,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,p]man5t ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,by ,,*>les ,,fo/] ,,k5t1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,woolsey ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,biblical ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,ye %all "k ! ,tru? & ! ,tru? %all make y free ,,preface ,dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation ! ,old ,te/am5t has comm&$ equally ) ! ,new ! en?usia/ic & devot$ /udy ( ! great body ( biblical s*ol>s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,two out ( e ?ree graduate /ud5ts 9 our univ]sities :o specialize 9 ! g5]al field ( biblical lit]ature *oose ! ,old z ! special c5tre ( _! "w4 ,at ! same "t ! t5d5cy ( ! rank & file ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* )9 ! pa/ decade has und\bt$ly be5 to neglect ! old] ,te/am5t4 ,prea*]s z a rule select less ?an a f\r? ( _! texts f x2 ! prevail+ c\rses ( ,bible /udy devote proportionately less "t to x2 & tea*]s & s*ol>s 9 ! great majority ( cases turn to ! ,old ,te/am5t ) mu* less en?usiasm ?an !y d to ! ,new4 ,:y are ^! two great curr5ts sett+ 9 opposite directions1 & :at are ! causes ( ! pres5t popul> neglect ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,if ! ,old ,te/am5t %\ld be relegat$ to a second place 9 our work+ canon ( ! ,bible1 let u frankly & c>efully def9e our reasons4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! prevail+ apa?y & neglect are due to ignorance ( ! real "* & value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 let z lose no "t 9 sett+ ourselves "r4 ,! pres5t volume has be5 sugge/$ by repeat$ calls f m9i/]ial bodies1 popul> assemblies1 & gr\ps ( college /ud5ts = addresses on ! !mes "h treat$4 ,! aim has be5 to give 9 concise1 popul> =m answ]s to "s ( ! _m que/ions ?us rais$1 ) ! conviction t !y are 9 ! m9d ( e ?\ghtful man & woman to-day1 & especially on ! lips ( e>ne/ pa/ors1 mission>ies1 & ,sunday-s*ool tea*]s4 ,!re are indications on e side ( a deep5+ & f> m intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! ne$s & possibilities ( religi\s education4 ,its vital importance to ! life ( ! ,*ur* & ! nation is be+ und]/ood z nev] be=e4 ,e>ne/ & fruitful ef=ts are be+ put =? to improve ! me?ods & c\rses ( in/ruction4 ,! fir/ ess5tial1 h[ev]1 is a true und]/&+ & appreciation ( t ,book ( ,books1 :i* w =ev] cont9ue to be ! *ief manual = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction1 9 righte\sness1 t ! man ( ,god may be p]fect1 completely fitt$ = e good "w4 ,! supreme importance & practical value ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are recogniz$ by all1 b we usually =get :5 we quote ! famili> words ( ,paul t he _h 9 m9d simply ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 div9e ,provid5ce mighty =ces h be5 quietly at "w dur+ ! pa/ c5tury remov+ false rabb9ical traditions & misconceptions t _h ga!r$ ab\t ^! anci5t ,scriptures1 :ile f o!r s\rces has come new light to illum9e _! pages4 ,! result is t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,*ri/ian _w is disc]n+ a new h]itage1 ! beauty & value ( :i* is /ill only half suspect$ ev5 by intellig5t p4 ,?is fact is s significant & yet s little recogniz$ t "o feels impell$ to g out & proclaim x on ! h\setops4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t c nev] be prop]ly pres5t$ f ! pulpit or 9 ! class-room :ile ! attitude ( prea*] & tea*] is apa!tic & ! motive a s5se ( duty r ?an an intellig5t acqua9tance ) its real "* & g5u9e admiration & en?usiasm = its vital tru?s4 ,! irresi/ible fasc9ation :i* has drawn _m ( ! mo/ brilliant s*ol>s into ! ,old ,te/am5t field is a pro( t x has lo/ no?+1 ( its p[] & attractiv5ess4 ,already ! circle ( ^? :o h r$iscov]$ ! ,old ,te/am5t is rapidly broad5+4 ,obs]vation & exp]i5ce confirm ! conviction t all t is lack+ to make t devotion univ]sal is a "r attitude t[>d x & an intellig5t famili>ity ) its real orig91 cont5ts1 & tea*+s4 ,! soon] ?is is realiz$ ! soon] "s ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( ! ,*ur*1 ( ! ,sunday-s*ool1 & ( popul> religi\s education w be solv$4 ,z ! repository ( a great & v>i$ lit]ature1 z a record ( _m ( ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 human hi/ory1 & z a concrete revelation ( ,god's "* & w ?r\gh ! life & exp]i5ces ( a race & ! he>ts ( inspir$ m51 ! ,old ,te/am5t has a vital message m>vell\sly adapt$ to ! intellectual1 moral1 social1 & spiritual ne$s ( to-day & supremely fitt$ to appeal to ! ?\ght & imag9ation ( ! pres5t age4 ,?is little volume is int5d$ to be simply a v in=mal introduction to x4 ,s9ce ( ! two ,te/am5ts ! ,new is by f> ! m easily und]/ood & ! bett] kn[n1 x is made ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! approa* to ! m complex field repres5t$ by ! ,old4 ,_m unexpect$ analogies w aid 9 und]/&+ ! intricate lit]>y hi/ory ( ! old] ,scriptures4 ,! po9t ( view assum$ ?r\gh\t is t ( ! busy pa/or1 mission>y1 ,sunday-s*ool tea*]1 & s*ol>1 :o h little "t = te*nical /udy1 b :o are n afraid ( tru? because x is new & :o firmly believe t ,god is ev] reveal+ himself m fully to m5 & t 8 tru? %all make u free4 ,x is hop$ t ?is g5]al survey w prove = !m b an introduction to a f> deep] & m pr(itable /udy4 ,to ! ,rev]5d ,j4,f4 ,mc,farland1 ,d4,d41 ( ! ,bible ,/udy ,union1 to ! ,rev]5d ,s4,a4 ,cooke1 ,d4,d41 ( ! ,me?odi/ ,book ,conc]n1 to ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,scribn] ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,bo>d ( ,publication & ,sunday-s*ool ,"w1 to ! ,rev]5d ,m4,c4 ,haz>d1 ,d4,d41 ( ! ,pilgrim ,press1 & to ! ,rev]5d ,f4,k4 ,s&]s1 ,ph4,d41 ( ! ,congregational ,sunday-s*ool & ,publi%+ ,society1 :o h g5]\sly read ! manuscript ( ?is book1 ,i am deeply indebt$1 n only = _! valuable sugge/ions1 b also = _! /rong expressions ( p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! practical ends :i* x seeks to cons]ve1 ,i am also "u great obligation to ! ,rev]5d ,morgan ,mill]1 ( ,yale1 = 8 untir+ vigilance 9 revis+ ! pro( ( a volume writt5 )9 ! all too brief limits ( a ,*ri/mas vacation4 ,c4,f4,k4 ,,yale ,,univ]sity1 ,janu>y1 #aijf4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,! ,,eclipse ,,& ,,r$iscov]y ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,ii4 ,,! ,,real ,,nature ,,& ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,iii4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,*apt]s ,,9 ,,div9e ,,revelation ,,iv4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,9 ,,div9e ,,revelation ,v4 ,,! ,,influ5ces ,,t ,,produc$ ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,vi4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,prophetic ,,hi/ories ,,vii4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,prophetic ,,s]mons1 ,,epi/les1 ,,& ,,apocalypses ,,viii4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,e>li] ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,laws ,,ix4 ,,influ5ces ,,t ,,gave ,,rise ,,to ,,! ,,prie/ly ,,laws ,,& ,,hi/ories ,x4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,sages ,,& ,,_! ,,prov]bs ,,xl ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,israel',s ,,philosoph]s ,,xii4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,psalt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,canon ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,n>ratives ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,xv4 ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,xvi4 ,,religi\s ,,education--,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,problem ,,( ,,to-,,day ,i ,,! ,,eclipse ,,& ,,r$iscov]y ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,sid5ote3 ,jesus' /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,! op5+ *apt]s ( ! ,gospels record only ?ree or f\r meagre facts reg>d+ ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ,jesus' life4 ,! real hi/ory ( ^? significant ye>s ran s f> b5ea? ! surface ( ext]nal ev5ts t x completely escap$ ! hi/orian4 ,! hi/ory ( ! m5tal & spiritual life ( ! ,ma/] is record$ 9 8 mature "* & tea*+s4 ,! fugitive h9ts1 h[ev]1 vividly illu/rate ! supreme fact t he ev] grew /rong]1 becom+ fill$ ) wisdom2--& ! grace ( ,god 0 ^u him 7,luke ii4 #dj74 ,!y reveal a s\l n only 9 close/ t\* ) ,god & ) human life1 b also 9 eag] que/ = ! vital tru? reg>d+ ,god & man record$ 9 ! ,scriptures ( 8 race4 ,x requires no imag9ation to picture ! "y ,jew ( ,naz>e? eag]ly /udy+ 9 ! synagogue1 at ! temple1 & alone by himself ! sacr$ writ+s f\nd 9 our ,old ,te/am5t1 = ?is fact is cle>ly record$ on e page ( ! ,gospels4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 famili>ity ) all p>ts ( x ,! ev5ts ( ,hebrew hi/ory1 & its h]oes --,abraham1 ,david1 ,elijah-- 7 all famili> to him4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ! backgr\nd ( a l>ge portion ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,f ,deut]onomy vi4 #d1 #e1 & ,leviticus xix4 #ah he drew 8 m>vell\s epitome ( all law & duty4 ,9 ! wisdom lit]ature1 & especially 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs1 he f\nd _m ( ^? practical tru?s :i* he appli$ to life ) new au?ority & p[]4 ,f ! same /oreh\se ( cry/alliz$ exp]i5ce he d]iv$ c]ta9 ( ^? figures :i* he exp&$ into 8 inimitable p>ables2 he adopt$ also1 & put to new use1 ! effective gnomic =m ( tea*+ ( ! wisdom s*ool4 ,z 9 ! m\? ( 8 h]ald1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! great moral & spiritual tru?s1 fir/ proclaim$ by ! anci5t prophets1 live aga9 on ! lips ( ,jesus4 ,at e po9t 9 8 tea*+s "o recognizes ! ?\ght & language ( ! old] ,scriptures4 ,at ! mom5ts ( 8 greate/ temptation & di/ress1 ev5 9 ! la/ agony1 ! words ( ! anci5t law & psalms 7 on 8 lips & _! consol+ & inspir+ messages 9 8 m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,attitude ( ! apo/les ,:at is s /rik+ly true ( ,jesus is equally true ( ! apo/les & disciples :o h giv5 u ! ,new ,te/am5t books3 ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y liv$1 ! ?\ghts :i* !y ?\ght1 & ! language 9 :i* !y spoke1 7 ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,n b[+ slavi%ly be=e x1 z did _! ,jewi% contempor>ies1 b ) true rev]5ce1 s+l+ out t :i* 0 vital & et]nal1 !y made x ! basis ( _! own m p]sonal & p]fect message to humanity4 ,b = !m1 & = ! e>ly ,*ur*1 until at lea/ ! middle ( ! second ,*ri/ian c5tury1 ! only scriptures reg>d$ z au?oritative 7 ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,ev5 !n1 only gradually1 & "u ! pressure ( real ne$s1 7 diff]5t gr\ps ( ,*ri/ian writ+s add$ & ascrib$ an au?ority equal to t ( ! old] ,scriptures4 ,sid5ote3 ,attitude ( ! lat] ,*ur*1 & especially ,puritanism ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ! eyes ( ! ,prote/ant re=m]s ! two great divisions ( ! ,bible cont9u$ to comm& equal respect & att5tion4 ,f ! ,old ,te/am5t & its reflection 9 ! tea*+s ( ,paul1 ,puritanism & ! !ology ( ! pa/ ?ree c5turies d]iv$ mo/ ( t :i* reveal$ _! /r5g? z well z _! weakness4 ,f ! law1 ! prophets1 & ! book ( ,prov]bs !y drew _! /]n _s ( ju/ice1 _! zeal = righte\sness1 & _! uncompromis+ condemnation ( ev]y?+ t seem$ to !m wrong4 ,_! prea*]s nobly e*o$ ! ?und]s ( ,s9ai & ! d5unciations ( an ,elijah1 an ,amos1 & an ,hosea4 ,!y (t5 fail$1 h[ev]1 to recognize ! div9e love :i* prompt$ ! /]n words ( ! prophets1 & to see t ^! d5unciations & w>n+s 7 simply int5d$ to ar\se ! consci5ce ( ! p & to make !m wor?y ( ! ri* bless+s t ,god 0 eag] to be/[4 ,mis9t]pretation ( ! _s ( ! lat] ,old ,te/am5t re=m]s1 :o dramatically portray$ ,jehovah's hatr$ = ! abom9able hea!n cults 9 ! =m ( comm&s to slaught] ! peoples practis+ !m1 frequ5tly l$ ! ,puritan fa!rs to treat _! foes 9 a mann] nei!r biblical nor ,*ri/ian4 ,to ?is n>r[ int]pretation ( ! lett] r ?an ! _s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! emphasis plac$ ^u its m primitive & imp]fect tea*+s c be directly trac$ ! wor/ faults ( t c\rage\s b& :o liv$ & di$ fight+ = :at !y conceiv$ to be tru? & "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,reaction aga9/ ! ,bible ( ,puritanism ,x is und\bt$ly true t dur+ ! pa/ two decades ! ,old ,te/am5t has 9 fact1 if n 9 !ory1 be5 assign$ to a second>y place 9 ! life & ?\ght ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,?is is n due to ! fact t ! ,*ri/ has be5 exalt$ to 8 rightful position ( comm&+ au?ority & pre/ige4 ,all t truly exalts him likewise exalts ! record ( ! "w ( 8 =]unn]s :i* he came to br+ to complete fulfilm5t & ^u :i* he plac$ 8 et]nal seal ( approval4 ,r1 ! pres5t eclipse ( ! ,old ,te/am5t appe>s to be due to ?ree di/9ct causes4 ,! fir/ is connect$ ) ! reaction f ,puritanism1 & especially f its false int]pretation ( ! ,bible4 ,aga9/ intol]ance & p]secution ! he>t ( man naturally rebell$4 ,^! rang true nei!r ) life nor ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,refuge f ! m]ciless & seem+ly flawless logic ( ! e>li] !ologians 0 f\nd 9 ! simple1 reassur+ words ( ! ,gospels4 ,! result 0 t1 ) ! exception ( a v few books l ! ,psalt]1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 ! ars5al ( ! old militant !ology1 has be5 unconsci\sly1 if n delib]ately1 %unn$ by ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,d\bts ar\s$ by ! "w ( ! ,high] ,critics ,)9 ! pa/ decade ?is t5d5cy has be5 greatly accel]at$ by ! "w ( ! s-call$ ,high] ,critics4 ,because x pres5ts m lit]>y & hi/orical problems1 & because x 0 ?\ght1 at fir/1 to be f>!r away f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! citadel ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 ! sc5e ( _! greate/ activity4 ,) :at seem$ to ! onlook] to be a supreme disreg>d = ! traditions long accept$ z e/abli%$ by ! ,*ur*1 !y h p]si/5tly appli$ to ! anci5t ,scriptures ! g5]ally accept$ canons & me?ods ( mod]n hi/orical & lit]>y /udy4 ,9 _! sci5tific zeal !y h repeat$ly ov]turn$ :at 7 once reg>d$ z fundam5tal dogmas4 ,un=tunately ! fir/ reports ( _! "w sugge/$ t x 0 only de/ructive4 ,! v f\ndations ( fai? seem$ to be %ak+4 ,s9ai appe>$ to be envelop$ 9 a murky fog1 in/ead ( ! effulg5ce ( ! div9e glory2 ,moses seem$ to become a vague1 unreal figure on ! di/ant horizon ( hi/ory2 ,david's voice only fa9tly e*o$ ?r\gh ! ,psalt]2 & ! noble/ messages ( prophet1 sage1 & psalmi/ 7 anonym\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mi/akes ( ! critics ,little wond] t _m :o he>d only f af> ! om9\s reports ( ! digg+ & delv+1 & vague rumors1--all ! m t]rify+ because vague1--ei!r leap$ to ! conclusion t ! au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _h be5 und]m9$ or else ralli$ 9 a frantic ef=t to put a /op1 by %\t+ or compulsion1 to ! seem+ly sacrilegi\s "w ( de/ruction4 ,:5 ! hi/ory ( ! ,high] ,criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is f9ally writt51 x w be decl>$ mo/ un=tunate t ! results fir/ pres5t$ to ! rank & file ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 71 z a rule1 l>gely negative & 9 _m cases relatively unimportant4 ,9 _! initial en?usiasm = sci5tific rese>* s*ol>s1 alas6 sometimes lo/ ! true p]spective & fail$ to recognize relative values4 ,! date1 = example1 ( ,isaiah xl4-lv4 is important = ! "r und]/&+ & int]pretation ( ^! wond]ful *apt]s1 b its value is insignificant comp>$ ) ! div9e messages conta9$ 9 ^! *apt]s & _! direct application to life4 ,moreov]1 in/ead ( pres5t+ fir/ ! te/imony & !n pati5tly po9t+ out ! reasonabl5ess & vital significance ( ! new] conclusions1 s*ol>s sometimes1 "u ! influ5ce ( _! convictions1 made ! fatal mi/ake ( enunciat+ ^? conclusions simply z dogmas4 ,sid5ote3 ,result+ loss ( fai? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory demon/rates t e/abli%$ religions & *ur*es always hold t5aci\sly to old doctr9es1 & !re=e reg>d new conclusions ) suspicion4 ,?is t5d5cy is cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,jesus2 = ) all 8 div9e tact & conv9c+ au?ority1 he 0 n able to w9 ! lead]s ( ,judaism to ! acceptance ( 8 revolutioniz+ tea*+s4 ,yet "o _c escape ! conviction t if 9 ?is age ( enlight5m5t & op5-m9d$ness1 ! positive results ( mod]n s*ol>%ip _h be5 pres5t$ fir/1 ?is late/ *apt] 9 ,god's revelation ( himself to man w\ld h be5 bett] und]/ood & appreciat$ by ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & its fruits appropriat$ by ^? ^: int]e/s are fix$ on t :i* is ( practical r ?an !oretical import4 ,at lea/ _m op5-m9d$ p might h be5 sav$ f ! supreme error ( writ+1 ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ,i*abod across ! pages ( _! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,difficulties 9 und]/&+ x ,! ?ird reason :y ! ,old ,te/am5t has suff]$ tempor>y eclipse 9 s _m m9ds is m fundam5tal2 x is because ( ! difficulties 9 und]/&+ x4 ,! backgr\nd ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! ,roman _w & a brief c5tury ) :i* we ,we/]n read]s are well acqua9t$2 b ! backgr\nd ( ! ,old is ! anci5t ,ea/--! age & l& ( wond]1 my/]y1 & intuition1 f> remov$ f ! logical1 ru%+ _w 9 :i* we live4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s a va/ & complex lit]ature1 fill$ ) ! ?\ghts & figures & ca/ 9 ! qua9t language ( ! ,semitic pa/4 ,betwe5 u & t pa/ !re lie n m]ely long c5turies1 b ! wide gulf t is fix$ betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,sid5ote3,! new light f ! monum5ts ,) ?ree su* di/9ct & p[]ful curr5ts--reaction1 suspicion1 & misund]/&--be>+ u f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x might be pr$ict$ t 9 a decade or two x w\ld lie f> beh9d our range ( vision4 ,o!r =ces h[ev] are1 9 div9e provid5ce1 rapidly br++ x back to u aga91 s t we are able to und]/& & appreciate x z nev] be=e s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! *asm betwe5 u & x is really be+ bridg$ r ?an broad5$4 ,! long c5turies t lie back ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h sudd5ly be5 illum9at$ by great se>*-lights1 s t today we are almo/ z well acqua9t$ ) !m z ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,f anci5t monum5ts h aris51 z f ! dead1 an army ( contempor>y witnesses1 sometimes confirm+1 sometimes correct+1 b at all times m>vell\sly supplem5t+ ! biblical data4 ,n[ ! ev5ts & *>act]s ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory no long] /& alone 9 my/]i\s isolation1 b we c /udy 9 detail _! sett+ & real significance4 ,at e po9t ! biblical n>rative & ?\ght are br\ght into t\* ) real life & hi/ory4 ,! biographies & policies1 = example1 ( ,s5na*]ib & ,cyrus1 are almo/ z well kn[n z ^? ( ,napoleon & ,wa%+ton4 ,! prophets are n m]ely voices1 b m5 ) a liv+ message = all times1 because !y prim>ily dealt ) ! conditions & ne$s ( _! own day4 ,! vital relation & at ! same "t ! inf9ite sup]iority ( ! religi\s tea*+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ^? ( e>li] ages & peoples are cle>ly reveal$4 ,sid5ote3 ,mod]n aids 9 int]pret+ ! ,old ,te/am5t ,int]pret$ 9 ! light ( contempor>y lit]ature & language1 mo/ ( ! obscurities ( ! ,old ,te/am5t melt away4 ,mod]n rese>* 9 ! fields ( ,semitic philology & syntax & ! discov]y ( old] texts & v]sions h put into ! h&s ( translators new & valuable tools = mak+ cle> to all ! ?\ghts 9 ! m9ds ( ! orig9al writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,/udies 9 comp>ative religion1 geography1 & mod]n ,ori5tal life & cu/oms h illum9at$ & illu/rat$ at e po9t ! pages ( ! anci5t writ+s4 ,to utilize all ^! requires "t & devotion1 b he :o is will+ to /udy may "k 8 ,old ,te/am5t to-day z well z he does ! ,new4 ,sid5ote3 ,rejection ( rab9ical traditions ,fully comm5surate ) ! great light t has be5 %$ ^u x f )\t1 is t :i* has come f a c>eful /udy ( ! te/imony ( ! ,old ,te/am5t itself4 ,until rec5t times ! ,*ur* has be5 cont5t to accept bl9dly ! traditions ( ! late ,jewi% rabbis reg>d+ ! orig91 hi/ory1 & int]pretation ( _! scriptures4 ,h&$ d[n ?r\gh ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs & int]wov5 ) cre$s & popul> beliefs1 !y h be5 id5tifi$ 9 _m m9ds ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible itself4 ,yet1 :5 we analyze _! orig9 & true "*1 we f9d t _m ( !m h absolutely no support 9 ! ,scriptures1 & 9 _m cases are directly contradictory to ! pla9 biblical tea*+s4 ,too (t5 !y are b ! fanciful conjectures ( ! rabbis4 ,develop$ 9 an uncritical age1 & bas$ ^u ! unreliable me?ods ( int]pretation curr5t among ! ,jews 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies1 !y are (t5 sadly mislead+4 ,a close analogy is f\nd 9 ! traditional id5tifications ( mo/ ( ! ,pale/9ian sacr$ sites4 ,to-day ! ,ori5tal guide %[s ! skull ( ,adam b5ea? ! spot :]e tradition places ! cross ( ,*ri/4 ,if ! travell] desires1 he w po9t out ! v /ones :i* ,jesus decl>$ ,god c\ld raise up to be *ildr5 ( ,abraham4 ,e "q :i* curiosity or g5u9e int]e/ has rais$ is answ]$ by ! seem+ly au?oritative voice ( tradition4 ,inve/igation1 h[ev]1 proves t almo/ all ( ^! ?\s& id5tifications are probably incorrect4 ,! discov]y is a %ock to ! pi\s imag9ation2 b to ! heal?y m9d unc]ta9ty is always bett] ?an error4 ,fur!rmore1 unc]ta9ty (t5 proves ! door :i* leads to e/abli%$ tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,acceptance ( ! te/imony ( ! ,old ,te/am5t reg>d+ its orig9 & hi/ory4 ,ev5 s ! mod]n hi/orical & critical _s has l$ m5 to turn f ! g5]ally accept$ b exce$+ly d\btful rabb9ical traditions reg>d+1 = example1 ! date & au?or%ip ( _m ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 to ! au?oritative evid5ce f\nd 9 ^? writ+s !mselves4 ,9 ?is !y are b foll[+ ! example ( ! ,great ,tea*]1 :o repeat$ly appeal$ f ! same rabbis & _! mislead+ traditions to ! same anci5t ,scriptures4 ,! sadde/ fact is t _m ( 8 foll[]s1 ev5 to-day1 hesitate to foll[ 8 inspir$ lead]%ip4 ,=tunately1 z ! v>i$1 /rata & =mations ( ! rocks tell ! /ory ( ! e>?'s e>ly hi/ory1 s ^! e>ly writ+s furni% ! data = recon/ruct+ ! illum9at+ hi/ory ( _! orig91 gr[?1 & transmission4 ,(t5 ! te/imony ( ! facts diff]s z widely f ! famili> inh]it$ traditions z ! conclusions ( mod]n sci5ce f ! vague guesses ( primitive man reg>d+ ! riddles ( exi/5ce4 ,nei!r may repres5t absolute & f9al tru?1 & yet no s]i\s-m9d$ man c "q :i* is really ! m au?oritative4 ,to-day "o ( ! mo/ vital issues be=e ! ,*ri/ian4 ,*ur* is :e!r x w foll[ ! guidance ( its ,f\nd] & accept ! te/imony ( ! ,bible itself or cl+ bl9dly to ! traditions ( ! rabbis & ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/orical significance ( ! mod]n movem5t ,! /ud5t ( hi/ory at once recognizes 9 ! mod]n movem5t1 ( :i* ! wat*word is1 ,back to ! te/imony ( ! ,bible1 ! direct sequel to ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4 ,! e>ly re=m]s took ! *a9s (f ! ,bible & put x into ! h&s ( m51 ) full p]mission to /udy & se>*4 ,ve/$ int]e/s & dogmatism soon began to dictate h[ x %\ld be /udi$ & int]pret$1 & ?us x 0 aga9 plac$ practically "u lock & key4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t a "y ,zulu *ief1 a pupil ( ,bi%op ,col5so ( ,s\? ,africa1 fir/ ar\s$ ! ,anglo-,saxon _w to ! c>eful1 fe>less1 & !re=e truly rev]5tial /udy ( its ,old ,te/am5t4 ,) ?is new impetus1 ! task ( ! ,re=m]s 0 aga9 tak5 up1 & 9 ! same op51 e>ne/ _s4 ,= two g5]ations x has comm&$ ! consecrat$ en]gies ( ! mo/ ?or\gh s*ol>s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,^? ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,switz]l&1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,am]ica1 & ,canada h work$ %\ld] to %\ld]1 divid+ ! "w1 c>efully collect+ & classify+ ! m9ute/ data1 comp>+ results1 &1 on ! basis ( all ?is "w1 =mulat+ conclusions1 "s assur$ & "s hypo!tical1 :i* be/ expla9 ! facts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! unveil+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,(t51 to ^? :o h n foll[$ ! detail$ /eps1 ^! conclusions h seem$ only de/ructive4 ,_m ( !m are assur$ly s2 b ! vital "q :i* e hone/ man %\ld ask is1 ,d !y de/roy ! ,bible1 or simply ! false traditions t h ga!r$ ab\t x8 ,=tunately1 mo/ ( ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* & mo/ intellig5t laym5 h already disc]n$ ! only emphatic answ] to ?is "q4 ,! ,*ur* is und\bt$ly pass+ quietly ?r\gh a revolution 9 its conception & attitude t[>d ! ,bible1 m fundam5tal & f>-rea*+ ?an t repres5t$ by its precursor ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation2 b its real significance is daily becom+ m app>5t4 ,n a gra9 ( tru? :i* ! ,bible conta9s has be5 de/roy$ or p]man5tly obscur$4 ,in/ead1 ! dbris ( "t-honor$ traditions & dogmas h be5 cle>$ away1 & ! true ,scriptures at la/ /& =? aga9 9 _! pri/9e spl5dor4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true ,old ,te/am5t ,fre$ f ! misconceptions & false traditions :i* h ga!r$ ab\t x1 ! true ,old ,te/am5t rises f amid/ ! du/ & d9 ( ! mu* digg+ & delv+4 ,to ^? :o h kn[n only ! old x is a fre% revelation4 ,its lit]>y beauty1 its naturalness1 its dignity1 its maje/ic au?ority are a surprise to ^? :o h n foll[$ its unveil+4 ,! old vagu5ess & my/]y h 9 "p disappe>$1 & in/ead x is f\nd to conta9 a ?\s& vital1 liv+ messages = to- day4 ,its human z well z its div9e qualities comm& our int]e/ & att5tion4 ,?r\gh x all ,god speaks ) a new cle>ness & au?ority4 ,?us1 t :i* we ?\ght 0 dead has ris51 & lives aga9 to inspire u to noble ?\ght & de$ & s]vice4 ,,ii ,,! ,,real ,,nature ,,& ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,sid5ote3 ,a l>ge & complex libr>y ,turn+ f ! ,jewi% & m$ival traditions & !ories :i* s easily beset u1 we ask1 ,:at is ! real nature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z x is reveal$ 9 ?is new & cle>] light8 ,! fir/ conclusion is t x is a libr>y conta9+ a l>ge & complex lit]ature1 record+ ! v>i$ exp]i5ces1 political1 social1 e?ical1 & religi\s1 ( ! ,israeliti% race4 ,! fact t x is a libr>y consi/+ ( _m diff]5t books is recogniz$ by ! common designation ( ! two te/am5ts4 ,z is well kn[n1 our ,engli% ^w ,bible came orig9ally f ! ,papyrus or ,byblus re$1 ! pi? ( :i* 0 widely us$ 9 antiquity z ! mat]ial f :i* books 7 made4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t 9 ! ,greek a little book %\ld be designat$ z a biblion4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second ,*ri/ian c5tury ! ,greek ,*ri/ians 7fir/ 9 ! s-call$ ,second ,epi/le ( ,clem5t xlv4 #b7 began to call _! sacr$ scriptures1 ,ta ,biblia1 ! books4 ,:5 ?is title 0 transf]r$ to ! ,lat9 x 01 by reason ( a natural & yet significant error1 treat$ z a fem99e s+ul>1 ,biblia1 :i*1 reappe>s ,9 ,engli% z ,bible4 ,?is mo/ appropriate "n emphasizes ! fact t ! books ?us describ$ are a unit & yet a collection ( little books1 select$ f a l>g] lit]ature & giv5 _! pres5t position ( preem95t au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,! record ( ,god's vital1 p]sonal relations to ! ,israeliti% race ,! t]m ,te/am5t sugge/s n ! =m & au?ority ( ! books1 b _! !me4 ,x is ! ,engli% translation1 ?r\gh ! ,lat9 & ,greek1 ( ! ,hebrew ^w1 b]?1 usually r5d]$1 cov5ant4 ,x means a bond or basis ( agreem5t4 ,x implies a close & b9d+ contract betwe5 two p>ties1 & def9es ! t]ms to :i* ea* subscribes & ! obligations :i* !y ?us assume4 ,! ,old ,cov5ant or ,te/am5t1 !re=e1 is prim>ily ! writt5 record ( ! orig91 t]ms1 & hi/ory ( ! solemn agreem5t :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! ,israeliti% nation & ,jehovah4 ,! e>ly n>ratives pres]ve ! traditions ( its orig92 ! lawgiv]s endeavor$ to def9e its t]ms & ! obligations t re/$ ^u ! p2 ! prophets int]pret$ !m 9 ! life ( ! nation1 & ! sages into ! life ( ! individual2 & ! hi/orical books record$ its practical work+4 ,! significant fact is t back ( ! ,old ,te/am5t records exi/s some?+ great] & deep] ?an p5 c fully describe3 x is a vital1 liv+ connection betwe5 ,jehovah & 8 p t makes possible ! unique relation :i* f9ds expression 9 ! rem>kable hi/ory ( ! race & 9 ! exp]i5ces & s\ls ( its spiritual lead]s4 ,?us ?r\gh life1 & 9 ! concrete t]ms ( life1 ,god reveals himself to ! life ( humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,writt5 9 hi/ory & human m9ds & he>ts ,9 ! light ( ?is tru? ! ,jewi% & m$ieval dogma t e ^w1 & ev5 e lett] ( ,scripture1 0 directly dictat$ by ,god himself1 seems sadly me*anical & be>s ! m>ks ( ! n>r[ s*ools ( ?\ght 9 :i* x took =m4 ,hebrew 0 n1 & probably w nev] be1 ! language ( heav56 ,n on sk9s & papyrus rolls1 b 9 ! life ( ! ,israeliti% race & on ! m9ds & consci5ces ( enlight5$ m51 ,god wrote 8 revelation4 ,hi/ory & ! "* & consci\sness ( ! human race are its imp]i%able records4 ,=tunately he also ar\s$ c]ta9 m5 ( old1 n by ^w & act only1 b by ! p5 z well1 to record ! revelation t 0 be+ p]fect$ 9 ! life ( _! nation & 9 _! own m9ds & he>ts4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 dictate to !m ! =m ( _! writ+s nor v\* = _! v]bal in]rancy4 ,9 "t1 out ( _! writ+s 7 gradually collect$ & comb9$ ! mo/ significant passages & books1 & to ^! 0 f9ally attribut$ ! au?ority t !y n[ rightfully enjoy4 ,sid5ote3 ,second>y s\rces ( its au?ority ,! ultimate basis ( t au?ority1 h[ev]1 is n _! pres5ce 9 ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,at ! same "t _! pres5ce !re is deeply significant1 = x repres5ts ! indorsem5t ( _m ages & ( c\ntless ?\s&s :o1 f ! mo/ v>i$ po9ts ( view & amid ! mo/ div]se exp]i5ces1 h te/$ & f\nd ^! anci5t scriptures wor?y ( ! exalt$ position t has gradually be5 assign$ to !m4 ,x is n ! support ( ! ,*ur*1 al?\gh ?is also = ! same reason is exce$+ly significant4 ,x is n ! calm assumption1 ( au?ority t appe>s at e po9t ?r\gh\t ! ,old ,te/am5t1 al?\gh ?is is ri*ly sugge/ive2 ! sacr$ writ+s ( o!r religions make ev5 m pret5ti\s claims4 ,x is n t its comm&s & doctr9es come f ! m\?s ( great prophets & prie/s1 l ,moses1 ,samuel1 ,isaiah1 & ,j]emiah4 ,?is fact und\bt$ly _h great weight ) ^? :o =m$ ! f9al canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! au?ority ( a /rong1 noble p]sonality is supremely impressive2 b div9e au?ority nev] emanates prim>ily f a man1 h[ev] great be 8 sanctity4 ,fur!rmore1 to e/abli% ! au?ority d]iv$ f a ,moses or a ,samuel x is necess>y 9 e case to prove t ! books attribut$ to !m by late tradition actually came f _! p5s4 ,ev5 if ?is c\ld 9 e case be done1 "s ( ! noble/ passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t rema9 av[$ly anonym\s2 = ! t5d5cy ( ! great majority ( its au?ors 0 cle>ly to s5d =? _! messages )\t any attempt to associate _! own names ) !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,its ultimate basis ( au?ority ,! ultimate au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !re=e1 is n dep5d5t ^u devot$ canon-mak]s1 nor ! weighty te/imony ( ! ,*ur*1 nor ^u its own claims1 nor ! reputation ( ! inspir$ m5 :o h writt5 x1 nor ! e/imate ( any age4 ,its seat ( au?ority is m fundam5tal4 ,x conta9s ! ^w ( ,god because x fai?fully records & int]prets ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 ! e>ly religi\s hi/ory ( man1 & simply & effectively pres5ts ,god's revelation ( himself & ( 8 w 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( ! great pre-,*ri/ian h]alds ( e?ical & spiritual tru?4 ,back ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is a va/ v>iety ( vital exp]i5ces1 national & individual1 political & spiritual1 social & e?ical1 pleasurable & pa9ful4 ,back ( all ^! deeply significant exp]i5ces is ,god himself1 ?r\gh !m mak+ kn[n 8 "* & laws & purpose to man4 ,sid5ote3 ,its au?ority e?ical & religi\s1 n sci5tific ,/ud5ts ( ! r$iscov]$ ,old ,te/am5t also recognize1 9 ! light ( a broad] & m c>eful /udy1 ! fact1 s (t5 & s fatally ov]look$ 9 ! pa/1 t its au?ority lies n 9 ! field ( natural sci5ce1 nor ev5 ( hi/ory 9 ! limit$ s5se4 ,"t & pati5ce 7 de/9$ to increase man's k 9 ^! great dep>tm5ts & also to develop 8 m9d 9 atta9+ x4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is au?oritative only 9 ! f> m important realm ( e?ics & religion4 ,paul truly voic$ its supreme claim :5 he said t x 0 pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction 9 righte\sness1 t ! man ( ,god may be p]fect1 completely fitt$ = e good "w 7,,ii ,tim4 iii4 #af1 #ag74 ,! ass]tion by ! ,*ur* 9 ! pa/ ( claims n[h]e made or impli$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t itself is un=tunately /ill a f]tile s\rce ( p]plexity & diss5sion to _m fai?ful s\ls4 ,_! salvation is to be f\nd 9 a cle> & intellig5t appreciation ( ! real nature & claim ( ^! anci5t writ+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,its dom9ant purpose to tea* spiritual tru? ,"o dom9ant aim det]m9es ! =m ( ea* book & ! selection ( individual passages & b9ds toge!r ! :ole3 x is effectively to set =? spiritual tru? & to m\ld 9 accordance ) ,god's w ! *>act]s & beliefs ( m54 ,x 0 ! supreme bond t b\nd toge!r prophets1 prie/s1 sages1 & psalmi/s1 al?\gh ! means by :i* !y accompli%$ _! common purpose diff]$ widely4 ,_m a curr5t tradition1 & ! crude conceptions ( ! anci5ts reg>d+ ! natural _w1 are record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b !y are n !re m]ely to p]petuate hi/ory nor to increase ! total ( sci5tific k1 b r because !y concretely illu/rate & impress "s vital e?ical & spiritual tru?4 ,su* s+l5ess ( religi\s purpose is p>allel$ n[h]e else except 9 ! "w & tea*+s ( ,jesus & 8 apo/les4 ,sid5ote3 ,its pres5t fruits ! pro( ( its inspir$ au?ority ,! ev]-pres5t evid5ce ( ! div9e au?ority back ( ! spiritual tea*+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z a :ole is t !y r+ true to life & meet its ne$s4 ,by _! fruits we "k !m4 ,x is ! demon/ration ( ! laboratory4 ,we "k t !y are inspir$ because !y inspire4 ,! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! social s]mons ( ,amos are z applicable to pres5t conditions z :5 fir/ utt]$4 ,! soon] !y are practically appli$ ! soon] our capitali/ic civilization c raise its head n[ b[$ ,9 %ame4 ,! fai? t brea!s ?r\gh ! ,psalms is ! fai? t upholds m5 to-day 9 ! mid/ ( temptation & trial4 ,! /&>ds ( ju/ice1 temp]$ by love1 :i* are ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t laws make good citiz5s bo? ( e>? & heav54 ,z long z m5 cont9ue to te/ ! tea*+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t scriptures 9 ! laboratory ( exp]i5ce & to "k !m by _! fruits1 no?