i* is deeply  
impress$ by an affection to ! native    
seat4 ,!y move 9 troops1 )\t !          
arrangem5t or ! conc]t ( nations2 !y    
become easy accessions to e new empire  
among !mselves1 or to ! ,*9ese & !      
,muscovite1 ) :om !y hold a traffic = ! 
means ( subsi/5ce1 & ! mat]ials (       
pleasure4  ,:]e a happy sy/em ( nations 
is =m$1 !y d n rely = ! cont9uance ( _! 
sep>ate names1 & = t ( _! political     
indep5d5ce1 on ! b>ri]s erect$ by       
nature4 ,mutual jeal\sies lead to !     
ma9t5ance ( a balance ( p[]2 & ?is      
pr9ciple1 m ?an ! ,rh9e & ! ,ocean1 ?an 
! ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees 9 mod]n ,europe2 m 
?an ! /raits ( ,!rmopylae1 ! m\nta9s (  
,?race1 or ! bays ( ,salam9e & ,cor9? 9 
anci5t ,greece1 t5d$ to prolong !       
sep>ation1 to :i* ! inhabitants ( ^!    

happy climates h ow$ _! felicity z      
nations1 ! lu/re ( _! fame1 & _! civil  
accompli%m5ts4  ,if we mean to pursue ! 
hi/ory ( civil society1 our att5tion mu/
 be *iefly direct$ to su* examples1 & we
 mu/ "h bid f>ewell to ^? regions ( !   
e>?1 on :i* our species1 by ! effects ( 
situation or climate1 appe> to be       
re/ra9$ 9 _! national pursuits1 or      
inf]ior 9 ! p[]s ( ! m9d4     ,,section 
,,ii4  ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,political     
,,e/abli%m5ts4   ,we h hi!rto obs]v$    
mank9d1 ei!r unit$ toge!r on t]ms (     
equality1 or dispos$ to admit ( a       
subord9ation f\nd$ m]ely on ! volunt>y  
respect & atta*m5t :i* !y paid to _!    
lead]s2 b1 9 bo? cases1 )\t any conc]t$ 
plan ( gov]nm5t1 or sy/em ( laws4  ,!   
savage1 ^: =tune is compris$ 9 8 cab91 8
 fur1 & 8 arms1 is satisfi$ ) t         
provision1 & ) t degree ( security1 he  
himself c procure4 ,he p]ceives1 9      
treat+ ) 8 equal1 no subject (          
discussion t %\ld be ref]r$ to !        
decision ( a judge2 nor does he f9d 9   

any h& ! badges ( magi/racy1 or !       
ensigns ( a p]petual comm&4  ,! b>b>ian1
 ?\gh induc$ by 8 admiration ( p]sonal  
qualities1 ! lu/re ( a h]oic race1 or a 
sup]iority ( =tune1 to foll[ ! bann]s ( 
a lead]1 & to act a subord9ate "p 9 8   
tribe1 kn[s n1 t :at he p]=ms f *oice1  
is to be made a subject ( obligation4   
,he acts f affections unacqua9t$ ) =ms2 
& :5 provok$1 or :5 engag$ 9 disputes1  
he recurs to ! sword1 z ! ultimate means
 ( decision1 9 all que/ions ( "r4       
,human affairs1 9 ! mean "t1 cont9ue _! 
progress4 ,:at 0 9 "o g5]ation a        
prop5sity to h]d ) ! species1 becomes 9 
! ages :i* foll[1 a pr9ciple ( natural  
union4 ,:at 0 orig9ally an alliance =   
common def5ce1 becomes a conc]t$ plan ( 
political =ce2 ! c>e ( subsi/5ce becomes
 an anxiety = accumulat+ weal?1 & !     
f\ndation ( comm]cial arts4  ,mank9d1 9 
foll[+ ! pres5t s5se ( _! m9ds1 9 /riv+ 
to remove inconv5i5cies1 or to ga9      
app>5t & contigu\s advantages1 arrive at
 ends :i* ev5 _! imag9ation c\ld n      

anticipate2 & pass on1 l o!r animals1 9 
! track ( _! nature1 )\t p]ceiv+ its    
end4 ,he :o fir/ said2 ,i w appropriate 
?is field2 ,i w leave x to my heirs2 did
 n p]ceive1 t he 0 lay+ ! f\ndation (   
civil laws & political e/abli%m5ts4 ,he 
:o fir/ rang$ himself "u a lead]1 did n 
p]ceive1 t he 0 sett+ ! example ( a     
p]man5t subord9ation1 "u ! pret5ce (    
:i*1 ! rapaci\s 7 to seize 8            
possessions1 & ! arrogant to lay claim  
to 8 s]vice4  ,m51 9 g5]al1 are         
suffici5tly dispos$ to occupy !mselves 9
 =m+ projects & s*emes2 b he :o w\ld    
s*eme & project = o!rs1 w f9d an oppon5t
 9 e p]son :o is dispos$ to s*eme =     
himself4 ,l ! w9ds t come we "k n :5ce1 
& bl[ :i!rsoev] !y li/1 ! =ms ( society 
are d]iv$ f an obscure & di/ant orig92  
!y arise1 long be=e ! date ( philosophy1
 f ! in/9cts1 n f ! speculations ( m54  
,! cr[d ( mank9d are direct$1 9 _!      
e/abli%m5ts & measures1 by !            
circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$2 &      
seldom are turn$ f _! way1 to foll[ !   

plan ( any s+le projector4  ,e /ep & e  
movem5t ( ! multitude1 ev5 9 :at are    
t]m$ enlight5$ ages1 are made ) equal   
bl9dness to ! future2 & nations /umble  
^u e/abli%m5ts1 :i* are inde$ ! result (
 human action1 b n ! execution ( any    
human design4 ,footnote3 ,de ,retz's    
,memoirs4 ,if ,cromwell said1 t a man   
nev] m\nts high]1 ?an :5 he kn[s n :i!r 
he is go+2 x may ) m reason be affirm$ (
 communities1 t !y admit ( ! greate/    
revolutions :]e no *ange is int5d$1 & t 
! mo/ ref9$ politicians d n always "k   
:i!r !y are lead+ ! /ate by _! projects4
  ,if we li/5 to ! te/imony ( mod]n     
hi/ory1 & to t ( ! mo/ au!ntic p>ts ( ! 
anci5t2 if we att5d to ! practice (     
nations 9 e qu>t] ( ! _w1 & 9 e         
condition1 :e!r t ( ! b>b>ian or !      
poli%$1 we %all f9d v little reason to  
retract ?is ass]tion4 ,no con/itution is
 =m$ by conc]t1 no gov]nm5t is copi$ f a
 plan4 ,! memb]s ( a small /ate cont5d =
 equality2 ! memb]s ( a great]1 f9d     
!mselves class$ 9 a c]ta9 mann] t lays a

 f\ndation = mon>*y4 ,!y proce$ f "o =m 
( gov]nm5t to ano!r1 by easy            
transitions1 & frequ5tly "u old names   
adopt a new con/itution4 ,! se$s ( e =m 
are lodg$ 9 human nature2 !y spr+ up &  
rip5 ) ! season4 ,! preval5ce ( a       
p>ticul> species is (t5 d]iv$ f an      
imp]ceptible +r$i5t m+l$ 9 ! soil4  ,we 
are !re=e to receive1 ) caution1 !      
tradition>y hi/ories ( anci5t           
legislators1 & f\nd]s ( /ates4 ,_! names
 h long be5 celebrat$2 _! suppos$ plans 
h be5 admir$2 & :at 7 probably !        
consequ5ces ( an e>ly situation1 is1 9 e
 in/ance1 consid]$ z an effect ( design4
 ,an au?or & a "w1 l cause & effect1 are
 p]petually c\pl$ toge!r4 ,?is is !     
simple/ =m "u :i* we c consid] !        
e/abli%m5t ( nations3 & we ascribe to a 
previ\s design1 :at came to be kn[n only
 by exp]i5ce1 :at no human wisdom c\ld  
=esee1 & :at1 )\t ! concurr+ hum\r &    
disposition ( 8 age1 no au?ority c\ld   
enable an individual to execute4  ,if   
m51 dur+ ages ( ext5sive reflection1 &  

employ$ 9 ! se>* ( improvem5t1 are w$d$ 
to _! in/itutions2 &1 lab\r+ "u _m      
ackn[l$g$ inconv5i5cies1 _c break loose 
f ! trammels ( cu/om2 :at %all we       
suppose _! hum\r to h be5 9 ! times (   
,romulus & ,lycurgus8 ,!y 7 n surely m  
dispos$ to embrace ! s*emes (           
innovators1 or to %ake (f ! impressions 
( habit3 !y 7 n m pliant & ductile1 :5  
_! k 0 less2 n m capable ( ref9em5t1 :5 
_! m9ds 7 m circumscrib$4  ,we imag9e1  
p]haps1 t rude nations mu/ h s /rong a  
s5se ( ! defects "u :i* !y lab\r1 & be s
 consci\s t re=mations are requisite 9  
_! mann]s1 t !y mu/ be ready to adopt1 )
 joy1 e plan ( improvem5t1 & to receive 
e plausible proposal ) implicit         
compliance4 ,& we are ?us incl9$ to     
believe1 t ! h>p ( ,orpheus c\ld effect1
 9 "o age1 :at ! eloqu5ce ( ,plato c\ld 
n produce 9 ano!r4 ,we mi/ake1 h[ev]1 ! 
*>act]i/ic ( simple ages3 mank9d !n     
appe> to feel ! fewe/ defects1 & are !n 
lea/ desir\s to ent] on re=mations4  ,! 
reality1 9 ! mean "t1 ( c]ta9           

e/abli%m5ts at ,rome & at ,sp>ta1 _c be 
disput$3 b x is probable2 t ! gov]nm5t (
 bo? ^! /ates took its rise f !         
situation & g5ius ( ! p1 n f ! projects 
( s+le m52 t ! celebrat$ w>rior &       
/atesman1 :o are consid]$ z ! f\nd]s (  
^? nations1 only act$ a sup]ior "p among
 numb]s :o 7 dispos$ to ! same          
in/itutions2 & t !y left to po/]ity a   
r5[n1 po9t+ !m out z ! inv5tors ( _m    
practices :i* _h be5 already 9 use1 &   
:i* help$ to =m _! own mann]s & g5ius1 z
 well z ^? ( _! c\ntrym54  ,x has be5   
=m]ly obs]v$1 t1 9 _m p>ticul>s1 !      
cu/oms ( simple nations co9cide ) :at is
 ascrib$ to ! inv5tion ( e>ly /atesm52 t
 ! model ( republican gov]nm5t1 ! s5ate1
 & ! assembly ( ! p2 t ev5 ! equality ( 
prop]ty1 or ! community ( goods1 7 n    
res]v$ to ! inv5tion or contrivance (   
s+ul> m54  ,if we consid] ,romulus z !  
f\nd] ( ! ,roman /ate1 c]ta9ly he :o    
kill$ 8 bro!r1 t he might reign alone1  
did n desire to come "u re/ra9ts f !    
control+ p[] ( ! s5ate1 nor to ref] !   

c\ncils ( 8 sov]eignty to ! decision ( a
 collective body4 ,love ( dom9ion is1 by
 its nature1 av]se to re/ra9t2 & ?is    
*iefta91 l e lead] 9 a rude age1        
probably f\nd a class ( m5 ready to     
intrude on 8 c\ncils1 & )\t :om he c\ld 
n proce$4 ,he met ) occasions1 on :i*1 z
 at ! s\nd ( a trumpet1 ! body ( ! p    
assembl$1 & took resolutions1 :i* any   
individual might 9 va9 dispute1 or      
attempt to control2 & ,rome1 :i* comm5c$
 on ! g5]al plan ( e artless society1   
f\nd la/+ improvem5ts 9 ! pursuit (     
tempor>y exp$i5ts1 & dige/$ h] political
 frame 9 adju/+ ! pret5sions ( p>ties   
:i* arose 9 ! /ate4  ,mank9d1 9 v e>ly  
ages ( society1 le>n to covet ri*es1 &  
to admire di/9ction3 !y h av>ice &      
ambition1 & are occasionally l$ by ^!   
passions to depr$ations & conque/3 b 9  
_! ord9>y conduct1 are guid$ or re/ra9$ 
by diff]5t motives2 by slo? or          
intemp]ance2 by p]sonal atta*m5ts1 or   
p]sonal animosities2 :i* mislead f !    
att5tion to int]e/4 ,^! motives or      

habits r5d] mank9d1 at times1 remiss or 
outrage\s3 !y prove ! s\rce ( civil     
peace or ( civil disord]1 b disqualify  
^? :o are actuat$ by !m1 f ma9ta9+ any  
fix$ usurpation2 slav]y & rap9e1 9 !    
case ( e community1 are fir/ ?reat5$ f  
abroad1 & w>1 ei!r (f5sive or def5sive1 
is ! great bus9ess ( e tribe4 ,! enemy  
occupy _! ?\ghts2 !y h no leisure =     
dome/ic diss5tions4 ,x is ! desire ( e  
sep>ate community1 h[ev]1 to secure     
itself2 & 9 proportion z x ga9s ?is     
object1 by /r5g!n+ its b>ri]1 by weak5+ 
its enemy1 or by procur+ allies1 !      
individual at home be?9ks him ( :at he  
may ga9 or lose = himself3 ! lead] is   
dispos$ to enl>ge ! advantages :i*      
belong to 8 /ation2 ! foll[] becomes    
jeal\s ( rights :i* are op5 to          
encroa*m5t2 & p>ties :o unit$ be=e1 f   
affection & habit1 or f a reg>d to _!   
common pres]vation1 disagree 9 support+ 
_! sev]al claims to prec$5ce or pr(it4  
,:5 ! animosities ( faction are ?us     
awak5$ at home1 & ! pret5sions ( fre$om 

are oppos$ to ^? ( dom9ion1 ! memb]s ( e
 society f9d a new sc5e ^u :i* to ex]t  
_! activity4 ,!y _h qu>rell$1 p]haps1 on
 po9ts ( int]e/2 !y _h balanc$ betwe5   
diff]5t lead]s2 b !y _h nev] unit$ z    
citiz5s1 to )/& ! encroa*m5ts (         
sov]eignty1 or to ma9ta9 _! common      
rights z a p4 ,if ! pr9ce1 9 ?is conte/1
 f9ds numb]s to support1 z well z to    
oppose 8 pret5sions1 ! sword :i* 0 :ett$
 aga9/ =eign enemies1 may be po9t$ at ! 
bosom ( fell[ subjects1 & e int]val (   
peace f abroad1 be fill$ ) dome/ic w>4  
,! sacr$ names ( lib]ty1 ju/ice1 & civil
 ord]1 are made to res\nd 9 public      
assemblies2 &1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( o!r      
al>ms1 give to society1 )9 itself1 an   
abundant subject ( f]m5t & animosity4   
,if :at is relat$ ( ! little            
pr9cipalities :i*1 9 anci5t times1 7 =m$
 9 ,greece1 9 ,italy1 & ov] all ,europe1
 agrees ) ! "* we h giv5 ( mank9d "u !  
fir/ impressions ( prop]ty1 ( int]e/1 & 
( h]$it>y di/9ctions2 ! s$itions &      
dome/ic w>s :i* foll[$ 9 ^? v /ates1 !  

expulsion ( _! k+s1 or ! que/ions :i*   
arose conc]n+ ! pr]ogatives ( !         
sov]eign1 or privilege ( ! subject1 are 
agreeable to ! repres5tation :i* we n[  
give ( ! fir/ /ep t[>d political        
e/abli%m5t1 & ! desire ( a legal        
con/itution4  ,:at ?is con/itution may  
be 9 its e>lie/ =m1 dep5ds on a v>iety (
 circum/ances 9 ! condition ( nations3 x
 dep5ds on ! ext5t ( ! pr9cipality 9 its
 rude /ate2 on ! degree ( disp>ity to   
:i* mank9d _h submitt$ be=e !y begun to 
dispute ! abuses ( p[]3 x dep5ds        
likewise on :at we t]m accid5ts1 !      
p]sonal "* ( an individual1 or ! ev5ts (
 a w>4  ,e community is orig9ally a     
small "o4 ,t prop5sity by :i* mank9d at 
fir/ unite1 is n ! pr9ciple f :i* !y    
aft]w>ds act 9 ext5d+ ! limits ( empire4
 ,small tribes1 :]e !y are n assembl$ by
 common objects ( conque/ or safety1 are
 ev5 av]se to a coalition4 ,if1 l ! real
 or fabul\s conf$]acy ( ! ,greeks = !   
de/ruction ( ,troy1 _m nations comb9e 9 
pursuit ( a s+le object1 !y easily      

sep>ate aga91 & act anew on ! maxims (  
rival /ates4  ,!re is1 p]haps a c]ta9   
national ext5t1 )9 :i* ! passions ( m5  
are easily communicat$ f "o1 or a few1  
to ! :ole2 & !re are c]ta9 numb]s ( m5  
:o c be assembl$1 & act 9 a body4 ,if1  
:ile ! society is n enl>g$ beyond ?is   
dim5sion1 & :ile its memb]s are easily  
assembl$1 political cont5tions arise1 ! 
/ate seldom fails to proce$ on          
republican maxims1 & to e/abli%         
democracy4 ,9 mo/ rude pr9cipalities1 ! 
lead] d]iv$ 8 pr]ogative f ! lu/re ( 8  
race1 & f ! volunt>y atta*m5t ( 8 tribe3
 ! p he comm&$ 7 8 fri5ds1 8 subjects1 &
 8 troops4 ,if we suppose1 ^u any *ange 
9 _! mann]s1 t !y cease to rev]e 8      
dignity1 t !y pret5d to equality among  
!mselves1 or are seiz$ ) a jeal\sy ( 8  
assum+ too mu*1 ! f\ndations ( 8 p[] are
 already )drawn4 ,:5 ! volunt>y subject 
becomes refractory2 :5 consid]able      
p>ties1 or ! collective body1 *oose to  
act = !mselves2 ! small k+dom1 l t (    
,a!ns1 becomes ( c\rse a republic4  ,!  

*anges ( condition1 & ( mann]s1 :i*1 9 !
 progress ( mank9d1 raise up to nations 
a lead] & a pr9ce1 create1 at ! same "t1
 a nobility & a v>iety ( ranks1 :o h1 9 
a subord9ate degree1 _! claim to        
di/9ction4 ,sup]/ition1 too1 may create 
an ord] ( m51 :o1 "u ! title (          
prie/hood1 engage 9 ! pursuit ( a       
sep>ate int]e/2 :o1 by _! union &       
firmness z a body1 & by _! incessant    
ambition1 des]ve to be reckon$ 9 ! li/ (
 pret5d]s to p[]4 ,^! diff]5t ord]s ( m5
 are ! elem5ts ( ^: mixture ! political 
body is g5]ally =m$2 ea* draws to its   
side "s "p f ! mass ( ! p4 ,! p !mselves
 are a p>ty ^u occasion2 & numb]s ( m51 
h[ev] class$ & di/+ui%$1 become1 by _!  
j>r+ pret5sions & sep>ate views1 mutual 
int]ruptions & *ecks2 & h1 by br++ to ! 
national c\ncils ! maxims & appreh5sions
 ( a p>ticul> ord]1 & by gu>d+ a        
p>ticul> int]e/1 a %>e 9 adju/+ or      
pres]v+ ! political =m ( ! /ate4  ,!    
pret5sions ( any p>ticul> ord]1 if n    
*eck$ by "s collat]al p[]1 w\ld t]m9ate 

9 tyranny2 ^? ( a pr9ce1 9 despotism2 ^?
 ( a nobility or prie/hood1 9 ! abuses (
 ari/ocracy2 ( a populace1 9 !          
confusions ( an>*y4 ,^! t]m9ations1 z !y
 are nev] ! pr(ess$1 s are !y seldom ev5
 ! disguis$ object ( p>ty3 b ! measures 
:i* any p>ty pursues1 if suff]$ to      
prevail1 w lead1 by degrees1 to e       
extreme4  ,9 _! way to ! asc5dant !y    
endeav\r to ga91 & 9 ! mid/ (           
int]ruptions :i* opposite int]e/s       
mutually give1 lib]ty may h a p]man5t or
 a transi5t exi/5ce2 & ! con/itution may
 be> a =m & a "* z v>i\s z ! casual     
comb9ation ( su* multipli$ p>ts c       
effect4  ,to be/[ on communities "s     
degree ( political fre$om1 x is p]haps  
suffici5t1 t _! memb]s1 ei!r s+ly1 or z 
!y are involv$ ) _! sev]al ord]s1 %\ld  
insi/ on _! rights2 t "u republics1 !   
citiz5 %\ld ei!r ma9ta9 8 own equality )
 firmness1 or re/ra9 ! ambition ( 8     
fell[ citiz5 )9 mod]ate b\nds2 t "u     
mon>*y1 m5 ( e rank %\ld ma9ta9 ! hon\rs
 ( _! private or _! public /ations2 &   

sacrifice nei!r to ! impositions ( a    
c\rt1 nor to ! claims ( a populace1 ^?  
dignities :i* are de/9$1 9 "s measure1  
indep5d5t ( =tune1 to give /ability to !
 ?rone1 & to procure a respect to !     
subject4  ,amid/ ! cont5tions ( p>ty1 ! 
int]e/s ( ! public1 ev5 ! maxims (      
ju/ice & c&\r1 are sometimes =gott52 &  
yet ^? fatal consequ5ces :i* su* a      
measure ( corruption seems to port5d1 d 
n unavoidably foll[4 ,! public int]e/ is
 (t5 secure1 n because individuals are  
dispos$ to reg>d x z ! end ( _! conduct1
 b because ea*1 9 8 place1 is det]m9$ to
 pres]ve 8 own4 ,lib]ty is ma9ta9$ by ! 
cont9u$ diff]5ces & oppositions (       
numb]s1 n by _! concurr+ zeal 9 behalf (
 equitable gov]nm5t4 ,9 free /ates1     
!re=e1 ! wise/ laws are nev]1 p]haps1   
dictat$ by ! int]e/ & _s ( any ord] (   
m53 !y are mov$1 !y are oppos$1 or      
am5d$1 by diff]5t h&s2 & come at la/ to 
express t m$ium & composition :i*       
cont5d+ p>ties h =c$ "o ano!r to adopt4 
,:5 we consid] ! hi/ory ( mank9d 9 ?is  

view1 we _c be at a loss = ! causes :i*1
 9 small communities1 ?rew ! balance on 
! side ( democracy2 :i*1 9 /ates m      
enl>g$ 9 respect to t]ritory & numb] (  
p1 gave ! asc5dant to mon>*y2 & :i*1 9 a
 v>iety ( conditions & ( diff]5t ages1  
enabl$ mank9d to bl5d & unite ! *>act]s 
( diff]5t =ms2 &1 in/ead ( any ( !      
simple con/itutions we h m5tion$1       
,footnote3 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 #aj4 to       
exhibit a m$ley ( all4  ,9 em]g+ f a    
/ate ( rud5ess & simplicity1 m5 mu/ be  
expect$ to act f t _s ( equality1 or    
mod]ate subord9ation1 to :i* !y h be5   
accu/om$4 ,:5 cr[d$ toge!r 9 cities1 or 
)9 ! compass ( a small t]ritory1 !y act 
by contagi\s passions1 & e individual   
feels a degree ( importance proportion$ 
to 8 figure 9 ! cr[d1 & ! smallness (   
its numb]s4 ,! pret5d]s to p[] & dom9ion
 appe> 9 too famili> a light to impose  
^u ! multitude1 & !y h no aids at _!    
call1 by :i* !y c bridle ! refractory   
hum\rs ( a p :o resi/ _! pret5sions4    
,!seus1 k+ ( ,attica1 we are told1      

assembl$ ! inhabitants ( its twelve     
cantons into "o city4 ,9 ?is he took an 
effectual me?od to unite into "o        
democracy1 :at 7 be=e ! sep>ate memb]s (
 8 mon>*y1 & to ha/5 ! d[nfall ( ! regal
 p[]4  ,! mon>* ( an ext5sive t]ritory  
has _m advantages 9 ma9ta9+ 8 /ation4   
,)\t any grievance to 8 subjects1 he c  
support ! magnific5ce ( a royal e/ate1 &
 dazzle ! imag9ation ( 8 p1 by t v weal?
 :i* !mselves h be/[$4 ,he c employ !   
inhabitants ( "o di/rict aga9/ ^? (     
ano!r2 & :ile ! passions t lead to mut9y
 & rebellion1 c at any "o "t seize only 
on a "p ( 8 subjects1 he feels himself  
/rong 9 ! possession ( a g5]al au?ority4
 ,ev5 ! di/ance at :i* he resides f _m (
 ^? :o receive 8 comm&s1 augm5ts !      
my/]i\s awe & respect :i* are paid to 8 
gov]nm5t4  ,) ^! diff]5t t5d5cies1      
accid5t & corruption1 h[ev]1 jo9$ to a  
v>iety ( circum/ances1 may ?r[ p>ticul> 
/ates f _! bias1 & produce exceptions to
 e g5]al rule4 ,?is has actually happ5$ 
9 "s ( ! lat] pr9cipalities ( ,greece1 &

 mod]n ,italy1 9 ,sw$51 ,pol&1 & !      
,g]man ,empire4 ,b ! unit$ /ates ( !    
,ne!rl&s1 & ! ,swiss cantons1 are1      
p]haps1 ! mo/ ext5sive communities1 :i*1
 ma9ta9+ ! union ( nations1 h1 = any    
consid]able "t1 resi/$ ! t5d5cy to      
mon>*ical gov]nm5t2 & ,sw$5 is ! only   
in/ance ( a republic e/abli%$ 9 a great 
k+dom on ! ru9s ( mon>*y4  ,! sov]eign (
 a petty di/rict1 or a s+le city1 :5 n  
support$1 z 9 mod]n ,europe1 by !       
contagion ( mon>*ical mann]s1 holds !   
sceptre by a prec>i\s t5ure1 & is       
p]petually al>m$ by ! _s ( mut9y 9 8 p1 
is guid$ by jeal\sy1 & supports himself 
by sev]ity1 prev5tion1 & =ce4  ,! popul>
 & ari/ocratical p[]s 9 a great nation1 
z 9 ! case ( ,g]many & ,pol&1 may meet )
 equal difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ _!          
pret5sions2 &1 9 ord] to avoid _! dang] 
on ! side ( k+ly usurpation1 are oblig$ 
to )hold f ! supreme magi/rate ev5 !    
necess>y tru/ ( an executive p[]4  ,!   
/ates ( ,europe1 9 ! mann] ( _! fir/    
settlem5t1 laid ! f\ndations ( mon>*y1 &

 7 prep>$ to unite "u regul> & ext5sive 
gov]nm5ts4 ,if ! ,greeks1 ^: progress at
 home t]m9at$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( s _m     
indep5d5t republics1 _h "u ,agamemnon   
effect$ a conque/ & settlem5t 9 ,asia1 x
 is probable t !y might h furni%$ an    
example ( ! same k9d4 ,b ! orig9al      
inhabitants ( any c\ntry1 =m+ _m sep>ate
 cantons1 come by sl[ degrees to t      
coalition & union into :i* conqu]+      
tribes1 9 effect+ _! conque/s1 or 9     
secur+ _! possessions1 are hurri$ at    
once4 ,cs> enc\nt]$ "s hundr$s (        
indep5d5t nations 9 ,gaul1 :om ev5 _!   
common dang] did n suffici5tly unite4 ,!
 ,g]man invad]s1 :o settl$ 9 ! l&s ( !  
,romans1 made1 9 ! same di/rict1 a numb]
 ( sep>ate e/abli%m5ts1 b f> m ext5sive 
?an :at ! anci5t ,gauls1 by _!          
conjunction & treaties1 or 9 ! result ( 
_! w>s1 c\ld1 aft] _m ages1 h rea*$4  ,!
 se$s ( great mon>*ies1 & ! roots (     
ext5sive dom9ion1 7 e :]e plant$ ) !    
colonies t divid$ ! ,roman empire4 ,we h
 no exact acc\nt ( ! numb]s1 :o1 ) a    

seem+ conc]t1 cont9u$1 dur+ "s ages1 to 
invade & to seize ?is tempt+ prize4 ,:]e
 !y expect$ resi/ance1 !y endeav\r$ to  
mu/] up a proportional =ce2 & :5 !y     
propos$ to settle1 entire nations remov$
 to %>e 9 ! spoil4 ,scatt]$ ov] an      
ext5sive prov9ce1 :]e !y c\ld n be      
secure1 )\t ma9ta9+ _! union1 !y cont9u$
 to ackn[l$ge ! lead] "u :om !y _h      
f\ght2 &1 l an army s5t by divisions    
into sep>ate /ations1 7 prep>$ to       
assemble :5ev] occasion %\ld require _! 
unit$ op]ations or c\nsels4  ,e sep>ate 
p>ty _h its po/ assign$1 & e subord9ate 
*iefta9 8 possessions1 f :i* he 0 to    
provide 8 own subsi/5ce1 & t ( 8        
foll[]s4 ,! model ( gov]nm5t 0 tak5 f t 
( a milit>y subord9ation1 & a fief 0 !  
tempor>y pay ( an (fic] proportion$ to 8
 rank4 ,footnote3 ,see ,dr4 ,rob]tson's 
,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 ,b4                  
#a4--;,dalrymple's ,hi/4 ( ,feudal      
,t5ures4 ,!re 0 a class ( ! p de/9$ to  
milit>y s]vice1 ano!r to lab\r1 & to    
cultivate l&s = ! b5efit ( _! ma/]s4 ,! 

(fic] improv$ 8 t5ure by degrees1 fir/  
*ang+ a tempor>y grant into a t5ure = 8 
life2 & ?is also1 ^u ! obs]vance ( c]ta9
 conditions1 into a grant includ+ 8     
heirs4  ,! rank ( ! nobles became       
h]$it>y 9 e qu>t]1 & =m$ a p[]ful &     
p]man5t ord] ( m5 9 e /ate4 ,:ile !y    
held ! p 9 s]vitude1 !y disput$ ! claims
 ( _! sov]eign2 !y )drew _! att5dance ^u
 occasion1 or turn$ _! arms aga9/ him4  
,!y =m$ a /rong & insurm\ntable b>ri]   
aga9/ a g5]al despotism 9 ! /ate2 b !y 7
 !mselves1 by means ( _! w>like reta9]s1
 ! tyrants ( e little di/rict1 & prev5t$
 ! e/abli%m5t ( ord]1 or any regul>     
applications ( law4 ,!y took ! advantage
 ( weak reigns or m9orities1 to pu% _!  
encroa*m5ts on ! sov]eign2 or hav+ made 
! mon>*y elective1 !y1 by successive    
treaties & /ipulations1 at e election1  
limit$ or und]m9$ ! mon>*ical p[]4 ,!   
pr]ogatives ( ! pr9ce h be51 9 "s       
in/ances1 z 9 t ( ! ,g]man empire 9     
p>ticul>1 r$uc$ to a m]e title2 & !     
national union itself pres]v$ 9 !       

obs]vance only ( a few insignificant    
=malities4  ,:]e ! conte/ ( ! sov]eign1 
& ( 8 vassals1 "u h]$it>y & ample       
pr]ogatives annex$ to ! cr[n1 _h a      
diff]5t issue1 ! feudal lord%ips 7      
gradually /ript ( _! p[]s1 ! nobles 7   
r$uc$ to ! /ate ( subjects1 &1 oblig$ to
 hold _! hon\rs1 & ex]cise _!           
jurisdictions1 9 a dep5d5ce on ! pr9ce4 
,x 0 8 suppos$ int]e/ to r$uce !m to a  
/ate ( equal subjection ) ! p1 & to     
ext5d 8 own au?ority1 by rescu+ ! lab\r]
 & ! dep5d5t f ! oppressions ( _!       
imm$iate sup]iors4  ,9 ?is project !    
pr9ces ( ,europe h v>i\sly succe$$4     
,:ile !y protect$ ! p1 & !reby enc\rag$ 
! practice ( comm]cial & lucrative arts1
 !y pav$ ! way = despotism 9 ! /ate2 & )
 ! same policy by :i* !y reliev$ !      
subject f _m oppressions1 !y increas$ ! 
p[]s ( ! cr[n4  ,b :]e ! p _h1 by !     
con/itution1 a repres5tative 9 !        
gov]nm5t1 & a head1 "u :i* !y c\ld avail
 !mselves ( ! weal? !y acquir$1 & ( !   
s5se ( _! p]sonal importance1 ?is policy

 turn$ aga9/ ! cr[n2 x =m$ a new p[] to 
re/ra9 ! pr]ogative1 to e/abli% !       
gov]nm5t ( law1 & to exhibit a spectacle
 new 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d2 mon>*y mix$ ) 
republic1 & ext5sive t]ritory gov]n$1   
dur+ "s ages1 )\t milit>y =ce4  ,su* 7 !
 /eps by :i* ! nations ( ,europe h      
arriv$ at _! pres5t e/abli%m5ts3 9 "s   
in/ances !y h come to ! possession (    
legal con/itutions2 9 o!rs1 to ! ex]cise
 ( a mitigat$ despotism2 or !y cont9ue  
to /ruggle ) ! t5d5cy :i* !y sev]ally h 
to ^! diff]5t extremes4  ,! progress (  
empire1 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,europe1 ?reat5$
 to be rapid1 & to bury ! indep5d5t _s (
 nations 9 a grave l t :i* ! ,ottoman   
conqu]ors f\nd = !mselves1 & = ! wret*$ 
race !y _h vanqui%$4 ,! ,romans _h by   
sl[ degrees ext5d$ _! empire2 !y _h made
 e new acquisition 9 ! result ( a t$i\s 
w>1 & _h be5 oblig$ to plant colonies1 &
 to employ a v>iety ( measures1 to      
secure e new possession4 ,b ! feudal    
sup]ior be+ animat$1 f ! mom5t he ga9$  
an e/abli%m5t1 ) a desire ( ext5d+ 8    

t]ritory1 & ( enl>g+ ! li/ ( 8 vassals1 
procur$1 by m]ely be/[+ inve/iture1 !   
annexation ( new prov9ces1 & became !   
ma/] ( /ates1 be=e indep5d5t1 )\t mak+  
any mat]ial innovation 9 ! =m ( _!      
policy4  ,sep>ate pr9cipalities 71 l !  
p>ts ( an eng9e1 ready to be jo9$1 &1 l 
! wr\ght mat]ials ( a build+1 ready to  
be erect$4 ,!y 7 9 ! result ( _!        
/ruggles put toge!r or tak5 asund] )    
facility4 ,! indep5d5ce ( weak /ates 0  
pres]v$ only by ! mutual jeal\sies ( !  
/rong1 or by ! g5]al att5tion ( all to  
ma9ta9 a balance ( p[]4  ,! happy sy/em 
( policy on :i* ,european /ates h       
proce$$ 9 pres]v+ ?is balance2 ! degree 
( mod]ation :i* is1 9 adju/+ _!         
treaties1 become habitual ev5 to        
victori\s & p[]ful mon>*ies1 does hon\r 
to mank9d1 & may give hopes ( a la/+    
felicity1 to be d]iv$ f a prepossession1
 nev]1 p]haps1 equally /rong 9 any =m]  
p]iod1 or among any numb] ( nations1 t !
 fir/ conqu]+ p w ru9 !mselves1 z well z
 _! rivals4  ,x is 9 su* /ates1 p]haps1 

z 9 a fabric ( a l>ge dim5sion1 t we c  
p]ceive mo/ di/9ctly ! sev]al p>ts ( :i*
 a political body consi/s2 & obs]ve t   
concurr5ce or opposition ( int]e/s1 :i* 
s]ve to unite or to sep>ate diff]5t     
ord]s ( m51 & lead !m1 by ma9ta9+ _!    
sev]al claims1 to e/abli% a v>iety (    
political =ms4 ,! smalle/ republics1    
h[ev]1 consi/ ( p>ts simil> to ^!1 & (  
memb]s :o are actuat$ by a simil> _s4   
,!y furni% examples ( gov]nm5t div]sifi$
 by ! casual comb9ations ( p>ties1 & by 
! diff]5t advantages ) :i* ^? p>ties    
engage 9 ! conflict4  ,9 e society !re  
is a casual subord9ation1 indep5d5t (   
its =mal e/abli%m5t1 & frequ5tly adv]se 
to its con/itution4 ,:ile ! adm9i/ration
 & ! p speak ! language ( a p>ticul> =m1
 & seem to admit no pret5sions to p[]1  
)\t a legal nom9ation 9 "o in/ance1 or  
)\t ! advantage ( h]$it>y hon\rs 9      
ano!r1 ?is casual subord9ation1 possibly
 aris+ f ! di/ribution ( prop]ty1 or f  
"s o!r circum/ance t be/[s unequal      
degrees ( influ5ce1 gives ! /ate its    

tone1 & fixes its "*4  ,! plebeian ord] 
at ,rome hav+ be5 long consid]$ z ( an  
inf]ior condition1 & exclud$ f ! high]  
(fices ( magi/racy1 _h suffici5t =ce1 z 
a body1 to get ?is invidi\s di/9ction   
remov$2 b ! individual /ill act+ "u !   
impressions ( a subord9ate rank1 gave 9 
e competition 8 suffrage to a patrician1
 ^: protection he _h exp]i5c$2 & ^:     
p]sonal au?ority he felt4 ,by ?is means 
! asc5dancy ( ! patrician families 01 = 
a c]ta9 p]iod1 z regul> z x c\ld be made
 by ! av[$ maxims ( ari/ocracy3 b !     
high] (fices ( /ate be+ gradually %>$ by
 plebeians1 ! effects ( =m] di/9ctions 7
 prev5t$ or weak5$4 ,! laws t 7 made to 
adju/ ! pret5sions ( diff]5t ord]s 7    
easily elud$4 ,! populace became a      
faction1 & _! alliance 0 ! sure/ road to
 dom9ion4 ,clodius1 by a pret5d$        
adoption into a plebeian family1 0      
qualifi$ to become tribune ( ! p2 &     
,caes>1 by esp\s+ ! cause ( ?is faction1
 made 8 way to usurpation & tyranny4  ,9
 su* fleet+ & transi5t sc5es1 =ms (     

gov]nm5t are only modes ( proce$+1 91   
:i* successive ages diff] f "o ano!r4   
,faction is ev] ready to seize all      
occasional advantages2 & mank9d1 :5 9   
haz>d f any p>ty1 seldom f9d a bett]    
protection ?an t ( its rival4 ,cato     
unit$ ) ,pompey 9 opposition to ,caes>1 
& gu>d$ aga9/ no?+ s mu* z t            
reconciliation ( p>ties1 :i* 0 9 effect 
to be a comb9ation ( diff]5t lead]s     
aga9/ ! fre$om ( ! republic4 ,?is       
illu/ri\s p]sonage /ood di/+ui%$ 9 8 age
 l a man among *ildr51 & 0 rais$ above 8
 oppon5ts1 z mu* by ! ju/ness ( 8       
und]/&+1 & ! ext5t ( 8 p5etration1 z he 
0 by ! manly =titude & dis9t]e/$ness )  
:i* he /rove to baffle ! designs ( a va9
 & *ildi% ambition1 t 0 op]at+ to ! ru9 
( mank9d4  ,al?\gh free con/itutions (  
gov]nm5t seldom or nev] take _! rise f !
 s*eme ( any s+le projector1 yet are !y 
(t5 pres]v$ by ! vigilance1 activity1 & 
zeal ( s+le m54 ,happy are !y :o und]/& 
& :o *oose ?is object ( c>e2 & happy x  
is = mank9d :5 x is n *os5 too late4 ,x 

has be5 res]v$ to signalize ! lives ( a 
,cato or a ,brutus1 on ! eve ( fatal    
revolutions2 to fo/] 9 secret !         
indignation ( ,?rasea & ,helvidius2 & to
 occupy ! reflections ( speculative m5 9
 times ( corruption4 ,b ev5 9 su* late &
 ineffectual examples1 x 0 happy to "k1 
& to value1 an object :i* is s important
 to mank9d4 ,! pursuit1 & ! love ( x1   
h[ev] unsuccessful1 has ?r[n its        
pr9cipal lu/re on human nature4         
,,section ,,iii4  ,,( ,,national        
,,objects ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,& ,,(          
,,e/abli%m5ts ,,& ,,mann]s ,,relat+ ,,to
 ,,!m4   ,:ile ! mode ( subord9ation is 
casual1 & =ms ( gov]nm5t take _! rise1  
*iefly f ! mann] 9 :i* ! memb]s ( a /ate
 h be5 orig9ally class$1 & f a v>iety ( 
circum/ances t procure to p>ticul> ord]s
 ( m5 a sway 9 _! c\ntry1 !re are c]ta9 
objects t claim ! att5tion ( e gov]nm5t1
 t lead ! appreh5sions & ! reason+s (   
mank9d 9 e society1 & t n only furni% an
 employm5t to /atesm51 b 9 "s measure   
direct ! community to ^? in/itutions1 "u

 ! au?ority ( :i* ! magi/rate holds 8   
p[]4 ,su* are ! national def5ce1 !      
di/ribution ( ju/ice1 ! pres]vation &   
int]nal prosp]ity ( ! /ate4 ,if ^!      
objects be neglect$1 we mu/ appreh5d t !
 v sc5e 9 :i* p>ties cont5d = p[]1 =    
privilege1 or equality1 mu/ disappe>1 & 
society itself no long] exi/4  ,!       
consid]ation due to ^! objects w be     
plead$ 9 e public assembly1 & w produce1
 9 e political conte/1 appeals to t     
common s5se & op9ion ( mank9d1 :i*1     
/ruggl+ ) ! private views ( individuals1
 & ! claims ( p>ty1 may be consid]$ z ! 
great legislator ( nations4  ,! measures
 requir$ = ! atta9m5t ( mo/ national    
objects are connect$ toge!r1 & mu/ be   
jo9tly pursu$2 !y are (t5 ! same4 ,! =ce
 :i* is prep>$ = def5ce aga9/ =eign     
enemies1 may be likewise employ$ to keep
 ! peace at home3 ! laws made to secure 
! rights & lib]ties ( ! p1 may s]ve z   
enc\ragem5ts to population & comm]ce2 & 
e community1 )\t consid]+ h[ its objects
 may be class$ or di/+ui%$ by           

speculative m51 is1 9 e in/ance1 oblig$ 
to assume or to reta9 t =m :i* is be/   
fitt$ to pres]ve its advantages1 or to  
av]t its mis=tunes4  ,nations1 h[ev]1 l 
private m51 h _! fav\rite ends1 & _!    
pr9cipal pursuits1 :i* div]sify _!      
mann]s1 z well z _! e/abli%m5ts4 ,!y ev5
 atta9 to ! same ends by diff]5t means2 
&1 l m5 :o make _! =tune by diff]5t     
pr(essions1 reta9 ! habits ( _! pr9cipal
 call+ 9 e condition at :i* !y arrive4  
,! ,romans became weal?y 9 pursu+ _!    
conque/s2 & probably1 = a c]ta9 p]iod1  
increas$ ! numb]s ( mank9d1 :ile _!     
disposition to w> seem$ to ?reat5 ! e>? 
) desolation4 ,"s mod]n nations proce$  
to dom9ion & enl>gem5t on ! maxims (    
comm]ce2 & :ile !y only int5d to        
accumulate ri*es at home1 cont9ue to ga9
 an imp]ial asc5dant abroad4  ,! *>act]s
 ( ! w>like & ! comm]cial are v>i\sly   
comb9$3 !y are =m$ 9 diff]5t degrees by 
! influ5ce ( circum/ances1 t m or less  
frequ5tly give rise to w>1 & excite !   
desire ( conque/2 ( circum/ances1 t     

leave a p 9 quiet to improve _! dome/ic 
res\rces1 or to pur*ase1 by ! fruits (  
_! indu/ry1 f =eign]s1 :at _! own soil &
 _! climate d5y4  ,! memb]s ( e         
community are m or less occupi$ ) matt]s
 ( /ate1 9 proportion z _! con/itution  
admits !m to %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & summons
 up _! att5tion to objects ( a public   
nature4 ,a p are cultivat$ or unimprov$ 
9 _! tal5ts1 9 proportion z ^? tal5ts   
are employ$ 9 ! practice ( arts1 & 9 !  
affairs ( society3 !y are improv$ or    
corrupt$ 9 _! mann]s1 9 proportion z !y 
are enc\rag$ & direct$ to act on !      
maxims ( fre$om & ju/ice1 or z !y z !y  
are degrad$ into a /ate ( meanness &    
s]vitude4 ,b :atev] advantages are      
obta9$1 or :atev] evils are avoid$1 by  
nations1 9 any ( ^! important respects1 
are g5]ally consid]$ z m]e occasional   
incid5ts3 !y are seldom admitt$ among ! 
objects ( policy1 or ent]$ among !      
reasons ( /ate4  ,we haz>d be+ treat$ ) 
ridicule1 :5 we require political       
e/abli%m5ts1 m]ely to cultivate ! tal5ts

 ( m51 & to inspire ! s5tim5ts ( a      
lib]al m9d3 we mu/ (f] "s motive (      
int]e/1 or "s hopes ( ext]nal advantage1
 to animate ! pursuits1 or to direct !  
measures1 ( ord9>y m54 ,!y w\ld be      
brave1 +5i\s1 & eloqu5t1 only f         
necessity1 or = ! sake ( pr(it3 !y      
magnify ! uses ( weal?1 population1 & ! 
o!r res\rces ( w>2 b (t5 =get t ^! are (
 no consequ5ce )\t ! direction ( able   
capacities1 & )\t ! supports ( a        
national vig\r4 ,we may expect1 !re=e1  
to f9d among /ates ! bias to a p>ticul> 
policy tak5 f ! reg>ds to public safety2
 f ! desire ( secur+ p]sonal fre$om or  
private prop]ty2 seldom f ! consid]ation
 ( moral effects1 or f a view to ! real 
improvem5t ( mank9d4     ,,section ,,iv4
  ,,( ,,population ,,& ,,weal?4   ,:5 we
 imag9e :at ! ,romans mu/ h felt :5 !   
tid+s came t ! fl[] ( _! city _h p]i%$  
at ,cann2 :5 we ?9k ( :at ! orator _h 9 
8 m9d :5 he said1 ,t ! y\? among ! p 0 l
 ! spr+ among ! seasons2 :5 we he> ( !  
joy ) :i* ! huntsman & ! w>rior is      

adopt$1 9 ,am]ica1 to su/a9 ! hon\rs ( !
 family & ! nation2 we are made to feel 
! mo/ p[]ful motives to reg>d ! increase
 & pres]vation ( our fell[ citiz5s4     
,int]e/1 affection1 & views ( policy1   
comb9e to recomm5d ?is object2 & x is   
treat$ ) entire neglect only by ! tyrant
 :o mi/akes 8 own advantage1 by !       
/atesman :o trifles ) ! *>ge committ$ to
 8 c>e1 or by ! p :o are become         
corrupt$1 & :o consid] _! fell[ subjects
 z rivals 9 int]e/1 & competitors 9 _!  
lucrative pursuits4  ,among rude        
societies1 & among small communities 9  
g5]al1 :o are engag$ 9 frequ5t /ruggles 
& difficulties1 ! pres]vation & increase
 ( _! memb]s is a mo/ important object4 
,! ,am]ican rates 8 defeat f ! numb]s ( 
m5 he has lo/1 or he e/imates 8 victory 
f ! prison]s he has made2 n f 8 hav+    
rema9$ ! ma/] ( a field1 or be+ driv5 f 
a gr\nd on :i* he enc\nt]$ 8 enemy4 ,a  
man ) :om he c associate 9 all 8        
pursuits1 :om he c embrace z 8 fri5d2 9 
:om he f9ds an object to 8 affections1 &

 an aid 9 8 /ruggles1 is to him ! mo/   
preci\s accession ( =tune4  ,ev5 :]e !  
fri5d%ip ( p>ticul> m5 is out ( ! "q1 ! 
society1 be+ occupi$ 9 =m+ a p>ty t may 
def5d itself1 or annoy its enemy1 f9ds  
no object ( great] mom5t ?an ! increase 
( its numb]s4 ,captives :o may be       
adopt$1 or *ildr5 ( ei!r sex :o may be  
re>$ = ! public1 are accord+ly consid]$ 
z ! ri*e/ spoil ( an enemy4 ,! practice 
( ! ,romans 9 admitt+ ! vanqui%$ to %>e 
9 ! privileges ( _! city1 ! rape ( !    
,sab9es1 & ! subsequ5t coalition ) t p1 
7 n s+ul> or uncommon examples 9 !      
hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! same policy has be5 
foll[$1 & 0 natural & obvi\s :]ev] !    
/r5g? ( a /ate consi/$ 9 ! arms ( a few1
 & :]e m5 7 valu$ 9 !mselves1 )\t reg>d 
to e/ate or =tune4  ,9 rude ages1 !re=e1
 :ile mank9d subsi/ 9 small divisions1 x
 %\ld appe>1 t if ! e>? be ?9ly peopl$1 
?is defect does n arise f ! neglig5ce ( 
^? :o ought to repair x4 ,x is ev5      
probable1 t ! mo/ effectual c\rse t c\ld
 be tak5 to increase ! species1 w\ld be1

 to prev5t ! coalition ( nations1 & to  
oblige mank9d to act 9 su* small bodies 
z w\ld make ! pres]vation ( _! numb]s a 
pr9cipal object ( _! c>e4 ,?is alone1 x 
is true1 w\ld n be suffici5t2 we mu/    
probably add ! enc\ragem5t = re>+       
families1 :i* mank9d enjoy "u a         
fav\rable policy1 & ! means ( subsi/5ce 
:i* !y owe to ! practice ( arts4  ,! "m 
is unwill+ to increase h] (fspr+1 & is  
ill provid$ to re> !m1 :]e %e h]self is 
oblig$ to und]go great h>d%ips 9 ! se>* 
( h] food4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 we are     
told1 t %e jo9s to ! res]ves ( a cold or
 a mod]ate temp]am5t1 ! ab/95cies to :i*
 %e submits1 f ! consid]ation ( ?is     
difficulty4 ,9 h] appreh5sion1 x is     
matt] ( prud5ce1 & ( consci5ce1 to br+  
"o *ild to ! condition ( fe$+ on v5ison1
 & ( foll[+ on foot1 be=e %e w haz>d a  
new burd5 9 travell+ ! woods4  ,9 w>m]  
latitudes1 by ! diff]5t temp]am5t1      
p]haps1 :i* ! climate be/[s1 & by a     
great] facility 9 procur+ subsi/5ce1 !  
numb]s ( mank9d increase1 :ile ! object 

itself is neglect$2 & ! comm]ce ( !     
sexes1 )\t any conc]n = population1 is  
made a subject ( m]e debau*4 ,9 "s      
places1 we are told1 x is ev5 made !    
object ( a b>b>\s policy1 to defeat or  
to re/ra9 ! int5tions ( nature4 ,9 !    
isl& ( ,=mosa1 ! males are prohibit$ to 
m>ry be=e ! age ( =ty2 & females1 if    
pregnant be=e ! age ( ?irty six1 h an   
abortion procur$ by ord] ( ! magi/rate1 
:o employs a viol5ce t endang]s ! life (
 ! "m1 toge!r ) t ( ! *ild4 ,footnote3  
,collection ( ,dut* ,voyages4  ,9 ,*9a !
 p]mission giv5 to p>5ts to kill or to  
expose _! *ildr51 0 probably meant z a  
relief f ! burd5 ( a num]\s (fspr+4 ,b  
not)/&+ :at we he> ( a practice s       
repugnant to ! human he>t1 x has n1     
probably1 ! effects 9 re/ra9+           
population2 :i* x seems to ?reat52 b1 l 
_m o!r in/itutions1 has an influ5ce !   
rev]se ( :at x seem$ to port5d4 ,! p>5ts
 m>ry ) ?is means ( relief 9 _! view1 & 
! *ildr5 are sav$4  ,h[ev] important !  
object ( population may be held by      

mank9d1 x w be difficult to f9d1 9 !    
hi/ory ( civil policy1 any wise or      
effectual e/abli%m5ts1 solely calculat$ 
to obta9 x4 ,! practice ( rude or feeble
 nations is inadequate1 or _c surm\nt ! 
ob/acles :i* are f\nd 9 _! mann] ( life4
 ,! gr[? ( indu/ry1 ! endeav\rs ( m5 to 
improve _! arts1 to ext5d _! comm]ce1 to
 secure _! possessions1 & to e/abli% _! 
rights1 are inde$ ! mo/ effectual means 
to promote population3 b !y arise f a   
diff]5t motive2 !y arise f reg>ds to    
int]e/ & p]sonal safety4 ,!y are int5d$ 
= ! b5efit ( ^? :o exi/1 n to procure ! 
increase ( _! numb]s4  ,x is1 9 ! mean  
"t1 ( importance to "k1 t :]e a p are   
=tunate 9 _! political e/abli%m5ts1 &   
successful 9 ! pursuits ( indu/ry1 _!   
population is likely to gr[ 9           
proportion4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r devices ?\ght (
 = ?is purpose1 only s]ve to fru/rate ! 
expectations ( mank9d or to mislead _!  
att5tion4  ,9 plant+ a colony1 9 /riv+  
to repair ! occasional wa/es ( pe/il5ce 
or w>1 ! imm$iate contrivance ( /atesm5 

may be useful2 b if1 9 reason+ on !     
increase ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 we ov]look _!
 fre$om & _! happ9ess1 our aids to      
population become weak & ineffectual4   
,!y only lead u to "w on ! surface1 or  
to pursue a %ad[1 :ile we neglect !     
sub/antial conc]n2 & 9 a decay+ /ate1   
make u tamp] ) palliatives1 :ile ! roots
 ( an evil are suff]$ to rema94         
,octavius reviv$ or en=c$ ! laws t      
relat$ to population at ,rome2 b x may  
be said ( him1 & ( _m sov]eigns 9 a     
simil> situation1 t !y adm9i/] ! poison1
 :ile !y are devis+ ! rem$y2 & br+ a    
damp & a palsy on ! pr9ciples ( life1   
:ile !y endeav\r1 by ext]nal            
applications to ! sk92 to re/ore ! bloom
 ( a decay$ & sickly body4  ,x is inde$ 
happy = mank9d1 t ?is important object  
is n always dep5d5t on ! wisdom (       
sov]eigns1 or ! policy ( s+le m54 ,a p  
int5t on fre$om1 f9d = !mselves a       
condition 9 :i* !y may foll[ !          
prop5sities ( nature ) a m signal       
effect1 ?an any :i* ! c\ncils ( /ate    

c\ld devise4 ,:5 sov]eigns1 or          
projectors1 are ! suppos$ ma/]s ( ?is   
subject1 ! be/ !y c d1 is to be cauti\s 
( hurt+ an int]e/ !y _c greatly promote1
 & ( mak+ brea*es !y _c repair4  ,:5    
nations 7 divid$ into small t]ritories1 
& petty commonweal?s1 :]e ea* man _h 8  
h\se & 8 field to himself1 & ea* c\nty  
_h its capital free & indep5d5t2 :at a  
happy situation = mank9d1 says ,mr4     
,hume2 h[ fav\rable to indu/ry &        
agriculture1 to m>riage & to population6
 ,yet "h 71 probably no s*emes ( !      
/atesman1 = rew>d+ ! m>ri$1 or = puni%+ 
! s+le2 = invit+ =eign]s to settle1 or =
 prohibit+ ! dep>ture ( natives4 ,e     
citiz5 f9d+ a possession secure1 & a    
provision = 8 heirs1 0 n disc\rag$ by ! 
gloomy fe>s ( oppression or want2 & :]e 
e o!r function ( nature 0 free1 t :i*   
furni%$ ! nurs]y c\ld n be re/ra9$4     
,nature has requir$ ! p[]ful to be j2 b 
%e has n o!rwise intru/$ ! pres]vation (
 h] works to _! vision>y plans4 ,:at    
fuel c ! /atesman add to ! fires ( y\?8 

,let him only n smo!r x1 & ! effect is  
secure4 ,:]e we oppress or degrade      
mank9d ) "o h&1 x is va91 l ,octavius1  
to hold out 9 ! o!r1 ! baits ( m>riage1 
or ! :ip to b>r5ness4 ,x is va9 to      
invite new inhabitants f abroad1 :ile ^?
 we already possess are made to hold _! 
t5ure ) unc]ta9ty2 & to tremble1 n only 
"u ! prospect ( a num]\s family1 b ev5  
"u t ( a prec>i\s & d\btful subsi/5ce = 
!mselves4 ,! arbitr>y sov]eign :o has   
made ?is ! condition ( 8 subjects1 owes 
! rema9s ( 8 p to ! p[]ful in/9cts (    
nature1 n to any device ( 8 own4  ,m5 w 
cr[d :]e ! situation is tempt+1 &1 9 a  
few g5]ations1 w p e c\ntry to ! measure
 ( its means ( subsi/5ce4 ,!y w ev5     
increase "u circum/ances t port5d a     
decay4 ,! frequ5t w>s ( ! ,romans1 & (  
_m a ?riv+ community2 ev5 ! pe/il5ce1 & 
! m>ket = slaves1 f9d _! supply1 if1 )\t
 de/roy+ ! s\rce1 ! dra9 become regul>2 
& if an issue is made = ! (fspr+1 )\t   
unsettl+ ! families f :i* !y arise4 ,:]e
 a happi] provision is made = mank9d1 ! 

