,,val ,d',,arno ,,by ,,john ,,rusk91 ,m4,a4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,ni*olas ,,! ,,pisan ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,john ,,! ,,pisan ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,%ield ,,& ,,apron ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,p>t$ ,,p] ,,pale ,,lecture ,v4 ,,pax ,,vobiscum ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,m>ble ,,c\*ant ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,m>ble ,,rampant ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,fran*ise ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,! ,,tyrrh5e ,,sea ,,lecture ,x4 ,,fleur ,,de ,,lys ,,app5dix ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,%ores ,,( ,,arno ,i4 ,,! ,,pisan ,,latona ,,ii4 ,,niccola ,,pisano',s ,,pulpit ,,iii4 ,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,( ,,p]ugia ,,iv4 ,,norman ,,imag]y ,v4 ,,door ,,( ,,! ,,bapti/]y4 ,,pisa ,,vi4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,/4 ,,john4 ,,adv5t ,,vii4 ,,dep>ture ,,viii4 ,,! ,,*>ge ,,to ,,adam ,,giovanni ,,pisano ,,ix4 ,,mod]n ,,italian ,x4 ,,! ,,nativity4 ,,giovanni ,,pisano ,,xi4 ,,mod]n ,,italian ,,xii4 ,,! ,,annunciation ,,& ,,visitation ,,val ,d',,arno ,,t5 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,tuscan ,,art ,,directly ,,antec$5t ,,to ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,ye> ,,( ,,victories ,,giv5 ,,be=e ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,9 ,,mi*aelmas ,,t]m1 #ahgc ,,lecture ,i4 ,,ni*olas ,,! ,,pisan4 #a4 ,on ?is day1 ( ?is mon?1 ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 six hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree ye>s ago1 ! m]*ants & tradesm5 ( ,flor5ce met be=e ! *ur* ( ,santa ,croce2 m>*$ ?r\gh ! city to ! palace ( _! ,pode/a2 depos$ _! ,pode/a2 set ov] !mselves1 9 8 place1 a knight belong+ to an inf]ior city2 call$ him ,capta9 ( ! ,p2 appo9t$ "u him a ,signory ( twelve ,anci5ts *os5 f among !mselves2 hung a bell = him on ! t[] ( ! ,lion1 t he might r+ x at ne$1 & gave him ! flag ( ,flor5ce to be>1 half :ite1 & half r$4 ,! fir/ bl[ /ruck ^u ! bell 9 t t[] ( ! ,lion began ! toll+ = ! pass+ away ( ! feudal sy/em1 & began ! joy-peal1 or c>illon1 = :atev] des]ves joy1 9 t ( our mod]n lib]ties1 :e!r ( action or ( trade4 #b4 ,)9 ! space ( our ,ox=d t]m f t day1 namely1 on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] 9 ! same ye>1 #abej1 di$1 at ,f]5t9o1 9 ,apulia1 ! second ,fr$]ick1 ,emp]or ( ,g]many2 ! second also ( ! two great lights :i* 9 8 lifetime1 accord+ to ,dante's a/ronomy1 rul$ ! _w1--^: light be+ qu5*$1 ! l& :i* 0 once ! resid5ce ( c\rtesy & val\r1 became ! haunt ( all m5 :o are a%am$ to be ne> ! good1 or to speak to !m4 ,9 sul paese *adice e po riga solea valore e cortesia trov> si prima *e f$]igo ,bavessi briga1 or puo sicuram5te indi pass>si p] qualuu*e lasciassi p] v]gogna di ragion> co buoni1 e appress>si4 ,,puro41 ,cant4 #af4 #c4 ,! ,paese *e ,adice e ,po riga is ( c\rse ,lomb>dy2 & might h be5 en\gh di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( its pr9cipal riv]4 ,b ,dante has an especial reason = nam+ ! ,adige4 ,x is always by ! valley ( ! ,adige t ! p[] ( ! ,g]man ,caes>s desc5ds on ,italy2 & t battlem5t$ bridge1 :i* d\btless _m ( y rememb]1 ?r[n ov] ! ,adige at ,v]ona1 0 s built t ! ,g]man rid]s might h secure & con/ant access to ! city4 ,9 :i* city !y _h _! fir/ /ronghold 9 ,italy1 aid$ !re9 by ! great family ( ! ,montec*i1 ,montacutes1 ,mont-aigu-s1 or ,montagues2 lords1 s call$1 ( ! m\nta9 peaks2 9 feud ) ! family ( ! ,cappelletti1--hatt$1 or1 m prop]ly1 sc>let-hatt$1 p]sons4 ,& ?is accid5t ( nom5clature1 assi/$ by y\r pres5t famili> k ( ! real conte/s ( ! %>p m\nta9s ) ! flat caps1 or petasoi1 ( cl\d1 7locally giv+ ,mont ,pilate its title1 ,pileatus17 may 9 _m po9ts curi\sly illu/rate = y t conte/ ( ,fr$]ick ! ,second ) ,innoc5t ! ,f\r?1 :i* 9 ! good ( x & ! evil alike1 repres5ts to all "t ! w> ( ! solid1 rational1 & e>?ly au?ority ( ! ,k+1 & ,/ate1 ) ! m or less spectral1 hood$1 imag9ative1 & nubi=m au?ority ( ! ,pope1 & ,*ur*4 #d4 ,x w be desirable also t y cle>ly le>n ! mat]ial relations1 gov]n+ spiritual ones1--z ( ! ,alps to _! cl\ds1 s ( ! pla9s to _! riv]s4 ,& ( ^! riv]s1 *iefly note ! relation to ea* o!r1 fir/1 ( ! ,adige & ,po2 !n ( ! ,arno & ,tib]4 ,= ! ,adige1 repres5t+ among ! riv]s & f\nta9s ( wat]s ! *annel ( ,imp]ial1 z ! ,tib] ( ! ,papal p[]1 & ! /r5g? ( ! ,coronet be+ f\nd$ on ! :ite peaks t look d[n ^u ,hapsburg & ,hoh5zoll]n1 z t ( ! ,sc>let ,cap 9 ! m>% ( ! ,campagna1 quo t5uis 9 sicco aqua de/ituisset1 ! /udy ( ! policies & arts ( ! cities f\nd$ 9 ! two great valleys ( ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany1 s f> z !y 7 affect$ by _! bias to ! ,emp]or1 or ! ,*ur*1 w arrange itself 9 y\r m9ds at once 9 a symmetry z cle> z x w be1 9 our future "w1 secure & sugge/ive4 #e4 ,t5uis1 9 sicco4 ,h[ lit]ally ! words apply1 z to ! native /reams1 s to ! e>ly /ates or e/abli%+s ( ! great cities ( ! _w4 ,& y w f9d t ! policy ( ! ,coronet1 ) its t[]-build+2 ! policy ( ! ,hood1 ) its dome-build+2 & ! policy ( ! b>e br[1 ) its cot-build+1--! ?ree ma9 associations ( human en]gy to :i* we owe ! ar*itecture ( our e>?1 79 contradi/9ction to ! d5s & caves ( x17--are curi\sly & et]nally gov]n$ by m5tal laws1 correspond+ to ! physical ones :i* are orda9$ = ! rocks1 ! cl\ds1 & ! /reams4 ,! t[]1 :i* _m ( y s well rememb] ! daily sight (1 9 y\r y\?1 above ! w9d+ %ore ( ,?ames1--! t[] ^u ! hill ( ,london2 ! dome :i* /ill rises above its f\l & t]re/rial cl\ds2 & ! walls ( ?is city itself1 :i* has be5 alma1 n\ri%+ 9 g5tl5ess1 to ! y\? ( ,engl&1 because def5d$ f ext]nal ho/ility by ! difficultly =dable /reams ( its pla91 may p]haps1 9 a few ye>s m1 be swept away z heaps ( useless /one2 b ! rocks1 & cl\ds1 & riv]s ( our c\ntry w yet1 "o day1 re/ore to x ! glory ( law1 ( religion1 & ( life4 #f4 ,i am ab\t to ask y to read ! hi]oglyphs ^u ! ar*itecture ( a dead nation1 9 "* greatly resembl+ our own1--9 laws & 9 comm]ce greatly influ5c+ our own2--9 arts1 /ill1 f h] grave1 tutress ( ! pres5t _w4 ,i "k t x w be expect$ ( me to expla9 ! m]its ( h] arts1 )\t ref]5ce to ! wisdom ( h] laws2 & to describe ! results ( bo?1 )\t inve/igat+ ! feel+s :i* regulat$ ei!r4 ,i _c d ?is2 b ,i w at once end ^! necess>ily vague1 & p]haps premature1 g5]alizations2 & only ask y to /udy "s portions ( ! life & "w ( two m51 fa!r & son1 citiz5s ( ! city 9 :i* ! en]gies ( ?is great p 7 at fir/ conc5trat$2 & to d$uce f t /udy ! conclusions1 or foll[ out ! inquiries1 :i* x may naturally sugge/4 #g4 ,x is ! mod]n fa%ion to despise ,vas>i4 ,he is inde$ despicable1 :e!r z hi/orian or critic1--n lea/ 9 8 admiration ( ,mi*ael ,angelo2 nev]!less1 he records ! traditions & op9ions ( 8 day2 & ^! y mu/ accurately "k1 be=e y c wisely correct4 ,i w take leave1 !re=e1 to beg9 to-day ) a s5t5ce f ,vas>i1 :i* _m ( y h (t5 he>d quot$1 b ( :i*1 p]haps1 few h en\gh obs]v$ ! value4 ,niccola ,pisano f9d+ himself "u c]ta9 ,greek sculptors :o 7 c>v+ ! figures & o!r intaglio ornam5ts ( ! ca!dral ( ,pisa1 & ( ! temple ( ,/4 ,john1 & !re be+1 among _m spoils ( m>bles1 br\ght by ! ,pisan fleet1 #a "s anci5t tombs1 !re 0 "o among ! o!rs mo/ fair1 on :i* 0 sculptur$ ! hunt+ ( ,meleag]4 #b ,footnote #a3 ,armata4 ,! prop] ^w = a l& army is es]cito4 ,footnote #b3 ,vol4 i41 p4 #fj1 ( ,mrs4 ,fo/]'s ,engli% translation1 to :i* ,i %all always ref]1 9 ord] t ,engli% /ud5ts may comp>e ! context if !y wi%4 ,b ! pieces ( ,engli% :i* ,i give are my own direct translation1 v>y+1 x w be f\nd1 (t51 f ,mrs4 ,fo/]'s1 9 m9ute1 b n unimportant1 p>ticul>s4 ,get ! mean+ & cont5ts ( ?is passage well into y\r m9ds4 ,9 ! gi/ ( x1 x is true1 & v notable4 #h4 ,y are 9 mid ?irte5? c5tury2 #abjj-acjj4 ,! ,greek nation has be5 dead 9 he>t upw>ds ( a ?\s& ye>s2 its religion dead1 = six hundr$4 ,b ?r\gh ! wreck ( its fai?1 & dea? 9 its he>t1 ! skill ( its h&s1 & ! cunn+ ( its design1 in/9ctively l+]4 ,9 ! c5turies ( ,*ri/ian p[]1 ! ,*ri/ians are /ill unable to build b "u ,greek ma/]s1 & by pillage ( ,greek %r9es2 & _! be/ workman is only an appr5tice to ! ',graeculi esuri5tes' :o are c>v+ ! temple ( ,/4 ,john4 #i4 ,?9k ( x4 ,"h has ! ,new ,te/am5t be5 decl>$ = #abjj ye>s4 ,no _s ( wisdom1 z yet1 has be5 giv5 to its workm51 except t :i* has desc5d$ f ! ,m>s ,hill on :i* ,/4 ,paul /ood contemptu\s 9 pity4 ,no ,bezaleel arises1 to build new tab]nacles1 unless he has be5 taught by ,da$alus4 #aj4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 = y fir/ to "k precisely ! mann] ( ^! ,greek ma/]s 9 _! decay$ p[]2 ! mann] :i* ,vas>i calls1 only a s5t5ce be=e1 ,t old ,greek mann]1 blund]+1 disproportion$1--,g(fa1 e sproporzionata4 ,g(fa1 ! v ^w :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo uses ( ,p]ug9o4 ,behold1 ! ,*ri/ians despis+ ! ,dunce ,greeks1 z ! ,infidel mod]ni/s despise ! ,dunce ,*ri/ians4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ,ariadne ,floreut9a1 #df4 #aa4 ,i sket*$ = y1 :5 ,i 0 la/ at ,pisa1 a few ar*es ( ! apse ( ! duomo1 & a small portion ( ! sculpture ( ! font ( ! ,temple ( ,/4 ,john4 ,i h plac$ !m 9 y\r rudim5t>y s]ies1 z examples ( quella vec*ia mani]a ,greca1 g(fa e sproporzionata4 ,my own judgm5t respect+ !m is1--& x is a judgm5t f\nd$ on k :i* y may1 if y *oose1 %>e ) me1 aft] work+ ) me1--t no ar*itecture on ?is gr& scale1 s delicately skilful 9 execution1 or s da9tily dispos$ 9 proportion1 exi/s else:]e 9 ! _w4 #ab4 ,is ,vas>i entirely wrong !n8 ,no1 only half wrong1 b v fatally half wrong4 ,!re are ,greeks1 & ,greeks4 ,?is head ) ! inlaid d>k iris 9 its eyes1 f ! font ( ,/4 ,john1 is z pure z ! sculpture ( e>ly ,greece1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,phidias2 & x is s delicate1 t hav+ drawn ) equal c>e ?is & ! be/ "w ( ! ,lomb>di at ,v5ice 79 ! *ur* ( ! ,miracoli71 ,i f\nd ?is to possess ! m subtle qualities ( design4 ,& yet1 9 ! cloi/]s ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an at ,rome1 y h ,greek "w1 if n contempor>y ) ?is at ,pisa1 yet occupy+ a p>allel place 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture1 :i* is abortive1 & mon/r\s beyond ! p[] ( any words to describe4 ,vas>i knew no diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( ,greek "w4 ,nor d y\r mod]n ar*itects4 ,to disc]n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sculpture ( ! font ( ,pisa1 & ! sp&rils ( ! ,lat]an cloi/]1 requires ?or\gh tra9+ ( ! h& 9 ! f9e/ me?ods ( draughtsman%ip2 &1 secondly1 tra9$ habit ( read+ ! my?ology & e?ics ( design4 ,i simply assure y ( ! fact at pres5t2 & if y "w1 y may h sight & s5se ( x4 #ac4 ,!re are ,greeks1 & ,greeks1 !n1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 diff]+ z mu* f ea* o!r z vice1 9 all ages1 mu/ diff] f virtue4 ,b 9 ,vas>i's sight !y are alike2 9 ours1 !y mu/ be s1 z f> z reg>ds our pres5t purpose4 ,z m5 ( a s*ool1 !y are to be summ$ "u ! g5]al "n ( ',byzant9es2' _! "w all alike %[+ specific *>act]s ( att5uate1 rigid1 & 9 _m respects (f5sively unbeautiful1 design1 to :i* ,vas>i's epi!ts ( g(fa1 e sproporzionata are naturally appli$ by all p]sons tra9$ only 9 mod]n pr9ciples4 ,"u ma/]s1 !n1 ( ?is ,byzant9e race1 ,niccola is work+ at ,pisa4 #ad4 ,among ! spoils br\ght by h] fleets f ,greece1 is a s>cophagus1 ) ,meleag]'s hunt on x1 wr\ght con bellissima mani]a1 says ,vas>i4 ,y may see t s>cophagus--any ( y :o g to ,pisa2--t\* x1 = x is on a level ) y\r h&2 /udy x1 z ,niccola /udi$ x1 to y\r m9d's cont5t4 ,)9 t5 y>ds ( x1 /& equally accessible pieces ( ,niccola's own "w & ( 8 son's4 ,)9 fifty y>ds ( x1 /&s ! ,byzant9e font ( ! *apel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,sp5d b ! good h\rs ( a s+le day quietly by ^! ?ree pieces ( m>ble1 & y may le>n m ?an 9 g5]al any ( y br+ home f an entire t\r 9 ,italy4 ,b h[ _m ( y ev] yet w5t into t temple ( ,/4 ,john1 kn[+ :at to look =2 or sp5t z mu* "t 9 ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa1 z y d 9 ,mr4 ,ryman's %op on a ra9y day8 #ae4 ,! s>cophagus is n1 h[ev]1 7) ,vas>i's p>don7 9 'bellissima mani]a' by any means4 ,b x is 9 ! classical ,greek mann] in/ead ( ! ,byzant9e ,greek mann]4 ,y h to le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^!4 ,n[ ,i h expla9$ to y suffici5tly1 9 ,aratra ,p5telici1 :at ! classical ,greek mann] is4 ,! mann] & matt] ( x be+ easily summ$--z ^? ( natural & unaffect$ life2--nude life :5 nudity is "r & pure2 n o!rwise4 ,to ,niccola1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is natural ,greek s*ool1 & ! ,byzant9e1 0 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! bull ( ,?urium & ( ,delhi1 7see ,plate #ai ( ,aratra ,p5telici74 ,in/antly he foll[$ ! natural fact1 & became ! ,fa!r ( ,sculpture to ,italy4 #af4 ,are we1 !n1 also to be /rong by foll[+ ! natural fact8 ,yes1 assur$ly4 ,t is ! beg9n+ & end ( all my tea*+ to y4 ,b ! noble natural fact1 n ! ignoble4 ,y are to /udy m52 n lice nor entozoa4 ,& y are to /udy ! s\ls ( m5 9 _! bodies1 n _! bodies only4 ,mulready's draw+s f ! nude are m degrad$ & be/ial ?an ! wor/ grotesques ( ! ,byzant9e or ev5 ! ,indian image mak]s4 ,& y\r mod]n mob ( ,engli% & ,am]ican t\ri/s1 foll[+ a lamplight] ?r\gh ! ,vatican to h p9k light ?r[n = !m on ! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 are f>!r f capacity ( und]/&+ ,greek art1 ?an ! p>i% *>ity boy1 mak+ a gho/ out ( a turnip1 ) a c&le inside4 #ag4 ,niccola foll[$ ! facts1 !n4 ,he is ! ,ma/] ( ,naturalism 9 ,italy4 ,& ,i h drawn = y 8 lioness & cubs1 to fix t 9 y\r m9ds4 ,& beside x1 ,i put ! ,lion ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 t y may see exactly ! k9d ( *ange he made4 ,! ,lion ( ,/4 ,m>k's 7all b 8 w+s1 :i* h be5 made & fa/5$ on 9 ! fifte5? c5tury71 is 9 ! c5tral ,byzant9e mann]2 a f9e decorative piece ( "w1 desc5d+ 9 true g5ealogy f ! ,lion ( ,nemea1 & ! cre/$ sk9 ( him t clo!s ! head ( ! ,h]acles ( ,cam>9a4 ,x has all ! ri*ness ( ,greek ,da$al "w1--nay1 x has fire & life beyond mu* ,greek ,da$al "w2 b 9 s f> z x is non-natural1 symbolic1 decorative1 & n l an actual lion1 x w\ld be felt by ,niccola ,pisano to be imp]fect4 ,& in/ead ( ?is decorative evangelical prea*] ( a lion1 ) />+ eyes1 & its paw on a gospel1 he c>ves y a q brutal & mat]nal lioness1 ) affectionate eyes1 & paw set on h] cub4 #ah4 ,fix t 9 y\r m9ds1 !n4 ,niccola ,pisano is ! ,ma/] ( ,naturalism 9 ,italy1--!re=e else:]e2 ( ,naturalism1 & all t foll[s4 ,g5]ally ( tru?1 common-s5se1 simplicity1 vitality1--& ( all ^!1 ) consummate p[]4 ,a man to be enquir$ ab\t1 is n he8 & w x n make a diff]5ce to y :e!r y look1 :5 y travel 9 ,italy1 9 8 r\gh e>ly m>bles = ?is f\nta9 ( life1 or only glance at !m because y\r ,murray's ,guide tells y1--& ?9k !m odd old ?+s8 #ai4 ,we mu/ look = a mom5t m at "o odd old ?+--! s>cophagus :i* 0 8 tutor4 ,^u x is c>v$ ! hunt+ ( ,meleag]2 & x 0 made1 or by tradition receiv$ z1 ! tomb ( ! "m ( ! ,c\ntess ,matilda4 ,i mu/ n let y pass by x )\t notic+ two curi\s co9cid5ces 9 ^! p>ticul>s4 ,fir/1 9 ! ,greek subject :i* is giv5 ,niccola to read4 ,! bo>1 rememb]1 is ,diana's enemy4 ,x is s5t ^u ! fields ( ,calydon 9 puni%m5t ( ! refusal ( ! ,calydonians to sacrifice to h]4 ',y h refus$ me1' %e said2 'y w n h ,artemis ,laphria1 ,=ag] ,diana1 to range 9 y\r fields4 ,y %all h ! ,=ag] ,sw9e1 in/ead4' ,meleag] & ,atalanta are ,diana's s]vants1--s]vants ( all ord]1 purity1 due sequ5ce ( season1 & "t4 ,! orb$ ar*itecture ( ,tuscany1 ) its sculptures ( ! succession ( ! lab\r+ mon?s1 z comp>$ ) ! rude vaults & mon/r\s imag9ations ( ! pa/1 0 aga9 ! victory ( ,meleag]4 #bj4 ,secondly1 take :at value !re is 9 ! tradition t ?is s>cophagus 0 made ! tomb ( ! "m ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i3--,,! ,,pisan ,,latona4 ,angle ( ,panel ( ! ,adoration1 9 ,niccola's ,pulpit4 ,c\ntess ,matilda4 ,if y look to ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ! ?ird volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 y w f9d ! my?ic "* ( ! ,c\ntess ,matilda1 z ,dante employ$ x expla9$ at "s l5g?4 ,%e is ! repres5tative ( ,natural ,sci5ce z oppos$ to ,!ological4 #ba4 ,*ance co9cid5ces m]ely1 ^!2 b full ( tea*+ = u1 look+ back ^u ! pa/4 ,to ,niccola1 ! piece ( m>ble 01 prim>ily1 & p]haps exclusively1 an example ( free *isell+1 & humanity ( treatm5t4 ,:at else x 0 to him1--:at ! spirits ( ,atalanta & ,matilda c\ld be/[ on him1 dep5d$ on :at he 0 himself4 ,( :i* ,vas>i tells y no?+4 ,n :e!r he 0 g5tleman or cl[n--ri* or poor--soldi] or sailor4 ,0 he nev]1 !n1 9 ^? fleets t br\ght ! m>bles back f ! ravag$ ,isles ( ,greece8 0 he at fir/ only a lab\r]'s boy among ! scaffold+s ( ! ,pisan apse1--8 apron load$ ) du/--& no man prais+ him = 8 spee*8 ,r\gh he 01 assur$ly2 probably poor2 fi]ce & en]getic1 beyond ev5 ! /ra9 ( ,pisa1--j & k9d1 beyond ! cu/om ( 8 age1 kn[+ ! ,judgm5t & ,love ( ,god3 & a workman1 ) all 8 s\l & /r5g?1 all 8 days4 #bb4 ,y he> ! fame ( him z ( a sculptor only4 ,x is "r t y %\ld2 = e great ar*itect mu/ be a sculptor1 & be r5[n$1 z su*1 m ?an by 8 build+4 ,b ,niccola ,pisano _h ev5 m influ5ce on ,italy z a build] ?an z a c>v]4 ,= ,italy1 at ?is mom5t1 want$ build]s m ?an c>v]s2 & a *ange 0 pass+ ?r\gh h] life1 ( :i* ext]nal edifice 0 a necess>y sign4 ,i compla9$ ( y j n[ t y nev] look$ at ! ,byzant9e font 9 ! temple ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! sacri/an g5]ally w n let y4 ,he takes y to a p>ticul> spot on ! floor1 & s+s a musical *ord4 ,! *ord returns 9 prolong$ e*o f ! *apel ro(1 z if ! build+ 7 all "o sonor\s m>ble bell4 ,:i* inde$ x is2 & travell]s are always greatly amus$ at be+ all[$ to r+ ?is bell2 b x nev] occurs to !m to ask h[ x came to be r+able3--h[ t t9t9nabulate ro( diff]s f ! dome ( ! ,pan!on1 exp&s into ! dome ( ,flor5ce1 or decl9es into ! :isp]+ gall]y ( ,/4 ,paul's4 #bc4 ,:5 y h _h full satisfaction ( ! t9t9nabulate ro(1 y are l$ by ! sacri/an & ,murray to ,niccola ,pisano's pulpit2 :i*1 if y h sp>e "t to exam9e x1 y f9d to h six sides1 to be decorat$ ) tablets ( sculpture1 l ! sides ( ! s>cophagus1 & to be su/a9$ on sev5 pill>s1 ?ree ( :i* are !mselves c>ri$ on ! backs ( z _m animals4 ,all ?is arrangem5t _h be5 contriv$ be=e ,niccola's "t1 & execut$ aga9 & aga94 ,b behold6 betwe5 ! capitals ( ! pill>s & ! sculptur$ tablets !re are int]pos$ five cusp$ ar*es1 ! holl[ b5ea? ! pulpit %[+ d>k ?r\gh _! foils4 ,y h se5 su* cusp$ ar*es be=e1 y ?9k8 ,yes1 g5tlem51 y h2 b ! ,pisans _h n4 ,& t int]m$iate lay] ( ! pulpit means--! *ange1 9 a ^w1 = all ,europe1 f ! ,p>!non to ,ami5s ,ca!dral4 ,= ,italy x means ! rise ( h] ,go?ic dyna/y2 x means ! duomo ( ,milan in/ead ( ! temple ( ,pae/um4 #bd4 ,i say ! duomo ( ,milan1 only to put ! *ange well be=e y\r eyes1 because y all "k t build+ s well4 ,! duomo ( ,milan is ( entirely bad & b>b>\s ,go?ic1 b ! passion ( p9nacle & fret is 9 x1 visibly to y1 m ?an 9 o!r build+s4 ,x w !re=e s]ve to %[ be/ :at fulness ( *ange ?is pulpit ( ,niccola ,pisano signifies4 ,9 x !re is no passion ( p9nacle nor ( fret4 ,y see ! edges ( x1 in/ead ( be+ boss$1 or knopp$1 or crocket$1 are m\ld+s ( sev]e/ l9e4 ,no vault+1 no clu/]$ %afts1 no trac]ies1 no fantasies1 no p]p5dicul> flights ( aspiration4 ,/eady pill>s1 ea* ( "o poli%$ block2 useful capitals1 "o trefoil$ ar* betwe5 !m2 y\r panel above x2 !reon y\r /ory ( ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! :ole /&+ ^u bea/s1 !y be+ inde$ ! f\ndation ( u1 7:i* ,niccola knew f> bett] ?an ,mr4 ,d>w972 ,eagle to c>ry y\r ,gospel message--,dove y ?9k x ought to be8 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,niccola ,,pisano',s ,,pulpit4 ,eagle1 says ,niccola1 & n z symbol ( ,/4 ,john ,evangeli/ only1 b behold6 ) prey betwe5 its claws4 ,= ! ,gospel1 x is ,niccola's op9ion1 is n altoge!r a message t y may d :atev] y l1 & g /raight to heav54 ,f9ally1 a slab ( m>ble1 cut holl[ a little to be> y\r book2 space en\gh = y to speak f at ease1--& "h is y\r fir/ ar*itecture ( ,go?ic ,*ri/ianity6 #be4 ,indignant ?und] ( diss5t f ,g]man doctors1--clam\r f ,fr5* savants4 ',:at6 & our ,treves1 & our ,/rasburg1 & our ,poicti]s1 & our ,*>tres6 ,& y call ?is ?+ ! fir/ ar*itecture ( ,*ri/ianity6' ,yes1 my ,fr5* & ,g]man fri5ds1 v f9e ! build+s y h m5tion$ are2 & ,i am bold to say ,i love !m f> bett] ?an y d1 = y w run a railroad ?r\gh any ( !m any day t y c turn a p5ny by x4 ,i ?ank y also1 ,g]mans1 9 ! "n ( our ,lady ( ,/rasburg1 = y\r bullets & fire2 & ,i ?ank y1 ,fr5*m51 9 ! "n ( our ,lady ( ,r\51 = y\r new hab]da%]s' %ops 9 ! ,go?ic t[n2--mean:ile h pati5ce ) me a little1 & let me g on4 #bf4 ,no passion ( fretwork1 or p9nacle :atev]1 ,i said1 is 9 ?is ,pisan pulpit4 ,! trefoil$ ar* itself1 pleasant z x is1 seems =c$ a little2 out ( p]fect h>mony ) ! re/ 7see ,plate ,,ii474 ,unnatural1 p]haps1 to ,niccola8 ,altoge!r unnatural to him1 x is2 su* a ?+ nev] w\ld h come into 8 head1 unless "s "o _h %[n x him4 ,once got into 8 head1 he puts x to good use2 p]haps ev5 he w let ?is somebody else put p9nacles & crockets into 8 head1 or at lea/1 into 8 son's1 9 a little :ile4 ,p9nacles1--crockets1--x may be1 ev5 trac]ies4 ,! gr\nd-ti] ( ! bapti/]y is r\nd-ar*$1 & has no p9nacles2 b look at its fir/ /ory4 ,! cl]e/ory ( ! ,duomo ( ,pisa has no trac]ies1 b look at ! cloi/] ( its ,campo ,santo4 #bg4 ,i pause at ! words2--= !y introduce a new gr\p ( ?\ghts1 :i* pres5tly we mu/ trace f>!r4 ,! ,holy ,field2--field ( burial4 ,! cave ( ,ma*pelah :i* is be=e ,mamre1 ( ! ,pisans4 ,!re !y buri$ ,abraham1 & ,s>ah 8 wife2 !re !y buri$ ,isaac1 & ,rebekah 8 wife2 & !re ,i buri$ ,leah4 ,h[ d y ?9k su* a field becomes holy1--h[ sep>at$1 z ! re/+-place ( lov+ k9dr$1 f t o!r field ( blood1 b\ght to bury /rang]s 98 ,:5 y h f9ally succe$$1 by y\r gospel ( mammon1 9 mak+ all ! m5 ( y\r own nation n only /rang]s to ea* o!r1 b enemies2 & :5 y\r e *ur*y>d becomes !re=e a field ( ! /rang]1 ! kneel+ hamlet w va9ly dr9k ! *alice ( ,god 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,! field w be unholy4 ,no cloi/]s ( noble hi/ory c ev] be built r\nd su* an "o4 #bh4 ,b ! v e>? ( ?is at ,pisa 0 holy1 z y "k4 ,t armata ( ! ,tuscan city br\ght home n only m>ble & ivory1 = treasure2 b e>?1--a fleet's burd51--f ! place :]e !re 0 heal+ ( s\l's leprosy3 & _! field became a place ( holy tombs1 prep>$ = its (fice ) e>? f ! l& made holy by "o tomb2 :i* all ! knigh?ood ( ,*ri/5dom _h be5 p\r+ out its life to w94 #bi4 ,i told y j n[ t ?is sculpture ( ,niccola's 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ian ar*itecture4 ,h[ d y judge t ,*ri/ian ar*itecture 9 ! deepe/ mean+ ( x to diff] f all o!r8 ,all o!r noble ar*itecture is = ! glory ( liv+ gods & m52 b ?is is = ! glory ( dea?1 9 ,god & man4 ,ca!dral1 cloi/]1 or tomb1--%r9e = ! body ( ,*ri/1 or = ! bodies ( ! sa9ts4 ,all alike signify+ dea? to ?is _w2--life1 o!r ?an ( ?is _w4 ,obs]ve1 ,i am n say+ h[ f> ?is feel+1 be x fai?1 or be x imag9ation1 is true or false2--,i only desire y to note t ! p[] ( all ,*ri/ian "w beg9s 9 ! ni*e ( ! catacomb & dep? ( ! s>cophagus1 & is to ! end def9able z ar*itecture ( ! tomb4 #cj4 ,n altoge!r1 & "u e condition1 sanction$ 9 do+ su* hon\r to ! dead by ! ,ma/] ( x4 ,n e grave is by ,8 comm& to be wor%ipp$4 ,graves !re may be--too little gu>d$1 yet di%on\rable2--ye are z graves t appe> n1 & ! m5 t walk ov] !m are n aw>e ( !m4 ,& graves too mu* gu>d$1 yet di%on\rable1 :i* inde$ appe> beautiful outw>dly1 b are )9 full ( all uncleanness4 ,or graves1 !mselves hon\rable1 yet :i* x may be1 9 u1 a crime to adorn4 ,= !y inde$ kill$ !m1 & ye build _! sepul*res4 ,que/ions1 ^!1 collat]al2 or to be exam9$ 9 due "t2 = ! pres5t x is en\gh = u to "k t all ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 z su*1 has be5 hi!rto ess5tially ( tombs4 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 g5tlem51 t !re is a f9e ,go?ic revival 9 y\r /reets ( ,ox=d1 because y h a ,go?ic door to y\r ,c\nty ,bank3 ,rememb]1 at all ev5ts1 x 0 o!r k9d ( buri$ treasure1 & be>+ o!r int]e/1 :i* ,niccola ,pisano's ,go?ic 0 set to gu>d4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,john ,,! ,,pisan4 #ca4 ,i clos$ my la/ lecture ) ! /atem5t1 on :i* ,i desir$ to give y "t = reflection1 t ,*ri/ian ar*itecture 01 9 its *ief en]gy1 ! adornm5t ( tombs1--hav+ ! passionate function ( do+ hon\r to ! dead4 ,b !re is an e?ic1 or simply didactic & in/ructive ar*itecture1 ! decoration ( :i* y w f9d to be normally repres5tative ( ! virtues :i* are common alike to ,*ri/ian & ,greek4 ,& !re is a natural t5d5cy to adopt su* decoration1 & ! modes ( design fitt$ = x1 9 civil build+s4 #a ,footnote3 ,^! sev]al rooms 7 indicat$ by symbol & device3 ,victory = ! soldi]1 ,hope = ! exile1 ! ,muses = ! poets1 ,m]cury = ! arti/s1 ,p>adise = ! prea*]4--7,sagacius ,gazata1 ( ! ,palace ( ,c ,gr&e4 ,i translate only ,sismondi's quotation47 #cb4 ,civil1 or civic1 ,i say1 z oppos$ to milit>y4 ,b aga9 obs]ve1 !re are two k9ds ( milit>y build+4 ,"o1 ! robb]'s ca/le1 or /ronghold1 out ( :i* he issues to pillage2 ! o!r1 ! hone/ man's ca/le1 or /ronghold1 into :i* he retreats f pillage4 ,!y are mu* l ea* o!r 9 ext]nal =ms2--b ,inju/ice1 or ,unrighte\sness1 sits 9 ! gate ( ! "o1 veil$ ) =e/ bran*es1 7see ,giotto's pa9t+ ( him72 & ,ju/ice or ,righte\sness ent]s by ! gate ( ! o!r1 ov] /rewn =e/ bran*es4 ,n[1 = example ( ?is second k9d ( milit>y ar*itecture1 look at ,c>lyle's acc\nt ( ,h5ry ! ,f[l]1 #a & ( 8 build+ milit>y t[ns1 or burgs1 to protect 8 peasantry4 ,9 su* function y h ! fir/ & prop] idea ( a wall$ t[n1--a place into :i* ! pacific c\ntry p c retire = safety1 z ! ,a!nians 9 ! ,sp>tan w>4 ,y\r =tress ( ?is k9d is a religi\s & civil =tress1 or burg1 def5d$ by burg]s1 tra9$ to def5sive w>4 ,keep always ?is idea ( ! prop] nature ( a =tifi$ city3--,its walls mean protection1--its gates hospitality & triumph4 ,9 ! language famili> to y1 spok5 ( ! *ief ( cities3 ,its walls are to be ,salvation1 & its gates to be ,praise4 ,& recollect always ! inscription ov] ! nor? gate ( ,si5a3 ,cor magis tibi ,s5a p&it4--,m ?an h] gates1 ,si5a op5s h] he>t to y4 ,footnote #a3 ,fr$]ick1 vol4 i4 #cc4 ,:5 next y ent] ,london by any ( ! great l9es1 ,i %\ld l y to consid]1 z y approa* ! city1 :at ! feel+s ( ! he>t ( ,london are likely to be on y\r approa*1 & at :at "p ( ! railroad /ation an inscription1 expla9+ su* /ate ( h] he>t1 might be mo/ fitly inscrib$4 ,or y w\ld /ill bett] und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n pr9ciples ( ar*itecture by tak+ a cab to ! ,elephant & ,ca/le1 & !nce walk+ to ,london ,bridge by :at is 9 fact ! great s\!rn entrance ( ,london4 ,! only gate receiv+ y is1 h[ev]1 ! ar* ?r[n ov] ! road to c>ry ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway itself2 & ! only exhibition ei!r ( ,salvation or ,praise is 9 ! *eap clo!s' %ops on ea* side2 & especially 9 "o colossal hab]da%]'s %op1 ov] :i* y may see ! ,briti% flag wav+ 79 imitation ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le7 :5 ! ma/] ( ! %op is at home4 #cd4 ,next to protection f ext]nal ho/ility1 ! two necessities 9 a city are ( food & wat] supply2--! latt] ess5tially con/ant4 ,y c /ore food & =age1 b wat] mu/ fl[ freely4 ,h5ce ! ,f\nta9 & ! ,m]cato become ! c5tres ( civil ar*itecture4 ,premis+ ?us mu*1 ,i w ask y to look once m at ?is cloi/] ( ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa4 #ce4 ,on fir/ ent]+ ! place1 its quiet1 its solemnity1 ! p]spective ( its aisles1 & ! conspicu\s grace & precision ( its trac]ies1 comb9e to give y ! s5sation ( hav+ ent]$ a true ,go?ic cloi/]4 ,& if y walk r\nd x ha/ily1 &1 glanc+ only at a fresco or two1 & ! confus$ tombs erect$ aga9/ !m1 return to ! uncloi/]$ sunlight ( ! piazza1 y may q easily c>ry away ) y1 & ev] aft]w>ds reta91 ! notion t ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa is ! same k9d ( ?+ z ! cloi/] ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 #cf4 ,i w beg y to look at ! build+1 ?us photograph$1 m att5tively4 ,! long-drawn aisle is "h1 inde$1--b :]e is ! frett$ vault8 ,a timb] ro(1 simple z t ( a c\ntry b>n1 & ( :i* only ! horizontal beams cat* ! eye1 connects an entirely pla9 outside wall ) an int]ior "o1 pi]c$ by r\nd-head$ op5+s2 9 :i* are ins]t$ pieces ( complex trac]y1 z =eign 9 conception to ! re/ ( ! "w z if ! ,pisan armata _h gone up ! ,rh9e in/ead ( to ,crete1 pillag$ ,s\? ,g]many1 & cut ^! pieces ( trac]y out ( ! w9d[s ( "s *ur* 9 an advanc$ /age ( fanta/ic design at ,nuremb]g or ,frank=t4 #cg4 ,if y beg9 to "q1 h]eupon1 :o 0 ! ,italian robb]1 :e!r ( m>ble or ?\ght1 & look to y\r ,vas>i1 y f9d ! build+ attribut$ to ,john ! ,pisan2 #a--;& y suppose ! son to h be5 s pleas$ by 8 fa!r's adoption ( ,go?ic =ms t he mu/ ne$s borr[ !m1 9 ?is mann]1 ready made1 f ! ,g]mans1 & ?ru/ !m into 8 r\nd ar*es1 or :]ev] else !y w\ld g4 ,footnote #a3 ,! pres5t trac]ies are ( fifte5? c5tury "w1 f\nd$ on ,giovanni's design4 ,we w look at some?+ m ( 8 "w1 h[ev]1 be=e draw+ su* conclusion4 #ch4 ,9 ! c5tres ( ! great squ>es ( ,si5a & ,p]ugia1 rose1 ob$i5t to eng9e]s' art1 two p]5nial f\nta9s ,)\t eng9e]s' art1 ! gl5s :i* cleave ! s&-rock ( ,si5a fl[ ) liv+ wat]2 & /ill1 if !re be a hell = ! =g] 9 ,italy1 he rememb]s !re9 ! sweet grotto & gre5 wave ( ,fonte ,br&a4 ,b on ! v summit ( ! two hills1 cre/$ by _! great civic =tresses1 & 9 ! c5tres ( _! circuit ( walls1 rose ! two guid$ wells2 ea* 9 bas9 ( goodly m>ble1 sculptur$--at ,p]ugia1 by ,john ( ,pisa1 at ,si5a1 by ,james ( ,qu]cia4 #ci4 ,x is "o ( ! bitt]e/ regrets ( my life 7& ,i h _m :i* "s m5 w\ld f9d difficult to be>17 t ,i nev] saw1 except :5 ,i 0 a y\?1 & !n ) seal$ eyes1 ,jacopo della ,qu]cia's f\nta94 #a ,! ,si5ese1 a little :ile s9ce1 tore x d[n1 & put up a model ( x by a mod]n c>v]4 ,9 l mann]1 p]haps1 y w "s day knock ! ,elg9 m>bles to pieces1 & commission an ,academician to put up new ones1--! ,si5ese do+ worse ?an t 7z if ! ,a!nians 7 !mselves to break _! ,phidias' "w74 ,footnote #a3 ,i obs]ve t ,*>les ,dick5s _h ! =tune d5i$ to me4 ,! m>ket-place1 or great ,piazza1 is a l>ge squ>e1 ) a great brok5-nos$ f\nta9 9 x4 7,pictures f ,italy47 ,b ! f\nta9 ( ,john ( ,pisa1 ?\gh mu* injur$1 & glu$ toge!r ) asphalt1 is /ill 9 its place4 #dj4 ,i w n[ read to y :at ,vas>i fir/ says ( him1 & x4 7,i4 #fg47 ,ni*olas _h1 among o!r sons1 "o call$ ,john1 :o1 because he always foll[$ 8 fa!r1 &1 "u 8 discipl9e1 int5d$ 7b5t himself to1 ) a w17 sculpture & ar*itecture1 9 a few ye>s became n only equal to 8 fa!r1 b 9 "s ?+s sup]ior to him2 :]e=e ,ni*olas1 be+ n[ old1 retir$ himself into ,pisa1 & liv+ quietly !re1 left ! gov]nm5t ( ev]y?+ to 8 son4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,pope ,urban ,,iv4 di$ 9 ,p]ugia1 s5d+ 0 made = ,john1 :o1 go+ !re1 made ! tomb ( t ,pope ( m>ble1 ! :i*1 toge!r ) t ( ,pope ,m>t9 ,,iv41 0 aft]w>ds ?r[n d[n1 :5 ! ,p]ugians ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,( ,,p]ugia4 enl>g$ _! vescovado2 s t only a few relics are se5 spr9kl$ ab\t ! *ur*4 ,& ! ,p]ugians1 hav+ at ! same "t br\ght f ! m\nta9 ( ,pacciano1 two miles di/ant f ! city1 ?r\gh canals ( lead1 a mo/ abundant wat]1 by means ( ! inv5tion & indu/ry ( a fri> ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,silve/]1 x 0 giv5 to ,john ! ,pisan to make all ! ornam5ts ( ?is f\nta91 z well ( bronze z ( m>ble4 ,on :i* he set h& to x1 & made !re ?ree ord]s ( vases1 two ( m>ble & "o ( bronze4 ,! fir/ is put ^u twelve degrees ( twelve-fac$ /eps2 ! second is ^u "s columns :i* put x ^u a level ) ! fir/ "o2 7t is1 9 ! middle ( x17 & ! ?ird1 :i* is ( bronze1 re/s ^u ?ree figures :i* h 9 ! middle ( !m "s griff9s1 ( bronze too1 :i* p\r wat] out on e side4 #da4 ,_m ?+s we h to note 9 ?is passage1 b fir/ ,i w %[ y ! be/ picture ,i c ( ! ?+ itself4 ,! be/ ,i c2 ! ?