,,transcrib]',s ,,comm5ts ,:]e ,hebrew lett]s appe>$ )9 ! ,engli% text1 ^! h be5 translit]at$ & includ$ 9 brackets4 ,9 _m cases ! hebrew has also be5 spell$ out1 ?us3 tov 7tet-vov-bet74 ,a r>e additional transcrib]'s note may be f\nd )9 brackets 4 ,! s\rce text conta9$ only "o comm5t 9 a bracket1 t %\ld n be confus$ z a transcrib]'s note4 ,?is is ! ^w ,bad5 t appe>$ 9 ! ,bibliography4 ,ea* s is ! special "* kn[n z section sign4 ,:]e ! s\rce text ref]5c$ a page numb] )9 ! same book1 ! transcrib] sub/itut$ a ref]5ce 9 brackets t w be useful = read]s ( ?is e-text v]sion4 ,! s\rce book conta9$ ! complete ,pirkei ,avot1 9 ,hebrew1 ) v[els4 ,?is has1 ( necessity1 be5 omitt$ f ! curr5t e-text docum5t1 :i* uses only ,roman font4 ,footnotes all appe>$ at ! bottom ( ! page1 sep>at$ by a l9e f ! ma9 text1 & pr9t$ 9 ! same font & size z ! ma9 text4 ,! transcrib] has mov$ ^! footnotes to foll[ ! p>agraph !y supplem5t1 & ind5t$ !m4 ,at ! end ( ?is e-text1 read]s w f9d a section titl$ ,,transcription ,,notes :i* deals ) issues su* z acc5t m>ks4 ,foll[+ ?is1 read]s w f9d a ,,page ,,ref]5ce ,,index4 ,?is ref]5ce w help ma9ta9 ! /ability ( ref]5ces to ?is book f outside s\rces4 ,,end ( ,,transcrib]',s ,,comm5ts ,libr>y ( ,jewi% ,classics ,i4 ,leopold ,zunz3 ,! ,suff]+s ( ! ,jews ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ,,ii4 ,hyman ,hurwitz3 ,talmudic ,tales ,,iii4 ,pirek ,abot3 ,! ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs ,,libr>y ,,( ,,jewi% ,,classics-,,iii4 ,! ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs pirkei avot ,,pirke ,,abot ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction & ,notes ,,by ,,joseph ,i4 ,,gorf9kle1 ,ph4,d4 ,au?or ( ,! ,eight ,*apt]s ( ,maimonides on ,e?ics ,,second ,,edition ,,cont5ts ,,preface ,,introduction ,"n ,purpose ,description ,cont5ts ,language ,developm5t ( ,abot ,abot 9 ,liturgy ,bibliography ,,*apt] ,i ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,*apt] ,v ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,hebrew ,,text 7,app5dix7 ,,preface ,not)/&+ ! fact t !re are _m editions ( ! ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs1 & t x has be5 translat$ innum]able times 9 all mod]n tongues1 no apology ne$ be giv5 = ! appe>ance ( ?is little volume 9 ! s]ies ( ,jewi% ,classics4 ,! ,pirke ,abot is inde$ a classical bit ( t anci5t ,jewi% classic1 ! ,mi%nah4 ,! translation 9 ?is edition is bas$ l>gely ^u t ( ,taylor1 9 8 ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs1 & ^u ! excell5t v]sion ( ,s+]1 9 8 ,au?oriz$ ,daily ,pray] ,book4 ,?is edition is int5d$ ma9ly = popul> read+1 b x has be5 ?\ght wise to amplify ! notes1 especially ) bibliographical ref]5ces1 s t x may s]ve ! purpose ( a tea*]'s h&book1 & also be useful z a text-book = ! high] grades ( religi\s s*ools & = /udy circles4 ,! ref]5ces are to books t are g5]ally accessible1 &1 :]ev] possible1 to books 9 ,engli%4 ,! notes are by no means int5d$ to be exhau/ive1 b r to be sugge/ive4 ,x is ! humble hope ( ! editor t ?is little book may be ! means ( fur!r popul>iz+ ! practical &1 at ! same "t1 high-m9d$ wisdom ( ! ,fa!rs2 t x may s]ve z an inc5tive to a m detail$ /udy ( _! philosophy ( life1 & t its appe>ance may help u to lead 9 a revival ( t mo/ anci5t & praisewor?y cu/om ( read+ ! ,pirke ,abot 9 ! h\se ( wor%ip on ! ,sabba?1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,let him into ^: h&s ^! say+s fall m$itate ^u !m day & night1 = he :o w\ld be sa9tly mu/ fulfil ! dicta ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,,joseph ,i ,,gorf9kle4 ,mt4 ,v]non1 ,n4 ,y4 ,febru>y1 #aiac4 ,,introduction ,,"n ,! ,tractate ,abot 7,masse*et ,abot7 is ! n9? treatise ( ,! ,ord] or ,s]ies on ,damages 7,s$] ,nezik971 :i* is ! f\r? section ( ! ,mi%nah 7#a74 ,x is commonly kn[n 9 ,hebrew z ,pirke ,abot1 ,! ,*apt]s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & has also be5 t]m$ ,mi%nat ha-,*asidim1 ,in/ruction = ! ,pi\s1 because ( ! ,rabb9ic say+1 ,he :o wi%es to be pi\s1 let him practise ! tea*+s ( ,abot 7#b74 ,on acc\nt ( ! nature ( its cont5ts1 x is g5]ally designat$ 9 ,engli% z ! ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,taylor entitles 8 edition ,dibre ,abo? ha-,olam1 ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,_w1 & has z ! ,engli% title1 ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs4 ,gu/av ,got!il ref]s to ! ,abot z ! ,say+s ( ! ,ph>isaic ,fa!rs 7#c74 ,its ,g]man title is g5]ally ,die ,spru*e d] ,vat]1 & 9 ,fr5* x is usually r5d]$ ,*apitres or ,maximes des ,p]es4 7#a7 ,see infra1 ,*apt] ,v1 n4 #fa4 7#b7 ,baba ,kamma1 #cj;a4 ,see ,taylor1 ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs1 p4 #c4 ,maimonides ref]s to ?is say+ 9 ! ,=eword ( 8 ,eight ,*apt]s2 see ,gorf9kle1 ,! ,eight ,*apt]s1 etc41 p4 #cd4 7#c7 ,see ,sun & ,%ield1 p4 #cba et passim4 ,see infra1 n4 #h1 :i* acc\nts = ! use ( ,ph>isaic4 ,! use ( ! ^w ,abot 7fa!rs71 9 ! title1 is ( v anci5t date4 ,we c only guess at ! reason = its be+ us$1 &1 consequ5tly1 !re are v>i\s explanations = x4 ,samuel de ,uc$a1 9 8 collective comm5t>y1 says t z ?is tractate ( ! ,mi%nah conta9s ! advice & good c\nsel1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 come f a fa!r1 ! ,rabbis m5tion$ 9 x adopt ! role ( fa!rs1 & are !re=e s designat$4 ,?is explanation does n1 h[ev]1 det] him f advanc+ ano!r to ! effect t ?is treatise is ! basis ( all subsequ5t e?ical & moral tea*+s & doctr9es1 & ! ,rabbis are1 9 consequ5ce1 ! fa!rs or prototypes ( all e?ical tea*]s & morali/s 7#d74 ,loeb attributes its use to ! fact t ! ,rabbis ( ,abot are ! fa!rs or ance/ors ( ,rabb9ic ,judaism 7#e74 ,h(fman /ates t ! ^w abot means tea*]s ( tradition 7,traditionslehr]71 & po9ts to ! expression abot ha-olam 7,eduyot1 ,i4 #d71 :i*1 translat$ lit]ally1 is fa!rs ( ! _w1 b is us$ to designate ! mo/ di/+ui%$ tea*]s1 :i* is a true *>act]ization ( ! ,rabbis ( ,abot 7#f74 ,taylor says 9 reg>d to ! title1 ,x takes its "n f ! fact t x consi/s to a great ext5t ( ! maxims ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs ^: names are m5tion$ 9 ! pages 7#g74 ,h(fmann's seems ! mo/ acceptable explanation4 7#d7 ,midra% ,%emuel 7ed4 ,w>saw1 #ahgf71 p4 #f4 ,! ,midra% ,%emuel is a collective comm5t>y1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #aegi1 & :i* has s9ce pass$ ?r\gh six editions4 ,see p4 #bb1 n4 #ba4 7#e7 ,la ,*a9e1 etc41 p4 #cjg1 n4 #a4 7#f7 ,see ,h(fman1 ,s$] ,nesik91 ,introd41 p4 xx1 & p4 #beh1 n4 #cf4 ,9 ?is passage ( ,eduyot1 ,hillel & ,%ammai are ref]r$ to z abot ha-olam2 9 ,y]u%almi ,%ekalim1 ,,iii1 #dg;b1 ,rabbi & ,i%mael & ,rabbi ,akiba1 & 9 ,y]u%almi ,*agigah1 ,,ii1 #gg;d1 all ! pairs ( ,abot ,i are simil>ly designat$4 7#g7 ,taylor1 loc4 cit4 ,,purpose ,! orig9al aim ( ,abot 0 to %[ ! div9e s\rce & au?ority ( ! traditional law reveal$ to ,moses on ,mt4 ,s9ai1 & to demon/rate its cont9uity f ,moses ?r\gh ,jo%ua1 ! eld]s1 & ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue1 d[n to ^? ,rabbis :o liv$ dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 #bjj ,b4,c4,e4 to #bjj ,c4,e4 ,loeb ma9ta9s t ,abot 0 orig9ally a composition ( ! ,ph>isaic ,rabbis :o wi%$ to indicate t ! traditions held & exp\nd$ by !m1 & :i* ! ,sadducees repudiat$1 7 div9e &1 9 "t & sequ5ce1 un9t]rupt$ly au?oritative 7#h74 ,?is l9e ( cont9u\s tradition is pla9ly se5 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s4 ,a second & probably lat] purpose 0 to pres5t a body ( practical maxims & aphorisms = ! daily guidance ( ! p4 7#h7 ,la ,*a9e1 etc4 ,! ,sadducees belong$ to ! prie/ly & ari/ocratic families4 ,!y made light ( ! oral traditions1 did n believe 9 ! future life1 & 7 indiff]5t to ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,! ,ph>isees1 on ! o!r h&1 7 con/itut$ l>gely f ! common p2 !y 7 believ]s 91 & /rict obs]v]s (1 ! traditional laws1 & 7 ard5t nationali/s4 ,! bitt] attack ( ,jesus on !m1 :i* has result$ 9 mak+ ! ^w ,ph>isee synonym\s ) hypocrite & self-righte\s p]son1 01 to say ! lea/1 unju/1 z ,h]=d has s lucidly po9t$ out 9 8 sympa!tic /udy ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,h]=d1 ?\gh n a ,jew1 has tak5 up ! cudgels mo/ ably 9 def5ce ( ?is sect1 ) rem>kable insight into ! life & lit]ature ( ! anci5t ,jews4 ,he demon/rates conclusively t ?\gh !re 7 hypocrites among ! ,ph>isees1 z among all classes & cre$s1 yet ! av]age ,ph>isee 0 a man ( ! mo/ elevat$ religi\s ideals1 :o misund]/ood ,jesus1 b :o1 9 turn 0 misund]/ood by him4 ,huxley1 9 8 ,evolution ( ,!ology1 says1 ( all ! /range ironies 9 hi/ory1 p]haps ! /range/ is t ',ph>isee' is curr5t z a t]m ( reproa* among ! !ological desc5dants ( t sect ( ,naz>5es :o1 )\t ! m>tyr _s ( ^? primitive ,puritans1 w\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce4 ,su* great tea*]s & m5 ( /]l+ quality & gold5 utt]ance z ,antigonus ( ,soko 7,i1 #c71 ,hillel 7,i1 #ab-ad2 ,,ii1 #e-h71 ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai 7,,ii1 #i-ai71 ,gamaliel1 ^: pupil 0 ,paul1 ! apo/le 7,i1 #af71 & ,judah1 ! ,pr9ce 7,,ii1 #a71 ^: say+s grace ! pages ( ,abot1 71 z ,loeb po9ts out1 ( ! ,ph>isaic s*ool or p>ty4 ,!re is naturally a l>ge lit]ature on ! ,ph>isees4 ,h]=d's ,ph>isaism des]ves c>eful p]usal4 ,see1 also1 ,josephus 7ed4 ,:i/on-,m>goli\?71 ,antiq41 ,,xiii1 #aj4f1 ,,xviii1 #a1 #b-d2 ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 etc41 ,,ii1 ii1 p4 #ad et seq42 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia & lit]ature m5tion$ !re2 ,geig]1 ,judaism & ,its ,hi/ory1 p4 #ajb et seq41 & ,fri$l&]1 ,g41 ,! ,jewi% ,s\rces ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 p4 #cd et seq4 ,,description ,! ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs is ! olde/ collection ( e?ical dicta ( ! ,rabbis ( ! ,mi%nah 7#i74 ,x is a ,rabb9ic an?ology4 ,x has be5 happily /yl$ a comp5dium ( practical e?ics 7#aj71 &1 z ,mielz9] has said1 ^! ,rabb9ical s5t5ces1 if prop]ly arrang$1 pres5t an almo/ complete code ( human duties 7#aa74 ,! ,abot is1 !n1 a sort ( moral code4 7#i7 ,!re 0 ano!r1 & app>5tly old]1 rec5sion ( ,pirke ,abot on :i* is bas$ ! ,abot de-,rabbi ,natan1 an hagadic or homiletical exposition ( ,abot4 ,two rec5sions ( ,abot de-,rabbi ,natan exi/1 & h be5 edit$ by ,s*e*t]4 ,on ?is "w1 see ,h(fman1 ,die er/e ,mis*na1 p4 #bf et seq41 ,mielz9]1 article ,abot de-,rabbi ,natan1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 ,/rack1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #fi et seq41 & ,pollak1 ,rabbi ,na?ans ,sy/em1 etc41 ,introduction1 pp4 #g-i4 ,an ,engli% translation is f\nd 9 ,rodk9son's edition ( ! ,talmud1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #a et seq4 7#aj7 ,taylor1 loc4 cit4 ,laz>us1 ,e?ics ( ,judaism1 ,,ii4 #aac1 calls x a comp5dium ( e?ics4 7#aa7 ,9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,abot4 ,,cont5ts ,ev5 a sup]ficial read+ ( ,abot w br+ home to "o ! fact t x is made up ( v>i\s /rata4 ,9 fact1 x falls naturally into ! foll[+ /r&s or divisions3 ,a4 ,*apt] ,i1 #a-ae3 ,*ronologically arrang$ say+s ( ! olde/ au?orities1 f ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue to ,hillel & ,%ammai4 ,b4 7#a7 ,*apt]s ,i1 #af-;,,ii1 #d3 ,say+s ( ! m5 ( ! s*ool ( ,hillel to ,rabban ,gamaliel 7ab\t #bcj ,c4,e471 ! son ( ,judah ha-,nasi 7#b7 ,*apt] ,,ii1 #e-h3 ,additional say+s ( ,hillel4 ,c4 7#a7 ,*apt] ,,ii1 #i-ai3 ,! say+s ( ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai1 ! pupil ( ,hillel1 & ( 8 disciples4 7#b7 ,*apt] ,,ii1 #bj-ba3 ,! say+s ( ,rabbi ,t>fon1 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai4 ,d4 ,*apt] ,,iii3 ! maxims ( sev5te5 ,tannaim 7au?orities m5tion$ 9 ! ,mi%nah7 to ! "t ( & includ+ ,rabbi ,akiba4 ,^! are n arrang$ 9 /rictly *ronological ord]4 ,e4 ,*apt] ,,iv3 ,! say+s ( tw5ty-five ,tannaim aft] ! "t ( ,rabbi ,akiba1 :o 7 contempor>ies ( ,rabbi ,meir & ( ,rabbi ,judah ,ha-,nasi4 ,^! are n *ronologically arrang$4 ,f4 7#a7 ,*apt] ,v1 #a-ah3 ,anonym\s say+s =m+ a s]ies ( gr\ps ( t51 sev51 & f\r ?+s1 deal+ ) ! creation ( ! _w1 ) miracles1 & ) ! v>ieties ( m5 & m9ds4 7#b7 ,*apt] ,v1 #ai-bb3 ,anonym\s say+s t\*+ ^u ! v>ieties ( motives & contra/+ ! good & evil dispositions4 7#c7 ,*apt] ,v1 #bc3 ,say+s ( ,judah b5 ,tema4 7#d7 ,*apt] ,v1 #bd3 ,! ages ( man4 7#e7 ,*apt] ,v1 #be1 #bf3 ,! say+s ( ,b5 ,bag ,bag & ( ,b5 ,he ,he4 ,g4 ,*apt] ,,vi3 ,! acquisition ( ! ,torah2 praise ( ! ,torah4 ,,language ,! language ( ,abot is easy ,mi%naic ,hebrew1 ) portions ( f\r v]ses 7,i1 #ac2 ,,ii1 #g2 ,v1 #be1 & ,v1 #bf7 9 ,aramaic1 :i* is closely relat$ to ,hebrew4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ^! ,aramaic portions orig9at$ ) ! s*ool ( ,hillel 7#ab74 7#ab7 ,on ! language ( ! ,mi%nah1 see ,mielz9]1 ,introduction to ! ,talmud1 pp4 #ae-af1 & ,laut]ba* 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 vol ,,ii1 p4 #fad4 ,on ! use ( ,aramaic 9 ! ,mi%nah1 see ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory1 ,i1 ii1 p4 #h et seq41 & ,ba*]1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,aramaic ,language ,among ! ,jews4 ,sev]al c5turies be=e ! common era1 ,aramaic 0 ! v]nacul> ( ! ,jews4 ,hebrew1 h[ev]1 rema9$ 9 use z ! sacr$ language 7la%on ha-kode%71 x be+ ! language ( ! le>n$1 & 0 employ$ = lit]>y1 liturgical1 & legal purposes4 ,?is acc\nts = ! ,mi%nah be+ writt5 almo/ entirely 9 ,hebrew1 ?\gh ,aramaic 0 spok5 on ! /reets4 ,x is relat$ ( ,judah ha-,nasi t he dislik$ ! ,aramaic j>gon to su* an ext5t t he =bade its use 9 8 home1 :]e ev5 ! s]vants spoke ,hebrew ) elegance 7,ro% ha-,%anah1 #bf;b74 ,:5 s*ol>s us$ ,aramaic 9 8 pres5ce1 he *id$ !m = n speak+ 9 ,hebrew or 9 ,greek 7,baba ,kamma1 #hb;b74 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,abot 7#ac7 7#ac7 ,on ! subject-matt] ( ?is section1 consult ,h(fmann1 ,die er/e ,mis*na1 pp4 #bf-cg2 idem1 ,mis*naiot ,s$] ,nesik91 ,introd41 pp4 ,,xx-,,xxi2 ,brull1 ,en/ehung und ursprungli*] ,inhalt des ,traktates ,abot2 ,loeb1 ,la ,*a9e1 etc42 ,g9zburg1 ,spru*e d] ,vat]1 er/es ,capitel hi/oris* beleu*tet 7,liepzig1 #ahhi72 ,/rack1 ,die ,spru*e d] ,vat]1 ,introd41 pp4 #g-h2 idem1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #eb1 & ,rawicz1 ,comm5t> des ,maimonides1 p4 #aje1 n4 #c4 ,x is app>5t f ! lit]>y con/ruction ( ,abot t x has be5 edit$ sev]al times1 & t1 9 its e>lie/ =m1 ! ,abot collection 0 mu* small] ?an we h x to-day4 ,orig9ally1 probably %ortly aft] ! "t ( ,hillel1 x may h be5 m]ely a sort ( app5dix to ! ,tractate ,sanh$r91 ) typical say+s ( ea* ( ! heads ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,^! dicta are conta9$ 9 :at is designat$ z section ,a4 ,lat]1 presumably by ,rabbi ,akiba1 !re 7 add$ to ?is orig9al k]nel ( ,abot ! say+s ( ,rabbi ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai & 8 mo/ illu/ri\s pupils1 :i* comprise section ,c4 ,?is result$ 9 ! gr\p+ toge!r ( ! say+s ( t5 g5]ations ( traditional au?orities1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue1 7#b7 ,simon1 ! ,j1 7#c7 ,antigonus ( ,soko1 7#d7 ,jose b5 ,joez] & ,jose b5 ,jo*anan1 7#e7 ,jo%ua b5 ,p]a*iah & ,nittai1 ! ,arbelite1 7#f7 ,judah b5 ,tabbai & ,simeon b5 ,%ata*1 7#g7 ,%emaiah & ,abtalion1 7#h7 ,hillel & ,%ammai1 7#i7 ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai1 & 7#aj7 ! latt]'s disciples4 ,by association ( idea ) ?is numb] t51 !re 7 add$ to ?is collection num]ical say+s ( t51 &1 !n1 o!rs ( sev5 & f\r1 f\nd 9 *apt] ,v1 #a-i & #aj-ac4 ,into ?is enl>g$ k]nel ( pi?y say+s ( ! olde/ au?orities1 :i* may be *>act]iz$ z ! ,abot ( ,rabbi ,akiba1 lat] ,tannaim--,rabbi ,meir1 ,rabbi ,judah ha-,nasi1 & o!rs--int]polat$ additional say+s ( ! a=e-m5tion$ ,rabbis1 & also typical utt]ances ( _! disciples1 & ( o!r well-kn[n tea*]s4 ,?is acc\nts = ! pres5ce 9 ,abot ( ! body ( maxims ( ! six g5]ations ( ! s*ool ( ,hillel1 designat$ above z section ,b #a1 & :i* 0 v prop]ly introduce aft] ! aphorisms ( ,hillel & ( 8 contempor>y1 ,%ammai4 ,! ?read ( tradition be+ int]rupt$ by ?is int]polation1 x 0 aga9 tak5 up by ! introduction ( ano!r body ( ,hillel's say+s 7,b #b71 ?us provid+ = a natural transition f ,hillel to ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai4 ,pro( ( ! fact t section ,b is an addition is t 9 ! ,abot de-,rabbi ,natan--:i*1 z has be5 said above1 is bas$ on an old] v]sion ( ,abot 7#ad7--! say+s ( ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai foll[ imm$iately ^u ^? ( ,%ammai4 ,! say+s ( ,judah ha-,nasi1 ! r$actor ( ! ,mi%nah1 & ( ,rabbi ,gamaliel1 8 son1 7 und\bt$ly add$ aft] ! "t ( ,judah4 7#ad7 ,see supra1 p4 #ac1 n4 #i4 ,*apt] ,,iii conta9s ! say+s ( au?orities :o 7 ! pr$ecessors ( ,judah1 ! fir/ two hav+ liv$ be=e ! de/ruction ( ! second ,temple4 ,*apt] ,,iv is made up ( ! dicta ( a numb] ( ,rabbis :o 7 contempor>ies ( ,judah4 ,^! two *apt]s 71 no d\bt1 ins]t$ by ,judah1 ! r$actor ( ! ,mi%nah z we virtually h x to-day4 ,evid5ce t ,*apt] ,,iv is an addition to ! orig9al ,abot is t x has a numb] ( aphorisms :i* are repetitions ( "s f\nd 9 ,*apt]s ,i & ,,ii4 ,! great] "p ( ,*apt] ,v1 z /at$ above1 0 a portion ( ! ,abot ( ,rabbi ,akiba4 ,*apt] ,,vi1 :i* is kn[n z ,! ,*apt] on ! ,acquisition ( ,torah 7,p]ek ,k9yan ,torah71 z ,! ,ext]nal ,tea*+ ( ! ,abot 7,b>aita de-,abot7 7#ae71 z ,! ,*apt] ( ,rabbi ,meir 7,p]ek ,rabbi ,meir7 7#af71 & z ! ,ext]nal ,tea*+ ( ,rabbi ,meir 7,b>aita de-,rabbi ,meir71 is a supplem5t ( ! treatise ,abot1 z is claim$ = x by its sup]scription1 ! sages taught 9 ! language ( ! ,mi%nah1 a =mula g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,talmud to introduce a ,b>aita4 ,"o ( ! au?orities m5tion$ 9 x is ,jo%ua b5 ,levi1 a ,pale/9ian amora 7an au?ority ( ! ,gem>a7 :o liv$ dur+ ! ?ird c5tury4 ,?is demon/rates ! comp>atively late date ( ! f9al r$action ( ?is *apt]4 ,by ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury x =m$ a "p ( ! treatise ,abot4 ,x 0 add$ to ! pray]-book to be read on ! six? ,sabba? ( ! p]iod betwe5 ,passov] & ! ,fe/ival ( ,weeks 7,%ebuot7 7#ag74 7#ae7 ,a ,b>aita conta9s traditions & op9ions ( au?orities ( ! ,mi%nah :i* are n embodi$ 9 ! ,mi%nah or ,rabbi ,judah ha-,nasi4 ,see ,mielz9]1 ,introduction to ! ,talmud1 pp4 #bj-ba1 ,/rack1 ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,talmud1 p4 #c1 & ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 s4v4 ,a gem>a 7,talmudical comm5t>y7 to ! ,b>aita de-,abot 0 publi%$ f a ,,ms4 by ,coronel 9 ,*ami%ah ,kuntres9 7,vi5na1 #ahfd74 ,?is b>aita is f\nd also 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] ( ,tanna de-,be ,eliyahu ,sutta1 b ) diff]5t textual read+s4 ,see ,g9zb]g1 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 ,,ii1 pp4 #eaf-eag4 7#af7 ,kn[n ?us because ,rabbi ,meir's "n is f\nd 9 ! fir/ v]se4 7#ag7 ,see next section4 ,! six? *apt] is f\nd 9 "s editions ( ! ,mi%nah4 ,,abot ,,9 ,,! ,,liturgy 7#ah7 7#ah7 ,on ! subject-matt] ( ?is section1 see ! citation f ! ,s> ,%alom ,gaon1 9 ! ,siddur ( ,r4 ,amram1 #cj;a2 ,midra% ,%emual1 pp4 #c-d2 ,zunz1 ,die ,ritus1 pp4 #he-hf2 ,/rack1 ,die ,spru*e d] ,vat]1 p4 #e1 & ,siddur1 ed4 ,ba]1 p4 #bga1 note4 ,o!r portions ( ! ,mi%nah & also ( ! ,talmud t are includ$ 9 ! liturgy are1 9 ! morn+ s]vice1 ,zeba*im ,v 7,siddur1 ed4 ,s+]1 p4 #aa72 9 ! ev5+ s]vice = ! ,sabba?1 ,sabbat1 ,,ii 7pp4 #abj-abb71 &1 f ! ,talmud1 end ( ,b]a*ot 7p4 #abb72 9 ! additional s]vice = ,sabba? & fe/ivals1 f ! ,talmud ,k]itot1 #f;a1 f ! ,mi%nah1 end ( ,tamid1 & f ! ,talmud1 end ( ,b]a*ot 7pp4 #afg-afh74 ,z ,taylor has said1 ,its simplicity & intr9sic excell5ce h secur$ = ,abot a widespread & la/+ popul>ity1 & h l$ to its be+ exc]pt$ f ! ,talmud & us$ liturgically 9 ! ,synagogue1 at c]ta9 seasons1 f an e>ly p]iod 7#ai74 ,?us1 ! ,abot is f\nd n only 9 all editions ( ! ,mi%nah & ! ,talmud1 b also 9 ! pray]-books ( ! ,a%k5azic rite 7#bj74 ,! practice ( read+ a *apt] f ,abot1 on ,saturday1 aft] ! aft]noon pray] 7,m9*ah71 orig9at$ z e>ly z ,gaonic times 7sev5? to elev5? c5turies74 ,dur+ ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury1 ,abot & its ,b>aita 7 ?us liturgically us$4 ,9 ,spani% communities x 0 recit$ 9 ! morn+ ( ! ,sabba?1 & n 9 ! aft]noon4 ,by ! elev5? c5tury1 ?is cu/om 0 univ]sally a "p ( ! synagogal s]vice4 7#ai7 ,taylor1 loc4 cit4 7#bj7 ,g]man & ,poli%4 ,orig9ally1 ,abot 0 probably read only f ,passov] to ,%ebuot2 &1 s9ce ?is p]iod has g5]ally six ,sabba?s1 & !re are only five *apt]s ( ,abot1 ! *apt] ,k9yan ,torah 0 appo9t$ to be read on ! six? ,sabba?4 ,lat]1 ! p]iod ( ! ye> 9 :i* ,abot 0 read v>i$ 9 diff]5t communities4 ,9 ,g]many1 !re 7 kehillot 9 :i* x 0 recit$ dur+ ! w9t] z well z dur+ ! summ]4 ,9 "s communities x 0 read f ,passov] to ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7,sukkot71 9 o!rs f ! ,sabba? ( ,p>a%ah ,yitro 7,ex4 ,,xviii1 #a-,,xx1 #bf7 to ! ,sabba? ( ,p>a%ah ,masse'e 7,num4 ,,xxxiii1 #a-,,xxxvi1 #ac71 t is1 f ! ,sabba? on :i* is read an acc\nt ( ! giv+ ( ! ,law until ! ,sabba? prec$+ ! beg9n+ ( ! read+ ( ! repetition ( ! ,law1 i4e41 ,deut]onomy4 ,9 _m or?odox congregations to-day ?is practice is /ill adh]$ to1 & ,abot is read on ,sabba? aft]noons dur+ ! summ]1 or f ! ,sabba? aft] ,passov] to ! ,sabba? be=e ! ,new ,ye> 7,ro% ha-,%anah74 ,a numb] ( reasons h be5 sugge/$ = ! cu/om ( read+ ! ,abot 9 ! synagogue1 ! mo/ likely be+ t x 0 introduc$ to occupy ! m9ds ( wor%ipp]s dur+ ! long wait1 on a summ]'s day1 betwe5 ! aft]noon & ev5+ s]vices4 ,:atev] ! reason = ?is cu/om may h be5 is immat]ial & unimportant2 b :at is ( importance is t1 by ?is excell5t practice1 a :ole body ( moral dicta--ea* "o summ+ up ) rem>kable concis5ess a life's exp]i5ce & philosophy1 ea* "o brea?+ ! _s ( piety1 sa9tl9ess1 ju/ice1 & love = humanity--has sunk deeply into ! inn]mo/ he>t & consci\sness ( ! ,jewi% p1 ex]t+ su* an influ5ce t ! pr9ciples set =? 9 ! ,abot h be5 et]nally wr\ght into ! moral fibre ( ! desc5dants ( ! ,rabbis4 ,to ! lips ( ! ,jew1 ^! maxims spr+ spontane\sly2 to ^? :o "k !m !y are a safe & secure guide ?r\gh life2 !y are n only he>d 9 ! synagogue1 b are quot$ & appli$ at home & abroad4 ,su* are ! fruits ( a b5ign cu/om1 :i* ,israel w d well to prize & pres]ve4 ,,bibliography ,because ( its great popul>ity1 ! ,pirke ,abot has appe>$ 9 _m editions4 ,!re is no ,gem>a 7,talmudic comm5t>y7 on ! ,abot1 :i* und\bt$ly acc\nts = ! num]\s comm5t>ies on x 7#ba74 ,because ( ! attractiv5ess ( its cont5ts1 & s9ce x =ms a "p ( ! ritual1 x has be5 translat$ _m times into _m tongues 7#bb71 & a great deal has be5 writt5 on x4 ,! foll[+ bibliography w be helpful to ! g5]al read] & to ! /ud5t :o wi% to get a m detail$ & intimate k ( ! ,abot ?an c be imp>t$ 9 ?is "w4 7#ba7 ,!re are m ?an ?irty-five4 ,! be/ kn[n is t ( ,maimonides 7#aace-abjd71 :i* 0 writt5 orig9ally 9 ,arabic1 z "p ( 8 comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah4 ,a comm5t>y has be5 attribut$ to ,ra%i4 ,o!r comm5t>ies are by 7#a7 ,rabbi ,jacob b5 ,%im%on1 f\nd 9 ! ,ma*zor ,vitry 7see ,taylor1 ,introd41 p4 #e2 ,app5dix1 p4 #bc2 7#b7 ,rabbi ,israel ( ,tol$o1 9 ,arabic 7twelf? to ?irte5? c5tury2 see ,taylor1 ,introd41 p4 #e1 ,app5dix1 p4 #df et seq42 7#c7 ,simon ,duran 7#acfa-addd71 ,mag5 ,abot2 fir/ edition1 ,livorno1 #agfc2 ed4 ,jell9ek1 ,leipzig1 #ahee2 7#d7 ,b]t9ora 7di$ #aeaj71 9 8 popul> comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah2 7#e7 ,isaac b5 ,judah ,abrabanel1 ,na*alot ,abot2 ed4 ,con/ant9ople1 #aeje2 7#f7 ,samuel de ,uc$a1 ,midra% ,%emual2 v5ice1 #aegi1 #aehe1 #aeig1 #afjj1 ,crac[1 #aeid1 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #agac1 ,w>saw1 #ahgf2 7#g7 ,yom ,tob ,lippman ,hell] 7#aegi-afed71 9 ,tosefot ,yom ,tob1 on ! ,mi%nah2 7#h7 elijah1 ,gaon ( ,wilna 7#agbj-agig71 9 ,siddur ,tefillat ,yacob1 ,b]l91 #ahfd2 & 7#i7 ,s4 ,ba]1 9 ,siddur ,abodat ,yisroel1 ,rodelheim1 #ahfh4 ,!re is also acomm5t>y1 by ,naphtali ,h]ts ,wessely1 kn[n z ,yay9 ,lebanon1 ,b]l91 #aggd-agge1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 9 ! ,hebrew ,review 7edit$ by ,morris ,j4 ,raphall1 ,london1 #ahce-ahcg71 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #agg1 p4 #aic1 & fur!r4 7#bb7 ,mis*(f1 9 8 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,talmud-,ueb]setzung5 all] ,zeig5 und ,zung5 7,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahii71 s #ef1 has a li/ ( #fb translations & ( #ae p>tial translations4 ,o!rs h appe>$ s9ce ?is li/ 0 made4 ,= ,engli% translation1 consult ?is li/4 ,editions 7#bc71 ,comm5t>ies1 & ,translations 7#bc7 ,a li/ ( editions1 mo/ly e>li] ?an ^? m5tion$ "h1 & ( ! ,abot 9 ,mi%nah editions may be f\nd 9 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,catalogue ,librorum ,hebraeorum 9 ,biblio!ca ,bodleiana 7,b]l91 #aheb-ahfj71 ,no4 #adcc-aeai1 #aihb-bjcd2 ,m4 ,roe/1 ,catalog d] ,hebraica und ,judaica 7,am/]dam1 #ahge71 pp4 #hah-hba1 #hbd-hbh2 & ,/rack1 ,spru*e1 pp4 #h-i4 #a4 ,jo%ua b5 ,mordecai ,falk ha-,koh51 ,abne ,yeho%ua al ,pirke ,abot 7,new ,york1 #ahfj74 ,text & comm5t>y 7#bd74 7#bd7 ,falk has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( ,am]ican ,hebrew lit]ature4 #b4 ,abraham ,geig]1 ,pirke ,abo?1 9 ,na*gelass5e ,s*rift5 7,b]l91 #ahgg71 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #bha-cdd4 ,a comm5t>y on ,*aps4 ,i-,,iii4 ,s*ol>ly & valuable4 #c4 ,solomon ,s*e*t]1 ,abot de-,rabbi ,natan 7,vi5na1 #ahgg74 ,conta9s two v]sions1 ,a & ,b1 ) an introduction & notes 9 ,hebrew4 ,a s*ol>ly & valuable "w4 #d4 ,joseph ,jabetz1 ,pirke ,abot1 ) a comm5t>y 7,w>saw1 #ahhj74 #e4 ,*>les ,taylor1 7#a7 ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs1 ,compris+ ,pirqe ,abo? & ,p]ek ,r4 ,meir 9 ,hebrew & ,engli%1 ) ,notes & ,excurses4 ,second edition 7,cambridge1 #ahig74 7#b7 ,an ,app5dix ( ! ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs1 ,conta9+ a ,catalogue ( ,manuscripts & ,notes on ! ,text ( ,abo? 7,cambridge1 #aijj74 ,^! works are v compreh5sive & full ( valuable mat]ial4 #f4 ,a4 ,b]l9]1 ,comm5t> zu d5 ,spru*5 d] ,vat]1 aus ,ma*zor ,vitry1 mit ,beitrag5 7,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahig74 #g4 ,david ,h(fmann1 ,masseket ,abot1 9 ,mis*naiot ,s$] ,nesik9 7,b]l91 #ahii71 pp4 #cbg-cfg4 ,fully annotat$1 ) a translation 9 ,g]man1 & con/ant ref]5ce to ,rabb9ical s\rces4 ,excell5t4 #h4 ,h]mann ,l4 ,/rack1 ,die ,spru*e d] ,vat]1 e9 e?is*] ,mis*na-,traktat1 ?ird edition 7,leipzig1 #aija74 ,an excell5t text ) notes4 ,v valuable4 #i4 ,laz>us ,golds*midt1 9 ,talmud ,babli1 ,d] ,babylonis*e ,talmud 7,b]l9e1 #aijc71 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #aaea et seq4 ,bas$ on olde/ texts ( ,abot4 ,textual v>iants & ,g]man translation ) notes4 ,v valuable4 #aj4 ,simeon ,s+]1 ,p]ke ,abot1 ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs1 9 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,daily ,pray] ,book4 ,eigh? edition 7,london1 #effh-aijh71 pp4 #ahd-bji4 ,hebrew text1 ) an excell5t ,engli% translation1 & a few notes4 #aa4 ,kaim ,pollak1 ,rabbi ,na?ans ,sy/em d] ,e?ik un ,moral 7,budape/1 #aije74 ,a translation 9 ,g]man1 ) notes1 ( ,abot de ,rabbi ,natan 7,s*e*t]'s v]sion ,a74 #ab4 ,paul ,fiebig1 ,pirque 'abo?1 ,d] ,mis*nahtraktat ,spru*e d] ,vat] 7,tub+51 #aijf74 ,g]man translation & notes1 ) especial ref]5ce to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,na*wort1 pp4 #db-dc1 consi/s ( a comp>ison ( ,abot ) ! ,new ,te/am5t1 po9t+ out ! lik5esses & diff]5ces4 #ac4 ,josef ibn ,na*mia's1 ,p]u% ,pirke ,abot1 ,comm5t> zu d5 ,pirke ,abot 4 4 4 na* d] ,p>ma] ,hads*rift ,de ,rossi ,nr4 #adjb 4 4 4 mit ,anm]kung5 von ,m4 ,l4 ,bamb]g] 7,b]l91 #aijg74 #ad4 ,m4 ,rawicz1 ,d] ,comm5t> d] ,maimonides zu d5 ,spru*5 d] ,vat]1 zum er/5 ,male ins ,deuts* ub]trag5 7,(f5b]g ,bad51 #aiaj74 ,conta9s ,! ,eight ,*apt]s 7#be74 7#be7 ,! ,eight ,*apt]s is ! introduction ( ,maimonides to 8 comm5t>y on ,abot4 ,its ,hebrew "n is ,%emonah ,p]akim4 ,x is a rem>kable in/ance ( ! h>moni\s weld+ ( ! e?ical pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ,abot ) m$iaeval ,ari/otelian philosophy4 #ae4 ,sef] ,mus>1 ,komm5t> zum ,mis*natraktat ,abo? von ,r4 ,joseph b5 ,jehudah4 ,zum er/5 ,male h]ausgegeb5 von ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,ba*]4 ,9 ! ,s*rift5 des ,v]e9s ,makize ,nirdamim4 #c4 ,folge1 ,nr4 #f 7,b]l91 #aiaj74 #af4 ,m4 ,lehmann1 ,pirke ,abo?1 ,spru*e d] ,vat] ub]zetzt und erkl>t 7,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #aiji74 #ag4 ,jehudah ,leb ,gordon1 ,p]ki ,abot1 9 ,siddur ,bet ,yehudah 7,new ,york1 #efgb1 #aiaa-ab71 pp4 #ajf-afe4 ,pray]-book accord+ to ! ,a%k5azic rite1 ) ,yiddi% translation & notes4 ,conta9s biographical sket*es ( all ! au?orities m5tion$ 9 ,abot4 #ah4 ,jules ,wolff1 ,les ,huit ,*apitres de ,maimonide1 ou ,introduction a la ,mis*na d',abo?1 ,maximes des ,p]es 7de la ,synagogue74 ,traduits de l',arabe 7,lausanne1 ,p>is1 #aiab74 #ai4 ,joseph ,i4 ,gorf9kle1 ,! ,eight ,*apt]s ( ,maimonides on ,e?ics1 ,edit$1 ,annotat$1 & ,translat$ ) an ,introduction 7,new ,york1 #aiab74 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,ori5tal ,/udies1 vol4 ,,vii 7#bf74 7#bf7 ,a li/ ( ,,mss41 editions1 translations1 & comm5t>ies ( ! ,eight ,*apt]s1 "s includ+ ,abot1 is f\nd on pp4#bg-cc ( ?is "w4 ,homiletical ,works #a4 ,laz>us ,adl]1 ,spru*e d] ,vat] 7,fur?1 #ahea74 #b4 ,w4 ,aloys ,meisel1 ,homili5 ub] die ,spru*e d] ,vat] 7#ahhe74 #c4 ,alex&] ,kohut1 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs 7,new ,york1 #ahhe74 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,max ,coh54 ,g5]al ,works ,abelson1 ,j4 ,! ,imman5ce ( ,god 9 ,rabb9ical ,lit]ature 7,london1 #aiab74 ,ba*]1 ,wilhelm1 7#a7 ,die ,agada d] ,tanait51 ,i1 ,,ii1 7,/rassburg1 #ahhd1 #ahij74 7#b7 ,zwei alte ,abotkomm5t>e1 9 ,monats*rift fur ,ges*i*te und ,wiss4 d4 ,jud5?ums1 #ajie1 pp4 #fcg-fff2 #aijf1 pp4 #bdh-bdh4 ,brull1 ,en/ehung und ursprungli*] ,inhalt des ,traktates ,abot1 9 ,jahrbu*] fur ,jud4 ,ges*i*te und ,lit41 ,,vii 7#ahhe74 ,danzig]1 ,jewi% ,=]unn]s ( ,*ri/ianity 7,new ,york1 #aijc74 ,dukes1 ,rabb9is*e ,blum5lese 7,leipzig1 #ahdd71 pp4 #fg-hd4 ,fri$l&]1 ,m4 ,! ,jewi% ,religion 7,london1 #aijb74 ,fri$l&]1 ,g41 ,! ,jewi% ,s\rces ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7,london1 #aiaa74 ,geig]1 ,judaism & its ,hi/ory 7,new ,york1 #aiaa74 ,graetz1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,h]=d1 ,ph>asaism 7,london1 #aiab74 ,h(fmann1 ,die er/e ,mis*na und die ,contrav]s5 d] ,tannaim 7,b]l91 #ahhb74 ,isaacs1 ,/ories f ! ,rabbis 7,new ,york1 #ahic74 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia4 ,josephus1 ,antiquities4 ,jung1 ,kritik d] samtli*5 ,bu*] ,abo? 9 d] al!brais*5 ,lit]atur 7,leipzig1 #ahhh74 ,laz>us1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,judaism 7,philadelphia1 #aijj74 ,loeb1 7#a7 ,la ,*a9e de la ,tradition dans le premi] ,*apitre des ,pirke ,abot1 9 ,biblio!que de l'ecole des hautes ,etudes1 ,sci5ces religeuses1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cjg-cbb 7,p>is1 #ahhi74 7#b7 ,notes sur le *apitre ,i] des ,p]ke ,abot1 9 ,revue des ,etudes ,juives1 ,vol4 ,,xix 7#ahhi71 pp4 #ahh-bja4 ,mielz9]1 7#a7 ,introduction to ! ,talmud1 second edition 7,new ,york1 #aijc74 7#b7 ,articles ,abot & ,abot de-,r4 ,natan1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia4 ,my]s1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 ,i 7,new ,york & ,london1 #aiji74 ,s*e*t]1 ,"s ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology 7,new ,york1 #aiji74 ,s*ur]1 ,"s ,aspects ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7#bg7 7,new ,york1 #ahia71 ,i1 i1 p4 #abd2 ,i1 ii1 p4 #cec et seq42 ,,iii1 ii1 p4 #cj et seq4 7#bg7 ,conta9s v full bibliographies & has o!r excell5t *>act]i/ics1 b x is a "w t mu/ be us$ ) caution4 ,its *ief fault1 accord+ to ,s*e*t]1 is t x is "o ( a class ( works 9 :i* no attempt is made 4 4 4 to ga9 acqua9tance ) ! inn] life ( ! ,jewi% nation 7,/udies1 ,,ii1 pp4 #aai-abj74 ,/rack1 ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,talmud1 f\r? edition 7,leipzig1 #aijh74 ,zunz1 7#a7 ,die ,gottesdi5/li*5 ,vortrage d] ,jud5 7,b]l91 #ahcb71 p4 #aja et seq4 7#b7 ,die ,ritus des ,synagogal5 ,gottesdi5/es 7,b]l91 #ahei74 ,,say+s ,,( ,,! ,,fa!rs ,"o ( ! foll[+ *apt]s is read on ea* ,sabba? f ! ,sabba? aft] ,passov] until ! ,sabba? be=e ,new ,ye>4 ,all ,israel 7#a7 h a portion 9 ! _w to come1 & x is said1 ,& ?y p %all be all righte\s2 !y %all inh]it ! l& 7#b7 = ev]1 ! bran* ( my plant+1 ! "w ( my h&s1 t ,i may be glorifi$ 7#c74 7#a7 ,?is does n mean t ,israel alone1 to ! exclusion ( o!r nations1 w h a portion 9 ! future _w4 ,on ! future _w 7olam haba71 see ,*apt] ,,ii1 n4 #ba4 ,! pi\s ( all nations h a portion 9 ! _w to come 7,tosefta ,sanh$r91 *ap4 ,,xii2 ,maimonides1 9 ,mi%neh ,torah1 ,i1 ,hil*ot ,te%ubah1 iii1 #e7 sums up ! ,rabb9ic op9ion4 7#b7 ,i4e41 ! l& ( ev]la/+ life4 7#c7 ,sanh$r91 ,x 7,,xi71 #a2 ,isaiah lx1 #ba4 ,?is passage is recit$ be=e ea* *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,i #a4 ,moses receiv$ ! ,torah 7#d7 f ,s9ai 7#e71 & h&$ x d[n to ,jo%ua1 & ,jo%ua to ! eld]s 7#f71 & ! eld]s to ! prophets1 & ! prophets deliv]$ x to ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue 7#g74 ,!y said ?ree ?+s1 ,be delib]ate 9 judgm5t2 raise up _m disciples2 & make a f5ce ab\t ! ,torah 7#h74 7#d7 ,! ^w ,torah is usually translat$ by law1 b x means r tea*+1 in/ruction ( any k9d1 or doctr9e4 ,?is t]m is g5]ally us$ to designate ! ,five ,books ( ,moses or ! ,p5tateu*1 call$ ! writt5 law 7torah %ebi*tav71 b x is also employ$ z a designation ( ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,besides ! writt5 law1 accord+ to tradition1 !re 0 also communicat$ to ,moses1 on ,mt4 ,s9ai1 ! oral law 7torah %e'b'al peh71 supplem5t+ ! =m] & o!r laws & maxims1 & expla9+ x4 ,?is oral law 0 h&$ d[n by ^w ( m\? f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b subsequ5tly1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! second ,temple1 x 0 committ$ to writ+1 & con/itutes ! ,mi%nah1 ! ,talmud1 & ! ,midra%im4 ,! oral law develops1 illum9ates1 & comm5ts ^u ! writt5 law4 ,"h1 ,torah means ! oral law1 :i* ,moses communicat$ to ,jo%ua1 ,jo%ua1 9 turn1 to ! eld]s1 & s on4 ,see ,taylor1 ,say+s ( ! ,jewi% ,fa!rs1 p4 #aje et seq41 & #acd-ace2 ,fri$l&]1 ,! ,jewi% ,religion1 p4 #acf et seq42 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 arts4 ,law & ,oral ,law2 ,s*e*t]1 ,"s ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology1 ,*apt] ,,viii2 ,/rack1 ,e9leitung1 pp4 #i-aj1 & ,h]=d1 ,ph>isaism1 *apt] on ! ,!ory ( ,torah1 p4 #eg et seq4 7#e7 ,i4e41 f ,god4 ,comp>e ! expression hala*a l'mo%e mis9ai1 ! law to ,moses f ,s9ai 7,god71 ,peah1 ,,ii1 #f1 ,eduyot1 ,,viii1 #g1 etc4 7#f7 ,! eld]s 7 ! wise m5 :o 7 ! memb]s ( ! supreme national tribunal4 ,see ,jo%ua ,,xxiv1 #ca4 7#g7 ,! ,great ,synagogue1 ^: e/abli%m5t1 aft] ! return f ,babylonian captivity1 tradition attributes to ,ezra ! ,scribe1 consi/$ ( #abj m51 :o compris$ ! highe/ judicial tribunal1 & :o occupi$ a position 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,temple simil> to t ( ! lat] ,sanh$r94 ,! hi/orical f\ndation ( ?is tradition is ,nehemiah ,,viii-,x1 9 :i* is rec\nt$ ! solemn acceptance ( ! ,law by a great assembly ( ! p4 ,! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue appe> "h 9 ,abot z ! deposit>ies ( ! tradition ( ! ,torah1 com+ 9 ! *a9 betwe5 ! la/ prophets & ! e>lie/ scribes4 ,f ?is *apt] & o!r ,rabb9ical s\rces1 we ga!r t ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue con/itut$ a sort ( college ( tea*]s1 "o ( ! la/ survivors be+ ,simon1 ! ,j 7,*apt] ,i1 #b74 ,_! "w 0 to int]pret1 tea*1 & develop ! ,torah1 & to !m 7 ascrib$ all k9ds ( legal enactm5ts4 ,!y in/itut$ ! ,%emoneh ,esrah 7! ,eighte5 ,b5$ictions7 & o!r pray]s1 & ca/ ! entire ritual into def9ite %ape4 ,!y admitt$ ,prov]bs1 ! ,song ( ,songs1 & ,ecclesia/es into ! ,old ,te/am5t canon4 ,a numb] ( mod]n s*ol>s1 notably ,ku551 are ( ! op9ion t ?is body nev] exi/$ 9 ! =m repres5t$ by ,jewi% tradition 7see ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory1 ,i1 ii1 pp4 #ced-cee74 ,on ! controv]sy reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,synagogue see ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies1 ,,ii1 #aje-ajf4 ,consult ,taylor1 ibid41 pp4 #aaj-aaa2 ,graetz1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cha1 #cid1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ai4 ,= fur!r bibliography1 see ,/rack1 ,spru*e1 p4 #aa4 ,see especially ,h]=d1 ,ph>isaism4 pp4 #ah-bh4 7#h7 ,take measures to prev5t ! break+ ( any ( ! div9e precepts4 ,!reby1 c]ta9 ?