,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #cfj ,,new ,,york1 ,,novemb] #be1 #ahhb ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #cfj4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,soak+ ,pits = ,/eel ,+ots4 --,on ! successful roll+ ( /eel +ots ) _! own initial heat by means ( ! soak+ pit process4 ,by ,,john ,,gj]s4 #f figures4--,gj]s' soak+ pits = /eel +ots4 ,temp]+ by compression4--,l4 ,clem&ot's process4 ,economical ,/eam ,p[]4 ,by ,,william ,,b>net ,,le ,,van4 ,mississippi ,riv] ,improvem5ts ne> ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,bunte's ,burette = ! ,analysis ( ,furnace ,gases4 #b figures4 ,! ,univ]sal ,gas ,eng9e4 #h figures4--,improv$ gas eng9e4 ,gas ,furnace = ,bak+ ,refractory ,products4 #a figure4 ,! ,effici5cy ( ,fans4 #e figures4 ,ma*9e = ,compress+ ,coal ,refuse into ,fuel4 #a figure4-- ,bilan's ma*9e4 ,hank ,siz+ & ,wr++ ,ma*9e4 #a figure4 ,improv$ ,coke ,break]4 #b figures4 ,improvem5ts 9 ,pr9t+ ,ma*9]y4 #b figures4 ,,ii4 ,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry4--,app>atus = ,obta9+ ,pure ,wat] = ,photographic ,use4 #c figures4 ,black ,phosphorus4--,by ,p ,,!n>d4 ,composition ( ,/eep ,wat] ,s*reib]'s ,app>atus = ,revivify+ ,bone ,black4 #e figures4-- ,plant3 elevation & plan4--,views ( elevation4--,cont9u\s furnace4 ,soap & its ,manufacture f a ,consum]'s ,po9t ( ,view4 7,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ccj74 ,cotton se$ ,oil4--,by ,s4 ,s4 ,,brad=d4 ,on "s ,app>atus t ,p]mit ( ,ent]+ ,flames4--,*evali] ,ald9i's wire gauze & asbe/os protectors4--,brew/]'s acc\nt ( te/ exp]im5ts4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity1 ,,light4 ,,etc4--,on a ,new ,arc ,electric ,lamp4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece4 #f figures--,! ,abdank sy/em4--,! lamp4-- ,! ,electro-magnet4--,! ,cut-(f4--,! electrical arrangem5t4 ,utilization ( ,sol> ,heat4 ,,iv4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,! ,ocellat$ ,pheasant4 #a figure4 ,! ,maid5hair ,tree 9 ! ,g>d5s at ,broadl&s1 ,hants1 ,engl&4 #a figure4 ,! ,woods ( ,am]ica4--,! ,jessup collection 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,c5tral ,p>k1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! specim5s4 ,v4 ,,agriculture1 ,,etc4--,an ,indu/rial ,revolution4--,increase 9 ! numb] ( f>ms4 ,a ,f>m]'s ,lime ,kiln4 #c figures4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,apple ,jelly4 ,improv$ ,grape ,bags4 #d figures4 ,,vi4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,etc4--,! ,build+ ,/one ,supply4--,granite & its s\rces4--,s&/one4--,blue & gray lime/one4--,m>ble4-- ,slate4--,o!r /ones4--,a valuable summ>y ( ! s\rces & uses ( qu>ry products4 ,,vii4 ,,a/ronomy4 ,,etc4--,h[ to ,e/abli% a ,true ,m]idian4 ,by ,pr(4 ,l4 ,m4 ,,haupt4--,introduction4--,def9itions4-- ,to f9d ! azemu? ( ,pol>is4--,applications1 etc4 ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,a ,*>act]i/ic ,m9+ ,ru%4--,! ,prospective ,m9+ ,c5t] ( ,s\!rn ,new ,mexico4 ,! ,food & ,en]gy ( ,man4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,de ,,*aumont4--,orig9al food ( man4--,function ( food4--,classes ( alim5t>y sub/ances4--,quantity ( food4--,importance ( v>i$ diet4 ,rattlesnake ,poison4--,its ,antidotes4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,cr(t4 ,! ,*9ese ,sign ,manual4--,! e?nic be>+ ( sk9 furr[s on ! h&4 ,lucidity4--,mat!w ,arnold's rem>ks at ! reop5+ ( ! ,liv]pool ,univ]sity ,college & ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,soak+ ,,pits ,,= ,,/eel ,,+ots4 ,,on ,,! ,,successful ,,roll+ ,,( ,,/eel ,,+ots ,,) ,,_! ,,own ,,initial ,,heat ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,soak+ ,,pit ,,process4 ,by ,mr4 ,,john ,,gj]s1 ,middlesbr\gh4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute at ,vi5na4 ,:5 ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]1 9 #ahef1 made public 8 great inv5tion1 & ann\nc$ to ! _w t he 0 able to produce malleable /eel f ca/ iron )\t ! exp5diture ( any fuel except t :i* already exi/$ 9 ! fluid metal imp>t$ to x 9 ! bla/ furnace1 8 /atem5t 0 receiv$ ) d\bt & surprise4 ,if he at t "t _h be5 able to add t x 0 also possible to roll su* /eel into a f9i%$ b> ) no fur!r exp5diture ( fuel1 !n und\bt$ly ! surprise w\ld h be5 mu* great]4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 has come to pass2 & ! au?or ( ?is pap] is n[ pleas$ to be able to in=m ?is meet+ t x is n only possible1 b t x is extremely easy & practical1 by ! means to be describ$1 to roll a /eel +ot into1 say1 a bloom1 a rail1 or o!r f9i%$ article ) its own initial heat1 )\t ! aid ( ! hi!rto univ]sally adopt$ heat+ furnace4 ,x is well und]/ood t 9 ! fluid /eel p\r$ into ! m\ld !re is a l>g] /ore ( heat ?an is requir$ = ! purpose ( roll+ or hamm]+4 ,n only is !re ! m]e app>5t high temp]ature ( fluid /eel1 b !re is ! /ore ( lat5t heat 9 ?is fluid metal :i* is giv5 out :5 solidification takes place4 ,x has1 no d\bt1 sugge/$ itself to _m t ?is heat ( ! +ot ought to be utiliz$1 & z a matt] ( fact1 !re h be51 at v>i\s times & 9 diff]5t places1 attempts made to d s2 b hi!rto all su* attempts h prov$ failures1 & a k9d ( settl$ conviction has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! /eel trade t ! !ory c\ld n possibly be c>ri$ out 9 practice4 ,! difficulty arose f ! fact t a /eel +ot :5 newly /ripp$ is f> too hot 9 ! int]ior = ! purpose ( roll+1 & if x be kept long en\gh = ! int]ior to become 9 a fit /ate1 !n ! ext]ior gets f> too cold to enable x to be roll$ successfully4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to ov]come ?is difficulty by putt+ ! hot +ots "u %ields or hoods1 l9$ ) non-heat-conduct+ mat]ial1 & to bury !m 9 non-heat-conduct+ mat]ial 9 a pulv]iz$ /ate1 = ! purpose ( reta9+ & equaliz+ ! heat2 b all ^! attempts h prov$ futile 9 practice1 & ! fact rema9s1 t ! univ]sal practice 9 /eel works at ! pres5t day all ov] ! _w is to employ a heat+ furnace ( "s description requir+ fuel4 ,! au?or introduc$ 8 new mode ( treat+ +ots at ! ,d>l+ton ,/eel & ,iron ,company's ,works1 9 ,d>l+ton1 e>ly 9 ,june ?is ye>1 & !y are n[ bloom+ ! :ole ( _! make1 ab\t #abe tons a %ift1 or ab\t #cjj +ots e twelve h\rs1 by su* means4 ,! ma*9]y at ,d>l+ton is n adapt$ = roll+ (f 9 "o heat2 nev]!less !y h roll$ (f direct f ! +ot treat$ 9 ! soak+ pits a consid]able numb] ( d\ble-head rails2 & ! exp]i5ce s ga9$ proves conclusively t ) prop] ma*9]y !re w be no difficulty 9 do+ s regul>ly4 ,! quality ( ! rails s roll$ (f has be5 ev]y?+ t c\ld be desir$2 & z _m ( ! defects 9 rails orig9ate 9 ! heat+ furnace1 ! au?or v5tures to pr$ict t ev5 9 ?is respect ! new process w /& ! te/4 ,_m em95tly practical m5 h witness$ ! op]ation at ,d>l+ton1 & !y "o & all h express$ _! great surprise at ! result1 & at ! simple & orig9al means by :i* x is accompli%$4 ,! process is 9 c\rse ( adoption 9 sev]al works1 bo? 9 ,engl& & abroad1 & ! au?or hopes t by ! "t ?is pap] is be+ read1 !re may be "s :o w f p]sonal exp]i5ce be able to te/ify to ! practicability & economy ( ! process1 :i* is c>ri$ out 9 ! mann] n[ to be describ$4 ,a numb] ( upright pits 7! numb]1 say1 ( ! +ots 9 a ca/7 are built 9 a mass ( brickwork sunk 9 ! gr\nd bel[ ! level ( ! floor1 su* pits 9 cross-section be+ made slightly l>g] ?an t ( ! +ot1 j en\gh to all[ = any f9s at ! bottom1 & some:at deep] ?an ! longe/ +ot likely to be us$4 ,9 practice ! cross section ( ! pit is made ab\t #c 94 l>g] ?an ! l>ge end ( ! +ot1 & ! top ( ! +ot may be any?+ f #f 94 to #ah 94 bel[ ! top ( ! pit4 ,^! pits are comm&$ by an +ot crane1 by pref]5ce s plac$ 9 relation to ! bloom+ mill t ! crane also comm&s ! live roll]s ( ! mill4 ,ea* pit is cov]$ ) a sep>ate lid at ! floor level1 & aft] hav+ be5 well dri$ & br\ght to a r$ heat by ! ins]tion ( hot +ots1 !y are ready = op]ation4 ,z soon z ! +ots are /ripp$ 7& !y %\ld be /ripp$ z e>ly z practicable71 !y are transf]r$ "o by "o1 & plac$ sep>ately by means ( ! crane into ^! previ\sly heat$ pits 7:i* ! au?or calls soak+ pits7 & =?) cov]$ ov] ) ! lid1 :i* practically excludes ! air4 ,9 ^! pits1 ?us cov]$1 ! +ots are all[$ to /& & soak2 t is1 ! excessive molt5 heat ( ! int]ior1 & any additional heat r5d]$ s5sible dur+ complete solidification1 b :i* 0 lat5t at ! "t ( plac+ ! +ots into ! pit1 becomes uni=mly di/ribut$1 or ne>ly s1 ?r\gh\t ! metallic mass4 ,no1 or comp>atively little1 heat be+ able to escape1 z ! +ot is surr\nd$ by brick walls z hot z itself1 x foll[s t ! surface heat ( ! +ot is greatly increas$2 & aft] ! space ( f tw5ty to ?irty m9utes1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ! +ot is lift$ out ( ! pit app>5tly mu* hott] ?an x w5t 91 & is n[ swung r\nd to ! rolls1 by means ( ! crane1 9 a p]fect /ate ( heat = roll+1 ) ?is additional advantage to ! mill ov] an +ot heat$ 9 an ord9>y furnace f a comp>atively cold1 t x is always c]ta9 to be at lea/ z hot 9 ! c5t] z x is on ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,e +ot1 :5 ca/1 conta9s )9 itself a consid]ably l>g] /ore ( heat ?an is necess>y = ! roll+ op]ation4 ,"s ( ?is heat is1 ( c\rse1 lo/ by pass+ into ! m\ld1 "s is lo/ by radiation be=e ! +ot ent]s into ! soak+ pit1 & "s is lo/ aft] x ent]s1 by be+ conduct$ away by ! brickwork2 b 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( work+1 :5 !re is no undue loss ( "t 9 transf]r+ ! +ots1 aft] all[+ = ?is loss1 !re rema9s a surplus1 :i* goes into ! brickwork ( ! soak+ pits1 s t ?is surplus ( heat f successive +ots t5ds cont9ually to keep ! pits at ! int5se heat ( ! +ot itself4 ,?us1 occasionally x happ5s t inadv]t5tly an +ot is delay$ s long on its way to ! pit z to arrive !re some:at %ort ( heat1 its temp]ature w be rais$ by heat f ! walls ( ! pit itself2 ! refractory mass :]e9 ! pit is =m$1 9 fact1 act+ z an accumulator ( heat1 giv+ & tak+ heat z requir$ to c>ry on ! op]ation 9 a cont9u\s & practical mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gj]s' ,,soak+ ,,pits ,,= ,,/eel ,,+ots4 ,dur+ ! soak+ op]ation a quantity ( gas exudes f ! +ot & fills ! pit1 ?us entirely exclud+ atmosph]ic air f ent]+2 ?is is se5 escap+ r\nd ! lid1 & :5 ! lid is remov$ combu/ion takes place4 ,x w be se5 by analyses giv5 h]e9aft] t ?is gas is entirely compos$ ( hydrog51 nitrog51 & c>bonic oxide1 s t ! +ots soak 9 a p]fectly non-oxidiz+ m$ium4 ,h5ce loss ( /eel by oxidation does n take place1 & consequ5tly ! great loss ( yield :i* always occurs 9 ! ord9>y heat+ furnace is entirely obviat$4 ,! au?or does n ?9k x necess>y to dilate ^u ! economical advantages ( 8 process1 z !y are app>5t to e practical man connect$ ) ! manufacture ( /eel4 ,! op]ation ( /eel mak+ on a l>ge scale w by ?is process be v mu* simplifi$4 ,x w help to disp5se ) a l>ge numb] ( m51 "s ( !m highly paid1 directly & indirectly connect$ ) ! heat+ dep>tm5t2 x w d away ) co/ly heat+ furnaces & gas g5]ators1 & _! co/ly ma9t5ance2 x w save all ! coal us$ 9 heat+2 & :at is p]haps ( /ill m importance1 x w save ! loss 9 yield ( /eel2 & !re w be no m /eel spoil$ by ov]heat+ 9 ! furnaces4 ,! process has be5 9 op]ation too %ort a "t to give precise & reliable figures1 b x is hop$ t by ! next meet+ ( ! ,in/itute ^! w be =?com+ f v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,ref]r+ to ! illu/rations annex$1 ,fig4 #a %[s sectional elevation1 & ,fig4 #b plan ( a set ( eight soak+ pits 7m>k$ ,a74 ,^! pits are built 9 a mass ( brickwork1 ,b1 on a concrete f\ndation1 ,c2 ! +ots1 ,d1 /&+ upright 9 ! pits4 ,! pits are l9$ ) firebrick lumps1 #f 94 ?ick1 =m+ an indep5d5t l9+1 ,e1 :i* at any "t c be readily r5ew$4 ,f is a ca/ iron plate1 made to take 9 f\r pits1 & dropp$ loosely )9 ! l>ge plate1 ,g1 :i* surr\nds ! pits4 ,h is ! cov]1 ) a firebrick l9+2 & ,i is a false cov] ( firebrick1 #a 94 small] ?an ! cross section ( ! pit1 put 9 to re/ on ! top ( ! +ot4 ,?is false cov] ne$ n necess>ily be us$1 b is useful to keep ! extreme top ( ! +ot extra hot4 ,j is ! bottom ( ! pit1 compos$ ( brok5 brick & silv] s&1 =m+ a good h>d bottom at any desir$ level4 ,figs4 #d & #e %[ outl9e plan ( two sets ( soak+ pits1 ,k ,k1 eight ea*1 plac$ "u a #be ft4 sweep crane1 ,l4 ,?is crane1 if a good "o1 c\ld h&le any ord9>y make--up to #b1jjj tons p] week1 & ought to h hydraulic rack+ out & sw++ r\nd ge>4 ,?is crane places ! +ots into ! pits1 &1 :5 !y are ready1 picks !m out & sw+s !m r\nd to bloom+ mill1 ,m4 ,) su* a crane1 f\r m5 & a boy at ! h&les are able to pass ! :ole ( t make ?r\gh ! pits4 ,! au?or recomm5ds two sets ( pits z %[n1 al?\gh "o set ( eight pits is q able to deal ) any ord9>y output f "o ,bessem] pit4 ,9 case ( an extraord9>ily l>ge output1 ! au?or recomm5ds a second crane1 ,f1 = ! purpose ( plac+ ! +ots 9 ! pits only1 ! crane1 ,l1 be+ entirely us$ = pick+ ! +ots out & sw++ !m r\nd to ! live roll]s ( ! mill4 ,! relative position ( ! cranes1 soak+ pits1 & bloom+ mill may ( c\rse be v>i\sly arrang$ accord+ to circum/ances1 & ! soak+ pits may be arrang$ 9 s+le or m r[s1 or conc5trically ) ! crane at pleasure4 ,figs4 #d & #e also %[ outl9e plan & elevation ( a ,bessem] plant1 conv5i5tly arrang$ = work+ on ! soak+ pit sy/em4 ,a ,a are ! conv]t]s1 ) a transf] crane1 ,b4 ,c is ! ca/+ pit ) its crane1 ,d4 ,e ,e are ! two +ot cranes4 ,f is a lead+ crane :i* transf]s ! +ots f ! +ot cranes to ! soak+ pits1 ,k ,k1 comm&$ by ! crane1 ,l1 :i* transf]s ! prep>$ +ots to ! mill1 ,m4 z be=e describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,temp]+ ,,by ,,compression4 ,l4 ,clem&ot has devis$ a new me?od ( treat+ metals1 especially /eel1 :i* consi/s 9 heat+ to a *]ry r$1 compress+ /rongly & keep+ up ! pressure until ! metal is completely cool$4 ,! results are s mu* l ^? ( temp]+ t he calls 8 process temp]+ by compression4 ,! compress$ metal becomes exce$+ly h>d1 acquir+ a molecul> contraction & a f95ess ( gra9 su* t poli%+ gives x ! appe>ance ( poli%$ nickel4 ,compress$ /eel1 l temp]$ /eel1 acquires ! co]citive =ce :i* enables x to absorb magnetism4 ,?is prop]ty %\ld be /udi$ 9 connection ) its durability2 exp]im5ts h already %[n t !re is no loss ( magnetism at ! expiration ( ?ree mon?s4 ,?is compression has no analogue b temp]+4 ,hamm]+ & h>d5+ modify ! molecul> /ate ( metals1 especially :5 !y are practic$ ^u metal t is ne>ly cold1 b ! effect ( hydraulic pressure is mu* great]4 ,! ph5om5a :i* are produc$ 9 bo? me?ods ( temp]+ may be int]pret$ 9 diff]5t ways1 b x seems likely t !re is a molecul> approximation1 an amorphism f :i* results ! homog5eity t is due to ! abs5ce ( cry/allization4 ,be+ an op]ation :i* c be measur$1 x may be graduat$ & kept )9 limits :i* are prescrib$ 9 advance2 directions may be giv5 to temp] at a specifi$ pressure1 z readily z to "w "u a giv5 pressure ( /eam4--,*ron4 ,indu/r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,economical ,,/eam ,,p[]4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] read by title at a rec5t /at$ meet+ ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ,by ,,william ,,b>net ,,le ,,van4 ,! mo/ economical application ( /eam p[] c be realiz$ only by a judici\s arrangem5t ( ! plant3 namely1 ! eng9es1 boil]s1 & _! accessories = transmission4 ,?is may appe> a some:at broad ass]tion2 b x is nev]!less "o :i* is amply ju/ifi$ by facts op5 to ! consid]ation ( all ^? :o *oose to seek = !m4 ,:ile x is true t occasionally a factory1 mill1 or a wat]-works may be f\nd 9 :i* ! :ole arrangem5ts h be5 plann$ by a compet5t eng9e]1 yet su* is ! exception & n ! rule1 & su* examples =m b a v small p]c5tage ( ! :ole4 ,! fact is t b few us]s ( /eam p[] are aw>e ( ! num]\s items :i* compose ! co/ ( economical /eam p[]1 :ile a yet small] numb] give suffici5t consid]ation to ! relations :i* ^! items be> to ea* o!r1 or ! mann] 9 :i* ! economy ( any giv5 boil] or eng9e is affect$ by ! circum/ances "u :i* x is run4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p]sons--& !y are ^? :o %\ld "k bett]1 too--take = grant$ t a boil] or eng9e :i* is good = "o situation is good = all2 a great] error ?an su* an assumption c sc>cely be imag9$4 ,x is true t !re are c]ta9 classes ( eng9es & boil]s :i* may be reli$ ^u to give mod]ately good results 9 almo/ any situation--& ! be/ results %\ld always be desir$ 9 arrangem5t ( a mill--!re are a consid]able numb] ( details :i* mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 mak+ a *oice ( boil]s & eng9es4 ,take ! case ( a mill 9 :i* x has be5 suppos$ t ! motive p[] c\ld be be/ ex]t$ by a s+le eng9e4 ,! "q n[ is :e!r or n x w\ld be be/ to divide ! total p[] requir$ among a numb] ( eng9es4 ,fir/4--,a division ( ! motive p[] pres5ts ! foll[+ advantages1 namely1 a sav+ ( exp5se on l9es ( %aft+ ( l>ge diamet]4 ,second4--,disp5s+ ) ! l>ge driv+ belt or ge>+1 ! fir/ nam$ ( :i*1 9 "o in/ance "u ! writ]'s obs]vation1 absorb$ sixty horse-p[] out ( ab\t #dhj1 or ab\t sev5 p] c5t4 ,?ird4--,! g5]al conv5i5ce ( subdivid+ ! "w to be done1 s t 9 case ( a /oppage ( "o portion ( ! "w by reason ( a loose c\pl+ or ! *ang+ ( a pulley1 etc41 t portion only w\ld ne$ to be /opp$4 ,?is la/ is ( itself a mo/ important po9t1 & dem&s c>eful consid]ation4 ,= example1 ,i 0 at a mill a %ort "t ago :5 ! gov]nor belt broke4 ,! result 0 a /oppage ( ! :ole mill4 ,_h ! motive p[] ( ?is mill be5 subdivid$ into a numb] ( small eng9es only "o dep>tm5t w\ld h be5 /opp$4 ,dur+ ! /oppage 9 ?is case ! w9d[s ( ! mill 7 a sea ( heads ( m5 & wom5 7! op]atives71 & consid]able excitem5t 0 caus$ by ! viol5t bl[+ (f ( /eam f ! safety-valves1 due to ! /oppage ( ! /eam supply to ! eng9e2 & ?is excitem5t cont9u$ until ! cause ( ! /oppage 0 und]/ood4 ,_h ! p[] 9 ?is mill be5 subdivid$ ! /oppage ( "o ( a numb] ( eng9es w\ld sc>cely h be5 notic$1 & ! bl[+ (f ( surplus /eam w\ld n h occurr$4 ,9 build+ a mill ! fir/ item to be consid]$ is ! int]e/ on ! fir/ co/ ( ! eng9e1 boil]s1 etc4 ,?is item c be subdivid$ ) advantage into ! am\nts ( int]e/ on ! respective co/s (1 ,fir/4 ,! eng9e or eng9es2 ,second ,! boil] or boil]s2 ,?ird4 ,! eng9e & boil] h\se4 ,9 ! same connection ! =m ( eng9e to be us$ mu/ be consid]$4 ,9 "s few cases--z1 = in/ance1 :]e eng9es h to be plac$ 9 conf9$ situations--! =m is practically fix$ by ! space available1 x be+ p]haps possible only to erect a v]tical or a horizontal eng9e1 z ! case may be4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are exceptional in/ances1 & 9 mo/ cases--at all ev5ts :]e l>ge p[]s are requir$--! eng9e] may h a free *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! be/ =m1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases :]e ma*9]y mu/ be driv51 is und\bt$ly ! horizontal eng9e1 & ! wor/ ! beam eng9e4 ,:5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 ! horizontal eng9e is m durable ?an ! beam eng9e1 :ile1 its fir/ co/ be+ less1 x c be driv5 at a high] spe$1 & x involves a mu* small] outlay = eng9e h\se & f\ndations ?an ! latt]4 ,9 _m respects ! horizontal eng9e is und\bt$ly closely approa*$ 9 advantages by ! be/ =ms ( v]tical eng9es2 b on ! :ole we consid] t :]e ma*9]y is to be driv5 ! balance ( advantages is decid$ly 9 favor ( ! =m] class1 & p>ticul>ly s 9 ! case ( l>ge p[]s4 ,! next po9t to be decid$ is1 :e!r a cond5s+ or non-cond5s+ eng9e %\ld be employ$4 ,9 settl+ ?is "q n only ! respective fir/ co/s ( ! two classes ( eng9es mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 b also ! co/ ( wat] & fuel4 ,except+1 p]haps1 9 cases ( v small p[]s1 & 9 ^? in/ances :]e ! exhau/ /eam f a non-cond5s+ eng9e c be turn$ to good acc\nt = heat+ or dry+ purpose1 x may safely be ass]t$ t 9 all in/ances :]e a suffici5t supply ( cond5s+ wat] is available at a mod]ate co/1 ! extra economy ( a well-con/ruct$ cond5s+ eng9e w fully w>rant ! additional outlay involv$ 9 its pur*ase4 ,9 ^! days ( high /eam pressures1 a well con/ruct$ non-cond5s+ eng9e c1 no d\bt1 be made to approximate closely to ! economy ( a cond5s+ eng9e1 b 9 su* a case ! extra co/ ( ! /rong] boil] requir$ w g f> to balance ! additional co/ ( ! cond5s+ eng9e4 ,hav+ decid$ on ! =m1 ! next "q is1 :at class ( eng9e %all x be2 & by ! t]m class ,i mean ! relative excell5ce ( ! eng9e z a p[]-produc+ ma*9e4 ,an automatic eng9e co/s m ?an a pla9 slide-valve eng9e1 b x w dep5d ^u ! co/ ( fuel at ! location :]e ! eng9e is to be plac$1 & ! numb] ( h\rs p] day x is kept runn+1 to decide :i* class ( ma*9e c be adopt$ ) ! greate/ economy to ! proprietor4 ,! co/ ( lubricat+ mat]ials1 fuel1 repairs1 & p]c5tage ( co/ to be put aside = depreciation1 w be less 9 case ( ! high-class ?an 9 ! l[-class eng9e1 :ile ! =m] w also require less boil] p[]4 ,aga9/ ^! advantages are to be set ! great] fir/ co/ ( ! automatic eng9e1 & ! consequ5t annual *>ge due to capital sunk4 ,^! sev]al items %\ld all be fairly e/imat$ :5 an eng9e is to be b\ght1 & ! k9d *os5 accord+ly4 ,let u take ! item ( fuel1 = in/ance1 & let u suppose ?is fuel to co/ f\r doll>s p] ton at ! place :]e ! eng9e is run4 ,suppose ! eng9e to be capable ( develop+ "o hundr$ horse-p[]1 & t x consumes five p\nds ( coal p] h\r p] horse-p[]1 & runs t5 h\rs p] day3 ?is w\ld necessitate ! supply ( two & "o-half tons p] day at a co/ ( t5 doll>s p] day4 ,to be really economical1 !re=e1 any improvem5t :i* w\ld effect a sav+ ( "o p\nd ( coal p] h\r p] horse-p[] mu/ n co/ a great] sum p] horse-p[] ?an t on :i* ! co/ ( ! diff]5ce ( ! coal sav$ 7"o p\nd ( coal p] h\r p] horse-p[]1 :i* w\ld be #a1jjj p\nds p] day7 =1 say1 ?ree hundr$ days1 ?ree hundr$ ?\s& 7#cjj1jjj7 p\nds1 or "o hundr$ & fifty tons 7or six hundr$ doll>s71 w\ld pay a fair int]e/4 ,assum+ t ! mill own] e/imates 8 capital z wor? to him t5 p] c5t1 p] annum1 !n ! improvem5t :i* w\ld effect ! above m5tion$ sav+ mu/ n co/ m ?an six ?\s& doll>s1 & s on4 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ run only t5 h\rs p] day1 ! eng9e is run night & day1 !n ! outlay :i* x w\ld be ju/ifiable to make to effect a c]ta9 sav+ p] h\r w\ld be d\bl$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if an eng9e is run less ?an ! usual "t p] day a giv5 sav+ p] h\r w\ld ju/ify a correspond+ly less outlay4 ,x has be5 f\nd t = gra9 & o!r elevators1 :i* are n run con/antly1 gas eng9es1 al?\gh co/+ m = ! same p[]1 are *eap] ?an /eam eng9es = elevat+ purposes :]e only occasionally us$4 ,= ?is reason x is impossible )\t consid]able inve/igation to say :at is really ! mo/ economical eng9e to adopt 9 any p>ticul> case2 & z comp>atively few us]s ( /eam p[] c>e to make ?is inve/igation a va/ am\nt ( wa/eful exp5diture results4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 no absolute rule c be giv51 we may /ate t ! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* an eng9e :i* is wa/eful ( fuel c be us$ pr(itably is exce$+ly small4 ,z a rule1 9 fact1 x may g5]ally be assum$ t an eng9e employ$ = driv+ a manufactory ( any k9d _c be ( too high a class1 ! sav+ effect$ by ! economical work+ ( su* eng9es 9 ! va/ majority ( cases enorm\sly outweigh+ ! int]e/ on _! extra fir/ co/4 ,s few p appe> to h a cle> idea ( ! va/ importance ( economy ( fuel 9 mills & factories t ,i p]haps _c bett] conclude ?an by giv+ an example %[+ ! sav+ to be effect$ 9 a l>ge e/abli%m5t by an economical eng9e4 ,i w take ! case ( a fl\r+ mill 9 ?is city :i* employ$ two eng9es t requir$ =ty p\nds ( wat] to be conv]t$ into /eam p] h\r p] indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,?is1 at ! "t1 0 consid]$ a mod]ate am\nt & ! eng9es 7 consid]$ good4 ,^! eng9es indicat$ sev5ty horse p[] ea*1 & ran tw5ty-f\r h\rs p] day on an av]age ( ?ree hundr$ days ea* ye>1 requir+ z p] indicator diagrams =ty million ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& p\nds 7#dj x #gj x #bd x #cjj x #b #dj1cbj1jjj7 ( fe$ wat] to be evaporat$ p] annum1 :i*1 9 ,philadelphia1 co/s ?ree doll>s p] horse-p[] p] annum1 am\nt+ to 7#gj x #b x #cjj #dbj4jj7 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty doll>s4 ,! coal consum$ av]ag$ five & "o-half p\nds p] h\r p] horse-p[]1 :i*1 at f\r doll>s p] ton1 co/s 77#gj x #b x #e4e x #bd x #cjj7 _/ #b1jjj7 x #d4jj #aa1jhh ,elev5 ?\s& & eighty-eight doll>s4 ,co/ ( coal = #cjj days4 #aa1jhh ,co/ ( wat] = #cjj days4 #dbj ------- ,total co/ ( coal & wat]4 #aa1ejc ,^! eng9es 7 replac$ by "o fir/-class automatic eng9e1 :i* develop$ "o hundr$ & =ty-two horse-p[] p] h\r ) a consumption ( ?ree p\nds ( coal p] h\r p] horse-p[]1 & ! indicator diagrams %[$ a consumption ( ?irty p\nds ( wat] p] h\r p] horse-p[]4 ,coal co/ 77#adb x #c x #bd x #cjj7 _/ #b1jjj7 x #d4jj #f1acd ,six ?\s& "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r doll>s4 ,wat] co/ 7#adb x #c4jj #dbf4jj7 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-six doll>s4 ,co/ ( coal = #cjj days4 #f1acd ,co/ ( wat] = #cjj days4 #dbf ------ ,total co/ ( coal & wat]4 #f1efj ,! wat] evaporat$ 9 ! latt] case to p]=m ! same "w 0 7#adb x #cj x #bd x #cjj #cj1fgb1jjj7 ?irty million six hundr$ & sev5ty-two ?\s& p\nds ( fe$ wat] aga9/ 7#dj1cbj1jjj7 =ty million ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& p\nds 9 ! =m]1 a sav+ ( 7#i1fdh1jjj7 n9e million six hundr$ & =ty-eight ?