+ itself be+ half de/roy$1 & :at rema9s s beautiful t no "o c n[ q rightly draw x2 b ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,sev]n1 7! son ( ,keats's ,mr4 ,sev]n17 0 ) me1 look+ rev]5tly at ^? rema9s1 la/ summ]1 & has made1 ) help f ! sun1 ?is sket* = y 7,plate ,,iii472 entirely true & effective z f> z 8 "t all[$4 ,half de/roy$1 or m1 ,i said x 01--,"t do+ griev\s "w on x1 & m5 worse4 ,y he>d ,vas>i say+ ( x1 t x /ood on twelve degrees ( twelve-fac$ /eps4 ,^!--worn1 d\btless1 into little m ?an a rugg$ slope--h be5 replac$ by ! mod]ns ) f\r circul> /eps1 & an iron rail+2 #a ! bas-reliefs h be5 c>ri$ (f f ! panels ( ! second vase1 & its fair m>ble lips *ok$ ) asphalt3--( :at rema9s1 y h "h a r\gh b true image4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,mr4 ,sev]n's sket*1 ! =m ( ! orig9al f\ndation is approximately re/or$4 ,9 :i* y see !re is n a trace ( ,go?ic feel+ or design ( any sort4 ,no crockets1 no p9nacles1 no foils1 no vault+s1 no grotesques 9 sculpture4 ,panels betwe5 pill>s1 panels c>ri$ on pill>s1 sculptures 9 ^? panels l ! ,metopes ( ! ,p>!non2 a ,greek vase 9 ! middle1 & griff9s 9 ! middle ( t4 ,"h is y\r font1 n at all ( ,sa9t ,john1 b ( pr(ane & civil-eng9e]+ ,john4 ,?is is 8 mann] ( baptism ( ! t[n ( ,p]ugia4 #db4 ,?us e>ly1 x seems1 ! antagonism ( pr(ane ,greek to ecclesia/ical ,go?ic decl>es itself4 ,x seems z if 9 ,p]ugia1 z 9 ,london1 y _h ! f\nta9s 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e aga9/ ,que5 ,el9or's ,cross2 or ! viaduct & railway /ation cont5d+ ) ! ,go?ic *apel1 :i* ! ma/] ( ! l>ge manufactory close by has erect$1 because he ?9ks p9nacles & crockets h a pi\s influ5ce2 & w prev5t 8 workm5 f ask+ = %ort] h\rs1 or m wages4 #dc4 ,x seems only2 ! antagonism is q ( ano!r k9d1--or1 r1 ( _m o!r k9ds4 ,b note at once h[ complete x is--h[ utt]ly ?is ,greek f\nta9 ( ,p]ugia1 & ! r\nd ar*es ( ,pisa1 are oppos$ to ! s*ool ( design :i* gave ! trefoils to ,niccola's pulpit1 & ! trac]ies to ,giovanni's ,campo ,santo4 ,! antagonism1 ,i say1 is ( ano!r k9d ?an ours2 b deep & wide2 & to expla9 x1 ,i mu/ pass = a "t to app>5tly irrelevant topics4 ,y 7 surpris$1 ,i hope1 7if y 7 att5tive en\gh to cat* ! po9ts 9 :at ,i j n[ read f ,vas>i17 at my v5tur+ to br+ be=e y1 j aft] ,i _h be5 us+ viol5t language aga9/ ! ,si5ese = break+ up ! "w ( ,qu]cia1 t incid5tal s5t5ce giv+ acc\nt ( ! mu* m disrespectful de/ruction1 by ! ,p]ugians1 ( ! tombs ( ,pope ,urban ,,iv41 & ,m>t9 ,,iv4 ,s5d+ 0 made = ,john1 y see1 fir/1 :5 ,pope ,urban ,,iv4 di$ 9 ,p]ugia--^: tomb 0 to be c>v$ by ,john2 ! ,greek f\nta9 be+ a second>y bus9ess4 ,b ! tomb 0 s well de/roy$1 aft]w>ds1 t only a few relics rema9$ scatt]$ "h & !re4 ,! tomb1 ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt1 0 ,go?ic2--& ! break+ ( x to pieces 0 n 9 ord] to re/ore x aft]w>ds1 t a liv+ ar*itect might get ! job ( re/oration4 ,"h is a /one out ( "o ( ,giovanni ,pisano's lovelie/ ,go?ic build+s1 :i* ,i myself saw ) my own eyes da%$ out1 t a mod]n build] might be paid = putt+ 9 ano!r4 ,b ,pope ,urban's tomb 0 n de/roy$ to su* end4 ,!re 0 no qualm ( ! belly1 driv+ ! hamm]1--qualm ( ! consci5ce probably2 at all ev5ts1 a deep] or l(ti] antagonism ?an "o on po9ts ( ta/e1 or economy4 #dd4 ,y obs]v$ t ,i describ$ ?is ,greek pr(ane mann] ( design z prop]ly belong+ to civil build+s1 z oppos$ n only to ecclesia/ical build+s1 b to milit>y ones4 ,ju/ice1 or ,righte\sness1 & ,v]acity1 are ! *>act]s ( ,greek art4 ,^! may be oppos$ to religion1 :5 religion becomes fanta/ic2 b !y mu/ be oppos$ to w>1 :5 w> becomes unju/4 ,& if1 p]*ance1 fanta/ic religion & unju/ w> happ5 to g h& 9 h&1 y\r ,greek arti/ is likely to use 8 hamm] aga9/ !m spitefully en\gh4 #de4 ,8 hamm]1 or 8 ,greek fire4 ,he> n[ ?is example ( ! eng9e]+ +5uities ( our ,pisan papa1 9 8 y\ng] days4 ,! ,flor5t9es hav+ begun1 9 ,niccola's "t1 to ?r[ d[n _m t[]s1 :i* _h be5 built 9 a b>b>\s mann] ?r\gh ! :ole city2 ei!r t ! p might be less hurt1 by _! means1 9 ! fights t (t5 took place betwe5 ! ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es1 or else t !re might be great] security = ! ,/ate1 x appe>$ to !m t x w\ld be v difficult to ru9 ! ,t[] ( ! ,dea?-wat*1 :i* 0 9 ! place ( ,/4 ,john1 because x _h its walls built ) su* a grip 9 !m t ! /ones c\ld n be /irr$ ) ! pickaxe1 & also because x 0 ( ! l(tie/2 :]eupon ,ni*olas1 caus+ ! t[] to be cut1 at ! foot ( x1 all ! l5g? ( "o ( its sides2 & clos+ up ! cut1 z he made x1 ) %ort 7wood57 "u-props1 ab\t a y>d long1 & sett+ fire to !m1 :5 ! props 7 burn$1 ! t[] fell1 & broke itself ne>ly all to pieces3 :i* 0 held a ?+ s +5i\s & s useful = su* affairs1 t x has s9ce pass$ into a cu/om1 s t :5 x is ne$ful1 9 ?is easie/ mann]1 any edifice may be ?r[n d[n4 #df4 ',:5 x is ne$ful4' ,yes2 b :5 is t8 ,if in/ead ( ! t[]s ( ! ,dea?-wat* 9 ! city1 "o c\ld ru9 ! t[]s ( ! ,dea?-wat* ( evil pride & evil treasure 9 m5's he>ts1 !re w\ld be ne$ en\gh = su* "w bo? 9 ,flor5ce & ,london4 ,b ! walls ( ^? spiritual t[]s h /ill /rong] 'grip' 9 !m1 & are firepro( ) a v5geance4 ,le mure me p>ean die f]ro fosse1 4 4 4 e el mi dixe1 il fuoco et]no ,*5tro laffoca1 le dimo/ra rosse4 ,b ! t[]s 9 ,flor5ce1 %att]$ to fragm5ts by ?is +5i\s eng9e]1 & ! tombs 9 ,p]ugia1 :i* 8 son w c>ve1 only t !y also may be s well de/roy$ t only a few relics rema91 scatt]$ up & d[n ! *ur*1--are ^!1 also1 only ! iron t[]s1 & ! r$-hot tombs1 ( ! city ( ,dis8 ,let u see4 #dg4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! relation ( ! tradesm5 & work+ m51 includ+ em95tly ! arti/1 to ! g5]al life ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,i mu/ lay be=e y ! cle>e/ elem5t>y *>ts ,i c ( ! c\rse :i* ! fates ( ,italy 7 n[ appo9t+ = h]4 ,my fir/ *>t mu/ be geographical4 ,i want y to h a cle>ly dissect$ & closely fitt$ notion ( ! natural b\nd>ies ( h] /ates1 & _! relations to surr\nd+ ones4 ,lay hold fir/1 firmly1 ( y\r conception ( ! valleys ( ! ,po & ! ,arno1 runn+ c\nt] to ea* o!r--op5+ ea/ & op5+ we/1--,v5ice at ! end ( ! "o1 ,pisa at ! end ( ! o!r4 #dh4 ,^! two valleys--! he>ts ( ,lomb>dy & ,etruria--virtually conta9 ! life ( ,italy4 ,!y are entirely diff]5t 9 "*3 ,lomb>dy1 ess5tially luxuri\s & worldly1 at ?is "t rude 9 art1 b active2 ,etruria1 religi\s1 int5sely imag9ative1 & inh]it+ ref9$ =ms ( art f be=e ! days ( ,pors5na4 #di4 ,s\? ( ^!1 9 mid-,italy1 y h ,romagna1--! valley ( ! ,tib]4 ,9 t valley1 decay$ ,rome1 ) h] lu/ ( empire inext+ui%able2--no inh]itance ( imag9ative art1 nor p[] ( x2 dragg+ h] own ru9s h\rly into m fanta/ic ru91 & defil+ h] fai? h\rly ) m fanta/ic guilt4 ,s\? ( ,romagna1 y h ! k+doms ( ,calabria & ,sicily1---,magna ,graecia1 & ,syracuse1 9 decay2----/range spiritual fire f ! ,s>ac5ic ea/ /ill light+ ! volcanic l&1 itself laid all 9 a%es4 #ej4 ,conceive ,italy !n always 9 ^! f\r masses3 ,lomb>dy1 ,etruria1 ,romagna1 ,calabria4 ,n[ %e has ?ree great ext]nal p[]s to deal )3 ! we/]n1 ,france--! nor!rn1 ,g]many--! ea/]n1 ,arabia4 ,on h] "r ! ,frank2 on h] left ! ,s>ac52 above h]1 ! ,teuton4 ,& r\ghly1 ! ,fr5* are a religi\s *ivalry2 ! ,g]mans a pr(ane *ivalry2 ! ,s>ac5s an infidel *ivalry4 ,:at is be/ ( ea* is b5efit+ ,italy2 :at is wor/1 afflict+ h]4 ,& 9 ! "t we are occupi$ )1 all are afflict+ h]4 ,:at ,*>lemagne1 ,b>b>ossa1 or ,salad9 did to tea* h]1 y c trace only by c>efulle/ ?\ght4 ,b 9 ?is ?irte5? c5tury all ^! ?ree p[]s are adv]se to h]1 z to ea* o!r4 ,map ! me?ods ( _! adv]sity ?us3--- #ea4 ,g]many1 7pr(ane *ivalry17 is vitally adv]se to ! ,popes2 endeav\r+ to e/abli% imp]ial & knightly p[] aga9/ !irs4 ,x is fi]cely1 b frankly1 covet\s ( ,italian t]ritory1 seizes all x c ( ,lomb>dy & ,calabria1 & ) any help procurable ei!r f robb] ,*ri/ians or robb] ,s>ac5s1 /rives1 9 an awkw>d mann]1 & by op5 =ce1 to make itself ma/] ( ,rome1 & all ,italy4 #eb4 ,france1 all surge & foam ( pi\s *ivalry1 lifts h]self 9 fitful rage ( devotion1 ( av>ice1 & ( pride4 ,%e is ! natural ally ( ! *ur*2 makes h] own monks ! pr\de/ ( ! ,popes2 raises ,avignon into ano!r ,rome2 prays & pillages insatiably2 pipes pa/oral songs ( innoc5ce1 & inv5ts grotesque v>iations ( crime2 gives grace to ! rud5ess ( ,engl&1 & v5om to ! cunn+ ( ,italy4 ,%e is a *im]a among nations1 & "o kn[s n :e!r to admire mo/ ! val\r ( ,guisc>d1 ! virtue ( ,/4 ,l\is or ! villany ( 8 bro!r4 #ec4 ,! ,ea/]n p[]s--,greek1 ,israelite1 ,s>ac5--are at once ! enemies ( ! ,we/]n1 _! prey1 & _! tutors4 ,!y br+ !m me?ods ( ornam5t & ( m]*&ise1 & /imulate 9 !m ! wor/ conditions ( pugnacity1 bigotry1 & rap9e4 ,t is ! broad geographical & political relation ( races4 ,next1 y mu/ consid] ! conditions ( _! "t4 #ed4 ,i told y1 9 my second lecture on ,engrav+1 t be=e ! twelf? c5tury ! nations 7 too savage to be ,*ri/ian1 & aft] ! fifte5? too c>nal to be ,*ri/ian4 ,! delicacy ( s5sation & ref9em5ts ( imag9ation necess>y to und]/& ,*ri/ianity belong to ! mid p]iod :5 m5 ris5 f a life ( brutal h>d%ip are n yet fall5 to "o ( brutal luxury4 ,y c nei!r compreh5d ! "* ( ,*ri/ :ile y are *opp+ fl9ts = tools1 & gnaw+ raw bones = food2 nor :5 y h ceas$ to d any?+ ) ei!r tools or h&s1 & d9e on gild$ capons4 ,9 ,dante's l9es1 beg9n+ ,i saw ,bell9cion ,b]ti walk abroad ,9 lea!rn girdle1 ) a clasp ( bone1 y h ! expression ( 8 s5se ( ! increas+ luxury ( ! age1 already sapp+ its fai?4 ,b :5 ,bell9cion ,b]ti walk$ abroad 9 sk9s n yet made into lea!r1 & ) ! bones ( 8 d9n] 9 a heap at 8 door1 in/ead ( be+ cut into girdle clasps1 he 0 j z f> f capacity ( be+ a ,*ri/ian4 #ee4 ,! foll[+ passage1 f ,c>lyle's ,*>tism1 expresses bett] ?an any "o else has done1 or is likely to d x1 ! nature ( ?is ,*ri/ian era1 7ext5d+ f ! twelf? to ! sixte5? c5tury17 9 ,engl&1--! l be+ entirely true ( x else:]e3-- ,9 ^? pa/ sil5t c5turies1 among ^? sil5t classes1 mu* _h be5 go+ on4 ,n only _h r$ de] 9 ! ,new & o!r =e/s be5 got pres]v$ & %ot2 & trea*]ies #a ( ,simon de ,mont=t1 w>s ( ,r$ & ,:ite ,roses1 battles ( ,crecy1 battles ( ,boswor?1 & _m o!r battles1 be5 got transact$ & adju/$2 b ,engl& :olly1 n )\t sore toil & a*+ bones to ! millions ( sires & ! millions ( sons ( eighte5 g5]ations1 _h be5 got dra9$ & till$1 cov]$ ) yell[ h>ve/s1 beautiful & ri* 9 possessions4 ,! mud-wood5 ,cae/]s & ,*e/]s _h become /eepl$1 tile-ro($1 compact t[ns4 ,%effield _h tak5 to ! manufacture ( ,%effield :ittles4 ,wor/ead c\ld f wool sp9 y>n1 & knit or weave ! same into /ock+s or bree*es = m54 ,engl& _h prop]ty valuable to ! auctione]2 b ! accumulate manufactur+1 comm]cial1 economic skill :i* lay impalpably w>eh\s$ 9 ,engli% h&s & heads1 :at auctione] c\ld e/imate8 ,footnote #a3 ,p]haps n altoge!r s1 any m ?an ,oliv]'s de> papa ,c>lyle4 ,we may h to read him also1 o!rwise ?an ! ,briti% populace h yet read1 "s day4 ,h>dly an ,engli%man to be met ) b c\ld d some?+2 "s cunn+] ?+ ?an break 8 fell[-creature's head ) battle-axes4 ,! sev5 incorporat$ trades1 ) _! million guild-bre?r51 ) _! hamm]s1 _! %uttles1 & tools1 :at an army1--fit to conqu] t l& ( ,engl&1 z we say1 & hold x conqu]$6 ,nay1 /range/ ( all1 ! ,engli% p _h acquir$ ! faculty & habit ( ?9k+1--ev5 ( believ+2 individual consci5ce _h unfold$ itself among !m2--,consci5ce1 & ,intellig5ce its h&maid4 #a ,ideas ( innum]able k9ds 7 circulat+ among ^! m52 witness "o ,%akspe>e1 a wool-comb]1 poa*] or :atev] else1 at ,/rat=d1 9 ,w>wick%ire1 :o happ5$ to write books6--! f9e/ human figure1 z ,i appreh5d1 t ,nature has hi!rto se5 fit to make ( our widely ,teutonic clay4 ,saxon1 ,norman1 ,celt1 or ,s>mat1 ,i f9d no human s\l s beautiful1 ^! fifte5 hundr$ kn[n ye>s2--our supreme mod]n ,european man4 ,him ,engl& _h contriv$ to realize3 7 !re n ideas8 ,footnote #a3 ,obs]ve ,c>lyle's ord] ( sequ5ce4 ,p]ceptive ,reason is ! ,h&maid ( ,consci5ce1 n ,consci5ce h]s4 ,if y resolve to d "r1 y w soon d wisely2 b resolve only to d wisely1 & y w nev] d "r4 ,ideas poetic & also ,puritanic1 t _h to seek utt]ance 9 ! notable/ way6 ,engl& _h got h] ,%akspe>e1 b 0 n[ ab\t to get h] ,milton & ,oliv] ,cromwell4 ,?is1 too1 we w call a new expansion1 h>d z x might be to articulate & adju/2 ?is1 t a man c\ld actually h a consci5ce = 8 own beho(1 & n = 8 prie/'s only2 t 8 prie/1 be he :o he might1 w\ld h5ce=? h to take t fact along ) him4 #ef4 ,y obs]ve1 9 ?is passage1 acc\nt is giv5 y ( two ?+s--7,a7 ( ! developm5t ( a p[]ful class ( tradesm5 & arti/s2 &1 7,b7 ( ! developm5t ( an individual consci5ce4 ,9 ! savage times y _h simply ! hunt]1 digg]1 & robb]2 n[ y h also ! manufactur] & salesman4 ,! ideas ( +5uity ) ! h&1 ( fairness 9 ex*ange1 h occurr$ to u4 ,we c d some?+ n[ ) our f+]s1 z well z ) our fi/s2 & if we want our neighb\rs' goods1 we w n simply c>ry !m (f1 z ( old1 b (f] him "s ( ours 9 ex*ange4 #eg4 ,aga92 :]eas be=e we 7 cont5t to let our prie/s d = u all !y c\ld1 by ge/iculat+1 dress+1 sacrific+1 or beat+ ( drums & bl[+ ( trumpets2 & also direct our /eps 9 ! way ( life1 )\t any d\bt on our "p ( _! own p]fect acqua9tance ) x1--we h n[ got to d some?+ = ourselves--to ?9k some?+ = ourselves2 & ?us h arriv$ 9 /raits ( consci5ce :i*1 s long z we endeav\r to /e] ?r\gh !m hone/ly1 w be to u inde$ a q secure way ( life1 & ( all liv+ wisdom4 #eh4 ,n[ ! c5tre ( ?is new fre$om ( ?\ght is 9 ,g]many2 & ! p[] ( x is %[n fir/1 z ,i told y 9 my op5+ lecture1 9 ! great /ruggle ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ) ,rome4 ,& ,g]man fre$om ( ?\ght _h c]ta9ly made "s progress1 :5 x _h manag$ to r$uce ! ,pope to disguise himself z a soldi]1 ride out ( ,rome by moonlight1 & gallop 8 ?irty-f\r miles to ! seaside be=e ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,norman ,,imag]y4 summ] dawn4 ,"h1 cle>ly1 is q a new /ate ( ?+s = ! ,holy ,fa!r ( ,*ri/5dom to consid]1 dur+ su* :olesome horse-ex]cise4 #ei4 ,aga92 ! ref9em5ts ( new art are repres5t$ by ,france--c5trally by ,/4 ,l\is ) 8 ,sa9te ,*apelle4 ,happily1 ,i am able to lay on y\r table to-day--hav+ plac$ x ?ree ye>s ago 9 y\r educational s]ies--a leaf ( a ,psalt]1 execut$ = ,/4 ,l\is himself4 ,he & 8 arti/s are sc>cely out ( _! savage life yet1 & h no notion ( adorn+ ! ,psalms bett] ?an by pictures ( long-neck$ cranes1 long-e>$ rabbits1 long-tail$ lions1 & r$ & :ite gobl9s putt+ _! tongues out4 #a ,b 9 ref9em5t ( t\*1 9 beauty ( col\r1 9 ! human faculties ( ord] & grace1 !y are long s9ce1 evid5tly1 pa/ ! fl9t & bone /age1--ref9$ en\gh1 n[1--subtle en\gh1 n[1 to le>n any?+ t is pretty & f9e1 :e!r 9 !ology or any o!r matt]4 ,footnote #a3 ,i _c g to ! exp5se ( engrav+ ?is mo/ subtle example2 b ,plate ,,iv4 %[s ! av]age conditions ( temp] & imag9ation 9 religi\s ornam5tal "w ( ! "t4 #fj4 ,la/ly1 ! new pr9ciple ( ,ex*ange is repres5t$ by ,lomb>dy & ,v5ice1 to su* purpose t y\r ,m]*ant & ,jew ( ,v5ice1 & y\r ,lomb>d ( ,lomb>d ,/reet1 reta9 "s consid]able influ5ce on y\r m9ds1 ev5 to ?is day4 ,& 9 ! exact mid/ ( all su* transition1 behold1 ,etruria ) h] ,pisans--h] ,flor5t9es1--receiv+1 resi/+1 & reign+ ov] all3 pillag+ ! ,s>ac5s ( _! m>bles--b9d+ ! ,fr5* bi%ops 9 silv] *a9s2--%att]+ ! t[]s ( ,g]man tyranny into small pieces1--build+ ) /range jewell]y ! belfry t[] = newly-conceiv$ ,*ri/ianity2--&1 9 sacr$ picture1 & sacr$ song1 rea*+ ! height1 among nations1 mo/ passionate1 & mo/ pure4 ,i mu/ close my lecture )\t indulg+ myself yet1 by addition ( detail2 reque/+ y1 be=e we next meet1 to fix ^! g5]al outl9es 9 y\r m9ds1 s t1 )\t di/urb+ _! di/9ctness1 ,i may trace 9 ! sequel ! relations ( ,italian ,art to ^! political & religi\s p[]s2 & det]m9e ) :at =ce ( passionate sympa?y1 or fidelity ( resign$ ob$i5ce1 ! ,pisan arti/s1 fa!r & son1 execut$ ! indignation ( ,flor5ce & fulfill$ ! piety ( ,orvieto4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,%ield ,,& ,,apron4 #fa4 ,i laid be=e y1 9 my la/ lecture1 fir/ l9es ( ! *>t ( ,italian hi/ory 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* ,i hope gradually to fill ) col\r1 & enri*1 to su* degree z may be suffici5t = all com=table use4 ,b ,i indicat$1 z ! m special subject ( our imm$iate /udy1 ! nasc5t p[] ( lib]al ?\ght1 & lib]al art1 ov] dead tradition & rude workman%ip4 ,to-day ,i mu/ ask y to exam9e 9 great] detail ! exact relation ( ?is lib]al art to ! illib]al elem5ts :i* surr\nd$ x4 #fb4 ,y d n (t5 he> me use t ^w ,lib]al 9 any fav\rable s5se4 ,i d s n[1 because ,i use x also 9 a v n>r[ & exact s5se4 ,i mean t ! ?irte5? c5tury is1 9 ,italy's ye> ( life1 h] #ag? ( ,m>*4 ,9 ! light ( x1 %e assumes h] toga virilis2 & x is sacr$ to h] god ,lib]4 #fc4 ,to h] god ,lib]1--obs]ve3 n ,dionusos1 /ill less ,bac*us1 b h] own anci5t & simple deity4 ,& if y h read ) "s c>e ! /atem5t ,i gave y1 ) ,c>lyle's help1 ( ! mom5t & mann] ( h] *ange f savag5ess to dext]ity1 & f rud5ess to ref9em5t ( life1 y w he>1 famili> z ! l9es are to y1 ! invocation 9 ! fir/ ,georgic ) a new s5se ( its mean+3-- ,vos1 ,o cl>issima mundi ,lum9a1 lab5tem coelo quae ducitis annum1 ,lib]1 et alma ,c]es2 ve/ro si mun]e tellus ,*aoniam p+ui gl&em mutavit ari/a1 ,poculaqu' inv5tis ,a*eloia miscuit uvis1 ,mun]a ve/ra cano4 ,^! gifts1 innoc5t1 ri*1 full ( life1 exquisitely beautiful 9 ord] & grace ( gr[?1 ,i h ?\ght be/ to symbolize to y1 9 ! s]ies ( types ( ! p[] ( ! ,greek gods1 plac$ 9 y\r educational s]ies1 by ! blossom ( ! wild /rawb]ry2 :i* 9 ris+ f its tr9e clu/] ( tr9e leaves1--itself z beautiful z a :ite rose1 & always s+le on its /alk1 l an e> ( corn1 yet ) a succe$+ blossom at its side1 & be>+ a fruit :i* is z di/9ctly a gr\p ( se$s z an e> ( corn itself1 & yet is ! pleasante/ to ta/e ( all ! pleasant ?+s prep>$ by nature = ! food ( m51 #a--may accurately symbolize1 & help y to rememb]1 ! conditions ( ?is lib]al & delightful1 yet entirely mode/ & ord]ly1 art1 & ?\ght4 ,footnote #a3 ,i am sorry to pack my s5t5ces toge!r 9 ?is confus$ way4 ,b ,i h mu* to say2 & _c always /op to poli% or adju/ x z ,i us$ to d4 #fd4 ,y w f9d 9 ! f\r? ( my inaugural lectures1 at ! #ih? p>agraph1 ?is /atem5t1--mu* d5i$ by mod]n arti/s & au?ors1 b nev]!less q unexceptionally true1--t ! entire vitality ( art dep5ds ^u its hav+ = object ei!r to /ate a true ?+1 or adorn a s]viceable "o4 ,! two functions ( art 9 ,italy1 9 ?is entirely lib]al & viresc5t phase ( x1--virg9 art1 we may call x1 reta9+ ! mo/ lit]al s5se ( ! words virga & virgo1--are to manife/ ! doctr9es ( a religion :i* n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 m5 _h s\l en\gh to und]/&2 & to adorn edifices or dress1 ) :i* ! complet$ polit5ess ( daily life might be inve/$1 its conv5i5ce complet$1 & its decor\s & hon\rable pride satisfi$4 #fe4 ,t pride 01 among ! m5 :o gave its "* to ! c5tury1 9 hon\rabl5ess ( private conduct1 & useful magnific5ce ( public art4 ,n ( private or dome/ic art3 obs]ve ?is v p>ticul>ly4 ,su* 0 ! simplicity ( private mann]s1--7,i am n[ quot+ ,sismondi1 b ) ! fulle/ ratification t my k enables me to give17--& ! economy ( ! ri*e/ citiz5s1 t if a city enjoy$ repose only = a few ye>s1 x d\bl$ its rev5ues1 & f\nd itself1 9 a sort1 encumb]$ ) its ri*es4 ,! ,pisans knew nei!r ( ! luxury ( ! table1 nor t ( furniture1 nor t ( a numb] ( s]vants2 yet !y 7 sov]eigns ( ! :ole ( ,s>d9ia1 ,corsica1 & ,elba1 _h colonies at ,/4 ,jean d',acre & ,con/ant9ople1 & _! m]*ants 9 ^? cities c>ri$ on ! mo/ ext5d$ comm]ce ) ! ,s>ac5s & ,greeks4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,sismondi2 ,fr5* translation1 ,brussels1 #ahch2 vol4 ii41 p4 #bge4 #ff4 ,& 9 t "t1 7,i n[ give y my own translation ( ,giovanni ,villani17 ! citiz5s ( ,flor5ce liv$ sob]1 & on co>se meats1 & at little co/2 & _h _m cu/oms & playfulnesses :i* 7 blunt & rude2 & !y dress$ !mselves & _! wives ) co>se clo?2 _m wore m]ely sk9s1 ) no l9+1 & all _h only lea!rn busk9s2 #a & ! ,flor5t9e ladies1 pla9 %oes & /ock+s ) no ornam5ts2 & ! be/ ( !m 7 cont5t ) a close g[n ( co>se sc>let ( ,cyprus1 or camlet gird$ ) an old-fa%ion$ clasp-girdle2 & a mantle ov] all1 l9$ ) vaire1 ) a hood above2 & t1 !y ?rew ov] _! heads4 ,! wom5 ( l[] rank 7 dress$ 9 ! same mann]1 ) co>se gre5 ,cambray clo?2 fifty p\nds 0 ! ord9>y bride's d[ry1 & a hundr$ or a hundr$ & fifty w\ld 9 ^? times h be5 held brilliant1 7'isfolgorata1' dazzl+1 ) s5se ( dissipation or extravagance27 & mo/ maid5s 7 tw5ty or m be=e !y m>ri$4 ,( su* gross cu/oms 7 !n ! ,flor5t9es2 b ( good fai?1 & loyal among !mselves & 9 _! /ate2 & 9 _! co>se life1 & pov]ty1 did m & brav] ?+s ?an are done 9 our days ) m ref9em5t & ri*es4 ,footnote #a3 ,i f9d ?is note = expansion on ! m>g9 ( my lecture1 b _h no "t to "w x out3--',?is l[] class %\ld be ei!r b>efoot1 or h /rong %oes--wood5 clogs good4 ,pretty ,b\logne sabot ) purple /ock+s4 ,wat]loo ,road--little girl ) h] hair 9 curlpap]s1--a coral necklace r\nd h] neck--! neck b>e--& h] boots ( ?9 /uff1 worn out1 ) h] toes com+ ?r\gh1 & rags hang+ f h] heels1--a pr(\ndly accurate type ( ,engli% national & political life4 ,y\r hair 9 curlpap]s--borr[+ tongs f e =eign nation1 to p9* y into mann]s4 ,! ri* o/5tati\sly we>+ coral ab\t ! b>e neck2 & ! poor--cold z ! /ones & indec5t4' #fg4 ,i deta9 y a mom5t at ! words sc>let ( ,cyprus1 or camlet4 ,obs]ve t camelot 7camelet7 f kamaelotae1 camel's sk91 is a /uff made ( silk & camel's hair orig9ally1 aft]w>ds ( silk & wool4 ,at ,flor5ce1 ! camel's hair w\ld always h ref]5ce to ! ,bapti/1 :o1 z y "k1 9 ,lippi's picture1 we>s ! camel's sk9 itself1 made into a ,flor5t9e dress1 su* z ,villani has j describ$1 col tassello sopra1 ) ! hood above4 ,d y see h[ important ! ^w ,capulet is becom+ to u1 9 its ma9 idea8 #fh4 ,n 9 private nor dome/ic art1 !re=e1 ,i repeat to y1 b 9 useful magnific5ce ( public art1 ^! citiz5s express$ _! pride3--& t public art divid$ itself into two bran*es--civil1 occupi$ ^u e?ic subjects ( sculpture & pa9t+2 & religi\s1 occupi$ ^u scriptural or traditional hi/ories1 9 treatm5t ( :i*1 nev]!less1 ! nasc5t p[] & lib]ality ( ?\ght 7 app>5t1 n only 9 cont9ual amplification & illu/ration ( scriptural /ory by ! arti/'s own inv5tion1 b 9 ! acceptance ( pr(ane my?ology1 z "p ( ! ,scripture1 or tradition1 giv5 by ,div9e inspiration4 #fi4 ,nev]!less1 = ! provision ( ?+s necess>y 9 dome/ic life1 !re develop$ itself1 toge!r ) ! gr\p ( inv5tive arti/s ex]cis+ ^! nobl] functions1 a va/ body ( craftsm51 &1 lit]ally1 manufactur]s1 work]s by h&1 :o associat$ !mselves1 z *ance1 tradition1 or ! accessibility ( mat]ial direct$1 9 t[ns :i* !nce=w>d occupi$ a lead+ position 9 comm]ce1 z produc]s ( a /aple ( excell5t1 or p]haps inimitable1 quality2 & ! l95 or cambric ( ,cambray1 ! lace ( ,me*l91 ! wool ( ,wor/ead1 & ! /eel ( ,milan1 impli$ ! tranquil & h]$it>y skill ( multitudes1 liv+ 9 weal?y indu/ry1 & humble hon\r4 #gj4 ,among ^! artisans1 ! weav]1 ! ironsmi?1 ! goldsmi?1 ! c>p5t]1 & ! mason necess>ily took ! pr9cipal rank1 & on _! occupations ! m ref9$ arts 7 :olesomely bas$1 s t ! five bus9esses may be m completely express$ ?us3 ,! weav] & embroid]]1 ,! ironsmi? & arm\r]1 ,! goldsmi? & jewell]1 ,! c>p5t] & eng9e]1 ,! /onecutt] & pa9t]4 ,y h only once to turn ov] ! leaves ( ,lion>do's sket* book1 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y1 to see h[ c>p5try is connect$ ) eng9e]+1--! ar*itect 0 always a /onecutt]1 & ! /onecutt] n (t5 practically sep>ate1 z yet1 f ! pa9t]1 & nev] s 9 g5]al conception ( function4 ,y recollect1 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 ,k5t's description ( ,cornwall's /ew>d3 ,,k5t4 ,y c[>dly rascal6--nature disclaims 9 !e1 a tailor made !e6 ,,cornwall4 ,?\ art a /range fell[--a tailor make a man8 ,,k5t4 ,ay1 sir2 a /onecutt]1 or a pa9t]1 c\ld n h made him s ill2 ?\gh !y _h be5 b two h\rs at ! trade4 #ga4 ,y may consid] !n ?is gr\p ( artizans ) ! m]*ants1 z n[ =m+ 9 ea* t[n an important ,ti]s ,etat1 or ,?ird ,/ate ( ! p1 occupi$ 9 s]vice1 fir/1 ( ! ecclesia/ics1 :o 9 mona/ic bodies inhabit$ ! cloi/]s r\nd ea* *ur*2 &1 secondly1 ( ! knights1 :o1 ) _! reta9]s1 occupi$1 ea* family _! own =t1 9 alli$ def5ce ( _! app]ta9+ /reets4 #gb4 ,a ,?ird ,e/ate1 inde$2 b adv]se alike to bo? ! o!rs1 to ,montague z to ,capulet1 :5 !y become di/urb]s ( ! public peace2 & hav+ a pride ( its own1--h]$it>y /ill1 b consi/+ 9 ! inh]itance ( skill & k r ?an ( blood1--:i* express$ ! s5se ( su* inh]itance by tak+ its "n habitually f ! ma/] r ?an ! sire2 & :i*1 9 its natural antagonism to dignities won only by viol5ce1 or record$ only by h]aldry1 y may ?9k ( g5]ally z ! race ^: be>+ is ! ,apron1 in/ead ( ! %ield4 #gc4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ^! two1 or 9 p]fect subdivision ?ree1 bodies ( m51 liv$ 9 h>mony1--! knights rema9+ true to ! ,/ate1 ! cl]gy to _! fai?1 & ! workm5 to _! craft1--conditions ( national =ce 7 arriv$ at1 "u :i* all ! great art ( ! middle ages 0 accompli%$4 ,! pride ( ! knights1 ! av>ice ( ! prie/s1 & ! gradual abasem5t ( "* 9 ! craftsman1 *ang+ him f a citiz5 able to wield ei!r tools 9 peace or weapons 9 w>1 to a dull tradesman1 =c$ to pay m]c5>y troops to def5d 8 %op door1 are ! direct causes ( common ru9 t[>ds ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 #gd4 ,b ! deep und]ly+ cause ( ! decl9e 9 national "* itself1 0 ! exhau/ion ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,none ( its practical claims 7 av\*$ ei!r by reason or exp]i5ce2 & ! imag9ation grew we>y ( su/a9+ !m 9 despite ( bo?4 ,m5 c\ld n1 z _! p[]s ( reflection became develop$1 /eadily conceive t ! s9s ( a life might be done away )1 by f9i%+ x ) ,m>y's "n on ! lips2 nor c\ld tradition ( miracle = ev] resi/ ! p]sonal discov]y1 made by ea* rude disciple by himself1 t he might pray to all ! sa9ts = a twelvemon? toge!r1 & yet n get :at he ask$ =4 #ge4 ,! ,re=mation succe$$ 9 proclaim+ t exi/+ ,*ri/ianity 0 a lie2 b sub/itut$ no !ory ( x :i* c\ld be m rationally or cr$ibly su/a9$2 & ev] s9ce1 ! religion ( educat$ p]sons ?r\gh\t ,europe has be5 di%one/ or ineffectual2 x is only among ! lab\r+ peasantry t ! grace ( a pure ,ca?olicism1 & ! pati5t simplicities ( ! ,puritan1 ma9ta9 _! imag9ative dignity1 or ass]t _! practical use4 #gf4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! nobl] arts1 h[ev]1 involves ! h>moni\s life & vital fai? ( ! ?ree classes :om we h j di/+ui%$2 & t condition exi/s1 m or less di/urb$1 inde$1 by ! vices inh]5t 9 ea* class1 yet1 on ! :ole1 en]getically & productively1 dur+ ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies4 ,b our pres5t subject be+ ,ar*itecture only1 ,i w limit y\r att5tion altoge!r to ! /ate ( society 9 ! great age ( ar*itecture1 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,a great age 9 all ways2 b mo/ notably s 9 ! correspond5ce x pres5t$1 up to a j & hon\rable po9t1 ) ! utilit>ian en]gy ( our own days4 #gg4 ,! increase ( weal?1 ! safety ( indu/ry1 & ! conception ( m conv5i5t furniture ( life1 to :i* we mu/ attribute ! rise ( ! entire arti/ class1 7 accompani$1 9 t c5tury1 by mu* enl>gem5t 9 ! conception ( useful public works3 &--n by private ent]prise1--t idle p]sons might get divid5ds out ( ! public pocket1--b by public ent]prise1--ea* citiz5 pay+ d[n at once 8 %>e ( :at 0 necess>y to accompli% ! b5efit to ! ,/ate1--great ar*itectural & eng9e]+ ef=ts 7 made = ! common s]vice4 ,common1 obs]ve2 b n1 9 our pres5t s5se1 republican4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ludicr\s s5t5ces ev] writt5 9 ! bl9dness ( p>ty _s is t ( ,sismondi1 9 :i* he decl>es1 ?9k+ ( ^! public works only1 t '! ar*itecture ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is entirely republican4' ,! ar*itecture ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is1 9 ! mass ( x1 simply b>onial or ecclesia/ical2 x is ( ca/les1 palaces1 or *ur*es2 b x is true t spl5did civic works 7 also accompli%$ by ! vig\r ( ! newly ris5 popul> p[]4 ,! canal nam$ ,naviglio ,graude1 :i* br+s ! wat]s ( ! ,tic9o to ,milan1 trav]s+ a di/ance ( ?irty miles1 0 und]tak5 9 #aagi1 recomm5d$ 9 #abeg1 &1 soon aft]1 happily t]m9at$2 9 x /ill consi/s ! weal? ( a va/ ext5t ( ,lomb>dy4 ,at ! same "t ! t[n ( ,milan rebuilt its walls1 :i* 7 ?ree miles r\nd1 & _h sixte5 m>ble gates1 ( magnific5ce :i* might h grac$ ! capital ( all ,italy4 ,! ,g5ovese1 9 #abgf & #abhc1 built _! two spl5did docks1 & ! great wall ( _! quay2 & 9 #abie f9i%$ ! noble aqu$uct :i* br+s pure & abundant wat]s to _! city f a great di/ance among _! m\nta9s4 ,!re is n a s+le t[n 9 ,italy :i* at ! same "t did n und]take works ( ?is k9d2 & :ile ^! l>g] und]tak+s 7 9 progress1 /one bridges 7 built across ! riv]s1 ! /reets & piazzas 7 pav$ ) l>ge slabs ( /one1 & e free gov]nm5t recogniz$ ! duty ( provid+ = ! conv5i5ce ( ! citiz5s4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,simondi1 vol ii4 *ap4 #aj4 #gh4 ,! necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is en?usiasm 9 useful build+1 0 ! =mation ( a va/ body ( craftsm5 & ar*itects2 correspond+ 9 importance to t :i* ! railway1 ) its associat$ indu/ry1 has develop$ 9 mod]n times1 b entirely diff]5t 9 p]sonal "*1 & relation to ! body politic4 ,_! p]sonal "* 0 f\nd$ on ! accurate k ( _! bus9ess 9 all respects2 ! ease & pleasure ( unaffect$ inv5tion2 & ! true s5se ( p[] to d ev]y?+ bett] ?an x _h ev] be5 yet done1 c\pl$ ) g5]al cont5tm5t 9 life1 & 9 its vig\r & skill4 ,x is impossible to ov]rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a condition ( m9d1 & t ( ! mod]n arti/1 :o ei!r does n "k 8 bus9ess at all1 or kn[s x only to recognize 8 own inf]iority to e =m] workman ( di/9ction4 #gi4 ,aga93 ! political relation ( ^! artific]s to ! ,/ate 0 t ( a ca/e entirely sep>ate f ! noblesse2 #a paid = _! daily "w :at 0 j1 & compet+ ) ea* o!r to supply ! be/ article !y c\ld = ! money4 ,& x is1 aga91 impossible to ov]rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a social condition1 & t ( ! arti/s ( to-day1 /ruggl+ to occupy a position ( equality 9 weal? ) ! noblesse1--paid irregul> & mon/r\s prices by an entirely ignorant & selfi% public2 & compet+ ) ea* o!r to supply ! wor/ article !y c = ! money4 ,footnote #a3 ,! giv+ ( knigh?ood to ,jacopo della ,qu]cia = 8 lifelong s]vice to ,si5a 0 n ! elevation ( a dext]\s workman1 b grace to a fai?ful citiz54 ,i nev] saw any?+ s impud5t on ! walls ( any exhibition1 9 any c\ntry1 z la/ ye> 9 ,london4 ,x 0 a daub pr(ess+ to be a h>mony 9 p9k & :ite 7or "s su* nons5se27 absolute rubbi%1 & :i* _h tak5 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r to scrawl or daub--x _h no pret5ce to be call$ pa9t+4 ,! price ask$ = x 0 two hundr$ & fifty gu9eas4 #hj4 ,9 ord] to complete y\r broad view ( ! elem5ts ( social p[] 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 y h n[ f>!r to und]/& ! position ( ! c\ntry p1 :o ma9ta9$ by _! lab\r ^! ?ree classes1 ^: action y c disc]n1 & ^: hi/ory y c read2 :ile1 ( ^? :o ma9ta9$ !m1 !re is no hi/ory1 except ( ! annual ravage ( _! fields by cont5d+ cities or nobles2--&1 f9ally1 t ( ! high] body ( m]*ants1 ^: influ5ce 0 already beg9n+ to c\nt]poise ! pre/ige ( noblesse 9 ,flor5ce1 & :o !mselves con/itut$ no small portion ( ! noblesse ( ,v5ice4 ,! food-produc+ c\ntry 0 = ! mo/ "p /ill possess$ by ! nobles2 "s by ! ecclesia/ics2 b a portion1 ,i d n "k h[ l>ge1 0 9 ! h&s ( peasant proprietors1 ( :om ,sismondi gives ?is1 to my m9d1 completely pleasant & satisfactory1 ?