+s :i* are 9 !mselves lawful are prohibit$ 9 ord] to en=ce ! obs]vance ( ?+s ! do+ ( :i* is unlawful4 ,comp>e ,leviticus ,,xviii1 #cj1 make a mi%m]et to my mi%m]et 7,yabamot1 #ba;a71 & ,abot1 ,,iii1 #ag1 ! ,massorah is a f5ce to ! ,torah4 #b4 ,simon1 ! ,j 7#i71 0 ( ! la/ survivors ( ! ,great ,synagogue4 ,he us$ to say1 ,^u ?ree ?+s ! _w re/s3 ^u ! ,torah1 ^u ! ,temple s]vice 7#aj71 & ^u ! do+ ( acts ( k9dness 7#aa74 7#i7 ,simon1 ! ,j1 son ( ,onias1 0 high-prie/ ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4,e4 ,see ,josephus1 ,antiquities1 ,,xii1 ii1 #e4 ,consult ,sammt]1 ,mis*naio? ,ordnung ,z]aim 7,b]l91 #ahhg71 ,introduction1 pp4 #aj-bb2 ,meilz9]1 ,introduction to ! ,talmud1 pp4 #bb-ci2 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 & ,/rack1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #hb et seq41 = ! lives ( ! au?orities m5tion$ 9 ,abot & = bibliographies4 7#aj7 ,cf4 ,n$>im1 #cb;b1 ,great is ! ,torah1 = if x did n exi/1 ! heav5 & ! e>? w\ld h no p]man5ce4 ,abodah is ! s]vice & sacrifice ( ! ,temple :i* 0 !n /&+4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 ?is ^w 0 us$ to designate ! s]vice ( pray]4 ,x is us$ 9 "o ( ! b5$ictions aft] ! read+ ( ! ,haft>ah3 al ha-torah we-al ha-abodah1 = ! law & = ! div9e s]vice1 see ,pray]-book1 ed4 ,s+]1 p4 #adi4 ,see ,fri$l&]1 ibid41 p4 #dac et seq4 7#aa7 g'milut *asadim b5evol5ce1 ! do+ ( k9dnesses1 consi/s ( practical de$s ( p]sonal s]vice1 z visit+ ! sick1 bury+ ! dead1 com=t+ m\rn]s1 peacemak+1 etc4 ,x is great] ?an tz$akah *>ity 9 its n>r[] s5se1 z b5evol5ce may be %[n to ! ri* z well z to ! poor4 ,see ,fri$l&]1 ibid41 pp4 #cja-cje4 ,on ?is v]se1 see ,h]=d1 ibid41 p4 #bb et seq4 #c4 ,antigonus ( ,soko 7#ab7 receiv$ 7! tradition7 f ,simon1 ! ,j4 ,he us$ to say1 ,be n l hirel+s :o "w = _! ma/] = ! sake ( receiv+ recomp5se2 b be l s]vants :o m9i/] to _! ma/] )\t any ?\ght ( receiv+ a rew>d2 & let ! fe> ( ,heav5 7#ac7 be ^u y4 7#ab7 ,accord+ to ,abot de-,rabbi ,natan1 ,*apt] ,v1 ed4 ,s*e*t]1 p4 #bf1 ,antigonus _h two disciples1 ,zadok & ,boe?os1 f :om arose ! ,sadducees & ! h]etical sect ( ,boe?usians1 f _! mis9t]pretation ( ?is v]se1 bo? d5y+ ! doctr9es ( immortality ( ! s\l & resurrection4 ,se ,kohut1 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs1 p4 #dc2 ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory1 ,,ii1 ii4 p4 #bi et seq42 ,geig]1 ,judaism & ,its ,hi/ory1 p4 #ii et seq42 & ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 arts4 ,boe?usians & ,sadducees4 7#ac7 ,! fe> ( ,heav5 does n mean dread ( puni%m5t1 b r awe at ! greatness & might ( ,god1 & is id5tical ) love & s]vice 7see ,deut]onomy1 ,,vi1 #ac & ,x1 #ab74 ,x is produc$ by foll[+ out ! practices orda9$ 9 ! ,torah 7,maimonides1 ,guide = ! ,p]plex$1 ed4 ,fri$l&]1 p4 #cib74 ,consult ,fri$l&]1 ,jewi% ,religion1 pp4 #bgc-bgd1 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,fe> ( ,god1 & ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 p4 #gb4 #d4 ,jose1 ! son ( ,joez]1 ( ,z]$ah1 & ,jose1 ! son ( ,jo*anan 7#ad71 ( ,j]usalem receiv$ 7! tradition7 f !m 7#ae74 ,jose1 ! son ( ,joez]1 ( ,z]$ah said1 ,let ?y h\se be a meet+-place = ! wise2 cov] ?yself ) ! du/ ( _! feet 7#af71 & dr9k 9 _! words ) ?ir/4 7#ad7 ,9 ,*agigah1 ,,ii1 #b1 we are told t :5 two lead+ tea*]s are nam$ 9 ! ,mi%nah z hav+ receiv$ ! ,torah1 !y con/itute a pair 7zug71 ! fir/ be+ ! presid5t7nasi71 & ! second ! vice-presid5t 7av beit d97 ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,!re 7 five pairs ( su* tea*]s1 fl\ri%+ betwe5 #agj & #cj ,b4,c4,e41 ! fir/ be+ ,jose b4 ,joez] & ,jose b4 ,jo*anan1 & ! la/ be+ ,hillel & ,%ammai4 ,see ,frankel1 ,monats*rift1 #aheb1 pp4 #dje-dba1 ,mielz9]1 ,introduction1 pp4 #bb-bc1 & ,/rack1 ,spru*e1 p4 #ac4 7#ae7 ,"s texts read f him 7mim5u74 ,f !m mu/ ref] to disciples ( ,antigonus ^: say+s h be5 lo/4 7#af7 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( pupils to sit at ! feet ( _! tea*]s4 #e4 ,jose1 ! son ( ,jo*anan1 ( ,j]usalem said1 ,let ?y h\se be op5 wide2 let ! poor be memb]s ( ?y h\sehold1 & engage n 9 mu* gossip ) woman4 ,?is applies to "o's own wife2 h[ mu* m 7#ag71 !n1 to ! wife ( "o's neighbor8 ,h5ce ! sages say1 ,:oso engages 9 mu* gossip ) woman br+s evil ^u himself1 neglects ! /udy ( ! ,torah1 & w 9 ! end inh]it geh9nom 7#ah74 7#ag7 ,on ! kalwa-*om]1 a conclusion a m9ori ad majus1 see ,meilz9]1 ,introduction to ! ,talmud1 p4 #acj et seq41 & ,/rack1 ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,talmud1 p4 #abj4 ,cf4 ,*apt] ,,vi1 #c4 ,! equival5t biblical expression is af ki4 7#ah7 gey-h9im 7gimil-yud hey-nun-yud-mem7s(it771 gei b5-h9im1 a gl5 s\? ( ,j]usalem :]e ,molo* 0 wor%ipp$1 :5ce a place :]e ! wick$ 7 puni%$ 9 ! h]eaft]2 hell1 be+ ! opposite ( '! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51' p>adise4 ,cf4 *apt] ,v1 #bb & #bc4 ,see ,fri$l&]1 ,jewi% ,religion1 p4 #bbc4 #f4 ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,p]a*yah1 & ,nittai1 ! ,arbelite1 receiv$ 7! tradition7 f !m4 ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,p]a*yah1 said1 ,provide ?yself ) a tea*]1 & possess ?yself ( a companion 7#ai72 & judge e man 9 ! scale ( m]it4 7#ai7 ,a fell[-/ud5t4 #g4 ,nittai1 ! ,arbelite1 said1 ,keep alo( f a bad neighbor 7#bj72 associate n ) ! wick$1 & ab&on n ! belief 9 retribution 7#ba74 7#bj7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,ii1 #ad4 7#ba7 ,?is may mean ei!r t "o mu/ n imag9e t puni%m5t = evil de$s w n befall him1 or :5 puni%m5t has be5 met$ out1 "o mu/ n despair ( ! good4 #h4 ,judah1 ! son ( ,tabbi1 & ,simeon1 ! son ( ,%ata* 7#bb71 receiv$ 7! tradition7 f !m4 ,judah1 ! son ( ,tabbi1 said1 7,9 ! judge's (fice7 act n ! c\nsel's "p 7#bc72 :ile ! litigants are /&+ be=e !e1 let !m be reg>d$ by !e z guilty1 b :5 !y are dep>t$ f ?y pres5ce1 reg>d !m z innoc5t1 ! v]dict hav+ be5 acquiesc$ 9 by !m4 7#bb7 ,liv$ ab\t #ajd-fi ,b4,c4,e4 ,he 0 a lead] ( ! ,ph>isees at ! "t ( ,alex&] ,jannaeus4 7#bc7 ,a judge %\ld be /rictly imp>tial4 #i4 ,simeon1 ! son ( ,%ata*1 said1 ,be v se>*+ 9 ! exam9ation ( witnesses 7#bd71 & be gu>d$ 9 ?y words1 le/ ?r\gh !m !y le>n to lie4 7#bd7 ,x is relat$ t ! son ( ,simeon b4 ,%ata* 0 innoc5tly condemn$ to dea?1 because ! witnesses 7 n c>efully cross-que/ion$4 #aj4 ,%emaiah & ,abtalion 7#be7 receiv$ 7! tradition7 f !m4 ,%emaiah said1 ,love "w2 hate lord%ip 7#bf72 & seek no intimacy ) ! rul+ p[] 7#bg74 7#be7 ,liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4,e4 7#bf7 ,woe to lead]%ip1 = x buries ^? :o possess x4 7,pesa*im1 #hg;b74 7#bg7 ,t is1 ,rome4 ,avoid (fice seek+4 #aa4 ,abtalion said1 ,ye sages1 be he$ful ( y\r words1 le/ ye incur ! p5alty ( exile & be exil$ to a place ( evil wat]s1 & ! disciples :o come aft] y dr9k !re( & die1 & ! ,heav5ly ,"n be pr(an$ 7#bh74 7#bh7 ,s*ol>s mu/ be c>eful 9 _! tea*+s1 le/ _! disciples mis9t]pret _! words1 & ?us adopt false doctr9es1 z 0 ! case ) ! disciples ( ,antigonus ( ,soko 7,supra1 n4 #ab74 ,evil wat]s may /& = evil doctr9es or evil p4 ,:5 a tea*] w5t into bani%m5t1 he 0 usually foll[$ by 8 disciples4 ,dep>ture f ! law is equival5t to dea?4 #ab4 ,hillel & ,%ammai 7#bi7 receiv$ 7! tradition7 f !m4 ,hillel said1 ,be ( ! disciples ( ,a>on1 lov+ peace & pursu+ peace 7#cj71 lov+ mank9d & draw+ !m night to ! ,torah 7#ca74 #ac4 ,he us$ to say1 ,a "n made great is a "n de/roy$ 7#cb72 he :o does n increase 78 k7 decreases 7x72 & he :o does n /udy des]ves to die2 & he :o makes a worldly use ( ! cr[n 7( ! ,torah7 %all wa/e away4 #ad4 ,he us$ to say1 ,if ,i am n = myself1 :o w be = me8 ,b if ,i c>e = myself only1 :at am ,i8 7#cc74 ,& if n n[1 :58 7#bi7 ,hillel & ,%ammai1 ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ! pairs 7zugot71 liv$ ab\t #ajj ye>s be=e ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,ea* 0 ! f\nd] ( a s*ool1 ,bet ,hillel & ,bet ,%ammai1 be+ g5]ally oppos$ to "o ano!r 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,torah4 ,hillel 0 ! embodim5t ( humility1 g5tl5ess1 & k9dness2 ,%ammai 0 irritable1 & lack$ g5tl5ess & pati5ce4 ,! =m]'s mo/ celebrat$ say+ is1 ,:at is hateful to !e d n d unto ?y fell[ man2 ?is is ! :ole ,torah1 ! re/ is m]e comm5t>y4 ,see ,ba*]1 ,agada d] ,tanait52 ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory1 ,i1 ii1 p4 #cei et seq42 ,my]s1 /ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 ,i1 p4 #acf et seq42 geig]1 ,judaism & its ,hi/ory1 p4 #aac et seq4 7#cj7 ,psalm ,,xxiv1 #ae3 ,seek peace & pursue x4 7#ca7 ,draw m5 to ! ,torah by good example1 n by endeavor+ to make conv]ts4 7#cb7 ,he :o seeks a "n loses fame4 7#cc7 ,be self-reliant1 b n selfi%4 #ae4 ,%ammai said1 ,set a fix$ "t = ?y 7/udy (7 ,torah2 say little & d mu* 7#cd72 & receive all m5 ) a *e]ful c\nt5ance4 7#cd7 ,or promise little4 ,be l ,abraham1 :o promis$ only bread1 b br\ght a calf t5d] & good 7,g5esis ,,xviii1 #e & #g74 #af4 ,rabban 7#ce7 ,gamaliel said1 ,provide ?yself ) a tea*]2 be quit ( d\bt 7#cf72 & accu/om n ?yself to give ti!s 7#cg7 by a conjectural e/imate4 7#ce7 ,our tea*]1 our ma/]1 a title giv5 only to ! presid5ts ( ! ,sanh5dr91 ,gamaliel be+ ! fir/ to be ?us kn[n4 ,gamaliel 0 a gr&son ( ,hillel & a tea*] ( ,paul4 ,see ,/rack1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #he4 7#cf7 ,e/abli% ov] y ! au?ority ( a tea*]1 to hold y f ! clut* ( d\bt 7,kohut74 7#cg7 ,!re 7 ?ree k9ds ( ti!s 7! t5? "p ( any?+73 7a7 ! fir/ ti! 7maas] ri%on71 giv5 to ! ,lebites2 ! second ti! 7maas] %5i71 tak5 to ,j]usalem & consum$ !re by ! own] & 8 family2 & 7c7 ! ti! paid to ! poor 7maas] ani74 ,see ,leviticus ,,xxvii1 #cj et seq41 ,numb]s ,,xviii1 #ba-bd1 & ,deut]onomy ,,xiv1 #bb-bi2 also ,tractates ,maasrot & ,maas] ,%5i ( ! ,mi%nah4 ,consult ,babbs1 ,! ,law ( ,ti!s4 #ag4 ,simeon 7#ch7 8 son1 said1 ,all my days ,i h gr[n up among/ ! wise1 & ,i h f\nd no?+ bett] = man ?an sil5ce 7#ci72 n le>n+ b do+ is ! *ief ?+ 7#dj72 & :oso multiplies words causes s9 7#da74 7#ch7 ,simeon beg ,gamaliel ,i liv$ at ! "t ( ! w> ) ,rome4 ,see ,josephus1 ,jewi% ,w>s1 ,,iv1 #c1 #i4 7#ci7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,iii1 #ag4 7#dj7 ,:]e words fail1 de$s tell4 ,non s*olae s$ vitae4 7#da7 ,cf4 ,prov]bs ,x1 #ai4 #ah4 ,rabban ,simeon1 ! son ( ,gamaliel 7#db7 said1 ,by ?ree ?+s is ! _w pres]v$ 7#dc72 by tru?1 by judgm5t1 & by peace1 z x is said1 ',judge ye ! tru? & ! judgm5t ( peace 9 y\r gates' 7#dd74 7#db7 ,rabban ,simeon ,,ii1 son ( ,gamaliel ,,ii 7#hj-aae ,c4,e47 & gr&son ( ,simeon 7v]se #ag74 7#dc7 ,cf4 *apt] ,i1 #b4 ,torah1 ,temple s]vice1 & b5evol5ce are ! f\ndations &1 at ! same "t1 ! aims ( ! _w4 ,tru?1 judgm5t1 & peace ma9ta9 ! _w's p]man5cy4 7#dd7 ,ze*>iah ,,viii1 #af4 ,rabbi ,*anania 7#de71 ! son ( ,aka%ia1 said1 ,! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 0 pleas$ to make ,israel wor?y2 :]e=e ,he gave !m a copi\s ,torah & _m comm&m5ts1 z x is said1 ',x pleas$ ! ,"l1 = 8 righte\sness' sake1 to magnify ! ,torah & make x honorable' 7#df74 7#de7 ,?is say+ did n belong orig9ally to ,abot1 b 0 tak5 f ,makkot1 ,,iii1 #af4 ,accord+ to ,golds*midt1 x 0 introduc$ into ! ,mi%nah f ! sep>ate editions1 & !n f\nd its way into ! ,talmudical texts ( ,abot4 ,?is v]se is recit$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,see ,rawicz1 ,comm5tor des ,maimonides1 p4 #aad1 n4 #a4 7#df7 ,isaiah1 xlii1 #ba4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,all ,israel h a portion 9 ! _w to come1 & x is said1 ,& ?y p %all be all righte\s2 !y %all inh]it ! l& = ev]1 ! bran* ( my plant+1 ! "w ( my h&s1 t ,i may be glorifi$4 #a4 ,rabbi 7#a7 said1 :i* is ! "r c\rse t a man %\ld *oose = himself8 7#b7 ,t :i* is a pride to him :o pursues x & :i* also br+s him honor f mank9d4 ,be z scrupul\s ab\t a light precept z ab\t a grave "o1 = ?\ kn[e/ n ! grant ( rew>d = ea* precept4 ,reckon ! loss incurr$ by ! fulfilm5t ( a precept aga9/ ! rew>d secur$ by its obs]vance 7#c71 & ! ga9 gott5 by a transgression aga9/ ! loss x involves4 ,consid] ?ree ?+s1 t ?\ maye/ n come )9 ! p[] ( s9 7#d74 ,"k :at is above !e--a see+ eye1 & a he>+ e>1 & all ?y de$s writt5 9 a book 7#e74 7#a7 ,rabbi ,judah 7#ace-bbj ,c4,e471 son ( ,simeon 7*apt] ,i1 #ah71 0 kn[n z ,rabbi1 z a m>k ( di/9ction1 ow+ to ! fact t he 0 ! *ief revis] & compil] ( ! ,mi%nah4 ,e>li] compil]s ( ! ,mi%nah _h be5 ,hillel1 ,akiba1 & ,r4 ,meir4 ,rabbi ,judah 0 also kn[n z ,rabb5u 7our ,ma/]71 ha-,nasi 7! ,pr9ce71 & ha-,kode% 7! ,holy74 ,he is said to h di$99 on ! day t ,akiba met 8 dea? at ! h&s ( ! ,romans4 ,see ,danzig]1 ,jewi% ,=]unn]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #bdb-bgd1 ,my]s1 ,/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 ,i1 #baj-bbb1 & ,/rack1 ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,talmud1 p4 #if4 99 a prior own] ( ! s\rce text annotat$ x by cross+ out di$ & writ+ 9 be5 born4 7#b7 ,maimonides int]prets ?is v]se z mean+ to pursue a m$ium c\rse betwe5 two equally bad extremes1 ! too mu* & ! too little4 ,on ?is subject1 see 8 celebrat$ f\r? *apt] ( ! ,%emonah ,p]akim 7,! ,eight ,*apt]s7 on ! mean2 ed4 ,gorf9kle1 p4 #ed1 et seq4 7#c7 ,i4e41 ! loss 9 ?is _w z aga9/ ! rew>d 9 ! future _w4 ,on ! ,rabb9ic idea ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 see ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 pp4 #afb-afc1 & ,h]=d1 ,ph>isaism1 p4 #bfg et seq4 7#d7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,iii1 #a4 ,no de$s1 great or small1 are lo/ sight ( by ,god4 7#e7 ,on ! div9e books or book1 see ,exodus ,,xxxii1 #ce4 ,mala*i ,,iii1 #af1 & ,daniel ,,vii1 #aj1 etc4 ,! heav5ly ,book ( ,life is prom95tly m5tion$ 9 ! ritual ( ! ,new ,ye> & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 especially 9 ! celebrat$ pray]1 ,u-netanneh ,tokef ( ,rabbi ,amnon ( ,may5ce4 ,! ,new ,ye>'s greet+1 ,may y be inscrib$ = a happy ye>6 is evid5ce ( ! popul>ity ( ! idea ( a div9e book 9 :i* ! fate ( a man is writt54 ,see ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,book ( ,life4 #b4 ,rabban ,gamaliel1 ! son ( ,rabbi ,judah1 ! ,pr9ce1 said1 ,excell5t is ! /udy ( ,torah comb9$ ) "s worldly pursuit 7#f71 = ! ef=t dem&$ by !m bo? makes s9 to be =gott54 ,all /udy ( ,torah )\t "w mu/ at l5g? be futile1 & leads to s9 7#g74 ,let all :o are employ$ ) ! congregation act ) !m = ,heav5's sake1 = !n ! m]it ( _! fa!rs su/a9s !m1 & _! righte\sness endures = ev] 7#h74 ,& z = y 7,god w !n say71 ',i acc\nt y wor?y ( great rew>d1 z if y _h wr\ght x all y\rselves4' #c4 ,be on y\r gu>d aga9/ ! rul+ p[] 7#i72 = !y :o ex]cise x draw no man ne> to !m except = _! own int]e/s2 appe>+ z fri5ds :5 x is to _! own advantage1 !y /& n by a man 9 ! h\r ( 8 ne$4 #d4 ,he us$ to say1 ,d ,8 w z if x 7 ?y w4 ,nullify ?y w be=e ,8 w1 t ,he may nullify ! w ( o!rs be=e ?y w4 7#f7 ,! expression ,talmud ,torah 7lit41 /udy ( ! ,law7 means ! /udy ( all sacr$ le>n+4 ,! ^w ,torah1 "h1 is to be con/ru$ 9 its broade/ s5se4 ,see *apt] ,i1 n4 #d4 ,su* /udy 0 "o ( ! duties to :i* no limit 0 fix$ 7,peah ,i1 #a74 ,! expression d]e* eretz means good mann]s 7*apt] ,,iii1 #ba71 or worldly bus9ess1 or c>e 7*apt] ,,iii1 #f71 accord+ to ! context4 ,/udy comb9$ ) "s trade or pr(ession is1 accord+ to ,r4 ,gamaliel1 ! prop] ?+4 ,see *apt] ,,iv1 n4 #bd4 7#g7 ,cf4 ,kiddu%91 #bi;a1 ,he :o does n tea* 8 son a trade tea*es him to be a ?ief4 7#h7 ,9 e community1 ! "w & goodness ( pa/ g5]ations live 9 ! pres5t1 & ! good t ! community does 9 ! pres5t w live on 9 ! future4 ,on ! m]it ( ! fa!rs 7z'*ut avot71 see ,s*e*t]1 ,"s ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology1 *apt] ,,xii1 especially pp4 #age-agg1 :]e ?is passage is quot$4 7#i7 ,?is v]se is direct$ t[>d ! lead]s ( ! community4 ,cf4 above1 *apt] ,i1 #aj4 #e4 ,hillel 7#aj7 said1 ,sep>ate n ?yself f ! congregation 7#aa72 tru/ n 9 ?yself until ! day ( ?y dea? 7#ab72 judge n ?y neighbor until ?\ art come into 8 place2 & say n any?+ :i* _c be und]/ood at once1 9 ! hope t x w be und]/ood 9 ! end 7#ac72 nei!r say1 ',:5 ,i h leisure ,i w /udy'2 p]*ance ?\ wilt h no leisure4 #f4 ,he us$ to say1 ,an empty-head$ man _c be a s9-fe>+ man1 nor c an ignorant p]son 7#ad7 be pi\s1 nor c a %amefac$ man 7#ae7 le>n1 nor a passionate man 7#af7 tea*1 nor c "o :o is engag$ ov]mu* 9 bus9ess gr[ wise 7#ag74 ,9 a place :]e !re are no m51 /rive to be a man 7#ah74 #g4 ,moreov]1 he once saw a skull float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,he said to x1 ,because ?\ did/ dr[n 7o!rs7 !y h dr[n$ !e1 & at ! la/ !y t dr[n$ !e %all !mselves be dr[n$ 7#ai74 #h4 ,he us$ to say1 ,! m fle%1 ! m works2 ! m prop]ty1 ! m anxiety2 ! m wom51 ! m wit*craft2 ! m maid-s]vants1 ! m lewdness2 ! m m5-s]vants1 ! m robb]y2 ! m ,torah1 ! m life 7#bj72 ! m s*ool+1 ! m wisdom2 ! m c\nsel1 ! m und]/&+2 ! m *>ity1 ! m peace4 ,he :o has acquir$ a good "n has acquir$ x = himself2 he :o has acquir$ = himself words ( ,torah has acquir$ = himself life 9 ! _w to come 7#ba74 7#aj7 ,! *a9 ( traditional say+s is cont9u$ "h f *apt] ,i1 #ad1 ) o!r maxims ( ,hillel4 ,see ,introduction1 p4 #ag4 7#aa7 ,i4e41 %>e its weal & woe4 ,cf4 ,taanit1 #aa;a1 ,he :o does n jo9 ! community 9 times ( dang] & tr\ble w nev] enjoy ! div9e bless+4 7#ab7 ,"o %\ld con/antly be on gu>d aga9/ oneself4 ,! ,talmud 7,b]a*ot1 #bi;a7 illu/rates ?is say+ by ref]r+ to a c]ta9 ,jo*anan1 :o1 aft] hav+ be5 high-prie/ = eighty ye>s1 became a h]etic4 7#ac7 ,?is v]se may be v>i\sly translat$ & int]pret$4 ,its translation "h is 9 accordance ) ! int]pretation ( ,maimonides4 ,d n express y\rself 9 su* a way t y\r words may be und]/ood only aft] c>eful /udy & deep ?