/atesman1 :o by premiums to m>riage1 by 
allurem5ts to =eign]s1 or by conf9+ !   
natives at home1 appreh5ds1 t he has    
made ! numb]s ( 8 p to gr[1 is (t5 l !  
fly 9 ! fable1 :o admir$ its success 9  
turn+ ! :eel1 & 9 mov+ ! c>riage3 he has
 only accompani$ :at 0 already 9 motion2
 he has da%$ ) 8 o>1 to ha/5 ! cat>act2 
& wav$ ) 8 fan1 to give spe$ to ! w9ds4 
,projects ( mighty settlem5t1 & ( sudd5 
population1 h[ev] successful 9 ! end1   
are always exp5sive to mank9d4 ,above a 
hundr$ ?\s& peasants1 we are told1 7    
ye>ly driv51 l s _m cattle1 to          
,pet]sburgh1 9 ! fir/ attempts to       
repl5i% t settlem5t1 & ye>ly p]i%$ =    
want ( subsi/5ce4 ,footnote3 ,/ra*l5b]g4
 ,! ,indian only attempts to settle 9 ! 
neighb\rhood ( ! planta91 ,footnote3    
,dampi]4 & :ile 8 family increases1 he  
adds a tree to ! walk4  ,if ! planta91 !
 cocoa1 or ! palm1 7 suffici5t to ma9ta9
 an inhabitant1 ! race ( m5 9 ! w>m]    
climates might become z num]\s z ! trees
 ( ! =e/4 ,b 9 _m1 p>ts ( ! e>?1 f !    

nature ( ! climate1 & ! soil1 !         
spontane\s produce be+ next to no?+1 !  
means ( subsi/5ce are ! fruits only (   
lab\r & skill4 ,if a p1 :ile !y reta9 _!
 frugality1 increase _! indu/ry1 &      
improve _! arts1 _! numb]s mu/ gr[ 9    
proportion4 ,h5ce x is1 t ! cultivat$   
fields ( ,europe are m peopl$ ?an !     
wilds ( ,am]ica1 or ! pla9s ( ,t>t>y4   
,b ev5 ! increase ( mank9d :i* att5ds ! 
accumulation ( weal?1 has its limits4 ,!
 necess>y ( life is a vague & a relative
 t]m3 x is "o ?+ 9 ! op9ion ( ! savage2 
ano!r 9 t ( ! poli%$ citiz53 x has a    
ref]5ce to ! fancy1 & to ! habits (     
liv+4 ,:ile arts improve1 & ri*es       
increase2 :ile ! possessions (          
individuals1 or _! prospects ( ga91 come
 up to _! op9ion ( :at is requir$ to    
settle a family1 !y ent] on its c>es )  
alacrity4 ,b :5 ! possession1 h[ev]     
r$undant1 falls %ort ( ! /&>d1 & a =tune
 suppos$ suffici5t = m>riage is atta9$ )
 difficulty1 population is *eck$1 or    
beg9s to decl9e4 ,! citiz51 9 8 own     

appreh5sion1 returns to ! /ate ( !      
savage2 8 *ildr51 he ?9ks1 mu/ p]i% =   
want2 & he quits a sc5e ov]fl[+ ) pl5ty1
 because he has n ! =tune :i* 8 suppos$ 
rank1 or 8 wi%es1 require4 ,no ultimate 
rem$y is appli$ to ?is evil1 by m]ely   
accumulat+ weal?2 = r>e & co/ly         
mat]ials1 :atev] ^! are1 cont9ue to be  
s\ght2 & if silks & pe>l are made       
common1 m5 w beg9 to covet "s new       
decorations1 :i* ! weal?y alone c       
procure4 ,if !y are indulg$ 9 _! hum\r1 
_! dem&s are repeat$2 = x is ! cont9ual 
increase ( ri*es1 n any measure atta9$1 
t keeps ! crav+ imag9ation at ease4  ,m5
 are tempt$ to lab\r1 & to practise     
lucrative arts1 by motives ( int]e/4    
,secure to ! workman ! fruit ( 8 lab\r1 
give him ! prospects ( indep5d5ce or    
fre$om1 ! public has f\nd a fai?ful     
m9i/] 9 ! acquisition ( weal?1 & a      
fai?ful /ew>d 9 ho>d+ :at he has ga9$4  
,! /atesman1 9 ?is1 z 9 ! case (        
population itself1 c d little m ?an     
avoid do+ mis*ief4 ,x is well1 if1 9 !  

beg9n+s ( comm]ce1 he kn[s h[ to repress
 ! frauds to :i* x is subject4 ,comm]ce1
 if cont9u$1 is ! bran* 9 :i* m51       
committ$ to ! effects ( _! own exp]i5ce1
 are lea/ apt to g wrong4  ,! trad]1 9  
rude ages1 is %ort sight$1 fraudul5t &  
m]c5>y2 b 9 ! progress & advanc$ /ate ( 
8 art1 8 views are enl>g$1 8 maxims are 
e/abli%$3 he becomes punctual1 lib]al1  
fai?ful1 & ent]pris+2 & 9 ! p]iod (     
g5]al corruption1 he alone has e virtue1
 except ! =ce to def5d 8 acquisitions4  
,he ne$s no aid f ! /ate1 b its         
protection2 & is (t5 9 himself its mo/  
intellig5t & respectable memb]4 ,ev5 9  
,*9a1 we are in=m$1 :]e pilf]+1 fraud1 &
 corruption1 are ! reign+ practice ) all
 ! o!r ord]s ( m51 ! great m]*ant is    
ready to give1 & to procure confid5ce3  
:ile 8 c\ntrym5 act on ! plans1 & "u !  
re/rictions1 ( a police adju/$ to       
knaves1 he acts on ! reasons ( trade1 & 
! maxims ( mank9d4  ,if population be   
connect$ ) national weal?1 lib]ty &     
p]sonal security is ! great f\ndation ( 

bo?3 & if ?is f\ndation be laid 9 !     
/ate1 nature has secur$ ! increase &    
indu/ry ( its memb]s2 ! "o by desires ! 
mo/ ard5t 9 ! human frame1 ! o!r by a   
consid]ation ! mo/ uni=m & con/ant ( any
 t possesses ! m9d4 ,! great object (   
policy1 !re=e1 ) respect to bo?1 is1 to 
secure to ! family its means ( subsi/5ce
 & settlem5t2 to protect ! indu/ri\s 9 !
 pursuit ( 8 occupation2 to reconcile ! 
re/rictions ( police1 & ! social        
affections ( mank9d1 ) _! sep>ate &     
int]e/$ pursuits4  ,9 matt]s ( p>ticul> 
pr(ession1 indu/ry1 & trade1 ! exp]i5c$ 
practition] is ! ma/]1 & e g5]al reason]
 is a novice4 ,! object 9 comm]ce is to 
make ! individual ri*2 ! m he ga9s =    
himself1 ! m he augm5ts ! weal? ( 8     
c\ntry4 ,if a protection be requir$1 x  
mu/ be grant$2 if crimes & frauds be    
committ$1 !y mu/ be repress$2 & gov]nm5t
 c pret5d to no m4 ,:5 ! ref9$          
politician w\ld l5d an active h&1 he    
only multiplies int]ruptions & gr\nds ( 
compla9t2 :5 ! m]*ant =gets 8 own int]e/

 to lay plans = 8 c\ntry1 ! p]iod (     
vision & *im]a is ne>1 & ! solid basis (
 comm]ce )drawn4 ,he might be told1 t   
:ile he pursues 8 advantage1 & gives no 
cause ( compla9t1 ! int]e/ ( comm]ce is 
safe4  ,! g5]al police ( ,france1       
proce$+ on a supposition1 t !           
exportation ( corn mu/ dra9 ! c\ntry :]e
 x has gr[n1 _h1 till ( late1 laid t    
bran* ( comm]ce "u a sev]e prohibition4 
,! ,engli% l&hold] & ! f>m] _h cr$it    
en\gh to obta9 a premium = exportation1 
to fav\r ! sale ( _! commodity2 & ! ev5t
 has %[n1 t private int]e/ is a bett]   
patron ( comm]ce & pl5ty1 ?an !         
ref9em5ts ( /ate4 ,"o nation lays !     
ref9$ plan ( a settlem5t on ! cont95t ( 
,nor? ,am]ica1 & tru/s little to !      
conduct ( trad]s & %ortsight$ m53 ano!r 
leaves m5 to f9d _! own position 9 a    
/ate ( fre$om1 & to ?9k = !mselves4 ,!  
active indu/ry & ! limit$ views ( ! "o1 
made a ?riv+ settlem5t2 ! great projects
 ( ! o!r 7 /ill 9 idea4  ,b ,i will+ly  
quit a subject 9 :i* ,i am n mu*        

conv]sant1 & /ill less engag$ by !      
object = :i* ,i write4 ,speculations on 
comm]ce & weal? h be5 deliv]$ by ! able/
 writ]s2 & ! public w probably soon be  
furni%$ ) a !ory ( national economy1    
equal to :at has ev] appe>$ on any      
subject ( sci5ce :atev]4 ,footnote3 ,mr4
 ,smi?1 au?or ( ! ,!ory ( ,moral        
,s5tim5t ,b 9 ! view :i* ,i h tak5 (    
human affairs1 no?+ seems m important   
?an ! g5]al caution :i* ! au?ors to :om 
,i ref] s well und]/&1 n to consid] ^!  
articles z mak+ ! sum ( national        
felicity1 or ! pr9cipal object ( any    
/ate4 ,9 sci5ce we consid] our objects  
ap>t2 9 practice x 7 an error n to h !m 
all 9 our view at once4  ,"o nation1 9  
se>* ( gold & ( preci\s metals1 neglect 
! dome/ic s\rces ( weal?2 & become      
dep5d5t on _! neighb\rs = ! necess>ies (
 life3 ano!r s int5t on improv+ _!      
int]nal res\rces1 & on increas+ _!      
comm]ce1 t !y become dep5d5t on =eign]s 
= ! def5ce ( :at !y acquire4 ,x is ev5  
pa9ful 9 conv]sation to f9d ! int]e/ (  

m]*ants give ! tone to our reason+s1 &  
to f9d a subject p]petually (f]$ z !    
great bus9ess ( national c\ncils1 to :i*
 any int]position ( gov]nm5t is seldom1 
) propriety1 appli$1 or nev]1 beyond !  
protection x af=ds4  ,we compla9 ( a    
want ( public _s2 b :atev] may be !     
effect ( ?is error 9 practice1 9        
speculation x is none ( our faults3 we  
reason p]petually = ! public2 b ! want (
 national views 7 frequ5tly bett] ?an ! 
possession ( ^? we express3 we w\ld h   
nations1 l a company ( m]*ants1 ?9k (   
no?+ b monopolies1 & ! pr(it ( trade1 &1
 l !m too1 intru/ _! protection to a =ce
 :i* !y d n possess 9 !mselves4         
,because m51 l o!r animals1 are ma9ta9$ 
9 multitudes1 :]e ! necess>ies ( life   
are amass$1 & ! /ore ( weal? is enl>g$1 
we drop our reg>ds = ! happ9ess1 ! moral
 & political "* ( a p2 &1 anxi\s = ! h]d
 we w\ld propagate1 c>ry our views no   
f>!r ?an ! /all & ! pa/ure4 ,we =get t !
 few h (t5 made a prey ( ! _m2 t to !   
poor !re is no?+ s entic+ z ! c(f]s ( ! 

ri*2 & t :5 ! price ( fre$om comes to be
 paid1 ! heavy sword ( ! victor may fall
 into ! opposite scale4  ,:atev] be !   
actual conduct ( nations 9 ?is matt]1 x 
is c]ta91 t _m ( our argum5ts w\ld hurry
 u1 = ! sake ( weal? & ( population1    
into a sc5e :]e mank9d1 be+ expos$ to   
corruption1 are unable to def5d _!      
possessions2 & :]e !y are1 9 ! end1     
subject to oppression & ru94 ,we cut (f 
! roots1 :ile we w\ld ext5d ! bran*es1 &
 ?ick5 ! foliage4  ,x is possibly f an  
op9ion t ! virtues ( m5 are secure1 t   
"s1 :o turn _! att5tion to public       
affairs1 ?9k ( no?+ b ! numb]s & weal? (
 a p3 x is f a dread ( corruption1 t    
o!rs ?9k ( no?+ b h[ to pres]ve !       
national virtues4 ,human society has    
great obligations to bo?4 ,!y are oppos$
 to "o ano!r only by mi/ake2 & ev5 :5   
unit$1 h n /r5g? suffici5t to combat !  
wret*$ p>ty1 t ref]s e object to p]sonal
 int]e/1 & t c>es n = ! safety or       
increase ( any /ock b its own4          
,,section ,v4  ,,( ,,national ,,def5ce  

,,& ,,conque/4   ,x is impossible to    
asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ! policy ( any /ate has
 a ref]5ce to w>1 or to national safety4
 ,our legislator1 says ! ,cretan 9      
,plato1 ?\ght t nations 7 by nature 9 a 
/ate ( ho/ility3 he took 8 measures     
accord+ly2 & obs]v+ t all ! possessions 
( ! vanqui%$ p]ta9 to ! victor1 he held 
x ridicul\s to propose any b5efit to 8  
c\ntry1 be=e he _h provid$ t x %\ld n be
 conqu]$4  ,crete1 :i* is suppos$ to h  
be5 a model ( milit>y policy1 is        
commonly consid]$ z ! orig9al f :i* !   
celebrat$ laws ( ,lycurgus 7 copi$4     
,mank9d1 x seems1 9 e in/ance1 mu/ h "s 
palpable object to direct _! proce$+s1 &
 mu/ h a view to "s po9t ( ext]nal      
utility1 ev5 9 ! *oice ( _! virtues4 ,! 
discipl9e ( ,sp>ta 0 milit>y2 & a s5se (
 its use 9 ! field1 m ?an ! =ce (       
unwritt5 & tradition>y laws1 or !       
suppos$ engagem5t ( ! public fai? obta9$
 by ! lawgiv]1 may h induc$ ?is p to    
p]sev]e 9 ! obs]vance ( _m rules1 :i* to
 o!r nations d n appe> necess>y1 except 

9 ! pres5ce ( an enemy4  ,e in/itution (
 ?is s+ul> p gave a lesson ( ob$i5ce1 ( 
=titude1 & ( zeal = ! public3 b x is    
rem>kable t !y *ose to obta91 by _!     
virtues alone1 :at o!r nations are fa9  
to buy ) _! treasure2 & x is well kn[n1 
t1 9 ! c\rse ( _! hi/ory1 !y came to    
reg>d _! discipl9e m]ely on acc\nt ( its
 moral effects4 ,!y _h exp]i5c$ !       
happ9ess ( a m9d c\rage\s1 dis9t]e/$1 & 
devot$ to its be/ affections2 & !y /udi$
 to pres]ve ?is "* 9 !mselves1 by       
resign+ ! int]e/s ( ambition1 & ! hopes 
( milit>y glory1 ev5 by sacrific+ !     
numb]s ( _! p4  ,x 0 ! fate ( ,sp>tans  
:o escap$ f ! field1 n ( ^? :o p]i%$ )  
,cleombrotus at ,leuctra1 t fill$ !     
cottages ( ,lac$emon ) m\rn+ & s]i\s    
reflection3 ,footnote3 ,x5ophon4 x 0 !  
fe> ( hav+ _! citiz5s corrupt$ abroad1  
by int]c\rse ) s]vile & m]c5>y m51 t    
made !m quit ! /ation ( lead]s 9 !      
,p]sian w>1 & leave ,a!ns1 dur+ fifty   
ye>s1 to pursue1 unrivall$1 t c>e] (    
ambition & pr(it1 by :i* %e made su*    

acquisitions ( p[] & ( weal?4 ,footnote3
 ,?ucydides1 ,book ,i4  ,we h _h        
occasion to obs]ve1 t 9 e rude /ate !   
great bus9ess is w>2 & t 9 b>b>\s times1
 mank9d be+ g5]ally divid$ into small   
p>ties1 are engag$ 9 almo/ p]petual     
ho/ilities4 ,?is circum/ance gives !    
milit>y lead] a cont9u$ asc5dant 9 8    
c\ntry1 & incl9es e p1 dur+ w>like ages1
 to mon>*ical gov]nm5t4  ,! conduct ( an
 army c lea/ ( all subjects be divid$3 &
 we may be ju/ly surpris$ to f9d t !    
,romans1 aft] _m ages ( milit>y         
exp]i5ce1 & aft] hav+ rec5tly felt !    
arms ( ,hannibal 9 _m enc\nt]s1         
associat$ two lead]s at ! head ( ! same 
army1 & left !m to adju/ _! pret5sions1 
by tak+ ! comm&1 ea* a day 9 8 turn4 ,! 
same p1 h[ev]1 on o!r occasions1 ?\ght x
 exp$i5t to susp5d ! ex]cise ( e        
subord9ate magi/racy1 & 9 ! "t ( great  
al>ms1 to intru/ all ! au?ority ( ! /ate
 9 ! h&s ( "o p]son4  ,republics h      
g5]ally f\nd x necess>y1 9 ! conduct (  
w>1 to place great confid5ce 9 !        

executive bran* ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,:5 a    
consul at ,rome _h proclaim$ 8 levies1 &
 adm9i/]$ ! milit>y oa?1 he became f t  
mom5t ma/] ( ! public treasury1 & ( !   
lives ( ^? :o 7 "u 8 comm&4 ,footnote3  
,polybius4 ,! axe & ! rods 7 no long] a 
m]e badge ( magi/racy1 or an empty      
pageant1 9 ! h&s ( ! lictor2 !y 71 at ! 
comm& ( ! fa!r1 /a9$ ) ! blood ( 8 own  
*ildr52 & fell1 )\t appeal1 on ! mut9\s 
& disob$i5t ( e condition4  ,9 e free   
/ate1 !re is a p]petual necessity to    
di/+ui% ! maxims ( m>tial law f ^? ( !  
civil2 & he :o has n le>n$ to give an   
implicit ob$i5ce1 :]e ! /ate has giv5   
him a milit>y lead]1 & to resign 8      
p]sonal fre$om 9 ! field1 f ! same      
magnanimity ) :i* he ma9ta9s x 9 !      
political delib]ations ( 8 c\ntry1 has  
yet to le>n ! mo/ important lesson (    
civil society1 & is only fit to occupy a
 place 9 a rude1 or 9 a corrupt$ /ate1  
:]e ! pr9ciples ( mut9y & ( s]vility be+
 jo9$1 ! "o or ! o!r is frequ5tly adopt$
 9 ! wrong place4  ,f a reg>d to :at is 

necess>y 9 w>1 nations incl9$ to popul> 
or ari/ocratical gov]nm5t1 h _h rec\rse 
to e/abli%m5ts t bord]$ on mon>*y4 ,ev5 
:]e ! highe/ (fice ( ! /ate 0 9 common  
times adm9i/]$ by a plurality ( p]sons1 
! :ole p[] & au?ority belong+ to x 01 on
 p>ticul> occasions1 committ$ to "o2 &  
^u great al>ms1 :5 ! political fabric 0 
%ak5 or endang]$1 a mon>*ical p[] has   
be5 appli$1 l a prop1 to secure ! /ate  
aga9/ ! rage ( ! tempe/4 ,?us 7 !       
dictators occasionally nam$ at ,rome1 & 
! /ad?old]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces2 & ?us1
 9 mix$ gov]nm5ts1 ! royal pr]ogative is
 occasionally enl>g$1 by ! tempor>y     
susp5sion ( laws1 ,footnote3 ,9 ,brita91
 by ! susp5sion ( ! ,habeas ,corpus4 & !
 b>ri]s ( lib]ty appe> to be remov$1 9  
ord] to ve/ a dictatorial p[] 9 ! h&s ( 
! k+4  ,_h mank9d1 !re=e1 no view b to  
w>f>e1 x is probable t !y w\ld cont9ue  
to pref] mon>*ical gov]nm5t to any o!r2 
or at lea/ t e nation1 9 ord] to procure
 secret & unit$ c\ncils1 w\ld intru/ !  
executive p[] ) unlimit$ au?ority4 ,b   

happily = civil society1 m5 h objects ( 
a diff]5t sort3 & exp]i5ce has taught1 t
 al?\gh ! conduct ( armies requires an  
absolute & undivid$ comm&2 yet a        
national =ce is be/ =m$1 :]e numb]s ( m5
 are inur$ to equality2 & :]e ! meane/  
citiz5 may consid] himself1 ^u occasion1
 z de/9$ to comm& z well z to obey4 ,x  
is "h t ! dictator f9ds a _s & a =ce    
prep>$ to second 8 c\ncils2 x is "h too 
t ! dictator himself is =m$1 & t numb]s 
( lead]s are pres5t$ to ! public *oice2 
x is "h t ! prosp]ity ( a /ate is       
indep5d5t ( s+le m51 & t a wisdom :i*   
nev] dies1 ) a sy/em ( milit>y          
arrangem5ts p]man5t & regul>1 c1 ev5 "u 
! greate/ mis=tunes1 prolong ! national 
/ruggle4 ,) ?is advantage ! ,romans1    
f9d+ a numb] ( di/+ui%$ lead]s arise 9  
succession1 7 at all times almo/ equally
 prep>$ to cont5d ) _! enemies ( ,asia  
or ,africa2 :ile ! =tune ( ^? enemies1  
on ! contr>y1 dep5d$ on ! casual        
appe>ance ( s+ul> m51 ( a ,mi?ridates1  
or ( a ,hannibal4  ,! soldi]1 we are    

told1 has 8 po9t ( hon\r1 & a fa%ion (  
?9k+1 :i* he we>s ) 8 sword4 ,?is po9t (
 hon\r1 9 free & uncorrupt$ /ates1 is a 
zeal = ! public2 & w> to !m is an       
op]ation ( passions1 n ! m]e pursuit ( a
 call+4 ,its good & its ill effects are 
felt 9 extremes3 ! fri5d is made to     
exp]i5ce ! w>me/ pro(s ( atta*m5t1 !    
enemy ! sev]e/ effects ( animosity4 ,on 
?is sy/em ! celebrat$ nations (         
antiquity made w> "u _! highe/ atta9m5ts
 ( civility1 & "u _! greate/ degrees (  
ref9em5t4  ,9 small & rude societies1 ! 
individual f9ds himself attack$ 9 e     
national w>2 & none c propose to devolve
 8 def5ce on ano!r4 ,! k+ ( ,spa9 is a  
great pr9ce1 said an ,am]ican *ief to ! 
gov]nor ( ,jamaica1 :o 0 prep>+ a body (
 troops to jo9 9 an ent]prise aga9/ !   
,spani>ds3 ,d y propose to make w> ^u s 
great a k+ ) s small a =ce8 ,be+ told t 
! =ces he saw 7 to be jo9$ by troops f  
,europe1 & t ! gov]nor c\ld !n comm& no 
m3 ,:o are ^! !n1 said ! ,am]ican1 :o =m
 ?is cr[d ( spectators8 ,are !y n y\r p8

 ,& :y d y n all g =? to s great a w>8  
,he 0 answ]$1 t ! spectators 7 m]*ants1 
& o!r inhabitants1 :o took no "p 9 !    
s]vice3 ,w\ld !y be m]*ants /ill1       
cont9u$ ?is /atesman1 if ! k+ ( ,spa91 0
 to attack y "h8 ,= my "p1 ,i d n ?9k t 
m]*ants %\ld be p]mitt$ to live 9 any   
c\ntry3 :5 ,i g to w>1 ,i leave nobody  
at home b ! wom54 ,x %\ld seem t ?is    
simple w>rior consid]$ m]*ants z a k9d (
 neutral p]sons1 :o took no "p 9 !      
qu>rels ( _! c\ntry2 & t he did n "k h[ 
mu* w> itself may be made a subject (   
traffic2 :at mighty armies may be put 9 
motion f beh9d ! c\nt]2 h[ (t5 human    
blood is1 )\t any national animosity1   
b\ght & sold = bills ( ex*ange2 & h[ (t5
 ! pr9ce1 ! nobles1 & ! /atesm51 9 _m a 
poli%$ nation1 might1 9 8 acc\nt1 be    
consid]$ z m]*ants4  ,9 ! progress (    
arts & ( policy1 ! memb]s ( e /ate are  
divid$ into classes2 & 9 ! comm5cem5t ( 
?is di/ribution1 !re is no di/9ction m  
s]i\s ?an t ( ! w>rior & ! pacific      
inhabitant2 no m is requir$ to place m5 

9 ! relation ( ma/] & slave4 ,ev5 :5 !  
rig\rs ( an e/abli%$ slav]y abate1 z !y 
h done 9 mod]n ,europe1 9 consequ5ce ( a
 protection1 & a prop]ty1 all[$ to !    
me*anic & lab\r]1 ?is di/9ction s]ves   
/ill to sep>ate ! noble f ! base1 & to  
po9t out t class ( m5 :o are de/9$ to   
reign & to dom9e] 9 _! c\ntry4  ,x 0    
c]ta9ty nev] =ese5 by mank9d1 t1 9 !    
pursuit ( ref9em5t1 !y 7 to rev]se ?is  
ord]2 or ev5 t !y 7 to place ! gov]nm5t1
 & ! milit>y =ce ( nations1 9 diff]5t   
h&s4 ,b is x equally un=ese51 t ! =m]   
ord] may aga9 take place8 ,& t ! pacific
 citiz51 h[ev] di/+ui%$ by privilege &  
rank1 mu/ "o day b[ to ! p]son ) :om he 
has intru/$ 8 sword8 ,if su* revolutions
 %\ld actually foll[1 w ?is new ma/]    
revive 9 8 own ord] ! _s ( ! noble & !  
free8 ,w he r5ew ! *>act]s ( ! w>rior & 
! /atesman8 ,w he re/ore to 8 c\ntry !  
civil & milit>y virtues8 ,i am afraid to
 reply4 ,montesquieu obs]ves1 t !       
gov]nm5t ( ,rome1 ev5 "u ! emp]ors1     
became1 9 ! h&s ( ! troops1 elective &  

republican3 b ! ,fabii or ! ,bruti 7    
he>d ( no m aft] ! praetorian b&s became
 ! republic4  ,we h enum]at$ "s ( !     
heads "u :i* a p1 z !y em]ge f b>b>ity1 
may come to be class$4 ,su* are1 !      
nobility1 ! p1 ! adh]5ts ( ! pr9ce2 &   
ev5 ! prie/hood h n be5 =gott52 :5 we   
arrive at times ( ref9em5t1 ! army mu/  
be jo9$ to ! li/4 ,! dep>tm5ts ( civil  
gov]nm5t & ( w> be+ sev]$1 & !          
pre-em95ce be+ giv5 to ! /atesman1 !    
ambiti\s w naturally devolve ! milit>y  
s]vice on ^? :o are cont5t$ ) a         
subord9ate /ation4 ,!y :o h ! greate/   
%>e 9 ! division ( =tune1 & ! greate/   
int]e/ 9 def5d+ _! c\ntry1 hav+ resign$ 
! sword1 mu/ pay = :at !y h ceas$ to    
p]=m2 & armies1 n only at a di/ance f   
home1 b 9 ! v bosom ( _! c\ntry1 are    
subsi/$ by pay4 ,a discipl9e is inv5t$  
to inure ! soldi] to p]=m1 f habit1 & f 
! fe> ( puni%m5t1 ^? haz>d\s duties1 :i*
 ! love ( ! public1 or a national _s1 no
 long] inspire4  ,:5 we consid] ! brea* 
t su* an e/abli%m5t makes 9 ! sy/em (   

national virtues1 x is unpleasant to    
obs]ve1 t mo/ nations :o h run ! c>e] ( 
civil arts1 h1 9 "s degree1 adopt$ ?is  
measure4 ,n only /ates1 :i* ei!r h w>s  
to ma9ta91 or prec>i\s possessions to   
def5d at a di/ance2 n only a pr9ce      
jeal\s ( 8 au?ority1 or 9 ha/e to ga9 ! 
advantage ( discipl9e1 are dispos$ to   
employ =eign troops1 or to keep /&+     
armies2 b ev5 republics1 ) little ( !   
=m] occasion1 & none ( ! motives :i*    
prevail 9 mon>*y1 h be5 f\nd to tread 9 
! same pa?4 ,if milit>y arrangem5ts     
occupy s consid]able a place 9 ! dome/ic
 policy ( nations1 ! actual consequ5ces 
( w> are equally important 9 ! hi/ory ( 
mank9d4 ,glory & spoil 7 ! e>lie/       
subject ( qu>rels3 a concession (       
sup]iority1 or a ransom1 7 ! prices (   
peace4 ,! love ( safety1 & ! desire (   
dom9ion1 equally lead mank9d to wi% =   
accessions ( /r5g?4 ,:e!r z victors or z
 vanqui%$1 !y t5d to a coalition2 &     
p[]ful nations consid]+ a prov9ce1 or a 
=tress acquir$ on _! fronti]1 z s mu*   

ga9$1 are p]petually int5t on ext5d+ _! 
limits4  ,! maxims ( conque/ are n      
always to be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( self       
def5ce4 ,if a neighb\r+ /ate be dang]\s1
 if x be frequ5tly tr\blesome1 x is a   
maxim f\nd$ 9 ! consid]ation ( safety1 z
 well z ( conque/1 t x ought to be      
weak5$ or dis>m$3 if1 be+ once r$uc$1 x 
be dispos$ to r5ew ! conte/1 x mu/ f    
!nce=w>d be gov]n$ 9 =m4 ,rome nev] av[$
 any o!r maxims ( conque/2 & %e e :]e   
s5t h] insol5t armies "u ! speci\s      
pret5ce ( procur+ to h]self & h] allies 
a la/+ peace1 :i* %e alone w\ld res]ve !
 p[] to di/urb4  ,! equality ( ^?       
alliances :i* ! ,grecian /ates =m$ aga9/
 ea* o!r1 ma9ta9$1 = a "t1 _! indep5d5ce
 & sep>ation2 & t "t 0 ! %9+ & ! happy  
p]iod ( _! /ory4 ,x 0 prolong$ m by !   
vigilance & conduct :i* !y sev]ally     
appli$1 ?an by ! mod]ation ( _! c\ncils1
 or by any peculi>ities ( dome/ic policy
 :i* arre/$ _! progress4 ,! victors 7   
sometimes cont5t$1 ) m]ely *ang+ to a   
resemblance ( _! own =ms1 ! gov]nm5t ( !

 /ates !y subdu$4 ,:at ! next /ep might 
h be5 9 ! progress ( impositions1 is h>d
 to det]m9e4 ,b :5 we consid]1 t "o p>ty
 f\ght = ! imposition ( tributes1 ano!r 
= ! asc5dant 9 w>1 x _c be d\bt$1 t !   
,a!nians1 f a national ambition1 & f !  
desire ( weal?2 & ! ,sp>tans1 ?\gh !y   
orig9ally only meant to def5d !mselves1 
& _! allies1 7 bo?1 at la/1 equally     
will+ to become ! ma/]s ( ,greece2 & 7  
prep>+ = ea* o!r at home t yoke1 :i*    
bo?1 toge!r ) _! conf$]ates1 7 oblig$ to
 receive f abroad4  ,9 ! conque/s (     
,philip1 ! desire ( self-pres]vation &  
security seem$ to be bl5d$ ) ! ambition 
natural to pr9ces4 ,he turn$ 8 arms     
successively to ! qu>t]s on :i* he f\nd 
himself hurt1 f :i* he _h be5 al>m$ or  
provok$2 & :5 he _h subdu$ ! ,greeks1 he
 propos$ to lead !m aga9/ _! anci5t     
enemy ( ,p]sia4 ,9 ?is he laid ! plan   
:i* 0 c>ri$ into execution by 8 son4  ,!
 ,romans1 become ! ma/]s ( ,italy1 & !  
conqu]ors ( ,c>?age1 _h be5 al>m$ on !  
side ( ,mac$on1 & 7 l$ to cross a new   

sea 9 se>* ( a new field1 on :i* to     
ex]cise _! milit>y =ce4 ,9 prosecution (
 _! w>s1 f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ date ( _!
 hi/ory1 )\t int5d+ ! v conque/ !y made1
 p]haps )\t =esee+ :at advantage !y 7 to
 reap f ! subjection ( di/ant prov9ces1 
or 9 :at mann] !y 7 to gov]n _! new     
acquisitions1 !y /ill proce$$ to seize  
:at came successively )9 _! rea*2 &1    
/imulat$ by a policy :i* engag$ !m 9    
p]petual w>s1 :i* l$ to p]petual victory
 & accessions ( t]ritory1 !y ext5d$ !   
fronti] ( a /ate1 :i*1 b a few c5turies 
be=e1 _h be5 conf9$ )9 ! skirts ( a     
village1 to ! ,euphrates1 ! ,danube1 !  
,wes]1 ! ,=?1 & ! ,ocean4  ,x is va9 to 
affirm t ! g5ius ( any nation is adv]se 
to conque/4 ,its real int]e/s inde$ mo/ 
commonly are s2 b e /ate1 :i* is prep>$ 
to def5d itself1 & to obta9 victories1  
is likewise 9 haz>d ( be+ tempt$ to     
conqu]4  ,9 ,europe1 :]e m]c5>y &       
discipl9$ armies are ev]y:]e =m$1 &     
ready to trav]se ! e>?1 :]e1 l a flood  
p5t up by sl5d] banks1 !y are only      

re/ra9$ by political =ms1 or a tempor>y 
balance ( p[]2 if ! sluices %\ld break1 
:at inundations may we n expect to      
behold8 ,effem9ate k+doms & empires are 
spread f ! sea ( ,corea to ! ,atlantic  
ocean4 ,e /ate1 by ! defeat ( its       
troops1 may be turn$ into a prov9ce2 e  
army oppos$ 9 ! field today may be hir$ 
to-morr[2 & e victory ga9$1 may give !  
accession ( a new milit>y =ce to !      
victor4  ,! ,romans1 ) inf]ior arts (   
communication by sea & l&1 ma9ta9$ _!   
dom9ion 9 a consid]able "p ( ,europe1   
,asia1 & ,africa1 ov] fi]ce &           
intractable nations3 :at may n ! fleets 
& armies ( ,europe1 ) ! access !y h by  
comm]ce to e "p ( ! _w1 & ! facility (  
_! conveyance1 effect1 if t ru9\s maxim 
%\ld prevail1 t ! gr&eur ( a nation is  
to be e/imat$ f ! ext5t ( its t]ritory2 
or1 t ! int]e/ ( any p>ticul> p consi/s 
9 r$uc+ _! neighb\rs to s]vitude8       
,,section ,,vi  ,,( ,,civil ,,lib]ty    
,if w>1 ei!r = depr$ation or def5ce1 7 !
 pr9cipal object ( nations1 e tribe     

w\ld1 f its e>lie/ /ate1 aim at !       
condition ( a ,t>t> horde2 & 9 all its  
successes w\ld ha/5 to ! gr&eur ( a     
,t>t> empire4 ,! milit>y lead] w\ld     
sup]s$e ! civil magi/rate2 & prep>ations
 to fly ) all _! possessions1 or to     
pursue ) all _! =ces1 w\ld 9 e society  
make ! sum ( _! public arrangem5ts4  ,he
 :o fir/1 on ! banks ( ! ,wolga1 or !   
,j5isca1 _h taught ! ,scy?ian to m\nt ! 
horse1 to move 8 cottage on :eels1 to   
h>ass 8 enemy alike by 8 attacks & 8    
flights1 to h&le at full spe$ ! lance & 
! b[1 & :5 beat f 8 gr\nd1 to leave 8   
arr[s 9 ! w9d to meet 8 pursu]2 he :o _h
 taught 8 c\ntrym5 to use ! same animal 
= e purpose ( ! dairy1 ! %ambles1 & !   
field ( battle2 w\ld be e/eem$ ! f\nd] (
 8 nation2 or l ,c]es & ,bac*us among ! 
,greeks1 w\ld be inve/$ ) ! hon\rs ( a  
god1 z ! rew>d ( 8 useful inv5tions4    
,amid/ su* in/itutions1 ! names &       
a*ievem5ts ( ,h]cules & ,jason might h  
be5 transmitt$ to po/]ity2 b ^? (       
,lycurgus or ,solon1 ! h]oes ( political

 society1 c\ld h ga9$ no reputation1    
ei!r fabul\s or real1 9 ! records (     
fame4  ,e tribe ( w>like b>b>ians may   
ent]ta9 among !mselves ! /ronge/        
s5tim5ts ( affection & hon\r1 :ile !y   
c>ry to ! re/ ( mank9d ! aspect ( b&itti
 & robb]s4 ,footnote3 ,d',arvieux's     
,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs4 ,!y may be indiff]5t
 to int]e/1 & sup]ior to dang]2 b our   
s5se ( humanity1 our reg>d to ! rights (
 nations1 our admiration ( civil wisdom 
& ju/ice1 ev5 our effem9acy itself1 make
 u turn away ) contempt1 or ) horror1 f 
a sc5e :i* exhibits s few ( our good    
qualities1 & :i* s]ves s mu* to reproa* 
our weakness4  ,x is 9 conduct+ !       
affairs ( civil society1 t mank9d f9d ! 
ex]cise ( _! be/ tal5ts1 z well z !     
object ( _! be/ affections4 ,x is 9 be+ 
graft$ on ! advantages ( civil society1 
t ! art ( w> is br\ght to p]fection2 t !
 res\rces ( armies1 & ! complicat$ spr+s
 to be t\*$ 9 _! conduct1 are be/       
und]/ood4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ w>riors 7    
also citiz5s3 oppos$ to a ,roman1 or a  

,greek1 ! *iefta9 ( ,?race1 ( ,g]many1  
or ,gaul1 0 a novice4 ,! native ( ,pella
 le>n$ ! pr9ciples ( 8 art f ,epam9ondas
 & ,pelopidas4  ,if nations1 z ha? be5  
obs]v$ 9 ! prec$+ section1 mu/ adju/ _! 
policy on ! prospect ( w> f abroad1 !y  
are equally b\nd to provide = ! atta9m5t
 ( peace at home4 ,b !re is no peace 9 !
 abs5ce ( ju/ice4 ,x may subsi/ )       
divisions1 disputes1 & contr>y op9ions2 
b n ) ! commission ( wrongs4 ,!         
injuri\s1 & ! injur$1 are1 z impli$ 9 ! 
v mean+ ( ! t]ms1 9 a /ate ( ho/ility4  
,:]e m5 enjoy peace1 !y owe x ei!r to _!
 mutual reg>ds & affections1 or to !    
re/ra9ts ( law4 ,^? are ! happie/ /ates 
:i* procure peace to _! memb]s by ! fir/
 ( ^! me?ods3 b x is suffici5tly        
uncommon to procure x ev5 by ! second4  
,! fir/ w\ld )hold ! occasions ( w> & ( 
competition2 ! second adju/s !          
pret5sions ( m5 by /ipulations &        
treaties4 ,sp>ta taught h] citiz5s n to 
reg>d int]e/3 o!r free nations secure ! 
int]e/ ( _! memb]s1 & consid] ?is z a   

pr9cipal "p ( _! rights4  ,law is !     
treaty to :i* memb]s ( ! same community 
h agre$1 & "u :i* ! magi/rate & !       
subject cont9ue to enjoy _! rights1 & to
 ma9ta9 ! peace ( society4 ,! desire (  
lucre is ! great motive to injuries3 law
 !re=e has a pr9cipal ref]5ce to        
prop]ty4 ,x w\ld asc]ta9 ! diff]5t      
me?ods by :i* prop]ty may be acquir$1 z 
by prescription1 conveyance1 &          
succession2 & x makes ! necess>y        
provisions = r5d]+ ! possession (       
prop]ty secure4  ,beside av>ice1 !re are
 o!r motives f :i* m5 are unju/2 su* z  
pride1 malice1 envy1 & rev5ge4 ,! law   
w\ld eradicate ! pr9ciples !mselves1 or 
at lea/ prev5t _! effects4  ,f :atev]   
motive wrongs are committ$1 !re are     
diff]5t p>ticul>s 9 :i* ! injur$ may    
suff]4 ,he may suff] 9 8 goods1 9 8     
p]son1 or 9 ! fre$om ( 8 conduct4       
,nature has made him ma/] ( e action :i*
 is n injuri\s to o!rs4 ,! laws ( 8     
p>ticul> society entitle him p]haps to a
 det]m9ate /ation1 & be/[ on1 him a     

c]ta9 %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 c\ntry4 ,an  
injury1 !re=e1 :i* 9 ?is respect puts   
him "u any unju/ re/ra9t1 may be call$  
an infr+em5t ( 8 political rights4  ,:]e
 ! citiz5 is suppos$ to h rights (      
prop]ty & ( /ation1 & is protect$ 9 !   
ex]cise ( !m1 he is said to be free2 & !
 v re/ra9ts by :i* he is h9d]$ f !      
commission ( crimes1 are a "p ( 8       
lib]ty4 ,no p]son is free1 :]e any p]son
 is suff]$ to d wrong ) impunity4 ,ev5 !
 despotic pr9ce on 8 ?rone1 is n an     
exception to ?is g5]al rule4 ,he himself
 is a slave1 ! mom5t he pret5ds t =ce   
%\ld decide any conte/4 ,! disreg>d he  
?r[s on ! rights ( 8 p recoils on       
himself2 & 9 ! g5]al unc]ta9ty ( all    
conditions1 !re is no t5ure m prec>i\s  
?an 8 own4  ,f ! diff]5t p>ticul>s to   
:i* m5 ref]1 9 speak+ ( lib]ty1 :e!r to 
! safety ( ! p]son & ! goods1 ! dignity 
( rank1 or ! p>ticipation ( political   
importance1 z well z f ! diff]5t me?ods 
by :i* _! rights are secur$1 !y are l$  
to diff] 9 ! int]pretation ( ! v t]m2 & 

e free nation is apt to suppose1 t      
fre$om is to be f\nd only among         
!mselves2 !y measure x by _! own peculi>
 habits & sy/em ( mann]s4  ,"s hav+     
?\ght1 t ! unequal di/ribution ( weal?  
is a grievance1 requir$ a new division (
 prop]ty z ! f\ndation ( public ju/ice4 
,?is s*eme is suit$ to democratical     
gov]nm5t2 & 9 su* only x has be5 admitt$
 ) any degree ( effect4  ,new           
settlem5ts1 l t ( ! p ( ,israel1 & s+ul>
 e/abli%m5ts1 l ^? ( ,sp>ta & ,crete1 h 
furni%$ examples ( its actual execution2
 b 9 mo/ o!r /ates1 ev5 ! democratical  
_s c\ld atta9 no m ?an to prolong !     
/ruggle = ,agr>ian laws2 to procure1 on 
occasion1 ! expung+ ( debts2 & to keep !
 p 9 m9d1 "u all ! di/9ctions ( =tune1 t
 !y /ill _h a claim to equality4  ,!    
citiz5 at ,rome1 at ,a!ns1 & 9 _m       
republics1 cont5d$ = himself1 & 8 ord]4 
,! ,agr>ian law 0 mov$ & debat$ = ages3 
x s]v$ to awak5 ! m9d2 x n\ri%$ ! _s (  
equality1 & furni%$ a field on :i* to   
ex]t its =ce2 b 0 nev] e/abli%$ ) any ( 

its o!r & m =mal effects4  ,_m ( !      
e/abli%m5ts :i* s]ve to def5d ! weak f  
oppression1 contribute1 by secur+ !     
possession ( prop]ty1 to fav\r its      
unequal division1 & to increase !       
asc5dant ( ^? f :om ! abuses ( p[] may  
be fe>$4 ,^? abuses 7 felt v e>ly bo? at
 ,a!ns & ,rome4 ,footnote3 ,plut>* 9 !  
,life ( ,solon4 ,livy4  ,x has be5      
propos$ to prev5t ! excessive           
accumulation ( weal? 9 p>ticul> h&s1 by 
limit+ ! increase ( private =tunes1 by  
prohibit+ entails1 & by )hold+ ! "r (   
primog5iture 9 ! succession ( heirs4 ,x 
has be5 propos$ to prev5t ! ru9 (       
mod]ate e/ates1 & to re/ra9 ! use1 &    
consequ5tly ! desire ( great ones1 by   
sumptu>y laws4 ,^! diff]5t me?ods are m 
or less consi/5t ) ! int]e/s ( comm]ce1 
& may be adopt$1 9 diff]5t degrees1 by a
 p ^: national object is weal?3 & !y h  
_! degree ( effect1 by inspir+          
mod]ation1 or a s5se ( equality1 & by   
/ifl+ ! passions by :i* mank9d are      
prompt$ to mutual wrongs4  ,x appe>s to 

be1 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 ! object (      
sumptu>y laws1 & ( ! equal division (   
weal?1 to prev5t ! gratification (      
vanity1 to *eck ! o/5tation ( sup]ior   
=tune1 &1 by ?is means1 to weak5 !      
desire ( ri*es1 & to pres]ve1 9 ! brea/ 
( ! citiz51 t mod]ation & equity :i*    
ought to regulate 8 conduct4  ,?is end  
is nev] p]fectly atta9$ 9 any /ate :]e !
 unequal division ( prop]ty is admitt$1 
& :]e =tune is all[$ to be/[ di/9ction &
 rank4 ,x is inde$ difficult1 by any    
me?ods :atev]1 to %ut up ?is s\rce (    
corruption4 ,( all ! nations ^: hi/ory  
is kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 ! design itself1 & ! 
mann] ( execut+ x1 appe> to h be5       
und]/ood 9 ,sp>ta alone4  ,!re prop]ty 0
 inde$ ackn[l$g$ by law2 b 9 consequ5ce 
( c]ta9 regulations & practices1 ! mo/  
effectual1 x seems1 t mank9d h hi!rto   
f\nd out4 ,! mann]s t prevail among     
simple nations be=e ! e/abli%m5t (      
prop]ty1 7 9 "s measure pres]v$2        
,footnote3 ,see ,"p ,,ii4 ,sec4 #b4 !   
passion = ri*es 01 dur+ _m ages1        

suppress$2 & ! citiz5 0 made to consid] 
himself z ! prop]ty ( 8 c\ntry1 n z !   
own] ( a private e/ate4  ,x 0 held      
ignom9i\s ei!r to buy or to sell !      
patrimony ( a citiz54 ,slaves 71 9 e    
family1 intru/$ ) ! c>e ( its effects1 &
 freem5 7 /rang]s to lucrative arts2    
ju/ice 0 e/abli%$ on a contempt ( !     
ord9>y allurem5t to crimes2 & !         
pres]vatives ( civil lib]ty appli$ by ! 
/ate1 7 ! dispositions t 7 made to      
prevail 9 ! he>ts ( its memb]s4  ,!     
individual 0 reliev$ f e solicitude t   
c\ld arise on ! head ( 8 =tune2 he 0    
educat$1 & he 0 employ$ = life 9 !      
s]vice ( ! public2 he 0 f$ at a place ( 
common resort1 to :i* he c\ld c>ry no   
di/9ction b t ( 8 tal5ts & 8 virtues2 8 
*ildr5 7 ! w>ds & ! pupils ( ! /ate2 he 
himself 0 ?\ght to be a p>5t1 & a       
director to ! y\? ( 8 c\ntry1 n ! anxi\s
 fa!r ( a sep>ate family4  ,?is p1 we   
are told1 be/[$ "s c>e 9 adorn+ _!      
p]sons1 & 7 kn[n f af> by ! r$ or !     
purple !y wore2 b c\ld n make _!        

equipage1 _! build+s1 or _! furniture1 a
 subject ( fancy1 or :at we call ta/e4  
,! c>p5t] & ! h\sebuild] 7 re/rict$ to !
 use ( ! axe & ! saw3 _! workman%ip mu/ 
h be5 simple1 & probably1 9 respect to  
its =m1 cont9u$ = ages ! same4 ,! +5uity
 ( ! arti/ 0 employ$ 9 cultivat+ 8 own  
nature1 n 9 adorn+ ! habitations ( 8    
fell[ citiz5s4  ,on ?is plan1 !y _h     
s5ators1 magi/rates1 lead]s ( armies1 & 
m9i/]s ( /ate2 b no m5 ( =tune4 ,l !    
h]oes ( ,hom]1 !y di/ribut$ hon\rs by ! 
measure ( ! cup & ! platt]4 ,a citiz5   
:o1 9 8 political capacity1 0 ! arbit] (
 ,greece1 ?\ght himself hon\r$ by       
receiv+ a d\ble portion ( pla9          
ent]ta9m5t at supp]4 ,he 0 active1      
p5etrat+1 brave1 dis9t]e/$1 & g5]\s2 b 8
 e/ate1 8 table1 & 8 furniture might1 9 
our e/eem1 h m>r$ ! lu/re ( all 8       
virtues4 ,neighb\r+ nations1 h[ev]1     
appli$ = comm&]s to ?is nurs]y ( /atesm5
 & w>riors1 z we apply = ! practition]s 
( e art to ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y excel2 = 
cooks to ,france1 & = musicians to      

,italy4  ,aft] all1 we are1 p]haps1 n   
suffici5tly in/ruct$ 9 ! nature ( !     
,sp>tan laws & in/itutions1 to und]/& 9 
:at mann] all ! ends ( ?is s+ul> /ate 7 
obta9$2 b ! admiration paid to its p1 & 
! con/ant ref]5ce ( contempor>y         
hi/orians to _! av[$ sup]iority1 w n    
all[ u to "q ! facts4 ,:5 ,i obs]v$1    
says ,x5ophon1 t ?is nation1 ?\gh n !   
mo/ popul\s1 0 ! mo/ p[]ful /ate (      
,greece1 ,i 0 seiz$ ) wond]1 & ) an     
e>ne/ desire to "k by :at arts x atta9$ 
its pre-em95ce2 b :5 ,i came to ! k (   
its in/itutions1 my wond] ceas$4 ,z "o  
man excels ano!r1 & z he :o is at pa9s  
to cultivate 8 m9d1 mu/ surpass ! p]son 
:o neglects x2 s ! ,sp>tans %\ld excel  
e1 nation1 be+ ! only /ate 9 :i* virtue 
is /udi$ z ! object ( gov]nm5t4  ,!     
subjects ( prop]ty1 consid]$ ) a view to
 subsi/5ce1 or ev5 to enjoym5t1 h little
 effect 9 corrupt+ mank9d1 or 9 awak5+ !
 _s ( competition & ( jeal\sy2 b        
consid]$ ) a view to di/9ction & hon\r1 
:]e =tune con/itutes rank1 !y excite !  