\gh1 to 81 v pa9ful1 acc\nt3-- ,!y took no int]e/ 9 public affairs2 !y _h assemblies ( _! commune at ! village 9 :i* ! *ur* ( _! p>i% 0 situat$1 & to :i* !y retreat$ to def5d !mselves 9 case ( w>2 !y _h also magi/rates ( _! own *oice2 b all _! int]e/s appe>$ to !m enclos$ 9 ! circle ( _! own commonality2 !y did n m$dle ) g5]al politics1 & held x = _! po9t ( hon\r to rema9 fai?ful1 ?r\gh all revolutions1 to ! ,/ate ( :i* !y =m$ a "p1 obey+1 )\t hesitation1 its *iefs1 :oev] !y 71 & by :atev] title !y occupi$ _! places4 #ha4 ,( ! inf]ior agricultural lab\r]s1 employ$ on ! f>ms ( ! nobles & ri*] ecclesia/ics1 ,i f9d n[h]e due notice1 nor does any hi/orian s]i\sly exam9e _! mann] ( life4 ,liable to e =m ( robb]y & oppression1 ,i yet reg>d _! /ate z n only morally b physically happi] ?an t ( riot\s soldi]y1 or ! l[] class ( artizans1 & z ! safegu>d ( e civiliz$ nation1 ?r\gh all its wor/ vicissitudes ( folly & crime4 ,nature has m]cifully appo9t$ t se$ mu/ be s[n1 & %eep fold$1 :atev] lances break1 or religions fail2 & at ?is h\r1 :ile ! /reets ( ,flor5ce & ,v]ona are full ( idle politicians1 l\d ( tongue1 useless ( h& & trea*]\s ( he>t1 !re /ill may be se5 9 _! m>ket-places1 /&+1 ea* by 8 heap ( pulse or maize1 ! grey-hair$ lab\r]s1 sil5t1 s]viceable1 hon\rable1 keep+ fai?1 unt\*$ by *ange1 to _! c\ntry & to ,heav54 #a ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ,sesame & ,lilies1 sec4 #ch1 p4 #eh4 7,p4 #hf ( ! small edition ( #ahhb47 #hb4 ,x is extremely difficult to det]m9e 9 :at degree ! feel+s or intellig5ce ( ?is class influ5c$ ! ar*itectural design ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2--h[ f> afield ! ca!dral t[] 0 int5d$ to give delight1 & to :at simplicity ( ru/ic conception ,qu]cia or ,ghib]ti appeal$ by ! fasc9ation ( _! ,scripture hi/ory4 ,y may at lea/ conceive1 at ?is date1 a heal?y animation 9 all m5's m9ds1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! v9ey>d & %eepcote cr[d+ ! city on its fe/a days1 & receiv+ impulse to busi]1 if n nobl]1 education1 9 its spl5d\r4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,( deta*$ abbeys1 see note on ,education ( ,joan ( ,arc1 ,sesame & ,lilies1 sec4 #hb1 p4 #ajf4 7,p4 #aeh ( ! small edition ( #ahhb47 #hc4 ,! great class ( ! m]*ants is m difficult to def9e2 b y may reg>d !m g5]ally z ! examples ( :atev] modes ( life might be consi/5t ) peace & ju/ice1 9 ! economy ( transf]1 z oppos$ to ! milit>y lic5se ( pillage4 ,!y repres5t ! gradual asc5dancy ( =esight1 prud5ce1 & ord] 9 society1 & ! fir/ ideas ( advantage\s national int]c\rse4 ,_! body is !re=e compos$ ( ! mo/ intellig5t & temp]ate natures ( ! "t1--unit+ !mselves1 n directly = ! purpose ( mak+ money1 b to obta9 /ability = equal in/itutions1 security ( prop]ty1 & pacific relations ) neighb\r+ /ates4 ,_! guilds =m ! only repres5tatives ( true national c\ncil1 unaffect$1 z ! l&$ proprietors 71 by m]ely local circum/ances & accid5ts4 #hd4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is ord]1 :5 its own conduct 0 upright1 & its opposition to ! milit>y body 0 n 9 av>ici\s c[>dice1 b 9 ! resolve to compel ju/ice & to secure peace1 c only be und]/ood by y aft] an exam9ation ( ! great *anges 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i*1 among o!r m9or a*ievem5ts int]e/+ to u1 l$ to t de/ruction ( ! ,t[] ( ! ,dea?-wat*1 s +5i\sly accompli%$ by ,niccola ,pisano4 ,?is *ange1 & its results1 w be ! subject ( my next lecture4 ,i mu/ to-day sum1 & 9 "s f>!r degree make cle>1 ! facts already laid be=e y4 #he4 ,we h se5 t ! inhabitants ( e great ,italian /ate may be divid$1 & t v /r+5tly1 into ! five classes ( knights1 prie/s1 m]*ants1 arti/s1 & peasants4 ,no di/9ction exi/s betwe5 arti/ & artizan1 except t ( high] g5ius or bett] conduct2 ! be/ arti/ is assur$ly also ! be/ artizan2 & ! simple/ workman uses 8 inv5tion & emotion z well z 8 f+]s4 ,! entire body ( arti/s is "u ! ord]s 7z %opm5 are "u ! ord]s ( _! cu/om]s71 ( ! knights1 prie/s1 & m]*ants1--! knights = ! mo/ "p dem&+ only f9e goldsmi?s' "w1 /\t arm\r1 & rude ar*itecture2 ! prie/s comm&+ bo? ! f9e/ ar*itecture & pa9t+1 & ! ri*e/ k9ds ( decorative dress & jewell]y1--:ile ! m]*ants direct$ works ( public use1 & 7 ! be/ judges ( arti/ic skill4 ,! competition = ! ,bapti/]y gates ( ,flor5ce is be=e ! guild ( m]*ants2 nor is _! aw>d disput$1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 by any ( ! c&idates4 #hf4 ,?is is surely a fact to be tak5 mu* to he>t by our pres5t communities ( ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,!y probably suppose1 9 _! mode/y1 t lords & cl]gym5 are ! prop] judges ( art1 & m]*ants c only1 9 ! mod]n phrase1 '"k :at !y l1' or foll[ humbly ! guidance ( _! gold5-cre/$ or flat-capp$ sup]iors4 ,b 9 ! great ages ( art1 nei!r knight nor pope %[s signs ( true p[] ( criticism4 ,! arti/s cr\* be=e !m1 or qu>rel ) !m1 accord+ to _! own temp]s4 ,to ! m]*ants !y submit sil5tly1 z to j & capable judges4 ,& look :at m5 ^! are1 :o submit4 ,donatello1 ,ghib]ti1 ,qu]cia1 ,luca6 ,if m5 l ^! submit to ! m]*ant1 :o %all rebel8 #hg4 ,b ! /ill frank]1 & sur]1 judgm5t ( innoc5t pleasure 0 aw>d$ !m by all classes alike3 & ! int]e/ ( ! public 0 ! f9al rule ( "r1--t public be+ always eag] to see1 & e>ne/ to le>n4 ,= ! /ories told by _! arti/s =m$1 !y fully believ$1 a ,book ( ,life2 & e man ( real g5ius took up 8 function ( illu/rat+ ! s*eme ( human morality & salvation1 z naturally1 & fai?fully1 z an ,engli% "m ( to-day giv+ h] *ildr5 _! fir/ lessons 9 ! ,bible4 ,9 ?is endeav\r to tea* !y almo/ unaw>es taught !mselves2 ! "q ,h[ %all ,i repres5t ?is mo/ cle>ly8 became to !mselves1 pres5tly1 ,h[ 0 ?is mo/ likely to h happ5$8 & habits ( fre% & accurate ?\ght ?us quickly enliv5$ ! =malities ( ! ,greek pictorial !ology2 =malities !mselves b5efic5t1 because re/ra9+ by _! sev]ity & my/]y ! wantonness ( ! new] life4 ,fooli% mod]n critics h se5 no?+ 9 ! ,byzant9e s*ool b a b>b>ism to be conqu]$ & =gott54 ,b t s*ool br\ght to ! art-s*ol>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 laws :i* _h be5 s]viceable to ,phidias1 & symbols :i* _h be5 beautiful to ,hom]3 & me?ods & habits ( pictorial s*ol>%ip :i* gave a ref9em5t ( mann] to ! "w ( ! simple/ craftsman1 & became an education to ! high] arti/s :i* no discipl9e ( lit]ature c n[ be/[1 develop$ !mselves 9 ! ef=t to deciph]1 & ! impulse to re-int]pret1 ! ,eleus9ian div9ity ( ,byzant9e tradition4 #hh4 ,! words ,i h j us$1 pictorial s*ol>%ip1 & pictorial !ology1 rem9d me h[ /range x mu/ appe> to y t 9 ?is sket* ( ! intellectual /ate ( ,italy 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,i h tak5 no note ( lit]ature itself1 nor ( ! f9e art ( ,music ) :i* x 0 associat$ 9 m9/relsy4 ,! corruption ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w cl]k1 f a *os5 p]son to a le>n$ "o1 p>tly indicates ! position ( lit]ature 9 ! w> betwe5 ! gold5 cre/ & sc>let cap2 b 9 ! high] ranks1 lit]ature & music became ! grace ( ! noble's life1 or ! occupation ( ! monk's1 )\t =m+ any sep>ate class1 or ex]cis+ any mat]ially visible political p[]4 ,masons or but*]s might e/abli% a gov]nm5t1--b nev] tr\bad\rs3 & ?\gh a good knight held 8 education to be imp]fect unless he c\ld write a sonnet & s+ x1 he did n e/eem 8 ca/le to be at ! m]cy ( ! editor ( a manuscript4 ,he might inde$ owe 8 life to ! fidelity ( a m9/rel1 or be guid$ 9 8 policy by ! wit ( a cl[n2 b he 0 n ! slave ( s5sual music1 or vulg> lit]ature1 & nev] all[$ 8 ,saturday review] to appe> at table )\t ! cock's comb4 #hi4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at 0 noble/ 9 ?\ght or say+ 0 9 ^? times z little att5d$ to z x is n[4 ,i d n feel sure t1 ev5 9 aft] times1 ! poem ( ,dante has _h any political effect on ,italy2 b at all ev5ts1 9 8 life1 ev5 at ,v]ona1 :]e he 0 treat$ mo/ k9dly1 he _h n half s mu* influ5ce ) ,c ,gr&e z ! r\gh ,c\nt ( ,ca/elb>co1 n "o ( ^: words 0 ev] writt51 or n[ rema9s2 & ^: portrait1 by no means t ( a man ( lit]>y g5ius1 almo/ disfigures1 by its pla9ness1 ! o!rwise grave & p]fect beauty ( 8 tomb4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,p>t$ ,,p] ,,pale4 #ij4 ,! *>t ( ,italian intellect & policy :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to put into =m 9 ! la/ ?ree lectures1 may1 ,i hope1 h giv5 y a cle> idea ( ! subord9ate1 yet p>tly antagoni/ic1 position :i* ! arti/1 or m]*ant1--:om 9 my pres5t lecture ,i %all class toge!r1--occupi$1 ) respect to ! noble & prie/4 ,z an hone/ lab\r]1 he 0 oppos$ to ! viol5ce ( pillage1 & to ! folly ( pride3 z an hone/ ?9k]1 he 0 likely to discov] any lat5t absurdity 9 ! /ories he _h to repres5t 9 _! ne>e/ likelihood2 & to be himself mov$ /rongly by ! true mean+ ( ev5ts :i* he 0 /riv+ to make ocul>ly manife/4 ,! pa9t] t]rifi$ himself ) 8 own fi5ds1 & reprov$ or com=t$ himself by ! lips ( 8 own sa9ts1 f> m pr(\ndly ?an any v]bal prea*]2 & ?us1 :e!r z craftsman or inv5tor1 0 likely to be =emo/ 9 def5d+ ! laws ( 8 city1 or direct+ its re=mation4 #ia4 ,! conte/ ( ! craftsman ) ! pillag+ soldi] is typically repres5t$ by ! w> ( ! ,lomb>d ,league ) ,fr$]ick ,,ii42 & t ( ! craftsman ) ! hypocritical prie/1 by ! w> ( ! ,pisans ) ,gregory ,,ix4 7#abda74 ,b 9 ! pres5t lecture ,i wi% only to fix y\r att5tion on ! revolutions 9 ,flor5ce1 :i* indicat$1 ?us e>ly1 ! already e/abli%$ asc5dancy ( ! moral =ces :i* 7 to put an end to op5 robb]-soldi]%ip2 & at lea/ to compel ! ass]tion ( "s high] pr9ciple 9 w>1 if n1 z 9 "s di/ant day may be possible1 ! cessation ( w> itself4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! revolutions 0 virtually t ( :i* ,i be=e spoke to y1 tak+ place 9 mid-?irte5? c5tury1 9 ! ye> l#bej1--;a v memorable "o = ,*ri/5dom1 & ! v crisis ( vital *ange 9 its me?ods ( economy1 & conceptions ( art4 #ib4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 ! exact relations at t "t ( ,*ri/ian & ,pr(ane ,*ivalry4 ,/4 ,l\is1 9 ! w9t] ( #abdh-i1 lay 9 ! isle ( ,cyprus1 ) 8 crusad+ army4 ,he _h tru/$ to ,provid5ce = provisions2 & 8 army 0 />v+4 ,! pr(ane ,g]man emp]or1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 0 at w> ) ,v5ice1 b gave a safe-conduct to ! ,v5etian %ips1 :i* enabl$ !m to c>ry food to ,cyprus1 & to save ,/4 ,l\is & 8 crusad]s4 ,fr$]ick _h be5 = half 8 life excommunicate1--& ! ,pope 7,innoc5t ,,iv47 at deadly spiritual & temporal w> ) him2--spiritually1 because he _h br\ght ,s>ac5s into ,apulia2 temporally1 because ! ,pope want$ ,apulia = himself4 ,/4 ,l\is & 8 "m bo? wrote to ,innoc5t1 pray+ him to be reconcil$ to ! k9d h]etic :o _h sav$ ! :ole crusad+ army4 ,b ! ,pope rema9$ implacably ?undr\s2 & ,fr$]ick1 we>y ( qu>rel1 /ay$ quiet 9 "o ( 8 ,apulian ca/les = a ye>4 ,! repose ( infidelity is seldom *e]ful1 unless x be crim9al4 ,fr$]ick _h mu* to rep5t (1 mu* to regret1 no?+ to hope1 & no?+ to d4 ,at ! end ( 8 ye>'s quiet he 0 attack$ by dys5t]y1 & s made 8 f9al peace ) ! ,pope1 & heav51--ag$ fifty-six4 #ic4 ,meantime ,/4 ,l\is _h gone on into ,egypt1 _h got 8 army defeat$1 8 bro!r kill$1 & himself c>ri$ captive4 ,y may be int]e/$ 9 see+1 9 ! leaf ( 8 psalt] :i* ,i h laid on ! table1 ! dea? ( t bro!r set d[n 9 gold5 lett]s1 betwe5 ! common lett]s ( ultram>9e1 on ! eigh? ( ,febru>y4 #id4 ,provid5ce1 defi$ by ,fr$]ick1 & tru/$ 9 by ,/4 ,l\is1 made su* arrangem5ts = !m bo?2 ,provid5ce n 9 anywise reg>d+ ! op9ions ( ei!r k+1 b v mu* reg>d+ ! facts1 t ! "o _h no bus9ess 9 ,egypt1 nor ! o!r 9 ,apulia4 ,no two k+s1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 c\ld h be5 happi]1 or m useful1 ?an ^! two might h be51 if !y only _h _h ! s5se to /ay 9 _! own capitals1 & att5d to _! own affairs4 ,b !y seem only to h be5 born to %[ :at griev\s results1 "u ! p[] ( discont5t$ imag9ation1 a ,*ri/ian c\ld a*ieve by fai?1 & a philosoph] by reason4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t ?is is said 9 disreg>d ( ! nobl5ess ( ei!r ( ^! two glori\s ,k+s4 ,among ! _m designs ( pa/ ye>s1 "o ( my favorites 0 to write a life ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,b ,i hope t bo? 81 & t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,engl&1 w soon be writt5 n[1 by a man :o loves !m z well z ,i d1 & kn[s !m f> bett]4 #ie4 ,! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 virtually end$ ! soldi] p[] 9 ,flor5ce2 & ! m]cantile p[] assum$ ! au?ority x !nce=w>d held1 until1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,m$ici1 x de/roy$ ! city4 ,we w n[ trace ! c\rse & effects ( ! ?ree revolutions :i* clos$ ! reign ( ,w>1 & cr[n$ ! p[] ( ,peace4 #if4 ,9 ! ye> #abdh1 :ile ,/4 ,l\is 0 9 ,cyprus1 ,i told y ,fr$]ick 0 at w> ) ,v5ice4 ,he 0 s because %e /ood1 if n z ! lead]1 at lea/ z ! mo/ important ally1 ( ! great ,lomb>d m]cantile league aga9/ ! ,g]man milit>y p[]4 ,t league consi/$ ess5tially ( ,v5ice1 ,milan1 ,bologna1 & ,g5oa1 9 alliance ) ! ,pope2 ! ,imp]ial or ,ghibell9e t[ns 71 ,padua & ,v]ona "u ,ezzel92 ,mantua1 ,pisa1 & ,si5a4 ,i d n "n ! m9or t[ns ( nor? ,italy :i* associat$ !mselves ) ea* p>ty3 get only ! ma9 localities ( ! conte/ well into y\r m9ds4 ,x 0 all conc5trat$ 9 ! furi\s ho/ility ( ,g5oa & ,pisa2 ,g5oa fight+ really v pi\sly = ! ,pope1 z well z = h]self2 ,pisa = h] own h&1 & = ! ,emp]or z mu* z suit$ h]4 ,! mad little sea falcon nev] caught sight ( ano!r wat]-bird on ! w+1 b %e mu/ hawk at x2 & z an ally ( ! ,emp]or1 balanc$ ,v5ice & ,g5oa ) h] s+le /r5g?4 ,& s x came to pass t ! victory ( ei!r ! ,guelph or ,ghibell9e p>ty dep5d$ on ! f9al action ( ,flor5ce4 #ig4 ,flor5ce mean:ile 0 fight+ ) h]self1 = h] own amusem5t4 ,%e 0 nom9ally at ! head ( ! ,guelphic ,league 9 ,tuscany2 b ?is only meant t %e hat$ ,si5a & ,pisa1 h] s\!rn & we/]n neighb\rs4 ,%e _h nev] decl>$ op5ly aga9/ ! ,emp]or4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e always recogniz$ 8 au?ority1 9 an imag9ative mann]1 z repres5t+ t ( ! ,caes>s4 ,%e sp5t h] own en]gy *iefly 9 /reet-fight+1--! dea? ( ,buondelmonti 9 #abae hav+ be5 ! root ( a s]ies ( qu>rels among h] nobles :i* gradually took ! =m ( conte/s ( hon\r2 & 7 a k9d ( accid5tal t\rnam5ts1 f\ght to ! dea?1 because !y c\ld n be excit+ or dignifi$ en\gh on any o!r condition4 ,& ?us ! mann] ( life came to be cu/om>y1 :i* y h accurately1 ) its consequ5ces1 pictur$ by ,%akspe>e4 ,samson bites 8 ?umb at ,abraham1 & pres5tly ! /reets are impassable 9 battle4 ,! qu>rel 9 ! ,canongate betwe5 ! ,leslies & ,seytons1 9 ,scott's ',abbot1' repres5ts ! same temp]2 & m>ks also1 :at ,%akspe>e did n s di/9ctly1 because x w\ld h int]f]$ ) ! dome/ic "* ( 8 play1 ! connection ( ^! private qu>rels ) political divisions :i* p>alyz$ ! entire body ( ! ,/ate4--,yet ^! political s*isms1 9 ! e>li] days ( ,italy1 nev] rea*$ ! bitt]ness ( ,scotti% feud1 #a because !y 7 nev] s s9c]e4 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic ,scotsm5 fai?fully believ$ ea* o!r to be s]vants ( ! devil2 b ! ,guelph & ,ghibell9e ( ,flor5ce ea* respect$1 9 ! o!r1 ! fidelity to ! ,emp]or1 or piety t[>ds ! ,pope1 :i* he f\nd x conv5i5t1 = ! "t1 to disp5se ) 9 8 own p]son4 ,! /reet fight+ 0 !re=e m g5]al1 m *ivalric1 m good-hum\r$2 a ^w ( (f5ce set all ! noblesse ( ! t[n on fire2 e "o ralli$ to 8 po/2 fight+ began at once 9 half a doz5 places ( recogniz$ conv5i5ce1 b end$ 9 ! ev5+2 &1 on ! foll[+ day1 ! lead]s det]m9$ 9 cont5d$ truce :o _h f\ght be/1 buri$ _! dead triumphantly1 & bett] =tifi$ any weak po9ts1 :i* ! ev5ts ( ! previ\s day _h expos$ at _! palace corn]s4 ,flor5t9e dispute 0 apt to c5tre itself ab\t ! gate ( ,/4 ,pet]1 #b ! t[] ( ! ca!dral1 or ! =tress-palace ( ! ,ub]ti1 7! family ( ,dante's ,bell9cion ,b]ti & ( ,f>9ata71 :i* occupi$ ! site ( ! pres5t ,palazzo ,vec*io4 ,b ! /reets ( ,si5a seem to h af=d$ bett] b>ricade practice4 ,!y are z /eep z !y are n>r[--extremely bo?2 & ! project+ /ones on _! palace fronts1 :i* 7 left1 9 build+1 to su/a91 on occasion1 ! b>ricade beams across ! /reets1 are to ?is day important features 9 _! ar*itecture4 ,footnote #a3 ,di/+ui% always ! p]sonal f ! religi\s feud2 p]sonal feud is m trea*]\s & viol5t 9 ,italy ?an 9 ,scotl&2 b n ! political or religi\s feud1 unless involv$ ) va/ mat]ial int]e/s4 ,footnote #b3 ,sismondi1 vol4 ii41 *ap4 ii42 ,g4 ,villani1 vi41 #cc4 #ih4 ,su* be+ ! g5]al /ate ( matt]s 9 ,flor5ce1 9 ?is ye> #abdh1 ,fr$]ick writes to ! ,ub]ti1 :o head$ ! ,ghibell9es1 to engage !m 9 s]i\s ef=t to br+ ! city di/9ctly to ! ,imp]ial side4 ,he 0 besieg+ ,p>ma2 & s5t 8 natural son1 ,fr$]ick1 k+ ( ,antio*1 ) sixte5 hundr$ ,g]man knights1 to give ! ,ghibell9es assur$ prepond]ance 9 ! next qu>rel4 ,! ,ub]ti took arms be=e _! arrival2 ralli$ all _! ,ghibell9e fri5ds into a unit$ body1 & s attack$ & c>ri$ ! ,guelph b>ricades1 "o by "o1 till _! antagoni/s1 driv5 toge!r by local defeat1 /ood 9 consi/5cy z complete z _! own1 by ! gate ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ',s*]aggio4' ,"y ,fr$]ick1 ) 8 ,g]man rid]s1 arriv$ at ?is crisis2 ! ,ghibell9es op5+ ! gates to him2 ! ,guelphs1 nev]!less1 f\ght at _! outmo/ b>ricade = f\r days m2 b at la/1 tir$1 )drew f ! city1 9 a body1 on ! night ( ,c&lemas1 #bnd ,febru>y1 #abdh2 leav+ ! ,ghibell9es & _! ,g]man fri5ds to "w _! pleasure1--:o imm$iately set !mselves to ?r[ d[n ! ,guelph palaces1 & de/roy$ six-&-?irty ( !m1 t[]s & all1 ) ! good help ( ,niccola ,pisano1--= ?is is ! occasion ( t beautiful piece ( new eng9e]+ ( 84 #ii4 ,x is ! fir/ int]f]5ce ( ! ,g]mans 9 ,flor5t9e affairs :i* belongs to ! real cycle ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,six hundr$ ye>s lat]1 a troop ( ,g]man rid]s ent]$ ,flor5ce aga91 to re/ore its ,gr& ,duke2 & our w>mhe>t$ & lov+ ,engli% poetess1 look+ on f ,casa ,guidi w9d[s1 gives ! said ,g]mans _m h>d words1 & ?9ks h] d>l+ ,flor5t9es entirely innoc5t 9 ! matt]4 ,b if %e _h _h cle> eyes1 7yeux de l9 #a ! ,romance ( ! ,rose calls !m17 %e w\ld h se5 t :ite-coat$ cavalry ) its heavy guns to be no?+ m ?an ! re>-gu>d ( "y ,fr$]ick ( ,antio*2 & t ,flor5ce's own ,ghibell9es _h op5$ h] gates to !m4 ,de/9y little reg>ds co/ ( "t2 %e does h] ju/ice at t telescopic di/ance j z easily & accurately z close at h&4 ,footnote #a3 ,lynx4 #ajj4 ,fr$]ick ( ,antio*4 ,note ! titul> co9cid5ce4 ,! disciples 7 call$ ,*ri/ians fir/ 9 ,antio*2 "h we h our lieut5ant ( ,anti*ri/ also nam$ f t t[n4 ,! anti-,*ri/ian ,g]mans got into ,flor5ce ^u ,sunday morn+2 ! ,guelphs f\ght on till ,w$nesday1 :i* 0 ,c&lemas2--! ,t[] ( ! ,dea?-wat* 0 ?r[n d[n next day4 ,x 0 s call$ because x /ood on ! ,piazza ( ,/ ,john2 & all dy+ p 9 ,flor5ce call$ on ,/4 ,john = help2 & look$1 if x might be1 to ! top ( ?is highe/ & be/-built ( t[]s4 ,! wick$ anti-,*ri/ian ,ghibell9es1 ,ni*olas ( ,pisa help+1 cut ! side ( x s t ! t[] might fall on ! ,bapti/]y4 ,b z x pleas$ ,god1 = bett] rev]5c+ ( ! bless$ ,/4 ,john1 ! t[]1 :i* 0 a hundr$ & eighty feet high1 z x 0 com+ d[n1 pla9ly appe>$ to es*ew ! holy *ur*1 & turn$ aside1 & fell "r across ! squ>e2 at :i* all ! ,flor5t9es m>vell$1 7pi\s or impi\s17 & ! p 7anti-,ghibell9e7 7 greatly delight$4 #aja4 ,i h no d\bt t ?is /ory is apocryphal1 n only 9 its attribution ( ^! religi\s scruples to ! fall+ t[]2 b 9 its accusation ( ! ,ghibell9es z hav+ def9itely int5d$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,bapti/]y4 ,x is only mod]n re=m]s :o feel ! absolute ne$ ( en=c+ _! religi\s op9ions 9 s practical a mann]4 ,su* a piece ( sacrilege w\ld h be5 revolt+ to ,f>9ata2 h[ mu* m to ! gr\p ( ,flor5t9es ^: temp] is c5trally repres5t$ by ,dante's1 to all ( :om _! bel ,san ,giovanni 0 de>1 at lea/ = its beauty1 if n = its sanctity4 ,& ,niccola himself 0 too good a workman to become ! in/rum5t ( ! de/ruction ( s noble a "w1--n to insi/ on ! extreme probability t he 0 also too good an eng9e] to h _h 8 purpose1 if once fix$1 ?w>t$ by any t5d]ness 9 ! consci5ce ( ! collaps+ t[]4 ,! tradition itself probably arose aft] ! rage ( ! exil$ ,ghibell9es _h half cons5t$ to ! de/ruction1 on political gr\nds1 ( ,flor5ce itself2 b ! =m x took is ( extreme hi/orical value1 indicat+ ?us e>ly at lea/ ! suspect$ exi/5ce ( passions l ^? ( ! ,cromwellian or ,g>ibaldian soldi]y 9 ! ,flor5t9e noble2 & ! di/9ct "* ( ! ,ghibell9e p>ty z n only anti-,papal1 b pr(ane4 #ajb4 ,^u ! ca/les1 & ! p]sons ( _! antagoni/s1 h[ev]1 ! pride1 or fe>1 ( ! ,ghibell9es _h little m]cy2 & 9 _! day ( triumph !y provok$ aga9/ !mselves ne>ly e rational z well z religi\s p]son 9 ! commonweal?4 ,!y despis$ too mu* ! =ce ( ! newly-ris5 popul> p[]1 f\nd$ on economy1 sobriety1 & common s5se2 &1 alike by imp]t95ce & pillage1 increas$ ! irritation ( ! civil body2 until1 z a=esaid1 on ! #bj? ,octob]1 #abej1 all ! ri* burgesses ( ,flor5ce took arms2 met 9 ! squ>e be=e ! *ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 7:]e1 says ,sismondi1 ! republic ( ! dead is /ill assembl$ today17 !nce trav]s$ ! city to ! palace ( ! ,ghibell9e pode/a2 =c$ him to resign2 nam$ ,ub]to ( ,lucca 9 8 place1 "u ! title ( ,capta9 ( ! ,p2 divid$ !mselves into tw5ty companies1 ea*1 9 its own di/rict ( ! city1 hav+ its capta9 #a & /&>d2 & elect$ a c\ncil ( twelve anci5ts1 con/itut+ a s5iory or signoria1 to delib]ate on & direct public affairs4 ,footnote #a3 ',corporal1' lit]ally'4 #ajc4 ,:at a p]fectly beautiful republican movem5t6 ?9ks ,sismondi1 see+1 9 all ?is1 no?+ b ! en]gy ( a multitude2 & entirely ignor+ ! peculi> capacity ( ?is ,flor5t9e mob1--capacity ( two virtues1 mu* =gott5 by mod]n republicanism1--ord]1 namely2 & ob$i5ce2 toge!r ) ! peculi> in/9ct ( ?is ,flor5t9e multitude1 :i* n only felt itself to ne$ capta9s1 b knew :]e to f9d !m4 #ajd4 ,hub]t ( ,lucca--,h[ came !y1 ?9k y1 to *oose him out ( a /rang] city1 & t a poor] "o ?an _! own8 ,0 !re no ,flor5t9e !n1 ( all ?is ri* & eag] cr[d1 :o 0 fit to gov]n ,flor5ce8 ,i _c f9d any acc\nt ( ?is ,hub]t1 ,bright m9d1 ( ,ducca2 ,villani says simply ( him1 ,fu il primo capitano di ,fir5ze4 ,!y hung a bell = him 9 ! ,campanile ( ! ,lion1 & gave him ! flag ( ,flor5ce to be>2 & be=e ! day 0 ov]1 t #bj? ( ,octob]1 he _h giv5 e "o ( ! tw5ty companies _! flags also4 ,& ! be>+s ( ! said gonfalons 7 ^!4 ,i w give y ?is h]aldry z f> z ,i c make x out f ,villani2 x w be v useful to u aft]w>ds2 ,i leave ! ,italian :5 ,i _c translate x3-- #aje4 ,a4 ,se/o1 7six? "p ( ! city17 ( ! o!r side ( ,arno4 ,gonfalon #a4 ,gules2 a ladd]1 arg5t4 #b4 ,arg5t2 a sc\rge1 sable4 #c4 ,azure2 7una piazza bianca con nic*i v]migli74 #d4 ,gules2 a dragon1 v]t4 ,b4 ,se/o ( ,/4 ,pet] ,s*]aggio4 #a4 ,azure2 a *>iot1 or4 #b4 ,or2 a bull1 sable4 #c4 ,arg5t2 a lion rampant1 sable4 #d4 7,a lively piece1 pezza gagli>da7 ,b>ry ( 7h[ _m87 pieces1 arg5t & sable4 ,y may z well note at once ( ?is k9d ( be>+1 call$ 'gagli>da' by ,villani1 t ^! gr\ps ( piles1 pales1 b5ds1 & b>s1 7 call$ 9 ,engli% h]aldry ',re/rial be>+s1' 9 respect ( _! /r5g? & solid sub/ance1 :i* is able to abide ! /resse & =ce ( any triall !y %all be put unto4 #a ,& also t1 ! numb] ( b>s be+ unc]ta91 ,i assume ! be>+ to be 'b>ry1' t is1 hav+ an ev5 numb] ( b>s2 _h x be5 odd1 z ( sev5 b>s1 x %\ld h be5 blazon$1 arg5t2 ?ree b>s1 sable2 or1 if s divid$1 sable1 ?ree b>s arg5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,guillim1 sect4 ii41 *ap4 #c4 ,?is lively be>+ 0 ,/4 ,pul9>i's4 ,c4 ,se/o ( ,borgo4 #a4 ,or2 a vip]1 v]t4 #b4 ,arg5t2 a ne$le1 787 7aguglia7 sable4 #c4 ,v]t2 a horse unbridl$2 drap$1 arg5t1 a cross1 gules4 ,d4 ,se/o ( ,/4 ,brancazio4 #a4 ,v]t2 a lion rampant1 prop]4 #b4 ,arg5t2 a lion rampant1 gules4 #c4 ,azure2 a lion rampant1 arg5t4 ,e4 ,se/o ( ! ,ca!dral gates4 #a4 ,azure2 a lion 7passant87 or4 #b4 ,or2 a dragon1 v]t4 #c4 ,arg5t2 a lion rampant1 azure1 cr[n$1 or4 ,f4 ,se/o ( ,/4 ,pet]'s gates4 #a4 ,or2 two keys1 gules4 #b4 ,an ,italian 7or m def9itely a ,greek & ,etruscan be>+2 ,i d n "k h[ to blazon x27 conc5tric b&s1 arg5t & sable4 ,?is is "o ( ! rema9s ( ! ,greek expressions ( /orm2 hail1 or ! ,tr9acrian limbs1 be+ put on ! giant's %ields also4 ,x is connect$ besides ) ! ,cretan labyr9?1 & ! circles ( ! ,inf]no4 #c4 ,p>t$ p] fesse1 gules & vai 7,i don't "k if vai means grey--n a prop] h]aldic col\r--or vaire74 #ajf4 ,( c\rse ,hub]t ( ,lucca did n det]m9e ^! be>+s1 b took !m z he f\nd !m1 & appo9t$ !m = /&>ds2 #a he did ! same = all ! c\ntry p>i%es1 & ord]$ !m to come into ! city at ne$4 ,& 9 ?is mann] ! old p ( ,flor5ce ord]$ itself2 & = m /r5g? ( ! p1 !y ord]$ & began to build ! palace :i* is beh9d ! ,badia1--t is to say1 ! "o :i* is ( dress$ /one1 ) ! t[]2 = be=e !re 0 no palace ( ! commune 9 ,flor5ce1 b ! signory abode sometimes 9 "o "p ( ! t[n1 sometimes 9 ano!r4 ,footnote #a3 ,we w exam9e aft]w>ds ! h]aldry ( ! trades1 *ap1 xi41 ,villani4 #ajg4 ,& z ! p _h n[ tak5 /ate & signory on !mselves1 !y ord]$1 = great] /r5g? ( ! p1 t all ! t[]s ( ,flor5ce--& !re 7 _m #ahj feet high #a--%\ld be cut d[n to #ge feet1 & no m2 & s x 0 done1 & ) ! /ones ( !m !y wall$ ! city on ! o!r side ,arno4 ,footnote3 #abj braccia4 #ajh4 ,t la/ s5t5ce is a significant "o4 ,"h is ! c5tral expression ( ! true burgess or t[nsman temp]1--resolute ma9t5ance ( =tifi$ peace4 ,^! are ! walls :i* mod]n republicanism ?r[s d[n1 to make b\lev>ds ov] _! ru9s4 #aji4 ,su* new ord] be+ tak51 ,flor5ce rema9$ quiet = full two mon?s4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,decemb]1 9 ! same ye>1 di$ ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii42 news ( 8 dea? did n rea* ,flor5ce till ! #g? ,janu>y1 #abea4 ,x _h *anc$1 accord+ to ,villani1 t on ! actual day ( 8 dea?1 8 ,flor5t9e vice-reg5t1 ,r9i]i ( ,montem]lo1 0 kill$ by a piece ( ! vault+ #a ( 8 room fall+ on him z he slept4 ,& :5 ! p he>d ( ! ,emp]or's dea?1 :i* 0 mo/ useful & ne$ful = ,holy ,*ur*1 & = our commune1 !y took ! fall ( ! ro( on 8 lieut5ant z an om5 ( ! ext9ction ( ,imp]ial au?ority1 & resolv$ to br+ home all _! ,guelphic exiles1 & t ! ,ghibell9es %\ld be =c$ to make peace ) !m4 ,:i* 0 done1 & ! peace really la/$ = full six mon?s2 :51 a qu>rel *anc+ ) ,ghibell9e ,pi/oja1 ! ,flor5t9es1 "u a ,milanese pode/a1 f\ght _! fir/ prop]ly communal & comm]cial battle1 ) great slaught] ( ,pi/ojese4 ,naturally en\gh1 b v unwisely1 ! ,flor5t9e ,ghibell9es decl9$ to take "p 9 ?is battle2 :]eupon ! p1 return+ flu%$ ) victory1 drove !m all out1 & e/abli%$ pure ,guelph gov]nm5t 9 ,flor5ce1 *ang+ at ! same "t ! flag ( ! city f gules1 a lily arg5t1 to arg5t1 a lily gules2 b ! mo/ anci5t be>+ ( all1 simply p>t$ p] pale1 arg5t & gules1 rema9$ always on _! c>roccio ( battle1--,non si muto mai4 ,footnote #a3 ,una volta *' era sopra la cam]a4 #aaj4 ,non si muto mai4 ,villani did n "k h[ true 8 words 74 ,t old %ield ( ,flor5ce1 p>t$ p] pale1 arg5t & gules1 7or our own ,saxon ,oswald's1 p>t$ p] pale1 or & purpure17 are h]aldry *angeless 9 sign2 decl>+ ! necess>y balance1 9 rul+ m51 ( ! ,rational & ,imag9ative p[]s2 pure ,alp1 & gl[+ cl\d4 ,*ur* & ,/ate--,pope & ,emp]or--,cl]gy & ,laity1--all ^! are p>tial1 accid5tal--too (t51 crim9al--oppositions2 b ! bodily & spiritual elem5ts1 seem+ly adv]se1 rema9 9 ev]la/+ h>mony1 ,n less ! new be>+ ( ! %ield1 ! r$ fleur-de-lys1 has ano!r mean+4 ,x is r$1 n z ecclesia/ical1 b z free4 ,n ( ,guelph aga9/ ,ghibell9e1 b ( ,lab\r] aga9/ ,knight4 ,no m 8 s]f1 b 8 m9i/]4 ,8 duty no m 's]vitium1' b 'm9i/]ium1' 'me/i]4' ,we le>n ! p[] ( ^w aft] ^w1 z ( sign aft] sign1 z we foll[ ! traces ( ?is nasc5t art4 ,i h sket*$ = y ?is lily f ! base ( ! t[] ( ,giotto4 ,y may judge by ! subjects ( ! sculpture beside x t x 0 built j 9 ?is fit ( comm]cial triumph2 = all ! out] bas-reliefs are ( trades4 #aaa4 ,draw t r$ lily !n1 & fix x 9 y\r m9ds z ! sign ( ! great *ange 9 ! temp] ( ,flor5ce1 & 9 h] laws1 9 mid-?irte5? c5tury2 & rememb] also1 :5 y g to ,flor5ce & see t mighty t[] ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io 7noble /ill1 9 spite ( ! calamit\s & accurs$ re/orations :i* h smoo!d its rugg$ outl9e1 & effac$ ) mod]n vulg>isms its lovely sculpture7--t]m9at+ ! %ad[y p]spectives ( ! ,uffizii1 or dom9ant ov] ! city se5 f ,fsole or ,bellosgu>do1--t1 z ! t[] ( ,giotto is ! notable/ monum5t 9 ! _w ( ! ,religion ( ,europe1 s1 on ?is t[] ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 fir/ %ook itself to ! w9ds ! ,lily /&>d ( h] lib]al1--because hone/1--comm]ce4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,pax ,,vobiscum4 #aab4 ,my la/ lecture end$ ) a s5t5ce :i* ,i ?\ght1 myself1 r pretty1 & q fit = a popul> newspap]1 ab\t ! 'lily /&>d ( lib]al comm]ce4' ,b x might occur1 & ,i hope did occur1 to "s ( y1 t x w\ld h be5 m appropriate if ! lily _h *ang$ col\r ! o!r way1 f r$ to :ite1 7in/ead ( :ite to r$17 z a sign ( a pacific con/itution & k9dly national purpose4 #aac4 ,i believe o!rwise1 h[ev]2 & al?\gh ! *ange itself 0 = ! sake ( *ange m]ely1 y may see 9 x1 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ! hi/orical co9cid5ces :i* conta9 true in/ruction = u4 ,q "o ( ! *iefe/ art-mi/akes & /upidities ( m5 has be5 _! t5d5cy to dress soldi]s 9 r$ clo!s1 & monks1 or pacific p]sons1 9 black1 :ite1 or grey ones4 ,at lea/ half ( t m5tal bias ( "y p1 :i* su/a9s ! wick$ness ( w> among u at ?is day1 is ow+ to ! prett9ess ( uni=ms4 ,make all ,huss>s black1 all ,gu>ds black1 all troops ( ! l9e black2 dress (fic]s & m51 alike1 z y w\ld public execution]s2 & ! numb] ( c&idates = commissions w be greatly dim9i%$4 ,habitually1 on ! contr>y1 y dress ^! de/ructive ru/ics & _! (fic]s 9 sc>let & gold1 b give y\r productive ru/ics no co/ume ( hon\r or beauty2 y give y\r peaceful /ud5t a co/ume :i* he tucks up to 8 wai/1 because he is a%am$ ( x2 & dress y\r pi\s rectors1 & y\r si/]s ( *>ity1 9 black1 z if x 7 _! trade in/ead ( ! soldi]'s to s5d p to hell1 & _! own de/9y to arrive !re4 #aad4 ,b ! inve/iture ( ! lily ( ,flor5ce ) sc>let is a symbol1--un9t5tional1 obs]ve1 b n ! less notable1--( ! recov]y ( human s5se & intellig5ce 9 ?is matt]4 ,! reign ( w> 0 pa/2 ?is 0 ! sign ( x2--! r$ gl[1 n n[ ( ! ,t[]s ( ,dis1 b ( ! ,c>ita1 *e app5a =a d5tro al fuoco nota4 ,& a day is com+1 be assur$1 :5 ! k+s ( ,europe w dress _! peaceful troops beautifully2 w clo! _! peasant girls 9 sc>let1 ) o!r delights1 & put on ornam5ts ( gold ^u _! app>el2 :5 ! crocus & ! lily w n be ! only liv+ ?