\ght1 b let !m be cle> & intelligible4 7#ad7 ,! ^w bur 7bet-vov-re%7 means uncultivat$ 7sadeh bur an uncultivat$ field74 ,x is us$ ( an ignorant1 uncultur$1 mann]less p]son1 possess+ no moral or spiritual virtues4 ,taylor translates x by boor4 am ha'aretz1 lit]ally p ( ! l&1 c\ntry p1 is appli$ to an individual :o may possess good mann]s1 & may be lit]ate1 b :o has no religi\s k1 nor tra9+1 nor does n obs]ve religi\s cu/oms4 ,taylor r5d]s x vulg>4 ,may] ,sulzb]g] ma9ta9s t ?is t]m 0 appli$ to an assembly ( repres5tatives ( ! p con/itut+ a body simil> to ! mod]n ,p>liam5t1 & divid$ into a l[] & upp] h\se4 ,see 8 ,! ,am ,ha-aretz1 ,! ,anci5t ,hebrew ,p>liam5t4 ,on ! ,am ha-aretz & 8 opposite ! *ab]1 see ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory1 ,,ii1 ii1 pp4 #h1 #i & pp4 #bb et seq41 also ,h]=d1 ibid4 pp4 #df-dg4 7#ae7 ,i4e41 he :o is a%am$ to ask que/ions = fe> ( expos+ 8 ignorance4 7#af7 ,he :o has no pati5ce to answ] all ! que/ions ( 8 pupils4 7#ag7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,iv1 #ab4 ,"o ( ! qualifications necess>y = ! acquirem5t ( ! ,torah is mod]ation 9 bus9ess4 7#ah7 ,d n boldly pu% y\rself =w>d2 b :]e !re is no "o to fill ! position ( tea*] or lead]1 or to be ! head ( ! community1 & y h ! qualifications1 d n %r9k f be+ ! man4 7#ai7 ,retribution is sure4 ,cf4 ,sanh$r91 #ajj;a & ,sotah1 #i;b1 ) :at measure a man measures1 is x measur$ unto him4 7#bj7 ,cf4 ,prov4 ,,iii1 #a & #b4 7#ba7 ,! expression ! _w to come may mean ! ,messianic days1 ! "t aft] ! ,messianic era1 ! days aft] ! resurrection or ! spiritual h]eaft]4 ,maimonides discusses at l5g? ! v>i\s !ories1 9 ,p]ek ,*elek 7,comm5t>y on ,sanh$r91 ,x1 #a71 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,j4 ,abelson1 9 ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review 7,london71 vol4 ,,xxix1 p4 #bh et seq4 ,see also ,! ,hebrew ,review 7,london1 #ahdj71 p4 #bed et seq4 ,consult ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory1 ,,ii1 ii1 #ib4 #i4 ,rabban ,jo*anan1 ! son ( ,zakkai 7#bb7 receiv$ 7! tradition7 f ,hillel & ,%ammai4 ,he us$ to say1 ,if ?\ ha/ le>nt mu* ,torah1 ascribe n any m]it to ?yself1 = !reunto wa/ ?\ creat$4 7#bb7 ,rabban ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai 0 kn[n z ! lea/ ( ! disciples ( ,hillel4 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( ! hi/orian ,josephus4 ,escap+ 9 a c(f9 f ,j]usalem1 :5 x 0 besieg$ by ! ,roman g5]al ,vespasian1 & pr$ict+ ! latt]'s elevation to ! imp]ial dignity1 ,jo*anan 0 all[$ by ,vespasian to g to ,jabneh 7,jamnia71 :]e he f\nd$ ! celebrat$ academy :i* became ! c5tre ( le>n+ 9 ,pale/9e1 z ,j]usalem _h previ\sly be54 ,he 0 ! mo/ important scribe 9 ! fir/ decade aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple 7#gj ,c4,e474 ,see ,/rack1 ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,talmud1 p4 #hf et seq41 ,ba*]1 ,agada d] ,tanait51 pp4 #be-df1 ,my]s1 ,/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 ,i1 pp4 #aea-afj1 & ,danzig]1 ,jewi% ,=]unn]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #ee-gb4 #aj4 ,rabban ,jo*anan1 ! son ( ,zakkai1 _h five disciples 7#bc71 & ^! are !y3 ,rabbi ,eliez]1 ! son ( ,hyrcanus2 ,rabbi ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,hananiah 7#bd72 ,rabbi ,jose1 ! ,prie/2 ,rabbi ,simeon1 ! son ( ,nataniel2 & ,rabbi ,eleaz>1 ! son ( ,ara*4 #aa4 ,he us$ ?us to rec\nt _! praise3 ,eliez]1 ! son ( ,hyrcanus1 is a cem5t$ ci/]n1 :i* loses n a drop 7#be72 ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,hananiah1 happy is %e t b>e him 7#bf72 ,jose1 ! ,prie/1 is a pi\s man 7#bg72 ,simeon1 ! son ( ,nataniel1 is a fe>] ( s92 ,eleaz>1 ! son ( ,ara*1 is l a spr+ fl[+ ) ev]-su/a9$ vigor 7#bh74 #ab4 ,he us$ to say1 ,if all ! sages ( ,israel 7 9 "o scale ( ! balance1 & ,eliez]1 ! son ( ,hyrcanus1 9 ! o!r1 he w\ld outweigh !m all4 ,abba ,saul 7#bi7 said 9 8 "n1 ,if all ! sages ( ,israel 7 9 "o scale ( ! balance1 & ,eliez]1 ! son ( ,hyrcanus1 also ) !m1 & ,eleaz>1 ! son ( ,ara*1 9 ! o!r scale1 he w\ld outweigh !m all4 #ac4 ,he said to !m1 ,g =? & see :i* is ! good way to :i* a man %\ld cleave4 ,r4 ,eliez] said1 ,a good eye 7#cj72 ,r4 ,jo%ua said1 ,a good fri5d2 ,r4 ,jose said1 ,a good neighbor 7#ca72 ,r4 ,simeon said1 ,"o :o =esees ! fruit ( an action 7#cb72 ,r4 ,eleaz> said1 ,a good he>t4 ,!reupon he said to !m1 ,i approve ( ! words ( ,eleaz>1 ! son ( ,ara*1 r ?an y\r words1 = 9 8 words y\rs are includ$ 7#cc74 #ad4 ,he said to !m1 ,g =? & see :i* is ! evil way t a man %\ld %un4 ,r4 ,eliez] said1 ,an evil eye 7#cd72 ,r4 ,jo%ua said1 ,a bad fri5d2 ,r4 ,jose said1 ,a bad neighbor2 ,r4 ,simeon said1 ,"o :o borr[s & does n repay--x is ! same :e!r "o borr[s f man or ! ,omnipres5t 7#ce72 z x is said1 ',! wick$ borr[e? & paye? n aga91 b ! righte\s deale? graci\sly & give?' 7#cf72 ,r4 ,eleaz> said1 ,a bad he>t4 ,!reupon he said to !m1 ,i approve ( ! words ( ,eleaz>1 ! son ( ,ara*1 r !n y\r words1 = 9 8 words y\rs are includ$4 7#bc7 ,( special excell5ce4 7#bd7 ,on ! life ( ,r4 ,jo%ua 7#dj-acj ,c4,e471 see ,ba*]1 ibid41 #abi-aid1 ,my]s1 ibid41 #afa-agj1 ,danzig]1 ibid41 #abb-aea4 7#be7 ,he =gets no?+ he has le>n$4 ,on ,r4 ,eliez]1 see ,danzig]1 ibid41 #ia-aba4 7#bf7 ,:5 yet a *ild 9 ! cradle1 8 "m took him into ! synagogue t he might ?us e>ly he> ! words ( ! ,torah4 7#bg7 ,a *asid 7*asid71 sa9t1 is "o :o does m ?an ! /rict lett] ( ! law requires4 ,see ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies1 ,,ii1 pp4 #adh-aha1 idem1 ,aspects1 p4 #bji1 ,rawicz1 ,comm5t> des ,maimonides1 pp4 #ie-if1 & ,gorf9kle1 ,! ,eight ,*apt]s1 pp4 #fj-fb4 7#bh7 ,a well+ spr+ 7,taylor74 7#bi7 ,he liv$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 ,c4,e4 7#cj7 ,i4e41 an eye t looks ^u p ) b5evol5ce & k9d feel+s1 free f envy & ill-w4 7#ca7 ,a good fri5d is "o :o induces 8 associate to /udy ,torah1 & :o reproves him :5 he sees him do+ wrong4 ,! passage means n s mu* to ga9 a good fri5d z to be a good fri5d4 7#cb7 ,"o :o balances ! pres5t aga9/ ! future4 7#cc7 ,! he>t 0 consid]$ ! seat ( all moral & spiritual functions4 ,see ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 p4 #bee et seq4 7#cd7 ,d5otes nigg>dl9ess1 envy1 or jeal\sy4 7#ce7 ,i4e41 "o :o lacks =esight & incurs responsibilities he is unable to meet borr[s f ,god1 z all weal? belongs to ,him1 & m5 are m]ely ,8 /ew>ds4 ,! ^w makom1 lit]ally place1 space1 0 us$ to designate ,j]usalem1 or ! ,temple1 z be+ ! place :]e ,god's _s dwells2 or x may also ref] to ! div9e c\rt ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,x !n came to be us$ z an appellative = ,god4 ,z ,s*e*t] rem>ks1 ,! t]m is ma9ly indicative ( ,god's ubiquity 9 ! _w & c be/ be translat$ by ',omnipres5t4' ,see ,h(fmann1 ,sanh$r9 ,,vi1 note #ef1 ,taylor1 ,say+s1 p4 #ec1 note #db1 & ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 pp4 #bf-bg1 :]e ! lit]ature on ?is subject is giv54 ,see also ,fri$l&]1 ,! ,jewi% ,religion1 p4 #bhg1 & ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,names ( ,god4 7#cf7 ,psalm ,,xxxvii1 #ba4 #ae4 ,!y ea* said ?ree ?+s4 ,r4 ,eliez] said1 ,let ?y fri5d's honor be z de> to !e z ?9e own 7#cg72 be n easily excit$ to ang]2 & rep5t "o day be=e ?y dea? 7#ch74 ,& 7he fur!r said71 ,w>m ?yself by ! fire ( ! wise1 b bew>e ( _! gl[+ coals1 le/ ?\ be burnt1 = _! bite is ! bite ( ! fox1 & _! /+ is ! scorpion's /+1 & _! hiss is ! s]p5t's hiss1 & all _! words are l coals ( fire 7#ci74 #af4 ,r4 ,jo%ua said1 ,! evil eye1 ! evil incl9ation 7#dj71 & hatr$ ( 8 fell[-creatures 7#da71 put a man out ( ! _w4 #ag4 ,r4 ,jose said1 ,let ! prop]ty ( ?y fri5d be z de> to !e z ?9e own2 prep>e ?yself = ! /udy ( ,torah1 s9ce ! k ( x is n an inh]itance ( ?9e1 & let all ?y de$s be done 9 ! "n ( ,god 7#db74 #ah4 ,r4 ,simeon said1 ,be c>eful 9 read+ ! ,%ema 7#dc7 & ! ,amidah 7#dd72 & :5 ?\ praye/1 consid] n ?y pray] z a fix$ 7me*anical7 task1 b z 7an appeal =7 m]cy & grace be=e ! ,all-pres5t1 z x is said1 ',= he is graci\s & full ( m]cy1 sl[ to ang]1 & ab\nd+ 9 lov+-k9dness1 & rep5te? him ( ! evil' 7#de72 & be n wick$ 9 ?9e own e/eem 7#df74 #ai4 ,r4 ,eleaz> said1 ,be dilig5t 9 /udy+ ,torah1 & "k :at answ] to give to ! unbeliev] 7#dg72 "k also be=e :om ?\ toile/1 & :o ?y ,employ] is1 :o w pay !e ! rew>d ( ?y labor4 7#cg7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,iv1 #ae4 7#ch7 ,man %\ld rep5t e day ( 8 life1 = he kn[s n on :at day he may die 7,%abbat1 #aec;a74 7#ci7 ,"o :o wi%es to w>m himself rema9s a c]ta9 di/ance away f ! fire2 if he approa*es too ne>1 he is burn$2 s1 d n endeavor to become too intimate ) ! wise1 z _! op9ion ( y may *ange to y\r detrim5t4 ,! bite1 ! /+1 & ! hiss repres5t ! t]ribl5ess ( ! looks ( ! wise :o h be5 ang]$4 7#dj7 ,passion1 evil nature1 or evil incl9ation4 7#da7 ,misan?ropy4 7#db7 ,9 mak+ man's highe/ ideal ! compreh5sion ( ,god1 ,maimonides1 9 ! ,%emonah ,p]akim1 supports 8 view by ref]r+ to ! latt] "p ( ?is v]se4 ,he says1 ,! sages ( bless$ memory1 too1 h summ$ up ?is idea 9 s few words & s concisely1 at ! same "t elucidat+ ! :ole matt] ) su* complete ?or\ghness1 t :5 "o consid]s ! brevity ) :i* !y express ?is great & mighty ?\ght 9 its entirety1 ab\t :i* o!rs h writt5 :ole books & yet )\t adequately expla9+ x1 "o truly recognizes t ! ,rabbis und\bt$ly spoke ?r\gh div9e inspiration4 ,?is say+ is f\nd among _! precepts1 & is1 ',let all ?y de$s be done 9 ! "n ( ,god4' ,see ,gorf9kle1 ,! ,eight ,*apt]s1 p4 #gc4 7#dc7 ,?is pray] consi/s ( ?ree portions ( ! ,p5tateu* 7,deut4 ,,vi1 #d-i2 ,,xi1 #ac-ba2 ,num4 ,,xv1 #cg-da71 & gets its "n f ! initial ^w ( ! fir/ portion4 ,x is appo9t$ to be read twice daily1 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! ev5+4 ,on ! "t :5 ! ,%ema is to be read1 see ,b]a*ot ,i1 #a4 ,see ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory1 ,,ii1 ii1 #gg1 #hc1 et seq42 ,fri$l&]1 ,jewi% ,religion1 pp4 #dcj1 #dce2 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,%ema1 & ,adl]1 9 ! ,jewi% ,review 7,london1 #aiaj71 vol4 ,i1 numb] #b1 p4 #aei4 7#dd7 ,an important "p ( ! ritual said at ! daily morn+1 aft]noon1 & ev5+ s]vice1 & also at ! additional s]vice on ,sabba?s & holy days1 is kn[n z 7#a7 ,tefillah 7pray]71 or 7#b7 ,%emoneh ,esreh 7eighte571 or 7#c7 ,amidah 7/&+74 ,x is kn[n z ,tefillah because x is consid]$ ! pray] p> excell5ce2 z ,%emoneh ,esreh because orig9ally x consi/$ ( eighte5 pray]s 7n[ n9ete572 & z ,amidah 7by ,seph>dic ,jews7 because x mu/ be said /&+4 ,! ,%ema & ! ,%emoneh ,esreh h be5 appropriately /yl$ ! two pill>s ( ! fabric ( ! liturgy4 ,see ,s*ur]1 ibid42 ,fri$l&]1 ibid41 pp4 #dcj1 #dcg2 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,%emoneh ,esreh2 ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies1 ,,ii1 pp4 #fgjfh2 ,adl]1 ibid41 p4 #aei2 & ,h]=d1 ibid41 pp4 #bih-bii4 7#de7 ,joel ,,ii1 #ac4 7#df7 ,d n d :at y\r consci5ce tells y is wrong1 ev5 ?\gh x does n appe> to o!rs z su*2 or1 d n s9 9 secret1 ?9k+ t y w escape puni%m5t because o!rs d n see y4 7#dg7 ,apikuros is a t]m orig9ally us$ to designate a foll[] ( ! philosoph] ,epicurus1 ^: axiom 0 t happ9ess or enjoym5t is ! summum bonum ( life4 ,lat]1 ?is ^w 0 us$ by ! ,rabbis to designate a free-?9k]1 a h]etic1 an unbeliev]1 or a despis] ( ! ,law1 ,jewi% or non-,jewi%4 ,josephus 7,antiquities1 ,x1 #aa1 #g1 ed4 ,:i/on-,m>goli\?1 p4 #cjj7 describes ! ,epicureans z ^? :o ca/ provid5ce out ( human life1 & d n believe t ,god takes c>e ( ! affairs ( ! _w1 nor t ! univ]se is gov]n$ & cont9u$ 9 be+ by t bless$ & immortal nature1 b say t ! _w is c>ri$ along ( its own accord )\t a rul] & a curator4 ,maimonides1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,sanh$r91 ,x1 #a1 d]ives ! ^w f ! ,hebrew1 hefkeir 7hey-fey-kuf-re%71 fre$om1 & def9es x z "o :o refuses ob$i5ce to ! ,law4 ,s*e*t] 7,/udies 9 ,judaism1 ,i1 p4 #aeh7 says1 ,x implies r a frivol\s treatm5t ( ! words ( ,scripture & tradition4 ,see ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia art4 ,apikuros1 & ,b>ton1 ,ecclesia/es1 p4 #da4 ,?is v]se may also be r5d]$1 ,/udy ,torah1 & also "k 7v'da 7vov-dal$-ay977 h[ to answ] an unbeliev]1 mean+ t fir/ "o %\ld /udy ,torah & ,talmud1 & !n give 8 "t to le>n+ o!r k1 s z to be able to refute ^? :o /ray f ! tru?4 #bj4 ,rabbi ,tafron 7#dh7 said1 ,! day is %ort1 ! task is great 7#di71 ! labor]s are sluggi%1 ! rew>d is mu*1 & ! ,ma/] ( ! h\se 7#ej7 is urg5t4 #ba4 ,he also us$ to say1 ,x is n ?y duty to complete ! "w1 b nei!r art ?\ free to desi/ f x2 if ?\ ha/ /udi$ mu* ,torah1 mu* rew>d w be giv5 !e2 & fai?ful is ?y ,employ] to pay !e ! rew>d ( ?y labor2 & "k t ! grant ( rew>d unto ! righte\s w be 9 ! "t to come 7#ea74 ,rabbi ,*anania1 ! son ( ,aka%ia1 said1 ,! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 0 pleas$ to make ,israel wor?y2 :]e=e ,he gave !m a copi\s ,torah & _m comm&m5ts1 z x is said1 ',x pleas$ ! ,"l1 = 8 righte\sness' sake1 to magnify ! ,torah & make x honorable'4 7#dh7 ,a contempor>y ( ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai's five disciples & ( ,akiba4 ,see ,ba*]1 ibid41 pp4 #cdh-ceh1 & ,mey]1 ibid41 p4 #agi4 7#di7 ,! day1 i4e41 ! life ( man1 is brief4 ,art is long1 b life is %ort4 7#ej7 ,i4e41 ,god4 7#ea7 ,a man _c f9i% ! "w ( ! _w1 yet he mu/ n yield to idl5ess & despair1 b mu/ d 8 %>e to ! be/ ( 8 ability4 ,8 rew>d w come 9 ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,all ,israel h a portion 9 ! _w to come1 & x is said1 ,& ?y p %all be all righte\s2 !y %all inh]it ! l& = ev]1 ! bran* ( my plant+1 ! "w ( my h&s1 t ,i may be glorifi$4 #a4 ,akabia 7#a71 ! son ( ,mahalalel1 said1 ,consid] ?ree ?+s1 & ?\ wilt n come )9 ! p[] ( s9 7#b73 "k :5ce ?\ came/1 & :i!r ?\ art go+1 & be=e :om ?\ wilt 9 ! future h to give an acc\nt & reckon+ 7#c74 ,:5ce ?\ came/3 f a fetid drop2 :e!r ?\ art go+3 to a place ( du/1 worms1 & maggots 7#d72 & be=e :om ?\ wilt 9 ! future h to give an acc\nt & reckon+3 be=e ! ,supreme ,k+ ( k+s1 ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he4 7#a7 ,he liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury4 7#b7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,ii1 #a4 7#c7 ,comp>e ) ?is say+ ! exposition by ,akiba ( ,eccl4 ,,xii1 #a3 uze*or et bor'e* 7bor'e* is3 bet-vov-re%-alef-yud-*(7s(it7 b rememb] ?y creator4 ,play+ ^u ! ^w bor'e*1 he says1 ,rememb] ?y s\rce 7bet-alef-re%-*(7s(it771 ?y grave 7bet-vov-re%-*(7s(it771 & ?y creator 7bet-re%-alef-*(7s(it771 ,kohelet ,rabbah1 ad4 loc4 ,if man ?9ks ( :5ce he comes1 he is r5d]$ humble2 if he reflects ^u :i!r he is go+1 he prizes worldly ?+s lightly2 & if he consid]s ,h,im be=e :om he mu/ give an acc\nt1 he obeys ,god's laws4 7#d7 ,cf4 ,job ,,xxv1 #f3 ,h[ mu* less ! mortal1 ! m]e worm 7rimah78 & ! son ( ! e>?1 ! m]e maggot 7toleah78 c be pure 9 ,god's eyes4 #b4 ,r4 ,*an9a1 ! ,vice-,high-,prie/ 7#e71 said1 ,pray = ! welf>e ( ! gov]nm5t1 s9ce b = ! fe> !re( m5 w\ld swall[ ea* o!r alive 7#f74 7#e7 ,*ief ( ! prie/s1 adjutant high-prie/4 ,! segan 0 next 9 rank to ! high-prie/4 ,none c\ld be appo9t$ high-prie/ unless he _h occupi$ ! (fice ( ! segan 7,pale/9ian ,talmud1 ,yoma1 ,,iii1 #da;a1 top74 ,accord+ to ,s*ur]1 he 0 ! capta9 ( ! ,temple1 ^: duty x 0 to sup]9t5d arrangem5ts = keep+ ord] 9 & ar\nd ! ,temple4 ,he 0 also pres5t at all important functions 9 :i* ! high-prie/ took "p1 su* z ! draw+ ( lots 9 ! case ( ! two goats on ,yom ,kippur 7,yoma ,,iii1 #i1 ,,iv1 #a72 :5 read+ f ! ,torah 7,yoma1 ,,vii1 #a2 ,sotah ,,vii1 #g1 #h71 & :5 (f]+ ! daily sacrifice 7,tamid ,,vii1 #c74 ,rabbi ,*an9a 0 ! la/ to be> ?is title1 8 son be+ kn[n z ,simeon b5 ha-,segan4 ,see ,ba*]1 ,agada d] ,tanait51 pp4 #ee-eh1 ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory1 ,,ii1 i1 #beg-bei4 7#f7 ,cf4 ,j]4 ,,xxxix1 #g1 ,& seek ! peace ( ! city :i!r ,i h caus$ y to be c>ri$ away captives1 & pray unto ! ,"l = x2 = 9 ! peace !re( %all ye h peace1 & ,abodah ,z>ah1 #c;b4 #c4 ,r4 ,*ananiah1 ! son ( ,t]adion 7#g71 said1 ,if two sit toge!r & int]*ange no words ( ,torah1 !y are a meet+ ( scorn]s1 conc]n+ :om x is said1 ',! godly man sitte? n 9 ! seat ( ! scorn]s' 7#h72 b if two sit toge!r & int]*ange words ( ,torah1 ! ,div9e ,pres5ce 7#i7 abides among !m2 z x is said1 ',!n !y t fe>$ ! ,"l spake "o ) ! o!r2 & ! ,"l he>k5$ & he>d1 & a book ( remembrance 0 writt5 be=e ,him1 = !m t fe>$ ! ,"l1 & t ?\ght ^u ,8 "n1' 7#aj74 ,n[ ! ,scripture enables me to draw ?is inf]5ce 9 respect to two p]sons2 :5ce c x be d$uc$ t if ev5 "o p]son s$ul\sly occupies himself ) ! ,torah1 ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 appo9ts unto him a rew>d8 ,because x is said1 '?\gh he sit alone1 & m$itate 9 /illness1 yet he take? x 7! rew>d7 ^u him' 7#aa74 7#g7 ,he liv$ ab\t #abj ,c4,e4 ,he 0 ! fa!r ( ,b]uriah1 ! wife ( ,rabbi ,meir4 7#h7 ,ps4 ,i1 #a4 ,v]se #b ( ?is psalm cont9ues1 ,b 8 delight is 9 ! ,law ( ! ,"l4 7#i7 %e*9ah lit]ally dwell+1 is a "n appli$ to ,god :5 ,he is spok5 ( z dwell+ among m54 ,see ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 en passim2 ,abelson1 ,imman5ce ( ,god1 p4 #gg et seq4 7#aj7 ,mal4 ,,iii1 #af4 7#aa7 ,lam4 ,,iii1 #bg4 #d4 ,r4 ,simeon 7#ab7 said1 ,if ?ree h eat5 at a table & h spok5 !re no words ( ,torah1 x is z if !y _h eat5 ( sacrifices to dead idols1 ( :om x is said1 ',= all _! tables are full ( vomit & fil?9ess2 ! ,all-pres5t is n 79 _! ?\ghts7' 7#ac74 ,b if ?ree h eat5 at a table & h spok5 !re words ( ,torah1 x is z if !y _h eat5 at ! table ( ! ,all-pres5t1 = ,scripture says1 ',& he said unto me1 ,?is is ! table t is be=e ! ,"l' 7#ad74 7#ab7 ,rabbi ,simeon b5 ,yo*ai liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,c4,e41 & 0 a pupil ( ,akiba4 ,see ,danzig]1 ibid41 pp4 #baa-bda4 ,he 0 long ?