mo/ vehem5t passions1 & absorb all !    
s5tim5ts ( ! human s\l3 !y reconcile    
av>ice & meanness ) ambition & vanity2 &
 lead m5 ?r\gh ! practice ( sordid &    
m]c5>y arts1 to ! possession ( a suppos$
 elevation & dignity4  ,:]e ?is s\rce ( 
corruption1 on ! contr>y1 is effectually
 /opp$1 ! citiz5 is dutiful1 & !        
magi/rate upright2 any =m ( gov]nm5t may
 be wisely1 adm9i/]$2 places ( tru/ are 
likely to be well suppli$2 & by :atev]  
rule (fice & p[] are be/[$1 x is likely 
t all ! capacity & =ce t subsi/s 9 !    
/ate w come to be employ$ 9 its s]vice3 
= on ?is supposition1 exp]i5ce &        
abilities are ! only guides1 & ! only   
titles to public confid5ce2 & if citiz5s
 be rang$ into sep>ate classes1 !y      
become mutual *ecks by ! diff]5ce ( _!  
op9ions1 n by ! opposition ( _! int]e/$ 
designs4  ,we may easily acc\nt = !     
c5sures be/[$ on ! gov]nm5t ( ,sp>ta1 by
 ^? :o consid]$ x m]ely on ! side ( its 
=ms4 ,x 0 n calculat$ to prev5t !       
practice ( crimes1 by balanc+ aga9/ ea* 

o!r ! selfi% & p>tial dispositions ( m52
 b to inspire ! virtues ( ! s\l1 to     
procure innoc5ce by ! abs5ce ( crim9al  
incl9ations1 & to d]ive its int]nal     
peace f ! indiff]5ce ( its memb]s to !  
ord9>y motives ( /rife & disord]4 ,x 7  
trifl+ to seek = its analogy to any o!r 
con/itution ( /ate1 9 :i* its pr9cipal  
*>act]i/ic & di/+ui%+ feature is n to be
 f\nd4 ,! collegiate sov]eignty1 !      
s5ate1 & ! ephori1 _h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 o!r
 republics1 & a resemblance has be5 f\nd
 9 p>ticul> to ! gov]nm5t ( ,c>?age3    
,footnote3 ,ari/otle4 b :at aff9ity (   
consequ5ce c be f\nd betwe5 a /ate ^:   
sole object 0 virtue1 & ano!r ^:        
pr9cipal object 0 weal?2 betwe5 a p ^:  
associat$ k+s1 be+ lodg$1 9 ! same      
cottage1 _h no =tune b _! daily food2 & 
a comm]cial republic1 9 :i* a prop]     
e/ate 0 requir$ z a necess>y            
qualification = ! high] (fices ( /ate8  
,o!r petty commonweal?s expell$ k+s1 :5 
!y became jeal\s ( _! designs1 or aft]  
hav+ exp]i5c$ _! tyranny2 "h ! h]$it>y  

succession ( k+s 0 pres]v$3 o!r /ates 7 
afraid ( ! intrigues & cabals ( _!      
memb]s 9 competition = dignities2 "h    
solicitation 0 requir$ z ! only         
condition ^u :i* a place 9 ! s5ate 0    
obta9$4 ,a supreme inquisitorial p[] 01 
9 ! p]sons ( ! ephori1 safely committ$  
to a few m51 :o 7 drawn by lot1 & )\t   
di/9ction1 f e ord] ( ! p3 & if a       
contra/ to ?is1 z well z to _m o!r      
articles ( ! ,sp>tan policy1 be requir$1
 x may be f\nd 9 ! g5]al hi/ory (       
mank9d4  ,b ,sp>ta1 "u e suppos$ error (
 its =m1 prosp]$ = ages1 by ! integrity 
( its mann]s1 & by ! "* ( its citiz5s4  
,:5 t integrity 0 brok51 ?is p did n    
langui% 9 ! weakness ( nations sunk 9   
effem9acy4 ,!y fell into ! /ream by :i* 
o!r /ates _h be5 c>ri$ 9 ! torr5t (     
viol5t passions1 & 9 ! outrage ( b>b>\s 
times4 ,!y ran ! c>e] ( o!r nations1    
aft] t ( anci5t ,sp>ta 0 f9i%$ !y built 
walls1 & began to improve _!            
possessions1 aft] !y ceas$ to improve _!
 p2 & on ?is new plan1 9 _! /ruggle =   

political life1 !y surviv$ ! sy/em (    
/ates t p]i%$ "u ! ,mac$onian dom9ion3  
!y liv$ to act ) ano!r :i* arose 9 !    
,a*an league2 & 7 ! la/ community (     
,greece t became a village 9 ! empire ( 
,rome4  ,if x %\ld be ?\ght we h dwelt  
too long on ! hi/ory ( ?is s+ul> p1 x   
may be rememb]$1 9 excuse1 t !y alone1 9
 ! language ( ,x5ophon1 made virtue an  
object ( /ate4  ,we mu/ be cont5t$ to   
d]ive our fre$om f a diff]5t s\rce3 to  
expect ju/ice f ! limits :i* are set to 
! p[]s ( ! magi/rate1 & to rely =       
protection on ! laws :i* are made to    
secure ! e/ate & ! p]son ( ! subject4   
,we live 9 societies1 :]e m5 mu/ be ri*1
 9 ord] to be great2 :]e pleasure itself
 is (t5 pursu$ f vanity2 :]e ! desire ( 
a suppos$ happ9ess s]ves to inflame !   
wor/ ( passions1 & is itself ! f\ndation
 ( mis]y2 :]e public ju/ice1 l fett]s   
appli$ to ! body1 may1 )\t inspir+ !    
s5tim5ts ( c&\r & equity1 prev5t !      
actual commission ( crimes4  ,mank9d    
come "u ?is description ! mom5t !y are  

seiz$ ) _! passion = ri*es & p[]4 ,b _! 
description 9 e in/ance is mix$3 9 ! be/
 !re is an alloy ( evil2 9 ! wor/1 a    
mixture ( good4 ,)\t any e/abli%m5ts to 
pres]ve _! mann]s1 besides p5al laws1 & 
! re/ra9ts ( police1 !y d]ive1 f        
in/9ctive feel+s1 a love ( integrity &  
c&\r1 & f ! v contagion ( society       
itself1 an e/eem = :at is hon\rable &   
praisewor?y4 ,!y d]ive1 f _! union &    
jo9t opposition to =eign enemies1 a zeal
 = _! own community1 & c\rage to ma9ta9 
its rights4 ,if ! frequ5t neglect (     
virtue1 z a political object1 t5d to    
discr$it ! und]/&+s ( m51 its lu/re1 &  
its frequ5cy1 z a spontane\s (fspr+ ( ! 
he>t1 w re/ore ! hon\rs ( our nature4   
,9 e casual & mix$ /ate ( ! national    
mann]s1 ! safety ( e individual1 & 8    
political consequ5ce1 dep5ds mu* on     
himself1 b m on ! p>ty to :i* he is     
jo9$4 ,= ?is reason1 all :o feel a      
common int]e/1 are apt to unite 9       
p>ties2 &1 z f> z t int]e/ requires1    
mutually support ea* o!r4  ,:]e !       

citiz5s ( any free community are (      
diff]5t ord]s1 ea* ord] has a peculi>   
set ( claims & pret5sions3 relatively to
 ! o!r memb]s ( ! /ate1 x is a p>ty2    
relatively to ! diff]5ces ( int]e/ among
 its own memb]s1 x may admit ( numb]less
 subdivisions4 ,b 9 e /ate !re are two  
int]e/s v readily appreh5d$2 t ( a pr9ce
 & 8 adh]5ts1 t ( a nobility1 or ( any  
tempor>y faction1 oppos$ to ! p4  ,:]e !
 sov]eign p[] is res]v$ by ! collect$   
body1 x appe>s unnecess>y to ?9k (      
additional e/abli%m5ts = secur+ ! rights
 ( ! citiz54 ,b x is difficult1 if n    
impossible1 = ! collective body to      
ex]cise ?is p[] 9 a mann] t sup]s$es !  
necessity ( e o!r political caution4    
,if popul> assemblies assume e function 
( gov]nm5t2 & if1 9 ! same tumultu\s    
mann] 9 :i* !y c1 ) great propriety1    
express _! feel+s1 ! s5se ( _! rights1 &
 _! animosity to =eign or dome/ic       
enemies1 !y pret5d to delib]ate on po9ts
 ( national conduct1 or to decide       
que/ions ( equity & ju/ice2 ! public is 

expos$ to manifold inconv5i5cies2 &     
popul> gov]nm5ts w\ld1 ( all o!rs1 be ! 
mo/ subject to errors 9 adm9i/ration1 & 
to weakness 9 ! execution ( public      
measures4  ,to avoid ^! disadvantages1 !
 p are always cont5t$ to delegate "p (  
_! p[]4 ,!y e/abli% a s5ate to debate1 &
 to prep>e1 if n to det]m9e1 que/ions t 
are br\ght to ! collective body = a f9al
 resolution4 ,!y commit ! executive p[] 
to "s c\ncil ( ?is sort1 or to a        
magi/rate :o presides 9 _! meet+s4 ,"u !
 use ( ?is necess>y & common exp$i5t1   
ev5 :ile democratical =ms are mo/       
c>efully gu>d$1 !re is "o p>ty ( ! few1 
ano!r ( ! _m4 ,"o attacks1 ! o!r def5ds2
 & !y are bo? ready to assume 9 _!      
turns4 ,b ?\gh1 9 reality1 a great dang]
 to lib]ty arises on ! "p ( ! p         
!mselves1 :o1 9 times ( corruption1 are 
easily made ! in/rum5ts ( usurpation &  
tyranny2 yet1 9 ! ord9>y aspect (       
gov]nm5t1 ! executive c>ries an air (   
sup]iority1 & ! rights ( ! p seem always
 expos$ to encroa*m5t4  ,?\gh1 on ! day 

t ! ,roman p 7 assembl$1 ! s5ators mix$ 
) ! cr[d1 & ! consul 0 no m ?an ! s]vant
 ( ! multitude2 yet1 :5 ?is awful meet+ 
0 dissolv$1 ! s5ators met to prescribe  
bus9ess = _! sov]eign1 & ! consul w5t   
arm$ ) ! axe & ! rods1 to tea* e ,roman1
 9 8 sep>ate capacity1 ! submission :i* 
he ow$ to ! /ate4  ,?us1 ev5 :]e !      
collective body is sov]eign1 !y are     
assembl$ only occasionally2 & ?\gh1 on  
su* occasions1 !y det]m9e e "q relative 
to _! rights & _! int]e/s z a p1 & c    
ass]t _! fre$om ) irresi/ible =ce2 yet  
!y d n ?9k !mselves1 nor are !y 9       
reality1 safe1 )\t a m con/ant & m uni=m
 p[] op]at+ 9 _! fav\r4  ,! multitude is
 e :]e /rong2 b requires1 = ! safety (  
its memb]s1 :5 sep>ate z well z :5      
assembl$1 a head to direct & to employ  
its /r5g?4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! ephori1 we 
are told1 7 e/abli%$ at ,sp>ta1 ! c\ncil
 ( a hundr$ at ,c>?age1 & ! tribunes at 
,rome4 ,s prep>$1 ! popul> p>ty has1 9  
_m in/ances1 be5 able to cope ) its     
adv]s>ies1 & has ev5 trampl$ on ! p[]s1 

:e!r ari/ocratical or mon>*ical1 ) :i* x
 w\ld h be5 o!rwise unable to cont5d4 ,!
 /ate1 9 su* cases1 commonly suff]$ by !
 delays1 int]ruptions1 & confusions1 :i*
 popul> lead]s1 f private envy1 or a    
prevail+ jeal\sy ( ! great1 seldom fail$
 to create 9 ! proce$+s ( gov]nm5t4     
,:]e ! p1 z 9 "s l>g] communities1 h    
only a %>e 9 ! legislature1 !y _c       
ov]:elm ! collat]al p[]s1 :o hav+       
likewise a %>e1 are 9 condition to def5d
 !mselves3 :]e !y act only by _!        
repres5tatives1 _! =ce may be uni=mly   
employ$4 ,& !y may make a "p 9 a        
con/itution ( gov]nm5t m la/+ ?an any ( 
^? 9 :i* ! p1 possess+ or pret5d+ to !  
entire legislature1 are1 :5 assembl$1 ! 
tyrants1 &1 :5 disp]s$1 ! slaves ( a    
di/emp]$ /ate4 ,9 gov]nm5ts prop]ly     
mix$1 ! popul> int]e/1 f9d+ a c\nt]poise
 9 t ( ! pr9ce or ( ! nobles1 a balance 
is actually e/abli%$ betwe5 !m1 9 :i* ! 
public fre$om & ! public ord] are made  
to consi/4  ,f "s su* casual arrangem5t 
( diff]5t int]e/s1 all ! v>ieties ( mix$

 gov]nm5t proce$2 & on t degree (       
consid]ation :i* e sep>ate int]e/ c     
procure to itself1 dep5ds ! equity ( !  
laws !y enact1 & ! necessity !y are able
 to impose1 ( adh]+ /rictly to ! t]ms ( 
law 9 its execution4 ,/ates are         
accord+ly unequally qualifi$ to conduct 
! bus9ess ( legislation1 & unequally    
=tunate 9 ! complet5ess1 & regul>       
obs]vance1 ( _! civil code4  ,9         
democratical e/abli%m5ts1 citiz5s1 feel+
 !mselves possess$ ( ! sov]eignty1 are n
 equally anxi\s1 ) ! subjects ( o!r     
gov]nm5ts1 to h _! rights expla9$1 or   
secur$1 by actual /atute4 ,!y tru/ to   
p]sonal vig\r1 to ! support ( p>ty1 & to
 ! s5se ( ! public4  ,if ! collective   
body p]=m ! (fice ( judge1 z well z (   
legislator1 !y seldom ?9k ( devis+ rules
 = _! own direction1 & are f\nd /ill m  
seldom to foll[ any det]m9ate rule1 aft]
 x is made4 ,!y disp5se1 at "o "t1 ) :at
 !y enact$ at ano!r2 & 9 _! judicative1 
p]haps ev5 m ?an 9 _! legislative1      
capacity1 are guid$ by passions &       

p>tialities t arise f circum/ances ( !  
case be=e !m4  ,b "u ! simple/ gov]nm5ts
 ( a diff]5t sort1 :e!r ari/ocracy or   
mon>*y1 !re is a necessity = law1 & !re 
are a v>iety ( int]e/s to be adju/$ 9   
fram+ e /atute4 ,! sov]eign wi%es to    
give /ability & ord] to adm9i/ration1 by
 express & promulgat$ rules4 ,! subject 
wi%es to "k ! conditions & limits ( 8   
duty4 ,he acquiesces or he revolts1     
accord+ z ! t]ms on :i* he is made to   
live ) ! sov]eign1 or ) 8 fell[         
subjects1 are1 or are n1 consi/5t ) !   
s5se ( 8 rights4  ,nei!r ! mon>*1 nor ! 
c\ncil ( nobles1 :]e ei!r is possess$ ( 
! sov]eignty1 c pret5d to gov]n1 or to  
judge at discretion4 ,no magi/rate1 :e!r
 tempor>y or h]$it>y1 c ) safety neglect
 t reputation = ju/ice & equity1 f :i* 8
 au?ority1 & ! respect t is paid to 8   
p]son1 are 9 a great measure d]iv$4     
,nations1 h[ev]1 h be5 =tunate 9 ! t5or1
 & 9 ! execution ( _! laws1 9 proportion
 z !y h admitt$ e ord] ( ! p1 by        
repres5tation or o!rwise1 to an actual  

%>e ( ! legislature4 ,"u e/abli%m5ts (  
?is sort1 law is lit]ally a treaty1 to  
:i* ! p>ties conc]n$ h agre$1 & h giv5  
_! op9ion 9 settl+ its t]ms4 ,! int]e/s 
to be affect$ by a law1 are likewise    
consult$ 9 mak+ x4 ,e class prop\nds an 
objection1 sugge/s an addition or an    
am5dm5t ( its own4 ,!y proce$ to adju/1 
by /atute1 e subject ( controv]sy3 &    
:ile !y cont9ue to enjoy _! fre$om1 !y  
cont9ue to multiply laws1 & to          
accumulate volumes1 z if !y c\ld remove 
e possible gr\nd ( dispute1 & 7 secure (
 _! rights1 m]ely by hav+ put !m 9      
writ+4  ,rome & ,engl&1 "u _! mix$      
gov]nm5ts1 ! "o incl9+ to democracy1 & !
 o!r to mon>*y1 h prov$ ! great         
legislators among nations4 ,! fir/ has  
left ! f\ndation1 & great "p ( !        
sup]/ructure ( its civil code to !      
cont95t ( ,europe3 ! o!r1 9 its isl&1   
has c>ri$ ! au?ority & gov]nm5t ( law to
 a po9t ( p]fection1 :i* !y nev] be=e   
atta9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4  ,"u su*    
fav\rable e/abli%m5ts1 kn[n cu/oms1 !   

practice & decisions ( c\rts1 z well z  
positive /atutes1 acquire ! au?ority (  
laws2 & e proce$+ is conduct$ by "s fix$
 & det]m9ate rule4 ,! be/ & mo/         
effectual precautions are tak5 = !      
imp>tial application ( rules to p>ticul>
 cases2 & x is rem>kable1 t1 9 ! two    
examples we h m5tion$1 a surpris+       
co9cid5ce is f\nd 9 ! s+ul> me?ods ( _! 
jurisdiction4 ,! p 9 bo? res]v$ 9 a     
mann] ! (fice ( judgm5t to !mselves1 &  
br\ght ! decision ( civil rights1 or (  
crim9al que/ions1 to ! tribunal ( pe]s1 
:o1 9 judg+ ( _! fell[ citiz5s1         
prescrib$ a condition ( life = !mselves4
  ,x is n 9 m]e laws1 aft] all1 t we are
 to look = ! securities to ju/ice1 b 9 !
 p[]s by :i* ^! laws h be5 obta9$1 & )\t
 ^: con/ant support !y mu/ fall to      
disuse4 ,/atutes s]ve to record ! rights
 ( a p1 & speak ! int5tion ( p>ties to  
def5d :at ! lett] ( ! law has express$2 
b )\t ! vig\r to ma9ta9 :at is ackn[l$g$
 z a "r1 ! m]e record1 or ! feeble      
int5tion1 is ( little avail4  ,a        

populace r\s$ by oppression1 or an ord] 
( m5 possess$ ( tempor>y advantage1 h   
obta9$ _m *>t]s1 concessions1 &         
/ipulations1 9 fav\r ( _! claims2 b :]e 
no adequate prep>ation 0 made to pres]ve
 !m1 ! writt5 articles 7 (t5 =gott51    
toge!r ) ! occasion on :i* !y 7 fram$4  
,! hi/ory ( ,engl&1 & ( e free c\ntry1  
ab\nds ) ! example ( /atutes enact$ :5 !
 p or _! repres5tatives assembl$1 b nev]
 execut$ :5 ! cr[n or ! executive 0 left
 to itself4 ,! mo/ equitable laws on    
pap] are consi/5t ) ! utmo/ despotism 9 
adm9i/ration4 ,ev5 ! =m ( trial by      
juries 9 ,engl& _h its au?ority 9 law1  
:ile ! proce$+s ( c\rts 7 arbitr>y &    
oppressive4  ,we mu/ admire1 z ! key    
/one ( civil lib]ty1 ! /atute :i* =ces !
 secrets ( e prison to be reveal$1 !    
cause ( e commitm5t to be decl>$1 & !   
p]son ( ! accus$ to be produc$1 t he may
 claim 8 enl>gem5t1 or 8 trial1 )9 a    
limit$ "t4 ,no wis] =m 0 ev] oppos$ to !
 abuses ( p[]4 ,b x requires a fabric no
 less ?an ! :ole political con/itution (

 ,great ,brita91 a _s no less ?an !     
refractory & turbul5t zeal ( ?is =tunate
 p1 to secure its effects4  ,if ev5 !   
safety ( ! p]son1 & ! t5ure ( prop]ty1  
:i* may be s well def9$ 9 ! words ( a   
/atute1 dep5d1 = _! pres]vation1 on !   
vig\r & jeal\sy ( a free p1 & on !      
degree ( consid]ation :i* e ord] ( !    
/ate ma9ta9s = itself2 x is /ill m      
evid5t1 t :at we h call$ ! political    
fre$om1 or ! "r ( ! individual to act 9 
8 /ation = himself & ! public1 _c be    
made to re/ on any o!r f\ndation4 ,!    
e/ate may be sav$1 & ! p]son releas$1 by
 ! =ms ( a civil proc$ure2 b ! rights ( 
! m9d _c be su/a9$ by any o!r =ce b its 
own4     ,,section ,,vii4  ,,( ,,!      
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,arts4   ,we h already    
obs]v$1 t art is natural to man2 & t !  
skill he acquires aft] _m ages (        
practice1 is only ! improvem5t ( a tal5t
 he possess$ at ! fir/4 ,vitruvius f9ds 
! rudim5ts ( ar*itecture 9 ! =m ( a     
,scy?ian cottage4 ,! arm\r] may f9d !   
fir/ productions ( 8 call+ 9 ! sl+ & !  

b[2 & ! %ipwright ( 8 9 ! canoe ( !     
savage4 ,ev5 ! hi/orian & ! poet may f9d
 ! orig9al essays ( _! arts 9 ! tale1 & 
! song1 :i* celebrate ! w>s1 ! loves1 & 
! adv5tures ( m5 9 _! rude/ condition4  
,de/9$ to cultivate 8 own nature1 or to 
m5d 8 situation1 man f9ds a cont9ual    
subject ( att5tion1 +5uity1 & lab\r4    
,ev5 :]e he does n propose any p]sonal  
improvem5t1 8 faculties are /r5g!n$ by  
^? v ex]cises 9 :i* he seems to =get    
himself3 8 reason & 8 affections are ?us
 pr(itably engag$ 9 ! affairs ( society2
 8 inv5tion & 8 skill are ex]cis$ 9     
procur+ 8 accommodations & 8 food2 8    
p>ticul> pursuits are prescrib$ to him  
by circum/ances ( ! age1 & ( ! c\ntry 9 
:i* he lives3 9 "o situation1 he is     
occupi$ ) w>s & political delib]ations2 
9 ano!r1 ) ! c>e ( 8 int]e/1 ( 8 p]sonal
 ease1 or conv5i5cy4 ,he suits 8 means  
to ! ends he has 9 view2 &1 by multiply+
 contrivances1 proce$s1 by degrees1 to !
 p]fection ( 8 arts4 ,9 e /ep ( 8       
progress1 if 8 skill be increas$1 8     

desire mu/ likewise h "t to ext5d3 & x  
w\ld be z va9 to sugge/ a contrivance ( 
:i* he slight$ ! use1 z x w\ld be to    
tell him ( bless+s :i* he c\ld n comm&4 
,ages are g5]ally suppos$ to h borr[$ f 
^? :o w5t be=e !m1 & nations to h       
receiv$ _! portion ( le>n+ or ( art f   
abroad4 ,! ,romans are ?\ght to h le>n$ 
f ! ,greeks1 & ! mod]ns ( ,europe f bo?4
 ,f a few examples ( ?is sort1 we le>n  
to consid] e sci5ce or art z d]iv$1 &   
admit ( no?+ orig9al 9 ! practice or    
mann]s ( any p4 ,! ,greek 0 a copy ( !  
,egyptian1 & ev5 ! ,egyptian 0 an       
imitator1 ?\gh we h lo/ sight ( ! model 
on :i* he 0 =m$4  ,x is kn[n1 t m5      
improve by example & int]c\rse2 b 9 !   
case ( nations1 ^: memb]s excite &      
direct ea* o!r1 :y seek f abroad ! orig9
 ( arts1 ( :i* e society1 hav+ !        
pr9ciples 9 itself1 only requires a     
fav\rable occasion to br+ !m to light8  
,:5 su* occasion pres5ts itself to any  
p1 !y g5]ally seize x2 & :ile x         
cont9ues1 !y improve ! inv5tions to :i* 

x gave rise among !mselves1 or !y       
will+ly copy f o!rs3 b !y nev] employ _!
 own inv5tion1 nor look abroad1 =       
in/ruction on subjects t d n lie 9 ! way
 ( _! common pursuits2 !y nev] adopt a  
ref9em5t ( :i* !y h n discov]$ ! use4   
,inv5tions1 we frequ5tly obs]ve1 are    
accid5tal2 b x is probable1 t an accid5t
 :i* escapes ! arti/ 9 "o age1 may be   
seiz$ by "o :o succe$s him1 & :o is     
bett] appriz$ ( its use4 ,:]e           
circum/ances are fav\rable1 & :]e a p is
 int5t on ! objects ( any art1 e        
inv5tion is pres]v$1 by be+ br\ght into 
g5]al practice2 e model is /udi$1 & e   
accid5t is turn$ to acc\nt4 ,if nations 
actually borr[ f _! neighb\rs1 !y       
probably borr[ only :at !y are ne>ly 9 a
 condition to h inv5t$ !mselves4  ,any  
s+ul> practice ( "o c\ntry1 !re=e1 is   
seldom transf]r$ to ano!r1 till ! way be
 prep>$ by ! introduction ( simil>      
circum/ances4 ,h5ce our frequ5t         
compla9ts ( ! dulness or ob/9acy (      
mank9d1 & ( ! dilatory communication (  

arts f "o place to ano!r4 ,:ile !       
,romans adopt$ ! arts ( ,greece1 !      
,?racians & ,illyrians cont9u$ to behold
 !m ) indiff]5ce4 ,^? arts 71 dur+ "o   
p]iod1 conf9$ to ! ,greek colonies1 &   
dur+ ano!r1 to ! ,roman4 ,ev5 :]e !y 7  
spread by a visible int]c\rse1 !y 7 /ill
 receiv$ by indep5d5t nations ) !       
sl[ness ( inv5tion4 ,!y made a progress 
n m rapid at ,rome ?an !y _h done at    
,a!ns2 & !y pass$ to ! extremities ( !  
,roman empire1 only 9 company ) new     
colonies1 & jo9$ to ,italian policy4  ,!
 mod]n race1 :o came abroad to !        
possession ( cultivat$ prov9ces1 reta9$ 
! arts !y _h practis$ at home3 ! new    
ma/] hunt$ ! bo>1 or pa/ur$ 8 h]ds1 :]e 
he might h rais$ a pl5tiful h>ve/2 he   
built a cottage 9 ! view ( a palace2 he 
buri$1 9 "o common ru91 ! edifices1     
sculptures1 pa9t+s1 & libr>ies1 ( ! =m] 
inhabitant3 he made a settlem5t ^u a    
plan ( 8 own1 be said ) assurance1 t    
al?\gh ! ,roman & ! mod]n lit]ature     
sav\r alike ( ! ,greek orig9al1 yet     

mank9d1 9 ei!r in/ance1 w\ld n h drank (
 ?is f\nta91 unless !y _h be5 ha/5+ to  
op5 spr+s ( _! own4  ,s5tim5t & fancy1 !
 use ( ! h& or ! head1 are n inv5tions (
 p>ticul> m52 & ! fl\ri%+ ( arts t dep5d
 on !m1 are1 9 ! case ( any p1 a pro( r 
( political felicity at home1 ?an ( any 
in/ruction receiv$ f abroad1 or ( any   
natural sup]iority 9 po9t ( indu/ry or  
tal5ts4  ,:5 ! att5tions ( m5 are turn$ 
t[>d p>ticul> subjects1 :5 !            
acquisitions ( "o age are left entire to
 ! next1 :5 e individual is protect$ 9 8
 place1 & left to pursue ! sugge/ion ( 8
 wants1 inv5tions accumulate2 & x is    
difficult to f9d ! orig9al ( any art4 ,!
 /eps :i* lead to p]fection are _m2 & we
 are at a loss on :om to be/[ ! greate/ 
%>e ( our praise2 on ! fir/1 or on !    
la/1 :o may h borne a "p 9 ! progress4  
,,section ,,viii4  ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( 
,,lit]ature4   ,if we may rely on !     
g5]al obs]vations conta9$ 9 ! la/       
section1 ! lit]>y1 z well z me*anical   
arts1 be+ a natural produce ( ! human   

m9d1 w rise spontane\sly :]ev] m5 are   
happily plac$2 & 9 c]ta9 nations x is n 
m necess>y to look abroad = ! orig9 (   
lit]ature1 ?an x is = ! sugge/ion ( any 
( ! pleasures or ex]cises 9 :i* mank9d1 
"u a /ate ( prosp]ity & fre$om1 are     
suffici5tly incl9$ to indulge !mselves4 
,we are apt to consid] arts z =eign &   
adv5titi\s to ! nature ( man2 b !re is  
no art t did n f9d its occasion 9 human 
life1 & t 0 n1 9 "s "o or o!r ( !       
situations 9 :i* our species is f\nd1   
sugge/$ z a means = ! atta9m5t ( "s     
useful end4 ,! me*anic & comm]cial arts 
took _! rise f ! love ( prop]ty1 & 7    
enc\rag$ by ! prospects ( safety & (    
ga93 ! lit]>y & lib]al arts took _! rise
 f ! und]/&+1 ! fancy1 & ! he>t4 ,!y are
 m]e ex]cises ( ! m9d 9 se>* ( its      
peculi> pleasures & occupations2 & are  
promot$ by circum/ances t suff] ! m9d to
 enjoy itself4  ,m5 are equally engag$  
by ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 & are   
prep>$ = e occupation t gives scope to  
_! p[]s4 ,productions1 !re=e1 :e!r (    

n>ration1 fiction1 or reason+1 t t5d to 
employ ! imag9ation1 or move ! he>t2    
cont9ue = ages a subject ( att5tion1 & a
 s\rce ( delight4 ,! memory ( human     
transactions be+ pres]v$ 9 tradition or 
writ+1 is ! natural gratification ( a   
passion t consi/s ( curiosity1          
admiration1 & ! love ( amusem5t4  ,be=e 
_m books are writt51 & be=e sci5ce is   
greatly advanc$1 ! productions ( m]e    
g5ius are sometimes complete3 ! p]=m]   
requires n ! aid ( le>n+ :]e 8          
description ( /ory relates to ne> &     
contigu\s objects2 :]e x relates to !   
conduct & *>act]s ( m5 ) :om he himself 
has act$1 & 9 ^: occupations & =tunes he
 himself has borne a "p4  ,) ?is        
advantage1 ! poet is ! fir/ to (f] !    
fruits ( 8 g5ius1 & to lead 9 ! c>e] (  
^? arts by :i* ! m9d is de/9$ to exhibit
 its imag9ations1 & to express its      
passions4 ,e tribe ( b>b>ians h _!      
passionate or hi/oric rhymes1 :i* conta9
 ! sup]/ition1 ! en?usiasm1 & !         
admiration ( glory1 ) :i* ! brea/s ( m51

 9 ! e>lie/ /ate ( society1 are         
possess$4 ,!y delight 9 v]sification1   
ei!r because ! cad5ce ( numb]s is       
natural to ! language ( s5tim5t1 or     
because1 n hav+ ! advantage ( writ+1 !y 
are oblig$ to br+ ! e> 9 aid ( ! memory1
 9 ord] to facilitate ! repetition1 &   
ensure ! pres]vation ( _! works4  ,:5 we
 att5d to ! language :i* savages employ 
on any solemn occasion1 x appe>s t man  
is a poet by nature4 ,:e!r at fir/      
oblig$ by ! m]e defects ( 8 tongue1 & ! 
scant9ess ( prop] expressions1 or s$uc$ 
by a pleasure ( ! fancy 9 /at+ ! analogy
 ( its objects1 he clo!s e conception 9 
image & metaphor4 ,we h plant$ ! tree ( 
peace1 says an ,am]ican orator2 we h    
buri$ ! axe "u its roots3 we w h5ce=?   
repose "u its %ade2 we w jo9 to bright5 
! *a9 t b9ds our nations toge!r4 ,su*   
are ! collections ( metaphor :i* ^?     
nations employ 9 _! public h>angues4 ,!y
 h likewise already adopt$ ^? lively    
figures1 & t d>+ fre$om ( language1 :i* 
! le>n$ h aft]w>ds f\nd s well fitt$ to 

express ! rapid transitions ( !         
imag9ation1 & ! ard\rs ( a passionate   
m9d4  ,if we are requir$ to expla91 h[  
m5 c\ld be poets1 or orators1 be=e !y 7 
aid$ by ! le>n+ ( ! s*ol> & ! critic8 we
 may inquire1 9 our turn1 h[ bodies c\ld
 fall by _! weight1 be=e ! laws (       
gravitation 7 record$ 9 books8 ,m9d1 z  
well z body1 has laws1 :i* are          
exemplifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 & :i* !  
critic collects only aft] ! example has 
%[n :at !y are4  ,occasion$1 probably1  
by ! physical connection we h m5tion$1  
betwe5 ! emotions ( a heat$ imag9ation1 
& ! impressions receiv$ f music & pa!tic
 s\nds1 e tale among rude nations is    
repeat$ 9 v]se1 & is made to take ! =m (
 a song4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( all nations is
 uni=m 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,prie/s1 /atesm51
 & philosoph]s1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,greece1
 deliv]$ _! in/ructions 9 poetry1 & mix$
 ) ! deal]s 9 music & h]oic fable4  ,x  
is n s surpris+1 h[ev]1 t poetry %\ld be
 ! fir/ species ( composition 9 e       
nation1 z x is t a /yle1 app>5tly s     

difficult1 & s f> remov$ f ord9>y use1  
%\ld be almo/ z univ]sally ! fir/ to    
atta9 its maturity4 ,! mo/ admir$ ( all 
poets liv$ beyond ! rea* ( hi/ory1 almo/
 ( tradition4 ,! artless song ( !       
savage1 ! h]oic leg5d ( ! b>d1 h        
sometimes a magnific5t beauty1 :i* no   
*ange ( language c improve1 & no        
ref9em5ts ( ! critic re=m4 ,footnote3   
,see ,translations ( ,gallic ,poetry1 by
 ,james ,mc,pherson4  ,"u ! suppos$     
disadvantage ( a limit$ k1 & a rude     
appreh5sion1 ! simple poet has          
impressions t m ?an comp5sate ! defects 
( 8 skill4 ,! be/ subjects ( poetry1 !  
*>act]s ( ! viol5t & ! brave1 ! g5]\s & 
! intrepid1 great dang]s1 trials (      
=titude & fidelity1 are exhibit$ )9 8   
view1 or are deliv]$ 9 traditions :i*   
animate l tru?1 because !y are equally  
believ$4 ,he is n engag$ 9 recall+1 l   
,virgil or ,tasso1 ! s5tim5ts or sc5]y (
 an age remote f 8 own2 he ne$s n be    
told by ! critic1 ,footnote3 ,see       
,long9us4 to recollect :at ano!r w\ld h 

?\ght1 or 9 :at mann] ano!r w\ld h      
express$ 8 conception4 ,! simple        
passions1 fri5d%ip1 res5tm5t1 & love1   
are ! movem5ts ( 8 own m9d1 & he has no 
occasion to copy4 ,simple & vehem5t 9 8 
conceptions & feel+s1 he kn[s no        
div]sity ( ?\ght1 or ( /yle1 to mislead 
or to ex]cise 8 judgm5t4 ,he deliv]s !  
emotions ( ! he>t1 9 words sugge/$ by ! 
he>t2 = he kn[s no o!r4 ,& h5ce x is1 t 
:ile we admire ! judgm5t & inv5tion (   
,virgil1 & ( o!r lat] poets1 ^! t]ms    
appe> misappli$ to ,hom]4 ,?\gh         
intellig5t1 z well z sublime1 9 8       
conceptions1 we _c anticipate ! lights (
 8 und]/&+1 nor ! movem5ts ( 8 he>t2 he 
appe>s to speak f inspiration1 n f      
inv5tion2 & to be guid$ 9 ! *oice ( 8   
?\ghts & expressions by a sup]natural   
in/9ct1 n by reflection4  ,! language ( 
e>ly ages is1 9 "o respect1 simple &    
conf9$2 9 ano!r1 x is v>i$ & free3 x    
all[s lib]ties1 :i*1 to ! poet (        
aft]-times1 are d5i$4  ,9 rude ages m5  
are n sep>at$ by di/9ctions ( rank or   

pr(ession4 ,!y live 9 "o mann]1 & speak 
"o dialect4 ,! b>d is n to *oose 8      
expression among ! s+ul> acc5ts (       
diff]5t conditions4 ,he has n to gu>d 8 
language f ! peculi> errors ( ! me*anic1
 ! peasant1 ! s*ol>1 or ! c\rti]1 9 ord]
 to f9d t elegant propriety1 & j        
elevation1 :i* is free f ! vulg> ( "o   
class1 ! p$antic ( ! second1 or !       
flippant ( ! ?ird4 ,! "n ( e object1 & (
 e s5tim5t1 is fix$2 & if 8 conception  
has ! dignity ( nature1 8 expression w h
 a purity :i* does n dep5d on 8 *oice4  
,) ?is app>5t conf9em5t 9 ! *oice ( 8   
words1 he is at lib]ty to break ?r\gh ! 
ord9>y modes ( con/ruction2 & 9 ! =m ( a
 language n e/abli%$ by rules1 may f9d =
 himself a cad5ce agreeable to ! tone ( 
8 m9d4 ,! lib]ty he takes1 :ile 8 mean+ 
is /rik+1 & 8 language is rais$1 appe>s 
an improvem5t1 n a trespass on gramm>4  
,he deliv]s a /yle to ! ages t foll[1 & 
becomes a model f :i* 8 po/]ity judge4  
,b :atev] may be ! e>ly disposition (   
mank9d to poetry1 or ! advantages !y    

possess 9 cultivat+ ?is species (       
lit]ature2 :e!r ! e>ly maturity (       
poetical compositions arise f _! be+ !  
fir/ /udi$1 or f _! hav+ a *>m to engage
 p]sons ( ! livelie/ g5ius1 :o are be/  
qualifi$ to improve ! eloqu5ce ( _!     
native tongue2 x is a rem>kable fact1 t1
 n only 9 c\ntries :]e e ve9 (          
composition 0 orig9al1 & 0 op5$ 9 ! ord]
 ( natural succession2 b ev5 at ,rome1 &
 9 mod]n ,europe1 :]e ! le>n$ began e>ly
 to practise on =eign models1 we h poets
 ( e nation1 :o are p]us$ ) pleasure1   
:ile ! prose writ]s ( ! same ages are   
neglect$4  ,z ,sophocles & ,euripides   
prec$$ ! hi/orians & morali/s ( ,greece1
 n only ,naevius & ,ennius1 :o wrote !  
,roman hi/ory 9 v]se1 b ,lucilius1      
,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 & we may add          
,lucretius1 7 prior to ,cic]o1 ,sallu/1 
or ,caes>4 ,dante & ,petr>* w5t be=e any
 good prose writ] 9 ,italy2 ,corneille &
 ,rac9e br\ght on ! f9e age ( prose     
compositions 9 ,france2 & we _h 9       
,engl&1 n only ,*auc] & ,sp5s]1 b       

,%akspe>e & ,milton1 :ile our attempts 9
 hi/ory or sci5ce 7 yet 9 _! infancy2 & 
des]ve our att5tion1 only = ! sake ( !  
matt] !y treat4  ,hellanicus1 :o is     
reckon$ among ! fir/ prose writ]s 9     
,greece1 & :o imm$iately prec$$1 or 0 ! 
contempor>y ( ,h]odotus1 set out )      
decl>+ 8 int5tion to remove f hi/ory !  
wild repres5tations1 & extravagant      
fictions1 ) :i* x _h be5 disgrac$ by !  
poets4 ,footnote3 ,quot$ by ,demetrius  
,phal]ius4 ,! want ( records or         
au?orities1 relat+ to any di/ant        
transactions1 may h h9d]$ him1 z x did 8
 imm$iate successor1 f giv+ tru? all !  
advantage x might h reap$ f ?is         
transition to prose4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1   
ages 9 ! progress ( society1 :5 su* a   
proposition mu/ be fav\rably receiv$4   
,:5 m5 become occupi$ on ! subjects (   
policy1 or comm]cial arts1 !y wi% to be 
in=m$ & in/ruct$1 z well z mov$4 ,!y are
 int]e/$ by :at 0 real 9 pa/            
transactions4 ,!y build on ?is f\ndation
 ! reflections & reason+s !y apply to   

pres5t affairs1 & wi% to receive        
in=mation on ! subject ( diff]5t        
pursuits1 & ( projects 9 :i* !y beg9 to 
be engag$4 ,! mann]s ( m51 ! practice ( 
ord9>y life1 & ! =m ( society1 furni% _!
 subjects to ! moral & political writ]4 
,m]e +5uity1 ju/ness ( s5tim5t1 &       
correct repres5tation1 ?\gh convey$ 9   
ord9>y language1 are und]/ood to        
con/itute lit]>y m]it1 & by apply+ to   
reason m ?an to ! imag9ation & passions1
 meet ) a reception t is due to !       
in/ruction !y br+4  ,! tal5ts ( m5 come 
to be employ$ 9 a v>iety ( affairs1 & _!
 inquiries direct$ to diff]5t subjects4 
,k is important 9 e dep>tm5t ( civil    
society1 & requisite to ! practice ( e  
art4 ,! sci5ce ( nature1 morals1        
politics1 & hi/ory1 f9d _!1 sev]al      
admir]s2 & ev5 poetry itself1 :i* reta9s
 its =m] /ation 9 ! region ( w>m        
imag9ation & en?usia/ic passion1 appe>s 
9 a gr[+ v>iety ( =ms4  ,matt]s h       
proce$$ s f>1 )\t ! aid ( =eign         
examples1 or ! direction ( s*ools4 ,!   

c>t ( ,!spis 0 *ang$ into a !atre1 n to 
gratify ! le>n$1 b to please ! ,a!nian  
populace2 & ! prize ( poetical m]it 0   
decid$ by ?is populace equally be=e &   
aft] ! inv5tion ( rules4 ,! ,greeks 7   
unacqua9t$ ) e language b _! own2 & if  
!y became le>n$1 x 0 only by /udy+ :at  
!y !mselves _h produc$3 ! *ildi%        
my?ology1 :i* !y are said to h copi$ f  
,asia1 0 equally ( little avail 9       
promot+ _! love ( arts1 or _! success 9 
! practice ( !m4  ,:5 ! hi/orian is     
/ruck ) ! ev5ts he has witness$1 or     
he>d2 :5 he is excit$ to relate !m by 8 
reflections or 8 passions2 :5 !         
/atesman1 :o is requir$ to speak 9      
public1 is oblig$ to prep>e = e         
rem>kable appe>ance 9 /udi$ h>angues2 :5
 conv]sation becomes ext5sive & ref9$2 &
 :5 ! social feel+s & reflections ( m5  
are committ$ to writ+1 a sy/em ( le>n+  
may arise f ! bu/le ( an active life4   
,society itself is ! s*ool1 & its       
lessons are deliv]$ 9 ! practice ( real 
affairs4 ,an au?or writes f obs]vations 

he has made on 8 subject1 n f !         
sugge/ion ( books2 & e production c>ries
 ! m>k ( 8 "* z a man1 n ( 8 m]e        
pr(ici5cy z a /ud5t or s*ol>4 ,x may be 
made a "q1 :e!r ! tr\ble ( seek+ =      
di/ant models1 & ( wad+ = in/ruction1   
?r\gh d>k allusions & languages unkn[n1 
might n h qu5*$ 8 fire1 & r5d]$ him a   
writ] ( a v inf]ior class4  ,if society 
may ?us be consid]$ z a s*ool = lett]s1 
x is probable t its lessons are v>i$ 9 e
 sep>ate /ate1 & 9 e age4 ,= a c]ta9    
p]iod1 ! sev]e applications ( ! ,roman p
 to policy & w> suppress$ ! lit]>y arts1
 & appe> to h /ifl$ ! g5ius ev5 ( !     
hi/orian & ! poet4 ,! in/itutions (     
,sp>ta gave a pr(ess$ contempt = :atev] 
0 n connect$ ) ! practical virtues ( a  
vigor\s & resolute _s3 ! *>ms (         
imag9ation1 & ! p>ade ( language1 7 by  
?is p class$ ) ! arts ( ! cook & !      
p]fum]3 _! songs 9 praise ( =titude are 
m5tion$ by "s writ]s2 & collections ( _!
 witty say+s & rep>tees are /ill        
pres]v$3 !y indicate ! virtues & !      

abilities ( an active p1 n _! pr(ici5cy 
9 sci5ce or lit]>y ta/e4 ,possess$ ( :at
 0 ess5tial to happ9ess 9 ! virtues ( ! 
he>t1 !y _h a disc]nm5t ( its value1    
unemb>rass$ by ! numb]less objects on   
:i* mank9d 9 g5]al are s mu* at a loss  
to adju/ _! e/eem3 fix$ 9 _! own        
appreh5sion1 !y turn$ a %>p edge on !   
follies ( mank9d4 ,:5 w y beg9 to       
practise x8 0 ! "q ( a ,sp>tan to a     
p]son :o1 9 an advanc$ age ( life1 0    
/ill occupi$ ) que/ions on ! nature (   
virtue4  ,:ile ?is p conf9$ _! /udies to
 "o "q1 h[ to improve & to pres]ve !    
c\rage & dis9t]e/$ affections ( ! human 
he>t2 _! rivals1 ! ,a!nians1 gave a     
scope to ref9em5t on e object (         
reflection or passion4 ,by ! rew>ds1    
ei!r ( pr(it or ( reputation1 :i* !y    
be/[$ on e ef=t ( +5uity employ$ 9      
m9i/]+ to ! pleasure1 ! decoration1 or !
 conv5i5cy ( life2 by ! v>iety (        
conditions 9 :i* _! citiz5s 7 plac$2 by 
_! inequalities ( =tune1 & _! sev]al    
pursuits 9 w>1 politics1 comm]ce1 &     

lucrative arts1 !y awak5$ :atev] 0 ei!r 
good or bad 9 ! natural dispositions (  
m54 ,e road to em95ce 0 op5$3 eloqu5ce1 
=titude1 milit>y skill1 envy1           
detraction1 faction1 & treason1 ev5 !   
muse h]self1 0 c\rt$ to be/[ importance 
among a busy1 acute1 & turbul5t p4  ,f  
?is example1 we may safely conclude1 t  
al?\gh bus9ess is sometimes a rival to  
/udy1 retirem5t & leisure are n !       
pr9cipal requisites to ! improvem5t1    
p]haps n ev5 to ! ex]cise1 ( lit]>y     
tal5ts4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ex]tions (         
imag9ation & s5tim5t h a ref]5ce to     
mank9d3 !y are excit$ by ! pres5ce &    
int]c\rse ( m53 !y h mo/ vig\r :5       
actuat$ 9 ! m9d by ! op]ation ( its     
pr9cipal spr+s1 by ! emulations1 !      
fri5d%ips1 & ! oppositions :i* subsi/   
among a =w>d & aspir+ p4 ,amid/ ! great 
occasions :i* put a free1 & ev5 a       
lic5ti\s society 9 motion1 its memb]s   
become capable ( e ex]tion2 & ! same    
sc5es :i* gave employm5t to ,!mi/ocles &
 ,?rasybulus1 inspir$1 by contagion1 !  

g5ius ( ,sophocles & ,plato4 ,! petulant
 & ! +5i\s f9d an equal scope to _!     
tal5ts2 & lit]>y monum5ts become !      
repositories ( envy & folly1 z well z ( 
wisdom & virtue4  ,greece1 divid$ into  
_m little /ates1 & agitat$1 beyond any  
spot on ! globe1 by dome/ic cont5tions &
 =eign w>s1 set ! example 9 e species ( 
lit]ature4 ,! fire 0 communicat$ to     
,rome2 n :5 ! /ate ceas$ to be w>like1 &
 _h discont9u$ h] political agitations1 
b :5 %e mix$ ! love ( ref9em5t & (      
pleasure ) h] national pursuits1 &      
indulg$ an incl9ation to /udy 9 ! mid/ (
 f]m5ts1 occasion$ by ! w>s & pret5sions
 ( opposite factions4 ,x 0 reviv$ 9     
mod]n ,europe among ! turbul5t /ates (  
,italy1 & spread to ! nor?1 toge!r ) !  
_s :i* %ook ! fabric ( ! ,go?ic policy3 
x rose :ile m5 7 divid$ into p>ties1 "u 
civil or religi\s d5om9ations1 & :5 !y 7
 at v>iance on subjects held ! mo/      
important & sacr$4  ,we may be satisfi$1
 f ! example ( _m ages1 t lib]al        
end[m5ts be/[$ on le>n$ societies1 & !  

leisure ) :i* !y 7 furni%$ = /udy1 are n
 ! likelie/ means to excite ! ex]tions (
 g5ius3 ev5 sci5ce itself1 ! suppos$    
(fspr+ ( leisure1 p9$ 9 ! %ade ( mona/ic
 retirem5t4 ,m5 at a di/ance f ! objects
 ( useful k1 unt\*$ by ! motives t      
animate an active & a vigor\s m9d1 c\ld 
produce only ! j>gon ( a te*nical       
language1 & accumulate ! imp]t95ce (    
academical =ms4  ,to speak or to write  
ju/ly f an obs]vation ( nature1 x is    
necess>y to h felt ! s5tim5ts ( nature4 
,he :o is p5etrat+ & ard5t 9 ! conduct (
 life1 w probably ex]t a proportional   
=ce & +5uity 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 lit]>y     
tal5ts3 & al?\gh writ+ may become a     
trade1 & require all ! application &    
/udy :i* are be/[$ on any o!r call+2 yet
 ! pr9cipal requisites 9 ?is call+ are1 
! _s & s5sibility ( a vigor\s m9d4  ,9  
"o p]iod1 ! s*ool may take its light &  
direction f active life2 9 ano!r1 x is  
true1 ! rema9s ( an active _s are       
greatly support$ by lit]>y monum5ts1 &  
by ! hi/ory ( transactions t pres]ve !  

examples & ! exp]i5ce ( =m] & ( bett]   
times4 ,b 9 :atev] mann] m5 are =m$ =   
great ef=ts ( elocution or conduct1 x   
appe>s ! mo/ gl>+ ( all deceptions1 to  
look = ! accompli%m5ts ( a human "* 9 ! 
m]e atta9m5ts ( speculation1 :il/ we    
neglect ! qualities ( =titude & public  
affection1 :i* are s necess>y to r5d]   
our k an article ( happ9ess or ( use4   
,,"p ,,f\r?4  ,,( ,,consequ5ces ,,t     
,,result ,,f ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,(       
,,civil ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,arts4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,section ,i4  ,,( ,,! ,,sep>ation ,,(  
,,arts ,,& ,,pr(essions4   ,x is evid5t1
 t1 h[ev] urg$ by a s5se ( necessity1 & 
a desire ( conv5i5ce1 or fav\r$ by any  
advantages ( situation & policy1 a p c  
make no great progress 9 cultivat+ !    
arts ( life1 until !y h sep>at$1 &      
committ$ to diff]5t p]sons1 ! sev]al    
tasks :i* require a peculi> skill &     
att5tion4 ,! savage1 or ! b>b>ian1 :o   
mu/ build & plant1 & fabricate =        
himself1 pref]s1 9 ! int]val ( great    

al>ms & fatigues1 ! enjoym5ts ( slo? to 
! improvem5t ( 8 =tune3 he is1 p]haps1  
by ! div]sity ( 8 wants1 disc\rag$ f    
indu/ry2 or1 by 8 divid$ att5tion1      
prev5t$ f acquir+ skill 9 ! managem5t ( 
any p>ticul> subject4  ,! enjoym5t (    
peace1 h[ev]1 & ! prospect ( be+ able to
 ex*ange "o commodity = ano!r1 turns1 by
 degrees1 ! hunt] & ! w>rior into a     
tradesman & a m]*ant4 ,! accid5ts :i*   
di/ribute ! means ( subsi/5ce unequally1
 incl9ation1 & fav\rable opportunities1 
assign ! diff]5t occupations ( m52 & a  
s5se ( utility leads !m1 )\t end1 to    
subdivide _! pr(essions4  ,! arti/ f9ds1
 t ! m he c conf9e 8 att5tion to a      
p>ticul> "p ( any "w1 8 productions are 
! m p]fect1 & gr[ "u 8 h&s 9 ! great]   
quantities4 ,e und]tak] 9 manufacture   
f9ds1 t ! m he c subdivide ! tasks ( 8  
workm51 & ! m h&s he c employ on sep>ate
 articles1 ! m are 8 exp5ses dim9i%$1 & 
8 pr(its increas$4 ,! consum] too       
requires1 9 e k9d ( commodity1 a        
workman%ip m p]fect ?an h&s employ$ on a

 v>iety ( subjects c produce2 & !       
progress ( comm]ce is b a cont9u$       
subdivision ( ! me*anical arts4  ,e     
craft may engross ! :ole ( a man's      
att5tion1 & has a my/]y :i* mu/ be /udi$
 or le>n$ by a regul> appr5tice%ip4     
,nations ( tradesm5 come to consi/ (    
memb]s1 :o1 beyond _! own p>ticul>      
trade1 are ignorant ( all human affairs1
 & :o may contribute to ! pres]vation & 
enl>gem5t ( _! commonweal?1 )\t mak+ its
 int]e/ an object ( _! reg>d or         
att5tion4 ,e individual is di/+ui%$ by 8
 call+1 & has a place to :i* he is      
fitt$4 ,! savage1 :o kn[s no di/9ction b
 t ( 8 m]it1 ( 8 sex1 or ( 8 species1 & 
to :om 8 community is ! sov]eign object 
( affection1 is a/oni%$ to f9d1 t 9 a   
sc5e ( ?is nature1 8 be+ a man does n   
qualify him = any /ation :atev]3 he     
flies to ! woods ) amazem5t1 di/a/e1 &  
av]sion4  ,by ! sep>ation ( arts &      
pr(essions1 ! s\rces ( weal? are laid   
op52 e species ( mat]ial is wr\ght up to
 ! greate/ p]fection1 & e commodity is  

produc$ 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ,! /ate  
may e/imate its pr(its & its rev5ues by 
! numb] ( its p4 ,x may procure1 by its 
treasure1 t national consid]ation & p[]1
 :i* ! savage ma9ta9s at ! exp5se ( 8   
blood4  ,! advantage ga9$ 9 ! inf]ior   
bran*es ( manufacture by ! sep>ation (  
_! p>ts1 seem to be equall$ by ^? :i*   
arise f a simil> device 9 ! high]       
dep>tm5ts ( policy & w>4 ,! soldi] is   
reliev$ f e c>e b t ( 8 s]vice2 /atesm5 
divide ! bus9ess ( civil gov]nm5t into  
%>es2 & ! s]vants ( ! public1 9 e (fice1
 )\t be+ skilful 9 ! affairs ( /ate1 may
 succe$1 by obs]v+ =ms :i* are already  
e/abli%$ on ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,!y are  
made1 l ! p>ts ( an eng9e1 to concur to 
a purpose1 )\t any conc]t ( _! own3 &   
equally bl9d ) ! trad] to any g5]al     
comb9ation1 !y unite ) him1 9 furni%+ to
 ! /ate its res\rces1 its conduct1 & its
 =ce4  ,! artifices ( ! beav]1 ! ant1 & 
! bee1 are ascrib$ to ! wisdom ( nature4
 ,^? ( poli%$ nations are ascrib$ to    
!mselves1 & are suppos$ to indicate a   

capacity sup]ior to t ( rude m9ds4 ,b ! 
e/abli%m5ts ( m51 l ^? ( e animal1 are  
sugge/$ by nature1 & are ! result (     
in/9ct1 direct$ by ! v>iety ( situations
 9 :i* mank9d are plac$4 ,^? e/abli%m5ts
 arose f successive improvem5ts t 7     
made1 )\t any s5se ( _! g5]al effect2 & 
!y br+ human affairs to a /ate (        
complication1 :i* ! greate/ rea* (      
capacity ) :i* human nature 0 ev]       
adorn$1 c\ld n h project$2 nor ev5 :5 ! 
:ole is c>ri$ into execution1 c x be    
compreh5d$ 9 its full ext5t4  ,:o c\ld  
anticipate1 or ev5 enum]ate1 ! sep>ate  
occupations & pr(essions by :i* ! memb]s
 ( any comm]cial /ate are di/+ui%$2 !   
v>iety ( devices :i* are practis$ 9     
sep>ate cells1 & :i* ! arti/1 att5tive  
to 8 own affair1 has inv5t$1 to abridge 
or to facilitate 8 sep>ate task8 ,9 com+
 to ?is mighty end1 e g5]ation1 comp>$  
to its pr$ecessors1 may h appe>$ to be  
+5i\s2 comp>$ to its foll[]s1 may h     
appe>$ to be dull3 & human +5uity1      
:atev] heights x may h ga9$ 9 a         

succession ( ages1 cont9ues to move ) an
 equal pace1 & to creep 9 mak+ ! la/1 z 
well z ! fir/1 /ep ( comm]cial or civil 
improvem5t4  ,x may ev5 be d\bt$1 :e!r !
 measure ( national capacity increases )
 ! advancem5t ( arts4 ,_m me*anical     
arts1 inde$1 require no capacity2 !y    
succe$ be/ "u a total suppression (     
s5tim5t & reason2 & ignorance is ! "m ( 
indu/ry z well z ( sup]/ition4          
,reflection & fancy are subject to err2 
b a habit ( mov+ ! h&1 or ! foot1 is    
indep5d5t ( ei!r4 ,manufactures1        
accord+ly1 prosp] mo/ :]e ! m9d is lea/ 
consult$1 & :]e ! work%op may1 )\t any  
great ef=t ( imag9ation1 be consid]$ z  
an eng9e1 ! p>ts ( :i* are m54  ,! =e/  
has be5 fell$ by ! savage )\t ! use ( ! 
axe1 & weights h be5 rais$ )\t ! aid ( !
 me*anical p[]s4 ,! m]it ( ! inv5tor1 9 
e bran*1 probably des]ves a pref]5ce to 
t ( ! p]=m]2 & he :o inv5t$ a tool1 or  
c\ld "w )\t its assi/ance1 des]v$ !     
praise ( +5uity 9 a mu* high] degree ?an
 ! m]e arti/1 :o1 by its assi/ance1     

produces a sup]ior "w4  ,b if _m p>ts 9 
! practice ( e art1 & 9 ! detail ( e    
dep>tm5t1 require no abilities1 or      
actually t5d to contract & to limit !   
views ( ! m9d1 !re are o!rs :i* lead to 
g5]al reflections1 & to enl>gem5t (     
?\ght4 ,ev5 9 manufacture1 ! g5ius ( !  
ma/]1 p]haps1 is cultivat$1 :ile t ( !  
inf]ior workman lies wa/e4 ,! /atesman  
may h a wide compreh5sion ( human       
affairs1 :ile ! tools he employs are    
ignorant ( ! sy/em 9 :i* !y are !mselves
 comb9$4 ,! g5]al (fic] may be a great  
pr(ici5t 9 ! k ( w>1 :ile ! skill ( !   
soldi] is conf9$ to a few motions ( ! h&
 & ! foot4 ,! =m] may h ga9$ :at ! latt]
 has lo/2 & be+ occupi$ 9 ! conduct (   
discipl9$ armies1 may practise on a l>g]
 scale all ! arts ( pres]vation1 (      
deception1 & ( /ratagem1 :i* ! savage   
ex]ts 9 lead+ a small p>ty1 or m]ely 9  
def5d+ himself4  ,! practition] ( e art 
& pr(ession may af=d matt] ( g5]al      
speculation to ! man ( sci5ce2 & ?9k+   
itself1 9 ?is age ( sep>ations1 may     

become a peculi> craft4 ,9 ! bu/le (    
civil pursuits & occupations1 m5 appe> 9
 a v>iety ( lights1 & sugge/ matt] (    
inquiry & fancy1 by :i* conv]sation is  
enliv5$1 & greatly enl>g$4 ,!           
productions ( +5uity are br\ght to !    
m>ket2 & m5 are will+ to pay = :atev]   
has a t5d5cy to in=m or amuse4 ,by ?is  
means ! idle1 z well z ! busy1          
contribute to =w>d ! progress ( arts1 & 
be/[ on poli%$ nations t air ( sup]ior  
+5uity1 "u :i* !y appe> to h ga9$ ! ends
 t 7 pursu$ by ! savage 9 8 =e/1 k1     
ord]1 & weal?4     ,,section ,,ii4  ,,( 
,,! ,,subord9ation ,,consequ5t ,,to ,,! 
,,sep>ation ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,pr(essions4
   ,!re is "o gr\nd ( subord9ation 9 !  
diff]5ce ( natural tal5ts &             
dispositions2 a second 9 ! unequal      
division ( prop]ty2 & a ?ird1 n less    
s5sible1 9 ! habits :i* are acquir$ by !
 practice ( diff]5t arts4  ,"s          
employm5ts are lib]al1 o!rs me*anic4 ,!y
 require diff]5t tal5ts1 & inspire      
diff]5t s5tim5ts2 & :e!r or n ?is be !  