+s dress$ da9tily 9 our l&1 & ! glory ( ! wise/ mon>*s be inde$1 9 t _! p1 l !mselves1 %all be1 at lea/ 9 "s dim lik5ess1 array$ l "o ( ^!4 #aae4 ,b z = ! imm$iate behavi\r ( ,flor5ce h]self1 ) h] new /&>d1 its col\r 0 q suffici5tly significant 9 t old symbolism1 :5 ! fir/ re/rial be>+ 0 drawn by dy+ f+]s dipp$ 9 blood4 ,! ,guelphic revolution _h put h] into def9ite political opposition ) h] ne>e/1 & !re=e1--accord+ to ! cu/om & ,*ri/ianity ( ! "t1--h] hatefulle/1 neighb\rs1--,pi/oja1 ,pisa1 ,si5a1 & ,volt]ra4 ,:at glory might n be acquir$1 :at k9d purposes answ]$1 by mak+ pacific m]cantile /ates also ( ^? b5ight$ t[ns6 ,besides1 ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or _h ?r[n 8 p>ty ev]y:]e into disc\ragem5t2 & :at 0 ! use ( a flag :i* flew no f>!r ?an ov] ! new palazzo8 #aaf4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! next ye>1 ! pacific ,flor5t9es began by ravag+ ! t]ritory ( ,pi/oja2 !n attack$ ! ,pisans at ,pontad]a1 & took #cjjj prison]s2 & f9i%$ by trav]s+1 & eat+ up all t c\ld be ate 91 ! c\ntry ( ,si5a2 besides beat+ ! ,si5ese "u ! ca/le ( ,montalc9o4 ,return+ 9 triumph aft] ^! b5evol5t op]ations1 !y resolv$ to /rike a new piece ( money 9 memory ( !m1--! gold5 ,flor96 #aag4 ,?is co9 ,i h plac$ 9 y\r room ( /udy1 to be ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( co9s :i* ,i hope to arrange = y1 n *ronologically1 b = ! v>i\s int]e/1 :e!r z reg>ds art or hi/ory1 :i* !y %\ld possess 9 y\r g5]al /udies4 ,! ,flor9 ( ,flor5ce1 7says ,sismondi71 ?r\gh all ! monet>y revolutions ( all neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & :ile ! bad fai? ( gov]nm5ts adult]at$ _! co9 f "o end ( ,europe to ! o!r1 has always rema9$ ! same2 x is1 to-day1 7,i don't "k :51 exactly1 he wrote ?is1--b x doesn't matt]71 ( ! same weight1 & be>s ! same "n & ! same /amp1 :i* x did :5 x 0 /ruck 9 #abeb4 ,x 0 gold ( ! pure/ title 7#bd c>ats71 weigh$ ! eigh? ( an ounce1 & c>ri$1 z y see1 on "o side ! image ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 on ! o!r ! ,fleur-de-lys4 ,x is ! co9 :i* ,*auc] takes = ! be/ repres5tation ( beautiful money 9 ! ,p>don]'s ,tale3 ?is1 9 8 judgm5t1 is ! faire/ mask ( ,dea?4 ,villani's relation ( its moral & comm]cial effect at ,tunis is wor? translat+1 be+ 9 ! sub/ance ( x1 ,i d\bt n1 true4 #aah4 ,& ^! new flor9s beg9n+ to scatt] ?r\gh ! _w1 "s ( !m got to ,tunis1 9 ,b>b>y2 & ! ,k+ ( ,tunis1 :o 0 a wor?y & wise "l1 0 greatly pleas$ ) !m1 & _h !m te/$2 & f9d+ !m ( f9e gold1 he prais$ !m mu*1 & _h ! leg5d on !m int]pret$ to him1--to wit1 on "o side ',/4 ,john ,bapti/1' on ! o!r ',flor5tia4' ,s see+ !y 7 pieces ( ,*ri/ian money1 he s5t = ! ,pisan m]*ants1 :o 7 free ( 8 port1 & mu* be=e ! ,k+ 7& also ! ,flor5t9es trad$ 9 ,tunis ?r\gh ,pisan ag5ts71--see ^! hot little ,pisans1 h[ !y are fir/ ev]y:]e1--& ask$ ( !m :at city x 0 among ! ,*ri/ians :i* made ! said flor9s4 ,& ! ,pisans answ]$ 9 spite & envy1 ',!y are our l& ,arabs4' ,! ,k+ answ]$ wisely1 ,x does n appe> to me ,arab's money2 y ,pisans1 :at gold5 money h y got8 ,!n !y 7 confus$1 & knew n :at to answ]4 ,s he ask$ if !re 0 any ,flor5t9e among !m4 ,& !re 0 f\nd a m]*ant f ! o!r-side-,arno1 by "n ,pet] ,balducci1 discreet & wise4 ,! ,k+ ask$ him ( ! /ate & be+ ( ,flor5ce1 ( :i* ! ,pisans made _! ,arabs1--:o answ]$ him wisely1 %[+ ! p[] & magnific5ce ( ,flor5ce2 & h[ ,pisa1 9 comp>ison1 0 n1 ei!r 9 l& or p1 ! half ( ,flor5ce2 & t !y _h no gold5 money2 & t ! gold ( :i* ^? flor9s _h be5 made 0 ga9$ by ! ,flor5t9es above & beyond !m1 by _m victories4 ,:]e=e ! said ,pisans 7 put to %ame1 & ! ,k+1 bo? by reason ( ! flor91 & = ! words ( our wise citiz51 made ! ,flor5t9es free1 & appo9t$ = !m _! own ,fondaco1 & *ur*1 9 ,tunis1 & gave !m privileges l ! ,pisans4 ,& ?is we "k = a tru? f ! same ,pet]1 hav+ be5 9 company ) him at ! (fice ( ! ,priors4 #aai4 ,i _c tell y :at ! value ( ! piece 0 at ?is "t3 ! s5t5ce ) :i* ,sismondi concludes 8 acc\nt ( x be+ only useful z an example ( ! total ignorance ( ! laws ( curr5cy 9 :i* _m ev5 ( ! be/ educat$ p]sons at ! pres5t day rema94 ,its value1 he says always ! same1 answ]s to elev5 francs =ty c5times ( ,france4 ,b all t c be sci5tifically said ( any piece ( money is t x conta9s a giv5 weight ( a giv5 metal4 ,its value 9 o!r co9s1 o!r metals1 or o!r g5]al produce1 v>ies n only f day to day1 b f in/ant to in/ant4 #abj4 ,) ?is co9 ( ,flor5ce ought 9 ju/ice to be rank$ ! ,v5etian zec*92 #a b ( x ,i c only ?us give y acc\nt 9 ano!r place1--= ,i mu/ at once g on n[ to tell y ! fir/ use ,i f9d record$1 z be+ made by ! ,flor5t9es ( _! new money4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 connection ) ! ,pisans' insult+ int5tion by _! t]m ( ,arabs1 rememb] t ! ,v5etian 'zecca1' 7m9t7 came f ! ,arabic 'sehk1' ! /eel die us$ 9 co9age4 ,!y pursu$ 9 ! ye>s #abec & #abed _! en]getic promulgation ( peace4 ,!y ravag$ ! l&s ( ,pi/oja s (t51 t ! ,pi/ojese submitt$ !mselves1 on condition ( receiv+ back _! ,guelph exiles1 & admitt+ a ,flor5t9e g>rison into ,pi/oja4 ,next !y attack$ ,monte ,reggione1 ! ,m>*-=tress ( ! ,si5ese2 & press$ x s vigor\sly t ,si5a 0 fa9 to make peace too1 on condition ( ceas+ h] alliance ) ! ,ghibell9es4 ,next !y ravag$ ! t]ritory ( ,volt]ra3 ! t[nspeople1 confid5t 9 ! /r5g? ( _! rock =tress1 came out to give battle2 ! ,flor5t9es beat !m up ! hill1 & ent]$ ! t[n gates ) ! fugitives4 #aba4 ,&1 = note to ?is s5t5ce1 9 my long-s9ce-read volume ( ,sismondi1 ,i f9d a cross-fleury at ! bottom ( ! page1 ) ! date #abed und]nea? x2 mean+ t ,i 0 to rememb] t ye> z ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ian w>f>e4 ,= little z y may ?9k x1 & grotesquely oppos$ z ?is ravag+ ( _! neighb\rs' t]ritories may seem to _! pacific mission1 ?is ,flor5t9e army is fight+ 9 absolute good fai?4 ,p>tly self-deceiv$1 inde$1 by _! own ambition1 & by _! fi]y natures1 rejoic+ 9 ! excitem5t ( battle1 !y h nev]!less1 9 ?is _! ye> ( victories1--s !y ev] aft]w>ds call$ x1--no occult or malignant purpose4 ,at lea/1 :atev] is occult or malignant is also unconsci\s2 n n[ 9 cruel1 b 9 k9dly jeal\sy ( _! neighb\rs1 & 9 a true desire to communicate & ext5d to !m ! privileges ( _! own new artizan gov]nm5t1 ! ,trades ( ,flor5ce h tak5 arms4 ,!y are ju/ly pr\d ( !mselves2 rightly assur$ ( ! wisdom ( ! *ange !y h made2 true to ea* o!r = ! "t1 & confid5t 9 ! future4 ,no army ev] f\ght 9 bett] cause1 or ) m unit$ he>t4 ,& accord+ly !y meet ) no *eck1 & commit no error2 f t[] to t[] ( ! field =tresses1--f gate to gate ( ! great cities1--!y m>* 9 "o cont9u\s & daily m spl5did triumph1 yet 9 g5tle & p]fect discipl9e2 & n[1 :5 !y h ent]$ ,volt]ra ) h] fugitives1 aft] /ress ( battle1 n a drop ( blood is %$1 nor a s+le h\se pillag$1 nor is any o!r condition ( peace requir$ ?an ! exile ( ! ,ghibell9e nobles4 ,y may rememb]1 z a symbol ( ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is result1 t ! ,bi%op ( ,volt]ra1 ) 8 cl]gy1 came out 9 procession to meet !m z !y began to run #a ! /reets1 & obta9$ ?is m]cy2 else ! old habits ( pillage w\ld h prevail$4 ,footnote #a3 ,corsona la citta s5za conte/o niuno4--,villani4 #abb4 ,& f ,volt]ra1 ! ,flor5t9e army ent]$ on ! t]ritory ( ,pisa2 & n[ ) s high pre/ige1 t ! ,pisans at once s5t ambassadors to !m ) keys 9 _! h&s1 9 tok5 ( submission4 ,& ! ,flor5t9es made peace ) !m1 on condition t ! ,pisans %\ld let ! ,flor5t9e m]*&ize pass 9 & out )\t tax2--%\ld use ! same weights z ,flor5ce1--! same clo? measure1--& ! same alloy ( money4 #abc4 ,y see t ,mr4 ,adam ,smi? 0 n altoge!r ! orig9ator ( ! idea ( free trade2 & six hundr$ ye>s h pass$ )\t br++ ,europe g5]ally to ! degree ( m]cantile intellig5ce1 z to weights & curr5cy1 :i* ,flor5ce _h 9 h] ye> ( victories4 ,! ,pisans broke ?is peace two ye>s aft]w>ds1 to help ! ,emp]or ,manfr$2 :]eupon ! ,flor5t9es attack$ !m in/antly aga92 defeat$ !m on ! ,s]*io1 ne> ,lucca2 ent]$ ! ,pisan t]ritory by ! ,val di ,s]*io2 & !re1 cutt+ d[n a great p9e tree1 /ruck _! flor9s on ! /ump ( x1 putt+1 = memory1 "u ! feet ( ! ,/4 ,john1 a trefoil 9 guise ( a little tree4 ,& note "h ! diff]5ce betwe5 arti/ic & me*anical co9age4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 us+ pure gold1 & ?91 c /rike _! co9 any:]e1 ) only a wood5 anvil1 & _! engrav] is ready on ! in/ant to make su* *ange 9 ! /amp z may record any new triumph4 ,consid] ! vig\r1 popul>ity1 pleasantness ( an art ( co9age ?us ductile to ev5ts1 & easy 9 manipulution4 #abd4 ,x is to be obs]v$ also t a ?9 gold co9age l t ( ! ,engli% angel1 & ^! ,italian zec*9s1 is bo? m conv5i5t & pretti] ?an ! massive gold ( ! ,greeks1 (t5 s small t x drops ?r\gh ! f+]s1 &1 if ( any size1 inconv5i5tly l>ge 9 value4 #abe4 ,x 0 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #abee1 t ! ,flor5t9es made ! noble/ use ( _! newly /ruck flor9s1 s f> z ,i "k1 ev] record$ 9 any hi/ory2 & a ,flor5t9e citiz5 made z noble refusal ( !m4 ,y w f9d ! two /ories 9 ,giovanni ,villani1 ,book #f?1 *apt]s #fa1 #fb4 ,"o or two important facts are add$ by ,sismondi1 b )\t ref]5ces4 ,i take 8 /atem5t z on ! :ole tru/wor?y1 us+ ,villani's au?ority :]ev] x rea*es2 "o or two po9ts ,i h f>!r to expla9 to y myself z ,i g on4 #abf4 ,! fir/ tale %[s v curi\sly ! m]c5>y & indep5d5t "* ( w>f>e1 z x n[ 0 c>ri$ on by ! great *iefs1 :e!r ,guelph or ,ghibell9e4 ,! ,flor5t9es want$ to s5d a troop ( five hundr$ horse to assi/ ,orvieto1 a ,guelph t[n1 isolat$ on its rock1 & at pres5t h>rass$ ^u x4 ,!y gave comm& ( ?is troop to ! ,knight ,guido ,gu]ra de' ,conti ,guidi1 & he & 8 rid]s set out = ,orvieto by ! ,umbrian road1 ?r\gh ,arezzo1 :i* 0 at peace ) ,flor5ce1 ?\gh a ,ghibell9e t[n4 ,! ,guelph p>ty )9 ! t[n ask$ help f ! pass+ ,flor5t9e battalion2 & ,guido ,gu]ra1 )\t any au?ority = su* action1 us$ ! troop ( :i* he 0 9 comm& 9 _! fav\r1 & drove out ! ,ghibell9es4 ,sismondi does n notice :at is q "o ( ! ma9 po9ts 9 ! matt]1 t ?is troop ( horse mu/ h be5 ma9ly compos$ ( ,c\nt ,guido's own reta9]s1 & n ( ,flor5t9e citiz5s1 :o w\ld n h c>$ to leave _! bus9ess on su* a f>-(f que/ z ?is help to ,orvieto4 ,h[ev]1 ,arezzo is ?us br\ght ov] to ! ,flor5t9e int]e/2 & any o!r ,italian /ate w\ld h be5 sure1 :ile x disclaim$ ! ,c\nt's indep5d5t action1 to keep ! advantage ( x4 ,n s ,flor5ce4 ,%e is entirely resolv$1 9 ^! ye>s ( victory1 to d ju/ice to all m5 s f> %e und]/&s x2 & 9 ?is case x w give h] "s tr\ble to d x1 & worse1--co/ h] "s ( h] f9e new flor9s4 ,= h] c\nt]-m&ate is q p[]less ) ,guido ,gu]ra4 ,he has tak5 ,arezzo ma9ly ) 8 own m51 & means to /ay !re1 ?9k+ t ! ,flor5t9es1 if ev5 !y d n abet him1 w take no practical /eps aga9/ him4 ,b he does n "k ?is newly ris5 clan ( milit>y m]*ants1 :o q cle>ly und]/& :at hone/y means1 & w put !mselves out ( _! way to keep _! fai?4 ,flor5ce calls out h] trades in/antly1 & ) gules1 a dragon v]t1 & or1 a bull sable1 !y m>*1 !mselves1 angrily up ! ,val d',arno1 replace ! adv]se ,ghibell9es 9 ,arezzo1 & s5d ,ma/] ,guido de' ,conti ,guido ab\t 8 bus9ess4 ,b ! prettie/ & mo/ curi\s "p ( ! :ole /ory is _! equity ev5 to him1 aft] he _h giv5 !m all ?is tr\ble4 ,!y entirely recognize ! ne$ he is "u ( gett+ meat1 someh[1 = ! m\?s ( ^! five hundr$ rid]s ( 82 also !y hold him /ill _! fri5d1 ?\gh an unmanageable "o2 & admit ) praise :at ( m or less patriotic & ,guelphic pr9ciple may be at ! root ( 8 disob$i5ce4 ,s :5 he claims twelve ?\s& lire1--r\ghly1 "s two ?\s& p\nds ( money at pres5t value1--f ! ,guelphs ( ,arezzo = 8 s]vice1 & ! ,guelphs1 hav+ got no good ( x1 ow+ to ?is ,flor5t9e int]f]5ce1 object to pay+ him1 ! ,flor5t9es !mselves l5d !m ! money1--& are nev] paid a f>?+ ( x back4 #abg4 ,!re is a beautiful inve/m5t ( capital = y\r mod]n m]*ant to /udy6 ,no int]e/ ?\ght (1 & little hope ( ev] gett+ back ! pr9cipal4 ,& yet y w f9d t !re 7 no m]cantile panics1 9 ,flor5ce 9 ^? days1 nor fail+ bank]s1 #a nor cle>+s out ( ?is e/abli%m5t--any reasonable (f] accept$4 ,footnote3 ,"s acc\nt ( ! /ate ( mod]n ,briti% bus9ess 9 ?is k9d w be giv51 ,i hope1 9 "s numb] ( ,=s ,clavig]a = ?is ye>1 #ahgd4 #abh4 ,b ! second /ory1 ( a private ,flor5t9e citiz51 is bett] /ill4 ,9 t campaign aga9/ ,pisa 9 :i* ! flor9s 7 /ruck on ! root ( p9e1 ! conditions ( peace _h be5 ratifi$ by ! surr5d] to ,flor5ce ( ! ,pisan =tress ( ,mutrona1 :i* comm&$ a tract ( seabo>d bel[ ,pisa1 ( great importance = ! ,tuscan trade4 ,! ,flor5t9es _h /ipulat$ = ! "r n only ( hold+1 b ( de/roy+ x1 if !y *ose2 & 9 _! ,c\ncil ( ,anci5ts1 aft] long debate1 x 0 det]m9$ to raze x1 ! co/ ( its g>rison be+ tr\blesome1 & ! fre$om ( seabo>d all t ! city want$4 ,b ! ,pisans feel+ ! p[] t ! =tress _h aga9/ !m 9 case ( future w>1 & d\btful ( ! issue ( c\ncil at ,flor5ce1 s5t a private negotiator to ! memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,anci5ts :o 0 kn[n to h mo/ influ5ce1 ?\gh "o ( ! poore/ ( !m1 ,aldobr&9o ,ottobuoni2 & (f]$ him f\r ?\s& gold5 flor9s if he w\ld get ! vote pass$ to raze ,mutrona4 ,! vote _h pass$ ! ev5+ be=e4 ,aldobr&9o dismiss$ ! ,pisan ambassador 9 sil5ce1 return$ in/antly into ! c\ncil1 & )\t say+ any?+ ( ! (f] t _h be5 made to him1 got !m to reconsid] _! vote1 & %[$ !m su* reason = keep+ ,mutrona 9 its /r5g?1 t ! vote = its de/ruction 0 resc9d$4 ,& note ?\1 oh read]1 says ,villani1 ! virtue ( su* a citiz51 :o1 n be+ ri* 9 sub/ance1 _h yet su* cont95ce & loyalty = 8 /ate4 #abi4 ,y might1 p]haps1 once1 h ?\ght me deta9+ y ne$lessly ) ^! hi/orical details1 little be>+1 x is commonly suppos$1 on ! subject ( art4 ,b y are1 ,i tru/1 n[ 9 "s degree p]suad$ t no art1 ,flor5t9e or any o!r1 c be und]/ood )\t kn[+ ^! sculptures & m\ld+s ( ! national s\l4 ,y rememb] ,i fir/ begun ?is l>ge digression :5 x became a "q ) u :y "s ( ,giovanni ,pisano's sepul*ral "w _h be5 de/roy$ at ,p]ugia4 ,& n[ we %all get our fir/ gleam ( light on ! matt]1 f9d+ simil> op]ations c>ri$ on 9 ,flor5ce4 ,= a little :ile aft] ?is spee* 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,anci5ts1 ,aldobr&9o di$1 & ! p1 at public co/1 built him a tomb ( m>ble1 high] ?an any o!r 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,rep>ata1 engrav+ on x ^! v]ses1 :i* ,i leave y to con/rue1 = ,i _c3-- ,fons e/ supremus ,aldobr&9o amo5us4 ,ottoboni natus1 a bono civita datus4 ,only ,i suppose ! pretty ^w 'amo5us' may be tak5 z m>k+ ! delightfulness & sweetness ( "* :i* _h won all m5's love1 m1 ev51 ?an _! gratitude4 #acj4 ,x fail$ ( its effect1 h[ev]1 on ! ,tuscan ari/ocratic m9d4 ,=1 :51 aft] ! battle ( ! ,arbia1 ! ,ghibell9es _h aga9 _! own way 9 ,flor5ce1 ?\gh ,ottobuoni _h be5 !n dead ?ree ye>s1 !y beat d[n 8 tomb1 pull$ ! dead body out ( x1 dragg$ x--by su* t5ure z x might /ill possess--?r\gh ! city1 & ?rew ! fragm5ts ( x into dit*es4 ,x is a memorable p>allel to ! treatm5t ( ! body ( ,cromwell by our own ,cavali]s2 & inde$ x seems to me "o ( ! highe/ =ms ( laudatory epitaph ^u a man1 t 8 body %\ld be ?us torn f its re/4 ,= he c h>dly h sp5t 8 life bett] ?an 9 draw+ on himself ! k9d ( enmity :i* c s be gratifi$2 & = ! mo/ lov+ ( lawgiv]s1 z ( pr9ces1 ! mo/ enviable & hon\rable epitaph has always be5 ,greek3 oide plitai anton emis\n anton4 #aca4 ,n b t pacific ,flor5ce1 9 h] pride ( victory1 0 beg9n+ to %[ unamiabl5ess ( temp] also1 on h] s equitable side4 ,x is p]haps wor? notic+1 = ! sake ( ! "n ( ,correggio1 t 9 #abeg1 :5 ,mat!w ,correggio1 ( ,p>ma1 0 ! ,pode/a ( ,flor5ce1 ! ,flor5t9es det]m9$ to de/roy ! ca/le & walls ( ,poggibonzi1 suspect$ ( ,ghibell9e t5d5cy1 ?\gh ! ,poggibonzi p came ) coregge 9 collo1 lea!rn /raps r\nd _! necks1 to ask t _! cattle might be sp>$4 ,& ! he>tburn+s betwe5 ! two p>ties w5t on1 sm\ld]+ hott] & hott]1 till ,july1 #abeh1 :5 ! p hav+ discov]$ secret deal+s betwe5 ! ,ub]ti & ! ,emp]or ,manfr$1 & ! ,ub]ti refus+ to obey citation to ! popul> tribunals1 ! trades ran to arms1 attack$ ! ,ub]ti palace1 kill$ a numb] ( _! p1 took prison]1 ,ub]to ( ! ,ub]ti1 ,hub]t ( ! ,hub]ts1 or ,bright-m9d ( ! ,bright-m9ds1 ) ',mangia degl' ,infangati1 7',gobbl] #a ( ! dirty ones' ?is knight's "n s\nds l17--& aft] !y _h confess$ _! guilt1 behead$ !m 9 ,/4 ,mi*ael's corn-m>ket2 & all ! re/ ( ! ,ub]ti & ,ghibell9e families 7 driv5 out ( ,flor5ce1 & _! palaces pull$ d[n1 & ! walls t[>ds ,si5a built ) ! /ones ( !m2 & two mon?s aft]w>ds1 ! p suspect+ ! ,abbot ( ,vallombrosa ( treat+ ) ! ,ghibell9es1 took him1 & tortur$ him2 & he confess+ "u torture1 at ! cry ( ! p1 !y behead$ him 9 ! squ>e ( ,/4 ,apoll9>e4 ,= :i* unexpect$ piece ( clangor\s impiety ! ,flor5t9es 7 excommunicat$1 besides draw+ ^u !mselves ! /eady enmity ( ,pavia1 ! ,abbot's native t[n2 & inde$ p say ! ,abbot 0 innoc5t1 ?\gh he belong$ to a great ,ghibell9e h\se4 ,& = ?is s91 & = _m o!rs done by ! wick$ p1 _m wise p]sons say t ,god1 = ,div9e judgm5t1 p]mitt$ ^u ! said p ! rev5ge & slaught] ( ,monteap]ti4 ,footnote3 ,at lea/1 ! comp\nd ',mangia-pane1' 'mun*-bread1' /&s /ill = a good-=-no?+ fell[4 #acb4 ,! s5t5ce :i* ,i h la/ read introduces1 z y mu/ at once h felt1 a new condition ( ?+s4 ,g5]ally1 ,i h spok5 ( ! ,ghibell9es z infidel1 or impi\s2 & = ! mo/ "p !y repres5t1 inde$1 ! resi/ance ( k+ly to prie/ly p[]4 ,b1 9 ?is action ( ,flor5ce1 we h ! rise ( ano!r =ce aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 9 ! end to be mu* m fatal to x1 t ( popul> intellig5ce & popul> passion4 ,i mu/ = ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 return to our imm$iate bus9ess2 & ask y to take note ( ! effect1 on actually exi/+ ,flor5t9e ar*itecture1 ( ! political movem5ts ( ! t5 ye>s we h be5 /udy+4 #acc4 ,9 ! revolution ( ,c&lemas1 #abdh1 ! successful ,ghibell9es ?r[ d[n ?irty-six ( ! ,guelph palaces4 ,& 9 ! revolution ( ,july1 #abeh1 ! successful ,guelphs ?r[ d[n all ! ,ghibell9e palaces4 ,meantime ! trades1 z aga9/ ! ,knights ,ca/ellans1 h ?r[n d[n ! tops ( all ! t[]s above sev5ty-five feet high4 ,& we %all pres5tly h a proposal1 aft] ! battle ( ! ,arbia1 to ?r[ d[n ,flor5ce altoge!r4 #acd4 ,y ?9k at fir/ t ?is is rem>kably l ! c\rse ( republican re=mations 9 ! pres5t day8 ,b !re is a wide diff]5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! palaces & t[]s are n ?r[n d[n 9 m]e spite or desire ( ru91 b aft] q def9ite exp]i5ce ( _! dang] to ! ,/ate1 & positive dejection ( boil+ lead & wood5 logs f _! ma*icolations ^u ! heads bel[4 ,9 ! second place1 no?+ is ?r[n d[n )\t complete c]ta9ty on ! "p ( ! ov]?r[]s t !y are able1 & will+1 to build z good or bett] ?+s in/ead2 :i*1 if any l conviction exi/ 9 ! m9ds ( mod]n republicans1 is a w(ully ill-f\nd$ "o3 & la/ly1 ^! abolitions ( private weal? 7 co9cid5t ) a widely spread+ disposition to und]take1 z ,i h above notic$1 works ( public utility1 f :i* no divid5ds 7 to be receiv$ by any ( ! %>ehold]s2 & = ! execution ( :i* ! build]s receiv$ no commission on ! co/1 b paym5t at ! rate ( s mu* a day1 c>efully adju/$ to ! ex]tion ( real p[] & intellig5ce4 #ace4 ,we mu/ n1 !re=e1 )\t qualification blame1 ?\gh we may pr(\ndly regret1 ! de/ructive passions ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! palaces ?us de/roy$ 9 ,flor5ce conta9$ examples ( ! mo/ beautiful r\nd-ar*$ "w t _h be5 develop$ by ! ,norman s*ools2 & 0 9 "s cases adorn$ ) a b>b>ic spl5d\r1 & fitt$ into a maje/y ( /r5g? :i*1 s f> z ,i c conjecture ! effect ( x f ! few n[ exi/+ traces1 mu/ h pres5t$ "s ( ! mo/ impressive aspects ( /reet edifice ev] exi/5t among civil societies4 #acf4 ,x may be a tempor>y relief = y f ! confusion ( foll[+ ! giddy successions ( ,flor5t9e temp]1 if ,i int]rupt1 9 ?is place1 my hi/ory ( ! city by "s inquiry into te*nical po9ts relat+ to ! ar*itecture ( ^! de/roy$ palaces4 ,_! /yle is famili> to u1 inde$1 9 a build+ ( :i* x is difficult to believe ! e>ly date1--! lean+ t[] ( ,pisa4 ,! l[] /ories ( x are ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & ! op5 arcades ( ! ca!drals ( ,pisa & ,lucca1 z well z ! light] con/ruction ( ! spire ( ,/4 ,niccol1 at ,pisa1 7?\gh ?is 0 built 9 cont9uation ( ! old] /yle by ,niccola himself17 all repres5t to y1 ?\gh 9 enri*$ condition1 ! g5]al mann] ( buidl+ 9 palaces ( ! ,norman p]iod 9 ,val d',arno4 ,t ( ! ,tos+hi1 above ! old m>ket 9 ,flor5ce1 is especially m5tion$ by ,villani1 z m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 height1 entirely built ) little pill>s1 7colonnelli17 ( m>ble4 ,on _! spl5did masonry 0 f\nd$ ! exquisit5ess ( t :i* imm$iately succe$$ !m1 ( :i* ! date is fix$ by def9ite examples bo? 9 ,v]ona & ,flor5ce1 & :i* /ill exi/s 9 noble masses 9 ! retir$ /reets & c\rts ( ei!r city2 too soon sup]s$$1 9 ! great ?or\ghf>es1 by ! effem9ate & monoton\s luxury ( ,v5etian r5aissance1 or by ! heaps ( qu>ri$ /one :i* rise into ! rugg$ness ( _! native cliffs1 9 ! ,pitti & ,/rozzi palaces4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,m>ble ,,c\*ant4 #acg4 ,i told y 9 my la/ lecture t ! exquisit5ess ( ,flor5t9e ?irte5? c5tury masonry 0 f\nd$ on ! /r5g? & spl5d\r ( t :i* prec$$ x4 ,i use ! ^w 'f\nd$' 9 a lit]al z well z figurative s5se4 ,:ile ! m]*ants1 9 _! ye> ( victories1 ?rew d[n ! walls ( ! w>-t[]s1 !y z eag]ly & dilig5tly set _! be/ craftsm5 to lift high] ! walls ( _! *ur*es4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! ,e>ly ,norman or ,basilican =ms 7 too l[ to please !m 9 _! pres5t en?usiasm4 ,_! pride1 z well z _! piety1 desir$ t ^! /ones ( _! temples might be goodly2 & all k9ds ( junctions1 ins]tions1 refitt+s1 & elevations 7 und]tak52 :i*1 ! g5ius ( ! p be+ always = mosaic1 are s p]fectly execut$1 & mix up twelf? & ?irte5? c5tury "w 9 su* intricate h>lequ9ade1 t x is en\gh to drive a poor antiqu>y wild4 #ach4 ,i h "h 9 my h&1 h[ev]1 a photograph ( a small *ur*1 :i* %[s y ! *ange at a glance1 & atte/s x 9 a notable mann]4 ,y "k ,hub]t ( ,lucca 0 ! fir/ capta9 ( ! ,flor5t9e p1 & ! m>* 9 :i* !y /ruck _! flor9 on ! p9e trunk 0 ?r\gh ,lucca1 on ,pisa4 ,n[ "h is a little *ur* 9 ,lucca1 ( :i* ! l[] half ( ! faade is ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & ! top1 built by ! ,flor5t9es1 9 ! ?irte5?1 & seal$ = _! own by two fleur-de-lys1 let into its masonry4 ,! mo/ important diff]5ce1 m>k+ ! date1 is 9 ! sculpture ( ! heads :i* c>ry ! ar*ivolts4 ,b ! mo/ palpable diff]5ce is 9 ! ,cyclopean simplicity ( irregul> b$d+ 9 ! l[] /ory2 & ! delicate b&s ( alt]nate s]p5t9e & m>ble1 :i* foll[ ! horizontal or c\*ant plac+ ( ! /ones above4 #aci4 ,^? ( y :o1 int]e/$ 9 ,engli% ,go?ic1 h visit$ ,tuscany1 are1 ,i ?9k1 always (f5d$ at fir/1 if n 9 p]man5ce1 by ^! horizontal /ripes ( h] m>ble walls4 ,tw5ty-two ye>s ago ,i quot$1 9 vol4 i4 ( ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 ,pr(essor ,willis's /atem5t t a practice m de/ructive ( ar*itectural gr&eur c\ld h>dly be conceiv$2 & ,i def5d$ my fav\rite build+s aga9/ t judgem5t1 fir/ by actual comp>ison 9 ! plate opposite ! page1 ( a piece ( !m ) an example ( our mod]n gr&eur2 secondly1 7vol4 i41 *ap4 v417 by a comp>ison ( _! aspect ) t ( ! build+ ( ! gr&e/ piece ( wall 9 ! ,alps1--t ,matt]horn 9 :i* y all h n[ le>n$ to take "s gymna/ic int]e/2 & ?irdly1 7vol4 i41 *ap4 xxvi417 by ref]5ce to ! use ( b>r$ col\rs1 ) delight1 by ,giotto & all subsequ5t col\ri/s4 #adj4 ,b x did n !n occur to me to ask1 mu* z ,i always dislik$ ! ,engli% ,p]p5dicul>1 :at w\ld h be5 ! effect on ! spectator's m9d1 _h ! build+s be5 /rip$ v]tically in/ead ( horizontally2 nor did ,i !n "k1 or 9 ! lea/ imag9e1 h[ mu* practical ne$ !re 0 = ref]5ce f ! /ructure ( ! edifice to t ( ! cliff2 & h[ mu* ! p]man5ce1 z well z propriety1 ( /ructure dep5d$ on ! /ones be+ c\*ant 9 ! wall1 z !y _h be5 9 ! qu>ry3 to :i* subject ,i wi% to-day to direct y\r att5tion4 #ada4 ,y w f9d /at$ ) z mu* cle>ness z ,i am able1 9 ! fir/ & fif? lectures 9 ,aratra ,p5telci1 ! pr9ciples ( ar*itectural design to :i*1 9 all my future tea*+1 ,i %all h con/antly to appeal2 namely1 t ar*itecture consi/s di/9ctively 9 ! adaptation ( =m to resi/ =ce2--t1 practically1 x may be always ?\ght ( z do+ ?is by ! +5i\s adju/m5t ( v>i\s pieces ( solid mat]ial2 t ! p]ception ( ?is +5i\s adju/m5t1 or /ructure1 is to be always jo9$ ) our admiration ( ! sup]add$ ornam5t2 & t all delightful ornam5t is ! hon\r+ ( su* useful /ructures2 b t ! beauty ( ! ornam5t itself is indep5d5t ( ! /ructure1 & arriv$ at by p[]s ( m9d ( a v diff]5t class f ^? :i* are necess>y to give skill 9 ar*itecture prop]4 #adb4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is la/ summ] ,i h be5 myself v directly int]e/$ 9 "s ( ! q elem5t>y processes ( true ar*itecture4 ,i h be5 build+ a little pi] into ,coni/on ,lake1 & v>i\s walls & t]races 9 a /eeply slop+ g>d51 all :i* _h to be con/ruct$ ( su* r\gh /ones z lay ne>e/4 ,"u ! dextr\s h&s ( a neighb\r f>m]'s son1 ! pi] project$1 & ! walls rose1 z if en*ant$2 e /one tak+ its prop] place1 & ! loose dyke hold+ itself z firmly upright z if ! gripp+ cem5t ( ! ,flor5t9e t[]s _h fa/5$ x4 ,my own bett] acqua9tance ) ! laws ( gravity & ( /atics did n enable me1 myself1 to build six in*es ( dyke t w\ld /&2 & all ! decoration possible "u ! circum/ances consi/$ 9 turn+ ! li*5$ sides ( ! /ones outw>ds4 ,& yet ! noble/ conditions ( build+ 9 ! _w are no?+ m ?an ! gradual adornm5t1 by play ( ! imag9ation1 ( mat]ials fir/ arrang$ by ?is natural in/9ct ( adju/m5t4 ,y mu/ n lose sight ( ! in/9ct ( build+1 b y mu/ n ?9k ! play ( ! imag9ation dep5ds ^u x4 ,intellig5t lay+ ( /ones is always delightful2 b ! fancy mu/ n be limit$ to its contemplation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,,door ,,( ,,! ,,bapti/]y4 ,,pisa4 #adc4 ,9 ! m elaborate ar*itecture ( my neighb\rhood1 ,i h tak5 pleasure ^! _m ye>s2 "o ( ! fir/ pap]s ,i ev] wrote on ar*itecture 0 a /udy ( ! ,we/morel& cottage2--prop]ly1 obs]ve1 ! cottage ( ,we/-m]el&1 ( ! l& ( we/]n lakes4 ,its pr9cipal feature is ! project+ por* at its door1 =m$ by two r\gh slabs ( ,coni/on slate1 set 9 a blunt gable2 support$1 if f> project+1 by two l>g] masses = uprights4 ,a disciple ( ,mr4 ,pug9 w\ld delight$ly obs]ve t ! por* ( ,/4 ,z5o at ,v]ona 0 no?+ m ?an ! decoration ( ?is con/ruction2 b y d n suppose t ! fir/ idea ( putt+ two /ones toge!r to keep (f ra9 0 all on :i* ! sculptor ( ,/4 ,z5o wi%$ to dep5d = y\r ent]ta9m5t4 #add4 ,p]haps y may mo/ cle>ly und]/& ! real connection betwe5 /ructure & decoration by consid]+ all ar*itecture z a k9d ( book1 :i* mu/ be prop]ly b\nd inde$1 & 9 :i* ! illum9ation ( ! pages has di/9ct ref]5ce 9 all its =ms to ! bread? ( ! m>g9s & l5g? ( ! s5t5ces2 b is itself free to foll[ its own q sep>ate & high] objects ( design4 #ade4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ! ar*itecture :i* ,niccola 0 occupi$ ^u1 :5 a boy1 "u 8 ,byzant9e ma/]4 ,"h is ! door ( ! ,bapti/]y at ,pisa1 aga9 by ,mr4 ,sev]n delightfully enl>g$ = u f a photograph4 #a ,! g5]al idea ( x is a squ>e-head$ op5+ 9 a solid wall1 fac$ by an ar* c>ri$ on %afts4 ,& ! ornam5t does inde$ foll[ ?is con/ruction s t ! eye cat*es x ) ease1--b "u :at arbitr>y conditions6 ,9 ! squ>e door1 c]ta9ly ! side-po/s ( x are z important memb]s z ! l9tel !y c>ry2 b ! l9tel is c>v$ elaborately1 & ! side-po/s left blank4 ,( ! fac+ ar* & %aft1 x w\ld be simil>ly difficult to say :e!r ! su/a9+ v]tical1 or su/a9$ curve1 7 ! m important memb] ( ! con/ruction2 b ! decorator n[ rev]ses ! di/ribution ( 8 c>e1 adorns ! v]tical memb] ) passionate elaboration1 & runs a n>r[ b&1 ( comp>atively un9t]e/+ "w1 r\nd ! ar*4 ,betwe5 ?is out] %aft & inn] door is a squ>e pila/]1 ( :i* ! ar*itect c>ves "o side1 & lets ! o!r alone4 ,x is foll[$ by a small] %aft & ar*1 9 :i* he rev]ses 8 treatm5t ( ! out] ord] by cutt+ ! %aft delicately & ! ar* deeply4 ,aga91 :]eas 9 :at is call$ ! decorat$ con/ruction ( ,engli% ,go?ic1 ! pill>s w\ld h be5 left pla9 & ! sp&rils deep cut1--"h1 are we to call x decoration ( ! con/ruction1 :5 ! pill>s are c>v$ & ! sp&rils left pla98 ,or :51 f9ally1 ei!r ^! sp&ril spaces on ea* side ( ! ar*1 or ! correspond+ slopes ( ! gable1 are load$ ) recumb5t figures by ! sculptors ( ! r5aissance1 are we to call1 = in/ance1 ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,dawn & ,twilight1 only ! decorations ( ! slop+ pl9?s ( a tomb1 or trace to a geometrical propriety ! subsequ5t rule 9 ,italy t no w9d[ c\ld be prop]ly complete = liv+ p to look out (1 )\t hav+ two /one p sitt+ on ! corn]s ( x above8 ,i h he>d ( *>m+ "y ladies occasionally1 at v cr[d$ balls1 sitt+ on ! /airs1--w\ld y call !m1 9 t case1 only decorations ( ! con/ruction ( ! /aircase8 ,footnote #a3 ,plate #e is f ! photograph itself2 ! enl>g$ draw+ %[$ ! arrangem5t ( p>ts m cle>ly1 b necess>ily omitt$ detail :i* x is bett] "h to reta94 #adf4 ,y w f9d1 on consid]ation1 ! ultimate fact to be t to :i* ,i h j ref]r$ y2--my /atem5t 9 ,aratra1 t ! idea ( a con/ruction orig9ally useful is reta9$ 9 good ar*itecture1 ?r\gh all ! amusem5t ( its ornam5tation2 z ! idea ( ! prop] function ( any piece ( dress ought to be reta9$ ?r\gh its *anges 9 =m or embroid]y4 ,a good spire or por* reta9s ! fir/ idea ( a ro( usefully cov]+ a space1 z a ,norman high cap or elongat$ ,quak]'s bonnet reta9s ! orig9al idea ( a simple cov]+ = ! head2 & any extravagance ( subsequ5t fancy may be p]mitt$1 s long z ! notion ( use is n altoge!r lo/4 ,a girl beg9s by we>+ a pla9 r\nd hat to %ade h] f ! sun2 %e ties x d[n ov] h] e>s on a w9dy day2 pres5tly %e decorates ! edge ( x1 s b5t1 ) fl[]s 9 front1 or ! rib& t ties x ) a b\quet at ! side1 & x becomes a bonnet4 ,?is decorat$ con/ruction may be discreetly *ang$1 by endless fa%ion1 s long z x does n become a cle>ly useless rib& r\nd ! middle ( ! head1 or a cle>ly useless sauc] on ! top ( x4 #adg4 ,aga91 a ,norman peasant may ?r[ up ! top ( h] cap into a peak1 or a ,b]nese "o put gauze w+s at ! side ( x1 & /ill be dress$ ) propriety1 s long z h] hair is mode/ly conf9$1 & h] e>s heal?ily protect$1 by ! matronly safegu>d ( ! real con/ruction4 ,%e ceases to be decor\sly dress$ only :5 ! mat]ial becomes too flimsy to answ] su* ess5tial purpose1 & ! flaunt+ p5dants or rib&s c only answ] ! ends ( coquetry or o/5tation4 ,simil>ly1 an ar*itect may deep5 or enl>ge1 9 fanta/ic exagg]ation1 8 orig9al ,we/morel& gable into ,r\5 por*1 & 8 orig9al squ>e ro( into ,cov5try spire2 b he mu/ n put )9 8 spl5did por*1 a little door :]e two p]sons _c toge!r get 91 nor cut 8 spire away into holl[ filigree1 & m]e ornam5tal p]vi\sness to w9d & ra94 #adh4 ,return+ to our door at ,pisa1 we %all f9d ^! g5]al que/ions z to ! di/ribution ( ornam5t mu* confus$ ) o!rs z to its "t & /yle4 ,we are at once1 = in/ance1 br\ght to a pause z to ! degree 9 :i* ! ornam5tation 0 once c>ri$ out 9 ! doors !mselves4 ,_! surfaces 71 h[ev]1 ,i d\bt n1 once recipi5ts ( ! mo/ elaborate ornam5t1 z 9 ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce2 & 9 lat] bronze1 by ,john ( ,bologna1 9 ! door ( ! ,pisan ca!dral opposite ?is "o4 ,& :5 we exam9e ! sculpture & plac+ ( ! l9tel1 :i* at fir/ appe>$ ! mo/ completely ,greek piece ( con/ruction ( ! :ole1 we f9d x s f> advanc$ 9 _m ,go?ic *>act]s1 t ,i once ?\ght x a lat] int]polation cutt+ ! inn] pila/]s und]nea? _! capitals1 :ile ! ?ree /atues set on x are c]ta9ly1 by sev]al t5s ( ye>s1 lat] /ill4 #adi4 ,h[ mu* t5 ye>s did at ?is "t1 "o is apt to =get2 & h[ irregul>ly ! sl[] m9ds ( ! old] m5 w\ld surr5d] !mselves1 sadly1 or awkw>dly1 to ! vivacities ( _! pupils4 ,! only wond] is t x %\ld be usually s easy to assign conjectural dates )9 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s2 b1 at ,pisa1 ! curr5ts ( tradition & inv5tion run ) su* cross eddies1 t ,i (t5 f9d myself utt]ly at fault4 ,9 ?is l9tel1 = in/ance1 !re are two pieces sep>at$ by a n>r[] "o1 on :i* !re has be5 an inscription1 ( :i* 9 my enl>g$ plate y may trace1 ?\gh1 ,i fe>1 n deciph]1 ! few lett]s t rema94 ,! upp]mo/ ( ^! /ones is ne>ly pure 9 its ,byzant9e /yle2 ! l[]1 already semi-,go?ic4 ,bo? are exquisite ( _! k9d1 & we w exam9e !m closely2 b fir/ note ^! po9ts ab\t ! /ones ( !m4 ,we are discuss+ "w at late/ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,our loss ( ! inscription is evid5tly ow+ to ! action ( ! iron rivets :i* h be5 causelessly us$ at ! two horizontal jo9ts4 ,!re 0 no?+ :atev] 9 ! con/ruction to make ^! ess5tial1 &1 b = ?is error1 ! entire piece ( "w1 z delicate z an ivory tablet1 w\ld be z intelligible to-day z :5 x 0 laid 9 its place4 #a ,footnote3 ,plates #f & #g give1 9 great] cle>ness1 ! sculpture ( ?is l9tel1 = notes on :i* see ,app5dix4 #aej4 ,laid4 ,i pause ^u ?is ^w1 = x is an important "o4 ,& ,i mu/ devote ! re/ ( ?is lecture to consid]ation m]ely ( :at foll[s f ! diff]5ce betwe5 lay+ a /one & sett+ x up1 :e!r we reg>d sculpture or con/ruction4 ,! subject is s wide1 ,i sc>cely "k h[ to approa* x4 ,p]haps x w be ! pleasante/ way to beg9 if ,i read y a lett] f "o ( y\rselves to me4 ,a v fav\rite pupil1 :o travels ?ird class always1 = sake ( bett] company1 wrote to me ! o!r day3 ,"o ( my fell[-travell]s1 :o 0 a build]1 or else a ma/] mason1 told me t ! way 9 :i* r$ s&/one build+s la/ dep5ds entirely on ! way 9 :i* ! /one is laid4 ,x mu/ lie z x does 9 ! qu>ry2 b he said t v few workm5 c\ld always tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! jo9ts ( planes ( cleavage & !--some?+ else :i* ,i c\ldn't cat*1--by :i* he meant1 ,i suppose planes ( /ratification4 ,he said too t "s p1 ?\gh !y 7 v p>ticul> ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,/4 ,,john4 ,,adv5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,/4 ,,john4 ,,dep>ture4 ab\t hav+ ! /one laid well1 all[$ blocks to /& 9 ! ra9 ! wrong way up1 & t !y nev] recov]$ "o wett+4 ,! /one ( ! same qu>ry v>ies mu*1 & he said t moss w gr[ imm$iately on good /one1 b n on bad4 ,h[ curi\s1--nature help+ ! be/ workman6 ,?us f> my fav\rite pupil4 #aea4 ',moss w gr[ on ! be/ /one4' ,! fir/ ?