\ght to be ! au?or ( ! well-kn[n kabbali/ic "w ,zoh>1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 probably writt5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury by ,moses ,%em ,tob de ,leon4 ,see ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,zoh>2 ,graetz1 ,hi/ory1 ,,iv1 p4 #aa et seq42 ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies1 ,i1 pp4 #ah1 #ai1 #acc2 & ,h4 ,sp]l+1 9 ,aspects ( ! ,hebrew ,g5ius1 p4 #afe et seq4 7#ac7 ,isa4 ,,xxviii1 #h4 ,! lit]al int]pretation ( bli makom is1 !re is no place clean ( defilem5t2 b ! ^w makom be+ us$ to designate ,god 7see above1 *apt] ,,ii1 n4 #ce71 sugge/s ! int]pretation1 )\t m5tion ( ! "n ( ,god4 7#ad7 ,ezek4 ,,xli1 #bb4 #e4 ,r4 ,*an9a1 ! son ( ,hak9ai 7#ae71 said1 ,he :o keeps awake at night1 & goes on 8 way alone1 :ile turn+ 8 he>t to vanity1 su* a "o =feits 8 own life 7#af74 7#ae7 ,he liv$ ab\t #abj ,c4,e41 & 0 a pupil ( ,akiba4 ,see ,ba*]1 ibid41 #dcf et seq4 7#af7 ,ev5 ! sleepless man & ! solit>y travell] mu/ turn _! ?\ghts to ! ,torah4 #f4 ,r4 ,ne*unya1 son ( ha-,kanah 7#ag71 said1 ,:oso receives ^u himself ! yoke ( ! ,torah1 f ! yoke ( ! k+dom & ! yoke ( worldly c>e w be remov$ 7#ah71 b :oso breaks (f f him ! yoke ( ! ,torah1 ^u him w be laid ! yoke ( ! k+dom & ! yoke ( worldly c>e4 7#ag7 ,he liv$ ab\t #hj ,c4,e4 ,see ,ba*]1 ibid41 pp4 #eh-fa4 7#ah7 ,! yoke ( ! k+dom ref]s to ! taxes & burd5s exact$ by ! gov]nm5t2 ! yoke ( worldly c>e is anxiety ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 #g4 ,r4 ,*alafta1 ! son ( ,dosa 7#ai71 ( ! village ( ,*anania said1 ,:5 t5 p sit toge!r & occupy !mselves ) ! ,torah1 ! ,%e*9ah 7#bj7 abides among !m1 z x is said1 ',god /&e? 9 ! congregation 7#ba7 ( ! godly' 7#bb74 ,& :5ce c x be %[n t ! same applies to five8 ,because x is said1 ',he ha? f\nd 8 b& 7#bc7 ^u ! e>?' 7#bd74 ,& :5ce c x be %[n t ! same applies to ?ree8 ,because x is said1 ',he judge? among ! judges' 7#be74 ,& :5ce c x be %[n t ! same applies to two8 ,because x is said1 ',!n !y t fe>$ ! ,"l spake "o ) ! o!r2 & ! ,"l he>k5$1 & he>d' 7#bf74 ,& :5ce c x be %[n t ! same applies ev5 to "o8 ,because x is said1 ',9 e place :]e ,i cause my "n to be rememb]$ ,i w come unto !e & ,i w bless !e' 7#bg74 7#ai7 ,he 0 probably a disciple ( ,r4 ,meir4 ,see bel[1 n4 #cb4 7#bj7 ,see above1 n4 #i4 7#ba7 ,an edah1 assembly1 congregation1 pray]-meet+1 consi/s ( at lea/ t5 p]sons 7,megillah1 #bc;b74 ,see ,sulzburg]1 ,! ,anci5t ,hebrew ,p>liam5t1 *apt] ,i4 7#bb7 ,ps4 ,,lxxxii1 #a4 7#bc7 ,an agudah 7lit41 bundle1 bun*71 bond1 union1 is con/itut$ ( at lea/ five1 ?\gh "s au?orities ma9ta9 t x /&s = ?ree4 ,see ,taylor1 ,say+s1 p4 #df1 n4 #ae4 ,?is ^w is us$ 9 ! "n ( a numb] ( ,jewi% societies ^: memb]s b9d !mselves to bro!rly love & mutual assi/ance4 z ,agudat ,a*im1 ,unit$ ,bre?r51 etc4 7#bd7 ,amos1 ,,ix1 #f4 7#be7 ,ps4 ,,lxxxii1 #a4 ,e bet d91 judicial tribunal1 consi/$ ( at lea/ ?ree memb]s 7,sanh$r91 #c;b74 7#bf7 ,mal4 ,,iii1 #af4 7#bg7 ,ex4 ,,xx1 #bd4 #h4 ,r4 ,eleaz> ( ,b]tota 7#bh7 said1 ,give unto ,him ( :at is ,81 = ?\ & ?9e are ,83 ?is is also f\nd express$ by ,david1 :o said1 ',= all ?+s come ( ,!e1 & ( ,?9e own we h giv5 ,!e' 7#bi74 7#bh7 ,he liv$ dur+ ! second c5tury ,c4,e4 ,see ,ba*]1 ibid41 pp4 #ddb-dde4 7#bi7 ,i ,*ron4 ,,xxix1 #ad4 #i4 ,r4 ,jacob said1 ,he :o is walk+ by ! way & /udy+1 & breaks (f 8 /udy & says1 ',h[ f9e is t tree1 h[ f9e is t fall[1' him ! ,scripture reg>ds z if he _h =feit$ 8 life 7#cj74 7#cj7 ,"o mu/ n int]rupt 8 /udies ev5 to admire ! beauties ( nature4 #aj4 ,r4 ,do/ai 7#ca71 ! son ( ,jannai1 said 9 ! "n ( ,r4 ,meir 7#cb71 ,:oso =gets "o ^w ( 8 /udy1 him ! ,scripture reg>ds z if he _h =feit$ 8 life1 = x is said1 ',only take he$ to ?yself1 & keep ?y s\l dilig5tly1 le/ ?\ =get ! ?+s :i* ?9e eyes h se5' 7#cc74 ,n[1 "o might suppose 7t ! same result foll[s7 ev5 if a man's /udy has be5 too h>d = him4 7,to gu>d aga9/ su* an inf]5ce71 x is said1 ',& le/ !y dep>t f ?y he>t all ! days ( ?y life' 7#cd74 ,?us a p]son's guilt is n e/abli%$ until he delib]ately & ( set purpose removes ^? lessons f 8 he>t4 7#ca7 ,he liv$ ab\t #afj ,c4,e4 7#cb7 ,rabbi ,meir 0 ! celebrat$ pupil ( ,akiba4 ,8 wife 0 ! well-kn[n ,bruriah4 ,on 8 int]e/+ c>e]1 see ,blum5?al1 ,rabbi ,meir1 ,my]s1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 ,i1 pp4 #ahi-bjd1 & ,danzig]1 ,jewi% ,=]unn]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #ahe-baj4 7#cc7 ,deut4 ,,iv1 #i4 7#cd7 ,deut4 ,,iv1 #i4 #aa4 ,r4 ,*an9a1 ! son ( ,dosa 7#ce71 said1 ,he 9 :om ! fe> ( s9 prec$es wisdom1 8 wisdom %all endure2 b he 9 :om wisdom comes be=e ! fe> ( s91 8 wisdom w n endure 7#cf74 #ab4 ,he us$ to say1 ,he ^: works exce$ 8 wisdom1 8 wisdom %all endure2 b he ^: wisdom exce$s 8 works1 8 wisdom w n endure 7#cg74 #ac4 ,he us$ to say1 ,he 9 :om ! _s ( 8 fell[-creatures takes n delight1 9 him ! ,_s ( ! ,all-pres5t takes n delight4 7#ce7 ,a contempor>y ( ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai 7#aj ,b4,c4,e4-#ij ,c4,e474 ,see ,fri$l&]1 ,b5 ,dosa und se9e ,zeit 7,prag1 #ahgb71 & ,ba*]1 ibid41 #bhc et seq4 7#cf7 ,cf4 ,ps4 ,,cxi1 #aj3 ,! beg9n+ ( wisdom is ! fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,a man's fe> ( s9 %\ld be in/9ctive1 r ?an a result ( calculation1 4 4 4 a man %\ld build ^u ! f\ndation ( religi\s feel+1 r ?an ^u philosophy 7,taylor74 7#cg7 ,cf4 above1 *apt] ,i1 #ag1 ,n le>n+ b do+ is ! *ief ?+4 #ad4 ,r4 ,dosa1 ! son ( ,hork9as 7#ch71 said1 ,morn+ sleep1 midday w9e1 *ildi% babbl+1 & att5d+ ! h\ses ( assembly ( ! ignorant wa/e a man's life 7#ci74 7#ch7 ,a contempor>y ( ,jo*anan b5 ,zakkai4 7#ci7 ,idl5ess1 etc41 indispose "o = ! /udy ( ! ,torah & = bus9ess4 #ae4 ,r4 ,eleaz> ha-,mudai said1 ,he :o pr(anes ?+s sacr$1 & despises ! fe/ivals1 & puts 8 fell[-man to %ame 9 public1 & makes void ! cov5ant ( ,abraham1 our fa!r 7#dj71 & makes ! ,torah be> a mean+ o!r ?an ! "r 7#da72 7su* a "o7 ev5 ?\gh k ( ! ,torah & good de$s be 81 has no %>e 9 ! _w to come 7#db74 7#dj7 ,i4e4 circumcision4 7#da7 ,or acts b>efac$ly aga9/ ! ,torah4 7#db7 ,k & moral excell5ce alone are n suffici5t4 #af4 ,r4 ,i%mael 7#dc7 said1 ,be submissive to a sup]ior 7#dd71 affable to ! "y 7#de71 & receive all m5 ) *e]fulness 7#df74 7#dc7 ,liv$ ab\t #abj ,c4,e4 ,see ,ba*]1 ibid41 pp4 #bdj-bga4 7#dd7 ,or be pliant ( disposition4 7#de7 l'ti%*oret is v>i\sly r5d]$ z ! "y 7,maimonides1 ,b>t5ora1 ,geig]1 ,ja/r[71 impressm5t 7,ra%bam1 ,taylor71 sov]eign au?ority 7,levy1 ,*ald4 ,wort]bu*1 sub %a*> 7%9-*et-re%71 ,fiebig71 & a suppliant 7,s+]74 7#df7 ,cf4 *apt] ,i1 #ae4 #ag4 ,r4 ,akiba 7#dg7 said1 ,je/+ & levity lead a man on to lewdness4 ,! ,massorah 7#dh7 is a ramp>t ar\nd ! ,torah2 ti!s are a safegu>d to ri*es 7#di72 good resolves are a f5ce to ab/95ce 7#ej72 a h$ge ar\nd wisdom is sil5ce 7#ea74 #ah4 ,he us$ to say1 ,belov$ is man1 = he 0 creat$ 9 ! image 7( ,god72 b x 0 by a special love t x 0 made kn[n to him t he 0 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god1 z x is said1 ',= 9 ! image ( ,god made he man' 7#eb74 ,belov$ are ,israel1 or !y 7 call$ *ildr5 ( ! ,all-pres5t1 b x 0 by a special love t x 0 made kn[n to !m t !y 7 call$ *ildr5 ( ! ,all-pres5t1 z x is said1 ',ye are *ildr5 unto ! ,"l y\r ,god' 7#ec74 ,belov$ are ,israel1 = unto !m 0 giv5 ! desirable in/rum5t 7#ed72 b x 0 by a special love t x 0 made kn[n to !m t t desirable in/rum5t 0 !irs1 ?r\gh :i* ! _w 0 creat$1 z x is said1 ',= ,i give y good doctr9e2 =sake ye n my ,torah' 7#ee74 #ai4 ,ev]y?+ is =ese51 yet free w is giv5 7#ef72 & ! _w is judg$ by grace1 yet all is accord+ to ! am\nt ( ! "w 7#eg74 #bj4 ,he us$ to say1 ,ev]y?+ is giv5 on pl$ge 7#eh71 & a net is spread = all liv+ 7#ei72 ! %op is op5 7#fj72 ! deal] gives cr$it2 ! l$g] lies op52 ! h& writes2 & :osoev] wi%es to borr[ may come & borr[2 b ! collectors regul>ly make _! daily r\nd1 & exact paym5t f man :e!r he be cont5t or n 7#fa72 & !y h t :]eon !y c rely 9 _! dem&2 & ! judgm5t is a judgm5t ( tru? 7#fb72 & ev]y?+ is prep>$ = ! fea/ 7#fc74 7#dg7 ,akiba b5 ,joseph 7born ab\t #ej ,c4,e41 di$ ab\t #acb7 0 ! greate/ ( ! ,tannaim 7tea*]s m5tion$ 9 ! ,mi%nah74 ,he 0 a proselyte ( righte\sness 7g] tz$ek74 ,until middle age1 he rema9$ illit]ate & av]se to /udy1 b 0 spurr$ on to become le>n$ 9 ! ,torah by ! daught] ( ! ri* ,kalba ,%abua1 :om he subsequ5tly m>ri$4 ,he 0 ! pupil ( ,r4 ,eliez] b5 ,hyrcanos1 ,r4 ,jo*anan b5 ,*anania1 & ,nahum ( ,gimzo4 ,he esp\s$ ! cause ( ,b> ,ko*ba1 ackn[l$g+ him z ! ,messiah1 & is said to h travell$ ?r\gh\t ! l& /irr+ up opposition to ,rome4 ,at ! fall ( ,bet>1 he 0 captur$ by ! ,romans1 & mo/ cruelly put to dea?1 expir+ ) ! ,%ema ^u 8 lips4 ,r4 ,akiba def9itely fix$ ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he compil$ & sy/ematiz$ ! traditional law1 9 ?is respect be+ ! =]unn] ( ,r4 ,judah ha-,nasi 7see *apt] ,,ii1 n4 #a71 ^: ,mi%nah may be consid]$ z be+ d]iv$ f t ( ! s*ool ( ,akiba4 ,8 importance may be gaug$ by ! foll[+ /atem5t f ! ,talmud1 ,our ,mi%nah comes directly f ,r4 ,meir 7a disciple ( ,akiba71 ! ,tosefta f ,r4 ,nehemiah1 ! ,sifra f ,r4 ,judah1 & ! ,sifre f ,r4 ,simon2 b !y all took ,akiba = a model 9 _! works & foll[$ him 7,sanh$r91 #hf;a74 ,akiba introduc$ a new me?od ( int]pret+ ,scripture1 9 :i* n a ^w1 syllable1 or lett] 0 consid]$ sup]flu\s1 f9d+ !reby a basis = _m oral laws4 ,8 h]m5eutical & exegetical activities 7 rem>kable4 ,_m int]e/+ leg5ds h clu/]$ ar\nd 8 "n4 ,see ,ba*]1 ibid41 #bga-cdh2 ,meilz9]1 ,introduction to ! ,talmud1 pp4 #bi1 #abe-abf2 ,isaacs1 ,/ories f ! ,rabbis1 p4 #fa et seq42 ,danzig]1 ibid41 pp4 #aeb-ahd2 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 arts4 ,akiba b5 ,joseph & ,akiba b5 ,joseph 9 ,leg5d2 ,my]s1 ,/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 pp4 #aga-ahh2 & ,geig]1 ,judaism & its ,hi/ory1 p4 #bbf et seq41 #bcj et seq4 7#dh7 ,massorah1 f root mas>1 to deliv]1 h& ov]1 transmit1 means a *a9 ( tradition4 ,x is us$ to designate tradition 9 g5]al1 & is ?us correlative ) kabbalah4 ,! ,massorah conta9s in=mation = ! correct transcription ( ! ,scripture4 ,z us$ "h1 x means ! traditional int]pretation ( ! ,torah4 ,cf4 *apt] ,i1 #a1 ,moses receiv$ ! ,torah on ,s9ai1 & h&$ x d[n 7ums>ah7 to ,jo%ua1 & make a f5ce ar\nd ! ,torah4 ,consult ,driv]1 ,notes on ,samuel1 ,intro41 p4 #cg et seq42 ,s*ur]1 ibid41 ,,ii1 i1 #cbh2 ,taylor1 ,say+s1 p4 #ee1 n4 #cc2 ,fri$l&] ibid41 p4 #ee1 #bjc1 #bff2 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia s4v42 & ,! ,companion ,bible 7,london1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press71 ,pt4 ,i1 ,app5dix1 #cj4 7#di7 ,on ti!s1 see *apt] ,i1 n4 #cg4 ,cf4 ,%abbat1 #aai;a1 & ,taanit1 #i;a 7play on ay9-%9-re% t(-ay9-%9 re%1 ,deut4 ,,xxiv1 #bb7199 ay9-%-re% bet-%9-bet-yud-lam$ %9-t(-t(-ay9-%9-re% give ti!s 9 ord] t ?\ maye/ become ri*4 99 transcrib]'s note3 ?is text does n appe> to be ,deut]onomy ,,xxiv1 #bb4 7#ej7 ,lit41 sep>ation1 i4e4 f defilem5t1 h5ce sanctity 7,taylor74 7#ea7 ,cf4 *apt] ,i1 #ag4 7#eb7 ,g54 ,,ix1 #f4 7#ec7 ,deut4 ,,xiv1 #a4 7#ed7 ,i4e41 ! ,torah4 7#ee7 ,prov4 ,,iv1 #b4 7#ef7 ,! omnisci5ce & presci5ce ( ,god d n deprive m5 ( free w4 ,maimonides expla9s ?is 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,%emonah ,p]akim 7ed4 ,gorf9kle1 p4 #he et seq474 7#eg7 ,maimonides int]prets ! la/ phrase z mean+ to d _m small de$s ( *>ity r ?an "o great de$ ( goodness4 ,= in/ance1 x is bett] to di/ribute "o hundr$ co9s among "o hundr$ p ?an to give !m all to "o p]son4 7#eh7 ,! _w is comp>$ to ! (fice ( a m]*ant4 7#ei7 ,ecc4 ,,ix1 #ab3 = man also kn[e? n 8 "t1 l ! fi%es t are caught 9 an evil net4 7#fj7 ,! %op /&s = ! _w & its enjoym5ts4 7#fa7 ,man has free w1 & is !re=e responsible = all 8 acts4 7#fb7 ,= ev]y?+ is record$4 7#fc7 ,?is _w is m]ely a prep>ation = ! next4 ,! enjoym5t ( ! _w to come is lik5$ by ! ,rabbis to a banquet1 :i* is %>$ 9 by ! good & ! bad1 aft] !y h paid (f _! moral debts4 #ba4 ,r4 ,eleaz>1 ! son ( ,az>iah 7#fd71 said1 ,:]e !re is no ,torah1 !re are no mann]s2 :]e !re are no mann]s1 !re is no ,torah3 :]e !re is no wisdom1 !re is no fe> ( ,god2 :]e !re is no fe> ( ,god1 !re is no wisdom3 :]e !re is no k1 !re no und]/&+2 :]e !re is no und]/&+1 !re is no k 7#fe73 :]e !re is no meal1 !re is no ,torah2 :]e !re is no ,torah1 !re is no meal 7#ff74 #bb4 ,he us$ to say1 ,he ^: wisdom exce$s 8 works1 to :at is he l8 ,to a tree ^: bran*es are _m1 b ^: roots are few2 & ! w9d comes & plucks x up1 & ov]turns x ^u its face1 z x is said1 ',& he %all be l a lonely junip] tree 9 ! des]t1 & %all n see :5 good come?2 b %all inhabit ! p>*$ places 9 ! wild]ness1 a salt l& & n inhabit$' 7#fg74 ,b he ^: works exce$ 8 wisdom1 to :at is he l8 ,to a tree ^: bran*es are few1 b ^: roots are _m1 s t ?\gh all ! w9ds 9 ! _w come & bl[ ^u x1 !y _c /ir x f its place1 z x is said1 ',& he %all be z a tree plant$ by ! wat]s2 & t spreade? out its roots by ! riv] & %all n p]ceive :5 heat come?1 b 8 leaf %all be gre52 & %all n be tr\bl$ 9 ! ye> ( dr\ght1 nei!r %all cease f yield+ fruit' 7#fh74 7#fd7 ,r4 ,eleaz> b5 ,az>iah1 a ,mi%naic s*ol> ( ! fir/ c5tury1 0 ( a ri* & influ5tial family1 & 0 a desc5d5t ( ,ezra ! ,scribe4 ,at sev5te5 or eighte51 ^u ! deposition ( ,gamaliel ,,ii1 ,eleaz>1 because ( 8 popul>ity & erudition1 0 *os5 to fill ! position ( ! presid5t ( ! academy at ,jabneh4 ,^u ,gamaliel's re/oration1 he 0 made vice-presid5t 7,ab bet d974 ,see ,ba*]1 ibid41 #bai-bdj4 7#fe7 ,cf4 ,prov4 ,,ix1 #aj3 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 & ! k ( ! holy is und]/&+4 7#ff7 ,:]e !re is a want ( ! means ( su/5ance !re is no /udy+ ( ,torah1 & )\t spiritual n\ri%m5t1 physical n\ri%m5t has no value4 7#fg7 ,j]4 ,,xvii1 #f4 7#fh7 ,j]4 ,,xvii1 #h4 ,cf4 v]se #ab1 above4 #bc4 ,r4 ,eleaz> ,*isma 7#fi7 said1 ,! laws conc]n+ ! sacrifices ( birds & ! purification ( wom5 are ess5tial ord9ances 7#gj72 a/ronomy & geometry are ! aft]-c\rses ( wisdom 7#ga74 ,rabbi ,*anania1 ! son ( ,aka%ia1 said1 ,! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 0 pleas$ to make ,israel wor?y2 :]e=e ,he gave !m a copi\s ,torah & _m comm&m5ts1 z x is said1 ',x pleas$ ! ,"l1 = 8 righte\sness' sake1 to magnify ! ,torah & make x honorable'4 7#fi7 ,a contempor>y ( ,a,kiba4 7#gj7 ,k9nim1 ne/s1 is ! "n ( a tract 9 ,s$] ,koda%im ( ! ,mi%nah1 & tells ( ! "y birds1 :i* m5 & wom5 7 at times requir$ to (f] z sacrifice4 ,niddah is a tract ( ,s$] ,teh>ot ( ! ,mi%nah1 & relates ( ! uncleannesses ( woman4 7#ga7 ,i4e41 ! ma!matical sci5ces1 9 :i* ,r4 ,eleaz> 0 v pr(ici5t1 are only to be consid]$ z helps to ! /udy ( ! ess5tials ( ,torah4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,all ,israel h a portion 9 ! _w to come1 & x is said1 ,& ?y p %all be all righte\s2 !y %all inh]it ! l& = ev]1 ! bran* ( my plant+1 ! "w ( my h&s1 t ,i may be glorifi$4 #a4 ,b5 ,zoma 7#a7 said1 ,:o is wise8 ,he :o le>ns f all m51 z x is said1 'f all my tea*]s h ,i gott5 und]/&+' 7#b74 ,:o is mighty8 ,he :o controls 8 passions1 z x is said1 ',he t is sl[ to ang] is bett] ?an ! mighty1 & he t rule? ov] 8 _s ?an he t take? a city' 7#c74 ,:o is ri*8 ,he :o rejoices 9 8 portion1 z x is said1 ',:5 ?\ eate/ ! labor ( ?9e h&s1 happy art ?\1 & x %all be well ) !e' 7#d72 happy art ?\ 9 ?is _w1 & x %all be well ) !e 9 ! _w to come4 ,:o is honor$8 ,he :o honors o!rs1 z x is said1 ',= !m t honor me ,i w honor1 & !y t despise me %all be held 9 contempt' 7#e74 7#a7 ,simon b5 ,zoma & ,simon b5 ,azzai1 ,tannaim ( ! second c5tury1 7 g5]ally kn[n z b5 ,zoma & b5 ,azzai1 z !y nev] receiv$ ! title ( ,rabbi1 accord+ to "o view4 ,accord+ to ano!r op9ion1 !y 7 call$ by _! fa!rs' names1 because !y bo? di$ "y4 ,toge!r ) ,akiba & ,eli%a b5 ,abuyah 7,a*]71 !y ent]$1 leg5d says1 into ! p>adise ( esot]ic k4 ,f\r 7sages71 we are told1 ent]$ p>adise1 b5 ,azzai1 b5 ,zoma1 ,a*]1 & ,akiba4 ,b5 ,azzai look$ & di$2 b5 ,zoma w5t mad2 ,a*] de/roy$ ! plants2 ,akiba alone came out unhurt 7,*agigah1 #ad;b74 ,! int]pretation ( ?is passage is t b5 ,azzai di$ prematurely1 worn out by 8 activities 9 my/ical & !osophic speculation2 b5 ,zoma became dem5t$ !reby2 ,eli%a1 contemptu\sly ref]r$ to z ,a*] 7! o!r71 became an apo/ate2 b ,akiba 0 unaffect$4 ,b5 ,zoma 0 fam\s = 8 wisdom1 x be+ said ( him1 ,:oev] sees b5 ,zoma 9 8 dream is assur$ ( s*ol>%ip 7,b]a*ot1 #eg;b74 ,) him1 x 0 said1 ! la/ ( ! int]pret]s ( ! ,law 7d>%anim7 di$ 7,sotah1 #di;b74 ,8 int]pretation ( ! biblical passage t ?\ maye/ rememb] :5 ?\ came/ =? out ( ,egypt is f\nd 9 ! ,haggadah ( ,passov] eve4 ,see ,ba*]1 ,agada d] ,tanait51 pp4 #dbe-ecb2 ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies1 ,i1 pp4 #abi-acj2 ,h4 ,sp]l+1 9 ,aspects ( ! ,hebrew ,g5ius1 p4 #aej4 7#b7 ,ps4 ,,cxix1 #i4 7#c7 ,prov4 ,,xvi1 #cb4 7#d7 ,ps4 ,,cxxviii1 #b4 ,! discont5t$ ri* man1 ev51 is poor4 7#e7 ,i ,sam4 ,,ii1 #cj4 #b4 ,b5 ,azzai 7#f7 said1 ,ha/5 to d ev5 a slight precept 7#g71 & flee f transgression2 = "o virtue leads to ano!r1 & transgression draws transgression 9 its tra92 = ! recomp5se ( a virtue is a virtue1 & ! recomp5se ( a transgression is a transgression 7#h74 #c4 ,he us$ to say1 ,despise n any man1 & c>p n at any ?+ 7#i72 = !re is n a man t has n 8 h\r1 & !re is n a ?+ t has n its place4 7#f7 ,simon b5 ,azzai 7see n4 #a7 0 a v assidu\s /ud5t & a man ( great piety4 ,he 0 betro!d to ! daught] ( ,akiba1 b sep>at$ f 8 prospective wife 9 ord] to devote all ( 8 "t to /udy4 ,x 0 said ( him1 ,at ! dea? ( b5 ,azzai1 ! la/ indu/ri\s man pass$ away 7,sotah ,,ix1 #ae71 & ,he :o sees b5 ,azzai 9 a dream might hope = sa9tl9ess4 ,he decl>$ t ! greate/ pr9ciple ( ,judaism is ! belief 9 ! common bro!rhood ( all mank9d1 :i* he d]iv$ f ! passage1 ,g5esis ,,vi1 #a1 ,?is is ! g5]ation ( ,adam 7man74 ,see ,ba*]1 ibid41 #dji-dbd4 7#g7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,ii1 #a4 7#h7 ,well-do+ is ! fruit ( well-do+1 & evil-do+ ! fruit ( evil-do+4 7#i7 ,or d n consid] any?