+ c p]man5tly endang] _! position 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* or 9 ! life ( humanity4 ,neglect & indiff]5ce1 n ,high] ,criticism1 alone p]man5tly ?reat5 ! au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z well z t ( ! ,new4 ,sid5ote3 ,significance ( ! v>iations & inconsi/5cies ,recogniz+ ! real nature & purpose ( ^! anci5t records1 ! true /ud5t nei!r d5ies nor is di/urb$ by ! m>ks ( _! human au?or%ip4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,gospels1 ! v>iations betwe5 ! p>allel n>ratives are all evid5ce ( _! g5u95ess & ( ! s9c]ity ( _! purpose4 ,!y demon/rate t ,god's revelation is adapt$ to ! ne$s ( life & ! compreh5sion ( man1 because x 0 ?r\gh life & express$ 9 ! t]ms ( life4 ,_! individual peculi>ities & m9or errors (t5 introduce u m intimately to ! biblical writ]s & help u to und]/& m cle>ly & sympa!tically _! visions ( tru? & ( ,god4 ,above all1 !y tea* u to look ev] ?r\gh & beyond all ^! writt5 records to ! great] revelation1 :i* !y reflect1 & to ! inf9ite ,s\rce ( all k & tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! record ( a gradual revelation ,! inconsi/5cies & imp]fect tea*+s :i* are reveal$ by a critical /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are also b a few ( ! _m indices t x is ! record ( a gradually unfold+ revelation4 ,late ,jewi% tradition1 :i* is traceable ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t itself1 0 incl9$ to assign ! orig9 ( ev]y?+ :i* x held de> to ! v beg9n+s ( ,hebrew hi/ory1 & 9 s do+ x has done mu* to obscure its true g5esis4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! hi/ory ( ,god's gradual tra9+ ( ! race 0 writ too pla9ly 9 ! e>li] ,old ,te/am5t scriptures to be completely obscur$ by lat] traditions4 ,! recognition t ,god's all-wise me?od ( reveal+ spiritual z well z sci5tific tru? 0 progressive1 adapt$ to ! unfold+ consci\sness ( ea* succe$+ age1 at once sweeps away _m ( ! greate/ difficulties t h hi!rto obscur$ ! true ,old ,te/am5t4 ,jesus ) 8 div9e intuition appreciat$ ?is pr9ciple ( gr[?4 ,unhesitat+ly he abrogat$ c]ta9 "t-honor$ ,old ,te/am5t laws ) ! words1 ,ye h he>d t x 0 said 444 b ,i say to y4 ,8 own int]pretation ( 8 relation to ! sacr$ writ+s ( 8 race 0 t he came to br+ !m to complete fulfilm5t4 ,re>rang$ 9 _! approximately *ronological ord]1 ! ,old ,te/am5t books become ! h>moni\s & _m-sid$ record ( t5 c5turies ( /r5u\s human endeavor to "k & to d ! w ( ,god & ( 8 full & graci\s response to t ef=t4 ,! beatitude ( ^? :o hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness 0 z true 9 ! days ( ,moses z x 0 :5 ,jesus proclaim$ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,its diff]5t books ( v diff]5t values ,f9ally1 ! "r & normal attitude t[>d ! ,old ,te/am5t leads to ! :olesome conclusion t its diff]5t books are ( v diff]5t values4 ,! great critic ( ,naz>e? aga9 set ! example4 ,z we h j se51 c]ta9 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t laws he di/9ctly abrogat$2 o!rs he quietly ignor$2 o!rs1 z1 = example1 ! law ( love 7,deut4 vi4 #e1 & ,lev4 xix4 #ai7 he s+l$ out & gave its rightful place ( c5tral au?ority4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! ,gospels1 9 ! light ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 demon/rates t a v important elem5t 9 8 "w1 z ! ,savi\r ( m51 0 9 ?us sep>at+ ! dross 9 ! old] tea*+s f ! gold1 & !n 9 giv+ to ! vital tru? a cle>]1 m p]sonal1 & yet m univ]sal application4 ,= ! intellig5t /ud5t & tea*] ( to-day ! ,old ,te/am5t /ill rema9s a great m9e ( hi/orical1 e?ical1 & religi\s tru?4 ,"s p>ts1 l ,g5esis1 ,deut]onomy1 ,hosea1 ,j]emiah1 ,isaiah xl4-lv41 & ! ,psalt]1 are ri*ly productive4 ,o!rs1 l ,numb]s1 ,*ronicles1 & ,e/h]1 are comp>atively b>r54 ,sid5ote3 ,application ( ?is tru? ,s9ce ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! record ( a progressively unfold+ revelation1 x is obvi\s t all p>ts d n possess an equal au?ority4 ,to place ! example ( ! patri>*s or ( ,david1 :o liv$ :5 e?ical /&>ds & religi\s beliefs 7 only p>tially develop$1 on an equality ) ! exalt$ ideals ( ! lat] prophets1 is to mis9t]pret ^? anci5t ,scriptures & to reject ! lead]%ip ( ! ,great ,tea*]4 ,at ! same "t1 /udi$ f ! new] po9t ( view1 ! examples ( ^? e>ly h]oes are f\nd to illu/rate vital pr9ciples 9 human life & to inspire & w>n ! *ild ( to-day z effectively z !y did f> back 9 ! *ildhood ( ! race4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,old ,te/am5t n a feti% b a spiritual guidebook ,9 ^! lat] days ,god has tak5 ! ,bible f ! ?rone ( infallibility on :i* ,prote/antism s\ght to place x4 ,by a gradual yet b5ign process1 :i* we 7 nev]!less at fir/ incl9$ bitt]ly to res5t1 he has op5$ our eyes to its true "* & purpose4 ,aga91 he has pron\nc$ 8 ,?\ %all n to ! natural & yet selfi% human desire to transf] moral & intellectual responsibility f ! individual consci5ce to "s ext]nal au?ority4 ,aga91 he has told u t only 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! human s\l is ! ,infallible ,"o to be f\nd4 ,yet 9 ord] t we ea* may f9d him !re1 ! cumulative religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! c\ntless ?\s&s :o h already f\nd him is ( ine/imable value4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s n m]ely ! ^w ( ,god1 b1 toge!r ) its complem5t ! ,new1 is ! great guide-book 9 f9d+ & kn[+ him1 ,x blazes ! way :i*1 ! pilgrim ( to-day1 z 9 ! pa/1 mu/ foll[ f 8 cradle to ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,at ea* po9t x is ri*ly illu/rat$ by ! actual religi\s exp]i5ces ( real m5 & wom54 ,_! mi/akes & _! victories1 are equally in/ructive4 ,f _m vantage-po9ts rea*$ by prophets & prie/s & psalmi/s1 we are able to cat* new & glori\s visions ( ,god's "* & purpose = mank9d4 ,?r\gh its pages--sometimes dimly1 sometimes brightly1 ,b gr[+ ev] cle>]--%9es ! giv+ light ( ,god's tru? & revelation1 culm9at+ 9 ! ,*ri/1 ! p]fect$ revelation & ! supreme demon/ration t man1 ?\gh beset by temptation1 baffl$ by ob/acles1 des]t$ by fri5ds1 & malign$ by foes1 c nev]!less1 by ! inv9cible sword ( love & self-sacrifice1 conqu] ! _w & become "o ) ,god1 z did ! pe]less ,knight ( ,naz>e?4 ,,iii ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,*apt]s ,,9 ,,div9e ,,revelation ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( inspiration ,s9ce ! days ( ! ,greek philosoph]s ! subject ( inspiration & revelation has be5 f]tile !me = discussion & dispute among s*ol>s & !ologians4 ,_m diff]5t !ories h be5 advanc$1 & ultimately ab&on$ z unt5able4 ,9 its simple/ mean+ & use1 inspiration describes ! p]sonal influ5ce ( "o individual ^u ! m9d & _s ( ano!r4 ,?us we (t5 say1 ,t man inspir$ me4 ,:at we are or d "u ! influ5ce ( t intellectual or spiritual impulse is ! effect & evid5ce ( ! inspiration4 ,simil>ly1 div9e inspiration is ! influ5ce ( ,god's _s or p]sonality ^u ! m9d & _s ( man4 ,x may f9d expression 9 an exalt$ emotional /ate1 9 an height5$ cl>ity ( m5tal p]ception1 9 noble de$s1 9 ! developm5t ( "*1 inde$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways2 b its seat is always ! m9d ( man & its ultimate cause ! ,deity himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,! e>ly ,old ,te/am5t expression mo/ commonly us$ to describe inspiration 0 t ! ,_s ( ,god ru%$ ^u ! man1 z x did ^u ,saul1 caus+ him to bur/ =? into religi\s ec/asy or fr5zy 7,i ,sam4 x4 #f1 #aj71 & ^u ,samson1 giv+ him great bodily /r5g? or pr[ess 9 w> 7,judg4 xiv4 #f1 #ai1 xv4 #ad74 ,skill 9 int]pret+ dreams & 9 rul+ 0 also reg>d$ z evid5ce t ! ,_s ( ,god 0 9 a man l ,joseph 7,g54 xli4 #ch72 b above all ! prophetic gift 0 look$ ^u z ! supreme evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,jehovah 7,hos4 ix4 #a2 ,micah ii4 #g1 iii4 #h74 ,! ^w _s z ?us us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is exce$+ly sugge/ive4 ,x means prim>ily ! brea?1 t comes f ! no/rils4 ,?\gh invisible to ! eye1 ! brea? 0 9 ! ?\ght ( primitive man ! symbol ( ! active life ( ! individual4 ,9 ! full vigor ( bodily /r5g? or 9 viol5t ex]cise x came quick & /rong2 9 times ( weakness x 0 fa9t2 :5 x disappe>$1 dea? ensu$2 ! liv+ p]sonality 0 gone1 & only ! play rema9$4 ,! same ,hebrew ^w1 ra*1 describ$ ! w9d--unse51 intangible1 & yet "o ( ! mo/ real & irresi/ible =ces 9 all ! univ]se4 ,?us x 0 a supremely appropriate t]m to describe ! activity ( ,god1 z x produc$ visible effects 9 ! m9ds & lives ( m54 ,9 ! lat] ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature its use 0 ext5d$1 s t to ! ,_s ( ,god 0 ascrib$ activity 9 ! natural _w & 9 human hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,nature ( revelation ,( ! two t]ms1 revelation is broad] ?an inspiration4 ,sometimes x is us$ collectively1 to designate ! tru? reveal$1 b x m prop]ly describes ! means or process :]eby x is made app>5t to ! human m9d4 ,x implies t tru? is always exi/5t1 b only gradually recogniz$4 ,inspiration is "o ( ! *ief means :]eby ! human vision is cl>ifi$ s z to p]ceive x4 ,natural ph5om5a1 environm5t1 & above all exp]i5ce1 are also mighty ag5ts 9 mak+ ! div9e "* & tru? cle> to ! m9d ( man4 ,! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews decl>es1 ) true insight1 t ,god spoke 9 div]s mann]s4 ,all ! univ]se1 all hi/ory1 & all life reveal him & 8 ultimate tru?s1 = ea* is effective 9 op5+ ! m5tal & spiritual eye ( man to see ! realm long await+ him z conqu]or4 ,sid5ote3 ,man's role 9 ! process ( revelation ,= c\ntless ages electricity has inscrib$ its magic trac]y on ! /orm-cl\d & p]=m$ its all-important functions 9 organic life1 b n until m5's eyes 7 op5$ by exp]i5ce & tra9$ obs]vation to recognize its laws1 0 x practically appli$ to ! ne$s ( civilization4 ,simil>ly1 un*ang+ moral & spiritual laws h exi/$ ?r\gh all "t1 b !y h n become op]ative 9 human life until ! eye ( "s se] is op5$ by a great exp]i5ce1 or "u ! direct influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,god he is l$ to see & proclaim !m4 ,?us ,god is 9 all & reveals himself ?r\gh all nature & life1 b x is only ?r\gh ! m9d & on ! lips ( 8 highe/ creature1 man1 t tru? is fully appreciat$1 =mulat$1 & appli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! revelation record$ 9 ! ,bible ,9 ! broad] s5se all revelation is div9e1 = x reveals ,god & 8 laws2 & yet x is obvi\s t !re is a real diff]5ce betwe5 ! revelation record$ 9 a sci5tific book & t ( ! ,bible4 ,x is a diff]5ce bo? 9 subject-matt] & 9 ! ends to :i* ! tru? ?us made manife/ %all be appli$4 ,! "o relates to ! objective _w1 ! _w ( ?+s2 ! o!r relates to human beliefs1 emotions1 & acts4 ,sid5ote3 ,its bread? & gradualness ,moreov]1 x is evid5t t ! spiritual revelation :i* is 9 "p record$ 9 ! ,bible 0 n limit$ to ! ,israeliti% race or to ! twelve c5turies repres5t$ by ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,! biblical writ]s !mselves assume ?is fact4 ,accord+ to ! e>ly ,judean prophetic n>ratives1 ,eno*1 :o liv$ ages be=e ,abraham & ,moses1 0 a wor%ipp] ( ,jehovah 7,g54 iv4 #bf74 ,ca9 & ,abel are bo? repres5t$ 9 ! famili> /ory ( ,g5esis iv41 z br++ _! (f]+s to ,jehovah4 ,"o ( ! *ief tea*+s ( ! e>lie/ /ories 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is t m5 f ! fir/ knew & wor%ipp$ ,god & 7 held responsible = _! acts accord+ to _! moral enlight5m5t4 ,hi/ory1 sci5ce1 & ! ,bible unite 9 te/ify+ t ! revelation ( spiritual tru? to mank9d 0 some?+ gradual1 progressive1 & cumulative2 also t x is dep5d5t ^u ! ability ( m5 to receive x4 ,?is capacity ( ! individual to receive is1 aft] all1 ! det]m9+ factor 9 ! process ( div9e revelation2 = ,god's tru? & 8 desire to imp>t x are always ! same4 ,h5ce1 :5ev] conditions favor1 or national or private exp]i5ces cl>ify ! vision ( a race or gr\p ( m51 a revelation is assur$4 ,sid5ote3 ,antiquity ( human civilization & religion ,9 ! light ( anci5t hi/ory & ! result ( rec5t excavations x is possible1 n[ z nev] be=e1 to /udy ! v>i$ influ5ces & =ces employ$ by ,god 9 ! pa/ to op5 ! spiritual eyes ( mank9d to see him & 8 tru?4 ,! geological evid5ce sugge/s t man1 z man1 has liv$ on ?is e>?1 fifty1 p]haps "o hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4 ,an?ropology1 go+ f>!r back ?an hi/ory or primitive tradition1 traces ! sl[ & pa9ful /ages by :i* e>ly man le>n$ 8 fir/ lessons 9 civilization & religion4 ,f ! beg9n+1 man's in/9cts z a religi\s be+ h ass]t$ !mselves1 crude ?\gh _! expression 04 ,! olde/ m\nds ( ,babylonia & ,egypt conta9 ru9s ( anci5t temples1 alt>s1 & abundant evid5ce ( ! religi\s zeal ( ! peoples :o once inhabit$ ^! lauds4 ,! e>lie/ examples ( human lit]ature ?us f> discov]$ are l>gely religi\s 9 !me & _s4 ,sid5ote3 ,primitive unfold+ ( ! innate religi\s in/9ct ,all ^! te/ify t e>ly man believ$ 9 a p[] or p[]s outside himself1 & t 8 *ief passion 0 to "k & d ! w ( 8 god or gods4 ,jesus himself bore witness 9 ! op5+ words ( ! pray] :i* he taught 8 disciples1 t ?is is ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,x 0 natural & inevitable t primitive man1 ) 8 naive view ( ! univ]se1 %\ld believe n 9 "o b 9 _m =ces or spirits1 & t he %\ld fir/ en?rone ! physical above ! e?ical & spiritual4 ,x is ! in/9ctive t5d5cy ( ! *ild to-day4 ,! lat] id5tification ( ! div9e p[]s ) ! sun1 t gave light & f]tility to ! soil1 or ) ! moon1 t guid$ ! c>avans by night ov] ! arid des]ts1 or ) ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 t mov$ 9 maje/ic array across ! midnight sky1 0 likewise a natural /ep 9 ! evolution ( primitive belief4 ,sid5ote3 ,reasons :y ,babylonia develop$ an e>ly civilization ,civilization & religion 9 antiquity develop$1 z a rule1 side by side4 ,! two great riv]s1 ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates1 comm&+ ! trade ( ! nor? & ! s\?2 proximity to ! des]t ) its c>avans ( trad]s go+ back & =? f ! ,euphrates to ! ,nile2 ! ri* alluvial soil1 :i* support$ a d5se population :5 prop]ly dra9$ & cultivat$2 & ! necessity ( develop+ 9 a high] degree ! arts ( def5ce 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! mu* conte/$ t]ritory1--^! 7 a few ( ! _m conditions t made anci5t ,babylonia "o ( ! two e>lie/ if n ! olde/ c5tre ( human civilization4 ,! comm]cial habits & ! abundance ( ! pla/ic clay1 :i* c\ld easily be m\ld$ into tablets = ! use ( ! scribe1 also fo/]$ ! e>ly developm5t ( ! lit]>y art4 ,! durability ( ! clay tablets & ! envelop+ & protect+ qualities ( ! ru9$ m\nds ( anci5t ,babylonia h pres]v$ 9 a m>vell\s way its e>ly lit]ature4 ,! result is t we c n[ /udy1 on ! basis ( contempor>y docum5ts1 ?is e>ly & yet advanc$ *apt] 9 t div9e revelation1 ! lat] culm9ation ( :i* is record$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,sid5ote3 ,progress dur+ ! p]iod ( city /ates ,x beg9s z f> back ( ,moses z he is remov$ f u 9 po9t ( "t4 ,its political backgr\nd at fir/ is ! little city /ates ( ,babylonia1 ea* ) its indep5d5t organization & its local s*ools ( arti/s1 ^: products 9 _m respects surpass any?+ t comes f ! h&s ( lat] ,semitic craftsm54 ,ea* city _h its temple1 at :i* ! patron god ( ! local tribe & di/rict 0 wor%ipp$4 ,9 "s places x 0 ! moon god ,s91 z at ,h>an & ,ur beside ! des]t2 else:]e1 z at ,nippur1 ,bel1 or at ,eridu ne> ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ,ea1 ! god ( ! great deep1 0 rev]$4 ,9 ! "n ( ! local deity (f]+s 7 br\ght1 hymns 7 sung1 & traditions 7 treasur$1 :i* extoll$ 8 might4 ,! life ( ^! little city /ates c5tr$ ab\t ! temple & its cult4 ,to make x m glori\s ! artisans vi$ ) ea* o!r1 & ! k+s made campaigns t !y might d$icate ! spoils to ! deity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gr[? ( ext5sive empires ,9 "t1 p]haps z e>ly z #djjj ,b4,c41 c]ta9 m en]getic & ambiti\s k+s succe$$ 9 conqu]+ neighbor+ cities2 !y ev5 broad5$ _! b\nd>ies until !y rul$ ov] great empires ext5d+ to ! ,m$it]ranean on ! we/ & ! m\nta9s ( ,elam on ! ea/4 ,9 ! "n ( ! local god1 ea* w5t =? to fight1 & to him 0 attribut$ ! glory ( ! victory4 ,naturally1 :5 ! t]ritory ( a city /ate grew into an empire1 ! god ( t city 0 proclaim$ & ackn[l$g$ z supreme ?r\gh\t all ! conqu]$ t]ritory4 ,at ! same "t ! local deities ( ! conqu]$ cities cont9u$ to be wor%ipp$ at _! anci5t sanctu>ies1 & _m a conqu]+ k+ won ! loyalty ( 8 subjects by mak+ a ri* (f]+ to ! god & at ! temple ( a vanqui%$ foe4 ,sid5ote3 ,its effect 9 develop+ ! pan!on & popul> !ology ,! logical & inevitable result ( political union 0 ! developm5t ( a pan!on1 modell$ aft] ! imp]ial c\rt1 ) ! god ( ! victori\s city at its head & ! lead+ deities ( ! o!r cities 9 subord9ate positions4 ,:51 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ?ird mill5nium be=e ,*ri/1 ,babylon's supremacy 0 p]man5tly e/abli%$ "u ! rule ( ,hammurabi4 ,m>duk1 ! god ( t city1 0 ?us plac$ at ! head ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,! !ologians ( ! day also reca/ & comb9$ ! anci5t leg5ds1 z1 = example1 ^? ( ! creation1 s z to expla9 :y he1 "o ( ! lat] gods1 0 ackn[l$g$ by all z supreme4 ,a relation%ip 0 also trac$ betwe5 ! lead+ gods1 & _! respective functions 7 cle>ly def9$4 ,correspond+ to ea* male deity 0 a female deity3 ?us1 ! consort ( ,m>duk 0 ,i%t>1 :ile t ( ,bel 0 ,belit4 ,fur!rmore1 ! anci5t my?s appe> to h be51 cord9at$1 s t f ?is "t on ,babylonian1 !ology pres5ts a c]ta9 unity & symmetry1 al?\gh "o is con/antly rem9d$ ( ! v diff]5t elem5ts out ( :i* x _h be5 built up4 ,sid5ote3 ,developm5t ( e?ical /&>ds & laws ,p>allel to ! evolution ( ,babylonian religion 0 t unfold+ ( e?ical ideals & laws :i* f9ds its noble/ record & expression 9 ! rem>kable code ( ,hammurabi 7ab\t #bbej ,b4,c474 ,9 its high s5se ( ju/ice2 9 its reg>d = ! rights ( prop]ty & ( individuals2 9 its attitude t[>d wom51 ev5 ?\gh x comes f ! anci5t ,ea/2 & above all 9 its protection ( wid[s & orphans1 ?is code m>ks almo/ z high a /age 9 ! revelation ( :at is "r z ! primitive ,old ,te/am5t laws1 ) :i* x has po9ts ( /rik+ resemblance4 ,sid5ote3 ,a g5]al comp>ison betwe5 ! religions & laws ( ,egypt & ,babylonia ,! evolution ( anci5t ,egyptian civilization & religion 0 p>allel at almo/ e /age ) t ( ,babylonia1 only 9 ! dreamy l& ( ! ,nile ! pan!on & ! va/ body ( v>iant my?s 7 nev] s ?or\ghly cord9at$4 ,! result is t its religion =ev] rema9s a labyr9?4 ,s9ce all int]e/ c5tr$ ab\t ! future life1 in/ead ( comm]cial pursuits1 !re is no evid5ce t ! ,egyptians ev] produc$ a legal code at all comp>able ) t ( ,hammurabi4 ,!y did1 h[ev]1 develop a doctr9e ( s9 :i* anticipates t ( ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,:ile ! ,babylonians conceiv$ ( s9 z simply ! failure to br+ (f]+s1 or to obs]ve ! dem&s ( ! ritual1 or1 9 g5]al1 to pay prop] homage to ! gods1 ! ,egyptians held t ea* individual 0 answ]able1 n only to ! /ate1 b also to ! gods1 = 8 e act & ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,significance ( ?is e>ly religi\s progress ,if !y admitt$ ( a comp>ison1 x w\ld be safe to say t ! ,babylonian religion & law 9 ! days ( ,hammurabi 7 z f> remov$ f ! crude belief 9 spirits & ! b>b>\s cults & practices ( primitive man z ! tea*+s ( ,jesus 7 f ^? ( ! k+ly ,babylonian lawgiv] & 8 prie/ly advis]s4 ,humanity's debt is exce$+ly great to ! ?\s&s ( devot$ s\ls :o1 9 anci5t ,babylonia & ,egypt1 accord+ to _! dim light1 grop$ = ,god & ! "r4 ,9 "p !y f\nd :at !y s\ght1 al?\gh !y nev] ceas$ to look ?r\gh1 a glass d>kly4 ,sid5ote3 ,its arre/ & decl9e ,! sad & significant fact is t f ! days ( ,hammurabi to ^? ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 ,babylonian religion1 law1 & e?ics almo/ entirely ceas$ to develop4 ,no o!r great k+s ) prophetic insight appe> to h aris5 to hold up be=e ! nation ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice & m]cy & true piety1 ,! old sup]/itions & magic also cont9u$ 9 ,babylonia z 9 ,egypt to ex]cise m & m _! baneful influ5ce4 ,sadde/ ( all ! prie/hood & c]emonialism1 :i* _h already rea*$ a po9t ( developm5t comm5surate & /rik+ly analog\s to t ( lat] ,judaism1 became ! dom9ant p[] 9 ! /ate1 & def9$ religion n 9 t]ms ( life & action1 b ( ! ritual1 & s con/rict$ x t all true gr[? 0 impossible4 ,h5ce ! religions ( ! ,babylonians & ,egyptians p]i%$1 l _m o!rs1 because !y ceas$ to gr[1 & !re=e deg5]at$ into a m]e wor%ip ( ! lett] r ?an ! _s4 ,,iv ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,9 ,,div9e ,,revelation ,sid5ote3 ,adv5t ( ! ,hebrews ,mod]n discov]y & rese>* h demon/rat$ t ! tru? reveal$ ?r\gh ! ,babylonians & ) less def9it5ess ?r\gh ! p ( ! ,nile 0 nev] entirely lo/4 ,su* a sad wa/e 0 out ( accord ) ! obvi\s pr9ciples ( div9e economy4 ,z ! icy *ill ( c]emonialism seiz$ decad5t ,babylonia & ,egypt1 !re em]g$ f ! /eppes s\? & ea/ ( ,pale/9e a virile1 ambiti\s gr\p ( nomads1 :o n only fell heir to t :i* 0 be/ 9 ! revelation ( ! pa/1 b also quickly took _! place z ! real spiritual lead]s ( ! human race4 ,possibly _! ance/ors1 l ^? ( ,hammurabi1 belong$ to t wave ( nomadic emigration :i* swept out ( ov]populat$ nor!rn ,arabia ab\t #bejj ,b4,c41 "p ( x to settle f9ally 9 ,babylonia & "p 9 ,pale/9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y 7 !y ! *os5 p8 ,:atev] be ! exact date ( _! adv5t1 ! mu* moot$ & m fundam5tal "q at once pres5ts itself1 ,:y 7 ! ,hebrews ! *os5 p8 ,x is safe to ass]t at once t ?is 0 n arbitr>y nor )\t reason4 ,moreov]1 ! *oice 0 n t ( a mom5t1 b gradual4 ,r ! real "q is1 ,by :at div9e process 7 ! ,israelites prep>$ to be ! *os5 p t _! lat] prophets & ! ev5t ( hi/ory decl>e !m to be8 ,c]ta9 def9ite hi/orical reasons at once sugge/ !mselves2 & ^! 9 turn ?r[ new light ^u ! true relation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to div9e revelation z a :ole4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! prep>ation to be ! *os5 p3 g5ius = religion ,!re is und\bt$ly a basis = :at ,r5an 0 pleas$ to call1 ! ,semitic g5ius = religion4 ,x is a truly significant fact t ! ?ree great conqu]+ religions ( ! _w1 ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,mohamm$anism1 sprang f ,semitic soil4 ,to ?is might be add$ ! religion ( ,babylonia1 :i*1 0 unque/ionably ! noble/ ( e>ly antiquity4 ,9 g5]al ! ,semitic m9d is ke51 al]t1 receptive1 & intuitional r ?an logical4 ,re/less en]gy & ! t5d5cy to acquire h also t5d$ to make !m lead]s 9 ! widely diff]5t fields ( comm]ce & religion4 ,! patri>* ,jacob is a rem>kable example ( ^! comb9$ qualities & results4 ,by day he got ! bett] ( 8 k9sm51 & by night he wre/l$ ) ,god4 ,^! comb9$ & highly develop$ *>act]i/ics ( m9d & nature at lea/ sugge/ :y ! ,semites h furni%$ ! greate/ prophets & prophet nations = ! m\ld+ ( ! fai? ( ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,inh]itance ?r\gh _! ,arabian antec$5ts ,9 contra/ ) contempor>y ,semitic nations1 & especially ! highly civiliz$ ,babylonians1 ! ,hebrews 7 =tunate 9 _! imm$iate inh]itances ?r\gh ,arabian or ,aramean ance/ors4 ,! w&]+1 nomadic life leaves no place = e/abli%$ sanctu>ies1 ) _! elaborate c]emonial cu/oms & debas+ in/itutions inh]it$ f m primitive ages4 ,in/ead1 t life imposes limitations t make = simplicity4 ,! my/]ies & con/ant dang]s ( ! wild des]t exi/5ce also emphasize ! con/ant necessity ( div9e help4 ,! long m>*es by night "u ! sil5t />s inspire awe & en=ce contemplation4 ,! close unity ( ! tribe sugge/s ! wor%ip ( "o tribal god r ?an _m4 ,f ! des]t ! ance/ors ( ! ,hebrews br\ght /rong bodies1 inur$ to h>d%ip1 & a grim au/]ity t f\nd frequ5t expression on ! lips ( _! prophets & a response 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 :5 luxury ?reat5$ to engulf !m4 ,!y also inh]it$ f _! des]t days ^? democratic ideas & high ideals ( individual lib]ty :i*1 enabl$ ,elijah & ,isaiah to /& up add *ampion ! rights ( ! p ev5 ?\gh x involv$ a public d5unciation ( _! k+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,contact ) ,babylonian civilization ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,israelites und\bt$ly became 9 "t ! inh]itors ( ! be/ 9 religion & law t _h be5 atta9$ by ! old] ,semitic races4 ,_! late traditions trace back _! ance/ry to anci5t ,babylonia4 ,already = long c5turies1 by conque/ & by comm]ce1 ! dom9ant civilization ( ! ,euphrates valley _h be5 regnant 9 ! l& ( ,canaan1 ,! ,tell-el-,am>na lett]s1 writt5 f ,pale/9e 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 employ ! ,babylonian language & sy/em ( writ+1 & reveal a high ,semitic civilization1 closely patt]n$ aft] t ( ,babylonia4 ,:5 ! ,israelites settl$ 9 ,canaan & began to int]m>ry & assimilate ) ! old] inhabitants1 z ! e>lie/ ,hebrew records pla9ly /ate 7cf4 ,judg4 ,i471 !y f\nd !re1 among ! ,canaanites1 e/abli%$ civil & religi\s in/itutions & traditions :i* 7 l>gely a reflection ( ^? ( ,babylonia4 ,also1 :5 9 ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies ,assyrian armies conqu]$ ,pale/9e1 !y br\ght ,babylonian in/itutions1 traditions1 & religi\s ideas4 ,we "k t dur+ ! reigns ( ,ahaz & ,manasseh ^! ?reat5$ to displace ^? peculi> to ! ,hebrews4 ,aga91 dur+ ! ,babylonian exile ! influ5ce ( ! same p[]ful civilization ^u ! ?\ght & religion ( ,israel 0 also /rongly felt4 ,?us ! opportunities1 direct & indirect1 = receiv+ f ,babylonia mu* ( ! ri* h]itage t x held 7 _m & v>i$4 ,sid5ote3 ,heirs ( ! old] ,semitic civilizations ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t itself te/ify t ! weal? ( tradition1 ( in/itutions1 ( laws1 & religi\s ideas1 gradually committ$ to ! ,semitic ance/ors ( ! ,hebrews & be/ pres]v$ by ! ,babylonians1 0 n lo/1 b1 enri*$ & purifi$1 has be5 transmitt$ to u ?r\gh its pages4 ,a c>eful comp>ison ( ! biblical & ,babylonian acc\nts ( ! creation & ! flood leaves little d\bt t !re is a close hi/orical connection betwe5 ^! acc\nts4 ,inve/igation reveals 9 language1 _s1 & =m _m analogies betwe5 ! laws ( ,hammurabi & ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* sugge/ at lea/ an indirect influ5ce4 ,_m ( ! c]emonial in/itutions ( lat] ,judaism are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ,babylonia4 ,:ile x is exce$+ly easy to ov] or "u e/imate ?is influ5ce1 x is a mi/ake to d5y or ignore its deep significance4 ,sid5ote3 ,recipi5ts ( all t 0 be/ 9 e>li] revelation ,?us "o ( ! *ief elem5ts 9 ! provid5tial tra9+ ( ! ,hebrews z ! h]alds & expon5ts ( ! mo/ exalt$ religi\s & e?ical tru?s reveal$ be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e? 0 ! fact t !y 7 ! heirs & int]pret]s ( ! be/ t _h be5 hi!rto atta9$4 ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 & lat]1 ,p]sia & ,greece1 ea* contribut$ _! noble/ beliefs & ideals4 ,9 ! ,israelites ! div]se /reams ( div9e revelation conv]g$4 ,! result is t1 in/ead ( _m little rivulets1 bef\l$ by errors & sup]/itions1 ?r\gh _! hi/ory !re fl[$ a mighty /ream1 ev] becom+ broad] & deep] & cle>] z x receiv$ fre% contributions f ! new f\nta9s ( pure/ revelation t op5$ 9 ,hebrew soil4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 close geographical relations to ! e>li] civilizations ,cle> evid5ces ( ! div9e purpose to be realiz$ ?r\gh ! obscure peasant p :o liv$ among ! upl&s ( c5tral ,canaan are f\nd 9 a /udy ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _w4 ,x is inde$ ! e>lie/ & "o ( ! mo/ significant *apt]s 9 div9e revelation4 ,mo/ ( its area is a b>r5 wild]ness1 support+ only a small nomadic population4 ,! ?ree f]tile spots are ,babylonia1 ,canaan1 & ,egypt4 ,! fir/ & la/ are fitt$ by nature & situation to be ! seats ( p[]ful civilizations1 de/9$ to rea* out 9 e direction4 ,canaan1 on ! contr>y1 is %ut 91 ) no good h>bors along ! ,m$it]ranean2 & its l>ge/ riv] sy/em leads to ! ,dead ,sea1 f> bel[ ! surface ( ! ocean1--an effective negation to all comm]ce4 ,al?\gh ?us %ut 9 by itself1 ,canaan lies on ! i/hmus ( f]tile l& t connects ! great empires ( ! ,nile & ! ,euphrates4 ,on ! ea/ & s\? x is always subject to ! influ5ces & waves ( immigration1 t come f ! ,arabian des]t4 ,x attract$ f _! nomadic life ! ance/ors ( ! ,israelites1 & dur+ _! e>ly p]iod ( developm5t gave !m a seclud$ home4 ,:5 !y 7 ready to le>n ! l>g] lessons 9 ! /ream ( life1 ,egypt & ! great empires ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates valley cont5d$ = !m1 conqu]$ & ultimately scatt]$ !m ?r\gh\t ! !n kn[n _w4 ,:ile _! conqu]ors1 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 ! greate/ p[]s ( ! anci5t _w1 took f !m _! gold & _! fre$om1 f ! same conqu]ors !y appe> to h receiv$ ! inf9itely m preci\s treasures ( tradition & ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,tra9$ by rem>kable national exp]i5ce ,great z 0 _! h]itage f ! pa/1 ! tru? t came ?r\gh ! ,hebrews !mselves con/itutes by f> ! greate/ & mo/ significant "p ( t revelation :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t records4 ,_! hi/ory sugge/s ! ways 9 :i*1 ,jehovah op5$ ! spiritual eyes ( ! p4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! pres5t day x has be5 *>act]iz$ by a s]ies ( crises unp>allel$ 9 ! life ( any o!r race4 ,exp]i5ces1 int5se & (t5 sup]latively pa9ful1 h come to !m 9 rapid succession1 =c+ !m to ?9k & develop4 ,! little /reet ,arab1 al]t1 res\rceful1 uncanny 9 8 prematurity1 is a mod]n illu/ration ( :at grim necessity & exp]i5ce c produce4 ,x 0 9 ! s*ool supremely adapt$ to div9e ends t ,jehovah1 tra9$ 8 p to be 8 spokesm5 to ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,guid$ by unique spiritual tea*]s ,o!r peoples1 h[ev]1 _h _! crises & yet _h no su* message z did ! ,israelites4 ,:at made ! crises 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites ri*ly fruitful 9 e?ical & spiritual tru? 0 ! pres5ce )9 _! mid/ ( c]ta9 devot$1 responsive tea*]s1 & especially ! prophets1 :o guid$ !m 9 _! "t ( p]il1 int]pret$ its significance1 & appeal$ to ! awak5$ consci5ce ( ! nation4 ,l begets l4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,israel's hi/ory /&s ! great prophet ,moses1 & dur+ ! long c5turies t foll[$ ! voice ( ! prophets 0 r>ely hu%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,taught by inspir$ prophets ,9 seek+ ! ultimate answ] to our "q1 ,h[ 7 ! ,israelites prep>$ to be ! *os5 p1 we are confront$ by a miracle t baffles our p[] to analyze3 x is ! supreme fact t ! ,_s ( ! ,almighty t\*$ ! _s ( c]ta9 m5 9 anci5t ,israel s t !y became se]s & prophets4 ,?is is _! own te/imony1 & _! de$s & words amply confirm x4 ,! exp]i5ces ( m5 to-day also demon/rate its possibility4 ,inde$ x is n surpris+1 b mo/ natural1 t ! "o supreme ,p]sonality 9 ! univ]se %\ld reveal himself to & ?r\gh human m9ds1 & t ! mo/ enlight5$ m5 ( ! mo/ spiritually enlight5$ race %\ld be ! recipi5ts ( ! fulle/ & mo/ p]fect revelation4 ,x is ! tru? t !y ?us p]ceiv$1 & !n proclaim$ by ^w & de$ & p51 t complet$ ! prep>ation ( ! *os5 p1 = x 0 none o!r ?an ! possession ( a unique spiritual message t con/itut$ ! ess5ce ( _! *oice4 ,fur!rmore1 z ! greate/ ( ! lat] prophets decl>es 7,is4 xl4-lv471 t div9e *oice did n mean t !y 7 to be ! recipi5ts ( exceptional favors1 b r t !y 7 call$ to s]vice4 ,by ! pati5t endur+ ( suff]+ & by volunt>y self-sacrifice !y 7 to p]fect ! revelation ( ,god's "* & w 9 ! life ( humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,jesus' relation to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 !re=e1 is ! f9al record ( a revelation ext5d+ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s1 f9d+ at la/ its mo/ exalt$ expression 9 ! messages ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 & its cle>e/ reflection 9 ! ?\ghts & exp]i5ces ( ! prie/s1 sages1 & psalmi/s ( anci5t ,israel4 ,9 v>i$ lit]>y =ms & by _m diff]5t writ]s ! be/ fruits ( t revelation h be5 pres]v$4 ,anci5t traditions1 songs1 prov]bs1 laws1 hi/orical n>ratives1 prophecies1 & psalms1 ea* pres5t _! preci\s tru?4 ,! ,israeliti% race1 h[ev]1 nev] fully complet$ ! "w to :i* x 0 call$4 ,a ma/] 0 ne$$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! non-ess5tial1 to simplify & unify ! tea*+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z a :ole1 & to apply !m p]sonally to individual life1 ,a man 0 dem&$ to realize fully 9 8 own "* ! highe/ ideals ( ?is anci5t revelation4 ,a div9ely gift$ prophet 0 requir$ to p]fect man's k1 & to br+ him into natural1 h>moni\s relations ) 8 ,et]nal ,fa!r4 ,! _w await$ ! adv5t ( a ,messiah :o w\ld e/abli%1 on ! ev]la/+ f\ndations ( ju/ice & tru? & love1 ! univ]sal k+dom ( ,god4 ,^! supreme ne$s 7 met 9 fulle/ measure by ! ,ma/]1 ! p]fect ,man1 ! ,prophet1 & ! ,messiah1 ^: "w ! ,new ,te/am5t records4 ,sid5ote3 ,po9ts ( lik5ess & contact betwe5 ! two ,te/am5ts ,:ile !re are _m sup]ficial po9ts ( diff]5ce 9 language1 lit]>y =m1 backgr\nd1 & po9t ( view betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 ^! are insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! ess5tial po9ts ( lik5ess & contact4 ,ea* ,te/am5t is b a diff]5t *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! same div9e revelation4 ,! "o is ! f\ndation on :i* ! o!r is built4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,new con/antly assume ! hi/orical facts1 ! in/itutions1 & ! tea*+s ( ! ,old4 ,al?\gh 9 ,greek g>b1 _! language & idioms are also ^? ( ! ,old4 ,on _m !mes1 z1 = example1 man's duty to society1 ,jesus said little1 = ! tea*]s ( 8 race _h fully develop$ !m & !re 0 little to add4 ,repeat$ly by ^w & act he decl>$ t he came n to de/roy ! old] tea*+s1 b simply to br+ !m to full p]fection4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t also tells ( ! long ye>s ( prep>ation & ( ! e>ne/ expectations ( ! ,israeliti% race2 ! ,new records a fulfilm5t f> transc5d+ ! mo/ exalt$ hopes ( ,hebrew se]s4 ,! same ,god reveals himself ?r\gh bo? ,te/am5ts4 ,"o progressively unfold+ sy/em ( religi\s tea*+s1 "o message ( love1 & "o div9e purpose b9d bo? toge!r ) bonds t no g5]ation or *ur* c break4 ,v ,,! ,,influ5ces ,,t ,,produc$ ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( ! /udy ( orig9s ,! pres5t age is supremely int]e/$ 9 orig9s4 ,n until we h trac$ ! g5esis & e>lie/ unfold+ ( an in/itution or an idea or a lit]ature d we feel t we really und]/& & appreciate x4 ,famili>ity ) t :i* is noble bre$s n contempt b rev]5ce1 & intellig5t devotion4 ,acqua9tance ) ! orig9 & hi/ory ( a book is ess5tial to its true int]pretation4 ,!re=e x is =tunate t mod]n discov]y & rese>* h ?r[n s mu* light ^u ! orig9 ( bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gr[+ recognition t ! natural is div9e ,equally =tunate is x t we are also le>n+ to appreciate ! sublimity & div9ity ( ! natural4 ,! univ]se & organic life are no less wond]ful & awe-inspir+ because1 di/+ui%+ "s ( ! natural laws t gov]n _! evolution1 we h ab&on$ ! grotesque !ories held by primitive m54 ,simil>ly we d n to-day dem&1 z did our =efa!rs1 a sup]natural orig9 = our sacr$ books be=e we are ready to rev]e & obey _! comm&s4 ,) great] insight we n[ c he>tily s+1 ,god moves 9 a natural way 8 wond]s to p]=m4 ,our ability to trace ! hi/orical influ5ces ?r\gh :i* he br\ght into be+ & %ap$ ! two ,te/am5ts & gave !m _! pres5t position 9 ! life ( humanity does n 9 a ?\ghtful m9d obscure1 b r reveals ! m cle>ly1 _! div9e orig9 & au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( ! comp>ative /udy ( ! orig9 ( bo? ,te/am5ts ,?r\gh contempor>y writ+s & ! results ( mod]n biblical rese>* x is possible to /udy def9itely ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s ,new ,te/am5t books & to foll[ ! diff]5t /ages 9 _! gr[? into a canon4 ,?is famili> *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,bible is ri*ly sugge/ive1 because ( ! cle> light :i* x %$s ^u ! m complex & obscure g5esis & lat] developm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x w be pr(itable1 !re=e1 to review x 9 outl9e1 n only because ( its own importance1 b also z an introduction to ! /udy ( ! influ5ces t produc$ ! old] ,scriptures2 = almo/ e fact t w be not$ 9 connection ) ! orig9 & lit]>y hi/ory ( ! ,new has its close analogy 9 ! gr[? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?reefold gr\p+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books ,we f9d t z !y are at pres5t arrang$1 ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are divid$ into ?ree di/9ct classes4 ,! fir/ gr\p includes ! hi/orical books3 ! ,gospels & ,acts2 ! second1 ! ,epi/les--! long]1 l ! lett]s to ! ,romans & ,cor9?ians1 be+ plac$ fir/ & ! %ort] at ! end2 :ile ! ?ird gr\p conta9s b "o book1 kn[n z ! ,apocalypse or ,revelation4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t is cle>ly accord+ to subject-matt]1 n accord+ to date ( au?or%ip2 ! ord] ( ! gr\ps repres5t diff]5t /ages 9 ! process ( canonization4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y ! ,gospels are n ! e>lie/ ,_! position z well z ! !mes :i* !y treat sugge/ t ! ,gospels 7 ! fir/ to be writt54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a self-evid5t fact t a book 0 n writt5--at lea/ n 9 antiquity1 :5 ! mak+ ( books 0 bo? labori\s & exp5sive--unless a real ne$ = x 0 felt4 ,if we g back1 & live = a mom5t 9 imag9ation among ! b& ( foll[]s :i* ,jesus left beh9d at 8 dea?1 we see cle>ly t :ile ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 limit$ to ,pale/9e1 & a l>ge company ( disciples1 :o _h (t5 !mselves se5 & he>d ! ,*ri/1 liv$ to tell by ^w ( m\? ! /ory ( 8 life & tea*+s1 no "o desir$ a writt5 record4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! olde/ books 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are n ! ,gospels4 ,! exig5cies ( "t & space & ! burn+ zeal ( ! apo/les = ! *ur*es ( _! plant+ app>5tly produc$ ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( ! e>lie/ epi/les ,9 8 second mission>y j\rney ,paul prea*$ = a "t at ,!ssalonica1 w9n+ to fai? 9 ! ,*ri/ a small mix$ company ( ,jews & proselyte ,greeks4 ,8 success ar\s$ ! bitt] opposition ( ! n>r[] ,jews1 :o rais$ a mob & drove him f ! city be=e 8 "w 0 complet$4 ,b ! se$ :i* he _h plant$ cont9u$ to gr[4 ,naturally he 0 eag] to return to ! infant *ur*4 ,twice he plann$ to visit x1 b 0 prev5t$4 ,9 8 int5se desire to help ! brave ,*ri/ians ( ,!ssalonica1 he s5t ,timo?y to inquire reg>d+ _! welf>e & to enc\rage !m4 ,:5 ab\t #ej ,a4,d4 ,timo?y report$ to ,paul at ,cor9?1 ! apo/le wrote at once to ! little *ur* at ,!ssalonica a lett] ( comm5dation1 enc\ragem5t1 & c\nsel1 :i* we "k to-day z ,fir/ ,!ssalonians & :i* is probably "o ( ! olde/ writ+s 9 our ,new ,te/am5t1 ,galatians p]haps be+ ! e>lie/4 ,sid5ote3 ,paul's lat] epi/les ,ano!r lett] 7,,ii ,!ss47 soon foll[$1 giv+ m detail$ advice4 ,z ! field ( ,paul's activity broad5$1 he 0 oblig$ m & m to dep5d ^u lett]s1 s9ce he c\ld n 9 p]son visit ! *ur*es :i* he _h plant$4 ,que/ions ( doctr9e z well z ( practice :i* p]plex$ ! diff]5t *ur*es 7 treat$ 9 ^! epi/les4 ,to c]ta9 ( 8 assi/ants1 l ,timo?y1 he wrote deal+ ) _! p]sonal problems4 ,frankly1 =cibly1 & feel+ly ,paul p\r$ out 9 ^! lett]s ! weal? ( 8 p]sonal & s\l life4 ,!y reveal 8 fai? 9 ! mak+ z well z 8 mature tea*+s4 ,s9ce he 0 deal+ ) def9ite conditions 9 ! communities to :i* he wrote1 8 lett]s are also invaluable contempor>y records ( ! gr[? & hi/ory ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,?us betwe5 #cj & #fj ,a4,d41 dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 greate/ activity1 c]ta9ly t51 & probably ?irte51 ( our tw5ty-sev5 ,new ,te/am5t books came f ! burn+ he>t ( ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr[? ( ! o!r epi/les ,simil> ne$s impell$ o!r apo/les & e>ly ,*ri/ian tea*]s to write on ! same !mes ) ! same imm$iate purpose z did ,paul4 ,! result is a s]ies ( epi/les1 associat$ ) ! names ( ,james1 ,pet]1 ,john1 & ,jude4 ,9 "s1 l ,?ird ,john1 ! p]sonal elem5t is pr$om9ant2 9 o!rs1 ! didactic1 z1 = example1 ! ,epi/le ( ,james4 ,sid5ote3 ,purpose ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ,a some:at diff]5t type ( lit]ature is repres5t$ by ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,its =m is t ( a lett]1 & x 0 )\t d\bt orig9ally address$ to a local *ur* or *ur*es by a writ] ^: "n has ev] s9ce be5 a f]tile s\rce ( conjecture4 ,! only fact def9itely e/abli%$ is t ,paul did n write x4 ,x is ess5tially a comb9ation ( argum5t1 doctr9e1 & exhortation4 ,! aim is apologetic z well z practical4 ,mo/ ( ,paul's lett]s 7 writt5 z ! ?\ghts1 :i* he wi%$ to communicate to ^? to :om he wrote1 came to 8 m9d2 b 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ! au?or evid5tly foll[s a c>efully elaborat$ plan4 ,! argum5t is cumulative4 ,! !sis is t ,*ri/1 sup]ior to all e>li] tea*]s ( 8 race1 is ! p]fect ,m$iator ( ,salvation4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( ! ,epi/les ,?us ! ,epi/les1 orig9ally p]sonal notes ( enc\ragem5t & w>n+1 gr[+ sometimes into m elaborate treatises1 7 made ! means :]eby ! e>ly ,*ri/ian tea*]s imp>t$ _! doctr9es to con/antly wid5+ gr\ps ( read]s4 ,at be/ !y 7 reg>d$ simply z inf]ior sub/itutes = ! p]sonal pres5ce & spok5 words ( _! au?ors4 ,l ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 _! au?ority lies 9 ! fact t !y fai?fully reflect1 9 "p at lea/1 ! great] revelation com+ ?r\gh ! lives & m9ds ( ! e>ly apo/les4 ,sid5ote3 ,! l>g] gr\p ,z is well kn[n1 ! tw5ty-"o lett]s 9 our ,new ,te/am5t 7 select$ f a f> l>g] collection ( epi/les1 "s ( :i* 7 e>ly lo/1 :ile o!rs1 l ! ,epi/les ( ,b>nabas & ,polyc>p & ,clem5t1 7 pres]v$ to %>e ) ^? lat] accept$ z canonical1 ! /udy & v5]ation ( ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ces t gave rise to ! e>lie/ ,gospels ,! influ5ces :i* orig9ally produc$ ! ,gospels & ,acts 7 v diff]5t f ^? :i* call$ =? ! ,epi/les4 ,! natural pref]5ce ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians = ! spok5 ^w expla9s :y we d n possess to-day a s+le writt5 s5t5ce 9 ! ,gospels :i* we c ) absolute assurance assign to ! fir/ qu>t]-c5tury foll[+ ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,two influ5ces1 h[ev]1 9 "t l$ c]ta9 writ]s to record 8 e>ly life & tea*+s4 ,! "o 0 t dea? 0 rapidly ?9n+ ! ranks ( ^? :o c\ld say1 ,i saw & he>d2 ! o!r 0 ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity beyond ! b\nds ( ,judaism & ,pale/9e1 & ! result+ ne$ = detail$ records felt by ^? ,*ri/ians :o _h nev] visit$ ,pale/9e & :o _h le>n$ f ! lips ( apo/les only ! b>e/ facts reg>d+ ! life ( ! ,*ri/4 ,sid5ote3 ,te/imony ( ,luke's ,gospel ,! op5+ v]ses ( ,luke's ,gospel are ri*ly sugge/ive ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ,=asmu* z _m h tak5 9 h& to draw up a n>rative conc]n+ ^? matt]s :i* h be5 fulfill$ among u1 ev5 z !y deliv]$ !m unto u1--!y :o f ! beg9n+ 7 eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w1 x seem$ good to me also1 hav+ trac$ ! c\rse ( all ?+s accurately f ! fir/1 to write unto !e 9 ord]1 mo/ excell5t ,!ophilus1 t ?\ mighte/ "k ! c]ta9ty conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e9 ?\ wa/ in/ruct$4 ,?is prologue /ates t _m %ort] ,gospels _h previ\sly be5 writt51 n by eye-witnesses1 b by m5 :o _h li/5$ to ^? :o _h !mselves se54 ,luke leaves 8 read]s to inf] t he also drew a l>ge numb] ( 8 facts f ^! e>li] s\rces z well z f ! te/imony ( eye-witnesses4 ,! implication ( ! prologue is t he himself 0 entirely dep5d5t ^u writt5 & oral s\rces = 8 data4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! te/imony ( ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t3 ,luke ! physician1 aft] ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 :5 ,paul _h tak5 him1 z x 71 z a foll[] zeal\s ( ! "r1 wrote ! gospel book accord+ to ,luke 9 8 own "n1 z is believ$4 ,nev]!less he _h n himself se5 ! ,"l 9 ! fle%1 &1 accord+ly1 go+ back z f> z he c\ld obta9 in=mation1 he began 8 n>rative ) ! bir? ( ,john4 ,8 _m lit]al quotations f x & ! fact t he makes x ! framework ( 8 own1 indicate t ,m>k's ,gospel 0 "o ( ^? e>li] attempts to :i* he ref]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,luke's motive 9 writ+ ,! motive :i* influ5c$ ,luke to write is cle>ly /at$4 ,x 0 to prep>e a compreh5sive1 accurate1 & ord]ly acc\nt ( ! facts 9 reg>d to ! life ( ,jesus = 8 ,greek fri5d ,!ophilus1 :o _h already be5 p>tially in/ruct$ 9 ! same4 ,8 ,gospel confirms ! implications ( ! prologue4 ,x is ! longe/ & mo/ c>efully arrang$ ( all ! ,gospels4 ,! di/9ctively ,jewi% ideas or in/itutions :i* are prom95t 9 ,mat!w are omitt$ or else expla9$2 h5ce !re is no?+ :i* w\ld prove un9telligible to a ,greek4 ,! book ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 d$icat$ to ! same patron1 is virtually a cont9uation ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 trac+1 9 a m or less fragm5t>y mann]1 ! hi/ory & gr[?1 ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & especially ! "w ( ,paul4 ,sid5ote3 ,purpose ( ,m>k's ,gospel ,v simil> influ5ces call$ =? ! %orte/ & und\bt$ly ! olde/ ( ! f\r ,gospels1 ! book ( ,m>k4 ,! te/imony ( ! cont5ts confirms 9 g5]al ! e>ly /atem5t ( ,papias & o!r ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs t x 0 writt5 at ,rome by ,john ,m>k1 ! disciple & int]pret] ( ! apo/le ,pet]1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 tea*]4 ,! abs5ce ( _m ,old ,te/am5t quotations1 ! c>eful explanation ( all ,jewi% & ,pale/9ian ref]5ces :i* w\ld n be intelligible to a =eign]1 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 ,lat9 words1 & _m o!r indications1 all t5d to e/abli% ! conclusion t x 0 writt5 = ! ,g5tile & ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 probably at ,rome1 & t its purpose 0 simply hi/orical4 ,sid5ote3 ,! two-fold purpose ( ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w ,! memoir ( ,jesus1 :i* we "k z ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 is f ! h& ( a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian &1 z is %[n by ! am\nt ( mat]ial drawn f ,m>k's ,gospel1 mu/ be plac$ at a lat] date4 ,! great numb] ( quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! int]e/ 9 trac+ ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,messianic pr$ictions1 & ! di/9ctively ,jewi%- ,*ri/ian po9t ( view & me?od ( int]pretation1 indicate cle>ly t he wrote n ) ,g5tile b ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 9 m9d4 ,nev]!less1 l t ( ,m>k & ,luke1 8 purpose 0 prim>ily to pres5t a fai?ful &1 z f> z 8 s\rces p]mitt$1 detail$ picture ( ! life & tea*+s ( ,jesus4 ,8 arrangem5t ( 8 mat]ial appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be logical r ?an purely *ronological4 ,! diff]5t sections & ! individual incid5ts & tea*+s ea* contribute to ! great argum5t ( ! book1 namely1 t ,jesus 0 ! true ,messiah ( ! ,jews2 t ! ,jews1 s9ce !y reject$ him1 =feit$ _! bir?right2 & t 8 k+dom1 fulfill+ & inh]it+ ! ,old ,te/am5t promises1 has become a univ]sal k+dom1 op5 to all races & fre$ f all ,jewi% bonds4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 e4g41 x4 #e1 #f2 xv4 #bd2 viii4 #aa1 #ab2 xii4 #ch-de2 xxi4 #db1 #dc2 xxii4 #g2 xxiii4 #ac1 #cf1 #ch2 xxiv4 #b2 xxviii4 #ai ,?is sugge/s t ! ,fir/ ,gospel repres5ts a m mature /age 9 ! ?\ght ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ?an ,m>k & ,luke4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( ,mat!w's ,say+s ( ,jesus ,its title & ! fact t ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs con/antly connect x ) ,mat!w1 ! publican1 & lat] apo/le is expla9$ by ! /atem5t ( ,papias1 quot$ by ,eusebius3 ,mat!w accord+ly compos$ ! oracles 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 & ea* "o int]pret$ !m z he 0 able 7,h4,e41 iii4 #ci74 ,^! oracles evid5tly consi/$ ( a writt5 collection ( ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,s9ce !y 7 l>gely if n entirely includ$ 9 our ,fir/ ,gospel1 ,x 0 !re=e kn[n z ,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! orig9al ,mat!w's ,say+s ( ,jesus conta9$ def9ite n>rative mat]ial4 ,! fact t ! ,fir/ ,gospel draws s l>gely f ,m>k = its hi/orical data w\ld indicate t ?is 0 n suppli$ by its ma9 s\rce4 ,! ,say+s ( ,jesus 0 probably ! olde/ writt5 record ( ! "w ( ,jesus1 =1 :ile oral tradition1 easily rememb]s incid5ts1 disconnect$ tea*+s are n s readily pres]v$ by ! memory4 ,_! transc5d5t importance w\ld also furni% a /rong inc5tive to use ! p54 ,x 0 natural also t1 ( all ! disciples1 ! ex-cu/oms (fic] ( ,cap]naum %\ld be ! "o to und]take ?is transc5d5tly important task4 ,sid5ote3 ,aim ( ! ,! ,f\r? ,gospel ,! ,f\r? is cle>ly ! late/ ( ! ,gospels1 = x does n attempt fully to reproduce ! facts pres5t$ 9 ! o!r ?ree1 b assumes _! exi/5ce4 ,its doctr9es are also m fully develop$1 & its aim is n simply ! giv+ ( hi/orical facts & tea*+s1 b also1 z x cle>ly /ates1 t ^? read+ x might believe t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! son ( ,god1 & t believ+ !y might h life 9 8 "n 7xx4 #ca74 ,! motive t produc$ x 01 !re=e1 apologetic & evangelical r ?an m]ely hi/orical4 ,sid5ote3 ,review ( gr[? ( ! ,gospels ,a detail$ comp>ison ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,gospels1 z well z ( _! _m po9ts ( lik5ess :i* (t5 ext5d to exact v]bal agreem5t1 furni%es ! data = recon/ruct+ _! hi/ory4 ,9 g5]al ! result+ conclusions are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! te/imony ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,m>k1 ! %orte/ & m di/9ctively n>rative ,gospel1 is cle>ly ! olde/ ( ! f\r4 ,possibly x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be ! supplem5t ( ! o!r e>ly s\rce1 ,mat!w's ,say+s ( ,jesus1 n[ kn[n only ?r\gh quotations4 ,^! two e>lie/ kn[n ,*ri/ian records ( ! "w ( ! ,ma/] 9 _! orig9al =m 7 ! *ief s\rces quot$ 9 ! ,fir/ & ,?ird ,gospels4 ,s l>gely is ,m>k ?us reproduc$ t1 if lo/1 x w\ld be possible f ^! to re/ore ! book ) ! exception ( only a few v]ses4 ,b 9 addition1 ,mat!w & ,luke ea* h mat]ial peculi> to !mselves1 sugge/+ o!r indep5d5t writt5 z well z oral s\rces4 ,to su* %ort] writt5 ,gospels1 & also to ! oral te/imony ( eyewitnesses1 ,luke ref]s 9 8 prologue4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ! doctr9al motive already app>5t 9 ,mat!w1 & prom95t 9 ! ,*ur* at ! beg9n+ ( ! second ,*ri/ian c5tury1 takes ! prec$5ce ( ! m]ely hi/orical4 ,a di/9ct s\rce1 ! p]sonal obs]vation ( ! belov$ disciple1 probably also furni%es ! majority ( ! illu/rations :i* are "h s effectively array$4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ces t produc$ ! apocalypses ,m complex 7 ! influ5ces :i* produc$ ! s+le example ( ! ?ird type ( ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature1--! ,apocalypse1 or ,book ( ,revelation4 ,! s-call$ apocalyptic type ( lit]ature 0 a *>act]i/ic product ( lat] ,judaism4 ,! ,book ( ,daniel is ! mo/ famili> example4 ,al?\gh 9 ! age ( scribism ! voice ( ! prophets 0 reg>d$ z sil5t1 & ! only au?ority recogniz$ 0 t ( ! pa/1 ! popul> ,messianic hopes ( ! p cont9u$ to f9d expression anonym\sly 9 ! =m ( apocalypses4 ,9 ! p]iods ( _! greate/ di/ress ,jews & ,*ri/ians f\nd enc\ragem5t & inspiration 9 ! pictures ( ! future4 ,s9ce ! pres5t situation 0 s hopeless1 !y look$ = a sup]natural trans=mation1 :i* w\ld result 9 ! triumph ( ! "r & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! rule ( ! ,messiah4 ,und]ly+ all ! apocalypses is ! et]nal tru? voic$ by ! poet3 ,god's 9 8 heav5 & all's "r ) ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( ! ,book ( ,revelation ,! imm$iate hi/orical backgr\nd ( ! ,apocalypse is ! bitt] /ruggle betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & hea!nism4 ,rome has become drunk ) ! blood ( ! sa9ts & ! blood ( ! m>tyrs ( ,jesus 7xvii4 #f74 ,! conte/ c5tres ab\t ! wor%ip ( ! bea/1--t is1 ,caes>4 ,! book possibly includes old] apocalypses :i* reflect e>li] conflicts1 b 9 its pres5t =m x app>5tly comes f ! clos+ ye>s ( ,domitian's reign4 ,! obvi\s aim ( its ,jewi% ,*ri/ian writ] 0 to enc\rage 8 read]s by gl[+ pictures ( ! com+ victory ( ! ,lamb1 & ?us to /eel !m = unfalt]+ resi/ance to ! assaults ( hea!nism4 ,! purpose :i* actuat$ ! writ] 0 !re=e 9 c]ta9 respects ! same z t :i* l$ ,paul to write 8 lett] to ! p]secut$ *ur* ( ,!ssalonica1 al?\gh ! =m 9 :i* t purpose 0 realiz$ 0 fundam5tally diff]5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! lit]>y activity ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies ,_m o!r apocalypses 7 writt5 by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,! "o rec5tly discov]$ & associat$ ) ! "n ( ,pet] is p]haps ! mo/ important4 ,?us1 ! second half ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus witness$ ! bir? ( a l>ge ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 consi/+ ( epi/les1 gospels1 & apocalypses4 ,! "w ( ! next ?ree c5turies 0 ! appreciation & ! selection ( ! books :i*1 to-day con/itute our ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! influ5ces :i* l$ to ?is consummation may be foll[$ almo/ z cle>ly z ^? :i* produc$ ! individual books4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ces t l$ to ! canonization ( ! ,gospels ,e>ly 9 ! second c5tury ! motives :i* _h orig9ally l$ c]ta9 ,*ri/ians to write ! f\r ,gospels induc$ ! ,*ur* to reg>d ^? books z ! mo/ au!ntic1 & !re=e au?oritative1 records ( ! life & tea*+s ( ! ,ma/]4 ,we h no di/9ctive hi/ory ( ! process4 ,x 0 gradual1 & probably almo/ unconsci\s4 ,! fact t ?ree ( ! ,gospels 7 associat$ ) ! names ( apo/les & ! o!r ) ,luke1 ! fai?ful companion ( ,paul1 und\bt$ly t5d$ to e/abli% _! au?ority2 b ! *ief canoniz+ influ5ce 0 ! ne$ ( su* records = private & public read+4 ,! production1 e>ly 9 ! second c5tury1 ( spuri\s gospels1 l ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion1 writt5 to furni% a lit]>y basis = c]ta9 h]etical doctr9es1 also ! desire ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs to h records to :i* !y c\ld appeal z au?oritative ha/5$ ! =mation ( ! fir/ ,new ,te/am5t canon4 ,! use ( ! ,gospels 9 ! s]vices ( ! *ur*1 :i* probably began be=e ! close ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury1 by degrees gave !m an au?ority equal to t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,! e>lie/ canon consi/$ simply ( ^! f\r books4 ,!y seem to h be5 univ]sally accept$ by ! ,we/]n ,*ur* by ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,ab\t #aeb ,a4,d4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 prov+ 8 positions1 ref]s to ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les compil$ by ,*ri/'s apo/les & ^? :o associat$ ) !m1 & dur+ ! same decade 8 pupil ,tatian made 8 ,diatess>on by comb9+ our pres5t f\r ,gospels4 ,sid5ote3 ,! second edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,meantime ! natural desire to supplem5t ! tea*+s ( ,jesus by ^? ( ! ,apo/les l$ ! ,*ur* to s+le out c]ta9 ( ! epi/les & associate !m ) ! ,gospels4 ,already 9 ! fir/ c5tury ! apo/olic epi/les & traditions 7 *]i%$ by ! individual *ur*es to :i* !y _h be5 fir/ direct$4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 ! ne$ = a writt5 record ( ! apo/olic tea*+s & "w became widely felt4 ,h5ce1 by ! end ( ! second c5tury1 ,acts & ! ?irte5 ,paul9e epi/les1 ,fir/ ,pet]1 ,fir/ ,john1 & ! ,apocalypse1 7 by common cons5t plac$ side by side ) ! ,gospels1 at lea/ by ! lead]s ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,! disput$ books ,reg>d+ ! au?ority ( ! rema9+ ,new ,te/am5t books1 ,hebrews1 ,james1 ,fir/ & ,second ,john1 & ,jude1 op9ion long rema9$ undecid$4 ,conc]n+ !m an e>ne/ discussion 0 c>ri$ on = ! next two c5turies4 ,by c]ta9 lead]s 9 ! ,*ur* !y 7 reg>d$ z au?oritative1 :ile else:]e & at diff]5t p]iods1 o!r books1 l ! ,gospel to ! ,hebrews1 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ,clem5t's ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 & ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 7 includ$ 9 ! canon & ev5 giv5 ! priority ov] ! disput$ books lat] includ$ 9 our ,new ,te/am5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,f9al completion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon ,! f9al decision repres5ts ! result ( an op5 & prolong$ & yet quiet consid]ation ( ! m]its ( ea* book & ( its claims to apo/olic au?ority4 ,! able/ s*ol>s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* devot$ _! be/ en]gies to ! problem4 ,gradually1 ?\ghtfully1 pray]fully1 & by te/+ !m 9 ! laboratory ( exp]i5ce1 ! ,*ri/ian _w sep>at$ ! tw5ty-sev5 books :i* we f9d to-day 9 our ,new ,te/am5t f ! mu* l>g] h]itage ( k9dr$ writ+s :i* come f ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,"t & lat] consid]ation h fully approv$ ! selection & confirm$ ! belief t ?r\gh ! m9ds ( consecrat$ m5 ,god 0 realiz+ 8 purpose = mank9d4 ,z is well kn[n1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 9 #cig ,a4,d41 ! ,we/]n _w at la/ =mally accept$ !m1 al?\gh ! ,syrian *ur*es cont9u$ = c5turies to reta9 a some:at diff]5t canon4 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusions f ?is /udy ( ! influ5ces t produc$ ! ,new ,te/am5t ,?is brief hi/orical /udy ( ! orig9 ( our ,new ,te/am5t has demon/rat$ twelve significant facts3 7#a7 ,t ! orig9al au?ors ( ! diff]5t books nev] suspect$ t _! writ+s w\ld h ! univ]sal value & au?ority :i* !y n[ rightfully enjoy4 7#b7 ,t !y at fir/ reg>d$ !m z m]ely an imp]fect sub/itute = v]bal tea*+ & p]sonal te/imony4 7#c7 ,t 9 ea* case !y _h def9ite individuals & conditions 9 m9d4 7#d7 ,t ! ne$s ( ! rapidly gr[+ ,*ur* & ! v>i$ & try+ exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i* x pass$ 7 all pot5t factors 9 influ5c+ ! au?ors ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to write4 7#e7 ,t c]ta9 books1 especially ! hi/orical1 l ,luke & ,mat!w1 are composite1 consi/+ ( mat]ial tak5 bodily f old] docum5ts1 l ,mat!w's ,say+s ( ,jesus & ! orig9al n>rative ( ,m>k4 7#f7 ,t our ,new ,te/am5t books are only a "p ( a mu* l>g] e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 7#g7 ,t !y are unque/ionably1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ valuable & repres5tative writ+s ( t l>g] lit]ature4 7#h7 ,t !y 7 only gradually select$ & ascrib$ a value & au?ority equal to t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s4 7#i7 ,t !re 7 ?ree di/9ct /ages 9 ! =mation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon3 ! gospels 7 fir/ recogniz$ z au?orative2 !n ,acts1 ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse2 & la/ ( all1 ! complete canon4 7#aj7 ,t ! canon 0 =m$ z a result ( ! ne$ felt by lat] g5]ations1 9 connection ) _! /udy & wor%ip1 = reliable records ( ! hi/ory & tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 7#aa7 ,t ! pr9ciples ( selection dep5d$ ultimately ^u ! intr9sic "* ( ! books !mselves & ! au?ority ascrib$ to _! reput$ au?ors4 7#ab7 ,t ! process ( selection cont9u$ = fully ?ree c5turies1 & t ! results repres5t ! ?\ghtful1 enlight5$ judgm5t ( ?\s&s ( devot$ ,*ri/ians4 ,?us ?r\gh def9ite hi/orical =ces & ! m9ds & wills ( m51 ! ,et]nal ,fa!r gradually p]fect$ ! record ( 8 supreme revelation1 to humanity4 ,,vi ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,prophetic ,,hi/ories ,sid5ote3 ,analogies betwe5 ! influ5ces t produc$ ! two ,te/am5ts ,v simil> influ5ces 7 at "w 9 produc+ & %ap+ bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts2 only 9 ! hi/ory ( ! old] ,scriptures /ill o!r =ces c be di/+ui%$4 ,moreov]1 ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s a mu* great] v>iety ( lit]ature4 ,x is also significant t1 :ile "s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books began to be canoniz$ less ?an a c5tury aft] !y 7 writt51 !re is cle> evid5ce t _m ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s 7 9 exi/5ce sev]al c5turies be=e !y 7 ga!r$ toge!r into a canon & ?us cry/alliz$ into _! f9al =m4 ,! inevitable result is t !y be> ! m>ks ( mu* m elaborate editorial revision ?an ^? ( ! ,new4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ! aim ( ! pres5t "w to trace ?is complex process ( revision 9 detail1 nor to give ! cumulative evid5ce & ! _m data & reasons t lead to ea* conclusion4 ,^! c be /udi$ 9 any mod]n ,old ,te/am5t introduction or 9 ! volumes ( ! pres5t writ]'s ,/ud5t's ,old ,te/am5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pres5t classification ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books ,9 _! pres5t =m1 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 l ^? ( ! ,new1 fall into ?ree classes4 ,! fir/ includes ! hi/orical books4 ,9 ! ,old1 correspond+ to ! f\r ,gospels & ,acts ( ! ,new1 are f\nd ! books f ,g5esis ?r\gh ,e/h]4 ,next 9 ord]1 9 ! ,old1 /& ! poetical books1 f ,job ?r\gh ! ,song ( ,songs1 ) :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t has no analogy except ! liturgical hymns connect$ ) ! nativity1 pres]v$ 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,! ?ird gr\p 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t includes ! prophecies f ,isaiah ?r\gh ,mala*i4 ,sid5ote3 ,close correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies & ! ,new ,te/am5t apocalypses & epi/les ,"o book 9 ?is gr\p1 ,daniel1 & portions ( ,ezekiel & ,joel1 are analog\s to ! ,new ,te/am5t ,apocalypse1 b o!rwise ! prophetic books correspond closely 9 "* & cont5ts to ! epi/les ( ! ,new4 ,bo? are direct messages to contempor>ies ( ! prophets & apo/les1 & bo? deal ) !n exi/+ conditions4 ,bo? consi/ ( practical w>n+s1 exhortations1 advice1 & enc\ragem5t4 ,! =m is simply incid5tal4 ,! prophets ( ,jehovah prea*$1 & !n !y or _! disciples wrote d[n ! words :i* !y _h address$ to _! c\ntrym54 ,:5 !y c\ld n rea* ) _! voices all 9 :om !y 7 int]e/$1 ! prophets1 l ! apo/les1 committ$ _! tea*+s to writ+ & s5t !m =? z tracts 7cf4 ,j]4 xxxvi474 ,at o!r times1 :5 !y c\ld n g 9 p]son1 !y wrote lett]s4 ,?us1 = example1 ! tw5ty-n9? *apt] ( ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah op5s ) ! int]e/+ sup]scription3 ,n[ ^! are ! words ( ! lett] t ,j]emiah ! prophet s5t f ,j]usalem unto ! residue ( ! eld]s ( ! captivity1 & to ! prie/s1 & to ! prophets1 & to all ! p1 :om ,nebu*adrezz> _h c>ri$ away captive f ,j]usalem to ,babylon2 by ! h& ( ,elasah ! son ( ,%aphan1 & ,gem>iah ! son ( ,hilkiah1 :om ,z$ekiah k+ ( ,judah s5t unto ,babylon to ,nebu*adrezz>4 ,if x 7 n = ?is sup]scription1 no "o w\ld suspect f ! nature ( ! lett] :i* foll[s t x 0 any?+ o!r ?an a regul> spok5 or writt5 prophecy4 ,its cont5ts & _s are exactly p>allel to ^? ( ,paul's epi/les4 ,und\bt$ly _m prophecies 7 nev] deliv]$ orally1 b 7 orig9ally writt5 l ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 & s5t out z circul> lett]s4 ,! ,babylonian exile scatt]$ ! ,jews s widely t ! exilic & po/-exilic prophets dep5d$ almo/ entirely ^u ?is me?od ( rea*+ _! c\ntrym5 & ?us became writ]s ( epi/les4 ,sid5ote3 ,! olde/ lit]ature poetry ,l ! ,epi/les 9 ! ,new1 c]ta9 ( ! prophecies1--z1 = example1 ^? ( ,amos1 ,hosea1 & ,isaiah1--are among ! e>lie/ writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b 9 ! light ( mod]n biblical /udy1 x has become app>5t t prose 0 n ! e>lie/ =m ( expression among ! ,hebrews1 ,9 ?is respect _! lit]>y hi/ory is p>allel ) t ( o!r e>ly peoples2 = fir/ !y treasur$ _! ?\ght 9 h]oic song & ballad4 ,:ile !y 7 nomads1 w&]+ 9 ! des]t1 & also :ile !y 7 /ruggl+ = ! possession ( ,canaan1 !y _h little "t or motive = cultivat+ ! lit]>y art4 ,! popul> songs :i* 7 sung beside ! camp-fires1 at ! recurr+ fe/ivals1 & z ! ,hebrews advanc$ 9 battle aga9/ _! foes1 7 ! e>lie/ records ( _! pa/4 ,!re is evid5ce t _m ( ! primitive n>ratives n[ f\nd 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis 7 also once curr5t 9 poetical =m4 ,9 "s cases ! poetic /ructure has be5 pres]v$4 ,sid5ote3 ,israel's e>ly song-books ,! e>lie/ collections ( writ+s ref]r$ to 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t be> ! sugge/ive titles1 ,! ,book ( ! ,upright 7i4e41 ,israel71 &1 ,! ,book ( ! ,w>s ( ,jehovah4 ,f ! quotations :i* we h f !m x is cle> t !y consi/$ ( collections ( songs1 rec\nt+ ! exploits ( ,israel's h]oes & ! signal victories ( ! race4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,song ( ,deborah ,t /irr+ paean ( victory kn[n z ! ,song ( ,deborah 0 p]haps once f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ! ,w>s ( ,jehovah4 ,x is "o ( ! olde/ pieces ( lit]ature 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & brea!s ! h]oic _s ( ! primitive age f :i* x comes4 ,?r\gh ! eyes ( ! poet "o views ! diff]5t sc5es 9 ! mighty conflict4 ,footnote3 ,! translation is f ,! ,/ud5t's ,old ,te/am5t1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cbj-cbc4 ,sid5ote3 ,exordium ,t ! lead]s took ! lead 9 ,israel1 ,t ! p volunte]$ readily1 ,bless ,jehovah6 ,he>1 ,o k+s1 ,give e>1 ,o rul]s4 ,i myself w s+ to ,jehovah1 ,i w s+ praise to ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,sid5ote3 ,adv5t ( ,jehovah ,jehovah1 :5 ?\ w5te/ =? f ,seir1 ,:5 ?\ m>*e/ f ! l& ( ,edom1 ,! e>? trembl$1 ! heav5s also dripp$1 ,yea1 ! cl\ds dropp$ wat]4 ,! m\nta9s quak$ be=e ,jehovah1 ,yon ,s9ai be=e ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,sid5ote3 ,conditions be=e ! w> ,9 ! days ( ,%amg> ! son ( ,ana?1 ,9 ! days ( ,jael1 ! highways ceas$ to be us$1 ,& travell]s walk$ by r\nd-ab\t pa?s4 ,! rul]s ceas$ 9 ,israel1 !y ceas$1 ,until ?an did/ arise1 ,deborah1 ,until ?\ did/ arise a "m 9 ,israel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,! rally ab\t ,deborah & ,b>ak ,!n ! p ( ,jehovah w5t d[n to ! gates1 cry+1 ,arise1 arise1 ,deborah1 ,arise1 arise1 /rike up ! song6 ,arise ,b>ak1 & take ?y captives1 ?\ son ( ,ab9oam6 ,s a remnant w5t d[n aga9/ ! p[]ful1 ,! p ( ,jehovah w5t d[n aga9/ ! mighty1 ,f ,ephraim !y ru%$ =? into ! valley1 ,?y bro!r ,b5jam9 among ?y peoples1 ,f ,ma*ir w5t d[n1 comm&]s1 ,& f ,zebulun ^? :o c>ry ! m>%al's /aff4 ,& ! pr9ces ( ,issa*> 7 ) ,deborah2 ,& ,nap?ali 0 ev5 s ) ,b>ak1 ,into ! valley !y ru%$ =? at 8 back4 ,sid5ote3 ,! c[>ds :o rema9$ at home ,by ! brooks ( ,reub5 great 7 ! resolves6 ,:y did/ !y sit among ! %eepfolds1 ,li/5+ to ! pip+s = ! flocks8 ,by ! brooks ( ,reub5 !re 7 great que/ion+s6 ,gilead rema9$ beyond ! ,jordan2 ,& ,dan1 :y does he /ay by ! %ips z an ali58 ,a%] sits /ill by ! %ore ( ! sea1 ,& rema9s by its l&+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! battle & defeat ( ! ,canaanites ,zebulun 0 a p :o expos$ _! lives to deadly p]il1 ,& ,nap?ali on ! heights ( ! op5 field4 ,bless ,jehovah6 ,k+s came1 !y f\ght2 ,!n f\ght ! k+s ( ,canaan1 ,at ,taana* by ! wat]s ( ,megiddo2 ,!y took no booty ( silv]4 ,f heav5 f\ght ! />s1 ,f _! c\rses f\ght aga9/ ,sis]a4 ,! riv] ,ki%on swept !m away1 ,! anci5t riv]1 ! riv] ,ki%on4 ,o my s\l1 m>* on ) /r5g?6 ,!n did ! horse-ho(s res\nd ,) ! gallop+1 gallop+ ( ! p[]ful /e$s4 ,sid5ote3 ,david's dirge ov] ,saul & ,jona?an ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,upright is includ$ t t\*+ elegy :i* ,david sang aft] ! dea? ( ,saul & ,jona?an1 & :i* /&s next to ! ,song ( ,deborah z "o ( ! e>lie/ surviv+ examples ( ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature4 ,footnote3 ,/ud5t's ,old ,te/am5t1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #aac1aad4 ,sid5ote3 ,! greatness ( ! calamity ,weep1 ,o ,judah6 ,grieve1 ,o ,israel6 ,on ?y heights are ! sla96 ,h[ h ! mighty fall56 ,tell x n 9 ,ga?1 ,decl>e x n 9 ! /reets ( ,askelon2 ,le/ ! daught]s ( ! ,phili/9es rejoice1 ,le/ ! daught]s ( ! uncircumcis$ exult4 ,ye m\nta9s ( ,gilboa1 may no dew desc5d1 ,nor ra9 ^u y1 ,o ye fields ( dea?6 ,= !re 0 ! %ield ( ! mighty ca/ away1 ,! %ield ( ,saul1 n ano9t$ ) oil4 ,sid5ote3 ,brav]y & attractiv5ess ( ! fall5 ,f ! blood ( ! sla91 ,f ! fat ( ! mighty1 ,! b[ ( ,jona?an turn$ n back1 ,! sword ( ,saul return$ n empty4 ,saul & ,jona?an1 ! belov$ & ! lovely6 ,9 life & 9 dea? !y 7 n p>t$2 ,!y 7 swift] ?an eagles1 ,!y 7 /rong] ?an lions4 ,sid5ote3 ,saul's s]vices to ,israel ,daught]s ( ,israel1 weep ov] ,saul1 ,:o clo!d y da9tily 9 f9e l951 ,:o put gold5 ornam5ts on y\r g>m5ts1 & say3 ,h[ h ! mighty fall5 9 ! mid/ ( battle6 ,sid5ote3 ,david's love = ,jona?an ,jona?an1 9 ?y dea? ha/ ?\ w\nd$ me6 ,i am di/ress$ = !e1 my bro!r ,jona?an6 ,?\ w]t surpass+ly de> to me1 ,?y love to me 0 f> m ?an ! love ( woman6 ,h[ h ! mighty fall51 ,& ! weapons ( w> p]i%$6 ,sid5ote3 ,! bless+ ( ,jacob ,! s-call$ ,bless+ ( ,jacob 7,g54 xlix1 #b-bg7 is a poetical del9eation ( ! /r5g? & weakness ( ! diff]5t tribes ( ,israel ) ref]5ces to specific ev5ts 9 _! hi/ory4 ,^! hi/orical allusions sugge/ t x probably comes f ! reigns ( ,david & ,solomon1 :5 ! tribes 7 = ! fir/ "t all unit$ "u a common rule & _h pass$ ?r\gh c]ta9 ( ! exp]i5ces allud$ to 9 ! poem4 ,sid5ote3 ,israel's h]itage ( oral traditions ,! ,israeliti% race 0 supremely ri* 9 possess+ n only _m anci5t songs1 b also a l>ge body ( oral traditions :i* _h long be5 h&$ d[n f fa!r to son or else treasur$ by ! /ory-tell]s & by ! prie/s ( ! anci5t sanctu>ies4 ,_m ( ^! traditions 7 inh]it$ f _! ,semitic ance/ors1 &1 9 ! light ( rec5tly discov]$ ,babylonian lit]ature1 c be trac$ back f> beyond ! days ( ,abraham & ,moses4 ,"s 7 orig9ally ! possessions ( c]ta9 nomadic tribes2 o!rs record$ ! e>ly exp]i5ces ( _! ance/ors or told ( ! a*ievem5ts ( e>ly h]oes4 ,9 ! process ( cont9u\s retell+1 all unnecess>y details _h be5 elim9at$ & ! really dramatic & ess5tial elem5ts emphasiz$1 until !y atta9$ _! pres5t simple1 graphic =m1 :i* fasc9ates "y & old alike4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( ^! oral traditions ,! sup]lative value ( ^! v>i$ traditions is app>5t4 ,!y 7 ! l9ks :i* b\nd lat] g5]ations to _! prehi/oric pa/4 ,incid5tally1 9 ! *>act]i/ic language ( ,semitic tradition1 !y pres]v$ ! memory ( _m important ev5ts 9 _! e>ly tribal hi/ory4 ,!y are also ! illum9at+ record ( ! primitive beliefs1 cu/oms1 & aspirations ( _! ,semitic ance/ors4 ,subject z !y inevitably 7 to ! idealiz+ t5d5cy1 !y became 9 "t ! concrete embodim5t ( ! noble/ ideals ( lat] g5]ations4 ,?us !y pres5t$ be=e ! k9dl$ imag9ation ( ea* succe$+ age1 9 ! "* & a*ievem5ts ( _! traditional ance/ors1 ^? ideals ( c\rage1 p]sev]ance1 & piety :i* contribut$ mu* t[>d mak+ ! ,israelites ! *os5 p t !y 74 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ces t l$ to ! writ+ ( hi/ory ,9 "t ?is gr[+ h]itage ( traditions became too great = ev5 ! rem>kable ,ori5tal memory to reta94 ,meantime ! ,hebrews _h also acquir$ t sy/em ( writ+ :i* !y le>n$ f _! m civiliz$ neighbors ! ,canaanites & ,pho5icians4 ,f1 ! days ( ,solomon1 scribes 7 to be f\nd 9 c\rt & temple1 & probably among ! prophetic guilds2 al?