+ y\r mod]n re/or] w\ld d is to scrape x (f2 & ) x1 :atev] knitt$ surface1 half moss root1 protects ! int]ior /one4 ,h y ev] consid]$ ! inf9ite functions ( protection to m\nta9 =m ex]cis$ by ! mosses & li*5s8 ,x w p]haps be refre%+ to y aft] our "w among ! ,pisan m>bles & leg5ds1 if we h a lecture or two on moss4 ,meantime ,i ne$ n tell y t x w\ld n be a satisfactory natural arrangem5t if moss grew on m>ble1 & t all f9e workman%ip 9 m>ble implies equal exquisit5ess ( surface & edge4 #aeb4 ,y w obs]ve also t ! importance ( lay+ ! /one 9 ! build+ z x lay 9 its b$ 0 f ! fir/ recognis$ by all good nor!rn ar*itects1 to su* ext5t t to lay /ones 'en delit1' or 9 a position out ( _! b$d+1 is a recogniz$ ar*itectural t]m 9 ,france1 :]e all /ructural build+ takes its rise2 & 9 t =m ( 'delit' ! ^w gets mo/ curi\sly involv$ ) ! ,lat9 delictum & deliquium4 ,x w\ld occupy ! "t ( a :ole lecture if ,i ent]$ into ! confus$ relations ( ! words d]iv$ f lectus1 liquidus1 del9quo1 diliquo1 & deliquesco2 & ( ! /ill m confus$1 b beautifully confus$1 7& enri*$ by confusion17 =ms ( idea1 :e!r respect+ morality or m>ble1 aris+ out ( ! mean+s ( ^! words3 ! notions ( a b$ ga!r$ or /rewn = ! re/1 :e!r ( rocks or m52 ( ! v>i\s /ates ( solidity & liquidity connect$ ) /r5g?1 or ) repose2 & ( ! duty ( /ay+ quiet 9 a place1 or "u a law1 & ! mis*ief ( leav+ x1 be+ all fa/5$ 9 ! m9ds ( e>ly build]s1 & ( ! g5]ations ( m5 = :om !y built1 by ! unescapable be>+ ( geological laws on _! life2 by ! ease or difficulty ( splitt+ rocks1 by ! v>iable consi/5cy ( ! fragm5ts split1 by ! innum]able que/ions occurr+ practically z to b$d+ & cleavage 9 e k9d ( /one1 f tufo to granite1 & by ! unseemly1 or beautiful1 de/ructive1 or protective1 effects ( decomposition4 #a ,! same processes ( "t :i* cause y\r ,ox=d oolite to flake away l ! leaves ( a m\ld]+ book1 only w>m ) a gl[ ( p]petually deep5+ gold ! m>bles ( ,a!ns & ,v]ona2 & ! same laws ( *emical *ange :i* r$uce ! granites ( ,d>tmoor to porcela9 clay1 b9d ! s&s ( ,cov5try into /ones :i* c be built up halfway to ! sky4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is passage _c b seem to ! read] loose & fanta/ic4 ,i h elaborate notes1 & _m an unwritt5 ?\ght1 on ^! matt]s1 b no "t or /r5g? to develop !m4 ,! passage is n fanta/ic1 b ! rapid index ( :at ,i "k to be true 9 all ! nam$ p>ticul>s4 ,b comp>e1 = m]e r\gh illu/ration ( :at ,i mean1 ! moral ideas relat+ to ! /one ( ,jacob's pill[1 or ! tradition ( x1 ) ^? to :i* ,fr5* ,flamboyant ,go?ic owes its "*4 #aec4 ,b n[1 z to ! matt] imm$iately be=e u1 obs]ve :at a d\ble "q arises ab\t lay+ /ones z !y lie 9 ! qu>ry4 ,fir/1 h[ d !y lie 9 ! qu>ry8 ,secondly1 h[ c we lay !m s 9 e "p ( our build+8 ,a4 ,h[ d !y lie 9 ! qu>ry8 ,level1 p]haps1 at ,/onesfield & ,cov5try2 b at an angle ( #de at ,c>r>a2 & = aught ,i "k1 ( #ij 9 ,p>os or ,p5telicus4 ,also1 ! b$d+ is ( prime importance at ,cov5try1 b ! cleavage at ,coni/on4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,!re are at lea/ f\r def9ite cleavages at ,coni/on1 besides jo9ts4 ,"o ( ^! cleavages furni%es ! ,coni/on slate ( comm]ce2 ano!r =ms ! ranges ( ,we!rlam & ,yewdale crag2 a ?ird cuts ^! ranges to pieces1 /rik+ f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/2 & a f\r? into o!r pieces1 f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,b4 ,& !n1 ev5 if we "k :at ! qu>ry b$d+ is1 h[ are we to keep x always 9 our build+8 ,y may lay ! /ones ( a wall c>efully level1 b h[ w y lay ^? ( an ar*8 ,y ?9k ^!1 p]haps1 trivial1 or m]ely curi\s que/ions4 ,s f> f x1 ! fact t :ile ! b$d+ 9 ,norm&y is level1 t at ,c>r>a is /eep1 & t ! =ces :i* rais$ ! b$s ( ,c>r>a cry/alliz$ !m also1 s t ! cleavage :i* is all-important 9 ! /ones ( my g>d5 wall is ( none 9 ! duomo ( ,pisa1--simply det]m9$ ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( ,pisan sculpture at all1 & regulat$ ! :ole life & g5ius ( ,ni*olas ! ,pisan & ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,&1 aga91 ! fact t y c put /ones 9 true b$d+ 9 a wall1 b _c 9 an ar*1 det]m9es ! /ructural transition f classical to ,go?ic ar*itecture4 #aed4 ,! /ructural transition1 obs]ve2 only a "p1 & t n altoge!r a co9cid5t "p1 ( ! moral transition4 ,read c>efully1 if y h "t1 ! articles ',pi]re' & ',m5eau' 9 ,m4 ,violet le ,duc's ,diction>y ( ,ar*itecture1 & y w "k ev]y?+ t is ( importance 9 ! *anges dep5d5t on ! m]e qualities ( matt]4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 try to set 9 y\r view also ! relative act+ qualities ( m9d4 ,y w f9d t ,m4 ,violet le ,duc traces all ! =ms ( ,go?ic trac]y to ! geometrical & practically s]viceable developm5t ( ! /one '*assis1' *as+1 or frame1 = ! glass4 ,= in/ance1 he attributes ! use ( ! cusp or 'r$5t' 9 its m complex =ms1 to ! necessity1 or conv5i5ce1 ( dim9i%+ ! space ( glass :i* ! trac]y grasps2 & he attributes ! r$uctions ( ! m\ld+s 9 ! trac]y b> "u portions ( "o section1 to ! great] facility ?us obta9$ by ! ar*itect 9 direct+ 8 workm54 ,! plan ( a w9d[ once giv51 & ! m\ld+-section1--all is said1 ?9ks ,m4 ,violet le ,duc4 ,v conv5i5t inde$1 = mod]n ar*itects :o h commission on ! co/4 ,b c]ta9ly n necess>y1 & p]haps ev5 inconv5i5t1 to ,niccola ,pisano1 :o is himself 8 workman1 & cuts 8 own trac]ies1 ) 8 apron load$ ) du/4 #aee4 ,aga91 ! red5t--! 'too? )9 too?' ( a ,fr5* trac]y--may be necess>y1 to bite its glass4 ,b ! cusp1 cuspis1 sp9y or spe>like po9t ( a ?irte5? c5tury illum9ation1 is n 9 ! lea/ necess>y to transfix ! p>*m5t4 ,yet d y suppose t ! /ructural conv5i5ce ( ! r$5t entirely effaces f ! m9d ( ! design] ! ae/hetic *>act]s :i* he seeks 9 ! cusp8 ,if y c\ld = an in/ant imag9e ?is1 y w\ld be undeceiv$ by a glance ei!r at ! e>ly r$5ts ( ,ami5s1 fr++ holl[ vaults1 or ! late r$5ts ( ,r\51 act+ z crockets on ! out] edges ( p$im5ts4 #aef4 ,aga93 if y ?9k ( ! trac]y 9 its b>s1 y call ! cusp a r$5t2 b if y ?9k ( x 9 ! op5+s1 y call ! ap]tures ( x foils4 ,d y suppose t ! ?irte5? c5tury build] ?\ght only ( ! /r5g? ( ! b>s ( 8 enclosure1 & nev] ( ! beauty ( ! =m he enclos$8 ,y w f9d 9 my *apt] on ! ,ap]ture1 9 ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 full developm5t ( ! ae/hetic laws relat+ to bo? ^! =ms1 :ile y may see1 9 ,pr(essor ,willis's ',ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages1' a beautiful analysis ( ! developm5t ( trac]y f ! juxtaposition ( ap]ture2 & 9 ! article ',m5eau1' j quot$ ( ,m4 ,violet le ,duc1 an equally beautiful analysis ( its developm5t f ! masonry ( ! *assis4 ,y may at fir/ ?9k t ,pr(essor ,willis's analysis is inconsi/5t ) ,m4 ,violet le ,duc's4 ,b !y are no m inconsi/5t ?an ! acc\nts ( ! gr[? ( a human be+ w\ld be1 if giv5 by two anatomi/s1 ( :om "o _h exam9$ only ! skeleton & ! o!r only ! respiratory sy/em2 & :o1 !re=e1 suppos$--! fir/1 t ! animal _h be5 made only to leap1 & ! o!r only to s+4 ,i don't mean t ei!r ( ! writ]s ,i "n are absolutely ?us n>r[ 9 _! own views1 b t1 s f> z inconsi/5cy appe>s to exi/ betwe5 !m1 x is ( t p>tial k9d only4 #aeg4 ,& = ! und]/&+ ( our ,pisan trac]ies we mu/ introduce a ?ird elem5t ( simil>ly di/9ctive nature4 ,we mu/1 to press our simile a little f>!r1 exam9e ! gr[? ( ! animal z if x _h be5 made nei!r to leap1 nor to s+1 b only to ?9k4 ,we mu/ obs]ve ! transitional /ates ( its n]ve p[]2 t is to say1 9 our w9d[ trac]y we mu/ consid] n m]ely h[ its ribs are built1 7or h[ x /&s17 nor m]ely h[ its op5+s are %ap$1 or h[ x brea!s2 b also :at its op5+s are made to light1 or its %afts to receive1 ( picture or image4 ,z ! limbs ( ! build+1 x may be mu*2 z ! lungs ( ! build+1 m4 ,z ! eyes #a ( ! build+1 :at8 ,footnote #a3 ,i am a%am$ to italicize s _m words2 b ^! passages1 writt5 = oral deliv]y1 c only be und]/ood if read ) oral emphasis4 ,?is is ! fir/ a]ies ( lectures :i* ,i h pr9t$ z !y 7 to be spok52 & x is a great mi/ake4 #aeh4 ,?us y probably h a di/9ct idea--^? ( y at lea/ :o are int]e/$ 9 ar*itecture--( ! %ape ( ! w9d[s 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres1 or 9 ! ,duomo ( ,milan4 ,c any ( y1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 make a guess at ! %ape ( ! w9d[s 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 ! ,/anze ( ! ,vatican1 ! ,scuola di ,san ,rocco1 or ! l[] *ur* ( ,assisi8 ,! s\l or anima ( ! fir/ ?ree build+s is 9 _! w9d[s2 b ( ! la/ ?ree1 9 _! walls4 ,all ^! po9ts ,i may = ! pres5t leave y to ?9k ov] = y\rselves1 except "o1 to :i* ,i mu/ ask yet = a few mom5ts y\r fur!r att5tion4 #aei4 ,! trefoils to :i* ,i h call$ y\r att5tion 9 ,niccola's pulpit are z absolutely )\t /ructural (fice 9 ! circles z 9 ! panels ( ! font beside x4 ,b ! circles are drawn ) evid5t delight 9 ! lovely circul> l9e1 :ile ! trefoil is /ruck out by ,niccola s r\ghly t !re is n a true compass curve or section 9 any "p ( x4 ,r\ghly1 ,i say4 ,d y suppose ,i ought to h said c>elessly8 ,s f> f x1 t if "o %>p] l9e or m geometric curve _h be5 giv51 x w\ld h caught ! eye too /rongly1 & drawn away ! att5tion f ! sculpture4 ,b imag9e ! feel+ ) :i* a ,fr5* ma/] workman w\ld fir/ see ^! clumsy int]sections ( curves4 ,x w\ld be exactly ! s5sation ) :i* a practical botanical draughtsman w\ld look at a foliage backgr\nd ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,b ,sir ,jo%ua's sket*$ leaves w\ld inde$ imply "s unworkmanlike ha/e4 ,we mu/ n yet assume ! ,pisan ma/] to h all[$ himself 9 any su*4 ,8 m\ld+s may be ha/ily cut1 = !y are1 z ,i h j said1 unnecess>y to 8 /ructure1 & disadvantage\s to 8 decoration2 b he is n likely to be c>eless ab\t arrangem5ts necess>y = /r5g?4 ,8 m\ld+s may be cut ha/ily1 b d y ?9k 8 jo9ts w be8 #afj4 ,:at subject ( ext5d$ inquiry h we 9 ?is ^w1 rang+ f ! cem5tless clefts betwe5 ! c\*ant /ones ( ! walls ( ! k+s ( ,rome1 ^: iron rivets y _h b ! o!r day plac$ 9 y\r h&s by _! discov]]1 ?r\gh ! grip ( ! /ones ( ! ,t[] ( ! ,dea?-wat*1 to ! subtle jo9ts 9 ! m>ble arm\r ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y6 ,our own "w mu/ c]ta9ly be left ) a r\gh surface at ?is place1 & we w fit ! edges ( x to our next piece ( /udy z closely z we may4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,m>ble ,,rampant4 #afa4 ,i clos$ my la/ lecture at ! "q respect+ ,ni*olas's masonry4 ,8 m\ld+s may be c>eless1 b d y ?9k 8 jo9ts w be8 ,i mu/ rem9d y n[ ( ! expression z to ! build+ ( ! communal palace--( dress$ /ones #a--;z oppos$ to ! ,t[] ( ! ,dea?-wat*1 9 :i* ! grip ( cem5t _h be5 s good4 ,virtually1 y w f9d t ! s*ools ( /ructural ar*itecture are ^? :i* use cem5t to b9d ,footnote #a3 ,pietre conce4 ,! portion ( ! has-reliefs ( ,orvieto1 giv5 9 ! opposite plate1 w %[ ! importance ( ! jo9t+4 ,obs]ve ! way 9 :i* ! piece ( /one ) ! ?ree pr9cipal figures is dovetail$ above ! ext5d$ b&1 & aga9 9 ! rise above ! jo9t ( ! next /one on ! "r1 ! sculpture ( ! w+s be+ c>ri$ across ! junction4 ,i h *os5 ?is piece on purpose1 because ! loss ( ! brok5 fragm5t1 probably brok5 by viol5ce1 & ! only s]i\s injury :i* ! sculptures h receiv$1 s]ves to %[ ! p]fection ( ! un9jur$ surface1 z comp>$ ) nor!rn sculpture ( ! same date4 ,i h ?\ght x well to %[ at ! same "t ! mod]n ,g]man engrav+ ( ! subject1 respect+ :i* see ,app5dix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,! ,,*>ge ,,to ,,adam4 ,,giovanni ,,pisano4 _! mat]ials toge!r1 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 balance ( weight becomes a cont9ual & inevitable "q4 ,b ! s*ools ( sculptural ar*itecture are ^? 9 :i* /ones are fitt$ )\t cem5t1 9 :i*1 !re=e1 ! "q ( fitt+ or adju/m5t is cont9ual & inevitable1 b ! su/a9able weight practically unlimit$4 #afb4 ,y may consid] ! ,t[] ( ! ,dea?-wat* z hav+ be5 knit toge!r l ! mass ( a ,roman brick wall4 ,b ! dress$ /one "w ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is ! h]$it>y completion ( su* block-lay+1 z ! ,p>!non 9 m>ble2 or1 9 tufo1 z t :i* 0 %[n y s lately 9 ! walls ( ,romulus2 & ! decoration ( t sy/em ( c\*ant /one is by ! f9i%$ grace ( mosaic or sculpture4 #afc4 ,x 0 also po9t$ out to y by ,mr4 ,p>k] t !re 7 two =ms ( ,cyclopean ar*itecture2 "o ( level blocks1 ! o!r ( polygonal1--contempor>y1 b 9 localities af=d+ diff]5t mat]ial ( /one4 ,i h plac$ 9 ?is frame examples ( ! ,cyclopean horizontal1 & ! ,cyclopean polygonal1 ar*itecture ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,& z ,hub]t ( ,lucca 0 ! ma/] ( ! new build+s at ,flor5ce1 ,i h *os5 ! ,cyclopean horizontal f 8 native city ( ,lucca2 & z our ,ni*olas & ,john br\ght _! new ,go?ic /yle into practice at ,orvieto1 ,i h *os5 ! ,cyclopean polygonal f _! adopt$ city ( ,orvieto4 ,bo? ^! examples ( ar*itecture are e>ly ?irte5? c5tury "w1 ! beg9n+s ( its new & ,*ri/ian /yle1 b beg9n+s ) :i* ,ni*olas & ,john _h no?+ to d2 !y 7 "p ( ! national "w go+ on r\nd !m4 #afd4 ,& ?is example f ,lucca is ( a v important class inde$4 ,x is f above ! ea/ entrance gate ( ,lucca1 :i* be>s ! cross above x1 z ! doors ( a ,*ri/ian city %\ld4 ,su* a city is1 or ought to be1 a place ( peace1 z mu* z any mona/]y4 ,?is cu/om ( plac+ ! cross above ! gate is ,byzant9e-,*ri/ian2 & "h are p>allel in/ances ( its treatm5t f ,assisi4 ,! lamb ) ! cross is giv5 9 ! m elaborate ar* ( ,v]ona4 #afe4 ,b f>!r4 ,! mosaic ( ?is cross is s exquisitely fitt$ t no injury has be5 receiv$ by x to ?is day f w9d or wea!r4 ,& ! horizontal dress$ /ones are laid s da9tily t n an edge ( !m has /irr$2 &1 bo? to draw y\r att5tion to _! beautiful fitt+1 & z a sub/itute = cem5t1 ! ar*itect cuts 8 upp]mo/ block s z to dovetail into ! c\rse bel[4 ,dovetail1 ,i say delib]ately4 ,?is is /one c>p5try1 9 :i* ! c>p5t] despises glue4 ,i don't say he won't use glue1 & glue ( ! be/1 b he feels x to be a na/y ?+1 & t x spoils 8 wood or m>ble4 ,none1 at lea/1 he det]m9es %all be se5 outside1 & 8 lay+ ( /ones %all be s solid & s adju/$ t1 take all ! cem5t away1 8 wall %all yet /&4 ,/oneh5ge1 ! ,p>!non1 ! walls ( ! ,k+s1 ?is gate ( ,lucca1 ?is w9d[ ( ,orvieto1 & ?is tomb at ,v]ona1 are all built on ! ,cyclopean pr9ciple4 ,!y w /& )\t cem5t1 & no cem5t %all be se5 outside4 ,mr4 ,burgess & ,i actually tri$ ! exp]im5t on ?is tomb4 ,mr4 ,burgess modell$ e /one ( x 9 clay1 put !m toge!r1 & x /ood4 #aff4 ,n[ !re are two mo/ notable *>act]i/ics ab\t ?is ,cyclopean ar*itecture to :i* ,i beg y\r close att5tion4 ,! fir/3 t z ! lay+ ( /ones is s beautiful1 _! jo9ts become a subject ( admiration1 & great "p ( ! ar*itectural ornam5tation is 9 ! beauty ( l9es ( sep>ation1 drawn z f9ely z possible4 ,?us ! sep>at+ l9es ( ! bricks at ,si5a1 ( ?is gate at ,lucca1 ( ! vault at ,v]ona1 ( ?is w9d[ at ,orvieto1 & ( ! contempor>y refectory at ,furness ,abbey1 are a ma9 s\rce ( ! pleasure y h 9 ! build+4 ,nay1 !y are n m]ely engrav]s' l9es1 b1 9 f9e/ practice1 !y are ma!matical l9es--l5g? )\t bread?4 ,"h 9 my h& is a little %aft ( ,flor5t9e mosaic execut$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! sep>ations betwe5 ! /ones are1 9 dim5sion1 ma!matical l9es4 ,& ! two sides ( ! ?irte5? c5tury por* ( ,/4 ,ana/asia at ,v]ona are built 9 ?is mann]1--s exquisitely1 t = "s "t1 my m9d n hav+ be5 set at x1 ,i pass$ !m by z pa9t$6 #afg4 ,t is ! fir/ "* ( ! ,flor5t9e ,cyclopean ,b secondly2 z ! jo9ts are s firm1 & z ! build+ mu/ nev] /ir or settle aft] x is built1 ! sculptor may tru/ 8 "w to two /ones set side by side1 or "o above ano!r1 & c>ve cont9u\sly ov] ! :ole surface1 disreg>d+ ! jo9ts1 if he s *ooses4 ,( ! degree ( precision ) :i* ,ni*olas ( ,pisa & 8 son adju/$ _! /ones1 y may judge by ?is r\gh sket* ( a piece ( ,/4 ,m>y's ( ! ,?orn1 9 :i* ! design is ( panels enclos+ v delicately sculptur$ heads2 & "o w\ld naturally suppose t ! enclos+ panels w\ld be made ( jo9t$ pieces1 & ! heads c>v$ sep>ately & ins]t$4 ,b ! ,pisans w\ld h consid]$ t unsafe masonry1--liable to ! accid5t ( ! heads be+ dropp$ out1 or tak5 away4 ,john ( ,pisa did inde$ use su* masonry1 ( necessity1 9 8 f\nta92 & ! bas-reliefs h be5 tak5 away4 ,b "h "o great block ( m>ble =ms "p ( two panels1 & ! m\ld+s & head are bo? c>v$ 9 ! solid1 ! jo9t runn+ j beh9d ! neck4 #afh4 ,su* masonry is1 inde$1 suppos+ !re 7 no fe> ( ?ieves1 gratuit\sly precise 9 a case ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* ! ornam5tation is 9 sep>ate masses1 & might be sep>ately c>v$4 ,b :5 ! ornam5tation is curr5t1 & fl[s or climbs along ! /one 9 ! mann] ( waves or plants1 ! concealm5t ( ! jo9ts ( ! pieces ( m>ble becomes altoge!r ess5tial4 ,& "h we ent] ^u a mo/ curi\s gr\p ( associat$ *>act]s 9 ,go?ic z oppos$ to ,greek ar*itecture4 #afi4 ,if y h be5 able to read ! article to :i* ,i ref]r$ y1 ',m5eau1' 9 ,m4 ,violet le ,duc's diction>y1 y "k t "o great condition ( ! p]fect ,go?ic /ructure is t ! /ones %all be 'en de-lit1' set up on end4 ,! ornam5t !n1 :i* on ! repos+ or c\*ant /one 0 curr5t only1 on ! erect$ /one beg9s to climb also1 & becomes1 9 ! mo/ h]aldic s5se ( ! t]m1 rampant4 ,9 ! h]aldic s5se1 ,i say1 z di/+ui%$ f ! /ill wid] orig9al s5se ( advanc+ ) a /eal?y1 creep+1 or cl++ motion1 z a s]p5t on ! gr\nd1 & a cat1 or a v9e1 up a tree-/em4 ,& !re is "o ( ^! reptile1 creep+1 or rampant ?+s1 :i* is ! fir/ ^: action 0 translat$ into m>ble1 & o!rwise is ( b\ndless importance 9 ! arts & lab\rs ( man4 #agj4 ,y recollect ,k+sley's expression1--n[ hackney$1 because admir$ = its precision1--! 'crawl+ foam1' ( waves advanc+ on s&4 ,t5nyson has some:]e also us$1 ) equal tru?1 ! epi!t 'climb+' ( ! spray ( break]s aga9/ v]tical rock4 #a ,9 ei!r in/ance1 ! sea action is lit]ally 'rampant'2 & ! c\rse ( a great break]1 :e!r 9 its fir/ pr\d lik5ess to a re>+ horse1 or 9 ! humble & subdu$ ga9+ ( ! outmo/ v]ge ( its foam on ! s&1 or ! int]m$iate spiral :orl :i* ga!rs into a lu/r\s precision1 l t ( a poli%$ %ell1 ! grasp+ =ce ( a giant1 y h ! mo/ vivid sight & embodim5t ( lit]ally rampant en]gy2 :i* ! ,greeks express$ 9 _! symbolic ,poseidon1 ,scylla1 & sea-horse1 by ! head & cre/ ( ! man1 dog1 or horse1 ) ! body ( ! s]p5t2 & ( :i* y w f9d ! sl[] image1 9 vegetation1 r5d]$ bo? by ! spiral t5drils ( grasp+ or climb+ plants1 & ! p]5nial ga9+ ( ! foam or ! li*5 ^u b>r5 %ores ( /one4 ,footnote3 ,p]haps ,i am ?9k+ ( ,l[ell1 n ,t5nyson2 ,i h n "t to look4 #aga4 ,if y w look to ! ?irtie? *apt] ( vol4 i4 9 ! new edition ( ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 :i*1 by ! gift ( its publi%]s1 ,i am enabl$ to lay on y\r table to be plac$ 9 y\r libr>y1 y w f9d "o ( my fir/ & mo/ eag] /atem5ts ( ! necessity ( inequality or *ange 9 =m1 made aga9/ ! common misund]/&+ ( ,greek symmetry1 & illu/rat$ by a woodcut ( ! spiral ornam5t on ! treasury ( ,atreus at ,myc5ae4 ,all t is said 9 t *apt] respect+ nature & ! ideal1 ,i n[ beg mo/ e>ne/ly to recomm5d & ratify to y2 b al?\gh1 ev5 at t "t1 ,i knew m ( ,greek art ?an my antagoni/s1 my brok5 read+ has giv5 me no conception ( ! range ( its symbolic p[]1 nor ( ! function ( t m or less =mal spiral l9e1 z expressive1 n only ( ! waves ( ! sea1 b ( ! zones ( ! :irlpool1 ! return ( ! tempe/1 & ! involution ( ! labyr9?4 ,& al?\gh my read]s say t ,i wrote !n bett] ?an ,i write n[1 ,i _c ref] y to ! passage )\t ask+ y to p>don 9 x :at ,i n[ hold to be ! petulance & vulg>ity ( expression1 disgrac+ ! importance ( ! tru? x conta9s4 ,a little :ile ago1 )\t displeasure1 y p]mitt$ me to delay y by ! acc\nt ( a dispute on a matt] ( ta/e betwe5 my fa!r & me1 9 :i* he 0 quietly & unavail+ly "r4 ,x seems to me sc>cely a day1 s9ce1 ) boyi% conceit1 ,i resi/$ 8 wise entreaties t ,i w\ld re-^w ?is clause2 & especially take out ( x ! description ( a sea-wave z lay+ a great :ite tableclo? ( foam all ! way to ! %ore4 ,n[1 aft] an int]val ( tw5ty ye>s1 ,i ref] y to ! passage1 rep5tant & humble z f> z reg>ds its /yle1 :i* p sometimes prais$1 b ) absolue re-ass]tion ( ! tru? & value ( its cont5ts1 :i* p always d5i$4 ,z natural =m is v>i$1 s mu/ beautiful ornam5t be v>i$4 ,y are n an arti/ by reprov+ nature into dea?ful sam5ess1 b by animat+ y\r copy ( h] into vital v>iation4 ,b ,i ?\ght at t "t t only ,go?s 7 rightly *angeful4 ,i nev] ?\ght ,greeks 74 ,_! res]v$ v>iation escap$ me1 or ,i ?\ght x accid5tal4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 is a co9 ( ! f9e/ ,greek workman%ip1 :i* %[s y _! m9d 9 ?is matt] unmi/akably4 ,"h are ! waves ( ! ,adriatic r\nd a knight ( ,t>5tum1 & !re is no d\bt ( _! v>iabl5ess4 #agb4 ,?is patt]n ( sea-wave1 or riv] :irlpool1 entirely sacr$ 9 ! ,greek m9d1 & ! ,greek3 99bo/ru*os99 or simil>ly curl+ wave 9 fl[+ hair1 are ! two ma9 s\rces ( ! spiral =m 9 lamb5t or rampant decoration4 ,( su* lamb5t ornam5t1 ! mo/ important piece is ! crocket1 ( :i* ,i rapidly set be=e y ! orig94 #agc4 ,"h is a draw+ ( ! gable ( ! bi%op's ?rone 9 ! upp] *ur* at ,assisi1 ( ! exact p]iod :5 ! mosaic work]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury at ,rome adopt$ rudely ! masonry ( ! nor?4 ,briefly1 ?is is a ,greek temple p$im5t1 9 :i*1 d\btful ( _! p[] to c>ve figures beautiful en\gh1 !y cut a trefoil$ hold = ornam5t1 & bord]$ ! edges ) h>lequ9ade ( mosaic4 ,!y !n call to _! help ! ,greek sea-waves1 & let ! surf ( ! gean climb along ! slopes1 & toss itself at ! top into a fleur-de-lys4 ,e wave is v>i$ 9 outl9e & proportionate di/ance1 ?\gh cut ) a precision ( curve l t ( ! sea itself4 ,f ?is root we are able--b x mu/ be 9 a lecture on crockets only--to trace ! succe$+ *anges ?r\gh ! curl ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4's hair1 & ! crisp leaves ( ! =e/s ( ,pic>dy1 to ! knobb$ extravagances ( expir+ ,go?ic4 ,b ,i mu/ to-day let y comp>e "o piece ( p]fect ,go?ic "w ) ! p]fect ,greek4 #agd4 ,!re is no "q 9 my own m9d1 &1 ,i believe1 none 9 t ( any o!r long-practis$ /ud5t ( m$ival art1 t 9 pure /ructural ,go?ic ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,urba9 at ,troyes is )\t rival 9 ,europe4 ,"h is a rude sket* ( its use ( ! crocket 9 ! sp&rils ( its ext]nal trac]y1 & "h are ! waves ( ! ,greek sea r\nd ! son ( ,poseidon4 ,sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s are betwe5 !m1 b ! same m9d is 9 bo?4 ,i wond] h[ _m times sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s ,mr4 ,d>w9 w ask1 to retrace ! ,greek design] ( ?is into 8 primitive ape2 or h[ _m times six hundr$ ye>s ( su* improvem5ts z we h made on ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,urba91 w be ne$$ 9 ord] to enable our desc5dants to reg>d ! design]s ( t1 z only primitive apes4 #age4 ,i return = a mom5t to my gable at ,assisi4 ,y see t ! cre/ ( ! waves at ! top =m a rude lik5ess ( a fleur-de-lys4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ?is =m no real int5tion ( imitat+ a fl[]1 any m ?an 9 ! meet+ ( ! tails ( ^! two ,etruscan griff9s4 ,! notable circum/ance 9 ?is piece ( ,go?ic is its advanc$ =m ( crocket1 & its prom95t foliation1 ) no?+ 9 ! lea/ approa*+ to floral ornam5t4 #agf4 ,& n[1 obs]ve ?is v curi\s fact 9 ! p]sonal "* ( two contempor>y arti/s4 ,see ! use ( my manually graspable flag4 ,"h is ,john ( ,pisa1--"h ,giotto4 ,!y are contempor>y = tw5ty ye>s2--b ^! are ! prime ( ,giotto's life1 & ! la/ ( ,john's life3 virtually1 ,giotto is ! lat] workman by full tw5ty ye>s4 ,b ,giotto always uses sev]e geometrical m\ld+s1 & disda9s all luxuriance ( leafage to set (f int]ior sculpture4 ,john ( ,pisa n only adopts ,go?ic trac]y1 b fir/ all[s himself en?usia/ic use ( rampant vegetation2--& "h 9 ! faade ( ,orvieto1 y h n only p]fect ,go?ic 9 ! s5tim5t ( ,scripture hi/ory1 b su* luxuri\s ivy ornam5tation z y _c aft]w>ds mat* = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,nay1 y c sc>cely mat* x !n--= grace ( l9e1 only 9 ! ri*e/ flamboyant ( ,france4 #agg4 ,n[ ?is fact w\ld set y1 if y look$ at art f its ae/hetic side only1 at once to f9d out :at ,g]man arti/s _h taught ,giovanni ,pisano4 ,!re 7 ,g]mans tea*+ him1--"s tea*+ him _m ?+s2 & ! int5se conceit ( ! mod]n ,g]man arti/ imag9es !m to h taught him all ?+s4 ,b he le>nt 8 luxuriance1 & ,giotto 8 sev]ity1 9 ano!r s*ool4 ,! quality 9 bo? is ,greek2 & altoge!r moral4 ,! grace & ! r$undance ( ,giovanui are ! fir/ /rong manife/ation ( ^? *>act]s 9 ! ,italian m9d :i* culm9ate 9 ! ,madonnas ( ,lu9i & ! arabesques ( ,raphael4 ,! sev]ity ( ,giotto belongs to him1 on ! contr>y1 n only z "o ( ! /ronge/ practical m5 :o ev] liv$ on ?is solid e>?1 b z ! pure/ & firme/ re=m] ( ! discipl9e ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ( ^: writ+s any rema9s exi/4 #agh4 ,( ^: writ+s1 ,i say2 & y look up1 z d\btful t he has left any4 ,hi]oglyphics1 !n1 let me say in/ead2 or1 m accurately /ill1 hi]ographics4 ,/4 ,francis1 9 :at he wrote & said1 taught mu* t 0 false4 ,b ,giotto1 8 true disciple1 no?+ b :at 0 true4 ,& :]e he uses an arabesque ( foliage1 dep5d ^u x x w be to purpose--n r$undant4 ,i return = ! "t to our s(t & luxuriant ,john ( ,pisa4 #agi4 ,s(t1 b ) no unmanly s(tness2 luxuriant1 b ) no unmann]$ luxury4 ,to him y owe z to _! fir/ sire 9 art1 ! grace ( ,ghib]ti1 ! t5d]ness ( ,raphael1 ! awe ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,second-rate qualities 9 all ! ?ree1 b preci\s 9 _! k9d1 & le>n$1 z y %all see1 ess5tially f ?is man4 ,second-rate he also1 b ) mo/ notable gifts ( ?is inf]ior k9d4 ,he is ! ,canova ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b ! ,canova ( ! ?irte5?1 rememb]1 0 necess>ily a v diff]5t p]son f ! ,canova ( ! eighte5?4 ,! ,cauova ( ! eighte5? c5tury mimick$ ,greek grace = ! delight ( mod]n revolution>y s5suali/s4 ,! ,canova ( ! ?irte5? c5tury br\ght liv+ ,go?ic tru? into ! liv+ fai? ( 8 own "t4 ,greek tru?1 & ,go?ic 'lib]ty1'--9 t noble s5se ( ! ^w1 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 'lib]1' ( :i* ,i h already spok51 & :i* 9 my next lecture ,i w endeav\r completely to develope4 ,mean:ile let me %[ y1 z f> z ,i c1 ! ar*itecture itself ab\t :i* ^! subtle que/ions arise4 #ahj4 ,"h are five frames1 conta9+ ! be/ repres5tations ,i c get = y ( ! faade ( ! ca!dral ( ,orvieto4 ,i mu/ rem9d y1 be=e ,i let y look at !m1 ( ! reason :y t ca!dral 0 built2 = ,i h at la/ got to ! end ( ! p>5!sis :i* began 9 my second lecture1 on ! occasion ( our he>+ t ,john ( ,pisa 0 s5t = to ,p]ugia1 to c>ve ! tomb ( ,pope ,urban ,,iv42 & we mu/ n[ "k :o ?is ,pope 04 #aha4 ,he 0 a ,fr5*man1 born at t ,troyes1 9 ,*ampagne1 :i* ,i gave y z ! c5tre ( ,fr5* ar*itectural skill1 & ,royali/ "*4 ,he 0 born 9 ! l[e/ class ( ! p1 rose l ,wolsey2 became ,bi%op ( ,v]dun2 !n1 ,patri>* ( ,j]usalem2 return$ 9 ! ye> #abfa1 f 8 ,patri>*ate1 to solicit ! aid ( ! !n ,pope1 ,alex&] ,,iv41 aga9/ ! ,s>ac54 ,i d n "k on :at day he arriv$ 9 ,rome2 b on ! #be? ( ,may1 ,alex&] di$1 & ! ,c>d9als1 aft] ?ree mon?s' disput+1 elect$ ! suppliant ,patri>* to be ,pope himself4 #ahb4 ,a man ) all ! fire ( ,france 9 him1 all ! fai?1 & all ! insol5ce2 incapable ( d\bt+ a s+le article ( 8 cre$1 or relax+ "o tittle ( 8 au?ority2 de/itute alike ( reason & ( pity2 & absolutely m]ciless ei!r to an infidel1 or an enemy4 ,! "y ,pr9ce ,manfr$1 ba/>d son ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 n[ repres5t+ ! ma9 p[] ( ! ,g]man empire1 0 bo?2 & aga9/ him ! ,pope br\ght into ,italy a religi\s ,fr5* knight1 ( "* absolutely l 8 own1 ,*>les ( ,anj\4 #ahc4 ,! "y ,manfr$1 n[ ab\t tw5ty ye>s old1 0 z good a soldi] z he 0 a bad ,*ri/ian2 & !re 0 no safety = ,urban at ,rome4 ,! ,pope seat$ himself on a wor?y ?rone = a ?irte5?-c5tury ,/4 ,pet]4 ,fancy ! rock ( ,ed9burgh ,ca/le1 z /eep on all sides z x is to ! we/2 & z long z ! ,old ,t[n2 & y h ! rock ( ,orvieto4 #ahd4 ,"h1 en?ron$ aga9/ ! gates ( hell1 9 unassailable =titude1 & unfalt]+ fai?1 sat ,urban2 ! righte\sness ( 8 cause pres5tly to be av\*$ by miracle1 notable/ among ^? ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,twelve miles ea/ ( 8 rock1 beyond ! range ( l[ ,ap5n9e1 %one ! quiet lake1 ! ,lo* ,lev5 ( ,italy1 f ^: isl& ! daught] ( ,!odoric ne$$ n to escape--,fate seek+ h] !re2 & 9 a little *apel on its %ore a ,bohemian prie/1 infect$ ) ,nor!rn infidelity1 0 br\ght back to 8 allegiance by see+ ! blood drop f ! waf] 9 8 h&4 ,& ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* record$ ?is heav5ly te/imony to h] *ief my/]y1 9 ! ,fe/a ( ! ,corpus ,dom9i1 & ! ,fabric ( ,orvieto4 #ahe4 ,& s5d+ 0 made = ,john1 & = all good lab\r]s 9 m>ble2 b ,urban nev] saw a /one ( ! great ca!dral laid4 ,8 citation ( ,manfr$ to appe> 9 8 pres5ce to answ] = 8 h]esy1 0 fix$ aga9/ ! po/s ( ! doors ( ! old ,duomo4 ,b ,urban _h dug ! f\ndation ( ! pile to purpose1 & :5 he di$ at ,p]ugia1 /ill brea!d1 f 8 grave1 calamity to ,manfr$1 & made f x glory to ! ,*ur*4 ,he _h secur$ ! election ( a ,fr5* successor2 f ! rock ( ,orvieto ! _s ( ,urban l$ ! ,fr5* *ivalry1 :5 ,*>les ( ,anj\ saw ! day ( battle come1 s long desir$4 ,manfr$'s ,s>ac5s1 ) _! arr[s1 broke 8 fir/ l9e2 ! ,pope's legate bless$ ! second1 & gave !m absolution ( all _! s9s1 = _! s]vice to ! ,*ur*4 ,!y *>g$ = ,orvieto ) _! old cry ( ',mont-,joie1 ,*evali]s6' & be=e night1 :ile ,urban lay sleep+ 9 8 c>v$ tomb at ,p]ugia1 ! body ( ,manfr$ lay only recognizable by ^? :o lov$ him1 nak$ among ! sla94 #ahf4 ,"t wore on & on4 ,! ,suabian p[] ceas$ 9 ,italy2 betwe5 :ite & r$ !re 0 n[ no m conte/2--! matron ( ! ,*ur*1 sc>let-rob$1 reign$1 ru?less1 on h] sev5 hills4 ,"t wore on2 &1 a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 n[ no m ! p[] ( ! k+s1 b ! p[] ( ! p1--rose aga9/ h]4 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 f ! corn m>ket1--,or ,san ,mi*ele1--! comm]cial /r5g? ( ,flor5ce1 on a "q ( free trade 9 corn4 ,& note1 = a little bye piece ( botany1 t 9 ,val d',arno lilies gr[ among ! corn in/ead ( poppies4 ,! purple gladiolus gl[s ?r\gh all its gre5 fields 9 e>ly spr+4 #ahg4 ,a "q ( free trade 9 corn1 !n1 arose betwe5 ,flor5ce & ,rome4 ,! ,pope's legate 9 ,bologna /opp$ ! supply ( pol5ta1 ! ,flor5t9es dep5d+ on t to eat ) _! own oil4 ,v wick$1 y ?9k1 ( ! ,pope's legate1 act+ ?us aga9/ quasi-,prote/ant ,flor5ce8 ,yes2 j z wick$ z !--n quasi-,prote/ants--b int5sely positive ,prote/ants1 ( ,zuri*1 :o tri$ to conv]t ! ,ca?olic =e/-cantons by refus+ !m salt4 ,*ri/5dom has be5 greatly tr\bl$ ab\t bread & salt3 ! !n ,prote/ant ,pope1 ,zu+lius1 0 kill$ at ! battle ( ,keppel1 & ! ,ca?olic cantons !re=e rema9 ,ca?olic to ?is day2 :ile ! consequ5ces ( ?is piece ( protectioni/ economy at ,bologna are equally int]e/+ & direct4 #ahh4 ,! legate ( ,bologna1 n cont5t ) /opp+ ! supplies ( maize to ,flor5ce1 s5t our own ,john ,hawkwood1 on ! #bd? ,june1 #acge1 to burn all ! maize ! ,flor5t9es _h got gr[+2 & ! abbot ( ,montemaggiore s5t a troop ( ,p]ugian religi\s g5tlem5-rid]s to ravage simil>ly ! t]ritory ( ,si5a4 ,:]eupon1 at ,flor5ce1 ! ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice1 ,aloesio ,aldobr&9i1 rose 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,anci5ts & propos$1 z an ent]prise wor?y ( ,flor5t9e g5]osity1 ! fre$om ( all ! peoples :o groan$ "u ! tyranny ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& ,flor5ce1 ,si5a1 ,pisa1 ,lucca1 & ,arezzo1--all ! great cities ( ,etruria1 ! root ( religion 9 ,italy1--jo9$ aga9/ ! tyranny ( religion4 ,/rangely1 ?is ,etrurian league is n n[ to re/ore ,t>qu9 to ,rome1 b to drive ! ,roman ,t>qu9 into exile4 ,! /ory ( ,lucretia _h be5 repeat$ 9 ,p]ugia2 b ! ,umbrian ,lucretia _h di$1 n by suicide1 b by fall+ on ! pavem5t f ! w9d[ ?r\gh :i* %e tri$ to escape4 ,& ! ,umbrian ,sextus 0 ! ,abbot ( ,montemaggiore's nephew4 #ahi4 ,flor5ce rais$ h] fleur-de-lys /&>d3 &1 9 t5 days1 eighty cities ( ,romagua 7 free1 out ( ! numb] ( ^: names ,i w read y only ^!--,urb9o1 ,foligno1 ,spoleto1 ,n>ni1 ,cam]9o1 ,toscanella1 ,p]ugia1 ,orvieto4 ,& :ile ! w9d & ! ra9 /ill beat ! body ( ,manfr$1 by ! %ores ( ! ,rio ,v]de1 ! body ( ,pope ,urban 0 torn f its tomb1 & n "o /one ( ! c>v$ "w !re( left ^u ano!r4 #aij4 ,i w only ask y to-day to notice f>!r t ! ,capta9 ( ,flor5ce1 9 ?is w>1 0 a ',conrad ( ,suabia1' & t %e gave him1 beside h] own flag1 "o ) only ! ^w ',lib]tas' inscrib$ on x4 ,i told y t ! fir/ /roke ( ! bell on ! ,t[] ( ! ,lion began ! c>illon = ,european civil & religi\s lib]ty4 ,b p]haps1 ev5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,flor5ce did n und]/&1 by t ^w1 altoge!r ! same policy :i* is n[ prea*$ 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,engl&4 ,:at %e did und]/& by x1 we w try to asc]ta9 9 ! c\rse ( next lecture4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,fran*ise4 #aia4 ,9 my fir/ lecture ( ?is c\rse1 y rememb] t ,i %[$ y ! ,lion ( ,/4 ,m>k's ) ,niccola ,pisano's1 call+ ! "o an evangelical-prea*] lion1 & ! o!r a real1 & naturally affectionate1 lioness4 ,& ! "o ,i %[$ y z ,byzant9e1 ! o!r z ,go?ic4 ,s t ,i ?us call$ ! ,greek art pi\s1 & ! ,go?ic pr(ane4 ,:]eas 9 ne>ly all our ord9>y modes ( ?