cause ( ! pref]5ce we actually give1 x  
is c]ta9ly reasonable to =m our op9ion (
 ! rank t is due to m5 ( c]ta9          
pr(essions & /ations1 f ! influ5ce ( _! 
mann] ( life 9 cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d1
 or 9 pres]v+ ! s5tim5ts ( ! he>t4  ,!re
 is an elevation natural to man1 by :i* 
he w\ld be ?\ght1 9 8 rude/ /ate1 h[ev] 
urg$ by necessity1 to rise above !      
consid]ation ( m]e subsi/5ce1 & ! reg>ds
 ( int]e/3 he w\ld appe> to act only1 f 
! he>t1 9 its engagem5ts ( fri5d%ip or  
opposition2 he w\ld %ew himself only ^u 
occasions ( dang] or difficulty1 & leave
 ord9>y c>es to ! weak or ! s]vile4  ,! 
same appreh5sions1 9 e situation1       
regulate 8 notions ( meanness or (      
dignity4 ,9 t ( poli%$ society1 8 desire
 to avoid ! "* ( sordid1 makes him      
conceal 8 reg>d = :at relates m]ely to 8
 pres]vation or 8 livelihood4 ,9 8      
e/imation1 ! begg>1 :o dep5ds ^u *>ity2 
! lab\r]1 :o toils t he may eat2 !      
me*anic1 ^: art requires no ex]tion (   
g5ius1 are degrad$ by ! object !y       

pursue1 & by ! means !y employ to atta9 
x4 ,pr(essions requir+ m k & /udy2      
proce$+ on ! ex]cise ( fancy1 & ! love (
 p]fection2 lead+ to applause z well z  
to pr(it1 place ! arti/ 9 a sup]ior     
class1 & br+ him ne>] to t /ation 9 :i* 
m51 because !y are b\nd to no task1     
because !y are left to foll[ !          
disposition ( ! m9d1 & to take t "p 9   
society to :i* !y are l$ by ! s5tim5ts (
 ! he>t1 or by ! calls ( ! public1 are  
suppos$ to be highe/4  ,?is la/ 0 !     
/ation1 :i*1 9 ! di/9ction betwixt      
freem5 & slaves1 ! citiz5s ( e anci5t   
republic /rove to ga91 & to ma9ta9 =    
!mselves4 ,wom51 or slaves1 9 ! e>lie/  
ages1 _h be5 set ap>t = ! purposes (    
dome/ic c>e1 or bodily lab\r2 & 9 !     
progress ( lucrative arts1 ! latt] 7 br$
 to me*anical pr(essions1 & 7 ev5       
intru/$ ) m]*&ise = ! b5efit ( _! ma/]s4
 ,freem5 w\ld be und]/ood to h no object
 beside ^? ( politics & w>4 ,9 ?is      
mann]1 ! hon\rs ( "o half ( ! species 7 
sacrific$ to ^? ( ! o!r2 z /ones f !    

same qu>ry are buri$ 9 ! f\ndation1 to  
su/a9 ! blocks :i* happ5 to be hewn = ! 
sup]ior p>ts ( ! pile4 ,9 ! mid/ ( our  
encomiums be/[$ on ! ,greeks & !        
,romans1 we are1 by ?is circum/ance1    
made to rememb]1 t no human in/itution  
is p]fect4  ,9 _m ( ! ,grecian /ates1 ! 
b5efits aris+ to ! free f ?is cruel     
di/9ction1 7 n conf]r$ equally on all ! 
citiz5s4 ,weal? be+ unequally divid$1 ! 
ri* alone 7 exempt$ f lab\r2 ! poor 7   
r$uc$ to "w = _! own subsi/5ce3 int]e/ 0
 a reign+ passion 9 bo?1 & ! possession 
( slaves1 l t ( any o!r lucrative       
prop]ty1 became an object ( av>ice1 n an
 exemption f sordid att5tions4 ,! entire
 effects ( ! in/itution 7 obta9$1 or    
cont9u$ to be enjoy$ = any consid]able  
"t1 at ,sp>ta alone4 ,we feel its       
inju/ice2 we suff] = ! helot1 "u !      
sev]ities & unequal treatm5t to :i* he 0
 expos$3 b :5 we ?9k only ( ! sup]ior   
ord] ( m5 9 ?is /ate2 :5 we att5d to t  
elevation & magnanimity ( _s1 = :i*     
dang] _h no t]ror1 int]e/ no means to   

corrupt2 :5 we consid] !m z fri5ds1 or z
 citiz5s1 we are apt to =get1 l         
!mselves1 t slaves h a title to be      
treat$ l m54  ,we look = elevation (    
s5tim5t1 & lib]ality ( m9d1 among ^?    
ord]s ( citiz5s1 :o1 by _! condition1 & 
_! =tunes1 are reliev$ f sordid c>es &  
att5tions4 ,?is 0 ! description ( a free
 man at ,sp>ta2 & if ! lot ( a slave    
among ! anci5ts 0 really m wret*$ ?an t 
( ! indig5t lab\r] & ! me*anic among !  
mod]ns1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! sup]ior   
ord]s1 :o are 9 possession (            
consid]ation & hon\rs1 d n              
proportionally fail 9 ! dignity :i*     
befits _! condition4 ,if ! pret5sions to
 equal ju/ice & fre$om %\ld t]m9ate 9   
r5d]+ e class equally s]vile & m]c5>y1  
we make a nation ( helots1 & h no free  
citiz5s4  ,9 e comm]cial /ate1 not)/&+  
any pret5sion to equal rights1 !        
exaltation ( a few mu/ depress ! _m4 ,9 
?is arrangem5t1 we ?9k t ! extreme      
meanness ( "s classes mu/ arise *iefly f
 ! defect ( k1 & ( lib]al education2 &  

we ref] to su* classes1 z to an image ( 
:at our species mu/ h be5 9 its rude &  
uncultivat$ /ate4 ,b we =get h[ _m      
circum/ances1 especially 9 popul\s      
cities1 t5d to corrupt ! l[e/ ord]s (   
m54 ,ignorance is ! lea/ ( _! fail+s4   
,an admiration ( weal? unpossess$1      
becom+ a pr9ciple ( envy1 or ( s]vility2
 a habit ( act+ p]petually ) a view to  
pr(it1 & "u a s5se ( subjection2 !      
crimes to :i* !y are allur$1 9 ord] to  
fe$ _! debau*1 or to gratify _! av>ice1 
are examples1 n ( ignorance1 b (        
corruption & bas5ess4 ,if ! savage has n
 receiv$ our in/ructions1 he is likewise
 unacqua9t$ ) our vices4 ,he kn[s no    
sup]ior1 & _c be s]vile2 he kn[s no     
di/9ctions ( =tune1 & _c be envi\s2 he  
acts f 8 tal5ts 9 ! highe/ /ation :i*   
human society c (f]1 t ( ! c\nsellor1 & 
! soldi] ( 8 c\ntry4 ,t[>d =m+ 8        
s5tim5ts1 he kn[s all t ! he>t requires 
to be kn[n2 he c di/+ui% ! fri5d :om he 
loves1 & ! public int]e/ :i* awak5s 8   
zeal4  ,! pr9cipal objections1 to       

democratical or popul> gov]nm5t1 are    
tak5 f ! inequalities :i* arise among m5
 9 ! result ( comm]cial arts4 ,& x mu/  
be confess$1 t popul> assemblies1 :5    
compos$ ( m5 ^: dispositions are sordid1
 & ^: ord9>y applications are illib]al1 
h[ev] !y may be intru/$ ) ! *oice ( _!  
ma/]s & lead]s1 are c]ta9ly1 9 _! own   
p]sons1 unfit to comm&4 ,h[ c he :o has 
conf9$ 8 views to 8 own subsi/5ce or    
pres]vation1 be intru/$ ) ! conduct (   
nations8 ,su* m51 :5 admitt$ to         
delib]ate on matt]s ( /ate1 br+ to its  
c\ncils confusion & tumult1 or s]vility 
& corruption2 & seldom suff] x to repose
 f ru9\s factions1 or ! effect (        
resolutions ill =m$ or ill conduct$4  ,!
 ,a!nians reta9$ _! popul> gov]nm5t "u  
all ^! defects4 ,! me*anic 0 oblig$1 "u 
a p5alty1 to appe> 9 ! public           
m>ket-place1 & to he> debates on !      
subjects ( w> & ( peace4 ,he 0 tempt$ by
 pecuni>y rew>ds1 to att5d on ! trial ( 
civil & crim9al causes4 ,b1 not)/&+ an  
ex]cise t5d+ s mu* to cultivate _!      

tal5ts1 ! indig5t came always ) m9ds    
int5t ^u pr(it1 or ) ! habits ( an      
illib]al call+4 ,sunk "u ! s5se ( _!    
p]sonal disp>ity & weakness1 !y 7 ready 
to resign !mselves entirely to !        
influ5ce ( "s popul> lead]1 :o flatt]$  
_! passions1 & wr\ght on _! fe>s2 or1   
actuat$ by envy1 !y 7 ready to bani% f !
 /ate :omsoev] 0 respectable & em95t 9 !
 sup]ior ord] ( citiz5s2 & :e!r f _!    
neglect ( ! public at "o "t1 or _!      
mal-adm9i/ration at ano!r1 ! sov]eignty 
0 e mom5t ready to drop f _! h&s4  ,! p1
 9 ?is case1 are1 9 fact1 frequ5tly     
gov]n$ by "o1 or a few1 :o "k h[ to     
conduct !m4 ,p]icles possess$ a species 
( pr9cely au?ority at ,a!ns2 ,crassus1  
,pompey1 & ,caes>1 ei!r jo9tly or       
successively1 possess$ = a consid]able  
p]iod ! sov]eign direction at ,rome4    
,:e!r 9 great or 9 small /ates1         
democracy is pres]v$ ) difficulty1 "u ! 
disp>ities ( condition1 & ! unequal     
cultivation ( ! m9d1 :i* att5d ! v>iety 
( pursuits1 & applications1 t sep>ate   

mank9d 9 ! advanc$ /ate ( comm]cial     
arts4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 we d b plead aga9/ 
! =m ( democracy1 aft] ! pr9ciple is    
remov$2 & see ! absurdity ( pret5sions  
to equal influ5ce & consid]ation1 aft] !
 *>act]s ( m5 h ceas$ to be simil>4     
,,section ,,iii4  ,,( ,,! ,,mann]s ,,(  
,,poli%$ ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,nations4     
,mank9d1 :5 9 _! rude /ate1 h a great   
uni=mity ( mann]s2 b :5 civiliz$1 !y are
 engag$ 9 a v>iety ( pursuits2 !y tread 
on a l>g] field1 & sep>ate to a great]  
di/ance4 ,if !y be guid$1 h[ev]1 by     
simil> dispositions1 & by l sugge/ions (
 nature1 !y w probably 9 ! end1 z well z
 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! progress1 cont9ue to   
agree 9 _m p>ticul>s2 & :ile communities
 admit1 9 _! memb]s1 t div]sity ( ranks 
& pr(essions :i* we h already describ$ z
 ! consequ5ce or ! f\ndation ( comm]ce1 
!y w resemble ea* o!r 9 _m effects ( ?is
 di/ribution1 & ( o!r circum/ances 9 :i*
 !y ne>ly concur4  ,"u e =m ( gov]nm5t1 
/atesm5 endeav\r to remove ! dang]s by  
:i* !y are ?reat5$ f abroad1 & !        

di/urbances :i* mole/ !m at home4 ,by   
?is conduct1 if successful1 !y 9 a few  
ages ga9 an asc5dant = _! c\ntry2       
e/abli% a fronti] at a di/ance f its    
capital2 !y f9d1 9 ! mutual desires (   
tranquillity1 :i* come to possess       
mank9d1 & 9 ^? public e/abli%m5ts :i*   
t5d to keep ! peace ( society1 a respite
 f =eign w>s1 & a relief f dome/ic      
disord]s4 ,!y le>n to decide e conte/   
)\t tumult1 & to secure1 by ! au?ority (
 law1 e citiz5 9 ! possession ( 8       
p]sonal rights4  ,9 ?is condition1 to   
:i* ?riv+ nations aspire1 & :i* !y 9 "s 
measure atta91 mank9d hav+ laid ! basis 
( safety1 proce$ to erect a sup]/ructure
 suitable to _! views4 ,! consequ5ce is 
v>i\s 9 diff]5t /ates2 ev5 9 diff]5t    
ord]s ( m5 ( ! same community2 & !      
effect to e individual corresponds ) 8  
/ation4 ,x enables ! /atesman & ! soldi]
 to settle ! =ms ( _! diff]5t proc$ure2 
x enables ! practition] 9 e pr(ession to
 pursue 8 sep>ate advantage2 x af=ds !  
man ( pleasure a "t = ref9em5t1 & !     

speculative1 leisure = lit]>y           
conv]sation or /udy4  ,9 ?is sc5e1      
matt]s t h little ref]5ce to ! active   
pursuits ( mank9d1 are made subjects (  
inquiry1 & ! ex]cise ( s5tim5t & reason 
itself becomes a pr(ession4 ,! songs ( !
 b>d1 ! h>angues ( ! /atesman & !       
w>rior1 ! tradition & ! /ory ( anci5t   
times1 are consid]$ z ! models1 or !    
e>lie/ production1 ( s _m arts1 :i* x   
becomes ! object ( diff]5t pr(essions to
 copy or to improve4 ,! works ( fancy1 l
 ! subjects ( natural hi/ory1 are       
di/+ui%$ into classes & species2 ! rules
 ( e p>ticul> k9d are di/9ctly collect$2
 & ! libr>y is /or$1 l ! w>eh\se1 ) !   
f9i%$ manufacture ( diff]5t arti/s1 :o1 
) ! aids ( ! gramm>ian & ! critic1      
aspire1 ea* 9 8 p>ticul> way1 to in/ruct
 ! head1 or to move ! he>t4  ,e nation  
is a motley assemblage ( diff]5t        
*>act]s1 & conta9s1 "u any political =m1
 "s examples ( t v>iety1 :i* ! hum\rs1  
temp]s1 & appreh5sions ( m51 s diff]5tly
 employ$1 are likely to furni%4 ,e      

pr(ession has its po9t ( hon\r1 & its   
sy/em ( mann]s2 ! m]*ant 8 punctuality &
 fair deal+2 ! /atesman 8 capacity &    
address2 ! man ( society 8 good bre$+ & 
wit4 ,e /ation has a c>riage1 a dress1 a
 c]emonial1 by :i* x is di/+ui%$1 & by  
:i* x suppresses ! national "* "u t ( ! 
rank1 or ( ! individual4  ,?is          
description may be appli$ equally to    
,a!ns & ,rome1 to ,london & ,p>is4 ,!   
rude1 or ! simple obs]v]1 w\ld rem>k !  
v>iety he saw 9 ! dwell+s & 9 !         
occupations1 ( diff]5t m51 n 9 ! aspect 
( diff]5t nations4 ,he w\ld f9d1 9 !    
/reets ( ! same city1 z great a         
div]sity1 z 9 ! t]ritory ( a sep>ate p4 
,he c\ld n pi]ce ?r\gh ! cl\d t 0 ga!r$ 
be=e him1 nor see h[ ! tradesman1       
me*anic1 or s*ol>1 ( "o c\ntry1 %\ld    
diff] f ^? ( ano!r4 ,b ! native ( e     
prov9ce c di/+ui% ! =eign]2 & :5 he     
himself travels1 is /ruck ) ! aspect ( a
 /range c\ntry1 ! mom5t he passes !     
b\nds ( 8 own4 ,! air ( ! p]son1 ! tone 
( ! voice1 ! idiom ( language1 & ! /ra9 

( conv]sation1 :e!r pa!tic or languid1  
gay or sev]e1 are no long] ! same4  ,_m 
su* diff]5ces may arise among poli%$    
nations1 f ! effects ( climate1 or f    
s\rces ( fa%ion1 t are /ill m hidd5 or  
unobs]v$2 b ! pr9cipal di/9ctions on :i*
 we c re/1 are d]iv$ f ! "p a p are     
oblig$ to act 9 _! national capacity2 f 
! objects plac$ 9 _! view by ! /ate2 or 
f ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 :i*1        
prescrib+ ! t]ms ( society to its       
subjects1 _h a great influ5ce 9 =m+ _!  
appreh5sions & habits4  ,! ,roman p1    
de/9$ to acquire weal? by conque/1 & by 
! spoil ( prov9ces2 ! ,c>?ag9ians1 int5t
 on ! returns ( m]*&ise1 & ! produce (  
comm]cial settlem5ts1 mu/ h fill$ !     
/reets ( _! sev]al capitals ) m5 ( a    
diff]5t disposition & aspect4 ,! ,roman 
laid hold ( 8 sword :5 he wi%$ to be    
great1 & ! /ate f\nd h] armies prep>$ 9 
! dwell+s ( h] p4 ,! ,c>?ag9ian retir$  
to 8 c\nt] on a simil> project2 &1 :5 ! 
/ate 0 al>m$1 or _h resolv$ on a w>1 l5t
 ( 8 pr(its to pur*ase an army abroad4  

,! memb] ( a republic1 & ! subject ( a  
mon>*y1 mu/ diff]2 because !y h diff]5t 
p>ts assign$ to !m by ! =ms ( _! c\ntry3
 ! "o de/9$ to live ) 8 equals1 or to   
cont5d1 by 8 p]sonal tal5ts & "*1 =     
pre-em95ce2 ! o!r1 born to a det]m9ate  
/ation1 :]e any pret5ce to equality     
creates a confusion1 & :]e n\ght b      
prec$5ce is /udi$4 ,ea*1 :5 !           
in/itutions ( 8 c\ntry are mature1 may  
f9d 9 ! laws a protection to 8 p]sonal  
rights2 b ^? rights !mselves are        
diff]5tly und]/ood1 & ) a diff]5t set ( 
op9ions1 give rise to a diff]5t temp] ( 
m9d4 ,! republican mu/ act 9 ! /ate1 to 
su/a9 8 pret5sions2 he mu/ jo9 a p>ty1 9
 ord] to be safe2 he mu/ lead "o1 9 ord]
 to be great4 ,! subject ( mon>*y ref]s 
to 8 bir? = ! hon\r he claims2 he waits 
on a c\rt1 to %ew 8 importance2 & holds 
out ! ensigns ( dep5d5ce & fav\r1 to ga9
 him e/eem ) ! public4  ,if national    
in/itutions1 calculat$ = ! pres]vation (
 lib]ty1 in/ead ( call+ ^u ! citiz5 to  
act = himself1 & to ma9ta9 8 rights1    

%\ld give a security1 requir+1 on 8 "p1 
no p]sonal att5tion or ef=t2 ?is seem+  
p]fection ( gov]nm5t might weak5 ! b&s (
 society1 &1 ^u maxims ( indep5d5ce1    
sep>ate & e/range ! diff]5t ranks x 0   
meant to reconcile4 ,nei!r ! p>ties =m$ 
9 republics1 nor ! c\rtly assemblies1   
:i* meet 9 mon>*ical gov]nm5ts1 c\ld    
take place1 :]e ! s5se ( a mutual       
dep5d5ce %\ld cease to summon _! memb]s 
toge!r4 ,! resorts = comm]ce might be   
frequ5t$1 & m]e amusem5t might be pursu$
 9 ! cr[d1 :ile ! private dwell+ became 
a retreat = res]ve1 av]se to ! tr\ble   
aris+ f reg>ds & att5tions1 :i* x might 
be "p ( ! political cre$ to believe ( no
 consequ5ce1 & a po9t ( hon\r to hold 9 
contempt4  ,?is hum\r is n likely to gr[
 ei!r 9 republics or mon>*ies3 x belongs
 m prop]ly to a mixture ( bo?2 :]e !    
adm9i/ration ( ju/ice may be bett]      
secur$2 :]e ! subject is tempt$ to look 
= equality1 b :]e he f9ds only          
indep5d5ce 9 its place2 & :]e he le>ns1 
f a _s ( equality1 to hate ! v          

di/9ctions to :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! real  
importance1 he pays a rem>kable def]5ce4
  ,9 ei!r ( ! sep>ate =ms ( republic or 
mon>*y1 or 9 act+ on ! pr9ciples ( ei!r1
 m5 are oblig$ to c\rt _! fell[ citiz5s1
 & to employ p>ts & address to improve  
_! =tunes1 or ev5 to be safe4 ,!y f9d 9 
bo? a s*ool = disc]nm5t & p5etration2 b 
9 ! "o1 are taught to ov]look ! m]its ( 
a private "* = ! sake ( abilities t h   
weight ) ! public2 & 9 ! o!r to ov]look 
great & respectable tal5ts1 = ! sake (  
qualities engag+ or pleasant 9 ! sc5e ( 
ent]ta9m5t & private society4 ,!y are   
oblig$1 9 bo?1 to adapt !mselves ) c>e  
to ! fa%ion & mann]s ( _! c\ntry4 ,!y   
f9d no place = caprice or s+ul> hum\rs4 
,! republican mu/ be popul>1 & ! c\rti] 
polite4 ,! fir/ mu/ ?9k himself well    
plac$ 9 e company2 ! o!r mu/ *oose 8    
resorts1 & desire to be di/+ui%$ only   
:]e ! society itself is e/eem$4 ,) 8    
inf]iors1 he takes an air ( protection2 
& suff]s1 9 8 turn1 ! same air to be    
tak5 ) himself4 ,x did n1 p]haps1       

require 9 a ,sp>tan1 :o fe>$ no?+ b a   
failure 9 8 duty1 :o lov$ no?+ b 8 fri5d
 & ! /ate1 s con/ant a gu>d on himself  
to support 8 "*1 z x frequ5tly does 9 ! 
subject ( a mon>*y1 to adju/ 8 exp5se & 
8 =tune to ! desires ( 8 vanity1 & to   
appe> 9 a rank z high z 8 bir?1 or      
ambition1 c possibly rea*4  ,!re is no  
p>ticul>1 9 ! mean "t1 9 :i* we are m   
frequ5tly unju/1 ?an 9 apply+ to !      
individual ! suppos$ "* ( 8 c\ntry2 or m
 frequ5tly misl$2 ?an 9 tak+ our notion 
( a p f ! example ( "o1 or a few ( _!   
memb]s4 ,x belong$ to ! con/itution (   
,a!ns1 to h produc$ a ,cleon1 & a       
,p]icles2 b all ! ,a!nians 7 n1 !re=e1 l
 ,cleon1 or ,p]icles4 ,!mi/ocles &      
,ari/ides liv$ 9 ! same age2 ! "o advis$
 :at 0 pr(itable1 ! o!r told 8 c\ntry   
:at 0 j4     ,,section ,,iv4  ,,! ,,same
 ,,subject ,,cont9u$4   ,! law ( nature1
 ) respect to nations1 is ! same t x is 
) respect to individuals3 x gives to !  
collective body a "r to pres]ve         
!mselves2 to employ undi/urb$ ! means ( 

life2 to reta9 ! fruits ( lab\r2 to dem&
 ! obs]vance ( /ipulations & contracts4 
,9 ! case ( viol5ce1 x condemns !       
aggressor1 & e/abli%es1 on ! "p ( !     
injur$1 ! "r ( def5ce1 & a claim to     
retribution4 ,its applications1 h[ev]1  
admit ( disputes1 & give rise to v>iety 
9 ! appreh5sion1 z well z ! practice (  
mank9d4  ,nations h agre$ univ]sally1 9 
di/+ui%+ "r f wrong2 9 exact+ !         
rep>ation ( injuries by cons5t or by    
=ce4 ,!y h always repos$1 9 a c]ta9     
degree1 on ! fai? ( treaties2 b h act$ z
 if =ce 7 ! ultimate arbit] 9 all _!    
disputes1 & ! p[] to def5d !mselves1 !  
sure/ pl$ge ( _! safety4 ,guid$ by ^!   
common appreh5sions1 !y h diff]$ f "o   
ano!r1 n m]ely 9 po9ts ( =m1 b 9 po9ts (
 ! greate/ importance1 respect+ ! usage 
( w>1 ! effects ( captivity1 & ! rights 
( conque/ & victory4  ,:5 a numb] (     
indep5d5t communities h be5 frequ5tly   
involv$ 9 w>s1 & h _h _! /at$ alliances 
& oppositions1 !y adopt cu/oms :i* !y   
make ! f\ndation ( rules1 or ( laws1 to 

be obs]v$1 or alleg$1 9 all _! mutual   
transactions4 ,ev5 9 w> itself1 !y w\ld 
foll[ a sy/em1 & plead = ! obs]vance (  
=ms 9 _! v op]ations = mutual           
de/ruction4  ,! anci5t /ates ( ,greece &
 ,italy d]iv$ _! mann]s 9 w> f ! nature 
( _! republican gov]nm5t2 ^? ( mod]n    
,europe1 f ! influ5ce ( mon>*y1 :i*1 by 
its preval5ce 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 has a    
great effect on nations1 ev5 :]e x is n 
! =m e/abli%$4 ,^u ! maxims ( ?is       
gov]nm5t1 we appreh5d a di/9ction betwe5
 ! /ate & its memb]s1 z t betwe5 ! k+ & 
! p1 :i* r5d]s w> an op]ation ( policy1 
n ( popul> animosity4 ,:ile we /rike at 
! public int]e/1 we w\ld sp>e ! private2
 & we c>ry a respect & consid]ation =   
individuals1 :i* (t5 /ops ! issues (    
blood 9 ! ard\r ( victory1 & procures to
 ! prison] ( w> a hospitable reception 9
 ! v city :i* he came to de/roy4 ,^!    
practices are s well e/abli%$1 t sc>cely
 any provocation on ! "p ( an enemy1 or 
any exig5ce ( s]vice1 c excuse a        
trespass on ! suppos$ rules ( humanity1 

or save ! lead] :o commits x f becom+ an
 object ( dete/ation & horror4  ,to ?is1
 ! g5]al practice ( ! ,greeks & !       
,romans 0 opposite4 ,!y endeav\r$ to    
w\nd ! /ate by de/roy+ its memb]s1 by   
desolat+ its t]ritory1 & by ru9+ !      
possessions ( its subjects4 ,!y grant$  
qu>t] only to enslave1 or to br+ !      
prison] to a m solemn execution2 & an   
enemy1 :5 dis>m$1 01 = ! mo/ "p1 ei!r   
sold 9 ! m>ket or kill$1 t he might nev]
 return to /r5g!n 8 p>ty4 ,:5 ?is 0 !   
issue ( w>1 x 0 no wond] t battles 7    
f\ght ) desp]ation1 & t e =tress 0      
def5d$ to ! la/ extremity4 ,! game (    
human life w5t ^u a high /ake1 & 0 play$
 ) a proportional zeal4  ,! t]m b>b>ian1
 9 ?is /ate ( mann]s1 c\ld n be employ$ 
by ! ,greeks or ! ,romans 9 t s5se 9 :i*
 we use x3 to *>act]ize1 a p reg>dless (
 comm]cial arts2 pr(use ( _! own lives1 
& ^? ( o!rs2 vehem5t 9 _! atta*m5t to "o
 society1 & implacable 9 _! antipa?y to 
ano!r4 ,?is1 9 a great & %9+ "p ( _!    
hi/ory1 0 _! own "*1 z well z t ( "s o!r

 nations1 :om1 ^u ?is v acc\nt1 we      
di/+ui% by ! appellations ( b>b>\s or   
rude4  ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t ^? celebrat$
 nations are indebt$1 = a great "p ( _! 
e/imation1 n to ! matt] ( _! hi/ory1 b  
to ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 deliv]$1 & to
 ! capacity ( _! hi/orians1 & o!r       
writ]s4 ,_! /ory has be5 told by m5 :o  
knew h[ to draw our att5tion on !       
proce$+s ( ! und]/&+ & ( ! he>t1 m ?an  
on ext]nal effects2 & :o c\ld exhibit   
*>act]s to be admir$ & lov$1 9 ! mid/ ( 
actions :i* we %\ld n[ univ]sally hate  
or condemn4 ,l ,hom]1 ! model ( ,grecian
 lit]ature1 !y c\ld make u =get !       
horrors ( a v9dictive1 cruel1 &         
remorseless treatm5t ( an enemy1 9      
behalf ( ! /r5u\s conduct1 ! c\rage1 &  
vehem5t affections1 ) :i* ! h]o ma9ta9$ 
! cause ( 8 fri5d & ( 8 c\ntry4  ,our   
mann]s are s diff]5t1 & ! sy/em ^u :i*  
we regulate our appreh5sions1 9 _m ?+s s
 opposite1 t no less c\ld make u endure 
! practice ( anci5t nations4 ,7 t       
practice record$ by ! m]e j\rnali/1 :o  

reta9s only ! detail ( ev5ts1 )\t ?r[+  
any light on ! "* ( ! actors2 :o1 l !   
,t>t> hi/orian1 tells u only :at blood 0
 spilt 9 ! field1 & h[ _m inhabitants 7 
massacr$ 9 ! city2 we %\ld nev] h       
di/+ui%$ ! ,greeks f _! b>b>\s          
neighb\rs1 nor h ?\ght1 t ! "* (        
civility p]ta9$ ev5 to ! ,romans1 till v
 late 9 _! hi/ory1 & 9 ! decl9e ( _!    
empire4  ,x w\ld1 no d\bt1 be pleasant  
to see ! rem>ks ( su* a travell] z we   
sometimes s5d abroad to inspect ! mann]s
 ( mank9d1 left1 unassi/$ by hi/ory1 to 
collect ! "* ( ! ,greeks f ! /ate ( _!  
c\ntry1 or f _! practice 9 w>4 ,?is     
c\ntry1 he might say1 comp>$ to ours1   
has an air ( b>r5ness & desolation4 ,i  
saw ^u ! road troops ( lab\r]s1 :o 7    
employ$ 9 ! fields2 b no :]e !          
habitations ( ! ma/] & ! l&lord4 ,x 0   
unsafe1 ,i 0 told1 to reside 9 ! c\ntry2
 & ! p ( e di/rict cr[d$ into t[ns to   
f9d a place ( def5ce4 ,x is1 inde$1     
impossible1 t !y c be m civiliz$1 till  
!y h e/abli%$ "s regul> gov]nm5t1 & h   

c\rts ( ju/ice to he> _! compla9ts4 ,at 
pres5t e t[n1 nay1 ,i may say1 e        
village1 acts = itself1 & ! greate/     
disord]s prevail4 ,i 0 n inde$ mole/$2 =
 y mu/ "k1 t !y call !mselves nations1 &
 d all _! mis*ief "u ! pret5ce ( w>4  ,i
 d n mean to take any ( ! lib]ties (    
travell]s1 nor to vie ) ! celebrat$     
au?or ( ! voyage to ,lilliput2 b _c help
 endeav\r+ to communicate :at ,i felt on
 he>+ !m speak ( _! t]ritory1 _! armies1
 _! rev5ues1 treaties1 & alliances4     
,only imag9e ! *ur*-w>d5s & con/ables ( 
,highgate or ,hamp/ead turn$ /atesm5 &  
g5]als1 & y w h a tol]able conception ( 
?is s+ul> c\ntry4 ,i pass$ ?r\gh "o     
/ate1 :]e ! be/ h\se 9 ! capital w\ld n 
lodge ! meane/ ( y\r lab\r]s1 & :]e y\r 
v begg>s w\ld n *oose to d9e ) ! k+2 &  
yet !y are ?\ght a great nation1 & h no 
less ?an two k+s4 ,i saw "o ( !m2 b su* 
a pot5tate6 ,he _h sc>cely clo!s to 8   
back2 & = 8 maje/y's table1 he 0 oblig$ 
to g to ! eat+-h\se ) 8 subjects4 ,!y h 
n a s+le f>?+ ( money2 & ,i 0 oblig$ to 

get food at ! public exp5se1 !re be+    
none to be _h 9 ! m>ket4 ,y w imag9e1 t 
!re mu/ h be5 a s]vice ( plate1 & great 
att5dance1 to wait on ! illu/ri\s       
/rang]2 b my f>e 0 a mess ( sorry       
pottage1 br\ght me by a nak$ slave1 :o  
left me to deal ) x z ,i ?\ght prop]3 & 
ev5 ?is ,i 0 9 cont9ual dang] ( hav+    
/ol5 f me by ! *ildr52 :o are z vigilant
 to seize opportunities1 & z dext]\s 9  
snat*+ _! food1 z any />v$ greyh\nd y   
ev] saw4 ,! mis]y ( ! :ole p1 9 %ort1 z 
well z my own1 :ile ,i /aid !re1 0      
beyond description4 ,y w\ld ?9k t _!    
:ole att5tion 7 to torm5t !mselves z mu*
 z !y c3 !y are ev5 displeas$ ) "o ( _! 
k+s = be+ well lik$4 ,he _h made a      
pres5t1 :ile ,i 0 !re1 ( a c[ to "o     
fav\rite1 & ( a wai/coat to ano!r2      
,footnote3 ,plut>* 9 ! life (           
,agesilaus1 & x 0 publicly said1 t ?is  
me?od ( ga9+ fri5ds 0 robb+ ! public4   
,my l&lord told me v gravely1 t a man   
%\ld come "u no obligation t might weak5
 ! love :i* he owes to 8 c\ntry2 nor =m 

any p]sonal atta*m5t beyond ! m]e habit 
( liv+ ) 8 fri5d1 & ( do+ him a k9dness 
:5 he c4  ,i ask$ him once1 :y !y did n1
 = _! own sakes1 enable _! k+s to assume
 a little m /ate8 ,because1 says he1 we 
int5d !m ! happ9ess ( liv+ ) m54 ,:5 ,i 
f\nd fault ) _! h\ses1 & said1 9        
p>ticul>1 t ,i 0 surpris$ !y did n build
 bett] *ur*es3 ,:at w\ld y be !n1 says  
he1 if y f\nd religion 9 /one walls8    
,?is w suffice = a sample ( our         
conv]sation2 & s5t5ti\s z x 01 y may    
believe ,i did n /ay long to pr(it by x4
  ,! p ( ?is place are n q s /upid4 ,!re
 is a pretty l>ge squ>e ( a m>ket-place1
 & "s tol]able build+s2 &1 ,i am told1  
!y h "s b>ks & light]s employ$ 9 trade1 
:i* !y likewise1 ^u occasion1 mu/] into 
a fleet1 l my "l mayor's %[4 ,b :at     
pleases me mo/ is1 t ,i am likely to get
 a passage f h5ce1 & bid f>ewell to ?is 
wret*$ c\ntry4 ,i h be5 at "s pa9s to   
obs]ve _! c]emonies ( religion1 & to    
pick up curiosities4 ,i h copi$ "s      
inscriptions1 z y w see :5 y come to    

p]use my j\rnal1 & w !n judge1 :e!r ,i h
 met ) en\gh to comp5sate ! fatigues &  
bad ent]ta9m5t to :i* ,i h submitt$4 ,z 
= ! p1 y w believe1 f ! specim5 ,i h    
giv5 y1 t !y c\ld n be v engag+ company3
 ?\gh poor & dirty1 !y /ill pret5d to be
 pr\d2 & a fell[ :o is n wor? a groat1  
is above work+ = 8 livelihood4 ,!y come 
abroad b>efoot$1 & )\t any cov] to !    
head1 wrapt up 9 ! cov]lets "u :i* y    
w\ld imag9e !y _h slept4 ,!y ?r[ all (f1
 & appe> l s _m nak$ cannibals1 :5 !y g 
to viol5t sports & ex]cises2 at :i* !y  
highly value feats ( dext]ity & /r5g?4  
,brawny limbs1 & muscul> arms1 ! faculty
 ( sleep+ out all nights1 ( fa/+ long1 &
 ( putt+ up ) any k9d ( food1 are ?\ght 
g5teel accompli%m5ts4 ,!y h no settl$   
gov]nm5t t ,i c\ld le>n2 sometimes !    
mob1 & sometimes ! bett] sort1 d :at !y 
please3 !y meet 9 great cr[ds 9 ! op5   
air1 & seldom agree 9 any ?+4 ,if a     
fell[ has presumption en\gh1 & a l\d    
voice1 he c make a great figure4 ,!re 0 
a tann] "h1 "s "t ago1 :o1 = a :ile1    

c>ri$ e ?+ be=e him4 ,he c5sur$ s l\dly 
:at o!rs _h done1 & talk$ s big ( :at   
might be p]=m$1 t he 0 s5t out at la/ to
 make good 8 words1 & to curry ! enemy  
in/ead ( 8 lea!r4 ,footnote3 ,?ucydides1
 lib4 #d4 ,ari/ophanes ,y w imag9e1     
p]haps1 t he 0 press$ = a recruit2 no2  
he 0 s5t to comm& ! army4 ,!y are inde$ 
seldom long ( "o m9d1 except 9 _!       
read9ess to h>ass _! neighb\rs4 ,!y g   
out 9 bodies1 & rob1 pillage1 & murd]   
:]ev] !y come4 ,s f> may we suppose our 
travell] to h writt52 & ^u a            
recollection ( ! reputation :i* ^?      
nations h acquir$ at a di/ance1 he might
 h add$1 p]haps1 ,t he c\ld n und]/& h[ 
s*ol>s1 f9e g5tlem51 & ev5 wom51 %\ld   
comb9e to admire a p1 :o s little       
resemble !mselves4  ,to =m a judgm5t ( !
 "* f :i* !y act$ 9 ! field1 & 9 _!     
competitions ) neighb\r+ nations1 we mu/
 obs]ve !m at home4 ,!y 7 bold & fe>less
 9 _! civil diss5tions2 ready to proce$ 
to extremities1 & to c>ry _! debates to 
! decision ( =ce4 ,individuals /ood     

di/+ui%$ by _! p]sonal _s & vig\r1 n by 
! valuation ( _! e/ates1 or ! rank ( _! 
bir?4 ,!y _h a p]sonal elevation f\nd$  
on ! s5se ( equality1 n ( prec$5ce4 ,!  
g5]al ( "o campaign 01 dur+ ! next1 a   
private soldi]1 & s]v$ 9 ! ranks4 ,!y 7 
solicit\s to acquire bodily /r5g?2      
because1 9 ! use ( _! weapons1 battles 7
 a trial ( ! soldi]'s /r5g?1 z well z ( 
! lead]'s conduct4 ,! rema9s ( _! /atu>y
 %[s a manly grace1 an air ( simplicity 
& ease1 :i* be+ frequ5t 9 nature1 7     
famili> to ! arti/4 ,! m9d1 p]haps1     
borr[$ a confid5ce & =ce1 f ! vig\r &   
address ( ! body2 _! eloqu5ce & /yle    
bore a resemblance to ! c>riage ( !     
p]son4 ,! und]/&+ 0 *iefly cultivat$ 9 !
 practice ( affairs4 ,! mo/ respectable 
p]sonages 7 oblig$ to mix ) ! cr[d1 &   
d]iv$ _! degree ( asc5dancy only f _!   
conduct1 _! eloqu5ce1 & p]sonal vig\r4  
,!y _h no =ms ( expression1 to m>k a    
c]emoni\s & gu>d$ respect4 ,invective   
proce$$ to rail+1 & ! grosse/ t]ms 7 (t5
 employ$ by ! mo/ admir$ & accompli%$   

orators4 ,qu>rell+ _h no rules b !      
imm$iate dictates ( passion1 :i* end$ 9 
words ( reproa*1 9 viol5ce & bl[s4 ,!y  
=tunately w5t always un>m$2 & to we> a  
sword 9 times ( peace1 0 among !m ! m>k 
( a b>b>ian4 ,:5 !y took arms 9 !       
divisions ( faction1 ! prevail+ p>ty    
support$ itself by expell+ _! oppon5ts1 
by proscriptions1 & blood%$4 ,! usurp]  
endeav\r$ to ma9ta9 8 /ation by ! mo/   
viol5t & prompt executions4 ,he 0       
oppos$1 9 8 turn1 by conspiracies &     
assass9ations1 9 :i* ! mo/ respectable  
citiz5s 7 ready to use ! dagg]4  ,su* 0 
! "* ( _! _s1 9 its occasional f]m5ts at
 home2 & x bur/ commonly ) a suitable   
viol5ce & =ce1 aga9/ _! =eign rivals &  
enemies4 ,! amiable plea ( humanity 0   
little reg>d$ by !m 9 ! op]ations ( w>4 
,cities 7 raz$1 or enslav$2 ! captive   
sold1 mutilat$1 or condemn$ to die4  ,:5
 view$ on ?is side1 ! anci5t nations h b
 a sorry plea = e/eem ) ! inhabitants ( 
mod]n ,europe1 :o pr(ess to c>ry !      
civilities ( peace into ! practice ( w>2

 & :o value ! praise ( indiscrim9ate    
l5ity at a high] rate ?an ev5 t (       
milit>y pr[ess1 or ! love ( _! c\ntry4  
,& yet !y h1 9 o!r respects1 m]it$ &    
obta9$ our praise4 ,_! ard5t atta*m5t to
 _! c\ntry2 _! contempt ( suff]+1 & (   
dea?1 9 its cause2 _! manly appreh5sions
 ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 :i* r5d]$ e      
individual1 ev5 "u tott]+ e/abli%m5ts & 
imp]fect laws1 ! gu>dian ( fre$om to 8  
fell[ citiz5s2 _! activity ( m9d2 9     
%ort1 _! p5etration1 ! ability ( _!     
conduct1 & =ce ( _! _s1 h ga9$ !m ! fir/
 rank among nations4  ,if _! animosities
 7 great1 _! affections 7 proportionate2
 !y1 p]haps1 lov$1 :]e we only pity2 & 7
 /]n & inexorable1 :]e we are n m]ciful1
 b only irresolute4 ,aft] all1 ! m]it ( 
a man is det]m9$ by 8 c&\r & g5]osity to
 8 associates1 by 8 zeal = national     
objects1 & by 8 vig\r 9 ma9ta9+         
political rights2 n by mod]ation alone1 
:i* proce$s frequ5tly f indiff]5ce to   
national & public int]e/1 & :i* s]ves to
 relax ! n]ves on :i* ! =ce ( a private1

 z well z a public1 "* dep5ds4  ,:5 "u !
 ,mac$onian & ! ,roman mon>*ies1 a      
nation came to be consid]$ z1 ! e/ate ( 
a pr9ce1 & ! inhabitants ( a prov9ce to 
be reg>d$ z a lucrative prop]ty1 !      
possession ( t]ritory1 n ! de/ruction ( 
its p1 became ! object ( conque/4 ,!    
pacific citiz5 _h little conc]n 9 !     
qu>rels ( sov]eigns2 ! viol5ce ( !      
soldi] 0 re/ra9$ by discipl9e4 ,he      
f\ght1 because he 0 taught to c>ry arms1
 & to obey3 he sometimes %$ unnecess>y  
blood 9 ! ard\r ( victory2 b1 except 9 !
 case ( civil w>s1 _h no passions to    
excite 8 animosity beyond ! field & !   
day ( battle4 ,lead]s judg$ ( ! objects 
( an ent]prise1 & !y arre/$ ! sword :5  
^! 7 obta9$4  ,9 ! mod]n nations (      
,europe1 :]e ext5t ( t]ritory admits ( a
 di/9ction betwe5 ! /ate & its subjects1
 we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( ! individual )
 compassion1 seldom ( ! public ) zeal4  
,we h improv$ on ! laws ( w>1 & on !    
l5itives :i* h be5 devis$ to s(t5 its   
rig\rs2 we h m+l$ polit5ess ) ! use ( ! 

sword2 we h le>n$ to make w> "u !       
/ipulations ( treaties & c>tels1 & tru/ 
to ! fai? ( an enemy ^: ru9 we m$itate4 
,glory is m successfully obta9$ by sav+ 
& protect+1 ?an by de/roy+ ! vanqui%$3 &
 ! mo/ amiable ( all objects is1 9      
appe>ance1 atta9$2 ! employ+ ( =ce1 only
 = ! obta9+ ( ju/ice1 & = ! pres]vation 
( national rights4  ,?is is1 p]haps1 !  
pr9cipal *>act]i/ic1 on :i*1 among mod]n
 nations1 we be/[ ! epi!ts ( civiliz$ or
 ( poli%$4 ,b we h se51 t x did n       
accompany ! progress ( sorts among !    
,greeks1 nor keep pace ) ! advancem5t ( 
policy1 lit]ature1 & philosophy4 ,x did 
n await ! returns ( le>n+ & polit5ess   
among ! mod]ns2 x 0 f\nd 9 an e>ly p]iod
 ( our hi/ory1 & di/+ui%$1 p]haps m ?an 
at pres5t2 ! mann]s ( ! ages o!rwise    
rude & undiscipl9$4 ,a k+ ( ,france1    
prison] 9 ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 0 treat$1  
ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 ) z mu*       
di/9ction & c\rtesy z a cr[n$ head1 9 ! 
l circum/ances1 c\ld possibly expect 9  
?is age ( polit5ess4 ,footnote3 ,hume's 

,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,! pr9ce ( ,conde1    
defeat$ & tak5 9 ! battle ( ,dreux1     
slept at night 9 ! same b$ ) 8 enemy !  
duke ( ,guise4 ,footnote3 ,davila4  ,if 
! moral ( popul> traditions1 & ! ta/e ( 
fabul\s leg5ds1 :i* are ! productions or
 ent]ta9m5t ( p>ticul> ages1 are        
likewise sure indications ( _! notions &
 *>act]s1 we may presume1 t ! f\ndation 
( :at is n[ held to be ! law ( w>1 &1 ( 
nations1 0 laid 9 ! mann]s ( ,europe1   
toge!r ) ! s5tim5ts :i* are express$ 9 !
 tales ( *ivalry1 & ( gallantry4 ,our   
sy/em ( w> diff]s n m f t ( ! ,greeks1  
?an ! fav\rite *>act]s ( our e>ly       
romance diff]$ f ^? ( ! ,iliad1 & ( e   
anci5t poem4 ,! h]o ( ! ,greek fable1   
endu$ ) sup]ior =ce1 c\rage1 & address1 
takes e advantage ( an enemy1 to kill ) 
safety to himself2 &1 actuat$ by a      
desire ( spoil1 or by a pr9ciple (      
rev5ge1 is nev] /ay$ 9 8 progress by    
int]ruptions ( remorse or compassion4   
,hom]1 :o1 ( all poets1 knew be/ h[ to  
exhibit ! emotions ( a vehem5t          

affection1 seldom attempts to excite    
commis]ation4 ,hector falls unpiti$1 & 8
 body is insult$ by e ,greek4  ,our     
mod]n fable1 or romance1 on ! contr>y1  
g5]ally c\ples an object ( pity1 weak1  
oppress$1 & def5celess1 ) an object (   
admiration1 brave1 g5]\s1 & victori\s2  
or s5ds ! h]o abroad 9 se>* ( m]e dang]1
 & ( occasions to prove 8 val\r4 ,*>g$ )
 ! maxims ( a ref9$ c\rtesy1 to be      
obs]v$ ev5 t[>ds an enemy2 & ( a        
scrupul\s hon\r1 :i* w n suff] him to   
take any advantages by artifice or      
surprise2 indiff]5t to spoil1 he cont5ds
 only = r5[n1 & employs 8 val\r to      
rescue ! di/ress$1 & to protect !       
innoc5t4 ,if victori\s1 he is made to   
rise above nature z mu* 9 8 g5]osity &  
g5tl5ess1 z 9 8 milit>y pr[ess & val\r4 
,x may be difficult1 ^u /at+ ?is contra/
 betwe5 ! sy/em ( anci5t & mod]n fable1 
to assign1 among nations1 equally rude1 
equally addict$ to w>1 & equally fond ( 
milit>y glory1 ! orig9 ( appreh5sions on
 ! po9t ( hon\r1 s diff]5t1 & s         

opposite4 ,! h]o ( ,greek poetry proce$s
 on ! maxims ( animosity & ho/ile       
passion4 ,8 maxims 9 w> are l ^? :i*    
prevail 9 ! woods ( ,am]ica4 ,!y require
 him to be brave1 b !y all[ him to      
practise aga9/ 8 enemy e sort (         
deception4 ,! h]o ( mod]n romance       
pr(esses a contempt ( /ratagem1 z well z
 ( dang]1 & unites 9 ! same p]son1      
*>act]s & dispositions seem+ly opposite2
 f]ocity ) g5tl5ess1 & ! love ( blood ) 
s5tim5ts ( t5d]ness & pity4  ,! sy/em ( 
*ivalry1 :5 completely =m$1 proce$$ on a
 m>vell\s respect & v5]ation to ! fair  
sex1 on =ms ( combat e/abli%$1 & on a   
suppos$ junction ( ! h]oic & sanctifi$  
"*4 ,! =malities ( ! duel1 & a k9d (    
judicial *all5ge1 7 kn[n among ! anci5t 
,celtic nations ( ,europe4 ,footnote3   
,liv41 lib4 #bh4 c4 #ba4 ,! ,g]mans1 ev5
 9 _! native =e/s1 paid a k9d ( devotion
 to ! female sex4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion  
enjo9$ meekness & compassion to b>b>\s  
ages4 ,^! diff]5t pr9ciples comb9$      
toge!r1 may h s]v$ z ! f\ndation ( a    

sy/em1 9 :i* c\rage 0 direct$ by        
religion & love1 & ! w>like & g5tle 7   
unit$ toge!r4 ,:5 ! *>act]s ( ! h]o & ! 
sa9t 7 mix$1 ! mild _s ( ,*ri/ianity1   
?\gh (t5 turn$ into v5om by ! bigotry ( 
opposite p>ties1 ?\gh x c\ld n always   
subdue ! f]ocity ( ! w>rior1 nor        
suppress ! admiration ( c\rage & =ce1   
may h confirm$ ! appreh5sions ( m5 9 :at
 0 to be held m]itori\s & spl5did 9 !   
conduct ( _! qu>rels4  ,9 ! e>ly &      
tradition>y hi/ory ( ! ,greeks & !      
,romans1 rapes 7 assign$ z ! mo/ frequ5t
 occasions ( w>2 & ! sexes 71 no d\bt1  
at all times1 equally important to ea*  
o!r4 ,! en?usiasm ( love is mo/ p[]ful 9
 ! neighb\rhood ( ,asia & ,africa2 &    
beauty1 z a possession1 0 probably m    
valu$ by ! c\ntrym5 ( ,hom]1 ?an x 0 by 
^? ( ,amadis de ,gaul1 or by ! au?ors ( 
mod]n gallantry4 ,:at wond]1 says ! old 
,priam1 :5 ,hel5 appe>$1 t nations %\ld 
cont5d = ! possession ( s mu* beauty8   
,?is beauty1 inde$1 0 possess$ by       
diff]5t lov]s2 a subject on :i* ! mod]n 

h]o _h _m ref9em5ts1 & seem$ to so> 9 ! 
cl\ds4 ,he ador$ at a respectful        
di/ance1 & employ$ 8 val\r to captivate 
! admiration1 n to ga9 ! possession ( 8 
mi/ress4 ,a cold & unconqu]able *a/ity 0
 set up1 z an idol to be wor%ipp$1 9 !  
toils1 ! suff]+s1 & ! combats ( ! h]o & 
! lov]4  ,! feudal e/abli%m5ts1 by !    
high rank to :i* !y elevat$ c]ta9       
families1 no d\bt1 greatly fav\r$ ?is   
romantic sy/em4 ,n only ! lu/re ( a     
noble desc5t1 b ! /ately ca/le beset )  
battlem5ts & t[]s1 s]v$ to inflame !    
imag9ation1 & to create a v5]ation = !  
daught] & ! si/] ( gallant *iefs1 ^:    
po9t ( hon\r x 0 to be inaccessible &   
*a/e1 & :o c\ld p]ceive no m]it b t ( ! 
high m9d$ & ! brave1 nor be approa*$ 9  
any o!r asc5ts ?an ^? ( g5tl5ess &      
respect4  ,:at 0 orig9ally s+ul> 9 ^!   
appreh5sions1 01 by ! writ] ( romance1  
turn$ to extravagance2 & "u ! title (   
*ivalry 0 (f]$ z a model ( conduct1 ev5 
9 common affairs3 ! =tunes ( nations 7  
direct$ by gallantry2 & human life1 on  

its greate/ occasions1 became a sc5e (  
affectation & folly4 ,w>riors w5t =? to 
realize ! leg5ds !y _h /udi$2 pr9ces &  
lead]s ( armies d$icat$ _! mo/ s]i\s    
exploits to a real or to a fanci$       
mi/ress4  ,b :atev] 0 ! orig9 ( notions1
 (t5 s l(ty & s ridicul\s1 we _c d\bt ( 
_! la/+ effects on our mann]s4 ,! po9t (
 hon\r1 ! preval5ce ( gallantry 9 our   
conv]sations1 & on our !atres1 _m ( !   
op9ions :i* ! vulg> apply ev5 to !      
conduct ( w>2 _! notion1 t ! lead] ( an 
army1 be+ (f]$ battle ^u equal t]ms1 is 
di%on\r$ by decl9+ x1 are und\bt$ly     
rema9s ( ?is antiquat$ sy/em3 & *ivalry1
 unit+ ) ! g5ius ( our policy1 has      
probably sugge/$ ^? peculi>ities 9 ! law
 ( nations1 by :i* mod]n /ates are      
di/+ui%$ f ! anci5t4 ,& if our rule 9   
measur+ degrees ( polit5ess &           
civilization is to be tak5 f h5ce1 or f 
! advancem5t ( comm]cial arts1 we %all  
be f\nd to h greatly excell$ any ( !    
celebrat$ nations ( antiquity4   ,,an   
,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,civil   

,,society4            99       99       
99       99       99      ,,"p ,,fif?4  
,,( ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,nations4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,section ,i4  ,,( ,,suppos$ ,,national 
,,em95ce1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,vicissitudes ,,(
 ,,human ,,affairs4   ,no nation is s   
un=tunate z to ?9k itself inf]ior to !  
re/ ( mank9d3 few are ev5 will+ to put  
up ) ! claim to equality4 ,! great] "p  
hav+ *os5 !mselves1 z at once1 ! judges 
& ! models ( :at is excell5t 9 _! k9d1  
are fir/ 9 _! own op9ion1 & give to o!rs
 consid]ation or em95ce1 s f> only z !y 
approa* to _! own condition4 ,"o nation 
is va9 ( ! p]sonal "*1 or ( ! le>n+ ( a 
few ( its memb]s2 ano!r1 ( its policy1  
its weal?1 its tradesm51 its g>d5s1 &   
its build+s2 & !y :o h no?+ to boa/ are 
va91 because !y are ignorant4 ,!        
,russians1 be=e ! reign ( ,pet] !       
,great1 ?\ght !mselves possess$ ( e     
national hon\r1 & held ! ,nemei1 or dumb
 nations1 ! "n :i* !y be/[$ on !n we/]n 
neighb\rs ( ,europe1 9 a proportional   

degree ( contempt4 ,footnote3           
,/rahl5b]g4 ,! map ( ! _w1 9 ,*9a1 0 a  
squ>e plate1 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 occupi$
 by ! prov9ces ( ?is great empire1 leav+
 on its skirts a few obscure corn]s1    
into :i* ! wret*$ rema9d] ( mank9d 7    
suppos$ to be driv54 ,if y h n ! use (  
our lett]s1 nor ! k ( our books1 said ! 
le>n$ ,*9ese to ! ,european mission>y1  
:at lit]ature1 or :at sci5ce c y h8     
,footnote3 ,gemelli ,c>c]i4  ,! t]m     
poli%$1 if we may judge f its etymology1
 orig9ally ref]r$ to ! /ate ( nations 9 
respect to _! laws & gov]nm5t2 & m5     
civiliz$ 7 m5 practis$ 9 ! duty (       
citiz5s4 ,9 its lat] applications1 x    
ref]s no less to ! pr(ici5cy ( nations 9
 ! lib]al & me*anical arts1 9 lit]ature1
 & 9 comm]ce2 & m5 civiliz$ are s*ol>s1 
m5 ( fa%ion & trad]s4 ,b :atev] may be  
its application1 x appe>s1 t if !re 7 a 
"n /ill m respectable ?an ?is1 e nation1
 ev5 ! mo/ b>b>\s1 or ! mo/ corrupt$1   
w\ld assume x2 & be/[ its rev]se :]e !y 
conceiv$ a dislike1 or appreh5d$ a      

diff]5ce4 ,! names ( ali5 or =eign]1 are
 seldom pron\nc$ )\t "s degree ( int5d$ 
reproa*4 ,t ( b>b>ian1 9 use ) "o       
arrogant p1 & t ( g5tile1 ) ano!r1 only 
s]v$ to di/+ui% ! /rang]1 ^: language & 
p$igree diff]$ f !irs4  ,ev5 :]e we     
pret5d to f\nd our op9ions on reason1 & 
to ju/ify our pref]5ce ( "o nation to   
ano!r1 we frequ5tly be/[ our e/eem on   
circum/ances :i* d n relate to national 
"*1 & :i* h little t5d5cy to promote !  
welf>e ( mank9d4 ,conque/1 or great     
ext5t ( t]ritory1 h[ev] peopl$1 & great 
weal?1 h[ev] di/ribut$ or employ$1 are  
titles ^u :i* we indulge our own1 & !   
vanity ( o!r nations1 z we d t ( private
 m5 on ! score ( _! =tunes & hon\rs4 ,we
 ev5 sometimes cont5d1 ^: capital is !  
mo/ ov]gr[n2 ^: k+ has ! mo/ absolute   
p[]2 & at ^: c\rt ! bread ( ! subject is
 consum$ 9 ! mo/ s5seless riot4 ,^!     
inde$ are ! notions ( vulg> m9ds2 b x is
 impossible to det]m9e1 h[ f> ! notions 
( vulg> m9ds may lead mank9d4  ,!re h   
c]ta9ly1 be5 v few examples ( /ates1 :o 

h1 by arts ( policy1 improv$ ! orig9al  
dispositions ( human nature1 or         
endeav\r$1 by wise & effectual          
precautions1 to prev5t its corruption4  
,affection1 & =ce ( m9d1 :i* are ! b& & 
! /r5g? ( communities1 7 ! inspiration (
 ,god1 & orig9al attributes 9 ! nature (
 man4 ,! wise/ policy ( nations1 except 
9 a few in/ances1 has t5d$1 we may      
suspect1 r to ma9ta9 ! peace ( society1 
& to repress ! ext]nal effects ( bad    
passions1 ?an to /r5g!n ! disposition ( 
! he>t itself to ju/ice & goodness4 ,x  
has t5d$1 by introduc+ a v>iety ( arts1 
to ex]cise ! +5uity ( m51 & by engag+ !m
 9 a v>iety ( pursuits1 inquiries1 &    
/udies1 to in=m1 b frequ5tly to corrupt 
! m9d4 ,x has t5d$ to furni% matt] (    
di/9ction & vanity2 & by incumb]+ !     
individual ) new subjects ( p]sonal c>e1
 to sub/itute ! anxiety he ent]ta9s = a 
sep>ate =tune1 in/ead ( ! confid5ce & ! 
affection ) :i* he %\ld unite ) 8 fell[ 
creatures1 = _! jo9t pres]vation4  ,:e!r
 ?is suspicion be j or no1 we are come  

to po9t at circum/ances t5d+ to v]ify1  
or to disprove x3 & if to und]/& ! real 
felicity ( nations be ( importance1 x is
 c]ta9ly s likewise1 to "k :at are ^?   
weaknesses1 & ^? vices1 by :i* m5 n only
 m> ?is felicity1 b 9 "o age =feit all !
 ext]nal advantages !y _h ga9$ 9 a =m]4 
,! weal?1 ! aggr&izem5t1 & p[] (        
nations1 are commonly ! effects (       
virtue2 ! loss ( ^! advantages is (t5 a 
consequ5ce ( vice4 ,7 we to suppose m5  
to h succe$$ 9 ! discov]y & application 
( e art by :i* /ates are pres]v$ &      
gov]n$2 to h atta9$1 by ef=ts ( wisdom &
 magnanimity1 ! admir$ e/abli%m5ts &    
advantages ( a civiliz$ & fl\ri%+ p2 !  
subsequ5t "p ( _! hi/ory1 conta9+1      
accord+ to vulg> appreh5sion1 a full    
display ( ^? fruits 9 maturity1 ( :i* !y
 _h till !n c>ri$ only ! blossom1 & !   
fir/ =mation1 %\ld1 /ill m ?an ! =m]1   
m]it our att5tion1 & excite our         
admiration4  ,! ev5t1 h[ev]1 has n      
correspond$ to ?is expectation4 ,!      
virtues ( m5 h %one mo/ dur+ _!         