\s& p\nds p] annum2 or1 7#dj1cbj1jjj - #cj1fgb1jjj7 _/ #i1fdh1jjj #ca4d p] c5t4 --?irty-"o & f\r-t5?s p] c5t4 ,& a sav+ 9 coal consumption ( 7#aa1jhh - #f1acd7 _/ #d1ied #hg4e p] c5t4 --eighty-sev5 & "o-half p] c5t41 or a sav+ 9 doll>s & c5ts ( f\r ?\s& n9e hundr$ & fifty-f\r doll>s 7#d1ied74 ,9 ?is city1 ,philadelphia1 no all[ance = ! consumption ( wat] is made 9 ! case ( fir/ class eng9es1 su* eng9es be+ *>g$ ! same rate p] annum p] horse-p[] z an inf]ior eng9e1 :ile1 z %[n by ! above example1 a sav+ 9 wat] ( ?irty-"o & f\r-t5?s p] c5t4 has be5 atta9$ by ! employm5t ( a fir/-class eng9e4 ,! build]s ( su* eng9es w always give a gu>antee ( _! consumption ( wat]1 s t ! pur*as] c be able 9 advance to e/imate ?is z accurately z he c ! am\nt ( fuel he w use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,riv] ,,improvem5ts ,,ne> ,,/4 ,,l\is4 ,! improvem5t ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] ne> ,/4 ,l\is progresses satisfactorily4 ,! efficacy ( ! jetty sy/em is illu/rat$ 9 ! l9es ( mattresses :i* %[$ accumulations ( s& deposits rang+ f ! surface ( ! riv] to ne>ly sixte5 feet 9 height4 ,at ,tw9 ,holl[1 ?irte5 miles f ,/4 ,l\is & six miles f ,horse-,tail ,b>1 !re 0 f\nd a s& b> ext5d+ ov] ! wide/ portion ( ! riv] on :i* ! eng9e]+ =ces 7 engag$4 ,hurdles are built out f ! %ore to conc5trate ! /ream on ! ob/ruction1 & !n to protect ! riv] f wid5+ will[s are int]wov5 betwe5 ! piles4 ,at ,c>roll's ,isl& mattresses #abe feet wide h be5 plac$1 & ! banks revett$ ) /one f ord9>y l[ wat] to a #af foot /age4 ,!re is pl5ty ( wat] ov] ! b>1 & at ! mo/ %all[ po9ts ! lead %[$ a dep? ( twelve feet4 ,be>d's ,isl&1 a %ort di/ance fur!r1 is also be+ improv$1 ! l>ge/ =ce ( m5 at any "o place be+ "h engag$4 ,f\r ?\s& feet ( mattresses h be5 begun1 & 9 plac+ !m "w w be vigor\sly prosecut$ until op]ations are susp5d$ by float+ ice4 ,! diff]5t sections are "u ! direction ( ,w4 ,f4 ,fries1 resid5t eng9e]1 & ,e4 ,m4 ,currie1 sup]9t5d+ eng9e]4 ,!re are n[ employ$ ab\t #a1bjj m51 ?irty b>ges & sc[s1 two /eam laun*es1 & ! /]n-:eel /eam] ,a4 ,a4 ,humphreys4 ,! improvem5ts h co/1 9 actual money exp5d$1 ab\t #bjj1jjj1 & z ! appropriation = ! ensu+ ye> approximates #fjj1jjj1 ! prospect ( a cle> *annel is gratify+ to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! riv]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bunte',s ,,burette ,,= ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,furnace ,,gases4 ,= analyz+ ! gases ( bla/-furnaces ! v>i\s app>atus ( ,orsat h long be5 employ$2 b1 by reason ( its simplicity1 ! burette devis$ by ,dr4 ,bnte1 & %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures1 is mu* easi] to use4 ,besides1 x p]mits ( a mu* bett] & m rapid absorption ( ! oxide ( c>bon2 & yet1 = ! lo/ fractions ( ! latt]1 x is necess>y to replace a "p ( ! absorb+ liquid ?ree or f\r times4 ,! absorb+ liquid is prep>$ by mak+ a saturat$ solution ( *loride ( copp] 9 hydro*loric acid1 & add+ !reto a small quantity ( dissolv$ *loride ( t94 ,aft]w>d1 !re are add$ to ! decant$ mixture a few spirals ( r$ copp]1 & ! mixture is !n c>efully kept f contact ) ! air4 ,to fill ! burette ) gas1 ! ?ree-way cock1 a1 is s plac$ t ! axial ap]ture %all be 9 communication ) ! graduat$ "p1 ,a1 ( ! burette4 ,aft] ?is1 wat] is p\r$ into ! funnel1 t1 & ! burette is put 9 communication ) ! gas res]voir by means ( a rubb] tube4 ,! l[] po9t ( ! burette is put 9 communication ) a rubb] pump1 ,v 7,fig4 #b71 on an aspirator 7! cock1 b1 be+ left op571 & ! gas is suck$ 9 until all ! air t 0 9 ! app>atus has be5 expell$ f x4 ,! cocks1 a & b1 are turn$ #ij degrees4 ,! wat] 9 ! funnel prev5ts ! gases communicat+ ) ! top4 ,! po9t ( ! ?ree-way cock is aft]w>d clos$ ) a rubb] tube & glass rod4 ,if ! gas happ5s to be 9 ! res]voir ( an aspirator1 x is made to pass into ! app>atus 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! burette is completely fill$ ) wat]1 & ! po9t ( ! ?ree-way cock is put 9 communication ) a res]voir4 ,if ! gas is "u pressure1 a portion ( x is all[$ to escape ?r\gh ! capill>y tube into ! wat] 9 ! funnel1 by turn+ ! cock1 a1 prop]ly1 & ?us all ! wat] 9 ! conduit is entirely expell$4 ,aft]w>d a is turn$ #ahj1 & ! l[] cock1 b1 is op5$4 ,:ile ! wat] is fl[+ ?r\gh b1 ! burette becomes fill$ ) gas4 ,mode ( ,measur+ ! ,gases & ,absorption4--,! tube t communicates ) ! vessel1 ,f1 is put 9 communication1 aft] ! latt] has be5 completely fill$ ) wat]1 ) ! po9t ( ! cock1 b 7,fig4 #b74 ,!n ! latt] is op5$1 z is also ! p9* cock on ! rubb] tub+1 & wat] is all[$ to ent] ! burette ?r\gh ! bottom until ! level is at ! z]o ( ! graduation4 ,!re are !n #ajj cubic c5timet]s 9 ! burette4 ,! sup]flu\s gas has escap$ ?r\gh ! cock1 a1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! funnel4 ,! cock1 a1 is aft]w>d clos$ by turn+ x #ij4 ,to cause ! absorb+ liquid to pass into ! burette1 ! wat] 9 ! graduat$ cyl9d] is made to fl[ by connect+ ! rubb] tube1 s1 ( ! bottle1 ,s1 ) ! po9t ( ! burette4 ,! cock is op5$1 & suction is effect$ ) ! m\? ( ! tube1 r4 ,:5 ! wat] has fl[$ out to ne>ly ! la/ drop1 b is clos$ & ! suction bottle is remov$4 ,! absorb+ liquid 7cau/ic potassa or pyrogallate ( potassa7 is p\r$ into a porcela9 capsule1 ,p1 & ! po9t ( ! burette is dipp$ into ! liquid4 ,if ! cock1 b1 be op5$1 ! absorb+ liquid w be suck$ into ! burette4 ,9 ord] to ha/5 ! absorption1 ! cock1 b1 is clos$1 & ! burette is %ak5 horizontally1 ! ap]ture ( ! funnel be+ clos$ by ! h& dur+ ! op]ation4 ,if n en\gh absorb+ liquid has ent]$1 !re may be suck$ into ! burette1 by ! process describ$ above1 a new quantity ( liquid4 ,! reaction f9i%$1 ! graduat$ cyl9d] is put 9 communication ) ! funnel by turn+ ! cock1 a4 ,! wat] is all[$ to run f ! funnel1 & ! latt] is fill$ aga9 ) wat] up to ! m>k4 ,! gas is !n aga9 "u ! same pressure z at ! beg9n+4 ,aft] ! level has become con/ant1 ! quantity ( gas rema9+ is measur$4 ,! contraction t has tak5 place gives1 9 hundr$?s ( ! total volume1 ! volume ( ! gas absorb$4 ,:5 x is desir$ to make an analysis ( smoke due to combu/ion1 cau/ic potassa is fir/ suck$ into ! burette4 ,aft] complete absorption1 & aft] putt+ ! gas at ! same pressure1 ! dim9ution gives ! volume ( c>bonic acid4 ,to det]m9e ! oxyg5 9 ! rema9+ gas1 a portion ( ! cau/ic pota% is all[$ to fl[ out1 & an aque\s solution ( pyrogallic acid & pota% is all[$ to ent]4 ,! pres5ce ( oxyg5 is reveal$ by ! color ( ! liquid1 :i* becomes d>k]4 ,! gas is !n agitat$ ) ! absorb+ liquid until1 ^u op5+ ! cock1 a1 ! liquid rema9s 9 ! capill>y tube1 t is to say1 until no m wat] runs f ! funnel into ! burette4 ,to make a quantitative analysis ( ! c>bon conta9$ 9 gas1 ! pyrogallate ( pota% mu/ be entirely remov$ f ! burette4 ,to d ?is1 ! liquid is suck$ out by means ( ! flask1 ,s1 until !re rema9 only a few drops2 !n ! cock1 a1 is op5$ & wat] is all[$ to fl[ f ! funnel along ! sides ( ! burette4 ,!n a is clos$1 & ! wa%+ wat] is suck$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,by repeat+ ?is manipulation sev]al times1 ! absorb+ liquid is completely remov$4 ,! acid solution ( *loride ( copp] is !n all[$ to ent]4 ,z ! absorb+ liquids adh]e to ! glass1 x is bett]1 be=e not+ ! level1 to replace ^! liquids by wat]4 ,! cocks1 a & b1 are op5$1 & wat] is all[$ to ent] f ! funnel1 ! absorb+ liquid be+ made to fl[ at ! same "t ?r\gh ! cock1 b4 ,:5 an acid solution ( *loride ( copp] is employ$1 dilute hydro*loric acid is us$ in/ead ( wat]4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus = ! quantitative analysis ( oxide ( c>bon & hydrog5 by combu/ion4 ,! gas 9 ! burette is fir/ mix$ ) atmosph]ic air1 by all[+ ! liquid to fl[ ?r\gh b1 & caus+ air to ent] ?r\gh ! axial ap]ture ( ! ?ree way cock1 a1 aft] cutt+ (f communication at v4 ,!n1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 ! burette is connect$ ) ! tube1 ,b1 :i* is fill$ ) wat] up to ! n>r[ curv$ "p1 & ! int]ior ( ! burette is made to communicate ) ! combu/ion tube1 v1 by turn+ ! cock1 a4 ,! combu/ion tube is heat$ by means ( a ,buns5 burn] or alcohol lamp1 ,l4 ,x is necess>y to proce$1 s t all ! wat] %all be driv5 f ! cock & ! capill>y tube1 & t x %all be s5t into ! burette4 ,! combu/ion is effect$ by caus+ ! mixture ( gas to pass f ! burette into ! tube1 ,b1 ?r\gh ! tube1 v1 heat$ to r$ness1 into :i* !re passes a palladium wire4 ,wat] is all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! po9t ( ! tube1 ,b1 :ile f ! flask1 ,f1 x ent]s ?r\gh ! bottom into ! burette1 s z to drive out ! gas4 ,! wat] is all[$ to rise into ! burette z f> z ! cock1 & ! cocks1 b & b1 are aft]w>d clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,b,,nte',s ,,gas ,,burette ,by a contr>y op]ation1 ! gas is made to pass f ,b into ! burette4 ,x is !n all[$ to cool1 &1 aft] ! pressure has be5 e/abli%$ aga91 ! contraction is measur$4 ,if ! gas burn$ is hydrog51 ! contraction multipli$ by two-?irds gives ! orig9al volume ( ! hydrog5 gas burn$4 ,if ! gas burn$ is oxide ( c>bon1 !re =ms an equal volume ( c>bonic acid1 & ! contraction is ! half ( ,,co4 ,?us1 to analyze ,,co1 a portion ( ! liquid is remov$ f ! burette1 !n cau/ic pota% is all[$ to ent]1 & ! process goes on z expla9$ above4 ,! total contraction result+ f combu/ion & absorption1 multipli$ by two-?irds1 gives ! volume ( ! oxide ( c>bon4 ,! hydrog5 & oxide c>bon may ?us be quantitatively analyz$ toge!r or sep>ately4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,gas ,,eng9e4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s illu/rate a new & v simple =m ( gas eng9e1 ! inv5tion ( ,j4 ,a4 ,ew9s & ,h4 ,newman1 & made by ,mr4 ,t4 ,b4 ,b>k]1 ( ,s*olefield-/reet1 ,bloomsbury1 ,birm+ham4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,univ]sal eng9e1 & is at pres5t con/ruct$ 9 sizes v>y+ f "o-eigh? horse-p[]--"o man p[]--to "o horse-p[]1 ?\gh l>g] sizes are be+ made4 ,! ess5tially new feature ( ! eng9e is1 says ! ,eng9e]1 ! simple rot>y ignition valve consi/+ ( a rat*et plate or flat disk ) a numb] ( small radial slots :i* successively pass a small slot 9 ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 & ?r\gh :i* ! flame is drawn to ignite ! *>ge4 ,9 our illu/rations ,fig4 #a is a side elevation2 ,fig4 #b an end view ( same2 ,fig4 #c a plan2 ,fig4 #d is a sectional view ( ! *amb] 9 :i* ! gas & air are mix$1 ) ! valves app]ta9+ !reto2 ,fig4 #e is a detail view ( ! rat*et plate1 ) pawl & lev]s & valve ge> %aft2 ,fig4 #f is a sectional view ( a pump employ$ 9 "s cases to circulate wat] ?r\gh ! jacket2 ,fig4 #g is a sectional view ( arrangem5t = light+1 & rat*et plate1 j1 ) c5tral sp9dle & ignit+ ap]tures1 & ! spiral spr+1 k1 & fly nut1 %[+ ! atta*m5t to ! end ( ! work+ cyl9d]1 f#a2 b#e1 b#e1 bevel :eels driv+ ! valve ge> %aft2 e1 ! valve ge> driv+ %aft2 e#b1 ecc5tric to drive pump2 e1 ecc5tric or cam to drive exhau/ valve2 e#d1 crank to drive rat*et plate2 e#e1 connect+ rod to rat*et pawl2 f1 cyl9d] jacket2 f#a1 int]nal or work+ cyl9d]2 f#b1 back cyl9d] cov]2 g1 ignit+ *amb]2 h1 mix+ *amb]2 h#a1 flap valve2 h#b1 gas inlet valve1 ! motion ( :i* is regulat$ by a gov]nor2 h#c1 gas inlet valve seat2 h#d1 cov]1 also =m+ /op = gas inlet valve2 h#e1 gas inlet pipe2 h#f1 an inlet valve2 h#h1 cov]1 also =m+ /op = air inlet valve2 h#i1 inlet pipe = air ) grat+2 i1 exhau/ *amb]2 i#b1 exhau/ valve sp9dle2 i#g1 exhau/ pipe2 j#f1 light+ ap]ture ?r\gh cyl9d] end2 l1 ignit+ gas jet2 m1 regulat+ & /op valve = gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,gas ,,eng9e ,! eng9e1 x w be se51 is s+le-act+1 & no compression ( ! explosive *>ge is employ$4 ,an explosive mixture ( combu/ible gas & air is drawn ?r\gh ! valves1 h#b & h#f1 & explod$ beh9d ! pi/on once 9 a revolution2 b by a duplication ( ! valve & ignit+ app>atus1 plac$ also at ! front end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! eng9e may be con/ruct$ d\ble-act+4 ,at ! prop] "t1 :5 ! pi/on has proce$$ f> en\gh to draw 9 ?r\gh ! mix+ *amb]1 h1 into ! ignit+ *amb]1 g1 ! requisite am\nt ( gas & air1 ! rat*et plate1 j1 is pu%$ into su* a position by ! pawl1 j#c1 t ! flame f ! ignit+ jet1 l1 passes ?r\gh "o ( ! slots or holes1 j#a1 & explodes ! *>ge :5 opposite j#f1 :i* is ! only ap]ture 9 ! end ( ! work+ cyl9d] 7see ,fig4 #g & ,fig4 #b71 ?us driv+ ! pi/on on to ! end ( its =w>d /roke4 ,! exhau/ valve1 ,fig4 #i1 ?\gh n exactly ( ! =m %[n1 is kept op5 dur+ ! :ole ( ?is return /roke by means ( ! ecc5tric1 e#c1 on ! %aft work+ ! rat*et1 & ?us all[+ ! products ( combu/ion to escape ?r\gh ! exhau/ pipe1 i#g1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,betwe5 ! rat*et disk & ! ignit+ flame a small plate n %[n is affix$ to ! pipe1 its edge be+ j above ! burn] top4 ,! flame is ?us n bl[n out by ! inru%+ air :5 ! slots 9 rat*et plate & valve face are opposite4 ,?is rat*et plate or ignition valve1 ! mo/ important 9 any eng9e1 has s v small a range ( motion p] revolution ( ! eng9e t x _c get out ( ord]1 & x appe>s to require no lubrication or att5tion :atev]4 ,! eng9es are work+ v successfully1 & _! simplicity enables !m to be made at l[ co/4 ,!y co/ = gas f d4 to #a;d4 p] h\r = ! sizes m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4#i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gas ,,furnace ,,= ,,bak+ ,,refractory ,,products4 ,9 ord] t small e/abli%m5ts may put to pr(it ! advantages d]iv$ f ! use ( annul> furnaces heat$ ) gas1 small] dim5sions h be5 giv5 ! bak+ *amb]s ( su* furnaces4 ,! accompany+ figure gives a section ( a furnace ( ?is k9d1 set into ! gr\nd1 & ! height ( ^: bak+ *amb] is only "o & a half met]s4 ,! *amb] is n vault$1 b is cov]$ by slabs ( refractory clay1 ,d1 t may be displac$ by ! aid ( a small c> runn+ on a movable track4 ,?is c> is drawn ov] ! comp>tm5t t is to be empti$1 & ! slab or cov]1 ,d1 is tak5 (f & c>ri$ ov] ! newly fill$ comp>tm5t & deposit$ !reon4 ,! gas passes f ! *annel ?r\gh ! pipe1 a1 into ! v]tical conduits1 b1 & is aft]w>d dis5gag$ ?r\gh ! tuy]es into ! *amb]4 ,9 ord] t ! gas may be equally appli$ = prelim9>y heat+ or smok+1 a small smok+ furnace1 ,s1 has be5 add$ to ! app>atus4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is consi/s ( a wide cyl9d] ( refractory clay1 9 ! c5t] ( ^: cov] !re is plac$ an int]nal tube ( refractory clay1 :i* communicates ) ! *annel1 ,g1 ?r\gh a pipe1 d4 ,?is latt] leads ! gas into ! tube1 t1 ( ! smok+ furnace1 :i* is p]=at$ ) a l>ge numb] ( small holes4 ,! air requisite = combu/ion ent]s ?r\gh ! ap]tures1 o1 9 ! cov] ( ! furnace1 & br+s ab\t 9 ! latt] a high temp]ature4 ,! v hot gases desc5d into ! l[] iron portion ( ?is small furnace & pass ?r\gh a tube1 e1 into ! smok+ *amb] by ! aid ( v]tical conduits1 b'1 :i* s]ve at ! same "t z gas tuy]es = ! extremity ( ! furnace t is expos$ to ! fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas ,,furnace ,,= ,,bak+ ,,refractory ,,products4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! smok+ furnace1 :i* is made ( boil] plate & c be put 9 communication ) ! tube1 e1 !re are l>ge ap]tures t may be :olly or p>tially clos$ by means ( regi/]s s z to c>ry to ! hot gas d]iv$ f combu/ion any quantity :atev] ( cold & dry air1 & ?us cause a v>iation at w ( ! temp]ature ( ! gases :i* are dis5gag$ f ! tube1 e4 ,! use ( ^! smok+ app>atus heat$ by gas does away also ) ! inconv5i5ces ( ! ord9>y sy/em1 9 :i* ! products are soil$ by c9d]s or du/1 & :i* r5d] ! gradual heat+ ( objects to be bak$ difficult4 ,at ! beg9n+1 !re is all[$ to ent] ! l[] "p ( ! small furnace1 ,s1 ?r\gh ! ap]tures1 a v consid]able quantity ( cold air1 s z to l[] ! temp]ature ( ! smoke gas t escapes f ! tube1 e1 to #cj or #ej degrees4 ,aft]w>d1 ^! second>y air entrances are gradually clos$ s z to increase ! temp]ature ( ! gases at w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,fans4 ,air1 l e o!r gas or comb9ation ( gases1 possesses weight2 "s p]sons :o h be5 taught t ! air ex]ts a pressure ( #ad4g lb4 p] squ>e in*1 _c1 h[ev]1 be got to realize ! fact t a cubit foot ( air at ! same pressure & at a temp]ature ( #fb deg4 weighs ! ?irte5? "p ( a p\nd1 or ov] "o ounce2 #ac4ada cubic feet ( air weigh "o p\nd4 ,9 r\nd numb]s #cj1jjj cubic feet ( air weigh "o ton2 ?is is a useful figure to rememb]1 & x is easily c>ri$ 9 ! m9d4 ,a hall #fa feet long1 #cj feet wide1 & #ag feet high w conta9 "o ton ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,! "w to be done by a fan consi/s 9 putt+ a weight--t ( ! air--9 motion4 ,! resi/ances incurr$ are due to ! in]tia ( ! air & v>i\s frictional influ5ces2 ! nature & am\nt ( ^! la/ v>y ) ! con/ruction ( ! fan4 ,z ! air ent]s at ! c5t] ( ! fan & escapes at ! circumf]5ce1 x w be se5 t its motion is *ang$ :ile 9 ! fan ?r\gh a "r angle4 ,x may also be tak5 = grant$ t )9 c]ta9 limits ! air has no motion 9 a radial direction :5 x fir/ comes 9 contact ) a fan blade4 ,x is well und]/ood t1 unless p[] is to be wa/$1 motion %\ld be gradually imp>t$ to any body to be mov$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! %ape ( ! blades ought to be su* z w imp>t motion at fir/ sl[ly & aft]w>d 9 a rapidly increas+ ratio to ! air4 ,x is also cle> t ! *ange ( motion %\ld be effect$ z gradually z possible4 ,fig4 #a %[s h[ a fan %\ld n be con/ruct$2 ,fig4 #b w s]ve to give an idea ( h[ x %\ld be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,9 ,fig4 #a x w be se5 t ! air1 z indicat$ by ! b5t arr[s1 is viol5tly deflect$ on ent]+ ! fan4 ,9 ,fig4 #b x w be se5 t x foll[s g5tle curves1 & s is put gradually 9 motion4 ,! curv$ =m ( ! blades %[n 9 ,fig4 #b does n appe> to add mu* to ! effici5cy ( a fan2 b x adds some?+ & keeps d[n noise4 ,! idea is t ! fan blades :5 ( ?is =m pu% ! air radially f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! air flies outw>d "u ! influ5ce ( c5trifugal =ce1 & always t5ds to move at a tang5t to ! fan blades1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 :]e ! circle is ! pa? ( ! tips ( ! fan blades1 & ! arr[ is a tang5t to t pa?2 & to imp>t ?is notion a radial blade1 z at ,c1 is p]haps z good z any o!r1 z f> z effici5cy is conc]n$4 ,conc]n+ ! %ape to be imp>t$ to ! blades1 look$ at back or front1 op9ions widely diff]2 b x is c]ta9 t if a fan is to be sil5t ! blades mu/ be n>r[] at ! tips ?an at ! c5t]4 ,v>i\s =ms are adopt$ by diff]5t mak]s1 ! /raight side & ! curv$ sides1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 be+ mo/ commonly us$4 ,! proportions z reg>ds l5g? to bread? are also v>i$ cont9ually4 ,9 fact1 no two mak]s ( fans use ! same %apes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,z ! "w done by a fan consi/s 9 imp>t+ motion at a /at$ velocity to a giv5 weight ( air1 x is v easy to calculate ! p[] :i* mu/ be exp5d$ to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w4 ,! velocity at :i* ! air leaves ! fan _c be great] ?an t ( ! fan tips4 ,9 a good fan x may be ab\t two-?irds ( t spe$4 ,! resi/ance to be ov]come w be f\nd by multiply+ ! area ( ! fan blades by ! pressure ( ! air & by ! velocity ( ! c5t] ( ef=t1 :i* mu/ be det]m9$ = e fan accord+ to ! %ape ( its blades4 ,! velocity imp>t$ to ! air by ! fan w be j ! same z ?\gh ! air fell 9 a mass f a giv5 height4 ,?is height c be f\nd by ! =mula h v _/ #fd2 t is to say1 if ! velocity be multipli$ by itself & divid$ by #fd we h ! height4 ,?us1 let ! velocity be #hh p] second1 !n #hh x #hh #g1gdd1 & #g1gdd _/ #fd #aba4 ,a /one or o!r body fall+ f a height ( #aba feet w\ld h a velocity ( #hh p] second at ! e>?4 ,! pressure aga9/ ! fan blades w be equal to t ( a column ( air ( ! height due to ! velocity1 or1 9 ?is case1 #aba feet4 ,we h se5 t 9 r\nd numb]s #ac cubic feet ( air weigh "o p\nd1 consequ5tly a column ( air "o squ>e foot 9 section & #aba feet high1 w weigh z _m p\nds z #ac w g times into #aba4 ,n[1 #aba _/ #ac #i4c1 & ?is w be ! resi/ance 9 p\nds p] squ>e foot ov]come by ! fan4 ,let ! aggregate area ( all ! blades be #b squ>e feet1 & ! velocity ( ! c5t] ( ef=t #ij feet p] second1 !n ! p[] exp5d$ w bve 7#ij x #fj x #b x #i4c7 _/ #cc1jjj #c4jd horse p[]4 ,! quantity ( air deliv]$ ought to be equal 9 volume to t ( a column ) a sectional area equal t ( "o fan blade mov+ at #hh feet p] second1 or a mile a m9ute4 ,! blade hav+ an area ( #a squ>e foot1 ! deliv]y ought to be #e1bhj feet p] m9ute1 weigh+ #e1bhj _/ #ac #djf4a lb4 ,9 practice we ne$ h>dly say t su* an effici5cy is nev] atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,! numb] ( record$ exp]im5ts ) fans is v small1 & a great deal ( ignorance exi/s z to _! true effici5cy4 ,mr4 ,buckle is "o ( ! v few au?orities on ! subject4 ,he gives ! accompany+ table ( proportions z ! be/ = pressures ( f #c to #f ounces p] squ>e in*3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,vanes4 ,diamet] ( inlet ,diamet] ( fans4 ------------------------ op5+s4 ,wid?4 ,l5g?4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 #c #j #j #i #j #i #a #f #c #f #j #aj #j #aj #a #i #d #j #a #j #a #j #b #j #d #f #a #a #a #a #b #c #e #j #a #c #a #c #b #f #f #j #a #f #a #f #c #j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,= high] pressures ! blades %\ld be long] & n>r[]1 & ! inlet op5+s small]4 ,! case is to be made 9 ! =m ( an ari?metical spiral wid5+1 ! space betwe5 ! case & ! blades radially f ! orig9 to ! op5+ = dis*>ge1 & ! upp] edge ( ! op5+ %\ld be level ) ! l[] side ( ! sweep ( ! fan blade1 some:at z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,a consid]able numb] ( pat5ts has be5 tak5 out = improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( fans1 b !y all1 or ne>ly all1 relate to modifications 9 ! =m ( ! case & ( ! blades4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z is kn[n1 x appe>s t1 :ile ^! ?+s d ex]t a m>k$ influ5ce on ! noise made by a fan1 & modify 9 "s degree ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e1 t ?is la/ dep5ds v mu* m on ! proportions adopt$ ?an on ! %apes--s long z easy curves are us$ & %>p angles avoid$4 ,9 ! case ( fans runn+ at l[ spe$s1 x matt]s v little :e!r ! curves are pres5t or n2 b at high spe$s ! case is diff]5t4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,compress+ ,,coal ,,refuse ,,into ,,fuel4 ,! problem z to h[ ! refuse ( coal %all be utiliz$ has be5 solv$ 9 ! manufacture f x ( an agglom]at$ artificial fuel1 :i* is com+ m & m into g5]al use on railways & /eamboats1 9 ! indu/ries1 & ev5 9 dome/ic heat+4 ,! qualities t a good agglom]at+ ma*9e %\ld pres5t are z foll[s3 #a4 ,v great simplicity1 inasmu* z x is call$ ^u to op]ate 9 an atmosph]e *>g$ ) coal du/1 pit*1 & /eam2 &1 "u su* conditions1 x is important t x may be easily got at = clean+1 & t ! *ang+ ( its p>ts 7:i* we> rapidly7 may be effect$ )\t1 s to speak1 int]rupt+ its runn+4 #b4 ,! compression mu/ be p[]ful1 &1 t ! product may be homog5e\s1 mu/ op]ate progressively & n by %ocks4 ,x mu/ especially act z mu* z possible ^u ! entire surface ( ! conglom]ate1 & ?is is some?+ t mo/ ma*9es fail to d4 #c4 ,! removal f ! m\ld mu/ be effect$ easily1 & n dep5d ^u a play ( pi/ons or spr+s1 :i* soon become f\l1 & ! op]ation ( :i* is v irregul>4 ,! op]ations embrac$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is k9d ( fuel are z foll[s3 ,! refuse is sift$ 9 ord] to sep>ate ! du/ f ! gra9s ( coal4 ,! du/ is n submitt$ to a wa%+4 ,! gra9s are class$ into two sizes1 aft] remov+ ! nut size1 :i* is sold sep>ately4 ,! gra9s ( ea* size are wa%$ sep>ately4 ,! wa%$ gra9s are ei!r dra9$ or dri$ by a hydro-extractor 9 ord] to free !m f ! great] "p ( ! wat]1 ! pres5ce ( ?is be+ an ob/acle to _! p]fect agglom]ation4 ,! wat]1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be entirely extract$ because ! combu/ibles be+ poor conductors ( heat1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( dampness mu/ be pres]v$ to obta9 an equal division ( heat 9 ! pa/e :5 ! mixture is w>m$4 ,aft] be+ dri$ ! gra9s are mix$ ) ! coal du/1 & brok5 coal pit* is add$ 9 ! proportion ( eight to t5 p] c5t4 ( ! coal4 ,! mixture is !n ?r[n into a cru%+ ma*9e1 :]e x is r$uc$ to p[d] & intimately mix$4 ,x !n passes into a pug-mill into :i* sup]heat$ /eam is admitt$1 & by ?is means is conv]t$ into a pla/ic pa/e4 ,?is pa/e is !n l$ into an agitator = ! d\ble purpose ( free+ x f ! /eam t x conta9s1 & ( di/ribut+ x 9 ! m\lds ( ! compress+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,compress+ ,,refuse ,,coal ,,into ,,fuel4 ,bilan's ma*9e1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut1 is design$ = manufactur+ sph]ical conglom]ates = dome/ic purposes4 ,x consi/s ( a ca/ iron frame support+ f\r v]tical m\ld+ :eels plac$ at "r angles to ea* o!r & tang5t to ! l9e ( ! c5t]s4 ,^! :eels c>ry on _! p]iph]y cavities t h ! =m ( a qu>t] ( a sph]e4 ,!y ?us =m at ! po9t ( contact a complete sph]e 9 :i* ! mat]ial is inclos$4 ,! pa/e is ?r[n by %ovel1 or empti$ by buckets & *a91 into ! hopp] fix$ at ! upp] "p ( ! frame4 ,f "h x is tak5 up by two helices1 m\nt$ on a v]tical %aft trav]s+ ! hopp]1 & =c$ t[>d ! po9t :]e ! f\r m\ld+ :eels meet4 ,! driv+ pulley ( ! ma*9e is key$ ^u a horizontal %aft :i* is provid$ ) two endless screws t actuate two ge>-:eels1 & ^! latt] set 9 motion ! f\r m\ld+ :eels by means ( bevel$ p9ions4 ,! f\r m\ld+ :eels be+ accurately adju/$ s t _! cavities meet ea* o!r at e revolution1 c>ry along ! pa/e furni%$ !m by ! hopp]1 compress x p[]fully on ! f\r qu>t]s1 &1 sep>at+ by a fur!r revolution1 all[ ! f9i%$ ball to drop out4 ,! ext]nal cr[n ( ! :eels c>ry+ ! m\lds consi/s ( f\r segm5ts1 :i* may be tak5 ap>t at w to be replac$ by o!rs :5 worn4 ,?is ma*9e produces ab\t #dj tons p] day ( ?is globul> artificial fuel4--,annales ,indu/rielles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hank ,,siz+ ,,& ,,wr++ ,,ma*9e4 ,we give a view ( a hank siz+ ma*9e by ,messrs4 ,heywood ,sp5c]1 ( ,radcliffe1 ne> ,man*e/]4 ,! ma*9e is also suitable = fancy dye+4 ,x is well kn[n1 says ! ,textile ,manufactur]1 t :5 hanks are wrung by h&1 n only is ! labor v sev]e1 b 9 dye+ x is sc>cely possible to obta9 ev5 colors1 &1 fur!rmore1 ! production is limit$ by ! capabilities ( ! man4 ,! ma*9e we illu/rate is int5d$ to p]=m ! heavy "p ( ! "w ) great] exp$ition & ) m c]ta9ty ?an c\ld be reli$ ^u ) h& labor4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts ! ma*9e t we inspect$4 ,its con/ruction seems ( ! simple/ "*4 ,x consi/s ( two vats1 betwe5 :i* is plac$ ! ge>+ = driv+ ! hooks4 ,! l>ge :eel 9 ?is ge>1 al?