\gh ! common p1 z 9 ! same l& to-day1 d\btless _h little k ( ! lit]>y art4 ,:ile ! nation 0 /ruggl+ = ! soil ( ,canaan1 or enjoy+ ! full tide ( victory & a*ievem5t t came "u ! lead]%ip ( ,david1 !re 0 no "t or inc5tive to write hi/ory4 ,b ) ! quiet] days ( ,solomon's reign1 & ! contra/+ p]iod ( national decl9e t foll[$ 8 dea?1 ! inc5tive to take up ! p5 & record ! dep>t$ glories became /rong4 ,) a l>ge body ( def9ite oral traditions deal+ ) all ! important m5 & ev5ts ( ! e>li] p]iods1 ! task ( ! hi/orian 0 *iefly t ( writ+ d[n & coord9at+ :at 0 already at h&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>ly ,judean prophetic hi/ory ,! olde/ ,hebrew hi/ory t has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ! "w ( an unkn[n ,judean prophet or gr\p ( prophets :o liv$ & labor$ probably dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! n9? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,?is hi/ory corresponds closely 9 relative age & aim to ,m>k's graphic n>rative ( ! *ief facts 9 ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! motive :i* influ5c$ ! e>lie/ hi/orians bo? ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts to write 0 prim>ily ! religi\s significance ( ! ev5ts :i* !y ?us record$4 ,?is e>ly ,judean prophetic hi/ory 7te*nically kn[n z ,j7 beg9s ) ! acc\nt ( ! creation ( man f ! du/ by ! h& ( ,jehovah1 & tells ( ! fir/ s9 & its dire consequ5ces 7,g54 ii4 #d to iii4 #bd72 !n x gives an anci5t li/ ( ^? :o /ood z ! fa!rs ( nomads1 ( musicians & work]s 9 metal 7,g54 iv4 #a1 l#f;b-#bf74 ,?is is foll[$ by ! primitive /ories ( ! sons ( ,god & ! daught]s ( m5 7,g54 vi4 #a-d71 ( ,noah ! fir/ v9ey>d-keep] 7ix4 #bj-bg71 & ( ! t[] ( ,babel & ! orig9 ( diff]5t languages 7xi4 #a-i74 ,9 a s]ies ( m or less closely connect$ n>ratives ! "* & exp]i5ces ( ! patri>*s1 ! life ( ! ,hebrews 9 ,egypt & ! wild]ness1 & ! settlem5t 9 ,canaan are pres5t$4 ,its basis = ! hi/ory ( ! unit$ k+dom 0 = ! mo/ "p ! wond]fully graphic gr\p ( ,saul & ,david /ories :i* occupy ! bulk ( ! books ( ,samuel4 ,?us ?is rem>kable e>ly ,judean prophetic hi/ory beg9s ) ! creation ( ! univ]se & man & concludes ) ! creation ( ! ,hebrew empire4 ,sid5ote3 ,its unity & *>act]i/ics ,9 its pres5t ,old ,te/am5t =m x has be5 closely comb9$ ) o!r hi/ories1 j z ,m>k's n>rative is l>gely reproduc$ 9 ,mat!w & ,luke2 b :51 x is sep>at$ f ! lat] n>ratives its unity & complet5ess are a/\nd+4 ,almo/ )\t a break x pres5ts ! *ief *>act]s & ev5ts ( ,israel's hi/ory 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,! same peculi> vocabul>y1 ! use ( ,jehovah z ! designation ( ! ,deity1 ! same vivid1 fl[+ n>rative /yle1 ! same simple1 nave1 primitive conception ( ,jehovah1 ! same patriotic int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 & ! same emphasis ^u ! vital religi\s significance ( m5 & facts1 *>act]ize e section ( ?is n>rative & make comp>atively easy ! task ( sep>at+ x f ! o!r hi/ories ) :i* x has be5 jo9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>ly ,ephraimite prophetic hi/ory ,a little lat]1 sometime ab\t ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 a prophet or gr\p ( prophets 9 ,nor!rn ,israel devot$ !mselves to ! simil> task ( writ+ ! hi/ory ( ,israel f ! po9t ( view ( ! nor!rn k+dom4 ,s9ce ?is /ate is call$ ,ephraim by ,hosea & o!r writ]s ( ! ,nor?1 its hi/ory may be designat$ z ! e>ly ,ephraimite prophetic 7te*nically kn[n z ,e74 ,naturally its au?or or au?ors utiliz$ z ! basis ( _! "w ! oral traditions curr5t 9 ! ,nor?4 ,sometimes ^! are closely p>allel1 & sometimes !y v>y widely 9 ord] & repres5tation f ! ,judean v]sions4 ,9 g5]al ! v>iations are simil>1 al?\gh some:at great] ?an ^? betwe5 ! p>allel n>ratives ( ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,sid5ote3 ,its *>act]i/ics ,m>k$ peculi>ities 9 vocabul>y & lit]>y /yle di/+ui% ?is nor!rn hi/ory f ! ,judean4 ,s9ce ,elohim or ,god is consi/5tly us$ to describe ! ,deity1 x has sometimes be5 call$ ! ,elohi/ic hi/ory4 ,int]e/ incl9es to ! sanctu>ies & h]oes & ev5ts prom95t 9 ! life ( ! ,nor?4 ,9 t l& :i* produc$ a ,samuel1 an ,elijah1 an ,eli%a1 & an ,hosea1 x 0 natural t especial emphasis %\ld be plac$ on ! role ( ! prophet4 ,?r\gh\t ^! n>ratives he is portray$ z ! dom9ant figure1 m\ld+ ! hi/ory z ,god's repres5tative4 ,abraham & ,moses are "h conceiv$ ( z prophets1 & ! ,ephraimite hi/ory ( _! age is l>gely devot$ to a portrayal ( _! prophetic activity4 ,sid5ote3 ,its scope ,! int]e/s ( lat] editors :o comb9$ ^! e>ly prophetic hi/ories1 z we n[ f9d !m 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7 c5tr$ 9 ! ,judean1 & h5ce !y h introduc$ citations f ! ,ephraimite n>ratives *iefly to supplem5t ! old] hi/ory4 ,possibly x nev] 0 z complete z t ( ! ,s\?4 ,at pres5t x beg9s ) ,abraham & traces ! p>allel hi/ory ( ! patri>*s & ! life ( ! ,hebrews 9 ,egypt & ! wild]ness4 ,its acc\nt ( ! conque/1 is some:at full]1 probably because ,jo%ua 0 a nor!rn lead]4 ,x also pres]ves _m ( ! /ories ( ! h]oes 9 ! book ( ,judges4 ,) ^! ! citations f ! e>ly ,ephraimite prophetic hi/ory seem to disappe>1 b ! op5+ /ories 9 ! book ( ,samuel1 reg>d+ ! great prophet ^: "n 0 giv5 to ! book1 app>5tly come f ! p5 ( lat] disciples ( ?is same ,ephraimite gr\p ( prophets4 ,sid5ote3 ,lat] editorial supplem5t+ & comb9ation ( ! two hi/ories ,! eigh? & sev5? c5turies be=e ,*ri/ 7 p]iods ( int5se prophetic activity bo? 9 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t ^! e>ly prophetic hi/ories %\ld be supplem5t$ by ! disciples ( ! orig9al hi/orians4 ,traditions t possess$ a p]man5t hi/orical or religi\s value1 z1 = example1 ! famili> /ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel 7,g54 iv4 #b-af71 & ! e>li] ( ! two acc\nts ( ! flood1 7 ?us add$4 ,also :5 9 #gbb ,b4,c4 ! nor!rn k+dom fell & its lit]>y h]itage pass$ to ,judah1 x 0 mo/ natural t a prophetic editor1 recogniz+ ! valuable elem5ts 9 ea*1 & ! difficulties pres5t$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! two v>iant v]sions ( ! same ev5ts1 %\ld comb9e ! two1 & fur!rmore t1 9 ! days ( few manuscripts1 ! old] orig9als %\ld be lo/ & only ! comb9$ hi/ory survive4 ,to-day we f9d ?is 9 turn incorporat$ 9 ! /ill lat] composite hi/ory ext5d+ f ,g5esis ?r\gh ,samuel4 ,sid5ote3 ,me?od ( comb9+ ,! lat] editor's me?od ( unit+ 8 s\rces is exce$+ly int]e/+1 & is analog\s 9 _m ways to ! me?ods foll[$ 9 ! citations 9 ,mat!w & ,luke f _! common s\rces1 ! orig9al ,m>k & ,mat!w's ,say+s ( ,jesus4 ,:]e ! two v]sions 7 closely p>allel1 z 9 ! acc\nt ( ,jacob's deception ( 8 fa!r ,isaac1 or ! /ory ( ! spies1 ! two are completely amalgamat$2 %ort passages1 v]ses1 & p>ts ( v]ses are tak5 9 turn f ea*4 ,9 o!r cases ! editor introduc$ ! diff]5t v]sions--z1 = example1 ! two acc\nts ( ! flight ( ,hag>--into diff]5t sett+s4 ,f subsequ5t allusions to two v]sions1 ( :i* only "o survives 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x is to be inf]r$ t sometimes he simply pres]v$ ! full]1 usually ! ,judean4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !re is cle> evid5ce t he made e ef=t to reta9 all t he f\nd 9 8 orig9al s\rces1 ev5 ?\gh ! result+ composite n>rative conta9$ _m inconsi/5cies4 ,sid5ote3 ,practical value ( ! r$iscov]y ( ! orig9al hi/ories ,to ! c>eful /ud5t1 seek+ to recov] ! orig9al n>ratives 9 _! primal unity1 ^! inconsi/5cies are guides z valuable z ! fossils & /ratification ( ! e>? are to ! geologi/ int5t ^u trac+ ! e>?'s pa/ hi/ory4 ,guid$ by ^! v>iations & ! di/9ctive peculi>ities 9 vocabul>y1 lit]>y /yle1 po9t ( view1 religi\s conceptions1 & purpose ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( n>ratives1 ,old ,te/am5t s*ol>s h r$iscov]$ ^! two orig9al hi/ories2 & ) _! recov]y ! great majority ( seem+ inconsi/5cies & _m p]plex+ problems fade into insignificance4 ,supplem5t+ ea* o!r1 z d ! e>lie/ ,gospels1 ^! two indep5d5t hi/ories pres5t ) new def9it5ess & au?ority ! ess5tial facts 9 ,israel's e>ly political1 social & religi\s life4 ,l eye-witnesses1 !y te/ify to ! /ill m significant fact t f ! fir/ ,god 0 reveal+ 8 "* & w ?r\gh a unique race4 ,sid5ote3 ,! brief late prophetic hi/ory ,a ?ird survey ( ! p]iod beg9n+ ) ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt & conclud+ ) ! conque/ ( ! ea/-,jordan l& is f\nd 9 ! introduction to ! book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,x is ! prologue to ! laws t foll[1 appropriately & effectively plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! pione] prophet ,moses4 ,a comp>ison quickly demon/rates t x is 9 reality a brief summ>y ( ! old] hi/ories1 & especially ( ! e>ly ,ephraimite prophetic4 ,l ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 its aim is n m]ely to pres5t hi/orical facts1 b to illu/rate & e/abli% a !sis4 ,! !sis is t ,jehovah has p]sonally l$ 8 p1 & t :5 !y h be5 fai?ful to him !y h prosp]$1 b :5 !y h disobey$ calamity has ov]tak51 !m4 ,! message is di/9ctly prophetic2 & to di/+ui% ?is ?ird hi/ory1 :i* 0 probably writt5 ne> ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 f ! e>li]1 x may be designat$ z ! late prophetic or ,deut]onomic hi/ory 7te*nically repres5t$ by ,d74 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( ! ,old ) ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ories ,^! ?ree prophetic hi/ories correspond /rik+ly to ! ?ree synoptic ,gospels3 ,m>k1 ,luke & ,mat!w4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ces 9 _! lit]>y hi/ory are t !y come1 n f a s+le limit$ gr\p ( writ]s & a brief qu>t] c5tury1 b repres5t ! "w ( _m h&s & at lea/ two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( lit]>y activity4 ,two1 at lea/1 ( ^! hi/ories1 are no long] extant 9 _! orig9al =m1 b only z !y h be5 quot$ v]batim by lat] hi/orians & closely amalgamat$4 ,simil>ly1 z is well kn[n1 ,tatian1 ! pupil ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 ! middle ( ! second ,*ri/ian c5tury1 did = ! f\r ,gospels precisely :at an ,old ,te/am5t editor did = ! two e>ly prophetic hi/ories1--he comb9$ !m into "o composite1 cont9u\s n>rative4 ,by jo9+ passages & v]ses & p>ts ( v]ses tak5 f ! diff]5t ,gospels1 by omitt+ v]bal duplicates1 by re>rang+ 9 "s cases & by occasionally add+ a ^w or phrase to jo9 dissimil> p>ts1 ,tatian produc$ a m>vell\s mosaic gospel1 kn[n z ! ,diatess>on4 ,all ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ?us pres]v$1 & mo/ ( ! fir/ ?ree4 ,s successfully 0 ! "w done t ! volume 0 widely us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,if1 z once seem$ possible1 x _h completely supplant$ ! orig9al f\r ,gospels1 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ^! w\ld h be5 a repetition ( t ( ! e>lie/ ,old ,te/am5t records4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dom9ant motive ( ! prophetic hi/orians4 ,x is v important to note t ! motive :i* l$ ! prophetic hi/orians to commit to writ+ ! e>li] traditions ( _! race 0 n prim>ily hi/orical4 ,l ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 !y select$ _! mat]ial *iefly ) a view to en=c+ c]ta9 important religi\s tru?s4 ,if an anci5t ,semitic tradition illu/rat$ _! po9t1 !y dive/$ x ( its hea!n clo?+ &1 irrespective ( its orig91 press$ x into s]vice4 ,= example1 x seems cle> t ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! /ory ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 & man's fall 7 curr5t1 ) v>iations1 among ! anci5t ,babylonians c5turies be=e ! ,hebrews inh]it$ !m f _! ,semitic ance/ors4 ,! e>ly prophet :o wrote ! second & ?ird *apt]s ( ,g5esis appreciat$ _! value z illu/rations1 & made !m ! m$ium = imp>t+ "s ( ! mo/ important spiritual tru?s ev] convey$ to mank9d4 ,l ! prea*]s or moral tea*]s ( to-day1 ! fir/ "q ! prophets ask$ ab\t a popul> /ory 0 n1 ,is x absolutely hi/orical or sci5tifically exact8 b1 ,does x illu/rate ! vital po9t to be impress$8 ,und\bt$ly ,israel's h]itage ( oral traditions 0 f> great] ?an is sugge/$ by ! n>ratives ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b only ^? :i* individually & collectively en=c$ "s important religi\s tru?1 7 utiliz$4 ,j z ,jesus drew 8 illu/rations f nature & human life ab\t him1 s ^! e>li] spiritual tea*]s1 ) equal tact1 took _! illu/rations f ! famili> atmosph]e ( song & /ory & national tradition 9 :i* _! read]s liv$4 ,a second>y purpose1 :i* !y obvi\sly _h 9 view1 0 also to remove f c]ta9 ( ! popul> tales ! immoral implications :i* /ill clung to !m f _! hea!n pa/1 & to reconsecrate !m to a div9] end4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p]man5t & vital value ( ^! n>ratives ,que/ions ( relative date & hi/orical accuracy conc]n ! hi/orian1 b !y %\ld n obscure ! great] value ( ^! n>ratives4 ,to ! majority ( u1 :o turn to ! ,old ,te/am5t simply z ! record ( div9e revelation & z a guide to life1 ! ess5tial ?+ is to put ourselves into t\* ) ^! anci5t prophets1 :o taught by illu/ration z well z by direct address1 & ask1 ,:at 0 ! e?ical or spiritual tru? t illum9$ _! s\ls & f9ds concrete expression & illu/ration ?r\gh ^! primitive /ories8 ,to discuss ! lit]al hi/oricity ( ! /ory ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 is z absurd z to seek to discov] :o 0 ! s[] :o w5t =? to s[ or ! ,sam>itan :o w5t d[n to ,j]i*o4 ,ev51 if no memb] ( ! despis$ ,sam>itan race ev] foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( an hypocritical ,levite along ! rocky road to ,j]i*o & succor$ a ne$y human be+1 ! vital tru? abides4 ,n until we cease to focus our gaze on ! comp>atively unimportant1 c we disc]n ! great spiritual messages ( ^! e>ly n>ratives4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sequel to ! e>ly prophetic hi/ories ,! sequel to ! great prophetic hi/ories :i* und]lie ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 f ,g5esis ?r\gh ,samuel1 is 9 ! books ( ,k+s4 ,^! c>ry ! record ( ,israel's life d[n to ! ,babylonian exile4 ,! op5+ *apt]s ( ,fir/ ,k+s conta9 ! conclusion ( ! ,judean prophetic ,david /ories4 ,=tunately ! re/ ( ! biblical hi/ory to ! exile 0 l>gely compil$ f mu* e>li] s\rces4 ,z 9 mo/ ( ! hi/orical writ+s1 ! lat] editors1 also1 quot$ v]batim f ^! e>li] records & hi/ories1 s t 9 _m cases we h ! te/imony ( almo/ contempor>y witnesses4 ,! titles ( c]ta9 ( ^! e>li] books are giv53 ,! ,book ( ! ,acts ( ,solomon1 ,! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,israel1 & ,! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,judah4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>li] s\rces quot$ by ! editor ( ,k+s ,a c>eful /udy ( ! books ( ,k+s sugge/s _m o!r anci5t s\rces4 ,= ! reign ( ,solomon1 /ate annals1 temple records1 & popul> ,solomon traditions appe> to h be5 utiliz$4 ,! graphic acc\nt ( ! division ( ! ,hebrew empire 0 probably drawn f an e>ly ,j]oboam hi/ory4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,fir/ ,k+s appe> citations f an e>ly ,ahab hi/ory & a gr\p ( ,ephraimite ,elijah /ories4 ,! political data ?r\gh\t ,fir/ & ,second ,k+s 7 probably drawn f ! annals ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn k+doms4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ,,ii ,k+s ii4-viii4 appe> long quotations f two cycles ( ,eli%a /ories1 c5tr+1 respectively1 ab\t ! anci5t nor!rn sanctu>y ( ,gilgal1 ne> ,%iloh1 & ab\t ,sam>ia4 ,! re/ ( ! book includes citations f s\rces :i* may be designat$ z a prophetic ,jehu hi/ory1 temple records1 a ,hezekiah hi/ory1 & a gr\p ( ,isaiah /ories4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ces t produc$ ?is lat] prophetic hi/ory ,^! valuable quotations ! late prophetic editor ( ,k+s has arrang$ 9 *ronological ord] & fitt$ into a framework :i* gives ! l5g? ( ea* reign & ! date ( accession ( ! diff]5t k+s1 accord+ to ! *ronology ( ! o!r ,hebrew k+dom4 ,to ?is data he adds a p]sonal judgm5t ^u ! policy ( ea* rul]1 !reby reveal+ 8 prophetic _s4 ,hi/ory is to him1 z to e true prophet1 a supreme illu/ration ( fundam5tal spiritual pr9ciples4 ,cle>ly ! influ5ce t l$ him to compile & edit 8 great "w 0 8 recognition ( ! fact t ! record ( ,israel's national exp]i5ce z a :ole 0 ( deep religi\s import4 ,! same motive und\bt$ly guid$ him 9 ! selection ( mat]ial f 8 great v>iety ( s\rces4 ,only t :i* 0 ess5tial 0 pres5t$4 ,?us he1 or a lat] editor ( 8 book1 trac$ ,israel's rem>kable hi/ory d[n to ! middle ( ! ,babylonian exile 7#efj ,b4,c471 & complet$ t wond]ful *a9 ( prophetic n>ratives :i* record & int]pret ! fir/ great *apt] ( div9e revelation ?r\gh ! *os5 race4 ,,vii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,prophetic ,,s]mons1 ,,epi/les1 ,,& ,,apocalypses ,sid5ote3 ,real "* & aims ( ! prophets ,to und]/& & rightly int]pret ! prophetic writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t x is necess>y to ca/ aside a false impression z to ! "* ( ! prophets :i* is widely preval5t4 ,!y 7 n =etell]s1 b =?-tell]s4 ,in/ead ( be+ vague dream]s1 9 imag9ation liv+ f> 9 ! di/ant future1 !y 7 mo/ emphatically m5 ( _! own times1 enlight5$ & devot$ patriots1 social & e?ical re=m]s1 & spiritual tea*]s4 ,_! *>act]i/ic note ( conviction & au?ority 0 due to ! fact t1 on ! "o h&1 !y knew p]sonally & di/9ctly ! evils & ne$s ( _! nation1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 _! m9ds & he>ts1 ev] op5 to receive ! tru?1 7 9 vital t\* ) ! ,inf9ite4 ,?us1 j z ,a>on became ,moses' prophet to ! p1 publicly proclaim+ :at ! great lead] imp>t$ to him 9 private 7,ex4 vii4 #a1 #b71 s ! ,hebrew prophets became ,jehovah's h]alds & ambassadors1 ann\nc+ by ^w & life & act ! div9e w4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ces t l$ ! prophets to write d[n _! s]mons ,:ile ! hi/orians 7 p]fect+ _! hi/ories c]ta9 prophets also 7 beg9n+ to commit _! s]mons to writ+4 ,! olde/ record$ address 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is probably t ( ,amos at ,be!l4 ,8 bani%m5t f ! nor!rn k+dom "u /rict injunction n to prophesy !re 7,am4 vii4 #aj-ag7 may well expla9 :y he resort$ to writ+ to give curr5cy to 8 prophetic message1 ?\gh1 l ,paul 9 lat] days1 he und\bt$ly reg>d$ writ+ z an inf]ior sub/itute = ! spok5 ^w4 ,j]emiah appe>s to h prea*$ tw5ty ye>s be=e he dictat$ a l9e to 8 scribe ,b>u*1 & !n x 0 because he c\ld n p]sonally speak 9 ! temple 7xxxvi4 #a-e74 ,sometimes complete s]mons ( ! prophets are pres]v$1 b m (t5 we seem to h only extracts & epitomes4 ,9 "s ( ! prophetic books1 l t ( ,j]emiah1 !re are also popul> reports ( a prophetic address1 & n>rative sections1 tell+ ( ! prophet's exp]i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! edit+ ( ! e>li] prophecies ,evid5ces ( edit+ are v app>5t 9 ! e>li] prophecies4 ,sudd5 int]ruptions1 & v]ses or clauses1 9 :i* appe> ideas & lit]>y /yle v diff]5t f t ( ! imm$iate context1 indicate t _m ( ! prophecies h be5 supplem5t$ by lat] notes1 "s explanatory & "s hortatory4 ,o!r long] passages are int5d$ to adju/ ! e>li] tea*+ to lat] conditions & beliefs & s to adapt !m to univ]sal human ne$s t !y are n limit$ to ! h\r & occasion ( _! fir/ deliv]y4 ,"s ( ^! passages come f ! h&s ( disciples ( ! prophets & (t5 conta9 valuable additional data2 o!rs are f lat] prophetic editors & scribes4 ,a detail$ comp>ison1 = example1 ( ! ,hebrew & ,greek v]sions ( ,j]emiah quickly discloses wide v>iations ( words1 v]ses1 & ev5 long passages1 add$ 9 "o or ! o!r text by lat] h&s4 ,all ^! additions te/ify to ! deep int]e/ felt by lat] g5]ations 9 ! e>li] writ+s1 ev5 be=e !y 7 assign$ a f9al place 9 ! canon4 ,x is "o ( ! important tasks ( biblical s*ol>s to di/+ui% ! orig9al f ! additions & ?us det]m9e :at 7 ! tea*+s ( ea* prophet & :at are ! contributions ( lat] g5]ations4 ,sid5ote3 ,! backgr\nd ( ,isaiah xl4-lv4 ,_m ( ! lat] additions possess a value & au?ority entirely indep5d5t ( t possess$ by ! prophet ) ^: writ+s !y h be5 jo9$ by _! orig9al au?ors or lat] editors4 ,?us ! sublime *apt]s app5d$ to ! orig9al s]mons ( ,isaiah conta9 "s ( ! noble/ tea*+s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! diff]5t !mes & lit]>y /yle2 ! frequ5t ref]5ces to ! ,babylonians1 n z di/ant allies1 z 9 ! days ( ,isaiah ! son ( ,amoz1 b z ! hat$ oppressors ( ! ,jews2 ! evid5ce t ! prophet's read]s are n exiles f> f ,judah2 ! _m allusions to ! conque/s ( ,cyrus1--all ^! leave little d\bt t *apt]s xl4-lv4 7 writt5 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,babylonian or ! fir/ ( ! ,p]sian p]iod4 ,int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ?is backgr\nd1 _! ?\ght & tea*+s become cle> & lum9\s4 ,simil>ly1 ! v>i$ evid5ce )9 ! *apt]s !mselves seems to indicate t ,isaiah lvi4-lxvi4 conta9 s]mons direct$ to ! /ruggl+ ,jewi% community 9 ,pale/9e dur+ ! days foll[+ ! rebuild+ ( ! temple 9 #ebj ,b4,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ord] & date ( ! prophetic books ,! prophetic s]mons1 epi/les1 & apocalypses fall naturally into five great gr\ps4 ,! books prophets ( ! ,assyrian p]iod 7 ,amos & ,hosea1 :o betwe5 #gej & #gcd ,b4,c4 prea*$ to ,nor!rn ,israel2 also ,isaiah & ,micah1 ^: "w lies betwe5 #gdj & #fhj ,b4,c4 ,nahum's little prophecy1 al?\gh mu* lat]1 e*oes ! dea?-knell ( ! great ,assyrian k+dom1 :i* = two or ?ree c5turies dom9at$ s\?we/]n ,asia4 ,! prophets ( ,judah's decl9e 7 ,zephaniah 7ab\t #fbh ,b4,c471 ,j]emiah 7#fbh-fij71 & ,habakkuk 7#fji-fje74 ,to ! same p]iod belong ,ezekiel's e>li] s]mons1 deliv]$ betwe5 #eib & #ehf1 j be=e ! f9al de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,! prophets ( ! ,babylonian exile 7 ,obadiah1 ^: orig9al oracle belongs to its op5+ ye>s2 ,ezekiel 7xxv4-xlviii471 :o cont9u$ to prea* until #egb ,b4,c41 & ! great prophet ^: dea?less messages r+ ?r\gh ,isaiah xl4-lv4 ,! prophets ( ! ,p]sian p]iod 7 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 ^: inspir+ s]mons kept alive ! flagg+ zeal ( ^? :o rebuilt ! second temple2 ! au?ors ( ,isaiah lvi4-lxvi42 ! au?or ( ! little book ( ,mala*i2 & ,joel4 ,to ?is li/ we may p]haps add ! prophet :o has giv5 u t noble prote/1 f\nd 9 ! mu* misund]/ood book ( ,jonah1 aga9/ ! n>r[ & intol]ant attitude ( lat] ,judaism t[>d =eign]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr[? ( anonym\s & apocalyptic lit]ature ,) ! exception ( ,ezekiel1 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,joel1 all ! prophecies :i* come f ! c5turies foll[+ ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #ehf ,b4,c4 are anonym\s4 ,! wor%ip ( ! au?ority ( ! pa/ _h begun1 & !re is evid5ce t ! belief 0 ga9+ curr5cy t ! days ( ! prophets 7 pa/4 ,h5ce ! natural t5d5cy to resort to anonym\s au?or%ip or else to app5d a lat] message to an e>li] prophecy4 ,*apt]s ix4-xiv4 ( ! book ( ,ze*>iah illu/rate ?is cu/om1--*apt]s :i* app>5tly come f ! la/ ,old ,te/am5t p]iod1 ! ,greek or ,maccabean4 ,! habit ( pres5t+ prophetic tru? 9 ! highly figurative1 symbolic =m1 ( ! apocalypse also became prom95t 9 lat] ,judaism4 ,?is has already be5 not$ 9 ! /udy ( ! gr[? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & is illu/rat$ by ! book ( ,revelation4 ,x 0 especially adapt$ to p]iods ( religi\s p]secution1 = x enabl$ ! prophet to convey 8 message ( enc\ragem5t & consolation 9 language impressive & cle> to 8 p1 yet un9telligible to _! =eign ma/]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! hi/orical backgr\nd ( ! book ( ,daniel ,to ! m9d ( "o :o has c>efully /udi$ ! book ( ,daniel 9 ! light ( ! great crisis t came to ! ,jews z a result ( ! rel5tless p]secutions ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 betwe5 ! ye>s #afi & #afe ,b4,c41 !re rema9s little d\bt t x is 9 ?is p]iod ! wond]ful apocalypse f9ds its true sett+ & int]pretation4 ,! famili> examples ( ! h]oic fidelity ( ,daniel & 8 fri5ds to ! dem&s ( _! religion & ritual 7 supremely well adapt$ to ar\se a simil> resi/ance t[>d ! dem&s ( a tyrant :o 0 attempt+ to /amp out ! ,jewi%1 religion & trans=m ! *os5 p into a race ( apo/ates4 ,! visions f\nd 9 ! book trace rapidly1 9 succession1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,babylonian1 ,m$ian1 ,p]sian1 &1 la/ ( all1 ! ,greek k+doms4 ,! culm9ation is a m9ute description ( ! "* & reign1 ( ! tyrant ,antio*us ,epiphanes 7xi4 #ba-de74 ,he is cle>ly ! little horn ( *apt] viii4 ,b sudd5ly1 9 ! mid/ ( ! acc\nt ( ! p]secutions1 ! descriptions become vague & g5]al4 ,nor is !re any ref]5ce to ! success ( ! ,maccabean upris+2 in/ead1 ! pr$iction is made t ,jehovah himself w soon come to e/abli% 8 ,messiah's k+dom4 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( ! book ,! inf]5ce is1 !re=e1 t ! prophecy 0 writt5 a %ort "t be=e ! r$$ication ( ! temple 9 #afe ,b4,c4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by _m o!r indications4 ,= example ! language1 9 "p ,aramaic1 is t ( ! ,greek p]iod4 ,! mi/akes reg>d+ ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! ,babylonian empire1 :i* 0 by ,cyrus1 n ,d>ius1 & br\ght ab\t n by /rategy1 b z a result ( ! volunt>y submission ( ! ,babylonians1 are id5tical ) ! errors curr5t 9 ,greek tradition ( ! same late p]iod4 ,"h1 z 9 ! e>ly n>ratives ( ,g5esis1 a true prophet has utiliz$ e>li] /ories z effective illu/rations4 ,he has also giv5 9 ! common apocalyptic =m an int]pretation ( ! prec$+ f\r c5turies ( human hi/ory1 & %[$ h[ ?r\gh x all ,god's purpose 0 be+ realiz$1 ,! book concludes ) ! firm assurance t ^? :o n[ prove fai?ful are to be ri*ly rew>d$ & to h a "p 9 ,ms com+ ,messianic k+dom4 ,sid5ote3 ,! common motive actuat+ ! prophets & ! au?ors ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,?us1 f ! m9ds ( ! prophets come ! e>lie/ writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y consi/ ( exhortations1 w>n+s1 messages ( enc\ragem5t1 or else /ories int5d$ to illu/rate a religi\s pr9ciple or to pres5t1 9 concrete =m1 a prophetic ideal4 ,! fundam5tal motive :i* produc$ !m all 0 id5tical ) t :i* l$ ! disciples & apo/les to write ! ,gospels & ,epi/les ( ! ,new4 ,9 ! case ( ! hi/orico-prophetic writ+s1 l ,samuel & ,k+s1 ! desire to inspire & m\ld ! m9ds & wills ( _! read]s 0 comb9$ ) ! desire to pres]ve 9 p]man5t =m a record ( ! ev5ts :i*1 9 _! national hi/ory1 reveal$ mo/ cle>ly ,jehovah's "* & purpose4 ,9 ?is respect !y correspond p]fectly to ! ,gospels & ,acts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is easy to see1 !re=e1 t k9dr$ aims & ideals actuat$ ^! unkn[n prophetic writ]s & _! lat] successors1 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke4 ,_! lit]>y products diff] only because _! subject-matt] is diff]5t4 ,! "o gr\p records ,jehovah's revelation ( himself ?r\gh ! life ( ! ,messianic nation1 ! o!r ?r\gh ! life ( ! p]fect ,messiah4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ! sequel ( ! prophetic writ+s ,x is int]e/+ to note1 9 conclusion1 t f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,old1 all ! lit]ature ( ! ,new may be designat$ z prophetic4 ,! ?ree di/9ct gr\ps ( writ+s f\nd 9 ! ,new1 namely1 ! ,gospels & ,acts1 ! ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse1 correspond exactly to ! ?ree types ( prophetic lit]ature f\nd 9 ! ,old3 ! hi/orico-prophetical writ+s1 direct writt5 prophecies1 & apocalypses4 ,if ! f9al canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _h be5 complet$ be=e ! days ( ,josiah1 !re is e reason to believe t x also w\ld h conta9$ little beside prophetic writ+s4 ,9 div9e provid5ce x 0 n clos$ until sev5 c5turies lat]1 s t1 z x has come to u1 x is a compreh5sive libr>y1 repres5t+ e /age & e side ( ,israel's developm5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! _s ( ! ,ma/] t ! ,new ,te/am5t %\ld conta9 significant facts & broad pr9ciples r ?an detail$ laws or ev5 ! songs ( wor%ip4 ,he ^: ideals1 tea*+s1 & me?ods 7 9 close/ h>mony ) ^? ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 naturally begat1 ?r\gh 8 imm$iate foll[]s1 a gr\p ( di/9ctively prophetic writ+s4 ,,viii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,e>li] ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,laws ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ ! pr9ciple1 & !n ! detail$ laws ,if ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h rema9$ op5 z long z did t ( ! ,old1 !re is little d\bt t x also w\ld h conta9$ _m laws1 legal prec$5ts1 & ecclesia/ical hi/ories4 ,f ! writ+s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs & ! records ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* x is possible to conjecture :at ^! 9 g5]al w\ld h be54 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity illu/rates ! univ]sal fact t ! broad pr9ciples are fir/ enunciat$ by a great prophetic lead] or lead]s1 & t 9 succe$+ c5turies ^! new pr9ciples are gradually embodi$ 9 detail$ laws & c]emonials4 ,also ! pr9ciples mu/ be accept$1 p>tially at lea/1 by ! majority ( ! p be=e ! enactm5ts bas$ ^u !m c be en=c$4 ,?is important fact1 /at$ 9 ,old ,te/am5t t]ms1 is t ! prophet mu/ & always does prec$e ! lawgiv]4 ,sid5ote3 ,mean+ ( ! ,hebrew ^w = law ,torah1 ! common ,hebrew ^w = law1 comes f a ,hebrew ^w mean+ to po9t out or direct4 ,x is probably also connect$ ) ! old] root signify+1 to ca/ ! sacr$ lot4 ,! torah1 !re=e1 0 orig9ally ! decision1 r5d]$ 9 connection ) specific que/ions ( dispute1 & ref]r$ to ,jehovah by means ( ! sacr$ lot4 ,?us ! e>ly prie/s 7 also judges because !y 7 ! cu/odians ( ! div9e oracle4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( ?is ,hebrew belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( law ,"h we are able to trace1 9 its e>lie/ ,hebrew =m1 ! univ]sal belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ! law4 ,9 ! primitive laws ( ,exodus xxi4-xxiii41 9 connection ) a case ( disput$ responsibility = injury to prop]ty1 ! comm& is giv53 ! cause ( bo? p>ties %all come be=e ,god2 he :om ,god %all condemn %all pay d\ble to 8 neighbor 7xxii4 #h1 #i74 ,9 anci5t times all cases ( dispute 7 ?us laid be=e ,god & decid$ by ! lot or by ,god's repres5tatives1 usually ! prie/s4 ,:51 9 "t1 cu/oms & oral laws grew up on ! basis ( ^! decisions1 a simil> div9e orig9 & au?ority 7 naturally attribut$ to !m4 ,individually & collectively !y 7 designat$ by ! same sugge/ive t]m1 torah4 ,:5 !y 7 ultimately committ$ to writ+1 ! legal lit]ature bore ?is title4 ,9 ! ,hebrew text x /ill rema9s z ! designation ( ! fir/ gr\p ( ,old ,te/am5t books :i* conta9 ! bulk ( ,israel's laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,its ultimate basis 9 fact ,a belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( law 0 held by mo/ anci5t peoples4 ,9 connection ) ! tablet :i* records ! laws ( ,hammurabi1 we h a picture ( ,%ama% ! sun-god giv+ ! laws to ! k+4 ,9 ! epilogue to ^! laws he /ates t by ! comm& ( ,%ama%1 ! judge supreme ( heav5 & e>?1 he has set !m up t judgm5t may %9e 9 ! l&4 ,! /atem5ts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t ,jehovah talk$ face to face ) ,moses or wrote ! t5 words ) 8 f+] on tablets ( /one reflect ! primitive belief :i* pictur$ ,god z a man ) h&s & voice & physical body2 /ill !y are ! e>ly concrete /atem5t ( a vital1 et]nal tru?4 ,n on p]i%able /one1 b 9 ! m9ds ( ! anci5t judges1 & 9 ! develop+ e?ical consci\sness ( ! ,israeliti% race1 he inscrib$ ! pr9ciples ( :i* ! laws are ! practical expression4 ,if he _h n reveal$ !m1 !re w\ld h be5 no progress 9 ! k ( ju/ice & m]cy4 ,! !sis ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ( ,hammurabi also1 is fundam5tally true4 ,! vivid =ms 9 :i* bo? express$ t !sis 7 admirably fitt$ to impress x ^u ! m9d ( e>ly man4 ,sid5ote3 ,me?od 9 :i* ,hebrew law grew ,! e>ly ,israeliti% !ory ( ! orig91 ( law provid$ fully = expansion & developm5t to meet ! new & *ang$ conditions ( lat] p]iods4 ,:5ev] a new "q pres5t$ itself1 x c\ld be ref]r$ to ,jehovah's repres5tatives1 ! prie/s & prophets2 & _! torah1 or response1 w\ld =?) become ! basis = ! new law4 ,mala*i ii4 #f1g cle>ly def9es ?is significant elem5t 9 ! gr[?1 ( ,israel's legal codes3 ! torah ( tru? 0 9 ! m\? ( ! prie/444 & ! p %\ld seek ! torah at 8 m\?4 ,simil>ly ,haggai comm&s ! p to ask a torah f ! prie/s 9 reg>d to a c]ta9 "q ( c]emonial cleanl9ess 7ii1 #aa74 ,until a v late p]iod 9 ,israeliti% hi/ory1 ! belief 0 univ]sal t ,jehovah 0 ev] giv+ new decisions & laws ?r\gh 8 prie/s & prophets1 & !re=e t ! law itself 0 con/antly be+ exp&$ & develop$4 ,?is belief is 9 p]fect accord ) all hi/orical analogies & ) ! te/imony ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories & laws !mselves4 ,n until ! days ( ! late/ editors did ! t5d5cy to project ! ,old ,te/am5t laws back to ! beg9n+ ( ,israel's hi/ory ga9 ! asc5d5cy & leave its impression ^u ! ,p5tateu*4 ,ev5 !n !re 0 no ?\ght ( attribut+ ! lit]>y au?or%ip ( all ( ^! laws to ,moses4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( /ill lat] ,jewi% tradition4 ,sid5ote3 ,moses' relation to ,israeliti% law ,! e>lie/ ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives indicate cle>ly ! real hi/orical basis ( ! famili> lat] tradition1 & v9dicate & help u 9 ! ef=t to def9e ! title1 ,law ( ,moses4 ,! e>ly ,ephraimite n>ratives describe ,moses z a prophet r ?an z a m]e lawgiv]4 ,9 ,exodus xviii4 !y give u a vivid picture ( 8 activity z judge4 ,to him ! p came 9 cr[ds1 ) _! cases1 to inquire ( ,god 7#ae74 ,9 #af1 to 8 fa!r-9-law ,je?ro1 he /ates3 :5ev] !y h a matt] ( dispute !y come to me1 t ,i may decide :i* ( ! two is "r1 & make kn[n ! /atutes ( ,god & 8 decisions 7tr?74 ,je?ro !n advises him to appo9t reliable m51 gift$ ) a high s5se ( ju/ice1 to decide m9or cases1 :ile he res]ves = himself ! difficult que/ions involv+ new pr9ciples4 ,! orig9 & !ory ( ,israel's e>ly laws are vividly pres5t$ 9 ,je?ro's words to ,moses 9 v]ses #ai1 #bj3 ,y be ! p's advocate ) ,god1 & br+ ! cases to ,god1 & y make kn[n to !m ! /atutes & ! decisions1 & %[ !m ! way :]e9 !y mu/ walk1 & ! "w t !y mu/ d4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/orical basis ( ! tradition ( ,mosaic au?or%ip ,x appe>s f ^! & o!r passages t ,moses' traditional title z ! fa!r ( ,israeliti% legislation is well e/abli%$4 ,z a prophet1 he proclaim$ c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples t became ! basis ( all lat] codes4 ,z a judge1 he r5d]$ decisions t soon grew into cu/om>y laws4 ,z a lead] & organiz]1 he laid ! f\ndations ( ! lat] political & in/itutional gr[? ( ! nation4 ,fur!rmore1 x is probable t he taught ! p c]ta9 simple comm&s :i* became ! nucleus ( all lat] legislation4 ,naturally & prop]ly1 z oral laws subsequ5tly grew up & 7 f9ally committ$ to writ+1 !y 7 attribut$ to him4 ,lat]1 :5 ^! laws 7 collect$ & codifi$1 !y 7 /ill designat$ z ,mosaic1 ev51 ?