/ruggles1 n aft] ! atta9m5t ( _! ends4  
,^? ends !mselves1 ?\gh atta9$ by       
virtue1 are frequ5tly ! causes (        
corruption & vice4 ,mank9d1 9 aspir+ to 
national felicity1 h sub/itut$ arts :i* 
increase _! ri*es1 in/ead ( ^? :i*      
improve _! nature4 ,!y h ent]ta9$       
admiration ( !mselves1 "u ! titles (    
civiliz$ & ( poli%$1 :]e !y %\ld h be5  
affect$ ) %ame2 & ev5 :]e !y h1 = a     
:ile1 act$ on maxims t5d+ to raise1 to  
invigorate1 & to pres]ve ! national "*1 
!y h1 soon] or lat]1 be5 div]t$ f _!    
object1 & fall5 a prey to mis=tune1 or  
to ! neglects :i* prosp]ity itself _h   
enc\rag$4  ,w>1 :i* furni%es mank9d ) a 
pr9cipal occupation ( _! re/less _s1    
s]ves1 by ! v>iety ( its ev5ts1 to      
div]sify _! =tunes4 ,:ile x op5s to "o  
tribe or society1 ! way to em95ce1 &    
leads to dom9ion1 x br+s ano!r to       
subjection1 & closes ! sc5e ( _!        
national ef=ts4 ,! celebrat$ rival%ip ( 
,c>?age & ,rome 01 9 bo? p>ties1 !      
natural ex]cise ( an ambiti\s _s1       

impati5t ( opposition1 or ev5 (         
equality4 ,! conduct & ! =tune ( lead]s 
held ! balance = "s "t 9 susp5se2 b to  
:i* ev] side x _h incl9$1 a great nation
 0 to fall2 a seat ( empire1 & ( policy1
 0 to be remov$ f its place2 & x 0 !n to
 be det]m9$1 :e!r ! ,syriac or ! ,lat9  
%\ld conta9 ! erudition t 01 9 future   
ages1 to occupy ! /udies ( ! le>n$4     
,/ates h be5 ?us conqu]$ f abroad1 be=e 
!y gave any signs ( int]nal decay1 ev5 9
 ! mid/ ( prosp]ity1 & 9 ! p]iod ( _!   
greate/ ard\r = national objects4 ,a!ns1
 9 ! height ( h] ambition1 & ( h] glory1
 receiv$ a fatal w\nd1 9 /riv+ to ext5d 
h] m>itime p[] beyond ! ,grecian seas4  
,& nations ( e description1 =midable by 
_! rude f]ocity1 respect$ = _! discipl9e
 & milit>y exp]i5ce1 :5 advanc+1 z well 
z :5 decl9+1 9 _! /r5g?1 fell a prey by 
turns to ! ambition & arrogant _s ( !   
,romans4 ,su* examples may excite & al>m
 ! jeal\sy & caution ( /ates2 ! pres5ce 
( simil> dang]s may ex]cise ! tal5ts (  
politicians & /atesm52 b m]e rev]ses (  

=tune are ! common mat]ials ( hi/ory1 & 
mu/ long s9ce h ceas$ to create our     
surprise4  ,did we f9d1 t nations       
advanc+ f small beg9n+s1 & arriv$ at !  
possession ( arts :i* lead to dom9ion1  
became secure ( _! advantages1 9        
proportion z !y 7 qualifi$ to ga9 !m2 t 
!y proce$$ 9 a c\rse ( un9t]rupt$       
felicity1 till !y 7 broke by ext]nal    
calamities2 & t !y reta9$ _! =ce1 till a
 m =tunate or vigor\s p[] arose to      
depress !m2 ! subject 9 speculation c\ld
 n be att5d$ ) _m difficulties1 nor give
 rise to _m reflections4 ,b :5 we       
obs]ve1 among _m nations1 a k9d (       
spontane\s return to obscurity &        
weakness2 :51 9 spite ( p]petual        
admonitions ( ! dang] !y run1 !y suff]  
!mselves to be subdu$1 9 "o p]iod1 by   
p[]s :i* c\ld n h ent]$ into competition
 ) !m 9 a =m]1 & by =ces :i* !y _h (t5  
baffl$ & despis$1 ! subject becomes m   
curi\s1 & its explanation m difficult4  
7,! fact itself is kn[n 9 a v>iety (    
diff]5t examples4 ,! empire ( ,asia 01 m

 ?an once1 transf]r$ f ! great] to !    
inf]ior p[]4 ,! /ates ( ,greece1 once s 
w>like1 felt a relaxation ( _! vig\r1 & 
yield$ ! asc5dant !y _h disput$ ) !     
mon>*s ( ! ea/1 to ! =ces ( an obscure  
pr9cipality1 become =midable 9 a few    
ye>s1 & rais$ to em95ce "u ! conduct ( a
 s+le man4 ,! ,roman empire1 :i* /ood   
alone = ages1 :i* _h br\ght e rival "u  
subjection1 & saw no p[] f :om a        
competition c\ld be fe>$1 sunk at la/   
be=e an artless & contemptible enemy4   
,ab&on$ to inroad1 to pillage1 & at la/ 
to conque/1 on h] fronti]1 %e decay$ 9  
all h] extremities1 & %runk on e side4  
,h] t]ritory 0 dismemb]$1 & :ole        
prov9ces gave way1 l bran*es fall5 d[n )
 age1 n viol5tly torn by sup]ior =ce4 ,!
 _s ) :i* ,m>ius _h baffl$ & repell$ !  
attacks ( b>b>ians 9 a =m] age1 ! civil 
& milit>y =ce ) :i* ! consul & 8 legions
 _h ext5d$ ?is empire1 7 n[ no m4 ,!    
,roman greatness1 doom$ to s9k z x rose1
 by sl[ degrees1 0 impair$ 9 e enc\nt]4 
,x 0 r$uc$ to its orig9al dim5sions1 )9 

! compass ( a s+le city2 & dep5d+ = its 
pres]vation on ! =tune ( a siege1 x 0   
ext+ui%$ at a bl[2 & ! br&1 :i* _h fill$
 ! _w ) its flames1 sunk l a tap] 9 !   
socket4  ,su* appe>ances h giv5 rise to 
a g5]al appreh5sion1 t ! progress (     
societies to :at we call ! heights (    
national greatness1 is n m natural1 ?an 
_! return to weakness & obscurity is    
necess>y & unavoidable4 ,! images ( y\?1
 & ( old age1 are appli$ to nations2 &  
communities1 l s+le m51 are suppos$ to h
 a p]iod ( life1 & a l5g? ( ?read1 :i*  
is spun by ! fates 9 "o "p uni=m &      
/rong1 9 ano!r weak5$ & %att]$ by use2  
to be cut1 :5 ! de/9$ era is come1 & to 
make way = a r5ewal ( ! emblem 9 ! case 
( ^? :o arise 9 succession4 ,c>?age be+ 
s mu* old] ?an ,rome1 _h felt h] decay1 
says ,polybius1 s mu* ! soon]2 & !      
survivor too1 he =esaw1 c>ri$ 9 h] bosom
 ! se$s ( mortality4  ,! image inde$ is 
apposite1 & ! hi/ory ( mank9d r5d]s !   
application famili>4 ,b x mu/ be obvi\s1
 t ! case ( nations1 & t ( individuals1 

are v diff]5t4 ,! human frame has a     
g5]al c\rse3 x has 9 e individual a     
frail contexture & limit$ duration2 x is
 worn by ex]cise1 & exhau/$ by a        
repetition ( its functions3 b 9 a       
society1 ^: con/itu5t memb]s are r5ew$ 9
 e g5]ation1 :]e ! race seems to enjoy  
p]petual y\?1 & accumulat+ advantages1  
we _c1 by any p>ity ( reason1 expect to 
f9d imbecilities connect$ ) m]e age &   
l5g? ( days4  ,! subject is n new1 &    
reflections w cr[d ^u e read]4 ,!       
notions1 9 ! mean "t1 :i* we ent]ta91   
ev5 9 speculation1 ^u a subject s       
important1 _c be entirely fruitless to  
mank9d2 & h[ev] little ! lab\rs ( !     
speculative may influ5ce ! conduct ( m51
 "o ( ! mo/ p>donable errors a writ] c  
commit1 is to believe t he is ab\t to d 
a great deal ( good4 ,b1 leav+ ! c>e (  
effects to o!rs1 we proce$ to consid] ! 
gr\nds ( incon/ancy among mank9d1 !     
s\rces ( int]nal decay1 & ! ru9\s       
corruptions to :i* nations are liable1 9
 ! suppos$ condition ( accompli%$       

civility4     ,,section ,,ii4  ,,( ,,!  
,,tempor>y ,,ef=ts ,,& ,,relaxations ,,(
 ,,! ,,national ,,_s4   ,f :at we h     
already obs]v$ on ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( 
human nature1 x has appe>$ t man is n   
made = repose4 ,9 him e amiable &       
respectable quality1 is an active p[]1 &
 e subject ( comm5dation an ef=t4 ,if 8 
errors & 8 crimes are ! movem5ts ( an   
active be+1 8 virtues & 8 happ9ess      
consi/ likewise 9 ! employm5t ( 8 m9d2 &
 all ! lu/re :i* he ca/s ar\nd him1 to  
captivate or engage ! att5tion ( 8 fell[
 creatures1 l ! flame ( a meteor1 %9es  
only :ile 8 motion cont9ues2 ! mom5ts ( 
re/ & obscurity are ! same4 ,we "k1 t ! 
tasks assign$ him frequ5tly may exce$1 z
 well z come %ort (1 8 p[]s2 t he may be
 agitat$ too mu*1 z well z too little2 b
 _c asc]ta9 a precise m$ium betwe5 !    
situations 9 :i* he w\ld be h>ass$1 & ^?
 9 :i* he w\ld fall into languor4 ,we "k
 t he may be employ$ on a great v>iety (
 subjects1 :i* occupy diff]5t passions2 
& t1 9 consequ5ce ( habit1 he becomes   

reconcil$ to v diff]5t sc5es4 ,all we c 
det]m9e 9 g5]al is1 t :atev] be !       
subjects ) :i* he is engag$1 ! frame ( 8
 nature requires him to be occupi$1 & 8 
happ9ess requires him to be j4  ,we are 
n[ to inquire1 :y nations cease to be   
em95t2 & :y societies :i* h drawn !     
att5tion ( mank9d by great examples (   
magnanimity1 conduct1 & national        
success1 %\ld s9k f ! height ( _!       
hon\rs1 & yield1 9 "o age1 ! palm :i* !y
 _h won 9 a =m]4 ,_m reasons w probably 
occur4 ,"o may be tak5 f ! fickl5ess &  
incon/ancy ( mank9d1 :o become tir$ ( _!
 pursuits & ex]tions1 ev5 :ile !        
occasions t gave rise to ^? pursuits2 9 
"s measure1 cont9ue2 ano!r1 f ! *ange ( 
situations1 & ! removal ( objects :i*   
s]v$ to excite _! _s4  ,! public safety1
 & ! relative int]e/s ( /ates2 political
 e/abli%m5ts1 ! pret5sions ( p>ty1      
comm]ce1 & arts1 are subjects :i* engage
 ! att5tion ( nations4 ,! advantages    
ga9$ 9 "s ( ^! p>ticul>s1 det]m9e !     
degree ( national prosp]ity4 ,! ard\r & 

vig\r ) :i* !y are at any "o "t pursu$1 
is ! measure ( a national _s4 ,:5 ^?    
objects cease to animate1 nations may be
 said to langui%2 :5 !y are dur+ a      
consid]able "t neglect$1 /ates mu/      
decl9e1 & _! p deg5]ate4  ,9 ! mo/ =w>d1
 ent]pris+1 inv5tive1 & indu/ri\s       
nations1 ?is _s is fluctuat+2 & !y :o   
cont9ue longe/ to ga9 advantages1 or to 
pres]ve !m1 h p]iods ( remissness1 z    
well z ( ard\r4 ,! desire ( public      
safety1 is1 at all times1 a p[]ful      
motive ( conduct2 b x op]ates mo/ :5    
comb9$ ) occasional passions1 :5        
provocations inflame1 :5 successes      
enc\rage1 or mortifications exasp]ate4  
,a :ole p1 l ! individuals ( :om !y are 
compos$1 act "u ! influ5ce ( tempor>y   
hum\rs1 sangu9e hopes1 or vehem5t       
animosities4 ,!y are dispos$1 at "o "t1 
to ent] on national /ruggles ) vehem5ce2
 at ano!r1 to drop !m f m]e lassitude & 
disgu/4 ,9 _! civil debates & cont5tions
 at home1 !y are occasionally ard5t or  
remiss4 ,epidemical passions arise or   

subside on trivial z well z important   
gr\nds4 ,p>ties are ready1 at "o "t1 to 
take _! names & ! pret5ce ( _!          
oppositions1 f m]e caprice or accid5t2  
at ano!r "t1 !y suff] ! mo/ s]i\s       
occasions to pass 9 sil5ce4 ,if a ve9 ( 
lit]>y g5ius be casually op5$1 or a new 
subject ( disquisition be />t$1 real or 
pret5d$ discov]ies sudd5ly multiply1 & e
 conv]sation is inquisitive & animat$4  
,if a new s\rce ( weal? be f\nd1 or a   
prospect ( conque/ be (f]$1 !           
imag9ations ( m5 are inflam$1 & :ole    
qu>t]s ( ! globe are sudd5ly engag$ 9   
ru9\s or 9 successful adv5tures4  ,c\ld 
we recall ! _s t 0 ex]t$1 or ent] into !
 views t 7 ent]ta9$1 by our ance/ors1 :5
 !y bur/1 l a deluge1 f _! anci5t seats1
 & p\r$ into ! ,roman empire1 we %\ld   
probably1 aft] _! fir/ success at lea/1 
f9d a f]m5t 9 ! m9ds ( m51 = :i* no     
attempt 0 too ardu\s1 no difficulties   
insurm\ntable4  ,! subsequ5t ages (     
ent]prise 9 ,europe1 7 ^? 9 :i* ! al>m (
 en?usiasm 0 rung1 & ! foll[]s ( ! cross

 invad$ ! ea/1 to plund] a c\ntry1 & to 
recov] a sepul*re2 ^? 9 :i* ! p 9       
diff]5t /ates cont5d$ = fre$om1 &       
assault$ ! fabric ( civil or religi\s   
usurpation2 t 9 :i*1 hav+ f\nd means to 
cross ! ,atlantic1 & to d\ble ! ,cape ( 
,good ,hope1 ! inhabitants ( "o half !  
_w 7 let loose on ! o!r1 & p>ties f e   
qu>t]1 wad+ 9 blood1 & at ! exp5se ( e  
crime1 & ( e dang]1 trav]s$ ! e>? 9 se>*
 ( gold4  ,ev5 ! weak & ! remiss are    
r\s$ to ent]prise1 by ! contagion ( su* 
rem>kable ages2 & /ates1 :i* h n 9 _! =m
 ! pr9ciples ( a cont9u$ ex]tion1 ei!r  
fav\rable or adv]se to ! welf>e (       
mank9d1 may h p>oxysms ( ard\r1 & a     
tempor>y appe>ance ( national vig\r4 ,9 
! case ( su* nations1 inde$1 ! returns (
 mod]ation are b a relapse to obscurity1
 & ! presumption ( "o age is turn$ to   
dejection 9 t :i* succe$s4  ,b 9 ! case 
( /ates t are =tunate 91 _! dome/ic     
policy1 ev5 madness itself may1 9 !     
result ( viol5t convulsions1 subside    
into wisdom2 & a p return to _! ord9>y  

mood1 cur$ ( _! follies1 & wis] by      
exp]i5ce2 or1 ) tal5ts improv$1 9       
conduct+ ! v sc5es :i* fr5zy _h op5$1 !y
 may !n appe> be/ qualifi$ to pursue )  
success ! object ( nations4 ,l ! anci5t 
republics1 imm$iately aft] "s al>m+     
s$ition1 or l ! k+dom ( ,great ,brita91 
at ! close ( its civil w>s1 !y reta9 !  
_s ( activity :i* 0 rec5tly awak5$1 &   
are equally vigor\s 9 e pursuit1 :e!r ( 
policy1 le>n+1 or arts4 ,f hav+ appe>$  
on ! br9k ( ru91 !y pass to ! greate/   
prosp]ity47  ,m5 engage 9 pursuits )    
degrees ( ard\r n proportion$ to !      
importance ( _! object4 ,:5 !y are /at$ 
9 opposition1 or jo9$ 9 conf$]acy1 !y   
only wi% = pret5ces to act4 ,!y =get1 9 
! heat ( _! animosities1 ! subject ( _! 
controv]sy2 or !y seek1 9 _! =mal       
reason+s conc]n+ x1 only a disguise = _!
 passions4 ,:5 ! he>t is inflam$1 no    
consid]ation c repress its ard\r2 :5 its
 f]v\r subsides1 no reason+ c excite1 & 
no eloqu5ce awak5 its =m] emotions4  ,! 
cont9uance ( emulation among /ates mu/  

dep5d on ! degree ( equality by :i* _!  
=ces are balanc$2 or on ! inc5tives by  
:i* ei!r p>ty1 or all1 are urg$ to      
cont9ue _! /ruggles4 ,long int]missions 
( w>1 suff]1 equally 9 e p]iod ( civil  
society1 ! milit>y _s to langui%4 7,!   
r$uction ( ,a!ns by ,lys&]1 /ruck a     
fatal bl[ at ! in/itutions ( ,lycurgus2 
& ! quiet possession ( ,italy1 happily  
p]haps = mank9d1 _h almo/ put an end to 
! milit>y progress ( ! ,romans4 ,aft] "s
 ye>s repose1 ,hannibal f\nd ,italy     
unprep>$ = 8 onset1 & ! ,romans 9 a     
disposition likely to drop1 on ! banks (
 ! ,po1 t m>tial ambition1 :i* be+ r\s$ 
by ! s5se ( a new dang]1 aft]w>ds1 c>ri$
 !m to ! ,euphrates & ! ,rh9e47  ,/ates1
 ev5 di/+ui%$ = milit>y pr[ess1         
sometimes lay d[n _! arms f lassitude1 &
 are we>y ( fruitless cont5tions2 b if  
!y ma9ta9 ! /ation ( indep5d5t          
communities1 !y w h frequ5t occasions to
 recall1 & to ex]t _! vig\r4 ,ev5 "u    
popul> gov]nm5ts1 m5 sometimes drop !   
consid]ation ( _! political rights1 &   

appe> at times remiss or sup9e2 b if !y 
h res]v$ ! p[] to def5d !mselves1 !     
int]mission ( its ex]cise _c be ( long  
duration4 ,political rights1 :5         
neglect$1 are always invad$2 & al>ms f  
?is qu>t] mu/ frequ5tly come to r5ew !  
att5tion ( p>ties4 ,! love ( le>n+1 & ( 
arts1 may *ange its pursuits1 or droop =
 a season2 b :ile m5 are possess$ (     
fre$om1 & :ile ! ex]cises ( +5uity are n
 sup]s$$1 ! public may proce$1 at       
diff]5t times1 ) unequal f]v\r2 b its   
progress is seldom altoge!r discont9u$1 
or ! advantages ga9$ 9 "o age are seldom
 entirely lo/ to ! foll[+4 ,if we w\ld  
f9d ! causes ( f9al corruption1 we mu/  
exam9e ^? revolutions ( /ate t remove1  
or )hold1 ! objects ( e +5i\s /udy or   
lib]al pursuit2 t deprive ! citiz5 (    
occasions to act z ! memb] ( a public2 t
 cru% 8 _s2 t debase 8 s5tim5ts1 &      
disqualify 8 m9d = affairs4             
,,section ,,iii4  ,,( ,,relaxations ,,9 
,,! ,,national ,,_s ,,incid5t ,,to      
,,poli%$ ,,nations4   ,improv+ nations1 

9 ! c\rse ( _! advancem5t1 h to /ruggle 
) =eign enemies1 to :om !y be> an       
extreme animosity1 & ) :om1 9 _m        
conflicts1 !y cont5d = _! exi/5ce z a p4
 ,9 c]ta9 p]iods1 too1 !y feel 9 _!     
dome/ic policy inconv5i5cies &          
grievances1 :i* beget an eag] impati5ce2
 & !y appreh5d re=mations & new         
e/abli%m5ts1 f :i* !y h sangu9e hopes ( 
national happ9ess4 ,9 e>ly ages1 e art  
is imp]fect1 & susceptible ( _m         
improvem5ts4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples ( e      
sci5ce are yet secrets to be discov]$1 &
 to be successively publi%$ ) applause &
 triumph4  ,we may fancy to ourselves1 t
 9 ages ( progress1 ! human race1 l     
sc\ts gone abroad on ! discov]y ( f]tile
 l&s1 hav+ ! _w op5 be=e !m1 are pres5t$
 at e /ep ) ! appe>ance ( novelty4 ,!y  
ent] on e new gr\nd ) expectation & joy3
 !y engage 9 e ent]prise ) ! ard\r ( m51
 :o believe !y are go+ to arrive at     
national felicity1 & p]man5t glory2 &   
=get pa/ disappo9tm5ts amid/ ! hopes (  
future success4 ,f m]e ignorance1 rude  

m9ds are intoxicat$ ) e passion2 &1     
p>tial to _! own condition1 & to _! own 
pursuits1 !y ?9k t e sc5e is inf]ior to 
t 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,r\s$ alike by    
success & by mis=tune1 !y are sangu9e1  
ard5t1 & precipitant2 & leave1 to ! m   
kn[+ ages :i* succe$ !m1 monum5ts (     
imp]fect skill1 & ( rude execution ( e  
art2 b !y leave likewise ! m>ks ( a     
vigor\s & ard5t _s1 :i* _! successors   
are n always qualifi$ to su/a91 or to   
imitate4  ,?is may be admitt$1 p]haps1 z
 a fair description ( prosp]\s          
societies1 at lea/ dur+ c]ta9 p]iods (  
_! progress4 ,! _s ) :i* !y advance may 
be unequal 9 diff]5t ages1 & may h its  
p>oxysms & int]missions1 aris+ f !      
incon/ancy ( human passions1 & f !      
casual appe>ance or removal ( occasions 
t excite !m4 ,b does ?is _s1 :i* = a "t 
cont9ues to c>ry on ! project ( civil & 
comm]cial arts1 f9d a natural pause 9 ! 
t]m9ation ( its own pursuits8 ,may !    
bus9ess ( civil society be accompli%$1 &
 may ! occasion ( f>!r ex]tion be       

remov$8 ,d cont9u$ disappo9tm5ts r$uce  
sangu9e hopes1 & famili>ity ) objects   
blunt ! edge ( novelty8 ,does exp]i5ce  
itself cool ! ard\r ( ! m9d8 ,may !     
society be aga9 comp>$ to ! individual8 
,& may x be suspect$1 al?\gh ! vig\r ( a
 nation1 l t ( a natural body1 does n   
wa/e by a physical decay1 t yet x may   
sick5 = want ( ex]cise1 & die 9 ! close 
( its own ex]tions8 ,may societies1 9 ! 
completion ( all _! designs1 l m5 9     
ye>s1 :o disreg>d ! amusem5ts1 & are    
ins5sible to ! passions ( y\?1 become   
cold & indiff]5t to objects t us$ to    
animate 9 a rud] age8 ,& may a poli%$   
community be comp>$ to a man :o1 hav+   
execut$ 8 plan1 built 8 h\se1 & made 8  
settlem5t2 :o hav+1 9 %ort1 exhau/$ !   
*>ms ( e subject1 & wa/$ all 8 ard\r1   
s9ks into languor & li/less indiff]5ce8 
,if s1 we h f\nd at lea/ ano!r simile to
 our purpose4 ,b x is probable1 t "h too
 ! resemblance is imp]fect2 & ! inf]5ce 
t w\ld foll[1 l t ( mo/ argum5ts drawn f
 analogy1 t5ds r to amuse ! fancy1 ?an  

to give any real in=mation on ! subject 
to :i* x ref]s4  ,! mat]ials ( human art
 are nev] entirely exhau/$1 & !         
applications ( indu/ry are nev] at an   
end4 ,! national ard\r is n1 at any     
p>ticul> "t1 proportion$ to ! occasion  
!re is = activity2 nor ! curiosity ( !  
le>n$ to ! ext5t ( subject t rema9s to  
be /udi$4  ,! ignorant & ! artless1 to  
:om objects ( sci5ce are new1 & ^: mann]
 ( life is mo/ simple1 in/ead ( be+ m   
active & m curi\s1 are commonly m       
quiesc5t1 & less inquisitive1 ?an ^? :o 
are be/ furni%$ ) k & ! conv5i5cies (   
life4 ,:5 we comp>e ! p>ticul>s :i*     
occupy mank9d 9 ! beg9n+ & 9 ! advanc$  
age ( comm]cial arts1 ^! p>ticul>s w be 
f\nd greatly multipli$ & enl>g$ 9 ! la/4
 ,! que/ions we h put1 h[ev]1 des]ve to 
be answ]$2 & if1 9 ! result ( comm]ce1  
we d n f9d ! objects ( human pursuit    
remov$1 or greatly dim9i%$1 we may f9d  
!m at lea/ *ang$2 & 9 e/imat+ ! national
 _s1 we may f9d a neglig5ce 9 "o "p1 b  
ill comp5sat$ by ! gr[+ att5tion :i* is 

paid to ano!r4  ,x is true1 9 g5]al1 t 9
 all our pursuits1 !re is a t]m9ation ( 
tr\ble1 & a po9t ( repose to :i* we     
aspire4 ,we w\ld remove ?is inconv5i5ce1
 or ga9 t advantage1 t our lab\rs may   
cease4 ,:5 ,i h conqu]$ ,italy &        
,sicily1 says ,pyrrhus1 ,i %all !n enjoy
 my repose4 ,?is t]m9ation is propos$ 9 
our national1 z well z 9 our p]sonal    
ex]tions2 &1 9 spite ( frequ5t exp]i5ce 
to ! contr>y1 is consid]$1 at a di/ance1
 z ! height ( felicity4 ,b nature has   
wisely1 9 mo/ p>ticul>s1 baffl$ our     
project2 & plac$ no :]e )9 our rea* ?is 
vision>y bless+ ( absolute ease4 ,!     
atta9m5t ( "o end is b ! beg9n+ ( a new 
pursuit2 & ! discov]y ( "o art is b a   
prolongation ( ! ?read by :i* we are    
conduct$ to fur!r inquiries1 & :ile we  
hope to escape f ! labyr9?1 are l$ to   
its mo/ intricate pa?s4  ,among !       
occupations t may be enum]at$1 z t5d+ to
 ex]cise ! inv5tion1 & to cultivate !   
tal5ts ( m51 are ! pursuits (           
accommodation & weal?1 includ+ all !    

diff]5t contrivances :i* s]ve to        
increase manufactures1 & to p]fect !    
me*anical arts4 ,b x mu/ be own$1 t z ! 
mat]ials ( comm]ce may cont9ue to be    
accumulat$ )\t any det]m9ate limit1 s ! 
arts :i* are appli$ to improve !m1 may  
admit ( p]petual ref9em5ts4 ,no measure 
( =tune1 or degree ( skill1 is f\nd to  
dim9i% ! suppos$ necessities ( human    
life2 ref9em5t & pl5ty fo/] new desires1
 :ile !y furni% ! means1 or practise !  
me?ods1 to gratify !m4  ,9 ! result (   
comm]cial arts1 inequalities ( =tune are
 greatly increas$1 & ! majority1 ( e p  
are oblig$ by necessity1 or at lea/     
/rongly incit$ by ambition & av>ice2 to 
employ e tal5t !y possess4 ,aft] a      
hi/ory ( "s ?\s& ye>s employ$ 9         
manufacture & comm]ce1 ! inhabitants (  
,*9a are /ill ! mo/ labori\s & indu/ri\s
 ( any p on e>?4  ,"s "p ( ?is          
obs]vation may be ext5d$ to ! elegant & 
lit]>y arts4 ,!y too h _! mat]ials :i*  
_c be exhau/$1 & proce$ f desires :i* _c
 be satiat$4 ,b ! respect paid to lit]>y

 m]it is fluctuat+1 & matt] ( transi5t  
fa%ion4 ,:5 le>n$ productions           
accumulate1 ! acquisition ( k occupies !
 "t t might be be/[$ on inv5tion4 ,!    
object ( m]e le>n+ is atta9$ ) mod]ate  
or inf]ior tal5ts1 & ! gr[+ li/ (       
pret5d]s dim9i%es ! lu/re ( ! few :o are
 em95t4 ,:5 we only mean to le>n :at    
o!rs h taught1 x is probable t ev5 our k
 w be less ?an t ( our ma/]s4 ,great    
names cont9ue to be repeat$ )           
admiration1 aft] we h ceas$ to exam9e ! 
f\ndations ( our praise2 & new pret5d]s 
are reject$1 n because !y fall %ort ( _!
 pr$ecessors1 b because !y d n excel !m2
 or because 9 reality we h1 )\t         
exam9ation1 tak5 = grant$ ! m]it ( !    
fir/1 & _c judge ( ei!r4  ,aft] libr>ies
 are furni%$1 & e pa? ( +5uity is       
occupi$1 we are1 9 proportion to our    
admiration ( :at is already done1       
prepossess$ aga9/ f>!r attempts4 ,we    
become /ud5ts & admir]s1 in/ead (       
rivals2 & sub/itute ! k ( books1 in/ead 
( ! inquisitive or animat$ _s 9 :i* !y 7

 writt54  ,! comm]cial & ! lucrative    
arts may cont9ue to prosp]1 b !y ga9 an 
asc5dant at ! exp5se ( o!r pursuits4 ,! 
desire ( pr(it /ifles ! love (          
p]fection4 ,int]e/ cools ! imag9ation1 &
 h>d5s ! he>t2 &1 recomm5d+ employm5ts 9
 proportion z !y are lucrative1 & c]ta9 
9 _! ga9s1 x drives +5uity1 & ambition  
itself1 to ! c\nt] & ! work%op4 ,b1 ap>t
 f ^! consid]ations1 ! sep>ation (      
pr(essions1 :ile x seems to promise     
improvem5t ( skill1 & is actually !     
cause :y ! productions ( e art become m 
p]fect z comm]ce advances2 yet1 9 its   
t]m9ation & ultimate effects1 s]ves1 9  
"s measure1 to break ! b&s ( society1 to
 sub/itute m]e =ms & rules ( art 9 place
 ( +5uity1 & to )draw individuals f !   
common sc5e ( occupation1 on :i* !      
s5tim5ts ( ! he>t1 & ! m9d1 are mo/     
happily employ$4  ,"u ! di/9ction (     
call+s1 by :i* ! memb]s ( poli%$ society
 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 e individual is 
suppos$ to possess 8 species ( tal5t1 or
 8 peculi> skill1 9 :i* ! o!rs are      

confess$ly ignorant2 & society is made  
to consi/ ( p>ts1 ( :i* none is animat$ 
) ! _s t ought to prevail 9 ! conduct ( 
nations4 ,we see 9 ! same p]sons1 said  
,p]icles1 an equal att5tion to private &
 to public affairs2 & 9 m5 :o h turn$ to
 sep>ate pr(essions1 a compet5t k ( :at 
relates to ! community2 = we alone      
consid] ^? :o are inatt5tive to ! /ate1 
z p]fectly insignificant4 ,?is encomium 
on ! ,a!nians 0 probably (f]$ "u an     
appreh5sion1 t ! contr>y 0 likely to be 
*>g$ by _! enemies1 or might soon take  
place4 ,x happ5$1 accord+ly1 t ! bus9ess
 ( /ate1 z well z ( w>1 came to be worse
 adm9i/]$ at ,a!ns1 :5 ^!1 z well z o!r 
applications1 became ! object ( sep>ate 
pr(essions2 & ! hi/ory ( ?is p          
abundantly %ew$1 t m5 ceas$ to be       
citiz5s1 ev5 to be good poets & orators1
 9 proportion z !y came to be di/+ui%$  
by ! pr(ession ( ^!1 & o!r sep>ate      
crafts4  ,animals less hon\r$ ?an we1 h 
sagacity en\gh to procure _! food1 & to 
f9d ! means ( _! solit>y pleasures2 b x 

is res]v$ = man to consult1 to p]suade1 
to oppose1 to k9dle 9 ! society ( 8     
fell[ creatures1 & to lose ! s5se ( 8   
p]sonal int]e/ or safety1 9 ! ard\r ( 8 
fri5d%ips & 8 oppositions4  ,:5 we are  
involv$ 9 any ( ! divisions into :i*    
mank9d are sep>at$ "u ! d5om9ations ( a 
c\ntry1 a tribe1 or an ord] ( m5 any way
 affect$ by common int]e/s1 & guid$ by  
communicat+ passions1 ! m9d recognises  
its natural /ation2 ! s5tim5ts ( ! he>t1
 & ! tal5ts ( ! und]/&+1 f9d _! natural 
ex]cise4 ,wisdom1 vigilance1 fidelity1 &
 =titude1 are ! *>act]s requisite 9 su* 
a sc5e1 & ! qualities :i* x t5ds to     
improve4  ,9 simple or b>b>\s ages1 :5  
nations are weak1 & beset ) enemies1 !  
love ( a c\ntry1 ( a p>ty1 or a faction1
 are ! same4 ,! public is a knot (      
fri5ds1 & its enemies are ! re/ (       
mank9d4 ,dea?1 or slav]y1 are ! ord9>y  
evils :i* !y are conc]n$ to w>d (f2     
victory & dom9ion1 ! objects to :i* !y  
aspire4 ,"u ! s5se ( :at !y may suff] f 
=eign invasions1 x is "o object1 9 e    

prosp]\s society1 to increase its =ce1 &
 to ext5d its limits4 ,9 proportion z   
?is object is ga9$1 security increases4 
,!y :o possess ! int]ior di/ricts1      
remote f ! fronti]1 are unus$ to al>ms f
 abroad4 ,!y :o are plac$ on !          
extremities1 remote f ! seats (         
gov]nm5t1 are unus$ to he> ( political  
int]e/s2 & ! public becomes an object   
p]haps too ext5sive = ! conceptions (   
ei!r4 ,!y enjoy ! protection ( its laws1
 or ( its armies2 & !y boa/ ( its       
spl5d\r1 & its p[]2 b ! gl[+ s5tim5ts ( 
public affection1 :i*1 9 small /ates1   
m+le ) ! t5d]ness ( ! p>5t & ! lov]1 ( !
 fri5d & ! companion1 m]ely by hav+ _!  
object enl>g$1 lose great "p ( _! =ce4  
,! mann]s ( rude nations require to be  
re=m$4 ,_! =eign qu>rels1 & dome/ic     
diss5tions1 are ! op]ations ( extreme & 
sangu9>y passions4 ,a /ate ( great]     
tranquillity ha? _m happy effects4 ,b if
 nations pursue ! plan ( enl>gem5t &    
pacification1 till _! memb]s c no long] 
appreh5d ! common ties ( society1 nor be

 engag$ by affection 9 ! cause ( _!     
c\ntry1 !y mu/ err on ! opposite side1 &
 by leav+ too little to agitate !       
spirits ( m51 br+ on ages ( languor1 if 
n ( decay4  ,! memb]s ( a community may1
 9 ?is mann]1 l ! inhabitants ( a       
conqu]$ prov9ce1 be made to lose ! s5se 
( e connection1 b t ( k9dr$ or          
neighb\rhood2 & h no common affairs to  
transact1 b ^? ( trade3 connections1    
inde$1 or transactions1 9 :i* probity & 
fri5d%ip may /ill take place2 b 9 :i* ! 
national _s1 ^: ebbs & fl[s we are n[   
consid]+1 _c be ex]t$4  ,:at we obs]ve1 
h[ev]1 on ! t5d5cy ( enl>gem5t to loos5 
! b&s ( political union1 _c be appli$ to
 nations :o1 be+ orig9ally n>r[1 nev]   
greatly ext5d$ _! limits2 nor to ^? :o1 
9 a rude /ate1 _h already ! ext5sion ( a
 great k+dom4  ,9 t]ritories (          
consid]able ext5t1 subject to "o        
gov]nm5t1 & possess$ ( fre$om1 !        
national union1 9 rude ages1 is         
extremely imp]fect4 ,e di/rict =ms a    
sep>ate p>ty2 & ! desc5dants ( diff]5t  

families are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 "u !    
d5om9ation ( tribes or ( clans3 !y are  
seldom br\ght to act ) a /eady conc]t2  
_! feuds & animosities give m frequ5tly 
! appe>ance ( s _m nations at w>1 ?an ( 
a p unit$ by connections ( policy4 ,!y  
acquire a _s1 h[ev]1 9 _! private       
divisions1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a disord]1      
o!rwise hurtful1 ( :i* ! =ce1 on _m     
occasions1 r$\nds to ! p[] ( ! /ate4    
,:atev] be ! national ext5t1 civil ord]1
 & regul> gov]nm5t1 are advantages ( !  
greate/ importance2 b x does n foll[1 t 
e arrangem5t made to obta9 ^! ends1 &   
:i* may1 9 ! mak+1 ex]cise & cultivate !
 be/ qualities ( m51 is !re=e ( a nature
 to produce p]man5t effects1 & to secure
 ! pres]vation ( t national _s f :i* x  
arose4  ,we h reason to dread !         
political ref9em5ts ( ord9>y m51 :5 we  
consid] t repose1 or inaction itself1 is
 9 a great measure _! object2 & t !y    
w\ld frequ5tly model _! gov]nm5ts1 n    
m]ely to prev5t inju/ice & error1 b to  
prev5t agitation & bu/le2 & by ! b>ri]s 

!y raise aga9/ ! evil actions ( m51 w\ld
 prev5t !m f act+ at all4 ,e dispute ( a
 free p1 9 ! op9ion ( su* politicians1  
am\nts to disord]1 & a brea* ( !        
national peace4 ,:at he>t burn+s8 ,:at  
delay to affairs8 ,:at want ( secrecy & 
despat*8 ,:at defect ( police8 ,m5 (    
sup]ior g5ius sometimes seem to imag9e1 
t ! vulg> h no title to act1 or to ?9k4 
,a great pr9ce is pleas$ to ridicule !  
precaution by :i* judges 9 a free c\ntry
 are conf9$ to ! /rict int]pretation (  
law4 ,footnote3 ,memoirs ( ,br&5burg4   
,we easily le>n to contract our op9ions 
( :at m5 may1 9 consi/5ce ) public ord]1
 be safely p]mitt$ to d4 ,! agitations (
 a republic1 & ! lic5se ( its memb]s1   
/rike ! subjects ( mon>*y ) av]sion &   
disgu/4 ,! fre$om ) :i* ! ,european is  
left to trav]se ! /reets & ! fields1    
w\ld appe> to a ,*9ese a sure prelude to
 confusion & an>*y4 ,c m5 behold _!     
sup]ior & n tremble8 ,c !y conv]se )\t a
 precise & writt5 c]emonial8 ,:at hopes 
( peace1 if1 ! /reets are n b>ricad$ at 

an h\r8 ,:at wild disord]1 if m5 are    
p]mitt$ 9 any ?+ to d :at !y please8    
,if ! precautions :i* m5 ?us take aga9/ 
ea* o!r1 be necess>y to repress _!      
crimes1 & d n arise f a corrupt         
ambition1 or f cruel jeal\sy 9 _! rul]s1
 ! proce$+ itself mu/ be applaud$1 z !  
be/ rem$y ( :i* ! vices ( m5 w admit4 ,!
 vip] mu/ be held at a di/ance1 & ! tyg]
 *a9$4 ,b if a rigor\s policy1 appli$ to
 enslave1 n to re/ra9 f crimes1 has an  
actual t5d5cy to corrupt ! mann]s1 & to 
ext+ui% ! _s ( nations2 if its sev]ities
 be appli$ to t]m9ate ! agitations ( a  
free p1 n to rem$y _! corruptions2 if   
=ms be (t5 applaud$ z salut>y1 because  
!y t5d m]ely to sil5ce ! voice ( mank9d1
 or be condemn$ z p]nici\s1 because !y  
all[ ?is voice to be he>d2 we may expect
 t _m ( ! boa/$ improvem5ts ( civil     
society1 w be m]e devices to lay !      
political _s at re/1 & w *a9 up ! active
 virtues m ?an ! re/less disord]s ( m54 
,if to any p x be ! av[$ object ( policy
 9 all its int]nal ref9em5ts1 to secure 

only ! p]son & ! prop]ty ( ! subject1   
)\t any reg>d to 8 political "*1 !      
con/itution inde$ may be free1 b its    
memb]s may likewise become unwor?y ( !  
fre$om !y possess1 & unfit to pres]ve x4
 ,! effects ( su* a con/itution may be  
to imm]se all ord]s ( m5 9 _! sep>ate   
pursuits ( pleasure1 :i* !y may on ?is  
supposition enjoy ) little di/urbance2  
or ( ga91 :i* !y may pres]ve )\t any    
att5tion to ! commonweal?4  ,if ?is be !
 end ( political /ruggles1 ! design1 :5 
execut$1 9 secur+ to ! individual 8     
e/ate1 & ! means ( subsi/5ce1 may put an
 end to ! ex]cise ( ^? v virtues t 7    
requir$ 9 conduct+ its execution4 ,a man
 :o1 9 conc]t ) 8 fell[ subjects1       
cont5ds ) usurpation 9 def5ce ( 8 e/ate 
or 8 p]son1 may 9 t v /ruggle h f\nd an 
ex]tion ( great g5]osity1 & ( a vigor\s 
_s2 b he :o1 "u political e/abli%m5ts1  
suppos$ to be fully confirm$1 betakes   
him1 because he is safe1 to ! m]e       
enjoym5t ( =tune1 has 9 fact turn$ to a 
s\rce ( corruption ! advantages :i* !   

virtues ( ! o!r procur$4 ,individuals1 9
 c]ta9 ages1 d]ive _! protection *iefly 
f ! /r5g? ( ! p>ty to :i* !y adh]e2 b 9 
ti!s ( corruption !y flatt] !mselves2 t 
!y may cont9ue to d]ive f ! public t    
safety :i*1 9 =m] ages1 !y mu/ h ow$ to 
_! own vigilance & _s1 to ! w>m atta*m5t
 ( _! fri5ds1 & to ! ex]cise ( e tal5t  
:i* c\ld r5d] !m respect$1 fe>$1 or     
belov$4 ,9 "o p]iod1 !re=e1 m]e         
circum/ances s]ve to excite ! _s1 & to  
pres]ve ! mann]s ( m52 9 ano!r1 great   
wisdom & zeal = ! good ( mank9d on ! "p 
( _! lead]s1 are requir$ = ! same       
purposes4  ,rome1 x may be ?\ght1 did n 
die ( a le?>gy1 nor p]i% by ! remission 
( h] political ard\rs at home4 ,h]      
di/emp] appe>$ ( a nature m viol5t &    
acute4 ,yet if ! virtues ( ,cato & (    
,brutus f\nd an ex]cise 9 ! dy+ h\r ( ! 
republic1 ! neutrality1 & ! cauti\s     
retirem5t ( ,atticus1 f\nd its security 
9 ! same tempe/u\s season2 & ! great    
body ( ! p lay undi/urb$ bel[ ! curr5t (
 a /orm1 by :i* ! sup]ior ranks ( m5 7  

de/roy$4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! p ! s5se ( a     
public 0 defac$2 & ev5 ! animosity (    
faction _h subsid$3 !y only c\ld %>e 9 !
 commotion1 :o 7 ! soldi]s ( a legion1  
or ! p>tisans ( a lead]4 ,b ?is /ate    
fell n into obscurity = want ( em95t m54
 ,if at ! "t ( :i* we speak1 we look    
only = a few names di/+ui%$ 9 ! hi/ory (
 mank9d1 !re is no p]iod at :i* ! li/ 0 
m num]\s4 ,b ^? names became di/+ui%$ 9 
! conte/ = dom9ion1 n 9 ! ex]cise (     
equal rights3 ! p 0 corrupt$2 s great an
 empire /ood 9 ne$ ( a ma/]4            
,republican gov]nm5ts1 9 g5]al1 are 9   
haz>d ( ru9 f ! asc5dant ( p>ticul>     
factions1 & f ! mut9\s _s ( a populace1 
:o1 be+ corrupt$1 are no long] fit to   
%>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( /ate4 ,b "u o!r  
e/abli%m5ts1 :]e lib]ty may be m        
successfully atta9$ if m5 are corrupt$1 
! national vig\r decl9es f ! abuse ( t v
 security :i* is procur$ by ! suppos$   
p]fection ( public ord]4  ,a di/ribution
 ( p[] & (fice2 an execution ( law1 by  
:i* mutual encroa*m5ts & mole/ations are

 br\ght to an end2 by :i* ! p]son & !   
prop]ty are1 )\t fri5ds1 )\t cabal1 )\t 
obligation1 p]fectly secur$ to          
individuals1 does hon\r to ! g5ius ( a  
nation2 & c\ld n h be5 fully e/abli%$1  
)\t ^? ex]tions ( und]/&+ & integrity1  
^? trials ( a resolute & vigor\s _s1 :i*
 adorn ! annals ( a p1 & leave to future
 ages a subject ( j admiration &        
applause4 ,b if we suppose t ! end is   
atta9$1 & t m5 no long] act1 9 !        
enjoym5t ( lib]ty f lib]al s5tim5ts1 or 
) a view to ! pres]vation ( public      
mann]s2 if individuals ?9k !mselves     
secure )\t any att5tion or ef=t ( _!    
own2 ?is boa/$ advantage may be f\nd    
only to give !m an opportunity ( enjoy+1
 at leisure1 ! conv5i5cies & necess>ies 
( life2 or1 9 ! language ( ,cato1 tea*  
!m to value _! h\ses1 _! villas1 _!     
/atues1 & _! pictures1 at a high] rate  
?an !y d ! republic4 ,!y may be f\nd to 
gr[ tir$ 9 secret ( a free con/itution1 
( :i* !y nev] cease to boa/ 9 _!        
conv]sation1 & :i* !y always neglect 9  

_! conduct4  ,! dang]s to lib]ty are n !
 subject ( our pres5t consid]ation2 b !y
 c nev] be great] f any cause ?an !y are
 f ! suppos$ remissness ( a p1 to ^:    
p]sonal vig\r e con/itution1 z x ow$ its
 e/abli%m5t1 s mu/ cont9ue to owe its   
pres]vation4 ,nor is ?is bless+ ev] less
 secure ?an x is 9 ! possession ( m5 :o 
?9k t !y enjoy x 9 safety1 & :o !re=e   
consid] ! public only z x pres5ts to _! 
av>ice a numb] ( lucrative employm5ts2 =
 ! sake ( :i*1 !y may sacrifice ^? v    
rights :i* r5d] !mselves objects (      
managem5t or ( consid]ation4  ,f !      
t5d5cy ( ^! reflections1 !n1 x %\ld     
appe>1 t a national _s is frequ5tly     
transi5t1 n on acc\nt ( any incurable   
di/emp] 9 ! nature ( mank9d1 b on acc\nt
 ( _! volunt>y neglects & corruptions4  
,?is _s subsi/$ solely1 p]haps1 9 !     
execution ( a few projects1 ent]$ into =
 ! acquisition ( t]ritory or weal?2 x   
comes1 l a useless weapon1 to be laid   
aside aft] its end is atta9$4  ,ord9>y  
e/abli%m5ts t]m9ate 9 a relaxation (    

vig\r1 & are ineffectual to !           
pres]vation ( /ates2 because !y lead    
mank9d to rely on _! arts1 in/ead ( _!  
virtues2 & to mi/ake = an improvem5t (  
human nature1 a m]e accession (         
accommodation1 or ( ri*es4 ,footnote3   
,adeo 9 quae laboramus sola crevimus    
,divitias luxuriamque4 ,liv4 lib4 vii4  
c4 #be4 ,in/itutions t =tify ! m9d1     
inspire c\rage1 & promote national      
felicity1 c nev] t5d to national ru94   
,is x n possible1 amid/ our admiration (
 arts1 to f9d "s place = ^!8 ,let       
/atesm51 :o are intru/$ ) ! gov]nm5t (  
nations1 reply = !mselves4 ,x is _!     
bus9ess to %ew1 :e!r !y climb into      
/ations ( em95ce1 m]ely to display a    
passion ( int]e/1 :i* !y _h bett]       
indulge 9 obscurity2 & :e!r !y h        
capacity to und]/& ! happ9ess ( a p1 !  
conduct ( ^: affairs !y are s will+ to  
und]take4     ,,section ,,iv4  ,,!      
,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$   ,m5        
frequ5tly1 :ile !y are engag$ 9 :at is  
acc\nt$ ! mo/ selfi% ( all pursuits1 !  