\gh x always runs 9 "o direction1 conta9s int]nal segm5ts1 :i* fall into ge> alt]nately ) p9ions on ! %anks ( ! hooks4 ,! motion is a simple "o1 & x appe>$ to u to be p]fectly reliable1 & n liable to get out ( ord]4 ,! action is z foll[s3 ,! att5dant lifts ! hank out ( ! vat & places x on ! hooks4 ,! hook connect$ to ! ge>+ !n comm5ces to turn2 x puts 9 two1 two & a half1 ?ree1 or m twi/s into ! hank & rema9s /ation>y = a few seconds to all[ an int]val = ! siz] to wipe (f ! excess ( size1 t is1 to run 8 h& along ! twi/$ hank4 ,?is done1 ! hook comm5ces to revolve ! rev]se way1 until ! twi/s are tak5 out ( ! hank4 ,x is !n remov$1 ei!r by lift+ (f by h& or by ! app>atus %[n1 atta*$ to ! "r h& side4 ,?is arrangem5t consi/s ( a lattice1 c>ry+ two arms t1 at ! prop] mom5t1 lift ! hank (f ! hooks on to ! lattice prop]1 by :i* x is c>ri$ away1 & dropp$ ^u a b>r[ to be tak5 to ! dry+ /ove4 ,9 siz+1 a d\ble op]ation is cu/om>y2 ! fir/ is call$ runn+1 & ! second1 f9i%+4 ,9 ! ma*9e %[n1 runn+ is c>ri$ on "o side simultane\sly ) f9i%+ 9 ! o!r1 or1 if requir$1 runn+ may be c>ri$ on on bo? sides4 ,if desir$1 ! lift+ (f motion is atta*$ to bo? runn+ & f9i%+ sides1 & also ! roll] p>tly se5 on ! left h& = runn+ ! hanks ?r\gh ! size4 ,! ma*9e we saw 0 do+ ab\t #fjj bundles p] day at runn+ & at f9i%+1 b ! mak]s claim ! production ) a d\ble ma*9e to be at ! rate ( ab\t #cf #aj lb4 bundles p] h\r 7at f9i%+71 wrung 9 #a lb4 wr+]s 7or ,i lb4 ( y>n at a "t71 or at runn+ at ! rate ( #de bundles 9 #b lb4 wr+]s4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! hooks is easily adju/$ to ! l5g? or size ( hanks1 & altoge!r ! ma*9e seems "o t is wor? ! att5tion ( ! trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,hank ,,siz+ ,,ma*9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,coke ,,break]4 ,! work+ p>ts ( ! break] n[ 9 use by ! ,s\? ,metropolitan ,gas ,company consi/ ess5tially ( a drum provid$ ) cutt+ edges project+ f x1 :i* break up ! coke aga9/ a fix$ grid4 ,! drum is ca/ 9 r+s1 to facilitate repairs :5 necess>y1 & ! capacity ( ! ma*9e c !re=e be increas$ or dim9i%$ by v>y+ ! numb] ( ^! r+s4 ,! degree ( f95ess ( ! coke :5 brok5 is det]m9$ by ! regulat$ di/ance ( ! grid f ! drum4 ,?us !re is only "o revolv+ memb]1 no too!d ge>+ be+ requir$4 ,consequ5tly ! ma*9e works ) little p[]2 ! "o at ! ,old ,k5t ,road1 :i* is ( ! full size = l>ge works1 be+ actually driv5 by a "o horse p[] ,otto gas-eng9e4 ,"u ^! conditions1 at a rec5t trial1 two tons ( coke 7 brok5 9 half an h\r1 & ! mat]ial deliv]$ scre5$ into ! ?ree classes ( coke1 clean breeze 7wor? z mu* z ! l>g] coke71 & du/1 :i* at ^! works is us$ to mix ) lime 9 ! purifi]s4 ,! special advantage ( ! ma*9e1 besides ! l[ p[] requir$ to drive x & its simple action1 lies 9 ! small quantity ( wa/e4 ,on ! occasion ( ! trial 9 "q1 ! du/ obta9$ f two tons ( coke measur$ only #c bu%els1 or j ov] a half hundr$weight p] ton4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t1 prep>$ f ! actual work+ ( ! fir/ ma*9e con/ruct$1 %[s ! practical results ( its use4 ,x %\ld be premis$ t ! ma*9e is assum$ to be regul>ly employ$ & driv5 by ! full p[] = :i* x is design$1 :5 x w easily break #h tons ( coke p] h\r1 or #hj tons p] work+ day3 #ejj feet ( gas consum$ by a #b horse p[] gas-eng9e1 at co/ price ( gas deliv]$ s4 d4 9 hold]4 #j #i ,oil & cotton wa/e4 #j #f ,two m5 supply+ ma*9e ) l>ge coke1 & %ovel+ up brok51 at #ds4 #f;d4 #i #j ,int]e/ & we> & te> 7say74 #j #c ----- ,total p] day4 #aj #f ----- ,= #hj tons p] day1 brok5 at ! rate (4 #j #a ,add = loss by du/ & wa/e1 #a cwt41 ) price ( coke at 7say7 #acs4 #d;d4 p] ton4 #j #h ----- ,co/ ( break+1 p] ton4 #j #i ,z coke1 :5 brok51 w usually fet* f #bs4 to #bs4 #f;d4 p] ton m ?an l>ge1 ! result ( us+ ^! ma*9es is a net ga9 ( f #as4 #c;d4 to #as4 #i;d4 p] ton ( coke4 ,x is n s mu* ! actual ga91 h[ev]1 t op]ates 9 favor ( provid+ a supply ( brok5 coke1 z ! c]ta9ty t by s do+ a m>ket is obta9$ t w\ld n o!rwise be available4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,coke ,,break]4 ,x w n be ov]/at+ ! case to say t ?is coke break] is by f> ! simple/1 /ronge/1 & mo/ economical appliance ( its k9d n[ manufactur$4 ,t x does its "w well is prov$ by exp]i5ce2 & ! advantages ( its con/ruction are imm$iately app>5t ^u comp>ison ( its simple drum & s+le sp9dle ) ! fly+ hamm]s or rock+ jaws1 or d\ble drums ) too!d ge>+ :i* *>act]ize "s o!r patt]ns ( ! same class ( plant4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 z already indicat$1 le/ exception %\ld be tak5 to ! size ( ! ma*9e *os5 "h = illu/ration1 t x c be made ( any size d[n to h& p[]4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 z a few tons ( brok5 coke might be requir$ at %ort notice ev5 9 a mod]ate siz$ works1 x w\ld sc>cely be advisable to dep5d ^u too small a ma*9e2 s9ce ! regul> supply ( ! fuel ?us improv$ may be tru/$ 9 a %ort "t to increase ! dem&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,coke ,,break]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,?is is ! design ( ,alfr$ ,godfrey1 ( ,clapton4 ,accord+ to ?is improvem5t1 z repres5t$ at ,figs4 #a & #b1 a rack1 ,a1 is employ$ vibrat+ on ! pivot a1 & a p9ion1 a#a1 s arrang$ t in/ead ( ! p9ion mov+ on a univ]sal jo9t1 or ! rack mov+ 9 a p>allel l9e f side to side ( ! p9ion at ! "t ! motion ( ! table is rev]s$1 !re is employ$1 = example1 ! radial arm1 a#b1 m\nt$ on ! %aft1 a#c1 support+ ! driv+ :eel1 a#d4 ,! opposite or vibrat+ end ( ! radial arm1 a#b1 supports 9 suitable be>+s ! p9ion1 a#a1 & :eel1 a#e1 driv+ ! rack ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! driv+ :eel1 a#d1 ! effect ( :i* is t ?r\gh ! me*anical action ( ! vibrat+ arm1 a#b1 & p9ion1 a#a 9 conjunction ) ! vibrat+ movem5t ( ! rack1 ,a1 an easy1 uni=m1 & sil5t motion is transmitt$ to ! rack & table4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,fig4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,*>act]i/ic ,,m9+ ,,ru%4--,,! ,,prospective ,,m9+ ,,c5t] ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,new ,,mexico4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,tribune describes at l5g? ! m9+ camps ab\t ,lake ,valley1 ,new ,mexico1 hi!rto ?\ght likely to be ! c5tral camp ( t region1 & !n graphically tells ! /ory ( ! rec5t ru% to ! ,p]*e di/rict4 ,)9 a mon? ( ! fir/ /rike ( silv] ore ! c\ntry 0 sw>m+ ) prospectors1 & a ?\s& or m prospects _h be5 locat$4 ,! ,p]*e di/rict is on ! ea/]n flanks ( ! ,mimbres ,m\nta9s1 a range :i* is a "p ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 range1 & runs nor? & s\? g5]ally p>allel ) ! ,rio ,gr&e1 f :i* x lies ab\t =ty miles to ! we/w>d4 ,! nor!rn half ( ^! m\nta9s is kn[n z ! ,black ,range1 & 0 ! c5t] ( consid]able m9+ excitem5t a ye> & a half ago4 ,x is !re t ! ,ivanhoe is locat$1 ( :i* ,colonel ,gillette 0 manag]1 & 9 :i* ,rob]t ,+]soll & ,s5ator ,plumb1 ( ,kansas1 7 int]e/$1 mu* to ! disadvantage ( ! =m]4 ,a new company has be5 organiz$1 h[ev]1 ) ,colonel ,+]soll z presid5t1 & ! reop5+ ( "w on ! ,ivanhoe w probably prove a /imulus to ! :ole ,black ,range4 ,f ?is region ! ,p]*e di/rict is f =ty to sixty miles s\?4 ,x is ab\t tw5ty-five miles nor?we/ ( ,lake ,valley1 & t5 miles we/ ( ,hillsboro1 a promis+ little m9+ t[n1 ) "s mills & ab\t #cjj p4 ,! ,p]*e ,riv] has ?ree =ks com+ d[n f ! m\nta9s & unit+ at ,hillsboro1 & x is 9 ! region betwe5 ^! =ks t ! rec5t /rikes h be5 made4 ,on ,augu/ #ae ,jack ,%$d1 ! orig9al discov]] ( ! ,rob9son m9e 9 ,colorado1 0 prospect+ on ! s\? bran* ( ! nor? =k ( ! ,p]*e ,riv]1 :5 he made ! fir/ great /rike 9 ! di/rict4 ,on ! summit ( a heavily timb]$ ridge he f\nd "s small pieces ( native silv]1 & !n a lump ( ore conta9+ v pure silv] 9 ! =m ( sulphides1 weigh+ #aej p\nds1 & aft]w>d prov$ to be wor? on ! av]age #aa a p\nd4 ,all ?is 0 m]e float1 simply ly+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,aft]w>d ano!r block 0 f\nd1 weigh+ #hg p\nds1 ( horn silv]1 ) specim5s ne>ly #ge p] c5t4 silv]4 ,! /rike 0 kept a secret = a few days4 ,said a m9+ man3 ,i w5t up to help br+ ! big lump d[n4 ,we took x by a camp ( prospectors :o 7 ly+ ab\t entirely ignorant ( any f9d4 ,:5 !y saw x !y in/antly saddl$ _! horses1 gallop$ (f1 & ,i believe !y prospect$ all night4 ,a l excitem5t 0 creat$ :5 ! news ( ?is & "o or two simil> f9ds rea*$ ,lake ,valley4 ,next morn+ e wait] 0 gone f ! little hotel1 & a doz5 m5 _h left ! ,si]ra m9es1 to try _! =tunes at prospect+4 ,z ! news spread m5 p\r$ into ! ,p]*e di/rict f no "o kn[s :]e1 "s arm$ ) only a piece ( salt pork1 a little meal1 & a prospect+ pick2 "s m\nt$ on mules1 o!rs on foot2 old m5 & m5 half-crippl$ 7 among ! numb]1 b all bitt5 by ! monomania :i* possesses e prospector4 ,n[ !re are probably #b1jjj m5 9 ! ,p]*e di/rict1 & ! numb] ( prospects locat$ mu/ f> exce$ #a1jjj4 ,?ree m9]s f !re ) :om ,i 0 talk+ rec5tly own$ =ty-sev5 m9es among !m1 & :ile "o ackn[l$g$ t h>dly "o prospect 9 a hundr$ turns out a prize1 ! o!r millionaire 9 embryo rem>k$ t he w\ldn't take #ej1jjj = "o ( 8 m9es4 ,s x goes1 & ! victims ( ! m9+ fev] "h seem z deaf to reason z ! buy]s ( m9+ /ock 9 ,new ,york4 ,fuel 0 add$ to ! flame by ! report t ,%$d _h sold 8 location1 nam$ ! ,solitaire1 to ex-,gov]nor ,tabor & ,mr4 ,wurtzba* on ,augu/ #be = #ajj1jjj4 ,?is 0 n true4 ,i met ,gov]nor ,tabor's repres5tative1 :o came d[n rec5tly to exam9e ! prop]ties1 & le>n$ t ! ,gov]nor _h n up to t date b\ght ! m9e4 ,he und\bt$ly bond$ x1 h[ev]1 & 8 repres5tative's op9ion ( ! prop]ties seem$ highly favorable4 ,! ,solitaire %[$ :at appe>$ to be a contact ve91 ) walls ( porphyry & lime/one 9 a l$ge ?irty feet wide 9 places1 conta9+ a high assay ( horn$ silv]4 ,! ve9 0 compos$ ( qu>tz1 be>+ sulphides1 ) horn silv] pla9ly visible1 giv+ an av]age assay ( f #cej to #ejj4 ,?is 0 free mill+4 ,^! 7 ! results %[n simply by surface explorations1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly exce$+ly promis+4 ,rec5tly x has be5 /at$ t a little developm5t %[s ! ve9 to be only a bl9d lead1 b ! /atem5t lacks confirmation4 ,9 any case ! effect ( s s5sational a discov]y is ! same 9 creat+ an int5se excitem5t & attract+ sw>ms ( prospectors4 ,b ! ,p]*e di/rict does n re/ on ! ,solitaire1 = !re has be5 abundance ( m9]al weal? discov]$ ?r\gh\t its ext5t4 ,f\r miles s\? ( ?is prospect1 on ! middle =k ( ! ,p]*e1 is an actual m9e--! ,bullion--:i* 0 pur*as$ by f\r or five ,we/]n m9+ m5 = #aj1jjj1 & yield$ #aa1jjj 9 tw5ty days4 ,! ore conta9s horn & native silv]4 ,on ! same =k are ! ,iron ,k+ & ,&y ,johnson1 bo? rec5tly discov]$ & promis+ prop]ties1 & !re is a valuable m9e n[ 9 litigation on ! s\? =k ( ! ,p]*e1 ) scores ( prospects ov] ! entire di/rict4 ,n[ t "o or two s5sational /rikes h attract$ att5tion1 & capital is develop+ pay+ m9es1 ! future ( ! ,p]*e ,di/rict seems assur$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,soy ,,bean4 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal says t ,pr(4 ,e4 ,k9*1 writ+ 9 ! ,agricultural ,/ud5ts' ,gazette1 says t ! ,soy bean approa*es m ne>ly to animal food ?an any o!r kn[n vegetable production1 be+ s+ul>ly ri* 9 fat & 9 album9oids4 ,x is l>gely us$ z an article ( food 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to acclimatize x 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & fair success has be5 a*iev$ 9 ,italy & ,france2 _m foods are made f x & its /raw is a useful fodd]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,a ,,new ,,arc ,,electric ,,lamp4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read at ! ,briti% ,association1 ,s\?ampton4 ,revis$ by ! ,au?or4--,nature4 ,by ,w4,h4 ,,preece4 ,electric lamps on ! arc pr9ciple are almo/ z num]\s z ! trees 9 ! =e/1 & x is some:at fre% to come ^u some?+ t is novel4 ,9 ^! lamps ! c>bons are consum$ z ! curr5t fl[s1 & x is ! v>iation 9 _! consumption :i* occasions ! flick]+ & irregul>ity ( ! light t is s irritat+ to ! eyes4 ,special me*anical contrivances or regulators h to be us$ to comp5sate = ?is de/ruction ( ! c>bons1 z 9 ! ,siem5s & ,bru% type1 or else refractory mat]ials h to be comb9$ ) ! c>bons1 z 9 ! ,jablo*k(f c&le & 9 ! lamp ,soleil4 ,! /ead9ess ( ! light dep5ds ^u ! regul>ity ) :i* ! c>bons are mov$ t[>d ea* o!r z !y are consum$1 s z to ma9ta9 ! electric resi/ance betwe5 !m a con/ant quantity4 ,ea* lamp mu/ h a c]ta9 ela/icity ( regulation ( its own1 to prev5t irregul>ities f ! v>iable mat]ial ( c>bon us$1 & f v>iations 9 ! curr5t itself & 9 ! ma*9]y4 ,9 all electric lamps1 except ! ,brockie1 ! regulator is 9 ! lamp itself4 ,9 ! ,brockie sy/em ! regulation is automatic1 & is made at c]ta9 rapid int]vals by ! motor eng9e4 ,?is causes a p]iodic bl9k+ t is detrim5tal to ?is lamp = int]nal illum9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,m4 ,abdank1 ! inv5tor ( ! sy/em :i* ,i h ! pleasure ( br++ be=e ! ,section1 sep>ates 8 regulator f 8 lamp4 ,! regulator may be fix$ any:]e1 )9 easy inspection & manipulation1 & away f any di/urb+ influ5ce 9 ! lamp4 ,! lamp c be fix$ 9 any inaccessible place4 ,! ,lamp 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c47--,! bottom or negative c>bon is fix$1 b ! top or positive c>bon is movable1 9 a v]tical l9e4 ,x is screw$ at ! po9t1 ,c1 to a brass rod1 ,t 7,fig4 #b71 :i* moves freely inside ! tubul> iron core ( an electromagnet1 ,k4 ,?is rod is clut*$ & lift$ by ! s(t iron armature1 ,a ,b1 :5 a curr5t passes ?r\gh ! coil1 ,m ,m4 ,! mass ( ! iron 9 ! armature is di/ribut$ s t ! great] portion is at "o end1 ,b1 mu* ne>] ! pole ?an ! o!r end4 ,h5ce ?is portion is attract$ fir/1 ! armature assumes an incl9$ position1 ma9ta9$ by a brass button1 t1 :i* prev5ts any adhesion betwe5 ! armature & ! core ( ! electromagnet4 ,! electric connection betwe5 ! c>bon & ! coil ( ! electromagnet is ma9ta9$ by ! flexible wire1 ,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! electromagnet1 ,a 7,fig4 #a71 is fix$ to a long & heavy rack1 ,c1 :i* falls by its own weight & by ! weight ( ! electromagnet & ! c>bon fix$ to x4 ,! l5g? ( ! rack is equal to ! l5g? ( ! two c>bons4 ,! fall ( ! rack is controll$ by a friction break1 ,b 7,fig4 #c71 :i* acts ^u ! la/ ( a tra9 ( ?ree :eels put 9 motion by ! above weight4 ,! break1 ,b1 is fix$ at "o end ( a lev]1 ,b ,a1 ! o!r end c>ry+ a s(t iron armature1 ,f1 easily adju/$ by ?ree screws4 ,?is armature is attract$ by ! electromagnet1 ,e ,e 7^: resi/ance is #a1bjj ohms71 :5ev] a curr5t circulates ?r\gh x4 ,! l5g? ( ! play is regulat$ by ! screw1 ,v4 ,! spr+1 ,l1 applies t5sion to ! break4 ,! ,regulator4--,?is consi/s ( a balance & a cut-(f4 ,! ,balance 7,figs4 #d & #e7 is made ) two sol5oids4 ,s & ,s'1 ^: relative resi/ances is adju/able4 ,s conveys ! ma9 curr5t1 & is w\nd ) ?ick wire hav+ practically no resi/ance1 & ,s' is trav]s$ by a %unt curr5t1 & is w\nd ) f9e wire hav+ a resi/ance ( #fjj ohms4 ,9 ! axes ( ^! two coils a small & light iron tube 7#b mm4 diamet] & #fj mm4 l5g?7 freely moves 9 a v]tical l9e betwe5 two guides4 ,:5 magnetiz$ x has "o pole 9 ! middle & ! o!r at ea* end4 ,! upw>d motion is controll$ by ! spr+1 ,n ,t4 ,! spr+ re/s ^u ! screw1 ,h1 ) :i* x makes contact by plat9um electrodes4 ,?is contact is brok5 :5ev] ! little iron rod /rikes ! spr+1 ,n ,t4 ,! positive lead f ! dynamo is atta*$ to ! t]m9al1 ,b1 !n passes ?r\gh ! coil1 ,s1 to ! t]m9al1 ,b'1 :5ce x proce$s to ! lamp4 ,! negative lead is atta*$ to t]m9al1 ,a1 pass+ directly to ! o!r t]m9al1 ,a'1 & !nce to ! lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,! %unt :i* passes ?r\gh ! f9e coil1 ,s'1 comm5ces at ! po9t1 ,p4 ,! o!r end is fix$ to ! screw1 ,h1 :5ce x has two pa?s1 ! "o (f]+ no resi/ance ?r\gh ! spr+1 ,t ,n1 to ! upp] negative t]m9al1 ,a'2 ! o!r ?r\gh ! t]m9al1 ,j1 to ! electromagnet ( ! break1 ,m1 & !nce to ! negative t]m9al ( ! lamp1 ,l'4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! ,cut-(f4--,! la/ "p ( ! app>atus 7,fig4 #d7 to be describ$ is ! cut-(f1 :i* is us$ :5 !re are sev]al lamps 9 s]ies4 ,x is br\ght into play by ! swit*1 ,c ,d1 :i* c be plac$ at ,e or ,d4 ,:5 x is at ,e1 ! negative t]m9al1 ,a1 is 9 communication ) ! positive t]m9al1 ,b1 ?r\gh ! resi/ance1 ,r1 :i* equals ! resi/ance ( ! lamp1 :i* is1 !re=e1 out ( circuit4 ,:5 x is at ,d ! cut-(f acts automatically to d ! same ?+ :5 requir$4 ,?is is done by a sol5oid1 ,v1 :i* has two coils1 ! "o ( ?ick wire (f]+ no resi/ance1 & ! o!r ( #b1jjj ohms resi/ance4 ,! f9e wire connects ! t]m9als1 ,a' & ,b4 ,! sol5oid has a movable s(t iron core susp5d$ by ! spr+1 ,u4 ,x has a cross-piece ( iron :i* c dip into two m]cury cups1 ,g & ,k1 :5 ! core is suck$ into ! sol5oid4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 :i* happ5s :5 any accid5t occurs to ! lamp1 ! t]m9al1 ,a1 is plac$ 9 connection ) ! t]m9al1 ,b1 ?r\gh ! ?ick wire ( ,v & ! resi/ance1 ,r1 9 ! same way z x 0 done by ! swit*1 ,c ,d4 ,electrical ,arrangem5t4--,! mode 9 :i* sev]al lamps are connect$ up 9 s]ies is %[n by ,fig4 #f4 ,m is ! dynamo ma*9e4 ,! lead is connect$ to ,b#a ( ! balance x !n passes to ! lamp1 ,l1 return+ to ! balance1 & !n proce$s to ea* o!r lamp1 return+ f9ally to ! negative pole ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 ! curr5t ent]s ! balance x passes ?r\gh ! coil1 ,s1 magnetiz+ ! iron core & draw+ x d[nw>d 7,fig4 #d74 ,x !n passes to ! lamp1 ,l ,l'1 ?r\gh ! c>bons1 !n returns to ! balance1 & proce$s back to ! negative t]m9al ( ! ma*9e4 ,a small portion ( ! curr5t is %unt$ (f at ! po9t1 ,p1 pass+ ?r\gh ! coil1 ,s'1 ?r\gh ! contact spr+1 ,t ,n1 to ! t]m9al1 ,a'1 & draw+ ! iron core 9 opposition to ,s4 ,! c>bons are 9 contact1 b 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! lamp ! curr5t magnetizes ! electromagnet1 ,m 7,fig4 #b71 :i* attracts ! armature1 ,a ,b1 t bites & lifts up ! rod1 ,t1 ) ! upp] c>bon1 a def9ite & fix$ di/ance t is easily regulat$ by ! screws1 ,y ,y4 ,! arc !n is =m$1 & w cont9ue to burn /eadily z long z ! curr5t rema9s con/ant4 ,b ! mom5t ! curr5t falls1 due to ! increas$ resi/ance ( ! arc1 a great] proportion passes ?r\gh ! %unt1 ,s' 7,fig4 #d71 increas+ its magnetic mom5t on ! iron core1 :ile t ( ,s is dim9i%+4 ,! result is t a mom5t arrives :5 equilibrium is de/roy$1 ! iron rod /rikes sm>tly & %>ply ^u ! spr+1 ,n ,t4 ,contact betwe5 ,t & ,h is brok51 & ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! electromagnet ( ! break 9 ! lamp4 ,! break is releas$ = an in/ant1 ! c>bons approa* ea* o!r4 ,b ! same rupture ( contact introduces 9 ! %unt a new resi/ance ( consid]able magnitude 7viz41 #a1bjj ohms71 t ( ! electromagnets ( ! break4 ,!n ! /r5g? ( ! %unt curr5t dim9i%es consid]ably1 & ! sol5oid1 ,s1 recov]s briskly its draw+ p[] ^u ! rod1 & contact is re/or$4 ,! c>bons approa* dur+ ^! p]iods only ab\t #j4ja to #j4jb millimet]4 ,if ?is is n suffici5t to re/ore equilibrium x is repeat$ cont9ually1 until equilibrium is obta9$4 ,! result is t ! c>bon is cont9ually fall+ by a motion invisible to ! eye1 b suffici5t to provide = ! consumption ( ! c>bons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,! contact betwe5 ,n ,t & ,h is nev] completely brok51 ! sp>ks are v feeble1 & ! contacts d n oxidize4 ,! resi/ances ins]t$ are s consid]able t heat+ _c occur1 :ile ! portion ( ! curr5t ab/ract$ = ! control is s small t x may be neglect$4 ,! balance acts precisely l ! key ( a ,morse ma*9e1 & ! break precisely l ! s\nd]-receiv] s well kn[n 9 telegraphy4 ,x emits ! same k9d ( s\nds1 & acts automatically l a skill$ & fai?ful telegraphi/4 ,?is regulation1 by v small & %ort successive /eps1 (f]s sev]al advantages3 7#a7 x is imp]ceptible to ! eye2 7#b7 x does n affect ! ma9 curr5t2 7#c7 any sudd5 in/antane\s v>iation ( ! ma9 curr5t does n all[ a too ne> approa* ( ! c>bon po9ts4 ,let1 n[1 an accid5t occur2 = in/ance1 a c>bon is brok54 ,at once ! automatic cut-(f acts1 ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! resi/ance1 ,r1 in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh ! lamp4 ,! curr5t ?r\gh ! f9e coil is sudd5ly increas$1 ! rod is drawn 91 contact is made at ,g & ,k1 & ! curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! coil1 ,r4 ,z soon z contact is aga9 made by ! c>bons1 ! curr5t 9 ! coil1 ,s1 is increas$1 t ( ! ?ick wire 9 ,v dim9i%$1 & ! antagoni/ic spr+1 ,u1 breaks ! contact at ,g & ,k4 ,! rupture ( ! light is almo/ invisible1 because ! relight+ is s brisk & %>p4 ,i h se5 ?is lamp 9 action1 & its con/ant /ead9ess leaves no?+ to be desir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,obta9+ ,,pure ,,wat] ,,= ,,photographic ,,use4 ,our read]s are well aw>e t wat] z f\nd naturally is nev] absolutely free f dissolv$ impurities2 & 9 ord9>y cases x conta9s solid impurities d]iv$ bo? f ! inorganic & organic k+doms1 toge!r ) gase\s sub/ances2 ^! latt] be+ g5]ally d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,by f> ! pure/ wat] :i* occurs 9 nature is ra9-wat]1 & if ?is be collect$ 9 a seclud$ di/rict1 & aft] ! air has be5 well wa%$ by previ\s ra91 its purity is rem>kable2 ! extrane\s matt] consi/+ ( little else ?an a trace ( c>bonic acid & o!r gases dissolv$ f ! air4 ,9 fact1 su* wat] is f> pur] ?an any di/ill$ wat] to be obta9$ 9 comm]ce4 ,! case is v diff]5t :5 ! ra9-wat] is collect$ 9 a t[n or d5sely populat$ di/rict1 m especially if ! wat] has be5 all[$ to fl[ ov] dirty ro(s4 ,! black & f\lly-smell+ liquid popul>ly kn[n z s(t wat] is s ri* 9 c>bonace\s & organic con/itu5ts z to be ( v limit$ use to ! photograph]2 b by tak+ ! precaution ( fitt+ up a simple automatic %unt = div]t+ ! /ream until ! ro(s h be5 ?or\ghly wa%$1 x becomes possible to insure a good supply ( clean & s]viceable s(t wat]1 ev5 9 ,london4 ,sev]al =ms ( %unt h be5 devis$1 "s ( ^! be+ s complex z to (f] e prospect ( spe$y disorganization2 b a simple & effici5t app>atus is figur$ 9 ,eng9e]+ by a correspond5t :o signs himself ,millwright1 & z we h ?or\ghly prov$ ! value ( an app>atus :i* is practically id5tical1 we reproduce ! sub/ance ( 8 communication4 ,a g5tleman ( ,newca/le1 a retir$ bank]1 hav+ tri$ v>i\s filt]s to purify ! ra9-wat] collect$ on ! ro( ( 8 h\se1 at l5g? _h ! idea to all[ no wat] to run into ! ci/]n until ! ro( _h be5 well wa%$4 ,aft] fir/ putt+ up a h>d-work$ valve1 ! arrangem5t z sket*$ bel[ has be5 hit ^u4 ,n[ ,newca/le is a v smoky place1 & yet my fri5d gets wat] z pure z g91 & almo/ absolutely free f any smack ( soot4 ,illu/ration ,! sket* expla9s itself4 ,! weight1 ,w1 & ! angle ( ! lev]1 ,l1 are su*1 t :5 ! valve1 ,v1 is once op5$ x goes full op54 ,a small hole 9 ! c ,c1 acts l a cat>act1 & br+s matt]s to a normal /ate v soon aft] ! ra9 ceases4 ,! prop] action ( ! app>atus c only be insur$ by a c>eful adju/m5t ( ! weight1 ,w1 ! angle ?r\gh :i* ! valve op5s1 & ! magnitude ( ! vessel1 ,c4 ,x is an advantage to make ! vessel1 ,c1 some:at broad] 9 proportion to its height ?an repres5t$1 & to provide x ) a movable /ra9] plac$ ab\t half way d[n4 ,?is t5ds to protect ! cat>act hole1 & any accumulation ( leaves & dirt c be remov$ once 9 six mon?s or s4 ,clean s(t wat] is valuable to ! photograph] 9 v _m cases4 ,iron develop] 7wet plate7 free f *lorides w ord9>ily rema9 effective on ! plate mu* long] ?an :5 *lorides are pres5t1 & ! pyrogallic solution = dry-plate "w w keep good = along "t if made ) s(t wat]1 :ile ! lime :i* is pres5t 9 h>d wat] causes ! pyrogallic acid to oxidize ) consid]able rapidity4 ,negatives t h be5 develop$ ) oxalate develop] (t5 become cov]$ ) a v unsightly veil ( calcium oxalate :5 r9s$ ) h>d wat]1 & some?