\ght1 & 9 all my own g5]al ref]5ces to ei!r art1 we assume ,greek or classic "w to be pr(ane1 & ,go?ic1 pi\s1 or religi\s4 #aib4 ,v %ort reflection1 if /eady & cle>1 w bo? %[ y h[ confus$ our ideas are usually on ?is subject1 & h[ def9ite !y may )9 c]ta9 limits become4 ,fir/ ( all1 don't confuse piety ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re are pi\s ,greeks & impi\s ,greeks2 pi\s ,turks & impi\s ,turks2 pi\s ,*ri/ians & impi\s ,*ri/ians2 pi\s mod]n infidels & impi\s mod]n infidels4 ,9 case y d n q "k :at piety really means1 we w try to "k bett] 9 next lecture2 = ! pres5t1 und]/& t ,i mean di/9ctly to call ,greek art1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 pi\s1 & ,go?ic1 z oppos$ to x1 pr(ane4 #aic4 ,b :5 ,i oppose ^! two words1 ,go?ic & ,greek1 don't run away ) ! notion t ,i necess>ily mean to oppose ,*ri/ian & ,greek4 ,y mu/ n confuse ,go?ic blood 9 a man's ve9s1 ) ,*ri/ian feel+ 9 a man's brea/4 ,!re are unconv]t$ & conv]t$ ,go?s2 unconv]t$ & conv]t$ ,greeks4 ,! ,greek & ,go?ic temp] is equally oppos$1 :]e ! "n ( ,*ri/ has nev] be5 utt]$ by ei!r1 or :5 e o!r "n is equally dete/$ by bo?4 ,i want y to-day to exam9e ) me t ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,greek & ,go?ic temp]1 irrespective ( cre$1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 my preface to ! la/ edition ( ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 say+ t ! ,byzant9es gave law to ,norman lic5se4 ,& ,i mu/ !re=e ask y\r pati5ce :ile ,i cle> y\r m9ds f "s too preval5t errors z to ! mean+ ( ^? two words1 law & lic5se4 #aid4 ,!re is p]haps no m curi\s pro( ( ! disord] :i* impati5t & imp]t95t sci5ce is introduc+ into classical ?\ght & language1 ?an ! title *os5 by ! ,duke ( ,argyll = 8 int]e/+ /udy ( ,natural ,hi/ory--',! ,reign ( ,law4' ,law _c reign4 ,if a natural law1 x admits no disob$i5ce1 & has no?+ to put "r4 ,if a human "o1 x c compel no ob$i5ce1 & has no p[] to prev5t wrong4 ,a k+ only c reign2--a p]son1 t is to say1 :o1 consci\s ( natural law1 en=ces human law s f> z x is j4 #aie4 ,k+hood is equally necess>y 9 ,greek dyna/y1 & 9 ,go?ic4 ,!seus is e in* a k+1 z well z ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,b ! laws :i* !y h to en=ce on _! own & _! companions' humanity are oppos$ to ea* o!r z mu* z _! dispositions are4 ,! function ( a ,greek k+ 0 to en=ce lab\r4 ,t ( a ,go?ic k+1 to re/ra9 rage4 ,! laws ( ,greece det]m9e ! wise me?ods ( lab\r2 & ! laws ( ,france det]m9e ! wise re/ra9ts ( passion4 ,= ! s9s ( ,greece are 9 ,indol5ce1 & its pleasures2 & ! s9s ( ,france are 9 fury1 & its pleasures4 #aif4 ,y are n[ aga9 surpris$1 probably1 at he>+ me oppose ,france typically to ,greece4 ,m /rictly1 ,i might oppose only a "p ( ,france1--,norm&y4 ,b x is bett] to say1 ,france1 #a z embrac+ ! seat ( ! e/abli%$ ,norman p[] 9 ! ,isl& ( our ,lady2 & ! prov9ce 9 :i* x 0 cr[n$1--,*ampagne4 ,footnote #a3 ,norm&ie1 la fran*e4 ,france1 la solue2 7*anson de ,rol&74 ,"o ( my good pupils ref]r$ me to ?is anci5t & glori\s ,fr5* song4 ,france is ev]la/+ly1 by bir?1 "n1 & nature1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,franks1 or free p]sons2 & ! fir/ s\rce ( ,european frankness1 or fran*ise4 ,! ,lat9 = fran*ise is lib]tas4 ,b ! mod]n or ,cockney-,engli% ^w lib]ty1--,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's1--is n ! equival5t ( lib]tas2 & ! mod]n or ,cockney-,fr5* ^w lib]t1--,m4 ,victor ,hugo's1--is n ! equival5t ( fran*ise4 #aig4 ,! ,lat9 = fran*ise1 ,i h said1 is lib]tas2 ! ,greek is ,greek3 99eleuph]ia994 ,9 ! ?\ghts ( all ?ree nations1 ! idea is precisely ! same1 & ! ^w us$ = ! idea by ea* nation !re=e accurately translates ! ^w ( ! o!r3 ,greek3 99eleuph]ia99--lib]tas--fran*ise--recipr ocally translate ea* o!r4 ,leonidas is *>act]i/ically ,greek3 99eleuph]os99 among ,greeks2 ,publicola1 *>act]i/ically lib]1 among ,romans2 ,edw>d ,,iii4 & ! ,black ,pr9ce1 *>act]i/ically frank among ,fr5*4 ,& t common idea1 :i* ! words express1 z all ! c>eful s*ol>s among y w "k1 is1 ) all ! ?ree nations1 ma9ly ( deliv]ance f ! slav]y ( passion4 ,to be ,greek3 99eleuph]os991 lib]1 or franc1 is fir/ to h le>n$ h[ to rule our own passions2 & !n1 c]ta9 t our own conduct is "r1 to p]si/ 9 t conduct aga9/ all resi/ance1 :e!r ( c\nt]-op9ion1 c\nt] pa91 or c\nt]-pleasure4 ,to be defiant alike ( ! mob's ?\ght1 ( ! adv]s>y's ?reat1 & ! h>lot's temptation1--?is is 9 ! mean+ ( e great nation to be free2 & ! "o condition ^u :i* t fre$om c be obta9$ is pron\nc$ to y 9 a s+le v]se ( ! #aai? ,psalm1 ,i w walk at lib]ty1 = ,i seek ,?y precepts4 #aih4 ,?y precepts3--,law1 obs]ve1 be+ dom9ant ov] ! ,go?ic z ov] ! ,greek k+1 b a q diff]5t law4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 feel+ no ang] aga9/ ! ,sieur de ,ribaumont1 & cr[n+ him ) 8 own pe>l *aplet1 is obey+ ! law ( love1 re/ra9+ ang]2 b ,!seus1 slay+ ! ,m9otaur1 is obey+ ! law ( ju/ice1 & en=c+ ang]4 ,! "o is act+ "u ! law ( ! *>ity1 ,greek3 99*>is99 or grace ( ,god2 ! o!r "u ! law ( ,8 judgm5t4 ,! two toge!r fulfil ,8 ,greek3 99krisis99 & ,greek3 99agapae994 #aii4 ,!re=e ! ,greek dyna/ies are f9ally express$ 9 ! k+hoods ( ,m9os1 ,rhadaman?us1 & ,aeacus1 :o judge infallibly1 & divide ari?metically4 ,b ! dyna/y ( ! ,go?ic k+ is 9 equity & compassion1 & 8 ari?metic is 9 l>gesse1 ,^: mo/e joy 01 ,i wis1 ,:5 t %e gave1 & said1 ,h ?is4 ,s t1 to put x 9 %orte/ t]ms ( all1 ,greek law is ( ,/asy1 & ,go?ic ( ,ec/asy2 !re is no limit to ! fre$om ( ! ,go?ic h& or he>t1 & ! *ildr5 are mo/ 9 ! delight & ! glory ( lib]ty :5 !y mo/ seek _! ,fa!r's precepts4 #bjj4 ,! two l9es ,i h j quot$ are1 z y probably rememb]1 f ,*auc]'s translation ( ! ,fr5* ,romance ( ! ,rose1 out ( :i* ,i be=e quot$ to y ! description ( ! virtue ( ,debonnairet4 ,n[ t ,debonnairet ( ! ,pa9t$ ,*amb] ( ,we/m9/] is ! typical figure us$ by ! ,fr5* sculptors & pa9t]s = 'fran*ise1' frankness1 or ,fr5*ness2 b 9 ! ,pa9t$ ,*amb]1 ,debonnairet1 high bre$+1 'out ( goodne/$ness1' or g5tl5ess1 is us$1 z an ,engli% k+'s ,engli%1 ( ! ,norman fran*ise4 ,"h1 !n1 is our own royalty1--let u call x ,engli%ness1 ! grace ( our prop] k+hood2--& "h is ,fr5* royalty1 ! grace ( ,fr5* k+hood--,fr5*ness1 rudely b suffici5tly drawn by ,m4 ,didron f ! por* ( ,*>tres4 ,%e has ! cr[n ( fleur-de-lys1 & ,william ! ,norman's %ield4 #bja4 ,n[ ?is grace ( high bir?1 ! grace ( 8 or h] ,mo/ ,graci\s ,maje/y1 has h] "n at ,*>tres writt5 beside h]1 9 ,lat94 ,_h x be5 9 ,greek1 x w\ld h be5 ,greek3 99elev!ria994 ,be+ 9 ,lat91 :at d y ?9k x mu/ be necess>ily8--,( c\rse1 ,lib]tas4 ,n[ ,m4 ,didron is q ! be/ writ] on art t ,i "k1--full ( s5se & intellig5ce2 b ( c\rse1 z a mod]n ,fr5*man1--"o ( a nation = :om ! ,lat9 & ,go?ic ideas ( lib]tas h entirely vani%$1--he is n on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! trap "h laid = him4 ,he looks at ! ^w lib]tas ?r\gh 8 spectacles2--c't und]/&1 be+ a ?or\ghly good antiqu>y1 #a h[ su* a virtue1 or privilege1 c\ld hone/ly be c>v$ ) approval 9 ! twelf? c5tury2--rubs 8 spectacles2 rubs ! inscription1 to make sure ( its e lett]2 /amps x1 to make sur] /ill2--& at la/1 ?\gh 9 a greatly bewild]$ /ate ( m9d1 rema9s conv9c$ t "h is a sculpture ( ',la ,lib]te' 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,c'e/ bi5 la lib]te6 ,on lit p>faitem5t lib]tas4 ,footnote #a3 ,hi/orical antiqu>y2 n art-antiqu>y ,i mu/ limit$ly say1 h[ev]4 ,he has made a grotesque mess ( 8 acc\nt ( ! ,ducal ,palace ( ,v5ice1 ?r\gh 8 ignorance ( ! te*nical *>act]s ( sculpture4 #bjb4 ,n s1 my good ,m4 ,didron6--a v diff]5t p]sonage1 ?is2 ( :om m1 pres5tly1 ?\gh ! lett]s ( h] "n are inde$ s pla9ly1 ',lib]tas1 at non lib]alitas1' lib]alitas be+ ! ,lat9 = l>gesse1 n = fran*ise4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! opposition betwe5 ! ,greek & ,go?ic dyna/ies1 9 _! passionate or vital nature2 9 ! animal & inbr$ "p ( !m2--,classic & romantic1 ,/atic & ex/atic4 ,b n[1 :at opposition is !re betwe5 _! div9e natures8 ,betwe5 ,!seus & ,edw>d ,,iii41 z w>riors1 we n[ "k ! diff]5ce2 b betwe5 ,!seus & ,edw>d ,,iii1 z !ologians2 z dream+ & disc]n+ creatures1 z didactic k+s1--engrav+ lett]s ) ! po9t ( ! sword1 in/ead ( ?ru/+ m5 ?r\gh ) x1--*ang+ ! club into ! f]ula1 & becom+ s*oolma/]s z well z k+s2 :at is1 ?us1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m8 ,!ologians ,i call$ !m4 ,philologians w\ld be a bett] ^w1--lov]s ( ! ,greek3 99,logos991 or ,^w1 by :i* ! heav5s & e>? 7 made4 ,:at logos1 ab\t ?is ,logos1 h !y le>n$1 or c !y tea*8 #bjc4 ,i %[$ y1 9 my fir/ lecture1 ! ,byzant9e ,greek lion1 z desc5d$ by true unblemi%$ l9e f ! ,nemean ,greek2 b ) ?is diff]5ce3 ,h]acles kills ! bea/1 & makes a helmet & cloak ( 8 sk92 ! ,greek ,/4 ,m>k conv]ts ! bea/1 & makes an evangeli/ ( him4 ,is n t a great] diff]5ce1 ?9k y1 ?an "o ( m]e decad5ce8 ,?is 'mani]a g(fa e sproporzionata' ( ,vas>i is n1 !n1 m]ely ! wa/+ away ( =m] leon9e /r5g? into ?9 rigidities ( dea?8 ,!re is ano!r *ange go+ on at ! same "t1--body p]haps subject+ itself to _s4 ,i w n teaze y ) f>!r que/ions4 ,! facts are simple en\gh4 ,!seus & ,h]acles h _! religion1 s9c]e & suffici5t1--a religion ( lion-kill]s1 m9otaur-kill]s1 v curi\s & rude2 ,eleus9ian my/]y m+l$ 9 x1 inscrutable to u n[1--p>tly always s1 ev5 to !m4 #bjd4 ,well2 ! ,greek nation1 9 process ( "t1 loses its manl9ess1--becomes ,graeculus in/ead ( ,greek4 ,b ?\gh effem9ate & feeble1 x inh]its all ! subtlety ( its art1 all ! cunn+ ( its my/]y2 & x is conv]t$ to a m spiritual religion4 ,nor is x altoge!r degrad$1 ev5 by ! dim9ution ( its animal en]gy4 ,c]ta9 spiritual ph5om5a are possible to ! weak1 :i* are hidd5 f ! /rong2--nay1 ! monk may1 9 8 ord] ( be+1 possess /r5g? d5i$ to ! w>rior4 ,is x altoge!r1 ?9k y1 by blund]+1 or by disproportion 9 intellect or 9 body1 t ,!seus becomes ,/4 ,a?anase8 ,= t is ! k9d ( *ange :i* takes place1 f ! days ( ! great ,k+ ( ,a!ns1 to ^? ( ! great ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 9 ! ?\ght & !ology1 or1 summ>ily1 9 ! _s ( ! ,greek4 ,n[ we h le>n$ inde$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,go?ic knight & ! ,greek knight2 b :at w be ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,go?ic sa9t & ,greek sa9t8 ,fran*ise ( body aga9/ con/ancy ( body4 ,fran*ise ( ?\ght1 !n1 aga9/ con/ancy ( ?\ght4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 aga9/ ,!seus4 ,& ! ,frank ( ,assisi aga9/ ,/4 ,a?anase4 #bje4 ,utt] fran*ise1 utt] g5tl5ess 9 !ological ?\ght4 ,in/ead (1 ',?is is ! fai?1 :i* except a man believe fai?fully1 he _c be sav$1' ',?is is ! love1 :i* if a bird or an insect keep fai?fully1 x %all be sav$4' ,g5tlem51 y h at pres5t arriv$ at a phase ( natural sci5ce 9 :i*1 reject+ alike ! !ology ( ! ,byzant9e1 & ! affection ( ! ,frank1 y c only contemplate a bird z fly+ "u ! reign ( law1 & a cricket z s++ "u ! compulsion ( caloric4 ,i d n "k :e!r y yet feel t ! position ( y\r boat on ! riv] also dep5ds entirely on ! reign ( law1 or :e!r1 z y\r *ur*es & conc]t-rooms are privileg$ 9 ! possession ( organs bl[n by /eam1 y are le>n+ y\rselves to s+ by gas1 & expect ! ,dies ,irae to ! ann\nc$ by a /eam-trumpet4 ,b ,i c v positively assure y t1 9 my poor doma9 ( imitative art1 n all ! me*anical or gase\s =ces ( ! _w1 nor all ! laws ( ! univ]se1 w enable y ei!r to see a col\r1 or draw a l9e1 )\t t s+ul> =ce anci5tly call$ ! s\l1 :i* x 0 ! function ( ! ,greek to discipl9e 9 ! duty ( ! s]vants ( ,god1 & ( ! ,go? to lead into ! lib]ty ( ,8 *ildr54 #bjf4 ,b 9 "o respect ,i wi% y 7 m consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( law ?an y appe> to be4 ,! diff]5ce :i* ,i h po9t$ out to y z exi/+ betwe5 ^! great nations1 exi/s also betwe5 two ord]s ( intellig5ce among m51 ( :i* ! "o is usually call$ ,classic1 ! o!r ,romantic4 ,)\t ent]+ into any ( ! f9e di/9ctions betwe5 ^! two sects1 ?is broad "o is to be obs]v$ z con/ant3 t ! writ]s & pa9t]s ( ! ,classic s*ool set d[n no?+ b :at is kn[n to be true1 & set x d[n 9 ! p]fecte/ mann] possible 9 _! way1 & are !nce=w>d au?orities f :om !re is no appeal4 ,romantic writ]s & pa9t]s1 on ! contr>y1 express !mselves "u ! impulse ( passions :i* may inde$ lead !m to ! discov]y ( new tru?s1 or to ! m delightful arrangem5t or pres5tm5t ( ?+s already kn[n3 b _! "w1 h[ev] brilliant or lovely1 rema9s imp]fect1 & )\t au?ority4 ,x is n possible1 ( c\rse1 to sep>ate ^! two ord]s ( m5 tr5*antly3 a classic writ] may sometimes1 :atev] 8 c>e1 admit an error1 & a romantic "o may rea* p]fection ?r\gh en?usiasm4 ,b1 practically1 y may sep>ate ! two = y\r /udy & y\r education2 &1 dur+ y\r y\?1 ! bus9ess ( u y\r ma/]s is to en=ce on y ! read+1 = s*ool "w1 only ( classical books3 & to see t y\r m9ds are bo? in=m$ ( ! indisputable facts !y conta91 & accu/om$ to act ) ! infallible accuracy ( :i* !y set ! example4 #bjg4 ,i h n "t to make ! calculation1 b ,i suppose t ! daily lit]ature by :i* we n[ are pr9cipally n\ri%$1 is s l>ge 9 issue t ?\gh ,/4 ,john's ev5 ! _w itself c\ld n conta9 ! books :i* %\ld be writt5 may be /ill hyp]bole1 x is nev]!less lit]ally true t ! _w might be wrapp$ 9 ! books :i* are writt52 & t ! %eets ( pap] cov]$ ) type on any giv5 subject1 int]e/+ to ! mod]n m9d1 7say ! prospects ( ! ,claimant17 issu$ 9 ! =m ( ,engli% morn+ pap]s dur+ a s+le ye>1 w\ld be en\gh lit]ally to pack ! _w 94 #bjh4 ,n[ ,i w read y fifty-two l9es ( a classical au?or1 :i*1 once well read & und]/ood1 conta9 m tru? ?an has be5 told y all ?is ye> by ?is :ole globe's compass ( pr9t4 ,fifty-two l9es1 ( :i* y w recognize "s z hackney$1 & see little to admire 9 o!rs4 ,b x is n possible to put ! /atem5ts !y conta9 into bett] ,engli%1 nor to invalidate "o syllable ( ! /atem5ts !y conta94 #a ,footnote #a3 ',! ,des]t$ ,village1' l9e #bea to #cjb4 #bji4 ,ev5 ^?1 & !re may be _m "h1 :o w\ld dispute ! tru? ( ! passage1 w admit its exquisite di/9ctness & con/ruction4 ,if x be untrue1 t is m]ely because ,i h n be5 taught by my mod]n education to recognize a classical au?or2 b :atev] my mi/akes1 or y\rs1 may be1 !re are c]ta9 tru?s long kn[n to all rational m51 & indisputable4 ,y may add to !m1 b y _c dim9i% !m4 ,& x is ! bus9ess ( a ,univ]sity to det]m9e :at books ( ?is k9d exi/1 & to en=ce ! und]/&+ ( !m4 #baj4 ,! classical & romantic arts :i* we h n[ "u exam9ation !re=e consi/1--! fir/1 9 t :i* repres5t$1 "u :atev] symbols1 tru?s respect+ ! hi/ory ( m51 :i* x is prop] t all %\ld "k2 :ile ! second owes its int]e/ to passionate impulse or incid5t4 ,?is di/9ction holds 9 all ages1 b ! di/9ction betwe5 ! fran*ise ( ,nor!rn1 & ! con/ancy ( ,byzant9e1 art1 dep5ds p>tly on ! unsy/ematic play ( emotion 9 ! "o1 & ! appo9t$ sequ5ce ( kn[n fact or det]m9$ judgm5t 9 ! o!r4 ,y w f9d 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,m4 ,didron's book1 already quot$1 an admirable analysis ( :at may be call$ ! classic sequ5ce ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 z writt5 9 ! sculpture ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres4 ,y w f9d 9 ! treatm5t ( ! faade ( ,orvieto ! beg9n+ ( ! developm5t ( passionate romance1--! "o be+ grave s]mon writ+2 ! o!r1 *e]ful romance or novel writ+3 s t ! "o requires y to ?9k1 ! o!r only to feel or p]ceive2 ! "o is always a p>able ) a mean+1 ! o!r only a /ory ) an impression4 #baa4 ,& "h ,i get at a result conc]n+ ,greek art1 :i* is v sweep+ & wide inde$4 ,t x is all p>able1 b ,go?ic1 z di/9ct f x1 lit]al4 ,s absolutely does ?is hold1 t x rea*es d[n to our mod]n s*ool ( l&scape4 ,y "k ,i h always told y ,turn] belong$ to ! ,greek s*ool4 ,precisely z ! /ream ( blood com+ f "u ! ?rone ( judgm5t 9 ! ,byzant9e mosaic ( ,torcello is a sign ( condemnation1 8 sc>let cl\ds are us$ by ,turn] z a sign ( dea?2 & j z on an ,egyptian tomb ! g5ius ( dea? lays ! sun d[n beh9d ! horizon1 s 9 8 ,cephalus & ,procris1 ! la/ rays ( ! sun )draw f ! =e/ z ! nymph expires4 ,& yet1 obs]ve1 bo? ! classic & romantic tea*+ may be equally e>ne/1 only diff]5t 9 mann]4 ,b f classic art1 unless y und]/& x1 y may get no?+2 f romantic art1 ev5 if y don't und]/& x1 y get at lea/ delight4 #bab4 ,i _c %[ ! diff]5ce m completely or =tunately ?an by comp>+ ,sir ,walt] ,scott's type ( lib]tas1 ) ! fran*ise ( ,*>tres ,ca!dral1 or ,debonnairet ( ! ,pa9t$ ,*amb]4 ,at ,*>tres1 & ,we/m9/]1 ! high bir? is %[n by ! cr[n2 ! /rong bright life by ! fl[+ hair2 ! =titude by ! conqu]or's %ield2 & ! tru? by ! bright op5ness ( ! face3 ,%e 0 n br[n1 nor dull ( hue1 ,b :ite z sn[e1 fall5 newe4 ,all ^! are symbols1 :i*1 if y _c read1 ! image is to y only an un9t]e/+ /iff figure4 ,b ,sir ,walt]'s ,fran*ise1 ,diana ,v]non1 int]e/s y at once 9 p]sonal aspect & "*4 ,%e is no symbol to y2 b if y acqua9t y\rself ) h] p]fectly1 y f9d h] utt] frankness1 gov]n$ by a sup]b self-comm&2 h] spotless tru?1 ref9$ by t5d]ness2 h] fi]y en?usiasm1 subdu$ by dignity2 & h] fe>less lib]ty1 incapable ( do+ wrong1 jo9+ to fulfil to y1 9 sight & pres5ce1 :at ! ,greek c\ld only tea* by signs4 #bac4 ,i h be=e notic$--?\gh ,i am n sure t y h yet believ$ my /atem5t ( x--! significance ( ,sir ,walt]'s z ( ,%akspe>e's names2 ,diana ',v]non1 semp] viret1' gives y ! conditions ( purity & y\?ful /r5g? or spr+ :i* imply ! highe/ /ate ( lib]tas4 ,by corruption ( ! idea ( purity1 y get ! mod]n h]o9es ( ,london ,j\rnal--or p]haps we may m fitly call x ',cockney-daily'--lit]ature4 ,y h "o ( !m 9 p]fection1 = in/ance1 9 ,mr4 ,*>les ,reade's ',griffi? ,gaunt'--,li!1 & vigor\s1 & "o ) h] great :ite geld+2 & liable to be entirely *ang$ 9 h] m9d ab\t ! de/9ies ( h] life by a qu>t] ( an h\r's conv]sation ) a g5tleman unexpect$ly h&some2 ! h]o also be+ a p]son :o looks at p :om he dislikes1 ) eyes l a dog's 9 ! d>k2 & bo? h]o & h]o9e hav+ s\ls & intellects also precisely correspond+ to ^? ( a dog's 9 ! d>k1 :i* is inde$ ! ess5tial picture ( ! practical ,engli% national m9d at ?is mom5t1--happy if x rema9s doggi%1--,circe n usually be+ cont5t ) *ang+ p into dogs only4 ,= ! ,diana ,v]non ( ! ,greek is ,artemis ,laphria1 :o is fri5dly to ! dog2 n to ! sw9e4 ,d y see1 by ! way1 h[ p]fectly ! image is c>ri$ out by ,sir ,walt] 9 putt+ 8 ,diana on ! bord] c\ntry8 ,yond] blue hill is 9 ,scotl&1 %e says to h] c\s91--n 9 ! lea/ ?9k+ less ( him = hav+ be5 conc]n$1 x may be1 9 "o ( ,bob ,roy's =ays4 ,& s gradually y get ! idea ( ,norman fran*ise c>ri$ out 9 ! free-rid] or free-boot]2 n safe f degradation on t side also2 b by no means ( sw9i% temp]1 or =ag+1 z at pres5t ! ,briti% speculative public1 only ) ! sn\t4 #bad4 ,f9ally1 9 ! mo/ s(t & dome/ic =m ( virtue1 y h ,wordswor?'s ideal3 ,h] h\sehold motions light & free1 ,& /eps ( virg9 lib]ty4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! nor!rn types ( fem99e virtue1 & ! figures ( ,alce/is1 ,antigone1 or ,iphig5ia1 lies deep 9 ! _s ( ! art ( ei!r c\ntry1 & is c>ri$ out into its mo/ unimportant details4 ,we %all f9d 9 ! c5tral art ( ,flor5ce at once ! ?\ghtfulness ( ,greece & ! gladness ( ,engl&1 associat$ "u images ( mona/ic sev]ity peculi> to h]self4 ,& :at ,diana ,v]non is to a ,fr5* ball]9e danc+ ! ,cancan1 ! 'lib]tas' ( ,*>tres & ,we/m9/] is to ! 'lib]ty' ( ,m4 ,victor ,hugo & ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,! ,,tyrrh5e ,,sea4 #bae4 ,we may n[ return to ! po9ts ( necess>y hi/ory1 hav+ our ideas fix$ )9 accurate limits z to ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,lib]ty2 & z to ! relation ( ! passions :i* sep>at$ ! ,guelph & ,ghibell9e to ^? ( our own days4 ,! ,lomb>d or ,guelph league consi/$1 aft] ! accession ( ,flor5ce1 ess5tially ( ! ?ree great cities--,milan1 ,bologna1 & ,flor5ce2 ! ,imp]ial or ,ghibell9e league1 ( ,v]ona1 ,pisa1 & ,si5a4 ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 bo? nom9ally ,guelph1 are 9 furi\s cont5tion always = sea empire :ile ,pisa & ,g5oa are 9 cont5tion1 n s mu* = empire1 z hon\r4 ,:e!r ! trade ( ! ,ea/ 0 to g up ! ,adriatic1 or r\nd by ! ,gulf ( ,g5oa1 0 ess5tially a m]cantile "q2 b :e!r1 ( ! two ports 9 sight ( ea* o!r1 ,pisa or ,g5oa 0 to be ! ,que5 ( ! ,tyrrh5e ,sea1 0 no less di/9ctly a p]sonal "o ?an :i* ( two rival beauties %all preside at a t\rnam5t4 #baf4 ,?is p]sonal rivalry1 s f> z x 0 sep>at$ f _! comm]cial int]e/s1 0 inde$ mortal1 b n malignant4 ,! qu>rel 0 to be decid$ to ! dea?1 b decid$ ) hon\r2 & ea* city _h f\r obs]v]s p]mitt$ly resid5t 9 ! o!r1 to give acc\nt ( all t 0 done !re 9 naval inv5tion & armam5t4 #bag4 ,obs]ve1 also1 9 ! ye> #abea1 :5 we quitt$ our hi/ory1 we left ,flor5ce n only ,guelph1 z aga9/ ! ,imp]ial p[]1 7t is to say1 ! body ( h] knights :o fav\r$ ! ,pope & ,italians1 9 dom9ion ov] ^? :o fav\r$ ,manfr$ & ! ,g]mans71 b we left h] also def9itely ) h] apron ?r[n ov] h] %ield2 & ! tradesm5 & craftsm5 9 au?ority ov] ! knight1 :e!r ,g]man or ,italian1 ,papal or ,imp]ial4 ,t is 9 #abea4 ,n[ 9 ^! la/ two lectures ,i mu/ try to m>k ! gi/ ( ! hi/ory ( ! next ?irty ye>s4 ,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 ?is1 ( ! middle ages1 inf9itely important to all ages2 fir/ obs]ve1 betwe5 ,guelph & ,ghibell9e1 end+ 9 ! humiliation ( ! ,ghibell9e2 &1 secondly1 betwe5 ,%ield & ,apron1 or1 if y l bett]1 betwe5 ,spe> & ,hamm]1 end+ 9 ! break+ ( ! ,spe>4 #bah4 ,! fir/ decision ( battle1 ,i say1 is t betwe5 ,guelph & ,ghibell9e1 head$ by two m5 ( precisely oppposite *>act]s1 ,*>les ( ,anj\ & ,manfr$ ( ,suabia4 ,t ,i may be able to def9e ! opposition ( _! *>act]s intelligibly1 ,i mu/ fir/ ask y\r att5tion to "s po9ts ( g5]al s*ol>%ip4 ,i said 9 my la/ lecture t1 9 ?is "o1 x w\ld be ne$ful = u to consid] :at piety 01 if we happ5$ n to "k2 or worse ?an t1 x may be1 n in/9ctively to feel4 ,su* want ( feel+ is inde$ n likely 9 y1 be+ ,engli%-br$2 yet z x is ! mod]n cant to consid] all su* s5tim5t z useless1 or ev5 %ameful1 we %all be 9 sev]al ways advantag$ by "s exam9ation ( its nature4 ,( all classical writ]s1 ,horace is ! "o ) :om ,engli% g5tlem5 h on ! av]age mo/ sympa?y2 & ,i believe1 !re=e1 we %all mo/ simply & easily get at our po9t by exam9+ ! piety ( ,horace4 #bai4 ,y are p]haps1 = ! mom5t1 surpris$1 :atev] might h be5 admitt$ ( neas1 to he> ,horace spok5 ( z a pi\s p]son4 ,b ( c\rse :5 y\r att5tion is turn$ to ! matt] y w recollect _m l9es 9 :i* ! ^w 'pietas' occurs1 ( :i* y h only hi!rto fail$ to all[ ! =ce because y suppos$ ,horace did n mean :at he said4 #bbj4 ,b ,horace always & altoge!r means :at he says4 ,x is j because--:atev] 8 faults may h be5--he 0 n a hypocrite1 t ,engli% g5tlem5 are s fond ( him4 ,"h is a frank fell[1 anyh[1 !y say1 & a witty "o4 ,wise m5 "k t he is also wise4 ,true m5 "k t he is also true4 ,b pi\s m51 = want ( att5tion1 d n always "k t he is pi\s4 ,"o great ob/acle to y\r und]/&+ ( him is y\r hav+ be5 =c$ to con/ruct ,lat9 v]ses1 ) introduction ( ! ^w ',jupit]' always1 at ne$1 :5 y 7 at a loss = a dactyl4 ,y always feel z if ,horace only us$ x also :5 he want$ a dactyl4 #bba4 ,get quit ( t notion :olly4 ,all immortal writ]s speak out ( _! he>ts4 ,horace spoke out ( ! abundance ( 8 he>t1 & tells y precisely :at he is1 z frankly z ,montaigne4 ,note !n1 fir/1 h[ mode/ he is3 ,ne p>va ,tyrrh5um p] aequor1 vela d>em2--,op]osa p>vus1 c>m9a f+o4 ,tru/ him 9 su* words2 he absolutely means !m2 kn[s ?or\ghly t he _c sail ! ,tyrrh5e ,sea1--kn[s t he _c float on ! w9ds ( ,mat9um1--c only murmur 9 ! sunny holl[s ( x among ! hea?4 ,b note1 secondly1 8 pride3 ,exegi monum5tum s]e p]5nius4 ,he is n ! lea/ afraid to say t4 ,he did x2 knew he _h done x2 said he _h done x2 & fe>$ no *>ge ( arrogance4 #bbb4 ,note ?irdly1 !n1 8 piety1 & accept 8 assur$ spee* ( x3 ,dis pietas mea1 et ,musa1 cordi e/4 ,he is p]fectly c]ta9 ( t also2 s]5ely tells y s2 & y _h bett] believe him4 ,well = y1 if y c believe him2 = to believe him1 y mu/ und]/& him fir/2 & ,i c tell y1 y won't arrive at t und]/&+ by look+ out ! ^w 'pietas' 9 y\r ,:ite-&-,riddle4 ,if y d y w f9d ^? tiresome contractions1 ,etym4 ,dub41 /op y\r inquiry v briefly1 z y g back2 if y g =w>d1 ?r\gh ! ,italian pieta1 y w arrive pres5tly 9 ano!r gr\p ( ideas1 & end 9 mis]icordia1 m]cy1 & pity4 ,y mu/ n dep5d on ! =m ( ! ^w2 y mu/ f9d out :at x /&s = 9 ,horace's m9d1 & 9 ,virgil's4 ,m ?an race to ! ,roman2 m ?an p[] to ! /atesman2 yet helpless beside ! grave1--,non1 ,torquate1 g5us1 non te facundia1 non te1 ,re/itvet pietas4 ,nay1 also :at x /&s = z an attribute1 n only ( m51 b ( gods2 nor ( ^? only z m]ciful1 b also z av5g+4 ,aga9/ neas himself1 ,dido invokes ! waves ( ! ,tyrrh5e ,sea1 si quid pia num9a possunt4 ,be assur$ !re is no gett+ at ! matt] by diction>y or context4 ,to "k :at love means1 y mu/ love2 to "k :at piety means1 y mu/ be pi\s4 #bbc4 ,p]haps y dislike ! ^w1 n[1 f its vulg> use4 ,y may h ano!r if y *oose1 a metaphorical "o1--close en\gh x seems to ,*ri/ianity1 & yet /ill absolutely di/9ct f x1--,greek3 99*ri/os994 ,suppose1 z y wat* ! :ite bloom ( ! olives ( ,val d',arno & ,val di ,nievole1 :i* mod]n piety & economy suppose 7 gr[n by ,god only to supply y ) f9e ,lucca oil1 y 7 to consid]1 in/ead1 :at answ] y c\ld make to ! ,socratio "q1 ,greek3 99po!n un tis tovto to *risma labot994 #a ,footnote #a3 ,xem4 ,conviv41 ii4 #bbd4 ,i spoke to y fir/ ( ,horace's mode/y4 ,all piety beg9s 9 mode/y4 ,y mu/ feel t y are a v little creature1 & t y _h bett] d z y are bid4 ,y w !n beg9 to ?9k :at y are bid to d1 & :o bids x4 ,& y w f9d1 unless y are v unhappy inde$1 t !re is always a q cle> notion ( "r & wrong 9 y\r m9ds1 :i* y c ei!r obey or disobey1 at y\r pleasure4 ,obey x simply & resolutely2 x w become cle>] to y e day3 & 9 ob$i5ce to x1 y w f9d a s5se ( be+ 9 h>mony ) nature1 & at peace ) ,god1 & all ,8 creatures4 ,y w n und]/& h[ ! peace comes1 nor ev5 9 :at x consi/s4 ,x is ! peace t passes und]/&+2--x is j z vision>y & imag9ative z love is1 & j z real1 & j z necess>y to ! life ( man4 ,x is ! only s\rce ( true *e]fulness1 & ( true common s5se2 & :e!r y believe ! ,bible1 or don't1--or believe ! ,koran1 or don't--or believe ! ,v$as1 or don't--x w enable y to believe 9 ,god1 & please ,him1 & be su* a "p ( ! ,greek3 99eudokia99 ( ! univ]se z y\r nature fits y to be1 9 ,8 sight1 fai?ful 9 awe to ! p[]s t are above y1 & graci\s 9 reg>d to ! creatures t are ar\nd4 #bbe4 ,i w take leave on ?is head to read "o m piece ( ,c>lyle1 be>+ mu* on pres5t matt]s4 ,i hope also !y w attack e>ne/ly1 & at l5g? ext+ui% & eradicate1 ?is idle habit ( 'acc\nt+ = ! moral s5se1' z !y phrase x4 ,a mo/ s+ul> problem2--in/ead ( b5d+ e ?\ght to h m1 & ev] m1 ( 'moral s5se1' & !re) to irradiate y\r own poor s\l1 & all its "w1 into some?+ ( div95ess1 z ! "o ?+ ne$ful to y 9 ?is _w6 ,a v futile problem t o!r1 my fri5ds2 futile1 idle1 & f> worse2 lead+ to :at moral ru91 y little dream (6 ,! moral s5se1 ?ank ,god1 is a ?+ y nev] w 'acc\nt =2' t1 if y c\ld ?9k ( x1 is ! p]5nial miracle ( man2 9 all times1 visibly connect+ poor transitory man1 "h on ?is bewild]$ e>?1 ) 8 ,mak] :o is et]nal 9 ! heav5s4 ,by no greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple1 greate/ nobl5ess pr9ciple1 or any pr9ciple :atev]1 w y make t 9 ! lea/ cle>] ?an x already is2--=be>1 ,i say1 or y may d>k5 x away f y altoge!r6 ',two ?+s1' says ! memorable ,kant1 deepe/ & mo/ logical ( metaphysical ?9k]s1 'two ?+s /rike me dumb3 ! inf9ite />ry heav5s2 & ! s5se ( "r & wrong 9 man4' ,visible inf9ites1 bo?2 say no?+ ( !m2 don't try to 'acc\nt = !m2' = y c say no?+ wise4 #bbf4 ,v briefly1 ,i mu/ t\* "o or two fur!r relative conditions 9 ?is natural hi/ory ( ! s\l4 ,i h ask$ y to take ! metaphorical1 b di/9ct1 ^w ',greek3 99*risma99' r ?an ! direct b obscure "o 'piety'2 ma9ly because ! ,ma/] ( y\r religion *ose ! metaphorical epi!t = ! p]petual "o ( ,8 own life & p]son4 ,b if y w sp5d a ?\ghtful h\r or two 9 read+ ! scripture1 :i* pi\s ,greeks read1 n inde$ on da9tily pr9t$ pap]1 b on da9tily pa9t$ clay1--if y w exam9e1 t is to say1 ! scriptures ( ! ,a!nian religion1 on _! ,pan-,a!naic vases1 9 _! fai?ful days1 y w f9d t ! gift ( ! lit]al ,greek3 99*risma991 or ano9t+ oil1 to ! victor 9 ! k+ly & visible conte/ ( life1 is sign$ always ) ! image ( t _s or goddess ( ! air :o 0 ! s\rce ( _! invisible life4 ,& let me1 be=e quitt+ ?is "p ( my subject1 give y "o piece ( :at y w f9d useful c\nsel4 ,if ev] f ! "r apo!c>y1 or ,greek3 muropolaes'1 y get any ( t ,greek3 99*risma991--don't be c>eful1 :5 y set x by1 ( look+ = dead dragons or dead dogs 9 x4 ,b look out = ! dead flies4 #bbg4 ,aga92 rememb]1 ,i only quote ,/4 ,paul z ,i quote ,x5ophon to y2 b ,i expect y to get "s good f bo?4 ,z ,i want y to ?9k :at ,x5ophon means by ',greek3 99manteia991' s ,i want y to consid] also :at ,/4 ,paul means by ',greek3 99prophetia994' ,he tells y to prove all ?+s1--to hold fa/ :at is good1 & n to despise 'prophesy+s4' #bbh4 ,n[ x is q lit]ally probable1 t ?is _w1 hav+ n[ = "s five hundr$ ye>s absolutely refus$ to d z x is pla9ly bid by e prophet t ev] spoke 9 any nation1 & hav+ r$uc$ itself !re=e to ,saul's condition1 :5 he 0 answ]$ nei!r by ,urim nor by prophets1 may be n[1 :ile y sit !re1 receiv+ necromantic answ]s f ! wit* ( ,endor4 ,b ) t possibility y h no conc]n4 ,!re is a prophetic p[] 9 y\r own he>ts1 kn[n to ! ,greeks1 kn[n to ! ,jews1 kn[n to ! ,apo/les1 & kn[able by y4 ,if x is n[ sil5t to y1 d n despise x by tranquillity "u t privation2 if x speaks to y1 d n despise x by disob$i5ce4 #bbi4 ,n[ 9 ?is broad def9ition ( ,pietas1 z rev]5ce to s5tim5tal law1 y w f9d ,i am support$ by all classical au?ority & use ( ?is ^w4 ,= ! p>ticul> mean+ ( :i* ,i am next ab\t to use ! ^w ,religion1 !re is no su* g5]al au?ority1 nor c !re be1 = any limit$ or accurate mean+ ( x4 ,! be/ au?ors use ! ^w 9 v>i\s s5ses2 & y mu/ int]pret ea* writ] by 8 own context4 ,i h myself cont9ually us$ ! t]m vaguely4 ,i %all endeav\r1 h5ce=w>d1 to use x "u limitations :i*1 will+ always to accept1 ,i %all only transgress by c>elessness1 or compliance ) "s p>ticul> use ( ! ^w by o!rs4 ,! p[] 9 ! ^w1 !n1 :i* ,i wi% y n[ to notice1 is 9 its employm5t ) respect to doctr9al divisions4 ,y d n say t "o man is ( "o piety1 & ano!r ( ano!r2 b y d1 t "o man is ( "o religion1 & ano!r ( ano!r4 #bcj4 ,! religion ( any man is ?us prop]ly to be int]pret$1 z ! feel+ :i* b9ds him1 irrationally1 to ! fulfilm5t ( duties1 or acceptance ( beliefs1 peculi> to a c]ta9 company ( :i* he =ms a memb]1 z di/9ct f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ',:i* b9ds him irrationally1' ,i say2--by a feel+1 at all ev5ts1 ap>t f reason1 & (t5 sup]ior to x2 su* z t :i* br+s back ! bee to its hive1 & ! bird to h] ne/4 ,a man's religion is ! =m ( m5tal re/1 or dwell+-place1 :i*1 p>tly1 8 fa!rs h ga9$ or built = him1 & p>tly1 by due rev]5ce to =m] cu/om1 he has built = himself2 consi/+ ( :atev] imp]fect k may h be5 grant$1 up to t "t1 9 ! l& ( 8 bir?1 ( ! ,div9e "*1 pres5ce1 & deal+s2 modifi$ by ! circum/ances ( surr\nd+ life4 ,x may be1 t sudd5 accession ( new k may compel him to ca/ 8 =m] idols to ! moles & to ! bats4 ,b x mu/ be "s v miracul\s int]position inde$ :i* c ju/ify him 9 quitt+ ! religion ( 8 =efa!rs2 &1 assur$ly1 x mu/ be an unwise int]position :i* provokes him to insult x4 #bca4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! value ( religi\s c]emonial1 & ! virtue ( religi\s tru?1 consi/ 9 ! meek fulfilm5t ( ! "o z ! fond habit ( a family2 & ! meek acceptance ( ! o!r1 z ! n>r[ k ( a *ild4 ,& bo? are de/roy$ at once1 & ! c]emonial or doctr9al prejudice becomes only an occasion ( s91 if !y make u ei!r wise 9 our own conceit1 or viol5t 9 our me?ods ( proselytism4 ,( ^? :o w compass sea & l& to make "o proselyte1 x is too g5]ally true t !y are !mselves ! *ildr5 ( hell1 & make _! proselytes tw(old m s4 #bcb4 ,& n[ ,i am able to /ate to y1 9 t]ms s accurately def9$ t y _c misund]/& !m1 t we are ab\t to /udy ! results 9 ,italy ( ! victory ( an impi\s ,*ri/ian ov] a pi\s ,infidel1 9 a conte/ :i*1 if inde$ pr9cipalities ( evil _s are ev] p]mitt$ to rule ov] ! d>kness ( ?is _w1 0 assur$ly by !m :olly provok$1 & by !m f9ally decid$4 ,! w> 0 n actually end$ until ! battle ( ,tagliacozzo1 f\ght 9 ,augu/1 #abfh2 b y ne$ n recollect t irregul> date1 or rememb] x only z ?ree ye>s aft] ! great battle ( ,welcome1 ,b5ev5to2 :i* 0 ! decisive "o4 ,recollect1 !re=e1 securely3 #abej4 ,! ,fir/ ,trades ,revolt 9 ,flor5ce4 #abfj4 ,battle ( ! ,arbia4 #abfe4 ,battle ( ,welcome4 ,!n betwe5 ! battle ( ,welcome & ( ,tagliacozzo1 7:i* y might almo/ ,engli% 9 ! real mean+ ( x z ! battle ( ,h>t's ,dea?3 'cozzo' is a butt or ?ru/ ) ! horn1 & y may well ?9k ( ! "y ,conrad9 z a wild h>t or /ag ( ! hills7--betwe5 ^? two battles1 9 #abff1 comes ! second & c5tral revolt ( ! trades 9 ,flor5ce1 ( :i* ,i h to speak 9 next lecture4 #bcc4 ,! two ,g]man pr9ces :o p]i%$ 9 ^! two battles--,manfr$ ( ,t>5tum1 & 8 nephew & w>d ,conrad9--are ! natural son1 & ! legitimate gr&son ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii43 !y are also ! la/ ass]tors ( ! infidel ,g]man p[] 9 s\? ,italy aga9/ ! ,*ur*2 & 9 alliance ) ! ,s>ac5s2 su* alliance hav+ be5 ma9ta9$ fai?fully ev] s9ce ,fr$]ick ,,ii4's triumphal entry into ,j]usalem1 & cornation z its k+4 ,n only a great numb] ( ,manfr$'s =ts 7 comm&$ by ,s>ac5 gov]nors1 b he _h !m also appo9t$ ov] civil tribunals4 ,my own impression is t he f\nd ! ,s>ac5s m j & tru/wor?y ?an ! ,*ri/ians2 b x is prop] to rememb] ! allegations ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! :ole ,suabian family2 namely1 t ,manfr$ _h smo!r$ 8 fa!r ,fr$]ick "u cu%ions at ,f]5t9o2 & t1 ( ,fr$]ick's sons1 ,conrad _h poison$ ,h5ry1 & ,manfr$ _h poison$ ,conrad4 ,y w1 h[ev]1 ,i believe1 f9d ! ,pr9ce ,manfr$ "o ( ! pure/ repres5tatives ( nor!rn *ivalry4 ,aga9/ 8 nephew1 educat$ 9 all knightly accompli%m5t by 8 "m1 ,elizabe? ( ,bav>ia1 no?