improvem5t ( =tune1 !n mo/ neglect      
!mselves2 & :ile !y reason = _! c\ntry1 
=get ! consid]ations t mo/ des]ve _!    
att5tion4 ,numb]s1 ri*es1 & ! o!r       
res\rces ( w>1 are highly important3 b  
nations consi/ ( m52 & a nation consi/+ 
( deg5]ate & c[>dly m51 is weak2 a      
nation consi/+ ( vigor\s1 public        
spirit$1 & resolute m51 is /rong4 ,!    
res\rces ( w>1 :]e o!r advantages are   
equal1 may decide a conte/2 b ! res\rces
 ( w>1 9 h&s t _c employ !m1 are ( no   
avail4  ,virtue is a necess>y con/itu5t 
( national /r5g?3 capacity1 & a vigor\s 
und]/&+1 are no less necess>y to su/a9 !
 =tune ( /ates4 ,bo? are improv$ by     
discipl9e1 & by ! ex]cises 9 :i* m5 are 
engag$4 ,we despise1 or we pity ! lot ( 
mank9d1 :ile !y liv$ "u unc]ta9         
e/abli%m5ts1 & 7 oblig$ to su/a9 9 !    
same p]son1 ! "* ( ! s5ator1 ! /atesman1
 & ! soldi]4 ,comm]cial nations discov]1
 t any "o ( ^! *>act]s is suffici5t 9 "o
 p]son2 & t ! ends ( ea*1 :5 disjo9$1   
are m easily accompli%$4 ,! fir/1 h[ev]1

 7 circum/ances "u :i* nations advanc$ &
 prosp]$2 ! second 7 ^? 9 :i* ! _s      
relax$1 & ! nation w5t to decay4  ,we   
may1 ) good reason1 congratulate our    
species on _! hav+ escap$ f a /ate (    
b>b>\s disord] & viol5ce1 into a /ate ( 
dome/ic peace & regul> policy2 :5 !y h  
%ea!d ! dagg]1 & dis>m$ ! animosities ( 
civil cont5tion2 :5 ! weapons ) :i* !y  
cont5d are ! reason+s ( ! wise1 & !     
tongue ( ! eloqu5t4 ,b we _c1 mean "t1  
help to regret1 t !y %\ld ev] proce$1 9 
se>* ( p]fection1 to place e bran* (    
adm9i/ration beh9d ! c\nt]1 & come to   
employ1 in/ead ( ! /atesman & w>rior1 ! 
m]e cl]k & acc\ntant4  ,by c>ry+ ?is    
sy/em to its height1 m5 are educat$1 :o 
c\ld copy = ,caes> 8 milit>y            
in/ructions1 or ev5 execute a "p ( 8    
plans2 b none :o c\ld act 9 all !       
diff]5t sc5es = :i* ! lead] himself mu/ 
be qualifi$1 9 ! /ate & 9 ! field1 9    
times ( ord] or ( tumult1 9 times (     
division or ( unanimity2 none :o c\ld   
animate ! c\ncil :5 delib]at+ on dome/ic

 affairs1 or :5 al>m$ by attacks f      
abroad4  ,! policy ( ,*9a is ! mo/      
p]fect model ( an arrangem5t at :i* !   
ord9>y ref9em5ts ( gov]nm5t are aim$2 & 
! inhabitants ( t empire possess1 9 !   
highe/ degree1 ^? arts on :i* vulg> m9ds
 make ! felicity & greatness ( nations  
to dep5d4 ,! /ate has acquir$1 9 a      
measure unequall$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1  
numb]s ( m51 & ! o!r res\rces ( w>4 ,!y 
h done :at we are v apt to admire3 !y h 
br\ght national affairs to ! level ( !  
meane/ capacity2 !y h broke !m into     
p>ts1 & ?r[n !m into sep>ate dep>tm5ts2 
!y h clo!d e proce$+ ) spl5did          
c]emonies1 & maje/ical =ms2 & :]e !     
rev]5ce ( =ms _c repress disord]1 a     
rigor\s & sev]e police1 arm$ ) e species
 ( corporal puni%m5t1 is appli$ to !    
purpose4 ,! :ip1 & ! cudgel1 are held up
 to all ord]s ( m52 !y are at once      
employ$1 & !y are dread$1 by e          
magi/rate4 ,a m&>9e is :ipp$1 = hav+    
ord]$ a pickpocket to receive too few or
 too _m bl[s4  ,e dep>tm5t ( /ate is    

made ! object ( a sep>ate pr(ession1 & e
 c&idate = (fice mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh a    
regul> education2 &1 z 9 ! graduations (
 ! univ]sity1 mu/ h obta9$ by 8         
pr(ici5cy1 or 8 /&+1 ! degree to :i* he 
aspires4 ,! tribunals ( /ate1 ( w>1 & ( 
! rev5ue1 z well z ( lit]ature1 are     
conduct$ by graduates 9 _! diff]5t      
/udies2 b :ile le>n+ is ! great road to 
pref]m5t1 x t]m9ates 9 be+ able to read1
 & to write2 & ! great object ( gov]nm5t
 consi/s 9 rais+1 & 9 consum+ ! fruits (
 ! e>?4 ,) all ^! res\rces1 & ?is le>n$ 
prep>ation1 :i* is made to turn ^!      
res\rces to use1 ! /ate is 9 reality    
weak2 has repeat$ly giv5 ! example :i*  
we seek to expla92 & among ! doctors (  
w> or ( policy1 among ! millions :o are 
set ap>t = ! milit>y pr(ession1 c f9d   
none ( its memb]s :o are fit to /& =? 9 
! dang]s ( _! c\ntry1 or to =m a def5ce 
aga9/ ! repeat$ inroads ( an enemy      
reput$ to be artless & mean4  ,x is     
difficult to tell h[ long ! decay (     
/ates might be susp5d$1 by ! cultivation

 ( arts on :i* _! real felicity & /r5g? 
dep5d2 by cultivat+ 9 ! high] ranks ^?  
tal5ts = ! c\ncil & ! field1 :i* _c1 )\t
 great disadvantage1 be sep>at$2 & 9 !  
body ( a p1 t zeal = _! c\ntry1 & t     
milit>y "*1 :i* enable !m to take a %>e 
9 def5d+ its rights4  ,times may come1  
:5 e proprietor mu/ def5d 8 own         
possessions1 & e free p ma9ta9 _! own   
indep5d5ce4 ,we may imag9e1 t1 aga9/ su*
 an extremity1 an army ( hir$ troops is 
a suffici5t precaution2 b _! own troops 
are ! v enemy aga9/ :i* a p is sometimes
 oblig$ to fight4 ,we may flatt]        
ourselves1 t extremities ( ?is sort1 9  
any p>ticul> case1 are remote2 b we _c1 
9 reason+ on ! g5]al =tunes ( mank9d1   
avoid putt+ ! case1 & ref]r+ to !       
examples 9 :i* x has happ5$4 ,x has     
happ5$ 9 e in/ance :]e ! poli%$ h fall5 
a prey to ! rude1 & :]e ! pacific       
inhabitant has be5 r$uc$ to subjection  
by milit>y =ce4  ,if ! def5ce & gov]nm5t
 ( a p be made to dep5d on a few1 :o    
make ! conduct ( /ate or ( w> _!        

pr(ession2 :e!r ^! be =eign]s or        
natives2 :e!r !y be call$ away ( a      
sudd51 l ! ,roman legion f ,brita92 :e!r
 !y turn aga9/ _! employ]s1 l ! army (  
,c>?age2 or be ov]p[]$ & disp]s$ by a   
/roke ( =tune2 ! multitude ( a c[>dly & 
undiscipl9$ p mu/1 ^u su* an em]g5ce2   
receive a =eign or a dome/ic enemy1 z !y
 w\ld a plague or an e>?quake1 )        
hopeless amazem5t & t]ror1 & by _!      
numb]s1 only swell ! triumphs1 & enri* !
 spoil ( a conqu]or4  ,/atesm5 & lead]s 
( armies1 accu/om$ to ! m]e obs]vance ( 
=ms1 are disconc]t$ by a susp5sion (    
cu/om>y rules2 & on slight gr\nds       
despair ( _! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 qualifi$ only
 to g ! r\nds ( a p>ticul> track2 & :5  
=c$ f _! /ations1 are 9 reality unable  
to act ) m54 ,!y only took "p 9         
=malities1 ( :i* !y und]/ood n ! t5d5cy2
 & toge!r ) ! modes ( proc$ure1 ev5 ! v 
/ate itself1 9 _! appreh5sion1 has ceas$
 to exi/4 ,! numb]s1 possessions1 &     
res\rces ( a great p1 only s]ve1 9 _!   
view1 to con/itute a sc5e ( hopeless    

confusion & t]ror4  ,9 rude ages1 "u !  
appellations ( a community1 a p1 or a   
nation1 0 und]/ood a numb] ( m52 & !    
/ate1 :ile its memb]s rema9$1 0 acc\nt$ 
entire4 ,! ,scy?ians1 :ile !y fl$ be=e  
,d>ius1 mock$ at 8 *ildi% attempt2 ,a!ns
 surviv$ ! deva/ations ( ,x]xes2 &      
,rome1 9 its rude /ate1 ^? ( ! ,gauls4  
,) poli%$ & m]cantile /ates1 ! case is  
sometimes rev]s$4 ,! nation is a        
t]ritory1 cultivat$ & improv$ by its    
own]s2 de/roy ! possession1 ev5 :ile !  
ma/] rema9s1 ! /ate is undone4  ,!      
weakness & effem9acy ( :i* poli%$       
nations are sometimes accus$1 has its   
place probably 9 ! m9d alone4 ,! /r5g? (
 animals1 & t ( man 9 p>ticul>1 dep5ds  
on 8 fe$+2 & ! k9d ( lab\r to :i* he is 
us$4 ,:olesome food1 & h>d lab\r1 !     
portion ( _m 9 e poli%$ & comm]cial     
nation1 secure to ! public a numb] ( m5 
endu$ ) bodily /r5g?1 & inur$ to h>d%ip 
& toil4  ,ev5 delicate liv+1 & good     
accommodation1 are n f\nd to en]vate !  
body4 ,! armies ( ,europe h be5 oblig$  

to make ! exp]im5t2 & ! *ildr5 ( opul5t 
families1 br$ 9 effem9acy1 or nurs$ )   
t5d] c>e1 h be5 made to cont5d ) !      
savage4 ,by imitat+ 8 arts1 !y h le>n$1 
l him1 to trav]se ! =e/2 &1 9 e season1 
to subsi/ 9 ! des]t4 ,!y h1 p]haps1     
recov]$ a lesson1 :i* x has co/ civiliz$
 nations _m ages to unle>n1 t ! =tune ( 
a man is entire :ile he rema9s possess$ 
( himself4  ,x may be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t   
few ( ! celebrat$ nations ( antiquity1  
^: fate has giv5 rise to s mu*          
reflection on ! vicissitudes ( human    
affairs1 _h made any great progress 9 ^?
 en]vat+ arts we h m5tion$2 or made ^?  
arrangem5ts f :i* ! dang] 9 "q c\ld be  
suppos$ to arise4 ,! ,greeks1 9         
p>ticul>1 at ! "t !y receiv$ !          
,mac$onian yoke1 _h c]ta9ly n c>ri$ !   
comm]cial arts to s great a height z is 
common ) ! mo/ fl\ri%+ & prosp]\s       
nations ( ,europe4 ,!y _h /ill reta9$ ! 
=m ( indep5d5t republics2 ! p 7 g5]ally 
admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t2 & n be+  
able to hire armies1 !y 7 oblig$1 by    

necessity1 to be> a "p 9 ! def5ce ( _!  
c\ntry4 ,by _! frequ5t w>s & dome/ic    
commotions1 !y 7 accu/om$ to dang]1 & 7 
famili> ) al>m+ situations2 !y 7        
accord+ly /ill acc\nt$ ! be/ soldi]s & !
 be/ /atesm5 ( ! kn[n _w4 ,! y\ng]      
,cyrus promis$ himself ! empire ( ,asia 
by means ( _! aid2 & aft] 8 fall1 a body
 ( t5 ?\s&1 al?\gh b]eft ( _! lead]s1   
baffl$1 9 _! retreat1 all ! milit>y =ce 
( ! ,p]sian empire4 ,! victor ( ,asia   
did n ?9k himself prep>$ = t conque/1   
till he _h =m$ an army f ! subdu$       
republics ( ,greece4  ,x is1 h[ev]1     
true1 t 9 ! age ( ,philip1 ! milit>y &  
political _s ( ^? nations appe>s to h   
be5 consid]ably impair$1 & to h suff]$1 
p]haps1 f ! v>iety ( int]e/s & pursuits1
 z well z ( pleasures1 ) :i* _! memb]s  
came to be occupi$2 !y ev5 made a k9d ( 
sep>ation betwe5 ! civil & milit>y "*4  
,phocion1 we are told by ,plut>*1 hav+  
obs]v$ t ! lead+ m5 ( 8 "t foll[$       
diff]5t c\rses1 t "s appli$ !mselves to 
civil1 o!rs to milit>y affairs1 det]m9$ 

r to foll[ ! examples ( ,!mi/ocles1     
,ari/ides1 & ,p]icles1 ! lead]s ( a =m] 
age1 :o 7 equally prep>$ = ei!r4  ,we   
f9d 9 ! orations ( ,demo/h5es1 a        
p]petual ref]5ce to ?is /ate ( mann]s4  
,we f9d him exhort+ ! ,a!nians n only to
 decl>e w>1 b to arm !mselves = !       
execution ( _! own milit>y plans4 ,we   
f9d t !re 0 an ord] ( milit>y m51 :o    
easily pass$ f ! s]vice ( "o /ate to t (
 ano!r2 & :o1 :5 !y 7 neglect$ f home1  
turn$ away to ent]prises on _! own      
acc\nt4 ,!re 7 n1 p]haps1 bett] w>riors 
9 any =m] age2 b ^? w>riors 7 n atta*$  
to any /ate2 & ! settl$ inhabitants ( e 
city ?\ght !mselves disqualifi$ =       
milit>y s]vice4 ,! discipl9e ( armies 0 
p]haps improv$2 b ! vig\r ( nations 0   
gone to decay4 ,:5 ,philip1 or ,alex&]1 
defeat$ ! ,grecian armies1 :i* 7 *iefly 
compos$ ( soldi]s ( =tune1 !y f\nd an   
easy conque/ ) ! o!r inhabitants2 & :5 !
 latt]1 aft]w>ds support$ by ^? soldi]s1
 invad$ ! ,p]sian empire1 he seems to h 
left little m>tial _s beh9d him2 & by   

remov+ ! milit>y m51 to h tak5          
precaution en\gh1 9 8 abs5ce1 to secure 
8 dom9ion ov] ?is mut9\s & refractory p4
  ,! subdivision ( arts & pr(essions1 91
 c]ta9 examples1 t5ds to improve !      
practice ( !m1 & to promote _! ends4 ,by
 hav+ sep>at$ ! arts ( ! clo?i] & !     
tann]1 we are ! bett] suppli$ ) %oes & )
 clo?4 ,b to sep>ate ! arts :i* =m !    
citiz5 & ! /atesman1 ! arts ( policy &  
w>1 is an attempt to dismemb] ! human   
"*1 & to de/roy ^? v arts we mean to    
improve4 ,by ?is sep>ation1 we 9 effect 
deprive a free p ( :at is necess>y to _!
 safety2 or we prep>e a def5ce aga9/    
invasions f abroad1 :i* gives a prospect
 ( usurpation1 & ?reat5s ! e/abli%m5t ( 
milit>y gov]nm5t at home4  ,we may be   
surpris$ to f9d ! beg9n+ ( c]ta9 milit>y
 in/ructions at ,rome1 ref]r$ to a "t no
 e>li] ?an t ( ! ,cimbric w>4 ,x 0 !n1  
we are told by ,val]ius ,maximus1 t     
,roman soldi]s 7 made to le>n f         
gladiators ! use ( a sword3 & !         
antagoni/s ( ,pyrrhus & ( ,hannibal 71  

by ! acc\nt ( ?is writ]1 /ill 9 ne$ (   
in/ruction 9 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( _! trade4
 ,!y _h already1 by ! ord] & *oice ( _! 
encampm5ts1 impress$ ! ,grecian invad] )
 awe & respect2 !y _h already1 n by _!  
victories1 b by _! national vig\r &     
firmness1 "u repeat$ defeats1 induc$ him
 to sue = peace4 ,b ! haughty ,roman1   
p]haps1 knew ! advantage ( ord] & (     
union1 )\t hav+ be5 broke to ! inf]ior  
arts ( ! m]c5>y soldi]2 & _h ! c\rage to
 face ! enemies ( 8 c\ntry1 )\t hav+    
practis$ ! use ( 8 weapon "u ! fe> ( be+
 :ipp$4 ,he c\ld ill be p]suad$ t a "t  
might come1 :5 ref9$ & intellig5t       
nations w\ld make ! art ( w> to consi/ 9
 a few te*nical =ms2 t citiz5s & soldi]s
 might come to be di/+ui%$ z mu* z wom5 
& m52 t ! citiz5 w\ld become possess$ ( 
a prop]ty :i* he w\ld n be able1 or     
requir$1 to def5d2 t ! soldi] w\ld be   
appo9t$ to keep = ano!r :at he w\ld be  
taught to desire1 & :at he alone w\ld be
 enabl$ to seize & to keep = himself2 t1
 9 %ort1 "o set ( m5 7 to h an int]e/ 9 

! pres]vation ( civil e/abli%m5ts1 )\t !
 p[] to def5d !m2 t ! o!r 7 to h ?is    
p[]1 )\t ei!r ! incl9ation or ! int]e/4 
,?is p1 h[ev]1 by degrees came to put _!
 milit>y =ce on ! v foot+ to :i* ?is    
description alludes4 ,m>ius made a      
capital *ange 9 ! mann] ( levy+ soldi]s 
at ,rome3 he fill$ 8 legions ) ! mean & 
! indig5t1 :o dep5d$ on milit>y pay =   
subsi/5ce2 he creat$ a =ce :i* re/$ on  
m]e discipl9e alone1 & ! skill ( !      
gladiator2 he taught 8 troops to employ 
_! swords aga9/ ! con/itution ( _!      
c\ntry1 & set ! example ( a practice :i*
 0 soon adopt$ & improv$ by 8           
successors4  ,! ,romans only meant by _!
 armies to encroa* on ! fre$om ( o!r    
nations1 :ile !y pres]v$ _! own4 ,!y    
=got1 t 9 assembl+ soldi]s ( =tune1 & 9 
suff]+ any lead] to be ma/] ( a         
discipl9$ army1 !y actually resign$ _!  
political rights1 & suff]$ a ma/] to    
arise = ! /ate4 ,?is p1 9 %ort1 ^: rul+ 
passion 0 depr$ation & conque/1 p]i%$ by
 ! recoil ( an eng9e :i* !y !mselves _h 

erect$ aga9/ mank9d4  ,! boa/$          
ref9em5ts1 !n1 ( ! poli%$ age1 are n    
dive/$ ( dang]4 ,!y op5 a door1 p]haps1 
to disa/]1 z wide & accessible z any (  
^? !y h %ut4 ,if !y build walls &       
ramp>ts1 !y en]vate ! m9ds ( ^? :o are  
plac$ to def5d !m2 if !y =m discipl9$   
armies1 !y r$uce ! milit>y _s ( entire  
nations2 & by plac+ ! sword :]e !y h    
giv5 a di/a/e to civil e/abli%m5ts1 !y  
prep>e = mank9d ! gov]nm5t ( =ce4  ,x is
 happy = ! nations ( ,europe1 t !       
disp>ity betwe5 ! soldi] & ! pacific    
citiz5 c nev] be s great z x became     
among ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,9 ! use ( 
mod]n arms1 ! novice is made to le>n1 & 
to practise ) ease1 all t ! vet]an kn[s2
 & if to tea* him 7 a matt] ( real      
difficulty1 happy are !y :o are n det]r$
 by su* difficulties1 & :o c discov] !  
arts :i* t5d to =tify & pres]ve1 n to   
en]vate & ru9 _! c\ntry4     ,,section  
,v4  ,,( ,,national ,,wa/e4   ,! /r5g? (
 nations consi/s 9 ! weal?1 ! numb]s1 & 
! "* ( _! p4 ,! hi/ory ( _! progress f a

 /ate ( rud5ess1 is1 = ! mo/ "p1 a      
detail ( ! /ruggles !y h ma9ta9$1 & ( ! 
arts !y h practis$1 to /r5g!n1 or to    
secure !mselves4 ,_! conque/s1 _!       
population1 & _! comm]ce1 _! civil &    
milit>y arrangem5ts1 _! skill 9 !       
con/ruction ( weapons1 & 9 ! me?ods (   
attack & def5ce2 ! v di/ribution (      
tasks1 :e!r 9 private bus9ess or 9      
public affairs1 ei!r t5d to be/[1 or    
promise to employ ) advantage !         
con/itu5ts ( a national =ce1 & !        
res\rces ( w>4  ,if we suppose t1 toge!r
 ) ^! advantages1 ! milit>y "* ( a p    
rema9s1 or is improv$1 x mu/ foll[1 t   
:at is ga9$ 9 civilization1 is a real   
increase ( /r5g?2 & t ! ru9 ( nations   
c\ld nev] take its rise f !mselves4 ,:]e
 /ates h /opp$ %ort 9 _! progress1 or h 
actually gone to decay1 we may suspect1 
t h[ev] dispos$ to advance1 !y h f\nd a 
limit1 beyond :i* !y c\ld n proce$2 or f
 a remission ( ! national _s1 & a       
weakness ( "*1 7 unable to make ! mo/ ( 
_! res\rces1 & natural advantages4 ,on  

?is supposition1 f be+ /ation>y1 !y may 
beg9 to relapse1 & by a retrograde      
motion 9 a succession ( ages1 arrive at 
a /ate ( great] weakness1 ?an t :i* !y  
quitt$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! progress2 & ) !  
appe>ance ( bett] arts1 & sup]ior       
conduct1 expose !mselves to become a    
prey to b>b>ians1 :om1 9 ! atta9m5t1 or 
! height ( _! glory1 !y _h easily baffl$
 or despis$4  ,:atev] may be ! natural  
weal? ( a p1 or :atev] may be ! limits  
beyond :i* !y _c improve on _! /ock1 x  
is probable1 t no nation has ev] rea*$  
^? limits1 or has be5 able to po/pone   
its mis=tunes1 & ! effects ( misconduct1
 until its fund ( mat]ials1 & ! f]tility
 ( its soil1 7 exhau/$1 or ! numb]s (   
its p 7 greatly r$uc$4 ,! same errors 9 
policy1 & weakness ( mann]s1 :i* prev5t 
! prop] use ( res\rces1 likewise *eck _!
 increase1 or improvem5t4 ,! weal? ( !  
/ate consi/s 9 ! =tune ( its memb]s4 ,! 
actual rev5ue ( ! /ate is t %>e ( e     
private =tune1 :i* ! public has be5     
accu/om$ to dem& = national purposes4   

,?is rev5ue _c be always proportion$ to 
:at may be suppos$ r$undant 9 ! private 
e/ate1 b to :at is1 9 "s measure1 ?\ght 
s by ! own]2 & to :at he may be made to 
sp>e1 )\t intr5*+ on 8 mann] ( liv+1 &  
)\t susp5d+ 8 projects ( exp5se1 or (   
comm]ce4 ,x %\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t any    
immod]ate increase ( private exp5se is a
 prelude to national weakness3 gov]nm5t1
 ev5 :ile ea* ( its subjects consumes a 
pr9cely e/ate1 may be /rait5$ 9 po9t (  
rev5ue1 & ! p>adox be expla9$ by        
example1 t ! public is poor :ile its    
memb]s are ri*4  ,we are frequ5tly l$   
into error by mi/ak+ money = ri*es2 we  
?9k t a p _c be impov]i%$ by a wa/e (   
money :i* is sp5t among !mselves4 ,!    
fact is1 t m5 are impov]i%$ only 9 two  
ways2 ei!r by hav+ _! ga9s susp5d$1 or  
by hav+ _! sub/ance consum$2 & money    
exp5d$ at home1 be+ circulat$1 & n      
consum$1 _c1 any m ?an ! ex*ange ( a    
tally1 or a c\nt]1 among a c]ta9 numb] (
 h&s1 t5d to dim9i% ! weal? ( ! company 
among :om x is h&$ ab\t4 ,b :ile money  

circulates at home1 ! necess>ies ( life1
 :i* are ! real con/itu5ts ( weal?1 may 
be idly consum$2 ! indu/ry :i* might be 
employ$ to increase ! /ock ( a p1 may be
 susp5d$1 or turn$ to abuse4  ,great    
armies1 ma9ta9$ ei!r at home or abroad1 
)\t any national object1 are s _m m\?s  
unnecess>ily op5$ to wa/e ! /ores ( !   
public1 & s _m h&s )held f ! arts by :i*
 its pr(its are made4 ,unsuccessful     
ent]prises are s _m v5tures ?r[n away1 &
 losses su/a9$1 proportion$ to ! capital
 employ$ 9 ! s]vice4 ,! ,helvetii1 9    
ord] to invade ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,gaul1
 burnt _! habitations1 dropt _!         
in/rum5ts ( husb&ry1 & consum$ 9 "o ye> 
! sav+s ( _m4 ,! ent]prise fail$ (      
success1 & ! nation 0 undone4  ,/ates h 
endeav\r$1 9 "s in/ances1 by pawn+ _!   
cr$it1 in/ead ( employ+ _! capital1 to  
disguise ! haz>ds !y ran4 ,!y h f\nd1 9 
! loans !y rais$1 a casual res\rce1 :i* 
enc\rag$ _! ent]prises4 ,!y h seem$1 by 
_! mann] ( erect+ transf]able funds1 to 
leave ! capital = purposes ( trade1 9 ! 

h&s ( ! subject1 :ile x is actually     
exp5d$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,!y h1 by ^!      
means1 proce$$ to ! execution ( great   
national projects1 )\t susp5d+ private  
indu/ry1 & h left future ages to answ]1 
9 "p1 = debts contract$ ) a view to     
future emolum5t4 ,s f> ! exp$i5t is     
plausible1 & appe>s to be j4 ,! gr[+    
burd5 too1 is ?us gradually laid2 & if a
 nation be to s9k 9 "s future age1 e    
m9i/] hopes x may /ill keep afloat 9 8  
own4 ,b ! measure1 = ?is v reason1 is1 )
 all its advantages1 extremely dang]\s1 
9 ! h&s ( a precipitant & ambiti\s      
adm9i/ration1 reg>d+ only ! pres5t      
occasion1 & imag9+ a /ate to be         
inexhau/ible1 :ile a capital c be       
borr[$1 & ! int]e/ be paid4  ,we are    
told ( a nation :o1 dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod1 
rivall$ ! glories ( ! anci5t _w1 ?rew (f
 ! dom9ion ( a ma/] arm$ aga9/ !m ) !   
p[]s ( a great k+dom1 broke ! yoke ) :i*
 !y _h be5 oppress$1 & almo/ )9 ! c\rse 
( a c5tury rais$1 by _! indu/ry &       
national vig\r1 a new & =midable p[]1   

:i* /ruck ! =m] pot5tates ( ,europe )   
awe & susp5se1 & turn$ ! badges ( pov]ty
 ) :i* !y set out1 into ! ensigns ( w> &
 dom9ion4 ,?is end 0 atta9$ by ! great  
ef=ts ( a _s awak5$ by oppression1 by a 
successful pursuit ( national weal?1 &  
by a rapid anticipation ( future rev5ue4
 ,b ?is illu/ri\s /ate is suppos$ n     
only1 9 ! language ( a =m] section1 to h
 pre-occupi$ ! bus9ess2 !y h seque/]$ ! 
inh]itance ( _m ages to come4  ,great   
national exp5se1 h[ev]1 does n imply !  
necessity ( any national suff]+4 ,:ile  
rev5ue is appli$ ) success to obta9 "s  
valuable end1 ! pr(its ( e adv5ture1 be+
 m ?an suffici5t to repay its co/s1 !   
public %\ld ga91 & its res\rces %\ld    
cont9ue to multiply4 ,b an exp5se1 :e!r 
su/a9$ at home or abroad1 :e!r a wa/e ( 
! pres5t1 or an anticipation ( future1  
rev5ue1 if x br+ no prop] return1 is to 
be reckon$ among ! causes ( national    
ru94  ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(
 ,,civil ,,society            99        
99       99       99       99     ,,"p  

,,six?  ,,( ,,corruption ,,& ,,political
 ,,slav]y4          99       99       99
       99       99     ,,section ,i4    
,,( ,,corruption ,,9 ,,g5]al4   ,if !   
=tune ( nations1 & _! t5d5cy to         
aggr&izem5t1 or to ru91 7 to be e/imat$ 
by m]ely balanc+1 on ! pr9ciples ( ! la/
 section1 articles ( pr(it & loss1 e    
argum5t 9 politics w\ld re/ on a        
comp>ison ( national exp5se ) national  
ga92 on a comp>ison ( ! numb]s :o       
consume1 ) ^? :o produce or amass !     
necess>ies ( life4 ,! columns ( !       
indu/ri\s1 & ! idle1 w\ld include all   
ord]s ( m52 & ! /ate itself1 be+ all[$ z
 _m magi/rates1 politicians1 & w>riors1 
z 7 b>ely suffici5t = its def5ce & its  
gov]nm5t1 %\ld place1 on ! side ( its   
loss1 e "n t is sup]num]>y on ! civil or
 ! milit>y li/2 all ^? ord]s ( m51 :o1  
by ! possession ( =tune1 subsi/ on !    
ga9s ( o!rs1 & by ! nicety ( _! *oice1  
require a great exp5se ( "t & ( lab\r1  
to supply _! consumption2 all ^? :o are 
idly employ$ 9 ! tra9 ( p]sons ( rank2  

all ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! pr(essions (   
law1 physic1 or div9ity1 toge!r ) all ! 
le>n$ :o d n1 by _! /udies1 promote or  
improve ! practice ( "s lucrative trade4
 ,! value ( e p]son1 9 %ort1 %\ld be    
comput$ f 8 lab\r2 & t ( lab\r itself1 f
 its t5d5cy to procure & amass ! means (
 subsi/5ce4 ,! arts employ$ on m]e      
sup]fluities %\ld be prohibit$1 except  
:5 _! produce c\ld be ex*ang$ ) =eign   
nations1 = commodities t might be       
employ$ to ma9ta9 useful m5 = ! public4 
,^! appe> to be ! rules by :i* a mis]   
w\ld exam9e ! /ate ( 8 own affairs1 or  
^? ( 8 c\ntry2 b s*emes ( p]fect        
corruption are at lea/ z impracticable z
 s*emes ( p]fect virtue4 ,m5 are n      
univ]sally mis]s2 !y w n be satisfi$ ) !
 pleasure ( ho>d+2 !y mu/ be suff]$ to  
enjoy _! weal?1 9 ord] t !y may take !  
tr\ble ( becom+ ri*4 ,prop]ty1 9 !      
common c\rse ( human affairs1 is        
unequally divid$3 we are !re=e oblig$ to
 suff] ! weal?y to squ&]1 t ! poor may  
subsi/3 we are oblig$ to tol]ate c]ta9  

ord]s ( m51 :o are above ! necessity (  
lab\r1 9 ord] t1 9 _! condition1 !re may
 be an object ( ambition1 & a rank to   
:i* ! busy aspire4 ,we are n only oblig$
 to admit numb]s1 :o1 9 /rict economy1  
may be reckon$ sup]flu\s1 on ! civil1 ! 
milit>y1 & ! political li/2 b because we
 are m51 & pref] ! occupation1          
improvem5t1 & felicity ( our nature1 to 
its m]e exi/5ce1 we mu/ ev5 wi%1 t z _m 
memb]s z possible1 ( e community1 may be
 admitt$ to a %>e ( its def5ce & its    
gov]nm5t4  ,m51 9 fact1 :ile !y pursue 9
 society diff]5t objects1 or sep>ate    
views1 procure a wide di/ribution ( p[]1
 & by a species ( *ance1 arrive at a    
po/ure = civil engagem5ts1 m fav\rable  
to human nature ?an :at human wisdom    
c\ld ev] calmly devise4  ,if ! /r5g? ( a
 nation1 9 ! mean-"t1 consi/s 9 ! m5 on 
:om x may rely1 & :o are =tunately or   
wisely comb9$ = its pres]vation1 x      
foll[s1 t mann]s are z important z ei!r 
numb]s or weal?2 & t corruption is to be
 acc\nt$ a pr9cipal cause ( ! national  

decl5sion & ru94  ,:oev] p]ceives :at   
are ! qualities ( man 9 8 excell5ce1 may
 easily1 by t /&>d1 di/+ui% 8 defects or
 corruptions4 ,if an intellig5t1 a      
c\rage\s1 & an affectionate m9d1        
con/itutes ! p]fection ( 8 nature1      
rem>kable fail+s 9 any ( ^? p>ticul>s   
mu/ proportionally s9k or debase 8 "*4  
,we h obs]v$1 t x is ! happ9ess ( !     
individual to make a "r *oice ( 8       
conduct2 t ?is *oice w lead him to lose 
9 society ! s5se ( a p]sonal int]e/2 &1 
9 ! consid]ation ( :at is due to ! :ole1
 to /ifle ^? anxieties :i* relate to    
himself z a "p4  ,! natural disposition 
( man to humanity1 & ! w>m? ( 8 temp]1  
may raise 8 "* to ?is =tunate pit*4 ,8  
elevation1 9 a great measure1 dep5ds on 
! =m ( 8 society2 b he c1 )\t incurr+ ! 
*>ge ( corruption1 accommodate himself  
to great v>iations 9 ! con/itutions (   
gov]nm5t4 ,! same integrity1 & vigor\s  
_s1 :i*1 9 democratical /ates1 r5d]s him
 t5aci\s ( 8 equality1 may1 "u          
ari/ocracy or mon>*y1 lead him to ma9ta9

 ! subord9ations e/abli%$4 ,he may      
ent]ta91 t[>ds ! diff]5t ranks ( m5 )   
:om he is yok$ 9 ! /ate1 maxims (       
respect & ( c&\r3 he may1 9 ! *oice ( 8 
actions1 foll[ a pr9ciple ( ju/ice & (  
hon\r1 :i* ! consid]ations ( safety1    
pref]m5t1 or pr(it1 _c efface4  ,f our  
compla9ts ( national depravity1 x %\ld1 
not)/&+1 appe>1 t :ole bodies ( m5 are  
sometimes infect$ ) an epidemical       
weakness ( ! head1 or corruption ( he>t1
 by :i* !y become unfit = ! /ations !y  
occupy1 & ?reat5 ! /ates !y compose1    
h[ev] fl\ri%+1 ) a prospect ( decay1 & (
 ru94  ,a *ange ( national mann]s = !   
worse1 may arise f a discont9uance ( !  
sc5es 9 :i* ! tal5ts ( m5 7 happily     
cultivat$1 & br\ght into ex]cise2 or f a
 *ange 9 ! prevail+ op9ions relat+ to ! 
con/itu5ts ( hon\r or ( happ9ess4 ,:5   
m]e ri*es1 or c\rt fav\r1 are suppos$ to
 con/itute rank2 ! m9d is misl$ f !     
consid]ation ( qualities on :i* x ought 
to rely4 ,magnanimity1 c\rage1 & ! love 
( mank9d1 are sacrific$ to av>ice &     

vanity2 or suppress$ "u a s5se (        
dep5d5ce4 ,! individual consid]s 8      
community s f> only z x c be r5d]$      
subs]vi5t to 8 p]sonal advancem5t or    
pr(it3 he /ates himself 9 competition ) 
8 fell[ creatures2 &1 urg$ by ! passions
 ( emulation1 ( fe> & jeal\sy1 ( envy & 
malice1 he foll[s ! maxims ( an animal  
de/9$ to pres]ve 8 sep>ate exi/5ce1 & to
 indulge 8 caprice or 8 appetite1 at !  
exp5se ( 8 species4  ,on ?is corrupt    
f\ndation1 m5 become ei!r rapaci\s1     
deceitful1 & viol5t1 ready to trespass  
on ! rights ( o!rs2 or s]vile1 m]c5>y1 &
 base1 prep>$ to rel9qui% _! own4       
,tal5ts1 capacity1 & =ce ( m9d1 possess$
 by a p]son ( ! fir/ description1 s]ve  
to plunge him ! deep] 9 mis]y1 & to %>p5
 ! agony ( cruel passions2 :i* lead him 
to wreak on 8 fell[ creatures ! torm5ts 
t prey on himself4 ,to a p]son ( !      
second1 imag9ation1 & reason itself1    
only s]ve to po9t out false objects (   
fe> & desire1 & to multiply ! subjects (
 disappo9tm5t & ( mom5t>y joy4 ,9 ei!r  

case1 & :e!r we suppose t corrupt m5 are
 urg$ by covet\sness1 or betray$ by fe>1
 & )\t specify+ ! crimes :i* f ei!r     
disposition !y are prep>$ to commit1 we 
may safely affirm1 ) ,socrates1 ,t e    
ma/] %\ld pray he may n meet ) su* a    
slave2 & e su* p]son1 be+ unfit =       
lib]ty1 %\ld implore t he may meet ) a  
m]ciful ma/]4  ,man1 "u ?is measure (   
corruption1 al?\gh he may be b\ght = a  
slave by ^? :o "k h[ to turn 8 faculties
 & 8 lab\r to pr(it2 & al?\gh1 :5 kept  
"u prop] re/ra9ts1 8 neighb\rhood may be
 conv5i5t or useful2 yet is c]ta9ly     
unfit to act on ! foot+ ( a lib]al      
comb9ation or conc]t ) 8 fell[          
creatures3 8 m9d is n addict$ to        
fri5d%ip or confid5ce2 he is n will+ to 
act = ! pres]vation ( o!rs1 nor des]ves 
t any o!r %\ld haz>d 8 own safety = 84  
,! actual "* ( mank9d1 mean "t1 9 ! wor/
 z well z ! be/ condition1 is und\bt$ly 
mix$3 & nations ( ! be/ description are 
greatly oblig$ = _! pres]vation1 n only 
to ! good disposition ( _! memb]s1 b    

likewise to ^? political in/itutions1 by
 :i* ! viol5t are re/ra9$ f ! commission
 ( crimes1 & ! c[>dly1 or ! selfi%1 are 
made to contribute _! "p to ! public    
def5ce or prosp]ity4 ,by means ( su*    
in/itutions1 & ! wise precautions (     
gov]nm5t1 nations are enabl$ to subsi/1 
& ev5 to prosp]1 "u v diff]5t degrees ( 
corruption1 or ( public integrity4  ,s  
long z ! majority ( a p are suppos$ to  
act on maxims ( probity1 ! example ( !  
good1 & ev5 ! caution ( ! bad1 give a   
g5]al appe>ance ( integrity1 & (        
innoc5ce4 ,:]e m5 are to "o ano!r       
objects ( affection & ( confid5ce1 :]e  
!y are g5]ally dispos$ n to (f5d1       
gov]nm5t may be remiss2 & e p]son may be
 treat$ z innoc5t1 till he is f\nd to be
 guilty4 ,z ! subject1 9 ?is case1 does 
n he> ( ! crimes1 s he ne$ n be told ( !
 puni%m5ts inflict$ on p]sons ( a       
diff]5t "*4 ,b :]e ! mann]s ( a p are   
consid]ably *ang$ = ! worse1 e subject  
mu/ /& on 8 gu>d1 & gov]nm5t itself mu/ 
act on suitable maxims ( fe> & di/ru/4  

,! individual1 no long] fit to be       
indulg$ 9 8 pret5sions to p]sonal       
consid]ation1 indep5d5ce1 or fre$om1 ea*
 ( :i* he w\ld turn to abuse1 mu/ be    
taught1 by ext]nal =ce1 & f motives (   
fe>1 to c\nt]feit ^? effects ( innoc5ce1
 & ( duty1 to :i* he is n dispos$3 he   
mu/ be ref]r$ to ! :ip1 or ! gibbet1 =  
argum5ts 9 support ( a caution1 :i* !   
/ate n[ requires him to assume1 on a    
supposition t he is ins5sible to !      
motives :i* recomm5d ! practice (       
virtue4  ,! rules ( despotism are made =
 ! gov]nm5t ( corrupt$ m54 ,!y 7 inde$  
foll[$ on "s rem>kable occasions1 ev5 "u
 ! ,roman commonweal?2 & ! bloody axe1  
to t]rify ! citiz5 f 8 crimes1 & to     
repel ! casual & tempor>y irruptions (  
vice1 0 repeat$ly committ$ to ! arbitr>y
 w ( ! dictator4 ,!y 7 f9ally e/abli%$  
on ! ru9s ( ! republic itself1 :5 ei!r !
 p became too corrupt$ = fre$om1 or :5 !
 magi/rate became too corrupt$ to resign
 8 dictatorial p[]4 ,?is species (      
gov]nm5t comes naturally 9 ! t]m9ation (

 a cont9u$ & gr[+ corruption2 b has1 no 
d\bt1 9 "s in/ances1 come too soon1 &   
has sacrific$ rema9s ( virtue1 t des]v$ 
a bett] fate1 to ! jeal\sy ( tyrants1 :o
 7 9 ha/e to augm5t _! p[]4 ,?is me?od (
 gov]nm5t _c1 9 su* cases1 fail to      
introduce t measure ( corruption1 aga9/ 
^: ext]nal effects x is desir$ z a      
rem$y4 ,:5 fe> is sugge/$ z ! only      
motive to duty1 e art becomes rapaci\s  
or base4 ,& ?is m$ic9e1 if appli$ to a  
heal?y body1 is sure to create !        
di/emp]2 :i* 9 o!r cases x is de/9$ to  
cure4  ,?is is ! mann] ( gov]nm5t into  
:i* ! covet\s1 & ! arrogant1 to satiate 
_! unhappy desires1 w\ld hurry _! fell[ 
creatures3 x is a mann] ( gov]nm5t to   
:i* ! timor\s & ! s]vile submit at      
discretion2 & :5 ^! *>act]s ( ! rapaci\s
 & ! timid divide mank9d1 ev5 ! virtues 
( ,anton9us or ,trajan c d no m ?an     
apply1 ) c&\r & ) vig\r1 ! :ip & !      
sword2 & endeav\r1 by ! hopes ( rew>d1  
or ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 to f9d a spe$y & a 
tempor>y cure = ! crimes1 or !          

imbecilities ( m54  ,o!r /ates may be m 
or less corrupt$3 ?is has corruption =  
its basis4 ,"h ju/ice may sometimes     
direct ! arm ( ! despotical sov]eign2 b 
! "n ( ju/ice is mo/ commonly employ$ to
 signify ! int]e/ or ! caprice ( a      
reign+ p[]4 ,human society1 susceptible 
( su* a v>iety ( =ms1 "h f9ds ! simple/ 
( all4 ,! toils & possessions ( _m are  
de/9$ to assuage ! passions ( "o or a   
few2 & ! only p>ties t rema9 among1     
mank9d1 are ! oppressor :o dem&s1 & !   
oppress$ :o d>e n refuse4  ,nations1    
:ile !y 7 entitl$ to a mild] fate1 z 9 !
 case ( ! ,greeks1 repeat$ly conqu]$1 h 
be5 r$uc$ to ?is condition by milit>y   
=ce4 ,!y h rea*$ x too 9 ! maturity ( _!
 own depravations2 :51 l ! ,romans1     
return$ f ! conque/1 & load$ ) ! spoils 
( ! _w1 !y give loose to faction1 & to  
crimes too bold & too frequ5t = !       
correction ( ord9>y gov]nm5t2 & :5 !    
sword ( ju/ice1 dropp+ ) blood1 &       
p]petually requir$ to suppress          
accumulat+ disord]s on e side1 c\ld no  

long] await ! delays & precautions ( an 
adm9i/ration fett]$ by laws4 ,footnote3 
,sallu/4 ,bell4 ,catal9>ium4  ,x is1    
h[ev]1 well kn[n f ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 t 
corruption ( ?is1 or ( any o!r degree1  
is n peculi> to nations 9 _! decl9e1 or 
9 ! result ( signal prosp]ity1 & great  
advances 9 ! arts ( comm]ce4 ,! b&s (   
society1 inde$1 9 small & infant        
e/abli%m5ts1 are g5]ally /rong2 & _!    
subjects1 ei!r by an ard5t devotion to  
to _! own tribe1 or a vehem5t animosity 
aga9/ enemies1 & by a vigor\s c\rage    
f\nd$ on bo?1 are well qualifi$ to urge1
 or to su/a91 ! =tune ( a gr[+          
community4 ,b ! savage & ! b>b>ian h    
giv51 not)/&+1 9 ! case ( entire        
nations1 "s examples ( a weak & timor\s 
"*4 ,footnote3 ,! b>b>\s nations (      
,sib]ia1 9 g5]al1 are s]vile & timid4   
,!y h1 9 m in/ances1 fall5 into t       
species ( corruption :i* we h already   
describ$ 9 treat+ ( b>b>\s nations2 !y h
 made rap9e _! trade1 n m]ely z a       
species ( w>f>e1 or ) a view to enri* _!

 community1 b to possess1 9 prop]ty1 :at
 !y le>n$ to pref] ev5 to ! ties (      
affection or ( blood4  ,9 ! l[e/ /ate ( 
comm]cial arts1 ! passions = weal?1 & = 
dom9ion1 h exhibit$ sc5es ( oppression  
or s]vility1 :i* ! mo/ f9i%$ corruption 
( ! arrogant1 ! c[>dly1 & ! m]c5>y1     
f\nd$ on ! desire ( procur+1 or ! fe> ( 
los+1 a =tune1 c\ld n exce$4 ,9 su*     
cases1 ! vices ( m51 unre/ra9$ by =ms1 &
 unaw$ by police1 are suff]$ to riot at 
l>ge1 & to produce _! entire effects4   
,p>ties accord+ly unite1 or sep>ate1 on 
! maxims ( a gang ( robb]s2 !y sacrifice
 to int]e/ ! t5d]e/ affections ( human  
nature4 ,! p>5t supplies ! m>ket =      
slaves1 ev5 by ! sale ( 8 own *ildr52 ! 
cottage ceases to be a sanctu>y = ! weak
 & ! def5celess /rang]2 & ! rights (    
hospitality1 (t5 s sacr$ among nations 9
 _! primitive /ate1 come to be violat$1 
l e o!r tie ( humanity1 )\t fe> or      
remorse4 ,footnote3 ,*>d9's travels     
?r\gh ,m+relia into ,p]sia4  ,nations   
:i*1 9 lat] p]iods ( _! hi/ory1 became  

em95t = civil wisdom & ju/ice1 _h1      
p]haps1 9 a =m] age1 p>oxysms ( lawless 
disord]1 to :i* ?is description might 9 
"p be appli$4 ,! v policy by :i* !y     
arriv$ at _! degree ( national felicity1
 0 devis$ z a rem$y = outrage\s abuse4  
,! e/abli%m5t ( ord] 0 dat$ f !         
commission ( rapes & murd]s2            
indignation1 & private rev5ge1 7 !      
pr9ciples on :i* nations proce$$ to !   
expulsion ( tyrants1 to ! emancipation (
 mank9d1 & ! full explanation ( _!      
political rights4  ,defects ( gov]nm5t &
 ( law may be1 9 "s cases1 consid]$ z a 
symptom ( innoc5ce & ( virtue4 ,b :]e   
p[] is already e/abli%$1 :]e ! /rong are
 unwill+ to suff] re/ra9t1 or ! weak    
unable to f9d a protection1 ! defects ( 
law are m>ks ( ! mo/ p]fect corruption4 
,among rude nations1 gov]nm5t is (t5    
defective2 bo? because m5 are n yet     
acqua9t$ ) all ! evils = :i* poli%$     
nations h endeav\r$ to f9d a r$ress2 &  
because1 ev5 :]e evils ( ! mo/ flagrant 
nature h long afflict$ ! peace (        

society1 !y h n yet be5 able to apply ! 
cure4 ,9 ! progress ( civilization1 new 
di/emp]s break =?1 & new rem$ies are    
appli$3 b ! rem$y is n always appli$ !  
mom5t ! di/emp] appe>s2 & laws1 ?\gh    
sugge/$ by ! commission ( crimes1 are n 
! symptom ( a rec5t corruption1 b ( a   
desire to f9d a rem$y t may cure1       
p]haps1 "s invet]ate evil :i* has long  
afflict$ ! /ate4  ,!re are corruptions1 
h[ev]1 "u :i* m5 /ill possess ! vig\r & 
! resolution to correct !mselves4 ,su*  
are ! viol5ce & ! outrage :i* accompany 
! collision ( fi]ce & d>+ spirits1      
occupi$ 9 ! /ruggles :i* sometimes      
prec$e ! dawn ( civil & comm]cial       
improvem5ts4 ,9 su* cases1 m5 h         
frequ5tly discov]$ a rem$y = evils1 (   
:i* _! own misguid$ impetuosity1 &      
sup]ior =ce ( m9d1 7 ! pr9cipal causes4 
,b if to a deprav$ disposition1 we      
suppose to be jo9$ a weakness ( _s2 if  
to an admiration & desire ( ri*es1 be   
jo9$ an av]sion to dang] or bus9ess2 if 
^? ord]s ( m5 ^: val\r is requir$ by !  

public1 cease to be brave2 if ! memb]s (
 society 9 g5]al h n ^? p]sonal         
qualities :i* are requir$ to fill !     
/ations ( equality1 or ( hon\r1 to :i*  
!y are invit$ by ! =ms ( ! /ate2 !y mu/ 
s9k to a dep? f :i* _! imbecility1 ev5 m
 ?an _! deprav$ incl9ations1 may prev5t 
_! rise4     ,,section1 ,,ii  ,,(       
,,luxury4   ,we are f> f be+ agre$ on ! 
application ( ! t]m luxury1 or on t     
degree ( its mean+ :i* is consi/5t )    
national prosp]ity1 or ) ! moral        
rectitude ( our nature4 ,x is sometimes 
employ$ to signify a mann] ( life :i* we
 ?9k necess>y to civilization1 & ev5 to 
happ9ess4 ,x is1 9 our panegyric (      
poli%$ ages1 ! p>5t ( arts1 ! support ( 
comm]ce1 & ! m9i/] ( national greatness1
 & ( opul5ce4 ,x is1 9 our c5sure (     
deg5]ate mann]s1 ! s\rce ( corruption1 &
 ! presage ( national decl5sion & ru94  
,x is admir$1 & x is blam$2 x is treat$ 
z ornam5tal & useful1 & x is proscrib$ z
 a vice4  ,) all ?is div]sity 9 our     
judgm5ts1 we are g5]ally uni=m 9 employ+

 ! t]m to signify t complicat$ app>atus 
:i* mank9d devise = ! ease & conv5i5ce (
 life4 ,_! build+s1 furniture1 equipage1
 clo?+1 tra9 ( dome/ics1 ref9em5t ( !   
table1 &1 9 g5]al1 all t assemblage :i* 
is r int5d$ to please ! fancy1 ?an to   
obviate real wants1 & :i* is r ornam5tal
 ?an useful4  ,:5 we are dispos$1 !re=e1
 "u ! appellation ( luxury1 to rank !   
enjoym5t ( ^! ?+s among ! vices1 we ei!r
 tacitly ref] to ! habits ( s5suality1  
debau*]y1 prodigality1 vanity1 &        
arrogance1 ) :i* ! possession ( high    
=tune is sometimes att5d$2 or we        
appreh5d a c]ta9 measure ( :at is       
necess>y to human life1 beyond :i* all  
enjoym5ts are suppos$ to be excessive & 
vici\s4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 luxury is    
made an article ( national lu/re &      
felicity1 we only ?9k ( x z an innoc5t  
consequ5ce ( ! unequal di/ribution (    
weal?1 & z a me?od by :i* diff]5t ranks 
are r5d]$ mutually dep5d5t1 & mutually  
useful4 ,! poor are made to practise    
arts1 & ! ri* to rew>d !m4 ,! public    

itself is made a ga9] by :at seems to   
wa/e its /ock1 & x receives a p]petual  
increase ( weal?1 f ! influ5ce ( ^? gr[+
 appetites1 & delicate ta/es1 :i* seem  
to m5ace consumption & ru94  ,x is      
c]ta91 t we mu/ ei!r1 toge!r ) !        
comm]cial arts1 suff] _! fruits to be   
enjoy$1 & ev5 9 "s measure admir$2 or1 l
 ! ,sp>tans1 prohibit ! art itself1 :ile
 we are afraid ( its consequ5ces1 or    
:ile we ?9k t ! conv5i5cies x br+s exce$
 :at nature requires4 ,b we may propose 
to /op ! advancem5t ( arts at any /age (
 _! progress1 & /ill incur ! c5sure (   
luxury f ^? :o are n advanc$ s f>4 ,!   
h\sebuild] & ! c>p5t] at ,sp>ta 7 limit$
 to ! use ( ! axe & ! saw2 b a ,sp>tan  
cottage might h pass$ = a palace 9      
,?race3 & if ! dispute 7 to turn on ! k 
( :at is physically necess>y to !       
pres]vation ( human life1 z ! /&>d ( :at
 is morally lawful1 ! faculties (       
physic1 z well z ( morality1 w\ld       
probably divide on ! subject1 & leave e 
individual1 z at pres5t1 to f9d "s rule 

= himself4 ,! casui/1 = ! mo/ "p1       
consid]s ! practice ( 8 own age &       
condition z a /&>d = mank9d4 ,if 9 "o   
age or condition he condemn ! use ( a   
coa*1 9 ano!r he w\ld h no less c5sur$ !
 we>+ ( %oes2 & ! v p]son :o exclaims   
aga9/ ! fir/1 w\ld probably n h sp>$ !  
second1 if x _h n be5 already famili> 9 
ages be=e 8 own4 ,a c5sor born 9 a      
cottage1 & accu/om$ to sleep ^u /raw1   
does n propose t m5 %\ld return to !    
woods & ! caves = %elt]2 he admits !    
reasonabl5ess & ! utility ( :at is      
already famili>2 & appreh5ds an excess &
 corruption1 only 9 ! newe/ ref9em5t ( !
 ris+ g5]ation4  ,! cl]gy ( ,europe h   
prea*$ successively aga9/ e new fa%ion1 
& e innovation 9 dress4 ,! modes ( y\?  
are a subject ( c5sure to ! old2 & modes
 ( ! la/ age1 9 _! turn1 a matt] (      
ridicule to ! flippant1 & ! "y4 ,( ?is  
!re is n always a bett] acc\nt to be    
giv51 ?an t ! old are dispos$ to be     
sev]e1 & ! "y to be m]ry4  ,! argum5t   
aga9/ _m ( ! conv5i5cies ( life1 drawn f