\gh ! au?ors ( ^! codes add$ _m contempor>y enactm5ts to ! e>li] laws4 ,?us ! traditions1 z well z ! !ory1 ( ,israeliti% law =tunately rais$ no b>ri] aga9/ its normal gr[?4 ,x 0 n until ! late ,jewi% p]iod1 :5 ! tradition became rigid & unnatural1 t ! rabbis1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! au?ority ( contempor>y laws1 7 =c$ to resort to ! grotesque legal fictions :i* appe> 9 ! ,talmud4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ces t ! e>lie/ laws 7 oral ,! e>lie/ ,hebrew laws1 l ! traditions1 7 app>5tly long transmitt$ 9 oral =m4 ,! simple life ( ! des]t & e>ly ,canaan requir$ no writt5 records4 ,cu/om & memory pres]v$ all ! laws t 7 ne$$4 ,also1 z we h se51 be=e ! ,hebrews came into contact ) ! ,canaanites & ,pho5icians1 !y d n seem to h develop$ ! lit]>y art4 ,in/ead1 !y ca/ _! important comm&s & laws into ! =m ( p5tads & decalogues4 ,! practical aim seems to h be5 to aid ! memory by associat+ a brief law ) ea* f+] ( ! two h&s4 ,! sy/em 0 bo? simple & effective4 ,x also po9ts cle>ly to a p]iod ( oral r ?an writt5 transmission4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>lie/ ,hebrew laws ,! nucleus ( all ,israeliti% law appe>s to h be5 a simple decalogue1 :i* gave ! t]ms ( ! orig9al cov5ant betwe5 ,jehovah & 8 p1 & def9itely /at$ ! obligations !y mu/ dis*>ge if !y w\ld reta9 8 favor4 ,! olde/ v]sion ( ?is decalogue is n[ emb$d$ 9 ! e>ly ,judean n>rative ( ,exodus xxxiv4 ,!re is consid]able evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t x once /ood imm$iately aft] ! ,judean acc\nt ( ,jehovah's revelation ( himself at ,s9ai1 & 0 transpos$ to its pres5t position 9 ord] to give place = ! lat] & nobl] prophetic decalogue ( ,exodus xx4 #a-ag4 ,its antiquity & importance are also evid5c$ by ! fact t x has receiv$ _m lat] introductory1 explanatory1 & hortatory notes4 ,exodus xxxiy4 #bh pres]ves ! memory t x orig9ally consi/$ ( simply t5 words4 ,! slightly v>iant v]sion ( ^! orig9al t5 words ,is also f\nd 9 ,exodus xx4 #bc1 xxiii4 #ab1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #bi1 #cj4 ,fur!rmore1 x probably once occupi$ a c5tral position 9 ! correspond+ ,nor!rn ,israellti% acc\nt ( ! cov5ant at ,s9ai4 ,sid5ote3 ,! olde/ decalogue ,) ! aid ( ^! two diff]5t v]sions1 t ( ! ,nor? & t ( ! ,s\?1 x is possible to re/ore approximately ! common orig9al3 ,i4 ,?\ %alt wor%ip no o!r ,god4 ,,ii4 ,?\ %alt make no molt5 gods1 ,,iii4 ,?\ %alt obs]ve ! fea/ ( unleav5 bread4 ,,iv4 ,e fir/-born is m9e4 ,v4 ,six days %alt ?\ toil1 b on ! sev5? ?\ %alt re/4 ,,vi4 ,?\ %alt obs]ve ! fea/ ( weeks & +a!r+ at ! end ( ! ye>1 ,,vii4 ,?\ %alt n (f] ! blood ( my sacrifice ) leav54 ,,viii4 ,! fat ( my fea/ %all n be left until morn+4 ,,ix4 ,! be/ ( ! fir/-fruits ( ?y l& %alt ?\ br+ to ! h\se ( ,jehovah4 ,x4 ,?\ %alt n see! a kid 9 its "m's milk4 ,sid5ote3 ,its date ,^! laws be> on _! face ! evid5ce ( _! primitive date & orig94 ,!y def9e religion n 9 ! t]ms ( life1 z does ! famili> prophetic decalogue ( ,exodus xx41 b1 l ! old ,babylonian religion1 9 ! t]ms ( ! ritual4 ,loyalty to ,jehovah1 z ! ,god ( ! nation1 & fidelity to ! dem&s ( ! cult is _! wat*word4 ,_! antiquity & ! c5tral position !y occupy 9 ,old ,te/am5t legislation are %[n fur!r by ! fact t all ( !m are aga9 quot$ 9 o!r codes1 & mo/ ( !m f\r or five times 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?ree ( !m apply to agricultural life2 b agriculture is n entirely unkn[n to ! nomadic life ( ! wild]ness4 ,possibly 9 _! pres5t =m c]ta9 ( ^! comm&s h be5 adapt$ to conditions 9 ,canaan1 b ! majority reflect ! e>lie/ /ages 9 ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,9 all probability ! decalogue 9 its orig9al =m came f ,moses1 z ! e>lie/ traditions ass]t1 al?\gh comp>ative ,semitic religion demon/rates t _m ( ! in/itutions "h reflect$ long ant$at$ ! days ( ! great lead]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,judgem5ts ( ,exodus xxi41 xxii ,al?\gh 9 "p contempor>y1 ! next /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,israeliti% law is repres5t$ by ! civil1 social1 & humane decalogues 9 ,exodus xx4 #bh to xxiii4 #ai4 ,! be/ pres]v$ gr\p is f\nd 9 xxi4#a to xxii4#bj1 & be>s ! title ,judgm5ts1 :i* recalls ,hammurabi's title to 8 code1 ,! ,judgm5ts ( ,righte\sness4 ,l ?is great ,babylonian code1 ! ,hebrew ,judgm5ts deal ) civil & social cases1 & are usually introduc$ by ! =mula1 ,if s & s1 foll[$ by ! p5alty or decision to be r5d]$4 ,!y are evid5tly int5d$ prim>ily = ! guidance ( judges4 ,! p>allels ) ! code ( ,hammurabi are _m1 bo? 9 !me1 =m1 & p5alty1 al?\gh !re is no conclusive evid5ce t ! ,hebrew borr[$ directly f ! old] ,babylonian4 ,und\bt$ly _m ( ! /rik+ po9ts ( resemblance are due simply to common ,semitic ideas & in/itutions & to ! recurr5ce ( simil> que/ions4 ,b on ! :ole1 ! ,hebrew laws place a high] e/imate on life & less on prop]ty4 ,!y reflect also a simpl] type ( civilization ?an ! ,babylonian4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! arrangem5t & cont5ts ,:5 ?ree or f\r obvi\sly lat] additions h be5 remov$1 ! ,judgm5ts are f\nd to consi/ ( five decalogues1 ea* divid$ into two p5tads :i* deal ) diff]5t phases ( ! same g5]al subject4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,fir/ ,decalogue3 ,! ,rights ( ,slaves4 ,fir/ ,p5tad3 ,males1 ,ex4 xxi4 #b1c;a1 #c;b1 #d1e-f4 ,second ,p5tad3 ,females1 xxi4 #g1 #h1 #i1aj1 #aa4 ,second ,decalogue3 ,assaults4 ,fir/ ,p5tad3 ,capital ,(f5ces1 xxi4 #ab1 #ac1ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,second ,p5tad3 ,m9or ,(f5ces1 xxi4 #ah-ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg4 ,?ird ,decalogue3 ,laws reg>d+ ,dome/ic ,animals4 ,fir/ ,p5tad3 ,injuries by ,animals1 xxi4 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4 ,second ,p5tad3 ,injuries to ,animals1 xxi4 #cc-cd1 #ce1 #cf2 xxii4 #a1d4 ,f\r? ,decalogue3 ,responsibility = ,prop]ty4 ,fir/ ,p5tad3 ,9 ,g5]al1 xxii4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,second ,p5tad3 ,9 ,cattle1 xxii4 #aj-aa1 #ac1 #ad1 l#e;a1 ,i#e;b4 ,fif? ,decalogue3 ,social ,purity4 ,fir/ ,p5tad3 ,adult]y1 ,deut4 xxii4 #ac-ai1 #bj-ba1 #bb1 #bc-bd1 #be-bg4 ,second ,p5tad3 ,=nication & ,apo/asy1 ,ex4 xxii4 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! date ,_m ( ^! laws anticipate ! settl$ agricultural conditions ( ,pale/9e4 ,society1 h[ev]1 is v simple4 ,! decalogue & peatad =m also po9ts cle>ly to an e>ly p]iod1 :5 ! laws 7 transmitt$ orally4 ,_m ( ! laws probably came f ! days ( ! wild]ness w&]+1 & !re=e g back to ! age ( ,moses1 9 "s cases mu* e>li]1 z is %[n by close analogies ) ! code ( ,hammurabi4 ,al?\gh 9 _! pres5t writt5 =m ^! oral ,judgm5ts be> ! m>ks ( ! ,nor!rn ,israeliti% prophetic writ]s :o h pres]v$ !m1 ! majority1 if n all1 may ) confid5ce be assign$ to ! days ( ,david & ,solomon4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>ly humane & c]emonial laws ,! rema9+ v]ses ( ,exodus xx4 #bc to xxiii4 #ai1 conta91 gr\ps ( humane & c]emonial laws4 ,9 ! process ( transmission !y h be5 some:at dis>rang$1 b1 ) ! aid ( ! full] duplicate v]sions 9 ,deut]onomy1 f\r complete decalogues c be re/or$ & "p ( a fif?4 ,! foll[+ analysis w sugge/ _! g5]al "* & cont5ts3 ,,humane ,,& ,,c]emonial ,,laws ,fir/ ,decalogue3 ,k9dness4 ,fir/ ,p5tad3 ,t[>ds ,m51 ,ex4 xxii4 #bla1 #bb-bc1 #be;a1 #be;b1 #bf-bg4 ,second ,p5tad2 ,t[>ds ,animals1 ,ex1 xxiii4 #d ,deut4 xxii4 #a1 ,deut4 xxii4 #b1 #c2 ,ex4 xxiii4 #e ,deut4 xxii4 #d1 ,deut4 xxii4 #f-g4 ,second ,decalogue3 ,ju/ice4 ,fir/ ,p5tad3 ,among ,equals1 ,ex4 xxiii4 #a;a1 #a;b1 #b;a1 #b;b1 #c4 ,second ,p5tad3 ,on ! ,"p ( ^? 9 ,au?ority1 xxiii1 #f1 #g;a1 #g;b1 #g;c1 #h4 ,?ird ,decalogue3 ,duties to ,god4 ,fir/ ,p5tad3 ,wor%ip1 ,ex4 xx4 #bc;a1 #bc;b1 #bd1 #be1 #bf4 ,second ,p5tad3 ,loyalty1 ,ex4 xxii4 #bh1 #bi;a1 #bi;b1 #cj1 #ca4 ,f\r? ,decalogue3 ,sacr$ ,seasons4 ,fir/ ,p5tad3 ,comm& to ,obs]ve !m1 xxiii4 #aj-aa1 #ab1 l#e;a1 #af;a1 #af;b4 ,second ,p5tad3 ,me?od ( ,obs]v+ !m1 xxiii1 #ag1 #ah;a1 #ah;b1 #ai;a1 #ai;b4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]iod repres5t$ by ! primitive codes ,"h ! primitive c]emonial decalogue has be5 exp&$ into ! ?ird & f\r? gr\p giv5 above4 ,l ! ,judgm5ts1 ^! decalogues be> te/imony to _! nor!rn orig91 & probably !y also h _h mu* ! same hi/ory1 al?\gh _! relation to ! primitive decalogue & ! fact t !y are prefix$ & add$ to ! solid gr\p ( ,judgm5ts1 w\ld seem to indicate t !y 7 some:at lat]4 ,^! two collections1 toge!r ) _! old] prototype1 ! anci5t decalogue1 repres5t ! gr[? ( ,israel's laws dur+ ! f\r c5turies beg9n+ ) ,moses & ext5d+ to ab\t #hjj ,b4 ,c4 ,to di/+ui% !m f lat] collections !y may be designat$ z ! ,primitive ,codes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ne$ = new laws ,! eigh? & sev5? c5turies be=e ,*ri/ :i* br\ght to ! ,hebrews great crises & revolution>y *anges 9 bo? _! political & religi\s life1 witness$ ! epo*-mak+ "w ( ,amos1 ,hosea1 ,isaiah1 & ,micah4 ,?is rem>kable gr\p ( prophets proclaim$ s _m new pr9ciples t a fundam5tal revision & expansion ( ,israel's primitive codes became necess>y 9 ord] to adapt ! latt] to ! new ne$s ( ! age4 ,! reaction>y reign ( ,manasseh _h also br\ght out pla9ly ! contra/ betwe5 ! old] hea!n cults1 /ill *]i%$ by ! p1 & ! exalt$ ideals ( ! true prophets4 ,if ! prophetic tea*+s 7 to become op]ative 9 ! life ( ! nation1 x 0 also se5 t !y mu/ be express$ 9 concrete legal enactm5ts1 :i* c\ld be univ]sally und]/ood & def9itely en=c$4 ,sid5ote3 ,application ( prophetic pr9ciples 9 ! life ( ! p ,accord+ly1 a gr\p ( prophets1 disciples ( ! old] ma/]s1 & inspir$ by ! _s ( re=m1 devot$ !mselves to ?is all-important task4 ,! results ( _! "w are repres5t$ by ! prophetic law-book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,?r\gh its pages gl[ ! new e?ical tea*+s ( ! prophets ( ! ,assyrian p]iod4 ,! elem5ts ( ,hosea's doctr9e1 love to ,god & love to m5 & k9dness to ! ne$y & oppress$1 9 _! new sett+ & application1 make x "o ( ! evangels ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,its l(ty /&>ds ( ju/ice & social responsibility reflect ! impassion$ addresses ( ,amos & ,hosea4 ,s9ce ! new laws1 z a :ole1 repres5t$ ! practical application ( ! messages ( ! prophets to life1 !y 7 ju/ly & appropriately plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,moses1 ! real & traditional head ( ! nation & ( ! prophetic ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation to ! old] laws ,a comp>ison ( ?is prophetic law-book ) ! old] primitive laws %[s t ! latt] 7 made ! basis ( ! new codes1 s9ce mo/ ( !m1 9 revis$ =m1 are also f\nd 9 ,deut]onomy4 ,! prophetic lawmak]s1 h[ev]1 9 ! same _s t actuat$ ,jesus 9 8 attitude t[>d ! anci5t law1 freely modifi$1 supplem5t$1 & 9 "s cases sub/itut$ = ! primitive enactm5ts1 laws t m p]fectly embodi$ ! lat] revelation4 ,sid5ote3 ,promulgation & date ( ! prophetic codes ,! nature ( ! re=ms in/itut$ by ,josiah1 accord+ to ,,ii ,k+s xxii41 cle>ly prove t ! laws :i* inspir$ !m 7 ^? ( ,deut]onomy1 & t ?is 0 ! law-book discov]$ 9 ! temple by ,hilkiah ! prie/ & publicly read & promulgat$ by ! k+ 9 #fba ,b4,c4 ,orig9ally x 0 probably prep>$ by ! prophetic re=m]s z a basis = _! "w2 b x incorporates n only mo/ ( ! primitive codes1 b also _m o!r anci5t laws & gr\ps ( laws1 "s d\btless com+ f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ,israel's hi/ory4 ,x also appe>s to h be5 fur!r supplem5t$ aft] ! re=mation ( ,josiah4 ,9 g5]al x repres5ts ! second great /age 9 ,old ,te/am5t law1 z x rapidly develop$ betwe5 #hjj & #fjj ,b4,c4 "u ! inspir+ prea*+ ( ! rem>kable prophets ( ! ,assyrian p]iod4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! hi/orical & p]man5t value ,^! laws repres5t1 9 _m ways1 ! high-wat] m>k ( ,old ,te/am5t legislation4 ,e ef=t is made to elim9ate t :i* exp]i5ce _h prov$ to be imp]fect 9 ! old] laws & cu/oms4 ,! *ief aim is to protect ! rights ( ! wrong$ & dep5d5t4 ,! appeal ?r\gh\t is n to ! fe> ( puni%m5t--9 a l>ge numb] ( laws no p5alty is sugge/$--b to ! individual consci5ce4 ,n m]ely =mal wor%ip is dem&$1 b a love to ,god s p]sonal t x dom9ates ! individual he>t & s\l & f9ds expression ?r\gh en]gies completely devot$ to 8 s]vice4 ,^! laws requir$ /rict ju/ice1 b m ?an t1 m]cy & practical *>ity t[>d ! weak & ne$y & afflict$4 ,ev5 ! toil+ ox & ! helpless "m-bird & h] "y are n beyond ! k9 ( ^! wond]ful laws4 ,"u _! b5ign influ5ce ! div9e pr9ciples ( ! prophets began to m\ld directly ! "* & life ( ! ,israeliti% race4 ,! man :o lives 9 accord ) _! _s & injunctions to-day f9ds himself on ! /raight & n>r[ way1 hall[$ by ! feet ( ! ,ma/]4 ,,ix ,,influ5ces ,,t ,,gave ,,rise ,,to ,,! ,,prie/ly ,,laws ,,& ,,hi/ories ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ces 9 ! exile t produc$ writt5 c]emonial laws ,! ,babylonian exile gave a great opportunity & inc5tive to ! fur!r developm5t ( writt5 law4 ,:ile ! temple /ood1 ! c]emonial rites & cu/oms receiv$ con/ant illu/ration1 & 7 transmitt$ directly f fa!r to son 9 ! prie/ly families4 ,h5ce1 !re 0 little ne$ ( writ+ !m d[n4 ,b :5 mo/ ( ! prie/s 7 c>ri$ captive to ,babylonia1 z 9 #eig ,b4,c41 & t5 ye>s lat] ! temple 0 laid 9 ru9s & all sacrifice & c]emonial wor%ip sudd5ly ceas$1 writt5 records at once became indisp5sable1 if ! cu/oms & rules ( ,israel's ritual 7 to be pres]v$4 ,! integrity & future ( ! scatt]$ ,israeliti% race also l>gely dep5d$ ^u keep+ alive _! di/9ctive traditions4 ,torn f _! alt>s1 ! exil$ prie/s n only _h a /rong inc5tive1 b likewise ! leisure1 to write4 ,! rituali/ic zeal ( _! ,babylonian ma/]s d\btless fur!r inspir$ !m4 ,! result 01 t dur+ ! ,babylonian exile & ! foll[+ c5tury mo/ ( ! c]emonial laws 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t appe> to h be5 fir/ committ$ to writ+4 ,sid5ote3 ,ezekiel's ,code ,ev5 ,ezekiel1 ! prophet ( ! e>ly exile1 yield$ to ! influ5ce ( 8 e>ly prie/ly tra9+ & ! ne$s ( ! situation4 ,9 #egb he issu$ ! unique code f\nd 9 *apt]s xl4-xlviii4 ( 8 prophecy4 ,x provides = ! rebuild+ ( ! temple1 & def9es ! duties ( its diff]5t (ficials & ! =m ( ritual t is to be obs]v$4 ,! :ole is int5d$ prim>ily to emphasize1 ?r\gh ! arrangem5t ( ! sanctu>y & ! =ms ( ! c]emonial1 ! transc5d5t hol9ess ( ,jehovah4 ,ezekiel also proclaims1 ?r\gh ?is elaborate program = ! re/or$ community1 ! c]ta9ty t ! exiles w\ld be all[$ to return & rebuild ! temple4 ,he evid5tly reproduces _m ( ! proportions & regulations ( ! fir/ temple1 b1 ) ! same fre$om t *>act]izes ! au?ors ( ! ,deut]onomic codes1 he unhesitat+ly sets aside e>li] usages :]e some?+ bett] has be5 reveal$4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5esis & "* ( ! ,hol9ess ,code ,ezekiel's code 0 nev] fully adopt$ by ! lat] ,jews1 = mu* ( x 0 symbolic r ?an practical2 b x p[]fully influ5c$ subsequ5t lawmak]s1 & 0 indicative ( ! dom9ant t5d5cy ( ! day4 ,ev5 be=e he issu$ 8 code1 "s l-m9d$ prie/ _h collect$ & arrang$ an important gr\p ( laws1 :i* appe> to h be5 famili> to ,ezekiel himself4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,leviticus xvii4-xxvi41 & h felicit\sly be5 designat$ z ! ,hol9ess ,code1 because !y con/antly emphasize ! hol9ess ( ,jehovah & ! necessity ( ! p's be+ holy 9 ?\ght & act4 ,9 *apt]s xvii4-xix4 mo/ ( ! orig9al laws are /ill arrang$ 9 ! decalogue & p5tad =m4 ,?is /rong evid5ce t !y _h be5 transmitt$ by ^w ( m\? f a mu* e>li] p]iod is support$ by _! cont5ts4 ,!y resemble & supplem5t ! primitive laws ( ,exodus xx4 #bc to xxiii4 #ai4 ,_m ( !m probably came f ! e>ly p]iods ( ,israeliti% hi/ory4 ,mo/ ( ! laws1 l ^? ( ! prophetic codes 9 ,deut]onomy1 are e?ical & humane r ?an c]emonial4 ,! code1 z a :ole1 is a rem>kable comb9ation ( prophetic & prie/ly tea*+4 ,x m>ks ! transition f ! age ( ! prophets1 repres5t$ by ,deut]onomy1 to t ( ! prie/s & ritual1 repres5t$ by ! prie/ly codes prop]4 ,l e important e>ly collection ( laws1 ,x also has be5 mu* supplem5t$ by lat] editors2 ! orig9al ,hol9ess ,code1 h[ev]1 may be giv5 a date soon aft] ! fir/ captivity 9 #eig ,b4,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prie/ly codes ,! influ5ces repres5t$ by ,ezekiel & ! ,hol9ess ,code h giv5 u ! rema9+ laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,^! are f\nd 9 ,leviticus i-xvi41 xxviii41 &1 except+ ,exodus xx4-xxiii41 xxxiv41 9 ! legal sections ( ,exodus & ,numb]s4 ,!y deal almo/ entirely ) su* c]emonial subjects1 z ! =ms & rules ( sacrifice1 ! obs]vation ( ! annual religi\s fe/ivals1 & ! rights & duties ( prie/s4 ,_m ( !m incorporat$ laws & cu/oms z old or old] ?an ! days ( ,moses4 ,an e>ly & important gr\p1 te*nically kn[n z ! ,prie/ly tea*+ 7,lev4 i4-iii41 v4-vii41 xi4-xv42 ,num4 v41 vi41 xv41 xix4 #ad-bb71 is repeat$ly designat$ z ! torah ( ! burnt-(f]+ 7,lev4 vi4 #i71 or ! torah ( ! meal-(f]+ 7vi1 #ad71 or ! torah ( ! unclean & clean bea/ or bird 7xi4 #df1 #dg74 ,x is evid5tly bas$ ^u ! toro?1 or decisions1 r5d]$ by ! prie/s conc]n+ ! v>i\s c]emonial que/ions ?us treat$4 ,! recurr+ phrase1 accord+ to ! ord9ance1 probably ref]s to ! fix$ usage obs]v$ 9 connection ) ! fir/ temple4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! date ,! atmosph]e & po9t ( view ( ^! prie/ly laws z a :ole are ! exilic & po/-exilic p]iods4 ,! ritual has become mu* m elaborate1 ! position ( ! prie/s mu* m prom95t1 & _! income f> great] ?an be=e ! exile4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 prie/ & ,levite1 :i* 0 n recogniz$ be=e ! exile1 is cle>ly def9$4 ,! annual fea/s h increas$1 & _! old joy\s "* has l>gely disappe>$ "u ! d>k %ad[ ( ! exile4 ,s9-(f]+s1 guilt-(f]+s1 trespass-(f]+s1 & ! day ( atonem5t 7practically unkn[n be=e ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #ehf ,b4,c47 reflect ! _s ( ! lat] ,judaism :i* s\ght to w9 ,jehovah's favor by its _m sacrifices4 ,)9 ^! prie/ly codes !re is also evid5ce ( developm5t4 ,! old] collections1 su* z ! prie/ly tea*+s1 7 probably made e>ly 9 ! ,babylonian exile4 ,o!rs repres5t ! gradual expansion & supplem5t+ ( ^! old] gr\ps1 ! process app>5tly cont9u+ until ! days ( ,nehemiah & ,ezra4 ,! :ole1 !re=e1 is ! fruit ( ! rem>kable prie/ly lit]>y activity betwe5 #fjj & #djj ,b4,c41 & possibly ext5d+ ev5 lat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,adoption ( ! prie/ly law ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 ,! ,jewi% community :i* ,nehemiah f\nd 9 ,pale/9e 0 /ill liv+ "u ! ,deut]onomic law1 & app>5tly knew no?+ ( ! v diff]5t dem&s ( ! prie/ly codes4 ,8 re=m measures record$ 9 ,nehemiah v4 & xiii41 z well z 8 effective "w 9 repair+ ! walls1 prep>$ ! way = ! sweep+ innovations :i* foll[$ ! public acceptance ( ! new law-book1 br\ght accord+ to tradition by ,ezra4 ,five out ( ! eight regulations specifi$ by ! oa? !n tak5 by ! lead]s ( ! nation 7,neh4 x4 #cj-ci7 are f\nd only 9 ! prie/ly codes2 "o ( !m1 inde$1 is n pres5t$ else:]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,h5ce=? ! life ( ! ,jewi% race is m\ld$ by ^! lat] codes4 ,x is1 !re=e1 safe to conclude t !y con/itut$ ! ess5ce ( ! new law-book solemnly adopt$ by ! ,jewi% community z its guide some:]e ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 ,sid5ote3 ,aim & *>act]i/ics ( ! prie/ly n>ratives ,inasmu* z ! int]e/ ( ! prie/s c5tr$ 9 c]emonial in/itutions & ! hi/ory ( ! law r ?an ab\t individuals & politics1 x 0 natural t !y also %\ld write _! own hi/ory ( ! race4 ,_! g5]al purpose 0 to give an introduction & sett+ to _! laws4 ,z might be anticipat$1 ?is prie/ly hi/ory incorporates ! traditions ( ! late prie/ly s*ool1 & !re=e ^? curr5t long c5turies aft] ! ev5ts record$ transpir$4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! prophetic n>ratives1 ! aim is n prim>ily hi/orical1 b doctr9al4 ,! peculi> vocabul>y1 language1 & !ological conceptions are ^? :i* di/+ui% ! po/-exilic prie/ly editors ( ! late/ ,old ,te/am5t laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! sket* ( ! e>li] hi/ory ,_! hi/ory beg9s ) ! maje/ic acc\nt ( creation 9 ,g5esis i4 #a to ii4 #d;a4 ,god does n =m man f ! du/1 z 9 ! primitive prophetic acc\nt1 b by a simple ^w ( comm&2 & by progressive acts ( creation he realizes 8 p]fect plan1 :i* culm9ates 9 ! creation ( mank9d4 ,! lit]>y /yle is t ( a legali/3 =mal1 precise1 repetiti\s1 & g5]ic4 ,! ultimate aim ( ! n>rative is to trace ! orig9 ( ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba? back to ! creation4 ,! g5ealogical hi/ory ( ,g5esis v4 connects ?is acc\nt ( creation ) ! prie/ly v]sion ( ! flood /ory :i* leads up to ! cov5ant ) ,noah4 ,! prie/ly g5ealogical hi/ories ( ,g5esis x4 & xi4 #aj-bg trace ! ance/ry ( ! ,hebrews ?r\gh ,abraham4 ,reg>d+ ?is patri>* ^! lat] hi/orians pres5t only a brief sket*2 9 ,g5esis xvii41 h[ev]1 !y exp& _! n>rative to give 9 detail ! orig9 ( ! rite ( circumcision1 :i* !y associate ) him4 ,jacob is to !m *iefly ( int]e/ z ! fa!r ( ! t5 tribes4 ,sid5ote3 f ,egypt to ,canaan ,! hi/ory ( ! exp]i5ces ( ! ,hebrews 9 ,egypt is briefly outl9$ z ! prelude to ! traditional in/itution ( ! fea/ ( ! passov]4 ,s9ai1 h[ev]1 is ! great goal ( ! prie/ly n>ratives1 = ab\t x !y gr\p all _! laws4 ,x is _! concrete me?od ( proclaim+ ! antiquity & div9e orig9 ( ,israeliti% legislation4 ,! p]iod ( ! wild]ness w&]+ is also made ! backgr\nd ( _m important legal prec$5ts4 ,! prie/ly hi/ory concludes ) an acc\nt ( ! conque/ ( ,canaan & ! allotm5t ( ! t]ritory to ! diff]5t tribes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! lack ( hi/orical p]spective ,9 ^! late prie/ly n>ratives ! hi/orical p]spective is sometimes consid]ably %ort5$ & sometimes l5g!n$4 ,moreov]1 _! repres5tation (t5 diff]s widely f t ( ! p>allel b mu* e>li] prophetic hi/ories4 ,! orig9al traditions h also assum$ l>g] proportions1 & ! sup]natural elem5t is mu* m prom95t4 ,?is is evid5tly ! result ( long transmission1 9 an age t _h l>gely lo/ ! hi/oric s5se1 & among ! prie/ly exiles1 :o 7 f> remov$ f ! real life ( ,pale/9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iations betwe5 ! old] & lat] n>ratives4 ,! wide v>iations betwe5 ! old] prophetic & late prie/ly acc\nts ( ! same ev5ts might be illu/rat$ by scores ( examples4 ,! foll[+ p>allel acc\nt ( ! exodus w suffice3 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly ,judean ,prophetic ,acc\nt ,ex4 xiv4 l#i;b4 ,!n ! pill> ( cl\d *ang$ its position f be=e !m & /ood beh9d !m4 7#bj;b7 ,& ! cl\d light$ up ! night2 yet ?r\gh\t ! entire night ! "o army did n come ne> ! o!r4 7#ba;b7 ,& ,jehovah caus$ ! sea to g back by a /rong ea/ w9d all ! night1 & made ! b$ ( ! sea dry4 7#bd;b7 ,& x came to pass 9 ! wat* be=e ! dawn t ,jehovah look$ =? ?r\gh ! pill> ( fire & ( cl\d ^u ! ho/ ( ! ,egyptians1 7#be7 & he b\nd _! horsem54 ,sid5ote3 ,late ,prie/ly ,acc\nt ( ! ,exodus 7#ba;a1 c7 ,!n ,moses /ret*$ out 8 h& ov] ! sea1 & ! wat]s 7 divid$1 7#bb7 s t ! ,israelites w5t into ! mid/ ( ! sea on ! dry gr\nd2 & ! wat]s 7 a wall to !m on _! "r h& & on _! left4 7#bc;b7 ,& ! ,egyptians w5t 9 aft] !m into ! mid/ ( ! sea1 all ,ph>aoh's horses1 8 *>iots1 & 8 horsem54 7#bf7 ,!n ,jehovah said to ,moses1 ,/ret* out ?y h& ov] ! sea1 t ! wat]s may come aga9 ^u ! ,egyptians1 ^u _! *>iots & _! *>iot :eels1 s t !y proce$$ ) difficulty4 ,!n ! ,egyptians said1 ,let u flee f be=e ,israel2 = ,jehovah fighte? = !m aga9/ ! ,egyptians4 7#bg;b7 ,b ! sea return$ to its ord9>y level t[>d morn+1 :ile ! ,egyptians 7 fly+ be=e x4 ,& ,jehovah %ook (f ! ,egyptians into ! mid/ ( ! sea1 7#bh;b7 s t n "o ( !m rema9$4 7#cj7 ,?us ,jehovah sav$ ,israel t day out ( ! p[] ( ! ,egyptians2 & ,israel saw ! ,egyptians dead ^u ! sea-%ore4 7#bg;a7 ,s ,moses /ret*$ =? 8 h& ov] ! sea1 7#bh;a7 & ! wat]s return$ & cov]$ ! *>iots1 & ! horsem51 ev5 all ! ho/ ( ,ph>aoh t w5t 9 aft] !m into ! sea4 7#bi7 ,b ! ,israelites walk$ ^u dry l& 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 ! wat]s be+ a wall to !m on _! "r h&1 & on _! left4 ,footnote3 ,/ud5t's ,old ,te/am5t1 ,vol4 ,i41 #age1 #agf4 ,sid5ote3 ,inf]ior hi/orical value ( ! prie/ly n>ratives ,no "o c d\bt = a mom5t t ! old]1 simpl]1 & m natural v]sion is1 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 ! m accurate4 ,! normal man to-day has outgr[n ! crav+ = ! grotesquely sup]natural4 ,! omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 lov+ ,creator1 :o reveals himself ?r\gh ! gr[+ fl[]1 comm&s our admiration z fully z a ,god :o speaks ?r\gh ! unusual & extraord9>y4 ,ev]y?+ is possible ) ,god1 & ! man is bl9d inde$ :o w\ld d5y ! ,inf9ite ,be+1 :o is all & 9 all1 ! ability to pass beyond ! b\nds ( t :i* we1 ) our extremely limit$ vision1 h designat$ z natural4 ,! real "q is1 ,h[ did ,god see fit to accompli% 8 ends8 ,our judicial & hi/orical s5se unhesitat+ly incl9es to ! old] & simpl] n>ratives z conta9+ ! true answ]4 ,9 di/+ui%+ ^! diff]5t /r&s ( n>rative1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t mod]n biblical s*ol>%ip has p]=m$ a s]vice invaluable alike to ! /ud5t ( lit]ature1 ( hi/ory1 & ( revelation4 ,sid5ote3 ,recognition ( _! defects & real value ,9 pass+1 x is in/ructive to note t1 almo/ )\t exception1 ,+]soll's once fam\s examples ( ! mi/akes ( ,moses 7 drawn f ! prie/ly n>ratives4 ,x is safe to pr$ict t _h t le>n$ juri/ be5 introduc$1 :5 a boy1 to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z reveal$ 9 mod]n light1 he w\ld h enjoy$ a v diff]5t popul> fame4 ,9 ! div9e economy1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! sl$ge-hamm] ( ridicule may play an important rle 9 %att]+ false claims & ! unt5able !ories :i* obscure ! real tru?4 ,x is :olesome to apply ! pr9ciple ( relative values to ! ,bible1 s9ce "o _c fully appreciate ! be/ )\t recogniz+ t :i* is inf]ior4 ,^! prie/ly n>ratives come f a s*ool :i*1 9 its rev]5ce = ! =m & ! lett]1 _h began to lose sight ( ! vital & spiritual4 ,its /ill lat] product is t rituali/ic ,judaism :i* /&s 9 su* unfavorable contra/ to ! p]fect$ spiritual revelation :i* came ?r\gh ,jesus4 ,at ! same "t1 ! recognition ( ! defects ( ! late prie/ly s*ool %\ld n det] u f appreciat+ ! ri* religi\s tea*+ ( a n>rative l ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 nor f accept+ its great message1 namely1 t ?r\gh all natural ph5om5a & hi/ory ,god is reveal+ & p]fect+ 8 graci\s purpose4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ,*ronicles & ,ezra-,nehemiah ,! long ecclesia/ical hi/ory f\nd 9 ,i & ,,ii ,*ronicles & ! orig9al sequel ( ^! books1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 7 writt5 f ! same g5]al po9t ( view z ! late prie/ly n>ratives1 b 9 a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,! same peculi> lit]>y /yle & conceptions1 :i* recur ?r\gh\t ^! f\r books1 %[ cle>ly t !y are f "o au?or & age4 ,s9ce !y trace ! hi/ory to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,greek p]iod & speak ( ! k+s & ev5ts ( ! ,p]sian p]iod z if !y belong$ to ! di/ant pa/1 x is evid5t t ! anonym\s au?or1 :o is usually designat$ z ! ,*ronicl]1 liv$ aft] ! conque/s ( ,alex&]4 ,! int]nal evid5ce all po9ts to ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/ z ! date ( _! composition4 ,sid5ote3 ,its g5]al po9t ( view ,f ! au?or's evid5t int]e/ 9 ! ritual ( ! temple1 & especially its song s]vice1 x w\ld appe> t he belong$ to "o ( ! guilds ( temple s+]s t became prom95t 9 ! po/-exilic p]iod4 ,8 hi/ory c5tres ab\t ! sanctu>y & its s]vices4 ,s9ce ,judah1 n ,israel1 is ! l& ( ! temple1 ,nor!rn ,israel is almo/ completely ignor$4 ,l ! late prie/ly hi/orians1 8 *ief aim is to trace ! orig9 ( ! c]emonial in/itutions back to ! beg9n+s ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,?us he repres5ts ! song s]vice & ! guilds ( s+]s z hav+ be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! days ( ,david4 ,liv+ z he did "u ! glam\r ( ! great ,p]sian & ,greek empires1 he1 9 common ) 8 contempor>ies1 idealiz$ ! pa/ glories ( 8 race4 ,z we comp>e 8 v]sions ( e>ly ev5ts ) ! old] p>allel acc\nts ( ,samuel & ,k+s1 we f9d t iron has become gold1 & hundr$s h become ?\s&s1 & defeats are trans=m$ into victories4 ,no m5tion is made ( ! crimes ( su* k+s z ,david & ,solomon1 s9ce !y are v5]at$ pr(\ndly z ! f\nd]s ( ! temple4 ,sid5ote3 ,s\rces ( ,i & ,,ii ,*ronicles ,! basis ( ,i & ,,ii ,*ronicles is ! prophetic hi/ory ( ,samuel & ,k+s2 f ^! ! au?or quotes v]batim *apt] aft] *apt]1 accord+ z _! cont5ts are adapt$ to 8 purpose4 ,?is gr\ndwork he supplem5ts by introduc+ ! prie/ly traditions curr5t 9 8 own day4 ,possibly he quotes also f c]ta9 some:at e>li] writt5 collections ( traditions1 = to ^?1 foll[+ ! example ( ! au?or ( ,k+s1 he frequ5tly ref]s 8 read]s = fur!r in=mation4 ,9 "s cases ^! lat] traditions may h pres]v$ au!ntic1 supplem5tal data2 b :5 ! repres5tation ( ,*ronicles diff]s1 z x frequ5tly does1 f t ( ,samuel & ,k+s1 ! old] & m sob] prophetic hi/ory is und\bt$ly to be foll[$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old] s\rces quot$ 9 ,ezra-,nehemiah ,9 ,ezra & ,nehemiah ! au?or has pres]v$ "s exce$+ly valuable hi/orical mat]ial1 = he has quot$1 =tunately1 long sections f two or ?ree old] s\rces4 ,oae is ! docum5t 9 ,ezra iv4 #g to vi4 #ad1 ! orig9al ,aramaic ( :i* is reta9$4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 a temple record1 dat+ f ! middle or latt] "p ( ! ,p]sian p]iod1 & tells ( ! int]ruption ( ! temple build+ 9 ! days ( ,d>ius & ! f9d+ ( ! orig9al decree ( ,cyrus sanction+ ! re/oration ( ! %r9e ( ,j]usalem4 ,/ill m important is ! wond]ful memoir ( ,nehemiah quot$ 9 ,nehemiah i41 ii41 iv4 to vii4 #e1 xii4 #ca1 #cb1 #cg-dj1 & xiii4 #d-ca4 ,"h we are able to /udy ! ev5ts ( an exce$+ly important p]iod ?r\gh ! eyes ( ! man :o1 by 8 able & self-sacrific+ ef=ts1 did m ?an any "o else to develop & %ape lat] ,judaism4 ,less important1 yet sugge/ive1 citations are tak5 f ! prie/ly traditions reg>d+ ! "w ( ,ezra4 ,! f9al editor has app>5tly re>rang$ ?is mat]ial 9 ord] to give to ! "w ( ,ezra ! scribe su* prec$5ce ov] t ( ,nehemiah ! layman1 z1 f 8 lat] ,levitical po9t ( view1 he deem$ prop]4 ,re/or+ :at seems to h be5 ! orig9al ord] 7i4e41 ,ezra vii4 viii41 ,neh4 vii4 #gj to viii4 #ah2 ,ezra ix41 x42 ,neh4 ix41 x47 & /udy+ x z ! sequel ( ,nehemiah's ess5tial pione] "w1 ! obscurities ( ?is p]iod beg9 to disappe> & its significant facts to /& out 9 cle> relief4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( ! writ+s ( ! prie/ly s*ool ,?us we f9d t1 quot+ l>gely z he does1 f mu* old] s\rces1 ! au?or ( ?is great ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ,judah & ! temple has giv5 u1 9 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 "s exce$+ly important hi/orical data4 ,8 writ+s also cle>ly reveal ! ideas & in/itutions ( 8 own day2 b o!rwise x is n z hi/ory t 8 "w is ( p]man5t value4 ,r x is because1 9 common ) all ! great tea*]s :o speak to u ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he believ$ firmly 9 ! moral ord] ( ! univ]se1 & t back ( all ev5ts & all hi/ory is an inf9itely p[]ful yet j & m]ciful ,god :o is con/antly reveal+ himself to mank9d4 ,:ile ^! lat] prie/ly writ]s 7 n 9 su* close t\* ) fact & life z 7 ! prophets1 & :ile !y 7 subject to ! defects ( all extreme rituali/s & !ologians1 !y 7 fai?ful h]alds ( tru? to _! own & lat] g5]ations4 ,beh9d _! symbolism & traditions lie c]ta9 great univ]sal pr9ciples :i* amply rew>d an e>ne/ que/4 ,x ,,! ,,hebrew ,,sages ,,& ,,_! ,,prov]bs ,sid5ote3 ,rle ( ! sages 9 ,israel's life ,9 ! days ( ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel 7,j]4 xviii4 #ah2 ,ezek4 vii4 #bf7 ?ree di/9ct classes ( religi\s tea*]s 7 recogniz$ by ! p3 ! prophets1 ! prie/s1 & ! wise m5 or sages4 ,f _! lips & p5s h come practically all ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,( ^! ?ree classes ! wise m5 or sages are f> less prom95t or well kn[n4 ,!y wrote no hi/ory ( ,israel1 !y prea*$ no public s]mons1 nor d !y appe> to h be5 connect$ ) any sanctu>ies4 ,quietly1 z private tea*]s1 !y appeal$ to ! nation ?r\gh ! consci5ces & wills ( individuals4 ,prov]bs viii4 #a-e reveals _! me?ods3 ,do? n wisdom cry1 ,& und]/&+ put =? h] voice8 ,on ! top ( high places by ! way1 ,:]e ! pa?s meet1 %e /&e?2 ,beside ! gates1 at ! entry ( ! city1 ,at ! co9+ 9 at ! doors1 %e crie? al\d3 ,unto y1 ,o m51 ,i call2 ,& my voice is to ! sons ( m54 ,o ye simple1 und]/& prud5ce2 ,& ye fools1 be ( an und]/&+ he>t4 ,at ! op5 spaces beside ! city gates1 :]e legal cases 7 tri$1 at ! int]sections ( ! /reets1 :]ev] m5 congregat$1 ! sages ( anci5t ,israel c\ld be f\nd1 ready & eag] to in/ruct or advise ! inexp]i5c$ & fooli%4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! functions ,! wise man or sage is a *>act]i/ic ,ori5tal figure4 ,fir/ ,k+s iv4 #cj speaks ( ! f>-fam$ wisdom ( ! nomadic tribes ( nor!rn ,arabia & ( ! wisdom ( ,egypt4 ,! sage appe>s to h be5 ! product ( ! e>ly nomadic ,semitic life1 9 :i* books 7 unkn[n & ! practical wisdom ga9$ by exp]i5ce 0 treasur$ 9 ! m9ds ( c]ta9 m5 :o 7 call$ ! wise or sages4 ,9 our m complex we/]n life su* functions h be5 di/ribut$ among ! memb]s ( ! legal1 m$ical1 & cl]ical pr(essions1 b ev5 n[1 9 small] t[ns1 may be f\nd an ,uncle ,toby :o is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! anci5t ,hebrew sage4 ,to m5 ( ?is type "y & old resort ) _! private problems1 & r>ely return )\t receiv+ real help & light4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 sages are /ill to be f\nd1 usually gray-be>d$ eld]s1 honor$ & influ5tial 9 ! tribe or t[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,s\rce ( _! k & inspiration ,( ! ?ree classes ( ,israel's tea*]s ! sages /ood 9 close/ t\* ) ! p4 ,!y 7 naturally ! fa!r-confessors ( ! community4 ,obs]vation 0 _! guide1 enlight5$ common s5se _! int]pret]1 & exp]i5ce _! tea*]4 ,! great book ( human life1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important *apt]s ( div9e revelation1 0 ?r[n op5 wide be=e !m4 ,! tru?s t !y read !re1 z _! eyes 7 div9ely op5$ to see x1 are record$ 9 ! wisdom books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1--,prov]bs1 ,job1 ,! ,song ( ,songs1 & ,ecclesia/es4 ,sid5ote3 ,! objects ( _! att5tion ,x is significant t nei!r ,israel nor ! nation is m5tion$ 9 all ! wisdom lit]ature1 & t man is spok5 ( ?irty-?ree times 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs alone4 ,man 0 ! object ( _! /udy & tea*+2 ! nation1 only z x 0 made up ( individuals4 ,9 ?is respect ! sages /& 9 contra/ ) ! prophets1 ^: message usually is to ! nation4 ,!y also h little to say ab\t ! ritual or ! =ms ( religion4 ,to !m ! fe> & k ( ,god is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 & its end a normal relation to ,god1 to "o's fell[m51 & to life4 ,_! message is direct$ equally to all mank9d4 ,! subjects t comm&1 _! att5tion are ( univ]sal int]e/3 ! nature & t5d5cies ( man1 & 8 relations & duties to ,god1 to society1 to ! family1 & to himself4 ,ev]y?+ t conc]ns man1 :e!r x be ! till+ ( ! soil1 ! *oice ( a wife1 ! conduct ( a lawsuit1 or ! prop] deportm5t 9 ! pres5ce ( a rul]1 comm&s _! e>ne/ consid]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! aims n !oretical b practical ,! ,hebrew sages1 h[ev]1 7 n m]e /ud5ts ( human nature or philosoph]s4 ,k to !m 0 n an end 9 itself1 b only a means4 ,_! contribution to ,israel's life 0 c\nsel 7,j]4 xviii4 #ah74 ,_! aim 01 by ! aid ( _! tri$ maxims1 to s advise ! inexp]i5c$1 ! fooli%1 inde$1 all :o ne$$ advice1 t !y might live ! fulle/ & be/ lives & successfully atta9 all wor?y ends4 ,:ile _! tea*+ 0 di/9ctively e?ical & religi\s1 x 0 also v practical & utilit>ian4 ,z pa/ors & advis]s ( ! p1 !y drew _! pr9ciples & ideals f ,israel's prophets1 & appli$ !m to ! practical1 e-day problems ( life4 ,x is obvi\s t )\t _! pati5t1 devot$ in/ruction ! prep>ation ( ! *os5 p = _! mission w\ld h be5 imp]fect1 & t )\t a record ( _! tea*+s ! ,old ,te/am5t w\ld h be5 incomplete4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! tea*+s pres]v$ 9 prov]bs ,! prov]b 0 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic lit]>y =m 9 :i* ! sages treasur$ & imp>t$ _! tea*+s4 ,poetical 9 /ructure1 t]se1 (t5 figurative or epigrammatic1 ! prov]b 0 well calculat$ to ar\se individual ?