+ z be+ impossible4 #d4 ,r4 ,levitas ( ,jabneh said1 ,be exce$+ly l[ly ( _s 7#aj71 s9ce ! hope ( man is b ! worm4 7#aj7 ,r4 ,levitas liv$ probably ab\t #abj ,c4,e4 ,maimonides decl>es t ! m$ium way betwe5 ! extremes ( ! too little & ! too mu* is ! pa? ( virtue1 b he makes an exception 9 ! case ( humility1 &1 9 accordance ) ?is passage1 consid]s ! extreme ( be+ v humble ! virtue4 ,see ,gorf9kle1 ,! ,eight ,*apt]s1 p4 #fj1 n4 #b4 #e4 ,r4 ,jo*anan1 ! son ( ,b]okah 7#aa71 said1 ,:osoev] pr(anes ! ,"n ( ,heav5 7#ab7 9 secret w suff] ! p5alty = x 9 public2 & ?is1 :e!r ! ,heav5ly ,"n be pr(an$ 9 ignorance or 9 wilfulness4 7#aa7 ,a contempor>y ( ,akiba4 7#ab7 ,"n ( ,heav5 is a common sub/itute = ! "n ( ,god4 #f4 ,r4 ,i%mael 7#ac71 8 son1 said1 ,he :o le>ns 9 ord] to tea* 7#ad71 to him ! means w be grant$ bo? to le>n & to tea*2 b he :o le>ns 9 ord] to practise1 to him ! means w be grant$ to le>n1 & to tea*1 to obs]ve1 & to practise4 7#ac7 ,he liv$ ab\t #aej ,c4,e4 7#ad7 ,to "o :o le>ns ,torah & does n tea* x are appli$ ! words 9 ,num4 ,,xv1 #ca3 he ha? despis$ ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7,sanh$r91 #ii;a74 #g4 ,r4 ,zadok said1 ,sep>ate n ?yself f ! congregation2 79 ! judge's (fice7 act n ! c\nsel's "p 7#ae72 make n ( ! ,torah a cr[n :]e) to aggr&ize ?yself1 nor a spade :]e) to dig 7#af74 ,s also us$ ,hillel to say1 ,he :o makes a worldly use ( ! cr[n 7( ! ,torah7 %all wa/e away 7#ag74 ,h5ce ?\ maye/ inf] t :osoev] d]ives a pr(it = himself f ! words ( ! ,torah is help+ on 8 own de/ruction4 7#ae7 ,cf4 *apt] ,i1 #h4 7#af7 ,i4e41 = mat]ial & selfi% ends4 7#ag7 ,cf4 *apt] ,i1 #ac4 #h4 ,r4 ,jose 7#ah7 said1 ,:oso honors ! ,torah w himself be honor$ by mank9d1 b :oso di%onors ! ,torah w himself be di%onor$ by mank9d4 7#ah7 ,r4 ,jose b5 ,*alafta 0 a contempor>y ( ,r4 ,meir4 #i4 ,r4 ,i%mael 7#ai71 8 son1 said1 ,he :o %uns ! judicial (fice rids himself ( hatr$1 robb]y1 & va9 swe>+ 7#bj72 b he :o presumptu\sly lays d[n decisions is fooli%1 wick$1 & ( an arrogant _s4 #aj4 ,he us$ to say1 ,judge n alone1 = none may judge alone save ,"o2 nei!r say 7to ?y judicial colleagues71 ',accept my view1' = ! *oice is !irs 7to concur72 & x is n = !e 7to compel concurr5ce74 7#ai7 ,he liv$ ab\t #afj-bbj ,c4,e4 7#bj7 ,! judge br+s ^u himself ! hatr$ ( ! "o :o is disappo9t$ by 8 judgm5t4 ,an errone\s judgm5t is equival5t to robb]y4 ,:5 ! judge exacts an unnecess>y oa?1 p]jury may result4 #aa4 ,r4 ,jona?an 7#ba7 said1 ,:oso fulfils ! ,torah 9 ! mid/ ( pov]ty %all 9 ! end fulfil x 9 ! mid/ ( weal?2 & :oso neglects ! ,torah 9 ! mid/ ( weal? %all 9 ! end neglect x 9 ! mid/ ( pov]ty4 7#ba7 ,he liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,c4,e4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,r4 ,i%mael 7v]se #i74 #ab4 ,r4 ,meir 7#bb7 said1 ,less5 ?y toil = worldly goods1 & be busy 9 ! ,torah2 be humble ( _s be=e all m52 if ?\ neglecte/ ! ,torah1 _m causes = neglect+ x w be pres5t !mselves to !e1 b if ?\ labore/ 9 ! ,torah1 ,he has abundant recomp5se to give !e4 7#bb7 ,see *apt] ,,iii1 n4 #cb4 #ac4 ,r4 ,elies] 7#bc71 ! son ( ,jacob1 said1 ,he :o does "o precept has gott5 himself "o advocate2 & he :o commits "o transgression has gott5 himself "o accus]4 ,rep5tance & good de$s are z a %ield aga9/ puni%m5t4 7#bc7 ,he liv$ ab\t #adj ,c4,e4 #ad4 ,r4 ,jo*anan1 ! s&al-mak] 7#bd71 said1 ,e assembly :i* is 9 ! ,"n ( ,heav5 w 9 ! end be e/abli%$1 b t :i* is n 9 ! ,"n ( ,heav5 w n 9 ! end be e/abli%$4 7#bd7 ,mo/ ( ! ,rabbis believ$ ) ,rabban ,gamaliel t ! /udy ( ! ,torah )\t employm5t br+s transgression 7*apt] ,,ii1 #b74 ,consequ5tly1 ea* inv>iably foll[$ "s vocation4 ,hillel1 ! s5ior1 ga9$ 8 livelihood z a wood-*opp]2 ,%ammai 0 a build]2 ,r4 ,jo%ua1 a blacksmi?2 ,r4 ,*an9a1 a %oemak]2 ,r4 ,huna1 a wat]-c>ri]2 ,r4 ,abba1 a tailor2 ,r4 ,pappa1 a brew]1 etc4 ,o!r ,rabbis ^: names indicate _! trades1 z ,r4 ,jo*anan ha-,s&al> 7liv$ ab\t #aej ,c4,e471 7 ,isaac ,nappa*a 7! smi?7 & ,r4 ,ab9 ,nagg>a 7! c>p5t]74 ,_m 7 m]*ants & o!rs agriculturi/s4 ,g5]ally1 ! ,rabbi /udi$ dur+ two-?irds ( ! day1 & work$ at 8 trade dur+ ! rema9d]4 ,^? engag$ 9 agriculture w\ld /udy 9 ! w9t] & till ! soil 9 ! summ]4 ,consult ,franz ,delitz*1 ,jewi% ,artisan ,life 9 ! ,"t ( ,*ri/2 & ,s4 ,mey]1 ,arbeit und ,h&w]k im ,talmud1 ,b]l91 #ahgh4 #ae4 ,r4 ,eleaz]1 ! son ( ,%ammua 7#be71 said1 ,let ! honor ( ?y disciple be z de> to !e z ?9e own1 & ! honor ( ?9e associate be l ! fe> ( ?y ma/]1 & ! fe> ( ?y ma/] l ! fe> ( ,heav54 7#be7 ,he liv$ ab\t #aej ,c4,e4 #af4 ,r4 ,judah 7#bf7 said1 ,be cauti\s 9 /udy1 = an error 9 /udy may am\nt to presumptu\s s9 7#bg74 7#bf7 ,r4 ,judah b5 ,ilai liv$ ab\t #adj ,c4,e4 7#bg7 ,cf4 ,*apt] ,,iii1 #aj4 #ag4 ,r4 ,simeon 7#bh7 said1 ,!re are ?ree cr[ns3 ! cr[n ( ,torah1 ! cr[n ( prie/hood1 & ! cr[n ( royalty2 b ! cr[n ( a good "n excels !m all4 7#bh7 ,on ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,yo*ai1 see *apt] ,,iii1 n4 #ab4 #ah4 ,r4 ,nehorai 7#bi7 said1 ,betake ?yself to a home ( ! ,torah 7#cj71 & say n t ! ,torah w come aft] !e2 = !re ?y associates w e/abli% !e 9 ! possession ( x2 & lean n ^u ?9e own und]/&+ 7#ca74 7#bi7 ,he liv$ ab\t #acj ,c4,e4 7#cj7 ,if !re is no tea*] :]e y live4 7#ca7 ,prov4 ,,iii1 #e4 #ai4 ,r4 ,jannia said1 ,x is n 9 our p[] 7to expla97 ei!r ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ or ! afflictions ( ! righte\s4 #bj4 ,r4 ,matti?iah1 ! son ( ,h]e% 7#cb71 said1 ,be be=eh& 9 ! salutation ( peace to all m52 & be r a tail to lions ?an a head to foxes 7#cc74 7#cb7 ,he liv$ ab\t #abj ,c4,e4 9 ,rome4 7#cc7 ,x is bett] to be a pupil ( great tea*]s ?an to be a tea*] ( wor?less pupils 7,maimonides74 ,x is bett] to foll[ ^? :o are great] ?an to lead ^? :o are inf]ior4 #ba4 ,r4 ,jacob 7#cd7 said1 ,?is _w is l a ve/ibule be=e ! _w to come 7#ce72 prep>e ?yself 9 ! ve/ibule1 t ?\ maye/ ent] into ! hall4 #bb4 ,he us$ to say1 ,bett] is "o h\r ( rep5tance & good de$s 9 ?is _w ?an ! :ole life ( ! _w to come2 & bett] is "o h\r ( blissfulness ( _s 9 ! _w to come ?an ! :ole life ( ?is _w4 7#cd7 ,he liv$ ab\t #afj-bbj ,c4,e4 7#ce7 ,?is _w is a bridge t leads to ! future _w 7,maimonides74 #bc4 ,r4 ,simeon1 ! son ( ,eleaz] 7#cf71 said1 ,d n appease ?y fell[ 9 ! h\r ( 8 ang]1 & com=t him n 9 ! h\r :5 8 dead lies be=e him1 & "q him n 9 ! h\r ( 8 v[1 & ru% n to see him 9 ! h\r ( 8 disgrace4 7#cf7 ,a pupil ( ,r4 ,meir4 ,he liv$ ab\t #afj-bbj ,c4,e4 #bd4 ,samuel 7#cg71 ! y\ng]1 us$ to say1 ,rejoice n :5 ?9e enemy falle?1 & let n ?9e he>t be glad :5 he /umble?3 le/ ! ,"l see x & x displease him1 & he turn away 8 wra? f him 7#ch74 7#cg7 ,samuel 7ab\t #abj ,c4,e47 is said to h compos$1 at ! reque/ ( ,r4 ,gamaliel ,,ii1 ! pray] aga9/ h]etics1 add$ to ! ,eighte5 ,b5$ictions 7,%emoneh ,esreh74 ,see ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bha4 7#ch7 ,prov4 ,,xxiv1 #ag1 #ah4 #be4 ,eli%a1 ! son ( ,abuyah 7#ci71 said1 ,if "o le>ns z a *ild1 :at is x l8 ,l ink writt5 9 clean pap]4 ,if "o le>ns z an old man1 :at is x l8 ,l ink writt5 on us$ pap] 7#dj74 7#ci7 ,see n4 #a1 above4 ,eli%a b5 ,abuyah1 o!rwise kn[n z ,a*]1 liv$ at ! end ( ! fir/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury4 ,he is *>g$ by ! ,rabbis ) hav+ aid$ ! ,romans 9 _! attempts to suppress ! ,jewi% religion1 ) hav+ endeavor$ to e/range ! "y f ,judaism & f ! /udy ( its lit]ature1 ) hav+ int5tionally & op5ly brok5 ! c]emonial laws1 & ) hav+ desecrat$ ! ,sabba?4 ,r4 ,meir1 8 pupil1 ma9ta9$ a close intimacy ) him1 9 spite ( 8 apo/acy1 hav+ high reg>d = ,eli%a's intellectual wor?4 ,:5 reproa*$ = ?is1 ,r4 ,meir said1 ,i eat ! k]nel1 & ?r[ away ! husks4 ,eli%a is (t5 ref]r$ to z ! ,fau/ ( ! ,talmud4 ,on 8 id5tification ) ! ,apo/le ,paul1 see ,i4 ,m4 ,wise1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #caa1 & ,danzig]1 ibid41 pp4 #cjd-cjf4 ,"s h ev5 id5tifi$ him ) ,jesus4 ,9 ,abot de-,rabbi ,natan1 a p>able t is v simil> to t ( ,jesus1 9 ,luke ,,vi #dg-di1 is attribut$ to ,eli%a4 ,a man :o does good de$s & dilig5tly /udies ! ,law1 to :om is he lik5$8 ,he is l a man build+ a h\se ) a /one f\ndation & ) tiles 7on ! ro(72 & :5 a flood arises1 & breaks aga9/ ! walls1 t h\se _c be mov$ f its place4 ,b ! man :o lives an evil life1 9 spite ( hav+ deeply /udi$ ! ,law1 to :om is he l8 ,he is l a man build+ a h\se ) tiles = a f\ndation & ) heavy /ones 7on ! ro(72 & :5 a little ra9 comes1 /raightway ! h\se falls 9 7,g4 ,fri$l&]'s translation1 9 ,! ,jewi% ,s\rces ( ! ,s,ermon on ! ,m\nt1 pp4 #bei-bfj74 ,on ! c>e] ( ,a*]1 see ,ba*]1 ibid41 pp4 #dcb-dcf2 ,graetz1 ,hi/ory1 ,,ii1 passim2 ,my]s1 ibid41 pp4 #bjj-bjb2 & ,/rack1 ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,talmud1 p4 #ia4 7#dj7 ,:at "o le>ns 9 y\?1 "o reta9s1 :ile ! opposite is true ( le>n+ 9 old age4 ,! ,rabbis1 else:]e1 lik5 le>n+ 9 y\? to engrav+ ^u a /one1 & le>n+ 9 old age to writ+ on ! s&4 #bf4 ,r4 ,jose1 ! son ( ,judah 7#da71 ( ,*ef> ,babli said1 ,he :o le>ns f ! "y1 to :at is he l8 ,to "o :o eats unripe grapes1 & dr9ks w9e f 8 vat 7#db74 ,& he :o le>ns f ! old1 to :at is he l8 ,to "o :o eats ripe grapes1 & dr9ks old w9e4 7#da7 ,a contempor>y ( ,judah ha-,nasi4 7#db7 ,i4e41 w9e t is n =ty days old1 & n yet cl>ifi$4 #bg4 ,rabbi ,meir said 7#dc71 ,look n at ! flask1 b at :at x conta9s3 !re may be a new flask full ( old w9e1 & an old flask t has n ev5 new w9e 9 x 7#dd74 7#dc7 ,"s texts read ,rabbi1 i4e41 ,judah ha-,nasi 7see *apt] ,,ii1 n4 #a74 7#dd7 ,?is v]se expresses an op9ion contr>y to t ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,! m9d ( a "y man may be m mature ?an t ( an old man4 #bh4 ,r4 ,eleaz> ha-,kapp> 7#de7 said1 ,envy1 cupidity1 & ambition take a man f ! _w 7#df74 7#de7 ,a contempor>y ( ,judah ha-,nasi4 7#df7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,ii1 #af4 #bi4 ,he us$ to say1 ,!y t are born are doom$ to die2 & ! dead to be br\ght to life aga92 & ! liv+ to be judg$1 to "k1 to make kn[n1 & to be made consci\s t ,he is ,god1 ,he ! ,mak]1 ,he ! ,creator1 ,he ! ,disc]n] 7#dg71 ,he ! ,judge1 ,he ! ,witness 7#dh71 ,he ! ,accus]2 ,he x is t w 9 future judge1 bless$ be ,he1 ) ,:om !re is no unrighte\sness1 nor =getfulness1 nor respect ( p]sons1 nor tak+ ( bribes 7#di72 & "k also t ev]y?+ is accord+ to ! reckon+ 7#ej72 & let n ?y imag9ation give !e hope t ! grave w be a place ( refuge = !e2 = p]=ce ?\ wa/ =m$1 & p]=ce ?\ wa/ born1 & ?\ live/ p]=ce1 & p]=ce ?\ wilt die1 & p]=ce ?\ wilt 9 ! future h to give acc\nt & reckon+ be=e ! ,supreme ,k+ ( k+s1 ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he4 7#dg7 ,cf4 ,ps4 ,,xxxiii1 #ae3 ,he fa%ione? _! he>ts altoge!r2 he ha? reg>d to all _! works4 7#dh7 ,cf4 ,mal4 ,,iii1 #e4 7#di7 ,cf4 ,,ii ,*ron4 ,,xix1 #g3 ,take he$ & act2 = ) ! ,"l our ,god !re is no inju/ice1 nor respect = p]sons1 nor tak+ ( bribes4 ,maimonides int]prets ?is v]se ( ,abot z mean+ t "o _c bribe ,god ) good de$s 9 ord] to h bad de$s =giv54 ,! "o bad de$ is n =giv5 ev5 by ! do+ ( "o hundr$ good ones1 b puni%m5t is met$ out = ! bad de$ & rew>d 9 full = ! hundr$ good ones4 ,t is1 ea* action is judg$ entirely on its own m]its4 ,nei!r is ,god a respect] ( p]sons4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,he puni%$ ,moses = 8 ang] at ! wat]s ( ,m]ibah1 &1 on ! o!r1 ,he rew>d$ ,esau = honor+ 8 p>5ts1 & ,nebu*adnezz> = honor+ ,god4 7#ej7 ,maimonides int]prets z foll[s1 ,?9k ( ! physical ?+s 9 :i* man has no *oice1 z our sages said1 ',all is 9 ! p[] ( ,god1 except ! fe> ( ,god4' ,x is n said t "o mu/ p]=ce1 & aga9/ "o's w1 s91 or t "o is con/ra9$ to j\rney1 walk1 /&1 etc41 = ^! are 9 ! p[] ( man1 & are dep5d5t ^u 8 own free w1 & n ^u any 7ext]nal7 compell+ =ce1 z we h expla9$ 9 *apt] eight4 ,see ,rawicz1 ,comm5t> des ,maimonides1 p4 #hi1 n4 #d1 & ,g>f9kle1 ibid41 p4 #hh et seq4 ,rabbi ,*anania1 ! son ( ,aka%ia1 said1 ,! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 0 pleas$ to make ,israel wor?y2 :]e=e ,he gave !m a copi\s ,torah & _m comm&m5ts1 z x is said1 ',x pleas$ ! ,"l1 = 8 righte\sness' sake1 to magnify ! ,torah & make x honorable'4 ,,*apt] ,v ,all ,israel h a portion 9 ! _w to come1 & x is said1 ,& ?y p %all be all righte\s2 !y %all inh]it ! l& = ev]1 ! bran* ( my plant+1 ! "w ( my h&s1 t ,i may be glorifi$4 #a4 ,) t5 say+s ! _w 0 creat$4 ,:at does ?is tea* u8 ,c\ld x n h be5 creat$ ) "o say+8 ,x is to make kn[n ! puni%m5t t w befall ! wick$ :o de/roy ! _w t 0 creat$ ) t5 say+s1 z well z ! goodly rew>d t w be be/[$ ^u ! j :o pres]ve ! _w t 0 creat$ ) t5 say+s 7#a74 #b4 ,!re 7 t5 g5]ations f ,adam to ,noah1 to make kn[n h[ long-suff]+ ,god is1 see+ t all ^? g5]ations cont9u$ provok+ him1 until he br\ght ^u !m ! wat]s ( ! flood 7#b74 #c4 ,!re 7 t5 g5]ations f ,noah to ,abraham1 to make kn[n h[ long-suff]+ ,god is1 see+ t all ^? g5]ations cont9u$ provok+ him1 until ,abraham1 our fa!r1 came1 & receiv$ ! rew>d !y %\ld all h e>n$ 7#c74 #d4 ,) t5 trials our fa!r ,abraham 0 tri$ 7#d71 & he /ood firm 9 !m all1 to make kn[n h[ great 0 ! love ( our fa!r ,abraham 7#e74 #e4 ,t5 miracles 7 wr\ght = our fa!rs 9 ,egypt 7#f71 & t5 at ! ,sea 7#g74 #f4 ,t5 plagues did ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 br+ ^u ! ,egyptians 9 ,egypt1 & t5 at ! ,sea 7#h74 #g4 ,) t5 temptations did our fa!rs tempt ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 9 ! wild]ness1 z x is said1 ,& !y tempt$ me ^! t5 times1 & h n he>k5$ to my voice 7#i74 #h4 ,t5 miracles 7 wr\ght = our fa!rs 9 ! ,temple2 no woman misc>ri$ f ! sc5t ( ! holy fle%2 ! holy fle% nev] became putrid2 no fly 7#aj7 0 se5 9 ! slaught]-h\se2 no unclean accid5t ev] befell ! high-prie/ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t2 ! ra9 nev] qu5*$ ! fire ( ! wood-pile on ! alt> 7#aa72 nei!r did ! w9d ov]come ! column ( smoke t arose !refrom 7#ab72 nor 0 !re ev] f\nd any disqualify+ defect 9 ! om] 7( new b>ley1 (f]$ on ! second day ( ,passov]7 or 9 ! two loaves 7! fir/ fruits ( ! :eat-h>ve/1 (f]$ on ,p5teco/7 7#ac71 or 9 ! %ewbread 7#ad72 ?\gh ! p /ood closely press$ toge!r1 !y f\nd ample space to pro/rate !mselves2 nev] did s]p5t or scorpion injure any "o 9 ,j]usalem2 nor did any man ev] say to 8 fell[1 ! place is too /rait = me 7#ae7 to lodge ov] night 9 ,j]usalem4 #i4 ,t5 ?+s 7 creat$ on ! eve ( ,sabba? 9 ! twilight 7#af73 ! m\? ( ! e>? 7#ag72 ! m\? ( ! well 7#ah72 ! m\? ( ! ass 7#ai72 ! ra9b[ 7#bj72 ! manna 7#ba72 ! rod 7#bb72 ! %amir 7#bc72 ! %ape ( writt5 *>act]s2 ! writ+1 & ! tables ( /one3 "s say1 ! de/roy+ spirits also1 & ! sepul*re ( ,moses 7#bd71 & ! ram ( ,abraham our fa!r 7#be72 & o!rs say1 tongs1 also1 made ) tongs 7#bf74 7#a7 ,! expression & ,god said occurs t5 times 9 ,g5esis ,i 7v]ses #c1 #f1 #i1 #aa1 #ad1 #bj1 #bd1 #bf #bh1 & #bi74 ,_m comm5tators c\nt ! op5+ phrase ( ?is *apt]1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 z "o ( ! say+s1 ma9ta9+ t ! idea ( say+ is impli$ 9 x4 ,cf4 ,ps4 ,,xxxiii1 #af4 ,accord+ to ! ,rabbis1 ! wick$ de/roy & ! righte\s pres]ve ! _w1 &1 s9ce x requir$ t5 say+s to create ! _w1 ! guilt ( ! s9n] & ! righte\sness ( ! j are emphasiz$ m ?an if x _h be5 creat$ m]ely by "o ^w4 7#b7 ,! t5 g5]ations are ,adam1 ,se?1 ,eno%1 ,k5an1 ,mahalalel1 ,j>$1 ,eno*1 ,me?usaleh1 ,lame*1 & ,noah4 ,! p]iod f ,adam to ,noah is kn[n z ! g5]ation ( ! flood 7dor ha-mabbul74 7#c7 ,^! are ,%em1 ,arpa*%ad1 ,%elah1 ,eb]1 ,peleg1 ,reu1 ,s]ug1 ,nahor1 ,t]ah1 & ,abraham4 ,noah's good de$s 7 suffici5t only to save himself & family1 :ile ,abraham's 7 suffici5t to su/a9 ! :ole _w4 7#d7 ,^! trials may be reckon$ z foll[s3 7#a7 8 migration1 ,g54 ,,xii1 #ab2 7#b7 ! fam9e 9 ,canaan1 ,,xii1 #aj2 7#c7 ! seiz+ ( ,s>ah by ,ph>aoh1 ,,xii1 #ae2 7#d7 ! battle ) ! f\r k+s1 ,,xiv2 7#e7 8 m>riage ) ,hag> because ( ,s>ah's /]ility1 ,,xvi1 #b2 7#f7 ! circumcision1 ,,xvii1 #aj2 7#g7 ! seiz+ ( ,s>ah by ,abimele*1 k+ ( ,g]>1 ,,xx1 #b2 7#h7 ! bani%m5t ( ,hag>1 ,,xxi1 #aj2 7#i7 ! bani%m5t ( ,i%mael1 ,,xxi1 #aj2 & 7#aj7 ,god's comm& to sacrifice ,isaac1 ,,xxii1 #b4 ,see ,pirke de-,rabbi ,eliez]1 *apt] #bd1 & ,fri$l&]1 ,g41 ,rabb9ic philosophy & ,e?ics 7,london1 #aiab71 p4 #ge1 n4 #d4 7#e7 ,= ,god4 ,"s int]pret]s expla9 ?is1 h[ev]1 z ! love ( ,god = ,abraham4 7#f7 ,t !y escap$ ! t5 plagues ) :i* ! ,egyptians 7 afflict$4 7#g7 ,leg5d says t at ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea ! t5 miracles wr\ght 7 z foll[s3 7#a7 ! wat]s divid$2 7#b7 ! wat]s 7 l a t5t1 or a vault2 7#c7 ! sea-b$ 0 dry & h>d2 7#d7 b :5 ! ,egyptians trod ^u x1 x became muddy & slimy2 7#e7 ! sea 0 divid$ into twelve p>ts1 "o = ea* tribe2 7#f7 ! wat]s became z h>d z /one2 7#g7 ! congeal$ wat]s appe>$ l blocks ( build+-/one2 7#h7 ! wat] 0 transp>5t s t ! tribes c\ld see "o ano!r2 7#i7 fre% dr9k+ wat] fl[$ f ! congeal$ wat]2 7#aj7 aft] ,israel _h p>tak5 ( ! dr9k+ wat]1 x became congeal$1 & did n wet ! gr\nd "u foot4 ,see ,g9zb]g1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,jews1 ,,iii1 p4 #ba et seq4 7#h7 ,?is v]se is n f\nd 9 ! ,talmudic v]sions ( ,abot4 ,! plagues at ! sea are allud$ to 9 ! ,song ( ,moses1 ,ex4 ,,xv4 ,see ! comm5t>y ( ,b>t5ora4 7#i7 ,num4 ,,xiv1 #bb4 ,! t5 are enum]at$ by ,maimonides1 ,b>t5ora1 ,h(fmann1 & o!rs4 7#aj7 ,! fly is a symbol ( impurity4 7#aa7 ,! alt> /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! ro(less ,temple-hall4 7#ab7 ,! /raight column ( smoke d5ot$ ! acceptance ( pray] & sacrifice4 7#ac7 ,see ,lev4 ,,xxiii1 #ae-ag4 7#ad7 ,e ,sabba?1 twelve loaves ( bread 7 plac$ on a table 9 ! ,sanctu>y be=e ! ,"l 7,lev4 ,,xxiv1 #e-i7 to s]ve z a con/ant rem9d] to ! twelve tribes t _! place 0 be=e ! alt> ( ,god4 7#ae7 ,isa4 ,,xlix1 #bj4 7#af7 ,s9ce all ?+s 7 said to h be5 creat$ dur+ ! fir/ six days ( creation1 & s9ce !re is no?+ new "u ! sun 7,eccles4 ,i1 #i71 ev]y?+ miracul\s or sup]natural t exi/$ or occurr$ aft] creation 0 expla9$ by ! ,rabbis z hav+ be5 made or preorda9$ 9 ! twilight at ! mom5t ( transition betwe5 ! end ( ! "w ( creation & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,sabba?4 ,see ,gorf9kle1 ibid41 pp4 #ij-ia & n4 #a4 7#ag7 ,to swall[ ,korah & 8 foll[]s4 ,see ,num4 ,,xvi1 #cj4 7#ah7 ,:i* suppli$ ! ,israelites ) wat] dur+ _! w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,see ,num4 ,,xxi1 #af1 & ,%abbat1 #ce;a4 7#ai7 ,balaam's ass4 ,see ,num4 ,,xxii1 #bh4 7#bj7 ,ge4 ,,ix1 #ai4 7#ba7 ,ex4 ,,xv1 #af4 7#bb7 ,( ,moses4 ,see ibid41 ,,iv1 #ag4 7#bc7 ,a miracul\s worm t split /ones by its look4 ,x 0 us$1 accord+ to leg5d1 to engrave ! names ( ! tribes on ! jewels ( ! ephod ( ! high-prie/1 & 0 also employ$ by ,solomon 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,temple1 9 :i* no tools ( iron 7 us$4 ,see ,gitt91 #fh;a1 & ,sotah1 #dh;b4 ,consult ,p4 ,cassel1 ,%amir1 e9 ar*aol4 ,beitrag zur ,natur und ,sag5kunde1 ,erfurt1 #ahef1 & art4 ,%amir1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia4 7#bd7 ,deut4 ,,xxxiv1 #f4 7#be7 ,g54 ,,xxii1 #ac4 7#bf7 ,an allusion to a say+ f\nd 9 ,tosefta ,erub91 ,tongs are made ) tongs2 b h[ 0 ! fir/ pair made8 ,x c\ld only h be5 a creation ( ,god4 ,"o in/rum5t presupposes ano!r2 "o ?