 ! m]e consid]ation ( _! n be+ necess>y1
 0 equally prop] 9 ! m\? ( ! savage1 :o 
dissuad$ f ! fir/ applications (        
indu/ry1 z x is 9 t ( ! morali/1 :o     
insi/s on ! vanity ( ! la/4 ,our        
ance/ors1 he might say1 f\nd _! dwell+  
"u ?is rock2 !y ga!r$ _! food 9 ! =e/2  
!y allay$ _! ?ir/ f ! f\nta92 & !y 7    
clo!d 9 ! spoils ( ! bea/ !y _h sla94   
,:y %\ld we indulge a false delicacy1 or
 require f ! e>? fruits :i* %e is n     
accu/om$ to yield8 ,! b[ ( our fa!r is  
already too /rong = our arms2 & ! wild  
bea/ beg9s to "l x 9 ! woods4  ,?us !   
morali/ may h f\nd1 9 ! proce$+s ( e    
age1 ^? topics ( blame1 f :i* he is s   
mu* dispos$ to arraign ! mann]s ( 8 own2
 & our emb>rassm5t on ! subject is1     
p]haps1 b a "p ( t g5]al p]plexity :i*  
we und]go1 9 try+ to def9e moral *>act]s
 by ext]nal circum/ances1 :i* may1 or   
may n1 be att5d$ ) faults 9 ! m9d & !   
he>t4 ,"o man f9ds a vice 9 ! we>+ (    
l952 ano!r does n1 unless ! fabric be   
f9e3 & if1 meantime1 x be true1 t a     

p]son may be dress$ 9 manufacture ei!r  
co>se or f9e2 t he may sleep 9 ! fields1
 or lodge 9 a palace2 tread ^u c>pet1 or
 plant 8 foot on ! gr\nd2 :ile ! m9d    
ei!r reta9s1 or has lo/ its p5etration1 
& its vig\r1 & ! he>t its affection to  
mank9d1 x is va91 "u any su*            
circum/ance1 to seek = ! di/9ctions (   
virtue & vice1 or to tax ! poli%$ citiz5
 ) weakness = any "p ( 8 equipage1 or = 
8 we>+ a fur1 9 :i*1 p]haps1 "s savage 0
 dress$ be=e him4 ,vanity is n di/+ui%$ 
by any peculi> species ( dress4 ,x is   
betray$ by ! ,indian 9 ! fanta/ic       
assortm5ts ( 8 plumes1 8 %ells1 8 p>ty  
col\r$ furs1 & 9 ! "t he be/[s at !     
glass & ! toilet4 ,its projects 9 !     
woods & 9 ! t[n are ! same3 9 ! "o1 x   
seeks1 ) ! visage b$aub$1 & ) tee?      
artificially /a9$1 = t admiration1 :i* x
 c\rts 9 ! o!r ) a gild$ equipage1 &    
liv]ies ( /ate4  ,poli%$ nations1 9 _!  
progress1 (t5 come to surpass ! rude 9  
mod]ation1 & sev]ity ( mann]s4 ,!       
,greeks1 says ,?ucydides1 n long ago1 l 

b>b>ians1 wore gold5 spangles 9 ! hair1 
& w5t arm$ 9 times ( peace4 ,simplicity 
( dress 9 ?is p1 became a m>k (         
polit5ess3 & ! m]e mat]ials ) :i* ! body
 is n\ri%$ or clo!d1 are probably (     
little consequ5ce to any p4 ,we mu/ look
 = ! *>act]s ( m5 9 ! qualities ( ! m9d1
 n 9 ! species ( _! food1 or 9 ! mode ( 
_! app>el4 ,:at are n[ ! ornam5ts ( !   
grave & sev]e2 :at is own$ to be a real 
conv5i5cy1 7 once ! fopp]ies ( y\?1 or 7
 devis$ to please ! effem9ate4 ,! new   
fa%ion1 inde$1 is (t5 ! m>k ( ! coxcomb2
 b we frequ5tly *ange our fa%ions )\t   
multiply+ coxcombs1 or increas+ !       
measures ( our vanity & folly4  ,are !  
appreh5sions ( ! sev]e1 !re=e1 9 e age1 
equally gr\ndless & unreasonable8 ,are  
we nev] to dread any error 9 ! article (
 a ref9em5t be/[$ on ! means (          
subsi/5ce1 or ! conv5i5cies ( life8 ,!  
fact is1 t m5 are p]petually expos$ to !
 commission ( error 9 ?is article1 n    
m]ely :]e !y are accu/om$ to high       
measures ( accommodation1 or to any     

p>ticul> species ( food1 b :]ev] ^!     
objects1 9 g5]al1 may come to be pref]r$
 to _! "*1 to _! c\ntry1 or to mank9d2  
!y actually commit su* error1 :]ev] !y  
admire paltry di/9ctions or frivol\s    
advantages2 :]ev] !y %r9k f small       
inconv5i5cies1 & are incapable ( dis*>g+
 _! duty ) vig\r4 ,! use ( morality on  
?is subject1 is n to limit m5 to any    
p>ticul> species ( lodg+1 diet1 or      
clo!s2 b to prev5t _! consid]+ ^!       
conv5i5cies z ! pr9cipal objects ( human
 life4 ,& if we are ask$1 :]e ! pursuit 
( trifl+ accommodations %\ld /op1 9 ord]
 t a man may devote himself entirely to 
! high] engagem5ts ( life8 we may answ]1
 t x %\ld /op :]e x is4 ,?is 0 ! rule   
foll[$ at ,sp>ta3 ! object ( ! rule 01  
to pres]ve ! he>t entire = ! public1 &  
to occupy m5 9 cultivat+ _! own nature1 
n 9 accumulat+ weal?1 & ext]nal         
conv5i5cies4 ,x 0 n expect$ o!rwise1 t !
 axe or ! saw %\ld be att5d$ ) great]   
political advantage1 ?an ! plane & !    
*isel4 ,:5 ,cato walk$ ! /reets ( ,rome 

)\t 8 robe1 & )\t %oes1 he did s1 mo/   
probably1 9 contempt ( :at 8 c\ntrym5 7 
s prone to admire2 n 9 hopes ( f9d+ a   
virtue 9 "o species ( dress1 or a vice 9
 ano!r4  ,luxury1 !re=e1 consid]$ z a   
pr$ilection 9 fav\r ( ! objects (       
vanity1 & ! co/ly mat]ials ( pleasure1  
is ru9\s to ! human "*2 consid]$ z ! m]e
 use ( accommodations & conv5i5cies :i* 
! age has procur$1 r dep5ds on !        
progress :i* ! me*anical arts h made1 & 
on ! degree 9 :i* ! =tunes ( m5 are     
unequally p>cell$1 ?an on ! dispositions
 ( p>ticul> m5 ei!r to vice or to       
virtue4  ,diff]5t measures ( luxury are1
 h[ev]1 v>i\sly suit$ to diff]5t        
con/itutions ( gov]nm5t4 ,! advancem5t (
 arts supposes an unequal di/ribution ( 
=tune2 & ! means ( di/9ction !y br+1    
s]ve to r5d] ! sep>ation ( ranks m      
s5sible4 ,luxury is1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 ap>t
 f all its moral effects1 adv]se to ! =m
 ( democratical gov]nm5t2 &1 9 any /ate 
( society1 c be safely admitt$ 9 t      
degree only 9 :i* ! memb]s ( a community

 are suppos$ ( unequal rank1 & con/itute
 public ord] by ! relations ( sup]ior & 
vassal4 ,high degrees ( x appe> salut>y1
 & ev5 necess>y1 9 mon>*ical & mix$     
gov]nm5ts2 :]e1 besides ! enc\ragem5t to
 arts & comm]ce1 x s]ves to give lu/re  
to ^? h]$it>y or con/itutional dignities
 :i* h a place ( importance 9 !         
political sy/em4 ,:e!r ev5 "h luxury    
leads to abuse peculi> to ages ( high   
ref9em5t & opul5ce1 we %all proce$ to   
consid] 9 ! foll[+ sections4            
,,section ,,iii4  ,,( ,,! ,,corruption  
,,incid5t ,,to ,,poli%$ ,,nations4      
,luxury & corruption are frequ5tly c\pl$
 toge!r1 & ev5 pass = synonym\s t]ms4   
,b1 9 ord] to avoid any dispute ab\t    
words1 by ! fir/ we may und]/& t        
accumulation ( weal?1 & t ref9em5t on ! 
ways ( enjoy+ x1 :i* are ! objects (    
indu/ry1 or ! fruits ( me*anic &        
comm]cial arts3 & by ! second a real    
weakness1 or depravity ( ! human "*1 :i*
 may accompany any /ate ( ^? arts1 & be 
f\nd "u any ext]nal circum/ances or     

condition :atsoev]4 ,x rema9s to        
inquire1 :at are ! corruptions incid5t  
to poli%$ nations1 arriv$ at c]ta9      
measures ( luxury1 & possess$ ( c]ta9   
advantages1 9 :i* !y are g5]ally suppos$
 to excel8  ,we ne$ n h rec\rse to a    
p>allel betwe5 ! mann]s ( entire        
nations1 9 ! extremes ( civilization &  
rud5ess1 9 ord] to be satisfi$1 t !     
vices ( m5 are n proportion$ to _!      
=tunes2 or t ! habits ( av>ice1 or (    
s5suality1 are n f\nd$ on any c]ta9     
measures ( weal?1 or det]m9ate k9d (    
enjoym5t4 ,:]e ! situations ( p>ticul>  
m5 are v>i$ z mu* by _! p]sonal /ations1
 z !y c be by ! /ate ( national         
ref9em5ts1 ! same passions = int]e/1 or 
pleasure1 prevail 9 e condition4 ,!y    
arise f temp]am5t1 or an acquir$        
admiration ( prop]ty2 n f any p>ticul>  
mann] ( life 9 :i* ! p>ties are engag$1 
nor f any p>ticul> species ( prop]ty :i*
 may h occupi$ _! c>es & _! wi%es4      
,temp]ance & mod]ation are1 at lea/1 z  
frequ5t among ^? :om we call ! sup]ior1 

z !y are among ! l[] classes ( m52 &    
h[ev] we may affix ! "* ( sobriety to   
m]e *eapness ( diet1 & o!r              
accommodations ) :i* any p>ticul> age1  
or rank ( m51 appe> to be cont5t$1 x is 
well kn[n1 t co/ly mat]ials are n       
necess>y to con/itute a debau*1 nor     
pr(ligacy less frequ5t "u ! ?at*$ ro(1  
?an "u ! l(ty ceil+4 ,m5 gr[ equally    
famili> ) diff]5t conditions1 receive   
equal pleasure1 & are equally allur$ to 
s5suality 9 ! palace & 9 ! cave4 ,_!    
acquir+ 9 ei!r1 habits ( intemp]ance or 
slo?1 dep5ds on ! remission ( o!r       
pursuits1 & on ! di/a/e ( ! m9d to o!r  
engagem5ts4 ,if ! affections ( ! he>t be
 awake1 & ! passions ( love1 admiration1
 or ang]1 be k9dl$1 ! co/ly furniture ( 
! palace1 z well z ! homely             
accommodations ( ! cottage1 are         
neglect$3 & m51 :5 r\s$1 reject _!      
repose2 or1 :5 fatigu$1 embrace x alike 
on ! silk5 b$1 or on ! c\* ( /raw4  ,we 
are n1 h[ev]1 f h5ce to conclude1 t     
luxury1 ) all its concomitant           

circum/ances1 :i* ei!r s]ve to fav\r its
 increase1 or :i*1 9 ! arrangem5ts (    
civil society1 foll[ x z consequ5ces1 c 
h no effect to ! disadvantage ( national
 mann]s4 ,if t respite f public dang]s &
 tr\bles :i* gives a leisure = !        
practice ( comm]cial arts1 be cont9u$1  
or increas$1 into a disuse ( national   
ef=ts2 if ! individual1 n call$ to unite
 ) 8 c\ntry1 be left to pursue 8 private
 advantage2 we may f9d him become       
effem9ate1 m]c5>y1 & s5sual2 n because  
pleasures & pr(its are become m allur+1 
b because he has few] calls to att5d to 
o!r objects2 & because he has m         
enc\ragem5t to /udy 8 p]sonal           
advantages1 & pursue 8 sep>ate int]e/s4 
,if ! disp>ities ( rank & =tune1 :i* are
 necess>y to ! pursuit or enjoym5t (    
luxury1 introduce false gr\nds (        
prec$5cy & e/imation2 if1 on ! m]e      
consid]ations ( be+ ri* or poor1 "o ord]
 ( m5 are1 9 _! own appreh5sion1        
elevat$1 ano!r debas$2 if "o be         
crim9ally pr\d1 ano!r meanly deject$2 & 

e rank 9 its place1 l ! tyrant1 :o ?9ks 
t nations are made = himself1 be dispos$
 to assume on ! rights ( mank9d3 al?\gh1
 ^u ! comp>ison1 ! high] ord] may be    
lea/ corrupt$2 or f education1 & a s5se 
( p]sonal dignity1 h mo/ good qualities 
rema9+2 yet ! "o becom+ m]c5>y & s]vile2
 ! o!r imp]i\s & arrogant2 bo? reg>dless
 ( ju/ice & ( m]it2 ! :ole mass is      
corrupt$1 & ! mann]s ( a society *ang$ =
 ! worse1 9 proportion z its memb]s     
cease to act on pr9ciples ( equality1   
indep5d5ce1 or fre$om4  ,^u ?is view1 & 
consid]+ ! m]its ( m5 9 ! ab/ract1 a m]e
 *ange f ! habits ( a republic to ^? ( a
 mon>*y2 f ! love ( equality1 to ! s5se 
( a subord9ation f\nd$ on bir?1 titles1 
& =tune1 is a species ( corruption to   
mank9d4 ,b ?is degree ( corruption is   
/ill consi/5t ) ! safety & prosp]ity (  
"s nations2 x admits ( a vigor\s c\rage1
 by :i* ! rights ( individuals1 & (     
k+doms1 may be long pres]v$4  ,"u ! =m (
 mon>*y1 :ile yet 9 its vig\r1 sup]ior  
=tune is1 inde$1 "o m>k by :i* ! diff]5t

 ord]s ( m5 are di/+ui%$2 b !re are "s  
o!r +r$i5ts1 )\t :i* weal? is n admitt$ 
z a f\ndation ( prec$5cy1 & 9 fav\r (   
:i* x is (t5 despis$1 & lavi%$ away4    
,su* are bir? & titles1 ! reputation (  
c\rage1 c\rtly mann]s1 & a c]ta9        
elevation ( m9d4 ,if we suppose t ^!    
di/9ctions are =gott51 & nobility itself
 only to be kn[n by ! sumptu\s ret9ue   
:i* money alone may procure2 & by a     
lavi% exp5se1 :i* ! m rec5t =tunes c    
g5]ally be/ su/a92 luxury mu/ !n be     
all[$ to corrupt ! mon>*ical z mu* z !  
republican /ate1 & to introduce a fatal 
dissolution ( mann]s1 "u :i* m5 ( e     
condition1 al?\gh !y are eag] to        
acquire1 or to display _! weal?1 h no   
rema9s ( real ambition4 ,!y h nei!r !   
elevation ( nobles1 nor ! fidelity (    
subjects2 !y h *ang$ into effem9ate     
vanity1 t s5se ( hon\r :i* gave rules to
 ! p]sonal c\rage2 & into a s]vile      
bas5ess t loyalty1 :i* b\nd ea* 9 8     
place to 8 imm$iate sup]ior1 & ! :ole to
 ! ?rone4  ,nations are mo/ expos$ to   

corruption f ?is qu>t]1 :5 ! me*anical  
arts1 be+ greatly advanc$1 furni%       
numb]less articles to be appli$ 9       
ornam5t to ! p]son1 9 furniture1        
ent]ta9m5t1 or equipage2 :5 su* articles
 z ! ri* alone c procure are admir$2 &  
:5 consid]ation1 prec$5ce1 & rank1 are  
accord+ly made to dep5d on =tune4  ,9 a 
m rude /ate ( ! arts1 al?\gh weal? be   
unequally divid$1 ! opul5t c amass only 
! simple means ( subsi/5ce3 !y c only   
fill ! gran>y1 & furni% ! /all2 reap f m
 ext5d$ fields1 & drive _! h]ds ov] a   
l>g] pa/ure4 ,to enjoy _! magnific5ce1  
!y mu/ live 9 a cr[d2 & to secure _!    
possessions1 !y mu/ be surr\nd$ ) fri5ds
 t esp\se _! qu>rels4 ,_! hon\rs1 z well
 z _! safety1 consi/ 9 ! numb]s :o att5d
 !m2 & _! p]sonal di/9ctions are tak5 f 
_! lib]ality1 & suppos$ elevation ( m9d4
 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! possession ( ri*es     
s]ves only to make ! own] assume a "* ( 
magnanimity1 to become ! gu>dian (      
numb]s1 or ! public object ( respect &  
affection4 ,b :5 ! bulky con/itu5ts (   

weal?1 & ( ru/ic magnific5ce1 c be      
ex*ang$ = ref9em5ts2 & :5 ! produce ( ! 
soil may be turn$ into equipage1 & m]e  
decoration2 :5 ! comb9ation ( _m is no  
long] requir$ = p]sonal safety2 ! ma/]  
may become ! sole consum] ( 8 own e/ate3
 he may ref] ! use ( e subject to       
himself2 he may employ ! mat]ials (     
g5]osity to fe$ a p]sonal vanity1 or to 
indulge a sickly & effem9ate fancy1 :i* 
has le>n$ to enum]ate ! trapp+s (       
weakness or folly among ! necess>ies (  
life4  ,! ,p]sian satrape1 we are told1 
:5 he saw ! k+ ( ,sp>ta at ! place ( _! 
conf]5ce /ret*$ on ! grass ) 8 soldi]s1 
blu%$ at ! provision he made = !        
accommodation ( 8 own p]son2 he ord]$ ! 
furs & ! c>pets to be )drawn2 he felt 8 
own inf]iority2 & recollect$1 t he 0 to 
treat ) a man1 n to vie ) a pageant 9   
co/ly attire & magnific5ce4  ,:51 amid  
circum/ances t make no trial ( ! virtues
 or tal5ts ( m51 we h be5 accu/om$ to ! 
air ( sup]iority :i* p ( =tune d]ive f  
_! ret9ue1 we are apt to lose e s5se (  

di/9ction aris+ f m]it1 or ev5 f        
abilities4 ,we rate our fell[ citiz5s by
 ! figure !y are able to make2 by _!    
build+s1 _! dress1 _! equipage1 & ! tra9
 ( _! foll[]s4 ,all ^! circum/ances make
 a "p 9 our e/imate ( :at is excell5t2 &
 if ! ma/] himself is kn[n to be a      
pageant 9 ! mid/ ( 8 =tune1 we nev]!less
 pay our c\rt to 8 /ation1 & look up )  
an envi\s1 s]vile1 or deject$ m9d1 to   
:at is1 9 itself1 sc>cely fit to amuse  
*ildr52 ?\gh1 :5 x is worn z a badge (  
di/9ction1 x inflames ! ambition ( ^? we
 call ! great1 & /rikes ! multitude )   
awe & respect4  ,we judge ( entire      
nations by ! productions ( a few        
me*anical arts1 & ?9k we are talk+ ( m51
 :ile we are boa/+ ( _! e/ates1 _!      
dress1 & _! palaces4 ,! s5se 9 :i* we   
apply ! t]ms1 great1 & noble1 high rank1
 & high life1 %[ t we h1 on su*         
occasions1 transf]r$ ! idea ( p]fection 
f ! "* to ! equipage2 & t excell5ce     
itself is1 9 our e/eem1 a m]e pageant1  
adorn$ at a great exp5se by ! lab\rs (  

_m workm54  ,to ^? :o ov]look ! subtile 
transitions ( ! imag9ation1 x might     
appe>1 s9ce weal? c d no m ?an furni% ! 
means ( subsi/5ce1 & pur*ase animal     
pleasures1 t covet\sness1 & v5ality     
itself1 %\ld keep pace ) our fe>s (     
want1 or ) our appetite = s5sual        
enjoym5ts2 & t :]e ! appetite is        
satiat$1 & ! fe> ( want is remov$1 ! m9d
 %\ld be at ease on ! subject ( =tune4  
,b !y are n ! m]e pleasures t ri*es     
procure1 nor ! *oice ( vi&s :i* cov] !  
bo>d ( ! weal?y1 t inflame ! passions ( 
! covet\s & ! m]c5>y4 ,nature is easily 
satisfi$ 9 all h] enjoym5ts4 ,x is an   
op9ion ( em95ce1 connect$ ) =tune2 x is 
a s5se ( debasem5t att5d+ on pov]ty1 :i*
 r5d]s u bl9d to e advantage1 b t ( !   
ri*2 & ins5sible to e disgrace1 b t ( ! 
poor4 ,x is ?is unhappy appreh5sion1 t  
occasionally prep>es u = ! des]tion ( e 
duty1 = a submission to e indignity1 & =
 ! commission ( e crime t c be          
accompli%$ 9 safety4  ,aur5gzebe 0 n m  
r5[n$ = sobriety 9 8 private /ation1 & 9

 ! conduct ( a suppos$ dissimulation1 by
 :i* he aspir$ to sov]eign p[]1 ?an he  
cont9u$ to be1 ev5 on ! ?rone (         
,indo/an4 ,simple1 ab/95t1 & sev]e 9 8  
diet1 & o!r pleasures1 he /ill l$ ! life
 ( a h]mit1 & occupi$ 8 "t ) a seem+ly  
pa9ful application to ! affairs ( a     
great empire4 ,footnote3 ,gemelli ,c>]i4
 ,he quitt$ a /ation 9 :i*1 if pleasure 
_h be5 8 object1 he might h indulg$ 8   
s5suality )\t res]ve2 he made 8 way to a
 sc5e ( disquietude & c>e2 he aim$ at ! 
summit ( human greatness1 9 ! possession
 ( imp]ial =tune1 n at ! gratifications 
( animal appetite1 or ! enjoym5t ( ease4
 ,sup]ior to s5sual pleasure1 z well z  
to ! feel+s ( nature1 he de?ron$ 8 fa!r1
 & he murd]$ 8 bro!rs1 t he might roll  
on a c>riage incru/$ ) diamond & pe>l2 t
 8 elephants1 8 camels1 & 8 horses1 on !
 m>*1 might =m a l9e ext5d+ _m leagues2 
might pres5t a glitt]+ h>ness to ! sun2 
& load$ ) treasure1 u%] to ! view ( an  
abject & admir+ cr[d t awful maje/y1 9  
^: pres5ce !y 7 to /rike ! =ehead on !  

gr\nd1 & be ov]:elm$ ) ! s5se ( 8       
greatness1 & ) t ( _! own debasem5t4  ,z
 ^! are ! objects :i* prompt ! desire ( 
dom9ion1 & excite ! ambiti\s to aim at !
 ma/]y ( _! fell[ creatures2 s !y       
inspire ! ord9>y race ( m5 ) a s5se (   
infirmity & meanness1 t prep>es !m to   
suff] indignities1 & to become ! prop]ty
 ( p]sons1 :om !y consid] z ( a rank & a
 nature s mu* sup]ior to _! own4 ,! *a9s
 ( p]petual slav]y1 accord+ly1 appe> to 
be rivet$ 9 ! ea/1 no less by !         
pageantry :i* is made to accompany !    
possession ( p[]1 ?an !y are by ! fe>s (
 ! sword1 & ! t]rors ( a milit>y        
execution4 ,9 ! we/1 z well z ! ea/1 we 
are will+ to b[ to ! spl5did equipage1 &
 /& at an awful di/ance f ! pomp ( a    
pr9cely e/ate4 ,we too may be t]rifi$ by
 ! fr[ns1 or won by ! smiles1 ( ^? ^:   
fav\r is ri*es & hon\r1 & ^: displeasure
 is pov]ty & neglect4 ,we too may       
ov]look ! hon\rs ( ! human s\l1 f an    
admiration ( ! pageantries t accompany  
=tune4 ,! procession ( elephants h>ness$

 ) gold might dazzle into slaves1 ! p :o
 d]ive corruption & weakness f ! effect 
( _! own arts & contrivances1 z well z  
^? :o inh]it s]vility f _! ance/ors1 &  
are enfeebl$ by _! natural temp]am5t1 & 
! en]vat+ *>ms ( _! soil & _! climate4  
,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t al?\gh ! m]e use (  
mat]ials :i* con/itute luxury1 may be   
di/+ui%$ f actual vice2 yet nations "u a
 high /ate ( ! comm]cial arts1 are      
expos$ to corruption1 by _! admitt+     
weal?1 unsupport$ by p]sonal elevation &
 virtue1 z ! great f\ndation (          
di/9ction1 & by hav+ _! att5tion turn$  
on ! side ( int]e/1 z ! road to         
consid]ation & hon\r4  ,) ?is effect1   
luxury may s]ve to corrupt democratical 
/ates1 by introduc+ a species (         
mon>*ical subord9ation1 )\t t s5se (    
high bir? & h]$it>y hon\rs :i* r5d] !   
b\nd>ies ( rank fix$ & det]m9ate1 & :i* 
tea* m5 to act 9 _! /ations ) =ce &     
propriety4 ,x may prove ! occasion (    
political corruption1 ev5 9 mon>*ical   
gov]nm5ts1 by draw+ respect t[>ds m]e   

weal?2 by ca/+ a %ade on ! lu/re (      
p]sonal qualities1 or family di/9ctions2
 & by infect+ all ord]s ( m51 ) equal   
v5ality1 s]vility1 & c[>dice4           
,,section ,,iv4  ,! ,same ,subject      
,cont9u$4   ,! increas+ reg>d ) :i* m5  
appe>1 9 ! progress ( comm]cial arts1 to
 /udy _! pr(it1 or ! delicacy ) :i* !y  
ref9e on _! pleasures2 ev5 indu/ry      
itself1 or ! habit ( application to a   
t$i\s employm5t1 9 :i* no hon\rs are    
won1 may1 p]haps1 be consid]$ z         
indications ( a gr[+ att5tion to int]e/1
 or ( effem9acy1 contract$ 9 ! enjoym5t 
( ease & conv5i5cy4 ,e successive art1  
by :i* ! individual is taught to improve
 on 8 =tune1 is1 9 reality1 an addition 
to 8 private engagem5ts1 & a new        
avocation ( 8 m9d f ! public4           
,corruption1 h[ev]1 does n arise f !    
abuse ( comm]cial arts alone2 x requires
 ! aid ( political situation2 & is n    
produc$ by ! objects t occupy a sordid &
 a m]c5>y _s1 )\t ! aid ( circum/ances t
 enable m5 to indulge 9 safety any mean 

disposition !y h acquir$4  ,provid5ce   
has fitt$ mank9d = ! high] engagem5ts   
:i* !y are sometimes oblig$ to fulfil2 &
 x is 9 ! mid/ ( su* engagem5ts t !y are
 mo/ likely to acquire or to pres]ve _! 
virtues4 ,! habits ( a vigor\s m9d are  
=m$ 9 cont5d+ ) difficulties1 n 9 enjoy+
 ! repose ( a pacific /ation2 p5etration
 & wisdom are ! fruits ( exp]i5ce1 n !  
lessons ( retirem5t & leisure2 ard\r &  
g5]osity are ! qualities ( a m9d r\s$ & 
animat$ 9 ! conduct ( sc5es t engage !  
he>t1 n ! gifts ( reflection or k4 ,!   
m]e int]mission ( national & political  
ef=ts is1 not)/&+1 sometimes mi/ak5 =   
public good2 & !re is no mi/ake m likely
 to fo/] ! vices1 or to flatt] !        
weakness1 ( feeble & int]e/$ m54  ,if ! 
ord9>y arts ( policy1 or r if a gr[+    
indiff]5ce to objects ( a public nature1
 %\ld prevail1 &1 "u any free           
con/itution1 put an end to ^? disputes (
 p>ty1 & sil5ce t noise ( diss5tion :i* 
g5]ally accompany ! ex]cise ( fre$om1 we
 may v5ture to progno/icate corruption  

to ! national mann]s1 z well z          
remissness to ! national _s4 ,! p]iod is
 come1 :5 no engagem5t1 rema9+ on ! "p (
 ! public1 private int]e/1 & animal     
pleasure1 become ! sov]eign objects (   
c>e4 ,:5 m51 be+ reliev$ f ! pressure ( 
great occasions1 be/[ _! att5tion on    
trifles2 & hav+ c>ri$ :at !y are pleas$ 
to call s5sibility & delicacy1 on !     
subject ( ease or mole/ation1 z f> z    
real weakness or folly c g1 h rec\rse to
 affectation1 9 ord] to enhance !       
pret5d$ dem&s1 & accumulate ! anxieties1
 ( a sickly fancy1 & enfeebl$ m9d4  ,9  
?is condition1 mank9d g5]ally flatt] _! 
own imbecility "u ! "n ( polit5ess4 ,!y 
are p]suad$1 t ! celebrat$ ard\r1       
g5]osity1 & =titude ( =m] ages bord]$ on
 fr5zy1 or 7 ! m]e effects ( necessity1 
on m5 :o _h n ! means ( enjoy+ _! ease1 
or _! pleasure4 ,!y congratulate        
!mselves on hav+ escap$ ! /orm :i*      
requir$ ! ex]cise ( su* ardu\s virtues2 
& ) t vanity :i* accompanies ! human    
race 9 _! meane/ condition1 !y boa/ ( a 

sc5e ( affectation1 ( languor1 or (     
folly1 z ! /&>d ( human felicity1 & z   
furni%+ ! prop]e/ ex]cise ( a rational  
nature4  ,x is none ( ! lea/ m5ac+      
symptoms ( an age prone to deg5]acy1 t !
 m9ds ( m5 become p]plex$ 9 ! disc]nm5t 
( m]it1 z mu* z ! _s becomes enfeebl$ 9 
conduct1 & ! he>t misl$ 9 ! *oice ( its 
objects3 ,! c>e ( m]e =tune is suppos$  
to con/itute wisdom2 retirem5t f public 
affairs1 & real indiff]5ce to mank9d1   
receive ! applauses ( mod]ation1 & (    
virtue4  ,great =titude1 & elevation (  
m9d1 h n always1 inde$1 be5 employ$ 9 ! 
atta9m5t ( valuable ends2 b !y are      
always respectable1 & !y are always     
necess>y :5 we w\ld act = ! good (      
mank9d1 9 any ( ! m ardu\s /ations (    
life4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 we blame _!         
misapplication1 we %\ld bew>e (         
depreciat+ _! value4 ,m5 ( a sev]e &    
s5t5ti\s morality h n always suffici5tly
 obs]v$ ?is caution2 nor h !y be5 duly  
aw>e ( ! corruptions !y flatt]$1 by !   
satire !y employ$ aga9/ :at is aspir+ & 

prom95t 9 ! "* ( ! human s\l4  ,x might 
h be5 expect$1 t1 9 an age ( hopeless   
debasem5t1 ! tal5ts ( ,demo/h5es &      
,tully1 ev5 ! ill gov]n$ magnanimity ( a
 ,mac$onian1 or ! d>+ ent]prise ( a     
,c>?ag9ian lead]1 might h escap$ !      
acrimony ( a satiri/1 ,footnote3        
,juv5al's t5? satire :o _h s _m objects 
( correction 9 8 view1 & :o possess$ !  
arts ( declamation 9 s high a degree4   
,i1 dem5s1 et saevos curre p] ,alpes1   
,ut pu]is placeas1 et declamatio fias1  
is "p ( ! illib]al c5sure :i* is ?r[n by
 ?is poet on ! p]son & action ( a lead]1
 :o1 by 8 c\rage & conduct1 9 ! v s]vice
 to :i* ! satire ref]r$1 _h well nigh   
sav$ 8 c\ntry f ! ru9 ) :i* x 0 at la/  
at la/ ov]:elm$4    ,h]oes are mu* !    
same1 ! po9t's agre$1   ,f ,mac$onia's  
madman to ! ,sw$e1  is a di/i*1 9 :i*   
ano!r poet ( beautiful tal5ts has       
attempt$ to depreciate a "n1 to :i*1    
probably1 few ( 8 read]s are f\nd to    
aspire4  ,if m5 mu/ g wrong1 !re is a   
*oice ( _! errors1 z well z ( _!        

virtues4 ,ambition1 ! love ( p]sonal    
em95ce1 & ! desire ( fame1 al?\gh !y    
sometimes lead to ! commission ( crimes1
 yet always engage m5 9 pursuits t      
require to be support$ by "s ( ! greate/
 qualities ( ! human s\l2 & if em95ce is
 ! pr9cipal object ( pursuit1 !re is at 
lea/ a probability1 t ^? qualities may  
be /udi$ on :i* a real elevation ( m9d  
is rais$4 ,b :5 public al>ms h ceas$1 & 
contempt ( glory is recomm5d$ z an      
article ( wisdom1 ! sordid habits1 &    
m]c5>y dispositions1 to :i*1 "u a g5]al 
indiff]5ce to national objects1 ! memb]s
 ( a poli%$ or comm]cial /ate are       
expos$1 mu/ prove at once ! mo/         
effectual suppression ( e lib]al        
s5tim5t1 & ! mo/ fatal rev]se ( all ^?  
pr9ciples f :i* communities d]ive _!    
/r5g? & _! hopes ( pres]vation4  ,x is  
noble to possess happ9ess & indep5d5ce1 
ei!r 9 retirem5t1 or 9 public life4 ,!  
*>act]i/ic ( ! happy1 is to acquit      
!mselves well 9 e condition2 9 ! c\rt1  
or 9 ! village2 9 ! s5ate1 or 9 !       

private retreat4 ,b if !y affect any    
p>ticul> /ation1 x is surely t 9 :i* _! 
actions may be r5d]$ mo/ ext5sively     
useful4 ,our consid]+ m]e retirem5t1    
!re=e1 z a symptom ( mod]ation & (      
virtue1 is ei!r a remnant ( t sy/em1 "u 
:i* monks & an*orets1 9 =m] ages1 h be5 
canoniz$2 or proce$s f a habit ( ?9k+1  
:i* appe>s equally fraught ) moral      
corruption1 f our consid]+ public life z
 a sc5e = ! gratification ( m]e vanity1 
av>ice1 & ambition2 nev] z furni%+ ! be/
 opportunity = a j & a happy engagem5t (
 ! m9d & ! he>t4  ,emulation1 & ! desire
 ( p[]1 are b sorry motives to public   
conduct2 b if !y h be51 9 any case1 !   
pr9cipal inducem5ts f :i* m5 h tak5 "p 9
 ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry1 any dim9ution (  
_! preval5ce or =ce is a real corruption
 ( national mann]s2 & ! pret5d$         
mod]ation assum$ by ! high] ord]s ( m51 
has a fatal effect 9 ! /ate4 ,!         
dis9t]e/$ love ( ! public is a pr9ciple1
 )\t :i* "s con/itutions ( gov]nm5t _c  
subsi/3 b :5 we consid] h[ seldom ?is   

has appe>$ a reign+ passion1 we h little
 reason to impute ! prosp]ity or        
pres]vation ( nations1 9 e case1 to its 
influ5ce4  ,x is suffici5t1 p]haps1 "u  
"o =m ( gov]nm5t1 t m5 %\ld be fond ( _!
 indep5d5ce2 t !y %\ld be ready to      
oppose usurpation1 & to repel p]sonal   
indignities3 "u ano!r1 x is suffici5t1 t
 !y %\ld be t5aci\s ( _! rank1 & ( _!   
hon\rs2 & in/ead ( a zeal = ! public1   
ent]ta9 a vigilant jeal\sy ( ! rights   
:i* p]ta9 to !mselves4 ,:5 numb]s ( m5  
reta9 a c]ta9 degree ( elevation &      
=titude1 !y are qualifi$ to give a      
mutual *eck to _! sev]al errors1 & are  
able to act 9 t v>iety ( situations :i* 
! diff]5t con/itutions ( gov]nm5t h     
prep>$ = _! memb]s3 b1 "u !             
disadvantages ( a feeble _s1 h[ev]      
direct$1 & h[ev] in=m$1 no national     
con/itution is safe2 nor c any degree ( 
enl>gem5t1 to :i* a /ate has arriv$1    
secure its political welf>e4  ,9 /ates  
:]e prop]ty1 di/9ction1 & pleasure1 are 
?r[n out z baits to ! imag9ation1 &     

inc5tives to passion1 ! public seems to 
rely = ! pres]vation ( its political    
life1 on ! degree ( emulation & jeal\sy 
) :i* p>ties mutually oppose & re/ra9   
ea* o!r4 ,! desires ( pref]m5t & pr(it 9
 ! brea/ ( ! citiz51 are ! motives f :i*
 he excit$ to ent] on public affairs1 & 
are ! consid]ations :i* direct 8        
political conduct4 ,! suppression1      
!re=e1 ( ambition1 ( p>ty animosity1 & (
 public envy1 is probably1 9 e su* case1
 n a re=mation1 b a symptom ( weakness1 
& a prelude to m sordid pursuits1 &     
ru9\s amusem5ts4  ,on ! eve ( su* a     
revolution 9 mann]s1 ! high] ranks1 9 e 
mix$ or mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 h ne$ to    
take c>e ( !mselves4 ,m5 ( bus9ess1 & ( 
indu/ry1 9 ! inf]ior /ations ( life1    
reta9 _! occupations1 & are secur$1 by a
 k9d ( necessity1 9 ! possession ( ^?   
habits on :i* !y rely = _! quiet2 & = ! 
mod]ate enjoym5ts ( life4 ,b ! high]    
ord]s ( m51 if !y rel9qui% ! /ate1 if !y
 cease to possess t c\rage & elevation (
 m9d1 & to ex]cise ^? tal5ts :i* are    

employ$ 9 its def5ce & 9 its gov]nm5t1  
are1 9 reality1 by ! seem+ advantages ( 
_! /ation1 become ! refuse ( t society (
 :i* !y once 7 ! ornam5t2 & f be+ ! mo/ 
respectable1 & ! mo/ happy1 ( its       
memb]s1 are become ! mo/ wret*$ &       
corrupt4 ,9 _! approa* to ?is condition1
 & 9 ! abs5ce ( e manly occupation1 !y  
feel a dissatisfaction & languor :i* !y 
_c expla93 !y p9e 9 ! mid/ ( app>5t     
enjoym5t2 or1 by ! v>iety & caprice ( _!
 diff]5t pursuits & amusem5ts1 exhibit a
 /ate ( agitation1 :i*1 l ! disquiet (  
sickness1 is n a pro( ( enjoym5t or     
pleasure1 b ( suff]+ & pa94 ,! c>e ( 8  
build+s1 8 equipage1 or 8 table1 is *os5
 by "o2 lit]>y amusem5t1 or "s frivol\s 
/udy1 by ano!r4 ,! sports ( ! c\ntry1 & 
! div]sions ( ! t[n2 ! gam+ table1      
,footnote3 ,^! diff]5t occupations diff]
 f ea* o!r1 9 respect to _! dignity & _!
 innoc5ce2 b none ( !m are ! s*ools f   
:i* m5 are br\ght to su/a9 ! tott]+     
=tune ( nations2 !y are equally         
avocations f :at ought to be ! pr9cipal 

pursuit ( man1 ! good ( mank9d4 dogs1   
horses1 & w9e1 are employ$ to fill up ! 
blank ( a li/less & unpr(itable life4   
,!y speak ( human pursuits1 z if ! :ole 
difficulty 7 to f9d some?+ to d2 !y fix 
on "s frivol\s occupation1 z if !re 0   
no?+ t des]v$ to be done3 !y consid] :at
 t5ds to ! good ( _! fell[ creatures1 z 
a disadvantage to !mselves3 !y fly f e  
sc5e 9 :i* any ef=ts ( vig\r are        
requir$1 or 9 :i* !y might be allur$ to 
p]=m any s]vice to _! c\ntry4 ,we       
misapply our compassion 9 pity+ ! poor2 
x 7 mu* m ju/ly appli$ to ! ri*1 :o     
become ! fir/ victims ( t wret*$        
insignificance1 into :i* ! memb]s ( e   
corrupt$ /ate1 by ! t5d5cy ( _!         
weaknesses & _! vices1 are 9 ha/e to    
plunge !mselves4  ,x is 9 ?is condition1
 t ! s5sual inv5t all ^? ref9em5ts on   
pleasure1 & devise ^? inc5tives to a    
satiat$ appetite1 :i* t5d to fo/] !     
corruptions ( a dissolute age4 ,!       
effects ( brutal appetite1 & ! m]e      
debau*1 are m flagrant1 & m viol5t1     

p]haps1 9 rude ages1 ?an !y are 9 ! lat]
 p]iods ( comm]ce & luxury3 b t p]petual
 habit ( se>*+ = animal pleasure :]e x  
is n to be f\nd1 9 ! gratifications ( an
 appetite t is cloy$1 & among ! ru9s (  
an animal con/itution1 is n m fatal to !
 virtues ( ! s\l1 ?an x is ev5 to !     
enjoym5t ( slo?1 or ( pleasure2 x is n a
 m c]ta9 avocation f public affairs1 or 
a sur] prelude to national decay1 ?an x 
is a disappo9tm5t to our hopes ( private
 felicity4  ,9 ^! reflections1 x has be5
 ! object n to asc]ta9 a precise measure
 to :i* corruption has ris5 9 any ( !   
nations t h atta9$ to em95ce1 or t h    
gone to decay2 b to describe t          
remissness ( _s1 t weakness ( s\l1 t    
/ate ( national debility1 :i* is likely 
to end 9 political slav]y2 an evil :i*  
rema9s to be consid]$ z ! la/ object (  
caution1 & beyond :i* !re is no subject 
( disquisition1 9 ! p]i%+ =tunes (      
nations4     ,,section ,v4  ,,(         
,,corruption1 ,,z ,,x ,,t5ds ,,to       
,,political ,,slav]y4   ,lib]ty1 9 "o   

s5se1 appe>s to be ! portion ( poli%$   
nations alone4 ,! savage is p]sonally   
free1 because he lives unre/ra9$1 & acts
 ) ! memb]s ( 8 tribe on t]ms (         
equality4 ,! b>b>ian is frequ5tly       
indep5d5t1 f a cont9uance ( ! same      
circum/ances1 or because he has c\rage &
 a sword4 ,b good policy alone c provide
 = ! regul> adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 or   
con/itute a =ce 9 ! /ate1 :i* is ready  
on e occasion to def5d ! rights ( its   
memb]s4  ,x has be5 f\nd1 t1 except 9 a 
few s+ul> cases1 ! comm]cial & political
 arts h advanc$ toge!r4 ,^! arts h be5 9
 mod]n ,europe s int]wov51 t we _c      
det]m9e :i* 7 prior 9 ! ord] ( "t1 or   
d]iv$ mo/ advantage f ! mutual influ5ces
 ) :i* !y act & react on ea* o!r4 ,x has
 be5 obs]v$1 t 9 "s nations1 ! _s (     
comm]ce1 int5t on secur+ its pr(its1 has
 l$ ! way to political wisdom4 ,a p1    
possess$ ( weal?1 & become jeal\s ( _!  
prop]ties1 h =m$ ! project (            
emancipation1 & h proce$$1 "u fav\r ( an
 importance rec5tly ga9$1 /ill f>!r to  

enl>ge _! pret5sions1 & to dispute !    
pr]ogatives :i* _! sov]eign _h be5 9 use
 to employ4 ,b x is 9 va9 t we expect 9 
"o age1 f ! possession ( weal?1 ! fruit 
:i* x is said to h borne 9 a =m]4 ,great
 accessions ( =tune1 :5 rec5t1 :5       
accompani$ ) frugality1 & a s5se (      
indep5d5ce1 may r5d] ! own] confid5t 9 8
 /r5g?1 & ready to spurn at oppression4 
,! purse :i* is op51 n to p]sonal       
exp5se1 or to ! indulg5ce ( vanity1 b to
 support ! int]e/s ( a faction1 to      
gratify ! high] passions ( p>ty1 r5d] ! 
weal?y citiz5 =midable to ^? :o pret5d  
to dom9ion2 b x does n foll[1 t 9 a "t (
 corruption1 equal1 or great]1 measures 
( weal?1 %\ld op]ate to ! same effect4  
,on ! contr>y1 :5 weal? is accumulat$   
only 9 ! h&s ( ! mis]1 & runs to wa/e f 
^? ( ! prodigal2 :5 heirs ( family f9d  
!mselves /rait5$ & poor 9 ! mid/ (      
afflu5ce2 :5 ! crav+s ( luxury sil5ce   
ev5 ! voice ( p>ty & faction2 :5 ! hopes
 ( m]it+ ! rew>ds ( compliance1 or ! fe>
 ( los+ :at is held at discretion1 keep 

m5 9 a /ate ( susp5se & anxiety2 :5     
=tune1 9 %ort1 in/ead ( be+ consid]$ z !
 in/rum5t ( a vigor\s _s1 becomes ! idol
 ( a covet\s or a pr(use1 ( a rapaci\s  
or a timor\s m9d1 ! f\ndation on :i*    
fre$om 0 built may s]ve to support a    
tyranny2 & :at1 9 "o age1 rais$ !       
pret5sions1 & fo/]$ ! confid5ce ( !     
subject1 may1 9 ano!r1 incl9e him to    
s]vility1 & furni% ! price to be paid = 
8 pro/itutions4 ,ev5 ^? :o1 9 a vigor\s 
age1 gave ! example ( weal?1 9 ! h&s ( !
 p1 becom+ an occasion ( fre$om1 may1 9 
times ( deg5]acy1 v]ify likewise ! maxim
 ( ,tacitus1 t ! admiration ( ri*es     
leads to despotical gov]nm5t4 ,footnote3
 ,e/ pud illos et opibus honos2 eoque   
unus imp]itat1 nullis jam exceptionibus1
 non prec>io jure p>5di4 ,nec arms ut   
apud cet]os ,g]manos 9 promiscuo1 s$    
clausa sub cu/ode et quidem s]vo1 c4    
,,tacitus de ,mor4 ,g]4 c4#dd4  ,m5 :o h
 ta/$ ( fre$om1 & :o h felt _! p]sonal  
rights1 are n easily taught to be> )    
encroa*m5ts on ei!r1 & _c1 )\t "s       

prep>ation1 come to submit to           
oppression4 ,!y may receive ?is unhappy 
prep>ation "u diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 f 
diff]5t h&s1 & arrive at ! same end by  
diff]5t ways4 ,!y foll[ "o direction 9  
republics1 ano!r 9 mon>*ies & 9 mix$    
gov]nm5ts4 ,b :]ev] ! /ate has1 by means
 t d n pres]ve ! virtue ( ! subject1    
effectually gu>d$ 8 safety2 remissness1 
& neglect ( ! public1 are likely to     
foll[2 & poli%$ nations ( e description1
 appe> to enc\nt] a dang]1 on ?is qu>t]1
 proportion$ to ! degree 91 :i* !y h1   
dur+ any cont9uance1 enjoy$ ! un9t]rupt$
 possession ( peace & prosp]ity4        
,lib]ty results1 we say1 f ! gov]nm5t ( 
laws2 & we are apt to consid] /atutes1 n
 m]ely z ! resolutions & maxims ( a p   
det]m9$ to be free1 n z ! writ+s by :i* 
_! rights are kept on record2 b z a p[] 
erect$ to gu>d !m1 & z a b>ri] :i* !    
caprice ( man _c transgress4  ,:5 a     
ba%a1 9 ,asia1 pret5ds to decide e      
controv]sy by ! rules ( natural equity1 
we all[ t he is possess$ ( discretion>y 

p[]s4 ,:5 a judge 9 ,europe is left to  
decide1 accord+ to 8 own int]pretation (
 writt5 laws1 is he 9 any s5se m re/ra9$
 ?an ! =m]8 ,h ! multipli$ words ( a    
/atute an influ5ce ov] ! consci5ce & !  
he>t1 m p[]ful ?an t ( reason & nature8 
,does ! p>ty1 9 any judicial proce$+1   
enjoy a less degree ( safety1 :5 8      
rights are discuss$1 on ! f\ndation ( a 
rule t is op5 to ! und]/&+s ( mank9d1   
?an :5 !y are ref]r$ to an intricate    
sy/em1 :i* x has become ! object ( a    
sep>ate pr(ession to /udy & to expla98  
,if =ms ( proce$+1 writt5 /atutes1 or   
o!r con/itu5ts ( law1 cease to be en=c$ 
by ! v _s f :i* !y arose2 !y s]ve only  
to cov]1 n to re/ra91 ! iniquities (    
p[]3 !y are possibly respect$ ev5 by !  
corrupt magi/rate1 :5 !y fav\r 8        
purpose2 b !y are contemn$ or evad$1 :5 
!y /& 9 8 way3 & ! influ5ce ( laws1 :]e 
!y h any real effect 9 ! pres]vation (  
lib]ty1 is n any magic p[] desc5d+ f    
%elves t are load$ ) books1 b is1 9     
reality1 ! influ5ce ( m5 resolv$ to be  

free2 ( m5 :o1 hav+ adju/$ 9 writ+ !    
t]ms on :i* !y are to live ) ! /ate1 & )
 _! fell[ subjects1 are det]m9$1 by _!  
vigilance & _s1 to make ^! t]ms be      
fulfill$4  ,we are taught1 "u e =m (    
gov]nm5t1 to appreh5d usurpations1 f !  
abuse1 or f ! ext5sion ( ! executive    
p[]4 ,9 pure mon>*ies1 ?is p[] is       
commonly h]$it>y1 & made to desc5d 9 a  
det]m9ate l9e4 ,9 elective mon>*ies1 x  
is held = life4 ,9 republics1 x is      
ex]cis$ dur+ a limit$ "t4 ,:]e m51 or   
families1 are call$ by election to !    
possession ( tempor>y dignities1 x is m 
! object ( ambition to p]petuate1 ?an to
 ext5d _! p[]s4 ,9 h]$it>y mon>*ies1 !  
sov]eignty is already p]petual2 & ! aim 
( e ambiti\s pr9ce is to enl>ge 8       
pr]ogative4 ,republics1 &1 9 times (    
commotion1 communities ( e =m1 are      
expos$ to haz>d1 n f ^? only :o are     
=mally rais$ to places (1 tru/1 b f e   
p]son :atsoev]1 :o is incit$ by         
ambition1 & :o is support$ by faction4  
,x is no advantage to a pr9ce1 or o!r   

magi/rate1 to enjoy m p[] ?an is        
consi/5t ) ! good ( mank9d2 nor is x (  
any b5efit to a man to be unju/3 b ^!   
maxims are a feeble security aga9/ !    
passions & follies ( m54 ,^? :o are     
intru/$ ) p[] 9 any degree1 are dispos$1
 f a m]e dislike ( con/ra9t1 to remove  
opposition4 ,n only ! mon>* :o we>s a   
h]$it>y cr[n1 b ! magi/rate :o holds 8  
(fice = a limit$ "t1 gr[s fond ( 8      
dignity4 ,!1 v m9i/]1 :o dep5ds = 8     
place on ! mom5t>y w ( 8 pr9ce1 & ^:    
p]sonal int]e/s are1 9 e respect1 ^? ( a
 subject1 /ill has ! weakness to take an
 int]e/ 9 ! gr[? ( pr]ogative1 & to     
reckon z ga9 to himself ! encroa*m5ts he
 has made on ! rights ( a p1 ) :om he   
himself & 8 family are soon to be       
numb]$4  ,ev5 ) ! be/ int5tions t[>ds   
mank9d1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t _! welf>e
 dep5ds1 n on ! felicity ( _! own       
incl9ations1 or ! happy employm5t ( _!  
own tal5ts1 b on _! ready compliance )  
:at we h devis$ = _! good4 ,accord+ly1 !
 greate/ virtue ( :i* any sov]eign has  

hi!rto %[n an example1 is n a desire (  
*]i%+ 9 8 p ! _s ( fre$om & (           
indep5d5ce1 b :at is 9 itself           
suffici5tly r>e & highly m]itori\s1 a   
/eady reg>d to ! di/ribution ( ju/ice 9 
matt]s ( prop]ty1 a disposition to      
protect & to oblige1 to r$ress !        
grievances1 & to promote ! int]e/ ( 8   
subjects4 ,x 0 f a ref]5ce to ^!        
objects1 t ,titus comput$ ! value ( 8   
"t1 & judg$ ( its application4 ,b !     
sword1 :i* 9 ?is b5efic5t h& 0 drawn to 
protect ! subject1 & to procure a spe$y 
& effectual di/ribution ( ju/ice1 0     
likewise suffici5t1 9 ! h&s ( a tyrant1 
to %$ ! blood ( ! innoc5t1 & to cancel !
 rights ( m54 ,! tempor>y proce$+s (    
humanity1 ?\gh !y susp5d$ ! ex]cise (   
oppression1 did n break ! national *a9s3
 ! pr9ce 0 ev5 ! bett] enabl$ to procure
 t species ( good :i* he /udi$2 because 
!re 0 no fre$om rema9+1 & because !re 0 
n[h]e a =ce to dispute 8 decrees1 or to 
int]rupt _! execution4  ,0 x 9 va9 t    
,anton9us became acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]s ( 