\ght & make a deep impression on ! m9d4 ,transmitt$ f m\? to m\? = _m g5]ations1 l ! popul> tradition or law1 x lo/ by attrition all its unnecess>y elem5ts1 s t1 'l an arr[1' x %ot /raight to ! m>k4 ,bas$ on common human exp]i5ce1 x f\nd a ready response 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,9 ?is way cry/alliz$ exp]i5ce 0 transmitt$1 ga!r+ effectiv5ess & volume 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,job viii4 #h-aj speaks ( ?is accumulat$ wisdom h&$ d[n f ! =m] age1 t :i* ! fa!rs h se>*$ out4 ,!y %all tea* man & in=m him1 & utt] words out ( _! he>t4 ,job xv4 #ah also ref]s to t :i* wise m5 h told f _! fa!rs & h n hid x4 ,a prov]b ?us orally transmitt$ n only ga9s 9 beauty ( =m b also 9 au?ority1 = x is con/antly be+ te/$ 9 ! laboratory ( real life & receives ! sil5t atte/ation ( ?\s&s ( m5 & ( _m diff]5t g5]ations4 ,sid5ote3 ,expansion ( ! prov]b ,:5 ! sages desir$ to treat a _m-sid$ subject1 z1 = example1 intemp]ance1 !y /ill us$ prov]bs1 b comb9$ !m into brief gnomic essays 7e4 g41 xxiii4 #bi-he1 xxvi4 #a-ag74 ,sometimes1 to fix ! att5tion ( _! he>]s1 !y comb9$ two prov]bs1 s z to produce a p>adox1 z 9 ,prov]bs xxvi4 #d1 #e3 ,answ] n a fool accord+ to 8 folly1 ,le/ !m also be l unto him4 ,answ] a fool accord+ to 8 folly1 ,le/ he be wise 9 8 own conceit4 ,lat] !y develop$ ! simple gnomic essay into a philosophical drama1 ( :i* ,job is ! classic example1 or into a homily1 l ,ecclesia/es4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( fables & riddles ,side by side ) ! prov]b1 ! sages appe> f ! e>lie/ times to h us$ ! fable also2 ?is is illu/rat$ by ! fable ( ,jo?am 9 ,judges ix4 #f-ba4 ,( ! riddle a fam\s examples is t ( ,samson 9 ,judges xiv4 #ad1 #ah1 :i* comb9es rhy?m ( s\nd ) rhy?m ( ?\ght & well illu/rates ! =m ( ! e>lie/ popul> ,hebrew poetry3 ,out ( ! eat] came some?+ to eat1 ,& out ( ! /rong came some?+ sweet1 ,& its answ]3 ,if ) my heif] y did n pl[1 ,y _h n solv$ my riddle n[4 ,prov]bs xxx4 #ae-ca conta9s a collection ( num]ical riddles1 comb9$ ) _! answ]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,traces ( prov]bs & ! "w ( sages 9 ! ,hebrew hi/ory ,prov]bs are f\nd 9 ! olde/ ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,! ,midianite k+s1 await+ dea? at ! h& ( ,gideon1 cite a popul> prov]b1 ,= z ! man1 s is 8 /r5g?4 ,david 9 8 conv]sation ) ,saul says1 ,z runs ! prov]b1 ,out ( ! wick$ come? =? wick$ness 7,i ,sam4 xxiv4 #ac74 ,frequ5t ref]5ces are also f\nd to wise m5 & wom51 & examples are giv5 ( _! prud5ce & insight ,?us ,joab1 ,david's iron-he>t$ comm&]1 br+s a wise woman f ,tekoa1 ! lat] home ( ! prophet ,amos1 to aid him 9 secur+ ! recall ( ! bani%$ ,absalom4 ,by h] feign$ /ory %e succe$s 9 work+ ^u ! sympa?y ( ! k+ to su* a degree t he commits himself f9ally to a pr9ciple :i* %e at once asks him to apply to ! case ( 8 own son 7,,ii ,sam4 xiv4 #a-bd74 ,sid5ote3 ,basis ( ,solomon's reputation = wisdom ,! /ories told 9 ,i ,k+s iii4 #af-bh1 to illu/rate ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 sugge/ ! hi/orical basis ( ! reputation :i* he enjoy$ 9 ! ?\ght ( succe$+ g5]ations4 ,su* /ories also indicate1 z d ! o!r e>ly examples ( ! "w ( ! wise1 ! conception ( wisdom held 9 t m primitive age4 ,su* wisdom does n necess>ily include e?ical righte\sness or ev5 practical executive ability1 = ! true ,solomon ( hi/ory 0 lack+ 9 bo?2 b r a c]ta94 %rewdness1 v]satility1 & ke5ness ( insight :i* enable its possessor to disc]n :at is n cle>ly app>5t4 ,fir/ ,k+s iv4 #bi-cd conta9s ! lat] popul> tradition ( ,solomon's wisdom3 7#bi7 ,& ,god gave ,solomon wisdom & insight 9 pl5tiful measure1 & bread? ( m9d1 ev5 z ! s& t is on ! sea%ore1 7#cj7 s t ,solomon's wisdom surpass$ ! wisdom ( all ! ea/]n ,arabians & all ! wisdom ( ,egypt4 7#ca7 ,= he 0 wis] ?an all m53 ?an ,e?an ! ,ezrahite1 & ,heman1 ,calcol1 ,d>da1 ! sons ( ,mahol1 & 8 fame 0 9 all ! surr\nd+ nations4 7#cb7 ,& he utt]$ ?ree ?\s& prov]bs1 & 8 songs 7 five ?\s&4 7#cc7 ,& he spoke ( diff]5t v>ieties ( trees1 f ! c$> t is 9 ,lebanon ev5 to ! hyssop t spr+s out ( ! wall2 he spoke also ( bea/s1 ( birds1 ( creep+ ?+s1 & ( fi%es4 7#cd7 ,& !re came "s f among all peoples to he> ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 deput$ by all k+s ( ! e>?1 :o _h he>d ( 8 wisdom4 ,sid5ote3 ,reason :y all anci5t prov]bs 7 attribut$ to him ,a popul> prov]b1 l a primitive oral law1 usually gr[s out ( common human exp]i5ce1 & is gradually =mulat$ & m\ld$ into its f9al lit]>y =m by successive g5]ations4 ,no "o man c claim x z 8 own1 & ev5 if he c\ld1 ! anci5t ,semitic ,ea/1 :i* c>$ s little ab\t au?ors' titles1 w\ld h quickly =gott5 8 "n4 ,t ,solomon did utt] c]ta9 brilliant aphorisms1 embelli%$ by illu/rations drawn f animal & plant life1 _c be d\bt$2 & t "s ( !m h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs is probable4 ,^! facts & ! popul> tradition t t5d$ to exalt 8 wisdom cle>ly expla9 :y all ,hebrew prov]bs 7 attribut$ to him 7,prov4 i4 #a71 9 ! days ( ! f9al edit+ ( ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce t ,prov]bs comes f _m diff]5t writ]s ,t our pres5t book ( ,prov]bs is ! "w ( _m unkn[n sages1 & consi/s ( a collection ( small] gr\ps com+ f diff]5t p]iods1 is demon/rat$ by ! sup]scriptions :i* recur ?r\gh\t ! book1 su* z1 ,^! are ! prov]bs ( ,solomon 7x4 #a71 ,^! also are ! say+s ( ! wise 7xxiv4 #bc71 ,^! are ! prov]bs ( ,solomon :i* ! m5 ( ,hezekiah k+ ( ,judah copi$ out 7xxv4 #e71 ,! words ( ,k+ ,lemuel 7xxxi4 #a71 ,! same prov]bs also recur ,9 diff]5t gr\ps1 indicat+ t orig9ally !y 7 indep5d5t collections1 glean$ f ! same field4 ,:5 ! fir/ collection 0 made1 ! title ,prov]b ( ,solomon evid5tly meant a popul> maxim h&$ d[n f antiquity & !re=e naturally attribut$ to ! mo/ fam\s wise man 9 ,israel's e>ly hi/ory4 ,x is an in/ructive fact t lat] prov]bs1 ! imm$iate sup]scriptions to :i* pla9ly /ate t !y come f _m diff]5t sages1 are /ill call$ ,prov]bs ( ,solomon2 x betrays an exact p>allel to ! simil> t5d5cy1 app>5t 9 ! legal & prophetic lit]ature1 to attribute late anonym\s writ+s to e>li] au?ors4 ,?is is also fur!r illu/rat$ by su* late ,jewi% books z ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon or ! ,psalms ( ,solomon4 ,sid5ote3 ,te/imony ( ! individual prov]bs ,! individual prov]bs confirm ! g5]al conclusion t !y come f _m diff]5t au?ors4 ,^? :i* comm5d fidelity to "o wife & k+ly consid]ation = ! rights ( subjects1 qualities 9 :i* ,solomon 0 sadly lack+1 d n fit 9 8 m\?4 ,_m are writt5 f ! po9t ( view ( a subject1 & describe :at a man %\ld d 9 ! pres5ce ( a rul]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! e?ical /&>ds upheld are ^? ( prophets :o liv$ & taught long aft] ! days ( ! ,gr& ,mon>* :o fasc9at$ 8 own & succe$+ g5]ations by 8 brilliant wit r ?an by 8 /]l+ virtues4 ,sid5ote3 ,real nature ( ,prov]bs ,! book ( ,prov]bs is f> m ?an an epitome ( 8 v]satile say+s3 x repres5ts at lea/ t5 c5turies ( exp]i5ce div9ely guid$1 b won (t5 ?r\gh mi/akes & bitt] disappo9tm5ts4 ,x conta9s ! _m index h&s1 set up be=e ! eyes ( m5 to po9t !m f error to tru?1 f folly to "r1 & f failure to success4 ,l mo/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 x embodies ! contributions ( _m diff]5t tea*]s writ+ f _m diff]5t ages & po9ts ( view4 ,_! common aim is well express$ by ! sage :o app5d$ to ,prov]bs ! preface3 ,to acquire wisdom & tra9+1 ,to und]/& rational disc\rse1 ,to receive tra9+ 9 wise conduct1 ,9 uprightness1 ju/ice1 & rectitude1 ,to imp>t discretion to ! inexp]i5c$1 ,to ! "y k & insight2 ,t ! wise man may he> & add to 8 le>n+1 ,& ! man ( intellig5ce ga9 education1 ,to und]/& a prov]b & a p>able1 ,! words ( sages & _! aphorisms4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ edition ( ,prov]bs ,! /ructure & cont5ts ( ! book sugge/ its lit]>y hi/ory4 ,l ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x appe>s to h pass$ ?r\gh diff]5t /ages1 & to h be5 supplem5t$ repeat$ly by ! addition ( new collections4 ,! orig9al nucleus is probably f\nd 9 x4 #a to xxii4 #af2 ?is is introduc$ by ! simple sup]scription1 ,! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon4 ,! =m ( ! prov]b is simple2 ! atmosph]e is joy\s1 prosp]ity prevails1 virtue is rew>d$2 a k+ :o loves ju/ice & righte\sness is on ! ?rone 7xiv4 #ce1 xvi4 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 xx4 #h1 xxii4 #aa72 ! ri*1 & poor /& 9 ! same relation to ea* o!r z 9 ! days ( ! pre-exile prophets2 & ! tea*+ ( _! prophets--righte\sness is m acceptable ?an sacrifice--is frequ5tly reit]at$ 7xv4 #h1 xvi4 #f1 xxi4 #c1 #bg74 ,:ile ?is long collection d\btless conta9s _m prov]bs ant$at+ ev5 ! beg9n+s ( ,israel's hi/ory & possibly "s add$ lat]1 ! indications are t !y repres5t ! orig9al edition ( ! book :i* ! ,jews c>ri$ ) !m into ! ,babylonian exile4 ,?is e>ly collection 0 p]haps made "u ! inspir+ influ5ce ( ! reign ( ,josiah4 ,sid5ote3 ,dates ( ! o!r collections ,und\bt$ly ! rema9+ collections also conta9 _m v anci5t prov]bs1 b z a :ole _! lit]>y =m & ?\ght is m complex4 ,! descriptions ( ! k+s sugge/ ! ,p]sian & ,greek tyrants :o rul$ ov] ! ,jews dur+ ! long c5turies aft] ! exile 7cf4 xxv4 #a-g1 xxviii4 #b1 #ab1 #ae1 #bh1 xxix4 #b1 #d1 #af1 xix4 #ad71 ,! age ( ! prophets has app>5tly be5 succe$$ by t ( ! prie/ & ! law 7xxix4 #ah74 ,already ! ,jews h ta/$ ! bitt]ness ( exile 7xxvii4 #h74 ,!re are also c]ta9 po9ts ( close contact ) prov]bs ( ,b5 ,sira1 writt5 ab\t #aij ,b4,c4 ,! sages z a class are v prom95t1 z 9 ! lat] c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,^! & _m o!r indications lead to ! conclusion t ! diff]5t collections 7 probably made aft] ! exile1 & t ! noble introduction1 i4-ix41 & ! two *apt]s 9 ! app5dix 7 n add$ until "s "t 9 ! ,greek p]iod1--n long be=e #bjj ,b4,c4 ,! date1 h[ev]1 :5 ^! prov]bs arose & 7 committ$ to writ+ is comp>atively unimportant1 save z a k ( _! backgr\nd aids 9 _! int]pretation1 & z !y1 9 turn1 reveal ! life & ?\ght ( ! p]secut$1 tempt$ ,jews1 ^: religi\s life c5tr$ 9 ! second temple4 ,sid5ote3 ,tea*+ ( ! ,song ( ,songs ,probably 9 ! ,greek p]iod also a poet-sage collect$ & wove toge!r c]ta9 love & w$d+ songs ( 8 race4 ,! result 0 call$ ! ,song ( ,songs1 t is1 ! ,pe]less ,song4 ,accord+ to "o int]pretation1 x pres5ts1 9 a s]ies ( sc5es1 ! he>t /ruggle ( a simple c\ntry maid5 ) ! prompt+s ( a true1 pure love = a %eph]d lov] & ! bewild]+ attractions ( a royal m>riage2 & true love 9 ! end triumphs4 ,:atev] be ! int]pretation1 x is cle> t ?is exquisite little book1 s fill$ ) pictures ( nature & simple c\ntry life1 0 int5d$ to emphasize ! duty & beauty ( fidelity to nature & ! prompt+s ( ! human he>t4 ,?is ?\ght is express$ 9 ! p[]ful passage :i* seems to voice ! c5tral tea*+ ( ! poem3 ,love is /rong z dea?2 ,jeal\sy is z cruel z ,%eol2 ,its fla%es are fla%es ( fire1 ,a v flame ( ,jehovah4 ,_m wat]s _c qu5* love1 ,nei!r c floods dr[n x3 ,if a man w\ld give all ! sub/ance ( 8 h\se = love1 ,he w\ld utt]ly be condemn$4 ,,xi ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,israel',s ,,philosoph]s ,sid5ote3 ,discussions ! problem ( evil ,an int5se int]e/ 9 man l$ c]ta9 ( ,israel's sages 9 "t to devote _! att5tion to m g5]al philosophical problems1 su* z ! moral ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! e>li] prov]bs1 prophetic hi/ories1 & laws1 ! doctr9e t s9 0 always puni%$ by suff]+ or mis=tune1 & conv]sely t calamity & mis=tune 7 sure evid5ce ( ! guilt ( ! "o affect$1 _h be5 reit]at$ until x _h become a dogma4 ,9 n9e out ( t5 cases ?is doctr9e 0 true1 b 9 "t exp]i5ce prov$ t ! t5? case might be an exception4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! tea*]s ( ! race d5i$ or ignor$ ?is exception1 c]ta9 wise m51 fai?ful & unfl9*+ 9 _! analysis ( human life1 fac$ ! fact t ! innoc5t z well z ! guilty sometimes suff]4 ,_! que/ = ! answ] to ! et]nal "q1 ,:y8 is record$ 9 ! books ( ,job & ,ecclesia/es4 ,sid5ote3 ,! primitive /ory ( ,job ,! basis ( ! book ( ,job ,is und\bt$ly a primitive /ory4 ,traces ( a tradition some:at simil> h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian lit]ature4 ,! ,babylonian treatm5t ( ! moral problem t x pres5ts is ev5 m /rik+ly simil>4 ,ezekiel also ref]s to a well-kn[n popul> ,hebrew v]sion ( ! /ory ( ,job 7xiv4 #ad73 ?\gh ^! ?ree m51 ,noah1 ,daniel1 & ,job1 7 9 x 7! guilty l&71 !y w\ld deliv] simply _! own lives _! righte\sness1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah 7cf4 also xiv4 #bj74 ,evid5tly 9 ,ezekiel's day ^! names repres5t$ ?ree anci5t wor?ies1 ea* conspicu\s = 8 sup]lative piety4 ,! ,hebrew ^w "h us$ also indicates t ! righte\sness attribut$ to !m 0 con=mity to ! dem&s ( ! ritual4 ,?is agrees closely ) ! repres5tation ( ! prose v]sion ( ! /ory f\nd 9 ,job i4 ii4 & xlii4 #g-ag2 "h ! supreme illu/ration ( ,job's piety is t he repeat$ly sacrifices burnt-(f]+s1 :5ev] !re is ! lea/ possibility t 8 sons h s9n$ 7i4 #d1 #e74 ,also 9 describ+ 8 p]fection 7i4 #a71 ! same unusual t]m is employ$ z 9 ! prie/ly n>rative ( ,g5esis vi4 #i1 :]e ,noah's righte\sness is portray$4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9al tea*+ & application ( ! prose /ory ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t ! anci5t /ory ( ,job 0 committ$ to writ+ by "s prie/ dur+ ! ,babylonian exile4 ,s9ce ,job & 8 fri5ds live out on ! bord]s ( ! ,arabian des]t to ! ea/ or s\!a/ ( ,pale/9e1 x seems cle> t ! tradition came to ! ,hebrews orig9ally f "s =eign s\rce2 b 9 ! prose =m 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ,job1 x has be5 ?or\ghly naturaliz$1 = ,job is a fai?ful s]vant ( ,jehovah & ! law4 ,ignor+ = ! mom5t ! poetical sections 7iii4 #a to xlii4 #f71 we f9d t ! prose /ory has a direct1 practical message = ! brok5-he>t$ exiles1 cru%$ b5ea? an ov]p[]+ calamity4 ,jehovah is te/+ 8 s]vant p1 z he te/s ,job 9 ! /ory1 to prove :e!r or n !y fe> ,god = n\ght 7i1 #i74 ,if !y be> ! te/ )\t compla9t1 z did ,job1 all _! =m] possessions w be re/or$ to !m 9 d\ble measure 7xlii4 #g-ag74 ,sid5ote3 ,! problem ( ! poetical sections ( ,job ,?is prose /ory has app>5tly be5 utiliz$ & giv5 a v diff]5t int]pretation by a lat] poet-sage 9 ^: e>s rang ,j]emiah's words ( angui%1 f\nd 9 *apt] xx4 #ad-ah ( 8 prophecy 7cf4 ,job iii471 & to ^: e>s came also ! cry ( ! pi\s voic$ 9 ,mala*i ii4 #ag3 ,e "o :o does evil is good 9 ! sight ( ,jehovah1 & he delighte? 9 !m4 ,:]e is ! ,god ( ju/ice8 ,! old solutions ( ! problem ( evil 7 be+ op5ly disc>d$4 ,!y :o fe>$ ,jehovah 7 say+ 7iii1 #ac1 #ad71 ,x is va9 to s]ve ,god2 & :at pr(it is x to h kept 8 *>ge or to h walk$ 9 fun]al g>b be=e ,jehovah ( ho/s8 ,ev5 n[ we mu/ congratulate ! arrogant2 yea1 !y :o "w wick$ness are entr5*$2 yea1 !y tempt ,god & escape6 ,) a boldness & ?or\ghness t mu/ h seem$ to 8 contempor>ies dang]\s & h]etical1 ! great poet-sage pres5ts ! problem 9 all its int5sity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! role ( ,job & 8 fri5ds 9 pres5t+ ! problem ,he adopts ! popul> /ory1 utiliz+ x z 8 prologue & epilogue3 b z we pass to *apt] iii1 ! simple1 pure ,hebrew yields to sublime poetry1 %ot ?r\gh ) ! words & idioms & ideas ( a mu* lat] age4 ,! designation ( ,god is no long] ,jehovah b ,el or ,eloah or ,%addai4 ,! "* ( ,job sudd5ly *anges2 in/ead ( be+ ! pati5t1 submissive s]vant ( ! law1 he boldly1 almo/ defiantly1 *>ges ,god ) inju/ice4 ,! role ( ! fri5ds also *anges1 & !y figure z *ampions ( ! ,deity4 ,9 _! successive spee*es !y pres5t 9 detail ! curr5t dogmas & ! popul> explanations ( suff]+4 ,9 8 replies ,job po9ts out _! inapplicability to ! supreme problem ( :i* he is ! embodim5t4 ,! action & progress 9 ?is great drama is )9 ! m9d ( ,job himself4 ,by degrees he rises to a cle> p]ception ( ! fact t he is innoc5t ( any crime comm5surate ) ! ov]:elm+ s]ies ( calamities :i* h ov]tak5 him2 & he ?us ?r[s (f ! %ackles ( ! anci5t dogma4 ,f ! seem+ly cruel & unju/ ,god :o has br\ght ?is undes]v$ calamity ^u him1 he !n appeals to ! ,inf9ite ,be+ :o is back ( all ph5om5a4 ,sid5ote3 ,! message ( ! book ,! reply to ?is appeal1 & ! au?or's contribution to ! et]nal problem ( evil1 are f\nd 9 xxxviii4 ,i to xlii4 #f4 ,x is n a solution1 b ?r\gh ! wond]s ( ! natural _w1 x is a full] revelation to ! m9d ( ,job1 ( ! omnipot5ce1 ! omnisci5ce1 ! wisdom1 & ! goodness ( ,god4 ,ev5 ?\gh he _c disc]n ! reason ( 8 own suff]+1 he le>ns to "k & to tru/ ! wisdom & love ( ! ,div9e ,rul]4 ,i _h he>d ( ?is by ! he>+ ( ! e>2 ,b n[ m9e eye see? !e 7xlii4 #e74 ,sid5ote3 ,tea*+ ! ,elihu passage xxxii-xxxvii ,fai? triumphs ov] d\bt1 & ! problem1 ?\gh unsolv$1 s9ks into comp>ative insignificance4 ,app>5tly ano!r poet-sage has add$1 out ( ! dep?s ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 8 contribution to ! problem ( suff]+ 9 ! spee*es ( ,elihu 7*apt]s xxxii-xxxvii74 ,x is t suff]+ rightly borne becomes a bless+ because x is "o ( ,god's ways ( tra9+ 8 s]vants4 ,?is inde$ is an expansion ( ! explanation urg$ by ,eliphaz 9 v4 #ag1 ,behold1 happy is ! man :om ,god correcte?4 ,:ile ^! spee*es ( ,elihu are writt5 9 a diff]5t lit]>y /yle & h1 9 fact1 no vital connection ) ! orig9al poem ( ,job1 !y nev]!less conta9 a great & int5sely practical tru?2 !y h rightly f\nd a place 9 ?is m>vell\s book4 ,simil>ly ! sublime description ( wisdom 9 *apt] xxviii4 makes good its title2 x c1 h[ev]1 be /udi$ be/ by itself ap>t f ,job's impassion$ prote/ations ( 8 innoc5ce 7*apt] xxix474 ,sid5ote3 ,probable hi/ory ( ! book ( ,job ,?us ! book ( ,job1 l s _m o!r ,old ,te/am5t writ+s1 has its own lit]>y hi/ory4 ,some:]e & sometime1 back 9 an e>ly ,semitic p]iod1 !re d\btless liv$ a man1 conspicu\s = 8 virtue & prosp]ity4 ,^u him fell a mis=tune s great & app>5tly undes]v$ t x made a deep impression1 n only ^u 8 contempor>ies1 b also ^u ! m9ds ( lat] g5]ations4 ,?us !re grew up a common ,semitic /ory ( ,job :i* 0 9 "t ?or\ghly naturaliz$ 9 ,israel4 ,probably a ,jewi% prie/ 9 ! exile fir/ committ$ x to writ+ 9 ord] to assure 8 fell[-suff]]s t c\ld !y b be pati5t & submissive ,jehovah w\ld soon re/ore !m to _! =m] prosp]ity4 ,! pa9ful exp]i5ces t came to ! ,jews1 especially to ! pi\s1 dur+ ! middle & latt] "p ( ! ,p]sian p]iod 7sometime betwe5 #dej & #cdj ,b4,c471 conv9c$ a poet- sage t ! old int]pretations ( ! mean+ ( suff]+ did n suffice4 ,accord+ly into ! he>t ( ! famili> /ory ( ,job he inject$ 8 p[]ful1 impassion$ message4 ,lat] writ]s1 inspir$ by 8 inspir+ g5ius1 add$ _! contributions to ! solution ( ! p]5nial problem4 ,h5ce by #bjj ,b4,c41 at lea/1 ! book ( ,job 0 probably curr5t 9 its pres5t =m4 ,sid5ote3 ,age & po9t ( view ( ,ecclesia/es ,! same ev]-recurr+1 insi/5t que/ions reg>d+ ! moral value & mean+ ( life l$ ano!r lat] wise man to embody ! results ( 8 obs]vation & exp]i5ce 9 :at we n[ "k z ! book ( ,ecclesia/es4 ,al?\gh i4 #af & ii4 #g1 #i cle>ly imply t _m k+s _h already reign$ 9 ,j]usalem1 ! au?or seems to put 8 obs]vations 9 ! m\? ( ,solomon1 ! ackn[l$g$ patron ( wisdom tea*+4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! book is "o ( ! late/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is ov]:elm+ly conclusive4 ,! language is t ( an age :5 ,hebrew _h long ceas$ to be spok54 ,! life mirror$ ?r\gh\t is t ( ! luxuri\s1 corrupt ,greek p]iod4 ,if n directly1 at lea/ indirectly1 x reflects ! doctr9es ( ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans4 ,x 0 a crook$1 sordid1 we>y _w ^u :i* its au?or look$4 ,x is n /range t a ve9 ( mat]ialism & pessimism runs ?r\gh 8 obs]vations & maxims4 ,all is vanity is ! dom9ant note1 & yet light alt]nates ) %ad[4 ,he loses fai? 9 human nature2 yet he does n give up 8 fai? 9 ,god1 ?\gh t fai? is d>k5$ by ! desolat5ess ( ! outlook4 ,:ile ! book has practical religi\s tea*+s1 p]haps its *ief mission1 aft] all1 is vividly to portray ! d>kness j be=e ! dawn ( ! belief 9 a future life & be=e ! glori\s ris+ ( ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness4 ,sid5ote3 ,significance ( ! lat] additions ,its tea*+s naturally call$ =? _m prote/s1 explanations1 & supplem5ts1 & ^! h f\nd ! p]man5t place 9 ! book t !y rightfully des]ve4 ,its fragm5t>y /ructure & abrupt transitions also made lat] ins]tions exce$+ly easy4 ,^! are ! simple/ & ! mo/ natural explanation ( ! %>p contradictions t ab\nd 9 ! book 7cf4 e4g41 ii4 #bb & iii4 #bb1 or iv4 #b & ix4 #d1 or iii4 #af & iii4 #ag1 or viii4 #ad & ix4 #b1 or iii4 #a-i & iii4 #aa74 ,! prea*]1 ^: pa9ful exp]i5ces & prevail+ly pessimi/ic tea*+s are ! orig9al basis ( ! book1 appe>s to h be5 consi/5t ?r\gh\t4 ,he ends 9 xii4 #h ) ! same refra91 ,vanity ( vanities2 all is vanity6 ,9 a div9e libr>y l ! ,old ,te/am5t1 reflect+ e side ( human ?\ght & exp]i5ce1 su* a book is n inappropriate4 ,its contradictions provoke ?\ght2 !y beget also a true appreciation ( ! positive notes ?us br\ght into dramatic contra/ ) ! gr\nd tones ( pessimism :i* res\nd ?r\gh all lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,,xii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,psalt] ,sid5ote3 ,nature ( ! ,psalt] ,correspond+ to ! book ( ,prov]bs1 itself a select libr>y conta9+ ,israel's be/ gnomic lit]ature1 is ! ,psalt]1 ! comp5dium ( ! nation's lyrical songs & hymns & pray]s4 ,x is ! record ( ! s\l exp]i5ces ( ! race4 ,its language is t ( ! he>t1 & its ?\ghts ( common int]e/ to wor%ipful humanity4 ,x reflects almo/ e phase ( religi\s feel+3 p5it5ce1 d\bt1 remorse1 confession1 fe>1 fai?1 hope1 adoration1 & praise4 ,ev5 ! unlovely emotion ( hatr$ is frankly express$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! imprecatory psalms4 ,! ,psalms appeal to mank9d 9 e age & l& because1 be+ s div9e & yet s human1 !y re/ on ! f\ndations ( univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,:5ev] a he>t is break+ ) sorr[ or pulsat+ ) ?anksgiv+ & adoration1 its /ronge/ emotions f9d adequate expression 9 ! simple & yet sublime language ( ! ,psalt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ! prophets ^u x ,9 ! famili> do+s ( ,m>y & ,za*>ias1 f\nd 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,luke1 we may trace ! beg9n+s ( ! hymn lit]ature ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 a lit]ature :i* lat] became "o ( ! ,*ur*'s mo/ valu$ possessions4 ,if ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h be5 clos$ 9 #ajjj in/ead ( #djj ,a4,d41 its books w\ld d\btless h includ$ a hymnal :i* w\ld h correspond$ closely to ! ,psalt] ( ! ,old4 ,j z ! ,psalms repres5t ! application ( ! great doctr9es ( ! ,hebrew prophets 9 ! spiritual life ( ! community1 s ?is new hymnal w\ld repres5t ! p]sonal application ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus & ! apo/les to ! religi\s life ( ! ,*ur* & ! individual4 ,! ,psalt] is also :at x is because its backgr\nd is a p]iod ( /ress & sev]e trial4 ,9 ! hot furnace ( affliction & p]secution ! psalmi/s le>n$ to appreciate ! tru?s :i* !y s confid5tly & effectively proclaim4 ,!n ! spiritual tea*+s ( ! e>li] prophets1 :i* 7 contemptu\sly reject$ by _! contempor>ies1 7 at la/ appropriat$ by ! community4 ,! ,psalt] z a :ole appe>s1 !re=e1 to be "o ( ! late/ & mo/ preci\s fruits ( ! div9e revelation record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce ( di/9ct collections ( psalms ,9 its pres5t =m1 ! ,psalt] is divid$ into five books or collections4 ,at ! end ( ea* collection !re is a conclud+ doxology 7xli41 lxxii41 lxxxix41 cvi74 ,! la/ psalm 7cl47 s]ves z a conclud+ doxology1 n only to ! fif? collection1 b also to ! ,psalt] z a :ole4 ,c]ta9 psalms are also reproduc$ 9 two diff]5t collections ) only slight v>iations4 ,= example1 xiv4 is practically id5tical ) liii41 except t 9 ! fir/ ,jehovah is always us$ z ! designation ( ! ,deity1 & 9 liii4 ,elohim or ,god2 aga9 ,psalm xl4 #ac-ag is reproduc$ 9 lxx42 lvii4 #g-aa & lx4 #e-ab are toge!r practically equival5t to cviii4 ,^! & k9dr$ facts indicate t ! ,psalt]1 l ! book ( ,prov]bs1 is made up ( collections orig9ally di/9ct4 ,! division into exactly five gr\ps appe>s to be comp>atively late1 & to be 9 imitation ( ! fivefold division ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,sid5ote3 ,! olde/ collection ,! g5esis ( ! book ( ,prov]bs is exce$+ly helpful 9 trac+ ! closely analog\s gr[? ( ! ,psalt]4 ,! prevail+ =m ( ! sup]scriptions & ! pr$om9ant use ( ! "n ,jehovah or ,elohim also aid 9 ?is difficult task4 ,psalms i4 & ii4 are introductory to ! entire book4 ,psalms iii-xli4 all be> ! ,davidic sup]scription & use ! designation ,jehovah two hundr$ & sev5ty-two times1 b ,elohim only fifte54 ,! =m & cont5ts ( ^! psalms1 z well z _! position1 sugge/ t !y are ! olde/ collection 9 ! book4 ,9 ! ,greek v]sion all ! psalms ( ! collection f\nd 9 li-lxxii41 except+ ,psalm lxvi41 :i* is anonym\s1 & lxxii41 :i* is attribut$ to ,solomon1 h also ! ,davidic sup]scription4 ,al?\gh c]ta9 subsequ5t psalms are ascrib$ to ,david1 z1 = example1 lxxxvi41 ci41 & ciii41 ! close ( ! collection1 is ! significant epilogue 7lxxii4 #bj71 ! pray]s ( ,david ! son ( ,jesse are end$4 ,sid5ote3 ,mean+ & value ( ! sup]scriptions ,be=e ! approximate date ( ^! collections c be det]m9$ ! significance ( ! ,davidic title ne$s int]pretation4 ,9 ! ,hebrew v]sion1 ?is title is borne by sev5ty-?ree psalms4 ,two are ascrib$ to ,solomon 7lxxii4 & cxxvii471 "o to ,moses 7xc471 & tw5ty-f\r to ! memb]s ( ! po/-exilic guilds ( temple s+]s4 ,! sup]scriptions ( ! ,greek & ,syrian v]sions conta9 _m v>iations f ^? 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,?is is probably due to ! fact t sup]scriptions are usually add$ by lat] scribes 9 ^: m9ds ! "q ( au?or%ip fir/ became prom95t4 ,9 e>li] ,hebrew ! phrase commonly translat$ ,psalm ( ,david w\ld m naturally mean a psalm = ,david or d$icat$ or attribut$ to ,david4 ,! latt] appe>s to h be5 its orig9al significance4 ,l ! title1 ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 x 0 us$ to di/+ui% an anci5t poem1 :i*1 be+ a psalm1 0 naturally ascrib$ to ,david1 & to him lat] ,judaism1 9 common ) ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 attribut$ all psalm lit]ature4 ,a detail$ /udy ( ! sup]scriptions soon demon/rates t ! majority ( !m repres5t only ! conjectures ( scribes :o 7 guid$ by curr5t traditions or sugge/ions embodi$ 9 ! psalms !mselves4 ,9 ?is mann]1 to ,solomon1 ! build] ( ! temple1 is ascrib$ ,psalm cxxvii41 because x ref]s to ! build+ ( ! h\se 9 its op5+ v]se4 ,! ,greek v]sion ev5 attributes to ,david ,psalm xcvi41 :i*1 x /ates1 0 writt5 :5 ! temple 0 be+ built aft] ! captivity4 ,sid5ote3 ,david's relation to ! psalt] ,s9ce ! sup]scriptions to ! ,psalt] 7 only v late additions1 ! "q /ill rema9s1 ,:at 0 ! basis ( ! late ,jewi% tradition t makes ,david ! fa!r ( ! psalm lit]ature1 z 0 ,solomon ( ! wisdom1 ,moses ( ! legal1 & ,eno* ( ! apocalyptical8 ,! o!r ,old ,te/am5t books give no direct answ]4 ,!y tell u1 h[ev]1 t ! w>rior k+ 0 skill$ 9 play+ ! lyre1 & we are aw>e t to ?is1 9 antiquity1 an improvis$ accompanim5t 0 usually sung4 ,we also h ! acc\nt ( ,david's t\*+ elegies ov] ! dea? ( ,saul & ,jona?an & ( ,abn] 7,,ii ,sam4 i41 iii4 #cc1 #cd74 ,moreov]1 ! e>ly hi/orical books vividly portray ! faults ( ,david1 ! limitations :i* he %>$ 9 common ) 8 contempor>ies1 & 8 deeply religi\s _s2 b !y leave ! "q ( 8 relation to ! ,psalt] to be settl$ by ! te/imony ( ! individual psalms4 ,"h ! evid5ce is n conclusive4 ,x is cle> t _m ( ! psalms attribut$ by tradition to him 7 writt5 9 ! cle>] light ( lat] prophetic tea*+ & amid v diff]5t circum/ances f ^? :i* surr\nd$ ,israel's e>ly k+4 ,/ill x w\ld be dogmatic to ass]t t no?+ f 8 lips is to be f\nd 9 ! ,psalt]2 & to po9t out ) assurance ^? passages & psalms :i* mu/ be ,davidic is q z unw>rantable4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce ( pre-exilic elem5ts 9 ! ,psalt] ,! ,psalt] is cle>ly ! repository ( t :i* 0 be/ 9 ! e>li] spiritual life & ?\ght ( ! race4 ,:ile !re are no direct ref]5ces to songs 9 connection ) ! pre-exilic ,jewi% temple1 ,amos 7v4 #bc7 f\nd !m 9 use at ! sanctu>y at ,be!l2 & f ,psalm cxxxvii4 #c1 #d x w\ld appe> t ! exiles 9 ,babylonia 7 acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 songs ( ,zion or songs ( ,jehovah4 ,treasur$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 & attribut$1 p]haps ev5 by ! "t ( ! exile1 z a :ole to ,david1 !y con/itut$ ! basis ( ! e>lie/ collections ( psalms1 :i*1 z we h not$1 practically )\t exception be> ! ,davidic sup]scription4 ,! date ( ea* individual psalm1 h[ev]1 mu/ be det]m9$ indep5d5tly on ! basis ( its own te/imony1 al?\gh ! hi/orical allusions are few & ! data 9 _m cases are f> f decisive4 ,sid5ote3 ,approximate date ( ! e>lie/ collections ,j :5 ! e>lie/ collections1 f\nd 9 iii4-xli4 & li4-lxxii41 7 made is a comp>atively unimportant yet difficult "q to decide4 ,probably ! rebuild+ ( ! temple 9 #eaf ,b4,c4 0 "o ( ! great inc5tives4 ,! example ( ! ,babylonians1 :o possess$ a l>ge & ri* psalm lit]ature1 may also h ex]t$ an indirect influ5ce4 ,at lea/ x is c]ta9 t ! guilds ( temple s+]s & ! song s]vice became increas+ly prom95t 9 ! religi\s life ( ! ,jewi% community :i* grew up ab\t ! re/or$ temple4 ,! pres5ce ( alphabetical psalms1 z1 = example1 ix41 x41 xxv41 xxxiv41 xxxvii41 9 ! e>lie/ collection sugge/s also ! leisure ( ! exile4 ,! hi/orical backgr\nd ( _m ( ^! psalms is cle>ly ! exile & ! long p]iod ( di/ress t foll[$4 ,!y voice ! exp]i5ces ( ! poor1 /ruggl+ b& ( ! pi\s1 :o1 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( oppressors1 f\nd 9 ,jehovah alone _! refuge & _! joy4 ,"s ( ^! psalms also reflect ! prophetic tea*+s ( ,j]emiah 7e4g41 xvi41 xxxix7 & ( ,isaiah xl4-lxvi4 ,9 g5]al _! attitude t[>d sacrifice is t ( ! prophets3 ,= ?\ desire/ n sacrifice2 ,else w\ld ,i give x4 ,?\ delighte/ n 9 burnt (f]+4 ,! sacrifices ( ,god are a brok5 _s2 ,a brok5 & a contrite he>t1 ,o ,god1 ?\ wilt n despise4 ,religion is def9$ 9 ! t]ms ( life & acts4 ,c]emonialism has n yet ca/ its *ill+ influ5ce ov] ! he>t ( ! nation4 ,!re=e ! e>lie/ collections may1 ) consid]able assurance1 be assign$ to a date n lat] ?an ! days ( ,nehemiah 7ab\t #djj ,b4,c474 ,sid5ote3 ,lat] collections ,psalms xlii4-l4 & lxxiii-lxxxiii4 con/itute a collection ( ,levitical hymns4 ,if we may foll[ ! indications ( _! sup]scriptions1 !y consi/ ( two orig9ally di/9ct gr\ps1 ! "o1 xlii4-xlix41 associat$ ) & possibly at fir/ collect$ & pres]v$ by ! po/-exilic guild ( temple s+]s1 kn[n z ! sons ( ,korah1 & ! o!r1 l41 lxxiii4-lxxxiii41 simil>ly attribut$ to ,asaph1 ! guild ( temple s+]s1 m5tion$ fir/ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,greek p]iod4 ,9 ^! two gr\ps ! prie/s & ,levites & ! liturgy are prom95t4 ,psalms lxxxiv4-lxxxix4 con/itute a %ort ,levitical supplem5t4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,psalt] is also made up ( orig9ally small] collections1 z1 = example1 ! ,psalms ( ,asc5t or ! ,pilgrim ,psalms 7cxx4-cxxxiv471 & ! ,hallelujah ,psalms 7cxi4-cxiii4 & cxlvi4-cl474 ,"s ( ! latt] come p]haps f ! ,jews ( ! disp]sion4 ,ea* collection appe>s to repres5t a fre% glean+ ( ! same or slightly diff]5t fields1 incorporat+ anci5t ) contempor>y psalms1 &1 z has be5 not$1 n infrequ5tly includ+ "s already f\nd 9 e>li] collections4 ,sid5ote3 ,completion ( ! ,psalt] ,c]ta9 ( ! psalms1 su* z lxxiv41 lxxix41 lxxxiii41 seem cle>ly to reflect ! horrors ( ! ,maccabean /ruggle 7#afi-afe ,b4,c474 ,lat] ,jewi% lit]ature be>s te/imony t 9 ! la/ two c5turies be=e ,*ri/ psalm writ+ increas$ r ?an decreas$ 7cf4 e4g41 ,psalms ( ,solomon74 ,c]ta9ly ! exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i* ! ,jews pass$ dur+ ! middle ( ! second c5tury 7 ( a nature to evoke psalms simil> to ^? 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,! probabilities1 !re=e1 are t ! ,psalt]1 9 its f9al =m1 is1 l ! book ( ,daniel1 "o ( ! late/ writ+s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x 0 possibly dur+ ! prosp]\s reign ( ,simon1 :5 ! temple s]vice 0 enri*$ & e/abli%$ on a new basis1 t its canon 0 f9ally clos$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! book ( ,lam5tations ,! fact t !y all ga!r ab\t a def9ite ev5t 9 ,israel's hi/ory1 & probably ant$ate ! majority ( ! psalms 9 ! ,psalt]1 expla9s :y ! little collection ( lyrical poems1 kn[n z ! book ( ,lam5tations1 nev] f\nd a place beside ! k9dr$ psalms 7e4g41 ,pss4 xlii41 xliii7 9 ! l>g] book4 ,_! !me is ! ,babylonian exile & ! horrors & di/ress t x br\ght to ! scatt]$ memb]s ( ! ,jewi% race4 ,_! aim is prophetic1 t is1 to po9t out & confess ! guilt ( ! nation & its dire consequ5ces4 ,!y reflect ! tea*+s ( bo? ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel4 ,:ile x is n /range t lat] tradition attribut$ ! collection to ! fir/ ( ^! prophets1 its cont5ts d n support ! conjecture4 ,f\r out ( ! five poems are alphabetical1 & di/9ctly diff]5t po9ts ( view are repres5t$4 ,*apt]s ii4 & iv4 probably come f ! middle ( ! ,babylonian exile1 & to ! rema9d] mu/ be assign$ a /ill lat] p]iod4 ,sid5ote3 ,! national & individual elem5t 9 ! ,psalt] ,! ,psalt]1 ) its natural app5dix1 ! book ( ,lam5tations1 0 ! song & pray] book ( ! ,jewi% community4 ,a majority ( ! psalms1 & especially ^? 9 ! latt] "p ( ! book1 7 d\btless orig9ally int5d$ = liturgical use4 ,_m1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! fir/ p]son s+ul> is us$1 are to be int]pret$ collectively1 = "h1 z (t5 9 ! book ( ,lam5tations1 ! psalmi/ is speak+ 9 behalf ( ! community4 ,o!rs h be5 adapt$ to liturgical ends4 ,b 9 ! f9al analysis x is ! exp]i5ce & emotions ( ! individual s\l t f9d expression ?r\gh\t all ! psalms4 ,s9ce ^! exp]i5ces & emotions 7 %>$ 9 common by all "r-m9d$ memb]s ( ! community1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld 9 "t be employ$ 9 ! liturgy4 ,sid5ote3 ,e pluribus unum ,aga91 z we review ! hi/ory ( ! ,psalt]1 we are impress$ ) ! _m sides ( ,israel's life & human exp]i5ce t x repres5ts4 ,n "o1 b p]haps fifty or a hundr$1 inspir$ s\ls1 laym51 prophets1 prie/s1 sages1 k+s1 & w>riors1 h ea* clo!d ! div9e tru? t came to !m or to _! g5]ation 9 exquisite language & imag]y1 & giv5 x ?us to _! race & humanity4 ,successive editors h collect$ & comb9$ ! noble/ ( ^! psalms1 & ! ,psalt] is ! result4 ,! exact date ( ea* psalmi/ & editor is comp>atively unimportant1 = ?\gh diff]+ widely 9 orig9 & !me1 !y are all b\nd toge!r by a common purpose & a common belief 9 ! reality & ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god4 ,all nature & hi/ory & life are to !m b ! manife/ation ( 8 ju/ice & m]cy & love4 ,9 direct communion ) ! ,god :om !y p]sonally knew1 !y f\nd ! consolation & peace & joy t passe? all und]/&+1 ev5 ?