+ is ! cause ( ano!r1 b ! orig9al cause is ,god4 ,cf4 ,pesa*im1 #ed;a4 #aj4 ,!re are sev5 m>ks ( an uncultur$1 & sev5 ( a wise man4 ,! wise man does n speak be=e him :o is great] ?an he 9 wisdom2 & does n int]rupt ! spee* ( 8 companion2 he is n ha/y to answ]2 he que/ions accord+ to ! subject-matt]2 & answ]s to ! po9t2 he speaks ^u ! fir/ ?+ fir/1 & ^u ! la/1 la/2 reg>d+ t :i* he has n und]/ood he says1 ,i d n und]/& x2 & he ackn[l$ges ! tru?4 ,! rev]se ( all ?is is to be f\nd 9 an uncultur$ man4 #aa4 ,sev5 k9ds ( puni%m5t come into ! _w = sev5 important transgressions4 ,if "s give _! ti!s 7#bg7 & o!rs d n1 a de>? ensues f dr\ght & "s suff] hung] :ile o!rs are full4 ,if !y all det]m9e to give no ti!s1 a de>? ensures f tumult 7#bh7 & dr\ght4 ,if !y fur!r resolve n to give ! d\gh-cake 7#bi71 an ext]m9at+ de>? ensures4 ,pe/il5ce comes into ! _w to fulfil ^? dea? p5alties ?reat5$ 9 ! ,torah1 ! execution ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is )9 ! function ( a human tribunal 7#cj71 & = ! violation ( ! law reg>d+ ! fruits ( ! sev5? ye> 7#ca74 ,! sword 7#cb7 comes into ! _w = ! delay ( ju/ice1 & = ! p]v]sion ( ju/ice1 & on acc\nt ( ! (f5ce ( ^? :o int]pret ! ,torah1 n accord+ to its true s5se 7#cc74 ,noxi\s bea/s come into ! _w = va9 swe>+ 7#cd71 & = ! pr(anation ( ! ,div9e ,"n 7#ce74 ,captivity comes into ! _w on acc\nt ( idolatry1 immortality1 blood%$1 & ! neglect ( ! ye> ( re/ = ! soil 7#ca74 #ab4 ,at f\r p]iods pe/il5ce gr[s apace3 9 ! f\r? ye>1 9 ! sev5?1 at ! conclusion ( ! sev5? ye>1 & at ! conclusion ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 9 ea* ye>3 9 ! f\r? ye>1 = default ( giv+ ! ti! to ! poor 9 ! ?ird ye> 7#cf72 9 ! sev5? ye>1 = default ( giv+ ! title to ! poor 9 ! six? ye> 7#cg72 at ! conclusion ( ! sev5? ye>1 = ! violation ( ! law reg>d+ ! fruits ( ! sev5? ye> 7#ca71 & at ! conclusion ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 9 ea* ye>1 = robb+ ! poor ( ! grants legally assign$ to !m 7#ch74 7#bg7 ,see *apt] ,i1 n4 #cg4 7#bh7 ,( w>1 :5 agriculture is neglect$1 & crops are de/roy$1 etc4 7#bi7 ,num4 ,,xv1 #bj3 ,ye %all (f] up a cake ( ! fir/ ( y\r d\gh = a heave (f]+4 ,?is comm&m5t is obs]v$ 9 _s to-day by ! ,jewi% h\sewife1 :o takes a "p ( bread :i* is knead$1 & burns x1 aft] recit+ ! bless+1 ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 our ,god1 ,k+ ( ! univ]se1 ,:o has sanctifi$ u by ,?y comm&m5ts1 & comm&$ u to sep>ate ! *allah4 ,! n9? treatise ( ! ,ord] ,z]aim ( ! ,mi%nah is call$ ,*allah4 ,see ,fri$l&]1 ,jewi% ,religion1 p4 #ceg4 7#cj7 ,! execution ( :i* is 9 ! h&s ( ,god4 7#ca7 ,t is1 ! ,sabbatical ye> or ! ye> ( release 7ha-%emittah74 ,see ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #aj et seq41 & ,lev4 ,,xxv1 #a-g4 ,x is comm&$ t ! l& be all[$ to lie fall[ dur+ t ye>1 t !re be no s[+1 nor reap+1 nor prun+ ( ! v9ey>ds1 & t ! s]vants1 /rang]s1 & animals1 z well z ! own]1 %all %>e 9 ! spontane\s gr[? ( ! fields & ! v9ey>ds4 ,see also ,deut4 ,,xv1 #a-aa1 & ,tractate ,%ebiit ( ! ,mi%nah4 7#cb7 ,i4e41 w>4 7#cc7 ,by prohibit+ ! p]missible & p]mitt+ ! prohibit$4 7#cd7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,iv1 #i4 7#ce7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,iv1 #e4 7#cf7 ,see ,deut4 ,,xiv1 #bh1 #bi2 ,,xxvi1 #ab1 & also above1 *apt] ,i1 n4 #cg4 7#cg7 ,( ! sept5nial cycle4 ,! ti! 0 to be br\ght at ! end ( e ?ree ye>s4 7#ch7 ,i4e41 ! glean+s & ! =gott5 %eaves ( ! h>ve/1 ! s+le bun*es ( grapes ( ! v9ey>d1 & ! unreap$ corn]s ( ! fields :i* 7 assign$ to ! /rang]1 ! fa!rless1 & ! wid[4 #ac4 ,!re are f\r *>act]s among m53 he :o says1 ,:at is m9e is m9e & :at is ?9e is ?9e1 8 is a neutral "*2 "s say1 ,?is is a "* l t ( ,sodom 7#ci72 he :o says1 ,:at is m9e is ?9e & :at is ?9e is m9e1 is a boor 7#dj72 he :o says1 ,:at is m9e is ?9e & :at is ?9e is ?9e1 is a sa9t2 he :o says1 ,:at is ?9e is m9e & :at is m9e is m9e1 is a wick$ man4 #ad4 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( temp]s3 he :om x is easy to provoke & easy to pacify1 8 loss disappe>s 9 8 ga92 he :om x is h>d to provoke & h>d to pacify1 8 ga9 disappe>s 9 8 loss2 he :om x is h>d to provoke & easy to pacify is a sa9t2 he :om x is easy to provoke & h>d to pacify is a wick$ man4 #ae4 ,!re are f\r qualities 9 disciples3 he :o quickly und]/&s & quickly =gets1 8 ga9 disappe>s 9 8 loss2 he :o und]/&s ) difficulty & =gets ) difficulty1 8 loss disappe>s 9 8 ga92 he :o und]/&s quickly & =gets ) difficulty1 8 is a good portion2 he :o und]/&s ) difficulty & =gets quickly1 8 is an evil portion4 #af4 ,z to almsgiv+ !re are f\r dispositions3 he :o desires to give1 b t o!rs %\ld n give1 8 eye is evil t[>d :at app]ta9s to o!rs 7#da72 he :o desires t o!rs %\ld give1 b w n give himself1 8 eye is evil aga9/ :at is 8 own2 he :o gives & wi%es o!rs to give is a sa9t2 he :o w n give & does n wi% o!rs to give is a wick$ man4 #ag4 ,!re are f\r *>act]s among ^? :o att5d ! h\se ( /udy3 he :o goes & does n practise 7#db7 secures ! rew>d = go+2 he :o practises 7#dc7 b does n g secures ! rew>d = practis+2 he :o goes & practises is a sa9t2 he :o nei!r goes nor practises is a wick$ man4 #ah4 ,!re are f\r qualities among ^? t sit be=e ! wise3 !y are l a sponge1 a funnel1 a /ra9]1 or a sieve3 a sponge1 :i* sucks up ev]y?+ 7#dd72 a funnel1 :i* lets 9 at "o end & out at ! o!r2 a /ra9]1 :i* lets ! w9e pass out & reta9s ! dregs2 a sieve1 :i* lets out ! bran & reta9s ! f9e fl\r4 7#ci7 ,"o :o nei!r gives nor takes4 ,"o :o does no labor ( love4 ,cf4 ,ezek4 ,,xvi1 #di4 7#dj7 ,he does n "k ! sacr$ness ( ! rights ( prop]ty4 7#da7 ,he does n want 8 neighbors to be bless$ because ( _! lib]ality4 7#db7 ,! duties ( :i* he has le>n$4 7#dc7 ,! comm&s ( ! ,torah4 7#dd7 ,! true & ! untrue4 #ai4 ,:5ev] love dep5ds ^u "s mat]ial cause1 ) ! pass+ away ( t cause1 ! love1 too1 passes away 7#de72 b if x be n dep5d+ ^u su* a cause1 x w n pass away = ev]4 ,:i* love 0 t :i* dep5d$ ^u a mat]ial cause8 ,su* 0 ! love ( ,ammon & ,tam> 7#df74 ,& t :i* dep5d$ ^u no su* cause8 ,su* 0 ! love ( ,david & ,jona?an 7#dg74 7#de7 ,la/+ love is dis9t]e/$ love4 7#df7 ,see ,,ii ,sam4 ,,xii4 7#dg7 ,see ,i ,sam4 ,,xviii1 #a4 #bj4 ,e controv]sy t is 9 ! ,"n ( ,heav5 7#dh7 %all 9 ! end lead to a p]man5t result1 b e controv]sy t is n 9 ! ,"n ( ,heav5 %all n lead to a p]man5t result4 ,:i* controv]sy 0 t :i* 0 9 ! ,"n ( ,heav58 ,su* 0 ! controv]sy ( ,hillel & ,%ammai 7#di74 ,& t :i* 0 n 9 ! ,"n ( ,heav58 ,su* 0 ! controv]sy ( ,korah & all 8 company 7#ej74 7#dh7 ,i4e41 a controv]sy to arrive at ! tru?4 7#di7 ,see *apt] ,i1 n4 #bi4 7#ej7 ,see ,num4 ,,xv1 #a et seq4 #ba4 ,:osoev] causes ! multitude to be righte\s1 ov] him s9 prevails n2 b he :o causes ! multitude to s9 %all n h ! means to rep5t 7#ea74 ,moses 0 righte\s & made ! multitude righte\s2 ! righte\sness ( ! multitude 0 laid ^u him1 z x is said1 ,he execut$ ! ju/ice ( ! ,"l & 8 judgm5ts ) ,israel 7#eb74 ,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat1 s9n$ & caus$ ! multitude to s92 ! s9 ( ! multitude 0 laid ^u him1 z x is said1 ,= ! s9s ( ,j]oboam :i* he s9n$ & :i* he made ,israel to s9 7#ec74 7#ea7 ,he :o leads ! p a/ray is puni%$ by be+ prev5t$ f rep5t+4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t man1 9 g5]al1 does n act 9 accordance ) 8 own free w4 ,maimonides1 9 discuss+ ?is problem1 says1 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! ,%emonah ,p]akim1 ,j z "s ( man's und]tak+s1 :i* are ord9>ily subject to 8 own free w1 are fru/rat$ by way ( puni%m5t1 z1 = in/ance1 a man's h& be+ prev5t$ f work+ s t he c d no?+ ) x1 z 0 ! case ( ,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat1 or a man's eyes f see+1 z happ5$ to ! ,sodomites1 :o _h assembl$ ab\t ,lot1 likewise h[ does ,god )hold man's ability to use 8 own free w 9 reg>d to rep5tance1 s t x nev] occurs to him to rep5t1 & he ?us f9ally p]i%es 9 8 own wick$ness4 ,see ed4 ,gorf9kle1 p4 #id et seq4 7#eb7 ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #ba4 7#ec7 ,i ,k+s ,,xv1 #cj4 ,cf4 ,sanh$r9 ,x1 #b3 ,?ree k+s h no portion 9 ! _w to come 4 4 4 ,j]oboam1 ,ahab1 & ,manasseh4 #bb4 ,:osoev] has ^! ?ree attributes is ( ! disciples ( ,abraham1 our fa!r1 b :osoev] has ?ree o!r attributes is ( ! disciples ( ,balaam1 ! wick$ 7#ed74 ,a good eye 7#ee71 a humble m9d1 & a l[ly _s 7are ! tok5s7 ( ! disciples ( ,abraham1 our fa!r2 an evil eye1 a haughty m9d1 & a pr\d _s 7are ! signs7 ( ! disciples ( ,balaam1 ! wick$4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! disciples ( ,abraham1 our fa!r1 & ^? ( ,balaam1 ! wick$8 ,! disciples ( ,abraham1 our fa!r1 enjoy ?is _w & inh]it ! _w to come1 z x is said1 ,t ,i may cause ^? t love me to inh]it sub/ance1 & may fill all _! treasuries 7#ef72 b ! disciples ( ,balaam1 ! wick$1 inh]it ,geh9nom 7#eg71 & desc5d into ! pit ( de/ruction1 z x is said1 ,b ?\1 ,o ,god1 wilt br+ !m d[n into ! pit ( de/ruction2 blood?ir/y & deceitful m5 %all n live out half _! days2 b ,i w tru/ 9 !e 7#eh74 7#ed7 ,see ,num4 ,,xxii-,,xxiv4 7#ee7 ,see *apt] ,,ii1 note #cj4 7#ef7 ,prov4 ,,viii1 #ba3 ,sub/ance1 i4e41 9 ! future _w2 treasures1 i4e41 9 ?is _w4 7#eg7 ,see *apt] ,i1 n4 #ah4 7#eh7 ,ps4 ,,liv1 #bd4 #bc4 ,judah1 ! son ( ,tema1 said1 ,be bold z a leop>d1 swift z an eagle1 fleet z a h>t1 & /rong z a lion1 to d ! w ( ?y ,fa!r :o is 9 ,heav5 7#ei74 #bd4 ,he us$ to say 7#fj71 ,at five ye>s 7! age is rea*$ = ! /udy ( !7 ,scripture1 at t5 = 7! /udy (7 ! ,mi%nah 7#fa71 at ?irte5 = 7! fulfilm5t (7 ! comm&m5ts 7#fb71 at fifte5 = 7! /udy (7 ! ,talmud 7#fc71 at eighte5 = m>riage1 at tw5ty = seek+ 7a livelihood7 7#fd71 at ?irty = 7ent]+ into "o's full7 /r5g?1 at =ty = und]/&+1 at fifty = c\nsel1 at sixty 7a man atta9s7 old age1 at sev5ty ! ho>y head1 at eighty 7! gift ( special7 /r5g? 7#fe71 at n9ety1 7he b5ds b5ea?7 ! weight ( ye>s1 at a hundr$ he is z if he 7 already dead & _h pass$ away f ! _w4 7#ei7 ,cf4 ,our ,fa!r :i* is 9 ,heav5 ( ! ,"l's ,pray] 7,matt4 ,,vi1 #i74 ,! conception ( ,god z a ,fa!r goes back to e>lie/ times4 ,see ,g54 ,,xlix1 #ai1 #bj2 ,ex4 ,,iv1 #bb2 ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #f2 ,,ii ,sam4 ,v1 #dd2 ,ps4 ,,lxxxix1 #bg1 #bh2 ,isa4 ,,lxiii1 #af1 ,,lxiv1 #h1 & ,mal4 ,,ii1 #aj4 ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #f1 reads1 ,is ,he n ?y ,fa!r8 & ,isa4 ,,lxiii1 #ah1 ,d\btless ,?\ art our ,fa!r4 ,9 ! ,mi%nah we f9d1 ,:o purifies y8 ,y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 ,heav5 7,yoma ,,vii1 #h72 ,on :om h we to lean8 ,on our ,fa!r :i* is 9 ,heav5 7,sotah1 ,,ix1 #ae71 & simil> passages4 ,! ,rabbis con/antly ref]r$ to ,god z ,fa!r 7see ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 pp4 #df1 #di1 #ej-ea74 ,!y took issue1 ( c\rse1 ) ! ,new ,te/am5t conception ( ,god1 9 n admitt+ & 9 d5\nc+ ! idea ( a m$iator4 ,to !m all mank9d 7 ! sons ( ,god4 ,t ! ,rabbis borr[$ ?is ,god-idea & ! expression ,our ,fa!r :i* is 9 ,heav5 f ,*ri/ianity is unt5able1 =1 z ,h]=d 7,ph>isaism1 #abj et seq47 po9ts out1 su* borr[+ w\ld h be5 abhorr5t to !m4 ,?is expression 0 und\bt$ly curr5t long be=e & dur+ ! "t ( ,jesus1 & x repres5t$ a conception ( ! div9e acceptable to bo? ! ,rabbis & ,jesus4 ,! ,rabbis _h no qu>rel ) ,*ri/ianity on ?is score1 b did n admit ! son%ip ( ,god 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se4 ,! expressions ,our ,fa!r & ,our ,fa!r :i* is 9 ,heav5 are f\nd frequ5tly 9 ! ,jewi% ,pray]-book4 ,on ?is subject1 consult ,taylor1 ,say+s1 pp4 #abd1 #agf1 & ,g4 ,fri$l&]1 ,! ,jewi% ,s\rces ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 *apt] ,x4 ,= a comp>ison ( o!r p>ts ( ,abot ) ! ,new ,te/am5t see ,feibig1 ,pirque 'abo?1 especially ! ,na*wort1 pp4 #db-dc1 & ,g4 ,fri$l&]1 ibid41 passim4 ,x seems t orig9ally ,abot end$ "h1 z 9 ! ,ma*zor ,vitry4 ,! v]ses :i* foll[ 7 add$ f o!r s\rces4 ,see ,ba*]1 ,agada d] ,tanait51 ,i1 #cgh2 ,taylor1 ibid41 p4 #ie1 n4 #df1 p4 #if1 n4 #dg2 ,h(fmann1 ,die er/e ,mis*na1 p4 #cj2 idem1 ,abot1 p4 #ceh1 notes #ajf & #ajh2 & ,/rack1 ,spru*e1 p4 #df1 notes t & u4 7#fj7 ,taylor makes ?is v]se an add5dum to *apt] ,v1 & calls x ,! ,ages ( ,man4 ,cf4 ,%akespe>e's ,sev5 ,ages ( ,man4 ,see 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,ages ( ,man 9 ,jewi% ,lit]ature1 ,! ,sev51 & ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies1 ,i1 pp4 #bii-cjj4 7#fa7 ,! ,mi%nah is ! oral or unwritt5 law bas$ on ! writt5 law conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* 7see *apt] ,i1 n4 #a74 ,! ,mi%nah1 p> excell5ce1 is ! codification made by ,judah ha-,nasi 7see *apt] ,,ii1 n4 #a74 ,x is divid$ into six ord]s or sections kn[n z s$>im4 ,!y are 7#a7 ,z]aim1 se$s1 :i* conta9s ! laws reg>d+ ! cultivation ( ! l& & its products1 introduc$ by a treatise conc]n+ pray] & b5$ictions 7,b]a*ot72 7#b7 ,mode1 fe/ivals1 treat+ ( ! laws ( ! ,sabba? & ! fe/ivals2 7#c7 ,na%im1 wom51 regulations conc]n+ m>riage & divorce2 7#d7 ,nezik91 injuries or damages1 civil & crim9al law2 7#e7 ,koda%im1 holy ?+s1 ! laws ( sacrifice & ( ! s]vice ( ! ,temple2 & 7#f7 ,tohorot1 purifications1 deal+ ) ! clean & ! unclean4 ,ea* ord] is subdivid$ into treatises 7massektot71 !re be+ 9 all #fc su* subdivisions4 ,! ,mi%nah is kn[n z ! %as 7%9''same*71 :i* ^w is =m$ f ! fir/ lett]s ( ! words %i%ah s$>im 7six ord]s74 ,! ,talmud is also simil>ly t]m$4 ,= a discussion ( ! "n1 orig91 cont5ts1 compilation1 etc41 ( ! ,mi%nah1 see ,mielz9]1 ,introduction to ! ,talmud1 p4 #d et seq42 art4 ,mi%nah1 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia & ! au?orities cit$ !re2 ,/rack1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #b1 #ae et seq41 #bb et seq41 & ,geig]1 ,judaism & its ,hi/ory1 p4 #bci et seq4 7#fb7 ,at ?irte51 ! ,jewi% boy becomes b> mitzwah1 i4e41 a son ( comm&m5t4 ,! rites & c]emonies connect$ ) ! b> mitzwah ( to-day _c be cle>ly trac$ e>li] ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury 7,abrahams1 ,jewi% ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #cb74 ,see ,s*ur]1 ,hi/ory1 ,,ii1 ii1 p4 #ec & n4 #ch2 ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies1 ,i1 p4 #cjf et seq41 & art4 ,b> ,mitzwah1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia4 7#fc7 ,lit41 tea*+1 le>n+1 /udy4 ,"h1 x signifies /udy = ! purpose ( elucidat+ ! ,mi%nah4 ,"s texts read1 = ! /udy ( ! ,gem>a4 ,! ,gem>a 7f ! ,aramaic1 mean+ le>n+1 completion7 is a collection ( explanations & discussions on ! ,mi%nah4 ,! ^w ,talmud 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to ! ,mi%nah plus ! ,gem>a4 ,!re is a translation ( ! ,talmud 9 ,engli% by ,rodk9son1 b x is free & incomplete 9 p>ts4 ,see ,meilz9]1 ,introduction to ! ,talmud2 ,ba*]1 art4 ,talmud1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia2 idem1 art4 ,gem>a1 9 ! ,hebrew ,union ,college ,annual 7,c9c9nati1 #aijd72 ,e4 ,deuts*1 ,:at is ! ,talmud82 ,d>m/et]1 ,! ,talmud2 ,/rack1 ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,talmud1 pp4 #d-e1 #f et seq41 #ii et seq41 #aac et seq41 #acb et seq42 ,s*e*t]1 ,on ! ,/udy ( ! ,talmud 9 ,/udies1 ,,ii1 p4 #ajb et seq42 ,h]=d1 ,ph>isaism1 pp4 #ec-ed4 7#fd7 ,lit41 at tw5ty1 to pursue4 ,?is has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$ z foll[s3 7#a7 = seek+ a livelihood 7,b>t5ora1 ,h(fmann1 ,/rack1 ,s+]72 7#b7 = ! pursuit ( milit>y s]vice 7cf4 ,num4 ,i1 #c1 & ,deut4 ,,xxiv1 #e2 ,ma*zor ,vitri1 p4 #eea4 ,%akespe>e's ,!n a soldi]72 7#c7 ! age to pursue him = 8 de$s1 = ! cele/ial bet d9 7tribunal7 does n puni% at an age less ?an tw5ty 7,b>t5ora's second explanation2 cf4 ,ra%i on ,num4 ,,xvi1 #bg72 7#d7 = ! pursuit ( ideals 7,taylor72 7#e7 to pursue ! comm&m5ts 7,siddur ,korban ,m9*ah74 7#fe7 ,cf4 ,ps4 ,,xc1 #aj4 #be4 ,b5 ,bag ,bag said1 ,turn x 7#ff71 & turn x ov] aga91 = ev]y?+ is 9 x1 & contemplate x1 & wax grey & old ov] x1 & /ir n f x1 = ?\ can/ h no bett] rule ?an ?is4 7#ff7 ,! ,torah4 #bf4 ,b5 ,he ,he said1 ,accord+ to ! labor is ! rew>d 7#fg74 7#fg7 ,! la/ two v]ses are ascrib$ by ,abot de-,rabbi ,natan to ,hillel 7*apt] ,,xii1 ed4 ,s*e*t]1 p4 #ee74 ,b5 ,bag ,bag & ,b5 ,he ,he 7 probably proselytes & disciples ( ,hillel4 ,see ,ba*]1 ibid41 pp4 #aj-ab1 ,taylor & ,h(fmann1 ad loc41 & ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,b5 ,bag ,bag4 ,rabbi ,*anania1 ! son ( ,aka%ia1 said1 ,! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 0 pleas$ to make ,israel wor?y2 :]e=e ,he gave !m a copi\s ,torah & _m comm&m5ts1 z x is said1 ',x pleas$ ! ,"l1 = 8 righte\sness' sake1 to magnify ! ,torah & make x honorable'4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,acquisition ,,( ,,! ,,torah 7#a7 7#a7 ,see ,introduction pp4 #ah-ai4 ref]s to ! end ( ! section titl$ ,,developm5t ,,( ,,abot ,all ,israel h a portion 9 ! _w to come1 & x is said1 ,& ?y p %all be all righte\s2 !y %all inh]it ! l& = ev]1 ! bran* ( my plant+1 ! "w ( my h&s1 t ,i may be glorifi$4 ,! sages taught 7! foll[+7 9 ! language ( ! ,mi%nah--bless$ be ,he t made *oice ( !m & _! ,mi%nah4 #a4 ,r4 ,meir 7#b7 said1 ,:osoev] labors 9 ! ,torah = its own sake m]its _m ?+s2 & n only s1 b ! :ole _w is indebt$ to him3 he is call$ fri5d1 belov$1 a lov] ( ! ,all-pres5t1 a lov] ( mank9d3 x clo!s him ) meekness & rev]5ce2 x fits him to become j1 pi\s1 upright1 & fai?ful2 x keeps him f> f s91 & br+s him ne> to virtue2 ?r\gh him are enjoy$ c\nsel & s\nd k1 und]/&+ & /r5g?1 z x is said1 ',c\nsel is m9d1 & s\nd k2 ,i am und]/&+2 ,i h /r5g?' 7#c74 ,x gives him sov]eignty & dom9ion & disc]n+ judgm5t2 to him ! secrets ( ! ,torah are reveal$2 he is made l a nev]-fail+ spr+ & l a riv] t fl[s on ) ev]-increas+ vigor2 he becomes mode/1 long-suff]+1 & =giv+ ( insults2 & x magnifies & exalts him above all ?