,?rasea1 ,helvidius1 ,cato1 ,dion1 &    
,brutus8 ,0 x 9 va91 t he le>n$ to      
und]/& ! =m ( a free community1 rais$ on
 ! basis ( equality & ju/ice2 or ( a    
mon>*y1 "u :i* ! lib]ties ( ! subject 7 
held ! mo/ sacr$ object (               
adm9i/ration8,footnote3 ,m4 ,anton9us1  
lib4 ,i4 ,did he mi/ake ! means (       
procur+ to mank9d :at he po9ts out z a  
bless+8 ,or did ! absolute p[] ) :i* he 
0 furni%$1 9 a mighty empire1 only      
disable him f execut+ :at 8 m9d _h      
p]ceiv$ z a national good8 ,9 su* a     
case1 x 7 va9 to flatt] ! mon>* or 8 p4 
,! fir/ _c be/[ lib]ty )\t rais+ a _s1  
:i* may1 on occasion1 /& 9 opposition to
 8 own designs2 nor ! latt] receive ?is 
bless+1 :ile !y own t x is 9 ! "r ( a   
ma/] to give or to )hold x4 ,! claim (  
ju/ice is firm & p]emptory4 ,we receive 
fav\rs ) a s5se ( obligation & k9dness2 
b we w\ld en=ce our rights1 & ! _s (    
fre$om 9 ?is ex]tion _c take ! tone (   
supplication or ( ?ankfulness1 )\t      
betray+ itself4 ,y h intreat$ ,octavius1

 says ,brutus to ,cic]o1 t he w\ld sp>e 
^? :o /& =emo/ among ! citiz5s ( ,rome4 
,:at if he w n8 ,mu/ we p]i%8 ,yes2 r   
?an owe our safety to him4  ,lib]ty is a
 "r :i* e individual mu/ be ready to    
v9dicate = himself1 & :i* he :o pret5ds 
to be/[ z a fav\r1 has by t v act 9     
reality d5i$4 ,ev5 political            
e/abli%m5ts1 ?\gh !y appe> to be        
indep5d5t ( ! w & arbitration ( m51 _c  
be reli$ on = ! pres]vation ( fre$om2 !y
 may n\ri%1 b %\ld n sup]s$e t firm &   
resolute _s1 ) :i* ! lib]al m9d is      
always prep>$ to resi/ indignities1 & to
 ref] its safety to itself4  ,7 a       
nation1 !re=e1 giv5 to be m\ld$ by a    
sov]eign1 z ! clay is put into ! h&s ( !
 pott]1 ?is project ( be/[+ lib]ty on a 
p :o are actually s]vile1 is1 p]haps1 ( 
all o!rs ! mo/ difficult1 & requires mo/
 to be execut$ 9 sil5ce1 & ) ! deepe/   
res]ve4 ,m5 are qualifi$ to receive ?is 
bless+ only 9 proportion z !y are made  
to appreh5d _! own rights2 & are made to
 respect ! j pret5sions ( mank9d2 9     

proportion z !y are will+ to su/a91 9 _!
 own p]sons1 ! burd5 ( gov]nm5t1 & (    
national def5ce2 & are will+ to pref] ! 
engagem5ts ( a lib]al m9d to ! enjoym5t 
( slo?1 or ! delusive hopes ( a safety  
pur*as$ by submission & fe>4  ,i speak )
 respect1 &1 if ,i may be all[$ !       
expression1 ev5 ) indulg5ce1 to ^? :o   
are intru/$ ) high pr]ogatives 9 !      
political sy/em ( nations4 ,x is1 inde$1
 seldom _! fault t /ates are enslav$4   
,:at %\ld be expect$ f !m1 b t be+      
actuat$ by human desires1 !y %\ld be    
av]se to disappo9tm5t1 or ev5 to delay2 
& 9 ! ard\r ) :i* !y pursue _! object1 t
 !y %\ld break ?r\gh ! b>ri]s t w\ld /op
 _! c>e]8 ,if millions rec$e be=e s+le  
m51 & s5ates are passive1 z if compos$ (
 memb]s :o _h no op9ion or s5se ( _!    
own2 on ^: side h ! def5ces ( fre$om    
giv5 way1 or to :om %all we impute _!   
fall8 ,to ! subject1 :o has des]t$ 8    
/ation2 or to ! sov]eign1 :o has only   
rema9$ 9 8 own1 & :o1 if ! collat]al or 
subord9ate memb]s ( gov]nm5t %all cease 

to "q 8 p[]1 mu/ cont9ue to gov]n )\t   
re/ra9t8  ,x is well kn[n1 t            
con/itutions fram$ = ! pres]vation (    
lib]ty1 mu/ consi/ ( _m p>ts2 & t       
s5ates1 popul> assemblies1 c\rts (      
ju/ice1 magi/rates ( diff]5t ord]s1 mu/ 
comb9e to balance ea* o!r1 :ile !y      
ex]cise1 su/a91 or *eck ! executive p[]4
 ,if any "p is /ruck out1 ! fabric mu/  
tott]1 or fall2 if any memb] is remiss1 
! o!rs mu/ encroa*4 ,9 assemblies       
con/itut$ by m5 ( diff]5t tal5ts1       
habits1 & appreh5sions1 x 7 some?+ m ?an
 human t c\ld make !m agree 9 e po9t (  
importance2 hav+ diff]5t op9ions &      
views1 x 7 want ( integrity to ab/a9 f  
disputes3 our v praise ( unanimity1     
!re=e1 is to be consid]$ z a dang] to   
lib]ty4 ,we wi% = x at ! haz>d ( tak+ 9 
its place ! remissness ( m5 gr[n        
indiff]5t to ! public2 ! v5ality ( ^? :o
 h sold ! rights ( _! c\ntry2 or !      
s]vility ( o!rs1 :o give implicit       
ob$i5ce to a lead]1 by :om _! m9ds are  
subdu$4 ,! love ( ! public1 & respect to

 its laws1 are ! po9ts 9 :i* mank9d are 
b\nd to agree2 b if1 9 matt]s (         
controv]sy1 ! s5se ( any individual or  
p>ty is inv>iably pursu$1 ! cause (     
fre$om is already betray$4  ,he ^: (fice
 x is to gov]n a sup9e or an abject p1  
_c1 = a mom5t1 cease to ext5d 8 p[]s4 ,e
 execution ( law1 e movem5t ( ! /ate1 e 
civil & milit>y op]ation1 9 :i* 8 p[] is
 ex]t$1 mu/ s]ve to confirm 8 au?ority1 
& pres5t him to ! view ( ! public z !   
sole object ( consid]ation1 fe>1 &      
respect4 ,^? v e/abli%m5ts :i* 7 devis$1
 9 "o age1 to limit or to direct !      
ex]cise ( an executive p[]1 w s]ve1 9   
ano!r1 to remove ob/ructions1 & to smoo?
 its way2 !y w po9t out ! *annels 9 :i* 
x may run1 )\t giv+ (f5ce1 or )\t excit+
 al>ms1 & ! v c\ncils :i* 7 in/itut$ to 
*eck its encroa*m5ts1 w1 9 a "t (       
corruption1 furni% an aid to its        
usurpations4  ,! passion = indep5d5ce1 &
 ! love ( dom9ion1 frequ5tly arise f a  
common s\rce3 !re is1 9 bo?1 an av]sion 
to control2 & he :o1 9 "o situation1 _c 

brook a sup]ior1 may1 9 ano!r1 dislike  
to be jo9$ ) an equal4  ,:at ! pr9ce1 "u
 a pure or limit$ mon>*y1 is1 by !      
con/itution ( 8 c\ntry1 ! lead] ( a     
faction w\ld will+ly become 9 republican
 gov]nm5ts4 ,if he atta9s to ?is envi$  
condition1 8 own incl9ation1 or ! t5d5cy
 ( human affairs1 seem to op5 be=e him !
 c>e] ( a royal ambition3 b !           
circum/ances 9 :i* he is de/9$ to act1  
are v diff]5t f ^? ( a k+4 ,he enc\nt]s 
) m5 :o are unus$ to disp>ity2 he is    
oblig$1 = 8 own security1 to hold !     
dagg] cont9ually un%ea!d4 ,:5 he hopes  
to be safe1 he possibly means to be j2 b
 is hurri$1 f ! fir/ mom5t ( 8          
usurpation1 into e ex]cise ( despotical 
p[]4 ,! heir ( a cr[n has no su* qu>rel 
to ma9ta9 ) 8 subjects3 8 situation is  
flatt]+2 & ! he>t mu/ be uncommonly bad 
t does n gl[ ) affection to a p1 :o are 
at once 8 admir]s1 8 support1 & !       
ornam5ts ( ?is reign4 ,9 him1 p]haps1   
!re is no explicit design ( trespass+ on
 ! rights ( 8 subjects2 b ! =ms int5d$  

to pres]ve _! fre$om are n1 on ?is      
acc\nt1 always safe 9 8 h&s4  ,slav]y   
has be5 impos$ ^u mank9d 9 ! wantonness 
( a deprav$ ambition1 & tyrannical      
cruelties h be5 committ$ 9 ! gloomy h\rs
 ( jeal\sy & t]ror2 yet ^! demons are n 
necess>y to ! creation1 or to ! support 
( an arbitr>y p[]4 ,al?\gh no policy 0  
ev] m successful ?an t ( ! ,roman       
republic 9 ma9ta9+ a national =tune2 yet
 subjects1 z well z _! pr9ces1 frequ5tly
 imag9e t fre$om is a clog on ! proce$+s
 ( gov]nm5t3 !y imag9e1 t despotical p[]
 is be/ fitt$ to procure despat* &      
secrecy 9 ! execution ( public c\ncils2 
to ma9ta9 :at !y are pleas$ to call     
political ord]1 ,footnote3 ,our notion (
 ord] 9 civil society be+ tak5 f !      
analogy ( subjects inanimate & dead1 is 
frequ5tly false2 we consid] commotion & 
action z contr>y to its nature2 we ?9k t
 ob$i5ce1 secrecy1 & ! sil5t pass+ (    
affairs ?r\gh ! h&s ( a few1 are its    
real con/itu5ts4 ,! good ord] ( /ones 9 
a wall1 is _! be+ prop]ly fix$ 9 !      

places = :i* !y are hewn2 7 !y to /ir1 !
 build+ mu/ fall3 b ! good ord] ( m5 9  
society1 is _! be+ plac$ :]e !y are     
prop]ly qualifi$ to act4 ,! fir/ is a   
fabric made ( dead & inanimate p>ts1 !  
second is made ( liv+ & active memb]s4  
,:5 we seek 9 society = ! ord] ( m]e    
inaction & tranquillity1 we =get !      
nature ( our subject1 & f9d ! ord] (    
slaves1 n t ( freem54 & to give a spe$y 
r$ress ( compla9ts4 ,!y ev5 sometimes   
ackn[l$ge1 t if a succession ( good     
pr9ces c\ld be f\nd1 despotical gov]nm5t
 is be/ calculat$ = ! happ9ess ( mank9d4
 ,:ile !y reason ?us1 !y _c blame a     
sov]eign1 :o1 9 ! confid5ce t he is to  
employ 8 p[] = good purposes1 endeav\rs 
to ext5d its limits2 &1 9 8 own         
appreh5sion1 /rives only to %ake (f !   
re/ra9ts :i* /& 9 ! way ( reason1 & :i* 
prev5t ! effect ( 8 fri5dly int5tions4  
,?us prep>$ = usurpation1 let him1 at ! 
head ( a free /ate1 employ ! =ce ) :i*  
he is arm$1 to cru% ! se$s ( app>5t     
disord] 9 e corn] ( 8 dom9ions2 let him 

effectually curb ! _s ( diss5tion &     
v>iance among 8 p2 let him remove !     
int]ruptions to gov]nm5t1 aris+ f !     
refractory hum\rs & ! private int]e/s ( 
8 subjects3 let him collect ! =ce ( !   
/ate aga9/ its enemies1 by avail+       
himself ( all x c furni% 9 ! way (      
taxation & p]sonal s]vice3 x is         
extremely probable t1 ev5 "u ! direction
 ( wi%es = ! good ( mank9d1 he may break
 ?r\gh e b>ri] ( lib]ty1 & e/abli% a    
despotism1 :ile he flatt]s himself t he 
only foll[s ! dictates ( s5se &         
propriety4  ,:5 we suppose gov]nm5t to h
 be/[$ a degree ( tranquillity :i* we   
sometimes hope to reap f x1 z ! be/ (   
its fruits1 & public affairs to proce$1 
9 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( legislation &    
execution1 ) ! lea/ possible int]ruption
 to comm]ce & lucrative arts2 su* a     
/ate1 l t ( ,*9a1 by ?r[+ affairs into  
sep>ate (fices1 :]e conduct consi/s 9   
detail1 & 9 ! obs]vance ( =ms1 by       
sup]s$+ all ! ex]tions ( a great or a   
lib]al m9d1 is m ak9 to despotism ?an we

 are apt to imag9e4  ,:e!r oppression1  
inju/ice1 & cruelty1 are ! only evils   
:i* att5d on despotical gov]nm5t1 may be
 consid]$ ap>t4 ,9 ! mean "t x is       
suffici5t to obs]ve1 t lib]ty is nev] 9 
great] dang] ?an x is :5 we measure     
national felicity by ! bless+s :i* a    
pr9ce may be/[1 or by ! m]e tranquillity
 :i* may att5d on equitable             
adm9i/ration4 ,! sov]eign may dazzle ) 8
 h]oic qualities2 he may protect 8      
subjects 9 ! enjoym5t ( e animal        
advantage or pleasure3 b ! b5efits aris+
 f lib]ty are ( a diff]5t sort2 !y are n
 ! fruits ( a virtue1 & ( a goodness1   
:i* op]ate 9 ! brea/ ( "o man1 b !      
communication ( virtue itself to _m2 &  
su* a di/ribution ( functions 9 civil   
society1 z gives to numb]s ! ex]cises & 
occupations :i* p]ta9 to _! nature4  ,! 
be/ con/itutions ( gov]nm5t are att5d$ )
 inconv5i5ce2 & ! ex]cise ( lib]ty may1 
on _m occasions1 give rise to compla9ts4
 ,:5 we are int5t on re=m+ abuses1 !    
abuses ( fre$om may lead u to encroa* on

 ! subject f :i* !y are suppos$ to      
arise4 ,despotism itself has c]ta9      
advantages1 or at lea/1 9 times (       
civility & mod]ation1 may proce$ ) s    
little (f5ce1 z to give no public al>m4 
,^! circum/ances may lead mank9d1 9 ! v 
_s ( re=mation1 or by m]e inatt5tion1 to
 apply or to admit ( dang]\s innovations
 9 ! /ate ( _! policy4  ,slav]y1 h[ev]1 
is n always introduc$ by mi/ake2 x is   
sometimes impos$ 9 ! _s ( viol5ce &     
rap9e4 ,pr9ces become corrupt z well z  
_! p2 & :atev] may h be5 ! orig9 (      
despotical gov]nm5t1 its pret5sions1 :5 
fully decl>$1 give rise betwe5 !        
sov]eign & 8 subjects to a conte/ :i*   
=ce alone c decide4 ,^! pret5sions h a  
dang]\s aspect to ! p]son1 ! prop]ty1 or
 ! life ( e subject2 !y al>m e passion 9
 ! human brea/2 !y di/urb ! sup9e2 !y   
deprive ! v5al ( 8 hire2 !y decl>e w> on
 ! corrupt z well z ! virtu\s2 !y are   
tamely admitt$ only by ! c[>d2 b ev5 to 
him mu/ be support$ by a =ce t c "w on 8
 fe>s4 ,?is =ce ! conqu]or br+s f       

abroad2 & ! dome/ic usurp] endeav\rs to 
f9d 9 8 faction at home4  ,:5 a p is    
accu/om$ to arms1 x is1 difficult = a "p
 to subdue ! :ole2 or be=e ! e/abli%m5t 
( discipl9$ armies1 x is difficult = any
 usurp] to gov]n ! _m by ! help ( a few4
 ,^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 ! policy (    
civiliz$ & comm]cial nations has        
sometimes remov$2 & by =m+ a di/9ction  
betwe5 civil & milit>y pr(essions1 by   
committ+ ! keep+ & ! enjoym5t ( lib]ty  
to diff]5t h&s1 has prep>$ ! way = !    
dang]\s alliance ( faction ) milit>y    
p[]1 9 opposition to m]e political =ms &
 ! rights ( mank9d4  ,a p :o are dis>m$ 
9 compliance ) ?is fatal ref9em5t1 h    
re/$ _! safety on ! plead+s ( reason & (
 ju/ice at ! tribunal ( ambition & (    
=ce4 ,9 su* an extremity laws are quot$ 
& s5ators are assembl$ 9 va94 ,!y :o    
compose a legislature1 or :o occupy !   
civil dep>tm5ts ( /ate1 may delib]ate on
 ! messages !y receive f ! camp or !    
c\rt2 b if ! be>]1 l ! c5turion :o      
br\ght ! petition ( ,octavius to !      

,roman s5ate1 %ew ! hilt ( 8 sword1     
,footnote3 ,sueton4 !y f9d t petitions  
are become comm&s1 & t !y !mselves are  
become ! pageants1 n ! repositories (   
sov]eign p[]4  ,! reflections ( ?is     
section may be unequally appli$ to      
nations ( unequal ext5t4 ,small         
communities1 h[ev] corrupt$1 are n      
prep>$ = despotical gov]nm5t2 _! memb]s1
 cr[d$ toge!r & contigu\s to ! seats (  
p[]1 nev] =get _! relation to ! public2 
!y pry1 ) habits ( famili>ity & fre$om1 
into ! pret5sions ( ^? :o w\ld rule2 &  
:]e ! love ( equality1 & ! s5se (       
ju/ice1 h fail$1 !y act on motives (    
faction1 emulation1 & envy4 ,! exil$    
,t>qu9 _h 8 adh]5ts at ,rome2 b if by _!
 means he _h recov]$ 8 /ation1 x is     
probable t1 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 royalty1 he 
mu/ h ent]$ on a new sc5e ( cont5tion ) 
! v p>ty t re/or$ him to p[]4  ,9       
proportion z t]ritory is ext5d$1 its    
p>ts lose _! relative importance to !   
:ole4 ,its inhabitants cease to p]ceive 
_! connection ) ! /ate1 & are seldom    

unit$ 9 ! execution ( any national1 or  
ev5 any facti\s designs4 ,di/ance f !   
seats ( adm9i/ration1 & indiff]5ce to ! 
p]sons :o cont5d = pref]m5t1 tea* !     
majority to consid] !mselves z !        
subjects ( a sov]eignty1 n z ! memb]s ( 
a political body4 ,x is ev5 rem>kable1 t
 enl>gem5t ( t]ritory1 by r5d]+ !       
individual ( less consequ5ce to !       
public1 & less able to intrude ) 8      
c\nsel1 actually t5ds to r$uce national 
affairs )9 a n>r[] compass1 z well z to 
dim9i% ! numb]s :o are consult$ 9       
legislation1 or 9 o!r matt]s ( gov]nm5t4
  ,! disord]s to :i* a great empire is  
expos$1 require spe$y prev5tion1        
vigilance1 & quick execution4 ,di/ant   
prov9ces mu/ be kept 9 subjection by    
milit>y =ce2 & ! dictatorial p[]s1 :i*1 
9 free /ates1 are sometimes rais$ to    
quell insurrections1 or to oppose o!r   
occasional evils1 appe>1 "u a c]ta9     
ext5t ( dom9ion1 at all times equally   
necess>y to susp5d ! dissolution ( a    
body1 ^: p>ts 7 assembl$1 & mu/ be      

cem5t$1 by measures =cible1 decisive1 & 
secret4 ,among ! circum/ances1 !re=e1   
:i*1 9 ! ev5t ( national prosp]ity1 & 9 
! result ( comm]cial arts1 lead to !    
e/abli%m5t ( despotism1 !re is none1    
p]haps1 t arrives at ?is t]m9ation ) s  
sure an aim1 z ! p]petual enl>gem5t (   
t]ritory4 ,9 e /ate1 ! fre$om ( its     
memb]s dep5ds on ! balance & adju/m5t ( 
its int]ior p>ts2 & ! exi/5ce ( any su* 
fre$om among mank9d1 dep5ds on ! balance
 ( nations4 ,9 ! progress ( conque/1 ^? 
:o are subdu$ are said to h lo/ _!      
lib]ties2 b f ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 to     
conqu]1 or to be conqu]$1 has appe>$1 9 
effect1 ! same4     ,,section ,,vi4  ,,(
 ,,! ,,progress ,,& ,,t]m9ation ,,(     
,,despotism4   ,mank9d1 :5 !y deg5]ate1 
& t5d to _! ru91 z well z :5 !y improve1
 & ga9 real advantages1 frequ5tly proce$
 by sl[1 & almo/ ins5sible /eps4 ,if1   
dur+ ages ( activity & vig\r1 !y fill up
 ! measure ( national greatness to a    
height :i* no human wisdom c\ld at a    
di/ance =esee2 !y actually incur1 9 ages

 ( relaxation & weakness1 _m evils :i*  
_! fe>s did n sugge/1 & :i*1 p]haps1 !y 
_h ?\ght f> remov$ by ! tide ( success &
 prosp]ity4  ,we h already obs]v$1 t :]e
 m5 are remiss or corrupt$1 ! virtue (  
_! lead]s1 or ! good int5tion ( _!      
magi/rates1 w n always secure !m 9 !    
possession ( political fre$om4 ,implicit
 submission to any lead]1 or !          
uncontroll$ ex]cise ( any p[]1 ev5 :5 x 
is int5d$ to op]ate = ! good ( mank9d1  
may frequ5tly end 9 ! subv]sion ( legal 
e/abli%m5ts4 ,?is fatal revolution1 by  
:atev] means x is accompli%$1 t]m9ates 9
 milit>y gov]nm5t2 & ?is1 ?\gh ! simple/
 ( all gov]nm5ts1 is r5d]$ complete by  
degrees4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ( its ex]cise  
ov] m5 :o h act$ z memb]s ( a free      
community1 x c h only laid ! f\ndation1 
n complet$ ! fabric1 ( a despotical     
policy4 ,! usurp] :o has possess$1 ) an 
army1 ! c5tre ( a great empire1 sees    
ar\nd him1 p]haps1 ! %att]$ rema9s ( a  
=m] con/itution2 he may he> ! murmurs ( 
a reluctant & unwill+ submission2 he may

 ev5 see dang] 9 ! aspect ( _m1 f ^: h&s
 he may h wre/$ ! sword1 b ^: m9ds he   
has n subdu$1 nor reconcil$ to 8 p[]4   
,! s5se ( p]sonal rights1 or ! pret5sion
 to privilege & hon\rs1 :i* rema9 among 
c]ta9 ord]s ( m51 are s _m b>s 9 ! way (
 a rec5t usurpation4 ,if !y are n suff]$
 to decay ) age1 & to we> away 9 !      
progress ( a gr[+ corruption1 !y mu/ be 
brok5 ) viol5ce1 & ! entrance to e new  
accession ( p[] mu/ be /a9$ ) blood4 ,! 
effect1 ev5 9 ?is case1 is frequ5tly    
t>dy4 ,! ,roman _s1 we "k1 0 n entirely 
ext+ui%$ "u a succession ( ma/]s1 & "u a
 repeat$ application ( blood%$ & poison4
 ,! noble & respectable family /ill     
aspir$ to its orig9al hon\rs2 ! hi/ory (
 ! republic1 ! writ+s ( =m] times1 !    
monum5ts ( illu/ri\s m51 & ! lessons (  
philosophy fraught ) h]oic conceptions1 
cont9u$ to n\ri% ! s\l 9 retirem5t1 &   
=m$ ^? em95t *>act]s1 ^: elevation1 & ^:
 fate1 are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ affect+       
subjects ( human /ory4 ,?\gh unable to  
oppose ! g5]al b5t to s]vility1 !y      

became1 on acc\nt ( _! suppos$          
incl9ations1 objects ( di/ru/ & av]sion1
 & 7 made to pay ) _! blood1 ! price ( a
 s5tim5t :i* !y fo/]$ 9 sil5ce1 & :i*   
gl[$ only 9 ! he>t4  ,:ile despotism    
proce$s 9 its progress1 by :at pr9ciple 
is ! sov]eign conduct$ 9 ! *oice (      
measures t t5d to e/abli% 8 gov]nm5t8   
,by a mi/ak5 appreh5sion ( 8 own good1  
sometimes ev5 t ( 8 p1 & by ! desire :i*
 he feels on e p>ticul> occasion1 to    
remove ! ob/ructions :i* imp$e !        
execution ( 8 w4 ,:5 he has fix$ a      
resolution1 :oev] reasons or remon/rates
 aga9/ x is an enemy2 :5 8 m9d is elat$1
 :oev] pret5ds to em95ce1 & is dispos$  
to act = himself1 is a rival4 ,he w\ld  
leave no dignity 9 ! /ate1 b :at is     
dep5d5t on himself2 no active p[]1 b :at
 c>ries ! expression ( 8 mom5t>y        
pleasure4 ,footnote3 ,insurg]e paulatim 
munia s5atus1 magi/ratuum1 legum 9 se   
trah]e4 ,guid$ by a p]ception z un]r+ z 
t ( in/9ct1 he nev] fails to select !   
prop] objects ( 8 antipa?y or ( 8 fav\r4

 ,! aspect ( indep5d5ce repels him2 t ( 
s]vility attracts4 ,! t5d5cy ( 8        
adm9i/ration is to quiet e re/less _s1 &
 to assume e function ( gov]nm5t to     
himself4 ,footnote3 ,x is ridicul\s to  
he> m5 ( a re/less ambition1 :o w\ld be 
! only actors 9 e sc5e1 sometimes       
compla9 ( a refractory _s 9 mank9d3 z if
 ! same disposition1 f :i* !y desire to 
usurp e (fice1 did n incl9e e o!r p]son 
to reason & to act at lea/ = himself4   
,:5 ! p[] is adequate to ! end1 x       
op]ates z mu* 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o d n       
p]ceive ! t]m9ation1 z x does 9 ! h&s ( 
o!rs by :om x is be/ und]/ood3 ! m&ates 
( ei!r1 :5 j1 %\ld n be disput$2 :5     
errone\s or wrong1 !y are support$ by   
=ce4  ,y mu/ die1 0 ! answ] ( ,octavius 
to e suit f a p t implor$ 8 m]cy4 ,x 0 !
 s5t5ce :i* "s ( 8 successors pron\nc$  
aga9/ e citiz5 t 0 em95t = 8 bir? or 8  
virtues4 ,b are ! evils ( despotism     
conf9$ to ! cruel & sangu9>y me?ods1 by 
:i* a rec5t dom9ion ov] a refractory & a
 turbul5t p is e/abli%$ or ma9ta9$8 ,&  

is dea? ! greate/ calamity :i* c afflict
 mank9d "u an e/abli%m5t by :i* !y are  
dive/$ ( all _! rights8 ,!y are1 inde$1 
frequ5tly suff]$ to live2 b di/ru/ &    
jeal\sy1 ! s5se ( p]sonal meanness1 & ! 
anxieties :i* arise f ! c>e ( a wret*$  
int]e/1 are made to possess ! s\l2 e    
citiz5 is r$uc$ to a slave2 & e *>m by  
:i* ! community engag$ its memb]s1 has  
ceas$ to exi/4 ,ob$i5ce is ! only duty t
 rema9s1 & ?is is exact$ by =ce4 ,if1 "u
 su* an e/abli%m5t1 x be necess>y to    
witness sc5es ( debasem5t & horror1 at !
 haz>d ( cat*+ ! infection1 dea? becomes
 a relief2 & ! libation :i* ,?rasea 0   
made to p\r f 8 art]ies1 is to be       
consid]$ z a prop] sacrifice ( gratitude
 to ,jove ! ,deliv]]4 ,footnote3        
,porrectisque utriusque bra*ii v5is1    
po/quam cruorem effudit1 humum sup]     
sp>g5s1 proprius vocato ,quae/ore1      
,libemus1 inquit1 ,jovi ,lib]atori4     
,specta juv5is2 et om5 quidem ,dii      
prohibeant2 cet]um 9 ea tempora natus   
es1 quibus firm>e animum deceat         

con/antibus exemplis4 ,tacit4 ,ann4 lib4
 #af4  ,oppression & cruelty are n      
always necess>y to despotical gov]nm5t2 
& ev5 :5 pres5t1 are b a "p ( its evils4
 ,x is f\nd$ on corruption1 & on !      
suppression ( all ! civil & ! political 
virtues2 x requires its subjects to act 
f motives ( fe>2 x w\ld assuage !       
passions ( a few m5 at ! exp5se (       
mank9d2 & w\ld erect ! peace ( society  
itself on ! ru9s ( t fre$om & confid5ce 
f :i* alone ! enjoym5t1 ! =ce1 & !      
elevation ( ! human m9d1 are f\nd to    
arise4  ,dur+ ! exi/5ce ( any free      
con/itution1 & :il/ e individual        
possess$ 8 rank & 8 privilege1 or _h 8  
appreh5sion ( p]sonal rights1 ! memb]s (
 e community 71 to "o ano!r1 objects (  
consid]ation & ( respect2 e po9t to be  
c>ri$ 9 civil society requir$ ! ex]cise 
( tal5ts1 ( wisdom1 p]suasion1 & vig\r1 
z well z ( p[]4 ,b x is ! highe/        
ref9em5t ( a despotical gov]nm5t1 to    
rule by simple comm&s1 & to exclude e   
art b t ( compulsion4 ,"u ! influ5ce (  

?is policy1 !re=e1 ! occasions :i*      
employ$ & cultivat$ ! und]/&+s ( m51 :i*
 awak5$ _! s5tim5ts1 & k9dl$ _!         
imag9ations1 are gradually remov$2 & !  
progress by :i* mank9d atta9$ to !      
hon\rs ( _! nature1 9 be+ engag$ to act 
9 society ^u a lib]al foot+1 0 n m      
uni=m1 or less int]rupt$1 ?an t by :i*  
!y deg5]ate 9 ?is unhappy condition4    
,:5 we he> ( ! sil5ce :i* reigns 9 !    
s]aglio1 we are made to believe1 t spee*
 itself is become unnecess>y2 & t !     
signs ( ! mute are suffici5t to c>ry !  
mo/ important m&ates ( gov]nm5t4 ,no    
arts1 inde$1 are requir$ to ma9ta9 an   
asc5dant :]e t]ror alone is oppos$ to   
=ce1 :]e ! p[]s ( ! sov]eign are        
delegat$ entire to e subord9ate (fic]3  
nor c any /ation be/[ a lib]ality ( m9d 
9 a sc5e ( sil5ce & dejection1 :]e e    
brea/ is possess$ ) jeal\sy & caution1 &
 :]e no object1 b animal pleasure1      
rema9s to balance ! suff]+s ( ! sov]eign
 himself1 or ^? ( 8 subjects4  ,9 o!r   
/ates1 ! tal5ts ( m5 are sometimes      

improv$ by ! ex]cises :i* belong to an  
em95t /ation2 b "h ! ma/] himself is    
probably ! rude/ & lea/ cultivat$ animal
 ( ! h]d2 he is inf]ior to ! slave :om  
he raises f a s]vile (fice to ! fir/    
places ( tru/ or ( dignity 9 8 c\rt4 ,! 
primitive simplicity :i* =m$ ties (     
famili>ity & affection betwixt !        
sov]eign & ! keep] ( 8 h]ds1 ,footnote3 
,see ,odyssey4 appe>s1 9 ! abs5ce ( all 
affections1 to be re/or$1 or to be      
c\nt]feit$ amid/ ! ignorance & brutality
 :i* equally *>act]ize all ord]s ( m51  
or r :i* level ! ranks1 & de/roy !      
di/9ction ( p]sons 9 a despotical c\rt4 
,caprice & passion are ! rules (        
gov]nm5t ) ! pr9ce4 ,e delegate ( p[] is
 left to act by ! same direction2 to    
/rike :5 he is provok$2 to fav\r :5 he  
is pleas$4 ,9 :at relates to rev5ue1    
jurisdiction1 or police1 e gov]nor ( a  
prov9ce acts l a lead] 9 an enemy's     
c\ntry2 comes arm$ ) ! t]rors ( fire &  
sword2 & in/ead ( a tax1 levies a       
contribution by =ce he ru9s or sp>es z  

ei!r may s]ve 8 purpose4 ,:5 ! clam\rs (
 ! oppress$1 or ! reputation ( a        
treasure amass$ at ! exp5se ( a prov9ce1
 h rea*$ ! e>s ( ! sov]eign1 !          
extortion] is inde$ made to pur*ase     
impunity by imp>t+ a %>e1 or by =feit+ !
 :ole ( 8 spoil2 b no rep>ation is made 
to ! injur$2 nay1 ! crimes ( ! m9i/] are
 fir/ employ$ to plund] ! p1 & aft]w>ds 
puni%$ to fill ! c(f]s ( ! sov]eign4  ,9
 ?is total discont9uance ( e art t      
relates to j gov]nm5t & national policy1
 x is rem>kable1 t ev5 ! trade ( !      
soldi] is itself great neglect$4 ,di/ru/
 & jeal\sy1 on ! "p ( ! pr9ce1 come 9   
aid ( 8 ignorance & incapacity2 & ^!    
causes op]at+ toge!r1 s]ve to de/roy ! v
 f\ndation on :i* 8 p[] is e/abli%$4    
,any undiscipl9$ r\t ( arm$ m5 passes = 
an army1 :il/ a weak1 disp]s$1 & un>m$ p
 are sacrific$ to milit>y disord]1 or   
expos$ to depr$ation on ! fronti] f an  
enemy1 :om ! desire ( spoil1 or ! hopes 
( conque/1 may h drawn to _!            
neighb\rhood4  ,! ,romans ext5d$ _!     

empire till !y left no poli%$ nation to 
be subdu$1 & f\nd a fronti] :i* 0 e :]e 
surr\nd$ by fi]ce & b>b>\s tribes2 !y   
ev5 pi]c$ ?r\gh uncultivat$ des]ts1 9   
ord] to remove to a great] di/ance !    
mole/ation ( su* tr\blesome neighb\rs1 &
 9 ord] to possess ! av5ues ?r\gh :i* !y
 fe>$ _! attacks4 ,b ?is policy put !   
f9i%+ h& to ! int]nal corruption ( !    
/ate4 ,a few ye>s ( tranquillity 7      
suffici5t to make ev5 ! gov]nm5t =get   
its dang]2 &1 9 ! cultivat$ prov9ce1    
prep>$ = ! enemy a tempt+ prize & an    
easy victory4  ,:5 by ! conque/ &       
annexation ( e ri* & cultivat$ prov9ce1 
! measure ( empire is full1 two p>ties  
are suffici5t to compreh5d mank9d2 t ( !
 pacific & ! weal?y1 :o dwell )9 ! pale 
( empire2 & t ( ! poor1 ! rapaci\s1 & ! 
fi]ce1 :o are inur$ to depr$ation & w>4 
,! la/ be> to ! fir/ ne>ly ! same       
relation :i* ! wolf & ! lion be> to !   
fold2 & !y are naturally engag$ 9 a /ate
 ( ho/ility4  ,7 despotic empire1       
meantime1 to cont9ue = ev] unmole/$ f   

abroad1 :ile x reta9s t corruption on   
:i* x 0 f\nd$1 x appe>s to h 9 itself no
 pr9ciple ( new life1 & pres5ts no hope 
( re/oration to fre$om & political      
vig\r4 ,t :i* ! despotical ma/] has s[n1
 _c quick5 unless x die2 x mu/ langui% &
 expire by ! effect ( its own abuse1    
be=e ! human _s c spr+ up anew1 or be>  
^? fruits :i* con/itute ! hon\r & !     
felicity ( human nature4 ,9 times ( !   
greate/ debasem5t1 inde$1 commotions are
 felt2 b v unlike ! agitations ( a free 
p3 !y are ei!r ! agonies ( nature1 "u ! 
suff]+s to :i* m5 are expos$2 or m]e    
tumults1 conf9$ to a few :o /& 9 arms   
ab\t ! pr9ce1 & :o1 by1 _! conspiracies1
 assass9ations1 & murd]s1 s]ve only to  
plunge ! pacific inhabitants /ill deep] 
9 ! horrors ( fe> or despair4 ,scatt]$ 9
 ! prov9ces1 un>m$1 unacqua9t$ ) !      
s5tim5ts ( union & conf$]acy1 re/rict$  
by habit to a wret*$ economy1 & dragg+ a
 prec>i\s life on ^? possessions :i* !  
extortions ( gov]nm5t h left2 ! p c     
n[h]e1 "u ^! circum/ances1 assume ! _s (

 a community1 nor =m any lib]al         
comb9ation = _! own def5ce4 ,! injur$   
may compla92 & :ile he _c obta9 ! m]cy (
 gov]nm5t1 he may implore ! commis]ation
 ( 8 fell[ subject4 ,b t fell[ subject  
is com=t$1 t ! h& ( oppression has n    
seiz$ on himself3 he /udies 8 int]e/1 or
 snat*es 8 pleasure1 "u t degree (      
safety :i* obscurity & concealm5t be/[4 
,! comm]cial arts1 :i* seem to require  
no f\ndation 9 ! m9ds ( m51 b ! reg>d to
 int]e/2 no enc\ragem5t1 b ! hopes (    
ga91 & ! secure possession ( prop]ty1   
mu/ p]i% "u ! prec>i\s t5ure ( slav]y1 &
 "u ! appreh5sion ( dang] aris+ f !     
reputation ( weal?4 ,national pov]ty1   
h[ev]1 & ! suppression ( comm]ce1 are ! 
means by :i* despotism comes to         
accompli% its own de/ruction4 ,:]e !re  
are no long] any pr(its to corrupt1 or  
fe>s to det]1 ! *>m ( dom9ion is brok51 
& ! nak$ slave1 z awake f a dream1 is   
a/oni%$ to f9d he is free4 ,:5 ! f5ce is
 de/roy$1 ! wilds are op51 & ! h]d      
breaks loose4 ,! pa/ure ( ! cultivat$   

field is no long] pref]r$ to t ( !      
des]t4 ,! suff]] will+ly flies :]e !    
extortions ( gov]nm5t _c ov]take him2   
:]e ev5 ! timid & ! s]vile may recollect
 !y are m52 :]e ! tyrant may ?reat51 b  
:]e he is kn[n to be no m ?an a fell[   
creature2 :]e he c take no?+ b life1 &  
ev5 ?is at ! haz>d ( 8 own4  ,agreeably 
to ?is description1 ! vexations (       
tyranny h ov]come1 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 !
 desire ( settlem5t4 ,! inhabitants ( a 
village quit _! habitations1 & infe/ !  
public ways2 ^? ( ! valleys fly to !    
m\nta9s1 &1 equipt = flight1 or possess$
 ( a /rong hold1 subsi/ by depr$ation1 &
 by ! w> !y make on _! =m] ma/]s4  ,^!  
disord]s conspire ) ! impositions (     
gov]nm5t to r5d] ! rema9+ settlem5ts    
/ill less secure3 b :ile deva/ation &   
ru9 appe> on e side1 mank9d are =c$ anew
 ^u ^? conf$]acies1 acquire aga9 t      
p]sonal confid5ce & vig\r1 t social     
atta*m5t1 t use ( arms1 :i*1 9 =m]      
times1 r5d]$ a small tribe ! se$ ( a    
great nation2 & :i* may aga9 enable !   

emancipat$ slave to beg9 ! c>e] ( civil 
& comm]cial arts4 ,:5 human nature      
appe>s 9 ! utmo/ /ate ( corruption1 x   
has actually begun to re=m4  ,9 ?is     
mann]1 ! sc5es ( human life h be5       
frequ5tly %ift$4 ,security & presumption
 =feit ! advantages ( prosp]ity2        
resolution & conduct retrieve ! ills (  
adv]sity2 & mank9d :ile !y h no?+ on :i*
 to rely b _! virtue1 are prep>$ to ga9 
e advantage2 & :ile !y confide mo/ 9 _! 
good =tune1 are mo/ expos$ to feel its  
rev]se4 ,we are apt to draw ^!          
obs]vations into rule2 & :5 we are no   
long] will+ to act = our c\ntry1 we     
plead1 9 excuse ( our own weakness or   
folly1 a suppos$ fatality 9 human       
affairs4  ,! in/itutions ( m51 if n     
calculat$ = ! pres]vation ( virtue1 are1
 inde$1 likely to h an end z well z a   
beg9n+3 b s long z !y are effectual to  
?is purpose1 !y h at all times an equal 
pr9ciple ( life1 :i* no?+ b an ext]nal  
=ce c suppress2 no nation ev] suff]$    
int]nal decay b f ! vice ( its memb]s4  

,we are sometimes will+ to ackn[l$ge ?is
 vice 9 our c\ntrym52 b :o 0 ev] will+  
to ackn[l$ge x 9 himself8 ,x may be     
suspect$1 h[ev]1 t we d m ?an ackn[l$ge 
x1 :5 we cease to oppose its effects1 & 
:5 we plead a fatality1 :i*1 at lea/1 9 
! brea/ ( e individual1 is dep5d5t on   
himself4 ,m5 ( real =titude1 integrity1 
& ability1 are well plac$ 9 e sc5e2 !y  
reap1 9 e condition1 ! pr9cipal         
enjoym5ts ( _! nature2 !y are ! happy   
in/rum5ts ( ,provid5ce employ$ = ! good 
( mank9d2 or1 if we mu/ *ange ?is       
language1 !y %[1 t :ile !y are de/9$ to 
live1 ! /ates !y compose are likewise   
doom$ by ! fates to survive1 & to       
prosp]4  ,,! ,,end     ,,valuable       
,,works ,,rec5tly ,,publi%$1 ,,by       
,,an?ony ,,f9ley1 ,corn] ( ,*esnut &    
,f\r? ,/reets1 ,philadelphia4  ,,!      
,,!ory ,,( ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts2 ,,or1    
,,an ,,essay  ,t[>ds an analysis ( !    
pr9ciples by :i* m5 naturally judge     
conc]n+ ! conduct & "*1 fir/ ( _!       
neighb\rs1 & aft]w>ds ( !mselves1  ,to  

:i* is add$1  ,a ,diss]tation on !      
,orig9 ( ,languages4 ,,by ,,adam ,,smi?1
 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,b4 ,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,f
 ,,! ,,twelf? ,,ed9burgh ,,edition4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,extract f ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,life &      
,writ+s ( ,dr4 ,adam ,smi?1 by ,dugald  
,/ew>t1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ed9burgh4  7,speak+ (
 ,dr4 ,s4's ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 he
 says7 ,no "w1 und\bt$ly1 c be m5tion$1 
anci5t or mod]n1 :i* exhibits s complete
 a view ( ^? facts1 ) respect to our    
moral p]ception1 :i* x is "o great      
object ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce to ref] to  
_! g5]al laws2 & ^u ?is acc\nt1 x well  
des]ves ! c>eful /udy ( all ^: ta/e     
leads !m to prosecute simil> inquiries4 
,^! facts are inde$ frequ5tly express$ 9
 a language :i* involves ! au?or's      
peculi> !ories2 b !y are always pres5t$ 
9 ! mo/ happy & beautiful light2 & x is 
easy = an att5tive read]1 by /ripp+ !m (
 hypo!tical t]ms1 to /ate !m to himself 
) t logical precision1 :i*1 9 su* v     
difficult disquisitions1 c alone conduct

 u ) c]ta9ty to ! tru?4  ,x is prop] to 
obs]ve1 f>!r1 t1 ) ! !oretical doctr9es 
( ! book1 !re are e :]e int]wov51 )     
s+ul> ta/e & address1 ! pure/ & mo/     
elevat$ maxims conc]n+ ! practical      
conduct ( life2 & t x ab\nds ?r\gh\t )  
int]e/+ & in/ructive del9eations (      
*>act]s & mann]s4 ,a consid]able "p ( x 
too is employ$ 9 collat]al inquiries1   
:i*1 ^u e hypo!sis t c be =m$ conc]n+ ! 
f\ndation ( morals1 are ( equal         
importance4 ,( ?is k9d is ! speculation 
) respect to ! influ5ce ( =tune on our  
moral s5tim5ts2 & ano!r speculation no  
less valuable1 ) respect to ! influ5ce (
 cu/om & fa%ion on ! same "p ( our      
con/itution4  ,:5 ! subject ( ?is "w    
leads ! au?or to address ! imag9ation & 
! he>t3 ! v>iety & felicity ( 8         
illu/rations--! ri*ness & flu5cy ( 8    
eloqu5ce--& ! skill ) :i* he w9s !      
att5tion & comm&s ! passions ( 8 read]s1
 leave him1 among our ,engli% morali/s1 
)\t a rival4     ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 
,,"p ,i4  ,( ! ,propriety ( ,action4    

,section ,i4 ,( ! ,s5se ( ,propriety4   
,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,sympa?y4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( !
 ,pleasure ( ,mutual ,sympa?y4  ,*ap4   
,,iii4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* we judge ( !    
,propriety or ,impropriety ( !          
,affections ( o!r ,m51 by _! concord or 
dissonance ) our own4  ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,!   
same subject cont9u$4  ,*ap4 ,v4 ,( !   
,amiable & ,respectable ,virtues4       
,section ,,ii4 ,( ! ,degrees ( ! diff]5t
 ,passions :i* are consi/5t )           
,propriety4  ,introduction4  ,*ap4 ,i4  
,( ! ,passions :i* take _! orig9 f !    
body4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? ,passions :i*  
take _! orig9 f a p>ticul> turn or habit
 ( ! ,imag9ation4  ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( !    
unsocial ,passions4  ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( !   
social ,passions4  ,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! selfi%
 ,passions4   ,section ,,iii4 ,( !      
,effects ( ,prosp]ity & ,adv]sity ^u !  
,judgm5t ( ,mank9d ) reg>d to !         
,propriety ( ,action2 & :y x is m easy  
to obta9 _! approbation 9 ! "o /ate ?an 
9 ! o!r4  ,*ap4 ,i4 ,t ?\gh our sympa?y 
) sorr[ is g5]ally a m lively s5sation  

?an our sympa?y ) toy1 x commonly falls 
mu* m %ort ( ! viol5ce ( :at is         
naturally felt by ! p]son pr9cipally    
conc]n$4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! orig9 (      
,ambition1 & ( ! di/9ction ( ,ranks4    
,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! corruption ( our      
,moral ,s5tim5ts1 :i* is occasion$ by   
?is disposition to admire ! ri* & !     
great1 & to despise or neglect p]sons ( 
poor & mean condition4   ,,"p ,,ii4  ,( 
,m]it & ,dem]it2 or ( ! objects ( rew>d 
& puni%m5t4  ,section ,i4 ,( ! ,s5se (  
,m]it & ,dem]it4  ,introduction4  ,*ap4 
,i4 ,t :atev] appe>s to be ! prop]      
object ( gratitude1 appe>s to des]ve    
rew>d2 & t1 9 ! same mann]1 :atev]      
appe>s to be ! prop] object ( res5tm5t1 
appe>s to des]ve puni%m5t4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 
,( ! prop] objects ( gratitude &        
res5tm5t4  ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,t :]e !re is no
 approbation ( ! conduct ( ! p]son :o   
conf]s ! b5efit1 !re is little sympa?y )
 ! gratitude ( him :o receives x3 & t on
 ! contr>y1 :]e !re is no disapprobation
 ( ! motives ( ! p]son :o does !        

mis*ief1 !re is no sort ( sympa?y ) !   
res5tm5t ( him :o suff]s x4  ,*ap4 ,,iv4
 ,recapitulation ( ! =ego+ *apt]s4      
,*ap4 ,v4 ,! ,analysis ( ! s5se ( ,m]it 
& ,dem]it4   ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,ju/ice 
& ,b5efic5ce4  ,*ap4 ,i4 ,comp>ison ( ^?
 two virtues4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! s5se (  
,ju/ice1 ( ,remorse1 & ( ! consci\sness 
( ,m]it4  ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! utility (   
?is con/itution ( ,nature4   ,,section  
,,iii4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,=tune ^u !     
,s5tim5ts ( ,mank9d1 ) reg>d to ! ,m]it 
or ,dem]it ( ,actions4  ,introduction4  
,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! causes ( ?is influ5ce (  
,=tune4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ext5t ( ?is   
influ5ce ( ,=tune4  ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( !   
f9al cause ( ?is irregul>ity (          
,s5tim5ts4   ,,"p ,,iii4 ,( ! ,f\ndation
 our ,judgm5ts conc]n+ our own s5tim5ts 
& conduct1 & ( ! s5se ( ,duty4  ,*ap4   
,i4 ,( ! pr9ciple ( ,self-approbation & 
( ,self-disapprobation4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( 
! love ( ,praise1 & ( t (               
,praise-wor?9ess2 & ( ! dread ( ,blame1 
& t ( ,blame-wor?9ess4  ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( 

! ,influ5ce & ,au?ority ( ,consci5ce4   
,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! nature ( ,self-deceit1 
& ( ! ,orig9 & ,use ( g5]al ,rules4     
,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! ,influ5ce & ,au?ority ( !
 g5]al ,rules ( ,morality1 & t !y are   
ju/ly reg>d$ z ! laws ( ! ,deity4  ,*ap4
 ,,vi4 ,9 :at cases ! ,s5se ( ,duty     
ought to be ! sole pr9ciple ( our       
conduct2 & 9 :at cases x ought to concur
 ) o!r motives4   ,,"p ,,iv4 ,( !       
,effect ( ,utility ^u ! ,s5tim5t (      
,approbation4  ,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,beauty   
:i* ! appe>ance ( ,utility be/[s ^u all 
! productions ( ,art1 & ( ! ext5sive    
influ5ce ( ?is species ( ,beauty4  ,*ap4
 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,beauty :i* ! appe>ance (   
,utility be/[s ^u ! *>act]s & actions ( 
m52 & h[ f> ! p]ception ( ?is beauty may
 be reg>d$ z "o ( ! orig9al pr9ciples ( 
approbation4   ,,"p ,v4 ,( ! ,influ5ce (
 ,cu/om & ,fa%ion ^u ! ,s5tim5ts (      
,moral ,approbation & ,disapprobation4  
,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,cu/om &     
,fa%ion ^u our notions ( ,beauty &      
,de=mity4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,influ5ce ( 

,cu/om & ,fa%ion ^u ,moral ,s5tim5ts4   
,,"p ,,vi4 ,( ! ,"* ( ,virtue4          
,introduction4 ,section ,i4 ,( ! ,"* ( !
 ,individual1 s f> z x affects 8 own    
,happ9ess2 or ( ,prud5ce4  ,section     
,,ii4 ,( ! ,"* ( ! ,individual1 s f> z x
 c affect ! happ9ess ( o!r ,p4          
,introduction4  ,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ord] 9   
:i* ,individuals are recomm5d$ by nature
 to our c>e & att5tion4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( 
! ord] 9 :i* ,societies are by nature   
recomm5d$ to our b5efic5ce4  ,*ap4      
,,iii4 ,( ,univ]sal ,b5evol5ce4         
,section ,,iii4 ,( ,self-,comm&4        
,conclusion ( ! ,six? ,"p4   ,,"p ,,vii4
  ,( ,sy/ems ( ,moral ,philosophy4      
,section ,i4 ,( ! que/ions :i* ought to 
be exam9$ 9 a ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts4 
,section ,,ii4 ,( ! diff]5t ,acc\nts :i*
 h be5 giv5 ( ! nature ( ,virtue4       
,introduction4  ,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ^? sy/ems  
:i* make ,virtue consi/ 9 propriety4    
,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make       
,virtue consi/ 9 prud5ce4  ,*ap4 ,,iii4 
,( ^? sy/ems :i* make ,virtue consi/ 9  

b5evol5ce4  ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( lic5ti\s     
,sy/ems4   ,section ,,iii4 ,( ! diff]5t 
,sy/ems :i* h be5 =m$ conc]n+ !         
,pr9ciple ( ,approbation4               
,introduction4  ,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ^? sy/ems  
:i* d$uce ! pr9ciple ( ,approbation f   
,self-love4  ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? sy/ems   
:i* make ,reason ! pr9ciple (           
,approbation4  ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ^? sy/ems
 :i* make ,s5tim5t ! pr9ciple (         
,approbation4   ,section ,,iv4 ,( !     
mann] 9 :i* diff]5t ,au?ors h treat$ ( !
 ,practical ,rules ( ,morality4         
,consid]ations conc]n+ ! fir/ ,=mation (
 ,languages1 c4   ,an ,epitome ( ,anci5t
 ,geography1 ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane1 be+ an   
abridgm5t ( ,d',anville's ,geography1 ) 
improvem5ts1 f v>i\s o!r au?ors2 by :i* 
! omissions ( ,d',anville are suppli$1 &
 8 errors correct$4 ,accompani$ ) an    
acc\nt ( ! orig9 & migration ( anci5t   
nations4--,by ,rob]t ,mayo1 ,m4 ,d4     
au?or ( ,a ,new ,sy/em ( ,my?ology1 c4  
#aej c5ts4  ,a ,classical ,atlas1       
elegantly col\r$1 conta9+ a s]ies (     

,select ,maps f ,wilk9son's ,atlas      
,classica1 & ,le ,sage's  ,hi/orical    
,atlas1 = ! use ( ^? /udy+ ,anci5t      
,hi/ory & ,geography 9 ! sem9>ies 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates--folio1 b\nd1 #e4  ,lett]s
 to a ,"y ,lady1 on a v>iety ( ,useful  
,subjects2 calculat$ to improve ! he>t1 
to =m ! mann]s1 & to enlight5 ! und]/&+4
 ,by ! ,rev4 ,john ,b5nett4 ,sev5?      
,am]ican edition1 on f9e pap]1 ) plates4
 ,v>i\s b9d+s1 f #a4be to #c4ej4        
,sci5tific ,dialogues1 int5d$ = !       
in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t ( ,"y ,p3 9 :i* 
! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,natural &           
,exp]im5tal ,philosophy are fully       
expla9$4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,joyce4 ,?ird  
edition1 #c vols4 ,plates4 #c4  ,a      
,diction>y ( ,select & ,popul>          
,quotations1 :i* are 9 con/ant use2 tak5
 f ! ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 & 
,greek languages1 7also includ+ a       
complete collection ( ,law ,maxims7     
translat$ into ,engli%1 ) illu/rations1 
hi/orical & idiomatic4 ,?ird ,am]ican   
edition1 correct$1 ) copi\s additions4  

#a4ej4  ,! ,advantage & ,necessity ( !  
,*ri/ian ,revelation1 %ewn f ! /ate (   
,religion 9 ! ,anci5t ,hea!n _w1 c4 ,by 
,john ,lel&1 ,d4 ,d4 ,au?or ( a ,view ( 
! ,dei/ical ,writ]s1 #b vols4 #hvo4     
#f4ej4  ,memoirs & ,rema9s ( ! late     
,rev4 ,*>les ,buck1 au?or ( ,a          
,!ological ,diction>y1 ,miscellanies1 c4
 conta9+ copi\s extracts f 8 ,di>y1 &   
int]e/+ lett]s to 8 fri5ds2 int]sp]s$ ) 
v>i\s obs]vations explanatory &         
illu/rative ,( 8 "* & works4 ,by ,john  
,/yles1 ,d4 ,d4 ,bo>ds1 #a4be1 b\nd     
#a4ej4  ,ge?semane1 or ,?\ghts on !     
,suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,by ! au?or ( ! ,guide
 to ,dome/ic ,happ9ess1 & ,! ,refuge4   
,bo>ds #hh c5ts1 b\nd1 #a4ab-a_/b4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,a4 ,,f9ley ,,has ,,con/antly ,,=       
,,sale1 ,a ,,valuable ,,collection ,,(  
,!ological ,works1 ,family ,bibles1 c4  
,among :i* are1  ,! entire works ( ,dr4 
,isaac ,watts1 #f vols4 #dto4 ,! same1  
#i vols4 #hvo4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s      
works1 #e vols4 #dto4 ,h$]ici ,lexicon1 

#dto4 ,p>khur/'s ,greek & ,hebrew       
,lexicons4 ,turrett5i 7,j4 ,a47 ,op]a   
,omnia1 #c vols4 #dto4 ,cl]k's 7,j47    
,p>aphrase & ,philological1 ,comm5t>y1  
on ! ,five ,books ( ,moses1 #d vols4    
folio4 ,dr4 ,guyse's ,p>aphrase ( ! ,new
 ,te/am5t1 #f vols4 #hvo4 ,massilon's   
,s]mons1 #b vols4 #hvo4  ,dubois's      
,acc\nt ( ! ,religion1 ,cu/oms1 c4 c4 ( 
! p ( ,india1 #b vols4 #hvo4  ,scott's  
,family ,bibles1 ,qu>to & ,octavo4      
,h5ry's ,comm5t>y1 #f vols4 #dto4 c4 c4 
,anatomical ,engrav+s1 by ,*>les & ,john
 ,bell1 viz4  ,*>les ,bell's ,engrav+s (
 ! ,art]ies1 illu/rat+ ! ,anatomy ( !   
,human ,body1 & s]v+ z an introduction  
to ! ,surg]y ( ! ,art]ies4 ,elegantly   
pr9t$ 9 ,royal #hvo4 ,twelve col\r$     
,plates1 ) copi\s lett]-press           
explanations1 ref]5ces to ,bell's &     
,wi/>'s ,anatomy1 c4--,second improv$   
,am]ican edition1 h&somely b\nd4 ,price 
#f4  ,john ,bell's ,engrav+s ( ! ,bones1
 ,muscles & ,jo9ts1 9 two p>ts--  ,"p   
#a4 ,conta9+ ,engrav+s ( ! ,bones1 #af  

,plates1 #dto4 ) explanations4 ,b\nd #f 
#ej4  ,"p #b4--;,engrav+s ( ! ,muscles &
 ,jo9ts1 #ag ,plates1 #dto4 )           
explanations4 ,b\nd #g4  ,! two p>ts may
 be _h b\nd toge!r4 ,price #ab4  ,*>les 
,bell's ,s]ies ( ,engrav+s1 expla9+ !   
c\rse ( ! ,n]ves1 conta9+ n9e l>ge & v  
elegant plates1 ) copi\s explanations1  
#dto4 ,extra bo>ds #f--;h&somely b\nd #f
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