\gh ! hea!n rag$ & _! foes plund]$ & taunt$ !m4 ,to t same hav5 ( re/ !y /ill pilot ! _w's /orm-toss$ m>9]s4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,canon ,sid5ote3 ,israel's lit]ature at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ,c\ld we h /udi$ ! scriptures ( ! ,israeliti% race ab\t #djj ,b4,c41 we %\ld h classifi$ !m "u f\r great divisions3 7#a7 ,! prophetic writ+s1 repres5t$ by ! comb9$ e>ly ,judean1 ,ephraimite1 & late prophetic or ,deut]onomic n>ratives1 & _! cont9uation 9 ,samuel & ,k+s1 toge!r ) ! e>li] & exilic prophecies2 7#b7 ! legal1 repres5t$ by ! majority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t laws1 comb9$ ) ! late prie/ly hi/ory2 7#c7 ! wisdom1 repres5t$ by ! old] small collections ( prov]bs2 7#d7 ! devotional or liturgical1 repres5t$ by ,lam5tations & ! e>li] collections ( psalms4 ,sid5ote3 ,! comb9+ ( ! prophetic & prie/ly hi/ories ,ev5 be=e all ! ,old ,te/am5t books 7 writt51 ! "w ( canonization began2 be=e ! fir/ l>ge canon 0 adopt$1 ! prophetic & prie/ly n>ratives1 & ) !m ! e>li] & lat] laws1 7 comb9$4 ,?is amalgamation 0 ! "w ( a late prie/ly editor4 ,! ,p5tateu* & its imm$iate sequel1 ,jo%ua1 is ! result4 ,sid5ote3 ,! me?od ( comb9+ ,a /udy ( ^! books makes cle> ! editor's me?od4 ,naturally he gave ! late prie/ly v]sions ! prec$5ce4 ,he plac$1 !re=e1 its v]sion ( ! creation fir/1--a position t x well des]ves4 ,probably z a result ( ?is arrangem5t ! old] & m primitive prophetic v]sion ( ,g5esis ii4 #d;a-#be 0 some:at abridg$1 = x beg9s ) ! picture ( a level pla91 wat]$ by a daily mi/1 & is imm$iately foll[$ by ! acc\nt ( ! creation ( man4 ,g5esis iii4 & iv4 are tak5 entirely f ! prophetic1 & practically all ( v4 f ! prie/ly1 gr\p ( n>ratives4 ,confront$ by two v>iant v]sions ( ! flood1 he jo9$ !m toge!r into a closely knit n>rative2 b all ! elem5ts ( bo? v]sions are s fai?fully pres]v$ t :5 !y are aga9 sep>at$1 behold6 ! two orig9ally complete & self-consi/5t v]sions reappe>4 ,! /ory ( ,noah1 ! fir/ v9ey>d-keep]1 9 ix4 #bj-bg1 is tak5 entirely f ! prophetic hi/ory1 b 9 x4 two di/9ct li/s ( ! nations are jo9$ toge!r4 ,all ! /ory ( ! t[] ( ,babel 9 xi4 #a-i is f ! prophetic1 :ile ! g5ealogical li/ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! *apt] is f ! prie/ly hi/ory4 ,! patri>*al & subsequ5t n>ratives are likewise comb9$ )1 ! same rem>kable skill4 ,sid5ote3 ,lat] biblical analogies ,?us ! fir/ six ,old ,te/am5t books 7 giv5 _! f9al =m4 ,! me?od 9 g5]al 0 ! same z t foll[$ by ! au?ors ( ! ,fir/ & ,?ird ,gospels 9 _! use ( ,mat!w's ,say+s ( ,jesus & ! orig9al ,m>k n>rative1 or by ! au?ors ( ,samuel1 ,k+s1 & ,*ronicles 9 _! citations f ! old] s\rces4 ,9 8 close fusion ( ?ree or f\r p>allel n>ratives ! editor's "w resembl$ mo/ closely t ( ,tatian1 :o ?us comb9$ ! f\r ,gospels 9 8 ,diatess>on4 ,s f> z we are able to obs]ve1 ! f9al editor ( ! ,hexateu* pres]v$1 l ,tatian1 mo/ ( ! mat]ial 9 8 old] s\rces1 except :]e a p>allel v]sion v]bally duplicat$ ano!r4 ,! prophetic & prie/ly n>ratives also foll[$ l9es s di/9ctly diff]5t t cases ( duplication 7 comp>atively few4 ,sid5ote3 ,deep significance ( ! "w ( ! lat] editors ,to ! late/ editor ( ! e>ly n>ratives we owe ! pres]vation ( "s or ! olde/ & mo/ valuable sections ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 t age & l& ( p]i%able writ+ mat]ials1 ! prevail+ me?od ( compilation 0 "o ( ! effective means :]eby ! important portions ( primitive records 7 h&$ d[n 9 practically _! orig9al =m4 ,x is well t we are beg9n+ to und]/& its significance 9 ! realization ( ! div9e purpose4 ,important beyond words1 al?\gh (t5 ov]look$1 7 ! s]vices ( ! fai?ful editors :o )\t ! slighte/ desire = p]sonal glory or rew>d1 o!r ?an ! p]petuation ( tru?1 c>efully select$1 cond5s$1 & comb9$ mat]ial glean$ f e>li] & full] s\rces4 ,to !m is due ! m>vell\s pres]vation ( our ,old ,te/am5t1 ,to ! honor$ rle ( ! prophets & apo/les1 !re=e1 let u add ! anonym\s r$actors4 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( ! beg9n+ ( ! cannonization ( ! ,law ,! f9al editors 7 ! imm$iate precursors ( ^? :o =m$ ! successive canons ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,inde$1 betwe5 ! "w ( ! =m] & ! latt] !re is no cle> l9e ( dem>cation4 ,a p]iod %ortly aft] #djj ,b4 c4 is ! date usually accept$ = ! "w ( ! f9al editor ( ! ,p5tateu*2 ! canonization ( ! law1 :i* includ$ ^! five books1 is dat$ betwe5 #djj & #cjj ,b4,c4 ,! real canonization ( ,israel's laws _h1 h[ev]1 begun mu* e>li]4 ,! primitive decalogue1 repres5t$ by ,exodus xxxiv41 & probably f ! fir/ associat$ ) ,moses1 appe>s1 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ,israel's hi/ory1 to h enjoy$ a canonical au?ority4 ,! primitive acc\nts1 9 ,exodus xix41 ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! cov5ant by ,jehovah ) 8 p m>k ! real beg9n+ ( ! process ( canonization1--a process1 t is1 ( attribut+ to c]ta9 laws a unique & comm&+ au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,popul> acceptance & promulgation ( ! e>li] codes ,likewise ! successive civil1 humane1 & c]emonial decalogues appe> f ! days ( ! unit$ k+dom to h occupi$ a simil> position4 ,prim>ily ?is 0 probably due to ! fact t ea* 0 bas$ ^u a div9e torah or decision1 receiv$ f ,jehovah ?r\gh ! prie/ly oracle4 ,! public read+ & promulgation ( ! ,deut]onomic laws 9 ! days ( ,josiah1 ) ! atte/ation ( ! prophets & ! solemn adoption by ! p1 0 an act ( canonization f> m =mal ?an ! f9al acceptance ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s by ! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age4 ,sid5ote3 ,adoption ( ! late prie/ly law ,! next great /age 9 ! canonization ( ! law is record$ 9 ,nehemiah x4 ,!n ! repres5tatives ( ! ,jewi% community ent]$ into a solemn obligation & took oa? to walk 9 ,god's law1 :i* 0 giv5 by ,moses ! s]vant ( ,god1 & to obs]ve to d all ! comm&s ( ,jehovah our ,"l & 8 ord9ances & 8 /atutes 7v4 #bi47 ,?is action appe>s to be ! hi/orical basis ( ! fanciful & incr$ible ,jewi% traditions conc]n+ ! "w ( ! ,great ,synagogue & ! au?ority ( ,ezra4 ,! new law ?us adopt$ 0 evid5tly ! "o gradually develop$ & f9ally =mulat$ by ! ,jewi% prie/s 9 ,babylonia4 ,x 0 accept$1 z 0 ! e>li] ,deut]onomic code1 because x met ! ne$s & appeal$ to ! moral & religions s5se ( ^? by :om x 0 adopt$4 ,sid5ote3 ,acceptance ( ! complet$ ,torah ,to set completely aside ! ,deut]onomic lawbook & ! primitive decalogue ( ,exodus xx4-xxiii41 already 9 =ce among ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 0 impossible & unnecess>y4 ,h5ce1 z we h not$1 x 0 ! task ( "s editor ( ! next g5]ation to comb9e ^! & ! e>li] prophetic hi/ories ) ! late prie/ly law & its accompany+ hi/ory4 ,naturally ?is :ole collection 0 /ill call$ ! ,torah or ,law & 0 at once accept$ z canonical by ! ,jews4 ,?is /ep 0 also mo/ natural because _! int]e/s all c5tr$ ab\t ! ritual1 & = two c5turies ! dom9ant t5d5cy _h be5 to exalt ! sanctity ( ! writt5 law4 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( ! f9al canonization ( ! ,law ,x is possible to fix approximately ! date ( ?is fir/ edition ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s1 s9ce ! ,sam>itans adopt$ & /ill reta9 simply ! ,p5tateu* & an abbreviat$ edition ( ,jo%ua z _! scriptures4 ,al?\gh ,josephus1 foll[+ a late ,jewi% tradition1 dates ! ,sam>itan s*ism at ab\t #ccj ,b4,c41 ! contempor>y evid5ce ( ,nehemiah xiii4 #bh sugge/s t x 0 n long aft] #djj4 ,x is !re=e safe to conclude t by #cej ,b4,c4 ! fir/ five books ( our ,old ,te/am5t _h n only be5 s+l$ out ( ! l>g] lit]ature ( ! race1 b 7 reg>d$ z possess+ a unique sanctity & au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr9ciples ( canonization ,z ! "n ,law sugge/s1 ! *ief reason = ?is 0 ! fact t ^! five books embodi$ laws long s9ce accept$ z b9d+4 ,! second reason 0 probably because !y 7 by curr5t tradition ascrib$ to ,moses4 ,! ?ird1 & n ! lea/1 01 d\btless1 because !y met ! ne$ felt by ! community = a unifi$ & au?oritative sy/em ( laws & = an au!ntic record ( ! e>li] hi/ory ( _! race1 especially t conc]n+ ! orig9 ( _! belov$ in/itutions4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce t ! ,law 0 fir/ canoniz$ ,! priority ( ! canon ( ! law is also prov$ by ! fact t1 al?\gh x conta9s "s ( ! lat] ,old ,te/am5t writ+s1 x /&s fir/1 n only 9 position b 9 ! e/eem ( ! ,jewi% race4 ,fur!rmore1 x became 9 "t ! designation ( all ! ,old ,te/am5t canonical writ+s4 ,! t]m ,law is ?us us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7e4g41 ,john x4 #cd1 xii4 #cd2 ,i ,cor4 xiv4 #ba71 9 ! ,talmud1 & by ! rabbis1 indicat+ t ! lat] gr\ps ( hi/orical1 prophetic1 & poetical books 7 simply reg>d$ z supplem5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,canonization ( ! prophetic writ+s ,! hi/ory ( ! canonization ( ! next gr\p1 kn[n z ! ,prophets1 is v obscurely record$1 & ?is l>gely because x rea*$ its culm9ation 9 ! ,greek p]iod1 conc]n+ :i* we h only ! mo/ meagre in=mation4 ,"h analogy ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is helpful4 ,! same influ5ces :i* l$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to add ! ,epi/les & ,acts und\bt$ly op]at$ ^u ! m9ds ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,law repres5t$ only a limit$ p]iod 9 _! national & religi\s hi/ory4 ,b ! addition ( ! e>ly prophetic & legal hi/ories to ! detail$ laws prep>$ ! way = ! expansion ( ! canon4 ,?is includ$ fir/1 ! f\r hi/orical books1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ,k+s1 ) ! exception ( ,ru?4 ,^! 7 designat$ z ! ,=m] ,prophets4 ,?us ev5 ! lat] ,jews recogniz$ _! true "* & au?or%ip4 ,! second division ( ! ,prophets includ$ ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ! ,book ( ! ,twelve1 :i* conta9$ ! m9or prophets4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce t ! hi/orico-prophetic books 7 fir/ add$ to ! ,law ,! ord] ( ! book & ! probabilities ( ! situation sugge/ t ! ,=m] ,prophets1 s9ce !y 7 ! imm$iate sequel ( ! prophetic hi/ories ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & record$ ! de$s ( su* h]oes z ,david1 ,solomon1 & ,isaiah1 7 add$ fir/4 ,t !y also be> ! m>ks ( late prie/ly revision1 is direct evid5ce ( ! e/eem 9 :i* !y 7 held by ! late prie/ly s*ool t complet$ ! canon ( ! ,law4 ,!y !re=e may h be5 add$ z e>ly z #cjj ,b4,c4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly kn[n to ! au?or ( ,*ronicles1 z 8 _m quotations f !m %[1 al?\gh x is difficult to see h[ he w\ld h felt z free z he does to sub/itute ! te/imony ( lat] tradition1 if !y 7 reg>d$ z equally sacr$ ) ! ,law4 ,sid5ote3 ,rev]5ce = ! prophetic ^w ,! ref]5ce to ! pr$iction ( ,j]emiah1 9 ! op5+ v]se ( ,ezra1 sugge/s ! rev]5ce ) :i* ! au?or ( ,*ronicles reg>d$ ! words ( ?is prophet4 ,! po/-exilic ,jews nev] ceas$ to rev]e ! prophetic ^w4 ,! popul> belief1 curr5t 9 ! ,greek p]iod1 t ! prophets _h ceas$ to speak only deep5$ _! rev]5ce = ! tea*+s ( ,moses' successors 7,deut4 xviii4 #ae-ai74 ,! devotion ( ! lat] scribes is ev9c$ by ! scores ( glosses :i* !y h add$ to ! old] prophecies4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 h[ /rong 0 ! t5d5cy1 ev5 9 prie/ly circles1 to add ! ,prophets to ! ,law4 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( completion ( ! prophetic canon ,! process 0 probably gradual & p]haps n complete until ! ,jews _h le>n$ fully to appreciate ! value ( _! anci5t ,scriptures1 aft] m>tyrs _h di$ = ! sacr$ writ+s dur+ ! ,maccabean /ruggle4 ,aside f supplem5ts made to old] books1 z1 = example1 ,ze*>iah ix4-xiv41 ! canon ( ! prophets 0 probably clos$ n lat] ?an #bjj ,b4,c4 ,f direct evid5ce x is cle> t ! book ( ,daniel 7writt5 ab\t #afe ,b4,c47 did n f9d a place 9 ?is canon4 ,x is also significant t 9 ! prologue to ! ,greek v]sion ( ,b5 ,sira or ,ecclesia/icus 7#acb ,b4,c47 ! translator ref]s repeat$ly--z ?\gh !y 7 !n reg>d$ z ( equal au?ority--to ! ,law & ! ,prophets & ! re/ ( ! books1 or to ! o!r books ( ! fa!rs4 ,b mo/ significant ( all1 ,b5 ,sira1 :o wrote ab\t #aij ,b4,c41 includes 9 8 li/ ( ,israel's h]oes 7xliv4-l47 n only ^? m5tion$ 9 ! ,torah1 b also ,david1 ,solomon1 ,hezekiah1 & ! *ief *>act]s 9 ! ,=m] ,prophets4 ,fur!rmore1 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel are introduc$ 9 _! prop] sett+s1 & ! panegyric closes ) a ref]5ce to ! twelve prophets collectively1 indicat+ t ,b5 ,sira 0 also acqua9t$ ) ! ,latt] ,prophets z a gr\p4 ,sid5ote3 ,! beg9n+ ( ! la/ /age 9 ! canonization ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,! ref]5ce to ! re/ ( ! books 9 ! prologue to ,b5 ,sira indicates t ev5 be=e #acj ,b4,c4 c]ta9 o!r writ+s _h be5 jo9$ to ! canon ( ! ,law4 ,b5 ,sira himself1 to judge f 8 description ( ,david 7cf4 xlvii4 #h1 #i1 & ,i ,*ron4 #be71 ,z]ubbabel1 ,jo%ua1 & ,nehemiah1 0 acqua9t$ ) ! books ( ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah4 ,*apt] xlvii4 #h app>5tly conta9s an allusion to a hymn-book attribut$ to ,david4 ,evid5tly he 0 also famili> ) ! book ( ,prov]bs1 includ+ its introductory *apt]s4 ,?us we h a glimpse ( ! beg9n+ ( t ?ird /age 9 ! canonization ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,new1 cont9u$ = fully ?ree c5turies4 ,sid5ote3 ,canonization ( ! ,psalt] & ,lam5tations ,! ,psalt] d\btless pass$ ?r\gh diff]5t /ages ( canonization1 z did ! ,old ,te/am5t itself4 ,! e>lie/ collection 01 9 ! beg9n+1 probably made = liturgical purposes1 & its adoption 9 ! s]vice ( ! temple 0 practically equival5t to canonization4 ,:5 successive collections 7 add$1 !y too 7 ?us canoniz$4 ,! result 0 t ! ,psalt]1 :5 complete1 enjoy$ a position some:at simil> to t ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 al?\gh ! au?ority ( ea* re/$ ^u a diff]5t basis4 ,t ! ,psalt] 0 e>ly canoniz$ is fur!r demon/rat$ by a quotation 9 ,i ,maccabees vii4 #ag 7ab\t #abe ,b4,c47 f ,psalm lxxix4 #b1 #c1 introduc$ by ! words1 z x is writt5 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,?is conclusion is also support$ by ! significant ref]5ce 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,psalms 7,lk4 xxiv4 #dd74 ,jesus' use ( ! ,psalt] indicates t 9 8 day its canonicity 0 already ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,lam5tations1 by a late tradition attribut$ to ,j]emiah1 0 probably also canoniz$ contemporane\sly ) ! ,psalms4 ,sid5ote3 ,! o!r books ( ! fa!rs ,! canonization ( ! book ( ,prov]bs1 l t ( ! ,psalt]1 0 und\bt$ly by successive /ages4 ,! ,jews ( ! ,greek & ,maccabean p]iod 7 especially appreciative ( ?is type ( lit]ature1 & x 0 d\btless accord$ its position ( au?ority prim>ily because x rang true to human exp]i5ce4 ,t x 0 attribut$ to ,solomon also told 9 its favor4 ,b5 ,sira's indirect te/imony sugge/s t x & ! books ( ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah1 :i* 7 9 close accord ) ! po9t ( view ( lat] ,judaism1 7 already 9 8 day associat$ ) ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,! book ( ,ru? 0 probably at ?is "t add$ to ! o!r hi/orical books4 ,sid5ote3 ,canonization ( ! book ( ,daniel ,! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce 9 ,b5 ,sira to ,daniel is significant4 ,! fir/ allusion to x comes f ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,fir/ ,maccabees i4 #ed appe>s to quote ! pr$iction ( ,daniel ix4 #bg1 & 9 ,i ,maccabees ii4 #ei1 #fj1 ,daniel & 8 ?ree fri5ds are held up z noble examples ( virtue4 ,?us x w\ld seem t )9 a half c5tury aft] ! book ( ,daniel 0 writt5 its au?ority 0 recogniz$4 ,9 ,new ,te/am5t times its canonicity is fully e/abli%$ 7e4g41 cf4 ,i ,cor4 vi4 #b1 & ,dan4 vii4 #bb74 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( ! completion ( ! ,hebrew ,old ,te/am5t canon ,conc]n+ ! canonicity ( two books1 ,ecclesia/es & ! ,song ( ,songs or ,canticles1 ! op9ions ( ! rabbis cont9u$ to diff] until ! close ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury4 ,f ! ,mi%na we le>n t ! s*ool ( ,%ammai accept$ ,ecclesia/es1 :ile t ( ,hillel reject$ x4 ,f9ally1 9 a conf]5ce 9 ,jamnia1 ab\t #ajj ,a4,d41 ! two s*ools f9ally agre$ to accept bo? books z canonical4 ,f ,second ,esdras & ,josephus1 h[ev]1 we le>n t ! pres5t ,hebrew & ,prote/ant canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _h already = "s "t be5 practically adopt$ by common cons5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont5ts ( ! la/ gr\p ( writ+s ,! la/ collection1 :i* includes elev5 books kn[n z ! ,hagiographa or ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 con/itutes ! ?ird g5]al division ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,x is a het]og5e\s gr\p ( hi/ories1 prophecies1 /ories1 & wisdom books4 ,"s1 l ! ,psalt]1 71 z we h se51 probably canoniz$ z e>ly z ! ,prophets2 al?\gh ! f9al canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 n clos$ until #ajj ,a4,d4 ,ev5 lat] ! canonicity ( ,ecclesia/es1 ! ,song ( ,songs1 & ,e/h] 0 sometimes que/ion$2 mo/ ( !m 7 reg>d$ z au?oritative z e>ly z #ajj ,b4,c4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! real decision 0 n ! "w ( any s*ool or c\ncil2 b gradually1 on ! basis ( _! intr9sic m]it1 ! tw5ty-f\r books ( ! ,hebrew ,bible 7 s+l$ out ( a mu* l>g] lit]ature & recogniz$1 at lea/ by ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 z ! au?oritative record ( ,god's revelation ?r\gh _! race4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,pale/9ian & ,alex&rian canons ,jewi% tradition1 repres5t$ by ,second ,esdras xiv4 & ! ,talmudic treatise ,baba ,ba?ra xv4 a1 /ates t all ! canonical books 7 9 exi/5ce 9 ! "t ( ,ezra4 ,:ile ! tradition is refut$ by ! hi/orical facts1 x appe>s to h influ5c$ ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e 9 %ap+ _! canon2 s9ce no books purport+ to come f a lat] date or au?or are f\nd 9 x4 ,! broad]-m9d$ ,jews ( ! disp]sion1 & especially ,alex&ria & ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 refus$ to be b\nd by ! n>r[ pr9ciple t div9e revelation ceas$ ) ,ezra4 ,accord+ly we f9d !m adopt+ a l>g] canon1 t includ$ _m o!r lat] writ+s kn[n 9 "t z ! apocryphal or hidd5 books4 ,sid5ote3 ,additional books 9 ! ,greek & ,*ri/ian canon ,^! consi/$ ( ?ree g5u9e works1--,i & ,,ii ,maccabees & ,b5 ,sira or ,ecclesia/icus2 two didactic /ories1--,tobit & ,judi?2 f\r books wrongly ascrib$ to e>li] au?ors1--! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ,b>u*1 ! ,epi/le ( ,j]emy1 & ,second ,esdras 7,gk4 ,,iv ,esdras72 & f\r additions to ! ,hebrew canonical books1--,fir/ ,esdras1 an expansion ( ! book ( ,ezra1 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses1 & additions to ,e/h] & ,daniel4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,apocryphal books 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,z is well kn[n1 ^! books 7 reta9$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 z !y /ill are by ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,greek *ur*es1 until ! ,prote/ant re=m]s relegat$ !m1 z a :ole1 to a second>y place4 ,ultimately ! ,bible societies1 dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 ceas$ to pr9t !m 9 ! ord9>y editions ( ! ,bible4 ,! result is t ! pres5t g5]ation has almo/ =gott5 _! exi/5ce4 ,! la/ decade or two1 h[ev]1 has witness$ a significant revival ( int]e/ among ! s*ol>s ( ,*ri/5dom1 & ! :olesome t5d5cy to re/ore c]ta9 ( ! ,apocrypha to ! work+ ,old ,te/am5t canon is v m>k$4 ,?is is only a correction ( ! error ( ! ,prote/ant re=m]s 9 e/imat+ ! ,apocryphal books1 n by ! intr9sic m]it ( ea* individual writ+ b ( ! gr\p z a :ole4 ,sid5ote3 ,great value ( ^! lat] ,jewi% writ+s ,"s ( ! ,apocrypha & k9dr$ books l ! apocalypse ( ,eno*1 7 quot$ & recogniz$ by ,new ,te/am5t s*ol>s z hav+ au?ority equal to t ( ! o!r ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,! rejection ( ,i & ,,ii ,maccabees & ,b5 ,sira f ! ,pale/9ian canon because !y 7 writt5 aft] ! days ( ,ezra & n associat$ ) ! names ( any e>ly ,old ,te/am5t wor?ies1 0 due to a n>r[ conception ( div9e revelation1 directly contr>y to t ( ,*ri/ianity :i* recogniz$ ! late/ z ! noble/4 ,^! lat] ,jewi% writ+s also bridge ! two c5turies :i* o!rwise yawn betwe5 ! two ,te/am5ts--two c5turies ( sup]lative importance bo? hi/orically & religi\sly1 witness+ z !y d ! f9al developm5t ( ! life & ?\ght ( ,judaism & ! rise ( ^? conditions & beliefs :i* loom s l>ge 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! l>g] work+ canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,:ile !y w always be ( great value 9 ! /udy ( lat] ,jewi% hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & religion1 ! majority ( ! apocryphal books und\bt$ly belong 9 ! second>y gr\p to :i* ! ,pale/9ian ,jews & ! ,prote/ant re=m]s assign$ !m4 ,?ree or f\r1 h[ev]1 te/$ by ! ultimate pr9ciples ( canonicity1 are equal1 if n sup]ior1 to c]ta9 books l ,*ronicles1 ,e/h]1 & ,ecclesia/es4 ,fir/ ,maccabees records "o ( ! mo/ important crises 9 ,israeli% hi/ory4 ,z a fai?ful hi/orical writ+1 x is h>dly equall$ 9 anci5t lit]ature4 ,its _s is also g5u9ely religi\s4 ,! lat] b p>allel hi/ory ( ,,ii ,maccabees is n ! equal ( ! fir/1 al?\gh its religi\s purpose is m pron\nc$4 ,its hi/orical "*1 /yle1 aim1 & po9t ( view are /rik+ly simil> to ^? ( ! book ( ,*ronicles4 ,! prov]bs ( ,b5 ,sira1 :ile n all ( ! same value1 yet ab\nd 9 noble & practical tea*+s1 v simil> to ^? 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,n only does ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon conta9 _m exalt$ & spiritual passages1 b x is also ( unique importance because x repres5ts t wond]ful fusion ( ! be/ elem5ts 9 ,hebrew & ,hell5ic ?\ght :i* =m$ ! backgr\nd ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,probably ! ,*ur*1 w ultimately re/ore to its l>g] work+ ,old ,te/am5t canon ! beautiful ,pray] ( ,manasses1 already l>gely adopt$ 9 ! pray]-book ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusion ,our rapid hi/orical /udy has reveal$ ! unity & ! v>iety ( tea*+ reflect$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & has sugge/$ its real place 9 ! revelation ( ! pa/ & its true place 9 ! life ( to-day4 ,?is old] te/am5t is ! record ( ,god's gradual revelation ( himself ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! ,israeliti% race & ! exp]i5ces & m9ds ( c\ntless m5 & wom5 ^: spiritual eyes 7 op5 & ^: e>s 7 att5tive to div9e tru?4 ,! same b5ign ,fa!r :o has always spok5 to 8 *ildr5 has influ5c$ !m also to recognize ! writ+s t mo/ fai?fully & fully record ! spiritual tru? ?us reveal$4 ,_h ! task be5 entru/$ to our own or lat] g5]ations1 x is n probable t ! result w\ld h diff]$ 9 any important ess5tial4 ,= a few brief c5turies false !ories & traditions may p>tially obscure ! tru?1 b ^!1 l ! mi/s ( morn+1 are sure 9 "t to melt away & reveal ! et]nal v]ities 9 _! sublime beauty & gr&eur4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,n>ratives ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( reg>d+ ea* /ory z a unit ,( all ! diff]5t gr\ps ( writ+s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 und\bt$ly ! e>ly n>ratives f\nd 9 ! fir/ sev5 books pres5t ! mo/ p]plex+ problems4 ,?is is prim>ily due to ! fact t !y h be5 subject to a long process ( editorial revision by :i* /ories1 "s v old & o!rs v late & writt5 f a v diff]5t po9t ( view1 h be5 closely jo9$ toge!r4 ,:ile !re is a di/9ct aim & unity 9 ! :ole1 9 approa*+ !m x is simple/ to /udy ea* /ory z a unit 9 itself4 ,n only is ?is practical1 b x is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t almo/ e /ory 0 once curr5t 9 indep5d5t =m4 ,(t51 z 9 ! case ( ! acc\nts ( creation & ! flood1 x is possible to recov] ! old] v]sions & ev5 to trace _! orig9 & e>li] hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,classification necess>y to det]m9e ! po9t ( view ,! fir/ ess5tial1 h[ev]1 is to det]m9e to ! po9t ( view & purpose ( ! biblical writ]1 :o has tak5 ! giv5 /ory f ! lips ( 8 contempor>ies & incorporat$ x 9 ! cycle ( /ories 9 :i* x is n[ f\nd1 ,"h ! language1 lit]>y /yle1 !me1 & conceptions ( ,god & religion are ! *ief guides4 ,if1 z 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ! ,deity is always designat$ z ,god or ,elohim2 if ! lit]>y /yle is =mal1 repetiti\s1 & g5]ic2 if ! !me is ! orig9 ( an in/itution l ! ,sabba?2 & if ! ,deity is conceiv$ ( z a _s1 accompli%+ 8 purpose by progressive /ages ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( natural =ces1--x is n difficult to recognize at once ! "w ( a late prie/ly writ]4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 z 9 ,g5esis ii4 #d;b to iii4 #bd1 ,jehovah is ! "n ( ! ,deity2 if ! /yle is vivid1 picturesque1 & fl[+2 if ! int]e/ c5tres 9 c]ta9 individuals in/ead ( species2 if ! !mes vitally conc]n ! spiritual life ( man2 if ! ,deity is conceiv$ ( aft] human analogies1 z intimately associat+ ) m51 & z reveal+ himself directly to !m by ^w & visible pres5ce1--! "w ( an e>ly prophetic writ] is evid5tly be=e u4 ,! id5tification ( ! po9t ( view ( ! au?or at once puts u into appreciative sympa?y ) him4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( kn[+ an au?or's po9t ( view ,x also enables u intellig5tly to int]pret 8 words & figures4 ,kn[+1 = example1 t ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis 0 writt5 by a prie/ :o liv$ long aft] 8 race _h ceas$ to ?9k ( ,god z hav+ a body l a man1 we _c make ! common mi/ake ( int]pret+ v]se #bf z imply+ physical lik5ess4 ,r1 z 8 conception ( ,god z a _s dem&s & ! latt] "p ( ! v]se proves1 8 sublime tea*+ is t man1 ! end & culm9ation ( ! entire "w ( creation1 is l 8 ,creator1 a spiritual be+1 end[$ ) a m9d & a w1 & z ,god's vic]eg5t1 is div9ely comm&$ to rule ov] all creat$ ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,practical value ( ! critical analysis ,:]e two di/9ct v]sions ( ! same n>rative h be5 amalgamat$ 9 ! process ( editorial revision1 ! analysis ( ! orig9al s\rces is indisp5sable to a true und]/&+ & int]pretation ( ! ?\ght ( ! prophet & prie/ :o h ea* utiliz$ ! anci5t /ory1--z1 = example1 t ( ! flood1--to illu/rate ! inevitable consequ5ces ( s9 & ,god's p]sonal int]e/ 9 mank9d4 ,"h ! culm9at+ purpose ( ! prophet1 h[ev]1 is to proclaim ,jehovah's graci\s promise t he w nev] ?us aga9 de/roy man or liv+ ?+s2 t 7viii4 #ba1 #bb73 ,:ile ! e>? rema9s1 ,se$time & h>ve/1 ,cold & heat1 ,summ] & w9t]1 ,day & night ,%all n cease4 ,! prie/1 on ! o!r h&1 is int]e/$ 9 ! r5ewal ( ! cov5ant :i* insures man's dom9ion ov] ! natural _w1 & 9 ! sanctity ( blood1 & 9 ! primitive1 div9e orig9 ( ! comm&1 ,?\ %alt n kill 7ix4 #a-f74 ,sid5ote3 ,! necess>y basis = intellig5t int]pretation ,=tunately ! "w ( analysis has be5 s ?or\ghly c>ri$ out dur+ ! la/ c5tury t !re is practical agreem5t among ! ,*ri/ian s*ol>s ( ! _w on ! ess5tial que/ions4 ,^! results are n[ also available 9 popul> =m1 s t1 )\t wa/+ "t on te*nicalities1 ! pa/or & tea*] ( to-day c utilize !m z ! basis = m important /udy & tea*+4 ,! orig91 ! lit]>y =m1 & ! sci5tific & hi/orical accuracy ( ea* n>rative all sugge/ def9ite & int]e/+ l9es ( /udy1 b1 z has be5 not$ 7p4 #ajf71 ^! are ( second>y value comp>$ ) ! religi\s tru?s t ea* /ory is int5d$ to illu/rate4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr9ciples ( religi\s int]pretation ,s9ce ^! /ories 7 pres]v$ because !y cons]ve ?is high] purpose1 x is always safe to ask1 ,:at are _! di/9ctive contributions to ! gr& total ( e?ical & spiritual tea*+ f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,at ! same "t x is exce$+ly important always to be sure to read ! tea*+s out (1 & n into1 a giv5 n>rative4 ,by unnatural & fanciful int]pretation ( ^! simple /ories ! fri5ds ( ! ,bible 9 ! pa/ h (t5 wrong$ x m ?an h its av[$ foes4 ,ea* /ory1 l ! p>ables ( ,jesus1 _h its "o or two c5tral tea*+s1 usually convey$ to ! m9d by implication r ?an by direct /atem5t4 ,! *>act]s :o figure 9 !m by _! words & de$s proclaim ! practical tru?s & embody ! ideals 9 ! m9ds ( ! anci5t prophets & prie/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,!me ( ,g5esis ii4 & iii4 ,! het]og5e\s gr\p ( /ories f\nd 9 ,g5esis i4-xi4 con/itute ! g5]al introduction to ! succe$+ n>ratives :i* ga!r ab\t ! names ( ! traditional ance/ors ( ! ,hebrews4 ,ea* ( ^! orig9ally indep5d5t /ories illu/rates its own peculi> religi\s tea*+s4 ,none has tak5 a deep] hold on ! imag9ation & made a deep] impression on ! ?\ght & lit]ature ( ! _w ?an t :i* is f\nd 9 ! second & ?ird *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,its !me-- ! orig9 & nature & consequ5ces ( s9--is ( vital1 p]sonal int]e/ to e man ( e age4 ,sid5ote3 ,! problem ( pres5t+ x 9 a =m intelligible to e>ly man ,! problem t confront$ ! e>ly ,judean prophet 0 to pres5t 9 =m intelligible to ! m9ds ( 8 primitive read]s a subject t has tax$ to ! utmo/ ! res\rces ( ! _w's greate/ philosoph]s & !ologians4 ,! task 0 comp>able to t :i* fell to ! ,ma/] :5 he s\ght to make cle> to 8 untutor$ disciples ! real nature ( ! mighty tempe/ ( temptation t rag$ 9 8 s\l at ! beg9n+1 &1 inde$1 lat] 9 8 m9i/ry4 ,! me?od adopt$ 0 /rik+ly simil> 9 ea* case4 ,if ! language ( mod]n philosophy & psy*ology _h be5 at ! comm& ( ^! great religi\s tea*]s1 x w\ld h b obscur$ ! great tru?s4 ,^! tru?s mu/ be made objective2 !y mu/ be express$ 9 ! famili> language ( ! p4 ,ev5 ! inn] /ruggle ( conflict+ motives mu/ be pres5t$ 9 words s simple t a *ild c\ld und]/&4 ,sid5ote3 ,pictorial elem5ts drawn f popul> tradition ,! second & ?ird *apt]s ( ,g5esis record ! effective way 9 :i* a great e>ly prophet dealt ) 8 difficult problem4 ,f ! lips ( ! p he took fragm5ts ( anci5t ,semitic traditions4 ,almo/ all ( ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! /ory ( man's fall h be5 trac$ to f> e>li] s\rces2 b ! n>rative 9 its pres5t unity & sugge/iv5ess nev] has & nev] w be f\nd outside ! ,bible4 ,h[ f> ! prophet adapt$ to 8 high] purpose ! curr5t ,hebrew v]sion c n be absolutely det]m9$4 ,! fact alone rema9s t x is "o ( ! true/ bits ( hi/ory 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ?is n because x is a leaf f ! di>y ( ,adam & ,eve1 b because x concretely & fai?fully portrays univ]sal human exp]i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,creation ( man & ! elem5ts necess>y = 8 developm5t ,9 ! simple language ( popul> tradition x proclaims1 among o!r tru?s1 t ,jehovah1 ,israel's ,god1 creat$ man1 brea?+ into him f 8 own no/rils ! vital pr9ciple ( life & mak+ him ! comm&+ figure 9 ! univ]se2 !n t ! ,creator graci\sly provid$ all t 0 ne$ful & be/ = 8 true physical & spiritual developm5t4 ,incid5tally ! prophet calls att5tion to t innate & div9e basis ( ! m>riage bond :i* ,jesus re-emphasizes 7,matt4 xix4 #d-f74 ,physical dea?1 accord+ to ! /ory 9 its pres5t =m1 0 n a necess>y "p ( ,jehovah's plan2 ! implication is t man w\ld n die :ile he rema9$ 9 ! g>d5 & ate ( ! life-giv+ tree4 ,temptation is n 9 itself evil1 b necess>y1 if man is to develop positive virtue1 = beside ! tree ( life gr[s ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 ) its attractive1 allur+ fruit gu>d$ by ! div9e prohibition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ruggle 9 ! woman's he>t ,! elem5ts ( ! temptation are all pres5t$ 9 *apt] ii41 b ! s]p5t1 ! craftie/ ( animals1 9 8 conv]sation ) ! woman is requir$ to make cle> & objective ! real nature ( ! conflict )9 h] m9d4 ,! rle ( ! s]p5t is ! opposite ( t ( ,balaam's ass1 :i* figures 9 a /ory :i* comes f ! same e>ly ,judean prophetic s*ool4 ,9 ! conv]sation betwe5 ! woman & ! s]p5t ! true "* ( all temptation is reveal$3 x is ! necessity ( *oos+ betwe5 two c\rses ( conduct nei!r ( :i* is altoge!r bad4 ,curiosity1 :i* is ! guide to all k1 ! beauty ( ! apple1 :i* appeals to ! ae/hetic s5se1 & physical appetite1 n 9 itself bad1--all ^! p[]fully attract$ ! ,ori5tal woman ( ! anci5t /ory4 ,on ! o!r side %e felt ! compell+ p[] ( love & gratitude & ! def9ite div9e comm&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ess5ce ( all temptation ,! prophet saw cle>ly t all ! elem5ts ( temptation are )9 man--a tru? sometimes obscur$ 9 lat] ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,milton has also l$ u a/ray 9 id5tify+ ! crafty s]p5t ) ! ,satan ( lat] ,judaism4 ,! prophet graphically pres5ts ano!r great fact ( human exp]i5ce1 namely1 t :at is "o man's temptation is n ano!r's1 t ! temptation to be real mu/ appeal to ! "o te/$4 ,! crafty s]p5t is n repres5t$ z speak+ to ! man2 he w\ld probably h turn$ away 9 loa?+4 ,8 wife1 %e :o _h already s9n$1 ! "o :om ,jehovah _h giv5 him z a helpmeet1 h]self appeals to ! s5se ( *ivalry )9 him4 ,h5ce ! conflict rages 9 8 s\l betwe5 love & obligation to ,jehovah & 8 natural affection & app>5t duty to 8 wife4 ,?us 9 all temptation ! div9] impulses /ruggle ) ^? :i* are n 9 !mselves necess>ily wrong b only bas] by contra/4 ,duty is ! call ( ! div9]1 s9 is ! yield+ to ! bas]1 motives4 ,sid5ote3 ,! real nature ( s9 ,! ,hebrew ^w = s91 :i* means ! miss+ ( ! m>k set up be=e ea* individual1 is ! only altoge!r satisfactory def9ition ( s9 ev] devis$1 = x absolutely fits ! facts ( human exp]i5ce4 ,deflection f ! moral /&>d set up by ea* man's consci5ce1 ev5 ?\gh 8 result+ act seem 9 itself noble1 is = him a s94 ,al?