+ c\ld be alleg$ by 8 enemies1 ev5 :5 resolv$ on 8 dea?1 b ! spl5d\r ( 8 _s & ! brightness ( 8 y\?4 #bcd4 ,( ! "* ( _! enemy1 ,*>les ( ,anj\1 !re w rema9 on y\r m9ds1 aft] c>eful exam9ation ( 8 conduct1 only ! d\bt :e!r ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( him z ,*ri/ian aga9/ ,infidel4 ,b y w cease to d\bt ?is :5 y h entirely ent]$ into ! conditions ( ?is nasc5t ,*ri/ianity ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,y w f9d t :ile m5 :o desire to be virtu\s receive x z ! "m ( virtues1 m5 :o desire to be crim9al receive x z ! =giv] ( crimes2 & t !re=e1 betwe5 ,ghibell9e or ,infidel cruelty1 & ,guelph or ,*ri/ian cruelty1 !re is always ?is diff]5ce1--t ! ,infidel cruelty is done 9 hot blood1 & ! ,*ri/ian's 9 cold4 ,i hope 79 future lectures on ! ar*itecture ( ,pisa7 to illu/rate to y ! opposition betwe5 ! ,ghibell9e ,conti1 c\nts1 & ! ,guelphic ,visconti1 visc\nts or aga9/ c\nts1 :i* issues1 = "o ?+1 9 t1 by all m5 blam$ z too delib]ate1 dea? ( ! ,c\nt ,ugol9o della ,gh]>desca4 ,! ,c\nt ,ugol9o 0 a traitor1 :o entirely des]v$ dea?2 b ano!r ,c\nt ( ,pisa1 entirely fai?ful to ! ,ghibell9e cause1 0 put to dea? by ,*>les ( ,anj\1 n only 9 cold blood1 b ) resolute infliction ( ,ugol9o's utmo/ grief2--n 9 ! dungeon1 b 9 ! full light ( day--8 son be+ fir/ put to dea? be=e 8 eyes4 ,& among ! pieces ( h]aldry mo/ significant 9 ! middle ages1 ! asp on ! %ield ( ! ,guelphic visc\nts is to be mu* rememb]$ by y z a sign ( ?is m]ciless cruelty ( mi/ak5 religion2 mi/ak51 b n 9 ! lea/ hypocritical4 ,x has p]fect confid5ce 9 itself1 & c answ] ) s]5ity = all its de$s4 ,! s]5ity ( he>t nev] appe>s 9 ! guilty ,infidels2 !y die 9 despair or gloom1 greatly satisfactory to adv]se religi\s m9ds4 #bce4 ,! ,fr5* ,pope1 !n1 ,urban ( ,troyes1 _h s5t = ,*>les ( ,anj\2 :o w\ld n h answ]$ 8 call1 ev5 ) all ! /r5g? ( ,anj\ & ,prov5ce1 _h n ,scylla ( ! ,tyrrh5e ,sea be5 on 8 side4 ,pisa1 ) eighty galleys 7! ,sicilian fleet add$ to h] own71 wat*$ & def5d$ ! coa/s ( ,rome4 ,an irresi/ible /orm drove h] fleet to %elt]2 & ,*>les1 9 a s+le %ip1 rea*$ ! m\? ( ! ,tib]1 & f\nd lodg+s at ,rome 9 ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,8 wife mean:ile sp5t h] d[ry 9 increas+ 8 l& army1 & l$ x across ! ,alps4 ,h[ he _h got 8 wife1 & h] d[ry1 we mu/ he> 9 ,villani's words1 z ne>ly z ,i c give _! =ce 9 ,engli%1 only1 in/ead ( ! ,engli% ^w pilgrim1 ,i %all use ! ,italian 'romeo' = ! sake bo? ( all ,engli% ,juliets1 & t y may bett] und]/& ! close ( ! six? canto ( ! ,p>adise4 #bcf4 ,n[ ! ,c\nt ,raymond ,b]5g] _h = 8 inh]itance all ,prov5ce on ?is side ,rhone2 & he 0 a wise & c\rte\s signor1 & ( noble /ate1 & virtu\s2 & 9 8 "t !y did hon\rable ?+s2 & to 8 c\rt came by cu/om all ! g5tlem5 ( ,prov5ce1 & ,france1 & ,catalonia1 = 8 c\rtesy & noble /ate2 & !re !y made _m cobbl$ v]ses1 & ,prov5al songs ( great s5t5ces4 #bcg4 ,i mu/ /op to tell y t 'cobbl$' or 'c\pl$' v]ses mean rhymes1 z oppos$ to ! dull me?od ( ,lat9 v]se2 = we h n[ got an e> = j+le1 & "k t dove rhymes to love4 ,also1 songs ( great s5t5ces mean didactic songs1 conta9+ mu* 9 little1 7l ! new didactic ,*ri/ian pa9t+17 ( :i* an example 7?\gh ( a lat] "t7 w give y a bett] idea ?an any description4 ,vraye foy de necessit1 ,non tant seulem5t d'equit1 ,n\s fait de ,dieu sept *oses croire3 ,c'e/ sa d\lce nativit1 ,son baptesme d'humilit1 ,et sa mort1 digne de mmoire3 ,son desc5s en la *>tre noire1 ,et sa resurrection1 voire2 ,s'asc5cion d'auctorit1 ,la v5ue judicatoire1 ,ou ly bons s]ont mis en gloire1 ,et ly mals en adv]sit4 #bch4 ,& :ile !y 7 mak+ ^! cobbl$ v]ses & h>moni\s cre$s1 !re came a romeo to c\rt1 return+ f ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,james4 ,i mu/ /op aga9 j to say t he ought to h be5 call$ a pellegr9o1 n a romeo1 = ! ?ree k9ds ( w&]]s are1--,palm]1 "o :o goes to ! ,holy ,l&2 ,pilgrim1 "o :o goes to ,spa92 & ,romeo1 "o :o goes to ,rome4 ,probably ?is romeo _h be5 to bo?4 ,he /opp$ at ,c\nt ,raymond's c\rt1 & 0 s wise & wor?y 7valoroso71 & s won ! ,c\nt's grace1 t he made him 8 ma/] & guide 9 all ?+s4 ,:o also1 ma9ta9+ himself 9 hone/ & religi\s cu/oms ( life1 9 a little "t1 by 8 indu/ry & good s5se1 d\bl$ ! ,c\nt's rev5ues ?ree times ov]1 ma9ta9+ always a great & hon\r$ c\rt4 ,n[ ! ,c\nt _h f\r daught]s1 & no son2 & by ! s5se & provision ( ! good romeo--7,i c d no bett] ?an translate 'procaccio' provision1 b x is only a make%ift = ! ^w d]iv$ f procax1 mean+ ! g5]al tal5t ( prud5t impud5ce1 9 gett+ =w>d2 '=w>dness1' has a good deal ( ! true s5se1 only dilut$27--well1 by ! s5se &--progressive faculty1 %all we say8--( ! good pilgrim1 he fir/ m>ri$ ! elde/ daught]1 by means ( money1 to ! good ,k+ ,l\is ( ,france1 say+ to ! ,c\nt1 ',let me alone1--,lascia-mi-f>e--& nev] m9d ! exp5se1 = if y m>ry ! fir/ "o well1 ,i'll m>ry y all ! o!rs *eap]1 = h] relation%ip4 #bci4 ,& s x fell out1 sure en\gh2 = incont95tly ! ,k+ ( ,engl& 7,h5ry ,,iii47 because he 0 ! ,k+ ( ,france's relation1 took ! next daught]1 ,eleanor1 = v little money inde$2 next1 8 natural bro!r1 elect ,k+ ( ! ,romans1 took ! ?ird2 &1 ! y\nge/ /ill rema9+ unm>ri$1--says ! good romeo1 ',n[ = ?is "o1 ,i w y to h a /rong man = son-9-law1 :o %all be ?y heir2'--& s he br\ght x to pass4 ,= f9d+ ,*>les1 ,c\nt ( ,anj\1 bro!r ( ! ,k+ ,l\is1 he said to ,raymond1 ',give h] n[ to him1 = 8 fate is to be ! be/ man 9 ! _w1'--prophesy+ ( him4 ,& s x 0 done4 ,& aft] all ?is x came to pass1 by envy :i* ru9s all good1 t ! b>ons ( ,prov5ce became jeal\s ( ! good romeo1 & accus$ him to ! ,c\nt ( hav+ ill-guid$ 8 goods1 & made ,raymond dem& acc\nt ( !m4 ,!n ! good romeo said1 ',c\nt1 ,i h s]v$ !e long1 & h put !e f little /ate into mighty1 & = ?is1 by false c\nsel ( ?y p1 ?\ art little grateful4 ,i came into ?y c\rt a poor romeo2 ,i h liv$ hone/ly on ?y means2 n[1 make to be giv5 to me my little mule & my /aff & my wallet1 z ,i came1 & ,i w make !e quit ( all my s]vice4' ,! ,c\nt w\ld n he %\ld g2 b = no?+ w\ld he /ay2 & s he came1 & s he dep>t$1 t no "o ev] knew :5ce he _h come1 nor :i!r he w5t4 ,x 0 ! ?\ght ( _m t he 0 inde$ a sacr$ _s4 #bdj4 ,?is pilgrim1 y are to notice1 is put by ,dante 9 ! orb ( ju/ice1 z a j s]vant2 ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian be+ ! image ( a j rul]4 ,ju/9ian's law-mak+ turn$ out well = ,engl&2 b ! good romeo's mat*-mak+ end$ ill = x2 & = ,borne1 & ,naples also4 ,= ,beatrice ( ,prov5ce resolv$ to be a que5 l h] ?ree si/]s1 & 0 ! prompt+ _s ( ,*>les's exp$ition to ,italy4 ,%e 0 cr[n$ ) him1 ,que5 ( ,apulia & ,sicily1 on ! day ( ! ,epiphany1 #abfe2 %e & h] husb& br++ gifts t day ( magical p[] en\gh2 & ,*>les1 z soon z ! fea/ ( coronation 0 ov]1 set out to give battle to ,manfr$ & 8 ,s>ac5s4 ,& ?is ,*>les1 says ,villani1 0 wise1 & ( sane c\nsel2 & ( pr[ess 9 arms1 & fi]ce1 & mu* fe>$ & r$\bt$ by all ! k+s 9 ! _w2--magnanim\s & ( high purposes2 fe>less 9 ! c>ry+ =? ( e great ent]prise2 firm 9 e adv]sity2 a v]ifi] ( 8 e ^w2 speak+ little1--do+ mu*2 & sc>cely ev] laugh$1 & !n b a little2 s9c]e1 & )\t flaw1 z a religi\s & ca?olic p]son2 /]n 9 ju/ice1 & fi]ce 9 look2 tall & n]v\s 9 p]son1 olive col\r$1 & ) a l>ge nose1 & well he appe>$ a royal maje/y m ?an o!r m54 ,mu* he wat*$1 & little he slept2 & us$ to say t s mu* "t z "o slept1 "o lo/2 g5]\s to 8 m5-at-arms1 b covet\s to acquire l&1 signory1 & co91 come h[ x w\ld1 to furni% 8 ent]prises & w>s3 9 c\rti]s1 s]vants ( pleasure1 or jocul> p]sons1 he delight$ nev]4 #bda4 ,to ?is newly cr[n$ & resolute k+1 rid+ s\? f ,rome1 ,manfr$1 f 8 vale ( ,noc]a "u ,m\nt ,/4 ,augelo1 s5ds to (f] conditions ( peace4 ,jehu ! son ( ,nim%i is n swift] ( answ] to ,ahaziah's mess5g] ?an ! fi]y ,*ri/ian k+1 9 8 ',:at ha/ ?\ to d ) peace8' ,*>les answ]s ! mess5g]s ) 8 own lips3 ,tell ! ,sultan ( ,noc]a1 ?is day ,i w put him 9 hell1 or he %all put me 9 p>adise4 #bdb4 ,d n ?9k x ! spee* ( a hypocrite4 ,*>les 0 z fully prep>$ = dea? t day z ev] ,scot* ,cov5ant] fight+ = 8 ,holy ,league2 & z sure t dea? w\ld f9d him1 if x f\nd1 only to glorify & bless4 ,balf\r ( ,burley aga9/ ,clav]h\se is n m conv9c$ 9 he>t t he draws ! sword ( ! ,"l & ( ,gideon4 ,b all ! knightly pride ( ,clav]h\se himself is knit toge!r1 9 ,*>les1 ) fe>less fai?1 & religi\s wra?4 ,?is ,s>ac5 scum1 l$ by a ba/>d ,g]man1--traitor to 8 cre$1 usurp] among 8 race1--d>es x look me1 a ,*ri/ian knight1 a pr9ce ( ! h\se ( ,france1 9 ! eyes8 ,tell ! ,sultan ( ,noc]a1 to-day ,i put him 9 hell1 or he puts me 9 p>adise4 ,!y are n passionate words nei!r2 any m ?an hypocritical ones4 ,!y are measur$1 resolute1 & ! fewe/ possible4 ,he nev] wa/$ words1 nor %[$ 8 m9d1 b :5 he meant x %\ld be kn[n4 #bdc4 ,! mess5g] return$1 ?us answ]$2 & ! ,fr5* k+ rode on ) 8 ho/4 ,manfr$ met him 9 ! pla9 ( ,gr&ella1 be=e ,b5ev5to4 ,i h translat$ ! "n ( ! =tress ',welcome4' ,x 0 alt]$1 z y may rememb]1 f ,malev5tum1 = bett] om52 p]haps1 orig9ally1 only ,greek3 99maloeis99--a rock full ( wild goats8--associat+ x ?us ) ! mean+ ( ,tagliacozzo4 #bdd4 ,*>les divid$ 8 army into f\r companies4 ,! capta9 ( 8 own 0 our ,engli% ,guy de ,mont=t1 on :om re/$ ! p[] & ! fate ( 8 gr&fa!r1 ! pursu] ( ! ,wald5sian %eph]ds among ! rocks ( ! wild goats4 ,! la/1 & x is said ! goodlie/1 troop 0 ( ! exil$ ,guelphs ( ,flor5ce1 "u ,guido ,gu]ra1 ^: "n y already "k4 ,^!1 said ,manfr$1 z he wat*$ !m ride into _! ranks1 _c lose to-day4 ,he meant t if he himself 0 ! victor1 he w\ld re/ore ^! exiles to _! city4 ,! ev5t ( ! battle 0 decid$ by ! trea*]y ( ! ,c\nt ( ,cas]ta1 ,manfr$'s bro!r-9-law4 ,at ! end ( ! day only a few knights rema9$ ) him1 :om he l$ 9 ! la/ *>ge4 ,z he helm$ himself1 ! cre/ fell f 8 helmet4 ,hoc e/ signum ,dei1 he said1--s accept+ :at he saw to be ! purpose ( ! ,rul] ( all ?+s2 n claim+ ,god z 8 fri5d4 n ask+ any?+ ( ,him1 z if ,8 purpose c\ld be *ang$2 n fe>+ ,him z an enemy2 b accept+ simply ,8 sign t ! appo9t$ day ( dea? 0 come4 ,he rode into ! battle arm$ l a nameless soldi]1 & lay unkn[n among ! dead4 #bde4 ,& 9 him di$ all s\!rn ,italy4 ,nev]1 aft] t day's trea*]y1 did h] nobles rise1 or h] p prosp]4 ,( ! f9d+ ( ! body ( ,manfr$1 & its ca/+ =?1 accurs$1 y may read1 if y w1 ! /ory 9 ,dante4 ,i trace = y to-day rapidly only ! acts ( ,*>les aft] ?is victory1 & its consummation1 ?ree ye>s lat]1 by ! defeat ( ,conrad94 ,! t[n ( ,b5ev5to _h (f]$ no resi/ance to ,*>les1 b he gave x up to pillage1 & massacr$ its inhabitants4 ,! slaught]1 indiscrim9ate1 cont9u$ = eight days2 ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 sla9 ) ! m51 be+ ( ,s>ac5 blood4 ,manfr$'s wife1 ,sybil ( ,epirus1 8 *ildr51 & all 8 b>ons1 di$1 or 7 put to dea?1 9 ! prisons ( ,prov5ce4 ,) ! "y ,conrad1 all ! fai?ful ,ghibel-l9e knights ( ,pisa 7 put to dea?4 ,! son ( ,fr$]ick ( ,antio*1 :o drove ! ,guelphs f ,flor5ce1 _h 8 eyes torn out1 & 0 hang$1 he be+ ! la/ *ild ( ! h\se ( ,suabia4 ,tw5ty-f\r ( ! b>ons ( ,calabria 7 execut$ at ,gallipoli1 & at ,home4 ,*>les cut (f ! feet ( ^? :o _h f\ght = ,conrad2 !n--fe>ful le/ !y %\ld be piti$--%ut !m into a h\se ( wood1 & burn$ !m4 ,8 lieut5ant 9 ,sicily1 ,william ( ! ,/&>d1 besieg$ ! t[n ( ,augu/a1 :i* def5d$ itself ) "s =titude1 b 0 betray$1 & all its inhabitants1 7:o mu/ h be5 m ?an ?ree ?\s&1 = !re 7 a ?\s& able to be> arms17 massacr$ 9 cold blood2 ! la/ ( !m se>*$ = 9 _! hid+-places1 :5 ! /reets 7 empty1 dragg$ to ! sea-%ore1 !n behead$1 & _! bodies ?r[n into ! sea4 ,?r\gh\t ,calabria ! ,*ri/ian judges ( ,*>les ?us =gave 8 enemies4 ,& ! ,mohamm$an p[] & h]esy end$ 9 ,italy1 & %e became secure 9 h] ,ca?olic cre$4 #bdf4 ,n altoge!r secure "u ,fr5* dom9ion4 ,aft] f\rte5 ye>s ( mis]y1 ,sicily sang h] angry vesp]s1 & a ,calabrian admiral burnt ! fleet ( ,*>les be=e 8 eyes1 :]e ,scylla rules h] b>k+ ,salamis4 ,b ! ,fr5* k+ di$ 9 pray]ful peace1 receiv+ ! sacram5t ) ^! words ( p]fectly hone/ fai?1 z he review$ 8 pa/ life3 ,"l ,god1 z ,i truly believe t y are my ,savi\r1 s ,i pray y to h m]cy on my s\l2 & z ,i truly made ! conque/ ( ,sicily m to s]ve ! ,holy ,*ur* ?an = my own covet\sness1 s ,i pray y to p>don my s9s4 #bdg4 ,y are to note ! two clauses ( ?is pray]4 ,he prays absolute m]cy1 on acc\nt ( 8 fai? 9 ,*ri/2 b remission ( purgatory1 9 proportion to ! quantity ( good "w he has done1 or meant to d1 z aga9/ evil4 ,y are s mu* wis] 9 ^! days1 y ?9k1 n believ+ 9 purgatory2 & s mu* m b5evol5t1--n massacr+ wom5 & *ildr54 ,b we mu/ n be too pr\d ( n believ+ 9 purgatory1 unless we are q sure ( our real desire to be purifi$3 & z to our n massacr+ *ildr51 x is true t an ,engli% g5tleman w n n[ himself will+ly put a knife into ! ?roat ei!r ( a *ild or a lamb2 b he w kill any quantity ( *ildr5 by disease 9 ord] to increase 8 r5ts1 z unconc]n$ly z he w eat any quantity ( mutton4 ,& z to absolute massacre1 ,i d n suppose a *ild feels s mu* pa9 9 be+ kill$ z a full-gr[n man1 & its life is ( less value to x4 ,no pa9 ei!r ( body or ?\ght ?r\gh :i* y c\ld put an infant1 w\ld be comp>able to t ( a good son1 or a fai?ful lov]1 dy+ sl[ly ( a pa9ful w\nd at a di/ance f a family dep5d5t ^u him1 or a mi/ress devot$ to him4 ,b ! victories ( ,*>les1 & ! massacres1 tak5 9 sum1 w\ld n give a mu/]-roll ( m ?an tw5ty ?\s& dead2 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 c\nt$ all toge!r4 ,on ! pla9s ( ,france1 s9ce ,i fir/ began to speak to y on ! subject ( ! arts ( peace1 at lea/ five hundr$ ?\s& m51 9 ! prime ( life1 h be5 massacr$ by ! folly ( "o ,*ri/ian emp]or1 ! insol5ce ( ano!r1 & ! m+l+ ( mean rapacity ) mean] vanity1 :i* ,*ri/ian nations n[ call 'patriotism4' #bdh4 ,b t ! ,crusad]s1 7:e!r l$ by ,/4 ,l\is or by 8 bro!r17 :o habitually liv$ by robb]y1 & might be swiftly enrag$ to murd]1 7 /ill too savage to conceive ! _s or ! "* ( ?is ,*ri/ ^: cross !y we>1 ,i h aga9 & aga9 alleg$ to y2 n1 ,i imag9e1 )\t "q f _m :o h be5 accu/om$ to look to ^! e>li] ages z au?oritative 9 doctr9e1 if n 9 example4 ,we alike err 9 suppos+ !m m spiritual or m d>k1 ?an our own4 ,!y _h n yet atta9$ to ! k :i* we h despis$1 nor disp]s$ f _! fai? ! %ad[s ) :i* we h aga9 ov]cl\d$ ours4 ,_! passions1 tumultu\s & m]ciless z ! ,tyrrh5e ,sea1 rag$ inde$ ) ! dang]1 b also ) ! uses1 ( naturally appo9t$ /orm2 :ile ours1 pacific 9 corruption1 langui% 9 vague m>emma ( misguid$ pools2 & are pe/il5tial mo/ surely z !y retire4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,,fleur ,,de ,,lys4 #bdi4 ,?r\gh all ! tempe/u\s w9t] :i* dur+ ! p]iod ( hi/ory we h be5 review+1 weak5$1 9 _! w> ) ! oppos$ rocks ( religi\s or knightly pride1 ! waves ( ! ,tuscan ,sea1 !re has be5 sl[ increase ( ! ,favonian p[] :i* is to br+ fruitfulness to ! rock1 peace to ! wave4 ,! new elem5t :i* is introduc$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & p]fects = a little "t ! "w ( ,*ri/ianity1 at lea/ 9 "s few *os5 s\ls1 is ! law ( ,ord] & ,*>ity1 ( intellectual & moral virtue1 :i* x n[ became ! function ( e great arti/ to tea*1 & ( e true citiz5 to ma9ta94 #bej4 ,i h plac$ on y\r table "o ( ! e>lie/ exi/+ engrav+s by a ,flor5t9e h&1 repres5t+ ! conception :i* ! national m9d =m$ ( ?is _s ( ord] & tranquillity1 ,cosmico1 or ! ,equity ( ,kosmos1 n by s5seless attraction1 b by spiritual ?\ght & law4 ,he /&s po9t+ ) 8 left h& to ! e>?1 set only ) tufts ( grass2 9 8 "r h& he holds ! ord]$ sy/em ( ! univ]se--heav5 & e>? 9 "o orb2--! heav5 made cosmic by ! c\rses ( its />s2 ! e>? cosmic by ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4--,,! ,,*>ge ,,to ,,adam4 ,,mod]n ,,italian4 ! seats ( au?ority & fell[%ip1--ca/les on ! hills & cities 9 ! pla94 #bea4 ,! tufts ( grass "u ! feet ( ?is figure w appe> to y1 at fir/1 grotesquely =mal4 ,b !y are only ! simple/ expression1 9 su* h]bage1 ( ! subjection ( all vegetative =ce to ?is law ( ord]1 equity1 or symmetry1 :i*1 made by ! ,greek ! pr9cipal me?od ( 8 curr5t vegetative sculpture1 subdues x1 9 ! h& ( ,cora or ,triptolemus1 into ! m]ely triple sceptre1 or animates x1 9 ,flor5ce1 to ! lik5ess ( ! ,fleur-de-lys4 #beb4 ,i h already /at$ to y t if any def9ite fl[] is meant by ^! triple gr\ps ( leaves1 :i* take _! au?oritatively typical =m 9 ! cr[ns ( ! ,cretan & ,laciuian ,h]a1 x is n ! violet1 b ! purple iris2 or sometimes1 z 9 ,p9d>'s description ( ! bir? ( ,ismus1 ! yell[ wat]-flag1 :i* y "k s well 9 spr+1 by ! banks ( y\r ,ox=d /reams4 #a ,b1 9 g5]al1 x means simply ! spr++ ( beautiful & ord]ly vegetation 9 fields ^u :i* ! dew falls pure4 ,x is ! expression1 !re=e1 ( peace on ! r$eem$ & cultivat$ e>?1 & ( ! pleasure ( heav5 9 ! unc>eful happ9ess ( m5 clo!d )\t lab\r1 & f$ )\t fe>4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! catalogues ( ! collection ( draw+s 9 ?is room1 & 9 my ,que5 ( ! ,air y w f9d all t ,i w\ld ask y to notice ab\t ! v>i\s names & k9ds ( ! fl[]1 & _! symbolic use4--,note only1 ) respect to our pres5t purpose1 t :ile ! true :ite lily is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,angel ( ! ,annunciation ev5 by ,flor5t9e arti/s1 9 _! g5]al design1 ! fleur-de-lys is giv5 to him by ,giovai9i ,pisano on ! faade ( ,orvieto2 & t ! fl[] 9 ! cr[n-circlets ( ,european k+s answ]s1 z ,i /at$ to y 9 my lecture on ! ,corona1 to ! ,n>cissus fillet ( e>ly ,greece2 ! cr[n ( abundance & rejoic+4 #bec4 ,9 ! passage1 s (t5 read by u1 :i* ann\nces ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity z ! dawn ( peace on e>?1 we habitually neglect great "p ( ! promise1 ow+ to ! false translation ( ! second clause ( ! s5t5ce4 ,i _c und]/& h[ x %\ld be /ill ne$ful to po9t out to y "h 9 ,ox=d t nei!r ! ,greek words ,greek3 99en an?riopois evdokia199 nor ^? ( ! vulgate1 9 t]ra pax hom9ibus bon voluntatis1 9 ! slighte/ degree ju/ify our ,engli% words1 goodwill to m54 ,( ,god's goodwill to m51 & to all creatures1 = ev]1 !re ne$$ no proclamation by angels4 ,b t m5 %\ld be able to please ,him1--t _! wills %\ld be made holy1 & !y %\ld n only possess peace 9 !mselves1 b be able to give joy to _! ,god1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,he aft]w>ds is pleas$ ) ,8 own baptiz$ ,son2--?is 0 a new ?+ = ,angels to decl>e1 & = %eph]ds to believe4 #bed4 ,& ! error 0 made yet m fatal by its repetition 9 a passage ( p>allel importance1--! ?anksgiv+1 namely1 (f]$ by ,*ri/1 t ,8 ,fa!r1 :ile ,he _h hidd5 :at x 0 be/ to "k1 n f ! wise & prud5t1 b f "s among ! wise & prud5t1 & _h reveal$ x unto babes2 n '= s x seem$ good' 9 ,8 sight1 b 't !re might be well pleas+ 9 ,8 sight1'--namely1 t ! wise & simple might equally live 9 ! necess>y k1 & enjoy$ pres5ce1 ( ,god4 ,& if1 hav+ accurately read ^! vital passages1 y !n z c>efully consid] ! t5\r ( ! two songs ( human joy 9 ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 ! ,magnificat1 & ! ,nunc dimittis1 y w f9d ! !me ( bo? to be1 n ! newness ( bless+1 b ! equity :i* disappo9ts ! cruelty & humbles ! /r5g? ( m52 :i* scatt]s ! pr\d 9 ! imag9ation ( _! he>ts2 :i* fills ! hungry ) good ?+s2 & is n only ! glory ( ,israel1 b ! light ( ! ,g5tiles4 #bee4 ,z ,i h be5 writ+ ^! p>agraphs1 ,i h be5 *eck+ myself almo/ at e ^w1--wond]+1 ,w !y be re/less on _! seats at ?is1 & ?9k+ all ! :ile t !y did n come "h to be lectur$ on ,div9ity8 ,y may h be5 a little impati5t1--h[ c\ld x well be o!rwise8 ,_h ,i be5 expla9+ po9ts ( anatomy1 & %[+ y h[ y b5t y\r necks & /raight5$ y\r legs1 y w\ld h ?\ght me q 9 my prop] function2 because !n1 :5 y w5t ) a p>ty ( connoisseurs ?r\gh ! ,vatican1 y c\ld po9t out to !m ! ins]tion ( ! clavicle 9 ! ,apollo ,belvid]e2 & 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel ! p]fectly accurate del9eation ( ! tibia 9 ! legs ( ,*ri/4 ,d\btless2 b y "k ,i am lectur+ at pres5t on ! g(fi1 & n on ,mi*ael ,angelo2 & ! g(fi are v c>eless ab\t clavicles & %9-bones2 s t if1 aft] be+ lectur$ on anatomy1 y w5t into ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa1 y w\ld simply f9d no?+ to look at1 except ?ree tol]ably well-drawn skeletons4 ,b if aft] be+ lectur$ on !ology1 y g into ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa1 y w f9d n a little to look at1 & to rememb]4 #bef4 ,= a s+le in/ance1 y "k ,mi*ael ,angelo is admitt$ to h be5 s f> indebt$ to ^! g(fi z to borr[ f ! "o to ^: /udy ( mortality ,i h j ref]r$1 ,orcagna1 ! ge/ure ( 8 ,*ri/ 9 ! ,judgm5t1 ,he borr[$1 h[ev]1 accurately speak+1 ! position only1 n ! ge/ure2 nor ! mean+ ( x4 #a ,y all rememb] ! action ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,*ri/1--! "r h& rais$ z if 9 viol5ce ( reprobation2 & ! left clos$ across ,8 brea/1 z refus+ all m]cy4 ,! action is "o :i* appeals to p]sons ( v ord9>y s5sations1 & is v naturally adopt$ by ! ,r5aissance pa9t]1 bo? = its popul> effect1 & its capabilities = ! exhibition ( 8 surgical sci5ce4 ,b ! old pa9t]-!ologian1 ?\gh inde$ he %[$ ! "r h& ( ,*ri/ lift$1 & ! left h& laid across ,8 brea/1 _h ano!r mean+ 9 ! actions4 ,! f+]s ( ! left h& are fold$1 9 bo? ! figures2 b 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's z if putt+ aside an appeal2 9 ,orcagna's1 ! f+]s are b5t to draw back ! drap]y f ! "r side4 ,! "r h& is rais$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo z 9 ang]2 by ,orcagna1 only to %[ ! w\nd$ palm4 ,& z1 to ! believ+ disciples1 ,he %[$ !m ,8 h&s & ,8 side1 s t !y 7 glad1--s1 to ! unbeliev]s1 at _! judgm5t1 ,he %[s ! w\nds 9 h& & side4 ,!y %all look on ,him :om !y pi]c$4 ,footnote3 ,i f\nd all ?is 9 ,m4 ,didron's ,iconographie1 above quot$2 ,i _h nev] notic$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two figures myself4 #beg4 ,& ?us1 z we foll[ our propos$ exam9ation ( ! arts ( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies1 our und]/&+ ( _! "w w be absolutely limit$ by ! degree ( our sympa?y ) ! religion :i* our fa!rs h bequea!d to u4 ,y _c int]pret classic m>bles )\t kn[+ & lov+ y\r ,p9d> & s*ylus1 nei!r c y int]pret ,*ri/ian pictures )\t kn[+ & lov+ y\r ,isaiah & ,mat!w4 ,& ,i %all h cont9ually to exam9e texts ( ! "o z ,i w\ld v]ses ( ! o!r2 nor mu/ y retract y\rselves f ! lab\r 9 suspicion t ,i desire to betray y\r scepticism1 or und]m9e y\r positivism1 because ,i recomm5d to y ! accurate /udy ( books :i* h hi!rto be5 ! light ( ! _w4 #beh4 ,! *ange1 !n1 9 ! m9ds ( _! read]s at ?is date1 :i* r5d]$ x possible = !m to compreh5d ! full purport ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 9 ! rise ( ! new desire = equity & re/1 amid/ :at _h hi!rto be5 m]e lu/ = spoil1 & joy 9 battle4 ,! necessity = ju/ice 0 felt 9 ! n[ ext5d+ comm]ce2 ! desire ( re/ 9 ! n[ pleasant & fitly furni%$ habitation2 & ! en]gy :i* =m]ly c\ld only be satisfi$ 9 /rife1 n[ f\nd en\gh bo? ( provocation & antagonism 9 ! inv5tion ( art1 & ! =ces ( nature4 ,i h 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures endeav\r$ to fa/5 y\r att5tion on ! ,flor5t9e ,revolution ( #abej1 because its date is s easily memorable1 & x involves ! pr9ciples ( e subsequ5t "o1 s z to lay at once ! f\ndations ( :atev] greatness ,flor5ce aft]w>ds a*iev$ by h] m]cantile & civic p[]4 ,b ,i mu/ n close ev5 ?is slight sket* ( ! c5tral hi/ory ( ,val d',aruo )\t reque/+ y1 z y f9d "t1 to associate 9 y\r m9ds1 ) ?is fir/ revolution1 ! effects ( two :i* foll[$ x1 be+ inde$ necess>y p>ts ( x1 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury4 #bei4 ,rememb] !n t ! fir/1 9 #abej1 is embryonic2 & ! significance ( x is simply ! e/abli%m5t ( ord]1 & ju/ice aga9/ viol5ce & iniquity4 ,x is equally aga9/ ! p[] ( knights & prie/s1 s f> z ei!r are unju/1--n o!rwise4 ,:5 ,manfr$ fell at ,b5ev5to1 8 lieut5ant1 ! ,c\nt ,guido ,novello1 0 9 comm& ( ,flor5ce4 ,he 0 j1 b weak2 & endeav\r$ to temporize ) ! ,guelphs4 ,8 ef=t ought to be notable to y1 because x 0 "o ( ! wise/ & mo/ f>-sight$ ev] made 9 ,italy2 b x fail$ = want ( resolution1 z ! g5tle/ & be/ m5 are too apt to fail4 ,he br\ght f ,bologna two knights ( ! ord]--!n rec5tly e/abli%$--( joyful bre?r52 aft]w>ds too fatally corrupt$1 b at ?is "t pure 9 purpose4 ,!y con/itut$ an ord] ( *ivalry :i* 0 to ma9ta9 peace1 obey ! ,*ur*1 & succ\r wid[s & orphans2 b to be b\nd by no mona/ic v[s4 ,( ^! two knights1 he *ose "o ,guelph1 ! o!r ,ghibell9e2 & "u _! balanc$ p[] ,gruido hop$ to rank ! =ces ( ! civil1 manufactur+1 & trad+ classes1 divid$ into twelve corporations ( high] & l[] arts4 #a ,b ! mom5t ?is beautiful arrangem5t 0 made1 all p>ties--,guelph1 ,ghibell9e1 & popul>1--turn$ unanim\sly aga9/ ,c\nt ,guido ,novello4 ,! b5evol5t b irresolute capta9 inde$ ga!r$ 8 m5 into ! squ>e ( ! ,tr9ity2 b ! p b>ricad$ ! /reets issu+ f x2 & ,guido1 he>tless1 & unwill+ = civil w>f>e1 left ! city ) 8 ,g]mans 9 good ord]4 ,& s end$ ! incursion ( ! infidel ,t$es*i = ?is "t4 ,! ,flor5t9es !n dismiss$ ! m]ry bro!rs :om ! ,t$es*i _h set ov] !m1 & bes\ght help f ,orvieto & ,*>les ( ,anj\2 :o s5t !m ,guy de ,mont=t & eight hundr$ ,fr5* rid]s2 ! bless+ ( ^: pres5ce ?us1 at _! own reque/1 0 grant$ !m on ,ea/] ,day1 #abfg4 ,footnote3 ,! sev5 high] arts 71 ,lawy]s1 ,physicians1 ,bank]s1 ,m]*ants ( ,=eign ,goods1 ,wool ,manufactur]s1 ,silk ,manufactur]s1 ,furri]s4 ,! five l[] arts 71 ,retail ,sell]s ( ,clo?1 ,but*]s1 ,%oemak]s1 ,masons & ,c>p5t]s1 ,smi?s4 ,on ,c&lemas1 if y recollect1 #abea1 !y op5 _! gates to ! ,g]mans2 & on ,ea/]1 #abfg1 to ! ,fr5*4 #bfj4 ,rememb]1 !n1 ?is revolution1 z com+ betwe5 ! battles ( ,welcome & ,tagliacozzo2 & t x expresses ! l[] revolution>y temp] ( ! trades1 ) ,engli% & ,fr5* assi/ance4 ,its imm$iate result 0 ! appo9tm5t ( five hundr$ & sixty lawy]s1 woolcomb]s1 & but*]s1 to delib]ate ^u all ,/ate que/ions1--"u :i* happy ord9ances y w d well1 9 y\r own read+1 to leave ,flor5ce1 t y may wat*1 = a :ile1 d>l+ little ,pisa1 all on fire = ! "y ,conrad94 ,%e s5t t5 vessels across ! ,gulf ( ,g5oa to fet* him2 receiv$ 8 cavalry 9 h] pla9 ( ,s>zana2 & putt+ five ?\s& ( h] own be/ sailors into ?irty %ips1 s5t !m to d :at !y c\ld1 all d[n ! coa/ ( ,italy4 ,d[n !y w5t2 />tl+ ,gaeta ) an attack z !y pass$2 f\nd ,*>les ( ,anj\'s ,fr5* & ,sicilian fleet at ,mess9a1 f\ght x1 beat x1 & burn$ tw5ty-sev5 ( its %ips4 #bfa4 ,meantime1 ! ,flor5t9es prosp]$ z !y might ) _! religi\s-democratic con/itution1--until ! dea?1 9 ! od\r ( sanctity1 ( ,*>les ( ,anj\1 & ( t ,pope ,m>t9 ,,iv4 ^: tomb 0 de/roy$ ) ,urban's at ,p]ugia4 ,m>t9 di$1 z y may rememb]1 ( eat+ ,bols5a eels1--t be+ 8 %>e 9 ! miracles ( ! lake2 & y w d well to rememb] at ! same "t1 t ! price ( ! lake eels 0 ?ree soldi a p\nd2 & t ,niccola ( ,pisa work$ at ,si5a = six soldi a day1 & 8 son ,giovanni = f\r4 #bfb4 ,& z ,i mu/ 9 ?is place bid f>ewell1 = a "t1 to ,niccola & to 8 son1 let me rem9d y ( ! l>ge commission :i* ! =m] receiv$ on ! occasion ( ! battle ( ,tagliacozzo1 & its subsequ5t massacres1 :5 ! victor1 ,*>les1 hav+ to 8 own satisfaction ext]m9at$ ! se$ ( infidelity1 resolves1 bo? 9 ?anksgiv+1 & = ! sake ( ! s\ls ( ! sla9 knights = :om "s hope might yet be religi\sly ent]ta9$1 to f\nd an abbey on ! battle-field4 ,9 :i* purpose he s5t = ,niccola to ,naples1 & made him build on ! field ( ,tagliacozzo1 a *ur* & abbey ( ! ri*e/2 & caus$ to be buri$ !re9 ! inf9ite numb] ( ! bodies ( ^? :o di$ 9 t battle day2 ord]+ f>!r1 t1 by _m monks1 pray] %\ld be made = _! s\ls1 night & day4 ,9 :i* fabric ! k+ 0 s pleas$ ) ,niccola's "w t he rew>d$ & hon\r$ him highly4 #bfc4 ,d y n beg9 to wond] a little m :at mann] ( man ?is ,ni*olas 01 :o s ob$i5tly ?r[s d[n ! t[]s :i* (f5d ! ,ghibelliues1 & s skilfully puts up ! p9nacles :i* please ! ,guelphs8 ,a passive p[]1 seem+ly1 he2--pla/ic 9 ! h&s ( any "o :o w employ him to build1 or to ?r[ d[n4 ,on :at exi/s ( evid5ce1 demon/rably 9 ^! ye>s "h is ! /ronge/ bra9 ( ,italy1 ?us = six %ill+ a day do+ :at x is bid4 #bfd4 ,i take f>ewell ( him !n1 = a little "t1 ratify+ to y1 z f> z my k p]mits1 ! words ( my fir/ ma/] 9 ,italian art1 ,"l ,l9dsay4 ,9 comp>+ ! adv5t ( ,niccola ,pisano to t ( ! sun at 8 ris+1 ,i am consci\s ( no exagg]ation2 on ! contr>y1 x is ! only simile by :i* ,i c hope to give y an adequate impression ( 8 brilliancy & p[] relatively to ! age 9 :i* he fl\ri%$4 ,^? sons ( ,erebus1 ! ,am]ican ,indians1 fre% f _! traditional subt]ranean _w1 & gaz+ = ! fir/ "t on ! gradual dawn+ ( ! day 9 ! ,ea/1 c\ld n h be5 m dazzl$1 m a/\nd$1 :5 ! sun actually appe>$1 ?an ! popes & pode/as1 fri>s & freemasons mu/ h be5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 f among ! ,bidu9os1 ,bonannos1 & ,antealmis ( ! twelf?1 ,niccola em]g$ 9 8 glory1 sov]eign & supreme1 a f\nt ( light1 diffus+ w>m? & radiance ov] ,*ri/5dom4 ,x might be too mu* to p>allel him 9 actual g5ius ) ,dante & ,%akspe>e2 !y /& alone & unapproa*able1 ea* on 8 di/9ct p9nacle ( ! temple ( ,*ri/ian song2 & yet nei!r ( !m c boa/ su* ext5t & durability ( influ5ce1 = :atev] ( highe/ excell5ce has be5 a*iev$ 9 sculpture & pa9t+1 n 9 ,italy only1 b ?r\gh\t ,europe1 has be5 9 ob$i5ce to ! impulse he prim>ily gave1 & 9 foll[+ up ! pr9ciple :i* he fir/ /ruck out4 ,8 latt] days 7 sp5t 9 repose at ,pisa1 b ! precise ye> ( 8 dea? is unc]ta92 ,vas>i fixes x 9 #abge2 x c\ld n h be5 mu* lat]4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,campo ,santo4 ,( 8 p]sonal "* we1 alas6 "k no?+2 ev5 ,%akspe>e is less a /rang] to u4 ,b t x 0 noble1 simple1 & consi/5t1 & free f ! petty foibles t too frequ5tly beset g5ius1 may be fairly presum$ f ! works he has left beh9d him1 & f ! eloqu5t sil5ce ( tradition4 #bfe4 ,( ! circum/ances ( ,niccola ,pisano's dea?1 or ! c]emonials practis$ at x1 we are ?us left 9 ignorance4 ,! m exempl>y dea? ( ,*>les ( ,auj\ took place on ! #g? ( ,janu>y1 !n1 #abhe2 leav+ ! ?rone ( ,naples to a boy ( twelve2 & t ( ,sicily1 to a ,pr9ce ( ,spa94 ,v>i\s discord1 betwe5 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,calabrese vices1 !nce=w>d p>alyzes ,s\? ,italy1 & ,flor5ce becomes ! lead+ p[] ( ! ,guelph faction4 ,%e _h be5 inflam$ & pacifi$ ?r\gh cont9ual p>oxysms ( civil qu>rel dur+ ! decl9e ( ,*>les's p[]2 b1 ?r\gh\t1 ! influ5ce ( ! nobles decl9es1 by reason ( _! own folly & insol5ce2 :ile ! p1 ?