+ ( a simil> "* occasionally occurs 9 ! case ( silv] pr9ts :i* are transf]r$ directly f ! exposure frame to impure wat]4 ,to ! c>bon pr9t] clean ra9-wat] is ( consid]able value1 z he c develop mu* m rapidly ) s(t wat] ?an ) h>d wat]2 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 he c dissolve away 8 sup]flu\s gelat9e at a l[] temp]ature ?an w\ld o!rwise be necess>y4 ,! cleane/ ra9-wat] :i* c ord9>ily be collect$ 9 a t[n is n suffici5tly pure to be us$ ) advantage 9 ! prep>ation ( ! nitrate ba?1 x be+ advisable to use ! pure/ di/ill$ wat] = ?is purpose2 & 9 _m cases x is well to c>efully di/ill wat] = ! ba? 9 a glass app>atus ( ! k9d figur$ bel[4 ,illu/ration ,a1 ?9 glass flask s]v+ z a retort4 ,! tube1 ,t1 is fitt$ air-tight to ! flask by a cork1 ,c4 ,b1 receiv] into :i* ! tube1 ,t1 fits q loosely4 ,d1 wat] vessel int5d$ to keep ! spiral ( lamp wick1 :i* is %[n z surr\nd+ ,t1 9 a moi/ condition4 ,?is wick acts z a siphon1 & wat] is gradually drawn ov] into ! l[] receptacle1 ,e4 ,l1 _s lamp1 :i* may1 9 _m cases1 be advantage\sly replac$ by a ,buns5 burn]4 ,a small metal /ill1 provid$ ) a t9 cond5s+ worm1 is1 h[ev]1 a m g5]ally s]viceable arrangem5t1 & if ord9>y precautions are tak5 to make sure t ! worm tube is clean1 ! result+ di/ill$ wat] w be ne>ly z pure z t di/ill$ 9 glass vessels4 ,su* a /ill z t figur$ bel[ c be heat$ conv5i5tly ov] an ord9>y kit*5 fire1 & %\ld f9d a place among ! appliances ( e photograph]4 ,di/ill$ wat] %\ld always be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( emulsion1 z ! impurities ( ord9>y wat] may (t5 introduce di/urb+ conditions4--,photographic ,news4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,black ,,phosphorus4 ,by ,p4 ,,!n>d4 ,! au?or ref]s to ! cu/om>y view t black phosphorus is m]ely a mixture ( ! ord9>y phosphorus ) traces ( a metallic phosphide1 & cont5ds t ?is explanation is n 9 all cases admissible4 ,a specim5 ( black or r d>k gray phosphorus1 :i* ! au?or submitt$ to ! ,academy1 became :ite if melt$ & rema9$ :ite if sudd5ly cool$1 b if all[$ to ent] into a /ate ( sup]fusion x became aga9 black on contact ) ei!r :ite or black phosphorus4 ,a portion ( ! black specim5 be+ dissolv$ 9 c>bon disulphide !re rema9$ undissolv$ m]ely a trace ( a v pale yell[ matt] :i* seem$ to be amorph\s phosphorus4--,comptes ,r5dus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,composition ,,( ,,/eep ,,wat]4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,c4 ,leeuw1 wat] 9 :i* malt has be5 /eep$ has ! foll[+ composition3 ,organic matt]4 #j4ef p] c5t4 ,m9]al matt]4 #j4eb ---- ,total dry matt]4 #a4jh ---- ,nitrog54 #j4jcc ,! m9]al matt] consi/s (-- ,pota%4 #j4aic ,phosphoric acid4 #j4jca ,lime4 #j4jab ,soda4 #j4jdg ,magnesia4 #j4jaf ,sulphuric acid4 #j4jjg ,oxide ( iron4 traces4 ,*lor9e & silica4 #j4bab 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s*reib]',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,revivify+ ,,bone-,,black4 ,we give opposite illu/rations ( ,s*reib]'s app>atus = revivify+ bone-black or animal *>coal4 ,! object ( revivification is to r5d] ! black fit to be us$ aga9 aft] x has lo/ its decoloriz+ prop]ties ?r\gh s]vice--t is to say1 to free its pores f ! absorb$ salts & insoluble comp\nds t h =m$ !re9 dur+ ! op]ation ( sug> ref9+4 ,!re are two me?ods employ$--f]m5tation & wa%+4 ,at pres5t ! t5d5cy is to ab&on ! =m] 9 ord] to proce$ ) z small a /ock ( black z possible1 & to adopt ! me?od ( wa%+ ) wat] & acid 9 a rot>y wa%]4 ,figs4 #a & #b repres5t a plan & elevation ( a bone-black room1 conta9+ light filt]s1 ,a1 arrang$ 9 a circle ar\nd wells1 ,b4 ,^! latt] h ! =m ( a prism ) trapezoidal base1 ^: small sides end at ! same po9t1 d1 & ! l>ge ones at ! filt]4 ,! funnel1 ,e1 ( ! wa%]1 ,f1 is plac$ 9 ! space left by ! small ends ( ! wells1 s t ! black may be tak5 f ^! latt] & ?r[n directly into ! wa%]4 ,! wa%] is arrang$ s t ! black may fl[ out ne> ! /eam fitt]1 ,g1 b5ea? ! floor4 ,! dis*>ge ( ?is filt] is t[>d ! side ( ! elevator1 ,h1 :i* takes 9 ! wet black bel[1 & c>ries x up & p\rs x into ! dri] situat$ at ! upp] "p ( ! furnace4 ,?is elevator1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 is =m$ ( two v]tical wood5 uprights1 ,a1 t5 c5timet]s 9 ?ickness1 to :i* are fix$ two r\nd-iron b>s ! same z guides4 ,! lift1 prop]ly s-call$1 consi/s ( an iron frame1 ,c1 provid$ at ! f\r angles ) roll]s1 ,d1 & support+ a sw++ bucket1 ,e1 :i*1 on its arrival at ! upp] "p ( ! furnace1 all[s ! black to fall to an incl9$ plane t leads x to ! upp] "p ( ! dri]4 ,! left is rais$ & l[]$ by means ( a pit*-*a91 ,f1 fix$ to ! middle ( ! frame1 ,c1 & pass+ ov] two pulleys1 ,g1 at ! upp] "p ( ! frame & desc5d+ to ! me*anism t actuates x4 ,?is latt] comprises a nut1 ,i1 act+ directly on ! *a92 a too!d :eel1 ,k1 & a p9ion1 ,j1 ge>+ ) ! latt] & key$ ^u ! %aft ( ! pulleys1 ,l & ,m4 ,! diamet] ( ! too!d :eel1 ,k1 is #j4bie ( a met]1 & x makes #ec4d revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! diamet] ( ! p9ion is #j4aig ( a met]1 & x makes #hj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! pulleys1 ,m & ,l1 are #j4ca ( a met] 9 diamet]1 & make #hj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,motion is transmitt$ to !m by o!r pulleys1 ,n1 key$ ^u a %aft plac$ at ! l[] "p1 :i* receives its motion f ! eng9e ( ! e/abli%m5t ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( ! pulley1 ,o4 ,! diamet] ( ! latt] is #j4che ( a met]1 & t ( ,n is #j4eh4 ,!y ea* make #dc revolutions p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,elevation ,,( ,,bone-,,black ,,revivify+ ,,plant 7,,s*reib]',s ,,sy/em47 ,,fig4 #b4--,,plan ,,view4 ,,fig4 #c4--,,lat]al ,,view ,,( ,,elevator4 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,front ,,view ,,( ,,elevator4 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,cont9u\s ,,furnace ,,= ,,revivify+ ,,bone-,,black4 ,! elevator is set 9 motion by ! simple maneuv] ( ! ge>+ lev]1 ,p1 & :5 ?is has be5 done all ! o!r motions are effect$ automatically4 ,! ,animal ,black ,furnace4--,?is consi/s ( a masonry cas+ ( rectangul> =m1 9 :i* are arrang$ on ea* side ( ! same fire-place two r[s ( ca/-iron retorts1 ,d1 ( undulat+ =m1 ea* compos$ ( ?ree p>ts1 set "o )9 ! o!r4 ,^! retorts1 :i* s]ve = ! revivification ( ! black1 are incas$ 9 sup]pos$ blocks ( refractory clay1 ,p1 ,q1 ,s1 design$ to regul>ize ! transmission ( heat & to prev5t burn+4 ,^! pieces are kept 9 _! respective places by crosspieces1 ,r4 ,! space betwe5 ! retorts occupi$ by ! fire-place1 ,y1 is cov]$ ) a cyl9drical dome1 ,o1 ( refractory tiles1 =m+ a fire-*amb] ) ! inn] surface ( ! blocks1 ,p1 ,q1 & ,s4 ,! front ( ! surface consi/s ( a ca/-iron plate1 conta9+ ! doors to ! fire-place & a% pan1 & a l>g] "o to all[ ( entrance to ! int]ior to make repairs4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal disadvantages ( furnaces = revivify+ animal *>coal has be5 t !y possess$ no automatic dri] = dry+ ! black on its exit f ! wa%]4 ,x 0 = ! purpose ( rem$y+ ?is t ,mr4 ,s*reib] 0 l$ to inv5t ! automatic sy/em ( dry+ %[n at ! upp] "p ( ! furnace1 & :i* is =m$ ( two pipes1 ,b1 ( undulat+ =m1 l ! retorts1 ) op5+s ?r\gh\t _! l5g? = ! escape ( /eam4 ,betwe5 ^! pipes !re is a clos$ space into :i* ent]s ! wa/e heat & products ( combu/ion f ! furnace4 ,^! latt] aft]w>d escape ?r\gh ! *imney at ! upp] "p4 ,9 ord] t ! black may be put 9 bags on issu+ f ! furnace1 x mu/ be cool$ z mu* z possible4 ,= ?is purpose !re are arrang$ on ea* side ( ! furnace two pieces ( ca/ iron tubes1 ,f1 ( rectangul> section1 =m+ a prolongation ( ! retorts & mak+ ) !m an angle ( ab\t #de degrees4 ,! extremities ( ^! tubes t]m9ate 9 holl[ rot>y cyl9d]s1 ,g1 :i* p]mit ( regulat+ ! fl[ ( ! black into a c>1 ,j 7,fig4 #a71 runn+ on rails4 ,f :at prec$es1 x w be readily und]/ood h[ a furnace is run on ?is plan4 ,! bone-black 9 ! hopp]1 ,a1 desc5ds into ! dri]1 ,b1 ent]s ! retorts1 ,d1 &1 aft] revivification1 passes into ! cool+ pipes1 ,f1 f :5ce x issues cold & ready to be bagg$4 ,a coke fire hav+ be5 built 9 ! fire-place1 ,y1 ! flames spread ?r\gh\t ! fire *amb]1 direct !mselves t[>d ! bottom1 divide into two p>ts to ! "r & left1 & heat ! back ( ! retorts 9 pass+4 ,!n ! two curr5ts m\nt ?r\gh ! lat]al flues1 ,v1 & unite s z to =m b "o 9 ! dri]4 ,)9 ! latt] !re are arrang$ plates design$ to break ! curr5t f ! flames1 & all[ x to heat all ! inn] p>ts ( ! pipes1 :ile ! ap]tures 9 ! dri] all[ ( ! escape ( ! /eam4 ,by turn+ "o ( ! cyl9d]s1 ,g1 s z to pres5t its ap]ture opposite t ( ! cool]1 x in/antly fills up ) black4 ,at ?is mom5t ! :ole column1 f top to bottom1 is set 9 motion4 ,! bone-black1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! undulations1 is ?r[n alt]nately to ! "r & left until x f9ally rea*es ! cool]s4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ z _m times z ! cyl9d] is fill$ dur+ ! desc5t ( "o :ole column1 t is to say1 ab\t =ty times4 ,) an app>atus ( ! dim5sions "h describ$1 #abj hectolit]s ( bone-black may be revivifi$ 9 tw5ty f\r h\rs1 ) #cfj to #djj kilogrammes ( coke4--,annales ,indu/rielles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ccj1 page #ebfd4 ,,soap ,,& ,,its ,,manufacture1 ,,f ,a ,,consum]',s ,,po9t ,,( ,,view4 ,9 our la/ article1 "u ! above head+1 ! advantages to be ga9$ by ! use ( pota% soap z comp>$ ) soda soap 7 po9t$ out1 & ! reasons ( ?is sup]iority1 especially 9 ! case ( wa%+ wool or wool5 fabrics1 7 pretty fully gone into4 ,x 0 also fur!r expla9$ :y ! pota% soaps g5]ally sold to ! public 7 unfit = g5]al use1 ow+ to _! n be+ neutral--t is to say1 conta9+ a consid]able excess ( free or unsaponifi$ alkali1 :i* acts injuri\sly on ! fib] ( any textile mat]ial1 & causes sore h&s if us$ = h\sehold or laundry purposes4 ,x 0 %[n t ! cause ( ?is defect 0 ow+ to ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( mak+ pota% or s(t soap1 by boil+ ) wood a%es or o!r impure =m ( pota%2 b t a p]fectly pure & neutral pota% soap c\ld readily be made ) pure cau/ic pota%1 :i* )9 ! la/ few ye>s has become a comm]cial article1 manufactur$ on a l>ge scale2 j 9 ! same mann] z ! p[d]$ #ih p] c5t4 cau/ic soda1 :i* 0 recomm5d$ 9 our previ\s articles on mak+ h>d soap )\t boil+4 ,! process ( mak+ pure neutral pota% soap is v simple1 & almo/ id5tical ) t = mak+ h>d soap ) pure p[d]$ cau/ic soda4 ,! foll[+ directions1 if c>efully & exactly foll[$1 w produce a fir/-class pota% soap1 suitable ei!r = ! wool5 manufactur] = wa%+ 8 wool1 & ! clo? aft]w>d made f x1 or = h\sehold & laundry purposes1 = :i* uses x w be f\nd f> sup]ior to any soda soap1 no matt] h[ pure or well made x may be4 ,dissolve tw5ty p\nds ( pure cau/ic pota% 9 two gallons ( wat]4 ,pure cau/ic pota% is v soluble1 & dissolves almo/ imm$iately1 heat+ ! wat]4 ,let ! lye ?us made cool until w>m to ! h&--say ab\t #ij ,f4 ,melt eighty p\nds ( tall[ or grease1 :i* mu/ be free f salt1 & let x cool until fairly hot to ! h&--say #acj ,f42 or eighty p\nds ( any vegetable or animal oil may be tak5 in/ead4 ,n[ p\r ! cau/ic pota% lye into ! melt$ tall[ or oil1 /irr+ ) a flat wood5 /irr] ab\t ?ree in*es broad1 until bo? are ?or\ghly mix$ & smoo? 9 appe>ance4 ,?is mix+ may be done 9 ! boil] us$ to melt ! tall[1 or 9 a tub1 or half an oil b>rel makes a good mix+ vessel4 ,wrap ! tub or b>rel well up 9 blankets or %eepsk9s1 & put away = a week 9 "s w>m dry place1 dur+ :i* ! mixture sl[ly turns into soap1 giv+ a produce ( ab\t #abj p\nds ( excell5t pota% soap4 ,if ?is soap is made ) tall[ or grease x w be ne>ly z h>d z soda soap4 ,:5 made by f>m]s or h\sehold]s tall[ or grease w g5]ally be tak51 z x is ! *eape/1 & ready to h& on ! spot4 ,= manufactur]s1 or = mak+ laundry soap1 no?+ c\ld be bett] ?an cotton se$ oil4 ,a magnific5t soap c be made ) ?is article1 la!r+ v freely4 ,:5 made ) oil x is bett] to remelt 9 a kettle ! pota% soap1 made accord+ to ! above directions1 ) half its weight ( wat]1 us+ v little heat1 /irr+ con/antly1 & remov+ ! fire z soon z ! wat] is mix$ ) & tak5 up by ! soap4 ,a beautifully bright soap is obta9$ 9 ?is way1 & curi\sly ! soap is actually made mu* h>d] & /iff] by ?is addition ( wat] ?an :5 x is 9 a m conc5trat$ /ate previ\sly to ! wat] be+ add$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! cau/ic pota% = mak+ ! soap1 x c be obta9$ 9 all sizes ( drums1 b small packages j suffici5t = a bat* ( soap are g5]ally m economical ?an l>g] packages1 z pure cau/ic pota% melts & det]iorates v quickly :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,! ,gre5bank ,alkali ,co41 ( ,/4 ,hel5s1 seems to h appreciat$ ?is1 & put ^u ! m>ket pure cau/ic pota% 9 tw5ty p\nd cani/]s1 :i* are v conv5i5t = pota% s(t soap mak+ by consum]s = _! own use4 ,:ile on ?is subject ( cau/ic pota%1 x _c be too (t5 repeat$ t cau/ic pota% is a totally diff]5t article to cau/ic soda1 ?\gh j l x 9 appe>ance1 & !re=e (t5 sold z su*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ b>efac$ in/ances ( ?is is ! s-call$ cry/al pota%1 ball pota%1 or rock pota%1 ( ! lye pack]s1 sold 9 "o p\nd packages1 :i* absolutely1 )\t exception1 d n conta9 a s+le gra9 ( pota%1 b simply consi/ ( cau/ic soda m or less adult]at$--z a rule v mu* m ?an less6 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ?is fraud on ! public has be5 s ext5sively practic$1 z pota% has be5 greatly discr$it$ by ?is proc$ure4 ,! subject ( fleece sc\r+ or wa%+ ! wool :ile gr[+ on ! %eep1 ) a pota% soap made on ! spot ) ! wa/e tall[ g5]ally to be _h on e %eep f>m1 seems rec5tly to h be5 attract+ att5tion 9 "s qu>t]s1 & c]ta9ly w\ld be a s\rce ( pr(it to %eep own]s by putt+ _! wool on ! m>ket 9 ! be/ condition1 & at ! same "t clean+ ! sk9 ( ! %eep4 ,x !re=e appe>s to be a move 9 ! "r direction4 ,9 conclud+ ?is s]ies ( articles on practical soap mak+ f a consum]'s po9t ( view1 ! writ] hopes t1 al?\gh ! subject has be5 some:at imp]fectly h&l$1 ow+ to necess>ily limit$ space & ) _m unavoidable int]ruptions1 yet t !y may h be5 f\nd ( "s int]e/ & assi/ance to consum]s ( soap :o desire easily & readily to make a pure & unadult]at$ article = _! own use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cotton ,,se$ ,,oil4 ,by ,s4,s4 ,,brad=d1 ,ph4,g4 ,hav+ _h occasion dur+ ! la/ six ye>s to manufacture lead pla/] 9 consid]able quantities1 x occurr$ to me t cotton se$ oil might be us$ in/ead ( olive oil1 at less exp5se1 & ) z good results4 ,! mak+ ( ?is pla/] ) cotton se$ oil has be5 que/ion$1 z1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 ! product is n ( good consi/5ce1 & is apt to be s(t1 /icky1 & d>k color$2 b 9 my exp]i5ce su* is n ! case4 ,if ! ,u4 ,s4 ,p4 process is foll[$ 9 mak+ ?is pla/]1 sub/itut+ = ! olive oil cotton se$ oil1 & in/ead ( "o half-p9t ( boil+ wat] "o & "o-half p9t are add$1 ! product obta9$ w be equally z good z t f olive oil4 ,my results ) ?is oil 9 mak+ lead pla/] l$ me to try x 9 mak+ ! diff]5t l9im5ts ( ! ,ph>macopoeia1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,l9im5tum ,ammoni4--,?is l9im5t1 made ) cotton se$ oil1 is ( mu* bett] consi/5cy ?an :5 made ) olive oil4 ,x is n s ?ick1 w p\r easily out ( ! bottle1 & if ! ammonia us$ is ( prop] /r5g?1 w make a p]fect l9im5t4 ,l9im5tum ,calcis4--,cotton se$ oil is n at all adapt$ to mak+ ?is l9im5t4 ,x does n readily saponify1 sep>ates quickly1 & x is almo/ impossible to unite :5 sep>at$4 ,l9im5tum ,camphor4--,cotton se$ oil is f> sup]ior to olive oil 9 mak+ ?is l9im5t1 x be+ a mu* bett] solv5t ( camphor4 ,x has n t disagreeable odor s commonly f\nd 9 ! l9im5t4 ,l9im5tum ,*lor(ormi4--,cotton se$ oil be+ v soluble 9 *lor(orm1 ! l9im5t made ) x leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,l9im5tum ,plumbi ,subacetatis4--,:5 liq4 plumbi subacet4 is mix$ ) cotton se$ oil & all[$ to /& = "s "t ! oil assumes a r$di% color simil> to t ( fre%ly made t9cture ( myrrh4 ,:5 ! liquor is mix$ ) olive oil1 if ! oil be pure1 no su* *ange takes place4 ,notic+ ?is *ange1 x occurr$ to me t ?is w\ld be a simple & easy way to detect cotton se$ oil :5 mix$ ) olive oil4 ,?is *ange usually takes place aft] /&+ f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is easily detect$ 9 mixtures conta9+ five p] c5t41 or ev5 less1 ( ! oils1 & ,i am conv9c$1 aft] mak+ num]\s exp]im5ts ) diff]5t oils1 t x is peculi> to cotton se$ oil4--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,food ,,& ,,en]gy ,,( ,,man4 ,footnote3 ,f a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,sanit>y ,congress1 at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 ,septemb] #bh1 #ahhb4 ,by ,,pr(4 ,,de ,,*aumont1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,al?\gh eat+ _c be said to be 9 any way a new fa%ion1 x has nev]!less be5 res]v$ = mod]n times1 & inde$ we may say ! pres5t g5]ation1 to get a fairly cle> idea ( ! way 9 :i* food is really utiliz$ = ! "w ( our bodily frame4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 plume ourselves too mu* ^u our sup]ior k1 = inkl+s ( ! tru?1 m or less dim1 h be5 _h ?r\gh all ages1 & we are n[ /epp+ into ! inh]itance ( times gone by1 us+ ! long & pa9ful exp]i5ce ( our pr$ecessors z ! /epp+-/one to our m accurate k ( ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 we are to "s ext5t 9 ! position ( a dw>f on ! %\ld]s ( a giant2 ! dw>f may1 inde$1 see fur!r ?an ! giant2 b he rema9s a dw>f1 & ! giant a giant4 ,! "q has be5 mu* discuss$ z to :at ! orig9al food ( man 01 & "s p h made x a subject ( excit$ cont5tion4 ,! mo/ reasonable conclusion is t man is naturally a frugivor\s or fruit-eat+ animal1 l 8 c\s9s ! monkeys1 :om he /ill s mu* resembles4 ,?is =ms a fur!r argum5t 9 favor ( 8 be+ orig9at$ 9 w>m regions1 :]e fruits ( all k9ds 7 pl5tiful4 ,x is pretty cle> t ! resort to animal food1 :e!r ! result ( ! pressure ( want f failure ( vegetable products1 or a m]e ta/e & a desire = *ange & m appetiz+ food1 is "o t took place _m ages ago1 probably 9 ! e>lie/ an?ropoid1 if n 9 ! late/ pi!coid /age4 ,no d\bt "s advantage 0 recogniz$ 9 ! m rapid dige/ion & ! comp>ative ease ) :i* ! hunt] or fi%] c\ld obta9 food1 in/ead ( wait+ = ! rip5+ ( fruits 9 c\ntries :i* _h m or less prolong$ p]iods ( cold & inclem5t wea!r4 ,"s anatomical *anges h d\btless result$ f ! practice1 b !y are n ( suffici5tly m>k$ "* to f\nd mu* argum5t ^u2 all t we c say be+ t ! dige/ive app>atus 9 man seems well adapt$ = dige/+ any food t is capable ( yield+ nutrim5t1 & t ev5 :5 an entire *ange is made 9 ! mode ( fe$+1 ! adaptability ( ! human sy/em %[s itself 9 a m or less rapid accommodation to ! alt]$ circum/ances4 ,food1 !n1 is any sub/ance :i* c be tak5 into ! body & appli$ to use1 ei!r 9 build+ up or repair+ ! tissues & framework ( ! body itself1 or 9 provid+ en]gy & produc+ animal heat1 or any sub/ance :i*1 )\t p]=m+ ^? functions directly1 controls1 directs1 or assi/s _! p]=mance4 ,) ?is wide def9ition x is evid5t t we include all ! ord9>y articles recogniz$ commonly z food1 & t we reject all sub/ances recogniz$ commonly z poisons4 ,b x w also include su* sub/ances z wat] & air1 bo? ( :i* are ess5tial = nutrition1 b are n usually recogniz$ z belong+ to ! li/ ( food sub/ances 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,:5 we c>ry our inve/igation fur!r1 we f9d t ! organic sub/ances may be aga9 divid$ into two di/9ct classes1 namely1 t :i* conta9s nitrog5 7! case971 & ^? t d n 7! butt] & sug>74 ,on asc]ta9+ ?is1 we are imm$iately /ruck ) ! rem>kable fact t all ! tissues & fluids ( ! body1 muscles 7or fle%71 bone1 blood--all1 9 %ort1 except ! fat--conta9 nitrog51 &1 consequ5tly1 = _! build+ up 9 ! "y1 & = _! repair & r5ewal 9 ! adult1 nitrog5 is absolutely requir$4 ,we !re=e reasonably inf] t ! nitrog5\s sub/ance is necess>y = ?is purpose4 ,exp]im5t has borne ?is out1 = m5 :o h be5 compell$ to live )\t nitrog5\s food by dire necessity1 & crim9als on :om ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$1 h all p]i%$ soon] or lat] 9 consequ5ce4 ,:5 nitrog5\s sub/ances are us$ 9 ! body1 !y are1 ( c\rse1 brok5 up & oxidiz$1 or p]haps we ought to say m accurately1 !y take ! place ( ! tissues ( ! body :i* we> away & are c>ri$ (f by oxidation & o!r *emical *anges4 ,n[1 mod]n sci5ce tell u t su* *anges are accompani$ ) manife/ations ( en]gy 9 "s =m or o!r1 mo/ frequ5tly 9 t ( heat1 & we mu/ look1 !re=e1 ^u nitrog5\s food z contribut+ to ! en]gy ( ! body 9 addition to its o!r functions4 ,:at are ! sub/ances :i* we may class z nitrog5\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h ! typical example ( ! pure/ =m 9 album91 or :ite ( egg2 & f ?is ! "n is n[ giv5 to ! class ( album9ates4 ,! animal album9ates are3 ,album9 f eggs1 fibr9 f muscles1 or fle%1 myos91 or synron91 also f animals1 case9 7or *eesy matt]7 f milk1 & ! nitrog5\s sub/ances f blood4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom1 we h glut91 or vegetable fibr91 :i* is ! n\ri%+ con/itu5t ( :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 etc42 & legum91 or vegetable case91 :i* is ! peculi> sub/ance f\nd 9 peas & beans4 ,! o!r organic con/itu5ts--viz41 ! fats & ! />*es & sug>s--conta9 no nitrog51 & 7 at "o "t ?\ght to be conc]n$ 9 produc+ animal heat4 ,we n[ "k--?anks to ! labors ( ,j\le1 ,lyon ,playfair1 ,clausius1 ,tyndall1 ,helmholtz1 etc4--t heat itself is a mode ( motion1 a =m ( conv]tible en]gy1 :i* c be made to d useful or productive "w1 & be express$ 9 t]ms ( actual "w done4 ,mod]n exp]im5t %[s t all our en]gy is d]iv$ f t ( food1 &1 9 p>ticul> f ! non-nitrog5\s "p ( x1 t is1 ! fat1 />*1 & sug>4 ,! nutrition ( man is be/ ma9ta9$ :5 he is provid$ ) a due admixture ( all ! f\r classes ( alim5t :i* we h m5tion$1 & n only t1 b he is also bett] (f if he has a v>iety ( ea* class4 ,?us he may & ought to h album51 fibr9e1 glut51 & case9 among ! album9ates1 or at lea/ two ( !m2 butt] & l>d1 or suet1 or oil among ! fats2 />* ( :eat1 potato1 rice1 peas1 etc41 & cane-sug>1 & milk-sug> among ! c>bo-hydrates4 ,! salts _c be replac$1 s f> z we "k4 ,life may be ma9ta9$ 9 fair vigor = "s "t on album9ates only1 b ?is is done at ! exp5se ( ! tissues1 especially ! fat ( ! body1 & ! end mu/ soon come2 ) fat & c>bo hydrates alone vigor may also be ma9ta9$ = "s "t1 at ! exp5se ( ! tissues also1 b ! limit is a ne> "o1 ,9 ei!r ( ^! cases we suppose suffici5t wat] & salts to be provid$4 ,we mu/ n[ inquire into ! quantities ( food necess>y2 & ?is necessitates a little consid]ation ( ! way 9 :i* ! "w ( ! body is c>ri$ on4 ,we mu/ look ^u ! human body exactly z a ma*9e2 l an eng9e ) :i* we are all s famili>4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w requires to be done1 say1 a c]ta9 numb] ( miles ( di/ance to be trav]s$2 we "k t to d ?is a c]ta9 numb] ( p\nds1 or hundr$weights1 or tons ( coal mu/ be put into ! fire ( ! boil] 9 ord] to furni% ! requisite am\nt ( en]gy ?r\gh ! m$ium ( /eam4 ,?is am\nt ( fuel mu/ be> a c]ta9 proportion to ! "w1 & also to ! velocity ) :i* x is done1 s bo? quantity & "t h to be acc\nt$ =4 ,no lecture on diet w\ld be complete )\t a ref]5ce to ! vex$ "q ( alcohol4 ,i am no teetotal advocate1 & ,i repudiate ! rubbi% too (t5 sp\t$ f teetotal plat=ms1 talk t is1 p]haps1 insep>able f ! advocacy ( a cause t imports a good deal ( en?usiasm4 ,i am at "o1 h[ev]1 9 recogniz+ ! evils ( excess1 & w\ld gladly hail _! dim9ution4 ,b ,i believe t alcohol prop]ly us$ may be a com=t & a bless+1 j z ,i "k t improp]ly us$ x becomes a bane & a curse4 ,b we are n[ conc]n$ ) x z an article ( diet 9 relation to useful "w1 & x may be well to call att5tion m>k$ly to ! fact t its use 9 ?is way is v limit$4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ! late ,dr4 ,p>kes1 made 9 our laboratory1 at ,netley1 7 conclusive on ! po9t1 t beyond an am\nt t w\ld be repres5t$ by ab\t "o & a half to two p9ts ( be]1 alcohol no long] provid$ any conv]tible en]gy1 & t1 !re=e1 to take x 9 ! belief t x did d s is an error4 ,x may give a mom5t>y /imulus 9 consid]able doses1 b ?is is inv>iably foll[$ by a correspond+ depression1 & x is a maxim n[ g5]ally foll[$1 especially on s]vice1 nev] to give x be=e or dur+ "w4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 "s p]sons :o are bett] )\t x altoge!r1 & s all mod]ation ought to be comm5d$1 if n enjoy$4 ,!re are o!r bev]ages :i* are m useful ?an ! alcoholic1 z re/oratives1 & = support 9 fatigue4 ,tea & c(fee are p>ticul>ly good4 ,ano!r excell5t re/orative is a weak solution ( ,liebig's extract ( meat1 :i* has a rem>kable p[] ( remov+ fatigue4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ useful & mo/ easily obta9able is weak oatmeal gruel1 ei!r hot or cold4 ,) reg>d to tobacco1 x also has "s value 9 less5+ fatigue 9 ^? :o are able to take x1 b x may easily be c>ri$ to excess4 ,( x we may say1 z ( alcohol1 t 9 mod]ation x seems h>mless1 & ev5 useful to "s ext5t1 b1 9 excess1 x is rank poison4 ,!re is "o o!r po9t :i* ,i mu/ ref] to1 & :i* is especially int]e/+ to a great seaport l ?is4 ,?is is ! "q ( scurvy--a "q ( vital importance to a m>itime nation4 ,a pap] lately issu$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,gray1 ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 discloses ! regrettable fact t s9ce #ahgc !re has be5 a s]i\s fall+ (f1 ! outbreaks ( scurvy hav+ aga9 increas$ until !y rea*$ n9ety-n9e 9 #ahha4 ,?is1 ,mr4 ,gray seems to ?9k1 is due to a neglect ( v>i$ food scales2 b x may also v probably h aris5 f ! neglect ( ! regulation ab\t lime-juice1 ei!r z to issue or quality1 or bo?4 ,b x is also a fact ( v great importance t m]e monotony ( diet has a mo/ s]i\s effect ^u heal?2 v>iety ( food is n m]ely a p&]+ to g\rm&ism or gre$1 b a real sanit>y b5efit1 aid+ dige/ion & assimilation4 ,our ,bo>d ( ,trade has no?