\gh ! influ5ces :i* l$ ! man & woman ( ! /ory to disobey 7 exce$+ly /rong1 ! high] /&>d _h be5 set up1 & 9 fall+ %ort ( x !y s9n$4 ,?us s9 is n ,god's b man's creation1 & results f ! delib]ate *oice ( :at ! s9n] kn[s to be wrong4 ,sid5ote3 ,! effects ( s9 ,9 ! same simple yet p[]ful way ! prophet depicts ! inevitable consequ5ces ( s94 ,at e po9t ! picture is true to univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,! mo/ appall+ effect ( a wrong act is t x de/roys peace & purity ( m9d4 ,x also makes c[>ds ( brave m51 & ! pres5ce & t5d] affection ( ! "o wrong$ sudd5ly become intol]able4 ,s9 also begets s94 ,to ! c[]+ fugitives ,jehovah comes1 z he always does1 ) a message int5d$ to evoke a frank confession :i* w\ld te> d[n ! hide\s b>ri] t _! s9 _h re>$ betwe5 himself & !m2 b1 l mo/ fooli%1 bl9d ,adams & ,eves1 !y hug _! crime to _! brea/s & raise ! b>ri] heav5 high by try+ to excuse _! guilt4 ,?us !y pron\nce _! own doom4 ,= ,god himself only "o c\rse ( action rema9s3 x is to s5d !m =? f 8 pres5ce & f ! life-giv+ tree1 out into ! s*ool ( h>d%ip & bitt] pa91 t !re !y may le>n ! lessons :i* are necess>y be=e !y c aga9 become citiz5s ( ! true ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,sid5ote3 ,! sequel to ! /ory ( man's fall ,two simple yet exce$+ly significant t\*es light5 ! gloom ( ?is univ]sal trag$y ( human life4 ,! "o is t = ! guilty1 unrep5tant pair1 ,jehovah himself made tunics ( sk9s to protect !m f ! inclem5cy ( _! new life1--evid5ce t 8 love & c>e /ill w5t ) !m4 ,! o!r is ! implication t ! true g>d5 ( ,ed5 0 /ill to be f\nd on e>?1 & 0 clos$ simply to ! guilty & unrep5tant4 ,! ,bible is ! record ( h[ m5 le>n$ ! all-important lessons 9 ! pa9ful s*ool ( exp]i5ce4 ,israel's tea*]s1 ea* 9 8 *>act]i/ic way1 l$ _! race on t[>d ! common goal4 ,! ,gospels tell ( h[ a man1 tempt$ 9 all po9ts z we are 9 a di/ant day & l& f\nd 8 way aga9 into ! abid+ pres5ce ( ,god4 ,he 0 "o ) ! ,fa!r1 n because he did n meet temptation 9 all its p[]1 b because1 unlike ! actors 9 ! primitive /ory1 & all o!r p>ticipants 9 ! drama ( life1 he yield$ only to ! guidance ( div9e impulses4 ,n cont5t ) a*iev+ ! goal himself1 he gave 8 en]gies & 8 life to %[+ o!rs h[ !y also might ov]come ! bas] impulses )9 !m & f9d _! way to ,god's pres5ce & become "o ) him4 ,?us1 because ( :at he did & said & 01 he =ev] v9dicat$ 8 title ( ,savi\r ( ,mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! religi\s tea*+s ( o!r e>ly /ories ,no o!r e>ly ,old ,te/am5t n>rative is p]haps s full ( ri* spiritual sugge/ion z ! "o j consid]$1 & yet ea* has its valuable contribution4 ,ev5 su* a /ory z t ( ! kill+ ( ,abel by ,ca9 =cibly tea*es ! great prophetic tru? t x is n ! =m ( ! (f]+1 b ! "* & de$s back ( ! sacrifice1 t det]m9e ,jehovah's favor or disfavor 7iv4 #g74 ,graphically x sets =? ! _s t prompts ! greate/ ( crimes4 ,9 contra/ to ,ca91 defiant yet pursu$ by haunt+ fe> ( v5geance1 x also pres5ts ! div9e t5d]ness & m]cy 9 grant+ him a tribal m>k to protect him f ! h& ( man4 ,! simil> /ory ( ,noah1 ! fir/ v9ey>d-keep]1 prea*es ! fir/ temp]ance s]mon 9 all lit]ature1 & also sugge/s ! inevitable consequ5ces ( moral depravity s =cibly illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t ,canaanites4 ,ev5 ! prosaic table ( ! nations 9 ,g5esis x4 emphasizes ! conception ( ! unity ( ! human family :i* 0 de/9$ 9 "t to become ! basis ( ,israel's belat$ mission>y activity4 ,sid5ote3 ,ideals pres5t$ 9 ! e>ly prophetic portrait ( ,abraham ,:5 we pass to ! twelf? *apt] ( ,g5esis ! indep5d5t /ories coalesce into cycles1 & ea* cycle1 z well z ea* n>rative1 has its own religi\s purpose4 ,9 def9ite outl9es ea* successive gr\p ( tea*]s pa9t$ ! "* ( ,abraham1 ! traditional fa!r ( ! ,israeliti% race1 & held x up be=e _! own & succe$+ g5]ations z a p]petual example & inspiration4 ,9 ! e>ly ,judean prophetic n>ratives he is pictur$ z ! fri5d ( ,jehovah4 ,8 own mat]ial int]e/s are entirely second>y1 z illu/rat$ 9 8 deal+ ) ,lot4 ,)\t hesitation he leaves home & k9dr$ beh9d1 = 8 dom9at+ purpose 9 life is simply to "k & d ! w ( ,jehovah4 ,to ?is end he re>s alt>s ?r\gh\t ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,8 *ief joy is 9 communion ) ,god & 9 ! promises to be realiz$ 9 8 desc5dants4 ,?r\gh w>r+1 ho/ile ,canaan he passes unsca!d1 = 8 eyes are fix$ on ?+s heav5ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,its significance ,x matt]s little :e!r or n1 f> back 9 ! primitive days ( ,israel's hi/ory1 a ,b$\9 %eik anticipat$ 9 actual "* & life all t 0 gradually reveal$ to ! prophets ( a mu* lat] age4 ,! supremely significant fact is t ! noble ideal ( ,israel's e>lie/ tea*]s 0 ?us vividly & concretely embodi$ 9 ! portrait ( him :om ! ,hebrews reg>d$ ) pride & adoration z ! f\nd] ( _! race4 ,9 ,hosea & ,j]emiah1 & less imp]fectly 9 ! nation z a :ole1 ! ideal 9 "t became an hi/orical reality4 ,sid5ote3 ,lat] portraits ( ,abraham ,! e>ly ,ephraimite s*ool ( writ]s picture ,abraham z a prophet 7,g54 xx4 #g71 & !re=e z an exemplification ( _! highe/ ideal4 ,9 ! rem>kable f\rte5? *apt] ( ,g5esis he is a c\rage\s1 *ivalr\s knight1 attack+ ) a h&ful ( foll[]s ! alli$ armies ( ! mo/ p[]ful k+s ( 8 day4 ,return+ victori\s1 he re/ores ! spoil to ! plund]$ & gives a pr9cely gift to ! prie/ ( ! local sanctu>y4 ,9 ! lat] prie/ly n>ratives ! picture sudd5ly *anges1 & ,abraham figures z ! fai?ful s]vant ( ! law1 ) :om orig9ates ! rite ( circumcision1 ! seal ( a new cov5ant 7xvii74 ,lat] ,jewi% & ,moslem traditions ea* h _! *>act]i/ic portrait4 ,"o1 :i* pictures him z 9 heav5 ! protector ( ! fai?ful1 is reflect$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,luke xvi4 #bc-cj71 ,?us ea* succe$+ age & gr\p ( tea*]s made him ! embodim5t & supreme illu/ration ( its noble/ ideals1 & x is ?is ideal elem5t t gives ! ,old ,te/am5t /ories _! p]man5tly practical value4 ,sid5ote3 ,practical tea*+s ( ! ,abraham /ories ,hav+ not$ ! tea*+s t ea* individual /ory & ! cycle z a :ole convey$ to ! m9ds ( _! fir/ read]s1 x only rema9s = ! tea*] ( to-day to translate !m into mod]n t]ms4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important implications ( ! ,abraham /ories ?us int]pret$ are1 = example3 7#a7 ,god calls ea* man to a high mission4 7#b7 ,he w guide & c>e = ^? :o are responsive4 7#c7 ,to ^? :o seek to "k him intimately1 & to d 8 w1 he w reveal himself 9 fulle/ measure1 & = su* he has 9 /ore 8 ri*e/ bless+s4 7#d7 ,he t f9de? 8 life 7,lot7 %all lose x1 & he t lose? 8 life 7,abraham7 %all f9d x4 ,sid5ote3 ,significance ( ! "* ( ,esau ,! ,jacob & ,esau /ories conta9 m>vell\sly exact & reali/ic portraits ( ! two races 7! ,israelites & ! ,edomites7 t !y respectively repres5t4 ,( ! two bro!rs1 ,esau is 9 _m ways ! m attractive4 ,he sugge/s ! op5 air & ! fields1 :]e he lov$ to hunt4 ,he is easy-go+1 +5u\s1 & impulsive4 ,8 faults are ^? ( n be+ or do+4 ,z long z he _h en\gh to eat & 0 com=table1 he 0 cont5t$4 ,he is ! type ( ! _w's drift]s4 ,s9ce ,aram 0 f> di/ant he disreg>ds ! wi%es ( 8 p>5ts & m>ries "o ( ! daught]s ( ! l&4 ,no ambition /irr$ him & no devotion to ,jehovah or to ! ideals ( 8 race gave cont5t & direction to 8 life4 ,?us he rema9$ a lagg>d1 & ! half-nomadic1 robb] p t he repres5t$ became b a /agnant pool1 comp>$ ) ! onru%+ /ream ( ,israel's life4 ,sid5ote3 ,jacob's faults ,jacob's faults are also pres5t$ by ! e>ly prophets ) an a/oni%+ fidelity4 ,r>ely does a race e>ly 9 its hi/ory h a portrait ( its weaknesses z well z its /r5g? held up ?us prom95tly be=e its eyes4 ,jacob is ! anti!sis ( ,esau4 ,:ile 8 bro!r 0 hunt+ c>e-free 9 ! fields1 he 0 at home plott+ h[ he c\ld f>!r 8 own int]e/s4 ,:5 ! opportunity (f]s1 he manife/s a cold1 calculat+ %rewdness4 ,to make good ! title to ! bir?right ?us acquir$ he does n hesitate to resort to fraud & ly+4 ,!n he flees1 pursu$ by 8 own guilty consci5ce1 &1 trick$ by ,laban1 he s]ves z a slave f\rte5 ye>s to w9 ! wife :om he loves4 ,at la/1 aga9 a fugitive f ! consequ5ces ( 8 own que/ionable deal+1 he returns ) quak+ he>t to face ! bro!r t he _h wrong$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! elem5ts ( /r5g? 9 ,israel's "* ,! "* is f> f a p]fect "o1 & yet ! anci5t /ories sugge/ its elem5ts ( /r5g?4 ,by nature he 0 selfi% & crafty2 & yet he has :at ,esau fatally lacks3 en]gy1 p]si/5cy1 & a comm&+ ambition4 ,f ! fir/ 8 ambition looks beyond himself to ! future ( 8 desc5dants4 ,measur$ by our mod]n /&>ds1 8 religi\s pr(essions seem only hypocrisy2 b z we analyze 8 "* we f9d t a fai? 9 ,jehovah1 n>r[ & selfi% ?\gh x be1 0 ev] 8 guid+ />4 ,out ( ! tortu\s w9d+s ( 8 e>li] ye>s x ultimately l$ him to a calm old age4 ,imp]fect ?\gh 8 "* 01 l t ( ! race :i* he repres5t$1 ! significant fact is t ,god ev] c>$ = him & 0 able to utilize him z an ag5t 9 div9e revelation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! noble tea*+s ( ! ,joseph /ories ,ev5 m obvi\s & univ]sal are ! practical lessons illu/rat$ by ! ,joseph /ories4 ,9 ! e>ly prophetic n>ratives1 ,abraham is ! p]fect s]vant ( ,god1 ,jacob ! type ( ! ,israeliti% race1 b ,joseph is ! ideal man ( affairs4 ,graphically ! successive /ories picture ! man 9 8 mak+ & reveal 8 true "*4 ,he is simple1 affectionate1 & yet /rongly ambiti\s4 ,8 day-dreams make him odi\s1 z 9 ! case ( _m a boy to-day1 to 8 unimag9ative bro!rs4 ,a seem+ly h>d fate rudely snat*es him f ! en]vat+ influ5ces ( 8 *ildhood home & places him 9 ! sev]e s*ool ( exp]i5ce1 :]e he is te/$ & tra9$4 ,x also op5s wide ! door ( opportunity4 ,fidelity to e int]e/ & an unselfi% response to e opportunity = s]vice soon br+ him into ! pres5ce ( ! ,ph>aoh4 ,8 judici\s c\nsels1 diplomacy1 & organiz+ ability w9 = him ! highe/ honors ,egypt c conf]4 ,) mode/y & fidelity he endures ?is supreme te/--success4 ,t[>d 8 bro!rs1 :o _h bitt]ly wrong$ him1 he is nobly magnanim\s1 & to 8 k9sm51 :o belong to ! %eph]d class especially despis$ z boors by ! cultur$ ,egyptians1 he is loyal & consid]ate4 ,above all1 n by pr(essions1 b by de$s1 he reveals ! true s\rce ( 8 /r5g?1-- a natural fai? 9 ! ,god ( 8 race & an unfail+ loyalty to him4 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusion ,9 ! same way ,moses1 ! exodus1 & ! great m5 & ev5ts ( ,israel's dramatic hi/ory1 all h a religi\s importance & significance f> surpass+ ! m]ely hi/orical4 ,at ! same "t ! me?ods ( mod]n lit]>y & hi/orical inve/igation reveal r ?an conceal ! deep] spiritual tru?s t !y illu/rate4 ,! m light t c be turn$ ^u !m ! m cle>ly w _! ess5tial tea*+s /& =?4 ,l ! ,old ,te/am5t z a :ole1 !y grew up out ( real life & truly reflect & int]pret x1 & !re=e h a liv+1 vital message to life to-day4 ,any int]pretation t does n r+ true to life may well be que/ion$4 ,f9ally1 ! au?ority ( ^! anci5t n>ratives dep5ds n ^u ! hi/orical or sci5tific accuracy ( ! individual /ory t is us$ z an illu/ration1 b ^u ! fact t ?r\gh ! exp]i5ces & he>ts ( ^? :o employ$ !m ,god 0 seek+ to make m5 free by ! k ( ! tru?4 ,,xv ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,sid5ote3 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( approa* ,! ,old ,te/am5t may be /udi$ z lit]ature1 z hi/ory1 z ! record ( an important /age 9 ! evolution ( religion1 z ! revelation ( ,god to ! race1 or z a practical aid to ! individual 9 liv+ ! true life4 ,ea* angle ( approa* calls = diff]5t me?ods & yields its correspond+ly ri* results4 ,/udi$ 9 accordance ) ! canons ( mod]n lit]>y inve/igation1 a lit]ature is disclos$ ( surpass+ v>iety1 beauty1 & fasc9ation4 ,aft] ! pr9ciples ( hi/orical criticism h be5 vigor\sly appli$1 ! ,old ,te/am5t is f\nd to conta9 "s ( ! mo/ important & au!ntic hi/orical data t h come d[n to u f antiquity4 ,to ! g5]al /ud5t ( religion !re is no gr\p ( writ+s t equals 9 value ^? includ$ 9 ^! anci5t ,scriptures4 ,z a simple1 cle> revelation ( ! "* & w ( ! ,div9e ,rul]1 pres5t & regnant 9 all life1 ! ,old ,te/am5t is surpass$ by only "o o!r volume1 & t is its complem5t1 ! ,new4 ,sid5ote3 ,! supreme aim ( ,old ,te/am5t /udy ,x is1 h[ev]1 z ! guide to "r ?9k+1 & be+1 & act+1 t ! man ( ,god may be p]fect1 completely equipp$ = e good "w1 t ! ,old ,te/am5t is & always w be /udi$ by ! majority ( p4 ,9 s do+ !y w be realiz+ its prim>y & supreme purpose4 ,l true religion1 x is n an end 9 itself1 b simply an effective =ce1 draw+ & b9d+ individual m5 to ,god & to ! "r4 ,any me?od ( /udy t fails to atta9 ?is def9ite & practical end does n a*ieve ! *ief aim ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,necessity ( /udy+ ! ,old ,te/am5t z an organic :ole ,?is practical & p]sonal end1 h[ev]1 _c be atta9$ at a leap4 ,x is impossible to a*ieve ! be/ results by tak+ a tru? or a passage "h & !re & apply+ x at once to ! individual4 ,bo? ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! individual are some?+ organic4 ,ea* book has a unity & a hi/ory t mu/ be und]/ood1 if a giv5 passage is to be fairly int]pret$ or its tru?s intellig5tly appli$1 ,individual books are also relat$ to o!rs & to _! hi/orical backgr\nd4 ,also1 z has already be5 %[n1 to appreciate fully ! vital message ( a giv5 writ] x is necess>y1 n to "k 8 "n1 b 8 place 9 hi/ory1 8 po9t ( view1 8 me?od ( expression1 & 8 purpose4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t & ,israeliti% hi/ory z a :ole are ! be/ & mo/ ess5tial int]pret]s ( individual books & passages4 ,! mo/ s]i\s h&icap to ! ord9>y ,bible tea*] & s*ol> is ! lack ( ?is broad]1 sy/ematic1 con/ructive k4 ,mu* e>ne/1 devot$ /udy1 especially 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t fields1 is defici5t 9 inspiration & results1 because x is simply grop+ 9 an unkn[n l&4 ,x is all important1 !re=e1 to asc5d "s height & spy out ! l& z a :ole1 to note ! relation ( diff]5t books & ev5ts to ea* o!r1 & to view broadly ! great /ream ( div9e revelation :i* fl[s out ( ! prehi/oric pa/ on ?r\gh ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts to ! pres5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,rem>kable adaptation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to diff]5t ages & degrees ( moral culture4 ,9 ord] effectively to apply ! tru?s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to life1 x is also necess>y to reg>d ! po9t ( view ( ! individual to be taught4 ,?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all education 0 fully appreciat$ & appli$ by ,israel's great spiritual tea*]s4 ,! result is t ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s tru?s m>vell\sly adapt$ to e age & type ( m9d4 ,! importance ( ! religi\s culture ( ! *ild is emphasiz$ by ! comp>atively l>ge proportion1 ( writ+s especially fitt$ to hold ! att5tion & ar\se ! imag9ation & %ape ! ideals ev5 ( ! y\nge/4 ,ne>ly half ( ! ,old ,te/am5t consi/s simply ( n>ratives4 ,^? inimitable /ories1 :i* come f ! *ildhood ( ! race1 h a p]5nial fasc9ation = ! *ild ( to-day4 ,!y f9d him on 8 own m5tal & moral plane1 z !y did ! primitive *ild1 & by natural /ages lead him on & up to ! high] /&>ds & broad] fai? ( ,israel's lat] prophets & sages1 & ?us prep>e him to und]/& & appreciate ! p]fect$ life & tea*+s ( ,jesus4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prophetic /ories ! *ildr5's ,bible ,9 ! mod]n use ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! fai?ful application ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple also leads to a mo/ practical conclusion2 ! /ories peculi>ly adapt$ to *ildr5 are n ! mature1 legali/ic n>ratives ( ! late prie/ly writ]s1 b ! e>ly prophetic /ories1 :i* beg9 9 ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,if *ildr5 are taught only ^!1 !y w n be disconc]t$ by widely v>iant v]sions ( ! same ev5ts4 ,above all1 !y w be deliv]$ f ! inconsi/5cies & errone\s impressions :i* are (t5 ! cause ( /umbl+ to ! *ild4 ,! lat] process ( unle>n+1 :i* is always dang]\s1 w be avoid$4 ,if ! problems pres5t$ by ! prie/ly n>ratives be res]v$ until !y c be /udi$ f ! broad] & tru] po9t ( view1 !y w be readily solv$1 & ! great positive tea*+s ( ^! lat] didactic /ories w be fully appreciat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prophets ! be/ /ory-tell]s ,! subject-matt]1 !re=e1 supremely suitable = ! e>lie/ moral & spiritual culture ( ! *ild1 is cle>ly ! simple & yet pr(\nd prophetic /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is v que/ionable :e!r ! _m excell5t p>aphrases n[ curr5t are a ga9 or a h9drance4 ,! anci5t prophets & ! g5]ations :o h retold !m 7 inimitable /ory-tell]s4 ,to attempt to improve ^u _! "w is futile4 ,a simple1 cle> translation is all t is requir$4 ,footnote3 ,a ,*ildr5's ,bible is n[ be+ prep>$ accord+ to ! plan sugge/$ above4 ,! int]pretation & application ( _! practical tea*+s c be/ be left to ! intuition ( ! *ild & ! direction ( ! intellig5t p>5t & tea*]4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! effective me?ods ( pres5t+ tru?s ,x is also a/oni%+ h[ readily ev5 a little *ild appreciates ! ess5tial lessons1 z1 = example1 ^? reg>d+ ! nature & consequ5ces ( s91 pres5t$ by ! /ory ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,"u ! *>m ( ! attractive p]sonalities t figure 9 !m1 & ! /irr+ a*ievem5ts1 s dramatically pres5t$ t !y comm& brea?less att5tion1 ! e>ly prophetic n>rations unconsci\sly &1 !re=e1 all ! m effectively1 in/il into ! m9d ( ! *ild ! mo/ ess5tial tru?s reg>d+ ,god & life & duty4 ,at ! same "t1 z !y /udy 9 ord] ! de$s ( ! h]oes & mak]s ( ,israel's hi/ory1 !y are becom+ famili> ) ! real backgr\nd ( ! e>li] revelation record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pres5t position ( ^! /ories ,!re=e scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,g5esis1 ,exodus1 ,numb]s1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 ,samuel1 ,k+s1 & ! old] sections ( ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,i ,maccabees1 are to be f\nd 9 ri* pr(usion ! mat]ial = ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ,bible /udy4 ,^! %\ld naturally be supplem5t$ by ! /ories ( ! prophets1 f\nd 9 su* books z ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,haggai4 ,_! sequel & culm9ation are ! correspond+ /ories 9 ! ,gospels & ,acts4 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy ( ! direct p]sonal tea*+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,9 connection ) ! e>lie/ /udy ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ,israel's h]oes & spiritual lead]s1 _m ( _! greate/ tea*+s w\ld be appropriat$ & appli$1 b :5 ! ye>s ( e>ly adolesc5ce are rea*$1 ! prophets 9 _! s]mons1 ! prie/s 9 _! laws1 ! usages 9 _! prov]bs1 & ! psalmi/s 9 _! psalms1 ea* h c]ta9 p]sonal messages1 sup]bly adapt$ to ! critical1 =mative ye>s1 :5 *ildhood beg9s to unfold into maturity4 ,to make ?is mat]ial available1 judici\s selection & int]pretation are requir$4 ,! organism ( ea* book & ( ! *ild mu/ bo? be c>efully reg>d$ to make ! adju/m5t p]fect4 ,naturally ?is mo/ vital l9e ( /udy w\ld be ! introduction to a correspond+ /udy ( ! direct1 p]sonal tea*+s ( ,jesus & ! apo/les4 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,?is int5sely practical "w c\ld pr(itably be prec$$ or foll[$ by a /udy ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! diff]5t books & gr\ps ( ,old ,te/am5t writ+s & ! gradual /ages :]eby ^! ,scriptures atta9$ _! pres5t =m & au?ority4 ,! guides 9 ?is inve/igation %\ld n be ! ,jewi% rabbis or ev5 ! traditions ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,we h be5 misl$ too long by ! pi\s guesses ( ! m$ival sa9ts2 b r ! te/imony ( ! ,bible itself & ! evid5ce ( contempor>y writ+s %\ld be ! guides4 ,! _s %\ld also be frank & con/ructive4 ,! results _c fail to be practically helpful 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,?us on ! basis ( facts1 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 & by ! use ( ^? me?ods ( rese>* :i* alone comm& respect & acceptance 9 o!r k9dr$ l9es ( inve/igation1 ! que/ions :i* come to e ?\ghtful boy & girl w be fairly & truly answ]$4 ,9 ?is way ^? exp]i5ces :i* are inevitable 9 ?is critical age w deep5 & broad5 r ?an de/roy ! f\ndations ( individual fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! hi/orical me?od ( approa* ,) ?is g5]al introduction1 _m /ud5ts & classes w f9d x pr(itable to approa* ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts f ! di/9ctively hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,beg9n+ ) ! unfold+ ( ! civilization & religion ( anci5t ,babylonia1 !y w /udy 9 conjunction ! hi/ory1 ! /rong p]sonalities1 ! lit]ature1 & ! ?\ght ( ea* successive p]iod4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od ( /udy are _m4 ,ea* book w be read & its messages int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! conditions & =ces t con/itute its true backgr\nd4 ,! diff]5t *>act]s w live aga91 & ! significance ( _! "w & words w be fully appreciat$ z !y are view$ 9 ! cle> p]spective ( hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,its practical aims & results ,above all1 su* a syn!tic /udy ( ! unfold+ ( ! supreme tru?s ( revelation lays a f\ndation = ! individual fai? z broad z human exp]i5ce4 ,?is is to atta9 "o ( ! *ief aims ( all /udy1 :i* is to put ! individual into practical possession ( all t is vital & be/ 9 ! exp]i5ces & a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/1 t1 ?us equipp$1 he may g =? to fight ! battle ( life1 valiantly & successfully4 ,sid5ote3 ,its natural sequel ,?is la/ c\rse ( /udy w\ld call = sev]al ye>s1 &1 m ?an t1 = en?usiasm1 devotion1 & real "w4 ,x w\ld also take ! /ud5t 9 "t ?r\gh ! ,new ,te/am5t p]iod1 ) its lit]ature & comm&+ p]sonalities & ev5ts1 & p]haps beyond to ! great epo*s ( ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,_m w\ld n /op until !y _h /udi$ ! late/ *apt] 9 ,*ur* hi/ory1 ! noble mission>y activity & a*ievem5t ( ! pa/ & pres5t c5tury4 ,sid5ote3 ,advances c\rses ( /udy ,:5 ! ,bible _h ?us be5 /udi$1 ! s*ol>s 9 our s*ools w\ld n be ready to graduate1 b r to ent] ^u t /ill deep] & m fundam5tal /udy :i* w\ld mean an ultimate conque/ ( ! broad field t x repres5ts4 ,!n x might be safe & pr(itable to adopt ! topical me?od & /udy "s "o ( ! vital !mes t are treat$ f _m diff]5t po9ts ( view 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,bible4 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory ,x w1 h[ev]1 probably be f\nd easi] & m natural next to take up 9 succe$+ ye>s ! detail$ /udy ( ! n9e or t5 great gr\ps ( writ+s :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,bible4 ,! natural & easie/ me?od ( approa* to ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t w\ld be ?r\gh a c>eful1 con/ructive /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,israeliti% race1 p]haps beg9n+ ) ! def9ite hi/orical p]iod ( ,saul & ,samuel & conclud+ ) ! adv5t ( ,rome4 ,f> bett] ?an any mod]n hi/ory ( ,israel is t m>vell\s hi/ory writt5 by its own hi/orians1 :i* beg9s ) ! book ( ,samuel & ends ) ,i ,maccabees4 ,analyz$ & arrang$ 9 _! *ronological ord]1 ^! n>ratives tell ! /ory ) r>e fasc9ation & sugge/iv5ess4 ,footnote3 ,volume ,,ii ( ! ,/ud5t's ,old ,te/am5t3 conta9s ! n>ratives f ,samuel ?r\gh ,i ,maccabees1 ?us arrang$4 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy ( ! prophecies & e>li] n>ratives ,on ! basis ( ?is detail$ /udy ( ! hi/orical backgr\nd1 ! "w & tea*+s ( ! prophets c\ld next be trac$ 9 _! true & *ronological ord]4 ,no ,old ,te/am5t field is m neglect$ & none is m int5sely int]e/+1 :5 once ! /ud5t und]/&s ! problems & aims ( ea* great prophet4 ,none has a m practical message = to-day1 provid$ its supreme tru?s are int]pret$ into mod]n t]ms & conditions4 ,aft] becom+ intimately acqua9t$ ) ! ,hebrew prophets1 x w\ld be possible to g back & /udy ) a new und]/&+ & appreciation ! e>ly n>ratives :i* ga!r ab\t ! beg9n+s ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,!n ! intricate problems ( ! fir/ eight books ( ! ,bible w\ld vani% 9 ! light ( a full] k4 ,above all1 t :i* is ess5tial & p]man5t w\ld /& out 9 cle> relief4 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy ( ! devotional lit]ature ,f ! e>lie/ fruits ( prophetic activity x w\ld !n be pr(itable to turn to ! lat]1 repres5t$ by ,lam5tations & ! ,psalt]4 ,"h ! be/ results require a classification ( ! diff]5t psalms accord+ to _! !mes1 s t _! tea*+s c be /udi$ sy/ematically & z a :ole4 ,9 ?is field ( /udy ! /ud5t comes v close to ! he>t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! he>t ( ! ,god :o speaks ?r\gh x4 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy ( ! wisdom lit]ature ,less spiritual & yet int5sely int]e/+ & practical is ! great dep>tm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t kn[n z ! wisdom lit]ature4 ,he t walke? ) ! wise %all be wise 7,prov4 xiii4 #bj7 is z true to-day z :5 fir/ utt]$4 ,?is lit]ature is a great m9e ( tru?1 almo/ entirely neglect$ by ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,sy/ematic classification is ! fir/ requisite = ! pr(itable /udy ( ! ,prov]bs & ! lat] ,wisdom ( ,b5 ,sira4 ,f ^! ! /ud5t may pass on to ! full] treatm5t ( ! omnipres5t human problem1 s sublimely pres5t$ 9 ! book ( ,job1 & to ! _m fundam5tal que/ions rais$ by ,ecclesla/es & ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t laws & in/itutions ,la/ ( all a ye> might well be sp5t 9 ! /udy ( ! unfold+ & concrete application & illu/ration ( ,israel's e?ical & religi\s pr9ciples 9 ! legal codes & in/itutions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,_m ( ^! h f\nd a high] expression1 "s are b symbolic1 b o!rs /ill h p]man5t au?ority & value4 ,/udi$ z a :ole & on ! basis ( a logical classification1 ?is little und]/ood field w\ld also cease to be a jungle1 & ,in/ead w\ld yield its own practical spiritual fruits4 ,,xvi ,,religi\s ,,education--,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,problem ,,( ,,to-,,day ,sid5ote3 ,! practical realization ( ^! possibilities ,?is v brief & fragm5t>y outl9e ( me?ods & possibilities ( ,old ,te/am5t /udy is n an impossible dream4 ,9 colleges & 9 a few ,bible s*ools x is already be+ tri$ ) ! gratify+ results t might be anticipat$4 ,to put x at once into =ce 9 mo/ ( our ,sunday-s*ools w\ld be absolutely impracticable4 ,x is pres5t$ simply z a sugge/ion ( a def9ite & practical goal t[>d :i* to "w4 ,) c>eful adju/m5t1 ^! c\rses1 adapt$ to diff]5t ages1 c\ld be arrang$ s t at lea/ ! int]m$iate grades 9 ! ,sunday-s*ool w\ld be /udy+ 9 ! same field at ! same "t4 ,?is plan provides = no graduation f ! s*ool ( ! ,bible4 ,x assumes t ! ,*ri/ian _w is at la/ awak5+ to ! real significance ( religi\s education & to a recognition ( ! fact t ! ultimate solution ( our grave/ national & social problems is to be f\nd only 9 ! inculcation ( ! true e?ical ideals 9 ! m9d ( ! individual4 ,x also assumes ! fundam5tal pr9ciple t no wor?y ends c be atta9$ )\t real "w1 en?usia/ic devotion1 sy/ematic me?ods1 & above all a def9ite & wor?y goal4 ,x re/s on ! belief t ! s5se ( gradual conque/ & ! atta9m5t ( practical results w alone inspire p]man5t devotion & evoke fai?ful "w1 & 9 ! end prep>e ! individual s*ol> = ! intellig5t & loyal s]vice ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ov]:elm+ responsibility ( ! ,sunday-s*ools ,frank confessions are good = a cause z well z = ! s\l4 ,we mu/ admit t mo/ ( our ,sunday-s*ools1 ) _! va/ res\rces 9 opportunity1 9 f9ancial support1 & 9 ! devotion ( ! tea*]s & (fic]s1 d n p]man5tly hold _! s*ol>s1 & 9 ! great majority ( cases d n give !m a ?or\gh or sy/ematic k1 ev5 ( ! mo/ vital tea*+s ( ! ,bible4 ,! ignorance ( its lit]ature & hi/ory on ! "p ( ev51 ! m intellig5t /ud5ts :o ent] college1 is almo/ pa/ belief1 z _m ( u c te/ify f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! limitations 9 "t & equipm5t ( ! ,sunday-s*ools are und\bt$ly great 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! secul> s*ools2 & yet ! responsibility n[ ?r[n ^u ! ,bible s*ools is ev5 great] ?an ^u ! latt]4 ,p>5ts h ceas$ to in/ruct _! *ildr5 9 spell+ & ! multiplication-table because !y h f\nd t ! tea*]s c d ?is bett]4 ,)\t ju/ification1 b by analogy & because !y are !mselves (t5 unacqua9t$ ) ! ,bible1 or unc]ta9 reg>d+ its int]pretation1 !y are m & m leav+ ! religi\s education ( _! sons & daught]s to ! ,*ur* & ! ,sunday-s*ool4 ,sid5ote3 ,! transc5d5t importance ( religi\s education ,x is safe to say1 & ?is )\t res]vation1 ! mo/ fundam5tal problem 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica to-day is ! problem ( religi\s education1 because ?is lies at ! roots ( all else--political1 social1 & !ological4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian _w awak5s to its pr(\nd significance1 & :5 its ideals & me?ods are rais$1 ev5 to a level ) ^? ( ! public s*ools1 ! o!r grave problems w be ne> _! solution4 ,if ! individual is ?or\ghly taught dur+ ! impressionable ye>s ( *ildhood & y\?1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( e?ics & religion1 society & ! /ate w h no difficulty 9 meet+ _! problems2 b if n1 ^! w p]=ce cont9ue to rema9 unsolv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,important t ! ,old ,te/am5t be taught 9 ! public s*ools ,x is a "t = all e>ne/ m5 ( e d5om9ation or cre$ to unite 9 meet+ ?is ne$4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,jew & ,*ri/ian1 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 /& on common gr\nd4 ,! mod]n inductive hi/orical me?ods ( /udy h prep>$ ! way = union2 = !y aim to support no d5om9ational int]pretation1 b simply to atta9 ! tru?4 ,! la/ reasons1 !re=e1 :y ! lit]ature1 hi/ory1 geography1 & e?ical tea*+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t %\ld n be taught 9 our public s*ools are rapidly disappe>+1 & ! hundr$s ( reasons :y any sy/em ( secul> education is incomplete )\t x are com+ to ! front4 ,) ?is fundam5tal basis ( k & in/ruction1 ! "w ( ! ,sunday-s*ools c\ld also at once be plac$ on a f> m effective plane4 ,x is a consummation = :i* e intellig5t citiz5 %\ld e>ne/ly "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! task ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! pres5t c5tury ,! a*ievem5t ( ! la/ c5tury 0 to complete ! "w ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation & r$iscov] ! ,bible4 ,! task ( ! pres5t c5tury is to in/il its ess5tial tea*+s1 ?us reveal$1 into ! m9d ( ! individual1 s t !y w become controll+ factors 9 human life4 ,"h lies ! great responsibility & opportunity ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,if x is to r5ew its hold on mod]n m51 x w be ?r\gh ! m9d z well z ! he>t1 & its mo/ effici5t me?od w be--z x always has 9 reality be5--religi\s education4 ,horace ,bu%nell proclaim$ ! wat*word ( ! ,*ur* triumphant3 ,*ri/ian culture4 ,sid5ote3 ,! examples ( ! prophets & ,jesus ,81 h[ev]1 0 no new discov]y4 ,! ,hebrew prophets1 prie/s1 & sages 7 n prim>ily prea*]s1 b tea*]s4 ,! prophetic messages :i* fell on deaf e>s1 in/ill$ into ! m9ds ( a few humble disciples1 9 "t won acceptance f ! nation4 ,jesus himself 0 n s mu* ! prea*] z ! ,great ,tea*]4 ,8 e>lie/ public prea*+ 0 b ! net ca/ to cat* ! few fai?ful disciples4 ,:5 ^! _h be5 secur$1 he turn$ 8 back ^u a popul> prea*+ m9i/ry1 & devot$ ! be/ "p ( 8 brief public "w to in/ruct+ a little gr\p ( disciples4 ,hi/ory completely v9dicates ! wisdom ( 8 me?od4 ,only by foll[+ closely on 8 foot/eps c ! ,*ur* hope to realize its true mission1 especially 9 ?is age1 :5 ! he>t & w mu/ be rea*$ ?r\gh ! m9d4 ,9 ?is respect1 x mu/ also be confess$ t ! ,ca?olic are f> 9 advance ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es & ,sunday-s*ools1 :]e ! prea*+ /ill ov]%ad[s ! tea*+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! call = a tea*+ m9i/ry ,to inspire & direct ?or\gh religi\s in/ruction1 c>efully tra9$ lead]s are ne$$4 ,! dem& to-day is = a tea*+ z well z a prea*+ m9i/ry1 ) an apo/olic s5se ( a mission & a message4 ,m5 ) natural gifts & ! mo/ ?or\gh prep>ation are want$ to raise ! /&>ds & to organize & trans=m1 z !y alone c1 by p]sonal contact1 ! tea*+ corps ( our ,sunday-s*ools into effective =ces4 ,su* m5 & wom5 c]ta9ly c be f\nd4 ,x is a conviction1 bas$ on a wide exp]i5ce1 t _m ( ! able/ /ud5ts 9 our colleges & univ]sities1 :o = _m valid reasons d n feel ! call to a prea*+ mission1 w\ld gladly & en?usia/ically devote !mselves to ! "w ( religi\s in/ruction1 c\ld !y be sure ( a field1 :5 _! prep>ation 0 complete4 ,our univ]sities & sem9>ies already h ! facilities & c\ld readily assume ?is important responsibility4 ,z soon z our l>ge city *ur*es & ! f$]at$ *ur*es 9 our small] t[ns1 dem& a tea*+ pa/or z ! p]man5t director ( _! ,sunday-s*ools1 & ( ! religi\s educational "w "u _! *>ge1 !y w ent] ^u a new c>e] ( p]man5t conque/4 ,! ne$s are und\bt$ly great1 ! volunte]s are at h&1 ?or\gh prep>ation c be assur$2 b ! call mu/ come f ! ,*ur*1 unit$ & awake to its supreme opportunity & responsibility4 ,sid5ote3 ,! antiquat$ me?ods ( our ,sunday-s*ools ,x mu/ also be confess$ t our religi\s sy/ems--if su* !y may be call$--are /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,!y are f> inf]ior 9 e respect1 except 9 ! self-sacrific+ devotion ( ! tea*]s & (fic]s1 to ^? ( ! secul> s*ools4 ,:at is mo/ vital to our national & individual life is mo/ neglect$4 ,in/ead ( ! late/ & be/ p$agogical me?ods1 ! mo/ antiquat$ l>gely prevail4 ,sadde/ ( all1 ! ,bible :i* is be+ taught 9 ! majority ( our s*ools is ! ,bible ( lat] ,judaism & ! ,middle ,ages1 n ! ,book ( ,books :i* /&s =? 9 ! light ( ,god's late/ revelation1 z a message ( beauty & life to ! pres5t age4 ,x is n /range t !re is a gr[+ di/ru/ ( ! ,sunday-s*ool among _m intellig5t p1 & an appall+ apa?y or di/a/e = ,bible /udy 9 ! m9d ( ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! cry+ ne$ = improv$ c\rses ( /udy ,if we %ut our eyes to ^! facts1 !y w rema92 b if we frankly face !m1 a decade ( intellig5t & devot$ "w w effect a great trans=mation4 ,! fir/ /ep is obvi\sly along ! l9e ( improv$ c\rses & me?ods ( /udy4 ,_m diff]5t c\rses are at pres5t 9 ! field4 ,all h _! m]its1 & to ^? :o h develop$ !m highe/ praise & cr$it is due4 ,"s h be5 prep>$ to meet imm$iate & practical ne$s1 b ignore ! l>g] unities & ! hi/orical backgr\nd1 & 9 g5]al neglect ! results ( mod]n educational & biblical k4 ,"s h be5 work$ out 9 ! /udy & h a /rong academic flavor1 b d n meet ! ne$s ( ! av]age s*ol> or tea*]4 ,o!rs are models ( p$agogical p]fection1 b lack cont5t4 ,progressive ,sunday-s*ools are try+ "o sy/em aft] ano!r1 & meantime ! note ( discont5t is rapidly ris+4 ,! crisis is too s]i\s to admit ( p]sonal rivalries or prejudices4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to meet ?is ne$ ,! moral ( ! situation is simple3 t :i* w fully meet ! ne$s ( ! pres5t mu/ be a comb9ation ( all t is good 9 exi/+ c\rses1 & embody :at is be/ 9 ! s*ol>%ip & me?ods ( to-day4 ,l ! mo/ effective sy/ems 9 ! pa/1 x mu/ be wr\ght out 9 ! laboratory ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,x mu/ be plann$ f ! po9t ( view ( actual ne$s & conditions4 ,x mu/ also h a wor?y & def9ite goal & a high ideal4 ,x %\ld emphasize ! importance ( fundam5tal religi\s in/ruction1 z well z prea*+4 ,all t is practical & p]man5t 9 mod]n educational me?ods %\ld be utiliz$4 ,x %\ld pres]ve ! exi/+ sup]b ,sunday-s*ool organization1 &1 z f> z possible1 ! unity ( ! spl5did sy/em n[ "u ! direction ( ! ,int]national ,committee4 ,f9ally1 x %\ld incorporate ! positive & illum9at+ results ( mod]n con/ructive biblical rese>*4 ,! task _c be accompli%$ 9 a mom5t1 nor by "o man nor a small gr\p ( m54 ,x is c]ta9ly important en\gh to comm& ! be/ exp]i5ce1 ! ripe/ s*ol>%ip1 & ! mo/ unselfi% devotion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! adv5t ( a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( ,god ,:5 ?is task has be5 ?or\ghly p]=m$1 & ! able/ ( our educat$ m5 & wom5 h be5 enli/$ 9 our ,bible s*ools1 ! cause ( religi\s education w comm& ! respect ( ! _w1 n m]ely because ( ! fundam5tal ne$ :i* x aims to meet1 b also because x is effectually meet+ x4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* w also f9d itself 9 sympa?y & t\* ) t :i* is be/ & mo/ significant 9 mod]n life & ?\ght4 ,religi\s tea*]s & sci5tific inve/igators w "w %\ld] to %\ld] 9 a common /udy & int]pretation ( ,god's _m-sid$ revelation4 ,pa/ors w feel ! solid f\ndations ( hi/orical tru? b5ea? _! feet4 ,leav+ beh9d ! d9 & di/ractions ( ! transitional p]iod1 ! disciples ( ! ,great ,tea*] w g =? ) fre% zeal to make ! et]nal tru?s ( ! ,bible regnant 9 ! lives ( m51 & ! k+dom ( ,god a reality 9 human hi/ory4