\gh ) no small degree ( folly & insol5ce on _! own side1 keep hold ( _! ma9 idea ( ju/ice4 ,9 ! meantime1 simil> ass]tions ( law aga9/ viol5ce1 & ! nobility ( useful occupation1 z comp>$ ) t ( idle rap9e1 take place 9 ,bologna1 ,si5a1 & ev5 at ,rome1 :]e ,bologna s5ds h] s5ator1 ,branca ,leone1 7%ort = ,branca-di-,leone1 ,lion's ,grip17 ^: inflexible & rightly gu>d$ reign ( t]ror to all evil & ?ievi% p]sons1 noble or o!r1 is "o ( ! few passages ( hi/ory dur+ ! middle ages1 9 :i* ! real p[] ( civic virtue may be se5 ex]cis$ )\t w>p+ by p>ty _s1 or weakness ( vanity or fe>4 #bff4 ,& at la/1 l$ by a noble1 ,giano della ,bella1 ! p ( ,flor5ce write & e/abli% _! f9al condemnation ( noblesse liv+ by rap9e1 ^? ',ord9am5ti della ,giu/izia1' :i* practically exclud$ all idle p]sons f gov]nm5t1 & det]m9$ t ! priors1 or lead]s ( ! ,/ate1 %\ld be priors1 or lead]s ( its arts & productive lab\r2 t its head 'pode/a' or 'p[]' %\ld be ! /&>d-be>] ( ju/ice2 & its c\ncil or p>liam5t compos$ ( *>itable m51 or good m53 boni viri1 9 ! s5se f :i* ! ,fr5* =m$ _! n\n 'bonte4' ,! entire gov]n+ body 0 ?us compos$1 fir/1 ( ! ,pode/as1 /&>d-be>] ( ju/ice2 !n ( 8 milit>y capta92 !n ( 8 lictor1 or executor2 !n ( ! twelve priors ( arts & lib]ties--prop]ly1 delib]ators on ! daily occupations1 int]e/s1 & pleasures ( ! body politic2--&1 f9ally1 ( ! p>liam5t ( k9d m51 ^: bus9ess 0 to det]m9e :at k9dness c\ld be %[n to o!r /ates1 by way ( =eign policy4 #bfg4 ,s p]fect a type ( national gov]nm5t has only once be5 rea*$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,& 9 spite ( ! se$s ( evil 9 its own impati5ce1 & 9 ! gradually increas+ worldl9ess ( ! m]cantile body2 9 spite ( ! ho/ility ( ! angry soldi]1 & ! malignity ( ! s5sual prie/1 ?is gov]nm5t gave to ,europe ! entire cycle ( ,*ri/ian art1 prop]ly s call$1 & e highe/ ,ma/] ( lab\r1 ar*itectural1 scriptural1 or pictorial1 practis$ 9 true und]/&+ ( ! fai? ( ,*ri/2--,orcagna1 ,giotto1 ,brunelles*i1 ,lion>do1 ,lu9i z 8 pupil1 ,lippi1 ,luca1 ,angelico1 ,botticelli1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo4 #bfh4 ,i h nam$ two m51 9 ?is gr\p1 ^: names are m famili> to y\r e>s ?an any o!rs1 ,angelico & ,mi*ael ,angelo2--:o yet are abs5t f my li/ ( ^? ^: works ,i wi% y to /udy1 be+ bo? extravagant 9 _! en?usiasm1--! "o = ! nobl5ess ( ! _s1 & ! o!r = t ( ! fle%4 ,i "n !m n[1 because ! gifts ea* _h 7 exclusively ,flor5t9e2 9 :atev] !y h become to ! m9d ( ,europe s9ce1 !y are utt]ly *ildr5 ( ! ,val d',arno4 #bfi4 ,y are accu/om$1 too c>elessly1 to ?9k ( ,angelico z a *ild ( ! ,*ur*1 r ?an ( ,flor5ce4 ,he 0 born 9 l#chg1--;j elev5 ye>s1 t is to say1 aft] ! revolt ( ,flor5ce aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 & t5 aft] ! endeav\r ( ! ,*ur* to recov] h] p[] by ! massacres ( ,fa5za & ,ces5a4 ,a ,fr5* & ,engli% army ( pillag+ rid]s 7 on ! o!r side ( ! ,alps1--six ?\s& /rong2 ! ,pope s5t = x2 ,rob]t ,c>d9al ( ,g5eva br\ght x into ,italy4 ,! ,flor5t9es =tifi$ _! ,ap5n9es aga9/ x2 b x took w9t] qu>t]s at ,ces5a1 :]e ! ,c>d9al ( ,g5eva massacr$ five ?\s& p]sons 9 a day1 & ! *ildr5 & suckl+s 7 lit]ally da%$ aga9/ ! /ones4 #bgj4 ,t 0 ! s*ool :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h prep>$ = _! bro!r ,angelica4 ,b ,fsole1 seclud+ him 9 ! %ade ( h] m\nt ( ,olives1 & ,flor5ce reveal+ to him ! true voice ( 8 ,ma/]1 9 ! temple ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,fl[]1 taught him 8 lesson ( peace on e>?1 & p]mitt$ him 8 visions ( rapture 9 heav54 ,& :5 ! massacre ( ,ces5a 0 f\nd to h be5 9 va91 & ! ,*ur* 0 compell$ to treat ) ! revolt$ cities :o _h unit$ to m\rn = h] victories1 ,flor5ce s5t h] a liv+ sa9t1 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 = h] political ,ambassador4 #bga4 ,( ,mi*ael ,angelo ,i ne$ n tell y3 ( ! o!rs1 we w read ! lives1 & ?9k ov] !m "o by "o2 ! great fact :i* ,i h writt5 ?is c\rse ( lectures to en=ce ^u y\r m9ds is ! dep5d5ce ( all ! arts on ! virtue ( ! ,/ate1 & its k9dly ord]4 ,! absolute m9d & /ate ( ,flor5ce1 = ! sev5ty ye>s ( h] glory1 f #abhj to #acej1 y f9d q simply & lit]ally describ$ 9 ! ll#b? ,psalm1 ( :i* ,i read y ! descriptive v]ses1 9 ! words 9 :i* !y sang x1 f ?is typically p]fect manuscript ( ! "t3-- ,gloria et divitie 9 domo ejus1 ju/itia ejus manet 9 seculum seculi4 ,exortum e/ 9 t5ebris lum5 reotis1 mis]icors1 et mis]ator1 et ,ju/us4 ,jocundus homo1 qui mis]etur1 et commodat3 disponet s]mones suos 9 judicio4 ,disp]sit1 d$it paup]ibus2 ju/itia ejus manet 9 seculum seculi2 cornu ejus exaltabitur 9 gloria4 ,i translate simply1 pray+ y to note z ! true "o1 ! lit]al mean+ ( e ^w3-- ,glory & ri*es are 9 8 h\se4 ,8 ju/ice rema9s = ev]4 ,light is ris5 9 d>kness = ! /raight=w>d p4 ,he is m]ciful 9 he>t1 m]ciful 9 de$1 & j4 ,a jocund man2 :o is m]ciful1 & l5ds4 ,he w dispose 8 words 9 judgm5t4 ,he ha? disp]s$4 ,he ha? giv5 to ! poor4 ,8 ju/ice rema96 = ev]4 ,8 horn %all be exalt$ 9 glory4 #bgb4 ,) vacillat+1 b /eadily prevail+ ef=t1 ! ,flor5t9es ma9ta9$ ?is life & "* = full half a c5tury4 ,y w please n[ look at my /aff ( ! ye> #acjj1 ,footnote3 ,page #cc 9 my second lecture on ,engrav+4 add+ ! names ( ,dante & ,orcagna1 hav+ ea* _! sep>ate ma/]ful or prophetic function4 ,t is ,flor5ce's contribution to ! intellectual "w ( ! _w dur+ ^! ye>s ( ju/ice4 ,n[1 ! promise ( ,*ri/ianity is giv5 ) lesson f ! fleur-de-lys3 ,seek ye fir/ ! royalty ( ,god1 & ,8 ju/ice1 & all ^! ?+s1 mat]ial weal?1 %all be add$ unto y4 ,x is a p]fectly cle>1 p]fectly lit]al1--nev] fail+ & nev] unfulfill$ promise4 ,!re is no in/ance 9 ! :ole cycle ( hi/ory ( its n be+ accompli%$1--fulfill$ to ! utt]mo/1 ) full measure1 press$ d[n1 & runn+ ov]4 #bgc4 ,n[ he> :at ,flor5ce 01 & :at weal? %e _h got by h] ju/ice4 ,9 ! ye> #accj1 be=e %e fell1 %e _h )9 h] walls a hundr$ & fifty ?\s& inhabitants1 ( :om all ! m5--7laity7--betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & sev5ty1 7 ready at an in/ant to g out to w>1 "u _! bann]s1 9 numb] tw5ty-f\r ?\s&4 ,! army ( h] entire t]ritory 0 eighty ?\s&2 & )9 x %e c\nt$ fifte5 hundr$ noble1 families1 e "o absolutely submissive to h] gonfali] ( ju/ice4 ,%e _h )9 h] walls a hundr$ & t5 *ur*es1 sev5 priories1 & ?irty hospitals = ! sick & poor2 ( =eign gue/s1 on ! av]age1 fifte5 hundr$1 con/antly4 ,f eight to t5 ?\s& *ildr5 7 taught to read 9 h] s*ools4 ,! t[n 0 surr\nd$ by "s fifty squ>e miles ( un9t]rupt$ g>d51 ( olive1 corn1 v9e1 lily1 & rose4 ,& ! monet>y exi/5ce ( ,engl& & ,france dep5d$ ^u h] weal?4 ,two ( h] bank]s alone _h l5t ,edw>d ,,iii4 ( ,engl& five millions ( money 79 /]l+ value ( ?is pres5t h\r74 #bgd4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,m>*1 #accg1 %e 0 fir/ accus$1 ) tru?1 ( selfi% brea* ( treaties4 ,on ! l#j? ( ,april1 all h] m]*ants 9 ,france 7 imprison$ by ,philip ,valois2 & pres5tly aft]w>ds ,edw>d ( ,engl& fail$1 q 9 y\r mod]n /yle1 = 8 five millions4 ,^! money losses w\ld h be5 no?+ to h]2 b on ! #g? ( ,augu/1 ! capta9 ( h] army1 ,pietro de' ,rossi ( ,p>ma1 ! unque/ion$ be/ knight 9 ,italy1 receiv$ a *ance spe>-/roke be=e ,monselice1 & di$ next day4 ,he 0 ! ,bay>d ( ,italy2 & great] ?an ,bay>d1 because liv+ 9 a nobl] "t4 ,he nev] _h fail$ 9 any milit>y ent]prise1 nor ev] /a9$ success ) cruelty or %ame4 ,ev5 ! ,g]man troops "u him lov$ him )\t b\nds4 ,to 8 companions he gave gifts ) su* l>gesse1 t 8 horse & arm\r 7 all t at any "t he call$ 8 own4 ,beautiful & pure z ,sir ,galahad1 all t 0 brighte/ 9 womanhood wat*$ & hon\r$ him4 ,& ?us1 #h? ,augu/1 #accg1 he w5t to 8 own place4--,to-day ,i trace ! fall ( ,flor5ce no m4 ,i w review ! po9ts ,i wi% y to rememb]2 & briefly meet1 s f> z ,i c1 ! que/ions :i* ,i ?9k %\ld occur to y4 #bge4 ,i h nam$ ,edw>d ,,iii4 z our h]oic type ( ,fran*ise4 ,& yet ,i h b a m9ute ago spok5 ( him z 'fail+' 9 q y\r mod]n mann]4 ,i mu/ correct my expression3--he _h no int5t ( fail+ :5 he borr[$2 & did n sp5d 8 money on himself4 ,nev]!less1 ,i gave him z an example ( frankness2 b by no means ( hone/y4 ,he is simply ! bolde/ & royale/ ( ,free ,rid]s2 ! campaign ( ,crecy is1 ?r\gh\t1 a m]e pillag+ =ay4 ,& ! fir/ po9t ,i wi% y to notice is ! diff]5ce 9 ! pecuni>y results ( liv+ by robb]y1 l ,edw>d ,,iii41 or by agriculture & j comm]ce1 l ! t[n ( ,flor5ce4 ,t ,flor5ce c l5d five millions to ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 & loose !m ) little c>e1 is ! result ( h] olive g>d5s & h] hone/y4 ,n[ he> ! f9ancial ph5om5a att5d+ milit>y exploits1 & a life ( pillage4 #bgf4 ,i give y !m 9 ?is precise ye>1 #acch1 9 :i* ! ,k+ ( ,engl& fail$ to ! ,flor5t9es4 ,he obta9$ f ! prelates1 b>ons1 & knights ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4--,,! ,,nativity4 ,,giovanni ,,pisano4 %ires1 "o half ( _! wool = ?is ye>--a v valuable & extraord9>y grant4 ,he seiz$ all ! t9 7above-gr\nd1 y mean ,mr4 ,h5ry67 9 ,cornwall & ,devon%ire1 took possession ( ! l&s ( all priories ali51 & ( ! money1 jewels1 & valuable effects ( ! ,lomb>d m]*ants4 ,he dem&$ c]ta9 quantities ( bread1 corn1 oats1 & bacon1 f ea* c\nty2 borr[$ _! silv] plate f _m abbeys1 z well z great sums ( money bo? abroad & at home2 & pawn$ 8 cr[n = fifty ?\s& flor9s4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,h5ry's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 book iv41 *ap4 i4 ,he pawns 8 que5's jewels next ye>2 & f9ally summons all ! g5tlem5 ( ,engl& :o _h =ty p\nds a ye>1 to come & receive ! hon\r ( knigh?ood1 or pay to be excus$6 #bgg4 ,,ii4 ,! failures ( ,edw>d1 or ( tw5ty ,edw>ds1 w\ld h done ,flor5ce no h>m1 _h %e rema9$ true to h]self1 & to h] neighb\r+ /ates4 ,h] m]*ants only fall by _! own increas+ av>ice2 & above all by ! m]cantile =m ( pillage1 usury4 ,! idea t money c\ld beget money1 ?\gh m absurd ?an al*emy1 _h yet an app>5tly practical & irresi/ibly tempt+ confirmation 9 ! weal? ( villa9s1 & ! success ( fools4 ,al*emy1 9 its day1 l$ to pure *emi/ry2 & calmly yield$ to ! sci5ce x _h fo/]$4 ,b all :olesome indignation aga9/ usur]s 0 prev5t$1 9 ! ,*ri/ian m9d1 by wick$ & cruel religi\s hatr$ ( ! race ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! end1 ,%akspe>e himself1 9 8 fi]ce ef=t aga9/ ! madness1 suff]$ himself to miss 8 m>k by mak+ 8 usur] a ,jew3 ! ,franciscan in/itution ( ! ,m\nt ( ,pity fail$ be=e ! lu/ ( ,lomb>dy1 & ! logic ( ,augsburg2 &1 to ?is day1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,immaculate ,virg9ity ( ,money1 "m ( ! ,omnipot5ce ( ,money1 is ! ,prote/ant =m ( ,madonna wor%ip4 #bgh4 ,,iii4 ,! usur]'s fang1 & ! debtor's %ame1 might bo? h be5 trodd5 d[n "u ! feet ( ,italy1 _h h] knights & h] workm5 rema9$ true to ea* o!r4 ,b ! bro!rhoods ( ,italy 7 n ( ,ca9 to ,abel--b ( ,ca9 to ,ca94 ,e man's sword 0 aga9/ 8 fell[4 ,pisa sank be=e ,g5oa at ,meloria1 ! ,italian gos-,potamos2 ,g5oa be=e ,v5ice 9 ! w> ( ,*iozza1 ! ,italian siege ( ,syracuse4 ,flor5ce s5t h] ,brunelles*i to div]t ! waves ( ,s]*io aga9/ ! walls ( ,lucca2 ,lucca h] ,ca/ruccio1 to hold mock t\rnam5ts be=e ! gates ( vanqui%$ ,flor5ce4 ,! weak mod]n ,italian reviles or bewails ! acts ( =eign races1 z if 8 de/9y _h dep5d$ ^u ^!2 let him at lea/ assume ! pride1 & be> ! grief1 ( rememb]+ t1 among all ! virg9 cities ( 8 c\ntry1 !re has n be5 "o :i* w\ld n ally h]self ) a /rang]1 to effect a si/]'s ru94 #bgi4 ,la/ly4 ,! imp>tiality ) :i* ,i h /at$ ! acts1 s f> z kn[n to me1 & impulses1 s f> z disc]nible by me1 ( ! cont5d+ ,*ur* & ,empire1 _c b give (f5ce1 or provoke suspicion1 9 ! m9ds ( ^? among y :o are accu/om$ to he> ! cause ( ,religion support$ by eag] disciples1 or attack$ by confess$ enemies4 ,my confession ( ho/ility w\ld be op51 if ,i 7 an enemy inde$2 b ,i h nev] possess$ ! k1 & h long ago be5 cur$ ( ! pride1 :i* makes m5 f]v5t 9 witness = ! ,*ur*'s virtue1 or insol5t 9 declamation aga9/ h] errors4 ,! w ( ,heav51 :i* grants ! grace & orda9s ! div]sities ( ,religion1 ne$s no def5ce1 & su/a9s no defeat1 by ! hum\rs ( m52 & our fir/ bus9ess 9 relation to x is to sil5ce our wi%es1 & to calm our fe>s4 ,if1 9 su* mode/ & discipl9$ temp]1 y arrange y\r increas+ k ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 y w h no f9al difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! op]ation ( ! ,ma/]'s law f ! consequ5ces ( ! disob$i5ce to x :i* ,he p]mits2 nor w y respect ! law less1 because1 accept+ only ! ob$i5ce ( love1 x nei!r ha/ily puni%es1 nor pomp\sly rew>ds1 ) :at m5 ?9k rew>d or *a/isem5t4 ,n always "u ! feet ( ,korah ! e>? is r5t2 n always at ! call ( ,elijah ! cl\ds ga!r2 b ! gu>d+ m\nta9s = ev] /& r\nd ab\t ,j]usalem2 & ! ra91 miracul\s ev]more1 makes gre5 ! fields = ! evil & ! good4 #bhj4 ,& if y w fix y\r m9ds only on ! conditions ( human life :i* ! ,giv] ( x dem&s1 ,he ha? %[n !e1 oh man1 :at is good1 & :at do? ?y ,"l require ( !e1 b to d ju/ice1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god1 y w f9d t su* ob$i5ce is always ackn[l$g$ by temporal bless+4 ,if1 turn+ f ! manife/ mis]ies ( cruel ambition1 & manife/ w&]+s ( insol5t belief1 y summon to y\r ?\ghts r ! /ate ( unrecord$ multitudes1 :o lab\r$ 9 sil5ce1 & ador$ 9 humility1 widely z ! sn[s ( ,*ri/5dom br\ght memory ( ! ,bir? ( ,*ri/1 or h] spr+ sun%9e1 ( ,8 ,resurrection1 y may "k t ! promise ( ! ,be?lehem angels has be5 lit]ally fulfill$2 & w pray t y\r ,engli% fields1 joyfully z ! banks ( ,arno1 may /ill d$icate _! pure lilies to ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,fl[]4 ,,app5dix4 7,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,plates ,,illu/rat+ ,,?is ,,volume47 ,9 ! deliv]y ( ! prec$+ ,lectures1 "s acc\nt 0 giv5 ( ! !ologic design ( ! sculptures by ,giovanni ,pisano at ,orvieto1 :i* ,i int5d$ to h pr9t$ sep>ately1 & 9 m complete =m1 9 ?is ,app5dix4 ,b my /r5g? does n n[ admit ( my fulfill+ ! half ( my int5tions1 & ,i f9d myself1 at pres5t1 tir$1 & s dead 9 feel+1 t ,i h no quickness 9 int]pretation1 or skill 9 description ( emotional "w4 ,i mu/ cont5t myself1 !re=e1 = ! "t1 ) a %ort /atem5t ( ! po9ts :i* ,i wi% ! read] to obs]ve 9 ! ,plates1 & :i* 7 left unnotic$ 9 ! text4 ,! frontispiece is ! be/ copy ,i c get1 9 p]man5t mat]ials1 ( a photograph ( ! c\rse ( ! ,arno1 ?r\gh ,pisa1 be=e ! old banks 7 de/roy$4 ,two ar*es ( ! ,ponte-a-,m>e :i* 0 c>ri$ away 9 ! inundation ( #ahgj1 are se5 9 ! di/ance2 ! *ur* ( ,la ,sp9a1 9 its orig9al position ov]hang+ ! riv]2 & ! buttress$ & rugg$ walls ( ! m$iaeval %ore4 ,nev] m1 any ( ^!1 to be se5 9 reality1 by liv+ eyes4 ,,plate ,i4--,a small portion ( a photograph ( ,nicolo ,pisano's ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 on ! pulpit ( ! ,pisan ,bapti/]y4 ,! int5sely ,greek "* ( ! heads1 & ! sev]ely impetu\s *isell+ 7le>n$ f ,late ,roman rapid "w71 :i* drives ! l9es ( ! drap]y ne>ly /raight1 may be se5 bett] 9 a fragm5t ( ?is limit$ measure ?an 9 ! cr[d$ mass+ ( ! entire subject4 ,b x may be obs]v$ also t !re is bo? a ?\ghtfulness & a t5d]ness 9 ! features1 :e!r ( ! ,virg9 or ! att5dant angel1 :i* already indicate an aim beyond t ( ,greek art4 ,,plate ,,ii--,! ,pulpit ( ! ,bapti/]y 7( :i* ! prec$+ plate repres5ts a portion74 ,i h only giv5 ?is g5]al view = conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce4 ,beautiful photographs ( ! subject on a l>ge scale are easily atta9able4 ,,plate ,,iii4--,! ,f\nta9 ( ,p]ugia4 ,execut$ f a sket* by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,sev]n4 ,! p]spective ( ! /eps is n q true2 we bo? tri$ to get x "r1 b f\nd t x w\ld be a day or two's "w1 to little purpose1 & s let !m g at haz>d4 ,! inlaid patt]n beh9d is "p ( ! old] wall ( ! ca!dral2 ! late door is ( c\rse ins]t$4 ,,plate ,,iv41 ,,lett] ,e4--,f ,norman ,bible 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 %[+ ! moral temp] :i* regulat$ common ornam5tation 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,,plate ,v4--,door ( ! ,bapti/]y at ,pisa4 ,! read] mu/ note t1 al?\gh ^! plates are necess>ily1 9 f95ess ( detail1 inf]ior to ! photographs f :i* !y are tak51 !y h ! ine/imable advantage ( p]man5ce1 & w n fade away into spectres :5 ! book is old4 ,i am greatly puzzl$ by ! ri*ness ( ! curr5t ornam5tation on ! ma9 pill>s1 z oppos$ to ! g5]al sev]ity ( design4 ,i nev] c und]/& h[ ! m5 :o indulg$ 9 ?is fl[+ luxury ( foliage 7 s /]n 9 _! masonry & figure-drap]ies4 ,,plate ,,vi4--,"p ( ! l9tel ( ! door repres5t$ on ,plate ,v41 enl>g$4 ,i int5d$1 9 ! ,lecture on ,m>ble ,c\*ant1 to h insi/$1 at "s l5g?1 on ! decoration ( ! l9tel & side-po/s1 z "o ( ! mo/ important phases ( my/ic ecclesia/ical sculpture4 ,b ,i f9d ! mat]ials furni%$ by ,lucca1 ,pisa1 & ,flor5ce1 = su* an essay are f> too ri* to be exam9$ cursorily2 ! treatm5t ev5 ( ?is s+le l9tel c\ld sc>cely be en\gh expla9$ 9 ! close ( ! ,lecture4 ,i mu/ dwell on "s po9ts ( x n[4 ,look back to ,section #age 9 ,aratra ,p5telici1 giv+ /atem5t ( ! f\r k9ds ( relief 9 sculpture4 ,! upp]mo/ ( ^! pl9?s is ( ! k9d ,i h call$ 'r\nd relief'2 y might /rike x out on a co94 ,! l[] is 'foliate relief'2 x looks almo/ z if ! figures _h be5 cut out ( "o lay] ( m>ble1 & laid aga9/ ano!r beh9d x4 ,! upp]mo/1 at ! di/ance ( my diagram1 or 9 nature itself1 w\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ at a c>eless glance f an egg-&-arr[ m\ld+4 ,y c\ld n h a m simple or =cible illu/ration ( my /atem5t 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,aratra1 t ! ess5tial bus9ess ( sculpture is to produce a s]ies ( agreeable bosses or r\nd$ surfaces2 to :i*1 if possible1 "s mean+ may aft]w>ds be atta*$4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 e egg becomes an angel1 or evangeli/1 & e arr[ a lily1 or a w+4 #a ,! :ole is 9 ! mo/ exquisitely f9i%$ ,byzant9e /yle4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! contempor>y s\? door ( ! ,duomo ( ,g5oa1 ! ,greek m\ld+ is us$ )\t any su* trans=mation4 ,i am n sure ( be+ "r 9 my int]pretation ( ! mean+ ( ^! figures2 b ,i ?9k !re c be little "q ab\t x4 ,!re are elev5 altoge!r2 ! ?ree c5tral1 ,*ri/ ) ,8 "m & ,/4 ,joseph2 !n1 two evangeli/s1 ) two alt]nate angels1 on ea* side4 ,ea* ( ^! angels c>ries a rod1 ) a fleur-de-lys t]m9ation2 _! w+s decorate ! int]m$iate ridges 7=m$1 9 a pure ,greek m\ld+1 by ! arr[s72 &1 beh9d ! heads ( all ! figures1 !re is n[ a circul> recess2 once fill$1 ,i d\bt n1 by a plate ( gold4 ,! ,*ri/1 & ! ,evangeli/s1 all c>ry books1 ( :i* ea* has a mosaic1 or intaglio ornam5t1 9 ! %ape ( a cross4 ,i c\ld n %[ y a m sev]e or p]fectly repres5tative piece ( ar*itectural sculpture4 ,! heads ( ! elev5 figures are z simply decorative z ! ball fl[]s are 9 our ,engli% ,go?ic trac]y2 ! slight irregul>ity produc$ by diff]5t ge/ure & "* giv+ precisely ! sort ( *ange :i* a good design] wi%es to see 9 ! p>ts ( a consecutive ornam5t4 ,! m\ld+ closes at ea* extremity ) a palm-tree1 correspond5t 9 execution ) ^? on co9s ( ,syracuse2 = ! re/1 ! int]e/ ( x consi/s only 9 ^! slight v>iations ( attitude by :i* ! figures express wond] or conc]n at "s ev5t go+ on 9 _! pres5ce4 ,!y are look+ d[n2 & ,i d n d\bt1 are int5d$ to be ! heav5ly witnesses ( ! /ory engrav$ on ! /one bel[1--,! ,life & ,dea? ( ! ,bapti/4 ,! l[] /one on :i* ?is is relat$1 is a model ( skill 9 ,fiction1 prop]ly s call$4 ,9 ,fictile art1 9 ,fictile hi/ory1 x is equally exempl>y4 ',feign+' or 'affect+' 9 ! mo/ exquisite way by fa/5+ int5sely on ! pr9cipal po9ts4 ,ask y\rselves :at are ! pr9cipal po9ts to be insi/$ on1 9 ! /ory ( ! ,bapti/4 ,he came1 prea*+ ! ,baptism ( ,rep5tance = ! remission ( s9s4 ,t is 8 ,advice1 or ,ord]-prea*+4 ,& he came1 to be> witness ( ! ,light4 ,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :i* take? away ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,t is 8 decl>ation1 or revelation-prea*+4 ,& ! end ( 8 own life is 9 ! practice ( ?is prea*+--if y w ?9k ( x--"u curi\s difficulties 9 bo? k9ds4 ,difficulties 9 putt+ away s9--difficulties 9 obta9+ sight4 ,! fir/ half ( ! /one beg9s ) ! apocalyptic prea*+4 ,*ri/1 repres5t$ z 9 y\?1 is set "u two trees1 9 ! wild]ness4 ,/4 ,john is sc>cely at fir/ se52 he is only ! guide1 sc>cely ! tea*]1 ( ! cr[d ( peoples1 nations1 & languages1 :om he leads1 po9t+ !m to ! ,*ri/4 ,)\t d\bt1 all ^! figures h sep>ate mean+4 ,i am too ignorant to int]pret x2 b obs]ve g5]ally1 !y are ! ?\ghtful & wise ( ! e>?1 n its ruffians or rogues4 ,?is is n1 by any means1 a g5]al amne/y to blackgu>ds1 & an apocalypse to brutes1 :i* ,/4 ,john is prea*+4 ,^! are q ! be/ p he c f9d to call1 or advise4 ,y see _m ( !m c>ry rolls ( pap] 9 _! h&s1 z he does himself4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! books ( ! upp] cornice1 ^! h special mean+1 z ?r\gh\t ,byzant9e design4 ,adv]te quod patri>* et prophetse p+untur cum rotulis 9 manibus2 quidam v]o apo/oli cum libris1 et quidam cum rotulis4 ,nempe quia ante ,*ri/i adv5tum fides figurative o/5debatur1 et quoad multa1 9 se implicita erat4 ,ad quod o/5d5dum patri>*se et prophet p+untur cum rotulis1 p] quos quasi qus$am imp]fecta cognitio design atur2 quia v]o apo/oli a ,*ri/o p]fecte edocti suut1 ideo libris1 p] quos designatur p]fecta cognitio1 uti possunt4 ,,william ,,dur&us1 quot$ by ,didron1 p4 #cje4 ,,plate ,,vii4--,next to ?is subject ( ! prea*+ comes ! ,baptism3 & !n1 ! circum/ances ( ,/4 ,john's dea?4 ,fir/1 8 decl>ation to ,h]od1 ,x is n lawful = !e to h ?y bro!r's wife3 on :i* he is seiz$ & c>ri$ to prison3--next1 ,h]od's fea/1--! consultation betwe5 daught] & "m1 ,:at %all ,i ask8--! m>tyrdom1 & burial by ! disciples4 ,! notable po9t 9 ! treatm5t ( all ^! subjects is ! quiet & my/ic ,byzant9e dwell+ on ?\ght r ?an action4 ,9 a nor!rn sculpture ( ?is subject1 ! daught] ( ,h]odias w\ld h be5 assur$ly danc+2 & mo/ probably1 ca/+ a som]sault4 ,) ! ,byzant9e1 ! debate 9 h] m9d is ! only subject ( int]e/1 & he c>ves above1 ! evil angels1 lay+ _! h&s on ! heads1 fir/ ( ,h]od & ,h]odias1 & !n ( ,h]odias & h] daught]4 ,,plate ,,viii4--,! issu+ ( comm&m5t n to eat ( ! tree ( k4 7,orvieto ,ca!dral47 ,?is1 ) ,plates ,x4 & ,,xii41 w give a suffici5tly cle> conception to any read] :o has a k ( sculpture1 ( ! pr9ciples ( ,giovanni ,pisano's design4 ,i h ?\ght x well wor? :ile to publi% opposite two ( !m1 facsimiles ( ! engrav+s :i* pr(ess to repres5t !m 9 ,gruii]'s monograph #a ( ! ,orvieto sculptures2 = ^! outl9es w1 once = all1 & bett] ?an any words1 %[ my pupils :at is ! real virue ( m$iaeval "w1--! p[] :i* we m$ievali/s rejoice 9 x =4 ,precisely ! qualities :i* are n 9 ! mod]n draw+s1 are ! ess5tial virtues ( ! e>ly sculpture4 ,if y l ! ,grun] outl9es be/1 y ne$ n tr\ble y\rself to g to ,orvieto1 or any:]e else 9 ,italy4 ,sculpture1 su* z ^? outl9es repres5t1 c be suppli$ to y by ! acre1 to ord]1 9 any mod]n academician's ateli]4 ,b if y l ! /range1 rude1 qua9t1 ,go?ic realities 7= ^! photographs are1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 a vision ( ! reality7 be/2 !n1 don't /udy m$iaeval art "u ! direction ( mod]n illu/rators4 ,look at x--= h[ev] %ort a "t1 :]e y c f9d x--v]itable & unt\*$1 h[ev] m\ld]$ or %att]$4 ,& abhor1 z y w\ld ! mimicry ( y\r be/ fri5d's mann]s by a fool1 all re/orations & improv+ copies4 ,= rememb]1 none b fools ?9k !y c re/ore--none1 b worse fools1 t !y c improve4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+s are by "s ,italian draughtsman1 ^: "n x is no bus9ess ( m9e to notice4 ,exam9e ^! outl9es1 !n1 ) extreme c>e1 & po9t by po9t4 ,! ?+s :i* !y h refus$ or lo/1 are ! ?+s y h to love1 9 ,giovanni ,pisano4 ,i w m]ely beg9 ! task ( exam9ation1 to %[ y h[ to set ab\t x4 ,take ! head ( ! comm&+ ,*ri/4 ,al?\gh incl9$ =w>d f ! %\ld]s 9 ! advanc+ motion ( ! :ole body1 ! head itself is n /oop$2 b held entirely upright1 ! l9e ( =ehead slop+ backw>ds4 ,! comm& is giv5 9 calm au?ority2 n 9 mean anxiety4 ,b ?is 0 n expressive en\gh = ! copyi/1--,h[ mu* bett] ,i c %[ :at is meant6 ?9ks he4 ,s he puts ! l9e ( =ehead & nose upright2 projects ! br[ out ( its /raight l9e2 & ! expression !n becomes1--,n[1 be v c>eful1 & m9d :at ,i say4 ,p]haps y l ?is 'improv$' action bett]8 ,be x s2 only1 x is n ,giovanni ,pisano's design2 b ! mod]n ,italian's4 ,next1 take ! head ( ,eve4 ,x is mu* miss$ 9 ! photograph--ne>ly all ! f9e/ l9es lo/--b en\gh is got to %[ ,giovanni's m9d4 ,x appe>s1 he lik$ long-head$ p1 ) %>p *9s & /raight noses4 ,x might be v wrong ( him2 b t 0 8 ta/e4 ,s mu* s1 inde$1 t ,adam & ,eve h1 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4--,,! ,,nativity4 ,,mod]n ,,italian4 bo? ( !m1 heads n mu* %ort] ?an "o-six? ( _! entire height4 ,y\r mod]n ,academy pupil1 ( c\rse1 _c tol]ate ?is mon/rosity4 ,he indulg5tly corrects ,giovanni1 & ,adam & ,eve h entirely or?odox "o-eigh? heads1 by rule ( s*ools4 ,b h[ ( ,eve's %>p-cut nose & po9t$ *91 ?9 lips1 & look ( quiet b r surpris$ att5tion--n specially rev]5t1 b look+ ke5ly out f "u h] eyelids1 l a c>eful s]vant receiv+ an ord]8 ,well--^? are all ,giovanni's own notions2--n ! lea/ classical1 nor sci5tific1 nor ev5 l a pretty1 s5tim5tal mod]n woman4 ,l a ,flor5t9e woman--9 ,giovanni's "t--x may be2 at all ev5ts1 v c]ta9ly1 :at ,giovanni ?\ght prop] to c>ve4 ,n[ exam9e y\r mod]n edition4 ,an entirely prop] ,greco-,roman academy pla/] bu/1 ) a prop] nose1 & prop] m\?1 & a r\nd *91 & an expression ( ! mo/ solemn rev]5ce2 always1 ( c\rse1 ( a classical description4 ,v f9e1 p]haps4 ,b n ,giovanni4 ,aft] ,eve's head1 let u look at h] feet4 ,giovanni has 8 own positive notions ab\t ^? also4 ,?9 & bony1 to excess1 ! "r1 und]cut all along1 s t ! pr(ile looks z ?9 z ! m]e elongat$ l9e on an ,etruscan vase2 & ! "r %[+ ! five toes all well sep>ate1 ne>ly /raight1 & ! l>g] ones almo/ z long z f+]s6 ! %9 bone above c>ri$ up 9 z sev]e & %>p a curve z ! edge ( a sword4 ,n[ exam9e ! mod]n copy4 ,beautiful little fle%y1 ,v5us-de'-,m$ici feet & toes--no und]cutt+ to ! "r foot1--! left hav+ ! great-toe prop]ly laid ov] ! second1 accord+ to ! ord9ances ( s*ools & %oes1 & a well-develop$ academic & op]atic calf & leg4 ,aga9 *>m+1 ( c\rse4 ,b only accord+ to ,mr4 ,gibson or ,mr4 ,p[]--n accord+ to ,giovanni4 ,f>!r1 & f9ally1 note ! delight ) :i* ,giovanni has dwelt1 ?\gh )\t exagg]ation1 on ! muscles ( ! brea/ & ribs 9 ! ,adam2 :ile he has subdu$ all away into virg9al sev]ity 9 ,eve4 ,& !n note1 & ) conclusive admiration1 h[ 9 ! exact & only place :]e ! poor mod]n fool's anatomical k %\ld h be5 %[n1 ! wret* loses 8 hold ( x6 ,h[ he has entirely miss$ & effac$ ! gr& ,greek pectoral muscles ( ,giovanni's ,adam1 b has /udi\sly add$ :at mean fle%l9ess he c\ld to ! ,eve2 & m>k$ ) black spots ! nipple & navel1 :]e ,giovanni left only ! sev]e m>ble 9 pure light4 ,^! in/ances are en\gh to enable y to detect ! insol5t *anges 9 ! design ( ,giovanni made by ! mod]n ,academy-/ud5t 9 s f> z !y relate to =m absolute4 ,i mu/ f>!r1 = a few mom5ts1 reque/ y\r att5tion to ! alt]ations made 9 ! light & %ade4 ,y may p]haps rememb] "s ( ! passages4 ,!y occur frequ5tly1 bo? 9 my inaugural lectures1 & 9 ,aratra ,p5telici1 9 :i* ,i h po9t$ out ! ess5tial connection betwe5 ! s*ools ( sculpture & ^? ( *i>oscuro4 ,i h always spok5 ( ! ,greek1 or ess5tially sculpture-lov+ s*ools1 z *i>oscuri/2 always ( ! ,go?ic1 or col\r-lov+ s*ools1 z non-*i>oscuri/4 ,& 9 "o place1 7,i h n my books "h1 & _c ref] to x17 ,i h ev5 def9$ sculpture z light-&-%ade draw+ ) ! *isel4 ,!re=e1 ! next po9t y h to look to1 aft] ! absolute *>act]s ( =m1 is ! mode 9 :i* ! sculptor has plac$ 8 %ad[s1 bo? to express ^!1 & to =ce ! eye to ! po9ts ( 8 composition :i* he wants look$ at4 ,y _c possibly see a m in/ructive piece ( "w1 9 ^! respects1 ?an ,giovanni's design ( ! ,nativity1 ,plate ,x4 ,s f> z ,i yet "k ,*ri/ian art1 ?is is ! c5tral type ( ! treatm5t ( ! subject2 x has all ! int5sity & passion ( ! e>lie/ s*ools1 toge!r ) a grace ( repose :i* ev5 9 ,ghib]ti's beautiful ,nativity1 f\nd$ ^u x1 has sc>cely be5 increas$1 b r lo/ 9 languor4 ,! motive ( ! design is ! frequ5t "o among all ! e>ly ma/]s2 ! ,madonna lifts ! cov]+ f ! cradle to %[ ! ,*ild to "o ( ! s]vants1 :o />ts =w>d ador+4 ,all ! light & %ade is dispos$ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,,! ,,annunciation ,,& ,,visitation4 to fix ! eye on ^! ma9 actions4 ,fir/1 "o int5se deeply-cut mass ( %ad[1 "u ! po9t$ ar*1 to ?r[ out ! head & lift$ h& ( ! ,virg94 ,a vulg> sculptor w\ld h cut all black beh9d ! head2 ,giovanni beg9s ) full %ad[2 !n subdues x ) drap]y absolutely quiet 9 fall2 !n lays 8 fulle/ possible light on ! head1 ! h&1 & ! edge ( ! lift$ veil4 ,he has und]cut 8 ,madonna's pr(ile1 be+ 8 ma9 aim1 too delicately = "t to sp>e2 happily ! deep-cut br[ is left1 & ! exquisitely ref9$ l9e above1 ( ! veil & hair4 ,! re/ ( ! "w is un9jur$1 & ! %>pe/ edges ( light are /ill secure4 ,y may note h[ ! passionate action ( ! s]vant is giv5 by ! deep %ad[s "u & above h] arm1 reliev+ its curves 9 all _! l5g?1 & by ! recess ( %ade "u ! *eek & *91 :i* lifts ! face4 ,n[ take y\r mod]n /ud5t's copy1 & look h[ he has plac$ 8 lights & %ades4 ,y see1 !y g z ne>ly z possible exactly :]e ,giovanni's don't4 ,fir/1 pure :ite "u ?is ,go?ic ar*1 :]e ,giovanni has put 8 fulle/ d>k4 ,secondly1 j :]e ,giovanni has us$ 8 :ole art ( *isell+1 to s(t5 8 /one away1 & %[ ! wrea?s ( ! ,madonna's hair lift+ h] veil beh9d1 ! accurs$ mod]n blockhead c>ves 8 %ad[ /raight d[n1 because he ?9ks t w be m 9 ! /yle ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,!n he takes ! %ad[s away f beh9d ! pr(ile1 & f "u ! *91 & f "u ! arm1 & puts 9 two gr& squ>e blocks ( d>k at ! ends ( ! cradle1 t y may be safe to look at t1 in/ead ( ! ,*ild4 ,next1 he takes x all away f "u ! s]vant's arms1 & lays x all beh9d above ! calf ( h] leg4 ,!n1 n hav+ wit en\gh to notice ,giovanni's undulat+ surface b5ea? ! drap]y ( ! b$ on ! left1 he limits x ) a h>d p>allel-sid$ b> ( %ade1 & insi/s on ! v]tical fold "u ! ,madonna's arm1 :i* ,giovanni has purposely cut flat t x may n int]f]e ) ! arm above2 f9ally1 ! mod]n animal has miss$ ! only pieces ( womanly =m :i* ,giovanni admitt$1 ! r\nd$ "r arm & s(tly reveal$ brea/2 & absolutely remov$1 z if x 7 no "p ( ! composition1 ! horizontal incision at ! base ( all--out ( :i* ! fir/ folds ( ! drap]y rise4 ,i _c give y any bett] example1 ?an ?is mod]n ,academy-"w1 ( ! total ignorance ( ! v fir/ mean+ ( ! ^w ',sculpture' into :i* ! popul> s*ools ( exi/+ art are plung$4 ,i w n insi/1 n[1 on ! uselessness1 or worse1 ( _! endeav\rs to repres5t ! old] art1 & ( ! necess>y futility ( _! judgm5t ( x4 ,! conclusions to :i* ,i wi% to lead y on ^! po9ts w be ! subject ( future lectures1 be+ ( too great importance = exam9ation "h4 ,b y _c sp5d y\r "t 9 m pr(itable /udy ?an by exam9+ & comp>+1 t\* = t\*1 ! treatm5t ( light & %ad[ 9 ! figures ( ! ,*ri/ & sequ5t angels1 9 ,plates ,,viii4 & ,,ix41 z we h p>tly exam9$ ^? ( ! subject be=e u2 & 9 ?us assur+ y\rself ( ! uselessness ( tru/+ to any ord9>y mod]n copyi/s1 = any?+ m ?an ! rude/ *>t or map--& ev5 t inaccurately survey$--( anci5t design4 ,! la/ plate giv5 9 ?is volume conta9s ! two lovely subjects ( ! ,annunciation & ,visitation1 :i*1 be+ high] f ! gr\nd1 are bett] pres]v$ ?an ! gr\ps repres5t$ 9 ! o!r plates4 ,!y w be f\nd to ju/ify1 9 subtlety ( *isell+1 ! title ,i gave to ,giovanni1 ( ! ,canova ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,i am oblig$ to leave )\t notice1 at pres5t1 ! bran* ( ivy1 giv5 9 illu/ration ( ! t]m 'm>ble rampant1' at ! base ( ,plate ,,viii4 ,! foliage ( ,orvieto c only be rightly describ$ 9 connection ) ! great s*eme ( leaf-ornam5tation :i* asc5d$ f ! ivy ( ! ,hom]ic p]iod 9 ! sculptures ( ,cyprus1 to ! roses ( ,botticelli1 & laurels ( ,bell9i & ,titian4