+s4 7#b7 ,*apt] ,,iii1 n4 #cb4 7#c7 ,prov4 ,,viii1 #ad4 ,wisdom1 repres5t+ ! ,torah1 utt]s ^! words4 #b4 ,r4 ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,levi 7#d71 said1 ,e day a bat-kol 7#e7 goes =? f ,m\nt ,horeb1 proclaim+ & say+1 ',woe to mank9d = contempt ( ! ,torah1 = :oev] does n occupy himself 9 ! ,torah is said to be "u ! div9e c5sure1 z x is said1 ',z a r+ ( gold 9 a sw9e's sn\t1 s is a fair woman :o turne? aside f discretion' 7#f72 & x says1 ',& ! tables 7 ! "w ( ,god1 & ! writ+ 0 ! writ+ ( ,god1 grav5 ^u ! tables' 7#g74 ,read n *>ut 7#h71 b *]ut 7#i71 = no man is free b he :o occupies himself 9 ! le>n+ ( ,torah4 ,b :osoev] labors 9 ! torah1 behold he %all be exalt$1 z x is said1 ',& f ,mattanah to ,na*aliel1 & f ,na*aliel to ,bamot' 7#aj74 7#d7 ,r4 ,jo%ua liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury4 7#e7 ,bat kol 7lit41 daught] ( a voice or daught]-voice71 a small voice1 s\nd1 resonance1 n e*o1 z x is (t5 translat$4 ,! expression bat kol 0 us$ 9 place ( ! long] "o bat kol m9 ha-%amayim1 :i* is a heav5ly or div9e voice :i* proclaims ,god's w or judgm5t1 ,8 de$s1 & ,8 comm&m5ts to individuals or to numb] ( p]sons1 to rul]s1 c\ntries1 & ev5 to :ole nations4 ,?is cele/ial voice 0 a means ( div9e revelation l[] ?an t ( prophecy4 ,accord+ to ,s*e*t]1 x has two peculi> features3 fir/1 its messages are reproductions ( v]ses or s5t5ces f ! ,old ,te/am5t or f ! ,apocrypha1 & secondly1 x is audible only to ^? :o are prep>$ to he> x4 ,see ,web]1 ,altsynag4 ,!ol41 pp4 #ahg-ahi2 ,l[1 ,gesammelte ,s*rift51 ,,ii1 p4 #eh1 n4 #a2 ,kitto's ,cyclop$ia ( ,biblical ,lit41 art4 ,ba? ,kil1 & ,ludwig ,blau1 art4 ,bat ,kol1 9 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia4 7#f7 ,prob]bs ,,xi1 #bb4 ,! ^w nazaf 7nun-zay9-fey7 c5sur$1 plac$ "u ban1 by a =m ( ,rabb9ical int]pretation kn[n z not>ikon 7/5ograph]'s me?od1 abbreviation71 is connect$ ) ! words ( ?is v]se 9 ,prov]bs3 ,nezem ,zahav b'a,f 7,,nun-zay9-mem7s(it7 ,,zay9-hey-bet bet-alef-,,fey7s(it71 capitals indicat+ l>g] case ,hebrew lett]s74 ,ano!r in/ance ( ?is k9d ( int]pretation is 9 connect+ ! ^w ano*i ,i1 ! fir/ ^w ( ! ,decalogue1 ) ! phrase3 ,ana ,naf%i ,catvit ,yehavit 7,,alef-nun-alef ,,nun-pey-%9-yud ,,*(-t(-bet-yud-tet ,,yud-hey-bet-yud-tet7 ,i 7,god7 myself h writt5 7! ,torah71 & deliv]$ x1 or ) ! words ,amirah ,n'imah ,k'tivah ,y'hivah 7,,alef-mem-yud-re%-hey ,,nun-ay9-yud-mem-hey ,,*(-t(-yud-bet-hey ,,yud-hey-yud-bet-hey7 a pleasant say+1 writt5 & deliv]$ 7,%abbat1 #aje;a74 ,see art4 ,not>ikon1 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 & ,/rack1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #acj4 7#g7 ,ex4 ,,xxxii1 #af4 7#h7 ,grav54 ,! phrase al tikri 4 4 4 ele d n read 4 4 4 b foll[$ by a sugge/$ read+ diff]5t f ! orig9al1 does n mean t ! ,rabbis (f]$ an em5dation ( ! biblical text4 ,x 0 m]ely a *ange ( ! text = homiletical purposes4 ,see ,ba*]1 ,die alte/e ,t]m9ologie d] judis*5 ,s*riftauslegung1 p4 #age et seq42 ,fri$l&]1 ,jewi% ,religion1 p4 #bjd1 & ,talmudical diction>ies1 s4v4 7#i7 ,fre$om4 7#aj7 ,num4 ,,xxi1 #ai ,mattanah1 gift2 ,na*aliel1 ! h]itage ( ,god2 ,bamot1 high places4 ,! names ( ^! ?ree encampm5ts ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness are int]pret$ accord+ to _! lit]al mean+s4 #c4 ,he :o le>ns f 8 companion a s+le *apt]1 a s+le rule1 a s+le v]se1 a s+le expression1 or ev5 a s+le lett]1 ought to pay him honor1 = s we f9d ) ,david1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 :o le>n$ only two ?+s f ,ahitophel 7#aa71 & yet reg>d$ him z 8 ma/]1 8 guide1 & famili> fri5d1 z x is said1 ,b x 0 ?\1 a man1 m9e equal1 my guide1 & my famili> fri5d 7#ab74 ,n[1 is x n an argum5t f m9or to major 7#ac71 t if ,david1 ! ,k+ ( ,israel1 :o le>n$ only two ?+s f ,ahitophel1 reg>d$ him z 8 ma/]1 guide1 & famili> fri5d1 he :o le>ns f 8 fell[ a *apt]1 rule1 v]se1 expression1 or ev5 a s+le lett]1 is b\nd to pay him honor4 ,& honor is no?+ b ,torah1 z x is said1 ,! wise %all inh]it honor 7#ad7 & ! p]fect %all inh]it good 7#ae74 ,& good is no?+ b ,torah1 z x is said1 ,= ,i give y good doctr9e1 =sake ye n my ,torah 7#af74 7#aa7 ,ahitophel des]t$ ,david to take up ! cause ( 8 rebelli\s son1 ,absalom4 ,see ,,ii ,sam4 ,,xvi1 #ae2 ,,xvii1 #a et seq4 7#ab7 ,see ,ps4 ,,lv1 #ad4 ,! two ?+s ,david le>n$ are h9t$ at 9 ,ps4 ,,lv1 #ae4 7#ac7 ,see *apt] ,i1 n4 #ag4 7#ad7 ,prov4 ,,iii1 #ce4 7#ae7 ,ibid41 ,,xxviii1 #aj4 7#af7 ,ibid41 ,,iv1 #b4 #d4 ,?is is ! way t is becom+ = ! /udy ( ! ,torah3 a morsel ( bread ) salt ?\ mu/ eat 7#ag71 & wat] by measure ?\ mu/ dr9k 7#ah71 ?\ mu/ sleep ^u ! gr\nd1 & live a life ( tr\ble ! :ile ?\ toile/ 9 ! ,torah4 ,if ?\ doe/ ?us1 ,happy %alt ?\ be1 & x %all be well ) !e 7#ai71 happy %alt ?\ be 9 ?is _w1 & x %all be well ) !e 9 ! _w to come 7#bj74 7#ag7 ,ev5 he :o has only bread & salt to eat mu/ busy himself ) ! /udy ( ! ,torah4 7#ah7 ,ezek4 ,,iv1 #aa4 7#ai7 ,ps4 ,,cxxviii1 #b4 7#bj7 ,cf4 *apt] ,,iv1 #a4 #e4 ,seek n greatness = ?yself1 & c\rt n honor2 let ?y works exce$ ?y le>n+2 & crave n aft] ! table ( k+s2 = ?y table is great] ?an !irs1 & ?y cr[n is great] ?an !irs1 & ?y ,employ] is fai?ful to pay !e ! rew>d ( ?y "w4 #f4 ,! ,torah is great] ?an ! prie/hood & ?an royalty1 = royalty dem&s ?irty qualifications 7#ba71 ! prie/hood tw5ty-f\r 7#bb71 :ile ! ,torah is acquir$ by =ty-eight4 ,& ^! are !y3 by audible /udy2 by a li/5+ e> 7#bc72 by di/9ct pronunciation2 by und]/&+ 7#bd7 & disc]nm5t ( ! he>t2 by awe1 rev]5ce1 meekness1 *e]fulness 7#be72 by m9i/]+ to ! sages1 by atta*+ "o's self to colleagues1 by discussion ) disciples2 by s$at5ess2 by k ( ! ,scripture & ( ! ,mi%nah2 by mod]ation 9 bus9ess1 9 int]c\rse ) ! _w1 9 pleasure1 9 sleep1 9 conv]sation1 9 laught]2 by long suff]+2 by a good he>t2 by fai? 9 ! wise2 by resignation "u *a/isem5t2 by recogniz+ "o's place1 rejoic+ 9 "o's portion1 putt+ a f5ce to "o's words1 claim+ no m]it = "o's self1 by be+ belov$1 lov+ ! ,all-pres5t1 lov+ mank9d1 lov+ j c\rses1 rectitude1 & repro(2 by keep+ "o's self f> f honor1 n boa/+ ( "o's le>n+1 nor delight+ 9 giv+ decisions2 by be>+ ! yoke ) "o's fell[1 judg+ him favorably1 & lead+ him to tru? & peace2 by be+ compos$ 9 "o's /udy2 by ask+ & answ]+1 he>+ & add+ !reto2 by le>n+ ) ! object ( tea*+1 & by le>n+ ) ! object ( practis+2 by mak+ "o's ma/] wise1 fix+ att5tion ^u 8 disc\rse1 & report+ a ?+ 9 ! "n ( :o said x4 ,s ?\ ha/ le>n$1 ,:osoev] reports a ?+ 9 ! "n ( him t said x br+s deliv]ance into ! _w1 z x is said1 ,& ,e/h] told ! k+ 9 ! "n ( ,mordecai 7#bf74 7#ba7 ,see ,sanh$r9 ,,ii1 #b-e4 7#bb7 ,see ,baba ,kamma1 #aaj;b1 etc4 7#bc7 ,s+]1 comb9+ ! fir/ two1 reads by audible /udy4 7#bd7 ,taylor omits und]/&+ &4 7#be7 ,taylor & ,h(fmann add by purity 7b'tah>ah74 7#bf7 ,e/h4 ,,ii1 #bb4 #g4 ,great is ! ,torah1 :i* gives life to ^? t practise x 9 ?is _w & 9 ! _w to come1 z x is said1 ,= !y are life unto ^? t f9d !m1 & heal? to all _! fle% 7#bg72 & x says1 ,x %all be heal? to ?y navel1 & m>r[ to ?y bones 7#bh72 & x says1 ,x is a tree ( life to !m t grasp x1 & ( !m t uphold x e "o is r5d]$ happy 7#bi72 & x says1 ,= !y %all be a *aplet ( grace unto ?y head1 & *a9s ab\t ?y neck 7#cj72 & x says1 ,x %all give to ?9e head a *aplet ( grace1 a cr[n ( glory x %all deliv] to !e 7#ca72 & x says1 ,= by me ?y days %all be multipli$1 & ! ye>s ( ?y life %all be increas$ 7#cb72 & x says1 ,l5g? ( days is 9 its "r h&2 9 its left h& are ri*es & honor 7#cc72 & x says1 ,= l5g? ( days1 & ye>s ( life1 & peace %all !y add to !e 7#cd74 7#bg7 ,prov4 ,,iv1 #bb4 7#bh7 ,ibid41 ,,iii1 #h4 7#bi7 ,prov4 ,,iii1 #ah4 7#cj7 ,ibid41 ,i1 #i4 7#ca7 ,ibid1 ,,iv1 #i4 7#cb7 ,prov4 ,,ix1 #aa4 7#cc7 ,ibid41 ,,iii1 #af4 7#cd7 ,ibid41 ,,iii1 #b4 #h4 ,r4 ,simeon1 ! son ( ,judah1 9 ! "n ( ,r4 ,simeon1 ! son ( ,yohai1 said1 ,beauty1 /r5g?1 ri*es1 honor1 wisdom1 old age1 a ho>y head1 & *ildr5 are comely to ! righte\s & comely to ! _w1 z x is said1 ',! ho>y head is a cr[n ( glory1 if x be f\nd 9 ! way ( righte\sness' 7#ce72 & x says1 ',! glory ( "y m5 is _! /r5g?1 & ! adornm5t ( old m5 is ! ho>y head' 7#cf72 & x says1 ',a cr[n unto ! wise is _! ri*es' 7#cg72 & x says1 ',*ildr5's *ildr5 are ! cr[n ( old m51 & ! adornm5t ( *ildr5 are _! fa!rs' 7#ch72 & x is said1 ',!n ! moon %all be conf\nd$ & ! sun a%am$2 = ! ,"l ( ho/s %all reign 9 ,m\nt ,zion & 9 ,j]usalem1 & be=e 8 eld]s %all be glory' 7#ci74 ,r4 ,simeon1 ! son ( ,m5asya1 said1 ,^! sev5 qualifications :i* ! sages enum]at$ z becom+ to ! righte\s 7 all realiz$ 9 ,rabbi ,judah1 ! ,pr9ce 7#dj71 & 9 8 sons4 7#ce7 ,ibid41 ,,xvi1 #ca4 7#cf7 ,ibid41 ,,xx1 #bi4 7#cg7 ,prov4 ,,xiv1 #bd4 7#ch7 ,ibid41 ,,xvii1 #f4 7#ci7 ,isa4 ,,xxiv1 #bc4 7#dj7 ,see *apt] ,,ii1 n4 #a4 #i4 ,r4 ,jose1 ! son ( ,kisma 7#da71 said1 ,i 0 once walk+ by ! way1 :5 a man met me & salut$ me1 & ,i return$ ! salutation4 ,he said to me1 ',rabbi1 f :at place art ?\8' ,i said to him1 ',i come f a great city ( sages & scribes4' ,he said to me1 ',if ?\ art will+ to dwell ) u 9 our place1 ,i w give !e a ?\s& ?\s& gold5 d9>s & preci\s /ones & pe>ls4' ,i said to him1 ',w]t ?\ to give me all ! silv] & gold & preci\s /ones & pe>ls 9 ! _w1 ,i w\ld n dwell any:]e b 9 a home ( ! ,torah'2 & ?us x is writt5 9 ! book ( ,psalms by ! h&s ( ,david1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 ',! law ( ?y m\? is bett] unto me ?an ?\s&s ( gold & silv]' 7#db72 & n only s1 b 9 ! h\r ( man's dep>ture nei!r silv] nor gold nor preci\s /ones nor pe>ls accompany him1 b only ,torah & good works1 z x is said1 ',:5 ?\ walke/ x %all lead !e2 :5 ?\ lie/ d[n x %all wat* ov] !e2 & :5 ?\ awake/ x %all talk ) !e' 7#dc72 ':5 ?\ walke/ x %all lead !e'--9 ?is _w2 & ':5 ?\ awake/ x %all talk ) !e'--9 ! _w to come4 ,& x says1 ',! silv] is m9e1 & ! gold is m9e1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s' 7#dd74 7#da7 ,he liv$ ab\t #abj ,c4,e4 7#db7 ,ps4 ,,xcix1 #gb4 7#dc7 ,prov4 ,,vi1 #bb4 7#dd7 ,hag4 ,,ii1 #h4 #aj4 ,five possessions ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 made especially ,8 own 9 ,8 _w1 & ^! are !y1 ! ,torah1 heav5 & e>?1 ,abraham1 ,israel1 & ! h\se ( ! sanctu>y4 ,:5ce "k we ?is ( ! ,torah8 ,because x is writt51 ,! ,"l possess$ me z ! beg9n+ ( 8 way1 be=e 8 works1 f ( old 7#de74 ,:5ce ( heav5 & e>?8 ,because x is writt51 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ! heav5 is my ?rone1 & ! e>? is my foot/ool3 :at mann] ( h\se w ye build unto me8 & :at mann] ( place = my re/8 7#df72 & x says1 ,h[ manifold are ?y works1 ,o ,"l6 ,9 wisdom ha/ ?\ made !m all3 ! e>? is full ( ?y possessions 7#dg74 ,:5ce ( ,abraham8 ,because x is writt51 ,& he bless$ him1 & said1 ',bless$ be ,abram ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 possessor ( heav5 & e>? 7#dh74 ,:5ce ( ,israel8 ,because x is writt51 ,till ?y p pass ov]1 ,o ,"l1 till ! p pass ov] :i* ?\ ha/ acquir$ 7#di72 & x says1 ,z = ! sa9ts t are 9 ! e>?1 !y are ! noble ones 9 :om is all my delight 7#ej74 ,:5ce ( ! h\se ( ! sanctu>y8 ,because x is writt51 ,! place1 ,o ,"l1 :i* ?\ ha/ made = ,!e to dwell 91 ! sanctu>y1 ,o ,"l1 :i* ,?y h&s h prep>$ 7#ea72 & x says1 ,& he br\ght !m to ! bord] ( 8 sanctu>y1 to ?is m\nta9 :i* 8 "r h& _h acquir$ 7#eb74 #aa4 ,:atsoev] ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 creat$ 9 ,8 _w ,he creat$ b = ,8 glory1 z x is said1 ,ev]y?+ t is call$ by my "n1 x is = my glory ,i h creat$ x1 ,i h =m$ x1 yea1 ,i h made x 7#ec72 & x says1 ,! ,"l %all reign = ev] & ev] 7#ed74 7#de7 ,prov4 ,,viii1 #bb4 7#df7 ,isa4 ,,lxvi1 #a4 7#dg7 ,ps4 ,,civ1 #bd4 7#dh7 ,g54 ,,xiv1 #af4 7#di7 ,ex4 ,,xv1 #af4 7#ej7 ,ps4 ,,xvi1 #c4 7#ea7 ,ex4 ,,xv1 #ag4 7#eb7 ,ps4 ,,lxxviii1 #ed4 7#ec7 ,isa4 ,,xliii1 #g4 7#ed7 ,ex4 ,,xv1 #ah4 ,rabbi ,*anania1 ! son ( ,aka%ia1 said1 ,! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 0 pleas$ to make ,israel wor?y2 :]e=e ,he gave !m a copi\s ,torah & _m comm&m5ts1 z x is said1 ',x pleas$ ! ,"l1 = 8 righte\sness' sake1 to magnify ! ,torah & make x honorable'4 ,,transcription ,,notes ,= any acc5t m>ks not$ 9 ! foll[+1 assume t ! same acc5t appe>s ) all subsequ5t occurrances ( ! ^w4 ,,introduction ,die ,spru*e d] ,vat] umlaut ov] ! u & ! a ,maximes des ,p]es grave ov] ! la/ e role circumflex ov] ! o footnote #i ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia3 9 ! s\rce1 ! ^w ,jewi% 0 n italiciz$ ,,bibliography s ! docum5t conta9$ a special "* kn[n z section sign1 resembl+ two l[]-case s's "o above ! o!r4 ,spru*5 umlaut ov] tue u 9 ,vat] umlaut ov] ! a ,beitrag5 umlaut ov] ! a ,spru*e umlaut ov] ! a ,tub+5 umlaut ov] ! u ub]trag5 umlaut ov] ! u ub]zetzt umlaut ov] ! u erkl>t umlaut ov] ! a ,maimonide umlaut ov] ! i 79 ?is ,fr5* title7 ,introduction a la 444 umlaut ov] ! fir/ a ,p]es grave acc5t ov] ! fir/ e ,fur? umlaut ov] ! u umb] umlaut ov] ! u fur ,ges*i*te umlaut ov] ! u ,brull umlaut ov] ! u ursprungli*] umlaut ov] ! second u ,jahrbu*] fur ,jud umlauts ov] all ?ree u's ,fri$l&]1 ,m4 umlaut ov] ! a4 ,same 9 ,*apt] ,i1 notes #d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ah etc4 ,!re is no umlaut 9 ! next entry1 ,fri$l&]1 ,g4 samtli*5 ,bu*] umlauts ov] ! a & u ,*a9e circumflex ov] ! i1 & :]ev] ?is ^w appe>s else:]e 9 ! book 7e4g4 ,introduction1 notes #e & #h74 ,loeb 444 ,pirke ,abot acute acc5t ov] ! e 9 ,pirke1 = bo? entries ecole acute acc5t ov] ! fir/ e ,etudes acute acc5t ov] ! fir/ e le *apitre ,i] f9al er is sup]script 7premi]7 ,s*ur] umlaut ov] ! u ,vortrage umlaut ov] ! a ,,*apt]s ,,ii ?r\gh ,,vi3 ,! s\rce text includ$ ! foll[+ two l9es3 ,all ,israel1 etc41 p4 #bi & ,rabbi ,*anania1 etc41 p4 #ch4 z ! fir/ & la/ l9e ( ea* *apt]1 ! page numb]s ref]r+ to ! beg9n+ & end+ ( ,*apt] ,i4 ,r ?an ref]5ce ^! two s5t5ces z ! s\rce text did1 ?is text v]sion copies ! two s5t5ces to _! int5d$ locations4 ,! transcrib] believes ?is bett] captures ! flavor ( ! text4 ,*apt] ,,iii3 ,r4 ,meir umlaut ov] ! i1 :]ev] ?is "n appe>s footnote #bc mutual assi/ance4 z ,agudat ,a*im p]iod & l[]-case 'z' are z f\nd 9 ! s\rce text footnote #de ,*ald4 ,wort]bu*3 umlaut ov] ! o ,,*apt] ,,iv3 happy art ?\ 9 ?is _w1 & 9 ! s\rce text1 ! comma 0 a p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,v3 tables ( /one are z writt5 9 ! s\rce text z a translation ( ! ,hebrew lu*ot2 mod]n read]s may bett] recognize ! phrase 'tablets ( /one'4 footnote #bc ar*aol43 umlaut ov] ! second a4 ,,*apt] ,,vi3 footnote #e to individuals or to numb] ( p]sons3 is z writt5 9 ! s\rce text footnote #h alte/e3 umlaut ov] ! a judis*53 umlaut ov] ! u ,,page ,,ref]5ce ,,index ,?is index is includ$ /rictly on ! (f-*ance t an outside s\rce w\ld ref]5ce ?is text by page numb]4 ,x li/s "s page numb]s1 & ! fir/ l9e t appe>s on t page4 ,) ! use ( ?is index1 read]s w bett] be able to f9d ! ref]5c$ mat]ials4 ,9 ! edition us$ z a s\rce text1 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts appe>s z page iv on ! back ( ! ,title ,page2 !re 7 no pages i ?r\gh iii6 ,! ,,preface />t$ on page #g4 ,!re 7 are no pages #a-f6 ,,preface 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g ,,introduction ,"n 4 4 4 4 4 4 #i ,purpose 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aa ,description 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ac ,cont5ts 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ac ,language 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ae ,developm5t ( ,abot 4 4 4 4 #af ,abot 9 ,liturgy 4 4 4 4 4 #ai ,bibliography 4 4 4 4 4 #ba ,,*apt] ,i 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bi ,,*apt] ,,ii 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ci ,,*apt] ,,iii 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ea ,,*apt] ,,iv 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fd ,,*apt] ,v 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ge ,,*apt] ,,vi 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ia ,,hebrew ,,text 7,app5dix7 4 4 4 4 #c-cj page - fir/ l9e ( t page #h wisdom ( ! ,fa!r2 t x may s]ve z an #aj & 9 ,fr5* x is usually r5d]$ ,*aptres or #ab l9e ( cont9u\s tradition is pla9ly se5 9 ! #ad ,b4 7#a7 ,*apt]s ,i1 #af-;,,ii1 #d3 ,say+s ( ! m5 ( #af ,,developm5t ,,( ,,abot 7#ac7 #ah hav+ liv$ be=e ! de/ruction ( ! second #bj all editions ( ! ,mi%nah & ! ,talmud1 b #bb ,gem>a 7,talmudical comm5t>y7 on ! ,abot1 #bd 7#b7 ,an app5dix to ! ,say+s ( ! #bf #ag4 ,jehudah ,leb gordon1 ,pirke ,abot1 9 ,siddur ,bet #bh ,*apitre des ,pirke ,abot1 9 ,biblio!que de #cj 7#f71 & ! eld]s to ! prophets1 & ! proph- #cb ( ! ,great ,synagogue4 ,he us$ to say1 ,^u #cd b]s ( ?y h\sehold1 & engage n 9 mu* #cf #ab4 ,hillel & ,%ammai 7#bi7 receiv$ 7! tradi- #ch #ah4 ,rabban ,simeon1 ! son ( ,gamaliel 7#db71 #dj aga9/ ! loss x involves4 ,consid] ?ree ?+s1 #db ! day ( ?y dea? 7#ab72 judge n ?y neighbor #dd = himself words ( ,torah has acquir$ = him- #df :i* is ! good way to :i* a man %\ld #dh ! evil incl9ation 7#dj71 & hatr$ ( 8 fell[- #ej also be=e :om ?\ toile/1 & :o ?y ,em- #eb #b4 ,r4 ,*an9a1 ! ,vice-,high-,prie/ 7#e71 said1 #ed a table & h spok5 !re words ( ,torah1 x is #ef #h4 ,r4 ,eleaz> ( ,b]tota 7#bh7 said1 ,give unto #eh fanes ?+s sacr$1 & despises ! fe/ivals1 & #fj ramp>t ar\nd ! ,torah2 ti!s are a safegu>d #fb ,:]e !re is no ,torah1 !re are no mann]s2 #fd ,,*apt] ,,iv #ff virtue is a virtue1 & ! recomp5se ( a trans- #fh n alone1 = none may judge alone save ,"o2 #gj home ( ! ,torah 7#cj71 & say n t ! ,torah #gb le>ns z a *ild1 :at is x l8 ,l ink writt5 #gd n ?y imag9ation give !e hope t ! grave #gf t5 g5]ations f ,noah to ,abraham1 to make #gh nor 0 !re ev] f\nd any disqualify+ defect #hj & ^u ! la/1 la/2 reg>d+ t :i* he #hb ! conclusion ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 9 ea* #hd love1 too1 passes away 7#de72 b if x be n dep5d- #hf disciples ( ,abraham1 our fa!r1 enjoy ?is _w #hh at ?irte5 = 7! fulfilm5t (7 ! comm&- #ij #bf4 ,b5 ,he ,he said1 ,accord+ to ! labor is #ib becomes mode/1 long-suff]+1 & =giv+ ( #id fri5d1 z x is said1 ,b x 0 ?\1 a man1 m9e #if c\rses1 rectitude1 & repro(2 by keep+ "o's self #ih once walk+ by ! way1 :5 a man met me & #ajj = ,8 glory1 z x is said1 ,ev]y?+ t is ,next appe>s page #cj1 ! end ( ! ,hebrew text4 ,! ,hebrew text is numb]$ f #c to #cj1 9 "r-to-left =mat4