+ to d ) ! food scales ( %ips1 b ,mr4 ,gray h9ts t ! ,legislature w h to int]f]e unless %ip[n]s look to x !mselves4 ,! ease ) :i* pres]v$ foods ( all k9ds c be obta9$ & c>ri$ n[ removes ! la/ %ad[ ( an excuse = backw>dness 9 ?is matt]1 & 9 p>ticul> ! provision ( a l>ge supply ( potatoes1 bo? fre% & dri$1 ought to be an unceas+ c>e2 ?is is done on bo>d ,am]ican %ips1 & to ?is is d\btless ow+ 9 a great "p ! heal?9ess ( _! crews4 ,scurvy 9 ! pres5t day is a disgrace to %ip[n]s & ma/]s2 & if public op9ion is insuffici5t to protect ! seam51 ! legislature w und\bt$ly /ep 9 & d s4 ,& n[ let me close by po9t+ out t ! /udy ( ?is commonplace matt] ( eat+ & dr9k+ op5s out to u ! conception ( ! gr& unity ( nature2 s9ce we see t ! body ( man diff]s 9 no way ess5tially f o!r natural comb9ations1 b is subject to ! same univ]sal physical laws1 9 :i* !re is no bl9dness1 no v>iabl5ess1 no m]e *ance1 & disob$i5ce ( :i* is foll[$ z surely by retribution z ev5 ! ke5e/ es*atologi/ might desire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rattlesnake ,,poison4 ,by ,,h5ry ,h4 ,,cr(t4 ,"s "t s9ce1 9 a pap] to :i* ,i am un=tunately unable to ref]1 a ,fr5* *emi/ affirm$ t ! poison\s pr9ciple 9 snakes1 or elim9at$ by snakes1 0 ( ! nature ( an alkaloid1 & gave a "n to ?is class ( bodies4 ,mr4 ,p$l] has %[n t snake poison is de/roy$ or neutraliz$ by means ( plat9ic *loride1 ow+ probably to ! =mation ( an insoluble d\ble plat9ic *loride1 su* z is =m$ ) almo/ if n all alkaloids4 ,9 ?is c\ntry 7,texas7 :]e rattlesnakes are v common1 & p]sons camp+ out mu* expos$ to _! bites1 a v favorite anecdote1 or rem$ia z ! ,mexicans cull x1 is a /rong solution ( iod9e 9 potassium iodide4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! solution is appli$ z soon z possible to ! w\nd1 pref]ably enl>g$1 & a few drops tak5 int]nally4 ,! common ,mexican rem$ia is ! root ( ! ,agave virg9ica ma%$ or *ew$ & appli$ to ! w\nd1 :ile "p is swall[$4 ,great fai? is plac$ 9 ?is root by all resid5ts "h1 :o are seldom ,i )\t x1 b1 ,i h _h no exp]i5ce ( x myself2 & ! int]nal adm9i/ration is no d\bt useless4 ,ev5 ! wild birds "k ( ?is root2 ! que] paisano 78 gr\nd woodpeck]7 :i* eats snakes1 :5 w\nd$ by a vibora de cascabel1 runs into woods1 digs up & eats a root ( ! agave1 j l ! mongoose2 b m ?an t1 goes back1 poli%es (f 8 enemy1 & eats him4 ,?is has be5 told me by ,mexicans :o1 x may be rem>k$1 are n always reliable4 ,i h _h occasion to prove ! efficacy ( ?is mixture 9 two cases ( cascabel bites1 "o on a buck1 ! o!r on a dog2 & x occurr$ to me t ! same explanation ( its action might be giv5 z above = ! plat9um salt1 viz41 ! =mation ( an insoluble iodo comp\nd z ) ord9>y alkaloids if ! snake poison really belongs to ?is class4 ,hav+ la/ ev5+ kill$ a mod]ate siz$ rattlesnake--,crotalus horridus--:i* _h n bitt5 any?+1 ,i f\nd ! gl& fully *>g$ ) ! :ite opaque poison2 on add+ iod9e solution to a drop ( ?is a d5se light-br[n precipitate 0 imm$iately =m$1 q simil> to t obta9$ ) mo/ alkaloids1 exhibit+ "u ! microscope no cry/all9e /ructure4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( iod9e a good extemporane\s solution = te/+ alkaloids1 & p]haps a snake poison antidote1 may be made by add+ a few drops ( f]ric *loride to solution ( potassium ( iodide2 ?is is a v conv5i5t te/ ag5t :i* ,i us$ 9 my laboratory = _m ye>s4 ,al?\gh rattlesnake poison c\ld be obta9$ "h 9 v consid]able quantity1 x is out ( my p[] to make su* exp]im5ts z ,i c\ld desire1 be+ )\t any *emical appliances & liv+ a hundr$ miles or m f any laboratory4 ,! same may be said ) reg>d to books1 & possibly ! above iod9e reaction has be5 already describ$4 ,dr4 ,ri*>ds /ates t ! cobra poison is de/roy$ by potassium p]manganate2 b ?is is no argum5t 9 favor ( t salt z an antidote4 ,mr4 ,p$l] also ref]s to x1 b all[s t x w\ld n be probably ( any use aft] ! poison _h be5 absorb$4 ,( ?is ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt1 rememb]+ ! easy decomposition ( p]manganate by mo/ organic sub/ances1 & ,i _c b ?9k t ! m$ic9al or !rapeutic advantages ( t salt1 tak5 int]nally1 are equally problematical1 unless ! action is suppos$ to take place 9 ! /oma*4 ,9 ! bladd] ( ! same rattlesnake ,i f\nd a consid]able quantity ( light-br[n amorph\s ammonium urate1 ! ur9e pale yell[4--,*emical ,news4 ,h]manitas ,ran*1 ,texas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,sign ,,manual4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,d4 ,j4 ,macg[an1 9 ,m$ical ,reports ( ,*9a4 #ahha4 ,two writ]s 9 ,nature1 bo? hav+ = _! !me ,sk9-furr[s on ! ,h&1 solicit in=mation on ! subject f ,*9a4#a ,z ! subject is consid]$ to h a be>+ on m$ical jurisprud5ce & e?nology z well1 ?is report is a suitable vehicle = respond+ to ! dem&4 ,footnote #a3 ,h5ry ,faulds1 ,tzukiyi ,hospital1 ,tokio1 ,japan4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h]s*el1 ,ox=d1 ,engl&4--,nature1 #bh? ,octob] & #be? ,novemb]1 #ahhj4 ,dr4 ,faulds' obs]vations on ! f+]-tips ( ! ,japanese h an e?nic be>+ & relate to ! subject ( h]$ity4 ,mr4 ,h]s*el consid]s ! subject z an ag5t ( ,gov]nm5t1 he hav+ *>ge = tw5ty ye>s ( regi/ration (fices 9 ,india1 :]e he employ$ f+] m>ks z sign manuals1 ! object be+ to prev5t p]sonation & repudiation4 ,doolittle1 9 8 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese1 describes ! cu/om4 ,i _c n[ ref] to native works :]e ! practice ( employ+ digital rug z a sign manual is allud$ to4 ,i d\bt if its employm5t 9 ! c\rts is ( anci5t date4 ,well-in=m$ natives ?9k t x came into vogue subsequ5t to ! ,han p]iod2 if s1 x is 9 ,egypt t e>lie/ evid5ce ( ! practice is to be f\nd4 ,j z ! ,*9ese c\rts n[ require crim9als to sign confessions by impress+ !reto ! :orls ( _! ?umb-tips--! "r ?umb 9 ! case ( wom51 ! left 9 ! case ( m5--s ! anci5t ,egyptians1 x is repres5t$1 requir$ confessions to be seal$ ) _! ?umbnails--mo/ likely ! tip ( ! digit1 z 9 ,*9a4 ,great importance is atta*$ 9 ! c\rts to ?is digital =m ( signature1 f+] =m4 ,)\t a confession no crim9al c be legally execut$1 & ! confession to be valid mu/ be atte/$ by ! ?umb-pr9t ( ! prison]4 ,no direct co]cion is employ$ to secure ?is2 a contumaci\s culprit may1 h[ev]1 be tortur$ until he p]=ms ! act :i* is a pr]equisite to 8 execution4 ,digital signatures are sometimes requir$ 9 ! army to prev5t p]sonation2 ! g5]al 9 comm& at ,w5*[ en=ces x on all 8 troops4 ,a docum5t ?us atte/$ c no m be =g$ or repudiat$ ?an a photograph--n s easily1 = :ile ! p]iod ( half a lifetime effects great *anges 9 ! physiognomy1 ! rug ( ! f+]s pres5t ! same appe>ance f ! cradle to ! grave2 "t writes no wr9kles !re4 ,9 ! army ev]y:]e1 :5 ! description ( a p]son is writt5 d[n1 ! relative numb] ( volutes & conif]\s f+]-tips is not$4 ,x is call$ tak+ ! :elk /ri1 ! fusi=m be+ call$ rice baskets1 & ! volutes peck measures4 ,a p]son unable to write1 ! =m ( signature :i* defies p]sonation or repudiation is requir$ 9 c]ta9 dome/ic cases1 z 9 ! sale ( *ildr5 or wom54 ,(t5 :5 a *ild is sold ! p>5ts affix _! f+] m>ks to ! bill ( sale2 :5 a husb& puts away 8 wife1 giv+ h] a bill ( divorce1 he m>ks ! docum5t ) 8 entire palm2 & :5 a wife is sold1 ! pur*as] requires ! sell] to /amp ! pap] ) h&s & feet1 ! f\r organs duly sme>$ ) ink4 ,pr(essional =tune tell]s 9 ,*9a take into acc\nt almo/ ! entire sy/em ( ! p]son ^: future !y attempt to =eca/1 & ( c\rse !y include palmi/ry1 b ! rug ( ! f+]-ends d n receive mu* att5tion4 ,amateur =tune-tell]s1 h[ev]1 disc\rse z glibly on !m z phr5ologi/s d ( bumps--x is s easy4 ,9 *ildr5 ! relative numb] ( volute & conical /ri indicate _! future4 ,if !re are n9e volutes1 says a prov]b1 to "o conical1 ! boy w atta9 di/9ction )\t toil4 ,reg>d$ f an e?nological po9t ( view1 ,i c discov] m]ely t ! rug ( ,*9am5's f+]s diff] f ,europeans'1 b !re is s little uni=mity obs]vable t !y =m no basis = di/9ction1 & :ile ! /ri may be notewor?y po9ts 9 c]ta9 m$ico-legal que/ions1 h]$ity is n "o ( !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lucidity4 ,at ! close ( an int]e/+ address lately deliv]$ at ! reop5+ ( ! ,liv]pool ,univ]sity ,college & ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold said if !re 0 "o ^w :i* he %\ld l to plant 9 ! memories ( 8 audi5ce1 & to leave /ick+ !re aft] he _h gone1 x 0 ! ^w lucidity4 ,if he _h to fix ^u ! ?ree great wants at ?is mom5t ( ! ?ree pr9cipal nations ( ,europe1 he %\ld say t ! great want ( ! ,fr5* 0 morality1 t ! great want ( ! ,g]mans 0 civil c\rage1 & t our own great want 0 lucidity4 ,our own want 01 ( c\rse1 :at conc]n$ u ! mo/4 ,p 7 apt to rem>k ! defects :i* accompani$ c]ta9 qualities1 & to ?9k t ! qualities c\ld n be desirable because ( ! defects :i* !y saw accompany+ !m4 ,!re 0 no great] & salut>y lesson = m5 to le>n ?an t a quality may be accompani$1 naturally p]haps1 by grave dang]s2 t x may actually pres5t itself accompani$ by t]rible defects1 & yet t x might itself be indisp5sable4 ,let him illu/rate :at he meant by an example1 ! =ce ( :i* !y w\ld all readily feel4 ,s]i\sness 0 a quality ( our nation4 ,p]haps s]i\sness 0 always accompani$ by c]ta9 dang]s4 ,b1 at any rate1 _m ( our ,fr5* neighbors w\ld say t !y f\nd our s]i\sness accompani$ by s _m false ideas1 s mu* prejudice1 s mu* t 0 disagreeable1 t x c\ld n h ! value :i* we attribut$ to x4 ,& yet we knew t x 0 invaluable4 ,let !m foll[ ! same mode ( reason+ z to ! quality ( lucidity4 ,! ,fr5* _h a national turn = lucidity z we _h a national turn = s]i\sness4 ,p]haps a national turn = lucidity c>ri$ ) x always c]ta9 dang]s4 ,be ?is z x might1 x 0 c]ta9 t we saw 9 ! ,fr5*1 along ) _! lucidity1 a want ( s]i\sness1 a want ( rev]5ce1 & o!r faults1 :i* greatly displeas$ u4 ,_m ( u 7 incl9$ 9 consequ5ce to und]value _! lucidity1 or to d5y t !y _h x4 ,we 7 wrong3 x exi/$ z our s]i\sness exi/$2 x 0 valuable z our s]i\sness 0 valuable4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r 7 valuable1 & 9 ! end indisp5sable4 ,:at 0 lucidity8 ,x 0 negatively t ! ,fr5* h x1 & he w\ld !re=e deal ) its negative "* m]ely4 ,negatively1 lucidity 0 ! p]ception ( ! want ( tru? & validness 9 notions long curr5t1 ! p]ception t !y are no long] possible1 t _! "t is f9i%$1 & !y c s]ve u no m4 ,all ?r\gh ! la/ c5tury a prodigi\s travail = lucidity 0 go+ =w>d 9 ,france4 ,its pr9cipal ag5t 0 a man ^: "n excit$ g5]ally repulsion 9 ,engl&1 ,voltaire4 ,voltaire did a great deal ( h>m 9 ,france4 ,b x 0 n by 8 lucidity t he did h>m2 he did x by 8 want ( s]i\sness1 8 want ( rev]5ce1 8 want ( s5se = mu* t is deepe/ 9 human nature4 ,b by 8 lucidity he did good4 ,all admir$ ,lu!r4 ,conduct 0 ?ree-f\r?s ( life1 & a man :o work$ = conduct1 !re=e1 work$ = m ?an a man :o work$ = intellig5ce4 ,b hav+ promis$ ?is1 x might be said t ! ,lu!r ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ( ! cultivat$ classes 0 ,voltaire4 ,z ,lu!r _h an antipa?y to :at 0 immoral1 s ,voltaire _h an antipa?y to :at 0 absurd1 & bo? ( !m made w> ^u ! object ( _! antipa?y ) su* ma/]ly p[]1 ) s mu* conviction1 s mu* en]gy1 s mu* g5ius1 t !y c>ri$ _! _w ) !m--,lu!r 8 ,prote/ant _w1 & ,voltaire 8 ,fr5* _w--& ! cultivat$ classes ?r\gh\t ! cont95t ( ,europe g5]ally4 ,voltaire _h m ?an negative lucidity2 he _h ! l>ge & true conception t a numb] & equilibrium ( activities 7 necess>y = man4 ,il faut d\n] notre me t\tes les =mes possibles 0 a maxim :i* ,voltaire really & truly appli$ 9 practice1 advanc+1 z ,mi*elet f9ely said ( him1 9 e direction ) a m>vel\s vigor & ) t conqu]+ ambition :i* ,vico call$ m5s h]oica4 ,nev]!less4 ,voltaire's signal *>act]i/ic 0 8 lucidity1 8 negative lucidity4 ,!re 0 a great & free intellectual movem5t 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury--inde$1 x 0 f ,engl& t x pass$ into ,france2 b ! ,engli% _h n t /rong natural b5t = lucidity :i* ! ,fr5* _h4 ,its b5t 0 t[>d o!r ?+s 9 pref]5ce4 ,our lead+ ?9k]s _h n ! g5ius & passion = lucidity :i* di/+ui%$ ,voltaire4 ,9 _! free inquiry !y soon f\nd !mselves com+ into collision ) a numb] ( e/abli%$ facts1 beliefs1 conv5tions4 ,!reupon all sorts ( practical consid]ations began to sway !m4 ,! dang] signal w5t up1 !y (t5 /opp$ %ort1 turn$ _! eyes ano!r way1 or drew d[n a curta9 betwe5 !mselves & ! light4 ,x seems highly probable1 said ,voltaire1 t nature has made ?9k+ a portion ( ! bra91 z vegetation is a function ( trees2 t we ?9k by ! bra9 j z we walk by ! feet4 ,s our reason1 at lea/1 w\ld lead u to conclude1 if ! !ologians did n assure u ( ! contr>y2 su*1 too1 0 ! op9ion ( ,locke1 b he did n v5ture to ann\nce x4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution came1 ,engl& grew to abhor ,france1 & 0 cut (f f ! ,cont95t1 did great ?+s1 ga9$ mu*1 b n 9 lucidity4 ,! ,cont95t 0 reop5$1 ! c5tury advanc$1 "t & exp]i5ce br\ght _! lessons1 lov]s ( free & cle> ?\ght1 su* z ! late ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 arose among u4 ,b we c\ld n say t !y _h by any means f\nd$ among u ! reign ( lucidity4 ,let !m consid] t movem5t ( :i* we 7 he>+ s mu* j n[3 let !m look at ! ,salvation ,army & its op]ations4 ,!y w\ld see numb]s1 funds1 en]gy1 devot$ness1 excitem5t1 conv]sions1 & a total abs5ce ( lucidity4 ,a little lucidity w\ld make ! :ole movem5t impossible4 ,t movem5t took = grant$ z its basis :at 0 no long] possible or receivable2 its adh]5ts proce$$ 9 all !y did on ! assumption t t basis 0 p]fectly solid1 & nei!r saw t x 0 n solid1 nor ev] ev5 ?\ght ( ask+ !mselves :e!r x 0 solid or n4 ,tak+ a v diff]5t movem5t1 & "o ( f> high] dignity & import1 !y _h all _h be=e _! m9ds lately ! long-devot$1 labori\s1 influ5tial1 pure1 pa!tic life ( ,dr4 ,pusey1 :i* _h j end$4 ,_m ( !m _h also be5 read+ 9 ! lively volumes ( t acute1 b n always good-natur$ rattle1 ,mr4 ,mozley1 an acc\nt ( t great movem5t :i* took f ,dr4 ,pusey its e>li] "n4 ,( its lat] /age ( ,ritualism !y _h _h 9 ?is c\ntry a n[ celebrat$ exp]i5ce4 ,?is movem5t 0 full ( int]e/4 ,x _h produc$ m5 to be respect$1 m5 to be admir$1 m5 to be belov$1 m5 ( le>n+1 goodness1 g5ius1 & *>m4 ,b c\ld !y resi/ ! tru? t lucidity w\ld h be5 fatal to x8 ,! mov]s ( all ^? que/ions ab\t apo/olical succession1 *ur* patri/ic au?ority1 primitive usage1 po/ures1 ve/m5ts--que/ions s passionately debat$1 & on :i* he w\ld n seek to ca/ ridicule--did n !y all beg9 by tak+ = grant$ some?+ no long] possible or receivable1 build on ?is basis z if x 7 indubitably solid1 & fail to see t _! basis n be+ solid1 all !y built ^u x 0 fanta/ic8 ,he w\ld n say t negative lucidity 0 9 itself a satisfactory possession1 b he said t x 0 inevitable & indisp5sable1 & t x 0 ! condition ( all s]i\s con/ruction = ! future4 ,)\t x at pres5t a man or a nation 0 intellectually & spiritually all abroad4 ,if !y saw x accompani$ 9 ,france by mu* t !y %rank f1 !y %\ld reflect t 9 ,engl& x w\ld h influ5ces jo9$ ) x :i* x _h n 9 ,france--! natural s]i\sness ( ! p1 _! s5se ( rev]5ce & respect1 _! love = ! pa/4 ,come x mu/2 & "h :]e x _h be5 s late 9 com+1 x w\ld probably be = ! fir/ "t se5 to come )\t dang]4 ,capitals 7 natural c5t]s ( m5tal movem5t1 & x 0 natural = ! classes ) mo/ leisure1 mo/ fre$om1 mo/ means ( cultivation1 & mo/ conv]sance ) ! wide _w to h lucidity ?\gh (t5 !y _h x n4 ,to g5]ate a _s ( lucidity 9 prov9cial t[ns1 & among ! middle classes b\nd to a life ( mu* r\t9e & plung$ 9 bus9ess1 0 m difficult4 ,s*ools & univ]sities1 ) s]i\s & dis9t]e/$ /udies1 & connect+ ^? /udies ! "o ) ! o!r & cont9u+ !m into ye>s ( manhood1 7 9 ?is case ! be/ ag5cy !y c\ld use4 ,x might be sl[1 b x 0 sure4 ,su* an ag5cy !y 7 n[ go+ to employ4 ,might x fulfill all _! expectations6 ,might _! /ud5ts1 9 ! words quot$ j n[1 advance 9 e direction ) a m>vel\s vigor1 & ) t conqu]+ ambition :i* ,vico call$ m5s h]oica6 ,& among ! _m good results ( ?is1 might "o result be ! acquisition 9 _! mid/ ( t indisp5sable _s--! _s ( lucidity6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,"s ,,app>atus ,,t ,,p]mit ,,( ,,ent]+ ,,flames4 ,footnote3 ,a4 de ,ro*as 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique4 ,9 ! foll[+ notes ,i %all recall a few exp]im5ts t indicate "u :at conditions ! human organism is p]mitt$ to rema9 unh>m$ amid flames4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahhb1 9 ! twelf? lett] f ,brew/] to ,walt] ,scott on natural magic4 ,!y are1 ,i believe1 n mu* kn[n 9 ,france1 & possess a practical int]e/ = ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! art ( combat+ fires4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury ,humphry ,davy obs]v$ t1 on plac+ a v f9e wire gauze ov] a flame1 ! latt] 0 cool$ to su* a po9t t x c\ld n trav]se ! me%es4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* he attribut$ to ! conductivity & radiat+ p[] ( ! metal1 he soon utiliz$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a lamp = m9]s4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>d ,*evali] ,ald9i1 ( ,milan1 conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ a new application ( ,davy's discov]y 9 ! manufacture ( an envelope t %\ld p]mit a man to ent] into ! mid/ ( flames4 ,?is envelope1 :i* 0 made ( metallic gauze ) #a-be? ( an in* me%es1 0 compos$ ( five pieces1 z foll[s3 7#a7 a helmet1 ) mask1 l>ge en\gh1 to all[ a c]ta9 space betwe5 x & ! int]nal bonnet ( :i* ,i %all speak2 7#b7 a cuirass ) armlets2 7#c7 a skirt = ! l[] "p ( ! belly & ! ?ighs2 7#d7 a pair ( boots =m$ ( a d\ble wire gauze2 & 7#e7 a %ield five feet long by "o & a half wide1 =m$ ( metallic gauze /ret*$ ov] a light iron frame4 ,b5ea? ?is armor ! exp]im5t] 0 clad 9 bree*es & a close coat ( co>se clo? t _h previ\sly be5 soak$ 9 a solution ( alum4 ,! head1 h&s1 & feet 7 cov]$ by envelopes ( asbe/os clo? ^: fib]s 7 ab\t a half millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,! bonnet conta9$ ap]tures = ! eyes1 nose1 & e>s1 & consi/$ ( a s+le ?ickness ( fabric1 z did ! /ock+s1 b ! gloves 7 ( d\ble ?ickness1 s t ! we>] c\ld seize burn+ objects ) ! h&s4 ,ald9i1 conv9c$ ( ! s]vices t 8 app>atus might r5d] to humanity1 travel$ ov] ,europe & gave gratuit\s repres5tations ) x4 ,! ex]cises g5]ally took place 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,ald9i began by fir/ wrapp+ 8 f+] 9 asbe/os & !n ) a d\ble lay] ( wire gauze4 ,he !n held x = "s in/ants 9 ! flame ( a c&le or alcohol lamp4 ,"o ( 8 assi/ants aft]w>d put on ! asbe/os glove ( :i* ,i h spok51 &1 protect+ ! palm ( 8 h& ) ano!r piece ( asbe/os clo?1 seiz$ a piece ( r$-hot iron f a furnace & sl[ly c>ri$ x to a di/ance ( =ty or fifty met]s1 light$ "s /raw ) x1 & !n c>ri$ x back to ! furnace4 ,on o!r occasions1 ! exp]im5t]s1 hold+ firebr&s 9 _! h&s1 walk$ = five m9utes ov] a l>ge grat+ "u :i* fagots 7 burn+4 ,9 ord] to %[ h[ ! head1 eyes1 & lungs 7 protect$ by ! wire gauze app>atus1 "o ( ! exp]im5t]s put on ! asbe/os bonnet1 helmet1 & cuirass1 & fix$ ! %ield 9 front ( 8 brea/4 ,!n1 9 a *af+ di% plac$ on a level ) 8 %\ld]1 a great fire ( %av+s 0 light$1 & c>e 0 tak5 to keep x up4 ,into ! mid/ ( ^! flames ! exp]im5t] !n plung$ 8 head & rema9$ ?us five or six m9utes ) 8 face turn$ t[>d !m4 ,9 an exhibition giv5 at ,p>is be=e a committee f ! ,academic des ,sci5ces1 !re 7 set up two p>allel f5ces =m$ ( /raw1 connect$ by iron wire to light wick] "w1 & arrang$ s z to leave betwe5 !m a passage #c feet wide by #cj long4 ,! heat 0 s int5se1 :5 ! f5ces 7 set on fire1 t no "o c\ld approa* ne>] ?an #bj or #be feet2 & ! flames seem$ to fill ! :ole space betwe5 !m1 & rose to a height ( #i or #aj feet4 ,six m5 clad 9 ! ,ald9i suit w5t 91 "o beh9d ! o!r1 betwe5 ! blaz+ f5ces1 & walk$ sl[ly backw>d & =w>d 9 ! n>r[ passage1 :ile ! fire 0 be+ f$ ) fre% combu/ibles f ! ext]ior4 ,"o ( ^! m5 c>ri$ on 8 back1 9 an ozi] basket cov]$ ) wire gauze1 a *ild eight ye>s ( age1 :o _h on no o!r clo?+ ?an an asbe/os bonnet4 ,?is same man1 hav+ ! *ild ) him1 ent]$ on ano!r occasion a cle> fire ^: flames rea*$ a height ( #ah feet1 & ^: int5sity 0 su* t x c\ld n be look$ at4 ,he rema9$ !re9 s long t ! spectators began to fe> t he _h succumb$2 b he f9ally came out safe & s\nd4 ,"o ( ! conclusions to be drawn f ! facts j /at$ is t man c brea! 9 ! mid/ ( flames4 ,?is m>vel\s prop]ty _c be attribut$ exclusively to ! cool+ ( ! air by its passage ?r\gh ! gauze be=e rea*+ ! lungs2 x %[s also a v great resi/ance ( our organs to ! action ( heat4 ,! foll[+1 moreov]1 are direct pro(s ( su* resi/ance4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 _! fir/ exp]im5t1 ,messrs4 ,joseph ,banks1 ,*>les ,blagd51 & ,dr4 ,sol&] rema9$ = t5 m9utes 9 a hot-h\se ^: temp]ature 0 #baa ,fahr41 & _! bodies pres]v$ !re9 v ne>ly ! usual heat4 ,on brea?+ aga9/ a !rmomet] !y caus$ ! m]cury to fall sev]al degrees4 ,ea* expiration1 especially :5 x 0 some:at /rong1 produc$ 9 _! no/rils an agreeable impression ( coolness1 & ! same impression 0 also produc$ on _! f+]s :5 brea!d ^u4 ,:5 !y t\*$ !mselves _! sk9 seem$ to be z cold z t ( a corpse2 b contact ) _! wat* *a9s caus$ !m to exp]i5ce a s5sation l t ( a burn4 ,a !rmomet] plac$ "u ! tongue ( "o ( ! exp]im5t]s m>k$ #ih ,fahr41 :i* is ! normal temp]ature ( ! human species4 ,embold5$ by ^! fir/ results1 ,blagd5 ent]$ a hot-h\se 9 :i* ! !rmomet] 9 c]ta9 p>ts rea*$ #bfb ,fahr4 ,he rema9$ !re9 eight m9utes1 walk$ ab\t 9 all directions1 & /opp$ 9 ! coole/ "p1 :i* 0 at #bdj ,fahr4 ,dur+ all ?is "t he exp]i5c$ no pa9ful s5sations2 b1 at ! end ( sev5 m9utes1 he felt an oppression ( ! lungs t inquiet$ him & caus$ him to leave ! place4 ,8 pulse at t mom5t %[$ #add beats to ! m9ute1 t is to say1 d\ble :at x usually did4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 any error 9 ! indications ( ! !rmomet]1 & to f9d out :at effect w\ld take place on in]t sub/ances expos$ to ! hot air t he _h brea!d1 ,blogd5 plac$ "s eggs 9 a z9c plate 9 ! hot-h\se1 alongside ! !rmomet]1 & f\nd t 9 tw5ty m9utes !y 7 bak$ h>d4 ,a case is report$ :]e workm5 ent]$ a furnace = dry+ m\lds1 9 ,engl&1 ! temp]ature ( :i* 0 #agg1 & ^: iron sole plate 0 s hot t x c>boniz$ _! wood5 %oes4 ,9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ?is furnace ! temp]ature rose to #afj4 ,p]sons n ( ! trade :o approa*$ any:]e ne> ! furnace exp]i5c$ pa9 9 ! eyes1 nose1 & e>s4 ,a bak] is cit$ 9 ,ang\mois1 ,france1 :o sp5t t5 m9utes 9 a furnace at #acb ,c4 ,! resi/ance ( ! human organism to s high temp]atures c be attribut$ to sev]al causes4 ,fir/1 x has be5 f\nd t ! quantity ( c>bonic acid exhal$ by ! lungs1 & consequ5tly ! *emical ph5om5a ( int]nal combu/ion t are a s\rce ( animal heat1 dim9i% 9 measure z ! ext]nal temp]ature rises4 ,h5ce1 a conflict :i* has = result ! ret>dation ( ! mom5t at :i* a liv+ be+ w t5d1 )\t ob/acle1 to take ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,on ano!r h&1 x has be5 obs]v$ t man resi/s heat s mu* ! less 9 proportion z ! air is saturat$ ) vapors4 ,dr4 ,b]g]1 :o support$ = sev5 m9utes a temp]ature v>y+ f #aji to #aaj ,c4 9 dry air1 c\ld rema9 only twelve m9utes 9 a bagnio ^: temp]ature rose f #da to #ea4ge4 ,at ! ,hammam ( ,p>is ! highe/ temp]ature obta9$ is #hg1 & ,dr4 ,e4 ,m>t9 has n be5 able to rema9 !re9 m ?an five m9utes4 ,?is physician reports t 9 #agdc1 ! !rmomet] hav+ exce$$ #dj at ,pek91 #ad1jjj p]sons p]i%$4 ,^! facts are expla9$ by ! cool+ t ! evaporation ( p]spiration produces on ! surface ( ! body4 ,edw>ds has calculat$ t su* evaporation is t5 times great] 9 dry air 9 motion ?an 9 calm & humid air4 ,! obs]vations become /ill m /rik+ :5 ! sk9 is put 9 contact ) a liquid or a solid :i* suppresses p]spiration4 ,lemo9e endur$ a ba? ( ,b>eges wat] ( #cg = half an h\r2 b at #de he c\ld n rema9 9 x m ?an sev5 m9utes1 & ! p]spiration began to fl[ at ! end ( six m9utes4 ,accord+ to ,brew/]1 p]sons :o exp]i5ce no malaise ne> a fire :i* communicates a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 to !m1 c h>dly be> contact ) alcohol & oil at #ee & m]cury at #dh4 ,! facts adduc$ p]mit u to und]/& h[ x 0 possible to be> "o ( ! pro(s to :i* x is said ^? 7 submitt$ :o wi%$ to be initiat$ into ! ,egyptian my/]ies4 ,9 a va/ vault$ *amb] ne>ly a hundr$ feet long1 !re 7 erect$ two f5ces =m$ ( po/s1 ar\nd :i* 7 w\nd bran*es ( ,arabian balm1 ,egyptian ?orn1 & tam>9d--all v flexible & inflammable woods4 ,:5 ?is 0 set on fire ! flames arose z f> z ! vault1 lick$ x1 & gave ! *amb] ! appe>ance ( a hot furnace1 ! smoke escap+ ?r\gh pipes made = ! purpose4 ,!n ! door 0 sudd5ly op5$ be=e ! neophyte1 & he 0 ord]$ to trav]se ?is burn+ place1 ^: floor 0 compos$ ( an inc&esc5t grat+4 ,! ,abb ,t]rason rec\nts all ^! details 9 8 hi/oric romance ,se?os1 pr9t$ at ! end ( la/ c5tury4 ,un=tunately lit]>y frauds 7 9 fa%ion !n1 & ! book1 publi%$ z a translation ( an old ,greek manuscript1 gives no indication ( s\rces4 ,i h s\ght 9 special works = ! data :i* ! abb mu/ h _h z a basis1 b ,i h n be5 able to f9d !m4 ,i suppose1 h[ev]1 t ?is description1 :i* is s precise1 is n m]ely a "w ( ! imag9ation4 ,! au?or goes s f> z to give ! dim5sions ( ! grat+ 7#cj feet by #h71 &1 greatly emb>rass$ to expla9 h[ 8 h]o 0 enabl$ to trav]se x )\t be+ burn$1 is oblig$ to suppose x to h be5 =m$ ( v ?ick b>s1 betwe5 :i* ,se?os _h c>e to place 8 feet4 ,b ?is explanation is inadmissible4 ,he :o _h ! c\rage to ru%1 head b[$1 into ! mid/ ( ! flames1 c]ta9ly w\ld n h amus$ himself by *oos+ ! place to put 8 feet4 ,brav+ ! fire t surr\nd$ 8 entire body1 he mu/ h _h no o!r ?\ght ?an t ( rea*+ ! end ( 8 dang]\s voyage z soon z possible4 ,we _c see v well1 moreov]1 h[ ?is imm5se grate1 ly+ on ! gr\nd1 0 rais$ to a r$ heat & kept at su* a temp]ature4 ,x is inf9itely m simple to suppose t betwe5 ! two f5ces !re 0 a dit* suffici5tly deep 9 :i* a fire _h also be5 light$1 & :i* 0 cov]$ by a grat+ z 9 ! ,ald9i exp]im5ts4 ,x is ev5 probable t ?is grat+ 0 ( copp]1 :i*1 illum9at$ by ! fireplace1 mu/ h pres5t$ a t]rify+ brilliancy1 :ile 9 reality x s]v$ only to prev5t ! flames f ! fireplace rea*+ him :o d>$ to brave !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,build+ ,,/one ,,supply4 ,! use ( /one z a build+ mat]ial 0 n resort$ to1 except to a trifl+ ext5t1 9 ?is c\ntry until long aft] ! ne$ ( su* a solid sub/ance 0 felt4 ,! e>ly settl] cont5t$ himself ) ! log cab91 ! corduroy road1 & ! wood5 bridge1 & loose /one en\gh = f\ndation purposes c\ld readily be ga!r$ f ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,ev5 aft] ! desirability ( m h&some & durable build+ mat]ial = public edifices 9 ! colonial cities ?an wood became app>5t1 ! ample res\rces :i* nature _h af=d$ 9 ?is c\ntry 7 ov]look$1 & brick & /one 7 import$ by ! ,dut* & ,engli% settl]s f ! ,old ,_w4 ,?us we f9d ! coloni/s ( ! ,new ,ne!rl&s putt+ yell[ brick on _! li/ ( non-dutiable imports 9 #afdh2 & su* build+s 9 ,bo/on z are describ$ z be+ fairly set =? ) brick1 tile1 slate1 & /one1 7 ?us provid$ only ) =eign products4 ,isolat$ in/ances ( qu>ry+ /one are kn[n to h occurr$ 9 ! la/ c5tury2 b !y are r>e4 ,! edifice kn[n z ,k+'s ,*apel1 ,bo/on1 erect$ 9 #ageb1 is ! fir/ "o on record z be+ built f ,am]ican /one2 ?is 0 granite1 br\ght f ,bra9tree1 ,mass4 ,granite is a rock p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ,new ,engl&1 ?\gh also f\nd 9 less] quantities else:]e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! fir/ granite qu>ries t 7 ext5sively develop$ 7 ^? at ,qu9cy1 ,mass41 & "w began at t po9t e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! fame ( ! /one became widespread1 & x 0 s5t to di/ant m>kets--ev5 to ,new ,orleans4 ,! old ,m]*ants' ,ex*ange 9 ,new ,york 7aft]w>d us$ z a cu/om h\se7 ! ,a/or ,h\se 9 t city1 & ! ,cu/om ,h\se 9 ,new ,orleans1 all ne>ly or q fifty ye>s old1 7 con/ruct$ ( ,qu9cy granite1 z 7 _m o!r f9e build+s along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 n only isolat$ public edifices1 b also :ole blocks ( /ores1 h be5 con/ruct$ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,x 0 f ! ,qu9cy qu>ries t ! fir/ railroad 9 ?is c\ntry 0 built2 ?is 0 a horse-railroad1 ?ree miles long1 ext5d+ to ,neponset ,riv]1 built 9 #ahbg4 ,o!r po9ts 9 ,massa*usetts h be5 fam$ = _! excell5t granite4 ,aft] ,ma9e 0 set (f z a di/9ct ,/ate1 ,fox ,isl& acquir$ repute = its granite1 & built up an ext5sive traffic !re94 ,we/]ly1 ,r4,i41 has also be5 engag$ 9 qu>ry+ ?is valuable rock = _m ye>s1 mo/ ( its *oic] specim5s hav+ be5 wr\ght = monum5tal purposes4 ,/atues & o!r elaborate monum5tal designs are n[ ext5sively made !refrom4 ,small] pieces & a co>s] quality ( ! /one are "h & else:]e along ! coa/ obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities = ! con/ruction ( massive breakwat]s to protect h>bors4 ,ano!r po9t fam\s = its granite is ,/at5 ,isl&1 ,new ,york4 ,?is /one weighs #ahj p\nds to ! cubic foot1 :ile ! ,qu9cy granite weighs b #afe4 ,! ,/at5 ,isl& product is us$ n only = build+ purposes1 b is also especially e/eem$ = pav+ aft] bo? ! ,russ & ,belgian pat5ts4 ,new ,york & o!r cities d]ive l>ge supplies f ?is s\rce4 ,! granite ( ,weehawk51 ,n4,j41 is ( ! same "*1 & greatly 9 dem&4 ,port ,deposit1 ,md41 & ,ri*mond1 ,va1 are also c5t]s ( granite production4 ,ne> ,abbeville1 ,s4,c41 & 9 ,georgia1 granite is f\nd q l t ( ,qu9cy4 ,mu* s\!rn granite1 h[ev]1 decomposes readily1 & is almo/ z s(t z clay4 ,?is v>iety ( /one is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 b1 except to a slight ext5t 9 ,cali=nia1 x is n yet qu>ri$ !re4 ,granite1 hav+ little gra91 c be cut into blocks ( almo/ any size & %ape4 ,specim5s z mu* z eighty feet long h be5 tak5 out & transport$ great di/ances4 ,! qu>ry+ is done by drill+ a s]ies ( small holes1 six in*es or m deep & almo/ ! same di/ance ap>t1 ins]t+ /eel w$ges along ! :ole l9e & !n tapp+ ea* g5tly ) a hamm] 9 succession1 9 ord] t ! /ra9 may be ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,a build+ mat]ial t came into use e>li] ?an granite is kn[n z free/one or s&/one2 al?\gh its fir/ employm5t does n date back fur!r ?an ! erection ( ,k+'s ,*apel1 ,bo/on1 already ref]r$ to z ! e>lie/ well-kn[n occasion :]e granite 0 us$ 9 build+4 ,altoge!r ! mo/ fam\s ,am]ican s&/one qu>ries are ^? at ,portl&1 on ! ,connecticut ,riv]1 opposite ,middlet[n4 ,^! 7 work$ be=e ! ,revolution2 & _! product has be5 %ipp$ to _m di/ant po9ts 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! long r[s ( br[n/one fronts 9 ,new ,york city are mo/ly ( ,portl& /one1 ?\gh 9 _m cases ! walls are *iefly ( brick cov]$ ) ?9 lay]s ( ! /one4 ,! old r$ s&/one ( ! ,connecticut valley is di/+ui%$ 9 geology = ! discov]y ( gigantic fossil footpr9ts ( birds1 fir/ notic$ 9 ! ,portl& qu>ries 9 #ahjb4 ,"s ( ^! footpr9ts measur$ t5 to sixte5 in*es1 & !y 7 f f\r to six feet ap>t4 ,! s&/one ( ,belleville1 ,n4,j41 has also ext5sive use & reputation4 ,tr9ity ,*ur* 9 ,new ,york city & ! ,bo/on ,a!neum are built ( ! product ( ^! qu>ries2 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 is not$ also = a f9e b$ ( s&/one4 ,at ,potsdam x is expos$ to a dep? ( sev5ty feet4 ,!re are places ?\gh1 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 & ,ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 :]e a dep? ( ?ree hundr$ feet has be5 rea*$4 ,! ,potsdam s&/one is (t5 split to ! ?9ness ( an in*4 ,x h>d5s by exposure1 & is (t5 us$ = smelt+ furnace he>?-/ones4 ,%awangunk ,m\nta91 9 ,ul/] ,c\nty1 yields a s&/one ( inf]ior quality1 :i* has be5 unsuccessfully tri$ = pav+2 z x we>s v unev5ly4 ,f ,ul/]1 ,gre5e1 & ,albany ,c\nties s&/one slabs = sidewalks are ext5sively qu>ri$ = city use2 ! pr9cipal outlets ( ^! sections be+ ,k+/on1 ,saug]ties1 ,coxsackie1 ,bri/ol1 & ,new ,baltimore1 on ! ,hudson4 ,9 ?is region quantities am\nt+ to millions ( squ>e feet are tak5 out 9 l>ge %eets1 :i* are (t5 saw$ into ! sizes desir$4 ,! vic9ity ( ,m$9a1 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 yields a s&/one ext5sively us$ 9 t section = pav+ & curb+1 & a little = build+4 ,a r poor quality ( ?is /one has be5 f\nd along ! ,potomac1 & "s ( x 0 us$ 9 ! erection ( ! old ,capitol build+ at ,wa%+ton4 ,ohio yields a s&/one t is ( a light gray color2 ,b]ea1 ,amh]/1 ,v]milion1 & ,massillon are ! *ief po9ts ( production4 ,/4 ,g5evieve1 ,mo41 yields a /one ( f9e gra9 ( a light /raw color1 :i* is q equal to ! fam\s ,ca5 /one ( ,france4 ,! ,lake ,sup]ior s&/ones are d>k & co>se gra9$1 b /rong4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]e nei!r granite nor s&/one is easily procur$1 blue & gray lime/one are sometimes us$ = build+1 &1 :5 hamm] dress$1 (t5 look l granite4 ,a s]i\s objection to _! use1 h[ev]1 is ! occasional pres5ce ( iron1 :i* ru/s on exposure1 & defaces ! build+4 ,9 ,we/]n ,new ,york !y are widely us$4 ,topeka /one1 l ! coqu9e ( ,florida & ,b]muda1 is s(t l wood :5 fir/ qu>ri$1 & easily wr\ght1 b x h>d5s on exposure4 ,! lime/ones ( ,canton1 ,mo41 ,joliet & ,a!ns1 ,ill41 ,dayton1 ,s&usky1 ,m>blehead1 & o!r po9ts 9 ,ohio1 ,ellittsville1 ,ind41 & ,l\isville & ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ky41 are great favorites we/4 ,9 _m ( ^! regions lime/one is ext5sively us$ = macadamiz+ roads1 = :i* x is excell5tly adapt$4 ,x also yields excell5t slabs or flags = sidewalks4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal uses ( ?is v>iety ( /one is its conv]sion1 by burn+1 into lime = build+ purposes4 ,all lime/ones are by no means equally excell5t 9 ?is reg>d4 ,?oma/on lime1 burn$ ) ,p5nsylvania coal1 ne> ! ,p5obscot ,riv]1 has _h a wide reputation = ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,x has be5 %ipp$ !nce to all po9ts along ! ,atlantic coa/1 invad+ ,virg9ia z f> z ,lyn*burg1 & go+ ev5 to ,new ,orleans1 ,smi?field1 ,r4,i41 & ,we/*e/] ,c\nty1 ,n4,y41 ne> ! l[] end ( ! ,highl&s1 also make a p>ticul>ly excell5t quality ( lime4 ,k+/on1 9 ,ul/] ,c\nty1 makes an inf]ior sort = agricultural purposes4 ,! ,ohio & o!r we/]n /ones yield a poor lime1 & t section is almo/ entirely dep5d5t on ! ea/ = supplies4 ,m>bles1 l lime/ones1 ) :i* !y are closely relat$1 are v abundant 9 ?is c\ntry1 & are also to be f\nd 9 a great v>iety ( colors4 ,z e>ly z #ahjd ,am]ican m>ble 0 us$ = /atu>y purposes4 ,e>ly 9 ! c5tury x also obta9$ ext5sive employm5t = grave/ones4 ,its use = build+ purposes has be5 m rec5t ?an granite & s&/one 9 ?is c\ntry2 & x is com+ to sup]s$e ! latt] to a great degree4 ,= mantels1 fire-places1 por* pill>s1 & l ornam5tal purposes1 h[ev]1 our v>iegat$1 ri* color$ & ve9$ or brecciat$ m>bles 7 9 use "s "t be=e ext]ior walls 7 made f !m4 ,among ! e>lie/ m>ble build+s 7 ,gir>d ,college 9 ,philadelphia & ! old ,city ,hall 9 ,new ,york1 & ! ,cu/om ,h\se 9 ! latt] city1 aft]w>d us$ = a sub-treasury4 ,! new ,capitol build+ at ,wa%+ton is among ! m rec5t /ructures compos$ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,our exports ( m>ble to ,cuba & else:]e am\nt to ov] #cjj1jjj annually1 al?\gh we import ne>ly ! same am\nt f ,italy4 ,& yet an article c be f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates fully z f9e z ! fam\s ,c>r>a m>ble4 ,we ref] to t :i* comes f ,rutl&1 ,vt4 ,?is /ate yields ! l>ge/ v>iety & *oice/ specim5s4 ,! m>ble belt runs bo? ways f ,rutl& ,c\nty1 :]e ! only quality fit = /atu>y is obta9$4 ,t[>d ! nor? x det]iorates by gr[+ less s\nd1 ?\gh f9] 9 gra92 :ile to ! s\? x becomes co>s]4 ,a beautiful black m>ble is obta9$ at ,%oreham1 ,vt4 ,!re are also h&some brecciat$ m>bles 9 ! same /ate2 & 9 ! extreme nor!rn "p1 ne> ,lake ,*ampla91 !y become m v>iegat$ & ri* 9 hue4 ,su* o!r m>ble z is f\nd 9 ,new ,engl& is ( an inf]ior quality4 ,! pill>s ( ,gir>d ,college came f ,b]k%ire1 ,mass41 :i* ranks next aft] ,v]mont 9 reputation4 ,! m>ble belt ext5ds f ,new ,engl& ?r\gh ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ,virg9ia1 ,t5nessee1 & ! ,c>ol9as1 to ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,"s ( ! v>iegat$ & high color$ v>ieties obta9$ ne> ,knoxville1 ,t5n41 ne>ly equal t ( ,v]mont4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s conta9 a va/ abundance & v>iety4 ,slate 0 kn[n to exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry to a slight ext5t 9 colonial days4 ,x 0 !n us$ = grave/ones1 & to "s ext5t = ro(+ & s*ool purposes4 ,b mo/ ( our supplies came f ,wales4 ,x is /at$ t a slate qu>ry 0 op]at$ 9 ,nor?ampton ,c\nty1 ,pa41 z e>ly z #ahje4 ,9 #ahbf ,james ,m4 ,port] & ,samuel ,taylor engag$ 9 ! bus9ess1 obta9+ _! supplies f ! ,kittann9ny ,m\nta9s4 ,f ?is "t ! bus9ess develop$ rapidly1 ! village ( ,slate=d be+ an outgr[? ( x1 & l>ge rafts be+ employ$ to float ! product d[n ! ,s*uylkill to ,philadelphia4 ,by #ahfj ! indu/ry _h rea*$ ! capacity ( #bj1jjj cases ( slate1 valu$ at #aj a case1 annually4 ,9 #ahci qu>ries 7 op5$ 9 ! ,piscataquis ,riv]1 =ty miles nor? ( ,bangor1 ,me41 b poor transportation facilities ret>d$ ! bus9ess4 ,v]mont began to yield 9 #aheb4 ,new ,york's qu>ries are conf9$ to ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ne> ! ,v]mont l9e4 ,m>yl& has a limit$ supply f ,h>=d ,c\nty4 ,! ,huron ,m\nta9s1 nor? ( ,m>quette1 ,mi*41 conta9 slate1 :i* is also said to exi/ 9 ,pike ,c\nty1 ,ga4 ,gr9d/ones1 mill/ones1 & :et/ones are qu>ri$ 9 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,p5nsylvania1 & o!r ,/ates4 ,mica is f\nd at ,acwor? & ,grafton1 ,n4 ,h41 & ne> ,salt ,lake1 b our *ief supply comes f ,haywood1 ,yancey1 ,mit*ell1 & ,macon c\nties1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & our product is s l>ge t we c af=d to export x4 ,o!r /ones1 su* z silex1 = mak+ glass1 etc41 are f\nd 9 pr(usion 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 b we h no space to ent] into a detail$ acc\nt ( !m at pres5t4--,pott]y & ,glassw>e ,report]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,indu/rial ,,revolution4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ *ange ( :i* ! ,c5sus gives acc\nt is ! increase 9 ! numb] ( f>ms4 ,! numb] has virtually d\bl$ )9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,! population ( ! c\ntry has n increas$ 9 l proportion4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! increase 9 numb] ( f>ms has be5 due to ! division ( great e/ates4 ,nor has ?is occurr$1 z "s may imag9e1 exclusively 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & ! ,/ates to :i* immigration & migration h rec5tly be5 direct$4 ,x is an important fact t ! multiplication ( f>ms has cont9u$ ev5 9 ! old] ,nor!rn ,/ates1 ?\gh ! *ange has n be5 z great 9 ^! z 9 ,/ates ( ! f> ,we/ or ! ,s\?4 ,9 ,new ,york !re has be5 an increase ( #be1jjj1 or #aa4e p] c5t1 9 ! numb] ( f>ms s9ce #ahgj2 9 ,new ,j]sey ! increase has be5 #ab4b p] c5t41 & 9 ,p5nsylvania #bb4g p] c5t41 ?\gh ! increase 9 population1 & d\btless 9 ! numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 f>m+1 has be5 mu* small]4 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois also1 h be5 consid]$ fully settl$ ,/ates = ye>s1 at lea/ 9 an agricultural po9t ( view1 & yet ! numb] ( f>ms has increas$ #bf4a p] c5t1 9 t5 ye>s 9 ,ohio1 #bj4c p]c5t1 9 ,indiana1 & #bf4a p] c5t1 9 ,ill9ois4 ,! obvi\s explanation is t ! gr[? ( _m cities & t[ns has creat$ a m>ket = a f> great] supply ( ^? products :i* may be mo/ advantage\sly gr[n ^u f>ms ( mod]ate size2 b ev5 if ?is fully acc\nts = ! ph5om5on1 ! *ange mu/ be recogniz$ z "o ( ! highe/ importance indu/rially1 socially1 & politically4 ,! man :o owns or r5ts & cultivates a f>m /&s on a v diff]5t foot+ f ! labor] :o works = wages4 ,x is n a small matt] t1 9 ^! six ,/ates alone1 !re are #bje1jjj m own]s or manag]s ( f>ms ?an !re 7 only a decade ago4 ,z we g fur!r t[>d ! bord]1 we/ or nor?1 ! influ5ce ( ! settlem5t ( new l& is m di/9ctly felt4 ,ev5 9 ,mi*igan1 :]e new railroads h op5$ new regions to settlem5t1 ! increase 9 numb] ( f>ms has be5 ov] #ee p] c5t4 ,9 ,wiscons91 ?\gh ! increase 9 railroad mileage has be5 ab\t ! same z 9 ,mi*igan1 ! report$ increase 9 numb] ( f>ms has be5 only #bh p] c5t41 b 9 ,i[a x rises to #fj p] c5t41 & 9 ,m9nesota to ne>ly #ajj p] c5t4 ,9 ,kansas ! numb] ( f>ms is #ach1efa1 aga9/ #ch1bjb 9 #ahgj2 9 ,nebraska #fc1chg1 aga9/ #ab1cja2 & 9 ,dakota #ag1dce1 aga9/ #a1gbj4 ,9 ^! regions ! process is "o ( creation ( new ,/ates r ?an a *ange 9 ! social & indu/rial condition ( ! population4 ,"s ,s\!rn ,/ates h ga9$ l>gely1 b ! increase 9 ^!1 ?\gh v great1 is less surpris+ ?an ! new ,/ates ( ! ,nor?we/4 ,! prevail+ t5d5cy ( ,s\!rn agriculture to l>ge f>ms & ! employm5t ( _m h&s is especially felt 9 ,/ates :]e l& is /ill abundant4 ,! greate/ increase is 9 ,texas1 :]e #agd1ahd f>ms are report$1 aga9/ #fa1abe 9 #ahgj2 9 ,florida1 ) #bc1dch f>ms1 aga9/ #aj1bda 9 #ahgj2 & 9 ,arkansas1 ) #id1dcc f>ms1 aga9/ #di1dbd 9 #ahgj4 ,9 ,miss\ri #bae1ege f>ms are report$1 aga9/ #adh1bbh 9 #ahgj4 ,9 ^! ,/ates1 ?\gh social *anges h be5 great1 ! increase 9 numb] ( f>ms has be5 l>gely due to new settlem5ts1 z 9 ! ,/ates ( ! f> ,nor?we/4 ,b ! *ange 9 ! old] ,s\!rn ,/ates is ( a diff]5t "*4 ,virg9ia1 = example1 has long be5 settl$1 & _h #gg1jjj f>ms ?irty ye>s ago4 ,b ! increase 9 numb] )9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s has be5 #dd1ffh1 or #fj4e p] c5t4 ,contra/+ ?is ) ! increase 9 ,new ,york1 a rem>kable diff]5ce appe>s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia _h few m f>ms t5 ye>s ago ?an ,new ,j]sey2 n[ x has ne>ly twice z _m1 & has ga9$ 9 numb] ne>ly #fj p] c5t4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 too1 has increas$ #gh p] c5t4 9 numb] ( f>ms s9ce #ahgj1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a #hj p] c5t4 ,9 ,georgia ! increase has be5 /ill great]--f #fi1ief to #ach1fbf1 or ne>ly #ajj p] c5t4 ,9 ,alabama !re are #ace1hfd f>ms1 aga9/ #fg1chb 9 #ahgj1 an increase ( ov] #ajj p] c5t4 ,^! proportions1 contra/$ ) ^? = ! old] ,nor!rn ,/ates1 reveal a *ange t is no?+ less ?an an indu/rial revolution4 ,b ! =ce ( ?is t5d5cy to division ( e/ates has be5 greate/ 9 ! ,/ates nam$4 ,:]eas ! ratio ( increase 9 numb] ( f>ms becomes great] 9 ,nor!rn ,/ates z we g f ! ,ea/ t[>d ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 at ! ,s\? x is mu* small] 9 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,mississippi1 & ,l\isiana ?an 9 ! old] ,/ates on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,?us 9 ,l\isiana ! increase has be5 f #bh1dha to #dh1bib f>ms1 or #gj p] c5t41 & 9 ,mississippi f #fh1jbc to #aja1ggb f>ms1 or less ?an #ej p] c5t41 aga9/ #ajj 9 ,alabama & ,georgia4 ,9 ,k5tucky ! increase has be5 f #aah1dbb to #aff1dec f>ms1 or #dj p] c5t41 & 9 ,t5nessee f #aah1ada to #afe1fej f>ms1 or #dj p] c5t41 aga9/ #fj 9 ,virg9ia & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & #gh 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,?us1 :ile ! t5d5cy to division is f> great] ?an 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( correspond+ age1 x is f\nd 9 full =ce only 9 six ( ! old] ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,alabama1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & f\r on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,9 ^!1 ! revolution already effect$ =e%ad[s & w almo/ c]ta9ly br+ ab\t important political *anges )9 a few ye>s4 ,9 ^! six ,/ates !re #caj1gie m f>m own]s or occupants ?an !re 7 t5 ye>s ago4--,n4,y4 ,tribune4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,f>m]',s ,,lime ,,kiln4 ,= in=mation ab\t burn+ lime we republi% ! foll[+ article furni%$ by a correspond5t ( ! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman sev]al ye>s ago3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a 7,fig4 #a71 ,railway ,track--,b ,b ,b1 ,iron ,rods runn+ ?r\gh ,kiln--,c1 ,cap/one ov] ,ar*--,d1 ,ar*--,e1 ,well )\t brick or a% l9+4 ,i s5d y a description & sket* ( a lime-kiln put up on my premises ab\t five ye>s ago4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is kiln are #ac feet squ>e by #be feet high f f\ndation1 & its capacity #ajj bu%els 9 #bd h\rs4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ ( ! lime/one qu>ri$ on ! spot4 ,x has r\nd iron rods 7%[n 9 sket*7 pass+ ?r\gh1 ) iron plates fa/5$ to ! ends z clamps to make x m firm2 ! pair ne>e/ ! top %\ld be n less ?an #b feet f t po9t1 ! o!rs int]sp]s$ ab\t #b feet ap>t--! greate/ /ra9 be+ ne> ! top4 ,! ar* %\ld be #g feet high by #e wide 9 front1 ) a ga!r on ! top & sides ( ab\t #a foot1 ) plank floor2 & if ?is has a little incl9e x w facilitate %ovel+ ! lime :5 drawn4 ,! ar* %\ld h a /rong cap/one2 also "o imm$iately "u ! well ( ! kiln1 ) a hole #b feet 9 diamet] to draw ! lime ?r\gh2 or two may be us$ ) semicircle cut 9 ea*4 ,iron b>s #b in*es wide by #a_/h in* ?ick are us$ 9 ?is kiln = clos+ x1 work+ 9 slots fa/5$ to cap/one4 ,^! slots mu/ be put 9 be=e ! caps are laid4 ,:5 x is desir$ to draw lime1 ^! b>s may be pu%$ lat]ally 9 ! slots1 or drawn out entirely1 accord+ to circum/ances2 #c b>s w be en\gh4 ,! slots are made ( iron b>s #a in*es wide1 ) ends r\nd$ & turn$ up1 & ins]t$ 9 holes drill$ ?r\gh cap/one & key$ above4 ,! well ( ! kiln is l9$ ) fire-brick "o c\rse ?ick1 ) a /ratum ( coal a%es ?ree in*es ?ick tamp$ 9 betwe5 ! brick & wall1 :i* proves a great protection to ! wall4 ,ab\t #b1jjj fire-bricks 7 us$4 ,! proprietors ( ?is kiln say ab\t "o-half ! l[] "p ( ! well might h be5 l9$ ) a fir/ quality ( common brick & sav$ "s exp5se & be5 j z good4 ,! =m ( ! well %[n 9 ,fig4 #c is #g feet 9 diamet] 9 ! bilge1 exclusive ( ! l9+ ( brick & a%es4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ?is vic9ity h prov$ ?is to be ! be/1 ?is contraction t[>d ! top be+ absolutely necess>y1 ! expansion ( ! /one by ! heat is s great t ! lime _c be drawn f p]p5dicul> walls1 z 0 demon/rat$ 9 "o in/ance ne> "h1 :]e a kiln 0 built on t pr9ciple4 ,! kiln1 ( c\rse1 is = coal1 & our /one requires ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ton p] #ajj bu%els ( lime1 b ?is1 ,i am told1 v>ies accord+ to quality1 "s requir+ m ?an o!rs2 ! quantity c be/ be det]m9$ by exp]im5t+2 also ! regulation ( ! heat--if too great x w cause ! /ones to melt or run toge!r z x 71 or1 if too little1 !y w n be prop]ly burn$4 ,! bus9ess requires skill & judgm5t to run x successfully4 ,?is kiln is locat$ at ! foot ( a /eep bluff1 ! top ab\t level ) ! top ( ! kiln1 ) railway track built ( wood5 sleep]s1 ) light iron b>s1 runn+ f ! bluff to ! top ( ! kiln1 & a h&-c> makes x v conv5i5t fill+ ! kiln4 ,su* a location %\ld be _h if possible4 ,y\r inquir] may p]haps get "s ideas ( ! pr9ciples ( a kiln = us+ coal4 ,! dim5sions may be r$uc$1 if desir$4 ,if = wood1 ! ar* w\ld h to be =m$ = t1 & ! height ( kiln r$uc$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,apple ,,jelly4 ,footnote3 ,f ! report ( ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,society4 ,)9 ! c\nty ( ,oswego1 ,new ,york1 ,dewitt ,c4 ,peck reports !re are five apple jelly factories 9 op]ation4 ,! failure ( ! apple crop1 = "s s+ul> & unexpla9$ reason1 does n ext5d 9 great degree to ! natural or ungraft$ fruit4 ,?\gh n s _m z common1 ev5 ( ^! apples1 !re are yet en\gh to keep ^! five mills & ! num]\s cid] mills pretty well employ$4 ,! l>ge/ jelly factory is locat$ ne> ! village ( ,mexico1 & z !re are "s features 9 reg>d to ?is manufacture peculi> to ?is e/abli%m5t :i* may be new & int]e/+1 we w und]take a brief description4 ,! factory is locat$ on ! ,salmon ,creek1 :i* af=ds ! necess>y p[]4 ,a portion ( ! ma9 floor1 fir/ /ory1 is occupi$ z a saw mill1 ! slabs furni%+ fuel = ! boil] furnace connect$ ) ! evaporat+ dep>tm5t4 ,j above ! mill1 along ! bank ( ! pond1 & ) "o end project+ ov] ! wat]1 are arrang$ eight l>ge b9s1 hold+ f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& bu%els ea*1 into :i* ! apples are deliv]$ f ! teams4 ,! floor 9 ea* ( ^! has a %>p pit* or incl9ation t[>d ! wat] & at ! l[] end is a grate ?r\gh :i* ! fruit is dis*>g$1 :5 want$1 into a tr\gh half subm]g$ 9 ! pond4 ,! prep>ation ( ! fruit & extraction ( ! juice proce$s z foll[s3 ,^u hoi/+ a gate 9 ! l[] end ( ?is tr\gh1 consid]able curr5t is caus$1 & ! wat] c>ries ! fruit a di/ance ( f ?irty to "o hundr$ feet1 & passes into ! basem5t ( ! mill1 :]e1 tumbl+ d[n a f\r-foot p]p5dicul> fall1 into a tank1 tight 9 its l[] half & slatt$ s z to p]mit ! escape ( wat] & impurities 9 ! upp] half1 ! apples are ?or\ghly cleans$ f all e>?y or extrane\s matt]4 ,su* is ! friction caus$ by ! concussion ( ! fall1 ! roll+ & rubb+ ( ! apples toge!r1 & ! p\r+ ( ! wat]1 t decay$ sections ( ! fruit are gr\nd (f & ! rott5 pulp passes away ) o!r impurities4 ,f ?is tank ! apples are hoi/$ ^u an endless *a9 elevator1 ) buckets 9 ! =m ( a rake-head ) iron tee?1 p]mitt+ dra9age & escape ( wat]1 to an upp] /ory ( ! mill1 :5ce by gravity !y desc5d to ! grat]4 ,! press is :olly ( iron1 all its motions1 ev5 to ! turn+ ( ! screws1 be+ actuat$ by ! wat] p[]4 ,! *eese is built up ) lay]s inclos$ 9 /rong cotton clo?1 :i* displaces ! /raw us$ 9 old5 "t1 & s]ves also to /ra9 ! cid]4 ,z x is express$ f ! press tank1 ! cid] passes to a /orage tank1 & !nce to ! defecator4 ,?is defecator is a copp] pan1 elev5 feet long & ab\t ?ree feet wide4 ,at ea* end ( ?is pan is plac$ a copp] tube ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & clos$ at bo? ends4 ,ly+ betwe5 & connect+ ^! two1 are twelve tubes1 also ( copp]1 #a in*es 9 diamet]1 p5etrat+ ! l>g] tubes at equal di/ances f _! upp] & "u surfaces1 ! small] be+ p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & #a in*es ap>t4 ,:5 plac$ 9 position1 ! l>g] tubes1 :i* act z manifolds1 supply+ ! small] ) /eam1 re/ ^u ! bottom ( ! pan1 & ?us ! small] pipes h a space ( ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* und]nea? _! out] surfaces4 ,! cid] comes f ! /orage tank 9 a cont9u\s /ream ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,/eam is introduc$ to ! l>ge or manifold tubes1 & f !m di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! small] ones at a pressure ( f tw5ty-five to ?irty p\nds p] in*4 ,trap valves are provid$ = ! escape ( wat] =m$ by cond5sation )9 ! pipes4 ,! prim>y object ( ! defecator is to remove all impurities & p]fectly cl>ify ! liquid pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,all portions ( pomace & o!r m9ute p>ticles ( =eign matt]1 :5 heat$1 exp& & float 9 ! =m ( scum ^u ! surface ( ! cid]4 ,an +5i\sly contriv$ float+ rake drags (f ?is scum & deliv]s x ov] ! side ( ! pan4 ,to facilitate ?is removal1 "o side ( ! pan1 comm5c+ at a po9t j bel[ ! surface ( ! cid]1 is curv$ g5tly outw>d & upw>d1 t]m9at+ 9 a slightly incl9$ plane1 ov] ! edge ( :i* ! scum is pu%$ by ! rake into a tr\gh & c>ri$ away4 ,a second>y purpose s]v$ by ! defecator is t ( r$uc+ ! cid] by evaporation to a p>tial sirup ( ! specific gravity ( ab\t #bj ,baume4 ,:5 ( ?is consi/5cy ! liquid is drawn f ! bottom & less agitat$ portion ( ! defecator by a siphon1 & !nce c>ri$ to ! evaporator1 :i* is locat$ ^u ! same framework & j bel[ ! defecator4 ,! evaporator consi/s ( a sep>ate sy/em ( six copp] tubes1 ea* twelve feet long & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! are ea* jacket$ or inclos$ 9 an iron pipe ( f\r in*es int]nal diamet]1 fitt$ ) /eam-tight coll>s s z to leave half an in* /eam space surr\nd+ ! copp] tubes4 ,! latt] are op5 at bo? ends p]mitt+ ! admission & egress ( ! sirup & ! escape ( ! /eam caus$ by evaporation !refrom1 & are arrang$ ^u ! frame s z to h a v slight incl9ation d[nw>d 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t1 & ea* ne>ly und]nea? its pr$ecessor 9 regul> succession4 ,ea* is connect$ by an iron supply pipe1 hav+ a /eam gauge or indicator atta*$1 ) a l>ge manifold1 & t by o!r pipes ) a /eam boil] ( ?irty horse p[] capacity4 ,/eam be+ let on at f tw5ty five to ?irty p\nds pressure1 ! /ream ( sirup is receiv$ f ! defecator ?r\gh a /ra9]1 :i* removes any impurities possibly rema9+ into ! upp] evaporator tube2 pass+ 9 a g5tle fl[ ?r\gh t1 x is deliv]$ into a funnel connect$ ) ! next tube bel[1 & s1 back & =?1 ?r\gh ! :ole sy/em4 ,! sirup ent]s ! evaporator at a consi/5cy ( f #bj to #bc ,baume1 & em]ges f ! la/ tube "s ?ree m9utes lat] at a consi/5cy ( f #cj to #cb ,baume1 :i* is f\nd on cool+ to be ! prop] po9t = p]fect jelly4 ,?is po9t is f\nd to v>y "o or two degrees1 accord+ to ! f]m5tation consequ5t ^u bruises 9 h&l+ ! fruit1 decay ( ! same1 or any little delay 9 express+ ! juice f ! *eese4 ,! lea/ f]m5tation occasions ! necessity = a l[] r$uction4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is1 no *eese is all[$ to /& ov] night1 no pomace left 9 ! grat] or vat1 no cid] 9 ! tank2 & fur!r to provide aga9/ f]m5tation1 a l>ge wat] tank is locat$ ^u ! ro( & fill$ by a =ce pump1 & by means ( hose connect$ ) ?is1 ea* grat]1 press1 vat1 tank1 pipe1 tr\gh1 or o!r article ( ma*9]y us$1 c be ?or\ghly wa%$ & cleans$4 ,hot wat]1 in/ead ( cid]1 is sometimes s5t ?r\gh ! defecator1 evaporator1 etc41 until all are ?or\ghly scald$ & purifi$4 ,if ! sac*>omet] %[s too great or too little r$uction1 ! matt] is easily regulat$ by v>y+ ! /eam pressure 9 ! evaporator by means ( a valve 9 ! supply pipe4 ,if boil$ cid] in/ead ( jelly is want$ = mak+ pies1 sauces1 etc41 x is drawn (f f "o ( ! upp] evaporator tubes accord+ to ! consi/5cy desir$2 or c be produc$ at ! end ( ! process by simply r$uc+ ! /eam pressure4 ,z ! jelly em]ges f ! evaporator x is transf]r$ to a tub hold+ "s fifty gallons1 & by mix+ a little !re91 any little v>iations 9 r$uction or 9 ! sweetness or s\rness ( ! fruit us$ are equaliz$4 ,f ?is x is drawn ?r\gh faucets1 :ile hot1 into ! v>i\s packages 9 :i* x is %ipp$ to m>ket4 ,a favorite =m ( package = family use is a nicely turn$ little wood5 bucket ) cov] & bail1 two sizes1 hold+ five & t5 p\nds respectively4 ,! small] packages are %ipp$ 9 cases = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 ,! pres5t product ( ?is manufactory is f #a1ejj to #a1hjj p\nds ( jelly ea* day ( t5 h\rs4 ,x is calculat$ t improvem5ts n[ 9 progress w increase ?is to some?+ m ?an a ton p] day4 ,ea* bu%el ( fruit w produce f f\r to five p\nds ( jelly1 fruit rip5+ late 9 ! season be+ m productive ?an e>li] v>ieties4 ,crab apples produce ! f9e/ jelly2 s\r1 crabb$1 natural fruit makes ! be/ look+ article1 & a mixture ( all v>ieties gives mo/ satisfactory results z to flavor & g5]al quality4 ,z ! pomace is %ovel$ f ! f9i%$ *eese1 x is aga9 gr\nd "u a too!d cyl9d]1 & !nce drops into l>ge tr\ghs1 ?r\gh a succession ( :i* a consid]able /ream ( wat] is fl[+4 ,"h x is occasionally agitat$ by rak+ f ! l[] to ! upp] end ( ! tr\gh z ! curr5t c>ries x d[nw>d1 & ! apple se$s becom+ dis5gag$ drop to ! bottom into /ill wat]1 :ile ! pulp floats away ^u ! /ream4 ,a succession ( tr\ghs s]ves to remove ne>ly all ! se$s4 ,! value ( ! apple se$s ?us sav$ is suffici5t to pay ! daily wages ( all ! h&s employ$ 9 ! :ole e/abli%m5t4 ,! apples are measur$ 9 ! wagon box1 "o & a half cubic feet be+ acc\nt$ a bu%el4 ,?is mill ord9>ily employs ab\t six m53 ,"o g5]al sup]9t5d5t1 :o buys & measures ! apples1 keeps "t books1 att5ds to all ! acc\nts & ! work+ details ( ! mill1 & acts z ca%i]2 "o sawy]1 :o manufactures lumb] = ! local m>ket & saws ! slabs into %ort l5g?s suitable = ! furnace2 "o cid] mak]1 :o gr9ds ! apples & att5ds ! presses2 "o jelly mak]1 :o att5ds ! defecator1 evaporator1 & mix+ tub1 besides act+ z 8 own fireman & eng9e]2 "o :o att5ds ! apple se$ tr\ghs & acts z g5]al help]1 & "o man-(-all-"w to pack1 %ip & assi/ :5ev] ne$$4 ,! e/abli%m5t 0 erect$ late 9 ! season ( #ahhj1 & manufactur$ t ye> ab\t =ty-five tons ( jelly1 besides consid]able cid] ex*ang$ to ! f>m]s = apples1 & "s boil$ cid]4 ,! price paid = apples 9 #ahhj1 :5 ! crop 0 sup]abundant1 0 six to eight c5ts p] bu%el2 9 #ahha1 fifte5 c5ts4 ,! proprietor hopes next ye> to consume #ajj1jjj bu%els4 ,^! in/itutions are important to ! f>m] 9 t !y use mu* fruit n o!rwise valuable & v p]i%able4 ,fruit s crabb$ & gn>l$ z to h no m>ket value1 & ev5 froz5 apples1 if deliv]$ :ile yet solid1 c be us$4 7,su* apples are plac$ 9 ! wat] :ile froz51 ! wat] draws ! fro/ suffici5tly to be grat$1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! press & evaporator be=e !re is "t = *emical *ange1 !y are f\nd to make v good jelly4 ,!y are valuable to ! consum] by conv]t+ ! p]i%able1 *eap1 almo/ wor?less crop ( ! be>+ & abundant ye>s into su* endur+ =m t its consumption may be c>ri$ ov] to ye>s ( sc>city & furni% heal?ful food 9 *eap & pleasant =m to _m :o w\ld o!rwise be depriv$2 & la/ly1 !y are ( great int]e/ to society1 9 t !y give to cid] twice ! value = purposes ( food t x has or c h1 ev5 to ! manufactur]1 = use z a bev]age & intoxicant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,grape ,,bags4 ,x /&s to reason t 7 our summ]s w>m] we %\ld be able to gr[ grapes successfully on op5 walls2 x is !re=e probable t a new grape bag1 ! inv5tion ( ,m4 ,pelleti]1 #bj ,rue de la ,banque1 ,p>is1 int5d$ to s]ve a d\ble purpose1 viz41 protect+ ! fruit & ha/5+ its maturity1 w1 :5 x becomes kn[n1 be welcom$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x consi/s ( a squ>e ( curv$ glass s fix$ to ! bag t ! sun's rays are conc5trat$ ^u ! fruit1 !reby r5d]+ its rip5+ m c]ta9 9 addition to improv+ its quality g5]ally4 ,! glass is affix$ to ! bag by means ( a light iron wire support4 ,x cov]s t portion ( x next ! sun1 s t x increases ! am\nt ( light & w>ms ! grapes )\t scor*+ !m1 a result due to ! convexity ( ! glass & ! lay] ( air betwe5 x & ! bag4 ,m4 ,pelleti] _h ! idea ( r5d]+ ^! bags *eap] by employ+ pla9 squ>es in/ead ( curv$ ones1 b ! advantage ?us obta9$ 0 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by _! comp>ative inefficacy4 ,9 practice x 0 f\nd t ! curv$ squ>es gave an av]age ( #g m ?an ! /raight ones1 :ile !re 0 a diff]5ce ( #aj :5 ! bags alone 7 us$1 ?us pla9ly demon/rat+ ! practical value ( ! inv5tion4 ,:e!r ^! glass-front$ bags w\ld h mu* value 9 ! case ( grapes gr[n "u glass 9 ! ord9>y way is a "q t c only be det]m9$ by actual exp]im5t2 b :]e ! v9es are on walls1 ei!r "u glass scre5s or 9 ! op5 air1 s t ! bun*es feel ! full =ce ( ! sun's rays1 !re c be no d\bt z to _! utility1 & x is probable t by _! aid _m ( ! cont95tal v>ieties :i* we d n n[ attempt to gr[ 9 ! op51 & :i* are sc>cely wor?y ( a place "u glass1 might be well rip5$4 ,at any rate we ought to give any?+ a fair trial :i* may s]ve to neutralize1 if only 9 a slight degree1 ! unc]ta9ty ( our summ]s4 ,z x is1 we h only ab\t two v>ieties ( grapes1 & ^! n ! be/ ( ! h>dy k9ds1 z reg>ds flavor & appe>ance1 t rip5 out ( doors1 & ev5 ^! d n always succe$4 ,we "k next to no?+ ( ! _m really well-flavor$ k9ds :i* are s mu* appreciat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,! fact is1 our outdoor culture ( grapes (f]s a /rik+ contra/ to t practic$ "u glass1 & al?\gh our comp>atively sunless & moi/ climate af=ds "s excuse = our %ortcom+s 9 ?is respect1 !re is no valid reason = ! utt] want ( good culture :i* is to be obs]v$ 9 a g5]al way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grape ,,bag4--,,op54 ,giv5 intellig5t tra9+1 con/ant c>e 9 /opp+ ! lat]als1 & *eck+ mildew z well z ?9n+ ! b]ries1 all[+ ea* bun* to get ! full b5efit ( sun & air1 & ,i believe good eatable grapes w\ld (t5 be obta9$ ev5 9 summ]s m>k$ by a l[ av]age temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grape ,,bag4--,,clos$4 ,if1 moreov]1 to a good sy/em ( culture we add "s su* me*anical contrivance z t "u notice :]eby ! bun*es enjoy an av]age w>m? "s #aj high] ?an !y o!rwise w\ld d1 we n only insure ! grapes com+ to p]fection 9 favor$ di/ricts1 b outdoor culture might probably be practic$ 9 high] latitudes ?an is n[ practicable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curv$ ,,glass ,,= ,,front ,,( ,,bag4 ,! improv$ grape bag w\ld also (f] great facilities = de/roy+ mildew or gu>antee ! grapes aga9/ its attacks1 z a light du/+ adm9i/]$ z soon z ! b]ries 7 fairly =m$ w\ld suffice = ! season1 z ow+ to ! glass protect+ ! b]ries f driv+ ra9s1 :i* (t5 accompany s\? or s\?-we/ w9ds 9 summ] & autumn1 ! sulphur w\ld n be wa%$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curv$ ,,glass ,,fix$ ,,on ,,bag4 ,! inv5tor claims1 & we %\ld say ) j reason1 t ^! glass front$ bags w\ld be f\nd equally s]viceable = ! rip5+ ( pe>s & o!r *oice fruits1 & ) a view to _! be+ employ$ = su* a purpose1 he has _h !m made ( v>y+ sizes & %apes4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be obs]v$ t1 9 addition to advanc+ ! maturity ( ! fruits to :i* !y are appli$1 !y also s]ve to pres]ve !m f fall+ to ! gr\nd :5 ripe4--,j4 ,,cobnhill1 9 ! ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,utilization ,,( ,,sol> ,,heat4 ,at a popul> fte 9 ! ,tuil]ies ,g>d5s ,i 0 /ruck ) an exp]im5t :i* seems des]v+ ( ! imm$iate att5tion ( ! ,engli% public & milit>y au?orities4 ,among ! attractions ( ! fte 0 an app>atus = ! conc5tration & utilization ( sol> heat1 &1 ?\gh ! sun 0 n v brilliant1 ,i saw ?is app>atus set 9 motion a pr9t+ ma*9e :i* pr9t$ sev]al ?\s& copies ( a specim5 newspap] entitl$ ! ,soleil ,j\rnal4 ,! sun's rays are conc5trat$ 9 a reflector1 :i* moves at ! same rate z ! sun & heats a v]tical boil]1 sett+ ! motive /eam-eng9e at "w4 ,z may be suppos$1 ! only object 0 to demon/rate ! possibility ( utiliz+ ! conc5trat$ heat ( ! sol> rays2 b ,i closely exam9$ x1 because ! app>atus seems capable ( great utility 9 exi/+ circum/ances4 ,"h 9 ,france1 inde$1 !re is a radical drawback--! sun is (t5 ov]cl\d$4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ago ! idea ( utiliz+ ! sol> rays mu/ h sugge/$ itself1 & !re are /ill savage tribes :o "k no o!r mode ( combu/ion2 b ! sci5tific application has hi!rto be5 lack+4 ,?is void ?is app>atus w fill up4 ,ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,m\*on1 ( ,t\rs1 began con/ruct+ su* an app>atus1 & 8 exp]im5ts h be5 cont9u$ by ,m4 ,pifre1 :o has devot$ mu* labor & exp5se to realiz+ ,m4 ,m\*\'s idea4 ,a company has n[ come to 8 aid1 & has con/ruct$ a numb] ( app>atus ( diff]5t sizes at a factory :i* might spe$ily turn out a l>ge numb] ( !m4 ,x is evid5t t 9 a c\ntry ( un9t]rupt$ sun%9e ! boil] might be heat$ 9 ?irty or =ty m9utes4 ,a portable app>atus c\ld boil two & "o-half qu>ts an h\r1 or1 say1 f\r gallons a day1 ?us supply+ by di/illation or ebullition six or eight m54 ,! app>atus c be easily c>ri$ on a man's back1 & on condition ( wat]1 ev5 ( ! wor/ quality1 be+ obta9able1 good dr9k+ & cook+ wat] is insur$4 ,m4 ,de ,r\gaumond1 a "y sci5tific writ]1 has j publi%$ an int]e/+ volume on ! inv5tion4 ,i 0 able ye/]day to v]ify 8 /atem5ts1 = ,i saw cid] made1 a pump set 9 motion1 & c(fee made--9 %ort1 ! calorific action ( ! sun sup]s$+ t ( fuel4 ,! app>atus1 no d\bt1 has n yet rea*$ p]fection1 b z x is x w\ld enable ! soldi] 9 ,india or ,egypt to procure 9 ! field good wat] & to cook 8 food rapidly4 ,! inv5tion is ( especial importance to ,engl& j n[1 b ev5 :5 ! ,egyptian "q is settl$ ! ,indian troops might f9d x ( ine/imable value4 ,r$ tape %\ld = once be disreg>d$1 & a compet5t commission =?) s5t to #cj ,rue d',assas1 ) in/ructions to report imm$iately1 = e m9ute sav$ may avoid suff]+ = ,engli%m5 fight+ abroad = _! c\ntry4 ,i may1 ( c\rse1 be mi/ak51 b a commission w\ld decide1 & if ! app>atus is good ! slighte/ delay 9 its adoption w\ld be deplorable4--,p>is ,correspond5ce ,london ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,e/abli% ,a ,,true ,,m]idian4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,eng9e]s' ,club ( ,philadelphia4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,l4 ,m4 ,,haupt4 ,,introductory4 ,! discov]y ( ! magnetic ne$le 0 a boon to mank9d1 & has be5 ( ine/imable s]vice 9 guid+ ! m>9] ?r\gh trackless wat]s1 & ! explor] ov] des]t wa/es4 ,9 ^!1 its legitimate uses1 ! ne$le has n a rival1 b all ef=ts to apply x to ! accurate det]m9ation ( p]man5t b\nd>y l9es h prov5 v unsatisfactory1 & h giv5 rise to mu* litigation1 ac]bity1 & ev5 dea?4 ,= ^! & o!r cog5t reasons1 /r5u\s ef=ts are be+ made to disp5se1 s f> z practicable1 ) ! use ( ! magnetic ne$le 9 survey+1 & to sub/itute !re= ! m accurate me?od ( trav]s+ f a true m]idian4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 involves a great] degree ( prep>ation & high] qualifications ?an are g5]ally possess$1 & unless ! matt] c be s simplifi$ z to be readily und]/ood1 x is unreasonable to expect its g5]al application 9 practice4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ^u ! v>i\s me?ods ( det]m9+1 ! true m]idian1 b x is s intimately relat$ to ! det]m9ation ( latitude & "t1 & ^! latt] 9 turn ^u ! fix+ ( a true m]idian1 t ! novice c f9d nei!r beg9n+ nor end4 ,:5 to ^! difficulties are add$ ! corrections = p>allax1 refraction1 in/rum5tal errors1 p]sonal equation1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! probable error1 he is hopelessly confus$1 & :5 he le>ns t "t may be sid]eal1 mean sol>1 local1 ,gre5wi*1 or ,wa%+ton1 & he is ref]r$ to an ephem]is & table ( log>i?ms = data1 he becomes lo/ 9 confusion worse conf\nd$1 & gives up 9 despair1 settl+ d[n to ! conviction t ! simple me?od ( compass survey+ is ! be/ aft] all1 ev5 if n ! mo/ accurate4 ,hav+ receiv$ num]\s reque/s = in=mation ^u ! subject1 ,i h ?\ght x exp$i5t to endeavor to prep>e a description ( ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! true m]idian :i* %\ld be suffici5tly cle> & practical to be g5]ally und]/ood by ^? desir+ to make use ( su* in=mation4 ,?is w involve an elem5t>y treatm5t ( ! subject1 beg9n+ ) ! ,,def9itions4 ,! cele/ial sph]e is t imag9>y surface ^u :i* all cele/ial objects are project$4 ,its radius is inf9ite4 ,! e>?'s axis is ! imag9>y l9e ab\t :i* x revolves4 ,! poles are ! po9ts 9 :i* ! axis pi]ces ! surface ( ! e>?1 or ( ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,a m]idian is a great circle ( ! e>? cut out by a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! axis4 ,all m]idians are !re=e nor? & s\? l9es pass+ ?r\gh ! poles4 ,f ^! def9itions x foll[s t if !re 7 a /> exactly at ! pole x w\ld only be necess>y to set up an in/rum5t & take a be>+ to x = ! m]idian4 ,su* n be+ ! case1 h[ev]1 we are oblig$ to take "s "o ( ! ne> circumpol> />s z our object1 & correct ! obs]vation accord+ to its angul> di/ance f ! m]idian at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ! bright /> kn[n z ,urs ,m9oris or ,pol>is1 is g5]ally select$4 ,?is /> app>5tly revolves ab\t ! nor? pole1 9 an orbit ^: mean radius is #a #ai' #ac1a mak+ ! revolution 9 #bc h\rs #ef m9utes4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is is ! codecl9ation z giv5 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,! mean value decreases by ab\t #bj seconds ea* ye>4 ,dur+ ?is "t x mu/ !re=e cross ! m]idian twice1 once above ! pole & once bel[2 ! =m] is call$ ! upp]1 & ! latt] ! l[] m]idian transit or culm9ation4 ,x mu/ also pass ?r\gh ! po9ts f>!/ ea/ & we/ f ! m]idian4 ,! =m] is call$ ! ea/]n elongation1 ! latt] ! we/]n4 ,an obs]vation may he made ^u ,pol>is at any ( ^! f\r po9ts1 or at any o!r po9t ( its orbit1 b ?is latt] case becomes too complicat$ = ord9>y practice1 & is !re=e n consid]$4 ,if ! obs]vation 7 made ^u ! /> at ! "t ( its upp] or l[] culm9ation1 x w\ld give ! true m]idian at once1 b ?is involves a k ( ! true local "t ( transit1 or ! longitude ( ! place ( obs]vation1 :i* is g5]ally an unkn[n quantity2 & moreov]1 z ! /> is !n mov+ ea/ or we/1 or at "r angles to ! place ( ! m]idian1 at ! rate ( #ae ( arc 9 ab\t "o h\r1 an error ( s slight a quantity z only f\r seconds ( "t w\ld introduce an error ( "o m9ute ( arc4 ,if ! obs]vation be made1 h[ev]1 ^u ei!r elongation1 :5 ! /> is mov+ up or d[n1 t is1 9 ! direction ( ! v]tical wire ( ! in/rum5t1 ! error ( obs]vation 9 ! angle betwe5 x & ! pole w be inappreciable4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 ! be/ position ^u :i* to make ! obs]vation1 z ! precise "t ( ! elongation ne$ n be giv54 ,x c be det]m9$ ) suffici5t accuracy by a glance at ! relative positions ( ! /> ,alio?1 9 ! h&le ( ! ,dipp]1 & ,pol>is 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,:5 ! l9e jo9+ ^! two />s is horizontal or ne>ly s1 & ,alio? is to ! we/ ( ,pol>is1 ! latt] is at its ea/]n elongation1 & vice v]sa1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,b s9ce ! /> at ei!r elongation is (f ! m]idian1 x w be necess>y to det]m9e ! angle at ! place ( obs]vation to be turn$ (f on ! in/rum5t to br+ x into ! m]idian4 ,?is angle1 call$ ! azimu? ( ! pole />1 v>ies ) ! latitude ( ! obs]v]1 z w appe> f ,fig #b1 & h5ce its value mu/ be comput$ = diff]5t latitudes1 & ! surveyor mu/ "k 8 latitude be=e he c apply x4 ,let ,n be ! nor? pole ( ! cele/ial sph]e2 ,s1 ! position ( ,pol>is at its ea/]n elongation2 !n ,n ,s#a #ai' #ac1 a con/ant quantity4 ,! azimu? ( ,pol>is at ! latitude #dj nor? is repres5t$ by ! angle ,n ,o ,s1 & t at #fj nor?1 by ! angle ,n ,o' ,s1 :i* is great]1 be+ an ext]ior angle ( ! triangle1 ,o ,s ,o4 ,f ?is we see t ! azimu? v>ies at ! latitude4 ,we h fir/1 !n1 to f9d ! latitude ( ! place ( obs]vation4 ,( ! sev]al me?ods = do+ ?is1 we %all select ! simple/1 prec$+ x by a few def9itions4 ,a normal l9e is ! "o jo9+ ! po9t directly ov]head1 call$ ! z5i?1 ) ! "o "u foot call$ ! nadir4 ,! cele/ial horizon is ! int]section ( ! cele/ial sph]e by a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! e>? & p]p5dicul> to ! normal4 ,a v]tical circle is "o ^: plane is p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 h5ce all su* circles mu/ pass ?r\gh ! normal & h ! z5i? & nadir po9ts = _! poles4 ,! altitude ( a cele/ial object is its di/ance above ! horizon measur$ on ! arc ( a v]tical circle4 ,z ! di/ance f ! horizon to ! z5i? is #ij1 ! diff]5ce1 or complem5t ( ! altitude1 is call$ ! z5i? di/ance1 or co-altitude4 ,! azimu? ( an object is ! angle betwe5 ! v]tical plane ?r\gh ! object & ! plane ( ! m]idian1 measur$ on ! horizon1 & usually read f ! s\? po9t1 z #j1 ?r\gh we/1 at #ij1 nor? #ahj1 etc41 clos+ on s\? at #j or #cfj4 ,^! two co-ord9ates1 ! altitude & azimu?1 w det]m9e ! position ( any object ) ref]5ce to ! obs]v]'s place4 ,! latt]'s position is usually giv5 by 8 latitude & longitude ref]r$ to ! equator & "s /&>d m]idian z co-ord9ates4 ,! latitude be+ ! angul> di/ance nor? or s\? ( ! equator1 & ! longitude ea/ or we/ ( ! assum$ m]idian4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to prove t ! altitude ( ! pole is equal to ! latitude ( ! place ( obs]vation4 ,let ,h ,p ,z ,q1 etc41 ,fig4 #b1 repres5t a m]idian section ( ! sph]e1 9 :i* ,p is ! nor? pole & ,z ! place ( obs]vation1 !n ,h ,h w be ! horizon1 ,q ,q ! equator1 ,h ,p w be ! altitude ( ,p1 & ,q ,z ! latitude ( ,z4 ,^! two arcs are equal1 = ,h ,c ,z ,p ,c ,q #ij1 & if f ^! equal quadrants ! common angle ,p ,c ,z be subtract$1 ! rema9d]s ,h ,c ,p & ,z ,c ,q1 w be equal4 ,to det]m9e ! altitude ( ! pole1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! latitude ( ! place4 ,obs]ve ! altitude ( ! pole /> :5 on ! m]idian1 ei!r above or bel[ ! pole1 & f ?is obs]v$ altitude correct$ = refraction1 subtract ! di/ance ( ! /> f ! pole1 or its pol> di/ance1 if x 0 an upp] transit1 or add x if a l[]4 ,! result w be ! requir$ latitude ) suffici5t accuracy = ord9>y purposes4 ,! "t ( ! />'s be+ on ! m]idian c be det]m9$ ) suffici5t accuracy by a m]e inspection ( ! heav5s4 ,! refraction is always negative1 & may be tak5 f ! table app5d$ by look+ up ! am\nt set opposite ! obs]v$ altitude4 ,?us1 if ! obs]v]'s altitude %\ld be #dj #ci' ! ne>e/ refraction #ja' #jg1 %\ld be subtract$ f #dj #cg' #jj1 leav+ #dj #cg' #ec = ! latitude4 ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,azimu? ,,( ,,pol>is4 ,z we h %[n ! azimu? ( ,pol>is to be a function ( ! latitude1 & z ! latitude is n[ kn[n1 we may proce$ to f9d ! requir$ azimu?4 ,= ?is purpose we h a "r-angl$ sph]ical triangle1 ,z ,s ,p1 ,fig4 #d1 9 :i* ,z is ! place ( obs]vation1 ,p ! nor? pole1 & ,s is ,pol>is4 ,9 ?is triangle we h giv5 ! pol> di/ance1 ,p ,s #aj #ai' #ac2 ! angle at ,s #ij2 & ! di/ance ,z ,p1 be+ ! complem5t ( ! latitude z f\nd above1 or #ij--,l4 ,sub/itut+ ^! 9 ! =mula = ! azimu?1 we w h s94 ,z s94 ,p ,s _/ s9 ,p ,z or s94 ( ,pol> di/ance _/ s94 ( co-latitude1 f :i*1 by assum+ diff]5t values = ! co-latitude1 we compute ! foll[+ table3 ,,azimu? ,,table ,,= ,,po9ts ,,betwe5 #bf & #ej ,n4 ,,lat4 ,,lattitudes ,ye> #bf #bh #cj #cb #cd #cf ' ' ' ' ' ' #ahhb #a #bh #je #a #bi #dj #a #ca #be #a #cc #bb #a #ce #cj #a #cg #eb #ahhc #a #bg #de #a #bi #bj #a #ca #jd #a #cc #jj #a #ce #jh #a #cg #cj #ahhd #a #bg #bc #a #bh #eg #a #cj #da #a #cb #cg #a #cd #de #a #cg #je #ahhe #a #bg #ja #a #bh #ce #a #cj #ai #a #cb #ad #a #cd #bb #a #cf #da #ahhf #a #bf #ci #a #bh #ac #a #bi #ef #a #ca #ea #a #cc #eg #a #cf #ag ,ye> #ch #dj #db #dd #df #dh ' ' ' ' ' ' #ahhb #a #dj #bi #a #dc #ba #a #df #cc #a #ej #je #a #ec #ei #a #eh #bj #ahhc #a #dj #jg #a #db #eh #a #df #jh #a #di #ci #a #ec #cd #a #eg #ec #ahhd #a #ci #dj #a #db #ca #a #de #da #a #di #aa #a #ec #je #a #eg #bc #ahhe #a #ci #af #a #db #jg #a #de #af #a #dh #de #a #eb #cg #a #ef #ed #ahhf #a #ch #ea #a #da #da #a #dd #di #a #dh #ag #a #eb #ji #a #ef #bd ,ye> #ej ' #ahhb #b #jc #aa #ahhc #b #jb #db #ahhd #b #jb #aa #ahhe #b #ja #db #ahhf #b #ja #aa ,an analysis ( ?is table %[s t ! azimu? ?is ye> 7#ahhb7 increases ) ! latitude f #a #bh' #je at #bf nor?1 to #b #c' #aa at #ej nor?1 or #ce' #jf4 ,x also %[s t ! azimu? ( ,pol>is at any "o po9t ( obs]vation decreases slightly f ye> to ye>4 ,?is is due to ! increase 9 decl9ation1 or decrease 9 ! />'s pol> di/ance4 ,at #bf nor? latitude1 ?is annual decrease 9 ! azimu? is ab\t #bb1 :ile at #ej nor?1 x is ab\t #cj4 ,z ! v>iation 9 azimu? = ea* degree ( latitude is small1 ! table is only comput$ = ! ev5 numb]$ degrees2 ! int]m$iate values be+ readily obta9$ by int]polation4 ,we see also t an error ( a few m9utes ( latitude w n affect ! result 9 f9d+ ! m]idian1 e4g41 ! azimu? at #dj nor? latitude is #a #dc' #ba1 t at #da w\ld be #a #dd' #ef1 ! diff]5ce 7#ja' #ce7 be+ ! correction = "o degree ( latitude betwe5 #dj & #da4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 an error ( "o degree 9 f9d+ "o's latitude w\ld only introduce an error 9 ! azimu? ( "o & a half m9utes4 ,) ord9>y c>e ! probable error ( ! latitude z det]m9$ f ! me?od already describ$ ne$ n exce$ a few m9utes1 mak+ ! error 9 azimu? z laid (f on ! arc ( an ord9>y transit graduat$ to s+le m9utes1 practically z]o4 ,,refraction ,,table ,,= ,,any ,,altitude ,,)9 ,,! ,,latitude ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,app>5t ,refraction ,app>5t ,refraction ,altitude4 m9us4 ,altitude4 m9us4 #be #j #b' #d4b #ch #j #a' #ad4d #bf #a #eh4h #ci #a #aa4h #bg #a #ec4h #dj #a #i4c #bh #a #di4a #da #a #f4i #bi #a #dd4g #db #a #d4f #cj #a #dj4e #dc #a #b4d #ca #a #cf4f #dd #j #j4c #cb #a #cc4j #de #j #eh4a #cc #a #bi4e #df #j #ef4a #cd #a #bf4a #dg #j #ed4b #ce #a #bc4j #dh #j #eb4c #cf #a #bj4j #di #j #ej4e #cg #a #ag4a #ej #j #dh4h ,,applications4 ,9 practice to f9d ! true m]idian1 two obs]vations mu/ be made at int]vals ( six h\rs1 or !y may be made ^u diff]5t nights4 ,! fir/ is = latitude1 ! second = azimu? at elongation4 ,to make ei!r1 ! surveyor %\ld provide himself ) a good transit ) v]tical arc1 a bull's eye1 or h& lant]n1 plumb bobs1 /akes1 etc4#a ,hav+ set up ov] ! po9t ?r\gh :i* x is propos$ to e/abli% ! m]idian1 at a "t :5 ! l9e jo9+ ,pol>is & ,alio? is ne>ly v]tical1 level ! telescope by means ( ! atta*$ level1 :i* %\ld be 9 adju/m5t1 set ! v]ni] ( ! v]tical arc at z]o1 & take ! read+4 ,if ! pole /> is ab\t mak+ its upp] transit1 x w rise gradually until rea*+ ! m]idian z x moves we/w>d1 & !n z gradually desc5d4 ,:5 ne> ! highe/ "p ( its orbit po9t ! telescope at ! />1 hav+ an assi/ant to hold ! bull's eye s z to reflect en\gh light d[n ! tube f ! object end to illum9e ! cross wires b n to obscure ! />1 or bett]1 use a p]=at$ silv]$ reflector1 clamp ! tube 9 ?is position1 & z ! /> cont9ues to rise keep ! horizontal wire ^u x by means ( ! tang5t screw until x rides along ?is wire & f9ally beg9s to fall bel[ x4 ,take ! read+ ( ! v]tical arc & ! result w be ! obs]v$ altitude4 ,footnote #a3 ,a sextant & artificial horizon may be us$ to f9d ! altitude ( a />4 ,9 ?is case ! obs]v$ angle mu/ be divid$ by #b4 ,,ano!r ,,me?od4 ,x is a little m accurate to f9d ! altitude by tak+ ! complem5t ( ! obs]v$ z5i? di/ance1 if ! v]tical arc has suffici5t range4 ,?is is done by po9t+ fir/ to ,pol>is :5 at its highe/ 7or l[e/7 po9t1 read+ ! v]tical arc1 turn+ ! horizontal limb half way ar\nd1 & ! telescope ov] to get ano!r read+ on ! />1 :5 ! diff]5ce ( ! two read+s w be ! d\ble z5i? di/ance1 & half ( ?is subtract$ f #ij w be ! requir$ altitude4 ,! less ! "t int]v5+ betwe5 ^! two po9t+s1 ! m accurate ! result w be4 ,hav+ n[ f\nd ! altitude1 correct x = refraction by subtract+ f x ! am\nt opposite ! obs]v$ altitude1 z giv5 9 ! refraction table1 & ! result w be ! latitude4 ,! obs]v] mu/ n[ wait ab\t six h\rs until ! /> is at its we/]n elongation1 or may po/pone fur!r op]ations = "s subsequ5t night4 ,9 ! meantime he w take f ! azimu? table ! am\nt giv5 = 8 date & latitude1 n[ det]m9$1 & if 8 obs]vation is to be made on ! we/]n elongation1 he may turn x (f on 8 in/rum5t1 s t :5 mov$ to z]o1 aft] ! obs]vation1 ! telescope w be br\ght into ! m]idian or turn$ to ! "r1 & a /ake set by means ( a lant]n or plummet lamp4 ,illu/ration ,x is1 ( c\rse1 unnecess>y to make ?is correction at ! "t ( obs]vation1 = ! angle betwe5 any t]re/rial object & ! /> may be read & ! correction = ! azimu? ( ! /> appli$ at ! surveyor's conv5i5ce4 ,x is always well to *eck ! accuracy ( ! "w by an obs]vation ^u ! o!r elongation be=e putt+ 9 p]man5t m]idian m>ks1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are n plac$ ne> any local attractions4 ,! m]idian hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 ! magnetic v>iation or decl9ation may readily be f\nd by sett+ an in/rum5t on ! m]idian & not+ its be>+ z giv5 by ! ne$le4 ,if1 = example1 x %\ld be nor? #e ea/1 ! v>iation is we/1 because ! nor? end ( ! ne$le is we/ ( ! m]idian1 & vice v]sa4 ,local "t may also be readily f\nd by obs]v+ ! in/ant :5 ! sun's c5t]#a crosses ! l9e1 & correct+ x = ! equation ( "t z giv5 above--! result is ! true or mean sol> "t4 ,?is1 comp>$ ) ! clock1 w %[ ! error ( ! latt]1 & by tak+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! local lime ( ?is & any o!r place1 ! diff]5ce ( longitude is det]m9$ 9 h\rs1 :i* c readily be r$uc$ to degrees by multiply+ by fifte51 z #a h4 #ae4 ,footnote #a3 ,to obta9 ?is "t by obs]vation1 note ! in/ant ( fir/ contact ( ! sun's limb1 & also ( la/ contact ( same1 & take ! mean4 ,,approximate ,,equation ,,( ,,"t4 ,date4 ,m9utes4 ,jan4 #a #d #c #e #e #f #g #g #i #h #ab #i #ae #aj #ah #aa #ba #ab #be #ac #ca #ad ,feb4 #aj #ae #ba #ad ,clock #bg #ac fa/] ,m'* #d #ab ?an #h #aa sun4 #ab #aj #ae #i #ai #h #bb #g #be #f #bh #e ,april #a #d #d #c #g #b #aa #a #ae #j ------------ #ai #a #bd #b #cj #c ,may #ac #d ,clock #bi #c sl[]4 ,june #e #b #aj #a #ae #j ------------ #bj #a #be #b #bi #c ,july #e #d #aa #e #bh #f ,clock ,aug4 #i #e fa/]4 #ae #d #bj #c #bd #b #bh #a #ca #j ------------ ,sept4 #c #a #f #b #i #c #ab #d #ae #e #ah #f #ba #g #bd #h #bg #i #cj #aj ,oct4 #c #aa #f #ab #aj #ac #ad #ad #ai #ae #bg #af ,clock ,nov4 #ae #ae sl[]4 #bj #ad #bd #ac #bg #ab #cj #aa ,dec4 #b #aj #e #i #g #h #i #g #aa #f #ac #e #af #d #ah #c #bj #b #bb #a #bd #j ------------ #bf #a #bh #b ,clock #cj #c fa/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ocellat$ ,,pheasant4 ,! collections ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,p>is h j be5 enri*$ ) a magnific5t1 p]fectly adult specim5 ( a species ( bird t all ! sci5tific e/abli%m5ts _h put d[n among _! desid]ata1 & :i*1 = tw5ty ye>s pa/1 has excit$ ! curiosity ( naturali/s4 ,?is species1 9 fact1 0 kn[n only by a few caudal fea!rs1 ( :i* ev5 ! orig9 0 unkn[n1 & :i* figur$ 9 ! gall]ies ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes "u ! "n ( ,argus ocellatus4 ,?is "n 0 giv5 by ,j4 ,v]reaux1 :o 0 !n assi/ant naturali/ at ! museum4 ,x 0 inscrib$ by ,pr9ce ,*4 ,l4 ,bonap>te1 9 8 ,tableaux ,p>allliques de l',ordre des ,gall9aces1 z ,argus giganteus1 & a few ye>s lat] x 0 reproduc$ by ,slat] 9 8 ,catalogue ( ! ,phasianid1 & by ,gray is 8 ,li/ ( ! ,gall9ace4 ,b x 0 n till #ahga & #ahgb t ,elliot1 9 ! ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & 9 a spl5did monograph ( ! ,phasianid1 po9t$ out ! peculi>ities t 7 pres5t$ by ! fea!rs pres]v$ at ! ,museum ( ,p>is1 & publi%$ a figure ( !m ( ! natural size4 ,! discov]y ( an individual ^: /ate ( pres]vation leaves no?+ to be desir$ n[ comes to demon/rate ! correctness ( ,v]reaux's1 ,bonap>te's1 & ,elliot's suppositions4 ,?is bird1 ^: tail is furni%$ ) fea!rs absolutely id5tical ) ^? t ! museum possess$1 is n a peacock1 z "s h ass]t$1 nor an ord9>y ,argus ( ,malacca1 nor an argus ( ! race t ,elliot nam$ ,argus grayi1 & :i* inhabits ,borneo1 b ! type ( a new g5us ( ! family ,phasianid4 ,?is ,gall9acean1 9 fact1 :i* ,mr4 ,ma+onnat has giv5 up to ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 has n1 l ! common ,argus ( ,borneo1 excessively elongat$ second>ies2 & its tail is n =m$ ( normal rectrices1 f ! middle ( :i* spr+ two v long fea!rs1 a little curv$ & arrang$ l a ro(2 b x consi/s ( twelve wide plane fea!rs1 regul>ly tap]+1 & ornam5t$ ) ocellat$ spots1 arrang$ along ! %aft4 ,its head is n b>e1 b is adorn$ beh9d ) a tuft ( ?read-l fea!rs2 &1 f9ally1 its sy/em ( coloration & ! proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( its body are n ! same z 9 ! common argus ( ,borneo4 ,!re is reason1 !n1 = plac+ ! bird1 "u ! "n ( ,rhe9>dius ocellatus1 9 ! family ,phasianid1 aft] ! g5us ,argus :i* x connects1 aft] a mann]1 ) ! pheasants prop]ly s-call$4 ,! specific "n ocellatus has belong$ to x s9ce #ahga1 & mu/ be sub/itut$ = t ( ,rhe9>di4 ,! bird measures m ?an two met]s 9 l5g?1 ?ree-f\r?s ( :i* belong to ! tail4 ,! head1 :i* is relatively small1 appe>s to be l>g] ?an x really is1 ow+ to ! developm5t ( ! pili=m tuft on ! occiput1 ?is be+ capable ( erection s z to =m a cre/ #j4je to #j4jf ( a met] 9 height4 ,! fea!rs ( ?is cre/ are br[n & :ite4 ,! back & sides ( ! head are cov]$ ) d[ny fea!rs ( a silky br[n & silv]y gray1 & ! front ( ! neck ) pili=m fea!rs ( a ruddy br[n4 ,! upp] "p ( ! body is ( a blacki% t9t & ! "u "p ( a r$di% br[n1 ! :ole dott$ ) small :ite or caf-au-lait spots4 ,analog\s spots are f\nd on ! w+s & tail1 b on ! second>ies ^! become elongat$1 & te>-l 9 =m4 ,on ! remiges ! m>k+s are q regul>ly hexagonal 9 %ape2 & on ! upp] cov]ts ( ! tail & on ! rectrices !y are accompani$ ) num]\s f]rug9\s blot*es1 "s ( :i* are irregul>ly scatt]$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! vane1 :ile o!rs1 m>k$ 9 ! c5t] ) a blacki% spot1 are dispos$ 9 s]ies along ! %aft & resemble ocelli4 ,?is similitude ( m>k+ betwe5 ! rectrices & subcaudals r5d]s ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( fea!rs less %>p ?an 9 _m o!r ,gall9aceans1 & ! m s 9 t two m$ian rectrices are consid]ably elongat$ & assume exactly ! aspect ( tail fea!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ocellat$ ,,pheasant 7,rhe9>dius ocellatus74 ,! true rectrices are twelve 9 numb]4 ,!y are all absolutely plane1 all spread out horizontally1 & !y g on increas+ 9 l5g? f ! ext]ior to ! middle4 ,!y are q wide at ! po9t ( ins]tion1 increase 9 diamet] at ! middle1 & aft]w>d tap] to a %>p po9t4 ,altoge!r !y =m a tail ( extraord9>y l5g? & wid? :i* ! bird holds slightly elevat$1 s z to cause x to describe a graceful curve1 & ! po9t ( :i* t\*es ! soil4 ,! beak1 ^: upp] m&ible is less ar*$ ?an t ( ! pheasants1 exactly resembles t ( ! arguses4 ,x is slightly inflat$ at ! base1 above ! no/rils1 & ^! latt] are ( an elongat$-oval =m4 ,9 ! bird t ,i h be=e me ! beak1 z well z ! feet & legs1 is ( a d>k rose-color4 ,! legs are q long & are de/itute ( spurs4 ,!y t]m9ate 9 front 9 ?ree q delicate toes1 connect$ at ! base by membranes1 & beh9d 9 a ?umb t is ins]t$ s high t x sc>cely t\*es ! gr\nd 9 walk+4 ,?is magnific5t bird 0 captur$ 9 a portion ( ,tonk9 z yet unexplor$ by ,europeans1 9 a locality nam$ ,buih-,d9h1 #djj kilomet]s to ! s\? ( ,hu4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,maid5hair ,,tree4 ,! ,maid5hair tree--,g+kgo biloba--( :i* we give an illu/ration1 is n only "o ( our mo/ ornam5tal decidu\s trees1 b "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,few p]sons w\ld at fir/ sight take x to be a ,conif]1 m especially z x is de/itute ( res92 nev]!less1 to t gr\p x belongs1 be+ closely alli$ to ! ,yew1 b di/+ui%able by its long-/alk$1 fan-%ap$ leaves1 ) num]\s radiat+ ve9s1 z 9 an ,adiantum4 ,^! leaves1 l ^? ( ! l>* b unlike mo/ ,conif]s1 are decidu\s1 turn+ ( a pale yell[ color be=e !y fall4 ,! tree is f\nd 9 ,japan & 9 ,*9a1 b g5]ally 9 ! neighborhood ( temples or o!r build+s1 & is1 we believe1 unkn[n 9 a truly wild /ate4 ,z 9 ! case ( sev]al o!r trees plant$ 9 l situations1 su* z ,cupressus funebris1 ,abies =tunei1 ,a4 kmpf]i1 ,cryptom]ia japonica1 ,sciadopitys v]ticillata1 x is probable t ! trees h be5 introduc$ f ,?ibet1 or o!r unexplor$ di/ricts1 into ,*9a & ,japan4 ,?\gh n[ a solit>y repres5tative ( its g5us1 ! ,g+kgo 0 well repres5t$ 9 ! coal p]iod1 & also exi/$ ?r\gh ! second>y & t]ti>y epo*s1 ,pr(essor ,he] hav+ id5tifi$ k9dr$ specim5s belong+ to sixty species & eight g5]a 9 fossil rema9s g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,:atev] inf]5ce we may draw1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! tree 0 well repres5t$ 9 =m] times1 if n[ x be ! la/ ( its race4 ,x 0 fir/ kn[n to ,kmpf] 9 #afij1 & describ$ by him 9 #agab1 & 0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,l\don relates a curi\s tale z to ! mann] 9 :i* a ,fr5* amateur became possess$ ( x4 ,! ,fr5*man1 x appe>s1 came to ,engl&1 & paid a visit to an ,engli% nurs]yman1 :o 0 ! possessor ( five plants1 rais$ f ,japanese se$s4 ,! hospitable ,engli%man ent]ta9$ ! ,fr5*man only too well4 ,he all[$ 8 comm]cial in/9cts to be blunt$ by w9e1 & sold to 8 gue/ ! five plants = ! sum ( #be gu9eas4 ,next morn+1 :5 "t = reflection came1 ! ,engli%man attempt$ to rega9 "o only ( ! plants = ! same sum t ! ,fr5*man _h giv5 = all five1 b )\t avail4 ,! plants 7 convey$ to ,france1 :]e z ea* plant _h co/ ab\t #dj cr[ns1 ecus1 ! tree got ! "n ( arbre a qu>ante ecus4 ,?is is ! /ory z giv5 by ,l\don1 :o tells u t ,&re ,?\9 us$ to relate ! fact 9 8 lectures at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 :e!r z an illu/ration ( ! p]fidy ( ,albion is n /at$4 ,! tree is dioeci\s1 be>+ male catk9s on "o plant1 female on ano!r4 ,all ! female trees 9 ,europe are believ$ to h orig9at$ f a tree ne> ,g5eva1 ( :i* ,augu/e ,pyramus de ,c&olle secur$ grafts1 & di/ribut$ !m ?r\gh\t ! ,cont95t4 ,nev]!less1 ! female tree is r>ely met )1 z comp>$ ) ! male2 b x is q possible t a tree :i* g5]ally produces male fl[]s only may sometimes be> female fl[]s only4 ,we h no c]ta9 evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! case ( ! ,g+kgo1 b x is a common en\gh occurr5ce 9 o!r dioeci\s plants1 & ! occurr5ce ( a fruit+ specim5 ne> ,philadelphia1 z rec5tly record$ by ,mr4 ,meehan1 may possibly be attribut$ to ?is cause4 ,! tree ( :i* we give a figure is gr[+ at ,broadl&s1 ,hants1 & is ab\t #dj feet 9 height1 ) a trunk t measures #g feet 9 gir? at #c feet f ! gr\nd1 ) a spread ( bran*es measur+ #de feet4 ,^! dim5sions h be5 consid]ably exce$$ 9 o!r cases4 ,9 #ahcg a tree at ,purs]'s ,cross measur$ #fj feet & m 9 height4 ,l\don himself _h a small tree 9 8 g>d5 at ,bayswat] on :i* a female bran* 0 graft$4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ?is specim5 has long s9ce p]i%$4 ,we h already allud$ to its decidu\s "*1 9 :i* x is alli$ to ! l>*4 ,x pres5ts ano!r po9t ( resemblance bo? to ! l>* & ! c$> 9 ! %ort spurs ^u :i* bo? leaves & male catk9s are borne1 b ^! contract$ bran*es are m+l$ ) long ext5sion %oots2 !re seems1 h[ev]1 no regul> alt]nation betwe5 ! %ort & ! long %oots1 at any rate ! rationale ( _! production is n und]/ood1 ?\gh 9 all probability a little obs]vation ( ! gr[+ plant w\ld soon cle> ! matt] up4 ,! fruit is drupace\s1 ) a s(t out] coat & a h>d woody %ell1 greatly resembl+ t ( a ,cycad1 bo? ext]nally & int]nally4 ,:e!r ! album5 conta9s ! peculi> corpuscles common to ,cycads & ,conif]s1 we d n = c]ta9 "k1 ?\gh f ! pres5ce ( #b to #c embryos 9 "o se$1 z not$ by ,endli*]1 we presume ?is is ! case4 ,! int]e/ ( ^! corpuscles1 x may be add$1 lies 9 ! pro( ( aff9ity !y (f] betwe5 ,conif]s & ! high] ,cryptogams1 su* z f]ns & lycopods--an aff9ity %[n also 9 ! peculi> v5ation ( ! ,g+kgo4 ,conif]s are 9 "s degree l9ks betwe5 ord9>y fl[]+ plants & ! high] ,cryptogams1 & s]ve to connect 9 g5ealogical sequ5ce gr\ps once consid]$ q di/9ct4 ,9 g]m9ation ! two fle%y cotyl$ons ( ! ,g+kgo rema9 )9 ! %ell1 leav+ ! ?ree-sid$ plumule to pass upw>d2 ! "y /em be>s its leaves 9 ?rees4 ,we h no desire to ent] fur!r ^u ! botanical peculi>ities ( ?is tree2 en\gh if we h indicat$ 9 :at its peculi> int]e/ consi/s4 ,we h only to add t 9 g>d5s v>ieties exi/ "s ) leaves m deeply cut ?an usual1 o!rs ) leaves ne>ly entire1 & o!rs ) leaves ( a gold5-yell[ color4--,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,maid5hair ,,tree ,,9 ,,! ,,g>d5s ,,at ,,broadl&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,woods ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,a collection ( woods )\t a p>allel 9 ! _w is n[ be+ prep>$ = exhibition by ! ,directors ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,scatt]$ ab\t ! ?ird floor ( ! ,ars5al1 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1 lie #cid logs1 "s c>efully wrapp$ 9 bagg+1 "s inclos$ 9 r\gh wood5 cases1 & o!rs p>tially sawn longitud9ally1 horizontally1 & diagonally4 ,^! logs repres5t all b #bf ( ! v>ieties ( trees indig5\s to ?is c\ntry1 & ne>ly all h a great] or less economic or comm]cial value4 ,! #bf v>ieties ne$$ to complete ! collection w arrive be=e w9t] sets 91 a numb] ( specim5s be+ n[ on _! way to ?is city f ! groves ( ,cali=nia4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,d4 ,dill & a numb] ( assi/ants are engag$ 9 prep>+ ! specim5s = exhibition4 ,! logs z !y rea* ! workroom are wrapp$ 9 bagg+ & inclos$ 9 cases1 ?is me?od be+ us$ s t ! b>k1 ) its gr[? ( li*5s & delicate exfoliations1 %all n be injur$ :ile ! logs are 9 process ( transportation f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry to ?is city4 ,! logs are ea* #f feet 9 l5g?1 & ea* is ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ( its class t c\ld be f\nd by ! exp]ts employ$ 9 mak+ ! collection4 ,) ! specim5s ( ! trees come to ! museum also specim5s ( ! foliage & ! fruits & fl[]s ( ! tree4 ,^! come f all p>ts ( ! ,union--f ,alaska on ! nor? to ,texas on ! s\?1 f ,ma9e on ! ea/ to ,cali=nia on ! we/--& !re is n a ,/ate or ,t]ritory 9 ! ,union :i* has n a repres5tative 9 ?is collection ( logs4 ,on arrival "h ! logs are gre51 & ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! way ( treatm5t aft] _! arrival is to season !m1 a "w requir+ great c>e to prev5t !m f *eck+1 z x is te*nically call$1 or season crack+1 z ! unsci5tific t]m ! splitt+ ( ! wood 9 radiat+ l9es dur+ ! season+ process4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! sap-wood ( a tree seasons mu* m quickly ?an does ! he>t ( ! wood4 ,! prev5tion ( ?is splitt+ is v necess>y 9 prep>+ ^! specim5s = exhibition1 = :5 once ! wood has split its value = dress+ = exhibition is gone4 ,a new plan to prev5t ?is de/ruction ( specim5s is n[ be+ tri$ ) "s success "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,bickmore1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! museum4 ,into ! base ( ! log & alongside ! he>t a deep hole is bor$ ) an aug]4 ,z ! wood seasons ?is hole p]mits ( a pressure inw>d & s has 9 _m in/ances d\btless sav$ valuable specim5s4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! collection1 a specim5 ( ! p]simmon tree1 "s two feet 9 diamet]1 has be5 ru9$ by ! season+ process4 ,on "o side !re is a huge crack1 ext5d+ f ! top to ! bottom ( ! log1 :i* looks z ?\gh "s amateur woodman _h attempt$ to split x ) an ax & _h made a poor job ( x4 ,! great %r9k+ ( ! sap-wood ( ! p]simmon tree makes ! wood ( b trifl+ value comm]cially4 ,x also has a disc\rag+ effect ^u collectors1 z x is next to impossible to cure a specim51 s t all b ?is "o *>act]i/ic ( ! wood c be %[n to ! public 9 a p]fect =m4 ,be=e ! logs become ?or\ghly season$1 or _! l9es ( gr[? at all oblit]at$1 a diagram ( ea* is made1 %[+ 9 accordance ) a regul> scale ! ?ickness ( ! b>k1 ! sap-wood1 & ! he>t4 ,!re is also 9 ?is diagram a scale %[+ ! gr[? ( ! tree dur+ ea* ye> ( its life1 ^! ye>ly gr[?s be+ regul>ly m>k$ ab\t ! he>t ( ! tree by move or less regul> conc5tric circles1 ! wid? ( :i* gr[s small] & small] z ! tree gr[s old]4 ,9 ?is connection att5tion may be call$ to a specim5 9 ! collection :i* is consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! _w4 ,x is n a native wood1 b an importation1 & ! tree f :i* ?is wond]ful slab is cut is commonly kn[n z ! ,pride ( ,india4 ,! he>t ( ?is p>ticul> tree 0 on ! port side1 & betwe5 x & ! b>k !re is v little sap-wood1 n m ?an an in*4 ,on ! />bord side1 s to speak1 ! sap-wood has gr[n out 9 an abnormal mann]1 & "o ( ! l9es indicative ( a ye>'s gr[? is "o & sev5-eigh?s in*es 9 wid?1 ! wide/ gr[?1 _m exp]ts :o h se5 ! specim5 say1 t 0 ev] record$4 ,! diagrams ref]r$ to are to be kept = sci5tific uses1 & ! s*eme ( exhibition includes ^! diagrams z a "p ( ! :ole4 ,aft] a log has become season$ x is c>efully saw$ ?r\gh ! c5t] d[n ab\t "o-?ird ( its l5g?4 ,a transv]se cut is !n made & ! semi-cyl9drical section ?us sev]$ f ! log is remov$4 ,! upp] end is !n bevel$4 ,:5 a log is ?us treat$ ! inspector c see ! l[] two-?irds pres5t+ exactly ! same appe>ance x did :5 gr[+ 9 ! =e/4 ,! horizontal cut1 ?r\gh ! sap-wood & to ! c5t] ( ! he>t1 %[s ! life l9es ( ! tree1 & c>efully plan$ z are ?is portion1 ! p]p5dicul> & ! bevel$ sections1 ! gra9 ( ! wood c ?us be pla9ly se54 ,t ^! may be made ev5 m valuable to ! ar*itect & artisan1 ! "r half ( ?is plan$ surface w be c>efully poli%$1 & ! left half left 9 ! natural /ate4 ,?is portion ( ! s*eme ( treatm5t is entirely 9 ! int]e/s ( ar*itects & artisans1 & x is expect$ by ,pr(4 ,bickmore t x w be ! means ( secur+ = "s k9ds ( trees1 ess5tially ( ,am]ican gr[?1 & :i* h be5 virtually neglect$1 an important place 9 ar*itecture & 9 ornam5tal wood-"w1 & s give a comm]cial value to woods t are n[ ( comp>atively little value4 ,among ! _m curi\s specim5s 9 ! collection n[ be+ prep>$ = exhibition1 "o :i* w excite ! greate/ curiosity is a specim5 ( ! honey locu/1 :i* 0 br\ght "h f ,miss\ri4 ,! b>k is cov]$ ) a gr[? ( ?orns f "o to f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 %>p z ne$les1 & gr[+ at irregul> int]vals4 ,! specim5 arriv$ "h 9 p]fect condition1 b1 9 ord] t x might be transport$ )\t injury1 x _h to be susp5d$ f ! ro( ( a box c>1 & ?us make its trip f ,s\!rn ,miss\ri to ?is city )\t *ange4 ,ano!r /range specim5 9 ! novel collection is a portion ( ! ,yucca tree1 an abnormal gr[? ( ! lily family4 ,! trunk1 ab\t #b feet 9 diamet]1 is a spongy mass1 n susceptible ( treatm5t to :i* ! o!r specim5s are subject$4 ,its b>k is an irregul> /r+y1 knott$ mass1 ) porcup9e-quill-l leaves spr++ out 9 place ( ! limbs t gr[ f all well-regulat$ trees4 ,"o specim5 ( ! yucca 0 s5t to ! museum two ye>s ago1 & ?\gh ! roots & top ( ! tree 7 sawn (f1 %oots sprang out1 & a numb] ( ! h&some fl[]s appe>$4 ,! tree 0 suppos$ to be dead & ?or\ghly season$ by ?is ,fall1 b n[1 :5 ! workm5 are ready to prep>e x = exhibition1 x has %[n new life1 new %oots h appe>$1 & two tufts ( gre5 n[ decorate ! o!rwise dry & )]$ log1 & ! yucca promises to bloom aga9 be=e ! w9t] is ov]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p]fect specim5s ( ! ,d\glass spruce ev] se5 is 9 ! collection1 & is a decid$ curiosity4 ,x is a rec5t arrival f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,its b>k1 two in*es or m 9 ?ickness1 is p]=at$ ) holes rea*+ to !-sap-wood4 ,_m ( ^! conta9 acorns1 or ! rema9s ( acorns1 :i* h be5 /or$ !re by provid5t woodpeck]s1 :o dug ! holes 9 ! b>k & !re /or$ _! w9t] supply ( food4 ,! olde/ specim5 9 ! collection is a section ( ! ,picea engelmanni1 a species ( spruce gr[+ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s at a consid]able elevation above ! sea4 ,! specim5 is #bd in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! conc5tric circles %[ its age to be #daj ye>s4 ,! wood mu* resembles ! black spruce1 & is ! mo/ valuable ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 gr[?s4 ,a specim5 ( ! nut p9e1 ^: nuts are us$ = food by ! ,indians1 is only #ae in*es 9 diamet]1 & yet its life l9es %[ its age to be #cfi ye>s4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 yet receiv$ is a section ( ! :ite a%1 :i* is #df in*es 9 diamet] & #ahb ye>s old4 ,! next l>ge/ specim5 is a section ( ! ,platanus occid5talis1 v>i\sly kn[n 9 comm]ce z ! sycamore1 button-wood1 or plane tree1 :i* is #db in*es 9 diamet] & only #aga ye>s ( age4 ,specim5s ( ! r$wood tree ( ,cali=nia are n[ on _! way to ?is city f ! ,yosemite ,valley4 ,"o specim51 ?\gh a small "o1 measures #e feet 9 diamet] & %[s ! "* ( ! wood4 ,a specim5 ( ! enorm\s gr[?s ( ?is tree 0 n secur$ because ( ! impossibility ( transportation & ! fact t !re w\ld be no room 9 ! museum = ! /orage ( su* a specim51 = ! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ tree ( ! class is #de feet & #h in*es1 :i* repres5ts a circumf]5ce ( ab\t #aaj feet4 ,!n1 too1 ! ,cali=nians object to h ! giant trees cut d[n = comm]cial1 sci5tific1 or any o!r purposes4 ,to accompany ^! specim5s ( ! woods ( ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,morris ,k4 ,jesup1 :o has paid all ! exp5se incurr$ 9 ! collection ( specim5s1 is hav+ prep>$ z an accompany+ portion ( ! exhibition wat] color draw+s repres5t+ ! actual size1 color1 & appe>ance ( ! fruit1 foliage1 & fl[]s ( ! v>i\s trees4 ,_! comm]cial products1 z f> z !y c be obta9$1 w also be exhibit$1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! long-leav$ p9e1 ! t>1 res91 & pit*1 = :i* x is especially valu$4 ,!n1 too1 9 an h]b>ium ! fruits1 leaves1 & fl[]s are pres]v$ z ne>ly z possible 9 _! natural /ate4 ,:5 ! collection is ready = public view next spr+ x w be n only ! l>ge/1 b ! only complete "o ( its k9d 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re is no?+ l x 9 ! _w1 z f> z is kn[n2 c]ta9ly n 9 ! royal museums ( ,engl&1 ,france1 or ,g]many4 ,aside f ! value ( ! collection1 9 a sci5tific way1 x is propos$ to make x an adjunct to our educational sy/em1 :i* requires t tea*]s %all in/ruct pupils z to ! mat]ials us$ = food & clo?+4 ,! complet5ess ( ! exhibition w be ( great assi/ance also to l&scape g>d5]s1 z x w enable !m to lay out private & public p>ks s t ! mo/ /rik+ effects ( foliage may be secur$4 ,! beauty ( ^! effects c be/ be se5 9 ?is c\ntry 9 our own ,c5tral ,p>k1 :]e !re are m diff]5t v>ieties & m comb9ations = foliage effects ?an 9 any o!r area 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to asc]ta9 h[ ^! effects are obta9$ "o n[ has to g to mu* tr\ble to le>n ! names ( ! trees4 ,) ?is exhibition su* in=mation c be _h m]ely by obs]vation1 = ! botanical & common names ( ea* specim5 w be atta*$ to x4 ,x w also be ( practical use 9 tea*+ ! =e/] h[ to cultivate trees z he w\ld o!r crops4 ,! rapid disappe>ance ( _m valuable =e/ trees1 ) ! increase 9 dem& & decrease 9 supply1 w t5d to make ! collection valuable z a curiosity 9 ! n f> di/ant future z repres5t+ ! ext9ct trees ( ! c\ntry4--,n4,y4 ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$1 ) h9ts = procur+ advances on inv5tions4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4